bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ensemble Learning Based Prediction for Cyber Harassment Observations on Tweets
Authors: Sreevidya N. , Hamsini Ashwini , Vainateya Rasala , Naidu Chetla Arjun
Published: April 2024

Now a days social media plays crucial role in allowing individuals to express their views. Based on their views find the information of different keywords/statements like sadness, happiness, teasing, harassment and abuse. Online abuse, a novel form of pestering, have become increasingly predominant in online groups in modern civilization. Detecting harassment is indeed a significant challenge. Several studies provide information on cyber harassment, but none of them offer a solid remedy. Several studies provide information on cyber harassment, but none of them offer a solid remedy. Due to this reason, multiple models can be practiced to recognize and block harassment-related communications. We have utilized ensemble machine learning models to predict accurate results. The twitter dataset used for our research. We observe two models getting accuracy for RF+DT is 92% and SVM+LR is 93%. It is similar accuracy in individual models. So, there is no difference between Ensemble or individual model accuracy rate.
Genome Editing: A Strategic Tool to Advance Poultry Production in the Tropics
Authors: Kayode Ewuola Muslim , Temitope Akani, Basheerat , Babatunde Fatai, Rasheed , Shakira Ajenifujah-Solebo
Published: April 2024

The output of poultry genetic resources (PGR) can be greatly increased by the use of the very powerful tool known as genome editing. Poultry farming is significant in the tropics because it significantly raises household income and the level of living. Increasing PGR production in the tropics requires overcoming several challenges, such as high rates of disease prevalence and resistance, subpar performance, and adverse environmental conditions. However, the application of genome editing technology presents a promising opportunity to address these problems and maximise poultry output in tropical regions.
In poultry production, selective breeding has resulted in notable improvements in output, effectiveness, and product quality. However, modifying characteristics linked to health becomes more difficult. In the tropics, high temperatures, high humidity, and other challenging conditions are often observed, and they can have a negative impact on the well-being and output of PGR. By using genome editing, it is possible to introduce genetic modifications that increase poultry resistance to these conditions.
Optimising meat yield and quality by genome editing provides a targeted and effective way to introduce disease resistance. Through precise DNA modification, researchers may make specific genetic alterations in organisms through precision genome editing. Benefits including disease resistance, increased welfare and feed conversion efficiency, and better adaption to tropical climates can be inserted into poultry species by scientists through the use of genome editing technology. Particularly in the tropics where infectious diseases can have a major negative influence on flock health and productivity, disease management is an essential component of chicken farming.
Role of BAP in In-vitro Conditions for Promoting Shoot Growth in the Nodal Segment of Rosa indica L.
Authors: Sharma Uma , Pathak Neha
Published: April 2024

Rosa indica L. is the world's most popular ornamental flowering plant. Since the last two decades, rose tissue culture has been enhanced and used for a variety of objectives, ranging from fundamental anatomical and physiological studies to micropropagation from auxiliary buds, shoot tips, leaf explants, and so on. In in vitro conditions, surface sterilized nodal segments of Rosa indica L. were cultivated in MS media supplemented with 30 g/l sugar as a carbon source, 6 g/l agar as a solidifying agent, and various concentrations of BAP (1, 2 and 3 mg/l). Maximum growth of shoots in nodal segments of Rosa indica L. was observed on MS medium having 2.0 mg/l of BAP concentration as compared to other concentrations. The results showed that BAP was considered to be the best phytohormone for in vitro shoot multiplication and proliferation of Rosa indica L.
A Review on Biotech Innovations in Seed Technology for Robust Crop Production
Authors: Kolur Shruti Mallikarjun , Burud Anand , Ramasamy M. , Sampath V. , Chellem Sushma Raj , Satapathy Satya Narayan , Rout Ankita
Published: April 2024

This article delves into the significant progress and future potential of biotechnological innovations in seed technology within the context of India's agriculture, providing an in-depth examination of how these advancements are transforming crop production. It traces the evolution from traditional methods of seed improvement to the adoption of advanced biotech applications, emphasizing the crucial contributions of genetic engineering and transgenic seeds in overcoming key agricultural hurdles. The review spotlights the introduction of genome editing, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and nanotechnology, and their sophisticated benefits in boosting crop resilience, productivity, and nutritional value. It also discusses the intricate regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding genetically modified (GM) crops, such as intellectual property rights and public opinion, which significantly influence the acceptance and progress of biotech seeds. The discussion extends to the environmental and socio-economic impacts of these technologies, weighing the advantages for sustainability and food security against concerns over biodiversity and the welfare of farmers. Additionally, the review addresses the challenges and prospects that climate change introduces, underscoring the necessity for innovative seed technologies in adaptation efforts. It also points out the critical role of collaborations between public and private sectors in propelling seed technology forward, ensuring that farmers throughout India can access these breakthroughs. By exploring these aspects, the article envisions a future for Indian agriculture where biotechnological innovations in seed technology play a key role in promoting sustainable, efficient, and resilient farming practices, ultimately contributing to the nation's food security and economic prosperity.
Design of Vertical Rotor Metering Plate for Precision Seeding of Okra: Incorporating Physical and Engineering Properties
Authors: Verma P. D. , Verma A. , Naik R. K. , Jogdand S. V. , Dave A. K. , Rajput A.S.
Published: April 2024

