bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fire Balloons: The Letters of Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop
Authors: Muldoon Paul
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers a close reading of Elizabeth Bishop’s ‘Armadillo’ and Robert Lowell’s ‘Skunk Hour’ in the light of the recently published letters between the two poets, as well as Bishop’s correspondence with The New Yorker. It looks at letters as ‘the other life that [a poem] might have had’ and a poem as ‘the other life that [letters’ might have had’, concluding that the relationship between Lowell and Bishop was often less benign than we’ve led ourselves to believe.
Network Islam
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

The Islamization of Southeast Asia resulted in a distinct Malay-Muslim culture combining the universalist dimensions of a religious doctrine with a global reach and the cultural particularities of the region (language, local practices). Recent discoveries of new text material and archaeological evidence have pushed the emergence of this civilization back in time. Key elements of the chapter’s narrative are the emergence of Muslim states in the archipelago, and the active participation of diasporic groups from the Middle East, cosmopolitan figures from insular Southeast Asia, and mediators from South Asia in the further Islamization of maritime Southeast Asia. It also provides the argument for challenging the frequent dismissal of Islam in Indonesia as a ‘thin veneer’ over older religious deposits of indigenous or Indian origin, a misconception that was later corroborated by anthropological research in the 1980s. Throughout this time frame, the Indian Ocean continues to act as a conduit for the ‘global circulation of ideas’ and the emerge of sophisticated intellectual milieus in Sumatra and Java
Conclusion
Authors: Kersten Carool
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Legal Study in Utrecht in the late 1740s: The Education of Sir David Dalrymple, Lord Hailes
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the experience of one Scottish student in the Netherlands, specifically the education of Sir David Dalrymple, third Baronet of Hailes (1726–1792). Unusually for a Scots lawyer of his era, he was educated at Eton and was admitted to the Middle Temple on August 8, 1744. In 1745 he moved to study at the University of Utrecht, remaining there until 1747. After public defence of his theses on February 20, 1748, he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh on February 24. He was elevated to the Bench of the Court of Session in 1766, taking the judicial title of Lord Hailes. In 1776 he was also appointed one of the Commissioners of the Justiciary Court. Hailes is best remembered, however, for his work as an historian, particularly of the Middle Ages in Scotland.
The Formation of the Scottish Legal Mind in the Eighteenth Century: Themes of Humanism and Enlightenment in the Admission of Advocates
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the changing admission requirements of the Faculty of Advocates, arguing that developments in the seventeenth century reflected a Humanist legal culture, and expressed social and intellectual values and aspirations, rather than being focused on testing skills and knowledge needed for practice. It goes on to demonstrate that changes in admission requirements, through the eighteenth century, resulted from the growth of a new Enlightenment culture, while also reflecting a new understanding of the role of an advocate. While the author would not now accept all the details of the argument in this chapter, it is still the foundation of research that has provided a more nuanced understanding.
Craig, Cujas, and the Definition of Feudum: Is a Feu a Usufruct?
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter is devoted to the disagreement of Thomas Craig of Riccarton with Jacques Cujas’ Romanist view that a feu (feudum or fief) was the grant of a usufruct of property belonging in dominium to the grantor. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section briefly discusses Craig and Jus feudale, not only because author and work deserve wider recognition, but also because an understanding of the nature of Jus feudale is important in explaining the disagreement with Cujas. The second section explores the differences between Cujas and Craig. The concluding section attempts to explain the differences between Craig’s and Cujas’ definitions, and places them in a wider context.
Blackstone, an English Institutist: Legal Literature and the Rise of the Nation State
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

