bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical implications of different types of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from a global federated health network analysis
Authors: Proietti Riccardo , Rivera‐Caravaca José Miguel , López‐Gálvez Raquel , Harrison Stephanie L. , Buckley Benjamin J. R. , Marín Francisco , Underhill Paula , Shantsila Eduard , Shantsila Alena , Davies Rhys , Lane Deirdre A. , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: April 2023

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) associates with higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia risks but the clinical implications have been scarcely investigated. We examined the association between AD or vascular dementia and adverse outcomes in AF patients.

Methods

Cohort study between January 2000 and 2017. AF patients were divided into two groups according to vascular dementia or AD, and balanced using propensity score matching (PSM). During 4‐years of follow‐up, incident intracranial hemorrhages (ICH), the composite of ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), hospitalizations, and all‐cause deaths, were recorded.

Results

Two thousand three hundred seventy‐seven AF patients with dementia (1225 with vascular dementia, and 1152 with AD) were identified. Following a PSM, 615 patients were included in each cohort (i.e., 1:1) and all variables were well‐matched. After PSM, 22 (3.6%) patients with vascular dementia and 55 (8.1%) patients with AD had incident ICH during follow‐up (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33−3.70, log‐rank p = 0.002). Overall, 237 (38.5%) patients with vascular dementia and 193 (31.4%) patients with AD, developed an ischemic stroke/TIA. The risk of ischemic stroke/TIA was 1.32‐fold higher in vascular dementia (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09−1.59, log‐rank p = 0.003). The risk of rehospitalization (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01−1.31), and mortality (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.01−1.58) were also higher among AF patients with vascular dementia compared to AD.

Conclusions

The two forms of dementia in AF patients are associated with different prognosis, with AD being associated with a higher risk of ICH, and vascular dementia with a higher risk of stroke/TIA, hospitalization, and mortality.
Top advances of the year: Breast cancer
Authors: Saavedra Cristina , Gion María , Cortés Javier , Llombart‐Cussac Antonio
Published: April 2023

Although breast cancer has led the way toward precision medicine, more research is still needed to increase curation rates in patients with early disease and to prolong survival with an optimal quality of life in the metastatic setting. Last year, big advances were achieved toward these goals thanks to the significant impact of immunotherapy on survival in triple‐negative breast cancer and the exciting results of antibody‐drug conjugates.

Plain Language Summary

The development of new drugs and biomarkers to select those patients who will benefit of them are crucial in improving survival in breast cancer.

Last year, the emergence of antibody‐drug conjugates and the reaffirmation of the potential of immunotherapy in breast cancer were the most important findings.
Hemodynamic performance evaluation of neonatal ECMO double lumen cannula using fluid–structure interaction
Authors: Ahmad Faiq , Cheema Taqi Ahmad , Rehman Khawar , Ullah Minhaj , Jamil Muhammad , Park Cheol Woo
Published: April 2023

Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an artificial oxygenation facility, employed in situations of cardio‐pulmonary failure. Some diseases i.e., acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, corona virus disease (COVID‐19) etc. affect oxygenation performance of the lungs thus requiring the need of artificial oxygenation. Critical care teams used ECMO technique during the COVID‐19 pandemic to support the heart and lungs of COVID‐19 patients who had an acute respiratory or cardiac failure. Double Lumen Cannula (DLC) is one of the most critical components of ECMO as it resides inside the patient and, connects patient with external oxygenation circuit. DLC facilitates delivery and drainage of blood from the patient's body. DLC is characterized by delicate balance of internal and external flows inside a limited space of the right atrium (RA). An optimal performance of the DLC necessitates structural stability under biological and hemodynamic loads, a fact that has been overlooked by previously published studies. In the past, many researchers experimentally and computationally investigated the hemodynamic performance of DLC by employing Eulerian approach, which evaluate instantaneous blood damage without considering blood shear exposure history (qualitative assessment only). The present study is an attempt to address the aforementioned limitations of the previous studies by employing Lagrangian (quantitative assessment) and incorporating the effect of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to study the hemodynamic performance of neonatal DLC. The study was performed by solving three‐dimensional continuity, momentum, and structural mechanics equation(s) by numerical methods for the blood flow through neonatal DLC. A two‐way coupled FSI analysis was performed to analyze the effect of DLC structural deformation on its hemodynamic performance. Results show that the return lumen was the most critical section with maximum pressure drop, velocity, shear stresses, and blood damage. Recirculation and residence time of blood in the right atrium (RA) increases with increasing blood flow rates. Considering the structural deformation has led to higher blood damage inside the DLC‐atrium system. Maximum Von‐Mises stress was present on the side edges of the return lumen that showed direct proportionality with the blood flow rate.
Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Ba, Sm Doped and Ba–Sm Co‐Doped BiFeO3 Nanocrystalline Thin Films Deposited by a Spin Coating Method
Authors: Kambhala Nagaiah , Angappane S. , Akkera Harish Sharma
Published: April 2023

