bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Futures: Co‐designing Sustainable Eating Practices for 2050
Authors: Davies Anna R.
Published: May 2013

Food Futures: Co‐designing Sustainable Eating Practices for 2050

The unsustainability of food and agriculture has long generated debate, policy initiatives and technological innovation, with proposed solutions predominantly focused on producing more food using fewer resources. Such supply‐side actions are important, but creating more sustainable eating practices also requires attention to demand‐side dimensions of the food equation. Even given the challenges faced by establishing precise levels of overconsumption (i.e. through levels of obesity) and food loss and wastage, it is clear that a ‘predict and provide’ approach to eating will not address current patterns of unsustainable consumption. This article documents an experiment in practice‐oriented participatory backcasting which explores the possibilities of engaging stakeholders and citizens in the design of more sustainable eating practices. This involved a phased process of multi‐stakeholder (including citizen‐consumer) collaboration to generate alternative scenarios for eating more sustainably and assess their desirability. This was followed by identification of promising practices and, finally, the development of a Transition Framework detailing pathways for more sustainable eating to 2050.The results suggest that mutually supportive technological, organisational and societal innovations are needed, to predict accurately which foods are required globally, prevent overconsumption, food loss and wastage, and ultimately to provide sustainable eating solutions.
Development and preliminary application of a triplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay for evaluating predation on three planthoppers in a rice ecosystem
Authors: Wang Guang‐Hua , Wang Xue‐Qin , Qiao Fei , Zhu Zeng‐Rong , Cheng Jia‐An
Published: May 2013

A multiplex real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect the DNA of three rice planthoppers, that is, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (white‐backed planthopper), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (brown planthopper) and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (small brown planthopper), in the gut of their predators. The sets of primers and ALLGlo probes were targeted to the regions of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes in nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The sensitivity, specificity and interference test for the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay were analysed. The assay's detection limits were 100, 1000 and 100 copies for the white‐backed planthopper, the brown planthopper and the small brown planthopper, respectively. The specificity tests showed no cross‐reactivity with genomic DNA from 30 other dominant herbivores, saprophagous insects and predators from rice ecosystem for each planthopper species. The assay was used in a preliminary study of predation events on the three planthoppers by three major spiders viz., Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg et Strand), Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg et Strand) and Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell which each differ in their preferred microhabitat as well as their predatory habits in rice field, and the results showed their predation on each planthopper species could be well evaluated using this method. Therefore, the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay provides a new tool to study the mechanisms of prey shifting and natural regulation of the three rice planthoppers by generalist predators in rice ecosystem.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pregnant patient: a manikin‐based evaluation of methods for producing lateral tilt
Authors: Ip J. K. , Campbell J. P. , Bushby D. , Yentis S. M.
Published: May 2013

The importance of minimising aortocaval compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy is widely accepted. Current European guidelines suggest employing manual displacement of the uterus with left lateral tilt to achieve this. Several methods for producing lateral tilt have been described; however, the optimum method is unknown. By performing simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a manikin, we compared four of these methods: a folded labour ward pillow; a pre‐formed foam wedge; a custom‐made hard wooden wedge; and the ‘human wedge’. Primary outcome measures were maintenance of adequate tilt, stability and effectiveness of chest compressions (rate, depth and adequate release). Overall, the foam and wooden wedges were significantly more stable and reliable at maintaining tilt than the pillow (p < 0.0001); the wooden wedge was more stable and effective than the foam wedge (p < 0.0001). Chest compressions were least effective with the human wedge (p = 0.02). Effectiveness of chest compressions with lateral tilt was comparable to that reported previously in supine manikin studies. We recommend the use of dedicated foam or hard wedges rather than pillows or the human wedge for producing lateral tilt during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Changes in cardiac index and blood pressure on positioning children prone for scoliosis surgery
Authors: Brown Z. E. , Görges M. , Cooke E. , Malherbe S. , Dumont G. A. , Ansermino J. M.
Published: May 2013

In this prospective observational study we investigated the changes in cardiac index and mean arterial pressure in children when positioned prone for scoliosis correction surgery. Thirty children (ASA 1–2, aged 13–18 years) undergoing primary, idiopathic scoliosis repair were recruited. The cardiac index and mean arterial blood pressure (median (IQR [range])) were 2.7 (2.3–3.1 [1.4–3.7]) l.min−1.m−2 and 73 (66–80 [54–91]) mmHg, respectively, at baseline; 2.9 (2.5–3.2 [1.7–4.4]) l.min−1.m−2 and 73 (63–81 [51–96]) mmHg following a 5‐ml.kg−1 fluid bolus; and 2.5 (2.2–2.7 [1.4–4.8]) l.min−1.m−2 and 69 (62–73 [46–85]) mmHg immediately after turning prone. Turning prone resulted in a median reduction in cardiac index of 0.5 l.min−1.m−2 (95% CI 0.3–0.7 l.min−1.m−2, p = 0.001), or 18.5%, with a large degree of inter‐subject variability (+ 10.3% to − 40.9%). The changes in mean arterial blood pressure were not significant. Strategies to predict, prevent and treat decreases in cardiac index need to be developed.
Adherence to assigned dosing regimen and sustained virological response among chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients treated with boceprevir plus peginterferon alfa‐2b/ribavirin
Authors: Gordon S. C. , Yoshida E. M. , Lawitz E. J. , Bacon B. R. , Sulkowski M. S. , Davis M. , Poordad F. , Bronowicki J.‐P. , Esteban R. , Sniukiene V. , Burroughs M. H. , Deng W. , Dutko F. J. , Brass C. A. , Albrecht J. K. , Rajender Reddy K.
Published: May 2013

Background

Adherence to therapeutic regimens affects the efficacy of peginterferon alfa (P) and ribavirin (R) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1.

