bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hardness and Temperature
Authors: Geach G. A.
Published: January 2014

Hardness of a material has been identified since classical times with resistance to non-elastic penetration by a punch,l and for a very long while it has also been related to resistance to scratching.2,3 These properties have been connected empirically with several other mechanical and physical properties of the material and, within limited ranges of conditions or materials, the relations are sometimes so close that measurement of the other property has been used to determine ‘hardness’.4-7 This has confused the definition of hardness but it has also added much to the practical value of hardness measurement, for hardness is commonly easier or quicker to determine than is the other property. Hardness is frequently measured on a production piece directly and without need to scrap it, rather than on a specimen of special shape.
Powder Metallurgy of Superalloys
Authors: Gessinger G. H. , Bomford M. J.
Published: January 2014

Nickel-chromium and, to a lesser extent, cobalt-chromium alloys are the major class of materials used for the high temperature components of aircraft, marine, and land-based power systems and are also utilized in applications, such as hot-working tools and dies. The successful application of these alloys, now commonly termed ‘superalloys’, is due to their high, long-time creep strength and stability at elevated temperatures combined with their outstanding resistance to corrosion (often with protective coatings) in the aggressive environments encountered during service.
Growth of intergranular creep cavities
Authors: Svensson L.-E. , Dunlop G. L.
Published: January 2014

The current status of theory and experiment concerning the growth of intergranular cavities during high -temperature creep is reviewed. The proposed models for cavity growth are presented and their mathematical analysis is outlined. The predictions of these models are then compared. Experimental techniques for determining cavity growth rates or testing the predictions of the growth models (density, time to fracture, and metallographic measurements) are discussed. The results of recent experiments which purport to test cavity growth models are discussed in some detail and recommendations are made for further experiments. From the available evidence it would appear that all of the following modes of cavity growth can occur: (i) simple diffusional growth controlled by grain -boundary diffusion; (ii) deformation -enhanced diffusional growth; (iii) continuum plastic hole growth; (iv) crack -like diffusional growth controlled by surface diffusion; (v) unstable finger-like diffusional growth; and (vi) constrained diffusional growth. The relative ranges of operation of these mechanisms are indicated.
Physicochemical properties of molten CaF2 -based slags
Authors: Mills K. C. , Keene B. J.
Published: January 2014

Slags based on CaF2 are used extensively in electroslag remelting (ESR) and in some welding processes. The physical properties of the slag can affect its efficiency in these applications. The influence of the various physical properties of the slag upon the performance of ESR units is discussed. The effects of chemical reactions which cause changes in the composition of the slag, together with the evolution of volatile fluorides and oxides, are reviewed and discussed. Extant data for the following physicochemical properties are collated and evaluated; phase diagrams, activities, electrical conductivity, viscosity, density, and surface tension. Where possible, recommended values for these properties are given on the basis of this assessment.
Skeleton in the Cupboard: Social Class and the Public Library in Britain Through 150 Years
Authors: Black Alistair
Published: January 2014

The 150th anniversary of the passing of the first Public Libraries Act in Britain offers an opportunity to examine one aspect of public library history which has tended to be swept under the carpet; namely the question as to whether public libraries could ever be described as truly classless rather than the preserve of a particular social class. Although the welfare state has encouraged many people, not least librarians, to view public libraries as a service offered freely to all, regardless of class, it could be argued that they have always been, and continue to be, an expression of liberal middleclass ideals.
Cathedral Libraries in Medieval Hungary
Authors: Nemerkényi Előd
Published: January 2014

In spite of the limited evidence, some characteristic features of the cathedral libraries of medieval Hungary can be established. The case of the cathedral library of Esztergom illustrates the methodological problems and the limits of reconstructing the lost holdings of a medieval library. Library catalogues, the most important sources for the study of cathedral libraries in medieval Hungary, survive from the cathedrals of Veszprem (I435) and Zagreb (I394, I426). On the basis of these book registers that were incorporated into the general inventories of the cathedrals, it is possible to define what kinds of codices they possessed and to explore the structure of their libraries as well as the system of book provision. The way the inventories were compiled reveals the methods of manuscript cataloguing and the records of book loans provide an insight into the interest of the readers.
Recent developments in seamless steel tube-making
Authors: Blazynski T. Z.
Published: January 2014

The increasing demand for high-quality tubing, made in a wide range of both ordinary and highly sophisticated engineering materials, has resulted, in the last decade, in an extensive development of tube-making processes.
Some Hypotheses About the Psychodynamic Significance of Infant Name Selection
Authors: Brender Myron
Published: January 2014

(no abstract)
Orthographic Variations of Ukrainian Surnames in Western Pennsylvania
Authors: Holutiak-Hallick Stephen P.
Published: January 2014

