bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN ATTEMPT TO GENERALIZE THE CONTROL COEFFICIENT CONCEPT
Authors: BACONNIER P.F. , PACHOT P. , DEMONGEOT J.
Published: November 2004

First developed in the case of a stationary flux, the notion of control strength inside a metabolic pathway is extended here to the case of a periodic flux. In this case, the control strength is no more defined on the stationary flux, but on other characteristics of the dynamics like the period or the amplitude, depending on the characteristic whose evolution we wished to describe.

We simulated a subsystem of the glycolysis where a periodic behaviour exists and calculated the control strength on the period and on the amplitude of the ATP concentration. The results showed the value of the control coefficients were different on both characteristics: some steps exerts more control on the period than on the amplitude and conversely for other steps. Then, in a given step of the metabolic chain, we tried to relate the control coefficient obtained in the stationary flux situation to the one obtained for the flux amplitude in the periodic situation. We did not observe any continuity phenomenon and we explain that it is due to the qualitative properties of the system. Finally, we think the extension of the notion of control strength to periodic or chaotic motion is a good approach to analyze the way a metabolic step influences specific characteristics of the dynamics.
EXPORTING BY SMALL BUSINESSES: START-UP EFFECTIVENESS ISSUES
Authors: OLSON PHILIP D. , GOUGH NEWELL , BOKOR DONALD W.
Published: November 2004

As a growth strategy, small businesses are increasingly seeking customers in foreign countries. Our knowledge about certain small business export concepts and relationships, however, is still fragmented. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine export start-up effectiveness issues for a set of small firms. Results indicate that sales measures, such as export intensity (export sales as a percent of total sales), were the most frequently used effectiveness criteria for the first year of exporting. This finding is important because in the literature export intensity has been criticised as an export effectiveness measure.
Prognostic Value of Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Jiang Wei , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Cuffe Michael S. , Christopher Eric J. , Alexander Jude D. , Clary Greg L. , Blazing Michael A. , Gaulden Laura H. , Califf Robert M. , Krishnan Ranga R. , O’Connor Christopher M.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Anxiety is often present with depression and may be one of its manifestations. Although the adverse effects of depression in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have been well studied, the relation between anxiety and CHF prognosis has not been addressed. In a secondary analysis of data collected for a published study of depression and prognosis in patients with CHF, we examined the relations among anxiety, depression, and prognosis.

Methods and Results—

We measured symptoms of anxiety with the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale and symptoms of depression with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale in 291 patients with CHF hospitalized as a result of cardiac events. We followed up these patients for all-cause mortality over 1 year. The mean scores for state anxiety (State-A) and trait anxiety (Trait-A) were identical at 33.5; the mean BDI score was 8.7±7.6. State-A and Trait-A scores correlated highly with each other (
r
=0.85;
P
<0.01) and with BDI score (State-A,
r
=0.52; Trait-A,
r
=0.59;
P
<0.01). Cox proportional-hazards model with and without confounding variables showed no relation between State-A or Trait-A and 1-year mortality. BDI scores, however, significantly predicted increased mortality during 1-year follow-up (hazard ratio, 1.04 for each 1-unit increase;
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

Although anxiety and depression are highly correlated in CHF patients, depression alone predicts a significantly worse prognosis for these patients.
Identification of a Gene Expression Profile That Differentiates Between Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kittleson Michelle M. , Ye Shui Q. , Irizarry Rafael A. , Minhas Khalid M. , Edness Gina , Conte John V. , Parmigiani Giovanni , Miller Leslie W. , Chen Yingjie , Hall Jennifer L. , Garcia Joe G.N. , Hare Joshua M.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Gene expression profiling refines diagnostic and prognostic assessment in oncology but has not yet been applied to myocardial diseases. We hypothesized that gene expression differentiates ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating that gene expression profiling by clinical parameters is feasible in cardiology.

Methods and Results—

Affymetrix U133A microarrays of 48 myocardial samples from Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) and the University of Minnesota (UM) obtained (1) at transplantation or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement (end-stage; n=25), (2) after LVAD support (post-LVAD; n=16), and (3) from newly diagnosed patients (biopsy; n=7) were analyzed with prediction analysis of microarrays. A training set was used to develop the profile and test sets to validate the accuracy of the profile. An etiology prediction profile developed in end-stage JHH samples was tested in independent samples from both JHH and UM with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in end-stage samples and 33% sensitivity and 100% specificity in both post-LVAD and biopsy samples. The overall sensitivity was 89% (95% CI 75% to 100%), and specificity was 89% (95% CI 60% to 100%) over 210 random partitions of end-stage samples into training and test sets. Age, gender, and hemodynamic differences did not affect the profile’s accuracy in stratified analyses. Select gene expression was confirmed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusions—

Gene expression profiling accurately predicts cardiomyopathy etiology, is generalizable to samples from separate institutions, is specific to disease stage, and is unaffected by differences in clinical characteristics. This strongly supports ongoing efforts to incorporate expression profiling-based biomarkers in determining prognosis and response to therapy in heart failure.
Intramyocyte Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus Genome by Laser Capture Microdissection in Patients With Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chimenti Cristina , Russo Andrea , Pieroni Maurizio , Calabrese Fiorella , Verardo Romina , Thiene Gaetano , Russo Matteo A. , Maseri Attilio , Frustaci Andrea
Published: November 2004

Background—

The causal role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in inflammatory cardiomyopathy (IC) is still unclear, because this virus is present in latently infected circulating B lymphocytes in 90% of adults. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) has been applied on endomyocardial biopsy samples from patients with IC to assess the presence of EBV genome in separately dissected lymphocytes and myocytes.

