bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Two‐Photon Pumped Lasing from ZnSe Nanowires
Authors: Xing Guichuan , Luo Jingshan , Li Hongxing , Wu Bo , Liu Xinfeng , Huan Cheng Hon Alfred , Fan Hong Jin , Sum Tze Chien
Published: February 2013

The carrier recombination dynamics in ZnSe nanowires (NWs) remain poorly understood despite more than a decade of research since their inception in 2001. Herein, through a comprehensive pump fluence‐ and temperature‐dependent two‐photon excitation (TPE) study, a clear picture of the carrier relaxation pathways, intrinsic lifetimes, exciton oscillator strengths, and exciton‐phonon interactions is presented for this NW system. Contrary to a common perception that the higher pump intensities needed to achieve two‐photon‐excited photoluminescence correspond to a higher exciton density threshold (nth) for two‐photon pumped lasing, it is found that a much lower nth is needed to achieve lasing with TPE compared to single‐photon excitation (SPE) of the same ZnSe NWs. This measurement is further supported by the greatly enhanced lasing action photostability characteristics of the ZnSe NWs under TPE. These findings have significant implications on the design and the tailoring of the optoelectronic properties of nanowire lasers.
Mild Metal‐Free Intramolecular Oxidative Alkylation of a Csp3H Bond Adjacent to a Nitrogen Atom: A Versatile Approach to Ring‐Fused Tetrahydroquinolines
Authors: Zhang Gen , Wang Shoulei , Ma Yunxia , Kong Weidong , Wang Rui
Published: February 2013

A metal‐free intramolecular oxidative cross‐coupling reaction for the constructing Csp3Csp3 bonds mediated by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) under mild conditions was realized for the first time. This novel strategy provides a simple, efficient, and environmentally friendly access to diverse ring‐fused tetrahydroquinoline derivatives.
Marfan syndrome caused by a novel FBN1 mutation with associated pigmentary glaucoma
Authors: Kuchtey John , Chang Ta Chen , Panagis Lampros , Kuchtey Rachel W.
Published: February 2013

Mutations in fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) cause a wide spectrum of disorders, including Marfan syndrome, which have in common defects in fibrillin‐1 microfibrils. Ectopia lentis and myopia are frequently observed ocular manifestations of Marfan syndrome. Glaucoma is also associated with Marfan syndrome, though the form of glaucoma has not been well‐characterized. In this report, ocular examination of a patient diagnosed with Marfan syndrome based on family history and aortic dilatation was performed, including measurement of facility of aqueous humor outflow by tonography. The patient did not have ectopia lentis at the age of 42 years. Based on optic nerve appearance, reduced outflow facility, elevated IOP with open angles and clear signs of pigment dispersion, the patient was diagnosed with pigmentary glaucoma. The patient was heterozygous for a novel truncating mutation in FBN1, p.Leu72Ter. Histology of normal human eyes revealed abundant expression of elastic fibers and fibrillin‐1 in aqueous humor outflow structures. This is the first report of a patient with Marfan syndrome that is caused by a confirmed FBN1 mutation with associated pigmentary glaucoma. In addition to identifying a novel mutation of FBN1 and broadening the spectrum of associated ocular phenotypes in Marfan syndrome, our findings suggest that pigmentary glaucoma may involve defects in fibrillin‐1 microfibrils. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diet, Activity, Habitat Use, and Ranging of Two Neighboring Groups of Food‐Enhanced Long‐Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: SHA JOHN CHIH MUN , HANYA GORO
Published: February 2013

We conducted observations of two neighboring groups of food‐enhanced long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) over a period of one year. We examined their diet, behavior, habitat use, and ranging and how within‐population variability reflected differential utilization of anthropogenic food resources. The group that consumed more anthropogenic food spent less time feeding on wild fruits and flowers, less time resting, and more time locomoting. They used forest habitats less often, and had a larger total home range and mean monthly home range. Some of these results contrasted with previous studies of food‐enhanced primates which reported that food‐enhancement resulted in smaller home ranges, shorter daily ranges, less time traveling and feeding, and more time resting. These contrasting patterns may relate to the nature of anthropogenic foods. In most studies of food‐enhanced primates, anthropogenic food resources were abundant and concentrated but the macaques in this study used anthropogenic foods mainly from a few refuse sites where they had limited access, and from dispersed and irregular human provisioning. The group consuming more anthropogenic food therefore showed more spatially dispersed feeding activity and home range use, an effect that was likely further enhanced by lower natural food resource availability within their home range. The Singapore macaque population shows small‐scale variability in feeding and ranging behavior, contributing to the complexity of their adaptive variability in a human‐altered habitat. Our findings could have important implications for mitigating human–macaque conflict as measures applied at a higher spatial or population level may achieve highly inconsistent results, intensifying the challenges for wildlife managers. Am. J. Primatol. 75:581‐592, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma apolipoprotein A1 as a biomarker for Parkinson disease
Authors: Qiang Judy K. , Wong Yvette C. , Siderowf Andrew , Hurtig Howard I. , Xie Sharon X. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Trojanowski John Q. , Yearout Dora , B. Leverenz James , Montine Thomas J. , Stern Matt , Mendick Susan , Jennings Danna , Zabetian Cyrus , Marek Ken , Chen‐Plotkin Alice S.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To identify plasma‐based biomarkers for Parkinson disease (PD) risk.

