bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASHS Strategic Planning and HortBase
Authors: Albrecht Mary Lewnes
Published: February 2019

The ASHS Strategic Plan, Key Result Area One: Enhance Internal Services, identifies various aspects of communication with and enhancing services for the membership. Strategy Three calls for the development of “an information highway through advanced communication technologies.” Strategy Four seeks to “enhance services for international members” and Strategy Five and Six addresses increasing the involvement of graduate and undergraduate students and increasing the value of membership to diverse members. There are various other aspects of the Strategic Plan dealing with promoting horticulture and horticulture information dissemination that are impacted by HortBase. How the development and implementation of HortBase will help ASHS reach these objectives will be discussed.
The Role of ASHS in Implementing HortBase
Authors: Emely Charles H.
Published: February 2019

The American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) is the largest and most prestigious world-wide professional scientific society for the horticultural science community. Research presented in the serial publications of the Society is peerreviewed under a well-organized and rigorous system that provides independent review of the research and assures that the scientific information published is validated. The Executive Committee and Board of Directors of ASHS are firmly committed to the HortBase concept of information dissemination, and are supportive of the Society's proposed role as the validator of HortBase information for use in extension and teaching. The presentation will discuss the role of the scientific society, specifically ASHS, in implementing HortBase.
ASHS Publications Department Role in Implementing Hort-Base
Authors: Neff Michael W.
Published: February 2019

The ASHS Publications Department's primary function is to organize and manage the Society's peer-review system and distribute the horticultural information that meets the requirements for dissemination. As Web and other electronic information distribution systems come on-line, the functions of the department will not change, but the methods to achieving the final product will change. Issues such as the security of electronic peer-review and controlled methods of information dissemination are at the forefront of discussions among scientific publishers, and the role of established scientific society publication departments on how best to implement the changes brought about by Internet in the distribution of this information will be discussed. A comparison of the “traditional” methods of peer review and the future of peer review will be compared, and the synergism of the changes will also be addressed.
Integrating the Web into Existing Extension and Educational Technology
Authors: Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: February 2019

Recent studies by academic, extension, and private foundation “think tanks” have reaffirmed the land-grant philosophy as an important component of American society in the 21st century. According to Bill Campbell's dictum, successful land-grant systems will have more closely integrated educational, research, and extension programs characterized as more ACCESSIBLE, AFFORDABLE, and ACCOUNTABLE than current models. The World Wide Web affords the land-grant professional an information delivery/teaching system that conforms to Campbell's three As. Web technology is evolving rapidly, necessitating continuous and rapid adaptation by information providers. The availability of low-cost, user-friendly Web access through home TVs promises to upset the existing paradigms of extension information delivery through county offices and undergraduate instruction exclusively in the campus classroom. Some land-grant professionals have adopted Web technology as a tool to deliver educational programs and coursework; however, the vast majority have not. Most faculty continue to distribute information in a printed form, citing as justification the very steep learning curve and time involved in formatting materials for electronic delivery. We have emphasized the need for life-long learning to our clientele and students; we must heed our own advice. The transition from a paper-based, county-centered extension delivery system and campus classroom-oriented undergraduate educational system is being facilitated by satellite and compressed video conferencing, and Web server networks. Faculty must develop the ability to integrate appropriate technology into their own programs, since it is clear that the “efficient” land-grant systems of the future will not provide them with the support personnel to do it for them.
The CD-ROM–World Wide Web Hybrid
Authors: Gilman E.F. , Beck H.
Published: February 2019

A large horticultural database and an electronic retrieval system for extension education programs were developed using compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) and World Wide Web (WWW) as the medium for information delivery. Object-oriented database techniques were used to organize the information. Conventional retrieval techniques including hypertext, full text searching, and expert systems were integrated into a complete package for accessing information stored in the database. A multimedia user interface was developed to provide a variety of capabilities, including computer graphics and high-resolution digitized images. Information for the CD-ROM was gathered from extension publications that were tagged using the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) -based document markup language (International Standards Organization, 1986). Combining funds from the state legislator with grants from the USDA, and other institutions, the CD-ROM system has been implemented in all 67 county extension offices in Florida and is available to the public as a for sale CD-ROM. Public access is also available to most of the database through the WWW.
HortBase: Providing a Foundation for Education
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Rupp Larry
Published: February 2019

Technology allows educators to convey information be conveyed more flexibly and visually. How to access and make use of technological teaching tools is the challenge facing educators. HortBase provides the framework for educators to create and access educational chunks. How to make use of the information in HortBase in distance teaching is a three-step process. 1) Before assembling the teaching material, the educator must decide on who the target audience is and what information to convey. Audiences on campus have higher expectations of how they learn, as they are used to live teaching and guidance, and often do not have a clear idea of what they want to learn. Off-campus audiences have lower expectations and are more focused on the information they want. 2) The educator then decides how much of the information to bring into digital form oneself and what to draw from elsewhere. Pieces of digitized information can be created by scanning existing images into the computer or created on computer with drawing programs. Once digitized images can be manipulated to get the desired look. This is a very time-consuming step, so much effort can be saved by taking created “chunks” from HortBase. 3) Finally, what medium and tools to use must be decided. Course content can be presented with slide-show software that incorporates digitized slides, drawing, animations, video footage with text. Lectures can then be outputted to videotape or broadcast via over an analog network. Alternatively, the digitized information can be incorporated into interactive packages for CD-ROM or the World Wide Web.
Curriculum Adjustments at Michigan State
Authors: Kelly John F.
Published: February 2019

