bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
396 Young Scholar Award Talk: The Selection of Potential Probiotics for Bovine Respiratory Disease Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Howe Samantha M , Chai Jianmin , Usdrowski Hunter M , Capik Sarah , Kegley Beth B , Richeson John T , Powell Jeremy , Zhao Jiangchao
Published: September 2022

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most devastating disease affecting cattle producers in North America. Vaccines and antimicrobials are commonly used to prevent and treat BRD. However, it is still a growing problem. The four common BRD opportunistic pathogens, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, are present in the upper respiratory tract of healthy cattle as well, and how they move to the lung are unknown. The apparent role of the respiratory microbiome in BRD has led to many microbiome studies. However, most culture-independent studies have focused on the opportunistic pathogens, and little is known about the potential bacterial probiotics in the prevention and treatment of BRD. This study aims to identify potential probiotics to treat and prevent BRD by analyzing respiratory microbiotas (nasal swabs (NS): healthy: n=94, BRD: n=94; nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS): healthy: n=25, BRD: n=36; and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): healthy: n=22, BRD: n=29) from clinically healthy calves at feedlot entrance and calves at BRD diagnosis. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were classified as potential probiotics if selected as a top predictor by a machine learning technique (random forest) and significantly more abundant in healthy controls (log2fold change ≥ 2 and P<0.05) based on DESeq2. ASV98_Corynebacterium was a potential probiotic in all three locations. ASV121_JG30-KF-CM45_unclassified, ASV32_Corynebacterium, and ASV64_Serinicoccus were potential probiotics in NPS and BAL. Additional taxa were potential probiotics in a single location, including ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae and ASV233_Facklamia in NS; and ASV150_Facklamia, ASV26_Corynebacterium, ASV306_Facklamia, and ASV44_Dietzia in NPS. SPARCC network analysis revealed that ASV114_Streptococcus_luteciae was the top hub taxa in healthy calves’ NS, and ASV32_Corynebacterium and ASV26_Corynebacterium were in the top five hub taxa of healthy calves’ NPS, indicating that these ASVs are key members of their respective communities. Furthermore, SPARCC found ASV32_Corynebacterium is negatively correlated with ASV2_Mycoplasma (-0.25) in NS and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.23) in NPS (P <0.05). Additionally, ASV26_Corynebacterium is negatively associated with ASV62_Ureaplasma (-0.37) and ASV5_Mycoplasma_hyorhinis (-0.21) in NPS and ASV12_Histophilus_somni in (-0.29) in BAL (P <0.05).
PSXIII-3 Effect of pen Stocking Density on Animal Performance, Social Behavior, and Animal and pen Dirtiness in Holstein Bulls fed High-Concentrate Diets
Authors: Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Fernandez Belen , Prenafeta-Boldú Francesc X , Verdú Marçal , Salsa Xavier , Devant Maria
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pen stocking density on animal performance, social behavior, and animal and pen dirtiness in fattening bulls. Two hundred sixty-three bulls (250 ± 24.7 kg BW, and 193 ± 13.2 d age) were group-housed and fed concentrate and unprocessed straw separately, both ad libitum. Animals were assigned to one of 2 different pen stocking density treatments: 1) LOW (n=112), 14 bulls/pen (5.1 m2/bull and 5 bulls/feeding space); and 2) HIGH (n=151), 19 bulls/pen (3.6 m2/bull and 7 bulls/feeding space). The study lasted 183 d. Pen concentrate intake was recorded daily. Bulls were weighed every 2 wk. Social behaviors (from d 59) and animal and pen dirtiness (from d 120) were recorded every 4 wk. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Concentrate intake was not affected by treatment, but ADG (1.57 vs. 1.47 ± 0.027 kg/d) and feed efficiency (0.21 vs. 0.20 ± 0.007 kg/kg) were greater (P≤0.05) in LOW than in HIGH. Carcass quality was similar between treatments, but preslaughter weight (552 vs. 535 ± 4.6 kg) and hot carcass weight (292 vs. 284 ± 2.9 kg) was greater (P<0.01) in LOW than in HIGH. Eating and ruminating were greater (P<0.05) in LOW than in HIGH, and lying was greater (P=0.01, treatment by time interaction) in LOW than in HIGH at d 89 and d 120. Animal dirty score was lesser (P≤0.01) in LOW than in HIGH (0.0 vs. 7.5 ± 1.33 %), and pen dirty scores were lesser (P≤0.01) in LOW than in HIGH in d 120. In conclusion, decreasing pen stocking density by 42 % improves animal growth and efficiency, behaviors indicative of greater welfare and comfort, and cleanliness in fattening bulls.
PSXII-21 The Impact of Genomic Selection on Canadian Holstein Cattle Population Structure
Authors: Obari Christiana O , Rochus Christina M , Schenkel Flavio S , Miglior Filippo , Baes Christine F
Published: September 2022