In the present work, the BiFeO3, Bi0.9Ba0.1FeO3, Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3, and Bi0.9Ba0.05Sm0.05FeO3 nanocrystalline thin films on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si (100) substrate are synthesized using the spin coating method, and the structural, morphological, and magnetic properties are systematically investigated. The X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that BiFeO3, Bi0.9Ba0.1FeO3, and Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3 films exhibit a polycrystalline distorted rhombohedra crystal structure and belong to the R3c space group, whereas, Bi0.9Ba0.05Sm0.05FeO3 nanocrystalline film has shown a pure rhombohedral crystal structure. The grain size of the films is found to be 86, 75, and 63 nm for Bi0.9Ba0.1FeO3, Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3, and Bi0.9Ba0.05Sm0.05FeO3, respectively. M−H measurements show that the magnetization considerably increases with Ba and Sm doping, and the highest magnetization is found to be 29 and 22 emu cm−3 at 10 and 300 K, respectively, in Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3 film. Further, the blocking temperatures are found to be 100, 150, 130, and 50 K for BiFeO3, Bi0.9Ba0.1FeO3, Bi0.9Ba0.05Sm0.05FeO3, and Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3, respectively.
The relationship between corporate purpose and the sustainable development goals in large Japanese companies
Authors: Sasaki Kyoko , Stubbs Wendy , Farrelly Megan
Published: April 2023

Society increasingly expects large companies to broaden their corporate purpose beyond profit maximization, and play a greater role in addressing the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs). This article poses the research question: What is the relationship between corporate purpose and the SDGs?, and develops a model to explain this relationship drawing upon semistructured interviews with managers of Fortune Global 500 companies in Japan. The findings suggest two perspectives of corporate purpose, goal‐based and duty‐based, influence the relationship. Two‐thirds of the companies implemented both perspectives and integrated the SDGs at multiple levels in their organizations whereas one‐third only implemented duty‐based purpose and integrated the SDGs at the operational level. The paper contributes to theorizing the relationship between corporate purpose and corporate engagement with the SDGs drawing upon empirical evidence. The model provides guidance to managers on how to use the purpose to help drive their contributions to the SDGs.
From capture to transport: A review of engineered surfaces for fog collection
Authors: Jiang Youhua , Machado Christian , Park Kyoo‐Chul K.
Published: April 2023

Collecting microscale water droplets suspended in the wind, that is, fog, using permeable surfaces is a promising solution to the worldwide problem of water scarcity and is of great interest to industries, such as mist elimination and recapturing water in cooling towers. In the past few decades, this topic has attracted a drastically increasing number of researchers across a wide range of subjects. However, many aspects remain unclear, such as the definition and process of fog collection, fog collection determined from the perspectives of both the fog capture process and the liquid transport process, and how surface characteristics affect fog collection performance. In this review, we introduce and discuss fog collection from the perspectives of aerodynamics‐governed fog‐capturing processes and interfacial‐phenomena‐determined liquid transport processes. Then, an emphasis is given to the design and engineering of permeable surfaces at different length scales to optimize the fog collection performance, including the dimension, morphology, and arrangement of wires at the millimetric scale, unidirectional spreading, and Laplace pressure gradient induced by asymmetric surface geometry and nano‐/microstructures. At last, a brief outlook of future research directions is provided.
Droplet interface in additive manufacturing: From process to application
Authors: Sun Zhengnan , Zeng Xu , Deng Xu , Zhang Xiaosheng , Zhang Yi
Published: April 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM), which is often referred to as three‐dimensional printing, revolutionizes manufacturing by providing a high degree of design freedom and customization. Several AM methods entail precise control of droplet interfacial properties to ensure the high quality of the printed products. At the same time, the rapid growth of AM technology has made it possible to prepare novel surfaces with complex structures, further expanding the range of potential applications of droplet interface. To provide a unified framework to guide the continuous development of AM that involves droplet interface, this manuscript reviews related work in this field from two aspects—the droplet interface phenomenon in AM processes and the applications of droplet interface prepared by AM. Limitations of existing works are discussed, and potential future directions are suggested.
Exploring the relationship between food disgust and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) presentations in a non‐clinical collegiate sample
Authors: Breiner Courtney E. , Miller McKenzie L. , Hamilton Antonia L. , Cruz Garcia Susana , Sanzari Christina M. , Hormes Julia M.
Published: April 2023

Objective

Disgust is an established mechanism driving restrictive eating behavior. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a restrictive eating disorder diagnosis characterized by extremely selective eating with three hypothesized presentations. It has been suggested that disgust is significantly associated with ARFID; however, there is limited empirical research to support this hypothesis. This study explores relationships between food‐specific disgust, ARFID symptoms, and ARFID presentations.

Method

Undergraduate students (n = 443, Mage = 19.14 years [SD = 1.25], 50.1% female, 52.7% White) completed a validated measure of food‐specific disgust and an established self‐report screening tool for the likely presence of ARFID and hypothesized ARFID presentations.

