bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid chromatographic enantiomer resolution of N‐hydrazide derivatives of 2‐aryloxypropionic acids on a crown ether derived chiral stationary phase
Authors: Jin Jing Yu , Lee Wonjae
Published: November 2006

The liquid chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of several N‐hydrazide derivatives of 2‐aryloxypropionic acids was performed on a crown ether type chiral stationary phase derived from (18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid. The behavior of chromatographic parameters by the change of mobile phases and additives for the resolution of these analytes was investigated. The enantiomers of all analytes were base‐line resolved with a mobile phase of 100% methanol containing 20 mM H2SO4. These results are the first reported for enantiomer resolution of chiral acids of 2‐aryloxypropionic acids as their N‐hydrazide derivatives. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distress, psychiatric syndromes, and impairment of function in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer
Authors: Hegel Mark T. , Moore Caroline P. , Collins E. Dale , Kearing Stephen , Gillock Karen L. , Riggs Raine L. , Clay Kate F. , Ahles Tim A.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND.

Emotional distress and psychiatric syndromes are prevalent in the breast cancer population at large. However, to date there is a paucity of literature specifically concerning presurgical breast cancer patients.

METHODS.

The authors assessed 236 newly diagnosed patients at the time of their presurgical consultation at the Comprehensive Breast Cancer Program of Dartmouth‐Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon, NH.

RESULTS.

Of patients in this study, 41% rated their distress in the clinically significant range on the Distress Thermometer (ie, >5, 0–10 scale). Nearly one‐half (47%) of patients met established thresholds for positivity on 1 or more screens for distress or psychiatric disorders. Prevalence rates were 11% for major depression (60% of these patients were moderately severe to severely depressed) and were 10% for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Emotional symptoms markedly interfered with daily function in both groups. Of depressed patients, 56% were already taking a psychotropic medication, yet they still met screening criteria for major depression.

CONCLUSIONS.

Emotional distress and psychiatric syndromes (major depression and PTSD) were prevalent in this population. Markedly impaired function was evident for both depressed and PTSD patients. Future research should refine current screening procedures and develop interventions to better address emotional distress and psychiatric disorders in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Laminar and turbulent flow calculations through a model human upper airway using unstructured meshes
Authors: Nithiarasu P. , Liu C.‐B. , Massarotti N.
Published: November 2006

In this paper, numerical investigation of airflow through a human upper airway is presented using an unstructured‐based characteristic‐based split (CBS) scheme. The CBS scheme used in the present study employs a fully explicit matrix‐free solution procedure along with artificial compressibility. A one equation Spalrat–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model is employed to study low and moderate Reynolds number flows. A detailed discussion of the qualitative and quantitative results is presented. The results show a strong influence of the Reynolds number on the flow pattern and quantities of interest, pressure drop and wall shear stress. It is also apparent that SA model can be employed on unstructured meshes to predict the steady flow with good accuracy. Thus, the novelties of the present paper are: use of the unstructured mesh‐based solution algorithm and the successful application of the SA model to a typical human upper airway. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The boundary element method for solving the Laplace equation in two‐dimensions with oblique derivative boundary conditions
Authors: Lesnic D.
Published: November 2006

In this communication, we extend the Neumann boundary conditions by adding a component containing the tangential derivative, hence producing oblique derivative boundary conditions. A variant of Green's formula is employed to translate the tangential derivative to the fundamental solution in the boundary element method (BEM). The two‐dimensional steady‐state heat conduction with the imposed oblique boundary condition has been tested in smooth, piecewise smooth and multiply connected domains in which the Laplace equation is the governing equation, producing results at the boundary in excellent agreement with the available analytical solutions. Convergence of the normal and tangential derivatives at the boundary is also achieved. The numerical boundary data are then used to successfully calculate the values of the solution at interior points again. The outlined test cases have been repeated with various boundary element meshes, indicating that the accuracy of the numerical results increases with increasing boundary discretization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The empty bin: A data structure for spatial search of time‐varying data
Authors: Löhner Rainald
Published: November 2006

An extension of the classic bin data structure with linked list storage is proposed and tested. This ‘empty‐bin’ data structure is particularly well suited for problems where spatial search is required for items that: (a) do not change significantly in numbers; (b) have similar size; and (c) move a fraction of the bin size in every timestep. This ‘empty‐bin’ data structure can be updated and rebalanced efficiently on shared‐memory parallel machines. Several examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed data structure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate 4‐node quadrilateral elements with a new version of energy‐compatible stress mode
Authors: Xie Xiaoping , Zhou Tianxiao
Published: November 2006

