bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handwriting Analysis in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Lewinson Thea Stein
Published: September 2011

This preliminary study of the alcoholic personality, based on handwriting material before and after the over-indulgence period shows a characteristic dynamic development which could be manifest in different forms. The prealcoholic individual apparently was subjected to a strong discipline by a strict Super-ego, and at the same time being quite vulnerable, due to a basic emotional sensitivity. The drastic change in the handwriting of the recovery period indicates that the postalcoholic individual has broken the chains of the early discipline. He starts to struggle with his self-image, tries to cope with his now liberated psychic dynamics, experiencing some emotional discomfort. He still has preserved his emotional sensitivity. One could conclude that the handwriting from the recovery period conveys the beginning of individual development.
Is the Force of Response Shaped by Reinforcement?
Authors: Frick Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This article reviews whether reinforcement can shape the force of a response. In rats, when only forceful responses are reinforced, the force of response increases. At first glance, this increase in force suggests that force can be shaped like any other aspect of the response. However, the increase in force occurs immediately and appears to be a result of the frustration effect as described by Amsel. On subsequent trials, there is little increase in force of response or in the proportion of reinforced trials, suggesting that reinforcing only forceful responses does not shape the appropriate force of response. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies of humans concerning the control of movement suggest that the force of a movement may be neither remembered nor under direct volitional control. If the force of response is not influenced by reinforcers, the process of producing a response can be divided into two stages, one that is influenced by reinforcers and one that is not.
Musical Preferences and Effects of Music on a Reading Comprehension Test for Extraverts and Introverts
Authors: Daoussis Leonard , Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

In an initial survey of musical preferences, undergraduate groups of 22 extraverts and 26 introverts (defined on the basis of a median split of their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory) both chose and rated rock and roll as their favourite class of music. In addition, although extraverts reported working with music twice as much (50% of the time) as introverts (25%), both groups indicated that, when they played background music while studying, they kept the volume soft. Different groups of 24 extraverts and 24 introverts, equally split into music and no-music conditions, were then individually administered a retention test for two passages which they had just read. All subjects who heard music were played rock and roll at a low volume. Scores for extraverts were similar in the two conditions, but those for introverts were significantly poorer in the presence than in the absence of music. These results are interpreted as supporting a general model of arousal and performance in which the effects of extraversion and musical stimulation interact.
Sex Differences in Dual-Task Interference between Speaking and a Manual Force-Production Task
Authors: Elliott Digby , Weeks Daniel J. , Lindley Susan , Jones Ruth
Published: September 2011

12 male and 12 female right-handed adults performed a unimanual force-production task alone and while sound-shadowing high frequency words. The secondary speech task disrupted right-hand performance by men and left-hand performance by women. The implications of these findings for intrahemisphere-interference models of dual-task performance are discussed.
Further Evidence of the Stability of the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Rapp Barbara J. , Pfost Karen S. , Johnson James J.
Published: September 2011

Significant reliability coefficients for the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire of .36, .52, and .47 were obtained after 16 wk. for college men ( N = 59), women ( N = 123), and pooled subjects ( N = 184), respectively.
Sex-Related Differences on Fine-Motor Tasks at Grade One
Authors: Judd Debra M. , Siders James A. , Siders Jane Z. , Atkins Kathleen R.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted qualitatively and quantitatively to assess sex-related differences on fine motor tasks performed by 132 first-grade students, 56.8% boys and 43.2% girls. The results of two criterion-referenced probes, involving accuracy and rate, were analyzed with the SPSS programs oneway and anova. Both sexes performed equally well on a task involving dotting a circle but boys performed significantly worse on a task involving symbol copying. It was hypothesized that the difference might reflect a difference in information processing of symbols.
Stevens' Power Law and Time Perception: Effect of Filled Intervals, Duration of the Standard, and Number of Presentations of the Standard
Authors: Kane Linda S. , Lown Bradley A.
Published: September 2011

Subjects estimated the duration of five different time intervals, either filled or unfilled, in relation to one or two standard intervals. Half of the subjects were presented with the standard at the beginning of the experiment only, and half were presented with the standard before every interval. The five estimations were then used to calculate, for each subject, the exponent in Stevens' Power Law which describes the form of the power relationship. The resulting over-all exponent of .91, although nearly linear, was significantly different from 1.0. The data were then analyzed by a 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance which showed a significant interaction between presenting the standard either once or before each interval with the duration of the standard.
Spatial Complexity and Hand Usage on the Block Design Test
Authors: Grote Christopher , Salmon Paul
Published: September 2011

