bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hearing screening procedures and protocols in use at immunisation clinics in South Africa
Authors: Petrocchi-Bartal Luisa , Khoza-Shangase Katijah
Published: March 2017

Background: There exists a need for context-relevant research aimed at facilitating the efficacious provision of early hearing detection and intervention services in South Africa.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the hearing screening procedures and protocols as well as referral protocols in use at maternal child woman’s health (MCWH) immunisation clinics in South Africa.Method: Thirty primary health care immunisation clinic managers or acting managers were interviewed in two South African sample groups. An exploratory, non-experimental,qualitative research design was employed incorporating both quantitative and qualitative information. An interview using a questionnaire was administered with all participants. The questionnaire encompassed areas such as work contexts, hearing screening contexts and information management systems, as well as quality control measures in place at these clinics.Content analysis was then used to code emergent themes into specific categories. Frequency calculations of these themes were calculated and results described qualitatively.Results: No primary health care (PHC) clinics placed within the identified sites provided formalised new-born/infant hearing screening and none of these facilities had equipment to do so. Most sites attributed the lack of formalised hearing screening to budgetary and human resource issues, staff training in particular. Non-formalised hearing screening protocols in place demonstrated inconsistencies in application across districts and none complied with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) clinic guidelines or any international guidelines.Conclusion: Results from the current study have assisted in identifying procedural and logistical assets and barriers to implementation of HPCSA clinic guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) at immunisation clinics in South Africa.
Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as proteinlosing enteropathy
Authors: Lakshmanan Ilavarasi , Krishnamurthy Veeraraghavan , Kumar Prem , Ali Mohammed
Published: March 2017

Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil-transmitted helminth, affects many people in tropical and subtropical countries. It is known to cause asymptomatic infection in immunocompetent and hyperinfection and disseminated Strongyloides infection in immunocompromised due to autoinfection. Here, we report a case of Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting with proteinlosing enteropathy. The diagnosis was made only with duodenal biopsy as the repeated stool examinations were negative. He was treated with ivermectin and his condition improved.
Colonoscopy does not induce small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Authors: Moraru Ioana Gabriela , Dumitraşcu Dan Lucian
Published: March 2017

Background and Aim: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is associated with gastrointestinal pathology and colonoscopy. This endoscopic investigation could cause changes in gut flora including the occurrence of SIBO. We looked in this study for the effect of colonoscopy (preparation and intubation) on the occurrence of SIBO. Materials and Methods: Prospective study including thirty patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) diagnosed according to Rome III criteria. Two groups were designed: Twenty IBS patients that performed colonoscopy (G1) and ten IBS patients (G2) not referred to colonoscopy. All patients have been tested for the presence of SIBO using glucose hydrogen breath tests (GHBT) at the beginning of the study, on day 1. G1 patients have also been tested before colonoscopy (day 2) and 1 week after (day 9). G2 patients performed GHBT on day 1 and on day 9. Results: The peak value of expired H2 was assessed, and the mean value was calculated. There were no significant statistical differences between the mean H2 values in the 2 groups of patients on day 1. The mean level of H2 significantly decreased after preparing for colonoscopy in G1 patients (P < 0.0001). There were no significant statistical differences between the mean levels of H2 on day 2 versus day 9 in G1 patients (P = 0.176). The mean level of H2 1 week after performing colonoscopy (7.65 ppm) is higher than that obtained after preparing for it (6.3 ppm), but no statistical significance. Patients from G2 showed no statistical differences between the mean levels of H2 on day 1 versus day 9 (P = 0.6132). Patients in G1 had a significantly lower mean H2 level versus G2 patients on day 9. Conclusions: Colonoscopy does not produce SIBO. Preparing for colonoscopy influences the level of expired H2, it reduces the number of intestinal bacteria, probably trough a mechanic effect or by inflating air during the procedure. Performing GHBT too soon after colonoscopy might result in false negative results of GHBT.
Generalized Kashaev invariants for knots in three manifolds
Authors: Murakami Jun
Published: March 2017

Kashaev’s invariants for a knot in a three sphere are generalized to invariants of a knot in a three manifold. A relation between the newly constructed invariants and the hyperbolic volume of the knot complement is observed for some knots in lens spaces.
Physical Characteristics of Small Space Objects at High Orbits Based on Optical
Methods
Authors: El-Hameed Afaf M. Abd , Attia Gamal F. , Abdel-Aziz Yehia
Published: March 2017

