bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autorskopravni pogled na korišćenje „Tvitera“
Authors:   University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, Popović Dušan V.
Published: January 2025

„Twitter“ is undoubtedly one of the most popular social networks, which enables users to send and read short 140-character messages called tweets. The present paper analyzes first whether a tweet meets the criteria prescribed for copyright protection. The author examines whether by re-tweeting one infringes copyright, provided that a tweet itself is copyrightable. In the following chapter, the author analyzes the use of more complex tweets, i.e. those containing a copy of a copyrighted work or a subject-matter of related rights, usually photographs or visual works. It is examined whether this type of communication to the public of third party’s works is allowed as an exception and limitation to the copyright protection or, to the contrary, represents an act of infringement of an intellectual property right. Finally, the author analyzes tweets containing hyperlinks to copies of copyrighted works or subject-matter of related rights, in light of the recent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Odgovornost hosting provajdera za povrede prava intelektualne svojine u pravu Srbije i pravu susednih država
Authors: Reljanović Mario
Published: January 2025

Position of hosting providers, as providers of specific services in electronic communications, is regulated at European Union level within general legal regime for electronic commerce. Regarding harmonization processes of national legislations with EU acquis, legal solutions in Republic of Serbia are not much different of those found in the region, as well as in legal frameworks of other EU memberstates. However, even this high level of unification of hosting providers liability for the content their customers upload to Internet sites they are hosting, encounters very different interpretations in practice, problems with implementation, as well as general misunderstanding or ignoring of specific details that single out hosting providers as special services providers. Research is targeted at national legislation analysis, as well as analysis of some other states in the region; by marking off both general and specific problems in resolution of the problem of hosting providers’ position in legal system and presentation of modest jurisprudence, we are pointing out many unanswered questions regarding the liability for content of Internet sites. Bearing in mind different types of hosting and different relations between users/ customers and providers, hosting providers cannot be automatically equated with other offenders. System of exclusion of their liability has been set in the way that one could think of its improvement both by amending existing national laws and creating wide consensus and adoption of legal positions by legal scientists, practitioners and judiciary, all contributing to creation of more specified set of obligations of hosting providers in situations of violations of intellectual property rights, as well as specification of their responsibilities and liabilities when they do not fulfil their obligations, or participate in such violations.
Povreda autorskog prava korišćenjem bit-torent platformi za razmenu sadržaja putem Interneta
Authors:   University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, Vujičić Novak
Published: January 2025

Finding an adequate method of protection from frequent and mass BitTorrent platforms usage for unauthorized online sharing of copyrighted works is one of the biggest challenges that copyright is confronting at the moment. This paper is analysing both the act of copyright infringement made during an unauthorized online sharing of copyrighted works by using BitTorrent platforms and the corresponding mechanisms of civil law protection as a consequence of such infringement from the aspect of law of the Republic of Serbia, having a particular retrospection to comparative law solutions. In this specific case three actual problems of civil law protection have been indicated: the ambiguity of scope of possible act of copyright infringement, complicated detection of infringements and identities of persons who committed them due to the nature of communication within online environment as well as the determination of role of the Internet intermediaries that enable such online sharing. The analysis shows that at the moment the law of the Republic of Serbia does not foresee effective mechanisms of civil law protection against copyright infringement committed by using BitTorrent platforms, that the copyright holders are referred to criminal procedure and that the more efficient civil law protection should be ensured, validating not only the interests of copyright but the right to communication privacy and right on personal data protection of internet users as well.
Protocol de gestió del programari de recerca de l’ICAC
Authors: Gil Lydia , Estivll Arnau
Published: January 2025

Protocol de gestió del programari de recerca de l’Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC) aprovat pel Consell de Direcció el dia 19 de desembre de 2024.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   International Educational Corporation, Nabiyev A.S. , Baitenov E.M. ,   International Educational Corporation, Issabayev G.A. ,   International Educational Corporation
Published: January 2025

