bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friendship and betrayal: Herve Guibert’s A L’ami qui ne m’a pas sauve la vie (1990)
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Hervé Guibert died of anAIDS-related illness combined with the effects of a suicide attempt in a Paris hospital in December 1991. Although Guibert had won critical acclaim for a series of fictional and other texts published throughoutthe 1980s, it was A l’amiqui ne m’apassauvela vie (1990), an account of the eight-year period of his life in which he had been HIV positive, which propelled him into the forefront of public consciousness. Like Duras before him, he made a celebrated appearance on ‘Apostrophes’, on 16 March 1990, alongside fellow AIDS sufferers historian Jean-Paul Aron and novelist Guy Hocquenghem, which produced soaring sales of his book and media star status.
Identity and Alterity in Indochine (Wargnier, I992)
Authors: Rollet Brigitte
Published: October 2023

France has always been reluctant to confront its own past; ‘amnesia’ is a word frequently used when referring to colonization and decolonization, even in recent historical work such as Les Lieux de m émoire edited by Pierre Nora. As far as the wars which led to decolonization are concerned, the silence is even greater. Since both the Inda-Chinese and Algerian wars were ‘lost’ by France, the painful memories of such ‘events’ (as the Algerian war has long been called) are more often than not suppressed in the national memory. Indirect or direct recollection of this aspect of recent French history has often led to controversy and to vivid reactions whichever side one stands on.I
Gender and Sexuality in Les Nuits fauves (Collard, I992)
Authors: Tarr Carrie
Published: October 2023

LES NU ITS fauves was an important film, not only for its controversial representation of sexuality and AIDS, but also for the way it highlighted differences in cultural criticism on either side of the Channel. In France, the film won four of the 1993 Cesars: Best Film, Best First Film, Best Female Newcomer (Romane Bohringer), and Best Editing (Lise Beaulieu). It was acclaimed for its energetic and eclectic cinematic style, its daring treatment of a love story centred on a bisexual character with AIDS, its facilitation of public discussion about AIDS and safe sex, and its revelation of a new talent in Romane Bohringer. In Britain, however, the film was criticized for its failure to emphasize the importance of safe sex in the prevention of HIV/AIDS;
Zapping without Mercy: Merci la vie (Blier, I99I)
Authors: King Russell
Published: October 2023

Blier’S easily recognized and oft-repeated ‘style’ of violence, surprise, and provocation is aggressively announced in the opening scenes of Merci la vie, in his preferred manner: ‘I like opening sentences in books; films that attack. It’s my aggressive nature: I need to grab people by the throat; I can’t begin gently’ (Toubiana 1991: 22). Merci la vie begins in this way, with a short scene, before the credits appear, showing a young woman (Joelle/Anouk Grinberg), dressed as a bride, being brutally kicked and punched by a young man who then drives away in a sports car. The spectator is cued to accepting this establishing scene as one that somehow begins the narrative and introduces thematic motifs.
Introduction
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

The anonymous author of the Conqueste du Chasteau d’Amours conquestee par lumilit  é du Beau Doulx:, writing at the start of the sixteenth century, is acutely conscious of belonging to a tradition of architectural writing that can be traced back, without much difficulty, to the description of the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation. The lavish, fantastic building materials are a constant of this tradition, as is the tenuous relationship ¼1th con temporary architectural practice. ‘l’he modern reader is perhaps tempted to cast aside these decorative encrustations, to ignore the building that they adorn, and to concentrate on the narrative whose progress they so irritatingly delay. Here, for once, the author of the description seems to share this irritation, and rapidly resumes the narrative.
‘Ferme Estoit Sans Povoir Trebucher’: The State As A Building
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

The anonymous author of the early sixteenth-century Livre de la dédicace du temple Saint Françoys, celebrating through the mouth piece of the personified Desir the unshakeable solidity of the French royal dynasty, chooses to describe a perfect architectural form that provokes a reaction of admiration and bewilderment among those that look upon it. Given the popularity of metaphors of architecture in other contemporary domains, it is tempting to view this use of the image of the building as a safe, if uninspired, expression of political orthodoxy.
Introduction
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

The six literary works that are the focus of this study attempt nothing less than to change the subject of German literature. ‘Changing the subject’ is deliberately ambiguous. On the one hand it indicates the differing themes and concerns of works authored recently by women in a literary tradition where most established writers have been men. But also, and more importantly, it denotes the challenge contained in these works and others to the universalist notions of the subject on which that literature has traditionally been based, which, crudely expressed, assumed a subject that was unified, stable, and normatively male. ‘Subject’ and ‘subjectivity’, terms deriving from psychoanalysis, philosophy, and critical theory, and explained in more detail below (as well as briefly in the Glossary), are thus central to this study, which of necessity takes an explicitly, though we hope not heavy-handedly, theoretical approach to the analysis of literary texts.
Introduction
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

