bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Privacy-Preserving Image Captioning with Partial Encryption and Deep Learning
Authors: Martin Antoinette Deborah , Moon Inkyu
Published: February 2025

Although image captioning has gained remarkable interest, privacy concerns are raised because it relies heavily on images, and there is a risk of exposing sensitive information in the image data. In this study, a privacy-preserving image captioning framework that leverages partial encryption using Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) and deep learning is proposed to address privacy concerns. Unlike previous methods that rely on full encryption or masking, our approach involves encrypting sensitive regions of the image while preserving the image’s overall structure and context. Partial encryption ensures that the sensitive regions’ information is preserved instead of lost by masking it with a black or gray box. It also allows the model to process both encrypted and unencrypted regions, which could be problematic for models with fully encrypted images. Our framework follows an encoder–decoder architecture where a dual-stream encoder based on ResNet50 extracts features from the partially encrypted images, and a transformer architecture is employed in the decoder to generate captions from these features. We utilize the Flickr8k dataset and encrypt the sensitive regions using DRPE. The partially encrypted images are then fed to the dual-stream encoder, which processes the real and imaginary parts of the encrypted regions separately for effective feature extraction. Our model is evaluated using standard metrics and compared with models trained on the original images. Our results demonstrate that our method achieves comparable performance to models trained on original and masked images and outperforms models trained on fully encrypted data, thus verifying the feasibility of partial encryption in privacy-preserving image captioning.
A Multi-Camera System-Based Relative Pose Estimation and Virtual–Physical Collision Detection Methods for the Underground Anchor Digging Equipment
Authors: Yang Wenjuan , Ji Yang , Zhang Xuhui , Zhao Dian , Ren Zhiteng , Wang Zeyao , Tian Sihao , Du Yuyang , Zhu Le , Jiang Jie
Published: February 2025

This work proposes a novel multi-camera system-based method for relative pose estimation and virtual–physical collision detection for anchor digging equipment. It is dedicated to addressing the critical challenges of achieving accurate relative pose estimation and reliable collision detection between multiple devices during collaborative operations in coal mines. The key innovation is that the multi-camera multi-target system is established to collect images, and the relative pose estimation is completed by the EPNP (Efficient Perspective N-Point) algorithm based on multiple infrared LED targets. At the same time, combined with the characteristics of a roadheader and anchor drilling machine, AABB (Axis Alignment Bounding Box) with a simple structure and convex hull with a strong wrapping are selected to create the mixed hierarchical bounding box, and the collision detection is carried out by combining SAT (Split Axis Theorem) and GJK (Gilbert–Johnson–Keerthi) algorithms. The experimental results show that the relative pose estimation error of the multi-camera system is within 20 mm, with an angular error within 1.002°. The position error in the X-axis direction is within 1.160 mm, and the maximum deviation in the Y-axis direction is within 0.957 mm in the virtual–physical space. Compared with the existing methods, our method integrates digital twin technology, and has a simple system structure, which can meet the requirements of relative attitude estimation and collision detection between equipment in the process of heading face operation, and at the same time improve the system performance.
Metric Locations in Pseudotrees: A Survey and New Results
Authors: Cáceres José , Pelayo Ignacio M.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on the original concept of metric location, along with its various adaptations and extensions that have been developed over time. Given that determining a minimum location set is generally NP-hard, we focus on analyzing the behavior of these sets within specific graph families, including paths, cycles, trees and unicyclic graphs. In addition to synthesizing existing knowledge, we contribute new findings and insights to the field, advancing the understanding of metric location problems in these structured graph classes.
Fast Search Using k-d Trees with Fine Search for Spectral Data Identification
Authors: Son YoungJae , Chen Tiejun , Baek Sung-June
Published: February 2025

Spectral identification is an essential technology in various spectroscopic applications, often requiring large spectral databases. However, the reliance on large databases significantly increases computational complexity. To address this issue, we propose a novel fast search algorithm that substantially reduces computational demands compared to existing methods. The proposed method employs principal component transformation (PCT) as its foundational framework, similar to existing techniques. A running average filter is applied to reduce noise in the input data, which reduces the number of principal components (PCs) necessary to represent the data. Subsequently, a k-d tree is employed to identify a relatively similar spectrum, which efficiently constrains the search space. Additionally, fine search strategies leveraging precomputed distances enhance the existing pilot search method by dynamically updating candidate spectra, thereby improving search efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves accuracy comparable to exhaustive search methods while significantly reducing computational complexity relative to existing approaches.
A Dendritic Neural Network-Based Model for Residential Electricity Consumption Prediction
Authors: Jin Ting , Xu Rui , Su Kunqi , Gao Jinrui
Published: February 2025

