bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costos monetarios de la alimentación actual del mexicano promedio, el caso de Xalapa, Veracruz. Construcción de la Sustracción Nominal Típica
Authors: Gómez Castañeda Kevin Michel
Published: August 2018

Este artículo busca evidenciar los actuales problemas alimentarios y de nutrición de la población mexicana y calcular sus costos monetarios, haciendo su enfoque al municipio de Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, a través de la formulación de parámetros de comparación mediante la construcción de un indicador capaz de reflejar la dieta típica del individuo promedio, el precio de mercado local de los productos consumidos y el gasto realizado por porción individual en éstos, obteniendo un gasto diario en alimentación con valores nominales de alta representatividad de la situación económica y nutricional local actual.Este artículo busca evidenciar la alimentación real del mexicano promedioPalabras clave: Pobreza; nutrición; dieta; salario; gasto AbstractThis article seeks to highlight the food and nourishment problems of the Mexi­can population and calculate their monetary costs, making their approach to the municipa­lity of Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, through the formulation of comparison parameters throu­gh the construction of an indicator capable of reflecting the typical diet of the average indi­vidual, the local market price of the consumed products and the expenditure made per indivi­dual portion in these, obtaining a daily expen­diture on food with nominal values of high re­presentativeness of the current local economic and nutritional situation.Keywords: Poverty; nourishment; diet; wage; salary; expense
Feminicidios con antecedentes de Violencia de Género en Veracruz 2014 y 2015
Authors: Estrada Bautista Layda Jacqueline
Published: August 2018

Este artículo registra y analiza las principales características de aquellos casos de feminicidios con antecedentes de violencia de género durante 2014 y 2015 en Veracruz. Palabras clave: feminicidios; violencia hacia las mujeres; violencia de género; Veracruz; observatorio AbstractThis article records and analyzes the main characteristics of those cases of femi­cide with a history of gender violence during 2014 and 2015 in Veracruz.Keywords: feminicide; violence against wo­men; gender violence; Veracruz; observatory
Monitoreo en prensa impresa sobre las elecciones a gobernador en el estado de Veracruz, período 2010-2016
Authors: Andrade del Cid Patricia
Published: August 2018

En el siguiente texto se presentan algunos de los principales indicadores que se crearon durante el Monitoreo en prensa impresa sobre las elecciones a gobernador en el estado de Veracruz, durante los períodos 2010 y 2016. El Observatorio Veracruzano de Medios realiza sus seguimientos sobre dos temas, electorales y medioambiente; ambos pretenden recopilar información para hacer estudios longitudinales en el tiempo.Palabras clave: Monitoreo, Prensa, Elecciones, Gobernador, Veracruz AbstractThe following text presents some of the main indicators that were created during the print media monitoring of the governor elections in the state of Veracruz, during the 2010 and 2016 periods. The Veracruz Media Observatory follows up on two topics, electoral and environmen­tal issues; both intend to collect information to make longitudinal studies in time.Keywords: Monitoring, Press, Elections, Governor, Veracruz
¿Está cambiando el clima en Xalapa y Coatepec?
Authors: Parada Molina Paulo César
Published: August 2018

Existe la percepción de que el clima está cambiando en todo el mundo, pero pocas veces se analiza cómo (y cuánto) es ese cambio. En esta nota se presentan avances del análisis del clima para Xalapa y Coatepec. Se realizó una caracterización del clima y se determinaron las tendencias de temperatura y precipitación considerando cómo ha cambiado el clima en 50 años (1961-2010). Se utilizó la metodología del Grupo de Expertos en Detección e Índices de Cambio Climático (ETCCDI por sus siglas en inglés). Se encontró que ambas ciudades se están volviendo térmicamente menos extremosos (menos diferencia entre temperaturas altas y bajas), igualmente se encontró que ahora hay mayor precipitación total anual, aunque en menos días. Se prevén incrementos de las temperaturas mínima y máxima de alrededor 0.02 y 0.008 °C/año, respectivamente y la precipitación anual se incrementaría un 17.3 % en Xalapa y un 7.3 % en Coatepec, para el 2050.Palabras clave: Cambio climático; análisis de tendencias; condiciones hídricas; sistemas agroforestales cafetaleros; percepción del clima AbstractThere is a strong perception that climate is changing worldwide, nevertheless few times this climate change has been detailed analyzed and, even less, measured. This note presents some progresses regarding climate analysis for the cities of Xalapa and Coatepec, using the methodology of the Expert Group on Detection and Indexes of Climate Change (ETCCDI). Climate characterization and tem perature and precipitation trends for 50 years (1960-2010) were realized. It was found that both cities are becoming thermally less extre­mes (with less difference between high and low temperatures). Similarly, it was found a cu­rrent increment in annual total precipitation, even though there are less rainy days. Increa­ses are expected in minimum and maximum temperatures of 0.02 °C/year and 0.008 °C for year, respectively, and annual total precipita­tion would be increased about 17.3% for Xala­pa and 7.3% for Coatepec.Keywords: Climate change; trend analysis; water conditions; coffee agroforestry systems; climate perception
MEMPRODUKSI TEKS PROSEDUR KOMPLEKS MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL PADA SISWA SMA
Authors: Marhayanti Ai
Published: August 2018