Aim

To determine if medication adherence impacts efficacy [sustained virological response (SVR)] with triple therapy that includes boceprevir (BOC) plus P/R.

Methods

Adherence was determined in two Phase 3 clinical studies with BOC: SPRINT‐2 (previously untreated patients) and RESPOND‐2 (patients who failed previous therapy with P/R). Adherence to the assigned duration of the dosing regimen and adherence to the three times a day (t.d.s.) dosing interval of 7–9 h for BOC were assessed by the recording of data from patients’ dosing diaries and by the amount of study drug dispensed and returned.

Results

Most patients (63–71%) adhered to ≥80% of their assigned treatment duration and achieved SVR rates of 86–90%. In contrast, patients who adhered to <80% of their assigned treatment duration achieved SVR rates of 8–32% (P < 0.0001), particularly low in patients who failed previous therapy (SVR = 8–15%). Different rates of adherence (<60% to >80%) to the t.d.s. dosing interval (7–9 h) with BOC did not influence the SVR rates (SVR = 60–83%) with the exception of patients who failed previous treatment and adhered to <60% of the t.d.s. dosing interval with BOC (SVR = 48–50%; P = 0.005).

Conclusions

The achievement of an SVR is more dependent on adherence to the assigned duration of treatment than adherence to the t.d.s. dosing interval with boceprevir. Adherence to >60% of t.d.s. dosing with boceprevir is important in patients who failed previous therapy.
Durability of SVR in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with peginterferon‐α2a/ribavirin in combination with a direct‐acting anti‐viral
Authors: Rutter K. , Hofer H. , Beinhardt S. , Dulic M. , Gschwantler M. , Maieron A. , Laferl H. , Stättermayer A. F. , Scherzer T.‐M. , Strassl R. , Holzmann H. , Steindl‐Munda P. , Ferenci P.
Published: May 2013

Background

The introduction of direct‐acting anti‐virals has increased sustained virological response (SVR) rates in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection. At present, data on long‐term durability of viral eradication after successful triple therapy are lacking.

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term durability of viral eradication in patients treated with triple therapy, including direct‐acting anti‐virals.

Methods

Patients who participated in randomised, controlled trials or an extended access programme of treatment with peginterferon‐α2a/ribavirin in combination with a direct‐acting anti‐viral (telaprevir, danoprevir, faldaprevir, simeprevir, mericitabine, balapiravir) were followed after achieving SVR. The median follow‐up after the patients was 21 (range: 7–64) months.

Results

One hundred and three patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection [f/m: 34/69; GT‐1b: 67 GT‐1a: 34, GT‐4: 2; mean age: 47.6 years (45.5–49.7; 95% CI)] achieving a SVR triple therapy were followed. Two cases of late relapses (2/103, 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.24–6.8) were observed. One patient was cirrhotic, both carried the genotype 1b and completed the prescribed treatment. The relapses occurred 8 and 12 months after cessation of anti‐viral treatment. Cloning sequencing revealed identical sequence in both patients. Resistance analysis revealed no presence of viral resistance.

Conclusion

Like the SVR after peginterferon‐α2/ribavirin combination treatment, HCV eradication after triple therapy remains durable after long‐term follow‐up.
The Evolution of Pre‐Islamic South Arabian Coinage: A Metallurgical Analysis of Coins Excavated In Sumhuram (Khor‐Rori, Sultanate of Oman)
Authors: Chiarantini L. , Benvenuti M.
Published: May 2013

The present paper deals with compositional and microstructural features of 26 pre‐Islamic, South Arabian coins recently unearthed during archaeological excavations. Most of the investigated coins come from Sumhuram (Khor Rori, southern Oman), and were minted by the Hadramawt kingdom (fourth century bc to third century ad); only a few of them belong to the Himyarite kingdom's coinage (first to fourth centuries ad). In addition, some coins of both the Hadramawt and the Himyarite kingdoms found at Qani' (B'ir ‘Ali, Republic of Yemen) have been analysed for comparison. Our main focus was to provide new hints towards the comprehension of the chronological evolution in South Arabian coinage in terms of both metal composition and minting techniques. In addition, some melting crucibles found at Sumhuram have been examined in an attempt to make a comparison with the coins’ composition and to test the hypothesis that they were used for minting operations.
Rehydroxylation of Fired‐Clay Ceramics: Factors Affecting Early‐Stage Mass Gain in Dating Experiments
Authors: Wilson M. A. , Clelland S. , Carter M. A. , Ince C. , Hall C. , Hamilton A. , Batt C. M.
Published: May 2013

