bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical analysis for transmission of Gaussian and sine time irradiance of electromagnetic beam in collisional dusty plasmas
Authors: Sharma Ruchi , Sharma Suresh C.
Published: April 2020

A theoretical model of propagation of Gaussian and Sine time irradiance of an electromagnetic beam in collisional dusty plasma has been done in the present analysis. It contains equilibrium of dust charge, particle density, and energy of plasma ingredients having charge neutrality. Ionization of neutral particles, recombination of free electrons with ions, adsorption and emission of electrons from dust grain surface, and binary collisions between plasma components are also considered in this treatment. Time varying behaviour of modified electron temperature and collision frequency has been illustrated numerically as a function of dust densities. Also, the comparative analyses of variation of beam waist parameter with the dimensionless length of transmission for both the Gaussian and Sine time irradiance are involved in this model as a function of distinguishable time width, collision frequencies, and dust densities under the condition that the size of dust nebulous is greater than the electrons mean free path for the adsorption on the dust grain surface. The observed results are significant for the applications in industry and astrophysics.
Symbol error probability evaluation for PSK modulation schemes in generalized non‐Gaussian noise channels
Authors: Khanna Himanshu
Published: April 2020

The average symbol error probability (ASEP) performance over the faded radio frequency (RF) link when the noise is additive in nature and has generalized Laplacian distribution is evaluated in this paper. The additive white generalized Laplacian noise (AWGLN) distribution can model different impulsive and non‐Gaussian noise environments often encountered in practice and provides a robust alternative to Gaussian distribution. A new expression for evaluating the exact symbol error probability over a multilevel M‐ary PSK‐modulated AWGLN channel is derived. Based on the obtained expression, the ASEP for the single‐hop RF link that models the shadowing and fading conditions over the RF channel by a generalized –K (GK) distribution is derived. Further, the error performance of a decode‐and‐forward relayed and GK‐distributed two‐hop RF link is discussed, and the results are validated through numerical plots.
Oxidative stress delays development and alters gene expression in the agricultural pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Apirajkamol Nonthakorn (Beatrice) , James Bill , Gordon Karl H. J. , Walsh Tom K. , McGaughran Angela
Published: April 2020

Stress is a widespread phenomenon that all organisms must endure. Common in nature is oxidative stress, which can interrupt cell homeostasis to cause cell damage and may be derived from respiration or from environmental exposure through diet. As a result of the routine exposure from respiration, many organisms can mitigate the effects of oxidative stress, but less is known about responses to oxidative stress from other sources. Helicoverpa armigera is a major agricultural pest moth that causes significant damage to crops worldwide. Here, we examined the effects of oxidative stress on H. armigera by chronically exposing individuals to paraquat—a free radical producer—and measuring changes in development (weight, developmental rate, lifespan), and gene expression. We found that oxidative stress strongly affected development in H. armigera, with stressed samples spending more time as caterpillars than control samples (>24 vs. ~15 days, respectively) and therefore living longer overall. We found 1,618 up‐ and 761 down‐regulated genes, respectively, in stressed versus control samples. In the up‐regulated gene set, was an over‐representation of biological processes related to cuticle and chitin development, glycine metabolism, and oxidation–reduction. Oxidative stress clearly impacts physiology and biochemistry in H. armigera and the interesting finding of an extended lifespan in stressed individuals could demonstrate hormesis, the phenomenon whereby toxic compounds can actually be beneficial at low doses. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into physiological and gene expression responses to oxidative stress in invertebrates.
Shifts in plant functional community composition under hydrological stress strongly decelerate litter decomposition
Authors: Walter Julia , Buchmann Carsten M. , Schurr Frank M.
Published: April 2020

Litter decomposition is a key process of nutrient and carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. The decomposition process will likely be altered under ongoing climate change, both through direct effects on decomposer activity and through indirect effects caused by changes in litter quality. We studied how hydrological change indirectly affects decomposition via plant functional community restructuring caused by changes in plant species’ relative abundances (community‐weighted mean (CWM) traits and functional diversity). We further assessed how those indirect litter quality effects compare to direct effects. We set up a mesocosm experiment, in which sown grassland communities and natural turf pieces were subjected to different hydrological conditions (dryness and waterlogging) for two growing seasons. Species‐level mean traits were obtained from trait databases and combined with species’ relative abundances to assess functional community restructuring. We studied decomposition of mixed litter from these communities in a common “litterbed.” These indirect effects were compared to effects of different hydrological conditions on soil respiration and on decomposition of standard litter (direct effects). Dryness reduced biomass production in sown communities and natural turf pieces, while waterlogging only reduced biomass in sown communities. Hydrological stress caused profound shifts in species’ abundances and consequently in plant functional community composition. Hydrologically stressed communities had higher CMW leaf dry matter content, lower CMW leaf nitrogen content, and lower functional diversity. Lower CWM leaf N content and functional diversity were strongly related to slower decomposition. These indirect effects paralleled direct effects, but were larger and longer‐lasting. Species mean traits from trait databases had therefore considerable predictive power for decomposition. Our results show that stressful soil moisture conditions, that are likely to occur more frequently in the future, quickly shift species’ abundances. The resulting functional community restructuring will decelerate decomposition under hydrological stress.
Temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in Northwestern Siberia
Authors: Røed Knut H. , Kvie Kjersti S. , Losey Robert J. , Kosintsev Pavel A. , Hufthammer Anne K. , Dwyer Mark J. , Goncharov Vasiliy , Klokov Konstantin B. , Arzyutov Dmitry V. , Plekhanov Andrei , Anderson David G.
Published: April 2020

