bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UV-induced fragmentation of Cajal bodies
Authors: Cioce Mario , Boulon Séverine , Matera A. Gregory , Lamond Angus I.
Published: November 2006

The morphology and composition of subnuclear organelles, such as Cajal bodies (CBs), nucleoli, and other nuclear bodies, is dynamic and can change in response to a variety of cell stimuli, including stress. We show that UV-C irradiation disrupts CBs and alters the distribution of a specific subset of CB components. The effect of UV-C on CBs differs from previously reported effects of transcription inhibitors. We demonstrate that the mechanism underlying the response of CBs to UV-C is mediated, at least in part, by PA28γ (proteasome activator subunit γ). The presence of PA28γ in coilin-containing complexes is increased by UV-C. Overexpression of PA28γ, in the absence of UV-C treatment, provokes a similar redistribution of the same subset of CB components that respond to UV-C. RNA interference–mediated knockdown of PA28γ attenuates the nuclear disruption caused by UV-C. These data demonstrate that CBs are specific nuclear targets of cellular stress-response pathways and identify PA28γ as a novel regulator of CB integrity.
Rapidly inducible changes in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels influence multiple regulatory functions of the lipid in intact living cells
Authors: Varnai Peter , Thyagarajan Baskaran , Rohacs Tibor , Balla Tamas
Published: November 2006

Rapamycin (rapa)-induced heterodimerization of the FRB domain of the mammalian target of rapa and FKBP12 was used to translocate a phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase (5-ptase) enzyme to the plasma membrane (PM) to evoke rapid changes in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) levels. Rapa-induced PM recruitment of a truncated type IV 5-ptase containing only the 5-ptase domain fused to FKBP12 rapidly decreased PM PtdIns(4,5)P2 as monitored by the PLCδ1PH-GFP fusion construct. This decrease was paralleled by rapid termination of the ATP-induced Ca2+ signal and the prompt inactivation of menthol-activated transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) channels. Depletion of PM PtdIns(4,5)P2 was associated with a complete blockade of transferrin uptake and inhibition of epidermal growth factor internalization. None of these changes were observed upon rapa-induced translocation of an mRFP-FKBP12 fusion protein that was used as a control. These data demonstrate that rapid inducible depletion of PM PtdIns(4,5)P2 is a powerful tool to study the multiple regulatory roles of this phospholipid and to study differential sensitivities of various processes to PtdIns(4,5)P2 depletion.
Decreased up-regulation of the interleukin-12Rβ2-chain and interferon-γ secretion and increased number of forkhead box P3-expressing cells in patients with a history of chronic Lyme borreliosis compared with asymptomaticBorrelia-exposed individuals
Authors: Jarefors S , Janefjord C K , Forsberg P , Jenmalm M C , Ekerfelt C
Published: November 2006

Lyme borreliosis (LB) can, despite adequate antibiotic treatment, develop into a chronic condition with persisting symptoms such as musculoskeletal pain, subjective alteration of cognition and fatigue. The mechanism behind this is unclear, but it has been postulated that an aberrant immunological response might be the cause. In this study we investigated the expression of the T helper 1 (Th1) marker interleukin (IL)-12Rβ2, the marker for T regulatory cells, forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and the cytokine profile in patients with a history of chronic LB, subacute LB, previously Borrelia-exposed asymptomatic individuals and healthy controls. Fifty-four individuals (12 chronic LB, 14 subacute LB, 14 asymptomatic individuals and 14 healthy controls) were included in the study and provided a blood sample. Mononuclear cells were separated from the blood and stimulated with antigens. The IL-12Rβ2 and FoxP3 mRNA expression was analysed with real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). The protein expression of IL-12Rβ2 on CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ cells was assessed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 was analysed by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chronic LB patients displayed a lower expression of Borrelia-specific IL-12Rβ2 on CD8+ cells and also a lower number of Borrelia-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells compared to asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, chronic LB patients had higher amounts of Borrelia-specific FoxP3 mRNA than healthy controls. We speculate that this may indicate that a strong Th1 response is of importance for a positive outcome of a Borrelia infection. In addition, regulatory T cells might also play a role, by immunosuppression, in the development of chronic LB.
Development and assessment of a coupled crop–climate model
Authors: OSBORNE TOM M. , LAWRENCE DAVID M , CHALLINOR ANDREW J. , SLINGO JULIA M. , WHEELER TIM R.
Published: November 2006

It is well established that crop production is inherently vulnerable to variations in the weather and climate. More recently the influence of vegetation on the state of the atmosphere has been recognized. The seasonal growth of crops can influence the atmosphere and have local impacts on the weather, which in turn affects the rate of seasonal crop growth and development. Considering the coupled nature of the crop–climate system, and the fact that a significant proportion of land is devoted to the cultivation of crops, important interactions may be missed when studying crops and the climate system in isolation, particularly in the context of land use and climate change.

