bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
8‐Methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate inhibits response to the pheromone in the western corn rootworm Diabrotica v. virgifera
Authors: Tóth M. , Ujváry I. , Imrei Z.
Published: October 2009

Compounds that are structurally closely related to the western corn rootworm (WCR) (Diabrotica v. virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pheromone were prepared and screened for biological activity in the field, presented alone or in combination with the pheromone 8‐methyldecan‐2‐yl propanoate. None of the synthetic compounds showed attraction when presented alone. However, when presented in combination with the pheromone, catches in traps containing 8‐methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate as a second component were dramatically reduced, suggesting strong inhibitory activity for this compound. The addition of the inhibitory acetate to the known floral WCR lure (4‐methoxycinnamaldehyde plus indole) did not influence male (or female) catches suggesting that the inhibitor interferes in the perception process of the pheromone and not by exerting repellency per se. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an inhibitor of response to pheromone in WCR. 8‐Methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate has previously been described as a sex attractant of Diabrotica cristata, so its inhibitory activity towards males of WCR may reflect a role in maintaining reproductive isolation between the two taxa.
Insecticide‐induced hormesis in an insecticide‐resistant strain of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais
Authors: Guedes N. M. P. , Tolledo J. , Corrêa A. S. , Guedes R. N. C.
Published: October 2009

Sublethal responses to insecticides are frequently neglected in studies of insecticide resistance, although stimulatory effects associated with low doses of compounds toxic at higher doses, such as insecticides, have been recognized as a general toxicological phenomenon. Evidence for this biphasic dose–response relationship, or hormesis, was recognized as one of the potential causes underlying pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks. Hormesis has also potentially important implications for managing insecticide‐resistant populations of insect‐pest species, but evidence of its occurrence in such context is lacking and fitness parameters are seldom considered in these studies. Here, we reported the stimulatory effect of sublethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin sprayed on maize grains infested with a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The parameters estimated from the fertility tables of resistant insects exposed to deltamethrin indicated a peak in the net reproductive rate at 0.05 ppm consequently leading to a peak in the intrinsic rate of population growth at this dose. The phenomenon is consistent with insecticide‐induced hormesis and its potential management implications are discussed.
Influence of polygenetic polymorphisms on the susceptibility to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease of Chinese people
Authors: Zhou Yong‐Jian , Li Yu‐Yuan , Nie Yu‐Qiang , Yang Hui , Zhan Qi , Huang Jian , Shi Sheng‐Li , Lai Xiao‐Bo , Huang Hong‐Li
Published: October 2009

Background and Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polygenetic polymorphisms, which play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, on the susceptibility to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) of Chinese people.

Methods:  The subjects were selected from an epidemiological survey in the Guangdong province of southern China. In each polymorphism study, 50–117 subjects who met the diagnostic criteria of NAFLD and had typical clinical and ultrasonographic findings were placed into the case group. Using a nested case–control design, the same numbers of matched people without NAFLD were included as controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at nine positions in seven candidate genes were tested. These SNP were found to be associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Genetic analyses were performed using genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism was applied to detect SNP.

Results:  Most candidate genes' SNP were associated with susceptibility to NAFLD. Some showed positive relationships (increased risk): tumor necrosis factor‐α‐238, adiponectin‐45, leptin‐2548, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors‐161 and phosphatidyletha‐nolamine N‐methyltransferase‐175. Other SNP demonstrated a negative association (decreased risk): adiponectin‐276 and hepatic lipase‐514. Only two were not associated: tumor necrosis factor‐α‐380 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors‐γ co‐activator‐1α‐482.

Conclusion:  Most candidate genes' SNP examined in metabolic syndrome patients were associated with susceptibility to NAFLD.
Salvage effect of E5564, Toll‐like receptor 4 antagonist on d‐galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute liver failure in rats
Authors: Kitazawa Toshiyuki , Tsujimoto Tatsuhiro , Kawaratani Hideto , Fukui Hiroshi
Published: October 2009

Background and Aims:  The transmembrane protein Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), which exists mainly in macrophages such as Kupffer cells of the liver, plays an important role in recognizing and mediating macrophage activation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine release. Activation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine cascade, including tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), has a pivotal role in the progression of severe liver injury. D‐galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced liver injury in rats is an experimental model of fulminant hepatic failure, where TNF‐α plays a central role in the progression of liver injury. E5564, a synthetic analogue of the lipid A component of endotoxin, inhibits endotoxin‐stimulated inflammation and is under study for patients with sepsis. In the present study, we sought to explore the salvage effect of TLR4 antagonist E5564 on GalN+LPS‐induced acute liver failure (ALF) in rats.

Methods:  ALF was induced in male Wistar rats by the intraperitoneal injection of GalN (500 mg/kg) and LPS (50 µg/kg). Immediately after GalN+LPS injection, rats were treated with intravenous injection of E5564 (3 mg/kg). The cumulative survival rates of GalN+LPS‐induced ALF rats were compared between those with and without E5564 treatment.

