bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The underappreciated role of nonvolatile cations on aerosol ammonium-sulfate molar ratios
Authors: Guo Hongyu , Nenes Athanasios , Weber Rodney J.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Overprediction of fine particle ammonium-sulfate molar ratios (R) by thermodynamic models is suggested as evidence for an organic film that only inhibits the equilibration of gas phase ammonia (but not water or nitric acid) with aerosol sulfate and questions the equilibrium assumption long thought to apply for submicron aerosol. The ubiquity of such organic films implies significant impacts on aerosol chemistry. We test the organic film hypothesis by analyzing ambient observations with a thermodynamic model and find that R and ammonia partitioning can be accurately reproduced when small amounts of nonvolatile cations (NVC), consistent with observations, are considered in the thermodynamic analysis. Exclusion of NVCs results in predicted R consistently near 2. The error in R is positively correlated with NVC and not organic aerosol mass fraction or concentration. These results strongly challenge the postulated ability of organic films to perturb aerosol acidity or prevent ammonia from achieving gas-particle equilibrium for the conditions considered.
The potential of 230Th for detection of ocean acidification
impacts on pelagic carbonate production
Authors: Heinze Christoph , Ilyina Tatiana , Gehlen Marion
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Concentrations of dissolved 230Th in the ocean water column increase with depth due to scavenging and downward particle flux. Due to the 230Th scavenging process, any change in the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fraction of the marine particle flux due to changes in biological CaCO3 hard shell production as a consequence of progressing ocean acidification would be reflected in the dissolved 230Th activity. Our prognostic simulations with a biogeochemical ocean general circulation model using different scenarios for the reduction of CaCO3 production under ocean acidification and different greenhouse gas emission scenarios (RCPs 8.5 to 2.6) reveal the potential for deep 230Th measurements to detect reduced CaCO3 production at the sea surface. The time of emergence of an acidification induced signal on dissolved 230Th is of the same order of magnitude as for alkalinity measurements. Yet, deep ocean 230Th concentrations are less affected by seasonal and multiyear variability than surface alkalinity. Thus, deep ocean 230Th observations could be advantageous to guide monitoring and detection campaigns. Furthermore, given that the precision of 230Th measurements may potentially improve in the near future, earlier detection of ocean acidification impact signals would be possible. Our results indicate that the deep Pacific Ocean and the deep Southern Ocean are the most suitable regions for selected regular reoccupations of deep reaching 230Th stations.
Impact of coastal forcing and groundwater recharge on the growth of fresh groundwater resources in a mega-scale beach nourishment
Authors: Huizer Sebastian , Radermacher Max , de Vries Sierd , Oude Essink Gualbert H. P. , Bierkens Marc F. P.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Large concentrated sand replenishments or nourishments are one of the few coastal protection measures that can simultaneously result in an increase of local fresh groundwater resources. For a large beach nourishment called the Sand Engine – constructed in 2011 at the Dutch coast – we have examined the impact of groundwater recharge and coastal forcing (i.e. natural processes that drive coastal hydro- and morphodynamics) on the growth of the fresh groundwater resources between 2011 and 2016. Measurements of the morphological change and the tidal dynamics were incorporated in a calibrated three-dimensional and variable-density groundwater model of the study area. Simulations with this model showed that the detailed incorporation of the local hydro- and morphodynamics and the actual recharge rate can result in a reliable reconstruction of the growth in fresh groundwater resources. Similarly, the neglect of tidal dynamics, land-surface inundations and morphological changes in model simulations can result in considerable overestimations of the volume of fresh groundwater. In particular wave run-up and coinciding coastal erosion during storm surges limit the growth in fresh groundwater resources in dynamic coastal environments, and should be considered at potential nourishment sites to delineate the area that is vulnerable to salinization.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soils of the Eastern European megalopolis: distribution, source identification and cancer risk evaluation
Authors: Shamilishvily George Avtandilovich , Abakumov Evgenii Vasil'evich , Gabov Dmitrii Nikolaevich
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The study explores qualitative and quantitative composition of 15 priority PAHs in urban soils of some parkland, residential and industrial areas of the large industrial center in the Eastern Europe on example of Saint-Petersburg (Russian Federation). Aim of the study was to test the hypothesis on the PAH loading differences between urban territories with different land use scenarios. Qualitative and quantitative determination of PAHs in soils was carried out by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used to estimate benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations in order to evaluate carcinogenic risk of soil contamination with PAHs. Results of the study demonstrated that soils within urban areas with different land utilization types are characterized by common loads of PAHs generally attributed to high traffic activity in the city. Considerable levels of soil contamination with PAHs were noted. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 0.33 to 8.10 mg kg−1 and showed no significant differences between land utilization types. The common tendency in PAH distribution patterns between investigated sites clearly indicates the common source of PAHs in urban soils. A larger portion of high molecular weight PAHs along with determined molecular ratios suggest the predominance of pyrogenic sources, mainly attributed to combustion of gasoline, diesel and oil. Petrogenic sources of PAHs have a significant portion as well defining the predominance of petroleum associated low molecular weight PAHs such as phenanthrene. Derived concentrations of 7 carcinogenic PAHs as well as calculated BaP total potency equivalents were multiple times higher than reported in a number of other studies, indicating a significant risk for human health in case of direct contact. The obtained BaPeq concentrations of the sum of 15 PAHs ranged from 0.05 to 1.39 mg kg−1. A vast majority of examined samples showed concentrations above the safe value of 0.6 mg kg−1 (CCME, 2010). One-way ANOVA results showed significant differences in levels of pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene – the most abundant individual PAHs in examined sampled, between parkland, residential and industrial land uses, suggesting the influence of land use factor on distribution of these pollutants. Exposure to these soils through direct contact probably poses a significant risk to human health from carcinogenic effects of PAHs, even in urban parklands.
The Application of the Problem-Based Learning Approach to English Class: Chinese-speaking Learners’ Willingness to Communicate
Authors: Lin Lu-Fang
Published: August 2017

