bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic and Structural Characteristics of Selected Woven Silks with Emphasis on Dutch Silks of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Farrell Jane A. , Lapitsky Mary
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to describe Dutch silks of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Dutch and British research papers and transcribed sixteenth and seventeenth century trade documents were translated and critiqued. Selected museums and archives in the Netherlands, England, and the United States were visited. A descriptive chart was developed to record the motifs, colors, weaves, and other surface qualities of the 49 silks selected for analysis; line drawings and photographs were also made. The majority of silks had floral or plant motifs that were uniformly two dimensional in treatment. Most motifs were stylized, usually did not exceed 13.0 centimeters in length or width, and were isolated rather than connected units. Alternating rows of reversed designs (comber repeat) were most frequently found in the silks. Predominant hues were Munsell System Red, Yellow Red, Yellow, Green Yellow, Red Purple, and Black. Because only seven silks with seventeenth century documentation were accessible to the researcher, no general conclusions about their aesthetics or structure could be drawn.
Development of Standard Budgets for Household Textiles for Farm and City Families
Authors: Winakor Geitel , Thomas Linda
Published: March 2007

Standard budgets for household textiles were developed for rural farm and city families at low and moderate income levels and for small, medium, and large sized families. The budgets are based on data collected in interviews of 1,140 families in Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska in 1971. After examination of several criteria for defining budget classes, data from 258 farm and 319 city families were selected for developing the budgets. All families were classified by income level and family size; in addition, for some items, families were classified by whether they had an infant under two and whether they had moved in the past year. Based on the data from these families, inventory of specific household textile items, number of items to be acquired new and from supplementary sources, and prices paid and total annual costs in 1970–71 dollars were established.

Eighteen items are common to all budget lists, regardless of family size, income level, or city or farm residence. Total annual costs are similar for farm and city families. At the low‐income level, budget costs differ only slightly with family size but at the moderate level, there is a larger increment in total annual cost with increasing family size.
Food Consumption Expenditures and Education of the Homemaker
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed , Schrimper Ronald A.
Published: March 2007

Data reported in the 1965–66 U.S.D.A. Household Food Consumption Survey were analyzed with two objectives: (1) to determine whether household consumption expenditures for various food products are related to homemakers' education and (2) to compare income elasticities and the effects of homemakers' education for selected food products. Income and educational elasticities estimated for 22 different foods indicate that differences in homemakers' education in addition to household income can have significant effects on the composition of household food expenditures. In most cases the educational and income elasticities had the same sign suggesting similar directional effects of these two variables on expenditures. All but two of the income elasticities and approximately one‐half of the educational elasticities were significantly different from zero.
Freedom in Dress: A Search for Related Factors
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth D. , Anspach Karlyne A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to begin to identify measurable factors that are associated with a feeling of freedom in dress. Responses to a questionnaire by 71 undergraduate women at a mid western university indicated: (1) their subjective feeling of freedom in dress; (2) the extent to which socioeconomic factors restricted their choices of clothing; and (3) their levels of perception of cloth ing indicated by free association verbal responses to slides. A t‐test comparing the difference of means between those who felt more free and those who felt less free identified three social restrictions significantly associated with a feeling of freedom in dress. Those less free were much more likely to be restricted in their choices of clothing because of their roles as students, their lack of self‐confi dence in choosing their own clothing, and their dissatisfaction with previous clothing choices.
Self‐Actualization of Teachers and Teacher‐Student Rapport
Authors: Zimmerman Karen W. , Scruggs M. Marguerite
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to determine possible relationships between selected background characteristics and degree of self‐actualization of home economics teachers of central Iowa, to refine a teacher‐student rapport instrument, and to test for differences in teacher‐student rapport between two groups of teachers differing in self‐actualization. Data on background characteristics and self‐ actualization (inner‐directed scale of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory) were gathered by mail from 126 teachers. No relationships existed between degree of self‐actualization and the background characteristics.

