bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are CEO experience and financial expertise associated with financial restatements?
Authors: Rezaee Zabihollah , Asiaei Kaveh , Safdel Delooie Toktam
Published: July 2021

Este estudio examina si la experiencia del director general (CEO) y los conocimientos financieros afectan a las reformulaciones financieras (FR), y cómo lo hacen, investigando una muestra de empresas iraníes que cotizan en bolsa entre 2008 y 2017. Definimos a los consejeros delegados con experiencia como aquellos que son contratados desde dentro de la empresa y a los consejeros delegados expertos en finanzas como aquellos que poseen una cualificación contable o tienen experiencia laboral como auditor, director financiero (CFO), controlador u otros puestos relacionados con la contabilidad. Encontramos que FR está positivamente asociado a los CEOs con información privilegiada (CEOs con más experiencia interna), y negativamente asociado a la experiencia financiera del CEO. Además, encontramos que la experiencia del CEO se asocia negativamente con FR cuando el CEO es un experto financiero. Este resultado pone de manifiesto la importancia de la experiencia financiera de los altos ejecutivos. Además, nuestros resultados muestran que los directores generales con información privilegiada pueden mejorar la calidad de la información financiera reduciendo FR cuando tienen mayor poder de decisión. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura sobre las características de los directores generales y la información financiera. Los resultados ofrecen importantes implicaciones para los responsables políticos y los consejos de administración de las economías emergentes en lo que respecta a la exigencia de nombrar a altos directivos con conocimientos financieros.

This study examines whether and how Chief Executive Officer (CEO) experience and financial expertise affect financial restatements (FR) by investigating a sample of Iranian listed companies from 2008 to 2017. We define experienced CEOs as those who are hired from inside the firm and financial expert CEOs as those who hold an accounting qualification or have work experience as an auditor, chief financial officer (CFO), controller, and or other accounting-related positions. We find that FR is positively associated with insider CEOs (CEOs with more internal experience), and negatively associated with CEO financial expertise. Moreover, we find that CEO experience is negatively associated with FR when the CEO is a financial expert. This result highlights the importance of financial background for senior executives. Further, our results show that insider CEOs can improve the financial reporting quality through reducing FR when they have higher decision-making power. This study contributes to the literature on CEO characteristics and financial reporting. The results provide important implications for policymakers and the board of directors in emerging economies regarding the requirement to appoint top managers with financial expertise.
Textual Analysis and Sentiment Analysis in Accounting
Authors: Gandía Juan L. , Huguet David
Published: July 2021

A pesar del relativamente escaso uso de técnicas de análisis textual y de análisis del sentimiento en finanzas y contabilidad, éstas tienen un gran potencial en contabilidad, tanto por el elevado volumen de documentos utilizados para la comunicación de información financiera como por el crecimiento en el uso de herramientas digitales y medios de comunicación social. En este sentido, estas técnicas de análisis pueden ayudar a los investigadores a analizar pistas ocultas o buscar información adicional a la observada a través de los estados financieros, incrementando la cantidad y calidad de la información tradicionalmente utilizada, y proporcionando una nueva perspectiva de análisis. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión del uso del análisis textual y del análisis del sentimiento en contabilidad. Tras presentar los conceptos de análisis textual y análisis del sentimiento y justificar teóricamente su papel en la investigación en contabilidad, llevamos a cabo una revisión de la literatura previa en el uso de estas técnicas en finanzas y contabilidad y describimos las principales técnicas de análisis del sentimiento, así como el procedimiento a seguir para el uso de esta metodología. Finalmente, sugerimos tres líneas de investigación futura que pueden beneficiarse del uso del análisis textual y del análisis del sentimiento.

In spite of the relatively scarce use of textual analysis and sentiment analysis techniques in finance and accounting, they have great potential in accounting, both because of the volume of documents used for the communication of information and due to the growth in the use of digital tools and social media. In that regard, these techniques of analysis may help researchers to analyse hidden clues or look for additional information to that one observed through financial information, increasing the quantity and quality of the information traditionally used, and providing a new perspective of analysis. The aim of this study is to review the use of textual analysis and sentiment analysis in accounting. After presenting the concepts of textual analysis and sentiment analysis and expose their interest in accounting, we perform a review of the previous literature on the use of these techniques in finance and accounting and describe the main techniques of sentiment analysis, as well as the procedure to be followed for the use of this methodology. Finally, we suggest three lines of future research that may benefit from the use of textual and sentiment analysis.
Inversión ecoeficiente: efectos sobre el desempeño económico y financiero de los grupos empresariales del Dow Jones Sustainability World Index
Authors: Pérez-Calderón Esteban , Pache-Durán María , Milanés-Montero Patricia
Published: July 2021

El impacto de la actividad económica sobre el medio ambiente es innegable, causando daños irreparables. Por lo anterior, la inversión en eficiencia en emisiones es una de las soluciones al problema. En la revisión de la literatura se observan efectos dispares entre la inversión asociada a comportamientos ecoeficientes y la rentabilidad económica-financiera de las empresas. El objetivo del estudio fue aportar mayor evidencia empírica sobre estos efectos. Se utilizó un panel de datos balanceado para una muestra de 57 grupos empresariales, líderes europeos cotizados, para los años 2012-2015. Los resultados desvelan una relación positiva entre los niveles de ecoeficiencia y el desempeño económico-financiero. Las recompensas alcanzadas por los grupos empresariales, por la mejora de sus resultados y a través de los mercados financieros, deberían facilitar la aplicación de normativas con el objetivo de reducir el impacto de la actividad empresarial sobre el medioambiente.