This study examined the effect of the integration of the problem-based learning (PBL) approach in English courses on Chinese-speaking university students’ willingness to communicate (WTC). This study also examined whether there were possible differences in learners’ WTC in terms of the gender variable. Two English classes in a Taiwanese university were randomly assigned to the PBL and teacher-lectured (TL) conditions. The PBL group with 43 participants received the PBL instruction in small group settings, whereas the TL group with 45 participants was fully provided with interpretations of teaching materials by the instructor and completed the tasks individually. The WTC scale, including seven subscales, was administered after the treatment. The results of two-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the PBL group significantly outperformed the TL group on the friend subscale, while the TL group demonstrated significant main effects on WTC subscales in terms of the gender variable.
The Learning Model Used in the Teaching and Learning Process of Environmental Damage in Bandung Basin
Authors: Sugandi Dede , Trianawati Nanin , Somantri Lili.
Published: August 2017

The impacts of environmental damage, such as floods, should be introduced to students in the school teaching and learning. The study aims to: Find out the factors causing floods in Bandung and analyse the teaching and learning models in understanding the impact of environmental damage. To raise awareness and understanding of the learning process is done by bringing students to the flood scene location with Pre-Experimental Designs learning model. The media used to use video, images and textbook about the flood. This stage is carried out pre-test to the student. This phase is compared with the flood of students to the scene and given an explanation and asked to interview the student communities affected by flooding. After the interviews were conducted Post-test group. It employed the Pre-experimental design model with a sample of 88 students who were divided into 11 groups. The techniques of analysis conducted by providing pre-test and post-test on Students to determine comprehension and students conduct interviews with affected communities.With this model is expected that students can know, understand, and become skilled in revealing evidences from the field regarding how floods occur, the causing factors and its impacts. In the pre-test conducted on students showed mixed results with an average value of 4.94, while the Post-test with an average value of 7:37. The result of the application of the Pre-Experiment design illustrates that students are given learning material and taken to the scene of flooding showed an increase understanding, awareness. This is due to the emotions students affected because of the stories and interviews with people affected by floods. Applied learning models to increase understanding and awareness of environmental destruction can also develop a concern for environmental sustainability. In addition, the study would like to find the stages in the teaching and learning process and how students are engaged emotionally in the process of gaining the knowledge, understanding, and skills. A learning model that engages students emotionally is believed to be able to develop their logic.
Major Factors Leading Rapid Urbanization in China and Pakistan: A Comparative Study
Authors: Malik Naveed , Asmi Fahad , Ali Madad , Rahman Md. Mashiur
Published: August 2017

The current document analyzed the statistical data for the year 2015 to make a comparative analysis in the case of China and Pakistan. The results conclude the migration and the refugee related challenge in Pakistan is the most critical factor to be observed and demands high level of attention. On the other side, the strengthening infrastructure in china is the massive pull factor to increase urbanization and economic growth. Moreover, the future lessons learnt from the China’s progressive growth can improve the pace of urbanization in the neighboring region like Pakistan. However, the china’s economic growth is dominating by the industrialization trend as china can be labeled as World’s factory. However, Pakistan’s agricultural dependency on the economic growth makes both economic developmental approaches distinct. It can be also concluded that the urbanization as a phenomenon requires multi-dimensional and multi-disciplinary view to improve and understand urbanization trends.
Spatial dynamics: a new “milk corridor” in Paraná state, Brazil
Authors: Bankuti Ferenc Istvan , Caldas Marcellus Marques , Bankuti Sandra Mara Schiavi , Granco Gabriel
Published: August 2017