The Block Design test is a task utilizing spatial ability, on which subjects are required to arrange red and white blocks in a pattern similar to one presented on a stimulus card. 69 right-handed subjects were presented a series of trials which varied in difficulty or spatial complexity. The amount of time that each subject's hand was in contact with the blocks during each of the reproduction attempts was recorded. Analysis of these times shows that subjects use their right hands with greater frequency only on tasks of low and moderate spatial complexity. This preference is not present on tasks of high spatial complexity. Interpretations of this finding are offered.
Gross Motor Profiles of Deaf Children
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and summarize the gross motor development of 132 hearing impaired children between the ages of 3 and 14 yr. The subjects were individually evaluated on the 11 gross motor items of the Ohio State University Scale of Intra Gross Motor Assessment. Delays were noted in catching, kicking, jumping, and hopping. It was determined that gross motor skill performance was not related to etiology of deafness or to the sex of the subjects.
Impact of Physical Fitness on Strategy Development in Decision-Making Tasks
Authors: Suominen-Troyer Satu , Davis Kent J. , Ismail A. H. , Salvendy Gavriel
Published: September 2011

Data from 30 female subjects indicated that a 17.3% increase in a physical fitness index improved by 12% to 68% the information processing and decision-making capabilities of the subjects. The changes in physical fitness did not affect the performance on a variety of other tasks.
Evaluation of Meditation and Relaxation on Physiological Response during the Performance of Fine Motor and Gross Motor Tasks
Authors: Wood Carolyn Jean
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of meditation/relaxation on physiological responses during the performance of a fine motor and a gross motor task. A pretest-posttest control group, randomized-blocks design was used to study a group of 16 meditators and a group of 16 nonmeditators, subgroups of each who relaxed prior to performing on a pursuit-rotor tracking device as a fine motor task and to performing the Luft cycle ergometer protocol to a heart rate of 70% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate as a gross motor task. During each of these tasks heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rate-pressure-product, and EMG activity of the frontalis muscle were monitored. No significant difference in the performance of either the fine motor or the gross motor task was noted for persons practicing meditation and persons who were nonmeditators but were given the opportunity to relax prior to a motor task. Likewise, no significant difference was noted in the pattern of response to the imposed fine motor or gross motor task by meditators or relaxed nonmeditators.
Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine on Free Recall of Relevant Cues
Authors: Jubis Rebecca M. T.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that alcohol and nicotine will affect free recall of relevant cues and that these effects are mediated by changes in level of arousal. Alcohol (0.0 ml, 0.97 ml, or 2.33 ml per kg of body weight) and nicotine (no cigarettes, or two cigarettes each containing 1.3 mg of nicotine) were administered either individually or jointly to six groups of 15 men, such that different combinations of alcohol and nicotine induced different levels of arousal. Since subjects performed at chance level on recall of word-color, which constituted the irrelevant cue, no conclusions regarding the effect of the drugs on recall of irrelevant cues could be drawn. Under conditions of high arousal, induced by the administration of nicotine or a low dose of alcohol, immediate free recall of 20 adjectives was superior to recall in the low-arousal conditions (a moderate dose of alcohol administered either singly or in conjunction with nicotine) and in the control group. This finding is in line with the prediction that arousal, induced by nicotine or a low alcohol dose enhances attention to high-priority task components.
Self-Concept, Academic Achievement, and Athletic Participation
Authors: Schumaker Jack F. , Small Linwood , Wood Jacey
Published: September 2011

Self-concepts and grade point averages of 45 high school senior athletes and 40 nonathletes were compared. The Fitts Tennessee Self-concept Scale was administered along with a questionnaire about the subjects' previous grades. Athletes had significantly higher self-concept scores than nonathletes in six of eight self-concept areas. No significant difference was found between athletes and nonathletes regarding academic achievement.
Acoustic Evidence of Aberrant Velocities in Stutterers' Fluent Speech
Authors: Pindzola Rebekah H.
Published: September 2011

Movement rates of formant frequencies and the extents of articulatory change were spectrographically analyzed in the fluent (VCV) utterances of 20 stutterers and nonstutterers. The velocities of articulator movement throughout the first vowel and velocities into the second, vowel were not significantly different for the two groups. These mean rates of movement, although nonsignificant, were slower in stutterers and slightly more variable, and the extent of articulator movement was comparable. These results do not support the contentions that stutterers use coarticulatory movements that are too rapid or that stutterers have a poorer competence for rapid coordination of speech movements. The rationales of rate-control treatment methods to slow coarticulatory movements in stutterers need to be reexamined.
Facial Expressions of Emotions and Ethological Behavioral Categories
Authors: Kirouac Gilles , Bouchard Martin , St-Pierre Andrée
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to measure the capacity of human subjects to match facial expressions of emotions and behavioral categories that represented the motivational states they are supposed to illustrate. 100 university students were shown facial stimuli they had to classify using ethological behavioral categories. The results showed that accuracy of judgment was over-all lower than what was usually found when fundamental emotional categories were used. The data also indicated that the relation between emotional expressions and behavioral tendencies was more complex than expected.
Visual Decodification of Some Facial Expressions through Microimitation
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Fiorenza Maria , Sabatini Nicoletta
Published: September 2011

