bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Everyday Challenges: Feasibility of a Family Caregiver Training Program for People With Dementia
Authors: DiZazzo-Miller Rosanne , Samuel Preethy S. , Barnas Jean M. , Welker Keith M.
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of the Family Caregiver Training Program for assisting with the basic activities of daily living of people with dementia.

METHOD. A one-group pretest–posttest research design with a 3-mo follow-up was used to examine the efficacy of a manualized education program for caregivers. The 6-hr training was delivered to 72 family caregivers over 3 consecutive weeks (2 hr/wk) by trained clinicians.

RESULTS. Caregivers showed a significant gain in knowledge of how to effectively assist with communication and nutrition, t(52) = 7.05, p < .000; transfers and toileting, t(45) = 3.10, p < .003; and bathing and dressing, t(44) = 2.71, p < .01, of their care recipients.

CONCLUSION. Our findings demonstrate that this manualized intervention protocol is a promising method of equipping family members with the skills needed to face their everyday challenges in caring for people with dementia.
Potential Predictors of Functional Outcomes After Home-Based Constraint-Induced Therapy for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Chen Chia-ling , Lin Keh-chung , Kang Lin-ju , Wu Ching-yi , Chen Hsieh-ching , Hsieh Yu-wei
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE. Our objective was to identify predictors for treatment outcomes after home-based constraint-induced therapy (CIT) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHOD. Forty-three children (aged 4–12 yr) with CP were treated with individualized CIT at home for 4 wk. Potential predictors were age, sex, affected hand, and upper-extremity motor capacity measured by the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, 2nd edition (PDMS–2). Outcomes were the Pediatric Motor Activity Log (PMAL) Amount of Hand Use and Quality of Hand Use subscales and the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM).

RESULTS. A higher PDMS–2 Visual–Motor Integration subscale score predicted a better WeeFIM score after home-based CIT (adjusted R2 = .35). Younger age predicted better performance on the PMAL Amount of Hand Use and Quality of Hand Use subscales (adjusted R2 = .06–.08) after home-based CIT.

CONCLUSION. The potential predictors may allow occupational therapy practitioners to target those children who will benefit most after home-based constraint-induced therapy.
Difficulty in Mental, Neuromusculoskeletal, and Movement-Related School Functions Associated With Low Birthweight or Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Maitra Kinsuk , Park Hae Yean , Eggenberger Jaime , Matthiessen Angela , Knight Erin , Ng Betty
Published: March 2014

OBJECTIVE. Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis to investigate whether low birthweight (LBW) or preterm birth was associated with difficulty in mental, neuromusculoskeletal, and movement-related school function tasks.

METHOD. Two search strategies produced 40 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis and yielded 549 effect sizes (d). Heterogeneity was evaluated by obtaining Q and I-squared values. Egger’s regression intercept test and a funnel plot were used to check for publication bias.

RESULTS. Children born LBW exhibited considerable difficulties in mental (d = −0.655, p < .0001) and neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related tasks (d = −0.391, p < .0001) compared with children of normal birthweight. Children born preterm also exhibited significant difficulties compared with full-term children in mental, neuromusculoskeletal, and movement-related tasks (d = −0.237, p < .0001).

CONCLUSION. Deficits in mental and motor functions in children born LBW or preterm appear to have significant effects on school readiness and academic achievement.
Quantifying Function: Status Critical
Authors: Doucet Barbara M.
Published: March 2014

Occupational therapy practitioners are more appropriately trained for restoring health through meaningful, purposeful activity than practitioners in any other discipline.
Habilitative Services: An Essential Health Benefit and an Opportunity for Occupational Therapy Practitioners and Consumers
Authors: Brown Daniel
Published: March 2014

One of the most significant provisions of the Affordable Care Act for the profession of occupational therapy is the requirement that habilitative services be covered.
Quantitative Colocalization Analysis of Fluorescence Microscopy Images
Authors: Zinchuk Vadim , Grossenbacher‐Zinchuk Olga
Published: March 2014

Colocalization is an important finding in many cell biological studies. This unit describes a protocol for quantitative evaluation of fluorescence microscopy images with colocalization based on calculation of a number of specialized coefficients. Images of double‐stained sections are first subjected to background correction, and then various coefficients are calculated. Meanings of the coefficients and a guide to interpretation of the results of calculations based on the use of linguistic variables are given. Success in colocalization studies depends on the quality of images analyzed, proper preparation of the images for coefficients calculations, and correct interpretation of results obtained. This protocol helps ensure reliability of colocalization coefficient calculations. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 62:4.19.1‐4.19.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3‐D Extracellular Matrix from Sectioned Human Tissues
Authors: Campbell Catherine B. , Cukierman Edna , Artym Vira V.
Published: March 2014