This article examines orthographic variations of Ukrainian surnames in Western Pennsylvania. The discussion is based upon 1,100 Ukrainian surnames and their various American English renditions, totaling 3,000 names. The surnames, first recorded in American  English at the beginning of this century, were gathered from baptismal record books, parish lists and other archival material made available in Ukrainian Orthodox churches and organizations. Each surname is compared over a period of three generations (1907-1970).
Psychological Factors Affecting Preferences for First Names
Authors: Colman Andrew M. , Hargreaves David J. , Sluckin Wladyslaw
Published: January 2014

AbstractAnecdotal and anthropological evidence suggests that personal names are of considerable psychological significance, but they have not received much attention from psychologists. The relationship between the familiarity of first names and the degree to which they lare liked is of particular interest from the point of view of research in related areas of experimental aesthetics. Evidence from investigations carried out in England and Australia suggests that there is a strong tendency for first names to be liked in direct proportion to their familiarity: in general, the most familiar names tend to be best liked and the least familiar names to be most strongly disliked. These findings are dicussed in relation to previous research into familiarity and liking for letters of the alphabet and words, and a hypothesis is developed which may account for the cyclical vogues in first names and certain other cultural objects.
Chinese Given Names Since the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Zhongti Lu , Millward Celia
Published: January 2014

AbstractChinese given names, best considered lexical, rather than onomastic, items, often reflect political, social, and cultural conditions at the time of naming. An investigation of the given names of four groups of Chinese students born in 1966, 1973, 1979, and 1981 reveals great differences between the names of those born early in the Cultural Revolution and those born later. The investigation also reveals differences between names for males and females (reflecting differing cultural expectations for the two sexes) and a recent trend toward one-character given names.
Eliot's Naming of Cats
Authors: Lambert Anne H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractMost of the names of the cat characters in T. S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats are of the “peculiar, and more dignified” type, rather than everyday names, and depend either on sound or on meaning, occasionally on both. For nonsense names, Eliot was influenced by Edward Lear.
The Roots and Development of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names
Authors: Kerfoot Helen , Rayburn Alan
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names traces its roots to a recommendation of land surveyors in 1888 and action by the federal government in 1897 to create the Geographic Board of Canada. Advisory committees have assisted the CPCGN with principles and procedures, undersea feature naming, alpine nomenclature, and toponymic research. The Committee has convened workshops on gazetteer production, language issues, data automation, and native names. It will continue to pursue field collection of toponyms and development of principles for standardizing toponyms and linking automated toponymic data bases
Nicknames and Surnames; Neglected Origins of Family Names, Especially Surnames Derived from Inn Signs
Authors: Ashley! Leonard R. N.
Published: January 2014

AbstractSurnames come from more diverse sources than are recognized in the four categories set out by Elsdon Smith (in his New Dictionary of American Family Names). Among these are surnames from women's given names and occupations as well as from men's and, especially, surnames not only from personal nicknames but also from the nicknames of places and inn signs.
Miscousing–Wisconsin
Authors: Cassidy Frederic G.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe name Wisconsin, never satisfactorily explained, was first recorded as Miscousing. Was this form due to dialect variation in Indian sources, to mishearing by early recorders, or to some other cause? Another suggestion is that the M- form could have been an echo of an easterly name, Miscou, well known to French navigators.
The Poetics and Politics of Naming: The Case of Sir Walter Ralegh and His Queen
Authors: Litt Dorothy E.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn a manuscript poem by Sir Walter Ralegh, the poet as “Ocean” makes his complaint to a cold and cruel lady, “Cynthia” (the moon). Naming serves as a counterpoint to his argument, which establishes a dialectic of despair set against hope, the poem ending in an epiphany of faith in an eventual restoration to his lady's favor. The cruel lady is Queen Elizabeth, which gives the poem an added political dimension.
Literary Linkage: The Naming of Serial Novels
Authors: Room Adrian
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhile many writers of serial novels do not devise mutually related titles for their works, some do, especially in popular fiction such as crime novels and children's literature. The titles may be linked either by repetition or by a more subtle device such as variations on a generic theme.
Feminization of Unisex Names from 1960 to 1990
Authors: Barry Herbert , Harper Aylene S.
Published: January 2014

AbstractFrequencies of first names given in Pennsylvania in 1960 and 1990 were used to identify 33 unisex names, given with substantial frequency to both sexes. According to earlier books of names for babies, most of the unisex names were given to boys. In 1990 most of the same names were given to more girls than boys. The findings support previous studies that names tend to evolve from masculine to unisex to feminine. Popularity of unisex names is usually brief. Most names given to a substantial number of boys and girls in one of the two years, 1960 or 1990, had low frequencies of one sex or both sexes in the other year.
Sizing Up Shylock's Name Again
Authors: Fleissner Robert F.
Published: January 2014

