bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short hard palate in prenatal trisomy 21
Authors: Lauridsen H , Hansen BF , Reintoft I , Keeling JW , Skovgaard LT , Kjær I
Published: September 2010

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Lauridsen H, Hansen BF, Reintoft I, Keeling JW, Skovgaard LT, Kjær I

Objective –  The aim of the present study was for the first time to examine on postmortal material the total midpalatal length of the hard palate and the length of its two components (the maxillary and palatine parts) in trisomy 21 fetuses, and to compare the results to normal standards.

Design –  Material from 31 human fetuses with genetically verified trisomy 21 was studied. The fetuses were derived from legally induced or spontaneous abortions. Palates were, after sectioning, radiographed in lateral projection (Grenz Ray radiographic apparatus). Cephalometric measurements were performed with a digital caliper. Statistically, the length measurements for the two groups were compared, adjusting for crown rump length (CRL) through linear regression. At two specific ages (150 and 170 mm CRL), the length of the palatal components in trisomy 21 was compared to normal standards.

Results –  For CRL 150 mm and CRL 170 mm it appears that all three palatal lengths, total length, maxillary length, and palatinal length are significantly shorter in fetuses with trisomy 21.

Conclusion –  The main conclusion of our study is that the total palatal length in prenatal trisomy 21 is shorter than normal and that this is due both to a shortness of the maxillary and the palatine components of the hard palate.
Stem cells in craniofacial and dental tissue engineering
Authors: Risbud MV , Shapiro IM
Published: September 2010

Authors –  Risbud MV, Shapiro IM

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified in a variety of adult tissues as a population of pluripotential self‐renewing cells. Based on their adherence and colony forming properties, a small number of MSC can be isolated from most mesenchymal tissues as well as bone marrow. In the presence of one or more growth factors, these cells commit to lineages that lead to the formation of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and adipose tissue; recent studies indicate that stem cells for cementum, dentine and the periodontal ligament also exist. All of these cells can be expanded in vitro, and, embedded in a scaffold, inserted into defects to promote healing and tissue replacement. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanism directing lineage specification and morphogenesis is providing a rational approach for the regeneration of craniofacial tissues and oral structures.
Comprehensive gene expression analysis in human periodontal ligaments of the mandibular third molars performing vertical movement and the maxillary second premolars with occlusal contact
Authors: Suda N
Published: September 2010

Structured Abstract

Author –  Suda N

Objectives –  The periodontal ligament (PDL) is thought to be an important tissue in vertical movement during tooth eruption, but the precise molecular mechanism is not known. Thereto, comprehensive gene expression was analyzed in human PDL of mandibular third molars performing vertical movement and maxillary second premolars with occlusal contact.

Design –  The expression profile of 9,243 genes in the PDL of one subject was compared between vertically moving third molars and second premolars with occlusal contact by DNA microarray.

Results –  The expression of 27 genes showed more than a 10‐fold difference between third molars and second premolars. The expression of CALB1 (encoding calbindin 1), CYP26A1 (encoding cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, polypeptide 1), SPOCK3 (encoding testican‐3), CCK (encoding cholecystokinin) and SCRG1 (encoding scrapie responsive protein 1) was more than 30‐fold higher in PDLs of the third molars than the second premolars. CALB1 is reported to increase at the pressure side of PDL during experimental orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Interestingly, in this study, CALB1 expression showed the largest difference. In contrast, CRCT1 (encoding cysteine‐rich C‐terminal 1), SPRP3 (encoding small proline‐rich protein 3), IL8 (encoding interleukin 8) and MMP12 (encoding matrix metalloproteinase 12) showed more than 100‐fold higher expression in PDLs of the second premolars than the third molars.

Conclusion –  The present comprehensive gene expression in PDLs provides new insights into the molecular mechanism during the vertical tooth movement.
Investigating the etiology of multiple tooth agenesis in three sisters with severe oligodontia
Authors: Swinnen S , Bailleul‐Forestier I , Arte S , Nieminen P , Devriendt K , Carels C
Published: September 2010

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Swinnen S, Bailleul‐Forestier I, Arte S, Nieminen P, Devriendt K, Carels C

Objectives –  To describe the dentofacial phenotypes of three sisters with severe non‐syndromic oligodontia, to report on the mutation analysis in three genes, previously shown to cause various phenotypes of non‐syndromic oligodontia and in two other suspected genes. Based on the phenotypes in the pedigree of this family, the different possible patterns of transmission are discussed.

Methods –  Anamnestic data and a panoramic radiograph were taken to study the phenotype of the three sisters and their first‐degree relatives. Blood samples were also taken to obtain their karyotypes and DNA samples. Mutational screening was performed for the MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 and DLX2 genes.

Results –  The probands’ pedigree showed evidence for a recessive or multifactorial inheritance pattern. Normal chromosomal karyotypes were found and – despite the severe oligodontia present in all three sisters – no mutation appeared to be present in the five genes studied so far in these patients.

