bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tetrahydrofuran Extraction on Surface Functional Groups of Coking Coal and Its Wettability
Authors: Yao Jian , Ji Huaijun , Lu Huazhang , Gao Tongtong
Published: June 2019

Coking coal was extracted with tetrahydrofuran solvent using ultrasonic and microwave-assisted method at 50°C and atmospheric pressure. Wettability of raw coal and its residue (residual coal) was tested with capillary penetration method. The raw and residual coals were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with curve-fitting analysis. The variation of main surface functional groups of coking coal before and after extraction and its effect on wettability were analyzed. The results were obtained as the following: after extraction with tetrahydrofuran, hydroxyl, ether oxygen, and carbonyl in the coal structure were dissolved, the content of hydrophilic functional groups reduced, and then the hydrophobicity of coal enhanced. At the same time, part of aliphatic hydrocarbon dissolved, the length of aliphatic chains (I2) decreased from 3.961 of raw coal to 3.636 of residual coal, the length of aliphatic chains became shorter, aliphatic CH2 side-chains decreased and aliphatic CH3 side-chains increased, and hydrophobic functional groups content increased. In the aromatic structure, four hydrogens per ring increased and two, three, and five hydrogens per ring decreased. Reduction of substitution functional groups and aliphatic hydrocarbon decreased with the side-chains breakage produce more active sites, which increases the degree of condensation of the aromatic ring (I3). The combined action of the decrease of the hydrophilic functional groups and the increase of the hydrophobic functional groups made the wettability of the coking coal become weak.
A Protective Role of the NRF2-Keap1 Pathway in Maintaining Intestinal Barrier Function
Authors: Wen Zhiyong , Liu Weihua , Li Xing , Chen Weiguo , Liu Zhice , Wen Jianbo , Liu Zhiping
Published: June 2019

Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a master regulator of cellular oxidative levels against environmental stresses. Nrf2 induces the expression of metabolic detoxification and antioxidant enzymes to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The gastrointestinal tract is a key source of ROS. Intestinal barrier is critical to maintain the healthy steady state of the human gastrointestinal tract. Nrf2 has been shown to play important roles in maintaining the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier. Here, we made a systematic review on the roles of Nrf2 in maintaining intestinal barrier, including the following: (1) NRF2 reduced intestinal mucosal injury by suppressing oxidative stress; (2) NRF2 decreased intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the inflammatory pathway; (3) NRF2 affected intestinal tight junction proteins and apoptosis of cells to regulate intestinal permeability; (4) NRF2 affected T cell differentiation and functions; (5) the crossregulation between the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway and autophagy controlled intestinal oxidative stress.
Research on Mechanical Performance of CRTS III Plate‐Type Ballastless Track Structure under Temperature Load Based on Probability Statistics
Authors: Yu Zhiwu , Xie Ying , Tian Xiuquan
Published: June 2019

CRTS III (China Railway Track System III) slab ballastless track structure is one of the high‐speed railway ballastless track structures which has Chinese independent intellectual property rights. The mechanical performance of CRTS III slab ballastless track structure under temperature load has not been clear yet. Therefore, through temperature field model and temperature load values selected by statistics analysis based on long‐term meteorological data, the mechanical performance of ballastless track structure is studied under two typical working conditions with different safety probability. It is found that the daily extreme values of monthly axial uniform temperature and the daily maximum temperature gradient obey certain statistical laws. In addition, the maximum tensile stress of the self‐compacting concrete layer is located in the middle and edge of the slab bottom and the side of the slab. The maximum tensile stress of the base plate is located at the edge of the surface of the layer and the inner edge of the limiting groove. The interface normal tensile stress is located at the end and corner of the interface. Furthermore, maximum stress increases with the increase of safety probability.
Fair and Efficient Rate Allocation for Wireless-Powered Machine-Type Communication Networks
Authors: Liao Nanxing , Zhang Guopeng , Qian Jiansheng , Cheng Deqiang , Yang Kun
Published: June 2019

This paper proposes a bargaining game theoretic rate allocation scheme for wireless-powered machine-type communications (MTCs). In the considered body area MTC network (MTCN), a battery-powered user equipment (UE) acting as the MTC gateway (MTCG) is responsible for collecting the information uploaded by in/on body wireless-powered MTC devices (MTCDs). By solving the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) of the proposed cooperative game, the minimum rate requirements of the MTCDs are satisfied. In addition, the network resource can be allocated to the MTCDs in a fair and efficient manner regarding the difference of their channel qualities. In comparison to other traditional resource allocation methods, the simulation results show that the proposed NBS-based method obtains a good tradeoff between the system efficiency and per-node fairness.
An Improved Low‐Cost Continuous Compaction Detection Method for the Construction of Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Jia Tong , He Tiejun , Qian Zhendong , Lv Jian , Cao Kaixin
Published: June 2019

