bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel Fast Gas Chromatography based technique for higher time resolution measurements of speciated monoterpenes in air
Authors: Jones C. E. , Kato S. , Nakashima Y. , Kajii Y.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Biogenic emissions supply the largest fraction of non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the biosphere to the atmospheric boundary layer, and typically comprise a complex mixture of reactive terpenes. Due to this chemical complexity, achieving comprehensive measurements of biogenic VOC (BVOC) in air within a satisfactory time resolution is analytically challenging. To address this, we have developed a novel, fully automated Fast Gas Chromatography (Fast-GC) based technique to provide higher time resolution monitoring of monoterpenes (and selected other C9–C15 terpenes) during plant emission studies and in ambient air. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply a Fast-GC based separation technique to achieve quantification of terpenes in air. Three chromatography methods have been developed for atmospheric terpene analysis under different sampling scenarios. Each method facilitates chromatographic separation of selected BVOC within a significantly reduced analysis time compared to conventional GC methods, whilst maintaining the ability to quantify individual monoterpene structural isomers. Using this approach, the C10–C15 BVOC composition of single plant emissions may be characterised within a ~ 14 min analysis time. Moreover, in situ quantification of 12 monoterpenes in unpolluted ambient air may be achieved within an ~ 11 min chromatographic separation time (increasing to ~ 19 min when simultaneous quantification of multiple oxygenated C9–C10 terpenoids is required, and/or when concentrations of anthropogenic VOC are significant). This corresponds to a two- to fivefold increase in measurement frequency compared to conventional GC methods. Here we outline the technical details and analytical capability of this chromatographic approach, and present the first in situ Fast-GC observations of 6 monoterpenes and the oxygenated BVOC linalool in ambient air. During this field deployment within a suburban forest ~ 30 km west of central Tokyo, Japan, the Fast-GC limit of detection with respect to monoterpenes was 4–5 ppt, and the agreement between Fast-GC and PTR-MS derived total monoterpene mixing ratios was consistent with previous GC/PTR-MS comparisons. The measurement uncertainties associated with the Fast-GC quantification of monoterpenes are ≤ 10%, while larger uncertainties (up to ~ 25%) are associated with the OBVOC and sesquiterpene measurements.
Ion cyclotron waves during the Rosetta approach phase: a magnetic estimate of cometary outgassing
Authors: Volwerk M. , Koenders C. , Delva M. , Richter I. , Schwingenschuh K. , Bentley M. S. , Glassmeier K.-H.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A theoretical model for the ion cyclotron wave generation during the approach phase of Rosetta to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is presented. For various activity levels of the comet, the crossing of the observational threshold is determined, whose level is derived from the wave power in the undisturbed solar wind near the comet's location during the approach phase at the appropriate frequency. The Giotto flyby at 27P/Grigg–Skjellerup is used to obtain an estimate of how often water-group ion cyclotron waves are observed, and to get insight into the wave forms. At 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko one can expect to observe water-group ion cyclotron waves already at a distance of 600 000 km from the nucleus for a nominal outgassing rate of Q = 350 × 1023 molecules per second. The observed first location of cyclotron waves during the Rosetta approach phase will give an indication of the actual outgassing rate of the comet.
Ion distributions upstream and downstream of the Earth's bow shock: first results from Vlasiator
Authors: Pokhotelov D. , von Alfthan S. , Kempf Y. , Vainio R. , Koskinen H. E. J. , Palmroth M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A novel hybrid-Vlasov code, Vlasiator, is developed for global simulations of magnetospheric plasma kinetics. The code is applied to model the collisionless bow shock on scales of the Earth's magnetosphere in two spatial dimensions and three dimensions in velocity space retrieving ion distribution functions over the entire foreshock and magnetosheath regions with unprecedented detail. The hybrid-Vlasov approach produces noise-free uniformly discretized ion distribution functions comparable to those measured in situ by spacecraft. Vlasiator can reproduce features of the ion foreshock and magnetosheath well known from spacecraft observations, such as compressional magnetosonic waves generated by backstreaming ion populations in the foreshock and mirror modes in the magnetosheath. An overview of ion distributions from various regions of the bow shock is presented, demonstrating the great opportunities for comparison with multi-spacecraft observations.
Global land-atmosphere exchange of methane and nitrous oxide: magnitude and spatiotemporal patterns
Authors: Tian H. , Chen G. , Lu C. , Xu X. , Ren W. , Banger K. , Zhang B. , Tao B. , Pan S. , Liu M. , Zhang C.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are two most important greenhouse gases after carbon dioxide, but their regional and global budgets are far from certain, which is largely owing to uncertainties in scaling up field measurements as well as the poor model representation of processes and factors governing CH4 and N2O exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere. In this study, we applied a process-based, coupled biogeochemical model (DLEM – the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model) to estimate the magnitudes, spatial and temporal patterns of CH4 and N2O fluxes as driven by multiple environmental changes including climate variability, rising atmospheric CO2, increasing nitrogen deposition, tropospheric ozone pollution, land use change and nitrogen fertilizer use. The estimated CH4 and N2O emissions from global land ecosystems were 169.43 ± 32.92 Tg C yr−1 and 12.52 ± 1.52 Tg N yr−1, respectively. Our simulations have indicated a significant (P < 0.01) increasing trend for CH4 (0.75 ± 0.08 Tg C yr−1) and N2O (0.14 ± 0.02 Tg N yr−1) during 1981–2010. CH4 and N2O emissions increased significantly in most climatic zones and continents, especially in tropical region and Asia. The most rapid increase in CH4 emission was found in wetlands (including rice fields and natural wetlands) owing to increased rice field area and climate change; N2O emission increased substantially for all the biome types and the largest increase occurred in upland crops owing to increasing air temperature and nitrogen fertilizer use. Given large increase in CH4 and N2O emission at global scale, we suggest that these two gases together with CO2 have to be simultaneously considered when evaluating if a policy is effective or efficient to reduce global warming in the future.
Impact of geomagnetic events on atmospheric chemistry and dynamics
Authors: Suter I. , Zech R. , Anet J. G. , Peter T.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Geomagnetic events, i.e. short periods in time with much weaker geomagnetic fields and substantial changes in the position of the geomagnetic pole, occurred repeatedly in the Earth's history, e.g. the Laschamp Event about 41 kyr ago. Although the next such event is certain to come, little is known about the timing and possible consequences for the state of the atmosphere and the ecosystems. Here we use the global chemistry climate model SOCOL-MPIOM to simulate the effects of geomagnetic events on atmospheric ionization, chemistry and dynamics. Our simulations show significantly increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the entire stratosphere, especially over Antarctica (+15%), due to enhanced ionization. Hydrogen oxides (HOx) are also produced in greater amounts (up to +40%) in the tropical and subtropical lower stratosphere, while their destruction by reactions with enhanced NOx prevails over the poles and in high altitudes (by −5%). Stratospheric ozone concentrations decrease globally above 20 km by 1–2% and at the northern hemispheric tropopause by up to 5% owing to the accelerated NOx-induced destruction. A 5% increase is found in the southern lower stratosphere and troposphere. In response to these changes in ozone and the concomitant changes in atmospheric heating rates, the Arctic vortex intensifies in boreal winter, while the Antarctic vortex weakens in austral winter and spring. Surface wind anomalies show significant intensification of the southern westerlies at their poleward edge during austral winter and a pronounced northward shift in spring. This is analogous to today's poleward shift of the westerlies due to the ozone hole. It is challenging to robustly infer precipitation changes from the wind anomalies, and it remains unclear, whether the Laschamp Event could have caused the observed glacial maxima in the southern Central Andes. Moreover, a large impact on the global climate seems unlikely.