Results:  The intravenous injection of E5564 reduced the elevation of serum total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and TNF‐α levels in rats at 3 h after GalN+LPS injection, and improved the survival rate of GalN+LPS‐induced ALF rats at 24 h (8% vs 43%).

Conclusions:  TLR4 antagonist E5564 reduced GalN+LPS‐induced acute liver injury in rats and improved the overall survival rate of GalN+LPS‐induced ALF rats. It may contribute to the treatment of ALF through blocking endotoxin‐induced TNF‐α overproduction of macrophages.
Prevalence and risk of colorectal adenoma in asymptomatic Koreans aged 40–49 years undergoing screening colonoscopy
Authors: Chung Su Jin , Kim Young Sun , Yang Sun Young , Song Ji Hyun , Park Min Jung , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung
Published: October 2009

Background and Aim:  Colorectal cancer screening is recommended for average‐risk persons beginning at age 50. However, information about the incidence and risk factors of precursor adenoma in preceding decades is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of colorectal adenoma in persons aged 40–49 years and to compare the data with those aged 30–39 years and 50–59 years.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional study of 5254 asymptomatic subjects who underwent screening colonoscopy was conducted. Data were stratified by age into three groups: 608 aged 30–39 years, 1930 aged 40–49 years, and 2716 aged 50–59 years.

Results:  Prevalence of overall adenomas was 10.4% in the 30–39 years age group, 22.2% in the 40–49 years age group, and 32.8% in the 50–59 years age group. Advanced adenoma was found in 0.7% of the 30–39 years age group, 2.7% of the 40–49 years age group, and 4.1% of the 50–59 years age group. In the 40–49 years age group, male sex and current smoking habits showed associations with low‐risk adenoma after multiple adjustments. Moreover, male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–3.23), current smoking (OR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.06–3.50), and family history of colorectal cancer (OR = 2.54, 95%CI: 1.16–5.56) were independent predictors of advanced adenoma in this age group.

Conclusions:  Prevalence of adenoma in subjects aged 40–49 years was higher than in previous studies. Male sex and current smoking habits along with a family history of colorectal cancer were associated with advanced adenoma in this age group.
Genetic profiles in renal tumors
Authors: Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Egevad Lars , Caballero‐Vargas Maria T , Scarpelli Marina , Kirkali Ziya , Cheng Liang
Published: October 2009

Renal cell carcinoma in adult comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable clinical outcomes, which ranges from indolent to aggressively malignant. The application of molecular genetics techniques to the study of renal neoplasms has resulted in improved classification of these entities and better understanding of biological mechanisms responsible for tumor development and progression. In the present article we review the molecular genetic profiles of different renal cell tumors and discuss their relevance to the carcinogenesis mechanisms and to the clinical diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Understanding of the molecular genetics of renal tumors is beneficial in making accurate diagnoses, assessing prognoses, and selecting appropriate and targeted therapeutic options.
Two crossed axonal projections contribute to binaural unmasking of frequency‐following responses in rat inferior colliculus
Authors: Du Yi , Ma Tianfang , Wang Qian , Wu Xihong , Li Liang
Published: October 2009

Frequency‐following responses (FFRs) are sustained potentials based on phase‐locked neural activities elicited by low‐ to medium‐frequency periodical sound waveforms. Human brainstem FFRs, which are able to encode some critical acoustic features of speech, can be unmasked by binaural processing. However, the underlying unmasking mechanisms have not previously been reported. In rats, most neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) exhibit binaural responses which are affected by axonal projections from both the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and the contralateral IC. The present study investigated whether the contralateral DNLL and the contralateral IC modulate binaural unmasking of FFRs recorded in the rat IC. The results show that IC FFRs to the rat pain call (chatter) were enhanced by local injection of the excitatory glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid (KYNA) into the contralateral DNLL but were reduced by KYNA injection into the contralateral IC. Introducing a disparity between the interaural time difference (ITD) of the FFR‐eliciting chatter and the ITD of the masking noise enhanced IC FFRs. Moreover, the ITD‐disparity‐induced FFR enhancement was weakened by injection of KYNA into either the contralateral DNLL or the contralateral IC when the ipsilateral chatter preceded the contralateral chatter. Thus, binaural hearing can improve IC FFRs against noise masking. More importantly, both inhibitory projections from the contralateral DNLL and excitatory projections from the contralateral IC modulate IC FFRs and play a role in forming binaural unmasking of IC FFRs.
15 years of continent urinary diversion and enterocystoplasty in children and adolescents: the Würzburg experience
Authors: Rubenwolf Peter C. , Beissert Antje , Gerharz Elmar W. , Riedmiller Hubertus
Published: October 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To assess the long‐term results of continent urinary diversion (CUD) and enterocystoplasty (ECP) in children with irreversible lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 44 children with irreversible LUTD who had a CUD or ECP between 1992 and 2007. Patients were followed for the functional outcome of surgery with a focus on complications related to the reservoir, bowel, uretero‐intestinal anastomosis and upper urinary tract. Data were collected prospectively and outcomes were evaluated using a standardized protocol.

