bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White adipose tissue inflammation and cancer‐specific survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue
Authors: Iyengar Neil M. , Ghossein Ronald A. , Morris Luc G. , Zhou Xi K. , Kochhar Amit , Morris Patrick G. , Pfister David G. , Patel Snehal G. , Boyle Jay O. , Hudis Clifford A. , Dannenberg Andrew J.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue in the tongue. Chronic white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation commonly occurs in the obese. We investigated whether WAT inflammation in the tongue impacts survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral tongue.

METHODS

In a retrospective cohort study, patients with T1 and T2 SCC of the oral tongue who underwent curative‐intent resection were included. Tongue WAT inflammation was defined by the presence of dead or dying adipocytes surrounded by macrophages forming crown‐like structures. The primary and secondary endpoints were disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Subgroup analyses were carried out in patients without lymph node involvement for whom adjuvant therapies were not indicated.

RESULTS

Archived tissue was available from 125 patients. The median follow‐up was 55 months (range, 3‐156 months). Overall, 49 of 125 patients (39%) had tongue WAT inflammation, which was associated with higher body mass index, increased tumor thickness, and vascular invasion (P < .05). The 3‐year DSS rate for patients with tongue WAT inflammation was 59% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%‐76%) versus 82% (95% CI, 73%‐92%) for those without inflammation. For patients without lymph node involvement for whom adjuvant therapy was not indicated (N = 70), tongue WAT inflammation was associated with shortened DSS and OS (P < .05). When adjusted for body mass index and potential prognostic covariates, the hazard ratio for DSS and OS was 5.40 (95% CI, 1.20‐24.26) and 2.97 (95% CI, 1.02‐8.65), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Tongue WAT inflammation is associated with worse DSS and OS in patients who have early stage SCC of the oral tongue. Cancer 2016;122:3794–3802. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
The Foxb1‐expressing neurons of the ventrolateral hypothalamic parvafox nucleus project to defensive circuits
Authors: Bilella Alessandro , Alvarez‐Bolado Gonzalo , Celio Marco R.
Published: August 2016

The parvafox nucleus is an elongated structure that is lodged within the ventrolateral hypothalamus and lies along the optic tract. It comprises axially located parvalbumin (Parv)‐positive neurons and a peripheral cuff of Foxb1‐expressing ones. In the present study, injections of Cre‐dependent adenoviral constructs were targeted to the ventrolateral hypothalamus of Foxb1/Cre mice to label specifically and map the efferent connections of the Foxb1‐expressing subpopulation of neurons of the parvafox nucleus. These neurons project more widely than do the Parv‐positive ones and implicate a part of the axons known to emanate from the lateral hypothalamus. High labeling densities were found in the dorsolateral and the upper lateral portion of the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the Su3 and PV2 nuclei of the ventrolateral PAG, the cuneiform nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the superior colliculus. Intermediate densities of terminals were encountered in the septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, various thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, pedunculopontine nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, retrofacial nucleus, and retroambigual nucleus. Scattered terminals were observed in the olfactory bulbs, the prefrontal cortex and the lamina X of the cervical spinal cord. Because the terminals were demonstrated to express the glutamate transporter VGlut2, the projections are presumed to be excitatory. A common denominator of the main target sites of the Foxb1‐positive axons of the parvafox nucleus appears to be an involvement in the defensive reactions to life‐threatening situations. The hypothalamic parvafox nucleus may contribute to the autonomic manifestations that accompany the expression of emotions. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2955–2981, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reinforcer Pathology: The Behavioral Economics of Abuse Liability Testing
Authors: Bickel WK , Snider SE , Quisenberry AJ , Stein JS
Published: August 2016

Understanding the abuse liability of novel drugs is critical to understanding the risk these new compounds pose to society. Behavioral economics, the integration of psychology and economics, can be used to predict abuse liability of novel substances. Here, we describe the behavioral economic concept of reinforcer pathology and how it may predict the use of novel drugs in existing drug‐users and initiation of use in the drug‐naive.
Rigorous 3-dimensional spectral data activity relationship approach modeling strategy for ToxCast estrogen receptor data classification, validation, and feature extraction
Authors: Slavov Svetoslav H. , Beger Richard D.
Published: August 2016

