bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Level of Response to Alcohol as a Factor for Targeted Prevention in College Students
Authors: Savage Jeanne E. , Neale Zoe , Cho Seung Bin , Hancock Linda , Kalmijn Jelger A. , Smith Tom L. , Schuckit Marc A. , Donovan Kristen Kidd , Dick Danielle M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Heavy alcohol consumption and alcohol problems among college students are widespread and associated with negative outcomes for individuals and communities. Although current methods for prevention and intervention programming have some demonstrated efficacy, heavy drinking remains a problem. A previous pilot study and a recent large‐scale evaluation (Schuckit et al., , ) found that a tailored prevention program based on a risk factor for heavy drinking, low level of response (low LR) to alcohol, was more effective at reducing heavy drinking than a state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) standard prevention program for individuals with the low LR risk factor.

Methods

This study enrolled 231 first‐semester college freshmen with either high or low LR into the same level of response‐based (LRB) or SOTA online prevention programs as in the previous reports (consisting of 4 weeks of video modules), as well as a group of matched controls not receiving alcohol prevention, and compared changes in alcohol use between these groups across a 6‐month period.

Results

Individuals in alcohol prevention programs had a greater reduction in maximum drinks per occasion and alcohol use disorder symptoms than controls. There was limited evidence for interactions between LR and prevention group in predicting change in alcohol use behaviors; only among participants with strict adherence to the program was there an interaction between LR and program in predicting maximum drinks per occasion. However, overall, low LR individuals showed greater decreases in drinking behaviors, especially risky behaviors (e.g., maximum drinks, frequency of heavy drinking) than high LR individuals.

Conclusions

These results indicate that prevention programs, including brief and relatively inexpensive web‐based programs, may be effective for persons at highest risk for heavier drinking, such as those with a low LR. Tailored programs may provide incremental benefits under some conditions. Long‐term follow‐ups and further investigations of tailored prevention programs based on other risk factors are needed.
Validation of a Brief Screening Tool for Alcohol‐Related Neuropsychological Impairments
Authors: Ritz Ludivine , Lannuzel Coralie , Boudehent Céline , Vabret François , Bordas Nadège , Segobin Shailendra , Eustache Francis , Pitel Anne‐Lise , Beaunieux Hélène
Published: October 2015

Background

Alcohol‐related neuropsychological impairments mainly affect episodic memory, working memory, and visuospatial abilities, as well as executive and motor functioning. These impairments can prevent alcoholic patients (ALs) early in abstinence from benefiting fully from treatment and reduce their ability to remain abstinent. A neuropsychological assessment seems essential for making the relevant clinical decisions. However, very few alcohol treatment departments have the financial and human resources needed to conduct an extensive neuropsychological examination of each AL. The goal of this study was therefore to assess the validity and the psychometric properties of the Brief Evaluation of Alcohol‐Related Neuropsychological Impairments (BEARNI), a new screening tool especially designed to assess alcohol‐related neuropsychological impairments.

Methods

A total of 254 healthy controls (HCs) completed the BEARNI, and 58 of them also performed an extensive neuropsychological battery. Seventy‐three ALs underwent both the BEARNI and the neuropsychological battery. This extensive neuropsychological battery of proven classification accuracy served as the reference (i.e., gold standard) for determining the ALs’ cognitive status.

Results

An exploratory factor analysis validated the BEARNI's underlying structure, highlighting 5 factors that reflected visuospatial abilities, executive functions, ataxia, verbal episodic memory, and verbal working memory. The standardization of each BEARNI subtest and the 2 total scores revealed that this test has sufficient diagnostic accuracy for the detection of ALs with cognitive and motor impairments.

Conclusions

This study indicates that the BEARNI is a useful screening tool in clinical settings for detecting ALs’ motor and cognitive impairments.
Which medications are suitable for agonist drug maintenance?
Authors: Darke Shane , Farrell Michael
Published: October 2015

Background and aims

We examine the feasibility of agonist maintenance treatment for the major psychoactive drug classes: opioids, nicotine, benzodiazepines, cannabis, psychostimulants and alcohol.

Methods

Eight clinical criteria for an agonist maintenance drug were assessed for each major drug class. These related to pharmacological aspects of the drug (agonist, pharmacological stability, dose–response, non‐toxic) and neurocognitive sequelae (psychiatric, cognitive, craving, salience).

Results

Opioids and nicotine met all eight criteria for a maintenance drug. While nicotine has not been promoted widely or used for maintenance, it has the potential to fulfil that role. Cannabis met five criteria and has potential, but long‐term data on cognitive impairment are required. Benzodiazepine maintenance would appear an option for the high‐dose chaotic abuser, also meeting five criteria, although clinic dosing appears the safest option. Psychostimulants (three of eight criteria) and alcohol (one of eight) appear poor propositions for maintenance, in terms of both their pharmacological and their neurocognitive characteristics.