The publication of Blackstone’s Commentaries in the 1760s initially gained a favourable reception. However, the criticisms made in 1776 by Bentham in the Fragment on Government did such serious damage to Blackstone’s reputation that, in the nineteenth century, among many scholars, his standing was low. This chapter argues that an important way of understanding Blackstone’s book is as an institutional work. This argument is developed in three parts: first, institutional writings as a genre will briefly be discussed; second, the recognition of this genre in England will be described; and third, Blackstone’s status as an institutional writer will be argued for, and the solution this provides to some of the problems related to his Commentaries will be demonstrated.
Eighteenth-Century Professorial Classification of English Common Law
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter assesses the work of Sir Robert Chambers by comparing it with that of other professors of English law. It focuses on the analytical structure Chambers gave to English law. The first part briefly discusses the early history of university lectures and, in particular, the adoption of the structure of Justinian’s Institutes. This is followed by an account of the problems encountered by professors of English law in setting forth their subject, and of the solutions they adopted. The third section provides a detailed analysis of the structure Chambers used for his lectures in comparison with that used by Blackstone. This is followed by some general conclusions and observations.
The Influence of Smith’s Jurisprudence on Legal Education in Scotland
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the influence of Adam Smith's jurisprudence on legal education in Scotland. By the middle years of the eighteenth century, natural law thinking had come to dominate the moral philosophy curriculum in the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow. Of primary importance in this development was Gershom Carmichael's adoption of Samuel von Pufendorf's treatise De officio hominis et civis in Glasgow in the 1690s. Following Pufendorf, Carmichael redefined moral philosophy as natural law. The chapter argues that Smith's Lectures on Jurisprudence showed how law could be taught as a dynamic historical process and that he revitalised the teaching of natural law as a potential discipline for lawyers. It explains how Smith turned natural law from an abstract ahistorical discipline into a concrete, historical explanation and critique of law.
Ethics and the Science of Legislation: Legislators, Philosophers, and Courts in Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the jurisprudence of the Scottish Enlightenment influenced the reform of the Court of Session and its procedure. It first provides an overview of legislation and courts in eighteenth-century Scotland before discussing the idea of the ‘legislator’, with particular emphasis on some of the attitudes taken to it and the ambiguities of the term. It then considers the development of ethical theory in Scotland during the period, along with Adam Smith's legal philosophy. It also analyses Smith's science of legislation and its implications in the context of Scottish legal history. It concludes by showing how Scottish rejection of ethical rationalism and Smith's science of legislation provided what can be described as a sustained critique of the contemporary structure of the Court of Session and of its operation.
Stoicism, Slavery, and Law: Grotian Jurisprudence and its Reception
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the Scottish legal system's engagement with slavery in the eighteenth century as well as Hugo Grotius' thinking on Stoicism and law and its impact on later jurisprudence. Extensive involvement of Scots with the Empire in British North America, the Caribbean and India led to the presence at home of enslaved men and women of African and Indian descent. This created a number of difficulties and challenges for Scots law. The chapter first provides an overview of the problem of slavery in Scotland, along with Stoicism and Neostoicism, before discussing Grotius' account of natural law. It then considers slavery in Grotius' De iure belli ac pacis libri tres before discussing how arguments from the ius naturale and ius gentium as set out by Grotius could be used to justify slavery. It also analyses four civil cases concerning slavery in eighteenth-century Scotland.
The Noose Hidden Under Flowers: Marriage and Law in Saint Ronan’s Well
Authors: Cairns John W
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores issues of the law on marriage in novels by Sir Walter Scott, focusing on Saint Ronan's Well. In a number of ways, Scott's novels can be viewed as offering a commentary on Scots law and society. Legal themes that emerge from them can indicate more general contemporary legal concerns. This general point has been demonstrated in Bruce Beiderwell's argument that the Waverley novels made an important contribution to general discourse about crime and punishment at a crucial period in the development of new penal strategies and of reform in the criminal law. The chapter argues that the theme of marriage is central to Saint Ronan's Well and shows that the novel offers a harsh critique of aspects of the Scots law on the constitution of marriage and, at another level, of that other union — the political one of Scotland with England.
‘We Stand Corrected’: New Yorker Fact-checking and the Business of American Accuracy
Authors: Cain Sarah
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at how modern journalistic writing is fact checked for publication. Supported by what is perhaps the most famous department of fact checking in publishing history, New Yorker editorial philosophy is founded precisely in a sense that ‘the challenge, and the art, lies in confronting the facts and shaping them into something beautiful’. The New Yorker's reputation for fastidiousness over ‘points of fact’ continues to this day. Fact checkers are integral to the editorial process: their purpose is not only to prevent errors from appearing in the magazine, but also to mediate between writer, editor, copy editor, and lawyers. Since The New Yorker does not tend to have assistant or associate editors, checkers fill an essential gap in the editorial machinery.
Marianne Moore and the Hidden Persuaders
Authors: Green Fiona
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses the ‘Ford Motor Correspondence’ along with the characterization of the poet Marianne Moore. It asks whether the poet is as remote from the modern world as the letters indicate, or if she is the savvy performer of a Chaplinesque dance through the cog wheels of midcentury consumerism. In bringing out certain continuities between modernist Moore — sometime contributor to and editor of The Dial — and ‘preposterous’ Moore — one time naming consultant at Ford marketing, the chapter offers a close up on the complex relations between modernist poetry, the commercial sphere, and periodical culture in the first half of the twentieth century. This analysis brings the Ford letters into correspondence with the elements of style that are everywhere felt, yet nowhere seen, in The New Yorker, and which serve as the magazine's most enduring self promotional device.
Conclusion
Authors: Colby Georgina
Published: January 2018