RESULTS

The median (range) follow‐up was 7.3  (3.5–17) years. Complete continence was achieved in 94% overall, i.e. in 95% of patients with continent cutaneous diversion, 83% with ECP and all children with continent anal diversion. Upper urinary tract and renal function remained stable in 89% and 95%, respectively. Surgical intervention was required for adhesive small bowel ileus in 6%, stoma‐related complications in 39%, ureteric stenosis in 8%, and stone formation in 19%. Of these complications, 54% required only minor interventions; 41% of patients needed prophylactic alkaline substitution. Bowel habits remained unchanged or improved in 68%.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that CUD and ECP in children are effective procedures with acceptable long‐term complication rates. However, conclusions from our data might be limited, as this was a small study including highly selected patients treated at one tertiary academic centre. Being an audit of practice in our institution and given the variety of concepts, these results might differ from those centres using other approaches in the surgical treatment of LUTD. Importantly, this type of surgery should be restricted to carefully selected patients in whom all attempts of restoring the LUT failed.
Narrative skill in children with early unilateral brain injury: a possible limit to functional plasticity
Authors: Demir Özlem Ece , Levine Susan C. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan
Published: October 2009

Children with pre‐ or perinatal brain injury (PL) exhibit marked plasticity for language learning. Previous work has focused mostly on the emergence of earlier‐developing skills, such as vocabulary and syntax. Here we ask whether this plasticity for earlier‐developing aspects of language extends to more complex, later‐developing language functions by examining the narrative production of children with PL. Using an elicitation technique that involves asking children to create stories de novo in response to a story stem, we collected narratives from 11 children with PL and 20 typically developing (TD) children. Narratives were analysed for length, diversity of the vocabulary used, use of complex syntax, complexity of the macro‐level narrative structure and use of narrative evaluation. Children’s language performance on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context was also measured. Findings show that children with PL produced shorter stories, used less diverse vocabulary, produced structurally less complex stories at the macro‐level, and made fewer inferences regarding the cognitive states of the story characters. These differences in the narrative task emerged even though children with PL did not differ from TD children on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context. Thus, findings suggest that there may be limitations to the plasticity for language functions displayed by children with PL, and that these limitations may be most apparent in complex, decontextualized language tasks such as narrative production.
Selective attention and attention switching: towards a unified developmental approach
Authors: Hanania Rima , Smith Linda B.
Published: October 2009

We review and relate two literatures on the development of attention in children: one concerning flexible attention switching and the other concerning selective attention. The first is a growing literature on preschool children’s performances in an attention‐switching task indicating that children become more flexible in their attentional control during the preschool years. The second literature encompasses a large and robust set of phenomena for the same developmental period that indicates a protracted course of development for selective attention in children. We ask whether developmental changes in processes of selective attention may contribute to more flexible attention switching. We consider the two sets of phenomena with respect to this question and propose an empirical agenda for their joint study that may lead ultimately to a unified account of the development of selective attention and attention switching.
Individual differences in language development: relationship with motor skill at 21 months
Authors: Alcock Katherine J. , Krawczyk Kirsty
Published: October 2009

Language development has long been associated with motor development, particularly manual gesture. We examined a variety of motor abilities – manual gesture including symbolic, meaningless and sequential memory, oral motor control, gross and fine motor control – in 129 children aged 21 months. Language abilities were assessed and cognitive and socio‐economic measures controlled for. Oral motor control was strongly associated with language production (vocabulary and sentence complexity), with some contribution from symbolic abilities. Language comprehension, however, was associated with cognitive and socio‐economic measures. We conclude that symbolic, working memory, and mirror neuron accounts of language–motor control links are limited, but that a common neural and motor substrate for nonverbal and verbal oral movements may drive the motor–language association.
Selective Attention and Perceptual Load in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Remington Anna , Swettenham John , Campbell Ruth , Coleman Mike
Published: October 2009

It has been suggested that the locus of selective attention (early vs. late in processing) is dependent on the perceptual load of the task. When perceptual load is low, irrelevant distractors are processed (late selection), whereas when perceptual load is high, distractor interference disappears (early selection). Attentional abnormalities have long been reported within autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this study is the first to examine the effect of perceptual load on selective attention in this population. Fourteen adults with ASD and 23 adults without ASD performed a selective attention task with varying perceptual loads. Compared with the non-ASD group, the ASD group required higher levels of perceptual load to successfully ignore irrelevant distractors; moreover, the ASD group did not show any general reduction in performance speed or accuracy. These results suggest enhanced perceptual capacity in the ASD group and are consistent with previous observations regarding superior visual search abilities among individuals with ASD.
School Violence and the Culture of Honor
Authors: Brown Ryan P. , Osterman Lindsey L. , Barnes Collin D.
Published: October 2009