The background of this research is about the low of study result because students’s learning activity so low and the students’ not familiar with scientific method. The focus of this reasearch is made procedure komplex text with audio-visual media. This media is a way how to increase the students’ ability in producing  complex procedure in a good text. The method used in this research is qualitative-descriptive method. The kind of this research is classroom action research which was conducted in three cycles. The subject of this research is SMA Negeri 4 Pontianak. The object research is the visual-audio media . The research instrument  used is the test of study and also the observation sheet for observation the learning activity of the students and researcher. The results shows the medium of video could improve the writing skill complex procedure text, and the students’ attitude havea good invroved.
PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS BERITA MENGGUNAKAN METODE OBSERVASI LAPANGAN DAN MEDIA BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI
Authors: Kaini Kaini
Published: August 2018

The aim of this research is to describe the improvement of the students' ability of writing text news with the field observation method and technology media for students in grade 8 smp n 1 ella hilir melawi recency. This research use descriptive method with classroom action research in 3 cycles. Every cycle consist of planning, acting, observing and reflecting. The result of this research is the applying of field observation with the use of technology media can improve students in grade 8 smp 1 ella hilir melawi regency's writing ability.
KEMAMPUAN MENULIS PARAGRAF ARGUMENTASI PADA SISWA KELAS X A SMANEGERI 1 MENYUKE
Authors: Seriati Seriati
Published: August 2018

Writing skill for Argumentation Paragraph for students in SMA N 1 Menyuke, regency on the tenth grade in secondA semeste. The purpose of this research was described students writing skill for argumentation paragraph based on the aspect observation from the unity of paragraph, coherence of paragraph, development of paragraph. This research used descriptive in qualitative method. The instrument of this research was written test for argumentation paragraph. The result of this research were 95% for the unity of paragraph, 44,37% for coherence of paragraph, 51,87%.The general conclusion of this research showed students writing skill in argumentation paragraph for students on the tenth grade in SMA N 1 Menyuke Landak regency in second semester 2014/2015 achieved the score 63,54% with ranges 56%-65% categorized poor to average, whether there are some aspect must be increase.
PENERAPAN METODE ROLE PLAYING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DRAMA UNTUK PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA
Authors: Suhandi Ya’ Dedi
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study as follows. First, it reviews the application of  the role playing method in the learning drama to know the learning processquality, especially the students’ attitude, namely interest, activity, responsibility, courage, and enthusiastic. Second, it reviews the application of the role playing method in the learningdrama to know the quality of students’ speaking, especially pronunciation, intonation, fluency, expression, and comprehension.Actionis implemented during three cycles. The examined data is the learning process, especially the students’ attitude and speaking. The data source is the fifth grade teacher through the lesson plans, score list of students’ attitude, score list of the students’ speaking ability, teacher’s activity by using an indirect technique, namely observation and documentation.Based on theresearch results, it is concluded that role playing method can improve the quality of the learning process, especially the students’s attitude and speaking. This can be evidenced by the increased percentage as follows. First, students’ attitude on aspects of interest, activity, responsibility, courage, and enthusiastic in the cycle I, II, and III. Second, the quality of students’ speaking ability evidenced by the average score in the first cycle is 70 and 48% levels of completeness. In the second cycle, ithappened increasing to 79 with a 74% level of completeness. In the third cycle, ithappened a significant increasing, namely 87 to 93% levels of completeness.
Image processing of alos palsar satellite data, small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and field measurement of land deformation
Authors: Kausarian Husnul , Sri Sumantyo Josaphat Tetuko , Putra Dewandra Bagus eka , Suryadi Adi , Gevisioner Gevisioner
Published: August 2018

Pekanbaru, Indonesia is connected by four big bridges, Siak Bridge; I, II, III and IV. The quality of the Siak bridges deteriorated seriously at this time. Geological mapping for the land subsidence potency was conducted using small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the Siak Bridge areas. The study of the Siak bridges are supported by the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) analysis using ALOS PALSAR satellite data, and the deflection observation that occurs in Siak III Bridge was observed by field measurement. The results of 3D model analysis showed that there is no negative land deformation. DInSAR analysis shows the amount of positive deformation of Siak I is 81 cm, Siak II is 48 cm, Siak III is 89 cm, and Siak IV is 92. Deflection on Siak III Bridge was detected at around 25-26 cm. These models could be used as a new way of measuring the bridge deformation on a big scale.
Elkarrekintza didaktikoa eta album ilustratua hezkuntza literariorako giltzarri. Ezagutzak elkarrekin eraikitzen
Authors: Galarraga Arrizabalaga Haizea , Alonso Amezua Idurre
Published: August 2018