Residential electricity consumption represents a large percentage of overall energy use. Therefore, accurately predicting residential electricity consumption and understanding the factors that influence it can provide effective strategies for reducing energy demand. In this study, a dendritic neural network-based model (DNM), combined with the AdaMax optimization algorithm, is used to predict residential electricity consumption. The case study uses the U.S. residential electricity consumption dataset.This paper constructs a feature selection framework for the dataset, reducing the high-dimensional data to 12 features. The DNM model is then used for fitting and compared with five commonly used prediction models. The R2 of DNM is 0.7405, the highest among the six models, followed by the XGBoost model with an R2 of 0.7286. Subsequently, the paper leverages the interpretability of DNM to further filter the data, obtaining a dataset with 6 features, and the R2 on this dataset is further improved to 0.7423, resulting in an increase of 0.0018.
Comparison of Trivariate Copula-Based Conditional Quantile Regression Versus Machine Learning Methods for Estimating Copper Recovery
Authors: Hernández Heber , Díaz-Viera Martín Alberto , Alberdi Elisabete , Goti Aitor
Published: February 2025

In this study, an innovative methodology using trivariate copula-based conditional quantile regression (CBQR) is proposed for estimating copper recovery. This approach is compared with six supervised machine learning regression methods, namely, Decision Tree, Extra Tree, Support Vector Regression (linear and epsilon), Multilayer Perceptron, and Random Forest. For comparison purposes, an open access database representative of a porphyry copper deposit is used. The database contains geochemical information on minerals, mineral zoning data, and metallurgical test results related to copper recovery by flotation. To simulate a high undersampling scenario, only 5% of the copper recovery information was used for training and validation, while the remaining 95% was used for prediction, applying in all these stages error metrics, such as R2, MaxRE, MAE, MSE, MedAE, and MAPE. The results demonstrate that trivariate CBQR outperforms machine learning methods in accuracy and flexibility, offering a robust alternative solution to model complex relationships between variables under limited data conditions. This approach not only avoids the need for intensive tuning of multiple hyperparameters, but also effectively addresses estimation challenges in scenarios where traditional methods are insufficient. Finally, the feasibility of applying this methodology to different data scales is evaluated, integrating the error associated with the change in scale as an inherent part of the estimation of conditioning variables in the geostatistical context.
Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Smart Grids: An Energy-Efficient Authentication Scheme for Resource-Limited Smart Meters
Authors: Nkenyereye Lewis , Thakare Abhijeet , Khataniar Priyanka , Imandi Raju , B N Pavan Kumar
Published: February 2025

The limited resources available for Smart Meter (SM) devices on large-scale Smart Grid (SG) networks impose several constraints on SMs authentication. Currently, available authentication schemes are not suitable for this type of network. In particular, factors such as power and memory consumption impact the protocol efficiency and the device lifetime. Furthermore, high computational complexity leads to scalability issues in real-world scenarios, wherein large SGs need to handle a huge number of requests coming at a high rate. In this paper, we propose a lightweight authentication protocol for Smart Grids (LAP-SG), a novel scheme accounting for real resource-constrained SM providing reduced computation power, memory requirements, communication overhead, and electricity consumption. We prove the security of LAP-SG using both informal security analysis and a formal security model. We further prove the security of LAP-SG by testing it using AVISPA and ProVerif tools, showing its security against all known attacks. To assess LAP-SG performance in a real-world scenario, we measure its performance using the configuration of the Atmel family of SM devices. When compared to the state of the art, LAP-SG attains three times Smaller computation cost, reduced communication costs (up to 400 bits), and nearly four times lower storage cost.
Integration of Transcriptomics and Proteomics to Elucidate Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Antifungalmycin B from Marine Streptomyces hiroshimensis in Treating Talaromyces marneffei
Authors: Li Qiqi , Wang Zhou , Jiang Cuiping , Yin Jianglin , Liu Yonghong , Qu Xinjian , Yi Xiangxi , Gao Chenghai
Published: February 2025

Talaromyces marneffei (TM) is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus that mainly infects immunocompromised patients. Currently, the global prevalence of talaromycosis caused by TM is increasing, leading to an increased demand for anti-TM drugs. In our previous study, a novel 28-membered macrolide compound, antifungalmycin B (ANB), was isolated from Streptomyces hiroshimensis GXIMD 06359, exhibiting significant antifungal properties. However, its in vivo mechanisms and direct antifungal effects warrant further investigation. In this study, we employed a mouse model in conjunction with transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to explore the antifungal activity of ANB against T. marneffei. In an in vivo mouse model infected with T. marneffei infection, ANB significantly reduced fungal burdens in the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. Additionally, it markedly decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies, complemented by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis, revealed that ANB effectively disrupted acid biosynthesis and cellular energy metabolism, thereby impairing mitochondrial functions in T. marneffei. These effects were exerted through multiple pathways. These findings highlight the potential of ANB as a versatile inhibitor of polyene macrolide-resistant fungi, offering a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of talaromycosis.
Proteomic Diversity of the Sea Anemone Actinia fragacea: Comparative Analysis of Nematocyst Venom, Mucus, and Tissue-Specific Profiles
Authors: Barroso Ricardo Alexandre , Rodrigues Tomás , Campos Alexandre , Almeida Daniela , Guardiola Francisco A. , Turkina Maria V. , Antunes Agostinho
Published: February 2025