Methods

In a discovery cohort of 152 PD patients, plasma levels of 96 proteins were measured by multiplex immunoassay; proteins associated with age at PD onset were identified by linear regression. Findings from discovery screening were then assessed in a second cohort of 187 PD patients, using a different technique. Finally, in a third cohort of at‐risk, asymptomatic individuals enrolled in the Parkinson's Associated Risk Study (PARS, n = 134), plasma levels of the top candidate biomarker were measured, and dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging was performed, to evaluate the association of plasma protein levels with dopaminergic system integrity.

Results

One of the best candidate protein biomarkers to emerge from discovery screening was apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1; p = 0.001). Low levels of ApoA1 correlated with earlier PD onset, with a 26% decrease in risk of developing PD associated with each tertile increase in ApoA1 (Cox proportional hazards, p < 0.001, hazard ratio = 0.742). The association between plasma ApoA1 levels and age at PD onset was replicated in an independent cohort of PD patients (p < 0.001). Finally, in the PARS cohort of high‐risk, asymptomatic subjects, lower plasma levels of ApoA1 were associated with greater putaminal DAT deficit (p = 0.037).

Interpretation

Lower ApoA1 levels correlate with dopaminergic system vulnerability in symptomatic PD patients and in asymptomatic individuals with physiological reductions in dopamine transporter density consistent with prodromal PD. Plasma ApoA1 may be a new biomarker for PD risk. ANN NEUROL 2013;74:119–127
Vascular extracellular signal‐regulated kinase mediates migraine‐related sensitization of meningeal nociceptors
Authors: Zhang XiChun , Kainz Vanessa , Zhao Jun , Strassman Andrew M. , Levy Dan
Published: February 2013

Objective

To examine changes in the response properties of meningeal nociceptors that might lead to migraine pain and examine endogenous processes that could play a role in mediating them using a clinically relevant model of migraine triggering, namely infusion of the nitric oxide (NO) donor nitroglycerin (NTG).

Methods

Single‐unit recordings made in the trigeminal ganglion of rats were used to test changes in the activity and mechanosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors in response to administration of the migraine trigger NTG or another NO donor S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine (SNAP) at doses relevant to the human model of migraine headache. Immunohistochemistry and pharmacological manipulations were used to investigate the possible role of meningeal vascular signaling in mediating the responses of meningeal nociceptors to NO.

Results

Infusion of NTG promoted a delayed and robust increase in the mechanosensitivity of meningeal nociceptors, with a time course resembling the development of the delayed migraine headache. A similar sensitization was elicited by dural application of NTG and SNAP. NTG‐evoked delayed meningeal nociceptor sensitization was associated with a robust extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in meningeal arteries. Pharmacological blockade of meningeal ERK phosphorylation inhibited the development of NTG‐evoked delayed meningeal nociceptor sensitization.

Interpretation

The development of delayed mechanical sensitization evoked by the migraine trigger NTG is potentially of great importance as the first finding of a neurophysiological correlate of migraine headache in meningeal nociceptors. The arterial ERK phosphorylation and its involvement in mediating the NTG‐evoked delayed sensitization points to an important, yet unappreciated, role of the meningeal vasculature in the genesis of migraine pain. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:741–750
Cholinergic enhancement of functional networks in older adults with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Pa Judy , Berry Anne S. , Compagnone Mariana , Boccanfuso Jacqueline , Greenhouse Ian , Rubens Michael T. , Johnson Julene K. , Gazzaley Adam
Published: February 2013

Objective

The importance of the cholinergic system for cognitive function has been well documented in animal and human studies. The objective of this study was to elucidate the cognitive and functional connectivity changes associated with enhanced acetylcholine levels. We hypothesized that older adults with mild memory deficits would show behavioral and functional network enhancements with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor treatment (donepezil) when compared to a placebo control group.

Methods

We conducted a 3‐month, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study on the effects of donepezil in 27 older adults with mild memory deficits. Participants completed a delayed recognition memory task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were collected at baseline prior to treatment and at 3‐month follow‐up while subjects were on a 10mg daily dose of donepezil or placebo.

Results

Donepezil treatment significantly enhanced the response time for face and scene memory probes when compared to the placebo group. A group‐by‐visit interaction was identified for the functional network connectivity of the left fusiform face area (FFA) with the hippocampus and inferior frontal junction, such that the treatment group showed increased connectivity over time when compared to the placebo group. Additionally, the enhanced functional network connectivity of the FFA and hippocampus significantly predicted memory response time at 3‐month follow‐up in the treatment group.