Optical observation is one of the most common techniques used for characterizing
the physical properties of unknown objects and debris in space. This research presents
measurements and properties of the new object 96019 from ground-based optical methods.
Optical observations of this small object were performed using a charge-coupled device
(CCD) camera and the Santel-500 telescope at the Zvenigorod Observatory. The orbital
elements and physical properties of this object, such as areato- mass ratio, have been
determined. The results show that this small object has a low area-to-mass ratio,
between 0.009 and 0.12 m2/kg. The light curve of object 96019 is given: Over the time
intervals, variations in brightness are analyzed and the maximum brightness was found to
be 12.4 magnitudes. The observational results show that, this object brightens by about
three magnitudes over a time span of three minutes. Based on these observations, the
characteristics and physical properties of this object are discussed.
Quasi-Periodic Oscillation of a Magnetic Cataclysmic Variable, DO Draconis
Authors: Han Kiyoung , Kim Yonggi , Andronov Ivan L. , Yoon Joh-Na , Chinarova Lidia L.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, analysis results of the photometric data of DO Dra will be
presented. DO Dra had been observed with 1 m LOAO telescope and 0.6 m CBNUO telescope
from 2005 through 2014. The data shows kind of periodic oscillation behavior in the
orbital period and also in the spin period. It has been found that these QPOs are not
observed always and that the periods vary from 30 min to 80 min. We also found that the
period variation seems to repeat itself with the period of 13.5 days. It is essential to
monitor this object in the future as well as to carry out model calculation in order to
have better understanding of these QPO phenomena.
Astronomical Instruments with Two Scales Drawn on Their Common Circumference of
Rings in the Joseon Dynasty
Authors: Mihn Byeong-Hee , Choi Goeun , Lee Yong Sam
Published: March 2017

This study examines the scale unique instruments used for astronomical
observation during the Joseon dynasty. The Small Simplified Armillary Sphere (小簡儀,
So-ganui) and the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining Instrument (日星定時儀, Ilseong-jeongsi-ui)
are minimized astronomical instruments, which can be characterized, respectively, as an
observational instrument and a clock, and were influenced by the Simplified Armilla (簡儀,
Jianyi) of the Yuan dynasty. These two instruments were equipped with several rings, and
the rings of one were similar both in size and in scale to those of the other. Using the
classic method of drawing the scale on the circumference of a ring, we analyze the
scales of the Small Simplified Armillary Sphere and the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining
Instrument. Like the scale feature of the Simplified Armilla, we find that these two
instruments selected the specific circumference which can be drawn by two kinds of
scales. If Joseon’s astronomical instruments is applied by the dual scale drawing on one
circumference, we suggest that 3.14 was used as the ratio of the circumference of
circle, not 3 like China, when the ring’s size was calculated in that time. From the
size of Hundred-interval disk of the extant Simplified Sundial in Korea, we make a
conclusion that the three rings’ diameter of the Sun-and-Stars Time-Determining
Instrument described in the Sejiong Sillok (世宗實錄, Veritable Records of the King Sejong)
refers to that of the middle circle of every ring, not the outer circle. As analyzing
the degree of 28 lunar lodges (lunar mansions) in the equator written by
Chiljeongsan-naepyeon (七政算內篇, the Inner Volume of Calculation of the Motions of the
Seven Celestial Determinants), we also obtain the result that the scale of the
Celestial-circumference-degree in the Small Simplified Armillary Sphere was made with a
scale error about 0.1 du in root mean square (RMS).
Biomass burning and biogenic aerosols in northern Australia during the SAFIRED campaign
Authors: Milic Andelija , Mallet Marc D. , Cravigan Luke T. , Alroe Joel , Ristovski Zoran D. , Selleck Paul , Lawson Sarah J. , Ward Jason , Desservettaz Maximilien J. , Paton-Walsh Clare , Williams Leah R. , Keywood Melita D. , Miljevic Branka
Published: March 2017