Conclusions

Drug classes have properties that distinguish them in their suitability for maintenance treatment. Some classes not yet used for maintenance (notably nicotine and cannabis) have potential to fulfil such a role. Others, however, by their inherent nature, appear unsuitable for such a treatment regimen.
Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for the treatment of patients with chronic genotype 1 or 6 hepatitis C virus infection in Hong Kong
Authors: Lai C. L. , Wong V. W.‐S. , Yuen M. F. , Yang J. C. , Knox S. J. , Mo H. , Han L. L. , Brainard D. M. , Chan H. L. Y.
Published: October 2015

Background

In Hong Kong, most patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have either genotype 6a or 1b infection.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir with ribavirin in treatment‐naïve patients in Hong Kong with HCV genotype 1 or 6.

Methods

In an open‐label study, patients were randomised to sofosbuvir 400 mg once daily plus ribavirin 1000–1200 divided twice daily for 12 (n = 10), 16 (n = 11) or 24 (n = 10) weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with HCV RNA < LLOQ (lower limit of quantification, 25 IU/mL) 12 weeks after cessation of therapy (SVR12).

Results

All 31 patients (20 HCV genotype 1 and 11 genotype 6) had HCV RNA < LLOQ by Week 4 of treatment and at their last on‐treatment visit. SVR12 rates were high in all treatment groups: 100% (10/10) for 12 weeks, 100% (11/11) for 16 weeks and 90% (9/10) for 24 weeks of therapy. The only patient who did not reach SVR12 had genotype 1 HCV and relapsed at post‐treatment Week 4. Sofosbuvir with ribavirin was generally well tolerated. The most common adverse events were malaise (13%) and upper respiratory tract infection (13%), followed by anaemia (10%). No patients experienced serious adverse events. One patient discontinued treatment at Week 16 because of an adverse event. The event, upper respiratory tract infection, was not considered treatment related by the investigator. This subject achieved SVR12.

Conclusions

The all‐oral regimen sofosbuvir plus ribavirin is effective in treatment‐naïve patients in Hong Kong with genotype 1 or 6 HCV. Trial registration number: NCT02021643.
Effects of a high milk intake during the pre‐weaning period on nutrient metabolism and growth rate in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Matsubara Atsuko , Takahashi Hideyuki , Saito Akira , Nomura Aoi , Sithyphone Khounsaknalath , Mcmahon Christopher D. , Fujino Ryoichi , Shiotsuka Yuji , Etoh Tetsuji , Furuse Mitsuhiro , Gotoh Takafumi
Published: October 2015

This study aimed to determine the effects of feeding an increased volume of high‐fat milk during the early post‐natal life on metabolite concentrations in the blood, the expression of key genes regulating intermediary metabolism in the skeletal muscles, and the rate of growth of Japanese Black cattle. All calves were fed a high‐fat milk replacer (crude protein, 26%; crude fat, 25.5%; total dissolved nitrogen, 116%). Control calves (n = 4) were nursed with 500 g milk replacer until 3 months of age, whereas calves in the experimental group (n = 4) were nursed with 1800 g milk replacer until 3 months, and then the volume was gradually reduced until 5 months. Body weight was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 7 months. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the experimental group. Expression of glucose‐transporter‐4 messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower, whereas that of glucose transporter 1, cluster of differentiation 36, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1b mRNA was significantly higher in the Longissimus thoracis of the experimental group. Nutritional status during early post‐natal life appears to strongly influence the growth rate and glucose and lipid metabolism in Japanese Black cattle.
Principlism Engages Pragmatism: Iran's Relations With East Asia Under Ahmadinejad
Authors: Azad Shirzad
Published: October 2015

The present analysis emerges from a rather constant observation of the Iranian government's bilateral interactions with countries of the Northeast Asian region during the Ahmadinejad presidency from 2005 to 2013. Instead of providing a detailed account of myriad economic interactions involving the two sides, particular attention is paid to how Iran and its East Asian partners perceived and treated each other politically in that period of Tehran's tense and often convoluted relationship with the West. The article also looks at how Ahmadinejad's legacy might influence his successor's overall policy toward the East Asian region.
Adverse reactions in a population of Sydney pet rabbits vaccinated against rabbit calicivirus
Authors: Tung T , Phalen D , Toribio J‐ALML
Published: October 2015

Objective

To determine the general clinical presentation and incidence of adverse reactions to Cylap® RCD vaccinations, of a nature serious enough for veterinary attention, in a Sydney population of pet rabbits.

Design

A retrospective survey using hospital databases.

Methods

Nine veterinary hospitals in Sydney participated in a database search for the number of rabbits vaccinated within a 2‐year period. The hospitals involved had an identified interest in rabbit medicine and included general, specialist and teaching hospitals. Details of the rabbit, vaccination event and any possible reaction were collected and analysed.

Results

Of 933 events recorded in 705 rabbits, 17 (1.8%) adverse reactions were observed. Of the adverse events, local injection site reactions (alopecia, abrasions and scabbing) were most common. Other reactions, including systemic signs of gastrointestinal tract stasis, lethargy and forelimb lameness, were also documented. Overall, rabbits presented for vaccination were mostly male (57.7%) and desexed (71.3%), with an average age of 28.1 months (median 19.0, range 1.4–149.8 months) and an average weight at first vaccination of 2.12 kg (median 2.08 kg, range 0.18–5.6 kg). A significant association between increasing age and decreased incidence of adverse events was demonstrated (P value, 0.038).