Automating the solution of PDEs on the sphere and other manifolds in FEniCS 1.2
Authors: Rognes M. E. , Ham D. A. , Cotter C. J. , McRae A. T. T.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Differential equations posed over immersed manifolds are of particular importance in studying geophysical flows; for instance, ocean and atmosphere simulations crucially rely on the capability to solve equations over the sphere. This paper presents the extension of the FEniCS software components to the automated solution of finite element formulations of differential equations defined over general, immersed manifolds. We describe the implementation and, in particular detail, how the required extensions essentially reduce to the extension of the FEniCS form compiler to cover this case. The resulting implementation has all the properties of the FEniCS pipeline and we demonstrate its flexibility by an extensive range of numerical examples covering a number of geophysical benchmark examples and test cases. The results are all in agreement with the expected values. The description here relates to DOLFIN/FEniCS 1.2.
The North American Carbon Program Multi-Scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 1: Overview and experimental design
Authors: Huntzinger D. N. , Schwalm C. , Michalak A. M. , Schaefer K. , King A. W. , Wei Y. , Jacobson A. , Liu S. , Cook R. B. , Post W. M. , Berthier G. , Hayes D. , Huang M. , Ito A. , Lei H. , Lu C. , Mao J. , Peng C. H. , Peng S. , Poulter B. , Riccuito D. , Shi X. , Tian H. , Wang W. , Zeng N. , Zhao F. , Zhu Q.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) have become an integral tool for extrapolating local observations and understanding of land–atmosphere carbon exchange to larger regions. The North American Carbon Program (NACP) Multi-scale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal model intercomparison and evaluation effort focused on improving the diagnosis and attribution of carbon exchange at regional and global scales. MsTMIP builds upon current and past synthesis activities, and has a unique framework designed to isolate, interpret, and inform understanding of how model structural differences impact estimates of carbon uptake and release. Here we provide an overview of the MsTMIP effort and describe how the MsTMIP experimental design enables the assessment and quantification of TBM structural uncertainty. Model structure refers to the types of processes considered (e.g., nutrient cycling, disturbance, lateral transport of carbon), and how these processes are represented (e.g., photosynthetic formulation, temperature sensitivity, respiration) in the models. By prescribing a common experimental protocol with standard spin-up procedures and driver data sets, we isolate any biases and variability in TBM estimates of regional and global carbon budgets resulting from differences in the models themselves (i.e., model structure) and model-specific parameter values. An initial intercomparison of model structural differences is represented using hierarchical cluster diagrams (a.k.a. dendrograms), which highlight similarities and differences in how models account for carbon cycle, vegetation, energy, and nitrogen cycle dynamics. We show that, despite the standardized protocol used to derive initial conditions, models show a high degree of variation for GPP, total living biomass, and total soil carbon, underscoring the influence of differences in model structure and parameterization on model estimates.
Total energy norm in NWP closure parameter optimization
Authors: Ollinaho P. , Järvinen H. , Bauer P. , Laine M. , Bechtold P. , Susiluoto J. , Haario H.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. We explore the use of total energy norm in improving numerical weather prediction (NWP) model forecast skill. The Ensemble Prediction and Parameter Estimation System (EPPES) is utilized to estimate ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM closure parameters related to clouds and precipitation. The target criterion in the optimization is the total energy norm of three-day forecast error with respect to the ECMWF operational analyses. The results are summarized as follows: (i) forecast error growth in terms of energy norm is slower in the optimized than in the default model up to day ten forecasts (and beyond), (ii) headline forecast skill scores are improved in the training sample as well as in independent samples, (iii) the decrease of the forecast error energy norm at day three is mainly because of smaller kinetic energy error in the tropics, and (iv) this impact is spread into mid-latitudes at longer ranges and appears as smaller forecast error of potential energy. The interpretation of these results is that the parameter optimization has reduced the model error so that the forecasts remain longer in the vicinity of the analyzed state.
Radiation sensitivity tests of the HARMONIE 37h1 NWP model
Authors: Nielsen K. P. , Gleeson E. , Rontu L.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. It is essential to be able to identify which element of a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model or climate model causes biases in the model output compared with observations. With respect to shortwave (SW) radiation fluxes many elements affect the final results. Here we present a focussed study of the SW radiation schemes in the HARMONIE NWP model. Detailed calculations have been made with the DISORT model run in the libRadtran framework. These are used as a benchmark against which the NWP radiation calculations can be tested. Both models are given the same atmospheric properties as input. Several configurations of the IFS radiation scheme and the hlradia radiation schemes have been tested. The usefulness of the benchmarking tests is demonstrated and concrete strength and weaknesses of the radiation schemes are elucidated. The benchmark data may be used for testing radiation schemes in other NWP or climate models.
A mimetic, semi-implicit, forward-in-time, finite volume shallow water model: comparison of hexagonal–icosahedral and cubed sphere grids
Authors: Thuburn J. , Cotter C. J. , Dubos T.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. A new algorithm is presented for the solution of the shallow water equations on quasi-uniform spherical grids. It combines a mimetic finite volume spatial discretization with a Crank–Nicolson time discretization of fast waves and an accurate and conservative forward-in-time advection scheme for mass and potential vorticity (PV). The algorithm is implemented and tested on two families of grids: hexagonal–icosahedral Voronoi grids, and modified equiangular cubed-sphere grids. Results of a variety of tests are presented, including convergence of the discrete scalar Laplacian and Coriolis operators, advection, solid body rotation, flow over an isolated mountain, and a barotropically unstable jet. The results confirm a number of desirable properties for which the scheme was designed: exact mass conservation, very good available energy and potential enstrophy conservation, consistent mass, PV and tracer transport, and good preservation of balance including vanishing ∇ × ∇, steady geostrophic modes, and accurate PV advection. The scheme is stable for large wave Courant numbers and advective Courant numbers up to about 1. In the most idealized tests the overall accuracy of the scheme appears to be limited by the accuracy of the Coriolis and other mimetic spatial operators, particularly on the cubed sphere grid. On the hexagonal grid there is no evidence for damaging effects of computational Rossby modes, despite attempts to force them explicitly.
