bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration, Place and Class: Youth in a Rural Area
Authors: Jamieson Lynn
Published: March 2003

The claims that locality, kinship, and social class are no longer the basis of ties that bind and of limited significance for identity in late modernity, remain seductive, despite their critics. Those who remain rooted are then presented as inhabitants of traditional backwaters, outside the mainstream of social change. This article presents young people's reasons for leaving or remaining in a rural area of Britain, the Scottish Borders. Young people's views about migration and attachment demonstrate a contradictory and more complex pattern than that of detached late-modern migrants and traditional backwater stay-at-homes. These stereotypes have some resonance in local culture, for example in disdain for rootless incomers lacking real sympathy with ‘the community’ and in the common accusation of the parochial narrow mindedness of locals who have never been elsewhere. However, such stereotypes emerge from complex social class antagonisms and cross-cutting ties to locality. Many young people's ties contradict the classifications these stereotypes imply. There are young out-migrants who are the children of ‘rootless’ in-migrants, but also, nevertheless, have lasting attachments to the locality of their childhood. Then there are young ‘stayers’ who are the children of ‘born and bred’ locals but yet feel serious disaffection from their locality. These ‘attached migrants’ and ‘detached stayers’ may not represent settled orientations to their locality of childhood, but they, nevertheless, contradict both certain local stereotypes and Baumanesque ‘late modernist’ sociological theorising.
Rights and Controls in the Management of Migration: The Case of Germany
Authors: Morris Lydia
Published: March 2003

In May 1999 Germany took a significant step away from its reliance on blood based belonging, revising its nationality law to introduce an element of territory (jus soli) in the designation of citizenship. This paper offers Germany as a case study in the management of migration through a hierarchical system for the granting of rights, and considers the likely impact of the new law on the legal structures of inclusion and exclusion. It is argued that alongside the enhanced recognition of the original guestworker population a set of contradictory pressures now dominate the politics of migration – the recognition of human rights, the management of the labour market and the protection of welfare resources. These pressures are mediated by the granting and withholding of rights as part of a system of selection, surveillance, deterrence and control which has broader implications for our thinking about citizenship.
Which Pension?: Women, Risk and Pension Choice
Authors: Peggs Kay
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates women's perceptions of choice and risk in the field of pensions. It extends on a paper published in a recent edition of this journal in which Alan Aldridge applied Pierre Bourdieu's notions of cultural capital and habitus to the field of personal finance. Since the late 1980s the marketisation of pensions has resulted in an expansion of pension options. According to Anthony Giddens the expansion of choice is one of the positive aspects of living in a ‘risk society'. However, the expansion of pension choice has passed pension risks onto consumers. Using qualitative interviews this paper investigates the perceptions of 45 employed women aged 40–59 of the risks associated with choosing a pension. At the theoretical level the paper seeks to demonstrate the need to qualify notions of reflexive decision-making put forward by Giddens by emphasising the role of habitual action in decision-making, as put forward by Bourdieu. The paper shows that material circumstances, cultural capital, extent and quality of pension information and habitus affect perceptions of pension choice and pension risks. The paper concludes that the expansion of pension choice has been, in many ways, negative rather than positive and thus is likely to lead to increasing poverty among many women in later life.
Museums and the Visually Impaired: The Spatial Politics of Access
Authors: Hetherington Kevin
Published: March 2003

Based on a study of 36 museums in London and the South East of England, the paper offers a deconstructive reading of ‘access’ and its spatial practices by analysing their responses to the visually impaired visitor. Within any discursive space we find aporial, non-discursive moments that introduce ambivalence into an otherwise seemingly ordered and known arrangement. Such forms of presence have been described, amongst other things, under the heading of the figural (Lyotard). In the discursive space of the museum, a space of seeing and conservation, the visually impaired visitor figure tacks its way into the museum as such a figure that we can call (after Mark C. Taylor) an underdetermined not. Through such a figure we can consider the (dis)ordering effects that this ambivalent form of presence can have. The study reveals how such a figure not only introduces a problem of access but is also mobilised by the museum so that access can be addressed as a museum issue. Museums have changed from previously being indifferent to dis/ability needs to now existing in a state of being in-difference with them. This idea reveals the way in which museums shift the (often haptic) challenge that such a figure makes to the (scopic) signifiers of the museum by responding to them through the less troublesome regimes of what is signified. Access in this case is neither granted nor denied but endlessly deferred.
Globalism's ‘Siren Song’: The United Nations and International Law in Christian Right Thought and Prophecy
Authors: Herman Didi
Published: March 2003

The role of the American Christian Right (CR) as an international social movement has perhaps received less attention than it is due. In this article, I explore the underlying global vision of the CR, and the ways in which this vision shapes the CR's international political activism. I focus on the CR's construction of the United Nations, examining various CR genres including movement publications, fiction, and prophecy writing. I also attempt to analyse the CR's ideological stance in light of the literature on ‘religion and globalisation’.