We investigated the hypothesis that a sociocultural variable known as the culture of honor would be uniquely predictive of school-violence indicators. Controlling for demographic characteristics associated in previous studies with violent crime among adults, we found that high-school students in culture-of-honor states were significantly more likely than high-school students in non-culture-of honor states to report having brought a weapon to school in the past month. Using data aggregated over a 20-year period, we also found that culture-of honor states had more than twice as many school shootings per capita as non-culture-of-honor states. The data revealed important differences between school violence and general patterns of homicide and are consistent with the view that many acts of school violence reflect retaliatory aggression springing from intensely experienced social-identity threats.
Subject positions and their interaction with verb movement*
Authors: Bentzen Kristine
Published: October 2009

Abstract. This paper discusses the distribution of subjects in embedded non‐V2 clauses in Regional Northern Norwegian (ReNN) and its interaction with verb movement. Norwegian embedded clauses generally do not display verb movement across adverbs, but the subject may precede or follow various adverbs. However, verb movement is optionally allowed in ReNN, yielding verbs preceding or following adverbs. Such verb movement affects the position and interpretation of subjects in various ways. The interaction between the placement of the subject and the verb is accounted for in terms of predicate licensing, whereas the effect verb movement has on the subject’s interpretation is argued to follow from how nominative case is licensed.
On the Dynamics of Basic Growth Models: Ratio Stability vs. Convergence and Divergence in State Space
Authors: Pampel Thorsten
Published: October 2009

We show for a class of basic growth models that convergence in ratios does not imply the pathwise convergence to the corresponding balanced growth path in the state space. We derive conditions on parameters and on the elasticity of the savings function for convergence or divergence and apply our results to the Solow model, an augmented Solow model as well as to an optimal growth model. An implication for the convergence debate is that two economies that differ only in the initial capital stock and converge in per capita terms might diverge to infinity in absolute terms.
Extracting Resource Deposits of Unknown Size: Optimal Order
Authors: Kemp Murray C. , Van Long Ngo
Published: October 2009

The optimal order of extracting resource deposits of unknown size depends on the informational characteristics of the extraction process. This paper fills the gap between two strands of literature. The first strand is about the optimal extraction of single reserve under stock-size uncertainty. The second strand is about the optimal order of extraction of deposits of known sizes. Our emphasis on the premium for resolution of uncertainty complements Solow and Wan’s shadow surcharge when extraction moves from a low-cost deposit to a high-cost one.
State capitalism and the urban fiscal crisis in the United States1
Authors: Hill Richard Child
Published: October 2009

A quoi peut‐on attribuer la crise fiscale qui engouffre une grande partie du cœur urbain américain? Est‐ce que cette crise et l'intensification de la lutte politique présagent des changements fondamentaux dans la structure de l'économie politique des Etats‐Unis? Cet essai est une réponse tentative à ces questions. L'exposition de la crise fiscale urbaine aux Etats‐Unis demande une analyse générale de la relation entre accumulation du capital, urbanisation, et expansion de l'état. Cette analyse doit ětre le fondement d'une exploration des origines particulières du financement urbain qui confronte beaucoup de villes centrales, ainsi que de la relation entre crise fiscale et lutte politique. Il est suggéré en dernière partie que la menace posée par la crise fiscale urbaine et la lutte politique envers la stabilité et la légitimité des institutions capitalistes américaines est la cause d'une réponse parmi les sections les plus éclairées de la classe capitaliste, qui tend vers un accroissement de leurs efforts à developper la Cité Capitaliste d'état en tant que noyau d'un complex socio‐industriel grandissant.
La dimension internationale des politiques urbaines dans le Tiers Monde
Authors: Coing Henri
Published: October 2009

Urban policics in dweloping countries are subject to both internal and external determinants. As elsrwhere, internal determinants, social relations and conflicts evolve over urbun space. external determinants are not only related to the general mechanisms of dependency, but also to specific modes of intervention by European and North American countries: such as consultancy firms producing urban studies and plans, lateral cooperative organisms, international institutions, suppliers of key materials for urbanization (cars. buses, pipes), training centres for planners and other technicians, etc. All urban policies in the Third World have this international dimension.

It has been said that urban sociology has become the sociology of urban policies. In this case, urban sociology of the Third World has become that of the sociology of urban po1icies in their international dimensions, and it can only be done by examining each end of the chain, each side of the system of relations. Neither side can be studied without the. other in understanding and analysing the phenomenon which links them. The urban sociology of the Third World could provide the opportunity to reconsider from new points or departure, the relations between European or North American roeiologists on the anc hand, and Latin American or African sociologists on the other.
The ‘Bóias‐Frias’:rural proletarization and urban marginality in Brazil
Authors: Goodman David , Redclift Michael
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

D'Incao e Mello, M. C. 1976: O ‘Bóia‐Fria’

Singer, P.