At Michigan State Univ., the Dept. of Horticulture curriculum has been restructured simultaneously both toward and away from specialization. The traditional commodity orientation has been eliminated in the main track Horticulture option. At the same time, a new highly structured Landscape Design–Construction and Management option has been created. Both of these changes were made in response to industry needs. Additional optional Specializations in Environmental Studies, Agribusiness, and Biotechnology also are available. These require students to take 18–20 credits from specified course lists. These credits may be part of the required courses for the Horticulture major, or may be in addition to that requirement.
Sustainable Agriculture—Another Method of Attracting Highquality Students
Authors: Creamer N.G.
Published: February 2019

While enrollment is dropping in many commodity-based curriculums, one key program area of interest to many students is sustainable agriculture. Some land-grant universities are initiating undergraduate and graduate programs, or concentrations in Sustainable Agriculture, to meet this student demand. Many smaller colleges (for example, Delaware Valley College, Slippery Rock Univ., and Warren Wilson College) are also offering a focus in this area as well. These programs often include an experiential learning component through internships and other hands-on activities. Examples of some of the courses being offered include Principles and Practices of Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural Ecosystems, Sustainable Agriculture Processes in Plant Horticulture and Animal Husbandry, and Fertility Considerations in Regenerative Agriculture. In this presentation, I summarize ongoing programs nationwide, and discuss the impact these programs are having on student enrollment.
The Biochemistry and Control of Cell Disruption-dependent Aroma Generation by Tomatoes
Authors: Baldwin E.A.
Published: February 2019

More than 400 volatile components have been identified in tomato fruit, of which only 10–16 are likely to be important contributors to tomato flavor/aroma based on odor threshold data. Tomato volatiles are grouped as lipid-derived, carotenoid-related, amino acid-related, lignin-related, or of uncertain origin. These flavor components are either present in intact fruit or formed after blending due to mixing of previously compartmentalized enzymes and substrates. Lipid-derived volatiles are the biggest group containing cis-3-hexenal and hexanal, which are quantitatively the major volatile compounds in tomato fruit. cis-3-Hexenal and -ionone have the highest odor thresholds among tomato volatile compounds so far identified. Most of these compounds increase during ripening (or the enzymes, substrates and conditions develop that result in increased levels after blending) and appear to be related to ethylene production. Biosynthetic pathways have been established or suggested for most of the important flavor components, of which lipid degradation is the best-understood. Linoleic and linolenic acids are oxidized to hydroperoxides by lipoxygenase, which are then cleaved to volatile C6 aldehydes (hexanal and cis-3-hexenal, respectively). There are two membrane-associated lipoxygenases (tomloxA and B), of which tomloxB appears to be fruit-specific and increases during ripening. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) has been demonstrated to catalyze the interconversion of trans-hexene-2-al and -2-ol and of trans-hexene-2-al, hexanal and hexanol. The enzyme product of the Adh2 gene is induced by 3% O2, and is developmentally expressed in fruit aside from anoxic induction. Naturally occurring mutants and genetically engineered tomatoes with reduced ethylene production, color and/or retarded ripening patterns show changes in volatile concentrations.
Modifying Flavor and Aroma from Cut Onions and Other Alliums
Authors: Randle William M.
Published: February 2019

World-wide, onions are the most important member of the vegetable Alliums. Members of this group are primarily consumed because of their unique flavors and aromas. Allium aroma is dominated by organosulfur compounds arising from the enzymatic decomposition of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine S oxide (ACSO) flavor precursors following tissue disruption. Primary products from the decomposition of the four ACSOs are sulfenic acids, including the lachrymator, pyruvate, and ammonia. The sulfenic acids, however, are short-lived and disassociate rapidly into thiosulfinates, which, in turn, are unstable and randomly rearrange or dissociate over time. The thiosulfinates each have unique sensory qualities and are responsible for the flavor notes of fresh cut Alliums, while of the degradation compounds can contribute to off-fl avors and bitterness. ACSO concentration affects ultimate flavor and aroma intensity, while ACSO composition determines among species flavor differences. Controlling sulfur uptake and sulfur metabolism that terminates in ACSO synthesis is one method of controlling ultimate flavor and aroma intensity. Cultivar difference in the ability to absorb and metabolize sulfur have been identified. Sulfur availability, plant growing temperatures, and irrigation intensity also influence sulfur absorption and metabolism, and can be manipulated. Differences in alliinase concentration and the efficiency at which alliinase decompose the ACSO substrates also affect aroma generation. Difficulties, however, exist in controlling alliinase activity. Alliinase has been cloned and anti-sense constructs have been made, but an efficient vectoring system has yet to be developed for the Alliums.
Effect of Fertigation and Ground Application on Nutrient Movement and Tree Response in Western Soils
Authors: Neilsen G.H. , Neilsen D. , Peryea F.
Published: February 2019