Reflecting in 1990 on her early adult years immersed in the New York art world, Acker remembered ‘being taught that it’s not an art work’s content, surface content, that matters, but the process of making art. That only process matters.’1 Attention to the manuscript practice and compositional processes of Acker’s works, alongside the question of experimental practice and meaning, brings to light the new forms of creative practice that Acker’s works embody. This book opened with Acker’s declaration ‘FORM HAS MEANING’ and the importance of the imbrication of form with content to modernist and late modernist experimental writers. Acker’s experimental practices – exercises in writing asystematically, collage, topological intertextuality, montage, ekphrasis, and literary calisthenics – reveal a body of compositional strategies that continue to uphold this distinctive feature of early twentieth-century experiment and preserve the radical force of her writings....
Gordon Barclay: A Career in the Scottish Neolithic
Authors: Ralston Ian
Published: January 2018

An exploration of the distinguished and influential career of Gordon Barclay, an archaeologist who spent his career working for the government heritage agency in Scotland (Historic Scotland). This essay sets out the evolution of his approach to Scotland’s Neolithic period, from his earliest excavations at sites like North Mains henge and barrow, and Balfarg Riding School, through to later work under the banner of Scotland’s First Farmers Project. His historiographical approach which emerged towards the end of the 1990s is also discussed and contextualised. Barclay is one of the most significant figures in British Neolithic studies of the past four decades and this legacy is explored.
Pathways to Ancestral Worlds: Mortuary Practice in the Irish Neolithic
Authors: Cooney Gabriel
Published: January 2018

This paper offers an overview and review of the evidence for mortuary practice in Ireland in the Late Neolithic period. Assumptions about the chronological relationship between cremation and inhumation are made, and these two categories are also challenged. The use of cremation as a practice in relation to passage graves and other megalithic tombs is explored for instance. The evidence is arranged chronologically, and this is followed by some discussion about what modern cremation activities can tell us about cremation in the Neolithic. Broader geographical conclusions are drawn in this significant and detailed review of burial practice in the Irish Neolithic.
Life is the Pits! Ritual, Refuse and Mesolithic–Neolithic Settlement Traditions in North-east Scotland
Authors: Noble Gordon , Christie Claire , Philip Emma
Published: January 2018

An exploration of the Mesolithic – Neolithic transition in North-east Scotland, with a particular focus on pit sites. The interpretation and chronology of pits plays a major role in the discussion, with new discoveries such as Kintore integrated with re-evaluation of older excavated sites. In particular, the long-term occupation site of Nethermills, the excavation report for which has as of yet not published, is discussed. Mesolithic pit evidence in the area and a detailed chronology of all pit discoveries in Aberdeenshire are presented. Broader reflection follows on the ways that we make sense of pits, as well as discussion on issues related to continuity and change between the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods.
Pursuing the Penumbral: The Deposition of Beaker Pottery at Neolithic and Ceremonial Monuments in Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Scotland
Authors: Wilkin Neil
Published: January 2018

This is a comprehensive review of all instances of the discovery of Beaker pottery in Neolithic contexts. A brief history of the study of this phenomenon is presented. This is followed by an analysis of the forms of Beaker found in contexts as varied as chambered tombs, henge monument ditches and cursus monument interiors. Stylistic traits and deposition context are explored in some detail, and explanations for this phenomenon discussed. The paper concludes with a comprehensive appendix listing all Beakers found in Neolithic contexts in Scotland.
Just Enough
Authors: Shields Liam
Published: January 2018

Whether people in some society are able to secure enough food, healthcare or education seems to be an important way of assessing that society. However, as a philosophical ideal sufficiency faces many problems. Chief among these is that the ideal has been understood in ways that give rise to powerful objections that make it seem less attractive than ideals of equality. This book offers a new characterization of sufficiency as a demand of justice called shift-sufficientarianism. The book argues that shift-sufficientarianism is an attractive ideal that is indispensable to sound assessments of societies. In particular, the author argues that securing enough education, enough autonomy and a good enough upbringing are important requirements of any just society. This author also goes on to argue that this understanding of sufficiency sheds important light on what we may owe to non-compatriots as a matter of global justice.
Sufficiency and Global Justice
Authors: Shields Liam
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that shift-sufficientarianism reveals new and interesting positions in debates about global justice. The chapter considers cosmopolitan and statist positions as well as sufficientarian and non-sufficientarian positions. The chapter argues that whether global or domestic sufficiency is achieved could make a profound difference to whether we can justly prioritize co-nationals or the global poor. This type of view would help reconcile two intuitions about global justice. The first is that we may be partial to our compatriots in some cases and the second is that the state or where we happen to be born or live is arbitrary. These new shift-sufficientarian views allow for partiality to be justified once enough is secured but for the arbitrariness of the state not to influence our entitlements when individuals lack enough.
The Limits of Political Obligation
Authors: Baron Ilan Zvi
Published: January 2018