Results

Sixty‐nine (14.5%) participants screened positively for the likely presence of ARFID. Food disgust did not differ between those who did and did not screen positively for ARFID (p > .05). Within the subsample of those screening positive for ARFID, disgust was not related to any of the three hypothesized presentations of ARFID (all p > .05).

Discussion

Our results did not show a significant association between disgust and positive ARFID screen or any of the hypothesized ARFID presentations. Importantly, these negative findings were obtained using validated screening tools for ARFID. Future research should seek to replicate these findings in clinical samples to further inform treatment.

Public Significance

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is associated with significant medical and psychosocial complications, but the mechanism involved in its development and maintenance remain poorly understood. Findings from this study of college students screening positively for ARFID suggests that food disgust in not a key driver of ARFID symptoms. Exposure‐based approaches, which are generally not thought to be effective in targeting disgust, may thus be appropriate in the treatment of ARFID.
Food insecurity and binge eating: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abene Jessica A. , Tong Jiayi , Minuk Jeffrey , Lindenfeldar Gretchen , Chen Yong , Chao Ariana M.
Published: April 2023

Objective

This review synthesized literature on the relationship between food insecurity and binge eating.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and gray literature from inception to October 2022. Eligible studies included primary research that assessed the relationship between food insecurity and binge eating. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from random effect models with the R package meta. Analyses were stratified by binge eating versus binge‐eating disorder (BED), study type (cross‐sectional vs. longitudinal), and age (adults vs. adolescents).

Results

We included 24 articles that reported on 20 studies, and 13 articles were included in the meta‐analysis. Based on the random effects meta‐analysis, the odds of adults in the food insecure group having binge eating were 1.66 (95% CI = 1.42, 1.93) times the odds of adults in the food secure group having binge eating. The odds of adults in the food insecure group having BED were 2.70 (95% CI = 1.47, 4.96) times the odds of adults in the food secure group having BED. Insufficient data were available for a meta‐analysis on adolescents or longitudinal relationships.

Conclusions

These findings support that food insecurity is associated with binge eating in adults. There is a need for research to investigate the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Results highlight the importance of screening participants with food insecurity for disordered eating behaviors and vice versa. Future research is needed to examine whether interventions targeting food insecurity may help to mitigate disordered eating behaviors.

Public Significance

Food insecurity is a common but under‐recognized contributor to binge eating. In this article, we systematically reviewed research that has been published on the relationship between food insecurity and binge eating. We found support that food insecurity should be considered in the prevention and treatment of binge eating.
Resource modification by ecosystem engineers generates hotspots of stream community assembly and ecosystem function
Authors: Tumolo Benjamin B. , Albertson Lindsey K. , Cross Wyatt F. , Poole Geoffrey C. , Davenport Grace , Daniels Melinda D. , Sklar Leonard S.
Published: April 2023

Ecosystem engineers can generate hotspots of ecological structure and function by facilitating the aggregation of both resources and consumers. However, nearly all examples of such engineered hotspots come from long‐lived foundation species, such as marine and freshwater mussels, intertidal cordgrasses, and alpine cushion plants, with less attention given to small‐bodied and short‐lived animals. Insects often have rapid life cycles and high population densities and are among the most diverse and ubiquitous animals on earth. Although these taxa have the potential to generate hotspots and heterogeneity comparable to that of foundation species, few studies have examined this possibility. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to examine the degree to which a stream insect ecosystem engineer, the net‐spinning caddisfly (Tricoptera:Hydropsychidae), creates hotspots by facilitating invertebrate community assembly. Our experiment used two treatments: (1) stream benthic habitat with patches of caddisfly engineers present and (2) a control treatment with no caddisflies present. We show that compared to controls, caddisflies increased local resource availability measured as particulate organic matter (POM) by 43%, ecosystem respiration (ER) by 70%, and invertebrate density, biomass, and richness by 96%, 244%, and 72%, respectively. These changes resulted in increased spatial variation of POM by 25%, invertebrate density by 76%, and ER by 29% compared to controls, indicating a strong effect of caddisflies on ecological heterogeneity. We found a positive relationship between invertebrate density and ammonium concentration in the caddisfly treatment, but no such relationship in the control, indicating that either caddisflies themselves or the invertebrate aggregations they create increased nutrient availability. When accounting for the amount of POM, caddisfly treatments increased invertebrate density by 48% and richness by 40% compared to controls, suggesting that caddisflies may also enhance the nutritional quality of resources for the invertebrate assemblage. The caddisfly treatment also increased the rate of ecosystem respiration as a function of increasing POM compared to the control. Our study demonstrates that insect ecosystem engineers can generate heterogeneity by concentrating local resources and consumers, with consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling.
Hypoglycaemic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles in alloxan‐induced diabetic Wister rats
Authors: Umar Maimuna Bello , Daniel Augustine Innalegwu , Tijani Jimoh Oladejo , Akinleye Rebecca Olufemi , Smith Enriquay , Keyster Marshall , Klein Ashwil
Published: April 2023

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to produce or use insulin. This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs) in alloxan‐induced diabetic Wister rats.