To represent the two‐way interactions between seasonal crop growth and atmospheric variability, we integrate a crop model developed specifically to operate at large spatial scales (General Large Area Model for annual crops) into the land surface component of a global climate model (GCM; HadAM3). In the new coupled crop–climate model, the simulated environment (atmosphere and soil states) influences growth and development of the crop, while simultaneously the temporal variations in crop leaf area and height across its growing season alter the characteristics of the land surface that are important determinants of surface fluxes of heat and moisture, as well as other aspects of the land‐surface hydrological cycle. The coupled model realistically simulates the seasonal growth of a summer annual crop in response to the GCM's simulated weather and climate. The model also reproduces the observed relationship between seasonal rainfall and crop yield. The integration of a large‐scale single crop model into a GCM, as described here, represents a first step towards the development of fully coupled crop and climate models. Future development priorities and challenges related to coupling crop and climate models are discussed.
Severe factor X deficiency due to a homozygous mutation (Cys364Arg) that disrupts a disulphide bond in the catalytic domain
Authors: TODD T. , PERRY D. J. , HAYMAN E. , LAWRENCE K. , GATTENS M. , BAGLIN T.
Published: November 2006

Summary.  Severe factor X deficiency (<0.01 IU mL−1) is a rare disorder producing a major bleeding tendency including umbilical cord, joint and intracranial haemorrhage. We present the first case of a child homozygous for a g.1177T > C missense alteration, predicted to disrupt the catalytic domain, and resulting in severe FX deficiency. The child suffered intracranial haemorrhage and now receives regular prophylaxis with a prothrombin complex concentrate. Our experience and a review of the literature suggest that optimal frequency of dosing is likely to be two or three times weekly and that the risk of thrombosis is very small.
Identification of three FGA mutations in two Chinese families with congenital afibrinogenaemia
Authors: FANG Y. , DAI B.‐T. , WANG X.‐F. , FU Q.‐H. , DAI J. , XIE F. , CAI X.‐H. , WANG H.‐L. , WANG Z.‐Y.
Published: November 2006

Summary.  Congenital afibrinogenaemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by the complete absence or extremely reduced level of fibrinogen (Fg). We attempted to analyse the phenotype and genotype in two Chinese families with congenital afibrinogenaemia. Coagulation studies including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) and Fg were performed in the patients and other family members. All the exons, exon–intron boundaries and promoter regions of three Fg genes (FGA, FGB and FGG) were screened by direct sequencing. Three patients in two families suffered from moderate to severe haemorrhage. Their APTT, PT and TT were extremely prolonged and plasma Fg levels were undetectable by Clauss method and extremely reduced by immunoassay. Genetic analysis revealed three FGA mutations in three patients including one novel mutation. In family 1, patient 1 was detected compound heterozygous mutations in FGA, g.1892–1899delAGTA/GTAA from her patriline and g.1978‐g.3215del1238 bp from her matriline. In family 2, a homozygous Gln203X in Aα‐chain was found in both patients 2 and 3 due to consanguineous marriage. All these mutations were null mutations, which could produce premature stop codons in FGA. It can be indicated that with more genetic analysis performed on afibrinogenaemia patients all over the world, there is no distinct difference in geographical distribution of Fg gene mutations. Gln203X in Aα‐chain was first reported in this study, which may help to further understand the function of Aα‐chain.
Histological changes in murine haemophilic synovitis: a quantitative grading system to assess blood‐induced synovitis
Authors: VALENTINO L. A. , HAKOBYAN N.
Published: November 2006

Summary.  Haemophilia is a congenital disorder that results in frequent bleeding into joints, in which a chronic and debilitating arthritis develops. The presence of blood evokes an inflammatory and proliferative synovial reaction. Although the molecular mechanisms and biochemical pathways which underlie this disorder are not known, significant advances have been made by studying a murine model of human haemophilic synovitis. In order to better understand and correlate the pathological, molecular and biochemical changes, it has become necessary to grade the histological changes observed. Despite a search of the literature and review of relevant publications, none of the currently utilized schemes were appropriate, and therefore a novel grading scheme was developed. After review of over 1000 histological sections, six characteristic changes were identified: (i) synovial hyperplasia; (ii) vascularity; (iii) discolouration by haemosiderin; (iv) the presence of blood (erythrocytes); (v) villus formation; and (vi) cartilage erosion. Synovial hyperplasia and vascularity were present in variable amounts and were quantitatively scored (0–3), while the other changes were qualitatively scored as absent or present (0 or 1). Application of the grading scheme was tested and a high interobserver correlation (greater than 80%) was found. The scheme was easy to learn even by novices, with no prior experience. The availability of the histological grading scheme for murine synovitis will allow for precise evaluation of the pathological changes following joint bleeding, and facilitate correlations with molecular and biochemical changes that lead to these changes.
Effect of placement of calcium sulphate when used for the repair of furcation perforations on the seal produced by a resin‐based material
Authors: Zou L. , Liu J. , Yin S.‐H. , Tan J. , Wang F.‐M. , Li W. , Xue J.
Published: November 2006

Aim  To evaluate the sealing ability of calcium sulphate when used under composite resin for the repair of furcation perforations having different diameters.