Just as the domestication of livestock is often cited as a key element in the Neolithic transition to settled, the emergence of large‐scaled reindeer husbandry was a fundamental social transformation for the indigenous peoples of Arctic Eurasia. To better understand the history of reindeer domestication, and the genetic processes associated with the pastoral transition in the Eurasian Arctic, we analyzed archaeological and contemporary reindeer samples from Northwestern Siberia. The material represents Rangifer genealogies spanning from 15,000 years ago to the 18th century, as well as modern samples from the wild Taĭmyr population and from domestic herds managed by Nenetses. The wild and the domestic population are the largest populations of their kind in Northern Eurasia, and some Nenetses hold their domestic reindeer beside their wild cousins. Our analyses of 197 modern and 223 ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed two genetic clusters, which are interpreted as representing the gene pools of contemporary domestic and past wild reindeer. Among a total of 137 different mitochondrial haplotypes identified in both the modern and archaeological samples, only 21 were detected in the modern domestic gene pool, while 11 of these were absent from the wild gene pool. The significant temporal genetic shift that we associate with the pastoral transition suggests that the emergence and spread of reindeer pastoralism in Northwestern Siberia originated with the translocation and subsequent selective breeding of a special type of animal from outside the region. The distinct and persistent domestic characteristics of the haplotype structure since the 18th century suggests little genetic exchange since then. The absence of the typical domestic clade in modern nearby wild populations suggests that the contemporary Nenets domestic breed feature an ancestry from outside its present main distribution, possibly from further South.
Finite element analysis method for electromagnetic induction to telecommunication line by MAGLEV train
Authors: Tokuda Masamitsu , Sakai Yoshimasa , Yarita Junki , Nishikata Atsuhiro
Published: April 2020

When a magnetic levitation rail carrying a superconducting coil moves at high speed, an electromagnetic induction voltage is generated in the surrounding telecommunication line due to Faraday's electromagnetic induction. This phenomenon is analyzed by AC/DC module of COMSOL multiphysics. The telecommunication line is modeled for a common mode flowing in a loop between the telecommunication line and the ground. As a result, we devise a method to calculate the induced voltage to the telecommunication line loop by differentiating in position the position dependency of the superconducting coil with respect to the magnetic flux linking the telecommunication line loop. In addition, to confirm the validity of the calculation method in COMSOL, we compare flux linkages for a model on the ground surface and a model in the complete free space, and also compare the results calculated with MATLAB by modeling with a lumped constant circuit and the results calculated with COMSOL.
Cyclobutene Formation by Borane Catalyzed [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Vinylphosphane with Conjugated Ynones
Authors: Tao Xin , Gruber Maurice M. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard
Published: April 2020

Dimesityl(vinyl)phosphane reacts with benzoyl(phenyl)acetylene under B(C6F5)3 catalysis to give the formal [2+2] cycloaddition product 1‐benzoyl‐2‐phenyl‐3‐dimesitylphosphinocyclobutene.
Head‐to‐Tail Dimerization of 4‐Fluoroacetophenone in the KOH/DMSO Superbase Suspension and Related SNAr Reaction
Authors: Bidusenko Ivan A. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Ushakov Igor' A. , Orel Vladimir B. , Absalyamov Damir Z. , Vitkovskaya Nadezhda M. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: April 2020

The head‐to‐tail autocondensation of 4‐fluoroacetophenone in the KOH/DMSO superbase suspension stops on dimerization step affording 4‐acetylbenzyl‐4'‐fluorophenylketone in 96 % yield. Further condensation of the diketone formed is prevented by a weaker electron‐withdrawing effect of enolate spacer, –CH=C(OK)–. 2‐Fluoro‐ and 3‐fluoroacetophenones are inactive in this reaction. Other superbases of the type MOR/DMSO (M = Na, K; R = H, OBut) are inferior in promotion of this reaction providing 71–76 % yields of the dimeric ketone. Other weak acids like non‐fluorinated acylbenzenes prove to be also capable of forming Csp2–Csp3 bond with 4‐fluoroacetophenone under similar conditions. This new group of fluorine substitution (SNAr) reaction opens a short and simple route to so far inaccessible aromatic diketones via the nucleophilic substitution of fluorine atom in 4‐fluoroacetophenone by available acylbenzenes. The quantum‐chemical rationale of the observed substitution process as competing with aldol condensation is suggested.
CuO Nanostructures Based Electrochemical Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of Hydroquinone and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Buledi Jamil A. , Ameen Sidra , Khand Nadir H. , Solangi Amber R. , Taqvi Iqleem H. , Agheem Muhammad H. , Wajdan Zahid
Published: April 2020