Traditionally, broadcast or foliar fertilizer applications sufficed to improve the nutrition of many irrigated, deciduous fruit orchards in western North America. Recent developments, including adoption of low-pressure, micro-irrigation systems and planting at higher densities (especially for apples), have increased interest in controlled application of fertilizers directly with irrigation waters (fertigation). The possibility of using fertigation to synchronize fertilizer application and plant nutrient uptake seems attractive as environmental concerns to minimize leaching of nutrients (especially N) to groundwater increase. Recent fertigation research in western North America will be reviewed and compared to traditional fertilizer application methods to assess the potential of fertigation to overcome inadequate nutrition. Emphasis will be placed on the use of soil solution monitoring to assess changes in soil NPK status. Tree response will be illustrated by studies in high-density orchards where N, P, K, Ca, B, or Zn have been fertigated.
Fate of Labeled Nitrogen, Zinc, and Boron in Fruit Orchard Systems
Authors: Righetti Timothy L.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen, boron, and zinc are the major deficiencies encountered in Oregon tree fruit production. Much of our current management strategies are based on studies evaluating the uptake and plant mobility of labeled N, Zn, and B. Because mature trees differ from young plants, most of our experiments are conducted on fully bearing trees. Nitrogen strategies emphasize applying minimal amounts to avoid excess vigor and poor fruit quality. Our goal is to produce moderately vigorous trees with low fruit N, while still maintaining adequate tree reserves for early spring growth. Labeled 15N studies suggest that the later N is applied, the less is partitioned into leaves and fruit, with more N incorporated into storage tissues. Postharvest foliar applications of urea can also produce high bud N levels in combination with moderate vigor and low fruit N. Partitioning differences from various timings also result in different utilization efficiencies, especially if one considers N losses from pruning. Early N applications may have smaller efficiencies because pruning losses are greater. Although plant B is thought to be immobile, foliar-applied B is rapidly mobilized out of the leaf. Postharvest foliar B applications are an excellent way to ensure that buds have adequate B levels the following spring. Unlike N and B, Zn is not mobilized out of the leaf where it is applied. Sprays directly to young tissues in the spring are the only practical ways of increasing Zn levels.
Introduction and Overview of Opportunities in Interdisciplinary Research in Children's Gardening
Authors: Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Studies in human issues in horticulture have focused on how gardens affect the self-development typically in non-traditional or special populations. As the science of people–plant research expands, many populations are being investigated, including youth. As we study the effects of horticulture on self-development of youth, it is important to cross the boundaries between technical horticulture and disciplines such as psychology and education. Tools that have been used traditionally in these other disciplines have been adapted to study the effects of gardening on children. Two major areas of research will be reviewed, including: 1) The effects of gardening and school ground landscaping on the self-development, environmental attitudes and horticulture knowledge of mainstream school children, and 2) The evaluation of horticulture programs established for at-risk youth and juvenile offenders.
Conducting Horticultural Research with Youth: Research Issues and Methodology
Authors: Lohr Virginia I.
Published: February 2019

Conducting research with human subjects involves many of the same issues involved with conducting any type of research. As horticulturists, we are aware of the range of variability that can be introduced when working with living organisms. This variability can come from environmental influences as well as genetic variation. These can be major factors when conducting research with people as well. Research with people also introduces complicating interactions between the researchers and the subjects. When working with humans as subjects, federal regulations must be considered; these regulations are even stricter when the research involves youth. These additional factors, which should be considered when designing studies to understand the impacts of plants and plant programs on youth, will be discussed.
Researching the Benefits of Children's Gardening using Computer Technology
Authors: Waliczek Tina M. , Lineberger R.D. , Zajicek J.M.
Published: February 2019

The kinderGARDEN website (http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/KINDER/index.html) was developed as part of the Aggie Horticulture network. Its focus was to help incorporate fun garden activities into the home and school lives of children. The page has grown to include pages on school gardens, community gardens, botanical gardens, and a fun page for kids. The site focuses toward providing information on activities and curricula developed for children. A survey, designed to investigate the perceptions of parents and teachers working with youth in gardening situations on the benefits of children gardening, is included on the site. Adults who work with children in any type of gardening situation can respond to the survey via e-mail. Questions on the survey relay information about the type of gardening situation in which the children participate, how many children are involved, the types of crops grown, the relationship of the adult to the child, and what kinds of benefits the adults observe in the children. Results and conclusions of the survey instrument will be presented. The positive aspects and drawbacks of this research technique will be discussed.
The Effect of BAS-125W on Apple Tree Growth, Fruit Quality, and Fireblight Suppression
Authors: Byers R.E. , Yoder K.S.
Published: February 2019