Methodology  Perforations of different diameter were created in the floors of pulp chambers in 60 extracted human molar teeth with either a number 3 (1 mm diameter) or 5 (1.5 mm diameter) round bur. The specimens of each group were divided into four sub‐groups which were repaired with composite resin either alone or in combination with calcium sulphate that created an artificial floor (15 teeth group‐1). Eight teeth without furcation perforations served as negative controls. In the leakage detection device, 1 mol L−1 glucose solution was forced under a pressure of 1.5 KPa from the crown towards the pulp chamber floor. The concentration of leaked glucose was measured at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 15 and 20 days using a glucose oxidase method and the data evaluated using the rank sum test.

Results  The specimens with larger perforations repaired with composite resin alone had significantly more leakage (P < 0.05). Using calcium sulphate as an artificial floor significantly decreased leakage of smaller perforations (P < 0.05). In groups repaired with calcium sulphate under composite resin, leakage in smaller perforations was markedly lower than that in larger ones (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the specimens with 1 or 1.5 mm perforations repaired with resin alone (P > 0.05).

Conclusions  Calcium sulphate significantly improved the sealing ability of 1 mm perforations repaired with composite resin but not for 1.5 mm perforations.
Comparison of defects in ProTaper hand‐operated and engine‐driven instruments after clinical use
Authors: Cheung G. S. P. , Bian Z. , Shen Y. , Peng B. , Darvell B. W.
Published: November 2006

Aim  To compare the type of defects and mode of material failure of engine‐driven and hand‐operated ProTaper instruments after clinical use.

Methodology  A total of 401 hand‐operated and 325 engine‐driven ProTaper instruments were discarded from an endodontic clinic over 17 months. Those that had fractured were examined for plastic deformation in lateral view and remounted for fractographical examination in scanning electron microscope. The mode of fracture was classified as ‘fatigue’ or ‘shear’ failure. The lengths of fractured segments in both instruments were recorded. Any distortion in hand instrument was noted. Data were analysed using chi‐square, Fisher's exact or Student's t‐test, where appropriate.

Results  Approximately 14% of all discarded hand‐operated instruments and 14% of engine‐driven instruments were fractured. About 62% of hand instruments failed because of shear fracture, compared with approximately 66% of engine‐driven instruments as a result of fatigue (P < 0.05). Approximately 16% of hand instruments were affected by shear, and either remained intact or was fractured, compared with 5% of engine‐driven instruments (P < 0.05). The length of the broken fragment was significantly shorter in hand versus engine‐driven group (P < 0.05). Approximately 7% of hand instruments were discarded intact but distorted (rarely for engine‐driven instruments); all were in the form of unscrewing of the flutes. The location of defects in hand Finishing instruments was significantly closer to the tip than that for Shaping instruments (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  Under the conditions of this study (possibly high usage), the failure mode of ProTaper engine‐driven and hand‐operated instruments appeared to be different, with shear failure being more prevalent in the latter.
Effects of temperature, ammonium and glucose concentrations on yeast growth in a model wine system
Authors: D'Amato Daniela , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Nobile Matteo Alessandro Del , Sinigaglia Milena
Published: November 2006

In enology, alcoholic fermentation is a complex process involving several mechanisms. Slow and incomplete alcoholic fermentation is a chronic problem for the wine industry and factors leading to sluggish and stuck fermentations have been extensively studied and reviewed. The most studied cause of sluggish and stuck fermentation is the nitrogen content limitation. Nevertheless, other factors, such as temperature of fermentation and sugar concentration can affect the growth of yeasts. In this study we modelled the yeast growth‐cycle in wine model system as a function of temperature, sugar and ammonium concentrations; the individual effects and the interaction of these factors were analysed by means of a quadratic response surface methodology. Cell concentrations and weight loss were monitored in the whole wine fermentation process. The results of central composite design show that lower is the availability of nitrogen, higher is the cell growth rate; moreover, initial nitrogen concentration also influences survival time of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Illicit drug users in Northern Ireland: perceptions and experiences of health and social care professionals
Authors: MCLAUGHLIN D. , MCKENNA H. , LESLIE J. , MOORE K. , ROBINSON J.
Published: November 2006

Over the 30 years of conflict, Northern Ireland escaped the worst excesses of illegal drug trafficking and usage. This was in large part due to the ‘policing’ of local community crime by paramilitaries. However, since the first ‘cease‐fire’ in 1994 the province has witnessed a dramatic and unprecedented rise in the availability of illicit drugs. This increased availability reflects rising consumption of these drugs in the province. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions that a sample of health and social care professionals’ hold of illicit drug users in Northern Ireland. A survey methodology was used. Community settings across Northern Ireland were accessed. Focus groups and face‐to‐face interviews were used as data collection methods. Thirty‐five health and social care professionals took part in this study. Thirty‐two took part in six focus groups; three respondents underwent one‐to‐one interview. The participating professionals reported to have little or no education or training in the care and treatment of illicit drug users. Some stated that they would reject the offer of education and training in this area to prevent contact with illicit drug users. Many displayed strongly negative views of this client group, often expressing a preference not to care for or treat these people, preferring all their care to be given by specialists in illicit drug treatment. These findings indicate that most of the health and social care professionals who took part in this study appear unprepared and unwilling to meet the challenge of caring for illicit drug users. The findings will be of interest to service providers within and outside the UK.
A low‐molecular mass ribonuclease from the brown oyster mushroom
Authors: Xia L. , Chu K. T. , Ng T. B.
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  A ribonuclease, with a molecular mass of 9 kDa and an N‐terminal sequence resembling the sequence of a fragment of tRNA/rRNA cytosine‐C5‐methylase and a fragment of a alanyl‐tRNA synthetase, was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the brown oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. The ribonuclease was purified using a very simple protocol that comprised ion‐exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM)‐cellulose and affinity chromatography on Affi‐gel blue gel. Subsequent gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the ribonuclease was purified after the first two chromatographic steps. The ribonuclease was adsorbed on CM‐cellulose and Affi‐gel blue gel. The ribonuclease exhibited the highest activity toward poly A, lower activity toward poly C, slight activity toward poly G, and indiscernible activity toward poly U. The enzyme was stimulated upon exposure to 1 μm Mg2+ and 10 μm Zn2+, but was inhibited by the following ions at 10 mm: Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+. The ribonuclease required a pH of 8.0 and a temperature of 50–70 °C to express maximal activity. It had a Km of 60 μm toward yeast tRNA. It lacked mitogenic and HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibiting activities, but exerted antiproliferative activity toward leukemia L1210 cells.
ARE STREET‐LEVEL BUREAUCRATS COMPELLED OR ENTICED TO COPE?
Authors: NIELSEN VIBEKE LEHMANN
Published: November 2006

