bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Circulating CD4+CD28−T-Cells in Patients With Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Duftner Christina , Seiler Rüdiger , Klein-Weigel Peter , Göbel Heike , Goldberger Christian , Ihling Christian , Fraedrich Gustav , Schirmer Michael
Published: April 2005

Objective—To assess the possible role of proinflammatory CD28−T cells in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Animal studies and human tissue studies suggest a role for interferon (IFN)-γ–producing T cells in the development and progression of AAAs.

Methods and Results—Fluorescence-activated cells sorter analysis of peripheral blood samples and measurement of AAA size using sonography were performed in 101 AAA patients and 38 healthy controls. Peripheral percentages of CD28−T cells of the CD3+CD4+and the CD3+CD8+were enriched in AAA patients with 7.8±8.8% and 41.9±15.7% compared with healthy controls with 2.2±6.1% and 24.9±15.5%, respectively (P=0.002 andP<0.001, respectively). Both CD4+CD28−and CD8+CD28−T cells produced large amounts of IFN-γ and perforin. Patients with small AAAs (<4 cm) showed higher peripheral levels of CD4+CD28−T cells than those with larger AAAs (P=0.025). Immunohistological examinations revealed 39.1±17.2% CD4+CD28−and 44.0±13.8% CD8+CD28−in AAA tissue specimens with inflammatory infiltrates.

Conclusions—IFN-γ– and perforin-producing CD28−T cells are present in the periphery and the vessel wall of a majority of AAAs. This observation in humans favors the concept of a T cell–mediated pathophysiology of AAAs, especially during the early development of AAAs.
Platelet-Leukocyte Interaction and Platelet Activation in Acute Stroke With and Without Preceding Infection
Authors: Zeller J.A. , Lenz A. , Eschenfelder C.C. , Zunker P. , Deuschl G.
Published: April 2005

Objective—Acute coronary syndromes and ischemic cerebral stroke share similarities regarding elevated platelet activation. In coronary syndromes, the importance of inflammation with platelet-leukocyte interaction has been demonstrated. Recent infection is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke; the role of platelet-leukocyte interaction in these patients had not been investigated.

Methods and Results—Using a flow cytometric assay we investigated 58 stroke patients, 21 with and 37 without infection 1 week before acute cerebral ischemia, and compared them to 58 controls with regard to platelet-leukocyte aggregation and platelet activation on admission and on day 7. Patients with previous infection were significantly up-regulated with regard to platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation compared with patients without infection. On day 7, these increases in the postinfective group had drawn level with the lower values of the other patients. As reported previously, recent infection was associated with a more severe postischemic deficit.

Conclusions—These results suggest an important role of intercellular platelet-leukocyte interaction in the pathophysiology of acute cerebral ischemia which may also contribute to the increased incidence and clinical severity of ischemic stroke following infection. This may lead to therapeutic considerations of blocking intercellular adhesion molecules like P-selectin or the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand.
Synergistic Effect of Thrombin on Collagen-Induced Platelet Procoagulant Activity Is Mediated Through Protease-Activated Receptor-1
Authors: Keuren Jeffrey F.W. , Wielders Simone J.H. , Ulrichts Hans , Hackeng Tilman , Heemskerk Johan W.M. , Deckmyn Hans , Bevers Edouard M. , Lindhout Theo
Published: April 2005

Objective—

In the blood coagulation process, the rate of thrombin formation is critically dependent on phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) at the surface of activated platelets. Thrombin synergistically enhances the collagen-induced platelet procoagulant response. The objective of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of this synergistic action with a focus on the intracellular Ca
2+
concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
) and the various platelet receptors for thrombin.

Methods and Results—

We demonstrate that procoagulant activity is related to a sustained increased [Ca
2+
]
i
, which in turn depends on extracellular Ca
2+
influx. Increased PtdSer exposure coincides with increased [Ca
2+
]
i
and was observed in a subpopulation (≈14%) of the platelets after stimulation with thrombin plus collagen. 2D2-Fab fragments against the thrombin binding site on GPIbα made clear that this receptor did not signal for platelet procoagulant activity. Inhibition of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and PAR-4 by selective intracellular inhibitors and selective desensitization of these receptors revealed that PAR-1, but not PAR-4, activation is a prerequisite for both sustained elevations in [Ca
2+
]
i
and procoagulant activity induced by collagen plus thrombin.

Conclusions—

The interaction of thrombin with PAR-1 mediates a synergistic effect on collagen-induced procoagulant activity by inducing a sustained elevation in [Ca
2+
]
i
in a subpopulation of platelets.
Chagasic Cardiomyopathy Is Independently Associated With Ischemic Stroke in Chagas Disease
Authors: Carod-Artal Francisco Javier , Vargas Antonio Pedro , Horan Thomas Anthony , Nunes Luiz Guillerme Nadal
Published: April 2005

Background and Purpose—

Chagasic cardiomyopathy is independently associated with ischemic stroke in Chagas disease. American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease (CD), is a major public health problem in South America. We sought to evaluate prevalence of vascular risk factors for stroke in patients with stroke caused by CD.