ANY discussion of women film-makers and feminist cinema must inevitably contend with a post-structuralist theoretical dilemma: in an era ushered in by the proclamation of the death of the author and the dispersal of the subject, how is it possible to theorize a female agency within the cinematographic realm? Feminist critics working in both literature and film have responded to questions of authorship and agency in a number of different ways. The demise of the author, as announced first by Roland Barthes and then by Michel Foucault, has in fact been celebrated by some feminists.
Imaging Agency: Pilar Miró
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

IN an interview conducted early in 1983, Ana Mariscal was asked her opinion concerning the recent appointment of Pilar Miró as Director-General of Cinema. Expressing her support, Mariscal indicated that ‘yo, al menos, confío en ella’ (‘I, at least, trust in her’); when pressed to indicate why she backed her younger colleague, Mariscal did not hesitate to cite Miró’s gender as a key contributing factor (P.E.).
Encountering the Other
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Celan’s poetological response to Mandel’shtam points to a more originary response to the Russian poet on Celan’s part-a response which must have transpired, minimally, as some kind of interpretative reception, and this means: as translation. This translational response underlies and informs Celan’s more complex, less immediate poetic and poetological rejoinders to Mandel’shtam, which manifest themselves in Celan’s extant theoretical texts and poetry-most significantly, in his Mandel’shtam-translations and the cycle Die Niemandsrose. While Celan need not have recorded his encounter with Mandel’shtam, he could not have possibly avoided translating the latter’s interpellation, that is, being constituted as his interlocutor in and through translation.
Victoria Abril: The Sex Which Is Not One
Authors: Evans Peter William
Published: October 2023

Part of the difficulty of applying Richard Dyer’s seminal work (1979) in this area to analysis of Victoria Abril arises from her appearance in different categories of film, some of which—especially early on in her career— could loosely be termed popular, with the majority probably best classified as art or auteurist films. I am not interested here in theorizing the disparities or resemblances between popular and art/auteurist film, merely in arguing that while Dyer’s focus on the specific features of individual stars—voice, gesture, looks, role, etc.—is perfectly suited to analysis of European stars who move between the popular and the auteurist, his notion of Hollywood stars as constructs designed to resolve ideological contradiction is in this context more problematic, since in many of the films in which Victoria Abril appears (some of Aranda’s, all of Almodóvar’s), the exposure, not the resolution, of contradiction is the text’s primary ideological justification.
Two Callings
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

On the reverse of the certificate Mirsky received after being examined in 1903 is the following annotation: ‘Was accepted into the iimnaziya division of the Lycee into the VI form by entrance examination and departed from same according to the wishes of the parents, concerning which a special certificate was issued on 31 May 1906.’ The lyc ée concerned was the Imperial Lyc ée in Moscow, known as the ‘Katkov lyc ée’; the youth attended it for the academic years 1905-7.
Writing Russian
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

A good number of the front-rank Russian writers and critics active in 1917 emigrated rather than stay on in the Soviet state. There was something of a generational and genre split; on the whole, the older prose writers left, while the younger poets and critics stayed. Among Mirsky’s contemporaries who had made a reputation before 1917, Akhmatova, Mandelshtam, and Mayakovsky remained in Russia, for very different reasons. Tsvetaeva left Russia to join her husband in Czechoslovakia in 1922. Pasternak, Viktor Shklovsky, and Count A. N. Tolstoy —the last-named an aristocrat of fairly similar background to Mirsky —went back to Russia in 1923 after spending some time in Berlin.
Writing Politics
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

The final phase of Mirsky’s life in emigration began with an event that explicitly raised the idea of his going back to Russia: during the Christmas vacation of 1927-8 he went with Suvchinsky to visit Maksim Gorky in Sorrento. Many years later, Suvchinsky told Veronique Lossky: ‘One day Mirsky asked me to go with him, and we spent Christmas at Gorky’s.... We were followed the whole time. Gorky tried to persuade us to go to Russia, saying “I’ll fix you up”, and he convinced Mirsky and me.’1 Suvchinsky told me: ‘I had known Gorky back in Petersburg-Petrograd and met him at Shalyapin’s. D.P. didn’t know him and asked me to introduce him. I exchanged letters with Gorky and we got visas through the poet Ungaretti, which at that time was not easy.’
The Writing of the Beyond
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

According to one version, the story of Duras’s career begins as follows. Robert Antelme, the manuscript of Les Impudents under his arm, trails round various of his influential friends in search of a publisher. ‘.Jevous pr éviens’, he tells them, ‘si vous ne lui <lites pas qu’elle est un ecrivain, elle se tuera.’
Writing and Historical Trauma
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