Imperatives for the future include: To take energetic action within the NGO process to blunt or prevent new assaults on family integrity; to identify, protect, and help advance existing ‘friends of the family’ within the U.N. Secretariat; to ‘place’ such friends in positions of current or potential influence within the U.N. Secretariat; And to build an international movement of ‘religiously grounded family morality systems’ that can influence and eventually shape social policy at the United Nations (Carlson, 2000).
The British Armed Services and the Participation of Minority Ethnic Communities: From Equal Opportunities to Diversity?
Authors: Dandeker Christopher , Mason David
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the commitments enshrined in the Strategic Defence Review White Paper to make the armed forces more genuinely representative of the British population, notably with respect to ethnicity. It identifies some conceptual problems associated with the way in which those commitments are presented and with the arguments usually deployed in support of their pursuit. It suggests that a fundamental re-assessment is required of the concept of representativeness, which is at the heart of current policy commitments, if their planned practical outcomes are to be achieved. The paper asks whether a shift in focus from equal opportunities to diversity offers the prospect of resolving some of the dilemmas and obstacles identified. It concludes by suggesting that the concept of diversity is itself not unproblematic – particularly in a military context – and that it could offer a solution only if it were embraced hand in hand with a much more explicit acceptance of the diversity of the political community. This would mean nothing less than a reassessment of what it means to be British in the twenty first century and a more sophisticated grasp of what would be entailed in being representative of such a nation.
The Body in Sociology: Tensions inside and outside Sociological Thought
Authors: Howson Alexandra , Inglis David
Published: March 2003

The human body has in recent years become a ‘hot’ topic in sociology, not just in empirical research but also in sociological theorizing. In the latter context, the body has been variously a resource for broadening the parameters of traditional sociological thought deriving from the nineteenth century, and for overturning that paradigm and fundamentally reorienting the assumptions and concepts of sociological thinking. Attempts to abandon the old paradigm and foster a new one through the means of thinking about bodies are many and manifold, and in this paper we trace out the intricate history of moves towards a ‘corporeal sociology'. We identify the dilemmas that have attended these developments, especially as concerns the ways in which new modes of thinking sociologically have tended to founder over the classical sociological dichotomy between social structure and social action. Through tracing out the various moves and counter-moves within this field, we identify a central contradiction that affects all contemporary sociological practice, not just that dealing with the body: an oscillation between judging the utility of conceptual tools in terms of criteria derived from the discipline of Cultural Studies, and evaluating the arguments created by those tools on the basis of the incompatible criteria of classical sociology. The paper challenges sociologists to choose one set of criteria or the other, for sociological practice cannot be based on both such antagonistic paradigms.
Photographs in the Cultural Account: Contested Narratives and Collective Memory in the Scottish Islands
Authors: Blaikie Andrew
Published: March 2003

'Traditional’ photographic images of people in the Scottish islands represent them as marginal and romantic, determined survivors become quaint curiosities. The discourse of modernity has produced a dichotomy between contemporary society and a pre-industrial Arcadia that is vividly reflected in the emphasis on the anthropological ‘otherness’ of island ways of life. Yet whilst such stereotypes are evident from the archival record, the specific uses made of photographs by local communities suggests that these pictures also provide a resource for cultural accounting. Like the ‘reckoning of kin’ or the cataloguing of place names and archaeological sites, photographs constitute a shared basis for establishing awareness of an authentic, distinctive and continuous self-identity. The view constructed by outsiders may thus be contrasted with a competing indigenous appropriation: the one stresses the schisms rent by transformed relations of production; the other counters modernisation theory in its celebration of continuity. Although the malleability of photographs as sources renders any final assessment difficult, a methodology for intertextual reading is suggested.
Reflexive Modernization and the Third Way: The Impasses of Giddens' Social-Democratic Politics
Authors: Mouzelis Nicos
Published: March 2003

In the light of a critical account of Giddens' three recent books on politics (1994, 1998, 2000) this paper argues that it is possible to formulate a third way, that is different both form the ad hoc mixture of neo-liberal and conventional social-democratic recipes found in the Blair/Schröder type of discourse, as well as from Giddens' utopianism that is blind to political economy realities. This alternative version of the third way, guided by a non-economistic holistic framework should stress the continuous relevance of the Left-Right divide, ie, the continuities between early and late modernity and between the old and new emancipatory struggles against tyranny, exploitation and cultural/symbolic manipulation. It should also attempt to elaborate new reform proposals (in the area of the work, welfare, democracy, the life world) that take seriously into account the contradictions and present distribution of economic, political and cultural power, both on the national and the global level.
From Cathedral to Supermarket: Mourning, Silence and Solidarity
Authors: Walter Tony
Published: March 2003