In the modern world, digital technologies play a key role in the development of architecture, especially in the context of striving for sustainable development, which was the reason for studying this concept within Kazakhstan. A region located at the crossroads of tradition and innovation, where the state is on the path of introducing digital innovations into architectural design and beyond, while preserving its rich cultural heritage. This study examines how digital technologies can contribute to the creation of eco-friendly and functional architecture in Kazakhstan, focusing on the benefits of artificial intelligence, building information modeling (BIM), 3D printing, as well as virtual and augmented reality. The use of these technologies makes it possible to more accurately plan and implement architectural projects, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions, socio-economic requirements and the cultural and historical context of the region. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the resource potential of various regions of Kazakhstan, which makes it possible to optimally use local resources and integrate architectural objects into the existing landscape, while preserving their uniqueness and identity. Thus, digital technologies open up new opportunities for creating sustainable and effective architectural solutions that not only meet modern requirements of comfort and safety, but also contribute to the preservation of the environment. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating new technologies, taking into account cultural and historical aspects, which allows for the harmonious development of architecture in Kazakhstan. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that in what way digital technologies improve the quality of architectural projects, and make a significant contribution to the development of sustainable architecture, developing the concept of green construction, which comprehensively combine innovation and tradition. This approach of the concept provides the basis for further development of architecture in Kazakhstan aimed at achieving high standards of sustainability and quality of life.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR TRANSPORT STRUCTURES WITH ELASTIC SUPPORTS
Authors:   Satpayev University, Dostanova S.Kh. , Kasymova G.T. ,   International Educational Corporation, Tokpanova K.E. ,   Eurasian University, Tulegenova O.E. ,   International Educational Corporation, Sarsenova G.O. ,   Satpayev University
Published: January 2025

Currently, the issues of strengthening the load-bearing capacity of transport structures under the action of dynamic loads are becoming increasingly relevant. To ensure a reserve of structural strength under dynamic impacts, active methods of protection are increasingly being used. The use of active methods of protection in the form of pliable supports makes it possible to increase the energy intensity of the “support-structure” system and reduce the intensity of the dynamic impact. They play the role of dampers, reducing vibration amplitudes and absorbing deformation energy. The dynamic characteristics of transport structures play a significant role in the oscillatory process, because the resistance of the structure to external influences depends on them. By changing them, you can lower the value of the dynamic coefficient, thereby reducing the dynamic effect. The aim of the research is to evaluate the influence of the stiffness of the support links of transport structures on the dynamic characteristics of road overpass spans. To determine the natural frequencies, a homogeneous partial differential equation is used, the solution of which is presented using hyperbolic functions. The solution of the transcendental equation is obtained using the approximation method. The relevance of the obtained results lies in the fact that when using elastically supple supports in transport structures it is possible to change dynamic characteristics and thereby increase the strength reserve and reduce the dynamic effect.
THE COMPARISON OF DEFORMATION CALCULATION RESULTS OF STRUCTURES UNDER SEISMIC IMPACT USING MOHR-COULOMB AND HARDENING SOIL SMALL (HSS) SOIL MODELS
Authors:   Satbayev University, Shadkam А.S. , Bessimbayev Е.Т. ,   Satbayev University, Begaliev U.Т. ,   International University of Information Technology Corporation, Niyetbay S.Е. ,   Satbayev University
Published: January 2025

This study examines the behavior of buildings under seismic impacts considering different soil models. Nowadays, along with the use of numerical methods in the analysis and design of engineering projects, it is known that this method is widely used in the analysis of problems related to geotechnical engineering construction. Comparative data on displacements, moments, and forces have been obtained for the Mohr-Coulomb soil model and the Hardening Soil Small (HSS) model. The software Plaxis 2D is used for the analysis of both models. The application of such complexes requires special attention to soil foundation models and parameter assignment. The selection of appropriate parameters and soil models can significantly influence the results of numerical analysis. The Mohr Coulomb elastic-plastic model is one of the most widely used models adopted in cases of hardness estimation of materials independent of surface tension. However, it was found that, the stress stiffness in the behaviour model and the difference in stiffness between initial loading and unloading/re-loading are important modelling aspects when discussing seismic effects and play an important role in predicting ground motions. A comprehensive comparison of the results for the Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil models reveals several important differences, which are presented in this article.
FORMATION OF A SET OF INITIAL DATA TO CREATE AN INFORMATION MODEL TO REDUCE THE CONCENTRATION OF RADON IN THE PREMISES
Authors:   International Educational Corporation, Zhumagulova R.E. , Ybytayeva G.S. ,   International Educational Corporation, Zharaspayeva G.Zh. , Azhiyeva G. ,   International Educational Corporation, Tashkeeva G.K. ,   International Educational Corporation
Published: January 2025

