bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospects for Nanobiology with Atom-Probe Tomography
Authors: Kelly Thomas F. , Nishikawa Osamu , Panitz J.A. , Prosa Ty J.
Published: March 2012

The merits of atom-probe tomography (APT) of inorganic materials are well established, as described in this volume. However, one of the long-held aspirations of atom-probe scientists, structural and chemical characterization of organic and biological materials at near-atomic resolution, has yet to be fully realized. A few proof-of-concept type investigations have shown that APT of organic materials is feasible, but a number of challenges still exist with regard to specimen preparation and conversion of raw time-of-flight mass spectrometry data into a three-dimensional map of ions containing structural and chemical information at an acceptable resolution. Recent research aided by hardware improvements and specimen preparation advances has made some progress toward this goal. This article reviews the historical developments in this field, presents some recent results, and considers what life science researchers might expect from this technology.
Manipulation of Photons by Photonic Crystals
Authors: Noda Susumu
Published: March 2012

Photonic crystals, in which the refractive index changes periodically, provide an exciting new tool for the manipulation of photons and have received keen interest from a variety of fields. This article reviews recent progress in the manipulation of photons by photonic crystals. First, the article covers spontaneous emission, a fundamental phenomenon associated with all photonic devices that emit light, which now can be successfully controlled. Light emission is suppressed in areas where the photonic crystal is complete, while strong emission occurs in the areas where there are artificial defects. Next, it is shown that a very strong confinement of photons in a small volume on the scale of cubic wavelengths becomes possible by using photonic crystals, where nanocavities with ultrahigh-Q values of more than 2 million have been successfully demonstrated. Finally, photonic crystals promise to realize unprecedented types of lasers, which can produce tailored beams on demand, while keeping stable single longitudinal and lateral modes.
Racial Disparities in the Association Between Variants on 8q24 and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Troutman Sarah M. , Sissung Tristan M. , Cropp Cheryl D. , Venzon David J. , Spencer Shawn D. , Adesunloye Bamidele A. , Huang Xuan , Karzai Fatima H. , Price Douglas K. , Figg William D.
Published: March 2012

Recent studies implicate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 8q24 region as a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa). New developments suggest that 8q24 encodes regulators of the nearby MYC gene, a known oncogene. In order to better understand the implications of SNPs in this region, we performed meta-analyses, stratified by race, of seven SNPs and one microsatellite marker previously identified as risk loci on the 8q24 region of the genome. In addition, we reviewed the literature examining the possible associations between these polymorphisms and clinicopathological features of PCa. The results of the meta-analyses indicate that rs6983267, rs1447295, rs6983561, rs7837688, rs16901979, and DG8S737 are significantly associated with a higher risk for PCa for at least one race, whereas the variants rs13254738 and rs7000448 are not. The degree of association and frequency of the causative allele varied among men of different races. Though several studies have demonstrated an association between certain 8q24 SNPs and clinicopathological features of the disease, review of this topic revealed conflicting results.
Modeling the 5-Fluorouracil Area Under the Curve Versus Dose Relationship to Develop a Pharmacokinetic Dosing Algorithm for Colorectal Cancer Patients Receiving FOLFOX6
Authors: Kaldate Rajesh R. , Haregewoin Abebe , Grier Charles E. , Hamilton Stephanie A. , McLeod Howard L.
Published: March 2012

Background.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is administered based on standard body surface area (BSA) dosing. BSA administration results in highly variable exposure, measured as the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). An immunoassay (OnDose®; Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT) that measures plasma 5-FU concentration and reports an AUC in mg · h/L has been developed to optimize therapy using pharmacokinetic (PK) dosing. The results of an analysis to model the 5-FU AUC-dose relationship are presented.

Methods.

A set of 589 sequential patients from a clinical database receiving 5-FU, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (the FOLFOX6 regimen) for colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment was analyzed. A subset including only patients who had at least two consecutive cycles tested, received 1,600–3,600 mg/m2 of continuous infusion 5-FU during the initial test cycle, and had a blood sample collected after ≥18 hours, was used to conduct regression modeling of the change in AUC versus change in dose.

Results.

A simple regression model with R2 = 0.51 developed over n = 307 cycle-pair observations characterizes the AUC-Dose relationship as: change in AUC = 0.02063 * dose change. The model suggests that dose changes in the range of 145–727 mg/m2 would be sufficient to adjust the AUC to a potential therapeutic threshold of >20 mg · h/L for most patients.

Conclusions.

5-FU is an ideal candidate for PK dose optimization. Because individual factors other than dose change may also affect the change in AUC, longitudinal PK monitoring in all cycles and dose adjustment to ensure AUC in the desired range of 20–30 mg · h/L are recommended.
Racial Differences in Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Jovanovich Anna , Chonchol Michel , Cheung Alfred K. , Kaufman James S. , Greene Tom , Roberts William L. , Smits Gerard , Kendrick Jessica
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

This study examined differences in the concentration of markers of mineral metabolism across race in patients with advanced CKD not requiring dialysis and ESRD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) were measured in stored plasma samples of 1497 patients with advanced CKD not yet on dialysis and ESRD who participated in the Homocysteine in Kidney and End Stage Renal Disease study. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between race and 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, and FGF-23 concentrations.