Sea anemones (Actiniaria, Cnidaria) are promising targets for biomedical research, as they produce unique bioactive compounds, including toxins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the diversity and mechanisms underlying their chemical defenses remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the proteomic profiles of the unexplored sea anemone Actinia fragacea by analyzing its venom nematocyst extract, tissues, and mucus secretion. A total of 4011 different proteins were identified, clustered into 3383 protein groups. Among the 83 putative toxins detected, actinoporins, neurotoxins, and phospholipase A2 were uncovered, as well as two novel zinc metalloproteinases with two specific domains (ShK) associated with potassium channel inhibition. Common Gene Ontology (GO) terms were related to immune responses, cell adhesion, protease inhibition, and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, 1406 of the 13,276 distinct peptides identified were predicted as potential AMPs, including a putative Aurelin-like AMP localized within the nematocysts. This discovery highlights and strengthens the evidence for a cnidarian-exclusive Aurelin peptide family. Several other bioactive compounds with distinctive defense functions were also detected, including enzymes, pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), and neuropeptides. This study provides the first proteome map of A. fragacea, offering a critical foundation for exploring novel bioactive compounds and valuable insights into its molecular complexity.
Hydrophobic Membrane Wettability: Effects of Salinity and Temperature
Authors: Kaya Orhan
Published: February 2025

In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to investigate the effects of salinity (NaCl) and temperature (25 °C and 80 °C) on the wettability of droplets on a realistically modeled hydrophobic PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) surface. Droplet sizes of 20, 25, and 30 nm were analyzed using both pure water and 8.45% NaCl solutions. The results indicated that salinity increased the contact angles, strengthening the PTFE’s hydrophobicity by disrupting the water’s hydrogen bonding at the interface and reducing the spreading area. Higher temperatures also led to an increase in contact angles by decreasing water structuring, although this effect was less pronounced than that of salinity. Ion concentration analysis revealed that a significant number of ions migrated away from the PTFE surface, a phenomenon further clarified through radial distribution function (RDF) analysis.
Influence of Augmentation Compositions and Confinement Layers on Flyer Velocity in Laser Impact Welding
Authors: Abdelmaola Mohammed , Thurston Brian , Panton Boyd , Vivek Anupam , Daehn Glenn
Published: February 2025

Small-scale impact welding may have several advantages over rivets: the strength can be higher, it can be applied right at the edges in lap joints, and it can be lighter and more easily installed if simple systems can be developed. Laser Impact Welding (LIW) is compact and simple, adapting the technologies of laser shock peening. It is limited in terms of the energy that can be delivered to the joint. Augmented Laser Impact Welding (ALIW) complements optical energy with a small volume of an exothermic detonable compound and has been shown to be an effective welding approach. The scope of this study is extended to build upon previous work by investigating varied augmentation chemistries and confinement layers, specifically borosilicate glass, sapphire, and water. The evaluation of these compositions involved the use of two aluminum alloys: Al 2024 and Al 6061. Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) was utilized to measure the flyer velocity and assess the detonation energy. The findings indicated that adding micro-air bubbles (GPN-3 scenario) to the original GPN-1 enhanced the flyer velocity by improving the sensitivity, which promoted gas release during detonation. Hence, employing 1 mm thick Al 2024 as a flyer with GPN-3 enhances the flyer velocity by 36.4% in comparison to GPN-1, thereby improving the feasibility of using 1 mm thick material as a flyer and ensuring a successful welded joint with the thickest flyer ever welded with laser impact welding. When comparing the confinement layers, sapphire provided slightly lower flyer velocities compared to borosilicate glass. However, due to its higher resistance to damage and fracture, sapphire is likely more suitable for industrial applications from an economic perspective. Furthermore, the lap shear tests and microstructural evaluations confirmed that GPN-3 provided higher detonation energy, as emphasized by the tendency of the interfacial waves to have a higher amplitude than the less pronounced waves of the original GPN-1. Consequently, this approach demonstrates the key characteristics of a practical process, being simple, cost-effective, and efficient.
Deep Exploration Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit in Dasuji, Inner Mongolia: Insight from Aeromagnetism and Controlled-Source Audio-Magnetotellurics
Authors: Xu Zhihe , Niu Xingguo , Shi Bin , Yang Zhongjie , He Haoyuan , Fan Weijing , Gu Guanwen , Wang Yingjie , Yang Ningning
Published: February 2025