The impact of economic activity on the environment is undeniable, causing irreparable damage. Thus, investment in emission efficiency is one of the solutions to the problem. A review of the literature shows disparate effects between investment associated with eco-efficient behaviour and the economic-financial profitability of companies. The aim of the study was to provide more empirical evidence on these effects. A balanced data panel was used for a sample of 57 large groups of listed companies for the years 2012-2015. The results reveal a positive relationship between eco-efficiency levels and economic-financial performance. The rewards achieved by companies for improving their results and through financial markets should facilitate the application of regulations with the aim of reducing the impact of business activity on the environment.
Thermal stress in selected mountain system in Central and Eastern Europe – initial research based on UTCI characteristics
Authors: Błażejczyk Krzysztof , Pecelj Milica , Nejedlik Pavol , Skrynyk Olesya , Mikulova Katarina
Published: July 2021

Mountain areas create specific features of local climates (by modification of air circulation, insolation, air temperature, precipitation, wind regime) and greatly affect ambient weather conditions which influence different kinds of human (climbing, skiing, walking, etc.). However, till now only few studies of human bioclimate in individual mountain ridges in Europe were done. The aim of the present study is to assess thermal stress features represented by Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in nine mountain systems in Central and Eastern Europe. 37 meteorological stations located at altitudes of 237-3580 m above sea level were considered. The data represent midday observational term and cover the period 2000-2017. Mean, highest and lowest annual thermal stress values and annual frequency of cold and heat stress days are analysed The conducted studies have demonstrated that in the examined mountain systems thermal stress conditions are dependent (though to a various extent) mostly on altitude (UTCI values and heat stress days decrease and number of cold stress days rise significantly due to increase of altitude). However, impacts of latitude and longitude is well seen only in altitude belt of 300-1000 m a.s.l.
Sexualización infantil en Internet
Authors: LLovet Rodriguez Carmen , Carcelén García Sonia , Díaz-Bustamante Ventisca Mónica
Published: July 2021

Los niños están presentes cada vez más en determinados medios digitales, donde los mensajes comerciales apelan directamente a su participación, facilitando expresar su identidad y establecer relaciones con sus iguales, que se convierten en líderes de opinión. El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio inicial y pionero en el formato digital en España es conocer la percepción que tienen las niñas sobre otras niñas sexualizadas en la publicidad de moda y en Internet, y los valores que asocian a ellas. La metodología empleada ha sido un estudio exploratorio cualitativo a una muestra de niñas españolas entre 8 y 11 años que corresponde al público objetivo de marcas de moda cuya publicidad ha sido categorizada en distintos grados como sexualizante. Los resultados señalan que las niñas rechazan aquellas imágenes de las modelos cuando son representadas de una forma más sexualizada porque no se corresponde con la vida real y no parece un estilo elegido sino impuesto. Además, las entrevistadas asocian la combinación de escenarios, posturas y gestos sexualizantes con rasgos de la personalidad que entienden como negativos –egoísta, desafiante, rebelde, aislada, triste-y, exponen el temor de que se normalice el uso de un tipo de ropa, maquillaje y comportamientos no acordes con su edad. A la luz de los resultados, se recomienda la reflexión ética de publicitarios que usan el estilo transgresor adulto en moda infantil y el estudio de imágenes de niños.
Real Time Experience of Participants in Higher Education During The Coronavirus: A Case Study
Authors: Abbas Randa Khair , Nahhas Eman Abu Hanna , Zoabi Khawla , Marey-Sarwan Ibtisam , Abu Ahmad Hanadi
Published: July 2021

This case study explored the real-time experience of participants in the Arab Academic College for Education in Haifa, Israel, during the coronavirus pandemic. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with management, administrative staff, faculty and students. Participants' stories
reveal that feelings of stress and isolation gave way to new learning and self-discovery, a new relationship with time, and the creation of new knowledge on the personal and institutional levels. Strong, coordinated leadership, combined with legal and financial security, facilitated the transition
to online learning and allowed the college to emerge from the crisis successfully. Implications are drawn for dealing with future crises.
Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage
Authors: Yang Zerui , Xie Chunzhu , Huang Yuying , An Wenli , Liu Shanshan , Huang Song , Zheng Xiasheng
Published: July 2021

Background

The borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora (BCC), a monoterpene-rich woody plant species, is the sole source prescribed by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the production of natural D-borneol, a major monoterpene in BCC used for millennia as a topical analgesic in China. Nevertheless, the possible gene-regulatory roles of transcription factors (TFs) in BCC’s monoterpenoid biosynthesis remained unknown. Here, a joint analysis of the transcriptome and terpenoid metabolome of BCC induced by mechanical damage (MD) was used to comprehensively explore the interaction between TFs and terpene synthase (TPS) unigenes that might participate in monoterpene biosynthesis in BCC.

