bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local government response to the impacts of climate change: a review of climate change strategies in Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Handayani A
Published: April 2021

Indonesian government has launched the Low Carbon Development (LCD) policy which is expected to internalize into the upcoming National Medium-term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020–2024. LCD aims to support economic growth through low emissions development activities while minimizing the exploitation of natural resources. Hence, the study’s goal was to decide the extent of implementing climate change programs at the local level, as a preliminary study to find the region’s readiness towards LCD. This research was conducted at Pekalongan, which was categorized as a highly vulnerable region to climate change in Central Java. Data was collected using a literature study, focus group discussions (FGD), and in-depth interviews. The results suggested that The Pekalongan City planning document had several adaptations and mitigation plans in response to climate change, supported by several regulations. The energy, waste, and agriculture sectors were the highest contributors to carbon emissions. This study also outlined the implementation of programs and strategies in the energy and waste sectors to reduce greenhouse gases and the obstacles they face, excluding the agriculture sector, because of limited data availability. In general, the response of Pekalongan city to climate change was still hampered by coordination between sectors, not all were elements involved. Furthermore, greenhouse gas inventory had not been specifically budgeted.
Impact of climate change and Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) on inflation in Indonesia
Authors: Wahidah N L , Antriyandarti E
Published: April 2021

The novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak was first reported in Indonesia on March 2, 2020 and then it called for prevention. At the same time, emissions of carbon dioxide reported to have decreased that imply global climate change. Furthermore, the climate change due to a reduction in CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the demand and supply side of goods and services which in turn had an impact on the economy. One of important indicators in macroeconomics is the inflation rate. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of climate change due to the reduction of CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic and Coronavirus disease on inflation and food inflation in Indonesia. This study uses time series daily data and analysis using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The result show that the number of COVID-19 cases has a negative effect on both inflation and food inflation, while the number of recovered cases has a positive effect on both dependent variables. The number of death is only significant to the inflation rate, but it is not significant to the food inflation. The variable of temperature as a proxy variable of climate change has negative influence to the food inflation, but it has not any effects to the inflation rate. In addition, the level of citizen compliance with physical distancing will determine the level of CO2 emission reduction.
Kelambut: environment-based traditional music of the Waena Tribe, Sentani, Jayapura, Papua
Authors: Rai I W S , Sadguna I G M I , Sadguna I G A J
Published: April 2021

Kelambut is an important instrument for the Waena Tribe and plays a vital role in raising awareness about climate change mitigation. However, until now there has been no in-depth study about Kelambut music. The purpose of this study is to identify the traditional music of Kelambut musically and to know the meaning of Kelambut for the Waena tribe. This research was conducted using qualitative methods. The data source is the music of Kelambut itself; the informants are the chief of the Waena tribe, performers, and local cultural observer. All data collected through participative observation, interviews, records, and FGDs were analyzed using ethnic music theory and structural-functional theory. The results are: (1) Kelambut is a traditional musical instrument made from natural environmental wood in the Sentani area. It resembles a boat and is played by hitting the inside part and functions as a communication tool and musical accompaniment to dance. (2) Besides valuing it as a work of art, to balance life with the environment, the Waena tribe also interprets Kelambut as sacred music which provides protection, as a liaison with their ancestors, as a sign of the appointment of a tribal chief (Ondoafi), and as the cultural identity.
The Determination of Tidal Constituents using Wavelet Base Harmonic at The Strait of Malacca
Authors: Abubakar A G , Mahmud M R , Tang K K W , Husaaini A
Published: April 2021

Activity at the coastal areas required accurate tidal analysis and prediction. Tides are a result of the response of the water body to the attracting forces exerted by the moon and sun. In this paper, a new novel wavelet base harmonic model (WBH) for tidal analysis and prediction is presented. Discrete wavelet transformation is being employed to present the relationship between multiresolution analysis and wavelet to show the harmonic amplitude and phase angle as a sum of shifting and scaling functions. The coefficients of the shifting and dilating function are resolved to obtain the harmonic constituent (amplitude and phase angle) of a seawater level. It is found that the predicted tide result obtained at four tide gauge stations using the wavelet-based harmonic model agreed with the observed water tide. To test the efficiency of the model root mean square error the correlation coefficient was used.
Seasonal and Interannual of Sea Level Variability in the Indonesian Seas using Satellite Altimetry
Authors: Handoko Eko Yuli , Richasari Desi Suci , Pratomo Danar Guruh
Published: April 2021

Sea-level rise is an extreme issue for the world that has been scientifically proven. That is why sea-level variability presents a significant role in ocean and air interactions. This study was directed to get seasonal and interannual variability in the Indonesian Seas. The research area is in the Indonesian Seas with coordinates boundaries: of 20°N - 20°S latitudes and 90°E - 150°E longitudes. The data were obtained from the Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS) for Jason Series altimetry (2008 to 2018). The analysis has been performed by taking the correlation between detrended Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The outcome showed that the seasonal and interannual sea level anomaly in Indonesian seas fluctuates. Seasonal varieties of Sea Level Anomaly in the Timor Sea, Northen Java Sea, and the Halmahera Sea were low. The high seasonal changes occurred in the Flores Sea, the Natuna Sea, and the Karimata Strait. Besides, the interannual variation of SLA fluctuated from 2009 to 2018. The impact of ENSO on the variance of SLA was strong, with a coefficient correlation of -0.66. In the most recent ten years, the SLA in the Indonesian Seas demonstrated a lowering trend.
Tiga Dihaji Dam Access Route Plan Alternative using Geographic Information System (Cost Distance Method)
Authors: Kaffa N S , Sukojo B M , Handayani H H
Published: April 2021

