bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thailand Medical Mobile Application for Patients Triage Base on Criteria Based Dispatch Protocol
Authors: Sutham Krongkarn , Khuwuthyakorn Pattaraporn , Thinnukool orawit
Published: March 2020

Background : Before patients are admitted into the emergency department, it is important to undertake a pre-hospital process, both in terms of treatment performance and a request for resources from an emergency unit. The existing system to triage patients in Thailand is not functioning to its full capacity in either the primary medical system or pre-hospital treatment with shortcomings in the areas of speed, features, and appropriate systems. There is a high possibility of issuing a false Initial Dispatch Code (IDC), which will cause the over- or under-utilisation of emergency resources, such as rescue teams, community hospitals and emergency medical volunteers.
Methods : A usability system design, together with a reliability test, was applied to develop an application to optimise the pre-hospital process, specifically to sort patients, using an IDC to improve the request for emergency resources. The triage mobile application was developed on both iOS and Android operating systems to support patient triage based on Criteria Based Dispatch (CBD). The 25 main symptom categories covered by CBD were used to design and develop the application, and 12 emergency medical staff, including doctors and nurses, were asked to test the system in the aspects of triage protocol correction, triage reliability, usability and user satisfaction.
Results : The results of testing the proposed triage application were compared with the time used to triage by experienced staff and it was found that, in non-trauma cases, it was faster and more effective to use the application for emergency operations and to correct the IDC code representation.
Conclusions : The triage application will be utilised to support the pre-hospital process and to classify patients’ conditions before they are admitted to the Emergency Department (ED). The application is suitable for users who are not medical emergency staff. Patients with non-trauma symptoms may be a suitable group to use the application in terms of time used to identify IDC for their own symptoms. The use of the application can be beneficial for those who wish to self-identify their symptoms before requesting medical services.
Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 protects epithelial cells from LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating miRNA-181a-3p /B
Authors: Liu Yaling , Wang Xiaodong , Yang Liqun , Xie Hong
Published: March 2020

Background Long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1 (MALAT1) plays an important role in the pathophysiological process of inflammation. We aimed to investigate MALAT1 and its function in modulating miRNA-181a-3p and Bcl-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Methods We analysed MALAT1 in ALI patients, as well as the alveolar epithelial cell models of LPS-induced injury. The expression of MALAT1 and miRNA-181a-3p were evaluated by qRT-PCR, and Bcl-2 was measured by western blot. Inflammatory factors tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels were also quantified by qRT-PCR. Luciferase reporter assay was used to verify direct interaction between MALAT1 and miRNA-181a-3p, or miRNA-181a-3p and Bcl-2. Transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. Results Serum MALAT1 and Bcl-2 levels decreased in ALI patients, whereas miRNA-181a-3p, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels increased (P<0.01). MALAT1 was inversely correlated to miRNA-181a-3p (R=-0.508, P=0.0031) in ALI patients. SiMALAT1 transfection upregulated miRNA-181a-3p level and downregulated Bcl-2 expression, aggravating alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. MiRNA-181a-3p downregulated the Bcl-2 expression both in LPS-induced ALI rats and alveolar epithelial cells, as well as promoted apoptosis. TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels increased after LPS stimulation and siMALAT1 transfection. Conclusions The results demonstrate that LPS-induced ALI decreases lncRNA MALAT1, increases miRNA-181a-3p and inflammatory factor expression, downregulates the Bcl-2 level and promotes alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. Down-regulation of MALAT1 may erase the protection of alveolar epithelial cells from LPS-induced ALI via up-regulating of miRNA-181a-3p.
Monovalent cation/proton antiporters (CPAs) in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis): genome-wide identification, molecular evolutionary and functional description
Authors: Wu Lin , Wu Min , Liu Huanlong , Gao Yameng , Chen Feng , Xiang Yan
Published: March 2020

Background: Plant monovalent cation/proton enantiomer (CPA) family is a type of transmembrane transporters that plays an important role in resistance to plant abiotic stresses such as salt, drought and osmotic stress. Results: In this study, 32 CPA family members were firstly identified from moso bamboo, and divided into two subfamilies, including 8 in CPA1 and 24 in CPA2. Members of the same group shared similar structures and subcellular localization predictions. Gene duplication analysis found that the expansion of the CPA genes in moso bamboo may depend on whole genome duplication (WGD) event approximately 11.18 million years ago (MYA). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that PheCPA proteins are ion transporter localized on the membrane, and the post-translational modifications (PTMs) prediction indicated there are many PTMs sites may be involved in regulating CPA protein functions. Promoter analysis revealed various cis-acting elements related to abiotic and biotic stresses, plant growth and development and phytohormone responses. The significant change of expression levels of eight PheNHXs, which belong to CPA1, under the treatment of ABA, NaCl and PEG, suggesting that they may have played an important role in moso bamboo response to these abiotic stresses. Additionally, PPI prediction reveals potential interaction proteins of PheNHX subfamily members. Conclusions: The results suggested that the CPA family may plays an important role in plant responses to stress conditions. The comprehensive identification and analysis of PheCPAs indicated that PheCPAs, particularly those genes encoding PheNHXs, might serve as valuable genetic resources for the improvement of moso bamboo growth and resistance to abiotic stress.
Arabidopsis ribosomal proteins RPL23aA and RPL23aB are functionally equivalent
Authors: Xiong Wei , Chen Xiangze , Zhu Chengxin , Zhang Jiancong , Lan Ting , Liu Lin , Mo Beixin , Chen Xuemei
Published: March 2020

