bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LC
–
MS
Interfaces
Authors: Palma Pierangela , Pierini Elisabetta , Cappiello Achille
Published: November 2015

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is a well‐established analytical technique (LC‐MS) that has opened the door to many challenging applications. This chapter focuses on the ionization process. The most commonly used interfaces and ion sources, as well as several new approaches, are discussed. The chapter explains the developments and improvements in the widely used API sources technology, including atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI). This phenomenon, peculiar to API, is commonly described as matrix effects (ME), and is responsible for either the suppression or the enhancement of the signal. Non‐API sources, such as direct EI and supersonic molecular beams (SMB) LC‐MS, are also explained. There is growing attention to the analysis of low molecular weight compounds, including nonpolar molecules that are difficult to ionize with the two mostly used API sources: electrospray interface (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).
Solvents in Chromatography and Electrophoresis
Authors: Berthod Alain , Faure Karine
Published: November 2015

Solvents are able to extract and/or dissolve chemicals while carrying them without modification. They are central to separation science. This chapter describes the physicochemical properties of the solvents used in liquid chromatography and a variety of less common chemicals that can be used as solvents in different separation processes. In chromatography, solvents are rarely used pure. Mixtures with water and/or other solvents are used. The physicochemical properties of the most commonly used water–methanol and water–acetonitrile mixtures are described introducing the concept of elution strength. Ternary‐phase diagrams give information of mixtures of three solvents. Their properties and use are briefly recalled. Ionizable compounds are very important in separation science. Their ionization state depends on their p
K
a
and on acidity of the solvating phase that is rarely pure water. The effect of organic modifiers on mobile‐phase acidity is tackled and illustrated with an example. A large table compiles the data for more than 100 chemicals possibly used as solvents.
pH
Effects on Chromatographic Retention Modes
Authors: Wiczling Paweł , Kubik Łukasz , Kaliszan Roman
Published: November 2015

The pH of a mobile phase is one of the most important parameters affecting retention of ionic analytes in reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). RP‐HPLC and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) can be used as a convenient tool for the analysis of ionizable analytes. The ionic analyte contains one or more acidic or basic functional groups in its molecular structure. Acidic compounds lose a proton as pH increases, whereas bases gain a proton as pH decreases The ionic analyte contains one or more acidic or basic functional groups in its molecular structure. for chromatographic retention, the presence of dissociated group(s) decreases analytes' hydrophobicity that leads to the lower retention of the dissociated form than that of the nondissociated form of an analyte. The chapter discusses effect of pH on Isocratic retention, pH effect on organic modifier gradients, pH gradient, and effect of pH in normal‐phase mode.
Immunoaffinity Chromatography: Advantages and Limitations
Authors: Thompson Nancy E. , Burgess Richard R.
Published: November 2015

This chapter concentrates on immunoaffinity chromatography, where the goal is to purify a specific protein in a biologically active form, and the yield of the active protein is on the order of hundreds of micrograms to 1 milligram or more. It covers the following general areas of immunoaffinity chromatography: sources of antibodies, properties of antibodies for immunoaffinity chromatography, construction of an immunoaffinity matrix, a generalized immunoaffinity chromatography method, issues of nonspecific binding, the use of epitope tags, and recombinant antibodies. Antibodies of the IgG class are most commonly used for immunoaffinity chromatography. The chapter also addresses common questions arisen over the years, about immunoaffinity chromatography. Despite the specificity of immunoaffinity chromatography, contaminating proteins will often show up in the eluted target protein fraction. The future trend seems to be toward antibody‐like molecules and their selective binding using combinatorial libraries and mutagenesis of these molecules for selected properties.
Basic Overview on Gas Chromatography Injectors
Authors: Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Abd El‐Aty A.M. , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: November 2015

The main purpose of this chapter is to give a basic overview on instrumentation as well as the basics of gas chromatography (GC) injectors, and it is mainly devoted to students and beginners in the field ofGC.
Basic Overview on Gas Chromatography Columns
Authors: Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Abd El‐Aty A.M. , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Shin Ho‐Chul , Shin Sung Chul , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: November 2015

The main purpose of this chapter is to give a basic overview on the basic components of stationary phases/columns in gas chromatography (GC) for the benefit of students and beginners in the field ofGC.
Portable Gas Chromatography
Authors: Smith Philip A.
Published: November 2015