Lan hau hezkuntza literarioaren esparruan kokatzen da, eta helburu du elkarrekintza didaktikoaren estrategietan sakontzea, elkarrekintza diseinatzeko eta gelaratzeko modu desberdinak aztertuz. Horretarako, album ilustratua izan da aztertutako gelaratzeetan langai izan den generoa, hain zuzen ere, genero horren izaera erraztatzailea delako elkarrekintzak eraikitzeko, ikaskuntza dialogikoa sustatzeko eta literaturaz hitz egiteko. Ildo horretatik, ikertu dira album ilustratuak eta elkarrekintzak eskaintzen dituzten aukerak gaitasun literarioak nahiz komunikatiboak lantzeko. Hori guztia prestakuntza ikertuaren barruan egin da Arizmendi Ikastolan, eta Lehen Hezkuntzako laugarren mailako irakasle baten gelaratzeak analizatu dira; horietako bakoitzean nagusitu diren elkarrekintza motak eta bakoitzak nola lagundu duen ezagutzak eraikitzen eta mintzagaietan sakontzen.
Talde arteko harremanen eragina jarduera fisiko inklusiboetan: pilotarien sinesmenak aztergai
Authors: Fernandez Lasa Uxue , Nabaskues Lasheras Itsaso , Olasagasti Ibargoien Jurgi , Usabiaga Arruabarrena Oidui
Published: August 2018

Ikerketa honetan urritasunik ez zuten pilotarien ustetan talde arteko harremanak euskal pilota inklusiboagoa bilakatzeko izan zezakeen eragina aztertu zen. Euskal pilotan ziharduten federatutako eta federatu gabeko 15 pilotari elkarrizketatu ziren bi talde-eztabaida saiotan. Galdekatuek adierazi zuten kideen arteko erlazioei dagozkien hainbat baldintza betetzeak euskal pilota inklusiboagoa egiten lagunduko lukeela, besteak beste, urritasuna duten pertsonak estatus bereko ikusteak, helburu komunak edukitzeak, taldekide sentiarazteko kideen artean elkar laguntzeak, (in)formazioaren gainetik elkar ezagutzeko esfortzua egiteak eta edonori adiskide izateko aukera eskaintzeak. Taldekideen arteko harremanak partaideen aurreiritziek baldintzatzen zituzten askotan, baina izandako esperientzia puntualek asko lagundu zieten horiek ekiditen. Aurrera begira, kontuan hartu beharko litzateke proiektu inklusiboak diseinatu eta abian jartzean epe luzerako jarduerek eragin positiboagoak dituztela.
Narrativa de Design sobre a Integração de Questões Sociocientíficas no Ensino de Genética: Desenvolvimento e Implementação do Modelo e-CRIA
Authors: De Lima Marcelo Bernardo , Neto Raul dos Santos , Struchiner Miriam
Published: August 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o desenvolvimento, implementação e avaliação de uma intervenção que integrou Questões Sociocientíficas (QSC) relacionadas ao Ensino de Genética mediado pelo uso das Tecnologias Digitais da Informação e Comunicação (TDIC) no contexto da formação inicial de professores de Ciências e Biologia. As QSC são problemas reais que propiciam o entendimento dos estudantes sobre o mundo em que estão inseridos e permitem o desenvolvimento da argumentação e tomadas de decisões sobre temas relativos à Ciência e à Tecnologia. A abordagem metodológica adotada, Pesquisa Baseada em Design, é baseada na natureza aplicada da pesquisa em educação. Para integrar as TDIC no ensino, levou-se em consideração as particularidades do contexto e dos sujeitos. A pesquisa se desenvolveu a partir da parceria entre professores e pesquisadores e seguiu quatro fases: análise do problema educativo; desenvolvimento do artefato pedagógico; aplicação e avaliação do artefato; produção de princípios de design. O estudo foi realizado com dois professores de genética de uma Universidade Federal e nove alunos do Curso de Ciências Biológicas. Durante os encontros com os professores foi identificada a preocupação com o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico dos alunos. O artefato criado (um blog, norteado pelo modelo de Ensino desenvolvido) foi adotado em uma disciplina optativa. Os alunos se interessaram principalmente pelo protagonismo, utilização das TDIC e possibilidade de discutir outros temas. Embora os achados da pesquisa sejam relacionados ao contexto particular dessa disciplina, a análise desse processo oferece subsídios para a investigação em outros contextos.
Uso da História da Ciência para Favorecer a Compreensão de Estudantes do Ensino Médio sobre Ciência
Authors: Santos Monique
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo tem por objetivos apresentar uma proposta, fundamentada na perspectiva histórica, de inserção de Natureza da Ciência (NC) de maneira contextualizada na Educação Básica; e discutir como a aplicação de tal proposta favoreceu a compreensão dos estudantes sobre ciências. A proposta foi um júri simulado que envolvia aspectos históricos da Ciência e que teve como tema a vida pessoal e profissional de Marie Curie. A proposta foi desenvolvida em uma turma de 1º ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública federal do sudeste do Brasil. As aulas nas quais ela foi desenvolvida foram registradas em vídeo e as falas dos estudantes foram transcritas. Para a análise, foi proposta e utilizada uma adaptação do perfil de Dimensões de Confiabilidade da Ciência como ferramenta de análise de dados. Com o auxílio de tal ferramenta, foi possível identificar e caracterizar os aspectos de NC que permearam as falas dos estudantes durante o júri simulado, assim como o modo que tais aspectos foram utilizados por eles para se posicionar. A partir da discussão dos resultados, foi possível concluir que a aplicação de tal proposta favoreceu a compreensão dos estudantes sobre ciências e contribuiu para uma alfabetização científica mais ampla, ou seja, para a formação de estudantes crítico-reflexivos.
Preguntas comunes en alergias. Enfoque práctico para el diagnóstico y manejo en atención primaria
Authors: Sánchez Jorge , Sánchez Andrés , Cardona Ricardo
Published: August 2018

