bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ΑΠΟΨΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΠΕΡΙΦΟΡΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΠΑΙΔΑΓΩΓΩΝ ΠΡΟΣΧΟΛΙΚΗΣ ΗΛΙΚΙΑΣ ΣΕ ΘΕΜΑΤΑ ΠΡΟΑΓΩΓΗΣ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ
Authors: Σαλωνίδης (Vasilis Salonidis) Βασίλης , Βαρούχας (Zaxarias Varouxas) Ζαχαρίας , Ιατρού (Ramona Iatrou) Ραμόνα
Published: July 2019

Η θεώρηση, η συμπεριφορά και η δια βίου μάθηση των παιδαγωγών προσχολικής ηλικίας αποτελούν καθοριστικούς παράγοντες για τη διαμόρφωση και την υιοθέτηση των στάσεων των μικρών παιδιών. Με την παρούσα εργασία προσπαθήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε τις αντιλήψεις, τις απόψεις, τις στάσεις και τις συμπεριφορές των παιδαγωγών πάνω σε θέματα προαγωγής υγείας. Η συνεισφορά της συγκεκριμένης έρευνας έγκειται στον προσδιορισμό των αδυναμιών που εμφανίζονται στους κέντρα προσχολικής αγωγής όσον αφορά στην προαγωγής υγείας και στην παροχή πληροφόρησης στους φορείς που λαμβάνουν αποφάσεις προκειμένου να καλυφθούν αυτά τα κενά. Επιλέξαμε τη μέθοδο της επισκόπησης που χρησιμοποιείται κατά κύριο λόγο για τη συλλογή δεδομένων σε ένα συγκεκριμένο χρονικό σημείο και το δομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο ως μέσο συγκέντρωσης πρωτογενών δεδομένων, θεωρώντας πως η συγκεκριμένη μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση είναι η πλέον κατάλληλη για την επίτευξη του σκοπού και των στόχων της εργασίας. Τα αποτελέσματα της εμπειρικής έρευνας καταδεικνύουν ότι η πλειοψηφία των παιδαγωγών δηλώνει ότι δίνει ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην προαγωγή υγείας και ότι τηρεί σε μεγάλο βαθμό τους κανόνες υγιεινής και ασφάλειας. Επιπλέον, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η εκπαίδευση και η επιμόρφωση των παιδαγωγών είναι ελλιπής σε κάποια θέματα προαγωγής υγείας. Τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα οδηγούν σε ενδιαφέρουσες παρατηρήσεις και σε επακόλουθες προτάσεις για την βελτίωση του επιπέδου τήρησης των κανόνων υγείας στους χώρους των παιδικών σταθμών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η παρούσα μελέτη προτείνει να ενισχύεται το προσωπικό με εξειδικευμένες και πρακτικού τύπου γνώσεις, να επιμορφώνονται οι εργαζόμενοι σε θέματα προαγωγής υγείας σύμφωνα με τις αρχές της βιωματικής μάθησης και να εξασφαλίζεται η ομαδοσυνεργατική προσέγγιση με τη συμμετοχή διαφορετικών ειδικοτήτων και υπηρεσιών.
Η διαθεματικότητα των αναλυτικών προγραμμάτων στην προσχολική και πρώτη σχολική ηλικία στην Ελλάδα και στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο
Authors: Μάνεση (Soultana Manesi) Σουλτάνα
Published: July 2019

Κεντρικό σημείο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η επιτακτική ανάγκη να θεωρήσουμε τα παιδιά ως οντότητες, των οποίων τα ενδιαφέροντα, οι επιθυμίες και τα δικαιώματα οφείλουν να λαμβάνονται σοβαρά υπόψη κατά τη διαμόρφωση εκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων. Εκκινώντας από αυτήν την παραδοχή, η εφαρμογή ενός καινοτομικού, διαθεματικού αναλυτικού προγράμματος θεωρείται ως απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για κάθε εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα στο σύγχρονο παγκοσμιοποιημένο περιβάλλον. Υπό αυτό το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο, η εργασία αυτή επιχειρεί να μελετήσει συγκριτικά τη διαθεματικότητα των αναλυτικών προγραμμάτων στην προσχολική και πρώτη σχολική ηλικία, στην Ελλάδα και το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο. Εφαλτήριο του ενδιαφέροντός μου για τη συγκεκριμένη εργασία υπήρξε ο προσωπικός μουαναστοχασμός σχετικά με την ανάγκη να εμπλέξουμε τα παιδιά με ενεργό τρόπο και ολιστικά στη διαδικασία μάθησής τους.
Ο θαυμαστός καταναλωτικός κόσμος του Γουόλτ Ντίσνεϊ: κινηματογράφος, παιδική ηλικία και εμπορευματοποίηση
Authors: Κούρτη (Eyaggelia Kourti) Ευαγγελία
Published: July 2019

Στο άρθρο αυτό παρουσιάζεται μια λιγότερο μελετημένη πλευρά της σχέσης των παιδιών με τον κινηματογράφο: η κινηματογραφική παραγωγή για παιδιά και η συμβολή της στην ανάπτυξη της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς τους. Καθώς, υπό το πρίσμα μιας νοσταλγικής προσέγγισης της παιδικής ηλικίας, συχνά παραμελούνται σημαντικές πτυχές του παρελθόντος και προβάλλεται μια «εκτός εμπορίου» εικόνα του παιδιού, μελετώνται εδώ οι στρατηγικές προώθησης των ταινιών και η εμπορευματοποίηση των χαρακτήρων τους στην κλασική περίοδο της εταιρείας Disney (εποχή του Γουόλτ Ντίσνεϊ). Στόχος είναι να αναδειχτεί ο ρόλος της εταιρείας -σημείο αναφοράς για πολλές εταιρείες στο χώρο της παιδικής ψυχαγωγίας- στην ανάπτυξη της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς των παιδιών από τις πρώτες κιόλας μέρες της ίδρυσης της και, κατά συνέπεια, να παρουσιαστούν οι στάσεις της προς τα παιδιά-θεατές και οι αντιλήψεις της για την παιδική ηλικία γενικότερα. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, παράλληλα με τις ταινίες γίνεται αναφορά στην προσωπικότητα και στον τρόπο με τον οποίο ο Ντίσνεϊ διαχειριζόταν -ανάλογα με τις κοινωνικές, οικονομικές, και πολιτικές συγκυρίες- τις παραγωγές της εταιρείας, τους εργαζομένους και κυρίως την προώθηση του μύθου του ως του αγαπημένου «θείου» όλων των παιδιών του κόσμου.
Τα παιδιά με αναπηρία στον ελληνικό κινηματογράφο
Authors: Μαρινάκης (Christos Marinakis) Χρήστος
Published: July 2019

