bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthologue chemical space and its influence on target prediction
Authors: Mervin Lewis H , Bulusu Krishna C , Kalash Leen , Afzal Avid M , Svensson Fredrik , Firth Mike A , Barrett Ian , Engkvist Ola , Bender Andreas
Published: August 2017

Motivation

In silico approaches often fail to utilize bioactivity data available for orthologous targets due to insufficient evidence highlighting the benefit for such an approach. Deeper investigation into orthologue chemical space and its influence toward expanding compound and target coverage is necessary to improve the confidence in this practice.

Results

Here we present analysis of the orthologue chemical space in ChEMBL and PubChem and its impact on target prediction. We highlight the number of conflicting bioactivities between human and orthologues is low and annotations are overall compatible. Chemical space analysis shows orthologues are chemically dissimilar to human with high intra-group similarity, suggesting they could effectively extend the chemical space modelled. Based on these observations, we show the benefit of orthologue inclusion in terms of novel target coverage. We also benchmarked predictive models using a time-series split and also using bioactivities from Chemistry Connect and HTS data available at AstraZeneca, showing that orthologue bioactivity inclusion statistically improved performance.

Availability and implementation

Orthologue-based bioactivity prediction and the compound training set are available at www.github.com/lhm30/PIDGINv2.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Deep machine learning provides state-of-the-art performance in image-based plant phenotyping
Authors: Pound Michael P. , Atkinson Jonathan A. , Townsend Alexandra J. , Wilson Michael H. , Griffiths Marcus , Jackson Aaron S. , Bulat Adrian , Tzimiropoulos Georgios , Wells Darren M. , Murchie Erik H. , Pridmore Tony P. , French Andrew P.
Published: August 2017

In plant phenotyping, it has become important to be able to measure many features on large image sets in order to aid genetic discovery. The size of the datasets, now often captured robotically, often precludes manual inspection, hence the motivation for finding a fully automated approach. Deep learning is an emerging field that promises unparalleled results on many data analysis problems. Building on artificial neural networks, deep approaches have many more hidden layers in the network, and hence have greater discriminative and predictive power. We demonstrate the use of such approaches as part of a plant phenotyping pipeline. We show the success offered by such techniques when applied to the challenging problem of image-based plant phenotyping and demonstrate state-of-the-art results (>97% accuracy) for root and shoot feature identification and localization. We use fully automated trait identification using deep learning to identify quantitative trait loci in root architecture datasets. The majority (12 out of 14) of manually identified quantitative trait loci were also discovered using our automated approach based on deep learning detection to locate plant features. We have shown deep learning–based phenotyping to have very good detection and localization accuracy in validation and testing image sets. We have shown that such features can be used to derive meaningful biological traits, which in turn can be used in quantitative trait loci discovery pipelines. This process can be completely automated. We predict a paradigm shift in image-based phenotyping bought about by such deep learning approaches, given sufficient training sets.
Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance
Authors: Magnin-Robert Maryline , Adrian Marielle , Trouvelot Sophie , Spagnolo Alessandro , Jacquens Lucile , Letousey Patricia , Rabenoelina Fanja , Harir Mourad , Roullier-Gall Chloé , Clément Christophe , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Vallat Armelle , Abou-Mansour Eliane , Fontaine Florence
Published: August 2017

Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.
Genetic Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Population in Turkey
Authors: Sen Yusuf , Aysan Yesim , Mirik Mustafa , Ozdemir Duygu , Meijer-Dekens Fien , van der Wolf Jan M. , Visser Richard G. F. , van Heusden Sjaak
Published: August 2017

The pathogenic gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. is the most harmful bacterium to tomatoes in many countries with a cooler climate. Multilocus sequence analysis was performed on five housekeeping genes (bipA, gyrB, kdpA, ligA, and sdhA) and three virulence-related genes (ppaA, chpC, and tomA) to determine evolutionary relationships and population structure of 108 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains collected from Turkey between 1996 and 2012. Based on these analyses, we concluded that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Turkey is highly uniform. However, at least four novel C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains were recently introduced, possibly at the beginning of the 1990s. The singletons might point to additional sources or to strains that have evolved locally in Turkey.
Late Arterial Thrombosis after Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction due to Combined Factors of Pedicle Artery Loop and Submandibular Gland Swelling
Authors: Kagaya Yu , Arikawa Masaki , Miyamoto Shimpei
Published: August 2017