Quantifying mesoscale soil moisture with the cosmic-ray rover
Authors: Chrisman B. , Zreda M.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Soil moisture governs the surface fluxes of mass and energy and is a major influence on floods and drought. Existing techniques measure soil moisture either at a point or over a large area many kilometers across. To bridge these two scales we used the cosmic-ray rover, an instrument similar to the recently developed COSMOS probe, but bigger and mobile. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities for mapping soil moisture over large areas using the cosmic-ray rover. In 2012, soil moisture was mapped 22 times in a 25 km × 40 km survey area of the Tucson Basin at an average of 1.7 km2 resolution, i.e., a survey area extent comparable to that of a pixel for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. The soil moisture distribution is dominated by climatic variations, notably by the North American monsoon, that results in a systematic increase in the standard deviation, observed up to 0.022 m3 m−3, as a function of the mean, between 0.06 m3 m−3 and 0.14 m3 m−3. Two techniques are explored to use the cosmic-ray rover data for hydrologic applications: (1) interpolation of the 22 surveys into a daily soil moisture product by defining an approach to utilize and quantify the observed temporal stability producing an average correlation coefficient of 0.82 for the soil moisture distributions that were surveyed, and (2) estimation of soil moisture profiles by combining surface moisture from satellite microwave sensors (SMOS) with deeper measurements from the cosmic-ray rover. The interpolated soil moisture and soil moisture profiles allow for basin-wide mass balance calculation of evapotranspiration, which amounted to 241 mm in 2012. Generating soil moisture maps with a cosmic-ray rover at this intermediate scale may help in the calibration and validation of satellite soil moisture data products and may also aid in various large-scale hydrologic studies.
Temporal and spatial changes of water quality and management strategies of Dianchi Lake in southwest China
Authors: Zhang T. , Zeng W. H. , Wang S. R. , Ni Z. K.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Temporal and spatial changes to the water quality of Dianchi Lake in Southwest China were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2005 to 2012. Based on the analysis of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, it was determined that, in Caohai Lake, the annual concentrations of these variables ranged from 0.19–1.46, 6.11–16.79, 0.06–0.14 mg L−1, respectively. In addition, the annual concentrations of TP, TN and Chl a in Waihai Lake ranged between 0.13–0.20, 1.82–3.01, 0.04–0.09 mg L−1, respectively. Cluster Analysis (CA) classified the 10 monitoring sites into two groups (group A and group B) based on similarities of water quality characteristics. Our data revealed that the current status of water quality within Caohai Lake was much worse than that of Waihai Lake. Water quality was seriously degraded during the economic boom near the period of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" (2005–2010), and gradually improved from 2010 to 2012 because of the "standard emission directive to industry". The main factors that influenced the spatial and temporal changes to water quality were natural factors including lake evolution and regional characteristic as well as human factors such as pollution load into the lake and management strategies that were already adopted. Some activities and regulations were implemented to enhance the lake environment by controlling wastewater emissions and establishing regulations to protect the lakes in the Yunnan Province. However, problems with institutional fragmentation (horizontal and vertical), simple treatment methods, low-intensity investment in pollution control, and lack of meaningful endogenous pollution control strategies were still present in the lake management strategy. To solve these problems, suitable control measures are needed, especially considering the current old-age status of Dianchi Lake. The fundamental improvement of the water quality within Caohai Lake was dependent on the measures taken in the upper reaches of the Caohai Watershed, including further recovery of submerged plants, resource utilization by floating plants and the reinforcement of sediment disposal. Management strategies for endogenous pollution in Waihai Lake were mainly dependent on restocking algae-eating fish and the ecological restoration of macrophytes. In this way, the swamping trend and the ageing process that is occurring in Dianchi Lake can be stunted.
A new stream and nested catchment framework for Australia
Authors: Stein J. L. , Hutchinson M. F. , Stein J. A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Nationally framed assessment and planning assists coordination of resource management activities across jurisdictional boundaries and provides context for assessing the cumulative effects of impacts that can be underestimated by local or regional studies. However, there were significant shortcomings in the existing spatial frameworks supporting national assessment and planning for Australia's rivers and streams. We describe the development of a new national stream and nested catchment framework for Australia that includes a fully connected and directed stream network and a nested catchment hierarchy derived using a modified Pfafstetter scheme. The directed stream network with associated catchment boundaries and Pfafstetter coding respect all distributary junctions and topographically driven surface flow pathways including across the areas of low relief and internal drainage that make up over half of the Australian continent. The Pfafstetter coding facilitates multi-scale analyses and easy tracing and query of upstream/downstream attributes and tributary/main stem relationships. Accompanying the spatial layers are 13 lookup tables containing nearly 400 attributes describing the natural and anthropogenic environment of each of the 1.4M stream segments across the Australian continent at multiple spatial scales (segment, sub-catchment and catchment). The database supplies key spatial layers to support national water information and accounting needs and assists a wide range of research, planning and assessment tasks at regional and continental scales. These include the delineation of reporting units for the Australian Water Resources Assessment, the development of an ecohydrological environment classification for Australian streams and the identification of high conservation value aquatic ecosystems for northern Australia.
Airborne geophysical mapping as an innovative methodology for landslide investigation: evaluation of results from the Gschliefgraben landslide, Austria
Authors: Supper R. , Baroň I. , Ottowitz D. , Motschka K. , Gruber S. , Winkler E. , Jochum B. , Römer A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. In September 2009, a complex airborne geophysical survey was performed in the large landslide affected area of the Gschliefgraben valley, Upper Austria, in order to evaluate the applicability of this method for landslide detection and mapping. An evaluation of the results, including different remote-sensing and ground-based methods, proved that airborne geophysics, especially the airborne electromagnetic method, has a high potential for landslide investigation. This is due to its sensitivity to fluid and clay content and porosity, which are parameters showing characteristic values in landslide prone structures. Resistivity distributions in different depth levels as well as depth slices along selected profiles are presented and compared with ground geoelectrical profiles for the test area of Gschliefgraben. Further interesting results can be derived from the radiometric survey, whereas the naturally occurring radioisotopes 40K and 232Th, as well as the man-made nuclide 137Cs have been considered. While the content of potassium and thorium in the shallow subsurface layer is expressively related to the lithological composition, the distribution of caesium is mainly determined by mass wasting processes.
The Relationship between Work Motivation, Burnout and Intention to Leave for the Middle Level Managers of Garment Industry (A Case Study of Indian Garment Industry)
Authors: Qureshi Seema
Published: December 2013

