bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio
Published: December 2022

An enhanced and sustained production of homocytotropic antibody (HTA) was induced in rats that received 400 R of whole body x-irradiation and simultaneously were immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascaris suum extract (DNP-As) and Bordetella pertussis vaccine. The donor rats were hyperimmunized by repeated injections of DNP-As, As (unconjugated carrier) or DNP-BSA (hapten coupled to a different carrier) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Suspensions of 108 to 109 thymocytes or spleen cells from hyperimmunized donors were passively transferred to recipient rats that were producing high titers of HTA. The production of HTA against DNP-As in the recipients was drastically reduced within 2 days after the transfer of thymocytes or spleen cells from donors hyperimmunized with DNP-As or As, whereas cells from the donors immunized with DNP-BSA showed no inhibitory effect. The results indicate that carrier-specific thymus-derived lymphocytes negatively regulate the HTA formation that is virtually hapten-specific.
The Dna Synthetic Response of Adoptively Transferred Thymocytes in the Spleens of Lethally Irradiated Mice
Authors: Gershon Richard K. , Hencin Ronald S.
Published: December 2022

The DNA synthetic response of adoptively transferred thymocytes was measured in the spleens of lethally irradiated syngeneic mice by determining the uptake of 125I-labeled 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used as a source of antigenic stimulation and the effects of varying both the antigen (100-fold range) dose and the thymocyte (50-fold range) dose were studied. The shape of the thymocyte response curve was similar to that of thymus-derived lymphocytes responding in radiation chimeras. At all thymocyte doses studied the largest antigen dose (0.2 ml of packed SRBC) produced the best response. With this antigen dose, no significant variation in peak response was seen over a 10-fold thymocyte dose range although the peak occurred earlier with the highest thymocyte dose. These results suggest that this technique is useful for studying the response of thymocytes to antigen and that the response itself is a complex one.
Suppression of In Vitro Antigen-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Carrageenan, a Macrophagetoxic Agent
Authors: Lake W. Wayne , Bice David , Schwartz Howard J. , Salvaggio John
Published: December 2022

Carrageenan, a high molecular weight sulfated polygalactan with known macrophage toxic properties was added to cultures of normal and sensitized lymphocytes from human peripheral blood and guinea pig lymph nodes to determine its effect on phytohemagglutinin, and antigen-induced 3H-TdR lymphocyte incorporation. Carrageenan was not toxic for guinea pig or human lymphocytes per se and induced no lymphocyte transformation in vitro. With high doses in the range of 1000 µg/ml and above, some decrease in 3H-TdR uptake was noted. Phytohemagglutinin-induced human and guinea pig lymphocyte transformation was not affected by carrageenan but a marked dose-dependent suppression of antigen-induced 3H-TdR lymphocyte uptake was noted in both species. This suppressive effect was not due to reagent or antigen dilution. It was observed when carrageenan was added to cell cultures prior to antigen or up to 6 hr later, but not when added after 17 hr. These findings suggest that carrageenan acts at an early stage of macrophage-antigen processing and are consistent with previous reports of inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation using anti-macrophage serum. They provide further evidence that phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation is not mediated by macrophages and that macrophage-lymphocyte interaction occurs with cells from the peripheral blood as well as from lymph nodes.
A Polypeptide Chain from Leopard Shark 19S Immunoglobulin Analogous to Mammalian J Chain
Authors: Klaus G. G. B , Halpern M. S. , Koshland M. E. , Goodman J. W.
Published: December 2022

An acidic polypeptide which co-elutes with L chains from Sephadex G-200 and exhibits rapid mobility in alkaline-urea disc electrophoresis was found in leopard shark 19S Ig. The polypeptide was released from the molecule by complete but not partial reduction of the disulfide bonds, and it was not observed in preparations of shark 7S Ig. It thus bears a strong similarity to the J chain of mammalian polymeric immunoglobulins.
Sandfly Fever: Sequential Changes in Neutrophil Biochemical and Bactericidal Functions
Authors: Bellanti Joseph A. , Krasner Robert I. , Bartelloni Peter J. , Yang Mei C. , Beisel William R.
Published: December 2022

Neutrophil function was evaluated during the course of experimental infection with sandfly fever virus in volunteers by in vitro assay of quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction, leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-PGD) activities and by a bactericidal assay utilizing a strain of Staphylococcus aureus as a test organism. In the first study group in six infected subjects, leukocyte G-6-PD activity was reduced to as low as 5 to 6% and quantitative NBT dye reduction was depressed to 20 to 30% of baseline values in comparison to two uninfected subjects who did not show these changes. No changes were detected in leukocyte 6-PGD in control or infected subjects. These impairments in leukocyte function occurred between the 4th and the 7th day after infection and returned to normal between the 19th and 25th days.