The estrogenic potential (expressed as a score composite of 18 high throughput screening bioassays) of 1528 compounds from the ToxCast database was modeled by a 3-dimensional spectral data activity relationship approach (3D-SDAR). Due to a lack of 17O nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) simulation software, the most informative carbon–carbon 3D-SDAR fingerprints were augmented with indicator variables representing oxygen atoms from carbonyl and carboxamide, ester, sulfonyl, nitro, aliphatic hydroxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. To evaluate the true predictive performance of the authors’ model the United States Environmental Protection Agency provided them with a blind test set consisting of 2008 compounds. Of these, 543 had available literature data—their binding affinity served to estimate the external classification accuracy of the developed model: predictive accuracy of 0.62, sensitivity of 0.71, and specificity of 0.53 were obtained. Compared with alternative modeling techniques, the authors’ model displayed very little reduction in performance between the modeling and the prediction set. A 3D-SDAR mapping technique allowed identification of structural features essential for estrogenicity: 1) the presence of a phenolic OH group or cyclohexenone, 2) a second aromatic or phenolic ring at a distance of 6 Å to 8 Å from the oxygen of the first phenol ring, 3) the presence of a methyl group approximately 6 Å away from the centroid of a phenol ring, and 4) a carbonyl group in close proximity (∼4 Å measured to the centroid) to 1 of the phenol rings. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:823–830. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Unidirectional and sustained delivery of the proresolving lipid mediator resolvin D1 from a biodegradable thin film device
Authors: Lance Kevin D. , Chatterjee Anuran , Wu Bian , Mottola Giorgio , Nuhn Harald , Lee Phin Peng , Sansbury Brian E. , Spite Matthew , Desai Tejal A. , Conte Michael S.
Published: August 2016

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) belongs to a family of endogenously derived proresolving lipid mediators that have been shown to attenuate inflammation, activate proresolution signaling, and promote homeostasis and recovery from tissue injury. In this study we present a poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) based thin‐film device composed of layers of varying ratios of lactic and glycolic acid that elutes RvD1 unidirectionally to target tissues. The device demonstrated sustained release in vitro for 56 days with an initial burst of release over 14 days. The asymmetric design of the device released 98% of RvD1 through the layer with the lowest molar ratio of lactic acid to glycolic acid, and the remainder through the opposite side. We validated structural integrity of RvD1 released from the device by mass spectrometry and investigated its bioactivity on human vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (VSMC). RvD1 released from the device attenuated VSMC migration, proliferation, and TNF‐α induced NF‐κB activation, without evidence of cytotoxicity. Delivery of RvD1 to blood vessels was demonstrated ex vivo in a flow chamber system using perfused rabbit aortas and in vivo in a rat carotid artery model, with the devices applied as an adventitial wrap. Our results demonstrate a novel approach for sustained, local delivery of Resolvin D1 to vascular tissue at therapeutically relevant levels. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 31–41, 2017.
Identification of resveratrol analogs as potent anti‐dengue agents using a cell‐based assay
Authors: Han Ying‐Shan , Penthala Narsimha Reddy , Oliveira Maureen , Mesplède Thibault , Xu Hongtao , Quan Yudong , Crooks Peter A. , Wainberg Mark A.
Published: August 2016

Dengue virus (DENV) causes a variety of difficult‐to‐treat diseases that threaten almost half of the world's population. Currently, no effective vaccine or antiviral therapy is available. We have examined a series of synthetic resveratrol analogs to identify potential anti‐DENV agents. Here, we demonstrate that two resveratrol analogs, PNR‐4‐44 and PNR‐5‐02, possess potent anti‐DENV activity with EC50 values in the low nanomolar range. These two resveratrol analogs were shown to mainly target viral RNA translation and viral replication, but PNR‐5‐02 is also likely to target cellular factors inside host cells. Although the precise molecular mechanism(s) mediating anti‐DENV activities have not been elucidated, further structure‐guided design might lead to the development of newer improved resveratrol derivatives that might have therapeutic value. J. Med. Virol. 89:397–407, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drying–rewetting cycles release phosphorus from forest soils
Authors: Dinh Mai‐Van , Schramm Thilo , Spohn Marie , Matzner Egbert
Published: August 2016

Drying–rewetting cycles (D/W) occur frequently in topsoils and may mobilize phosphorus (P). We investigated the effect of repeated D/W on the release of dissolved inorganic (DIP) and organic P (DOP) from forest floors and A horizons. Samples were taken from 3 European beech sites and from 3 Norway spruce sites. Soils were desiccated up to pF 6 (–100 MPa) in three D/W cycles in the laboratory, while the controls were kept permanently at 50% water holding capacity. After each drying, P was extracted from the soils in water. D/W caused the release of DIP and DOP especially from O layers. There was no general difference in response to D/W between samples from beech and spruce. The net release of DIP after D/W was largest from the Oe horizons (average 50–60 mg P kg−1) for both beech and spruce forest soils. The net release of DIP from Oi layers was on average 7.8 mg P kg−1 and from spruce Oa layers 21.1 mg P kg−1. In the A horizons, net DIP release was similar in beech and spruce soils with 0.4 mg P kg−1. The release of DOP was less than the release of DIP except for the A horizons. Repeated cycles did not increase the release of DIP and DOP. The release of DIP and DOP was positively correlated with the microbial biomass in Oe and Oa layers but not in Oi layers. Our results suggest that D/W may significantly influence the short term availability of dissolved P in both beech and spruce forest soils.
Face and Emotion Recognition on Commercial Property under EU Data Protection Law
Authors: Lewinski Peter , Trzaskowski Jan , Luzak Joasia
Published: August 2016