The Canadian dairy industry implemented genomic selection in 2009 to improve breeding in Holstein cattle and has been applied to several other dairy cattle breeds since then. Genomic selection is an effective breeding tool that can increase the accuracy of prediction and help to select young animals using genotypic information. As well as shortening generation intervals, genomic selection has also increased the genetic gain per generation and the profitability of the industry. However, genomic selection tends to increase inbreeding, reduce the effective population size and cause a loss in genetic variation. These consequences could lead to future challenges like lower selection response. To evaluate the sustainability of current breeding practices, investigation is warranted to observe the effects of genomic selection. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the population structure of Canadian Holstein cattle before and after the implementation of genomic selection in 2009. Using pedigree information to identify the number of sires used for breeding at three different time points (2000, 2010 and 2020), the number of daughters per sire, and length of time sires were used were investigated. Results show that the average number of offspring per top sire (top 10%) has decreased by 50%, however the average relatedness of available sires has increased considerably. This information will add to our knowledge of the effects genomic selection has had on the Canadian dairy industry and will inform future recommendations for sustainable breeding strategies that facilitate continual genetic progress.
PSXII-6 Evaluation of the Influence of bGH Gene Polymorphism on Elemental Composition of Blood Serum and Beef Productivity of Black Spotted Bulls
Authors: Adamovich Mihajlo , Khabibullin Ruzel , Mironova Irina , Yarmukhamedova Elvira , Galiyeva Zulfiya , Chernyshenko Yulia , Vasilev Vladimir
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene on elemental status and beef productivity of Black Spotted bulls (n=100; age-18 months). DNA samples were isolated from whole blood. The bGH gene polymorphism was determined using the PCR-RFLP method followed by restriction analysis. The elemental composition of the samples was estimated according to 25 chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Hg, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP AES and ICP MS. The detection of SNP (rs135322669) in the bGH gene showed three genotypes: CC (n=58), CG (n=24), GG (n=18). A comparative analysis showed that blood serum of animals with CC genotype contained significantly (Р£0.05) more Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, I, Se, Si, Li, Sr compared to the CG and Cu, I genotypes, Se, Ca, Si, Li, V, Sr in comparison with the GG genotype. In bulls with genotype CG to GG more toxic elements-Al, Sn, Pb were accumulated significantly (P£0.01). The Black Spotted bulls with the CC genotype advanced over animals with CG and GG, according to fresh carcass weight by 5.1 (Р≤0.05) and 8.9% (Р≤0.05), carcass yield-by 0.38 and 0.91% (Р≤0.05), internal fat mass-by 5.9 (Р≤0.05) and 15.6% (Р≤0.01), slaughter weight-by 4.8 (Р≤0.05) and 9.1% (Р≤0.01), slaughter yield-by 0.51 and 1.2% (Р≤0.05), pulp weight-by 5.4 (Р≤0.05) and 10.8% (P≤0.01). Thus, selecting Black Spotted bulls according to the bGH gene polymorphism, it is advisable to select individuals homozygous for the CC genotype. Animals with the indicated genotype are characterized by higher beef productivity, increased metabolism of essential elements and a minimum quantity of toxic elements in relation to animals with the CG and GG genotypes.
PSXII-5 Evaluation of Influence of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of CSN3 on Amino Acid and Mineral Composition of Milk from the Holstein Cows
Authors: Adamovich Mihajlo , Chernyshenko Yulia , Mironova Irina , Galiyeva Zulfiya , Yarmukhamedova Elvira , Khabibullin Ruzel , Osipova Alla
Published: September 2022

The aim was to study the dependence of single-nucleotide polymorphism of the CSN3 gene on amino acid and mineral composition of the milk of the Holstein cows. The object of research is Holstein cows (n=100; age - 4-5 years). The elemental composition of milk was estimated according to 25 chemical elements (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, Hg, Sr, V, Zn) by ICP AES and ICP MS. The amino acid composition of milk (arginine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, hiscidin, leucine-isoleucine, methionine, valine, proline, threonine, serine, alanine, glycine) was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a cation exchange analyzer (Knauer, Germany) and subsequent post-column derivatization with ninhydrin. Single nucleotide polymorphism of the K-casein gene was determined by PCR analysis in whole blood samples. The distribution of animals according to the genotypes of the K-casein gene locus was as follows: AA–51 heads, BB–38 heads; AB–11 goals. The results of the studies showed that the milk of cows with the AA genotype in relation to the AB and BB genotypes contained more lysine (g/100 g of protein) by 5.4 and 8.6 (Р≤0.05)%, methionine - 6.8 (Р≤0.05) and 9.2% (Р≤0.05), arginine - by 4.7 and 10% (Р≤0.05). In the milk of animals with the AA genotype, greater (Р≤0.05) concentrations of essential elements (Se, Ca, P, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mg) and minimal (Р≤0.05) concentrations of toxic elements Pb and Cd towards cows with AB and BB genotypes. The milk of animals with the AB genotype contained the maximum amount of Sr and V with a significant difference (Р≤0.05) to the BB genotype. Thus, it can be concluded that the elemental and amino acid compositions of milk are significantly interrelated by CSN3 gene polymorphism.
PSX-B-12 Effect of Locust Bean gum on Gene Expression in cow Blood
Authors: Mulakala Bharath , Mulumebet Worku
Published: September 2022