Methods and Results—

Among 142 patients with cardiac dilation and dysfunction and a histological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of myocarditis, 44 had a myocardial viral infection detected by polymerase chain reaction on frozen endomyocardial biopsy samples. In 9 of them, the virus detected was EBV. LCM was performed on 5-μm-thick paraffin sections of EBV-infected hearts. Lymphocytes and myocytes were microdissected and analyzed separately by polymerase chain reaction analysis on DNA extracted from the collected cells. Blood and myocardial samples from patients with positive and negative serology for EBV were used as controls. EBV genome was detected in myocytes but not in infiltrating lymphocytes of patients, nor in myocardial samples from controls. Despite full conventional antifailure therapy, a progressive cardiac dilation and dysfunction was documented in patients with EBV-related IC at a mean of 31±14 months of follow-up.

Conclusions—

Intramyocyte detection of EBV can be obtained by LCM in up to 6.3% of patients with IC. This supports a cytopathic EBV role and suggests the opportunity for an antiviral/immunomodulatory therapy.
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Lowers the Recurrence Rate of Preeclampsia and Restores the Physiological Vascular Changes in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme DD Women
Authors: Mello Giorgio , Parretti Elena , Fatini Cinzia , Riviello Chiara , Gensini Francesca , Marchionni Mauro , Scarselli Gian Franco , Gensini Gian Franco , Abbate Rosanna
Published: November 2004

Data from literature report that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism affects the recurrence of preeclampsia and that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) prevents adverse outcomes in thrombophilic women. We investigated the effect of LMWH on the pregnancy outcome, on maternal blood pressure values, and on uteroplacental flow in ACE DD nonthrombophilic women with history of preeclampsia. Eighty nonthrombophilic ACE DD women were randomized in 2 groups: 41 treated with dalteparin 5000 IU/day and 39 untreated (control group). Women underwent 24-hour automated blood pressure monitoring in the preconceptional period and every 2 weeks from weeks 8 to 36 and transabdominal color flow/pulsed Doppler examination at weeks 16, 20, and 24. LMWH reduced the risk of clinical negative outcomes (74.1% reduction of preeclampsia and 77.5% reduction of fetal growth restriction) and the severity (88.3% reduction of early onset of preeclampsia and 86.4% reduction of early onset of fetal growth restriction). In treated women, the relative risk for preeclampsia was 0.26 (
P
=0.02), and the relative risk for fetal growth restriction was 0.14 (
P
<0.001). Systolic (
P
=0.002) and diastolic (
P
=0.002) blood pressures, as well as awake (
P
=0.04) and asleep (
P
=0.01) period values, and the resistance indexes of both uterine arteries (
P
=0.002) were lower in the treated group. LMWH reduces the recurrence of preeclampsia, of negative outcomes, and the resistance of uteroplacental flow, and also prevents maternal blood pressure increase in ACE DD homozygote women with a previous history of preeclampsia.
Heritability of Daytime Ambulatory Blood Pressure in an Extended Twin Design
Authors: Kupper Nina , Willemsen Gonneke , Riese Harriëtte , Posthuma Daniëlle , Boomsma Dorret I. , de Geus Eco J.C.
Published: November 2004

The present study estimated the genetic influences on ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and on hypertensive status derived from ambulatory levels, in a family sample of 535 twins and 257 singleton siblings. This “extended twin design” was used to explicitly test the possibility that results obtained in singleton siblings are different from those obtained in twins. To examine the effects of excluding (medicated) hypertensive subjects, the genetic analyses were first performed under strict exclusion (medication and/or blood pressure >135/85 mm Hg), then without the medicated subjects, and, finally, without any exclusion. For the latter analysis, the untreated blood pressure values in subjects using antihypertensive medication were estimated by augmenting the observed blood pressure by the published efficacy of the specific antihypertensive medication used. No evidence was found for differential means, variances, or covariances of ambulatory blood pressure in singletons compared with twins. This indicates that estimates of heritability of ambulatory blood pressure from twin studies can be generalized to the singleton population. Heritability of hypertension, defined as a mean daytime blood pressure >135/85 mm Hg or antihypertensive medication use, was 61%. Genetic contribution to ambulatory blood pressure was highest when all subjects were included (systolic, 44% to 57%; diastolic, 46% to 63%) and lowest under strict exclusion (systolic, 32% to 50%; diastolic, 31% to 55%). We conclude that exclusion of (medicated) hypertensives removes part of the true genetic variance in ambulatory blood pressure.
Chemical evolution of Nb-Ta oxides and zircon from the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai, northwestern China
Authors: Zhang A. C. , Wang R. C. , Hu H. , Zhang H. , Zhu J. C. , Chen X. M.
Published: November 2004

The Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite, Altai, northwestern China, is a strongly zoned rare-element granitic pegmatite, where the petrographic zones were distinguished into two groups: outer zones (I to IV) and inner zones (V to IX). Nb-Ta oxides and zircon are investigated in this paper by using quantitative electron-microprobe analyses (EMPA) and backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging. Columbite-tantalite and zircon occur in most textural zones, whereas tapiolite and uranmicrolite are mainly restricted to zone VII. Manganocolumbite and zircon from the outer zones (zones II and IV) are homogeneous except for a few exceptions, whereas manganotantalite and hafnian zircon from the inner zones (V–VII) are obviously heterogeneous and strongly zoned. Chemically, Ta/(Nb+Ta) in columbite-tantalite and Hf/(Zr+Hf) in zircon increase from the outer to the inner zones on one hand, and from core to rim in single zoned crystals on the other hand. Observations of intra-zonal variations of the chemical composition of Nb-Ta oxides and zircon in the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite may suggest that the outer zones crystallize under magmatic conditions, whereas the inner zones crystallize under fluid-rich magmatic conditions, and locally under hydrothermal conditions. The extreme enrichments of columbite-tantalite in Ta, and of zircon in Hf, as well as the occurrence of uranmicrolite and tapiolite, indicate an elevated evolution of the Koktokay No. 3 granitic pegmatite.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wissler Clark
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Mental Development in the Child and the Race. Methods and Processes. By James Mark Baldwin.

Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development. A Study in Social Psychology. By James Mark Baldwin.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

[Collected Papers in] Analytical Psychology. C. G. Jung. Authorized Translation edited by Dr. Constance E. Long

The Psychology of the Unconscious [Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido]. C. G. Jung. Translated by Dr. Beatrice M. Hinkle
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Lowie Robert H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

In the Beginning; the Origin of Civilization. G. Elliot Smith.

Gods and Men; the Attainment of Immortality. W. J. Perry.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hambly Wilfrid Dyson
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

AFRICA: Le Antiche Rovine e Miniere della Rhodesia. Lidio Cipriani.

AFRICA: Osservazioni sui Pigmei centro Africani. Lidio Cipriani.
Book Reviews
Authors: Smith Marian W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Northern Paiute Indians of California and Nevada. Ruth Underhill.

Indians of Southern California. Ruth Underhill.

The Papago Indians of Arizona and Their Relatives the Pima. Ruth Underhill.

Workaday Life of the Pueblos. Ruth Underhill.

Indians of the Pacific Northwest. Ruth Underhill

The Story of the Blackfeet. John C. Ewers.

Quill and Beadwork of the Western Sioux. Carrie A. Lyford.

Navajo Native Dyes: Their Preparation and Use. Nonabah G. Bryan and Stella Young

The Crafts of the Ojibwa (Chippewa). Carrie A. Lyford.

Iroquois Crafts. Carrie A. Lyford.

Pueblo Crafts. Ruth Underhill.

Spruce‐Root Basketry of the Alaska Tlingit. Frances Paul.

Blackfeet Crafts. John C. Ewers. (Ibid., 66 pp., illus., 1945.)
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Beals Ralph L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Anales del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, Años 1936, 1937, 1938.

Anales del Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Años 1939–1940.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Brainerd George W.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Excavations at Culiacán, Sinaloa. Isabel Kelly

The Archaeology of the Autlán‐Tuxcacuesco Area of Jalisco, 1. The Autlán Zone. Isabel Kelly
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Stewart T. D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Physical Anthropology: Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1947. Gabriel W. Lasker and J. Lawrence Angel

Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1948. Gabriel W. Lasker and Frederick P. Thieme
Book Reviews
Authors: Barnouw Victor
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PSYCHOETHNOGRAPHY: The Hindu Woman. Margaret Cormack

PSYCHOETHNOGRAPHY: I Follow After: An Autobiography. Lakshmibai Tilak. Trans. by E. Josephine Inkster
Book Reviews
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PRIMITIVE ART: The Social History of Art. Arnold Hauser

PRIMITIVE ART: The Grass Roots of Art; Lectures on the Social Aspects of Art in an Industrial Age. Herbert Read
Book Reviews
Authors: Breasted James H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PRIMITIVE ART: Models of Daily Life in Ancient Egypt from the Tomb of Meket‐Rēc at Thebes. H. E. Winlock

PRIMITIVE ART: Egypt: Paintings from Tombs and Temples. Introduction by Jacques Vandier
Book Reviews
Authors: Satterthwaite Linton
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain, Book 12, The Conquest of Mexico. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún

ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: The Selden Roll, An Ancient Mexican Picture Manuscript. Cottie A. Burland
Problems in Fur Trade Analysis: The Northwest Coast1
Authors: WIKE JOYCE
Published: November 2004

It might be difficult to adjust the balance of the advantages of the dangers of this trade to the nations of the [Lower] Columbia, against the sale of their furs, and the acquisition of a few bad guns and household utensils.
Book Reviews
Authors: Bidney David
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: The Origins of Culture. Edward Burnett Tylor

GENERAL AND THEORETICAL: Religion in Primitive Culture. Edward Burnett Tylor
Book Reviews
Authors: Caldwell Joseph R.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 5—Central Europe. Robert W. Ehrich and Marijas Gimbutas (Eds.)

ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 7—Eastern Mediterranean. John H. Young (Ed.)

ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 10—Northwest Africa. Bruce Howe(Ed.)

ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 15—Western Asia. Frederick R. Matson. (Ed.)

ARCHEOLOGY: COWA Survey Area 18—Northern Asia. Chester S. Chard (Ed.)

ARCHEOLOGY: COW A Survey Area 20—Indonesia. Harold C. Conklin (Ed.)
Book Reviews
Authors: ANGEL J. LAWRENCE
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Primatologia. Handbook of Primatology. H. HOFER, A. H. SCHULTZ, D. STARCK

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Volarhaut der Hände und Füsse. JOSEF BIEGERT. Primatologia

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Das Ohr

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Pattern of the Cerebral Isocortex. GERHARDT VON BONIN and PERCIVAL BAILEY

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Vertebral Column and Thorax. ADOLPH H. SCHULTZ
Book Reviews
Authors: Mendelson E. Michael
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Religions de salut. Armand Abel and others.

GENERAL AND ETHNOLOGY: Le Pouvoir et le sacré. Luc de Heusch and others.
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. Culture and the Direction of Human Evolution: A Symposium. Stanley M. Garn (ed.)
Authors: Bonné Batsheva
Published: November 2004

Genetics and Man. C. D. Darlington.

Heredity and the Nature of Man. Theodosius Dobzhansky.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rapoport Robert N.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

OTHER.: The Urban Process: Cities in Industrial Societies. Leonard Reissman.

OTHER. Social Change. Richard T. La Piere.
The Obsolete “Anti‐Market” Mentality: A Critique of the Substantive Approach to Economic Anthropology
Authors: COOK SCOTT
Published: November 2004

“Analytic work begins with material provided by our vision of things, and this vision is ideological almost by definition. It embodies the picture of things as we see them, and wherever there is any possible motive for wishing to see them in a given rather than another light, the way in which we see things can hardly be distinguished from the nay in which we wish to see them. The more honest and naive our vision is, the more dangerous it is to the eventual emergence of anything for which general validity can be claimed. The inference for the social sciences is obvious, antl it is not even true that he who hates a social system will form an objectively more correct vision of it than he who loves it. For love distorts indeed, but hate distorts still more.”
Childhood Association, Sexual Attraction, and the Incest Taboo: A Chinese Case1
Authors: WOLF ARTHUR P.
Published: November 2004

Whereas most sociological and biological explanations of the incest taboo assume that intimate childhood association enhances sexual attraction, most psychological explanations assume that such association depresses it. In northern Taiwan one of several forms of marriage involves the introduction of the bride into her future husband's home as an infant; bride and groom are then raised as members of the same family, experiencing a prolonged period of intimate association. The responses of these couples to marriage and sexual relations support the psychological new of the effects of intimate association on sexual attraction and thereby challenge the basis of most sociological and biological explanations of the incest taboo.
Edward Sapir's Anthropology: Style, Structure, and Method
Authors: PRESTON RICHARD J.
Published: November 2004

Sapir's writings on the relation of personality and culture are discussed with regard to their distinctive and challenging approach to ethnology. The lack of professional controversy over Sapir is explored. A distinction is formulated between imposed structure and inherent cultural structure; following from this distinction, Sapir's personalized approach is examined for its implications for ethnographic method.
Shamans and Acute Schizophrenia1
Authors: Silverman Julian
Published: November 2004

Acute schizophrenic behaviors in our culture and shaman inspiration‐gathering behaviors of certain primitive cultures are considered in terms of several core psychological factors. Significant differences between acute schizophrenics and shamans are not found in the sequence of underlying psychological events that define their abnormal experiences. One major difference is emphasized—a difference in the degree of cultural acceptance of a unique resolution of a basic life crisis. In primitive cultures in which such a unique life crisis resolution is tolerated, the abnormal experience (shamanism) is typically beneficial to the individual, cognitively and affectively; he is regarded as one with expanded consciousness. In a culture that does not provide referential guides for comprehending this kind of crisis experience, the individual (schizophrenic) typically undergoes an intensification of his suffering over and above his original anxieties.
Acculturation, Access, and Alcohol in a Tri‐Ethnic Community1
Authors: GRAVES THEODORE D.
Published: November 2004