To obtain accurate results in the RHX dating of ceramics, it is essential that the RHX measurements are continued until the rate of mass gain is constant with (time)1/4. In this paper, we discuss how the initial stages of mass gain are affected by the specific surface area (SSA) of the ceramic material. The paper provides guidance on experimental protocols to avoid dating results being distorted by relatively early‐time mass gain data.
An Experimental Investigation into the Accidental Invention of Ceramic Glazes
Authors: Matin M.
Published: May 2013

Glazed objects, mainly in the form of glazed quartz and steatite solid stones, first appeared during the fifth millennium bc. At the present time, it is generally accepted that the accidental discovery of glazing was associated with ancient copper production. However, the replication experiments already conducted on glazed stones were unable to provide a convincing explanation for the accidental invention of ceramic glazes. This paper attempts to suggest a possible explanation for the accidental invention of glazes on solid stones (i.e., steatite and quartz) during the Chalcolithic period. A series of replication experiments were undertaken and the resulting objects were examined using SEM–EDS.
Potentially inappropriate prescribing and adverse health outcomes in community dwelling older patients
Authors: Cahir Caitriona , Bennett Kathleen , Teljeur Conor , Fahey Tom
Published: May 2013

Aims

This study aimed to determine the association between potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) and health related outcomes [adverse drug events (ADEs), health related quality of life (HRQOL) and hospital accident and emergency (A&E) visits] in older community dwelling patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 931 community dwelling patients aged ≥70 years in 15 general practices in Ireland in 2010. PIP was defined by the Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP). ADEs were measured by patient self‐report and medical record for the previous 6 months and reviewed by two independent clinicians. HRQOL was measured by the EQ‐5D. A&E visits were measured by patients’ medical records and self‐report. Multilevel logistic, linear and Poisson regression examined how ADEs, HRQOL and A&E visits varied by PIP after adjusting for patient and practice level covariates: socioeconomic status, co‐morbidity, number of drug classes and adherence.

Results

The overall prevalence of PIP was 42% (n = 377). Patients with ≥2 PIP indicators were twice as likely to have an ADE (adjusted OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.02, 4.83, P < 0.05), have a significantly lower mean HRQOL utility (adjusted coefficient −0.09, SE 0.02, P < 0.001) and nearly a two‐fold increased risk in the expected rate of A&E visits (adjusted IRR 1.85; 95% CI 1.32, 2.58, P < 0.001). The number of drug classes and adherence were also significantly associated with these same adverse health outcomes.

Conclusions

Reducing PIP in primary care may help lower the burden of ADEs, its associated health care use and costs and enhance quality of life in older patients.
Enhancement of CD154/IL4 proliferation by the T follicular helper (Tfh) cytokine, IL21 and increased numbers of circulating cells resembling Tfh cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Ahearne Matthew J. , Willimott Shaun , Piñon Lucia , Kennedy D. Benjamin , Miall Fiona , Dyer Martin J. S. , Wagner Simon D.
Published: May 2013

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells encounter T‐cells and proliferate in response to T‐cell signals in the lymph node microenvironment. In this report we determined interleukin 21 (IL21) function in CLL and showed that IL21 and interleukin 4 (IL4) act co‐operatively to promote leukaemic cell proliferation without apoptosis or differentiation We further show that IL21 increased side population (SP) cells, which are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and increased self‐renewal capacity in CLL. IL21 and IL4 are the major cytokines produced by the recently described CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cell subset. Determination of Tfh cells in peripheral blood showed that patients had significantly increased numbers as compared to normal subjects although no association was found between Tfh numbers and IGHV gene mutational status or clinical stage. Our data suggests that the Tfh cytokines, IL4 and IL21, contribute to driving leukaemic cell proliferation in the lymph node microenvironment, and may contribute to the specific production of cells resistant to conventional chemotherapy. We suggest that increased circulating Tfh cells is a component of T‐cell dysregulation in CLL. Our findings have implications for the therapeutic use of IL21.
A note on statistical power in multi‐site randomized trials with multiple treatments at each site
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng Steven
Published: May 2013

We derive the statistical power functions in multi‐site randomized trials with multiple treatments at each site, using multi‐level modelling. An F statistic is used to test multiple parameters in the multi‐level model instead of the Wald chi square test as suggested in the current literature. The F statistic is shown to be more conservative than the Wald statistic in testing any overall treatment effect among the multiple study conditions. In addition, we improvise an easy way to estimate the non‐centrality parameters for the means comparison t‐tests and the F test, using Helmert contrast coding in the multi‐level model. The variance of treatment means, which is difficult to fathom but necessary for power analysis, is decomposed into intuitive simple effect sizes in the contrast tests. The method is exemplified by a multi‐site evaluation study of the behavioural interventions for cannabis dependence.
Thermal Buffering of Microhabitats is a Critical Factor Mediating Warming Vulnerability of Frogs in the Philippine Biodiversity Hotspot
Authors: Scheffers Brett R. , Brunner Rebecca M. , Ramirez Sara D. , Shoo Luke P. , Diesmos Arvin , Williams Stephen E.
Published: May 2013