Porphyry molybdenum deposits hold significant potential for deep exploration. However, in the Dasuji molybdenum deposit, quartz porphyry, granite porphyry, and syenogranite are sporadically exposed beneath low mountains and hilly terrain, limiting the effectiveness of traditional geological methods. Consequently, geophysical techniques have become essential in this region. This study provides new magnetism and resistivity data obtained through high-precision aeromagnetic surveys and controlled-source audio-magnetotellurics (CSAMT) profiles. These results reveal concealed deep porphyries, identify deep-seated molybdenum ore bodies, and establish a porphyry-type molybdenum metallogenic model. The porphyries exhibit the lowest magnetic values (about −200 to 370 nT), suggesting that molybdenum mineralization-related granitoids have exceeded the Curie temperature and undergone an intense magnetic weakening effect. Ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic substances have transformed into paramagnetic substances. The CSAMT results indicate that the mineralized granite porphyry generally has medium to high resistivity (300 Ω·m to 500 Ω·m) and dips southward with a 60° inclination angle. Additionally, an unclosed low-resistance anomaly in the deep region of site 0 indicates promising potential for further mineral exploration and the discovery of deeper mineralized porphyries. We interpret weak magnetic anomalies and variations in resistivity as caused by high crystallization temperatures, low oxygen fugacity, and hydrothermal alteration in the context of porphyry molybdenum deposit mineralization.
Efficient Consecutive Synthesis of Fluorinated Isoflavone Analogs, X-Ray Structures, Hirshfeld Analysis, and Anticancer Activity Assessment
Authors: Ayoup Mohammed Salah , Daqa Malak , Salama Yousef , Hazzam Rand , Hawsawi Mohammed B. , Soliman Saied M. , Al-Maharik Nawaf
Published: February 2025

The synthesis of 7-O-carboxymethyl-4′-fluoroisoflavone 4 and 7-O-carboxymethyl-4′-fluoro-2-trifluormethylisoflavone 7 involved the cyclization of 2,4-dihydroxy-4′-fluorodeoxybenzoin 1, followed by 7-O-alkylation with methyl bromoacetate and subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The structures of the novel compounds were validated using a range of techniques, including XRD crystallography (1H, 19F, 13C)-NMR, and IR. Only interhalogen contacts were detected in 5, while they were completely lacking in 2 and 4, owing to the presence of crystalline ethanol in the crystal structure. The %F…F in 5 was 12.2% based on Hirshfeld calculations. The aromatic π-π stacking interactions were important only in 2 and 4 but not observed in 5. Isoflavones 4, 5, and 7 displayed anticancer activity against MCF-7 cancer cells, with IC50 values of 13.66, 15.43, and 11.73 µM, respectively.
Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Perylene Diimide-Based Liquid Crystals
Authors: Qiao Shiyi , Liao Ruijuan , Xie Mingsi , Song Xiaoli , Zhang Ao , Fang Yi , Zhang Chunxiu , Yu Haifeng
Published: February 2025

Perylene diimide (PDI), initially synthesized and explored as an organic dye, has since gained significant recognition for its outstanding optical and electronic properties. Early research primarily focused on its vibrant coloration; however, the resolution of solubility challenges has revealed its broader potential. PDIs exhibit exceptional optical characteristics, including strong absorption and high fluorescence quantum yield, along with remarkable electronic properties, such as high electron affinity and superior charge carrier mobility. Furthermore, the robust π-π stacking interactions and liquid crystalline behavior of PDIs facilitate precise their self-assembly into highly ordered structures, positioning them as valuable materials for advanced applications in optoelectronics, photonics, and nanotechnology. This article provides a comprehensive review of the progress made in the design, synthesis, and optoelectronic performance of PDI-based liquid crystals. It explores how various substituents and their placement on the PDI core impact the properties of these liquid crystal molecules and discusses the challenges and opportunities that shape this rapidly evolving class of optical materials. This review is strictly focused on PDIs and does not cover their elongated or laterally extended derivatives, nor does it include monoimide or ester compounds.
Green Extraction of Antioxidant-Rich Flavonoids from Fagonia cretica Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Khan Jafar , Asaf Sajjad , Lubna  , Abdelbacki Ashraf M. M. , Jan Rahmatullah , Kim Kyung-Min
Published: February 2025

This study optimized the extraction of flavonoids from Fagonia cretica using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), focusing on key factors such as the type of DES used, molar ratio, water content, solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature, and time. Among six DESs tested, the betaine–acetic acid combination exhibited the highest extraction efficiency, attributed to its low viscosity (4.98 mPa·s). Optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a 1:4 molar ratio of betaine to acetic acid, a 25% water content, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:60 g/mL, an extraction temperature of 50 °C, and an extraction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, the flavonoid yield was maximized while preserving bioactivity. Antioxidant assays revealed that flavonoids extracted with DESs exhibited superior scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl radical compared to ethanol-extracted flavonoids, highlighting DESs’ potential to enhance antioxidant properties. The recyclability of DESs was demonstrated using ultracapacitor porous activated carbon, achieving an 89.78% recovery efficiency. The reused DES maintained a high flavonoid extraction yield, retaining 92% efficiency after six cycles, emphasizing its sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This study establishes DES-based extraction as an environmentally friendly and efficient approach for isolating flavonoids with strong antioxidant properties, offering significant advantages in green chemistry and bioactive compound recovery.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Performance of Five Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Supramolecules with Chain-like Organic Cations for Tetracycline Degradation
Authors: Chen Changfu , Zhang Xingxing , Ren Chenfei , Yan Jiajun , Wu Kaijun , Yan Yi , Song Xiru , Bu Shufan , Niu Yunyin
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we synthesized a chain-like organic cation structure directing agent L·Cl2 by reacting triethylenediamine with 1,2-bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane. We then used a room temperature volatilization method to react L·Cl2 with inorganic metal salts to synthesize five organic–inorganic hybrid supramolecules: {[L][HgI4]} (1), {[L][CdI4]} (2), {[(L)(Cu2I3)]·[CuI2]CH3CN}n (3) {[L][CoCl3]2} (4), and {[L][Ce(NO3)5·(H2O)2]} (5) (L=1,1′-((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl))bis(1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octan-1-ium) chloride). The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 are mononuclear anion compounds, while compound 3 is a 1D chain, and 4 is a binuclear anion compound. The results showed that 10 mg of compound 3 achieved 92.22% of tetracycline degradation efficiency in the initial TC solution pH = 7. The optimal conditions such as solution pH, catalyst dosage, and solution temperature for the photocatalytic degradation of TC wastewater by compound 3 were explored. Moreover, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of compound 3 was above 86% each time after four cycles, indicating a good recyclability. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation was also discussed.
Correction: Hao et al. Phosphorylation of Akt by SC79 Prevents Iron Accumulation and Ameliorates Early Brain Injury in a Model of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Molecules 2016, 21, 325
Authors: Hao Shuangying , Song Chuanhui , Shang Longcheng , Jiang Yu , Qiao Tong , Li Kuanyu
Published: February 2025