Background: In plants, each ribosomal protein (RP) is encoded by a small gene family but it is largely unknown whether the family members are functionally diversified. There are two RPL23a paralogues genes (RPL23aA and RPL23aB ) found in Arabidopsis thaliana. Knock-down of RPL23aA using RNAi impeded growth and led to morphological abnormalities, whereas knock-out of RPL23aB had no observable phenotype, thus these two RPL23a paralogous proteins have been used as examples of ribosomal protein paralogues with functional divergence in many published papers. Results: In this study, we characterized T-DNA insertion mutants of RPL23aA and RPL23aB. A rare non-allelic non-complementation phenomenon was found in the F1 progeny of the rpl23aa X rpl23ab cross, which revealed a dosage effect of these two genes. Both of RPL23aA and RPL23aB were found to be expressed almost in all examined tissues as revealed by GUS reporter analysis. Expression of RPL23aB driven by the RPL23aA promoter can rescue the phenotype of rpl23aa, indicating these two proteins are actually equivalent in function. Interestingly, based on the publicly available RNA-seq data, we found that these two RPL23a paralogues were expressed in a concerted manner and the expression level of RPL23aA was much higher than that of RPL23aB at different developmental stages and in different tissues. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that RPL23aA and RPL23aB proteins actually have equal function and presence of paralogous genes for the RPL23a protein in plants might be necessary to maintain its adequate dosage.
Causes Of Pertussis Incidence Increase
Authors: Prygiel Marta , Mosiej Ewa , Zasada Aleksandra Anna
Published: March 2020

Bordetella pertussis is an etiological factor of whooping cough. Despite global vaccination programs, this disease remains endemic in many countries and is still recognized as a significant public health problem. It is estimated that in 2014, around 24 million people worldwide contracted pertussis, of whom 160,700 children under the age of 5 died. Two types of pertussis vaccines are available: suspensions based on whole, killed, B. pertussis cells and acellular pertussis vaccines containing highly purified bacterial antigens. Due to concerns of potential neurological side effects of the whole-cell vaccines, less reactogenic acellular vaccines are now more commonly used. In recent years, many developed countries have reported a resurgence of pertussis disease despite of the high vaccine coverage. Several causes have been suggested for the re-emergence of pertussis including waning immunity and bacterial adaptation resulting from the selection pressure of the used vaccinations.

1. Introduction. 2. Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis. 3. Pathogenesis of pertussis infection. 4. Clinical symptoms of pertussis. 5. Epidemiology. 6. Genetic variation in Bordetella pertussis. 7. Whole-cell pertussis vaccines. 8. Acellular pertussis vaccines. 9. Future pertussis vaccines. 10. Summary
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Boulardii In Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Gałązka Przemysław , Baska Aleksandra , Kazik Jakub , Leis Kamil
Published: March 2020

Probiotics are organisms which belong to the fungi or bacteria groups and affect e.g., bacterial flora in the intestinum or inflammation site by reduction of the condition. They are applied in many cases, such as food allergies, diarrhea, autoimmunologic disorders, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) that affects 10% of the world population. Due to the lack of proper pharmacological treatment which would result in complete remission, probiotic preparations which lead to a reduction of the symptoms are one of the most often used drugs. Among them, Saccharomycces cerevisiae var. boulardii has a high efficacy of IBS treatment. There are three main mechanisms of action of this probiotic: antimicrobial activity (direct or anti-toxin), trophic activity, and anti-inflammatory activity.

1. Introduction. 2. Irritable bowel syndrome. 3. History. 4. Morphology. 5. Mechanism of action. 5.1. Luminal action. 5.2. Trophic action. 5.3. Anti-inflammatory action. 6. Taxonomy. 7. Probiotics. 8. Summary
Hydrological modeling as a tool for water resources management of the data-scarce Brahmaputra basin
Authors: Dutta Pulendra , Sarma Arup Kumar
Published: March 2020

A robust hydrological assessment is a challenging task in regions of limited hydro-climatological information. This level of uncertainty is further augmented in studies of flood hydrology for regions like the Brahmaputra River basin, where spatial variations of topography, land use, soil, and weather components are very high. The present study describes the development of a suitable hydrologic model for the data-scarce transboundary Brahmaputra River basin occupying an area of more than 5,42,000 km2. The main objective is to provide hydrologic assessment of the Brahmaputra River basin, even at locations having hardly any historical records. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is calibrated and validated using observed discharge of three sections located on the main stem. The results show a fair strength of the statistical parameters. Moreover, the model has been found to produce a satisfactory replica of historical flows at the tributaries with a fair value of correlation (R2 = 0.77) at Golaghat. The results of this model would facilitate the ability of the local authorities with science-based elements to carry out decisions on the management of water resources at the main basin, and even at the sub-basin level.
How to incorporate climate change into modelling environmental water outcomes: a review
Authors: John Andrew , Nathan Rory , Horne Avril , Stewardson Michael , Webb J. Angus
Published: March 2020

