bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Land Use on Water Quality in Lam Takong Basin, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand
Authors: Suwannarat Glinsukol , Suwanwaree Pongthep
Published: September 2014

The water quality assessment of Lam Takong River and tributaries, from 20 stations, 6 times (October and December, 2008; February, April, June and August, 2009), revealed that overall water quality was in class 3 of Thailand surface water standard, except NH3-N, P and BOD. The maximum of NH3-N (12.6 mg/L), Phosphate 2.7 mg/L and BOD (8.7 mg/L) were found at Quartermaster Department Royal Thai Army Bridge, Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality pump in Lam Takong reservoir and Ban Ta Krasang, respectively, causing class 4 surface water standard in these areas. Moreover, trophic level of Lam Ta Khong River was mesotrophic; except they were meso-eutrophic after passing through Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Ban Ta Krasung, and Kan Pom dam before reaching Mool River. The season also affected on water quality. The value of pH, DO, BOD and NH3-N were significantly higher in dry season (p<0.01), while temperature, salinity and TSS were significantly lower in dry season (p<0.01). However, turbidity, TOC, NO3, NO2 and Chlorophyll-a in rainy season were higher than dry season but not statistically different. Pearson’s Correlation of 9 land use types on water quality showed that urban area was correlated with BOD, DO, NH3-N, PO4 and Chlorophyll-a (0.425, 0.380, -0.259, 0.445, and 0.339, respectively) higher than industrial area, scrub forest and water body. However, nitrate was mostly correlated with water body. Later, statistical models were developed from these results. WAPS was used to predict water quality in Lam Takong River. Three scenarios (present, 10 years, and 10 years with 25% BOD reduction) were simulated. The model predicts that water quality still decreases when flow through Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality. The minimum DO would reach 1 mg/L in ten years. However, if 25% BOD are reduced by future wastewater treatment plant and septic tank construction, the minimum DO would be 2.75 mg/L.
The Partition Period of Thermodynamic Calculation and the Numerical Simulation for Lignite Blended Supercritical Boiler
Authors: Ban Cai Ying , Lu Xu Ao , Yang Jian Meng , Ran Xu , Liang Feng Ying
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of furnace temperature and load after blending in lignite, based on CFD software FLUENT-6.3,this paper choose the appropriate geometry model and the physical and mathematical models, and numerical simulation of the different conditions 600MW supercritical once-through boiler blending lignite furnace combustion process is curried out. And through a 600MW supercritical coal-fired boiler furnace lignite blended performed sections thermodynamic calculation under different conditions, worked out the furnace flue gas temperature, CO, CO2concentration distribute trend and radiant heat each section surface heat load conditions. The specific amount were blended with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% were not dried lignite and dried lignite 20% after five conditions. And obtained a conclusion is the temperature and radiation heating surface flue gas heat load in the overall trend under the various conditions.
Thermal Analysis Module of ANSYS
Authors: Lv Ling Wei
Published: September 2014

Briefly introduced ANSYS software in this paper,especially its powerful function as a kind of finite element analysis software in terms of thermal analysis. Describes the basic principle of ANSYS thermal analysis、analysis steps and method of data pretreatment and post-treatment, discussed the application of ansys and problems needing attention. in thermal analysis
Statistical Modeling for One Hour Rainfall Data in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor
Authors: Peik Amanda Lee Sean , Kang Choong Wee , Chan Andy
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study is to assess patterns of extreme rainfall and this study focused on the changes between two phases for extreme rainfall, for the period of 1971 to 2011 and from 1995 to 2011 in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. The generalised extreme value distribution appears to outperform other distribution functions such as two-parameter Gumbel and lognormal and the three-parameter generalized extreme value (GEV), lognormal (LN3) and log Pearson (LP3) in modeling the one-hour annual maximum rainfall series from 14 stations. The estimated return period of 20, 50, 100-year for each stations based on the best fitting model for the periods of entire record data and from 1995-2011 have been computed. More than 70% of estimated quantiles using rainfall data from 1995-2011 are higher compared to estimation using the entire recorded data.
Research Benefiting the Agriculture Policy Impact on Costs and Benefits of Grain Cooperatives - Based on the Analysis of the Survey in Jiangxi
Authors: Fu Qing , Zhang Zheng Hua
Published: September 2014

As China's major grain producing areas of Jiangxi Province, in recent years, food production has stabilized at about 400 billion pounds since 2004 to maintain grain quality in the redeployment of more than 100 billion kilograms. Team depth of grain production counties in Jiangxi Province (district), the organization of agricultural cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, grain cooperatives, grassroots cadres and ordinary FAO held a forum to listen to the opinions and suggestions, and to gain first-hand information on the household survey. Through research benefiting the agriculture policy Jiangxi grain cooperatives affect the costs and benefits to help pinpoint stabilize grain production, increase grain production capacity to ensure food security direction.
Life Cycle Assessment of Pacific White Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Farming System in Trang Province, Thailand
Authors: Tantipanatip Watcharaporn , Jitpukdee Suwit , Keeratiurai Prayong , Tantikamton Khwanta , Thanee Nathawut
Published: September 2014