We examined the level of muscular tension of mentalis muscle of 36 students in graphic design at rest and during the presentation of three slides reproducing facial expressions. Analysis showed an increase in the myographic level of mentalis muscle from the third second of measurement onwards after the presentation of the slide in which contraction of the chin was involved. We interpret this result by hypothesizing that the decodification of some facial expressions is realized through a microreproduction of the stimulus from the decodifying subject.
Effects of Fatigue on Ability to Process Visual Information by Experienced Orienteers
Authors: Hancock Susan , McNaughton Lars
Published: September 2011

6 experienced orienteers were subject to a VO2max treadmill test, two days prior to undertaking two tests of visual perception. One test was conducted while the subjects were in a rested state while the other was conducted while they were under a state of fatigue. Fatigue was defined as a state in which the subjects were working at or above their anaerobic threshold which had been determined previously from their VO2max test. The tests in both the fatigue and rest condition were of a similar nature, that is, the subjects were presented slides of orienteering checkpoints at regular intervals followed by a slide showing a set of questions which the subjects had to answer verbally. Two sets of slides were employed and these were approximately counterbalanced between both subjects and conditions. Points were awarded for the correct answers and the two conditions were then compared. The Wilcoxon test for two correlated samples was used and showed a significant difference between the fatigue and rest scores at p < 0.05. The data suggest that under the influence of fatigue, an orienteer's ability to perceive visual information is greatly impaired.
Children's Perception of Parental Exercise: Influence of Sex and Age
Authors: Godin Gaston , Shephard Roy J. , Colantonio Angela
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to document children's perception of parental exercise, relating these perceptions to (1) the self-reported parents' habits of exercise, and (2) the children's own activity patterns. The subjects were 198 students of both sexes, aged 12 to 14 yr. and enrolled in school Grades 7 to 9. A standard questionnaire assessed their perceptions of parental and personal physical activity. Both parents of each subject also reported their respective levels of habitual physical activity. Congruence between the children's perceptions and the self-reported exercise habits of the opposite-sex parent differed for boys and girls, increasing for boys and decreasing for girls between Grades 7 and 9. No significant associations were observed between the children's perception of parental exercise patterns and their own like habits. This suggests that during adolescence parental influences are minimized by other factors, personal or environmental.
Test of the Neurolinguistic Programming Hypothesis That Eye-Movements Relate to Processing Imagery
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor H. , Habib Cherine , Cumming Geoff
Published: September 2011

Bandler and Grinder's hypothesis that eye-movements reflect sensory processing was examined. 28 volunteers first memorized and then recalled visual, auditory, and kinesthetic stimuli. Changes in eye-positions during recall were videotaped and categorized by two raters into positions hypothesized by Bandler and Grinder's model to represent visual, auditory, and kinesthetic recall. Planned contrast analyses suggested that visual stimulus items, when recalled, elicited significantly more upward eye-positions and states than auditory and kinesthetic items. Auditory and kinesthetic items, however, did not elicit more changes in eye-position hypothesized by the model to represent auditory and kinesthetic recall, respectively.
Need for Cognition Related to Time Perception
Authors: Baugh Bernard T. , Mason Susan E.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduates who scored high on need for cognition tended to underestimate a 90-sec. filled interval and their number of correct single solution anagrams tended to correlate negatively with estimated time. Subjects high in need for cognition repotted the task was easy but enjoyment and prior experience were similar.
Effect of Instructional Units on the Analysis of Related and Unrelated Skills
Authors: Morrison Craig , Reeve Jean
Published: September 2011

84 majors in elementary education were divided into three groups, one control group and two experimental groups. The control group received no instruction in skill analysis while the experimental groups were instructed via videotape in either the instep kick in soccer or in throwing, catching, and striking skills. All three groups were given a skill-analysis test composed of throwing, catching, and striking skills. Statistical analysis yielded significant effect for those who viewed the throwing, catching, and striking videotape. No effect was found for the control group or the group who viewed the soccer-instep videotape. The results suggest specificity may be as important in skill analysis as in acquisition.
Student-Taught and Faculty-Taught Seminars in Undergraduate Education: Another Look
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Schmitz Earle D.
Published: September 2011