Late arterial thrombosis of a free flap is rare and usually unsalvageable because it is hard to detect. We herein report 2 cases of arterial thrombosis of a free flap after microvascular head and neck reconstruction due to the combined factors of pedicle artery loop and compression by a swollen submandibular gland, the occurrence of thrombosis in both of which was > 72 hours after the operation. In case 1, the arterial thrombosis was undetectable, and it was too late for a successful take-back operation, so the flap was lost. However, we applied the lessons learned from case 1 and were able to detect the late arterial thrombosis of case 2 at an early stage; we subsequently salvaged the flap successfully. During the take-back operation in both cases, it was found that the submandibular gland became swollen and compressed the pedicle artery, which then became occluded due to a steep loop formation. Postoperative swelling of the submandibular gland can sometimes compress the vascular pedicle, and complete occlusion of the pedicle artery may occur when it is looped. Meticulous care concerning the geometry of the vascular pedicle is required to avoid such complications.
Group Enrollment and Open Gym Format Decreases Cardiac Rehabilitation Wait Times
Authors: Bachmann Justin M. , Klint Zachary W. , Jagoda Allison M. , McNatt Jeremy K. , Abney Lesa R. , Huang Shi , Liddle David G. , Frontera Walter R. , Freiberg Matthew S.
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

Wait times for the first cardiac rehabilitation (CR) session are inversely related to CR participation rates. We hypothesized that changing from individually scheduled appointments to a group enrollment and open gym format, in which patients were enrolled during group intake sessions and could arrive for subsequent CR sessions any time during open gym periods, would decrease wait times.

Methods:

A total of 603 patients enrolled in CR at Vanderbilt University Medical Center from July 2012 to December 2014 were included in the study. We evaluated the effect of changing to a group enrollment and open gym format after adjusting for referral diagnosis, insurance status, seasonality, and other factors. We compared outcomes, including exercise capacity and quality of life, between the 2 groups.

Results:

Patients in the group enrollment and open gym format had significantly lower average wait times than those receiving individual appointments (14.9 vs 19.5 days, P < .001). After multivariable adjustment, the new CR delivery model was associated with a 22% (3.7 days) decrease in average wait times (95% CI, 1.9-5.6, P < .001). Patients completing CR had equally beneficial changes in 6-minute walk distance and Patient Health Questionnaire scores between the 2 groups, although there was no significant difference in participation rates or the number of sessions attended.

Conclusions:

Implementation of a group enrollment and open gym format was associated with a significant decrease in wait times for first CR sessions. This CR delivery model may be an option for programs seeking to decrease wait times.
A Child With Accidental Overdose and Intramuscular Administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine
Authors: Çağlar İlknur , Düzgöl Mine , Kara Ahu , Bayram Süleyman Nuri , Apa Hurşit , Devrim İlker
Published: August 2017

Inadvertent bacillus Calmette-Guérin can cause complications. This report presents a 17-month-old boy with inadvertent, high-dose intramuscular bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Uniquely, our patient had abscess despite isoniazid prophylaxis. He had complete recovery with antimycobacterial treatment. Because there is no consensus about the management of these cases, close follow-up and prompt initiation of antimycobacterial treatment is essential in case of development of new symptoms.
Angioinvasion by Cunninghamella as a Cause of Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Engskow Danielle G. , Nanjappa Sowmya , Tran Nam D. , Sandin Ramon L. , Greene John N.
Published: August 2017

Cunninghamella bertholletiae is an opportunistic fungi species in the order Mucorales that almost exclusively affects immunocompromised hosts. It is highly invasive and is well known for angioinvasion of surrounding vasculature. We describe a case of pulmonary Cunninghamella infection with dissemination and invasion of the anterior spinal artery causing anterior spinal artery syndrome.
Master student's application of evidence-based knowledge and skills in Swedish healthcare practice
Authors: Ekvall Hansson Eva , Carlsson Gunilla , Fänge Agneta Malmgren
Published: August 2017

Aim:

To investigate the application of evidence-based knowledge and skills in everyday healthcare practice among healthcare personnel attending a course in evidence-based practice (EBP) at the master's level.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, an evaluation of the use of instrumental, conceptual and persuasive research was performed among students attending a master's course in EBP at Lund University. Seven questions from the validated questionnaire in the Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Education project were used. The questionnaire was distributed among 21 students at the first lecture in the course (the group before the course). Students who had participated in the course 1 (n = 15) and 2 (n = 13) years earlier received the questionnaire by ordinary mail (the group after the course).

Results:

The current study revealed that the majority of the students used research in their daily healthcare practice. However, the extent and type of use varied. There were differences in research use between the ‘before’ and ‘after’ groups. More specifically, the students in the group responding after the course were significantly more prone to use research in practice than the students responding before the course (P = 0.01 and 0.04).