Life cycle assessment (LCA) of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) was conducted in Trang province, southern Thailand during January, 2011 to December, 2012 to investigate the rate of carbon massflow in shrimp farming. Total 106 shrimp farm owners were interviewed and questionnaired. Carbon content, carbon fixation and carbon emission were also analyzed. The results revealed that the rate of carbon massflow from shrimp feed (C-input) was 0.015±0.031, carbon fixation in shrimp was 0.014±0.031, the carbon emission from shrimp was 0.001±0.000 and energy usage was 22.676±16.891 kg.C/kg shrimp/day. The environmental impacts were mainly caused by energy use, farm-level effluents and transportation. It can be concluded that Pacific white shrimp farming system was an important part of environmental problems.
Roles of Rural Contiguous Improvement Measures on the Non-Point Source Pollution Control in Rural Area in China
Authors: Meng Chong , Yin Hua , Kong Fan Li , Li Yu
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main pollution source of water environment, especially for drinking water. Water sources protection has become a major problem in national economy and people's livelihood. Rural contiguous improvement project, including rural drinking water source protection, rural domestic sewage treatment, rural living garbage and livestock industry pollution treatment, can not only improve rural living environment, but also effectively reduce the non-point source pollution source of the water sources. A case study in north China showed that, after rural contiguous improvement, the amount of pollution source reduced significantly, so as to protect and improve the environmental quality of water source reserve effectively.
Application of Pre-Cracking in Semi-Rigid Base to Mitigate Reflective Cracking
Authors: Li Peng Fei , Liu Jing Hui , Huang Hao Peng , Du Hao
Published: September 2014

Because of the high strength and sound stability, the cement stabilized base has been widely used in high grade pavement in China. But shrinkage cracking are easy to occur in the cement stabilized base. Under the repeating action of traffic loads and temperature loads, this kind of cracks are easy to propagate towards the asphalt surface, being called “reflective crack”. Shrinkage cracks are not normally avertable in the cement stabilized base, in contrast with a few wide cracks of broad spacing, numerous thin cracks of narrow spacing contribute little to the severe reflection cracking. On the basis of this thinking, the pre-cracking technique as a promising approach is brought forward. Several vibratory roller passes to the cement-treated base at a short curing stage, typically 1 to 3 days after placement, to create a fine network of cracks, which avoids the wide and/or long cracks and creates the ideal crack model. Comparing to wide cracking, the degree of the stress concentration resulting from thin cracking is by far mitigated. The Finite Element Method is used to predict the ideal crack model, and then the mechanical responses of the semi-rigid pavement of single wide cracking and net hairline cracking under vehicle loading are numerically simulated, simultaneously compared and analyzed. The simulation analyses indicate that the pre-cracking technique is a very useful tool to mitigate the reflective cracks.
Application of Seismic Inversion Technique Base on Geostatistics in Prediction of Thin Sand Body Reservoir
Authors: Li Chun Lei , Zhang Wen Qi , Xia Zhao Hui , Zhang Ming , Qu Liang Chao , Duan Li Jiang , Ren Bin , Liu Ling Li
Published: September 2014

Seismic inversion methods include constrained sparse pulse inversion and band limit inversion, etc. Although resolution of the seismic inversion results is higher than seismic data, it does not identify thin interbedding sand body and confirm the development of reservoirs. In this paper, in A block of Indonesia adopted geostatistical inversion in reservoir prediction, which is a method of seismic inversion combining geological statistics simulation and seismic inversion. This inversion method can establish various 3D geological model with the same probability of rock properties and lithology and it obey all seismic, logging and geological data. Using statistical regularity and seismic inversion technique we can obtain more fine reservoir model and finally reach the purpose of identification of single thin sand layer.
Experiment and Thermodynamic Analysis of Silica Forming in CoCrPt-SiO2 Target by Synthetic Reaction
Authors: Chen Song , Lu Jian Sheng , Xie Ming , Wen Ming
Published: September 2014

In order to solve the problems of feasibility and conditions for synthetic reaction of SiO2in sputtering target of CoCrPt-SiO2.The Co3O4powder and Si powder were used in synthetic reaction experiments. It was found for experimental results that reaction product including SiO2, Co2SiO4, Co2Si and CoSi2at 1100°C, and keep the same with thermodynamics result. The reaction products under different temperature were listed in detail by thermodynamic calculation. It was showed in calculation results that the higher temperature the more reaction products. When reaction temperature below 828.07°C, the SiO2is only reaction product. So the method of synthetic reaction of SiO2in sputtering target of CoCrPt-SiO2is feasible, and reaction temperature must not higher than that characteristic temperature.
Control Research on Asphalt Pavement Roughness in Anchorage Zone
Authors: Wang Zheng , Zhang Wei , Cheng Jia Jia , Chen Meng , Liu Wen Jing
Published: September 2014