Conclusions –  In the three sisters reported, their common oligodontia phenotype is not caused by mutations in the coding regions of MSX1, PAX9, AXIN2, DLX1 or DLX2 genes, but genetic factors most probably play a role as all three sisters were affected. Environmental and epigenetic factors as well as genes regulating odontogenesis need further in vivo and in vitro investigation to explain the phenotypic heterogeneity and to increase our understanding of the odontogenic processes.
Comparison of the stress direction on the TMJ in patients with class I, II, and III skeletal relationships
Authors: Ueki K , Nakagawa K , Takatsuka S , Yamamoto E , Laskin DM
Published: September 2010

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Ueki K, Nakagawa K, Takatsuka S, Yamamoto E, Laskin DM

Objective –  To assess the relationship between skeletal morphology and stress direction on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by a two‐dimensional rigid body spring model (RBSM).

Design –  Lateral cephalograms were analyzed and the information was processed with a fortran analysis program.

Setting and Sample Population –  The subjects were 149 patients (54 men and 95 women, mean age 21.8 ± 5.9 years) from Kanazawa University Hospital and the School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University. Of the 149 cases, 48 were skeletal class I, 54 were class II, and 47 were class III. The patients had no TMJ symptoms or abnormalities.

Outcome Measure –  The force vector on the condyle, its direction (Ph angle), the degree of the vector (Ph) and the displacement vector (u, v), and the rotational angle (θ) of the mandibular body were calculated by RBSM.

Results –  The direction of the force vector (Ph angle) on the condyle was 24.83°± 4.67° in the class II group, 21.04°± 5.59° in the class I group, and 19.58 ± 7.57° in the class III group. The Ph angle of the class II group was significantly larger than those of the class I and III groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions –  This study suggests that differences in skeletal patterns induce differences in stress distribution on the TMJ; the morphology of the TMJ was also associated with stress direction and distribution on the condyle.
Considerations in Calcium Scoring Using Multi‐Detector Computed Tomography
Authors: Groen J. M. , Greuter M. J. W.
Published: September 2010

Calcium scoring is a promising tool for acquiring insight in the amount of coronary calcium present in the coronary arteries. Using electron beam tomography in the past, and multi‐detector computed tomography (MDCT) nowadays, calcium scoring can be performed within minutes. However, MDCT offers a large scale of possibilities in data acquisition and reconstruction. In this article, a short overview is given on the influence of different parameters on the outcome of calcium scoring in terms of absolute score and variability. In a short study, the influence of two highly influencing parameters is investigated in more detail. The study shows that at higher heart rates the calcium score of high‐density calcifications are increased. The opposite behaviour is observed for low‐density calcifications. In addition, calcium scores are increased with the use of smaller slice thicknesses. Smaller thicknesses also influence the variability of calcium scoring, for thinner slices the variability is reduced. When assessing the outcome of a calcium score one has to take in to account what parameters were used during the CT scan for calcium scoring.
Visualization of Coronary Artery Stenosis
Authors: Dikkers R.
Published: September 2010

Image quality of a computed tomography image is dependent on temporal and spatial resolution. In this article both factors are addressed in relation to image quality. The effect of temporal resolution on image quality is assessed by comparing image quality scores of dual‐source computed tomography (DSCT) to single‐source 64‐slice multi‐detector computed tomography. The effect of calcifications on image quality is discussed also.
The Visualization of the Coronary Arteries and Coronary Calcifications
Authors: Dikkers R.
Published: September 2010

In this short historical overview the development of the visualization of the coronary arteries and the visualization of coronary artery calcification is described. The development of non‐invasive visualization techniques is also described.
What's in a Standard Form Contract? An Empirical Analysis of Software License Agreements
Authors: Marotta‐Wurgler Florencia
Published: September 2010

The vast majority of commercial transactions are governed by standard form contracts, but little is known about their actual content and the determinants of that content. This article provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of an important class of modern standard form contracts—software license agreements. In a sample of 647 licenses for software from various markets, I document the prevalence of terms relating to license acceptance, license scope, limitations on transfer, warranties, limitations on liability, maintenance and support, and conflict resolution. I find that almost all licenses display a net bias, relative to relevant default rules, in favor of the software company (the contract writer). I also investigate firm‐ and buyer‐type determinants of the net bias. Larger and (controlling for size) younger firms offer more one‐sided terms. Firms offer similar terms to both business buyers and members of the general public. In addition to providing new insight about the nature of standard form contracts, the results may inform efforts to draft new default rules to govern software transactions.
Rational Choice and Developmental Influences on Recidivism Among Adolescent Felony Offenders
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey , Piquero Alex R.
Published: September 2010

