bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binding of low molecular mass compounds to proteins studied by liquid chromatographic techniques
Authors: Cserháti Tibor , Forgács Esther , Deyl Zdenek , Miksik Iran , Echardt Adam
Published: September 2003

The newest achievements in the application of miscellaneous liquid chromatographic techniques such as size‐exclusion, ion‐exchange and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and thin‐layer chromatography for the elucidation of the various aspects of the binding of ligands to proteins are compiled and brieﬂy discussed. Examples of employment in pharmaceutical and clinical chemistry, drug design, enzyme kinetic studies and environmental protection are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple method for the determination of rosiglitazone in human plasma using a commercially available internal standard
Authors: Mamidi Rao N. V. S. , Benjamin Biju , Ramesh Mullangi , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: September 2003

To the best of our knowledge, bioanalytical methods to determine rosiglitazone in human plasma reported in literature use internal standards that are not commercially available. Our purpose was to develop a simple method for the determination of rosiglitazone in plasma employing a commercially available internal standard (IS). After the addition of celecoxib (IS), plasma (0.25 mL) samples were extracted into ethyl acetate. The residue after evaporation of the organic layer was dissolved in 750 µL of mobile phase and 50 µL was injected on to HPLC. The separation was achieved using a Hichrom KR 100, 250 × 4.6 mm C18 with a mobile phase composition potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (0.01 m, pH 6.5):acetonitrile:methanol (40:50:10, v/v/v). The ﬂow‐rate of the mobile phase was set at 1 mL/min. The column eluate was monitored by ﬂuorescence detector set at an excitation wavelength of 247 nm and emission wavelength of 367 nm. Linear relationships (r2 > 0.99) were observed between the peak area ratio rosiglitazone to IS vs rosiglitazone concentrations across the concentration range 5–1000 ng/mL. The intra‐run precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%Dev) in the measurement of rosiglitazone were <±10.69 and <−12.35%, respectively across the QC levels (50–1000 ng/mL). The extraction efﬁciency was >80% for both rosiglitazone and IS from human plasma. The lower limit of quantitation of the assay was 5 ng/mL. In summary, the methodology for rosiglitazone measurement in plasma was simple, sensitive and employed a commercially available IS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐cultural consumer socialization: An exploratory study of socialization influences across three ethnic groups
Authors: Singh Nitish , Kwon Ik‐Whan , Pereira Arun
Published: September 2003

According to the recent 2000 U.S. Census, the ethnic population in America reached almost 80 million people. However, there is limited research to show how ethnic consumers seek market information and how susceptible they are to different types of personal and media influences. An attempt is made in this study to present a cross‐cultural comparison of ethnic consumer socialization influences. The results of the study indicate that Asian American, Hispanic, and African American young adults significantly differ in their susceptibility to different socialization influences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of country of origin on pretrial and posttrial product evaluations: The moderating effect of consumer expertise
Authors: Chiou Jyh‐shen
Published: September 2003

This article examines the effect of country of origin on the pretrial expectation and the posttrial cognitive and affective attitudes when subjects possess different levels of product expertise. Two experiments with 2 (expert vs. novice) × 2 (Japan vs. Taiwan and Italy vs. Taiwan) factorial designs were conducted. One study was conducted on an unambiguous performance product; the other was conducted on an ambiguous performance product. The results showed that country of origin had an impact on the pretrial expectation in both the novice and expert group, regardless of the ambiguity of the product performance. However, the effects on posttrial attitudes were dissimilar between the expert group and the novice group. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of pallidotomy and levodopa on walking and reaching movements in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bastian Amy J. , Kelly Valerie E. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Mink Jonathan W.
Published: September 2003

We examined the effects of levodopa and unilateral pallidotomy on quantitative measures of walking and reaching in Parkinson's disease (PD). We also compared quantitative measures of movement with standard clinical rating scales. We used kinematic measures and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor subscale (subscale III) to evaluate the movement of 10 people with PD. Subjects were tested after withholding PD medications for at least 8 hours and again 30 to 45 minutes after taking the first morning dose of levodopa. They were studied in this manner before unilateral pallidotomy and then 3.5 to 10 months after surgery. The UPDRS motor subscale was performed in each state. Kinematic data were collected as subjects reached to a target and walked. The UPDRS motor subscale ratings were similar to those reported in the literature: pallidotomy improved the overall motor score and the contralateral bradykinesia + rigidity score, but not the gait + posture score. In contrast, kinematic measures demonstrated that levodopa and pallidotomy had different effects on walking and reaching speed. Both treatments improved walking speed, and the effect was additive. Levodopa improved reaching speed before pallidotomy but did not improve it as much after pallidotomy. Additionally, pallidotomy had inconsistent effects on reaching; some subjects were faster and others were slower. The subjects who initially reached more slowly improved after pallidotomy; the subjects who initially reached more normally (faster) worsened after pallidotomy. On the basis of our results, we speculate that basal ganglia output pathways that control walking and reaching may be distinct, such that bilateral projections to the pedunculopontine area influence walking, whereas ipsilateral thalamocortical projections influence reaching. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Free radical scavenging capacity and protective effect of Bacopa monniera L. on DNA damage
Authors: Russo Alessandra , Izzo Angelo A. , Borrelli Francesca , Renis Marcella , Vanella Angelo
Published: September 2003