Conclusion:

An EBP course offered to master's degree students provides enhancement of evidence-based knowledge and skills, and stimulates research use in healthcare practice.
Differential spatiotemporal representations along the hippocampal long axis in humans
Authors: Brunec Iva K. , Bellana Buddhika , Ozubko Jason D. , Man Vincent , Robin Jessica , Liu Zhong-Xu , Grady Cheryl , Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Winocur Gordon , Barense Morgan D. , Moscovitch Morris
Published: August 2017

Increased place field size and signal autocorrelation along the dorsoventral hippocampal axis in rodents are considered a fundamental aspect of hippocampal organization, yet such evidence is lacking in humans. Using fMRI, we report corresponding evidence of increasing neural similarity from posterior to anterior hippocampus (dorsoventral homologues) in humans. These findings help account for observed shifting in representational granularity, from global context (anterior) to local details (posterior), along the hippocampal axis.
Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes reveals driver rearrangements promoted by LINE-1 retrotransposition in human tumours
Authors: Rodriguez-Martin Bernardo , Alvarez Eva G. , Baez-Ortega Adrian , Zamora Jorge , Supek Fran , Demeulemeester Jonas , Santamarina Martin , Ju Young Seok , Temes Javier , Garcia-Souto Daniel , Detering Harald , Li Yilong , Rodriguez-Castro Jorge , Dueso-Barroso Ana , Bruzos Alicia L. , Dentro Stefan C. , Blanco Miguel G. , Contino Gianmarco , Ardeljan Daniel , Tojo Marta , Roberts Nicola D. , Zumalave Sonia , Edwards Paul A. W. , Weischenfeldt Joachim , Puiggros Montserrat , Chong Zechen , Chen Ken , Lee Eunjung Alice , Wala Jeremiah A. , Raine Keiran , Butler Adam , Waszak Sebastian M. , Navarro Fabio C. P. , Schumacher Steven E. , Monlong Jean , Maura Francesco , Bolli Niccolo , Bourque Guillaume , Gerstein Mark , Park Peter J. , Wedge David , Beroukhim Rameen , Torrents David , Korbel Jan O. , Martincorena Inigo , Fitzgerald Rebecca C. , Loo Peter Van , Kazazian Haig H. , Burns Kathleen H. , Campbell Peter J. , Tubio Jose M. C. ,   on behalf of the PCAWG Structural Variation Working Group,   the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Network
Published: August 2017

About half of all cancers have somatic integrations of retrotransposons. To characterize their role in oncogenesis, we analyzed the patterns and mechanisms of somatic retrotransposition in 2,954 cancer genomes from 37 histological cancer subtypes. We identified 19,166 somatically acquired retrotransposition events, affecting 35% of samples, and spanning a range of event types. L1 insertions emerged as the first most frequent type of somatic structural variation in esophageal adenocarcinoma, and the second most frequent in head-and-neck and colorectal cancers. Aberrant L1 integrations can delete megabase-scale regions of a chromosome, sometimes removing tumour suppressor genes, as well as inducing complex translocations and large-scale duplications. Somatic retrotranspositions can also initiate breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, leading to high-level amplification of oncogenes. These observations illuminate a relevant role of L1 retrotransposition in remodeling the cancer genome, with potential implications in the development of human tumours.
Coexistence of multiple endemic and pandemic lineages of the rice blast pathogen
Authors: Gladieux Pierre , Ravel Sébastien , Rieux Adrien , Cros-Arteil Sandrine , Adreit Henri , Milazzo Joëlle , Thierry Maud , Fournier Elisabeth , Terauchi Ryohei , Tharreau Didier
Published: August 2017

The rice blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzae(syn.Pyricularia oryzae) is both a threat to global food security and a model for plant pathology. Molecular pathologists need an accurate understanding of the origins and line of descent ofM. oryzaepopulations, to identify the genetic and functional bases of pathogen adaptation, and to guide the development of more effective control strategies. We used a whole-genome sequence analysis of samples from different times and places to infer details about the genetic makeup ofM. oryzaefrom a global collection of isolates. Analyses of population structure identified six lineages withinM. oryzae, including two pandemic on japonica and indica rice, respectively, and four lineages with more restricted distributions. Tip-dating calibration indicated thatM. oryzaelineages separated about a millenium ago, long after the initial domestication of rice. The major lineage endemic to continental Southeast Asia displayed signatures of sexual recombination and evidence of DNA acquisition from multiple lineages. Tests for weak natural selection revealed that the pandemic spread of clonal lineages entailed an evolutionary ‘cost’, in terms of the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Our findings reveal the coexistence of multiple endemic and pandemic lineages with contrasting population and genetic characteristics within a widely distributed pathogen.