A simple, sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensor has been developed based on CuO nanostructures modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and ascorbic acid (AA). The CuO nano material was synthesized by aqueous chemical growth method using different sources of OH. The characterization of nano material was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The glassy carbon electrode was modified by CuO nano material using drop cast method and studied by cyclic voltammetry. The CuO/GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidations of HQ and AA in borate buffer solution (pH 8.0) and the corresponding electrochemical signals have appeared as two well resolved oxidation peaks with significant peak potential differences of (0.21V vs. Ag/AgCl). Differential pulse voltammetry was used for simultaneous determination of HQ and AA using the CuO/GCE. At the optimum conditions, for simultaneous determination by synchronous change of the analyte concentrations, the linear response ranges were between 0.0003–0.355 mM for HQ and 0.0001–0.30 mM for AA respectively. Furthermore, CuO/GCE was successfully applied for the independent determination of AA in fruit juices as well as for the simultaneous determination of HQ and AA in cosmetic samples.
Influence of Emission Sources and Tributaries on the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Micropollutant Mixtures and Associated Effects in a Small River
Authors: Müller Maximilian E. , Werneburg Martina , Glaser Clarissa , Schwientek Marc , Zarfl Christiane , Escher Beate I. , Zwiener Christian
Published: April 2020

Organic micropollutants of anthropogenic origin in river waters may impair aquatic ecosystem health and drinking water quality. To evaluate micropollutant fate and turnover on a catchment scale, information on input source characteristics as well as spatial and temporal variability is required. The influence of tributaries from agricultural and urban areas and the input of wastewater were investigated by grab and Lagrangian sampling under base flow conditions within a 7.7-km-long stretch of the Ammer River (southwest Germany) using target screening for 83 organic micropollutants and 4 in vitro bioassays with environmentally relevant modes of action. In total, 9 pesticides and transformation products, 13 pharmaceuticals, and 6 industrial and household chemicals were detected. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor induction, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor activity, estrogenicity, and oxidative stress response were measured in the river. The vast majority of the compounds and mixture effects were introduced by the effluent of a wastewater-treatment plant, which contributed 50% of the total flow rate of the river on the sampling day. The tributaries contributed little to the overall load of organic micropollutants and mixture effects because of their relatively low discharge but showed a different chemical and toxicological pattern from the Ammer River, though a comparison to effect-based trigger values pointed toward unacceptable surface water quality in the main stem and in some of the tributaries. Chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays covered different windows of analyte properties but reflected the same picture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1382–1391. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Development of a numerically efficient approach based on coupled CFD/FEM analysis for virtual fire resistance tests—Part B: Deformation process of a steel structure
Authors: Prieler Rene , Gerhardter Hannes , Landfahrer Martin , Gaber Christian , Schluckner Christoph , Eichhorn‐Gruber Markus , Schwabegger Günther , Hochenauer Christoph
Published: April 2020

In the present study, the structural analysis of a three‐parted steel door during a fire resistance test was examined by FEM simulation. The structural analysis is part of a coupled CFD/FEM simulation approach developed for the prediction of fire resistance tests. The basis of this follow‐up work was the calculated temperature in the test specimen from CFD to predict the thermal stresses, deformation and gap formation between the door parts. The spatial information of the temperature in the test specimen was exported. Subsequently, the thermal expansion of the door and the resulting stresses and gaps were calculated. To validate the FEM simulation, the deformation of the steel door was observed. It was found that the simulation predicted the deformation of the steel door in close accordance to the measurement. The maximum displacement was found in the centre of the construction with 141 mm, whereas the simulation predicted a value of 133 mm. In addition to the deformation of the door, also the prediction of the gap formation was validated against the flue gas leakage. The first flue gas exit occurred already after 120 seconds, which was in spatial and temporal conjunction with the maximum gap predicted in the simulation.
Effectiveness of community health workers in improving early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding rates in a low‐resource setting: A cluster‐randomized longitudinal study
Authors: Mituki‐Mungiria Dorothy , Tuitoek Prisca , Varpolatai Aniko , Ngotho Douglas , Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

