bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation of hybrid higher-order skin-topological effect in non-Hermitian topolectrical circuits
Authors: Zou Deyuan , Chen Tian , He Wenjing , Bao Jiacheng , Lee Ching Hua , Sun Houjun , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: April 2021

Robust boundary states epitomize how deep physics can give rise to concrete experimental signatures with technological promise. Of late, much attention has focused on two distinct mechanisms for boundary robustness - topological protection, as well as the non-Hermitian skin effect. In this work, we report the first experimental realizations of hybrid higher-order skin-topological effect, in which the skin effect selectively acts only on the topological boundary modes, not the bulk modes. Our experiments, which are performed on specially designed non-reciprocal 2D and 3D topolectrical circuit lattices, showcases how non-reciprocal pumping and topological localization dynamically interplays to form various novel states like 2D skin-topological, 3D skin-topological-topological hybrid states, as well as 2D and 3D higher-order non-Hermitian skin states. Realized through our highly versatile and scalable circuit platform, theses states have no Hermitian nor lower-dimensional analog, and pave the way for new applications in topological switching and sensing through the simultaneous non-trivial interplay of skin and topological boundary localizations.
Towards PHA production from wastes: The bioconversion potential of different activated sludge and food industry wastes into VFAs through acidogenic fermentation
Authors: Montiel-Jarillo Gabriela , Gea Teresa , Artola Adriana , Fuentes Javier , Carrera Julián , Suárez-Ojeda Maria Eugenia
Published: April 2021

Acidogenic fermentation of wastes produces volatile fatty acid (VFA)-rich streams that can be used as low-cost carbon sources for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. In this study, an inoculum collected from an anaerobic reactor of a municipal WWTP was conditioned to suppress methanogenic activity. The heat-shock conditioning method of the inoculum proved to be more efficient than acid and alkaline conditioning methods for methanogen inhibition. Then, the pre-conditioned inoculum was used to determine the acidogenic potential of different wastes: three waste activated sludge (WAS) samples generated at different sludge retention times (SRTs, 2, 7 and 14 days), olive mill wastewater (OMW), glycerol, apple pomace (AP) and winterization oil cake (WOC). Batch tests were performed in quintuplicate at 37°C and pH 7. A higher degree of acidification was observed for high-rate activated sludge (2 days of SRT) (69%), followed by olive mill wastewater (OMW) (43%), while the lowest was for glycerol (16%). The results for the winterization oil cake (WOC) samples interestingly elucidated a high content of propionic acid with a high odd-to-even ratio (0.86) after fermentation. Feeding the VFA profile obtained from WOC into a PHA production system led to a significant production of 0.64 g PHA g− 1 C with 30% polyhydrobutyrate (PHB) to 69% polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) as monomeric units of HB-co-HV, decoupling the need for a related carbon source for co-polymer production.
The Impact of Symptom Severity on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Narcolepsy
Authors: Li Chenyang , Shang Shaomei , Dong Xiaosong , Zhang Jun , Wang Xiaoling , Zhang Wei , Gao Yinghui , Yi Huijie , Han Fang
Published: April 2021

Background: Narcolepsy has deleterious implications on daily life. However, few studies have fully assessed the severity of pentad symptoms of Chinese adults with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), as well as the relation with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). It is still not clear how the global functioning of patients with NT1 are affected by these pentad symptoms and which does specific symptom affect HRQoL. This is the first study to assess the pentad symptom severity and its correlation with HRQoL in patients with NT1.Methods: Our cross-sectional study is to assess the pentad symptom severity and its correlation with HRQoL in patients with NT1. A total of 174 patients with NT1 were recruited. They completed Narcolepsy Severity Scale (NSS) and European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ-5D) including five dimensions (EQ-5D utility values) and a visual analog scale (EQ-5D VAS). The relation between severity of symptoms and HRQoL dimensions was assessed by Pearson correlation analyses. Logistic regression was used to identify the significant predictors of HRQoL. Nomogram was established based on results of independent predictors factors on logistic regression analyses. Results: The scores for NSS, EQ-5D utility values and EQ-5D VAS were 29.89±10.08, 0.78±0.09 and 64.30±19.84 in patients with NT1 respectively. NSS score showed a significantly correlation with self-care (r=0.157, P<0.05), usual activities (r=0.236, P<0.01), pain/discomfort (r=0.174, P<0.05), anxiety/depression (r=0.2, P<0.01) and EQ-5D utility values (r=-.261, P<0.01). EDS (excessive daytime sleep), cataplexy, hallucinations, paralysis and disrupted nocturnal sleep (DNS) were significant associated to EQ-5D VAS (r ranged from -0,154 to -0.354, P<0.05). EDS (OR=-0.297, 95% CI -1.892- -0.634) and DNS (OR=-0.16, 95% CI -0.7307- -0.446) were predictors of HRQoL. Regards the NSS scores, NSS score (OR=-0.360, 95% CI -0.979- -0.438) and treated (OR=0.215, 95% CI 3.567-16.188) were predictors of the metrics of HRQoL. The C-indices of the nomogram was 0.726 (95% CI 0.686-0.766). Conclusion: The severity of symptoms could disrupt self-care and usual activities and increase pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. NSS score could be used for predicting HRQoL, but with a modest precision.
IL-15-Induced Lymphocytes As Adjuvant Cellular Immunotherapy For Gastric Cancer
Authors: Hu Yuefeng , Liu Dong , Cui Peilin , Zhang Wen , Chen Hao , Piao Chunmei , Lu Yongcheng , Liu Xuesong , Wang Yue , liu Jingwei , Lu Xu
Published: April 2021