Methods

CuO‐NPs were synthesized via the green route and characterized using different analytical tools. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally using 90 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate in albino rats. Thirty (30) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each and orally treated for 21 days. Groups I and II were treated with 300 mg/kg bwt Cereus hildmannianus extract and CuO‐NPs, respectively. Groups III and IV received 5 mg/kg bwt of Glibenclamide and 2 mL of normal saline, respectively, while Group V was left untreated as the diabetic control. Blood glucose (BG) levels and body weight changes were monitored at 3‐ and 7‐day intervals, respectively, throughout 21‐day treatment period. Lipid profiles, enzyme assays and histopathological studies of the liver were also carried out.

Results

Spheroidal tenorite phase of CuO‐NPs with a crystallite size of 62.57 nm, surface area (20.64 m2/g) and a UV‐maximum absorption at 214.27 nm was formed. The diabetic rats treated with 300 mg/kg bwt CuO‐NPs had the highest BG lowering ability (from 482.75 ± 27.70 to 124.50 ± 2.50 mg/dL). A significant difference (p < 0.05) in weight gain and serum enzymes was also observed in the CuO‐NPs treated group compared with other groups. The CuO‐NPs‐treated group had a significant increase (p < 0.05) in HDL‐cholesterol and a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL‐cholesterol and VLDL‐cholesterol compared with other groups.

Conclusion

The green synthesized CuO‐NPs nanoparticles significantly reduced (p < 0.05) blood glucose levels in rats and other associated indices and could serve as drug lead in the treatment of diabetes.
Deep Red Emitting Heteroleptic Ir(III) Complexes that Incorporate Unsymmetrical 4‐quinoline Carboxylic Acid Derived Ligands
Authors: Elgar Christopher E. , Otaif Haleema Y. , Beames Joseph M. , Horton Peter N. , Coles Simon J. , Hallett Andrew J. , O'Kell Sean P. , Pope Simon J. A.
Published: April 2023

Six disubstituted ligands based upon 2‐(2′‐pyridinyl/pyrazinyl)quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acids have been synthesised, solvent‐free, in one step from a range of commercially available isatin derivatives. These species behave as ancillary chelating ligands for Ir(III) complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]PF6 (where C^N=cyclometalating ligand; N^N=2‐(2′‐pyridinyl/pyrazinyl)quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acids). An X‐ray crystallographic study on one complex shows a distorted octahedral geometry wherein a cis‐C,C and trans‐N,N coordination mode is observed for the cyclometalating ligands. DFT calculations predicted that variations in N^N ligand from 2,2′‐bipyridine to L1–6 should localise the LUMO on to the Ln ligand and that the complexes are predicted to display MLCT/LLCT character. All complexes displayed luminescence in the deep red part of the visible region (674–679 nm) and emit from triplet states, but with little apparent tuning as a function of L1–6. Further time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopy supports the participation of these triplet states to the excited state character.
Economical and Environmentally Friendly Organic hydrazone Derivatives Characterized by a Heteroaromatic Core as Potential Hole Transporting Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Decavoli Cristina , Boldrini Chiara Liliana , Abbotto Alessandro , Manfredi Norberto
Published: April 2023

A series of organic electron‐rich π‐bridged symmetric hydrazones, composed of two donor moieties connected through a thiophene‐ or a pyrrole‐based π‐spacer, has been synthesized as a suitable alternative to 2,2’,7,7’‐tetrakis[N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9’‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD), considered the benchmark hole transporting material (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The cheap synthetic protocol is suitable for potential large‐scale production. All the compounds were characterized, showing good energy levels alignments with the perovskite and very close energy levels to the Spiro‐OMeTAD. Furthermore, computational analysis confirmed the electrochemical trend observed. The costs of synthesis were estimated, as well as the produced waste to synthesise the final HTMs, underlining the low impact of these compounds on the environment with the respect to Spiro‐OMeTAD. Overall, the relevant electrochemical properties and the low cost of the synthetic approaches allow these compounds to be a greener and easy‐to‐synthesize alternative to the Spiro‐OMeTAD for industrial development of PSCs.
The impact of globalization on comprehensive environmental efficiency and its sub‐stage efficiencies: An adjusted range adjusted measure network data envelopment analysis model approach
Authors: Huang Shan
Published: April 2023