Where do mobile, individualistic members of modern Britain spontaneously congregate, eg, for public mourning, and what does this tell us about the construction of solidarity and a sense of society? Where flowers were laid and books of condolence provided after the death of Princess Diana in 1997 provides a case study. A survey of 147 cities, towns and villages found that churches were important in cities and villages, but elsewhere, town halls, war memorials, shops and public buildings provided the magnets to bring people together. The role of war memorials and supermarkets is then examined in an analysis of the 1995 revival of the 11th November silence for the war dead. This indicates a) the payoff for companies in showing that they care, b) the importance of practical logistics of space and time. In a plural and secular society, ritual ‘words against death’ become ‘silences against death'. These congregations of contemporary nomads may not be full-blown Durkheimian rites, but they are a representation of existing society at the same time as representing popular hope for a better society.
Street Children in Moscow: Using and Creating Social Capital
Authors: Stephenson Svetlana
Published: March 2003

The paper analyses the strategies of homeless street children in Moscow connected with the accumulation of social capital. Based on recent empirical research, it looks at the involvement of children in non-criminal and criminal subcultures as a way to get access to important networks and resources, and shows how young people use their social skills and appropriate subcultural norms and values in order to build alternative careers. It demonstrates that children's social background plays an important role in their trajectories in the urban informal economy and society, and that they should not be viewed, as it is usually suggested in the social exclusion paradigm, as a single dispossessed mass which has fallen through support networks in various risk scenarios. Research data is reviewed to provide evidence that Moscow's homeless children are resourceful and deeply social agents who find surrogate families and ad hoc social memberships.
Divergent Female Part-Time Employment in Britain and Denmark and the Implications for Gender Equity
Authors: Warren Tracey
Published: March 2003

This paper examines women's employment in Britain and Denmark, societies characterised similarly by high proportions of female employees working part-time but by rather different gender arrangements. Part-time working is associated with female-carer workers; women who have reduced their hours in the labour market to bring up children and are able to do this because of the presence of an alternative source of income – usually a male breadwinner. Yet Denmark has been conceptualised as having more of ‘dual-breadwinner’ gender arrangement than Britain. It would seem then, that part-time working is distinctly different in these two societies. Examining this question, the paper concludes that extensive part-time working for women, and not men, does indeed tend to reinforce a traditional male-breadwinner model. However, the strength of this reinforcement varies, depending on the relative conditions of the part-time labour market. These conditions vary substantially cross-nationally and can also change rapidly within one society over time. As a result, the typical ‘role’ a part-time job plays for women can also vary cross-nationally and can change over time.
Beyond Cheap Labour: Trade Unions and Development in the Turkish Metal Industry
Authors: Nichols Theo , Sugur Nadir , Demir Erol
Published: March 2003

The ability of developing countries to export to more developed parts of the world is often associated with cheap labour. But such very obvious economic advantage is not always the end of the story. A fuller account needs to consider the wider institutional context. In some instances trade unionism can be an important part of this. This paper addresses trade unionism with specific reference to workers employed in large firms in Turkey that are significant exporters of consumer goods to the European market. The union examined is the largest union in the metal industry, an industry that is a driving force in the Turkish economy, and a major centre of trade unionism with over half a million of Turkey's three million trade unionists. The particular – autocratic – character of this union is critically examined and located with reference to wider forces of political economy and the specific constraints and difficulties to which its members are subject. Finally, the significance of this sort of trade unionism for economic – and socio-political – development is discussed.
Renewed Methodologies for Social Research: Ethno-Mimesis as Performative Praxis
Authors: O'Neill Maggie , Giddens Sara , Breatnach Patricia , Bagley Carl , Bourne Darren , Judge Tony
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses upon renewed methodologies for social research in order to explore and re-present the complexity of lived relations in contemporary society. Renewed methodologies can transgress conventional or traditional ways of analysing and representing research data. This paper combines socio-cultural theory; experience (life stories); and practice (exhibition/performance) defined as ethno-mimesis to explore and better understand key themes and issues evolving from ethnographic work with female prostitutes. By focusing upon life history work with women working as prostitutes and by experiencing women's stories represented through live art we can further our understanding of the complexity of sex, sexualities, desire, violence, masculinities and the relevance of the body – the gendered body, the imaginary body, the performative body, the social body – within the context of post modern times, de-traditionalization, and what Stejpan Meštrović calls ‘postemotionalism’ and compassion fatigue. The paper incorporates stills from a video/live art performance, Not all the time … but mostly … performed by Patricia Breatnach, choreographed by Sara Giddens, sound by Darren Bourne and video produced by Tony Judge. The video/live art performance is a response to transcripts of interviews with women working as prostitutes and fuses dance, text, sound and video.
Consuming the Car: Anticipation, Use and Meaning in Contemporary Youth Culture
Authors: Carrabine Eamonn , Longhurst Brian
Published: March 2003