Brazil is the fourth largest milk producer in the world, and Paraná state is the third largest producer in the country. Milk production plays an important socioeconomic role in Paraná state, and since the 1990s, institutional and market changes have influenced Paraná’s milk production. Given this context, this study searches to analyze the spatial dynamics of dairy activity in Paraná state. Specifically, it seeks to identify areas of greater expansion and contraction in dairy activities, and discuss possible structural and socioeconomic consequences in those regions. Data concerning productive and economic variables of the 399 municipalities in Paraná state were used to generate an indicator of dairy activity through Common Factor Analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the formation of groups, according to municipalities’ importance in Paraná’s dairy activity. We conclude that since the 1990s, there has been displacement of dairy activity from the northern regions and toward the south. Dairy activity has started to occupy areas otherwise considered "agriculturally empty" and socioeconomically vulnerable. Those areas, along with traditional production regions, comprise a new "milk corridor" in Paraná. This may generate a set of socioeconomic benefits in the region. Important structural changes may occur along the dairy chain, and both public and private policies should be set to assure dairy chain competitiveness in Paraná state.
Floristic, structural, and allometric equations to estimate arboreal volume and biomass in a cerradão site
Authors: Miguel Eder Pereira , Rezende Alba Valéria , Leal Fabrício Assis , Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli , Encinas José Marcelo Imana , Miranda João Felipe Nunes
Published: August 2017

This objective of this study was to characterize the floristic, structural, and ecological groups and to estimate the arboreal volume and biomass of a cerradão site in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. A forest inventory was conducted on 10.15 ha of the study area. Plots of 400-m2 were used for systematic sampling. All standing trees (dead or alive) with a breast-height diameter (DHB) greater than 5 cm were identified and measured. Floristic diversity and horizontal structure were assessed using the Shannon and importance value indices, respectively. Forest vertical structure was classified into three stratata and the tree species were categorized into ecological groups. Ninety tree volumes were rigorously cubed and weighed. Fresh- and dry biomass were sampled and estimated. Mathematical models were applied and adjusted to estimate tree volume and biomass. It was observed that the species Myrcia splendens and Emmotum nitens and the families Fabaceae and Chrysobalanaceae were dominant in our study site. The pioneer (613 individuals ha-1) and climax (530 individuals ha-1) tree species group predominated. The floristic diversity index was estimated as 3.35 nats ind- 1. The vertical structure analysis indicated fewer individuals in the superior stratum (13%) compared to the medium (63%) and inferior (24%) stratum. The Schumacher and Hall model showed better results with regard to estimated forest production. Forest volume and biomass estimates were 126.71 m³ ha-1 and 61.67 Mg ha-1, respectively. The studied cerradão area had high floristic diversity and climax species predominated. Since this cerradão is in close proximity to the Amazon biome, its volume and biomass stocks were higher than those estimated for other cerradão and forest formations within the Cerrado biome.
Genetic characterization of the 28 maize landraces in Paraná State
Authors: Rovaris Sara Regina Silvestrin , Araújo Pedro Mário de , Garbuglio Deoclécio Domingos , Azevedo Cleber Vinicius Guiaretta de , Prete Cássio Egídio Cavenaghi
Published: August 2017

The characterization of maize landraces is extremely important in breeding programs for use of these genotypes as sources of genetic variability. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize 28 populations of maize landraces from the state of Paraná using the estimates of the effects of varieties and heterosis parents and the general combining ability, thereby assessing the main agronomic traits. In the crop of 2008/09, 56 inter-varietal hybrids, obtained through a topcross, 28 populations of maize landraces and three check varieties were evaluated for female flowering (FF), plant height (PH), ear height (EH) and grain mass (GY). The treatments were evaluated in a randomized block design, with two replications, at three Paraná State locations: the Experimental Center of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná in Londrina (IAPAR) and the experimental units of Pato Branco and Ponta Grossa. The data were submitted to an analysis of variance, considering a fixed model for genotypes and a random model for environments; the averages grouped by the Scott-Knott test, along with intersections of topcrosses, were analyzed according to a readapted model proposed by Oliveira et al. (1997). According to estimates of the parental effects, the GI 133 population showed the most promising estimates for all characteristics. The GI 088 and GI 173 populations stood out with promising estimates of the effects of heterosis. The conclusion is that the populations GI 133 and GI 173 may be indicated for recurrent selection programs or participation in obtaining composites.
Models for moisture estimation in different horizons of yellow argisol using TDR
Authors: Almeida Karla Silva Santos Alvares de , Souza Luciano Da Silva , Paz Vital Pedro Da Silva , Coelho Filho Maurício Antônio , Hoces Eduardo Holzapfel
Published: August 2017