Interpretation

These findings suggest that increased cholinergic transmission improves goal‐directed neural processing and cognitive ability and may serve to facilitate communication across functionally‐connected attention and memory networks. Longitudinal fMRI is a useful method for elucidating the neural changes associated with pharmacological modulation and is a potential tool for monitoring intervention efficacy in clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2013;73:762–773
Distinct modulation of human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells by anandamide in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chiurchiù Valerio , Cencioni Maria Teresa , Bisicchia Elisa , De Bardi Marco , Gasperini Claudio , Borsellino Giovanna , Centonze Diego , Battistini Luca , Maccarrone Mauro
Published: February 2013

Objective

The immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has always been thought to be driven by chronically activated and autoreactive Th‐1 and Th‐17 cells. Recently, dendritic cells (DCs) have also been thought to significantly contribute to antigenic spread and to maturation of adaptive immunity, and have been linked with disease progression and exacerbation. However, the role of DCs in MS pathogenesis remains poorly understood.

Methods

We compared the level of cytokine production by myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in healthy subjects and MS patients, following in vitro stimulation of Toll‐like receptors 7/8. We also evaluated the effect of the main endocannabinoid, anandamide (AEA), in these DC subsets and correlated cytokine levels with defects in the endocannabinoid system.

Results

mDCs obtained from MS patients produce higher levels of interleukin‐12 and interleukin‐6, whereas pDCs account for lower levels of interferon‐α compared to healthy subjects. AEA significantly inhibited cytokine production from healthy mDCs and pDCs, as well as their ability to induce Th‐1 and Th‐17 lineages. Moreover, we found that in MS only pDCs lack responsiveness to cytokine inhibition induced by AEA. Consistently, this specific cell subset expresses higher levels of the anandamide hydrolase fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).

Interpretation

Our data disclose a distinct immunomodulatory effect of AEA in mDCs and pDCs from MS patients, which may reflect an alteration of the expression of FAAH, thus forming the basis for the rational design of new endocannabinoid‐based immunotherapeutic agents targeting a specific cell subset. Ann Neurol 2013;73:626–636
Industrial Applications of the Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Funel Jacques‐Alexis , Abele Stefan
Published: February 2013

The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the most popular transformations for organic chemists to generate molecular complexity efficiently. Surprisingly, little is known about its industrial application for the synthesis of pharmacologically active ingredients, agrochemicals, and flavors and fragrances. This Review highlights selected examples, with a focus on large‐scale applications (>1 kg) from a process research and development perspective.
Generating metadata for cyberlearning resources through information retrieval and meta‐search
Authors: Liu Xiaozhong
Published: February 2013

The goal of this study was to propose novel cyberlearning resource‐based scientific referential metadata for an assortment of publications and scientific topics, in order to enhance the learning experiences of students and scholars in a cyberinfrastructure‐enabled learning environment. By using information retrieval and meta‐search approaches, different types of referential metadata, such as related Wikipedia pages, data sets, source code, video lectures, presentation slides, and (online) tutorials for scientific publications and scientific topics will be automatically retrieved, associated, and ranked. In order to test our method of automatic cyberlearning referential metadata generation, we designed a user experiment to validate the quality of the metadata for each scientific keyword and publication and resource‐ranking algorithm. Evaluation results show that the cyberlearning referential metadata retrieved via meta‐search and statistical relevance ranking can help students better understand the essence of scientific keywords and publications.
Author‐level Eigenfactor metrics: Evaluating the influence of authors, institutions, and countries within the social science research network community
Authors: West Jevin D. , Jensen Michael C. , Dandrea Ralph J. , Gordon Gregory J. , Bergstrom Carl T.
Published: February 2013

In this article, we show how the Eigenfactor score, originally designed for ranking scholarly journals, can be adapted to rank the scholarly output of authors, institutions, and countries based on author‐level citation data. Using the methods described in this article, we provide Eigenfactor rankings for 84,808 disambiguated authors of 240,804 papers in the Social Science Research Network (SSRN)—a preprint and postprint archive devoted to the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social sciences and humanities. As an additive metric, the Eigenfactor scores are readily computed for collectives such as departments or institutions as well. We show that a collective's Eigenfactor score can be computed either by summing the Eigenfactor scores of its members or by working directly with a collective‐level cross‐citation matrix. We provide Eigenfactor rankings for institutions and countries in the SSRN repository. With a network‐wide comparison of Eigenfactor scores and download tallies, we demonstrate that Eigenfactor scores provide information that is both different from and complementary to that provided by download counts. We see author‐level ranking as one filter for navigating the scholarly literature, and note that such rankings generate incentives for more open scholarship, because authors are rewarded for making their work available to the community as early as possible and before formal publication.
Implications of a ‘carbon debt' on bioenergy's potential to mitigate climate change
Authors: Dehue Bart
Published: February 2013