Gross ethnic differences in excessive drinking and other forms of social‐problem behavior among Indians, Spanish‐Americans, and Anglo‐Americans living in a single Southwestern community, as well as a wide range of within‐group differences in such behavior, serve as the confronting problem. A random sample of all adults in the community was interviewed, using a variety of structured and semistructured procedures. The differential effects of acculturation and economic access on social and psychological pressures for and controls against engaging in deviant behavior among the two minority groups are analyzed for their explanatory power. An initial paradox involving differences in Spanish and Indian response to acculturation is resolved, and implications of the results for general acculturation theory are then drawn.
Correlational Analysis of Murdocks 1957 Ethnographic Sample1
Authors: DRIVER HAROLD E. , SCHUESSLER KARL F.
Published: November 2004

This paper parallels that of Sawyer and LeVine (1966) in some respects: it reduces Murdock's 210 categories to 30 variables, and intercorrelates and factor‐analyzes the variables for the six world subdivisions as well as for the entire world. Differences from Sawyer's and LeVine's treatment include the use of Cramér's coefficient to compare all categories, the opposition of the modal category to the others to produce the 30 dichotomous variables, use of the phi coefficient, the testing of the correlations within each of the six areas for significant differences between areas, a different technique for measuring the amount of similarity between areas, a section on factor analysis as a method, and a section contrasting and interpreting correlations in the two areas that differed the most, North America and the Circum‐Mediterranean.
Semantic Aspects of Linguistic Acculturation1
Authors: BASSO KEITH H.
Published: November 2004

Acculturation involves changes in cultural content, which in turn may be reflected in shifts in the meanings of words. It is not altogether surprising, therefore, that anthropological studies of semantic change have traditionally taken the individual lexeme as a basic unit of analysis. This approach, though undeniably useful in some instances, is inadequate in others, especially when one must account for the fact that whole groups of semantically related lexemes undergo meaning extension simultaneously. In what follows, an example of this process is described and analyzed. The cognitive implications of “set extension” are touched upon, and a hypothesis is advanced to account for when it occurs. Our data come from the Southern Athapaskan‐speaking Western Apache, and the methods used are basically those of ethnographic lexicography or “ethnoscience.”
Ritual and Social Change: A Ghanaian Example1
Authors: WYLLIE ROBERT W.
Published: November 2004

A communal ritual of tribal origin is discussed in order to show that its persistence in an urban area is attributable to its ability to remain congruent with the urban sociocultural system. It is argued that congruity/incongruity operates at three distinct levels: the cognitive‐affective, the structural, and the functional. The ritual, organized on a mass basis, generates a nonritual superstructure that affords political, commercial, recreational, and other opportunities, thus reinforcing the ritual in the urban sociocultural system. It is further argued that any ritual has to be conceived of as a sociocultural subsystem, embracing a culture, a social structure, and the motivations of its participants, and not simply as a cultural item.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Hoyme Lucile E. St.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

The Human Skull: A Cultural History. Folke Henschen.

Der menschliche Schädel in der Kulturgeschichte. Folke Henschen.
Covert Categories and Folk Taxonomies
Authors: BREEDLOVE BRENT BERLIN DENNIS E. , RAVEN PETER H.
Published: November 2004

Much of the recent work in ethnoscience has been concerned with the nature of folk taxonomies, an often stated definition of which requires that all folk taxa be monolexemically labeled. This paper offers evidence that unlabeled categories may also be of crucial taxonomic significance, and we feel that it is inappropriate to treat such categories apart from the named taxonomic entities of the system. More importantly, evidence presented indicates that by recognizing unnamed taxa one may gain an understanding of the structure of a particular semantic domain that is actually obscured if one focuses solely on lexically labeled units.
Adopt a Daughter‐in‐Law, Marry a Sister: A Chinese Solution to the Problem of the Incest Taboo
Authors: WOLF ARTHUR P.
Published: November 2004

In stressing the social advantages of the familial incest taboo, most explanations of the taboo ignore the fact that it makes marriage the enemy of the family. The stranger intruded by marriage often poses a threat to existing domestic relationships. The Chinese solution to this problem is to circumvent the taboo by adopting female children who are raised as wives for their foster parents' sons. The family choosing this form of marriage sacrifices prestige and dependable affinal ties, but by socializing their own daughters‐in‐law they preserve domestic harmony. The fact that many Chinese arrange marriages within the family as a means of preserving the family suggests that widely accepted explanations of the incest taboo exaggerate the dangers of incest and ignore the dangers of the taboo.
The Harappan “Port” at Lothal: Another View1
Authors: LESHNIK LAWRENCE S. , JUNGHANS K. H.
Published: November 2004