Portable gas chromatography (
GC
) instruments are those that are used outside the laboratory, and both transportable and person‐portable types exist within the larger class. A transportable instrument requires external power and a vehicle for movement, while a person‐portable instrument may be operated on battery power with a self‐supplied carrier gas . Additionally, an arbitrary weight limit of 50 pounds (23 kg) has been used in the past to define a person‐portable
GC
instrument that allows for movement by a single individual. Historically, the capabilities of transportable GC instruments have reflected those of contemporary laboratory gear, while power constraints imposed by battery operation have caused the performance of person‐portable
GC
instruments to suffer. However, recent advances in column heating technology have improved the capabilities of portable
GC
instruments in both categories, and analysis completed outside of the laboratory is increasingly relied on to answer questions related to industrial processes, material composition, military and homeland defense against terrorism, and workplace and environmental health and safety. The developments that led to the widespread adoption of open tubular fused silica columns in the 1980s, primarily for chromatographic performance, coincidentally made this important
GC
component strong and lightweight. Also, the low thermal mass of an open tubular
GC
column allows temperature program analysis using relatively little power if heating may be limited mostly to the column itself, and within the past 10 years the idea of resistive column heating to complete rapid temperature program analysis has led to the commercial availability of very small column assemblies based on this heating approach. Using such a column assembly , aggressive temperature ramp rates are possible even when an instrument is operated using battery power, and the resulting rapid analysis speeds improve the ability to quickly complete
GC
analyses in the field. With the advent of commercially available resistive column heating, temperature ramping is now routine for newer person‐portable instruments and the performance of transportable instruments can in many ways exceed that of traditional laboratory gear. In addition to the developments in portable
GC
that have resulted from the incorporation of open tubular columns in resistively heated modules,
GC
components based on microelectromechanical systems (
MEMS
), particularly the use of micromachining of silicon, has led to new types of components in the field of “micro
GC
” (µ
GC
). Historical context and some implications of the possibility to create low‐cost batch produced µ
GC
components are discussed for this developing field. Discussion is also provided regarding available solventless sample introduction methods to support analysis by portable
GC
, including sorbent sampling for thermal desorption, solid‐phase microextraction, and the use of needle trap sampling devices.
Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography
Authors: Iadarola Paolo , Fumagalli Marco , Viglio Simona
Published: November 2015

After a concise introduction of
MEKC
(Section 8.1), the fundamentals of the technique are described in Section 8.2 of this Chapter that, as by authors' intention, should focus reader's attention on the most important parameters influencing resolution and sensitivity in
MEKC
. An overview of different classes of pseudostationary phases and of theoretical/practical approaches that may be explored in the routine laboratory practice to improve both resolution and sensitivity are presented in Sections 8.3 and 8.4, respectively. The most widely used detection systems will be discussed in Section 8.5 while Section 8.6 is dedicated to novelties and trends in this area. The last Section of the Chapter (Section 8.7) will provide the reader a variety of
MEKC
applications on real samples, spanning from biological fluids to pharmaceutical forms and food.
Chip‐Based Capillary Electrophoresis
1
Authors: Xu Yuanhong , Zhang Jizhen , Liu Jingquan
Published: November 2015

This chapter gives an overview of chip‐based capillary electrophoresis (
CE
). It includes the factors such as the substrate materials, fabrication technologies, surface modification methods, injection methods, detection techniques, and so on, which influence the performance of the chip‐based
CE
. Moreover, the applications of the chip‐based
CE
are also summarized. In addition, future developments in the related research field have also been discussed.
Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Sánchez‐López E. , Castro‐Puyana M. , Marina M.L. , Crego A.L.
Published: November 2015

The enantiomeric separation of chiral compounds is nowadays a promising topic in analytical sciences.
CE
is considered as a well‐established tool to perform chiral separations of a wide range of analytes in different research fields such as pharmaceutical, food and chemical industries, and clinical and environmental laboratories. Due to its numerous advantages such as high efficiency, simplicity, and low consumption of reagents, chiral selectors, and samples,
CE
plays an important role in the separation of enantiomers. Advantages and limitations of the different
CE
modes are displayed in the present chapter, discussing their possibilities and the actual trends. Hyphenation with
MS
detection is also discussed, highlighting the potential of this coupling as well as its weaknesses and, the most commonly used strategies to minimize its drawbacks. Most recent and relevant applications of chiral
CE
are summarized and illustrated with tables including the analysis of pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples, food and beverages, and agrochemicals. Finally, concluding remarks and future trends are also included describing the actual state of the art and challenges of chiral
CE
techniques.
Field Flow Fractionation
Authors: Lespes Gaëtane , Gigault Julien , Battu Serge
Published: November 2015

This chapter discusses the principle and theory, instrumentation, and main applications of field flow fractionation (FFF). As material sciences, environmental management, and biology/ medicine generate large expectations about characterization of nano‐ and microsized analytes, particular attention is given to these areas of applications. FFF is based on the migration of analytes in a liquid (mobile phase) flowing through a channel. Fractionation occurs in the channel for which there are different versions according to the different natures of fields applied. FFF is of great interest for analytical strategies based on separation and characterization of nano‐ and microsized analytes. Therefore, FFF is involved in a wide range of applications concerning analytes of extremely varied origins (natural, nonintentionally produced, or manufactured) and nature (organic, inorganic, or both; particles, macromolecules, living organisms, and emulsions).
Separations with a Liquid Stationary Phase: Countercurrent Chromatography or Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
Authors: Berthod Alain , Faure Karine
Published: November 2015