Στο άρθρο αυτό επιχειρείται μια έρευνα που αφορά τα παιδιά με αναπηρία στον ελληνικό κινηματογράφο από το 1950 έως το 2007, με στόχο να διερευνηθεί ο τρόπος με τον οποίον προσεγγίζεται το θέμα αυτό, σε σχέση με τα υπάρχοντα θεωρητικά μοντέλα αναπηρίας σε διάφορα ιστορικοκοινωνικά πλαίσια. Για να εντοπιστούν τα διάφορα μοντέλα, έγινε καταγραφή των ταινιών με ανάπηρα παιδιά και στη συνέχεια θεματική ανάλυση του περιεχομένου τους. Ένας πολύ μικρός αριθμός ταινιών καταγράφηκε. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι στην περίοδο του «Παλαιού Ελληνικού Κινηματογράφου», η αναπηρία αντιμετωπίζεται απλώς ως μια ασθένεια που βρίσκει ιατρική λύση, στο «Νέο Ελληνικό Κινηματογράφο» γίνεται αναφορά στα προβλήματα και συναισθήματα που δημιουργεί η αναπηρία στις οικογένειες των παιδιών και τον κοινωνικό τους περίγυρο, στο «Σύγχρονο Ελληνικό Κινηματογράφο» (στη μοναδική ταινία που καταγράφηκε), η αναπηρία ισοσκελίζεται από τις ιδιαίτερες ικανότητες που έχει το ανάπηρο παιδί στη μουσική, μια τάση που καταγράφεται και στο σύγχρονο διεθνή κινηματογράφο.
'Οταν ο κινηματογράφος πάει σχολείο... Μια παράλληλη ανάγνωση των ταινιών του Φ. Τρυφώ: Τα 400 χτυπήματα & Το Χαρτζιλίκι*
Authors: Σιδηροπούλου (Cristina Sidiropoulou) Χριστίνα
Published: July 2019

Η παρούσα εργασία στοχεύει στο να δείξει ότι ο αυτοαναφορικός στοχασμός τον κινηματογράφου πάνω στα αισθητικά και τεχνικά μέσα που χρησιμοποιεί συνδέεται άμεσα με τον κινηματογραφικό ιδεολογικό λόγο. Η σύνδεση αυτή είναι εμφανής σε δύο ταινίες σχετικά με την παιδική ηλικία του Φρανσουά Τρυφώ, Τα 400 χτυπήματα και Το χαρτζιλίκι. Οι ταινίες αυτές εξέφρασαν το ανατρεπτικό για την εποχή κίνημα της Nouvelle Vague (Νέο Κύμα) και μπορούν να θεωρηθούν ως ένα κινηματογραφικό δοκίμιο για την παιδική ηλικία, γυρίστηκαν αντίστοιχα το 1959 και 1976, δηλαδή πριν και μετά το Μάη του '68 στη Γαλλία. Οι ταινίες αυτές διαμορφώνουν έναν χώρο στοχασμού και διαμάχης όπου οι διπολικότητες «σχολείο-μαθητές», «οικογένεια-παιδιά», «ενήλικοι-ανήλικοι», «κανόνες-παραβατικότητα» μας επιτρέπουν να κατανοήσουμε τον «κόσμο των πραγματικών παιδιών», πέρα από οποιαδήποτε προκατασκευασμένη έννοια περί παιδιού. Η αναζήτηση της νοηματοδότησης της παιδικής ηλικίας μ' αυτό τον τρόπο μάς επιτρέπει να κατανοήσουμε πως τα παιδιά που απεικονίζονται στις συγκεκριμένες ταινίες ενηλικιώνονται -πέρα από το όποιο βλέμμα/χειραγώγηση των ενηλίκων-, ενώ ταυτόχρονα συμβάλλει στην αποδέσμευση του θεατή από το βλέμμα του σκηνοθέτη.
Ερευνώντας την παιδική τέχνη: Συστηματικές παρατηρήσεις στις εικαστικές δεξιότητες των παιδιών
Authors: Ματεζόφσκυ-Νικόλτσου (Katerina Matozefski-Nikoltsou) Κατερίνα
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Μαθηματικά, φυσικές επιστήμες και τεχνολογία στο νηπιαγωγείο: Απλή πρόκληση ή αναγκαιότητα
Authors: Παπανδρέου (Maria Papandreou) Μαρία
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Στρατηγικές αναγνώρισης λογότυπων από παιδιά προσχολικής και πρώτης σχολικής ηλικίας και εκμάθηση της ανάγνωσης: Ερευνητικά δεδομένα και διδακτικές προεκτάσεις
Authors: Σφυρόερα (Maria Sfyroera) Μαρία , Χαραλαμπίδου (D. Haralampidou) Δ.
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Σχέση της κινητικής ευχέρειας και της κινητικής ευελιξίας κατά την εκτέλεση δημιουργικής κίνησης
Authors: Τσαπακίδου (Aggeliki Tsapakidou) Αγγελική , Ζαχοπούλου (E. Zachopoulou) Ε. , Αλεξίου (B. Alexiou) Β. , Τσομπανάκη (Th. Tsompanaki) Θ.
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Κοινωνικοπολιτισμικό ηλαίσιο και κοινωνιομετρικές επιλογές παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας
Authors: Μπίκος (Konstantinos Mpikos) Κωνσταντίνος
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Τρόποι γραφής των γραμμάτων β, δ, θ, Δ, Μ και Ν των παιδιών του Δημοτικού Σχολείου
Authors: Τραυλός (A.K. Travlos) Α. Κ. , Φραγκίσκου (N. Fragkiskou) Ν. , Κοντονάσιος (G.-S. G. Kontonasios) Γ.-Σ. Γ. , Λύτρα (P.Th. Litra) Π.Θ.
Published: July 2019