To realize the continuous compaction control (CCC) of asphalt pavement during construction, continuous detection method was investigated for the compaction degree values. For the trajectory of rollers, a collaborative positioning method was proposed. For the monitoring of rolling process, an embedded‐based detection system was designed. For the evaluation of rolling effect, harmonic analysis was introduced and a new index, vibration compaction energy value (VCVe), was proposed. Positioning experiments were conducted, and the accuracy was improved to 0.48 m. Rolling tests were performed, and typical compaction meter values (CMVs), compaction control values (CCVs), and VCVe were obtained. The referenced compaction degree by conventional way was 94.6%, which was used to calibrate the detected values of compaction degree indexes. The results showed that continuous compaction detection can be achieved based on positioning system and vibration analysis. Compared with CMV and CCV, VCVe is less discrete, more stable, and consistent to describe the compaction state. Though, all the CMV, CCV, and VCVe indexes are unable to be used for quality assurance directly or alone, they could be an aid for quality control. Continuous compaction detection system meets the monitoring requirements of pavement construction at a lower cost and could lay a foundation for the intelligent compaction (IC).
An Improved Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Intermittently Connected Delay Tolerant Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Seo Dong Yeong , Chung Yun Won
Published: June 2019

In intermittently connected delay tolerant wireless sensor networks, sensor data generated at sensor nodes should be delivered to a sink node using opportunistic contacts between intermittently connected nodes. Since there is no stable end-to-end routing path from a source node to a sink node in intermittently connected network, an opportunistic routing protocol to deliver sensor data efficiently is needed. In this paper, an improved opportunistic routing protocol is proposed, where both current delivery predictability and maximum delivery predictability are used together to decide whether sensor data should be forwarded or not to a contact node. The proposed protocol can reduce buffer overflow and thus increase the delivery ratio, which is one of the most important performance measures in delay tolerant wireless sensor networks. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared with that of PRoPHET protocol and FREAK protocol, by varying buffer sizes and the number of nodes, in terms of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and delivery latency. Performance analysis results show that the proposed protocol has better delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and delivery latency than the PRoPHET protocol and FREAK protocol have, in most considered parameter values, with appropriate selection of message dissemination thresholds.
Authentication-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Secure Communication for VANETs
Authors: Xu Huibin , Zeng Mengjia , Hu Wenjun , Wang Juan
Published: June 2019

Communication in VANETs is vulnerable to various types of security attacks since it is constructed based on an open wireless connection. Therefore, a lightweight authentication (LIAU) scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle communication is proposed in this paper. The LIAU scheme requires hash operations and uses cryptographic concepts to transfer messages between vehicles, in order to maintain the required security. Moreover, we made the LIAU scheme lightweight by introducing a small number of variable parameters in order to reduce the storage space. Performance analysis shows that the LIAU scheme is able to resist various types of security attacks and it performs well in terms of communication cost and operation time.
Hypoxia and Inflammation as a Consequence ofβ-Fibril Accumulation: A Perspective View for New Potential Therapeutic Targets
Authors: Russo Matteo A. , Tomino Carlo , Vernucci Enza , Limana Federica , Sansone Luigi , Frustaci Andrea , Tafani Marco
Published: June 2019

Amyloidoses are heterogeneous diseases that result from the deposition of toxic insolubleβ-sheet fibrillar protein aggregates in different tissues. The cascade of molecular events leading to amyloidoses and to the related clinical manifestations is not completely understood. Nevertheless, it is known that tissue damage associated to this disease involves alteration of tissue architecture, interaction with cell surface receptors, inflammation elicited by the amyloid protein deposition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. However, another important aspect to consider is that systemic protein massive deposition not only subverts tissue architecture but also determines a progressive cellular hypertrophy and dilation of the extracellular space enlarging the volume of the organ. Such an alteration increases the distance between cells and vessels with a drop in pO2that, in turn, causes both necrotic cell death and activation of the hypoxia transcription factor HIF-1α. Herewith, we propose the hypothesis that both cell death and hypoxia represent two important events for the pathogenesis of damage and progression of amyloidoses. In fact, molecules released by necrotic cells activate inflammatory cells from one side while binding to HIF-1α-dependent membrane receptors expressed on hypoxic parenchymal cells on the other side. This latter event generates a signaling cascade triggering NFκB activation and chronic inflammation. Finally, we also suggest that this scenario, once proved and detailed, might suggest important targets for new therapeutic interventions.
Simulation-Based Connected and Automated Vehicle Models on Highway Sections: A Literature Review
Authors: Do Wooseok , Rouhani Omid M. , Miranda-Moreno Luis
Published: June 2019

This study provides a literature review of the simulation-based connected and automated intelligent-vehicle studies. Media and car-manufacturing companies predict that connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) would be available in the near future. However, society and transportation systems might not be completely ready for their implementation in various aspects, e.g., public acceptance, technology, infrastructure, and/or policy. Since the empirical field data for CAVs are not available at present, many researchers develop micro or macro simulation models to evaluate the CAV impacts. This study classifies the most commonly used intelligent-vehicle types into four categories (i.e., adaptive cruise control, ACC; cooperative adaptive cruise control, CACC; automated vehicle, AV; CAV) and summarizes the intelligent-vehicle car-following models (i.e., Intelligent Driver Model, IDM; MICroscopic Model for Simulation of Intelligent Cruise Control, MIXIC). The review results offer new insights for future intelligent-vehicle analyses: (i) the increase in the market-penetration rate of intelligent vehicles has a significant impact on traffic flow conditions; (ii) without vehicle connections, such as the ACC vehicles, the roadway-capacity increase would be marginal; (iii) none of the parameters in the AV or CAV models is calibrated by the actual field data; (iv) both longitudinal and lateral movements of intelligent vehicles can reduce energy consumption and environmental costs compared to human-driven vehicles; (v) research gap exists in studying the car-following models for newly developed intelligent vehicles; and (vi) the estimated impacts are not converted into a unified metric (i.e., welfare economic impact on users or society) which is essential to evaluate intelligent vehicles from an overall societal perspective.
Mosquito Bite-Induced Localized NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Relapsed in a Patient with Complete Remission of Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
Authors: Kondo Makoto , Mizutani Minoru , Yamanaka Keiichi
Published: June 2019