The effect of pavement roughness on the roadbed and retaining structure underground was studied. Three different groups of International Roughness Index (IRI) were analyzed based on 6221 data collection instrument in this paper. Results show that different pavement roughness has different effect on retaining structure. Additionally, the vibration RMS increases with IRI when it is in the range of normal driving for the car, but amplitude of the IRI is larger. Finally, the main factors which influence the stability of structure and some corresponding improving measures are presented.
Determinate the Fracture Toughness of PMMA Cement
Authors: Wang Tong Fu , Ding Sheng Peng , Cao Hai Chuan
Published: September 2014

In this paper, adding multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to the polymethylmethacrylate-based (PMMA) bone cements as a way of reinforcement were prepared, and the structure was investigated. The aim of this study was to confirmed the transverse-direction fracture toughness (KIv) in bone cement. TheKIvof PMMA cement and PMMA/MWNCTs cement were determined to be 1.32±0.1 MPa m1/2and 1.96±0.1 MPa m1/2, respectively.
Fabrication of BSA Loaded Poly (Caprolactone) (PCL)/Hydroxyapatite (HA) Composite Microsphere for Tissue Engineering Application
Authors: Rashid Mad Jin , Sultana Naznin , Salehhuddin Hamdan
Published: September 2014

In this study, PCL microsphere has been synthesised using the double emulsion technique and a freeze dry technique. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was added as a model protein and Hydroxyapatite (HA) to enhance osteoconductivity properties of the microsphere. Poly (caprolactone) (PCL)-based microspheres were synthesized and characterized. Microspheres were produced with 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/v) PCL solution (30mL) by dissolving different amounts of PCL in dichloromethane (DCM). Microspheres produced from 5% (w/v) PCL concentration had an average diameter of 100 – 120 μm. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.04% w/v) and 10% w/w of HA powder were added into the microspheres produced from 5% (w/v) PCL concentration. The microsphere was then characterized using different techniques and in vitro release study of BSA was conducted. Prepared microsphere showed good potential for bone tissue engineering.
Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in SYS Cam-Clay Model
Authors: Xu Bin Bin , Noda Toshihiro , Nakai Kentaro
Published: September 2014

The SYS Cam-clay model, which is extended based on the Cam-clay model and the critical state theory, is able to describe the heavily overconsolidated and structure soils. However compared with Cam-clay model with five elasto-plastic parameters there are six additional evolutional parameters in SYS Cam-clay model and the sensitivity analysis of the new added parameters should be carried out. Through the calculation of constitutive response assuming the uniform deformation field, the sensitivities of degradation index of structure, degradation index of overconsolidation ratio and rotational hardening index are investigated respectively. It can be seen that the peak strength and the “rewinding behavior” in the effective stress path are influenced greatly while there is no coupling effect of these parameters mutually. The initial overconsolidation ratio and degree of structure also have an effect on the mechanical behavior and the initial specific volume.
The Application of Two Dimensional Numerical Simulation Method of Ground Penetrating Radar in Concrete Dam Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Chen Lan , Liu Ji Gen , Wang Yi Feng , Niu Jun
Published: September 2014

electromagnetic wave theory was used by ground penetrating radar, the defects in concrete dams were judged according to the measured concrete reflection waveform, frequency and wave velocity. The working principle of ground penetrating radar and numerical simulation process based on the finite different time domain method were studied, cracks, voids images in concrete was forward simulated by the above method. It was important to determine the quality defects in concrete.
Influence of Layer Charge and Modifier on Wettability of Organo-Montmorillonite
Authors: Luo Zhong Xin , Gao Mang Lai , Ye Ya Ge
Published: September 2014

To study the influence of layer charge and modifier on wettability plays an important role on the diagnosis of oil reservoir. In this paper, two quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) with different chain-length were used singularly or in compound form to modify the reduced-charge montmorillonites (RCMs). The wettability alterations of the organo-RCMs for deionized water and cyclohexane were studied based on capillary rise method. The results showed that RCMs singularly modified by QASs show different wettability characteristics. Moreover, there is a synergistic effect on the wettability when the RCMs are compound modified by two QASs and the organo-RCMs turn to more hydrophilic. The results of this work also indicated that it is possible to regulate the wettability of the RCMs by choosing different recipe of QASs, which is helpful to provide theoretical guidance for the oil production.
The Comparative Analysis Research of the Finite Element between Sand Lining Teethed Pile and Smooth Pile
Authors: Wang Xi Dong , Ruan Yong Fen
Published: September 2014