Little evidence exists in Kenya on the potential of community health workers (CHWs) in promoting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and early breastfeeding initiation (EBI) in resource‐restricted settings where very low EBF rates (2% to 12%) have been documented. The study utilized CHWs and assessed their effectiveness in promoting EBF and EBI. The cluster‐randomized longitudinal design was used and sixteen villages from Kiandutu Slum in Thika randomly assigned into either intervention group (IG) or comparison group (CG). Pregnant women attending Maternal Child Health (MCH) clinic were recruited. The IG received nutrition education sessions conducted by CHWs at home, two prenatally and six postnatally, plus the routine MCH care. The CG went through routine MCH care only. Infants feeding data were collected at 6, 10, 14, and 24 weeks postpartum by research assistants blinded to the intervention allocation. Differences in EBF and EBI in the two groups were tested using χ2 tests, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and generalized estimating equations. Of the 526 recruited in the study, 431 remained and were included in the analysis (IG = 176) and CG (225). The prevalence of EBF at 24 weeks was 45.3% in the IG compared with 15.0% in the CG, revealing a statistically significant difference log rank = 20.277, (1, n = 314) p < .001. The difference was not statistically significant in EBI prevalence between the IG (58.2%) and CG (60.3%; χ2 = 0.008, p = .928). The CHWs have potential effectiveness in promoting EBF but not EBI. The link between the health center and CHWs should be strengthened to promote EBF.
Establishment and characterization of a MALT lymphoma cell line carrying an API2‐MALT1 translocation
Authors: Izumi Kiyotaka , Nishikori Momoko , Yuan Hepei , Otsuka Yasuyuki , Nakao Kensuke , Takaori‐Kondo Akifumi
Published: April 2020

MALT lymphomas with API2(BIRC3)‐MALT1 translocation usually have an indolent clinical course and rarely transform into aggressive lymphoma, and there have been no lymphoma cell lines carrying API2‐MALT1 translocation reported to date. We established a novel lymphoma cell line named BMA19, carrying the API2‐MALT1 translocation from a patient with histologic transformation of intestinal MALT lymphoma. The cells were suggested to carry API2‐MALT1 and MYC‐IGH translocations by chromosomal analysis, and these translocations were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of MYC was shown to be enhanced as a result of the MYC‐IGH translocation, and it is considered to have played a role in the histologic transformation of MALT lymphoma. Whole exome sequencing of BMA19 identified several nucleotide variations in genes reported to be mutated in previous studies of marginal zone lymphomas. The MALT1 inhibitor MI‐2 specifically decreased cell growth, and the BMA19 cell line was suggested to be still dependent on the API2‐MALT1 signal. Subtractive microarray analysis showed that one of the earliest events resulting from MALT1 inhibition is increased susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis. The BMA19 cell line is considered to conserve the biological properties of MALT lymphoma and is expected to be a valuable tool for research into the pathogenesis of MALT lymphoma with an API2‐MALT1 translocation.
Stair‐step tracheal repair: Surgical technique
Authors: Sims John R. , O'Malley Quinn F. , Spaulding Sarah L. , Yue Lauren E. , Urken Mark L.
Published: April 2020

Typical surgical treatment for invasive thyroid carcinoma at the level of the cricoid substantially reduces surrounding cartilaginous support and risks damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). We present a novel tracheal reconstructive technique that minimizes this injury risk. A 72‐year‐old man with recurrent invasive thyroid carcinoma underwent cricotracheal resection and reconstruction using a stair‐step approach. Diseased cartilage was removed by a left hemitracheal and hemicricoid resection. A portion of normal trachea was also resected on the contralateral right side, removing the third and fourth hemitracheal rings, to close the defect with a sliding tracheoplasty and avoid dissection near the right cricothyroid joint on the side of the functioning RLN. The trachea was elevated superiorly and reanastomosed to the cut margin of the cricoid. This novel stair‐step approach to tracheal reconstruction offers reduced risk of injury to the contralateral RLN while still establishing a patent airway.
Bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, and esophagoscopy during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Reddy Priyanka D. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Deschler Daniel
Published: April 2020

Background

The United States now has the highest death toll due to COVID‐19. Many otolaryngology procedures, including laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy, place otolaryngologists at increased risk of coronavirus transmission due to close contact with respiratory droplets and aerosolization from the procedure. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of guidelines on how to perform these procedures during the coronavirus pandemic.

Methods

Literature review was performed. Articles citing laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy use with regard to COVID‐19 were included.

Results

Laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy are all used in both emergent and elective situations. Understanding the risk stratification of cases and the varied necessity of personal protective equipment is important in protecting patients and health care workers.

Conclusions

Summary guidelines based on the literature available at this time are presented in order to decrease transmission of the virus and protect those involved.
Clinical trials during COVID‐19
Authors: Singh Arjun Gurmeet , Chaturvedi Pankaj
Published: April 2020

As this ever‐evolving pandemic lays itself, more of its impact is being understood. Until recently, most guidelines were reported to aid in managing and treating suspected or confirmed cases. Research institutions around the world are responding with a sense of confusion. Some are continuing routinely, especially those who are overseeing clinical trials that could offer life‐saving therapies, particularly against the novel coronavirus. Since research must continue even in the face of a shutdown, we aim to collate the currently available recommendations from various organizations and provide guidance to head and neck researchers across the world during these trying times.
Periodically moving surface in an Oldroyd‐B fluid with variable thermal conductivity and Cattaneo‐Christov heat flux features
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Aziz Samaira , Khan Sami Ullah , Ali Nasir
Published: April 2020