Two groups of the teachers, 10 who scored high and 10 who scored low on the POI, were selected for remaining phases of the study. Their ninth grade students responded to the Student Estimate of Teacher Concern (SETC), a measure of teacher‐student rapport. A 39‐item form of the SETC was developed from an 89‐item version with no loss in reliability. No significant difference in teacher‐ student rapport was found between the two groups of teachers.
Examinations of Home Economics Textbooks for Sex Bias
Authors: Weis Susan F.
Published: March 2007

Four analyses were conducted on a sample of 100 randomly selected, secondary home economics textbooks published between 1964 and 1974. These analyses examined (1) the gender orientation, (2) pronoun usage, (3) role environments portrayed, and (4) role behaviors and expectations en couraged. Data were analyzed to determine if differences emerged between subject matter areas and years of publication. Results indicated that although home economics textbooks generally are ori ented to a gender neutral student clientele, the contents presented sex bias in language usage, in pictures portraying male and female role environments, and in role behaviors and expectations emphasized. Specific recommendations based on findings are set forth.
Thermal Inactivation of Botulinum Toxins in Canned Salmon
Authors: Woodburn Margy , Schantz Edward J. , Rodriguez Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Canned salmon is a low acid food. If all C. botulinum spores are not destroyed by proper processing in home canning, a potential hazard of botulism exists. Boiling will destroy the toxin, but will also affect the palatability and appearance of the salmon. To determine the minimum temperature and heating time to destroy toxin, type A, B, or E toxin was added to canned salmon. Two‐gram portions in small glass vials were heated at 68, 71, 74, 79 and 85°C for various lengths of time up to 20 minutes. To establish a heating procedure for cans and jars of salmon, spores of types A, B, and E C. botulinum were added to commercially canned salmon and to glass jars of home‐canned salmon and incubated for 10 days. Open cans and jars were oven‐heated at 350°F (177°C) to the same end‐point temperatures. Assays for toxin were carried out with mice. Inactivation of toxin in salmon heated in vials showed an initial rapid drop in toxicity followed by a leveling‐off of the rate so that 20‐minute heating at 68 or 71°C did not destroy all of the toxin. At 79 and 85°C, the inactivation was much more rapid and all detectable toxin was destroyed within 2 to 5 minutes. For the oven‐heating method for two sizes of cans and jars, an internal temperature of 85°C followed by a 30‐minute holding period at room temperature was effective in inactivating botulinum toxin.
Fiber Artists: Factors Influencing Success
Authors: Summer Barbara E. , Schrank Holly L.
Published: March 2007

Ninety‐five free‐lance fiber artists were identified and interviewed to assess factors which con tribute to their success as artists, to develop a list of skills and knowledge which artists believe contribute to their success, and to make recommendations for textile design programs.

Artists rated design and execution of their work as the most important criteria of success. Income was rated as a much less important indicator of success. Additional knowledge needed included information related to exhibiting, organization of work, photography, and assembly of a portfolio. Financial skills were also considered important, particularly those involving purchasing of sup plies, record‐keeping, pricing, and income management.

Recommendations for textile design programs include strong emphasis on design as well as craftsmanship, skills which can be used in presentation of work of clients, business fundamentals for artists, and oral and written communication skills.
Effects of Non‐Sexist Curriculum Intervention on Children's Sex Role Learning
Authors: Koblinsky Sally A. , Sugawara Alan I.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of non‐sexist curriculum intervention on preschool children's sex role learning. Twenty‐four boys and twenty‐four girls were equally divided among three pro grams: non‐sexist curriculum, male director; non‐sexist curriculum, female director; and control curriculum, female director. Subjects in the non‐sexist programs were presented with a curriculum designed to increase children's role options, whereas control subjects received no such instruction. Sex role discrimination and preference were assessed at the beginning and end of a six‐month period with the Sex Role Learning Index (SERLI) and the It Scale for Children (ITSC). Results revealed that in comparison to the control group, subjects in the non‐sexist programs exhibited less stereotypic responses on SERLI measures of object discrimination, adult activity preference, and child activity preference. While the programs did not differ on ITSC preference following the intervention, the ITSC results indicated that boys increased significantly more than girls in their preference for same‐sex activities during the six‐month period. Implications of the study were dis cussed, and a comparison was made of the two measures of children's sex role learning.
Values of Children—Relationships Between Mothers and Daughters
Authors: Bormann Corinne , Stockdale Dahlia F.
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of attitudes of mothers and their college‐age daughters about the value of children. Of secondary interest was the relationship of their attitudes about the value of children as affected by residence (rural‐urban), family size, and education of mothers. The subjects for the study were female college freshmen (N = 168) and their mothers (N = 159). The daughters were enrolled at Iowa State University in an introductory course in Child Development. The Fawcett Opinions about Children questionnaire, a 45‐item Likert‐type attitude scale was used to measure beliefs about children and childrearing. Pearson Product‐Mo ment correlations were computed for mother‐daughter pairs on each of nine scales on values of children. No significant relationships were found. To study the value of children as reflected by rural and urban families, analysis of covariance, using family size as a covariate, was employed. Rural mothers expressed more traditional values for having children than urban mothers. No significant differences were found between rural and urban variables for daughters on the nine scales. As family size increased, mothers and daughters valued children significantly more as a source of happiness and affection.
Role Perceptions in Adolescent Consumer Learning
Authors: Moore Roy L. , Moschis George P.
Published: March 2007