Martinez‐Alier, V. 1975: As mulheres do caminhao de turma, Debate e Critica

Stein, L. 1973: Gatos e ‘Bóias‐Frias’

Gonzales, E. N. and Bastos, M. I.

Gomes da Silva, J. and G. da Silva Rodrigues, V. L.

Piazzolli, C. 1976: O ‘Bóia‐Fria’‐acumulaçào e miséria
Property development: British and French systems
Authors: Catalanco Alejandrina
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Topalov, C. 1974: Les promoteurs immobiliers.

Ambrose, P. and Colenutt, R. The property machine.
Differential rent and the role of landed property
Authors: Ball Michael
Published: October 2009

La rente différentielle, dans la théorie marxiste de la rente fonciére capitaliste, est souvent considérée comme l'appropriation, par les propriétaires, des surprofits résultant de la production sur les terres les plus fertiles, surprofits différentiels dont l'existence serait indépendante de la nécessité du paiement de rente. Dans cette perspective, la rente différentielle n'influe pas sur le procès d'accumulation du capital, ni sur la valeur d'échange des marchandises. La thèse développée ici est que l'analyse de la rente différentielle (type II) dans Le Capital montre que l'existence de cette rente conduit à des effets opposés, et que la conclusion selon laquelle la rente différentielle n'est qu'une redistribution de surprofit préexistant ne peut découler que d'une problématique ricardienne ou marginaliste. Après avoir explicité les différences entre les théories de la rente différentielle de Marx et de Ricardo, il est montré que la théorie marxiste de la valeur constitue un élément décisif de la constitution de ces différences. De plus, il résulte du rapport entre la théorie marxiste de la valeur et celle de la rente différentielle que les effets de cette catégorie de rente sont distincts selon qu'il s'agit de l'agriculture ou de l'industrie. Et ceci permet, entre autre, de théoriser l'impact des localisations sur le procès de production et sur la valeur des marchandises. Ce qui mène, au bout du compte, à s'interroger sur la pertinence des catégories marxistes de rente, rente différentielle comprise, pour l'analyse des mécanismes créateurs de rente dans les zones urbaines.
The analysis of capitalist landownership
Authors: Massey Doreen
Published: October 2009

Partant du présent système de propriété foncière du capital en Grande Bretagne, ce texte vise à établir diverses propositions pour l'analyse des rapports sociaux caractérisant la propriété foncière du capital, et des effets de ces rapports dans une formation sociale dominée par le capital. Dans une réflexion théorique liminaire sur la rente. est avancée l'idée que des formes particulières—telles que la rente différentielle—ne peuvent ëtre analysees comme des categories economiques independantes des rapports spécifiques de propriété du sol où elles sont fondées; c'est au contraire, la nature de ces rapports qui détermine la forme précise ou catégorie de rente appropriée. Sont alors considérés, en fonction de ces remarques, la nature et les effets des rapports de propriété foncière, et de l'appropriation de rente comme fraction spécifique de la plus‐value. Il est souligné que cette appropriation concerne, y compris dans le cas de la rente différentielle, au delà des seuls problèmes de distribution, la structure měme de l'accumulation. Et ceci, à notre sens, ne peut ětre évité à l'intérieur du mode de production capitaliste. Ces remarques théoriques organisent la présentation résumée des résultats d'une recherche empirique sur les formes actuelles de propriété foncière du capital en Grande Bretagne. Trois formes sont mises en évidence, qui résultent des différences dans les rapports de propriété en cause, reflet des relations entre cette propriété foncière et la formation sociale dans son ensemble. Les résultats empiriques permettent de montrer que les modifications historiques dans l'équilibre entre ces formes résultent de la position contradictoire de la propriété foncière dans la formation sociale. Enfin, sont avancées quelques remarques sur la législation britannique recente, et sur les implications générales de la nationalisation du sol. La thése proposée est que la propriété d'état ne résoudra pas les contradictions de la propriété foncière, mais changera leur forme, modifiant ainsi les conditions de la lutte des classes.
The restructuring of industrial space
Authors: Dunford M. F.
Published: October 2009

Castells, M. 1975: Sociologie de l'espace industriel

Gendarme, R. 1976: L'analyse économique régionale

Holland, S. 1976: Capital versus the regions

Holland, S. 1976: The regional problem

Keeble, D. 1976: Industrial location and planning in the United Kingdom
Working the system: squatter response to resettlement in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Valladares Licia do Prado
Published: October 2009

