bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropospheric carbon monoxide variability from AIRS under clear and cloudy conditions
Authors: Warner J. , Carminati F. , Wei Z. , Lahoz W. , Attié J.-L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We study the carbon monoxide (CO) variability in the last decade measured by NASA's Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS)/Aqua satellite. The focus of this study is to analyze CO variability and short-term trends separately for background CO and fresh CO emissions based on a new statistical approach. The AIRS Level 2 (L2) retrieval algorithm utilizes cloud clearing to treat cloud contaminations in the signals, and this increases the data coverage significantly to a yield of more than 50% of the total measurements. We first study if the cloud clearing affects CO retrievals and the subsequent trend studies by using the collocated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud mask to identify AIRS clear sky scenes. We then carry out a science analysis using AIRS CO data individually for the clear and cloud-cleared scenes to identify any potential effects due to cloud clearing. We also introduce a new technique to separate background and recently emitted CO observations, which aims to constrain emissions using only satellite CO data. We validate the CO variability of the recent emissions estimated from AIRS against other emission inventory databases (i.e., Global Fire Emissions Database – GFED3 and the MACC/CityZEN UE – MACCity) and calculate that the correlation coefficients between the AIRS CO recently emitted and the emission inventory databases are 0.726 for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and 0.915 for the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The high degree of agreement between emissions identified using only AIRS CO and independent inventory sources demonstrates the validity of this approach to separate recent emissions from the background CO using one satellite data set.
Contrail study with ground-based cameras
Authors: Schumann U. , Hempel R. , Flentje H. , Garhammer M. , Graf K. , Kox S. , Lösslein H. , Mayer B.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Photogrammetric methods and analysis results for contrails observed with wide-angle cameras are described. Four cameras of two different types (view angle < 90° or whole-sky imager) at the ground at various positions are used to track contrails and to derive their altitude, width, and horizontal speed. Camera models for both types are described to derive the observation angles for given image coordinates and their inverse. The models are calibrated with sightings of the Sun, the Moon and a few bright stars. The methods are applied and tested in a case study. Four persistent contrails crossing each other, together with a short-lived one, are observed with the cameras. Vertical and horizontal positions of the contrails are determined from the camera images to an accuracy of better than 230 m and horizontal speed to 0.2 m s−1. With this information, the aircraft causing the contrails are identified by comparison to traffic waypoint data. The observations are compared with synthetic camera pictures of contrails simulated with the contrail prediction model CoCiP, a Lagrangian model using air traffic movement data and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data as input. The results provide tests for the NWP and contrail models. The cameras show spreading and thickening contrails, suggesting ice-supersaturation in the ambient air. The ice-supersaturated layer is found thicker and more humid in this case than predicted by the NWP model used. The simulated and observed contrail positions agree up to differences caused by uncertain wind data. The contrail widths, which depend on wake vortex spreading, ambient shear and turbulence, were partly wider than simulated.
Characterization of video disdrometer uncertainties and impacts on estimates of snowfall rate and radar reflectivity
Authors: Wood N. B. , L'Ecuyer T. S. , Bliven F. L. , Stephens G. L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Estimates of snow microphysical properties obtained by analyzing collections of individual particles are often limited to short timescales and coarse time resolution. Retrievals using disdrometer observations coincident with bulk measurements such as radar reflectivity and snowfall amounts may overcome these limitations; however, retrieval techniques using such observations require uncertainty estimates not only for the bulk measurements themselves, but also for the simulated measurements modeled from the disdrometer observations. Disdrometer uncertainties arise due to sampling and analytic errors and to the discrete, potentially truncated form of the reported size distributions. Imaging disdrometers such as the Snowflake Video Imager and 2-D Video Disdrometer provide remarkably detailed representations of snow particles, but view limited projections of their three-dimensional shapes. Particle sizes determined by such instruments underestimate the true dimensions of the particles in a way that depends, in the mean, on particle shape, also contributing to uncertainties. An uncertainty model that accounts for these uncertainties is developed and used to establish their contributions to simulated radar reflectivity and snowfall rate. Viewing geometry effects are characterized by a parameter, ϕ, that relates disdrometer-observed particle size to the true maximum dimension of the particle. Values and uncertainties for ϕ are estimated using idealized ellipsoidal snow particles. The model is applied to observations from seven snow events from the Canadian CloudSat/CALIPSO Validation Project (C3VP), a mid-latitude cold-season cloud and precipitation field experiment. Typical total uncertainties are 4 dB for reflectivity and 40–60% for snowfall rate, are highly correlated, and are substantial compared to expected uncertainties for radar and precipitation gauge observations. The dominant sources of errors are viewing geometry effects and the discrete, truncated form of the size distributions. While modeled Ze–S relationships are strongly affected by assumptions about snow particle mass properties, such relationships are only modestly sensitive to ϕ owing to partially compensating effects on both the reflectivity and snowfall rate.
Technical Note: The effect of vertical turbulent mixing on gross O2 production assessments by the triple isotopic composition of dissolved O2
Authors: Wurgaft E. , Shamir O. , Angert A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The 17O excess (17Δ) of dissolved O2 has been used, for over a decade, to estimate gross O2 production (G17OP) rates in the mixed layer (ML) in many regions of the ocean. This estimate relies on a steady-state balance of O2 fluxes, which include air–sea gas exchange, photosynthesis and respiration but notably, not turbulent mixing with O2 from the thermocline. In light of recent publications, which showed that neglecting the turbulent flux of O2 from the thermocline may lead to inaccurate G17OP estimations, we present a simple correction for the effect of this flux on ML G17OP. The correction is based on a turbulent-flux term between the thermocline and the ML, and use the difference between the ML 17Δ and that of a single data-point below the ML base. Using a numerical model and measured data we compared turbulence-corrected G17OP rates to those calculated without it, and tested the sensitivity of the GOP correction for turbulent flux of O2 from the thermocline to several parameters. The main source of uncertainty on the correction is the eddy-diffusivity coefficient, which induces an uncertainty of ∼50%. The corrected G17OP rates were 10–90% lower than the previously published uncorrected rates, which implies that a large fraction of the photosynthetic O2 in the ML is actually produced in the thermocline.
Year-round N2O production by benthic NOx reduction in a monomictic south-alpine lake