Bacopa monniera L. (family Scrophulariaceae) (BM) is an Ayurvedic medicine, clinically used for memory enhancing, epilepsy, insomnia and as a mild sedative. In this work, the free radical scavenging capacity of a methanol extract of BM and the effect on DNA cleavage induced by H2O2 UV‐photolysis was investigated. In addition, we examined whether this plant extract is capable of reducing the hydrogen peroxide‐induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human non‐immortalized ﬁbroblasts. It showed a dose‐dependent free radical scavenging capacity and a protective effect on DNA cleavage. These results were conﬁrmed by a signiﬁcant protective effect on H2O2 – induced cytoxicity and DNA damage in human non‐immortalized ﬁbroblasts. The antioxidant capacity of BM may explain, at least in part, the reported antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition‐facilitating, antiinﬂammatory and antiaging effects produced by it in experimental animals and in clinical situations and may justify further investigation of its other beneﬁcial properties. Moreover, this experimental evidence suggests that because of its antioxidant activity, this Ayurvedic drug may be useful in the treatment of human pathologies in which free radical production plays a key role. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection of brain cells against AMPA‐induced damage by Asiasari radix extracts
Authors: Han Yong , Kwon Eun Hee , Kim Sung‐Jin
Published: September 2003

We determined whether Asiasari Radix (AR) extracts have protective actions in brain cells. Methanol extracts of Asiasari Radix (fraction 1) have signiﬁcant inhibitory effects on the AMPA‐induced rat cortical depolarization in the grease gap assay. In differentiated PC12 cells, it almost completely protected against AMPA‐induced cell death. In addition, it had some protective actions in C6 glial cells death induced by AMPA. The methanol extracts (fraction 1) of AR were subsequently fractionated into chloroform‐(fraction 2), chloroform/methanol‐(3:1) (fraction 3), methanol‐soluble (fraction 4) and methanol‐insoluble, water‐soluble fractions (fraction 5). Among these, fraction 4 had the strongest inhibitory effects against AMPA‐induced cell death in the PC 12 cells and also dramatically inhibited AMPA‐induced depolarization of rat brain cortex in the grease gap assay. Interestingly, fraction 4 blocked the Zn‐induced oxidative damages in C6 glial cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of alkylated benzoquinones from Maesa lanceolata
Authors: Muhammad Ilias , Takamatsu Satoshi , Walker Larry A. , Mossa Jaber S. , Fong Harry H. S. , El‐Feraly Farouk S.
Published: September 2003

The natural and semi‐synthetic analogs of substituted 1,4‐benzoquinones were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Maesanin, dihydromaesanin, maesanin dimethyl ether and isomeric mixtures of 3‐[(Z)‐10′‐pentadecenyl]‐benzoquinone derivatives exhibited cytotoxic activity against HL‐60 cell line (IC50 values 4.5, 2.2, 0.43 and 2.8 µg/mL, respectively), while it was found to be inactive against ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) generation in HL‐60. In contrast, the isomeric acylated benzoquinones with shorter alkyl substituents, namely, 2‐acetoxy‐5‐hydoxy‐6‐methyl‐3‐tridecyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone and 2‐hydoxy‐5‐acetoxy‐6‐methyl‐3‐tridecyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone showed most prominent antioxidant and antiproliferative effect on HL‐60 (IC50 values 6.2 and 2.2 µg/mL, respectively), as well as cytotoxicities against SK‐MEL, KB, BT‐549 and SK‐OV‐3 carcinomas (IC50 values <1.1–4.2 µg/mL). All benzoquinones were found to be inactive against cell aggregation and cell adhesion assays, thus showing no effect on immune responses and inﬂammation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, medicinal herb protects against neuronal cell damage after transient global ischemia in gerbils
Authors: Kim Hyeon‐Ju , Lee Seong‐Ryong , Moon Kwang‐Deog
Published: September 2003

Gastrodia elata (GE), a medicinal herb, has been used traditionally for the treatment of convulsive diseases such as epilepsy in oriental countries including South Korea and still occupies an important place in traditional medicine in Asia. We designed this study to examine whether the ether fraction of methanol extracts (EFME) of GE protects the hippocampal neuronal damage induced by transient global ischemia in a gerbil model. Gerbils were treated with the EFME of GE (200 or 500 mg/kg per day, p.o.) for 14 days before brain ischemia. The lower dose of EFME of GE failed to attenuate the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. However, the higher dose of EFME of GE attenuated the hippocampal neuronal damage in the CA1 region. The present results show that the EFME of GE has a protective effect against neuronal damage following global ischemia in gerbils. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐inﬂammatory effect of Solanum lycocarpum fruits
Authors: Vieira G. , Ferreira P. M. , Matos L. G. , Ferreira E. C. , Rodovalho W. , Ferri P. H. , Ferreira H. D. , Costa E. A.
Published: September 2003

