bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Hydroponic Lettuce Grown With Conventional and Organic Fertilizers [Cornell University]
Authors: Lau Vanessa M. , Mattson Neil S.
Published: September 2020

H2O2, commonly referred to as hydrogen peroxide, is an unstable oxidizing agent often used by hydroponic growers to help clear unwanted biofilm and pathogenic microorganisms by releasing free radicals that interact with the microbes. Other byproducts produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide are simply H2O and O2. The released O2 increases the dissolved oxygen concentration in the root zone and may also help reduce oxygen losses to biofilm and microbial respiration. However, the suggested concentration of hydrogen peroxide varies greatly among hobbyists and are typically determined on a trial and error basis and excess H2O2 can cause damage to roots. With little to no scientifically backed information available on the topic, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of H2O2 concentrations in deep water culture hydroponics by assessing how it affects biofilm caused by the use of organic fertilizers, root development, and consequently, yield in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) ‘Oak Leaf’. In this experiment, three different treatments consisting of a control, 1.25 mL/L, and 2.5 mL/L of hydrogen peroxide are added to aerated 4-L reservoirs that are fertilized with either organic (4-1-1) or inorganic nutrients (21-5-20), both applied at 150 mg·L-1 N. Three replicates for each treatment and each fertilizer are prepared resulting in a total of eighteen reservoirs with one head of lettuce in each. By the end of this study, it was found that when added to conventional fertilizers, doses of 1.25 mL/L and 2.5 mL/L of hydrogen peroxide stunted the growth of or killed the heads of lettuce.  However, when applied to organic fertilizers, the lettuce yield nearly matched that of the conventionally fertilized control.
Undergraduates’ grade-point averages are dependent on their number of friends [Virginia Commonwealth University]
Authors: Tran Han G
Published: September 2020

According to National Center for Education Statistics (2018), in 2016-17, the average tuition fees for first-time, full-time undergraduates is $8,800 at 4-year public institutions, $16,300 at private for-profit institutions, or $33,500 at private nonprofit ones. The expense is either paid by students and their families or by private and governmental institutions. Either way, it is of everyone’s interest to ensure that the money spent is due, in comparison with the outcomes (high salary, skilled workers, etc.). Hence, it is crucial and beneficial to investigate what factors influence academic performance variable, measured in grade-point average (GPA). This paper investigated the relationship between the number of friends full-time college students have and their academic performance, retention, and persistence since the rate of retention and persistence and academic excellence are intercorrelate and often coexist. The difference in degrees of impact between high school friends and new college friends on undergraduates was examined. The benefits of social support arose from friendship on undergraduates’ welfare, academic retention and performance were explored. Outside factors that could potentially affect the relationship between the number of friends and GPA, such as gender, living arrangement, satisfaction with college environment and overall life were also assessed. It was established that the more friends an undergraduate student has, the more social support they perceive, the happier and more satisfied with college life they are, and the higher GPA they obtain. However, when the size of undergraduate’s network becomes too big, the available time for intimate friends and for studying is compensated, thinning the positive effect of social support and inflicting undergraduates’ potential capability and performance. Since the conclusion was generated from previous researches and reports, it would be beneficial to have surveys or experiments conducted to either disprove or further support the conclusion.
Epigenetic Influences on Plant Responses to the Environment [University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh]
Authors: Vickman Angela L , Smith Travis , Vandenboom Hayley , Dorn Lisa A.
Published: September 2020

Plants and animals may respond to changes in the environment at the molecular level by changing the amount of a gene product (a protein) to generate the appropriate behavior or physical structure (a phenotype) for that environment. For example, an extremely stressful environment can cause plants to reproduce immediately rather than waiting for conditions to improve. The molecular mechanisms for changing phenotype with environment (phenotypic plasticity) are not clear, however previous studies have shown plasticity may be the result of failing to change expression to maintain a phenotype or a deliberate change in expression altering the phenotype. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity, I am using a minION sequencing apparatus to re-sequence three inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana with extreme phenotypic plasticity differences and gene expression differences with the environment. I will specifically explore the role of methylated cytosines and adenines in gene expression.
The Effect of Psychological Perspectives on Stigmatic Thinking Regarding Mental Disorders [University of Wisconsin River Falls]
Authors: Sigwarth Evangeline , Sleichert Sydney , Seefeldt Richard
Published: September 2020