Using the Thornton and Nardi model of role acquisition, adolescent consumer role perceptions were explored among 359 sixth through twelfth grade public school students. Demographic factors analyzed included socioeconomic status, personal spending and savings, age, sex, and consumer education, while dependent measures of consumer learning were slogan recall, product brand sa lience, consumer affairs knowledge, and consumer activism. Intervening role‐related perceptions included honesty evaluations of media and personal sources and consumer attributes. Media ex posure, parent‐child interaction, and peer communication were analyzed as sources of role conceptions.

Results indicated consumer socialization is a complex process and lend support to the notion that middle‐school adolescents are generally experiencing the anticipatory stage and high school students are primarily at the formal stage of consumer role acquisition. Younger adolescents are apparently only beginning to adopt certain group values but older students have acquired them to a signifi cantly greater degree and show other evidence of conformity to role set expectations.
Curriculum Choices of Adult Women in Continuing Education: Situational and Developmental Influences
Authors: Osborn Barbara L. , Avery Carol E.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of the study was to identify some of the factors associated with the curriculum choices of adult women. The sample of 84 liberal arts and 48 home economics students was ran domly selected from the 1000 women enrolled in the University of Rhode Island's Adult Daytime Degree Program. The grouping variable was curriculum choice. The predictor variables included situational factors: age, marital and socioeconomic status, parents' educational level, and the work experiences of the mother and the respondent, and developmental factors such as personal values, work values and attitudes toward women's liberation. The hypotheses stated (1) that some of these variables could be used to predict curriculum choice and (2) that the developmental variables would be more effective than the situational variables in predicting curriculum choice. Data were collected from three standardized tests and a questionnaire. Statistical analyses included analysis of vari ance, stepwise multiple discriminant analyses, and pseudo jackknifed classification procedures. The first hypothesis was accepted. The overall “hit” rate of 70.5 percent showed a moderately accurate level of classification for both curricular groups. The second hypothesis was partially accepted as the developmental variables were more effective than the situational variables only in predicting membership in the home economics curriculum.
Adolescent Use of Selected Areas in the Parental Dwelling
Authors: Downer Donna Beth , Johnston Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

Using a self‐reporting inventory, 614 adolescents in two age categories, 12–14 years and 16–18 years, responded concerning their use of the living room, a second living area if the home included one, and the bedroom. The objective was to determine the effects on space use of six independent variables: age, sex, family size, birth order, the presence of single or plural living areas in the home, and whether bedroom space was shared or used solely by the adolescent.

Living room use was defined as having two components, activities performed and frequency. Significant differences on both components were found when comparisons were made between those with one living room and those with plural living areas, and when family size exceeded five mem bers. Frequency of living room use increased significantly when the respondents shared a bedroom. If the home had a single living area, girls performed a significantly greater number of activities in the space than boys, and younger adolescents spent a significantly greater amount of time in the area than older adolescents.

No significant differences were found in the use of the second living area.

Whether the respondent had sole use of the bedroom or shared the space, girls were found to perform a significantly greater number of activities in the room than boys.

Analysis of the findings suggests an interrelationship between living room and bedroom use by adolescents that may need to be addressed as families assess housing needs and wants.
Aiding Consumer Nutrition Decisions: Comparison of a Graphical Nutrient Density Labeling Format with the Current Food Labeling System
Authors: Mohr Kristy Gregerson , Wyse Bonita W. , Gaurth Hansen R.
Published: March 2007

Providing consumers with usable nutrition information requires an effective labeling for mat. This study involved consumers in a supermarket setting. Our objective was to determine whether they could, without previous instruction, make as effective nutrition decisions when using a graphic format based on nutrient density as when using the current labeling format.

The questionnaire completed by each participating consumer included items regarding demographic data and shopping preferences, and questions evaluating nutrition knowledge and the ability of the shopper to utilize two nutrition labeling formats in making nutrition decisions. Six supermarkets were selected from one large Utah chain as sites for the survey.