The croton oil‐induced mouse ear oedema test, acetic acid‐induced abdominal writhing, and carrageenan‐induced peritonitis were used to study the anti‐inﬂammatory effects of the crude ethanol extract and its alkaloid fraction from Solanum lycocarpum fruits. The alkaloid fraction induced a dose‐dependent reduction in ear oedema formation and leukocyte migration, suggesting that S. lycocarpum fruits may contain steroidal alkaloids accounting for the anti‐inﬂammatory effect of the crude ethanol extract. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant flavan‐3‐ols and flavonol glycosides from Maytenus aquifolium
Authors: Corsino Joaquim , Silva Dulce Helena Siqueira , Zanoni Maria Valnice Boldrin , Bolzani Vanderlan da Silva , França Suzelei Castro , Pereira Ana Maria S. , Furlan Maysa
Published: September 2003

TLC autographic assay revealed, in the EtOAc extract obtained from leaves and root bark of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae), the presence of ﬁve compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties towards β‐carotene. They were isolated and identiﬁed as epigallocatechin (1), (+) ouratea‐catechin (2), proanthocyanidin (3), kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl (1→3)‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl (4) and quercetin 3‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl (1→3)‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl (5). The isolates were investigated for their redox properties using cyclic voltammetry and for their radical scavenging abilities through spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 2,2‐diphenyl‐pycryl hydrazyl (DPPH). These results were correlated to the inhibition of β‐carotene bleaching on TLC autographic assay and to structural features of the ﬂavonoids. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by lithospermic acid B isolated from radix Salviae miltiorrhiza Bunge
Authors: Kang Dae Gill , Oh Hyuncheol , Chung Hun Taeg , Lee Ho Sub
Published: September 2003

The roots of Salviae miltiorrhiza (RSM) have been traditionally used for treatment of hypertensive disease in China, Korea, and Japan. Bioassay guided fractionation and puriﬁcation as assayed by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assay resulted in the isolation of lithospermic acid B (LSB) as an active principle. The ACE plasma activities were signiﬁcantly inhibited by the addition of LSB in a dose‐dependent manner of which IC50 value was 86 µg/ml (120 µM). Moreover, angiotensin I‐induced contraction was markedly attenuated by prior exposure of endothelium‐intact aortic rings to LSB. These results suggest that RSM‐induced antihypertensive effect may be, at least in part, due to ACE inhibitory effect of LSB. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of curcumin and photo‐irradiated curcumin on circulatory lipids and lipid peroxidation products in alcohol and polyunsaturated fatty acid‐induced toxicity
Authors: Rukkumani R. , Balasubashini M. Sri , Menon Venugopal P.
Published: September 2003

Alcohol is a neurotoxin associated with signiﬁcant morbidity and mortality. Ethanol is found to induce a dose dependent increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The elevation in lipid peroxidative products and the loss of antioxidant defense potential are enhanced when alcohol is taken along with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) or heated PUFA. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of curcumin and photo‐irradiated curcumin on alcohol and PUFA induced LPO and lipid proﬁles in plasma. The levels of vitamin C and E were decreased signiﬁcantly in alcohol + raw as well as heated PUFA groups. The treatment with curcumin and photo‐irradiated curcumin (IC) increased their levels signiﬁcantly. The increase was more signiﬁcant in the IC group than the curcumin group. The levels of cholesterol, phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides (HP) were increased signiﬁcantly in alcohol + raw as well as heated PUFA groups and the treatment with curcumin and IC, brought back the levels. But the IC reduced the levels more signiﬁcantly than curcumin. Thus, our results indicate that IC is a more potent antioxidant than curcumin. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiangiogenic activity of Gardenia jasminoides fruit
Authors: Park Eun‐Hee , Joo Myung‐Hee , Kim Sun‐Hyoung , Lim Chang‐Jin
Published: September 2003

The ethanol extract of gardenia fruit (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis), a Chinese herbal medicine, and its successive hexane, ethyl acetate, n‐butanol and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their antiangiogenic activities using a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The n‐butanol fraction was found to be most effective in the antiangiogenic assay. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect of magnolol on tumour metastasis in mice
Authors: Ikeda Koji , Sakai Yoshimichi , Nagase Hisamitsu
Published: September 2003