Μελετώντας το υπόδειγμα γραφής των γραμμάτων της Α' τάξης του Δημοτικού (Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Βιβλίο Δασκάλου, 1994), παρατηρήσαμε, ότι η φορά γραφής ορισμένων γραμμάτων είναι κινητικά μη-δόκιμος. Η φορά που προτείνεται δεν εξασφαλίζει την οικονομικότερη και αποτελεσματικότερη αναπαραγωγή των γραμμάτων και υποχρεώνει το παιδί να σηκώνει το μολύβι αρκετές φορές από το χαρτί. Έτσι ο υποδεικνυόμενος τρόπος γραφής δεν παρέχει τη δυνατότητα στο παιδί να συνδυάσει τις ανάλογες κινήσεις ορισμένων γραμμάτων σε μονοκονδυλιά. Για να μελετηθεί ο τρόπος γραφής των παιδιών του δημοτικού σχολείου επιλέχθηκαν τα γράμματα 6, δ, θ, Δ, Μ και Ν. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 756 παιδιά όλων των τάξεων του δημοτικού σχολείου (126 παιδιά από κάθε τάξη). Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν, ότι τα παιδιά χρησιμοποίησαν 28 διαφορετικούς τρόπους γραφής για το 6,11 για το δ, 19 για το 8, 31 για το Δ, 20 για το Μ και 15 για το Ν. Τα παιδιά επέλεξαν τη μονοκονδυλιά από τον προτεινόμενο τρόπο γραφής σε όλες τις τάξεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τους κανόνες που εφαρμόζονται στο δημοτικό σχολείο και τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας προτείνουμε ορισμένους συμπληρωματικούς κανόνες γραφής οι οποίοι μπορούν να συμβάλουν σε πιο οικονομική και αποτελεσματική χρησιμοποίηση των γραφικών συμβόλων.
Η Στάση των Γονέων Απέναντι στην Αύξηση τον Ορίου Ηλικίας Εισαγωγής των Παιδιών στην Α' Τάξη του Δημοτικού
Authors: Ζωγράφου (M. Zografou) Μ. , Φίστα (F. Fista) Φ. , Τσίγκα (E. Tsigka) Ε. , Μουσιάδου (N. Mousiadou) Ν. , Παπανδρέου (A. Papandreou) Α.
Published: July 2019

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Παρώθηση και στάσεις παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας στην εκμάθηση της αγγλικής ως ξένης γλωσσάς
Authors: Ζαφειροπούλου (Maria Zafiropoulou) Μαρία , Ζησάκη (Katerina Zisaki) Κατερίνα , Παππά (Evagelia Papa) Ευαγγελία
Published: July 2019

Μέσα στα πλαίσια ενός ευρύτερου χώρου ο οποίος διακρίνεται από την παγκοσμιοποίηση εμφανίζονται κάποιες καινούριες αναγκαιότητες ως μέσα που θα βοηθήσουν στη σύζευξη ατόμων και λαών.
Option-Implied Intrahorizon Value at Risk
Authors: Leippold Markus , Vasiljević Nikola
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we theoretically and empirically study the intrahorizon value at risk (iVaR) in a general jump-diffusion setting. We propose a new class of models of asset returns, the displaced mixed exponential model, which can arbitrarily closely approximate finite and infinite activity Lévy processes. We then derive analytical results for the iVaR and disentangle, in a theoretically consistent way, the jump and diffusion contributions to the intrahorizon risk. We estimate historical and option-implied value at risk and iVaR for several popular jump models using the Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 100 Index and American options. Empirically disentangling the contribution of the jumps from the contribution of the diffusion, we conclude that jumps account for about 90% of the iVaR on average. Our back-testing results indicate that the option-implied estimates are much more responsive to market changes than their historical counterparts, which perform poorly.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Spectrum allocation, media policy and the key stakeholders’ understanding of digitalization in Austria: A shift in the regulatory preferences from broadcasting to broadband
Authors: Gadringer Stefan , Parrilla Guix Ricard , Trappel Josef
Published: July 2019

Recent developments regarding media services transmitted through broadcasting and broadband technology have sparked new trends in digitalization and media convergence. Digitalization was supposed to safeguard the key social role of broadcasting in Europe, but it has mainly intensified its market dependence and orientation. Broadcasters no longer have priority in spectrum policy over online audio–visual services and broadband. Against this background, we analyse how much broadcasting is losing ground as a privileged cultural form as well as a widely used form of electronic mass communication technology in Austria. Through document analysis and stakeholder interviews, this article addresses how far, between 2007 and 2017, regulation, frequency allocations and the preferences of politicians and key stakeholders point at the substitution of broadcasting by broadband as the main means for the provision of media mass communication. The project draws on a new-institutionalist approach, which states that the output in a given policy process can be understood by researching technological change and the preferences of state and market actors together with the ideological cleavages and the formal and informal institutional rules affecting the process. The research objectives are: (1) to assess the evolution of media policy and communication legislation affecting broadcasting and electronic communication during the final stage of TV digitalization in Austria; (2) to assess the available supply and demand of the radio spectrum for free-to-air (FTA) broadcasting and the frequency share of broadcasters and (mobile) broadband operators; (3) to assess the understanding that political decision-makers and key stakeholders have regarding the role of broadcasting and broadband services both as social practice and as a technological solution for mass communication. The findings, which generally point to a shift from broadcast to broadband, are analysed against the background of the WRC 2015 outcome.
Проблемные аспекты развития социальной политики Алтайского края в 1990-1995 гг.
Authors: Радонова Анна Владимировна
Published: July 2019

Раскрываются современные подходы к определению социальной политики государства. Характеризуются ее основные цели, приоритеты, раскрывается сущность способов достижения поставленных задач и перспективы последствий их реализации в 1990-1995 гг. Целью исследования является характеристика эволюции социальной политики Алтайского края в первой половине 90-х гг.