‘La reine des Juifs’, ‘la femme reine de la Samarie’, is captured by a Roman, ‘celui qui avait d étruit le temple de Jerusalem’ (NN, 85). They return to Rome, and develop an intense, forbidden passion. This is deemed an unacceptable political risk by the Senate (‘Le S énat a parlédu danger d’untel amour’), and she is exiled from her exile, banished from Rome, ‘R épudi ée pour raison d’Etat’ (88). She returns to Caesarea in agony, ‘Foudroyee par !’intolerable douleur de l’avoir quitté,lui, le criminel du temple’ (87).
Writing and Sex
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

If Irigaray is right, and the question of sexual difference is the question of our time, then Duras is one of our foremost questioners. The whole of her work is shot through with memorable examples of relations between the sexes in extremis, which invariably manage to present the gap of sexual difference as both an absolute given and an overwhelming questioning. During the first phase of her writing career, Duras hardly leaves off from presenting the question of heterosexual relations.
Writing and the Self
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

Throughout Part II of this study, we have seen the increased importance of the figure of Duras in her work after 1979. Born during her sabbatical from prose writing, notably in Le Camion, this figure implicates herself in the writing of historical trauma, as seen in Chapter 4, and suggests herself as a possible narrative frame for her 1980s work on sexuality, as discussed in Chapter 5. Beyond this prominence of the writing self, the status of the self per se emerges as a prominent question in Duras’s later work, particularly the status of the individual in relation to collective political discourses and national identity. This interest again allows Duras to re-visit earlier concerns (particularly the status of the dispossessed and a politics of loss), while taking a new look at these interests through the triple lens of an increased attention to their social implications (the issues of immigration and racism, for example, come to the fore of Duras’s fiction for the first time during this period, and the status of the individual is insistently related to its threatened totalitarian abolition), an explicit championing of the writing in which they are addressed, and the dramatically inflated importance of the writing self, the figure of Duras.
Cathedral, Monastic, and Collegiate Churches
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The basic form established by Constantine, with a nave ending in an apse and flanked by aisles, was retained for major buildings throughout the Middle Ages in western Christendom, with features added and subtracted at different times and places. A bishop, abbot, or chapter intending to build a new cathedral or abbey church would therefore have had in mind what one might call a kit of parts constituting the model of the great church from which they and the architect would have selected a design, influenced by what was considered by their peers to be practical and up to date, what they could afford, how it would be seen by those who used it, both clerical and lay, and the character of buildings in the locality, including that of the building they were replacing, if any.
Monastic Buildings
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The three main buildings of a monastery provided for the same needs as those of a castle, namely secure places in which to eat, sleep, and worship. In the castle these were provided by the hall, the chamber, and the chapel, in the monastery by the refectory, the dormitory, and the church. Both would also have had a boundary wall and a gatehouse, a kitchen, and outbuildings, as well as accommodation for guests. In other words, the difference between a monastery and a castle is one of degree, with a greater stress on worship in one and on the trappings of power in the other. There is one fundamental difference, however, which has more to do with symbolism than utility, and that is the ordered layout of the key buildings in the monastery as opposed to the apparently ad hoc one of the castle bailey, an order which arises out of the model of the monastic life bequeathed to western monasticism by Benedict of Nursia (c.480-before 553).
Conclusion
Authors: Fernie Eric
Published: October 2023

The straightforward identification of style and people, of ‘Norman’ architecture in England with Norman rule, is justifiable in the decades immediately following the Conquest, but it becomes increasingly problematic by the middle of the twelfth century. By this stage the Norman style (or the English part of the school of Romanesque architecture of Normandy and England) is recognizable only by its decorative elements, its chevron, beakhead, and so on, and not by any structural developments, innovations, or importations, like the wall passage, rib vault, and pointed arch of earlier decades, a probable sign of the lack of inventiveness of those working in it, and therefore an indication that it was falling out of favour.
Prophecy and Kabbalism
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

The evidence of the reception of 2 Esdras in the late Middle Ages is scattered. We find signs of it in Spain, in France, and elsewhere. A certain unity of place can, on the other hand, be established for the events which would lead to a more intensive concentration on the book by the end of the fifteenth century. The movement started in Italy and the various intellectual circles involved meet in the Florence of Girolamo Savonarola.
A Broad Tradition of Dissent
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

The Anabaptists came out boldly against the Lutheran and Reformed Churches. Some of them had once been Lutherans, but they devised a theology of their own which was altogether unacceptable to the main Protestant Churches and, whether living in segregated communities or more or less assimilated by society, they formed a separate movement. They were extreme examples of the rejection of an ecclesiastical authority which they associated with a godless world. Even among more convinced Protestants, however, there were individuals ready to criticize Luther on various counts. Most of them were unwilling to join the Anabaptists, and the spec-trum of Protestantism was broad enough, and above all fragmented enough, for them to be able to remain within it.
Forms, Genres, And Subjects
Authors: Howard-Hill T H
Published: October 2023