Sand lining teethed pile is a new prestressed pile, and it has been gradually spread and used in Kun Ming of Yun Nan Province, meanwhile, it has achieved better work in practical engineering applications. Compared with common prestressed smooth pile, the working mechanism that tooth of the pile combines with the sand lining of the pile makes bearing capacity and the play speed of bearing capacity have significantly improved. This paper builds a three-dimensional entity pile base model with Midas GTS and analyzes the work performance of two kinds of precast piles from pile settlement and soil displacement around pile aspects. This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text.
The Finite Element Stress Analysis of L-Shaped Floor
Authors: Wang Jing Wei , Pan Wen
Published: September 2014

Using ANSYS finite element simulation L plate that existing in the structural engineering,stress analysis was carried out on the plate, comparing the result with other two rectangular plate model which outer contour of the same size, and draw relevant conclusions.
Influence Study on the New Raw Materials on Design and Production of Sweaters
Authors: Wang Bian Rong , Chen Jie , Xin Xiao Yu
Published: September 2014

This paper briefly summarizes the new materials and their current status; discusses the characters and key points of application; at the same time, this paper conducts a further analysis on the style, external outline, internal details, function of texture, practicability and color application; and summarizes the influencing factors during the process of sweat production and contexture based on the characters of raw materials to provide with certain theoretical reference for related designers
A Theory for Mathematical Framework of Fatigue Damage on S-N Plane
Authors: Eskandari Hoda , Kim Ho Sung
Published: September 2014

A theory for mathematical framework is developed with axioms for fatigue damage, quantification and relativity concept, boundary conditions, and compatibility, allowing us to evaluate the validity of candidate damage equations/quantities on S-N plane for prediction of fatigue life. Manifestation points for accumulated damage were defined for boundary conditions by differentiating between damage accumulated before failure, and failure caused by damage at quantised fatigue loading cycles. A selected damage equation leading to a theoretical S-N curve was validated as an example.
Fracture Mechanisms in High-Cycle Fatigue of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Simonelli Marco , Tse Y.Y. , Tuck Christopher John
Published: September 2014

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive metal additive manufacturing technique that can create functional finished components. The microstructure that originates from SLM, however, differs in many aspects from that obtained from conventional manufacturing. In addition, the microstructure-mechanical properties relationship is not yet fully understood. In this research, the high-cycle fatigue performance of SLM Ti-6Al-4V was studied. The dominant fracture mechanisms were reported and discussed in relation to the microstructure of the specimens.
Investigation of Residual Stresses in Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Parry L. , Ashcroft I. , Bracket D. , Wildman Ricky D.
Published: September 2014

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an Additive Manufacturing method that enables greater design freedoms than traditional manufacturing methods in the production of high value, low volume metallic parts. Despite this now being a well-established processing method, there are a number of issues impeding industrial uptake, including the generation of residual stress and part distortion during manufacture. Prediction of residual stress is invaluable for tuning process parameters, and optimising the part geometry and support structures to limit residual stress based distortion during manufacture. This paper establishes a thermal modelling strategy to predict temperature distribution within a 3D SLM part that is a precursor towards a residual stress analysis.
A Finite Fracture Mechanics Model for the Prediction of the Notched Response and Large Damage Capability of Composite Laminates
Authors: Arteiro A. , Catalanotti Giuseppe , Xavier J. , Camanho Pedro P.
Published: September 2014

A new model based on Finite Fracture Mechanics (FFMs) has been proposed to predict the open-hole tensile strength of composite laminates [1]. Failure is predicted when bothstress-based and energy-based criteria are satisfied. This model is based on an analytical solution, and no empirical adjusting parameters are required, but only two material properties: the unnotched strength and the fracture toughness. In the present work, an extension of the proposed FFMs model to predict the notched response of composite laminates with notch geometries other than a circular opening [2] is presented and applied to the prediction of size effects on the tensile and compressive notched strength of composite laminates. The present model is also used to assess the notch sensitivity and brittleness of composite laminates by means of versatile design charts and by the identification of a dimensionless parameter designated as notch sensitivity factor. A further extension of the FFMs model is proposed, which takes into account the crack resistance curve of the laminate in the model's formulation, and it is used to predict the large damage capability of a non-crimp fabric thin-ply laminate [3].
Effect of High Temperature on Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Properties for Carbon Fiber/Polyphenylenesulfide Model Composites
Authors: Tanaka Kazuto , Nishio Jun , Katayama Tsutao , Enoki Shinichi
Published: September 2014

To use Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics (CFRTP) for automobile applications, mechanical properties of CFRTP under actual operating temperatures are needed to be clarified. When focusing on heat resistance of CFRTP, to use Polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) for the matrix is desirable. However, the effect of high temperature on mechanical properties of CFRTP using PPS has not been clarified yet. In this study, single fiber pull-out tests of CF/PPS model composites under high temperature were conducted to reveal the fiber/matrix interfacial properties.
Effect of Hot Water Environment on Tensile Fracture Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyoxamide Composites
Authors: Tanaka Kazuto , Maehata Shunsuke , Katayama Tsutao , Shinohara Masahiro
Published: September 2014