Ever since Yoichiro Ito reported the separation of blood plasma cells with a sealed helical tube in 1966, countercurrent chromatography (
CCC
) has been a fertile ground for instrumental and technical innovations. The key innovation of
CCC
was to use centrifugal forces to retain the stationary liquid phase in the column in such a way that it can interact dynamically with mobile phase without any solid support. The great diversity of countercurrent separation terminology reflects both the innovative spirit of the field and the global appeal of this technique. The selected biphasic liquid system is the core of the
CCC
technique. The
CCC
columns must be able to generate the centrifugal field needed to maintain the liquid stationary phase. They cannot be a simple tube with frits at both ends. Rotors, gears, spools, and rotating seals are very specific things that are not needed in classical
LC
with a solid stationary phase. This chapter describes the commercially available
CCC
columns and few practical examples. The special terminology used in
CCC
is explained sorting terms into three classes: the terms linked to the
CCC
instrumentation, the terms linked to
CCC
operation, and the terms coming from the biphasic liquid system.
Fast and Miniaturized Chromatography
Authors: Socas‐Rodríguez Bárbara , Herrera‐Herrera Antonio V. , González‐Curbelo Miguel Ángel , González‐Sálamo Javier , Hernández‐Borges Javier
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides a general overview of the different aspects, characteristics, and applications that involve the use of fast liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) as well as the miniaturized versions of both techniques such as capillary/nano‐LC, micro‐GC, capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and chips. Moreover, the primary objective of the early use of GC techniques was to completely resolve multi‐component mixtures in complex matrices and the attention on analysis time was delayed. The chapter presents the current trends in fast LC separations, which involve monolith technologies, fused core columns, sub‐2 μm particles, high‐temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC), and ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), as well as fast GC separations that can be basically achieved by the use of narrow‐bore columns, fast temperature programming, or low‐pressure gas chromatography (LPGC).
Main uses of Microwaves and Ultrasounds in Analytical Extraction Schemes: an Overview
Authors: Pacheco‐Fernández Idaira , González‐Hernández Providencia , Rocío‐Bautista Priscilla , Trujillo‐Rodríguez María José , Pino Verónica
Published: November 2015

The utilization of microwaves and/or ultrasounds in analytical extraction procedures is a common practice nowadays. Both extraction approaches can be classified as routine/conventional tools. This chapter intends to give an overview of main applications of microwaves and/or ultrasounds as neat analytical approaches, assisting other extraction methods, or combined with other procedures in a hybrid strategy. Advances in the instrumentation together with the utilization of novel solvents will be also highlighted. The chapter will also show most common applications as a function of the nature of the analyte or the kind of sample analyzed.
Membrane‐assisted Separations
Authors: Jönsson Jan Åke
Published: November 2015

Various membrane‐based extraction techniques are used for sample pretreatment in analytical chemistry prior to using chromatographic or other techniques for the final determination. Such techniques show several advantages over other extraction. They lead to large selectively for several types of analytes in even complex samples and high‐concentration enrichment, easily thousands of times. The most common format for membrane extraction involves hollow‐fiber membranes. This permits easy, convenient, and cost‐effective operation. Many applications involve the liquid chromatographic determination of polar and medium‐polar compounds as acids and bases in samples of environmental and biological origin. Also, the determination of nonpolar compounds in, for example, environmental samples, followed by gas chromatography is described.This chapter describes the basic theoretical and practical principles for the common types of membrane extraction, together with some applications.
Solid‐Phase Extraction
Authors: Ozbek Nil , Baysal Asli , Akman Suleyman , Dogan Mehmet
Published: November 2015

Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation process that uses solid particle as sorbents, to chemically or physically separate the different components of a liquid or gas sample. It can be either used for
extraction
, that is, removal of sample matrix/concentrating compounds with a small volume of eluent or for
cleanup
that is, to remove unwanted molecules from the sample. When using SPE, the user should be aware of different strategies (extraction, fractionation, and cleanup), different interactions between components and sorbents (normal phase, reversed phase, ion‐exchange, and molecular recognition), different formats (syringe barrel, disk type, packed bed, pipette tip, well‐plate, and spin column), and different sampling types (online and offline
SPE
) for different applications.The objective of this chapter is to provide a simple explanation for
SPE
techniques and give some examples for new SPE materials. In the chapter, first,
SPE
's development history has been explained. Furthermore, theoretical background and
SPE
strategies have been described with detailed figures. Second, types of
SPE
interactions and sample requirements are clarified using tables. In addition to that
SPE
formats and online SPE applications are mentioned. Finally, different sorbents used in
SPE
applications in the last decade have been explained by giving their advantages and disadvantages.
“Omics” and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ferranti Pasquale , Nitride Chiara , Gallo Monica
Published: November 2015