Cet article examine les raisons pour lesquelles depuis quinze ans il n'y a pas de résistance ouverte de la part des squatters de Rio au recasement. Il montre aussi comment, lors du recasement, les squatters arrivent à manipuler le processus afin de porter au maximum les bénéfices personnels qu'ils puissent tirer de ce programme. Il est remarqué qu'à Rio les squatters n'ont pas une organisation de masse, ce qui n'est pas le cas ailleurs en Amérique Latine, et ce fait est rattaché aux traits caractéristiques de la société brésillienne. Cette absence mène à son tour à une réction individualiste au recasement plutôt qu'a des luttes organisées. Une description détaillée est faite de tout les moyens employés à des fins financières pour exploiter les règles et les procédés de recasement. Le résultat a été l'insolvabilité chronique de la politique de recasement et son éffondrement en 1973. Le caractère inapte d'une telle stratégie pour les familles à faibles revenus a été clairement démontré.
Rapports de propriété, ségrégation et pratiques de l'espace résidentiel
Authors: Godard Francis , Pendariès Jean‐René
Published: October 2009

The aim of the authors is the theoretical reformulation of the question of segregation. In order to do this, they examine in turn psycho‐sociological theories, morphological and semiological theories as well as theories of residential location.

The authors show how all of these approaches can only define classificatory processes and propose an analysis beginning from those social relations which structure residential consumption; that is, relations of property in housing.

Starting from a definition of segregation as a process of exclusive practices of residential space, the authors show how relations of residential property determine two types of segregation: one ‘by antagonism’, based on the valorization of property capital, and one ‘by incongruence’ based on conditions of real appropriation of housing.
Urban social movements and the struggle for democracy: the Citizens' Movement in Madrid*
Authors: Castells Manuel
Published: October 2009

La crise urbaine en Espagne et la crise politique de la Dictature franquiste ont suscité dans la plupart des villes espagnoles, entre 1971 et 1977 des associations de quartier qui groupent des centaines de milliers de citoyens et qui représentent l'un des mouvements sociaux urbains les plus importants dont on a connaissance à l'heure actuelle. Sur la base d'une enquête sociologique effectuée en 1977 dans les quartiers de Madrid, cet article tente de dégager les composantes essentielles du mouvement, d'établir une typologie des situations urbaines où il surgit et d'esquisser des hypothèses sur les rapports entre mouvements urbains et action politique.
‘The parallels are striking’…crisis in the inner city? GB 1977
Authors: Paris Chris
Published: October 2009

Le centre‐ville est devenu un sujet populaire de débat dans le 'média', parmi les hommes politiques, et dans la recherche académique. Le gouvernement travailliste vient d'esquisser dans un livre blanc sa perspective future envers les problèmes du centre‐ville en indiquant que les résidents de ces zones centrales bénéficieront de ses programmes. Cet article questionne les suppositions sur lesquelles les débats en cours sont basés, et offre une analyse alternative fondée sur le développement inégal des villes britanniques qui se concentre sur les contradictions de l'intervention étatique en affaires urbaines. Il est soutenu que la notion de 'crise urbaine' est utilisée par l'état en tant que tactique de diversion durant une période de récéssion économique; elle est idéologique plutôt que réelle bien qu'il soit évident que l'état aille peur de la possibilité de conflits raciaux intra‐urbains.
Women, urban social movements and the lesbian ghetto
Authors: Ettorre E. M.
Published: October 2009

Le but de cette étude ect d'éclairer sous un autre jour la position des femmes en sociologie urbaine. Cette discussion va illustrer les directions dont on a tiré les analyses précédentes et l'effet qui s'ensuit sur la sociologie urbaine vis‐à‐vis des femmes.

Tout d'abord, la présentation s'attache principalement à l'articulation de la politique des femmes au sein de l'expérience urbaine. Un exemple de ce développemcnt est l'émergence du mouvement de libération de la femme. On soutient que ce domaine constitue un sujet d'enquête valable en sociologie urbaine. De ce fait, des phénomènes liés à sa progression en tant que force sociale seront discutés. Finalement, l'étude d'un cas, (le ghetto lesbien) dans un contexte urbain précis, sera inclus.
Culture rules OK: class and culture in Brazilian cities
Authors: Oliven Ruben George
Published: October 2009

Cet article considère comment la culture dans les villes brésiliennes représente un reflet ainsi qu'une voie de médiation de la domination des classes. On analysera ici les pratiques et les orientations des différentes classes sociales par l'examen des stratégies employées pour répondre aux besoins materiels et culturels. On montrera comment les comportements formels et informels s'entrecoupent et comment, malgré le fait qu'ils semblent souvent ětre en conflit avec les formes ‘rationnelles’ de confronter un problème, en réalité, ils proviennent des péculiarités de l'ordre social et économique actuel, se conformant bien à la logique du processus brésilien de l'accumulation du capital.
History, politics and the local state
Authors: Harloe Michael
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Cockburn, C. 1977: The local state. Management of cities and people.