Matrices for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics are appropriate to use comparatively cheaper resins such as polyamide. However polyamide 6 is highly hygroscopic and the mechanical properties of materials are reported to be degraded by water absorption. Polyoxamide (PX) has been developed as polyamide resins with low hygroscopicity. In this study, the effect of hot water environment on the tensile fracture properties of carbon fiber/polyoxamide composites has been clarified.
Stability Evaluation of Gearbox for Independent Wheel Drive under Various Driving Mode
Authors: Kim Yeon Su , Yoon Sung Cheol
Published: September 2014

This paper was aimed to evaluate temperature characteristics on housing made of aluminum alloy, and in lubricant oil of gearbox installed at independent wheel drive while the vehicle was running under various running mode (speed, climate condition). Based on the measured temperatures, operational stability of the gearbox was discussed in this paper.
Time to Failure Size Effect for Tensile Creep Specimens
Authors: Nowak Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

Size effect for tension specimen in creep condition is not very well recognised phenomenon. The Weibull’s works on influence of nonhomogeneity of material properties on its strength suggest that such effect should take place also for creep. The most of authors regard that the stress redistribution occurring during creep considerably reduces size effect. To examine it the author performed a series of experiments for thin tin alloy wires creeping in room temperature as well as some numerical simulations. The results confirmed the existence of size effect for time to failure. The numerical analysis was made for time of first macroscopic damage occurrence t1and for time of cross-section failure t2. Both these parameters show the influence of specimen size according to size effect law, but the dependence of parameter t1 was more pronounced.
Automation Using Matrix Switch for Piezoelectric Actuator/Sensor Based Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Meng Shi Yang , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: September 2014

The implementation of the switch is the stepstone of a fully automated structural health monitoring (SHM) System. This paper attempted to tackle the hardware connectivity issues when dense transducer arrays present in the system with the switch that features the matrix topology. The program that controls the instruments and automates the data acquisition for SHM system was developed in LabVIEW, in which a scanning approach that sensorises the interrogation area and a hybrid programming technique are employed. Through interfacing with a top-level GUI of the program, it is easy to be controlled and employed. The solution showed a significant reduction in testing time comparing that with manual switch operation and a weight-saving solution as a minimum number of shielded cable needed. In addition, because only one channel each from the signal generator and digitiser is required, it is less demanding on the specification of the instruments. The prototype of the current system can be scaled up for testing on a larger structure due to its modular nature in both PXI express system and software design.
Fatigue Strength Simulation and Prediction of a Turbine Blade
Authors: Růžička Milan , Jurenka Josef , Nesládek Martin , Džugan Ján
Published: September 2014

Fatigue strength prediction methods of blades of a high pressure steam turbine are the main topic of this article. Experimental approaches, as well as use of the experimental results for the verification of the finite element method (FEM) and fatigue models, were performed on two basic levels. First, verification by the fatigue tests of smooth and notched cylindrical specimens under room and service conditions was performed. Second, verification of the real blade fatigue limit prediction was conducted. These tests were carried out using special test stand under the typical combined blades loading. Appropriate uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue criteria were applied. Achieved results were finally used in the process of the fatigue strength prediction of rotor blades.
Characterization of Local Deformation in Welded Joints Using a Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach
Authors: Kucharczyk Pawel , Münstermann Sebastian
Published: September 2014

The microstructure of welded joints differs significantly from that of the base material, what changes their mechanical properties and influences fatigue life. The aim of this work was the investigation of the local deformation field within a butt joint made of 10 mm thick structural steel S355. However, a direct sampling even of the weld metal was impossible due to small dimensions of butt joints. Therefore, the following procedure was utilized in order to manufacture big samples of the microstructure identical to that of the local weldment areas.A geometrical model of the welded structure describing the relevant areas e.g. weld metal, heat-affected zone was established. It was based on the results of the metallographic investigations, hardness mapping and electron-probe-micro-analysis of the local chemical composition. The welding process was numerically simulated using SYSWELD program to estimate the time-temperature-transition (TTT) curves for each identified area. The parameters of the heat input source were calibrated. Afterwards, the material of the defined chemical composition was heat-treated according to the TTT curves. For the validation purpose the heat-treated work pieces were evaluated in terms of microstructure and hardness distribution. Finally, the up-scaled samples of the respective bulk microstructure were manufactured and investigated in monotonic tests.
The Effect of Anchorage Strength with Anchorage Capacity in Flat Plate
Authors: Choi Hyun Ki
Published: September 2014