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan extracted from the seeds for use as a food thickener and stabilizer and is claimed to have applications in the biopharmaceutical field. The possible immunomodulatory effects of LBG have been studied in cell lines. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of LBG on the expression of genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in cow blood. Blood was collected from (n=3) clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows from the North Carolina A&T State University Dairy Unit. Whole blood (1 mL) from three cows was treated individually with 10 ng/mL of LBG (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO) or maintained in PBS, incubated at 37ºC for 30 minutes. Total RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed, and real-time PCR was carried out using the RT2 Profiler human Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses PCR Array containing 84 genes, as recommended by the manufacturer (Qiagen). The Livak method was used to calculate fold change (FC >2 considered significant). The analysis showed that 40 genes out of 84 genes were affected by treatment with LBG. Among 40 genes, 4 were upregulated, and 17 genes were downregulated. The highest up-regulated and down-regulated genes following exposure to LBG were Metaxin 1(MX1) and Recombination activation gene 1 (RAG1) respectively. The MX1 gene, which encodes a protein located on the outer membrane of mitochondria, is a component of the mitochondrial protein translocation apparatus. The RAG-1 gene is involved in the activation of immunoglobulin V-D-J recombination and immune homeostasis. Thus, gums may have bioactive roles in cow blood. The observed differential effects seen have implications for the function of the molecules examined possible epigenetic regulation of V(D)J recombination and potential for dietary modulation of animal health using gums and dietary fiber and warrant further study.
PSX-B-9 A Nanotechnology Base Immunity Measurement (D2Dx) Compared with Total Serum Protein Concentration Using Neonatal Holstein Bull Calves
Authors: Casper David P
Published: September 2022

The D2Dx immunity test (Nano Discovery Inc.) is a nanotechnology-based assay for quantifying the immune responses to foreign pathogens. In contrast, the measurement of total serum protein (TSP) concentration is used to determine the passive immunity status of neonatal calves. Inadequate colostrum feeding increases the risk of calves having increase disease challenges thereby reducing growth performance and possibly death. Our operation routinely sources 2- to 5-day old Holstein bull calves from numerous Wisconsin sale barns for evaluating nutritional programs and feed additives. The study objective was to compare the D2Dx immunity test with TSP concentration for evaluating the immunity and status of passive immunity of calves. Two 2021 calf studies conducted during summer and fall consisting of 160 total calves (80 calves per study) had 8-10 mL blood samples collected via jugular puncture within 1 day of arrival. Blood serum was immediately analyzed for TSP concentrations using a digital refractometer. Samples were then frozen and later thawed to room temperature for collecting D2Dx measurements. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated using SAS version 9.4. The D2Dx test was highly correlated with TSP concentrations (r = 0.61, P < 0.01) across both studies indicating the D2Dx test can be used to assess status of passive immunity. The correlation coefficient did vary by study ranging from r = 0.54 (P < 0.01) for summer sourced calves to r = 0.65 (P < 0.01) for fall sourced calves. Average daily gains (ADG) were less (P < 0.01) for summer compared with fall sourced calves (0.692 and 0.853 kg/d for summer and fall, respectively). There was little correlation between passive immunity measurements (D2Dx and TSP) with ADG (r = < -0.04, P > 0.10). The D2Dx test can be used to assess transfer success or failure of passive immunity in neonatal Holstein bull calves.
PSX-B-17 Effects of Enzymatic and Microbial Supplements on Shedding of E. Coli and Salmonella During the pre-Harvest Finishing Period in Growing Lambs
Authors: Krueger Lucas A , Hafla Aimee , Spangler David
Published: September 2022

Effects of enzymatic and microbial feed supplements on fecal pathogen shedding were tested in a 2×2 factorial, randomized complete block design, where the experimental unit (n = 20) was a pen of 3 lambs. Lambs were blocked (i =10) by weight and then randomly assigned within block to phase 1 treatments of control (C) or a feed enzyme product (E). Upon acclimation to diet, pens were treated daily in feed as E (1.1 g per animal of Maximiser-Ex; Agri-King, Inc.), or control (C) for 76 days. After phase 1, pens were randomly assigned into phase 2 within block to new treatments comprised of control (C) or a direct fed microbial product (DFM; Tri-Lution; Agri-King, Inc.). Phase 2 treatments were supplemented daily at 16 g per animal for 16 d. After 2 d, lambs were gavaged with 10^8 CFU of a non-shiga-toxin-producing, novobicin-resistant and tellurite-resistant E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43888). Stool samples were collected prior to gavage and on d 1, 2, 7, 9, and 14 after gavage. Samples were pooled within pen and analyzed for E. coli O157:H7 on selective media with novobicin and tellurite, total Salmonella, and total coliform bacteria. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and means were separated by Tukey HSD test. Pens supplemented with E during phase 1 demonstrated significantly decreased (P < 0.05) total coliform bacteria in stool enumerated prior to gavage. E. coli O157:H7 was decreased significantly (P < 0.01) by main effect of DFM treatment. Logarithmic differences between DFM and C treatments were >4.0 on d 2 post-gavage and persisted significantly through d 14. Shedding of Salmonella CFU was not affected. Findings demonstrate that enzymatic and microbial treatments decreased shedding of pathogenic bacteria in stool.
PSXIV-7 Physiological Responses to Caprine Coccidiosis During a 100-Year Rain Even in Oklahoma: An Opportunistic Case Study with Implications for Climate Change and Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: McCallum Malcolm L , Tilahun Yonathan , Quijada-Pinango Jessica , Wang Zaisen
Published: September 2022

