bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universal Rapid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening at Delivery: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Scott Rachel K. , Crochet Stacia , Huang Chun-Chih
Published: March 2018

Objective. To determine the cost-effectiveness of universal maternal HIV screening at time of delivery to decrease mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), by comparing the cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of universal rapid HIV screening at time of delivery to two current standards of care for prenatal HIV screening in the United States. Study Design. We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis to compare the cost and QALY of universal intrapartum rapid HIV screening with two current standards of care: (I) opt-out rapid HIV testing limited to patients without previous third-trimester screening and (II) opt-out rapid HIV testing limited to patients without any prenatal screening. We developed a decision-tree model and performed sensitivity analyses to estimate the impact of variances in QALY, estimated lifetime medical costs, HIV prevalence, and cumulative incidence. Results. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for universal screening was $7,973.45/QALY. The results remained robust to sensitivity analysis, except for annual cumulative incidence. In areas with an annual cumulative incidence rate of <0.02% for reproductive-age women, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the expanded program would exceed $89,926.94/QALY, approaching the commonly applied cost-effectiveness thresholds ($100,000/QALY). Conclusions. Intrapartum universal rapid HIV screening to decrease MTCT appears cost-effective in populations with high HIV incidence in the United States.
Emergency Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Acute Stentless Bioprosthetic Aortic Insufficiency and Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Hanson Ivan D. , Dalal Pratik K. , Renard Brian M. , Hanzel George S. , Vivacqua Alessandro
Published: March 2018

Bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration may present as acute, severe aortic regurgitation and cardiogenic shock. Such patients may be unsuitable for emergency valve replacement surgery due to excessive risk of operative mortality but could be treatable with transfemoral valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). There is a paucity of data regarding the feasibility of valve-in-valve TAVI in patients presenting with cardiogenic shock due to acute aortic insufficiency from stentless bioprosthetic valve degeneration. We present one such case, highlighting the unique aspects of valve-in-valve TAVI for this challenging patient subset.
Groundwater Level Distribution in Vacuum Dewatering Method in Phreatic Aquifer
Authors: Huang Feng , Lyu Jianguo , Gao He , Yu Zhaoteng
Published: March 2018

Vacuum dewatering method has been widely used in geotechnical engineering. However, there is little research on the groundwater level distribution under the effect of vacuum pressure which is generated by vacuum wells. In view of this, the groundwater level distribution in phreatic aquifer is analyzed. First, the vacuum pressure distribution in soil is analyzed through Darcy’s law and steady-state seepage control equation based on established particles and pores model. Second, the boundary conditions are modified by the vacuum pressure distribution law and then the water level distribution equations in flow boundary and waterhead boundary conditions are derived. Finally, dewatering experiment is carried out to analyze the water levels in vacuum and nonvacuum dewatering and verify the theoretical model of water level distribution in vacuum dewatering. The results show that, in both boundary conditions, the water levels in vacuum dewatering are lower than those in nonvacuum dewatering. The theoretical values agree with the experimental values well, which proves the rationality of theoretical equations and predicting the water levels in vacuum dewatering method.
Fusarium Endophthalmitis, Unusual and Challenging Infection in an Acute Leukemia Patient
Authors: Baysal Mehmet , Umit Elif , Boz İbrahim Bekir , Kırkızlar Onur , Demir Muzaffer
Published: March 2018

Invasive fungal infections bring serious mortality and morbidity during the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Especially, mold infections are challenging, and each case is unique in feature. These cases are usually fatal, and there is no consensus regarding optimal treatment. AML patients receive antifungal prophylaxis and may further require IFI (invasive fungal infection) treatments, but fusarium mold infections are often unrecognized and could be overlooked. In this case report, we try to emphasize the importance of this infection with a high-risk AML patient.
Effects of Short-Term Moisturizer Application in Different Ethnic Skin Types: Noninvasive Assessment with Optical Coherence Tomography and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Bağcı Işın Sinem  , Ruini Cristel , Niesert Anne-Charlotte  , Horváth Orsolya N. , Berking Carola , Ruzicka Thomas , von Braunmühl Tanja 
Published: March 2018

Background/Aims: Ethnic skin types are known to differ in their morphological and physiological features. Thus, treatment responses may vary among different races. We aimed to assess skin morphology of different ethnicities and to compare the effect of short-term moisturizer application using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Methods: Thirty healthy female subjects of European, Asian and Black ethnicity at 30–45 years of age were included in the study. OCT and RCM imaging was performed on the cheek to compare morphology. Following the 2-week application of a moisturizer cream (Sebamed® lotion) on one forearm, imaging was performed on both forearms to assess and compare treatment responses. Results: Epidermal thickness and morphology of pores varied between the three ethnic groups, with Black subjects displaying the thickest epidermis and largest skin pores. On the treated forearm, OCT measurements revealed a significantly thicker epidermis in all groups as compared to the untreated forearm. Width of skin folds on the treated forearm was measured by RCM to be significantly lower in all ethnic groups as compared to the untreated forearm. Conclusion: Different ethnic skin types showed variations in skin morphology and treatment response to short-term moisturizer application. OCT and RCM were useful methods for noninvasive, real-time, repeated assessment of ethnic skin.
Miliary Tuberculosis in a Crohn’s Disease Patient: The Risk beyond the Screening
Authors: Carvalho Liliana Pereira , Túlio Maria Ana , Rodrigues José Pedro , Bana e Costa Tiago , Chagas Cristina
Published: March 2018