Species may circumvent the impacts of climate warming if the habitats they use reduce ambient temperature. In this study, we identified which frog species from a tropical montane rain forest in the Philippines may be vulnerable to climate warming. To do so, we selected five anuran species that utilize four breeding habitats and identified the sensitivity and exposure of tadpoles and direct‐developer eggs to heat by measuring their critical thermal maximums (CTmax) and the habitat‐specific temperatures they experience. Our study species included two direct‐developer frogs—one species that lays its eggs on exposed leaves, and another that lays its eggs in ferns—and three species that produce aquatic free‐swimming tadpoles—two stream breeders, and one phytotelm (tree hole) breeder. We compared thermal tolerances derived from microclimates of breeding habitats with tolerances derived from macroclimate (i.e., non‐buffered air temperature taken from the rain forest canopy). We also examined whether differences in CTmax existed across life‐history stages (egg, metamorph/young‐of‐year, and adult) for the two direct‐developer frog species. Habitats buffered ambient temperature and expanded thermal tolerances of all frog species. We found that direct‐developers, however, are more vulnerable to increased temperatures than aquatic breeders—indicated by their high sensitivity to temperature, and exposure to high temperatures. Direct‐developer eggs were more sensitive to warming than both metamorph and adult life‐history stages. Thermally buffered microhabitats may represent the only protection against current and impending climate warming. Our data highlight the importance of considering sensitivity and exposure in unison when deciphering warming vulnerability of frogs.
The Linguistic Construction of Social Categories in Toddlers
Authors: Diesendruck Gil , Deblinger‐Tangi Ronit
Published: May 2013

Kindergarteners treat certain social categories as natural kinds. This study addressed how children pick out social categories. Ninety‐one 19‐ and 26‐month‐olds were familiarized to exemplars of categories of people (e.g., Blacks–Whites, men–women) and animals (e.g., cows–horses). Participants then saw a picture matching the familiarization category and another that did not, and were asked to select which was like the familiarization pictures. For half of the participants, a label was attached to familiarization exemplars, while for the other half, no label was mentioned. The main finding was that for the younger toddlers, labels significantly improved recognition of the categories of people, but not of animals. These results are taken to support the notion that social categories are indeed culturally constructed.
Effects of short-term sitagliptin treatment on immune parameters in healthy individuals, a randomized placebo-controlled study
Authors: Price J D , Linder G , Li W P , Zimmermann B , Rother K I , Malek R , Alattar M , Tarbell K V
Published: May 2013

Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, improves blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes by blocking cleavage of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). In type 2 diabetes patients sitagliptin use is associated with an increase in minor infections, and in new-onset type 1 diabetes patients the ability of sitagliptin to dampen autoimmunity is currently being tested. DPP-4, also known as CD26, is expressed on leucocytes and can inactivate many chemokines important for leucocyte migration, as well as act as a co-stimulatory molecule on T cells. Therefore, this study was conducted to test whether sitagliptin is immunomodulatory. In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, healthy volunteers were given sitagliptin or placebo daily for 28 days, and blood was drawn for immune assays. No significant differences were observed in the percentage of leucocyte subsets within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma chemokine/cytokine levels or cytokines released by stimulation of PBMCs with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD3. Individuals taking sitagliptin displayed increases in the percentage of cells expressing higher levels of CD26 at early time-points compared to placebo controls, but these differences resolved by day 28 of treatment. Therefore, in healthy volunteers, treatment with sitagliptin daily for 28 days does not overtly alter systemic immune function.
Fine specificity of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies discloses a heterogeneous antibody population in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Goules J D , Goules A V , Tzioufas A G
Published: May 2013

Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the predominant B cell epitopes have not yet been defined. The aim of this study was to examine the reactivity of ACPA against different peptides derived from citrullinated proteins and to investigate whether or not these antibodies constitute a homogeneous population. For this purpose, sera from patients with RA (n = 141), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 60), Sjögren's syndrome (SS) (n = 54) and healthy controls (n = 100) were tested for their reactivity against six citrullinated peptides derived from peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD), vimentin (vim), alpha-enolase (enol), fibrin, type II collagen (col-II) and filaggrin, respectively. A non-citrullinated control peptide derived from PAD was used as control (ctrlPAD621–40). Antibody reactivity against each individual peptide was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specificity and cross-reactivity of ACPA were tested by using two prototype sera with homologous and cross-inhibition assays. Specificity of ACPA from two prototype sera was confirmed by purification of anti-peptide antibodies and homologous-inhibition experiments. We found that sera from patients with RA reacted diversely with the six citrullinated peptides. More specifically, PAD211–30 displayed 29·08% sensitivity, vim60–75 29·08%, enol5–21 37·59%, fibrin617–31 31·21%, col-II358–75 29·97% and filaggrin306–24 28·37%, while control ctrlPAD621–40 showed no reactivity. All reactive peptides were found to be highly specific for RA. A notable cross-reaction (>70%) was found mainly between filaggrin and the majority of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. We concluded that ACPA in RA constitute a heterogeneous population with limited cross-reactivity and without a predominant epitope.
Melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells are associated with epidermal depigmentation in a novel mouse model of vitiligo
Authors: You S , Cho Y-H , Byun J-S , Shin E-C
Published: May 2013