Drawing on evidence from a recently conducted study of the everyday lives of young people in Manchester, UK, this article considers the place of cars in contemporary youth culture. The article acknowledges the recent beginnings of sociological and social science discussion of cars but concurs with the view that this topic has been much neglected. More specifically the study of young people and personal mobility has been constrained by approaches that emphasise the problematic nature of this phenomena or locate it within a theory of subculture. Taking its cue from recent studies of consumption, this paper offers an alternative theorisation. Refinement of the work on television consumption by Roger Silverstone leads to a discussion of more affluent young people's relationships to cars under three heads: anticipation, use and meaning. It is suggested that car use must be seen in the framework of sociability and networks and that it also critically and suggestively mediates ordinary consumption with imaginative possibilities.
Class, Authenticity and the Transition to Higher Education for Mature Students
Authors: Reay Diane
Published: March 2003

The stated UK Government policy on Higher Education is to attract increasing numbers of non-traditional applicants to Higher Education. Mature students are positioned as key within this policy initiative. However, the statistics suggest that recent policy changes have made it more rather than less difficult for non-traditional students to attend university. This paper explores some of the sociological and psychological processes which make working-class transitions to higher education problematic by focusing on the narratives of 23 mature students attending an inner London Further Education college. It is argued that class, although mediated by gender and ethnicity, always counts in the transition process. Also, within the working-classes there are different class fractions with differing priorities in relation to risk, challenge and fitting in. These solidarist and individualist fractions within the working-classes result in differing priorities, attitudes and actions in relation to the higher education choice process.
Lest Power Be Forgotten: Networks, Division and Difference in the City
Authors: Bridge Gary , Watson Sophie
Published: March 2003

Over the last decade we have seen a notable shift in the urban Society literature from discourses of division to discourses of difference. This shift has opened up new ways of understanding the complexities of city life and the formation of heterogeneous subjectivities and identities in the spaces of the city. There has been, we argue, a worrying tendency in this process to lose an analysis of the workings of power, While early Marxist, feminist and race/ethnicity debates were firmly located within a framework which highlighted power, post-structuralist debates have operated with a more fluid notion of power, which at times has become so fluid as to evaporate into thin air. Our intention here in to re-emphasise the significance of power while holding on to the concept of difference. We do this by using the notion of power networks that operate at different temporal and spatial scales. These give the city contrasting spatialities and temporalities that overlap one another. The city is seen as a palimpsest of time-space networks that capture some of the presence of difference as well as suggesting its absences. These time-space networks of power are considered in the material, perceived and imaginary realms in relation to bodies, interests and symbols.
Truly Embodied Sociology: Marrying the Social and the Biological?
Authors: Newton Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relation between sociology and biology through an examination of issues relating to the sociology of the body, emotion and health. Arguments for a ‘biological’, and yet social, body are considered before developing a critique of work on the sociology of the biological body. It is argued that there are a number of difficulties with this latter project. Writers working in this area can be seen to have used rather emotional ploys to advance their promotion of a more ‘biologised’, or ‘material-corporeal’, account of the body, emotion and health. In addition though these writers eschew reductionist, naturalist, and dualist arguments, they nevertheless draw on studies that have some or all of these characteristics. Finally a variety of epistemological and methodological difficulties inherent in physiological analysis and in ‘interviewing’ the body are explored. It is concluded that we still remain near the ‘starting point’ of a sociology of the body that interrelates biology and sociology.
Consumerism and professional work in the community pharmacy
Authors: Hibbert Derek , Bissell Paul , Ward Paul R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract In this paper we consider the professional role and status of the community pharmacist (chemist) in the context of consumerist health care. The sociological perspective of pharmacy as an incomplete or marginal profession has been challenged in more recent work, which describes how pharmacists act to ‘transform’natural objects (drugs) into more valued social objects (medicines). We consider this process as it applies to the everyday and ‘taken‐for‐granted’ act of buying medicines in the pharmacy. We draw on focus group and interview data from a study involving consumers and pharmacy staff in the North West of England. The consumers had purchased one of a group of ‘deregulated’ medicines, which were previously available only with a doctor’s prescription. One way in which pharmacists have sought to develop their professional role is by trying to formalise their involvement in the surveillance of medicine sales. We show how this professionalising strategy is challenged by the consumer’s power in the commercial transaction and perceived expertise in the management of minor illness. This challenge forms a boundary to the pharmacists’‘transformatory’ work, and forms part of an ongoing negotiation of the meaning and relevance of their expertise. We present the strategies adopted by consumers and pharmacy staff to (respectively) obtain the desired medicines and fulfil professional responsibilities against a background of differing and contested assessments of the risks associated with medicines use.
The Hidden Curriculum of Patient Education for Low Back Pain in General Practice
Authors: Skelton Alan
Published: March 2003