AbstractWhence the name of the Hebrew moneylender Shylock? Although Gross has a chapter title relating to this, the name sounds basically more British than anything else. Indeed, the dramatist's father was himself a lender of money and often considered a Catholic recusant, so Shylock's name connects with that of another such recusant, Shacklock, a name with curious associations with Sherlock. Suggestions of the German scheu and Scottish loch with Shy-lock are also possible. The name may also have connections with John Florio.
The Name of the Rose
Authors: Thundy Zacharias P.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAlthough Eco recognizes several possible sources for the title The Name of the Rose, he tantalizingly invites readers to expolore for themselves the significance and signification of the book's title. Interwoven with the title and the text are the subtexts of Eliot's “Little Gidding, ” Yeats’ Rose-poems, and Apuleius’ The Golden Ass. Perhaps the book is also an onomastic tribute to the nameless peasant girl of the novel.
Naming Patterns of Recent Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union to Israel
Authors: Lawson Edwin D. , Glushkovskaya Irina
Published: January 2014

AbstractTo identify patterns of first names over three generations, two samples of 100 Jewish families from the former Soviet Union were interviewed. The first sample came mainly from Ukraine and European Russia; the second from Uzbekistan and Tadzhikistan. Both samples show that the traditional pattern of naming a child after a deceased relative remains strong although it is declining somewhat. Immigrants from European Russia tend to use a Russian name identified by the family and/or the Jewish community with a Hebrew name while those from Central Asia tend to use a Russian (or Farsi) name but one not identified with a Jewish name or a deceased relative.
Changing Names on Peruvian Trucks
Authors: Kus James S.
Published: January 2014

AbstractPeruvian trucks often carry a distinctive name, usually painted on the front of the vehicle. These names show distinctive regional patterns, particularly between more “conservative” (rural and Andean) and more “progressive” (urban) parts of the country. Ten years of personal observations and interviews with truck owners and drivers provided names and information on the reasons individual truck names may have been chosen or changed.
Zinfandel: An American English Word of Czech, German, Hungarian, and/or Slovak Origin
Authors: Gold David L.
Published: January 2014

AbstractResearch on the origin of zinfandel has been going on for over fifty years, whereas investigation of the origin of the English word zinfandel has begun only recently. At first I thought that scrutiny of the word would require expertise in viticulture and enology. Lacking such knowledge, I abandoned the quest, but later realized that since the origin of a significans need not be parallel to the origin of a significandum, familiarity with grapes and wine, though helpful, was not essential. The search began anew and possible etymons turned up in Czech, German, Hungarian, and Slovak.If American English zinfandal ∼ zinfandel ∼ zinfardel ∼ zinfidel ∼ zinfindel has only one immediate etymon, Czech cinifádl seems to be the best candidate. If it has a second immediate source, that source is probably German. Hungarian and Slovak are not likely sources of the English word.
Gallic Joys of Joyce: On Translating Some Names in Finnegans Wake into French
Authors: Diament Henri
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe attempt to gauge the ways in which a translator of Finnegans Wake has dealt with the problem of conveying some proper names into French. The raw data are those of Chapter 1, together with their cross-references in other parts of the work. Some key sentences point to two homonymous and adjoining US counties, in Missouri and Illinois, separated by the Mississippi river, all of which James Joyce seems to have zoologically metaphorized as symbols of Earwicker and Anna Livia Plurabelle. Although not noticed by Joycean critics, this was apparently detected by the French translator, who conveyed it in cryptic fashion. We, in turn, by decrypting the translator, believe that he was put on the track of Joyce's imagery, a notion which appears valid even if mere serendipity on the part of the translator, or the author, were at work instead of intuition. Thus, it appears that onomastics can yield a great deal of thematic information about Finnegans Wake through translation.
An Arctic Soliloquy on Inuit Placenames and Cross-Cultural Fieldwork
Authors: Rundstrom Robert A.
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn this article, I summarize the achievements, inadequacies, and breakdowns that occurred during an intensive five-week placename survey of Inuit toponyms in the Keewatin District, Northwest Territories, Canada. This is a firsthand, first-person account by the field leader, using personal journal entries as the substance for an Arctic soliloquy in two acts. The play begins with a prologue setting the spatial and logistical context, moves quickly into the halcyon days of the survey's first act, and then plunges into the frustrations and mixed emotions of the second act before arriving at the denouement in an epilogue. The logistical and emotional complexities of fieldwork are laid bare in this story of how (not) to structure a cross-cultural placename survey. Personal and professional foibles of both author and cast are punctuated with more than a little financial suspense—all of which is suffused with the energy of Inuit elders calmly pursuing perpetuation of their toponymic system under challenging conditions.
Akan Death-Prevention Names: A Pragmatic and Structural Analysis
Authors: Obeng Samuel Gyasi
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper discusses the content and types of Akan death-prevention names. It provides a structural linguistic analysis of the morphology of these names and presents a socio- and ethnolingustic account of the death-prevention names as they function within Akan communication: Thepaper also classifies the names according to their structures. Death-prevention names are shown to be meaningful and to refer to the lives of both their bearers and the name-givers.
Trans-Atlantic Street Names
Authors: Algeo John
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe British and American national varieties of the English Language differ in a multitude of ways: orthographic, phonological, syntactic, lexical, and onomastic. One of the onomastic difference is in the street names, including both their generic and specific parts. British street-name generics include terms like crescent and mews, which are atypical of American use. American generics include terms like boulevard, atypical of British use. The specifics also differ, whether they are descriptive (British High Street versus American Main Street) or commemorative (British Great Queen Street versus American Madison Avenue). The street names of London and New York City, the largest and commercially most important cities of the two nations, are illustrative of onomastic and cultural differences between Britain and America.
The Trumpeters of Bemersyde: at Scottish Placename Reconsidered
Authors: Hough Carole
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe placename Bemersyde in the Scottish county of Berwickshire is usually explained as “hillside or seat of the trumpeter,” from the Old English words bēmere “trumpeter” and sīde “hillside” or “seat.” This would represent an unusual type of formation, and the absence of references to trumpeters in historical or documentary sources casts further doubt on the interpretation. Linguistic evidence indicates that bēmere may have developed a transferred use to refer to a bird with a trumpet-like call, possibly the bittern. Such a meaning is much more plausible in the placename context. Many Old English bird names are attested only in placenames, frequently combining with topographical elements like sīde. Occurrences of bēmere in placenames south of the present border with England are consistent with an interpretation as a bird name, while other Berwickshire placenames provide some support for the indigenous presence of bitterns in the medieval period. I therefore propose a new interpretation of Bemersyde as “hillside frequented by the bittern.”
Changing Patterns of Personal Names Among the Maharjans of Katmandu
Authors: Shrestha Uma
Published: January 2014