The nutrient density format produced the greatest percentage of correct responses. The dif ference was particularly evident when our data were analyzed for overall correct responses. Participants who were high school graduates or had family incomes between $4,000–$7,999 made more correct responses when utilizing the nutrient density format than when confronted with the other format. The nutrient density presentation also took less time for participants to complete. The graphical nutrient density format evaluated in our study is more effective than the current labeling format in assisting consumers to make valid nutritional decisions.
Obesity, Child‐Feeding Attitudes, and Reactive Eating: An Intergenerational Study
Authors: Rogers Cosby S. , Canady Helen , Wentworth Jane
Published: March 2007

Body fat, anxiety‐related overeating, and child‐feeding attitudes among 221 college women were studied along with child‐feeding attitudes of the students' mothers. The Child‐Feeding Opinion Questionnaire (CFOQ) was developed to assess attitudes toward the use of food as (a) a reward, (b) a punishment, (c) a soothing agent, and (d) an expression of affection. A six‐item reactive overeating scale was developed to assess the magnitude and frequency of anxiety‐ related overeating among the college students.

Anxiety‐related overeating was not found to be related to obesity among the daughters. Child‐feeding attitudes of both mothers and daughters were not related to either skinfold thickness (body fat) or to reactive eating scores of the daughters. These findings failed to sup port previous claims of a relationship between parental use of food as an emotion‐laden com munication vehicle and anxiety‐related overeating or subsequent obesity among offspring. Positive but low correlations were obtained between childfeeding attitude scores of mothers and their daughters. High positive intercorrelations were found among scores on several subscales when mothers' and daughters' data were analyzed separately.
Electric Energy Usage in the Home: A Predictive Model
Authors: Hassoun Virginia S. , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

A predictive model for total electric energy (in kilowatt‐hours) used in household operation based upon information on ownership of selected electric home equipment and selected char acteristics of a sample of 195 families was developed. Participants met the following criteria: (1) at least two related persons living in the household, (2) no business operated from the premises (unless the electricity was metered separately), (3) all single family houses, (4) no part of the house rented, (5) no electric heat or central electric air conditioning. The dependent variable was the amount of electricity (kilowatt‐hours) used for the year June, 1975, through May, 1976. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the predictive equation Y1=−249 + 672X1+ 3463X2+ 925X3+ 25X4 where Y1= predicted electric energy usage, X1= number of electric major appliances owned, X2= water heater type (non‐ electric, electric), X3= household size (number of persons in the household), X4= employ ment (number of hours per week the home manager is employed outside the home), R2= 0. 54, p = 0. 0001. Other variables considered in the analysis but which did not explain at least 1 percent of the variation in the amount of electrical energy used were location (urban or rural), education of home manager, score for knowledge of electrical concepts and terminol ogy and number of small electric appliances owned.
Parents' Preferred Communication Style and Locus of Control of Preschool Children
Authors: Johnson James E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose was to examine within family similarity and across situational consistency in parental models of optimal communication, and to examine parental preferred communi cation strategy in relation to locus of control of young children. Data were collected on 25 middle‐class couples and their preschool‐aged child. Parental communication preference in teaching and child management situations was assesed by a specially devised interview questionnaire technique, and children's locus of control was measured by the Stanford Pre school Internal‐External Scale. Results indicated that mothers' preference for nondirective socratic communication in child management but not teaching situations was related to internal locus of control in children. The importance of considering situational variation in the study of parent‐child relations and locus of control was indicated.
Children's Perceptions of “Goodness” and “Badness” in Sibling Roles
Authors: Bigner Jerry J. , Jacobsen R. Brooke
Published: March 2007

Perceptions of “goodness” and “badness” in sibling roles were investigated in a cross‐ sectional study of second‐born children aged 5–13 years. The study focused on changes in descriptions of these sibling role concepts as a function of age of child, sex of child, sibling status of child, and age‐spacing between siblings. Results indicated that a “good” sibling was perceived in different terms than a “bad” sibling, and these descriptions varied with increasing age. Sex of sibling and degree of age‐spacing between siblings produced markedly different perceptions of the role concepts. Results are discussed in relation to the degree of a child's ex perience with an older sibling.
Clothing Symbolism and the Changing Role of Nurses
Authors: Lafferty Helen K. , Dickey Lois E.
Published: March 2007

Nurses' use of and attitudes toward traditional role symbols and their attitudes toward nurse autonomy and rejection of traditional role limitations were investigated. The sample consisted of 275 staff‐level registered nurses randomly selected from five Ohio and five Massachusetts general hospitals. The hypothesis that there would be an association between frequency of cap‐wearing and attitudes toward role symbols was accepted (p < .001). The hypothesis that nurses who expressed favorable attitudes toward role symbols would express unfavorable attitudes toward nurse autonomy and rejection of traditional role limitations, and that nurses who expressed unfavorable attitudes toward role symbols would express favorable attitudes toward nurse autonomy and rejection of traditional role limitations was accepted (p < .001). The type of professional socialization and variables related to setting in which the nurse role is enacted are factors related to nurses' attitudes toward traditional role symbols.
Teaching Performance in Home Economics
Authors: Hoskins Mercedes , Cooper Lloyd
Published: March 2007

The study compared the perceptions of selected faculty members in higher education with those of public school administrators as to the desired performance of homemaking teachers in rural and urban areas. The effort included the construction, the administration, the analysis, and the interpretation of an inventory of statements concerning teacher performance.