The interaction between inclement weather and disease acquisition is a long-recognized relationship. In the case of coccidiosis, a parasitic infestation of the intestines, wet weather is known to promote incidences in livestock. Our opportunistic investigation took place at Langston University’s American Institute for Goat Research (Langston, Oklahoma). It tracks the response of 38 hematalogical variables to coccidiosis in goats during a 100-year rain event in Oklahoma. Six variables increased significantly as days on pasture rose (P = 0.001 – 0.031). Further, creatine (P = 0.059), hematocrit (HCT; P = 0.054) and lymphocyte count (P = 0.053) were marginally related to days on pasture. Twenty-Seven measurements changed significantly (each with P < 0.01). Our results suggest a potentially patterned response of blood chemistries that may be developed into a clinical tool in the future. Further, these provide warnings for producers of the risks for animal health associated with growing incidences of excessively wet weather related to climate change.
PSI-8 Digestible Energy and Metabolizable Energy Prediction Using Chemical Composition of Feces with no Dietary Information
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Jongkeon , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: September 2022

The objective of the present study was to develop prediction equations for digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in swine diets based on chemical compositions of feces with no dietary information. A total of 262 fecal samples obtained from growing pigs fed 27 diets from 4 experiments were used. The diets were based mainly on corn, soybean meal, and other plant-originated feed ingredients. In the digestibility experiments, feces and urine were quantitatively collected using the marker-to-marker procedure. The diet and fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein, ash, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Digestible energy in the 27 diets ranged from 2,907 to 4,374 kcal/kg DM and ME ranged from 2,774 to 3,983 kcal/kg DM. Fecal ash was positively correlated with DE (r = 0.81, P < 0.001) and ME (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) whereas fecal NDF was negatively correlated with DE (r = –0.66, P < 0.001) and ME (r = –0.74, P < 0.001). The energy prediction equations developed using fecal chemical components were: energy digestibility = 88.1 + 0.37 × ash – 0.28 × NDF (R2 = 0.57, P < 0.001); DE (kcal/kg DM) = 3,604 + 32.8 × ash – 11.1 × NDF (R2 = 0.71, P < 0.001); and ME (kcal/kg DM) = 4,077 + 15.7 × ash – 18.1 × NDF (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.001) where chemical components are expressed as % DM. In conclusion, energy digestibility, DE values, and ME values in swine diets are correlated with fecal ash and NDF concentrations and the energy values can be predicted using fecal ash and NDF concentrations without dietary information.
PSI-16 Effects of Melatonin on Physiological Parameters, Chute and Exit Scores in Beef Calves Exposed to Summer Heat Stress
Authors: Zakari Friday , Samuel Felix , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Omontese Bobwealth O
Published: September 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), growth hormone (GH), chute (CS) and exit scores (ES) in beef calves exposed to heat stress during the summer. A total of twenty (20) eight months old calves divided into 2 groups were used for the study: melatonin group (MEL, n = 10) received 24mg of melatonin, once every 28 days, and control group (CON, n = 10) did not receive any subcutaneous melatonin implant. The effect of melatonin on RT, RR, HSP 70, GH, chute (CS) and ES were evaluated biweekly (Day 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70). The mean ambient temperature (AT) 24.00 ± 0.21°C, relative humidity (RH) 81.60 ± 0.76 % and temperature-humidity index (THI) 89.97 ± 0.70 recorded during the study were above the normal range reported for calves. The biweekly fluctuation of weight gain (WG) in MEL were higher than the CON. The mean RT (39.40 ± 0.06°C), RR (62.57 ± 1.15 cpm), CS (1.13 ± 0.04) and ES (1.5 ± 0.09) in the MEL group were lower (P < 0.05) than the corresponding values of 40.10 ± 0.06°C, 71.53 ± 1.59 cpm, 1.40 ± 0.07 and 1.80 ± 0.10 in the CON group. The biweekly variations in RT, RR, CS, ES, HSP 70 were lower (P < 0.05) in the MEL than the CON. Growth hormone concentrations were higher at D56 and 70 in MEL compared to the CON. Our results demonstrated that MEL ameliorates heat stress during the summer by lowering RT, RR, CS, and ES of beef heifers during the study period. In addition, melatonin influenced the biweekly variation in WG, RT, RR, CS, ES, HSP 70 and GH of heifers during the study period.
PSI-11 Effect of Garlic Barrier on Fecal egg Count and Protein Secretion in Goats
Authors: Jagana Sowmya , Inupala Sreenavya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md Rasel
Published: September 2022

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of garlic on egg counts and secretion of Galectins (Gals) in goat blood. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used as medicinal herb since time immemorial in almost every known civilization. It has antibiotic, anti-helminthic and anti-inflammatory properties. Galectins (Gals) are a family of β-galactosidase binding proteins that have a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. They are involved in cell adhesion, migration, activation, proliferation, apoptosis and modulate pathological processes such as inflammation. Twelve (N=12) adult female clinically healthy Boer x Spanish goats were divided into two treatment groups (N=6 each) used. Treatment group 1 was drenched with 10 ml of Garlic barrier as recommended by the manufacturer (Garlic Barrier, Glendale, CA) and Treatment group 2 was drenched with water over a four-week period. Fecal and blood samples were collected weekly. Eggs per gram was evaluated using Modified McMaster method and the total plasma protein concentration was assessed using the BCA assay (Pierce). All variables were assessed using a t-test (SAS analysis software version 9.0 at p≤0.05). Garlic treatment affected the fecal egg count and plasma protein concentration when compared to untreated controls. The fecal egg count was reduced in animals treated with garlic. The effect varied over time. Garlic EPG in weeks 1 (p<0.004) and 3 (p<0.027) of treatment. A significant increase in total protein concentration (p<0.004) was observed. Garlic treatment has an effect on GIN levels and the inflammatory response. The time dependent effects may indicate parasite, infection stage specific targets and need further study.
PSI-7 Differential Effects of Garlic on the Secretion of Structurally Different Galectins in Sheep Blood
Authors: Inupala Sreenavya , Jagana Sowmya , Pande Priyanka , Uzzaman Md Rasel , Mulumebet Worku
Published: September 2022

