bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamentalism as an American Phenomenon, A Comparison with English Evangelicalism
Authors: Marsden George
Published: April 2006

“Fundamentalism” is used in so many ways that a definition is the only place to begin. As I here use the term, “fundamentalism” refers to a twentieth-century movement closely tied to the revivalist tradition of mainstream evangelical Protestantism that militantly opposed modernist theology and the cultural change associated with it. Fundamentalism shares traits with many other movements to which it has been related (such as pietism, evangelicalism, revivalism, conservatism, confessionalism, millenarianism, and the holiness and pentecostal movements), but it has been distinguished most clearly from these by its militancy in opposition to modernism. This militancy has typically been expressed in terms of certain characteristic theological or intellectual emphases: whereas modernism or liberal theology tended to explain life and much of religion in terms of natural developments, fundamentalists stressed the supernatural.
Pierre Leroux: A Democratic Religion for a New World
Authors: Bakunin Jack
Published: April 2006

In the first part of the nineteenth century, Frenchmen had to adjust their world view to the ideological issues raised by the Revolution and to the economic problems that came with the development of industrial society. At issue was the extent to which traditional institutions could adjust to a rapidly changing world. At that time literate Frenchmen felt that they were living in an ideological crisis. Many asked themselves whether Christianity could survive and attempt to resolve the problems of the new world. Such a question had great relevance in an era during which the discussion of social and political issues was felt by most educated Europeans to have a religious foundation. Either the Roman Catholic Church would have to take renewed stock of itself and learn how to deal with the problems of the new era, or a new religion would have to be constructed to resolve the early nineteenth-century ideological crisis.
Counting the Cost of Faith. America's Early Female Missionaries
Authors: White Ann
Published: April 2006

America's first unmarried female missionaries, women who went out to Asia and Africa in the early to middle nineteenth century, chose lives as intense and demanding as any man's. They chose the foreign mission vocation despite the belief, strong in their era, that women should accept the constraints and comforts of their “proper sphere,” the home. To make their decision, these women struggled with two sets of ideas which coexisted in tension: equality of all persons before God, and the ideology of “woman's sphere.” As persons of faith they could respond to God's commands in the same way as men without theological challenge, because equality of all persons before God was a major strand in their Christian tradition. As nineteenth-century women, however, they were asked to accept lowered status and protective restrictions, in keeping with woman's sphere ideology. These women chose to become missionaries, compromising on second-class status and protective restrictions. In their view, the missionary vocation was worth the cost of compromise.
The Protestant Episcopal Church, Black Nationalists, and Expansion of the West African Missionary Field, 1851–1871
Authors: Oldfield J. R.
Published: April 2006

One of the most boldly conceived assaults on benighted Africa during the nineteenth century was that undertaken by mainline Protestant denominations in the United States. With the brash confidence characteristic of the age, hundreds of American missionaries were dispatched from New York and Baltimore to convert the heathen tribes of Africa and wrest a continent from ruin. If the experience of the Protestant Episcopal church is at all typical, however, these efforts not infrequently aroused suspicion and open hostility. In fact, Episcopal penetration of Liberia in the second half of the second century was remarkable for a long and bitter contest with black nationalists who were intent on using the church as a vehicle for their own personal and racial ambitions.
Theological Exegesis and Aquinas's Treatise ‘against the Greeks’
Authors: Jordan Mark D.
Published: April 2006

According to Pope Leo XIII, it could almost be said that Thomas Aquinas “presided” over the deliberations at Lyons (1274) and Florence (1438) when these councils confronted the Greek church.1 This judgment, which would be true at best and in part only for the later council, both enshrines and encourages a misreading of Thomas's short treatise Contra errores Graecorum. In fact, the Contra errores is neither as well informed nor as technically argued as other Latin polemics of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is a treatise limited in form and argument, motivated by another, poorer treatise.
The Evangelization of Franco's ‘New Spain’
Authors: Callahan William J.
Published: April 2006

On 20 May 1939 General Francisco Franco attended the solemnTe Deumservice held at the royal church of Santa Barbara to celebrate the triumph of nationalist over republican Spain. Surrounded by the symbols of Spain's Catholic past, including the standard used by Don Juan of Austria at Lepanto, the general presented his “sword of victory” to Cardinal Gomá, archbishop of Toledo and primate of the Spanish church.1The ceremony symbolized the close ties between church and state formed by three years of civil war. The new regime had given proof of its commitment to the church even before the conflict had ended, and the clergy now looked forward to the implementation of a full range of measures in education, culture, and the regulation of public morality, measures that had last been seen in Spain over a century before.2
The Church: Ideology or Institution
Authors: Kingdon Robert M.
Published: April 2006