This paper integrates and cuts through domains of privacy law and biometrics. Specifically, this paper presents a legal analysis on the use of Automated Facial Recognition Systems (the AFRS) in commercial (retail store) settings within the European Union data protection framework. The AFRS is a typical instance of biometric technologies, where a distributed system of dozens of low‐cost cameras uses psychological states, sociodemographic characteristics, and identity recognition algorithms on thousands of passers‐by and customers. Current use cases and theoretical possibilities are discussed due to the technology's potential of becoming a substantial privacy issue. First, this paper introduces the AFRS and EU data protection law. This is followed by an analysis of European Data protection law and its application in relation to the use of the AFRS, including requirements concerning data quality and legitimate processing of personal data, which, finally, leads to an overview of measures that traders can take to comply with data protection law, including by means of information, consent, and anonymization.
Marine and giant viruses as indicators of a marine microbial community in a riverine system
Authors: Dann Lisa M. , Rosales Stephanie , McKerral Jody , Paterson James S. , Smith Renee J. , Jeffries Thomas C. , Oliver Rod L. , Mitchell James G.
Published: August 2016

Viral communities are important for ecosystem function as they are involved in critical biogeochemical cycles and controlling host abundance. This study investigates riverine viral communities around a small rural town that influences local water inputs. Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Mimiviridae, Herpesviridae, and Podoviridae were the most abundant families. Viral species upstream and downstream of the town were similar, with Synechoccocus phage, salinus, Prochlorococcus phage, Mimivirus A, and Human herpes 6A virus most abundant, contributing to 4.9–38.2% of average abundance within the metagenomic profiles, with Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus present in metagenomes as the expected hosts for the phage. Overall, the majority of abundant viral species were or were most similar to those of marine origin. At over 60 km to the river mouth, the presence of marine communities provides some support for the Baas‐Becking hypothesis “everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects.” We conclude marine microbial species may occur more frequently in freshwater systems than previously assumed, and hence may play important roles in some freshwater ecosystems within tens to a hundred kilometers from the sea.
General decay of solutions of a wave equation with memory term and acoustic boundary condition
Authors: Vicente A. , Frota C. L.
Published: August 2016

In this paper, the global solvability to the mixed problem involving the wave equation with memory term and acoustic boundary conditions for non‐locally reacting boundary is considered. Moreover, the general decay of the energy functionality is established by the techniques of Messaoudi. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological investigations of UHMWPE nanocomposites reinforced with three different organo‐modified clays
Authors: bin Ali Annas , Mohammed Abdul Samad , Merah Nesar
Published: August 2016

Nanocomposites of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were developed via the ball milling method followed by hot pressing. Three different organically modified clays of 1.5 wt%, Nanomer I.28E, Nanomer I.30E, and Closite C15A, were used as reinforcements in the UHMWPE matrix. Ball on disc wear tests showed that all of the clay composites resulted in an improved wear resistance when compared to that of pristine UHMWPE. Scanning electron microscopy‐Energy dispersion spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and optical profilometry are used to characterize the nanocomposites and the wear morphology. Among all the types of tested nanoclays, 1.5 wt% of C15A reinforced UHMWPE nanocomposite exhibited the highest wear resistance and the lowest coefficient of friction. Addition of 1.5 wt% C15A to UHMWPE reduced its wear rate by 41% and the coefficient of friction by 38% under dry sliding conditions. These improvements are attributed to the uniform dispersion of the clay platelets in the polymer matrix, preventing large scale material removal and also to the formation of a thin tenacious, continuous transfer film on the counterface. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2224–2231, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thin and surface adhesive ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) films with β phase‐inducing amino modified porous silica nanofillers
Authors: Tiwari Vimal K. , Ghorpade Ravindra V. , Kim Kang Lib , Song Giyoung , Kim Taehee , Han Haksoo , Park Cheolmin
Published: August 2016

We report an efficient route for ferroelectric polar β phase generation in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) through incorporation of amine functionalized, porous silica (MCM‐41 and fumed silica) based nanofillers. These porous highly functionalized surfaces exhibit the efficient secondary interaction with polymer chain via hydrogen bonding. Structural analysis through FTIR, XRD, and TEM confirm high degree of ferroelectric polar β phase generation of PVDF through incorporation of amino modified porous silica nanofillers. Optimized loading (5 wt %) of amine functionalized, porous silica in PVDF matrix enhances relative intensity of β phase up to 75%. Disappearance of spherulite structure of PVDF with amino modified porous silica nanofillers, as confirmed through POM, TEM, SEM and AFM studies also supports the above conclusion. The P‐E hysteresis loop at sweep voltage of ±50 V of a thin PVDF‐amino modified porous nanofiller film shows excellent ferroelectric property with nearly saturated high remnant polarization 2.8 µC.cm−2 owing to its large proportion of β PVDF, whereas, a nonpolar pure PVDF thin film shows unsaturated hysteresis loop with 0.6 µC.cm−2 remnant polarization. PVDF films with the nanofillers exhibit strong adhesive strength over different metallic substrates making them have edge over PVDF in various thin film applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 2401–2411
Graphene‐sealed Si/SiN cavities for high‐resolution in situ electron microscopy of nano‐confined solutions
Authors: Rasool Haider , Dunn Gabriel , Fathalizadeh Aidin , Zettl Alex
Published: August 2016