Results

Non-Hispanic white patients comprised 58% of the cohort, whereas non-Hispanic blacks comprised 42%. Median (interquartile range) FGF-23 concentrations were lower in blacks compared with whites with CKD (323 [181–655] versus 431 [232–1026] RU/ml; P<0.001) but not in ESRD. In adjusted linear regression models, blacks with CKD not requiring dialysis had significantly lower plasma FGF-23 concentrations (difference, −159; 95% confidence interval, −205 to −106; P<0.001) compared with whites, independent of plasma 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and iPTH concentrations. This difference was not observed in the ESRD group. The magnitude of correlation for the relationships between 1,25(OH)2D with iPTH, FGF-23 with 1,25(OH)2D, and FGF-23 with iPTH were stronger among blacks than whites with CKD not requiring dialysis.

Conclusions

In advanced CKD not requiring dialysis, blacks have lower FGF-23 concentrations than whites. Blacks with CKD and ESRD have lower 25(OH)D and higher iPTH compared with whites, independent of FGF-23 concentrations.
Influence of Urine Creatinine on the Relationship between the Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio and Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Carter Caitlin E. , Gansevoort Ronald T. , Scheven Lieneke , Heerspink Hiddo J. Lambers , Shlipak Michael G. , de Jong Paul E. , Ix Joachim H.
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

In the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (spot-ACR), urine creatinine corrects for tonicity but also reflects muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that the spot-ACR would be higher in women, lower-weight persons, and older individuals, independent of timed urine albumin excretion (24hr-UAE), and accordingly, that spot-ACR would be more strongly associated with CVD events than 24hr-UAE in these subgroups.

Design, setting, participants, & methods

2627 PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease) participants with 24hr-UAE <30 mg/d were followed for CVD events for 11 years. Cox regression evaluated associations of spot-ACR and 24hr-UAE with CVD events by sex, weight, and age.

Results

Female sex (26%), lower weight (2% per 5 kg), and older age (4% per 5 years) were associated with higher spot-ACR independent of 24hr-UAE (P<0.001). Spot urine albumin concentration (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26 per ln-SD higher) and 1/spot urine creatinine concentration (HR, 1.16 per ln-SD higher) were associated with CVD events. Spot-ACR was more strongly associated with CVD events than either component of the ratio (HR, 1.41 per ln-SD higher). Associations of spot-ACR ≥10 mg/g versus less (HR, 2.33) and 24hr-UAE ≥10 mg/d versus less (HR, 2.09) with CVD events were similar, and there were no significant differences across subgroups (P for interactions >0.06).

Conclusions

In community-living individuals with 24hr-UAE <30 mg/d, spot-ACR is higher in women, older persons, and lower-weight persons, independent of 24hr-UAE. Low spot urine creatinine is associated with CVD risk, but high urine albumin is a stronger determinant of the association of spot-ACR with CVD than is low urine creatinine.
FGF23, Albuminuria, and Disease Progression in Patients with Chronic IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Lundberg Sigrid , Qureshi Abdul Rashid , Olivecrona Sara , Gunnarsson Iva , Jacobson Stefan H. , Larsson Tobias E.
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) regulates mineral metabolism. Circulatory FGF23 levels are increased and predict outcomes in CKD. However, the relation of FGF23 to albuminuria and disease progression in patients with CKD and one underlying diagnosis is unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Prospective, observational study in 180 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), CKD stage 1–4, and median 55-month follow-up (range, 12–177 months). Primary outcomes were (1) time-averaged albuminuria, (2A) progression to CKD stage 5 or ≥50% loss of estimated GFR, (2B) progression to CKD stage 5 or ≥25% loss of estimated GFR within 10 years, and (3) annual loss of estimated GFR.

Results

FGF23 was independently associated with baseline and time-averaged albuminuria (change in 1 g/24 hour albuminuria per increase in log FGF23: β = 0.26; P=0.02). Log FGF23 predicted CKD progression in crude models and after adjustment for mineral metabolites (endpoints 2A and 2B). It remained significant after adjustments for age, sex, serum albumin, calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, baseline albuminuria, baseline estimated GFR, mean arterial BP, body mass index, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blocker use in endpoint 2B (hazard ratio, 2.53; P=0.02) but not endpoint 2A (hazard ratio, 2.01; P=0.43). Log FGF23 predicted annual loss of estimated GFR in the same model (change in ml/min per 1.73 m2 per increase in log FGF23, 1.50; P=0.008).