Teaching performance statements were compiled and an initial list of 293 submitted to a panel of judges for evaluation of statement validity, item discrimination, and relevance of the arrangement of the statements into the following categories: personal qualities, teaching abil ity, classroom management, attitude toward supervision, and professional ethics and interest. Based on the judgments of the panel members, a revised list of 175 statements was submitted to teachers in federally reimbursed homemaking departments in the New Mexico public schools and each statement was rated on a nine‐point continuum from most generalist to most specialist orientation. Data from the ratings were utilized to select seven statements from each of the five categories. Based on scale and Q values and Rulon's estimate of reliability, seven performance statements were incorporated in each of the five categories. The completed in ventory was organized in paired‐comparison format: each statement within each category was compared with every other statement in the same category, thus providing a forced‐choice rating of the statements. The final inventory was submitted to home economics faculty members in institutions of the National Association of State Universities and Land‐Grant Col leges and to rural and urban public school administrators from randomly selected schools in each of the fifty states.

From the analyses of the data collected, the results of the investigation indicated that all groups expect some degree of generalist performance, rather than specialist, by homemaking teachers. The study also disclosed significant agreement, both within each group and between the groups, as to what constitutes effective teaching performance.
Cooperative‐ Competitive Preferences and Locus of Control of School‐Age Children
Authors: Galejs Irma , Stockdale Dahlia F.
Published: March 2007

There were two phases of the study. During the first phase, the instrument, Social Behavior Inventory (SBI) was developed to measure cooperative‐competitive preferences of school‐age children. During the second phase, the SBI was administered to 876 5th and 6th grade children. The purpose was to investigate relationships among children's cooperative‐ competitive preferences, sex, locus of control, SES, and parents' and teachers' ratings. Major findings included: 1) Spearman‐Brown reliability estimates for the SBI were high; 2) there was a low but sagnificant relationship between children's preferences and parents' perception of an ticipated children's choices for cooperative‐competitive behavior as measured by the SBI; 3) girls chose more cooperative responses and were perceived by observers to be significantly more cooperative than boys; 4) the cooperative preferences were significantly related to internal locus of control; and 5) the children's scores on the SBI were not significantly related to age, grade, or SES of parents. The validity and theoretical utility of these findings are discussed.
Videotape Versus Live Model Presentations in Teacher Preparation
Authors: Martin Ruth E. , Fanslow Alyce M.
Published: March 2007

Objectives of the study were to investigate the effectiveness of live model versus videotape model presentations of the demonstration and laboratory teaching strategies in home eco nomics education relative to student achievement and performance; and to contrast practice against no practice of each teaching strategy on student achievement and performance.

Home economics education majors were randomly assigned to four groups: model live, no practice; model live, practice; model videotape, no practice; model videotape, practice. Instructional lessons of fifty minutes were planned and taught by the researcher with content held constant for each group.

Dependent variable data were collected by an achievement test and an observational rating scale. Analysis of the correlations between test scores, ratings, and cumulative point averages showed no significant relationships for either teacher strategy. For the demonstration teaching strategy, a significant difference in student performance beyond the 05 level was found between live versus videotape model with the latter being superior. Demonstration achieve ment was not affected by presentation or practice. For the laboratory teaching strategy, no significant differences were found among the dependent variables and the presentation method or practice.