In the present study, we established a novel murine model of vitiligo by sequential prime/boost immunizations into the hind footpad and tail dermis with tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2)-180 (SVYDFFVWL) peptide, lipopolysaccharides and cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides. Immunized mice developed epidermal depigmentation in the tail skin without hair depigmentation, thereby differentiating this approach from established models of vitiligo. Following intradermal tail immunization, activated CD8+ interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells were recruited locally to the tail skin. In-vivo cytotoxicity assays demonstrated specific lysis of TRP2-180-presenting cells in immunized mice. Furthermore, the extent of skin depigmentation correlated with the frequency of TRP2-180-specific splenic CD8+ T cells, as determined by IFN-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production, and cytotoxic degranulation evidenced by CD107a staining. These findings suggest a correlation between the presence of TRP2-180-specific CD8+ effector T cells and the development of depigmented skin lesions in our vitiligo model. This new model of vitiligo, characterized by skin depigmentation without hair depigmentation, is more similar to human disease than previous murine models. Therefore, this model is well suited to future studies on the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the development of novel therapeutics for vitiligo.
Impaired quality of life in growth hormone–deficient adults is independent of the altered skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism found in conditions with peripheral fatigue
Authors: Sinha Akash , Hollingsworth Kieren G. , Ball Steve , Cheetham Tim
Published: May 2013

Context

Growth hormone–deficient (GHD) adults often report impaired quality of life (QoL) – with fatigue, a key element. This deficit can improve following GH replacement. The basis of this response is unclear. Perturbations in skeletal muscle metabolism have been demonstrated in several conditions in which fatigue is a prominent symptom. We wished to define the role of skeletal muscle metabolism in the impaired QoL observed in patients with GHD.

Objective

To compare in vivo skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation using phosphorus‐31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in matched untreated GHD adults, treated GHD adults and healthy volunteers.

Design

Twenty‐two untreated GHD adults, 23 treated GHD adults and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited at a regional centre. All patients underwent assessment of muscle mitochondrial function (τ1/2PCr) and proton handling using spectroscopy. Fasting biochemical analyses and anthropometric measurement were obtained. All patients completed the QoL‐AGHDA and physical activity assessment (IPAQ) questionnaires.

Results

Untreated and treated GHD adults complained of significantly increased fatigue and an impaired QoL (P = 0·002) when compared to healthy controls. There was no difference in maximal mitochondrial function (P = 0·53) nor pH recovery (P = 0·38) of skeletal muscle between the three groups. Untreated GHD patients had significantly lower IGF‐1 than both treated GHD and healthy volunteers (P < 0·001), but there was no association between τ1/2PCr and serum IGF‐1 (r = −0·13, P = 0·32).

Conclusions

The impaired QoL seen in GHD adults is not associated with the skeletal muscle spectroscopic ‘footprint’ of altered mitochondrial oxidative function, anaerobic glycolysis or proton clearance that are a feature of several conditions in which fatigue is a prominent feature. These data suggest that the pathophysiology of fatigue and impaired QoL in GHD may have a significant central rather than peripheral (skeletal muscle) component.
Comparison of two low‐dose calcium infusion schedules for localization of insulinomas by selective pancreatic arterial injection with hepatic venous sampling for insulin
Authors: Braatvedt G. , Jennison E. , Holdaway I. M.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Localization of small insulinomas may be difficult. Selective pancreatic arterial injection of calcium with hepatic venous insulin measurement (SACST) has been used for this purpose, but can rarely cause hypoglycaemia. Two low‐dose concentrations of calcium, 0·25 and 0·1 of the usual concentration used for the test, have been compared for sensitivity of localization and safety.

Design

Selective pancreatic arterial injection of calcium with hepatic venous insulin measurement was performed at calcium concentrations of 0·0025 (Protocol A) and 0·00625 (Protocol B) mEq calcium per kg. The standard concentration is 0·025 mEq/kg.

Patients

Twenty one successive patients with biochemical evidence of insulinoma were studied.

Results

Using surgical localization as the gold standard, Protocol A had a sensitivity of 91% and Protocol B 75% for correct localization. The false‐positive localization rate was 16%. No hypoglycaemia was observed. These results compare favourably with published data using the standard calcium concentration. Selective pancreatic arterial injection of calcium with hepatic venous insulin measurement was superior to localization by noninvasive imaging; in seven cases, SACST was correct when conventional imaging was negative (five) or false positive (two).

