bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estudio hidrológico de la cuenca del río Isábena (cuenca del Ebro). I: variabilidad de la precipitación
Authors: Verdú Joan M. , Batalla Ramón J. , Martínez Casasnovas José A.
Published: July 2018

Este trabajo analiza la variabilidad espacial y temporal de la precipitación en la cuenca del río lsábena (Cuenca del Ebro, Prepirineo aragonés) durante los años 2000 y 2001. También estudia los errores en la estimación de la precipitación según la fuente de datos y el tipo de interpolación. El estudio se rea­lizó a partir de datos obtenidos mediante 26 pluviómetros totalizadores y 3 pluviógrafos registradores distribuidos en las distintas subcuencas. En la cabecera de la cuenca la precipitación anual fue mayor, pero en la parte media de la cuenca las tormentas fueron más intensas, y con un desfase temporal medio de -50 minutos. La precipitación por episodio siguió un gradiente positivo en sentido sur-norte ( 1,84% /km). Se presentan los polinomios derivados para estimar el valor integrado de precipitación para cada subcuenca a partir de un solo pluviómetro, con coeficientes de ajuste entre el 70% y el 90%. Asimismo se detectó una infraestimación media del 13% en la precipitación a partir de los pluvióme­tros de la red oficial I.N.M .. La estimación ele la precipitación por subcuencas mediante el método de polígonos de Thlessen indica también un error medio por defecto del -15%. Los distintos errores son importantes, especialmente si los datos de precipitación se utilizan en rutinas de modelización hidro­lógica. No obstante, se pueden subsanar mediante el uso de polinomios de ajuste y con la instalación estratégica de pluviógrafos registradores.
Mechanistic Studies of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Al-Mg Alloys under Atmospheric Exposure Conditions
Authors: Steiner P.J. , Burns J.T.
Published: July 2018

The effect of atmospheric environments on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IG-SCC) behavior of AA5083-H131 and AA5456-H116 was investigated using fracture mechanics-based testing, high-fidelity monitoring of crack growth kinetics, and electrochemical potential measurements. The IG-SCC susceptibility was found to decrease in atmospheric environments as compared to full immersion at −0.8 VSCE. Critically, the decrease in IG-SCC susceptibility was most prevalent for higher levels of sensitization and the more susceptible AA5083-H131 alloy. These results are analyzed in the context of a coupled anodic dissolution and H-embrittlement mechanism, wherein the reduction in IG-SCC susceptibility in the atmospheric environments results from cathodic limitation of the governing IG-SCC mechanism, leading to a decrease in the dissolution at the crack tip, a less aggressive crack chemistry development, and thus lower levels of H production. A close correlation between the open circuit potential of the bulk surface and the crack growth kinetics was observed for environments without a set potential, and correlates well with known potential-dependent IG-SCC observations.
Background noise estimation of the geomagnetic signal
Authors: Yao Xiuyi , Zhang Suqin , Teng Yuntian , Yang Dongmei
Published: July 2018

Abstract. A fast Fourier
transform was applied to fit the geomagnetic diurnal variation. Fitting
results showed that when the polynomial degree was greater than 160, the
residual error was close to 0 nT. White noise is the main component of the
residual error when the polynomial degree was greater than 160, so this
method was adopted to calculate the background noise of the geomagnetic
field. Spectrum analysis further demonstrated that the noise estimation
result is reliable.
Reasons for non-attendance nutrition appointment among medically underserved community in Rural Mississippi
Authors: Alakaam Amir , Lemacks Jennifer , Parker Ashley
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study sought to examine the reasons for nonattendance of nutrition appointments and explore the determinants that contribute to this phenomenon among medically underserved and uninsured individuals.Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with five sections questionnaires distributed at a healthcare clinic in a rural area in south Mississippi. Participants (n=346) were surveyed who had attended the clinic for a health appointment. Nutrition appointment attendance, reasons to miss a scheduled nutrition appointment, and effective appointment reminders were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were determined for the variables, Chi square and bivariate correlation tests were used to determine relationships between participants’ demographics, health conditions, and other variables.Results: About 87% of participants indicated that they had not attended a nutrition appointment and 26.8% indicated that they had missed a nutrition appointment. Most participants specified that forgetfulness (39%) and transportation problems (25%) were the most likely reasons to miss a nutrition appointment. Most indicated that a phone call would be the most effective appointment reminder. About half of participants believed the reason behind missing a nutrition appointment is that their physicians did not place importance on attending such appointment. No significant association or differences were found between the variables.Conclusion:  Findings can be used to improve access to nutrition counseling among underserved patients, and to develop effective appointment reminders to decrease nonattendance rates. Future research is warranted to analyze the effect that nutrition appointments has on individual’s health.
Recerca i formació de professionals en el camp de la literatura infantil i juvenil | Research and training of professionals in the field of children’s and young adult literature
Authors: Colomer Martínez Teresa
Published: July 2018