Abstract. There is a lack of knowledge of how biomass burning aerosols in the tropics age, including those in the fire-prone Northern Territory in Australia. This paper reports chemical characterization of fresh and aged aerosols monitored during the 1-month-long SAFIRED (Savannah Fires in the Early Dry Season) field study, with an emphasis on the chemical signature and aging of organic aerosols. The campaign took place in June 2014 during the early dry season when the surface measurement site, the Australian Tropical Atmospheric Research Station (ATARS), located in the Northern Territory, was heavily influenced by thousands of wild and prescribed bushfires. ATARS was equipped with a wide suite of instrumentation for gaseous and aerosol characterization. A compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to monitor aerosol chemical composition. Approximately 90 % of submicron non-refractory mass was composed of organic material. Ozone enhancement in biomass burning plumes indicated increased air mass photochemistry. The diversity in biomass burning emissions was illustrated through variability in chemical signature (e.g. wide range in f44, from 0.06 to 0.18) for five intense fire events. The background particulate loading was characterized using positive matrix factorization (PMF). A PMF-resolved BBOA (biomass burning organic aerosol) factor comprised 24 % of the submicron non-refractory organic aerosol mass, confirming the significance of fire sources. A dominant PMF factor, OOA (oxygenated organic aerosol), made up 47 % of the sampled aerosol, illustrating the importance of aerosol aging in the Northern Territory. Biogenic isoprene-derived organic aerosol factor was the third significant fraction of the background aerosol (28 %).
The boundary condition for the vertical velocity and its interdependence with surface gas exchange
Authors: Kowalski Andrew S.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The law of conservation of linear momentum is applied to surface gas exchanges, employing scale analysis to diagnose the vertical velocity (w) in the boundary layer. Net upward momentum in the surface layer is forced by evaporation (E) and defines non-zero vertical motion, with a magnitude defined by the ratio of E to the air density, as w = E⁄ρ. This is true even right down at the surface where the boundary condition is w0 = E⁄ρ0. This Stefan flow velocity implies upward transport of a non-diffusive nature that is a general feature of the troposphere but is of particular importance at the surface, where it assists molecular diffusion with upward gas migration (of H2O, e.g.) but opposes that of downward-diffusing species like CO2 during daytime. The definition of flux-gradient relationships (eddy diffusivities) requires rectification to exclude non-diffusive transport, which does not depend on scalar gradients. At the microscopic scale, the role of non-diffusive transport in the process of evaporation from inside a narrow tube – with vapour transport into an overlying, horizontal air stream – was described long ago in classical mechanics, and is routinely accounted for by chemical engineers, but has been neglected by scientists studying stomatal conductance. Correctly accounting for non-diffusive transport through stomata, which can appreciably reduce net CO2 transport and marginally boost that of water vapour, should improve characterizations of ecosystem and plant functioning.
Retrieving characteristics of IGW parameters with least uncertainties using hodograph method
Authors: Dutta Gopa , Kumar P. Vinay , Mohammad Salauddin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We have analyzed time series of wind velocities measured with high resolution GPS-radiosonde ascents continuously for 120 h from Hyderabad with an interval of 6 h. Hodograph method has been used to retrieve the IGW parameters. Background winds are removed from the time series by detrending whereas polynomials of different orders are removed to get the fluctuations from individual profiles. Butterworth filter is used to extract monochromatic IGW component. Another filter FIR1 is tried in a similar manner to test the effects of filters in estimating IGW characteristics. Results reveal that the fluctuation profiles differ with the change of polynomial orders, but the IGW parameters remain same when Butterworth filter is chosen to extract the monochromatic wave component. FIR1 filter also produces acceptable results with a broader range. The direction of wave propagation is confirmed with additional temperature information which needs a large number of hodographs for statistical significance.
Smoking cessation process and quality of life
Authors: Despoina Hatzilia , Maria Malliarou , Anna Korompeli , Konstantinos Tsoumakas , George Fildissis
Published: March 2017

Background and objective: Smoking habit cessation is undoubtedly a strenuous, extremely demanding and stressful process for smokers; therefore treatment should focus on timely cessation and relapse prevention. The aim of this study is to assess irritability, depression, anxiety and the health-related quality of life of patients visiting a smoking cessation clinic, during both all 3 phases of the treatment and 1 year after completion.Methods: The participants of the study were 97 people who attended the smoking cessation department of a public tertiary hospital of the capital of Greece. The study consists of 4 phases that took place at intervals of 1, 3, and 12 months respectively. A specially designed questionnaire was used to collect demographic characteristics of the sample and of factors related to their smoking behavior as well as EuroQol (EQ-5D), Fagestrom scale and Snaith-IDA irritability scale.Results: Results demonstrated positive outcomes both in terms of participation and smoking cessation. Calculations performed by using the Fagestrom Test of Nicotine Dependence showed that 36.2% highly dependent, showing that it was difficult for them to quit smoking permanently. EQ-5D questionnaire results imply that participants are faced with some problems walking, but not to the point of being unable to take care of themselves; however, they do seem to have some problems in carrying out usual activities. Forty-three percent of the sample admitted to moderate pain or indisposition in phase 1, whereas again in phase 1 (first month of the smoking cessation treatment), 78.9% showed signs of moderate anxiety or depression. Correlation of EQ-D5 VAS values between phases 2 and 3, shows that there is statistically significant correlation with a p-value at .001 revealing that the perceived level of quality of life of individuals in phase 2 (completion of smoking cessation program) is higher (70.43) than in phase 3 (one year after) (67.39).Conclusions: The present study shows that the smoking cessation process affects positively quality of life in all its aspects, reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms.
MEANING OF LIFE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PARENTAL ROLE IN PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Authors: Zasępa Ewa , Lenart Anna
Published: March 2017

Parenthood is one of the most important roles people have in their lives. This role is unique when parents’ child is disabled, ill or suffers from developmental disorders. The empirical study presented in this article refers to the description of parenthood in the case of parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders. The author attempted to determine how mothers and fathers performed their parental roles as well as their meaning of life level and relationships between these variables. The study covered 80 parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders. The following research tools were used: the Parental Role Performance Questionnaire by Żaneta Stelter and the Purpose in Life test (PIL) by J.C Crumbach and L.T. Maholik. Analyses showed significant connections between the variables measured.
THE INTERNET AND COMPUTERS IN THE LIFELONG LEARNING OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN POLAND
Authors: Orłowska Małgorzata , Błeszyński Jacek
Published: March 2017