We report a rare case of localized NK/T-cell lymphoma following a mosquito bite after achieving complete response of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL). T cells and NK cells infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lead to NK/T-cell lymphoma, including ENKL. Lymphoma related to mosquito bites usually requires a prolonged treatment course, and the disease onset of hypersensitivity begins in early childhood. In the current case, the patient had no history of hypersensitivity to mosquito bites. We speculate that the latently EBV-infected NK/T cells in the blood were reactivated by mosquito gland antigens, expanded abnormally, and accumulated at the site of the mosquito bite.
Localized Hypertrichosis with Traumatic Panniculitis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ploydaeng Monthanat , Rojhirunsakool Salinee , Suchonwanit Poonkiat
Published: June 2019

Localized hypertrichosis with traumatic panniculitis is considered a rare condition. Previous articles have reported occurrence in females aged between 20 and 35 years. Possible mechanisms of trauma-induced localized hypertrichosis include hyperemia and angiogenesis induced by local inflammation, which can alter the hair growth cycle. The presence of inflammatory cells and lipomembranous changes on histopathology can support the diagnosis. We herein present a 35-year-old female patient with localized hypertrichosis following blunt trauma.
Lung Cancer Presenting as Skin Metastasis of the Back and Hand: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Khaja Misbahuddin , Mundt Daniel , Dudekula Rizwan Ahmed , Ashraf Umair , Mehershahi Shehriyar , Niazi Masooma , Lvovsky Dimitry , Malik Sandeep , Diaz-Fuentes Gilda
Published: June 2019

Lung cancer has the highest mortality of all cancers in the United States. The incidence of lung cancer with metastases to the skin varies between 1–12%, with the highest incidence seen in men. Here, we present two cases of lung cancer presenting as skin metastasis. The first patient was an 80-year-old African American male who presented to the hospital for evaluation of a right upper back mass. A few months prior to admission, he was found to have a left lung mass on CT scan of the chest, he underwent biopsy which showed poorly differentiated SCC of the lung. He also had a skin biopsy which showed poorly differentiated carcinoma in the dermis consistent with metastatic SCC. He was started on chemotherapy, but could not tolerate it. He was accepted to hospice. The second patient was a 78-year-old Hispanic female who presented to the hospital with dyspnea, and a dry cough. Upon physical examination, a 2 × 2 cm ulcerated, wart-like nodule on the right palm was noted. Subsequent CT scan of the chest showed a partial collapse of the right middle lobe. A biopsy of the hand mass revealed well-to-moderately differentiated metastatic SCC favoring lung origin. A bronchoscopy biopsy showed invasive SCC. Subsequently her condition worsened and she passed away. Metastasis to the skin is an unusual presenting symptom of lung cancer. It is therefore essential to consider metastasis as a diagnosis in a patient with both a skin lesion and a smoking history.
O conceito de Estado para os estudos realistas das relações internacionais: uma análise sobre a obra A política entre as nações de Hans Morgenthau
Authors: Berringer Tatiana
Published: June 2019

Este artigo analisa o conceito de Estado utilizado pela corrente realista dos estudos de relações internacionais, abordagem considerada hegemônica nessa área de estudos das ciências sociais, em geral, e da ciência política, em particular. Analisamos como essa categoria foi tratada por Hans Morgenthau, um dos principais autores dessa corrente, na sua obra A política entre as nações. Verificamos uma forte influência do pensamento de Weber, Maquiavel e Hobbes, mas inferimos que Morgenthau não se preocupou em definir claramente o conceito de Estado-nação, e que utilizou concepções divergentes na ciência política — pluralistas e elitistas —, o que leva a uma inconsistência teórica.
A construção da nação na América Latina, um processo interrompido: bloqueios internos e externos
Authors: Ferreira Carlos Serrano , Vieira Wilson
Published: June 2019

O objeto deste trabalho é a análise da relação entre os projetos de construção da nação e as tentativas de superação do subdesenvolvimento na América Latina diante dos desafios colocados pelas transformações na economia mundial no período 1970- 2010, apresentando os bloqueios internos e externos. Os objetivos são: i) estudar a inserção dependente latino-americana como caso exemplar das Relações Internacionais enquanto ciência de fronteira; ii) compreender os motivos das dificuldades de se construir a nação e superar o subdesenvolvimento na América Latina, principalmente a partir da década de 1970, dadas as transformações da economia mundial sob a hegemonia dos EUA e a manutenção de estruturas internas de dependência; iii) mostrar que o pensamento de Celso Furtado, a Teoria Marxista da Dependência (TMD) e a economia política do sistema-mundo são ferramentas válidas de explicação dessas dificuldades, ao colocarem o papel da hegemonia dos EUA para a compreensão do que ocorre na América Latina nesse período; iv) mostrar a partir de Ruy Mauro Marini os limites da burguesia latino-americana na consolidação da nação. A hipótese de trabalho é que os projetos de construção da nação na América Latina sofrem dificuldades cada vez maiores, dados os sucessivos golpes de Estado e as transformações da economia mundial sob o comando norte-americano, e o aprofundamento do caráter dependente da burguesia regional.
Elementos para uma Sociologia das Relações Internacionais: o campo dos diplomatas e o Estado como metacampo
Authors: Targa Leandro Garcez
Published: June 2019