Traditional studies of street‐level bureaucrats see the bureaucrat’s behaviour as a kind of self‐defence – a way to minimize negative aspects of the job and thereby job frustration. I argue – and empirically show – that it is equally relevant to consider at least part of street‐level bureaucrat behaviour as positively motivated – as a way of maximizing job satisfaction. Behavioural mechanisms such as coping are not just a way to avoid frustration, but also a way to gain satisfaction. This becomes clear when we attempt to explain differential treatment among regulated companies.
THE PARTICIPATORY AND DEMOCRATIC POTENTIAL AND PRACTICE OF INTEREST GROUPS: BETWEEN SOLIDARITY AND REPRESENTATION
Authors: HALPIN DARREN R.
Published: November 2006

Embracing ‘groups’ as means to address democratic deficiencies invites scrutiny of their democratic practices. However, many groups lack internal democratic practices and offer few opportunities for affiliates to participate. Guided by an implicit ‘representation’ narrative of groups, the absence of internal democratic practices is interpreted as a sign of ‘failure’ or ‘deficiency’. Some scholars have entertained the idea of setting minimum standards of internal democracy as a prerequisite for policy access. This article scrutinizes this emerging consensus and its ‘representation’ narrative. Drawing upon the work of O’Neill (2001) and Pitkin (1967), it is argued that groups can also be viewed through a lens of solidarity. This paper argues that the type of constituency a group advocates for can be used to calibrate expectations of internal democratic structures of accountability and authorization. The concepts of ‘representation’ and ‘solidarity’ are used to make sense of the (changeable) practices of a variety of groups.
Dramatic reduction of crop‐to‐crop gene flow within a short distance from transgenic rice fields
Authors: Rong Jun , Lu Bao‐Rong , Song Zhiping , Su Jun , Snow Allison A. , Zhang Xinsheng , Sun Shuguang , Chen Rui , Wang Feng
Published: November 2006

Genetically modified (GM) rice with enhanced agronomic traits and pharmaceutical uses are ready for widespread adoption. Little is known about isolation requirements for achieving stringent transgene confinement in rice. To investigate the extent of pollen‐mediated crop‐to‐crop transgene flow, we conducted a field experiment with four plot‐size treatments of adjacent GM and nonGM rice (Oryza sativa) in China.

Three insect‐resistant GM rice (Bt/CpTI) and nonGM isogenic lines were used in the study. The hygromycin‐resistance transgene (hpt) marker was used to screen seeds from the nonGM rice rows at different distance intervals from GM rice plots.

Based on the examination of > 2.1 million germinated seeds, we found a dramatic reduction in transgene frequencies with increasing distance from the GM crop, ranging from c. 0.28% at 0.2 m to < 0.01% at 6.2 m. In addition, different plot size did not significantly affect the frequencies of gene flow.

In conclusion, pollen‐mediated crop‐to‐crop transgene flow in rice can be maintained at negligible levels with short spatial isolation. The model can also be applied to other crops with self‐ and wind‐pollination.
Relationships Among the Level of Response to Alcohol and the Number of Alcoholic Relatives in Predicting Alcohol‐Related Outcomes
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L. , Pierson Juliann , Danko George P. , Beltran Iris A.
Published: November 2006

Background: The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is related to a family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and each predicts alcohol‐related outcomes. Few studies have evaluated the interrelationships between the number of alcoholic relatives, LR, and a range of alcohol‐related outcomes. This study tests the hypotheses that there will be an inverse relationship between LR and FH and that LR will be a better predictor of the maximum quantity of alcohol consumed.

Methods: Data were extracted from personal interviews with 376 males from 20 years of follow‐up in the San Diego Prospective Study. Level of response had been established at about age 20 through alcohol challenges in this population, about half of whom had at least one alcoholic relative. Face‐to‐face follow‐ups with both the subjects and additional informants were carried out 10, 15, and 20 years later. These analyses used correlations and regressions to evaluate the relationship between the 2 major predictors (FH and LR) and 5 alcohol‐related outcomes over 20 years of follow‐up.