I am greatly honored but a bit puzzled to find myself president of the American Society of Church History. Most of my predecessors in this position have been professors within theological faculties or departments of religion. Even those who have been, like me, members of secular departments of history, have generally received some formal instruction in religious studies. But this year you have chosen a president who is entirely secular in both education and career, whose graduate training was in diplomatic history of the Reformation period and whose teaching has been largely limited to secular state universities. I descend, to be sure, from a line of Protestant missionaries, ministers and religious educators, and over the years I have learned a good deal of historical theology from some very gifted students. But neither asset, I fear, places me very securely within the line of succession in which I now find myself.
Walter, Archdeacon of London, and the “Historia Occidentalis” of Jacques de Vitry
Authors: Andrea Alfred J.
Published: April 2006

Jacques de Vitry's Historia Occidentalis is one of the more remarkable and informative studies of contemporary western Christendom to come out of the thirteenth century. As numerous commentators have pointed out, it is unmistakably the product of the spiritual-intellectual school of Master Peter the Chanter of Paris, who inspired a generation of scholars and churchmen to marry popular preaching with the theology of the schools. Written early in the third decade of the thirteenth century, the Historia Occidentalis analyzes the moral state of the western church and juxtaposes in full relief the modes of both degeneracy and religious renewal within that society. Its thesis is that despite all the evils of the day, God is still working in and through the various elements of Christian society to sanctify his people; and these Christian people, for all of their failings, continue to share in the spiritual regeneration of Providence. The Historia Occidentalis has been characterized by one modern historian as “pulpit history.”
“Monument Facts and Higher Critical Fancies”: Archaeology and the Popularization of Old Testament Criticism in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Machaffie Barbara Zink
Published: April 2006

Historians of the development of biblical criticism in the nineteenth century have normally treated this aspect of intellectual history as a preserve of the university don and the ambitious cleric. However, further study points to a movement of considerable magnitude and momentum beginning in the last decades of that century which aimed at popularizing the methods and results of the higher criticism of the Old Testament. Widespread popular recognition of a critical approach to the Old Testament and its implications began in the 1860s in response to the work of J. W. Colenso and the contributors to Essays and Reviews.
Formulas for Salvation: A Comparison of Two Byzantine Monasteries and their Founders
Authors: Epstein Ann Wharton
Published: April 2006

In the Christian world during the late fourth through the sixth centuries various strains of monastic life developed, from extreme eremitic isolation to the communal discipline of the cenobia. These different types of monastic life continued to evolve through the Middle Ages. Though most specialists are aware of the multiplicity of patterns of monastic life which are found within both the Latin and the Byzantine spheres, they have been less concerned with what informs these traditional patterns.1This paper attempts to isolate some differences in modes of monastic life in the eastern empire during the Komnenian period and then to explain those differences in terms of the founders' distinct conceptions of salvation.2 The analysis compares two founders—John II Komnenos and Neophytos—and the monastic life led in their respective institutions—the Pantocrator monastery in Constantinople and the Enkleistra in the provincial milieu of Byzantine Cyprus. These two monasteries have been selected not only because they represent extreme examples of their types, but also because rich artistic and literary documentation survives from both.
Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy: Defining Religious and Secular Polarities in France at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Byrnes Joseph F.
Published: April 2006

Within ten years of the execution of Louis XVI two general and opposed features of the Old Regime, Catholic Christianity and Enlightenment rationality, were globally idealized by two authors—both of them former aristocrats— François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848) and Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy (1754–1836). No two participants in the complex discussion of religion and secularism that took place at the highest levels of government and Parisian intellectual life at the end of the First Republic and during the Napoleonic regime better represented on the one hand unconditional nostalgia for Catholicism, and on the other uncompromising intellectual pursuit of the secular scientific ideal. Though it has become customary to oppose the Neo-Christian intellectuals Chateaubriand, De Maistre, De Bonald, and Ballanche, to the Idéologues Destutt de Tracy, Cabanis, Maine de Biran, and others, I believe that this opposition can be clarified if the extremes represented by Chateaubriand and De Tracy are better defined. In other words, a clear definition of the personal metaphysics—thoughts and feelings—of Chateaubriand and De Tracy should establish the polarities of intellectual temperament that characterized the Napoleonic era.
Learned Discussions of Indulgences for the Dead in the Middle Ages
Authors: Shaffern Robert W.
Published: April 2006

By the thirteenth century, Latin Christians had been dispensing and collecting indulgences for two centuries. Though indulgentia was a relatively late term, and first the favorite of thirteenth-century Dominican theologians, remissions of temporal penalty for sin had been granted since the eleventh century, whether they were known as remissiones or relaxationes, the two most popular terms of eleventh- and twelfth-century ecclesiastics. Bishops granted partial indulgences for visitations of holy places. Partial indulgences remitted a fraction of all penalty incurred through sin. Contributions to pious works, such as church, hospital, or bridge constructions, were also rewarded with indulgences. Other prelates granted indulgences until Lateran IV. The popes granted both partial and plenary indulgences (those which remitted all penalty for having sinned). They granted partial indulgences for much the same reasons as other bishops. Plenary indulgences were almost exclusively granted to crusaders or contributors to crusades.
The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge In British North America, 1730–1775
Authors: Mills Frederick V.
Published: April 2006