We demonstrate new liquid cell architectures utilizing graphene‐sealed Si or SiN cavities for in situ electron microscopy. While previous graphene liquid cell techniques have shown graphene to be an ideal sealing layer and electron‐transparent viewing window, they trap irregular geometries of liquid with unknown sample volumes. Our new technique allows for a leak‐proof confinement of liquids of precise volume in the tens of attoliter range while maintaining the benefits of graphene as a viewing window. The utility of this new cell architecture is demonstrated by imaging the dynamics of gold nanoparticles in three dimensions with atomic resolution under a transmission electron microscope.
Pulmonary micropapillary‐type adenosquamous carcinoma sharing epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Takanashi Yusuke , Tajima Shogo , Hayakawa Takamitsu , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Neyatani Hiroshi , Funai Kazuhito
Published: August 2016

Adenosquamous lung carcinoma (AdSqLC) has a worse prognosis than adenocarcinoma (ADC) or squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). Micropapillary pattern in lung ADC is an additional poor prognostic factor. We describe a rare case of AdSqLC with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation in both the micropapillary‐ADC and SQCC components, showing long‐term response to gefitinib. A 60‐year‐old woman underwent right lower lobectomy for primary lung cancer. Histopathological examination demonstrated adenosquamous carcinoma comprising micropapillary‐ADC and moderately differentiated SQCC. EGFR exon 19 deletions mutation was detected in both the ADC and SQCC components. Gefitinib was administered for multiple metastatic recurrences on bilateral lung, resulting in remarkable shrinkage of visible lesions. The efficacy of gefitinib lasted for 31 months after the induction. AdSqLCs harbouring the EGFR mutation in both the ADC and SQCC components may well benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, especially when they contain micropapillary‐ADC component that correlates with frequent EGFR mutations.
Quiescent Bone Lining Cells Are a Major Source of Osteoblasts During Adulthood
Authors: Matic Igor , Matthews Brya G. , Wang Xi , Dyment Nathaniel A. , Worthley Daniel L. , Rowe David W. , Grcevic Danka , Kalajzic Ivo
Published: August 2016

The in vivo origin of bone-producing osteoblasts is not fully defined. Skeletal stem cells, a population of mesenchymal stem cells resident in the bone marrow compartment, are thought to act as osteoprogenitors during growth and adulthood. Quiescent bone lining cells (BLCs) have been suggested as a population capable of activation into mature osteoblasts. These cells were defined by location and their morphology and studies addressing their significance have been hampered by their inaccessibility, and lack of markers that would allow for their identification and tracing. Using lineage tracing models, we have observed labeled osteoblasts at time points extending beyond the reported lifespan for this cell type, suggesting continuous reactivation of BLCs. BLCs also make a major contribution to bone formation after osteoblast ablation, which includes the ability to proliferate. In contrast, mesenchymal progenitors labeled by Gremlin1 or alpha smooth muscle actin do not contribute to bone formation in this setting. BLC activation is inhibited by glucocorticoids, which represent a well-established cause of osteoporosis. BLCs express cell surface markers characteristic of mesenchymal stem/progenitors that are largely absent in osteoblasts including Sca1 and Leptin Receptor. BLCs also show different gene expression profiles to osteoblasts, including elevated expression of Mmp13, and osteoclast regulators RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor, and retain osteogenic potential upon transplantation. Our findings provide evidence that bone lining cells represent a major source of osteoblasts during adulthood.
PGE2/EP4 Signaling Controls the Transfer of the Mammary Stem Cell State by Lipid Rafts in Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Lin Meng-Chieh , Chen Shih-Yin , Tsai Ho-Min , He Pei-Lin , Lin Yen-Chun , Herschman Harvey , Li Hua-Jung
Published: August 2016

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-initiated signaling contributes to stem cell homeostasis and regeneration. However, it is unclear how PGE2 signaling controls cell stemness. This study identifies a previously unknown mechanism by which PGE2/prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) signaling regulates multiple signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/Akt signaling, TGFβ signaling, Wnt signaling, EGFR signaling) which maintain the basal mammary stem cell phenotype. A shift of basal mammary epithelial stem cells (MaSCs) from a mesenchymal/stem cell state to a non-basal-MaSC state occurs in response to prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) antagonism. EP4 antagonists elicit release of signaling components, by controlling their trafficking into extracellular vesicles/exosomes in a lipid raft/caveolae-dependent manner. Consequently, EP4 antagonism indirectly inactivates, through induced extracellular vesicle/exosome release, pathways required for mammary epithelial stem cell homeostasis, e.g. canonical/noncanonical Wnt, TGFβ and PI3K/Akt pathways. EP4 antagonism causes signaling receptors and signaling components to shift from non-lipid raft fractions to lipid raft fractions, and to then be released in EP4 antagonist-induced extracellular vesicles/exosomes, resulting in the loss of the stem cell state by mammary epithelial stem cells. In contrast, luminal mammary epithelial cells can acquire basal stem cell properties following ingestion of EP4 antagonist-induced stem cell extracellular vesicles/exosomes, and can then form mammary glands. These findings demonstrate that PGE2/EP4 signaling controls homeostasis of mammary epithelial stem cells through regulating extracellular vesicle/exosome release. Reprogramming of mammary epithelial cells can result from EP4-mediated stem cell property transfer by extracellular vesicles/exosomes containing caveolae-associated proteins, between mammary basal and luminal epithelial cells.
Violent media exposure, aggression and CU traits in adolescence: Testing the selection and socialization hypotheses
Authors: Rydell Ann‐Margret
Published: August 2016