Environmental water represents a key resource in managing freshwater ecosystems against pervasive threats. The impacts of climate change add further pressures to environmental water management, yet anticipating these impacts through modelling approaches remains challenging due to the complexities of the climate, hydrological and ecological systems. In this paper, we review the challenges posed by each of these three areas. Large uncertainties in predicting climatic changes and non-stationarities in hydrological and ecological responses make anticipating impacts difficult. In addition, a legacy of relying on modelling approaches informed by historic dependencies in environmental water science may confound the prediction of ecological responses when extrapolating under novel conditions. We also discuss applying ecohydrological methods to support decision-making and review applications of bottom-up climate impact assessments (specifically eco-engineering decision scaling) to freshwater ecosystems. These approaches offer a promising way of incorporating climatic uncertainty and balancing competing environmental objectives, but some practical challenges remain in their adoption for modelling environmental water outcomes under climate change.
Domestic wastewater treatment by real-scale electrocoagulation process
Authors: Koyuncu Serdar , Arıman Sema
Published: March 2020

In this study, domestic wastewaters originating from a settlement with a population of 17,500 were treated by electrocoagulation process in a real-scale EC plant and the economic applicability of the process was investigated. The removal efficiencies of control parameters in the influent and effluent of the real-scale treatment plant such as suspended solids (SS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and changes of pH and conductivity parameters were monitored for 12 months. The obtained data were evaluated according to European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation and Turkish Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation. According to the results obtained, the removal efficiencies of the pollutant parameters were achieved in the range of 72–83% for SS, 67–80% for COD, 69–81% for BOD, 21–47% for TN and 27–46% for TP. Considering the Turkish wastewater discharge regulations, it can be concluded that the discharge standards for SS, COD and BOD parameters were achieved while they were not achieved in certain periods for TN and TP. In addition, the energy consumption and the operating cost of this real-scale plant were determined to be 0.49–0.54 kWh/m3 and 0.24–0.28 EUR/m3, respectively.
Cost-effective synthesis method of facile environment friendly SnO2 nanoparticle for efficient photocatalytic degradation of water contaminating compound
Authors: Chakraborty Sucharita , Roy Mouni , Saha Rajnarayan
Published: March 2020

The present study demonstrates an intensive experimental work based on the tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticle synthesis which was successfully carried out by a simple conventional precipitation method followed by calcination at 700 °C. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The XRD pattern proves that tetragonal rutile structure SnO2 nanoparticles were formed. The crystallite particle size calculation from Scherer's equation revealed the average size of 28.5 nm. The absorption spectrum of SnO2 nanoparticles showed absorption band at about 290 nm and the band gap energy (Eg) from Tauc plot was obtained at 3.8 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compound, 4-aminopyridine (5 ppm) using synthesized SnO2 nanoparticle, was assessed. The effect of variable catalyst dosage, pH and irradiation sources, were studied. The optimum catalyst dosage and pH were found to be 1.5 gm/L and 6.5, respectively. The degradation efficiency of water contaminant 4-aminopyridine under UV light and solar light irradiation for 120 min were found to be 97% and 11%, respectively. The reusability of the catalyst was checked and has been found stable after three photocatalytic runs.
Real-Time Streaming of Surgery Performance and Intraoperative Imaging Data in the Hybrid Operating Room: Development and Usability Study
Authors: Lin Chun-Cheng , Chen Yu-Pin , Chiang Chao-Ching , Chang Ming-Chau , Lee Oscar Kuang-Sheng
Published: March 2020

Background

The trend of quick evolution and increased digital data in today’s operating rooms (ORs) has led to the construction of hybrid ORs. There is often a main control room with monitors for integrating intraoperative data from multiple devices in the hybrid OR. However, there is no adequate solution for communicating the data with people outside the OR.

Objective

The objective of this study was to design an intelligent operating room (iOR) system, augmented onto the existing information technology (IT) infrastructure of hybrid ORs, to stream surgery performance and intraoperative imaging data.

Methods

In this study, an all-in-one device with synergetic encoder and decoder was used. The device was able to stream multiple sources to one display. The lossless video and images from specific surgical workflows were streamed outside the hybrid OR through network protocols and were further managed by a streaming server and wireless control system. The steps of this study included the following: (1) defining the requirements and feasibility of an iOR system in the hybrid OR, (2) connecting multiple sources, (3) setting up equipment across the hybrid OR and a conference room, (4) designing a video management system, and (5) real-time streaming under specific surgical workflows.