The article is based on the synthesis of domestic and foreign data, shows the main sources and ways of radon in buildings, formulated the basic principles of their anti-radon protection, classifies methods and means of protection, outlines recommendations for their practical implementation in the design and construction of buildings. Today in Kazakhstan there are several laws aimed at ensuring radiation safety of the population, at the request of which epidemiological services conduct constant monitoring of facilities under construction and existing ones. According to current standards, the concentration of radon in existing buildings should not exceed 200 Bq/m3, and during design – 100 Bq/m3. When solving problems of anti-radon protection of buildings, the sources of radon are objects from which radon directly enters the premises, regardless of the nature of its appearance in these objects. It is necessary to understand that measures for anti-radon protection of a building, carried out at the stages of its design and construction, are more effective and require lower costs than measures to reduce radon in an already constructed building. Currently, there are no standardized methods for calculating the necessary parameters and determining the optimal type of radon protection. The procedure for this selection is heuristic and in each case is based on an analysis and qualitative assessment of a number of circumstances.
Assessing Urban Heat Islands Using GIS and Remote Sensing for Sustainable Urban Planning in the Philippines
Authors: Rick Jayson A. Tatlonghari
Published: January 2025

Abstract- Growing urbanization and a tropical climate intensify the known environmental challenges of urban heat islands (UHIs) in the Philippines. UHIs are formed by human activity, infrastructure, and decreased vegetation, resulting in elevated temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural surroundings. This tendency exacerbates energy consumption, air pollution, and health concerns, posing significant issues for urban planners and policymakers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies provide efficient methods for evaluating and reducing UHIs. GIS enables the merging and examination of geographical data, providing a comprehensive understanding of urban settings. Remote sensing uses thermal data from satellites to provide a comprehensive understanding of land surface temperatures and heat distribution patterns. In the Philippines, these technologies are essential for detecting areas with high temperatures, assessing the elements that contribute to this, and creating specific policies for sustainable urban development. By utilizing GIS and remote sensing, urban planners can strategically create geographically accurate green spaces, optimize construction materials, and apply cooling measures, ultimately fostering a healthier and more resilient urban environment. This paper shows the significant utilization of these technologies to facilitate data-driven decision-making, which is crucial for mitigating the detrimental impacts of UHIs. This research can guide environmental planners on how to utilize GIS and remote sensing for a more scientific approach as urban areas continue to grow and science-based sustainable urban planning becomes more and more apparent. Evaluating UHIs using GIS and remote sensing is an essential step in the development of habitable, sustainable, and climate-resilient cities in the Philippines.
Erosion-Corrosion: An Up-To-Date Review of Origin, Impacts, Affecting Factors, Occurrence Areas, Experimental Measuring Devices, and Research Advances
Authors: TN Guma  , DD Ishaya  , EA Abhulimen  , SO Yakubu
Published: January 2025

Abstract: An up-to-date review of erosion-corrosion from various literary sources, covering its origin, impacts, affecting factors, occurrence areas, experimental measuring devices, and research advances, is reported. From the review, erosion-corrosion is a mechanically caused action by impinging fluid, usually liquid, slurry abrasion, suspended particles in fast-flowing fluids, bubbles, droplets, cavitations, etc., under complex synergistic effects of the natural electrochemical corrosion. It is affected by many factors that still need to be fully understood, so it is very challenging to accurately find its rates for controlling it. It is a very costly problem that is common in power plants, water, oil, gas, metallurgy, mining, and other industrial sectors that utilize mechanical equipment as well as structural components in hydraulic environments. Its effects are predominant in petroleum pipelines and heat exchange industries, as well as marine equipment or structures. Its rates, time scale, and capacity to degenerate material components to failure are much more alarming than most other corrosion types. This corrosion type is highly detestable, so much attention has been drawn to it, as attested by many research outputs on it to date, with a pressing need for ways, including emerging technologies, of minimizing its impacts. Forty-six of the research outputs have been recapitulated and presented, and they focus on developing and/or testing alternative material components, coatings, measuring devices, and application of artificial intelligence, for better erosion-corrosion resistances or rate measurements and control under various fluid conditions. The paper provides integrated, up-to-date information on erosion-corrosion for easy accessibility for the needful basic knowledge for research progress towards reducing its impacts.
Bridging the Gap: Strategies to Enhance Building Information Modelling (BIM) Integration in Klang Valley, Malaysia's Construction Industry
Authors: Mariatul Liza Meor Gheda  , Rina Raihanee Mohd Tarmidi
Published: January 2025

The adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has transformed the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry by providing a digital platform for integrating project lifecycle information. While BIM has been widely recognised for improving project efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing communication, its implementation faces persistent challenges that hinder its full adoption, particularly in Malaysia. This study aims to identify the challenges of BIM implementation in construction projects within Klang Valley and to recommend strategies for improving its adoption in construction projects. A mixed-method approach was employed, involving a questionnaire survey distributed to 55 AEC professionals and in-depth interviews with three key stakeholders. The findings highlight that high costs, skill gaps, time constraints, preference for conventional practices, and limited awareness and training are the primary challenges hindering BIM adoption in construction projects, underscoring the need for financial support, capacity-building initiatives, cultural shifts, and improved education to foster wider acceptance and implementation. These challenges highlight the need for targeted initiatives to bridge knowledge gaps, enhance training programmes, and promote the value of BIM to stakeholders. Addressing these issues is crucial to ensuring the successful integration of BIM across construction projects, enabling the industry to maximise its potential benefits. Effective BIM adoption in construction projects requires a combination of comprehensive training, phased implementation, government support, standardisation, and technological advancements, underpinned by national strategies to address challenges, enhance education, and demonstrate BIM’s tangible benefits. This study aims to provide insights that can guide policymakers, industry leaders, and practitioners in overcoming the barriers to BIM adoption, paving the way for a more advanced and efficient construction sector.
Utilization of Palm Kernel Shell as Coarse Aggregate Replacement in Pervious Concrete: An Alternative Approach to Sustainable Pervious Concrete Walkway
Authors: ADEGBESAN Ololade Oluwatosin  , AYEGBUSI Olufunke Adewunmi  , Soyemi Olugbenga Babajide
Published: January 2025

Abstract: Increased urbanization in many cities of the world brings with it the problem of multiplied impervious surfaces on infrastructure like roads. Using pervious instead of impervious surfaces will address these concerns, the use of palm kernel shell (PKS) to replace granite in the matrix will further address the cost and environmental worries. A Pervious Concrete walkway was constructed on an unpaved, waterlogged stretch using agricultural waste product-Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) to replace conventional granite in the concrete matrix. The initial laboratory tests were carried out in accordance with BS 812, Part 101 from 1984 to 1990, and Parts 110 and 112 from 1990. The batching process was weighted, with aggregate percentages for partial replacement set at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% PKS. The mix of 70% granite and 30% palm kernel shell produced the highest compressive strength, with values of 5.33 MPa, 6.19 MPa, and 7.36 MPa at 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively. The incorporation of PKS into the pervious concrete walkway effectively reduced waterlogging in the area while posing no environmental concerns..
ISSUES OF EQUITY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
Authors: LUKYANOVA Valentina
Published: January 2025

The article discusses current issues relating to the fairness of the distribution of material goods, and gives a definition of fairness based on the sphere described. Data from a study showing the opinions of Russian citizens about justice are presented. In the process of work, it was concluded that the existing distribution mechanisms are imperfect and lead to uneven distribution, which leads to social and economic inequality. The article examines the problems and challenges in the field of fair distribution of goods, and also presents proposals and evaluates the prospects for improving the system of distribution of material goods.Thus, to improve the distribution system, the following is necessary: the work of international organizations, tax policies for the redistribution of wealth, the introduction of basic income programs, the development of affordable housing, the involvement of the local community (support for initiatives at the local level), strengthening human rights, improving healthcare and education systems. The article also examines the pros and cons of the proposals.
Kendala Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab Online Siswa Kelas VIII A MTsN I Lampung Selatan
Authors: Fitriyansayah
Published: January 2025

This research was motivated by the Covid-19 pandemic which made the world of Indonesian education innovate in carrying out Arabic language learning which was carried out online. This research aims to find out the obstacles in online learning of Arabic language subjects which includes teachers, parents and students as well as how teachers overcome the obstacles faced in online learning of Arabic language subjects. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results of the research show that teachers face obstacles during the learning process as follows: 1. Lack of supervision from parents, 2. Difficult for teachers to monitor students, 3. Limited internet quota, 4. Difficult to get a good signal, 5. Difficult for teachers to give students an understanding of the material presented. The obstacles faced by students are as follows: 1. Difficulty getting a stable signal, 2. Communication between students and teachers is not smooth, 3. Limited internet quota, 4. Difficult for students to understand the material presented, 5. Most students Difficulty doing assignments given by the teacher. The obstacles faced by parents are as follows: 1. Guardians have difficulty supervising children's learning process, 2. Many parents complain about internet quotas. The teacher's way of overcoming online learning obstacles is by giving assignments to students to make memorization videos and other material and then sending them via WhatsApp to find out the extent of students' understanding of the material presented, making home visits to students (home visits) and inviting students to schools by complying with health protocols.
THE EUROPEAN AND LATIN AMERICAN COURTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: genesis, characteristics and differences
Authors: Ramírez Manuel
Published: January 2025