A 4‐node hybrid stress quadrilateral element is presented with compatible isoparametric bilinear displacements and a new version of 5‐parameter stresses which satisfies both self‐equilibrium equations and an energy orthogonal relation between stress terms and Wilson incompatible strains. Based on different element formulations, another two new elements are also derived and shown to be identical to the first element. Numerical benchmark experiments show that the three equivalent elements possess high accuracy at coarse meshes, are frame invariant and free from Poisson locking at the nearly incompressible limit. Since the 5‐parameter stress mode used does not have uncoupled constant terms, the elements do not pass the patch test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xenopus Zic4: Conservation and diversification of expression profiles and protein function among the Xenopus Zic family
Authors: Fujimi Takahiko J. , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Aruga Jun
Published: November 2006

Expression profiles of Xenopus laevis Zic genes during embryonic development. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization analyses with digoxigenin‐labeled probes were performed to determine the spatial expression patterns of each Zic gene during development. Photos in a column show the expression pattern of a Zic gene during the developmental process from gastrula (top) to late tail bud stage (bottom). Photos from the left to right on the same line show the expression patterns of different Zic genes at a stage (from left to right: Zic1–Zic5). Embryo stages (Top line, stage 11.5; second, 15; third, 19; fourth, 23; fifth, 26; bottom, 33). Readers can see the conservation and diversification of Zic gene expression patterns during Xenopus developmental process on the view. See Fujimi et al., Developmental Dynamics 235:3379–3386
A technique for high‐speed digital data transfer based on crosstalk
Authors: Osaka Hideki , Uematsu Yukata , Sakisaka Yasunori , Ikeda Hiroaki
Published: November 2006

A high‐speed bus is proposed for digital data transfer in which signals enter and exit the main bus via crosstalk between transmission lines. We refer to this type of signal transfer as “crosstalk transfer logic,” or XTL. In XTL, because signals are conveyed by crosstalk coupling in transmission lines with distributed constants circuit (a directional coupler), the noise reflected at the stub line of the main bus is small, making XTL suitable for use at high speeds. Binary nonreturn‐to‐zero (NRZ) data excited by the driver is differentiated by the directional coupler, which converts it to a polar signal. A hysteresis receiver then demodulates to original signal from the RZ signal. Because the directional coupler and the receiver are the keys to XTL technology, we have evaluated the performance of two kinds of directional coupler, one based on within‐board circuit lines and one consisting of ceramic elements. On a printed‐circuit board (PCB) capable of holding 8 or 16 modules, we found that the characteristic impedances of the within‐board couplers could be kept within a range of ±10% whether the modules were mounted or not, making it possible to transfer signals at 600 Mbit/s. For the ceramic directional couplers we designed 4‐bit elements with 5.4×4 mm outline having a performance equivalent to within‐board directional couplers with 40 mm of coupler length. This makes data transmission possible at 1 Gbit/s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 43–52, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20153
Bumpless interconnect of ultrafine Cu electrodes by surface activated bonding (SAB) method
Authors: Shigetou Akitsu , Itoh Toshihiro , Suga Tadatomo
Published: November 2006

In this study, an ultrafine bumpless interconnect was realized by applying the surface activated bonding (SAB) method to the room‐temperature direct bonding of Cu electrode, and its electrical performance was verified. Also, a thin flash memory chip and a Si interposer were interconnected with the bumpless structure to demonstrate its applicability to practical devices. We used the combination of the damascene process and RIE (reactive ion beam etching) process to fabricate bumpless electrodes with a diameter of 3 µm, pitch of 10 µm, and height of 60 nm, and bonded them with a highly accurate SAB flip chip bonder. One hundred thousand fabricated bumpless electrodes were successfully interconnected, and we showed that the contact resistance could be less than 1 mΩ with high thermal reliability at the interface. Also, we developed a fabrication process of bumpless electrodes that has a polyimide insulation layer by the combination of oxygen plasma ashing and CMP (chemical mechanical polishing), and applied it to the interconnection between a 0.1‐mm‐thick flash memory chip and an interposer with the same thickness. The bonded memory chip was assembled into a compact flash (CF) memory card module, and the entire memory region was successfully verified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 34–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20247
Proposal of a new EM‐wave absorber based on integrated circuit concept
Authors: Kotsuka Youji , Kawamura Chikara
Published: November 2006

In order to create an electromagnetic wave absorber that does not depend on the frequency dispersions of the material parameters, this paper proposes an absorber based on the concept of the microwave integrated circuit. Detailed studies of the matching characteristics are attempted by theory and experiment. Microchip resistors serving as basic circuit elements are placed on a substrate and an electromagnetic wave absorber is developed in which the inductance and capacitance are realized in the microwave sense. A spatial experiment is conducted for this absorber. It is found possible to achieve a broadband matching characteristic over a relative bandwidth of 55% by making use of the dual peak characteristics for a matching center frequency of 3.5 GHz and a reflection coefficient of −20 dB. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 26–33, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20257
Noise analysis of a very low‐level DC current amplifier using photocoupler negative feedback circuit
Authors: Higa Hiroki , Iwaki Jun , Kadekaru Atsushi , Nakamura Ikuo
Published: November 2006