The determination of soil moisture is very important because it is the property with the most influence on the dielectric constant of the medium. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) is an indirect technique used to estimate the water content of the soil (?) based on its dielectric constant (Ka). Like any other technique, it has advantages and disadvantages. Among the major disadvantages is the need for calibration, which requires consideration of the soil characteristics. This study aimed to perform the calibration of a TDR100 device to estimate the volumetric water content of four horizons of a Yellow Argisol. Calibration was performed under laboratory conditions using disturbed soil samples contained in PVC columns. The three rods of the handcrafted probes were vertically installed in the soil columns. Weight measurements with digital scales and daily readings of the dielectric constant with the TDR device were taken. For all soil horizons evaluated, the best fits between the dielectric constant and the volumetric water content were related to the cubic polynomial model. The Ledieu model overestimated by approximately 68 % the volumetric water content in the A and AB horizons, and underestimating by 69 % in Bt2, in relation to volumetric water content obtained by gravimetry. The underestimation by linear, Topp, Roth, and Malicki models ranged from 50 % to 85 % for all horizons.
Buffalo mozzarella chemical composition and authenticity assessment by electrophoretic profiling
Authors: Gonçalves Ben-Hur Ramos Ferreira , Silva Grazielly De Jesus , Conceição Daniele Gomes , Egito Antonio Silvio do , Ferrão Sibelli Passini Barbosa
Published: August 2017

Buffalo milk mozzarella is often adulterated by the addition of cow’s milk. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of buffalo milk mozzarella by using electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to detect the addition of cow’s milk. Reference cheeses were produced exclusively from combinations of buffalo and cow milk, and labeled reference treatment buffalo or cow (RTB and RTC, respectively). Standardized cheeses were made by combining buffalo milk and 2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% cow’s milk. A total of 9 cheese formulations were produced and either frozen immediately (time 0) or after 20 days (time 20). Eighteen commercial samples of buffalo mozzarella were sampled between 0–20 days of production. The chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat in dry matter, protein, total solids and defatted dry extract) and physicochemical characteristics (acidity) of the cheeses were evaluated. Proteins and water-soluble peptides (WSP) extracted from RTB, RTC and from the commercial samples, and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. It was not possible to detect the inclusion of cow’s milk by the cheeses’ chemical and physicochemical properties. However, the separation and detection of peptide and protein fractions of the cheese was possible by electrophoresis. The results of the electrophoretic analysis suggest that 28% of the commercial samples considered here had evidence of the addition of cow’s milk. The methodology described here is important to identify occurrences of fraud in buffalo mozzarella production.
Physical and chemical characterization and quantification of bioactive compounds in berries and berry jams
Authors: Rodrigues Lorena Mendes , Souza Diene France de , Silva Elisângela Aparecida da , Oliveira Thais Odete de , Lima Juliana Pinto de
Published: August 2017

Brazil is the third largest producer of fresh fruits in the world. Among fruits, berries such as strawberry, blueberry and blackberry can be highlighted for the benefits they provide to the body, owing to their presence of bioactive compound content. The phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins and ascorbic acid, are examples of bioactive compounds that mainly function in the body as antioxidants. However, the processing steps that lead to the generation of derivatives from these fruits, are damaging to these compounds, often leading to their loss. Thus, the aim of this study was to physically and chemically characterize fresh berries (strawberry, blueberry and blackberry) and their jams, and also to quantify and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds in berries and their jams. The following parameters were analyzed: moisture, ash, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, and color. The levels of total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity were measured. We concluded that there were significant differences in the chemical composition of berries and jams. There was also a significant loss of bioactive compounds due to processing, nevertheless these jams remain good sources of bioactive compounds, and are still considered important to promote some favorable health effects.
Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with lentiviral infection of small ruminants at animal fairs in the semiarid Sertão region of Pernambuco, Brazilian semiarid
Authors: Alves José Romero Alexandre , Limeira Clécio Henrique , Lima Geilson Manoel de Souza , Pinheiro Raymundo Rizaldo , Alves Francisco Selmo Fernandes , Santos Vanderlan Warlington Souza dos , Azevedo Sérgio Santos de , Alves Clebert José
Published: August 2017

Animal agglomerations at commercial events such as trade fairs represent an important facilitator in infectious disease transmission. Thus, it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of infectious diseases in small ruminants. The objective of this study was to examine lentiviral presence in goats and sheep traded at the animal fair of Tabira city (Sertão region of Pernambuco) and identify possible risk factors associated with infection. We collected serum samples from 233 crossbred goats and 119 crossbred sheep, belonging to 12 breeders, at the Tabira livestock fair from November 2014 to June 2015. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to analyze the risk factors. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and western blotting (WB) were performed to diagnose small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection. In the AGID test, we used maedi-visna virus (MVV) antigens for sheep and caprine arthritis/encephalitis virus (strain Cork) (CAEV-Co) antigen for goats. The WB analysis used CAEV-Co antigen for both species. Variables from the questionnaire were analyzed with univariate and multivariate statistics. One seropositive goat but no sheep was identified via AGID. According to the WB results, 15/233 goats (6.44%; CI95% = 3.94 - 10.35%) and 8/119 sheep (6.72%; CI95% = 3.45 - 12.71%) were seropositive, totaling 23/352 reactive animals (6.53%; CI95% = 4.39 - 9.61%) from 12 herds. Annual vermifugation of the animals was a significant risk factor (odds ratio = 5.9; CI95% = 1.7-19.8; p = 0.04) for disease in goats, but no variables associated with infection risks were identified in sheep. We concluded that SRLV was present in goats and sheep at the animal fair. Western blots were more sensitive than AGID for SRLV diagnosis. Practices aiming to improve sanitary management may reduce the risk of infection in goats. All studied herds included animals identified as seropositive for SRLV. Therefore, we recommend adopting measures that increase disease diagnosis while intensifying traffic control and surveillance of animal agglomerations.
Detection of Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese of uninspected production in the metropolitan area of São Paulo
Authors: Kobayashi Patrícia De Freitas , Carvalho Aline Feola de , Fredrigo Rodrigo César , Costa Andréa Moura , Piatti Rosa Maria , Pinheiro Eliana Scarcelli
Published: August 2017