Middle level managers are expected to play a critical role in translating organizational policies and strategies into practice and action. They have an important role in providing information/input to strategy formulation, and in motivating and energizing employees at lower levels but studies in some large Indian organization in both the public and the private sector show that these managers themselves feel like “victims” and experience a sense of powerlessness in their organizations; they are the ones who express the most negative emotions about any organizational change effort; they feel a sense of stagnation in terms of real personal and professional growth in spite of receiving promotions at fairly predictable intervals; they assume a ‘spectator’ rather than an ‘actor’ stance in the organization; and they do not see themselves as a part of the “real” management. As a result, the middle and senior management performance remains far below the potential. Taking into consideration the importance of middle managers in the organization and a critical review of literature which revealed that the study on work motivation, burnout and intention to leave has not been conducted so far on the middle level managers of garment industry of Delhi and NCR (India), the researcher found a gap to be filled by conducting an investigation on this sample for the variables in question. So the sample of the present study consists of the middle level managers of garment industry of Delhi and NCR (India).Thus, a convenient sampling method was used for drawing the sample from 60 garment export houses of Delhi and 40 of NCR (India).This paper gives a deep insight of work motivation, burnout and intention to leave for the middle level managers of the garment industry of Delhi/NCR (India). In this paper the researcher has checked the relationship of all dimensions of work motivation with the dimensions of burnout and intention to leave and have observed that all dimensions of work motivation have some more or less relationship with each dimension of burnout and intention to leave.
Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis
Authors: Wolf D. , Stachon P. , Bode C. , Zirlik A.
Published: December 2013