Three major Protestant missionary organizations—the Company for the ropagation of the Gospel in New England (the NEC, founded 1649), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG, founded 1701), and the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK, founded 1709)—all played significant roles in Christianizing and civilizing the inhabitants of British North America. The New England Company had the longest history and is the oldest Protestant missionary organization. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent no fewer than three hundred missionaries to America between 1701 and 1783. While the NEC and the SPG have received scholarly attention, the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge has been virtually ignored.
“An Object of Peculiar Interest”: The Education of Laura Bridgman
Authors: Freeberg Ernest
Published: April 2006

In the 1840s, Laura Bridgman, a teenage girl from a New Hampshire village, was among the most famous women in the Western world. Thomas Carlyle called her life story “one of the most beautiful phenomena at present visible under our Sun.” British intellectuals, including the novelist Charles Dickens, the geologist Charles Lyell, and the phrenologist George Combe considered a visit with Laura Bridgman an important stop on their much publicized American tours. Dickens devoted fifteen pages of his American Notes to describing his visit with her, and Combe reported that “Laura Bridgman is very much admired by the British public, and her case is universally attractive. It is spoken of with deep interest and admiration in every society into which I enter.” Journals on both sides of the Atlantic published annual updates on her life, periodic chapters in a biography hailed as a tale “of thrilling interest, not surpassed by those of the novelist.”
‘Some Stated Employment of Your Mind’: Reading, Writing, and Religion in the Life of Susanna Wesley
Authors: Wallace Charles
Published: April 2006

Susanna Wesley (1669–1742) was raised a Dissenter, converted to Anglicanism as an adolescent, and arguably spent the last three years of her life as a Methodist. Moreover, these three modes of English Protestantism were neatly embodied respectively in three generations of clergymen to whom she was closely related: her father, the Presbyterian divine Samuel Annesley; her husband, Samuel Wesley, rector of Epworth; and her sons John and Charles, leaders of the Methodist revival. Yet she was not dominated either by the men closest to her or the patriarchically inclined religious traditions they served.
“Conversi” Revert: Voluntary and Forced Return to Judaism in the Early Fourteenth Century
Authors: Utterback Kristine T.
Published: April 2006

Forced to choose between conversion and death, many medieval Jews chose to be baptized as Christians. While not all Jews in Western Europe faced such stark choices, during the fourteenth century pressure increased on the Jewish minority to join the Christian majority. Economic, social, and political barriers to Jews often made conversion a necessity or at least an advantage, exerting a degree of coercion even without brute force. Once baptized these new Christians, called conversi, were required to abandon their Jewish practices entirely. But what kind of life actually awaited these converts? In the abstract, the converts had clear options: they could either remain Christians or return to judaism. Reality would surely reveal a range of possibilities, however, as these conversi tried to live out their conversion or to reject it without running afoul of the authorities. While the dominant Christian culture undoubtedly exerted pressure to convert, Jews did not necessarily sit idly by while their people approached the baptismal font. Some conversi felt contrary pressure to take up Judaism again. In the most extreme cases, conversi who reverted to Judaism faced death as well. This paper examines forces exerted on Jewish converts to Christianity to return to Judaism, using examples from France and northern Spain in the first half of the fourteenth century.
William Palmer Ladd and the Origins of the Episcopal Liturgical Movement
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: April 2006

The liturgical movement in the American Episcopal Church owes its origin to William Palmer Ladd (1870–1941), a pragmatic New England Yankee whose ideas helped reorient the church's worship and self-understanding, and came to fruition in the current liturgy, the 1979 Book of Common Prayer.
Nicholas of Cusa: ‘On Presidential Authority in a General Council’
Authors: Bond H. Lawrence , Christianson Geerald , Izbicki Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

In late 1433, after two years of intrigue and negotiations, Pope Eugenius IV agreed to acknowledge the legitimate existence of the Council of Basel. The recently crowned Emperor Sigismund had gone to Basel, and numberous clerics, including many cardinals, had abandoned the curia for the council. An obstreperous duke of Milan threatened the papal states “in the name of the holy synod,” and in May 1434 the populace of Rome rebelled, foreing the pope to flee down the Tiber.
“Dearly Loved Mother Eunice”: Gender, Motherhood, and Shaker Spirituality
Authors: Thurman Suzanne
Published: April 2006