Cell adhesion, migration, and signaling in physiologically normal and pathological processes depend highly on the extracellular matrix that the cell interacts with. A variety of in vitro models of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional extracellular matrices have been developed to study multiple aspects of cellular behavior. However, there is a profound need for in vitro models of extracellular matrices to closely mimic both biochemical and physical aspects of a three‐dimensional in vivo cellular environment. This unit outlines the preparation of human‐tissue‐derived, cell‐free, three‐dimensional extracellular matrices for studying cellular behavior and cell‐extracellular matrix interactions ex vivo. These protocols can be used to prepare cell‐free matrices from a variety of normal and cancerous tissues. This unit also provides protocols for quality control of acellular matrix preparations, and for immunostaining of cells for specific cellular proteins as well as of extracellular matrices for their components. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 62:19.16.1‐19.16.20. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scoring and Manipulating Gene Position and Dynamics Using FROS in Budding Yeast
Authors: Loïodice Isabelle , Dubarry Marion , Taddei Angela
Published: March 2014

The spatial organization of the genome within the nucleus is now seen as a key contributor to genome function. Studying chromatin dynamics in living cells has been rendered possible by the development of fast microscopy coupled with fluorescent repressor operator systems (FROS). In these systems, arrays of protein‐binding sites integrated at specific loci by homologous recombination are monitored through the fluorescence of tagged DNA‐binding proteins. In the budding yeast, where homologous recombination is efficient, this technique, combined with targeting assay and genetic analysis, has been extremely powerful for studying the determinants and function of chromatin dynamics in living cells. However, issues have been recurrently raised in different species regarding the use of these systems. Here we discuss the different uses of gene tagging with FROS and their limitations, focusing in budding yeast as a model organism. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 62:22.17.1‐22.17.14. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A multimodel examination of climate extremes in an idealized geoengineering experiment
Authors: Curry Charles L. , Sillmann Jana , Bronaugh David , Alterskjaer Kari , Cole Jason N. S. , Ji Duoying , Kravitz Ben , Kristjánsson Jón Egill , Moore John C. , Muri Helene , Niemeier Ulrike , Robock Alan , Tilmes Simone , Yang Shuting
Published: March 2014

Temperature and precipitation extremes are examined in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project experiment G1, wherein an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2 from its preindustrial control value is offset by a commensurate reduction in solar irradiance. Compared to the preindustrial climate, changes in climate extremes under G1 are generally much smaller than under 4 × CO2 alone. However, it is also the case that extremes of temperature and precipitation in G1 differ significantly from those under preindustrial conditions. Probability density functions of standardized anomalies of monthly surface temperature and precipitation in G1 exhibit an extension of the high‐ tail over land, of the low‐ tail over ocean, and a shift of to drier conditions. Using daily model output, we analyzed the frequency of extreme events, such as the coldest night (TNn), warmest day (TXx), and maximum 5 day precipitation amount, and also duration indicators such as cold and warm spells and consecutive dry days. The strong heating at northern high latitudes simulated under 4 × CO2 is much alleviated in G1, but significant warming remains, particularly for TNn compared to TXx. Internal feedbacks lead to regional increases in absorbed solar radiation at the surface, increasing temperatures over Northern Hemisphere land in summer. Conversely, significant cooling occurs over the tropical oceans, increasing cold spell duration there. Globally, G1 is more effective in reducing changes in temperature extremes compared to precipitation extremes and for reducing changes in precipitation extremes versus means but somewhat less effective at reducing changes in temperature extremes compared to means.
The opposite effects of inner and outer sea surface temperature on tropical cyclone intensity
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhong Zhong , Yi Lan , Ha Yao , Sun Yimei
Published: March 2014

A suite of semiidealized numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the sensitivity of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity to changes of sea surface temperature (SST) over different radial extents. It is found that the increase of inner SST within the range 1.5–2.0 times the radius of maximum wind (RMW), defined as the effective radius (ER), contributes greatly to the increase of TC intensity and the reduction of TC inner‐core size, whereas the increase of outer SST (defined as SST outside the ER) reduces TC intensity and increases TC inner‐core size. Further analysis suggests that the effects of SST inside and outside the ER on TC intensity rely on the factors that influence the TC development. As the SST increases inside the ER, more surface enthalpy flux enters the TC eyewall and less enters the outer spiral rainbands. This will decrease the RMW, leading to a smaller eyewall radius where strong latent heating is released. As a result, the central pressure of the TC deepens with stronger radial pressure gradient. Meanwhile, the difference between SST and upper tropospheric temperature increases. All factors above contribute to TC intensification as the inner SST increases. The opposite happens as the SST increases outside the ER. How TC intensity responds to the change of the entire SST depends on the competitive and opposite effects of inner and outer SST. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms is vital to the forecast of variations in TC intensity and inner‐core size when a TC comes across an ocean cold or warm pool.
Water resources planning under climate change: Assessing the robustness of real options for the Blue Nile
Authors: Jeuland Marc , Whittington Dale
Published: March 2014