Results

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis detected 14 monoterpenes and seven sesquiterpenes. All but two monoterpenes underwent a significantly increased accumulation after the MD treatment. RNA sequencing data revealed that 10 TPS, 82 MYB, 70 AP2/ERF, 38 BHLH, 31 WRKY, and 29 bZIP unigenes responded to the MD treatment. A correlation analysis revealed that three monoterpene synthase genes (CcTPS1, CcTPS3, CcTPS4) highly correlated with multiple monoterpenes, namely D-borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate, which could be responsible for monoterpenoid biosynthesis in BCC. Furthermore, five WRKY, 15 MYB, 10 ERF/AP2, five bZIP, and two BHLH genes had strong, positive correlations with CcTPS1 or CcTPS4, judging by their high coefficient values (R2 > 0.8). The bioinformatics results were verified by quantitative real-time PCR.

Conclusion

This study provides insight into the genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of monoterpene in BCC and thus provides a pool of candidate genes for future mechanistic analyses of how monoterpenes accumulate in BCC.
Dumpster diving for diatom plastid 16S rRNA genes
Authors: Bonfantine Krista L. , Trevathan-Tackett Stacey M. , Matthews Ty G. , Neckovic Ana , Gan Han Ming
Published: July 2021

High throughput sequencing is improving the efficiency of monitoring diatoms, which inhabit and support aquatic ecosystems across the globe. In this study, we explored the potential of a standard V4 515F-806RB primer pair in recovering diatom plastid 16S rRNA sequences. We used PhytoREF to classify the 16S reads from our freshwater biofilm field sampling from three stream segments across two streams in south-eastern Australia and retrieved diatom community data from other, publicly deposited, Australian 16S amplicon datasets. When these diatom operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were traced using the default RDPII and NCBI databases, 68% were characterized as uncultured cyanobacteria. We analysed the 16S rRNA sequences from 72 stream biofilm samples, separated the chloroplast OTUs, and classified them using the PhytoREF database. After filtering the reads attributed to Bacillariophyta (relative abundance >1%), 71 diatom OTUs comprising more than 90% of the diatom reads in each stream biofilm sample were identified. Beta-diversity analyses demonstrated significantly different diatom assemblages and discrimination among river segments. To further test the approach, the diatom OTUs from our biofilm sampling were used as reference sequences to identify diatom reads from other Australian 16S rRNA datasets in the NCBI-SRA database. Across the three selected public datasets, 67 of our 71 diatom OTUs were detected in other Australian ecosystems. Our results show that diatom plastid 16S rRNA genes are readily amplified with existing 515F-806RB primer sets. Therefore, the volume of existing 16S rRNA amplicon datasets initially generated for microbial community profiling can also be used to detect, characterize, and map diatom distribution to inform phylogeny and ecological health assessments, and can be extended into a range of ecological and industrial applications. To our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to classify freshwater samples using this approach and the first application of PhytoREF in Australia.
Comparative analysis of fatty acid metabolism based on transcriptome sequencing of wild and cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Authors: Zhang Han , Yue Pan , Tong Xinxin , Gao Tinghui , Peng Ting , Guo Jinlin
Published: July 2021

Background

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species endemic to the alpine and high-altitude areas of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Although O. sinensis has been cultivated since the past few years, whether cultivated O. sinensis can completely replace wild O. sinensis remains to be determined.

Methods

To explore the differences of O. sinensis grown in varied environments, we conducted morphological and transcriptomic comparisons between wild and cultivated samples who with the same genetic background.

Results

The results of morphological anatomy showed that there were significant differences between wild and cultivated O. sinensis, which were caused by different growth environments. Then, a total of 9,360 transcripts were identified using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Differential expression analysis revealed that 73.89% differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in O. sinensis grown under natural conditions compared with that grown under artificial conditions. Functional enrichment analysis showed that some key DEGs related to fatty acid metabolism, including acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, were upregulated in wild O. sinensis. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results confirmed that the fatty acid content of wild O. sinensis was significantly higher than that of cultivated O. sinensis and that unsaturated fatty acids accounted for a larger proportion.

Conclusion

These results provide a theoretical insight to the molecular regulation mechanism that causes differences between wild and cultivated O. sinensis and improving artificial breeding.
In silico-driven analysis of theGlossina morsitans morsitansantennae transcriptome in response to repellent or attractant compounds
Authors: Gakii Consolata , Bwana Billiah Kemunto , Mugambi Grace Gathoni , Mukoya Esther , Mireji Paul O. , Rimiru Richard
Published: July 2021

Background

High-throughput sequencing generates large volumes of biological data that must be interpreted to make meaningful inference on the biological function. Problems arise due to the large number of characteristicsp(dimensions) that describe each record [n] in the database. Feature selection using a subset of variables extracted from the large datasets is one of the approaches towards solving this problem.

Methodology

In this study we analyzed the transcriptome ofGlossina morsitans morsitans(Tsetsefly) antennae after exposure to either a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone). We identified 308 genes that were upregulated or downregulated due to exposure to a repellant (δ-nonalactone) or an attractant (ε-nonalactone) respectively. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to cluster the genes into 12 modules and filter unconnected genes. Discretized and association rule mining was used to find association between genes thereby predicting the putative function of unannotated genes.