Methods—

Ninety-four consecutive CD stroke patients and 150 consecutive nonchagasic stroke patients were studied. CD was confirmed when both immunofluorescence and hemagglutination serology were positive. Data collected included age, sex, vascular risk factors, diagnostic stroke subtype (TOAST classification), and echocardiography findings. Fasting plasma levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, homocysteine, activated protein C resistance, IgG anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and genetic tests for the factor V Leiden and the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation were determined.

Results—

CD patients had a mean age of 56.31 years compared with 61.59 years for non-CD stroke patients (
P
=0.0002). Cardioembolism occurred in 56.38% of CD stroke patients compared with 9.33% in controls (
P
=0.000), whereas atherothrombotic strokes occurred in 8.51% of CD strokes versus 20% in controls (
P
=0.016), and small-vessel stroke in 9.57% of CD stroke patients versus 34.67% in controls (
P
=0.000). Apical aneurysm (37.23% versus 0.67%; OR, 88.39), left ventricular dilatation (23.4% versus 5.33%; OR, 5.42), mural thrombus (11.7 versus 2%; OR, 6.49) and abnormal electrocardiography (ECG) (66% versus 23.33%; OR, 2.87) were significantly higher in the group of chagasic stroke patients. No statistical differences were observed in thrombophilia between both groups. The significant variables that predicted CD stroke patients on a stepwise logistical regression model were apical aneurysm, cardiac insufficiency, ECG arrhythmia, female gender, and hypertension.

Conclusions—

Chagasic cardiomyopathy is independently associated with ischemic stroke, whereas hypercoagulable states do not appear to be major contributors to the excess stroke risk seen in patients with CD.
Bound to Bind
Authors: Büring Daniel
Published: April 2005

Two familiar ideas in the theory of binding are explored: that semantic binding is preferred over coreference (Reinhart 1983) and that (pronoun) binding seeks the closest antecedent (Fox 2000). It is shown that both proposals, when combined, yield an alternative and arguably simpler approach to the co-binding facts discussed by Heim (1993), but that neither alone does (contrary to what is suggested in Fox 2000). Then a unification of both ideas is proposed. Interestingly, the resulting system no longer entails one of Heim's (1993) conclusions, namely, that (co)reference must be marked by syntactic (co)indexing.
Overwriting Does Not Optimize in Nonconcatenative Morphology
Authors: Nevins Andrew Ira
Published: April 2005

Overwriting is modeled in Optimality Theory as a competition for a position within the derivational base (Alderete et al. 1999, Ussishkin 1997). Faithfulness constraints that are evaluated on the basis of segment counting predict a typology of languages in which (a) optimization dictates that the relative size of the affixal material determines whether it will win out and “overwrite” the base, and (b) optimization ensures that if both the affix and base material can surface without incurring phonotactic violations, this should be optimal. Both predictions are wrong. Hebrew denominal verb formation and Hindi echo reduplication demonstrate cases of nonconcatenative derivation in which overwriting is better understood as rule-induced change.
Increased DNA microarray hybridization specificity using sscDNA targets
Authors: Barker Christopher S , Griffin Chandi , Dolganov Gregory M , Hanspers Kristina , Yang Jean Yee Hwa , Erle David J
Published: April 2005

Background

The most widely used amplification method for microarray analysis of gene expression uses T7 RNA polymerase-driven in vitro transcription (IVT) to produce complementary RNA (cRNA) that can be hybridized to arrays. However, multiple rounds of amplification are required when assaying very small amounts of starting RNA. Moreover, certain cRNA-DNA mismatches are more stable than the analogous cDNA-DNA mismatches and this might increase non-specific hybridization. We sought to determine whether a recently developed linear isothermal amplification method (ribo-SPIA) that produces single stranded cDNA would offer advantages over traditional IVT-based methods for microarray-based analyses of transcript expression.

Results

A single round of ribo-SPIA amplification produced sufficient sscDNA for hybridizations when as little as 5 ng of starting total RNA was used. Comparisons of probe set signal intensities obtained from replicate amplifications showed consistently high correlations (r = 0.99). We compared gene expression in two different human RNA samples using ribo-SPIA. Compared with one round IVT, ribo-SPIA had a larger dynamic range and correlated better with quantitative PCR results even though we used 1000-fold less starting RNA. The improved dynamic range was associated with decreases in hybridization to mismatch control probes.