Results

The wired streamed video was shown simultaneously on the display in the hybrid OR and the display in the conference room with near-zero latency. Additionally, an interactive video between the hybrid OR and the conference room was achieved through the bidirectional wireless control system. The functions of recording, archiving, and playback were successfully provided by the streaming server. The readily available hardware components and open-access programming reduced the cost required to construct this streaming system.

Conclusions

This flexible and cost-effective iOR system not only provided educational benefits, but also contributed to surgical telementoring.
Optimization of Precontrol Methods and Analysis of a Dynamic Model for Brucellosis: Model Development and Validation
Authors: Huang Yihao , Li Mingtao
Published: March 2020

Background

Brucella is a gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium without a capsule. The infection scope of Brucella is wide. The major source of infection is mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs. Currently, human beings do not transmit Brucella to each other. When humans eat Brucella-contaminated food or contact animals or animal secretions and excretions infected with Brucella, they may develop brucellosis. Although brucellosis does not originate in humans, its diagnosis and cure are very difficult; thus, it has a huge impact on humans.

Even with the rapid development of medical science, brucellosis is still a major problem for Chinese people. Currently, the number of patients with brucellosis in China is 100,000 per year. In addition, due to the ongoing improvement in the living standards of Chinese people, the demand for meat products has gradually increased, and increased meat transactions have greatly promoted the spread of brucellosis. Therefore, many researchers are concerned with investigating the transmission of Brucella as well as the diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis.

Mathematical models have become an important tool for the study of infectious diseases. Mathematical models can reflect the spread of infectious diseases and be used to study the effect of different inhibition methods on infectious diseases. The effect of control measures to obtain effective suppression can provide theoretical support for the suppression of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is the objective of this study to build a suitable mathematical model for brucellosis infection.

Objective

We aimed to study the optimized precontrol methods of brucellosis using a dynamic threshold–based microcomputer model and to provide critical theoretical support for the prevention and control of brucellosis.

Methods

By studying the transmission characteristics of Brucella and building a Brucella transmission model, the precontrol methods were designed and presented to the key populations (Brucella-susceptible populations). We investigated the utilization of protective tools by the key populations before and after precontrol methods.

Results

An improvement in the amount of glove-wearing was evident and significant (P<.001), increasing from 51.01% before the precontrol methods to 66.22% after the precontrol methods, an increase of 15.21%. However, the amount of hat-wearing did not improve significantly (P=.95). Hat-wearing among the key populations increased from 57.3% before the precontrol methods to 58.6% after the precontrol methods, an increase of 1.3%.

Conclusions

By demonstrating the optimized precontrol methods for a brucellosis model built on a dynamic threshold–based microcomputer model, this study provides theoretical support for the suppression of Brucella and the improved usage of protective measures by key populations.
Surveillance of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Fifth Military Sector Health Center, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon: Observational Study (Preprint)
Authors: Bell Ngan Williams , Essama Eno Belinga Lawrence , Essam Nlo'o Alain Serges Patrick , Roche Frederic , Goethals Luc , Mandengue Samuel Honoré , Bongue Bienvenu
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide. They were responsible for 40 million of the 57 million deaths recorded worldwide in 2016. In Cameroon, epidemiological studies have been devoted to NCDs and their risk factors. However, none provides specific information on their extent or the distribution of their risk factors within the Cameroonian defense forces.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our study was to assess the cardiovascular risk of a Cameroonian military population compared with that of its neighboring civilian population.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study that involved subjects aged 18 to 58 years, recruited from October 2017 to November 2018 at the Fifth Military Sector Health Center in Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. Data collection and assessment were done according to the World Health Organization (WHO)’s STEPS manual for surveillance of risk factors for chronic NCDs and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Five cardiovascular risk factors were assessed: smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, obesity/overweight, hypertension, and diabetes. The risk was considered high in subjects with 3 or more of the factors. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were carried out according to their indications.

RESULTS

Our study sample of 566 participants included 295 soldiers and 271 civilians of the same age group (median age 32 years versus 33 years, respectively; P=.57). The military sample consisted of 31 officers and 264 noncommissioned officers (NCOs). Soldiers were more exposed to behavioral risk factors than civilians, with a prevalence of smoking of 13.9% versus 4.4% (P<.001) and excessive alcohol consumption of 61.7% versus 14.8% (P<.001). They also presented with a higher cardiovascular risk than civilians (odds ratio 2.7, 95% CI 1.50-4.81; P<.001), and among the military participants, the cardiovascular risk was higher for officers than for NCOs (51.6% versus 14.0%, respectively; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Cameroonian soldiers are particularly exposed to cardiovascular behavioral risk factors and consequently are at higher risk of NCDs.