It has previously been reported that magnolol, a phenolic compound isolated from Magnolia obovata, inhibited tumour cell invasion in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimetastatic effect of magnolol on tumour metastasis in vivo with experimental and spontaneous metastasis models and to clarify the mechanism. The antimetastatic effects of magnolol were evaluated by an experimental liver and spleen metastasis model using L5178Y‐ML25 lymphoma, or an experimental and spontaneous lung metastasis model using B16‐BL6 melanoma. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 2 or 10 mg/kg of magnolol signiﬁcantly suppressed liver and spleen metastasis or lung metastasis. As for the spontaneous lung metastasis model using B16‐BL6 melanoma, multiple i.p. administrations of 10 mg/kg of magnolol after and before tumour inoculation signiﬁcantly suppressed lung metastasis and primary tumour growth. In addition, magnolol signiﬁcantly inhibited B16‐BL6 cell invasion of the reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel, MG) without affecting cell growth. These data from the in vivo experiments suggest that magnolol possesses strong antimetastatic ability and that it may be a lead compound for drug development. The antimetastatic action of magnolol is considered to be due to its ability to inhibit tumour cell invasion. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Urtica dioica and Nigella sativa in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Türkdoğan M. K. , Ozbek H. , Yener Z. , Tuncer I. , Uygan I. , Ceylan E.
Published: September 2003

The role of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) (NS) and Urtica dioica L. was investigated (UD) in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver ﬁbrosis and cirrhosis. Fifty Sprague‐Dawley rats were allocated into ﬁve groups (I, IIA and B, IIIA and B) and CCl4 was injected biweekly to all groups. Group I (control, CCl4 only), group IIA and B (NS ﬁxed oil and volatile oil), group IIIA and B (UD ﬁxed oil and UD decoction extract) rats were killed at the end of week 12 and histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of liver tissues were performed. In the control group, coagulation necrosis and hydropic degeneration were marked in the periacinar regions (zone 3) associated with ﬁbrosis in the periacinar regions and in the portal tracts. In groups IIA–B and IIIA–B (NS and UD), none of the serious histopathological ﬁndings were detected except for sparse coagulation necrosis in the periacinar regions. ASMA‐positive perisinusoidal cells with myoﬁbroblastic transformation and lysosomal enzyme activity suggesting ﬁbrogenesis were also signiﬁcantly more common in the control group than in the NS and UD groups. UD and NS seem to be signiﬁcantly effective in the prevention of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii
Authors: Kumaran Asha M. , D'Souza Prashanth , Agarwal Amit , Bokkolla Rama Mohan , Balasubramaniam Murali
Published: September 2003

The essential oil of Cymbopogon martinii (palmrosa) and one of its main constituents geraniol were tested for anthelmintic activity (in vitro) employing the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Both the substances showed potent anthelmintic activity. The ED50 of geraniol was found to be 66.7 mcg/mL, suggesting geraniol as the putative anthelmintic principle of palmrosa oil. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of diuretic activity of the constituents of Clematis montevidensis Spreng. (Ranunculaceae) in rats
Authors: Álvarez M. E. , María A. O. M. , Villegas O. , Saad J. R.
Published: September 2003

The effects of Clematis montevidensis Spreng. (Ranunculaceae) on urinary excretion of water, sodium and potassium were investigated in rats loaded with isotonic saline solution. The data reported in the present work indicate that the infusions of the root and aerial part of Clematis montevidensis showed a moderate diuretic activity. This effect could be due, at least in part, to the presence of oleanolic acid isolated from this plant. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycyrrhizin ameliorates renal function defects in the early‐phase of ischemia‐induced acute renal failure
Authors: Kang Dae‐Gill , Sohn Eun‐Jin , Mun Yeun‐Ja , Woo Won‐Hong , Lee Ho‐Sub
Published: September 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glycyrrhizin administration (200 mg/kg/day) on renal function parameters in the early‐phase of ischaemia‐reperfusion induced acute renal failure (ARF) in rats. The present study showed that the urinary ﬂow rate in ischaemia‐ARF was signiﬁcantly increased in association with decreases in water balance, urinary sodium excretion and urine osomolality, which were partially restored by administration of glycyrrhizin. Both solute‐free water reabsorption (TcH2O) and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were signiﬁcantly decreased in rats subjected to ischaemia‐reperfusion for 72 h compared with the control. Histopathological examination of the kidneys from ARF rats at 72 h after release of the bilateral renal artery clamping, showed that the glomerulus, proximal tubules and distal tubules were severely disrupted and left a denuded basement membrane. When glycyrrhizin was administered in rat ARF for 72 h, Ccr reached almost 96% compared with that of the sham‐operated control rats and TcH2O was improved by 47% compared with that of the ischaemia‐ARF rats. The lesions in the glomerulus, proximal and distal tubule of the renal cortex were also restored by the administration of glycyrrhizin.

Taken together, glycyrrhizin administration ameliorates both renal function defects, especially the renal concentrating ability, and structural lesions in renal tissues in rats in the early‐phase of ischaemia‐ARF. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro cytotoxicity and antitumour properties of Hypericum mysorense and Hypericum patulum
Authors: Vijayan P , Kumar S. Vinod , Dhanaraj S. A. , Mukherjee P. K. , Suresh B.
Published: September 2003

The methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Hypericum mysorense and Hypericum patulum were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity on HEp‐2, RD and Vero cell lines and antitumour activity using DLA and HEp‐2 cell lines. The cell viability and morphological changes were assessed. Of these extracts, Hypericum patulum (stem) extract showed strong cytotoxicity against all the cell lines used. The CTC50 of the Hypericum patulum (stem) extract was 1.71 µg/mL for HEp‐2, 1.53 µg/mL for RD and 2.23 µg/mL for Vero cell lines. The Hypericum patulum (leaves) and Hypericum mysorense (aerial parts) extracts showed moderate cytotoxicity and Hypericum patulum (aerial parts) extract did not show any cytotoxicity up to 1000 µg/mL concentration. In the clonogenic assay, no colony formation was observed at a concentration of 300 µg/mL and above for Hypericum mysorense (aerial parts), 400 µg/mL and above for Hypericum patulum (leaves) and 500 µg/mL and above for Hypericum patulum (stem) extracts. In the short term antitumour studies using DLA cells, 50% viability was observed in the concentration range 100–200 µg/mL for Hypericum patulum (leaves and stem) and 200–400 µg/mL for Hypericum mysorense (aerial) extract. In the long term antitumour activity using the HEp‐2 cell line, no colony formation was observed over a concentration of 1.6 µg/mL for the Hypericum patulum (stem) extract. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant effect of flavonoids on DCF production in HL‐60 cells
Authors: Takamatsu Satoshi , Galal Ahmed M. , Ross Samir A. , Ferreira Daneel , ElSohly Mahmoud A. , Ibrahim Abdel‐Rahim S. , El‐Feraly Farouk S.
Published: September 2003

A ﬂuorometric microplate assay was performed for the detection of respiratory burst activity in a human leukaemia cell line HL‐60 by assessing oxidation of 2′,7′‐dichloroﬂuorescin diacetate (DCFH‐DA). This method is based on the detection of DCFH oxidation due to the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of a number of structurally related ﬂavonoids of plant origin and some of their microbial transformation products (1–18) were evaluated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro inhibitory effects of bergenin and norbergenin on bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase
Authors: Zhang Yong‐He , Fang Lian‐Hua , Lee Myung‐Koo , Ku Bao‐Shan
Published: September 2003

The aqueous extract of Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae) showed an inhibitory effect on bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamine. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of bergenin and norbergenin, constituents of the aqueous extract of Mallotus japonicus on bovine adrenal TH. Bergenin and norbergenin inhibited the TH activity by 29.0% and 53.4% at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, respectively, and exhibited noncompetitive inhibition of TH activity with the substrate l‐tyrosine. The inhibition of TH activity and the inhibitory effect of norbergenin was more potent than that of bergenin. From these results, it is presumed that bergenin and norbergenin may be the active components of Mallotus japonicus in inhibiting TH, and these inhibitory effects may be partially responsible for the clinical use of Mallotus japonicus in treating peptic ulcer by reducing the availability of dopa/dopamine in vivo. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐healing effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark
Authors: Kamath Jagadish V. , Rana A. C. , Roy Chowdhury Anirban
Published: September 2003

The ethanol extract of the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum was evaluated for wound healing activity in Wistar rats. The extract was administered by the oral route at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight (1/8 and 1/4 of LD50, respectively) for all the wound models selected, excision, incision and dead space wounds. The extract signiﬁcantly enhanced the wound breaking strength in the case of incision wound, the rate of wound contraction and the period of epithelization in the case of excision wound. The granulation tissue weight, its breaking strength and its hydroxyproline content was also increased by the extract in the dead space wound. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae) grown in Bangladesh
Authors: Ekramul Islam M. , Ekramul Haque M. , Mosaddik M. A.
Published: September 2003

The cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of crude extracts from the leaves of Sida rhombifolia were investigated. The ethyl acetate extract showed potent cytotoxicity with LC50 values (5.41 ppm) comparable to the reference standard, gallic acid. All the extracts showed weak antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative test organisms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes by compounds from Daucus carota L. Seeds
Authors: Momin Raﬁkali A. , De Witt David L. , Nair Muraleedharan G.
Published: September 2003

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes inhibitory assay directed investigation of Daucus carota seed extracts resulted in the isolation and characterization of compounds, 2,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde (1), oleic acid (2), trans‐asarone (3) and geraniol (4). Compounds 1–4 showed 3.32, 45.32, 46.15, and 3.15% of prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase‐I (COX‐I) inhibitory activity and 52.69, 68.41, 64.39 and 0% prostaglandin H endoperoxide synthase‐II (COX‐II) inhibitory activity, respectively at 100 mg mL−1. Compound 1 showed selectivity towards COX‐II enzyme inhibition at 100 µg mL−1. The COX‐II/COX‐I ratio for compound 1 was 17.68 at 100 µg mL−1 compared to solvent control. Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Aspirin, Celebrex and Vioxx at concentrations of 2.06, 2.52, 180, 1.67 and 1.67 µg mL−1, respectively, gave COX‐II/COX‐I ratios of 1.13, 0.92, 0.24, 16 and 75, respectively. The inhibition of COX‐II enzymes by compounds 1 at 100 µg mL−1 was signiﬁcant when compared to Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen and Celebrex at concentrations studied. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro antiviral activity of Phyllanthus orbicularis extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: Fernández Romero J. A. , del Barrio Alonso G. , Romeu Álvarez B. , Gutiérrez Y. , Valdés V. S. , Parra F.
Published: September 2003