Foodborne diseases are a major public health issue but their overall incidence is underestimated due to insufficient report. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk and cheese of uninspected production obtained from cattle bred on the polluted banks of the Tietê River. Generally, milk from these animals is used to prepare fresh cheese, which is then commercialized by the producers themselves or in local markets. We analyzed 81 samples consisting of 38 samples of cheeses, 15 samples of raw milk and 28 samples of water collected from the Tietê River. These samples were evaluated for the presence of the three pathogens using bacteriological methods and the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with primers specific for each bacterial genus. In the bacteriological examination, all samples were negative for Brucella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In the PCR test, Brucella spp. was detected in 5/38 (13.16%) cheese samples. Campylobacter spp. was present in 18/38 (47.37%) cheese samples, 1/15 (6.66%) raw milk samples and in 12/28 (42.86%) water samples. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected by PCR. The detection of Brucella spp. DNA in cheese and Campylobacter spp. DNA in cheese, milk and water may reflect inadequate animal sanitary management and deficiencies in good manufacturing practices. The presence of these pathogens in the food and water may pose a threat to the health of the consumer and increase the incidence of zoonosis.
Technical and economic indices that determine the profitability of milk production systems participating in the “Full Bucket” program
Authors: Bruhn Fábio Raphael Pascoti , Lopes Marcos Aurélio , Moraes Flávio De , Peres Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho
Published: August 2017

This study assesses the relationships among net margin (ML), profitability (LUC), and return (RENT), as well as several technical and economic indices that determine the ML, LUC and RENT land-use change, and economic return of milk production systems. We estimate and analyze the property-size, zootechnical, and economic indices of 20 milk production systems located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2011. We also conduct a descriptive analysis of the variables studied, as well as a multiple linear regression analysis among the estimated indices (independent variables) and the net margin, profitability, and return (dependent variables). The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0. The items that most influenced net margin were milk production by labor, total revenue, energy and protein commercial concentrates, and the ratio of labor costs to total operating costs. Then, profitability was most influenced by animal productivity per day, fixed value by lactation matrix (value immobilized in the activity divided by the number of lactating matrices), milk revenue, and the representativeness of energy concentrates. Economic returns were most influenced by the number of males available for sale, as well as by animal productivity per day and the value of assets on land per hectare. These findings show that management and technological efforts are required to reduce production costs. In addition, animal productivity needs to be increased because it is has the highest positive relationship with profitability.
Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium sp. in sheep
Authors: Snak Alessandra , Smiderle Flavia Roberta , Fernandes Nelson Luis Mello , Lara Arielle Aparecida , Garcia Felipe Gustavo , Ogawa Liza , Osaki Silvia Cristina
Published: August 2017

Considered a zoonosis of utmost importance, cryptosporidiosis has a worldwide distribution and can infect mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is caused by a highly resistant protozoan present in the environment and can cause death in immunosuppressed individuals and pups, as well as in farm animals such as cattle and sheep, generating losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in sheep feces from the farms of Western Paraná, which have different management styles, and compare the results with their respective management methods. One hundred and forty-four stool samples were collected (69 from Property 1 and 75 from Property 2) and analyzed using a fecal smear on slides after staining by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Samples tested positive by this method were subjected to nested PCR and the products obtained were sent for sequencing to determine the species. While 82.60% of the samples from Property 1 were tested positive, only 36% of the samples from Property 2 were tested positive. On analyzing the sequencing data, it was observed that the Cryptosporidium species of samples from Property 1 showed high similarity to Cryptosporidium xiaoi and those from Property 2, to Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. The reason for divergence in results can be attributed to differences in management systems adopted by each property, thus showing the importance of detecting carrier animals, as they can contaminate the environment, especially the water sources, and spread the disease to humans and other animals.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. essential oil and ethanol extract on control of canine Ancylostoma spp.
Authors: Monteiro Jessica Nascimento Moraes , Archanjo Anderson Barros , Passos Gabriela Porfirio , Costa Adilson Vidal , Porfirio Lenir Cardoso , Martins Isabella Vilhena Freire
Published: August 2017