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) antagonist is recognized as an effective treatment to achieve clinical remission and healing mucosal in patients with moderate to severe active Crohn’s disease. Considering that it plays a central role in immune-mediated modulation, there are some obvious concerns about its long-term safety. There is evidence that it may increase the risk of opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, particularly reactivation of previous latent infection. Due to the global high incidence of tuberculosis and its frequent severity in immunocompromised patients, the exclusion of latent infection is currently part of the screening prior to anti-TNFα therapy. Only a few cases of life-threatening disseminated tuberculosis have been reported in immunocompromised patients probably related to widespread use of higher-accuracy screening tests, such as interferon-γ release assays. However, despite negative screening, the risk of active tuberculosis infection remains during treatment. In that instance, tuberculosis infection becomes considerably more difficult to diagnose due to its altered pattern presentation (extrapulmonary and disseminated infection) and is harder to treat because of the high rate of resistance and its associated relevant morbidity and mortality. We report an enigmatic case of a miliary tuberculosis despite negative latent infection screening, using interferon-γ release assays, in a Crohn’s disease patient undergoing treatment with infliximab and azathioprine, focusing on the screening and diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. This case enhances the awareness of anti-TNFα therapy management and the need for strategies to diagnose and treat tuberculosis in this context.
Behavioral and Neurobiological Correlates of Disturbed Emotion Processing in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Bertsch Katja , Hillmann Karen , Herpertz Sabine C.
Published: March 2018

One of the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is emotion dysregulation, which comprises emotion sensitivity, heightened and labile negative affect, deficient appropriate regulation strategies, and a surplus of maladaptive regulation strategies. Although earlier studies provided some evidence for threat hypersensitivity in terms of a negatively biased perception of other people (“negativity bias”) and deficits in the recognition of full-blown anger, i.e., higher error rates and slower reaction times, researchers have only recently started studying effects of interindividual differences (e.g., sex, impulsivity, aggressiveness) and stimulus complexity as well as associations with early adversity, developmental aspects, or the specificity for BPD. Recent data also suggest a deficit in the detection of positive emotions, which needs to be addressed in more detail since it may prevent the patients from recognizing safety signals and from making positive interpersonal experiences. Neurobiologically, threat hypersensitivity has been related to increased and prolonged amygdala responses, while deficient emotion regulation was associated with reduced prefrontal inhibition of the amygdala. First results suggest that these neural alterations may be modulated by psychotherapeutic treatment focusing on emotion regulation.
Dysautonomia as Onset Symptom of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2
Authors: Rossi Salvatore , Romano Angela , Modoni Anna , Perna Francesco , Rizzo Valentina , Santoro Massimo , Monforte Mauro , Pieroni Maurizio , Luigetti Marco , Pomponi Maria Grazia , Silvestri Gabriella
Published: March 2018

Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is an autosomal dominant muscular dystrophy caused by the expansion of an intronic tetranucleotide CCTG repeat in CNBP on chromosome 3. As DM1, DM2 is a multisystem disorder affecting, beside the skeletal muscle, various other tissues, including peripheral nerves. Indeed, a subclinical involvement of peripheral nervous system has been described in several cohorts of DM2 patients, whereas DM2 patients manifesting clinical signs and/or symptoms of neuropathy have been only rarely reported. Here, we describe 2 related DM2 patients both of whom displayed an atypical disease onset characterized by dysautonomic symptoms, possibly secondary to peripheral neuropathy.
Sex Differences in Long-Term Cause-Specific Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Raphael Claire E. , Singh Mandeep , Bell Malcolm , Crusan Daniel , Lennon Ryan J. , Lerman Amir , Prasad Abhiram , Rihal Charanjit S. , Gersh Bernard J. , Gulati Rajiv
Published: March 2018

Background—

Women have higher rates of all-cause mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention. Whether this is because of greater age and comorbidity burden or a sex-specific factor remains unclear.

Methods and Results—

We retrospectively assessed cause-specific long-term mortality after index percutaneous coronary intervention over 3 time periods (1991–1997, 1998–2005, and 2006–2012). Cause of death was determined using telephone interviews, medical records, and death certificates. We performed competing risks analyses of cause-specific mortality. A total of 6847 women and 16 280 men survived index percutaneous coronary intervention hospitalization 1991 to 2012. Women were older (mean±SD: 69.4±12 versus 64.8±11.7 years;
P
<0.001) with more comorbidities (mean±SD: Charlson index 2.1±2.1 versus 1.9±2.1;
P
<0.001). Across the 3 time periods, both sexes exhibited a decline in cardiac deaths at 5 years (26% relative decrease in women, 17% in men, trend
P
<0.001 for each). Although women had higher all-cause mortality compared with men in all eras, the excess mortality was because of noncardiac deaths. In the contemporary era, only a minority of deaths were cardiac (33.8% in women, 38.0% in men). After adjustment, there was no evidence for a sex-specific excess of risk for cardiac or noncardiac mortality. The commonest causes of death were chronic diseases and heart failure in women (5-year cumulative mortality, 5.4% and 3.9%) but cancer and myocardial infarction/sudden death in men (5.4% and 4.3%).