AbstractA multi-generational analysis of personal names of the Maharjans (farmers) of Katmandu, Nepal, shows significant differences between traditional names and contemporary names. The names of gods and goddesses are popular among those over 40, but are absent among those under 20. The names of younger Maharjans do not show the caste and ethnic affiliations which characterize those of older generations. Such differences can be attributed to changes in the attitudes and expectations of the Maharjans and to changes in the community's political, economic, and social structures.
A Diagnostic Database of American Personal Names
Authors: Hanks Patrick , Tucker D. Kenneth
Published: January 2014

AbstractComputational analysis of pairings between surnames and forenames in “A Diagnostic Database of American Names” reveals a number of significant associations. These can be used as evidence to help pinpoint the most likely source language of an unfamiliar and unresearched surname, and to provide a framework for historical and genealogical research. The data can also be studied geographically since a number of surnames are associated with particular states or regions. A study of present-day distribution of surnames can be correlated’ with historical and other evidence regarding settlement patterns.
The Sociolinguistics of the “S–Word” : Squaw in American Placenames
Authors: Bright William
Published: January 2014

AbstractPlacenames containing the word “squaw” are numerous throughout the United States, but have recently become controversial. American Indian groups and individuals have presented three kinds of argument against the use of the term. The first argument is that it is derived from an Mohawk word for the female genitalia. Linguistic data show, however, that it is actually a New England Massachusett word for ‘woman'. A second argument presented is that “squaw” has been, and is still, used derogatorily by whites toward Indian women. This argument is supported only weakly by literary documents, but more strongly by frontier memoirs and journalistic writing. The third argument is that “squaw” is offensive to Indians, in the same way that “nigger” is offensive to African Americans. This raises, then, the question of “politically correct” vocabulary, or in broader terms, the sociolinguistic question of the ideological values associated with words; in this context, subjective associations are as .important as objective ones.
Russian Given Names: Their Pronunciation, Meaning, and Frequency
Authors: Lawson Edwin D. , Nevo Natan
Published: January 2014