The Tiga Dihaji dam access route function is destined for heavy equipment during the dam construction period. It is located on Tiga Dihaji sub-district, Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan district, South Sumatera, Indonesia. The Tiga Dihaji access route supervisor stated that the planning justification was done using expert judgement based on contour map and local land cover. This method is considered less measurable. Therefore, the Geographic Information System method is offered in this paper to determine the most suitable Tiga Dihaji dam access route. The parameters considered are landslide vulnerability, land cover and construction factors. These parameters are overlaid based on weights determined by the Public Works Department then validated by expert judgement. The new route is proposed using the cost distance method. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the cost distance method is more measurable than the planned method, but this method produces a less suitable route in terms of civil engineering.
The Grid Optimization of The Terrestrial Gravity Survey (Case Study: Central Part of Java Island)
Authors: Syafarianty A N , Pahlevi A M , Suyatno E R , Oktavia S N , Pramono G H
Published: April 2021

BIG has conducted gravity data by using several methods, namely terrestrial gravity and airborne gravity to produce high accuracy of the geoid. The terrestrial gravity survey was carried out using the grid method, and BIG does not have any guidance on the size of the used grid interval size. We try to divide the grid interval into four different sizes of grids, those are km, 10 km, 15 km, and 20 km. A case study in the central part of Java Island, at Semarang and Yogyakarta in 2019, using Scintrex CG-5 relative terrestrial gravimeter equipment. By using the integral stokes and Least Square Collocation (LSC) approaches, the gravimetric geoid is obtained from each grid interval. We compared gravimetric geoid with geometric geoid on 179 vertical benchmarks and obtained the results of the 5 km grid interval having the smallest average value of 0.273 meters ± 0.310 with the most appropriate conformity test.
Analysis of Tax Object Sale Value (NJOP) and Land Value Change On Integrated Zoning Area (Study Case: Pakal and Benowo District, Surabaya City)
Authors: Deviantari U W , Hidayat H , Sari N F
Published: April 2021

The urban development generally will only be focused on certain areas as a center of business and government activities. This causes unbalanced situation at certain areas. The Government of Surabaya City then released Surabaya City’s Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD 2016-2021) which stated that the Surabaya City has a strategic area that has the potential to be developed sustainably to support the existence of the development of urban areas in the future. One of them is the integrated area of West Surabaya which located at Pakal and Benowo District. The changes of land value can be analyzed through Land Value Zone Map (ZNT) of 2016 as the beginning period of the RPJMD that has been overlaid with ZNT map of 2020 as the current land value condition and then visualized in thematic maps in the form of bar charts, choropleth and bivariate maps. From this study 66 new land value zones were produced according to land characteristics with the highest Average Indication Value (NIR) Zone in the RKB1 which is Rp 26.623.238/ m2 with range of NJOP Rp 23.000.000 - Rp 31.000.000.While the lowest zone is at KMP4 zone with NIR Rp 1.587.922/m2 and range of NJOP Rp 1.490.000 - Rp 1.655.000. Changes of land values in the districts of Pakal and Benowo as Integrated Areas of West Surabaya have increased significantly each year. The highest increase was in the RKB1 zone that located in Sememi Sub-district with 5537,724% of land value changes. While the lowest increase was in the KMP4 zone that located in Pakal Subdistricts with 50,5% of land value changes. Through buffering analysis of some publict fasilities objects in Pakal and Benowo Districts, it is known that the development carried out by the government of these objects affects the increase of land value around them.
Geovisualization of 3D Modeling Representation of Topographic Relief Based on Open Source GIS
Authors: Cahyono A B , Budisusanto Y , Hidayat H
Published: April 2021

2-dimensional and 3-dimensional representations have been used in various physical, virtual, and geovisual surface models of the earth - to improve spatial thinking skills. Physical models such as relief maps have been shown to enhance understanding of topographic maps, helping to understand the relationship between 2D representations and 3D objects. Virtual models can support spatial learning, for example, by viewing objects at various angles, by providing an environmental context. This model makes it possible to combine physical models’ interactive benefits with virtual tools’ flexibility and diversity. The term geovisual is an overlay depiction of information scanned through a sensor, processed by a computer. Subsequently, the data obtained are presented to the media so that it is like the real world. It has been built and used in this Tangible research Landscape, which is a real-time geovisual system integrated into a computer connected to a 3D sensor, projector, and supported by GRASS GIS [1]. This geovisual system is then applied for modeling terrain 3-D terrain physically through media, scanned through sensors to a computer, and used to analyze the environment with various effects and graphical simulations. The initial model produced is topography from aerial photographs and DEM from LiDAR, which has a spatial resolution of up to 0.4 meters showing physical processes such as contour lines and water flow, and sediment transportation can be well visualized.
Analysis of angular resolution and range resolution on multibeam echosounder R2 Sonic 2020 in Port of Tanjung Perak (Surabaya)
Authors: Oktavia R N A , Pratomo D G , Khomsin
Published: April 2021