Here, we have endeavored the rheological aspects of Oldroyd‐B fluid induced by an accelerated and periodically moving sheet. The heat transfer evolution has been characterized with employment of novel Cattaneo‐Christov law. Further features of heat transfer are characterized with heat generation/absorption and thermal conductivity depending upon the temperature. The governing equations have been constituted properly with utilization of associated laws. After truncating the flow problem in dimensionless form, we follow famous analytic procedure, namely, homotopy analysis technique to simulate the solution. The convergence of the solution is established by sketching the h‐curves. While assigning suitable constant values to involved physical parameters like Deborah number, thermal relaxation parameter, Prandtl number, and heat source/sink constants, the change in particles movement and heat transfer rate has been examined. It is observed that the velocity profile decreases with increments in Deborah constant, in terms of relaxation time constant. The presence of variable thermal conductivity and heat source parameters enhance the temperature distribution efficiently.

Significance of Results

Recently, non‐Newtonian fluids have attracted the interest of scientists due to their significant use in various chemical, mechanical, and processing industries. Some essential applications of such materials arise in polymer processing, food industries, paints, petroleum industries, biomedical engineering, and so forth. Besides this, the heat transportation phenomenon in non‐Newtonian fluids flow engaged diverse novel applications in area of engineering processes, and also appeared in chemical, mechanical, and processing industries. The present problem may find engineering applications in paper production, glass blowing, polymer solution, and metal extrusion. The proposed results are useful in extrusion system applications, energy production, and manufacturing processes.
Practitioner Advice for Getting Started With Practitioner Research
Authors: Marsh Josephine Peyton , Gonzalez Deborah
Published: April 2020

This forum highlights research that literacy teachers, students, and others can explore, use, or adapt as they provide literacy instruction and develop related programs and research agendas.
The Staying Power of Worthwhile Work: What It Takes to Lead Literacy Change
Authors: Wilson Aaron , Katz Mira‐Lisa , Greenleaf Cynthia
Published: April 2020

This department focuses on literacy leaders, including school and instructional leaders, teachers, and external partners, who are working to improve outcomes for adolescent and adult learners in a wide range of education settings. Columns investigate the challenges and complexities inherent in such work and share lessons learned, impactful strategies and approaches, and promising pathways forward.
MiR‐543 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 cells by targeting KLF6
Authors: Kang Tingting , Xing Wenkai , Xi Yu , Chen Kun , Zhan Mengsi , Tang Xiaoyin , Wang Yueying , Zhang Ruirui , Lei Minggang
Published: April 2020

MicroRNA‐543 (miR‐543) has been found to play a suppressive role in various human cancers in many studies, whereas the specific functions of miR‐543 in muscle development remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the expression of miR‐543 was high in skeletal muscle and increased during the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Overexpression of miR‐543 repressed C2C12 cell proliferation and promoted differentiation, while knockdown of miR‐543 expression produced the opposite results. During myogenesis, we predicted and verified that Krüppel‐like factor 6 (KLF6), a suppressor of multiple tumor cells, was a target gene of miR‐543. Then, miR‐543 was found to specifically target KLF6 and repress its expression. Besides this, knockdown of KLF6 promoted the differentiation but inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 cells. Si‐KLF6 can rescue the influence of miR‐543 inhibitor on C2C12 cell differentiation. Our results indicate a new regulatory mechanism of miR‐543 on KLF6 expression and suggest the possibility of using the miR‐543/KLF6 pathway as a potential target for studying myogenesis.
Eliciting culturally and medically informative family health histories from Marshallese patients living in the United States
Authors: Blocker Karli , Hallford Henry Gene , McElfish Pearl , Danylchuk Noelle R. , Dean Lori Williamson
Published: April 2020

The United States (U.S.) resident Marshallese population is growing rapidly. Subsequent to this growth, Marshallese patients experience language and cultural barriers when attempting to access medical care in the U.S. This study: (a) documents how the Marshallese refer to biological and adopted family members; (b) identifies barriers encountered by Marshallese when seeking medical care; and (c) describes effective communication strategies for healthcare providers to use when treating Marshallese patients. Six key informant interviews were conducted in English with bicultural (U.S. and native Marshallese) informants, the majority of whom were women who worked in a healthcare setting. Participants were recruited through the Center for Pacific Islander Health in Arkansas and through personal contacts within the Marshallese community. Based on the study findings, examples of how providers can make genetic services more accessible and meaningful for Marshallese patients are also provided. This study is particularly relevant to genetic counselors as the number of Marshallese patients and families needing their services is growing.
Immune system and cholangiocytes: A puzzling affair in primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Ronca Vincenzo , Mancuso Clara , Milani Chiara , Carbone Marco , Oo Ye Htun , Invernizzi Pietro
Published: April 2020