Extensive research has shown that data generated by the various omic technologies represent a unique resource for biologists. This chapter explores how classical approaches to study biological processes, such as those used in chemistry, biochemistry, immunology, and genetics, intersect with the new omics technologies to advance the understanding of biological systems by examination of case studies of general interest for researchers. It explores the development of simple and robust methods for understanding the meaning of omics data in biomedical sciences. The chapter highlights that instead of looking at one potential biomarker at a time, the new techniques in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and glycomics have allowed researchers to identify patterns in the changes of many genes and compounds that correlate with disease state. Mass spectrometry (MS) and spectroscopic techniques are the key analytical platforms on which the emerging omics technologies are based.
Food Applications: Using Novel Sample Preparation Modes
Authors: González Mónica , González Venerando
Published: November 2015

For safety, sensory, nutritional, and commercial reasons, the entire process from food production and packaging to introduction into the market must be carefully monitored. Sample preparation is the most critical step in the analysis of foods, because the isolated analytes must reflect the condition in which they are found in the natural food matrix, with no changes in their chemical configuration. Conventional techniques used to prepare food samples prior to analysis have several drawbacks: they are often laborious and time‐consuming, have low extraction yield and/or low selectivity, and require large amounts of solvents and reagents. Therefore, more effective, selective, environmentally friendly and safer techniques are being developed to extract analytes from food samples. In this chapter some of the most innovative techniques used to analyze foods are outlined, briefly discussing some of their advantages and drawbacks.
Forensic Applications
Authors: Guerreiro Matías Calcerrada , López‐López María , Fernández de la Ossa Ma Ángeles , García‐Ruiz Carmen
Published: November 2015

The forensic process encompasses many stages from the initial investigation of a crime scene to the presentation of witness testimony in court. Most of the current analytical techniques used to analyze forensic evidence require a sample preparation prior to the analytical stage. This chapter provides an overview of the novel sample preparation modes, published up to date, for samples of forensic interest. This information has been grouped into the three following themes: explosives and related samples, drugs and toxicological analysis, and other forensic samples. The identification of explosives and related samples has become a heightened priority in recent years for homeland security and counterterrorism applications. The chapter also discusses drug analyses and forensic toxicology. A transition to noninvasive and nondestructive analysis avoiding any sample treatment is expected in the near future for most forensic evidence.
Evaluation of Magnesium Die‐Casting Alloys for Elevated Temperature Applications: Castability
Authors: Easton Mark A. , Zhu Suming , Abbott Trevor B. , Dargusch Matthew , Murray Morris , Savage Gary , Hort Norbert , Gibson Mark A.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a thorough evaluation of the castability of the most common Mg die‐casting alloys developed for elevated temperature applications. The alloys evaluated include AS31, AJ52, MRI153A, MRI153M, MRI230D, AXJ530, AE44, and AM‐HP2plus. Among the various alloys evaluated, AE44, MRI153A, and AS31 are found to have better castability than the other alloys. AM‐HP2plus also has acceptable castability, but it shows signs of hot tearing in some samples. The alloys containing significant levels of Ca, such as MRI153M, MRI230D, and AXJ530, tend to oxidize rapidly, leading to poor melt handling. The comparison of the castability of the selected alloys sheds some light on alloying elements that are of greatest importance in developing a castable alloy.
Cellulose‐Rich Nanofiber‐Based Functional Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Li Shun , Huang Jianguo
Published: November 2015

Surface self‐assembly of functional molecules or nanoscale building blocks is an effective strategy for the syntheses of advanced materials. Natural cellulose‐rich substances have unique macro‐to‐nano hierarchical structural features. The fabrication of nanoarchitectures, employing specific guest species on the surfaces of the fine structures of such substances, results in corresponding artificial nanomaterials that possess the chemical functionalities and physical properties of both sides. Metal oxide thin film coatings with nanometer precision on the nanofibers of bulk cellulose‐rich substances not only yield replicas of nanostructured materials, but also make it possible for further assemblies of functional units on the surfaces. Hence, nanostructured metal oxides and further composites, as well as surface‐functionalized cellulose‐based composites are fabricated by employing cellulose‐rich substances as templates or scaffolds. The three‐dimensional cross‐linked porous structures, with the high surface area of the resultant nanomaterials or composites, lead to superior performance when employed as photocatalysts, electrode materials, and sensing matrices, on which this report is focused.
Gain Spectroscopy of Solution‐Based Semiconductor Nanocrystals in Tunable Optical Microcavities
Authors: Patel Robin K. , Trichet Aurélien A. P. , Coles David M. , Dolan Philip R. , Fairclough Simon M. , Leontiadou Marina A. , Tsang S. C. Edman , Binks David J. , Jang Eunjoo , Jang Hyosook , Taylor Robert A. , Smith Jason M.
Published: November 2015