Conclusions—

The higher mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention in women is because of death from noncardiac causes. This is accounted for by baseline age and comorbidities rather than an additional sex-specific factor. These findings have implications for sex-specific clinical care and trial design.
Ambulance Clinical Triage for Acute Stroke Treatment
Authors: Zhao Henry , Pesavento Lauren , Coote Skye , Rodrigues Edrich , Salvaris Patrick , Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen , Stephenson Michael , Churilov Leonid , Yassi Nawaf , Davis Stephen M. , Campbell Bruce C.V.
Published: March 2018

Background and Purpose—

Clinical triage scales for prehospital recognition of large vessel occlusion (LVO) are limited by low specificity when applied by paramedics. We created the 3-step ambulance clinical triage for acute stroke treatment (ACT-FAST) as the first algorithmic LVO identification tool, designed to improve specificity by recognizing only severe clinical syndromes and optimizing paramedic usability and reliability.

Methods—

The ACT-FAST algorithm consists of (1) unilateral arm drift to stretcher <10 seconds, (2) severe language deficit (if right arm is weak) or gaze deviation/hemineglect assessed by simple shoulder tap test (if left arm is weak), and (3) eligibility and stroke mimic screen. ACT-FAST examination steps were retrospectively validated, and then prospectively validated by paramedics transporting culturally and linguistically diverse patients with suspected stroke in the emergency department, for the identification of internal carotid or proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. The diagnostic performance of the full ACT-FAST algorithm was then validated for patients accepted for thrombectomy.

Results—

In retrospective (n=565) and prospective paramedic (n=104) validation, ACT-FAST displayed higher overall accuracy and specificity, when compared with existing LVO triage scales. Agreement of ACT-FAST between paramedics and doctors was excellent (κ=0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.79–1.0). The full ACT-FAST algorithm (n=60) assessed by paramedics showed high overall accuracy (91.7%), sensitivity (85.7%), specificity (93.5%), and positive predictive value (80%) for recognition of endovascular-eligible LVO.

Conclusions—

The 3-step ACT-FAST algorithm shows higher specificity and reliability than existing scales for clinical LVO recognition, despite requiring just 2 examination steps. The inclusion of an eligibility step allowed recognition of endovascular-eligible patients with high accuracy. Using a sequential algorithmic approach eliminates scoring confusion and reduces assessment time. Future studies will test whether field application of ACT-FAST by paramedics to bypass suspected patients with LVO directly to endovascular-capable centers can reduce delays to endovascular thrombectomy.
Reassessing the Personal Registers and Anti-Illusionist Imperatives of the New Formal Film of the 1960s and ‘70s
Authors: Kase Juan Carlos
Published: March 2018

In the late 1960s and early ‘70s, Anglo-American experimental cinema pursued a shift of artistic strategies marked by an increased foregrounding of filmic materials, a minimization of referential content, and more stripped-down structures. In the dominant narratives concerning these movements—variously known as Structural Film, New Formal Film, or Structuralist/Materialist Film—critics and scholars have argued that these minimalist film practices were virtually absolute in their eschewal of expressive or personal content. However, this article contests the formalist reductionism of this prevailing interpretation by arguing that many key films of the period, including canonical works by Paul Sharits, Hollis Frampton, and Malcolm Le Grice, retain potent traces of autobiography, affect, and diaristic recollection.
“A Weapon to Change Modern Reality”: Action and Agitation in On Kawara's Thanatophanies, 1955–1956
Authors: Braxton Mycah
Published: March 2018

In the context of 1950s Japanese aesthetic theory, On Kawara's Death Masks can be seen a tool of agitation and provocation. Through these drawings, Kawara resisted the destruction of individual thought and action in the harsh social conditions of postwar Japan, seeking to return agency to the viewer in two ways. First, by warping his human figures in a metaphor of “material” objectification, Kawara aimed to provoke anxiety and thus spur the audience to social action. Second, by creating “imaginary objects” in the process of drafting the Death Masks, Kawara refused the guide of historical reference and prompted viewers to invent associations between his figures and social conditions. This series can be seen as providing a prototype for a new form of art, the “Printed Paintings.” Kawara, critical of the institutional form of art museums and galleries, sought to create a system of art that would directly invite creative responses to the original work and thereby achieve a new actualization of individual subjects and of society at large.
Τὸ πνεῦµα in 1 Corinthians 5:5: A Reconsideration of Patristic Exegesis
Authors: Suh Michael K. W.
Published: March 2018