ХХ в. Историографический обзор проведен по трем направлениям исследования: защита слабообеспеченных слоев народонаселения; переработка принципов финансирования социосферы; регулирование рынка труда и трансформация политики занятости.

На примере Алтайского края характеризуются проблемы и достижения региональной политики в области социальной поддержки народонаселения; определяются основные направления усовершенствования сложившейся ситуации на ближайшие десятилетия XXI в. Авторские выводы подтверждаются статистическими показателями вложений в социальную сферу Алтайского края конца XX в.

Научная новизна исследования заключается во введении в научный оборот ряда архивных документов, регулирующих социальную политику Алтайского края в 1990-1995 гг., а также в анализе формальных институтов региональной социальной политики Алтайского края, который доказывает, что в ходе институциональных трансформаций в регионе сложилась либеральная модель социальной политики, соответствующая местным экономическим возможностям и политическим установкам элиты. Обобщены сведения о структуре органов управления в области социальной защиты народонаселения Алтайского региона в постсоветский период. Приводится анализ нормативных актов, регламентирующих их деятельность, основные полномочия и выполняемые функции.

Кроме того, анализируются этапы реформирования системы управления социальной защиты населения и причины трудностей, возникающих в этой связи. Раскрываются цели и порядок реформирования системы органов социальной защиты на всей территории Алтайского края.
Psychobiotics: Shaping the Mind With Gut Bacteria
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan P. , Mayer Emeran A.
Published: July 2019

Preclinical and a few clinical studies have demonstrated the existence of a brain-gut-microbiome axis in which bacterial signals can modulate affective behavior, brain activity, and central gene expression profiles. The study by Wang et al. in this issue (Wang H, Braun C, Murphy EF, et al. Bifidobacterium longum 1714™ strain modulates brain activity of healthy volunteers during social stress. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114:1152–62.) contributes to a growing body of literature demonstrating that probiotics that alter behavior in animal models—termed “psychobiotics”—can induce changes in human brain networks involved in emotional or cognitive responses. Although there are still many unknowns about the potential of existing probiotics to induce clinically relevant effects, these findings support continued investigation into interventions acting on the brain-gut-microbiome axis for affective, cognitive, and behavioral disorders.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE AERIAL PARTS AND THE FLOWERS OF CHILIOTRICHUM DIFFUSUM (G. FORST.) KUNTZE (ASTERACEAE), A MEDICINAL PLANT USED BY THE ONAS
Authors: Alcalde Bahamonde Sandra Marcela , Taira Carlos Alberto , Flores María Luján , Córdoba Osvaldo León
Published: July 2019

The antioxidant capacity of Chiliotrichum diffusum, a medicinal plant used in the traditional medicine of the Onas (original people of Patagonia), was studied by using the DPPH method, to explain the properties associated to the traditional use of this species. Ethyl ether (or dichloromethane from decoction of the flowers) and the ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol and aqueous extracts, showed free radical scavenging capacity on DPPH•. The results of the quantitative determination of this activity in ethyl ether and the ethyl acetate fraction from ethanol extract of aerial parts showed SC50 of 5.2 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of the aqueous extracts from flowers showed SC50 values of 35.0 and 9.5 μg/mL. The principal flavonoids found were kaempferol, quercetin and their derivates. These results showed a relation of the phenols evidenced in the aerial parts and flowers and the antioxidant activity; also explained, at least partially, the medicinal properties described, and the use of this plant in the traditional medicine of the Onas.
ESTRUTURAÇÃO DE UM SERVIÇO DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE MEDICAMENTOS (SIM) EM UM HOSPITAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL
Authors: Nascimento Martins Álex Brunno , Mariz Batista Almária
Published: July 2019

Centros/Serviços de Informações sobre Medicamentos são importantes e úteis, pois contribuem para o uso racional de medicamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as informações prestadas pelo Serviço de Informações sobre Medicamentos do Hospital Regional Dr. Mariano Coelho em Currais Novos, RN. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo observacional a partir do banco de dados do Serviço, cujas solicitações de informação foram recebidas entre abril de 2017 e novembro de 2018. As informações foram avaliadas a partir de média mensal de solicitações de informação, temas das perguntas, meio pelo qual foi recebida, perfil do solicitante, fontes de informação utilizadas e classificação farmacológica dos medicamentos envolvidos. Durante o período, foram recebidas 31 solicitações (1,6 solicitações/mês), a maioria tinha como tema a indicação de uso de medicamentos (22,6%) e foi solicitada pessoalmente (71,0%) por residentes multiprofissionais (45,2%). Bases de dados eletrônicas foram as fontes de informações mais utilizadas para responder às solicitações (40,0%); e os antibióticos de uso sistêmico os medicamentos mais presentes nas solicitações (23,7%). Depreende-se que este Serviço foi potencialmente útil para se evitar uso irracional de medicamentos. Em relação ao perfil de solicitações de outros centros/serviços, este apresentou perfil pouco semelhante aos demais.
KOMBUCHA: EFEITOS IN VITRO E IN VIVO
Authors: Guimarães Medeiros Stéphany Christine , Cechinel-Zanchett Camile Cecconi
Published: July 2019