Conclusions

The benefits of vaccination against RCV outweigh the risks of an adverse reaction occurring. Data from this study show that adverse reactions occur infrequently, are generally mild and self‐resolving, and decrease in incidence with increasing age. These results are similar to previous field research on wild rabbit colonies and reports from government and industry.
Tiotropium Respimat®vs. HandiHaler®: real‐life usage and TIOSPIR trial generalizability
Authors: Schmiedl Sven , Fischer Rainald , Ibanez Luisa , Fortuny Joan , Thürmann Petra , Ballarin Elena , Ferrer Pili , Sabaté Monica , Rottenkolber Dominik , Gerlach Roman , Tauscher Martin , Reynolds Robert , Hasford Joerg , Rottenkolber Marietta
Published: October 2015

Aim

Two inhaler devices (Respimat® and HandiHaler®) are available for tiotropium, a long acting anticholinergic agent. We aimed to analyze drug utilization, off‐label usage and generalizability of the TIOSPIR trial results for both devices.

Methods

Patients aged ≥18 years exhibiting at least one documented prescription of tiotropium in the database of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians, Bavaria, Germany, were included (years 2004–2008). Annual period prevalence rates (PPRs) were calculated stratified by age, gender and inhaler devices. Off‐label usage (patients lacking a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis) and the proportion of patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the TIOSPIR trial were analyzed.

Results

Between 2004 and 2008, PPRs increased and varied between 49.2 and 74.5 per 10 000 persons for HandiHaler® and between 1.5 and 9.3 per 10 000 persons for Respimat®. Small differences regarding patient characteristics existed between the two inhaler devices. Only about 30% (HandiHaler® 32.1%, Respimat® 30.0%) of the database patients receiving tiotropium could be theoretically included in the TIOSPIR trial.

Conclusions

Comparing the two tiotropium devices, no clinically relevant differences regarding patient and prescribing characteristics were revealed. Results of the TIOSPIR trial were generalizable only to a minority of our study patients, underlining the need for real‐life data.
Elderly Patients Require Higher Doses of Sugammadex for Rapid Recovery from Deep Neuromuscular Block
Authors: Shin Seokyung , Han Dong Woo , Lee Hye Sun , Song Mi Kyung , Jun Eun‐kyung , Kim So Yeon
Published: October 2015

This study compared the doses of sugammadex needed for rapid recovery from deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) between young and elderly adults. Twenty‐two young (20–40 yrs) and 22 elderly (≥70 yrs) adults were enrolled, and deep NMB of 1–2 post‐tetanic counts was maintained with rocuronium intraoperatively. Predetermined doses of sugammadex were given at the end of surgery starting at 4.0 mg/kg for the first patient of each group. Doses were decreased or increased in following patients by 0.5 mg/kg, depending on the ‘success’ or ‘failure’ of rapid recovery in the preceding patient. ‘Success’ was defined as adequate recovery (train‐of‐four ratio 0.9) within 2 min. after sugammadex administration. The median (range) of ages was 29 (20–40) and 73 (70–84) yrs for the young and elderly adults, respectively. Doses of sugammadex facilitating adequate recovery from deep NMB within 2 min. in each patient population with 50% and 95% probability were defined as ED50 and ED95, respectively. The ED50 estimated by the Dixon's method was significantly higher in the elderly compared to young adults [4.2 ± 0.4 mg/kg versus 3.3 ± 0.3 mg/kg, p < 0.001]. The ED50 (83% CI) estimated by isotonic regression was 4.5 (4.2–5.0) mg/kg in elderly adults and 3.3 (3.2–3.4) mg/kg in young adults. The ED95 (95% CI) estimated by isotonic regression was 5.4 (4.9–5.5) mg/kg and 4.4 (3.9–4.5) mg/kg in the elderly and young adults, respectively. In conclusion, dose adjustments of sugammadex should be considered when rapid recovery from deep NMB is needed in elderly adults.
What Should Junior Doctors Know about the Drugs they Frequently Prescribe? A Delphi Study among Physicians in the Netherlands
Authors: Brinkman David , Disselhorst Guus , Jansen Bernard , Tichelaar Jelle , van Agtmael Michiel , de Vries Theo , Richir Milan
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to identify the information about commonly prescribed drugs that junior doctors should know in order to prescribe rationally in daily practice, defined as essential drug knowledge (EDK). A two‐round Internet Delphi study was carried out involving general practitioners from one practice cluster, and registrars and consultants from two Dutch academic and eight teaching hospitals. A preliminary list of 377 potential EDK items for three commonly prescribed drugs was assessed on a dichotomous scale; an item was considered EDK if at least 80% consensus was reached. The consensus list of EDK items was discussed by the research team to identify similarities between the three drugs, with a view to forming a list of general EDK items applicable to other commonly prescribed drugs. Sixty experts considered 93 of the 377 items (25%) as EDK. These items were then used to form a list of 10 general EDK items. The list of EDK items identified by primary and secondary care doctors could be used in medical curricula and training programmes and for assessing the prescribing competence of future junior doctors. Further research is needed to evaluate the generalizability of this list for other commonly prescribed drugs.
Comparing geographical distribution of community‐based physiotherapists and family physicians across Saskatchewan
Authors: Shah Tayyab I. , Bath Brenna , Milosavljevic Stephan
Published: October 2015

Key Messages

This comparative analysis between the spatial accessibility to physiotherapists (PTs) and family physicians (FPs) highlights poorly served municipalities through mapping.