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of garlic treatment on structurally different Gals 1(Prototype), Gal 3 (chimera type), and Gal 9 (tandem-repeat type) secretion in sheep blood. St Croix sheep are parasite-resistant sheep useful for sustainable animal production. Producers seek to improve animal health and performance. Garlic (Allium sativum) and its derivatives are eco-friendly non-antibiotic growth-promoting dietary supplements. Garlic lectins have immune-modulatory effects that could interfere with animal lectins. Galectins (Gals) are a family of animal lectins that bind β-galactosides. Secreted Gals modulate pathological processes and immunity. A survey of (N=20) St Croix sheep was conducted to evaluate indicators of health and performance. Four clinically healthy female St Croix sheep (n=4) were used. Bodyweight (lb.), FAMACHA©, body condition score, blood, and fecal samples were collected. Blood was treated (37C for 30 min) with fresh Garlic (Herbal Roots CAs) at the following concentrations 0, 1, 10, 50,100 µg/ml PBS. Total plasma protein concentration was analyzed using BCA assay and secretion of Galectins 1,3 and 9 was determined using commercial ELISA(MY BIOSOURCE). All variables were analyzed using the statistical analysis software package SAS version 9.4(SAS Institute, Cary, NC) p≤0.05. Health indicators varied among sheep and no correlations were observed. The dose of garlic used and animal genetics had a variable effect. At 10ug/ml garlic increased concentration of total plasma protein (7%), Gal 1, 3(50% above control), and Gal-9 has no significant effect. concentration at 50 and 100 µg/ml garlic decreased all indicators. Galectin secretion was modulated by garlic treatment. There was a differential effect on the structurally distinct Gal types. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of Garlic on Gal mediated functions in St Croix sheep immunity and possible effects that can impact pathogenesis.
PSIII-4 Evaluating Potential Interactive Effects of the IGF2 Intron3 g.3072a Substitution and Myostatin Loss-of-Function on Growth in Mice
Authors: Chen Xuenan , Dilger Anna , Beever Jonathan
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated potential interactions between the Igf2 g.3072G >A mutation that increases IGF2 expression and Mstn loss-of-function (LOF) mutation on muscle and whole-body growth in mice. Mice (4 males, 4 females) from each of four genotypes were used including wild-type (WT, Mstnwt, Igf2Gpat), Mstn null (MN, Mstn-/-, Igf2Gpat), Igf2 intron3 g.3072A substitution (IGF2, Mstnwt, Igf2Apat), mice with both mutations (MI, Mstn-/-, Igf2Apat). Body weight (BW) was recorded weekly from 35-63d of age. At 63 ± 2d, mice were sacrificed and dissected. Muscle cell number, size and type was determined by immunohistochemistry from the tibialis anterior muscle. Data were analyzed as a 2x2x2 factorial with the main effects of Mstn status, Igf2 status, sex, and all interactions. At 49 and 56d of age, the Igf2 mutation increased body weight of mice by 8% (P< 0.05), while Mstn LOF increased BW by 13-20% (P< 0.05). At 63d of age, both main effects and interactions of Igf2 and Mstn were significant (P< 0.05). BW of MI mice was increased 34% compared with WT mice while BW of IGF2 was only numerically increased (4%, P>0.05) and weight of MN was increased (P< 0.05) 18%. This synergistic effect of Igf2 and Mstn mutations (P≤0.14) was also observed for increased carcass, gastrocnemius, heart, liver, and kidney weights. Mstn LOF consistently decreased (P≤0.02) fat pad weights. The effect of the Igf2 mutation on fat pad weight was mixed and did not interact with Mstn effects. Femur weight was unchanged by either mutation but was reduced (P< 0.01) in Mstn null mice as a percentage of BW. Mstn LOF promoted both muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy and increased type IIB fiber percentage (P< 0.05), but Igf2 mutation only promoted muscle hypertrophy (P< 0.05). These data suggest the Igf2 G >A mutation promoted skeletal muscle and organ growth more effectively in the absence of Mstn in mice.
PSIII-10 Modified-Live Virus Respiratory Vaccines and Bovine Respiratory Disease Influence the Respiratory Microbiome of Cattle
Authors: McAtee Taylor , Powledge Sherri , Pinnell Lee , Morley Paul , Richeson John T
Published: September 2022

