bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Comes in Many Forms
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) describe their appearance problem in various ways. They may say that the disliked areas are ugly, unattractive, or abnormal looking. Or that they look defective, flawed, wrong, odd, not right, or “off.” Some people use words like “deformed,” “monstrous,” or “hideous.” One man said he looked like a cartoon character; another described himself as looking like a terrible burn victim. A woman said that
How Body Dysmorphic Disorder Affects Lives: Social Avoidance, Problems with School and Work, Violence, Suicide, and Other Consequences
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

I” look like a freak of nature,” Ian told me. “I look like the Elephant Man. This is the cause of my problems. It’s why I went to California. I was trying to look better.”
How to Successfully Treat Body Dysmorphic Disorder with Medication
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

You might wonder why a body image problem would be treated with medication. Well, there are a number of reasons to think it might help. Some of the core features of body dysmorphic disorder—obsessional preoccupation and compulsive, repetitive behaviors (such as mirror checking)—are similar to those of OCD (see Chapter 14), a disorder for which serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) often work very well. BDD also has similarities to social phobia and depression, also disorders for which SRIs are often effective.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Phillips Katharine A
Published: November 2023

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the best-studied and most prom-ising type of psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). It’s a practical “here and now” treatment that focuses on changing problematic thoughts and behaviors. CBT is effective for many other mental disorders, such as depression, phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.
Keeping Track of the Numbers
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

This book describes a no-nonsense approach to managing a healthy bodyweight to improve energy and overall quality of life. The consequences of obesity were outlined in chapter 2 and are reportedly known by most Americans; however, obesity is increasing all across the country. One survey showed that more than two-thirds of U.S. adults are trying to lose or maintain weight. Of those, only one-fifth reported using a combination of diet and physical activity. There is little doubt this disparity is not solely a reflection of a lack of knowledge about weight control methods, but rather reflects a poor understanding of the “math” or the number of calories a person requires to maintain their current weight. This LIFE Program teaches the facts behind the math involved with weight management. The goal is to develop a strong foundation using the numbers to determine a plan and to then begin building in new health behaviors.
Designing Energy Blocks to Balance Your Day
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Managing fatigue should be the cornerstone of any treatment regime, yet is often overlooked or simply accepted as part of the disease process. Chapter 7 discussed the possible causes of fatigue and this chapter will offer some tools to combat it. When a disease is chronic, fatigue is not something to “just live with.” The purpose behind this chapter is to teach you a concrete method for managing fatigue. Fatigue is a very subjective term which makes measuring the severity scientifically very difficult. Comments like “I’m just tired all of the time” are common not only to those with medical conditions but also to the “workaholic,” the new mother, the over-trained athlete, and those suffering from depression.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one disease that is receiving more attention from the medical fleld due to the prevalence of fatigue and the effects of some of the treatments used today. In a study conducted by Krupp, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used to evaluate a patient’s perceived level of fatigue.
Maintaining Life Satisfaction
Authors: Epstein Susan J
Published: November 2023

Throughout your life you will experience successes and failures. The impact these events will have on you depends on how many skills you have to rely on. For example, if you were to lose your job, had no other source of income, no savings, and no family support, your task would be overwhelming and greater than someone who had some of those elements in place. Talking to someone may make you feel better, but only in the short term. Having a constructive plan in place can help you get back on track after experiencing a setback. The more tools you have available, the more prepared you will be.

This book is designed to be a reference once you have read it through, becoming a support tool and a diary of sorts for practicing and maintaining new health behaviors. Developing a wide variety of reinforcing behaviors will ensure a greater quality of life. At this point, it is important to consider the elements that make you who you are and define what leaves you most fulfilled at the end of the day. Review the following real-life story from a person who figured out the key to happiness and life satisfaction, despite multiple sclerosis (MS).
Elements of Scientific Data and Tests of Questions
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

Before we venture into how research might be done, we must discuss some elements of scientific studies, including what kinds of data we might find, what is meant by accuracy and precision of data, and how the nature of data might be revealed by means of frequency distributions. I also need to introduce a few descriptive statistics that will be useful for later discussions. Once we have covered these essentials of data handling, we start our examination of how we might test questions of interest.
Presenting Data in Tables
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

Our discussion of the scientific paper in chapter 6 mentioned that every result given in the results section has to be based on data, and that the text needs to show where readers may find the data supporting these results. I also mentioned that there are two modes of data presentation, tables and figures. In this chapter we discuss tables, how they developed as ways to group data to make them more easily understood, and some ways to present data clearly and economically in tables. The effort to show the information clearly has another important consequence: it forces us to better understand our data.
Doing Science in Society
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