Results and discussion

Among the significantly expressed chemosensory genes (FDR < 0.05) in response to Ɛ-nonalactone were gustatory receptors (GrIA and Gr28b), ionotrophic receptors (Ir41a and Ir75a), odorant binding proteins (Obp99b, Obp99d, Obp59a and Obp28a) and the odorant receptor (Or67d). Several non-chemosensory genes with no assigned function in the NCBI database were co-expressed with the chemosensory genes. Exposure to a repellent (δ-nonalactone) did not show any significant change between the treatment and control samples. We generated a coexpression network with 276 edges and 130 nodes. Genes CAH3, Ahcy, Ir64a, Or67c, Ir8a and Or67a had node degree values above 11 and therefore could be regarded as the top hub genes in the network. Association rule mining showed a relation between various genes based on their appearance in the same itemsets as consequent and antecedent.
Ayurvedic Management of Chronic Pancreatitis in Adolescent Girl: A Case Report
Authors: Sawarkar Gaurav , Sawarkar Punam
Published: July 2021

Background- Chronic pancreatitis is the primary life-threatening nutritional & metabolic condition of gastrointestinal system that becomes a significant threat to the children's growth and induces educational loss due to recurrent hospitalization. Its mortality rate in childhood is up to  10 %. Malnutrition is one of the primary causes of pancreatitis in children. Modern science provides various types of medical and surgical therapies for Chronic pancreatitis, but it is realized that more research is needed for its management satisfactorily.

Aim - To study the efficacy of Ayurvedic management of chronic pancreatitis induced due to Malnutrition in an adolescent girl.

Material & Methods- It is a single case study of 12 years old teenage girl who was presented herself predominantly with pain in the epi-gastric region (recurrent attacks-especially after intake of the fatty or heavy meal), tenderness in the epi-gastric area, loss of appetite, fever on and off, general malaise, loss of weight, constipation (intermittent), anxious & uncomfortable mental irritation since one & half month. After taking conservative treatment from modern science for one & a half months, she did not get satisfactory relief & therefore; she was advised to under ERCP. However, the patient & her relative was not willing to undergo the same, that’s they approached Panchakarma OPD. After examination, she was advised for Shodhana(Panchtikta & Guduchyadi Niruha Vasti)  & Shaman Chikitsa(Amruttotara  Kashayam, Arogyavardhini Vati, Kumariasava; Dhanvantara Kashayam, Avipattikar Churna), Panchatikta Ghrita with Vasant Kusumakar Rasa- 10tab+Guduchi Satva- 20gm + Shatavari Churna- 15gm+ Ashwagandha Choorna-15 gm with honey.

Observation & Results- After 16 months of regular treatment, the patient has become entirely symptom-free & to date, there was no need for hospitalization. There was no educational loss due to ill-health.

Discussion:-Utilizing the basic concepts of Ayurveda(Nidanpanchaka), Jirna Jwarahara, Yakrutottejak, Pramehaghna, or pancreatic-protective, Mrudu Virechak, Bruhana (Shamana & Bruhana Snehapana), Rasayana Chikitsa was planned in this case which showed the promising result.

Conclusion- Ayurvedic management with Shodhana & Shamana Chikitsa based on the fundamentals of Ayurveda is effective in Chronic pancreatitis induced due to Malnutrition in children, which may become a ray of hope for pediatric patients.
Plant Secondary Metabolism
Authors: Sato Fumihiko
Published: July 2021

Plants synthesise an extraordinary array of natural products that usually do not play a role in their growth and development and thus are traditionally referred to as secondary metabolites. However, recent advances in plant sciences have revealed that these compounds not only function in response to environmental stimuli but also play more basic roles in plant growth. Secondary metabolites have several important roles in plants: they protect against herbivores and microbial infection and act as signals for symbiotic bacteria and mycorrhiza, attractants for pollinators and seed‐dispersing animals, allelopathic agents in natural habitats, physical and chemical barriers to abiotic stressors such as UV and evaporation and endogenous regulators of plant growth hormones. Many secondary metabolites are also useful for mankind as dyes, essential oils, flavouring agents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, tanning agents and so on. Rapid advances in the metabolic engineering and synthetic biology of secondary metabolites have revealed novel physiological roles of these secondary metabolites in plants.

Key Concepts

Plants synthesise an extraordinary array of natural products, with large structural diversity and complexity: terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids and so on.

Terpenoids and phenolics are ubiquitous in plant kingdom, whereas alkaloids are more specific to taxonomic groups or plant species.

Secondary metabolites are produced in environmental responses and development.

Secondary metabolites have multiple functions in defence and growth.

Secondary metabolites are mainly classified based on the biosynthetic pathways; for example terpenoids from isopentenyl pyrophosphate, phenolics (mainly phenylpropanoids) from shikimate and alkaloids from amino acids.

Advances in molecular biology and analytical chemistries including transcriptomics, metabolomics and functional genomics identified many missing biosynthetic enzymes in pathway.

Accumulating genome sequencing data revealed that molecular evolution of secondary metabolism is based on the gene duplication and neofunctionalisation.

Many secondary metabolites are used for mankind as dyes, essential oils, flavouring agents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, tanning agents and so on.

Metabolic engineering characterises the functions of pathway and also improves the production of secondary metabolites.