Recent case law and social science both have claimed that the developmental limitations of adolescents affect their capacity for control and decision making with respect to crime, diminishing their culpability and reducing their exposure to punishment. Social science has focused on two concurrent adolescent developmental influences: the internalization of legal rules and norms that regulate social and antisocial behaviors, and the development of rationality to frame behavioral choices and decisions. The interaction of these two developmental processes, and the identification of one domain of socialization and development as the primary source of motivation or restraint in adolescence, is the focus of this article. Accordingly, we combine rational choice and legal socialization frameworks into an integrated, developmental model of criminality. We test this framework in a large sample of adolescent felony offenders who have been interviewed at six‐month intervals for two years. Using hierarchical and growth curve models, we show that both legal socialization and rational choice factors influence patterns of criminal offending over time. When punishment risks and costs are salient, crime rates are lower over time. We show that procedural justice is a significant antecedent of legal socialization, but not of rational choice. We also show that both mental health and developmental maturity moderate the effects of perceived crime risks and costs on criminal offending.
Can Corporate Governance Reforms Increase Firm Market Values? Event Study Evidence from India
Authors: Black Bernard S. , Khanna Vikramaditya S.
Published: September 2010

A central problem in conducting an event study of the valuation effects of corporate governance reforms is that most reforms affect all firms in a country. Share price changes may reflect the reforms, but could also reflect other information. We address this identification issue by studying India's adoption of major governance reforms (Clause 49). Clause 49 requires, among other things, audit committees, a minimum number of independent directors, and CEO/CFO certification of financial statements and internal controls. The reforms were sponsored by the Confederation of Indian Industry (an organization of large Indian public firms), applied initially to larger firms, and reached smaller public firms only after a several‐year lag. The difference in effective dates offers a natural experiment: large firms are the treatment group for the reforms; small firms provide a control group for other news affecting India generally. The May 1999 announcement by Indian securities regulators of plans to adopt what became Clause 49 is accompanied by a 4 percent increase in the price of large firms over a two‐day event window (the announcement date plus the next trading day), relative to smaller public firms; the difference grows to 7 percent over a five‐day event window and 10 percent over a two‐week window. Mid‐sized firms had an intermediate reaction.

Faster‐growing firms gained more than other firms, consistent with firms that need external equity capital benefiting more from governance rules. Cross‐listed firms gained more than other firms, suggesting that local regulation can sometimes complement, rather than substitute for, the benefits of cross‐listing. The positive reaction of large Indian firms contrasts with the mixed reaction to the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (which is similar to Clause 49 in important respects), suggesting that the value of mandatory governance rules may depend on a country's prior institutional environment.
Banker Fees and Acquisition Premia for Targets in Cash Tender Offers: Challenges to the Popular Wisdom on Banker Conflicts
Authors: Calomiris Charles W. , Hitscherich Donna M.
Published: September 2010

Our results are broadly consistent with the predictions of a benign view of the role of investment banks in advising acquisition targets. Fees to investment banks are correlated with attributes of transactions and target firms in ways that make sense if banks are being paid for processing information. The more contingent (and, therefore, risky) the fees, the higher they tend to be, all else held constant. Variation in target acquisition premia also can be explained by fundamental deal attributes. Contrary to the jaundiced view of fairness opinions, greater fixity of fees paid by targets is not generally associated with higher acquisition premia, and there is no evidence that investment banks are suborned by acquirors with whom they have had a prior banking relationship.
Income and Career Satisfaction in the Legal Profession: Survey Data from Indiana Law School Graduates
Authors: Stake Jeffrey Evans , Dau‐Schmidt Kenneth G. , Mukhopadhaya Kaushik
Published: September 2010

This article presents data on graduates of a law school located at a large, midwestern public university. It presents responses to survey questions relating to various personal and job characteristics, including income from the practice of law and career satisfaction. It compares the responses across various demographic groups, including type of practice, gender, race, and ethnicity. We find that lawyers in large private law firms make more money than lawyers in small private practices, who, in turn, make more than those in government or public interest positions. Career satisfaction is greatest for lawyers in corporate counsel, public interest, and government jobs, followed by larger firms, and then smaller private firms. We find that women earn substantially lower incomes than men, but most of the difference can be eliminated by accounting for time taken away from paid work for childcare, among other factors. Both blacks and Hispanics make significantly less money than majority lawyers 15 years after graduation. Regarding overall satisfaction with careers, women appear to be sensitive to the number of hours of work, probably because of child‐care responsibilities. Our analysis suggests that blacks and Hispanics enjoy career satisfaction in the practice of law that is not significantly lower than that of majority lawyers.
Feeding and care of low‐birthweight babies in two rural communities in south‐western Nigeria
Authors: Adejuyigbe Ebunoluwa A. , Odebiyi Adetanwa I. , Aina Olabisi , Bamiwuye Sina
Published: September 2010