AbstractInformation in English on Russian given names is limited. A single source with Russian names showing their pronunciation, meaning, and frequency is lacking. This report attempts to overcome that deficiency. From data gathered in a previous investigation on 1421 individuals in Moscow and St. Petersburg in the period 1874-1990, we collected approximately 200 different names. Names dictionaries in English do not indicate how Russian names are pronounced with the exception of one by Norman. One Russian, not widely-available, dictionary (Tikhonov et al.) does give some help in pronunciation but in a Russian format not easily understood by English-speaking readers. We decided to show the pronunciation in three ways: (1) using a “simple” pronunciation style similar to that of the New York Times when it introduces a new name, (2) using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and (3) demonstrating with a CD (compact disk how the names are pronounced by a Russian speaker. To do this, a Russian speaker made tape recordings. From these recordings, a CD was produced. In addition to pronunciation, we are also showing the meaning of each name and its frequency.
Remarkable Similarities between Traditional Chinese and Anglo–Saxon England's Naming Customs
Authors: Louie Emma Woo
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Chinese given name that is composed of two characters is one name: two words put together to form one name. This knowledge is in danger of becoming lost since recent explanations state that the two characters are two separate given names. Two particular name styles also contribute to this misunderstanding. Because of the tendency to equate Chinese names with Western names, the best comparison is the two-worded Anglo-Saxon name of Old English or Old Germanic origins. Name customs in China and Anglo- Saxon England, prior to the Norman Conquest in 1066, were remarkably similar despite the geographical distance between the two countries and the differences in language and culture.
Personal Names in Azerbaijan: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Zuercher Kenneth
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis study uses a sample of over 1500 personal names to analyze gender roles and attitudes in Azerbaijan. Categories analyzed include names: 1) from natural phenomena, 2) from outside the Turkish/Middle Eastern cultural milieu, 3) denoting physical beauty, 4) reflecting parental aspirations for the child, 5) showing desirable character traits, 6) with religious significance, and 7) expressing the parents' joy at the child's birth or desire to have the child. Male names reflect their culturally approved roles in public leadership and religion, while female names imply physical attractiveness and exoticism. Moreover, a few women have pejorative names showing parental desire for male children.
Two Worldviews Regarding Chinese American Names
Authors: Louie Emma Woo
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe one-language one-nation concept that arose as part of the rise in nationalism in China is alive and well in America. The existence of two worldviews and the growing dominance of Mandarin speakers in the Chinese American population have implications for Chinese Americans whose names, especially those of Cantonese and other dialect origins, do not comply with Chinese standardized spelling rules. Nevertheless, non-Mandarin names and non-Mandarin sounding surnames constitute links to the regionalects of China.
Origin of the Gang Name “Crips”1
Authors: Gray Wilson , Cohen Gerald
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe “Crips” derive their name from “cripples,“ which in turn derives from the “pimp canes” they carried as their badge and as a weapon with which to cripple anyone who messed with them. The original motivation was self-defense, but that, of course, changed with time.
The genetic basis of natural variation for iron homeostasis in the maize IBM population
Authors: Benke Andreas , Urbany Claude , Marsian Johanna , Shi Rongli , Wirén Nicolaus von , Stich Benjamin
Published: January 2014

Background

Iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) express as leaf chlorosis, growth retardation, as well as yield reduction and are typically observed when plants grow in calcareous soils at alkaline pH. To improve our understanding of genotypical variability in the tolerance to Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis, the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the natural genetic variation of traits related to Fe homeostasis in the maize intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population, (ii) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these traits, and (iii) to analyze expression levels of genes known to be involved in Fe homeostasis as well as of candidate genes obtained from the QTL analysis.

Results

In hydroponically-grown maize, a total of 47 and 39 QTLs were detected for the traits recorded under limited and adequate supply of Fe, respectively.

Conclusions

From the QTL results, we were able to identify new putative candidate genes involved in Fe homeostasis under a deficient or adequate Fe nutritional status, like Ferredoxin class gene, putative ferredoxin PETF, metal tolerance protein MTP4, and MTP8. Furthermore, our expression analysis of candidate genes suggested the importance of trans-acting regulation for 2’-deoxymugineic acid synthase 1 (DMAS1), nicotianamine synthase (NAS3, NAS1), formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1), methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase (IDI2), aspartate/tyrosine/aromatic aminotransferase (IDI4), and methylthioribose kinase (MTK).
Beyond BMI: The “Metabolically healthy obese” phenotype & its association with clinical/subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality -- a systematic review
Authors: Roberson Lara L , Aneni Ehimen C , Maziak Wasim , Agatston Arthur , Feldman Theodore , Rouseff Maribeth , Tran Thinh , Blaha Michael J , Santos Raul D , Sposito Andrei , Al-Mallah Mouaz H , Blankstein Ron , Budoff Matthew J , Nasir Khurram
Published: January 2014

Background

A subgroup has emerged within the obese that do not display the typical metabolic disorders associated with obesity and are hypothesized to have lower risk of complications. The purpose of this review was to analyze the literature which has examined the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) population.

Methods

Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from their inception until December 2012. Studies were included which clearly defined the MHO group (using either insulin sensitivity and/or components of metabolic syndrome AND obesity) and its association with either all cause mortality, CVD mortality, incident CVD, and/or subclinical CVD.

Results

A total of 20 studies were identified; 15 cohort and 5 cross-sectional. Eight studies used the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel III definition of metabolic syndrome to define “metabolically healthy”, while another nine used insulin resistance. Seven studies assessed all-cause mortality, seven assessed CVD mortality, and nine assessed incident CVD. MHO was found to be significantly associated with all-cause mortality in two studies (30%), CVD mortality in one study (14%), and incident CVD in three studies (33%). Of the six studies which examined subclinical disease, four (67%) showed significantly higher mean common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA-IMT), coronary artery calcium (CAC), or other subclinical CVD markers in the MHO as compared to their MHNW counterparts.