Authors: Freymond C. V. , Wenk C. B. , Frame C. H. , Lehmann M. F.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, generated through microbial nitrogen (N) turnover processes, such as nitrification, nitrifier denitrification, and denitrification. Previous studies quantifying natural sources have mainly focused on soils and the ocean, but the potential role of terrestrial water bodies in the global N2O budget has been widely neglected. Furthermore, the biogeochemical controls on the production rates and the microbial pathways that produce benthic N2O in lakes are essentially unknown. In this study, benthic N2O fluxes and the contributions of the microbial pathways that produce N2O were assessed using 15N label flow-through sediment incubations in the eutrophic, monomictic south basin of Lake Lugano in Switzerland. The sediments were a significant source of N2O throughout the year, with production rates ranging between 140 and 2605 nmol N2O h−1 m−2, and the highest observed rates coinciding with periods of water column stratification and stably anoxic conditions in the overlying bottom water. Nitrate (NO3−) reduction via denitrification was found to be the major N2O production pathway in the sediments under both oxygen-depleted and oxygen-replete conditions in the overlying water, while ammonium oxidation did not contribute significantly to the benthic N2O flux. A marked portion (up to 15%) of the total NO3− consumed by denitrification was reduced only to N2O, without complete denitrification to N2. These fluxes were highest when the bottom water had stabilized to a low-oxygen state, in contrast with the notion that stable anoxia is particularly conducive to complete denitrification without accumulation of N2O. This study provides evidence that lake sediments are a significant source of N2O to the overlying water and may produce large N2O fluxes to the atmosphere during seasonal mixing events.
Application of remote sensing and GIS for detection of long-term mangrove shoreline changes in Ca Mau, Vietnam
Authors: Tran Thi V. , Phan Nguyen H. , Tien Thi Xuan A. , Dahdouh-Guebas F. , Koedam N.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Ca Mau at the southern tip of Vietnam supports a large area of mangroves and has a high value for biodiversity and scenic beauty. This area is affected by erosion along the East Sea and accretion along the Gulf of Thailand, leading to the loss of huge stretches of mangroves along the East Sea and, in some cases, loss of ecosystems services provided by mangroves. In this study, we used remotely sensed aerial (1953), Landsat (1979, 1988, and 2000) and SPOT (1992, 1995, 2004, 2008 and 2009, and 2011) images and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) to quantify the rate of mangrove shoreline change for a 58 yr period. There were 1129 transects sampled at 100 m intervals along the mangrove shoreline and two statistical methods, namely End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR), were used to calculate the rate of change of mangrove shorelines and distance from 1953 to 2011. The study confirms erosion and accretion respectively are significant at the Eastern and Western Sea sides of the Ca Mau tip. The East Sea side had a mean erosion LRR of 33.24 m yr−1. For the accretion trend at the Gulf of Thailand side averaged at rate of 40.65 m yr−1. The results are important in predicting changes of coastal ecosystem boundaries and enable advanced planning for specific sections of coastline, to minimize or neutralize losses, to inform provincial rehabilitation efforts and reduce threats to coastal development and human safety.
Gas phase acid, ammonia and aerosol ionic and trace element concentrations at Cape Verde during the Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) 2007 intensive sampling period
Authors: Sander R. , Pszenny A. A. P. , Keene W. C. , Crete E. , Deegan B. , Long M. S. , Maben J. R. , Young A. H.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We report mixing ratios of soluble reactive trace gases sampled with mist chambers and the chemical composition of bulk aerosol and volatile inorganic bromine (Brg) sampled with filter packs during the Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer (RHaMBLe) field campaign at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) on São Vicente island in the tropical North Atlantic in May and June 2007. The gas-phase data include HCl, HNO3, HONO, HCOOH, CH3COOH, NH3, and volatile reactive chlorine other than HCl (Cl*). Aerosol samples were analyzed by neutron activation (Na, Al, Cl, V, Mn, and Br) and ion chromatography (SO42−, Cl−, Br−, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). Content and quality of the data, which are available under doi:10.5281/zenodo.6956, are presented and discussed.
Incorporating grassland management in ORCHIDEE: model description and evaluation at 11 eddy-covariance sites in Europe
Authors: Chang J. F. , Viovy N. , Vuichard N. , Ciais P. , Wang T. , Cozic A. , Lardy R. , Graux A.-I. , Klumpp K. , Martin R. , Soussana J.-F.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. This study describes how management of grasslands is included in the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) process-based ecosystem model designed for large-scale applications, and how management affects modeled grassland–atmosphere CO2 fluxes. The new model, ORCHIDEE-GM (grassland management) is enabled with a management module inspired from a grassland model (PaSim, version 5.0), with two grassland management practices being considered, cutting and grazing. The evaluation of the results from ORCHIDEE compared with those of ORCHIDEE-GM at 11 European sites, equipped with eddy covariance and biometric measurements, shows that ORCHIDEE-GM can realistically capture the cut-induced seasonal variation in biometric variables (LAI: leaf area index; AGB: aboveground biomass) and in CO2 fluxes (GPP: gross primary productivity; TER: total ecosystem respiration; and NEE: net ecosystem exchange). However, improvements at grazing sites are only marginal in ORCHIDEE-GM due to the difficulty in accounting for continuous grazing disturbance and its induced complex animal–vegetation interactions. Both NEE and GPP on monthly to annual timescales can be better simulated in ORCHIDEE-GM than in ORCHIDEE without management. For annual CO2 fluxes, the NEE bias and RMSE (root mean square error) in ORCHIDEE-GM are reduced by 53% and 20%, respectively, compared to ORCHIDEE. ORCHIDEE-GM is capable of modeling the net carbon balance (NBP) of managed temperate grasslands (37 ± 30 gC m−2 yr−1 (P < 0.01) over the 11 sites) because the management module contains provisions to simulate the carbon fluxes of forage yield, herbage consumption, animal respiration and methane emissions.
The role of retrospective weather forecasts in developing daily forecasts of nutrient loadings over the Southeast US
Authors: Oh J. , Sinha T. , Sankarasubramanian A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. It is well-known in the hydrometeorology literature that developing real-time daily streamflow forecasts in a given season significantly depend on the skill of daily precipitation forecasts over the watershed. Similarly, it is widely known that streamflow is the most important predictor in estimating nutrient loadings and the associated concentration. The intent of this study is to bridge these two findings so that daily nutrient loadings and the associated concentration could be predicted using daily precipitation forecasts and previously observed streamflow as surrogates of antecedent land surface conditions. By selecting 18 relatively undeveloped basins in the Southeast US (SEUS), we evaluate the skill in predicting observed total nitrogen (TN) loadings in the Water Quality Network (WQN) by first developing the daily streamflow forecasts using the retrospective weather forecasts based on K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) resampling approach and then forcing the forecasted streamflow with a nutrient load estimation (LOADEST) model to obtain daily TN forecasts. Skill in developing forecasts of streamflow, TN loadings and the associated concentration were computed using rank correlation and RMSE, by comparing the respective forecast values with