The findings support the feasibility of videotape model presentations for the acquisition of knowledge and performance of the demonstration and laboratory teaching strategies in a similar preservice teacher education setting. Although practice of the teaching strategy did not seem to have any effect on achievement and performance, further investigation needs to be completed before practice is omitted from teacher preparation programs.
Clothing Color Preferences of Adolescent Females
Authors: Williams Judy , Arbaugh Joyce , Rucker Margaret
Published: March 2007

Sixty black and sixty white female high school students were asked to indicate their hue; hue, tint, or shade; and color combination choices for clothing. To standardize measurement conditions for each of these three selection situations, subjects were provided with color cards and transparent overlays of a fashion figure. Chi‐square analyses indicated that the two groups were generally similar in their preferences except for hue, tint, or shade choices. When asked to select from among pure hues and corresponding chroma, the majority of the black subjects showed a preference for pure hues whereas white subjects favored tints. For both groups, shades were the least often preferred.
Behavioral Cues from Children: Analysis of Adult Responses to Childhood Danger vs. Non‐Danger Situations
Authors: Jacobsen R. Brooke , Bigner Jerry J. , Gardner D. Bruce , Miller Judith A.
Published: March 2007

A common problem facing individuals is caregiver competency, i.e. responding to and en suring children's well‐being. Traditional socialization theory assumes that information (in cluding that regarding health and safety topics) flows from parent to child. Current research takes the opposite approach, i.e. children's behavioral cues influence adult responses to them. This study tests an “experience” hypothesis by analyzing responses of a mother and a student sample to children depicted in a nonthreatening and a danger setting. Significant differences in type of response of adults to children were found for both settings. Findings are interpreted via the “experience” hypothesis in caregiving.
Integration and Application of Knowledge by Preservice. Teachers Varying in Conceptual Level
Authors: Kemp Williams Sally K.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between two educational approaches varying in degree of structure and the integration and application of knowledge by preservice teachers varying in conceptual levels. The subjects classified as having high or low conceptual levels were assigned to learning environments with either high or moderate structure. A criterion measure was administered to obtain achievement scores. Two‐factor analysis of variance tests resulted in no significant differences associated with conceptual level of the preservice teachers and achievement. Differences were obtained between amount of structure in the environment and achievement. Preservice teachers involved in the learning environment with moderate structure scored significantly higher on knowledge level items; whereas preservice teachers in volved in the learning environment with high structure integrated and applied the knowledge to a greater extent.
Development of a Model for Quality Gradin of Textile Products
Authors: McCullough J.S. , Morris M.A.
Published: March 2007

A model for quality grading of textile products was developed which included weaghtang fac tors based on the importance of end‐use properties as perceived by consumers, standards based on laboratory measurements of these properties, and the expected wear‐life of the product. Children's clothing was the textile product used in developing the model. A questionnaire was distributed to parents of nursery school and elementary school‐age children to obtain the needed consumer input. In the questionnaire the consumers rated the importance of end‐use properties for various categories of children's clothing, and indicated the expected wear‐life of these items. Significant differences were found in the ratings of the importance of the end‐use properties for each of the seven categories of clothing.

The model for quality grading was then developed utilizing the data from the questionnaire. Also used in the model were laboratory measurements of the end‐use properties and perfor mance standards. The desirability function was used to transform data from different labor atory measurements and performance standards into a single value. The model was then tested using four pairs of boys' jeans, similar in appearance but differing in price. The two lowest priced garments were found to be of the lowest grade, but the top‐priced garment was the same grade as the next lower‐priced garment.
Human Development Competencies in Preservice Home Economics Teacher Education
Authors: Dewald‐Link Margaret R.
Published: March 2007

The influence of human development content in the preservice education of home economics teachers can be viewed from three perspectives: (1) as subject matter to be taught; (2) as those concepts of development which teachers need to know in order to plan, teach, and evaluate educational experiences for their students; and (3) as a means by which students can gain a better understanding of their own behavior and attitudes and the behavior and at titudes of others. From these perspectives, using guidelines developed by the researcher, a list of 105 competencies in human development was developed. The initial 105 competencies were submitted to human development specialists who were requested to scale each competency as related to its importance in the education of prospective home economics teachers. The list was then reduced, using response means and spread of distribution, to 40 competencies. The final list of 40 competencies was then submitted to home economics teacher educators who were requested to rank the importance of each competency in the preservice education of home economics teachers on a scale 1 = important, 7 = unimportant.

The mean responses by human development specialists to the 40 competencies ranged from 1.213 to 2.794. The range of mean response by home economics teacher educators was 1.375 to 2.500; t‐test results showed a significant difference of assigned mean values for nine of the competencies. The pattern of responses by human development specialists indicated greater importance being placed upon competencies related to individual development than those related to family development while home economics teacher educators reversed this pattern.
Professional Commitment and Change Orientation of Coordinators of Home Economics in High Schools in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Lawson Royston J. , Brun Judy K.
Published: March 2007

This research was undertaken to: 1) identify the professional commitment and change orientation of coordinators of home economics in Victoria, Australia, high schools; 2) in vestigate the relationship of professional commitment to change orientation; and 3) investigate the relationship of change orientation to selected background variables.