A large volume of population age 65 and over, low‐income individuals, recent immigrants, and those of aboriginal status/ethnicity have reduced access to PT services particularly in rural and remote municipalities.
Effects of conventional tobacco smoke and nicotine‐free cigarette smoke on airway inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in a triple allergen model of severe asthma
Authors: Tilp C. , Bucher H. , Haas H. , Duechs M. J. , Wex E. , Erb K. J.
Published: October 2015

Background

Patients with asthma who smoke have reduced lung function, increased exacerbation rates and increased steroid resistance compared to non‐smoking asthmatics. In mice, cigarette smoke has been reported to have both pro‐ and anti‐Th2 response effects.

Objective

We hypothesized that combining tobacco cigarette smoke (tCS) with allergen exposure increases inflammation, airway remodelling and lung function in mice. To test this hypothesis, we combined a severe triple allergen model with tCS exposure and investigated whether effects were due to Toll‐like receptor 4 signalling and/or nicotine and also observed when nicotine‐free cigarettes were used.

Methods

Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin, cockroach and house dust mite allergen in alum followed by intratracheal challenges with allergen twice a week for 6 weeks or additionally exposed to tCS during the allergen challenge period. Nicotine or nicotine‐free herbal cigarette smoke was also applied to allergen challenged mice.

Results

tCS significantly reduced eosinophil numbers, IL‐4 and IL‐5 concentrations in the lung, total and allergen‐specific IgE in serum, improved lung function and reduced collagen I levels. With the exception of collagen I all parameters reduced by tobacco cigarette smoke were also reduced in Toll‐like receptor 4‐deficient mice. Nicotine‐free cigarette smoke also had significant anti‐inflammatory effects on eosinophils, IL‐4 and IL‐5 concentrations in the lung and reduced airway hyperreactivity, albeit weaker than tobacco smoke. Applying nicotine alone also reduced Th2 cytokine levels and eosinophil numbers in the airways.

Conclusion

Our experiments show that tCS exposure reduces allergen‐induced Th2 response in the lung and associated collagen I production and development of airway hyperreactivity. With the exception on collagen I formation, these effects were not dependent on Toll‐like receptor 4. The observed anti‐Th2 effects of both nicotine and nicotine‐free herbal cigarette smoke together suggests that tCS reduces the Th2 responses through nicotine and other products released by burning tobacco.
Olfactory and cochleovestibular dysfunction after head injury in the workplace: an updated series
Authors: Ilan O. , Syed M.I. , Aziza E. , Pothier D.D. , Rutka J.A.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of olfactory dysfunction in workers following head injury in the work place, to define its relationship to the site, severity of injury and direction of force. The demographics of head injured workers were also assessed to determine whether those with olfactory loss were more likely to have sustained a cochleovestibular injury.

Design

Retrospective case analysis.

Setting

Tertiary referral university hospital in Toronto, Ontario.

Participants

A total of 3438 consecutive patients referred from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) in the province of Ontario who sustained a work‐related head injury were assessed between 1987 and 2014.

Main outcome measures

Olfactory and cochleovestibular dysfunction assessed by history, clinical examination and subjective and objective tests.

Results

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) was identified in 413 of 3438 patients (12.0%) of which 321 were diagnosed with anosmia and 92 with hyposmia. In our series, injuries from a fall were the commonest cause for OD and a frontal or mid‐face impact was more likely to result in OD than other regions (P = 0.0002). A loss of consciousness (LOC) of any duration correlated with OD. In those with olfactory dysfunction, an associated skull fracture occurred in 37.1% of patients and a CSF leak in 4.1%, which was significantly higher compared with those without OD(<0.0001). Patients with OD had a higher incidence of cochlear and vestibular loss (19.9% and 20.6%, respectively) compared with those without OD (14.3% and 17.1%, respectively).

Conclusions

Post‐traumatic olfactory dysfunction is more likely to occur in patients who experienced a moderate to severe head injury, LOC and more likely to result from a frontal or mid‐face blow to the skull. Cochleovestibular dysfunction is likely to occur concurrently with olfactory dysfunction.
An assessment of adherence to basic ecological principles by payments for ecosystem service projects
Authors: Prager C.M. , Varga A. , Olmsted P. , Ingram J.C. , Cattau M. , Freund C. , Wynn‐Grant R. , Naeem S.
Published: October 2015