the WQN observations for the selected 18 Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) stations. The forecasted daily streamflow and TN loadings and their concentration have statistically significant skill in predicting the respective daily observations in the WQN database at all the 18 stations over the SEUS. Only two stations showed statistically insignificant relationship in predicting the observed nitrogen concentration. We also found that the skill in predicting the observed TN loadings increase with increase in drainage area which indicates that the large-scale precipitation reforecasts correlate better with precipitation and streamflow over large watersheds. To overcome the limited samplings of TN in the WQN data, we extended the analyses by developing retrospective daily streamflow forecasts over the period 1979–2012 using reforecasts based on the K-NN resampling approach. Based on the coefficient of determination (RQ-daily2) of the daily streamflow forecasts, we computed the potential skill (RTN-daily2) in developing daily nutrient forecasts based on the R2 of the LOADEST model for each station. The analyses showed that the forecasting skills of TN loadings are relatively better in winter and spring months while skills are inferior during summer months. Despite these limitations, there is potential in utilizing the daily streamflow forecasts derived from real-time weather forecasts for developing daily nutrient forecasts, which could be employed for various adaptive nutrient management strategies for ensuring better water quality.
Assessing the spatial variability of coefficients of landslide predictors in different regions of Romania using logistic regression
Authors: Mărgărint M. C. , Grozavu A. , Patriche C. V.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In landslide susceptibility assessment, an important issue is the correct identification of significant contributing factors, which leads to the improvement of predictions regarding this type of geomorphologic processes. In the scientific literature, different weightings are assigned to these factors, but contain large variations. This study aims to identify the spatial variability and range of variation for the coefficients of landslide predictors in different geographical conditions. Four sectors of 15 km × 15 km (225 km2) were selected for analysis from representative regions in Romania in terms of spatial extent of landslides, situated both on the hilly areas (the Transylvanian Plateau and Moldavian Plateau) and lower mountain region (Subcarpathians). The following factors were taken into consideration: elevation, slope angle, slope height, terrain curvature (mean, plan and profile), distance from drainage network, slope aspect, land use, and lithology. For each sector, landslide inventory, digital elevation model and thematic layers of the mentioned predictors were achieved and integrated in a georeferenced environment. The logistic regression was applied separately for the four study sectors as the statistical method for assessing terrain landsliding susceptibility. Maps of landslide susceptibility were produced, the values of which were classified by using the natural breaks method (Jenks). The accuracy of the logistic regression outcomes was evaluated using the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve and AUC (area under the curve) parameter, which show values between 0.852 and 0.922 for training samples, and between 0.851 and 0.940 for validation samples. The values of coefficients are generally confined within the limits specified by the scientific literature. In each sector, landslide susceptibility is essentially related to some specific predictors, such as the slope angle, land use, slope height, and lithology. The study points out that the coefficients assigned to the landslide predictors through logistic regression are capable to reveal some important characteristics in landslide manifestation. The study also shows that the logistic regression could be an alternative method to the current Romanian methodology for landslide susceptibility and hazard mapping.
Snow thickness retrieval over thick Arctic sea ice using SMOS satellite data
Authors: Maaß N. , Kaleschke L. , Tian-Kunze X. , Drusch M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. The microwave interferometric radiometer of the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission measures at a frequency of 1.4 GHz in the L-band. In contrast to other microwave satellites, low frequency measurements in L-band have a large penetration depth in sea ice and thus contain information on the ice thickness. Previous ice thickness retrievals have neglected a snow layer on top of the ice. Here, we implement a snow layer in our emission model and investigate how snow influences L-band brightness temperatures and whether it is possible to retrieve snow thickness over thick Arctic sea ice from SMOS data. We find that the brightness temperatures above snow-covered sea ice are higher than above bare sea ice and that horizontal polarisation is more affected by the snow layer than vertical polarisation. In accordance with our theoretical investigations, the root mean square deviation between simulated and observed horizontally polarised brightness temperatures decreases from 20.9 K to 4.7 K, when we include the snow layer in the simulations. Although dry snow is almost transparent in L-band, we find brightness temperatures to increase with increasing snow thickness under cold Arctic conditions. The brightness temperatures' dependence on snow thickness can be explained by the thermal insulation of snow and its dependence on the snow layer thickness. This temperature effect allows us to retrieve snow thickness over thick sea ice. For the best simulation scenario and snow thicknesses up to 35 cm, the average snow thickness retrieved from horizontally polarised SMOS brightness temperatures agrees within 0.1 cm with the average snow thickness measured during the IceBridge flight campaign in the Arctic in spring 2012. The corresponding root mean square deviation is 5.5 cm, and the coefficient of determination is r2 = 0.58.
High-resolution modelling of the seasonal evolution of surface water storage on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Arnold N. S. , Banwell A. F. , Willis I. C.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Seasonal meltwater lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet form when surface runoff is temporarily trapped in surface topographic depressions. The development of such lakes affects both the surface energy balance and dynamics of the ice sheet. Although areal extents, depths, and lifespans of lakes can be inferred from satellite imagery, such observational studies have a limited temporal resolution. Here, we adopt a modelling-based strategy to estimate the seasonal evolution of surface water storage for the ~ 3600 km2 Paakitsoq region of W. Greenland. We use a high-resolution time dependent surface mass balance model to calculate surface melt, a supraglacial water routing model to calculate lake filling and a prescribed water-volume based threshold to predict lake drainage events. The model shows good agreement between modelled lake locations and volumes and those observed in 9 Landsat 7 ETM+ images from 2001, 2002 and 2005. We use the model to investigate the lake water volume required to trigger drainage, and the impact that this threshold volume has on the proportion of meltwater that runs off the ice supraglacially, is stored in surface lakes, or enters the subglacial drainage system. Model performance is maximised with prescribed lake volume thresholds between 4000 and 7500 times the local ice thickness. For these thresholds, lakes transiently store < 40% of meltwater at the beginning of the melt season, decreasing to ~ 5 to 10% by the middle of the melt season. 40 to 50% of meltwater runs off the ice surface directly, and the remainder enters the subglacial drainage system through moulins at the bottom of drained lakes.
Translating diversity to Internet governance
Authors: Napoli Philip M. , Karppinen Kari
Published: December 2013