Results: As predicted, the alcohol challenge‐based LR correlated significantly with the number of alcoholic relatives (up to −0.17 for subjects with clearly high and low LR scores). Each of the 2 predictors correlated with the 5 outcomes, including the maximum quantity of alcohol consumed since original testing, maximum frequency, nondiagnostic alcohol‐related problems, the number of 11 DSM‐IV (Fourth Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) abuse and dependence items, and having developed alcohol abuse or dependence. In hierarchical regression analyses, LR contributed significantly to the prediction of all 5 outcomes, even when considered in the context of FH, with only LR predicting drinking quantity and frequency, but both items adding to the prediction of alcohol‐related problems and diagnoses. These results were not affected by the intensity of usual drinking when LR had been measured at age 20.

Conclusions: Both FH and LR contributed to a range of alcohol‐related outcomes, with LR alone significantly predicting maximum quantity and frequency in regression analyses.
Ethanol Suppresses LPS‐induced Toll‐like Receptor 4 Clustering, Reorganization of the Actin Cytoskeleton, and Associated TNF‐α Production
Authors: Dai Qun , Pruett Stephen B.
Published: November 2006

Background: Ethanol (EtOH) suppresses cytokine responses induced through most Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), but the mechanism of action is unclear. We recently found that acute EtOH alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced partitioning of CD14, a critical component of the LPS receptor complex, within lipid raft fractions in the macrophage‐like cell line RAW264.7.

Methods: Here we investigated the role of receptor clustering in alteration of the responses of cells to LPS caused by EtOH both in vitro and in vivo. The cellular distribution of CD14, TLR4, actin cytoskeleton, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were studied by confocal microscopy following exposure of cells to LPS with or without EtOH. TLR4 and CD14 were clustered into highly colocalized patches on the cell membrane accompanied by the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in some of the RAW264.7 cells as well as peritoneal cells following LPS treatment.

Results: Addition of EtOH reduced the number of cells that had LPS‐induced receptor patches and in which this reorganization occurred. Cells on which CD14 and TLR4 formed clusters or caps had substantially higher levels of membrane‐bound TNF‐α compared with cells without clustering or capping of these molecules. Interference with the actin cytoskeleton by cytochalasin D suppressed the production of TNF‐α and receptor clustering, as EtOH did.

Conclusions: These data confirm our previous observations, suggest a novel mechanism of EtOH action that involves interference with receptor clustering, and indicate a potential role of actin filaments in the formation of receptor patches, subsequent activation of macrophages by LPS, and production of TNF‐α.
A Study of AVINZA® (Morphine Sulfate Extended‐Release Capsules) for Chronic Moderate‐to‐Severe Noncancer Pain Conducted Under Real‐World Treatment Conditions—The ACCPT Study
Authors: Adams Edgar H. , Chwiecko Paul , Ace‐Wagoner Yvonne , Mangefrida Bethany , Duerden Mark E. , Perdikis George C. , Kunkel Frank A. , Ghalie Richard
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  This study evaluated the clinical effects and pattern of use of AVINZA(r), morphine sulfate extended‐release tablets, under real‐world treatment conditions. Opioid‐naive subjects or subjects who have failed other opioids were eligible if they had chronic moderate‐to‐severe noncancer pain with an average pain score ≥4 (0–10 scale) in the preceding month. Subjects answered in‐depth monthly questionnaires in three months. For the 491 evaluable subjects enrolled, the median AVINZA dose was 30 mg at baseline, titrated to 60 mg by month 1, and remained at 60 mg through month 3. Adherence was high, with almost 90% of the subjects reporting never having forgotten to take AVINZA. Mean daily pain scores (scale 0–10) significantly improved from 7.83 at enrollment to 5.77 at month 1 (P < 0.01) and then remained at this level through month 3. Significant improvements were seen in all sleep measures, and the mean Composite Sleep Score, a global measure of sleep quality (scale 0–10), significantly improved from 5.73 at baseline to 4.96 at month 3 (P < 0.01). Physical functioning was improved for activities requiring a moderate effort (P = 0.053), such as climbing one flight of stairs (P = 0.008). Two hospitalizations for nausea and vomiting were the only reported drug‐related serious adverse events. This study showed that once‐daily AVINZA significantly reduced pain scores, and resulted in improved sleep and physical functioning in patients with chronic moderate‐to‐severe pain. These results were achieved with a stable daily morphine dose over the three‐month study period.
Crystallization Behavior of Novel Silicon Boron Oxycarbide Glasses
Authors: Schiavon Marco Antonio , Gervais Christel , Babonneau Florence , Soraru Gian Domenico
Published: November 2006