A busca por um estilo de vida mais saudável tem levado as pessoas a procurarem e escolherem produtos mais saudáveis. O kombucha é um probiótico, consumido no mundo todo, como uma bebida caseira refrescante, sendo também comercializada por algumas empresas. Esse trabalho avaliou o kombucha, relacionando composição, efeitos benéficos e aspectos toxicológicos causados por seu consumo. Foi realizada uma revisão crítica da literatura, baseada em artigos científicos, livros e documentos oficiais, nas bases de dados de artigos científicos: SciELO, Lilacs, Medline, e Science Direct, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol publicados entre 2014 e 2018, onde foi utilizado o descritor “kombucha”. A busca bibliográfica foi feita sem restrição de população e tema para não limitar o número de artigos. Os estudos apontaram prováveis benefícios relacionados à composição química do kombucha. Os benefícios relatados foram: atividade antioxidante, antibacteriana, antifúngica, efeito probiótico, potencial anticarcinogênico, efeito hipoglicemiante, além de outros efeitos terapêuticos e de prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Poucas pesquisas foram feitas com humanos para avaliar com mais precisão seus  benefícios, toxicidade, e usos terapêuticos. Portanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados, com o intuito de identificar os metabólitos produzidos, entender sua relação com as atividades biológicas, assim como sua aplicação em humanos.
ASSISTÊNCIA FARMACÊUTICA NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE DE UM MUNICÍPIO POTIGUAR, BRASIL
Authors: Nóbrega Bernardino Caroline , Mariz Batista Almária
Published: July 2019

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a Assistência Farmacêutica no município de Caicó, RN, Brasil, com base em indicadores, via estudo transversal e descritivo realizado de setembro de 2016 a março de 2017, a partir de 10 indicadores aplicados à Central de Abastecimento Farmacêutico e 30 aplicados nas 23 farmácias das Unidades Básicas de Saúde. O município possui Relação Municipal de Medicamentos Essenciais, mas não conta com Comissão de Farmácia e Terapêutica. Nenhuma das farmácias apresentava farmacêutico lotado, procedimento operacional padrão e registros de movimentação de estoque. A entrega de medicamentos nestas farmácias era realizada por agentes comunitários de saúde (35%), enfermeiros (74%) e técnicos de enfermagem (100%). Apenas 65% das farmácias possuía ar condicionado e nenhuma delas apresentava mapa de controle de umidade e temperatura. Os dados revelam que a assistência farmacêutica do município de Caicó é ainda incipiente e pressupõe maior responsabilidade e compromisso dos gestores municipais para cumprir com sua efetividade.
The Future of Information Studies: Reflections on Sociotechnical Imaginaries
Authors: Shankar Kalpana
Published: July 2019

This article is the text of a keynote address on the future of information studies, given on November 2, 2018 at the Berlin School of Library and Information on the occasion of its 90th anniversary.
Die Sammlung ist tot, es lebe die Sammlung!
Authors: Stäcker Thomas
Published: July 2019

Mit dem digitalen Wandel verändert sich der überlieferte Begriff der Sammlung. Während früher Bibliotheken ihre Bedeutung aus der Größe und Qualität ihrer Sammlung ableiteten, sind sie heute angesichts der zunehmend frei verfügbaren digitalen Quellen und Dokumente gezwungen umzudenken. Der Beitrag vertritt die Position, dass die Kultur des Besitzens einer Kultur des Teilens weichen muss. Nicht der exklusive Besitz eines Mediums entscheidet über die Qualität einer Bibliothek, sondern der nicht-exklusive Besitz. Dokumente und Daten werden aus der Logik des Mediums heraus in Zukunft durchgehend im Open Access angeboten werden. Das bedeutet aber nicht, dass sich das Sammeln erübrigte. Die Inadäquatheit, Disparität und Inhomogenität der analogen oder freien digitalen Angebote verlangt nach Transformation, Aggregation und Strukturierung bzw. Homogenisierung der Dokumente und Daten, um über die Herstellung der Maschinenlesbarkeit nach den FAIR Prinzipien attraktive Angebote von qualitativ hochwertigen digitalen Daten- und Dokumentsammlungen und Korpora für die mit digitalen Methoden arbeitende Forschung machen zu können. Für die Bibliothek eröffnen sich unter dem Begriff der Datafication wichtige neue Arbeitsfelder, die zwar die alte Sammlung obsolet machen, aber sie eine neue gewinnen lassen.
Alternative Enriched Test Spaces in the DPG Method for Singular Perturbation Problems
Authors: Salazar Jacob , Mora Jaime , Demkowicz Leszek
Published: July 2019

We propose and investigate the application of alternative enriched test spaces in the discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin (DPG) finite element framework for singular perturbation linear problems, with an emphasis on 2D convection-dominated diffusion. Providing robust

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error estimates for the field variables is considered a convenient feature for this class of problems, since this norm would not account for the large gradients present in boundary layers. With this requirement in mind, Demkowicz and others have previously formulated special test norms, which through DPG deliver the desired

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convergence. However, robustness has only been verified through numerical experiments for tailored test norms which are problem-specific, whereas the quasi-optimal test norm (not problem specific) has failed such tests due to the difficulty to resolve the optimal test functions sought in the DPG technology. To address this issue (i.e. improve optimal test functions resolution for the quasi-optimal test norm), we propose to discretize the local test spaces with functions that depend on the perturbation parameter ϵ. Explicitly, we work with B-spline spaces defined on an ϵ-dependent Shishkin submesh. Two examples are run using adaptive h-refinement to compare the performance of proposed test spaces with that of standard test spaces. We also include a modified norm and a continuation strategy aiming to improve time performance and briefly experiment with these ideas.
Effect of resins on the salt spray resistance and wet adhesion of two component waterborne polyurethane coating
Authors: Xu Qianwei , Lu Qingli , Zhu Steven , Pang Robin , Shan Wanwen
Published: July 2019