In a second study group of nine men, in each of seven infected subjects, bactericidal activity was diminished by as much as 45% of baseline values, usually by the 7th to the 25th day in comparison to two uninfected subjects who did not show these changes. The changes in bactericidal capacity of earliest onset and of greatest amplitude occurred between the 3rd and the 7th day in two subjects who presented with the most severe clinical illness. By 32 days postinfection, bactericidal activity had returned to baseline values. These changes in leukocyte function were unrelated to total leukocyte count and occurred following the neutropenia characteristic of the disease.
Enhancing Activity of Thymocyte Culture Cell-Free Medium on the in vitro Immune Response of Spleen Cells from Neonatally Thymectomized Mice to Sheep RBC
Authors: Doria G. , Agarossi G. , Pietro S. Di
Published: December 2022

Peripheral lymphoid tissues are made up of mixed populations of thymus-dependent and thymus-independent lymphocytes. In the mouse immunized with sheep red blood cells (RBC), specific antibodies are produced by thymus-independent cells upon interaction with thymus-dependent cells and the antigen (1). The nature of this interaction is not understood, but several mechanisms have been proposed (2). Our previous studies (3) have shown that cooperation between thymocytes from normal mice and splenocytes from neonatally thymectomized mice or from thymectomized chimeras (mice thymectomized in adult life, lethally irradiated, and grafted with isogenic bone marrow cells) can occur in vitro, because a primary immune response could be induced in vitro only if both the thymocytes and thymus-independent cells were cultured with sheep RBC. This in vitro system was used to investigate whether receptor sites are involved in the cooperation between thymocytes and splenocytes from neonatally thymectomized mice.
Depletion of Antibody-Forming Cells and Their Precursors from Complex Lymphoid Cell Populations
Authors: Rosenthal Alan S. , Davie Joseph M. , Rosenstreich David L. , Blake J. Thomas
Published: December 2022

Lymphocytes are now known to be a heterogeneous cell population which contains at least two functional subtypes. One subtype of cell (B-lymphocyte) bears easily detectable amounts of membrane-associated immunoglobulin; studies in mice have established that these lymphocytes are of bone marrow origin and include the precursors of antibody-forming cells (1, 2, 3). A small number of cells within this population of surface immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes from non-immunized animals specifically bind antigen and the frequency of such cells increases subsequent to immunization (4, 5). The other major subtype lacks easily detectable surface immunoglobulin and mediates a variety of cellular immune phenomena (6, 7). These lymphocytes in the mouse are derived from the thymus and possess surface differentiation antigens, such as θ, which allow their identification (1). Further delineation of the structure and function of lymphocyte subpopulation and of the interactions between them would be aided by development of techniques to obtain relatively pure populations.
In Vitro Inhibition of Plaque and Rosette Formation by α Globulin
Authors: Glaser Moshe , Cohen Isaac , Nelken David
Published: December 2022

Recent studies on the α globulin fraction from plasma of normal individuals have shown that it possesses immunosuppressive properties and interferes with lymphocyte functions in vitro. Cooperband et al. (1, 2) have shown that human α globulin inhibits lymphocyte transformation in vitro following phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and specific antigenic stimulation. Since α globulin fraction can also suppress antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vivo (3–6), experiments were conducted to assess its biologic activity in an in vitro system by the hemolytic plaque assay and the rosette formation technique.

Materials and Methods. Alpha globulin was isolated from normal human plasma by DEAE cellulose chromatography according to the procedure described by Mannick and Schmid (7). Immunoelectrophoresis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed this material to be primarily α2 globulin. Male local adult white rats of a strain developed at the Hebrew University were used in the hemolytic plaque formation and the rosette formation experiments.
Genetically Determined Immune Responses: In Vitro Studies
Authors: Tyan Marvin L.
Published: December 2022

Blood leukocytes, spleen, bone marrow, and fetal liver cells from strains of mice that respond well (HR) or poorly (LR) to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A—L were challenged in vitro with this antigen. At the peak of the response, there were 2 to 100 times more HR than LR blood, spleen, and marrow cells proliferating; however, there was no detectable difference when stem cells from HR and LR embryos were stimulated. An antiserum to the ϑ antigen greatly reduced the responses to (T,G)-A—L of HR and LR blood, spleen, and marrow cells; this antiserum had no effect on the response by cells from fetal liver. Spleen-incubated HR thymus cells were more effective than similarly treated cells from LR mice in increasing the proliferation of fetal lymphoid cells challenged with (T,G)-A—L. The results suggest that LR strains respond poorly to (T,G)-A—L because of an antigen-induced cell membrane change that affects primarily the function of the thymus-passaged cell; this change impedes contact between thymus-passaged cells and the specific antibody-producing precursors with the result that proliferation and/or recruitment of the latter is impaired.
Depression of Established Delayed Hypersensitivity by Mumps Virus
Authors: Hall Caroline B. , Kantor Fred S.
Published: December 2022

Mumps infection in the guinea pig model has been shown to depress the expression of pre-existing delayed hypersensitivity. When peak skin reactivity to mumps developed, from the 14th to the 17th days, the reaction to PicGPA was diminished. This did not occur if the virus was inactivated before administration. The mechanism of the depression did not appear to be by permanent alteration of function of specifically sensitized cells, as PicGPA sensitivity was successfully transferred from the infected animals with depressed skin reactivity to normal recipients. Transfer to infected animals of a new specificity, BGG, was not as successful as transfer into controls. This suggests that a nonspecific inhibition has occurred of either the antigen recognition cells or of the nonspecific effector cells.
Antigen-Binding IgA Myeloma Proteins in Mice: Specificities to Antigens Containing β-D 1→6 Linked Galactose Side Chains and a Protein Antigen in Wheat
Authors: Potter Michael , Mushinski Elizabeth B. , Glaudemans C. P. J.
Published: December 2022