The antiviral activity of butanol‐ and acetic acid‐soluble fractions, prepared from the leaves and stems of Phyllanthus orbicularis H.B.K., has been investigated against acyclovir‐sensitive or ‐resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) strains, using human foreskin ﬁbroblast (HFF) and green ape kidney (Vero) cell lines. Both fractions showed antiviral selectivity indexes (SI) from 10.3 to 22.8, while their extracellular virucidal activities reached SI values ranging from 371 to 1040. Time‐addition experiments suggested that the active compounds present in the studied fractions acted on early steps of the virus replication cycle. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Rosmarinus ofﬁcinalis L. aerial parts extract on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Hossein , Nourbakhsh Mahnaz
Published: September 2003

The effect the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Rosmarinus ofﬁcinalis L. aerial parts on morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. The aqueous and ethanol extracts induced a signiﬁcant antinociceptive activity in the writhing test. This activity was inhibited by naloxone pretreatment. Dependence was induced using subcutaneous injections of morphine daily for 3 days. On day 4, morphine was injected 2 h prior to the intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. The number of jumps during the 30 min period after naloxone injection was considered as a measure of the withdrawal syndrome. The results indicated that the aqueous (1.68 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg, i.p.) and ethanol (0.96 g/kg, i.p.) extracts reduced the number of jumps. Phytochemical study indicated that only the aqueous extract of R. ofﬁcinalis has an alkaloid component. It is concluded that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. ofﬁcinalis aerial parts could diminish morphine withdrawal syndrome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytoestrogens: a review of the present state of research
Authors: Ososki Andreana L. , Kennelly Edward J.
Published: September 2003

Phytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant‐derived compounds that structurally or functionally mimic mammalian estrogens and show potential beneﬁts for human health. The number of articles published on phytoestrogens has risen dramatically in the past couple decades. Further research continues to demonstrate the biological complexity of phytoestrogens, which belong to several different chemical classes and act through diverse mechanisms. This paper discusses the classiﬁcation of phytoestrogens, methods of identiﬁcation, their proposed mechanisms of action and botanical sources for phytoestrogens. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast and prostate cancers, cardiovascular disease, menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis will also be examined including research on beneﬁts and risks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activity against multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases
Authors: Jimenez‐Arellanes Adelina , Meckes Mariana , Ramirez Raquel , Torres Javier , Luna‐Herrera Julieta
Published: September 2003

The increase of multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) demands the search for alternative antimycobacterial drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat respiratory diseases for activity against MDR‐TB. A group of 22 plants was screened for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium avium at concentrations from 50 to 200 µg/mL. The antimycobacterial effect was determined by a microcolorimetric assay with Alamar blue dye. None of the aqueous extracts had antimycobacterial activity. Hexane extracts from Artemisia ludoviciana, Chamaedora tepejilote, Lantana hispida, Juniperus communis and Malva parviﬂora, and methanol extracts from Artemisia ludoviciana and Juniperus communis inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium avium was inhibited by Juniperus communis hexane extract and by Malva parviﬂora methanol extract. The active extracts were tested against monoresistant variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin and ethambutol resistant) and the hexane extract of Lantana hispida showed the best activity. Lantana hispida hexane extract was also active against a group of MDR‐TB clinical isolates. In contrast, it did not inhibit the growth of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria. The hexane extract of Lantana hispida was fractionated by column chromatography and one of its fractions (FVI) inhibited the growth of all the MDR‐TB clinical isolates at concentrations up to 25 µg/mL. This study supports the fact that selecting plants by ethnobotanical criteria enhances the probability of ﬁnding species with activity against mycobacteria, and our results point to Lantana hispida as an important source of potential compounds against MDR‐TB. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic change management for construction: introducing the change cycle into model‐based project management
Authors: Park Moonseo , Peña‐Mora Feniosky
Published: September 2003

In construction, rework (redoing previously completed work) has a considerable impact on pro‐ject performance. As a result, construction managers often avoid rework on problematic tasks by modifying the design and speciﬁcation of downstream tasks (“change”). Such a managerial action, however, can disturb the construction sequence by triggering non‐value‐adding change iterations among construction processes, which often contributes to unanticipated schedule delays and cost overruns. In order to address this challenging issue, different characteristics and behavior patterns of construction changes are identiﬁed, and compared to those of construction rework. Change impact on project performance is analyzed according to change characteristics, and to discovery status and time. All research ﬁndings are then incorporated into a cohesive dynamic project model. An application example of the project model demonstrates how model‐based change management can enhance project performance in a real‐world setting by providing effective management plans and policy guidelines. Finally, it is concluded that the model‐based approach can be more effective, when combined with other managerial efforts such as reducing the process time and increasing the level of coordination among project functions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group exploration of system dynamics models—is there a place for a feedback loop in the decision process?
Authors: Škraba Andrej , Kljajić Miroljub , Leskovar Robert
Published: September 2003