Burning biomass for energy emits CO2 that was earlier sequestered from the atmosphere and will be sequestered again if the bioenergy system is managed sustainably. There may be a significant temporal imbalance, however, between the carbon emissions and carbon sequestration of such bioenergy systems: also referred to as the ‘carbon debt’. The carbon debt issue has resulted in a debate on the role of bioenergy in preventing unwanted climate change. This paper will argue that, while it is important to consider the temporal imbalances in carbon flows from bioenergy systems, at least three additional aspects will need to be considered in determining whether bioenergy has a useful role to play in mitigating climate change: (i) the relevance of a delay in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings for bioenergy's potential to mitigate climate change; (ii) whether climate change mitigation is actually likely to be possible without large‐scale bioenergy; and (iii) what the (asymmetrical) risks are associated with including or excluding bioenergy in society's portfolio to mitigate climate change. The answers to these questions suggest that bioenergy has an important role to play in mitigating climate change provided that the biomass is produced and harvested in a sustainable manner and significant GHG‐emission savings are achieved by 2100. In contrast, the use of bioenergy systems with longer delays in achieving their GHG‐emission savings could negatively affect society's ambitions to mitigate climate change. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A review of cellulosic biofuel commercial‐scale projects in the United States
Authors: Brown Tristan R. , Brown Robert C.
Published: February 2013

In contrast to a few years ago, when cellulosic ethanol via enzymatic hydrolysis was the only widely recognized technology for commercially producing cellulosic biofuels, a diversity of approaches are currently under commercial development. While no commercial‐scale (≥20 million gallons per year) cellulosic biofuel facilities are operating at present, at least ten biorefinery projects employing six different pathways are expected to begin operations by 2014. These biorefineries will employ the following pathways: (i) catalytic pyrolysis and hydrotreating to hydrocarbons; (ii) gasification and Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis to hydrocarbons; (iii) gasification and methanol‐to‐gasoline synthesis; (iv) dilute acid hydrolysis, fermentation to acetic acid, and chemical synthesis to ethanol; (v) enzymatic hydrolysis to ethanol; and (vi) consolidated bioprocessing (single‐step enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation) to ethanol. This review provides an overview of the six pathway technologies, comprehensive descriptions of each of the ten biorefinery projects, and a discussion of the current direction of cellulosic biofuel commercialization efforts and its implications for the revised Renewable Fuel Standard. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
James cretsos leadership award: What ASIS&T means to me
Authors: Agarwal Naresh
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

A professor's advice to “find your community” started Naresh Agarwal as a doctoral student on a path to discovering and connecting to others with similar interests and goals. After visiting other conferences, Agarwal felt welcome at ASIS&T's Annual Meeting in 2008 and made the most of the connections he made. He got involved in several SIGs and with other roles and increased his level of participation over the years. His advice to new members includes continually expanding your circle of connections, finding ways to contribute, focusing on one thing at a time and even trying frugal strategies to attend ASIS&T events. Regular communications help reinforce contacts and are essential for SIG and chapter sharing and continuity. Communications and collaboration are key criteria for the SIG/Chapter‐of‐the‐Year Award, which Agarwal helped SIG/ED to win in 2012. Agarwal hopes to see ASIS&T become more open, agile and responsive to members, supporting collaboration and interaction through social media on the association's website.
ASIS&T annual meeting pre‐conference activities: SIG/SI 8th annual research symposium a success!
Authors: Fichman Pnina , Rosenbaum Howard ,   SIG/SI co‐chairs
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

Social informatics' past, present and future were the focus of the 8th annual SIG/SI Research Symposium at the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, with presenters from Europe, Canada and the United States. Papers on the past of social informatics explored its roots in the early 1980s and its domain organization reflected through bibliometric analysis. Current research topics described the influence of information and communication technologies as a contextual element that shapes experience and social interaction, knowledge sharing across boundaries in online communities and studying subjectivity in Web 2.0 research collaborations through Q methodology. Presenters considered the future of social informatics in terms of the influence of information and communication technologies on the economic order, aspects of information practice that demand attention and topics and frameworks for further research. Best paper awards were given for studies on evolving digital rights and urban immigrants' information tactics. Through the symposium and interaction with other SIGs, researchers were encouraged to take a broad view of social informatics to better understand its lessons, influences and future directions.
ASIS&T annual meeting pre‐conference activities: The 23rd annual SIG/CR classification research workshop: A report
Authors: Furner Jonathan
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

The 23rd SIG/CR workshop on classification research featured papers, lightning talks, brief presentations of doctoral projects and two keynote talks, all exploring what's new in the field. Under the theme of new approaches with a historical focus, presenters explored novel theories, models and applications, approaches to building classificatory structures, methods and criteria for evaluation and much more. Classification theory, concepts and terminology were considered from a historical perspective, and new theories and changes in conceptualization and classification structures were raised. Modern perspectives on classification include folksonomies, personal classification practices, power structures captured through classification and the limitations of standardization. Researchers discussed cognitive processes involved in classifying, the evolution of concepts associated with terms and sources for new terms in a domain. Through the variety of presentations, it was clear that classification encompasses a broad array of topics, ultimately serving information retrieval and access.
ASIS&T annual meeting plenary speaker: Edward chang: Mobile opportunities
Authors: Hardin Steve
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

At a plenary session of the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, Edward Chang touched on recent information technology developments and explored emerging innovations. Vice president of research at hTC Corporation and past research director at Google in China, Chang recalled Google's page ranking for Web 1.0 and subsequent efforts to support mobile access, user‐generated content and pushing information for Web 2.0. Advances in human computer interaction, especially sensors in cellphones, enable a higher level of location‐based computation. Natural language processing backed by massive data and computation power supports interpretation and even translation of spoken queries to yield semantically and situationally relevant returns. Advances in location‐based services permit highly precise data delivery. Cellphone sensors can even monitor stress, detect health changes and provide security alerts. Though privacy is a critical outstanding issue, the combined capabilities of cloud computing, infrastructure, big data, social networks and cellphone sensors are leading to evolutionary and revolutionary changes.
ASIS&T annual meeting award winners: Award of merit acceptance speech
Authors: Buckland Michael K.
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

Accepting the 2012 ASIS&T Award of Merit, Michael K. Buckland mused on the inherent interest and social benefits of library and information science. As a child, Buckland saw being a librarian as a worthwhile endeavor, transitioning from child stage star until he found something more interesting. Through various positions as a professional librarian and researcher, he came to appreciate the value of effective library management, design, planning and the power of technology, as well as libraries' role in informing and building communities. Libraries provide access to essential tools and methods for solving societal problems. The field should pursue dedicated research and directly address and promote its supportive and enabling position in society. Despite bemoaning ambiguous terminology in the field and occasional inadequate thinking, Buckland expressed envy for young professionals for their years of interesting and socially beneficial work ahead.
Slip‐Sliding away: Real world challenges await us
Authors: Haller Thom
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

For Thom Haller, an icy spinout in a new truck and frustration with a user manual raised the issue of perceptual affordance, design based on the perceived needs of a user. An object's design ideally serves its user, being visible and clearcut to avoid error, yet design snafus abound. The vehicle manual's verbal references to four‐wheel drive were circuitous and uncertain, and the illustration was no more helpful. Both failed to provide a direct answer to the user's question about how to enable four‐wheel drive or meet reasonable expectations for guidance. For information architects, usability is primary, delivered through sensible and logical placement of information and understandable terminology. Our job is to make the complex clear, and the need is everywhere.
‘Just be Brave’ – The Experiences of Young Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hayes David , Bunting Lisa
Published: February 2013

The last three decades have witnessed considerable interest in the position of children and young people acting as witnesses in criminal cases and on how best to facilitate them to give their best evidence and minimise the trauma involved. This paper presents the findings of a small‐scale study in Northern Ireland examining the experiences of young witnesses pre‐trial, during the trial and post‐trial. Interviews were carried out with 37 young witnesses and 33 parents, and a questionnaire was completed by 16 volunteers and practitioners working in a local young witness support scheme. The findings indicate that the prospect and actuality of giving evidence in a criminal trial are anxiety‐provoking and stressful for the majority of young witnesses. Particular issues identified are delay, both in terms of cases coming to court and in waiting times at court, the availability of pre‐trial preparation and support, facilities at court buildings and the treatment of young people during cross‐examination by defence lawyers. The paper concludes that there is a continuing need to strive for improvement, and that this necessarily involves reviewing the experiences of young witnesses and seeking their views on measures designed to enable them to give their best evidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘A small‐scale study in Northern Ireland examining the experiences of young witnesses pre‐trial, during the trial and post‐trial’

Key Practitioner Messages

Acting as a witness is a stressful experience for children and, for some, distress can persist post‐trial regardless of the trial outcome.

Delay, both in cases coming to court and waiting times at court, is a significant issue which exacerbates the stress experienced by young witnesses.

Pre‐trial support is highly valued but referrals to witness support schemes need to be made in a timely manner to ensure that young witnesses are appropriately assessed and supported.

‘A significant issue which exacerbates the stress experienced by young witnesses’
A Preliminary Test of a Social Information Processing Model of Parenting Risk in Adolescent Males at Risk for Later Physical Child Abuse in Adulthood
Authors: Azar Sandra T. , Okado Yuko , Stevenson Michael T. , Robinson Lara R.
Published: February 2013

Social information processing (SIP) theory has been useful in understanding male aggression both generally and within intimate relationships. This study examined a SIP model of parenting risk in adolescent males (N = 77) who are not yet parents but have characteristics found in adult men who have physically abused children. Three SIP factors were predicted to play a role in the use of punishment: rigid and inappropriate child expectations (schema), problem‐solving abilities and attributions of negative child intent. The adolescents in this study exhibited SIP difficulties at levels similar to those found in maltreating mothers and mothers at risk for perpetrating child maltreatment. As predicted, those who had more unrealistic expectations gave significantly more irrelevant solutions to child‐rearing problems, made more negative intent attributions and assigned higher levels of punishment when presented with aversive child behaviour scenarios. Testing of the full model using structural equation modeling revealed, as predicted, significant direct paths between two SIP elements (problem‐solving and attributions) and punishment levels assigned to children. An indirect path between expectations and punishment through attributions was also found. History of abuse did not add to the model in this at‐risk sample. Implications of findings for prevention and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Three SIP factors were predicted to play a role in the use of punishment’

‘Significant direct paths between two SIP elements and punishment levels assigned to children’

Key Practitioner Message

The SIP model argues that caregivers who have unrealistic expectations of children show poorer problem‐solving in child‐rearing situations, and make more negative intent attributions to children's behaviour are at greater risk for inadequate and inappropriate parenting, including child maltreatment.
CuO Quantum‐Dot‐Sensitized Mesoporous ZnO for Visible‐Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Yunxin , Shi Jianxin , Peng Qing , Li Yadong
Published: February 2013

How to extend ultraviolet photocatalysts to the visible‐light region is a key challenge for solar‐driven photocatalysis. Herein, we show that ultraviolet ZnO photocatalysts can present high visible‐light photocatalytic activity when combined with CuO quantum dots (QDs; <3 nm). Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the quantum size effect plays a key role in the photoactivity of the CuO/ZnO composite. For CuO QDs smaller than 3 nm, the separated charges could transfer from CuO QDs to the conduction bands of ZnO due to quantum splitting of the CuO energy level and phonon compensation for the difference in the conduction band minimum of CuO and ZnO; however, this process would not occur with the disappearance of the quantum size effect. Further structural analysis demonstrates that interfacial charge separation and transfer between ZnO and CuO dominate the photocatalytic processes instead of a single CuO or ZnO surface. Compared with ZnOnoble metal structures (e.g., ZnOAg or ZnOAu), these ZnOCuO QD composites present wider absorption bands, higher visible photocatalytic efficiencies, and lower costs.
Chiral M3L2 Self‐Assembled Capsules through Metal Coordination of Enantiopure Ligating Benzocyclotrimers: NMR Spectroscopic and ESI Mass Spectrometric Investigation
Authors: Tartaggia Stefano , De Lucchi Ottorino , Gambaro Andrea , Zangrando Roberta , Fabris Fabrizio , Scarso Alessandro
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of enantiopure (+)‐benzotricamphor syn‐5, an important chiral C3‐symmetric rigid building block for supramolecular applications, was studied in detail to reduce the number of steps and to increase the diastereoselectivity and overall yield. The new synthetic procedure allowed larger amounts of syn‐5 to be obtained and used for the preparation of new derivatives, such as the corresponding tris‐trifluoromethanesulfonate syn‐12, which was efficiently transformed into (+)‐benzotribornenetrinitrile syn‐1 and (+)‐benzotribornenetris(ethynyl‐4‐pyridine) syn‐2. The previously reported (+)‐benzotricamphortrioxime syn‐6 was transformed into tris‐nitrile syn‐3 by Beckman reaction. Compounds syn‐1–3 were employed as multidentate ligands for silver(I) and platinum(II) centres in apolar solvents. The linear coordination geometry of AgI and square‐planar geometry of cis‐chelated PtII in combination with the chiral tripodal ligands syn‐1–3 led to the formation of chiral enantiopure capsules with M3L2 stoichiometry, as confirmed by 2D NMR NOESY and DOSY experiments as well as ESI mass spectrometry.
Nucleation and Growth of Chrysotile Nanotubes in H2SiO3/MgCl2/NaOH Medium at 90 to 300 °C
Authors: Lafay Romain , Montes‐Hernandez German , Janots Emilie , Chiriac Rodica , Findling Nathaniel , Toche François
Published: February 2013

Herein, we report new insights into the nucleation and growth processes of chrysotile nanotubes by using batch and semi‐continuous experiments. For the synthesis of this highly carcinogenic material, the influences of temperature (90, 200, and 300 °C), Si/Mg molar ratio, and reaction time were investigated. From the semi‐continuous experiments (i.e., sampling of the reacting suspension over time) and solid‐state characterization of the collected samples by XRPD, TGA, FTIR spectroscopy, and FESEM, three main reaction steps were identified for chrysotile nucleation and growth at 300 °C: 1) formation of the proto‐serpentine precursor within the first 2 h of the reaction, accompanied by the formation of brucite and residual silica gel; 2) spontaneous nucleation and growth of chrysotile between about 3 and 8 h reaction time, through a progressive dissolution of the proto‐serpentine, brucite, and residual silica gel; and 3) Ostwald ripening growth of chrysotile from 8 to 30 h reaction time, as attested to by BET and FESEM measurements. Complementary results from batch experiments confirmed a significant influence of the reaction temperature on the kinetics of chrysotile formation. However, FESEM observations revealed some formation of chrysotile nanotubes at low temperatures (90 °C) after 14 days of reaction. Finally, doubling the Si/Mg molar ratio promoted the precipitation of pure smectite (stevensite‐type) under the same P (8.2 MPa)/T (300 °C)/pH (13.5) conditions.
Multifunctional Co3S4/Graphene Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries and Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Zhang Chenzhen , Jiang Jie , Liu Fei , Hou Yanglong
Published: February 2013