All the various activities we have discussed throughout the previous chapters are carried out by people working within groups of one kind or another; the era of the brilliant, perhaps amateur scientist, working alone to solve major scientific problems is at least 200 years out of date, with a few notable exceptions. Today, scientists work in agencies, universities, private research firms, and other such institutions. Such institutions differ enormously from region to region, country to country, and culture to culture. Yet, there is no Aleut, Glaswegian, or Indonesian science: we want to believe that there is an ecumenical, universal way science is done, and that we share a common view in how we do science. Actually, that is far from the truth. There probably are as many opinions as to what are the tenets that should govern scientist behavior and life as there are scientists.
General Principles of Expression
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

I will begin by giving the three principles, which appear to me to account for most of the expressions and gestures involuntarily used by man and the lower animals, under the influence of various emotions and sensations.* I arrived, however, at these three principles only at the close of my observations. They will be discussed in the present and two following chapters in a general manner. Facts observed both with man and the lower animals will here be made use of; but the latter facts are preferable, as less likely to deceive us. In the fourth and fifth chapters, I will describe the special expressions of some of the lower animals; and in the succeeding chapters those of man. Everyone will thus be able to judge for himself, how far my three principles throw light on the theory of the subject. It appears to me that so many expressions are thus explained in a fairly satisfactory manner, that probably all will hereafter be found to come under the same or closely analogous heads. I need hardly premise that movements or changes in any part of the body as the wagging of a dog’s tail,
General Principles of Expression concluded
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

We now come to our third principle, namely, that certain actions, which we recognize as expressive of certain states of mind, are the direct result of the constitution of the nervous system, and have been from the first independent of the will, and, to a large extent, of habit. When the sensorium is strongly excited nerveforce is generated in excess, and is transmitted in certain directions, dependent on the connection of the nerve cells, and, as far as the muscular system is concerned, on the nature of the movements which have been habitually practiced. Or the supply of nerve force may, as it appears, be interrupted. Of course every movement which we make is determined by the constitution of the nervous system; but actions performed in obedience to the will, or through habit, or through the principle of antithesis, are here as far as possible excluded. Our present subject is very obscure, but, from its importance, must be discussed at some length; and it is always advisable to perceive clearly our ignorance. The most striking case, though a rare and abnormal one, which can be adduced to the direct influence of the nervous system, when strongly affected, on the body, is the loss of cooler in the
Special Expressions of Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

The dog. I have already described (Figs 5 and 7) the appearance of a dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions, namely, with erected ears, eyes intently directed forwards, hair on the neck and back bristling, gait remarkably stiff, with the tail upright and rigid. So familiar is this appearance to us, that an angry man is sometimes said ‘to have his back up’. Of the above points, the stiff gait and upright tail alone require further discussion. Sir C. Bell remarks’ that, when a tiger or wolf is struck by its keeper and is suddenly roused to ferocity, ‘every muscle is in tension, and the limbs are in an attitude of strained exertion, prepared to spring’.

This tension of the muscles and consequent stiff gait may be accounted for on the principle of associated habit, for anger has continually led to fierce struggles, and consequently to all the muscles of the body having been violently exerted. There is also reason to suspect that the muscular system requires some short preparation, or some degree of innervation, before being brought into strong action. My own sensations lead me to this inference; but I cannot discover that it is a conclusion admitted
Special Expressions of Man: Suffering and Weeping
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

In this and the following chapters the expressions exhibited by man under various states of the mind will be described and explained, as far as lies in my power. My observations will be arranged according to the order which I have found the most convenient; and this will generally lead to opposite emotions and sensations succeeding each other.

Suffering of the body and mind: weeping. I have already described in sufficient detail, in the third chapter, the signs of extreme pain, as shown by screams or groans, with the writhing of the whole body and the teeth clenched or ground together. These signs are often accompanied or followed by profuse sweating, pallor, trembling, utter prostration, or faintness. No suffering is greater than that from extreme fear or horror, but here a distinct emotion comes into play, and will be elsewhere considered. Prolonged suffering, especially of the mind, passes into low spirits, grief, dejection, and despair, and these states will be the subject of the following chapter. Here I shall almost confine myself to weeping or crying, more especially in children.
Surprise Astonishment Fear Horror
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Surprise, astonishment Elevation of the eyebrows Opening the mouth Protrusion of the lips Gestures accompanying surprise Admiration Fear Terror Erection of the hair Contraction of the platysma muscle Dilatation of the pupils Horror Conclusion.