Conclusion

The use of amplified sscDNA may offer substantial advantages over IVT-based amplification methods, especially when very limited amounts of starting RNA are available. The use of sscDNA targets instead of cRNA targets appears to improve hybridization specificity.
How Cold is It? TRPM8 and TRPA1 in the Molecular Logic of Cold Sensation
Authors: McKemy David D
Published: April 2005

Recognition of temperature is a critical element of sensory perception and allows us to evaluate both our external and internal environments. In vertebrates, the somatosensory system can discriminate discrete changes in ambient temperature, which activate nerve endings of primary afferent fibers. These thermosensitive nerves can be further segregated into those that detect either innocuous or noxious (painful) temperatures; the latter neurons being nociceptors. We now know that thermosensitive afferents express ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family that respond at distinct temperature thresholds, thus establishing the molecular basis for thermosensation. Much is known of those channels mediating the perception of noxious heat; however, those proposed to be involved in cool to noxious cold sensation, TRPM8 and TRPA1, have only recently been described. The former channel is a receptor for menthol, and links the sensations provided by this and other cooling compounds to temperature perception. While TRPM8 almost certainly performs a critical role in cold signaling, its part in nociception is still at issue. The latter channel, TRPA1, is activated by the pungent ingredients in mustard and cinnamon, but has also been postulated to mediate our perception of noxious cold temperatures. However, a number of conflicting reports have suggested that the role of this channel in cold sensation needs to be confirmed. Thus, the molecular logic for the perception of cold-evoked pain remains enigmatic. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of these cold thermoreceptors, as well as address the current controversy regarding TRPA1 and cold signaling.
Interleukin-6 Depletion Selectively Improves Hepatic Insulin Action in Obesity
Authors: Klover Peter J. , Clementi Alicia H. , Mooney Robert A.
Published: April 2005

Obesity and insulin resistance are considered chronic inflammatory states, in part because circulating IL-6 is elevated. Exogenous IL-6 can induce hepatic insulin resistance in vitro and in vivo. The importance of endogenous IL-6, however, to insulin resistance of obesity is unresolved. To test the hypothesis that IL-6 contributes to the inflammation and insulin resistance of obesity, IL-6 was depleted in Lepob mice by injection of IL-6-neutralizing antibody. In untreated Lepob mice, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) activation was increased compared with that in lean controls, consistent with an inflammatory state. With IL-6 depletion, activation of STAT3 in liver and adipose tissue and expression of haptoglobin were reduced. Expression of the IL-6-dependent, hepatic acute phase protein fibrinogen was also decreased. Using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique, insulin-dependent suppression of endogenous glucose production was 89% in IL-6-depleted Lepob mice, in contrast to only 32% in Lepob controls, indicating a marked increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity. A significant change in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle after IL-6 neutralization was not observed. In a direct comparison of hepatic insulin signaling in Lepob mice treated with anti-IL-6 vs. IgG-treated controls, insulin-dependent insulin receptor autophosphorylation and activation of Akt (pSer473) were increased by nearly 50% with IL-6 depletion. In adipose tissue, insulin receptor signaling showed no significant change despite major reductions in STAT3 phosphorylation and haptoglobin expression. In diet-induced obese mice, depletion of IL-6 improved insulin responsiveness in 2-h insulin tolerance tests. In conclusion, these results indicate that IL-6 plays an important and selective role in hepatic insulin resistance of obesity.
Central Relaxin-3 Administration Causes Hyperphagia in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: McGowan B. M. C. , Stanley S. A. , Smith K. L. , White N. E. , Connolly M. M. , Thompson E. L. , Gardiner J. V. , Murphy K. G. , Ghatei M. A. , Bloom S. R.
Published: April 2005

Relaxin-3 (INSL-7) is a recently discovered member of the insulin superfamily. Relaxin-3 mRNA is expressed in the nucleus incertus of the brainstem, which has projections to the hypothalamus. Relaxin-3 binds with high affinity to the LGR7 receptor and to the previously orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPCR135. GPCR135 mRNA is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, particularly in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The presence of relaxin-3 and these receptors in the PVN led us to investigate the effect of central administration of relaxin-3 on food intake in male Wistar rats. The receptor involved in mediating these effects was also investigated. Intracerebroventricular injections of human relaxin-3 (H3) to satiated rats significantly increased food intake 1 h post administration in the early light phase [0.96 ± 0.16 g (vehicle) vs. 1.81 ± 0.21 g (180 pmol H3), P < 0.05] and the early dark phase [2.95 ± 0.45 g (vehicle) vs. 4.39 ± 0.39 g (180 pmol H3), P < 0.05]. Intra-PVN H3 administration significantly increased 1-h food intake in satiated rats in the early light phase [0.34 ± 0.16 g (vehicle) vs. 1.23 ± 0.30 g (18 pmol H3), P < 0.05] and the early dark phase [4.43 ± 0.32 g (vehicle) vs. 6.57 ± 0.42 g (18 pmol H3), P < 0.05]. Feeding behavior increased after intra-PVN H3. Equimolar doses of human relaxin-2, which binds the LGR7 receptor but not GPCR135, did not increase feeding. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, or agouti-related peptide mRNA expression did not change after acute intracerebroventricular H3. These results suggest a novel role for relaxin-3 in appetite regulation.
An experimental study of steady and pulsating cross-flow over a semi-staggered tube bundle
Authors: Konstantinidis E , Castiglia D , Balabani S
Published: April 2005