The punching shear on the flat plate slab-column connection can bring about the reason of the brittle punching shear failure which may result of collapsing the whole structure. From the development of residential flat plate system, the shear reinforcement is developed for preventing the punching shear. This study proposed 3 reinforcements that are increased to bond capacity using lateral bar, the structure test is performed. As performed test result, because slabs not keep enough bond length, slab is failed before shear reinforcement's yield strength duo to anchorage of slip. According to result, FEM analyzed an effect of slab thickness and concrete compressive. The study suggests shear strength formula that possible a positive shear reinforcement in slab-column connection.
Gun Bullet Collision and Penetration Problem in Polycarbonate Board
Authors: Gotoh Katsuya , Sakamoto Hidetoshi , Ohbuchi Y. , Katayama T. , Nakamachi Y. , Ando H.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study is development of gun-bullet protection board. In this experiment, the air gun’s performance and the effective bullet supporting sabot’s shape were evaluated. The launched gun-bullet velocity was measured by high speed video method.
Crack Analysis in Piezoelectric Semiconductors
Authors: Sladek Jan , Sladek Vladimir
Published: September 2014

Mechanical and electric loads are considered for 2-d crack problems in conducting piezoelectric materials. The electric displacement in conducting piezoelectric materials is influenced by the electron density and it is coupled with the electric current. The coupled governing partial differential equations (PDE) for stresses, electric displacement field and current are satisfied in a local weak-form on small fictitious subdomains. Nodal points are spread on the analyzed domain and each node is surrounded by a small circle for simplicity. Local integral equations are derived for a unit function as the test function on circular subdomains. All field quantities are approximated by the moving least-squares (MLS) scheme.
Deviations of Microcrack during Propagation in Thin Films of Austenitic Steel and Accompanying Accommodative Processes
Authors: Eterashvili Tamaz , Dzigrashvili T. , Vardosanidze M.
Published: September 2014

The work deals with the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of thin films of chromium-nickel Х18Н10 steel. The films were prepared from bulk samples after low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests. Focus was made on the processes accompanying propagation of small microcracks. Particularly, the microstructure changes near the crack tip were analyzed in terms of accommodation processes taking place during crack propagation, such as formation of slip bands, twins etc. The authors conducted crystallographic analysis of the defects formed during crack propagation in correlation with the reasons of their initiation and homogenous length of the slip bands. Thus, the reasons of microcrack deviation from the initial direction were determined. The research has shown that the most convenient microstructure variables in the austenitic crystals of polycrystalline sample, affecting the microcrack deviation, are microstructure, crystallography and the homogenous length of slip bands.
Work of Fracture due to Compressive Component of Loading in Wedge Splitting Test on Quasi-Brittle Cementitious Specimens
Authors: Veselý Václav , Bedáň Jan , Sobek Jakub , Seitl Stanislav
Published: September 2014

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of the compressive (vertical) component of the loading force in the wedge splitting test on the values of fracture characteristics determined using standard procedures where this component is ignored. Particularly, a portion of work of fracture due to this compressive component of loading working on vertical displacements is investigated and given into relation with the common part of work of fracture calculated in the horizontal direction only. The results show that, based on the angle and width of the wedge used in the particular WST configuration, the portion of the work of fracture due to compressive loading can be considerable and should not be neglected.
Prediction of Corrosion Processes on Weathering Steel Bridges
Authors: Krivy Vit , Urban Viktor , Kreislova Katerina
Published: September 2014

The paper describes the basic attributes of the new developed analytical method used for the calculation of corrosion losses on structural elements designed from weathering steels. The calculation takes into account the locality of the structure, type of the weathering steel, position and location of a surface in the structure and compliance with structural and maintenance requirements. The methodology for experimental testing of the realistic corrosion rates is introduced in this paper as well.
A Multiscale Approach to Polycrystalline Materials Damage and Failure
Authors: Benedetti Ivano , M.H.Aliabadi Ferri
Published: September 2014

A two-scale three-dimensional approach for degradation and failure in polycrystalline materials is presented. The method involves the component level and the grain scale. The damage-induced softening at the macroscale is modelled employing an initial stress boundary element approach. The microscopic degradation is explicitly modelled associating Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) to relevant points of the macro continuum and employing a cohesive-frictional 3D grain-boundary formulation to simulate intergranular degradation and failure in the Voronoi morphology. Macro-strains are downscaled as RVEs' periodic boundary conditions, while overall macro-stresses are obtained upscaling the micro-stress field via volume averages. The comparison between effective macro-stresses for the damaged and undamaged RVEs allows to define a macroscopic measure of local material degradation. Some attention is devoted to avoiding pathological damage localization at the macro-scale. The multiscale processing algorithm is described and some preliminary results are illustrated.
Comparative Study on the Fatigue Behaviour of SCC and VC
Authors: Korte Sara , Boel Veerle , de Corte Wouter , de Schutter Geert
Published: September 2014