In order to clarify the mechanism by which a very low‐level DC current amplifier using a photocoupler negative feedback circuit with positive feedback begins to oscillate, its output noise analysis is conducted. In addition, noise source models in the form of the electronic circuit simulator PSpice were made, and transient and frequency analyses of a very low‐level DC current amplifier with the models were simulated using PSpice. It was observed that the output behavior of the simulated equivalent circuit was approximately similar to that of the experimental circuit. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 17–25, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20266
The novel multi‐input neuron MOS variable logic circuit realizing symmetric function
Authors: Ishikawa Yohei , Fukai Sumio , Aikawa Masayoshi
Published: November 2006

With the increasingly sophisticated functionality of integrated circuits, dynamically reconfigurable circuits in which the structure of the circuit can be dynamically changed using single circuit units have attracted much attention. The neuron MOS transistor, a flexible device that functions in a manner that resembles the working of a biological neuron, has been developed as a high‐functionality device for use in such circuits. In this paper we propose a multiple‐input neuron MOS variable logic circuit that implements symmetric functions. The proposed design method makes use of a pre‐inverter and a main inverter; here we propose to allow the pre‐inverter to be controlled by a symmetric function. In this way the design allows well‐balanced capacity segmentation and can be easily extended to multiple inputs. In addition, it is possible to reduce the number of elements in the circuit compared with existing methods. We have created a prototype of the proposed circuit using the ON Semiconductor 1.2−µm CMOS standardized process and its functionality was verified in simulations and experiments using HSPICE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 8–16, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20284
Low‐voltage rail‐to‐rail CMOS operational amplifier design
Authors: Yukizaki Yutaka , Kobayashi Haruo , Myono Takao , Suzuki Tatsuya , Zhao Nan
Published: November 2006

This paper describes the design of a low‐voltage CMOS rail‐to‐rail operational amplifier. We have designed input signal compression circuitry that compresses rail‐to‐rail input signals to the input range of the following folded‐cascode operational amplifier, which is capable of rail‐to‐rail output. The input signal compression circuitry and the following folded‐cascode operational amplifier together comprise an input‐output rail‐to‐rail operational amplifier. SPICE simulation with 0.18−µm CMOS BSIM3v3 parameters validates the operation of the rail‐to‐rail CMOS amplifier with supply voltage of 0.7 V and bias current of 3.1 µA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 1–7, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20297
Between‐core vector overlapping for efficient core testing of system‐on‐chip LSI circuits
Authors: Shinogi Tsuyoshi , Yamada Yuki , Hayashi Terumine , Yoshikawa Tomohiro , Tsuruoka Shinji
Published: November 2006

In this paper, the authors propose a method for efficient parallel core testing for manufacturing testing of system‐on‐chip LSIs that consist of multiple full‐scan cores; this method is called “between‐core vector overlapping.” To shorten the time needed to test the entire SoC LSI, this uses a single bit sequence for test data (overlapped vector) obtained by overlapping test vectors of multiple cores as much as possible; during testing, this is fed jointly to each core, so that multiple cores can be tested in parallel. A key benefit of this method is that it minimizes the number of external input pins needed for testing multiple cores in parallel. To further reduce test times, the authors also propose methods for shortening the overlapped vectors: invert overlapping and split overlapping. Tests show these methods to be effective. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(12): 53–62, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20322
Vertical‐type organic device using thin‐film ZnO transparent electrode
Authors: Iechi Hiroyuki , Okawara Takeshi , Sakai Masatoshi , Nakanura Masakazu , Kudo Kazuhiro
Published: November 2006

We propose a double heterojunction organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using a zinc oxide (ZnO) film, which works as a transparent and electron injection layer. The crystal structure of the ZnO films as a function of Ar/O2 flow ratio and the basic characteristics of the OLED depending on the ZnO sputtering conditions are investigated. Excellent characteristics of the novel OLED were obtained, as high as 470 cd/m2 at 22 V and 7.6 mA/cm2. The results obtained here demonstrate that the vertical organic light‐emitting transistor (OLET) using a ZnO layer as an electron injection layer is promising as a key element for flexible sheet displays. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 49–55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20151
Behavior selection of mobile robot based on integration of multimodal information
Authors: Chen Bin , Kaneko Masahide
Published: November 2006