Reconstruction of biosynthetic pathways enables the production of plant‐derived secondary metabolites in heterologous hosts, such as
Escherichia coli
and yeast.
Tepidimonas
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: July 2021

Te.pi.di.mo'nas. L. masc. adj.
tepidus
warm; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Tepidimonas
warm monad.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Tepidimonas

The genus
Tepidimonas
comprises eight species with validly published names,
Tepidimonas alkaliphilus, T. aquatica
,
T. charontis
,
T. fonticaldi
,
T. ignava
,
T. sediminis
,
T. taiwanensis,
and
T. thermarum
. These organisms form short rod‐shaped cells with motility. Cells stain Gram‐negative, and endospores are not observed. Colonies are nonpigmented. The species of the genus
Tepidimonas
are moderately thermophilic and strictly aerobic. Possess cytochrome
c
oxidase and are catalase‐positive. The organisms are chemoorganotrophic and mixotrophic. Growth factors are necessary for growth in minimal defined medium for some species. Organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources; carbohydrates are used only by one species. Thiosulfate is oxidized to sulfate. The major respiratory quinone of these species is ubiquinone 8 (U‐8). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG); diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), one unidentified aminolipid, and additional unidentified phospholipids are also present. Fatty acids are primarily straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated. Isolated from hydrothermal areas and from a domestic hot water tank.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.9–71.6 (HPLC).

DNA G + C content (%)
: 66.6–71.8 (genome).

Type species
:
Tepidimonas ignava
Moreira et al. 2000
VP
.
Fervidobacterium Emendation
Authors: L'Haridon Stéphane , Farrell Anne , Zhaxybayeva Olga , Nesbø Camilla L.
Published: July 2021

Fer.vi.do.bac.te'ri.um. L. masc. adj.
fervidus
hot: Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod: N.L. neut. n.
Fervidobacterium
a rod that grow at higher temperatures.

Thermotogota / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Fervidobacteriaceae / Fervidobacterium emendation

The genus
Fervidobacterium
is currently composed of seven described species (
Fervidobacterium changbaicum
,
Fervidobacterium gondwanense
,
Fervidobacterium islandicum
,
Fervidobacterium nodosum
,
Fervidobacterium pennivorans
,
Fervidobacterium riparium
, and
Fervidobacterium thailandense
). They are members of the phylum
Thermotogota
, class
Thermotogae
, order
Thermotogales
, and family
Fervidobacteriaceae
. Similar to other
Thermotogota
,
Fervidobacterium
spp. are obligately
anaerobic heterotrophs
. They are
thermophilic
or
hyperthermophilic
, with optimum growth temperature of 60–80°C and optimal pH of 6.5–7.8. However, unlike other described
Thermotogota
,
Fervidobacterium
spp.
grow only at low salinity
(0–0.5% NaCl).
Sulfur is reduced to H

2

S
and stimulates growth, while molecular hydrogen inhibits growth. The cells are Gram‐negative rods and occur individually, in pairs, in filaments, in chains of up to 17 cells in one chain, or as spherical rotund bodies where 10 or more cells share an outer membrane. The majority of the individual cells produce terminal protuberances on one end of the cell (spheroids). Cells size about 0.4–0.6 × 1–40 μm. The cells are sensitive to inhibitors of cell‐wall, protein, and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Known habitats are terrestrial geothermal systems. The genus has also been detected in several types of anthropogenic environments: oil sands, tailing ponds, effluent of pulp and paper industry, and thermophilic microbial fuel cells. Several isolates have important uses in biotechnology; for instance, keratinophilic isolates are known to degrade feathers.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35–45.8.

Type species
:
Fervidobacterium nodosum
Patel et al. 1985, VL19.
Hyphobacterium
Authors: Sun Cong
Published: July 2021

Hy.pho.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. fem. n.
hyphê
a web, thread; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Hyphobacterium
a thread‐producing rod.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Caulobacterales / Hyphomonadaceae / Hyphobacterium

The genus
Hyphobacterium
accommodates mesophilic, neutrophilic, and chemoorganotrophic bacteria. Cells of the genus
Hyphobacterium
are Gram‐stain‐negative, aerobic, non‐spore‐forming, and oval‐to‐rod‐shaped, multiply by binary fission and show two lifetypes, one with a prostheca for attachment to other objects and the other with a polar flagellum for motility. Growth occurs in a wide range of NaCl concentrations (1–6%) and temperatures (10–45°C). No growth is observed without NaCl. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
Hyphobacterium
members can utilize substrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and organic acids. Cells contain both glycolipids and phospholipids, indicating that the habitat or the phosphorus accumulation mechanism of
Hyphobacterium
strains may differ from its closely related members. The main glycolipids are monoglycosyl diglyceride (MGDG), glucuronopyranosyl diglyceride (GUDG), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), and the main phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI). The major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone‐10 (Q‐10). The most abundant fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
with or without iso‐C
17:1
ω9
c
. The known habitat is seawater.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 59.8 (HPLC); 60.9 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Hyphobacterium vulgare
Sun et al. 2017
VP
.
Salinivirga
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Spring Stefan
Published: July 2021

Sa.li.ni.vir'ga. L. neut. n.
salinum
salt‐cellar; L. fem. n. virga rod; N.L. fem. n.
Salinivirga
a saline rod.