Hennock, E. P. 1973: Fit and proper persons. Ideal and realrty in nineteenth century government.

Newton, K. 1976: Second city politics. Democratic processes and decision‐making in Birmingham.
The Community Devleopment Project
Authors: Marris Peter
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Coventry Community Development Project 1975: Final report: prosperity and the persistence of inequality.

National Community Development Project 1977: The costs of industrial change.

National Community Development Project 1977: Gilding the ghetto. The state and the poverty experiments.
Public enterprise, public works, social fixed capital
Authors: Folin Marino
Published: October 2009

The result of our digression is, incidentally, that the production of the means of communication, of the physical conditions of circulation, is put into the category of the production of fixed capital, and hence does not constitute a special case. Meanwhile, and incidentally, there opened up for us the prospect, which cannot be sharply defined yet at this point, of a specific relation of capital to the communal, general conditions of social production, as distinct from the conditions of a particular capital and its particular production process (Marx, edn 1973, 533).
The state, capital and land
Authors: McDougall Glen
Published: October 2009

Only the business community in this country and those who have been associated with it all their lives, can fully appreciate the extent to which the present ownership of land hampers and embarrasses trade and industry (Lloyd George, ‘The People's Budget’).
Book Review Essay
Authors: Hill Richard Child
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Challenging capitalism on the urban terrain: Jaggi, M., Muller, R. and Schmid, S.

Challenging capitalism on the urban terrain: Schecter, S.

Challenging capitalism on the urban terrain: Wolf, M. and Osselin, J.
Whither welfare?
Authors: Wove Alan
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Ginsburg, N. 1979: Class, capital and social policy.

Gough, I. 1979: The political economy of the welfare state.
Book review essays
Authors: Kesselman Mark
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Regionalism and monopoly capitalism: a new approach to the study of local power: Dulong, R. 1978: Les régions, l'état et la société locale. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Regionalism and monopoly capitalism: a new approach to the study of local power: Logroye, J. Wright, V. editors 1979: Local government in Britain and France: problems and prospects (LGBF).

Regionalism and monopoly capitalism: a new approach to the study of local power: Tarrow, S., Katzenstein, P. and Graziano, L. editors 1978: Territorial politics in industrial nations (TPIN).

Regionalism and monopoly capitalism: a new approach to the study of local power: Lojkine, J. 1977: Big firms' strategies, urban policies and urban social movements (1975). In Harloe, M., editor, Captive cities.
Book review essay
Authors: Kraushaar Robert
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

The misguided rise of regionalism: Bluestone, B. and Harrison, B. 1980: Capital and communities: the causes and consequences of private disinvestment.

The misguided rise of regionalism: Goodman, R. 1979: The last entrepreneurs: America's regional wars for jobs and dollars.

The misguided rise of regionalism: Rifkin, J. and Barber, R. 1978: The north will rise again: pensions, politics and power in the 1980s.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Marcuse Peter
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Building housing theory: notes on some recent work: Headey, B.

Building housing theory: notes on some recent work: Political Economy of Housing Workshop of the Conference of Socialist Economists.

Building housing theory: notes on some recent work: Pugh, C.

Building housing theory: notes on some recent work: Foster, J.

Building housing theory: notes on some recent work: Marcuse, P.
Class and the local state: a reply
Authors: Ward Stephen V.
Published: October 2009

If anyone ever made money in Gateshead, they must have taken great care not to spend any of it in the town. And if nobody ever did make money in the town, what is it there for? It cannot be there for fun. Gateshead is not Somebody's Folly. How is it that a town can contain one hundred and twenty five thousand persons and yet look like a sprawling swollen industrial village? The answer is that this is a dormitory for the working class. Perhaps at first they wanted nothing better, and now, by the time that some of them want something a great deal better, there is no money.… Every future historian of modern England should be compelled to take a good long slow walk round Gateshead. After that he can at his leisure fit it into his interpretation of our national growth and development.
The urban contradictions of Silicon Valley: regional growth and the restructuring of the semiconductor industry
Authors: Saxenian AnnaLee
Published: October 2009

If small is beautiful, that mandate is fulfilled not chiefly in windmills and solar cells, but in California's vale of cubistic new factories across the bay from San Francisco — Santa Clara's Silicon Valley, where worlds indeed unfold in grains of sand.
Book Review Essay
Authors: Redclift Michael
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Internationalism and the European Green Movement: Bahro, R.

Internationalism and the European Green Movement: Capra, F. and Spretnak, C.

Internationalism and the European Green Movement: Lowe, P. and Goyder, J.