El 2017, Catalunya i les Illes Balears van ser convidades a celebrar la 54 edició de la Fira del Llibre per a Infants i Joves de Bolonya. El programa incloïa el Simposi sobre literatura infantil i juvenil en català: tendències d'un futur compartit. Aquest és el text de la conferència impartida per la Dra. Teresa Colomer com a part del Simposi, en la seva versió original en català i la traducció a l'anglès de l'Institut Ramon Llull. Les diapositives de la conferència es poden consultar al següent enllaç: http://www.gretel.cat/publicacions/research-and-training/
Research on Tourist Activity in Europe – Methodological Aspects and Results (Part I: the Period 1945-2000)
Authors: Alejziak Wiesław
Published: July 2018

Purpose. Analysis of research studies on tourism related activity carried out in various European countries in the period from the end of WWII to the end of the 20th century. The study embraced both the research methods and techniques, as well as the ways of expressing tourism activity, making an attempt at comparing the findings of various studies in each case (both on the domestic and international scale). Method. The basic method used in the study was complex analysis of scientific literature pertaining to the research on tourism related activity (published in Polish, English, German and French), where focus was on research methodology. Also, the findings of the analysed studies were investigated to a certain degree, which – despite some limitations of research comparability – indicated serious disproportions in the level of tourism related activity among the inhabitants of particular countries. Findings. The study indicated that the great majority of research carried out within the entire analysed period of time embraced surveys with a great heterogeneity of research methods and techniques, non-uniform terminology, as well as various different criteria and typologies of tourism activity. The study also revealed a great variety of used indicators (measures), which made proper diagnosis of the phenomenon and interpretation of the results additionally difficult. Hence, it impeded the potential use of research results in practical activity. Research limitations and conclusions. The paper presents the analyses of research studies carried out until the year 2000. A similar study, based on the scientific literature published already in the 21st century, is in preparation. Practical implications. The current study shows that at the end of the analysed period, traditional research methods and indices determining the level of participation in tourism (e.g. tourism activity rate) often did not allow for proper market analyses and required serious improvement (particularly in relation to research comparability and results obtained by various institutions). Reliable research studies have always been largely expected by the widely understood tourism branch as such data constitute a crucial factor not only in their current activity but also in strategic planning. Originality. The paper presents one of the most comprehensive overviews of research studies on tourism activity, particularly in relation to the analyses of research methodology on this subject matter. New estimation methods and genuine indices of tourism-related activity were also proposed in the study, taking the hitherto mentioned conditions into consideration. Type of paper. The paper is an overview analysing the findings of numerous empirical studies.
Recreational Forest Management for Disabled People in Urban Forests – the Current State and Perspectives. A Case Study of Poznań
Authors: Wajchman-Świtalska Sandra , Jaszczak Roman
Published: July 2018

Purpose. The aim of this paper is a review of literature on forest environment adaptation in the cities to the needs of elderly and disabled people. The detailed objectives are to present the current state of recreational development in the urban forests of Poznań, with reference of this state to the demographic perspective for the city.

Method. A review of literature and city documents was conducted.

Findings. Preparation of forest management development for the elderly or disabled might be one of the key problems of forest management in urban forests. Poznań, despite having a 5 km long path for disabled people disabled individuals within one complex of urban forests, its potential is much greater, taking into account 84 km of roads as well as paths, and a total area of over 2,500 ha.

Research conclusions and limitations. It is difficult to decide how many people with different types of disabilities visit forests (urban, suburban, State forests) and what the perspectives in the share of forest visitors and their preferences are.

Practical implications. The paper emphasizes the need to adjust the forest to the disabled. It may influence some future projects.

Originality. The paper joins the review of world literature with the perspectives of demographics of the presented city.

Type of paper. An empirical paper.
The Role of Glycinergic Transmission in the Pathogenesis of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Zakowicz Przemysław , Kujawski Radosław , Mikołajczak Przemysław
Published: July 2018

Alcoholism is a severe social and medical problem. Inadequate ethanol (EtOH) consumption results in acute and chronic conditions, which lead to many hospitalizations and generate considerable costs in healthcare. Alcoholism undoubtedly needs to be thoroughly described, especially in relation to the molecular mechanism of addiction. The current opinion about the pathogenesis of EtOH abuse is mainly based on the dopaminergic theory of addiction, connected with the impaired function of the dopaminergic transmission in the brain’s reward system. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the potential role in alcohol activity is played also by glycinergic transmission, based inter alia on inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) sensitive to this simplest amino acid. GlyRs are pentameric, ionotropic receptors from ligand-gated ion channel family and facilitate membrane permeability to chloride ions. The receptors are widely present in the human body and spread to the peripheral and central nervous system, where they are engaged in several processes, especially in the regulation of nociception, movement control and, possibly, also they are responsible for controlling the brain’s reward system involved in the pathogenesis of addiction. The last localization seems to be really important and consists of a new insight into the search for novel substances to prevent or cure the consequences of EtOH abuse. In this paper describes recently discovered and animal-tested ligands, which may be an interesting tool in the treatment of alcohol-related syndromes.
SAMPLE SUBMISION
Authors: Zimmer Michael
Published: July 2018