CLINICALTRIAL

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04315441; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04315441
Novel Coronavirus in Cape Town Informal Settlements: Feasibility of Using Informal Dwelling Outlines to Identify High Risk Areas for COVID-19 Transmission From A Social Distancing Perspective (Preprint)
Authors: Gibson Lesley , Rush David
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

The challenges faced by the Global South during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are compounded by the presence of informal settlements, which are typically densely populated and lacking in formalized sanitation infrastructure. Social distancing measures in informal settlements may be difficult to implement due to the density and layout of settlements. This study measures the distance between dwellings in informal settlements in Cape Town to identify the risk of COVID-19 transmission.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to determine if social distancing measures are achievable in informal settlements in Cape Town, using two settlements as an example. We will first examine the distance between dwellings and their first, second, and third nearest neighbors and then identify clusters of dwellings in which residents would be unable to effectively practice social isolation due to the close proximity of their homes.

METHODS

Dwellings in the settlements of Masiphumelele and Klipfontein Glebe were extracted from a geographic information system data set of outlines of all informal dwellings in Cape Town. The distance to each dwelling’s first, second, and third nearest neighbors was calculated for each settlement. A social distance measure of 2 m was used (buffer of 1 m, as dwellings less than 2 m apart are joined) to identify clusters of dwellings that are unable to effectively practice social distancing in each settlement.

RESULTS

The distance to each dwelling’s first 3 nearest neighbors illustrates that the settlement of Masiphumelele is constructed in a denser fashion as compared to the Klipfontein Glebe settlement. This implies that implementing social distancing will likely be more challenging in Masiphumelele than in Klipfontein Glebe. However, using a 2-m social distancing measure, it was demonstrated that large portions of Klipfontein Glebe would also be unable to effectively implement social distancing.

CONCLUSIONS

Effectively implementing social distancing may be a challenge in informal settlements due to their density. This paper uses dwelling outlines for informal settlements in the city of Cape Town to demonstrate that with a 2 m measure, effective social distancing will be challenging.
New Media and Religious Conversion Out of Islam Among Celebrities in Indonesia
Authors: Budiawan Budiawan
Published: March 2020

In Muslim-majority Indonesia religious conversion to Islam among celebrities always makes it a piece of good news. Infotainment programs of most TV channels broadcast it as their prime news. However, the opposite direction, namely the religious conversion out of Islam to other religions, is hardly possible to broadcast in conventional media such as TV, newspaper, radio, etc.  It is a very sensitive issue, which could cause a mass outcry. Yet, such a phenomenon is easily found in a new media platform, such as YouTube. This paper explores the netizens’ responses to religious conversion out of Islam to Christianity among Indonesian celebrities. By scrutinizing this phenomenon, this paper aims to show to what extent new media provides a space for the religious minorities to speak for themselves. By closely reading their comments, this paper finds that in new media being a religious minority does not matter to represent themselves.
Genetic Disorders of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Authors: Li Anna S. , Ingham Jack F. , Lennon Rachel
Published: March 2020

The glomerular filtration barrier is a highly specialized capillary wall comprising fenestrated endothelial cells, podocytes, and an intervening basement membrane. In glomerular disease, this barrier loses functional integrity, allowing the passage of macromolecules and cells, and there are associated changes in both cell morphology and the extracellular matrix. Over the past 3 decades, there has been a transformation in our understanding about glomerular disease, fueled by genetic discovery, and this is leading to exciting advances in our knowledge about glomerular biology and pathophysiology. In current clinical practice, a genetic diagnosis already has important implications for management, ranging from estimating the risk of disease recurrence post-transplant to the life-changing advances in the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Improving our understanding about the mechanistic basis of glomerular disease is required for more effective and personalized therapy options. In this review, we describe genotype and phenotype correlations for genetic disorders of the glomerular filtration barrier, with a particular emphasis on how these gene defects cluster by both their ontology and patterns of glomerular pathology.
VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS OF DIALLYL DISULFIDE AND DIALLYL TRISULFIDE IN GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: HARMITA HARMITA , SURYADI HERMAN , LIKASA LIDWINA DEVIANI
Published: March 2020

Objective: The purpose of this research was to optimize and validate a method for measuring the levels of diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide(DATS) in garlic and single clove garlic.Methods: The analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an HP-1 column and a flame ionization detector. The initialcolumn temperature was set at 140°C and increased at 1°C/min to 180°C. The injector and detector temperatures were set to 200°C, the carrier gasflow rate was 0.80 mL/min, and the injection volume was 1.0 μL. The optimized conditions of analysis were then validated which included selectivity,linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ).Results: Using the validated assay and a concentration range of 0.5–20 μg/mL, the coefficient of correlation (r) for DADS was 0.9999 and the LODand LOQ for DADS were 0.3063 μg/mL and 1.0210 μg/mL, respectively. Using the validated assay and a concentration range of 0.5–20 μg/mL, thecoefficient of correlation for DATS was 0.9999 and the LOD and LOQ for DATS were 0.1986 μg/mL and 0.6621 μg/mL, respectively. The percentage ofrecovery was in the range of 98.05–101.76% and coefficient of variation ≤ 2%.Conclusion: This GC method accurately measures the levels of DADS and DATS in garlic.
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND FORMULATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES LOTION FROM MULBERRY ROOTS (MORUS ALBA L.)
Authors: NUGRAHA MUHAMAD WILDAN , ISWANDANA RADITYA , JUFRI MAHDI
Published: March 2020