Recently, biologically inspired robots have been developed to acquire the capacity for directing visual attention to salient stimulus generated from the audiovisual environment. For the purpose of realizing this behavior, a general method is to calculate saliency maps to represent how much the external information attracts the robot's visual attention, where the audiovisual information and robot's motion status should be involved. In this paper, we represent a visual attention model where three modalities—audio information, visual information, and robot's motor status—are considered, because previous research has not considered all of them. First, we introduce a 2D density map, on which the value denotes how much the robot pays attention to each spatial location. Then we model the attention density using a Bayesian network where the robot's motion statuses are involved. Next, the information from both audio and visual modalities is integrated with the attention density map in integrate‐fire neurons. The robot can direct its attention to the locations where the integrate‐fire neurons are fired. Finally, the visual attention model is applied to make the robot select the visual information from the environment, and react to the content selected. Experimental results show that it is possible for robots to acquire the visual information related to their behaviors by using the attention model considering motion statuses. The robot can select its behaviors to adapt to the dynamic environment as well as to switch to another task according to the recognition results of visual attention. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 39–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20335
Generation scheduling and economic estimation of power systems including bilateral contracts
Authors: Li Xiangjun , Yamashiro Susumu
Published: November 2006

Electric power transactions are subdivided into pool transactions and bilateral contracts, as well as security transactions. A certain transaction level of, for example, bilateral contracts may affect pool transactions by causing transmission congestion and the like. In this paper, we discuss how both the market and the bilateral transaction participants share the operation cost and charge for using a network, taking account of power transmission loss allocation among generators. Following these discussions, we present an optimal scheduling method for pool participants. To ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling algorithm and to show how the bilateral contract level affects pool operation, we will demonstrate various simulation results for a model power system of an 8‐unit 44‐bus power system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 20–30, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20392
Core loss evaluation of segment core in turbine generators by torque method
Authors: Mogi Hisashi , Nakahara Akihito , Takahashi Kazuhiko , Ide Kazumasa , Kaido Chikara , Kaneda Junya , Hattori Ken'Ichi , Watanabe Takashi , Minematsu Eisuke , Hanzawa Kazufumi
Published: November 2006

This paper presents core loss evaluation of a turbine generator model stator. The stator configuration does not make the magnetic flux distribution uniform, and the induction harmonics make the core loss calculation difficult. In this evaluation, the core losses are measured by rotating stator torque.

As a result of the measurements, a half‐lap‐stacked stator obtains lower core losses and larger percentage of eddy current losses than a block‐stacked stator. In addition, a gap between each segment makes in‐plane eddy current loss increase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 64–71, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20407
Development of a city‐type compact wind power generation system
Authors: Sato Yoshihisa , Yoshida Naotsugu , Shimada Ryuichi
Published: November 2006

It is necessary to use renewable energy, such as photovoltaic, wind power, and biomass energy, from the viewpoint of CO2 regulation and environmental protection of the Earth. In recent years, the tendency is toward larger wind power generation systems to achieve cheaper electricity. Generators having capacities of 1500 kW to 2000 kW tend to dominate the market. However, a large wind power generation system has limitations in terms of location and can be installed only in the suburbs. At the same time, a city‐type compact wind power generation system, designed for city needs, has more flexibility and can be installed in the residential areas of a city. In this paper, we introduce an original control operation system called a “pump‐up” operation system, designed to effectively use the city wind, and report the results of its field test. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 56–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20440
The statistical inception mechanism of the first corona in positive nonuniform air gaps ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 cm
Authors: Nishijima Kiyoto , Ishii Toshiyuki , Izawa Yasuji
Published: November 2006

The aim of this paper is to understand the statistical inception mechanism of the firsYasujina in positive nonuniform air gaps ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 cm. We calculated first how the spatial distributions of negative ion density depend on the gap length, UV irradiation, and the concentration of water vapor using the steady‐state continuity equation for ion flow states. Next the cumulative probability of the first corona inception as a function of the statistical time lags was evaluated using the critical volume model in which initial electrons are provided by collisional detachment of negative ions. Furthermore, we also measured the cumulative probability of the corona inception under similar experimental conditions. From a comparison between the numerical and experimental results and their discussions, it was found that in the short range of the gap length, negative ions produced near the cathode associated with positive ion bombardment play an important role in the statistical inception mechanism of the first corona. Also, a much higher probability of corona inception in the case of UV irradiation was attributed to the number of negative ions produced near the cathode through the photo emission process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 158(2): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20445
Constructing Multimetallic Systems with the Naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato) Ligand
Authors: Robertson Stuart D. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: November 2006