Abstract text
Influência do zinco sobre o efeito do selênio na atividade da enzima δ-ALA-D de fígado, rim e cérebro de camundongos adultos in vitro
Authors: Barbosa Nilda Vargas , Rocha João Batista T. da
Published: July 2018

Selenium is an essential dietary trace element and its deficiency can cause some pathologies such as cardiac diseases. However, investigations have evidencied the toxicologic effect of organic and inorganic selenium compounds in the organs and enzymes.The present work examined the toxic effect of selenium on δ-ALA-D an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrol heme. A possible protective role of zinc on inhibitory effect of selenium was also evaluated. The organic selenium compound, (CH3)2C (Seφ) (0CH3) caused a dose dependent inhibition of renal, hepatic and cerebral δ-ALA-D (p< 0.01). Also was evidencied that the selenium and zinc interaction not was able to restore the δ-ALA-D activity inhibited by selenium but increasing the inhibitory effect from the compound on the renal and cerebral enzyme.
Agentes quelantes sulfidrílicos: uma revisão
Authors: Santos Francielli Weber , Nogueira Cristina Wayne
Published: July 2018

The increase industrial use of metais such as berilium, cadmium, copper, lead, magnesium and nickel results inevitably on a more contaminated environment. For this reason, environmental chronic poisonings with these metais have not been unusual and is a serious human health concern. Chelation therapy has been the basis for the medical treatment of metal poisoning for the past 4 decades. Chelating agents have been used clinically as antidotes for acute and chronic metal intoxications. These compounds enhance the excretion of toxic elements such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, or mercury, which are also well-known developmental toxicants. Moreover, they also decrease the metal's toxicity by preventing it from binding to cellular target molecules. However, there are many questions concerning the use of these compounds, including a wide range of overt and hidden undesirable side effects caused by these therapeutic dithiol chelating agents. The aspects pointed out above clearly indicate that more detailed experimental and clinical experiments are required to better establish the toxicological properties of BAL, DMPS and DMSA.
Ações biológicas de compostos de selênio e telúrio: efeitos tóxicos sobre o sistema nervoso central
Authors: Meotti Flavia Carla , Nogueira Cristina Wayne
Published: July 2018

The biochemistry and pharmacology of selenium is a subject of intense current interest, particularly from the viewpoint of public health. Selenium, long recognized as a dietary oxidant, is now known to be an essential component of the active sites of several enzymes. In contrast to the case of selenium, surprisingly little is known of the occurrence of tellurium in biological systems. However, tellurium shares chemical characteristics with selenium. Taking into account, researches that focus on biological activities of selenium and tellurium are the greatest interest. These compounds are important intermediates in organic synthesis and present some pharmacological properties. Besides, selenium and tellurium can oxidize SH groups of proteins since they could be toxic to animais. Based in this property, some studies revealed that selenium and tellurium are potentially neurotoxic. In this way, this review point out toxic effects induced by selenium and tellurium organic compounds highlight the effects on central nervous system.
Xenoposeidonis the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur
Authors: Taylor Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Xenoposeidon proneneukosis a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Hastings Group of England. It is represented by a single partial dorsal vertebra, NHMUK PV R2095, which consists of the centrum and the base of a tall neural arch. Despite its fragmentary nature, it is recognisably distinct from all other sauropods, and is here diagnosed with five unique characters. One character previously considered unique is here recognised as shared with the rebbachisaurid diplodocoidRebbachisaurus garasbaefrom the mid-Cretaceous of Morocco: an ‘M’-shaped arrangement of laminae on the lateral face of the neural arch. Following the more completely preservedR. garasbae, these laminae are now interpreted as ACPL and lateral CPRL, which intersect anteriorly; and PCDL and CPOL, which intersect posteriorly. Similar arrangements are also seen in some other rebbachisaurid specimens (though not all, possibly due to serial variation), but never in non-rebbachisaurid sauropods.Xenoposeidonis therefore referred to Rebbachisauridae. Due to its inferred elevated parapophysis, the holotype vertebra is considered a mid-posterior dorsal despite its elongate centrum. SinceXenoposeidonis from the Berriasian–Valanginian (earliest Cretaceous) Ashdown Formation of the Wealden Supergroup of southern England, it is the earliest known rebbachisaurid by some 10 million years. Electronic 3D models were invaluable in determiningXenoposeidon’s true affinities: descriptions of complex bones such as sauropod vertebrae should always provide them where possible.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of E-Banks Based on Multiple Mediations of Trust
Authors: Le Thi Mai , Hediasri Nur Aisyah Dwi , Liaw Shu-Yi
Published: July 2018

This study tests the importance of the dimensions of trust. Benevolence, ability and integrity mediate the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study compared users’ behavior between Indonesia and Taiwan with data from 300 internet banking users from the four biggest banks of each country. Six hundred samples were analyzed using SPSS and SmartPLS 2.0 software for Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The major findings are as follows. Customer satisfaction has a positive direct effect on customer loyalty. Benevolence is the most important element of trust. In Indonesia, benevolence and ability mediate the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Integrity does not, because users of internet banking are aware of honesty and fulfillment of promises. In Taiwan, benevolence and integrity have mediate the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty but ability does not. The findings of this survey provide researchers and managers with valuable information on the importance of trust in the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.

Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Trust, Benevolence, Ability, Integrity, Customer Loyalty

To cite this document: Thi Mai Le, Nur Aisyah Dwi Hediasri, and Shu-Yi Liaw, "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of E-Banks Based on Multiple Mediations of Trust", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 219-238, 2017.

Permanent link to this document:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.17843
Racial Disparities in Genetic Detection Rates for Inherited Retinal Diseases
Authors: Abuzaitoun Rebhi O. , Branham Kari H. , Lacy Gabrielle D. , Hufnagel Robert B. , Kumar Meenakshi M. , Koskenvuo Juha W. , Tuupanen Sari , Durham Todd , Zhao Peter Y. , Abalem Maria Fernanda , Andrews Chris A. , Schlegel Dana , Khan Naheed W. , Fahim Abigail T. , Heckenlively John R. , Musch David C. , Jayasundera K. Thiran
Published: November 2024

Importance

The association of race and detection of pathogenic variants using wide-panel genetic testing for inherited retinal diseases (IRD), to our knowledge, has not been studied previously.

Objective

To investigate the genetic detection rates of wide-panel testing in Black and non-Hispanic White patients with IRDs.

Design, Setting, Participants

This 2-group comparison used retrospective patient data that were collected at the University of Michigan (UM) and Blueprint Genetics (BG). At UM, inclusion criteria included having a clinical IRD diagnosis, wide-panel genetic testing, and both parents and the patient self-identifying as the same race (Black or non-Hispanic White). Logistic regression analysis was used; the dependent variable was genetic test result (positive or negative/inconclusive) and the independent variables were race, age, sex, phenotype, and number of genes tested. In the BG database, patients with wide-panel testing and self-reported race were included; detection rate comparison analysis based on race was performed using χ2 test of independence. These data were analyzed from October 30, 2013, through October 26, 2022.

Main Outcome and Measure

Genetic test result was considered positive if pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were detected.

Results

A total of 572 patients were included in UM, 295 were males (51.6%). Mean age was 45 years. There were 54 Black patients (9.4%) and 518 White patients (90.6%). Black race (odds ratio [OR], 0.25; 95% CI, 0.14-0.46; P < .001) and age (OR per 10 years, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.92; P < .001) were independently associated with decreased odds of a positive test. In the BG database, 142 of 320 of Black patients (44.4%) had a positive/likely positive test result, a proportion lower than White patients (1691 of 2931 [57.7%]) (χ2 = 18.65; df = 1; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

Results from this study highlight a lower genetic detection rate for Black patients than for White patients with IRDs. This supports a concern that the current development of IRD therapeutics is highly dependent on the ability to identify the genetic cause of disease. Patients with no known genetic diagnosis may be disadvantaged in terms of prognostication, inheritance counseling, reproductive decision-making, and eligibility for potential therapeutic options, including clinical trials. As future treatments become available, these findings suggest the need to examine the genetic detection rates across majority and minority subgroups alike.
Super Moisture‐Sorbent Sponge for Sustainable Atmospheric Water Harvesting and Power Generation
Authors: Guo Hanyu , Luo Qingliang , Liu Dong , Li Xiangyu , Zhang Chentian , He Xinyang , Miao Changling , Zhang Xueping , Qin Xiaohong
Published: November 2024

Sorption‐based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) shows great promise to mitigate the worldwide water scarcity, especially in the arid regions. Salt‐based composite materials are the extensively used sorbents for SAWH, however, they suffer from complex preparation to avoid salt leakage. Furthermore, the significant amount of heat produced during water harvesting process is often neglected and wasted. Herein, an integrated strategy is developed to synthesis salt‐based stable super moisture‐sorbent sponge by using the chelation of LiCl and dopamine (DA), and the simultaneous polymerization of DA on melamine sponge (PMS). The as‐prepared LiCl/PMS/CNTs showed high water uptake, reaching 1.26 and 1.81 g g−1 at 15% and 30% RH, respectively, and no salt leakage is observed during the water absorption process. Remarkable daily water production of 3.47 kg kg−1 day−1 in an arid environment (30% RH) is achieved. Moreover, a dual‐function system is successfully constructed by combining the LiCl/PMS/CNTs with a thermoelectric module to fully utilize the heat generated from the SAWH process, which can realize the simultaneous production of fresh water and electricity. The maximum output power density is up to 35.4 and 454.4 mW m−2 during the water absorption and desorption process, respectively.
Advanced DNA–Gold Biointerface for PCR‐Free Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum
Authors: Calorenni Paolo , Bella Giovanni , Nicolò Marco Sebastiano , Sciuto Emanuele Luigi , Balli Maria Vittoria , Valenti Giovanni , Gritti Tommaso , Varani Stefania , Prodi Luca , Conoci Sabrina
Published: November 2024