This study examined how an individual’s psychological perspective affects stigmatic thinking regarding mental disorders. Several research studies have examined how different explanations for mental disorders contribute to stigmatic thinking. For example, research done by Lebowitz et.al (2013) found that biochemical and genetic attributions for depression were associated with prognostic pessimism. Another study done by Lebowitz & Ahn (2014), found that mental health clinicians who held a biological perspective reported less empathy towards those who experience depression than did those that held psychosocial perspectives. Up until now, researchers have only differentiated between broad biological and psychological perspectives. This study went beyond previous research by breaking down both the biological and psychological perspectives into narrower theoretical explanations; and by attempting to assess the individual theoretical perspectives of each participant. The goal of this study was to determine whether different psychological perspectives of mental disorders related to stigmatic thinking.
A Humane Education After School Program Improves Empathy and Attitudes Towards Animals [Dominican University of California]
Authors: Nguyen Mia A
Published: September 2020

Humane education programs aim to teach participants about the ethical treatment of both wild and domesticated animals and to foster respect for and appreciation of animals. These programs are increasingly popular and offered at many animal shelters in the United States and internationally. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these programs in improving children’s treatment of pets (Tardif-Williams & Bosacki, 2015). This study evaluated a semester long after school program offered at a humane society in Northern California. Two hundred and twenty nine participants (27 males) from 10 to 17 years old were enrolled in afterschool service clubs at the animal shelter over the course of 9 semesters from Spring 2014 through the Spring of 2018. The clubs met for 1.5 hours once a week, every other week for one semester. Two service clubs were offered each semester and each club had 12 students. The students engaged in hands on projects for the shelter, developed and hosted fund raising activities, participated in advocacy lessons, and depending of the age of the participant assisted in the care of some of the animals at the shelter. To assess the effects of participating in the afterschool club, on the first day of the club the students completed a 12 item scale developed by the researchers to measure humane attitudes towards animals and the Bryant Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (Bryant, 1982). The students completed the same measures at the last meeting of the club. Participants improved on both the measure of attitudes towards animals, which was the focus of the programs, and the measure of empathy. The improvement in empathy towards other people is particularly striking as that was not a focus of the program, and suggests that humane education can play an important role in increasing pro-social attitudes.
U.S. Clean Carbon Costs: An Investigation of Georgia Markets and Solar Technology [Kennesaw State University]
Authors: Tate Carnell , Palle Sridhar , Wagner Jeffrey
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates how geographical variations affect energy costs throughout the United States by using a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) model. The objective was to deconstruct a nationwide LCOE model and investigate the assumptions that are made on a state level; in this case, Georgia was the chosen sample to exhibit how challenges in solar technology affect the cost of clean carbon energy.
Race As An Adverse Childhood Experience [Florida State University]
Authors: Bradshaw Serena , Oehme Karen , Perko Ann
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to explore the issue of race as a trauma related to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). The research was specifically focused on the black individual’s experience of being black in America and how this affects the psyche in the role of healing. The goal of this research is to help researchers think about the profound effects of race and help strengthen the ACEs scale. The ACEs scale is a scale that identifies trauma which is linked to later life well-being and health. Identifying ACEs, carefully understanding them, and providing preventative measures allow for healing and resilience building. This research is not the first of its kind, but is the first to be applied to the ACE scale. Databases of research were searched to find materials that include, but were not limited to: ACES, black trauma, post-enslavement, the psyche of African Americans, and other dynamics in the black community which combine to make the assumption that race is a traumatic experience. There was also research on the similarities and parallels of trauma within other cultures and ethnic groups. This resulted in the provocative conclusion that race is in fact an adverse childhood experience related to trauma. With this notion in mind, racial traumas should be accounted for in the new ACEs scales in order to help improve the well-being of minority populations. This is essential in ACEs for minority communities, which will lead to better preventive measures and healing efforts that will be culturally sensitive and accurate.
The Interconnectivity of Word Interpretation and Emotional State [The University of North Carolina at Charlotte]
Authors: Martin Melissa Jean , Shanock Linda
Published: September 2020

The power of words to persuade, degrade, and implicate others is undeniable. Previous research (e.g. Lindquist, Satpute, & Gendron, 2015; Schnuerch et. al., 2016)support the hypothesis that emotions impact situational interpretation through studies of factors including perception of facial expression and tone of voice. The current study focused on the role of emotion in influencing word perception, specifically the perception of neutral words apparently void of positive or negative connotation. The research was governed by the hypothesis that when asked to rate the positivity of neutral words, participants’ ratings would mirror their levels of happiness. In other words, it was expected that a participant who was in a good mood during this study would rate neutral words more positively than a participant who was in a bad mood during this study. Sixty-two undergraduate students from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, aged 18-53, took part in this study. In an online survey, participants completed the Oxford Happiness Inventory quantifying their emotional state. They then rated the positivity of 25 neutral words on a scale where 1= extremely negative and 6 = extremely positive. This study found a significant, moderate positive correlation in the expected direction, supporting the hypothesis.
Relationship Between Sexual Assault and Development of Eating Disorders in Domestic and International College Women [Miami University]
Authors: Cefalo Jessica Lauren , Ward Rose Marie
Published: September 2020