2282 Pickering, Sam, ‘Cozen’d into a knowledge of the letters’; eighteenth-century alphabetical game books. Res Stud Washington State Univ 46no4:223–36 D ‘78. 2283 Jones, Janet Pryce- and R.H. Parker. Accounting in Scotland; a historical bibliography. Edinburgh, Institute of chartered accountants of Scotland, Scottish committee on accounting history, 1974. (2d ed. 1976). x,96p. facsims., ports. 30cm.
Critical Reception: Heritage, Ambivalence, and Interpretation
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: October 2023

The reception of English heritage films of the 1980s and 1990s has taken several different turns. In particular, critical debate about the films has proliferated in the last decade-and has at times become quite sharp. It has also tended to focus on a much narrower selection of films than described in the previous chapter. The titles that recur most frequently in critical debate include Merchant Ivory’s ‘English’ films, the Austen, Forster, and James adaptations, and the bio-pics of monarchs and literary figures--one might say the films most concerned with class and cultural capital. Thanks to the relative popularity of such films and the intensity of critical debate about them, they now have a well-established place on the intellectual map of British cinema in the 1980s and 1990s. It has for instance become de rigueur for academic surveys of British cinema in this period to discuss the films and to comment on the nature of the debate about them. Although such commentaries will frequently question the appropriateness of the term ‘heritage cinema’, they also inevitably establish the term more firmly on the intellectual map of British cinema simply by virtue of discussing it. The debate-and the use of the term-has also spilled over into discussions of other national cinemas, especially European cinemas.
Doctor Faustus and Hell on Earth
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

One context for Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus is so obvious as to have become largely invisible. A sense of it may do something to meet the complaint by Wilbur Sanders that the play is ‘chronically overexplicit’, and even to meet Sanders’s further predicament: ‘It is a nagging sense that there is some more broadly-based and more humanly intelligible way of looking at the Faustian predicament ... that makes me reluctant to call Doctor Faustus a great play.”
George Crabbe’s Thoughts of Confinement
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Crabbe’s superb editor, Norma Dalrymple-Champneys, has a note: ‘Quanting: a term used by bargemen on the East coast for propelling a boat or punt with a “quant” or pole.’ The stationing is perfect for Crabbe, who is always in his element when water meets land (Peter Grimes and many another); who has a feeling for what ‘pressing’ truly is; and whose couplets manifest a disconcerting relation of movement to staying in the same place. They observe gait, their own and others’.
Literary Principles as Against Theory
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: October 2023

Principles as against theory? What follows is an attempt to enunciate briefly some convictions and to indicate some grounds for them. This will necessarily be open to the objection which the philosopher can always make, that of being ‘underdescribed’ and ‘underargued’. (The philosopher in tum can often be accused either of over description and over argument or of inhabiting a world in which the possibility of over description and over argument goes unimagined.) Against the claims of theory, I set the counterclaims of principle. These may sometimes be counterclaims in the sense that they are at odds with theory’s claims, and sometimes in the sense that they put in a competing bid for what will always, in teaching and out of it, be limited resources, notably those severely limited resources time and energy and attention. Very often my beliefs have been best expressed by others; this is for me not an admission but an acknowledgement, since it makes thought about literature continuous with literature, where too I repeatedly find my beliefs best expressed by others.
4 A Young Lady’ (fl. 1683)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The author of The Emulation. A Pindarick Ode’ is evidently a member of The new generation of women writers such as Lady Chudleigh, Mary Astell, and The Irishwoman ‘Philo-Phillipa’ who had begun to formulate a series of radical criticisms of The position of women in society, particularly of Their educational opportunities: she cannot be identified furTher than this.
Lady wythens, née Elizabeth Taylor, Later Colepeper (before 1670-1708)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Elizabeth Taylor was The daughter of Sir Thomas Taylor, first Baronet of Park House, Maidstone, Kent, and Elizabeth, daughter and heir of George Hall of Maidstone. The marriage took place in 1657, and Sir Thomas died r.1665.
Mary evelyn (1665-1685)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

The eldest daughter of John Evelyn The diarist. She died of smallpox at The age of 19 and was buried in The south-east end of The church at Deptford. Evelyn records her gift for comedy in his diary, as well as her excellent education, musical talents, and piety.
Lady Grisell Baillie (níe Hume) (1665-1746)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Lady Grissel Baillie was born on Christmas Day at Redbraes castle in Berwickshire, daughter of Sir Patrick Hume of Polwarth and Grisell Ker. She became something of a heroine at an early age. Her faTher, Sir Patrick Hume, used her to deliver secret messages to The imprisoned Jacobite Robert Baillie of Jervis wood.
Mary Pix (née Griffith) (1666-Before 1709)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Paddy Lyons and Fidelis Morgan have recently been able to shed some new light on The ‘background of letters and music which formed Mary Pix as a playwright’. She was born in 1666, The daughter of The Reverend Roger Griffith and Lucy, nee Berriman, in Nettlebed, Oxfordshire. Her moTher was described as a soundesse, or musician, on her marriage, 5 October 1665. Her faTher, a graduate of both English universities, was rector of The Buckingham parish of Padbury and Master of The Royal Latin (Free) School in Buckingham.
Mary Astell (1666-1731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Marry Astell was born on 6 November 1666 in Newcastle upon Tyne, The daughter of Peter Astell, a gentrified coal merchant, and Mary Errington. Her moTher was from a family of Catholic recusants, but she allowed her children to be brought up in The Church of England. Mary was The oldest child; one broTher, Peter, studied at The Middle Temple and pursued a modestly successful career as a lawyer in his hometown; a second broTher died in infancy.
Elizabeth Thomas (1675-1731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter
Published: October 2023