As a continuation of the discussion on the social perception of civilization in the light of people with disabilities using information and (tele)communication technologies, the authors of the article attempt to analyze their use of information and (tele)communication technologies. The problem is discussed with reference to people with disabilities who are provided with social welfare services and those who are not. Also the use of those technologies in households is discussed. The authors used the results of the 2015 research conducted in Poland on 28.9 million adults. The authors believe that the results of the research can serve as a basis for a set of actions amending the social exclusion of people with disabilities in social welfare programs and people with disabilities who do not use social welfare services.
Způsoby financování výstavby jaderných elektráren a jejich hrozby
Authors: Dráb Tomáš , Vlček Tomáš
Published: March 2017

The paper deals with the financing of new nuclear power plants. After a period of stagnation and decline, nuclear energy is regaining approval in the EU, as some member states are constructing or preparing to construct new nuclear power plants. Yet the development of new facilities is facing enormous challenges. One of the most significant challenges is the very costly financing of nuclear projects. This paper analyses the methods of financing new nuclear projects and attempts to offer a classification of possible financing schemes; then, on the basis of such a classification, it tries to identify the threats attached to particular schemes that states face when deciding to develop nuclear projects. The threats were derived from an analysis of the investment process and from the identification of participants in nuclear investments and their relations. The analysis reveals a greater set of threats when foreign and private entities are involved in financing. The relevance of threats and the associated risks, however, must be assessed in the context of each particular nuclear project.
Výzkum lidských práv: Kritická reflexe současných přístupů
Authors: Smekal Hubert , Šipulová Katarína
Published: March 2017

The review essay discusses current critical approaches towards international human rights regimes and categorises them according to their normative, functional, and methodological bases. The paper builds on four recent books which are examples of current relevant positions in human rights scholarship. The books focus, respectively, on a critical examination of human rights historiography, on the functioning of international human rights regimes, on their legitimacy, and finally on the impact of international human rights in the national context. We claim that despite the different backgrounds and topics of the books, all these works can be clustered around three kinds of issues: (1) normative concerns, i.e. those denouncing the very existence and content of international human rights regimes; (2) functional concerns, i.e. those asking whether international human rights bodies have a real effect on the quality of human rights protection in individual countries. (3) Finally, the third group of concerns is driven by the increasing need for the implementation of both qualitative and quantitative methods challenging previous empirical findings (and the lack thereof) on the functioning of human rights regimes. We argue that some positions are practically irreconcilable and that the debate will probably continue for some time without reaching common ground.
Zoila Combalía et al. (eds.): Derecho e Islam en una sociedad globalizada
Authors: Stojarová Věra
Published: March 2017

Knižní recenze / Book review.
Punitive laws, key population size estimates, and Global AIDS Response Progress Reports: an ecological study of 154 countries
Authors: Davis Sara LM , Goedel William C , Emerson John , Guven Brooke Skartvedt
Published: March 2017

Introduction: UN global plans on HIV/AIDS have committed to reducing the number of countries with punitive laws criminalizing key populations. This study explores whether punitive laws are associated with countries’ performance on targets set in the global plans.

Methods: The study used chi‐square tests of independence to explore associations between legal status, key population size estimates, and HIV service coverage for 193 countries from 2007 to 2014. We used data reported by countries on United Nations Global AIDS Progress Report (GARPR) indicators, and legal data from UNAIDS, UNDP, and civil society organizations. Due to lack of sufficiently reliable legal data, only men who have sex with men (MSM) could be studied. The study utilized public data aggregated at the national level. Correspondence with individual experts in a subset of countries stated the purpose of the study, and all responses were anonymized.

Results and Discussion: A significantly larger proportion of countries that criminalize same‐sex sexual behaviour reported implausibly low size estimates or no size estimates for MSM. This is consistent with findings in qualitative research that MSMs are marginalized and reluctant to be studied in countries where same‐sex sexuality is criminalized. Size estimates are often used as the denominators for national HIV service coverage reports. Initially, countries that criminalized same‐sex sexuality appeared to have higher HIV testing coverage among MSM than did countries where it is not criminalized. However, investigation of a subset of countries that have reported 90–100% HIV testing coverage among MSM found that most were based on implausibly low or absent size estimates.

Conclusions: Criminalization of same‐sex sexuality is associated with implausibly low or absent MSM size estimates. Low size estimates may contribute to official denial of the existence of MSM; to failure to adequately address their needs; and to inflated HIV service coverage reports that paint a false picture of success. To enable and measure progress in the HIV response, UN agencies should lead a collaborative process to systematically, independently and rigorously gather data on laws and their enforcement.
Are floating algal mats a refuge from hypoxia for estuarine invertebrates?
Authors: Coffin Michael R.S. , Knysh Kyle M. , Theriault Emma F. , Pater Christina C. , Courtenay Simon C. , van den Heuvel Michael R.
Published: March 2017