Excavations at one of the southern‐most sites of the Harappan Culture have revealed a large artificial basin adjacent to the settlement area. This has been interpreted to be a mooring station for merchant vessels and the settlement itself has been considered an entrepôt for trade with Mesopotamia. In this article, the author argues that there is little substantive support for either of these claims. The settlement in general and the basin in particular do not, in the author's view, appear to meet the requirements of a port. As an alternative, he suggests that the basin could have served as an irrigation tank for a moderately‐sized but still rural village.
Drinking Patterns and Acculturation in Rural Buganda1
Authors: Robbins Michael C. , Pollnac Richard B.
Published: November 2004

Basic sociocultural changes are often reflected in changing drinking patterns. Data from rural Uganda suggests that with increasing acculturation, there is a trend toward informal drinking behavior, a preference for modern beverages, and the elaboration of drinking settings. Modern settings appear to provide important opportunities for access to the national culture. Results indicate that the marginal population, not the least or most acculturated, are the heaviest alcohol users. An application of item‐analysis to acculturation scale construction and suggestions for further research are also presented.
Chortí (Mayan) Ceremonial Organization1
Authors: Fought John
Published: November 2004

A recent typology of the Mayas (Tax 1964) classified the Chortí of eastern Guatemala as intermediate between the Yucatec, where shamans have both individual and communal functions, and the peoples of the Guatemalan highlands, where shamans perform for individuals and communal ceremonies are performed by permanent organizations (cofradías). Reinterpreting published reports in the light of new fieldwork, the author suggests (1) that some aspects of Chortí society cast doubt on the aptness of a distinction between individual and communal functions and (2) that of the Chortí towns, all but one, Quezaltepeque, appear to fit the Yucatec pattern very closely, suggesting that Quezaltepeque has been affected by its exposure to western pilgrims passing through it en route to Esquipulas each year.
Female Initiation among the Maroni River Caribs1
Authors: Kloos Peter
Published: November 2004

Cross‐culturally it has been demonstrated that there is a relationship between female initiation rites on the one hand, and matri‐local residence and an important contribution of women to subsistence on the other. It is the purpose of this article to describe the initiation rite for girls among the Caribs of the Maroni River, Surinam, against this background. Matrilocal residence among the Caribs is pronounced, and the economic role of women is important. The rite, taking place about a week after the menarche, is in its symbolism almost completely concerned with the female economic role. The Caribs realize this, but they do not realize the effect of residence. [puberty rites, female matrilocal residence, Caribs, menarche, economic role of women]
Going Home to Mother: Traditional Marriage among the Irigwe of Benue‐Plateau State, Nigeria1
Authors: SANGREE WALTER H.
Published: November 2004

The Irigwe marriage system in effect demands that men and women be married to several spouses in differing tribal sections during the course of their adult lives and precludes all divorce. It also ascribes patrivirilocal residence and assigns the paternity of each child a woman bears to the husband with whom she is residing at the time of the child's conception. Consequently women shift residence from husband to husband several times during the course of their lives, and unless childless they suffer intermittent separation from one or another of their dependent children. Spirit possession cults, involving nearly all the mature women of the tribe, supply both the emotional catharsis and the avenues for social integration to compensate the women for the repeated separations and social disjunctions the marriage system produces in their lives. [Irigwe; marriage; Nigeria; secondary marriage; spirit possession]
Preferential Marriage among the Rukuba of Benue‐Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: MULLER JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: November 2004

The overall system of Rukuba marriage is formally a straight exchange of women between the component units of two exogamous moieties, component units which in turn abduct each other's wives in secondary marriage. The youths and girls of each of these component units pair off in formalized premarital relationships until girls marry out in the other moiety. The exchange pattern between the moieties works in such a way that the eldest girl of a set of uterine sisters must marry her mother's last lover's son, and her junior sisters are preferentially married in their mother's natal component unit, thus introducing a delayed exchange between the component units of opposite moieties working concurrently with the straight exchange system between the moieties. This is made possible by the various combinations of primary and/or preferential marriage and subsequent secondary marriages. [Rukuba, moieties, Nigeria, preferential marriage]
Presumed Behavior: Modification of the Ideal‐Real Dichotomy
Authors: Richards Cara E.
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists have long been aware of the difference between the ideal pattern in society (what people think should or should not be done) and real behavior (what actually is done). This article calls attention to the importance of a third element, presumed behavior, or what people think is being done in the society. Since people tend to act on the basis of what they think others are doing (which may not coincide at all with what people are actually doing, or with the ideal pattern) knowledge of the presumed behavior is highly significant in understanding and predicting social behavior.
A Nutritional Factor in Windigo Psychosis1
Authors: Rohrl Vivian J.
Published: November 2004