This paper examines the emergence of diversity as a guiding principle of Internet governance.  This paper compares how diversity is being interpreted and applied in Internet governance discourse and related research with its interpretation and application in traditional communications policy-making and policy research.  As this paper illustrates, a somewhat more narrow conceptualization of diversity has developed within the Internet governance context than has been the case in traditional communications policy contexts.  This pattern is also reflected in Internet governance-related diversity research to date.  To some extent, the Internet governance conceptualization of the diversity principle is becoming diffused into other related policy principles (e.g., access, localism), which may undermine its significance as a guiding principle of Internet governance.
Modern Physics versus Objectivism
Authors: Gibson Warren C.
Published: December 2013

Leonard Peikoff and David Harriman have denounced modern physics as incompatible with Objectivist metaphysics and epistemology. Physics, they say, must return to a Newtonian viewpoint; much of relativity theory must go, along with essentially all of quantum mechanics, string theory, and modern cosmology. In their insistence on justifications in terms of “physical nature,” they cling to a macroscopic worldview that doesn't work in the high-velocity arena of relativity or the subatomic level of quantum mechanics. It is suggested that the concept of identity be widened to accommodate the probabilistic nature of quantum phenomena.
Violence in John Steinbeck
Authors: Mumford James
Published: December 2013

Suicides; domestic violence; lynching; botched abortions; fraternal beatings; heroes who boast about knocking people’s heads “plumb to squash” (The Grapes of Wrath, 28) merely a cursory glance at Steinbeck’s writing reveals the central presence of violence. Brutal force is never far from the surface of a Steinbeck story. Here I want to argue that there exists a deep tension between two different “presentations” of violence. One which naturalizes violence. The other according to which violence remains aberration, absolute wrong, that which should not be. These two presentations are in competition, vying with each other for control of his texts. You may share the academy’s historic disdain for Steinbeck’s style. Or you may agree with Kurt Vonnegut that “Holy smokes! Could he ever write!” (John Steinbeck: Centennial Reflections by American Writers 96). Either way, what is certain is that violence evokes some of his best writing.
Verbal Responses to Music Listening by Adult Nonmusicians
Authors: Larsen Catherine , Whitaker Nancy
Published: December 2013