Internationalism and the European Green Movement: Vitale, L.
ANALYSIS OF ROMAN WALL PAINTINGS FROM THE THERMAE OF ‘IULIA CONCORDIA’
Authors: MAZZOCCHIN G. A. , VIANELLO A. , MINGHELLI S. , RUDELLO D.
Published: October 2009

Twenty‐six wall painting fragments and some plaster, ‘intonachino’ and stucco samples, discovered at Iulia Concordia, have been studied by different analytical techniques to gain information about the pigment nature and the composition of the materials. The presence of calcite, dolomite and aragonite allow the distinction of four groups of wall samples varying in the nature of pigments and in the application technique. These differences can be attributed to different execution times or, more probably, to the arrangement of the rooms in the building structure. The nature of the pigments found in the Thermae of Iulia Concordia appears similar to that found in other Roman villas of Venetia et Histria, with the use of precious pigments such as Egyptian blue and cinnabar.
‘No one gives you a chance to say what you are thinking’: finding space for children's agency in the UK asylum system
Authors: Crawley Heaven
Published: October 2009

Drawing on research undertaken with separated children seeking asylum in the UK, this paper explores the ways in which children's political identities and experiences have been conceptualised in procedures for determining who is – and is not – in need of protection under international refugee law. The paper focuses in particular on the experiences of separated children during the asylum interview. It is suggested that the conduct of the interview not only indicates a basic lack of humanity and care in engaging with the experiences of separated asylum‐seeking children, but also a particular conceptualisation of ‘childhood’ that undermines the ability of children to fully articulate their experiences and to secure access to the protection to which they are entitled. The consequence of this approach is not only that separated asylum‐seeking children are significantly less likely than adults to be granted refugee status, but that children who express political views and agency may not be considered to be children at all.
Poverty, Material Hardship, and Depression*
Authors: Heflin Colleen M. , Iceland John
Published: October 2009

Objective. Mental health disorders are of great social, economic, and policy concern. A higher incidence of major depressive disorder has been reported among women living in or near poverty. Our study examines the extent to which the relationship between income and depression is mediated by measures of material hardship.

Methods. We use measures of depression at two points in time from the longitudinal Fragile Families Survey to better discern the causal direction of the relationship between income poverty, hardship, and depression. More specifically, we use conditional logistic fixed‐effect models that control for time‐invariant unmeasured heterogeneity in the sample.

Results. We found a strong relationship between hardships and depression. The most prominent hardships were problems paying bills and phone turned off. We also found that hardship helped mediate much, though not all, of the link between poverty and depression in the conditional fixed‐effects logistic regression models.

Conclusion. Our policy simulations suggest that public health efforts to reduce depression may be enhanced from efforts that focus on specific forms of material hardship.
Acculturation in Context: Gender, Age at Migration, Neighborhood Ethnicity, and Health Behaviors*
Authors: Kimbro Rachel Tolbert
Published: October 2009

Objectives. This article investigates differences in smoking and binge‐drinking for Latinos by nativity, stratified by their age at immigration, and tests individual‐ and neighborhood‐level acculturation measures as determinants of those differences.

Methods. Data are from the Los Angeles Families and Neighborhoods Study (N=2,023) and analyses use multilevel logistic regression.

Results. The article finds that Latino immigrants are less likely to smoke or binge drink, compared to their U.S.‐born peers, and that acculturation measures account for some of the immigrant gaps in health behaviors, although results differ by gender and age at migration. Additionally, living in a neighborhood with a high foreign‐born concentration is associated with lower odds of binge‐drinking.

Conclusions. Findings suggest that both individual‐ and neighborhood‐level measures of acculturation may contribute to immigrant health behavior advantages, and that it is important to consider these relationships within the context of gender and age at migration.
Explaining Suicide Among Blacks and Whites: How Socioeconomic Factors and Gun Availability Affect Race‐Specific Suicide Rates*
Authors: Kubrin Charis E. , Wadsworth Tim
Published: October 2009

Objectives.What are the correlates of suicide among blacks and whites? One body of literature suggests that structural factors such as poverty, inequality, joblessness, and family disruption are the key contributors, while another literature considers the availability of firearms to be the central factor. No studies have thoroughly explored both possibilities together and thus we know little about the relative contributions of motivation to commit suicide due to structural conditions and opportunity to commit suicide due to firearm availability. The current study addresses this issue.

Methods.Using suicide data from Mortality Multiple Cause of Death Records and 2000 Census data, we examine the roles of motivation and opportunity in shaping suicide rates among young white and young black males in U.S. cities.

Results.We find racial differences in the predictors of suicide; although concentrated disadvantage directly affects suicide among young white males, it only raises levels for young black males by increasing access to firearms. This finding is confirmed in additional analyses, which examine the effects of concentrated disadvantage on black and white gun and nongun suicides separately.

Conclusion.The findings suggest complex relationships among the structural characteristics of cities, gun availability, and suicide. They also begin to address unresolved issues in the literature including why blacks have demonstrated comparatively lower rates of suicide despite higher levels of disadvantage as well as what may have fueled the increase in young black male suicide over the last 30 years. Finally, the findings have important implications for the study of race and suicide prevention.