An investigation was conducted with the aim of examining the physical and engineering properties of okra seeds. The physical and frictional characteristics of okra seeds play a crucial role in the design of a seeder, influencing decisions regarding cell size, shape, metering disc thickness, and material, as well as the inclination of the seed hopper. The study aimed to determine these properties of okra seeds. The primary findings indicated that the typical values for the length, width, and thickness of the seeds were 5.58 mm, 4.61 mm, and 4.18 mm, respectively. The maximum width and length of the seeds served as the basis for the design of the cell diameters and thickness of the seed metering rotor. The okra variety “VNR-Deepika” exhibited a geometric mean diameter of 4.79 mm, with sphericity and roundness values of 85.2% and 82.85%, respectively. The roundness and sphericity of the seed affected its ability to move through the seeder's components. Test weight, bulk density, true density, volume, porosity, angle of repose, and coefficient of static friction were measured as 57.06 g, 0.56 g cm-3, 1.12 g cm-3, 111.46 mm-3, 50.22%, 25.97° and 0.42, respectively. The depth of the vertical rotor cells was established at 6.25 mm, slightly exceeding the average seed length to ensure singular seed dispensing. Simultaneously, the width of each cell was calculated to be 6.98 mm, offering adequate space for accommodating one seed per cell. Featuring 14 cells positioned around the vertical rotor's circumference, the seed metering rotor was designed to have an 85 mm diameter.
Comparative Evaluation of Nano Urea and Urea Foliar Sprays on Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility in Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.) Production
Authors: Arun Kumar, M. R. . , Fathima, P. S. . , Yogananda, S. B. . , Sowmyalatha, B. S .
Published: April 2024

An investigation on “Comparative Evaluation of Nano Urea and Urea Foliar Sprays on Nutrient Uptake and Soil Fertility in Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.) Production” was conducted during kharif 2022 at ZARS, V. C. Farm, Mandya, on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with eleven treatments replicated thrice. Treatments include combinations of basal application of urea at 50, 75 and 100% recommended dose of N with varied levels of nano urea and urea spray at 20 and 40 DAS, which were compared with RDF and control (RDF without N). Among the treatments tested, 100% recommended dose of N + Urea @ 2% spray recorded significantly higher green fodder yield (427.70 q ha-1) and dry matter yield (91.64 q ha-1), nutrient uptake (153.49 kg ha-1 of N, 33.37 kg ha-1of P and 121.29 kg ha-1 of K) and was on par with 100% recommended dose of N + Nano urea @ 0.4% spray. Available N, P2O5 and K2O status in the post-harvest soil varied significantly but pH, EC and OC was not significantly influenced by varied levels of recommended dose of nitrogen with different foliar concentrations of nano urea and urea. Higher soil available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was recorded 100% recommended dose of N + Urea @ 2% spray (213.25, 42.58, 189.06 kg ha-1, respectively) followed by 100% recommended dose of N + Nano urea @ 0.4% spray (200.70, 40.87 and 187.95 kg ha-1, respectively).
Detailed Characterization of Contact Resistance, Gate‐Bias‐Dependent Field‐Effect Mobility, and Short‐Channel Effects with Microscale Elastomeric Single‐Crystal Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Reese Colin , Bao Zhenan
Published: January 2009

The organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) has proven itself invaluable as both the fundamental element in organic circuits and the primary tool for the characterization of novel organic electronic materials. Crucial to the success of the OFET in each of these venues is a working understanding of the device physics that manifest themselves in the form of electrical characteristics. As commercial applications shift to smaller device dimensions and structure/property relationships become more refined, the understanding of these phenomena become increasingly critical. Here, we employ high‐performance, elastomeric, photolithographically patterned single‐crystal field‐effect transistors as tools for the characterization of short‐channel effects and bias‐dependent parasitic contact resistance and field‐effect mobility. Redundant characterization of devices at multiple channel lengths under a single crystal allow the morphology‐free analysis of these effects, which is carried out in the context of a device model previously reported. The data show remarkable consistency with our model, yielding fresh insight into each of these phenomena, as well as confirming the utility of our FET design.
Numerical analysis of thermal and electrochemical phenomena for anode supported microtubular SOFC
Authors: Cui Daan , Cheng Mojie
Published: January 2009

A 2D model considering momentum, heat/species transport and electrochemical phenomena, has been proposed for tubular solid oxide fuel cell. The model was validated using experimental polarization curves and the good agreement with the experimental data was attained. The temperature distributions show that temperature varies severely at the tube inlet than at the tube outlet. The heat generation and transfer mechanisms in electrodes, electrolyte and electrochemical reaction interface were investigated. The results show that the overall electrochemical reaction heat is produced at cathode/electrolyte interface, and a small portion of the heat is consumed at anode/electrolyte interface. The heat produced at cathode/electrolyte interface is about five times as much as that consumed at anode/electrolyte interface. Overwhelming part of the heat transfer between cell and outside occurs at cathode external surface. Most current flow goes into anode from a very small area where the current collectors locates. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Genetic polymorphisms in the thioredoxin 2 (TXN2) gene and risk for spina bifida
Authors: Wen Shu , Lu Wei , Zhu Huiping , Yang Wei , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. , Islam Ana , Finnell Richard H.
Published: January 2009