Conclusions

MHO is an important, emerging phenotype with a CVD risk between healthy, normal weight and unhealthy, obese individuals. Successful work towards a universally accepted definition of MHO would improve (and simplify) future studies and aid inter-study comparisons. Usefulness of a definition inclusive of insulin sensitivity and stricter criteria for metabolic syndrome components as well as the potential addition of markers of fatty liver and inflammation should be explored. Clinicians should be hesitant to reassure patients that the metabolically benign phenotype is safe, as increased risk cardiovascular disease and death have been shown.
Amyloid peptides ABri and ADan show differential neurotoxicity in transgenic Drosophila models of familial British and Danish dementia
Authors: Marcora María S , Fernández-Gamba Agata C , Avendaño Luz A , Rotondaro Cecilia , Podhajcer Osvaldo L , Vidal Rubén , Morelli Laura , Ceriani María F , Castaño Eduardo M
Published: January 2014

Background

Familial British and Familial Danish dementias (FBD and FDD, respectively) are associated with mutations in the BRI2 gene. Processing of the mutated BRI2 protein leads to the accumulation in the brain of the 34-mer amyloid Bri (ABri) and amyloid Dan (ADan) peptides, accompanied by neurofibrillary tangles. Recently, transgenic mice successfully reproduced different aspects of FDD, while modeling of FBD in vivo has been more difficult. In this work we have modeled FBD and FDD in Drosophila and tested the hypothesis that ABri and ADan are differentially neurotoxic.

Results

By using site-directed insertion, we generated transgenic lines carrying ABri, ADan, Bri2-23 (the normal product of wild-type BRI2 processing) and amyloid-β (Aβ) 1–42 as a well-characterized neurotoxic peptide, alone or with a His-tag. Therefore, we avoided random insertion effects and were able to compare levels of accumulation accurately. Peptides were expressed with the GAL4-Upstream Activating Sequence (UAS) system using specific drivers. Despite low levels of expression, toxicity in the eye was characterized by mild disorganization of ommatidia and amyloid peptides accumulation. The highest toxicity was seen for ADan, followed by Aβ42 and ABri. Pan-neuronal expression in the CNS revealed an age-dependent toxicity of amyloid peptides as determined by the ability of flies to climb in a geotaxis paradigm when compared to Bri2-23. This effect was stronger for ADan, detected at 7 days post-eclosion, and followed by ABri and Aβ42, whose toxicity became evident after 15 and 21 days, respectively. Histological analysis showed mild vacuolization and thioflavine-S-negative deposits of amyloid peptides. In contrast, the over-expression of amyloid peptides in the specific subset of lateral neurons that control circadian locomotor activity showed no toxicity.

Conclusions

Our results support the differential neurotoxicity of ADan and ABri in the Drosophila eye and CNS at low expression levels. Such differences may be partially attributed to rates of aggregation and accumulation. In the CNS, both peptides appear to be more neurotoxic than wild-type Aβ42. These Drosophila models will allow a systematic and unambiguous comparison of differences and similarities in the mechanisms of toxicity of diverse amyloid peptides associated with dementia.
The use of relational database systems in the educational institution site control
Authors: Горбов Леонид , Gorbov Leonid , Щиканов Алексей , Shchikanov Aleksey , Новикова Наталья , Novikova Natalya , Погодин Александр , Pogodin Aleksandr
Published: January 2014

The paper discusses the basic requirements for hosting and updating information on the official website of the

educational institutions in the information and communication space, which are the input parameters for the

design of the structure and functionality of the site. The analysis of the input parameters on the examples of

existing websites of universities are given. Structural and functional parameters for reducing the burden on

the site administrator are defined. The example of the site of the educational institution «The Russian State

University of Tourism and Service» is given.
A balancing act: The Sadrist movement between nationalist rhetoric and sectarian politics
Authors: Schmidhauser Nathalie Miria
Published: January 2014

After the US surge in 2007, the Sadrists were at crossroads. The Mahdi Army’s proclivity for violence had been discrediting Sadr’s movement and was increasingly allienating its own constituency. Therefore, they started to refocus on politics. Generally, the Sadrist behaviour after 2009 can be defined as ‘electoral militarism’, a symbolic extension of the conflict as an electoral strategy. While the leadership has to compromise with Iran and support sectarian politics, they at the same time jealously protect the movement’s nationalist outlook, using a rhetoric focused on national unity and emphasizing the movement’s independence. This dualism between rhetoric and action is the most basic contradiction in the Sadrist movement today – and in Iraq in general.
Soliton-type metrics and Kähler–Ricci flow
on symplectic quotients
Authors: La Nave Gabriele , Tian Gang
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we first show an interpretation of the Kähler–Ricci flow on a manifold X as an exact elliptic equation of Einstein type on a manifold M of which X is one of the (Kähler) symplectic reductions via a (non-trivial) torus action. There are plenty of such manifolds (e.g. any line bundle on X will do). Such an equation is called V-soliton equation, which can be regarded as a generalization of Kähler–Einstein equations or Kähler–Ricci solitons. As in the case of Kähler–Einstein metrics, we can also reduce the V-soliton equation to a scalar equation on Kähler potentials, which is of Monge–Ampère type. We then prove some preliminary results towards establishing existence of solutions for such a scalar equation on a compact Kähler manifold M. One of our motivations is to apply the interpretation to studying finite time singularities of the Kähler–Ricci flow.
The Nature and Extent of Mutational Pleiotropy in Gene Expression of Male Drosophila serrata
Authors: McGuigan Katrina , Collet Julie M , McGraw Elizabeth A , Ye Yixin H , Allen Scott L , Chenoweth Stephen F , Blows Mark W
Published: January 2014