Bacteroidetes / Bacteroidia / Marinilabiliales / Salinivirgaceae / Salinivirga

The genus
Salinivirga
comprises one species with validly published name,
Salinivirga cyanobacteriivorans,
which was isolated from the suboxic zone of a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat using protein‐rich extracts of
Arthrospira
(formerly
Spirulina platensis
) as substrate. The species of the genus is Gram‐negative‐staining, anaerobic, mesophilic, and moderately halophilic, with a strictly fermentative metabolism. Cells are straight to slightly curved slender, not motile rods, which occur singly or in pairs. No flagella or spores are formed. The major cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
and iso‐C
17:0
3OH. The polar lipid composition is complex, comprising phosphatidylethanolamine and several distinct unidentified polar lipids, including aminolipids and glycolipids. The main respiratory lipoquinone is menaquinone 7 (MK7). Tests for oxidase and catalase are negative. Nutrient requirements are complex (trypticase peptone, tryptone, and yeast extract). The only available genome sequence of this genus belongs to the nomenclatural type
Salinivirga cyanobacteriivorans
L21‐Spi‐D4
T
. It has a size of 4.81 Mb and contains 3,884 protein‐coding genes and 59 RNA genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on almost complete 16S RNA gene sequences placed the genus within the family
Salinivirgaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 39.0 (sequence analysis).

Type species
:
Salinivirga cyanobacteriivorans
Ben Hania et al. 2017, VL176.
Candidatus
Nanohalobium
Authors: Messina Enzo , La Cono Violetta , Rohde Manfred , Sorokin Dmitry Y. , Oren Aharon , Yakimov Michail M.
Published: July 2021

Na.no.ha.lo'bi.um. Gr. masc. n.
nanos
a dwarf; Gr. masc. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. neut. n.
Nanohalobium
small organism living in salt.

Nanohaloarchaeota / “Incertae sedis” / “Incertae sedis” / “Incertae sedis” / Candidatus Nanohalobium

The genus
Candidatus
Nanohalobium was established based on a genome sequence found after the enrichment, cultivation, and characterization of a binary association with its chitinolytic host, obtained from a crystallizer pond brine collected in the marine solar saltern Saline della Laguna of Trapani, Italy.
Ca
. Nanohalobium is phylogenetically affiliated with members of the
Ca
. Nanohaloarchaeota (
Candidatus
Haloredivivus,
Candidatus
Nanosalina, and
Candidatus
Nanosalinicola) of the archaeal DPANN superphylum. Cultivation experiments and analysis of the 0.97 Mb genome of
Ca
. Nanohalobium constans LC1Nh revealed that the organism has an organoheterotrophic, sugar‐fermenting lifestyle, lacking key anabolic machinery and any respiratory complexes. Additionally, the cultivation experiments revealed a remarkable mutualism of a nanohaloarchaeon–haloarchaeon association, namely the nanohaloarchaeon's ability to hydrolyze glycogen and starch to glucose, enabling the growth of
Halomicrobium
sp. LC1Hm in the absence of chitin. The low‐median isoelectric point for the predicted proteins suggests a “salt‐in” strategy used by the nanohaloarchaeon for osmotic balance. 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated with
Ca
. Nanohalobium were recovered from other saltern ponds and hypersaline lakes worldwide.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 43.2 (genome).

Type species
:

Candidatus
Nanohalobium constans

, La Cono et al. 2020.
Range‐only control for cooperative target circumnavigation of unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Zhang Min , Lin Yun , Hao Huixin , Mei Jingsong
Published: July 2021

This article deals with cooperative target circumnavigation control strategy for a team of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) when only range measurements are available. First, we propose novel guidance laws based solely on range measurements for tracking and cooperation. Then, convergence and stability of the proposed guidance laws are proved by a rigorous inference of mathematics. Moreover, an illustrative simulation shows that the controlled UAVs orbit around a target and maintain even spacing along the common circle, which confirms the performance of the proposed guidance algorithms.
The Effect of Chemistry and 3D Microstructural Architecture on Corrosion of Biodegradable Mg–Ca–Zn Alloys
Authors: Zander Daniela , Zaslansky Paul , Zumdick Naemi A. , Felten Markus , Schnatterer Christian , Chaineux Veronika F. , Hammel Jörg U. , Storm Malte , Wilde Fabian , Fleck Claudia
Published: July 2021

The development of biodegradable Mg–Ca–Zn alloys strongly relies on the understanding of the varying 3D microstructural architectures by means of high‐density‐resolution imaging, such as synchrotron radiation–based X‐ray microtomography (SR‐μCT). The development of useful strategies to control the degradation process, including the design of appropriate 3D microstructures, focusing on the type, fraction, morphology, distribution, connectivity, and interfaces of different phases, depends on a comprehensive understanding of the underlying corrosion processes. SR‐μCT enables the nondestructive analysis of the same microstructure within a volume exposed to different immersion times in artificial physiological solutions, e.g., Hanks’ balanced salt solution without glucose (HBSS). In this work, quantitative 3D imaging via SR‐μCT demonstrates the formation of a continuous 3D network of secondary phases for low‐alloyed Mg–Ca–Zn. Furthermore, a change in the corrosion mechanism from very localized to uniform heterogeneous corrosion processes is observed. This mechanistic change is associated not exclusively with the electrochemical activity of the primary α‐MgSS and the secondary (Mg,Zn)2Ca and Mg–Ca–Zn phases, but also with their volume fraction, distribution, 3D morphology, connectivity, and the formation of corrosion product layers.
Effect of Si on the Solidification Segregation Behavior of a New Ni–Co‐Based Superalloy
Authors: Zhuang Xinpeng , Tan Yi , You Xiaogang , Cui Hongyang , Cui Chuanyong , Zhao Longhai , Li Pengting
Published: July 2021