Las alergias son enfermedades con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas, presentes en 20 a 40 % de la población general. Debido a que comparten un mismo mecanismo, en muchas ocasiones se presentan varios procesos de este tipo en una misma persona, generando numerosos síntomas y costos económicos importantes para el paciente y su familia. Actualmente, el manejo médico de estas enfermedades está enfocado en tres puntos principales: identificar y evitar el agente causal, control de los síntomas agudos mediante tratamiento farmacológico y generación de tolerancia con inmunomodulación o la desensibilización. Sin embargo, debido a los diferentes mecanismos subyacentes, es necesario realizar diferentes aproximaciones diagnósticas, las cuales pueden transformarse en un verdadero reto para el médico tratante. Adicionalmente, en ocasiones el paciente lleva a cabo restricciones y tratamientos innecesarios, limitando sus actividades diarias, modificando su dieta y afectando de forma directa su calidad de vida. Se realiza una revisión orientada a dar respuesta a diferentes inquietudes comunes que resultan de la consulta de la práctica diaria.
Perfil clínico de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria en el noroeste de México
Authors: Aguilar-Jasso Diana , Váldez-López Francisco , Valle-Leal Jaime Guadalupe , Aguilar-Jasso Juan , Del Hierro-Yepo Julio César , Lizola-Arvizu Natalia
Published: August 2018

Antecedentes: La alergia alimentaria es una reacción adversa secundaria a una respuesta inmune específica tras la exposición a un alimento. Conocer el curso natural de las alergias alimentarias es esencial para el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.Objetivo: Conocer el perfil clínico de niños con diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria, atendidos en el servicio de alergología pediátrica de un hospital de segundo nivel.Métodos: Estudio transversal de expedientes de niños con diagnóstico confirmado de alergia alimentaria. Se estudió tipo de alergia alimentaria, cuadro clínico inicial, antecedentes de atopia familiar, tiempo de alimentación al seno materno, edad de ablactación, alimentos alérgenos positivos por paciente, entre otros. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y búsqueda de asociación con chi cuadrada.Resultados: De 95 pacientes estudiados, predominaron las mujeres. Leche, soya, trigo y huevo fueron los alimentos con más respuestas alérgicas. Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron gastrointestinales. El tiempo de inicio de los síntomas al diagnóstico definitivo fue de 3.2 años. La alergia alimentaria se asoció con edad de ablactación ≥ 6 meses; leche y soya con sintomatología respiratoria y gastrointestinal, huevo con respiratoria y dermatológica y trigo con gastrointestinal.Conclusiones: Las alergias alimentarias se manifestaron principalmente con síntomas gastrointestinales y existió asociación entre cuadro clínico y alimentos alérgenos.
The pragmatic role of nasal cytology: a point-of-care testing to implement precision medicine in clinical practice
Authors: Gelardi Matteo , Landi Massimo , Ciprandi Giorgio
Published: August 2018