This article presents a methodology for planning new water resources infrastructure investments and operating strategies in a world of climate change uncertainty. It combines a real options (e.g., options to defer, expand, contract, abandon, switch use, or otherwise alter a capital investment) approach with principles drawn from robust decision‐making (RDM). RDM comprises a class of methods that are used to identify investment strategies that perform relatively well, compared to the alternatives, across a wide range of plausible future scenarios. Our proposed framework relies on a simulation model that includes linkages between climate change and system hydrology, combined with sensitivity analyses that explore how economic outcomes of investments in new dams vary with forecasts of changing runoff and other uncertainties. To demonstrate the framework, we consider the case of new multipurpose dams along the Blue Nile in Ethiopia. We model flexibility in design and operating decisions—the selection, sizing, and sequencing of new dams, and reservoir operating rules. Results show that there is no single investment plan that performs best across a range of plausible future runoff conditions. The decision‐analytic framework is then used to identify dam configurations that are both robust to poor outcomes and sufficiently flexible to capture high upside benefits if favorable future climate and hydrological conditions should arise. The approach could be extended to explore design and operating features of development and adaptation projects other than dams.
Interactions between flow structure and morphodynamic of bars in a channel expansion/contraction, Loire River, France
Authors: Claude Nicolas , Rodrigues Stéphane , Bustillo Vincent , Bréhéret Jean‐Gabriel , Tassi Pablo , Jugé Philippe
Published: March 2014

The study of the relationship between flow structure and morphodynamic of bars in a channel expansion/contraction is essential to better understand the processes that control the evolution of rivers. Thus, multibeam echosoundings and Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) measurements were performed with a high temporal resolution in an expansion/contraction zone of the Loire River (France) occupied by bars. During the monitoring period, the macroforms presented successively an alternate, a lateral and a transverse configuration. Field data were analyzed to study how the primary and secondary velocities, the flow directions, the bed shear stresses, and the bed roughnesses (associated to dunes) evolve as a function of the water discharge and bars configuration. The bars modify the flow structure imposed by the channel width variations. In fact, the bars induce a topographic forcing which enables the separation and reducing of the mixing of two currents formed in the upstream channel expansion. This forcing is enhanced by the turbulence formed by the large dunes superimposed on the bars. Therefore, the bars promote a nonuniform flow in the channel. In turn, in the channel expansion/contraction, the migrating bars' morphodynamics are affected by the downstream channel narrowing which stops their downstream migration and forced the bars in the system. Then the nonuniformity of the flow encourages the lateral migration of the macroforms until they reach a bank and become nonmigrating. Finally, the nonmigrating bars are eroded by the flow deflected during the migration of a new bar in the channel expansion/contraction.
Materials and Designs for Wireless Epidermal Sensors of Hydration and Strain
Authors: Huang Xian , Liu Yuhao , Cheng Huanyu , Shin Woo‐Jung , Fan Jonathan A. , Liu Zhuangjian , Lu Ching‐Jui , Kong Gil‐Woo , Chen Kaile , Patnaik Dwipayan , Lee Sang‐Heon , Hage‐Ali Sami , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents materials and designs for an ultrathin, stretchable class of device that is capable of lamination onto the surface of the skin, for wireless determination of dielectric and surface strain properties. The sensor exploits LC resonators with capacitive electrodes whose radio frequency characteristics change with variations in skin properties, and is capable of conformal and spontaneous integration with skin due to their skin‐like, “epidermal”, mechanical properties. Resonance frequencies of the LC resonators can be measured wirelessly through changes in the absorption of electromagnetic energy from a coil connected to an impedance measurement setup and placed in proximity to the epidermal device. Experimental results demonstrate that the device offers a precision of 1.1 (arbitrary unit of a reference commercial hydration meter) for hydration and 1.3% for strain detection, with good stability and low drift. Measurement of simulated lymphedema using an expandable balloon with an attached sensor further demonstrates the potential for using such a sensor in monitoring skin swelling. Finite element simulation of physical deformation and associated changes in electrical properties enable quantitative interpretation of the experimental results. The results may have relevance for wireless evaluation of the skin, for applications ranging from dermatology and cosmetology to health/wellness monitoring (lymphedema, transdermal water loss, edema, and psychological stress).
Highly Improved Sb2S3 Sensitized‐Inorganic–Organic Heterojunction Solar Cells and Quantification of Traps by Deep‐Level Transient Spectroscopy
Authors: Choi Yong Chan , Lee Dong Uk , Noh Jun Hong , Kim Eun Kyu , Seok Sang Il
Published: March 2014

The light‐harvesting Sb2S3 surface on mesoporous‐TiO2 in inorganic–organic heterojunction solar cells is sulfurized with thioacetamide (TA). The photovoltaic performances are compared before and after TA treatment, and the state of the Sb2S3 is investigated by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Although there are no differences in crystallinity and composition, the TA‐treated solar cells exhibit significantly enhanced performance compared to pristine Sb2S3‐sensitized solar cells. From DLTS analysis, the performance enhancement is mainly attributed to the extinction of trap sites, which are present at a density of (2–5) × 1014 cm−3 in Sb2S3, by TA treatment. Through such a simple treatment, the cell records an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.5% through a metal mask under simulated illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm–2) with a very high open circuit voltage of 711.0 mV. This PCE is, thus far, the highest reported for fully solid‐state chalcogenide‐sensitized solar cells.
Graphene‐Like Single‐Layered Covalent Organic Frameworks: Synthesis Strategies and Application Prospects
Authors: Liu Xuan‐He , Guan Cui‐Zhong , Wang Dong , Wan Li‐Jun
Published: March 2014