Jewish Diaspora identity politics and political obligation may not appear to have any mutual relevance. Indeed, in one sense they do not because theories of political obligation do not directly address questions pertinent to minority politics. Rather, such theories treat citizens as a single group, and are in this sense not concerned with the different political experiences of minority communities. Different identity-groups are not addressed. Yet in another way, political obligation as a particular type of moral commitment and not a universal duty is deeply relevant to diaspora politics. An example that demonstrates as much is the Damascus Affair. In Damascus in 1840, a Capuchin friar disappeared and a Jewish barber was arrested and charged with the ritual murder of the friar.
Conclusion
Authors: Willmetts Simon
Published: January 2018

In his introduction to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan’s cogent critique of excessive US Government secrecy, FBI historian Richard Gid Powers wrote: ‘If official secrecy had a devastating impact on American history, its impact on Americans’ understanding of that history was a collateral disaster.’1 From the very beginnings of history as a professional discipline in the nineteenth century, indeed, since the time of the ancients and the first known works of source-based historical narrative by Herodotus and Thucydides, history has always existed, as Lynn Hunt put it, ‘in a symbiotic relationship with nationalism’....
Introduction
Authors: Willmetts Simon
Published: January 2018

If official secrecy had a devastating impact on American history, its impact on Americans’ understanding of that history was a collateral disaster.1

Richard Gid Powers, introduction to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy: The American Experience

13 Rue Madeleine, a 1947 semi-documentary that commemorates the sacrifice and courage of the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) wartime predecessor, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), opens with a shot of the US National Archives Building on Pennsylvania Avenue. The building’s location, at the heart of the nation’s capital on the Washington Mall, amidst so many iconic monuments to American democracy, is no accident. Like the Washington or Lincoln Memorial, it is a depository of historical experience that binds up the nation. In its inner-sanctum, as audiences then and now would know, the United States of America’s founding documents, including the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, are housed. After the establishing shot the camera slowly tilts from top to bottom, surveying the archive’s columnar neo-classical facade – a common architectural feature of America’s monuments that evokes a sense of both history and authority. Finally, it comes to rest on a statue in the forecourt of the archive called Future. On Future’s plinth, the inscription reads: ‘What is Past is Prologue’. At this point we hear the booming voice of an omniscient narrator – an oratory style borrowed from the newsreels of the time that was also a defining feature of the semi-documentary format:...
Introduction
Authors: Deprez Camille , Pernin Judith
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to draw attention to the similarities between heterogeneous documentary practices and forms by offering in-depth analyses of significant independent documentary works in the post-1990 era. It examines recent cases where independence is at stake, either in the discourse developed by documentary practitioners themselves or in the supposed systems within which documentary images are produced. Hence, the purpose of this collective volume is to adjust an ever-changing term to the concrete modifications of documentary film practices, as well as to the new constraints and opportunities that have appeared in this field over the past twenty-five years. The technological changes taking place in the 1990s and 2000s have played a significant role in reshaping documentary film practices. However, the consequences of the digital revolution still need to be addressed without overestimating the impact of technology on other political, economic, social, and cultural changes.
Chris Marker: Interactive Screen and Memory
Authors: Feigelson Kristian
Published: January 2018

Chris Marker (1921–2012), the creator of more than eighty films, has become a source of fascination for an entire generation of documentary filmmakers, as well as for the general public. Video and digital technical advancements allowed Marker to further develop his inquiry into image objectivity, and to keep looking back on the history and memory of the twentieth century in a non-linear, reflexive and interactive manner. This chapter examines the continuities and breaks in Marker's uses of technology and his views on history, as well as the specific bond he created with his audience. This unique relationship, which characterises Marker's entire body of work, stems from his concern with interactivity: an idea that operates under different definitions and is manifested in diverse ways within his art. Above all, his main objective concerns the circulation of images that explore cinema's various visual frameworks and how they transcribe history in different ways.
Autonomous Navigation? Multiplicity and Self-reflexive Aesthetics in Sergio Basso’s Documentary Film Giallo a Milano and Web Documentary Made in Chinatown
Authors: Chung Hilary , Luciano Bernadette
Published: January 2018