One in four women will experience some form of sexual assault in their lifetime and 0.3-1% of women will experience anorexia nervosa in their lifetime (Hoek, 2006). Compared to other psychiatric disorders, anorexia has been found to have the highest mortality rate (Morris, 2007). Anorexia nervosa has a mortality rate of 10% (Insel, 2012). Additionally, college women seem to be at great risk for both eating disorders and experiencing sexual assault. While a few studies examine the relationship between eating disorder behavior and sexual assault, it is unclear if this risk is different across year in school and for those who are members of sororities. The objective of this study is to extend the literature by examining some groups who might be at higher or lower risk for both sexual assault and disordered eating. Given the higher rates of eating disorders and sexual assault, college women will be the focus of the current study. An anonymous online survey with census sampling was used to obtain the data for this study. It was only distributed to college students around the ages of 18-22. Data collection is ongoing. It is hypothesized that members of sororities and older students will have higher rates of both behaviors. Interventions can utilize the results of this study to target students who might be at a particularly higher risk. Implications will be discussed.
Community Health Workers and Community Based Research [Capstone College of Nursing, The University of Alabama]
Authors: Miller Abigail Hope , Quick Sarah , Kelley Mary Ann , Ford Cassandra D.
Published: September 2020

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are widely utilized within public health to serve their target populations in various capacities. Based on the specific intervention and target population, a CHW’s role can be modified to include health education, public health initiatives, patient advocacy, and specific topic knowledge. A long-standing obstacle is the retention of CHWs and the efficacy of their work in the community. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to distinguish the most effective characteristics of CHWs. This framework will be used to improve and evaluate a current CHW program in rural Alabama that targets breast cancer awareness in African American women. Methods: Two major databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used to identify studies that met inclusion criteria from the years 2010 through 2017. From the search, 15 relevant articles were found that highlight the qualities of effective community health worker interventions. Results: There were five prominent themes which emerged from the literature. Traits that were seen as important for an effective CHW included having knowledge of the topic, being a member of the community, having social and cultural competency, taking a personalized approach with the participants, and the efficiency of incentive-based interventions. Implications for Women’s health: It is important to take into account the CHWs, stakeholders, and participants opinions on what makes the interventions most effective. CHWs are often the link between rural communities and healthcare access. The traits found in this review of literature can be implemented in choosing effective CHWs in future rural women’s health programs. Choosing culturally competent, knowledgeable women to bring breast cancer education to rural communities aids these women in improving their health, preventing future health problems, and providing them with knowledge for early detection of health issues.
Openness in Adoption: Psychological Outcomes Among Birth Mothers [Weber State University]
Authors: Pastrana Laura Valentina , Rezaei Shireen , Brown Kailee , Sunday Steve
Published: September 2020

The adoption triad consists of the birth parents, adoptive parents and the adopted child. Birth parents are the least studied and understood member of the adoption triad. Research has found that emotional effects of relinquishment can be long term and create other psychological outcomes.The purpose of this study is to assess if the openness in adoption has an effect on the psychological outcomes of birth mothers. Working in conjunction with Forever Bound Adoption a cross section social survey will be disseminated to birth mothers over the age of 18 in the United States. These psychological outcomes will be assessed to determine if openness is related to the psychological outcomes of birth mothers after relinquishment. Findings will be utilized to bring awareness of potential problems in adoption and to increase knowledge of factors relating to more positive outcomes among birth mothers
Susceptibility of Stress Mindset in Response to Stress [University of West Florida]
Authors: Saulmon Tesa Nashaa , Yanovsky Sonia B. , Pham Paula T. , Taylor Morgan A. , Han Hui-ya , Pritchett Carolyn
Published: September 2020