In 1995, BAS-125W applied at 125 to 500 mg/liter 23 days after full bloom (AFB) to `Starkrimson Delicious'/MM 106 and MM111 reduced average shoot weight and length of the longest shoots in the top and scaffold limbs by 50% at the highest rate. The number of nodes on the lower 40 cm of each shoot was increased by 1.8 times by the growth retardant. The number of pruning cuts, pruning time, and pruning weight per tree was reduce by 30%, 20%, and 29%. Fruit diameter, color, soluble solids, starch, fruit weight, and fruit number per tree were not altered by BAS-125 W. Growth suppression appeared to be greater on trees with heavier crop loads. In 1996, BAS-125W applied at 250 mg/liter 8 days after full bloom was more effective than when applied 19 days AFB to `Starkrimson Delicious'/MM 106 and MM111. Multiple applications of two, three, and four sprays to the same trees at 3-week intervals further reduced shoot growth with each application. Four applications reduced shoot weight by 72%, shoot length by 60%, and basal shoot diameter by 25%, and the number of pruning cuts, pruning time, and pruning weight per tree was reduce by 75%, 55%, and 80%, respectively. Thinning activity of NAA, Sevin, or Accel was not affected by tank mixed sprays with BAS-125W when applied to Gala/M.27 trees 20 days AFB. Tank mixing BAS-125W with combinations of Vydate + Accel or Carbaryl + Accel + Oil did not alter fruit thinning of Fuji/M.27 (at 10 mm fruit diameter). In one experiment, BAS-125 may have potentiated thinning by ethephon and NAA 10 days AFB in another experiment. BAS-125 W sprays at petal fall + 1 and 2 weeks later significantly suppressed % infection by fireblight, Erwinia amylovora, in inoculated shoots. In addition, BAS-125W reduced canker length in the first-year growth in shoots inoculated 2 weeks after treatment.
The Use of BAS-125 for Apple Production in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Greene George M.
Published: February 2019

The Mid-Atlantic region consists of the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, and New Jersey, and produces about as many apples as New York or Michigan. The climate in this region in the summer often has warm days and relatively warm nights. Light intensity can often be reduced by clouds from tropical air masses, and this is usually accompanied with high relative humidity. Most orchards are not irrigated, and rainfall can varies widely. The predominant cultivars are `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Rome', and `York Imperial'. With these cultivars and this set of climatic conditions, excessive vegetative growth and fluctuating return bloom are common problems. This climate and apple variety assortment are markedly different from more northerly apple production regions in the U.S. The need for an effective growth-control chemical has been obvious for years. The development of BAS-125 appears to have made this a possibility and has caused much interest among pomologists and growers that are aware of this chemical. Research was conducted from 1994 to 1995 on `York Imperial', `Delicious', and `Spartan', and was reported in HortScience (31:191). Research in 1996 dealt with `Law Rome' and `Golden Delicious'. On `Law Rome', treated shoots were ≈24 cm in length, while untreated shoots were 38 cm in length. On `Golden Delicious' this compound controlled shoots to ≈29 cm in length, while untreated shoots had about 39 cm of total shoots growth. BAS-125 can effectively reduce shoot growth, which will improve the light regime in mid-Atlantic apple tree canopies. This should result in savings in pruning, increased fruit quality, and increased cropping levels due to enhanced fruit bud production.
Thinning and Growth Control of Apples Treated with BAS-125 10W
Authors: Greene Duane W.
Published: February 2019

BAS-125 10W is a new plant growth retardant that was evaluated on `McIntosh' apples to control excessive vegetative growth. When applied at concentrations between 0 and 375 ppm, it significantly reduced terminal growth. As a result, light penetration into the tree was increased and fruit at harvest had more red color, and more were graded into the US Extra Fancy category. BAS-125 increased fruit set; thus, fruit were smaller, but firmer, at harvest. Treated fruit were firmer and had less decay following 20 weeks of regular air storage. Several different thinning strategies were employed to thin BAS-125-treated `Delicious' trees. In one experiment, the best thinning treatment was a combination spray containing 10 ppm NAA plus carbaryl at petal fall followed by 8 ppm NAA when fruit size averaged 10 mm. The best treatment in another experiment was a Wilthin application at 80% bloom followed by 8 ppm NAA plus carbaryl at petal fall. Recommendations for the successful use of BAS-125 10W in the Northeast will be discussed.
Registration of Prohexadione Calcium (BAS-125W) for Use on Apples
Authors: Winkler Victor W.
Published: February 2019