In the published publication [...]
Authentic Aroma and Compound-Specific Isotope Ratios (δ13C, δ2H) Profiles of Vanilla Pods (V. planifolia and V. tahitensis)
Authors: Chen Long , Khatri Purna Kumar , Paolini Mauro , Nardin Tiziana , Roncone Alberto , Larcher Roberto , Ziller Luca , Bontempo Luana
Published: February 2025

Stable isotope ratio analysis of carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) in vanillin has become a valuable tool for differentiating natural vanilla from synthetic or biosynthetic alternatives and for tracing its geographical origins. However, increasingly sophisticated fraud techniques necessitate ongoing refinement of analytical methods to ensure accurate detection. This study advanced the field by investigating minor volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers for identifying botanical and geographical origins of vanilla products. Vanilla pods from the two main vanilla species, V. planifolia and V. tahitensis, were investigated using GC-MS/MS to analyze their aromatic profile and GC-C/Py-IRMS to determine compound-specific isotope ratios, providing, for the first time, detailed and authentic isotopic and aromatic profiles. Additionally, the potential natural presence of ethyl vanillin and its corresponding glucoside precursors—molecules commonly used as synthetic vanilla-scented fragrance agents in various foods and industrial products—was explored using UHPLC-HRMS. These findings contribute to robust methods for verifying vanilla authenticity, addressing flavor complexity and isotopic composition, and enhancing the detection of adulteration in vanilla-flavored products.
Recent Advances in Chiral Gold Nanomaterials: From Synthesis to Applications
Authors: Chen Huangsiyu , Hao Changlong
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the field of chiral gold nanomaterials has witnessed significant advancements driven by their unique properties and diverse applications in various scientific domains. This review provides an in-depth examination of the synthesis methodologies and evolving applications of chiral gold nanomaterials, which have emerged as vital tools in areas such as antibacterial therapies, biosensing, catalysis, and nanomedicine. We start by discussing various synthesis techniques, focused on seed-mediated growth and circularly polarized light-assisted methods, each contributing to the controlled synthesis of chiral gold nanostructures with tailored optical activities. This review further delves into the applications of these nanomaterials, showcasing their potential in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, improving cancer immunotherapy, promoting tissue regeneration, and enabling precise biosensing through enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. We highlight the fundamental principles of chirality and its critical role in biological systems, emphasizing the importance of chiral gold nanomaterials in enhancing optical signals and facilitating molecular interactions. By consolidating recent findings and methodologies, this review endeavors to illuminate the promising future of chiral gold nanomaterials and their critical role in addressing contemporary scientific challenges.
Antiviral and Immune Enhancement Effect of Platycodon grandiflorus in Viral Diseases: A Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug
Authors: Gao Pei , Li Xinshan , Ding Jianlei , Peng Bosen , Munir Muhammad , Liu Fei , Chao Limin , Li Chengfei , Wang Li , Ma Jinyou , Zhang Gaiping
Published: February 2025

Background: Traditional Chinese medicine offers potential therapeutic options for viral infections. Platycodon grandiflorus (PG) is a perennial herb known for its efficacy in treating respiratory infections, including asthma, cough, and bronchitis, making it a key focus in antiviral drug research. The purpose of the study is to provide a basis for functional studies on PG and generate new insights for treating viral diseases. Methods: Research articles from 1990 to 2024 related to PG and viruses were obtained from databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, and systematically analysed. Results: PG demonstrates inhibitory effects on viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by blocking various stages of viral proliferation or activating the host immune system. It also reduces inflammation through NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and other signalling pathways, enhancing T cell and macrophage function and increasing host immunity. PG exhibits diverse pharmacological effects with promising clinical applications for antiviral and immune modulation. Given its medicinal significance, PG holds substantial potential for further exploration and development. Conclusion: PG, due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties, can be used as an antiviral drug.
Theoretical Investigation of Competitive Adsorption of Light and Heavy Rare Earth Ions on the (001) Surface of Kaolinite
Authors: Qiu Sen , Hua Yijin , Fan Zehao , Long Qibang , Zhang Kuifang , Lian Xuwei , Tu Tao , Li Li , Qiu Tingsheng
Published: February 2025