Stress is often regarded as negative and debilitating to mental and physical health, but an alternative view is that stress can have a positive influence. These views are known as stress mindsets, and it can affect an individual’s quality of life. Crum et al.’s (2013) study successfully manipulated mindset by showing the participants short videos depicting stress as either negative or positive. Based on Crum et al.’s (2013) results, our research lab examined the effects of manipulated stress mindset, using these videos, on objective cognitive performance in Study 1.  In Study 1, the effect of stress mindset on cognitive performance was examined after stress induction. In Study 2, we will examine if stress mindset is easily influenced after stress induction, relative to no stress induction. We will evaluate the participants’ mindset change by comparing their baseline measurements to their measurements after mindset manipulation. The procedure will begin with measuring mindset with the Stress Control Mindset Measure and an implicit association test, and measuring stress with a current stress level scale and pulse oximeter. Cognitive performance will be measured with the Stroop task and Trail Making Task. The mindset manipulation will be implemented by randomly assigning either the positive, stress-is-enhancing video or the negative, stress-is-debilitating video. Then we will have the participants take the stress mindset measures and cognitive tasks again. We will compare these results with the results from Study 1. We hypothesize that participants who are not stressed (Study 2) will have an easier time changing their mindset after mindset manipulation, whereas participants who are stressed (Study 1) will have a harder time changing their mindset after mindset manipulation. Data collection has been completed and further statistical analysis will be conducted before April 2019.
Increased RTV in ADHD: A Novel Approach to Detect Inattention [Florida International University]
Authors: Nilchian Parsa , Mattfeld Aaron T.
Published: September 2020

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and the second most common mental condition in U.S. children, affecting more than 6.1 million individuals between the ages of 2-17 years. Defined by two behavioral features - inattention and hyperactivity - identifying and studying ADHD, especially related periods of inattention, a defining feature, poses an important limitation. Recent studies have identified elevated reaction time variability (RTV) as a reliable feature of ADHD, that may be related to periods of inattention. However, the neural mechanisms behind RTV, and thereby inattention, are not well understood. The default mode network (DMN) is a functional brain system responsible for internally-directed mental processes, that is active when not engaged in cognitively demanding externally directed tasks. Activation of the DMN during active states, thus, could disrupt externally directed behavior and related neurobiological mechanisms – perhaps acting as an internal distraction. We predicted that activation in the DMN during an externally directed task will be elevated during periods of increased RTV. Further, we anticipated DMN activation to precede abnormally slow responses. We used blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants with and without ADHD performed a standard sustained attention to response (SART) task. We then examined the activation of the DMN during episodes of aberrant RTV, defined as reaction times more than two standard deviations from the preceding measure of variability, to ascertain the nature of the aforementioned association. The neurobiological mechanisms that are related to the attention-deficit in ADHD must be better understood to aid in diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to be the first to provide comprehensive evidence of the neural underpinnings behind increased RTV and thereby inattention in individuals with ADHD. The current system to diagnose ADHD in children is based on potentially subjective behavioral observations by parents and teachers. Identifying increased RTV as a behavioral marker of ADHD with a well-characterized neurobiological mechanism may enable a more effective and objective method of diagnosis, resulting in more successful treatment outcomes and decreased costs of care for families of children with the disorder.
Social Media Marketing Platforms and Companies [University of West Georgia]
Authors: Hicks Alyse-Noel
Published: September 2020

This research focuses on Social Media Platforms/Companies, analyzing the top 20 platforms of 2018 worldwide, their annual reports, industry trends, and professional events. The goal of this research is to provide more insight to social media marketing in a digital age. The findings of this research can 1) help social media marketers understand the platforms well, 2) allow social media companies to formulate more effective strategies to attract users and businesses, and 3) give those interested in social media the opportunity to learn more about the media. The findings of this research will be written into a paper and submitted to an academic journal for publication. According to the latest social media statistics on the Ignite visibility website, 81% of the U.S. population has a social media account, which amounts to about 264 million people. On a bigger scope, the Statista website states that 2.62 billion people around the world have a social media account. Social media is going to stay and grow so it is important to perform more research on this topic.
Validity of Apple Watch Heart Rate Sensor Compared to Polar H10 Heart Rate Monitor [Georgia College and State University]
Authors: Weaver Lorin , Wooden Taylor , Grazer Jake
Published: September 2020

Introduction: In this day and age, technology is progressing faster than people know how to keep ahead of the advancements. The new era of technology and smartwatches can be a great benefit to healthcare systems around the world. They can be used for weight management, tracking aerobic exercise, and tracking heart rate. However, if smartwatches can be trusted to accurately help people in their everyday lives, then why aren’t doctors and trainers incorporating them into their outpatient instructions? Consequently, the purpose of this study is to observe the accuracy of Apple Watches and to assess if they are as reliable as the Polar Heart Monitors that can be found in exercise testing labs. Methods: Nine college-aged males and six females participated in the YMCA cycle submaximal test while wearing both a Polar Heart Rate Monitor (H10) and a series 3 or 4 Apple Watch to compare the accuracy of the Apple Watch device.  Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were taken during each stage of testing. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare the heart rate readings in each stage. Results: There was no statistical difference between the Apple Watch heart rate reading and the Polar Heart Monitor (p > 0.05).Discussion: Based on the results regarding heart rate through the different stages of the YMCA submaximal test, it appears as though the Apple Watch is comparable to the chest strap monitor during cycling. Previous research has shown similar findings during exercise on a treadmill, indicating that the chest strap and Apple Watch measured similar heart rate values (Gillinov et al., 2017) . Based on the findings of this study, it appears Apple Watch heart rate technology is comparable to chest strap heart rate monitors during various modes of physical activity.
Perceptions of Law Enforcement Towards Juvenile Offenders [Clark Atlanta University]
Authors: Evelyn Spencer , Talpade Medha
Published: September 2020