Continuous cyclic loading on concrete constructions involves a progressive cracking mechanism, leading to significant changes of the material properties during the lifetime of the structure. Gradually, irreversible damage is inflicted and the carrying capacity is affected, which may cause structural collapse at a stress or strain level much lower than in case of a single static load. This so-called fatigue phenomenon is well-documented in literature for traditional, vibrated concrete (VC), but this is not the case for self-compacting concrete (SCC). Given the fact that this latter concrete type is already used worldwide in many types of structures, including cyclically loaded ones, a good knowledge and understanding of the static and fatigue material behaviour is crucial. Up till now, it is unsure whether SCC performs better, worse, or equally under fatigue loading conditions. Therefore, in this study, destructive four-point bending tests are performed on large beams, made from VC and SCC, both statically and cyclically (at different loading rates). A comparison of the deflection, strain, crack pattern and crack width evolution of the different concrete types is made. The results reveal some significant differences regarding concrete strain and crack width development during the cyclic tests.
Effect of Area Ratio of Coarse Aggregate on Erosion Resistance of Offshore Concrete Structure
Authors: Park Jun Hyoung , Park Jung Jun , Moon Jae Heum , Kim Sung Wook
Published: September 2014

This study investigates the effects of the compressive strength and area ratio of coarse aggregate of concrete for offshore construction on the erosion depth. To evaluate the erosion resistance of concrete, test was performed according to ASTM C 1138 using a plain mix with design strength of 30 MPa using only Portland cement and five other mixes including different quantities of fly ash and blast furnace slag. The test results showed that the erosion depth is influenced not only by the compressive strength but also by the area ratio of coarse aggregate.
A Study on the Fatigue Test of Truck Materials for Railway Vehicles
Authors: Yoon Sung Cheol
Published: September 2014

The truck that is used as running equipment for freight car support is a core structural part that supports the load of the car body and that greatly influences the safety of freights and vehicles, as well as their running performance. The running equipment is composed of truck frames, wheels and wheel axles, independent suspensions, and brakes. Among these components, the truck frame supporting the load of the vehicles and freights may be the most important one. This study was carried out to analyze the structure of truck frames and to determine whether they are safe when the maximum vertical load, breaking load, and front and rear loads are applied to them. This was done by subjecting the truck frames to stress tests and then measuring the stress on each of their parts. Before the load test, a structural-analysis program was used for the stress distribution analysis of the truck frame. To measure the stresses based on the results of the structural analysis, strain gages were attached to the surfaces of truck frames [1].
Estimation of the Crack Behaviour in the Compressive Layer of the Alumina-Zirconia Ceramic Laminate
Authors: Náhlík Luboš , Máša Bohuslav , Hutař Pavel
Published: September 2014

This paper deals with a description of the crack behaviour in the layered alumina-zirconia ceramic laminate. The main aim is to investigate the crack behaviour in the compressive layer. The crack propagation was investigated on the basis of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Two dimensional finite element models were developed in order to obtain a stress distribution around the crack tip. The stress intensity factors were computed numerically employing the direct method. The change in the crack propagation direction was estimated using criterion based on the strain energy density factor. Sharp crack deflection in the compressive layer was predicted by mentioned approach. The determined crack behaviour is qualitatively in a good agreement with experimental observations.
Fibre Concrete Foundation Slab Experiment and FEM Analysis
Authors: Čajka Radim , Vaskova Jana
Published: September 2014

In November 2013 an experiment was carried out using the testing equipment called stand. During the experiment was loaded steel-fiber reinforced concrete foundation slab model. The stand measures deformation and monitors interaction between stress and deformation. The purpose of this paper is comparison of values measured during the experiment and results of numerical calculations based on FEM. The stress strain analysis of elastic halfspace by means of Gauss numerical integration and Jacobean of transformation is presented here. The objective of this paper is also improving and developing the soil-structure interaction analysis based on the experimental results and FEM.
Fluid Flow and Defect Density Considerations when Drying Bumped Wafers Using Spin and Surface Tension Gradient Methods
Authors: Goodman Daniel L. , Rabideau Dustin , Sobhian Mani
Published: September 2014

Spin rinse drying (SRD) and surface tension gradient drying (STG) are used to clean and dry wafers after wet processing. These methods are effective at removing surface fluid and fluid trapped by capillary forces in small (<1um) features. SRD and STG processes combine driven fluid flows with controlled evaporation of thin water films to leave a dry wafer with low defect density (i.e. a low number of physical particle process adders, or areas of haze or oxidation).
InGaAs (110) Surface Cleaning Using Atomic Hydrogen
Authors: Kent Tyler , Edmonds Mary , Droopad Ravi , Kummel Andrew C.
Published: September 2014