Globalization is a worldwide trend, and environmental governance requires global cooperation. There are environmental issues caused by globalization, such as “environmental justice” and “externalization of cost.” However, several key questions remain about the impact of globalization on the environment. This article attempts to decompose the comprehensive environmental efficiency and analyze their inner relationship its determinants. This study adopts range adjusted measure network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to measure the overall efficiency and decompose comprehensive efficiency into two stages and investigate the interrelationship among them, based on the data from 30 cities along the Yangtze River. This can reveal the “black box” of the DEA and the interrelationship between each stage. The panel quantile method is adopted to analyze the impact of influencing factors, especially globalization, on efficiency. This article creatively builds the in‐depth openness index to measure the tendency of in‐depth openness. The following findings are identified: (1) Among sub‐stages, environmental governance efficiency plays a more significant role in comprehensive environmental efficiency. (2) Foreign direct investment, urbanization, and industrial structure negatively influence efficiency, while the degree of openness, per capita GDP, and population density are positive determinants. (3) With the decrease of the HUANG index, the impact of globalization on the local environment shifted from supporting the pollution halo hypothesis toward supporting the pollution haven hypothesis. (4) Sustainability with harmony between humans and nature is recommended and can be achieved. The result of this study can help policymakers to find an effective way to achieve sustainability and improve the environmental efficiency effectively.
The effect of vertical motions on damage accumulation on concrete gravity dams
Authors: Soysal Berat Feyza , Arici Yalin , Ay Bekir Özer
Published: April 2023

The effect of vertical ground motions on the seismic response of dams has long been a concern in the seismic design and evaluation of concrete gravity dams. The guidelines regarding the use of vertical motions in time history analysis (THA) are not clear due to the complexity of the effect as well as the large uncertainty in the motion selection process. The goal of this study is to assess the significance of vertical motions’ effects on concrete gravity dams considering the relevant variability due to ground motion, system frequency response as well as the shaking level. To this end, a carefully selected ground motion set providing realistic vertical(V)/horizontal(H) loading was used in nonlinear THAs of three different systems with different modal properties. In order to evaluate the intensity of shaking on the vertical motions’ effect, the responses were calculated at different seismic levels corresponding to operation, design, and maximum shaking levels. Along with traditional demand parameters commonly employed in assessing seismic response, cracking on the base and at the upstream face of the monolith was adopted as demand measures using a model capable of yielding discrete cracking on the system. The effect of vertical motions was quantified by comparing the response of H + V to H only shaking. The results show the vertical shaking can significantly affect upstream cracking for the operation or design level earthquakes, the effect increasing for larger dams.
The Timing of Global Floods and its Association with Climate and Topography
Authors: Zaffaroni Paula Torre , Baldi German , Texeira Marcos , Bella Carlos Marcelo Di , Jobbagy Esteban Gabriel
Published: April 2023

Until recently, the development of a global geography of floods was
challenged by the fragmentation and heterogeneity of in situ data and
the high costs of processing large amounts of remote sensing data. Such
geography would facilitate the exploration of large-scale drivers of
flood extent and timing including wide latitudinal, climate, and
topographic effects. Here we used a monthly dataset spanning 30 years
(Global Surface Water Extent) to develop a worldwide geographical
characterization of slow floods (1-degree grid), weighting the relative
contribution of seasonal, interannual, and long-term fluctuations on
overall variability, and quantifying precipitation-flooding delays where
seasonality dominated. We explored the dominance of different flooding
timings across five Köppen-Geiger main climates and seven topography
classes derived from modeled water table depths (i.e., hydro-topography)
to contribute top-down insight about the outstanding, cross-regional
flooding patterns and their likely large-scale drivers. Our results
showed that, globally, the mean extent of floods averaged 0.48% of the
global land area, predominantly associated with hydro-topography
(>2x more extensive in flatter landscapes). Climate drove
flood timings, with predictable, seasonally-dominated fluctuations in
cold regions, interannual and mixed patterns in temperate climates, and
more irregular (higher variability) and unpredictable (less seasonal)
patterns in arid regions. Net gains of flooded area dominated temporal
variability in 9% of the cells including boreal clusters likely
affected by warming trends. We propose that this new geographical
perspective of floods can aid different avenues of hydrological research
in the upscaling and extrapolation of field studies and the parsimonious
representation of floods in hydroclimatic models.
Australian young people's perspectives about the political determinants of the climate crisis
Authors: Arnot Grace , Thomas Samantha , Pitt Hannah , Warner Elyse
Published: April 2023

Issue Addressed

There has been little focus on young people's views about the political determinants of the climate crisis. As young people are likely to be the group most impacted by political decisions relating to the climate crisis, it is essential to understand their views about government decision‐making.

Methods

A qualitatively‐led online survey of n = 500 young Australians aged 15–24 years. Open text questions sought young people's views about current government climate policies, perceptions about policy effectiveness, and how governments could improve their climate responses. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to interpret and construct themes from the data.

Results

Young people perceived that governments were not taking serious action on the climate crisis. They stated that climate policies were largely influenced by economic imperatives, rather than concern for the wellbeing of current and future generations. They perceived that governments had a duty of care to protect them from the climate crisis, and needed to engage young people in climate discussions and decision‐making.

Conclusions

Young people's perspectives about the political determinants of the climate crisis provides information about their understanding of government policies and their recommendations for action. There is a need for collaboration between young people and decision‐makers to urgently develop effective climate policies.

So What?