To test the antitumor potential of adoptive cell therapy (ACT)-transferred lymphocytes in a mouse model of human gastric cancer, and evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining lymphocytes as adjuvant therapy with first-line chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. A human gastric cancer xenograft model was constructed in sublethally irradiated 6–8-week old NCG male mice. MKN-45 cells (1 × 106 cells/mouse) were subcutaneously injected into the flanks. After tumors had become palpable, the mice were randomized into control, ACTIL-2, and ACTIL-15 groups. Human lymphocytes were injected into the mouse tail veins. In addition, 63 patients who had histological or cytologically confirmed stage III–IV gastric cancer randomly received S-1 plus oxaliplatin plus ACTIL-15 (a combination therapy group) or S-1 plus oxaliplatin alone (chemotherapy group). In the mice, treatment with ACTIL-15 cells inhibited tumor growth upon adoptive transfer, and mice that received ACTIL-15 cells had a significantly longer survival (P < 0.05, ACTIL-15 vs. ACTIL-2). In the human study, the median survival of patients in the combination therapy group was 472 days (95% confidence interval (CI), 276–668 days), whereas the median survival of patients in the chemotherapy group was 266 days (95% CI, 200–332 days; P < 0.05). Eleven percent (7/63) of patients had adverse reactions, but the reactions did not interfere with treatment. Adoptive transfer of ACTIL-15 cells in a mouse model of gastric cancer and patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with S1 and oxaliplatin improved survival with an acceptable safety profile.
Research on the Impact Resistance of the Periodic Helicoidal Multilayer Bionic Structure Based on Osteon Microstructure
Authors: Liu Yuxi , Li Ai-hua , Chen Bin , Li Yan-hua
Published: April 2021

Background: As a typical biological material, bone have excellent mechanical properties and plays an important role in supporting the animal body and protecting organs, osteon is an important part of bone. It is found that the osteon is composed of thin and thick lamellae which are periodic and approximately concentric, every 5 lamellae is a cycle, the periodic helix angle of mineralized collagen fibers in two adjacent sub-lamellae is 30°. Four biomimetic composite models with different fiber helix angles were established and fabricated according to the microstructure of mineralized collagen fibers in osteon. Based on the impact analysis of four kinds of bionic composite models, the effects of the fiber periodic helicoidal structure on the impact resistance and energy dissipation of multi-layer bionic composite were investigated. Results: The analysis results show that the fiber helix angle affects the impact damage resistance and energy dissipation of multi-layer fiber reinforced composites. Among the four kinds of multi-layer composite models, the composite model with helix angle of 30° has better comprehensive ability to resist impact damage. The test results show that the impact damage area of the specimen with 30° helix angle is smallest among the four types of bionic specimens, which is consistent with the results of finite element impact analysis. Furthermore, in the case of no impact damage, the smaller the fiber helix angle is, the more uniform the stress distribution is and more energy is dissipated in the impact process. Conclusions: The periodic helicoidal structure of mineralized collagen fibers in osteon are the result of natural selection of biological evolution. This structure can effectively improve the ability of cortical bone to resist external impact. The research results can provide useful guidance for the design and manufacture of high-performance and strong impact resistant biomimetic composites.
EOR and Reservoir preservation in Rag-e Sefied Oil and Gas Field: With Base of Reservoir Fluid Geochemistry
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Hossein , Niknam Abas , Torghabeh Amir Karimian
Published: April 2021

Mineral ions are present in aqueous solutions in most industrial and operational processes, including oil operation. Accurate analysis and sampling of the formation water and its dissolved minerals during the operation of the oil industry can be a valuable solution for the efficient management of oil production from the reservoir. Therefore, in this study, evaluation of inorganic ions and their concentration in formation water for 6 well samples in the Rag-e Sefid Oil and Gas Field was considered. According to the results of this study, calcium, sodium and magnesium cations as well as sulfate, bicarbonate and chloride anions are soluble inorganic ions in the Rag Sefid Oil Field Formation. Also, in this study formation of inorganic sediment CaSO4, CaSO4.2H2O, CaCO3 and MgCO3 was studied. Based on the operating conditions of the Rag-e Sefid Oil and Gas field, the formation of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate mineral deposits is significant. With base of geochemical analysis in reservoir rock samples and ions ratios these reservoir is good for preservation. The results thus provide more accurate predictions in terms of where to find gas reservoirs in the Zagros basin, and can lead to significantly better exploitation of these resources and also estimation of rate of sedimentation for EOR.
Transmission dynamics, heterogeneity, and controllability of SARS-CoV-2 in the rural area
Authors: Li Yuying , Hu Taojun , Gai Xin , Zhang Yunjun , Zhou Xiao-Hua
Published: April 2021