Effects of the type, chemical structure and NCO/OH of resins on wet adhesion and salt spray resistance of two component waterborne polyurethane coating were studied in this paper. The content of functional groups in resins and films were analysed by areas of their FT-IR absorption peak to study the relationship with anticorrosive performance of coatings. Coatings based on resins with more -OH tend to have stronger wet adhesion and salt spray resistance because resins with more -OH have more possibilities to react with -NCO to form a compact film with a higher crosslinking degree. The wet adhesion of coatings after 8 h of immersion deteriorated from level 1 to level 5 with the increase of NCO/OH due to the decrease of -OH in coatings to link with substrates. And excess -NCO tend to react with H2O to generate CO2 to form cracked physical bubbles, which would weaken the wet adhesion.
A Novel Method for High Frequency-Resolution Group Delay Acquisition Based on Tikhonov Regularization
Authors: Luo Rui , Pen Tianyu , Wang Shu-Na , Li Lingyun
Published: July 2019

The differential method is extensively adopted in the group delay measurement, where a contradiction between frequency-resolution and precision is present owning to the phase measurement error. This paper proposes a novel method for group delay calculating based on improved Tikhonov regularization that can omit the difference procedure. The comparative analysis demonstrates that the new method is capable of obtaining more precise group delay value along with high frequency-resolution when the measurement error of phase is included.
Performance Analysis of 80 GHz-Millimeter Wave Radio over Dispersive Fiber
Authors: Goel Pooja , Kaushik Rahul
Published: July 2019

The generation of 80 GHz millimeter wave (mm-wave) signal and its transmission over single mode fiber (SMF) is presented. The mm-wave signal is generated with dual parallel dual drive Mach Zehnder modulators using frequency quadrupling of 20 GHz radio frequency signal. Transmission of generated mm-wave signal over SMF has been investigated. The impact of varying modulation depth on optical side band suppression ratio and radio frequency spurious suppression ratio for different extinction ratios (ER) is studied. Further, the impact of dispersion, on received power is also analyzed. Error analysis between analytical and simulation results is carried out. It has been observed, that increasing ER leads to reduction in both peak error and mean error and the received power is reduced under the combined effect of second and third order dispersion at very high modulation depth.
Regular and copular fragments in Basaá
Authors: Bassong Paul Roger
Published: July 2019

The aim of this Article is to propose that fragment answers in Basaá (Bantu) derive from two different sources, namely, a regular source and a copular source. Regular fragments are those that are derived by movement of a Negative Polarity Item (NPI) or a CP complement to the left periphery of the clause followed by clausal ellipsis (Merchant 2004 and related work). Conversely, copular fragments involve a biclausal structure whereby the focalized fragment, no matter the syntactic function it fulfills in clause structure, finally ends up being the subject of the null verbal copula of the main clause. The fragment is initially selected as the external argument of the null verbal copula within the matrix VP along the lines of the VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis (Koopman and Sportiche 1991). From Spec-VP it raises to Spec-TP to satisfy the EPP requirements. The internal argument of the null copula is a headless relative in which a relative operator (covert/overt) moves to Spec-CP, a position above FocP the target of ellipsis. This gives rise to a structure whereby the fragment answer in the matrix clause and the relative operator in the embedded clause resist ellipsis. The analysis also provides semantic evidence that copular fragments are not clefts. The ellipsis approach is supported by a range of grammatical properties such as connectivity effects, locality constraints and subcategorization requirements. This paper is not only a contribution to Merchant’s (2004) ellipsis approach but it also provides new evidence for our understanding of the crosslinguistic variation of ellipsis.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, Iran
Authors: Bafghi Ali Fattahi , Eslami Gilda , Niazjorjani Oghol , Mirzaei Farzaneh , Namrodi Javad
Published: July 2019

Background and aims: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major health issue in many parts of Iran. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area is not as simple as that in endemic foci. The management and treatment of this disease are global dilemmas. The purpose of this study was to identify Leishmania species isolated from human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions in patients referred to health centers of Golestan province, Iran. Methods: Cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with suspected lesions were clinically examined. History of journey to the endemic areas of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and/or anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and the characteristics of their lesion(s) were recorded. Diagnosis of the lesion was done by using direct smear microscopy and conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: Out of 360 patients, 202 (57.4 %) were male and 158 (42.8 %) were female. A total of 360 samples were selected from different cities. The number of infected samples in the cities is as follows: Azad Shahr [3 (1.5%)], Aq Qala [11 (5.7%)], Ali Abad [4 (2.1%)], Bandar Turkmen [3 (1.5%)], Bandar Gaz [2 (1%)], Ramian [3 (1.5%)], Kalaleh [23 (12.1%)], Kord koy [1 (0.5%)], Galikesh [7 (3.7 %)], Gomishan [12 (3.6 %)], Gorgan [13 (6.8 %)], Gonbad Qabus [99 (52.1 %)], Marave Tappe [7 (3.6%)] and Minoodasht [2 (1%)]. In the molecular investigations, 186 (96.8%) samples were observed to acquire rural cutaneous leishmaniasis, 4 (2.1%) to acquire urban cutaneous leishmaniasis and 170 (47.2%) to be uninfected. Conclusion: Although history of visiting endemic areas is an important factor to be considered in diagnosis, parasitological confirmation is necessary for the initiation of treatment.
Adult Functional Health Literacy and its Related Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Moeini Babak , Rostami-Moez Masomeh , Besharati Fereshteh , Faradmal Javad , Bashirian Saeed
Published: July 2019