This paper reviews reports of windigo psychosis, in particular those cases that are “cured” before they are “full‐blown,” with a view to studying evidence of an organic factor related to the development of the illness. Knowledge of biological factors related to ritual behavior in different cultures is reviewed in this context, together with examples of windigo cases and relevant information about nutrition. It is indicated that the traditional “cure” of windigo symptoms, which frequently includes the ingestion of fatty meat, particularly bear meat, indicates a positively reinforced—due to beneficial effect—curing method for this condition. Thus, such an investigation of a widespread way of curing windigo psychosis supplements our analysis of culture with an additional — extracultural — dimension.
Gluckman's Village Headman
Authors: Kuper Adam
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists have generally accepted Gluckman's analysis of “intercalary” authority roles, notably that of the village headman. But Gluckman emphasizes conflicting demands to the exclusion of sources of support and does not take account of the processual aspects of administration. A more flexible paradigm is needed, one that will permit an assessment of the headman's often considerable room for maneuver.
A Note on the Use of Ayahuasca among Urban Mestizo Populations in the Peruvian Amazon1
Authors: Rios Marlene Dobkin de
Published: November 2004

The use of the psychedelic vine, ayahuasca (various Banisteriopsis species), in the Peruvian Amazon by mestizo folk healers is related to such variables as cultural expectations of drug experience and belief systems concerning illness. A subjective personal experience inherent in psychedelic use takes on cultural coloration, as determinants of hallucinatory experience show strong relationships to cultural data.
Navajo Categories of Objects at Rest
Authors: WITHERSPOON GARY J.
Published: November 2004

Navajo culture partitions the domain of objects at rest into fifteen general categories based on the variables of size, shape, firmness, density, position, cohesiveness, animate or inanimate, and contained or non‐contained. Each of the fifteen general categories are partitioned into fifteen additional categories based on the variables of plurality, grouping, and patterning, making a total of 225 basic categories in the cultural domain of objects at rest. Of these 225 cultural categories, 102 are a sub‐set which have distinct mono‐lexical markers and the remainder are unmarked. This analysis deals with the problem of the relationship between language and culture, and it concludes that sets of mono‐lexical markers and cultural categories are often not congruent, and that componential analyses of sets of lexical items often fail to uncover the total set of cultural categories in a given domain.
Subcultural Variations in an Urban Poor Population
Authors: JOHNSON NORMAN J. , SANDAY PEGGY R.
Published: November 2004

The assumption that the poor constitute a subsociety with a homogeneous subculture is examined empirically in an urban poverty sample. The existence of subcultural differences in the sample was tested by using a number of criteria that have been suggested for classifying cultural systems. The data indicate that for the sample studied there are two subcultures–one Black and one White. A hypothesis for the development and persistence of subcultural variations is proposed. The research which is reported and that which is suggested is seen as a necessity for providing an objective basis for the structuring of domestic social change programs.
Sentimental Structure: Tsimihety Migration and Descent
Authors: WILSON PETER J.
Published: November 2004

Patrilineal descent is deployed by the Tsimihety of Madagascar as a criterion for the definition of sentiments of social identity and adhesion, counter‐balancing the dispersal brought about by migration. Patrilineality provides Tsimihety with a rationale for the determination of general rights of access to certain resources, in contrast to other criteria such as cognatic kinship, through which specific rights may be claimed.
Baking and Roasting: A Compact Demonstration of a Cultural Code
Authors: LEAF MURRAY
Published: November 2004

A linguistico‐semantic pattern associated with the designation of foods in English can be used in convenient classroom demonstrations of the concept of a cultural code and its importance.
Presumed Behavior: Comments on Cara E. Richards' Brief Communication
Authors: DE JONG P. E. DE JOSSELIN
Published: November 2004

Cara E. Richards recently pointed out that instead of the well‐established dichotomy between ideal and real behavior, one should consider a trichotomy, with presumed behavior as a third term. The present note agrees with this, but (a) briefly examines some previous publications specifically dealing with this trichotomy, (b) suggests some points of view complementary to those of the Richards communication, and (c) attempts to place studies of presumed behavior in the context of anthropological theory.
The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence
Authors: EMBER MELVIN , EMBER CAROL R.
Published: November 2004

This paper describes the results of a series of cross‐cultural tests of several different explanations of matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. The first explanation tested was the traditional assumption that division of labor determines residence. The results did not support that assumption. The results of other tests suggest rather that patrilocal residence is favored by internal warfare, whether or not such warfare interferes with a normally patridominant division of labor; and matrilocal residence appears to be favored by purely external warfare if such warfare compels the women to do at least as much subsistence work as the men.
Mobility as an Aspect of Stress in an Arctic Community1
Authors: SAVISHINSKY JOEL S.
Published: November 2004

Environmental sources of stress, in terms of scarce fur and food resources, the need for adequate shelter, and the physical hardships involved in obtaining these necessities, persist as features of life in some contemporary sub‐arctic communities. In a small, isolated village of Hare Indians in the boreal forest of Canada's Northwest Territories, a variety of social sources of stress has also been found to affect the people. These include acculturative influences, a local feud, prolonged periods of bush isolation and population concentration, and expectations and obligations for generosity and reciprocity. Given the people's strong emphasis upon emotional restraint, aggression as a means of relieving stress is almost entirely restricted to periods of heavy drinking. Population mobility is a major factor in the control and release of stress. The annual cycle consists of several phases of band dispersal and ingathering; each phase has its characteristic tensions. Successive periods of population redistribution relieve many stresses which have been generated in previous phases. Each new phase, in its turn, creates other stresses which find release in the next part of the cycle. Mobility is also high within each cycle phase, and movements are connected with tensions of isolation, boredom, interpersonal friction, and drinking. High mobility thus serves both to generate and relieve stress within a social and ecological framework.
The Use of Archival Materials in the Analysis and Interpretation of Field Data: A Case Study in the Institutionalization of the Myth of Leprosy as “Leper”1
Authors: GUSSOW ZACHARY , TRACY GEORGE S.
Published: November 2004