We investigated the role of exposure to violent action for later aggression and for later callous‐unemotional traits in a sample of Swedish adolescents (N = 77–85), testing the selection and socialization hypotheses. Adolescents reported on violent delinquency and on callous‐unemotional (CU) traits at age 15, on their media habits at age 16 and on reactive and proactive aggression and CU traits at age 18. The socialization hypothesis was supported with regard to aggression, that is, violent delinquency did not affect consumption of violent action, but controlling for violent delinquency, consumption of violent action added to proactive aggression and, marginally, to reactive aggression. The selection hypothesis was supported with regard to CU traits, that is, high levels of CU traits predicted frequent consumption of violent action, but consumption of violent action did not affect later levels of CU traits. Frequent violent media use was associated with later aggression. The associations between CU traits and violent media need further study.
Evolution or Revolution? Evaluating the Territorial State-Based Regime of International Law in the Context of the Physical Disappearance of Territory Due to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise
Authors: BLANCHARD CATHERINE
Published: August 2016

The threat of the permanent physical disappearance of the territory of states no longer belongs to the mythical realm, and the situation is particularly imminent for small island developing states. While most international legal scholarship has so far focused on issues stemming from territorial disappearance, this article goes one step further. It questions the appropriateness of the classical notion of the territorial state — a socio-cultural and politico-legal entity evolving on a defined territorial area — as the basis for an international legal system faced with new realities created by climate change, sea-level rise, and globalization. After examining the current rules on statehood within the context of the physical disappearance of states’ territories and looking into the solutions suggested in the legal literature to address territorial loss, this article assesses a new way of understanding statehood by exploring theoretical lenses through which a new model of statehood could be contemplated.
Stochastic modelling and feedback control of bistability in a turbulent bluff body wake
Authors: Brackston R. D. , García de la Cruz J. M. , Wynn A. , Rigas G. , Morrison J. F.
Published: August 2016

A specific feature of three-dimensional bluff body wakes, flow bistability, is a subject of particular recent interest. This feature consists of a random flipping of the wake between two asymmetric configurations and is believed to contribute to the pressure drag of many bluff bodies. In this study we apply the modelling approach recently suggested for axisymmetric bodies by Rigaset al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 778, 2015, R2) to the reflectional symmetry-breaking modes of a rectilinear bluff body wake. We demonstrate the validity of the model and its Reynolds number independence through time-resolved base pressure measurements of the natural wake. Further, oscillating flaps are used to investigate the dynamics and time scales of the instability associated with the flipping process, demonstrating that they are largely independent of Reynolds number. The modelling approach is then used to design a feedback controller that uses the flaps to suppress the symmetry-breaking modes. The controller is successful, leading to a suppression of the bistability of the wake, with concomitant reductions in both lateral and streamwise forces. Importantly, the controller is found to be efficient, the actuator requiring only 24 % of the aerodynamic power saving. The controller therefore provides a key demonstration of efficient feedback control used to reduce the drag of a high-Reynolds-number three-dimensional bluff body. Furthermore, the results suggest that suppression of large-scale structures is a fundamentally efficient approach for bluff body drag reduction.
Ancient Writers on Britain
Authors: Stevens C. G.
Published: August 2016

There is a tendency, in these days of steadily increasing enthusiasm for excavation, to overlook the very considerable body of Greek and Roman literature extant which deals with the geography and history of the British Isles during the Roman occupation (43–410 A.D.) Few people have studied all the evidence; few history books pause to discuss the authorities for such familiar stories as those of Caratacus and Boudicca, or even to spell their names correctly. The reason is that many of these documents have never been edited in England, and no attempt has been made to collect them in handy form, and discuss the date, purpose, and value of each. The purpose of this article is to review the most important authors and estimate briefly the value of the contribution of each. There are no fewer than 49 writers in Greek and 79 in Latin who make direct mention of the British Isles; and though it is true that many of these do little more than mention them, or repeat the statements of previous authorities, we are still left with a number of independent sources of information.
Algerian Hill-forts of today
Authors: Hilton-Simpson M. W.
Published: August 2016

It is not easy to compare the existing hill-top villages of Algeria with the prehistoric settlements of Britain before the Roman invasion.