Young people understand key issues relating to the political determinants of the climate crisis. The health promotion community has a role in advocating for structural changes in policymaking processes to ensure young people have a seat at the decision‐making table.
Nano‐hydroxyapatite preparation for the remineralization of primary tooth enamel surface subjected to liquid medication: An observational study
Authors: Hassan Noor M. , Jafar Zainab J. , Abdul Latif Mohammed H.
Published: April 2023

Background and Aims

Acid‐induced demineralization may be caused by the consumption of liquid medications routinely administered to children. Therefore, different remineralizing agents, such as fluorides and nano‐hydroxyapatite, have been added to oral care products to remineralize erosive lesions. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of 1% nano‐hydroxyapatite suspension and 2% sodium fluoride solution on the surface texture of primary teeth enamel previously exposed to liquid drugs.

Methods

Thirty posterior primary teeth were extracted and grouped depending on the remineralizing agent used: (A) nano‐hydroxyapatite and (B) sodium fluoride. Groups A and B were subjected to liquid medication in two subgroups: cephalexin (cephalexin monohydrate) and ParAzar (acetaminophen), followed by remineralization with 1% nano‐hydroxyapatite suspension and 2% sodium fluoride solution. An atomic force microscope was used to analyze the surface texture of the primary tooth enamel by measuring the roughness and waviness parameters of the tested surfaces. The examination was performed at baseline, 7 days after exposure to drugs, and after exposure to remineralizing agents.

Results

A significant difference in enamel surface roughness between nano‐hydroxyapatite‐treated surfaces and sodium fluoride‐treated surfaces was observed. A significant change was observed in the surface waviness of the primary enamel surface of sodium‐fluoride‐treated teeth that were subjected to cephalexin.

Conclusion

Routine use of liquid medications could have a negative impact on primary enamel surface topography, because the primary tooth enamel is less mineralized than permanent tooth enamel. Our results show that compared with a 2% sodium fluoride solution, a 1% nano‐hydroxyapatite suspension can be used for remineralizing and restoring defects of the enamel surface of primary teeth following exposure to liquid medication, thus reinforcing dental tissues with higher efficacy.
The impact of laparoscopic versus open inguinal hernia repair for inguinal hernia treatment: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zhao Yong , Xu Zipeng , Wang Tao , Zhou Dingxing , Tang Neng , Zhang Shuo , Chen Chaobo
Published: April 2023

Objectives

Although laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) has been widely accepted for treating inguinal hernia, the procedure remains very technical and challenging. The present study aimed to assess the effect of LIHR in relation to operation time, intraoperative hemorrhage and postoperative hospitalization.

Methods

A total of 503 patients with inguinal hernia admitted at the Wuxi Rehabilitation Hospital between June 2019 and July 2021 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Binary logistic and linear regressions were used for categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively. The learning curve was drawn by cumulative sum analysis.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified LIHR as an independent factor associated with prolonging operation time (odd ratio [OR] = 1.750, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.215−2.520, p = 0.003) and decreasing intraoperative hemorrhage levels (OR = 0.079, 95 CI: 0.044−0.142, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression identified LIHR (Coefficient = −0.702, 95% CI: [−1.050] to [−0.354], p < 0.001) as an independent factor for shortening postoperative hospitalization time. After learning curve, LIHR (OR = 1.409, 95% CI: 0.948 to 2.094, p = 0.090) no longer resulted as a risk factor prolonging operation time.

Conclusions

LIHR is an important independent predictive factor for decreasing intraoperative hemorrhage levels and shortening postoperative hospitalization time. Additionally, LIHR does not prolong operation time after the learning curve.
Preschool language exposure and use: A comparison study of dual‐language learners and English monolingual children
Authors: Choi Ji Young , Van Pay Craig K. , Beecher Constance C.
Published: April 2023

This study explored the language experiences of dual language learners (DLL; n = 19) and English monolinguals (EM; n = 13) in preschool classrooms where English is the primary language of instruction and many home languages are present. Using the Language ENvironment Analysis™ system as a primary tool, we quantitatively analysed an average of 34 hours of recordings collected over 5–8 days for each participating child (Mage = 52 months) in six classrooms. Results showed that, during a typical preschool day, DLLs spoke as much as EMs but received less adult talk overall and had more 5‐min segments with zero adult–child conversations than their EM peers. Follow‐up analyses revealed that teachers generally talked less when children initiated the conversations than when adults initiated the conversations, and this pattern was particularly evident for DLLs. Study implications and future research are discussed.
Influence of soil organic matter content on the toxicity of pesticides to soil invertebrates: A review
Authors: van Hall Bart G. , Sweeney Chris , Bottoms Melanie , van Gestel Cornelis A. M.
Published: April 2023