The nature and extent of mutational pleiotropy remain largely unknown, despite the central role that pleiotropy plays in many areas of biology, including human disease, agricultural production, and evolution. Here, we investigate the variation in 11,604 gene expression traits among 41 mutation accumulation (MA) lines of Drosophila serrata. We first confirmed that these expression phenotypes were heritable, detecting genetic variation in 96% of them in an outbred, natural population of D. serrata. Among the MA lines, 3385 (29%) of expression traits were variable, with a mean mutational heritability of 0.0005. In most traits, variation was generated by mutations of relatively small phenotypic effect; putative mutations with effects of greater than one phenotypic standard deviation were observed for only 8% of traits. With most (71%) traits unaffected by any mutation, our data provide no support for universal pleiotropy. We further characterized mutational pleiotropy in the 3385 variable traits, using sets of 5, randomly assigned, traits. Covariance among traits chosen at random with respect to their biological function is expected only if pleiotropy is extensive. Taking an analytical approach in which the variance unique to each trait in the random 5-trait sets was partitioned from variance shared among traits, we detected significant (at 5% false discovery rate) mutational covariance in 21% of sets. This frequency of statistically supported covariance implied that at least some mutations must pleiotropically affect a substantial number of traits (>70; 0.6% of all measured traits).
Plasticity of Crystals with Disordered Microstructure: Scale-dependent Fluctuations of Stress and Strain
Authors: Kapetanou Olga , Zaiser Michael
Published: January 2014

A generic model of bulk crystal plasticity with stochastic evolution of the local microstructure is formulated. The evolution of local fluctuations of internal stress and plastic strain, as well as the cross correlation between these variables, is investigated for different loading modes (stress control vs. displacement control) as a function of the coarse graining scale, and the spatial structure of the respective correlation functions is determined. The investigations demonstrate that, after an initial transient characterized by uncorrelated initiation of plasticity in different sample locations, nontrivial long range correlations emerge both within the strain pattern and between the internal stress and plastic strain patterns. The internal stresses, on the other hand, remain short range correlated throughout. Implications of our findings for larger-scale plasticity models are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF INTELLECTUAL AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
Authors: Abramov G.V. , Zheltoukhov Ivan V.
Published: January 2014

Relevance of the study is associated with reduced energy intensity of the process heat demand by improving the systems and control algorithms of automatic energy management in buildings. This paper presents a system for power management of individual modules with interaction via the Ethernet, allowing measuring the qualitative and quantitative performance of network communication protocols of different levels of performance monitoring in real time. The difference of the developed intellectual automatic control system consisting of separate modules with interaction via the Ethernet, there is no separation devices for simple and intelligent - all the devices are intelligent, the controller is a separate module, and its functions are performed by the control unit.
Cross-Organization Workflow Research of Agile Telecom on Positive Feedback
Authors: Wang A. Qi , Wang B. Yanan , Lv C. Furong
Published: January 2014

In order to promote the core competitive power in telecom operating enterprises that face market fine operations, this article compares ECTA mode (Extension Case Transmission Mode) and LCA mode (Loosen Couple Mode). By comparing LCA mode with ECTA mode, we can find out the conditions, in which these two modes are appropriate. Besides, we can keep the semantics of the public flow mode and do our best to modernize the workflow by improving the task complexity, information transparency and operating controllability of LCA mode through a positive feedback system and by improving ECTA mode through a Petri net system.
Pollen from genetically modified plants in honey – problems with quantification and proper labelling
Authors: Żmijewska Ewelina , Teper Dariusz , Linkiewicz Anna , Sowa Sławomir
Published: January 2014

Maize can be a valuable source of pollen when plants attractive for bees are not available. Honeybees can forage from conventional maize as well as from genetically modified (GM ) maize. The Court of Justice of the European Union (EU ) ruled that pollen in honey must be treated as a food ingredient and therefore falls within the scope of Regulation 1829/2003/EC on GM food and feed and requires authorization. GM pollen unauthorized in the EU cannot be present in honey at any level, and honey must be labelled if it contains more than 0.9% of pollen from authorized GM plants in relation to total pollen content. However, currently available analytical methods allow only for estimation of GM pollen quantity in honey. Therefore, Directive 2001/110/EC related to honey needs to be amended so that pollen can be regarded as a natural constituent of honey. Because the EU is a big honey importer, validated and harmonized detection methods are necessary for the control of GM pollen in honey.
Roles and rules of Syngo iFLOW in neuroendovascular procedures
Authors: Zenteno Marco , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Lee Angel
Published: January 2014