Throughout the last two decades inflammation has been recognized as the central mechanism underlying atherogenesis. A multitude of basic science work demonstrates the pivotal role of inflammatory processes during every step of atherosclerotic plaque formation: From initiation via propagation to complication.

This review describes some of the key mechanisms involved with a particular focus on the diverse group of inflammatory cells and their subsets that distinctly contribute to atherogenic and anti-atherogenic phenomena. Furthermore, we summarize the controlling action of a tight network of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines orchestrating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effector functions. Finally, the current status of clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory/ immune-modulatory treatment strategies is summarized and an outlook for future therapeutic implications is provided.
La justice, l’efficacité et l’imputabilité
Authors: Mockle Daniel
Published: December 2013

Les principes issus de la nouvelle gestion publique (efficacité, efficience, transparence, responsabilité et imputabilité) sont utilisés par le législateur afin de revoir sur une base plus contemporaine le fonctionnement des organisations publiques. Leur intégration par le droit public montre une transformation du contexte social et politique qui dépasse les dimensions propres à la gestion et au management. La justice, à titre de système public propre à l’organisation et au fonctionnement des cours et des tribunaux, subit l’influence, de diverses manières, de cette évolution et de ce type de principe. Ce texte montre la progression de l’efficacité en droit processuel, ainsi que dans le contexte du nouveau management de la justice. Si, au sens strict, l’efficacité n’est pas un principe reconnu par le droit judiciaire, elle apparaît à tout le moins comme un élément structurant des réflexions contemporaines sur la justice, à l’instar de l’accessibilité. L’efficacité concerne directement les cours et les tribunaux en tant qu’organisations responsables du service public de la justice. Son ascension facilite ainsi l’affirmation des autres principes, dont le plus important reste l’imputabilité. Loin d’être en opposition avec les principes traditionnels de l’indépendance de la justice, l’imputabilité ouvre des perspectives nouvelles pour sa légitimité.
La publicité et la signalisation des droits de propriété intellectuelle : un encadrement à parfaire
Authors: Verville Sophie
Published: December 2013

Dans le présent article, l’auteure s’intéresse à certains problèmes soulevés par les moyens permettant de signaler les droits intellectuels aux tiers. Le Canada et les États-Unis tiennent des registres de publicité volontaires pour les marques de commerce et les droits d’auteur, mais des registres obligatoires pour les brevets et les dessins industriels. Par ailleurs, les pratiques de marquage (copyright, tous droits réservés : © ; marque déposée : MD ou ®, etc.) n’y sont que partiellement encadrées. Par contraste, la France ne tient aucun registre de publicité pour les droits d’auteur, mais l’enregistrement des brevets, des dessins et modèles puis des marques y est requis. Le marquage semble ne pas y avoir de portée juridique. Or, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle est complexe et même réputé pour la lourdeur des litiges qui l’animent. L’auteure soutient que la prévention des litiges et le principe de l’effet erga omnes des protections seraient beaucoup mieux servis par un encadrement plus rigoureux des moyens permettant d’informer les tiers.
Flottements du droit − Note sur l’écriture juridique
Authors: Forray Vincent
Published: December 2013