Utilizing a multibeam echosounder considers several factors based on its specifications, such as selectable frequency and selectable swath angle. It is done for multibeam efficiency and being usable in any situation. This research will analyze the Angular Resolution and Range Resolution. The purpose is to determine the ability of Multibeam echosounder in detecting small objects. Data is taken on November 15th, 2019. Multibeam echosounder R2 Sonic 2020 has a selectable frequency and selectable swath angle features. The frequency used for data acquisition is 400 kHz, and the swath angle used is 110°. Multibeam echosounder R2 Sonic 2020 has spatial resolution values, which are range resolution and angular resolution. This study’s result obtained a value of range resolution of 0.012m and an angular resolution value of 0.033m. The results obtained a value of range resolution 0.012875 m and a value of angular resolution 0.03372 m with a frequency of 400 kHz used. From these results, it can be said that Multibeam Echosounder R2 Sonic 2020 has the ability to distinguish adjacent objects (Angular Resolution) within 33.72 mm and the multibeam echosounder has the ability to distinguish the height of an object within 12.85 mm.
Residential Population Estimation in Small-Area using LiDAR and Aerial Photograph Data
Authors: Hanif Y F , Handayani H H , Nurwatik
Published: April 2021

Population data has an important role in various aspects, such as policy determination, urban planning, and disaster mitigation. But, the most accurate population data in Indonesia is obtained once every 10 years. In this research, population estimation is conducted by applying the Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) classification method to detect the residential area. The OBIA classification utilizes aerial photogrammetry data and DSM & DTM of LiDAR. Then the population estimation is generated by the calculation of mathematical demographics and linear regression. Based on the results, OBIA classification produces a high accuracy land use / land cover map, assigned from the accuracy assessment using confusion matrix with kappa coefficient of 0.929 and overall accuracy of 95.24%. While, the habitable surface area classification achieves a high accuracy map with kappa coefficient of 0.86 and overall accuracy of 92.86%. The population estimation results, reveal that the linear regression method has a smaller error than the mathematical demographic method. The MAE, MAPE, RMSE, and RRMSE in Wisma Menanggal values are 40, 21%, 45, dan 0.25, while the ones of Gayungsari Timur are 23, 18%, 34, dan 0.278. In addition to the small error value, the MAE, MAPE, RMSE, and RRMSE values indicate that the population estimation produced by the linear regression model is most optimal.
Science: priceless, but costly
Authors: Gabryelska Marta
Published: April 2021

Working as a researcher is very satisfying. However, it comes with a price. This is a story about growing up as a scientist in the field of molecular biology. Starting as a young, rather naive researcher, I learned, step by step, not only the facts about my favorite RNA molecules but also the demands and downsides of academia. Going through my recent “scientific awakening,” I fully acknowledged the rules of the game: to write, to publish, to patent, to apply for grants and awards, and finally, to engage in all forms of coscientific endeavors. After going through a divorce, single parenting, immigration, and being scooped, I became a scientist who finally takes her career in her own hands and navigates through, but does not succumb to, the difficulties in science. This is my monument to resilience.
Invited Commentary: Data Sources for Estimating Numbers of People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States—Strengths and Limitations
Authors: Roncarati Jill S , Byrne Thomas H , McInnes D Keith
Published: April 2021

In the accompanying article, Mosites et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(11):2432–2436) evaluate data sources that enumerate people experiencing homelessness in the United States with respect to their strengths and limitations for conducting epidemiologic research in homeless populations. We largely agree with their key arguments, yet offer additional points that provide important context about these data for researchers and other stakeholders. Overall, we believe that it is possible to address many of the noted shortcomings of these data, and once addressed, the data could be more effectively leveraged to improve the health, housing stability, and quality of life of people experiencing homelessness.
Mouse Mandibular Retromolar Taste Buds Associated With a Mucus Salivary Gland
Authors: Nguyen Quan T , Beck Coburn Grace E , Valentino Amber , Karabucak Bekir , Tizzano Marco
Published: April 2021