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene and transition metal chalcogenides, show many interesting dimension‐related materials properties. Inspired by the development of 2D inorganic nanomaterials, single‐layered covalent organic frameworks (sCOFs), featuring atom‐thick sheets and crystalline extended organic structures with covalently bonded building blocks, have attracted great attention in recent years. With their unique graphene‐like topological structure and the merit of structural diversity, sCOFs promise to possess novel and designable properties. However, the synthesis of sCOFs with well‐defined structures remains a great challenge. Herein, the recent development of the bottom‐up synthesis methods of 2D sCOFs, such as thermodynamic equilibrium control methods, growth‐kinetics control methods, and surface‐assisted covalent polymerization methods, are reviewed. Finally, some of the critical properties and application prospects of these materials are outlined.
Copper‐Catalyzed Monoborylation of Silylalkynes; Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐(Borylvinyl)silanes
Authors: Chae Yeong Mi , Bae Jun Sung , Moon Jong Hun , Lee Jin Yong , Yun Jaesook
Published: March 2014

The selective copper‐catalyzed borylation of silylalkynes in the presence of a diboron reagent and methanol produced a variety of (Z)‐β‐(borylvinyl)silanes. The appropriate use of a selective ligand for copper allows the chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective monoborylation of silylalkynes. The β‐regioselectivity of an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐copper catalyst was investigated by DFT calculations.

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Organocatalytic Enantioselective Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrrolopiperazines
Authors: Du Haiying , Rodriguez Jean , Bugaut Xavier , Constantieux Thierry
Published: March 2014

The first organocatalytic multicomponent synthesis of enantioenriched pyrrolopiperazines is reported. These biologically relevant fused tricyclic products were obtained under catalytic iminium activation through a reaction sequence involving an enantioselective Michael addition followed by an iminium ion trapping via Pictet–Spengler cyclization (MAPS sequence). Substantial possibilities for variation on the three reaction partners [β‐keto ester, enal and N‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyrrole] along with excellent enantioselectivities are the highlights of the present transformation.

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Magnetically Separable Copper Ferrite Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Diaryl, Alkyl/Aryl Sulfones from Arylsulfinic Acid Salts and Organohalides/Boronic Acids
Authors: Srinivas B. T. V. , Rawat Vikas S. , Konda Kavitha , Sreedhar Bojja
Published: March 2014

A recyclable, inexpensive, non‐toxic and environmentally benign catalytic system comprised of magnetically separable copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles has been developed for the synthesis of diaryl, alkyl/aryl sulfones. Arylsulfinic acid salts are coupled with various alkyl/aryl halides/boronic acids to afford the corresponding diaryl, alkyl/aryl sulfones in good to excellent yields under the identical catalytic system. A wide range of functional group tolerance, with facile recovery of the catalyst by application of an external magnetic field, and consistently high catalytic efficiency for five consecutive cycles render the protocol operationally attractive.

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Smart manufacturing: Handling preventive actuator maintenance and economics using model predictive control
Authors: Lao Liangfeng , Ellis Matthew , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: March 2014

Integrating components and systems of the manufacturing process is an important area of research to enable the future development and deployment of the Smart Manufacturing paradigm. An economic model predictive control (EMPC) scheme is proposed that effectively integrates scheduled preventive control actuator maintenance, process economics, and process control into a unified methodology. To accomplish this goal, a Lyapunov‐based EMPC (LEMPC) scheme is formulated for handling changing number of online actuators (i.e., changing number of manipulated inputs). Closed‐loop stability under the proposed LEMPC is proven. Subsequently, the LEMPC is applied to a chemical process network used for benzene alkylation to demonstrate that the LEMPC can maintain stability and improve dynamic economic performance of the process network in the presence of changing number of available control actuators resulting from scheduled preventive maintenance tasks. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2179–2196, 2014
Endocrine responses, weight change, and energy sparing mechanisms during Ramadan among Gambian adolescent women
Authors: Reiches Meredith W. , Moore Sophie E. , Prentice Andrew M. , Ellison Peter T.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Ramadan fasting imposes a diurnal rather than a chronic energetic challenge. When Ramadan occurs during the agricultural season in subsistence populations, diurnal and chronic effects combine. The impact of layered energetic challenges on adolescent activity, metabolism, and body composition have not been quantified. This study compares the effects of a Ramadan (30 July–3 October 2009) and subsequent non‐Ramadan (14 July–12 August 2010) agricultural season in 67 Gambian subsistence agriculturalist women between 14 and 20 years old.

Methods

Researchers collected body composition, anthropometric, metabolic, and activity data. Metabolic hormones were measured in weekly urine (C‐peptide of insulin) and serum (leptin). Energy expenditure was estimated from heart rate calibrated for oxygen consumption.