The lasing behavior of solution‐based colloidal quantum dots within an open microcavity is reported. The small size and wide tunability of the cavity provide single mode lasing over a wavelength range in excess of 25 nm. By extracting the lasing threshold and differential gain for the fundamental cavity mode over this spectral range, gain spectroscopy of the quantum dot solution is demonstrated. This new approach could help in the optimization of laser gain media and provides a way of constructing miniature laser arrays for on‐chip integration.
Multifunctional Coatings from Scalable Single Source Precursor Chemistry in Tandem Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Lai Yi‐Hsuan , Palm David W. , Reisner Erwin
Published: November 2015

The straightforward and inexpensive fabrication of stabilized and activated photoelectrodes for application to tandem photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is reported. Semiconductors such as Si, WO3, and BiVO4 can be coated with a composite layer formed upon hydrolytic decomposition of hetero­bimetallic single source precursors (SSPs) based on Ti and Ni, or Ti and Co in a simple single‐step process under ambient conditions. The resulting 3d‐transition metal oxide composite films are multifunctional, as they protect the semiconductor electrode from corrosion with an amorphous TiO2 coating and act as bifunctional electrocatalysts for H2 and O2 evolution based on catalytic Ni or Co species. Thus, this approach enables the use of the same precursors for both photoelectrodes in tandem PEC water splitting, and SSP chemistry is thereby established as a highly versatile low‐cost approach to protect and activate photoelectrodes. In an optimized system, SSP coating of a Si photocathode and a BiVO4 photoanode resulted in a benchmark noble metal‐free dual‐photoelectrode tandem PEC cell for overall solar water splitting with an applied bias solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 0.59% and a half‐life photostability of 5 h.
Chronic myeloid leukemia: First‐line drug of choice
Authors: Jabbour Elias
Published: November 2015

The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has drastically changed the treatment outcome of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib was the first TKI approved, and has been considered the standard of care for more than a decade. Second generation compounds, namely dasatinib and nilotinib, are highly effective in newly diagnosed patients as well as those who fail imatinib. Second generation TKIs have been demonstrated to induce deeper and faster responses compared to imatinib, however no survival advantage has been observed so far. Today, the expected survival of CML patients, if properly managed, is likely to be similar to the general population. Clinicians are faced the challenge of making decision for which TKI to choose upfront. Comorbidities of the patient, the side effect profile, and the cost of the TKI of interest should be an important consideration in decision making. Whatever TKI is chosen as frontline, noncompliance or treatment failure should be recognized early as a prompt intervention increases the chance of achieving best possible response. Herein, we review the frontline options for the management of patients with CML and how to best choose these agents. Am. J. Hematol. 91:59–66, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classic and extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma in 51 HIV‐infected patients from a single institution
Authors: Guillet Stéphanie , Gérard Laurence , Meignin Véronique , Agbalika Felix , Cuccini Wendy , Denis Blandine , Katlama Christine , Galicier Lionel , Oksenhendler Eric
Published: November 2015

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis. Lymphoma cells are always infected with human herpesvirus‐8 (HHV‐8) and in most cases coinfected with Epstein‐Barr virus. In classic presentation, PEL is characterized by body cavity effusions with or without mass lesions. A variant with only extracavitary localization has also been described. We report on a large single‐center series of patients with PEL in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The main objective was to compare the characteristics and the outcome of patients with classic (n = 34) and extracavitary (n = 17) variant PEL. At PEL diagnosis, no major difference was observed between the two groups in terms of demographic and HIV characteristics. Extracavitary localizations were exclusively nodal in six patients and involved various organs in 11 patients. Another HHV‐8‐associated disease was observed in 31 patients, Kaposi sarcoma in 25, and multicentric Castleman disease in 18 patients, without difference between the two groups. Thirty‐two patients were treated with CHOP associated with high‐dose methotrexate, 13 were treated with CHOP‐derived regimen alone, and six patients received low‐dose/no chemotherapy. Complete remission was achieved in 21 (62%) and seven (41%) patients of the classic and extracavitary groups, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 10.2 months. Despite a higher disease‐free survival in the extracavitary group, there was no difference in OS between the two variants. Based on this series, characteristics of classic and extracavitary variants were very close. Although prognosis of PEL remains very severe in cART era, the median survival compares favorably with earlier series. Am. J. Hematol. 91:233–237, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions and relevance of blast percentage and treatment strategy among younger and older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
Authors: DiNardo Courtney D. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Pierce Sherry , Nazha Aziz , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Jabbour Elias , Ravandi Farhad , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: November 2015