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to highlight the sociocultural beliefs and practices relating to the care and feeding of low‐birthweight (LBW) babies in two rural communities in the south‐west of Nigeria. Data from 60 mothers and their newborns and community care providers were collected using qualitative instruments. The 60 mothers [30 mothers of LBW and 30 of normal‐birthweight (NBW) infants] were identified through key informants, snowball approach and information obtained from community healthcare providers. The mean weight at recruitment of the LBW and NBW babies studied was 1680 ± 440 and 2990 ± 450 g respectively. Only two of the 60 mothers in the study delivered in orthodox health facilities, because in most cases these facilities were unaffordable, inaccessible and incompatible with rural lifestyles/beliefs. Most of the mothers believed that exclusive breastfeeding was not adequate for the LBW babies, and so herbal mixtures believed to accelerate growth were given in addition to breast milk. The use of forced hand‐feeding and feeding bottles was universal among the mothers of LBW babies in order to ‘increase the volume of feeds the baby gets’. Herbal dressing was used for cord and anterior fontanel care, while the babies were kept warm by using extra clothing, lighted lanterns and shutting of the windows. Five (16.7%) LBW infants and 1 (3.3%) NBW baby died, while 12 (40%) LBW, compared with 4 (13.3%) NBW infants, were hospitalized during the study. The findings of this study serve to identify the cultural beliefs and values around the care of LBW infants. Interventions designed to improve neonatal survival must therefore, take cognizance of these beliefs, customs and practices, in order to ensure effective and proper care of the LBW infants.
Parents' and boys' perceptions of boys' body size for average and high BMI boys
Authors: Brann Lynn S.
Published: September 2010

A study on 49 preadolescent boys and their parents was performed to determine if differences existed in boys' body esteem and body size perceptions and to determine how accurately parents perceive their sons' body size. The boys were grouped by their body mass index (BMI) into average and high BMI groups. The boys completed the Body Esteem Scale; the boys and the parents rated the boys' body size perceptions. No differences were found in the boys' body esteem. The boys in the high BMI group perceived themselves as bigger than the boys in the average BMI group, and the parents of the boys with a high BMI perceived their sons as bigger. The boys in the high BMI group rated their current figure as heavier than their ideal figure. The results supported that the boys and the parents were aware of the boys' current body size. However, the parents of the boys with high BMI were more accepting of a larger ideal body figure.
Human Mosaic: Maps of Honeycombed British Society
Authors: Thomas Bethan , Dorling Danny
Published: September 2010

Parts of Britain resemble a melting pot that more than rivals any found in America. Some others appear to be social monocultures where almost everyone is white, married, has children and owns or is buying a house. But scratch beneath the superficial banality of middle England and there too is a rainbow: there is the widest variety of lives, life chances and experience. To reveal the social geology of Britain Bethan Thomas and Danny Dorling have drawn re-projected maps1—maps where the scale is measured in human lives.
How Many People Live in London?
Authors: Hollis John
Published: September 2010

It would seem an easy enough question—but the 2001 census missed out thousands, and London boroughs such as Kensington & Chelsea and Hammersmith & Fulham have complained that their grants are based on inaccurate figures. So we asked John Hollis, demographer to the Greater London Authority, the answer.
Bovine TB in Cattle and Badgers
Authors: Donnelly Christl , Cox David
Published: September 2010

The link between tuberculosis in cattle and in badgers has long been contentious. The Independent Scientific Group (ISG) on Cattle TB, a group containing some of the country's top statisticians, investigated it. In June this year, after 9 years of work, it reported to Ministers that a cull of badgers would be unlikely to contribute usefully to the control of TB in cattle. In October, however, the Government's Chief Scientific Adviser, Sir David King, effectively discounted the report, and recommended culling of badgers. Here Christl Donnelly and David Cox of the ISG describe the work that led to their conclusions.
Predicting Oscar Winners
Authors: Pardoe Iain
Published: September 2010

Each year, hundreds of millions of people worldwide watch the televised Oscars ceremony. Can one predict which films and which directors, actors and actresses will win the Oscars? Iain Pardoe believes that he can.
Head Scholar
Authors: Briscoe Simon
Published: September 2010

Sir Michael Scholar, new Chair of the new Statistics Board, is spending the winter preparing the ground before being thrust into the full glare of parliamentary and media scrutiny as he sets about the task of turning around the reputation of official statistics. Simon Briscoe talked to him.
Thinking Possibilistically in a Probabilistic World
Authors: Clarke Lee
Published: September 2010

We cannot live on the knife edge of disaster all the time. We cannot even think about disastrous extremes with any clarity, says Lee Clarke. For 300 years we have equated thinking probabilistically with thinking rationally, but is that enough for thinking about terrorism, air crashes—or even God?
Superpresidentialism and the Military: The Russian Variant
Authors: BARANY ZOLTAN
Published: September 2010

This article explains the evolution of the presidential‐military nexus in post‐Soviet Russia. Why has the role of presidents become the overriding factor in Russian civil‐military relations? What explains the differences between the relationships Russia's two post‐Soviet presidents, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, developed with the armed forces? I argue that following the 1993 crisis between the president and the legislature, and even more so after the 1996 presidential elections, the Russian polity has gradually become a superpresidential authoritarian system and the type of executive‐military relations that has evolved is consistent with this designation. Rather than establishing civilian oversight of the armed forces shared between the legislative and the executive branches, Yeltsin and Putin created a state in which civilian control has become synonymous with presidential control.
Theories about Theory: Theory‐Based Claims about Presidential Performance from the Case of James Madison
Authors: SIEMERS DAVID J.
Published: September 2010

This article examines several claims about how James Madison's acquaintance with political theory affected his performance in office. These “theories about theory” come in two varieties: content‐based and “nature of theory itself” arguments. The content‐based arguments posit that a politician has accepted and used the ideas of a specific political theorist. The nature of theory itself arguments suggest that it is the act of theorizing or applying theory to practice that produces an effect. After describing various examples of each, I introduce a framework for the kinds of evidence required to demonstrate both types of claim. A conclusion outlines what we learn about the effect Madison's penchant for political theory had on his administration. It also suggests that greater attention to these arguments is required to understand the practical effect that political theory has had in the hands of presidents.
Homologous expression of the nrdF gene of Corynebacterium ammoniagenes strain ATCC 6872 generates a manganese‐metallocofactor (R2F) and a stable tyrosyl radical (Y•) involved in ribonucleotide reduction
Authors: Stolle Patrick , Barckhausen Olaf , Oehlmann Wulf , Knobbe Nadine , Vogt Carla , Pierik Antonio J. , Cox Nicholas , Schmidt Peter P. , Reijerse Edward J. , Lubitz Wolfgang , Auling Georg
Published: September 2010

Ribonucleotide reduction, the unique step in the pathway to DNA synthesis, is catalyzed by enzymes via radical‐dependent redox chemistry involving an array of diverse metallocofactors. The nucleotide reduction gene (nrdF) encoding the metallocofactor containing small subunit (R2F) of the Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ribonucleotide reductase was reintroduced into strain C. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872. Efficient homologous expression from plasmid pOCA2 using the tac‐promotor enabled purification of R2F to homogeneity. The chromatographic protocol provided native R2F with a high ratio of manganese to iron (30 : 1), high activity (69 μmol 2′‐deoxyribonucleotide·mg−1·min−1) and distinct absorption at 408 nm, characteristic of a tyrosyl radical (Y˙), which is sensitive to the radical scavenger hydroxyurea. A novel enzyme assay revealed the direct involvement of Y˙ in ribonucleotide reduction because 0.2 nmol 2′‐deoxyribonucleotide was formed, driven by 0.4 nmol Y˙ located on R2F. X‐band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated a tyrosyl radical at an effective g‐value of 2.004. Temperature dependent X/Q‐band EPR studies revealed that this radical is coupled to a metallocofactor. Similarities of the native C. ammoniagenes ribonucleotide reductase to the in vitro activated Escherichia coli class Ib enzyme containing a dimanganese(III)‐tyrosyl metallocofactor are discussed.
Intrinsic quality improvements and network externalities
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. , Garcia Filomena
Published: September 2010

We analyze the optimal pricing choice of an incumbent firm that sells a good with network externalities and is threatened by the entry of a higher intrinsic quality variant. In the framework of a vertical differentiation model, we find a necessary and sufficient condition under which intrinsic quality improvement occurs as a result of this competition.
Office‐seeking politicians, interest groups and split contributions in a campaign finance model
Authors: Takayama Shino
Published: September 2010

The present paper investigates an extended version of Prat's campaign finance models. In this model, interest groups make contributions to politicians to influence policy decisions. Voters are assumed to judge candidates on two aspects: policy promises and nonpolicy personal qualities referred to as valence. There are two types of voters. Among these, uninformed voters only observe campaign contributions that take the role of a signaling medium. We solve the equilibrium of the game between politicians and interest groups. We then specify conditions under which a separating equilibrium exists and study the effect of split contributions on the welfare of the median voter.
Autarkic indeterminacy and trade determinacy
Authors: Sim Nicholas C. S. , Ho Kong‐Weng
Published: September 2010

We extend the model of Nishimura and Shimomura (2002) to consider a two‐country framework where under autarky indeterminacy arises in one country but determinacy in the other, and show that indeterminacy could be eliminated when trade takes place between the two.
On the principle of optimality for nonstationary deterministic dynamic programming
Authors: Kamihigashi Takashi
Published: September 2010

This note considers a general nonstationary infinite‐horizon optimization problem in discrete time. We allow the state space in each period to be an arbitrary set, and the return function in each period to be unbounded. We do not require discounting, nor do we require the constraint correspondence in each period to be nonempty‐valued. The objective function is defined as the limit superior or inferior of the finite sums of return functions. We show that the sequence of time‐indexed value functions satisfies the Bellman equation if and only if its right‐hand side is well defined; that is, it does not involve −∞+ ∞.
Changes in lower urinary tract symptoms before and after using an indwelling urethral catheter
Authors: KOTAKE Sachiyo , SATOH Wakako
Published: September 2010

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to clarify changes in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) before and after the use of indwelling urethral catheters.