Ce bref essai voudrait inviter à prendre en considération le phénomène d’écriture juridique, c’est-à-dire le mode privilégié de formalisation du droit dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines. Pour cela, il développe une idée simple à première vue : puisque le droit se présente à nous dans des textes, la composition de ces textes conditionne la manière d’être du droit. Or l’écriture du droit, quel que soit l’auteur du texte, quel que soit le type du texte, connaît certaines contraintes qui influent, par conséquent, sur le droit lui-même. Il apparaît donc que l’écriture juridique est un acte constitutif du droit. Plus encore, il s’agit d’un acte constitutif de certaines des équivoques, de certaines des ambivalences, bref, des flottements caractéristiques du droit. En établissant ainsi l’enjeu de la textualisation du droit, cet article plaide pour faire de l’écriture juridique un objet d’étude.
Differential Object Marking in Spanish: state of the art
Authors: Fábregas Antonio
Published: December 2013

This state of the art tries to cover as much as possible about the properties, conditions and analyses of Differential Object Marking (DOM) in Spanish. Starting with some considerations about the boundaries of the phenomenon, it considers its morphological, semantic and syntactic properties –with respect both to the internal properties of the direct object and to the wider context in which it appears–. It also reviews the other morphosyntactic phenomena that have been claimed to correlate with DOM, and finally goes through a number of analysis in different theoretical traditions to highlight the points of agreement and debate in the current literature.
Ultraviolet and white electroluminescence from metal–oxide–semiconductor devices fabricated by spin-coating of gadolinium organic compounds on silicon
Authors: Ohzone Takashi , Matsuda Toshihiro , Saito Shogo , Iwata Hideyuki
Published: December 2013

Ultraviolet (UV) and white electroluminescence (EL) from metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices with indium–tin oxide (ITO)/[(Gd/(Gd + Dy/La/Ca/Ba)–Si–O] insulator layers/n+-Si substrate are reported. The insulator layers were fabricated from mixtures of organic liquid sources of (Gd) or [Gd+(Dy/La/Ca/Ba)], which were spin-coated on the n+-Si substrate and annealed at 950 °C for 30 min in air. The current I
G under EL emission corresponded to the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunnel current. The EL intensity increased proportionally to I
G to the n-th power, where n was about 1.2, and the EL spectra were independent of I
G. The MOS device with the [(Gd + Dy)–Si–O] layer had the weakest EL in the UV range among the measured devices, while it had the strongest EL in the visible wavelength range. The UV and visible range EL originated from the intrashell transitions of 6P7/2–8S7/2 in Gd3+ and 4F9/2–6H
J

/2 (J = 9, 11, 13, and 15) in Dy3+, respectively. The devices with [(Gd/(Gd + La/Ca/Ba)–Si–O] layers emitted strong UV EL, which originated from the intrashell transitions of 6P7/2–8S7/2 in Gd3+, and had the moderate intensity of EL in the visible range. The insulator layers of EL devices had a thickness of 25–30 nm and the double layer structure, whose top surface layer contained [Gd2O3+DyO
x
+(Gd + Dy)–Si–O]/[Gd2O3+La2O3/CaO/BaO+(Gd + La/Ca/Ba)–Si–O] silicate, while the underlayer was composed of SiO
x
-rich oxide with various rare earth and alkaline earth oxides.
Reforesting degraded lands may not restore hydrological conditions
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: December 2013

By the 1980s, forest lands in the Himalayas in central Nepal had become severely degraded as people cleared land for pastures. This led to lowered soil infiltration capacities, resulting in increased surface runoff, soil erosion, and flooding during the rainy season.
On the effect of the East/Japan Sea SST variability on the North Pacific atmospheric circulation in a regional climate model
Authors: Seo Hyodae , Kwon Young‐Oh , Park Jong‐Jin
Published: December 2013

The East/Japan Sea (EJS) is a semi‐enclosed marginal sea located in the upstream of the North Pacific storm track, where the leading modes of wintertime interannual variability in sea surface temperature (SST) are characterized by the basin‐wide warming‐cooling and the northeast‐southwest dipole. Processes leading to local and remote atmospheric responses to these SST anomalies are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The atmosphere in direct contact with anomalous diabatic forcing exhibits a linear and symmetric response with respect to the sign, pattern, and magnitude of SST anomalies, producing increased (decreased) wind speed and precipitation response over warm (cold) SSTs. This local response is due to modulation of both the vertical stability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer and the adjustment of sea level pressure, although the latter provides a better explanation of the quadrature relationship between SST and wind speed. The linearity in the local response suggests the importance of fine‐scale EJS SSTs to predictability of the regional weather and climate variability. The remote circulation response, in contrast, is strongly nonlinear. An intraseasonal equivalent barotropic ridge emerges in the Gulf of Alaska as a common remote response independent of EJS SST anomalies. This downstream blocking response is reinforced by the enhanced storm track variability east of Japan via transient eddy vorticity flux convergence. Strong nonlinearity in remote response implies that detailed EJS SST patterns may not be critical to this downstream ridge response. Overall, results demonstrate a remarkably far‐reaching impact of the EJS SSTs on the atmospheric circulation.
Assessment of GIC risk due to geomagnetic sudden commencements and identification of the current systems responsible
Authors: Fiori R. A. D. , Boteler D. H. , Gillies D. M.
Published: December 2013