This article questions the assumption that there was a standard patristic interpretation regarding the identity of “spirit” in 1 Corinthians 5:5 (ἵνα τὸ πνεῦµα σωθῇ ἐν τῇ ἡµέρᾳ τοῦ κυρίου). Recent scholarship on 1 Corinthians 5 either fails to provide a fair representation of the available data or ignores the patristic exegesis altogether. The present essay addresses this deficiency in current scholarship by presenting the varieties of ways that early Christians read and interpreted “spirit” in 1 Cor 5:5.
Manichaean Imagery of Christ as God’s Right Hand
Authors: van Oort Johannes
Published: March 2018

The article examines the conspicuous references to God’s ‘Right Hand’ in Manichaeism by analysing texts from both Western and Eastern sources. The analysed texts prove that the eye-catching imagery (directly or indirectly) refers to Christ. Perhaps this imagery of Christ as God’s Right Hand also had its place in Manichaean art. The article aims to function as background for a subsequent study of Augustine’s portrayal of Christ as manus or dextera Dei in his Confessions.
Das Martyrion des Babylas und die polemischen Schriften des Johannes Chrysostomos
Authors: Rohmann Dirk
Published: March 2018

While the early life of John Chrysostom remains largely obscure to us, scholars have been able to reconstruct the chronology of sermons given by John in Antioch. There is, however, less clarity on the date of John’s polemical treatises such as De Babyla contra Iulianum et Gentiles and the Demonstratio. Taking into account archaeological and literary evidence on the translation of the remains of the martyr Babylas, descriptions of space and buildings as well as historical allusions and intertextual references in these and other works, the present paper argues that both treatises were written and composed as a unity in late 386 or early 387, when the remains of Babylas were translated to their final resting place. Both treatises show that John came up with a number of polemical motifs only after he was appointed as a priest and thus illustrate the heated atmosphere in Antioch of 386/7.
The European Union, the Arctic, and International Law
Authors: Alcaide-Fernández Joaquín
Published: March 2018

The European Union (EU) is willing to participate as much as possible at the negotiation table to meet the challenges that the Arctic poses and benefit from the opportunities it offers. But the relationship between the EU and the Arctic is ‘problematic’ for both external (EU difficulties particularly with Canada and Russia) and internal reasons (substantive competing interests and ambivalent policies, discrepancies among member States and within EU institutions …). Without a specific policy tradition or a direct geographical link, the EU has not yet gained legitimacy to become a key ‘Arctic actor’ or stakeholder. The EU needs to take an active stance on issues relating to the Arctic (including maritime delimitation, which is critical for determining navigational rights, the scope of Art. 234, etc.); because otherwise, the EU reduces its chances to make an impact on the relevant international fora and, ultimately, on making and implementing Arctic international law.
The Holy Spirit and the Psalms
Authors: Goldingay John
Published: March 2018

This article examines the connections between the Holy Spirit and the book of Psalms in terms of the Holy Spirit with, behind, and in the Psalms. The Spirit with the Psalms explores the Spirit’s work as the Psalms are utilized in worship and prayer. The Holy Spirit behind the Psalms considers the role of the Spirit in the composition of the Psalms. The Holy Spirit in the Psalms speaks to the way the Psalms themselves talk about the Holy Spirit. The article concludes with a concise description of the Spirit’s work in the Old Testament.
The Messenger Now and Then
Authors: White Adam , Arasaratnam-Smith Lily A.
Published: March 2018

The preacher in the Pentecostal church plays an essential role in the life of the community. They are not only a communicator of the vision and direction of the church, they are also an interpreter of scripture for those they are leading. This paper will explore the central role of the Pentecostal preacher through the lens of Marshall McLuhan’s claim that the medium is the message. We will compare the modern preacher with the lector of the earliest Christian communities suggesting that both are mediums that convey the message of scripture. By examining the roles and responsibilities of the ancient lector we are able to identify the corresponding roles and responsibilities of preachers today.
Hypogean presumably sister species Quedius repentinus sp. n. from Altai and Q. roma from Sikhote-Alin (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): a disjunct distribution or poorly sampled Siberia?
Authors: SALNITSKA MARIA , SOLODOVNIKOV ALEXEY
Published: March 2018

Quedius (Microsaurus) repentinus sp. n., a new hypogean montane talus-associated species from Altai is described and considered sister to the morphologically and bionomically similar Q. (M.) roma Solodovnikov et Hansen, 2016 from Sikhote-Alin. Both species seem more closely related to the Q. (M.) przewalskii species group from the mountains of China than to the Q. (M.) mutilatus species group from Tien-Shan. The identity of Q. (M.) przewalskii Reitter, 1887, a core of the respective species group, is clarified by re-examination of the holotype. The broad gap between the distributions of Quedius repentinus and Q. roma is either a noteworthy biogeographic fact pending explanation, or an artefact resulting from poor sampling pending additional records and new species discovery. Inadequate knowledge of the actual diversity and the distributions of the montane hypogean Quedius of the Russian Asia are illustrated by another new hypogean species from Altai. That species, so far known from a single female only, is here reported but not formally described.
Taxonomic clarification and neotype designation for three Indian xyleborine species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)
Authors: SMITH SARAH M. , BEAVER ROGER A. , SINGH SUDHIR , COGNATO ANTHONY I.
Published: March 2018