Conclusions

In patients with CKD and IgAN, FGF23 was associated with albuminuria and CKD progression, a finding that suggests its role as a potential biomarker in IgAN.
Daily Variability in Mineral Metabolites in CKD and Effects of Dietary Calcium and Calcitriol
Authors: Isakova Tamara , Xie Huiliang , Barchi-Chung Allison , Smith Kelsey , Sowden Nicole , Epstein Michael , Collerone Gina , Keating Leigh , Jüppner Harald , Wolf Myles
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

Primary prevention of disordered mineral metabolism in CKD necessitates knowledge of its early pathophysiology. This study evaluated daily fluctuations in mineral metabolites in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 before and after short-term calcitriol treatment and tested the effects of dietary calcium and calcitriol supplementation on these parameters in the dynamic postprandial setting.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Twelve CKD patients received calcitriol (0.25 μg daily for 1 week) with hourly assessments of mineral metabolites made throughout the day and in the context of standardized meals before and after treatment. Calcium content (250 versus 500 mg) in the breakfasts constituted the dietary calcium intervention. Twelve healthy volunteers were used as controls.

Results

At baseline, compared with controls, fasting CKD subjects had higher parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels and greater fractional excretion of phosphate. After breakfast, urinary calcium excretion increased and parathyroid hormone levels dipped transiently in both groups, but they rose soon thereafter, reaching higher peaks in CKD. Calcitriol decreased fasting parathyroid hormone levels, and when combined with dietary calcium load, it normalized the postprandial parathyroid and calcemic responses. Daily variability in mineral metabolites was preserved in CKD before and after calcitriol. Fibroblast growth factor 23 levels increased after calcitriol, although the response was heterogeneous.

Conclusions

Short-term treatment with calcitriol and dietary calcium supplementation normalizes the parathyroid and calcemic postprandial responses in patients with CKD, in whom the diurnal rhythms of mineral metabolites are preserved. Future studies should investigate the variable fibroblast growth factor 23 response to calcitriol in CKD.
Chronic Kidney Disease, Insulin Resistance, and Incident Diabetes in Older Adults
Authors: Pham Hien , Robinson-Cohen Cassianne , Biggs Mary L. , Ix Joachim H. , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Fried Linda F. , Kestenbaum Bryan , Siscovick David S. , de Boer Ian H.
Published: March 2012

Background and objectives

Insulin resistance is a complication of advanced CKD. Insulin resistance is less well characterized in earlier stages of CKD. The response of the pancreatic β cell, effects on glucose tolerance, and risk of diabetes are not clear.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The Cardiovascular Health Study included 4680 adults without baseline diabetes. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation was used to obtain the estimated GFR (eGFR). Insulin resistance was evaluated as fasting insulin concentration. The insulin sensitivity index, β cell function, and glucose tolerance were assessed by oral glucose tolerance testing. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, nonfasting glucose ≥200 mg/dl, or use of glucose-lowering medications.

Results

Mean age was 72.5 years (range, 65–98 years). Mean eGFR was 72.2 (SD 17.1) ml/min per 1.73 m2. After adjustment, each 10 ml/min per 1.73 m2 lower eGFR was associated with a 2.2% higher fasting insulin concentration (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4%, 2.9%; P<0.001) and a 1.1% lower insulin sensitivity index (95% CI, 0.03%, 2.2%; P=0.04). Surprisingly, eGFR was associated with an augmented β cell function index (P<0.001), lower 2-hour glucose concentration (P=0.002), and decreased risk of glucose intolerance (P=0.006). Over a median 12 years’ follow-up, 437 participants (9.3%) developed diabetes. eGFR was not associated with the risk of incident diabetes.

Conclusions

Among older adults, lower eGFR was associated with insulin resistance. However, with lower eGFR, β cell function was appropriately augmented and risks of impaired glucose tolerance and incident diabetes were not increased.
Effects of solvent and structure on the reactivity of 2-substituted nicotinic acids with diazodiphenylmethane in aprotic solvents
Authors: Drmanic Sasa , Nikolic Jasmina , Jovanovic Bratislav
Published: March 2012

The rate constants for the reactions of diazodiphenylmethane (DDM) with 2-substituted nicotinic acids in nine aprotic solvents at 30?C were determined. The obtained second order rate constants in aprotic solvents were correlated using the Kamlet?Taft solvatochromic equation in the complete form: log k = log k0 + s?* + a??+ b?. The correlations of the kinetic data were realized by means of multiple linear regression analysis. The obtained results were analyzed in terms of the initial and the transition state of the reaction and compared with previously determined kinetic data for nicotinic acid. The signs of the equation coefficients (s, a and b) are in agreement with the reaction mechanism and the influence of the solvent on the reaction rate is discussed based on the correlation results. The mode of the transmission of the substituent effect is discussed in light of the contribution of solute?solvent interaction to the reactivity of the acid. The substituent effect was additionally analyzed by the Hammett equation, log k = p??+ log k0.
Particle Filled Polyethylene Composites Used in the Technology of Rotational Moulding
Authors: Bútora Peter , Náplava Antonín , Ridzoň Martin , Bílik Jozef , Tittel Viktor
Published: March 2012

Particle Filled Polyethylene Composites Used in the Technology of Rotational Moulding