Homogeneous silicon boron oxycarbide (Si‐B‐O‐C) glasses based on SiOxC4–x and BOyC3–y mixed environments were obtained by pyrolysis under inert atmosphere of sol–gel‐derived precursors. Their high‐temperature structural evolution from 1000° to 1500°C was followed using XRD, 29Si and 11B MAS NMR, and chemical analysis and compared with the behavior of the parent boron‐free Si‐O‐C glasses. The XRD study revealed that, for the Si‐O‐C and the Si‐B‐O‐C systems, high‐temperature annealing led to the crystallization of nanosized β‐SiC into an amorphous SiO2‐based matrix. NMR analysis suggested that the β‐SiC crystallization occurred with a consumption of the mixed silicon and boron oxycarbide units. Finally, by comparing the behavior of the Si‐O‐C and Si‐B‐O‐C glasses, it was shown that the presence of boron increased the crystallization kinetics of β‐SiC.
Heat Capacity of Mullite ‐ New Data and Evidence for a High‐Temperature Phase Transformation
Authors: Hildmann Bernd , Schneider Hartmut
Published: November 2006

The heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) of mullite (single crystalline and dense and powdered polycrystalline) was determined between −125° and 1400°C. Measurements were performed in three laboratories using two different disk‐type differential scanning calorimeters (DLR and Netzsch) and one cylinder‐type (Setaram). On the basis of these experimental data a new master curve Cp (T) is presented. Up to about 1100°C the Cp curve agrees well with those from previously published results: The Cp master curve displays a parabolic shape with Cp values of about 0.415 J/(g·K) at −125°C, 0.78 J/(g·K) at 25°C, and 1.25 J/(g·K) at 1000°C. At temperatures above 1100°C a yet unknown, steplike, weak Cp increase is observed with ΔC°p step values ranging between 0.03 and 0.10 J/(g·K). This Cp anomaly of mullite is reproducible under various heating conditions and is reversible both on heating and on cooling. The extrapolated onset temperature of the anomaly (Ton.) is controlled by the crystalline state of the samples (single crystal, Ton. above 1100°C; polycrystal, Ton. above 1250°C) but does not depend on the composition of mullite. Sillimanite, which is structurally closely related to mullite, displays no Cp anomaly. The absence of latent heat (ΔH= 0) and the shape of the Cp anomaly of mullite are comparable to the behavior of glass‐forming materials at the glass transition. The observations can best be interpreted in terms of an onset of ion‐jumping between adjacent structural sites T and T* and O(C) and O(C)*. Other interpretations, i.e., clockwise and counterclockwise rotations of structural units, or minor decomposition of mullite to α‐Al2O3 plus SiO2 glass observed at the surface of the single crystals, are less probable.
Room‐Temperature Aging of Laminate Composites of Alumina/3‐mol%‐Yttria‐Stablilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Authors: Sergo Valter
Published: November 2006

The stresses of laminate structures obtained by joining single layers of pure alumina (A), pure yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia, 3Y‐TZP (Z), and an intimate mixture of alumina and zirconia (AZ) have been determined by fluorescence (in alumina) and Raman (in zirconia) piezospectroscopy. Three symmetrical stacking sequences were examined, namely, A/Z/A, A/AZ/A, and AZ/Z/AZ, with the aim of designing structures where the higher coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of zirconia could be used to induce compressive stress in the external layers (and ensuing tensile stress in the central layer). Two experimental sessions, 6 years apart, were conducted on the same samples, also taking care to record the spectra from the same locations; during the time elapsed between the two sessions, the samples were kept at room temperature and humidity. The stress values in alumina obtained during the more recent session were markedly different from those observed in the first session. Monoclinic zirconia (m‐zirconia) was absent in all samples in the first session, whereas up to 25 vol% zirconia could be observed during the second session.m‐Zirconia could only be observed in AZ layers and not in Z layers, irrespective of the position in the stacking sequence. It was concluded that 3Y‐TZP underwent spontaneous tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic (t–m) transformation, that is, “aging,” when mixed with alumina at the grain‐size level. Aging occurred only where pristinet‐zirconia was subject to tensile stresses larger than ∼400 MPa.
Synthesis of Aragonite by the Carbonation Process
Authors: Ahn Ji‐Whan , Choi Kyung‐Sun , Yoon Seok‐Hyun , Kim Hwan
Published: November 2006

The conditions necessary for synthesizing aragonite by the carbonation process were investigated. Aragonite formation was found to have no relation to the pH value, the mole ratio of MgCl2/Ca(OH)2, or the magnesium/calcium ion concentration in a solution. The synthesis of aragonite requires a concentration of magnesium ions in the appropriate range (∼0.1–0.26 mol/L) and a concentration of calcium ions below a certain range (less than ∼0.16–0.25 mol/L). An excess of calcium ions or magnesium ions favors calcite formation. Needlelike aragonite with a large aspect ratio was successfully synthesized in the present study.
Directed Colloidal Assembly of Linear and Annular Lead Zirconate Titanate Arrays
Authors: Smay James E. , Cesarano Joseph , Tuttle Bruce A. , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: November 2006

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) arrays for ultrasonic sensing applications in the 2–30‐MHz frequency range were fabricated by robocasting, a directed colloidal assembly technique. Both linear and annular arrays were produced by robotically depositing a concentrated PZT gel‐based ink to create high‐aspect‐ratio PZT elements (thickness ∼ 130 μm and height ∼1–2 mm) of varying pitch (∼250–410 μm). The arrays were densified and infiltrated with an epoxy resin to fabricate PZT–polymer composites with 2–2 connectivity. Their dielectric and piezoelectric constants were measured and compared with values obtained for bulk PZT and those predicted theoretically.
Mullite–Boron Nitride Composite with High Strength and Low Elasticity
Authors: Zhang G. J. , Yang J. F. , Ando M. , Ohji T. , Kanzaki S.
Published: November 2006