The study compared the end-of-semester ratings of 77 seminar groups taught by student leaders with 73 seminars taught by faculty members. One rating scale favored the student-led groups and four ratings favored the faculty-led groups. Several areas of educational research were indicated.
Effect of Therapist's Title on Perceived Competence
Authors: Holmes Cooper. B. , Post Timothy A.
Published: September 2011

A videotaped segment of a therapist and student/client was shown to groups of male and female undergraduates under four conditions. One group saw the tape with the title “Doctor (the therapist's actual name was used) and Client” superimposed at the bottom. The second group saw the same tape with “Mr………… and Client” superimposed, the third group had “Timothy ………… and Client,” while the fourth group had no title at the bottom. The 204 students rated the therapist on 11 variables. Analysis showed no effect for title and no interaction Men rated the therapist higher on nine of the 11 variables than did women.
Age of Spectators as a Factor Influencing Behavior at Minor League Hockey and Baseball Games
Authors: Crossman Jane E.
Published: September 2011

To assess the behavior of 10 age groups of spectators while viewing children's minor league hockey and baseball games the behavior of 272 (males = 142, females = 130) randomly selected hockey spectators and 90 (male = 46, female = 44) randomly selected baseball spectators was assessed on the Spectator Observation Code. The predominant behavior emitted during each 10-sec. observation interval was recorded. During each session, three subjects were observed in serial order for the duration of the hockey or baseball game. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls comparison tests. Significant differences existed for some spectator behaviors when the age of spectator varied.
Clinical and Grid Predictions of Inconsistencies in Individuals' Personal Constructs
Authors: Chambers William V. , Carlock Jesse , Olson Craig , Olson Darlene
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine the ability of the coordinate grid to assess logical inconsistencies that characterize individuals. Previous research has shown the grid differentiates groups predicted to vary in inconsistency. In the present study therapists' were significantly likely to differentiate real from bogus grid reports of their clients' inconsistencies. Results suggest the grid does assess inconsistencies that characterize the individual.
Longitudinal Effects of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program on Cognitive Ability and Cognitive Style
Authors: Dillbeck Michael C. , Assimakis Panayotis D. , Raimondi Dennis , Orme-Johnson David W. , Rowe Robin
Published: September 2011

50 college students practicing the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program were administered the Culture Fair Intelligence Test and Group Embedded Figures Test. Significant longitudinal increases over a 3- to 5-yr. period were found in performance on both measures. In the context of normative data, these findings indicate that the practices contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of cognitive ability and cognitive style. The results are consistent with previous findings on the positive effect of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program on these variables in an educational setting.
Learning Style and Medical Students' Performance on Objective Examinations
Authors: Markert Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Whether convergers perform better than other learning styles (measured on Kolb's Learning Style Inventory) on an objective medical school examination was investigated. Convergers were more likely than nonconvergers to achieve an outstanding (A) score on a biometrics examination.
Pain Complaint and Muscle Soreness Associated with High-Voltage Electrical Stimulation: Effect of Ramp Time
Authors: Balogun Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ramp time on subjects' perception of discomfort/pain and muscle soreness associated with high-voltage electrical stimulation. 31 female students were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, each of which was assigned a different ramp time (1.0, 3.5, and 5.0 sec.). The subjects' wrist and finger flexors were stimulated with ElectroStim 180–2 unit using the bipolar electrode arrangement. During the stimulation, the subjects rated their experience of discomfort/pain at (a) the threshold of sensory stimulation, (b) the threshold of motor stimulation, and (c) maximum tolerance of painful stimulation. The session was terminated after 10 tetanic isometric contractions. The subjects were instructed to rate their soreness, 24- and 36-hr. poststimulation using a 10-point ratio scale. A significant P ratio was noted for discomfort/pain perceptual levels but not for ramp time. Scheffé's post hoc analysis showed that the discomfort increased as the current intensity was increased. The F ratio for ramp time and time frame (24- and 36-hr. poststimulation) was not statistically significant for the ratings of muscle soreness. The findings suggest that the patients' complaint of pain and muscle soreness associated with high-voltage electrical stimulation is not affected by the rate of rise of current.
A Dictionary of Affect in Language: IV. Reliability, Validity, and Applications
Authors: Whissell Cynthia , Fournier Michael , Pelland Rene , Weir Deborah , Makarec K.
Published: September 2011