Elizabeth was The daughter of Emmanuel Thomas of The Inner Temple, and Elizabeth Osborne. Her faTher died when she was 2, and she was brought up by her moTher and her moTher’s moTher in straitened circumstances in lodgings in London. Some details of her biography can be gleaned from The ‘Life of Corinna’ prefixed to her published collection of letters, Pylades and Corinna (171-2).
Love as the European Humour
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

In 1665, while Dryden was writing his Essay and pondering Anglo-French cultural antagonisms, Moliere found himself enjoying the favour of Louis XIV, even through the scandals and socio cultural troubles caused by his controversial Tartuffe, with its satirical attack on moralistic hypocrisy, in 1664. He had begun to receive a pension from Louis in 1663 of some one thousand francs; but this was multiplied six fold when, in the August of 166 5, Moliere’s company received the official patronage of the king.
Democracy Time and Time Again
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

In the establishment of a culture of benevolence, as I argued in the last chapter, there is a corollary ‘place-logic’, according to which the temporality that is a primary condition of friendship or benevolence is circumvented: the ethical relations that shape the social are seen to be matters of location, of how and where we stand in relation to each other, and not matters of history or of our temporal being with regard to each other. In this chapter, in which I shall explore further the philosophy of Hutcheson and its influence on our own contemporary aesthetics or culture, I shall trace out the implications of this evasion of temporality for an aesthetics that would be democratic.
Spitting Mad: Melville’s Juices
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

When Ishmael and Queequeg sign on to sail with Captain Ahab, they are approached by a man calling himself Elijah, who suspects that they do not yet know the half of it.
Gissing’s Fry-ups: Mess, Waste, and the Definition of Working-Class Culture
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

No English novelist ever served a more strenuous apprenticeship in the trade of novel-writing than Arnold Bennett. The letters he wrote in the 1890s, while preparing himself for the composition of his first novel, A Man from the North (1898), display a wide-ranging knowledge of English, French, and Russian literature. In his view, Turgenev, ‘the Bach of fiction’, reigned supreme, with the Goncourts and Maupassant not far behind; George Moore came a respectable fourth.1 It would certainly be possible to consider turn-of-the-century English fiction under the aspect of an avoidance of Naturalism.
The Fiery Comet ( 1820—1822)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Claire’s feelings of isolation proved only temporary. She settled to life with the Bojti family, taking the older children, Louisa and Annina, for walks in the terraces of the Boboli Gardens, among the small evergreen trees, statues, and fountains. She also strolled with Sna Bojti in the busy, lively town. In letters to Mary she at first complained of dullness, but her sense of humour was still acute, and she enjoyed visits to the opera and ballet with her friendly hostess. She also let her excessive blame of Byron overflow into amusing caricatures, picturing him drinking coffee with a mistress stinking horribly of garlic.
Return to Italy (1829—1832)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

Mary half-envied Claire the excitement of foreign travel: ‘she returns to Dresden to an agreable situation’. Claire had certainly described spa life in pleasant terms.
Religio Medici and Grubstreet
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Bridgwater’s intentions to capitalize on the popularity of his famous predecessor are quite obvious. Forty-eight years after the first authorized edition of Religio Medici, the trade in Religios of various kinds was well established. This trade coincides with the emergence of a popular print culture in England against which the publication of Religio Bibliopolce must be considered. Bridgwater would have been dismayed at the little attention his sales strategies have raised among twentieth-century critics of Religio Medici.
Searching for the Limbs of Osiris
Authors: Havenstein Daniela
Published: October 2023

Whereas the previous chapter focused on one category of word classes, conjunctions, this chapter has both more general and more specific concerns. In the first part I shall provide some reflections on the principles, assumptions, and methods regarding my use of stylometry. As a consequence of the investigation’s experimental and quantitative character, this part will also consist of a series of observations on the nature of quantitative analysis of style, and the status and meaningfulness of its results. In the second part of the chapter I shall draw some general conclusions about the respective styles of Religio Medici, its imitations, and the works of the control group.
Descriptionism: Consuming Sensations
Authors: Whitworth Michael H
Published: October 2023