We have characterized a recently rediscovered chemosensory structure at the rear of the mandibular mucosa in the mouse oral cavity originally reported in the 1980s. This consists of unorganized taste buds, not contained within troughs, associated with the ducts of an underlying minor salivary gland. Using whole-mount preparations of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the promoter of taste-signaling-specific genes, we determined that the structure contains taste bud clusters and salivary gland orifices at the rear of each mandible, distal to the last molar and anterior to the ascending ramus. Immunohistochemical analysis shows in the retromolar taste buds expression of the taste receptors Tas2R131 and T1R3 and taste cascade molecules TrpM5, PLCβ2, and GNAT3, consistent with type II taste cells, and expression of GAD1, consistent with type III taste cells. Furthermore, the neuronal marker, calcitonin gene-related peptide, in retromolar mucosa tissue wrapping around TrpM5+ taste buds was observed. RT–PCR showed that retromolar taste buds express all 3 mouse tas1r genes, 28 of the 35 tas2r genes, and taste transduction signaling genes gnat3, plcb2, and trpm5, making the retromolar taste buds similar to other lingual and palate taste buds. Finally, histochemistry demonstrated that the mandibular retromolar secretory gland is a minor salivary gland of mucous type. The mandibular retromolar taste structure may thus play a role in taste sensation and represent a potential novel pharmacological target for taste disorders.
‘En règle et rejeté’: Homelessness and Recognition in Driss Chraïbi’s Les boucs
Authors: Lyons Patrick
Published: April 2021

This article explores the figuration of homelessness in post-war France across national and racial lines in and around Driss Chraïbi’s Les Boucs (1955). After situating Les Boucs within the broader discursive field concerning homelessness in the mid-1950s in France, first it considers Chraïbi’s critique of the character Mac O’Mac, a Christian philanthropist whose expertise on the ‘North African Question’ grants him the power to determine what forms of suffering are deemed morally legible for the French public, and those which are not. Second, it turns to the work that Les Boucs does to secure visibility for North African immigrant workers through its realist treatment of Yalaan Waldik’s descent through the bureaucratic machinery of the French labour market and the spaces of precarious housing. These sections, in dialogue with contemporary discourses surrounding the crisis of the French ‘sans-abris’, illuminate a marked contrast between what this article names epidemic and endemic forms of ‘homelessness’. That is, while the ‘sans-abris’ are portrayed as a population in crisis, the precarious housing of North African workers is naturalized into an essential component of national reconstruction.
The Transposable Element Environment of Human Genes Differs According to Their Duplication Status and Essentiality
Authors: Correa Margot , Lerat Emmanuelle , Birmelé Etienne , Samson Franck , Bouillon Bérengère , Normand Kévin , Rizzon Carène
Published: April 2021

Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of eukaryotic genomes and represent approximately 45% of the human genome. TEs can be important sources of novelty in genomes and there is increasing evidence that TEs contribute to the evolution of gene regulation in mammals. Gene duplication is an evolutionary mechanism that also provides new genetic material and opportunities to acquire new functions. To investigate how duplicated genes are maintained in genomes, here, we explored the TE environment of duplicated and singleton genes. We found that singleton genes have more short-interspersed nuclear elements and DNA transposons in their vicinity than duplicated genes, whereas long-interspersed nuclear elements and long-terminal repeat retrotransposons have accumulated more near duplicated genes. We also discovered that this result is highly associated with the degree of essentiality of the genes with an unexpected accumulation of short-interspersed nuclear elements and DNA transposons around the more-essential genes. Our results underline the importance of taking into account the TE environment of genes to better understand how duplicated genes are maintained in genomes.
Genetic Mapping by Duplication Segregation in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Camacho Eva M , Casadesús Josep
Published: April 2021

MudP and MudQ elements were used to induce duplications in Salmonella enterica by formation of a triple crossover between two transduced fragments and the host chromosome. The large size (36 kb) of MudP and MudQ is a favorable trait for duplication formation, probably because homology length is a limiting factor for the central crossover. Additional requirements are a multiplicity of infection of 2 or higher in the infecting phage suspensions (which reflects the need of two transduced fragments) and an exponentially growing recipient (which reflects the need of a chromosome replication fork). We describe a set of 11 strains of S. enterica, each carrying a chromosomal duplication with known endpoints. The collection covers all the Salmonella chromosome except the terminus. For mapping, a dominant marker (e.g., a transposon insertion in or near the locus to be mapped) is transduced into the 11-strain set. Several transductants from each cross are grown nonselectively, and haploid segregants are scored for the presence of the marker. If all the segregants contain the transduced marker, it maps outside the duplication interval. If the marker is found only in a fraction of the segregants, it maps within the duplicated region.
Characterization of rec7, an Early Meiotic Recombination Gene in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Molnar Monika , Parisi Sandro , Kakihara Yoshito , Nojima Hiroshi , Yamamoto Ayumu , Hiraoka Yasushi , Bozsik Aniko , Sipiczki Matthias , Kohli Jürg
Published: April 2021

rec7 is involved in intra- and intergenic meiotic recombination in all tested regions of the genome of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Segregational analysis in a rec7 gene disruption mutant revealed frequent occurrence of two-spored asci. Spores giving rise to diploid colonies were shown to derive from skipping of the second meiotic division. Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes at the first meiotic division was also frequent. The cytological structures and processes, such as formation of linear elements, pairing of homologous chromosomes, and clustering of telomeres and centromeres, are regular in the mutant. Northern blot experiments revealed meiosis-specific expression of rec7. Screening of a meiotic cDNA library also identified transcripts from the opposite strand in the rec7 region. A Rec7-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus of whole cells before karyogamy, during prophase, and after meiosis I. On spreads of prophase nuclei approximately 50 foci of Rec7-GFP were counted. Some of the observed phenotypes of the disruption mutant and the N-terminal sequence homology suggest that Rec7p is a functional homolog of Rec114p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The observed phenotypes of the disruption and the appearance of Rec7-GFP in mating haploid cells and after meiosis I are consistent with Rec7p functions before, during, and after meiotic prophase.
Coupling ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeEarly Meiotic Gene Expression to DNA Replication Depends UponRPD3andSIN3
Authors: Lamb Teresa M , Mitchell Aaron P
Published: April 2021