A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) voluntary program encourages the registration of pesticides that represent reduced risk to human health and the environment. A “reduced risk” designation for a pesticide depends on how its use will affect human health and the environment, pesticide resistance, and pesticide management. Prohexadione-Ca is a bioregulator being developed by BASF Corporation to control vegetative growth in apples with the effect of improving fruit production. BASF will petition the EPA to register prohexadione-Ca as a reduced risk pesticide in 1997 based on the following properties associated with its use: Prohexadione-Ca exhibits a very low mammalian toxicity and a low propensity for crop residues. Prohexadione-Ca rapidly dissipates in soil as a result of microbial metabolism and causes no detrimental ecological effects. There is no other hazard associated with the compound and no health risk for user or consumer is indicated. The use of prohexadione-Ca reduces the incidence of fireblight (and helps control this disease). The use of prohexadione-Ca reduces tree row spray volumes of other pesticides up to 25%. With these beneficial characteristics, prohexadione-Ca will fit exceptionally well into an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, providing another “reduced risk” justification for the registration of prohexadione-Ca. The current situation of accepting prohexadione-Ca as a reduced risk pesticide and its registration status will be discussed.
The Effect of UV-B Lamp Light on the Growth of Three Bedding Plant Species
Authors: Meeks Martin , Pemberton H. Brent , Marsh Lurline , McDonald Garry V.
Published: February 2019

The effect of UV-B fluorescent lamp light on seedling elongation was investigated using three species: marigold (Tagetes sp.), cucumber (Cucumis sativa), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Seedlings were exposed to light supplied from two unshielded and unfiltered 40-watt UV-B fluorescent lamps. In two experiments, seedlings were placed a distance of 45 cm below the light for varying lengths of time, while seedlings were placed 60 cm below the light in a third experiment. For marigold, seedlings were shorter when germinated under the UV-B lamp than when germinated under natural light in a glasshouse. Two hours of exposure just after glasshouse germination (cotyledons unfolded) was effective in reducing height of cucumber seedlings, whereas 6 hours was required to significantly reduce the height of tomato seedlings. Treatments were still effective when the last measurements were taken 12 to 14 days after germination. Exposure of seedlings to UV-B lamp light provides a possible alternative means of preventing excessive seedling elongation instead of relying on chemical plant growth regulators.
Impacts of Inundation on Tree Species in a Semiarid Region
Authors: Moorhead Carol , McKenney Cynthia
Published: February 2019

The geographically uniform Texas Panhandle is dotted with shallow, ephemeral water bodies (playas), that quickly expand and contract in size. Numerous playas have been incorporated into the storm and surface-water management plan for the City of Lubbock, Texas; these playas often are surrounded by public parks. In the past, trees were planted around playas without regard to their flood tolerance. For these reasons, the objectives of this study were to catalogue trees around city playas and to determine which of these tree species survived inundation. The trees in the flood zones of eight city parks were catalogued by species in 1995, immediately after a 5-inch rain event. The water levels in all parks were monitored for the subsequent 4-month period to determine inundation time for each tree. The health of these trees was visually assessed annually. Bald cypress, mulberry, American elm, and sycamore improved in health, while the other tree species declined. Surprisingly, weeping willow and corkscrew willow, along with cedar elm, suffered the greatest decline in health.
Effects of Preemergence Applied Herbicides on Pampas Grass
Authors: Palmer C.K. , Gilliam C.H. , Keever G.J. , Olive J.W. , Eakes D.J.
Published: February 2019

Pampas grass seedlings in 72-cell pack containers were transplanted into containers with a root observation window (17.8 × 10.2 cm) and treated with selected preemergence applied herbicides. Root numbers were counted in the upper and lower 8.9 cm of the viewing window until 16 days after treatment (DAT) when the windows became full of roots. Root growth in both the upper and lower window was suppressed with application of Factor 65 WG and Pendulum 60 WDG at the X and 2X rates at 16 DAT. Ronstar 2G and Pendulum 2G at the recommended rates and nontreated control plants had similar root numbers at 16 DAT. At 16 DAT, the greatest number of club roots formed on plants treated with the dinitroaniline herbicides; Pendulum 2G, Pendulum 60 WDG, and Factor 65 WG. Shoot growth was not affected by treatment.
Experiments with Locust and Willow Diffusates on Rooting Cuttings
Authors: Arena Mark J. , Schwarz Otto J. , Witte Willard T.
Published: February 2019