Mullite–boron nitride (BN) composite with high strength, low Young's modulus, and highly improved strain tolerance was prepared by reactive hot pressing (RHP) using aluminum borates (9Al2O3·2B2O3 and 2Al2O3·B2O3) and silicon nitride as starting materials. Compared with the monolithic mullite, the composite RHPed at 1800°C showed 1.64 times (540 MPa) the strength, 70% (153 GPa) the Young's modulus, and 2.34 times (3.53 × 10−3) the strain tolerance. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the composite had an isotropic microstructure with a fine mullite matrix grain size of less than 1 μm and nanosized hexagonal BN (h‐BN) platelets of about 200 nm in length and 60–80 nm in thickness. The high strength was suggested to be from the reduced matrix grain size and the small toughening effect by the h‐BN platelets.
Subjective Sexual Response to Testosterone Replacement Therapy Based on Initial Serum Levels of Total Testosterone
Authors: Reyes-Vallejo Luis , Lazarou Stephen , Morgentaler Abraham
Published: November 2006

Introduction

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has been shown to be beneficial for men with hypogonadism. However, it is unknown how well hypogonadal men respond to TRT based on the severity of testosterone deficiency.

Aim

To determine subjective sexual response rates to TRT based on initial serum testosterone values, with particular interest in men with “low-normal” levels of total testosterone (TT).

Main Outcome Measures

Subjective responses to TRT in the domains of erectile dysfunction, libido, orgasm, and morning erections.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed of 211 men with sexual symptoms of hypogonadism who underwent TRT. All men had either low values of TT (<300 ng/dL) or free testosterone (FT) (<1.5 ng/dL). The cohort was divided into three groups based on initial TT levels: Group 1: 0–200 ng/dL (N=26; 12.3%); Group 2: 201–300 ng/dL (N=64; 30.3%); Group 3: 301 ng/dL or greater (N=121; 57.3%). Improvement in erectile function was determined prior to addition of any other treatment (e.g., phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors). The mean follow-up was 9 months (range 3–36 months).

Results

The mean age was 55.2 years. Testosterone gel was used in approximately two-thirds of each group. Improvement in libido was reported in 61.5%, 96.6%, and 29.8% for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P <0.001). Improvement in erectile function was noted in 46.2%, 45.3%, and 73.6% for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P <0.001). At time of last follow-up, the percentage of men continuing with TRT was 73.1%, 57.8%, and 58.7% for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P =nonsignificant).

Conclusions

These preliminary data suggest that men with sexual symptoms of hypogonadism respond well to TRT across a wide range of initial TT values, including men with low-normal TT levels. These men may have low bioavailable levels of testosterone that are not reflected in TT values.
Acculturation and Sexual Function in Canadian East Asian Men
Authors: Brotto Lori A. , Woo Jane S.T. , Ryder Andrew G.
Published: November 2006

Introduction

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of considering acculturation when investigating the sexuality of East Asian women in North America. Moreover, bidimensional assessment of both heritage and mainstream cultural affiliations provides significantly more information about sexual attitudes than simple unidimensional measures, such as length of residency in the Western culture.

Aim

The goal of this study was to extend the findings in women to a sample of East Asian men.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-report measures of sexual behaviors, sexual responses, and sexual satisfaction.

Methods

Euro-Canadian (N=124) and East Asian (N=137) male university students privately completed a battery of questionnaires in exchange for course credit.

Results

Group comparisons revealed East Asian men to have significantly lower liberal sexual attitudes and experiences, and a significantly lower proportion had engaged in sexual intercourse compared with the Euro-Canadian sample. In addition, the East Asian men had significantly higher Impotence and Avoidance subscale scores on the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction, a measure of sexual dysfunction. Focusing on East Asian men alone, mainstream acculturation, but not length of residency in Canada, was significantly related to sexual attitudes, experiences, and responses.

Conclusion

Overall, these data replicate the findings in women and suggest that specific acculturation effects over and above length of residency should be included in the cultural assessment of men’s sexual health.
Commercially available plant growth regulators and promoters modify bulk tissue abscisic acid concentrations in spring barley, but not root growth and yield response to drought
Authors: Bingham I.J. , McCabe V.B.
Published: November 2006