The submitted article discusses rotational moulding technology and filled plastics. For testing, linear low density polyethylene filled with talc was used. The materials tested varied way of mixing the filler into the polymer. For the prepared samples were evaluated by tensile, elongation, melt flow index, density, Shore hardness and Vicat softening temperature. Experiments showed that, in principle, it is possible to produce rotational moulding technology filled thermoplastics.
Building a Laboratory-Scale Biogas Plant and Verifying its Functionality
Authors: Boleman Tomáš , Fiala Jozef , Blinová Lenka , Gerulová Kristína
Published: March 2012

Building a Laboratory-Scale Biogas Plant and Verifying its Functionality

The paper deals with the process of building a laboratory-scale biogas plant and verifying its functionality. The laboratory-scale prototype was constructed in the Department of Safety and Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, of the Slovak University of Technology. The Department has already built a solar laboratory to promote and utilise solar energy, and designed SETUR hydro engine. The laboratory is the next step in the Department's activities in the field of renewable energy sources and biomass. The Department is also involved in the European Union project, where the goal is to upgrade all existed renewable energy sources used in the Department.
Environmental Reporting of Organisations
Authors: Rusko Miroslav , Tureková Ivana , Králiková Ružena , Bevilaqua Dušan
Published: March 2012

Environmental Reporting of Organisations

Top managers are aware of the necessity of open and honest informing about their environmental activities, which is preconditioned by the development, maintenance and subsequent improvement of the system of environmental informing in the enterprise. Environmental reporting is a tool for providing information about organisation's activities and their impact on environment.
The Role of Lodz Festivals in Promoting Adventure Tourism
Authors: Cudny Waldemar , Rouba Rafał
Published: March 2012

The Role of Lodz Festivals in Promoting Adventure Tourism

This article discusses the role of two Lodz festivals (the Explorers Festival and the Wreck Diving Festival) in promoting adventure tourism and developing tourism in a postindustrial city such as Lodz.
The History of Tourist Transport After the Modern Industrial Revolution
Authors: Gierczak Beata
Published: March 2012

The History of Tourist Transport After the Modern Industrial Revolution

The article focuses on the changes in the development of tourism transportation, which occurred after the invention of the steam engine in 1769 by Watt. The stages in tourism transport after the industrial revolution have been introduced. The article also deals with changes occurred in all modes of transportation, taking into account the speed of the trip, the quality of transport services and the pace of the development of the touristic movement as well as the pro-ecological actions.
Talent Detection and Competitive Progress in Biathlon - A National Example
Authors: Carlson Rolf
Published: March 2012

Talent Detection and Competitive Progress in Biathlon - A National Example

The main purpose of this study was to explain later years' success among Swedish biathletes. Sportive talent is regarded an interactional process within the frame of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model for human development. The national team (the elite group) consisting of 13 individuals was investigated along with a control group - matched in pairs in variables age, sex and athletic performance. All athletes were graduates from the upper secondary education sport schools (RIG sport academies). Data was collected via interviews and observations during training and world cup competitions. Based on quadruples of a year elite biathletes were more often born early in a year compared to controls. Hence, the prevailing system for division in competition classes based on age during adolescence could favour early developers. The elite group athletes revealed more positive experiences from sport academy years - in particular concerning the acting and behaviour of coaches in terms of individualisation in training and reciprocity in communication. Furthermore, controls were more often injured and experienced greater difficulties to carry out sufficient training. The results indicate the negative impact of competition classes based on age per se during adolescence and competence issues referring to sport academy coaches.
Biomechanical Criterions to Estimate Round-Off Tucked Performance Among Acrobats Aged 10-11
Authors: Niźnikowski Tomasz , Sadowski Jerzy , Mastalerz Andrzej , Wiśniowski Waldemar , Kruczkowski Dariusz , Niźnikowska Ewelina , Biegajło Michał , Miller Jerzy
Published: March 2012

Biomechanical Criterions to Estimate Round-Off Tucked Performance Among Acrobats Aged 10-11

Introduction.
The aim of the study was to carry out a biomechanical analysis of performing key elements of sports technique of the round-off tucked back somersault by acrobats aged 10-11.
Material and methods.
Thirty male acrobats participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). Training experiment (specially designed training program applied in the experimental group), experts' evaluation and film analysis were the methods used to evaluate effects of experiment.
Results.
The results of the experimental group were statistically significantly better than in the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion.
Training program based on teaching and improving key elements of technique may be recommended as one of the effective ways of teaching and improving the technique of selected acrobatic exercises of a coordinationally complex movement structure.
The Effects of Different Types of Verbal Feedback on Learning a Complex Movement Task
Authors: Sadowski Jerzy , Mastalerz Andrzej , Niźnikowski Tomasz , Wiśniowski Waldemar , Biegajło Michał , Kulik Marek
Published: March 2012

The Effects of Different Types of Verbal Feedback on Learning a Complex Movement Task

Introduction.
The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of learning complex movement tasks with the use of different types of verbal feedback.
Material and methods.
Thirteen students randomly assigned to two groups (E&P=7; P=6) took part in the study.
Results.
In learning a movement task verbal information on errors and correctness (E&P) was more efficient than verbal information on correctness (P).
Conclusion.
At early stages too much information hinders the process of learning.
Diversity of Personal Resources VS. The Quality of Life of Students from the University of Physical Education in Warsaw
Authors: Turosz Maria
Published: March 2012