Aqueous diffusates of either Salix erythroflexus (contorted willow) or Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) were tested as a root-promoting substance on woody plants and Vigna radiata (mung bean). On 8 July 1995 water diffusates were prepared from fresh chopped terminal stems of either willow or locust (680 g) that were steeped in 4 liters of water for 24 hours. Semihardwood cuttings of Chionanthus retusus were double wounded, steeped in either willow, locust, or water for 24 hours followed by a treatment with 3.0% IBA in talc. One additional group of cuttings was treated with 3.0% IBA only. After 75 days, cuttings treated with willow diffusate and IBA produced the greatest number of roots, followed by the locust diffusate and IBA treatments. A similar test using willow diffusate and IBA on softwood cuttings of Chionanthus virginicus resulted in an 80% success rate. A modified mung bean bioassay was used to partially characterize and verify the effects of the diffusates. Diffusates were made from chopped frozen locust or willow terminal stems (10 g/300 ml H2O), stirred for 24 hours. Mung bean cuttings treated with either locust or willow diffusate (5 ml/10 ml H2O) plus 80 ppm IBA produced more roots than IBA or either diffusate alone. A dose response test showed a significant increase in rooting as concentrations increased (H2O,10%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) for both diffusates. Ethyl acetate extractions of each diffusate at pH 3.0 produced more roots than extracts at pH 7.0. A thermal stability test (20 min at 100 °C) on the diffusates showed willow maintained its root-promoting activity, while locust did not.
Georgia Center for Horticulture: A Statewide Network for Serving Urban Clientele and Environmental Horticulture Professionals
Authors: Wade Gary L.
Published: February 2019

A proposed Center for Horticulture within the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of The University of Georgia will target both Environmental Horticulture professionals and homeowners. To be headquartered at the Georgia Experiment Station in Griffin, Ga., with satellite units in Atlanta, Athens, Tifton, and Savannah, the Center will utilize advanced communications technology in developing and delivering educational outreach programs for clientele. Distance learning via fiber optics telecommunications will be used to provide educational short courses and seminars to clientele across the state. Distance imaging will be used for plant problem solving and plant identification. Newsletters, pest alerts, program announcements and other information will be sent electronically to clients via fax, e-mail, or the World Wide Web. Marketing of Georgia-grown crops will be a major thrust of the Center. A second component of the Center will be a public outreach unit, staffed by trained Master Gardeners, professional coordinator, and computer technician housed at the various satellite units. Citizens throughout the state will be able to phone one of the satellite units to get their gardening questions answered. Information will be sent directly to clients via fax, e-mail, or from the local county Extension agent when prompted via the computer to send the client an informational bulletin. A central server and database of information to support the Center will be maintained at the Georgia Experiment Station. The Center will utilize an interdisciplinary approach, involving teaching, research, and Extension personnel in responding to industry and consumer needs.
Providing Extension Information Electronically—Easing the Transition From a Paper-Based System
Authors: Lineberger R. Daniel
Published: February 2019

Cooperative Extension has relied heavily on the distribution of printed materials to accomplish its mission of providing research-based educational materials to agricultural producers and consumers. As the costs of print media have escalated and budgets have been reduced, Extension has continually sought more efficient and effective alternatives. World Wide Web information servers are central to this task, since they are relatively inexpensive to set up and operate, and can deliver high-quality materials for on-screen viewing or printing on demand. Recent developments (specifically the WebTV network) indicate the Web to be the medium of choice for Extension delivery systems. In addition to providing electronic versions of publications, slide shows, and video clips, most Web browsers also support e-mail and interactive forms for obtaining information from the client. Analysis of Web server logs and guest registers can be used to determine client use patterns to address issues of access and accountability. The current and next generations of most word processing, page layout, and presentation software offer Web-ready layout as one saving option.
Using Video to Reach and Teach Radio Listeners about Horticulture
Authors: Polomski Robert F. , McAnally Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Although horticulture lends itself to videotaped instruction, I effectively used audiotaped “how to” pieces recorded via a television camera to enhance the educational impact of a live, call-in radio program. This monthly program (SCETV-Radio [91.3 WLTR FM]), which had an audience of 14,000 listeners in South Carolina and parts of North Carolina and Georgia, allowed me to educate listeners about horticulture and to respond to their gardening questions. In each hour-long program I included a 3- to 4-minute in-the-field segment of a specific horticultural practice, such as plant selection, soil preparation, planting, or pruning. In the absence of visuals, I relied on descriptive dialogue and in-the-field sounds to enhance the presentation, thereby enabling listeners to visualize the activity. A broadcast quality beta-cam television camera used to videotape horticultural pieces for television broadcasts (Extension videotapes, C.U.E. Magazine, and Making It Grow!) doubled as a recorder for radio. Using the television camera for video- and audiotaping maximized personnel time and equipment, in addition to improving the quality and content of the radio program.
Influence of Bark, Dolomite, and Fertilizer Sources on Leachate pH of Nursery Medium
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Bush Edward W. , Goyne Mitchell W.
Published: February 2019

Leachates were collected at 3-month intervals over 12 months to determine the influence of bark, controlled-release fertilizer, and dolomitic lime sources and dolomitic lime application rates on pH of nursery media. The randomized complete-block design was arranged as a factorial and included three bark sources (pinebark, hardwood, and pinebark + hardwood), two fertilizer sources (Nutricote 17-7-8 and SierraBlen 18-7-10), and two dolomitic lime sources (microencapsulated granular and pulverized). Dolomitic lime application rates were 0, 5, 10, and 15 pounds per cubic yard. Leachate pH was influenced over the one-year evaluation period by fertilizer source, bark source, and application rate of dolomitic lime. Dolomitic lime source was not a significant factor in adjustment of leachate pH. Pinebark medium had lower leachate pHs than hardwood medium and the medium containing hardwood and pinebark. Dolomitic lime influenced leachate pH of pinebark medium more than the other bark sources. SierraBlen was more acid-forming than Nutricote.
Dolomitic Limestone Form and Rate in Container Production of Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Eakes D.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Keever G.J. , Olive J.W.
Published: February 2019