Importance

The rice blast fungusMagnaporthe oryzae(syn.Pyricularia oryzae) is a textbook example of a rapidly adapting pathogen, and is responsible for one of the most damaging diseases of rice. Improvements in our understanding ofMagnaporthe oryzaediversity and evolution are required, to guide the development of more effective control strategies. We used genome sequencing data for samples from around the world to infer the evolutionary history ofM. oryzae.We found thatM. oryzaediversified about a thousand years ago ago, separating into six main lineages: two pandemic on japonica and indica rice, respectively, and four with more restricted distributions. We also found that a lineage endemic to continental Southeast Asia displayed signatures of sexual recombination and the acquisition of genetic material from multiple lineages. This work provides a population-level genomic framework for defining molecular markers for the control of rice blast and investigations of the molecular basis of differences in pathogenicity betweenM. oryzaelineages.
Computer Simulations Predict High Structural Heterogeneity of Functional State of NMDA Receptors
Authors: Sinitskiy Anton V. , Pande Vijay S.
Published: August 2017

It is unclear how the known atomic structures of neuronal NMDA receptors (NMDARs) relate to the functional states of NMDARs inferred from electrophysiological recordings. We address this problem by all-atom computer simulations, a method successfully applied in the past to much smaller biomolecules. Our simulations predict that four ‘non-active’ cryoEM structures of NMDARs rapidly interconvert on submicrosecond timescales, and therefore, correspond to the same functional state of the receptor.
Alpha activity in the ventral and dorsal visual stream controls information flow during working memory
Authors: Leszczynski Marcin , Fell Juergen , Jensen Ole , Axmacher Nikolai
Published: August 2017

The electrophysiological mechanisms underlying working memory maintenance of information in the ventral and dorsal visual stream (VVS, DVS) remain elusive. Here we used electrocorticography recordings covering VVS, DVS and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in epilepsy patients while they were performing a delayed match-to-sample task. The experimental conditions (face identity, orientation) were designed to engage either the VVS or DVS. Alpha power was reduced in the VVS during maintenance of face identity and in the DVS during maintenance of spatial orientation of the very same stimuli. The phase of alpha oscillations modulated broadband high-frequency activity (BHA) in both regions. Interestingly, BHA occurred across broader alpha phase ranges when task-relevant information was maintained, putatively reflecting longer excitable “duty cycles”. Our findings support a model in which the VVS and DVS are recruited by the PFC via selective reduction of alpha power. As a result, excitable duty cycles in the relevant area are extended.
Chick cranial neural crest cells migrate by progressively refining the polarity of their protrusions
Authors: Genuth Miriam A. , Allen Christopher D.C. , Mikawa Takashi , Weiner Orion D.
Published: August 2017

In vivoquantitative imaging reveals that chick cranial neural crest cells throughout the migratory stream are morphologically polarized and migrate by progressively refining the polarity of their protrusions.

To move directionally, cells can bias the generation of protrusions or select among randomly generated protrusions. Here we use 3D two-photon imaging of chick branchial arch 2 directed neural crest cells to probe how these mechanisms contribute to directed movement, whether a subset or the majority of cells polarize during movement, and how the different classes of protrusions relate to one another. We find that cells throughout the stream are morphologically polarized along the direction of overall stream movement and that there is a progressive sharpening of the morphological polarity program. Neural crest cells have weak spatial biases in filopodia generation and lifetime. Local bursts of filopodial generation precede the generation of larger protrusions. These larger protrusions are more spatially biased than the filopodia, and the subset of protrusions that power motility are the most polarized of all. Orientation rather than position is the best correlate of the protrusions that are selected for cell movement. This progressive polarity refinement strategy may enable neural crest cells to efficiently explore their environment and migrate accurately in the face of noisy guidance cues.
Insights into autophagosome biogenesis from structural and biochemical analyses of the ATG2AWIPI4 complex
Authors: Chowdhury Saikat , Otomo Chinatsu , Leitner Alexander , Ohashi Kazuto , Aebersold Ruedi , Lander Gabriel C. , Otomo Takanori
Published: August 2017

Autophagy is an enigmatic cellular process in which double-membrane compartments, called autophagosomes, formde novoadjacent to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and package cytoplasmic contents for delivery to lysosomes. Expansion of the precursor membrane phagophore requires autophagy-related 2 (ATG2), which localizes to the phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P)-enriched ER-phagophore junction. We combined single-particle electron microscopy, chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry, and biochemical analyses to characterize human ATG2A in complex with the PI3P effector WIPI4. ATG2A is a rod-shaped protein that can bridge neighboring vesicles through interactions at each of its tips. WIPI4 binds to one of the tips, enabling the ATG2A-WIPI4 complex to tether a PI3P-containing vesicle to another PI3P-free vesicle. These data suggest that the ATG2A-WIPI4 complex mediates ER-phagophore association and/or tethers vesicles to the ER-phagophore junction, establishing the required organization for phagophore expansion via the transfer of lipid membranes from the ER and/or the vesicles to the phagophore.
Propagation of Beta/Gamma Rhythms in the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits of the Parkinsonian Rat
Authors: West Timothy O. , Berthouze Luc , Halliday David M. , Litvak Vladimir , Sharott Andrew , Magill Peter J. , Farmer Simon F.
Published: August 2017