In June 1808, at the age of fourteen, Eunice Bathrick confessed her sins and joined the Shakers (also known as the Believers), a celibate religious community founded by Ann Lee in the late eighteenth century. Although largely unknown to modern scholars, Bathrick played many roles in the Shaker village of Harvard, Massachusetts, where she lived her entire Shaker life. A prolific visionist, a creative thinker, and a dedicated writer, she became an authoritative figure at Harvard and a symbol of the empowering opportunities for women found within the religious structure, particularly the spirituality, of Shakerism. Her work—in the form of an autobiography, several biographies, visions and spirit messages, oral histories, hymn collections, and a web of correspondence with other Shakers and the outside world—provides a unique opportunity to study both this interrelationship between gender, spirituality, and female empowerment in Shaker communities and Bathrick's own individual spiritual journey as a Shaker sister.
The Changing Shape of Late Medieval Mysticism
Authors: McGinn Bernard
Published: April 2006

The historical development of explicit forms of Christian mysticism can be sketched according to a model of gradually accumulating and interactive layers of tradition. The monastic ideal of flight from the world in order to lead a specialized life of penance and prayer, either as a hermit or within a community, formed the institutional context for most forms of Christian mysticism down to the end of the twelfth century. This monastic layer of mysticism was primarily biblical and liturgical in the sense that it sought God in and through personal appropriation of the mystical understanding of the Bible as cultivated within the liturgical life of the monastic community. Most monastic mystics were also “objective” in the sense that they rarely talked about their own experiences of God, but rather sought to express their understanding of mystical transformation through biblical exegesis and theoretical expositions of a mystagogical character (that is, expositions designed to lead readers into the mystery of the consciousness of God's presence)
Audacious Nuns: Institutionalizing the Franciscan Order of Saint Clare
Authors: Knox Lezlie
Published: April 2006

In 1263 Bonaventure of Bagnoreggio, Minister General of the Franciscan order, complained about recent turmoil between the Friars Minor and Franciscan nuns in a letter addressed to the Provincial Minister of Aragon: “You are undoubtedly aware, dear Brother, just how much our Order has been plagued up to now with threats, troubles, and litigation occasioned by the monasteries of the Order of Saint Clare. This has come to the point where they have petitioned the court of the Supreme Pontiff alleging, among other charges against us, that the customary services provided for them by our brothers are in fact prescribed by law; thus our brothers have proposed to have nothing more to do with them unless they first recognize our complete freedom by public written documents sent to the Holy Father.”
A Conflict of Associations: The National Camp-Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness Versus the Methodist Episcopal Church
Authors: Schneider A. Gregory
Published: April 2006

Hiram Mattison was fighting mad. Some of the holiness people in the Methodist Episcopal church had pulled a fast one. Early in 1867 the New York Preachers' Meeting had hosted a series of speeches on the question, “What are the best methods for promoting the experience of perfect love?” The discussion had been, in the words of one participant, “lengthy and pungent.” Mattison, a seminary professor and long-time opponent of the holiness movement, had weighed in with his professional theological polemics against the movement's doctrine and methods of promotion. He had expected that all the speeches would be published in a single volume. But the proponents of perfect love surreptitiously had withdrawn their manuscripts from the Methodist book room and had them published and copyrighted on their own. The original plan to publish a two-sided debate had been thus defeated, and the advocates of perfect love had scooped their opposition. What a move for people who professed to have attained Christian perfection, said Mattison. It must have paid well, he added, for three editions had been issued in just a few weeks.
Towards Complex Functions from Complex Materials
Authors: Samorì P. , Cacialli F. , Anderson H.  L. , Rowan A.  E.
Published: April 2006

This Special Issue on supramolecular approaches to organic electronics and nanotechnology, borne out of a symposium of the European Materials Research Society meeting in 2004, brings together a number of excellent contributions from many leading scientists in supramolecular‐systems research. Stimulating highlights of the design, fabrication, characterization, and exploitation of supramolecular objects are provided.
A low, particle‐sized, nonporous support for enzyme immobilization: Uniform poly(glycidyl methacrylate) latex particles
Authors: Yalçın Gamze , Elmas Begum , Tuncel Murvet , Tuncel Ali
Published: April 2006

The uniform and nonporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) latex particles, 1.7 μm in size, were first tried as a support in enzyme immobilization. For this purpose, α‐chymotrypsin (CT) was selected as the model enzyme. The low particle size and nonporous character of the selected support allowed to carry out the enzyme–subtrate interaction on a sufficiently large surface area (3.36 m2/g) and in the absence of intraparticular diffusion limitations. This property is particularly important when the immobilized CT is used for the substrates with high molecular weights (i.e., proteins). The latex particles were synthesized by dispersion polymerization of GMA. The reactive character of poly(GMA) allowed the direct attachment of primary amine groups onto the particles. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that primary amine groups were preferentially located on the particle's surface. Hence, the selected enzyme, CT was immobilized on the surface of nonporous particles via glutaraldehyde activation. For CT‐immobilized poly(GMA) particles, the maximum activity (rm) and Michealis constant (Km) were found to be 17.2 μmol/mg CT min and 121.6 μm, respectively. No significant loss was observed in the activity of immobilized CT, during the course of experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 818–824, 2006
Polyphosphazene microspheres: Preparation by ionic complexation of phosphazene polyacids with spermine
Authors: Andrianov Alexander K. , Chen Jianping
Published: April 2006