Programs and projects employing payments for ecosystem service (PES) interventions achieve their objectives by linking buyers and sellers of ecosystem services. Although PES projects are popular conservation and development interventions, little is known about their adherence to basic ecological principles. We conducted a quantitative assessment of the degree to which a global set of PES projects adhered to four ecological principles that are basic scientific considerations for any project focused on ecosystem management: collection of baseline data, identification of threats to an ecosystem service, monitoring, and attention to ecosystem dynamics or the formation of an adaptive management plan. We evaluated 118 PES projects in three markets—biodiversity, carbon, and water—compiled using websites of major conservation organizations; ecology, economic, and climate‐change databases; and three scholarly databases (ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). To assess adherence to ecological principles, we constructed two scientific indices (one additive [ASI] and one multiplicative [MSI]) based on our four ecological criteria and analyzed index scores by relevant project characteristics (e.g., sector, buyer, seller). Carbon‐sector projects had higher ASI values (P < 0.05) than water‐sector projects and marginally higher ASI scores (P < 0.1) than biodiversity‐sector projects, demonstrating their greater adherence to ecological principles. Projects financed by public–private partnerships had significantly higher ASI values than projects financed by governments (P < 0.05) and marginally higher ASI values than those funded by private entities (P < 0.1). We did not detect differences in adherence to ecological principles based on the inclusion of cobenefits, the spatial extent of a project, or the size of a project's budget. These findings suggest, at this critical phase in the rapid growth of PES projects, that fundamental ecological principles should be considered more carefully in PES project design and implementation in an effort to ensure PES project viability and sustainability.
Determinants of UAE Voters’ Preferences for Federal National Council Candidates
Authors: Yaghi Abdulfattah , Antwi‐Boateng Osman
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the voting behavior in United Arab Emirates by asking 1,800 citizens about which criteria they used to vote for a particular candidate in the past Federal National Council elections. Using descriptive statistics, the study showed that although patron‐client networks played a role in voter's preferences — as existing literature about Middle East voters’ behavior has established — they were superseded by personal attributes and the impact of candidates’ campaigns. Emiratis voted for candidates based on three groups of factors, namely: 1) personal characteristics of the candidate including: public speaking skills, political experience, age, gender and educational level; 2) impact of a candidate's campaign including electoral promises and content of the campaign; and 3) patron‐client networks including having personal and kinship relationship with candidate. The study showed that religious, political, and personal appearance factors were insignificant.
Why Is Italy Doing So Badly?
Authors: Pelloni Gianluigi , Savioli Marco
Published: October 2015

We analyse the current Italian economic crisis as a phase of a major systemic decline. We argue that ‘Italy's system’ has forced the country to abandon a dynamic view of comparative advantage, crucial for sustained economic growth, in favour of a static view of specialisation. Creative destruction has been hampered and sectoral restructuring has not occurred, resulting in stagnation. The roots of this decline lie in collective action issues and an implicit contract between elites and civil society. We suggest that these issues must be resolved if the Italian economy and society are to revive.
Defining Capitalism
Authors: Sternberg Elaine
Published: October 2015

This article aims to incorporate the essential features of capitalism in an operational definition that identifies capitalism per se (pure laissez‐faire capitalism), and clearly excludes variations such as welfare capitalism and crony capitalism. By concisely highlighting the fundamental structures and mechanisms of capitalism, this essential definition facilitates defences of it that are more robust than those ordinarily offered. It also clarifies the relation between capitalism and phenomena with which it is frequently associated, and suggests a straightforward way of identifying and measuring the extent of capitalism in mixed economies.
What is Climate Change Policy Now Trying to Achieve?
Authors: Campbell David
Published: October 2015

Almost all advocates of international climate change policy hope and expect that the Climate Change Conference to be held in Paris in November–December 2015 will reach an agreement to reduce global anthropomorphic greenhouse gas emissions. Yet more than 25 years of international climate change policy has failed to reach such an agreement; emissions, far from having been reduced, have greatly increased. In the author's view, no such agreement will be reached in Paris. Anticipating this, Lord Stern, a highly influential figure in international climate change policy, has restated the case for continuing with this policy while relinquishing the objective of reaching such an agreement, though it had previously been claimed that this was essential to ‘save the world’. Advocating the continuation of climate change policy while disavowing a formerly acknowledged condition of its success seems to represent a further stage in the abandonment of rationality in climate change policy formulation.
Brown trout spawning habitat selection and its effects on egg survival
Authors: Gauthey Zoé , Lang Margaret , Elosegi Arturo , Tentelier Cédric , Rives Jacques , Labonne Jacques
Published: October 2015

Salmonid females invest heavily in reproduction, through gamete production, habitat selection and maternal care. Habitat selection and maternal care are expected to provide shelter for eggs against scouring and predators. However, females also tend to produce variable egg sizes, and this trait may interact with habitat quality to influence the survival of offspring. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the role of female habitat selection on egg survival conditional on individual egg size and female body size. We monitored female reproductive activity in two natural rivers for 3 years, in order to relate nest characteristics to female body size. Bigger females dug deeper nests at lower shear stress force. Right after the end of nest construction, we sampled a part of the eggs laid by each female, measured them individually, and placed them back using capsules within their original position in the nest. At time of hatching, the capsules within the nest were collected and individual egg mortality was assessed. Our results indicate that scouring was the main driver for mortality (75%) and that nest burial depth and shear stress force above the nest both influenced scouring. However, subsequent survival was influenced by neither nest characteristics, individual egg size, nor the interaction between both. It is therefore expected that traits or tactics that reduce nest scouring probability should be under strong selection.
Structural and functional connectivity between the lateral posterior–pulvinar complex and primary visual cortex in the ferret
Authors: Yu Chunxiu , Sellers Kristin K. , Radtke‐Schuller Susanne , Lu Jinghao , Xing Lei , Ghukasyan Vladimir , Li Yuhui , Shih Yen‐Yu I. , Murrow Richard , Fröhlich Flavio
Published: October 2015