Background: Precision medicine is an up-to-date strategy aimed at individualizing precise pathophysiological mechanisms. Thus, precision medicine is the basis for personalized medicine, inasmuch as it seeks to define the most appropriate treatment for each patient. Nasal cytology requires only an optical microscope, stains, glasses, and nasal cytology curettes. The procedure may last very few minutes using quick staining and, therefore, it can be considered a reliable point-of-care test in the office setting.Methods: Cross-sectional study that included 5030 outpatients with nasal disorders: 2612 males and 2418 females, with a mean age of 36.8 ± 17.1 years, who were attended to within a 5-year period. The patients were subdivided according to skin prick-test and nasal cytology results into subjects with allergic rhinitis or non-allergic rhinitis. Cellular forms were further subdivided based on their cytotype: NARNE (> 50% of neutrophils with absence of spores and bacteria); NARES (> 20% of eosinophils); NARMA (> 10% of mast cells); and NARESMA (> 20% of eosinophils and > 10% of mast cells).Results: 453 subjects (9%) had negative nasal cytology, 1056 (21%) had allergic rhinitis, 538 (10.7%) had NARES, 493 (9.8%) had nasal polyposis, 251 (5%) had rhinosinusitis, 221 (4.4%) had NARESMA 201 (4%) had infectious rhinitis, 131 (2.6%) had NARMA, 89 (1.8%) had NARNE, with the remaining subjects having a miscellaneous inflammatory/infectious profile.Conclusions: Nasal cytology provides quick information about phenotype and endotype and can be repeated during follow-up to assess post-treatment changes.
Análisis bayesiano. Conceptos básicos y prácticos para su interpretación y uso
Authors: Rendón-Macías Mario Enrique , Riojas-Garza Alberto , Contreras-Estrada Daniela , Martínez-Ezquerro José Darío
Published: August 2018

La estadística bayesiana se basa en la probabilidad subjetiva, trabaja con la actualización de la evidencia considerando los conocimientos adquiridos previos a una investigación, más la evidencia obtenida con esta. La interpretación de los resultados requiere la especificación de las hipótesis por contrastar y su probabilidad a priori antes del estudio. La evidencia del estudio se mide con el factor Bayes (razón de la compatibilidad de los datos bajo las hipótesis propuestas). La conjunción de las probabilidades a priori de las hipótesis con el factor Bayes permite calcular la probabilidad a posteriori de cada una. La hipótesis con mayor grado de certidumbre en su actualización es la aceptada para la toma de la decisión. En esta revisión se muestran tres ejemplos de hipótesis por contrastar: diferencia de promedios, correlación y asociación.
Research on the Definitions of Angle in the Past Korean Elementary Mathematics Textbooks
Authors:   The Korea Society Of Educational Studies In Mathematics, Kim Soo Mi
Published: August 2018

The present research work considers that there are many contradictory elements in the way ‘angle’ is defined and presented in the Korean elementary mathematics textbooks (KEMT). Henceforth, an effort has been made to systematically analyze the problems and seek solutions from the past KEMT. All the textbooks from the starting to the recent curriculum were collected and definitions and subsequent activities of angle, right angle, and angle measure from the books were analyzed. Based on the analysis, it was apparent that KEMT had commonly defined angle as a geometric standpoint, but illustrations of angle and views on the 'sides of angle' included in the definitions of angle were significantly different between curriculums. In addition, contradictory elements were continuously found in the definitions of the angle, between the definitions of angle and right angle, and between the definitions of angle and subsequent activities. Accordingly, it is proposed to reconsider the way angle is defined and design subsequent activities so as not to reveal the contradictory elements in the futuristic development of textbooks.
A Study on Professional Development Program for Mathematics Teachers about Process-Focused Assessment
Authors:   The Korea Society Of Educational Studies In Mathematics, Kang Hyun Young , Lee Dong Hwan , Lee Hwayoung , Cho Jinwoo , Tak Byungjoo , Ko Eun Sung , Kim Sun Hee
Published: August 2018

This study presents the results of the application of mathematics process-focused assessment training program for elementary, middle and high school teachers. Based on the theoretical review of the conditions to implement process-focused assessment and the feedback, we had set up the principles of the training program development, developed the form to design process-focused assessment and then executed the program with 60 teachers for 20 hours. Teachers in the program conducted a pedagogical analysis of achievement standards and mathematical competencies, developed tasks for the integration of teaching and assessment, designed assessment appropriate for the learner level and the school environment, and participated in the reflection activities. Consequently, it was apparent that the activities were appropriate to achieve the goals and meaning of the process-focused assessment. Typically, 92.1% of participating teachers were satisfied with the training program and teachers' opinions and impressions on the training program were in accordance with the principles of program development.
Technical Efficiency of Pakistan’s Manufacturing Sector: A Stochastic Frontier and Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Musleh-Ud Din
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the efficiency of the large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan using parametric as well as non-parametric frontier techniques. Production frontiers are estimated for two periods─1995-96 and 2000-01─for 101 industries at the 5-digit PSIC. The results show that there has been some improvement in the efficiency of the large-scale manufacturing sector, though the magnitude of improvement remains small. The results are mixed at the disaggregated level: whereas a majority of industrial groups have gained in terms of technical efficiency, some industries have shown deterioration in their efficiency levels. The results from both the approaches are consistent, and in line with similar studies.
Cecilia Tacoli (ed). The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages. London / Sterling, VA: Earthscan. 329 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 995.00.
Authors: G. M. Arif
Published: August 2018