Kaolinite is the primary mineral in ion-adsorption rare earth ores, and improving our understanding of the adsorption state of REEs on kaolinite will benefit efforts to leach REEs from these ores. In order to explain why Eu3+ ions exhibit stronger pH-dependent desorption behavior than Lu3+, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to investigate the adsorption mechanism of Eu3+ and Lu3+ on a deprotonated kaolinite (001) surface. The simulation results show that the hydration numbers of Eu3+ and Lu3+ are comparable, whereas the ordering degree of water molecules around Eu3+ is higher than that of Lu3+, which is beneficial to the movement of Eu3+ to preferentially occupy favorable adsorption sites on the kaolinite surface, following which coordination bonds are formed between Eu3+ and the surface. As a result, the desorption rate of Eu3+ decreases sharply with the increase in leaching pH, while the desorption rate of Lu3+ is only slightly affected by pH.
Synergistic Interactions Among Iron and Cobalt Atoms Within Bimetallic Molybdate@Carbon Paper Composite Create Bifunctional Nanoflower Electrocatalyst, Enhancing Efficiency for Overall Water Splitting in Alkaline Environment
Authors: Cheng Ting , Wu Fei , Chen Chen , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Mengyi , Cui Liwei , Dai Youzhi , Hou Baoxuan , Tian Yuan , Zhu Jiarui
Published: February 2025

Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising approach for obtaining clean hydrogen energy. In this work, novel molybdate@carbon paper composite electrocatalysts (CoxFe10-xMoO@CP), displaying outstanding electrocatalytic capabilities, were deriving from anchoring cobalt/iron molybdate materials onto the surface of carbon paper fibers. By adjusting the cobalt-to-iron ratio, the composite (Co5Fe5MoO@CP), with the optimal molar proportion (Co/Fe = 5/5), exhibited a distinctive nanoflower morphology (50–100 nm), which provided a significant number of active sites for electrocatalytic reactions, and showed the strongest electrocatalytic potency for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Specifically, the overpotentials for HER and OER were 123.6 and 245 mV at 10 mA·cm−2, with a Tafel slope of 78.3 and 92.2 mV·dec−1, respectively. The hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions remained favorable and stable over 35 days and 2 weeks of cyclic voltammetry cycles. In a two-electrode system, efficient overall water splitting was achieved at a cell voltage of 1.60 V. Under high alkaline concentration and temperature conditions, the Co5Fe5MoO@CP composite still maintained excellent HER and OER catalytic activity and stability, indicating its satisfactory potential for industrial applications. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that the promoted hydrogen evolution capability derived from the synergistic catalytic effect of iron and cobalt atoms within the molecule, while cobalt atoms functioned as the catalytic core for the oxygen evolution process. This work provides a novel strategy towards high-efficiency electrocatalysts to significantly accelerate the overall water splitting.
Ligand Strategies for Regulating Atomically Precise CeO2 Nanoparticles: From Structure to Property
Authors: Du Peiling , Li Simin , Xu Qinghua , He Ayisha , Yuan Wei , Qu Xinping , Tan Baimei , Niu Xinhuan , Zhang Fan , Shen Hui
Published: February 2025

The increasing interest in studying the structure–property relationships of ceria dioxide (CeO2) relies on the fact that many factors are key to determining the performance of CeO2 materials. Despite the great advances achieved, it remains a formidable challenge to regulate CeO2 nanoparticles at the molecular level and gain in-depth insight into their structure–property relationships. What is reported here is a ligand strategy for regulating CeO2 nanoparticles, in terms of not only shape, structure, surface composition, but also property. Atomically precise CeO2 nanoparticles (also named nanoclusters) are used as a model system, in which two Ce16 clusters are gained by a wet-chemical synthesis method. Featuring different carboxylate ligands on the surface, the two clusters are distinct in formula, core geometry, surface composition, and photoelectric merits. This work not only reports the first pair of atomically precise CeO2 nanoclusters with the same number of Ce atoms but different structures, which is highly desirable for studying structure–property relationships, but also provides in-depth insight into the molecular ligand effect in CeO2 materials.
The Acute Effects of a Fast-Food Meal Versus a Mediterranean Food Meal on the Autonomic Nervous System, Lung Function, and Airway Inflammation: A Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: Silva Diana , Mendes Francisca Castro , Stanzani Vânia , Moreira Rita , Pinto Mariana , Beltrão Marília , Sokhatska Oksana , Severo Milton , Padrão Patrícia , Garcia-Larsen Vanessa , Delgado Luís , Moreira André , Moreira Pedro
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess the acute effects of two isoenergetic but micronutrient-diverse meals—a Mediterranean-like meal (MdM) and a fast food-like meal (FFM)—on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), lung function, and airway inflammation response. Methods: Forty-six participants were enrolled in a randomized crossover clinical trial, consuming two isoenergetic meals: FFM (burger, fries, and sugar-sweetened drink) and MdM (vegetable soup, whole-wheat pasta, salad, olive oil, sardines, fruit, and water). Pupillometry assessed parasympathetic (MaxD, MinD, Con, ACV, MCV) and sympathetic (ADV, T75) nervous system outcomes. Lung function and airway inflammation were measured before and after each meal through spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), respectively. Results: Mixed-effects model analysis showed that the MdM was associated with a hegemony of parasympathetic responses, with a significant increase of MaxD associated with a faster constriction velocity (ACV and MCV); on the other side, the FFM was associated with changes in the sympathetic response, showing a quicker redilation velocity (a decrease in T75). After adjusting for confounders, the mixed-effects models revealed that the FFM significantly decreased T75. Regarding lung function, a meal negatively impacted FVC (ae = −0.079, p < 0.001) and FEV1 (ae = −0.04, p = 0.017); however, FeNO increased, although after adjusting, no difference between meals was seen. Conclusions: Our study showed that the FFM counteracted the parasympathetic activity of a meal, while a meal, irrespective of the type, decreased lung function and increased airway inflammation.
Different Chemical Forms of Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Folate in Human Milk as a Function of Lactation Stages—A Cohort Study on Breastfeeding Women from Beijing
Authors: Wang Ye , Xing Xinxin , Ren Xiangnan , Jiang Shan , Yang Zhenyu , Lai Jianqiang
Published: February 2025