Results

Participants lost more weight (Wald Chi‐square 8.7, P < 0.01) and lean mass (Wald Chi‐square 4.7, P < 0.05) in Ramadan than in the non‐Ramadan agricultural season. Energy expenditure was lower (Wald Chi‐square 11.2, P = 0.001) and there was a negative correlation between resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure in activity (R2 = 0.097, F = 5.366, P = 0.025) during Ramadan. Leptin and C‐peptide were higher during Ramadan (Wald Chi‐square 53.7, P < 0.001 and Wald Chi‐square 15.0, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Even using energy sparing behaviors, adolescent women enter negative energy balance when Ramadan and the agricultural season co‐occur. Metabolic physiology shows a transient response to high glycemic index foods consumed at night. Older and larger individuals sustain greater losses during Ramadan. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:395–400, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Organocatalytic Addition of Nitromethane to Activated Ketimines
Authors: Wang Yu‐Hui , Liu Yun‐Lin , Cao Zhong‐Yan , Zhou Jian
Published: March 2014

We report an organocatalytic addition of nitromethane to aryl α‐ketoester‐derived N‐tosyl ketimines or isatin‐derived N‐tert‐butyloxycarbonyl ketimines, catalyzed by 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (1–5 mol %). Initial screenings reveal that the reaction with a quinine‐derived bifunctional catalyst, which features a C6 phenolic hydroxy group, achieved up to 71 % ee.
Improved quality of surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery after clonidine premedication—a pilot study
Authors: Wawrzyniak Katarzyna , Burduk Pawel K. , Cywinski Jacek B. , Kusza Krzysztof , Kazmierczak Wojciech
Published: March 2014

Background

Inadequate surgical field visualization due to intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) can cause major complications. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the effect of preoperative administration of clonidine and melatonin on the quality of the surgical field visualization and selected aspects of presurgical premedication.

Methods

Twenty‐six patients undergoing ESS for chronic sinusitis and polyp removal were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either oral clonidine or melatonin as preoperative premedication. During the operation, the quality of the surgical field was assessed and graded using the scale proposed by Boezaart. The evaluations were done at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after incision. The effect of this premedication choice on the intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic profile was examined in each group. Anxiolytic effects of both premedication agents were assessed using the visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS‐A). Propofol dose and induction time (the time for bispectral index [BIS] to reach 45), anesthesia and surgical procedures time, and recovery time (the time for BIS to reach 90) were assessed in both groups as well.

Results

The quality of the surgical field was consistently better in 2 of 3 time points in the clonidine group. Perioperative mean arterial pressure and intraoperative heart rate had a more favorable profile in patients premedicated with clonidine. There were no differences in other measured parameters between groups.

Conclusion

Premedication with clonidine before ESS provides better quality of surgical field and more favorable hemodynamic profile as compared to melatonin.
KCNT1 gain of function in 2 epilepsy phenotypes is reversed by quinidine
Authors: Milligan Carol J. , Li Melody , Gazina Elena V. , Heron Sarah E. , Nair Umesh , Trager Chantel , Reid Christopher A. , Venkat Anu , Younkin Donald P. , Dlugos Dennis J. , Petrovski Slavé , Goldstein David B. , Dibbens Leanne M. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Petrou Steven
Published: March 2014

Objective

Mutations in KCNT1 have been implicated in autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) and epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS). More recently, a whole exome sequencing study of epileptic encephalopathies identified an additional de novo mutation in 1 proband with EIMFS. We aim to investigate the electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics of hKCNT1 mutations and examine developmental expression levels.

Methods

Here we use a Xenopus laevis oocyte‐based automated 2‐electrode voltage clamp assay. The effects of quinidine (100 and 300μM) are also tested. Using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, the relative levels of mouse brain mKcnt1 mRNA expression are determined.

Results

We demonstrate that KCNT1 mutations implicated in epilepsy cause a marked increase in function. Importantly, there is a significant group difference in gain of function between mutations associated with ADNFLE and EIMFS. Finally, exposure to quinidine significantly reduces this gain of function for all mutations studied.

Interpretation

These results establish direction for a targeted therapy and potentially exemplify a translational paradigm for in vitro studies informing novel therapies in a neuropsychiatric disease. Ann Neurol 2014;75:581–590
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Sequential Allylic Amination and Olefin Hydroacylation Reactions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Arnold Jeffrey S. , Mwenda Edward T. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: March 2014

Dynamic kinetic asymmetric amination of branched allylic acetimidates has been applied to the synthesis of 2‐alkyl‐dihydrobenzoazepin‐5‐ones. These seven‐membered‐ring aza ketones are prepared in good yield with high enantiomeric excess by rhodium‐catalyzed allylic substitution with 2‐amino aryl aldehydes followed by intramolecular olefin hydroacylation of the resulting alkenals. This two‐step procedure is amenable to varied functionality and proves useful for the enantioselective preparation of these ring systems.
A Uniformly Oriented MFI Membrane for Improved CO2 Separation
Authors: Zhou Ming , Korelskiy Danil , Ye Pengcheng , Grahn Mattias , Hedlund Jonas
Published: March 2014

Membrane separation of CO2 from natural gas, biogas, synthesis gas, and flu gas is a simple and energy‐efficient alternative to other separation techniques. But results for CO2‐selective permeance have always been achieved by randomly oriented and thick zeolite membranes. Thin, oriented membranes have great potential to realize high‐flux and high‐selectivity separation of mixtures at low energy cost. We now report a facile method for preparing silica MFI membranes in fluoride media on a graded alumina support. In the resulting membrane straight channels are uniformly vertically aligned and the membrane has a thickness of 0.5 μm. The membrane showed a separation selectivity of 109 for CO2/H2 mixtures and a CO2 permeance of 51×10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 at −35 °C, making it promising for practical CO2 separation from mixtures.
One‐Step Exfoliation and Fluorination of Boron Nitride Nanosheets and a Study of Their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Du Miao , Li Xianlei , Wang Aizhu , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng , Zhao Mingwen
Published: March 2014

A novel, simple, and efficient method for the preparation of the fluorinated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (F‐BNNSs) and the corresponding magnetic properties is presented. A one‐step route is used to exfoliate and fluorinate the BNNSs by ammonium fluoride (NH4F) from hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) powder. Through related instrument characterizations and theoretical calculations, we confirm that large‐area and few‐layer F‐BNNSs were successfully produced by this method, which can be attributed to a fluorination‐assisted exfoliation mechanism from the bulk h‐BN in NH4F. More intriguingly, we initially verified that the as‐prepared F‐BNNSs exhibit ferromagnetic characteristics, which would have good potential applications in spintronic devices.
Pumping through Porous Hydrophobic/Oleophilic Materials: An Alternative Technology for Oil Spill Remediation
Authors: Ge Jin , Ye Yin‐Dong , Yao Hong‐Bin , Zhu Xi , Wang Xu , Wu Liang , Wang Jin‐Long , Ding Hang , Yong Ni , He Ling‐Hui , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: March 2014

Recently, porous hydrophobic/oleophilic materials (PHOMs) have been shown to be the most promising candidates for cleaning up oil spills; however, due to their limited absorption capacity, a large quantity of PHOMs would be consumed in oil spill remediation, causing serious economic problems. In addition, the complicated and time‐consuming process of oil recovery from these sorbents is also an obstacle to their practical application. To solve the above problems, we apply external pumping on PHOMs to realize the continuous collection of oil spills in situ from the water surface with high speed and efficiency. Based on this novel design, oil/water separation and oil collection can be simultaneously achieved in the remediation of oil spills, and the oil sorption capacity is no longer limited to the volume and weight of the sorption material. This novel external pumping technique may bring PHOMs a step closer to practical application in oil spill remediation.
A Multifaceted Secondary Structure Mimic Based On Piperidine‐piperidinones
Authors: Xin Dongyue , Perez Lisa M. , Ioerger Thomas R. , Burgess Kevin
Published: March 2014

Minimalist secondary structure mimics are typically made to resemble one interface in a protein–protein interaction (PPI), and thus perturb it. We recently proposed suitable chemotypes can be matched with interface regions directly, without regard for secondary structures. Here we describe a modular synthesis of a new chemotype 1, simulation of its solution‐state conformational ensemble, and correlation of that with ideal secondary structures and real interface regions in PPIs. Scaffold 1 presents amino acid side‐chains that are quite separated from each other, in orientations that closely resemble ideal sheet or helical structures, similar non‐ideal structures at PPI interfaces, and regions of other PPI interfaces where the mimic conformation does not resemble any secondary structure. 68 different PPIs where conformations of 1 matched well were identified. A new method is also presented to determine the relevance of a minimalist mimic crystal structure to its solution conformations. Thus dld‐1 faf crystallized in a conformation that is estimated to be 0.91 kcal mol−1 above the minimum energy solution state.
US Trends in Rates of Arthroplasty for Inflammatory Arthritis Including Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, and Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Mertelsmann‐Voss Christina , Lyman Stephen , Pan Ting Jung , Goodman Susan M. , Figgie Mark P. , Mandl Lisa A.
Published: March 2014

Objective

Although rates of arthroplasty have increased dramatically, rates among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are reported to be decreasing. It is not known if this is also the case among patients with other inflammatory arthritides. This study was undertaken to evaluate rates of arthroplasty due to RA, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), spondyloarthritis (SpA), and a composite group of patients with inflammatory arthritides (IA), compared to arthroplasty rates among patients without inflammatory or autoimmune conditions.

Methods

Administrative discharge databases (State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, New York Department of Health Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, California Statewide Health Planning and Development) were used to compare rates of knee, hip, and shoulder arthroplasty occurring from 1991 to 2005.

Results

Of 2,839,325 arthroplasties in 1991–2005, 2.7% were performed in patients with IA. The rate of arthroplasty for noninflammatory conditions doubled (124.5 per 100,000 persons in 1991 versus 247.5 per 100,000 persons in 2005), while the rate for IA remained stable at 5.1 per 100,000. Rates of arthroplasty for RA decreased slightly (4.6 per 100,000 versus 4.5 per 100,000) and those for JIA decreased by nearly 50% (0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.13 per 100,000), but the rate of arthroplasty for SpA increased by nearly 50% (0.22 per 100,000 versus 0.31 per 100,000). Age at the time of arthroplasty increased for patients with RA (mean ± SD 63.4 ± 12.7 years versus 64.9 ± 12.8 years), JIA (30.9 ± 12.2 years versus 36.7 ± 14.9 years), and SpA (54.3 ± 16.1 years versus 60.4 ± 13.9 years). However, the mean age at the time of arthroplasty among non‐IA cases decreased (71.5 ± 11.8 years versus 69.0 ± 12.0 years).