Cobalt sulfide is a good candidate for both lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but low conductivity, poor cyclability, capacity fading, and structural changes hinder its applications. The incorporation of graphene into Co3S4 makes it a promising electrode by providing better electrochemical coupling, enhanced conductivity, fast mobility of ions and electrons, and a stabilized structure due to its elastic nature. With the objective of achieving high‐performance composites, herein we report a facile hydrothermal process for growing Co3S4 nanotubes (NTs) on graphene (G) sheets. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) verified that graphene dramatically increases the conductivity of the composites to almost twice that of pristine Co3S4. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the as‐synthesized Co3S4/G composites exhibit good cyclic stability and a high discharge capacity of 720 mA h g−1 up to 100 cycles with 99.9 % coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the composites react with dissolved oxygen in the ORR by four‐ and two‐electron mechanisms in both acidic and basic media with an onset potential close to that of commercial Pt/C. The stability of the composites is much higher than that of Pt/C, and exhibit high methanol tolerance. Thus, these properties endorse Co3S4/G composites as auspicious candidates for both LIBs and ORR.
A Soluble Phosphorus‐Centered Keggin Polyoxoniobate with Bicapping Vanadyl Groups
Authors: Son Jung‐Ho , Ohlin C. André , Johnson Rene L. , Yu Ping , Casey William H.
Published: February 2013

A water‐soluble tetramethylammonium (TMA) salt of a novel Keggin‐type polyoxoniobate has been isolated as TMA9[PV2Nb12O42]⋅19H2O (1). This species contains a central phosphorus site and two capping vanadyl sites. Previously only a single example of a phosphorus‐containing polyoxoniobate, [(PO2)3PNb9O34]15−, was known, which is a lacunary Keggin ion decorated with three PO2 units. However, that cluster was isolated as an insoluble structure consisting of chains linked by sodium counterions. In contrast, the [PV2Nb12O42]9− cluster in 1 is stable over a wide pH range, as evident by 31P and 51V NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and ESI‐MS spectrometry. The ease of substitution of phosphate into the central tetrahedral position suggests that other oxoanions can be similarly substituted, promising a richer set of structures in this class.
Spontaneous Cutaneous Endometriosis in the Mons Pubis Region
Authors: Zhai Jing
Published: February 2013

Most cutaneous endometriosis develops at the site of an abdominal surgical scar. Spontaneous cutaneous endometriosis is extremely rare. We report a case of spontaneous cutaneous endometriosis in the mons pubis region. A 41‐year‐old woman presented with a mass in the right mons pubis, causing cyclic pain associated with menses. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was performed. The smears contained three cellular components: honeycombed sheets of glandular epithelial cells, fragments of ovoid‐to‐spindle shaped stromal cells, and background inflammatory cells, including hemosiderin‐laden macrophages, histiocytes, and neutrophils. Biphasic clusters of glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells were identified. FNA cytology is a safe and useful adjunctive tool for diagnosing cutaneous endometriosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:615–618. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resolution of defective dorsal aortae patterning in Sema3E‐deficient mice occurs via angiogenic remodeling
Authors: Meadows Stryder M. , Ratliff Lyndsay A. , Singh Manvendra K. , Epstein Jonathan A. , Cleaver Ondine
Published: February 2013

Background: Neuronal guidance cues influence endothelial cell (EC) behavior to shape the embryonic vascular system. The repulsive neuronal guidance cue, Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), is critical for creating avascular zones that instruct and subsequently pattern the first embryonic vessels, the paired dorsal aortae (DA). Sema3E−/− embryos develop highly branched plexus‐like vessels during vasculogenesis, instead of smooth paired vessels. Unexpectedly, despite these severe DA patterning defects, mutant mice are viable throughout adulthood. Results: Examination of Sema3E−/− mice reveals that the plexus‐like DA resolve into single, unbranched vessels between embryonic day (E) E8.25 and E8.75. Although fusion of Sema3E−/− DA occurs slightly earlier than in heterozygotes, the DA are otherwise indistinguishable, suggesting a complete “rescue” in their development. Resolution of the DA null plexuses occurs by remodeling rather than by means of changes in cell proliferation or death. Conclusions: Normalization of Sema3E−/− DA patterning defects demonstrates resilience of embryonic vascular patterning programs. Additional repulsive guidance cues within the lateral plate mesoderm likely re‐establish avascular zones lost in Sema3E−/− embryos and guide resolution of mutant plexus into branchless, parallel aortae. Our observations explain how Sema3E−/− mice survive throughout development and into adulthood, despite severe initial vascular defects. Developmental Dynamics 242:570–580, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Captopril and Hydrochlorothiazide on a Graphene/Ferrocene Composite Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Khodadadian Mehdi
Published: February 2013