Attention, if sudden and close, graduates into surprise; and this into astonishment; and this into stupefied amazement. The latter frame of mind is closely akin to terror. Attention is shown by the eyebrows being slightly raised; and as this state increases into surprise, they are raised to a much greater extent, with the eyes and mouth widely open. The raising of the eyebrows is necessary in order that the eyes should be opened quickly and widely; and this movement produces transverse wrinkles across the forehead. The degree to which the eyes and mouth are opened corresponds with the degree of surprise felt: but these movements must be coordinated; for a widely opened mouth with eyebrows only slightly raised, results in a meaningless grimace, as Dr Duchenne has shown in one of his photographs. On the other hand, a person may often be seen to pretend surprise by merely raising his eyebrows.
Concluding Remarks and Summary
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: November 2023

I have now described, to the best of my ability, the chief expressive actions in man, and in some few of the lower animals. I have also attempted to explain the origin or development of these actions through the three principles given in the first chapter. The first of these principles is, that movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire, or in relieving some sensation, if often repeated, become so habitual that they are performed, whether or not of any service, whenever the same desire or sensation is felt, even in a very weak degree.

Our second principle is that of antithesis. The habit of voluntarily performing opposite movements under opposite impulses has become firmly established in us by the practice of our whole lives. Hence, if certain actions have been regularly performed, in accordance with our first principle, under a certain frame of mind, there will be a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of directly opposite actions, whether or not these are of any use, under the excitement of an opposite frame of mind.
The Circulation of Social Energy
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen
Published: November 2023

I began with the desire to speak with the dead. This desire is a familiar, if unvoiced, motive in literary studies, a motive organized, professionalized, buried beneath thick layers of bureaucratic decorum: literature professors are salaried, middle class shamans. If I never believed that the dead could hear me, and if I knew that the dead could not speak, I was nonetheless certain that I could re-create a conversation with them. Even when I came to understand that in my most intense moments of straining to listen all I could hear was my own voice, even then I did not abandon my desire. It was true that I could hear only my own voice, but my own voice was the voice of the dead, for the dead had contrived to leave textual traces of themselves, and those traces make themselves heard in the voices of the living. Many of the traces have little resonance, though everyone, even the most trivial or tedious, contains some fragment of lost life; others seem uncannily full of the will to be heard. It is paradoxical, of course, to seek the living will of the dead in fictions, in places where there was no live bodily being to begin with. But those who love literature tend to find more intensity in simulations-in the formal, selfconscious miming of life-than in any of the other textual traces left by the dead, for simulations are undertaken in full awareness of the absence of the life they contrive to represent, and hence they may skillfully anticipate and compensate for the vanishing of the actual life that has empowered them. Conventional in my tastes, I found the most satisfying intensity of all in Shakespeare.
Sophocles and the Democratic City
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: November 2023

At school in the early 1950s, the first Attic tragedy we read was Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris: in retrospect, perhaps an eccentric choice. To help us we had a small school edition with notes in the back. The notes, broadly speaking, were concerned with questions of two kinds only. One was the reason why the verb in a given verse was in the infinitive, or the noun in the dative. That is, the note gave, in an oracular manner, a name to the case or the mood: an ‘ethic’ dative, a ‘historic’ infinitive. The other kind of note, the kind which we really disliked, gave curt and (again) oracular answers to inscrutable disputes between German scholars about the reading of the text. Discussion in class dealt with grammatical questions, not literary criticism; as for discussing the function of tragedy in the democratic city of Athens, such a thing never crossed the mind of any of us, teacher or pupil. The play was simply there. We set about it very much for the same reason, and in the same frame of mind, as climbers tackling Mount Everest: roped together by our shared sessions of translation in class, and with our survival kit in the form of our edition with notes in the back.
Sophocles’ Electra in Britain
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

In February 1992 the basketball pitch in Templemore Sport Stadium in Londonderry was covered over. On this space the Irish actress Fiona Shaw led the Royal Shakespeare Company in Deborah Warner’s production of Sophocles’ Electra. The set suggested the confinement of a mental hospital. Shaw’s black shift and dose-cropped hair brought new meanings to Electra’s psycho logical disturbance. Her androgynous, athletic body was ‘transformed into an instrument for expressing terrible, primitive emotions of grief, hatred and the desire for revenge’.
Newton and the Mausoleum Site
Authors: Cook B F
Published: November 2023

Newton came to Bodrum for the first time in 1855. Three years earlier he had entered the diplomatic service as HM Vice-Consul at Mytilene, having previously been an Assistant in the British Museum’s Department of Antiquities. Newton records that his brief from the Foreign Office allowed him ‘to use such opportunities as presented themselves for the acquisition of antiquities for the British Museum, and with this object I was authorised to extend my researches beyond the limits of my Vice-Consulship’. In addition to his official reports to the Foreign Office, Newton wrote regularly to Antonio Panizzi of the British Museum. Newton’s primary aim in Bodrum at this time was to discover whether there were embedded in the walls of the Castle any sculptures from the Mausoleum that had not been extracted with the frieze-blocks in 1846, a possibility that he had raised in his paper in Classical Museum. He was not disappointed, finding in the Castle three lions, including two that he identified as those seen only from a boat by Ross. Newton was at a loss to understand why they had not been removed in 1846, and conjectured that they might then have been thought to have been either medieval or Turkish. In the hope of obtaining a firman to remove the lions, Newton reported their discovery to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (as Sir Stratford Canning was known from 1852).
The Sculptors of the Mausoleum Friezes
Authors: Cook B F
Published: November 2023