This paper describes an experimental study of the cross-flow characteristics in a semi-staggered tube bundle for Reynolds numbers in the range 1100-12 900. It is shown that by displacing transversely the tubes in the even rows of an in-line bundle by one diameter the vortex-shedding mechanism is suppressed. Vortex shedding is re-established and reinforced by pulsations superimposed on to the approaching flow and a considerable increase in the power of the associated velocity fluctuations is observed in the bundle. Two cases of pulsating flow are examined with different effects on the flow structure of the bundle. Detailed measurements of the mean and fluctuating velocity fields in the semi-staggered tube bundle together with flow visualization images are also reported in the paper in order to examine in depth the effects of tube displacement and flow pulsations. Comparisons with in-line and staggered configurations having the same spacing-to-diameter ratios are made.
Solvothermal Preparation of Single-crystalline Gold Nanorods in Novel Nonaqueous Microemulsions
Authors: Cao Jieming , Ma Xianjia , Zheng Mingbo , Liu Jinsong , Ji Hongmei
Published: April 2005

Single-crystalline gold nanorods have been prepared by one-step, seedless solvothermal reduction of HAuCl4·4H2O in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/octane + butanol/formamide microemulsions. Formamide provides not only reduction but also sites occupied by Au3+ ion through replacing “water pools” in the traditional microemulsions.
A Convenient Method for Preparations of 1-Acylimidazoles and Carboxamides by Using Novel Imidazolylsilane Derivatives
Authors: Tozawa Takashi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2005

Various imidazolylsilane derivatives were synthesized by a trans-silylation procedure between 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazoles and chlorosilanes. Among them, tris- and tetrakis(imidazol-1-yl)silane compounds reacted smoothly with free carboxylic acids to form the corresponding 1-acylimidazoles, which subsequently underwent condensation with amines to afford carboxamides in good to high yields. These results indicate that novel reagents containing silicon–imidazole linkage are effectively utilized as dehydrating reagents to form carboxylic acid derivatives from free carboxylic acids and nucleophiles under mild conditions.
Effect of Acetylacetone on Morphology and Crystalline Structure of Nanostructured TiO2 in Titanium Alkoxide Aqueous Solution System
Authors: Nakagawa Keizo , Wang Fumin , Murata Yusuke , Adachi Motonari
Published: April 2005

Network structure of single-crystal-like TiO2 nanowires with anatase phase was synthesized at low temperature by the “oriented attachment” mechanism. The most important factor for synthesis of network structure of the TiO2 nanowires was elucidated as the effect of acetylacetone (ACA) on the formation of nanowires. Morphology and crystalline structure of TiO2 were varied by changing the mole ratio of ACA to Ti.
Nonlinear Riemann-Hilbert problem for bordered Riemann surfaces
Authors: Černe Miran
Published: April 2005

Let Σ be a bordered Riemann surface with genus g and m boundary components. Let { γ z } z ∈∂Σ be a smooth family of smooth Jordan curves in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] which all contain the point 0 in their interior. Then there exists a holomorphic function f ( z ) on Σ smooth up to the boundary with at most 2 g + m - 1 zeros on Σ such that f ( z ) ∈ γ z for every z ∈ ∂Σ.
DT-operators and decomposability of Voiculescu's circular operator
Authors: Dykema Ken , Haagerup Uffe
Published: April 2005

The DT-operators are introduced, one for every pair (μ, c ) consisting of a compactly supported Borel probability measure μ on the complex plane and a constant c > 0. These are operators on Hilbert space that are defined as limits in *-moments of certain upper triangular random matrices. The DT-operators include Voiculescu's circular operator and elliptic deformations of it, as well as the circular free Poisson operators. We show that every DT-operator is strongly decomposable. We also show that a DT-operator generates a II 1 -factor, whose isomorphism class depends only on the number and sizes of atoms of μ. Those DT-operators that are also R-diagonal are identified. For a quasi-nilpotent DT-operator T , we find the distribution of T*T and a recursion formula for general *-moments of T .
Arithmetic multivariate Descartes' rule
Authors: Rojas J. Maurice
Published: April 2005

Let [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] be any number field or p-adic field and consider F :=( f 1 , . . . , f k ) where f 1 , . . . , f k ∈ [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /][ x 1 , . . . , x n ] and no more than μ distinct exponent vectors occur in the monomial term expansions of the f i . We prove that F has no more than 1 + ( C n (μ - n ) 3 log (μ - n )) n geometrically isolated roots in [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="03i" /] n , where C is an explicit and effectively computable constant depending only on [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="04i" /]. This gives a significantly sharper arithmetic analogue of Khovanski's Theorem on Real Fewnomials and a higher-dimensional generalization of an earlier result of Hendrik W. Lenstra, Jr. for the special case of a single univariate polynomial. We also present some further refinements of our new bounds and a higher-dimensional generalization of a bound of Lipshitz on p -adic complex roots. Connections to non-Archimedean amoebae and computational complexity (including additive complexity and solving for the geometrically isolated rational roots) are discussed along the way. We thus provide the foundations for an effective arithmetic analogue of fewnomial theory.
Inhomogeneous quadratic forms and triangular numbers
Authors: Shimura Goro
Published: April 2005