TXN2 encodes human thioredoxin 2, a small redox protein important in cellular antioxidant defenses, as well as in the regulation of apoptosis. Txn2 knockout mice fail to complete neural tube closure by E10.5 and die in utero. We hypothesized that genetic variation in human TXN2 gene may alter the function of the encoded protein in a manner associated with an increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). A DNA re‐sequencing effort of the human TXN2 gene was taken. After a variation in the promoter was identified, the transcriptional activity of different alleles was investigated. The possible association between these variations and the risk of spina bifida was further evaluated in a subset of samples obtained from a large population‐based case‐control study in California in two different ethnicity groups, non‐Hispanic white and Hispanic white. We identified a novel promoter insertion polymorphism located 9 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site of exon 1(‐9 insertion). The GA, G and GGGA insertions were associated with a marked decrease of transcriptional activity when overexpressed in both U2‐OS (an osteosarcoma cell line) and 293 cells (derived from human embryonic kidney). Further analysis revealed that the GA insertion was associated with increased spina bifida risk for Hispanic whites. Our study revealed a novel Ins/Del polymorphism in the human TXN2 gene proximal promoter region that altered the transcriptional activity and is associated with spina bifida risk. This polymorphism may be a genetic modifier of spina bifida risk in this California population. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of 53 FBN1 mutations (41 novel and 12 recurrent) and genotype–phenotype correlations in 113 unrelated probands referred with Marfan syndrome, or a related fibrillinopathy
Authors: Turner C.L.S. , Emery H. , Collins A.L. , Howarth R.J. , Yearwood C.M. , Cross E. , Duncan P.J. , Bunyan D.J. , Harvey J.F. , Foulds N.C.
Published: January 2009

Mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin 1 (FBN1) cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), and related connective tissue disorders. The disease spectrum is wide and while many genotype–phenotype correlations have been reported, few have been consistent. In this study FBN1 was analyzed in 113 patients with MFS or Marfan‐like features. Fifty‐three mutations were identified in 52 individuals, 41 of which were novel. The mutations comprised 26 missense, 11 splice site, 7 frameshift, 6 nonsense, 1 in‐frame deletion, and 2 whole exon deletions. In common with previous studies, genotype–phenotype analysis showed that a FBN1 mutation was more likely to be identified in patients fulfilling Ghent criteria (P = 0.005) and in those who had ectopia lentis (EL) (P < 0.0001). Other previously reported genotype–phenotype correlations were also considered and a new inverse association between a mutation in exons 59–65, and EL emerged (P = 0.002). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterior segment anomalies of the eye, growth retardation associated with hypoplastic pituitary gland and endocrine abnormalities: Jung syndrome or a new syndrome?
Authors: Al‐Gazali Lihadh , Shather Bedir , Kaplan Waleed , Algawi Kais , Ali Bassam R.
Published: January 2009

We report on two children from an inbred Arab family with anterior segment anomalies of the eyes, growth retardation, associated with small pituitary gland, and endocrine abnormalities. The features in the sibs in this report are similar to those described in Peters‐plus syndrome. However, small pituitary gland associated with growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in Peters‐plus syndrome. In addition, sequencing of the B3GALTL gene, the gene implicated in Peters‐plus syndrome did not reveal any mutation in the sibs reported here. The association of anterior segment anomalies of the eye, growth retardation, and endocrine problems has previously been described by Jung et al. in 1995. We suggest that the features in the children in this report could represent variable manifestation of this syndrome or previously not described syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recessive developmental delay, small stature, microcephaly and brain calcifications with locus on chromosome 2
Authors: Rajab Anna , Aldinger Kimberly A. , El‐Shirbini Hisham Ali , Dobyns William B. , Ross M. Elizabeth
Published: January 2009

Two interrelated Omani families are described with eight children manifesting a genetic disorder with widespread brain calcifications. Brain imaging showed extensive scattered calcifications of basal ganglia and cortex, suggesting possible Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome (AGS) or Coats' Plus syndrome. However, the clinical features in the present families diverge substantially from these two conditions. Growth delay, mild developmental delay, and poor school performance were present in all affected individuals, but progressive deterioration of neurological function was not apparent, nor were there significant cortical whitematter disease or retinopathy. Genome‐wide linkage and fine‐mapping analyses of the extended family members and affected individuals indicate a genetic locus for this disorder on Chromosome 2 with a LOD score of 6.17. The Chromosome 2 locus is novel and the clinical presentation displays features distinguishing the condition from either Coats' or AGS, making this a new variant or possibly a new disorder of inherited brain calcification. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cervical vertebrae, cranial base, and mandibular retrognathia in human triploid fetuses
Authors: Sonnesen Liselotte , Nolting Dorrit , Engel Ulla , Kjær Inger
Published: January 2009