Polyphosphazene polyacids are potent immunostimulating compounds. Formulation of these water‐soluble macromolecules into a microparticulate form can extend their utility in vaccine delivery applications. A simple method for the preparation of microspheres and nanospheres using polyphosphazene polyacids is reported. The key element of the process is ionic complexation of polyphosphazenes in aqueous solutions with physiologically occurring amines, such as spermine. A phase diagram of poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP)–spermine–water system is established, which shows an extensive area of microsphere formation. Microsphere size distribution is studied as a function of reaction conditions and concentrations of reactants. This method can be applied to polyphosphazene polyacids containing carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid functionalities and can be used for protein encapsulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 414–419, 2006
Thermal stability of radiation‐grafted and dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric
Authors: El‐Gendy E. H. , El‐Shanshoury I. A.
Published: April 2006

The effect of degree of grafting (GY) and degree of dye uptake on the thermal stability of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XDA). TGA showed that the degradation process was composed of three overlapping stages. The first and second stages were studied in detail. Methacrylic acid (MAA)‐grafted PET fabric was dyed using Rhodamine Red (RR) and Astrazonrot Violet (AV) basic dyes. It was found that grafting deteriorated the thermal stability of both stages. The first stage showed the formation of two new steps at low and high temperatures. Both steps are heating rate and graft yield dependent. The deteriorating effect of grafting was followed by the changes in the kinetic parameters. AV dyeing of grafted samples accelerated the degradation of both stages whereas RR dyeing improved the thermal stability to reach that of ungrafted fabric. XDA showed that the crystalline nature of AV dye stuff is responsible for the rapid degradation in both stages via the introduction of highly incompatible crystalline phase in the polymer back bone, which resulted in the formation of internal stresses that enhanced the degradation process. DSC measurements supported TGA results. The improvement in the thermal stability by RR dyeing is attributed to the amorphous nature and the high thermal stability of the RR dye stuff. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1007–1020, 2006
Thermoplastic apparent interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and styrene/acrylic acid block copolymer: Structure–property relationships
Authors: Kanapitsas A. , Lebedev E. , Slisenko O. , Grigoryeva O. , Pissis P.
Published: April 2006

Thermoplastic apparent interpenetrating polymer networks (t‐AIPNs) of crystallizable polyurethane (CPU) and a styrene/acrylic acid block copolymer (S‐b‐AA, acid form) of several compositions were prepared by casting from a common solvent. A variety of experimental techniques, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC), and density measurements were employed to investigate structure–property relationships of the t‐AIPNs. Special attention was paid to the investigation of molecular dynamics of the CPU component in the t‐AIPNs, by combination of the dielectric DRS and TSDC techniques, as well as from the methodological point of view, to the prospects of morphological characterization by broadband DRS. The results show that the CPU/S‐b‐AA t‐AIPNs studied can be considered as multiphase systems having at least two amorphous and one crystalline phases, as well as regions of mixed compositions. Their properties are determined by the heterogeneity of the individual components, as well as by the heterogeneity caused by the thermodynamic incompatibility of these components. The degree of incompatibility is determined, to a large extent, by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of the CPU and the S‐b‐AA components (ester groups and COOH‐groups, respectively), which is more effective on addition of small amounts of either of the components. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1021–1035, 2006
Dispersion of carbon black in high‐abrasion furnace black filled nonsulfur modified powdered polychloroprene rubber
Authors: Wang Lianshi , Lin Yaling , Zhang Anqiang
Published: April 2006

High‐abrasion furnace black (HAF, grade N330) filled nonsulfur modified powdered polychloroprene rubber [P(CR231/HAF)] was prepared with the method of carbon black–rubber latex coagulation using CR231 latex as raw rubber material, HAF as reinforcing filler, and polymeric resin as coating resin. The influence of the content of dispersing agent and coating resin on contact staining and dispersion properties of carbon black in P(CR231/HAF) were investigated. The results show that the addition of dispersing agent and coating resins can decrease the contact staining level of carbon black effectively. When the dispersing agent/HAF (w/w) ratio was 0.12 or 0.1, 10 phr coating resin was added, and P(CR231/HAF) without contact staining can be prepared. The analysis on scanning electron microscopy and surface energy spectrum showed that free carbon black crumb on the surface and inner of P(CR231/HAF) particles causes its contact staining. The well dispersion of carbon black in the P(CR231/HAF) can eliminate contact staining effectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 192–196, 2006
Bituminous polyurethane network: Preparation, properties, and end use
Authors: Singh B. , Gupta M. , Kumar Lokesh
Published: April 2006