The authors present 2 patients who underwent neuroendovascular procedures in syngo iFLOW produced that use the dynamic of fluid in several types of intracranial pathologies. As part of a combined CT/angiography suite, iFLOW offered the major advantage of immediate detection or exclusion of intracranial complication without patient transfer. The study of fluid dynamics constitutes a cornerstone for the evaluation of various intracranial vascular pathologies. These applications include the isolation of cerebral aneurysms by embolization and clipping, embolisation of malformations, as well the evaluation of vasooclussive diseases. The emergence of techniques such as syngo iFLOW, which give a comprehensive picture of angiography, constitute a element that can to contribute to the decision of conduct clinics. Siemens has developed a novel based system which is able to reconstruct in achieving angiography techniques colors define intracranial flow characteristics in a single image. With this technique, is possible to obtain a comprehensive picture of cerebral angiography.
FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH TO TEACHING LEGAL TRANSLATION
Authors: Matijašević Miljen
Published: January 2014

The paper deals with some problems of legal translation with a particular regard to the skopos theory approach, with a special emphasis on the practical implications of these problems to legal translation instruction. The author presents the circumstances in the Republic of Croatia over the preceding several years pertaining to the activities of legal translation for the purpose of accession to the European Union. This particularly refers to the translating of the acquis communautaire into the Croatian language. Possible functions of translated legal and legislative texts are analysed from this viewpoint, as well as various possible related approaches to solving translation problems. The author pays special attention to issues in translating cultural elements, considering that they tend to show special sensitivity to the function of a translated text. Finally, practical application of the above considerations regarding legal translation is presented in the last part of the paper. Having taught courses in legal translation to lawyers aspiring to work as legal translators within EU bodies, the author presents the contents of the courses and some methods of teaching which take account of the skopos theory, as well as the reception of such teaching methods and their outcomes.
Mineralization and Characterization of Composite Lyophilized Gelatin Sponges Intended for Early Bone Regeneration
Authors: Rodriguez Isaac , Saxena Gunjan , Sell Scott , Bowlin Gary
Published: January 2014

The application of freeze-dried gelatin sponges as alternative bone grafting substitutes has many advantages, including the ability to swell, high porosity, tailorable degradation, and versatility to incorporate multiple components such as growth factors and nanofillers. The purpose of this study was to mineralize (M) and further characterize 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) cross-linked gelatin sponges enhanced with preparations rich in growth factors, hydroxyapatite, and chitin whiskers (PHCE). Sponges were characterized for their swelling and in vitro mineralization potential, surface characteristics, protein release, mechanical properties, and MG-63 cell attachment and infiltration. All sponges swelled up to 50% of their original volume upon hydration. Scanning electron microscopy showed sparse mineral deposition for gelatin-M scaffolds while PHCE-M scaffolds exhibited more uniform mineral nucleation. Over 21 days, PHCE-M scaffolds cumulatively released significantly more (30%) of its initial protein content than all other scaffolds. PHCE-M scaffolds reported lower modulus values (1.3–1.6 MPa) when compared to gelatin control scaffolds (1.6–3.2 MPa). Increased cell attachment and infiltration was noticed on PHCE and PHCE-M scaffolds. The results of the study demonstrate the enhanced performance of PHCE and PHCE-M scaffolds to serve as bone healing scaffolds. Their potential to release incorporated factors, comparable composition/mechanical properties to tissues developed in the early stages of bone healing, and enhanced initial cellular response make them suitable for further studies evaluating more complex cellular interactions.
Evaluation of Three Swabbing Devices for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes on Different Types of Food Contact Surfaces
Authors: Lahou Evy , Uyttendaele Mieke
Published: January 2014

Listeria monocytogenes can adhere to different types of food contact surfaces within a food processing environment. Therefore, environmental sampling devices should be capable of detecting unacceptable contamination. In this study, a sponge-stick, foam spatula and an environmental swab were evaluated on their ability to detect low concentrations of L. monocytogenes on different types of food contact surfaces. A cocktail of four L. monocytogenes serotypes was inoculated with a concentration of 100 CFU/250 cm2 onto stainless steel (SS), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and rubber surfaces in a 250 cm2 area. Immediately after inoculation and after 1 h exposure, the surfaces were swabbed with the different swabbing devices. The results of the study show only minor differences in the ability of the swabbing devices to detect L. monocytogenes. All devices were capable to detect the contamination immediately after inoculation. However, when the surfaces were allowed to air-dry for 1 h, L. monocytogenes was undetected in 11.1% of the samples (n = 27) with the sponge stick, in 7.4% of the samples (n = 27) with the foam spatula and in 3.7% of the samples (n = 27) with the environmental swab, especially on SS surfaces. The detection ability of the different devices for L. monocytogenes can be concluded to be rather high on different types of food contact surfaces.