In this article I explore the implicit learning that occurs in and through doctor‐patient educational encounters in general practice. Drawing upon a recent study of low back pain, I argue that whilst general practitioners appear to dominate the process of patient education, this process cannot be viewed simply as a repressive social control mechanism. Rather patients voluntarily choose to exert bodily self‐controls in the light of patient education, due to their wider association with freedom, health and personal choice. Patient education for low back pain also offers opportunities for people to liberate their subjectivities so that social controls become redeployed or reappropriated for idiosyncratic or counter‐hegemonic purposes.
Resuscitation Technology in the Emergency Department: Towards a Dignified Death
Authors: Timmermans Stefan
Published: March 2003

Social scientists and ethicists often blame the increased use of advanced medical technologies for the undignified character of contemporary dying. Based on ethnographic material and in‐depth interviews with health‐care providers, I analyse how resuscitation technology shapes sudden death in emergency departments. First, I examine the extent to which the course of resuscitative efforts is a consequence of technological factors or of health care system characteristics. Second, I look at how resuscitation technologies indirectly offer an opportunity to face pending death. In the last part, I investigate how this opportunity can be fostered when the emergency department staff takes the needs of relatives and friends into consideration.
Young women’s experiences of arranging and having abortions
Authors: Harden Angela , Ogden Jane
Published: March 2003

Women (n = 54) aged between 16 and 24 were interviewed between one and three hours after their abortion about their experiences. Overall, having an unwanted pregnancy was experienced as a rare event which was accompanied by feelings of lack of control and loss of status. Further, the process of arranging and having an abortion led to a reinstatement of status, control and normality. However, this process was sometimes hindered by inaccessible information, judgmental health professionals and the wider social context of abortion in which abortion is seen as a generally negative experience. In the main though, most of these negative experiences were associated with accessing the abortion service and the professionals who act as gatekeepers to the service rather than those who work within the service itself. Therefore, although young women's experiences were wide‐ranging and varied, most were positive, and at times even negative expectations were compensated by supportive staff, indicating that abortion services may not be as judgmental in the late 20th century as suggested in previous decades.
‘There’s this thing in our family’: predictive testing and the construction of risk for Huntington Disease
Authors: Cox Susan M. , McKellin William
Published: March 2003

Recent approaches to the new genetics stress the importance of placing hereditary risk within the context of familial beliefs and dynamics. Nonetheless, few empirical studies on predictive genetic testing have explored the meaning and significance of hereditary risk within everyday life. Drawing upon in‐depth interviews with 21 families, this paper examines the social construction of hereditary risk for one adult onset disorder, Huntington Disease. Highlighting the social, biographical and temporal factors that families consider when discussing risk and its modification through predictive genetic testing, we find that Mendelian theories of inheritance seldom provide an adequate framework. Such objectified knowledge makes sense on an abstract level but is ultimately inadequate for describing the fluctuating relevance of risk as it develops within the nexus of familial relations.
Socioeconomic measures in early old age as indicators of previous lifetime exposure to environmental health hazards
Authors: Berney Lee , Blane David , Davey Smith George , Gunnell David , Holland Paula , Montgomery Scott
Published: March 2003

The relationship between disadvantage in early old age and disadvantage earlier in life was investigated by collecting lifetime residential and occupational histories from 294 subjects aged between 63 and 78 years. Lifetime exposure scores, expressed as the age‐adjusted number of years exposed to a range of health hazards, were calculated. Associations between these scores and six measures of socioeconomic position after retirement were examined. Compared with the more advantaged, the more disadvantaged on each post‐retirement socioeconomic measure had higher lifetime exposure scores. Mutual adjustment showed that the Registrar General’s (RG) social class, based on the person’s own last main occupation, had the strongest association with previous hazard exposure. In the absence of the information required to assign an RG class status, receipt of state welfare benefits in early old age had the strongest association with previous hazard exposure for women, whilst for men, current tenure status was most strongly associated.
The technological mediation of the nursing‐medical boundary
Authors: Hn Tjora Aksel
Published: March 2003