The 1984 Dictionary of Affect in Language by Sweeney and Whisseli includes more than 4,000 words which have been rated along the bipolar affective dimensions of Evaluation and Activation. A series of three experiments was conducted to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Dictionary and to improve its reliability by the inclusion of additional ratings. Exp. I, II, and III demonstrate the reliability of the Dictionary values and provide evidence of concurrent validity. A further series of three experiments (IV, V, VI) was designed to apply the Dictionary as a tool for assessing or preselecting the affective tone of words. Success (as defined by significant effects) is associated with the use of the Dictionary in choosing words for a verbal learning experiment (IV) and its use to score freely produced self-descriptive word lists (V) and the description of famous media characters (VI).
Influence of Coactors on Performance of Visually Impaired Runners
Authors: Ben-Ezra Vic , French Ron , Mastro James , Montelione Thomas
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the influence of coactors on the running performance of 13 visually impaired individuals. There was no significant difference for visually impaired sprint runners running alone and with a coactor. The “mere presence” of a coactor was not enough for social facilitation to occur when visual evaluation was not present.
Small Sample Validation of Discriminant Analysis of Motor Proficiency
Authors: Church Gab Ie E. , Broadhead Geoffrey D.
Published: September 2011

Discriminant analysis has been used to describe the physiology of good and elite distance runners, to indicate the personality and body-image differences of adult females high and low in body fat and to examine movement characteristics of mildly mentally retarded and nonhandicapped children. To evaluate discriminative power, studies have used the resubstitution method presented in many computer packages to estimate percent of correct classification. That method yields optimistically biased estimates of correct classification. This study describes the use of a less biased method, called the jackknife, and contrasts the classification results obtained with those from the resubstitution method. Gross and fine motor proficiency data, obtained from four ( n = 67) intact physical education classes (Grade 1, kindergarten, mildly mentally retarded, and moderately mentally retarded), were analyzed and classified by the resubstitution method. The over-all correct classification was 74.6%. Using the jackknife method, which is particularly suitable for small samples, the corresponding percentage was 59.7%. This more realistic jackknife estimate highlights differences among the four classes, showing that the over-all reduction in percentage correct classification was especially noticeable with the two mentally retarded classes.
Examination of the Sex Difference on a Symbol Digit Substitution Test
Authors: Polubinski Joseph P. , Melamed Lawrence E.
Published: September 2011

Factors that may contribute to the sex difference on a symbol-digit substitution test were investigated. Aspects of motor ability were determined to be involved in the sex-related difference in performance. Scanning ability and oral speed were related to performance of the task; however, these factors were not involved in the sex-related difference.
Preference for Complexity in Natural Landscape Scenes
Authors: Schutte Nicola S. , Malouff John M.
Published: September 2011

The authors examined the preferences of 7 men and 14 women for natural scenes high versus low in variety and number of elements and how this related to the number of constructs individuals use when interpreting natural scenes. Subjects showed a significant preference for scenes high in complexity. There was no relationship between the number of constructs used by an individual and whether the individual preferred scenes with a large number and variety of elements.
Onset and Termination of Accessory Facial Movements during Stuttering
Authors: Janssen Peggy , Kraaimaat Floor
Published: September 2011

In this study the onset and offset times of seven types of accessory facial movements during oral and silent prolongations were described in three severe stutterers. For each observed facial movement the onset and offset times were determined by means of slow motion analysis of video-recorded speech samples. For two of the three subjects significant differences in the onset and offset times at the various facial movements were found; however, no consistent patterns in the separate facial movements could be observed. On the contrary, the onset of most facial movements appeared to be located at the very start and their offset at the end of the stuttering event, indicating that most facial movements accompany the entire stuttering moment. The implications of these findings with respect to the function of accessory facial movements in stuttering ate discussed.
Evidence for Early Extraction of Emergent Properties in Visual Perception: A Replication
Authors: Kolinsky Régine , Morais José
Published: September 2011

In conditions precluding focused attention, illusory conjunctions of triangles were more frequent when the emergent characteristic of closure was present in the display together with the component parts than when it was not. This replicates Treisman and Paterson's 1984 result, which is the strongest evidence available in favor of the notion of an early extraction of emergent properties.
Perceptual Ambiguity and Stability of Reversible Figures
Authors: Riani Massimo , Tuccio Maria Teresa , Borsellino Antonio , Radilová Jirina , Radil Tomas
Published: September 2011

In this work, the results of two experiments on ambiguous patterns are reported, which have been obtained by presenting a series of stimuli designed, in both cases, to reduce gradually the ambiguity of the patterns. Such reduction has been performed by respectively increasing or decreasing the amount of graphic details in the experiments. Data of both experiments show a lengthening of mean reversal time. The increase in the stability of one percept can be regarded as associated with the increasing difficulties encountered by an observer in organizing and restating the alternative “hypochesis” through the perceptual mechanisms. The loss of balance in the durations of percepts is discussed in terms of their different informational contents. Finally, in Exp. 1 an analysis is made to evaluate to what extent an addition of perceptual cues, designed to reinforce a three-dimensional interpretation of a pattern, can influence its figure-ground alternation.
Comments on the Lower Bound of a Confidence Ratio
Authors: Edwards Lynne K.
Published: September 2011