The use of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has shown to be promising in the management of gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this study was to quantitate the yield and characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. ambrosioides, as well as to evaluate the in vitro effect of the ethanolic extract and the essential oil in L3 of Ancylostoma spp. and the in vivo effect(s) of the essential oil in dogs. The effects of the ethanol extract and essential oil on Ancylostoma spp. were evaluated in vitro by exposing larvae to the extract at concentrations ranging from 0.005 g mL-1 to 0.2 g mL-1 and to essential oil at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ?L mL-1. For the in vivo test, 26 healthy dogs, naturally infected by Ancylostoma spp., were divided into three groups: F1 - cookies were administered without active principle; F2 - herbal cookies containing 37.5 ?L g-1 essential oil of C. ambrosioides L.; F3 - cookies plus a commercial formulation containing febantel, pyrantel, praziquantel, and ivermectin. Complete blood counts and serum biochemistry for AST, ALT, AF, urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin were performed. The yield of the essential oil was 0.3% m v-1, and its major components included ?-terpinene (1.24%), p-cymene (4.83%), and ascaridol Z (87%) and E (5.04%) isomers. The concentrations of C. ambrosioides L. ethanol extract used were ineffective against Ancylostoma spp. larvae. The essential oil at a concentration of 150 ?L mL-1 was effective against L3 larvae. In the in vivo study in dogs, the herbal cookies containing C. ambrosioides L essential oil reduced the number of eggs per gram of feces.
Regional composition of carcass and tissue composition of cuts from lambs slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thicknesses
Authors: Andrade Ana Carla Santana , Macedo Francisco De Assis Fonseca de , Santos Gladston Rafael De Arruda , Queiroz Larissa De Oliveira , Mora Natália Holtz Alves Pedroso , Macedo Thiago Gomes
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) on the regional composition of the carcass, the tissue composition of cuts, and the leg muscularity index of Santa Inês lambs. This experiment involved 24 uncastrated male lambs at approximately 100 days of age and at an average live weight of 22.70 ± 3.75 kg that were kept in the feedlot, where they received a complete pelleted diet formulated to provide a daily gain of 0.30 kg. The animals were slaughtered as they reached the pre-defined SFT of 2.00, 3.00, and 4.00 mm, evaluated by ultrasonography. Lambs slaughtered with 4.00 mm SFT had a heavier shoulder (1.80 kg) and leg (2.99 kg), differing from those slaughtered with 2.00 mm. No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) between the treatments for the percentages of muscle in the cuts, which averaged 48.38% for the neck, 58.71% for the shoulder, 43.87% for the ribs, 53.56% for the loin, and 64.52% for the leg. Lambs slaughtered with 4.00 and 3.00 mm SFT differed from those slaughtered with 2.00 mm SFT for the percentage of total fat in the shoulder, which averaged 20.10, 19.02, and 15.79%, respectively. The animals slaughtered with 2.00 mm of fat exhibited the highest percentage of bone in the loin (20.23%). Leg muscularity was lower (0.34) in those slaughtered with 2.00 mm of subcutaneous fat. Slaughtering Santa Inês lambs with different subcutaneous fat thicknesses yields different regional compositions of the carcass, tissue compositions of cuts, and leg muscularity indices. It is recommended to slaughter Santa Inês lambs when they reach a subcutaneous fat thickness of 3.00 mm.
In vitro digestibility and nutritional characterization of distillers dried grains with solubles according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System
Authors: Geron Luiz Juliano Valério , Garcia Jocilaine , Coelho Kallynka Samara Martins , Aguiar Sílvia Cristina de , Zanine Andreson De Moura , Souza Alexandre Lima de , Carvalho Joilma Toniolo Honório de , Roberto Lucas Silva , Sousa Neto Eurico Lucas de , Ferreira Daniele De Jesus
Published: August 2017