PCR‐free approaches are the most promising technologies for molecular point‐of‐care (PoC). In this context, the detection of not amplified genetic targets through electro‐optical transduction is successfully investigated. While PCR‐free approaches are widely studied, there are only a few studies investigating the factors that modulate both the kinetics and the effectiveness of target capture. Among these, the probes grafting density and the isoelectric properties of the biointerface are crucial since they conditionate the charge field around biomolecules during and after the target recognition. In this work, an experimental and theoretical study of a gold biointerface functionalized with oligonucleotide probes is presented for the direct detection by cooperative hybridization of the kinetoplast (k)DNA of Leishmania infantum(LI). The biointerface is characterized by surface free energy (SFE) analysis and contact angle (CA) to investigate the grafting of probes and the surface isoelectric properties upon the duplex formation with the genetic target. Experimental data are compared with a theoretical model, based on the prediction of adsorption energies, which effectively reflects the charge profile of the functionalized surface. Lastly, the biointerface is characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the sensing performances assess in the frame of its suitability for PoC applications.
Immune Checkpoints in B Cells: Unlocking New Potentials in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shi Xiaoye , Cheng Xiangshu , Jiang Aimin , Shi Wenjie , Zhu Lingxuan , Mou Weiming , Glaviano Antonino , Liu Zaoqu , Cheng Quan , Lin Anqi , Wang Linhui , Luo Peng
Published: November 2024

B cells are crucial component of humoral immunity, and their role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) has garnered significant attention in recent years. These cells hold great potential and application prospects in the field of tumor immunotherapy. Research has demonstrated that the TME can remodel various B cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation, antigen presentation, and antibody production, thereby invalidating the anti‐tumor effects of B cells. Concurrently, numerous immune checkpoints (ICs) on the surface of B cells are upregulated. Aberrant B‐cell IC signals not only impair the function of B cells themselves, but also modulate the tumor‐killing effects of other immune cells, ultimately fostering an immunosuppressive TME and facilitating tumor immune escape. Blocking ICs on B cells is beneficial for reversing the immunosuppressive TME and restoring anti‐tumor immune responses. In this paper, the intricate connection between B‐cell ICs and the TME is delved into, emphasizing the critical role of targeting B‐cell ICs in anti‐tumor immunity, which may provide valuable insights for the future development of tumor immunotherapy based on B cells.
Generative Inverse Design of Metamaterials with Functional Responses by Interpretable Learning
Authors: Chen Wei (Wayne) , Sun Rachel , Lee Doksoo , Portela Carlos M. , Chen Wei
Published: November 2024

Metamaterials with functional responses can exhibit varying properties under different conditions (e.g., wave‐based responses or deformation‐induced property variation). This work addresses rapid inverse design of such metamaterials to meet target qualitative functional behaviors, a challenge due to its intractability and nonunique solutions. Unlike data‐intensive and noninterpretable deep‐learning‐based methods, this work proposes the random‐forest‐based interpretable generative inverse design (RIGID), a single‐shot inverse design method for fast generation of metamaterials with on‐demand functional behaviors. RIGID leverages the interpretability of a random forest‐based “design → response” forward model, eliminating the need for a more complex “response → design” inverse model. Based on the likelihood of target satisfaction derived from the trained random forest, one can sample a desired number of design solutions using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. RIGID is validated on acoustic and optical metamaterial design problems, each with fewer than 250 training samples. Compared to the genetic algorithm‐based design generation approach, RIGID generates satisfactory solutions that cover a broader range of the design space, allowing for better consideration of additional figures of merit beyond target satisfaction. This work offers a new perspective on solving on‐demand inverse design problems, showcasing the potential for incorporating interpretable machine learning into generative design under small data constraints.
Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity drive leaf trait variation in the California endemic toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)
Authors: Thomas Laurel G. , Prunier Rachel
Published: November 2024

Premise

To survive climate change and habitat loss, plants must rely on phenotypic changes in response to the environment, local adaptation, or migration. Understanding the drivers of intraspecific variation is critical to anticipate how plant species will respond to climate change and to inform conservation decisions. Here we explored the extent of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in Heteromeles arbutifolia, toyon, a species endemic to the California Floristic Province.

Methods

We collected leaves from 286 individuals across toyon's range and used seeds from 37 individuals to establish experimental gardens in the northern and southern parts of toyon's range. We measured leaf functional traits of the wild‐collected leaves and functional and fitness traits of the offspring grown in the experimental gardens. We then investigated the relationships between traits and source environment.

Results

Most traits we investigated responded plastically to the environment, and some traits in young seedlings were influenced by maternal effects. We found strong evidence that variation in leaf margins is a result of local adaptation to variation in temperature and temperature range. However, the source environment was not related to fitness traits or survival in the experimental gardens.

Conclusions

Our findings reiterate the adaptive role of toothed leaf margins in colder and more seasonally variable environments. Additionally, we provide evidence that fitness of toyon is not dependent on where they are sourced, and thus toyon can be sourced across its range for restoration purposes.
Trajectory Analysis of the Four‐Year Changes in Body Composition and Bone Mineral Characteristics Among Highly Competitive Male University Long‐Distance Runners
Authors: Kinoshita Norimitsu , Tokita Masaya , Okuyama Kenta
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This study examined long‐term changes in body composition and bone mineral characteristics among male long‐distance runners from a high‐profile university team, focusing on concerns about impaired musculoskeletal development due to extreme leanness and weight management practices in this population.