Herein, the effects of Si addition on the microstructure and solidification behavior of a new Ni–Co‐based superalloy are investigated. The microstructure of the as‐cast alloys is mainly composed of γ, γ′, (γ–γ′) eutectics, and MC‐type carbides. The results demonstrate that Si addition significantly decreases the size and volume fraction of (γ–γ′) eutectics, while promoting the formation of Si‐rich phase precipitated in front of the (γ–γ′) eutectics. The formation of a Si‐rich phase is induced by the rejection of Ti and Si into the residual liquid during the γ matrix formation. With the increase in Si content, the size distribution of (γ–γ′) eutectics decreases due to the formation of the Si‐rich phase consuming the forming element of (γ–γ′) eutectics. The solidus and liquidus temperatures of the alloy decrease with the increase in Si. However, the range of melting temperature increases. The Si addition promotes the segregation of alloying elements, and Si tends to segregate in the interdendritic region.
Novel 2D MBenes—Synthesis, Structure, and Biotechnological Potential
Authors: Jakubczak Michał , Szuplewska Aleksandra , Rozmysłowska‐Wojciechowska Anita , Rosenkranz Andreas , Jastrzębska Agnieszka Maria
Published: July 2021

2D transition metal borides (MBenes) have emerged as promising post‐MXene materials with potential application in various biotechnological fields. Although they possess prospective bioactive properties due to boron in their structure, the experience gained from MXenes shows that an in‐depth understanding of their biological recognition and response as well as the exploration of their biological applications are highly challenging. This makes the identification of the most promising 2D MBenes for future biological research and final industrial applications rather complicated. Herein, MBenes are differentiated from MXenes and further untangled for their bioactivity‐generating features. It is expected that MBenes’ positive or negative biological impact on living organisms and different types of cells connect with their morphological, structural and physicochemical features in the context of relevant environments. Necessary toxicological data are also highlighted, which are key aspects to enable MBenes’ safe application in biotechnology and nanomedicine. Furthermore, a perspective for the rational development and design of novel biotechnological solutions based on MBenes is provided, which will meet the legal safety requirements for nanomaterials. In this regard, this work is an unprecedented contribution toward strategies for regulatory development for MBene/MXene‐type nanomaterials. It provides an inspiration for future biotechnological and nanotoxicological approaches using MBenes.
Integrin‐Targeted, Short Interfering RNA Nanocomplexes for Neuroblastoma Tumor‐Specific Delivery Achieve MYCN Silencing with Improved Survival
Authors: Tagalakis Aristides D. , Jayarajan Vignesh , Maeshima Ruhina , Ho Kin H. , Syed Farhatullah , Wu Lin‐Ping , Aldossary Ahmad M. , Munye Mustafa M. , Mistry Talisa , Ogunbiyi Olumide Kayode , Sala Arturo , Standing Joseph F. , Moghimi Seyed M. , Stoker Andrew W. , Hart Stephen L.
Published: July 2021

The authors aim to develop siRNA therapeutics for cancer that can be administered systemically to target tumors and retard their growth. The efficacy of systemic delivery of siRNA to tumors with nanoparticles based on lipids or polymers is often compromised by their rapid clearance from the circulation by the liver. Here, multifunctional cationic and anionic siRNA nanoparticle formulations are described, termed receptor‐targeted nanocomplexes (RTNs), that comprise peptides for siRNA packaging into nanoparticles and receptor‐mediated cell uptake, together with lipids that confer nanoparticles with stealth properties to enhance stability in the circulation, and fusogenic properties to enhance endosomal release within the cell. Intravenous administration of RTNs in mice leads to predominant accumulation in xenograft tumors, with very little detected in the liver, lung, or spleen. Although non‐targeted RTNs also enter the tumor, cell uptake appears to be RGD peptide‐dependent indicating integrin‐mediated uptake. RTNs with siRNA against MYCN (a member of the Myc family of transcription factors) in mice with MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma tumors show significant retardation of xenograft tumor growth and enhanced survival. This study shows that RTN formulations can achieve specific tumor‐targeting, with minimal clearance by the liver and so enable delivery of tumor‐targeted siRNA therapeutics.
Nitrogen‐Radical‐Triggered Trifunctionalizing ipso‐Spirocyclization of Unactivated Alkenes with Vinyl Azides: A Modular Access to Spiroaminal Frameworks
Authors: Qi Zhongyu , Zhang Zhijie , Yang Li , Zhang Di , Lu Ji , Wei Jun , Wei Siping , Fu Qiang , Du Xi , Yi Dong
Published: July 2021

We report an example of non‐dearomative trifunctionalizing ipso‐spirocyclization of unactivated alkenes through photoredox‐catalyzed, nitrogen‐radical‐triggered cyclization‐trapping‐translocation‐cyclization cascade, providing a single‐step modular access to spiroaminal frameworks through the sequential formation of one C−C bond and two geminal C−N bonds. The developed protocol utilizes not only internal and terminal olefinic oxime esters, but also olefinic amides as nitrogen radical precursors, and features a broad substrate scope, wide functional group compatibility, easy scalability, and potential for product derivatization and late‐stage functionalization of bioactive estrone derivatives. Importantly, the mechanistic studies including DFT calculations indicate that the photocatalytic trifunctionalizing ipso‐spirocyclization undergoes a radical relay cascade of intramolecular 5‐exo‐trig cyclization, intermolecular radical trapping, 1,5‐hydrogen atom transfer, and sequential 5‐endo‐trig cyclization, which provides another reaction mode of alkenes.