Some motor impairments associated with Parkinson’s disease are thought to arise from pathological activity in the neuronal networks formed by the basal ganglia (BG) and motor cortex. To evaluate several hypotheses proposed to explain the emergence of pathological oscillations in Parkinsonism, we investigated changes to the directed connectivity in these networks following dopamine depletion. We recorded local field potentials in the cortex and basal ganglia of anesthetized rats rendered Parkinsonian by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), with dopamine-intact rats as controls. We performed systematic analyses of the networks using a novel tool for estimation of directed neural interactions, as well as a conditioned variant which permits the analysis of the dependence of a connection upon a third reference signal. We find evidence of the dopamine dependency of both low beta (14-20 Hz) and high beta/low gamma (20-40 Hz) directed interactions within the BG and cortico-BG networks. Notably, 6-OHDA lesions were associated with enhancement of the cortical “hyperdirect” connection to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), as well the STN’s feedback to the cortex and striatum. We find beta synchronization to be robust to conditioning using signals from any one structure. Conversely, we find that high beta/gamma drive from the cortex to subcortical regions is weakened by 6-OHDA lesions and is susceptible to conditioning. Furthermore, we provide evidence that gamma is routed from striatum in a pathway that is independent of STN. These results further inform our understanding of the substrates for pathological rhythms in salient brain networks in Parkinsonism.

New & Noteworthy

We present a novel analysis of electrophysiological recordings in the cortico-basal ganglia network with the aims of evaluating several hypotheses concerning the origins of abnormal brain rhythms associated with Parkinson’s disease. We present evidence for changes in the directed connections within the network following chronic dopamine depletion in rodents. These findings speak to the plausibility of a “short-circuiting” of the network that gives rise to the conditions from which pathological synchronization may arise.
Crystal structure ofN-(4-hydroxybenzyl)acetone thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Argibay-Otero Saray , Vázquez-López Ezequiel M.
Published: August 2017

The structure of the title compound, C11H15N3OS, shows the flexibility due to the methylene group at the thioamide N atom in the side chain, resulting in the molecule being non-planar. The dihedral angle between the plane of the benzene ring and that defined by the atoms of the thiosemicarbazide arm is 79.847 (4)°. In the crystal, the donor–acceptor hydrogen-bond character of the –OH group dominates the intermolecular associations, acting as a donor in an O—H...S hydrogen bond, as well as being a double acceptor in a centrosymmetric cyclic bridging N—H...O,O′ interaction [graph setR22(4)]. The result is a one-dimensional duplex chain structure, extending along [111]. The usual N—H...S hydrogen-bonding association common in thiosemicarbazone crystal structures is not observed.
Crystal structure of 2,6-dibenzylpyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrathione
Authors: Im Hansu , Park Hyunjin , Kim Tae Ho , Woo Chang Hwa
Published: August 2017

The title compound, C24H16N2S4, consists of a central pyromellitic diimide substituted with an S atom and terminal benzyl groups. The molecule lies on a crystallographic inversion centre so that the asymmetric unit contains half of the molecule. The molecule was prepared by thionation ofN,N′-dibenzylpyromellitic diimide with Lawesson's reagent and has an S-shaped conformation similar to other compounds of this type. The phenyl groups are tilted by 72.69 (8)° with respect to the plane of the central arene ring. In the crystal, molecules are connected by C—H...π interactions and weak short S...S contacts, forming supramolecular layers extending paralled to theabplane. The crystal studied was found to be non-merohedrally twinned, with the minor component being 0.113 (3).
Active flow control concepts and application opportunities
Authors: Bieler Heribert
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Aerodynamics drives the aircraft performance and, thus, influences fuel consumption and environmental compatibility. Further, optimization of aerodynamic shapes is an ongoing design activity in industrial offices; this will lead to incremental improvements. More significant step changes in performance are not expected from pure passive shape design. However, active flow control is a key technology, which has the potential to realize a drastic step change in performance. Flow control targets two major goals: low speed performance enhancements mainly for start and landing phase via control of separation and drag reduction at high speed conditions via skin friction and shock wave control.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper highlights flow control concepts and Airbus involvements for both items. To mature flow control systematically, local applications of separation control technology are of major importance for Airbus. In parallel, but at lower maturity level, investigations are ongoing to reduce the turbulent skin friction at cruise. A popular concept to delay separation at low speed conditions is the implementation of jet actuation control systems flush mounted to the wall of aerodynamic components.