Diversity of Personal Resources VS. The Quality of Life of Students from the University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Introduction. The aim of the paper was to determine the level of diversity in selected personal resources and deficits of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (FPES) of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw, who exhibit diversity in the level of their quality of life.
Material and methods.
205 persons participated in the study. By means of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the level of the respondents' quality of life was determined. Next, the diversity of personal resources level and deficits in relation to the diverse level of life were defined. Personal resources and deficits were determined by means of the following research methods: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS), Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Value Crisis Questionnaire (KKW).
Results.
High level of the quality of life was determined in one out of four students. The academic youth characterised by high level of the quality of life were more extrovert, optimistic, success driven and self-assured. On the other hand, they exhibited low level of neuroticism, value crisis and depressive disorders.
Conclusions.
The academic youth ought to be supported in their search for values and the meaning of life by modifications in curricula so as to actively stimulate the development of students' personal resources co-determining their high quality of life.
Traditional Games Park - An Inspiring Educational Playground for all or Utopia in Modern Urban Agglomeration?
Authors: Bronikowska Małgorzata
Published: March 2012

Traditional Games Park - An Inspiring Educational Playground for all or Utopia in Modern Urban Agglomeration?

Introduction. The aim of this study was to find the opinions of the representative groups of Poznan citizens about the introduction of traditional games as a "new" option to activate youngsters and adults physically.
Material and methods. The data were collected by interviews on three selected groups: 1. headmasters and principles of kindergartens and pre-school and early school teachers (n=51); 2. parents of pre-school and early school children (n=200); 3. retired people - seniors having grandchildren (n=103).
Results.
The obtained results revealed the low knowledge and awareness of traditional games among examined people. The majority of the examined people fully agreed that a Traditional Games Park would be a different offer from other ones concerning physical activity in urban areas. More than a half of them declared they would willingly take their tutees to this kind of park on numerous occasions if various educational and recreational programmes and offers were provided.
Conclusion.
This kind of park might be the right place to show other inhabitants of Poznan and its visitors a part of regional and national culture and history and also to give people the chance to explore our social life of the past and to carry it playfully and peacefully into the future.
Hiking Trails for Tourists in the "Chełmy" Landscape Park - Assessment of Their Route and Infrastructure Development
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Krzysztof
Published: March 2012

Hiking Trails for Tourists in the "Chełmy" Landscape Park - Assessment of Their Route and Infrastructure Development

Introduction.
The objective of the work was to assess the development of hiking trails for tourists and their infrastructure in the "Chełmy" Landscape Park in Lower Silesia.
Material and methods.
The analysis concerned a network of tourist trails whose coherence and shape were evaluated based on the indices derived from the graph theory. Also the correspondence between the names given to some trails with the tourist attractions accessible via such trails was assessed, and their number was compared to the length of the relevant trails. The analysis of the development of infrastructure for hiking tourists was conducted based on the results of local stocktaking and determination of tourist traffic density.
Results.
The obtained results show that the network of trails across the Park is quite well developed and coherent, despite the diversity of infrastructural development. The correspondence between the names of trails with their tourist attractions was confirmed with some reservations.
Conclusions.
Diverse trails in the studied area should be integrated into a coherent network by their similar development level, and in particular by introducing uniform marking standards. It would be also worth providing better access to some attractions for hiking tourists by introducing appropriate access routes.
The Micropolitics of Implementing a School-Based Bonus Policy
Authors: Marsh Julie
Published: March 2012

This article examines the micropolitics of implementing New York City’s Schoolwide Performance Bonus Program and school governance bodies (Compensation Committees) that determined distribution of school-level rewards among personnel. Drawing on a two-year, mixed-methods study, the author finds that although most participants surveyed described a democratic process, case data suggest that principals sometimes overtly and covertly exercised power to shape decisions. The author finds that egalitarian norms, macro-political pressures, the tendency to suppress conflict, and policy design explain why most committees developed equal-share distribution plans even though a significant proportion of members favored some differentiation. The article illuminates the challenges of engaging stakeholders in incentive program design and affirms the value of combining political and sociological perspectives to understand education policy implementation.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Exercise for Reducing Trapezius Muscle Dysfunction in Survivors of Head and Neck Cancer: A Case-Series Report
Authors: Baldwin Evan R.L. , Baldwin Terri D. , Lancaster Josh S. , McNeely Margaret L. , Collins David F.
Published: March 2012