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is defined as ≥20% myeloblasts, representing a change from original guidelines where ≤30% blasts were considered as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and 20–29% blasts classified as refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB‐T). Whether the diagnostic bone marrow blast percentage has current value with regards to patient prognostication or identification of optimal treatment strategies is unclear. We retrospectively studied 1652 treatment‐naïve adults with MDS or AML and ≥10% blasts from January 2000 to April 2014. Patients with 20–29% blasts were more similar to MDS patients in terms of advanced age, increased frequency of poor‐risk cytogenetics, lower WBC count, and less frequent NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD mutations. Median overall survival of MDS and RAEB‐T were similar, 16.0 and 16.0 months, compared to 13.5 months for AML with ≥30% blasts (P = 0.045). Multivariate analysis showed inferior survival with increased age (HR 1.81 age 60–69, HR 2.68 age ≥70, P < 0.0005); poor‐risk cytogenetics (HR 2.25, P < 0.0005); therapy‐related disease (HR 1.44, P < 0.0005); and markers of proliferative disease including WBC ≥25 × 109/L (HR 1.35, P = 0.0003), elevated LDH count (HR 1.24, P = 0.0015), and peripheral blasts (HR 1.25, P = 0.004). Among younger patients (≤60 years), intensive AML‐type therapy resulted in similar outcomes regardless of blast percentage, suggesting this to be optimal therapy in this context. Among older patients (≥70 years), patients with 20–29% blasts had similar outcomes to patients with <20% blasts, and better than those with ≥30% blasts. In addition, among older patients, epigenetic therapy provided at least equivalent outcome to intensive chemotherapy. Am. J. Hematol. 91:227–232, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: Contemporary review and how we treat
Authors: Gangat Naseema , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: November 2015

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal stem cell disorders with an inherent tendency for leukemic transformation. Diagnosis is currently based on the presence of peripheral blood cytopenias, peripheral blood and bone marrow dysplasia/blasts, and clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. With the advent of next generation sequencing, recurrent somatic mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation (TET2, ASXL1, EZH2, DNMT3A, IDH1/2), RNA splicing (SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1, ZRSR2), DNA damage response (TP53), transcriptional regulation (RUNX1, BCOR, ETV6) and signal transduction (CBL, NRAS, JAK2) have been identified in MDS. Conventional prognostication is by the revised International prognostic scoring system (IPSS‐R) with additional adverse prognosis conferred by presence of ASXL1, EZH2, or TP53 mutations. Currently Food and Drug administration (FDA)‐approved drugs for the treatment of MDS are not curative and their effect on survival is limited; they include the hypomethylating agents (HMA) azacitidine and decitabine and lenalidomide for MDS with isolated del(5q). To date, allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) remains the only treatment option for possible cure. Given the current lack of drugs with convincing evidence of favorable effect on survival, we consider ASCT as the treatment of choice for most patients with symptomatic disease, and especially for those with high‐risk disease. For nontransplant candidates, participation in clinical trials is preferred over conventional therapy. There is not one right way of treatment for patients who are not candidates for either ASCT or clinical trials and palliative drugs of choice depend on the clinical problem, such as symptomatic anemia (ESAs, danazol, HMA), thrombocytopenia (HMA), or neutropenia (myeloid growth factors). Conversely, there is no controlled evidence to support the use of iron chelating agents in MDS. Going forward, we believe it is time to incorporate mutation information in clinically derived prognostic models in MDS and encourage development of novel drugs with disease‐modifying activity. Am. J. Hematol. 91:76–89, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strukturell definierte molekulare hypervalente Iod‐Katalysatoren für intermolekulare enantioselektive Reaktionen
Authors: Haubenreisser Stefan , Wöste Thorsten H. , Martínez Claudio , Ishihara Kazuaki , Muñiz Kilian
Published: November 2015

Die Molekülstrukturen der gegenwärtig besten chiralen, nichtracemischen hypervalenten Iod(III)‐Reagentien wurden zum ersten Mal aufgeklärt. Die induzierte Bildung einer chiralen supramolekularen Struktur basierend auf Wasserstoffbrücken liefert eine Erklärung für die konsequent hohen asymmetrischen Induktionen mit diesen Reagentien. Ihr Anwendungsbereich wurde auf die enantioselektive Dioxygenierung von Alkenen erweitert. Eine Reihe von terminalen Styrolen wurde entsprechend unter milden Bedingungen in die Produkte der vicinalen Diacetoxylierung überführt. Bei dieser Umwandlung handelt es sich um die erste intermolekulare asymmetrische Oxidation von Alkenen unter Iod(I/III)‐Katalyse.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfinates from Boronic Acids and DABSO: A Redox‐Neutral, Phosphine‐Free Transformation
Authors: Deeming Alex S. , Russell Claire J. , Willis Michael C.
Published: November 2015

A redox‐neutral palladium(II)‐catalyzed conversion of aryl, heteroaryl, and alkenyl boronic acids into sulfinate intermediates, and onwards to sulfones and sulfonamides, has been realized. A simple Pd(OAc)2 catalyst, in combination with the sulfur dioxide surrogate 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(sulfur dioxide) (DABSO), is sufficient to achieve rapid and high‐yielding conversion of the boronic acids into the corresponding sulfinates. Addition of C‐ or N‐based electrophiles then allows conversion into sulfones and sulfonamides, respectively, in a one‐pot, two‐step process.
Air Passivation of Chalcogen Vacancies in Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors
Authors: Liu Yuanyue , Stradins Pauls , Wei Su‐Huai
Published: November 2015