In the most recent statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJPD, 2017) recorded that in 2016 law enforcement agencies in the U.S made an estimated 856,130 arrests of persons under age 18. The topic of juvenile offenders has been a controversial debate for several years. Many argue that juveniles are not as fully developed mentally as adults and their crimes are generated from a youth’s mentality. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of juveniles by police officers. The purpose is to identify whether age, or the crime committed, and the outcome of that crime influences their perceptions. Additionally, exploring the police officers’ beliefs regarding the disciplinary actions for juveniles is an important consideration because it may influence their first contact treatment of the juvenile offender. The research questions that lead this study are: What are the perceptions of police officers about the disciplinary punishments for juvenile offenders? Purposeful sampling was used for the study. Participants were eligible if they were (1) worked as law enforcement for a minimum of 5 years, and (2) worked with juvenile offenders directly. A sample of 5 law enforcement officers, considered key informants, who worked with juvenile offenders, participated in this study. Data analyses was conducted with the Atlas Ti. Validation strategies such as member checking, rich thick descriptions, and reflexivity were used. Results of the overall themes indicated that most favor having early intervention and prevention programs for juveniles as well as rehabilitation instead of incarceration. Results should aid juvenile justice officials and use the perspectives inform interventions to prevent recidivism.
A Modern Critique for an Ancient Manuscript [University of Central Oklahoma]
Authors: Berry Lakrisha , Horton Amanda
Published: September 2020

The book most widely considered the epitome of Celtic illuminated manuscripts, The Book of Kells, is under review. This review will be conducted by critiquing the entire manuscript and putting it up to the design standards of today. The review consists of looking critically at the use of color, the readability of the writing, the use of decorative elements, and the effectiveness of the style which everything is illustrated in. During the course of the review it has been concluded that the Celtic people had a fine grasp on getting color onto the paper, however, lacked the knowledge to be able to use the colors effectively. The readability of the writing is less than easy. This being because of the use of thick black writing along with the need to connect almost every letter. The decorations and illustrations flung throughout the manuscript are pleasant distractions from the barely readable text. The readability of the illustrations was lacking also. When looking at the more involved illustrations they become a wall of color because of the lack of depth in each picture. The Book of Kells is a marvelous piece of history, and through its shortcomings the design community has been able to learn about the importance of choosing legible typefaces and that color scheme is an extremely important part of the design process.
Histological Variation in Plethodontid Digital Surfaces [University of Findlay]
Authors: Pasternak Megan , Rheubert Justin
Published: September 2020

Despite numerous investigations into the morphology and function of toe pads in many species, most notably anurans and geckonids, there is relatively little knowledge on salamander digit morphology. To date, toe morphology in salamanders has been limited to Desmognathus fuscus, Ambystoma maculatum, Bolitoglossa sp., and Aneides aeneus. The limited studies to date have shown variation inter- and intra-specifically but have not investigated numerous taxa within a given family which may provide deeper insights into the causes of variation (phylogenetic vs ecological pressures). Therefore, to test hypotheses concerning the presence of variation in the ventral digital surface of plethodontid salamanders, we plan to use various microscopy methodologies to view the ventral surface of the digital tips of three species from three different genera within the Plethodontidae: Desmognathus, Eurycea, and Plethodon. Toe pads will be characterized grossly using scanning electron microscopy, histologically using light microscopy, and ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy. Preliminary results suggest that all three species investigated display enlarged surfaces. Surface morphology (assessed via scanning electron microscopy) varies between species at a gross level concerning the shape and overall orientation of the enlarged surface. Surface morphologies include a well-developed circular pad (D. fuscus), a well-developed oval pad (P. cinereus), and a poorly developed circular pad (E. cirrigera). Furthermore, surface morphology appears to vary at the cellular level as well, with Desmognathus having polygonal squamous cells with microprojections and Eurycea having polygonal cells with nanopillars in a honeycomb arrangement. These differences may be attributed to differences in habitat preference as the three species tested include a terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and aquatic dwelling species. However, further investigation including light microscopy and enhanced scanning electron microscopy are needed. Further understanding of the morphological variation will aid in our understanding of ecomorphology and understanding of morphological evolution in amphibians.
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEALTH OUTCOMES IN COLLEGE STUDENTS [Kennesaw State University]
Authors: Adeyemo Anjie Ashley , Pearson Cameron , Bentley Brooke , Asberry Lora , Aldana Margot , Still Giovanni , Desarmes Jeavanie , Redd Chase , Muhammad Shaharazad , Osman Abeer , Buddie Amy , Pearcey Sharon
Published: September 2020