The linkages between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ locations, people, and activities contribute significantly to livelihoods and act as engines of economic, social, and cultural transformation. There is an increased interest among officials and policy-makers to better understand the opportunities and constraints that these linkages offer. Divided into five parts, the fifteen chapters, of this book bring special attention to the impact of rural-urban linkages on different aspects of sustainable development. Chapter 1 presents an analysis of recent census data, with special attention to small urban centres. David Satterthwaite argus that the rural and urban divide misses the extent to which rural households rely on urban incomes, while many urban households in low-income nations rely on rural resources and a reciprocal relationship with rural households. There is a need to forget this divide and see all settlements as being within a continuum with regard to both their population size and the extent of their non-agricultural economic base.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Fawad Javaid
Published: August 2018

Download the PDF file
Myths and Realities of Long-run Development: A Look at Deeper Determinants
Authors: Lubna Hassan
Published: August 2018

It has long been realised that factor accumulation and technological development are only proximate causes of economic development, and the focus has now shifted to investigating the ‘deeper determinants’ of economic growth. Two such forces are highlighted in the literature: institutions and geography. However, it remains controversial as to which of these two is the more important. The “institutions school” assigns primal importance to institutions, whereas the “geography school” considers geographical factors as the primary determinant of the economic performance of countries. This paper reviews the debate surrounding these “deeper determinants” of economic performance. It reviews the work of these two schools of thought and their interpretation of the long-run development. The paper then examines the evidence provided by the respective schools in favour of their hypotheses. It concludes in favour of the Institutions hypothesis as the Geography school does not provide a consistent story of long-run development.
Digital Divide: An Econometric Study of the Determinants in Information-poor Countries
Authors: Tasneem Zafar
Published: August 2018

There can not be two opinions on the importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for economic development. However, real disparities exist in access to and use of ICT across countries. The digital divide is a complicated matter of varying levels of access, basic usage, and applications of ICT among countries and peoples. Using the Gompertz Technology Diffusion model, this paper attempts to measure the contribution of factors such as affordability, knowledge, infrastructure, human capital, trade openness, and economic and social environment in the technology diffusion process, specially in the case of information-poor countries.
Chronic and Transitory Poverty in Pakistan: Evidence from a Longitudinal Household Survey
Authors: G. M. Arif
Published: August 2018

This paper analyses the incidence of chronic and transitory poverty in Pakistan in both urban and rural settings. The findings are that rural poverty is severer and also chronic as compared to transitory poverty in urban centres. The main factor behind this phenomenon is the homogeneity of the rural set-up which affects the employment and wage levels adversely. On the other hand, in the urban areas, heterogeneous population with diverse occupations provides better employment and wage opportunities. Furthermore, illiteracy, landlessness, lack of ownership of dwellings, and dependency on sharecropping are the main factors accentuating rural poverty. The paper also analyses the zakat element of the safety net strategy. Contrary to the prevailing perception that zakat does not reach the actually poor, it turns out that in fact zakat has become an “identification mark” for the chronic poor. The findings of this paper have significant implications for the poverty reduction strategy of the Government of Pakistan.
Trade Reform, Capital Mobility, and Efficiency Wage in a Harris-Todaro Economy
Authors: Titas Kumar Bandopadhyay
Published: August 2018

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of trade reform on unemployment and social welfare in a Harris-Todaro (1970) economy with efficiency wage and capital mobility. The analysis shows that capital mobility plays an important role to influence the impact of trade reform on unemployment and social welfare. We find that trade reform raises urban unemployment and produces an ambiguous effect on social welfare when capital is perfectly mobile among the three sectors. However, such policy lowers unemployment and raises social welfare when capital is imperfectly mobile.
Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People
Authors: Theo Sparreboom
Published: August 2018

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability.
International Competition, Debt, and Uneven Development in a North-South Macroeconomic Model
Authors: Taro Abe
Published: August 2018

This paper examines whether the intensification of international competition widens the gap between developing and developed economies. The intensification of international competition with an influential trade union in the North is known to lower the North’s markup rate. This paper is unique because it points out that the intensification of international competition can widen the North-South gap when the Southern debt is taken into consideration. It also shows that the egalitarian policy in the North as influenced by trade unions is compatible with its international policy: relief of interest payments.
David N. Weil. Economic Growth. (Second Edition). New York: Addison Wesley Press, 2009. 565 pages. Paperback. Price not given.
Authors: Nishat Fatima
Published: August 2018

Despite the great concern towards the issue of the convergence of economies, the world is still witnessing the gap between rich and poor being widened progressively. The book examines the interesting question of why some countries are rich and some are poor-why they differ in their levels of income and their rates of economic growth. Featuring the latest data, new case studies, and a number of significant additions in the content, the new Second Edition takes the Weil legacy further. The text develops a very balanced relevance of both macroeconomics’ classical roots and its current practice in the field of growth. Engagingly written, it brings into use simple models, close to reality examples, and instructive tables and figures to address the key issues. Chapter summaries, list of key concepts at the beginning of each chapter, questions for review, as well as problems and applications to help the diligent reader master the material he provides. The clarity of the writing, the richness of the empirical and quantitative descriptions, and the best available evidence of some of the modern economies confronting growth issues, however, would further deepen his interest.
Incompatibility of Laws and Natural Resources: A Case Study of Land Revenue Laws and Their Implications in Federal Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Syed Arshad Hussain Shah  , Syed Akhter Hussain Shah
Published: August 2018