In 1857, when he was still in Bodrum, Newton attributed to Scopas the four slabs of the Amazon frieze that had then recently been found on the Mausoleum site. Other scholars soon followed, attempting to attribute all the surviving slabs of the Amazon frieze, as well as other relief sculpture from the Mausoleum, to the sculptors named by Pliny and Vitruvius. Many indeed have thought that the question was settled by Wolters and Sieveking in 1909:’ their scheme has been widely accepted, and has served as the basis for much speculation on the style of the sculptors, and even for further attributions. Others, while accepting that the work of the named sculptors can be recognized in the Amazon frieze, have disagreed with Wolters and Sieveking in points of detail and have proposed schemes of their own. Others again have expressed doubts on the results of this kind of stylistic analysis, some even questioning the methodology itself.
Archaic Cyprus
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

This book examines the textual and archaeological evidence for the history of Cyprus from 750 to 500 BC. This significant period of the island's past is examined in three parts. The first surveys what is known about the local population of Cyprus and the political and social organization of the island. The second offer a narrative account of the period within a chronological framework more detailed than any analysis currently available. It suggests that the defining feature of the Cypro-Archaic period was the way in which local kingdoms adapted to different political and economic conditions in the Near East and Egypt, and took advantage of them. It challenges the prevalent view of a succession of foreign overlords controlling the island through military means. The third part discusses the internal and external relations of Cyprus by studying specific groups of pottery, seals, and sculpture. As a whole, this book provies a more complete picture of Archaic Cyprus than ever previously attempted. Generously illustrated with plates and figures, this will be an invaluable work of reference for archaeologists and ancient historians of both the West and Near East.
Cephalas
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

The next point to be established is the scope of Michael’s book. Stadtmueller thought that it broke off at vii. 432, and few have allowed it to proceed beyond ix. 563, where C’s annotations stop. On more general and intangible grounds, Aubreton insists that it did not contain more than a selection of the poems in AP. If (as we have been assuming) it can be made probable that Michael’s copy was coextensive with the ‘Cephalan’ parts of AP at any rate up to ix. 563, then this would imply that Cephalas too was coextensive with AP to this point.
The Syllogae Minores
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

There is a sense in which Aubreton’s attempt to dethrone Cephalas from his central position in the Byzantine epigram tradition is neither radical nor even original. For he is quite happy to allow that all the anthologies under discussion derive from an anonymous earlier collection which he calls simply ‘Anthologie perdue Xs’. That is to say, for a lost source we know to have existed he has substituted another, hypothetical source. This was in fact the common assumption before Basson’s epoch-making Berlin dissertation of 1917. Schneidewin, for example, discussing S in 1855 and Dilthey E in 1887, struck by the close parallelism of arrangement between their respective collections and AP/APl, both postulated a lost common source. ‘Habemus’, wrote Wolters of the syllogae minors in 1882, ‘vestigia luculenta vastae cuiusdam epigrammatum conlectionis, uncle et Cephalas et alii sua epigram-mata deprompserunt.
The Evolution of Greek Prose Style
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The transmission of literature in writing began in the Greek world with poetry; the publication of laws and regulations came later, and prose literature last, about 500 BC. This book examines the stages by which prose was turned into the sophisticated art-form practised in the fourth century BC, in particular by Plato and Demosthenes. An attempt is made to determine the linguistic conventions which can reasonably be attributed, on the analogy of other cultures, to unwritten narrative and oratory. The extent to which `content' and `form' can be separated is considered, and the stylistic choices which constitute form are treated as determining the relationship (e.g. of authority or familiarity) between creator and receiver and the balance sought by the creator between innovation and deference to the receiver's expectations.
Apuleius A Latin Sophist
Authors: Harrison S J
Published: November 2023

This book is a response to the literary pleasures and scholarly problems of reading the texts of Apuleius, most famous for his novel Metamorphoses or Golden Ass. Living in second-century North Africa, Apuleius was more than an author of fiction; he was a consummate orator and professional intellectual, Platonist philosopher, extraordinary stylist, relentless self-promoter, and versatile author of a remarkably diverse body of work, much of which is lost to us. This book is written for those able to read Apuleius in Latin, and Apuleian works are accordingly quoted without translation (although where they exist suitable translations have been indicated). In this book Dr Harrison has provided a literary handbook to all the works of Apuleius as well as the Metamorphoses, and has set his works against their intellectual background: not only Apuleius' career as a performing intellectual, a sophist, in second-century Roman North Africa, but also the larger contemporary framework of the Greek Second Sophistic. While focusing primarily on the texts as literature and literary-historical, the book also deals with Apuleius' works of didactic philosophy and his consequent connection with Middle Platonism.
Aristides and the Prose Hymn
Authors: Russell D A
Published: November 2023