Modified-live virus (MLV) respiratory vaccines are commonly administered to beef cattle upon arrival in feedlots to prevent bovine respiratory disease (BRD) but their impact on respiratory microbial communities is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of intranasal and parenteral MLV vaccination and health status on the respiratory microbiome of feedlot cattle with a high-risk of BRD. Crossbred beef calves were blocked by truckload and stratified by arrival body weight, sex, and ranch tag status. Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: no vaccination, intranasal MLV, or parenteral MLV. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected on d 0 and 28, and upon treatment for BRD. A subset of these samples (n=600) was selected from an equal number of healthy and morbid cattle among vaccine treatment groups. Additionally, all chronically ill cattle and mortalities were selected for sequencing. After DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract. The overall composition of respiratory tract microbial communities in all treatment groups was similar to previously described respiratory communities. Members of the families Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasmataceae , which include common respiratory pathogens (Mannheimia, Pasteurella, Histophilus, Mycoplasma), were prevalent in all communities. However, the proportions of these important taxa differed between cattle that developed BRD and cattle that remained healthy. Morbid cattle had lower (P< 0.05) phylum members Proteobacteria and higher (P< 0.05) Tenericutes than cattle that remained healthy. Cattle that received an intranasal vaccine had a higher (P< 0.05) abundance of Proteobacteria and lower (P< 0.05) abundance of Tenericutes compared to both control and parenteral cattle. Results indicate that intranasal vaccination had a significant impact on respiratory microbial communities, while parenteral vaccination did not. These results add to our understanding of the impacts of MLV vaccination on the health and productivity of feedlot cattle.
PSIII-8 Evaluation of Reproductive Efficiency of Holstein Nulliparous Heifers Carrying the Slick1 Mutation of the Prolactin Receptor (Prlr) Gene
Authors: Carmickle Allie T , Denicol Anna C
Published: September 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the reproductive performance of Holstein nulliparous heifers carrying the SLICK1 mutation and half-sisters not carrying the mutation. Heifers were born between November and March of 2020 to two Holstein sires heterozygous for the dominant SLICK1 allele and raised in four dairy farms in the San Joaquin and the Tulare basins of the California Central Valley. Heifers were bred from January to September of 2021 according to farm protocols. Data were obtained via farm records and analyzed with the MIXED and LOGISTIC procedures of SAS; proportions were obtained via the FREQ procedure. Models included the fixed effects of genotype, sire, and farm; animal was considered a random effect. Response variables included overall pregnancy rate, age at first breeding, services per conception, pregnancy rate to first insemination, calving rate and pregnancy length. As shown in Table 1, pregnancy and calving rates were similar between slick and non-slick heifers. Overall, services per conception were similar between slick and non-slick heifers (1.8±0.2 and 2±0.2 services for slick and non-slick heifers, respectively; P = 0.3); however, pregnancy to first service tended to be greater in slick heifers (P = 0.07). Age at first breeding was not affected by genotype or sire, but there was an effect of farm due to one dairy starting the breeding program at an older heifer age. Pregnancy length tended to be longer for slick heifers (P = 0.08). This is the first study to evaluate the reproductive performance of slick Holstein females, although it is limited in sample size. Results indicate that the presence of the SLICK1 allele could provide an advantage to reproductive efficiency of Holstein heifers by improving the rate of pregnancy to first service. The authors thank the participating dairy farms. Support: Holstein Association USA Research Grant Program.
PSIII-16 The Influence of Olive Byproduct Supplementation on American Wagyu Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Tangredi Briana V , Loh Huey Yi , Thorndyke Meghan P , de Bisneto Octavio Almeida Guimaraes , Hallmark Harrison D , Chek Erlene , Garcia Gabriel , Bigliardi Michaella R , Gifford Ryan J , Vautier Allison N , Osborne Devin , Engle Jerica A , Zuchegno Sophie M , Athens Courtney M , Gallop Sally R , Zuvich Miranda L , Miller Alexandra C , Engle Terry E
Published: September 2022

Eighty-three American Wagyu steers (725 ±10.7 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of olive byproduct supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. We hypothesized that with supplementation of olive byproduct would improve feedlot performance and longissimus muscle intramuscular fat composition. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet (basal ration with no olive byproduct) + 1 kg of supplemental cracked corn per animal per day, or 2) Control diet + 1 kg of supplemental olive byproduct per animal per day. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (n=4 steers/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.4% DM, 14.3% CP; 74.8% TDN, 1.16 Mcal/kg NEg, 5.3% crude fat). Diets were delivered to pens, once daily, in the morning in amounts to allow ad libitum access to feed over a 24 h period. Olive byproduct and cracked corn were top-dressed to the appropriate treatment pens immediately after delivery of the basal ration. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 d throughout the 177 d experiment. Equal numbers of steers per treatment were slaughtered throughout the experiment and carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.) for a randomized complete block design. Steers receiving olive byproduct had a lower final BW (P < 0.01) when compared to steers receiving the control diet. Longissimus muscle long chain fatty acids C18:1 and C:22:0 were greater (P < 0.05) and C18:0 lesser (P < 0.05) in controls when compared to steers supplemented with olive byproduct. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding olive byproduct reduced final BW and had minimal impacts on longissimus muscle fatty acid composition.
PSIII-17 Transcriptome Response of Granulosa Cells to Seasonal Heat Stress in Beef Cows
Authors: Joyce Kamryn , Gad Ahmed , Menjivar Nico G , Heredia Daniella C , Rojas Camila Santos , Tesfaye Dawit , Gonella Angela M
Published: September 2022