BackgroundsFew studies examine the transmission dynamics and heterogeneity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in rural areas and clarify rural–urban differences. Moreover, the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) relative to that of vaccination in rural areas is uncertain.MethodsWe addressed this knowledge gap using an improved statistical stochastic method based on the Galton–Watson branching process considering both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Data were collected from the epidemiological records of 1136 SARS-2-CoV infections after the rural outbreak in Hebei, China, between 2 January and 20 February 2021.ResultsThe estimated average reproductive number R and dispersion parameter k (k < 1 indicating strong heterogeneity) in the rural area were 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.68) and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.10–0.20), respectively. Although age group and contact-type distributions significantly differed between urban and rural areas, the \(R\) and \(k\) did not. Further, simulation results based on pre-control parameters (R = 0.81, k = 0.27) showed that in the vaccination scenario (80% efficacy and 55% coverage), the cumulative secondary infections will be reduced by more than half; however, NPIs are more effective than vaccinating 65% of the population. The presence of asymptomatic infections might affect the estimation of R but showed no significant effect on estimating transmission heterogeneity.ConclusionThe government should pay equal value to SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rural and urban areas and conduct specific prevention and control measures in rural areas. Older adults and children should receive particular attention in such policies, and community contact should be minimized. Moreover, the government must consider a country’s economy and governance when conducting vaccination and NPIs.
Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Pectus Excavatum Evaluation Questionnaire From English to Catalan and Spanish
Authors: Jorge Irene de Haro , Tarrado Xavier , Cazalla Asteria Albert , Garcia-Smith Natalie , Fernandez-Candial Alba , Salcedo-Gil Carlos
Published: April 2021

Background:Pectus excavatum is the most common congenital chest wall deformity. It can have a negative effect in exercise tolerance. However, cosmetic features are the most frequent concerns in these patients. The pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) tool to measure the physical and psychosocial quality of life changes after surgical repair of pectus excavatum. No specific tool has been developed in our languages to evaluate PRO in pectus excavatum patients. Our aim is to translate and culturally adapt the pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire to European Spanish and Catalan.Methods:Guidelines for translation of PRO were followed. The pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire, consisting of 34 items, was translated from English to Spanish and to Catalan. Three forward translations and one back translation were performed for each language. Cognitive debriefing interviews were developed.Results:The reconciliation of the forward translations revealed a 14.7% of inconsistencies for each language. The Spanish back translation showed a 64.7% of disagreement with the source, the Catalan 58.8%. Changes in each reconciled version were made to amend the diverting items. 10 patients and their parents participate in the cognitive debriefing for each language, 5 patients had been operated and 5 had not. 4 patients out of 10, for each language, showed difficulties for understanding one of the pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire items, thus also resulted in a modification of the reconciled version.Conclusion:The translation and cultural adaptation process resulted in the development of a European Spanish and a Catalan version of the pectus excavatum evaluation questionnaire for application in Spanish and Catalan pectus excavatum patients.
To Control Floating Drug Delivery System in a Simulated Gastric Environment by Adjusting the Shell Layer Formulation
Authors: Hsu Yu Tung , Kao Chen Yu , Ho Ming-Hua
Published: April 2021

BackgroundGastroretentive drug delivery system (GDDS) are novel systems that have been recently developed for treating stomach diseases. The key function of all GDDS systems is to control the retention time in the stomach. However, research into the bulk density or entanglement of polymers, especially regarding their effects on drug float and release times, is scarce. MethodsIn this research, we prepared the floating core-shell beads carrying tetracycline. The ratio of chitosan and xanthan gum in the shell layer was changed to modify polymer compactness. Tetracycline was encapsulated in the alginate core. ResultsUsing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, we observed that the shell formulation did not change the bead morphology. The cross-sectional images showed that the beads were highly porous. The interaction between anionic xanthan gum and cationic chitosan made the shell layer dense, resisting to the mass transfer in the shell layer. Due to the high mass transfer resistance to water penetration, the longer float and delivery time were caused by the dense surface of the beads. The cell culture demonstrated that floating core-shell beads were biocompatible. Importantly, the beads with tetracycline showed a significant prolonged anti-bacterial effect. ConclusionResearch results proved that the floating and releasing progress of core-shell beads can be well controlled by adjusting the shell layer formulation that could promote the function of gastroretentive drugs.
Comparative performance study of different types of solar dryers for sustainability in agriculture applications
Authors: Asnaz Melike Sultan Karasu , Dolcek Ayse Ozdogan
Published: April 2021