Better rule of law would generate economic growth, which would in turn build constituencies for democratic reforms [Root and May (2006)]. Consider prisoners dilemma, to Law and Economics Scholars, the inevitability of prisoner’s dilemmas arising to block potentially efficient exchanges explains the need for and consequently the adoption of contract law. When the law enforces contracts, it permits the participants in a potential prisoners’ dilemma the option of escaping the dominant strategy equilibrium of non-cooperation, which prevents the achievement of efficient exchanges, by permitting the parties to effectively pre-commit to future cooperative behavior. Mutual pre-commitments can produce the efficient cooperate-cooperate equilibrium. The existence of contract law then tends to foster efficient cooperative behaviour. Institutions are considered to provide the mechanisms by which individuals can resolve social dilemmas [Steins (1999)]. They are sets of rules that people have created in order to control/regulate the behavior of people using a natural resource. Several layers of institutions are important for institutional development and economic performance. These layers, from the slowest moving to the fastest moving are: human motivations and social institutions, political institutions, legal institutions and private institutions [Azfar (2006)]. Institutions perform their role to frame rules, procedure and enabling environment for implementation of rules. Rights of individuals are recognised and recognised through institutions as well.
Environment-Friendly Cotton Production through Implementing Integrated Pest Management Approach
Authors: Muhammad Azeem Khan
Published: August 2018

Tremendous increases in pesticide use in cotton growing areas have severely affected the health of peoples and degraded environment [Poswal and Williamson (1998); Ahmad and Poswal (2000); Orphal 2001 and Khan (2000)]. Farmer Field School (FFS) based IPM implemented in the world to reduce dependence on pesticides and promote environmentally safe plant protection practices. An FFS-led Integrated Pest Management (IMP) model implemented in Pakistan during 1996—popularly known as “Vehari Model”, clearly demonstrated that IPM could be implemented on a large scale at the farm level. UNDP-FAO Policy Reform Project provided required policy level support to scale up the Farmer-led IPM in the country. Implementation of pesticide policy project in Pakistan highlighted that pesticide consumption increased from 665 metric tons in 1980 to 78,132 metric tons in 2003-4. The role of private sector in promoting the production and use of pesticides was found tremendously high. The private sector also took full advantage of government’s pesticide import liberalisation policies. One of the key components of dramatic increase in pesticide use in Pakistan is related to very soft import and registration at that time, which allowed the generic compounds registered elsewhere, to be imported without fieldtesting.
Instrument of Managing Exchange Market Pressure: Money Supply or Interest Rate
Authors: M. Idrees Khawaja
Published: August 2018

Exchange market pressure (emp) reflects disequilibrium in money market. The traditional approaches used to examine the disequilibrium in money market include the monetary approach to balance of payments and monetary approach to exchange rate. Under the former approach the variation in foreign reserves helps restore the equilibrium while under the latter one the change in exchange rate does the needful.1 The idea of this study stems from the fact that under the managed float exchange rate regime, changes in foreign reserves or changes in exchange rate in isolation are not a sufficient guide to characterise the external account situation of an economy. For example, exchange rate depreciation can be partially avoided or at least delayed if the central bank injects foreign currency in the forex market by letting its foreign reserves deplete. Alternatively, central bank can build up foreign reserves by purchasing foreign currency from the market against domestic currency. Such intervention would curb the exchange rate appreciation demanded by fundamentals. Therefore, focus on either of the two, that is, movement in exchange rate or variation in foreign reserves, to the complete exclusion of the other, is bound to portray a misleading picture of the external account situation. Given the foregoing a composite variable, that incorporates changes in exchange rate as well as variation in foreign reserves, over a certain period, is needed to characterise the condition of external account. The requisite composite variable has been developed by Girton and Roper (1977) as ‘simple sum of exchange rate depreciation and variation in foreign reserves scaled by monetary base’. They refer to it as exchange market pressure (emp).
Corporate Debt Policy—Pre- and Post-financial Market Reforms: The Case of the Textile Industry of Pakistan
Authors: S. M. Amir Shah
Published: August 2018