The lower limits of a confidence ratio (proportion of alternative hypotheses accepted that are true) and a power ratio (proportion of true H1s tested that are accepted) were proposed by Hand, et al. (1985) to help make statistical decisions. It is argued that the proposed ratios are statistically questionable and of little practical use. Alternative ways to ensure meaningful statistical decisions are presented.
Correlation between Auditory Reaction Time and Intelligence
Authors: Poon Paul W. F. , Yu W. Y. , Chan Jimmy W. C.
Published: September 2011

Discriminative reaction times to auditory stimuli were measured for 150 students of the local Chinese population. Pearson's correlation with scores on the Standard Progressive Matrices and RTs was negative, becoming −0.30 when slower trials were eliminated. The possible basis for improvement was discussed in relation to cognitive processes and the general theory of assessing intelligence.
Two Factors of Creativity
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to inquire into factors in creativity. In Study 1, a battery of eight creativity measures was administered to a random sample of 275 Jamaican middle-class 16-yr.-olds (73 boys and 202 girls) drawn from the Grade 11 population of high schools in Kingston. Study 2 mounted two years later was a replication involving a comparable sample of 320 subjects (101 boys and 219 girls). Factor analysis of the creativity scores collected in Study 1 indicated the presence of two factors of creativity, a verbal factor and a nonverbal factor. Similar confirming findings also emerged in Study 2.
Comparison of Computer-Administered Harris-Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test with Standard Paper-And-Pencil Administration
Authors: Levy Alan J. , Barowsky Ellis I.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of raw scores obtained by two different modes of administering the Harris Revision of the Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test was made. Forty adolescents, 20 boys and 20 girls, computer naive and matched for age and school grade, completed the drawing test by the traditional paper-and-pencil mode and through a computerized administration. Employing an ABBA design to balance sequence effects, analysis indicated no significant correlation between the scores attained on the two differential modes for boys, girls, and all subjects. The application of computers in the assessment of perceptual motor indices and tests of figure drawings is discussed.
Human Performance Evaluation of Alternative Graphic Display Symbologies
Authors: Florence David , Geiselman R. Edward
Published: September 2011

Nonmilitary subjects learned each of two types of foreground symbol sets (conventional symbols and iconic symbols) and were then shown a series of computer displays containing various symbol configurations. Each subject was required to search for specified foreground symbols under the conditions of high and low density of symbols, restricted and nonrestricted search, and pictorial versus nonpictorial target-symbol presentation. Iconic symbols yielded faster search times than conventional symbols under the condition of nonrestricted search and under the condition of nonpictorial target symbol presentation. These results suggest that iconic symbols are both easier to locate and easier to recall from memory. In addition, regardless of the type of symbology, high-density display increased search times. It was concluded that a system that incorporates both iconic symbols and selective call-up on foreground information would likely result in optimal human performance on search-related tasks.
Instructions to Human Subjects: Effects of Repetition on Task Errors
Authors: Butler Darrell L. , Jones Steven K.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the effect of repetition of instructional information on task errors. In Exp. 1, the number of repetitions was varied over a wide range to determine the functional relation between effectiveness of instructions and number of repetitions. The form of the repetition was also varied (rewording of important information versus an example). The relationship between effectiveness and number of repetitions was a negatively accelerated function and an example was more effective than reworded information, at least when the information was not repeated many times. Exp. 2 was similar to Exp. 1 except that the number of repetitions was a between-subjects variable instead of a within-subjects variable. Exp. 2 confirmed that the function relating effectiveness to number of repetitions is a negatively accelerated function.
Effect of Emotional Arousal on Free Recall of Complex Material
Authors: Rebeck Günther , Lohaus Arnold
Published: September 2011

Contrary to the focussing hypothesis of Easterbrook, the results of a study with 201 pupils showed no facilitating effects of emotional arousal on memory performance. In two free-recall tests (one immediately after a short film, the other 14 days later) high emotional involvement during the acquisition phase did not lead to better performance on central elements of the plot.
Psychometric Properties of Snyder's Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behavior Scale
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S. , Garg Rashmi , Braimoh Gani
Published: September 2011