The role of higher‐order thalamic structures in sensory processing remains poorly understood. Here, we used the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) as a novel model species for the study of the lateral posterior (LP)–pulvinar complex and its structural and functional connectivity with area 17 [primary visual cortex (V1)]. We found reciprocal anatomical connections between the lateral part of the LP nucleus of the LP–pulvinar complex (LPl) and V1. In order to investigate the role of this feedback loop between LPl and V1 in shaping network activity, we determined the functional interactions between LPl and the supragranular, granular and infragranular layers of V1 by recording multiunit activity and local field potentials. Coherence was strongest between LPl and the supragranular V1, with the most distinct peaks in the delta and alpha frequency bands. Inter‐area interaction measured by spike‐phase coupling identified the delta frequency band being dominated by the infragranular V1 and multiple frequency bands that were most pronounced in the supragranular V1. This inter‐area coupling was differentially modulated by full‐field synthetic and naturalistic visual stimulation. We also found that visual responses in LPl were distinct from those in V1 in terms of their reliability. Together, our data support a model of multiple communication channels between LPl and the layers of V1 that are enabled by oscillations in different frequency bands. This demonstration of anatomical and functional connectivity between LPl and V1 in ferrets provides a roadmap for studying the interaction dynamics during behaviour, and a template for identifying the activity dynamics of other thalamo‐cortical feedback loops.
Potential drivers of virulence evolution in aquaculture
Authors: Kennedy David A. , Kurath Gael , Brito Ilana L. , Purcell Maureen K. , Read Andrew F. , Winton James R. , Wargo Andrew R.
Published: October 2015

Infectious diseases are economically detrimental to aquaculture, and with continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture, the importance of managing infectious diseases will likely increase in the future. Here, we use evolution of virulence theory, along with examples, to identify aquaculture practices that might lead to the evolution of increased pathogen virulence. We identify eight practices common in aquaculture that theory predicts may favor evolution toward higher pathogen virulence. Four are related to intensive aquaculture operations, and four others are related specifically to infectious disease control. Our intention is to make aquaculture managers aware of these risks, such that with increased vigilance, they might be able to detect and prevent the emergence and spread of increasingly troublesome pathogen strains in the future.
Multi‐generational responses of a marine polychaete to a rapid change in seawater pCO2
Authors: Rodríguez‐Romero Araceli , Jarrold Michael D. , Massamba‐N'Siala Gloria , Spicer John I. , Calosi Piero
Published: October 2015

Little is known of the capacity that marine metazoans have to evolve under rapid pCO2 changes. Consequently, we reared a marine polychaete, Ophryotrocha labronica, previously cultured for approximately 33 generations under a low/variable pH regime, under elevated and low pCO2 for six generations. The strain used was found to be tolerant to elevated pCO2 conditions. In generations F1 and F2 females’ fecundity was significantly lower in the low pCO2 treatment. However, from generation F3 onwards there were no differences between pCO2 treatments, indicating that trans‐generational effects enabled the restoration and maintenance of reproductive output. Whilst the initial fitness recovery was likely driven by trans‐generational plasticity (TGP), the results from reciprocal transplant assays, performed using F7 individuals, made it difficult to disentangle between whether TGP had persisted across multiple generations, or if evolutionary adaptation had occurred. Nonetheless, both are important mechanisms for persistence under climate change. Overall, our study highlights the importance of multi‐generational experiments in more accurately determining marine metazoans’ responses to changes in pCO2, and strengthens the case for exploring their use in conservation, by creating specific pCO2 tolerant strains of keystone ecosystem species.
Preparing the Field for Feasibility Testing of a Parenting Intervention for War‐Affected Mothers in Northern Uganda
Authors: Wieling Elizabeth , Mehus Christopher , Yumbul Cigdem , Möllerherm Julia , Ertl Verena , Laura Achan , Forgatch Marion , Neuner Frank , Catani Claudia
Published: October 2015

In this article, we discuss the successful implementation of an adapted evidence‐based parenting intervention for families affected by two decades of war in Northern Uganda. The adaptation and adoption of such interventions to support mental health and family functioning is widely endorsed by prevention scientists and considered a priority in global mental health. The preparation and early adoption phases of engaging with a highly vulnerable community affected by war trauma are documented in this paper along with a discussion of the steps taken to adapt a parenting intervention for cultural and contextual fit. This study is a component of an overall program of research aimed at reducing the long‐term negative effects of war on parenting practices and childhood outcomes, which have considerable implications for preventing mental, neurological, and substance‐use disorders. The processes described here cover a 4‐year period culminating in the implementation of the nine‐session Enhancing Family Connection intervention piloted with a group of 14 mothers. The lessons in cultural adaptation have been valuable and the feasibility results promising for further testing the intervention.
Does imagery reduce stigma against depression? Testing the efficacy of imagined contact and perspective‐taking
Authors: Na Jennifer Jiwon , Chasteen Alison L.
Published: October 2015