On profile radiographs of adults, an association between fusions of cervical vertebrae, deviations in the cranial base and mandibular retrognathia has been documented radiographically. An elaboration of this association on a histological level is needed. In human triploid fetuses severe mandibular retrognathia and deviations in the cranial base have previously been described radiographically (without cephalometry) and cervical column fusions radiographically as well as histologically. Therefore, triploid fetuses were chosen to elucidate the cranial base cephalomterically and histologically. In the present study, eight triploid fetuses were analyzed radiographically and histologically focusing especially on the cranial base, which borders to the spine and to which the jaws are attached. A histological analysis of the cranial base has not previously been performed in triploid cases. An enlarged cranial base angle and a retrognathic position of the mandible were documented cephalometrically on radiographs of all cases. Histologically, malformations were observed in the cranial base as well as in the spine. These are new findings indicating the association between the occipital bone and the uppermost vertebra in the body axis. As the notochord connects the cervical column and the cranial base in early prenatal life, molecular signaling from the notochord may in future studies support the notochord as the developmental link between abnormal development in the spine and the cranial base. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilization of an α Helix by β‐Sheet‐Mediated Self‐Assembly of a Macrocyclic Peptide
Authors: Lim Yong‐beom , Moon Kyung‐Soo , Lee Myongsoo
Published: January 2009

In guter Ordnung: Peptidbausteine, die sowohl α‐Helix‐ als auch β‐Faltblatt‐ bildende Segmente in ein und derselben makrocyclischen Struktur enthalten, bauen selbstorganisiert künstliche Proteine mit α‐Helix‐Strukturen auf. Auf dieser Grundlage lassen sich möglicherweise künstliche Proteine entwickeln, die α‐Helix‐vermittelte Wechselwirkungen in einer multivalenten Art und Weise steuern können.

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Zelluläre Bildgebung von Wasserstoffperoxid, dem “notwendigen Übel” in der Zelle
Authors: Zhao Wei
Published: January 2009

Ein schlauer Plan: Die multifunktionelle Fluoreszenzsonde MitoPY1 besteht aus einer Phosphonium‐Kopfgruppe (rot), die selektiv für die Erkennung von Mitochondrien ist, und aus einer Boronatgruppe (grün), die selektiv auf Wasserstoffperoxid anspricht. Mithilfe von MitoPY1 kann mitochondriales H2O2 in lebenden Zellen nachgewiesen werden, indem die oxidative Umwandlung von MitoPY1 zu MitoPY1ox (gelb) einen Fluoreszenzanstieg auslöst.

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Fluorescence Signal Amplification by Cation Exchange in Ionic Nanocrystals
Authors: Li Jishan , Zhang Tierui , Ge Jianping , Yin Yadong , Zhong Wenwan
Published: January 2009

Ein Kationenaustausch setzt Tausende Dikationen aus nichtfluoreszierenden CdSe‐Kristallen frei und aktiviert dadurch Tausende ursprünglich nichtfluoreszierender Fluo‐4‐Fluorophore. So wird eine Fluoreszenzverstärkung erzielt (siehe Bild), die sich für Bioassays mit niedrigen Nachweisgrenzen nutzen lässt. Die Technik ist schnell und einfach, zeichnet sich durch ein großes Farbstoff‐Reporter‐Verhältnis aus und ist flexibel bezüglich der Wahl der Nanokristalle und Fluorophore.

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A Pyrrolysine Analogue for Protein Click Chemistry
Authors: Fekner Tomasz , Li Xin , Lee Marianne M. , Chan Michael K.
Published: January 2009

Ignoring the STOP sign: A pyrrolysine analogue bearing a terminal alkyne was site‐specifically incorporated into recombinant calmodulin (CaM) through a UAG codon. The resulting protein was labeled with an azide‐containing dye using a copper(I)‐catalyzed click reaction. Subsequent application of an orthogonal cysteine tagging method yielded a CaM labeled with two distinct fluorophores that enabled its study by FRET spectroscopy.

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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,2‐Disubstituted Oxetanes from Ketones by Using a One‐Pot Sequential Addition of Sulfur Ylide
Authors: Sone Toshihiko , Lu Gang , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: January 2009

Better the second time around: The title compounds were synthesized by using a one‐pot double methylene transfer catalyzed by a heterobimetallic La/Li complex. Chiral amplification in the second step was the key to obtaining oxetanes in high enantiomeric excess (see scheme).

