bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overdot and overline annotation must be understood to accurately interpret V.O2MAX physiology with the Fick formula
Authors: Gifford Jayson R. , Blackmon Christina , Hales Katelynn , Hinkle Lee J. , Richards Shay
Published: February 2024

Few formulas have been used in exercise physiology as extensively as the Fick formula, which calculates the rate of oxygen consumption (i.e., V.O2) as the product of cardiac output (Q.) and the difference in oxygen content in arterial and mixed venous blood (Δav¯O2). Unfortunately, the physiology of maximum V.O2 (V.O2MAX) is often misinterpreted due to a lack of appreciation for the limitations represented by the oft-ignored superscript annotations in the Fick formula. The purpose of this perspective is to explain the meaning of the superscript annotations and highlight how such annotations influence proper interpretation of V.O2MAX physiology with the Fick formula. First, we explain the significance of the overdots above V.O2 and Q., which indicate a measure per unit of time. As we will show, the presence of an overdot above Q. and lack of one above Δav¯O2 denotes they are different types of ratios and should be interpreted in the context of one another—not in contrast to each other as is commonplace. Second, we discuss the significance of the overline above the “v¯” in Δav¯O2, which indicates the venous sample is an average of blood that comes from mixed sources. The mixed nature of the venous sample has major implications for interpreting the influence of oxygen diffusion and blood flow heterogeneity on V.O2MAX. Ultimately, we give recommendations and insights for using the Fick formula to calculate V.O2 and interpret V.O2MAX physiology.
Comparative metabolomics reveals complex metabolic shifts associated with nitrogen-induced color development in mature pepper fruit
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhang Fen , He Xuanyi , Dong Yuehua , Sun Kai , Liu Shunli , Wang Xiaozhong , Yang Huaiyu , Zhang Wei , Lakshmanan Prakash , Chen Xinping , Deng Yan
Published: February 2024

Pigments derived from red pepper fruits are widely used in food and cosmetics as natural colorants. Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient affecting plant growth and metabolism; however, its regulation of color-related metabolites in pepper fruit has not been fully elucidated. This study analyzed the effects of N supply (0, 250, and 400 kg N ha-1) on the growth, fruit skin color, and targeted and non-target secondary metabolites of field-grown pepper fruits at the mature red stage. Overall, 16 carotenoids were detected, of which capsanthin, zeaxanthin, and capsorubin were the dominant ones. N application at 250 kg ha-1 dramatically increased contents of red pigment capsanthin, yellow-orange zeaxanthin and β-carotene, with optimum fruit yield. A total of 290 secondary metabolites were detected and identified. The relative content of most flavonoids and phenolic acids was decreased with increasing N supply. Correlation analysis showed that color parameters were highly correlated with N application rates, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and coumarins. Collectively, N promoted carotenoid biosynthesis but downregulated phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, which together determined the spectrum of red color expression in pepper fruit. Our results provide a better understanding of the impact of N nutrition on pepper fruit color formation and related physiology, and identification of target metabolites for enhancement of nutritional quality and consumer appeal.
Exploring the effect of teacher autonomy support on Chinese EFL undergraduates’ academic English speaking performance through the mediation of basic psychological needs and classroom engagement
Authors: Wang Yanning , Luo Weihua , Liao Xian , Zhao Pengfei
Published: February 2024

Introduction

The capacity to speak English for academic purposes is a pivotal facet of language education and assessment. Despite the substantial research approving the significant role of teachers in L2 learning, it remains unclear how exactly teachers’ support for students’ learning autonomy influences EFL learners’ academic English speaking performance.

Methods

To address this primary concern, this study drew ground from the Self-System Model of Motivational Development (SSMMD) and adopted a mixed-method approach to examine teacher autonomy support’s direct and indirect effects on Chinese EFL undergraduates’ academic English speaking performance through the mediation of basic psychological needs and classroom engagement. 247 first-year university students participating in academic English speaking courses were recruited in this study.

Results and discussion

The quantitative results of the questionnaire indicated that students’ perceived teacher support for autonomy directly predicted English speaking performance, and it also indirectly influenced students’ speaking performance via the mediation of classroom engagement and basic psychological needs. Students’ responses in the semi-structured interview further verified the positive effect of teacher autonomy support on academic English speaking development in the classroom. Pedagogical implications were also discussed based on the findings.
Does national forest city improve residents' health? Evidence from China
Authors: Xie Hanjin , Yang Chunmei , Tan Xi
Published: February 2024

Objective

National health is essential for economic and social development. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship, heterogeneity effects and influential mechanisms between National Forest Cities and the residents' health.

Methods

The article matches the China Family Panel Studies data in 2018 (CFPS2018) with the 2016–2018 National Forest Cities Construction List, resulting in a final sample of 20,041. Oprobit, Ologit, Instrumental Variable technique (2SLS) and interaction term analysis were used as the main research methods in this article.

Results

The findings indicate that: (1) The construction of National Forest Cities significantly improves the residents' health in terms of both physical and mental health, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. (2) On the one hand, National Forest Cities promote residents' health by reducing air pollutants such as SO2 and soot to reduce residents' health risk exposure; On the other hand, it promotes residents' health by positively guiding them to engage in healthy behaviors. (3) National Forest Cities have a greater effect on the health of urban residents, older adult and lower-income group, suggesting that National Forest Cities are a public benefit.

Conclusions

The construction of National Forest Cities is a public welfare that promotes residents' health, and it is an important revelation for accelerating the realization of the Healthy China Strategy. The article provides new empirical evidence for understanding the welfare effects of forest cities and offers new practical paths for improving residents' health.
The master’s degree in development practice: a case study of twelve university programs
Authors: Clarke Faith , Gano Gretchen , Currey Robin , Alleyne John
Published: February 2024

Sustainable development is a global priority. However, a lack of research exists on the programs designed to train sustainable development practitioners. This multi-case case study, possibly the first to describe the programs that trains development practitioners, utilized case study theory and semi-structured interviews with program administrators to describe sustainable development programs offered by 12 higher education institutions in eight countries with membership in the Global Association of Masters in Development Practice. The results revealed five themes or key drivers, nine advantages, and four deficiencies. Two drivers were enrollment-focused (admission of students with prior work experience in development and financial support), two were curriculum-focused (incorporation of field work and integration of specific knowledge aspects and skills training in the curricula), and one was institutional attitude (adoption of a culture of flexibility). The most common challenges were impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic. These results provide insights for continuous improvement efforts of program administrators for students in sustainable development. The practical methodology developed can be replicated and adapted for investigation of similar programs and other disciplines in higher education.
Menstrual cycles and the impact upon performance in elite British track and field athletes: a longitudinal study
Authors: Jones Benjamin P. , L'Heveder Ariadne , Bishop Charlotte , Kasaven Lorraine , Saso Srdjan , Davies Sarah , Chakraverty Robin , Brown James , Pollock Noel
Published: February 2024

Objective

To assess the prevalence of menstrual disorders and the perceived effect of menstrual cycles upon performance in elite athletes.

Methodology

A longitudinal survey in the form of a questionnaire was sent to female track and field athletes at British Athletics every 6 months, over a five-year period between 1st October 2014 and 1st October 2019 in the United Kingdom (UK).

Results

128 athletes completed an average of 4.2 ± 2.9 questionnaires across the study period. The mean age of menarche was 14.2 ± 1.4 years, 13.4 ± 1.3 years and 12.8 ± 1.4 years in endurance, power, and thrower athletes respectively (p < 0.05). Two-thirds (66%; n = 82) reported consistently regular cycles, 30% (n = 37) irregular at some point during the period of observation and 4% (n = 5) were amenorrhoeic. 87 athletes (68%) reported dysmenorrhoea and 40 (31%) menorrhagia. More than three quarters (76.8%; n = 96) described their cycle negatively affected performance. Amongst those who reported when the negative impact occurred (n = 91), 40% (n = 36) reported this in the late luteal phase and 35% (n = 32) during the early follicular phase. 79% (n = 100) of athletes reported at least one cyclical symptom, of which bloating, lower back and pelvic pain were most frequently experienced.

Conclusion

This data highlights the complex interrelationship between women's health and elite athletic performance. Athletes perceive a negative impact from their menstrual cycles upon performance with a desire to manage these more effectively, particularly during competition. Female reproductive health expertise in the multi-disciplinary management of elite athletes is required.
Balloon dilation of the eustachian tube using endovascular balloon under local anesthesia—a case series and systematic literature review
Authors: Ungar Omer J. , Demir Bajin Münir , Dahm Valerie , Lin Vincent Y. W. , Chen Joseph M. , Le Trung N.
Published: February 2024

Objective

To report a novel technique in Balloon Dilation of Eustachian Tube (BDET) using an endovascular balloon (EVB), in a prospective cohort. The results are compared with reported outcomes using standard balloons.

Methods

Demographic information and clinical parameters were collected prospectively fora series of patients with obstructive eustachian tube dysfunction (OETD). Balloon dilation Eustachian tuboplasty was performed under local anesthesia in a tertiary referral center, using the EVB. Systematic literature review was used for comparison, using Medline via “PubMed”, “Embase”, and “Web of Science”.

Results

Eight OETD candidates (12 ears) were enrolled; 5 males and 3 females. Average age was 48 (range −23 to 63) years. The most common presenting symptom was aural fullness (9/12), followed by ear pressure (7/12), hearing loss (5/12) and tinnitus (4/12). Otoscopically, tympanic membrane retraction was evident in 10/12 ears, the majority of which was class II—Sade classification. Pre-operative tympanogram was type B and C in 7 and 5 ears, respectively. All BDETs were performed without complications. Post-operative tympanometry was A in 8/12 ears. Post-operatively, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire-7 results reduced to within normal limits (average score ≤3) in 11/12 ears (p = 0.0014). The systematic literature review included 6 papers (193 patients, 262 ETs) with comparable results, most also with little adverse effects.

Conclusion

BDET using an EVB is a safe and effective option for OETD. It is well tolerated under local anesthesia in properly selected individuals. The reduced procedural cost may be an important factor in certain healthcare jurisdictions.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Vital Role of ABA Plays in Drought Tolerance of the ABA-Insensitive Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Xu Mingzhi , Xu Zhenpeng , Liu Yanrong , Liu Yaling , Liu Jinghui , Zhang Wanjun
Published: February 2024

Drought stress severely affects alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and production. It is particularly important to analyze the key networks of drought in alfalfa through physiological and molecular levels. However, how to quickly screen drought-tolerant alfalfa germplasm and how to elucidate the molecular pathways of alfalfa responding to drought are less studied. In this study, based on our previous research, we further verified the association between the heritability of ABA sensitivity during seed germination and drought tolerance of plants and identified the key pathways of drought tolerance differences between ABA-sensitivity (S1-0) and -insensitivity (S1-50) plants via RNA-seq and analysis. The results showed that the sensitivity to ABA in alfalfa seeds can be inherited and that plants that are insensitive to ABA during germination show stronger drought tolerance. An analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that ABA biosynthesis and signaling, amino acid metabolism, LEA, and wax synthesis-related pathways may be the key pathways that can be used for drought tolerance improvement in alfalfa. DEGs such as NCED, PYR/PYL, and PP2C may contribute to drought tolerance in the S1-50 plant. The study further confirms that screening with ABA at the seed germination stage can select alfalfa lines with good drought tolerance, which provides a new theoretical basis for alfalfa drought tolerance breeding. The expression of the key genes of alfalfa in response to drought stress was also tested.
Doubled Haploid Lines Derived from a European Maize Flint Landrace Contrast in Recovery from Cold Stress
Authors: Boughazi Khadija , Wuyts Nathalie , Muller Onno , Windt Carel W. , Nagel Kerstin A. , Rascher Uwe , Fiorani Fabio
Published: February 2024

Suboptimal temperatures at sowing and emergence affect the early development of maize, with potentially irreversible effects later in the growing season. We studied recovery from cold stress of an inbred line (B73) and 13 Doubled Haploid lines derived from a European flint maize landrace. After a cold treatment (20–12 °C, day–night) from sowing to seedling establishment, seedlings were transplanted and grown in the greenhouse until the V8 stage (eight leaves fully developed), when we measured agronomically relevant plant traits and spectral indices of mature leaves. Survival rates of transplanted seedlings after cold treatment ranged from 10% to 100%. After a strong delay in early development due to cold, the surviving plants were able to compensate for this delay at later stages of recovery. They reached the V8 stage after only five more growing degree days than plants grown under the control treatment (25–18 °C, day–night). Plants from the most cold-tolerant genotypes (PE0401 and PE0100) accumulated more root and shoot biomass at the end of the recovery phase compared with the same genotypes exposed to the control treatment. The genotypes with the most plastic leaf morphological traits (PE0161 and PE0072) had little reduction in leaf biomass at the end of the recovery phase in comparison with less responsive genotypes such as PE0171. We conclude that genotypes that survived cold treatment with minimal cold damage of seedling leaves can be candidates for further cold recovery studies and breeding. Nevertheless, such studies must take trait acclimation for other suboptimal conditions into consideration.
Smart Dairy Farming—The Potential of the Automatic Monitoring of Dairy Cows’ Behaviour Using a 360-Degree Camera
Authors: Kurras Friederike , Jakob Martina
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study is to show the potential of a vision-based system using a single 360° camera to describe the dairy cows’ behaviour in a free-stall barn with an automatic milking system. A total of 2299 snapshots were manually evaluated, counting the number of animals that were lying, standing and eating. The average capture rate of animals in the picture is 93.1% (counted animals/actual numbers of animals). In addition to determining the daily lying, standing and eating times, it is also possible to allocate animals to the individual functional areas so that anomalies such as prolonged standing in the cubicle or lying in the walkway can be detected at an early stage. When establishing a camera monitoring system in the future, attention should be paid to sufficient resolution of the camera during the night as well as the reduction of the concealment problem by animals and barn equipment. The automatic monitoring of animal behaviour with the help of 360° cameras can be a promising innovation in the dairy barn.
Microplastics Prevalence in Different Cetaceans Stranded along the Western Taiwan Strait
Authors: Aierken Reyilamu , Zhang Yuke , Zeng Qianhui , Yong Liming , Qu Jincheng , Tong Haoran , Wang Xianyan , Zhao Liyuan
Published: February 2024

Microplastics (MPs) pollution is of global concern, which poses serious threats to various marine organisms, including many threatened apex predators. In this study, MPs were investigated from nine cetaceans of four different species, comprising one common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), two pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps), one ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens), and five Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) stranded along the western coast of the Taiwan Strait from the East China Sea based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Mean abundances of 778 identified MPs items were 86.44 ± 12.22 items individual−1 and 0.43 ± 0.19 items g−1 wet weight of intestine contents, which were found predominantly to be transparent, fiber-shaped polyethylene terephthalate (PET) items usually between 0.5 and 5 mm. The abundance of MPs was found at a slightly higher level and significantly correlated with intestine contents mass (p = 0.0004*). The MPs source was mainly likely from synthetic fibers-laden sewage discharged from intense textile industries. Our report represents the first study of MPs in pelagic and deep-diving cetaceans in China, which not only adds baseline data on MPs for cetaceans in Asian waters but also highlights the further risk assessment of MPs consumption in these threatened species.
Role of Melatonin in Ovarian Function
Authors: Basini Giuseppina , Grasselli Francesca
Published: February 2024

Melatonin is a hormone mainly produced by the pineal gland in the absence of light stimuli. The light, in fact, hits the retina, which sends a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which inhibits the synthesis of the hormone by the epiphysis. Mostly by interacting with MT1/MT2 membrane receptors, melatonin performs various physiological actions, among which are its regulation of the sleep–wake cycle and its control of the immune system. One of its best known functions is its non-enzymatic antioxidant action, which is independent from binding with receptors and occurs by electron donation. The hormone is also an indicator of the photoperiod in seasonally reproducing mammals, which are divided into long-day and short-day breeders according to the time of year in which they are sexually active and fertile. It is known that melatonin acts at the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis level in many species. In particular, it inhibits the hypothalamic release of GnRH, with a consequent alteration of FSH and LH levels. The present paper mainly aims to review the ovarian effect of melatonin.
Natural Patterns in the Dawn and Dusk Choruses of a Neotropical Songbird in Relation to an Urban Sound Environment
Authors: Bustamante Noelia , Garitano-Zavala Álvaro
Published: February 2024

Urbanization is one of the more important phenomena affecting biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Some organisms can cope with urban challenges, and changes in birds’ acoustic communication have been widely studied. Although changes in the timing of the daily organization of acoustic communication have been previously reported, there is a significant gap regarding possible variations in song structure between dawn and dusk choruses. Considering that urbanization imposes different soundscapes for dawn and dusk choruses, we postulate two hypotheses: (i) there are variations in song parameters between dawn and dusk choruses, and (ii) such parameters within the city will vary in response to urban noise. We studied urban and extra-urban populations of Chiguanco Thrush in La Paz, Bolivia, measuring in dawn and dusk choruses: song length; song sound pressure level; minimum, maximum, range and dominant frequency; and the number of songs per individual. The results support our two hypotheses: there were more songs, and songs were louder and had larger band widths at dawn than at dusk in urban and extra-urban populations. Urban Chiguanco Thrushes sing less, the frequency of the entire song rises, and the amplitude increases as compared with extra-urban Chiguanco Thrushes. Understanding variations between dawn and dusk choruses could allow for a better interpretation of how some bird species cope with urban challenges.
Effects of Combinations of Dietary Vitamin C and Acetylsalicylic Acid on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and, Serum and Immune Response Parameters in Broilers
Authors: Ferronato Giulia , Tavakoli Masoomeh , Bouyeh Mehrdad , Seidavi Alireza , Suárez Ramírez Lourdes , Prandini Aldo
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of ascorbic acid (VC) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on broiler health and performance. A total of 200 Ross 308 male broilers were divided into five groups, each receiving different dietary combinations of ASA and VC (ASA: 50 or 100 mg/kg; VC: 200 or 400 mg/kg). The 42-day trial assessed parameters such as feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass characteristics, serum parameters, immune response and cecal microbial flora. The results indicate significant treatment effects on feed intake and growth performance, with a higher feed intake of ADG and FCR in treatment groups (p < 0.05). Serum lipid parameters were unaffected, but creatine kinase increased with ASA and VC intake (p < 0.05). Changes in sheep red blood cell titers and influenza antibodies were noted (p < 0.05). The combination of ASA and VC positively influenced carcass traits, reducing abdominal fat and altering the ratio of immune response organs to body weight (p < 0.05). Additionally, the cecal E. coli count decreased with treatment (p < 0.05). This study underscores the intricate interactions between ASA and VC supplementation, growth performance and carcass composition and immune response in broilers. Further research is warranted to explore dosage nuances and variations under specific stress conditions.
Why Do I Choose an Animal Model or an Alternative Method in Basic and Preclinical Biomedical Research? A Spectrum of Ethically Relevant Reasons and Their Evaluation
Authors: Kahrass Hannes , Pietschmann Ines , Mertz Marcel
Published: February 2024

Background: Research model selection decisions in basic and preclinical biomedical research have not yet been the subject of an ethical investigation. Therefore, this paper aims, (1) to identify a spectrum of reasons for choosing between animal and alternative research models (e.g., based on in vitro or in silico models) and (2) provides an ethical analysis of the selected reasons. Methods: In total, 13 researchers were interviewed; the interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The ethical analysis was based on the principlism approach and a value judgement model. Results: This paper presents 66 reasons underlying the choice of researchers using animal (27 reasons) or alternative models (39). Most of the reasons were assigned to the work environment (29) and scientific standards (22). Other reasons were assigned to personal attitudes (11) and animal welfare (4). Qualitative relevant normative differences are presented in the ethical analysis. Even if few reasons can be rejected outright from an ethical point of view, there are good reasons to give some more weight than others. Conclusions: The spectrum of reasons and their ethical assessment provide a framework for reflection for researchers who may have to choose between animal models and (investing in) alternatives. This can help to reflect on and ethically justify decisions.
Identification of Selection Signatures and Candidate Genes Related to Environmental Adaptation and Economic Traits in Tibetan Pigs
Authors: Liu Pengliang , Liang Yan , Li Li , Lv Xuebin , He Zhiping , Gu Yiren
Published: February 2024

Tibetan pigs are indigenous to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and have been the subject of extensive genomic research primarily focused on their adaptation to high altitudes. However, genetic modifications associated with their response to low-altitude acclimation have not been thoroughly explored. To investigate the genetic basis underlying the low-altitude acclimation of Tibetan pigs, we generated and analyzed genotyping data of Tibetan pigs that inhabit high-altitude regions (average altitude 4000 m) and Tibetan pigs that have inhabited nearby low-altitude regions (average altitude 500 m) for approximately 20 generations. We found that the highland and lowland Tibetan pigs have distinguishable genotype and phenotype variations. We identified 46 and 126 potentially selected SNPs associated with 29 and 56 candidate genes in highland and lowland Tibetan pigs, respectively. Candidate genes in the highland Tibetan pigs were involved in immune response (NFYC and STAT1) and radiation (NABP1), whereas candidate genes in the lowland Tibetan pigs were related to reproduction (ESR2, DMRTA1, and ZNF366), growth and development (NTRK3, FGF18, and MAP1B), and blood pressure regulation (CARTPT). These findings will help to understand the mechanisms of environmental adaptation in Tibetan pigs and offer valuable information into the genetic improvement of Tibetan pigs pertaining to low-altitude acclimation and economic traits.
Applications and Potentials of a Silk Fibroin Nanoparticle Delivery System in Animal Husbandry
Authors: Guo Yiyao , Awais Mian Muhammad , Fei Shigang , Xia Junming , Sun Jingchen , Feng Min
Published: February 2024

Silk fibroin (SF), a unique natural polymeric fibrous protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, accounts for approximately 75% of the total mass of silk. It has great application prospects due to its outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and mechanical stability. Additionally, it is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Nanoparticle delivery systems constructed with SF can improve the bioavailability of the carriers, increase the loading rates, control the release behavior of the deliverables, and enhance their action efficiencies. Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and plays a vital role in the development of the rural economy. However, the pillar industry experiences a lot of difficulties, like drug abuse while treating major animal diseases, and serious environmental pollution, restricting sustainable development. Interestingly, the limited use cases of silk fibroin nanoparticle (SF NP) delivery systems in animal husbandry, such as veterinary vaccines and feed additives, have shown great promise. This paper first reviews the SF NP delivery system with regard to its advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Moreover, we describe the application status and developmental prospects of SF NP delivery systems to provide theoretical references for further development in livestock production and promote the high-quality and healthy development of animal husbandry.
Tiletamine-Zolazepam, Ketamine, and Xylazine Anesthetic Protocol for High-Quality, High-Volume Spay and Neuter of Free-Roaming Cats in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Shin Donghwi , Cho Yoonju , Lee Inhyung
Published: February 2024

This study was performed to evaluate the anesthetic protocol used in the high-quality, high-volume spay and neuter (HQHVSN) of free-roaming cats in Seoul, Korea from 2017 to 2022. The evaluation was performed on a total of 1261 free-roaming cats, with an average weight of 3.48 ± 1.04 kg. The anesthetic combination tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (ZKX) was injected intramuscularly. The actual drug doses administered were tiletamine-zolazepam 5.52 ± 1.70 mg/kg, ketamine 8.94 ± 3.60 mg/kg, and xylazine 1.11 ± 0.34 mg/kg. Additional doses were required in 275 cats out of a total of 1261 (21.8%). Following anesthesia and surgery, 1257 cats (99.7%) were returned to their original locations. Four cats (0.3%) died postoperatively. The mean duration of anesthesia (from ZKX combination to yohimbine administration) was 26 ± 22 min for males and 55 ± 36 min for females, while the time from yohimbine administration to the recovery was 31 ± 22 min for males and 20 ± 17 min for females. The use of ZKX for HQHVSN of free-roaming cats is inexpensive, provides predictable results, can be administered quickly and easily in a small volume, and is associated with a low mortality rate during the first 72 h post-surgery.
Conflict between Farmers and Guanacos (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis): Field Surveys, Remote Sensing, and Interviews Provide Information for Conservation of a Critically Endangered Species in Southern Peru
Authors: Castillo-Doloriert Hugo , Velasquez Daniela , Matsuno Yumi , Hoces Domingo , Wheeler Jane C.
Published: February 2024

The Peruvian guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis) is classified as being “in critical danger of extinction” by the government. In this study, we evaluate how the conflict between farmers and guanacos in the Susapaya and Estique Districts, Tacna Department (Southern Peru) may represent a threat to their survival. To evaluate the situation, we 1. Conducted field surveys to monitor guanaco presence, 2. Used available remote sensing data to map guanaco movement, and 3. interviewed the impacted farmers concerning their losses. Remote sensing data showed that sedentary guanaco family groups located in prime steppe vegetation habitats never entered agricultural areas, while field surveys showed that bachelor bands and solitary individuals did, perhaps seeking forage due to growing population pressure. Interview data found that 90% of community farmers felt that guanacos were a problem best resolved by better fencing (45%), hunting (19%), or increased security (16%), and 92% saw no value in the conservation of the species. Hunting is illegal, given the critically endangered status of guanacos in Peru, so additional efforts are needed to both educate those who feel guanacos are a menace and involve them in efforts to preserve the species.
Modeling Climate Change Effects on Genetic Diversity of an Endangered Horse Breed Using Canonical Correlations
Authors: Marín Navas Carmen , Delgado Bermejo Juan Vicente , McLean Amy Katherine , León Jurado José Manuel , Camacho Vallejo María Esperanza , Navas González Francisco Javier
Published: February 2024

The historical increase in the occurrence of extreme weather events in Spain during the last thirty years makes it a perfect location for the evaluation of climate change. Modeling the effects of climate change on domestic animals’ genetic diversity may help to anticipate challenging situations. However, animal populations’ short life cycle and patent lack of historical information during extended periods of time drastically compromise the evaluation of climate change effects. Locally adapted breeds’ gene pool is the base for their improved resilience and plasticity in response to climate change’s extreme climatic conditions. The preservation of these domestic resources offers selection alternatives to breeders who seek such improved adaptability. The Spanish endangered autochthonous Hispano-Arabian horse breed is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the territory where it was created, developed, and widespread worldwide. The possibility to trace genetic diversity in the Hispano-Arabian breed back around seven decades and its global ubiquity make this breed an idoneous reference subject to act as a model for other international populations. Climate change’s shaping effects on the genetic diversity of the Hispano-Arabian horse breed’s historical population were monitored from 1950 to 2019 and evaluated. Wind speed, gust speed, or barometric pressure have greater repercussions than extreme temperatures on genetic diversity. Extreme climate conditions, rather than average modifications of climate, may push breeders/owners to implement effective strategies in the short to medium term, but the effect will be plausible in the long term due to breed sustainability and enhanced capacity of response to extreme climate events. When extreme climatic conditions occur, breeders opt for mating highly diverse unrelated individuals, avoiding the production of a large number of offspring. People in charge of domestic population conservation act as catalyzers of the regulatory changes occurring during breeds’ climate change adaptive process and may identify genes conferring their animals with greater adaptability but still maintaining enhanced performance. This model assists in determining how owners of endangered domestic populations should plan their breeding strategies, seeking the obtention of animals more resilient and adapted to climate-extreme conditions. This efficient alternative is focused on the obtention of increased profitability from this population and in turn ensuring their sustainability.
Nature or Nurture: Is the Digestive System of the Pontoporia blainvillei Influenced or Determined by Its Diet?
Authors: Tostado-Marcos Carlos , Olocco Diz María Julieta , Martín-Orti Rosario , Loureiro Juan-Pablo , Molpeceres-Diego Ignacio , Tendillo-Domínguez Enrique , Pérez-Lloret Pilar , Santos-Álvarez Inmaculada , González-Soriano Juncal
Published: February 2024

The Franciscana (also known as the La Plata River Dolphin) is a small dolphin that lives in the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species is considered the most endangered marine mammal in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Anatomic dissection of the digestive system of 19 animals of different ages, including 2 neonates, 12 juveniles, and 5 adults, was performed. Parameters related to length, breadth, weight, and diameter of the digestive viscera were considered in each case. Our results show that the Franciscana dolphin presents differential characteristics in relation to several parts of the digestive system, including, specifically, the tongue, the teeth, the stomach, and the small intestine. Thus, this paper add precious information to the actual knowledge of this vulnerable marine mammal species in order to improve conservation efforts.
Effects of Whole-Plant Corn Silage on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, and Fecal Microorganisms in Hezuo Pigs
Authors: Yin Xitong , Wang Pengfei , Yan Zunqiang , Yang Qiaoli , Huang Xiaoyu , Gun Shuangbao
Published: February 2024

In this study, we investigated the effects of the dietary inclusion of different proportions of whole-plant corn silage on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal microorganisms in Hezuo pigs. Thirty-two two-month-old Hezuo pigs (body weight: 7.88 ± 0.81 kg) were randomly divided into four groups of eight pigs (half male, half female) each. The control (CON) group received a basal diet, while the three experimental groups were fed the basal diet, part of which had been replaced with 5%, 10%, and 15% whole-plant corn silage, respectively. The experiment lasted for 127 days, including 7 days of pre-testing and 120 days of formal testing. At the end of the experiment, blood and fecal samples were collected. Compared with the CON group, the feed-to-gain ratio was significantly lower in the 10% test group (p < 0.05), whereas the total protein, albumin, triglyceride, and glucose contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05). No significant differences in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, creatinine, urea, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The addition of whole-plant corn silage to the diet significantly increased alpha diversity in the pig gut based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The principal coordinate analysis results showed significant clustering of the different groups (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, the addition of whole-plant corn silage to the diet significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes and significantly increased (p < 0.05) that of Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Streptococcus significantly decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing silage supplementation levels, whereas species diversity significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 10% is the recommended inclusion ratio for whole-plant corn silage in the diets of pigs.
The Application Research of FCN Algorithm in Different Severe Convection Short-Time Nowcasting Technology in China, Gansu Province
Authors: Huang Wubin , Fu Jing , Feng Xinxin , Guo Runxia , Zhang Junxia , Lei Yu
Published: February 2024

This study explores the application of the fully convolutional network (FCN) algorithm to the field of meteorology, specifically for the short-term nowcasting of severe convective weather events such as hail, convective wind gust (CG), thunderstorms, and short-term heavy rain (STHR) in Gansu. The training data come from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and real-time ground observations. The performance of the proposed FCN model, based on 2017 to 2021 training datasets, demonstrated a high prediction accuracy, with an overall error rate of 16.6%. Furthermore, the model exhibited an error rate of 18.6% across both severe and non-severe weather conditions when tested against the 2022 dataset. Operational deployment in 2023 yielded an average critical success index (CSI) of 24.3%, a probability of detection (POD) of 62.6%, and a false alarm ratio (FAR) of 71.2% for these convective events. It is noteworthy that the predicting performance for STHR was particularly effective with the highest POD and CSI, as well as the lowest FAR. CG and hail predictions had comparable CSI and FAR scores, although the POD for CG surpassed that for hail. The FCN model’s optimal performances in terms of hail prediction occurred at the 4th, 8th, and 10th forecast hours, while for CG, the 6th hour was most accurate, and for STHR, the 2nd and 4th hours were most effective. These findings underscore the FCN model’s ideal suitability for short-term forecasting of severe convective weather, presenting extensive prospects for the automation of meteorological operations in the future.
Experimental Characterization of Propeller-Induced Flow (PIF) below a Multi-Rotor UAV
Authors: Flem Alexander A. , Ghirardelli Mauro , Kral Stephan T. , Cheynet Etienne , Kristensen Tor Olav , Reuder Joachim
Published: February 2024

The availability of multi-rotor UAVs with lifting capacities of several kilograms allows for a new paradigm in atmospheric measurement techniques, i.e., the integration of research-grade sonic anemometers for airborne turbulence measurements. With their ability to hover and move very slowly, this approach yields unrevealed flexibility compared to mast-based sonic anemometers for a wide range of boundary layer investigations that require an accurate characterization of the turbulent flow. For an optimized sensor placement, potential disturbances by the propeller-induced flow (PIF) must be considered. The PIF characterization can be done by CFD simulations, which, however, require validation. For this purpose, we conducted an experiment to map the PIF below a multi-rotor drone using a mobile array of five sonic anemometers. To achieve measurements in a controlled environment, the drone was mounted inside a hall at a 90° angle to its usual flying orientation, thus leading to the development of a horizontal downwash, which is not subject to a pronounced ground effect. The resulting dataset maps the PIF parallel to the rotor plane from two rotor diameters, beneath, to 10 D, and perpendicular to the rotor plane from the center line of the downwash to a distance of 3 D. This measurement strategy resulted in a detailed three-dimensional picture of the downwash below the drone in high spatial resolution. The experimental results show that the PIF quickly decreases with increasing distance from the centerline of the downwash in the direction perpendicular to the rotor plane. At a distance of 1 D from the centerline, the PIF reduced to less than 4 ms−1 within the first 5 D beneath the drone, and no conclusive disturbance was measured at 2 D out from the centerline. A PIF greater than 4 ms−1 was still observed along the center of the downwash at a distance of 10 D for both throttle settings tested (35% and 45%). Within the first 4 D under the rotor plane, flow convergence towards the center of the downwash was measured before changing to diverging, causing the downwash to expand. This coincides with the transition from the four individual downwash cores into a single one. The turbulent velocity fluctuations within the downwash were found to be largest towards the edges, where the shear between the PIF and the stagnant surrounding air is the largest.
Dugs-UNet: A Novel Deep Semantic Segmentation Approach to Convection Detection Based on FY-4A Geostationary Meteorological Satellite
Authors: Li Yan , Shi Xiaochang , Deng Guangbo , Li Xutao , Sun Fenglin , Zhang Yanfeng , Qin Danyu
Published: February 2024

Severe convection is a disastrous mesoscale weather system. The early detection of such systems is very important for saving peoples’ lives and properties. Previous studies address the issue mainly based on thresholding methods, which are not robust and accurate enough. In this paper, we propose a novel semantic segmentation method (Dugs-UNet) to solve the problem. Our method is based on the well-known U-Net framework. As convective clouds mimic fluids, its detection faces two important challenges. First, the shape and boundary features of clouds need to be carefully exploited. Second, the positive and negative samples for convection detection are very imbalanced. To address the two challenges, our method was carefully developed. Regarding the importance of the shape and boundary features for convective target detection, we introduce a shape stream module to extract these features. Also, a data-dependent upsample operation is adopted in the decoder of U-Net to effectively utilize the features. This is one of our contributions. To address the imbalance issue for convective target detection, the a focal loss function is employed to train our method, which is another contribution. Experimental results of 2018 Fengyun-4A satellite observations in China demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared to conventional thresholding-based methods and deep semantic segmentation algorithms such as SegNet, PSPNet, DeepLav-v3+ and U-Net, the proposed approach performs the best.
Exploring Urban XCO2 Patterns Using PRISMA Satellite: A Case Study in Shanghai
Authors: Wu Yu , Xie Yanan , Wang Rui
Published: February 2024

As global warming intensifies, monitoring carbon dioxide (CO2) has increasingly become a focal point of research. Investigating urban XCO2 emission systems holds paramount importance, given the pivotal role of cities as major contributors to carbon emissions. Consequently, this study centers on urban locales, employing Shanghai as a case study for a comprehensive evaluation of regional XCO2 levels. We utilized high spatial resolution imagery from the PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA) satellite to conduct an XCO2 assessment over the Baoshan District with a 30 m spatial resolution from April 2021 to October 2022. Our XCO2 analysis was conducted in two steps. Firstly, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on key parameters in the inversion process, where cloud cover severely interfered with inversion accuracy. Therefore, we developed the Fmask 4.0 cloud removal and iterative maximum a posteriori differential optical absorption spectroscopy (FIMAP-DOAS) algorithm. This novel integration eliminated cloud interference during the inversion process, achieving high-precision CO2 detection in the region. Secondly, we compared the XCO2 of the region with Level-2 data from carbon monitoring satellites such as OCO-2. The comparison results showed a strong consistency, with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.75 ppm for Shanghai XCO2 data obtained from the PRISMA satellite compared to OCO-2 Level-2 data and an RMSE of 1.49 ppm compared to OCO-3. This study successfully established a high-accuracy and high-spatial-resolution XCO2 satellite monitoring system for the Shanghai area. The efficacy of the FIMAP-DOAS algorithm has been demonstrated in CO2 monitoring and inversion within urban environments, with potential applicability to other cities.
Observational Evidence of the Vertical Exchange of Ozone within the Urban Planetary Boundary Layer in Shanghai, China
Authors: Gu Yixuan , Yan Fengxia , Xu Jianming , Pan Liang , Yin Changqin , Gao Wei , Liao Hong
Published: February 2024

The vertical mass exchange of ozone (O3) plays an important role in determining surface O3 air quality, the understanding of which, however, is greatly limited by the lack of continuous measurements in the vertical direction. Here, we characterize O3 variations at a high-altitude monitoring site at the top of Shanghai Tower (SHT) and discuss the potential impacts of the vertical exchange of air pollutants on O3 air quality within the urban planetary boundary layer (PBL) based on continuous measurements during 2017–2018. During the daytime, two distinct patterns of vertical O3 gradient are detected. In summer, the daytime O3 formation at SHT is observed to be more limited by nitrogen oxides (NOx) than the surface, which, together with the efficient vertical mixings, results in higher O3 levels in the upper mixing layer. In cold months, the opposite vertical gradient is observed, which is associated with weak vertical exchange and NOx-saturated O3 formation. A nighttime O3 reservoir layer and consistent morning O3 entrainments are detected all year round. These results provide direct evidence of the vertical mixings within the urban PBL, underscoring the pressing need for improving vertical resolution in near-surface layers of air quality models.