The central purpose of this research was to determine the nature of musically untrained adults’ verbal response to repeated hearings of music excerpts when asked questions that encouraged interpretive responses. Two specific research questions served as the basis for the investigation: What categories emerge from an analysis of verbal responses? How does the musical understanding represented by verbal responses compare to extant literature on the music listening of adult nonmusicians? Twelve adult nonmusicians ranging in age from 28 to 77 were interviewed individually after they had listened twice to six musical excerpts, followed by a repetition of the procedure after a one-week interval. A content analysis of their responses employed a grounded theory approach to generate a list of categories. Results indicate that participants responded across a range of musical, extramusical, affective, and preference categories, and that repeated hearings of selected pieces resulted in more detailed responses for several participants.
Effects of Prelay Supplementations of Graded Levels of Alphamune R G on the Performance of Laying Hens
Authors: Oluseyi Babawale , Stephen A. Bolu , Tosin Olonijolu
Published: December 2013

This study was carried out to determine the effects of age at prelay (15 and 19 weeks) and dietary supplementation of graded levels of Alphamune G (0.00, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06%) on laying performance of pullet chickens. The experiment period was 17 weeks and completely randomized design was employed. Feed intake, nutrient retention, weight gain and feed to gain ratio values were similar (p > 0.05) among birds fed the different dietary inclusion levels of Alphamune G. Hen day production, Haugh unit and Albumen height were significantly high (p < 0.05) for laying hens of fed the control diet. There was also interaction effect of Alphamune G and Age. The interaction of Alphamune G and Age gave the highest value in laying hens of group B fed the 0.05% diet when compared to the control. However, birds fed the 0.06% Alphamune G inclusion level gave the best result in terms of Production characteristics, Cost to benefit ratio expressed as Cost of feed to produce a Dozen Egg and Egg Quality. Also birds of group B gave better results than that of group A except in the Haugh unit value.
Internacionalización, formación y análisis de la realidad. Tres conceptos esenciales en el desarrollo de acciones positivas por parte de FEDER (Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras)
Authors: Bañón Hernández Antonio M. , Fornieles Alcaraz Javier
Published: December 2013

Bañón Hernández, A.M. y Fornieles Alcaraz, J. (2013): “Internacionalización, formación y análisis de la realidad. Tres conceptos esenciales en el desarrollo de acciones positivas por parte de FEDER (Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras)”. Revista Española de Discapacidad, I (2): 135-141.
The influence of oil additives on the effectiveness of herbicides
Authors: Chwedoruk Andrzej , Domańska Helena
Published: December 2013

The possibility to decrease herbicide doses without reducing their weed controlling effectiveness was investigated in two microplots and one field experiment. The following herbicides were used: atrazine, mixture of atrazine with terbutrine, MCPA + MCPP, MCPA + dikamba, desmedipham and phenmedipham (Betanal 31, 32 or 37). They were combined with one or several of the following adjuvants: parafinic oil, refuse product of rape oil rafination, oil mixture from the Institute of Organic Chemistry Industry (IPO-Warsaw), surfactant Rokafenol N-1O, mineral oil Nr 8 (Aviol). It was shown that the doses of herbicides could be lowered by 30-50% without loosing their phytotoxic effect on weeds due to addition of adjuvants. The mineral oil 8 was very active in a mixture with Betanal 37 and was completly non toxic toward sugar beets. The oil mixture from IPO and Rokafenol N-10 were very active in mixtures with atrazine or atraizine with terbutrine.
Effects of some physical properties of the soil and of accompanying species on the β-caroten content in meadow plants
Authors: Widera Maria
Published: December 2013