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Bioproduction and characterization of a pH responsive self‐assembling peptide
Authors: Riley Jessica M. , Aggeli Amalia , Koopmans Rudolf J. , McPherson Michael J.
Published: January 2009

Peptide P11‐4 (QQRFEWEFEQQ) was designed to self‐assemble to form β‐sheets and nematic gels in the pH range 5–7 at concentrations ≥12.6 mM in water. This self‐assembly is reversibly controlled by adjusting the pH of the solvent. It can also self‐assemble into gels in biological media. This together with its biocompatibility and biodegradability make P11‐4 an attractive building block for the fabrication of nanoscale materials with uses in, for example, tissue engineering. A limitation to large‐scale production of such peptides is the high cost of solid phase chemical synthesis. We describe expression of peptide P11‐4 in the bacterium Escherichia coli from constructs carrying tandem repeats of the peptide coding sequence. The vector pET31b+ was used to express P11‐4 repeats fused to the ketosteroid isomerase protein which accumulates in easily recoverable inclusion bodies. Importantly, the use of auto‐induction growth medium to enhance cell density and protein expression levels resulted in recovery of 2.5 g fusion protein/L culture in both shake flask and batch fermentation. Whole cell detergent lysis allowed recovery of inclusion bodies largely composed of the fusion protein. Cyanogen bromide cleavage followed by reverse phase HPLC allowed purification of the recombinant peptide with a C‐terminal homoserine lactone (rP11‐4(hsl)). This recombinant peptide formed pH dependent hydrogels, displayed β‐structure measured by circular dichroism and fibril formation observed by transmission electron microscopy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 241–251. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using mobile and web‐based computerized tests to evaluate university students
Authors: Romero Cristobal , Ventura Sebastian , de Bra Paul
Published: January 2009

Mobile learning and testing is emerging as a potential educational environment. In this article we evaluate the use of mobile devices for testing as compared to web‐based assessment systems. We also describe an authoring tool to develop adaptable and adaptive computerized tests that can be executed on such different platforms as personal computers, personal digital assistants and mobile phones. We have carried out an experiment with computer science university students to determine their satisfaction and to compare the results obtained when executing a test on personal computers versus mobile devices. The experiments have shown that students were highly motivated and enjoyed using mobile application for testing. Furthermore, there were not any significant differences in the results obtained with the different versions of the test. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 435–447, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20242
A genetic algorithm for generating test from a question bank
Authors: Yildirim Mehmet
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide academicians with efficient means of generating tests with multiple‐choice questions from a question bank. Genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize predefined criteria for selecting questions from the question bank. GA is a very useful optimization algorithm because of its versatility. However, crossover and mutation operator of standard GA cannot be directly usable for generating test, since integer‐coded individuals have to be used and these operators produce duplicated genoms on individuals. In this study, a mutation operation is proposed for preventing the duplications on crossovered individuals. The experiments and analysis show that GA with proposed mutation operator is successful as approximately 100%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 298–305, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20260
An overview of simulation module, PCLAB, for undergraduate chemical engineers in process control
Authors: Ali Emad , Idriss Arimiyawo
Published: January 2009

This study presents MATLAB‐based interactive software for process control analysis and training. The main objective of the simulator is to train students and engineers for dynamic process modeling and analysis, control loop analysis and tuning, and system identification. The software structure consists of various case studies with specific exercises. The case studies cover some common industrial chemical processes. Users can learn different control aspects via working through the well‐designed exercises. For convenience, the software is designed as a user‐friendly menu‐driven framework such that the user can easily navigate through the various case studies and exercises, carry out simulation experiments, visualize the results, and learn in the meanwhile. A tutorial illustrating some of the software features is presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 306–318, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20261
I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein and their relation to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a Turkish population
Authors: Doğru‐Abbasoğlu Semra , Parıldar‐Karpuzoğlu Hande , Depboylu Bilge , Çine Naci , Uysal Müjdat , Aykaç‐Toker Gülçin
Published: January 2009

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a central role in high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Genetic polymorphisms of the CETP gene can influence levels of serum lipoproteins. It has been reported that mean HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations are low in Turkish population. Thus, we investigated the frequencies of the common I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the CETP gene and their relation to serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a Turkish population. The variant allele frequencies of I405V and TaqIB polymorphisms of the CETP gene were found to be 0.38 and 0.46, respectively and similar to some of the European populations. Subjects for the VV genotype of I405V polymorphism had higher HDL‐C levels than did II subjects. The covariance analysis showed that gender and triglyceride (TG) levels have an effect on the association of HDL‐C and I405V polymorphism. In conclusion, our results indicate that I405V polymorphism may affect the HDL‐C levels in Turkish population. The association of this polymorphism and HDL‐C levels could be modified by other factors, such as gender and TG levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR enantiodifferentiation of quaternary ammonium salts of Tröger base
Authors: Michon Christophe , Gonçalves‐Farbos Maria‐Héléna , Lacour Jérôme
Published: January 2009

Hexacoordinated phosphorus BINPHAT anion 1 is an efficient NMR chiral solvating agent for quaternary ammonium cations (quats) derived from Tröger base leading to large separations of the proton signals of the enantiomers and even in polar solvent media such as CD3CN (ΔΔδ up to 0.12 ppm). Quite surprisingly, this efficacy in the NMR split efficiency is not translated into a supramolecular stereocontrol (Pfeiffer effect) of the cation configuration by the anion. Chirality 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation and toxicity of salithion enantiomers
Authors: Zhou Shanshan , Lin Kunde , Li Ling , Jin Meiqing , Ye Jing , Liu Weiping
Published: January 2009