Investigation of cellular responses to thermal heat stress can lead to identifying novel targets of intervention to tackle the increasing fertility decline due to climate change-associated seasonal heat stress. We aimed to study the response of granulosa cells to seasonal thermal stress. Dry beef cows (n=11) were kept together during the study and subjected to synchronization and stimulation for follicular dynamics. Ovum pick-up (OPU) was conducted on all animals in the winter and summer. Once OPU-fluid settled, cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) and granulosa cells were isolated form the OPU fluid and stored in a -80 freezer after snap freezing. In addition, blood samples and rectal temperature data were collected on each OPU. Environmental data were collected daily three weeks before each OPU using the Florida Automated Weather Network. Data was analyzed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. RNA was extracted from five pools of granulosa cells followed by library preparation and sequencing (NovaSeq; Illumina). As expected, environmental conditions were contrasting: average air temperature (11.5°C vs. 27.5°C), average max air temperature (16.9°C vs. 33.7°C), relative humidity (83.5% vs. 82.3%), and temperature-humidity index (53.39 vs. 79.16) for winter and summer, respectively. Average rectal temperature was higher (P = 0.03) in summer (39.2 ± 0.2°C) than winter (38.8 ± 0.2°C). Of the total differentially expressed genes, granulosa cells during summer showed up and down regulation of 971 and 1038 transcripts, respectively compared to the winter season (Fold Change ≤ -2 or ≥ 2 and FDR p-value ≤ 0.05). Those upregulated transcripts are found to be involved in cell cycle and division, regulation of cell death, steroid biosynthesis, progesterone mediated oocyte maturation and oocyte meiosis pathways. In conclusion, exposure of cows to thermal stress can induce significant alteration in transcriptome of granulosa cells which may have negative impact on follicular physiology.
PSIII-2 The Microrna Profile of day 30 Pregnant Ipsilateral or non-Pregnant Bovine Uterus
Authors: Amiss Erin M , McCarty Keelee J , Pratt Scott L , Long Nathan M
Published: September 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been used as biomarkers for various health issues and physiological states, and could be utilized as a tool to detect pregnancy loss. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in miRNA abundance between pregnant and non-pregnant uteri of cows at day 30 post-insemination. Uterine samples were collected from pregnant (n = 4) and non-pregnant (n = 4) cows, and snap frozen in liquid N2. Isolation of uterine RNA was performed using the mirVANA kit and RNA quantification and quality assessed. Eight libraries were generated (4 biological replicates per group) and subjected to RNAseq procedures and bioinformatic analysis by LC Sciences (Houston, TX, USA). Raw sequence data were analyzed using the ACGT101-miR program (LC Sciences, Houston, TX) removing extraneous sequence information. The remaining sequences ranging in size for 18 to 26 nucleotides were mapped to known bovine miRNA sequences (miRbase 22.1) and the bovine genome. Significant and differentially abundant miRNAs were analyzed using normalized deep sequencing counts and were subjected to ANOVA (P < 0.05). There were 55 significant (P < 0.05) differentially abundant microRNAs of which 35 were upregulated in open samples and 20 were upregulated in pregnant samples. Target prediction was performed using TargetScan for differentially abundant miRNA. Functional enrichment analysis of the miRNA target genes was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID 2021). Gene targets were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. The top 5 KEGG pathways across all significant and differentially abundant miRNAs were pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, human papillomavirus infection, and metabolic pathways. These results show that there is variation in the abundance of miRNAs between pregnant and open cows at day 30 post-insemination.
PSIV-A-9 Effect of Three Different Initial Implant Programs on Beef×Dairy Steer Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Wesley Kaitlyn R , Word Alyssa B , Holland Ben P , Karr Kendall J , Hutcheson John P , Walter Lee-anne J , Johnson Bradley J
Published: September 2022

Increased prevalence of beef×dairy cattle at finishing has left producers searching for ways to optimize performance though growth-promoting technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate timing and dosage of trenbolone acetate (TBA) administration on live and carcass outcomes of beef×dairy steers. Beef×dairy steers (n = 6,895; initial body weight = 156±5.2kg) were allotted into 30 pens, with pen as the experimental unit. Pens were assigned one of three implant treatments: 1) Revalor-IS (IS) at d0, IS at d80, and Revalor-XS (XS) at d160 (IS/IS/XS); 2) Ralgro at d0, IS at d80, and XS at d160 (Ral/IS/XS); 3) Encore at d0 and XS at d160 (Enc/XS). Steers were blocked by arrival date, each pen was terminally sorted after d250, and shipped at 329 ± 25d. For live outcomes, effects of implant treatment and block were evaluated. For carcass outcomes, effects of implant treatment, terminal sort group, interaction of treatment×sort, and block were evaluated. IS/IS/XS and Ral/IS/XS were heavier (P< 0.001) than Enc/XS steers at d160. Final body weight was numerically increased for IS/IS/XS, but not statistically different (P=0.15). Bullers decreased from IS/IS/XS to Ral/IS/XS to Enc/XS (P< 0.001). Dry matter consumption increased (P< 0.01) from Enc/XS to IS/IS/XS. Average daily gain and feed efficiency were similar (P≥0.11). Hot carcass weight numerically increased (P=0.30) for IS/IS/XS compared to Enc/XS steers. Dressed yield, heavy carcasses, and 12th rib fat thickness were similar (P≥0.16). Marbling score differed (P=0.04), and Enc/XS graded a greater proportion of USDA Prime and fewer USDA Select carcasses than IS/IS/XS (P< 0.05). Fewer Enc/XS and Ral/IS/XS tended (P=0.07) to be yield grade (YG) 3, with numerically more YG 1 and 2 carcasses than IS/IS/XS. While delaying administration of aggressive implants may improve quality grade and decrease bullers, few performance differences were observed as a result of initial implant.
PSIV-A-8 Development of Automated Computer Vision Systems for Evaluating Dairy cow Body Weight and Body Condition Scores
Authors: Bi Ye , Kadlec Robert , Castro Kayla , Indest Sam , Amorim Sabrina , Morota Gota
Published: September 2022