Methods:  Subjects were 39 inpatients (13 males and 26 females) who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Lower urinary tract symptoms was measured by using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Demographic variables, abdominal pain, quality of life (QOL), and anxiety were also measured.

Results:  On admission, 84.6% (n = 36) of subject had LUTS, and 71.8% (n = 28) of subject still had LUTS even after use of the catheter. We found no correlation between LUTS and physical or psychological factors. Quality of life because of urinary symptoms was poor in patients with LUTS. After the use of catheters, IPSS decreased (P < 0.01), and in six cases, subjects exhibited intensified LUTS.

Conclusions:  The IPSS score significantly decreased in this group of participants after the removal of the indwelling urethral catheter. However, we must assess the LUTS of all patients who did or do not have a chief urinary compliant when the indwelling urethral catheter is/was used because there were many inpatients with LUTS, and the QOL because of LUTS was low in patients. Moreover, there were six patients whose symptoms of LUTS deteriorated after the use of a catheter. We could not find the causes of worsening symptoms of LUTS. It is necessary to investigate the long‐term effects following the use of the indwelling urethral catheter. In future, we have to thoroughly examine patients with severe LUTS and other diseases, which require essential treatment.
Fathers' feelings and thoughts when their partners require an emergency cesarean section: Impact of the need for surgery
Authors: YOKOTE Naomi
Published: September 2010

Aim:  This study sought to identify fathers' feelings and thoughts about their partners, babies, and medical staff when an emergency cesarean section (c‐section) is required. Information was gathered on fathers' reactions when they first learned of the need for surgery, during surgery, and on first seeing their babies and partners post‐surgery.

Methods:  Japanese men whose partners delivered a live baby by emergency c‐section, without having planned to, at a private maternity hospital were interviewed. The men had semistructured interviews within 1 week post‐partum, alone or together with their partners, according to the couples' wishes. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed both descriptively and inductively.

Results:  All participants had their first babies with their present partners. The indications for a c‐section were classified into two groups: a fetal distress group and a prolonged labor group. Although the fathers understood the need for surgery when the decision was made, they were anxious and felt that the lives of both their partner and baby were at risk. Moreover, they were frustrated that they could do nothing. In general, they also tried to remain calm so that their partners would not become agitated. The indications for surgery seemed to produce different feelings among the fathers and research interviews with the couples might provide a better opportunity to review and share birth experiences.

Conclusion:  Midwives who care for women prior to surgery must be aware of fathers' complex feelings and needs in emergency c‐section cases. Knowing their reactions to this type of surgery might help to strengthen the support from fathers and facilitate an understanding of couples' concerns and needs.
Critical challenges in doctoral education: Highlights of the biennial meeting of the International Network for Doctoral Education in Nursing, Tokyo, Japan, 2007
Authors: REDMAN Richard W.
Published: September 2010

A number of issues and challenges in doctoral nursing education were presented at the biennial meeting of the International Network for Doctoral Education in Nursing in June 2007. The themes addressed included: global health workforce shortages and the aging of the nursing workforce; the need for more nursing doctoral programs; strengthening of the research training in doctoral programs, and the need for increased involvement of nurse leaders in the health and social policy arena.
Audit of management of pyogenic liver abscess in a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Ng Wing‐Chiu , Li Wing‐Hong , Cheung Moon‐Tong
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To review the management and clinical outcomes of patients with pyogenic liver abscess in Queen Elizabeth Hospital.

Methods:  This is a retrospective review of the management of patients with a diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess in Queen Elizabeth Hospital from 2000 to 2004.

Results:  From 2000 to 2004, 143 patients with a diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscess were managed in Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Procedure‐related complications were 6/143 (4%). The success rate from percutaneous intervention was 122/143 (85%). The overall in‐hospital mortality was 18/143 (13%). Mean hospital stay was 30.1 days and the median was 23 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis on risk factors for in‐hospital mortality showed high white cell count, large size abscess and prolonged activated prothrombin time as independent risk factors.

Conclusion:  In the present series, high white cell count, large size abscess and prolonged activated prothrombin time predicted poor outcomes in patients with pyogenic liver abscess.
Traumatic sternocostal lung hernia
Authors: Luthra Suvitesh , Dhaliwal Rajinder Singh , Singh Harkant
Published: September 2010

We report the case of a 6‐year‐old child who fell from a height of almost 10 metres. He had a large wound in the anterior chest wall with herniation of the lung through a defect produced by dysjunction of costo‐chondral/sterno‐chondral cartilages of the second to the fifth right ribs. Successful reduction and surgical repair was performed through a right anterolateral thoracotomy.
Pseudocystectomy: An unusual operation for an atypical pancreatic pseudocyst
Authors: Cheung Yue‐Sun , Lee Kit‐Fai , Wong John , Ng Wilson Wing‐Chi , Chan Mei‐Fung , Chan Chi‐King , Lai Paul Bo‐San
Published: September 2010