It has been established that meiotic recombination and chromosome segregation are inhibited when meiotic DNA replication is blocked. Here we demonstrate that early meiotic gene (EMG) expression is also inhibited by a block in replication. Since early meiotic genes are required to promote meiotic recombination and DNA division, the low expression of these genes may contribute to the block in meiotic progression. We have identified three Hur– (HU reduced recombination) mutants that fail to couple meiotic recombination and gene expression with replication. One of these mutations is in RPD3, a gene required to maintain meiotic gene repression in mitotic cells. Complete deletions of RPD3 and the repression adapter SIN3 permitted recombination and early meiotic gene expression when replication was inhibited with hydroxyurea (HU). Biochemical analysis showed that the Rpd3p-Sin3p-Ume6p repression complex does exist in meiotic cells. These observations suggest that repression of early meiotic genes by SIN3 and RPD3 is critical for the normal response to inhibited replication. A second response to inhibited replication has also been discovered. HU-inhibited replication reduced the accumulation of phospho-Ume6p in meiotic cells. Phosphorylation of Ume6p normally promotes interaction with the meiotic activator Ime1p, thereby activating EMG expression. Thus, inhibited replication may also reduce the Ume6p-dependent activation of EMGs. Taken together, our data suggest that both active repression and reduced activation combine to inhibit EMG expression when replication is inhibited.
A Screen for Modifiers ofdecapentaplegicMutant Phenotypes Identifieslilliputian, the Only Member of the Fragile-X/Burkitt's Lymphoma Family of Transcription Factors inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Su Maureen A , Wisotzkey Robert G , Newfeld Stuart J
Published: April 2021

The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene directs numerous developmental events in Drosophila melanogaster. dpp encodes a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-β family of secreted signaling molecules. At this time, mechanisms of dpp signaling have not yet been fully described. Therefore we conducted a genetic screen for new dpp signaling pathway components. The screen exploited a transvection-dependent dpp phenotype: heldout wings. The screen generated 30 mutations that appear to disrupt transvection at dpp. One of the mutations is a translocation with a recessive lethal breakpoint in cytological region 23C1-2. Genetic analyses identified a number of mutations allelic to this breakpoint. The 23C1-2 complementation group includes several mutations in the newly discovered gene lilliputian (lilli). lilli mutations that disrupt the transvection-dependent dpp phenotype are also dominant maternal enhancers of recessive embryonic lethal alleles of dpp and screw. lilli zygotic mutant embryos exhibit a partially ventralized phenotype similar to dpp embryonic lethal mutations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that lilli encodes the only Drosophila member of a family of transcription factors that includes the human genes causing Fragile-X mental retardation (FMR2) and Burkitt's Lymphoma (LAF4). Taken together, the genetic and phylogenetic data suggest that lilli may be an activator of dpp expression in embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning and wing development.
Molecular and Functional Mapping of the Piebald Deletion Complex on Mouse Chromosome 14
Authors: Roix Jeffrey J , Hagge-Greenberg Aaron , Bissonnette Dennis M , Rodick Sandra , Russell Liane B , O'Brien Timothy P
Published: April 2021

The piebald deletion complex is a set of overlapping chromosomal deficiencies surrounding the endothelin receptor B locus collected during the Oak Ridge specific-locus-test mutagenesis screen. These chromosomal deletions represent an important resource for genetic studies to dissect the functional content of a genomic region, and several developmental defects have been associated with mice homozygous for distinct piebald deletion alleles. We have used molecular markers to order the breakpoints for 20 deletion alleles that span a 15.7–18-cM region of distal mouse chromosome 14. Large deletions covering as much as 11 cM have been identified that will be useful for regionally directed mutagenesis screens to reveal recessive mutations that disrupt development. Deletions identified as having breakpoints positioned within previously described critical regions have been used in complementation studies to further define the functional intervals associated with the developmental defects. This has focused our efforts to isolate genes required for newborn respiration and survival, skeletal patterning and morphogenesis, and central nervous system development.
Two-Generation Analysis of Pollen Flow Across a Landscape. II. Relation Between Φft, Pollen Dispersal and Interfemale Distance
Authors: Austerlitz Frédéric , Smouse Peter E
Published: April 2021