β-caroten content was estimated in the leaves of 8 selected species of meadow plants from two meadows on which rolling was done once or twice. The percent content of accompanying plants occurring on the examined meadows was estimated on the basis of the biomass of these species. The volume weight and the water relationships were estimated in the soil. The accumulation of β-caroten in the examined plants was found to depend on the physical properties of the soil which change as a result of rolling. Moreover, various species of accompanying plants (symptoms of allelopathy) affect the accumulation of β-caroten in plants.
Effect of methanol on winter rape seedlings
Authors: Kaczmarczy Stanisław , Devlin Robert M. , Zbieć Irena I.
Published: December 2013

Oil seed rape seedlings which had been treated with 10-30% methanol grew faster, their yield of fresh matter exceeded that of untreated control plants by 102%, of dry matter by 80%. Although methanol did not affect the content of chlorophyll or carotene in the leaves, the overall pigment yield grew with the dry matter of one seedling. The biomass of rape leaves which had been sprayed with 10 or 20% methanol solutions was by 50-90% higher as compared to untreated plants. The activity of some enzymes (nitrate reductase and alkaline phosphatase) also increased in methanol treated plants.
The study on wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biology. Part Il. Competition between different wild oat varieties and spring barley
Authors: Kieć Jacek
Published: December 2013

The study on different varieties of wild oat competition in spring barley was carried in 1989 and 1990y. 10 varieties of Avena fatua in 4 densities ( 0, 16, 32, 64 plants per m2) were sown with spring barley. Each variety had different influence on the yield and elements of its structure. On the tillering the highest had varieties G and C, the lowest D. On a number of grains in a head - the highest - D, the lowest A, B, G, H, I, J and on a mass of 1000 grains the highest - F,I and the lowest - A. Beginning from the density of 16 wild oat plants, the yield of spring barley is lowering significantly. This is due to lower number of grains in the head.
The content of isoflavones in red clover (T. pratense L.) breeding material
Authors: Burda Stanisław , Suchecki Szymon
Published: December 2013

The contents of four isoflavones: daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A were analysed in breeding stocks of red clover with the purpose to find stocks with the highest and lowest levels of these compounds. The total content of the isoflavones in twenty nine stocks studied, varied within the range of 0,70 to 1,19% D.M.
Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other biocontrol agents in the control of root rot infection in cotton
Authors: Shamim Shamama , Ahmad Nuzhat , Rahman Atta , Ehteshmul-Haque S. , Ghaffar Abdul
Published: December 2013

Seed dressing with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma koningii significantly (p<0,05) reduced infection of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani on cotton roots in pot experiments and in field. Combined use of P.aeruginosa strain CMG63 with T.koningii produced greater plant height and fresh weight of shoot in field as compared to CMG52 which showed better results in pot experiments.
The effect of the weight of cloves on the growth and the yield of fall-planted garlic
Authors: Nurzyńska-Wierdak Renata
Published: December 2013

In three years trials (1990-1993) the effect of diameter of bulbilson growth and yield of local garlic ecotype R was studied. Nine size classes of bulbils were investigated. Significant effect of diameter of bulbils on biometric propeities and yield of local garlic was found out. The plants grown from big bulbils gave higher and better quality yield then those grown from smaller bulbils. There was no difference in yield of plants grown from big and medium bulbils.
Effect of drying, freezing and storage of dried and frozen onion (Allium cepa L.) on its pungency
Authors: Horbowicz Marcin , Bąkowski Józef
Published: December 2013

The paper contains results of studies of drying and freezing effects, as well as storage of dried and frozen onion on its pungency. The effect of onion bulbs preparation on pungency was estimated as well. The pungency measurements were based on determination of pyruvate produced enzymatically by alliinase. Storage at 20°C of skinned onion decreases sligthly pungency, however three weeks storage at 0-2°C did not change it. Other results indicate that freezing at -25°C, and followed thawing led to large losses - reaching 75% of pungency found in the onion taken to the process. Storage of the frozen onion caused further decrease its pungency. Decrease of pungency during drying was depended on temperature of the process. Low drying temperature (40 and 50°C, 20 hours) caused only 15-20% decline of pungency. Higher temperature drying (60°C) resulted in 50% losses of onion pungency.
Effect of growth retardants, cytokinins and auxins on the multiplication and rooting in vitro of Alstroemeria x hybrida "Juanita"
Authors: Podwyszyńska Małgorzata , Gabryszewska Eleonora , Przybyła Andrzej
Published: December 2013