We prove an explicit formula for the number of representations of an integer as the sum of n triangular numbers for each n in the range 2 ≤ n ≤ 8 as special cases of a more general formula applicable to an inhomogeneous quadratic form over a totally real number field. The formula can be derived by calculating explicitly the Fourier coefficients of a certain Eisenstein series that appears in the Siegel-Weil formula for an inhomogeneous quadratic form.
Indonesia’s Approaching Elections: A Year of Voting Dangerously?
Authors: Emmerson Donald K.
Published: April 2005

Abstract: Indonesia’s democratic experiment is scheduled to undergo an unprecedented series of political tests in 2004: legislative elections at national, provincial and district levels in April; the first round of a first-ever direct presidential election in July; and if no candidate wins an absolute majority on the first round, a second round of presidential balloting in September. These contests could exacerbate underlying cleavages, and the results could facilitate eventual deadlock between executive and legislative institutions. The greater danger, however, lies in the chance that future leaders may fail to alleviate corruption, violence, and poverty, discrediting democracy in the eyes of a public more concerned with performance than procedures.
Does Diversity Hurt Democracy?
Authors: Fish M. Steven (Michael Steven) , Brooks Robin S
Published: April 2005

Freedom House president Adrian Karatynycky has claimed in the Journal of Democracy that "democracy has been significantly more successful in monoethnic societies than in ethnically divided and multiethnic societies." Is this often-heard claim true? Does heterogeneity promote conflict and harm democratization? Our cross-national analysis finds scant evidence for this notion. Since the obverse of this argumentÑi.e., that social diversity portends disastrous confict and therefore calls for authoritarian politicsÑis a favorite rationale put forward by undemocratic leaders in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and elsewhere, we suggest that students and friends of democracy should treat the alleged link between diversity and division with skepticism.
Fox's Mexico at Midterm
Authors: Lawson Chappell H.
Published: April 2005

With its third national election since the watershed political reforms of 1996, Mexico has successfully consolidated a democratic regime. As the first half of Vicente Fox's administration has demonstrated, however, certain features of this system seriously impede effective governance. Chief among these features is the combination of presidential rule with a three-party system. Most of the institutional reforms currently under consideration, such as the reelection of federal deputies, are unlikely to solve the problems this system generates. In this challenging institutional context, more is demanded of Mexican political leaders than they have so far been able to deliver.
Europe Moves Eastward: Concluding Reflections
Authors: Rupnik Jacques
Published: April 2005

Abstract: The enlargement of the European Union will contribute to democratic consolidation and stability in Europe’s eastern half. But Europe is now hesitating between two visions of its future that reflect two opposite fears. One is the fear of the EU’s founding countries that enlargement will lead to a “Europe without borders” that will empty the European project of its content. The other is the fear of candidate countries that the formation of a “core Europe” will drain enlargement of its substance. To prevent the promise of a reunited Europe from dissolving into disillusionment, it is high time to begin dissipating the mutual misunderstandings that hedge about the question of enlargement.
Criticism of "Brain Death" Policy in Japan
Authors: Bagheri Alireza
Published: April 2005

The 1997 Japanese organ transplantation law
is the fruit of a long debate on "brain death" and organ transplantation,
which involved the general public and experts in the relevant fields. The
aim of this paper is to trace the history of the implementation of the
law and to critique the law in terms of its consistency and fairness. The
paper argues that the legislation adopts a double standard regarding the
role of the family. On the one hand, the legislation overemphasizes the
family's authority by granting the family a veto on the matter of organ
transplantation, while, on the other hand, not allowing the family to make
surrogate decisions. In addition, the role of the law in cases involving
minor or incompetent patients is shown to be similarly misguided. The
paper argues that accepting a decisive role for the family in current
law is compatible with Japanese culture.
The Clinician-Investigator: Unavoidable but Manageable Tension
Authors: Brody Howard , Miller Franklin G
Published: April 2005

The "difference position" holds that clinical
research and therapeutic medical practice are sufficiently distinct
activities to require different ethical rules and principles. The
"similarity position" holds instead that clinical investigators ought
to be bound by the same fundamental principles that govern therapeutic
medicine—specifically, a duty to provide the optimal therapeutic
benefit to each patient or subject. Some defenders of the similarity
position defend it because of the overlap between the role of attending
physician and the role of investigator in a research trial. This
overlap is maximal when the same physician occupies both roles with
respect to a particular patient-subject. We address the ethical tensions
inherent in that role conflict and argue that the tensions are real but
manageable. The difference position provides a sound ethical framework
within which to manage those tensions, while the similarity position is
unsatisfactory because it seeks to deny the existence of the tensions.
Will the Real Charles Fried Please Stand Up?
Authors: Miller Paul B , Weijer Charles
Published: April 2005

In response to the preceding commentary by
Jerry Menikoff in this issue of the
Journal, the authors argue that Fried's central concern
is not that randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are conducted without
consent, but rather that various aspects of the design and conduct of
RCTs are in tension with physicians' duties of personal care to their
patients. Although Fried does argue that the existence of equipoise
cannot justify failure to obtain consent from research subjects, informed
consent by itself does not supplant ill subjects' rights to personalized
judgment and care embodied in Fried's equipoise.
A Jewish Argument for Socialized Medicine
Authors: Novak David
Published: April 2005