Purpose: Damage to the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) can result in denervation of the trapezius muscle in patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer. Trapezius denervation leads to muscle weakness and dysfunction that, for some patients, persists despite the return of conduction along the SAN. This prospective case series describes an intervention involving a combination of a novel type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with bilateral exercise. Methods: Three survivors of head and neck cancer participated in the 6-week program. NMES was applied over the region of the SAN on the affected side while subjects performed bilateral voluntary scapular retraction and elevation exercises against resistance. The NMES was delivered using relatively wide pulse widths and high frequencies to enhance the electrically evoked sensory volley and was triggered by the onset of trapezius muscle activity on the non-affected side. Shoulder range of motion (ROM) assessments and patient-rated outcomes were administered at baseline and 6 weeks. Results: All patients showed improvements in shoulder flexion and abduction ROM and reported reductions in pain and disability. Conclusions: This combination of NMES and bilateral exercise may prove to be an effective component of a comprehensive shoulder rehabilitation program for patients with persistent trapezius muscle dysfunction as a result of SAN damage.
Time‐calibrated phylogeny of the woody Australian genus Hakea (Proteaceae) supports multiple origins of insect‐pollination among bird‐pollinated ancestors
Authors: Mast Austin R. , Milton Ethan F. , Jones Eric H. , Barker Robyn M. , Barker William R. , Weston Peter H.
Published: March 2012

• Premise of the study: A past study based on morphological data alone showed that the means by which plants of the Australian genus Hakea reduce florivory is related to the evolution of bird pollination. For example, bird pollination was shown to have arisen only in insect‐pollinated lineages that already produced greater amounts of floral cyanide, a feature that reduces florivory. We examine a central conclusion of that study, and a common assumption in the literature, that bird pollination arose in insect‐pollinated lineages, rather than the reverse.

• Methods: We combined morphological and DNA data to infer the phylogeny and age of the Australian genus Hakea, using 9.2 kilobases of plastid and nuclear DNA and 46 morphological characters from a taxonomically even sampling of 55 of the 149 species.

• Key results: Hakea is rooted confidently in a position that has not been suggested before. The phylogeny implies that bird pollination is primitive in Hakea and that multiple shifts to insect pollination have occurred. The unexpectedly young age of Hakea (a crown age of ca. 10 Ma) makes it coincident with its primary bird pollinators (honeyeaters) throughout its history.

• Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that Hakea is an exception to the more commonly described shift from insect to bird pollination. However, we note that only one previous phylogenetic study involved Australian plants and their honeyeater pollinators and that our finding might prove to be more common on that continent.
Microsatellite markers from Ceanothus roderickii (Rhamnaceae) using next‐generation sequencing technology
Authors: Burge Dylan O. , Jui Ginger , Kembel Steven W. , Zhukovsky Katherine
Published: March 2012

• Premise of the study: Ceanothus roderickii is an endangered shrub endemic to California. To investigate the population genetics of this species, including the genetic consequences of population fragmentation and hybridization, 10 microsatellite markers were developed.

• Methods and Results: Using next‐generation sequencing (454) data from a single C. roderickii individual, 10 microsatellite markers were developed. A group of 12 individuals representing all of the major C. roderickii populations were analyzed. All loci were found to be polymorphic, with a range from two to 12 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 across loci. All 10 loci were also amplifiable in at least one other Ceanothus species.

• Conclusions: Results presented here indicate the utility of our new microsatellite primers in ongoing and future studies concerning population genetics and gene flow in C. roderickii, as well as the potential applicability of these primers in similar studies on other Ceanothus species.
A New Neutral-Ph Low-Gdp Peritoneal Dialysis Fluid
Authors: Himmele Rainer , Jensen Lynn , Fenn Dominik , Ho Chih-Hu , Sawin Dixie-Ann , Diaz–Buxo Jose A.
Published: March 2012

Background

Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) consist of ready-to-use solutions with an acidic pH. Sterilization of these fluids is known to generate high levels of glucose degradation products (GDPs). Although several neutral-pH, low-GDP PD solutions have been developed, none are commercially available in the United States. We analyzed pH and GDPs in Delflex Neutral pH (Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA, USA), the first neutral-pH PDF to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Methods

We evaluated whether patients (n = 26; age range: 18 - 78 years) could properly mix the Delflex Neutral pH PDF after standardized initial training. We further analyzed the concentrations of 10 different glucose degradation products in Delflex Neutral pH PDF and compared the results with similar analyses in other commercially available biocompatible PDFs.

Results

All pH measurements (n = 288) in the delivered Delflex Neutral pH solution consistently fell within the labeled range of 7.0 ± 0.4. Analysis of mixing errors showed no significant impact on the pH results. Delflex Neutral pH, Balance (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany), BicaVera (Fresenius Medical Care), and Gambrosol Trio (Gambro Lundia AB, Lund, Sweden) exhibited similar low total GDP concentrations, with maximums in the 4.25% solutions of 88 μmol/L, 74 μmol/L, 74 μmol/L, and 79 μmol/L respectively; the concentration in Physioneal (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL, USA) was considerably higher at 263.26 μmol/L The total GDP concentration in Extraneal (Baxter Healthcare Corporation) was 63 μmol/L, being thus slightly lower than the concentrations in the 4.25% glucose solutions, but higher than the concentrations in the 1.5% and 2.5% glucose solutions.

Conclusions

The new Delflex Neutral pH PDF consistently delivers neutral pH with minimal GDPs.
Old and New Perspectives on Peritoneal Dialysis in Italy Emerging from the Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group Census
Authors: Marinangeli Giancarlo , Cabiddu Gianfranca , Neri Loris , Viglino Giusto , Russo Roberto , Teatini Ugo
Published: March 2012

Background

To understand how peritoneal dialysis (PD) was being used in Italy in 2005 and 2008, a census of all centers was carried out.