Eutrophic aquatic habitats are characterized by the proliferation of vegetation leading to a large standing biomass that upon decomposition may create hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions. This is indeed the case in nutrient impacted estuaries of Prince Edward Island, Canada, where macroalgae, from the genusUlva,form submerged ephemeral mats. Hydrological forces and gases released from photosynthesis and decomposition lead to these mats occasionally floating to the water’s surface, henceforth termed floating mats. Here, we explore the hypothesis that floating mats are refugia during periods of sustained hypoxia/anoxia and examine how the invertebrate community responds to it. Floating mats were not always present, so in the first year (2013) sampling was attempted monthly and limited to when both floating and submerged mats occurred. In the subsequent year sampling was weekly, but at only one estuary due to logistical constraints from increased sampling frequency, and was not limited to when both mat types occurred. Water temperature, salinity, and pH were monitored bi-weekly with dissolved oxygen concentration measured hourly. The floating and submerged assemblages shared many of the same taxa but were statistically distinct communities; submerged mats tended to have a greater proportion of benthic animals and floating mats had more mobile invertebrates and insects. In 2014, sampling happened to occur in the weeks before the onset of anoxia, during 113 consecutive hours of sustained anoxia, and for four weeks after normoxic conditions returned. The invertebrate community on floating mats appeared to be unaffected by anoxia, indicating that these mats may be refugia during times of oxygen stress. Conversely, there was a dramatic decrease in animal abundances that remained depressed on submerged mats for two weeks. Cluster analysis revealed that the submerged mat communities from before the onset of anoxia and four weeks after anoxia were highly similar to each other, indicating recovery. When mobile animals were considered alone, there was an exponential relationship between the percentage of animals on floating mats, relative to the total number on both mat types, and hypoxia. The occupation of floating mats by invertebrates at all times, and their dominance there during hypoxia/anoxia, provides support for the hypothesis that floating mats are refugia.
Analysis of different vibration patterns to guide blind people
Authors: Durá-Gil Juan V. , Bazuelo-Ruiz Bruno , Moro-Pérez David , Mollà-Domenech Fernando
Published: March 2017

The literature indicates the best vibration positions and frequencies on the human body where tactile information is transmitted. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how to combine tactile stimuli for navigation. The aim of this study is to compare different vibration patterns outputted to blind people and to determine the most intuitive vibration patterns to indicate direction for navigation purposes through a tactile belt. The vibration patterns that stimulate the front side of the waist are preferred for indicating direction. Vibration patterns applied on the back side of the waist could be suitable for sending messages such as stop.
Seed germination in a southern Australian temperate seagrass
Authors: Cumming Erin , Jarvis Jessie C. , Sherman Craig D.H. , York Paul H. , Smith Timothy M.
Published: March 2017

In a series of experiments, seeds from a temperate seagrass species,Zostera nigricauliscollected in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia were exposed to a range of salinities (20 PSU pulse/no pulse, 25 PSU, 30 PSU, 35 PSU), temperatures (13 °C, 17 °C, 22 °C), burial depths (0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm) and site specific sediment characteristics (fine, medium, coarse) to quantify their impacts on germination rate and maximum overall germination. In southern Australia the seagrassZ. nigricaulisis a common subtidal species; however, little is known about the factors that affect seed germination which is a potential limiting factor in meadow resilience to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Overall seed germination was low (<20%) with germination decreasing to <10% when seeds were placed in the sediment. When germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds was observed, it was enhanced (greater overall germination and shorter time to germination) when seeds were exposed to a 20 PSU pulse for 24 h, maintained at salinity of 25 PSU, temperatures <13 °C, in sediments with fine or medium grain sand and buried at a depth of <1 cm. These results indicate that germination ofZ. nigricaulisseeds underin situconditions may be seasonally limited by temperatures in southern Australia. Seed germination may be further restricted by salinity as freshwater pulses reaching 20 PSU are typically only observed in Port Phillip Bay following large scale rainfall events. As a result, these populations may be particularly susceptible to disturbance with only a seasonally limited capacity for recovery.
On the variation in the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms with time of onset
Authors: Greer K. R. , Immel T. , Ridley A.
Published: March 2017

Recent observations from Immel and Mannucci (2013) have indicated that geomagnetic storms cause larger enhancements in the ionospheric plasma density and total electron content (TEC) in the American sector than anywhere else on the planet. This suggests that the presence of a UT storm onset effect is important for correctly understanding the impact, longitudinal structure, and timing of geomagnetic storms. Using the Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model (GITM), we conduct a modeling experiment of the August 2011 geomagnetic storm by modifying the storm arrival time (UT) in Earth's daily rotation and examining the subsequent system response. We find that the simulations reflect the recent studies indicating that the strongest enhancements of TEC are in the American and Pacific longitude sectors of storms with onsets between 1600 UT and 2400 UT. The underlying mechanisms of the strong TEC increases during storm times in these longitude sectors are also examined. Some of the resulting TEC structures may be explained by changes in the [O]/[N2] ratio (especially in the high latitudes), but it is unable to explain all of the variability in the equatorial regions. Storm time neutral winds and vertical ion motions coupled to Earth's asymmetrical geomagnetic topology appear to be driving the longitude sector variability due to UT storm onset times.
Reversible Tuning of Visible Wavelength Surface Lattice Resonances in Self‐Assembled Hybrid Monolayers
Authors: Volk Kirsten , Fitzgerald Joseph P. S. , Ruckdeschel Pia , Retsch Markus , König Tobias A. F. , Karg Matthias
Published: March 2017

Periodic arrays of plasmonic nanostructures can support surface lattice resonances emerging from coupling between localized and diffractive modes. This allows the confinement of light at the nanometer scale with significantly increased resonance lifetimes as compared to those of purely localized modes. Here, we demonstrate that self‐assembly of plasmonic hybrid nanoparticles allows the simple and fast fabrication of periodic plasmonic monolayers featuring macroscopic dimensions and easily controllable lattice spacings. Electromagnetic coupling between diffractive and localized modes is significantly enhanced when the arrays are embedded in a homogeneous refractive index environment. This is realized through spin‐coating of a polymer film on top of the colloidal monolayer. Narrow surface lattice resonances are detected by far‐field extinction spectroscopy while optical microscopy reveals a homogeneous coupling strength on cm‐sized substrates. The surface lattice resonance position is changed by manipulation of the refractive index of the polymer film through the immersion into different organic solvents. Capitalizing on the thermoresponsive behavior of the polymer film we modulate the surface lattice resonance by temperature in a fully reversible, dynamic manner. The findings demonstrate the potential of colloidal self‐assembly as a bottom‐up approach for the fabrication of future nanophotonic devices.
NBS‐Mediated Oxygen Transfer Reaction of Carbonyl in Ester: Efficient Synthesis of Benzil–o‐carboxylate Derivative From o‐Alkynylbenzoate
Authors: Yuan Si‐Tian , Wang Yan‐Hua , Liu Jin‐Biao , Qiu Guanyinsheng
Published: March 2017

A neighbouring ester group‐participated diketonization of o‐alkynylbenzoate is described here for the synthesis of benzil‐o‐carboxylate. Application of the resulting benzil‐o‐carboxylate in the synthesis of quinoxalines is also reached from o‐alkynylbenzoate in an one‐pot fashion. This diketonization proceeds smoothly with a high regioselectivity under mild conditions. Importantly, neighbouring group plays an important role in diketonization. A plausible mechanism suggests that a bromo‐incoporated isocoumarin cation is described as an intermediate, and the whole process is constituted by NBS‐mediated electrophilic 6‐endo annulation and oxygen transfer reaction through NBS‐mediated oxidative ring‐opening. Water serves as a nucleophile of ring‐opening.

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22q11.2q13 duplication including SOX10 causes sex‐reversal and peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Falah Nadia , Posey Jennifer E. , Thorson Willa , Benke Paul , Tekin Mustafa , Tarshish Brocha , Lupski James R. , Harel Tamar
Published: March 2017

Diagnosis of genetic syndromes may be difficult when specific components of a disorder manifest at a later age. We present a follow up of a previous report [Seeherunvong et al., (2004); AJMGA 127: 149–151], of an individual with 22q duplication and sex‐reversal syndrome. The subject's phenotype evolved to include peripheral and central demyelination, Waardenburg syndrome type IV, and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH; MIM 609136). DNA microarray analysis defined the duplication at 22q11.2q13, including SOX10. Sequencing of the coding region of SOX10 did not reveal any mutations. Our data suggest that SOX10 duplication can cause disorders of sex development and PCWH, supporting the hypothesis that SOX10 toxic gain of function rather than dominant negative activity underlies PCWH.
An Xq22.1q22.2 nullisomy in a male patient with severe neurological impairment
Authors: Shirai Kentaro , Higashi Yuya , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2017

The proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) is located on chromosome Xq22.2 and is related to X‐linked recessive leukoencephalopathy (Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease: PMD). Compared to PLP1 duplications, which are a major contributor to PMD, chromosomal deletions in this region are rare and only a few PMD patients with small deletions have been reported, suggesting that large deletions of this region would cause embryonic lethality. Previously, we have reported female patients, with chromosomal deletions in this region, who showed severe developmental delays and behavioral abnormalities. In this study, we identified the first case of a male patient associated with an Xq22 nullisomy in a region proximal to PLP1. The patient showed severe neurological impairment and was bedridden. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a severely reduced cerebral volume. The chromosomal region proximal to PLP1 was considered to be significantly important for brain development.
Quantitative phenotypic and network analysis of 1q44 microdeletion for microcephaly
Authors: Raun Nicholas , Mailo Janette , Spinelli Egidio , He Xu , McAvena Sarah , Brand Logan , O'Sullivan Julia , Andersen John , Richer Lawrence , Tang‐Wai Richard , Bolduc Francois V.
Published: March 2017

As genome wide techniques become more common, an increasing proportion of patients with intellectual disability (ID) are found to have genetic defects allowing genotype–phenotype correlations. Previously, AKT3 deletion was suggested to be responsible for microcephaly in patients with 1q43‐q44 deletion syndrome, but this does not correspond to all cases. We report a case of a de novo 1q44 deletion in an 8‐year‐old boy with microcephaly in whom AKT3 is not deleted. We used a systematic review of the literature, our patient, and network analysis to gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of microcephaly in 1q deletion patients. Our analysis showed that while AKT3 deletion is associated with more severe (≤3 SD) microcephaly in 1q43‐q44 deletion patients, other genes may contribute to microcephaly in AKT3 intact patients with microcephaly and 1q43‐44 deletion syndrome. We identified a potential role for HNRNPU, SMYD3, NLRP3, and KIF26B in microcephaly. Overall, our study highlights the need for network analysis and quantitative measures reporting in the phenotypic analysis of a complex genetic syndrome related to copy number variation.
Coordination Polymerization of Renewable 3‐Methylenecyclopentene with Rare‐Earth‐Metal Precursors
Authors: Liu Bo , Li Shihui , Wang Meiyan , Cui Dongmei
Published: March 2017

Coordination polymerization of renewable 3‐methylenecyclopentene has been investigated for the first time using rare‐earth metal‐based precursors bearing various bulky ligands. All the prepared complexes catalyze controllable polymerization of 3‐methylenecyclopentene into high molecular weight polymers, of which the NPN‐ and NSN‐tridentate non‐Cp ligated lutetium‐based catalytic systems exhibited extremely high activities up to 11 520 kg/(molLu⋅h) in a dilute toluene solution (3.2 g/100 mL) at room temperature. The resultant polymers have pure 1,4‐regioregularity (>99 %) and tailorable number average molecular weights (1–20×104) with narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index (PDI)=1.45–1.79). DFT simulations were employed to study the polymerization mechanism and stereoregularity control.
‘Seeing Through a Glass, Darkly’: Taking a Family on the Journey of a Story
Authors: Rivett Mark
Published: March 2017

The following is an account of how a story was used in the therapy of a young woman who was struggling with an eating disorder. It is structured around mirrors, different worlds and the use of words to reach beyond words. In the interests of literary innovation, the beginning and middles are interwoven. But the end is the end.
Hydrogenation of tar residue derived from the synthesis of rubber vulcanization accelerator 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole
Authors: Zhao Jianhong , Cheng Xianglin , Wang Liucheng , Wang Jianshe , Song Chengying
Published: March 2017

A large amount of hazardous tar residue is produced during the synthesis of rubber vulcanization accelerator 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT). In this study, pyrite (FeS2) was used as catalyst for the hydrogenation of the tar residue under different conditions. Optimal hydrogenation conditions were as follows: 270 °C under an H2 pressure of 4.5 MPa for 8 h under a catalyst loading of 2%. MBT presented in tar residue is converted to benzothiazole (BT) by a high yielding hydrogenation in 86.9% yield based on the initial amount of BT with a small quantity aniline also produced as side product. This work provides a framework for possible ways to treat the toxic tar residue formed in the industrial synthesis of BT through the hydrogenation procedure established in this study. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐Controlled Release and Uptake of Zinc Ions in Solution by a Photochromic Terthiazole‐Based Ligand
Authors: Guérin Juliette , Léaustic Anne , Berthet Jérôme , Métivier Rémi , Guillot Régis , Delbaere Stéphanie , Nakatani Keitaro , Yu Pei
Published: March 2017

We have synthesized and fully characterized a photochromic zinc complex with a terphenylthiazole‐based ligand with a salen‐like cavity. The solution stability of the complex was found to be greatly dependent on the state of the photochromic ligand and an interesting photo‐triggered release and uptake of zinc ions was found as well as monitored by its fluorescence. The contrasting stability difference of the zinc complex between its two isomeric states was rationalized by DFT calculations.
Combining Bayesian experimental designs and frequentist data analyses: motivations and examples
Authors: Ventz Steffen , Parmigiani Giovanni , Trippa Lorenzo
Published: March 2017

Recent developments in experimental designs for clinical trials are stimulated by advances in personalized medicine. Clinical trials today seek to answer several research questions for multiple patient subgroups. Bayesian designs, which enable the use of sound utilities and prior information, can be tailored to these settings. On the other hand, frequentist concepts of data analysis remain pivotal. For example, type I/II error rates are the accepted standards for reporting trial results and are required by regulatory agencies. Bayesian designs are often perceived as incompatible with these established concepts, which hinder widespread clinical applications. We discuss a pragmatic framework for combining Bayesian experimental designs with frequentists analyses. The approach seeks to facilitate a more widespread application of Bayesian experimental designs in clinical trials. We discuss several applications of this framework in different clinical settings, including bridging trials and multi‐arm trials in infectious diseases and glioblastoma. We also outline computational algorithms for implementing the proposed approach. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐redshift active galactic nuclei and the next decade of Chandra and XMM‐Newton
Authors: Brandt W. N. , Vito F.
Published: March 2017

We briefly review how X‐ray observations of high‐redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at z = 4–7 have played a critical role in understanding their basic demographics as well as their physical processes; for example, absorption by nuclear material and winds, accretion rates, and jet emission. We point out some key remaining areas of uncertainty, highlighting where further Chandra and XMM‐Newton observations/analyses, combined with new multiwavelength survey data, can advance understanding over the next decade.
Adsorption of Cyclic Hydrocarbons on Silica Alumina Gels in Natural Gas Processing
Authors: Berg Frederik , Pasel Christoph , Luckas Michael , Eckardt Tobias , Bathen Dieter
Published: March 2017

To ensure the technical use of natural gas it is necessary to remove heavy (cyclic) hydrocarbons from the crude gas. In this article the adsorption of two cyclic hydrocarbons in a N2‐carrier gas is investigated on two commercial silica alumina gels. Adsorption isotherms are determined from cumulative breakthrough experiments in a fixed‐bed adsorber. The isosteric heat of adsorption is calculated from the temperature‐dependent isotherms. The experimental data is discussed regarding the molecular structure of the adsorptive agents as well as surface chemistry and pore structure of the adsorbents.
Can existing data on West Nile virus infection in birds and mosquitos explain strain replacement?
Authors: Kain Morgan P. , Bolker Benjamin M.
Published: March 2017

Understanding pathogen strain displacement is important for predicting and managing the spread of infectious disease. However, a mechanistic understanding for the outcome of pathogen competition often remains unresolved, as in the case of the displacement of the West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 genotype by the newer WN02 genotype. In this study, we seek to explain the observed displacement of the NY99 genotype by examining evidence for differences between NY99 and WN02 over WNV's entire transmission cycle. We synthesized the available empirical data on key aspects of WNV's transmission cycle including viral titer profiles in birds, survival of birds, bird‐to‐mosquito transmission probability, and mosquito‐to‐bird transmission probability for infections with both the NY99 and WN02 genotypes of WNV. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we combine our literature synthesis on infection dynamics in birds and mosquitos with bird community and mosquito life history parameters to examine fitness differences between NY99 and WN02. We calculate the intrinsic reproduction numbers () for NY99 and WN02 and assume a larger value of for WN02 will explain its competitive dominance over NY99. Our analysis of the collective body of experimental infections of birds and mosquitos produced similar estimates for NY99 and WN02 with wide overlapping credible intervals, which we take as insufficient evidence for greater fitness of WN02. The currently cited explanation for the displacement of WN02 by NY99—the attribution of the displacement of NY99 by WN02 to the latter's more efficient replication in mosquitos—is, at best, weakly supported by the evidence. Further infection studies of American Robins (Turdus migratorius) and broader coverage of possibly competent hosts for WN02, as well as more ecological data such as the spatial and temporal differences in vector and bird communities, will be needed to fully understand the community dynamics of WNV and the determinants of higher fitness in the WN02 genotype.
Dose and temporal evaluation of ethylene oxide‐induced mutagenicity in the lungs of male big blue mice following inhalation exposure to carcinogenic concentrations
Authors: Manjanatha Mugimane G. , Shelton Sharon D. , Chen Ying , Parsons Barbara L. , Myers Meagan B. , McKim Karen L. , Gollapudi B. Bhaskar , Moore Nigel P. , Haber Lynne T. , Allen Bruce , Moore Martha M.
Published: March 2017

Ethylene oxide (EO) is a direct acting alkylating agent; in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that it is both a mutagen and a carcinogen. However, it remains unclear whether the mode of action (MOA) for cancer for EO is a mutagenic MOA, specifically via point mutation. To investigate the MOA for EO‐induced mouse lung tumors, male Big Blue (BB) B6C3F1 mice (10/group) were exposed to EO by inhalation, 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 4 (0, 10, 50, 100, or 200 ppm EO), 8, or 12 weeks (0, 100, or 200 ppm EO). Lung DNA samples were analyzed for cII mutant frequency (MF) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of exposure; the mutation spectrum was analyzed for mutants from control and 200 ppm EO treatments. Although EO‐induced cII MFs were 1.5‐ to 2.7‐fold higher than the concurrent controls at 4 weeks, statistically significant increases in the cII MF were found only after 8 and 12 weeks of exposure and only at 200 ppm EO (P ≤ 0.05), which is twice the highest concentration used in the cancer bioassay. Consistent with the positive response, DNA sequencing of cII mutants showed a significant shift in the mutational spectra between control and 200 ppm EO following 8 and 12 week exposures (P ≤ 0.035), but not at 4 weeks. Thus, EO mutagenic activity in vivo was relatively weak and required higher than tumorigenic concentrations and longer than 4 weeks exposure durations. These data do not follow the classical patterns for a MOA mediated by point mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:122–134, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.