Coordinators in this population exhibited a relatively high degree of professional commit ment and change orientation as measured respectively by the Loftis Measure of Professional Commitment and the Change Orientation Inventory for Home Economics. Coordinators who were more committed to the profession evidenced a greater degree of change orientation. Ex cept for age and membership in professional associations, the background variables did not significantly differentiate between less and more committed coordinators. While many coor dinators were receptive to innovation, they wanted to retain what they believed to be the essen tials of high school home economics curricula. Innovations in content and method were acceptable, and in some cases desirable, but only as adjuncts to the mainstream of the tradi tional aspects of the subject.
Props and Teacher‐Direction: Inf luence on Activity Participation by Kindergarten Children
Authors: Lane April R. , Thornburg Kathy R.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effect of novel equipment and of teacher‐direc tion on activity participation of kindergarten children during free‐choice play. Twenty children attending the Early Childhood Laboratory kindergarten in the College of Home Economics at the University of Kentucky were offered a choice among activities which were teacher‐initiated with a prop, teacher‐initiated with no props, child‐initiated with a prop, or child‐initiated with no props. The amount of time each child spent in the four types of ac tivities during a four‐week period allowed for a ranking of the child's preference and the data were analyzed by means of the Friedman analysis of variance by rank. The results indicated that the group as a whole had highest preference for teacher‐initiated activity involving a prop, but when analyzed by sex, the presence or absence of the teacher failed to significantly influence the activity choices of the boys. The girls consistently preferred activities in the presence of a teacher. The implication of these findings suggests a need for early childhood teachers to encourage independence of girls as well as boys through curriculum planning and teaching style.
Parent Education Needs and Sources as Perceived by Parents
Authors: Crase Sedahlia Jasper , Carlson Colleen , Kontos Susan
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive assessment of the needs and sources of parenting information was con ducted in a midwestern college community. Two hundred and forty‐eight parents of children from birth to senior high school as well as expectant parents responded to a mailed question naire. They indicated use, usefulness, and preferences for sources of advice on parenting and need for information on parenting. The results showed low expressed need for the traditional services of the parent educator. Parents preferred to use pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and other parents as their sources of advice on parenting. While the majority of parents ex pressed a low need for information, expectant parents expressed a high need for information for age‐specific items. In view of these findings, both parents and those professionals sought out by parents as information sources may be considered audiences for parent education. In addition, parent education should be directed toward groups of individuals with similar needs to maximize the relevance of the information. The authors concluded that parent educators must be responsive to community preferences for sources and needs for information on child rearing, and that there is a need for reconsideration of parent education audiences and methods.
Vitamin C Retention in Orange Juice Imitation Orange Juice, and Orange Beverage from Frozen Concentrates
Authors: Reynolds Patricia , Phillips Jean A.
Published: March 2007

The susceptibility of ascorbic acid to aerobic oxidation and possible loss of vitamin activity prompted a study to (1) determine if the vitamin C content of reconstituted frozen orange juice prepared using an electric blender is different from that prepared by stirring, and (2) to ascer tain the stability of vitamin C in reconstituted frozen orange concentrates (both pure and syn thetic) stored in a refrigerator for up to one week.

Two cans of three brands of frozen concentrated orange juice and one brand of frozen con centrated orange beverage were reconstituted, one using an electric blender and the other by stirring. One can of imitation orange juice was reconstituted by stirring only. The beverages were analyzed immediately after reconstituting, after 3 days, and after 7 days of storage in a refrigerator at 0 ± 1°C (30°–34°F).

Method of preparation did not have a significant effect on vitamin C (ascorbic acid plus dehydro‐ascorbic acid) levels. Both time and product affected vitamin C levels. The syn thetically derived orange concentrates were higher in vitamin C (62 mg/100 ml) compared with the orange juices (52 mg/100 ml). All reconstituted concentrates studied were similar in retention of vitamin C, retaining 94 percent or more after 3 days and 91 percent or more after 7 days.
Crude Fiber and Nutrients in the Diets of Preschoolers
Authors: Endres Jeannette , Gulley Beverly , Fisher Charles E.
Published: March 2007

Diet records of 169 preschool children were analyzed to determine the characteristics of diets with crude fiber values above 2.4 grams (upper quartile) and below 1.5 grams (lower quartile). Children whose diets contained 2.5 to 5.9 grams of crude fiber consumed a wider variety of foods, ate more servings of each food, and tended to have diets which met or exceeded two‐ thirds of the RDA for all nutrients except iron. The diets of the upper quartile group had higher energy values, but the proportion of energy contributed by fat, carbohydrate, and pro tein was similar for the total, upper, and lower quartiles.