Findings

In 2006, DLR (in collaboration with universities Berlin, Braunschweig and industrial partner Airbus) started to study active flow control for separation delay towards application. Based on basic proof of concepts (achieved in national projects), further flow control hardware developments and wind tunnel and lab testing took place in European funded projects.

Originality/value

Significant lift enhancements were realized via flow control applied to the wing leading edge and the flap.
Women’s entrepreneurship policy: a 13 nation cross-country comparison
Authors: Henry Colette , Orser Barbara , Coleman Susan , Foss Lene
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Government attention to women’s entrepreneurship has increased in the past two decades; however, there are few cross-cultural studies to inform policy development. This paper aims to draw on gender and institutional theory to report on the status of female-focused small and medium-sized enterprises/entrepreneurship policies and to ask how – and to what extent – do women’s entrepreneurship policies differ among countries?

Design/methodology/approach

A common methodological approach is used to identify gaps in the policy-practice nexus.

Findings

The study highlights countries where policy is weak but practice is strong, and vice versa.

Research limitations/implications

The study’s data were restricted to policy documents and observations of practices and initiatives on the ground.

Practical implications

The findings have implications for policy makers in respect of support for women’s entrepreneurship. Recommendations for future research are advanced.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to extant knowledge and understanding about entrepreneurship policy, specifically in relation to women’s entrepreneurship. It is also one of the few studies to use a common methodological approach to explore and compare women’s entrepreneurship policies in 13 countries.
How women entrepreneurs build embeddedness: a case study approach
Authors: Aggestam Maria , Wigren-Kristoferson Caroline
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine how women entrepreneurs are building embeddedness into male-gendered fields and how they are creating embedding in such fields in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

The qualitative methodology and three indicative case stories within gastronomic industry are illustrated and analysed.

Findings

The contribution of this study lies in the examination of the multifaceted embedding building process from dis-embedded, marginalised and suppressed position by women entrepreneurs. This was achieved with the help of building embedding through two strategies: sameness, that is, becoming one of the boys and then becoming a challenger, thereby enhancing their professional position.

Research limitations/implications

The study is subject to limitations; a small sample is not suited for the generalizability of results. The most important implication of this study is the identification of the process of building embeddedness as the most critical resource for women’s entrepreneurship that should be supported by the scholarly and business community.

Originality/value

The theoretical framework developed for this study laid the foundation for developing literature on the embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship and how the process of creating embedding becomes instrumental in business ownership.
Condition-based maintenance modeling for a two-stage deteriorating system with random changes based on stochastic process
Authors: Zhou Binghai , Qi Faqun , Tao Hongyu
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a condition-based maintenance (CBM) model for those systems subject to the two-stage deterioration including a deterioration pitting initiation process and a deterioration pitting growth process.

Design/methodology/approach

Regarding environmental changes as random shocks, the effect of environmental changes on the deterioration process is considered. Then, non-homogeneous Poison process and non-stationary gamma process are introduced to model the deterioration pitting initiation process and the deterioration pitting growth process, respectively. Finally, based on the deterioration model, a CBM policy is put forward to obtain the optimal inspection interval by minimizing the expected maintenance cost rate. Numerical simulations are given to optimize the performance of the deteriorating system. Meanwhile, comparisons between a single-stage deterioration model and a two-stage deterioration model are conducted to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.

Findings

The result of simulation verifies that the deterioration rate is not constant in the life cycle and is affected by the environment. Furthermore, the result shows that the two-stage deterioration model proposed makes up for the shortage of single-stage deterioration models and can effectively reduce system failures and unreasonable maintenance caused by optimistic prediction using single-stage deterioration models.

Practical implications

In practical situations, except for normal deterioration caused by internal factors, many systems are also greatly influenced by the random shocks during operation, which are probably caused by the environmental changes. What is more, most systems have self-protection ability in some extent that protects them to keep running as new ones for some time. Under such circumstances, the two-stage deterioration model proposed can effectively reduce system failures and unreasonable maintenance caused by optimistic prediction using single-stage deterioration models. In the combination with the bootstrap estimation, the paper obtains the life distributions with approximate 95 percent confidence intervals which can provide valuable information for practical system maintenance scheduling.