The formation of a world order after the Second World War brought with it a network of legal norms aimed at the protection of human rights based on the provisions of the Charter of San Francisco and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. From this normative framework emerges the European human rights system which, in its formation, is a model to be followed at the regional level. In this paper, in principle, we describe the European model of human rights protection, which has undergone a fast evolution in the twentieth century to create a rather complex and all-encompassing institution. Then we make a dogmatic description of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The Latin American model, although it also takes the original European model, of a dual control system of the American Convention with an Inter-American Commission and Court, has gone its own way to form a new and original system. In the comparison exercise that we carry out here, we can distinguish the differences between both models, which can be seen as virtues and flaws of each.
IS IT POSSIBLE THAT INTEGRATION PROCESSES CAN STOP DEMOCRATIC DEGRADATION IN THE STATES THAT INCLUDE IT? AN ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN CASE
Authors: Diaz Alejandra
Published: January 2025

In these more than 20 years of the new century we have witnessed the deterioration and regression of democracy in various states. Although democratic regimes continue to be valued positively by much of the Western world, other experiences have gone backwards until reaching systems that we can hardly identify as democratic. The European Union has not been able to escape this phenomenon, where we can find two paradigmatic examples such as the cases of Hungary and Poland. However, upon analyzing it we can see that within the integration scheme there are different mechanisms that limited the advance of democratic regression. The European institutions and regulations that defend democratic values ​​through multiple actions have managed to contain the attacks of autocratic features of the aforementioned cases. To develop the work we will use an exploratory qualitative methodology of a critical analytical nature.
ITUATION OF MERCOSUR COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ESCAZÚ AGREEMENT
Authors: Mendieta Maximiliano , Franco Shirley
Published: January 2025

The Birregional Agreement between Mercosur and the EU is stalled by disagreements in the environmental policies carried out by each of the blocks. One of them is the Escazú Agreement that was not ratified by Brazil and Paraguay. This work aims to examine the situation of the Mercosur countries in terms of environmental policy and their relationship with the European Union (EU) within the framework of the Escazú Agreement, through a theoretical-analytical methodology with a qualitative approach. The results indicate that although the Mercosur countries have a robust legal system of legislative policies on environmental matters, the real problem lies in the non-compliance with the rules and other variables such as corruption. Another result indicates that the relations between Mercosur and the EU that seek progress in a trade agreement go beyond the mere ratification of Escazú, since other issues specific to the EU countries are identified regarding the comparative advantages that imported products could have with respect to European products, and that finally the way in which the Agreement signed in Brussels in 2019 is drafted would be in violation of international law norms.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOGNIZING SIGN LANGUAGES FOR THE FULL GUARANTEE OF DEMOCRACY, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, AND INCLUSION OF LATIN AMERICAN DEAF COMMUNITIES
Authors: Arruda Amanda , Veronese Josiane
Published: January 2025

By observing the millennial trajectory of deaf people in the world, it can be seen that existing in a listening society is not a very simple exercise. Deaf communities and their sign languages suffered their development process in hiding, and for a very long time in the history of humanity, even their lives were forbidden. From the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948), after the horrors of World War II, people with hearing disabilities had their right to live assured, and the deafener activism of the Associations of the Deaf around the planet has achieved other rights inherent to deaf people such as communication, education, regarding their culture and expression of sign language. However, even today, Latin American deaf communities suffer from linguistic and communication barriers due to the lack of recognition and dissemination of their mother tongues: signs. Thus, it is necessary to make an analysis of how the recognition of sign languages in the field of Constitutional Law can be an important path for the consolidation of democracy and freedom of expression of the deaf. It is essential to know that democracy must be accessible to all people and groups, and that it is only fully achieved from the exercise of language, autonomy and access to basic rights by all citizens, regardless of their existential condition. Therefore, with a historical and dialectical analysis, the relevance of the recognition of sign language for maintenance and full guarantee of the democratic exercise and freedom of expression of Latin American deaf people will be addressed. The hypothesis of this research is the interference of the constitutional recognition of linguistic rights in the guarantee of access to fundamental rights by deaf communities. In this sense, the result that becomes clear is that the dissemination of sign language communication is an important decisive marker to ensure the full enjoyment of fundamental, civil and democratic rights by the deaf.
THE DIALECTIC OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND CULTURAL WEST: Between European Heritage, Norm, and Reality
Authors: Mendes Lucas
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this article is to reflect on democracy and the values ​​of the European Union and Neolatin Nations, especially the development of the Rechtsstaat, in contrast to the values ​​of the Rule of Law, of anglo-saxon origin. We intend to discuss the culture and history of the West, in its cultural configuration, through the continental values ​​of Freedom, Equality and Fraternity, and the anglo-saxon values ​​of Freedom, Prosperity and Property, considering the peculiarities of European, Latin-Western and Anglo-Saxon history and culture, inclusive of the manifestation of their wills in the objective world, which the philosopher Hegel mentions. The European legacy gave the world the Rechtsstaat, and the possibility of, through politics, especially democratic, the self-construction of a collective will, expressed in norms, either in the European Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, or the National Constitutions, and their transposition into reality, normatively regulating their culture and value as a determined people. In this sense, we seek to reflect on the current difficulty of the West to transpose its political will into reality, in addition to the geopolitical and ideological conflicts that contribute to this setting. To fulfill the objectives presented, developed through this research, we rely on debates interconnected by various research, documents and speeches, to provide a transdisciplinary reflection, considering studies in history, culture, politics, law and international relations.
Setting Policy Agenda for Blue Economy Policy in Tanzania
Authors: Mwaijande Francis
Published: January 2025