Uniform liners of Soft Touch Holly (Ilex crenata 'Soft Touch') and Fashion azalea {Rhododendron 'Fashion') were potted into trade gallon containers of a 3: 1 by volume pinebark: peat moss medium amended with 8.3 kg of 17-7-12 Osmocote and 0.9 kg of Micromax per m3. Dolomitic limestone rates were 0,3, and 6 kg per m3 of medium applied as a finely ground or pelletized product. Medium solution pH increased with increasing rate of dolomitic limestone. Ground dolomitic limestone had a greater impact on medium solution pH than pelletized dolomitic limestone and differences increased as rate increased. Addition of ground dolomitic limestone at 6 kg per m3 reduced foliar color and growth of azalea. Amending with dolomitic limestone had little or no effect on holly foliar color or growth, regardless of rate.
In Situ Measurement of the Rate of NO-3 Release from Controlled-release Fertilizers
Authors: O'Hair Stephen K. , Wang Tiangen
Published: February 2019

Controlled-Released Fertilizer (CRF) has a great potential for applications in the nursery container industry. However, the specific mechanisms of the control are proprietary. The longevity claimed by manufacturers are unclear. The longevity of one CRF is claimed to be 2 to 3 months at 80 °F, resulting in a deviation of 30%. Thus, the actual release rate will have a 30% deviation from the claimed longevity. A preliminary study was conducted to test the longevity of two types of RCFs. 1.00 g (7.7% NO-3-N, fast release) and 1.30 g (5.9% NO-3-N slow release) of CRF was added to 500 ml distilled water in separate flasks and stirred continuously at a low speed during measurement period. A nitrate electrode and a reference electrode were set in the solution. The nitrate electrode responded to the increase in nitrate concentration caused by nitrate release from he CRFs. The response analog signal from the nitrate sensor was input to a 16-bit analog/digital converter with 1-minute interval for each measurement. The results indicated that 9% of the nitrate from the fast CRF (2- to 3-month longevity) was released in 10 hours. About 11.5% of the nitrate from the slow CRF (8- to 9-month longevity) was released in 260 hours. Based on the observed release rates, a 2- to 3-month longevity CRF will last about 111 hours in the stirred distilled water at room temperature. A CRF with 8 to 9 month longevity will last about 94.2 days. Even though field conditions are different from the experimental conditions, the real longevity of CRF in the fields may have to be further investigated. In the tropical southern Florida climate, the release rates of nutrients from CRFs are likely to be enhanced.
Treatments to Accelerate Leaf Development in Blueberries
Authors: Krewer Gerard , NeSmith D. Scott , Mullinix Ben
Published: February 2019

Poor blueberry leaf development is a serious problem in medium and low chilling regions which leads to smaller, later ripening fruit and reduced bush vigor. Dormex (hydrogen cyanamide) and Promalin or Accel (6-benzyl adenine plus gibberellins A4 and A7) were used in the experiments. Dormex 1991-1995 trials with applications at the end of the dormancy period (February) looked promising but were not uniformly successful. In 1996, applications were made starting in mid-dormancy (early-mid January) about 6-8 weeks before normal bud break. Spring vegetative bud development was greatly accelerated with minimal advance in flower development. Mid-dormancy Dormex rates of 1.5% to 2% appear promising. Dormex application after bud break or at excessively high rates will kill flower buds, but has excellent potential as a bloom thinning agent for juvenile blueberry plants. Promalin or Accel applications post bloom significantly accelerated spring leaf development. Late summer applications of Promalin significantly increased fall growth and number of side shoots.
Effect of N Fertilization on `Arapaho' Thornless Blackberry
Authors: Naraguma Joseph , Clark John R.
Published: February 2019

Applications of N to blackberry plantings are a common practice in Arkansas, but fertilizer recommendations are largely based on those of other states. The need for information on fertility of a new blackberry from the Arkansas breeding program motivated this study. A three-year-old `Arapaho' blackberry planting at the University of Arkansas Fruit Substation was used for this study. Treatments which began in 1994 and continued through 1996 were: 1) control—no N applied, 2) 56 Kg N/ha applied in a single application in early spring, 3) 112 Kg N/ha applied in a single early spring application, and 4) 112 Kg/ha applied in a split application with one-half applied in the early spring and one-half applied immediately after harvest. Fruit was harvested from the plots in June and total yield and average berry weight determined. Foliar samples were collected in August and elemental analysis conducted. Primocanes in each plot were counted at the end of the growing season. Over the three years, there was no significant treatment effect on yield, berry weight, or primocane number. A trend toward higher primocane number where N was applied was seen, however. Foliar levels of N, P, K, Ca, S, and Mn were affected by either N rate or time of application. The foliar N levels were influenced by N rate and the split application gave the highest concentration. Calcium was higher when no N was applied, Mn was greater at higher N rates while the control had the lowest foliar N level in each year.
Tissue Cultured Peach Not as Tolerant as Lovell Rootstock to Short-life Under Field Conditions
Authors: Reighard Gregory L. , Zehr Eldon I. , Hammerschlag Freddi
Published: February 2019