Pancreatic pseudocyst is an amylase‐rich peri‐pancreatic fluid collection devoid of epithelial lining. Occasionally, it cannot be differentiated from cystic neoplasm of pancreas and resections are required. We report a case of pancreatic pseudocyst masquerading cystic neoplasm treated with distal pancreatectomy. The investigation strategy and management of cystic lesions of the pancreas are also discussed.
Impaired transcranial Doppler ultrasound cerebrovascular reactivity before carotid intervention is not predictive of a subsequent ischaemic event
Authors: Wong George Kwok‐Chu , Ng Stephanie Chi‐Ping , Chan Matthew Tak‐Vai , Sun David Tin‐Fung , Lam Wynnie Wai‐Man , Lam Joseph Ming‐Kuen , Poon Wai‐Sang
Published: September 2010

Aim:  After carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) for patients with severe carotid stenosis, an ischaemic event may still happen in up to 9% of patients over a 2 year period. We aimed to investigate whether baseline cerebrovascular reactivity could predict a subsequent ischaemic event after intervention.

Methods:  A total of 51 patients with severe carotid stenosis (more than 70% stenosis from ultrasonography) and data on cerebrovascular reactivity were reviewed. Thirty‐six patients had either CEA or CAS performed and were recruited for analysis. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to examine the reactivity of the middle cerebral artery to 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. Normal cerebrovascular reactivity was defined by >1% increase per unit change in end‐tidal CO2 in ipsilateral middle cerebral artery velocity in response to 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. The mean follow‐up period was 66 months.

Results:  Twenty‐six patients had symptomatic carotid stenosis and 10 patients had asymptomatic carotid stenosis. There were four subsequent ischaemic events during follow up. None of the nine patients with impaired baseline ipsilateral cerebrovascular reactivity had a subsequent ischaemic event.

Conclusion:  From our patient cohort, impaired baseline ipsilateral cerebrovascular reactivity before carotid intervention was not predictive of a subsequent ischaemic event.
Association of Adolescent Physical and Emotional Health With Perceived Severity of Parental Substance Abuse
Authors: Gance‐Cleveland Bonnie , Mays Mary Z. , Steffen Ann
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  This study aims to examine the association between adolescent health, including physical complaints, mood, and social adjustment, and perceived severity of parental substance abuse.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  Baseline data from a study of school‐based support groups for adolescents with substance‐abusing family members (n = 121) were used to examine the relationship between the severity of substance abuse and adolescent health.

RESULTS.  Participants were divided into three groups on the basis of severity of parental substance abuse. The high‐severity group had significantly more medical conditions, physical symptoms, and negative moods than those in the low‐ or moderate‐severity groups (p < .02).

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Nurses can use the Children of Alcoholics Screening Tool to assess severity of parental substance abuse and its impact on adolescents’ physical and emotional health.
Managing the Caseload: A Qualitative Action Research Study Exploring How Community Children's Nurses Deliver Services to Children Living With Life‐Limiting, Life‐Threatening, and Chronic Conditions
Authors: Pontin David , Lewis Mary
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  The number of children living with life‐limiting, life‐threatening, and chronic conditions nursed at home/in the community is increasing. There is limited literature on how community children's nurses (CCNs) manage their caseloads.

DESIGN AND METHODS.  A qualitative‐action research study used in‐depth interviews.

RESULTS.  The study generated a number of insights about the sorts of phenomena that contribute to CCNs’ perceptions of workload. Themes included strategy, being proactive, purposeful visit, and knowing families.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Using a workload tool may help CCNs manage caseloads. Further work in other areas is required to identify issues of cultural specificity.
Experiences of Asian American Parents in a Group Intervention for Youth With Schizophrenia
Authors: Kennedy Michael G. , Schepp Karen G. , Rungruangkonkit Sangjan
Published: September 2010

PROBLEM:  Schizophrenia, which frequently strikes during adolescence or young adulthood, can have devastating effects on the family. Parents, who are primary caregivers for mentally ill adolescents, often lack the information and skills necessary to cope with the multiple and complex consequences of a major psychiatric disorder. Moreover, parents are ill‐ prepared to help their other children cope with the unpredictable changes that accompany having a mentally ill sibling. Asian American parents face similar issues in dealing with their schizophrenic adolescents. However, there is limited information available about this population.

METHODS:  The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the experiences of four Asian American parents who participated in a community‐based, family‐centered, self‐management intervention program for youth with schizophrenia. Participants were interviewed using semistructured interviews and language interpreters. Data were analyzed utilizing content analysis.

FINDINGS:  Four themes were identified: (a) same, but different; (b) sharing and learning; (c) using skills learned; and (d) working with interpreters.

CONCLUSIONS:  Results indicate that Asian American parents valued their participation in the group intervention and emphasized their similarities with non‐Asian American families who have a mentally ill youth.
Games, Gambling, and Children: Applying the Precautionary Principle for Child Health
Authors: Hyder Adnan A. , Juul Nicholas H.
Published: September 2010

TOPIC:  We were compelled by the trends of Internet gambling, state‐initiated gambling outlets, and of having gambling social events in middle schools and high schools in the United States to examine gambling and its health effects on children and adolescents.