Defects play important roles in semiconductors (SCs). Unlike those in bulk SCs, defects in two‐dimensional (2D) SCs are exposed to the surrounding environment, which can potentially modify their properties/functions. Air is a common environment, yet its impact on the defects in 2D SCs still remains elusive. Here we study the interaction between air and chalcogen vacancies (VX), the most typical defects in 2D SCs. Although the interaction is weak for most molecules in air, O2 can be chemisorbed at VX with a barrier that correlates with the SC cohesive energy and can be overcome even at room temperature for certain SCs. Importantly, the chemisorbed O2 changes the VX from commonly believed harmful carrier‐traps to electronically benign sites. This unusual behavior originates from the isovalence between O2 and X when bonded with metal. Based on these findings, a facile approach is proposed to improve the performance of 2D SCs by using air/O2 to passivate the defects.
Dative Bonding between Group 13 Elements Using a Boron‐Centered Lewis Base
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dewhurst Rian D. , Pentecost Leanne , Radacki Krzysztof , Vargas Alfredo , Ye Qing
Published: November 2015

An electron‐rich monovalent boron compound is used as a Lewis base to prepare adducts with Group 13 Lewis acids using both its boron and nitrogen sites. The hard Lewis acid AlCl3 binds through a nitrogen atom of the Lewis base, while softer Lewis acids GaX3 (Cl, Br, I) bind at the boron atom. The latter are the first noncluster Lewis adducts between a boron‐centered Lewis base and a main‐group Lewis acid.
Aggregation effects on water base Al2O3—nanofluid over permeable wedge in mixed convection
Authors: Ellahi R. , Hassan M. , Zeeshan A.
Published: November 2015

Two‐dimensional heat transfer flow of a nanofluid in the neighborhood of a stagnation point flow in the presence of mixed convection is investigated. The mathematical model consists of continuity and the momentum equations, while a new model is proposed to see the effects aggregations on water base Al2O3 nanofluid over permeable wedge. The variable wall temperature is taken into account. The Mathematica package based on homotopy analysis method is used to solve this problem. Several aspects of the aggregation parameters on velocity and temperature profiles of nanofluid are investigated and shown graphically with respect to the physical parameters involved in it. The tabular results are demonstrated for heat transfer rate and skin friction coefficient. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction and properties of epoxy‐amine system modified with poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone)
Authors: Liu Rui , Wang Jinyan , He Qinzheng , Zong Lishuai , Jian Xigao
Published: November 2015

An epoxy based on the tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl‐ methane (TGDDM)/bisphenol A type novolac(F‐51) cured with 4,4′‐diaminidiphenysulfone (DDS) has been modified with Poly (phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone)(PPENK). The interaction between the PPENK and epoxy resin have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), FT‐IR, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The thermal and mechanical properties were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), flexural, impact strength, and the critical stress intensity factor tests. The results showed that a large number of physical crosslinks formed by intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding indeed existed in the TGDDM/F‐51/PPENK blends. These interactions gave good compatibility between PPENK and epoxy resin. So that any phase separation had not been detected by DMA and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Beyond that the interaction could also be a benefit to the thermal and mechanical properties. Compared with the neat epoxy resin, the critical stress intensity factor values reached the maximum at 10‐phr PPENK, as well as the impact strength. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42938.
Synthesis of aminated glycidyl methacrylate grafted rice husk and investigation of its anion‐adsorption properties
Authors: Temesgen Tatek , Park Hyunju , Na Choonki
Published: November 2015

In this study, we focused on the synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacity testing of aminated glycidyl methacrylate grafted rice husk (RH‐g‐GMA–Am). Our goal was to obtain a high‐performance surface for the adsorption of various anions. Glycidyl methacrylate grafted rice husk (RH‐g‐GMA) was prepared by the graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate with rice husk; the product was further subjected to an amination reaction. The surface properties, sorption characteristic functional groups, isotherm and kinetic studies, pore diffusion models, and effects of the temperature and pH on the material properties were studied under batch conditions. The IR spectroscopy results show additional surface functional groups for RH‐g‐GMA–Am. The adsorptions of
and
on RH‐g‐GMA–Am were found to follow pseudo‐second‐order kinetics; this indicated a possible dominant role played by chemisorption. The rate‐limiting step for mass transfer was found to be boundary layer diffusion. Furthermore, the sorption isotherms for
and
fit the Langmuir model. The amination of RH‐g‐GMA drastically increased the removal efficiency from 3 to 82% and from 6 to 93% for
and
, respectively. Moreover, RH‐g‐GMA–Am exhibited a better
removal efficiency in the pH range of 4–6.5. Regeneration studies revealed that the surface of RH‐g‐GMA–Am could be regenerated repetitively by simple acid washing with an insignificant decrease in the active surface for consecutive adsorptions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43002.
Multilayer photoactive nanocolloidal PPy:PSS as a novel substitute for Pt free counter electrode in DSSC
Authors: Maruthamuthu S. , Chandrasekaran J. , Manoharan D. , Karthick S. N. , Kim Hee‐Je
Published: November 2015