Three IgA myeloma proteins of BALB/c origin among 140 tested, precipitate with antigenic materials in food and bedding. The S10 and T191B myeloma proteins precipitate with antigens (larchwood arabinogalactan, hardwood bedding extract and gum ghatti) that contain side chains of β1 → 6 linked d-galactopyranoses. Oligosaccharides of β1 → 6 d-galactopyranose were potent inhibitors of the precipitation of S10 and T191B with arabinogalactan; the tetraose was the most effective inhibitor. The T521 protein precipitates with another antigen in wheat and not with gum ghatti or arabinogalactan. The antigenicity of this wheat-derived antigen is destroyed by pronase digestion suggesting the antigen is a protein.
Receptors for Immunoglobulin and Complement on Mouse Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Shevach E. , Herberman R. , Lieberman R. , Frank M. M. , Green I.
Published: December 2022

Bone marrow-derived B lymphocytes bear a receptor for antigen-antibody-complement complexes (EAC). Monocytes and macrophages also bear a receptor for EAC, but require the Mg++ ion for the attachment of EAC. A receptor for red cell IgG complexes (EA) is found on monocytes, but not on lymphocytes. Twenty-one mouse leukemias and lymphomas were examined for the presence of these receptors. None of the tumors studied bore the lymphocyte EAC receptor. One tumor bore both the monocyte EAC and EA receptors; two of the tumors bore the monocyte EA receptor alone. The binding of the IgG EA complex to both these tumor cells and to normal monocytes could be inhibited only by mouse myeloma proteins of the γF (γ1) and γH (γ2b) subclasses of mouse IgG.
The Localization of Oligosaccharides in a Human IgM Protein
Authors: Niedermeier William , Schrohenloher Ralph E. , Hurst Mary
Published: December 2022

Fab-like fragments were prepared by proteolysis of IgM (Dauphine) with papain, pepsin and trypsin. Analysis of these products by gas chromatography for their carbohydrate composition led to the localization of an oligosaccharide between the N-terminus of the molecule and the site of cleavage by trypsin at 37° which contained 1 mol of fucose, 3 mols of mannose, 2 mols each of galactose and glucosamine and 1 mol of sialic acid. A second oligosaccharide was located in the hinge region. It contained 6 to 7 mols of mannose, 2 mols of galactose and 3 mols of glucosamine. The Fc portion of the molecule contains one or more oligosaccharides consisting collectively of 1 mol of fucose, 10 or 11 mols of mannose, 1 mol of galactose, 5 mols of glucosamine and 3 mols of sialic acid per H chain.
The Effect of Localized Injection of Adjuvant Material on the Draining Lymph Node
Authors: Taub Robert N. , Gershon Richard K.
Published: December 2022

The adjuvant effects of killed Bordetella pertussis organisms on the immune response to heterologous γ globulin was studied in normal, “T-cell-depleted” (thymectomized, irradiated, bone-marrow reconstituted) and thymus-marrow chimeric CBA mice.

Incorporation of B. pertussis with alum-precipitated equine γ globulin (EGG) as antigen potentiated the anti-EGG antibody response in normal mice, but not in T-cell depleted animals.

The draining lymph nodes of normal animals injected in the hind footpad with alum-precipitated bovine γ globulin (alum-BGG) showed a gradual rise in weight, followed by an increase in DNA synthetic activity as judged by uptake in the node of 125I-labeled 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR). Normal animals given pertussis-incorporated antigen showed an accelerated and augmented lymph node weight increase, and a higher peak of DNA synthesis. In T-cell-depleted animals, lymph node weight and IUDR uptake were only slightly increased after alum-BGG, and were not further enhanced by using alum-BGG-pertussis.

Mitoses were more numerous in the draining nodes of CBA/HT6T6-CBA/H thymus-marrow chimeras given alum-BGG-pertussis than in such animals given alum-BGG only. At any given time during the response, however, the ratio of thymus-derived to marrow-derived mitoses was approximately the same in the two groups.

Normal mice given alum-BGG-pertussis showed histologic hyperplasia of the paracortical regions of draining lymph nodes, with increased numbers of small lymphocytes. In T-cell-depleted animals, paracortical hyperplasia occurred without a significant increase in colonizing small lymphocytes.

The data suggest that B. pertussis organisms act to augment the recruitment of recirculating thymus-derived cells to the paracortical regions of draining lymph nodes, and that subsequent cellular proliferation in the node is in part determined by the magnitude of this recruitment.
Fractionation of the Antigens of Canine Prostatic Fluid
Authors: Ahmed Umrana , Shulman Sidney
Published: December 2022

Canine prostatic fluid was fractionated into three fractions by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The pools of fractions were referred to as fractions A, S and F. Antigenic analysis by gel diffusion precipitation of fractions S and F revealed a reaction of identity between their major components, which were shown to be prostatic fluid-specific. An interesting immunologic interaction of these fractions was observed in the shortening of the main line of fraction S by the nearness of fraction F.