We evaluated the fractions of protein and carbohydrates in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), corn grain (CG), soybean meal (SM), and corn silage (CS), as well as the in vitro digestibility (IVD) of DDGS, CG, SM, CS, rations containing 0.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 24.0% DDGS, and in vitro fermentation parameters after 24 h of incubation. DDGS were obtained following microbial fermentation for ethanol production from a sugar and alcohol distillery located in the state of Mato Grosso - Brazil. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was used to determine the protein and carbohydrate fractions of experimental diets. For the in vitro nutrient digestion assay using the experimental foods and experimental diets, two sheep with an average body weight of 26 kg were used as inoculum donors. The in vitro digestibility of food and feed was assayed in three replicates. Fraction A of DDGS CP was 88, 71, and 37% lower in relation to fraction A of SM, CG, and CS, respectively. Fraction B2 of DDGS protein contained 21% CP, which represents 78.84% of DDGS protein in fraction B2, and is higher than the SM, which was 70.44%. The B3 fraction of CP, which is partly released during ruminal fermentation, was 18% lower for SM compared to DDGS, and is expressed in %CP. For carbohydrate fractionation, the DDGS presented 8.64% for the A + B1 fraction on a DM basis, which was 62, 86, and 74% lower compared to those obtained for SM, CG. and CS, respectively. The hemicellulose and cellulose contents of DDGS were higher than those of SM, as verified in fraction B2, with a value of 46.92%, expressed in DM. The in vitro digestibility coefficients (IVDC) of the DDGS nutrients did not differ (p > 0.05) in relation to those of the other experimental foods. The inclusion of DDGS in rations formulated for sheep did not change (p > 0.05) the IVDC of DM, OM, CP. NDF, or ADF, with mean values of 70.93, 70.64, 59.58, 52.83, and 43.40%, respectively. Therefore, DDGS comprise a protein-rich food containing more than 70% CP in fraction B2, with a large amount of carbohydrates bound to the cell wall. In addition, DDGS possess a similar digestibility coefficient to corn grain and soybean meal; however, up to 24% can be included in feed formulations for ruminants without changing the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients.
Fiber composition and degradability of cold season green forage and pre-dried silage harvested at pre-flowering
Authors: Horst Egon Henrique , Neumann Mikael , Santos Jony Cley dos , Mareze Julina , Mizubuti Ivone Yurika , Bumbieris Júnior Valter Harry
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, as well as the rates of dry matter degradability in forage and pre-dried silage of different winter cereals harvested at pre-flowering. The experiment was conducted by the Animal Production Center (NUPRAN), Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Midwest (UNICENTRO). It is located in Guarapuava – PR, Brazil. The study was part of the Master's Degree in Crop Production. As experimental materials, we used black oat (Avena strigosa) cv. EMB 139 and cv. IAPAR 61; white oat (Avena sativa) cv. IPR and 126 hp. URS Taura; barley (Hordeum vulgare) cv. BRS Brau and cv. BRS Cauê; wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. BRS Umbu and cv. BRS Tarumã; rye (Secale cereale) cv. Temprano and cv. BRS Serrano; and triticale (X Triticosecale) cv. IPR and 111 hp. BRS Saturn. Dry matter degradability was measured by an in situ technique, arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replications (animal), subdivided in subplots. Treatments were the plots and subplots digestion times. The incubation times were 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. To that end, we used two 24-month rumen fistulated steers with 350 kg average weight. A similarity was observed in the results of both forage and pre-dried silage degradability, displaying the same trends. Barley cv. BRS Brau had the highest hemicellulose content in its composition; however, IPR 111 triticale was showed the highest degradability potential, both for green forage and pre-dried silage.
Marandu palisade grass intercropped with densely spaced teak in silvopastoral system
Authors: Cabral Carlos Eduardo Avelino , Barros Lívia Vieira de , Abreu Joadil Gonçalves de , Silva Felipe Gomes da , Cabral Carla Heloisa Avelino , Behling Neto Arthur , Andrade Flávio Cunha Ferreira , Sales Kyron Cabral , Herrera Dayenne Mariane , Dellarmelinda Thainara Matilde Muniz
Published: August 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate two systems of production: integration between teak and forage (silvopastoral system) and forage only (monoculture). The forage species used was Marandu palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu). In January 2009, part of the pasture was desiccated and the teak (Tectona grandis) was implemented in a 3 × 4 m spacing arrangement, and at every five rows, a space between rows of 6 m was established, providing a population of 750 trees per hectare. Alongside the development of the trees, the Marandu palisade grass pasture was reestablished. In February 2015, the animals were removed from the experimental area and, in March, the pasture degradation, the density and the mass of tillers was assessed. The following variables were evaluated: sward height; forage mass, percentage of leaf blade, stem+sheath and senescent material; leaf blade:stem+sheath ratio; and live:dead material ratio. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 12 replicates. Treatments consisted of two systems (silvopastoral and monoculture). The total forage accumulation was higher in the monoculture system. The sward height and the percentage of stem+sheath were higher in the integrated system, while the percentage of leaf blade and the leaf blade:stem+sheath ratio were higher in the system exclusively with forage. In conclusion, Marandu palisade grass tolerates shading in a high density spacing silvopastoral system, but the degradation process is more intense compared to grass in monoculture, and the use of Marandu palisade grass in silvopastoral systems changes the forage mass and the structure of the produced forage.
Effects of purified glycerin in balanced diets of chicken broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age1
Authors: Silva Mônica Calixto da , Vaz Roberta Gomes Marçal Vieira , Rodrigues Kênia Ferreira , Silva Gerson Fausto da , Sousa Luciano Fernandes , Fonseca Flávia Luzia Rodrigues , Campos Carla Fonseca Alves , Augusto Wescley Faccini , Parente Iberê Pereira , Bezerra Latóya De Sousa
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of including purified glycerin in the diets of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age. Eighty Cobb 500® lineage broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) to one of four treatment groups (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion in feed) and five replicates of four birds. The birds were evaluated for performance (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion); carcass yield; special cuts yield (thigh, drumstick and breast); muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); and crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of the breast muscle. Inclusion of purified glycerin in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) any of the growth performance indicators, which demonstrated the technical feasibility of including up to 6% glycerin in the diet. Similarly, there was no effect on carcass yield; special-cut yields; muscle colour (L* = lightness, a* = redness, b* = yellowness); or crude protein, ether extract and moisture content of breast muscle. The inclusion of purified glycerin at up to 6% in the diet proved to be feasible in broilers treated from 22 to 42 days of age.
Waste from the biscuit and noodle industries in Nile tilapia diets
Authors: Costa Deise Silva , Maciel Cláudia Maria Reis Raposo , Maciel Júnior Alaor , Magalhães Júnior Francisco Oliveira de , Smith Gustavo César Bressan , Santos Marcel José Martins dos , Braga Luis Gustavo Tavares
Published: August 2017