Industrial‐grade bitumen (85:25) was treated with 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate as a blocking agent to make it compatible with polyurethane resin. Optimization of treatment conditions for the bitumen such as isocyanate dose (∼3 wt % of bitumen), reaction temperature (180°C), and treatment time (120 min) was done on the basis of estimating its residual acid value and unreacted NCO groups. Formation of the urethanized bituminous species after treatment resulted in a reduction in the glass‐transition temperature of the base bitumen from −9.63°C to −17.09°C and in moisture vapor transmission from 16.95 to 12.21 g 24 h−1m−2. The bituminous networks were prepared from these treated/SBS‐modified treated bitumen and polyurethane prepolymers byin situand conventional liquid blending methods. Lack of low‐temperature flexibility in the bituminous network made from the blending method restricted its use for waterproofing/sealing purposes. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry showed the presence of two overlapping glass‐transition temperatures and an endothermic peak in thein situprepared networks similar to the base bitumen, evidence of a close intermixing of the bitumen constituents with the polyurethane phases. Rheological studies revealed that the SBS‐modified bituminous polyurethane network exhibited superior behavior than that of other systems in terms of stiffness and elasticity over a wide range of frequencies. The compounded bituminous networks satisfied the requirements of standard specifications and can be suitably used for waterproofing purpose and sealing of concrete joints. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 217–226, 2006
Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto guar gum, using potassium persulfate as an initiator
Authors: Mundargi Raghavendra C. , Agnihotri Sunil A. , Patil Sangamesh A. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M.
Published: April 2006

Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto guar gum (GG) was carried out by free radical initiation mechanism by using potassium persulfate (PPS) as an initiator. It was found that % grafting, grafting efficiency, and % conversion were all dependent on the concentration of PPS, MAA, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Using PPS, the maximum % grafting was ascertained to be 241 at the optimum conditions of 60°C reaction temperature, 3 h of reaction time, 1.1 mmol of PPS, and 0.058 mol of MAA. Plausible mechanism for grafting reaction was suggested. The graft copolymer formed was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The graft copolymer formed could find applications in drug delivery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 618–623, 2006
Surface characterization of 8‐quinolinyl acrylate‐grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) prepared by plasma glow discharge and it's antibacterial activity
Authors: Hyun Seok‐Hee , Kim Min‐Woo , Oh Dae‐Hee , Kang Inn‐Kyu , Kim Woo‐Sik
Published: April 2006

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was exposed to oxygen plasma glow discharge to produce peroxides on its surface. These peroxides were then used as catalysts for the polymerization of 8‐quinolinyl acrylate (QA) to prepare the PET grafted with QA (PET‐Q). The surface‐modified PET was characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The introduction of QA to the PET surface was confirmed by observing the presence of nitrogen in the XPS survey scan and high‐resolution spectra. The amount of QA grafted on to the PET surface as measured by the gravimetric method was about 5.2 μg cm−2. The antibacterial activity of the surface‐modified PET texture was investigated by using a shake‐flask and an inhibition zone test method. After 6 h of shaking, the PET grafted with QA showed the inhibition (91%) of the growth of the gram‐positive microorganism, S. aureus. Even after laundering ten times, an effectiveness of the inhibition was found. However, little inhibition was shown with the gram‐negative microorganism, K. pneumoniae. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 863–868, 2006
Direct synthesis of new soluble and thermally stable poly(urethane‐imide)s from an imide ring‐containing dicarboxylic acid using diphenylphosphoryl azide
Authors: Behniafar Hossein
Published: April 2006

The direct preparation of various aromatic poly(urethane‐imide)s from 4‐p‐biphenyl‐2,6‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl)pyridine (1) using diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) was investigated. The polymers were mainly obtained by the conversion of imide ring‐containing diacid 1 to corresponding di(carbonyl azide) 2 with DPPA and then to diisocyanate 3 through the Curtius rearrangement of compound 2 followed by polyaddition of 3 in different amounts with aromatic dihydroxy compounds. The molecular weights of the resulting poly(urethane‐imide)s were evaluated viscometrically. All of the resulted polymers were thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The poly(urethane‐imide)s exhibited an excellent solubility in a variety of polar solvents. Crystallinity nature of the polymers was estimated by means of WXRD. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers determined by DSC method were in the range of 191–202°C. The 10% weight loss temperatures of the poly(urethane‐imide)s from their thermal gravimetric analysis curves were found to be in the range of 392–416°C in nitrogen. The films of the resulting polymers were also prepared by casting the solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 869–877, 2006
Electrorheological fluids of particle/emulsion complexes and their properties
Authors: Yan Hua , Liao Zi‐Jun , Mao Hua‐Jun , Zhang Bin , Zhu Xia
Published: April 2006