Fractions S and F were further purified by recycling through a column of Sephadex G-100. The purified fractions were designated S1 and F2. The antigenic components of fractions S1 and F2 also showed a reaction of identity in gel diffusion precipitation suggesting an antigenic similarity between the tissue-specific components of these fractions. That the components are not totally identical was shown by their different points of elution and by the immunoelectrophoretic analyses. Fraction F2 also inhibited the line of precipitation of fraction S1. The reason for this inhibition is not yet clear. However, some postulations have been made to explain the inhibition phenomenon.
Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Leddy John P. , Thiem Patricia A. , Leblond Pierre F. , Weed Robert I. , Lauf Peter K.
Published: December 2022

Enhancement of immune lysis of HK (MM) and LK (LM) sheep red cells by a high K+ medium did not require that the K+ be present during the action of rabbit hemolysin and complement on the cells. Preliminary exposure of these red cells to a high K+ buffer sufficed, and the K+ effect withstood vigorous washing of the treated cells. Enhancement of immune lysis by a high K+ medium was time, temperature and concentration dependent. It was also 80 to 90% inhibited by 10-4 M ouabain and much less effectively by equimolar G-strophanthidin, the aglycone of ouabain. The transition step from E* to ghost was not demonstrably affected by a high K+ medium. The ability of high concentrations of Rb+ or Li+ to enhance immune lysis was confirmed. Washing experiments suggested that these cations have lesser affinity for relevant sites on the red cell than K+, in the order K+ τ; Rb+ τ; Li+. The Rb+ and Li+ effects on lysis were also antagonized by ouabain.

Although these phenomena suggest certain similarities to the stimulation of the traditional red cell Na+-K+ pump, several important differences exist. It is suggested that the K+-induced increment in immune lysis is not directly related to pump activity but possibly to conformational changes in the cell membrane influencing the effectiveness of complement.
Immunochemical Cross-Reactions of Human Amyloid Proteins with Human Immunoglobulin Light Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Isersky C. , Ein D. , Page D. L. , Harada M. , Glenner G. G.
Published: December 2022

Antisera to three human amyloid preparations were used to study antigenic relations between seven purified amyloid fibril proteins and 49 human Bence Jones proteins. Two of the amyloid proteins were antigenically similar to each other and shared antigenic determinants with 23 of 26 kappa light polypeptide chains. The other five amyloid proteins shared antigenic determinants among themselves and with 7 of 23 lambda light polypeptide chains. There was no evidence for either the presence or absence of an amyloid-specific antigenic determinant. These immunochemical data support the concept that the amyloid fibril proteins examined derive primarily from immunoglobulin light chains.
Release of Histamine and Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) by IgE-Anti-IgE Reactions on Monkey Mast Cells
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige , Tomioka Hisao
Published: December 2022

Lung cell suspensions were obtained from Macaca irus passively sensitized with E myeloma protein and human IgG. By autoradiography the myeloma protein was detected on mast cells whereas IgG was detected on macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes. Evidence was obtained that almost all histamine in the lung cell suspension was associated with mast cells. Histamine base per monkey mast cell was 3 to 5 pg. The reaction between mast cell-bound IgE and anti-IgE released both histamine and SRS-A, whereas IgG-anti-IgG reaction on macrophages released neither chemical mediator. The release of the chemical mediators by IgE-anti-IgE reaction on mast cells was inhibited by isoproterenol and by theophylline.
Initiation of Antibody Production to Sheep Erythrocytes in Vitro: Replacement of the Requirement for T-Cells with a Cell-Free Factor Isolated from Cultures of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Gorczynski R. M. , Miller R. G. , Phillips R. A.
Published: December 2022

Using anti-θ serum, we obtained a population of spleen cells which was deficient in T-cell activity but, by all the tests applied, was unaffected in B- or A-cell activity. The response of this population was reconstituted, in vitro, by suspensions of cells known to be enriched in T-cell activity and containing few, if any, B- or A-cells. Supernatants from cultures containing appreciable numbers of T-cells incubated with antigen were also able to reconstitute this T-cell-depleted population. We speculate that these supernatants contain activity which replaces at least some of the normal T-cell function in the initiation of an immune response.
Two New Antigens of Human IgG, “Non b0” and “Non b1,” Related to the Gm System
Authors: Gaarder Per Ivar , Natvig Jacob B.
Published: December 2022

A hidden rheumatoid factor, reacting with a human IgG antigen, called “non b”, present on all Gm(b) negative IgG3 proteins, and also on all IgG1 and IgG2 proteins, but not on IgG3 Gm(b) or IgG4, was revealed by gel filtration. A similar specificity was demonstrated in two properly absorbed baboon antisera against human myeloma proteins. The “non b” antigen could be further divided into “non b1,” detected by the rheumatoid anti-“non b” and by one of the baboon antisera, and “non b0” detected by the other hetero-antiserum. The “non b0” antigen was present on the pFc′ and Fc′ fragments of human IgG, whereas “non b1” was found to be present on Fc outside pFc. This subdivision of “non b” was further supported by experiments with selected IgG3 myeloma proteins and anti-Rh antibodies.′