This article addresses the inﬂuence of feedback information on the group decision process supported by the application of system dynamics models. An experimental system enabling the active cooperation of decision subjects was developed, and this is user friendly as far as the visualization and transparency of the simulation results are concerned. A model of the business system was applied to the experiment with decision groups. The experiment considered the task of strategy determination with an explicitly deﬁned multicriteria function, which was deﬁned in such a way as to increase the level of experimental control. The experiment was conducted under two experimental conditions: determination of the strategy with the application of a system dynamics model without group interaction; and determination of the strategy with the application of a formal model with subject interaction supported by group feedback information. The subjects were senior university students, of whom 95 participated in the experiment. The hypothesis that the model application and group feedback information positively inﬂuence convergence of the decision process and contribute to higher criteria function values was conﬁrmed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of GaN thin films
Authors: Metson J. B. , Trodahl H. J. , Ruck B. J. , Lanke U. D. , Bittar A.
Published: September 2003

Stoichiometric amorphous GaN thin films have been grown by an ion‐assisted deposition method and examined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES). The crucial question is the nature of the local structure around the N and Ga in the x‐ray amorphous films. The N K edge XANES has been used to determine coordination around the N centre and reveals substantial differences to crystalline GaN. Although the transitions observed mirror those of the crystalline material and are consistent with density of states calculations, the low‐energy peak at ∼402 eV is dominant in all films less than ∼150 nm in thickness. This peak, initially attributed to an sp2 environment, is associated with the presence of molecular nitrogen. For thicker films, a duplex‐type structure is observed with a surface layer much closer to the structure of the crystalline material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of nanocomposite ceramic coatings
Authors: Portinha A. , Teixeira V. , Monteiro A. , Costa M. F. , Lima N. , Martins J. , Martinez D.
Published: September 2003

Zirconia coatings partially or totally stabilized in the high‐temperature phase have a good combination of thermal, physical and mechanical properties and thus have technological applications such as in thermal barrier coatings for protecting aero and land‐based gas turbine components at very high temperature and in adverse corrosive environments. Zirconia/alumina (ZrO2/Al2O3)‐nanolayered coatings are a new way of stabilizing the ZrO2within a high‐temperature tetragonal phase at room temperature.

In this paper we present a study of the morphology and microtopography of standard ZrO2Y2O3and ZrO2/Al2O3‐nanolayered coatings prepared by plasma vapour deposition. The ZrO2/Al2O3‐nanolayered coatings have layer thicknesses of 3/3.5, 6/7 and 12/14 nm, with a total layer thickness of 2.4 µm. These coatings were deposited by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology and microtopography were analysed by atomic force microscopy and laser microtopography. The roughness was also evaluated. Energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry was used to obtain the layer composition and SEM was used to measure the layer thickness, to observe the microstructure of the layer cross‐section and to analyse the surface morphology before and after thermal cycling of the nanolayered coatings. After thermal cycling at 1000 °C in air the coatings showed a few structure densifications and the roughness increased slightly. The nanolayered coatings crystallized in the high‐temperature tetragonal phase. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion‐induced desorption by Ar+ ions from Al, Cu and films of Cu grown on stainless steel
Authors: Lozano M. P. , Hilleret N. , de Segovia J. L.
Published: September 2003

The ion‐induced desorption yield from pure aluminium, oxygen free high conductivity copper (OFHC) and films of copper electrodeposited on stainless steel, has been studied for unbaked samples and samples after 24 h of baking at 80, 120, 150 and 200 °C. Measurements were performed using argon ions of energy 3 keV and current density 2.5(×10−8)–10−6 A cm−2. The desorption is focused on those gases usually present in ultrahigh vacuum systems, such as H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and CxHy. The ion‐induced desorption yields are presented as a function of the ion dose to the sample surface and are discussed according to the surface material and surface treatment. The lowest ion yields of 6.5 and 6.8 molecules per ion, respectively, are obtained for Al and Cu samples after a bake‐out of the system at 200 °C. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion–solid interactions
Authors: Räisänen J.
Published: September 2003

In this paper emphasis is put on ion–matter interactions essential for ions in the energy range relevant for materials characterization with ion beam techniques. The slowing down processes of energetic ions in matter will be overviewed and the principles of the Bethe–Bloch theory for describing electronic stopping powers of light ions are introduced. The effective charge formulation used for depicting heavy ion electronic stopping powers is described. Basic concepts such as range, straggling, Bragg's rule and the core‐and‐bond (CAB) correction are discussed. Sources for obtaining stopping powers for practical use will be provided. Recent experiments employing the novel time‐of‐flight‐based technique used for obtaining continuous stopping power curves will be described. The presentation will conclude with a brief introduction to radiation effects caused by energetic ions incident on solids. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possibilities and limitations of ERDA: examples from the ERDA ToF set‐up at the Hahn‐Meitner‐Institut
Authors: Strub E. , Bohne W. , Lindner S. , Röhrich J.
Published: September 2003