We study the behavior of Φft, a recently introduced estimator of instantaneous pollen flow, which is basically the intraclass correlation of inferred pollen cloud genetic frequencies among a sample of females drawn from a single population. Using standard theories of identity by descent and spatial processes, we show that Φft depends on the average distance of pollen dispersal (δ) and on the average distance between sampled mothers (x1¯). Provided that mothers are sampled far enough apart (x1¯>5δ), Φft becomes independent of x1¯ and is then inversely proportional to the square of δ. Provided that this condition is fulfilled, δ is directly estimable from Φft. Even when x1¯<5δ, estimation can easily be achieved via numerical evaluation. We show that the relation between Φft and δ is only modestly affected by the shape of the distribution function, a result of importance, since this shape is generally unknown. We also study the impact of adult density within the population on Φft, showing that to achieve the correct inference of δ from Φft it must be taken into account, but that it has no effect on the distance at which mothers must be sampled.
A Novel Method for Estimating Substitution Rate Variation Among Sites in a Large Dataset of Homologous DNA Sequences
Authors: Pesole Graziano , Saccone Cecilia
Published: April 2021

We present here a novel method to estimate the site-specific relative variability in large sets of homologous sequences. It is based on the simple idea that the more closely related are the compared sequences, the higher the probability of observing nucleotide changes at rapidly evolving sites. A simulation study has been carried out to support the reliability of the method, which has been applied also to analyzing the site variability of all available human sequences corresponding to the two hypervariable regions of the mitochondrial D-loop.
Estimation of Effective Population Size and Migration Rate From One- and Two-Locus Identity Measures
Authors: Vitalis Renaud , Couvet Denis
Published: April 2021

Standard methods for inferring demographic parameters from genetic data are based mainly on one-locus theory. However, the association of genes at different loci (e.g., two-locus identity disequilibrium) may also contain some information about demographic parameters of populations. In this article, we define one- and two-locus parameters of population structure as functions of one- and two-locus probabilities for the identity in state of genes. Since these parameters are known functions of demographic parameters in an infinite island model, we develop moment-based estimators of effective population size and immigration rate from one- and two-locus parameters. We evaluate this method through simulation. Although variance and bias may be quite large, increasing the number of loci on which the estimates are derived improves the method. We simulate an infinite allele model and a K allele model of mutation. Bias and variance are smaller with increasing numbers of alleles per locus. This is, to our knowledge, the first attempt of a joint estimation of local effective population size and immigration rate.
Induced polarization effects in airborne transient electromagnetic data collected in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Grombacher Denys , Auken Esben , Foged Nikolaj , Bording Thue , Foley Neil , Doran Peter T , Mikucki Jill , Dugan Hilary A , Garza-Giron Ricardo , Myers Krista , Virginia Ross A , Tulaczyk Slawek
Published: April 2021

Airborne electromagnetics (EM) is a geophysical tool well suited to mapping glacial and hydrogeological structures in polar environments. This non-invasive method offers significant spatial coverage without requiring access to the ground surface, enabling the mapping of geological units to hundreds of metres depth over highly varied terrain. This method shows great potential for large-scale surveys in polar environments, as common targets such as permafrost, ice and brine-rich groundwater systems in these settings can be easily differentiated because of their significant contrasts in electrical properties. This potential was highlighted in a 2011 airborne EM survey in the McMurdo Dry Valleys that mapped the existence of a large-scale regional groundwater system in Taylor Valley. A more comprehensive airborne EM survey was flown in November 2018 to broadly map potential groundwater systems throughout the region. Data collected in this survey displayed significant perturbations from a process called induced polarization (IP), an effect that can greatly limit or prevent traditional EM workflows from producing reliable geological interpretations. Here, we present several examples of observed IP signatures over a range of conditions and detail how workflows explicitly designed to handle IP effects can produce reliable geological interpretations and data fits in these situations. Future polar EM surveys can be expected to encounter strong IP effects given the likely presence of geological materials (e.g. ice and permafrost) that can accentuate the influence of IP.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Spectrum Red Softgels in Healthy Participants
Authors: Peters Erica N , Mosesova Irina , MacNair Laura , Vandrey Ryan , Land M Hunter , Ware Mark A , Turcotte Cynthia , Bonn-Miller Marcel O
Published: April 2021

