bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marriage and the Samaritan Woman
Authors: Carmichael Calum M.
Published: February 2009

The encounter between Jesus and the woman of Samaria is unique to the fourth gospel. Water symbolism and the true nature of worship constitute two major motifs that are woven into its narration. The meeting at the well touches off a discussion about water, and this discussion leads into one on worship. The connection between the two topics has not received hitherto a satisfactory solution, A. Guilding's work has the merit of recognizing the problem but her structural solution is unsatisfactory because it fails to make any connection in sense between the two.1 A matter that arouses curiosity concerns the subject of water common to the discussion Jesus and the woman have and the preceding section of material about purification and baptism by water as discussed by a Jew,2 the disciples of John the Baptist, and the Baptist himself. The fact that the incidents in question are set down in proximity invites scrutiny. Attention to the above two problems results in an interesting interpretation of the encounter.
The Old Testament Quotations in Hebrews
Authors: McCullough J. C.
Published: February 2009

With a view to shedding more light on the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews' attitude to the Old Testament this article seeks to investigate the modifications which he makes to the text of his quotations from the Old Testament. Many such investigations have been undertaken in the past, but they have been hampered by the incomplete state of Septuagintal research. They failed to take into account the multiplicity of Septuagintal manuscripts at the time of the writing of the Epistle to the Hebrews. As a result the text of the Old Testament quotations in Hebrews was usually compared with that of only two or three of the very well known codices (especially Codex Alexandrinus and Vaticanus) and the many divergences in Hebrews from these codices were attributed to the hand of the author of Hebrews.
The Textual Relationship between45and Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew
Authors: Shedinger Robert F.
Published: February 2009

In 1987, George Howard published the text of a Hebrew Gospel of Matthew contained in a fourteenth-century Jewish polemical treatise entitledEvan Bohanauthored by Shem-Tob ben-Isaac ben-Shaprut. In his analysis of Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew, Howard demonstrates convincingly that the Shem-Tob text should not be considered a fourteenth-century back-translation from Greek or Latin traditions, but concludes that within the Shem-Tob text of Matthew is contained an ancient Hebrew substratum which dates back to early times, and indeed, represents an original composition in Hebrew of Matthew's Gospel. In a subsequent study, Howard compared the text of Shem-Tob against that of Codex Sinaiticus, finding five readings that Shem-Tob shares with only Sinaiticus and four more that are shared with Sinaiticus and a few other minor witnesses, strongly suggesting that Shem-Tob does indeed contain ancient readings. Using a similar methodology, this article will explore the textual relationship between Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew and the third-century papyrus45.
Who Used Whom? The Relationship of Ephesians and Colossians
Authors: Best E.
Published: February 2009

The much greater similarity of Colossians and Ephesians to each other than of either to any other Pauline letter has been recognized since the beginning of the historical critical movement, and been seen to require explanation. In this paper we shall be concerned to examine only the purely literary aspect of the problem of their relationship leaving aside their theological similarities and dissimilarities; nor shall we attempt to draw theological conclusions from our discussion of individual phrases or verses. To do this would require setting them in their context in Ephesians and vastly increase the length of the paper.
‘I Will Give to Each of You as Your Works Deserve’: Witchcraft Accusations and the Fiery-Eyed Son of God in Rev 2.18–23
Authors: Duff Paul B.
Published: February 2009

The Revelation of John presents to its readers a scenario that describes the oppression and persecution of the early Christian communities of western Asia Minor by external pagan forces (specifically, the Roman government). Later Christian tradition tied the Apocalypse to the later years of the reign of Domitian and consequently dubbed that emperor a second Nero. Until relatively recently, this scenario has been affirmed by both the church and the academy. However, mid-twentieth century scholarship successfully challenged the validity of this viewpoint, based upon a review of the historical evidence. Since that time, scholars have scrambled to reconcile the historical world lying behind the Apocalypse with the narrative world presented by the text. Such figures as James A. T. Robinson, Adela Yarbro Collins, and Leonard Thompson have considerably advanced the discussion in our time. However, these recent attempts to detail the relationship between Christianity and pagan society have so dominated the attention of scholars that a serious discussion of the tensionswithinthe Asia Minor Christian communities has been largely neglected. The present study is offered as a partial corrective to this trend.
Die Hellenisten und die Urgemeinde
Authors: Larsson Edvin
Published: February 2009

Als Lukas in Apg 6 die beiden Gruppen hellenistai und hebraioi einführt, beginnt er eine neue Phase in seiner Schilderung der Geschichte der Urgemeinde. Das relativ friedliche Dasein im Schutze des Tempels und des jüdischen Kultes ist zu Ende. Die Dramatik nimmt ihren Anfang. Die umwälzenden Geschehnisse führen zu Massenflucht der Christen aus Jerusalem, was seinerseits wiederum eine Ausweitung des Verbreitungsgebietes der christlichen Botschaft bewirkt – sowohl geographisch als auch religiössoziologisch. Das Christentum fasst nun definitiver auf ausserpalästinenzischem Boden Fuss, und die Christusverkündigung wird auch an nichtjüdische Gruppen und Völker gerichtet. Im Zentrum dieser umwälzenden Geschehnisse stehen die Hellenisten.
La Mort d' Ananias et Saphira (Ac 5.1–11) dans la stratégie narrative de Luc
Authors: Marguerat Daniel
Published: February 2009