A better understanding of how soil organic matter (OM) content influences pesticide toxicity to soil invertebrates is needed to improve the ecological relevance of risk assessment approaches. In the current study, soil invertebrate toxicity data (LC50 and EC50 values) were collected from studies determining the toxicity of organic chemicals in soils with varying OM content. Relevant studies were identified by performing a literature search and through the use of toxicity databases. The data were used to address the following questions: (1) Can the relationship between toxicity and soil OM content be quantified? (2) Does soil OM content influence different toxicity endpoints in a similar way? (3) Is the influence of soil OM content on sensitivity to pesticides different between species? The results indicate that toxicity—OM relationships are chemical dependent, differ between endpoints, and are species-specific. Hence, the grouping of chemicals based solely on their lipophilicity, as well as having only one correction factor for multiple species, may not be an appropriate approach to risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1457–1472. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
Prevention and Early Detection of Melanoma: A Surgeon's Perspective
Authors: Reintgen Douglas , Ross Merrick , Bland Kirby , Seigler H.F. , Balch Charles
Published: April 2023

Americans are clearly losing the battle against malignant melanoma. In 1930, it was estimated that one in 1,500 people would develop melanoma sometime during their lifetimes, but by the year 2000, one in 75 people in the United States will develop the disease. Although the individual case prognosis is improving, the death rate has doubled in the last 35 years. The rising mortality rate has to be attributed to an escalating incidence that is not offset sufficiently by improved diagnosis and treatment. Malignant melanoma is a disease that lends itself to early detection and screening programs. Melanoma is highly prevalent and causes considerable morbidity and mortality. The natural history of the disease is known and it is well established that the earlier diagnosis of “thinner” lesions can reduce morbidity and mortality. There is also an acceptable, safe, inexpensive, and noninvasive screening test for melanoma, the skin examination. This work reviews the current evidence that melanoma screening may be effective, compares screening projects for this cutaneous tumor with other screening programs, and outlines a proposed project for melanoma screening.
Melanoma Mimicking Dermal and Spitz's Nevus (“Nevoid” Melanoma)
Authors: Wong Tai‐Yuen , Duncan Lyn M. , Mihm Martin C.
Published: April 2023

We describe two examples of malignant melanoma that present with clinical and histopathologic characteristics resembling the benign acquired dermal nevus and the spindle and epithelioid cell nevus (Spitz's nevus), respectively. Both lesions were present on the trunk of adult patients. The clinical impression in both cases was dermal nevus. Histopathologically, these lesions were fairly well circumscribed and symmetrical; they exhibited an expansile dermal proliferation of atypical nevomelanocytes in nests and fascicles with only minimal intraepidermal involvement. These lesions which we will designate as “nevoid” melanoma can be misinterpreted as benign nevi because of the absence of prominent intraepidermal pagetoid spread and the pattern of apparent dermal maturation at the base of the tumor associated with a gradual diminution of cell size. These features mimic the maturation phenomena in banal dermal nevi and spindle and epithelioid cell nevi. The differential diagnosis includes other types of melanoma, and various benign entities characterized by a predominantly dermal proliferative process, such as deep penetrating nevus and cellular neurothekeoma. The recognition of nevoid melanoma is critical so that patients with these lesions receive appropriate therapy for malignant melanoma.
Role of Surgery for Metastatic Malignant Melanoma: A Review
Authors: Coit Daniel G.
Published: April 2023

The role of surgery in the management of metastatic melanoma is reviewed. Favorable prognostic factors include a longer disease free interval, single site of disease, complete resection, and nonvisceral metastases. Patients undergoing complete resection of remote nonvisceral metastases have a median survival of 17–50 months, and a 5‐year survival (5YS) of 9–35%. Patients with pulmonary metastases are usually asymptomatic; complete resection results in a median survival of 8–20 months, and a 5YS of 10–25%. In contrast, patients with metastases to brain or gastrointestinal tract are usually symptomatic; resection offers good palliation, but their median survival is only 7–10 months with few long‐term survivors. The key to effective surgical management of patients with metastatic melanoma is careful patient selection.
Role of Radiotherapy in the Primary Management of Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Trotti Andy , Peters Lester J.
Published: April 2023

Historically, radiotherapy has played a very small role in the management of mucosal melanoma, largely because the disease has been characterized as radioresistant. Recent observations regarding the radiobiology and clinical response of cutaneous melanoma have prompted investigators to reevaluate the role of radiotherapy in mucosal melanoma. A series of reports published during the last decade using radiotherapy alone have documented complete response rates of 50–75% with durable long‐term control in half to two thirds of the complete responders. These data, taken in conjunction with the high rate of local failure after surgery alone, suggest that radiotherapy would have a useful role as a surgical adjuvant in a combined modality approach, as well as being of value in the primary management of unresectable disease. Guidelines for management based on the available data are presented.
Coating by Obstructed Flow in Plate Withdrawal
Authors: Tuntiblarphol Metinee , Tallmadge John A.
Published: April 2023

An expression is derived for predicting mass flow rate from long‐gap doctor blades. For the case of withdrawal followed by a flat obstruction, entrainment is written in terms of withdrawal speed, fluid properties, thickness of the gap, gravity, and pressure change. The laminar theory is based on an extension of Couette flow in a gravitational field to the case of withdrawal. Flowrates measured experimentally confirm the theory. Predictions of film thicknesses for both the small films above the obstruction and the large films below the obstruction are also presented and verified experimentally.