Conclusion

This population‐based study is the first to show that arthroplasty rates have decreased significantly among patients with JIA and minimally among patients with RA, and have increased among patients with SpA. The increased age at the time of arthroplasty among patients with JIA and SpA suggests that these patients are increasingly able to defer surgical interventions. Further research is needed to assess the ongoing effect of biologic agents on the need for arthroplasties in patients with IA.
Secreted Semaphorin 5A Activates Immune Effector Cells and Is a Biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Gras Christiane , Eiz‐Vesper Britta , Jaimes Yarua , Immenschuh Stephan , Jacobs Roland , Witte Torsten , Blasczyk Rainer , Figueiredo Constança
Published: March 2014

Objective

To investigate the role of the multifunctional protein semaphorin 5A (Sema5A) in modulating cellular immune responses and as a biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

A soluble form of recombinant Sema5A was used to assess its effect on the functions of primary T cells and natural killer (NK) cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Cell proliferation and expression of transcription factors were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokine secretion was analyzed using Luminex technology. Serum samples obtained from 145 patients with RA and control serum samples obtained from healthy individuals or patients with non‐RA rheumatic diseases were analyzed for the presence of secreted Sema5A, using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblotting.

Results

Soluble Sema5A strongly increased T cell and NK cell proliferation and induced the secretion of proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cytokines. Accordingly, Sema5A stimulation caused significant up‐regulation of T‐bet and retinoic acid receptor–related orphan nuclear receptor γt levels in T cells. In addition, significantly elevated levels of secreted Sema5A were detected in the serum of patients with RA compared with control serum. Sema5A levels were highest in patients with RA who were positive for the RA biomarker anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (P < 0.001 versus patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with Sjögren's syndrome) and correlated with the levels of rheumatoid factor.

Conclusion

Soluble Sema5A is a potent activator of T cells and NK cells in vitro, and high serum levels of Sema5A are associated with RA. Taken together, the results indicate that Sema5A contributes to the pathogenesis of RA through antigen‐independent T cell and NK cell activation. Hence, Sema5A is a promising complementary biomarker for the diagnosis of RA.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over Hierarchical Composites of ZnIn2S4 Nanosheets Grown on MoS2 Slices
Authors: Tian Guohui , Chen Yajie , Ren Zhiyu , Tian Chungui , Pan Kai , Zhou Wei , Wang Jiaqi , Fu Honggang
Published: March 2014

A highly active hierarchical MoS2/ZnIn2S4 composite catalyst was synthesized in situ by using a facile controlled‐growth approach through a solvothermal process. During the solvothermal reaction, 2D ultrathin curled ZnIn2S4 nanosheets grew on the surface of MoS2 slices, which could help to form a more‐homogeneous mixture, effective interfacial contact, and strong interactions between the ZnIn2S4 nanosheets and the MoS2 slices. The intimate contact between ZnIn2S4 and MoS2 favored the formation of junctions between the two components, thereby improving the charge separation and prolonging the mean lifetime of the electron–hole pairs. Moreover, growing ZnIn2S4 nanosheets by visible‐light catalysis on MoS2 slices afforded a higher number of available catalytically active sites. So, the photocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution performance of the hierarchical MoS2/ZnIn2S4 composite was significantly enhanced, owing to a synergistic effect of these factors. This work could provide new insights into the fabrication of a highly efficient and low‐cost non‐noble‐metal co‐catalyst for visible‐light H2 generation.
Stereogenic Phosphorus‐Induced Diastereoselective Formation of Chiral Carbon during Nucleophilic Addition of Chiral HP Species to Aldehydes or Ketones
Authors: Zhang He , Sun Yong‐Ming , Yao Lan , Ji Si‐Yu , Zhao Chang‐Qiu , Han Li‐Biao
Published: March 2014

P,C‐Stereogenic α‐hydroxyl phosphinates or phosphine oxides were prepared from the additions of (RP)‐phosphinate to ketones or (RP)‐phosphine oxide to aldehydes, respectively, catalyzed by bases at room temperature in up to >99:1 diasteromeric ratio (d.r.P/d.r.C) and 99 % yields. The diastereoselectivity was induced by reversible equilibrium and different stabilities between two diastereomers of adduct, which was caused by the spatial interaction between menthoxyl or menthyl to alkyl groups of aldehydes or ketones.
Asymmetric Decarboxylative 1,4‐Addition of Malonic Acid Half Thioesters to Vinyl Sulfones: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Monofluoromethyl‐3‐Arylpropanoic Esters
Authors: Qiao Baokun , Liu Qian , Liu Hongjun , Yan Lin , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: March 2014

An asymmetric decarboxylative 1,4‐addition of malonic acid half thioesters (MAHTs) to 2‐aryl‐substituted vinyl sulfones has been developed, yielding adducts with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97 % ee). In view of tuning pKa values, a quinine‐based benzyl‐substituted thiourea was designed and demonstrated as the most efficient catalyst. The enantioselective synthesis of 3‐monofluorinated analogues of 3‐methyl indanone and (+)‐turmerone has been accomplished from decarboxylative 1,4‐addition adducts with satisfactory results.
Anwendungsmöglichkeit von Befestigungen in Sicht‐Stein‐Beton
Authors: Zeman Oliver , Voit Klaus , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: March 2014