PURPOSE AND SOURCES:  We researched trends in adolescent gambling as well as its association with negative health and sociological outcomes through the literature for child and adolescent gambling studies.

CONCLUSION:  The literature shows gambling to be associated with many negative health and socioeconomic effects. The increasing participation of children and adolescents is of particular concern, for the earlier a person starts gambling, the more likely that person is to develop serious gambling problems. We propose the application of the precautionary principle in this situation. Until it is proven that adolescents will not be negatively affected by exposure to gambling, the exposure of adolescents to gambling must be carefully restricted.
ADHD Symptoms Related to Profiles of Self‐Esteem in a Longitudinal Study of Twins  A person‐oriented approach
Authors: Edbom Tobias , Granlund Mats , Lichtenstein Paul , Larsson Jan‐Olov
Published: September 2010

PROBLEM: There are conflicting research data regarding the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and low self‐esteem.

METHODS: A person‐oriented approach was used to study the relationships between ADHD symptoms and self‐esteem in a longitudinal study of twins starting when they were 8 years old. A cluster analysis was performed at age 13 using five subscales from a self‐esteem questionnaire.

FINDINGS: High scores of ADHD symptoms were linked to profiles characterized by lower scores in the domains “skills and talents” and “psychological well‐being”.

CONCLUSION: Children with high scores of ADHD symptoms often have specific problem profiles of self‐esteem.
Potential for Enhanced Exercise: A Study of Wellness in College Students
Authors: Leiby Kristen , Powelson Stephanie
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE

To determine the defining characteristics of the wellness diagnosis potential for enhanced exercise among college students; to determine the perceptions of college students regarding the barriers, benefits, and motivation for exercise enhancement.

METHODS

The study targeted students, 18 to 25 years of age, attending a small midwestern university. To assess the students' potential for enhanced exercise, a new survey instrument was developed. Nonprobability sampling was used. During pilot testing, 31 students consented to be surveyed as they entered the university fitness center. Pilot data were used to develop a more comprehensive instrument. In the second phase, 50 students consented to participate as they entered the fitness center.

FINDINGS

Response rates of 57% and 61% were achieved. When asked, “What motivation did you have to enhance your exercising,” students' most frequent responses were to improve self‐concept, physical health, and athletic performance. When asked, “What benefits have you received from enhanced exercising,” students' most frequent responses were improved self‐concept, increased energy, and increased strength.

DISCUSSION

When the nurse selects a wellness diagnosis, the individual or group must have been managing effectively and express a desire for a higher level of wellness. Each participant in the pilot study reported enhancing his/her exercising in the preceding 3 months, and each participant stated his/her motivating factors. These motivating factors were translated into the following defining characteristics: expressed or observed desire to improve self‐concept, expressed or observed desire to improve physical health, expressed or observed desire to improve athletic performance.

CONCLUSIONS

Future studies (with different groups) are indicated in developing this nursing diagnosis. Research in wellness diagnoses and health promotion are needed to better describe the interactive relationship of the nurse and the client.
Current Knowledge Related to Intelligence and Thinking With Implications for the Development and Use of Case Studies
Authors: Lunney Margaret
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  This paper reviews current knowledge regarding intelligence and thinking, and relates this knowledge to learning to diagnose human responses and to select health outcomes and nursing interventions.

DATA SOURCES.  Knowledge from relevant literature sources was summarized.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The provision of high‐quality nursing care requires use of critical thinking with three elements of nursing care: nursing diagnosis, health outcomes, and nursing interventions. Metacognition (thinking about thinking) should be used with knowledge of the subject matter and repeated practice in using the knowledge. Because there are limited clinical opportunities to practice using metacognition and knowledge of these nursing care elements, case studies can be used to foster nurses’ expertise.

CONCLUSIONS.  Simulations of clinical cases are needed that illustrate application of the nursing knowledge represented in NANDA International, Nursing Outcomes Classification, and Nursing Interventions Classification.

IMPLICATIONS.  The International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications will promote the dispersion of case studies as a means of facilitating the implementation and use of nursing languages and classifications.
Using Standardized Nursing Languages: A Case Study Exemplar on Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Fischetti Natalie
Published: September 2010

PURPOSE.  This case study illustrates the characteristics of the nursing diagnosis readiness for enhanced self health management.

DATA SOURCES.  Published literature, experience, and expertise of the author were utilized as data sources.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The standardized nursing languages of NANDA International, Nursing Outcomes Classification, Nursing Interventions Classification, and interventions related to the client's management of diabetes were derived for the case study.

CONCLUSION.  The use of standardized nursing languages with interventions related to the management of type 2 diabetes provided a framework for nurses to support clients with enhanced self‐management to improve their outcomes.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  The use of standardized nursing language in the management of type 2 diabetes can improve client outcomes.