The literature provides evidence that the capital structure of a firm is often a combination of several securities; it can arrange (1) Bank loan (2) issue debentures/bonds, (3) issue shares (4) lease financing, or (5) utilise its retained earnings. Eventually number of ideas and theories has been developed to discuss the optimal capital structure. Optimum is the trade-off between the benefit of tax and costs of financial distress; a firm faces due to the borrowed money. Although extensive research work has been done on the capital structure but still it remains one of the unsettled topics in finance. Optimal capital structure has an impact on corporate profits. Debt is considered as the cheapest source of financing due to tax shield, higher the firm’s tax bracket more the debt is advantageous to a firm. The trade off theory states that higher debt is associated with higher profitability. Three reasons support this theory; one debt allow tax shield. Second, more trust is built on profitable companies considering more sustainable and less prone to bankruptcy; hence high profitable companies are able to seek more debt. Third, agency cost, for the profitable firms, lenders/creditors give relaxation in monitoring charges, which reduces the debt cost. This motivates profitable firms to go for more debt.
Decube Framework: An Introduction to a New Energy Modelling and Planning Process for Sustainable Utilisation of Pakistan’s Energy Resources
Authors: Adeel Ghayur
Published: August 2018

Sustainable Development—which ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not restrict their use by future generations [UNEP (2007)]—is the most significant challenge facing today’s governments. Consequently, the notion of Sustainable Development [Matthews (1979)] has become a fundamental part of any policy and decision carried out at national and international levels. If the current acceleration of human advancement is not reduced it poses the biggest threat to long term sustainability of the entire globe, arising from the development and industrialisation in the twenty-first century, dwarfing the impact of twentieth century. This further compounds the work of policy-makers faced with the challenge of fast tracking the economies of developing countries. Since the Industrial Revolution energy has become the lifeline of economic development and progress. This led to exponential increase in use of fossil fuels. However, rampant, unchecked and accelerated burning of fossil fuels in the twentieth century has resulted disastrous and long term damaging effects to earth’s climate. Consequently, world has begun this century with the aim “to develop a coherent and practical approach to climate change [World Energy Council (2007)].” “Safe, environmentally sound and economically viable energy pathway that will sustain human progress into the distant future is clearly imperative [WCEW (1987)]” to achieve the above goal. As a result environment has become an integral part of any energy system and policy. On the whole today’s energy policies and decisions have to be carefully woven into an intricate web traversing the boundaries of economy, environment and society.
Sustainable Income, Employment, and Income Distribution in Indonesia
Authors: Mallick Seeme
Published: August 2018

Production and consumption activities in any economy have a direct impact on the environment. Although increased economic activity and population growth in developing countries continue to exert enormous pressure on their natural environments, the role of the environment is neglected in the estimation of national income. Such neglect at the macroeconomic level is at least in part, an important cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 at Rio and even as early as middle of the 1980s, a substantial literature had developed on methods to integrate the environment into the economic development process. The main assertion in this literature is that natural resources represent a form of capital that is analogous to the stock of manufactured capital. Sustainable income can be determined by allocating a portion of income to allow for the deprecation of natural capital [Ahmed, El Serafy, and Lutz (1989) and Solow (1992)]. Indonesia had average real GDP growth rates of more than five percent per year up to the early 1990s [World Bank (1994)]. But income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) has been high. Although inequality continues to be quite high, especially between rural and urban populations, Indonesia has been successful in poverty alleviation up to mid 1990s. In 1976 almost 40 percent of its population was below the poverty line, which in 1993 decreased to less than 14 percent [Todaro (1994)]. Income distributional consequences of economic growth would continue to be one of the main policy issues in Indonesia. This is due to its large population size, presence of different ethnic and religious groups, large diversity between rural and urban groups, variety of natural resources scattered over the country, huge distances and the effects of a far-flung archipelago [Akita, Lukman, and Yamada (1999)].
Causes of Youth Unemployment in Pakistan
Authors: Waqqas Qayyum
Published: August 2018

Over the years, many less developed nations and the developing nations have tried to wipe-out the intensity of unemployment, which seems quite prevalent and widespread among these countries. The reasons and causes for this have remained subject to different interpretations depending upon the specifications, demographics, and regional profiles of different countries, thus the perceptions regarding having a plausible solution lacks concurrency. Not surprisingly among these unemployed a vast majority and victims belongs to young age group. According to ILO, there are 160 million unemployed people in the world and 40 percent of those out of work are young people (World youth report 2003). Pakistan is no exception to this, not only unemployment rates have been beyond reasonable limits but also a vast majority who fall prey to this belongs to youth category (Labour Force Survey 2003-04, 2005-06).
Corruption, Trade Openness, and Environmental Quality: A Panel Data Analysis of Selected South Asian Countries
Authors: Faiz-Ur- Rehman
Published: August 2018

The second half of the twentieth century emerged with two important concepts of the economic world. In the start of the second half, economists, developmentalists, etc., introduced the idea of “development”, while; latter it was replaced by a more meaningful and attractive term “sustainable development”. Sustainable development is defined as “balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also in the indefinite future” [Wikipedia (2007)]. Or “Sustainable development means that pattern of development that permits future generations to live at least as well as the current generation” [Todaro and Smith (2005)], eighth edition]. The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into four constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and political sustainability. Although, the word sustainable development is very vast and deep, but the main emphasis of our study will be on environmental sustainability.