Tumour markers
Authors: Puhalo-Sladoje Dragana , Tošović Dragana 
Published: February 2014

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1697&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 273.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07733);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Many structures found in tumour cells acting like antigens have been discovered as a result of continuous &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1698&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 293.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08282);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;progress in malignant disease research over the last 50 years. Those are macromolecules whose presence &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1699&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 313.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13329);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;or change in concentration can indicate genesis or growth of malignant tumours and they are known &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1700&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 333.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10871);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;as tumour markers. They can be highly specific, characteristic of only one type of tumours or they can&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1701&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 353.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.13378);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;be found in malignant cells of different tumours. They are often present inside normal cells, as well, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1702&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 373.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.09676);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;either in some phases of cell development (in embryonic phase), or in reduced quantities, or undetected &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1703&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 393.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.12394);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;which, after being detected, become available to the immune system cells. These antigens are known &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1704&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 413.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11049);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;by a common name &amp;ndash; tumour associated antigens &amp;ndash; and they are not characteristic of only one tumour,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1705&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 433.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10837);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;but they react with a large number of malignantly transformed cells as well as with some normal cells. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1706&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 453.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10937);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Nevertheless, due to their reacting with malignant cells (and sometimes primarily with them), they are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1707&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 473.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.1356);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;often used for diagnostic purposes. A number of clinically applied and routinely determined tumour &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1708&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 493.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10089);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;associated antigens have been described so far. In Table 1, we can see an outline of markers in tumours&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1709&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 513.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.11945);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;inside different organs. Although highly diagnostically sensitive and specific, tumour markers, which &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1710&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 533.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.10276);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;could be used to diagnose cancer in asymptomatic population have not yet been discovered, their relia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1712&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 553.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07173);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;bility in monitoring oncological patients justifies their clinical application. National Academy for Clinical &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1713&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 573.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.08006);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Biochemistry (NACB) gave special recommendations for clinical application of tumour markers in cases &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page23R_mcid1714&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 118.11px; top: 593.689px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.07762);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;of lung cancer (Table 2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;