An analysis of traditional Jewish texts
yields neither the capitalist notion of medicine nor the socialist
one. Neither alternative is sufficient to ground the respect for the
sanctity of the human person as a being created in the image of God that
is so rationally appealing. That is why the Jewish ethical tradition,
which is based on this respect for the sanctity of human personhood,
both individual and collective, is so attractive—if only for
its insights, rather than its authority; its guidance, rather than its governance.
Reviving Ulysses Contracts
Authors: Spellecy Ryan
Published: April 2005

Ulysses contracts have faced paternalism
objections since they first were proposed. Since the contracts are
designed to override a present request from a legally competent patient
in favor of a past request made by that patient, enforcement of these
contracts was argued to be unjustifiable strong paternalism. Recent
legal developments and new theories of practical reasoning suggest that
the discussion of Ulysses contracts should be revived. This paper argues
that with a proper understanding of the future-directed planning embodied
in Ulysses contracts, the charge of strong paternalism can be answered,
and the enforcement of some Ulysses contracts may be justified under
the rubric of weak paternalism.
Romantic Satanism and the Rise of Nineteenth-Century Women's Poetry
Authors: Craciun Adriana
Published: April 2005

This essay proposes a reassessment of nineteenth-century British women's poetry, challenging prevailing teleological models of literary history in order to resist the illusion of feminist progress from the Romantic to the Victorian period. Although overshadowed in current critical accounts that focus largely on the Corinne/Sappho/Eve models of the fallen (distinctly sexualized) woman artist, Milton's Satan offered an equally important (and stubbornly unrepentant) precedent for women's intellectual and artistic ambition. Romantic Satanism persisted in "enlightenment," "Romantic," and "Victorian" women's writings, across the boundaries of literary periods (and gendered spheres) that we have retrospectively imposed. In fact, Romantic Satanism is visible in the most "feminine" poetic phenomenon of the century—that of the "poetesses" of the 1820s and 1830s, and their numerous poems lamenting "The Fallen Pleiad." Once we include Satan's recurring rise and fall among the precedents for women's literary struggles, Corinne and Sappho become alternate axes around which to organize our genealogies, not the starring heroines in a linear history.
Gertrude Stein's Portraits of Matisse and Picasso
Authors: Haselstein Ulla
Published: April 2005

Gertrude Stein's literary portraits have repeatedly been analyzed in relation to contemporary cubist painting; but the systematic relation of her work to literary portraiture has been neglected. An undertheorized and minor genre, literary portraiture has always carried the burden of a comparison and competition between the "sister arts". Viewed in this context, Stein's changing concepts of portraiture and her experiments with intermediality testify to an increasing self-reflexivity of the genre in modernism, which shifts the focus of (re)presentation to artistic performance. Stein's portraits of Matisse and Picasso are analyzed in detail to show how genre norms are redefined, how techniques from other media are adapted, and how the author struggles with the scene of recognition on which an act of portraiture is invariably predicated.
Derrida's Debt to Milton Friedman
Authors: Tratner Michael
Published: April 2005

This article draws on Derrida's account of economic history in Given Time I: Counterfeit Money to show that he is indebted to an economist he does not mention at all, Milton Friedman. Derrida calls for an investigation of the literary consequences of the "dematerialization of money" and proceeds to give his own version of this history by examining a Baudelaire story from 1864 and an economic treatise from 1925. Those texts may mark moments in economic history, but the dematerialization of money which Derrida sees in them is almost entirely a middle twentieth-century development, finalized in the demise of the international gold standard at about the same time Derrida was writing his essay. The economist most responsible for the "dematerialization of money" is Milton Friedman, who in the 1950's proposed a rather Derridean theory of money as a non-referential sign system, describing money as a "fiction" which "veils" its own fictionality. Connecting economic developments to literary theory has implications for the history of literary forms: the shift from Keynesian to Monetarist economics mirrors the shift from modernism to postmodernism.
Medicine Through the Artist's Eyes: Before, During, and After the Holocaust
Authors: Barilan Y. Michael
Published: April 2005

Pre-Holocaust German art celebrates the doctor as a hero,
triumphant over disease and poor hygiene. It emphasizes the ontological
conception of disease and the ability of medicine to cure pathology or
remove it. Some New Objectivity artists question this conceptualization
by pushing it to the extreme of realistic representations. However,
the clinical encounter has virtually disappeared from post-Holocaust
art. Medicine is depicted in three main ways: as an ambiguous and
alien Faustian craft; with a focus on holistic notions of healing,
thus avoiding biomedicine altogether; or with a focus on the subjective
experience of illness, thus ignoring the interaction between medicine
and the diseased person.
"He Knows That Machine is His Mortality": Old and New Social and Cultural Patterns in the Clinical Trial of the AbioCor Artificial Heart
Authors: Fox Renee C. (Renee Claire) , Swazey Judith P
Published: April 2005