Responses of 228 subjects were factor analyzed. The analyses identified three independent factors. Analyses of variance, Cronbach alpha coefficient, and K-R-20 formula for estimation of reliability show the scale to be reliable and homogeneous. Domain sampling method for the estimation of reliability is very low for the full scale and moderate for the three independent scales. Item analyses and criteria validity are also reported. Taking gain in income as a criterion of success, the criterion validity of the scale is zero.
Influence of a No-Vision Delay on Throwing Accuracy
Authors: Elliott Digby , Leonard Karen
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the influence of a no-vision delay on throwing accuracy. Subjects threw bean bags to targets 4, 6, and 8 m away after no-vision delays of 0, 5, and 10 sec. Contrary to studies examining the influence of a delay on accuracy of locomotion, a no-vision delay had no effect on throwing accuracy.
Effects of Iconicity, Motoric Complexity, and Linguistic Function on Sign Acquisition in Severe Aphasia
Authors: Coelho Carl A. , Duffy Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The influence of three features of manual signs (iconicity, motoric complexity, linguistic function) on their successful acquisition by aphasic subjects was investigated. 12 severe chronic aphasic subjects were presented 37 signs in a training program for the production of manual signs. Analysis indicates that the three signs features affected the successful acquisition of signs. As a group the subjects acquired a larger percentage of high and medium iconic than of low iconic signs; a larger percentage of low and medium motorically complex signs than high; and a larger percentage of verb than noun or adjective signs. The implications of these findings with regard to selecting a manual sign vocabulary for training are discussed.
Effect of Small Doses of Alcohol and Signal Intensity on Simple Auditory Reaction Time in a Monotonous Test Situation
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed to test whether a small dose of alcohol (0.67 ml/kg) would produce faster increments in simple auditory reaction time with time on task than a 0 dose to 60 db (Exp. I) and 40 db (Exp. II) signals. Analysis indicated no such effects of alcohol but mean number and mean duration of extreme long reactions (blockings) increased as an effect of alcohol. The latter effect, however, was not related to time on task.
Stone-Age Art “Venuses” as Heuristic Clues for Types of Obesity: Contribution to “Iconodiagnosis”
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

Two types of obesity (gluteal and abdominal) depicted quite consistently in prehistoric art of different European locations suggests the potential cross-fertilization for physiological inquiry by medical interpretation of prehistoric art, called iconodiagnosis.
Biofeedback-Assisted Control of Peripheral Skin Temperature: A Methodological Study
Authors: Barrett Helen R. , Pettaway Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

To maximize the production and detection of training effects in biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature, this study incorporated these methodological features: (a) differential feedback between dominant and nondominant hands, (b) monetary incentives, (c) within-subjects manipulation of training direction and multiple-training sessions, (d) graphic-based visual feedback, and (e) no-feedback self-control periods. Eight male subjects participated in eight sessions each consisting of adaptation (22 min.), bidirectional self-control (10 min.), and bidirectional feedback training (35 min.). Mean differential temperature changes were significantly different for increase and decrease conditions, but the magnitude of control did not change over sessions. Differential feedback control was of small magnitude and tended to be accomplished by decreasing both hands at different rates; self-control did not develop during the course of training. This methodology did not produce large-magnitude feedback, or self-control, but differential feedback is recommended for further study as an experimental paradigm.
Learning to Spell While Reading: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis
Published: September 2011

Eight pseudowords were presented to 29 undergraduate students within the context of four brief passages. Students were instructed to do one of three things: (a) learn the details of the stories, (b) learn both the story details (high priority) and the spellings of the pseudowords, or (c) learn both the word spellings (high priority) and the story details. Instructions to learn word spellings led to significantly better spelling performance without significantly affecting passage comprehension; however, even those students instructed to make the learning of word spelling a higher priority spelled only a mean of 4.9 of the 8 words correctly. The need for determining why students have such difficulty in learning to spell new words is discussed.
Family History of Children with Developmental Language Disorders
Authors: Neils Jean , Aram Dorothy M.
Published: September 2011

The present study shows the increased incidence of language-related disorders among family members of children with language disorders. The family histories of 74 children with developmental language disorders and 36 normal children were compared. The children with language disorders had significantly more family members who reported speech, stuttering, reading, and language disorders than the normal control group.
Development and Analysis of a Spatial Visualization Test for Middle School Boys and Girls
Authors: Ben-Chaim David , Lappan Glenda , Houang Richard T.
Published: September 2011