Methods

Trajectory analyses were performed using multilevel modeling of 608 dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry datasets from 109 runners (mean age, height, and weight of 18.0 years, 171.4 cm, and 56.8 kg at baseline, respectively) collected biannually over 4 years.

Results

Linear increases in total and regional lean mass (LM) were observed on average, with the increase in leg LM being double that of arm LM (0.07 vs. 0.03 kg per occasion, respectively). Similarly, total bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) exhibited linear growth on average, with BMD accrual being greater in the legs than in the arms (0.004 vs. 0.001 g/cm2 per occasion, respectively). However, rib BMD and BMC were predicted to decrease. Individually predicted growth rates in total LM were significantly associated with those in total BMD (r = 0.347, p < 0.001) and BMC (r = 0.424, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

These results indicate site‐specific musculoskeletal adaptations to intensive long‐distance running training. Moreover, a random slope model accurately captured the trajectories of most dependent variables, highlighting the heterogeneity of training responses. The predictive models developed in this study offer practical strategies for identifying runners at risk of suboptimal physical development, thereby facilitating the development of personalized conditioning programs.
Light‐Activated Reactivity of Nitrones with Amino Acids and Proteins
Authors: Skakuj Kacper , Iglhaut Maximilian , Shao Qian , Garcia Francisco J. , Huang Bo‐Yang , Brittain Scott M. , Nesvizhskii Alexey I. , Schirle Markus , Nomura Daniel K. , Toste F. Dean
Published: November 2024

Controlled modifications of amino acids are an indispensable tool for advancing fundamental and translational research based on peptides and proteins. Yet, we still lack methods to chemically modify each naturally occurring amino acid sidechain. To help address this gap, we show that N,α‐diaryl oxaziridines expand the scope of bioconjugation methods to chemically modify cysteine, methionine, and tryptophan residues with evidence for additional tyrosine labelling in a proteomic context. Conjugation primarily at tryptophan sites can be accessed by selective cleavage of modifications at other sidechains. The N,α‐diaryl oxaziridine reagents are accessed through photoisomerization of nitrones, which serve as photocaged reagents, thus providing an additional level of control over reactivity. Initial guiding principles for the design of nitrone reagents are developed by exploring the impact of structure on UV/Vis absorption, photoisomerization, and reactivity. We identify a nitrone structure that maximizes photoisomerization efficiency, the aqueous stability of the oxaziridine, the extent of amino acid modification, and the stability of the resulting amino acid conjugates. We then translate nitrone reagents to modify proteins in aqueous conditions. Finally, we use nitrones to profile reactive residues across the proteome of a mammalian cell line and find that they expand the proteome coverage.
A Photochemical Strategy towards Michael Addition Reactions of Cyclopropenes
Authors: Hussain Yaseen , R. Prasanna , Empel Claire , Sharma Deepak , Kloene Lennard , Zhu W. Felix , Kaiser Astrid , Weizel Lilia , Proschak Ewgenij , Koenigs Rene M. , Chauhan Pankaj
Published: November 2024

The development of Michael addition reactions to conjugated cyclopropenes is a challenge in organic synthesis due to the fleeting and reactive nature of such strained Michael acceptor systems. Herein, the development of a photochemical approach towards such conjugated cyclopropenes is reported that serves as a strategic entry point to densely functionalized cyclopropanes in a diastereoselective fashion. The process involves the light‐mediated generation of transient cyclopropenyl α,β‐unsaturated esters from vinyl diazo esters, followed by an organic base catalyzed nucleophilic addition of N‐heterocycles to directly access β‐N‐heterocyclic cyclopropanoic esters. With this synergistic approach, various trisubstituted cyclopropanes bearing N‐heteroaryl and N‐heterocyclic rings such as indole, pyrrole, benzimidazole, isatin, pyridinone, and quinolinone were accessed efficiently in good yield and decent to good diastereoselectivities. Further, β‐indolyl cyclopropanoic acids have been synthesized and were successfully evaluated as FABP‐4 inhibitors. Theoretical calculations have been performed to elucidate the mechanism, which was further supported by experimental findings.
Effect of peer facilitation in anatomy small group curriculum on academic performance and retention: A pilot study
Authors: Li Phoebe L. , Asri Rijul , Holan George , Traba Christin , Chen Sophia , Grachan Jeremy J.
Published: November 2024