Background and aims: Health literacy (HL) can affect individual health, health communication and error in taking medicine. The aim of this study was to determine the level of HL and associated factors among Iranian adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 240 participants over 18 years of age referring to health centers in Hamadan, west of Iran in 2015 were selected by multistage random sampling. HL was assessed by the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA). The questionnaire was completed by a trained interviewer. The independent variables were structural and intermediate social factors based on the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH). Data were analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 22. Results: Average age of the participants was 30.88 ±7.38 years and 75.4% of the them were female. The total score of HL was 64.58 ±16.71 (range: 23.82-98.98). Overall, 31.7% (n=76) of the participants had adequate HL level, 32.5% (n=78) had borderline HL level and 35.8% (n=86) had inadequate HL level. Additionally, participants with higher educational levels had higher HL scores than those with lower educational levels (P<0.001). HL score was significantly higher in males than in females (P=0.017). Conclusion: HL level seems to be inadequate among Iranian adults in the west of Iran. Moreover, enhancing social determinants such as educational level seems to increase HL. The results highlighted the necessity for change and improvement in adults’ HL.
Predicting Temporal Gait Kinematics From Running Velocity
Authors: Gray Adrian , Price Michael , Jenkins David
Published: July 2019

Gray, A, Price, M, and Jenkins, D. Predicting temporal gait kinematics from running velocity. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2379–2382, 2021—The manner in which stride frequency (f) changes in response to running velocity (v) is well established. Notably, as running velocity increases, duty factor (d, the % of the stride in stance) decreases, concomitantly with higher stride frequencies. Mathematical descriptions of this relationship do not exist, limiting our ability to reasonably predict gait-based metrics from wearable technologies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish prediction equations for stride frequency and duty factor from running velocity. On 2 occasions, 10 healthy men (aged, 21.1 ± 2.2 years) performed constant pace running efforts at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 m·s−1 over a 10-m segment on a tartan athletics track. Running efforts were filmed using a digital video camera at 300 frames per second, from which stride duration, support duration, and swing duration were determined. Regression equations to predict stride frequency and duty factor from running velocity were established by curve fitting. Acceptable test-retest reliability for the video-based determination of stride frequency (intraclass correlation = 0.87; typical error of the measurement [TEM] = 0.01 Hz; coefficient of variation [CV] = 2.9%) and duty factor (r = 0.93; TEM = 1%; CV = 3.9%) were established. The relationship between stride frequency and running velocity was described by the following quadratic equation: f = 0.026·v
2 − 0.111·v + 1.398 (r
2 = 0.903). The relationship between duty factor and running velocity was described by the quadratic equation d = 0.004·v
2 − 0.061·v + 0.50 (r
2 = 0.652). The relationships between v and f and between v and d are consistent with previous observations. These equations may contribute broader locomotor models or serve as input variables in data fusion algorithms that enhance outputs from wearable technologies.
Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests
Authors: Marins Eduardo F. , Cabistany Leo , Bartel Charles , Dawes Jay , Del Vecchio Fabrício Boscolo
Published: July 2019

Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Bartel, C, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on the performance of Federal Highway Policemen in physical fitness tests. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 11–19, 2020—Personal protective equipment (PPE), worn by police officers, provides protection and can modify physiological and performance responses during physical efforts. Physiological, perceptual, and physical responses were compared with PPE (WPPE) and without PPE (NPPE) among the Brazilian Federal Highway Policemen (FHP). Nineteen (n = 19) FHP completed 2 experimental trials: NPPE and WPPE (load = 8.3 kg). Tests of aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, as well as change of direction speed (CODS) were performed under both conditions. Heart rate reductions were shown at the second ventilatory threshold (1.4%) and maximal exercise (1.5%) WPPE. In comparison with NPPE, physical performance in the WPPE condition showed decreases in the following: treadmill time at maximal exercise (21%, p < 0.001); time in the isometric trunk test (28.9%, p < 0.001); vertical jump height (11.6 and 10.5%, p < 0.001); standing long jump distance (7.3%, p < 0.001); bar hang time (14.8%, p < 0.05); and CODS (2.6%, p < 0.05). Results indicate that PPE use reduces physical performance of FHP in cardiorespiratory, strength, power, and CODS tests.
Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise
Authors: Mannarino Pietro , Matta Thiago , Lima Jefferson , Simão Roberto , Freitas de Salles Belmiro
Published: July 2019

Mannarino, P, Matta, T, Lima, J, Simão, R, and Freitas de Salles, B. Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2677–2681, 2021—Recent data suggest that single-joint exercises are unnecessary to maximize the resistance training (RT) results in novice to advanced individuals. However, the present literature is still inconsistent on this topic and controversy arises. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the unilateral dumbbell row (DR) (multiple-joint) vs. unilateral biceps curl (BC) (single-joint) exercises on strength and elbow flexors muscle thickness (MT). Ten untrained men were assigned to an 8-week RT program for elbow flexors, one arm performing DR and the other performing BC in a within-subject design. After a familiarization, pretraining MT was measured using an ultrasound (US) technique, and strength was tested using 10 repetition maximum (10RM) tests. After pretesting, 8 weeks of RT (4–6 sets, 8–12 repetitions to concentric failure, 2 sessions per week) was performed. Post-testing was conducted in the same order as pretesting 48 and 72 hours after the last session. Single-joint BC exercise resulted in higher hypertrophy of elbow flexors (11.06%) than the DR (5.16%) multijoint exercise after 8 weeks of RT (p = 0.009). The 10RM improvement was higher for DR in DR-trained arm, whereas 10RM for BC was higher in BC-trained arm. The single-joint exercise resulted in higher hypertrophy of the elbow flexors than multijoint exercise after 8 weeks of RT, whereas strength improvements were greater in accordance with specificity of RT exercise. Therefore, in RT prescription for elbow flexors hypertrophy, single-joint exercises such as BC should be emphasized.
Internal Load From Hard Training Sessions Is Related to Changes in Performance After a 10-Week Training Period in Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Pind Rasmus , Mäestu Evelin , Purge Priit , Jürgenson Janno , Arend Mati , Mäestu Jarek
Published: July 2019