The development of a paper-and-pencil spatial-visualization test for middle school students is repotted. The test consists of 32 multiple-choice items of 10 different types. The basic figures for the stimuli and the responses for the items vary from flat views, to numerical data, to corner views of “buildings” constructed from small cubes. The test was administered to a sample of 674 boys and 676 girls in Grades 5 through 8 from three sites representing a broad range of socioeconomic background. The reliability coefficients for various groups of students ranged from .72 to .86. The test-retest reliability coefficient for 73 students was .79. Site, grade, and sex differences, consistent with many other reports, were found. For additional 582 students in Grades 8 to 12 at two sites scores correlated .61 and .66 with scores of the Differential Aptitude Space Relations Test.
Originality and Repeated Presentation of Sound Stimuli in Intellectually Superior Adolescents
Authors: Masten William G. , Khatena Joe , Morse David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of repeated presentation of sound stimuli on verbal originality. 104 gifted adolescents were administered Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words. Analysis indicated significant increases in originality for presentations, sounds, words, and their interactions. Results suggest even those who are high in verbal originality can profit from a warm-up experience and that study of interactions of stimulus by presentation may be valuable.
Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Spatial Information-Processes
Authors: Ho Hsiu-Zu , Gilger Jeffrey W. , Brink Teresa M.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined effects of menstrual cycle (i.e., ovulatory vs menstrual phase) on performance on spatial information-processes. Participants included 20 spontaneously cycling women (with regular 28- to 30-day menstrual cycles) who were tested on a reaction-time task developed to assess specific spatial information-processes and the Spatial Relations subtest of the PMA battery. For the spatial information-processing task, women responded faster and applied relatively less stringent criteria in the decision process during the ovulatory phase. No effects of cycle changes were found for accuracy of performance on either of the spatial tasks. It is suggested that studies examining effects of menstrual cycle on spatial ability consider an information-processing approach in measuring spatial performance and an application of signal-detection theory to separate components (strategy vs aptitude) of problem solving.
Relationship between Childhood Hyperactivity and Accident Proneness
Authors: Gayton William F. , Bailey Carol , Wagner Ann , Hardesty Vaughn A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research suggested that hyperactive children are especially susceptible to accidents. Two questions remain: is the relationship peculiar to hyperactivity in childhood or for behaviorally disturbed children in general and does the relationship hold for females as well as for males? To answer these questions 189 patients at a child psychiatric clinic were rated on a scale which included measures of hyperactivity and accident proneness. The hyperactive patients were more likely to be described as accident prone than nonhyperactive patients. The relationship between childhood hyperactivity and accident proneness is confirmed and is specific. The relationship holds for both boys and girls.
Diurnal Variations in Physical Performance
Authors: Ishee Jimmy H. , Titlow Larry W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted concerning diurnal variations in physical performance. Subjects were tested at 9 AM, 12 noon, and 3 PM on various physical parameters. Exp. 1 gave no significant differences among the three performances of grip strength and reaction times for 16 subjects. For seven subjects involved in Exp. 2, endurance ratios and torque accelerations, as recorded on a Cybex II, were used as criterion measures. A significant difference was found between the 9 AM and 3 PM performance of the flexion endurance ratio. No other differences were identified.
Effects of Locus of Control and Relevance on Intentional and Incidental Memory for Passages
Authors: Beaulé Béatrice , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of a median split of their scores on Rotter's locus of control scale, 34 undergraduates were classified as internals and 36 as externals. All subjects read six passages representing three levels of relevance for lives of students under one of three sets of instructions. In the cued condition, subjects were informed that a memory test would follow four days later; in the uncued condition subjects rated the relevance of the passages; and in the pure uncued condition subjects summarized the passages Material of low relevance was remembered more poorly than those in the two higher levels, but internal and external students performed similarly in. all conditions. These results cast further doubt on the prediction from social learning theory that internal persons would be selectively superior to external ones on more relevant material in the uncued conditions.
Effect of Dietary Supplements on Acute Mountain Sickness
Authors: Gray Duncan , Milne Derek
Published: September 2011

Four fit young men participating in a high altitude mountaineering expedition took part in a 15-day trial of two high-calorie dietary supplements. They ate either a high carbohydrate or a high fat supplement, alternating every 3 days. All dietary intake was recorded. Subjects completed a daily questionnaire assessing the severity of symptoms. Within a single-subject design no statistically significant differences were obtained between the severity of symptoms and dietary carbohydrate or total calories. This suggested that the dietary supplements had no effect on symptoms, a finding that is discrepant with the existing literature. However, we did find that subjects consumed more calories while on the high carbohydrate supplement.
Psychometric Patterns on the Rorschach of Healthy Elderly Persons and Patients with Suspected Dementia
Authors: Insua Ana María , Loza Stella Maris
Published: September 2011

The Rorschachs of two groups of 15 elderly subjects, one normal, the other in the early stages of a suspected dementia process, were compared. Both groups were similar in years of education, IQ, and age. An analysis of variance to test for the existence of group psychometric patterns was applied to 11 Rorschach variables, 10 of them were formed by Rorschach determinants and localization scores; one variable was built considering the level of energy projected in M. The analysis showed a real difference between the two groups' profiles. Movement responses of all types contributed heavily to this difference. Results agree with other findings indicating that low Movement score is characteristic of various types of organic diseases. However, the present study indicates that the weak energy level projected in the movement responses is a promising sign that might help in the diagnosis of a suspected dementia.