Xyleborini currently consists of more than 1168 species in 36 genera, nearly all of which were described in Xyleborus (Hulcr et al. 2015; Smith 2017). The tribe has been the focus of considerable taxonomic attention over the last decade resulting in phylogenetically based revisions and the erection of new genera (e.g. Hulcr et al. 2007, Hulcr and Cognato 2010). However in the Old World these efforts have largely been restricted to faunas of particular countries such as Taiwan (Beaver and Liu 2010), Thailand (Beaver et al. 2014), and Papua New Guinea (Hulcr and Cognato 2008). The region’s fauna was primarily described from the 1890s to the 1940s by three authors, W.F.H. Blandford, Hans Eggers and Karl Schedl. During the 1920s to the 1940s Eggers described numerous Xyleborus species from India and Myanmar (Burma), typically from single specimens or a small series, and deposited them in the Forest Research Institute (FRI) in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. Cotypes (paratypes), if present for the species, were kept in his collection. Upon his death, his collection was sent to the United States National Museum of Natural History but Schedl retained many of the types that are now at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NHMW). In all, FRI houses 50 xyleborine holotypes, and most of these species are solely known from the holotype.
Supplement to the Checklist of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from the Balkan peninsula
Authors: PEŠIĆ VLADIMIR , BAŃKOWSKA ALEKSANDRA , GOLDSCHMIDT TOM , GRABOWSKI MICHAŁ , MICHOŃSKI GRZEGORZ , ZAWAL ANDRZEJ
Published: March 2018

The last checklist of the water mites of the Balkan countries published in 2010 by Pešić et al. is updated to November 2017. This supplement includes new records of water mite species from the Balkan countries (Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece) published after 2010, as well as unpublished records based on material collected from Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, and Greece. Numerous new records for the national faunas, including one species new for the Mediterranean region (Arrenurus stjordalensis Thor, 1899), are reported and one species new to science (Trichothyas jadrankae Pešić sp. nov.) is described. With these additions, a total number of 390 water mite species and subspecies from 34 families and 77 genera is now recorded from the Balkan peninsula (including the Greek Islands).
A replacement name for Thomasella Santos-Silva, Bezark & Martins (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae)
Authors: SANTOS-SILVA ANTONIO , BEZARK LARRY G.
Published: March 2018

Santos-Silva et al. (2012) described Thomasella as a new genus of Rhinotragini to include a single species from Panama: Ommata (Eclipta) igniventris Giesbert, 1991. However, Thomasella is a junior homonym of Thomasella Fredericks, 1928 (Brachiopoda). To resolve this homonym, in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we are proposing Neothomasella as a new replacement name (nomen novum) for Thomasella Santos-Silva et al. (2012). The new name is a compound of the prefix “neo-” (from Greek νεο-, meaning “new”) + Thomasella; feminine gender.
Synonymy of two recently described taxa of Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: MASSA BRUNO
Published: March 2018

Specimens of the two taxa Terpnistriella bredoi Massa, 2017 and Pseudogoetia constanti Massa, 2017 from Democratic Republic of Congo were certainly erroneously labeled, because they resulted synonymous with neotropical taxa Vellea cruenta (Burmeister, 1838) and Philophyllia guttulata Stål, 1873.
A New Method to Objectively Classify Extratropical Cyclones for Climate Studies: Testing in the Southwest Pacific Region
Authors: Catto Jennifer L.
Published: March 2018

Extratropical cyclones can vary widely in their configuration during cyclogenesis, development mechanisms, spatial and temporal characteristics, and impacts. An automated method to classify extratropical cyclones identified in ERA-Interim data from 1979 to 2010 in the Australia and New Zealand region has been developed. The technique uses K-means clustering on two upper-tropospheric flow fields at the time of cyclogenesis and identifies four distinct clusters. Composites of these clusters are investigated, along with their life cycles and their spatial and temporal variability. The four clusters are similar to a previous manual classification. Cluster 1 develops in the equatorward entrance region of the subtropical jet, clusters 2 and 4 develop in the poleward exit region of the subtropical jet but with different relative positions of the upper-level trough and jet streak, and cluster 3 resembles secondary cyclogenesis on a preexisting front far poleward of the subtropical jet. The clusters have different impacts in terms of their precipitation (cluster 1 has the highest average precipitation), different seasonal cycles, and different preferred genesis locations. Features of the composite cyclones resemble extratropical cyclones from other regions, indicating the utility of the method over larger regions. The method has been developed to be easily applied to climate model output in order to evaluate the ability of models to represent the full range of observed extratropical cyclones.
Elevated Potential Instability in the Comma Head: Distribution and Development
Authors: Rosenow Andrew A. , Rauber Robert M. , Jewett Brian F. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Keeler Jason M.
Published: March 2018