In recent decades, many Italian filmmakers have turned to the documentary medium in response to the lack of commitment by public and private broadcasters to the production of programmes of cultural significance. Unfortunately, the contestable funding available for their production is limited, as is documentary distribution beyond the festival circuit. The emergence and evolution of the web documentary has provided an opportunity for new channels of distribution and increasingly foregrounds the role of the user/viewer in their engagement, interaction, and negotiation with the reality documented. This chapter explores the issues of autonomous navigation, multiplicity, and self-reflexive aesthetics in Sergio Basso's documentary film Giallo a Milano and the associated web documentary Made in Chinatown, in order to understand the new modes of audience engagement provided by this combination of formats. It suggests that embracing the web documentary format triggers the immediate reaction of viewers to sociopolitical issues and creates a new kind of activist reflection, at once discontinuous, fragmentary, and thus open to debate.
Assia Djebar: Algerian Images-son in Experimental Documentaries
Authors: Van de Peer Stefanie
Published: January 2018

This case study looks at French-Algerian author Assia Djebar, who made two little-known films. This chapter is an exploration of the limited but highly complex and challenging work of an important pioneering North African woman. Algeria’s particularly complex historical and political experience of independence from France, its relationship with Islam and its war-torn historical reality, have determined the lacunae in creative production. As some of the only films to ever have been made by an Algerian woman, La Nouba (1978) and La Zerda (1982) are masterpieces of feminist and anti-colonialist filmmaking. La Nouba is an explicitly feminist work, a documentary interlaced with experimental, symbolic fragments referring to international trends in feminist filmmaking in the seventies. As scholars of Algerian cinema have stated, cinema in the country is steeped in amnesia, consisting of fictional efforts that look away from reality. This chapter frames Djebar’s films differently from previous readings, and draws more challenging conclusions with regard to her transnational identity and her approach to women. More than feminist films, they reveal the filmmaker’s struggle with her own diasporic identity.
Introduction: The Iraq Legacies – Intervention, Occupation, Withdrawal and Beyond
Authors: Isakhan Benjamin
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book dissects and discusses some of the Iraq War's more complex legacies and the varying analyses, debates and discussions they have stimulated. It follows the trajectory of these legacies back to the earliest days of the US intervention and examines the extent to which key decisions and errors of judgement on the part of the Coalition and the Iraqi political elite have had unexpected and devastating consequences for Iraq today. The book examines how the war dramatically altered the lives of ordinary Iraqis and led to many of the most deep-seated and intractable problems facing Iraq, the region and the world today. It is argued that the Iraq War of 2003 left behind a sequence of deeply felt but rarely examined legacies and that together have served as the catalyst of Iraq's current chaos.
Torture at Abu Ghraib: Non-disclosure and Impunity
Authors: Brooks Aloysia
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses some of the long-standing social and political impacts of the torture of prisoners in Iraq by Coalition forces, and reflects on the consequences of the culture of silence and impunity that has typified torture in the so-called War on Terror. More specifically, it explores the culture of silence and non-disclosure that has led to further human rights abuses globally, including the exportation of torture techniques used at Abu Ghraib prison to different parts of the world, the increased public acceptance of torture in countries such as the United States and Australia, and the marginalisation and vilification of certain groups within the global community. Finally, the chapter explores the importance of acknowledgement, transparency, and accountability in relation to torture and for the broader promotion and protection of human rights, and the achievement of long-standing peace in the region.
The Impact of Coalition Military Operations on Archaeological Sites in Iraq
Authors: Siebrandt Diane C.
Published: January 2018