The “non b0” and “non b1” antigens reflect the close relationship among the IgG subclass proteins and may be valuable markers in studying the evolution of the IgG subclasses.
C3b Inactivator of Man
Authors: Ruddy Shaun , Hunsicker Lawrence G. , Austen K. Frank
Published: December 2022

The C3b inactivator (C3bINA) contained in whole human serum has been purified by sequential diethylaminoethyl- and carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis to yield a material which produces antibody to C3bINA when used to immunize rabbits. The specificity of the antibody for C3bINA was established by its ability to neutralize C3bINA activity in free solution. On Ouchterlony analysis against normal plasma, this anti-C3bINA gives a line of complete identity with antibody to conglutinogen activating factor (KAF) and a reaction of complete non-identity with antibody to β-2-glycoprotein II, the protein which has been found by others to be the C3 proactivator of the alternate pathway for activation of the late complement components.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart , Lowe Jennifer A. , Gell P. G. H.
Published: December 2022

Antiallotypic stimulation of rabbit peripheral lymphocytes in vitro may be completely inhibited by the addition up to 36 to 42 hr after lymphocyte cultures have been initiated of serum containing the allotypic specificity to which the stimulating antiserum is directed. This inhibition results in a reversal of the transformation process so that enlarged lymphocytes return to a smaller size without going through mitosis. Piggy-back augmentation is also inhibited by the addition of antigen reacting with the primary stimulating antiserum. The observation that the continued presence or contact of stimulating antiserum with reacting cells is required to drive the cells to completion of the transformation process has important implications in regard to activities of lymphoid cells that require a proliferation phase for expression.
PCA Reactions in Guinea Pigs: Elicitation by Antigens of Related Structure and Inhibition by Haptens
Authors: Liacopoulos Panayotis , Harel Sara , Schechter Israël
Published: December 2022

Peptide determinants with the structure D-Alan-Gly (n = 1 or 3) conjugated to ribonuclease were used to elicit in rabbits specific anti-peptide antibodies which precipitated with rabbit serum albumin (RSA) conjugates, containing the same peptides. These antibodies injected into the skin of guinea pigs produced typical passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions when the guinea pigs were challenged with the RSA conjugates. Cross-reactivity between the alanyl determinants was evaluated by challenging guinea pigs with RSA conjugates containing alanyl moieties which were either identical (homologous) or different (heterologous) from the alanine peptide in the immunogen. Elicitation of PCA with a dose of 2 mg of either the homologous or the heterologous antigens resulted in PCA reactions of equal size in the majority of cases. However, when 20 µg of the same RSA conjugates were employed, threshold amounts of antibodies were definitely lower when homologous antigen than when heterologous antigens were used. When series of free alanine peptides were injected intravenously to sensitized guinea pigs, it was found that in each system the homologous peptide was the most efficient inhibitor. In general, the degree of cross-reactions and susceptibility to inhibition by peptides were similar in precipitin tests and in PCA reactions. The results indicate that in addition to the immunodominant region other portions of the antigenic determinant contribute in a measurable degree to the activation of the antibody molecule for inducing histamine release.
Competition between L- and D-Synthetic Copolymers at the Level of the Macrophage
Authors: Gottlieb A. Arthur , Schwartz Ronald H. , Waldman Stephen R.
Published: December 2022

Synthetic copolymers composed of l or d amino acids exhibit differential binding ability to the unique ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of peritoneal macrophage cells. The l-copolymers are bound eight to ten times as well as the d-copolymers. Despite the low level of binding of the d-copolymers, these compounds are capable of suppressing the binding of the l-copolymers to the RNP molecule. This effect appears to depend on the resistance of these polymers to catabolism as well as their high negative charge.
The Antigens of Varicella-Zoster Virus
Authors: Brunell Philip A. , Granat Miriam , Gershon Anne A.
Published: December 2022

Precipitin antigen was prepared from cultures infected with V-Z virus. Five separate antigens were identified. Reactions with radiolabeled antigen were detected by autoradiography. Partial purification of antigens could be accomplished in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, yet too little antigen was recovered from DEAE to make this a practicable purification method. Most of the antigenic activity was eluted from G-200 Sephadex. Antigens were identified by their degree of chemical stability. The α antigen was the only one which was stable at pH 3. The β antigen was destroyed by CsCl or DOC. DOC released the γ Δ, and ε antigens from the infectious viral particle.
A Study on the Immunoglobulin Class of the Anti-A1 Isoagglutinin
Authors: Plischka H. , Schäfer E.
Published: December 2022

It is shown by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and by density gradient ultracentrifugation that there are IgG isoantibodies in O sera, which can differentiate between A1 and A2 red cells quite well. From this it is concluded that the difference between A1 and A2 red cells must be qualitative.
Immunogenicity of Bovine Serum Albumin and Its Oligopolymers in CBA Mice
Authors: Stark J. M. , Spitznagel J. K.
Published: December 2022

The monomer of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and its oligopolymers have been examined as immunogens in female CBA mice. When given intravenously the greatest ability not only to stimulate antibody formation but also to induce tolerance resided in the monomer. All forms were equally immunogenic if presented in complete Freund's adjuvant.