Originality/value

This paper presents a new CBM model for those systems subject to the two-stage deterioration including a deterioration pitting initiation process and a deterioration pitting growth process. Considering the effect of the environmental change on the system deterioration process, a two-stage deterioration model with environmental change factors is proposed to describe the system deterioration.
Working with communities on social media
Authors: Dai Mengyan , He Wu , Tian Xin , Giraldi Ashley , Gu Feng
Published: August 2017

Purpose

American police departments are beginning to implement social media as a strategy to engage the surrounding communities through various methods, including Facebook and Twitter. The purpose of this paper is to examine the varieties in the use of Facebook and Twitter by local police departments.

Design/methodology/approach

This study collected all data between October 1, 2013 and March 31, 2014 from Facebook and Twitter accounts of seven city police departments in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. These agencies resemble many police departments in the USA, and in total serve a diverse population of approximately 1,435,000. Content analysis and statistical tests are conducted.

Findings

Results show that specific types of posts are more engaging for the community. Facebook and Twitter interactions vary depending upon the type of posts, demonstrating that citizens are using Facebook and Twitter to interact in different ways.

Research limitations/implications

The findings presented here give police agencies’ insight on how to appropriately adjust their use of social media to fulfill the needs of the citizens and optimize interactions with the community.

Originality/value

This is the first study to systematically examine and analyze the varieties in the use of social media by traditional American local police departments and their interactions with citizens.
Toward a homogenization of academic social sites
Authors: Ortega José Luis
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the distribution of profiles from academic social networking sites according to disciplines, academic statuses and gender, and detect possible biases with regard to the real staff distribution. In this way, it intends to know whether these academic places tend to become specialized sites or, on the contrary, there is a homogenization process.

Design/methodology/approach

To this purpose, the evolution of profiles of one organization (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) in three major academic social sites (Academia.edu, Google Scholar Citations and ResearchGate) through six quarterly samples since April 2014 to September 2015 are tracked.

Findings

Longitudinal results show important disciplinary biases but with strong increase of new profiles form different areas. They also suggest that these virtual spaces are gaining more stability and they tend toward a equilibrate environment.

Originality/value

This is the first longitudinal study of profiles from three major academic social networking sites and it allows to shed light on the future of these platforms’ populations.
Visual analytics of Europeana digital library for reuse in learning environments
Authors: Gaona-Garcia Paulo Alonso , Sanchez-Alonso Salvador , Fermoso García Ana
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess whether Europeana can be really seen as the new “Library of Alexandria” for digital resources from the perspective of teachers, academics and researchers that might want to retrieve and reuse those resources for learning purposes.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors define a systematic method for studying Europeana digital resources and their potential for reuse in e-learning environments. To achieve this, the authors explore the coverage of digital resources when searching information about a specific area. The paper studies the relevance of the results (thematic coverage) provided by queries targeting the resources’ metadata elements defined by the EDM Europeana model. All the data collected for this study from Europeana digital resources are the result of four explorations since 2012-2016.

Findings

The autors found that Europeana as a digital library has good levels of coverage of digital resources for those terms in the AAT thesaurus explored (terms from the “Styles and Periods” subset). This subset was selected as an example of faceted search given that it is a common search topic in the academic environment. However, it is important to remark the use of common vocabulary words provided by participants in order to obtain relevant results of search based on specific knowledge areas defined by AAT terms.

Research limitations/implications

This research used a relatively small sample size of resources which may not be representative of the general size of Europeana digital resources. However, the results are illustrative as they are based on a specific knowledge area of AAT (118 terms) which contains very common topics used in high school courses by students and teachers in the field of art and cultural heritage. The study also aspires to provide a systematic method for conducting future studies in other knowledge areas.

Originality/value

The coverage study aims to analyze if Europeana is a digital library that teachers could use for the development of learning objects in specific knowledge areas, through the reuse of free/open access digital resources.
You’re talking but is anyone listening? Connecting and communicating with employees in a hyper-connected world
Authors: Sterling Lisa
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this case study is to outline the internal communication strategies, tools, techniques and messages that can help organizations to foster transparent, deliberate communication with employees.

Design/methodology/approach

The author synthesizes three years of learnings and internal research, including regular focus groups and surveys with employees at all levels, to identify the specific steps organizations can take to achieve open and regular communication – and engage employees across the organization.

Findings

The case study explains key areas to connect and communicate with employees.

Practical implications

The author believes that the lessons and tactics described in this case study can be applied in all organizations.

Originality/value

The case study provides a unique set of lessons and best practices the author has uncovered firsthand which organizations can use to shape their own internal communications strategies and boost employee engagement.
SoftServe’s workplace launch for global collaboration
Authors: Logan Stuart
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to share how SoftServe launched a new internal communications platform Workplace by Facebook.

Design/methodology/approach

For a global company like SoftServe, operating in over 30 locations in Europe and the USA, it was crucially important to have an internal communications platform, which can effectively connect over 4,000 employees and be available on-the-go from any device.