Due to a lack of published pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) data, informed physician and patient decision-making surrounding appropriate dosing of cannabis for medical purposes is limited. This Phase 1, multiple-dose study evaluated the safety, tolerability, PK and PD of Spectrum Red softgels (2.5 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and <0.25 mg cannabidiol (CBD)). Participants (n = 41) were randomized to one of five groups: 5 mg THC and 0.06 mg CBD daily (Treatment A), 10 mg THC and 0.12 mg CBD daily (Treatment B), 15 mg THC and 0.18 mg CBD daily (Treatment C), 20 mg THC and 0.24 mg CBD daily (Treatment D) or placebo. Study medication was administered in divided doses, every 12 h, ∼60 min after a standardized meal, for 7 consecutive days. All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (65/65) were of mild-to-moderate severity; none was serious. The highest number of TEAEs (30/65) occurred on the first day of treatment. The most common TEAEs included somnolence, lethargy and headache (reported by eight, seven and five participants, respectively). On Day 7, maximum observed plasma concentration of 11-carboxy-THC increased by 2.0- and 2.5-fold as the dose doubled between Treatments A and B and between Treatments B and D, respectively. Mean peak post-treatment ratings of self-reported subjective effects of ‘feel any effect’ and ‘dazed’ differed between Treatment D and placebo on Days 1, 3 and 7. Over a week of twice-daily dosing of Spectrum Red softgels, daily doses of THC up to 20 mg and of CBD up to 0.24 mg were generally safe and became better tolerated after the first day of treatment. A prudent approach to improve tolerability with Spectrum Red softgels might involve initial daily doses no higher than 10 mg THC and 0.12 mg CBD in divided doses, with titration upward over time as needed based on tolerability.
3D-printed models for periacetabular osteotomy surgical planning
Authors: Markhardt B Keegan , Beilfuss Matthew A , Hetzel Scott J , Goodspeed David C , Spiker Andrea M
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and clinical benefits of using 3D-printed hemipelvis models for periacetabular osteotomy preoperative planning in the treatment of hip dysplasia. This retrospective study included 28 consecutive cases in 26 patients, with two bilateral cases, who underwent periacetabular osteotomy between January 2017 and February 2020 and had routine radiographs, CT and MR imaging. Of these, 14 cases [mean patient age 30.7 (SD 8.4) years, 11 female] had routine preoperative imaging, and 14 cases [mean patient age 28.0 (SD 8.7) years, 13 female] had routine preoperative imaging and creation of a full-scale 3D-printed hemipelvis model from the CT data. The expected surgical cuts were performed on the 3D-printed models. All patients underwent Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. Operative times, including time to achieve proper acetabular position and total periacetabular osteotomy time, fluoroscopy radiation dose and estimated total blood loss were compiled. ANOVA compared outcome variables between the two patient groups, controlling for possible confounders. On average, patients who had additional preoperative planning using the 3D-printed model had a 5.5-min reduction in time to achieve proper acetabular position and a 14.5-min reduction in total periacetabular osteotomy time; however, these changes were not statistically significant (P = 0.526 and 0.151, respectively). No significant difference was identified in fluoroscopy radiation dose or total blood loss. Detailed surgical planning for periacetabular osteotomy using 3D-printed models is feasible using widely available and affordable technology and shows promise to improve surgical efficiency.
Word embeddings and semantic shifts in historical Spanish: Methodological considerations
Authors: Hu Hai , Amaral Patrícia , Kübler Sandra
Published: April 2021

Word embeddings have recently been applied to detect and explore changes in word meaning on large historical corpora. While word embeddings are useful in many Natural Language Processing tasks, there are a number of questions that need to be addressed concerning accuracy and applicability of these methods for historical data. There is a scarce literature on the stability and replicability of these embeddings, especially on small corpora, which are common in historical work. It also remains unclear whether methods used to evaluate embeddings in contemporary data can also be used for historical data sets. Our overarching goal is to use word embeddings for investigating semantic shifts in the history of Spanish. In the work presented here, we focus on methodological questions that arise. We first examine the stability and applicability of three commonly used word embeddings models on a small corpus of medieval and classical Spanish. Comparing our results with a study on the word algo as a test case, we show that a rank-averaging method can produce more stable results from the embeddings. We corroborate previous theoretical work while demonstrating the applicability of our method when training word embeddings on small corpora for the analysis of semantic change. Second, we investigate how best to evaluate different embeddings models. We show that an existing analogy test cannot be used without modification. Our new analogy test, consisting of roughly 10,000 questions for medieval and classical Spanish, will be released with the article.
On the relationship between gas content, star formation, and global H i asymmetry of galaxies on the star-forming main-sequence
Authors: Watts Adam B , Catinella Barbara , Cortese Luca , Power Chris , Ellison Sara L
Published: April 2021

Observations have revealed that disturbances in the cold neutral atomic hydrogen (H i) in galaxies are ubiquitous, but the reasons for these disturbances remain unclear. While some studies suggest that asymmetries in integrated H i spectra (global H i asymmetry) are higher in H i-rich systems, others claim that they are preferentially found in H i-poor galaxies. In this work, we utilize the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) and extended GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (xGASS) surveys, plus a sample of post-merger galaxies, to clarify the link between global H i asymmetry and the gas properties of galaxies. Focusing on star-forming galaxies in ALFALFA, we find that elevated global H i asymmetry is not associated with a change in the H i content of a galaxy, and that only the galaxies with the highest global H i asymmetry show a small increase in specific star formation rate (sSFR). However, we show that the lack of a trend with H i content is because ALFALFA misses the ‘gas-poor’ tail of the star-forming main-sequence. Using xGASS to obtain a sample of star-forming galaxies that is representative in both sSFR and H i content, we find that global H i asymmetric galaxies are typically more gas-poor than symmetric ones at fixed stellar mass, with no change in sSFR. Our results highlight the complexity of the connection between galaxy properties and global H i asymmetry. This is further confirmed by the fact that even post-merger galaxies show both symmetric and asymmetric H i spectra, demonstrating that merger activity does not always lead to an asymmetric global H i spectrum.
On the multiwavelength variability of Mrk 110: two components acting at different time-scales
Authors: Vincentelli F M , McHardy I , Cackett E M , Barth A J , Horne K , Goad M , Korista K , Gelbord J , Brandt W , Edelson R , Miller J A , Pahari M , Peterson B M , Schmidt T , Baldi R D , Breedt E , Hernández Santisteban J V , Romero-Colmenero E , Ward M , Williams D R A
Published: April 2021