Rhizome cultures of "Jiianita" Polish cultivar of Alstroemeria x hybrida were used to enhance an effectiveness of micropropagation method of new cultivars and selections. The effect of cytokinins (BAP. kinetin and 2iP), auxins (IAA, IBAand NAA), growth retardants (paclobutrazol and flurprimidol alone or in combination were studied in relation to rhizome branching. aerial shoot production and rooting of rhizome. The greatest number of aerial shoots as well as the shortest shoots were observed at the highest BAP concentration (6 mg l-1). However, the rhizonies had the poorest rooting ability. BAP at low concentrations combined with kinetin or 2iP also strongly stimulated aerial shoot formation and rhizome branching. Unfortunately. those shoots were of poor qualily. Application of BAP at low concentration with paclobutrazol (0,1-0,5 mg l-1 ) or flurprimidol (0,01- 1 mg l-1) in presence of 1 mg l-1 NAA resulted in high number of aerial shoots (5-6), reduction of their length and higher rooting ability of the rhizomes. Gr()wth retardants applied with NAA strongly stimulated formation of the roots but suppressed their elongation. Abbreviations: BAP - 6=benzylaminopurine; kinetin - 6-furfurylaminopurine; 2iP - 6-‌γ,γ-dime-thylallylamino]purine); IAA-indole-3-acetic acid; IBA-indole-3-butyric acid; NAA- naphthaleneacetic acid; paclobutrazol (ICI PP-333) - (2-RS,3-RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-4-dimethyl-2(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol flurprimidol (Dowelanco) - α-(1-niethylethy 1-α-[4-trifluro-niethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyridinemethanol.
Some characteristics of active and latent monophenolase of mushroom polyphenol oxidase
Authors: Czapski Janusz
Published: December 2013

Latent form of monophenolase of mushroom polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was activated by 0,1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The addition of increasing concentrations of 4-methylcatechol di minished lag period of active and total monophenolase activity, measured using p-cresol with L-proline as a substrate. Changes of lag period were described by equation of one phase exponential decay when concentration of substrate varied from l to 10 mM. Affinity ( 1/Km) toward substrate of latent monophenolase was over two times higher than that of the active form, while the maximum velocity (Vmax) was two times lower. The catalytic power (Vmax/Km) of both forms of monophenolase were almost equal. Electrophoretic analysis followed by scanning technique of the gels was used. Absorbancy of spots, determined from computer image of isoenzyme bands pattern allowed for qualitative and quantitative estimation of electrophoregrams. Presence of one additional clearly defined slow migrating isoenzyme for SDS activated monophenolase differed in this respect active (2 bands) and total (3 bands) forms of monophenolase.
Role of microcrackes of apple surface in exogenous calcium uptake by fruit at harvest
Authors: Wójcik Paweł , Dyki Barbara , Cieśliński Grzegorz
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to examine of exogenous calcium uptake by 8 cultivars of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Fruits at harvest time were dipped in l% CaCl2 solution and stored at 18-20ºC during 14 days. Apples dipped in water served as control. The results showed significant differences between cultivars in apple calcium content. The least fruit calcium content was observed by cv. Jonagold and the highest by cv. Lobo. It was found significant, positive correlation between fruit calcium content and ability of apples to exogenous calcium uptake. The study showed that intensity of apple surface cracking is not a main factor influencing on exogenous calcium uptake. Apple peel surface without the blush was more sensitive to form the microcrackes than surface with the blush.
Structure of floral nectaries, nectar production and sugar composition in nectar of 7 species of Vicia L. Fabaceae
Authors: Stpiczyńska Małgorzata , Pielecki Jacek
Published: December 2013

Nectaries of investigated species of Vicia were ranked into 3 morphological types: automorphic (V. sepium L.), transitoric (V. angustifolia L., V. sativa L., V. villosa Roth, V. cracca L.) and flat, epimorphic (V. hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray and V. tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.). The best nectaring was connected with well defined nectary structure, and moreover quantity of nectar was correlated with nectary size but was not depended on number of secretory stomata. Sucrose dominated in the nectar of 6 species of vetches, the exception was balanced nectar of V. tetrasperma.
The influence of irrigation on growth and yield of plum trees cv. Valor grafted on Myrobalan and Wangenheim Prune
Authors: Treder Waldemar , Grzyb Zygmunt , Rozpara Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

The climate of Poland is characterized by a high variability, especially regarding the sum of precipitation and its distribution in the season. Dry years occur periodically. Repeated negative climatic water balance for vegetative season is insufficient for proper growth and development of plants. In this experiment we studied the effectiveness of drip irrigation in plum tree cultivation. The study was carried out since 1990 to 1998 in the orchard of the Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skiemiewice. Trees of plum cv. Valor, grafted on Myrobalan and Wangenheim Prune seedlings were planted in the spring 1990 at a distance 4,2 m x 2,9 m. Influence of drip irrigation on trees growth changes, yield and fruit quality depended on weather conditions in the individual years. Generally, drip irrigation significantly increased the tree growth, yield and fruit quality. Higher positive effect of irrigation was obtained for plums grafted on Wangenheim Prune seedlings than on Myrobalan seedlings. Drought conditions clearly decreases the average weight of the fruit of the trees grafted on Wangenheim Prune. The rootstocks had no effect on fruit size.
Some properties of active and latent catechol oxidase of mushroom
Authors: Czapski Janusz
Published: December 2013