Background: The function and bioavailability of water-soluble vitamins in human milk (HM) is contingent upon their specific molecular configurations. This study aims to investigate the concentrations of different forms of thiamine, riboflavin, and folate in HM and to elucidate the temporal variations of these nutrients across different stages of lactation. Methods: A cohort of 35 healthy mother–infant pairs from Beijing was recruited, and 214 HM samples were collected. The concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in these samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). A mixed linear regression model was employed to examine the relationship between HM vitamin levels and lactation stages. Results: This study analyzed the concentrations of free thiamine, thiamine monophosphate (TMP), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), free riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-fTHF), 5,10-methenyl-tetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF), and unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) at various lactation stages (0–7 days, 15 days, 30 days, 60 days, 90 days, 120 days, 150 days, and 180 days). Free thiamine concentrations increased from colostrum to 180 days, while total thiamine rose during the first month and then stabilized. Free and total riboflavin levels remained relatively constant throughout lactation. Free and total folate concentrations peaked at 90 days and subsequently declined. Significant correlations were observed between follow-up time and changes in free thiamine, free folate, and total folate concentrations over 180 days. Conclusions: This study provides detailed data on the concentrations and trends of free and total thiamine, riboflavin, and folate in HM from 0 to 180 days postpartum, highlighting the dynamic nature of vitamin concentrations in HM. No deficiencies in these HM vitamins were detected in the surveyed population. Future further research will be conducted to reveal the correlation between different forms of water-soluble vitamins in HM and dietary factors.
Positive and Negative Expectations Associated with Coffee and Energy Drinks: Implications for Placebo–Nocebo Research in Sports
Authors: Somogyi Angéla , Uca Merve , Bulgay Celal , Acheampong Ernest Yeboah , de la Vega Ricardo , Ruíz-Barquín Roberto , Szabo Attila
Published: February 2025

Background: Nutritional expectations have been shown to influence exercise performance via placebo and nocebo effects. The present study aimed to evaluate performance-enhancement expectations for coffee and energy drinks using the Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale. Methods: A total of 402 participants (48.5% male) with an average exercise history of 4.53 years, engaging in average physical activity 3.91 times per week, were included in the study. Data collection was conducted through the Qualtrics platform. Results: Participants exhibited significantly higher positive expectations for coffee compared to energy drinks (p = 0.002), whereas negative expectations were more pronounced for energy drinks than for coffee (p < 0.001). Males and individuals engaging in anaerobic exercise expressed more positive expectations for energy drinks than females and those participating in aerobic or mixed exercise regimens. Additionally, high-frequency exercisers (≥4 sessions per week) reported greater positive expectations for both beverages and fewer negative expectations for coffee than low-frequency exercisers (≤3 sessions per week). Correlational analyses revealed weak but significant associations between expectations and variables such as exercise history, frequency, intensity, and age. Conclusions: The findings suggest that coffee is perceived as a more effective performance enhancer and exhibits greater placebo-inducing potential than energy drinks, which may elicit stronger nocebo effects. These group-specific perceptions should be considered by trainers, coaches, and researchers when addressing placebo–nocebo mechanisms in the context of sports and exercise.
Nutrition in Early Life and Its Impact Through the Life Course
Authors: Ren Haoran , Zhou Yubo , Liu Jianmeng
Published: February 2025

The term “early life” refers to the period spanning from the fetal stage to the age of two years after birth, encompassing a total duration of approximately 1000 days [...]
The Results of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption on Weight Change: A Randomized Controlled Community Trial in a Health Promotion Program
Authors: Lopes Mariana Souza , Freitas Patrícia Pinheiro de , Lopes Aline Cristine Souza
Published: February 2025