As metodologias de pesquisa que analisam as relações sociais em âmbito local podem ser as mesmas que pensam as relações sociais em âmbito global. Este princípio epistemológico é a base para o entendimento (e para a proposta de superação) das lacunas geradas pela produção de conhecimento das Relações Internacionais, disciplina que reivindica, com sucesso, o monopólio da análise sobre “o internacional” no campo acadêmico. É a partir desta ideia que o presente artigo se propõe a apresentar elementos que contribuam para a construção e consolidação de uma “sociologia das relações internacionais”. Este texto é um fragmento de tese de doutorado recentemente finalizada sobre o campo dos diplomatas brasileiros. Apresentamos aqui a definição bourdieusiana de Estado como metacampo e um esboço da definição de campo das relações internacionais. A partir disso, sugerimos um exercício inicial para pensar o que pode ser uma sociologia das relações internacionais, propondo assim a abertura para futuras pesquisas.
Índios e loucos: sobre tutela, reconhecimento de direitos e desafios para a efetivação da cidadania no campo da saúde mental
Authors: Jacinto Andréa Borghi Moreira , Assis Daniel Adolpho Daltin , MacDowell Pedro De Lemos , Mota Taia Duarte
Published: June 2019

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a construção, no Brasil, de políticas públicas fundadas no reconhecimento da diferença, a partir de dois segmentos com histórias políticas e sociais distintas – povos indígenas e pessoas com transtornos mentais –, mas que enfrentaram uma mesma condição: a de, por muito tempo, terem sido excluídos como cidadãos devido a diferenças e, em nome delas, viverem até hoje situações extremas de violação de direitos. O trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um paralelo sobre o processo de reconhecimento dos direitos dos povos indígenas e, ao mesmo tempo, de reconhecimento dos direitos das pessoas com transtornos mentais, ambos possíveis a partir da promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988. A análise tem como parâmetro o instituto da tutela anteriormente vigente no Brasil, que afetou de formas particulares esses dois segmentos sociais, deixando marcas culturais e ideológicas que continuam sendo enfrentadas para a efetivação e a consolidação dos novos direitos. Tratados como campos políticos e identitários diferentes entre si e bastante específicos, os paralelos a serem observados entre o campo dos direitos indígenas e o campo da saúde mental revelam histórias semelhantes, tanto em função das violações de direitos sofridas como pelo enfrentamento à normatização, normalização e estigmatização da diversidade. Enfim, são paralelos que dizem sobre movimentos sociais distintos, mas que revelam esforços semelhantes na luta pela construção e afirmação de uma cidadania fundada no reconhecimento da pluralidade.
Enunciados dos juizados especiais fazendários do Rio de Janeiro: desafios na garantia de direitos
Authors: Simas Luciana , Ventura Miriam
Published: June 2019

A judicialização da saúde, nas últimas décadas, tem produzido normas, diretrizes e ações que materializam uma interseção entre os campos da saúde e do direito, em diferentes contextos. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os recentes enunciados jurisprudenciais dos Juizados Especiais Fazendários no Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro, com o intuito de perceber as implicações dessas diretrizes para a garantia de direitos, em especial com relação ao fornecimento de medicamentos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Serão identificados, inicialmente, três momentos históricos relacionados às demandas judiciais para acesso a produtos e serviços de saúde; e, a seguir, serão problematizadas as determinações previstas nos enunciados, em especial no tocante à responsabilidade solidária, com vistas à efetividade do acesso à saúde e à justiça.
Análise do direito humano à alimentação adequada: um direito social e político
Authors: Soares Sônia
Published: June 2019

Neste artigo, analisa-se a distinção aceita pela Organização das Nações Unidas entre os direitos humanos estabelecidos na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, da qual resultaram dois pactos internacionais de direitos humanos. (1) Pacto Internacional de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais que reconhece o direito humano à alimentação adequada como um direito social e não como um direito político, assumindo que sua realização deve se dar de modo progressivo e não imediato. Para verificar a pertinência de superar a tese da progressividade, resgatam-se inicialmente suas origens, a partir do exame de documentos das Nações Unidas; em seguida, com base em referências que denunciam a hierarquização dos direitos, faz-se uma análise crítica das obrigações dos Estados indicadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a garantia do direito humano à alimentação adequada. Para expor a dificuldade em conciliar a indivisibilidade dos direitos humanos, reafirmada na Conferência Internacional de Direitos Humanos, com a progressividade defendida no Pacto para a realização do direito à alimentação, apresenta-se como exemplo o caso concreto do perfil nutricional da população brasileira. Reconhece-se o múltiplo aspecto do direito humano à alimentação adequada, como direito social e político; que não é possível tolerar a realização do direito de estar livre da fome sem respeitar o direito de acesso a alimentos adequados; que é preciso reivindicar sua imediata efetivação. O fundamento para esta defesa não pode ser outro senão aquele afirmado na Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos: a dignidade da pessoa humana, princípio este que não admite gradação nem pode ser dividido.
Regulação profissional ou interprofissional do trabalho em saúde?: desafios para os sistemas de saúde na Índia, Estados Unidos, França e Brasil
Authors: Rígoli Félix Héctor
Published: June 2019