Tanzania enjoys benefits of having 1,424 km from Tanga to Mtwara along the Indian ocean, rich on natural marine resources including ocean waters, beaches, harbours and ports along the Indian ocean, where imports and exports, fishing, tourism and marine transportation to neighbouring landlocked country and many other marine-based economic activities could flourish. However, there is no specific National policy guiding the blue economy to guide the Tanzania’s marine resource economy. The objective of this article is threefold; to provide evidence from scholarly works that informs the role of Blue economy in Tanzania; to identify specific socio-economic sectors with potential for exploring Blue economy potentials; and three to set up a policy agenda for the establishment of a National Blue economy policy. The study applied explorative as well as descriptive design for capturing both qualitative and quantitative data. The target population was the marine transport, energy, tourism and fisheries sectors. A purposeful sampling technique was adopted because it enabled selection of key informants with rich information on economic activities in the Indian ocean bordering Tanzania coast. The study applies mixed methods of bibliometric analysis, interview, and desk top review. This article sets a policy agenda for the needed policy to guide blue economy for a country with access to Indian Ocean. The article examines the potential opportunities for developing blue economy in the key economic sectors. Tanzania has the geographical advantage to the Indian Ocean covering potential sectors of Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism, Ministry of Energy, and Ministry of Industries and Trade. The article sets a policy agenda that the abundant resources in the Indian Ocean including fish, oil and gas requires a guiding policy for harnessing resources sustainably. Nevertheless, the missing link is there is missing policy for harnessing the unexploited potentials in the ocean. This paper instigates to set a blue economy policy in Tanzania because there many unleashed potentials across the Indian Ocean for the socio-economic development in Tanzania. The research concluded that although the government of the United Republic of Tanzania supports blue economy, there is a need to reactivate and promote the blue economy in practical terms. This can be achieved through holistic multi-sectoral policy, planning and coordination of key sectors in the blue economy. This article recommends for policy to manage sustainable blue economy in Tanzania, which is an emerging, but remain unleashed potential for the country’s socio-economic development. Since in there is a policy vacuum to develop a blue economy, an agenda for multi-sectoral blue economy policy should be considered for harnessing marine resources sustainably to meet both the national development goals as well as the Sustainable Development Goals.
ENEM: UM CONSTANTE DESAFIO PARA OS JOVENS BRASILEIROS. CERTEZAS OU DÚVIDAS PARA UMA VAGA AO ENSINO SUPERIOR
Authors: Gonçalves Adriana Lin
Published: January 2025