These findings are discussed in relation to the elimination rate which became faster with increasing molecular size of the BSA immunogen.
Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes Sequestered in the Bone Marrow of Hydrocortisone-Treated Mice
Authors: Cohen J. John
Published: December 2022

Bone marrow cells from hydrocortisone-treated donor mice are immunocompetent by themselves after transfer with sheep erythrocyte antigens to irradiated syngeneic recipients. Such cell suspensions do not synergize with thymus. This indicates that such marrow, unlike normal marrow, contains both B and T lymphocytes. The immunocompetence of hydrocortisone-treated marrow is abolished by anti-θ serum and restored by thymus cells. These results are compatible with the sequestration of peripheral T lymphocytes in bone marrow after treatment with hydrocortisone.
Complement Fixation by Aggregated IgE through Alternate Pathway
Authors: Ishizaka Teruko , Sian Carmen M. , Ishizaka Kimishige
Published: December 2022

Nonspecifically aggregated E myeloma protein fixed late component(s) of guinea pig and human C. Evidence was presented that the C fixation by the aggregate probably goes through an alternate pathway. Comparisons among aggregated Fc, aggregated F(ab′)2 and aggregated IgE with respect to the C-fixing activity showed that aggregated Fc had the highest C-fixing activity on a weight basis and indicated that structures essential for the reaction are present in the Fc portion of the molecules.
Adjuvant Action of Capsular Polysaccharide of Klebsiella Pneumoniae on Antibody Response
Authors: Nakashima Izumi
Published: December 2022

The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPS-K) was shown to enhance markedly antibody response of mice to various antigens. The primary antibody response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) occurred more rapidly after an injection of BSA mixed with CPS-K than after injection of the same amount of BSA in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA), although the peak antibody level in the serum after the primary injection became higher eventually in the latter mice. In secondary and tertiary responses, much more pronounced antibody response (occasionally more than 30 mg of antibody protein per ml) was induced in mice injected first with BSA mixed with CPS-K than in those injected originally with BSA in CFA. The adjuvant action of CPS-K was also much stronger than that of lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli and zymosan. CPS-K could induce the antibody response of mice to syngeneic eyeball extracts which are normally non-immunogenic.
The Ontogenetic Development of the Later Complement Components in Fetal Piglets
Authors: Geiger Hartmut , Day Noorbibi , Good Robert A.
Published: December 2022

The ontogenetic development of the complement components C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 and of the C3 proactivator was studied in Minnesota miniature pigs. Hemolytic C3, C5, C6 and C7 were measurable in fetal piglets at early stages of embryonic life in low titers, but showed a striking increase between the 100th and 110th day of gestation. By contrast, the titers of hemolytic C8 and C9 increased regularly during embryonic life. The development of the C3 proactivator appeared to precede the development of its target, C3. When the interaction of pig serum with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied, a marked difference was seen between fetal and adult pigs; whereas, in sera of adult pigs considerable amounts of C1 and C2 were consumed, no significant fixation of these complement components could be observed in sera of fetal piglets.
The Production of Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies to BALB/c Plasmacytoma Globulins in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Yakulis Vincent , Bhoopalam Nirmala , Heller Paul
Published: December 2022

Slater, Ward and Kunkel (1) were the first to draw attention to the individual antigenic characteristics of myeloma globulins. Later it was determined that these globulins have the immunochemical properties of idiotypic antibodies with specific antigenic groupings in the variable portion of the Fab fragment (2–4). Antibodies to these determinants have been developed by prolonged immunization of rabbits with myeloma globulins and absorption of these antibodies with large amounts of normal γ globulin (2, 3), thus removing antibodies to the non-idiotypic components of the molecules. Absorption would not be required if immunization could be accomplished in a recipient with the same allotype as the donor.

The following report deals with the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies to BALB/c plasmacytoma globulins in normal BALB/c mice. The presence of such antibodies was demonstrated by hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and also in some instances by immunodiffusion.

Materials and Methods.
A Genetic Polymorphism of Peromyscus 7Sγ1 Globulins: Detection by Differences in Electrophoretic Mobility
Authors: Coe John E.
Published: December 2022

A genetic polymorphism for electrophoretic variants of the 7Sγ1 globulin in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae, was demonstrated. The electrophoretic mobility of the 7Sγ1 globulin (or its Fc piece) in an individual serum represented one of three phenotypes—a relatively homogeneous fast or slow migration or a heterogeneous fast-slow mobility. All three phenotypes were detected in male and female mice from laboratory-reared and wild populations. Results of breeding experiments indicated that the electrophoretic variants were the result of two codominant alleles of the 7Sγ1 H chain gene. The unusual expression of 7Sγ1 allotype by electrophoretic variants in both Peromyscus and Mus musculus suggests that this mutational event occurred in a common ancestor.
Treponema Pallidum Antibodies in Syphilitic Mice as Determined by Immunofluorescence and Passive Hemagglutination Techniques
Authors: Ohta Yukihiro
Published: December 2022