Methods

In 2005 and 2008, data were collected from, respectively, 222 and 223 centers, with respect to 4432 and 4094 prevalent patients.

Results

In the two periods, the PD incidence remained stable (24.3% vs 22.9%), varying from center to center. Continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) was the main initial method (55%), but APD was more widespread among prevalent patients (53%). Among patients returning to dialysis from transplantation (Tx), PD was used in 10%. The use of incremental CAPD increased significantly from 2005 to 2008, in terms both of the number of centers (27.0% vs 40.9%) and of patients (13.6% vs 25.7%). Late referrals remained stable at 28%, with less use of PD. The overall drop-out rate (episodes/100 patient–years) remained unchanged (31.0 vs 32.8), with 13.1 and 12.9 being the result of death, and 11.8 and 12.4 being the result of a switch to hemodialysis, mainly after peritonitis. A dialysis partner was required by 21.8% of the PD patients. The incidence of peritonitis was 1 episode in 36.5 and 41.1 patient–months, with negative cultures occurring in 17.1% of cases in both periods. The incidence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (episodes/100 patient–years) was 0.70, representing 1.26% of patients treated. The catheter types used and the sites and methods of insertion varied widely from center to center.

Conclusions

These censuses confirm the good results of PD in Italy, and provide insight into little-known aspects such as the use of incremental PD, the presence of a dialysis partner, and the incidence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.
Two-in-One Protocol: Simultaneous Small-Pore and Ultrasmall-Pore Peritoneal Transport Quantification
Authors: Bernardo Ana Paula , Bajo M. Auxiliadora , Santos Olivia , Del Peso Gloria , Carvalho Maria João , Cabrita António , Selgas Rafael , Rodrigues Anabela
Published: March 2012

Background

Reduced free water transport (FWT) through ultrasmall pores contributes to net ultrafiltration failure (UFF) and should be seen as a sign of more severe functional deterioration of the peritoneal membrane. The modified peritoneal equilibration test (PET), measuring the dip in dialysate Na concentration, estimates only FWT. Our aim was to simultaneously quantify small-solute transport, FWT, and small-pore ultrafiltration (SPUF) during a single PET procedure.

Methods

We performed a 4-hour, 3.86% glucose PET, with additional measurement of ultrafiltration (UF) at 60 minutes, in 70 peritoneal dialysis patients (mean age: 50 ± 16 years; 61% women; PD vintage: 26 ± 23 months). We calculated the dialysate-to-plasma ratios (D/P) of creatinine and Na at 0 and 60 minutes, and the Na dip (DipD/PNa60,), the delta dialysate Na 0–60 (ΔDNa0–60), FWT, and SPUF.

Results

Sodium sieving (as measured by ΔDNa0–60) correlated strongly with the corrected DipD/PNa60, ( r = 0.85, p < 0.0001) and the corrected FWT ( r = 0.41, p = 0.005). Total UF showed better correlation with FWT than with indirect measurements of Na sieving ( r = 0.46, p < 0.0001 for FWT; r = 0.360, p < 0.0001 for DipD/PNa60,). Corrected FWT fraction was 0.45 ± 0.16. A negative correlation was found between time on PD and both total UF and FWT ( r = -0.253, p = 0.035 and r = -0.272, p = 0.023 respectively). The 11 patients (15.7%) diagnosed with UFF had lower FWT (89 mL vs 164 mL, p < 0.05) and higher D/P creatinine (0.75 vs 0.70, p < 0.05) than did the group with normal UF. The SPUF correlated positively with FWT in the normal UF group, but negatively in UFF patients ( r = -0.709, p = 0.015). Among UFF patients on PD for a longer period, 44.4% had a FWT percentage below 45%.

Conclusions

Measurement of FWT and SPUF is feasible by simultaneous quantification during a modified 3.86% glucose PET, and FWT is a decisive parameter for detecting causes of UFF in addition to increased effective capillary surface.
Reduction of benzylic alcohols and α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds by hydriodic acid in a biphasic reaction medium
Authors: Dobmeier Michael , Herrmann Josef M , Lenoir Dieter , König Burkhard
Published: March 2012

The synthetic protocol for the reduction of alcohols to hydrocarbons by using hydriodic acid, first described by Kiliani more than 140 years ago, was improved to be more applicable to organic synthesis. Instead of a strongly acidic, aqueous solution, a biphasic toluene–water reaction medium was used, which allowed the conversion of primary, secondary and tertiary benzylic alcohols, in good yields and short reaction times, into the corresponding hydrocarbons. Red phosphorous was used as the stoichiometric reducing agent. Keto, ester, amide or ether groups are tolerated, and catalytic amounts of hydriodic acid (0.2 equiv) in the presence of 0.6 equiv phosphorous are sufficient to achieve conversion.
Are Cognitive and Olfactory Dysfunctions in Neuropsychiatric Lupus Erythematosus Dependent on Anxiety or Depression?
Authors: CAVACO SARA , MARTINS da SILVA ANA , SANTOS ERNESTINA , COUTINHO ESTER , MARINHO ANTÓNIO , MOREIRA INÊS , GONÇALVES ALEXANDRA , PINTO CLÁUDIA , TEIXEIRA-PINTO ARMANDO , VASCONCELOS CARLOS
Published: March 2012

Objective.

