bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robot Assist Sign Language Recognition for Hearing Impaired Persons Using Deep Learning
Authors: Khan Kashaf , Aslam Dr. Naeem , Abid Kamran , Munir Safa
Published: January 2024

The adoption of Sign Language Communication (SLC) systems has become more significant in closing the interaction between the deaf society and the world of hearing people. In this study, researchers aim to contribute to this field by developing a system that helps sign language users communicate through BERT approaches based on deep learning frameworks as well as NLP. Accurate recognition of sign language is critical for SLC systems to work well. Deep learning models are effective in identifying sign language with high accuracy. This study aims to determine the most suitable DL model for identifying sign language and assess the impact of incorporating Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques in generating frequent and accurate responses in SLC systems. The NLP model will be developed as an optimum return mechanism to generate frequent responses. This research includes testing three different deep learning models: MLP, CNN, and RestNet50v2 to recognize sign language gestures. Restnet50v2 outscored the other two approaches with a 0.97% perfection. As said earlier, the system also generates automated responses using the NLP BERT model, with an overall accuracy of 0.8% and a BLEU score of 0.83%. This method has a way to enhance interaction among the deaf community via the use of technology, opening new avenues for developing intelligent chatbots that can better understand nonverbal communication. Further research can be done to expand its functionality to recognize a broader range of sign language gestures and improve the user interface. Overall, this study demonstrates how technology can enhance the ways of people with deafness or hearing loss by addressing communication barriers.
W-rank: A keyphrase extraction method for webpage based on linguistics and DOM-base features
Authors: Shah Himat , Ahmed Dr. Shafique , Sathio Anwar Ali , Burdi Dr Asadullah
Published: January 2024

This paper addresses the problem of an automatic keyphrase extraction for a webpage text. Our method is unsupervised, and we call it W-rank. In our method, first we extract the text of a webpage and tokenize into three different candidate words list: unigram ,bigrams and noun phrases. Then we assign score to all words based on their individual appearance in linguistic and DOM-based feature sets. In the  final step, we rank these candidate words using score and select top 5 keyphrase from each list and combine them as a final keyphrases for a given webpage. We focus more on the relevancy of keyphrases to its content using linguistic features. We compare our method with other methods using precision, recall and f-score. The experimental result shows, W-rank improves the performance of our previous method D-rank and outperforms other state of art methods.
Test Driven Development and Its Impact on Program Design and Software Quality: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Agha Dua , Sohail Rashida , Meghji Areej Fatemah , Qaboolio Ramsha , Bhatti Sania
Published: January 2024

Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a methodology in software development that necessitates tests to be written before to the production code. This approach can be used in any software development paradigm that involves writing code, including Agile, Scrum, XP, and Lean. This research paper surveys the impact of TDD on software development with a specific focus on its effects on code coverage, productivity, internal and external software quality, and the affective reactions associated with TDD. The paper also identifies potential challenges and drawbacks of implementing TDD, such as increased overhead and time consumption, a learning curve for developers, and difficulty in testing certain types of code. The studies’ results suggest that TDD can improve code coverage, and code quality, reduce defects, increase productivity and developer satisfaction, improve internal and external software quality, and ultimately lead to higher customer satisfaction.
Encryption Techniques and Algorithms to Combat Cybersecurity Attacks: A Review
Authors: Wadho Shuaib Ahmed , Meghji Areej Fatemah , Yichiet Aun , Kumar Roshan , Shaikh Farhan Bashir
Published: January 2024

The danger of cyber-attacks is constant in the current digital environment. The necessity for effective security actions are more crucial than ever before due to the increasingly complex nature of cybersecurity attacks. Using encryption approaches and algorithms is one of the best ways to secure more sensitive data from cyber-attacks. In order to effectively defend against cybersecurity assaults, this research study attempts to give an analysis of the function that encryption methods and approaches serve. We investigate various encryption algorithms and techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, and their applications. In addition, we investigate the difficulties of encryption and the potential solutions to these difficulties.
The Quality Analysis of Food and Vegetable from Image Processing
Authors: Baloch Abdul Khalique , Okatan Prof Dr. Ali , Jamali Mujeeb-ur-Rehman , Kanasro Nadeem Ahmed , Baloch Muhammad Ali , Jamali Asad Ali
Published: January 2024