The writer cannot claim any profound knowledge of British archaeology, but seven winters spent among the Shawiya Berbers of the Aures mountains in south-east Algeria have enabled him to observe modern life in that country, and to form opinions on the origins of its customs. The extent to which that life may serve to illustrate the mode of existence of our forbears in pre-Roman times must be left to the consideration of those more familiar with the prehistory of Britain.
Ancient Cultivations at Grassington, Yorkshire
Authors: Curwen Eliot
Published: August 2016

North of the village of Grassington, near Skipton in west Yorkshire, is a large field known as High Close Pasture, largely occupied by old cultivation areas separated from one another by lynchets and low, wide banks. The area so occupied runs 1200 feet in a northerly direction, and is roughly 300 feet wide. Formerly it extended considerably to the west, as remains of apparently the same series of lynchets are to be seen covering Kimbergill Hill and extending to the southern slopes of Lea Green. On High Close Pasture the lynchets and banks are well preserved ; they enclose rectangular fields among which, though varying in size and shape, the form of a short, broad strip seems to predominate. It is extremely difficult to deduce the dimensions of a customary acre from the actual fields on the ground? but in this case the strips average from 360 to 400 feet in length, and round about 75 feet in breadth–dimensions which suggest a I × 5 acre with an area of about 0.65 acre.
The ‘Wild Animal Path’ Origin of Ancient Roads
Authors: Roe Frank G.
Published: August 2016

The opinion which attributes the origin of ancient winding roads in the older lands (including England) to the ‘wild animal path to the ford’ or drinking-place, is no novelty to most archaeologists, even if they have made no special study of the subject. Many also are doubtless familiar with the argument from the ‘buffalo trails’ or paths of our Western plains, which has been adduced in support of the theory. The manner in which the buffalo argument has been used by its champions manifestly indicates a confident conviction that it is so entirely conclusive as to banish all reasonable doubt and virtually settle the question.
Grim's Ditch in Wychwood, Oxon
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: August 2016

There are many Grim’s ditches in the South of England; and there are other ditches of similar appearance and dimensions which, though not called by this name, may have had the same origin. Amongst them probably is Wansdyke, more correctly called Wansditch, and originally Woden’s ditch. Locally these earthworks are now generally known as the Devil’s ditch. I shall describe here the course of one such Grim’s ditch, based upon field-work carried out during the spring and summer of this year, in the course of which I both walked and flew along the whole course of the various ditches mentioned and was able to add many miles to the portions previously known.
Skara Brae: a ‘Stone Age’ Village in Orkney
Authors: Childe V. Gordon
Published: August 2016

Perhaps the greatest handicap in trying to visualize life in prehistoric Britain is the exiguity of domestic remains, especially on the architectural side. The dwellings themselves were normally of perishable materials so that only their outlines survive, and of their furniture not even that can be said. An exceptional conjunction of circumstances has, however, preserved in Orkney a whole village belonging to a belated Stone Age, with its huts and their fixtures reasonably complete. The huts were built of stone; they had been packed in refuse and were eventually buried by sand, and so the walls still stand to a height of from 8 to 9 feet. The timber shortage prevailing on the wind-swept isle necessitated the translation into stone, and therewith the immortalization of articles such as beds, usually manufactured of ephemeral wood. The village is indeed a highly specialized adaptation to a particular environment so that deductions from it can only be generalized with reservations. Again, though the villagers used only stone and bone tools, they probably lived at a time when bronze, and perhaps even iron, were current in less isolated localities. Still we get here so vivid a picture of Stone Age life in our islands that a summary of the results of four seasons' work may be of interest even to the general reader.
The Paradox of Celtic Art
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: August 2016

In the June number of ANTIQUITY, Mr T. D. Kendrick sketched what in another sphere of art might be called a Conversation Piece. His subject was the family of hanging-bowls, and he assembled it with skill and daring in a new setting. His method was frankly impressionistic, and was proportionately stimulating. With the aid of a partly theoretical chronology, he inferred ‘that in origin these bowls are really Romano-British; that many of them had been made and were in use before the Romans left this country; that others were made after the Romans had gone, and belong to the almost unknown archaeology of the Arthurian period’. To these conclusions it might at once be objected that, amongst the bowls, no dated example is of Romano-British period, and that they hardly occur in Arthurian Britain. But rather than press these objections, let us explore an alternative interpretation. Let us first state the problems and the relevant facts; then attempt to reconcile the latter with the former.
The Loam-Terrains of Southeast England and their relation to its Early History
Authors: Wooldridge S. W. , Linton D. L.
Published: August 2016

In his most valuable and stimulating work on The Personality of Britain, Dr Cyril Fox has assembled a large body of archaeological data and has presented an interpretation of the several successive distributions based upon essentially geographical considerations. This theme covers a wide range of topics which interest workers in other fields, none more than geographers. One of the geographer’s main interests lies in the study of Regions, and he may well claim to have been afforded by Dr Fox a most valuable addition to his data, which enables him to push back his study of regional distinctness into earlier periods than those with which history deals. In return, he may hope to contribute something to the interpretation from his own field which embraces analysis of regional physique in all its aspects.
Scandinavian Rock-engravings
Authors: Clark Grahame
Published: August 2016

The discovery of the cave art of France and Spain did more than anything else to make the ordinary man aware of the immense significance of the discoveries made in the field of pleistocene man during the nineteenth century. In many ways the superior of the conventionally accepted ‘art’ of the day, the paintings and engravings captured the imagination of people to whom flints and bones meant little. They made real the existence of man in the ice age, and through them men could look into a primitive world, situated not in the distant places of the earth, but close to the centres of modern civilization.
An Ancient Chinese Capital. Earthworks at Old Ch'ang-an
Authors: Bishop Carl Whiting
Published: August 2016

Not least in interest among subjects of archaeological study is that which has to do with the types of fortification constructed by organized communities in the past. These, once the habit of town-dwelling had become fixed, seem to have tended to fall into two major classes : the arx, acropolis, or citadel, one of whose functions it was to provide a temporary refuge in emergency; and the enceinte or city-wall proper, designed to afford permanent protection to the group living within it. Sometimes the two forms occur in combination; more often, singly.