Enantioseletive toxicities of chiral pesticides have become an environmental concern recently. In this study, we evaluated the enantiomeric separation of salithion on a suite of commercial chiral columns and assessed the toxicity of enantiomers toward butyrylcholinesterase and Daphnia magna. Satisfactory separations of salithion enantiomers could be achieved on all tested columns, that is, Chiralcel OD, Chiralcel OJ, and Chiralpak AD column. However, the Chiralpak AD column offered the best separation and was chosen to prepare micro‐scale of pure salithion enantiomers for subsequent bioassays. The first and second enantiomers eluted on the Chiralpak AD column were further confirmed to be (−)‐S‐salithion and (+)‐R‐salithion, respectively. The half inhibition concentrations to butyrylcholinesterase of racemate, (+)‐R‐salithion, and (−)‐S‐salithion were 33.09, 2.92, and 15.60 mg/l, respectively, showing (+)‐R‐enantiomer being about 5.0 times more potent than its (−)‐S‐form. However, the median lethal concentrations (96 h) of racemate, (+)‐R‐salithion, and (−)‐S‐salithion toward D. magna were 3.54, 1.10, and 0.36 μg/l, respectively, suggesting that (−)‐S‐salithion was about 3.0 times more toxic than (+)‐R‐form. Racemic salithion was less toxic than either of the enantiomers in both bioassays, suggesting that antagonistic interactions might occur between the enantiomers during the toxication action. This work reveals that the toxicity of salithion toward butyrylcholinesterase and D. magna is enantioselective, and this factor should be taken into consideration in the environmental risk assessment of salithion. Chirality 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biorefining of Green Biomass – Technical and Energetic Considerations
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Schönicke Petra , Kamm Michael
Published: January 2009

The development of biorefineries is the key for access to an integrated production of food, feed, chemicals, materials, goods, fuels and energy of the future. This communication considers an integrated green biorefinery combined with today's production of feed in the green agriculture. Special attention is given to the combination of physical and biotechnological processes for the production of proteins as well as platform chemicals such as lactic acid and lysine. Mass and energy flows (steam and electricity) are given for the biorefining of green biomass to produce platform chemicals, proteins, feed and biogas from residues.
Synthesis and Flocculation Behavior of Cationic Cellulose Prepared in a NaOH/Urea Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Tao Hongyun , Bangal Prakriti R.
Published: January 2009

Water soluble cationic cellulose was synthesized by the reaction between microcrystalline cellulose and 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride in a NaOH/urea aqueous solution. The characterization of the cationic cellulose was performed by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and viscosity analysis. The effects of reaction time and molar ratio of the reagents on the structure of the products were also investigated, and it was found that the degree of substitution (DS) of the cationic cellulose obtained depended on both the ratio of the 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride to cellulose and the reaction time. The flocculation capacity of the cationic cellulose was determined with 0.25 wt % kaolin suspension using the standard jar test. Encouraging results were found and cationic cellulose may be applicable for use as a novel flocculant in wastewater treatment.
Classification and basic properties of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Geraldes Carlos F. G. C. , Laurent Sophie
Published: January 2009

A comprehensive classification of contrast agents currently used or under development for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. Agents based on small chelates, macromolecular systems, iron oxides and other nanosystems, as well as responsive, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and hyperpolarization agents are covered in order to discuss the various possibilities of using MRI as a molecular imaging technique. The classification includes composition, magnetic properties, biodistribution and imaging applications. Chemical compositions of various classes of MRI contrast agents are tabulated, and their magnetic status including diamagnetic, paramagnetic and superparamagnetic are outlined. Classification according to biodistribution covers all types of MRI contrast agents including, among others, extracellular, blood pool, polymeric, particulate, responsive, oral, and organ specific (hepatobiliary, RES, lymph nodes, bone marrow and brain). Various targeting strategies of molecular, macromolecular and particulate carriers are also illustrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival of patients in a Phase 1 clinic
Authors: Wheler Jennifer , Tsimberidou Apostolia M. , Hong David , Naing Aung , Jackson Tiffiny , Liu Suyu , Feng Lei , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Patients with advanced malignancies for whom standard therapy is ineffective may participate in phase 1 trials. To gain a better understanding of the clinical features that could influence benefit versus risk, the authors of this report assessed prognostic factors and survival for patients who were referred to a phase 1 clinic focused primarily on targeted agents.

METHODS:

The medical records of 200 sequential patients who presented to the Phase 1 Clinic at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center were reviewed, and their characteristics and survival were analyzed.