Within 2 weeks of a single intraperitoneal injection of 108 rabbit-grown motile Treponema pallidum (TP), mice developed TP antibodies detectable in a Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) type of procedure and in a passive hemagglutination procedure. Reactivity took longer to appear if smaller numbers of treponemes were inoculated. Heat-killed TP produced a more transient and lower-titered response than did motile TP. Injection of rabbit serum or tissue substances alone caused no reaction in the FTA-ABS test and only minor reactivity, which could be overcome by additional absorption, in the hemagglutination assay. This study indicates that mice can produce TP antibodies promptly after one inoculation, and that immunofluorescence and passive-hemagglutination procedures are sensitive tools for studying TP antibody formation in syphilitic mice.
Neutralization of Haptenated Bacteriophage F2 by Anti-Hapten Antibodies: Direct Evidence for a Critical Site
Authors: Witte Owen N. , Slobin Lawrence I.
Published: December 2022

The neutralization of trinitrophenyl (TNP) derivatives of the small RNA bacteriophage f2 by rabbit anti-DNP antibodies was studied by the plaque assay technique. In agreement with previous work using other hapten-bacteriophage conjugates, we found that whole antibody was much more effective in the neutralization reaction than were corresponding Fab fragments. Measurement of the association constant for whole antibody with heavily substituted phage derivatives (TNP305-f2) gave a result (Ka = 3.2 × 1010) which was 103 greater than the corresponding value for Fab fragments. This difference was, in part, reflected in a 400-fold decrease in the second order rate constant for the phage-antibody association reaction, in going from γG antibody to Fab fragment. Analysis of these results lends further support for a simple steric model of phage neutralization by antibody.

The relative effectiveness of antibody in neutralizing TNP-f2 conjugates was in large measure controlled by the degree of phage modification. For example, a lightly substituted f2 derivative (TNP3-f2) remained fully viable in the presence of a large excess of antibody, providing direct evidence for the infectivity of antibody-f2 aggregates. A quantitative study of the infectivity of another lightly substituted TNP-f2 conjugate (TNP30-f2) led directly to a model of f2 neutralization, in which an antibody molecule must directly interact with a single critical site on the surface of f2 in order to inactivate the phage. A consideration of the icosahedral structure of f2 suggests that f2 neutralization occurs by attachment of a single antibody molecule at or in the vicinitv of A-protein.
Biologic Role of Complement Products
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Hill Jeffrey H.
Published: December 2022

Following induction of reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats, extracts of tissue lesions were assessed for the presence of leukotactic activity for neutrophilic granulocytes. During the first 3 hr of the Arthus reaction, extracts were rich in leukotactic (neutrophil) activity which, on the basis of antigenic and ultracentrifugal analysis, could be ascribed to the C5-related leukotactic factors and C5 cleavage products. The injection of radiolabeled human C5 into rats resulted in the incorporation of the radiotag into the leukotactic activity as assessed by fractionation of extracts in sucrose density gradients. No such finding occurred when human C3 was injected into rats under similar conditions. As shown by complement-depleting procedures, development of leukotactic activity in Arthus reactions was complement-dependent. When rats were depleted of circulating neutrophils, leukotactic activity was found in extracts of reaction sites, albeit at considerably reduced levels.

A C5-dependent generator of leukotactic activity was found in lysosomal granules of rat neutrophils and may account for a portion of the leukotactic activity generated in Arthus reactions.

These studies emphasize the phlogistic role of complement products in reactions of immunologic vasculitis.
Immunoglobulin and ϑ-Bearing Murine Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Shevach Ethan M. , Stobo John D. , Green Ira
Published: December 2022

Murine lymphocytes can be separated into two distinct populations. The thymusderived T lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity and are identified by the ϑ isoantigen. The bone marrow derived B lymphocytes are the precursors of the antibody-forming cells and are identified by the presence of easily detectable surface immunoglobulin. In this study, 24 murine leukemias and lymphomas and eight plasma cell tumors were investigated for the presence of the ϑ isoantigen and determinants of the kappa light chain. Of the leukemias and lymphomas studied, 12 have the ϑ isoantigen and are of T cell origin; one tumor bore kappa light chain and is presumably of B cell origin. Eleven of the tumors studied had no detectable ϑ or kappa determinants. Four of the eight plasma cell tumors have surface kappa determinants. No ϑ positive tumors bore kappa chain determinants and no kappa positive tumors bore ϑ determinants. The characterization of leukemias and lymphomas as to their B or T cell origin will provide large numbers of pure B and T lymphoid cells useful for a variety of studies.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the FTA-ABS “Beading” Phenomenon with Lupus Erythematosus Sera, Using Ferritin-Conjugated Anti-Human IgG
Authors: Strobel Phyllis L. , Kraus Stephen J.
Published: December 2022

The “beading” phenomenon, exhibited by some lupus erythematosus (LE) sera with Treponema pallidum in the FTA-ABS test for syphilis, was studied by electron microscopy. Ferritin-conjugated anti-human IgG rabbit antibody was substituted in the test for the fluorescein conjugate used in fluorescent microscopy. Ferritin “beading” did occur as in the fluorescent system. These ferritin aggregates could not be associated with any localized structure on the T. pallidum, but rather with breaks in the double-layered outer membrane. Such evidence suggests that this phenomenon is a reaction of extruded nuclear material of the organism with the antinuclear antibodies in the LE serum.
Formation of Antibody in Rabbit Spleen Cell Cultures Stimulated with Immunogenic RNA
Authors: Meiss Harriet K. , Fishman Marvin
Published: December 2022