Peach tree short life (PTSL) is a serious peach tree disease syndrome on replant orchard sites in the Southeast. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is a bacterial disease often associated with tree injury and death on these PTSL sites. Rootstocks that have better tolerance to ring nematodes such as Lovell have less PTSL death. Tissue-cultured peach embryos and/or explants have shown increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni, another bacterial peach pathogen, in laboratory and greenhouse screenings. Tissue-cultured `Redhaven' (RH), `Redskin' (RS), and `Sunhigh' (SH) peach cultivars on their own roots were planted with SH seedlings and RH and RS budded to Lovell rootstock on a severe PTSL site in South Carolina. Treatments beside cultivar/rootstock combination included preplant fumigation vs. nonfumigation. PTSL appeared in the third year and by year 4 significant tree death occurred. Tissue-cultured RH, RS, and SH trees had 54%, 55%, and 88% PTSL death, respectively, compared to RH (17%) and RS (29%) on Lovell or the SH seedlings (25%). Fumigation significantly decreased PTSL in both RS combinations but not RH. These data suggest that the tolerance of the cultivar root system to PTSL-inducing factors such as ring nematodes was more important in PTSL than scion resistance to bacteria.
Tree Fruit Rootstock Development in Arkansas
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Allen R. Andy , Blackburn Bryan
Published: February 2019

The Arkansas tree fruit research program has a history of involvement in rootstock development. The elements of rootstock development are rootstock cultivar testing and rootstock breeding and evaluation. Research is focused on apple and peach rootstocks. Rootstock testing is done in conjunction with the NC-140 cooperative uniform rootstock research project. Currently, there are 10 NC-140 trials in progress for apples, peaches, pears, and cherry rootstocks in Arkansas. The Arkansas rootstock breeding projects were established in the early 1970s as components of the fruit breeding program. The objectives are to develop apple and peach rootstocks which are adaptable to the Arkansas edaphic and adaphic conditions, have size control, have some degree of pest resistance, and are efficient in production. To date, 92 apple rootstock selections have been made and 41 are still in early evaluation for propagation and growth characteristics, while 56 peach rootstocks have been selected and are in early evaluation. Arkansas apple rootstocks selections are sequentially numbered with numbers preceded by AAR (ex: AAR-92). Peach rootstocks selections are numbered with numbers preceded by APR. Data from 2 NC-140 apple rootstock trials were presented and discussed.
Effects of Storage on the Quality and Composition of Three New Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars
Authors: Magee James B.
Published: February 2019

The southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium, mostly corymbosum) cultivars Jubilee, Pearl River, and Magnolia and the rabbiteye cultivars Climax and Premier were stored for 4 weeks at 1-2 °C. Berries were held in pint “clam shell” plastic retail units and were evaluated weekly for physical and compositional quality. As groups, the rabbiteyes were higher in SSC, SSC/TA, glucose and fructose, anthocyanins, and malic, quinic, and succinic acids. `Jubilee' was the southern highbush and `Climax' the rabbiteye least affected by the storage. `Pearl River' and `Magnolia' were less firm and more shriveled than the other cultivars. `Magnolia' had the highest incidence of decay; decay was slight overall.
Effects of Crop Rotations, Winter and Summer Cover Crops, and Minimum-till on Pepper and Sweet Corn Production
Authors: Batal K.M. , Decoteau D.R. , Granberry D.M. , Mullinix B.G. , Sanders D.C. , Hoyt G.D. , Dufault R.J.
Published: February 2019

Pepper and sweet corn were tested in a rotation with crimson clover and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) cover crops at different locations in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina from 1995 to 1996. Vegetable production with minimum-till following the cover crops was compared with two different conventional methods (following rye cover or fallow). All minimum-till/cover crop treatments caused reduction of total number of pepper fruit, compared to the conventional methods. Effects on premium grade (Fancy + U.S. #1) were similar to the effects on total fruit. The highest percentage of premium grade was produced by both conventional methods in 1996. Sweet corn responded similarly to these treatments in 1995. However, in 1996, clover plots had corn yields nearly as good as the conventional plots. As in bell pepper, plots with velvet bean cover produced lower yield in 1996. Treatment effects on number of marketable corn were the same as the effects on total ears produced.