The clinical trial of the AbioCor artificial heart, initiated
in July 2001 and still in process, has taken place within a matrix of
social and cultural patterns that are both "old" and new." The old
patterns—those that have accompanied previous clinical trials
of other vital artificial organs and transplantation in the United
States—include "experiment perilous," and courage, heroism,
and pioneering themes; "right stuff" motifs; "Americana" symbols;
allusions to the meaning of the human heart; connections with a for-profit
corporation; and the occurrence of moratoriums. New patterns—those
more particular and distinctive to the AbioCor trial—involve the
restrictions imposed on releasing information about the post-operative
clinical status of the implant recipients; the quasi-institutionalization
of a patient advocacy system to represent patient-subjects and their
families; and the "crises of success" that were encountered when several
of the AbioCor recipients survived longer than expected. In certain
instances, old and new patterns have been combined—for example, in
some of the idiosyncratic features of the AbioCor-associated lawsuit that
has resulted in part from the problem of the "therapeutic misconception,"
the belief that an experimental intervention is actually intended to be
a treatment.
Naming Streets for Physicians: "L'affaire Carrel"
Authors: Weksler Marc E. (Marc Edward)
Published: April 2005

In the 1970s, Paris and many other French cities named streets
in honor of Alexis Carrel, the French physician, scientist, and Nobel
laureate. Controversy erupted in the 1990s, when Carrel's right-wing
political views were espoused by the National Front party. Honors such
as street names require not only respected contributions to society,
but also high standards of personal conduct. Paris has recently followed
the lead of other French cities and has voted to remove Carrel's name
from its streets.
Interactions Between the Academic Business Library and Research Data Services
Authors: Bennett Terrence B , Nicholson Shawn
Published: April 2005

The use of numeric data has historical significance
in the research of many academic disciplines, but today it is
burgeoning. Responses from academic business librarians to a 33-item
questionnaire are the basis for this study that investigates the
interactions between academic business libraries and other local units
supplying numeric data services. In addition to observations about
physical location and administrative oversight, special attention is given
to the coordination and promotion of data services between the business
library and research data service centers. This pilot study reveals
some interesting and surprising trends confronting academic libraries
and research data centers, while opening new avenues for further research.
Changes in Library Design: An Architect's Perspective
Authors: Foote Steven M
Published: April 2005

This article discusses and illustrates selected changes
and trends in the way academic libraries are programmed and designed in
response to changes in teaching techniques in higher education. The author
draws particular attention to the new requirements for collaborative
study in technology-rich spaces and makes detailed recommendations for
those preparing library space programs.
Best Practices in Information Literacy
Authors: Hunt Fiona , Birks Jane
Published: April 2005

The authors discuss the application of the Association
of College and Research Libraries' (ACRL) "Characteristics of Programs
of Information Literacy that Illustrate Best Practices: A Guideline" to
develop a successful post-secondary information literacy program. Drawing
on personal experience and the literature, they examine several of
the key characteristics with the intention of raising questions and
exploring issues. ACRL recognized their work with information literacy
at Zayed University, UAE, selecting it as one of the ten institutions
in the world demonstrating best practices.
Theories of the Archive from Across the Disciplines
Authors: Manoff Marlene
Published: April 2005

Creative and compelling theoretical formulations
of the archive have emerged from a host of disciplines in the last
decade. Derrida and Foucault, as well as many other humanists and social
scientists, have initiated a broadly interdisciplinary conversation
about the nature of the archive. This literature suggests a confluence
of interests among scholars, archivists, and librarians that is fueled
by a shared preoccupation with the function and fate of the historical
and scholarly record. The following essay provides an exploration and
overview of this archival discourse.
Students, Librarians, and Subject Guides: Improving a Poor Rate of Return
Authors: Reeb Brenda , Gibbons Susan (Susan L.)
Published: April 2005

Librarians use subject guides to introduce students
to library materials. Surveys, usability tests, and usage statistics
demonstrate that students do not relate well to subject guides. We suggest
that library resources organized or delivered at a course level are more
in line with how undergraduate students approach library research.
Faculty and Professional Appointments of Academic Librarians: Expanding the Options for Choice
Authors: Ruess Diane E
Published: April 2005

Continued rapid change in higher education and in
academic librarianship calls for flexibility in offering and managing
professional appointments to meet organizational needs and objectives, as
well as to provide career options for librarians seeking a professional
model suitable to personal needs and objectives. A literature review
focused on appointment types highlights the variety of existing positions
for faculty and academic professionals. Expansion of appointment options
is suggested for consideration, particularly in light of recruitment
and retention concerns in the profession. Most institutions restrict
the power of choice to management, but there are some that offer choice,
thereby allowing candidates to select a preferred appointment according to
personal and professional career goals. Examination of two institutions
that offer a choice track for librarians points to the necessity for
further investigation of the benefits of expanded appointment options
to the individual, the institution, and the profession.
The Likeness Argument and the Reality of Mental Illness
Authors: Pickering Neil
Published: April 2005