Ten of Aristides’ extant speeches (Orations 37-46Keil) are usually designated ‘hymns’. They are: Athena, The Sons of Asclepius, The Well of Asclepius, Heracles, Dionysus, Asclepius, zeus, The Aegean Sea, Sarapis, and Poseidon. They certainly form a very striking display of high sophistic culture, combining rhetorical splendour with a sense of pride in places and monuments and a concern for religion and theology which we should believe to be rooted in deeply felt sentiment. No one who reads the Hieroi Logoi can fail to think Aristides a man of genuine religious temper.
The Interpretation of Order
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: November 2023

This is an exciting and original study on the poetic significance of formal repetition in Homer. The author argues that localization, metre, and verse-structure are regularly used as semantic markers, providing certain words with a "meaning" that extends beyond their immediate context. This meaning often interacts with context-specific semantic features, creating a discourse that is replete with ambiguity, ambivalence, irony, and allusion. The discussion draws on recent approaches in linguistics and literary criticism, including narratology, pragmatics, socio-linguistics, discourse analysis, and speech-act theory, but lays emphasis on the primary text as an object of study. The author shows how Homer's polysemic texture contributes to the presentation of key literary topics such as the image of the hero in the Iliad or disguise and recognition in the Odyssey.
The Allies of Rome
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

Strabo, in book r 2, provides an account of the Galatian constitution which, although brief, is probably the most complete description of Celtic political organization in any part of the ancient world: The three tribes used the same language and differed from one another in no other respect; they were divided each into four sections, and called them tetrarchies, each having its own tetrarch, one judge and one military commander, subordinate to the tetrarch, and two junior commanders. The council of the twelve tetrarchs consisted of three hundred men, and they assembled at the so-called Drynemetos. The council decided murder cases, the tetrarchs and the judges all others. This, therefore, was the constitution in the old days, but during my time power has passed to three, then to two and then to a single ruler, namely Deiotarus, and then to Amyntas who succeeded him.
In formam provinciae redacta
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

In 25 BC the possessions of Amyntas were annexed to the Roman empire, and the province of Galatia was created.1 During the preceding two centuries Rome had acquired new territory in a host of different circumstances. There were wide vicissitudes in the forms of provincial administration, and the term provincia itself could convey a broad spectrum of meanings in different contexts, ranging from the purview and responsibilities of a Roman magistrate, devoid of any geographical connotation, to the precise topical definition of the area where those responsibilities were undertaken, that is a province in the modern sense of the word.
The Euphrates Frontier and the Impact of the Roman Armies
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

At an uncertain date in the 90s BC L. Cornelius Sulla, then governor of Cilicia, reached the river Euphrates in the company of a modest force of Asiatic levies and the new king of Cappadocia, Ariobarzanes.1 He was met by Orobazus, an ambassador from the Parthian king Arsaces, and, at an encounter whose significance was not lost on observers, presided over an agreement between Parthia and Rome which set the Euphrates as the limit of their respective spheres of influence.2 Over a century and a half later the emperor Vespasian fully realized the implications of that early parley, when he planned and constructed a system of frontier defences stretching from the Black Sea and the upper Euphrates, across the Taurus to the Syrian and Arabian deserts. The creation of this limes was crucial to the development of Roman Asia Minor.
Estates and the Land
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: November 2023

The heart of Galatia, and the heart of Asia Minor, is the high arid steppe which runs from Afyonkarahisar to the Kizil lrmak, and from the mountain ranges of northern Anatolia to the Taurus. There could be no greater contrast between this vast bare landscape and the crisp alternation of mountain and valley in the Aegean regions of the south and west, or the sharply etched terrain of the Tauric and Pontic mountains. The pattern of exploitation and human settlement in this central plateau has not been constant, oscillating between pastoralism and settled agriculture, desertion and prosperity, but its bare, unsmiling nature has impressed observers from Antiquity to modern times.
Repetition in Latin Poetry
Authors: Wills Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The first comprehensive treatment of Latin figures of repetition, this poetic handbook includes over ten thousand quotations from Ennius to Juvenal, with numerous examples from Latin prose and Greek literature for comparison. Long relegated to commentary notes, the figures of gemination, epanalepsis, polyptotn, anaphora etc. are finally treated systematically as distinct stylistic markers. Under each topic, Professor Wills studies extensively the authorial preferences and traditions of the various genres, with figures arising from the positional and framing structures of repetitions collected at the end. A section on formal means of allusion and the special attention given throughout the book to the use of figures for intertextual reference also makes the work a major contribution to the Latin poetics of allusion. Literary critics, textual critics, and commentators should all find this volume indispensable in different ways.
Allusion
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