Findings

The introduction of corporate social network helped to make internal communication two-sided, more informal and easy. This paper indicates the results of a new tool launch in terms of associates’ engagement and change in a mode of communication.

Originality/value

The case-study reveals step-by-step story on the introduction of a new communication tool to employees.
Thomson Reuters innovation case study
Authors: Silverman Victoria
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate how you can generate employee enthusiasm through creative thinking and a campaign that drives engagement from the bottom up.

Design/methodology/approach

Creative solutions, engagement through early careers network, inclusion for all and democratizing the process.

Findings

Employees want to be engaged and feel like a part of the larger organization. If given the right opportunity, they will rise to the challenge and create a new momentum to drive innovation forward.

Originality/value

The campaign described was designed and implemented in-house.
Bridge the gap from strategy to execution: culture change that sticks
Authors: Bates Suzanne , Atkins Andrew
Published: August 2017

Purpose

A 100+ year old organization was facing an enterprise-wide, multi-billion dollar transformation. A new, cross-functional team was brought together to spearhead this change, but faced challenges because of organizational siloes and lack of cross-functional communication. Following an in-depth assessment of the leadership team’s behaviors and their leadership presence, the president realized the team would need to change their communication strategies to drive the transformation.

Design/methodology/approach

Each leader was assessed using a research-based model of executive presence, the ExPI™, which is designed to measure specific behaviors of executive presence and leadership communication; the qualities of leadership that engage, align, inspire and move people to act. The team developed a “profile of success” highlighting their desired future state as a team, and compared that with the collective data on their strengths and gaps as a team. The comparison and insights from the comparison formed the roadmap for improving their behaviors as a team.

Findings

The leadership team ultimately became champions for the enterprise-wide change by improving communication streams and winning buy-in from their own teams and other stakeholders critical to the change. They’ve transitioned from seeing their role as protecting their vertical siloes to connecting their functions into a horizontal, integrated pipe that delivers fast, seamless value to the company and the customers.

Originality/value

This case study highlights the importance of creating culture change through leadership behavior. When an organization is faced with high-stakes transformation, change ultimately starts at the top. Leadership teams who invest in the hard work of changing their siloed actions, and hold themselves accountable for a new way of working, will be able to drive change more effectively and more quickly.
The counterpublic of the J(ewish) Blogosphere: gendered language and the mediation of religious doubt among ultra‐Orthodox Jews in New York
Authors: Fader Ayala
Published: August 2017

While there have always been doubters and heretics among ultra‐Orthodox Jews, access to the Internet over the past fifteen years has amplified opportunities for anonymous expression and connection. An early key platform was the Jblogosphere (Jewish Blogosphere), which flourished between 2003 and 2009. This article focuses on four Hasidic bloggers (three men and a woman) who were part of a growing counterpublic of secret religious doubters. I trace how this counterpublic challenged the authority of the ultra‐Orthodox religious public sphere through gendered digital writing and reading in varieties of Yiddish and English. Linguistic resources for those engaging with the new medium of the blog became proxies for bodies that could not change without risk of expulsion. However, the counterpublic remained almost exclusively for men, reproducing the exclusion of women from the ultra‐Orthodox public sphere. The analysis focuses on dynamics between gendered languages and media/semiotic ideologies in order to highlight a historical moment when the mediation of religious doubt became publicly legible, with implications for religious change for individuals and their wider communities.
Singlet Oxygen Detection Using Red Wine Extracts as Photosensitizers
Authors: Lagunes Irene , Vázquez‐Ortega Fernanda , Trigos Ángel
Published: August 2017

Moderate consumption of red wine provides beneficial effects to health. This is attributed to polyphenol compounds present in wine such as resveratrol, quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, and vanillic acid. The amount of these antioxidants is variable; nevertheless, the main beneficial effects of red wine are attributed to resveratrol. However, it has been found that resveratrol and quercetin are able to photosensitize singlet oxygen generation and conversely, gallic acid acts as quencher. Therefore, and since resveratrol and quercetin are some of the most important antioxidants reported in red wines, the aim of this research was to evaluate the photosensitizing ability of 12 red wine extracts through photo‐oxidation of ergosterol. The presence of 1O2 was detected by ergosterol conversion into peroxide of ergosterol through 1H NMR analysis. Our results showed that 10 wine extracts were able to act as photosensitizers in the generation of singlet oxygen. The presence of 1O2 can damage other compounds of red wine and cause possible organoleptic alterations. Finally, although the reaction conditions employed in this research do not resemble the inherent conditions in wine making processing or storing, or even during its consumption, this knowledge could be useful to prevent possible pro‐oxidant effects and avoid detrimental effects in red wines.