The quality analysis of food and vegetable from image is hot topic now a day, where researchers make them better then pervious findings through different technique and methods. In this research we have review the literature, and find gape from them, and suggest better proposed approach, design the algorithm, developed a software to measure the quality from images, where accuracy of image show better results, and compare the results with Perouse work done so for.  The Application we use an open-source dataset and python language with tensor flow lite framework.  In this research we focus to sort food and vegetable from image, in the images, the application can sort and make them grading after process the images; it could create less errors them human base sorting errors by manual grading. Digital pictures datasets were created. The collected images arranged by classes. The classification accuracy of the system was about 94%. As fruits and vegetables play important role in our day to day life, the quality of fruits and vegetables is needed in evaluating agricultural produce, customer always buy good quality fruits and vegetables. This document is about quality detection of fruit and vegetables using images. Most of customers suffering due to unhealthy foods and vegetables by suppliers so there is no proper quality measurement level followed by hotel managements.  I have developed an application to measure the quality of the fruits and vegetables by using images, it will tell you how is your fruits and vegetables are fresh or rotten. A large number of algorithms have been used in this project, including digital images, ResNet, VGG16, CNN and Transfer Learning grading feature extraction. This application used an open source dataset of images and language used python, and designs a framework of system.
Formal Modeling and Analysis of Air Traﬃc Control System Using Petri Nets
Authors: Fakhir Muhammad Ilyas , Razzaq Amber , Kazmi Asad Raza , Qasim Awais
Published: January 2024

Air traﬃc control (ATC) system in airports is one of the most complex systems due to the huge number of requirements in the framework of air traﬃc management. The incessant increase in air traﬃc over the past few decades, so it is more challenging for ATC System to manage ﬂow of the aircraft using one runway. To organize and expedite the ﬂow ofair traﬃc, we proposed a formal model of ATC using two runways by Hierarchical timed Color Petri Net. HTCPN is appropriate to present complex reactive system. ATC assign landing and taking over runways according to the ﬁrst-come-ﬁrst-served (FCFS) approach. CPN tool is used for simulation and analysis of proposed model. Space state analysis isperformed to check the behavior of model like boundedness, liveness and dead lock properties etc. Performance analysis is conducted to check accuracy of model.
Classification of Call Transcriptions
Authors: Malik Sulman , Idrees Muhammad , Danish Hafiz Muhammad , Ahmad Ashfaq , Khalid Salman , Shahzad Saadia
Published: January 2024

Multi-labeled call transcription classiﬁcation is essential for public and private sector organizations, as they spend a lot of time and workforce manually classifying phone call queries. Implementing a machine learning-based auto classiﬁer can effectively assist in this task, especially by reducing the time and resources required. Thepaper proposes an eﬃcient call transcription classiﬁer that not only reduces manpower but also saves time signiﬁcantly. The ﬁrst step in transcript cleaning involves several essential processes, such as converting the transcript to lowercase, applying word embedding techniques, and removing numbers, punctuation, and stopwords. The second step involves designing the model to incorporate four separate classiﬁers, each trainedindependently. Each classiﬁer consists of a bi-directional LSTM layer, an embedding layer, and three subsequent dense layers. These dense layers use the ReLU as an activation function, and softmax as a ﬁnal layer. The experimental results demonstrate that all four classiﬁers have achieved precision, recall, and F1-score greater than 80%. In conclusion, we conduct a comparative analysis of the results against existing studies, demonstratingthat our model has exhibited superior performance.
Public data security using Ethereum Smart Contract
Authors: Zia Mehak , Muhammad Kamran  , Dr. Naeem Aslam  , Muhammad Fuzail
Published: January 2024