Underlying the Aeneid are the Homeric poems and other texts: Vergil made extensive use of the Iliad, the Odyssey, Apollonius’ Argonautica, other epic poems, tragedies, and so on. All this is known and demonstrable. But to what extent does Vergil allude to, as well as borrow from, these sources? To what extent are the underlying texts part of the new, the Vergilian, fabrication? And with what effect? These are difficult questions, to which far from unanimous answers are available. The general concept of allusion in ancient literature has been tackled, but still awaits completely satisfactory treatment. Meanwhile, individual authors' practices must be assessed by their own interpreters. Vergil is, I think, the poet potentially most amenable to generalization, and Vergilian allusion is the subject' of this chapter. My intention first of all is simply to advance certain wide-ranging theses, and then to proceed to examples.
Further Voices
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

I hope that I have now given practical demonstration of Vergil's modes of communication in the Aeneid, of the ways in which he insinuates unexpected material and opinions. In particular I have shown that unexpected political material is insinuated: the Aeneid probes, questions, and occasionally subverts the simple Augustanism that it may appear to project; and it does this by means of its further voices. It is now time to pick up and expound more fully this idea of voices, the epic voice and further voices, and show how they relate to each other, and to other more familiar topics in epic narrative technique.
Marginalia Euripidea
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

‘On top of the stern I myself took and steered the boat.’ That is the only honest translation of these lines; and no one ought to pretend that the sense is satisfactory.
Review of Tuilier, Étude compariée du texte et des scholies d’Eunpide
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

In 1968 M. Tuilier published a book entitled Recherches critiques sur la tradition du texte dEurip1de, in which he attempted to trace the transmission of the text of Euripides from the earliest times down to the fourteenth century. The first part of the book, after a remarkable series of arguments, culminated in a demonstration that the ‘select’ plays were chosen by a professorial committee in the University of Constantinople about AD 450; and the second part attempted to establish a stemma of the manuscripts issuing from the alleged fifth-century archetype.
Elis
Authors: Roy James
Published: November 2023

Early Eleian expansion, and in particular the struggle with Pisa for control of Olympia, is obscure (RE v. 2373–91, xx. 1747–53). Surviving accounts are distorted by a desire to identify people and places mentioned by Homer (see especially the material from Apollodoros in Strabo book 8), and by the influence of later political interests (see Sordi (1994); Ulf (1997); Bilik (1998–99); and Nafissi (2001) on the historiography of Olympia and Elis).
Thessalia And Adjacent Regions
Authors: Decourt Jean-Claude , Nielsen Thomas Heine , Helly Bruno
Published: November 2023

As a geographical term, Thessalia was used with a wide variety of meanings in Antiquity.¹ In the narrow sense it designated simply the four tetrades of the Thessalian Confederacy (Pelasgiotis, Hestiaiotis, Thessaliotis and Phthiotis (Arist. fr. 497, Rose; Andron (FGrHist 10) fr. 16a)); whereas in a broader sense it came to include areas such as Ainis, which supplied the Thessalian Confederacy of the Roman era with at least one strategos (cf. IG ix.2 p. xxv; see also infra on Strabo’s conception of the region).
Thrace From Strymon To Nestos
Authors: Loukopoulou Louisa
Published: November 2023

The region bounded by the lower courses of the rivers Strymon and Nestos consists of two extensively marshy plains, well watered by the river Strymon and by its tributary, the Angites, dominated by imposing richly wooded mountains—Mt. Pangaion to the south-west, Mt. Lekane to the east, Mt. Kerkine and the Rhodope range to the north. A third plain, rich in agricultural lands, extends between Mt. Pangaion and Mt. Symbolon to the south-east. The latter mountain range and Mt. Lekane further north-east together define a narrow coastal strip, whose easternmost part was considerably extended through the centuries by the massive alluvial deposits of the river Nestos.
Inland Thrace
Authors: Archibald Zofia Halina
Published: November 2023

The reaction of most students of Classical Antiquity to the subject of this chapter might well be: were there any poleis in inland Thrace? Most of the sites marked on Barr. Maps 22, 51 and 52 are coastal, and most of the inland ones seem to be of Roman date. There are some strange exceptions in the central (Thracian) plain of modern Bulgaria, but these are cemetery sites, not the locations of known settlements, however designated. We may assume that the cemeteries were connected with communities nearby, but there is no hint on the maps of what these agglomerations may have been.
The Cavalry of Classical Greece
Authors: Spence I G
Published: November 2023