Research has shown that science-related majors who are exposed to information pertaining to their general and physical health have a better understanding of what is needed for a healthy lifestyle compared to their counterparts in majors outside of the sciences (Ferkel et al., 2014). Previous research has shown an increase in unhealthy choices amongst young adults, specifically college students (Abraham et al., 2018). The purpose of this research is to determine the extent to which students in different majors know correct information about their health. Questions via survey will be proposed to various majors at Kennesaw State University pertaining to different health topics with the goal of comparing different majors on their health knowledge or misconceptions. After the survey, there will be a post information guide to which the answers will be given. The purpose of the post information guide is to further educate college students about the choices they make and the effect those choices will have on their body and academic success. The questions will focus on how topics such as binge drinking, nutrition, water consumption, and disease prevention. This information could help us find which body of students have the most misconceptions about health and how to maintain a healthy lifestyle. This information could improve incoming and current students’ outlook on health. Also, this information could improve our university’s required wellness course by helping to inform instructors about health topics that are commonly misconstrued.
Pushing a Sled: Assessing its Impact on Gait Temporospatial Parameters in Young Healthy Adults [Texas Woman's University]
Authors: Hyder Aneesah , Swank Chad , Rosario Martin G
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND: Resistance exercise (RE) has been demonstrated as a superior modality for increasing muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, and motor performance. The sled used in this study is a novel device that provides proportional increase in resistance with increased speed. PURPOSE: To examine the impact of resistance on gait temporospatial parameters using a resistance sled in healthy young adults while walking and running. METHODS: Fifteen young adults (ages 21-35) were recruited to participate in this study. Sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) were placed on each subject at the chest, waist, both wrists, and ankles. Each participant performed three trials of 40 feet for the following conditions: self-paced walking (W), self-paced walking while pushing the sled (WP), and maximal speed running while pushing the sled (RP). RESULTS: A repeated measures MANOVA was conducted to compare gait temporospatial parameters across conditions. Results indicate significant differences (P <0.005) between all conditions for stride length, cadence, double support time, swing %, and stance %. Stride length decreased across all conditions: W (85+/-3.0), WP (68+/-4.1), and RP (56+/-7.0). Cadence decreased while WP (92+/-10.1), yet increased during RP (169+/-14.9), compared to W (109+/-6.7). During WP and RP, participants demonstrated greater gait cycle percentage in stance phase [(WP, stance phase: 66+/-1.6, swing phase: 34+/-1.6) and (RP, stance phase: 57+/-2.7, swing phase: 42+/-2.7)] when compared to W (stance phase: 37+/-2.1, swing phase: 37+/-2.2). CONCLUSIONS: Longer stance phase with proportional increase in resistance could be utilized as a combined resistance and gait training tool as opposed to only gait training. Future studies should focus on neuromuscular activation of the lower extremity, specifically the muscles involved in the gait cycle stance phase, when walking or running with resistance.
Genetic Analysis of Powassan virus Genotypes Circulating in North America [University of Findlay]
Authors: Huseman Kristen , Levitt Abby L
Published: September 2020

Powassan virus (POWV), a tick-borne flavivirus, is the only member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup found in North America. Two distinct lineages, prototype lineage (POWV, lineage I) and deer tick virus (DVT, lineage II) are maintained in enzootic transmission cycles by different tick species based on different geographical regions. In North America, Ixodes scapularis acts as the primary vector throughout the Northeast, and Ixodes cookei throughout the Midwest and much of Canada. Importantly, the incidence of human disease due to POWV has increased by 671% over the last 18 years; with DVT perhapes being the most worrisome genotype due to the wide spread range and prevalence of the vector species. The aim of this study is to assess the evolutionary dynamics of the POWV/DTV complex using the most current full-genome, envelope, and 3’UTR sequences available. Bayesian phylogenetic inferences support the two distinct, monophyletic lineages corresponding to POWV and DTV. Additional analysis were performed in order to quantify the degree to which viral phenotypic characters (such as geographic location, and host species utilization) are correlated with shared ancestry within the two different genotypes. The results of this phylogeny-trait correlation analysis suggest significant clustering of viral sequence by sample location. Such in situ evolution is compatible with the relatively limited distances traveled by most ticks and their prefered host species. Lastly, genetic recombination analysis shows no evidence of between genotype recombination, however further analysis needs to be conducted using within genotype recombination analysis as recombination events may be restricted to only closely genetically related viruses.
Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep Quality on Anxiety found in Adults [Kennesaw State University]
Authors: Yang Sarah , Annesi James
Published: September 2020