The creation of cities is only one example in a long list of cultural evolutions invented in Iraq. Ancient cities that flourished across Mesopotamia from 3500 BCE onwards were left largely abandoned and untouched for millennia until European explorers began excavations in the early nineteenth century. International excavations between Western and Iraqi archaeologists were eventually sponsored by Western organisations and the Iraqi antiquities authorities through the years. However, the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s caused the cessation of most joint excavations. The 2003 Iraq War further compounded problems by making it almost impossible for Western cultural heritage experts to engage one on one with their Iraqi counterparts. This chapter focuses on the use of fragile archaeological sites such as the ancient city of Babylon as major US military bases. It not only documents the damage done at such sites but also argues that when such sites were converted into military bases, the United States effectively turned once-popular public spaces into zones of exclusion, thereby contravening the basic human right of Iraqis to access their own heritage.
Iraq, the Illusion of Security and the Limits to Power
Authors: Camilleri Joseph A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the legacy of the Iraq War for two further global concerns, referred to as the ‘globalization of insecurity’ and the ‘limits to empire’. Underpinning this analysis is an examination of the extent to which the Iraq War in fact served to strengthen the enemies of the United States and created a less secure global environment. Paradoxically, the United States also saw their economy falter during the war, giving way to rising cynicism about their status as a super-power and leaving them isolated with few supporters and little legitimacy even in the eyes of Coalition partners.
Conclusion: The Iraq Legacies and the Roots of the ‘Islamic State’
Authors: Isakhan Benjamin
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter draws together the key arguments of this volume and reflects briefly on the three central legacies of the 2003 Iraq War and their relationship to contemporary events in Iraq. The first central legacy of the Iraq War is the ongoing consequences of several critical mistakes made by the US-led coalition before, during, and immediately after the 2003 intervention. These include the design of the de-Baathification process which failed to include a ‘truth and reconciliation’ dimension that would have allowed the Iraqi people to publicly purge the grievances of the past and might have stemmed the rapid descent into sectarianism after 2006. The second legacy is the loss of much of Iraq's fragile cultural mosaic of overlapping and intersecting communities, ideologies, and narratives. The third legacy of the 2003 Iraq War is its significant regional and global consequences.
The Evolution of Local Government and Governance in Scotland and Norway
Authors: Bryden John , Bort Eberhard , Refsgaard Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses Scotland and Norway’s very different structures of local governance – a key comparative area of the ‘Nordic model’ - and the markedly different levels of autonomy in local government. The political, social and economic factors and processes are discussed starting with the medieval period where local governance was shared in both countries between Church and State, but focussing mainly on the greatest period of change, in the late 18th and 19th centuries, following the Scottish Union with England in 1707 and 19th C extensions of the franchise, and Norwegian independence from Denmark in 1814. The chapter also looks at the structure, functions, powers and financing of local government in Scotland and Norway today, highlighting some of the key differences and the consequences of those for Scottish devolution and independence.
The Development of Industry and North Sea Oil in Scotland and Norway
Authors: Bryden John
Published: January 2018

This Chapter discusses the many important differences between the nature and processes of Industrialisation in Scotland and Norway from the 18th Century up to the present day. The dissferences discussed particularly concern the timing of the shift from ‘proto-industrialisation’ to ’modern industrialisation’ based on the factory system; the relationship between agrarian, rural, urban and industrial development, especially concerning the peasantry, migration streams and urbanisation; working-class divisions and alliances; attitudes and policies concerning foreign interest and capital in relation to basic resources; the source of energy for modern industry and its impacts on the location of industrial development; the importance of domestic and overseas markets and industrial protection; different ideas on the role of the State and protectionism; and the differential impact of neo-liberal policies after 1970. It is argued that because of these deep-rooted differences and Scotland’s constitutional position within the UK, the experience of the development and exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the two countries after about 1970 is also quite different, as are its social and economic consequences. Among other points, the Chapter discusses how Norway’s strong local government tradition (Ch.5) leveraged Norway’s wealth-sharing scheme from its oil and gas boom, and the importance of Norway’s Concession Laws of 1906-09 restricting the activities of foreign capital in natural resources, which set the stage and deepened Norway’s public goods culture. In contrast, Scotland’s oil revenues routinely bled off to elites and investors.
Reflections on the Making of Norway
Authors: Brox Ottar
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the development of Norway - like Scotland, a small, peripheral country - into an economically efficient and relatively egalitarian nation. A comparison is drawn between the subsistence economy in Rural North Norway and the Scottish Highlands and Islands, and the effects of industrialisation and consequent urbanisation in both countries. It considers the effects of land ownership in Scotland where the pre-industrial subsistence system was largely destroyed, and contrasts it with the relative attractiveness of subsistence farming in Norway and the opportunities for farm ownership and pluriactivity available to the rural populace, which was denied to their Scottish counterparts. Various important factors which contributed to the existence of equable pay levels for rural and urban employment in Norway are also touched upon in the Chapter.
Conclusions
Authors: Bryden John , Riddoch Lesley , Brox Ottar
Published: January 2018