This book is the first to examine how classical Greek cavalry actually operated on the battlefield. It looks at the prime characteristices of Greek cavalry, including mobility, protection, armament, training, leadership, flexibility, and motivation. Up to now, it has usually been assumed that ancient Greek cavalry was subordinated to the infantry because it was less effective in battle. This book challenges this assumption, analysing the position of Greek cavalry, and especially the Athenian arm, not only in the battlefield but in society as a whole. It concludes that, like many modern societies, Greek states produced military arms which were moulded more by social and economic influences than by purely military considerations. Classical Greek cavalry had a high combat potential, but this was reduced by the attitudes of the rest of society towards the cavalry class - the wealthiest and most aristocratic group in most states.
Gentleman
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

The central Anatolian plateau is not a hospitable place. Not only does Basil the Great complain of being buried under snow for months on end,but Gregory Nazianzen could regard even his friend’s removal to Pontus as an escape from the Cappa-docian mud and cold. At an average elevation of two to four thousand feet and sealed off from the sea by mountains, Cappa-docia exhibits all the extremes of climate. Largely treeless,in ancient times the country was divided into landed estates, imperial, senatorial, or priestly, and given over to pasturage and some farming.
Exile
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

Any change of times and states is bound to unsettle, and for Christians in particular it was difficult to say what the new reign might bring. Some, indeed, rejoiced that ‘the beast’ (Constantius) was dead,and looked forward to the new ruler’s justifiable reputation for mildness. It is not clear how soon they realized he was a committed pagan. In hindsight they said that Julian had been dissembling for years, and that his youthful piety was a fraud. But while it is certainly true that he later celebrated a childish fascination with the sun-god’s rays,the reality is that he was baptized as an infant,educated in the Church, and like his brother, had been a lector in the church at Nicomedia. Indeed, as a teenager he is said to have dressed (a little ambiguously) as an ascetic,and helped, with his brother, to build a martyrium.
The Natural History
Authors: Healy John F
Published: November 2023

In Greece, the Sophists had been the first to claim to impart to their pupils such knowledge as they might need in daily life.1 Hippias of Elis (Pl. Hp. mi. 368b ff.) mastered all the subjects of instruction later referred to by Aristotle (Pol. 1337b15) as the branches of knowledge necessary for a freeman: these included astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, music, and grammar. Quintilian (Inst. 1. 10. 1) writes: ‘orbis ille doctrinae
Conceptions Of Genre: Criticism in Prose Poetry
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

Genre is an evident fact of this literature. If we contemplate the literature as from the air, we must immediately be struck by stark and primary divisions and chasms, between poetry and prose, philosophy and history, epic and epigram. What these divisions of genre entail is a more complicated question; the book as a whole will only try to illuminate some of the differences and likenesses between some of the genres. In the first two chapters we will seek some preliminary orientation in this landscape, and in doing so will introduce the book’s principal themes of greatness (sublimity, grandeur) and reality (truth). (Cf. pp. r f) Our attention will be devoted almost exclusively to the Latin literature of this period, in the generic scene that it displays and in the comments on genre that it offers. This path has been chosen as one of special and immediate interest for this book, not as the only valid route. It will not be possible to consider either ancient literary criticism in general or the history of the individual genres; these topics, fundamental but enormous, would not lead us to very different conclusions.
The Evolution of the Urban Hierarchy
Authors: Grainger. John D
Published: November 2023

The three sizes of city which were apparent in Syria by 280 BC have been called large, medium, and small. Neither the constituents of those groups nor the classification itself remained unaltered for long. Nor did the actual number of cities remain constant. Seleukos himself had founded two more, Nikopolis and Hierapolis, to add to his original eight, and there were always Arados and Marathos and the rest of the Aradian peraia. Change and development continued all through the Hellenistic period—and, of course, after.
The Survival of the Cities
Authors: Grainger. John D
Published: November 2023

The long period of civil warfare between 153 and 138 had been accompanied by invasions from outside the Seleukid kingdom, and by rebellions within, and gradually more territory had been lost. Asia Minor had gone already, in 188, and now the eastern provinces were taken by the Parthians. Two Seleukid armies were destroyed, in 139 and 129, and the Parthian king conquered as far as Babylonia and Mesopotamia. The Ptolemies invaded, but failed to annex any territory permanently. Inside the kingdom, the Jewish rebellion which began in 166 eventually organized itself into a state and was accorded a semi-independent status by the Seleukid kings; other areas more quietly detached themselves, Osrhoene and Kommagene as kingdoms under the rule of self-promoted former satraps, Arados as an independent city.
Bes
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