In this work, a voltammetric method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of captopril (CPT) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in pharmaceutical combinations and clinical samples using a graphene/ferrocene composite carbon paste (GR/Fc/CP) electrode. The electrochemical behaviors of CPT and HCT were individually and simultaneously investigated at the surface of the GR/Fc/CP electrode. In differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) mode and under optimized experimental conditions, CPT and HCT gave linear responses over the concentration ranges 1.0–430 µM and 0.5–390 µM (r2>0.99), respectively. The prepared electrode could be used for simultaneous determination of CPT and HCT in some real samples.
Statistical Optimization of Process Variables for Methane Conversion over Zn‐Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 Catalysts in the Presence of Methanol
Authors: Majhi Sachchit , Mohanty Pravakar , Dalai Ajay K. , Pant Kamal K.
Published: February 2013

The direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons is considered as one of the most promising methods to produce liquid fuels. Different percentages of Zn loaded on zeolitic 5 % Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts were prepared by using a conventional impregnation method; these catalysts were used to convert methane into a range of liquid hydrocarbon fuels in the presence of methanol. The catalysts were characterized by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, temperature‐programmed reduction, temperature‐programmed desorption, SEM‐energy dispersive X‐ray, and XRD analysis. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process variables for the conversion of methane into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The catalytic activity tests were carried out in a fixed‐bed microreactor and methanol was used as a co‐reactant to activate the methane molecules. Central composite experimental design was used to study the effects of each variable on methane conversion. Analysis of variance indicated a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.96), and a satisfactory prediction for a second‐order regression model was developed. The optimum methane conversion (30.7 %) was obtained with flow rates of 1500 and 1.25 mL h−1 for methane and methanol, respectively, over a 3 % Zn‐Mo/H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst. The major reaction products were ethane, ethylene, C4+ aliphatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Kinetic studies were also performed for methane conversion using a power law model; the activation energy for the reaction was 61.6 kJ mol−1.
Inorganic carbon loading as a primary driver of dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations in the lakes and reservoirs of the contiguous United States
Authors: McDonald Cory P. , Stets Edward G. , Striegl Robert G. , Butman David
Published: February 2013

Accurate quantification of CO2 flux across the air‐water interface and identification of the mechanisms driving CO2 concentrations in lakes and reservoirs is critical to integrating aquatic systems into large‐scale carbon budgets, and to predicting the response of these systems to changes in climate or terrestrial carbon cycling. Large‐scale estimates of the role of lakes and reservoirs in the carbon cycle, however, typically must rely on aggregation of spatially and temporally inconsistent data from disparate sources. We performed a spatially comprehensive analysis of CO2 concentration and air‐water fluxes in lakes and reservoirs of the contiguous United States using large, consistent data sets, and modeled the relative contribution of inorganic and organic carbon loading to vertical CO2 fluxes. Approximately 70% of lakes and reservoirs are supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere during the summer (June–September). Although there is considerable interregional and intraregional variability, lakes and reservoirs represent a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of approximately 40 Gg C d–1 during the summer. While in‐lake CO2 concentrations correlate with indicators of in‐lake net ecosystem productivity, virtually no relationship exists between dissolved organic carbon and pCO2,aq. Modeling suggests that hydrologic dissolved inorganic carbon supports pCO2,aq in most supersaturated systems (to the extent that 12% of supersaturated systems simultaneously exhibit positive net ecosystem productivity), and also supports primary production in most CO2‐undersaturated systems. Dissolved inorganic carbon loading appears to be an important determinant of CO2 concentrations and fluxes across the air‐water interface in the majority of lakes and reservoirs in the contiguous United States.
Prediction of silicate melt viscosity from electrical conductivity: A model and its geophysical implications
Authors: Pommier Anne , Evans Rob L. , Key Kerry , Tyburczy James A. , Mackwell Stephen , Elsenbeck Jimmy
Published: February 2013

Our knowledge of magma dynamics would be improved if geophysical data could be used to infer rheological constraints in melt‐bearing zones. Geophysical images of the Earth's interior provide frozen snapshots of a dynamical system. However, knowledge of a rheological parameter such as viscosity would constrain the time‐dependent dynamics of melt bearing zones. We propose a model that relates melt viscosity to electrical conductivity for naturally occurring melt compositions (including H2O) and temperature. Based on laboratory measurements of melt conductivity and viscosity, our model provides a rheological dimension to the interpretation of electromagnetic anomalies caused by melt and partially molten rocks (melt fraction ~ >0.7).