Objective: Tween 80 has been used as a solvent for the extraction of phenolic compounds because this surfactant has both hydrophilic and hydrophobicproperties. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been developed to improve penetration through the skin layer. We investigated the efficacy of usingthe microwave-assisted micellar extraction (MAME) approach for extracting oxyresveratrol from Morus alba roots and also to develop an SLN lotion.Methods: The M. alba roots were extracted with Tween 80 in a microwave for 18 min, and the extract was used to develop SLN with differentconcentrations of glyceryl monostearate. The SLNs from M. alba root extracts were prepared by a high-speed homogenization technique (25,000 rpmfor 15 min). The SLNs produced were characterized as per particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The SLNs with the bestcharacteristics were used to formulate a lotion using a high-pressure homogenizer.Results: Extraction using MAME showed improved extraction efficiency. The oxyresveratrol concentration from the extract was 2.77%. The SLN with2.5% glyceryl monostearate showed the optimum result, with a particle size of 130.20 nm, a PDI of 0.278, and a zeta potential of −21.8 mV. The SLNlotion exhibited a particle size of 285.9 nm and a PDI of 0.360. The SLN lotion also had good penetration, with a flux of 4.70 μg cm−2/h.Conclusion: MAME is an efficient method for extracting oxyresveratrol from M. alba roots. The SLN with 2.5% glyceryl monostearate exhibited theoptimum characteristics, and the SLN lotion showed good characteristics, including skin penetration.
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION AND WATER/OIL/WATER MULTIPLE EMULSION CONTAINING BETA-ARBUTIN, LACTIC ACID, AND SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE
Authors: SURINI SILVIA , NEGORO NUR MPN
Published: March 2020

Objective: In addition to lactic acid and sodium ascorbyl phosphate, which have whitening effects, beta-arbutin is a safe whitening agent for skin.Combining these three substances should reduce the concentration of each one in a formula and achieve an optimal whitening effect. In this study,microemulsions and water/oil/water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions were applied to produce a formula containing these whitening agents.Methods: All the active ingredients were formulated into microemulsions and W/O/W multiple emulsions with different concentrations of Tween 80and Span 80 as emulsifiers to obtain a stable formula. Twelve-week physical stability studies were performed for every formula at low (4±2°C), room(28±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperatures.Results: The produced microemulsions were transparent with a mean droplet size of 15.50 nm. In addition, the W/O/W multiple emulsions containeddroplets within droplets, which were dispersed in a continuous phase with an inner droplet size of 0.15 μm and an outer droplet size of 0.37 μm. TheW/O/W multiple emulsions showed pseudoplastic thixotropic flow properties. Furthermore, the microemulsions were stable at low (4±2°C) androom (28±2°C) temperatures, while the W/O/W multiple emulsions were stable at room (28±2°C) and high (40±2°C) temperatures.Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of beta-arbutin, lactic acid, and sodium ascorbyl phosphate was suitable for formulating intomicroemulsions as well as W/O/W multiple emulsions as whitening cosmetic products.
EFFECTS OF SONICATION ON SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ENTRAPMENT OF LYNESTRENOL TRANSFEROSOME
Authors: ISKANDARSYAH ISKANDARSYAH , MASRIJAL CAMELIA DWI PUTRI , HARMITA HARMITA
Published: March 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop transferosome vesicles for the transdermal drug delivery of lynestrenol.Methods: The lynestrenol transferosome vesicle was made by encapsulating the drug in a variation of phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 by the thinlayerhydration method. The resulting transferosome vesicles were modified with a time variation of 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, and sonication variationswere paused and not paused. Particle size evaluation, polydispersity (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (%EE) were carried out on the variation ofsonication time.Results: The evaluation results showed that sonication without pauses showed better %EE and particle size than sonication with pauses andincreasing concentration of Tween 80 (edge activator). The %EE increased, and particle size decreased with increasing sonication time; PDI of vesicleswas heterogeneous with increasing sonication time. The %EE in formulas F1 and F2 after 120 min was 73.06% and 76.06% (paused) and 80.40% and82.97% (without paused). The particle size of formula F1 and F2 after 120 min 575.4 nm and 471.6 nm (paused) and 524.1 nm and 434.7 nm (withoutpaused). The PDI formulas of F1 and F2 after 120 min were 0.69 and 0.763 (paused) and 0.84 and 0.59 (without paused).Conclusion: Based on the results of the transferosome vesicle characteristics, it was shown that the optimal vesicle composition for packaginglynestrenol was vesicles that were composed of phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 without pauses and could potentially be used as a transdermaldrug delivery system.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TOTAL PHENOL AND FLAVONOID CONTENTS IN ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS (JACKFRUIT) BARK AND LEAF EXTRACTS AND LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITION
Authors: ILMI HAFIDZ MAKARIM , ELYA BERNA , HANDAYANI ROSITA
Published: March 2020