Peer‐assisted learning and group facilitation have been proven to foster active participation in small‐group learning, and these effective teaching modalities have been shown to enhance learning outcomes. This study introduced a student peer facilitator role in an anatomy small‐group curriculum for pre‐clerkship medical students and explored its impact on academic performance and retention. Students were required to rotate through this facilitator role and lead their small group during their designated sessions. Data collection methods included pre‐course and post‐course surveys, individual quiz grades, and retention quizzes sent 1 month after each quiz. Overall, the data revealed a significant increase in the overall combined quiz averages across the curriculum for facilitators compared to participants despite having no notable increase in preparation time (p = 0.004). While facilitators scored significantly higher on the course quizzes, the slight increase in their average retention quiz scores was not significant. This study was unable to identify any significant benefits to retention for either facilitators or participants. In all, this study suggests that a peer facilitation paradigm can be an effective educational modality for medical students, and future studies should explore ways to improve knowledge retention through this role.
Controllability of switched oscillatory systems and its applications to multiagent systems
Authors: Long Hao , Si Yuanchao
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we consider the controllability and minimum energy control problem of the switched oscillatory system. Firstly, we present the solution of the system by constructing some new nested matrix functions and establish the Gramian‐type and Kalman‐type criteria for the controllability of the system. Secondly, we derive another controllability criterion based on controllable subspace of the system. Thirdly, the optimal control to minimize the quadratic performance index of the system is presented. Lastly, the theories that we establish are applied to the controllability problem of the second‐order multiagent systems under consensus protocol and switching topologies.
Dual “Turn‐On” Fluorescent and Colorimetric Sensing of Permanganate Based on Yellow Carbon Dots
Authors: Zeng Hui‐Hui , Huang Ren‐Xiu , Qiu Yue , Duan Ju‐Lian , Jiang Shu‐Cheng
Published: November 2024

Existing permanganates (MnO4−) sensing methods suffered from the poor selectivity, restricted solubility, and/or less desirable signaling mechanisms (e.g., “turn‐off” processes), resulting in the false positive result. In this work, an effective “turn‐on” fluorescence method for MnO4− detection in aqueous media was proposed via yellow fluorescence carbon dots (Y‐CDs) with the maximum emission peak of 553 nm. Upon the introduction of MnO4−, the fluorescence of Y‐CDs increased significantly due to the enhanced surface passivation degree and intramolecular charge transfer. In the range of 0.1–10 μM, the fluorescence ratio (F/F0) is proportional to the MnO4− ions concentration, realizing the “turn‐on” fluorescence sensing of MnO4−. On the other hand, utilizing the significant color change of Y‐CDs by MnO4− ions, the colorimetric analysis can also be established for MnO4− assay. Compared with other probes, the analysis results obtained by bimodal sensing tactics of fluorescent and colorimetric can be mutually verified to improve the reliability and meet the sensing needs of targets in complex environments.
Supercritical fluid chromatography for milligram preparation of enantiomers
Authors: Knavs Naomi , Ghinet Alina , Lipka Emmanuelle
Published: November 2024

Preparative chromatographic enantioseparation is now the preferred technique for obtaining milligram quantities of pure enantiomers in the initial phase of development of a therapeutic compound. Supercritical fluid chromatography offers several advantages over liquid chromatography and was therefore selected for the preparative enantioseparation of a new potential anti‐inflammatory molecule. Approximately 10 mg of each of the two enantiomers was successfully prepared using a Chiralpak AD‐H (tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate of amylose) polysaccharide‐based stationary phase with 40% of ethanol as a co‐solvent, using a stacked injection mode. A peak distortion was observed during volume overloading, which may be due to the mixed‐stream injection method.
Review of 3D‐Printed Titanium‐Based Implants: Materials and Post‐Processing
Authors: Li Yasi , Wang Fengtao
Published: November 2024

Implants are essential in medical treatments, as they offer restored function, quality of life enhancement, and long‐term solutions. The global demand for implants is increasing due to the aging population, medical innovation, and improved medical payment capacity. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has revolutionized the fabrication of implants due to its ability to produce complex geometries and customizable designs. The superior biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of titanium (Ti) and its alloys make them ideal and common for orthopedic and dental implants. Materials are the basis of 3D‐printed implants. Ti‐based materials for 3D printing are summarized, including commercial pure titanium, binary Ti alloys, ternary Ti alloys, quaternary Ti alloys, and multicomponent Ti alloys. Post‐processing is necessary to ensure the desired performance of 3D‐printed implants. Post‐processing methods for 3D‐printed implants are reviewed from the perspective of improving the performance of the mechanical property, osseointegrative property, antibacterial property, and multiple properties. In this review, the published literatures related to the materials and post‐processing of 3D‐printed Ti‐based implants are collected and discussed. The current challenges and future trends are also analyzed. It is expected to provide a basis for the application of 3D‐printed Ti‐based implants.
A Review of the Experimental Analysis of Gas–Solid Cyclone Separators
Authors: Bayareh Morteza
Published: November 2024

Gas–solid cyclones are broadly employed in the industrial sector. Even though numerical methods are currently a strong tool for predicting the characteristics of flow patterns inside cyclone separators, they should be validated using experimental data. On the other hand, several practical aspects must be considered to analyze the operating circumstances of cyclones and their design optimization. This paper summarizes cyclone working principles and measurement techniques utilized in experimental analysis. Besides, experimental aspects, including various geometries, surface roughness, erosion rate, external electric field, particle properties, etc., are discussed. Eventually, research gaps and future directions are introduced.
New approach of recycling vanadium‐bearing slags as a binder in high‐alumina refractory castables application
Authors: Derensy Mathilda , Zanin Thomas , Bleck Jan‐Felix , Tonnesen Thorsten , Gonzalez‐Julian Jesus
Published: November 2024