Depressed mood and cognitive impairments are common findings in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and frequently coexist. We assessed the neuropsychological functioning of patients with SLE and investigated its association with psychopathological symptoms.

Methods.

A total of 85 patients with SLE (28 with neuropsychiatric syndromes: NPSLE) and 85 healthy control subjects with similar demographic characteristics were asked to perform a series of neuropsychological tests. A self-report questionnaire (the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) was used to screen for psychopathology symptoms. Patients with SLE underwent a neurological examination.

Results.

Patients with NPSLE were more depressed and were more frequently impaired in cognitive and olfactory functions than controls or non-NPSLE patients. The NPSLE group remained statistically different from the other 2 groups on a series of neuropsychological measures (the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test – Part A, Nine-Hole Peg Test, and Brief Smell Identification Test) even after control for elevated anxiety and depressed mood. Non-NPSLE and control groups were not significantly different regarding either psychopathological symptoms or neuropsychological functioning.

Conclusion.

Verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and olfaction are particularly vulnerable to dysfunction in NPSLE; impairment in these neuropsychological domains is not completely explained by psychopathology symptoms.
Occupational Risk Factors for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nationwide Study Based on Hospitalizations in Sweden
Authors: LI XINJUN , SUNDQUIST JAN , SUNDQUIST KRISTINA , ZÖLLER BENGT
Published: March 2012

Objective.

To investigate possible associations between occupation and hospitalization for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a nationwide study.

Methods.

A nationwide database was constructed in Sweden by linking the Swedish Census to the Hospital Discharge Register to obtain data on all first hospitalizations with a primary or secondary diagnosis of SLE in adults during the study period (1970 to 2008). Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% CI were calculated for different occupations. Two cohorts were defined based on occupational titles recorded in Swedish census data in 1970 and 1980.

Results.

A total of 8921 male and 42290 female hospitalizations for SLE were retrieved in individuals aged over 15 years. High education (> 12 yrs) was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for SLE among both women (SIR = 0.73) and men (SIR = 0.72). Among men with the same occupation in 2 consecutive censuses, increased risks (SIR) > 2.0 were present among artistic workers (2.52); shop managers and assistants (3.63); miners and quarry workers (6.04); shoe and leather workers (6.93); plumbers (2.21); other construction workers (2.08); glass, ceramic and tile workers (4.43); chimney sweeps (4.54); and military personnel (3.01). Among women with the same occupation in 2 consecutive censuses, no occupation was associated with SIR > 2.0.

Conclusion.

Occupation may carry significantly increased risk of hospital admission for SLE. Especially among men, several occupations were associated with increased risks for SLE.
Efficacy and Safety of CE-224,535, an Antagonist of P2X7Receptor, in Treatment of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Inadequately Controlled by Methotrexate
Authors: STOCK THOMAS C. , BLOOM BRADLEY J. , WEI NATHAN , ISHAQ SALIHA , PARK WON , WANG XIN , GUPTA PANKAJ , MEBUS CHARLES A.
Published: March 2012

Objective.

To evaluate efficacy and safety of CE-224,535, a selective P2X7receptor antagonist, versus placebo, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX).

Methods.

In our phase IIA study (ClinicalTrials.govno.NCT00628095; A6341009), patients aged ≥ 18 years with active RA were randomized to receive either CE-224,535 (500 mg bid) or placebo for 12 weeks; all patients continued a stable background dose of ≥ 7.5 mg MTX.

Results.

The American College of Rheumatology 20% (ACR20) response rate (primary efficacy endpoint) was not significantly different from placebo for CE-224,535 (34.0% vs 36.2%; p = 0.591) at Week 12, or at any timepoint over the 12-week treatment period. There was no significant difference at Week 12 for the ACR20 response rate following subgroup analyses by age, sex, baseline disease activity, baseline duration of disease, geographic region, or concomitant use of steroids. ACR50/ACR70 response rates and change from baseline in Disease Activity Score 28-joint C-reactive protein (DAS28-3-CRP) and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index for CE-224,535 were not significant at Week 12 versus placebo. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AE) were reported by 62.3% (CE-224,535) and 55.3% (placebo) of patients; the most common AE were nausea (11.3%, CE-224,535; 4.3%, placebo) and diarrhea (7.5%, CE-224,535; 4.3%, placebo). The proportion of patients discontinuing due to an AE was 9.4% (CE-224,535) and 6.4% (placebo); no deaths were reported. Serious AE occurred in 3.8% (CE-224,535) and 2.1% (placebo) of patients; none was considered treatment-related.

Conclusion.

CE-224,535 was not efficacious, compared with placebo, for the treatment of RA in patients with an inadequate response to MTX. CE-224,535 demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile.