bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOES IMPLY , UNIFORMLY?
Authors: ANDRETTA ALESSANDRO , NOTARO LORENZO
Published: May 2024

The axiom of dependent choice (

$\mathsf {DC}$

) and the axiom of countable choice (

${\mathsf {AC}}_\omega $

) are two weak forms of the axiom of choice that can be stated for a specific set:

$\mathsf {DC} ( X )$

asserts that any total binary relation on X has an infinite chain, while

${\mathsf {AC}}_\omega ( X )$

asserts that any countable collection of nonempty subsets of X has a choice function. It is well-known that

$\mathsf {DC} \Rightarrow {\mathsf {AC}}_\omega $

. We study for which sets and under which hypotheses

$\mathsf {DC} ( X ) \Rightarrow {\mathsf {AC}}_\omega ( X )$

, and then we show it is consistent with

$\mathsf {ZF}$

that there is a set

$A \subseteq \mathbb {R}$

for which

$\mathsf {DC} ( A )$

holds, but

${\mathsf {AC}}_\omega ( A )$

fails.
Audit Experiments of Racial Discrimination and the Importance of Symmetry in Exposure to Cues
Authors: Leavitt Thomas , Rivera-Burgos Viviana
Published: May 2024

Researchers are often interested in whether discrimination on the basis of racial cues persists above and beyond discrimination on the basis of nonracial attributes that decision makers—e.g., employers and legislators—infer from such cues. We show that existing audit experiments may be unable to parse these mechanisms because of an asymmetry in when decision makers are exposed to cues of race and additional signals intended to rule out discrimination due to other attributes. For example, email audit experiments typically cue race via the name in the email address, at which point legislators can choose to open the email, but cue other attributes in the body of the email, which decision makers can be exposed to only after opening the email. We derive the bias resulting from this asymmetry and then propose two distinct solutions for email audit experiments. The first exposes decision makers to all cues before the decision to open. The second crafts the email to ensure no discrimination in opening and then exposes decision makers to all cues in the body of the email after opening. This second solution works without measures of opening, but can be improved when researchers do measure opening, even if with error.
National Action Plans: Effectiveness and requirements for the Global Plastics Treaty
Authors: March Antaya , Tsouza Audrey , Nieminen Laura , Winton Samuel , Arora Hunar , Shejuti Sayda-Merhabin , Walker Tony R. , Fletcher Stephen
Published: May 2024

National Action Plans (NAPs) are a possible implementation measure for the Global Plastics Treaty, through a NAP-based approach. Their effectiveness in other international agreements is contested, and their current format allows for weak, voluntary measures with limited accountability. By analysing stakeholder and country submissions to the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) secretariat ahead of INC-2 negotiations in Paris, June 2023, conducting a literature review, and interviewing key actors, this study aims to determine the support that governments and stakeholders have for a NAP-based approach in the Treaty, and identify the key enablers needed to ensure that NAP-based approaches, if adopted in the Treaty, are effective. Results indicate that by INC-2, more than 85% of countries supported a NAP-based approach, suggesting a high chance of this approach being selected as the means of implementation of the Treaty. However, interviewees and literature reviews indicate that NAPs in their current form are not likely to be effective at delivering ambitious Treaty targets. Six key enablers to improve the effectiveness of plastics NAPs are identified. These enablers should be integrated into any plastics NAPs both independently, and as potential requirements of the Treaty to ensure that NAP-based approaches are effective and have the impact intended.
Presidential policymaking, 1877–2020
Authors: Kaufman Aaron R. , Rogowski Jon C.
Published: May 2024

While presidents frequently create new policies through unilateral power, empirical scholarship generally focuses on executive orders and overlooks other categories of directives. We introduce data on more than 50,000 unilateral directives issued between 1877 and 2020 and use machine learning techniques to characterize their substantive importance and issue areas. Our measures reveal significant increases in unilateral activity over time, driven largely by increases in foreign affairs and through the substitution of memoranda for executive orders. We use our measures to formally evaluate the historical development of the unilateral presidency and reassess theoretical claims about public opinion and unilateral power. Our research provides new evidence about variation in the use of presidential authority and opens new avenues for empirical inquiry.
Who Really Represents Me? The Case of Afro-Latinx Bureaucratic Representation in New York City Public Schools
Authors: Capers K. Jurée , Carr Schneider Virginia
Published: May 2024

As demographic groups’ heterogeneity increases, questions emerge about how elected and unelected political representatives respond to such diversity. Representative bureaucracy scholarship suggests that representatives will rely on shared values and interests with clients of their demographic group to make decisions or implement policies that improve the group’s status. However, differences in immigration histories, demographic characteristics, language, and discrimination experiences within racial and ethnic groups are points of diversion that could affect representation. We explore the relationship between race and ethnicity to understand how within-group differences may disrupt the traditional assumptions of representation. Centering on the experiences of Afro-Latinx students, we ask, What effect do within-group differences have on bureaucrat-client representation?” Afro-Latinx students share a racial identity with Black education bureaucrats and an ethnic identity with Latinx education bureaucrats but may also differ from both groups in their language acquisition, culture, norms, and interests. We find that Black representatives offer Afro-Latinx students substantive representation, while Latinx representatives do not when we consider their racial identity. The research holds implications for understanding the boundaries of representation and may offer insight into the importance of disaggregating groups in representation studies.
NORMAL BASES FOR FUNCTION FIELDS
Authors: HAMAHATA YOSHINORI
Published: May 2024

In function fields in positive characteristic, we provide a concrete example of completely normal elements for a finite Galois extension. More precisely, for a nonabelian extension, we construct completely normal elements for Drinfeld modular function fields using Siegel functions in function fields. For an abelian extension, we construct completely normal elements for cyclotomic function fields.
(MIS)MANAGEMENT OF ROMAN GROVES
Authors: Fox Andrew
Published: May 2024

The management and mismanagement of Roman groves was a serious matter, and intentional and unintentional violations of these spaces could be severely punished. In spite of this, groves remained loosely defined by Romans and their boundaries were commonly misunderstood, a confusion that has continued into modern scholarship, where groves are understood as either a clearing in a wood or a dark space lit by artificial lighting. This article takes up this discussion, and explores the nature of an ancient grove as a well-attested space under forest management that influences later conversations on the nature of wooded spaces in more recent periods.
The Ethno-economy: Peter Brimelow and the Capitalism of the Far Right
Authors: SLOBODIAN QUINN
Published: May 2024

Recent research on the far right has remained surprisingly silent on the question of capitalism. This article takes another approach. It suggests that we must understand the far right emerging out of the economic: out of the dynamics of capitalism itself. It does so through an intellectual portrait of the financial journalist Peter Brimelow, one of the most influential proponents of far-right nativist politics and a self-described “godfather of the Alt Right.” It follows his passage from financial journalist to anti-immigrant firebrand through his encounters with neoliberal luminaries Peter Bauer, Julian Simon, and Milton Friedman. Rather than for an ethnostate, I argue Brimelow is best seen as making the case for an “ethno-economy,” with immigration determined by a racialized hierarchy of human capital.
Ration particle size has different effects on digestive but not production parameters in higher-yielding (Holstein) compared to lower-yielding (Girolando) cows
Authors: Ribeiro Rafael Sandin , Silva Abias Santos , Diavão Jaciara , Sacramento João Paulo , Minighin Duarte , Tomich Thierry Ribeiro , Machado Fernanda Samarini , Campos Mariana Magalhães , Pereira Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro , Maurício Rogério Martins , Chaves Alexandre Vieira
Published: May 2024

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total mixed ration particle size (length) and breed of cow on intake dynamics, animal performance and CH4 emissions, comparing high yielding Holstein and low yielding Girolando cows. The experimental design was 2 × 2 Latin Square arranged as a crossover factorial scheme with two diets (short particle size, SPS and long particle size, LPS) and the two breed compositions. The design comprised two periods of 26 d each, where all data collection was performed at cow level. No influence of the particle size occurred for the passage rate, neutral detergent fiber digestibility, performance and milk composition, methane emissions or ruminal fermentation parameters. Girolando cows had greater dry matter intake (DMI) when fed SPS, while Holsteins had the same (P < 0.05). Girolando cows had lower dry matter digestibility when fed LPS compared to SPS, while Holsteins had the opposite effect (P < 0.05). Also, the digestibility of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased in Girolando cows fed LPS, but not in Holsteins (P < 0.05). Girolando cows reduced DMI by 10.6% when fed LPS diet (P < 0.05). Girolando had an increased eating rate (+24 g of DM/min; P < 0.05) compared to Holstein cows, but Holstein cows had a lower CH4 intensity (by 29.7%: P < 0.05). Girolando cows increased the dry matter intake when fed a diet with short particle size, while the same did not happen in Holsteins. Dry matter digestibility increased in Holsteins when fed long particle size, while the opposite was observed in Girolando cows. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in Girolando cows when fed short particle size. Particle size did not influence eating time, eating rate, feed trough visits, visits with intake, milk yield and composition regardless of the breed. Reducing particle size increased CH4 intensity in both breeds.
140-year history of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction
Authors: Butskiy Oleksandr , Chang Brent A , Anderson Donald W , Banyi Norbert , Prisman Eitan
Published: May 2024

Objective

For over a century, circumferential pharyngoesophageal junction reconstruction posed significant surgical challenges. This review aims to provide a narrative history of pharyngoesophageal junction reconstruction from early surgical innovations to the advent of modern free-flap procedures.

Methods

The review encompasses three segments: (1) local and/or locoregional flaps, (2) visceral transposition flaps, and (3) free-tissue transfer, focusing on the interplay between pharyngoesophageal junction reconstruction and prevalent surgical trends.

Results

Before 1960, Mikulicz-Radecki's flaps and the Wookey technique prevailed for circumferential pharyngoesophageal junction reconstruction. Gastric pull-up and colonic interposition were favoured visceral techniques in the 1960s–1990s. Concurrently, deltopectoral and pectoralis major flaps were the preferred cutaneous methods. Free flaps (radial forearm, anterolateral thigh) revolutionised reconstructions in the late 1980s, yet gastric pull-up and free jejunal transfer remain in selective use.

Conclusions

Numerous pharyngoesophageal junction reconstructive methods have been trialled in the last century. Despite significant advancements in free-flap reconstruction, some older methods are still in use for challenging clinical situations.
On the horizon: The futures of IR
Authors: Coward Martin , Paterson Matthew , Devetak Richard , Moulin Carolina , Shah Nisha , Zehfuss Maja , Zevnik Andreja
Published: May 2024

This Special Issue celebrates the 50th anniversary of Review of International Studies. Since 1975, the Review has published over 200 issues and over 1300 articles. The journal has played a key role in shaping the discipline of International Relations (IR), leading, or critically intervening in, key debates. To celebrate 50 years of Review of International Studies, we have curated a Special Issue examining the challenges facing global politics for the next 50 years. IR has regularly turned its attention backwards towards its historical origins. Instead, we look to the future. In this Introduction, we start by outlining four traditions of future-oriented thinking: positivist, realist prediction; planning, forecasting, and scenario-building; utopian dreams of an ideal political future; and prefigurative thinking in activist politics. From these traditions, we learn that thinking about the future is always thinking about the present. We then outline four themes in the Special Issue articles: How do we think about the future at all? How do we think about imperial pasts and the ongoing questions of colonization and racialization in the present? How will technological change mediate and generates geopolitical change? How are socioecological crises, and in particular climate change, increasingly shaping how we think about the future of global politics? Overall, these provide us with a diverse, stimulating, and thought-provoking set of essays about the future of global politics, as both discipline and set of empirical problems.
Crystal structure of brimonidine hydrogen tartrate, (C11H11BrN5)(HC4H4O6)
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Dosen Anja , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: May 2024

The crystal structure of brimonidine hydrogen tartrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional techniques. Brimonidine hydrogen tartrate crystallizes in space group P21 (#4) with a = 7.56032(2), b = 7.35278(2), c = 30.10149(9) Å, β = 90.1992(2)°, V = 1673.312(10) Å3, and Z = 4 at 295 K. The crystal structure consists of alternating layers of cations and anions parallel to the ab-plane. Each of the hydrogen tartrate anions is linked to itself by very strong charge-assisted O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along the a-axis. Each hydroxyl group of each tartrate acts as a donor in an O–H⋯O or O–H⋯N hydrogen bond. One of these is intramolecular, but the other three are intermolecular. These hydrogen bonds link the hydrogen tartrate anions into layers parallel to the ab-plane and also link the anion–cation layers. The protonated N atoms act as donors in N–H⋯O or N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds to the carboxyl groups of the tartrates and to a ring nitrogen atom. These link the cations and anions, as well as providing cation–cation links. The amino N atoms of the cations form N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds to hydroxyl groups of the anions. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®)
Associations of prenatal stress with 5-year-old children’s executive function in a low socioeconomic status population
Authors: Vrantsidis Daphne M. , Klebanoff Mark A. , Yeates Keith Owen , Murnan Aaron , Fried Peter , Boone Kelly M. , Rausch Joseph , Keim Sarah A.
Published: May 2024

Prenatal stress has a significant, but small, negative effect on children’s executive function (EF) in middle and high socioeconomic status (SES) households. Importantly, rates and severity of prenatal stress are higher and protective factors are reduced in lower SES households, suggesting prenatal stress may be particularly detrimental for children’s EF in this population. This study examined whether prenatal stress was linked to 5-year-old’s EF in a predominantly low SES sample and child sex moderated this association, as males may be more vulnerable to adverse prenatal experiences. Participants were 132 mother-child dyads drawn from a prospective prenatal cohort. Mothers reported on their depression symptoms, trait anxiety, perceived stress, everyday discrimination, and sleep quality at enrollment and once each trimester, to form a composite prenatal stress measure. Children’s EF was assessed at age 5 years using the parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool (BRIEF-P) Global Executive Composite subscale and neuropsychological tasks completed by the children. Mixed models revealed higher prenatal stress was associated with lower BRIEF-P scores, indicating better EF, for females only. Higher prenatal stress was associated with lower performance on neuropsychological EF measures for both males and females. Results add to the limited evidence about prenatal stress effects on children’s EF in low SES households.
For fame and fortune: the origins of St Petersburg’s zoo, 1865–1871
Authors: Kotenko Anton
Published: May 2024

In the 1860s, the first zoos appeared in the Romanov empire. This article deals with the reasons for their establishment by looking into the early history of St Petersburg’s zoo, which has not been explicitly discussed in the historiography. By situating its history in the global context, it argues that, on the one hand, St Petersburg’s zoo was founded because the city’s officials wanted to enhance the fame of the capital of their empire in the globalizing world of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, the founder of the zoo had other motivations and was principally driven by mercantile considerations. Thus, St Petersburg’s zoological garden is presented as one of the important social spaces and points of reference of the Romanov empire’s capital, which could bring fame and fortune to the zoo’s owners and the city in which it was located.
Echocardiography to predict left ventricular filling pressure for long-term paediatric heart transplant patients
Authors: Alfares Fahad A. , Nanjegowda Chetan , Swaminathan Sethuraman , Hunter Juanita , Alkon Jaime , Sandhu Satinder , Rusconi Paolo
Published: May 2024

Objectives:

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a recognised sequela following transplantation in paediatric heart transplant patients. Traditional echocardiographic indices do not correlate well with left ventricular filling pressure immediately after transplantation. This study aimed to assess whether these indices have any long-term correlation after transplantation in paediatric patients.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of 41 patients who had a heart transplant before the age of 24 years was performed. The median time since the transplantation was 11 years. Data obtained from surveillance cardiac catheterisation and echocardiographic examination were reviewed. Traditional echocardiographic indices of diastolic function were compared with the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure obtained from cardiac catheterisation.

Results:

The median age at transplant was 12.1 years, and the median time since transplant was 11 years. Eighteen patients (43%) had a history of at least one rejection episode and 12 patients (29%) had a history of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. There was no correlation between mitral inflow E velocity, mitral E/A ratio, tissue Doppler velocities, mitral E/e’ (mitral inflow E velocity to mitral annular velocity), and elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. There was no correlation between mitral valve deceleration time or isovolumetric relaxation time with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that traditional echocardiographic indices of diastolic function do not correlate well with elevated invasive pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in paediatric heart transplant patients’ long-term post-transplantation.
The rise of the Spanish right during the Second Republic (1931–36). Social structures, Catholic associations, and conservative electoral mobilization
Authors: Llamazares Iván
Published: May 2024

Comparative historical analyses have emphasized the role played by conservative parties in the consolidation of democratic regimes in Europe. They have also identified the main factors shaping the political and electoral strength of the right in democratization processes. On the basis of these analyses, the Spanish Second Republic (1931–36) has been characterized as a very inauspicious ground for the development of a strong conservative party. However, the right managed to build a successful electoral force in a short period of time. This paper explores the factors affecting the electoral strength of the Spanish right by conducting ecological statistical analyses in the three republican legislative elections. Empirical results show that the right managed to build strong links with national voters on the basis of sociopolitical cleavages and underlying social and institutional characteristics. In particular, they reveal the key importance of the religious cleavage in the party system of the 1930s and the crucial role played by Catholic lay organizations in the success of the right. Ultimately, this finding shows that, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, initial organizational precariousness was not an unsurmountable obstacle for the electoral success of the Spanish right.
Das Selbstverständnis des Arbeitsbereichs Sportpsychologie am OSP Niedersachsen
Authors: Tessmer Lena
Published: May 2024

Die Rubrik „Sportpsychologie Digest“ liefert Überblicke über interessante und aktuelle Artikel und Praxisprojekte aus der Sportpsychologie. Einreichungen für diese Rubrik nimmt gern Chris Englert ( englert@sport.uni-frankfurt.de ) als verantwortlicher Herausgeber entgegen. Dieser Sportpsychologie Digest wurde von Chris Englert und Thorsten Weidig zusammengestellt.
Analyzing the Black Box of High-Risk Individuals for Exercise Addiction
Authors: Walter Nadja , Bodner Emma
Published: May 2024

Abstract: The aim of this mixed-method study was to examine situational and personal factors contributing to risk of exercise addiction (EA). Among 164 participants surveyed using the Exercise Dependence Scale, a total of 43 individuals were identified as being at high risk of EA. Nine of these 43 high-risk individuals participated in a qualitative interview. The interview identified a prototype of high-risk individuals, whereby physical activity behavior is influenced by family, social environment, childhood experiences, and certain motives. Additionally, two subtypes of high-risk individuals were identified, namely, the calm and the restless types, based on emotional differences. Stress was found to be a catalyst for increased physical activity, which was used as a coping mechanism. Although this study contributes to understanding the etiology of EA, it should be noted that individual differences in developing EA make quantitative or qualitative assessments limited. Therefore, in addition to identifying high-risk persons, individual assessments are necessary.
Der Zusammenhang von sportlicher Aktivität und physischem Selbstkonzept mit Lebhaftigkeit und Generierung von Handlungsvorstellungen
Authors: Dahm Stephan Frederic , Maticevic Marianna
Published: May 2024

Zusammenfassung: Handlungsvorstellungen sind mentale Abläufe einer Handlung, die man sich vorstellt, ohne sie tatsächlich auszuführen. Handlungen können aus interner und externer Perspektive vorgestellt werden, aber auch kinästhetische Aspekte beinhalten. Es wurde angenommen, dass sportliche Aktivität und Handlungserfahrung mit der Handlungsvorstellung positiv zusammenhängen, was jedoch durch das physische Selbstkonzept mediiert werden könnte. 285 Personen bewerteten daher ihr physisches Selbstkonzept, die Lebhaftigkeit von Handlungsvorstellungen im VMIQ-2 und die Generierbarkeit von Handlungsvorstellungen im MIQ-3. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Personen mit hohem physischem Selbstkonzept eine höhere Vorstellungsqualität haben als Personen mit geringem physischem Selbstkonzept. Ein erhöhtes physisches Selbstkonzept wiederum ist auf Bewegungserfahrung und sportliche Aktivität zurückzuführen. Eine handlungsspezifische einmalige vorherige Ausführung der Bewegung unmittelbar vor der Vorstellung, beeinflusst die bewertete Vorstellungsfähigkeit jedoch nicht.
Impacts of Climate Change on the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area and Its Ecosystem Services
Authors: de Mora L. , Galli G. , Artioli Y. , Broszeit S. , Garrard S. L. , Baum D. , Weber S. , Blackford J.
Published: May 2024

This is the first projection of marine circulation and biogeochemistry for the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area (AIMPA). Marine Protected Areas are a key management tool used to safeguard biodiversity, but their efficacy is increasingly threatened by climate change. To assess an MPA's vulnerability to climate change and predict biological responses, we must first project how the local marine environment will change. We present the projections of an ensemble from the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparision Project. Relative to the recent past (2000–2010), the multi‐model means of the mid‐century (2040–2050) project that the AIMPA will become warmer (+0.9 to +1.2°C), more saline (+0.01 to +0.10), with a shallower mixed layer depth (−1.3 to −0.8 m), a weaker Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent (AEU) (−1.5 to −0.4 Sv), more acidic (−0.10 to −0.07), with lower surface nutrient concentrations (−0.023 to −0.0141 mmol N m−3 and −0.013 to −0.009 mmol P m−3), less chlorophyll (−6 to −3 µg m−3) and less primary production (−0.31 to −0.20 mol m−2 yr−1). These changes are often more extreme in the scenarios with higher greenhouse gases emissions and more significant climate change. Using the multi‐model mean for two scenarios in the years 2090–2100, we assessed how five key ecosystem services in both the shallow subtidal and the pelagic zone were likely to be impacted by climate change. Both low and high emission scenarios project significant changes to the AIMPA, and it is likely that the provision of several ecosystem services will be negatively impacted.
Streamflow Depletion Caused by Groundwater Pumping: Fundamental Research Priorities for Management‐Relevant Science
Authors: Zipper Sam , Brookfield Andrea , Ajami Hoori , Ayers Jessica R. , Beightel Chris , Fienen Michael N. , Gleeson Tom , Hammond John , Hill Mary , Kendall Anthony D. , Kerr Ben , Lapides Dana , Porter Misty , Parimalarenganayaki S. , Rohde Melissa M. , Wardropper Chloe
Published: May 2024

Reductions in streamflow caused by groundwater pumping, known as “streamflow depletion,” link the hydrologic process of stream‐aquifer interactions to human modifications of the water cycle. Isolating the impacts of groundwater pumping on streamflow is challenging because other climate and human activities concurrently impact streamflow, making it difficult to separate individual drivers of hydrologic change. In addition, there can be lags between when pumping occurs and when streamflow is affected. However, accurate quantification of streamflow depletion is critical to integrated groundwater and surface water management decision making. Here, we highlight research priorities to help advance fundamental hydrologic science and better serve the decision‐making process. Key priorities include (a) linking streamflow depletion to decision‐relevant outcomes such as ecosystem function and water users to align with partner needs; (b) enhancing partner trust and applicability of streamflow depletion methods through benchmarking and coupled model development; and (c) improving links between streamflow depletion quantification and decision‐making processes. Catalyzing research efforts around the common goal of enhancing our streamflow depletion decision‐support capabilities will require disciplinary advances within the water science community and a commitment to transdisciplinary collaboration with diverse water‐connected disciplines, professions, governments, organizations, and communities.
Characterizing Liquid Water in Deep Martian Aquifers: A Seismo‐Electric Approach
Authors: Roth N. , Zhu T. , Gao Y.
Published: May 2024

Deep Martian aquifers harboring liquid water could hold vital insights for current and past habitability. We show that with seismo‐electric interface responses (IRs) we can quantitatively characterize subsurface water on Mars. Full‐waveform simulations and sensitivity analyses across diverse Martian aquifer scenarios demonstrate the technique's effectiveness. In contrast to how seismo‐electric signals often appear on Earth, Mars' desiccated surface naturally removes co‐seismic fields and exposes useful IRs that allow us to characterize several aquifer properties. Changing the aquifer depth, thickness, or quantity changes the IR arrival times or shape: aquifer depth is a strong control on evanescent IRs, thickness affects the relative timing of IRs, and increasing the number of aquifers introduces more dipole sources to the waveform. Other factors, such as aquifer saturation, chemistry, and salinity, strongly affect IR amplitude but have minimal or no effect on waveform shape. Notably, for a deep low‐porosity aquifer, the salinity and brine chemistry (perchlorate vs. chloride) are the strongest controls on signal amplitude. Analyzing the effects of epicentral distance shows that radiating and evanescent IRs separate at large source‐receiver offset, allowing analyses of both signals and accurate event distance derivation. From this numerical investigation of the sensitivity of IRs to deep Martian aquifers, we anticipate future analyses of electromagnetic data from the InSight lander or future missions to Mars and other planets.
ASS1 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer by regulating PHGDH stability and de novo serine synthesis
Authors: Luo Wensong , Zou Zizheng , Nie Yuan , Luo Junli , Ming Zhengnan , Hu Xiyuan , Luo Tiao , Ouyang Min , Liu Mingquan , Tang Huicheng , Xie Yuanzhu , Peng Kunjian , Chen Ling , Zhou Jiang , Luo Zhiyong
Published: May 2024

Argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), a critical enzyme in the urea cycle, acts as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. To date, the anticancer mechanism of ASS1 has not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), a key rate-limiting enzyme in serine synthesis, is a pivotal protein that interacts with ASS1. Our results showed that ASS1 directly binds to PHGDH and promotes its ubiquitination-mediated degradation to inhibit serine synthesis, consequently suppressing tumorigenesis. Importantly, the tumor suppressive effects of ASS1 were strongly abrogated by PHGDH knockout. In addition, ASS1 knockout and knockdown partially rescued cell proliferation when serine and glycine were depleted, while the inhibitory effect of ASS1 overexpression on cell proliferation was restored by the addition of serine and glycine. These findings unveil a novel role of ASS1 and suggest that the ASS1/PHGDH serine synthesis pathway is a promising target for cancer therapy.
HIF-1α participates in the regulation of S100A16-HRD1-GSK3β/CK1α pathway in renal hypoxia injury
Authors: Han Shuying , Jin Runbing , Huo Lei , Teng Yunfei , Zhao Lihua , Zhang Kaini , Li Rongfeng , Su Dongming , Liang Xiubin
Published: May 2024

S100 calcium-binding protein 16 (S100A16) is implicated in both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). Previous research has shown that S100A16 contributes to AKI by facilitating the ubiquitylation and degradation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and casein kinase 1α (CK1α) through the activation of HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1). However, the mechanisms governing S100A16-induced HRD1 activation and the upregulation of S100A16 expression in renal injury are not fully understood. In this study, we observed elevated expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) in the kidneys of mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). S100A16 deletion attenuated the increased HIF-1α expression induced by IRI. Using a S100A16 knockout rat renal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E cells), we found that S100A16 knockout effectively mitigated apoptosis during hypoxic reoxygenation (H/R) and cell injury induced by TGF-β1. Our results revealed that H/R injuries increased both protein and mRNA levels of HIF-1α and HRD1 in renal tubular cells. S100A16 knockout reversed the expressions of HIF-1α and HRD1 under H/R conditions. Conversely, S100A16 overexpression in NRK-52E cells elevated HIF-1α and HRD1 levels. HIF-1α overexpression increased HRD1 and β-catenin while decreasing GSK-3β. HIF-1α inhibition restored HRD1 and β-catenin upregulation and GSK-3β downregulation by cellular H/R injury. Notably, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays demonstrated HIF-1α binding signals on the HRD1 promoter, and luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed HIF-1α‘s transcriptional regulation of HRD1. Additionally, we identified Transcription Factor AP-2 Beta (TFAP2B) as the upregulator of S100A16. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays confirmed TFAP2B as a transcription factor for S100A16. In summary, this study identifies TFAP2B as the transcription factor for S100A16 and demonstrates HIF-1α regulation of HRD1 transcription within the S100A16-HRD1-GSK3β/CK1α pathway during renal hypoxia injury. These findings provide crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms of kidney injury, offering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
CEBPB-mediated upregulation of SERPINA1 promotes colorectal cancer progression by enhancing STAT3 signaling
Authors: Ma Yiming , Chen Ying , Zhan Lei , Dong Qian , Wang Yuanhe , Li Xiaoyan , He Lian , Zhang Jingdong
Published: May 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly malignant carcinoma associated with poor prognosis, and metastasis is one of the most common causes of death in CRC. Serpin Family A Member 1 (SERPINA1) is a serine protease inhibitor from the Serpin family. Till now, the function and mechanism of SERPINA1 in CRC progression have not been fully illustrated. We established highly metastatic colorectal cancer cells named as RKO-H and Caco2-H by mice liver metastasis model. By integrative bioinformatic approaches, we analyzed the prognostic value and clinical significance of SERPINA1 in CRC, and predicted potential transcription factors. Colony formation, EDU, MTS, Transwell and wound healing assay were performed to evaluate the biological functions of SERPINA1 in CRC in vitro. Experiments in vivo were conducted to explore the effects of SERPINA1 on liver metastasis of CRC. ChIP and luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to identify the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of SERPINA1 by CEBPB. Our results show that SERPINA1 is highly expressed in CRC and correlated with poor clinical outcomes. SERPINA1 promotes the proliferation, migration by activating STAT3 pathway. Mechanistically, CEBPB binds SERPINA1 gene promoter sequence and promotes the transcription of SERPINA1. SERPINA1 drives CEBPB-induced tumor cell growth and migration via augmenting STAT3 signaling. Our results suggest that SERPINA1 is a potential prognostic marker and may serve as a novel treatment target for CRC.
Synthetic molecular switches driven by DNA-modifying enzymes
Authors: Kang Hong , Yang Yuexuan , Wei Bryan
Published: May 2024

Taking inspiration from natural systems, in which molecular switches are ubiquitous in the biochemistry regulatory network, we aim to design and construct synthetic molecular switches driven by DNA-modifying enzymes, such as DNA polymerase and nicking endonuclease. The enzymatic treatments on our synthetic DNA constructs controllably switch ON or OFF the sticky end cohesion and in turn cascade to the structural association or disassociation. Here we showcase the concept in multiple DNA nanostructure systems with robust assembly/disassembly performance. The switch mechanisms are first illustrated in minimalist systems with a few DNA strands. Then the ON/OFF switches are realized in complex DNA lattice and origami systems with designated morphological changes responsive to the specific enzymatic treatments.
Genetic influence on within-person longitudinal change in anthropometric traits in the UK Biobank
Authors: Kemper Kathryn E. , Sidorenko Julia , Wang Huanwei , Hayes Ben J. , Wray Naomi R. , Yengo Loic , Keller Matthew C. , Goddard Michael , Visscher Peter M.
Published: May 2024

The causes of temporal fluctuations in adult traits are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the genetic determinants of within-person trait variability of 8 repeatedly measured anthropometric traits in 50,117 individuals from the UK Biobank. We found that within-person (non-directional) variability had a SNP-based heritability of 2–5% for height, sitting height, body mass index (BMI) and weight (P $$\le$$
≤
2.4 × 10−3). We also analysed longitudinal trait change and show a loss of both average height and weight beyond about 70 years of age. A variant tracking the Alzheimer’s risk APOE-$${{{{{\mathcal{E}}}}}}4$$
E
4
allele (rs429358) was significantly associated with weight loss ($$\beta$$
β
 = −0.047 kg per yr, s.e. 0.007, P = 2.2 × 10−11), and using 2-sample Mendelian Randomisation we detected a relationship consistent with causality between decreased lumbar spine bone mineral density and height loss (bxy = 0.011, s.e. 0.003, P = 3.5 × 10−4). Finally, population-level variance quantitative trait loci (vQTL) were consistent with within-person variability for several traits, indicating an overlap between trait variability assessed at the population or individual level. Our findings help elucidate the genetic influence on trait-change within an individual and highlight disease risks associated with these changes.
A conserved N-terminal motif of CUL3 contributes to assembly and E3 ligase activity of CRL3KLHL22
Authors: Wang Weize , Liang Ling , Dai Zonglin , Zuo Peng , Yu Shang , Lu Yishuo , Ding Dian , Chen Hongyi , Shan Hui , Jin Yan , Mao Youdong , Yin Yuxin
Published: May 2024

The CUL3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRL3s) play an essential role in response to extracellular nutrition and stress stimuli. The ubiquitin ligase function of CRL3s is activated through dimerization. However, how and why such a dimeric assembly is required for its ligase activity remains elusive. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the dimeric CRL3KLHL22 complex and reveal a conserved N-terminal motif in CUL3 that contributes to the dimerization assembly and the E3 ligase activity of CRL3KLHL22. We show that deletion of the CUL3 N-terminal motif impairs dimeric assembly and the E3 ligase activity of both CRL3KLHL22 and several other CRL3s. In addition, we found that the dynamics of dimeric assembly of CRL3KLHL22 generates a variable ubiquitination zone, potentially facilitating substrate recognition and ubiquitination. These findings demonstrate that a CUL3 N-terminal motif participates in the assembly process and provide insights into the assembly and activation of CRL3s.
Targeted delivery of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii to the extracellular matrix enhances gut residence time and recovery in murine colitis
Authors: Heavey Mairead K. , Hazelton Anthony , Wang Yuyan , Garner Mitzy , Anselmo Aaron C. , Arthur Janelle C. , Nguyen Juliane
Published: May 2024

Probiotic and engineered microbe-based therapeutics are an emerging class of pharmaceutical agents. They represent a promising strategy for treating various chronic and inflammatory conditions by interacting with the host immune system and/or delivering therapeutic molecules. Here, we engineered a targeted probiotic yeast platform wherein Saccharomyces boulardii is designed to bind to abundant extracellular matrix proteins found within inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract through tunable antibody surface display. This approach enabled an additional 24–48 h of probiotic gut residence time compared to controls and 100-fold increased probiotic concentrations within the colon in preclinical models of ulcerative colitis in female mice. As a result, pharmacodynamic parameters including colon length, colonic cytokine expression profiles, and histological inflammation scores were robustly improved and restored back to healthy levels. Overall, these studies highlight the potential for targeted microbial therapeutics as a potential oral dosage form for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
An adeno-associated virus variant enabling efficient ocular-directed gene delivery across species
Authors: Luo Shuang , Jiang Hao , Li Qingwei , Qin Yingfei , Yang Shiping , Li Jing , Xu Lingli , Gou Yan , Zhang Yafei , Liu Fengjiang , Ke Xiao , Zheng Qiang , Sun Xun
Published: May 2024

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have emerged as promising gene therapy vectors due to their proven efficacy and safety in clinical applications. In non-human primates (NHPs), rAAVs are administered via suprachoroidal injection at a higher dose. However, high doses of rAAVs tend to increase additional safety risks. Here, we present a novel AAV capsid (AAVv128), which exhibits significantly enhanced transduction efficiency for photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, along with a broader distribution across the layers of retinal tissues in different animal models (mice, rabbits, and NHPs) following intraocular injection. Notably, the suprachoroidal delivery of AAVv128-anti-VEGF vector completely suppresses the Grade IV lesions in a laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) NHP model for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Furthermore, cryo-EM analysis at 2.1 Å resolution reveals that the critical residues of AAVv128 exhibit a more robust advantage in AAV binding, the nuclear uptake and endosome escaping. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of AAVv128 as a next generation ocular gene therapy vector, particularly using the suprachoroidal delivery route.
Platform-directed allostery and quaternary structure dynamics of SAMHD1 catalysis
Authors: Acton Oliver J. , Sheppard Devon , Kunzelmann Simone , Caswell Sarah J. , Nans Andrea , Burgess Ailidh J. O. , Kelly Geoff , Morris Elizabeth R. , Rosenthal Peter B. , Taylor Ian A.
Published: May 2024

SAMHD1 regulates cellular nucleotide homeostasis, controlling dNTP levels by catalysing their hydrolysis into 2’-deoxynucleosides and triphosphate. In differentiated CD4+ macrophage and resting T-cells SAMHD1 activity results in the inhibition of HIV-1 infection through a dNTP blockade. In cancer, SAMHD1 desensitizes cells to nucleoside-analogue chemotherapies. Here we employ time-resolved cryogenic-EM imaging and single-particle analysis to visualise assembly, allostery and catalysis by this multi-subunit enzyme. Our observations reveal how dynamic conformational changes in the SAMHD1 quaternary structure drive the catalytic cycle. We capture five states at high-resolution in a live catalytic reaction, revealing how allosteric activators support assembly of a stable SAMHD1 tetrameric core and how catalysis is driven by the opening and closing of active sites through pairwise coupling of active sites and order-disorder transitions in regulatory domains. This direct visualisation of enzyme catalysis dynamics within an allostery-stabilised platform sets a precedent for mechanistic studies into the regulation of multi-subunit enzymes.
Dimensionality reduction beyond neural subspaces with slice tensor component analysis
Authors: Pellegrino Arthur , Stein Heike , Cayco-Gajic N. Alex
Published: May 2024

Recent work has argued that large-scale neural recordings are often well described by patterns of coactivation across neurons. Yet the view that neural variability is constrained to a fixed, low-dimensional subspace may overlook higher-dimensional structure, including stereotyped neural sequences or slowly evolving latent spaces. Here we argue that task-relevant variability in neural data can also cofluctuate over trials or time, defining distinct ‘covariability classes’ that may co-occur within the same dataset. To demix these covariability classes, we develop sliceTCA (slice tensor component analysis), a new unsupervised dimensionality reduction method for neural data tensors. In three example datasets, including motor cortical activity during a classic reaching task in primates and recent multiregion recordings in mice, we show that sliceTCA can capture more task-relevant structure in neural data using fewer components than traditional methods. Overall, our theoretical framework extends the classic view of low-dimensional population activity by incorporating additional classes of latent variables capturing higher-dimensional structure.
A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of blood orange, an important pigmented sweet orange variety
Authors: Yang Lei , Deng Honghong , Wang Min , Li Shuang , Wang Wu , Yang Haijian , Pang Changqing , Zhong Qi , Sun Yue , Hong Lin
Published: May 2024

Blood orange (BO) is a rare red-fleshed sweet orange (SWO) with a high anthocyanin content and is associated with numerous health-related benefits. Here, we reported a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly for Neixiu (NX) BO, reaching 336.63 Mb in length with contig and scaffold N50 values of 30.6 Mb. Furthermore, 96% of the assembled sequences were successfully anchored to 9 pseudo-chromosomes. The genome assembly also revealed the presence of 37.87% transposon elements and 7.64% tandem repeats, and the annotation of 30,395 protein-coding genes. A high level of genome synteny was observed between BO and SWO, further supporting their genetic similarity. The speciation event that gave rise to the Citrus species predated the duplication event found within them. The genome-wide variation between NX and SWO was also compared. This first high-quality BO genome will serve as a fundamental basis for future studies on functional genomics and genome evolution.
The relative contributions of traffic and non-traffic sources in ultrafine particle formations in Tehran mega city
Authors: Jafarigol Farzaneh , Yousefi Somayeh , Darvishi Omrani Ali , Rashidi Yousef , Buonanno Giorgio , Stabile Luca , Sabanov Sergei , Amouei Torkmahalleh Mehdi
Published: May 2024

Emissions of ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter < 100 nm) are strongly associated with traffic-related emissions and are a growing global concern in urban environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations of particle number concentration (PNC) with a diameter > 10 nm at nine stations and understand the major sources of UFPs (primary vs. secondary) in Tehran megacity. The study was carried out in Tehran in 2020. NOx and PNC were reported from a total of nine urban site locations in Tehran and BC concentrations were examined at two monitoring stations. Data from all stations showed diurnal changes with peak morning and evening rush hours. The hourly PNC was correlated with NOx. PNCs in Tehran were higher compared to those of many cities reported in the literature. The highest concentrations were at District 19 station (traffic) and the lowest was at Punak station (residential) such that the average PNC varied from 8.4 × 103 to 5.7 × 104 cm−3. In Ray and Sharif stations, the average contributions of primary and secondary sources of PNC were 67 and 33%, respectively. Overall, we conclude that a decrease in primary emission leads to a decrease in the total concentration of aerosols, despite an increase in the formation of new particles by photo nucleation.