The first type we frequently, though by no means always, find situated on a height ; the acropolis of Athens and the Capitoline Hill at Rome are familiar examples. The second class, on the other hand, seems to have developed more especially in those alluvial plains on which sprang up the great river-valley civilizations of the Ancient World. To it belong the tremendous earthworks constructed slightly over two thousand years ago about the city of Ch‘ang-an (meaning ‘Long Peace’ ; possibly Ptolemy’s ‘Sera Metropolis’), the capital of the then recently established Chinese empire.
The Reindeer Hunting Tribes of Northern Europe
Authors: Clark J. G. D.
Published: August 2016

There is some truth in the assertion that the greatness of Britain, as displayed to the world at the Great Exhibition of 1851, should be ascribed as much to the favourable juxtaposition of iron and oal as to any qualities inherent in the British people : it can hardly be disputed that the re-eminence in Prehistoric Archaeology once enjoyed by France was due in large measure to the rchaeological richness of the caves and rock-shelters of the Dordogne and the Pyrenees. But, if we must deplore the backwardness of France in fields where other countrie are as richly endowed by history, it is only fair to acknowledge that her archaeologists succeeded in systematizing. the cultures of Upper Palaeolithic man in western Europe, at a time when the Neolithic was still chaotic in many countries and a ' hiatus ' separated the two epochs. The exploration of the French caves began in the sixties of the last century and may be said to have already reached its culminating point by 1912, when Breuil put forward his famous classification at the Geneva Congress (Breuil, 1912). It is eloquent of the advanced stage reached by Upper Palaeolithic cave research in western Europe before the Great War that, after the lapse of a quarter of a century, Breuil has felt able (in 1937) to re-print his original lecture with only minor alterations.
A Fossil Skull of an Ancestral Bushman from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: August 2016

It is now recognized that during the Pleistocene, or even duringa later prehistoric period, there were in northern Africa human races related to the existing Bushmen and the Hottentots of the south. The shape of the skull in some of the early Egyptians, indeed, suggests relationship to the Bushmen. The discovery in the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan of a new type of fossil human skull with several resemblances to that of a Bushman, is therefore of great interest. The specimen was found in February 1924 by Mr W. R. G. Bond, who was then Governor of the Fung Province of the Anglo-Egyptia Sudan. It was embedded in a limestone concretion, which lay a few feet above low-stage river level on the foreshore of the Blue Nile at Singa about 200 miles south of Khartoum. I have to thank Mr G. W. Grabham, then Government Geologist, for the opportunity of studying the fossil.
Roman Villa, Lockleys, Welwyn
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2016

The Roman villa at Lockleys, Welwyn (the excavation of which was described in Antiquaries Journal, 1938, XVIII, 339–76), happened to provide more evidence than is usual of the character of the superstructures which once stood upon the surviving foundations. It has therefore seemed worth while to attempt a restorcation-drawing of the house as it appeared in Roman times. The drawing, which is reproduced in the accompanying plate, is the work of Mr H. C. Lander, who has based it upon the results of the excavation, supplemented where necessary by analogies from other sites. It obviously cannot hope to claim complete accuracy of detail, but probably it does give a not wholly untrustworthy picture of a small middle-class native farmer’s house in the late second or early third century A.D.
Hero Memorial-stones of Kathiawar
Authors: Hornell James
Published: August 2016

The cult of the war-hero which may be considered as a variation upon that of ancestor-worship, is found in India in its fullest development among the Rajputs. The clans of these people, together with those of their numerous offshoots, claim to represent the Vedic Ksatriya or warrior caste, ranking next in order to that of the priestly Brahmans in the Hindu hierarchy of caste. By virtue of this (presumed) high social position the Rajput despises manual labour as beneath the dignity of his ancestry, often his sole inheritance. Until the Pax Britannica brought lasting peace. and order to the land, war and forays were the Rajputs' main occupation and pastime. Warlike virtue was esteemed above all else; the martial deeds of great warriors formed the dominant theme of the songs of the tribal bards. A code of chivalry was evolved, acknowledged and practised generally, and this in great measure moderated the trials and alleviated the hardships suffered by the defeated and despoiled.
Palaeolithic Paintings—Magdalenian Period
Authors: Riddel W. H.
Published: August 2016