During periods of enhanced geomagnetic activity, geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) flow in power systems potentially causing damage to system components or failure of the system. The largest GIC are produced when there are large rates of change of the geomagnetic field (dB/dt). It is well established that the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, particularly the magnetic substorms occurring during that period, is a cause of large GIC and hence a risk factor for power systems. However, some power system disturbances have been associated with the occurrence of a storm sudden commencement (SSC) prior to the main phase. We investigate the magnetic signature observed on the ground and the associated solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions for both SSC and sudden impulse (SI) events, which are grouped together as sudden commencements (SC). SCs are primarily attributed to a sudden enhancement of the magnetopause current. For some events, we show that there is a high‐latitude enhancement (HLE) of the SC amplitude and corresponding dB/dt. The limited spatial extent suggests an ionospheric current source. Examination of the polarity of the change in the X‐component magnetic field shows that the HLE is due to a sudden increase of the ionospheric convection electrojets. The occurrence of the HLE is more prevalent for SSC‐type SCs, SCs caused by coronal mass ejections as opposed to corotating interaction regions, and SCs associated with a large solar wind speed (vsw) prior to the SC or a large Δvsw at the time of the SC.
The Passenger Effect: Risky Driving is a Function of the Driver‐Passenger Emotional Relationship
Authors: Megías Alberto , Cándido Antonio , Catena Andrés , Molinero Silvia , Maldonado Antonio
Published: December 2013

This research focused on the influence of imaginary passengers on drivers' estimation of the probability of having an accident in traffic situations. Participants had to imagine riding a motorcycle with either a son or a workmate as a passenger. Their task was to assess the risk of accident in a set of traffic scenarios. Risk perception was a function of sex and type of passenger. Women perceived higher risk when the passenger was a son than when a workmate. In contrast, men's estimations were rather the same for both passengers. The emotional significance of the consequences of the accident (losing a son vs. losing a workmate) modulate the perception of probability of having an accident. Finally, these results could help in designing more effective campaigns promoting road safety. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porous Graphene Materials for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices
Authors: Han Sheng , Wu Dongqing , Li Shuang , Zhang Fan , Feng Xinliang
Published: December 2013

Combining the advantages from both porous materials and graphene, porous graphene materials have attracted vast interests due to their large surface areas, unique porous structures, diversified compositions and excellent electronic conductivity. These unordinary features enable porous graphene materials to serve as key components in high‐performance electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. This progress report summarizes the typical fabrication methods for porous graphene materials with micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐porous structures. The structure–property relationships of these materials and their application in advanced electrochemical devices are also discussed.
An outcome evaluation of a New Zealand farm safety intervention: A historical cohort study
Authors: Cryer Colin , Langley John D. , Samaranayaka Ari , Davie Gabrielle , Morgaine Kate , Lilley Rebbecca , Barson David
Published: December 2013

Background

There is limited evidence that farm safety‐related interventions based solely on an educational element have an effect on injury rates. Our aim was to evaluate a New Zealand national educational program, FarmSafe™ Awareness, for its effect on injury rates.

Methods

We used a before‐after design followed by a historical cohort study of sheep, beef, and dairy farmers/workers. The outcomes were work‐related injuries, identified from workers compensation data. Cox regressions were used to compare intervention with matched control group rates.

Results

FarmSafe™ Awareness was associated with significantly higher rates of work‐related injury, than matched controls.

Conclusions

It is difficult to see how FarmSafe™ Awareness could be causing an increased rate of work‐related injury. We detected no reporting bias, and selection bias is likely to act in the opposite direction to the observed results. We conclude that there is no evidence that FarmSafe™ Awareness prevents farm injury. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:458–467, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blunt cardiac injury with scintigraphic perfusion–metabolism mismatch
Authors: Morikawa Miki , Hagiwara Akiyoshi , Sakamoto Taigo , Kimura Akio
Published: December 2013

Patient

A healthy 37‐year‐old man who bruised his chest with a steel frame developed ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and temporary torsade de pointes, and was resuscitated with emergency medical treatment. Thallium 201 scintigraphy 7 days later revealed a defect only in a small area of the apex, whereas 123I‐beta‐methyl iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid scintigraphy showed defects in a larger area of the apex, ventricular septum, and inferior wall, indicating perfusion–metabolism mismatch. Follow‐up dual myocardial scintigraphy on day 49 showed that the scintigraphic defects persisted only at a small area of the apex.