Não muito tempo atrás, a decisão pela formação em saúde, a prática profissional e outros aspectos relacionados ao seu exercício eram considerados dados da realidade relativamente estáveis e que dependiam principalmente de decisões e possibilidades individuais. Isso não significava que o Estado, não tivesse algum papel, especialmente na profissão médica; na maioria dos casos, ele atuava como avalista dos corpos profissionais. No entanto, o crescente papel das políticas de saúde como políticas públicas – somado a alguns escândalos de má prática que chegaram à opinião pública – forçou a inclusão dos mecanismos regulatórios como parte das funções do Estado.
Odisha’s first record of a free-tailed bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Molossidae): what could it be?
Authors: Debata Subrta , Palita Sharat Kumar
Published: June 2019

We present the first report on the occurrence of a free-tailed bat from Similipal Biosphere Reserve in Odisha, eastern India.  Although the examined individual was a pup that was only a few days old and hence species identity could not be ascertained, the study provides important clues for a systematic survey to resolve the issue.
First camera trap documentation of the Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes urva (Hodgson, 1836) (Carnivora: Feliformia: Herpestidae) in Barandabhar Corridor Forest in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Rayamajhi Trishna , Lamichhane Saneer , Gurung Aashish , Regmi Pramod Raj , Pokheral Chiranjibi Prasad , Lamichhane Babu Ram
Published: June 2019

The systematic study in 2015 and 2016 documented the first camera trap image of the Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes urva in Barandabhar Corridor Forest in Chitwan, Nepal.  The corridor was divided into 88 grids, each of 1km by 1km.  A pair of cameras was placed for 15 nights in each grid and the total camera trap night effort was 2,640.  There were two separate events capturing three independent images and five separate events capturing seven independent images of the Crab-eating Mongoose in 2015 and 2016, respectively.  Photo capture rate in camera traps were 0.01 and 0.03 respectively in 2015 and 2016.  The presence of this species opens new scope for wildlife professionals and scientific communities to take further steps for its conservation.
Time Course for Benefit and Risk of Clopidogrel and Aspirin After Acute Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Johnston S. Claiborne , Elm Jordan J. , Easton J. Donald , Farrant Mary , Barsan William G. , Kim Anthony S. , Lindblad Anne S. , Palesch Yuko Y. , Zurita Karla G. , Albers Gregory W. , Cucchiara Brett L. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Lutsep Helmi L. , Pearson Claire , Sethi Pramod , Vora Nirali ,   For the POINT and Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network Investigators
Published: June 2019

Background:

In patients with acute minor ischemic stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack enrolled in the POINT trial (Platelet-Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke [POINT] Trial), the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin for 90 days reduced major ischemic events but increased major hemorrhage in comparison to aspirin alone.

Methods:

In a secondary analysis of POINT (N=4881), we assessed the time course for benefit and risk from the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, or ischemic vascular death. The primary safety outcome was major hemorrhage. Risks and benefits were estimated for delayed times of treatment initiation using left-truncated models.

Results:

Through 90 days, the rate of major ischemic events was initially high then decreased markedly, whereas the rate of major hemorrhage remained low but relatively constant throughout. With the use of a model-based approach, the optimal change point for major ischemic events was 21 days (0–21 days hazard ratio 0.65 for clopidogrel-aspirin versus aspirin; 95% CI, 0.50–0.85;
P
=0.0015, in comparison to 22–90 days hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.81–2.35;
P
=0.24). Models showed benefits of clopidogrel-aspirin for treatment delayed as long as 3 days after symptom onset.

Conclusions:

The benefit of clopidogrel-aspirin occurs predominantly within the first 21 days, and outweighs the low, but ongoing risk of major hemorrhage. When considered with the results of the CHANCE trial (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients With Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events), a similar trial treating with clopidogrel-aspirin for 21 days and showing no increase in major hemorrhage, these results suggest that limiting clopidogrel-aspirin use to 21 days may maximize benefit and reduce risk after high-risk transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00991029.
Types of Sedentary Behavior and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Garcia Jeanette M. , Duran Andrea T. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Booth John N. , Hooker Steven P. , Willey Joshua Z. , Cheung Ying Kuen , Park Chorong , Williams Stephen K. , Sims Mario , Shimbo Daichi , Diaz Keith M.
Published: June 2019

Background

Previous cross‐sectional studies have shown conflicting results regarding the effects of television viewing and occupational sitting on cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) risk factors. The purpose of this study was to compare the association of both television viewing and occupational sitting with
CVD
events and all‐cause mortality in blacks.

Methods and Results

Participants included 3592 individuals enrolled in the Jackson Heart Study, a community‐based study of blacks residing in Jackson, Mississippi. Television viewing (<2, 2–4, and >4 h/day) and occupational sitting (never/seldom, sometimes, often/always) were self‐reported. Over a median follow‐up of 8.4 years, there were 129
CVD
events and 205 deaths. The highest category of television viewing (>4 h/day) was associated with a greater risk for a composite
CVD
events/all‐cause mortality end point compared with the lowest category (<2 h/day; hazard ratio, 1.49; 95%
CI
, 1.13–1.97). In contrast, the highest category of occupational sitting (often/always) was not associated with risk for a composite
CVD
events/all‐cause mortality end point compared with the lowest category (never/seldom; hazard ratio, 0.90; 95%
CI
, 0.69–1.18). Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity moderated the association of television viewing with
CVD
events/all‐cause mortality such that television viewing was not associated with greater risk among those with high moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity levels.