The development of elevated potential instability within the comma head of a continental winter cyclone over the north-central United States is examined using a 63-h Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation. The simulation is first compared to the observed cyclone. The distribution of most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE) within the comma head is then analyzed. The region with positive MUCAPE was based from 2- to 4-km altitude with MUCAPE values up to 93 J kg−1. Backward trajectories from five sublayers within the region of elevated convection in the comma head were calculated to investigate how elevated potential instability developed. Air in the lowest sublayer, the source air for convective cells, originated 63 h earlier near Baja California at elevations between 2.25- and 2.75-km altitude. Air atop the layer where convection occurred originated at altitudes between 9.25 and 9.75 km in the Arctic, 5000 km away from the origin of air in the lowest sublayer. All air in the layer in which convection occurred originated over the Pacific coast of Mexico, the Pacific Ocean, or arctic regions of Canada. Diabatic processes strongly influenced air properties during transit to the comma head. Air underwent radiative cooling, was affected by mixing during passage over mountains, and underwent interactions with clouds and precipitation. Notably, no trajectory followed an isentropic surface during the transit. The changes in thermodynamic properties along the trajectories led to an arrangement of air masses in the comma head that promoted the development of potential instability and elevated convection.
Family policy as an institutional context of economic inequality
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Rense , Need Ariana , van der Kolk Henk
Published: March 2018

It is demonstrated that family policies are an important aspect of the institutional context of earnings inequality among coupled households. Although seldom integrated into prominent analyses of economic inequality, women’s earnings are consistently found to reduce relative inequality among households. This means that family policies, as well-known determinants of women’s employment and earnings, are important contextual determinants of economic inequality. Using Luxembourg Income Study data from 18 OECD countries in the period 1981–2008, this study demonstrates that women have higher earnings, and that their earnings reduce inequality among coupled households more in institutional contexts with generous paid leave and public childcare. We found no sizeable association between financial support policies, such as family allowances and tax benefits to families with children, and the degree to which women’s earnings contribute to inequality among coupled households. Family policy arrangements that facilitate women’s employment and earnings are associated with less economic inequality among coupled households.
Engineering Vaccines to Reprogram Immunity against Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Tan Y.S. , Sansanaphongpricha K. , Prince M.E.P. , Sun D. , Wolf G.T. , Lei Y.L.
Published: March 2018

The recent Food and Drug Administration’s approval of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) offers exciting promise to improve patient outcome and reduce morbidities. A favorable response to ICR blockade relies on an extensive collection of preexisting tumor-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). ICR blockade reinvigorates exhausted CD8+ T cells and enhances immune killing. However, resistance to ICR blockade is observed in about 85% of patients with HNSCC, therefore highlighting the importance of characterizing the mechanisms underlying HNSCC immune escape and exploring combinatorial strategies to sensitize hypoimmunogenic cold HNSCC to ICR inhibition. Cancer vaccines are designed to bypass the cold TME and directly deliver cancer antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs); these vaccines epitomize a priming strategy to synergize with ICR inhibitors. Cancer cells are ineffective antigen presenters, and poor APC infiltration as well as the M2-like polarization in the TME further dampens antigen uptake and processing, both of which render ineffective innate and adaptive immune detection. Cancer vaccines directly activate APC and expand the tumor-specific T-cell repertoire. In addition, cancer vaccines often contain an adjuvant, which further improves APC function, promotes epitope spreading, and augments host intrinsic antitumor immunity. Thus, the vaccine-induced immune priming generates a pool of effectors whose function can be enhanced by ICR inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the major HNSCC immune evasion strategies, the ongoing effort toward improving HNSCC vaccines, and the current challenges limiting the efficacy of cancer vaccines.
Understanding the Link Between Organizational Communication and Innovation: An Examination of Public, Nonprofit, and For-Profit Organizations in South Korea
Authors: Suh Jiwon , Harrington James , Goodman Doug
Published: March 2018

Innovation and internal communication are essential for any successful organization. Although communication within organizations has long been studied in the for-profit sector, we still know little about the impact of communication types on innovation in the public and nonprofit sectors. To examine this question, we leverage and construct a longitudinal dataset using 5 years of the Korean Workplace Panel Survey (KWPS) from 2005 to 2013. Employing media richness theory, this study finds that internal communication positively influences innovation in the for-profit sector, which is a finding consistent with prior studies. Similarly, in the nonprofit sector, we find that meeting with the executive director and the number of communication channels utilized in an organization has a positive impact on innovation. However, we do not find that these communications have any impact in the public sector.
Validation of a Tool to Measure Attitudes Among Community Corrections Officers Toward Shared Decision Making With Formerly Incarcerated Persons With Mental Illness
Authors: Matejkowski Jason , Lee Sungkyu , Severson Margaret E.
Published: March 2018