The objectives of this work were to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) of coconut biscuit residues (CBR), sweet biscuits (SBR) and noodles (NR) for Nile tilapia and evaluate the performance of fingerlings fed with diets containing the residues with the highest nutritional value. In the digestibility study, 72 juveniles (with an average weight of 70.5 ± 2.7 g) were organized in a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replications (12 fish per replication). ADC was determined using an indirect method in which 0.10% chromium oxide (Cr2O3) acted as an indicator. To evaluate performance, 225 fingerlings (with an average weight of 3.4 ± 0.5 g) were distributed across 15 tanks (150 L), creating a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The test diets contained 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16% CBR. ADCDM, ADCCP and ADCGE for each of the different residues were, respectively: 85, 88 and 86% for CBR; 32, 51 and 46% for SBR; 24, 31 and 26% for NR. The inclusion of CBR significantly affected final weight of the fish, specific growth rate and protein retention rate, as well as the carcass composition values for dry matter, mineral matter, gross energy and ethereal extract. CBR presents better digestibility than the other tested residues and it can be used as a substitute for maize meal in quantities up to 11.62%, thus improving fish performance.
Seed vigor and amount of soybean straw on seedling emergence and productive performance of wheat
Authors: Abati Julia , Brzezinski Cristian Rafael , Zucareli Claudemir , Werner Flávia , Henning Fernando Augusto
Published: August 2017

The use of high-quality seeds is essential to minimize the possible suppressive effect of straw on seedling emergence, contributing to stand establishment and high grain yield. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of seed vigor associated with soil cover with different amounts of soybean straw on seedling emergence and productive performance of wheat. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using two wheat cultivars (CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul) under a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme with four replications. Factors consisted of two seed vigor levels (high and low) and five amounts of soybean straw (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 t ha?1). The following assessments were performed: seedling emergence, dry mass of seedling shoot, number of tillers, plant height, yield components (number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and mass of one thousand seeds), grain yield, and harvest index. The use of high vigor seeds favors the emergence and dry mass production of seedling shoot for both cultivars. The increased amount of soybean straw reduces seedling emergence in both cultivars. In the cultivars CD 150 and BRS Gralha Azul, the amounts of soybean straw of 2.45 and 5.40 t ha?1, respectively, result in a higher wheat grain yield.
Control of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants with highly diluted solutions of Thuya occidentalis and their effects on plant growth and defense metabolism
Authors: Mioranza Thaísa Muriel , Stangarlin José Renato , Müller Mônica Anghinoni , Coltro-Roncato Sidiane , Meinerz Cristiane Claudia , Inagaki Adriano Mitio , Swarowsky Rafael Augusto , Estevez Rogério Lopes , Schons Bruna Caroline , Kuhn Odair José
Published: August 2017

This work aimed to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato Solanum lycopersicum L plants with high-diluted solutions of Thuya occidentalis, and to study its effects on growth and plant defense responses. The in vivo experiment was carried out over two years (2013 and 2014) at a climatized greenhouse, whilst the in vitro experiment was carried out in the laboratory. Eight treatments were used (6, 12, 24, 50, 100, 200 and 400CH (Hahnemannian centesimal) of T. occidentalis, with water as control treatment). For the in vivo assay, in 2013 plants were inoculated with about 4850 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2), while in 2014 they were inoculated with 5050 eggs and J2. The treatments were applied once a week, as 0.1% aqueous solutions onto the plant shoots, for 50 and 40 days respectively. For the in vitro experiment, the nematodes were directly exposed to the same 0.1% treatments. The treatments did not show nematostatic or nematicide effects in the in vitro assay, and had no influence on the hatching of the eggs. For the in vivo assay in 2013, T. occidentalis 100CH decreased the number of J2 present in the roots, whilst the dynamization of 200CH stimulated root development and increased the weight of the fruits of the first cluster. In 2014, 100CH decreased numbers of J2 in the soil. Some dynamization increased the plant’s defense enzyme activity, such as peroxidase (24, 50, 200 and 400CH), polyphenoloxidase (200CH), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (24 and 50CH). In this study, T. occidentalis 100CH showed potential for the control of M. incognita, whilst 24 and 200CH influenced the growth of plants.