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and body weight change after participating in nutritional intervention. Design: Our study was a 12-month follow-up of participants in a randomized controlled community trial. Setting: Brazilian Primary Health Care. Participants: The participants were health promotion services users. Users in the control group (CG) performed the service’s usual intervention, while those in the intervention group (IG) additionally participated for seven months in nutritional intervention. Socioeconomic data, self-health, perception of time spent in health promotion services, and weight loss attempts were investigated. Food consumption was obtained by 24 h food recall and categorizing these in quartiles according to the Nova system of food classification. Weight was measured and changes in the 12-month period were calculated by subtracting the weight at follow-up from the baseline measurement. Results: Of the participants, 88.1% were females aged 56.7 ± 11.8 with 19.7 ± 15.3 months of participation in the service. In the fourth quartile (highest UPF consumption), the % contribution of calories per consumption of UPFs was 47.7%, with no differences between the IG and CG (p = 0.406). Adjusted after 12 months, when comparing those with lower consumption of UPFs (first quartile), individuals from the second, third, and fourth quartiles had positive weight variation. Respectively, these variations were as follows: 0.363 kg (95% CI: 0.038; 0.689; p = 0.029); 0.467 kg (95% CI: 0.159; 0.776; p = 0.003); and 0.389 kg (95% CI: 0.061; 0.717; p = 0.020, with no differences between IG and CG). Conclusions: The percentage contribution of calories from UPFs was associated with positive weight change, which contributes to the growing evidence of the relationship between UPFs and obesity.
Associations of Cooking Salt Intake During Pregnancy with Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational Age Newborns: A Large Cohort Study
Authors: Li Tongtong , Wang Zhengyuan , Xiao Zilin , Feng Chengwu , Sun Zhuo , Mao Dou , Zhou Puchen , Yuan Caimei , Zhao Danyang , Shang Wanning , Liu Yunman , Yuan Changzheng , Hong Li , Zang Jiajie , Zong Geng
Published: February 2025

Background: Excessive salt intake has been strongly associated with multiple health conditions, while evidence linking salt consumption during pregnancy and birth outcomes remains limited. We aimed to investigate the association between salt intake during pregnancy and adverse outcomes of birth weight. Methods: Our study was based on a prospective cohort study that has followed 4267 mother–child pairs since 2017 in Shanghai, China. Salt consumption was estimated based on the cooking salt and soy sauce from household condiments consumed, weighing measurements over a week, and then categorized into <5.0 (reference), 5.0–10.0, and ≥10.0 g/day. Salt density was calculated as the amount of salt divided by the total energy intake from food frequency questionnaires. Outcomes related to birth weight were defined according to standard clinical cutoffs, including low birth weight (LBW), macrosomia, small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of LBW were 1.72 (95% CI 1.01–2.91) for 5.0–10.0 g/day salt intake, and 2.06 (95% CI 1.02–4.13) for ≥10.0 g/day, compared to those of <5.0 g/day (p-trend = 0.04). For SGA, ORs were 1.46 (95% CI 1.09–1.97) for 5.0–10.0 g/day and 1.69 (95% CI 1.16–2.47; p-trend = 0.006) for ≥10.0 g/day. Similarly, the OR comparing the extreme tertile (high vs. low) of salt density was 1.91 (95% CI 1.08–3.36; p-trend = 0.01) for LBW and 1.63 (95% CI 1.18–2.25; p-trend < 0.001) for SGA. No significant associations were observed for salt intake in relation to macrosomia or LGA. These findings remain stable in all sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Conclusions: In this study, habitual cooking salt intake above 5 g/day was associated with increased risks of LBW and SGA, which warrants confirmation by interventional studies.
Impact of Nutritional Changes on the Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Underwent Curative Surgery After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Park Seulah , Choi Go-Won , Lee Inhyuck , Seo Younsoo , Chae Yoon Soo , Yun Won-Gun , Han Youngmin , Jung Hye-Sol , Kwon Wooil , Park Joon Seong , Jang Jin-Young , Cho Young Jae
Published: February 2025

Background: Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly used to improve survival in patients with pancreatic cancer; however, it often results in nutritional deterioration, which may negatively impact patient outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of changes in nutritional status on the long-term outcomes of patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent curative surgery after NAC. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 148 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent curative surgery after NAC between 2010 and 2020. The Controlled Nutritional Status (CONUT) score was used to determine the nutritional status of the patients. Patients were categorized into worsened, maintained, and improved groups based on the changes in their CONUT scores before and after NAC. We compared differences in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between the groups. Results: The worsened nutritional status group exhibited the shortest median OS (28 months) compared to the maintained and improved groups (39 and 66 months, respectively; p = 0.01). Additionally, the worsened group demonstrated the shortest DFS compared to the other two groups (13, 22, and 39 months, respectively; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis identified nutritional deterioration as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratios (HR), 2.11; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.31–3.40; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Nutritional deterioration after NAC is a significant prognostic factor of poor survival outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer. These findings indicate that serial nutritional assessments and treatment during NAC are crucial for improving patient outcomes.