Abstract Background: The Anxiety and Depression Association of America claim that anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the United States. 18.1% of the population 18 years and older are reported to have been affected by anxiety. An increase in physical activity and an improvement in sleep quality have been found to be effective in the management of anxiety. This study was conducted to find correlations between anxiety, sleep quality, and physical activity. Methods: Adults (n=24, male and female, Mage = 44 years) were recruited for the study through convenience sampling. Participants completed a series of questionnaires that evaluated their mood, exercise-leisure habits, and sleep quality. Two Pearson correlation coefficients were done to determine a correlation between the three variables. Results: The correlation between anxiety and physical activity was statistically significant (r = -.42, p < .02, (r2=0.18), df= 21). The correlation found between and anxiety and sleep quality were also statistically significant (r = -.48, p < .02 (r2=.24), df = 22). The findings from both Pearson Correlation Coefficients indicated that there was a moderate association between anxiety, physical activity, and sleep quality. Conclusion: The results agreed with existing research on anxiety. Participants’ low to moderate levels of anxiety were supported by their physical activity level and sleep quality. Due to the limited nature of the study, further research and replication of the study is necessary to yield results that are more representative of the general public.
The Correlation between Menstrual Symptoms and College Academic Activities [University of West Florida]
Authors: Baldwin Kaitlyn , Nguyen Anna , Wayer Sarah , Leclaire Shelby , Morrison Kira , Han Hui-Ya
Published: September 2020

Sleep and the menstrual cycle are greatly intertwined, Both sleep and menstruation can affect each other: sleep quality can be related to the regularity and symptoms of the menstrual cycle. Women have poorer sleep quality during menstruation, including difficulties in falling asleep and maintaining sleep. Few studies have looked directly at the correlation between menstrual symptoms, sleep quality, stress, and college academic activities. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a correlation between female students’ menstrual cycle symptoms, stress levels, sleep quality, and academic activities. We are also investigating whether the students compensate for the negative effects of menstruation, how they compensate, and how much they compensate. For example, “Do you compensate for sub-optimal conditions caused by your menstrual symptoms and their severity? If yes, how so?” A preliminary survey will be given to qualify participants for the longitudinal study. Data for this longitudinal study will be gathered through a daily self-reported survey with semi-structured Likert-scale and open-ended questions, about severity of menstrual symptoms; sleep quality, study habits, stress levels, and academic activities both during and not during menstruation. In order to avoid recall error and ensure consistency, we will conduct a naturalistic observational and longitudinal study wherein participants will answer questions nightly over the course of two months. A regression statistical analysis will be conducted. To compare performance and academic habits, participants will be separated into three academic groups according to GPA: 2.5-2.9, 3.0-3.4, and 3.5+. We expect to find that, during menstruation, relative to non-menstruation, participants experience higher stress levels, poorer sleep quality, a difference in academic activities, and compensation for deficiencies, with students with higher GPAs having higher rates of compensation. Data collection will be conducted in March and data analysis will be completed by April 2019.
Wireless Power Transfer Solutions and Their Effectiveness [Georgia Institute of Technology]
Authors: Radcliff Johnathan , Harris Joyelle
Published: September 2020

My research focuses on the problems related to the creation of a wireless power transfer system designed for energy transmission at a distance of at least one meter. The project was created to provide data for the advancement of wireless power, specifically via radio frequency transmission. Previous research efforts that attempted to develop this technology have run into unforeseen obstacles that have hindered its consumer and commercial adoption. This research will yield more information into those barriers and what can be done to assist wireless power in its future development as an applied technology. To begin producing data, a wireless power system first must be created. The central design element of the transmitter was a Texas Instruments PLL and integrated VCO wideband frequency synthesizer programmed to output a 3.6GHz sine wave. That signal was then passed into a GaN amplifier integrated circuit from Analog Devices and finally transmitted via a wideband Molex antenna. The receiver circuit was much simpler, simply consisting of a second Molex antenna and a bridge rectifier circuit to convert the AC signal to DC. A multipurpose ATmega328 programs the frequency synthesizer on the transmitter and reads the voltage and current from the receiver with its integrated ADC. The research is currently still in progress, but the data that has been accumulated shows that transmission is possible but with lower power yields than initially expected. The maximum range of received power was one meter, but because the transmitted voltage and current did not meet the calculated values, the project must have reached one or more of the unknown obstacles in wireless power design. To isolate and learn more about them, the project will be revised to gather more data. It will change into different models of power transfer and be tested for their effectiveness for the benefit of future research in this topic.
Modification of Electrode Surfaces Via Chromium Deposition [Capital University]
Authors: Lankitus David Kenneth , Clark William J.
Published: September 2020