Water dispersible and highly processable, Polypyrrole (PPy) nanocolloidal particles were synthesized by chemical oxidation polymerization with 15 wt % of anionic polyelectrolyte poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) at 5°C has been reported in this work. This polymer composite (PPy:PSS) was competent with conventional Pt counter electrode (CE) when compared for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Morphological analysis revealed smooth and spherical shaped nanoparticles of PPy. Interaction between the SO3H groups and Py units in PPy improved the thermal stability of PPy with higher doping levels of PSS. The nanocolloidal solution was spin coated at 4000 rpm. The layer by layer, self‐assembled multilayer thin films were used as CE in DSSCs. There was a linear dependence of DSSCs performance with film roughness for the self‐assembled multilayer PPy:PSS films. Single layer films showed better electrocatalytic behavior than multilayer films. All the PPy:PSS films had good electrochemical stability. The DSSC efficiency of 3.40% was observed for chemically oxidized PPy with 15 wt % PSS for single layer film, with a highest FF of 0.7154. The low cost, good performance, rapid and simple fabrication method of PPy:PSS composite modified CE could be a potential alternative for Pt in the DSSCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43114.
A novel mono‐methacryloyloxy terminated fluorinated macromonomer used for the modification of UV curable acrylic copolymers
Authors: Tan Jianquan , Liu Weiqu , Wang Honglei , Sun Yang , Wang Shijian
Published: November 2015

A novel macromonomer containing fluorinated units (PHFBMA‐GMA) was synthesized through a two‐step procedure: firstly, hexafluoro‐butyl methacrylate (HFBMA) was polymerized in the presence of functional chain transfer agent 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and then the carboxyl acid group terminated polymer was end‐capped with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Chemical structures of PHFBMA‐GMA were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Subsequently, PHFBMA‐GMA was employed as reactive surface additives added into UV‐cured polyacrylate to modify UV‐curable coatings. It is convenient to control the tail length of the fluorinated segments in this study by adjusting the ratio of initiator and chain transfer agent. The influence of both the concentration and the molecular weight of PHFBMA‐GMA on the surface properties of UV‐cured films was investigated. With increasing both the concentration and the molecular weight of PHFBMA‐GMA, the surface energy of the UV‐cured films decreased. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to characterize and quantify the surface composition and the results confirm the enrichment of fluorinate atoms on the surface. Moreover, the physical properties of UV‐cured films, such as gel content, water absorption, pencil hardness, adhesion, chemical resistance, mechanical properties, optical transmittance, and thermal properties, were also investigated in detail. The novel macromonomer was economical but effective to modify the properties of the UV‐curable coatings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43116.
Bridging the gap between basic and clinical sciences: A description of a radiological anatomy course
Authors: Torres Anna , Staśkiewicz Grzegorz J. , Lisiecka Justyna , Pietrzyk Łukasz , Czekajlo Michael , Arancibia Carlos U. , Maciejewski Ryszard , Torres Kamil
Published: November 2015

A wide variety of medical imaging techniques pervade modern medicine, and the changing portability and performance of tools like ultrasound imaging have brought these medical imaging techniques into the everyday practice of many specialties outside of radiology. However, proper interpretation of ultrasonographic and computed tomographic images requires the practitioner to not only hone certain technical skills, but to command an excellent knowledge of sectional anatomy and an understanding of the pathophysiology of the examined areas as well. Yet throughout many medical curricula there is often a large gap between traditional anatomy coursework and clinical training in imaging techniques. The authors present a radiological anatomy course developed to teach sectional anatomy with particular emphasis on ultrasonography and computed tomography, while incorporating elements of medical simulation. To assess students' overall opinions about the course and to examine its impact on their self‐perceived improvement in their knowledge of radiological anatomy, anonymous evaluation questionnaires were provided to the students. The questionnaires were prepared using standard survey methods. A five‐point Likert scale was applied to evaluate agreement with statements regarding the learning experience. The majority of students considered the course very useful and beneficial in terms of improving three‐dimensional and cross‐sectional knowledge of anatomy, as well as for developing practical skills in ultrasonography and computed tomography. The authors found that a small‐group, hands‐on teaching model in radiological anatomy was perceived as useful both by the students and the clinical teachers involved in their clinical education. In addition, the model was introduced using relatively few resources and only two faculty members. Anat Sci Educ 9: 295–303. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.