Conclusion

Low concentrations of calcium are effective and safe when performing SACST for localization of insulinoma.
Calorie Restriction is a Major Determinant of the Short‐Term Metabolic Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Lips Mirjam A. , de Groot Gerrit H. , van Klinken Jan B. , Aarts Edo , Berends Frits J. , Janssen Ignace M. , Van Ramshorst Bert , Van Wagensveld Bart A. , Swank Dingeman J. , Van Dielen Francois , Willems van Dijk Ko , Pijl Hanno
Published: May 2013

Objective

Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and restrictive weight loss interventions, such as gastric banding (GB) and very‐low‐calorie diets (VLCD) directly impact glucose metabolism, possibly by calorie restriction and/or altered secretion of gut hormones. We aimed to establish the direct endocrine and metabolic effects of RYGB compared to restrictive interventions in obese glucose‐tolerant (NGT) subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Design

Controlled, nonrandomized observational trial.

Patients and measurements

Four groups of obese females received a mixed meal at baseline and 3 weeks after intervention; NGT‐GB (n = 11), NGT‐RYGB (n = 16), T2DM‐RYGB (n = 15) and T2DM‐VLCD (n = 12). Normal weight controls (n = 12) were studied once.

Results

At baseline, all obese subjects were hyperinsulinemic. T2DM was associated with hyperglycaemia and decreased GLP‐1 levels. RYGB and VLCD reduced glucose levels to a similar extent in T2DM, insulin levels decreased only after VLCD. Comparison of restrictive intervention vs RYGB showed a more pronounced decrease in glucose and insulin AUC after restriction. In NGT and T2DM subjects, RYGB increased GLP‐1 and PYY levels and decreased ghrelin levels, whereas VLCD and GB only increased GIP levels.

Conclusions

These data indicate that deterioration of glucose metabolism in T2DM is associated with a decline of GLP‐1 levels. Calorie restriction facilitates glucose metabolism and blunts hyperinsulinemia in obese (diabetic) humans. Additional duodenal exclusion through RYGB induces gut hormone release and hyperinsulinemia but does not improve postprandial glucose levels any further. Our data thus strongly suggest that calorie restriction underlies the short‐term metabolic benefits of RYGB in obese T2DM patients.
Analysis and Visualization of Maps Between Shapes
Authors: Ovsjanikov M. , Ben‐Chen M. , Chazal F. , Guibas L.
Published: May 2013

In this paper we propose a method for analysing and visualizing individual maps between shapes, or collections of such maps. Our method is based on isolating and highlighting areas where the maps induce significant distortion of a given measure in a multi‐scale way. Unlike the majority of prior work, which focuses on discovering maps in the context of shape matching, our main focus is on evaluating, analysing and visualizing a given map, and the distortion(s) it introduces, in an efficient and intuitive way. We are motivated primarily by the fact that most existing metrics for map evaluation are quadratic and expensive to compute in practice, and that current map visualization techniques are suitable primarily for global map understanding, and typically do not highlight areas where the map fails to meet certain quality criteria in a multi‐scale way. We propose to address these challenges in a unified way by considering the functional representation of a map, and performing spectral analysis on this representation. In particular, we propose a simple multi‐scale method for map evaluation and visualization, which provides detailed multi‐scale information about the distortion induced by a map, which can be used alongside existing global visualization techniques.
Customizable LoD for Procedural Architecture
Authors: Besuievsky Gonzalo , Patow Gustavo
Published: May 2013

This paper presents a new semantic and procedural level‐of‐detail (LoD) method applicable to any rule‐based procedural building definition. This new LoD system allows the customizable and flexible selection of the architectural assets to simplify, doing it in an efficient and artist‐transparent way. The method, based on an extension of traditional grammars, uses LoD‐oriented commands. A graph‐rewriting process introduces these new commands in the artist‐provided rule set, which allows to select different simplification criteria (distance, screen‐size projection, semantic selection or any arbitrary method) through a scripting interface, according to user needs. This way we define a flexible, customizable and efficient procedural LoD system, which generates buildings directly with the correct LoD for a given set of viewing and semantic conditions.
Motion Synthesis for Sports Using Unobtrusive Lightweight Body‐Worn and Environment Sensing
Authors: Kelly P. , Conaire C. Ó , O'Connor N. E. , Hodgins J.
Published: May 2013

The ability to accurately achieve performance capture of athlete motion during competitive play in near real‐time promises to revolutionize not only broadcast sports graphics visualization and commentary, but also potentially performance analysis, sports medicine, fantasy sports and wagering. In this paper, we present a highly portable, non‐intrusive approach for synthesizing human athlete motion in competitive game‐play with lightweight instrumentation of both the athlete and field of play. Our data‐driven puppetry technique relies on a pre‐captured database of short segments of motion capture data to construct a motion graph augmented with interpolated motions and speed variations. An athlete's performed motion is synthesized by finding a related action sequence through the motion graph using a sparse set of measurements from the performance, acquired from both worn inertial and global location sensors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in a challenging application scenario, with a high‐performance tennis athlete wearing one or more lightweight body‐worn accelerometers and a single overhead camera providing the athlete's global position and orientation data. However, the approach is flexible in both the number and variety of input sensor data used. The technique can also be adopted for searching a motion graph efficiently in linear time in alternative applications.
Real‐time thermographic analysis of low‐density bone during implant placement: a randomized parallel‐group clinical study comparing lateral condensation with bone drilling surgical technique
Authors: Marković Aleksa , Mišić Tijana , Mančić Dragan , Jovanović Igor , Šćepanović Miodrag , Jezdić Zoran
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To compare the effect of two surgical techniques, lateral condensation and bone drilling, on changes in temperature of the adjacent low‐density bone during implant placement into posterior maxilla and to investigate the influence of the host factors – age, gender, region of implantation, bone density, and thickness of the cortical bone at the recipient sites.

Material and methods

Local bone temperature was measured thermographically during implant placement into posterior maxilla following lateral bone condensing (test group) or bone drilling (controls). The main study outcomes were baseline bone temperature prior to implantation and maximum bone temperature recorded during implantation. Early implant success was evaluated after 6 months of healing.

Results

A total of 40 implants were randomly allocated to test and control groups and placed into maxillary premolar and/or molar region of 18 participants of both genders and average age of 51.74 years. All recorded bone temperatures were below the threshold for thermal necrosis. Although both groups showed significant increase in bone temperature during implant placement procedure (P ≤ 0.0005), it was significantly higher for bone condensing compared with drilling (P ≤ 0.0005; 3.79 ± 1.54°C; 1.91 ± 0.70°C respectively). No host factor was singled out as a significant predictor of bone temperature changes, although trend of higher increase was observed in young patients, regardless of gender, during implant placement procedure into maxillary first premolar region with bone density type 3 and cortical layer thicker than 1 mm. Early implant success rate after 6 months follow‐up was 100%.

Conclusion

Although both surgical techniques, bone condensing and bone drilling, can be considered safe regarding their thermal effect on the bone of posterior maxilla, bone drilling is associated with fewer local bone heating during implantation. Host factors do not affect the bone thermal changes significantly.
Octodon degus: A Model for the Cognitive Impairment Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Tarragon Ernesto , Lopez Dolores , Estrada Cristina , Ana Gonzalez‐Cuello , Schenker Esther , Pifferi Fabien , Bordet Regis , Richardson Jill C. , Herrero Maria Trinidad
Published: May 2013

Octodon degus (O. degus) is a diurnal rodent that spontaneously develops several physiopathological conditions, analogous in many cases to those experienced by humans. In light of this, O. degus has recently been identified as a very valuable animal model for research in several medical fields, especially those concerned with neurodegenerative diseases in which risk is associated with aging. Octodon degus spontaneously develops β‐amyloid deposits analogous to those observed in some cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, these deposits are thought to be the key feature for AD diagnosis, and one of the suggested causes of cell loss and cognitive deficit. This review aims to bring together information to support O. degus as a valuable model for the study of AD.
Impacts of Rodenticide and Insecticide Toxicants from Marijuana Cultivation Sites on Fisher Survival Rates in the Sierra National Forest, California
Authors: Thompson Craig , Sweitzer Richard , Gabriel Mourad , Purcell Kathryn , Barrett Reginald , Poppenga Robert
Published: May 2013

Secondary exposure of wildlife to pesticides has been well documented, yet exposure is typically associated with agricultural or wildland‐urban interface areas. Wildlife in undeveloped areas is generally presumed free from risk. In 2009, a male fisher was found dead in the Sierra National Forest and subsequent necropsy revealed that the animal died of acute rodenticide poisoning. Follow‐up testing revealed that 85% of fisher carcasses recovered by two research projects in the previous three years tested positive for rodenticides. Concern arose that exposure could predispose an animal to mortality from other causes, and that the underlying role of toxicants would escape notice. Further investigation indicated that the most likely source was the numerous illegal marijuana cultivation sites currently found on public lands throughout the western United States. To determine whether the presence of cultivation sites predisposed fishers to mortality from other sources, we related survival rates to the presence and number of cultivation sites found within that animal's home range over the past 10 years. Likelihood of exposure was related to the presence of cultivation sites, and female fisher survival was influenced by the number of cultivation sites within its home range. We discuss the conservation implications of this unexpected relationship.
Asbestos and the lung in the 21st century: an update
Authors: Prazakova Silvie , Thomas Paul S. , Sandrini Alessandra , Yates Deborah H.
Published: May 2013

The asbestos‐related disorders (ARDs) are currently of significant occupational and public health concern. Asbestos usage has been banned in most developed countries, but asbestos is still used in many developing countries and the number of cases of ARDs worldwide is rising. Many countries are now experiencing an epidemic of ARDs that is the legacy of occupational exposure in the 1960s–1980s because of the long latency period between asbestos exposure and manifestation of disease. It is likely that asbestos‐related mortality and morbidity will continue to increase. Although the most feared complications of asbestos inhalation are the malignant conditions such as mesothelioma and lung cancer, asbestos inhalation more frequently results in benign conditions such as pleural plaques, diffuse pleural thickening, and asbestosis (pulmonary fibrosis due to asbestos exposure). Over recent years, there have been changes in the epidemiology of mesothelioma, in clinical management of ARDs and developments in new techniques for early detection of malignancy. This review provides an update on the respiratory manifestations of asbestos exposure and also considers advances in screening methods that may affect future management in the workplace.
Vitamin D status and dietary intake in a Swedish COPD population
Authors: Måhlin Carolina , von Sydow Henrik , Osmancevic Amra , Emtner Margareta , Grönberg Anne M. , Larsson Sven , Slinde Frode
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Emerging evidence indicates that patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a poorer vitamin D status than the general population, possibly affecting several comorbidities. In northern latitudes, these problems could be even more accentuated wintertime because of the low ultraviolet B radiation.

Objectives

To examine the dietary intake of vitamin D and the levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH‐D) in a COPD population compared with a reference group in Swedish settings.

Methods

Ninety‐eight COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/vital capacity ratio < 0.65) recruited from the outpatient clinics at the university hospitals in Gothenburg and Uppsala, Sweden were included in this cross‐sectional study. The reference group (149 individuals) was randomly selected from the Swedish National Registry. The serum concentrations of 25‐OH‐D, intact parathyroid hormone, creatinine and calcium were measured. A trained dietitian conducted a dietary history interview to evaluate food intake of vitamin D, prescribed drugs and supplements containing vitamin D.

Results and Conclusions

The mean serum concentration of 25‐OH‐D was significantly higher in the reference group (57.6 ± 23 nmol/L) compared with the COPD group (51.5 ± 22 nmol/L) (P = 0.039). The dietary intake was predominantly below the recommendations in both groups. Mean total daily intake of vitamin D and mean daily supplementation of vitamin D was significantly higher in the COPD group (P = 0.012 and P = 0.030, respectively).

Low intake of vitamin D and low serum levels of 25‐OH‐D are common in both COPD patients and an elderly Swedish population. Monitoring vitamin D status and possibly routinely treating COPD patients with vitamin D and calcium should be considered to minimise the risk of severe vitamin D deficiency among COPD patients.
Can platelet indices predict obstruction level of pulmonary vascular bed in patients with acute pulmonary embolism?
Authors: Günay Ersin , Sarinc Ulasli Sevinc , Kacar Emre , Halici Bilal , Unlu Ebru , Tünay Kamil , Ozkececi Gulay , Koken Tulay , Unlu Mehmet
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Computed tomography pulmonary arterial obstruction index ratio (CTPAOIR) is related with the severity of pulmonary embolism (PE). Platelet indices including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) are reported to be increased in acute PE.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between CTPAOIR and platelet indices and the utility of these parameters in the determination of PE severity.

Materials and Methods

 

We retrospectively analysed the demographic data, clinical probability scores, laboratory data and echocardiographic findings of 63 acute PE patients who were diagnosed by pulmonary arterial computed tomography angiography.

Results

The hospital records of 38 (60.3%) male and 25 (39.7%) female patients with acute PE and 29 (58%) male and 21 (42%) female healthy control were evaluated (P = 0.803). The mean value of MPV, PDW levels, platelet counts and red cell distribution width levels were higher in PE groups than in control subjects (P < 0.05). Massive PE was present in 33.3% of PE patients. There were statistically significant differences in terms of hospital length of stay (HLS), mean value of MPV, CTPAOIR and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) in addition to systolic arterial pressure between massive and submassive PE patients (P < 0.05 for all). CTPAOIR was positively correlated with HLS, clinical probability scores, D‐Dimer level, MPV, PDW levels and sPAP.

Conclusion

Platelet indices, MPV and PDW, can be used for the determination of disease severity, and lead to therapeutic strategies for PE patients.
Elevation of serum procalcitonin in patients after chemical pleurodesis with intrapleural injection of OK‐432
Authors: Xu Bing‐ling , Yu Jin‐quan , Tang Ke‐jing , Liu Da‐yue , Kuang Yu‐kun
Published: May 2013

Introduction

In patients with refractory pleural effusion or pneumothorax, fever and elevated level of white blood cell count (WBC) are frequently observed after chemical pleurodesis with intrapleural injection of OK‐432, which make it difficult to differentiate whether it was from the side effects of OK‐432 or concurrent bacterial infection.

Objective

Procalcitonin (PCT) levels were measured before and after pleurodesis so as to discuss whether PCT is useful for distinguishing between the side effects of OK‐432 and concurrent bacterial infection.

Method

Twenty‐six patients with refractory pleural effusion or pneumothorax who underwent chemical pleurodesis with intrapleural injection of OK‐432 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University between August 2010 and August 2012 were included in our study. Levels of PCT and WBC were measured before and after pleurodesis.

Result

Of all 26 patients, 22 patients were with refractory pleural effusion, and the other four were with pneumothorax. The median serum levels of PCT and WBC elevated from 0.155 to 1.470 ng/mL (P = 0.009) and from 5.920 to 10.475 × 109/L (P = 0.000), respectively. No patient was given antibiotics and fever subsided.

Conclusion

Intrapleural injection of OK‐432 could increase the serum level of PCT and WBC with no bacterial infection. The serum PCT level may not be useful to distinguish whether fever was caused by the side effects of OK‐432 or concurrent bacterial infection.