When samples are analysed with elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) there are common limitations due to properties of the sample or the experimental set‐up. Typical problems originate from the decomposition or the roughness of the sample, from the resolution that can be achieved with the detector system or from the accuracy of the ion stopping power values. Nevertheless, there are different experimental and evaluation techniques that can be applied to avoid such problems or to deal with measurements of difficult samples. The detection system can be improved by dedicated evaluation procedures. Different strategies are currently used to improve the examination of ERDA spectra and the validity of the results obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of hydrogen dose and boron doping on the ion cutting of Si
Authors: Nurmela A. , Henttinen K. , Suni T. , Suni I.
Published: September 2003

Ion beam techniques were used to study silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) structures manufactured by the ion cutting process. Silicon wafers and epitaxial Si layers with various doping levels were implanted with H2+ ions at 100 keV prior to wafer bonding. Some wafers were also implanted with B+ ions at 175 keV. The implantation doses varied from 2.5 × 1016 to 5.0 × 1016 cm−2 for H2+ and from 1 × 1013 to 3 × 1015 cm−2 for B+. The thickness of an SOI layer was determined by conventional Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and the crystal damage was examined by RBS in channelling mode (RBS/C). The disorder due to implanted hydrogen was found to decrease with increasing boron concentration. The measured thickness of the exfoliated Si layer was 455–460 nm for highly boron‐doped samples and 470–490 nm for the undoped samples. Exfoliation occurred inside the damage zone in all the samples, irrespective of hydrogen dose and boron doping. Our results suggest that the exfoliation depth in Si is associated with the lattice damage generated by the implantation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced data analysis techniques for ion beam analysis
Authors: Barradas N. P.
Published: September 2003

Three advanced algorithms for the analysis of ion beam data are presented. With simulated annealing the inverse ion beam analysis problem (from the data, determine the depth profile) is solved in an automatic way. With Bayesian inference using the Markov chain Monte‐Carlo method one can extract all the information present in the data, including confidence limits for the depth profile of each element. Finally, with artificial neural networks, selected parameters of interest in specific systems can be extracted in an instantaneous way. The basics of the three algorithms are given and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Three examples of application are shown. In the first two, the three algorithms are used in succession to illustrate the capabilities of each one. We show that complex data can be analysed with ease and accuracy. Rapidly changing non‐Rutherford cross‐sections do not pose a problem to analysis using these algorithms. Roughness information can be extracted from multilayered samples. In general, the use of Bayesian inference, simulated annealing or an artificial neural network is a trade‐off between degree of automation, accuracy and efficiency of analysis. In the last example, an artificial neural network is applied to the analysis of RBS data of AlNO thin films on Si. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture‐induced reconstruction of a chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) surface Craig Klauber. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2003; 35: 415–428
Authors: Klauber Craig
Published: September 2003

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Surface and Interface Analysis 2003; 35: 415–428. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding dynamic capabilities
Authors: Winter Sidney G.
Published: September 2003

Defining ordinary or ‘zero‐level’ capabilities as those that permit a firm to ‘make a living’ in the short term, one can define dynamic capabilities as those that operate to extend, modify or create ordinary capabilities. Logically, one can then proceed to elaborate a hierarchy of higher‐order capabilities. However, it is argued here that the strategic substance of capabilities involves patterning of activity, and that costly investments are typically required to create and sustain such patterning—for example, in product development. Firms can accomplish change without reliance on dynamic capability, by means here termed ‘ad hoc problem solving.’ Whether higher‐order capabilities are created or not depends on the costs and benefits of the investments relative to ad hoc problem solving, and so does the ‘level of the game’ at which strategic competition effectively occurs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial cognition, sunk costs, and the evolution of industry structure
Authors: Johnson Douglas R. , Hoopes David G.
Published: September 2003

A significant body of research investigates whether intraindustry competitors hold a common pattern of beliefs (or schema). Some work suggests that socially constructed shared beliefs, not technology‐based economic factors, determine industry structure. While research on managerial cognition is important because it helps strategy researchers incorporate bounded rationality into otherwise hyper‐rational theories, we take issue with the notion that the social construction works independently of economic factors. Empirical studies looking for shared beliefs find conflicting results. Some work suggests that managers in an industry share a common set of beliefs; other work finds the opposite (managers do not share common beliefs). Understanding, if and to what extent, managerial cognition influences industry structure and competitive heterogeneity would greatly expand our understanding of strategy and firm performance. We model bounded rationality, cognition (belief formation), competition (economic restraints), and industry structure (competitive heterogeneity). We find that competitive pressure and bounded rationality induce agents (firms or managers) to focus their attention on nearby competitors. Thus, firms develop biased estimates of their competitive environment. These estimates correlate with the estimates of nearby firms. Thus, clusters of firms will have similar beliefs resulting in stable strategic and performance heterogeneity within an industry. However, as competitive pressures and the costs of strategic change decrease, managerial beliefs tend to converge, and the pattern of strategies that emerges is consistent with those predicted by economic theory, even under conditions of bounded rationality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.