This chapter draws together the major arguments and insights presented in the preceding chapters. Drawing on Adam Smith’s and Karl Polanyi, they consider ideas about the role of the state in democratic societies, arguing that democratic government is the only institution that can truly manage public and semi-public goods, including natural resources, education, health, money and individual security, in the legitimate interest of all, while ensuring freedom, equity and justice. The cases of the two neighbouring countries, Scotland and Norway, have been used to analyse and understand the very different trajectories the two countries have taken over the past two centuries. Norway’s political independence, gained in 1814, combined with a general approaches to politics, institutions, natural resources and property rights, industrialization, that all emphasize or support decentralisation, have given Norway an advantage over Scotland in achieving democratic governance. Scotland’s longstanding subordinate status within the British Empire, which largely disenfranchised the Scots and left them without the necessary government support in the areas of industry and oil and gas, local governance and decentralized development, health care, housing and urban poverty, have contributed to Scotland’s disadvantage. When the book was completed, the results of the referendum on independence were unknown. However, the editors did consider that the referendum might fail, and noted that Scotland would in this event still enter a constitutional stage much like Norway did in 1814. At the time, few considered the issue of Brexit, and its consequences for Scotland. For both of these reasons, the future of Scottish politics remains a key issue, underpinning the importance of this book.
Introduction: Ozu, History and the Everyday
Authors: Joo Woojeong
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the scope and purpose of the book. It begins with a survey of the Western theories on the everyday, concentrating on Henri Lefebvre, Michel de Certeau and Walter Benjamin, and suggests central concepts for analysing Ozu’s films such as ‘deviation’ and ‘permeation’. The concept of the everyday is then expanded into the Japanese context by examining the possibility of applying Western ideas to modern Japanese history. Lastly, reviewing the previous Ozu studies in academia, from Richie and Bordwell to Wada-Marciano and Phillips, this chapter introduces and examines the socio-historical approach as the primary methodology of this book.
Postwar Ozu: Ozu’s Occupation-era Film and Tokyo Regained
Authors: Joo Woojeong
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the postwar’s impact on Ozu and his films of the late 1940s and early 50s, which include his representative works such as Late Spring (1949), Early Summer (1951) and Tokyo Story (1953). Based on the discussion of the change (and changelessness) in the postwar Japanese society and film industry in the first section, the chapter moves on to the analyses of Ozu’s films from this era, in terms of gender relationship (notably, between aging parents and the daughters), US Occupation and its cultural influence on Japanese society, and the conflict between the lingering past memory of war and the present everyday life, which exhibits Ozu’s sophisticated temporal consciousness. The spatial contrast, as epitomised by disparity between war-stricken Tokyo and other traditional spaces such as Kyoto or Nara, is also discussed in relation to the generational and gender divide prevalent in the films from this period (often in the form of marriage narrative).
The Unexpected Campaign
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes the campaign from a political science perspective. It considers the asymmetry of the opposing campaigns in terms of resource, also noting the operation of positive and negative campaigning, and the relationship of constitutional and ‘normal’ politics over the period. It notes major framing tendencies, and tracks the presence of opportunist interventions. It concludes with discussion of the revival of Scottish democracy catalyzed by the referendum.
The Media Landscape in Scotland
Authors: Blain Neil , Hutchison David
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with broad observations about relationships involving the Scottish nation, its collective identity, its limited state infrastructure, and media provision. It analyzes ownership, finance and control questions around Scottish press and broadcasting provision, with some emphasis on the issue of what can be considered ‘indigenous’ Scottish media, and consequent implications for Scottish democracy, culture and the economy.
Sport, Gender and National Identities
Authors: Harris John , Skillen Fiona
Published: January 2018

The chapter examines the relationship between sport and the discourses of collective identity, particularly of gender and national dimensions of identity, with a focus on media coverage of the Glasgow Commonwealth Games of 2014. This is preceded by some observations on the London Olympics of 2012. Also considered are issues arising from coverage of the Ryder Cup, whose Scottish staging followed closely after referendum polling day. The emergence of an ‘alternative referendum’ also on 18 September 2014 on whether or not to admit female members to the formerly male-exclusive Royal and Ancient Golf Club is analyzed. This leads to a dual discussion in the chapter about how major Scottish sporting events during 2014 fed into the independence debate in domains such as contestation over ‘Scottish’ and ‘British’ identities. At the same time, these events promoted debate over questions of gender and power. The chapter concludes with observations about the hybridity of identities.
The Scotland Referendum in the English-Ianguage Canadian Media
Authors: Waddell Christopher
Published: January 2018

The chapter provides detailed data on types of stories, sources, news organizations, and content, as well as an overview of Canadian media provision. It begins by noting that media cutbacks in Canada including in numbers of foreign correspondents had their effect on referendum coverage, with considerable reliance on news agency material. While in the days closely approaching the poll Canadian reporters travelled to Scotland to report, relatively little output came directly from Scotland. The Scottish referendum was often refracted through the case of Quebec. The salience of the historical Scottish presence in Canadian life (over 14% of the population list themselves as of Scottish origin) was not matched by media interest in the referendum. The approximately one month during which press coverage was substantial produced a predominance of news reports and columns as distinct from editorials. The unanimous view of the latter was that Scotland should remain in the UK.
“Azharisation” of ʿUlama Training in Malaysia
Authors: Kushimoto Hiroko
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the relationship between al Azhar and the government policy of ulama training in Malaysia. It traces how, during the twentieth century, a number of factors led to al Azhar becoming one of the most popular choices for Malaysian students wanting to major in Islamic Studies. Initially, ulama adopted al Azhar's reformed curriculum by choice, as the mixed curriculum introduced by al Azhar, starting with Muhammad Abduh's modernisation project, helped the religious schools in Malaysia to compete with the state run modern schools. However, to demonstrate its commitment to Islam, the Malaysian state eventually started to invest in al Azhar education. Under a series of policies intended to emphasise Islam, religious education and religious administration expanded rapidly, thus providing increased job opportunities for al Azhar graduates.
Information and Event: Lyotard’s Philosophy of Information
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