Three kinds of emulsifying agents have been used as emulsion droplets to prepare particle/emulsion complex electrorheological fluids (ERFs) to explore the effects of emulsifying agents on rheological properties. The rheological properties and microstructure of such ERFs have been examined, and a model of the complex chain for particle/emulsion complex ERFs has been given. Using emulsifying agents is an efficient way of improving the electrorheological effects in dry‐based ERFs. There are three methods for emulsifying agents in ERFs: coating on the particle surface, dissolving in the continuous phase, and distributing in the continuous phase as droplets. This is determined by the interactions between the particles, emulsifying agents, and oil. For higher polarity emulsifying agents, the complex particles aggregate to form a bulk and cannot disperse in oil. For moderate ones, the complex particles disperse in oil and form complex chains or columns; the neighboring complex chain forms a network structure because of the rotation of the complex particles and displays a stronger electrorheological effect. With a lower polarity emulsifying agent dissolved in silicone oil, ERFs show lower electrorheological properties because of the decreasing mismatch of conductivity between the particles and continuous phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 638–642, 2006
Graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto chitosan initiated by potassium diperiodatoargentate (III)
Authors: Liu Zhenghao , Wu Guangchen , Liu Yinghai
Published: April 2006

A novel efficient redox system—potassium diperiodatoargentate [Ag(III)]‐chitosan—was employed to initiate the graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) onto chitosan in aqueous alkali solution. The effects of reaction variables such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction time, and temperature were investigated and the grafting conditions were optimized. The structures and the thermal stability of chitosan and chitosan‐g‐PMA were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The solubility of chitosan‐g‐PMA in some mixed solvent was tested. The graft copolymer was shown to be an effective compatibilizer in blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chitosan. Finally, a mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of radicals and the initiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 799–804, 2006
Hydrosilylation reactions of methylhydridesiloxane to styrene and α‐methylstyrene
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Tatrishvili T. , Titvinidze G. , Mukbaniani N.
Published: April 2006

The hydrosilylation reaction of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane to styrene and α‐methylstyrene in the presence of the catalyst platinum hydrochloric acid (a 0.1M solution in tetrahydrofuran) at a 1:35 ratio of initial compounds at various temperatures (80–90°C) was investigated, and methylsiloxane oligomers with aryl‐substituted groups in the side chain were obtained. Complete hydrosilylation of all active SiH groups did not take place. The hydrosilylation reaction order, activation energies. and rate constants were determined. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and IR spectral data. For the full characterization of the hydride addition of methylhydridesiloxane to styrene by the quantum‐chemical half‐empiric Austin Model 1 (AM1) method for all initial, intermediate, and final products, in the modeling of the hydrosilylation reaction of methyldimethoxysilane to styrene, the heats of formation, energy changes of the system depending on the change of distance between CSi bonds, and the charge values on the atoms, dipole moments, and bond orders were calculated. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 388–394, 2006
Wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes for monitoring of polymerization
Authors: Wang Francis W. , Lowry Robert E.
Published: April 2006

The feasibility of using wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes for cure monitoring of an epoxy resin and an acrylic resin was evaluated. 4‐(N,N‐dihexylaminostyryl)‐4′‐pyridinium propylsulfonate (DHASP‐PS), as well as each of other wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes, was dissolved in the epoxy resin, a stoichiometric mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and 4,4′‐methylene‐bis(cyclohexylamine). The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of each of the probes dissolved in the epoxy resin were then measured at various times during the cure of the epoxy resin at 60°C. The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of the probe DHASP‐PS dissolved in methyl methacrylate (MMA) were also measured at various times during the cure of the acrylic resin at 55°C. Since the peak fluorescence wavelength of each of the wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes decreased during the cure of the epoxy resin or MMA, these fluorescent probes can be used for monitoring the polymerization reactions of epoxy resins and vinyl resins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 747–750, 2006
Conducting composites of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, and polyaniline with 13X‐zeolite
Authors: Maity Arjun , Ballav Nirmalya , Biswas Mukul
Published: April 2006

N‐vinylcarbazole (NVC) was polymerized by 13X zeolite alone in melt (65°C) or in toluene (110°C) and a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PNVC)‐13X composite was isolated. Composites of polypyrrole (PPY) and polyaniline(PANI) with 13X zeolite were prepared via polymerization of the respective monomers in the presence of dispersion of 13X zeolite in water (CuCl2 oxidant) and in CHCl3 (FeCl3 oxidant) at an ambient temperature. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analyses. Scanning electron microscopic analyses of various composites indicated the formation of lumpy aggregates of irregular sizes distinct from the morphology of unmodified 13X zeolite. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed some typical differences between the various composites, depending upon the nature of the polymer incorporated. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed the stability order as: 13X‐zeolite > polymer‐13X‐zeolite > polymer. PNVC‐13X composite was essentially a nonconductor, while PPY‐13X and PANI‐13X composites showed direct current conductivity in the order of 10−4 S/cm in either system. However, the conductivity of PNVC‐ 13X composite could be improved to 10−5 and 10−6 S/cm by loading PPY and PANI, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 913–921, 2006
Curing and thermal behavior of poly(allyl azide) and bismaleimides
Authors: Varma I. K. , Choudhary Veena , Gaur Bharti , Lochab Bimlesh , Oberoi Sonia , Chauhan Rashmi
Published: April 2006