Die Zulassung bzw. Beurteilung der Eignung von nachträglichen Befestigungen für sicherheitsrelevante Anwendungen in Beton ist in Europa in der Richtlinie ETAG 001 (1997) geregelt. In dieser Richtlinie wird als Standardbeton zur Durchführung von Eignungsversuchen eine Festigkeitsklasse des Betons von C 20/25 bzw. C 50/60 vorausgesetzt. Außerdem wird ein Bereich vorgegeben, in welchem sich die Sieblinie der Gesteinskörnung zu bewegen hat (siehe Anhang A zur ETAG 001). Bei Tunnelbauprojekten fallen große Mengen an Gesteinsmaterial als Tunnelausbruch an. Aus ökologischen und ökonomischen Gründen wird zunehmend versucht, diesen mineralischen Rohstoff aufzubereiten und beim Ausbau der Tunnelanlage u. a. als Gesteinskörnung für Beton wiederzuverwerten. Spätestens beim Einbringen der Tunnelausstattung sind Befestigungen in diesem Beton unumgänglich, wodurch sich zwangsläufig die Frage nach einem Einfluss auf die Auszugslast der Befestigungen stellt.

Zur Beurteilung des Tragverhaltens von nachträglichen Befestigungen in einem Betonelement mit Kalkschiefer (Bündnerschiefer aus dem Vortrieb des Brenner Basistunnels) als Gesteinskörnung wurden Versuche mit unterschiedlichen Befestigungssystemen durchgeführt. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurden mit denselben Befestigungssystemen in gleicher Anzahl Referenzversuche im ungerissenen Beton der Betonfestigkeitsklasse C 20/25 durchgeführt.

Application of fastening systems in rock exposing concrete

The approval procedure of post‐installed anchors for structural applications is generally regulated in the European Technical Approval Guideline ETAG 001. In this guideline a concrete compressive strength class of C20/25 resp. C50/60 is stated as standard concrete for the required tests. In addition a range for the grain‐size distribution curve is given in Annex A of ETAG 001. At large tunnel projects large quantities of excavation material are generated. Due to economic and ecological reasons research is done for using these mineral resources as aggregate for concrete which can be used in the construction of the tunnel itself. At the application of the tunnel equipment post‐installed fastening systems will be used and hence the influence on the pull‐out capacities has to be considered.

For the evaluation of post‐installed fastening systems in a concrete member made of aggregate from tunnel excavation material (Bündnerschiefer from the Brenner Base Tunnel) various fastening systems were tested. The results of the pull‐out tests were compared to reference tests which were performed under the same conditions in concrete C20/25.
Süderweiterung NürnbergMesse – Entwurf Halle 3A
Authors: Böttcher Christian , Hübener Jan , Mai Alexander
Published: March 2014

Das Nürnberger Messegelände wird nach Süden erweitert. Insbesondere Besucher und Aussteller der weltbekannten Spielwarenmesse werden ab 2014 in den Genuss der von Zaha Hadid Architects entworfenen neuen Halle 3A kommen. Der Wunsch einer bezahlbaren und im vorgesehenen engen Zeitfenster realisierbaren Ausnahmearchitektur erforderte angesichts der bautechnischen Komplexität bereits während der Architekturstudie im Jahr 2010 eine interdisziplinäre und am räumlichen Gesamtsystem durchgeführte Bearbeitung.

Für die Tragwerksplanung galt es, zahlreiche Herausforderungen zu meistern, primär bei Entwicklung und Nachweis der prägenden Stahlbau‐Dachkonstruktion mit Spannweiten von über 75 m. Dabei waren die Bauzustände bereits zu berücksichtigen. Ähnlich anspruchsvoll gestaltete sich wegen hoher Sichtbetonanforderungen bei zugleich komplexen Geometrien der Massivbau des ca. 105 m langen und fugenlosen Hallenriegels sowie der Verbindung zur bestehenden Halle 4A. Grundbautechnisch ergaben sich durch die gemischte Gründung aus Großbohrpfählen im Hallenbereich und Flachgründung des Hallenriegels, die schadensfreie Herstellung der Baugrube direkt neben einem großen Abwassersammler sowie dessen anschließende Überbauung zahlreiche Besonderheiten.

South extension of Nuremberg fairground – Design of Hall 3A

The Nuremberg fairground will be extended southwards. From 2014 on, visitors and exhibitors of the world‐famous Toy Fair will be able to enjoy the new Hall 3A designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. Already during the initial architecture study of 2010, the need for an exceptional architecture was determined, with the prerequisite to be affordable and feasible in the provided tight time window. Due to this and the technical complexity, the requirement of an interdisciplinary and fully 3D‐based approach was given.

For structural engineering numerous challenges did exist, primary within development and analysis of the architecturally exposed steel structure of the roof with spans of more than 75 m. Already during the early structural design phases, the construction sequence had to be taken into account. Additionally, the solid construction works of the approximately 105 m long, joint‐less edge wing as well as for the connection to the existing Hall 4A got ambitious due to architecturally exposed concrete along with complex geometries. The mixed foundation with large bore piles in the hall area in combination with a slab foundation for the edge wing, the needs for a large building pit adjacent to a main municipal sewer and its subsequent superstructure led to geotechnical engineering challenges as well.