Este artigo busca discutir a enorme relevância do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) no contexto educacional brasileiro, focando nas diversas transformações pelas quais ele passou desde a sua criação. Demonstra a relevância do ENEM como um caminho para o ensino superior, sua contribuição para a democratização da educação e sua função no Sistema de Seleção Unificada (SISU). O texto também discute as potenciais melhorias e desafios associados ao exame, tratando de tópicos como segurança, transparência e o impacto nas desigualdades sociais existentes em várias partes do país. O estudo, além de abordar as críticas do exame, propõe reflexões sobre possíveis avanços tecnológicos e metodológicos futuros que podem ter um impacto positivo na sua utilização. Esta pesquisa analisa e busca entender a relevância do ENEM, destacando seu impacto na vida dos jovens brasileiros e no sistema educacional brasileiro.
Aggregation of ice-nucleating macromolecules from Betula pendula pollen determines ice nucleation efficiency
Authors: Wieland Florian , Bothen Nadine , Schwidetzky Ralph , Seifried Teresa M. , Bieber Paul , Pöschl Ulrich , Meister Konrad , Bonn Mischa , Fröhlich-Nowoisky Janine , Grothe Hinrich
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Various aerosols, including mineral dust, soot, and biological particles, can act as ice nuclei, initiating the freezing of supercooled cloud droplets. Cloud droplet freezing significantly impacts cloud properties and, consequently, weather and climate. Some biological ice nuclei exhibit exceptionally high nucleation temperatures close to 0 °C. Ice-nucleating macromolecules (INMs) found on pollen are typically not considered among the most active ice nuclei. Still, they can be highly abundant, especially for species such as Betula pendula, a widespread birch tree species in the boreal forest. Recent studies have shown that certain tree-derived INMs exhibit ice nucleation activity above −10 °C, suggesting they could play a more significant role in atmospheric processes than previously understood. Our study reveals that three distinct INM classes active at −8.7, −15.7, and −17.4 °C are present in B. pendula. Freeze drying and freeze–thaw cycles noticeably alter their ice nucleation capability, and the results of heat treatment, size, and chemical analysis indicate that INM classes correspond to size-varying aggregates, with larger aggregates nucleating ice at higher temperatures, in agreement with previous studies on fungal and bacterial ice nucleators. Our findings suggest that B. pendula INMs are potentially important for atmospheric ice nucleation because of their high prevalence and nucleation temperatures.
A new approach to continuous monitoring of carbon use efficiency and biosynthesis in soil microbes from measurement of CO2 and O2
Authors: Smart Kyle E. , Breecker Daniel O. , Blackwood Christopher B. , Gallagher Timothy M.
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Soils comprise the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Therefore, understanding processes that control soil carbon stabilization and release is vital to improving our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Heterotrophic respiration is the main pathway by which soil organic carbon is returned to the atmosphere; however, not all carbon utilized by heterotrophs shares this fate, as some portion is retained in the soil as biomass and biosynthesized extracellular compounds. The fraction of carbon consumed by microbes that is used for biomass growth (the carbon use efficiency or CUE) is an important variable controlling soil carbon stocks but is difficult to measure. Here we show that CUE can be continuously monitored in laboratory glucose-amended soil incubations by measuring CO2 and O2 gas concentrations, allowing instantaneous estimates of microbial biomass growth. We derive a theoretical relationship between the respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during respiration, and CUE that recognizes the influence of both substrate and biosynthesized product oxidation states on RQ. Assuming the biosynthesized product has the stoichiometry of an average microbe and that the substrate is primarily the glucose used for amendment, we measure RQ and use our theoretical relationship to calculate CUE and from that biomass production. Extractions of microbial biomass carbon at the end of the experiments reveal minimal net increases in standing biomass across all amended treatments, suggesting that much of this newly produced biomass is likely converted to necromass as substrate availability declines, and this results in a net storage of new soil organic matter. Carbon budgets compiled from measurements of relevant pools account for the amended carbon and suggest that with larger carbon amendments, increases in C:N ratios lead to increases in the relative portion of the amendment acutely lost from the soil. These findings demonstrate that soil RQ values may be used to monitor changes in CUE and that studies that monitor soil RQ values should consider CUE as a key factor when changes in RQ are observed, for instance, with changing environmental conditions or changes in production of plant-derived compounds. This new approach may be leveraged to provide information on the storage of soil organic matter. These findings demonstrate how measurements of soil RQ may be leveraged to understand soil carbon transformations, specifically the fate of fresh carbon inputs.
The Parraguirre ice-rock avalanche 1987, semi-arid Andes, Chile – A holistic revision
Authors: Fürst Johannes Jakob , Farías-Barahona David , Bruckner Thomas , Scaff Lucia , Mergili Martin , Montserrat Santiago , Peña Humberto
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Chile is particularly exposed to mountain hazards along the Andean Cordillera. Impact and frequency of devastating debris-flows is expected to increase in the future under climatic warming and urban expansion. To inform monitoring, mitigation and adaptation measures, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of past events in this region. The Parraguirre rock avalanche of November 29, 1987 is a prominent example as it developed into a devastating debris flow reaching 50-km down-valley causing severe damage and loss of human lives. Its destructive power is related to the large water volume involved. The origin of this water is largely unknown – so is the initial trigger volume and the total mass transfer down valley. We therefore retrace the past event using new findings from remote sensing, climate and hydrological records as well as process-based modelling. Important corrections are at order. We find a trigger volume of 17.0 ± 1.4·106 m3 and a total fluid flood volume of 16.0·106 m3. The solid mass transfer out of the Parraguirre catchment amounts to 38.1 ± 15.2·106 m3. The high water content cannot be explained by entrainment of soil water and snow cover alone but requires substantial contribution from glacier ice. Furthermore, our simulations corroborate the damming hypothesis of Río Colorado and thereby reconcile the observed wave pulses, arrival times and run-out distance. Apart from the geo-tectonic pre-conditioning, we forward the Parraguirre rock avalanche as a meteorological compound event. The reason is that the spring of 1987 was outstanding in terms of the snowpack height, which preconditioned high snow-melt rates during particularly anomalous warm days at the end of November. Such pre-conditioning is readily accountable in monitoring and early warning procedures for mountain hazards.
The impact of climate change on dam overtopping flood risk
Authors: Ho Michelle , O'Shea Declan , Wasko Conrad , Nathan Rory , Sharma Ashish
Published: January 2025