A fundamental issue in the philosophy of psychiatry is that of
the reality of mental illness: is there any such thing as mental
illness? The dominant means of resolving this issue—either for
or against—is the likeness argument. This states that
mental illness exists, or does not, depending on the extent to which
putative mental illnesses (such as alcoholism or schizophrenia) are
like universally accepted illnesses (such as pneumonia). To succeed,
this argument has to assume (1) that the features of conditions such
as schizophrenia will decide whether they are illnesses or not and (2)
that the existence of these features can be determined independently of
the question whether they are illnesses or not. Both assumptions can be
questioned. A weaker objection to the likeness argument questions the
first, but it is possible to overcome it. A stronger objection questions
the second assumption, and is successful in undermining it. This also
undermines the first assumption. As a result, the likeness argument
will fail. Two major objections to the stronger objection are considered
and accommodated.
Moral Tourists and World Travelers: Some Epistemological Issues in Understanding Patients' Worlds
Authors: Potter Nancy Nyquist
Published: April 2005

Drawing on metaphors of travel and tourism, I distinguish between
epistemological stances that clinicians can adopt when attempting to
understand how patients experience their world and their illness. I
argue for a particular stance, called world traveling, that
involves a shift in clinicians' own commitments, perceptions, and
values. I identify barriers to this model but also suggest ways a
version of world traveling may be implemented.
The Wellsprings of Creativity: Marcia Brown's Guiding Metaphors of an Artist's Life
Authors: Lenz Millicent
Published: April 2005

Lenz reviews Marcia Brown's artistic career including the creation of award-winning picture books, such as Cinderella (1955) and Once a Mouse (1962). Lenz draws on the resources of Brown's essays and a videotaped interview with the former Head of Special Collections at the University of Albany Libraries where Brown's papers are housed. Lenz discusses seven metaphors representing Brown's creative process. She finds Brown's poetics of creativity encapsulated in rich images expressing, what Brown calls, the big, soul-searching joys of the arts.
Newman and Teilhard
Authors: Cowell Sion
Published: April 2005

Teilhard greatly admired Newman for whom the Eastern Fathers had been his first masters. Teilhard himself was nourished on the ideas of the Fathers, especially the Greek-speaking Fathers, many of whom are present throughout his writings like Irenæus of Lyon, Origen of Alexandria, this man with an ‘extraordinary cosmic consciousness,’ or the Cappadocian Fathers, Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory of Nazianzus. Faithful to the vision of the Cosmic Christ in St Paul and St John, Teilhard was inspired by the evolutionary perspective of the Eastern Fathers. He was always aware of continuing their ideas within the framework of a universe in movement towards its final consummation in the Universal Christ. In this respect we think it important to stress that Teilhard’s reflection on the divinisation of the cosmos, the doctrine of original sin or apophatic theology, a theology that is practically unknown to the majority of western Christians today, comes very close in its broad approach to that of many contemporary Orthodox theologians. Teilhard was equally aware of the need to summon a ‘New Nicæa,’ a new ecumenical council to define ‘the cosmic face of the Incarnation.’ He feared that we were about to see a renewal of ‘the great conflicts of arianism’ in an evolutionary cosmos. Finally, Teilhard invites us to return to the roots of our faith—going through Newman and the Eastern Fathers—to allow us to advance together towards the reconciliation of the eastern and western churches so that the ‘one holy catholic and apostolic Church’ might ‘breathe again with its two lungs,’ according to Pope John Paul II’s much-loved metaphor. We have much to do…
Teilhard and the Environment
Authors: King Thomas M.
Published: April 2005

Many people concerned with the environment have taken an interest in the writings of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955): Al Gore has quoted him in this context and short passages of Teilhard’s writings have served as mottos for conferences on the ecology. At the same time, other environmentally concerned people have expressed strong reservations. Teilhard worked as both a priest and geologist doing extensive research on the geology of Asia; he was much involved with the fossils known as Peking Man. His scientific writings are collected in ten volumes and his religious-philosophic writings are collected in thirteen; ten volumes of his letters have been published. This essay will try to explain Teilhard’s basic concern with the earth and the two processes he found in it: evolution and entropy. He favored the first over the second.
Complete Artificial Dentition Supported by Endosseous Implants: A Case Report of Total In-office Treatment
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: April 2005

This case report demonstrates the construction of a complete restoration of the dentition by the surgical placement of endosseous titanium implants that support a fixed prosthesis in each jaw. The positioning of the implants and teeth in the prostheses are important factors for a successful long-term result. Distribution of the occlusal biting forces over as many implants as possible is important. Off-axial occlusal biting forces should be diverted to the anterior prostheses, where the forces are not as great and the posterior teeth are designed with flat occlusal surfaces that separate during excursionary chewing movements. Medial mandibular flexure caused by the contraction of the medial pterygoid muscle can be addressed by constructing the prosthesis in segments. This is so as not to have a rigid entity encased in flexing bone that may induce stress to the bone, leading to loss of implant integration and failure. Segmenting also insures an appropriate fit of the prosthesis with respect to casting and porcelain firing distortion. Lip support by means of a flange in the prosthesis may be necessary when there has been a large amount of bone loss from edentulous resorption. Cleaning and maintenance of the prostheses every 3 to 6 months is essential.