Community corrections professionals may employ shared decision making (SDM) in many ways with those they supervise who have serious mental illness (SMI). This study examined the psychometric properties of the Community Corrections Shared Decision Making Scale (CCSDM), an instrument developed to measure attitudes that support SDM in community corrections settings. Community corrections professionals were surveyed as to their support of collaborative decision making with their supervisees with SMI. Exploratory factor analysis ( n = 146) and confirmatory factor analysis ( n = 145) were used to explore and validate the scale’s factor structure. Results indicate the CCSDM functions as an internally consistent, two-factor scale useful for measuring attitudes toward SDM with people who have SMI and are under community supervision. Respondents were generally supportive of SDM. Given the benefits of SDM, assessment of these beliefs is essential to inform implementation strategies aimed at establishing SDM policies and practices in community corrections settings.
Should I say something? A framework for understanding silence from a line manager’s perspective during an economic crisis
Authors: Prouska Rea , Psychogios Alexandros
Published: March 2018

The impact of the recent economic crisis on firms’ key employment priorities has been widely discussed in the literature. Although research has focused on how employee silence is manifested in times of economic crisis, less is known about how line managers experience voice and silence from their own perspective and organizational position. Line managers are an intriguing group to study because they act as both supervisors to their teams and as supervisees (employees) to senior managers/business owners. This article draws on qualitative data gathered from line managers in 35 small non-unionized enterprises in Greece in two periods of time (2012 and 2014) during the economic crisis. The authors develop a framework for understanding line managers’ experience of silence in such contexts and, within this framework, propose ‘ cynical silence’ as a new type of silence relevant to an economic crisis context.
The populist catharsis
Authors: Azmanova Albena
Published: March 2018

I argue that populism is not the cause of the erosion of diversity capital in contemporary democracies, it is its outcome. Focusing on the process of politicization of the social grievances articulated by populist parties and movements, I offer a diagnosis of the state of the political in contemporary democracies, in order to discern populism’s capacity to reboot democratic politics.
Randomized Trial of Modified Stretching Exercise Program for Menstrual Low Back Pain
Authors: Chen Huei-Mein , Hu Hsou-Mei
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a modified stretching exercise program on young women with menstrual low back pain. Overall, 127 young women were randomly assigned to the experimental ( n = 63) and control ( n = 64) groups. The experimental group followed the modified stretching exercise program, whereas the control group performed their usual activities. At 1, 4, 8, and 12 months, the experimental group had significantly lower scores on the visual analog scale for pain (95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.73, 1.96]; p < .05) and the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire than the control group (95% CI = [0.68, 2.03]; p < .001). At 12 months, the experimental group showed significantly higher exercise self-efficacy than the control group (95% CI = [–6.87, 0.62]; p = .003). These findings can be used to enhance self-care capabilities by using the modified stretching exercise program for young women with menstrual low back pain.
Commitment among unmarried emerging adults: Meaning, expectations, and formation of relationships
Authors: Konstam Varda , Curran Teyana , Celen-Demirtas Selda , Karwin Samantha , Bryant Kimberly , Andrews Bonnie , Duffy Ryan
Published: March 2018

Relational skills gained through forming committed romantic partnerships in emerging adulthood (ages 18–29) provide the foundation for sustained intimacy in later adult relationships. Commitment is a crucial relational factor affecting the quality and longevity of romantic relationships. This qualitative study examined the meaning, expectations, and formation of commitment in romantic relationships among 29 emerging adults using consensual qualitative research methodology. Four categories pertaining to commitment were identified: (a) meaning of commitment; (b) expectations of a committed romantic relationship; (c) considerations made prior to commitment; and (d) experience with commitment talk. Though the majority of the participants could readily identify meanings and expectations of a committed romantic relationship, they hesitated to communicate their desire with their partners. Clinical implications are discussed.
Distribution Models for the Journey to Work
Authors: Broughton J , Tanner J C
Published: March 2018

The paper describes a model, based on random utility theory, for simulating the choices of home and workplace made by individual workers in a region. Each worker chooses the home and job which maximises his utility (comprising rent, salary, cost of the journey to work, and a random personal element); rents and salaries are adjusted iteratively until the distribution of workers’ choices of home and workplace matches the existing distribution of homes and workplaces. The model is applied first to several idealised urban geometries; it is then applied to 1971 Census data for the Manchester area, where the model reproduces satisfactorily the observed pattern of choices. Some of the effects of changed travel costs and of alternative policies for redistributing homes or jobs are then simulated.
Long-term impact of rainfed agricultural land abandonment on soil erosion in the Western Mediterranean basin
Authors: Cerdà Artemi , Rodrigo-Comino Jesús , Novara Agata , Brevik Eric Charles , Vaezi Ali Reza , Pulido Manuel , Giménez-Morera Antonio , Keesstra Saskia Deborah
Published: March 2018

Land abandonment is widespread in the Mediterranean mountains. The impact of agricultural abandonment results in a shift in ecosystem evolution due to changes in soil erosion, but little is known about long-term soil and water losses. This paper uses 11 years of measurements in two paired plots (abandoned vs control) with four subplots to determine how soil and water losses evolved after abandonment within an agricultural parcel. For two years (2004–2005) both plots were under tillage, and after 2006 one plot was abandoned. The monitored plots measured runoff and sediment concentration after each rainfall event. The results show that during the two years after abandonment there was an increase in sediment yield followed by a decrease. Once the field was abandoned, a sudden increase in runoff (× 2.1 times) and sediment concentration (× 1.2 times) was found due to the lack of vegetation and tillage. After one year, the sediment concentration and, after two years, the runoff rates were lower in the abandoned than in the tilled plots. This short transition period ended in contrasting responses between the control and abandoned plot as the impact of abandonment resulted in 21 times less sediment yield after nine years of abandonment. This occurred despite the fact that the year after the abandonment the abandoned plot had 2.9 times more erosion due to low vegetation recovery and the development of a soil crust. Agriculture land abandonment resulted in lower erosion rates over the long term, but showed an increase in soil and water losses over the short term (two years). Therefore, in the first two years after abandonment there is a particular need to apply nature-based soil and water conservation strategies to prevent soil erosion.
Primary Versus Secondary Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation for the Treatment of Large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Park Kwang Hwan , Hwang Yeokgu , Han Seung Hwan , Park Yoo Jung , Shim Dong Woo , Choi Woo Jin , Lee Jin Woo
Published: March 2018

Background:

Recent studies have reported promising clinical results after osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) for the treatment of large osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). However, no study has yet compared clinical outcomes between primary and secondary OAT for large OLT.

Purpose:

To compare clinical outcomes among patients with large OLT who receive primary OAT versus those who receive secondary OAT after failure of marrow stimulation and to identify factors associated with clinical failure.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

From 2005 to 2014, 46 patients with large OLT (≥150 mm2) underwent OAT: 18 underwent OAT as initial surgical management (primary OAT group), and 28 patients underwent secondary OAT after failure of previous arthroscopic marrow stimulation (secondary OAT group). In both groups, OAT procedures included arthroscopic inspection and debridement of concomitant soft tissue injuries. Clinical outcomes were assessed using pain visual analog scale (VAS), the Roles and Maudsley score, Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS), and revisional surgery rates. Factors associated with clinical failures were evaluated using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. Survival outcomes were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results:

Mean follow-up time was 6 years (range, 2-10.8 years). Mean lesion size was 194.9 mm2 (range, 151.7-296.3 mm2). There were no significant differences between groups in patient demographics and preoperative findings. Postoperative pain VAS, Roles and Maudsley score, FAOS, and revisional surgery rates were not significantly different at last follow-up. Prior marrow stimulation was not significantly associated with clinical failure on bivariate analysis. Lesion size greater than 225 mm2 on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was significantly associated with clinical failure. Survival probabilities from Kaplan-Meier plots were not significantly different between the primary and secondary OAT groups ( P = .947).

Conclusion:

Clinical outcomes of patients with large OLT treated with secondary OAT after failed marrow stimulation were found to be comparable with those who were treated with primary OAT. These results may be helpful to orthopaedic surgeons deciding appropriate surgical options for patients with large OLT.
Correlation between Plasma Carnitine, Muscle Carnitine and Glycogen Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Dębska-ślizień A. , Kawecka A. , Wojnarowski K. , Prajs J. , Malgorzewicz S. , Kunicka D. , Zdrojewski Z. , Lysiak-Szydłowska W. , Lipiński J. , Rutkowski B.
Published: March 2018

Chronic hemodialysis (HD) may lead to losses of carnitine from plasma and muscle. Plasma carnitine does not reflect the body content of carnitine. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of total and free plasma and muscle carnitine concentrations (TPC, FPC, TMC, FMC), muscle glycogen and the relationship between plasma and tissue carnitine content and the basic indices of lipid metabolism in HD patients. The studies were conducted in two groups: the first one consisted of 37 HD patients (19 F, 18 M), the second one served as the control and was composed of 29 (10 F, 19 M) patients with healthy kidneys. Tissue specimens in HD patients were taken during surgery on arterio-venous fistula from brachioradial muscle. Carnitine and glycogen measurements were performed using enzymatic methods according to Cederblad and Huijng respectively. Total cholesterol (CH), HDL-CH, and triglycerides were assayed by enzymatic commercial test system (Boehringer-Mannheim, Germany). To summarise, we found the following phenomena in our HD patients in comparison with the controls: 1) In plasma: similar TPC but decreased FPC levels and FPC/TPC ratio which may suggest free carnitine deficiency. 2) In muscle: significantly lower TMC and FMC levels but normal FMC/TMC ratio. 3) Negative correlation between TMC and FMC levels and duration of dialysis treatment. 4) No correlation between plasma and muscle carnitine concentration. 5) Significantly higher concentration of muscle glycogen which could be explained by the changes in the structure of muscle fibres in HD patients and/or lower physical activity. 6) A positive correlation between FPC/APC or FPC/TPC ratio and HDL-CH in HD patients which may suggest that an appropriate proportion between free and acylcarnitines may influence HDL-CH levels in that population. (Int J Artif Organs 2000; 23: 90–6)