Animal dimensions are important indicators for monitoring the growth rates, diet efficiency, and health status of animals. A computer vision system is one of the recently emerging precision livestock farming technologies to overcome the previously unresolved challenges pertaining to labor and cost. It is common practice to collect top-view depth images for evaluating body mass or conformation traits. However, in the depth image data acquisition process, some manual interventions are often involved for controlling a camera from a laptop computer or detailed steps for automated data collection are not described. The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of automated top-view dairy cow depth data collection methods using the picture- and video-based methods. Both methods automatically performed animal detection, trigger recording, capture depth data, and stop recording. The depth sensor camera was mounted 2.74 m above the ground over a free walk-through path between the milking parlor and feeding area. A total of 150 Holsteins and 100 Jersey cows were evaluated. A pixel location that depth is monitored was set up as a point-of-interest. The picture-based method takes the only pre-determined number of frames instead, while the video-based method takes a sequence of frames as a video. More than 90% of cows were successfully captured in both picture- and video-based methods. The success rate further improved to 98% when the video-based method was combined with the infrared cut lens. Overall, the video-based method yielded more accurate results for collecting depth data on cows. However, the picture-based method can be improved by increasing the number of pictures taken. We also discuss the utility of the developed automated system for evaluating body weight and body condition scores.
PSIV-A-11 Effects of Supplementing Extruded Dried Distillers' Grains Cubes to Stocker Cattle Grazing Introduced Pastures on Subsequent Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Adams Jordan , Tedeschi Luis O , Beck Paul A
Published: September 2022

This research evaluated the effects of supplementing extruded dried distillers’ grains (DDG) cubes to grazing steers on subsequent finishing performance and carcass characteristics. Steers (n = 140) grazed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)/bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures from 14 April to 17 September 2020 with supplementation treatments (n = 3 pastures/treatment) that included: 1) Fertilized Control (FC), no supplementation on N fertilized pastures (112 kg N/ha); 2) Fertilized Supplement (FS), supplemented DDG cubes at 2.9 kg/d prorated for 3-d/wk feeding on N fertilized pastures; and 3) Supplement (S), supplemented DDG cubes at 0.75% of BW/d prorated for 5-d/wk feeding on unfertilized pastures. All animals were followed through the finishing phase in a commercial feedyard to investigate carryover effects on feedlot performance in 2 pens comingled across supplemental treatment. Carcass characteristics were evaluated via ultrasonography on d0 and d84 of finishing, and measurements were obtained at harvest. Feed DMI were segregated to individual animals according to Guiroy et al. (2001) and Tedeschi and Fox (2020b). Supplemented animals were heavier (P < 0.01) at feedlot entry than FC, but harvest BW did not differ (P = 0.23). However, S and FS required 37 fewer days on feed (P = 0.01) than FC. Supplementation on pasture reduced total feed required (P = 0.02) and feed costs (P = 0.01) relative to FC. Gains were greater (P = 0.02) for FC and FS than S from d0 to d84, but did not differ thereafter (P ≥ 0.15). At harvest, FC had the greatest dressing percent (P < 0.01) and lower yielding carcasses than FS (P = 0.01), but did not differ (P = 0.11) from S. Overall, extruded DDG cube supplementation during grazing did not negatively affect subsequent feedlot performance or carcass characteristics, but reduced the total feed required for finishing.
PSIV-A-12 Effects of Treating Primary Bovine Satellite Cells Cultures Inducted to Differentiate with Steroid Hormones, Zinc or Manganese on Creatine Kinase Activity
Authors: Alberto Anthony F , Motsinger Laura A , Hansen Stephanie L , Thornton Kara J , Brown Bailee
Published: September 2022

Anabolic implants containing estradiol (E2) and trenbolone acetate (TBA) promote skeletal muscle growth by increasing protein synthesis of primary bovine satellite cells (BSC). Recent data indicate skeletal muscle growth induced by anabolic implants may be positively augmented by trace mineral (TM) supplementation. Currently, the effects that E2, TBA or TM have on differentiation of primary BSC cultures is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether BSC differentiation is altered when cultures are treated with E2, TBA, zinc (Zn) or manganese (Mn). Primary BSC were grown to 80% confluency and treated (n=2) with 3% horse serum (CON), 10 nM TBA, 10 nM E2, 10 nM TBA and 10 nM E2, or 0.05, 0.10 or 0.25 μM of Mn, or 10, 20 or 40 μM of Zn. Creatine kinase activity was measured at 0, 24 and 72 h post-treatment to assess BSC differentiation. Creatine kinase is a muscle specific enzyme that is upregulated during satellite cell differentiation. A series of contrasts were constructed to compare CON and treated cultures at each time point. Creatine kinase activity increased (P< 0.05) over time indicating all cultures were differentiating. There was no difference (P >0.10) between the CON and any of the treatments at either 0 or 24 h post-differentiation. Treatment with 10 nM TBA increased (P=0.03) creatine kinase activity at 72 h compared to CON cultures. However, treatment with Zn, Mn, E2 or E2 and TBA did not have an effect (P >0.15) on BSC differentiation as measured by creatine kinase activity. This preliminary data indicates TBA might increase BSC differentiation, but further experiments are needed to validate this finding. Further, additional research analyzing the impacts of Zn and Mn in the presence of different steroid hormones is warranted to better understand the relationship that exists between steroid hormones and TM.