Norwegian medical emergency communication (AMK) centres are staffed by nurses, who administer requests for ambulance services or access to a doctor. The central position of nurses and the fact that they communicate with doctors by telephone and radio, make this a setting where the doctor‐nurse relationship is highly visible. A two‐year study of AMK centres showed that much of the work of these centres proceeds quite independently of doctors, as nurses function as competent suppliers of advice or ‘medical oracles’. The doctor‐designed Index for Medical Emergency Assistance is deficient as a tool for guiding nurses’ decisions, since it fails to take account of the dynamics of real nursing practice, which is based on experiential knowledge, support from colleagues and collective learning. Data on nursing work in the AMK centres suggest that these nurses have more influence and autonomy in the nurse‐doctor interaction than most past studies have indicated.
‘We mustn’t judge people ... but’: staff dilemmas in dealing with racial harassment amongst hospice service users
Authors: Gunaratnam Yasmin
Published: March 2003

Increasing attention is being given to the challenging of racism and racial harassment in health care organisations. Very little, however, is known about anti‐discriminatory practice in the health services, or how professionals give meaning to ‘race’ in their work with service users. This paper examines these issues through representations of the ‘dilemmas’ that were talked about by hospice staff in managing incidents of racial harassment amongst service users. By addressing the micro‐interactional dynamics of this work, specific attention is given to representations of the cognitive and emotional dimensions of anti‐discriminatory practice: that is, how professionals talk about how they think and feel in working with, and sometimes attempting to challenge, racist service users. The paper suggests that the recognition and exploration of staff dilemmas in dealing with racism has much to contribute to the analysis of professional roles, values and expectations, while also having implications for policy and service development.
Categorising to exclude: the discursive construction of cases in community mental health teams
Authors: Griffiths Lesley
Published: March 2003

This paper examines meetings in which community mental health teams (CMHTs) process referrals from psychiatrists and GPs, to determine whether or not patients should be ‘allocated’ to caseloads. It focuses on the discursive construction of cases, and the way in which some patients are marked out as inappropriate referrals in a process of implicit categorisation that avoids open reference to pejorative or exclusionary labels. While team members do not present their actions as ‘rationing’, references to inappropriateness occur in close proximity to references to resource pressures and claims that referrals are not subject to proper ‘gatekeeping’. Staff may channel such patients towards less intensive treatment options, request more information to delay acceptance on to caseloads, or reject referrals as inappropriate. Thus the care offered to patients not defined as ‘seriously mentally ill’, but referred in the belief that they could benefit from CMHT input, was subject to de facto rationing.
‘Oh, those therapists will become your best friends’: maternal satisfaction with clinics providing physical, occupational and speech therapy services to children with disabilities
Authors: Green Sara E.
Published: March 2003

Little is known about maternal satisfaction with clinics that provide physical, occupational and speech therapy services to chronically impaired children. Because of the frequency and duration of contact between mothers and therapy clinics, this represents a significant gap in the literature on satisfaction with health care providers. This study uses a modified labelling approach to the issue of interactions between the own, the wise and the others as a framework for understanding such satisfaction. Data are drawn from a survey of 81 mothers of children regularly treated at one of three paediatric therapy clinics, and from extensive interactive interviews with seven of these mothers. Findings suggest that satisfaction with therapy clinics is a complex phenomenon that is affected by the relationships among mothers, the wise and others, in a number of ways: (1) Mothers who find it easier to interact with wise individuals than with others are more satisfied with the therapy clinic; (2) The perceived quality of the social environment is more important to overall satisfaction among mothers who do not prefer interactions with wise individuals than among those who do; (3) Among mothers who do not prefer interactions with wise individuals, perceived stigma is inversely related to overall satisfaction and moderates the relationship between the social environment and satisfaction. The greater the degree of perceived stigma, the more important the social environment of the clinic is to overall satisfaction among mothers who do not prefer interactions with the wise.
Contesting the text: Canadian media depictions of the conflation of mental illness and criminality
Authors: Olstead Riley
Published: March 2003

Researchers have identified that portrayals of mentally ill people as violent and criminal are among the most common depictions of mental illness in the popular media (Nunnally 1961, Wahl and Roth 1982, Day and Page 1986). Little attention, however, has been paid to assessing the textual strategies whereby such representations gain currency. This research is interested in investigating the reporting techniques utilised by the popular press including the ways in which power, knowledge and ideology articulates in and through media reports about mental illness. This study draws on Foucault (1972) and van Dijk (1998), to assess data generated out of a discourse analysis of 195 articles from two major Canadian newspapers over the past decade (1990–1999). Findings suggest that the linkages between criminality and mental illness are achieved through the use of ideological, polarised talk that creates distinctions between Us and Them, as well as through a hierarchy of mental illness. Within the hierarchy of illness, three portrayals are explored including the mentally ill criminal, the passive patient and class based illness depiction. A major finding reveals that, throughout the various representations, a central reporting feature is of mentally ill people as simultaneously rational and irrational. Furthermore, varying degrees of agency are afforded mentally ill subjects on class lines, which has implications for the substantiation of responsibility and blame.
Actor networks, policy networks and personality disorder
Authors: Manning Nick
Published: March 2003