Objective: Inflammation is a localized reaction in the tissue in response to injury wherein mediators such as leukotrienes are produced as protectiveresponse leukotrienes are synthesized during the metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase and they increase capillary permeability andleukocyte adhesion. Artocarpus heterophyllus is used in many medicines due to its natural anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to usethe bark and leaf extracts of A. heterophyllus to obtain the most active fraction that could inhibit lipoxygenase and to investigate the total phenol andflavonoid levels in these extracts.Methods: Barks and leaves were extracted by a multistage reflux method. An in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay was performed by measuring thetotal phenol and flavonoid contents for each fraction.Results: Ethanol extract was found to be the most active extract in each fraction. IC50 values obtained in the two most active fractions were 31.82μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of bark extract and 46.61 μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of leaf extract. This value was higher than that of apigenin standardwhich has an IC50 value of 2.08 μg/mL. The highest phenol content was present in the ethanol leaf extract with 404.903 mg gallic acid equivalent/gextract. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was found in the ethyl acetate of bark extract with 372.362 mg QE/g extract.Conclusion: The bark and leaf extract tests showed that the increase in the total phenol or flavonoid content was proportional to the increase in theenzyme inhibitory activity.
URINE ALBUMIN-TO-CREATININE RATIO AND ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN MATCHED GROUPS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS RECEIVING METFORMIN AND METFORMIN-SULFONYLUREA
Authors: SAURIASARI RANI , ARISTIA HANIFA , AZIZAHWATI
Published: March 2020

Objective: Renal disease complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are characterized by progressive urinary albumin excretion and decreasedglomerular filtration. The drugs most commonly prescribed as antidiabetic therapy in Indonesia are metformin and sulfonylurea. It is still unclearwhether the effect of metformin-sulfonylurea on kidney is different from that of metformin monotherapy.Methods: We compared the effectiveness of metformin monotherapy and metformin-sulfonylurea combination to the urine albumin-to-creatinineratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as renal function parameters. Study subjects were patients on either of these drugregimens for at least 1 year. We collected 88 samples from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (37 patients on metformin and 51 on metforminsulfonylurea).The patients fasted for 8 h before urine and blood collection for UACR and eGFR analysis. We measured the eGFR using the chronickidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, serum creatinine, and urine creatinine by colorimetric enzymatic assay, and urinealbumin by immunoturbidimetry.Results: The eGFR level in the metformin and metformin-sulfonylurea groups was within the normal range, but lower in the metformin group(79.59±2.81) than in the metformin-sulfonylurea group (87.82±2.82) (p=0.018). In addition, hyperfiltration cases were more frequent in metforminsulfonylureagroup (p=0.029). The UACR in patients taking metformin-sulfonylurea (177.95±60.92) was higher than that in the metformin group(49.58±14.19) but the difference between them was not significant (p=0.099).Conclusion: Metformin monotherapy was associated with a lower frequency of hyperfiltration and lower UACR level compared to metforminsulfonylureacombination.
SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) SKEELS LEAF EXTRACT FRACTIONS AS ARGINASE INHIBITORS AND THE EFFECTS OF TANNINS ON THEIR ACTIVITY
Authors: HIDAYATI ARI ARIEFAH , ELYA BERNA , SAURIASARI RANI
Published: March 2020

Objective: Arginase inhibition could be a potential therapeutic approach for endothelial dysfunction. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels leaves containphenolic acids and flavonoids, which have been predicted to exhibit arginase inhibitory activity. Moreover, these leaves contain tannins, which canform complexes with enzymes and lead to false-positive results during biological testing. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the arginaseinhibitory activity of S. cumini leaf extract and fractions as well as to elucidate the effects of tannins on this activity.Methods: S. cumini leaves were fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. A colorimetric method was employed to evaluate arginaseinhibitory activity. Tannin elimination was performed through the gelatin precipitation method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the fractionswere calculated using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively.Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions showed arginase inhibitory activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 46.96 and15.35 μg/mL, respectively. The methanol fraction was positive for tannins. After tannin elimination, this fraction exhibited less potent arginaseinhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 53.03 μg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than the methanolfraction.Conclusion: Tannins affected the arginase inhibitory activity of the methanol fraction of S. cumini leaves; however, the ethyl acetate fraction did notcontain tannins and could inhibit arginase activity.
Revistas de estudiantes: conflictos y avances en la afirmación de la arquitectura moderna en Chile
Authors: Torrent Horacio
Published: March 2020

Las revistas publicadas por estudiantes de arquitectura a finales de los años cuarenta y principios de los
cincuenta –Plinto en la Universidad Católica, los boletines del Centro de Estudiantes y Nueva Visión en
la Universidad de Chile, y Arquitectura en la Universidad Católica de Valparaíso– muestran las alternativas
de la afirmación de la arquitectura moderna en Chile en el contexto de las transformaciones de
las estructuras de la enseñanza.
El pabellón de la España posible: Bruselas, 1958 y Nueva York, 1964 en la prensa no especializada española
Authors: Ruiz Colmenar Alberto
Published: March 2020