Field and lysimeter experiments were conducted in 2002 to investigate the effects of an antigibberellin growth regulator (Moddus, active ingredient trinexapac‐ethyl, Syngenta Crop Protection UK Ltd, Whittlesford, Cambridge, UK) and an auxin‐stimulating (Route, active ingredient zinc ammonium acetate, De Sangosse Ltd, Swaffham Bulbeck, Cambridge, UK) growth promoter on root growth, soil water extraction and the drought response of spring barley. The effects on root growth and distribution were investigated in the field. The effects on the drought response were studied in 1.2‐m‐deep lysimeters packed with a loamy sand subsoil and sandy loam topsoil. Lysimeters were located under a fixed rain shelter, and drought was imposed by withholding irrigation. In both field and lysimeter experiments, growth regulator/promoters were applied to cv. Optic at early tillering according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. After withholding irrigation from lysimeters at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 21 (37 days after sowing), 50% of the profile available water had been depleted by flag leaf emergence (GS 37/39; 62 days after sowing). Drought significantly reduced stem biomass at ear emergence (GS 59; 78 days after sowing) but not leaf or ear dry weight; this was before there was any significant reduction in leaf water potential or stomatal conductance to water vapour. The reduction in stem biomass may reflect a change in partitioning between shoot and root in response to soil drying. When averaged over growth regulator/promoter treatments, drought reduced grain yield by approximately 1 t ha−1. This was associated with a reduction in both ears per m2 and grains per ear. The mean grain weight was not reduced by drought, in spite of significant reductions in stomatal conductance and canopy lifespan post‐anthesis. Route, and to a lesser extent Moddus, significantly increased abscisic acid accumulation in the stem base of droughted plants, and there was some indication of a possible delay in stomatal closure in Route‐treated plants as the soil moisture deficit developed. However, there was no significant effect on the amount of soil water extracted or grain yield under drought. Similarly, in field experiments, neither Route nor Moddus significantly altered total root length, biomass or distribution. There is little evidence from these experiments or in the literature to support the use of antigibberellin or auxin‐simulating growth regulator/promoters to modify root growth and drought avoidance of spring barley.
Automatic registration of megavoltage to kilovoltage CT images in helical tomotherapy: An evaluation of the setup verification process for the special case of a rigid head phantom
Authors: Boswell Sarah , Tomé Wolfgang , Jeraj Robert , Jaradat Hazim , Mackie T. Rock
Published: November 2006

Precise daily target localization is necessary to achieve highly conformal radiation delivery. In helical tomotherapy, setup verification may be accomplished just prior to delivering each fraction by acquiring a megavoltage CT scan of the patient in the treatment position. This daily image set may be manually or automatically registered to the image set on which the treatment plan was calculated, in order to determine any needed adjustments. The system was tested by acquiring 104 MVCT scans of an anthropomorphic head phantom to which translational displacements had been introduced with respect to the planning image set. Registration results were compared against an independent, optically guided positioning system. The total experimental uncertainty was within approximately 1 mm. Although the registration of phantom images is not fully analogous to the registration of patient images, this study confirms that the system is capable of phantom localization with sub‐voxel accuracy. In seven registration problems considered, expert human observers were able to perform manual registrations with comparable or inferior accuracy to automatic registration by mutual information. The time to compute an automatic registration is considerably shorter than the time required for manual registration. However, human evaluation of automatic results is necessary in order to identify occasional outliers, and to ensure that the registration is clinically acceptable, especially in the case of deformable patient anatomy.
Updated Solid Water™ to water conversion factors for and brachytherapy sources
Authors: Meigooni Ali S. , Awan Shahid B. , Thompson Nathan S. , Dini Sharifeh A.
Published: November 2006

Dosimetric characteristics of brachytherapy sources are normally determined in water using a Monte Carlo simulation technique and in water equivalent phantom material using both experimental and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The consensuses of these results are then calculated for clinical applications by converting experimental data obtained in water equivalent material to water using a conversion factor. These conversion factors are normally determined as a ratio of the Monte Carlo‐simulated dose rate constant in liquid water to the dose rate constant in a water‐equivalent phantom material. However, it has been noted that conversion factors utilized by some investigators have been derived using incorrect phantom material composition and incorrect cross‐sectional data information. The impact of errors associated with the cross‐sectional data and chemical composition of the phantom material used in dosimetric evaluation of brachytherapy sources has been investigated in this project. Results of these investigations have shown that the use of Solid Water™ with 1.7% calcium content, as compared to the 2.3% value stated by the manufacturer, may lead to 5% and 9% differences in conversion factors for and , respectively.
Resampling: An optimization method for inverse planning in robotic radiosurgery
Authors: Schweikard Achim , Schlaefer Alexander , Adler John R.
Published: November 2006

By design, the range of beam directions in conventional radiosurgery are constrained to an isocentric array. However, the recent introduction of robotic radiosurgery dramatically increases the flexibility of targeting, and as a consequence, beams need be neither coplanar nor isocentric. Such a nonisocentric design permits a large number of distinct beam directions to be used in one single treatment. These major technical differences provide an opportunity to improve upon the well‐established principles for treatment planning used with GammaKnife or LINAC radiosurgery. With this objective in mind, our group has developed over the past decade an inverse planning tool for robotic radiosurgery. This system first computes a set of beam directions, and then during an optimization step, weights each individual beam. Optimization begins with a feasibility query, the answer to which is derived through linear programming. This approach offers the advantage of completeness and avoids local optima. Final beam selection is based on heuristics. In this report we present and evaluate a new strategy for utilizing the advantages of linear programming to improve beam selection. Starting from an initial solution, a heuristically determined set of beams is added to the optimization problem, while beams with zero weight are removed. This process is repeated to sample a set of beams much larger compared with typical optimization. Experimental results indicate that the planning approach efficiently finds acceptable plans and that resampling can further improve its efficiency.