In this paper two disparate areas of social science theory, actor‐network theory and policy networks, will be brought to bear on the problem of explaining the rapid development of an area of medical science and health policy in the UK. There has been a surge of interest in the treatment and management of personality disorder from within both the psychiatric profession and government ministries, and particularly those personality disorders deemed to be severe or dangerous. This has resulted in the development of a new psychiatric classification, the ‘dangerous and severe personality disorder’ (DSPD), and the funding and development of a new service to deal with it. Major new mental health legislation has been set in train to provide legal backing for the pre‐emptive detention of patients with such a diagnosis, despite widespread uncertainty over its status, reliability or predictive capability. In the process of presenting and analysing this development, actor‐network theory and policy networks will themselves be reviewed and compared, and common and incompatible elements, foci and mechanisms identified.
Prostate cancer: embodied experience and perceptions of masculinity
Authors: Chapple Alison , Ziebland Sue
Published: March 2003

Abstract While some argue that gender differences, which refer to the social classification into ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’, have their source in ‘culture’, others argue there is no need to have an absolute dichotomy between culture and nature, or between constructionist and anti‐constructionist epistemologies. Although there has been much theorising about the body, until recently little attention has been paid to empirical evidence. This paper looks at the way in which prostate cancer and its treatment affects men's bodies, their roles and sense of masculinity. Interviews were conducted with 52 men, exploring their experiences of prostate cancer. Findings suggest that many men are reluctant to consult their doctors, because ‘men don’t cry’, thus reinforcing the notion that ‘masculinity’ is a social construction. However, while the illness and the side effects of surgical and radiotherapy treatments sometimes led to impotence and incontinence, the treatments that involved hormones were reported to have an additional, sometimes profound effect on libido, energy, ability to work, body shape and competitiveness. These side effects reduced some men's sense of masculinity. We conclude that the physical body as well as culture should be considered when trying to explain what it means to be masculine, and how illness may affect men's sense of masculinity.
Signed Central Moments of Integer Random Variables with Decreasing Density
Authors: Ahrens J. H. , Rösler U.
Published: March 2003

Signed central α‐moments of integer valued rv with decreasing density are considered. These are all positive if α≥3/2. We state sharp universal bounds on α depending only on the expectation of the random variable. For special cases the bounds are also evaluated numerically.
Analysis of space–time variability in agriculture and the environment with geostatistics
Authors: Stein A.
Published: March 2003

This paper gives an overview of space–time variability in agriculture and the environment. Analysis is based upon geostatistics in the framework of linear regression theory. Common procedures for spatial data are extended towards the space–time domain. Several practical studies are presented. The first study describes the use of REML to estimate semi‐variogram models within the presence of trends. The second study describes the use of probability maps in an environmental statistical study. The third study describes the use of geostatistics in modelling the development of a disease in cabbage. Studies are evaluated using quadratic scoring rules.
Estimation of the intensity of a Poisson point process by means of nearest neighbor distances
Authors: Granville V.
Published: March 2003

A new unbiased consistent asymptotically normal estimator Uk of the intensity λ of a stationary multivariate Poisson point process is exhibited. This estimate is based on a combination of the j‐th nearest neighbor (possibly non Euclidean) distances (j=1, ..., k) to a single fixed site x. A simple closed form containing logarithmic terms is obtained for E(Ulk)(0<l<k).
A nonlinear approach to a class of combinatorial optimization problems
Authors: Warners J. P.
Published: March 2003

A special class of combinatorial optimization problems is considered. We develop a compact nonconvex quadratic model for these problems that incorporates all inequality constraints in the objective function, and discuss two approximation algorithms for solving this model. One is inspired by Karmarkar's potential reduction algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems; the other is a variant of the reduced gradient method. The paper concludes with computational experiences with both real‐life and randomly generated instances of the frequency assignment problem. Large problems are satisfactorily solved in reasonable computation times.
An alternative definition of individual bioequivalence
Authors: Longford Nicholas T.
Published: March 2003