The diets of the upper quartile group were calculated to have proportionately more crude fiber and vitamins A and C, resulting from greater consumption of fruits and vegetables, while the reported diets of the lower quartile group had more calcium and riboflavin as a result of greater consumption of milk and milk products. At least 13 fiber‐contributing foods (10 fruits and vegetables, peanut butter, dried cooked beans, and whole wheat bread and rolls) reported in the children's diets accounted for 9.6 percent of the total foods.

It did not appear that children in the upper versus lower quartile in this study received a large percentage of crude fibers from phytate‐rich foods, and the likelihood of this factor in hibiting iron utilization in the population would be doubtful.
Development and Evaluation of Individualized Clothing Construction Modules
Authors: Warden Jessie A. , Brandi Bonnie D.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate a series of individualized modules for selected fundamental skills used in clothing construction. The sample (43 sub jects) of two sections of basic clothing construction was randomly selected from the six sections offered during a given term. The hypothesis stated that there would be no difference between a control group (traditional lecture‐demonstration) and an experimental group (using in dividualized modules) as measured by clothing construction experience in cognitive, perfor mance, and attitude scores. Statistical analyses included t‐test based upon experience score, analysis of variance, and chi‐square test for attitude questionnaire on all variables by group and experience level. Results indicated that: (1) individualized instruction may be a more ef fective mode of instruction than lecture‐demonstration, (2) integrating individualized instruc tion into a regular class situation can be managed with some degree of success, and (3) the in structional modules were effective instructional tools.
Loneliness Among Low‐Income, Single Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Chesser Barbara , Woodward John C. , Bauermeister Maxine , Parkhurst Anne M.
Published: March 2007

Feelings of loneliness and isolation occur at various stages of life but are usually most intense during adolescence. Studies have shown that adolescent females experience loneliness to a greater degree than males do. This study was based on the hypothesis that low‐income, single, adolescent mothers would report a greater degree of loneliness than 10 other selected popula tions. A 4‐part questionnaire was administered to adolescent mothers receiving public assis tance in a midwestern city. Statistical analyses showed that the loneliness scores of the low‐in come, single, adolescent mothers were higher than those of the other populations. Educational background, marital status of parents, accessibility of transportation, and income level were factors found to contribute significantly to feelings of loneliness in this sample. Several other factors were found to influence the loneliness scores.
Experimental Meal Pattern Requirements and School Lunch Participation
Authors: MacDonald Maurice
Published: March 2007

In 1977 the Department of Agriculture proposed regulations to vary minimum meal portion sizes for children of different age grades and to effect other changes to improve the nutritional adequacy of the Type‐A meal pattern requirements in the National School Lunch Program. The impact of these regulations on student participation in school lunch was analyzed. Previous research on school lunch participation has not examined the influence of meal quality variations. The Food and Nutrition Service obtained data from 352 experimental schools that implemented interim meal pattern requirements during the 1978–79 school year, and from 28 control schools. School food service manager reports and meal portion quantities were collected prior to and during the interim regulation period. Pre‐ and post‐ implementation comparisons of experimental and control school average participation rates revealed no significant participation differences. However, some experimental schools may not have implemented the requirements as well as others. Therefore variables that indicate the degree of compliance were also used in multivariate analyses of participation after implementation. There were no significant effects for the meal pattern compliance indicators. Apparently student participation would not be affected by the proposed regulations.
Relating Fashion Change to Social Change: A Methodological Approach
Authors: Robenstine Carol , Kelley Eleanor
Published: March 2007

Fashion authorities recognize that social changes and fashion changes are related. How ever, their observations are largely speculative, rather than being based upon empirical testing. This research was designed to determine whether patterns of stability and change in attire coincide with periods of societal stability and change. A data recording form was developed and a method to quantify the data for likelihood ratio tests was designed.

A sample of 112 costumes, either photographs of portraits or fashion illustrations, was used to pilot test the methodology. Eight male and eight female costumes were spaced throughout each of seven of the traditional historic periods between 1715 and 1914 in France. Political and institutional stability and change do not always coincide. Therefore, for hypothesis testing, the traditional periods were classified as periods of institutional stability or change or political stability or change. Two hypotheses concerning patterns of change in dress fashions, one related to institutional change and one related to political change, were rejected when the composite silhouette data were subjected to maximum likelihood ratio tests with the data pooled by sex and by stability and change periods.