Conclusions

Television viewing was associated with greater risk of
CVD
events and all‐cause mortality, while occupational sitting had no association with these outcomes. These findings suggest that minimizing television viewing may be more effective for reducing
CVD
and mortality risk in blacks compared with reducing occupational sedentary behavior.
Identification and Validation of Hematoma Volume Cutoffs in Spontaneous, Supratentorial Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Leasure Audrey C. , Sheth Kevin N. , Comeau Mary , Aldridge Chad , Worrall Bradford B. , Vashkevich Anastasia , Rosand Jonathan , Langefeld Carl , Moomaw Charles J. , Woo Daniel , Falcone Guido J.
Published: June 2019

Background and Purpose—

Clinical trials in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have used volume cutoffs as inclusion criteria to select populations in which the effects of interventions are likely to be the greatest. However, optimal volume cutoffs for predicting poor outcome in deep locations (thalamus versus basal ganglia) are unknown.

Methods—

We conducted a 2-phase study to determine ICH volume cutoffs for poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 4–6) in the thalamus and basal ganglia. Cutoffs with optimal sensitivity and specificity for poor outcome were identified in the ERICH ([Ethnic/Racial Variations of ICH] study; derivation cohort) using receiver operating characteristic curves. The cutoffs were then validated in the ATACH-2 trial (Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage-2) by comparing the c-statistic of regression models for outcome (including dichotomized volume) in the validation cohort.

Results—

Of the 3000 patients enrolled in ERICH, 1564 (52%) had deep ICH, of whom 1305 (84%) had complete neuroimaging and outcome data (660 thalamic and 645 basal ganglia hemorrhages). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified 8 mL in thalamic (area under the curve, 0.79; sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 78%) and 18 mL in basal ganglia ICH (area under the curve, 0.79; sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 83%) as optimal cutoffs for predicting poor outcome. The validation cohort included 834 (84%) patients with deep ICH and complete neuroimaging data enrolled in ATACH-2 (353 thalamic and 431 basal ganglia hemorrhages). In thalamic ICH, the c-statistic of the multivariable outcome model including dichotomized ICH volume was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.75–0.85) in the validation cohort. For basal ganglia ICH, the c-statistic was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76–0.85) in the validation cohort.

Conclusions—

Optimal hematoma volume cutoffs for predicting poor outcome in deep ICH vary by the specific deep brain nucleus involved. Utilization of location-specific volume cutoffs may improve clinical trial design by targeting deep ICH patients that will obtain maximal benefit from candidate therapies.
Rapid Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Evolution After Early Revascularization
Authors: Hsia Amie W. , Luby Marie , Cullison Kaylie , Burton Shannon , Armonda Rocco , Liu Ai-Hsi , Leigh Richard , Nadareishvili Zurab , Benson Richard T. , Lynch John K. , Latour Lawrence L.
Published: June 2019

Background and Purpose—

In this era of endovascular therapy (EVT) with early, complete recanalization and reperfusion, we have observed an even more rapid apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) normalization within the acute ischemic lesion compared with the natural history or IV-tPA-treated patient. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of revascularization on ADC evolution within the core lesion in the first 24 hours in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Methods—

This retrospective study included anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke patients treated with EVT with or without intravenous tPA (IVT) from 2015 to 2017 compared with a consecutive cohort of IVT-only patients treated before 2015. Diffusion-weighted imaging and ADC maps were used to quantify baseline core lesions. Median ADC value change and core reversal were determined at 24 hours. Diffusion-weighted imaging lesion growth was measured at 24 hours and 5 days. Good clinical outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at 90 days.

Results—

Twenty-five patients (50%) received IVT while the other 25 patients received EVT (50%) with or without IVT. Between these patient groups, there were no differences in age, sex, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, interhospital transfer, or IVT rates. Thirty-two patients (64%) revascularized with 69% receiving EVT. There was a significant increase in median ADC value of the core lesion at 24 hours in patients who revascularized compared with further ADC reduction in nonrevascularization patients. Revascularization patients had a significantly higher rate of good clinical outcome at 90 days, 63% versus 9% (
P
=0.003). Core reversal at 24 hours was significantly higher in revascularization patients, 69% versus 22% (
P
=0.002).