RESULTS:

The median patient age was 58 years (range, 12‐85 years), and 57% of patients were men. The median number of prior therapies was 4. Of 200 patients, 182 were treated on at least 1 phase 1 clinical trial. The median follow‐up of surviving patients was 21 months, and the median overall survival was 9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4‐10.8). In univariate analysis, the factors that predicted shorter survival were primary tumor in the gastrointestinal tract; a history of thrombosis, liver metastases, and elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase; platelet count; carbohydrate antigen 9 (Ca19‐9) and Ca‐125 levels; aspartate aminotransferase levels, and alkaline phosphatase levels (P < .05 for each). In multivariate analysis, independent factors that predicted shorter survival were a history of thromboembolism (hazard ratio [HR], 2.38; 95% CI, 1.29‐4.39; P = .005), platelets ≥440 × 109/L (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.12‐2.65; P = .014), and the presence of liver metastases (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09‐2.09; P = .013).

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients who were referred to phase 1 studies had a short median survival (9 months). Patients with thrombocytosis, liver metastases, and a history of thromboembolism had worse outcomes. A prognostic score is proposed. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Preoperative and postoperative nomograms incorporating surgeon experience for clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Kattan Michael W. , Vickers Andrew J. , Yu Changhong , Bianco Fernando J. , Cronin Angel M. , Eastham James A. , Klein Eric A. , Reuther Alwyn M. , Edson Pontes Jose , Scardino Peter T.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Accurate preoperative and postoperative risk assessment has been critical for counseling patients regarding radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. In addition to other treatment modalities, neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies have been considered. The growing literature suggested that the experience of the surgeon may affect the risk of prostate cancer recurrence. The purpose of this study was to develop and internally validate nomograms to predict the probability of recurrence, both preoperatively and postoperatively, with adjustment for standard parameters plus surgeon experience.

METHODS:

The study cohort included 7724 eligible prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy by 1 of 72 surgeons. For each patient, surgeon experience was coded as the total number of cases conducted by the surgeon before the patient's operation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were developed to predict recurrence. Discrimination and calibration of the models was assessed following bootstrapping methods, and the models were presented as nomograms.

RESULTS:

In this combined series, the 10‐year probability of recurrence was 23.9%. The nomograms were quite discriminating (preoperative concordance index, 0.767; postoperative concordance index, 0.812). Calibration appeared to be very good for each. Surgeon experience seemed to have a quite modest effect, especially postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Nomograms have been developed that consider the surgeon's experience as a predictor. The tools appeared to predict reasonably well but were somewhat little improved with the addition of surgeon experience as a predictor variable. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Adjuvant targeted therapy in early breast cancer
Authors: Mackey John , McLeod Deanna , Ragaz Joseph , Gelmon Karen , Verma Sunil , Pritchard Kathleen , Laing Kara , Provencher Louise , Charbonneau Lauren F.
Published: January 2009

For this review, the authors appraised the evidence for adjuvant trastuzumab therapy in early breast cancer. There was level 1 evidence to support the routine use of 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab in conjunction with chemotherapy for women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER‐2)‐positive early breast cancer. The relative benefits of concurrent versus sequential administration remained unclear; however concurrent administration permitted the earliest possible intervention with trastuzumab with possible superiority. There was evidence to support the use of trastuzumab in both lymph node‐positive and high‐risk lymph node‐negative patients, and preliminary data suggested that all patient subgroups that were eligible for the trials benefit equally from trastuzumab. Adjuvant trastuzumab was associated with a risk of cardiotoxicity, the long‐term impact of which remains largely unknown. Routine cardiac risk assessment considering left ventricular ejection fraction, age, and prior history of cardiac events is recommended along with the selection of trastuzumab‐based regimens that minimize cardiotoxicity. Trastuzumab acquisition costs for 1 year of therapy were the largest component of treatment costs. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term outcome for men with teratoma found at postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Authors: Svatek Robert S. , Spiess Philippe E. , Sundi Debasish , Tu Shi‐ming , Tannir Nizar M. , Brown Gordon A. , Kamat Ashish M. , Wood Christopher G. , Pisters Louis L.
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND:

Patients with pure teratoma within the postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC‐RPLND) specimen traditionally have been considered at low risk for disease progression. The objectives of this study were to determine the disease‐related outcomes of patients who had pure teratoma identified at the time of PC‐RPLND and to examine the prognostic value of clinical variables that were identified previously as important predictors of disease recurrence in these patients.

METHODS:

Between 1980 and 2003, 97 patients with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor and pure teratoma histology at the time of PC‐RPLND were identified. The medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively for pertinent clinical and treatment‐related outcomes.

RESULTS:

At a median follow‐up of 7.4 years, 21 patients (22%) developed recurrent disease after PC‐RPLND. The 5‐year and 10‐year probabilities (±standard error) of freedom from disease recurrence were 81% ± 4% and 76% ± 5%, respectively. The postchemotherapy α‐fetoprotein (AFP) level and mediastinal involvement at presentation were statistically significant predictors of disease recurrence on multivariate analysis. Nine of 97 patients (9.3%) died from testis cancer, and 4 patients died from other causes.