Abstract. There is unequivocal evidence that climate change will change the risk profile of dams, which are critical pieces of infrastructure that safeguard water supply and provide flood mitigation for populated areas. However, the challenges involved in estimating the probability of extreme floods under climate change have meant that few studies have estimated the plausible changes in the risk of extreme floods that have the potential to overtop dams. A recent examination of contemporary scientific findings pertinent to climate change impacts on flood risk has informed the projection of extreme flood risk and dam overtopping risk estimates made here. We project changes in the exceedance probabilities of overtopping risk for 18 large dams in Australia under a range of global warming assumptions, where consideration is given to the impacts of climate change on rainfall depth, rainfall temporal pattern, and rainfall losses resulting from changes in antecedent catchment wetness. We used event-based flood modelling and Monte Carlo sampling to appropriately represent the range of uncertainties associated with projecting estimates of extreme flood risk. Our results are presented in terms of changes per degree of global warming, which facilitates their interpretation in terms of different greenhouse gas emission scenarios and future time horizons. We found that increases in rainfall depth had the largest impact on increasing dam overtopping flood risk for all 18 dams under climate change. Under 4 °C of global warming, which approximates conditions towards the end of this century under a high emissions scenario, the risk of overtopping floods was between 2.4–17 times that of historical conditions for the 18 dams investigated. We also found that the risk of overtopping has more than doubled compared to the historical baseline for four of the dams investigated here as a result of global warming that has already occurred.
A topographically controlled tipping point for complete Greenland ice sheet melt
Authors: Petrini Michele , Scherrenberg Meike D. W. , Muntjewerf Laura , Vizcaino Miren , Sellevold Raymond , Leguy Gunter R. , Lipscomb William H. , Goelzer Heiko
Published: January 2025

Abstract. A major impact of anthropogenic climate change is the crossing of tipping points, which may have severe consequences such as the complete mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). At present, the GrIS is losing mass at an accelerated rate, largely due to a steep decrease in its surface mass balance (SMB; the balance between snow accumulation and surface ablation from melt and associated runoff). Previous work on the magnitude and nature of a threshold for GrIS complete melt remains controversial. Here, we explore a potential SMB threshold for complete melt of the GrIS; the impact and interplay of surface melt and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in determining this threshold; and whether the GrIS exhibits characteristics commonly associated with tipping points, such as sensitivity to external forcing. To this end, we force the Community Ice Sheet Model v.2 (CISM2) by cycling different SMB climatologies previously calculated at multiple elevation classes with the Community Earth System Model v.2 (CESM2) in a two-way coupled CESM2–CISM2 transient simulation of the global climate and GrIS under high CO2 forcing. The SMB calculation in CESM2 has been evaluated with contemporary observations and high-resolution modelling and includes an advanced representation of surface melt and snow–firn processes. We find a positive SMB threshold for complete GrIS melt of 230 ± 84 Gt yr−1, corresponding to a 60 % decrease in SMB and to a global mean warming of +3.4 K compared to pre-industrial CESM2–CISM2 simulated values. In our simulations, a small change in the initial SMB forcing (from 255 to 230 Gt yr−1) and global mean warming above pre-industrial levels (from +3.2 to +3.4 K) causes an abrupt change in the GrIS final volume (from 50 % mass to nearly complete deglaciation). This nonlinear behaviour is caused by the SMB–elevation feedback, which responds to changes in surface topography due to surface melt and GIA. The GrIS tips from ∼ 50 % mass towards nearly complete melt when the impact of melt-induced surface lowering outweighs that of GIA-induced bedrock uplift and the (initially positive) SMB becomes and remains negative for at least a few thousand years. We also find that the GrIS tips towards nearly complete melt when the ice margin in the central west unpins from a coastal region with high topography and SMB. We show that if we keep the SMB fixed (i.e. no SMB–elevation feedback) in this relatively confined region, the ice sheet retreat is halted and nearly complete GrIS melt is prevented even though the initial SMB forcing is past the threshold. Based on the minimum GrIS configuration in previous paleo-ice-sheet modelling studies, we suggest that the surface topography in the central west might have played a role in preventing larger GrIS loss during the last interglacial period ∼ 130–115 kyr BP.