Conclusions—

ADC evolution in acute ischemic stroke patients with early, complete revascularization, now more commonly seen with EVT, is strikingly different from our historical understanding. The early ADC normalization we have observed in this setting may include a component of secondary injury and serve as a potential imaging biomarker for the development of future adjunctive therapies.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00009243.
Risk Attitudes, Sample Selection, and Attrition in a Longitudinal Field Experiment
Authors: Harrison Glenn W. , Lau Morten I. , Yoo Hong Il
Published: June 2019

We evaluate the temporal stability of risk preferences using a remarkable data set that combines sociodemographic information from the Danish Civil Registry with information on risk attitudes from a longitudinal field experiment. Our econometric model accounts for endogenous sample selection and attrition processes that may confound inferences about temporal stability. Our experimental design builds in randomization on the incentives for participation that facilitates empirical identification of the model. In general, we find evidence consistent with temporal stability after correcting for the effects of selection and attrition. When neglected, these effects change our inferences in an economically and statistically significant manner.
Exporting Out of Agriculture: The Impact of WTO Accession on Structural Transformation in China
Authors: Erten Bilge , Leight Jessica
Published: June 2019

This paper analyzes the effect of China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001 on structural transformation at the local level, exploiting cross-sectional variation in tariff uncertainty faced by county economies pre-2001. Using a new panel of 1,800 Chinese counties from 1996 to 2013, we find that counties more exposed to the reduction in tariff uncertainty postaccession are characterized by increased exports and foreign direct investment, shrinking agricultural sectors, expanding secondary sectors, and higher total and per capita GDP. In addition, when labor substitutes from nonagricultural to agricultural production in counties exposed to positive trade shocks, agricultural output declines.
New Synonyms and Lectotypification in Begonia section Australes (Begoniaceae)
Authors: TEBBITT MARK C.
Published: June 2019

In preparation for a taxonomic account of Begonia section Australes, Begonia crinita and B. rubricaulis var. volcanensis are here newly synonymized with B. micranthera subsp. micranthera, and lectotypes of Begonia crinita and B. pearcei are designated.
Two new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Borneo
Authors: ARDI WISNU HANDOYO , GIRMANSYAH DEDEN , LIN CHE-WEI , HUGHES MARK
Published: June 2019

Two new species of Begonia, B. inggitiae and B. dracopelta, are described from Borneo. Begonia inggitiae is endemic to Kalimantan, and B. dracopelta is found in both Kalimantan and Sarawak, and both belong to Begonia section Petermannia.
Nandus mercatus (Teleostei: Perciformes: Nandidae), a new leaf fish from Sumatra
Authors: NG HEOK HEE
Published: June 2019

Nandus mercatus sp. nov. is described from the Musi River drainage in Sumatra. It differs from all congeners in having a combination of the following characters: body depth 43.0–43.2% SL, 15 pectoral-fin rays, 29–32 lateral line scales, 11–12 scale rows below the lateral line, and slightly concave predorsal profile. The characters that diagnose the genus are also reviewed and identified. Nandus is here diagnosed as having the following combination of characters: ectopterygoid toothed, posterodorsal corner of the subopercular not produced into a slender process and the second preural centrum with a distally bifurcate hemal spine.
Checklist of helminth parasites of Soricomorpha (= Insectivora) of North America north of Mexico
Authors: KINSELLA JOHN M. , TKACH VASYL V.
Published: June 2019

A parasite-host and a host-parasite checklist of helminths found in Soricomorpha (= Insectivora) of North America north of Mexico are presented. The parasite-host checklist includes a total of 114 species of helminth parasites reported in the literature from 28 species of insectivores, totaling 349 records. These include 97 species from shrews (9 trematodes, 34 cestodes, 50 nematodes, 4 acanthocephalans) and 23 species from moles (3 trematodes, 4 cestodes, 10 nematodes, 6 acanthocephalans). Each helminth species is listed under its most current accepted taxon, with all known synonyms, distribution by state/province, and references for each geographic location. The following new combinations are proposed: Lineolepis pribilofensis (Olson, 1969) n. comb. for Hymenolepis pribilofensis Olson, 1969; Monocercus soricis (Neiland, 1953) n. comb. for Molluscotaenia soricis (Neiland, 1953) Spasskii & Andreiko, 1971; and Eucoleus blarinae (Ogren, 1953) n. comb. for Capillaria blarinae Ogren, 1953. The state of knowledge of helminths of insectivores in North America is briefly discussed.
Dactylogyrids (Monogenoidea, Polyonchoinea) parasitizing the gills of snappers (Perciformes, Lutjanidae): Proposal of Haliotrematoides n. gen. and descriptions of new and previously described species from marine fishes of the Red Sea, the eastern and Indo-west Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea
Authors: KRITSKY DELANE C. , TINGBAO YANG , YUAN SUN
Published: June 2019