CONCLUSIONS:

In patients with pure teratoma histology at PC‐RPLND, mediastinal involvement at presentation and the presence of an elevated AFP level before PC‐RPLND predicted an unfavorable outcome. The absence of mediastinal involvement and normal AFP level, however, did not confirm freedom from disease recurrence. Patients who had teratoma at the time of PC‐RPLND remained at considerable risk for disease progression because of the unpredictable nature of teratoma and the presence of unrecognized, active germ cell disease outside the retroperitoneum. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The clinical diversity of postchemotherapy germ cell teratoma
Authors: Eggener Scott E.
Published: January 2009

In this issue of Cancer, investigators at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center report key findings from their study in men who had teratoma identified at the time they underwent postchemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The report reiterates many meaningful concepts in the management of patients who have germ cell tumors. By providing considerable amounts of observational data, these investigators have added to our understanding of postchemotherapy teratoma while also broadly underscoring the gaps in current knowledge.
Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) prevents platelet activation and aggregation in diabetic rats by blocking deleterious effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)
Authors: Yamagishi Sho‐Ichi , Matsui Takanori , Takenaka Katsuhiko , Nakamura Kazuo , Takeuchi Masayoshi , Inoue Hiroyoshi
Published: January 2009

Background

Alteration of platelet function contributes to microthrombus formation and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence that oxidative stress generation is involved in platelet activation and aggregation in vivo. Since we have recently found that pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) inhibits thrombus formation in rats through its anti‐oxidative properties, we investigated here whether PEDF prevented platelet activation and aggregation in diabetic or advanced glycation end products (AGEs)‐injected rats.

Methods and Results

Experimental diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin to Sprague‐Dawley rats. Diabetic or non‐diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intravenously with or without 1 mg AGEs‐bovine serum albumin or non‐glycated bovine serum albumin in the presence or absence of 10 µg PEDF everyday. Administration of PEDF or pyridoxal phosphate, an inhibitor of AGEs formation, inhibited platelet P‐selectin expression and aggregation by suppressing NADPH oxidase‐driven superoxide generation, and subsequently ameliorated a shortened tail vein bleeding time in diabetic rats. Further, intravenous administration of AGEs to normal rats mimicked the effects of diabetes on platelet activation and bleeding time, which were also blocked by simultaneous administration of PEDF.

Conclusions

These results demonstrated for the first time that PEDF inhibited platelet activation and aggregation in diabetic rats through its anti‐oxidative properties. Our present study suggests that PEDF may play a protective role against diabetic vascular complications by attenuating the deleterious effects of AGEs on platelets. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new mouse model for temporal‐ and tissue‐specific control of extracellular superoxide dismutase
Authors: Zou Yani , Chen Chih‐Hsin , Fike John R. , Huang Ting‐Ting
Published: January 2009

The extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase (EC‐SOD, Sod3) plays a protective role against various diseases and injuries mediated by oxidative stress. To investigate the pathophysiological roles of EC‐SOD, we generated tetracycline‐inducible Sod3 transgenic mice and directed the tissue‐specific expression of transgenes by crossing Sod3 transgenic mice with tissue‐specific transactivator transgenics. Double transgenic mice with liver‐specific expression of Sod3 showed increased EC‐SOD levels predominantly in the plasma as the circulating form, whereas double transgenic mice with neuronal‐specific expression expressed higher levels of EC‐SOD in hippocampus and cortex with intact EC‐SOD as the dominant form. EC‐SOD protein levels also correlated well with increased SOD activities in double transgenic mice. In addition to enabling tissue‐specific expression, the transgene expression can be quickly turned on and off by doxycycline supplementation in the mouse chow. This mouse model, thus, provides the flexibility for on–off control of transgene expression in multiple target tissues. genesis 47:142–154, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclization Reactions of 1‐Amino‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐5‐thienyl‐1‐azapenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones under Superelectrophilic Conditions: Synthesis of Novel Benzothiophenols, Cyclopentenols and Dihydrodiazepinols
Authors: Ghavtadze Nugzar , Fröhlich Roland , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich
Published: January 2009

Trifluoromethyl‐substituted 1‐amino‐5‐thienyl‐1‐aza‐1,4‐dien‐3‐ones 5, which are accessible in good yields from keto esters 1 in a three‐step procedure, undergo three different types of cyclization reactions upon treatment with a large excess of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, depending on the substitution pattern. Thus, starting materials 5a–f without a halogen substituent at the 3‐position of the thienyl subunit undergo 1,6‐cyclization reactions (hydroxyannulation) to give benzothiophenol derivatives 6. In contrast, 5‐(3‐bromothienyl)‐substituted compounds 5g–j undergo Nazarov 1,5‐cyclization reactions to produce cyclopentenols 7a–d. Finally, 1‐dimethylamino‐substituted 1‐azadienones 5k,l undergo 1,7‐cyclization reactions to form novel dihydrodiazepinones 8a,b after tautomerization. On the basis of quantum chemical calculations we interpret these different types of multistep reactions to be cyclization reactions that proceed under superelectrophilic conditions through both mono‐ and dicationic intermediates. Electrophilic and pericyclic cyclization modes are discussed on the basis of the results of NICS calculations. Several of the compounds 6, 7 and 9 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)