This chapter interprets Lyotard’s remarks on information in the wider context of information theory and philosophy of information. It situates him as a philosopher of information who, despite a lack of specialist, technical knowledge of information theory, contributes to a reflective, philosophical understanding of information on two levels: the social impact of information, and the ontology of information. The chapter criticises Lyotard for failing to distinguish between theories of data transmission such as Shannon’s pivotal Mathematical Theory of Communication and semantic conceptions of information, yet argues that his critique nonetheless applies to many of the more recent semantic theories. The chapter concludes with a programmatic outline for how Lyotard’s critical intervention in the “linguistic turn” in The Differend might be developed for a critical intervention in the “informational turn,” an intervention which revolves around the question of how the event in the Lyotardian sense might be thought within an information-theoretic framework.
Inhuman Arts: From Cubism to New Media
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

Twentieth century European philosophy has seen many influential critiques of the technological dehumanisation process, often accompanied by appeals to the humanising powers of art as a potential response. And yet, Guillaume Apollinaire wrote in The Cubist Painters in 1913 that “Artists are, above all, men who want to become inhuman.” What would it mean for art to be “inhuman,” and what relation might inhuman arts have to the dehumanising effects of technology? This chapter traces the idea of the inhuman in art from cubism to new media art, focusing on the reflections on these topics by Lyotard, through his activities both as a philosopher of art and as an exhibition director. It traces the meaning that “the inhuman” has in relation to art in his work from the exhibition Les Immatériaux to his later writings on Malraux, aiming to show how, for Lyotard, a “positive” aesthetic conception of the inhuman can act as an antidote to the “negative” inhuman of contemporary cultural conditions.
‘All the Dead Voices’: A Preface
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Modernism: that Modernism is a ‘Breaking Things Open, Breaking Words Open’, as Gilles Deleuze suggests in Negotiations (1995), that it is inherently transgressive, amorphous, and protean, is one of the tenets of this study. Modernism is thus less an historical period than a movement, less a bounded or delimited chronological moment than a flow, a way of thinking or pattern of thought, a mode of investigation which foregrounds the past as memory, not as an inferior or diminished version of the former present, however, but as an organic part of it, as an ontological, accumulating entity in itself. As such, one might say that Modernism blurs distinctions between past and present, between interior and exterior, an inward turn that might be called, after Deleuze, ‘involution’.
Towards a Creative Involution
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses one of the most compelling discourses in Creative Evolution (1907), which is Henri Bergson's thinking through the issues of nothing. In this discourse, any negation, any inclusion of a ‘not’ in a statement announces ‘that some other affirmation, whose content I do not specify, will have to be substituted for the one I find before me’ (Bergson 1944: 315). Such is the ‘zero’ of Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari's critique of Sigmund Freud's analysis of the Wolf Man, and centre stage in Beckett's first two published, eponymous, English novels, Murphy (1938) and Watt — the former in its pursuit of not annihilation but fulfilment, the latter plagued by self-generated apparitions in the house of Mr Knott. It is the nothingness of routine in the latter that gives way or mounts up to the nothing of existence and the waste of being. Beckett's negations, then, produce or result in neither absence nor void.
Beyond the Shadow: Acts of Unceasing Creation
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses intuition as the method in Henri Bergson's overall philosophical project, a rethinking of metaphysics in terms of duration — that is, time as opposed to space. ‘Intuition is neither a feeling, an inspiration, nor a disorderly sympathy, but a fully developed method’, notes Gilles Deleuze, ‘one of the most fully developed methods in philosophy. It has strict rules, constituting that which Bergson calls “precision” in philosophy’, and the method already assumes, and perhaps subsumes, duration. If duration is accessible at all, it is so through what Bergson — whom Samuel Beckett called to his Trinity students ‘a philosophical visionary’ — discovers as his discourse on method, intuition, which he opposed to the scientific, quotidian functioning of mind.