Durante todo el siglo xx, la celebración de exposiciones internacionales –en cualquiera de sus modalidades–
se convirtió en uno de esos breves, aunque significativos, momentos en que la arquitectura se
coloca en el foco de interés de la sociedad. Su carácter efímero pone a la disciplina en relación con la
difusión directa e inmediata, características del medio periodístico. En consecuencia, parece pertinente
analizar cómo se articula esta relación. Para ello, a continuación se estudia el tratamiento que la prensa
generalista española otorgó a dos de estos acontecimientos que marcaron un cambio de rumbo en
la arquitectura de la época: la participación del país en las exposiciones de Bruselas en 1958 y de Nueva
York en 1964. Los pabellones de José Antonio Corrales y Ramón Vázquez Molezún en un caso, y de
Javier Carvajal en el otro, simbolizaron la apuesta por la modernidad de la arquitectura española tras
la guerra civil y, en cierto modo, reflejaron el proceso de madurez de su sociedad. La prensa, en su carácter
de espejo público de la realidad de un país, terminó por poner de manifiesto los intereses y las
inquietudes de éste. En cuanto a la arquitectura –cuyas repercusiones sociales un medio de difusión
generalista no pudo dejar de lado–, aquellos pabellones dieron forma al anhelo de esa “España posible”
con que Javier Carvajal definía su proyecto para Nueva York.
“El infierno tan temido” de Juan Carlos Onetti
Authors: Berrido Ofelia
Published: March 2020

En este ensayo, y a través de un análisis crítico, realizamos varias lecturas del conocido cuento El infierno tan temidode Juan Carlos Onetti. Lo analizamos desde el poema de Santa  Teresa  de  Jesús  y  desde  la  visión  existencialista  de  Camus y Schopenhauer. El autor hurga en la cara oculta de  la  vida  y  penetra  en  sus  estratos  profundos.  Conside-ramos que el discurso de este cuento de Onetti con su ge-nialidad escritural y su narrativa poética logra sobrepasar los límites del mundo literario hispanoamericano porque trata  un  tema  universal  y  eterno  desde  una  posición  pu-ramente  onettiana:  la  existencia  humana  como  infierno  (tortura)  y  la  necesidad  de  tener  una  razón  de  ser,  que  dé sentido a la existencia. Analizar esta obra de Onetti es comprometerse a penetrar el mundo extremo de su autor. El cuento presenta su cosmovisión acerca del absurdo de la existencia y lo logra, sobre todo, a través de las acciones radicales de sus coprotagonistas: Risso y Gracia.
Hubungan Obesitas Sentral dengan Gangguan Mental Emosional pada Kelompok Usia Produktif
Authors: Khotimah Enung Nur , Nainggolan Olwin
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Obesity is the buildup of fats in the body that makes body weight outside the ideal limit and is associated with several risks of morbidity and mortality. Central obesity is considered better for assessing the level of obesity compared to obesity using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Many studies show high levels of fat in the body are known to be related to poor mental health functions. The purpose of the study was to look at the relationship between central obesity with an emotional mental disorder in the 15–65-year productive age group using Riskesdas’s 2013 data. In this study, emotional mental disorder (GME) was obtained with the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) instrument. The results show a very significant relationship between central obesity with emotional mental disorder with risk magnitude OR 1.13 (P-value 0.00; 95%CI 1.09-1.19) after being controlled age variable, the region of residence, socioeconomic status, marital status, job status. Socioeconomic status is the most effective it has on the emotional mental disorder with OR 1.56 (P-value 0.00; 95%CI 1.49-1.65). The risk range of emotional mental disorders is affected not only by individual factors but also by other factors especially the social determinants in which individuals reside
Abstrak
Obesitas adalah penumpukan lemak dalam tubuh yang menyebabkan berat badan di luar batas ideal dan dikaitkan dengan beberapa risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Obesitas sentral dianggap lebih baik untuk menilai tingkat obesitas dibandingkan dengan obesitas menggunakan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Banyak penelitian menunjukkan kadar lemak yang tinggi dalam tubuh diketahui terkait dengan fungsi kesehatan mental yang buruk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan antara obesitas sentral dengan gangguan mental emosional pada kelompok usia produktif 15-65 tahun menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Dalam penelitian ini, gangguan mental emosional (GME) diperoleh dengan instrumen Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan yang sangat signifikan antara obesitas sentral dengan gangguan mental emosional dengan besarnya risiko OR 1,13 (nilai-P 0,00; 95% CI 1,09-1,19) setelah dikendalikan variabel umur, wilayah tempat tinggal, status sosial ekonomi, status perkawinan, dan pekerjaan status. Status sosial ekonomi adalah yang paling efektif pada gangguan mental emosional dengan OR 1,56 (P-value 0,00; 95% CI 1,49-1,65). Rentang risiko gangguan mental emosional dipengaruhi tidak hanya oleh faktor individu tetapi juga oleh faktor lain terutama faktor penentu sosial di mana individu berada.