Cultures of dispersed rabbit spleen cells respond with specific antibody formation when exposed to ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations from rabbit macrophages that have been incubated with one of two antigenically distinct phages. When large doses (350 µg) of RNA are employed, antibody formation is demonstrable within 24 hr; with smaller doses (100 µg) there is an apparent lag of 2 to 3 days. Both IgM and IgG antibodies are produced and antibody formation is sustained for 1 week. Ribonuclease but not Pronase destroys the immunogenicity of the RNA responsible for the early response. Of the three major fractions obtained by passing the RNA through a column of methylated bovine serum albumin-Kieselguhr, those representing 16 and 28S RNA are immunogenic while the RNA of 4 to 5S size is inactive. Both adherent and nonadherent spleen cells appear to be required in the response to RNA, but cell proliferation appears to be not essential to antibody formation when it is initiated by RNA.
Glycans from Streptococcal Cell Walls: Structural Features of a Diheteroglycan Isolated from the Cell Wall of Streptococcus Bovis
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa Walter W. , Pazur John H.
Published: December 2022

Two antigenic cell wall glycans were isolated from the cell wall of Streptococcus bovis, strain C3, by sequential extraction with dilute acid. The glycans were purified by fractional precipitation and gel-filtration procedures. Analyses showed that one glycan is a diheteroglycan of glucose and rhamnose and the other is a triheteroglycan of galactose, rhamnose, and 6-deoxy-L-talose. On the basis of evidence from immunologic, chemical and enzymatic experiments, it is suggested that the diheteroglycan is composed of a main chain of rhamnosyl units with many side chains of isomaltosyl units. The isomaltosyl units are the immunodominant groups in the heteroglycan and are responsible for the antigenic specificity of the compound. A serologic typing scheme based on the immunologic responses to these glycans could prove useful in the identification of the group D organisms.
Elicitation of Rabbit Antiidiotypic Antibodies by Immunization with the IgG Fraction of Hyperimmune Antiserum
Authors: Schade Sylvia Z. , Nisonoff Alfred
Published: December 2022

Antiidiotypic antibodies directed to rabbit antibenzoate antibodies were elicited in rabbits by immunization with the polymerized IgG fraction of hyperimmune antibenzoate antiserum. Idiotypic specificity was demonstrated by the failure of the antiserum to react with preimmune serum, with hyperimmune serum depleted of antibenzoate antibody, or with hyperimmune antibenzoate antisera from other rabbits. Immunization with IgG represents a simple and efficient method for elicitation of antiidiotypic antibody. A very small amount of specifically purified antihapten antibody is required to test antiidiotypic antisera by the method of indirect precipitation.

Immunization with IgG simultaneously induced the formation of substantial amounts of antiidiotypic antibodies directed to the protein carrier. In addition anti-antibodies were formed that reacted with other, unknown components (presumably antibodies) in the IgG fraction. In one rabbit these other antibodies were present in the preimmune serum. Antiidiotypic antibodies directed to the antiprotein carrier and antihapten antibodies were shown to be distinct from one another by immunoadsorption experiments.
Serologic Specificities of Brain Subcellular Organelles
Authors: Herschman H. R. , Cotman C. , Matthews D. A.
Published: December 2022

Antisera were prepared to synaptosomal fractions isolated from rat cerebral cortex. The antisera, at optimal dilutions, reacted in the complement fixation reaction only with the synaptosomal fraction and synaptosomal plasma membrane fractions, but not with myelin, nuclei, soluble protein, mitochondria or synaptic vesicles from rat cortex. Little or no reaction was observed with membrane preparations from other rat organs. The specific antigenic determinants of the synaptosomal membrane were relatively stable to heat, sonication and mild tryptic digestion. These results demonstrate that the plasma membrane of cortical synaptosomes can be serologically distinguished from the plasma membrane of other organs and from the rest of the subcellular and sub-synaptic fractions of brain.
Incidence of Delayed Mortality (Secondary Disease) in Allogeneic Radiation Chimeras Receiving Bone Marrow from Aged Mice
Authors: Chen M. G. , Price G. B. , Makinodan T.
Published: December 2022

The effect of donor age on the reactivity of bone marrow from a long-lived hybrid mouse in the pathogenesis of secondary disease in young, lethally irradiated, allogeneic recipient mice was studied. The influence of the thymus on potential effector cells in the bone marrow was also examined in marrow donors and in allogeneic recipients. In contrast to the marked reduction in the humoral immune response with senescence in this hybrid, the ability of bone marrow from old donors to precipitate secondary disease was more than equivalent to that of the corresponding tissue from young donors in both tempo and severity of reaction. Thymectomy of the donors at 2 months of age or a combination of adult thymectomy and sublethal irradiation did not diminish the severity of the disease; host thymectomy only temporarily retarded the course of the reaction but not the final cumulative mortality. The results are compatible with the existence of a large, long-lived, stable population of cells, reactive in initiating delayed mortality, which does not diminish appreciably with senescence.