We present the first intensive continuum reverberation mapping study of the high accretion-rate Seyfert galaxy Mrk 110. The source was monitored almost daily for more than 200 d with the Swift X-ray and ultraviolet (UV)/optical telescopes, supported by ground-based observations from Las Cumbres Observatory, the Liverpool Telescope, and the Zowada Observatory, thus extending the wavelength coverage to 9100 Å. Mrk 110 was found to be significantly variable at all wavebands. Analysis of the intraband lags reveals two different behaviours, depending on the time-scale. On time-scales shorter than 10 d the lags, relative to the shortest UV waveband (∼1928 Å), increase with increasing wavelength up to a maximum of ∼2 d lag for the longest waveband (∼9100 Å), consistent with the expectation from disc reverberation. On longer time-scales, however, the g-band lags the Swift BAT hard X-rays by ∼10 d, with the z-band lagging the g-band by a similar amount, which cannot be explained in terms of simple reprocessing from the accretion disc. We interpret this result as an interplay between the emission from the accretion disc and diffuse continuum radiation from the broad-line region.
The Carbon-to-H2, CO-to-H2 conversion factors, and carbon abundance on kiloparsec scales in nearby galaxies
Authors: Jiao Qian , Gao Yu , Zhao Yinghe
Published: April 2021

Using the atomic carbon [C i] ($^{3} \rm P_{1} \rightarrow {\rm ^3 P}_{0}$) and [C i] ($^{3} \rm P_{2} \rightarrow {\rm ^3 P}_{1}$) emission {hereafter [C i] (1 − 0) and [C i] (2 − 1), respectively} maps observed with the Herschel Space Observatory, and CO (1 − 0), H i, infrared and submm maps from literatures, we estimate the [C i]-to-H2 and CO-to-H2 conversion factors of α[C i](1 − 0), α[C i](2 − 1), and αCO at a linear resolution $\sim 1\,$kpc scale for six nearby galaxies of M 51, M 83, NGC 3627, NGC 4736, NGC 5055, and NGC 6946. This is perhaps the first effort, to our knowledge, in calibrating both [C i]-to-H2 conversion factors across the spiral disks at spatially resolved $\sim 1\,$kpc scale though such studies have been discussed globally in galaxies near and far. In order to derive the conversion factors and achieve these calibrations, we adopt three different dust-to-gas ratio (DGR) assumptions that scale approximately with metallicity taken from precursory results. We find that for all DGR assumptions, the α[C i](1 − 0), α[C i](2 − 1), and αCO are mostly flat with galactocentric radii, whereas both α[C i](2 − 1) and αCO show decrease in the inner regions of galaxies. And the central αCO and α[C i](2 − 1) values are on average ∼2.2 and 1.8 times lower than its galaxy averages. The obtained carbon abundances from different DGR assumptions show flat profiles with galactocentric radii, and the average carbon abundance of the galaxies is comparable to the usually adopted value of 3 × 10−5. We find that both metallicity and infrared luminosity correlate moderately with the αCO, whereas only weakly with either the α[C i](1 − 0) or carbon abundance, and not at all with the α[C i](2 − 1).
A multishock model for the density variance of anisotropic, highly magnetized, supersonic turbulence
Authors: Beattie James R , Mocz Philip , Federrath Christoph , Klessen Ralf S
Published: April 2021

Shocks form the basis of our understanding for the density and velocity statistics of supersonic turbulent flows, such as those found in the cool interstellar medium (ISM). The variance of the density field, $\sigma ^2_{\rho /\rho _0}$, is of particular interest for molecular clouds (MCs), the birthplaces of stars in the Universe. The density variance may be used to infer underlying physical processes in an MC, and parametrizes the star formation (SF) rate of a cloud. However, models for $\sigma ^2_{\rho /\rho _0}$ all share a common feature – the variance is assumed to be isotropic. This assumption does not hold when a trans-/sub-Alfvénic mean magnetic field, ${B}_0$, is present in the cloud, which observations suggest is relevant for some MCs. We develop an anisotropic model for $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$, using contributions from hydrodynamical and fast magnetosonic shocks that propagate orthogonal to each other. Our model predicts an upper bound for $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$ in the high Mach number $(\mathcal {M})$ limit as small-scale density fluctuations become suppressed by the strong ${B}_0$. The model reduces to the isotropic $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2\!-\!\mathcal {M}$ relation in the hydrodynamical limit. To validate our model, we calculate $\sigma _{\rho /\rho _0}^2$ from 12 high-resolution, three-dimensional, supersonic, sub-Alfvénic magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence simulations and find good agreement with our theory. We discuss how the two MHD shocks may be the bimodally oriented overdensities observed in some MCs and the implications for SF theory in the presence of a sub-Alfvénic ${B}_0$. By creating an anisotropic, supersonic density fluctuation model, this study paves the way for SF theory in the highly anisotropic regime of interstellar turbulence.