Among anthropologists, archival materials are considered ancillary to the analysis and interpretation of field data. This paper reports on the importance of the use of such materials in the elucidation of analytical problems that may arise during the course of fieldwork. We present a schematization of a conceptual approach to historical processes that permits inquiry into the persistence of patterns over time. Together, then, field and historical data may be combined analytically, and thus constitute a means of identifying feedback processes and mechanisms that interrelate present views and structures of a phenomenon with those past views, events, forces, and structures which have influenced present views.
A Social and Ecologic Analysis of Systematic Female Infanticide Among the Netsilik Eskimo1
Authors: Freeman Milton M. R.
Published: November 2004

Systematic female infanticide among the Pelly Bay Eskimos is subjected to functional analysis wherein the adaptive rather than purposive nature of the behavior is stressed. The trait is seen to be ecologically adaptive insofar as it increases population, and in turn ecosystem, stability. It is argued that the explanation for the uniquely systematic infanticide practiced by this group is to be sought within the social dynamic of the individual household, and is not satisfactorily explained by recourse to environmental‐demographic explanations.
The Structure of the Peasant Family
Authors: Goldschmidt Walter , Kunkel Evalyn Jacobson
Published: November 2004

An examination of community studies of peasant life reveals consistencies and variations in family structure. The findings demonstrate a strong patri‐orientation, the rarity of polygyny, and the absence or weakness of larger kin‐based corporate structures in the forty‐six communities analyzed. Three patterns of family structure, each closely associated with a particular mode of inheritance, were found: (1) patrilocal stem with patrilineal impartible inheritance, (2) patrilocal joint with patrilineal partible, and (3) nuclear with bilateral inheritance. Proceeding from ecological presuppositions, the factors of (1) land scarcity and (2) the dominant state organization were examined as potentially salient influences. The data indicate that while land scarcity appears to be a contributory influence in the development of stem families, the variations in family structure are best accounted for not simply by the existence of the larger political community, but more specifically by the social and political forces emanating from the centers of power.
Use of the Concept of the “Corporation”: A Choice Between Colloquialism or Distortion
Authors: Cochrane Glynn
Published: November 2004

The choice facing anthropologists wishing to use the concept of corporateness has been to use either a model unique to the law of property in Western societies or a looser definition which does not justify replacement of traditional terms. This paper suggests that alternative models may be more appropriate where it is necessary to depict arrangements involving group tenure.
Early Upper Paleolithic Man and Late Middle Paleolithic Tools
Authors: Brose David S. , Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: November 2004

The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration. Those who suggest the latter claim a sudden replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the “evidence” actually cited claims only the sudden replacement of Middle by Upper Paleolithic industries. We criticize the migration explanation on two grounds. (1) There is no “sudden replacement” of Middle Paleolithic by Upper Paleolithic industries, but rather a gradual change in the frequencies of already present tools. Numerous sites in these areas exhibit transitional industries. (2) Concomitantly, there is no morphological evidence indicating a “sudden replacement” of hominids. There is no absolute association between anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Upper Paleolithic industries. Instead, the evidence clearly shows that early anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a late Middle Paleolithic local phenomenon.
Reciprocity‐Based Moral Sanctions and Messianic Salvation1
Authors: LEBRA TAKIE SUGIYAMA
Published: November 2004

The twofold theoretical assumption is developed that accumulation of social debt or credit in reciprocal transaction generates moral sanctions; and that guilt and indignation, thus generated, comprise resources which can be mobilized under charismatic intervention to bring about a sense of salvation. Four types of manipulation of these sanctions are identified: reciprocation, reversal, neutralization, and moralization. Empirical illustration is drawn from a study of a messianic sect, of Japanese origin, in Hawaii.
Castoreum and Steel Traps in Eastern North America
Authors: WELLS ROBIN F.
Published: November 2004

Historians and anthropologists have credited the invention of trapping beaver with castoreum bait and steel traps to the Indians of southeastern Canada in the 1790s. However, English trappers in Virginia used this technique before 1728, and the Indians of southeastern Canada were using it by 1756. It is suggested that the widespread adoption of castoreum and steel traps by Northeastern Indians in the 1790's was due to the collapse of the world fur market after the French Revolution.
Audiovisuals Reviews
Authors: RUBY JAY
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Family. A film by HUBERT SMITH

Changing. A film by HUBERT SMITH