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic liver disease characterized by the destruction of the small and medium bile ducts. Its pathogenesis is still unknown. Despite the genome wide association study findings, the therapies targeting the cytokines pathway, tested so far, have failed. The concept of the biliary epithelium as a key player of the PBC pathogenesis has emerged over the last few years. It is now well accepted that the biliary epithelial cells (BECs) actively participate to the genesis of the damage. The chronic stimulation of BECs via microbes and bile changes the cell phenotype toward an active state, which, across the production of proinflammatory mediators, can recruit, retain, and activate immune cells. The consequent immune system activation can in turn damage BECs. Thus, the crosstalk between both innate and adaptive immune cells and the biliary epithelium creates a paracrine loop responsible for the disease progression. In this review, we summarize the evidence provided in literature about the role of BECs and the immune system in the pathogenesis of PBC. We also dissect the relationship between the immune system and the BECs, focusing on the unanswered questions and the future potential directions of the translational research and the cellular therapy in this area.
Elevations of serum cancer biomarkers correlate with severity of COVID‐19
Authors: Wei Xiuqi , Su Jingyu , Yang Kunyu , Wei Jiazhou , Wan Huimin , Cao Xiaoling , Tan Wenbin , Wang Hui
Published: April 2020

In this retrospective study, we evaluated the levels of a series of serum biomarkers in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients (mild: 131; severe: 98; critical: 23). We found that there were significant increases in levels of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) (73.6 ± 38.3 vs 46.5 ± 14.7 pmol/L; P < .001), cytokeratin‐19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1) (2.2 ± 0.9 vs 1.9 ± 0.8 μg/L; P < .001), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (3.4 ± 2.2 vs 2.1 ± 1.2 μg/L; P < .001), carbohydrate antigens (CA) 125 (18.1 ± 13.5 vs 10.5 ± 4.6 μg/L; P < .001), and 153 (14.4 ± 8.9 vs 10.1 ± 4.4 μg/L; P < .001) in COVID‐19 mild cases as compared to normal control subjects; their levels showed continuous and significant increases in severe and critical cases (HE4, CYFRA21‐1, and CA125: P < .001; CEA and CA153: P < .01). Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) and CA199 increased significantly only in critical cases of COVID‐19 as compared with mild and severe cases and normal controls (P < .01). There were positive associations between levels of C‐reactive protein and levels of HE4 (R = .631; P < .001), CYFRA21‐1 (R = .431; P < .001), CEA (R = .316; P < .001), SCC (R = .351; P < .001), CA153 (R = .359; P < .001) and CA125 (R = .223; P = .031). We concluded that elevations of serum cancer biomarkers positively correlated with the pathological progressions of COVID‐19, demonstrating diffuse and acute pathophysiological injuries in COVID‐19.
Future changes in Aridity Index at two and four degrees of global warming above preindustrial levels
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin , Jiang Dabang , Lang Xianmei
Published: April 2020

In this study, we project the global terrestrial changes in Aridity Index (AI), as defined by the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration (PET), at 2 and 4°C levels of global warming above the preindustrial conditions based on the outputs from 21 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. Compared to the preindustrial period, the global terrestrial annual precipitation will increase by an average of 0.02% (3%), the annual PET will increase by 6% (15%) and AI will decrease by 0.1 (0.2) at the 2°C (4°C) warming level. More remarkable decreases in the annual AI are seen in the northern high latitudes, where will also experience greater increases in PET and precipitation. In general, the seasonal changes in AI display a similar spatial pattern to the annual changes and are characterized by the greatest decrease in December–January–February and the smallest in June–July–August. The largest expansion of drylands occurs in semi‐arid regions, followed by the expansion of arid regions, with area changes of 4% (7%) and 3% (4%) under the 2°C (4°C) scenario, respectively. Further analyses indicate that the AI changes are determined by PET in the northern high latitudes, and the contribution of PET to AI increases from the 2 to 4°C warming levels. Furthermore, changes in thermodynamic factors contribute most to the PET, and at a higher level of global warming, the contribution of thermodynamic factors increases and that of dynamic factors decreases.
Sugar Surfactant‐Based Shampoos
Authors: Nunes Andreia , Marques Paula , Marto Joana , Ascenso Andreia , Gonçalves Lídia , Fitas Manuel , Pinto Pedro , Sotomayor João , Ribeiro Helena M.
Published: April 2020