While the stigma surrounding mental illness has been well‐established, less is known about methods for reducing that bias. In both laboratory (Study 1) and community (Study 2) samples, we tested the efficacy of imagined contact and perspective‐taking for reducing stigma against depression. Participants first read a vignette about an individual with depression and then imagined either interacting with the individual (imagined contact), putting themselves in the individual's shoes (perspective‐taking) or a neutral scene (control). In both samples, imagined contact was more effective in reducing stigma against depression than perspective‐taking. The findings suggest that different prejudice reduction strategies should be used for different stigmatized groups.
Constraining Political Budget Cycles: Media Strength and Fiscal Institutions in the Enlarged EU
Authors: Ademmer Esther , Dreher Ferdinand
Published: October 2015

This article revisits institutional constraints to political budget cycles (PBCs) in the enlarged European Union (EU). Based on a panel of 25 Member States, we show that governments frequently fiscally stimulate the economy prior to elections. We argue that the occurrence of PBCs in the enlarged EU can be well explained by a peculiar interaction of two prominently discussed institutional constraints: fiscal institutions and media strength. Fiscal rules only help to limit the extent of PBCs in countries where the media is relatively weak, whereas they fail to do so in countries that host a strong press. Suggesting that this may be due to the usage of creative accounting practices in weaker media environments, we conclude that a powerful press remains key to eradicating PBCs in the EU.
Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties
Authors: Annear Michael J. , Toye Christine M. , Eccleston Claire E. , McInerney Frances J. , Elliott Kate‐Ellen J. , Tranter Bruce K. , Hartley Thomas , Robinson Andrew L.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To develop a reliable and valid dementia knowledge scale to address limitations of existing measures, support knowledge evaluation in diverse populations, and inform educational intervention development.

Design

A five‐stage, systematic scale development process was employed to construct and assess the psychometric properties of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale (DKAS).

Setting

Data for the study were generated in an online environment and during clinical dementia care placements from Australian (n = 1,321) and international respondents (n = 446).

Participants

Volunteers from a dementia‐related massive open online course (n = 1,651), medical students on clinical placement in a residential aged care facility (n = 40), and members of the Australian health workforce (n = 76).

Measurements

Psychometric properties of the DKAS were established using a literature review to assess the veracity of scale items, respondent feedback during pilot testing, a Delphi study with dementia experts, construction and review by an expert panel, evaluation of item difficulty, item‐total and interitem correlations. Principal components analysis (PCA) was also performed along with measures of test–retest reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and concurrent validity.

Results

The pilot DKAS was reduced from 40 to 27 items during analysis. PCA identified four distinct and interpretable factors. The revised DKAS displays high levels of test–retest reliability; internal consistency; and preliminary construct, concurrent, and factorial validity.

Conclusion

The 27‐item DKAS is reliable and shows preliminary validity for the assessment of knowledge deficiencies and change in those who provide care and treatment for people with dementia.
Newly Developed Chronic Conditions and Changes in Health‐Related Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Luo Juhua , Hendryx Michael , Safford Monika M. , Wallace Robert , Rossom Rebecca , Eaton Charles , Bassuk Shari , Margolis Karen L.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To prospectively assess the effects of newly developed chronic conditions on changes in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in postmenopausal women.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Forty clinical centers in the United States.

Participants

Women aged 50 to 79 enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study during 1993–98 (N = 75,198).

Measurements

Onset of seven chronic conditions (hypertension, heart disease, stroke, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, arthritis), HRQoL based on the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form survey (SF‐36), and change in HRQoL from baseline to Year 3 in scores on the Physical (PCS) and Mental (MCS) Component Summary of the SF‐36.

Results

Each of the seven chronic conditions was statistically significantly associated with HRQoL for physical and mental health. Women with incident stroke had the greatest decline in HRQoL for physical and mental health (PCS: 10.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 8.3–12.1; MCS: 10.4, 95% CI = 8.8–12.1), which exceeded minimal clinically important differences (MCID). Having more new chronic conditions was associated with greater decrease in HRQoL. Declines in HRQoL in women with two or more chronic conditions exceeded MCID. Those with heart disease and stroke had the largest decline in physical health, and those with stroke and arthritis had the greatest decline in mental health. For all conditions other than stroke and diabetes mellitus, the more recently a condition was diagnosed, the greater the decrease in PCS. For stroke and cancer, a similar pattern was observed for MCS.