Pind, R, Mäestu, E, Purge, P, Jürgenson, J, Arend, M, and Mäestu, J. Internal load from hard training sessions is related to changes in performance after a 10-week training period in adolescent swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2846–2852, 2021—The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and its categorization with the changes in swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. National level swimmers (age 16.4 ± 2.1 years, V̇o
2max 50.0 ± 4.0 ml·min−1·kg−1) participated in a 10-week period preceding the National Winter Championships. Pre-training and post-training physiological parameters and swimming performance were measured. All training bouts with sRPE data were recorded. In addition, trainings were categorized as light, moderate, or hard. For calculating the corresponding internal training load (ITL), 2 fixed categorizations were applied based on earlier published sources and an individualized categorization based on ventilatory thresholds. During the 10-week training period, large to very large increases were found in aerobic (effect size [ES] = 1.58) and anaerobic threshold power output W·kg−1 (ES = 2.46), respectively, and smaller, but significant, improvement in 100-m swimming performance (ES = 0.36). Total ITL during the 10-week period was significantly related to changes in anaerobic threshold (r = 0.81). Fixed and individualized sRPE methods from hard sessions were associated with changes in V̇o
2max (r = 0.77) and performance of only 100-m leg kicks (r = 0.76), respectively. Internal training load was related to changes in performance variables during the 10-week study period. Using individualized sRPE values, the accumulation of the ITL from hard training sessions was associated with changes in V̇o
2max and swimming performance. The aforementioned categorization could help coaches in appropriate application of ITL for assessing the total training load in adolescent swimmers.
Peak Movement and Technical Demands of Professional Australian Football Competition
Authors: Johnston Rich D. , Murray Nick B. , Austin Damien J. , Duthie Grant
Published: July 2019

Johnston, RD, Murray, NB, Austin, DJ, and Duthie, G. Peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football competition. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2818–2823, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine the average peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football (AF) across a number of period durations using an observational cohort design. This information will be able to guide duration-specific intensities for training drills. Microtechnology and technical performance data were recorded across 22 games of the 2017 AF League season. The peak 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-minute rolling periods were determined from each game for each player for each frequency of skill involvements. Average speed (m·min−1) and accelerometer load (PlayerLoad; PL·min−1) were used as measures of physical output, and any disposal of the football or tackle was used as a technical involvement. Linear mixed models and Cohen's effect size (ES) statistic were used to determine the impact technical involvements had on movement profiles. There were substantial reductions in average speed across each duration as the number of technical involvements increased, other than for the 10-minute period. The reductions in speed were greatest during the 1-minute period for 1 (ES = −0.59 ± 0.13), 2 (ES = −1.96 ± 0.17), and 3 (ES = −2.39 ± 0.27) involvements. Similarly, less pronounced reductions were seen for accelerometer load, other than during the 7- and 10-minute periods where there were small to moderate increases in load for periods with technical involvements. Players may have to perform as many as 3 technical involvements a minute while covering 150–160 m·min−1. This information provides coaches with the peak speed, accelerometer load, and technical demands of competition. There are reductions in movement profiles as the number of technical involvements increases.
Effects of Age on Physical Match Performance in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Rey Ezequiel , Costa Pablo B. , Corredoira Francisco J. , Sal de Rellán Guerra Alex
Published: July 2019

Rey, E, Costa, PB, Corredoira, FJ, and Sal de Rellán Guerra, A. Effects of age on physical match performance in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1244–1249, 2023—This study aimed to evaluate the effects of age using a large-scale analysis of match physical performance in professional soccer players. A total of 10,739 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players competing in the first and second divisions of the Spanish soccer professional leagues during the 2017–2018 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into five positions and into 5 age groups (<20 years, 20–24.9 years, 25–29.9 years, 30–34.9 years, and ≥35 years). The results showed that (a) professional soccer players aged ≥30 years exhibit a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the total distance covered, medium-speed running distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance, very HSR (VHSR) distance, sprint distance, and maximum running speed compared with younger players (<30 years); (b) professional soccer players aged ≥35 years exhibit a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the number of HSR, number of VHSR, and number of sprints compared with younger players (<35 years); and (c) all playing positions reduced their physical performance; however, external midfielders were less affected by age effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates players' physical match performance reduces with increasing age. Such findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of age on match-related physical performance and may have the potential to assist in decisions regarding recruitment and player list management within professional soccer clubs.
Physical Demands of Refereeing Rugby Sevens Matches at Different Competitive Levels
Authors: Sant'Anna Ricardo T. , Roberts Simon P. , Moore Lee J. , Stokes Keith A.
Published: July 2019

Sant'Anna, RT, Roberts, SP, Moore, LJ, and Stokes, KA. Physical demands of refereeing rugby sevens matches at different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3164–3169, 2021—The aim of this study was to compare the physical demands of officiating across different competitive levels in rugby sevens. An observational design was used involving 27 referees (26 men and 1 woman, age: 27 ± 6 years, body mass [mean ± SD]: 78.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height: 179 ± 5 cm). Global Navigation Satellite Systems data were collected across a total of 114 matches during 5 separate rugby sevens tournaments played in England—between May and July 2018—categorized into 4 competitive levels: (a) international, (b) professional, (c) semiprofessional, and (d) amateur. Compared with referees officiating at the international, professional, and semiprofessional levels, referees officiating at the amateur level covered less total (p < 0.001) and relative distance (p < 0.001). In addition, these referees covered more distance walking and jogging (p < 0.001). Amateur referees also completed fewer sprints (p = 0.006), repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs) per game (p < 0.001), and spent longer between RHIEs (p = 0.015). Finally, for the amateur referees, the duration of the longest repeated high-intensity bout (i.e., worst case scenario) was lower (p < 0.001), with less distance covered (p < 0.001) and fewer high-intensity accelerations (p < 0.001). Refereeing rugby sevens is therefore more physically demanding at higher competitive levels, particularly in terms of high-intensity efforts. The results provide vital information for practitioners involved in the physical preparation of rugby sevens referees.