Does the external world exist in its own right, or is it merely something constructed by perceiving subjects? This is an old philosophical problem, but the scientific developments of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries renewed its importance for science, philosophy, and literature. Physical science was increasingly dealing with phenomena inaccessible to unaided human perceptions.
Representing Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce
Published: October 2023

‘The Flemish picture which I give of my friend’: Boswell’s metaphor both tantalizes and eludes. Its basic meaning is clear: the biographer conceives of his enterprise as analogous to that of a documentary portrait-painter who captures each ‘small characteristick trait’ of his subject (Life iii. 191). Like a Teniers or a Jordaens, Boswell commits himself to rendering unvarnished surfaces as a means of suggesting inspirational depths.
The University’s Contribution to Religion
Authors: Rowell Geoffrey
Published: October 2023

Oxford has made a significant contribution to religion because Oxford was cradled in the Church. The early colleges and halls were religious foundations, founded for such objects as ‘the profit of the holy church of God’, or to the honour of’ our Lord Jesus Christ and of his glorious mother Mary and of all the saints’. Provision was made in early collegiate statutes for the celebration of mass and the regular saying of the canonical hours. Frequently there were particular obligations on the fellows of a college to pray for their founder and his kin after their decease. The common life of colleges had much of a monastic character.
The local context
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

Unfortunately, few parish registers are as informative as this about the origins of an epidemic and its local impact. Few parish clerks, perhaps, had so memorable a story to tell. If we wish to investigate the local incidence of plague in any detail, therefore, we need to look beyond such exceptional records, evocative as they are. We must take into account those registers which simply listed an increasing number of burials in plague-time, and also the negative evidence of registers which recorded no increase in mortality at all. In fact, in order to see which kinds of community were most affected by plague in the course of our period, we need to obtain as complete a coverage of parishes over as wide an area as possible. One way of attempting this is through an examination of two counties in different parts of England, whose experience of the disease might be expected to be dissimilar.
Introduction
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

Many years ago, when I was a boy brought up in my village in the Transkei, I listened to the elders of the tribe telling stories about the good old days, before the arrival of the White man. Then our people lived peacefully ... and moved freely and confidently up and down the country without let or hindrance.
The People of Blood and the People of Water: The Rise of Turkana Diviners in the Later Nineteenth century
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

The decline in status of the senior elders which had accompanied the alteration of the generation-set system created something of a power vacuum in an already acephalous and potentially fissiparous Turkana political environment. Concurrently, the initial momentum of Turkana territorial expansions began to slow. Part of the reason apparently was a more determined resistance to Turkana encroachments which began to be offered by a Maa-speaking people called the Kor, who lived in close pastoral association with Cushitic-speaking groups. All of them herded a variety of livestock, but the Kor specialized in cattle and the Cushites in camels, well suited to the semi-arid plains near the south-western and southern shores of the lake. It is likely that this confederation had fallen back before Turkana advances for some time and in the process had incorporated sizeable numbers of Siger and other peoples displaced by Turkana. By about the mid-nineteenth century these various elements had coalesced—at least partly in response to Turkana pressures—into the Sampur, Rendille, and Ariaal communities and they now presented a powerful barrier to any Turkana expansion beyond the Kerio.
Ekaru Ekwakoit The Time of the White Bone
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

After learning of Otter’s death during his visit to Kakuma, Arnold Hodson pushed on westwards to continue his border inspection. Qanazmach Laku, the Ethiopian official from Maji assigned to accompany him, abruptly began complaining of illness, and returned with his bodyguards toward Maji. On the march, however, Lakujoined 70 Ethiopian riflemen waiting in a prearranged place and attacked Turkana settlements, killing people and looting livestock. The animals were driven on to the country of the Dassanetch, where cows were exchanged for fat oxen, ready for slaughter. Laku then continued on to Maji where he presented the oxen to the governor. The incident, all too familiar to the northern Turkana, was typical of the ever deteriorating relations between the Turkana and the Ethiopians.
Refonn and Reaction: Bristol and 1832
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

Between the late afternoon of Saturday 29 October 1831 and the following Monday morning, a mob in Bristol caused King William IV ‘the deepest affliction’ by burning down a sizeable portion of the town. During thirty-six hours of violence Bristol mobs stormed, emptied, and fired three gaols, sacked and burned the Mansion House, Customs House, and Bishop’s palace, and destroyed dozens of private residences. Before armed intervention from the 3rd Dragoons, 14th Hussars, and mounted elements of the local yeomanry stopped the riot, scores of people died or were seriously injured in the flames, in the crush of the crowd, or from sabre strokes and musket fire.
Reform Resplendent: The Political Transformation of Maidstone and Colchester
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