Latent form of mushroom catechol oxidase was activated by O,1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Catalytic power of the latent form, calculated from the kinetic parameters was 1,8 times higher than that of active one. Salicyl hydroxamic acid (SHAM) appeared as a powerful inhibitor for both active and latent forms of catechol oxidase. However, in the range of 150-250 μM SHAM the inhibitory effect for active catechol oxidase was significantly higher than that for the latent one. Non-competitive and irreversible characteristics of inhibition of latent and active catechol oxidase was calculated from kinetic data. Electrophoretic analysis followed by scanning of the gels was used. The spots' absorbance was determined from a computer image of the isoenzyme band patterns. It allowed us to estimate gels quantitatively. Presence of one additional clearly defined slow moving isoform of SDS-activated catechol oxidase, differed in the respect of 3 bands for the active and 4 bands for the total.
The influence of nitrogen deficiency and excess in potato plants on biomass accumulation and distribution
Authors: Mazurczyk Władysław , Lis Barbara
Published: December 2013

Nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), harvest index (HI), dry matter accumulated by different organs were estimated several times during the vegetation period of potato plants grown in the both field and pot experiments at the Experimental Station in Jadwisin, Poland. Nitrogen fertilizer as NH4NO3 was applied at three doses (40, 120, and 200 kg·ha=-1 N) in the field experiment and 2,7 g N in 1996 and 4g N in 1997 and 1998 per each plant in the pot experiment. Results showed that the values of NNI both in field and pot experiments increased from emergence till the about closing rows and then they gradually decreased. The NNI values were dependent on N rates. The higher were N doses, the higher were values of NNI. These differences were especially present during the first half of vegetation periods. The excess of N in potato plants (NNI values above 1,O) was recorded in the greater part of vegetation periods in plants grown at the dose 200 kg·ha-1 N and for short length of time at the rate 120 kg·ha-1 N. The excess of nitrogen was associated with the highest values of total biomass accumulation and with decreasing ofthe harvest index; (average NNI=0,53). Unsuffieient level of nitrogen nutrition (NNI values below 1,0) was found for the whole vegetation periods in all plants grown in pots and in the field at the dose 40 kg·ha-1 N. These plants produced less total biomass but more of it was distributed to the tubers with average values of HI: 0,68 in field and 0,78 in pot experiments. Plants grown in the field under warmer weather conditions had better nitrogen nutrition status than those grown under cooler and wetter ones.
The effect of chitosan on limitation of growth and development of some pathogenic fungi for ornamental plants
Authors: Saniewska Alicja
Published: December 2013

The inhibitory effect of crab-shell chitosan, medium (200-800 cps) and high molecular weight ( 800-2000 cps) (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals) toward Alternaria alternata, Botrytis tulipae, Fiisarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae, Phoma narcissi and  Phoma poolensis was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The chitosan evidently inhibited in vitro growth of all tested pathogens, with a marked effect at higher concentrations above 200 μg/cm3. Chitosan at a concentration of 1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 mg/cm3 didn't have inhibitory action in appearance of fungi growth on naturally contaminated Callistephus chinensis seeds. At the same concentrations, chitosan applied as bulb scales dressing of Hymenocallis narcissiflora bulbs, before inoculation or after inoculation with Phoma narcissi, inhibited the development of necrotic spots on scales. Chitosan used preventively or curatively at a concentrations of 1,25; 2,5 and 5,0 mg/cm3 indicated inhibitory effect on development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae on tulip bulbs. Chitosan at a concentration of 10 mg/cm3 applied preventively (first spray 12th June) was very effective in the control of Puccinia antirrhini on snapdragon in the field. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on snapdragon treated 8 times at week intervals.
Pathogenic fungi infecting of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) roots and stem base
Authors: Patkowska Elżbieta
Published: December 2013

The studies were conducted in the years 1996 - 1998 on an experimental plot of the University of Agriculture in Lublin localised in Czesławice near Nałęczów. The subject of the studies was soybean. Polan cultivar, and their purpose was to determine the species composition of fungi infecting the roots and stem base of this plant in different stages of its growth. The studies showed that on an area of 1 m2, 61-70 soybean seedlings and 60-69 plants at anthesis grew. The proporlion of infected seedlings ranged from 14,3% to 18%, while at anthesis only a small increase of the number of infected plants was observed. In the case of seedlings, the following fungi turned out to be most harmful: P.irresulare, F.solani, R.solani and F.oxysporum f. sp. glycines. On the other hand, F.oxysporum f. sp. glycines had the greatest effect in infecting the roots and stem base ofplants at anthesis.