The reaction of poly(allyl azide) (PAA; number‐average molecular weight = 1800 g/mol) with N‐phenyl maleimide, 4,4′‐bis(maleimidodiphenyl) ether, 4,4′‐(bismaleimidodiphenyl) sulfone, and 1,6‐bismaleimido hexane is described in this article. As indicated by Fourier transform infrared studies, the azido group reacted with the highly electron‐deficient olefinic bond of N‐phenyl maleimide or bismaleimides in a 3 + 2 cycloaddition reaction under mild reaction conditions. The curing of PAA with bismaleimides (10–30 phr) was monitored with differential scanning calorimetry. In freshly prepared samples of PAA and bismaleimides, a broad exothermic transition was observed in the temperature range of 150–280°C and could be attributed to the loss of N2 from PAA and the curing of bismaleimides. The heat of the exothermic reaction (ΔH) depended on the structure and composition and was in the range of 800–1413 J/g. Isothermal heating in an air oven at 40°C (2 days) followed by 60°C (5–6 days) resulted in the conversion of a sticky, viscous liquid into an elastic, nonsticky material. No significant difference in the ΔH values of uncured and cured samples was observed, and this indicated the reaction of fewer azido groups with the bismaleimides (dipolarophiles). In the thermogravimetry traces, a mass loss was indicated in the temperature range of 130–280°C due to the loss of nitrogen from the azido group. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 779–786, 2006
Thermoplastic blend of polyaniline with polyvinyl chloride‐nitrile rubber
Authors: Samui A. B. , Manoj N. R. , Raut R. , Patankar A. S.
Published: April 2006

Polyaniline doped with (±)‐camphor sulfonic acid was blended with polyvinyl chloride/nitrile rubber. The thermoplastic blend was characterized for its conductivity, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, and microwave response. The blend was found to be compatible in nature. Loss component of relative permittivity increased with polyaniline content. Storage modulus increased with polyaniline content, whereas tan δ showed decline. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1217–1222, 2006
Changes of fluorescence color in novel poly(azomethine) by the acidity variation
Authors: Kil Choi Myon , Lim Kim Hoi , Hack Suh Dong
Published: April 2006

A novel polymer, poly(4,4′‐oxydiphenylenemethylidynenitrilo‐2,5‐dihexyloxy‐1,4‐phenylenenitrilomethyli‐ dyne) (POPNM), with a azomethine structure, containing long alkoxy side chains, was synthesized by the polycondensation of 2,5‐bis(hexyloxy)terephthalaldehyde with 4,4′‐oxydianiline. It displayed acid‐sensory properties as colorimetric and fluorescent transducers to the strong acid analytes because of the protonation of an imine group in the compound. To examine the sensitivity to the acid, the effect of absorption and fluorescence of the polymer was investigated by simply adding trifluoroacetic acid into a chloroform solution of the polymer, and as a result, the multiple colors of fluorescence were sharply changed. Increasing the amount of the acid, the maximum absorption bands of fluorescence spectra were bathochromically shifted from 470 to 570 nm and, then, treating the pyridine as a base, they were recovered. A polymer film containing both the polymer and a photoacid generator (PAG) was prepared by semi‐interpenetrating network polymerization method. When the polymer film was exposed to UV in the presence of PAG through a photomask, well‐resolved fluorescent image patterns were readily obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1228–1233, 2006
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of Li8Zn2Ge3, a Compound Displaying an Open Layered Anionic Network.
Authors: Lacroix‐Orio Laurence , Tillard Monique , Belin Claude
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a New Orthorhombic “SrLaMnO4” Phase with Superstructure via Complex Precursors.
Authors: Kamegashira Naoki , Satoh Hirohisa , Ito Yoshitaka , Shimono Akira
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Behavior of BaEu2Mn2O7 Through Heat Treatment of a Single Crystal.
Authors: Kamegashira Naoki , Meng Jian , Fujita Kouji , Satoh Hirohisa , Shishido Toetsu , Nakajima Kazuo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Unusual Temperature Dependence of the Eu2+ Fluorescence Lifetime in CaF2 Crystals.
Authors: Duan C. K. , Meijerink A. , Reeves R. J. , Reid M. F.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.