IF Bristol stood near one extreme on the spectrum of popular responses to the Reform Bill in 1831, Maidstone and Colchester stood near the other. Reform generated very little visible anxiety in either town, much less riot. The residents of Maidstone were by no means apolitical. Quite the reverse; it was precisely because they were so politicized and so accustomed to political battles that a fight over an issue seemed less than extraordinary. Citizens of Colchester were far less developed politically in 1831 than their Maidstone counterparts, but they too were accustomed to elections, parties, and intense political debates in the years leading up to Reform. But while the inhabitants of these two towns failed to work themselves into a frenzied demand for Reform, voters in both places were powerfully affected by the agitation surrounding the Reform Bill and its actual passage. Reform, Act and era, transformed informed voters into nationally oriented partisans.
Reform Refracted 2: Praying and Voting
Authors: Phillips John A
Published: October 2023

The politics of class dominated neither unreformed nor reformed politics, but a strong, consistent pattern of religious differentiation marked the partisans at every election tested in each of these constituencies both before and after Reform. The link forged in the eighteenth century between Nonconformists and Whigs persisted into the nineteenth century and survived 1832. If anything, the affinity of Nonconformists for the Whig party may have increased with Reform.
Introduction
Authors: Moreton C E
Published: October 2023

The Townshends of East Raynham in north-west Norfolk, a family which survives to this day, enjoy a distinguished record. Since the reign of Charles II they have been peers of the realm, but the Townshends of the eighteenth century, especially ‘Turnip Townshend’ the agricultural improver, are probably the most famous. The subjects of this book are, however, those less well-known Townshends who founded the family’s fortunes.
Europe in Revolution
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

Few people foresaw the upheavals of the 1790s, and even fewer worked consciously to bring them about. The constitutional struggles which gave birth to these unforeseen events were the results of attempts by leading subjects to resist innovating governments. But the victory of the forces of resistance, whether in America in 1776, in Ireland in 1782, in Belgium and Hungary in 1790, or in France in 1788, itself brought innovations. Governments had been successfully defied, power had fallen from their hands. What now was to be done with this power, and who was to decide? The defeat of the governments had been brought about by coalitions. Noblemen and churchmen had led the forces of resistance which covered a far broader social range.
Opinion And Emotion
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

Apenal Reform Narrative Which Assumes That Most Of The middle-to-middling classes became ever more indignant about harsh punishment in the early nineteenth century looks problematic now. For most people the strangulation of felons on scaffolds always signified something other than itself, it seems. Not much in the grimy business was seen as we can afford to see it at our safe distance. Few saw or heard the terrified urinations and ululations on the platform. Few saw how felons’ plight might raise questions about how strong people subjected weak. And if some did see the pity of it all they usually turned away. Hierarchy was ordained and order and property must be pro tected somehow.
The Process of Accumulation
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: October 2023

Josiah child considered that young English merchants were under capitalized compared with the Dutch, receiving ‘seldome above £1,000 and sometimes not two Hundred ‘. Dudley began in 1661 with £400 and borrowed an additional £1,000 from his brother. This was an average stake: Gilbert Savile, having bequeathed his eldest son all his land, left £300 to apprentice his younger son, Robert, to a Turkey merchant at 16 and £1,000 at 24 or when his apprenticeship ended. Some children fared worse than Dudley, but what he received was still a bare minimum. By the time he returned to England, he had converted this £1,400 into £22,320 in assets and retained profits, most of which was almost certainly acquired during the decade 1669-79.
The Largest Non-Earlish Estates
Authors: Clarke Peter A
Published: October 2023

Tms chapter will include a discussion of all those estates which Domesday Book values TRE at £40 or more. Above this figure, most landowners can be identified with a fair degree of reliability, and their estates given a relatively accurate evaluation, but as estates get smaller, the relative accuracy of the figures involved is reduced. Identification of the lesser landholders is not as easy as that of greater lords. Bynames are given less frequently for poor men than for the wealthy, and in many cases a Norman succeeded to land which had been held by many different Englishmen before the Conquest. It is therefore not easy to discover how many individuals are being men tioned in a given location. This in turn means that there is a greater chance of attributing a particular manor to the wrong individual, and because the overall values being dealt with are small, every mistake has a great effect on the value of the estate being calculated.
The Pursuit of Victory in the Second World War
Authors: Bond Brian
Published: October 2023

Despite the profound and widespread reaction against war after 1918, exemplified in the 1920s by the disarmament conferences and the proclamation of the Kellogg Pact, there was by no means universal acceptance that war had ceased to be a viable instrument of state policy. In eastern Europe, for example, the Bolsheviks triumphed in the civil war and established their authority over the bulk of the former Tsarist empire; while the Poles decisively defeated a Russian invasion at the battle of Warsaw in 1920, and enhanced their victory by extending their frontier eastward at the Treaty of Riga the following year. Thus, while in Britain and France, ‘men counted their dead and meditated on the futility of war, the peoples of eastern Europe counted their gains and losses and observed the efficacy of force’.
Organization And Structures
Authors: Vale Malcolm
Published: October 2023