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Advanced Immunotherapy Approaches for Glioblastoma
Authors: Ma Yifan , Yang Zhaogang , Huntoon Kristin , Jiang Wen , Kim Betty Y. S.
Published: July 2021

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor, and treatment for GBM is regarded as the most challenging task in clinical oncology. Although multiple treatments are available, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, these conventional therapies barely improve the functional prognosis and life quality of patients with glioblastoma. Immunotherapy, has become a promising approach for treating GBM because of the ability to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and complicated unique tumor immune microenvironment. Developing an efficient immunotherapy for GBM requires understanding the glioblastoma immune microenvironment; accordingly, this study begins by summarizing this and what it indicates for the development of immunological effects. Then current immunotherapy management for GBM and advanced studies including checkpoint inhibitors, cell vaccines, and extracellular vesicle‐based immunotherapy is reviewed. Because monotherapies are inadequate for treating GBM, combinational GBM immunotherapy with other classical cancer therapies, especially chemo‐immunotherapy, radiotherapy‐immunotherapy, and the combination of gene therapy and immunotherapy, is introduced and discussed. The recent progress introduced in this review suggests that cancer immunotherapy and its combinatory therapies are highly promising treatment modalities for glioblastoma patients. However, systematical and in‐depth investigations are required to improve the efficacy of GBM immunotherapy for future clinical translation.
Prussian Blue Cathode with Intercalation Pseudocapacitive Behavior for Low‐Temperature Batteries
Authors: Fang Zhong , Yin Yue , Qiu Xuan , Zhu Lei , Dong Xiaoli , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: July 2021

Increasing energy demand calls for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries with good low‐temperature resilience. Conventional intercalation cathodes pose problems such as sluggish interfacial Li‐ion transportation and slow diffusion in bulk electrode at low temperature, hindering their application in cold environment. Prussian blue analogues (PBA) with open framework structure provide viable fast kinetics for low‐temperature operation. Herein, a Mn‐based PBA (MnHCF@CNT composite) is synthesized and forms a unique necklace‐like conductive network by nucleating MnHCF nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNT). Such features endow it with surface‐controlled intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior and high diffusion coefficient of Li+, which shows a high capacity of 103 mAh g−1 at the rate of 20C. Moreover, interfacial pseudocapacitance and fast bulk Li+ diffusion help realize excellent low‐temperature performance, which obtains high capacity of 117 mAh g−1 (corresponding to a capacity retention of 73%) under −40 °C and keeps 52% of its capacity at −70 °C. Full cell based on MnHCF@CNT cathode and Nb2O5 anode can exhibit 57% of its capacity at −40 °C. This research takes a further step toward developing cathode material at low temperature and provides feasible design for battery under subzero environment.
Selective C–F Bond Allylation of Trifluoromethylalkenes
Authors: Zhu Chuan , Sun Meng‐Meng , Chen Kai , Liu Haidong , Feng Chao
Published: July 2021

Selective C−F bond functionalization of CF3 group represents an appealing strategy for the incorporation of pharmaceutically privileged difluoromethylene moiety. Despite the recent significant advancement attained in the functionalization of Ar‐CF3 molecules, prescriptions amenable for alkenyl‐CF3 congeners remain sufficiently inadequate. Herein, we report a strategically novel protocol for the C−F bond elaboration of trifluoromethylalkene derivatives. By using readily available allyl metallics as nucleophilic coupling partner, the present reaction enables an expedient construction of structurally diversified CF2‐bridged 1,5‐dienes. Furthermore, the exquisite selectivity observed in this transformation is revealed to be based on the underlying mechanism that consists of a cascade of nucleophilic SN2′ defluorinative allylation and electronically promoted Cope rearrangement.
General α‐Amino 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Synthesis via Late‐Stage Reductive Functionalization of Tertiary Amides and Lactams**
Authors: Matheau‐Raven Daniel , Dixon Darren J.
Published: July 2021

An iridium‐catalyzed reductive three‐component coupling reaction for the synthesis of medicinally relevant α‐amino 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles from abundant tertiary amides or lactams, carboxylic acids, and (N‐isocyanimino) triphenylphosphorane, is described. Proceeding under mild conditions using (<1 mol %) Vaska's complex (IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2) and tetramethyldisiloxane to access the key reactive iminium ion intermediates, a broad range of α‐amino 1,3,4‐oxadiazole architectures were accessed from carboxylic acid feedstock coupling partners. Extension to α‐amino heterodiazole synthesis was readily achieved by exchanging the carboxylic acid coupling partner for C‐, S‐, or N‐centered Brønsted acids, and provided rapid and modular access to these desirable, yet difficult‐to‐access, heterocycles. The high chemoselectivity of the catalytic reductive activation step allowed late‐stage functionalization of 10 drug molecules, including the synthesis of heterodiazole‐fused drug–drug conjugates.