Microelectrode arrays are useful in electrochemical detection, having the advantage of lower signal to noise ratios compared to traditional sized electrodes. However, they can be expensive and complex to produce. A cheap, easy to produce, and renewable method of preparing microelectrode arrays in an undergraduate laboratory is therefore highly valuable. This project explores the efficacy of producing a random-microelectrode array by partial deposition of chromium onto an electrode surface, enhancing the study of electrochemistry in undergraduate laboratories. This study uses gold, platinum, and glassy carbon electrodes, ruthenium hexamine as a model electron acceptor, and K2Cr2O7 solution as a chromium source. Current results have produced evidence of microelectrode formation. All electrodes have been completely and partially inactivated by chromium deposition via reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and can be reactivated electrochemically as well. Deposition is achieved through direct current potential amperometry (DCPA) and illustrated through both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). CVs reveal reduction and oxidation of ruthenium hexamine with uncovered electrodes and a loss of reduction and oxidation with chromium covered electrodes. DPVs reveal similar results. The partial deposition that has been achieved can be difficult to replicate and varies with the electrode material. Background CV scans differ in active and inactivated electrodes, suggesting that capacitance varies with deposition. By measuring capacitance compared to deposition, insight regarding electrode coverage may be found. Experiments aimed at replicating published material on microelectrode production (Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 1753-1759) are also being performed to demonstrate similarities between results. Comparison to published work and refined methodology is needed to provide strong, reproducible evidence of random-microelectrode array production.
An Evaluation of the Nutrition and Health Awareness (NHA) Program on Health Knowledge, Health Literacy and Activity Levels
Authors: Brundage Sara , Errico William , Rana Daharsh , Enenbach Molly , Haworth Cassandra , Matthews Sarah , Bowers Colin , Galvin Nicholas , Manzouri Saman , Heinze Daniel , Johnson Antoinette
Published: September 2020

Research ObjectivesThe Nutrition and Health Awareness (NHA) program aims to educate and cultivate positive attitudes towards health and wellness in a school-based setting. Education on physical activity, diet, and oral hygiene were emphasized.  The study’s purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum on increasing physical activity and health knowledge.Study Design/Methods A team of medical students developed and administered lessons to 93 eligible 4th-grade students at Superstition Springs Elementary School on topics such as physical exercise, nutrition groups and labels, sugar metabolism, heart disease, and oral hygiene. At baseline (Week 0), participants were randomly assigned anonymized ID numbers and Fitbit Flex 2TM accelerometers, and completed a pre-intervention questionnaire evaluating their knowledge, health literacy and attitudes. Accelerometers were used to monitor activity levels throughout the duration of the six-week program. Five lessons were provided once weekly during Weeks 1–5. One week after lessons concluded, participants were again assessed using the questionnaire.Principal Findings and Quantitative/ Qualitative Results Ninety-three students participated in this research. Paired pre/post questionnaires (n=81) suggest students are more likely to exercise daily (p=0.021) and know more about their health (p=0.029). Students also scored higher on questions testing their cognitive ability to correctly identify healthy foods, portion sizes, importance of exercise, dental hygiene, and risk factors of diabetes and heart disease. Fitbit accelerometers recorded activity levels (n=84) as average steps students walked every week. Due to technical difficulties, no baseline (Week 0) average activity was established. Average activity levels over 5-week period did not differ due to inconsistent data collection.Conclusions/Impact on Health CentersApplication of the NHA program showed noteworthy improvements in health literacy, specifically in understanding of individual health, which suggests the curriculum’s potential to be used in an educational setting. Furthermore, by using a tool, such as the NHA questionnaire, to screen for health literacy in pediatric patients, healthcare providers can deliver personalized health education and care. Future research should focus on how to effectively measure activity levels, as well as how to involve the whole family in health and wellness improvement. Additionally, future research should be aimed at assessing long term retention of health knowledge.