Conclusion

Blunt external force appeared to have caused perfusion–metabolism mismatch and subsequent life‐threatening arrhythmias in this patient.
Physicochemical characterization of starch isolated from red Monascus rice
Authors: Chandra Ivon Kusmijo , Kasim Novy Srihartanti , Tran Nguyen Phuong Lan , Tran‐Thi Ngoc Yen , Ismadji Suryadi , Ju Yi‐Hsu
Published: December 2013

Red Monascus rice (Ang‐kak) is used as a traditional medicine and a natural colorant for food and beverages. Starch isolated from waste Ang‐kak may compete economically with other common starch and give new value to this waste. Isolation by using alkaline method gave a product with a starch content of 81%. Impurities in the product are protein, fiber, ash, and secondary metabolites of the Monascus rice. Several physicochemical properties of the isolated starch were also investigated. It was found that 88.03% of the isolated starch is amylopectin. Thermogravitation study showed that the isolated starch degraded only slightly at temperature below 230 °C and can be considered as a new source of starch for various applications. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of cardiac anomalies in VACTERL association
Authors: Cunningham Bridget K. , Hadley Donald W. , Hannoush Hwaida , Meltzer Andrew C. , Niforatos Nickie , Pineda‐Alvarez Daniel , Sachdev Vandana , Warren‐Mora Nicole , Solomon Benjamin D.
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is estimated to affect between 3 and 5% of all newborns. Extra‐cardiac malformations are observed in 7 to 50% of patients with CHD. One relatively well‐known association that can occur in the context of CHD is VACTERL. Controversy still remains regarding the definition of VATER association and its expansion to VACTERL, the appropriate diagnostic criteria and the overall incidence.

METHODS

We conducted a description of a case series to characterize the cardiac findings present in a cohort of patients meeting the criteria for VACTERL association.

RESULTS

Forty‐six of 220 were eligible for inclusion into the study, 67% (31 of 46) had CHD. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect, present in 18 of 31 patients (58%). There was no statistically significant association between CHD severity and the presence or absence of other VACTERL component features, specifically anorectal malformation (p = 0.18) or tracheo‐esophageal fistula (p = 0.72). CHD presence also did not correlate with the presence of tracheo‐esophageal fistula or anorectal malformation.

CONCLUSION

Although this study does not, by design, provide further evidence toward the questions of whether CHD is a defining feature of VACTERL association, the frequency of CHD in our cohort does lend support to it being an important medical consideration in patients with VACTERL association. Based on our experience, we strongly recommend a screening echocardiogram to evaluate for CHD in individuals with a potential diagnosis of VACTERL association. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:792–797, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problem‐solving test: E2F: A family of S phase regulating transcription factors
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: December 2013

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: transcription factors, gene induction, DNA synthesis, S phase, retinoblastoma, immunoprecipitation, radioactive labeling, oligonucleotide, enhancer element, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, gel retardation assay © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(1):88–90, 2014
The genesis of microarrays
Authors: Pirrung Michael C. , Southern Edwin M.
Published: December 2013

This review provides a perspective on the initial development of microarray technologies by two independent groups in the late 1980s. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(2):106–113, 2014.
Surgical anatomy imaging associated with cervical cancer treatment: A cadaveric study
Authors: Nakamura Masaru , Fujii Takuma , Imanishi Nobuaki , Jinzaki Masahiro , Yamada Minoru , Kuribayashi Sachio , Aoki Daisuke
Published: December 2013

The objectives of this study were to visualize the surgical anatomical structures in the female pelvis by computed tomography and to investigate the components of the parametrium for anatomical education, radiological diagnosis, and surgical simulation. We surgically dissected fresh female cadavers maintained in precise surgical anatomic positions and examined the anatomical structures using experimental fine cell detector multislice computed tomography (FDCT) with a slice thickness of 0.3125 mm. In addition, we established a three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction model for precise observation of the surgical anatomy using Materialise's Interactive Medical Image Control System (Mimics). We evaluated two‐dimensional (2D) images of the surgical anatomical structures in combination with the 3D reconstruction model. The 3D model was reconstructed from 430 serial axial pelvic CT images of a cadaver. The cardinal ligament, uterosacral ligament, paravesical space, and pararectal space were visualized on the CT images obtained from the surgically dissected part. The parametrium components were clearly distinguished on the surgically dissected side. Based on the information from the dissected side, these components on the undissected side could be distinguished as well. We recognized the parametrium components in the area extirpated during radical hysterectomy. The approach using cadavers, experimental FDCT, and 3D software provided excellent visualization of pelvic structures. High‐quality images of surgical anatomical structures provide new insight regarding precise surgical anatomy in the female pelvis. The radiological information has practical usefulness for radiotherapeutic planning and surgical simulation. Clin. Anat. 27:503–510, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progression‐free survival: Does a correlation with survival justify its role as a surrogate clinical endpoint?
Authors: Becker Andreas , Eichelberg Christian , Sun Maxine
Published: December 2013

In this editorial, the authors critically discuss the current role and limitations of progression‐free survival as a surrogate endpoint of overall survival in clinical trials.