Conclusion

The more conditions a woman developed, the greater reduction in HRQoL she experienced. Declines in HRQoL in women with stroke, cancer, and some combinations exceeded MCID. Findings from this study might lead to more‐effective patient‐centered approaches to health care for women with multiple chronic conditions.
Trajectories of Substance Use: Onset and Adverse Outcomes Among North American Indigenous Adolescents
Authors: Sittner Kelley J.
Published: October 2015

North American Indigenous communities experience disproportionately high rates of substance use, abuse, and dependence and their accompanying consequences. This study uses group‐based trajectory modeling of past‐year substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes) with a longitudinal sample of Indigenous adolescents from the northern Midwest and Canada (spanning ages 10–18 years). The early‐onset trajectory (36.3%) had more adverse psychosocial difficulties at baseline than the mid‐onset group (38.3%); both trajectories were associated with several negative outcomes at the end of the study. The late‐onset trajectory (25.3%) did not initiate substance use until later adolescence and had far better outcomes at the last wave of the study. Timing of onset matters. Prevention efforts should begin in late childhood and continue through mid‐adolescence.
Developing xylem‐preferential expression of PdGA20ox1, a gibberellin 20‐oxidase 1 from Pinus densiflora, improves woody biomass production in a hybrid poplar
Authors: Jeon Hyung‐Woo , Cho Jin‐Seong , Park Eung‐Jun , Han Kyung‐Hwan , Choi Young‐Im , Ko Jae‐Heung
Published: October 2015

Woody biomass has gained popularity as an environmentally friendly, renewable and sustainable resource for liquid fuel production. Here, we demonstrate biotechnological improvement of the quantity and quality of woody biomass by employing developing xylem (DX)‐preferential production of gibberellin (GA), a phytohormone that positively regulates stem growth. First, for the proof of concept experiment, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GA20‐oxidase, a key enzyme in the production of bioactive GAs, from Pinus densiflora (PdGA20ox1) under the control of either a constitutive 35S promoter, designated 35S::PdGA20ox1, or a DX‐specific promoter (originated from poplar), designated DX15::PdGA20ox1. As we hypothesized, both transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) exhibited an accelerated stem growth that resulted in a large increase of biomass, up to 300% compared to wild‐type control plants, together with increased secondary wall thickening and elongation of fibre cells. Next, we applied our concept to the production of transgenic poplar trees. Both transgenic poplar trees (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) showed dramatic increases in biomass, up to 300%, with accelerated stem growth and xylem differentiation. Cell wall monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that in both Arabidopsis and poplar, glucose and xylose contents were significantly increased. However, undesirable phenotypes of 35S::PdGA20ox1 poplar, including poor root growth and leaf development, were found. Interestingly, DX15::PdGA20ox1 poplar resulted in a reduction of undesirable phenotypes. Our results indicate that the controlled production of GAs through a tissue‐specific promoter can be utilized as an efficient biotechnological tool for producing enhanced plant biomass, minimizing unwanted effects.
Interaction of Methanol Spray and Water‐Deficit Stress on Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Sadry
Authors: Armand Nezam , Amiri Hamzeh , Ismaili Ahmad
Published: October 2015

This study was a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design and three replications. The four levels of methanol spraying were used. Spraying was carried out three times during the growing season at 10‐day intervals beginning at 4 weeks after sowing. The spraying of solution continued until saturation of droplets on the leaves was achieved. The levels of water‐deficit stress applied were nonstress, moderate water stress and severe water stress. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between the methanol and water‐deficit stress treatments for chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, net photosynthesis (PN), intercellular CO2 (Ci), maximal quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), leaf moisture, water use efficiency and relative water content. The application of foliar methanol at all levels of water‐deficit stress significantly decreased the catalase activity of the roots. Under all levels of water‐deficit stress, the 30% (v/v) methanol treatment significantly decreased peroxidase activity in the roots over that for the control. The results suggest that foliar application of methanol can decrease the negative effects of water‐deficit stress on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Sadry.
Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress post‐lung resection: Effect of pretreatment with N‐acetylcysteine
Authors: Bastin Anthony J. , Davies Nathan , Lim Eric , Quinlan Greg J. , Griffiths Mark J.
Published: October 2015

Background and objective

N‐acetylcysteine has been used to treat a variety of lung diseases, where is it thought to have an antioxidant effect. In a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study, the effect of N‐acetylcysteine on systemic inflammation and oxidative damage was examined in patients undergoing lung resection, a human model of acute lung injury.

Methods

Eligible adults were randomized to receive preoperative infusion of N‐acetylcysteine (240 mg/kg over 12 h) or placebo. Plasma thiols, interleukin‐6, 8‐isoprostane, ischaemia‐modified albumin, red blood cell glutathione and exhaled breath condensate pH were measured pre‐ and post‐operatively as markers of local and systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Results

Patients undergoing lung resection and one‐lung ventilation exhibited significant postoperative inflammation and oxidative damage. Postoperative plasma thiol concentration was significantly higher in the N‐acetylcysteine‐treated group. However, there was no significant difference in any of the measured biomarkers of inflammation or oxidative damage, or in clinical outcomes, between N‐acetylcysteine and placebo groups.

Conclusion

Preoperative administration of N‐acetylcysteine did not attenuate postoperative systemic or pulmonary inflammation or oxidative damage after lung resection.

Clinical trial registration: NCT00655928 at ClinicalTrials.gov