Twenty six of 28 species of snappers (Lutjanidae), examined for dactylogyrids (Monogenoidea) from the Red Sea, the Indo-west and eastern Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, were infected: 18 species with Euryhaliotrema spp., 17 with species of Haliotrematoides n. gen. and eight with species of undetermined dactylogyrid genera. Two species of fusiliers (Caesionidae) and one species of porgy (Sparidae) were also examined and found positive for species of Haliotrematoides. Haliotrematoides n. gen., supported by both 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA analyses, was proposed for 15 new and 15 previously described species of Haliotrema (s. l.) from lutjanid, caesionid and sparid hosts: Haliotrematoides hatzenbuehlerae n. sp., Haliotrematoides brachyflagellocirrus n. comb., Haliotrematoides caesionis n. comb., Haliotrematoides calcaris n. comb., Haliotrematoides cornigerum n. comb., Haliotrematoides gracilihamus n. comb., Haliotrematoides guttati n. comb., Haliotrematoides heteracantha n. comb., Haliotrematoides isolens n. sp., Haliotrematoides lanx n. sp., Haliotrematoides longihamus n. comb., Haliotrematoides longitubocirrus n. comb., Haliotrematoides magnigastrohamus n. comb., Haliotrematoides mastigion n. sp., Haliotrematoides mediohamides n. sp., Haliotrematoides mediohamus n. comb., Haliotrematoides nagibinae n. sp., Haliotrematoides noncalcaris n. comb., Haliotrematoides noncalcaroides n. sp., Haliotrematoides novaecaledoniae n. sp., Haliotrematoides overstreeti n. sp., Haliotrematoides parvicirrus n. comb., Haliotrematoides patellacirrus n. comb., Haliotrematoides plectridium n. sp., Haliotrematoides potens n. sp., Haliotrematoides prolixohamus n. sp., Haliotrematoides shenzhenensis n. comb., Haliotrematoides spinatus n. sp., Haliotrematoides tainophallus n. sp., Haliotrematoides zhukovi n. sp. The new genus was characterized by dactylogyrids having 1) an unique hook distribution with pairs 1, 2, 3, 7 on the peduncle or trunk of the body, pair 5 associated with the point and distal shaft of the ventral anchors, and pairs 4 and 6 located at the level of the anchor bases or shifted anteriorly to the union of the haptor and peduncle; 2) dorsal anchors lacking well-developed deep roots and having perforated bases, elongate relatively straight shafts, and superficial grooves on the distal portions of the shafts and/or points; 3) ventral anchors with developed basal roots, an elongate shaft, and superficial grooves along the distal portions of the shafts and/or points; 4) a ventral bar usually with two submedial pockets along the anterior margin; and 5) a copulatory complex lacking an accessory piece. New host and locality records for some previously described species were reported.
A new species of Pseudogaurax Malloch (Diptera: Chloropidae) reared from dobsonfly egg-masses (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Brazil
Authors: MELO ADRIANO S. , WHEELER TERRY A.
Published: June 2019

Pseudogaurax idiogenes Wheeler sp. n. (type locality: Iporanga, São Paulo, Brazil) is described from specimens reared from the egg masses of dobsonflies (Corydalidae) in southern Brazil. This is only the second record of Pseudogaurax larvae feeding on Megaloptera eggs (first from the Neotropical region). Larvae of most species of Pseudogaurax are predators of spider eggs.
A new freshwater peritrichous ciliate from Harbin, China, Epistylis lalinensis n. sp. (Sessilida: Epistylididae)
Authors: QI GUILAN , SHI XINLU , LIU GUIJIE , HU XIAOZHONG
Published: June 2019

A freshwater peritrich ciliate, Epistylis lalinensis n. sp., was collected from Lalin River, Harbin, China, and its morphology, infraciliature and silverline system were investigated based on living and silver-impregnated specimens. The new species measured 125-187 × 31-47 μ m in vivo and is characterized by having green-coloured endoplasm containing symbiotic algae, single apically located contractile vacuole, one-layer peristomial collar and slender body shape. The Cshaped macronucleus is transversely located. Three equally kineties in polykinety 3 parallel to each other. Number of silverlines between peristome and aboral trochal band, 117-145; between aboral trochal band and scopula, 50-68. Comparing most other congeners, circular fibers of this species composed of internal and external layers.
Revision of tapeworms (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea) from lizardfish (Saurida: Synodontidae) from the Indo-Pacific region
Authors: KUCHTA ROMAN , SCHOLZ TOMÁŠ , VLČKOVÁ ROMANA , ŘÍHA MILAN , WALTER THORSTEN , YUNIAR ASRI T. , PALM HARRY W.
Published: June 2019

Bothriocephalidean cestodes reported from lizardfish (Saurida Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes) were revised on the basis of newly collected material from type-hosts and available typeand voucher specimens. Instead of nine taxa of four genera listed in the literature, only Oncodiscus sauridae Yamaguti, 1934 and Penetrocephalus ganapattii (Rao, 1954) are considered valid and thus both genera become monotypic. Both taxa are redescribed, including the first scanning electron micrographs and data on intraspecific variability. Both species are unique among bothriocephalid cestodes in the lateral position of the vagina in relation to the cirrus-sac. Oncodiscus sauridae found in Saurida longimanus Norman, S. nebulosa Valenciennes (new host record), S. tumbil (Bloch) and S. undosquamis (Richardson) differs from P. ganapattii found in S. micropectoralis Shindo & Yamanda and S. tumbil in the following characters: (i) scolex shape (fan-shaped, with crenulated bothrial margins in O. sauridae, replaced by a scolex deformatus in P. ganapattii); (ii) site of scolex attachment (in the intestinal lumen in the former taxon versus penetrating through the intestinal wall, and encysted on pyloric caeca in P. ganapattii); (iii) shape of segments (usually only slightly wider than long in O. sauridae versus very short, much wider than long in P. ganapattii); and (iv) number of testes (50–100 per segment in O. sauridae whereas fewer than 60 in P. ganapattii). Bothriocephalus sauridae Ariola, 1900 is considered a species inquirendum, although conspecificity with O. sauridae is very probable. The present study demonstrates the necessity of using standard procedures, especially adequate fixation methods of freshly collected cestode material (hot 4% formaldehyde solution is strongly recommended for morphological studies), because most previous descriptions were based on poor-quality material, including partly macerated worms missing hooklets on the apical disc of the scolex in O. sauridae.
Erratum: BERNHARD A. HUBER (2009) Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae). Zootaxa, 1970, 64–68.
Authors: HUBER BERNHARD A.
Published: June 2019

(Erratum)