Postharvest food loss increases rapidly every year in the world due to the inability to preserve food. Crop drying, which aims to reduce the moisture content to a certain level, is a method used to extend the shelf life of the food, and prevent it from spoiling. Solar drying is becoming a popular option to replace mechanical dryers due to the high cost of energy, and the increased awareness of consumer orientation to clean energy products. In this study, three different low-cost solar dryers of natural convection dryer (NCD), forced convection dryer (FCD), and heat pump integrated solar dryer (HPD) were examined, and mushroom (agaricus bisporus) drying experiments were carried out on each. In this study, three main research topics were determined: (i) to analyse the drying characteristics of mushroom slices in different thicknesses (0.5cm, 1cm and in half), (ii) to determine the effect of pretreatment on the drying time, (iii) to compare the collector efficiencies. For these purposes, 12 experiments were conducted between 9:00-18:00, the average daily solar irradiance was around 790W/m 2 . In 10 drying experiments out of 12, it was observed that the samples were completely dried out within the experiment period, while the drying process of the half-cut mushrooms in NCD and FCD were completed after 18:00. The results show that cutting thin slices of mushrooms reduced the drying time by an average of 40.83 mins. Also, the process of pretreatment caused shorter drying time by an average of 26.66 mins, almost 7% in all cases. The average thermal efficiencies were found 59.74%, 67.66%, and 77.45% for NCD, FCD and HPD, respectively. According to the results of this study, the most affecting factor in the overall drying process is found to be drying air which is hot and holds less moisture. In addition, it turned out that the drying rate increases with the increase of the temperature and speed of the drying air.
Fungal diversity, woody debris, and wood decomposition in managed and unmanaged Patagonian Nothofagus pumilio forests
Authors: Gallo Ana Laura , Silva Patricia Valeria , Bernal Pablo López , Moretto Alicia Susana , Greslebin Alina G.
Published: April 2021

Fungal diversity, woody debris, and wood decomposition were assessed in Nothofagus pumilio forests with and without forest management. A plot in a managed forest (MF) and a plot in an unmanaged control forest (C) were established in three sites in Chubut, Argentina. On each plot, forest structure, volume of woody debris, temperature, and humidity were recorded. Basidiomata of aphyllophoroid fungi were recorded in the fall and spring for 2 years. A decomposition assay with branches and twigs in two decay classes (DC) was established, and mass loss was measured after 3 and 2 years of field incubation respectively. To evaluate fungal diversity and mass loss within MF and C, generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMM) were performed. Neither richness nor abundance differed between treatments, and community composition was similar. Only branches in DC2 showed greater mass loss in MF than in C. The volume of CWD was greater in MF and had a positive effect on fungal richness. A few aphyllophoroid species showed significant differences in abundance between treatments. Forest management in the conditions evaluated did not generate evident changes in fungal diversity, nor in wood decomposition. However, the differences observed in mass loss of DC2 could indicate that there were some factors operating in the past, that are no longer seen in the present, which may have accelerated decomposition. This highlights the need for studies evaluating changes in canopy cover, microclimate and fungal community, including potential key species, over a period starting just after the forest management.
IFN-γ mediated signaling improves fungal clearance in experimental pulmonary mucormycosis.
Authors: Santos Amanda Ribeiro dos , Fraga-Silva Thais Fernanda , Donanzam Débora de Fátima Almeida , Santos Rodolfo Ferreira dos , Finato Angela C. , Soares Cleverson Teixeira , Lara Vanessa Soares , Almeida Nara Lígia Martins , Andrade Maria Izilda , de Arruda Olavo Speranza , de Arruda Maria Sueli Parreira , Venturini James
Published: April 2021

We established three immunocompetent murine models of pulmonary mucormycosis to determine the involvement of the adaptive immune response in host resistance in pulmonary mucormycosis, a rapidly fatal disease caused mainly by Rhizopus spp. Immunocompetent BALB/c, C57BL/6, and Swiss mice were inoculated with R. oryzae via the intratracheal route. The inoculation resulted in an angioinvasive infection that spread to the brain, spleen, kidney, and liver. After 7 and 30 days of R. oryzae infection, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice showed the lowest fungal load and highest production of IFN-γ and IL-2 by splenocytes, respectively. Swiss mice showed a higher fungal load 30 days p.i. and was associated with a weak development of the Th-1 profile. To confirm our findings, R. oryzae-infected IFN-γ-/- mice were evaluated after 60 days, where the mice still showed viable fungi in the lungs. This study showed, for the first time, that pulmonary mucormycosis in three widely used mouse strains resulted in an acute fungal dissemination without immunosuppression whose outcome varies according to the genetic background of the mice . We also identified the partial role of IFN-γ in the efficient elimination of R. oryzae during pulmonary infection.
Phacoemulsification after Trabeculectomy in Uveitis Associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease: Intermediate-Term Visual Outcome, IOP Control and Trabeculectomy Survival
Authors: Almobarak Faisal A. , Alharbi Ali , Aljadaan Ibrahim , Aldhibi Hasan
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo evaluate the visual outcome, intraocular pressure control and survival of trabeculectomy after phacoemulsification in eyes with prior trabeculectomy in uveitis associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH).DesignRetrospective comparative study.MethodsEyes with uveitic glaucoma associated with VKH who underwent mitomycin C (MMC)-enhanced trabeculectomy were included. Eyes were divided into two groups: the first study group included eyes that later underwent cataract surgery in the form of phacoemulsification, and the second control group included eyes that did not have cataract surgery. The main outcome measures were changes in the visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, IOP control and trabeculectomy survival. ResultsThere were no significant differences in the final visual acuity (0.78 (±0.9) and 0.92 (±1.1), p=0.80)) nor IOP (14.21 mmHg (±5.8) and 12.16 mmHg (±6.1), p=0.29), but there was a difference in the antiglaucoma medications (1.58 (±1.5) and 0.53 (±1.0), p=0.02) between the study and control group, respectively. There was no difference in the overall trabeculectomy survival (p=0.381, Log Rank), but more eyes in the study group converted to qualified success after phacoemulsification and required more medications to control the IOP.ConclusionPhacoemulsification after trabeculectomy seems to be a safe procedure in eyes with combined vision threatening complications of VKH, although the visual improvement was limited. Nevertheless, more medications were required to control the IOP, thereby affecting IOP control; but such medication did not affect trabeculectomy survival. Therefore, patient counselling before surgery is essential.
A Pilot Study to Compare the Standardized Patient's Perception of Empathy Among the American Medical Graduates and International Medical Graduates Applying for Residency Training in the United States
Authors: Kumar Mukaish , Govindarajan Raghav
Published: April 2021

Background:Empathy is an essential ingredient of patient-centered care. Traditional neurology clerkship does not provide a structured way to teach, evaluate and inculcate the virtue of empathy among our medical students while dealing with various complex neurological conditions. We designed an innovative Objective Structured Clinical Evaluations (O.S.C.E.s) entitled as Empathetic Neurological Care (ENC) O.S.C.E.s as a part of clerkship evaluation to assess empathy among American Medical Graduates (A.M.G.s) and International Medical Graduates (I.M.G.s) and establish the need of training of empathy skills to future professionals.Study Objective: We aim to illustrate the model of Empathetic Neurological Care (ENC) O.S.C.E. & to report the comparative analysis of empathy scores among the A.M.G.s and I.M.G.s.Methods: This is a pilot study comparing empathy among A.M.G.s and I.M.G.s, measured by the Standardized Patients (SPs) using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (7-point Likert type scale) during pre-designed ENC-OSCEs. The proposed curriculum included complex neurological cases involving breaking bad news (e.g., delivering the diagnosis of A.L.S.), opioid addiction counseling, disclosing medical error (stroke), and explaining the diagnosis of non-epileptic seizures.Results: 12 students (6 AMGs, 3 Males/ 3 Females and 6 IMGs 4 Males/2 Females) completed the OSCE. A.M.G.s scored higher in empathy scores graded by S.P.s than I.M.G.s (P=0.0004). Conclusion: A.M.G.s scored higher empathy as compared to I.M.G.s by the S.P.s during ENC-OSCEs. We highlight the importance of focused empathy training with assessment during neurology clerkship rotations for A.M.G.s & the need of formal curricular training as a part of the orientation program at the beginning of residency training for I.M.G.s.
A Universal Predictor-corrector Algorithm for Numerical Simulation of Generalized Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Odibat Zaid
Published: April 2021

This study introduces some remarks on generalized fractional integral and differential operators, that generalize some familiar fractional integral and derivative operators, with respect to a given function. We briefly explain how to formulate representations of generalized fractional operators. Then, mainly, we propose a predictor-corrector algorithm for the numerical simulation of initial value problems involving generalized Caputo-type fractional derivatives with respect to another function. Numerical solutions of some generalized Caputo-type fractional derivative models have been introduced to demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the presented algorithm. The proposed algorithm is expected to be widely used and utilized in the field of simulating fractional-order models.
An Integrated Mixed Methods Approach to Clarifying Delivery, Receipt and Potential Benefits of CHW-Facilitated Social Support in a Health Promotion Intervention
Authors: Ingram Maia , Coulter Kiera , Doubleday Kevin , Espinoza Cynthia , Redondo Floribella , Wilkinson-Lee Ada , Lohr Abby , Carvajal Scott C.
Published: April 2021

Social support plays a critical role in physical and emotional heath, making it an important component of community health worker (CHW) health promotion interventions. Different types of support operate in different ways, however, and the relationship between the nature of CHW support and the subsequent health benefit for their clients is not well understood. This paper describes an integrated mixed methods study of the emotional, informational, appraisal and tangible support CHWs provided to Latinx community members residing in three US-Mexico border communities. Using a cohort (n = 159) from a CHW community-based intervention, we identify and describe four clusters of social support in which participants are characterized by life situations that informed the types of social support provided by the CHW. We examine the association between each cluster and client perceptions of social support over the 6-month intervention. Participants who received higher levels of emotional support from the CHW experienced the greatest post intervention increase in perceived social support. Study findings suggest that CHWs may be adept at providing non-directive social support based on their interaction with a client rather than a health outcome objective. Health promotion interventions should allow CHWs the flexibility to tailor provision of social support based on their assessment of client needs.
Accumulation and translocation of toxic elements from contaminated soils to plants, Nigeria: Implications for metal potential hazards to humans.
Authors: Ameh Eneojo G , Kolawole Samuel , Idakwo Sunday , Ojonimi Theophilus
Published: April 2021

Soil pollution by heavy metals, their health effect on humans via the food chain are pressing issues of the environment caused by human activities. Plant’s accumulation and translocation potentials were investigated to determine their suitability for phytoremedial purposes, and the potential of the edibles/vegetables to cause harm to humans when consumed. Plant and soil samples were collected, prepared, digested in acid mixture of H2O2 and HNO3 for plants and Li2B4O7 − LiBO2 for soils and were analysed. These analyses were carried out to determine the concentration of these metals in soil, their accumulation and translocation in plant parts. The data acquired were evaluated using bioconcentration (BCF), translocation factor (TF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC), metal uptake efficiency (ME%) and hierarchical cluster analysis to determine hyperaccumulators, phytoextractors, phytostabilizers, metal source plants and metals that could be toxic to humans through intake of roots, grains/seeds, fruits and leaves as vegetables. ANOVA analysis revealed that the data were significant at p < 0.05. Correlation and cluster analyses were employed to understand the relationships between variables determined. From this study, Colocasia asculenta (CA), Corchorus aestuans (COA) and Laportea aestuans (LA) were hyperaccumulators of Co at various points. Arsenic has phytostabilizer plants from the study. COA and LA were phytostabilizers of Cd while Sida acuta was the only phytoextractor. The concentration of metals in the vegetables/edibles in roots, shoots and leaves were above permissible levels for Cr, Co and Cd. The metal uptake efficacy (%) were in this order Co (28.99 to 89.08) > Cd (21.74 to 50.96) > Cr (22.90 to 49.06) > and As (9.65 to 39.19).
Human health risks and domestic water contamination through pesticides
Authors: mandour Raafat A
Published: April 2021

The monitoring of pesticide pollution may be a substantial source of data describing the current state of environmental pollution. This study sought to evaluate the pollution of domestic water by the pesticides related to health risks and are assessing potential regarding effects on human health. Fifty blood and fifty faucet domestic water samples were collected consecutively from patients' diagnosed with pesticides poisoning once having consent. Additionally, ten blood, and water samples from healthy participants as control group. This study recruited in two periods, 2019 in several cities from Dakahlia region. Sampling regions designated consistent with the locations of major agricultural and industrial activities. The concentrations were determined once extraction of the samples and sequent gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts. The results revealed presence of Organophosphorus (Malathion) and organochlorine (Lindane) insecticides. Presence of an organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticide focused to posses serious effects on human health. Authorities to regulate the indiscriminate use of pesticides should implement strict enforcement.
The First Description of Monozygotic Twin Females Discordant for the Craniofrontonasal Syndrome Phenotype and the Report of Four Novel Pathogenic Variants in the EFNB1 Gene
Authors: Bukowska-Olech Ewelina , Gawliński Paweł , Jakubiuk-Tomaszuk Anna , Jędrzejowska Maria , Obersztyn Ewa , Piechota Michał , Bielska Marta , Jamsheer Aleksander
Published: April 2021

Background: Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is a rare X-linked disorder that results from pathogenic variants in the EFNB1 gene. The syndrome paradoxically presents with greater severity of the symptoms in heterozygous females than hemizygous males.Results: Our primary finding was the description of monozygotic twins, i.e., patients 5 & 6, discordant for the CFNS phenotype. Intriguingly, patient 5 presented classical CFNS gestalt, whereas patient 6 manifested only very subtle craniofacial features, not resembling CFNS. Besides, we have expanded the mutational spectrum of the EFNB1 gene through reporting four novel pathogenic variants – p.(Trp12*), p.(Cys64Phe), p.(Tyr73Metfs*86), p.(Glu210*). All those alterations were found applying either targeted NGS of a custom gene panel or PCR followed by Sanger sequencing and evaluated using in silico predictors. Lastly, we have also expanded the CFNS phenotypic spectrum by describing in patient 3 novel features of the syndrome, such as bifid hallux, bicornuate uterus, and abnormal right ovary segmented into six parts Conclusions: We have described the unreported so far differences of the clinical phenotype in the monozygotic twin patients 5 & 6 harbouring an identical p.(Glu210*) variant located in the EFNB1 gene. With our finding, we have pointed to an unusual phenomenon of mildly affected females with CFNS, who may not manifest features suggestive of the syndrome. Consequently, this study may be valuable for geneticists consulting patients with craniofacial disorders.
Contextual Information Modulates Pupil Size in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children.
Authors: Tortelli Chiara , Pomè Antonella , Turi Marco , Igliozzi Roberta , Burr David Charles , Binda Paola
Published: April 2021

Background. Recent Bayesian models suggest that perception is more “data-driven” and less dependent on contextual information in autistic individuals than others. However, experimental tests of this hypothesis have given mixed results, possibly due to the lack of objectivity of the self-report methods typically employed. Here we introduce an objective no-report paradigm based on pupillometry to assess the processing of contextual information in autistic children and a comparison clinical group.Methods. After validating (in a group of neurotypical adults) a child-friendly pupillometric paradigm, in which we embedded test images within an animation movie that participants watched passively, we compared pupillary response to images of the sun and meaningless control images in children with autism versus age- and IQ-matched children presenting developmental disorders unrelated to the autistic spectrum. Results. Both clinical groups showed stronger pupillary constriction for the sun images compared with control images, like the neurotypical adults. There was no detectable difference between autistic children and the comparison group (in spite of a significant difference in pupillary light responses, enhanced in the autistic group). Limitations: Having found no statistically significant differences between groups, we cannot exclude that group differences existed but were too small to be detected – a critique that applies to most negative findings. Additional limitations concern the heterogeneous composition of the comparison group and the types of stimuli tested, which only allowed for studying the effect of context on relatively complex perceptual processes. Conclusions: Our report introduces an objective technique for studying perception in clinical samples and children. The lack of statistically significant group differences in our tests suggests that autistic children and the comparison group do not show large differences in perception of these stimuli. This opens the way to further studies testing contextual processing at other levels of perception.
Bioinspired Fog Collection Surface of Conical Brass With Gradient Wettability
Authors: wan yanling , Zhang Caiyun , Cui Pu , Yu Huadong
Published: April 2021

How to obtain more fresh water from nature economically and efficiently is a hot issue that needs to be solved urgently. Herein, inspired by the directional fog collection ability of the surface of pine needles, a wettability-gradient-brass-cone (WGBC) was prepared through a two-step process of precision cutting and chemical etching, producing a surface with functions of fog collection and droplet movement to the root of the cone. On the other hand, through experimental exploration and optimization of taper parameters, the excellent directional collection velocity of droplets was obtained. This work may direct the design of gradient wetting surfaces by mimicking the structure of pine needles and explore potential applications in fog harvesting.
Pyrolysis Reactive Behaviors and Kinetic Characteristics of HSW Vitrinite Coal based on Coats-Redfern and DAEM Models
Authors: Wang Ruihan , Wang Qiang , Li Zhuangmei , Liu Zhe , Wu Yong , Zhang Jinpeng , Bai Hongcun , Guo Qingjie
Published: April 2021

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Intracellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition by secondary metabolites isolated from the endophytic fungus, Daldinia eschscholtzii
Authors: Musthafa Shazia Anjum , Sadiq Muhammad , Muthu Kesavan , Sekar Saraniya , Umapathy Dhamodharan , MUNUSWAMY-RAMANUJAM GANESH
Published: April 2021

Fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plants are of research interests, since they provide a viable alternative source for molecules with medicinal value. In this study, we report for the first time two fungal endophytic isolates, AI.EF 001 and AI.EF 002 belonging to the genus Daldinia from the leaves of medicinal plant, Abutilon indicum linn (AI). Both AI.EF were identified as Daldinia eschscholtzii (DE) species by ITS1-5.8-ITS2 sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree reconstruction by Neighbor-joining method. Crude extracts of DE (EFEA), generated by ethylacetate/water fractionation of the fungal methanol extracts when subjected to column chromatography separation yielded 5 compounds. NMR and other spectral data revealed the compounds to be ɑ-napthoflavone, Syringaldehyde, 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzoic acid, 2-Furoic acid and Gossypetin 3′ O glycoside. All of these compounds are being reported for the first time from DE. The isolated compounds showed promising free radical scavenging activities. The compounds also exhibited anti inflammatory property by down regulating intracellular ROS as well as inhibiting LPS induced lipid peroxidation in AtT 20 mouse pituitary cells. Current finding demonstrates endophyte DE as a new source for the flavanoid, Gossypetin-3′-O-glycoside along with other phytoconstituents with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Selection of the best plasma reactor for the diamond chemical vapor deposition operation of waste materials using multi-criteria decision-making models
Authors: Hassanpour Malek
Published: April 2021

Wastes emerged as potential alternative energy to flourish in various useful materials and commodities for human demands. In the civilized nation's variety of industrial projects of plasma, reactors underwent the decision-making models, project approval and even exploitation stages from long ago. The current study comprised waste materials utilization in diamond deposition purposes via chemical vapor deposition for constructing future industries firstly. To select the best plasma reactor were employed seven multi-criteria decision-making models in combination with three kinds of weighing systems to select the best plasma reactor empirically. Initial data for assessment possessed from a deep literature review based on probative technologies. It was classified and prioritized the plasma reactors in a coherent connection for direct gasification operation and placed them in a relevant arrangement media for partial gasification assortment. The developed assortment of plasma reactors was generally indicated as alternating current, direct current, glow, microwave, high-Frequency plasma, laser, Plasmatron and flame at direct gasification operation respectively. The high degree of stability among multi-criteria decision-making models and the sensitivity analysis employed for the weights and ranks released for alternatives and criteria had confirmed the precision and validity required. Also, on the global level, the findings of the present study proved the implementation of direct current plasma gasification reactors in large scale industries.
Unconventional reconciliation path for quantum mechanics and general relativity
Authors: Yuguru Samuel
Published: April 2021