Addition of 1 equiv. (Ph3P)Au(ClO4) (formed by ion exchange of Ph3PAuCl with AgClO4) to [naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato)]bis(triphenylphosphane)platinum results in the formation of a novel dimetallic cationic complex with a (triphenylphosphane)gold moiety attached to the sulfur of the naphthalene‐1,8‐bis(thiolato) ligand. NMR spectroscopic evidence suggests that this gold‐containing fragment is fluxional in its bonding and X‐ray crystallography confirms the asymmetric complex, which shows this gold atom attached to one of these sulfur atoms. Addition of more than 1 equiv. (Ph3P)Au(ClO4) results in the formation of a tetrametallic sandwich complex with two bridging gold atoms between the sulfur atoms of the two PtS2C3 rings. Tri‐ and tetrametallic silver‐containing complexes can be prepared by addition of 0.5 and 1 equiv. AgClO4 to (Ph3P)2Pt(S2C10H6), respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Structural and Spectroscopic Studies on the Lanthanoid p‐Aminobenzoates and Derived Optically Functional Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Fiedler Timothy , Hilder Matthias , Junk Peter C. , Kynast Ulrich H. , Lezhnina Marina M. , Warzala Marek
Published: November 2006

Aromatic carboxylates of the rare earths are known for highly efficient luminescence, thus holding the promise of applicability in optical devices, but may be problematic to apply as such due to their structure, which is polymeric in nature. Therefore, means of conversion into molecular species or eventually polymer embeddings are sought, while at the same time maintaining their advantageous optical features. For these purposes, co‐ligations of rare earth p‐aminobenzoates with bidentate bipyridine and phenanthroline, tridentate terpyridine and polyurethanes, which may also be perceived as polydentate ligands, have been carried out. The materials were characterised with focus on their structure and optical performance. Brightly luminescing composites were obtained from reactions with aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. Prolonged UV‐irradiation of the materials proved hexamethylene diisocyanates to be superior with regard to photodegradation. Transparent polyurethane monoliths with emission quantum yields between 40 % and 55 % were eventually prepared from covalent attachement of Tb(p‐aminobenzoate)3 and its bipyridine co‐ligated complexes to a hexamethylene diisocyanate/polyol system. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Diels–Alder Reactions of 2‐Vinylindoles with Open‐Chain C=C Dienophiles
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Facoetti Diego , Rossi Elisabetta
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of diastereoisomeric 3,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazoles by Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions between [(E)‐2‐vinyl]indole‐1‐carboxylic acid ethyl esters and open‐chain C=C dienophiles is reported and discussed. The reactions proceed with high regioselectivity whereas the diastereoselectivity ranges from moderate to excellent depending on the substitution pattern on both the dienes and dienophiles and on the catalyst employed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboetherification and Carboamination Reactions of γ‐Hydroxy‐ and γ‐Aminoalkenes for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans and Pyrrolidines
Authors: Wolfe John P.
Published: November 2006

Substituted tetrahydrofuran and pyrrolidine moieties are displayed in a wide range of interesting biologically active molecules. The Pd‐catalyzed carboetherification or carboamination of γ‐hydroxy and γ‐aminoalkenes is a powerful tool for the construction of these heterocycles, as it is convergent and can allow access to a variety of analogs from a single γ‐hydroxy‐ or γ‐aminoalkene starting material. This microreview describes the current state of this field. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Conformational and Structural Analysis of a ter‐Cyclopentane Scaffold for Molecular Recognition
Authors: Gareiss Peter C. , Palde Prakash B. , Hubbard Robert D. , Miller Benjamin L.
Published: November 2006

Well‐defined oligomers of cycloalkanes comprise a relatively unstudied class of organic compounds, and may have general utility in the development of receptors for biologically relevant molecules. We have investigated the solution structure of a ter‐cyclopentane member of this class by molecular modeling and by NMR spectroscopy. We find that the molecular ensembles derived from conformational searches incorporating NMR‐derived restraints are in excellent qualitative agreement with unrestrained molecular mechanics conformation searches. The ter‐cyclopentane scaffold adopts an extended rigid conformation, with inter‐ring torsion angles preferentially at 180°. These experiments demonstrate that conformational hypotheses developed in the course of designing ter‐cyclopentane scaffolds for lipid A recognition are accurate, and furthermore provide support to the broader use of this class of compounds as scaffolds in molecular recognition. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Stereogenic Evolution of clasto‐Lactacystin β‐Lactone from L‐Serine
Authors: Yoon Cheol H. , Flanigan David L. , Yoo Kyung S. , Jung Kyung W.
Published: November 2006

Reported herein is a novel synthesis of clasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone. The γ‐lactam core was selectively prepared by an intramolecular C–H insertion to establish the stereocenter, C(6). The ensuing construction of the quaternary C(5) and carbinol C(9) centers was facilitated by aldol with excellent stereoselection. All these new stereochemistries were induced by the inherent chirality of L‐serine without employing chiral auxiliaries or reagents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The role of attachment in influencing reactions to manipulated feedback from romantic partners
Authors: Carnelley Katherine B. , Israel Suzanne , Brennan Kelly A.
Published: November 2006