On a mis au point une expression pour prédire la vitesse d'écoulement massique des guides d'acheminement à long espacement. Dans le cas du retrait des plateaux suivi d'une obstruction, l'entraînement est exprimé en fonction de la vitesse du retrait, des propriétés fluides, de l'épaisseur de l'espacement, de la gravité et du changement de pression. La théorie laminaire est basée sur l'extension au cas du retrait de l'écoulement de Couette dans un champ de gravitation. La mesure expérimentale des vitesses d'écoulement confirme la théorie. On présente également des prédictions relatives aux épaisseurs des petites et grosses pellicules qui sont respectivement au‐dessus et au‐dessous de l'obstruction et les vérifie expérimentalement.
Deep-Learning-Based Detection of Vertebral Fracture and Osteoporosis Using Lateral Spine X-Ray Radiography
Authors: Hong Namki , Cho Sang Wouk , Shin Sungjae , Lee Seunghyun , Jang Seol A , Roh Seunghyun , Lee Young Han , Rhee Yumie , Cummings Steven R. , Kim Hwiyoung , Kim Kyoung Min
Published: April 2023

Osteoporosis and vertebral fractures (VFs) remain underdiagnosed. The addition of deep learning methods to lateral spine radiography (a simple, widely available, low-cost test) can potentially solve this problem. In this study, we develop deep learning scores to detect osteoporosis and VF based on lateral spine radiography and investigate whether their use can improve referral of high-risk individuals to bone-density testing. The derivation cohort consisted of patients aged 50 years or older who underwent lateral spine radiography in Severance Hospital, Korea, from January 2007 to December 2018, providing a total of 26,299 lateral spine plain X-rays for 9276 patients (VF prevalence, 18.6%; osteoporosis prevalence, 40.3%). Two individual deep convolutional neural network scores to detect prevalent VF (VERTE-X pVF score) and osteoporosis (VERTE-X osteo score) were tested on an internal test set (20% hold-out set) and external test set (another hospital cohort [Yongin], 395 patients). VERTE-X pVF, osteo scores, and clinical models to detect prevalent VF or osteoporosis were compared in terms of the areas under the receiver-operating-characteristics curves (AUROCs). Net reclassification improvement (NRI) was calculated when using deep-learning scores to supplement clinical indications for classification of high-risk individuals to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) testing. VERTE-X pVF and osteo scores outperformed clinical models in both the internal (AUROC: VF, 0.93 versus 0.78; osteoporosis, 0.85 versus 0.79) and external (VF, 0.92 versus 0.79; osteoporosis, 0.83 versus 0.65; p < 0.01 for all) test sets. VERTE-X pVF and osteo scores improved the reclassification of individuals with osteoporosis to the DXA testing group when applied together with the clinical indications for DXA testing in both the internal (NRI 0.10) and external (NRI 0.14, p < 0.001 for all) test sets. The proposed method could detect prevalent VFs and osteoporosis, and it improved referral of individuals at high risk of fracture to DXA testing more than clinical indications alone. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
A Critical Role of the Bone Marrow Envelope in Human Bone Remodeling
Authors: Andersen Thomas Levin , Jensen Pia Rosgaard , Sikjaer Tanja Tvistholm , Rejnmark Lars , Ejersted Charlotte , Delaisse Jean-Marie
Published: April 2023

Proper bone remodeling depends not only on a team of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. It also depends on the site-specific delivery of a large amount of osteoblast lineage cells to the bone remodeling site. How this delivery occurs is poorly known. Here, we gained insight into this mechanism by analyzing the distribution of markers of osteoblastogenesis on bone surfaces and in their bone marrow neighborhood in human cancellous bone. We found a CD271-positive/PDGFβ-R-positive cell layer surrounding the bone marrow that provides osteoblastogenic potential along all bone surfaces, whether quiescent or remodeling. This bone marrow envelope cell layer takes the appearance of a canopy above remodeling sites, where it then also shows an upregulation of the proliferation marker Ki67, smooth muscle actin (SMA), tenascin C, fibronectin, and MMP13. This indicates that the canopy is a region of the bone marrow envelope where early markers of osteoblastogenesis are activated concurrently with initiation of bone remodeling. Importantly, the high proliferation index in the canopy is not associated with increasing cell densities at the canopy level, but it is at the bone surface level, thereby supporting delivery of cells from the canopy to the bone surface. This delivery route explains why lack of canopies was previously found to coincide with lack of bone formation, and fits current knowledge on the canopies as a target for regulators of bone remodeling. We conclude that the coordination of bone marrow envelope activities and bone surface activities allows integrating osteoblastogenesis and bone remodeling into the same functional unit, and propose that the bone marrow envelope is critical for preserving bone health. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).