If we mark upon a map the sites of those caves and rock-shelters which contain examples of palaeolithic paintings and drawings we find that in the Franco–Cantabrian region (which comprises southwest France and northwest Spain) they fall naturally into three well-defined groups, the particular district in which each group is situated being decided accidentally, or rather geologically, by the occurrence within it of a number of limestone caverns no great distance from each other. And when we make a more detailed study of these groups we find that there is in each group one cave wherein the art of the district is at its best—a cave that we may consider the art-centre of its district. The three cave-groups in question are to be found respectively in the Dordogne district, of which the outstanding cave is Font de Gaume; in the northern Pyrenees district, wherein most of the best art can be found at Niaux ; and in the Cantabrian district of northwest Spain, where the cave of Altamira is pre-eminent by reason of its wonderful painted ceiling.
The Grim's Ditch Complex in Cranborne Chase
Authors: Piggott C. M.
Published: August 2016

Many of the Grim's ditches and others of similar character in East and South England have been tentatively dated to the Late Roman or Saxon periods. The question of their date and purpose has frequently received attention in Antiquity, notably by Sir Cyril Fox and Mr O. G. S. Crawford.

But all these Grim's ditches need not be alike, and the group of linear earthworks known by this name in Cranborne Chase is especially distinctive. Parts of it can perhaps best be compared with the Grovely Grim's ditch, with which it is almost certainly associated, and which was described by Mr Crawford in his article on ‘Our Debt to Rome’ as being pre-Saxon. Since then Sir Charles Oman has suggested a later date for it, and put forward the view that Grim's dyke, and other ditches in the southeast of Wiltshire ‘were thrown up to mark the limit of the Saxon frontier’.
Dental Evidence in Archaeology
Authors: Humphreys Humphrey
Published: August 2016

Teeth are the most indestructible of all
organic structures. Even in life 98 percent of
their enamel is hard mineral matter and this
dental durability has resulted in many extinct
animals being known only by the fossil forms of
their teeth. That is why the vocabulary of the
vertebrate palaeontologist abounds in the names of
species and orders ending in the Greek root
‘odont’.
Justiniana Prima (Tsaritsin Grad): a 6th cent. City in Southern Serbia
Authors: Radford C. A. Ralegh
Published: August 2016

The Byzantine ruins known as Tsaritsin Grad (the fortress of the Emperor) lie near Leskovats in southern Serbia, between Nish and Skoplje. The excavation of the site was begun by Professor Petkovits between 1937 and 1940. Work was resumed in 1947 as part of the plan laid down by the Archaeological Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences. The direction in that year was in the hands of Professor A. Deroko and Professor C. Radojtschits; from 1949 work has been continued by Dr Mano-Zisi. The progress up to 1950 is shown on the air photograph (PLATE I).

The earlier excavations had already led Professor Petkovits to the conclusion that the site was Justiniana Prima, the city which Procopius describes in the following words: ‘Among the Dardanians of Europe … close to the fortress which is called Bederiana, there was a hamlet named Taurisium, whence sprang the Emperor Justinian, the founder of the civilized world. He therefore built a wall of small compass about this place in the form of a square, placing a tower at each corner, and caused it to be called, as it actually is, Tetrapyrgia. And close by this place he built a very notable city, which he named Justiniana Prima—thus paying a debt of gratitude to the home that fostered him . . . In that place also he constructed an aqueduct and so caused the city to be abundantly supplied with ever-running water. And many other enterprises were carried out by the founder of this city—works of great size and worthy of especial note. For to enumerate the churches is not easy and it is impossible to tell in words of the lodgings for magistrates, the great stoas, the fine market places, the fountains, the streets, the baths and the shops. In brief, the city is both great and populous and blessed in every way—a city worthy to be the metropolis of the whole region, for it has attained to this rank. It has also been allotted to the archbishop of Illyricum as his seat, the other cities conceding this honour to it as being first in point of size’.
Wild Doings in the Theological College
Authors: Burn A. R.
Published: August 2016

The following narrative is translated from the Greek book of Philon of Byblos (the Biblical Gebal, modern Jebail), who wrote in the reign of Nero. The book is a history of early Phoenicia, down to the time of Solomon, which Philon claims to have edited from an old Phoenician chronicle by a scribe named Sanchuniathon and (as in this part) from other sources. Nineteenth-century scholars were inclined to disbelieve in the existence of Sanchuniathon, and to think that Philon's work was thus a forgery; but now that archaeology has produced actual fragments of early Phoenician literature, including references to a war with the Kerethites of Philistia, which Sanchuniathon also mentions, scholars, especially in Germany, are more disposed to take him seriously.
Aerial Reconnaissance of the Fen Basin
Authors: Riley F./Lt. D. N.
Published: August 2016

Aerial reconnaissance and photography are of great importance in the study of the early history of Fenland and the surrounding country, conditions often being A very suitable for this method of investigation. A vast amount of information which can be recorded easily by air-photography, would only be obtained with the greatest difficulty, if at all, by field-work on the ground. The present paper is a brief record of observations made while flying over the fen basin during the course of duty. Unfortunately photography was not practicable, but systematic notes were kept of everything observed. Further work should reveal much more.