Physics in general is successfully governed by quantum mechanics at the microscale and principles of relativity at the macroscale. Any attempts to unify them using conventional methods have somewhat remained elusive for nearly a century up to the present stage. Here in this study, a classical gedanken experiment of electron-wave diffraction of a single slit is intuitively examined for its quantized states. A unidirectional monopole field as quanta of the electric field is pictorially conceptualized. Its application towards quantum mechanics and general relativity in accordance with existing knowledge in physics paves an alternative path towards their reconciliation process by assuming a multiverse at a hierarchy of scales. Such an outcome provides an approximate intuitive guide to examine physics in general from alternative perspectives using conventional methods.
Bicelin (B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor) a Highly Safe DNA-based Anti-cancer Drug Showed No in vivo Cytopenia, Nephrotoxicity and/or Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Sheikhnejad Reza , Ashrafi Farzaneh , Talebi Ardeshir , Mazaheri Bahar , Moslemi Fatemeh , Nematbakhsh Mehdi
Published: April 2021

Background: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is the seventh most common cancer in clinic. Lymphoma could be treated with newly developed anti-apoptotic small molecule inhibitors of bcl-2 such as ABT-199 or venetoclax. However most small molecules present numerous side effects and cancer becomes resistance to them rapidly. PNT100 is a DNA-based bcl-2 inhibitor that has shown great efficacy and safety in treating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma tumors. However, liposomal carrier(smarticles) that was used to deliver PNT100 eventually failed to produce robust efficacy in the latest clinical trial conducted by ProNai Therapeutics (now called Sierra Technology). The high cost of liposomal carriers, makes this targeted drug less affordable. In addition, the liposomal components may also present some minor side effects as reported in pilot phase II trial [17-22]. In this study, we eliminated liposome and used a specific Epigenic modification to deliver this 24bp oligonucleotides (PNT100) without using additional chemicals and named it Bicelin.Methods: In this study, the safety of Bicelin was determined by evaluating the cytopenia, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity effects of this drug in healthy animal model (Rats). The rats in experimental group were received Bicelin (20 mg/kg/day) for 5 days a week. The treatment was continued for 3 consecutive weeks. The blood and urine samples were collected for evaluation and the rats were then sacrificed. The kidneys and liver tissues were fixed in formalin 10% to perform histological investigation using H&E staining.Results: The in vitro and in vivo results clearly demonstrate that Bicelin is target specific and highly safe. We observed no cytopenia when blood tests were performed after 15 consecutive injection of Bicelin; Urine analysis revealed no significant differences between experimental and control group and there was no nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity when kidney and liver tissues were examined.Conclusion: based on our in vitro and in vivo safety studies, our bcl2 inhibitor, Bicelin is much safer and about 10-fold more effective than its liposomal form (PNT2258). Considering preclinical, phase I and II studies of PNT2258, Bicelin is expected to be very safe and effective in clinic.
Identification of Osinsky horizon organogenic structures by 2D and 3D seismic survey data in the north-eastern part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise
Authors: Urenko R. S. , Vakhromeev A. G.
Published: April 2021

The fields of Eastern Siberia belong to the one of the main centers of hydrocarbon production in the eastern part of Russia. The main part of hydrocarbon reserves is located in the area within the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise, where the Lower Cambrian deposits are major production objects. The main purpose of this research is to provide a detailed study of the inner space and features of organogenic structures of the Cambrian period, as well as to determine the procedures for detecting reef structures by seismic research methods. Statistical processing of the available factual material on reservoir properties has shown a very uneven distribution of cavernosity (porosity). It is found that pores were formed as a result of leaching of shaped formations in loose packing locations of epigenetic dolomite grains, along the cementing substance in the intergranular spaces, along cracks and stylolite seams. To identify organogenic structures in the Osinsky horizon of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise on the basis of seismic studies some additional methodologies have been selected. Identification of single reef structures in the Osinsky horizon of the Lower Cambrian based on the analysis of seismic amplitudes was carried out by means of a 2D and 3D seismic survey. According to the data of seismic studies, the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise features the development zones of both linear and single carbonate structures. It is also revealed that there is an increase in effective thicknesses in wells located in the annular anomaly. Summing up the results and analyzing the compared materials, it can be concluded that the main identification method of ring zones in wells is the method of longitudinal wave slowness measurement. A comprehensive analysis of 2D and 3D seismic survey data by the common depth point method as well as by a number of other methods using a specific algorithm allowed us to identify individual formations of organogenic (riphogenic) structures in the carbonate section of the north-eastern part of the Nepa-Botuoba anteclise.