Several definitions of individual bioequivalence of two formulations of a medical treatment (drug) have been proposed recently. These definitions attempt to adapt the criterion of average bioequivalence, which would be deficient if substantive treatment heterogeneity were present. In some of the proposed definitions, relatively large differences of means can be compensated by differences in the measurement‐error variances. We propose a definition based on a simple latent‐variable model which overcomes this anomaly and need not involve the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's 80/125 rule. Our approach is based on a moment‐matching estimator of the discrepancy between the outcomes underlying the subjects' responses. The distribution of this estimator is a linear combination of independent χ2 variates; asymptotically, it can be approximated by a normal distribution. Evidence of individual bioequivalence corresponds to rejecting the hypothesis that the discrepancy is greater than a specified threshold. The approach is illustrated by reanalysing two bioequivalence trials.
Second language learner speech production
Authors: Temple Liz
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a study which investigated temporal variables in foreign language learner speech and native speech. The findings are discussed from a cognitive processing perspective. The subjects were 30 intermediate/advanced level adult students of French as a foreign language and 20 native speakers of French. Short extracts of recorded interviews were transcribed and quantitative measures of pause and hesitation phenomena, repairs and errors were calculated. The speech production model of Levelt (1989) provides a framework for understanding the source of these phenomena and the significant differences between natives and learners in planning and encoding speech. Capacity limitations of working memory, related in particular to foreign language learners' non‐automatic processing mode, resulted in non‐fluent speech performance, compared with native speakers.
Feature representation and –tu(pas) in Quebec French
Authors: Vinet Marie Thérèse
Published: March 2003

This paper offers an analysis of –tu(pas) in Quebec French in terms of feature composition. It is proposed that the features of –tu are checked both at PF and LF. It is argued that –tu represents a PF reflex of an emphatic stress on the last syllable of the prosodic unit Vfinite+tu and it is a LF reflex of a reinforcer in the internal domain of TP for certain types of mood‐force expressions. However, it is not an inherent illocutionary Force marker. It is illustrated how –tu pas creates an aspectual effect in discourse and is connected to predicates with a built‐in terminal point. Even though –tu pas must sometimes appear obligatorily together in the proposition, the two forms bring a different contribution to the meaning of the sentence. It is argued that –tu is a Force operator identified in the CP domain at LF and pas is a negative marker which is interpretated with a reverse positive polarity when it scopes over –tu.
On the deletion of accusative case markers in Japanese
Authors: Minashima Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

The Japanese accusative case marker o cannot be deleted arbitrarily; rather, it seems that the deletion of o, that is, the use of ZERO, is governed by certain factors. For some languages, it is claimed that both animacy and definiteness play an important role in the accusative case marking system. For example, NPs that are low in animacy and definiteness tend to drop accusative markers. The purpose of the present paper is to show that NPs with ZERO are low in both animacy and definiteness in Japanese.
N‐final relative clauses: The Amharic case
Authors: Demeke Girma A.
Published: March 2003

Kayne develops a unique analysis for the relative clause construction based on the Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA). According to Kayne (1994) outside the relative CP relative clauses do not have a nominal head. For him, the determiner directly selects the relative CP. Borsely (1997) and Platzack (1997/2000) argue that this kind of analysis has many drawbacks. However, their arguments come from N‐initial relative clause constructions. This paper examines how Kayne's approach handles N‐final relative clause constructions.

We will immediately note that Kayne (1994) proposes the empirically erroneous generalisation that N‐final relative clauses lack an overt complementizer. Contrary to Kayne, languages such as Amharic clearly have a complementizer.

This paper argues that from an empirical and theoretical point of view Kayne's proposal to N‐final relative clause construction has a lot of problems. In line with Platzack (1997/2000), this paper argues that N‐final relative clauses can be treated uniformly with N‐initial relative clauses as a complement of a “head” noun and moved to the functional definiteness Agr category to check the definiteness feature in the sense of Chomsky (1993).
A Mathematical Model for Trapping Skinning in Polymers
Authors: Edwards David A.
Published: March 2003

When saturated polymer films are desorbed, a thin skin of glassy polymer can form at the exposed surface, inhibiting desorption. In addition, trapping skinning, in which an increase in the force driving the desorption decreases the accumulated flux, can also occur. These behaviors cannot be described by the simple Fickian diffusion equation. The mathematical model presented for the system is a moving boundary‐value problem with a set of coupled partial differential equations that cannot be solved by similarity variables. Therefore, integral equation techniques are used to obtain asymptotic estimates for the solution. It is shown that although increasing the driving force will increase the instantaneous flux, the time of accumulation will decrease, thus reducing the overall flux. In addition, the model is shown to exhibit sharp fronts moving with constant speed, another distinctive feature of non‐Fickian polymer‐penetrant systems.