Written evidence is scarce. It consists mostly of captions giving the names and epithets of the god. Bes seems to have featured in legends of Re, Horus, and Hathor, but these are never fully narrated; we must be content with scattered allusions to his mythical role in magical, votive and ritual texts of different periods. NAME The identity of the god is complex. Bes seems to have been employed as a generic name for different dwarf deities with the same physical appearance.
Ptah-Pataikoi
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

By the late New Kingdom, another dwarf god is commonly found in Egypt. He is clearly differentiated from Bes. He represents an achondroplastic dwarf, usually naked, with short bent limbs, a long trunk and a big flat-topped head; he is fully human, without foreign attributes, and does not carry weapons. Representations of this god are numerous, principally in amulets, and it is still unclear whether they depict various forms of one and the same god, or a group of dwarf gods, as with Bes.
Terminology
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

As in Egypt, the two terms do not seem to have defined a specific pathology; they were interchangeable and could both refer to ethnic or pathological short stature, proportionate or disproportionate. In the works of Aristotle, for example, nvypaioi is found describing pathological dwarfs deformed in their parts, proportionately reduced in size, and African pygmies;4 when analysing the origin of stunted growth in mules, yivvoi, and pigs, pezayoipa, Aristotle names human dwarfs vavoi in the Historia Animalium, and nuypaioi in the De Generatione Animalium.
Conclusion
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

The condition of dwarfs in archaic and classical Greece is very ambivalent. A few Greek myths, which have left only scanty traces in literature and iconography, involve dwarf creatures. These stories express forms of rejection: they transmit the image of liminal beings with comical, wily, and disquieting aspects. As robbers, the Cercopes brothers stand outside the ordered world; they are associated with both wit and fraud, as stressed by their names, Sillos (‘wag’) and Tryballos (‘sycophant’). The ludicrous pygmies, who are relegated to the end of the known world, appear as primitive and impious beings. Deities associated to smithcraft may have a grotesque, risible appearance, like the Kabeiroi; they may also be slanderous and malevolent, like the Telchines, who can cast the evil eye.
E: Egypt
Authors: Dasen Véronique
Published: November 2023

The monuments are grouped chronologically, according to location, moving south of Alexandria, and within each site in PM order: Giza: WF (West Field), EF (East Field), GIS (cemetery GIS), CF (Central Field). Saqqara: NSP (North of Step Pyramid), ESP (East of Step Pyramid), WSP (West of Step Pyramid), NTP (North of Teti Pyramid), UPC (Uni Pyramid Cemetery).
Divina Natura: The Roots of Pliny’s Thought
Authors: Beagon Mary
Published: November 2023

The world … is fitly believed to be a deity, eternal and immeasurable, a being that was never born and will never perish. What lies outside it does not concern men to explore and is beyond the capability of the human mind to guess. It is sacred, eternal, immeasurable, wholly within the whole, or rather itself the whole, finite and resembling the infinite, certain of all things and resembling the uncertain, holding in its embrace all things that are within and without, at once the work of nature and nature herself (HN 2. 1).
Jerome, Greek Scholarship, and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Kamesar Adam
Published: November 2023

Jerome (c. 345-420) was one of the greatest Bibilical scholars of antiquity. Among his achievements was his Latin translations of the Bible `according to the Hebrew', or iuxta Hebraeos. This translation came to constitute the major part of the Vulgate, the standard Bible of Latin Christendom. The author here considers the origin of this project through an analysis of the Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim, a commentary on the book of Genesis published at approximately the same time as the first instalments of the translation. The primary focus of the book is the question of Jerome's dependence on Greek scholarship both before and during his own time.
Introduction
Authors: Kamesar Adam
Published: November 2023

Jerome, one of the greatest biblical scholars of antiquity, was born probably sometime in the 340s in the town of Stridon, which seems to have been located in what was until recently western Yugoslavia. He was sent to Rome for his secondary education, where he studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus. After spending some time in Trier and Aquileia, he set out for the East in the early 370s. He had developed an interest in ascetic living at Aquileia, and sought to pursue this form of life in the great centres of eastern monasticism. He lived for a few years as a hermit in the desert of Chalcis in Syria, but spent much of this period at Antioch, where he deepened his knowledge of Greek and was also ordained as a priest. He was in Constantinople during the years 380-1, and at this time published Latin translations of some works of Eusebius and Origen. He returned to Rome in 382, where he served for about three years as a sort of unofficial assistant to Pope Damasus. He left Rome for good in 385, and after a period of travel in the East, settled in Bethlehem in 386. He founded a monastic community there, and lived out his life as its director. He died in 420.
Animals, 2 Myths as Stories
Authors: Forbes Irving P M C
Published: November 2023

It was suggested in Chapter 2 that although the overall structure of these stories and the theme of transformation itself do not have their origin in the practices and conceptions of historical Greek cult, the cult relations of an animal may go some way to explain why it is this animal rather than any other that appears in a particular story.