A study of 80 couples (mean age 24) examined the impact of attachment patterns on reactions to manipulated positive or negative feedback, ostensibly from partners. As expected, individuals high in attachment anxiety reported more negative mood and the least indifference to partner feedback. In addition, those high in attachment anxiety reported more negative reactions to negative feedback compared to those low in anxiety. Those high in attachment anxiety reported lower self‐competence after receiving negative feedback than those low in anxiety. Further, reactions to manipulated feedback mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and self‐competence. Attachment models play a role in determining reactions to partner feedback and moderate how feedback is used to maintain self‐views. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The automaticity of infra‐humanization
Authors: Boccato G. , Cortes B. P. , Demoulin S. , Leyens J. Ph.
Published: November 2006

This research tested the infra‐humanization hypothesis that uniquely human emotions (e.g., love, sorrow) are automatically more linked in memory with the in‐group than with the out‐group. No such difference is expected for non‐uniquely human emotions (e.g., joy, sadness) which pertain to everybody, including animals. Two studies using semantic primes followed by visual person categorization task (PCT) and lexical (lexical decision task, LDT) targets were conducted. Results supported infra‐humanization theory. Reaction times were faster for the in‐group/secondary emotions associations than for out‐group/secondary emotions ones. As predicted, no difference in latency times appeared for primary emotions as a function of the groups. These findings elucidate the ambiguity present in Paladino et al. (2002). Theoretical and practical implications are suggested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal analysis of spatial covariance of SO2 in Europe
Authors: Giannitrapani Marco , Bowman Adrian , Scott Marian , Smith Ron
Published: November 2006

In recent years, the number of applications of spatial statistics has enormously increased in environmental and ecological sciences. A typical problem is the sampling of a pollution field, with the common objective of spatial interpolation. In this paper, we present a spatial analysis across time, focusing on sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations monitored from 1990 to 2001 at 125 sites across Europe. Four different methods of trend estimation have been used, and comparisons among them are shown. Spherical, Exponential and Gaussian variograms have been fitted to the residuals and compared. Time series analyses of the range, sill and nugget have been undertaken and a suggestion for defining a unique spatial correlation matrix for the overall time period of analysis is proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Badland dynamics in the Central Pyrenees: temporal and spatial patterns of weathering processes
Authors: Nadal‐Romero E. , Regüés D. , Martí‐Bono C. , Serrano‐Muela P.
Published: November 2006

The genesis and development of badlands is controlled by bedrock lithology, topography and climate. The development of badlands in the Central Spanish Pyrenees is favoured by the presence of marls and a climate with a marked seasonality; the combination of these factors results in active hydrosedimentological processes. The aim of the present work was to study the dynamics of badlands in the Central Pyrenees, with a focus on the temporal and spatial patterns of the dominant weathering processes. The study area was a small mountain catchment, and we focussed on the continuous observation of a number of physical parameters that control regolith development and weathering processes. Samples collected from different depths at sites with different aspects enabled temporal comparisons of the factors involved in the development of surface regolith that can be considered as indicators of the weathering of the marls. These indicators were then related to environmental variables (moisture and temperature). Atterberg limits were established and related to moisture content to explain slope dynamics and related processes. Finally, analyses of carbonate content were performed in the laboratory. The results validate the employed methodology, supporting our description of weathering processes, the established chronological sequence and the relation of these processes to climatic and topographic parameters. The results obtained since January 2004 show that the chosen indicators are sensitive to seasonal dynamics, variations in temperature and water supply, and slope aspect. The development and dynamics of regolith on north‐facing slopes is more active than that on south‐facing slopes. Freeze–thaw is the main weathering process on north‐facing slopes, while south‐facing slopes are dominated by the development of crusts associated with wetting–drying processes. Washing effects and lower temperatures upon north‐facing slopes mean that the dissolution of carbonates is more pronounced in such areas compared with south‐facing slopes, especially within the upper layers of the regolith. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymorphism of C‐terminal activation region 2 of Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in predicting distant failure and post‐metastatic survival in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Pai Ping‐Ching , Tseng Chen‐Kan , Chuang Chi‐Cheng , Wei Kuo‐Chen , Hao Sheng‐Po , Hsueh Chuen , Chang Kai‐Ping , Tsang Ngan‐Ming
Published: November 2006

Background.

The C‐terminal activation region 2 (CTAR2) of Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 is the major site that correlates with metastasis‐related signaling pathway. The variation of CTAR2 sequence may affect the incidence of distant metastasis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods.

Two hundred forty‐nine specimens from consecutive patients with nonmetastatic NPC were collected. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of CTAR2 were performed. DNA sequence identical to the Cao strain was grouped as Cao CTAR2, whereas sequences differing from Cao made up non‐Cao CTAR2. Clinical characteristics and CTAR2 status were subjected to statistical analysis for distant metastasis.

Results.

Non‐Cao CTAR2 was associated with a statistically significant lower distance metastasis and superior survival rate. A combination of clinical stage and CTAR2 expression provided an accurate method of identifying high risk of metastasis.

Conclusion.

NPC patients with non‐Cao CTAR2 were less likely to have metastasis develop than those characterized by Cao CTAR2. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Nodular hidradenocarcinoma over the parotid gland: A pathologic presentation
Authors: Verret D.J. , Kabbani Wareef , DeFatta Robert J.
Published: November 2006

Background.

Nodular hidradenocarcinoma (NHAC), an eccrine carcinoma, has been reported in the dermatology and pathology literature, but few references have been made in the otolaryngology literature even though the head and neck is a common site of occurrence.

Methods

A case report of a 37‐year‐old Hispanic man with a right‐sided neck mass diagnosed preoperatively as a parotid mass by imaging and fine‐needle aspiration is presented. After presentation at our multidisciplinary tumor board, excision of the mass was undertaken.

Results

Final pathology reveled a NHAC, which is presented in our report.

Conclusion

NHAC is an aggressive malignant tumor that is often misdiagnosed preoperatively and that must be treated with aggressive multimodality therapy for increased survival. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in narrow channels
Authors: Zhang Peng , You Guo‐Chun , Ren Xin , Wang Ruzhu
Published: November 2006

Liquid nitrogen has the potential to be used as the coolant for high temperature superconducting devices. In the present study, the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen in three narrow channels with different geometrical size are experimentally investigated. The influences of the gap width, the length, as well as the orientation angle of the narrow channel on the heat transfer characteristics of liquid nitrogen are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(8): 582–588, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20136
What I like about Hückel theory
Authors: Kutzelnigg Werner
Published: November 2006

We start with some biographical notes on Erich Hückel, in the context of which we also mention the merits of Otto Schmidt, the inventor of the free‐electron model. The basic assumptions behind the HMO (Hückel Molecular Orbital) model are discussed, and those aspects of this model are reviewed that make it still a powerful tool in Theoretical Chemistry. We ask whether HMO should be regarded as semiempirical or parameter‐free. We present closed solutions for special classes of molecules, review the important concept of alternant hydrocarbons and point out how useful perturbation theory within the HMO model is. We then come to bond alternation and the question whether the π or the σ bonds are responsible for bond delocalization in benzene and related molecules. Möbius hydrocarbons and diamagnetic ring currents are other topics. We come to optimistic conclusions as to the further role of the HMO model, not as an approximation for the solution of the Schrödinger equation, but as a way towards the understanding of some aspects of the Chemical Bond. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Comparative morphology and cytology of the male sperm‐transmission organs in viviparous species of clinid fishes (Clinidae: Teleostei, Perciformes)
Authors: Fishelson Lev , Gon Ofer , Holdengreber Vered , Delarea Yakob
Published: November 2006

This work comprises the first comparative study of the morphology and cytology of the sperm transmission organs in males of 14 species of viviparous clinid fishes (Clinidae, Blennioidei, Teleostei). The form and dimensions of these organs differ among the various species studied. The organs are composed of intra‐abdominal ampullae, into which the sperm ducts and urinary bladder anchor, and an external protruding intromittent papilla used for insemination. The form of the ampullae differs among the various species, from pear‐shaped to horseshoe‐shaped. It increases in dimensions with increasing length of the male. In all the species this organ is covered by a connective‐tissue tunic that encompasses both circular and longitudinal striated muscle bundles. The lumina of the ampullae harbor the epididymis, a strongly convoluted and plicated duct, which becomes filled with spermatozeugmata during reproduction. From here, the epididymis continues into the protruding intromittent papillae, where its folds gradually straighten at the apical part of the intromittent organ. The form and dimensions of this copulatory organ also differ in the various species. Papillae bearing taste buds are found on the apical parts of the intromittent organ, and it is probable that these, together with the difference in forms of the organ, help to prevent interspecific copulation. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontocete suction feeding: Experimental analysis of water flow and head shape
Authors: Werth Alexander J.
Published: November 2006