Naturally derived surfactants in hair care products are a trend in cosmetic technology. This study aimed to formulate and fully characterize the performance of shampoos with sugar‐derived surfactants, namely, the alkyl polyglucosides decyl glucoside and coco‐glucoside. In addition, different thickeners and conditioning ingredients were added to improve the formulation properties. A sodium laureth sulfate (SLES) formulation was used as control. Rheology, pH, foaming, contact angles on a keratin surface, and surface tensions were determined. The safety of the formulations was evaluated by in vitro cytotoxicity studies using the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line and human retinal pigment epithelial cells ARPE‐19. The efficacies were studied by in vitro hair combing force assays and in vivo sensorial analysis. The formulated sugar surfactant‐based shampoos showed the following properties: (i) pH values higher than those of SLES (which were posteriorly lowered with lactic acid); (ii) higher foamability than SLES, and high wettability; (iii) Newtonian behavior and predominance of liquid state with a suitable viscosity; (iv) low cytotoxicity in both human keratinocytes and retinal cell lines (in contrast to SLES); (v) easier hair combing than SLES, when Polyquaternium‐7 was used as conditioner; (vi) efficient and gentle hair washing; and (vii) favorable sensorial analysis confirming the previous washing properties. In conclusion, the sugar surfactants had a considerable impact in the properties of the shampoo formulations, in terms of both hair cleansing properties and efficacy, as demonstrated here. These favorable outcomes clearly support the use of these ingredients in shampoo formulation design.
Development of 55‐in. 8K AMOLED TV based on coplanar oxide thin‐film transistors and inkjet printing process
Authors: Wu Zhongyuan , Yan Liangchen , Li Yongqian , Feng Xuehuan , Shih Huaiting , Kim Taejin , Peng Yuqing , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we presented 55‐in. 8K4K AMOLED TV employing coplanar oxide thin‐film transistor (TFT) backplane, top emissive inkjet‐printing organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) device, gate driver on array (GOA), and compensation technologies. It is so far the largest prototype AMOLED TV fabricated by using inkjet printing process with 8K resolution. It shows the stunning display quality, thanks to the high resolution and fast refresh frequency. It proves that the inkjet printing process is not only cost competitive but also can deliver premium display.
Predictors of lymph node metastases in patients with mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shannon Adrienne B. , Goldberg Drew , Song Yun , Paulson Emily C. , Roses Robert E. , Fraker Douglas L. , Kelz Rachel R. , Miura John , Karakousis Giorgos C.
Published: April 2020

Background

Lymph node metastasis (LN+) is a prognostic factor in appendiceal cancers, but predictors and outcomes for LN+  in mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinoma (MAC) remain poorly defined.

Methods

Patients were identified from the 2010 to 2016 NCDB who underwent surgical resection as first‐line management for Stage I‐III mucinous appendiceal cancer. A LN+ risk‐score model was developed using multivariable regression on a training data set and internally validated using a testing data set. Three‐year overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results

Of 1158 patients, LN+ (N = 244, 21.1%) patients were more likely to have higher pT group and grade of disease, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and positive margins on univariate analyses. Predictive factors associated with LN+ on multivariable analysis included positive surgical margins (odds ratio [OR] 3.00, P <.0001), higher grade (moderately differentiated: OR, 2.16, P < .0001; poorly or undifferentiated: OR, 3.07, P < .0001), and LVI (OR, 7.28, P < .0001). A validated risk‐score model using these factors was developed with good performance (AUC 0.749). LN+ patients had a worse 3‐year OS compared with LN− patients (17.4% vs 82.6%, hazard ratio 1.96, P = .001).

Conclusions

LN+ is associated with worse survival in patients with MAC. A risk‐score model using margin status, LVI, and grade can accurately risk stratify patients for LN+.
Identifying active resident hosts of VFR visitors
Authors: Griffin Tom , Guttentag Daniel
Published: April 2020

Substantial tourism activity can be attributed to visiting friends and relatives travel. However, the identification and classification of hosts who are most active, participating in touristic attractions and culture, has received limited attention. This study surveyed residents of Toronto, Canada, and segmented them depending on their own activity while hosting. Findings show that highly active hosts are more likely to be immigrants, to be entertaining large groups of both friends and relatives, and to be hosting overseas visitors in the destination for the first time. The results have implications relating to the engagement of residents as destination ambassadors.
Measuring the size of the informal tourism economy in Thailand
Authors: Çakmak Erdinç , Çenesiz M. Alper
Published: April 2020

This study is the first to estimate the size of the informal tourism economy. Using a dynamic general equilibrium model, this paper first estimates the size of the informal tourism economy and then assesses its linkages to key labour market variables in Thailand. Empirical results indicate that: (a) the informal tourism economy grows faster than the formal tourism and aggregate economy; (b) both formal and informal tourism economies absorb the unemployed; (c) the relationship between formal and informal economies is negative in the aggregate but positive in the tourism sector.
Preparation of Methacrylate Polymer/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Particles Stabilized by Poly(ionic liquid) Block Copolymer via Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Yamane Mitsuyoshi , Fadil Yasemin , Tokuda Masayoshi , Zetterlund Per B. , Minami Hideto
Published: April 2020

Poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite films are prepared using two different routes. The first route involves preparation of PnBMA nanoparticles containing homogeneously dispersed rGO nanosheets by miniemulsion polymerization using a block copolymer of ionic liquid (IL) monomer and nBMA. The IL units act as adsorption sites for rGO whereas BMA units provide solubility in the BMA monomer droplets. Nanocomposite films obtained from miniemulsion polymerization exhibit higher tensile modulus in comparison with the films prepared by mixing a PnBMA emulsion and aqueous graphene oxide (GO) dispersion. The second route involves preparation of PnBMA particles armored with rGO nanosheets via miniemulsion polymerization using the same poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) block copolymer. An anionic exchange reaction is conducted to obtain more hydrophilic PIL units in the block copolymer, thus providing adsorption sites of GO nanosheets at the interface of the polymer particles. Subsequent chemical reduction of GO to rGO using hydrazine monohydrate results in formation of a PnBMA/rGO nanocomposite. The resulting nanocomposite film exhibits electrical conductivity (2.0 × 10−3 S m−1).
Kinesin family member 11 is a potential therapeutic target and is suppressed by microRNA‐30a in breast cancer
Authors: Wang Benfang , Yu Jianjiang , Sun Zhenjiang , Luh Frank , Lin Dandan , Shen Ying , Wang Ting , Zhang Qi , Liu Xiyong
Published: April 2020

Kinesin family member 11 (KIF11) is a plus end‐directed kinesin indispensable for the formation of the bipolar spindle in metaphase, where it objects to the action of minus end‐directed molecular motors. Here, we hypothesize that KIF11 might be a therapeutic target of breast cancer and regulated by miR‐30a. Cell Counting Kit 8 assays were used to investigate cell proliferation. Invasion assays were used to survey the motility of cells. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional analyses were employed for this outcome study. The prognostic significance and performance of KIF11 were validated on 17 worldwide independent microarray datasets and two The Cancer Genome Atlas‐Breast Invasive Carcinoma sets. microRNA was predicted targeting KIF11 through sequence alignment in microRNA.org and confirmed by coexpression analysis in human breast cancer samples. Dual‐luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate the interaction between miR‐30a and KIF11 further. Higher KIF11 mRNA levels and lower miR‐30a were significantly associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients. Inhibition of KIF11 by small‐hairpin RNA significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion capabilities of the breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, downregulation of KIF11 could enhance the cytotoxicity of adriamycin in breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. A population study also validated that chemotherapy and radiotherapy significantly improved survival in early‐stage breast cancer patients with low KIF11 expression levels. Further bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that miR‐30a could interact with KIF11 and validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assays. Therefore, KIF11 is a potential therapeutic target of breast cancer. miR‐30a could specifically interact with KIF11 and suppress its expression in breast cancer.
Mitochondrial Complex 1, Sigma 1, and Synaptic Vesicle 2A in Early Drug‐Naive Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Wilson Heather , Pagano Gennaro , de Natale Edoardo Rosario , Mansur Ayla , Caminiti Silvia Paola , Polychronis Sotirios , Middleton Lefkos T. , Price Geraint , Schmidt Karl F. , Gunn Roger N. , Rabiner Eugenii A. , Politis Marios
Published: April 2020

Background

Dysfunction of mitochondrial energy generation may contribute to neurodegeneration, leading to synaptic loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to find cross‐sectional and longitudinal changes in PET markers of synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1 in drug‐naive PD patients.

Methods

Twelve early drug‐naive PD patients and 16 healthy controls underwent a 3‐Tesla MRI and PET imaging to quantify volume of distribution of [11C]UCB‐J, [11C]SA‐4503, and [18F]BCPP‐EF for synaptic vesicle protein 2A, sigma 1 receptor, and mitochondrial complex 1, respectively. Nine PD patients completed approximately 1‐year follow‐up assessments.

Results

Reduced [11C]UCB‐J volume of distribution in the caudate, putamen, thalamus, brain stem, and dorsal raphe and across cortical regions was observed in drug‐naive PD patients compared with healthy controls. [11C]UCB‐J volume of distribution was reduced in the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra but did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were found in [11C]SA‐4503 and [18F]BCPP‐EF volume of distribution in PD compared with healthy controls. Lower brain stem [11C]UCB‐J volume of distribution correlated with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III and total scores. No significant longitudinal changes were identified in PD patients at follow‐up compared with baseline.

Conclusions

Our findings represent the first in vivo evidence of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and synaptic dysfunction in drug‐naive PD patients. Synaptic dysfunction likely occurs early in disease pathophysiology and has relevance to symptomatology. Mitochondrial complex 1 and sigma 1 receptor pathology warrants further investigations in PD. Studies in larger cohorts with longer follow‐up will determine the validity of these PET markers to track disease progression. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Degree reduction of SG‐Bézier surfaces based on grey wolf optimizer
Authors: Qin Xinqiang , Qiao Yu , Hu Gang
Published: April 2020

Aiming at the problem of approximate degree reduction of SG‐Bézier surfaces, a method is proposed to achieve the degree reduction from (n × n) to (m × m) (m < n). Starting from the idea of grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm and combining the geometric properties of SG‐Bézier surfaces, this method transforms the degree reduction problem of SG‐Bézier surfaces into an optimization problem. By choosing the fitness function, the degree reduction approximation of shape‐adjustable SG‐Bézier surfaces under unconstrained and angular interpolation constraints is realized. At the same time, some concrete examples of degree reduction and its errors are given. The results show that this method not only achieves good degree reduction effect but also is easy to implement and has high precision.