1.1 L'histoire du jugement de Dieu sur Ananias et Saphira (Ac 5.1–11) compte parmi les épisodes les plus pathétiques du livre des Actes. L'art lucanien de la dramatisation atteint ici un sommet. La fin tragique d'Ananias foudroyé par la parole dénonciatrice de Pierre, son enterrement hâtif, puis la venue de Saphira ignorante du drame, son mensonge public suivi de sa mort annoncée sur un ton d'humour noir (5.9b): l'effet pragmatique cherché par le narrateur est programmé par le scénario; il s'inscrit aussi dans le texte lui-même: ‘un grand effroi saisit ceux qui l'entendaient’ (5.5, 11). L'histoire est destinée à provoquer la crainte.
Jews and Judaism in Luke–Acts: Reading as a Godfearer
Authors: Tyson Joseph B.
Published: February 2009

It is difficult to find a more vigorously debated topic in NT studies today than the issue of anti-Judaism in early Christian documents in general and in Luke–Acts in particular. In regard to Luke–Acts, the range of viewpoints to be found among scholars is truly bewildering. In order to set the context for explicating my own position, I will outline my understanding of the contributions of Jacob Jervell and Jack T. Sanders, whose approaches appear to stand at opposite poles from one another and establish the limits within which other scholars customarily work.
A Paradigm Perplex: Luke, Matthew and Mark
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: February 2009

In their recent survey of the synoptic problem E. P. Sanders and M. Davies argue that a complicated solution must be held to be the most likely, and conclude,

Mark probably did sometimes conflate material which came separately to Matthew and Luke (so the Griesbach hypothesis), and Matthew probably did conflate material which came separately to Mark and Luke (the twosource hypothesis). Thus we think that Luke knew Matthew (so Goulder, the Griesbachians and others) and that both Luke and Matthew were the original authors of some of their sayings material (so especially Goulder). Following Boismard, we think it likely that one or more of the gospels existed in more than one edition, and that the gospels as we have them may have been dependent on more than one proto- or intermediate gospel.
Die Geschichtstheologie von Röm 9–11 im Lichte philonischer Schriftauslegung
Authors: Haacker Klaus
Published: February 2009

In seinerManson Memorial Lecturevon 1965 hat Henry Chadwick eine Lanze dafür gebrochen, die Literatur des hellenistischen Judentums bevorzugt zur Erhellung der Theologie des Neuen Testaments heranzuziehen und nicht von den neu entdeckten Qumran-Schriften verdrängen zu lassen.1Sein Plädoyer scheint, was Philo betrifft, nicht allzu viel bewegt zu haben; jedenfalls nennt das Register der Philo-Bibliographie von Roberto Radice und David Runia nach 1966 nur eine einzige Untersuchung zum Thema ‘Paulus und Philo’ im ganzen.2Anscheinend können sich Exegeten, die auf Paulus eingeschworen sind, nur wenig für Philo erwärmen3. Dafür gibt es sicher Gründe im unterschiedlichen Profil dieser beiden Theologen; aber es könnte auch damit zusammenhängen, daβ die Wirkungsgeschichte des einen und das Image des anderen unnötig weit auseinanderklaffen. Bei beiden hat die neuere Forschung dazu geführt, das jüdische Erbe höher zu veranschlagen als früher.4Das Könnte sie auch einander näherbringen; erneute vergleichende Lektüre scheint also angezeigt.
Das agonistische Motiv 1 Kor 9.24ff. im Spiegel zeitgenössischer dokumentarischer Quellen
Authors: Papathomas Amphilochios
Published: February 2009

In 1 Kor 9.24ff. findet sich die in der christlichen Literatur sehr verbreitete Metapher des Christen als Athleten. Das agonistische Motiv bei Paulus ist bereits zum Gegenstand der früheren Paulus-Forschung geworden. Die Exegese hat allerdings bislang als Vergleichsmaterial hauptsachlich literarische Quellen herangezogen. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werde ich in ester Linie Informationen aus dokumentarischen Texten auswerten. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, den zeitgenössischen Hintergrund des paulinischen Textes zu analysieren um festzustellen, inwiefern das Bild des Paulus den real existierenden Gegebenheiten seiner Zeit entspricht. Zu diesem Zweck bieten die papyrologischen Urkunden nicht nur reiches Vergleichsmaterial, sondern sie sind auch unmittelbare Zeugen des alltäglichen Lebens in einer Palästina benachbarten södöstlichen Provinz des römischen Reiches. Obwohl viele von den agonistischen Papyri erst aus dem 3. Jh. n.Chr. stammen, sind sie trotzdem repräsentativ für die Situation in der gesamten römischen Kaiserzeit. Dies ergibt sich u.a. aus den griechischen agonistischen Inschriften, die in die gesamte römische Kaiserzeit datiert sind und neben den Papyri in der vorliegenden Arbeit als Vergleichsmaterial herangezogen werden sollen. Mei-stens stammen sie zwar nicht aus dem vorderen Orient, sondern aus anderen östlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches. Aus diesem Grund sind sie jedoch nicht weniger interessant, zumal die Informationen, die sie uns liefern, den gesamten hellenisierten Teil des Reiches betreffen.
Hebrews 13.9–16 Revisited
Authors: Isaacs Marie E.
Published: February 2009

Many years ago I watched a television programme on the art of acting. It was a ‘Masterclass’ conducted by Dame Flora Robson. She took a group of Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts’ students, divided them into four separate groups, and then asked each to act out a scene. Each separate cast was given the same script, but, unbeknown to the others, each group was given an entirely different background to the setting of the scene. We then saw the results; four readings, each with the same lines but understood completely differently.
On Further Defining the First–Century CE Synagogue: Fact or Fiction? a Rejoinder to H. C. Kee
Authors: Atkinson Kenneth
Published: February 2009

Recently in this journal H. C. Kee has exposed and refuted perceived anachronistic notions concerning the existence of the pre-70 CE synagogue.1According to Kee's thesis, the pre-70 CE synagogue was not a distinctive architectural edifice, but a voluntary gathering place for worship. Kee writes:

The earliest distinct buildings date from the third century, and vary widely in style and interior arrangements. There is simply no evidence to speak of synagogues in Palestine as architecturally distinguishable edifices prior to 200 CE. Evidence of meeting places: ‘Yes’, both in private homes and in public buildings. Evidence of distinctive architectural features of a place of worship or for study of Torah: ‘No’.2

As a result, Kee attempts to redate the Theodotus inscription, our major epigraphical source for the pre-70 CE Palestinian synagogue, to the ‘mid–second to late third century CE’.3This late dating is necessary in Kee's theory, since this inscription documents a succession of synagogue rulers, extending back to Theodotus’ grandfather, which would place the Palestinian synagogue and its institutions well into the first century BCE.
Literary Evidences of a Fivefold Structure in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Smith Christopher R.
Published: February 2009

The current shift in emphasis in gospel studies from redaction criticism to literary criticism has called into question a longstanding belief about the structure of Matthew's gospel. Mark Allan Powell has described this shift and its effects succinctly in a recent article. Redaction criticism, he writes, has operated with premises which imply that ‘the changes an evangelist makes in the organization of source materials are especially significant for the determination of structure’. Redaction critics, therefore, having observed that ‘Matthew has added a large quantity of discourse material to what was taken over from Mark and has organized this material into five great blocks’, have favoured structural outlines that ‘organize the Gospel around these five prominent blocks of discourse’.1
‘To Master his own Vessel’. 1 thess 4.4 in Light of new Qumran Evidence
Authors: Elgvin Torleif
Published: February 2009

A parenetic text from Qumran, which is only unofficially published, refers to‘the vessel of your bosom’. This passage might shed new light on the enigmatic σκη⋯оς of 1 Thess 4.4.

The passage in question belongs to one of the admonition sections of Sapiential Work A from Qumran. Sap. Work A is a sapiential composition preserved in seven fragmentary copies, one from Cave 1 (1Q26) and six from Cave 4 (4Q415/416/417/418a/418b/423). Six copies display early Herodian script (30 BC – 20 AD), while one (4Q423) represents a late Herodian hand (1 – 50 AD). The high number of copies and the fact that this book was being copied even until a late stage in the history of the Qumran settlement shows that it was highly regarded within the Essene Community.
Patristic Evidence and the Textual Criticism of the New Testament
Authors: Metzger Bruce M.
Published: February 2009

Of the three kinds of evidence which are used in ascertaining the text of the New Testament – namely, evidence supplied by Greek manuscripts, by early versions, and by scriptural quotations preserved in the writings of the Church Fathers - it is the last which involves the greatest diffculties and the most problems. There are difficulties, first of all, in obtaining the evidence, not only because of the labour of combing through the very extensive literary remains of the Fathers in search of quotations from the New Testament, but also because satisfactory editions of the works of many of the Fathers have not yet been produced. More than once in earlier centuries an otherwise well-meaning editor accommodated the biblical quotations contained in a given patristic document to the current text of the New Testament against the authority of the manuscripts of the document.1 Part of the problem, more-over, is that exactly the same thing took place prior to the invention of printing. As Hort pointed out, ‘Whenever a transcriber of a patristic treatise was copying a quotation differing from the text to which he was accustomed, he had virtually two originals before him, one present to his eyes, the other to his mind; and if the difference struck him, he was not unlikely to treat the written examplar as having blundered.’2.
Die Täuferüberlieferung des Matthäus und ihre Verarbeitung durch Lukas
Authors: Wilkens W.
Published: February 2009

Die Täuferüberlieferung der Evangelien steht nicht am Rande. Das gilt sonderlich für Matthäus und Lukas, die über Markus hinaus eine breitere Wortüberlieferung kennen. Dabei handelt es sich vor allem urn zwei Komplexe: die Täuferreden Mt 3 par Lk 3 und das an die Johannesfrage anschließende Urteil Jesu über den Täufer Mt 11.2–19 par Lk 7.18–35. Die weitgehende Parallelität der Überlieferung wird gemeinhin damit begrüindet, daß beide Evange-listen aus Q schöpfen. Eher ist aber an literarische Abhangigkeit von Matthäus zu denken. Daß Lukas das Matthäusevangelium kennt und literarisch benutzt, habe ich schon an anderem Ort dargelegt. Da sich diese These nicht allgemeiner Anerkennung erfreut, soil sie am Beispiel der Täuferüberlieferung weiter erhärtet werden. Das Gewicht der Täuferüberlieferung im Lukasevangelium zeigen schon die Kindheitserzählungen in den ersten beiden Kapiteln. Hier werden Johannes und Jesus in überbietender Parallelität einander zugeordnet. Auf eine solche überbietende Paralellität stoßen wir auch in dem viel diskutierten Vers Lk 16. 16, mit dem wir die Untersuchung beginnen.
Examining Priorities: Another Look at the Gospel of Peter's Relationship to the New Testament Gospels
Authors: Kirk Alan
Published: February 2009

Ever since a fragment of the Gospel of Peter was discovered at Akhmîm in 1886–7, and published in 1892, scholarship has been divided over its relationship to the New Testament gospels. In 1892 J. Armitage Robinson argued that the gospel was a tendentious appropriation of canonical material which contained no traces of a primitive Urevangelium. In 1893 Adolf von Harnack argued tentatively for its independence from the canonical gospels, while Theodore Zahn argued for a late date and complete dependence upon the four gospels. In the flurry of articles and monographs which followed, scholars aligned themselves with one or the other of these two positions, depending upon whether they viewed the new gospel's similarities with, or divergences from, the New Testament gospels as being more decisive. Since both striking similarities and striking divergences appear throughout the Gospel of Peter, a stalemate was soon reached, and scholarly interest in the question declined. In the late 1920s Gardner-Smith could write that ‘interest in the discovery has waned’, and Léon Vaganay that ‘a virtual silence has fallen upon the journals’. In his commentary Vaganay attempted to settle the argument in favour of the Gospel of Peter's dependence. Using literary criticism he showed how the material in the gospel could be seen as a free literary re-working of the texts of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, a re-working driven by sectarian and apologetic interests, as well as by the personal predilections of its author.
More Efficient Teaching of New Testament Greek
Authors: Whale P. R.
Published: February 2009

There are several objectives in teaching New Testament Greek and these to a large extent overlap. Our final goals for students include a good command of the structure and working of the language, along with an ability to read the New Testament in Greek with comfort, while intermediate goals include insights into the nature of the language, the nature of translation, and the nature of the text.
The Unitary Character of Luke 22.24–30
Authors: Nelson Peter K.
Published: February 2009

Scholarship has commonly treated the sayings in the Lukan Last Supper discourse (22.14–38) more or less as pearls on a string; it is their poignancy as separate elements rather than any significant unifying features to which attention has typically been drawn. This is especially apparent when one surveys research on Luke 22.24–30. Until recently it has been usual for scholarly work on this text to be heavily influenced (sometimes unconsciously) by tradition-historical concerns, with the result that 22.24–7 and 22.28–30 are analyzed as independent sayings. Consequently, the lack of a parallel in Luke 22.24–7 to the ransom saying in Mark 10.41–5 is a common point of scholarly interest, as are possible developments from a ‘Q’ form behind Luke 22.28–30 and Matt 19.28. This type of approach, with its primary focus on layers of tradition, however, has often prevented scholarship from exploring or even observing the unifying features of Luke's finished work in 22.24–30.
Paul and His Co-Workers: For the Very Rev. Professor James S. Stewart on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday
Authors: Ellis E. Earle
Published: February 2009

Although St Paul had no disciples, on μαθηραι, he did have many associates. These persons present something of a puzzle to the student of Christian origins, both in the titles and functions that are ascribed to them and, more generally, in the precise relationship that had to Paul. A clarification of their role may serve to illuminate the structure of the early Christian mission as well as a number of problems within the Pauline letters.
The New Testament and Apocalyptic
Authors: Rollins Wayne G.
Published: February 2009

In 1960, E. Käsemann wrote his now well-known essay, Die Anfänge christlicher Theologie’, in which he set out to explore the terra incognita of Christian beginnings. His objective was to allow ‘full validity’ to any ‘alien element’ he might find there. Käsemann identified the alien element he discovered as ‘apocalyptic’. The conclusion Käsemann drew from this discovery, spelled out in his first paper and its sequel, ‘Zum Thema der urchristlichen Apokalyptic’, was that this ‘apocalyptic…was the mother of all Christian theology’.
The Sources of the Gospel of John: An Assessment of the Present State of the Problem
Authors: Smith D. Moody
Published: February 2009

For more than one hundred years scholars have endeavoured to discover and separate the sources or literary strata believed to be embedded in the Gospel of John. Previous attempts to explain the origin of the Fourth Gospel by theories of aGrundschriftor literary sources and redaction, not to mention rearrangement, found their culmination and were probably superseded when, over twenty years ago, Rudolf Bultmann set forth a comprehensive literary theory in his magisterialDas Evangelium des Johannes. Bultmann's work has given a measure of unity to the subsequent discussion of the literary problem where it has been taken into account. Those who sharply disagree with Bultmann have found it a convenient bench-mark by which to gain a perspective on the problems of the gospel. His theory, worked out in most minute detail, involves the evangelist's use of sources, the presumably accidental disruption of the original textual order, and the (incorrect) restoration and editorial expansion of the text by an ecclesiastical redactor. Any discussion of recent developments in this area will naturally and appropriately begin with his work.
The Circumcision and the Uncircumcision in Rome
Authors: Marcus Joel
Published: February 2009

In a recently-published article, P. Stuhlmacher has outlined three major contemporary theories of the occasion of Paul's letter to the Romans: 1) Romans is addressed to a specific situation within the Roman community itself, 2) it is composed primarily with Paul's forthcoming delivery of the collection to Jerusalem in mind, and 3) it emerges from a convergence of the first two motivations. While not wishing to deny that the Jerusalem trip was a preoccupation of Paul as he composed Romans (see Romans 15. 25, 30–32), I intend in this study to strengthen the Roman side of the equation, first by surveying a range of arguments about the Roman situation as it relates to the letter, then by suggesting a new approach to the question.
The Role of Jesus' Opponents in the Markan Drama
Authors: Smith Stephen H.
Published: February 2009

Discussions on the possibility that Mark's Gospel may have been modelled, either consciously or subconsciously, on Greek tragic drama have gathered momentum in recent years. It has also been shown that a most important feature of Greek tragedy is the repetitive device of ‘foreshadowing’, a technique which has rightly been seen as essential to the development of mnemonic structures in oral epic. The use of this device in the Bible, it may be argued, is no less pronounced than in Greek drama. C. H. Lohr, in particular, has argued strongly for the presence of foreshadowing in Matthew's Gospel, and it is our purpose here to enquire whether the writer of the Second Gospel, too, was aware of this dramatic device. Matthew achieved the desired effect by means of dream episodes (Matt 1. 20; 2. 12, 13, 19, 22; 27. 19) and the repetition of divine names, especially ‘Son of David’, at strategic points (Matt 9. 27; 12. 23; 15. 22; 20. 30, 31; 22. 43). There are certainly no dream narratives in Mark's Gospel, and even the references to divine titles may seem to have been arranged in a somewhat arbitrary fashion at first glance. On the other hand, it can hardly be denied that we find in Mark's vivid account an inexorable drift towards death: the inevitable shadow of the cross falls across the text even as early as Mark 2. 20 – the disciples may not fast until ‘that day’ when the bridegroom is taken from them. And there is the hint of opposition to Jesus even prior to that! There is little doubt in my mind that Mark was keenly aware of the effective use to which the device of foreshadowing could be put, but his technique differs from that which Lohr has ascribed to Matthew. In true tragic style he wants to emphasise the inevitability of the cross as the omega point of Jesus' destiny, and to do that he uses not dreams or prophecies, but actors who engage Jesus in controversy or conflict at strategic points within the gospel story. It matters to Mark who these actors are, what role they play, and precisely when and where they make their entrances on stage. We shall thus be concerned to show, in the remainder of this paper, how the Evangelist treats the various groups of Jewish opponents as a literary device for foreshadowing Jesus' crucifixion.
‘Ask, and it will be Given …’ Toward Writing the History of a Logion
Authors: Goldsmith Dale
Published: February 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: We have attempted to indicate that the ask-logion of Matthew 7. 7a, 8a is an independent saying (probably of Jesus himself) which originally called for or described a response within the context of the earliest, eschatological preaching of the Kingdom of God. The uncontrolled and volatile possibilities inherent in this independent saying led the church to begin a process of ‘definition’ of the saying. In this process the context in which the saying is found changes and often its form undergoes changes in order to bring the saying within the church's understanding of what was possible and permissible. The pressures of the ecclesiastical and the eschatological ethical traditions are both present in the Matthean version. A very sketchy suggestion (arising from our study) for the plotting of this development is offered in the accompanying diagram.
Positional Stylometry Reassessed: Testing a Seven Epistle Theory of Pauline Authorship
Authors: Mealand David L.
Published: February 2009

It is well known that earlier ways of measuring the style of Paul's epistles have in recent years been supplemented by specific tests based on calculations of the frequency of certain particles, sentence lengths, use of the subjunctive, use of specific tenses and the like. Two prominent works using such methods reach very different conclusions. In an important recent book Anthony Kenny puts forward a conclusion phrased in terms which reflect the judicious caution of one well versed in philosophy. He does not boldly assert that it is probable that Paul wrote twelve of the surviving epistles, merely that on the evidence which he collected he saw ‘no reason to reject the hypothesis that twelve of the Pauline epistles are the work of a single, unusually versatile author’.
Excystation ofCryptosporidium parvumat temperatures that are reached during solar water disinfection
Authors: GÓMEZ-COUSO H. , FONTÁN-SAINZ M. , FERNÁNDEZ-ALONSO J. , ARES-MAZÁS E.
Published: February 2009

Species belonging to the generaCryptosporidiumare recognized as waterborne pathogens. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a simple method that involves the use of solar radiation to destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause waterborne diseases. A notable increase in water temperature and the existence of a large number of empty or partially excysted (i.e. unviable) oocysts have been observed in previous SODIS studies with water experimentally contaminated withCryptosporidium parvumoocysts under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the temperatures that can be reached during exposure of water samples to natural sunlight (37–50°C), on the excystation ofC. parvumin the absence of other stimuli. In samples exposed to 40–48°C, a gradual increase in the percentage of excystation was observed as the time of exposure increased and a maximum of 53·81% of excystation was obtained on exposure of the water to a temperature of 46°C for 12 h (versus8·80% initial isolate). Under such conditions, the oocyst infectivity evaluated in a neonatal murine model decreased statistically with respect to the initial isolate (19·38%versus100%). The results demonstrate the important effect of the temperature on the excystation ofC. parvumand therefore on its viability and infectivity.
The natural course and the impact of therapies of cardiac involvement in the mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Fesslová Vlasta , Corti Paola , Sersale Giovanna , Rovelli Attilio , Russo Pierluigi , Mannarino Savina , Butera Gianfranco , Parini Rossella
Published: February 2009

Objective

To analyze cardiac involvement and its progression in mucopolysaccharidoses, and to assess the short term impact of new therapeutic strategies.

Patients and methods

We studied echocardiographically 57 patients with various types of mucopolysaccharidoses, specifically types I, II, III, IV and VI, with a median age at the diagnosis of cardiac involvement of 5 years, following them for a median of 4.6 years, with a range from 0.9 to 21.2 years. We used a scoring system, along with the so-called delta score, to quantify the severity of involvement at baseline and at last examination, and to chart their progression over time.

Results

Cases with cardiac involvement increased from 59.6% to 87.3% at the last examination. The scores increased with age, and were significantly different according to the specific type of mucopolysaccharidosis. Involvement of the mitral valve was most common, often associated with an aortic valvar anomaly and/or left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with the first and second types had more severe involvement than those with the third or fourth types. Patients undergoing transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells seem to stabilize after an initial worsening while, in contrast, we were unable to demonstrate an effect of enzyme replacement therapy on the progression of the cardiac disease, possibly because those receiving such treatment had a higher median age, more severe cardiac disease and shorter follow-up.

Conclusions

Cardiac involvement was present early in more than a half of the patients identified as having mucopolysaccharidosis, and generally progressed, being more frequent and severe in the first and second types of the disease. Longer follow-up is needed to demonstrate any significant improvement induced by new therapies.
Agents of death: the structural logic of suicide terrorism and martyrdom
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: February 2009

While the strategic objectives of those who organize suicide terrorism may be explained in rationalist terms, the choice of those who volunteer to be candidates for death is far more problematic, given the high premium, at least within international relations theory, on survival as the ultimate rational end. The rational choice model also makes it difficult to take language or emotion into account as factors in constituting the meaning of the act. This article begins with an observation: In Western discourse the acts of human bombs tend to be referred to as ‘suicide terrorism’ or ‘suicide bombings’; by contrast the terminology of ‘martyrdom operations’ is more prevalent in the Arab and Muslim Middle East, or among Islamists in the West. The first section of the paper examines the importance of context for understanding the rationality of an action. The second explores ‘martyrdom’ and ‘suicide’ as two distinct frameworks for giving meaning to an act of voluntary death in the post-9/11 world, and the emotional dynamics that link these two ‘games’ to a larger structural logic. The third section further develops the structural logic that emerges from the interaction of the two. The conclusions analyse the significance of this argument for rethinking both the structural dynamics of this international context, as well as the theoretical model of games.
Proportional Reasoning as a Heuristic-Based Process
Authors: Gillard Ellen , Van Dooren Wim , Schaeken Walter , Verschaffel Lieven
Published: February 2009

The present study interprets the overuse of proportional solution methods from a dual process framework. Dual process theories claim that analytic operations involve time-consuming executive processing, whereas heuristic operations are fast and automatic. In two experiments to test whether proportional reasoning is heuristic-based, the participants solved “proportional” problems, for which proportional solution methods provide correct answers, and “nonproportional” problems known to elicit incorrect answers based on the assumption of proportionality. In Experiment 1, the available solution time was restricted. In Experiment 2, the executive resources were burdened with a secondary task. Both manipulations induced an increase in proportional answers and a decrease in correct answers to nonproportional problems. These results support the hypothesis that the choice for proportional methods is heuristic-based.
Modeling river dune evolution using a parameterization of flow separation
Authors: Paarlberg Andries J. , Dohmen‐Janssen C. Marjolein , Hulscher Suzanne J. M. H. , Termes Paul
Published: February 2009

This paper presents an idealized morphodynamic model to predict river dune evolution. The flow field is solved in a vertical plane assuming hydrostatic pressure conditions. The sediment transport is computed using a Meyer‐Peter–Müller type of equation, including gravitational bed slope effects and a critical bed shear stress. To avoid the necessity of modeling the complex flow inside the flow separation zone, we follow an approach similar to one used earlier to simulate the dynamics of wind‐blown desert dunes. In case of flow separation, the separation streamline acts as an artificial bed and sediment avalanches down the leeside distributing evenly on the leeside at the angle of repose. Model results show that bed slope effects play a crucial role in the determination of the fastest‐growing wavelength from a linear analysis. Flow separation is shown to be crucial to take into account if the dune lee exceeds a certain threshold slope. If flow separation is not included, dune shapes are incorrectly predicted and the dune height saturates at an early stage of bed form evolution, yielding an underprediction of dune height and time to equilibrium. The local bed slope at the dune crest plays a critical role for obtaining an equilibrium dune height. The simulation model is able to predict the main characteristics of dune evolution, such as dune asymmetry, dune growth, and saturation at a certain dune height. Dune dimensions, migration rates, and times to equilibrium compare reasonably well to various data sets.
River stream flows in the northern Québec Labrador region: A multivariate change point analysis via maximum likelihood
Authors: Jandhyala Venkata K. , Liu Pengyu , Fotopoulos Stergios B.
Published: February 2009

Spring stream flows of six rivers that flow in the northern Québec Labrador region are modeled in a multivariate Gaussian framework and have been analyzed for possible change points in their average flows. The multivariate formulation takes into account correlations among the flows of the six rivers that flow in the same region. Significant change was detected in the multivariate mean vector, and the unknown change point is estimated by the method of maximum likelihood estimation. We then establish the asymptotic distribution of the change point maximum likelihood estimate, wherein we show that the multivariate case can be transformed into an equivalent univariate problem. A simulation study is carried out to investigate the robustness of the asymptotic distribution to departures from normality and independence as well as its closeness to finite samples. The asymptotic distribution allowed us to compute confidence interval estimates of the change point in the river flows. A decrease in the mean river flows in 1984 identified by the methodology may have been a consequence of a sharp decline in the region's snow cover that occurred about a year or two ahead.
First satellite detection of volcanic bromine monoxide emission after the Kasatochi eruption
Authors: Theys N. , Van Roozendael M. , Dils B. , Hendrick F. , Hao N. , De Mazière M.
Published: February 2009

Large enhancements of the BrO total column have been detected from analysis of nadir earthshine UV‐visible radiance observations by the GOME‐2 satellite instrument in the vicinity of the Kasatochi volcano (Alaska) during several days after its eruption on the 7 August 2008. The transport of the volcanic plume has been simulated using the FLEXPART dispersion model, and evidence is found that the injection altitude of the BrO plume was located between 8 and 12 km altitude, i.e., in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere region. Based on these results, the total mass of reactive bromine emitted by the volcano is estimated to be in the range from 50 to 120 tons.
Regulation of the centrifugal interchange cycle in Saturn's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Kidder A. , Winglee R. M. , Harnett E. M.
Published: February 2009

Multifluid modeling of Saturn's magnetosphere produces the first numerical simulation showing the development of hot, tenuous plasma from the plasma sheet interchanging with cold, denser plasma from the inner magnetosphere. Individual injection events are seen regularly by Cassini, but with a single observation it is impossible to determine the global distribution. Multifluid simulations enable us to characterize the growth and development of not merely one injection event but show that it is a global process dependent on both the plasma distribution of ions from Enceladus and forcing by solar wind conditions. Development of the interchange arises in a fashion similar to a Rayleigh‐Taylor instability, except that the heavy ions are being driven outward not by gravity but by centrifugal forces. Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parallel to the planetary magnetic field reduces centrifugal forcing, whereas antiparallel IMF increases the forcing, by altering the bowl‐like shape of the plasma sheet. However, the interchange instability also develops under normally quiet parallel IMF conditions when the mass loading of the Enceladus torus is increased. The total number of interchange events is 1–2 higher for the antiparallel case versus the increased mass case. Interchange develops in the vicinity of 7 RS, and once the fingers of cold plasma reach ∼12–14 RS (close to the inner edge of the plasma sheet) they spread in the azimuthal direction, because of the fact that the magnetic field is too weak to keep the fingers solidly locked in rotation. The derived energy characteristics of the interchanging plasma are shown to be consistent with Cassini data.
OH layer characteristics during unusual boreal winters of 2004 and 2006
Authors: Winick J. R. , Wintersteiner P. P. , Picard R. H. , Esplin D. , Mlynczak M. G. , Russell J. M. , Gordley L. L.
Published: February 2009

We report observations of unusual mesospheric OH airglow made by the SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite. During portions of the boreal winters of 2004 and 2006, and over much of the region poleward of 60°N, the OH layer was ∼5–8 km lower than normal and twice as bright. Using retrieved volume emission rates (VERs) in two SABER channels, we document the characteristics, spatial extent, and temporal variability of the anomalous behavior. We show that it is correlated with unusual mesospheric and upper stratospheric temperature patterns that have been reported, and other observations. The unusual layer properties are likely produced by enhanced downward transport of atomic oxygen, a circumstance consistent with the planetary wave dynamics thought to be responsible for the other changes. These observations raise the possibility of using easily observed OH airglow as a proxy for perturbed meteorological conditions.
Seasonal variations of the ionospheric electron densities retrieved from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate mission radio occultation measurements
Authors: Liu Libo , Zhao Biqiang , Wan Weixing , Ning Baiqi , Zhang Man‐Lian , He Maosheng
Published: February 2009

We collected the ionospheric electron density (Ne) profiles from the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (F3/C) radio occultation measurements to investigate the seasonal behaviors of daytime Ne in the altitude range of 200–560 km. Harmonic analysis of the Ne at different altitudes provides unprecedented detail of the seasonal behaviors of Ne at low solar activity (LSA). Global maps of seasonal harmonic components indicate that there are strong annual and semiannual variations in daytime Ne, which have distinct latitudinal and altitudinal dependency. The semiannual component predominates over the annual variation in the equatorial regions and at high latitudes in the East Asian and South Atlantic sectors at low altitudes, and at higher altitudes the semiannual component predominates in the equatorial region, but recedes in other regions. The semiannual variation peaks in equinoctial months in most regions, while it has maxima in solstice months, first in the South Pacific region (around 30°S, 120°W) at 250 km altitude and expanding over the South Pacific and South Atlantic oceans at higher altitudes. Moreover, there is a region around 45°S, 30°W with a dominant semiannual component, moving toward east‐north with increasing altitude in the range of 200–270 km. These two interesting features are novel but are not reported yet. The relative amplitude of the annual component of Ne has hemispheric asymmetry, which is prominent at high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. The winter/seasonal anomaly widely exists in the Northern Hemisphere and southern low latitudes and in Indian Ocean region at low altitudes but gradually disappears at higher altitudes. Further, in equatorial regions, a new finding is the obvious wave‐like pattern in the longitudinal structure of the amplitudes of seasonal harmonic components in equatorial regions, which supports possible couplings of sources with lower atmospheric origins in the longitudinal variations of Ne.
Thrusting in oceanic crust during continental drift offshore Niger Delta, equatorial Africa
Authors: Briggs Sepribo Eugene , Davies Richard J. , Cartwright Joe , Morgan Richard
Published: February 2009

Two‐ and three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic reflection data acquired over oceanic crust in the deepwater west Niger Delta reveal convincing evidence for compressional tectonics during oceanic crustal spreading. Using the 3‐D seismic data set we describe numerous inclined seismic reflections that dissect the entire oceanic crust from the top of the crust to the level of the Moho that are interpreted as thrusts. Thrust propagation results in the development of associated hanging‐wall anticlines and footwall synclines. These structures are orthogonal to and clearly postdate normal faults that formed during the accretion of oceanic crust during continental drift and strike at right angles to them. The Charcot Ridge is located 140 km south of these thrusts and is a significantly larger structure. It is a triangular‐shaped uplifted region of oceanic crust measuring 80 by 150 km and is located along the NE–SW‐oriented Charcot Fracture Zone. Two interpretations are possible for the role of the fracture zone in the development of the Charcot Ridge: (1) A thin‐skinned model whereby the oceanic crust west of the fracture zone has been thrust southeastward, with detachment occurring close to the level of the Moho. The ridge forms as a result of translation and folding above a crustal‐scale ramp‐flat thrust geometry. (2) A thick‐skinned model where there is no detachment close to the Moho, with the thrust fault being much steeper, penetrating the crust and probably the mantle lithosphere. In this interpretation the structure formed owing to the compressional reactivation of the fracture zone. Approximate dating of onlapping reflections on either side of the ridge constrains the timing of its formation as between 25 and 120 Ma ago. The Charcot Ridge represents one of the largest thrust structures to be identified in a passive margin setting. Many other compressional folds with the same orientation formed to the northeast in the Benue Trough, probably during the Santonian, as a result of a change in the spreading direction during South Atlantic rifting. We speculate that the same causal mechanism applies for the formation of the Charcot Ridge.
Outcomes Measurement and Management: Cost and Benefits of Reflective Supervision
Authors: Vega-Barachowitz Carmen D. , Brown Jean C.
Published: February 2009

The article explores the cost and benefits of reflective supervision by using journalizing. Ten students’ journals are analyzed using content analysis to look for recurring themes and categories. The final categories are used to make assertions about how student clinicians and their supervisor used the journals to work through critical issues in a university pre-school program. Eight assertions are made about the ways student clinicians used journals and they include: asking for help, venting anger, solving problems, speculating, reflecting, tattling, and giving the supervisor positive and negative feedback. Five assertions are made about how their supervisor used the journals. The journals were used to affirm, to comment, to reinforce behaviors, to share experiences, and to express anger. The findings suggest that journals are a useful tool for clinical teaching.

Do I really need to get up and do this again? Why can’t I just stay in the bed and pull the covers over my head? It is the beginning of the semester. I get a new group of graduate students and they get the same old lecture. How many times have I done this orientation? I’mlosing track of time. Maybe this group will be better. OK. I’ll just get up and get it over with.

It’s the end of the first day. That wasn’t so bad. “Jean, can I talk to you? Would now be a good time?” Oh, no! What is it now? Is she going to tell me that she hates this practica? Is she going to tell me that she’s quitting? “Jean, I really want to talk about the journals. I’ve been looking over the format and I just don’t want to share myself, but I don’t want this to effect my grade.”