The fundamental question of definition treated in the last chapter—what was the court?—does not repeat itself when we consider the nature and organization of the domestic princely household. It was fairly clear, from a relatively early date, that the hôtel, hospitium, or domus had a distinct and relatively well-defined structure. This was sometimes (but not always) laid down in the genre of documents known as ‘household ordinances’ (ordonnances de l’hôtel, Hofordnungen, Hof-ordinatien).
Introduction
Authors: Gameson Richard
Published: October 2023

This work explores the role of the visual arts in the English church (and especially in its monastic sector) from the reign of Alfred the Great (871-99) to the generation after the Norman Conquest. My principal concern is to elucidate the uses to which art was put, the ways in which it functioned, and the resources it had for doing so. Needless to say, an appreciation of its functions requires a clear under standing of its character and forms. Accordingly, I shall be considering the nature of the surviving artefacts and their visual language in order to assess what they could convey and how they did so.
Inscriptions
Authors: Gameson Richard
Published: October 2023

Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastics and, to a lesser extent, their congregations were surrounded by inscriptions. This is quite clear despite the fact that the vast majority of relevant primary material has been lost. Painted or incised legends of a wide variety of forms occurred in architectural settings (notably on dedication stones, but also elsewhere as the example on the arch to the south porticus of Breamore church, Hampshire, shows), on stone sculptures, fonts, and sundials (Pl. 20a), in painted wall decoration, on vessels, vestments, and hangings, and as part of shrines and altars be they of stone, wood, or metal, not to mention on seals and coins. The analogy of Continental examples8 suggests that some pulpits, too, may have borne inscriptions. One particularly common image, the Crucifixion, included an in scription as a matter of course, namely a version of the legend that, as three of the gospels record, was affixed to the cross.
Broader Perspectives
Authors: Gameson Richard
Published: October 2023

Much of the art we have discussed was produced by, and associated with, the most important monastic foundations in southern England during the tenth and eleventh centuries. In examining it we have ranged from general themes to specific types of decoration. The cumulative effect of these chapters, it is hoped, has been to shed a variety of spotlights on the question of the role of art in the late Anglo-Saxon church. Attention to detail is a prerequisite of formulating adequate answers to such a complex issue. Yet such detail must also be considered in its wider historical context. Accordingly, to complement the aforegoing studies, in this final chapter we will re-examine the material as a whole in a series of broader perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

Compared with western Europe, Scandinavia is poorly provided with written evidence for its early medieval history; there are no charters before 1085, and the earliest law codes and histories were compiled in the twelfth century (in Sweden not until the thirteenth century). The only texts preserved from earlier periods (apart from some coin legends) are runic inscriptions, some of which are scratched on pieces of wood or on metal objects such as spear-heads or brooches, but most are on stones erected as memorials or grave-markers. There are also similar memorials inscribed on exposed rock surfaces. For convenience all these memorial inscriptions will here be called rune-stones. In Scandinavia about 3,000 are known, most of them made in the tenth and eleventh centuries. In so far as they have been used as a historical source, most attention has been paid to the monuments that commemorate men who died abroad, which may give the impression that such inscriptions are typical; in fact, they amount to less than 10 per cent of the whole corpus. Most monuments were for people who lived and died at home and constitute a body of contemporary evidence for the period that has been largely untapped by historians. It is true that the inscriptions seldom provide information about events or identifiable persons, and that not much historical knowledge can be gained if only single stones are considered. The main purpose of this book is to show that studied as a whole, the corpus of rune-stones is a most rewarding source for the social, economic, religious, and political history of Scandinavia in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
Rune-Stones, Their Distribution And Historical Background
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

MORE than 3,000 rune-stones are known in Scandinavia, and the majority of them were made in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Most of these ‘late Viking-Age rune-stones’ were upright, but some are horizontal slabs that covered graves and are here called ‘recumbent stones’, and some inscriptions are carved on natural rock faces. They differ in size, shape, and design, but the content of the inscriptions is very uniform, and everywhere the language is Old Scandinavian.
Presentation Of The Corpus And Its Subgroup; Bases Of Analyses
Authors: Sawyer Birgit
Published: October 2023

The corpus comprises all inscriptions that yield a minimum of textual information. These are all listed below in the Catalogue. As described at page xvii above, most of the inscriptions are identified by the numbers assigned to them in the standard editions (DR, NiyR, SRI), but since the edition of Gland’s inscriptions is out of date, these are referred to by the numbers given in Nilsson (1973). For inscriptions not included in these editions (new finds and lost ones that have now been recovered) it is customary to refer to their archival number or to the publications in which they have been reported. However, I have found it more practical to adopt another system for these finds, using the abbreviations ‘Dk’ for Denmark, ‘No’ for Norway, and the standard abbreviations for Swedish provinces (listed in the Abbreviations, above, and in App. 1), with my own numbers preceded by ‘N’ (=new).