The role of cranial morphology in the generation of intraoral and oropharyngeal suction pressures in odontocetes was investigated by manipulating the jaw and hyolingual apparatus of submerged heads of three species presenting varied shapes. Hyoid and gular muscles were manually employed to depress and retract the tongue. Pressures were recorded at three locations in the oral cavity, as gape and site, speed, and force of pull were varied. A biomechanical model was also developed to evaluate pressure data. The species with the shortest, bluntest head and smallest mouth opening generated greater negative pressures. Suction generation diminished sharply as gape increased. Greatest negative pressures attained were around −45 mmHg (−6,000 Pa), a magnitude deemed suitable for capture of small live prey. Odontocetes utilizing this bidirectional flow system should profit by evolution of a rounder mouth opening through progressive shortening and widening of the rostrum and jaws, a trend evident in cranial measurements from fossil and recent odontocetes. Blunt heads correlate with anatomical, ecological, and behavioral traits associated with suction feeding. Small‐gape suction (with minimally opened jaws) could be used by odontocetes of all head and oral shapes to draw prey sufficiently close to the mouth for suction ingestion or grasping via dentition. Principal limitations of the experimental and mathematical simulations include assumption of a stationary odontocete with static (open or closed) jaws and potential scaling issues with differently sized heads and gapes. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome sizes of cranes (Aves: Gruiformes)
Authors: Rasch Ellen M.
Published: November 2006

The DNA content of blood cell nuclei of 15 species of cranes was determined by Feulgen‐DNA cytophotometry. Genome sizes agree with values reported elsewhere for several crane species analyzed by flow cytometry. Males have more DNA per cell than females in several species. A karyotype where 2n = 80 is reported for a male greater sandhill crane. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative anatomy and histology of xenarthran osteoderms
Authors: Hill Robert V.
Published: November 2006

Reconstruction of soft tissues in fossil vertebrates is an enduring challenge for paleontologists. Because inferences must be based on evidence from hard tissues (typically bones or teeth), even the most complete fossils provide only limited information about certain organ systems. Osteoderms (“dermal armor”) are integumentary bones with high fossilization potential that hold information about the anatomy of the skin in many extant and fossil amniotes. Their importance for functional morphology and phylogenetic research has recently been recognized, but studies have focused largely upon reptiles, in which osteoderms are most common. Among mammals, osteoderms occur only in members of the clade Xenarthra, which includes armadillos and their extinct relatives: glyptodonts, pampatheres, and, more distantly, ground sloths. Here, I present new information on the comparative morphology and histology of osteoderms and their associated soft tissues in 11 extant and fossil xenarthrans. Extinct mylodontid sloths possessed simple, isolated ossicles, the presence of which is likely plesiomorphic for Xenarthra. More highly derived osteoderms of glyptodonts, pampatheres, and armadillos feature complex articulations and surface ornamentation. Osteoderms of modern armadillos are physically associated with a variety of soft tissues, including nerve, muscle, gland, and connective tissue. In some cases, similar osteological features may be caused by two or more different tissue types, rendering soft‐tissue inferences for fossil osteoderms equivocal. Certain osteological structures, however, are consistently associated with specific soft‐tissue complexes and therefore represent a relatively robust foundation upon which to base soft‐tissue reconstructions of extinct xenarthrans. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence at hand: Diversity, functional implications, and locomotor prediction in intrinsic hand proportions of diprotodontian marsupials
Authors: Weisbecker Vera , Warton David I.
Published: November 2006

Knowledge about the diversity, locomotor adaptations, and evolution of the marsupial forelimb is limited, resulting in an underrepresentation of marsupials in comparative anatomical literature on mammalian forelimb anatomy. This study investigated hand proportions in the diverse marsupial order Diprotodontia. Fifty‐two measurements of 95 specimens representing 47 species, as well as 6 non‐diprotodontian specimens, were explored using principal components analysis (PCA). Bootstrapping was used to assess the reliability of the loadings. Phylogenetically independent contrasts and phylogenetic ANOVA were used to test for correlation with size and functional adaptation of forelimbs for locomotor habit, scored as arboreal vs. terrestrial. Analysis of first principal component (PC1) scores revealed significant differences between arboreal and terrestrial species, and was related to relative slenderness of their phalangeal elements. Both locomotor groups displayed allometry along PC1 scores, but with different intercepts such that PC1 discriminated between the two locomotor habits almost completely. PC2 separated some higher‐level clades and burrowing species. Analysis of locomotor predictors commonly applied by palaeontologists indicates that ratios between proximal and intermediate phalanges were unsuitable as predictors of arboreality/terrestriality, but the phalangeal index was more effective. From PCA results, a phalangeal slenderness ratio was developed which proved to be a useful discriminator, suggesting that a single unallocated phalanx can be used for an impression of locomotor mode in fossils. Most Diprotodontia are laterally paraxonic or ectaxonic, with the exception of digging species whose hands are medially paraxonic. Our results complement those of studies on placental mammals, suggesting that the demands of arboreality, terrestriality, or frequent digging on intrinsic hand proportions are met with similar anatomical adaptations in marsupials. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.