Handling the massive quantities of by‐products from metallurgical processes has become a major concern in recent decades. Efforts to develop sustainable alternatives for these secondary resources are ongoing to achieve the transition to climate neutrality. This study has investigated the potential of employing vanadium‐bearing slag as a new value‐added binder in refractories, aiming to replace virgin raw materials. Two types of vanadium‐bearing slags from BOF, each containing <2 wt.% vanadium were studied. Low‐cement vanadium slag‐based castables were prepared by gradually substituting 0, 2.5, and 5 wt.% of the commercial calcium aluminate cements (Secar71 and CMA72) by the slags. The flow values of the mixes containing 5 wt.% of slag decrease significantly from about 90% to 30% after 30 min, showing poor ability to flow and thus are not considered as self‐flow castables. Castables containing 2.5 wt.% of slag present a cold crushing strength value, in the range of 71–116 MPa while values for castables containing 5 wt.% of slag fall into the range of 53–68 MPa due to the lower packing properties leading to higher porosity and reduce in strength. Similar observation was concluded for cold modulus of rupture. The micrographs of the samples containing both slag and cement show promising compatibility between the binder and aggregates after sintering at 1500°C. Overall, characteristics obtained with the samples containing slag show promising alternatives as a refractory lining.
Developing an On‐Resin Synthesis of α‐Galactosylceramide‐Peptide Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Meijlink Michael A. , Chan Susanna T. S. , Farrand Kathryn J. , Draper Sarah L. , Burn Oliva K. , Seifert‐Simpson Jasmine M. , Mason Ngarangi C. , Connor Lisa M. , Hermans Ian F. , Painter Gavin F. , Compton Benjamin J.
Published: November 2024

The covalent attachment of peptide antigens to the NKT cell agonist, α‐galactosylceramide (αGalCer), generates self‐adjuvanting vaccines that prevent and/or eliminate disease in animal models of cancer and infectious disease. To date, the manufacture of these glycolipid‐peptide (GLP) conjugate vaccines utilises an automated solid‐phase process to produce the peptide followed by a manual ‘wet chemistry’ conjugation step. To expedite GLP vaccine manufacture, we sought to develop methodology that enables the attachment of resin‐bound peptide antigen to αGalCer via an amide bond thereby avoiding the need to carry out a separate chemoselective conjugation step. To facilitate this approach, novel analogues of αGalCer incorporating an activated ester spaced by an acid‐resistant, protease‐sensitive linker from either the 6′′‐position or the N‐acyl lipid were synthesised. Reacting these with resin‐bound peptide afforded the conjugate vaccines in good to excellent yields and purity. In vivo testing showed that vaccines incorporating peptide antigen attached via the galactosyl head group induced strong antigen specific CD8+ T cell responses compared to those with antigen attached via the lipid tail and control vaccine manufactured in a stepwise manner.
Mechanism of Substrate Activation by Tryptophan Hydroxylase: A Computational Study
Authors: Mokkawes Thirakorn , de Visser Sam P.
Published: November 2024

Serotonin is a hormone that is responsible for mood regultion in the brain; however, details on its biosynthetic mechanism remain controversial. Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyzes the first step in the serotonin biosynthesis in the human body, where it regio‐ and stereoselectively hydroxylates a free tryptophan (Trp) amino acid at the C5‐position. In this work, we present a computational study ranging from molecular dynamics (MD) to quantum mechanics (QM) methods, focused on the mechanism of tryptophan hydroxylase. An MD simulation on an enzyme structure with the substrate, co‐substrate and dioxygen bound reveals a tightly bound conformation of substrate and co‐substrate, while the protein's three‐dimensional structure stays virtually intact during the simulation. Subsequently, large active‐site cluster models containing more than 200 atoms were created, and oxygen atom transfer reactions were studied. The calculations predict that the co‐factor tetrahydrobiopterin binds covalently to the iron center and react with a dioxygen molecule to form an iron(IV)‐oxo species and pterin‐4a‐carbinolamine in a stepwise manner with small energy barriers (<5 kcal mol−1) along an exergonic pathway. However, the rate‐determining step, is Trp activation through a C−O activation transition state, followed by a rapid proton relay to produce 5‐hydroxy‐L‐Trp.
The Divergent Reactivity of Acid Chlorides Under Transition Metal Catalysis
Authors: Denton Elliott H. , Stepanović Olivera , Morandi Bill
Published: November 2024

The power and ability of catalysis to build multiple C−C bonds in a single step has had a transformative impact on organic synthesis. While the reactivity of organohalides with metal catalysts is widely appreciated, the related and more intricate reactivity of acid chlorides is less so, despite their use as common reagents in synthesis. Here, we review the transformations of acid chlorides in combination with unsaturated C−C bonds catalyzed by palladium, rhodium, or iridium and provide an outlook for future research opportunities.