A major obstacle facing III-V semiconductor based metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is the large density of trap states that exist at the semiconductor/oxide interface.[1] These trap states can pin the Fermi level preventing the MOSFET from acting as a switch in logic devices. Several sources of Fermi level pinning have been proposed including oxidation of the III-V substrate.[2, 3] In order to minimize the presence of III-V oxides it is crucial to employ either an ex-situ etch or to use an in-situ method such as atomic hydrogen cleaning.[4, 5] Although atomic H cleaning of III-V surfaces is well known, it has never been demonstrated on InGaAs (110) crystallographic faces. Furthermore, tri-gate field effect transistors (finFETs) have recently been employed in commercially available logic chips.[6] This unique device architecture allows for a reduction in short channel effects, minimization of the subthreshold swing, and a higher transconductance.[7] The InGaAs (110) surface would be the sidewalls of a vertically aligned (001) based finFETs.[8] Therefore, it is essential to find an in-situ method to efficiently remove any oxides or contamination from the (110) surfaces that is also compatible with the (001) surface. In this study, STM was employed to determine if atomic hydrogen can be used to remove the native oxide from air exposed InGaAs (110) samples. A post clean anneal was used to restore the surface to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) levels of cleanliness.
Advanced Monitoring of TMAH Solution
Authors: Wang Jing Jing , Shalyt Eugene , Bai Chuan Nan , Liang Guang , MacEwan Michael , Parekh Vishal
Published: September 2014

Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) has wide applications in semiconductor industry, including photoresist development, silica etching (especially Sigma etching), and wafer cleaning, etc. One of the critical areas of the photolithography process is the development of unexposed (negative) or exposed (positive) photoresists without pattern distortion. As a metal free, basic aqueous solution, TMAH is the most common positive photoresist developer providing no metal contaminations. The bath composition, especially the concentration of TMAH, is strictly controlled within the process specifications (~2.2 to 2.4 % (w/w)), since it greatly affects the developing rate and contrast [1]. Traditional monitoring of TMAH concentration does not suffice for the modern needs of a sub-20 nm IC fabrication process. Additional critical parameters include dissolved carbonate and proprietary surfactants.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen for Advanced Wet Processing
Authors: Yoshida Yukifumi , Otsuji Masayuki , Takahashi Hiroaki , Snow Jim , Sebaai Farid , Holsteyns Frank , Mertens Paul W. , Sato Masanobu , Shirakawa Hajime , Uchida Hirofumi
Published: September 2014

of these new materials have necessitated the evaluation of new chemicals and processing methods. The control of the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration to suppress Cu corrosion is well established in BEOL processing and likewise in order to achieve a hydrophobic surface after pre-epi cleaning in FEOL surface preparation [2].
Quadriceps Muscle Function After Exercise in Men and Women With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kuenze Christopher M. , Hertel Jay , Hart Joseph M.
Published: September 2014

Context :

Sex differences in lower extremity neuromuscular function have been reported after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Research evidence supports different levels of fatigability in men and women and between patients with ACLR and healthy controls. The influence of sex on the response to continuous exercise in patients with ACLR is not clear.

Objective :

To compare quadriceps neuromuscular function after exercise between men and women with ACLR.

Design :

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting :

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants :

Twenty-six active volunteers (13 men [50%]: age = 24.1 ± 4.4 years, height = 179.1 ± 9.8 cm, mass = 80.1 ± 9.4 kg, months since surgery = 43.5 ± 37.0; 13 women [50%]: age = 24.2 ± 5.6 years, height = 163.0 ± 5.9 cm, mass = 62.3 ± 8.3 kg, months since surgery = 45.8 ± 42.7) with a history of unilateral primary ACLR at least 6 months earlier.

Intervention(s) :

Thirty minutes of continuous exercise comprising 5 separate 6-minute cycles, including 5 minutes of uphill walking and 1 minute of body-weight squatting and step-ups.

Main Outcome Measure(s) :

Normalized knee-extension maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, quadriceps superimposed-burst torque, and quadriceps central activation ratio before and after exercise. We performed separate 2 (sex: men, women) × 2 (time: preexercise, postexercise) repeated-measures analyses of variance for the 3 variables. Separate, independent-samples t tests were calculated to compare preexercise with postexercise change in all dependent variables between sexes.

Results :

A significant group-by-time interaction was present for knee-extension torque (P = .04). The percentage reduction in knee-extension maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (men = 1.94%, women = −10.32%; P = .02) and quadriceps central activation ratio (men = −1.45%, women = −8.69%; P = .03) experienced by men was less than that observed in women.

Conclusions :

In the presence of quadriceps dysfunction, female participants experienced greater-magnitude reductions in quadriceps function after 30 minutes of exercise than male participants. This indicates a reduced ability to absorb knee-joint loads, which may have significant implications for reinjury and joint osteoarthritis in women after ACLR.