Smart contracts, a unique form of blockchain technology, enable financial transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. However, the blockchain paradigm's decentralized structure raises security concerns and has been linked to significant financial losses. Contrary to typical financial entities, Ethereum lacks centralized controls to solve these challenges. These problems have been addressed and Ethereum's security has been enhanced by symbolic execution, which has grown to be a well-known technique for guaranteeing programme integrity. The security of the blockchain can be improved more efficiently by using this method to assess Ethereum's security and identify areas that require the attention of security experts.
User-Centric Context-Aware Location-Based Service for ATM’s Users
Authors: Abdul Rehman Baloch  , Kamran Taj Pathan  , Azhar Ali Shah  , Jamali Mujeeb-ur-Rehman , Muhammad Ali Baloch
Published: January 2024

The article discusses a context-aware system designed to help Automated Teller Machine (ATM) users quickly locate a working ATM with cash. Many people rely on ATMs for quick cash withdrawals, but often waste time searching for a working machine. The proposed system takes into account the user’s environmental context, such as their activity, the availability of cash in the ATM, the on/off status of the machine, and the presence of a line or crowd at the ATM booth. The objective of the system is to enhance the ATM locator according to the user’s specific needs, utilizing advanced features to recommend the best option for ATM customers based on their current situation. This user-centric approach aims to provide a more efficient and effective system for ATM users.
Advancements in News Article Classification: Approaches in Machine Learning and Deep Learning across Sports, Entertainment, Politics, Business, and Weather Domains
Authors: Ramzan Saima , - Fouzia Jabeen , - Zafar , - Shah
Published: January 2024

The classification of news articles is a crucial technology for processing news information, aiding in the organization of information. It is challenging to classify news due to the continuous emergence of news that requires processing. The modern technological era has reshaped traditional lifestyles in various domains. Similarly, the medium of publishing news and events has experienced rapid growth with the advancement of Information Technology. In this research, news article classification is organized into five selected domains: sports, entertainment, politics, business, and weather news. The classification involves both common and uncommon approaches, along with datasets based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques. Furthermore, the evaluation incorporates various metrics such as precision, recall, and accuracy to compare approaches across the selected five news domains with datasets. To narrow the focus, we limited the news categorization to a few domains (sports, entertainment, politics, business, and weather) to facilitate a better understanding of a large amount of data through concise content. We recommend our work to individuals interested in extending and building upon my research over time.
An Empirical Evaluation of Data Integrity Algorithm Performance in Non-Relational Document Databases
Authors: Jamali Mujeeb-ur-Rehman , Najma Imtiaz Ali  , Imtiaz Ali Brohi  , Muhammad Umar Murad  , Yasir Nawaz  , Uswa Urooj
Published: January 2024

Non-relational document databases are a type of NoSQL databases, are gaining popularity owing to their flexibility, scalability, and performance. Document databases provide some distinct security issues. One of the most difficult security challenges is that they are frequently built to be extremely accessible. This can make them more vulnerable to assault if suitable security measures are not taken. Users of database can access data with weak authentication or authorization. Another issue is that they store data in a semi-structured or unstructured format. This makes it difficult to create and execute security safeguards. It may be difficult to detect and secure sensitive data that is kept. Document databases are certain data integrity problems. In this research work, we have developed Big Document DBCrypto’s architecture under which Middle ware provides users to use symmetric cryptography with any hashing algorithm or asymmetric cryptography with digital signatures to ensure data integrity.
Discrimination of SARS-COV2 virus protein strain of three major affected countries: USA, China, and Germany
Authors: Allehaibi Khalid
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we discuss the discrimination of SARS-COV2 viruses associated with three major affected countries the USA, China, and Germany. The discrimination can reveal the mutation as the result of viral transmission and its spread due to mutation associated with its protein structure which makes small changes in the Spike protein. To investigate the mutation in SARS-COV2, we downloaded the protein strains associated with the USA, China, and Germany from the UniProtKB by advance search through SARS-COV2, country name, and protein name: Accessory protein 7b, 6, ORF3a, 10, 8 protein, Envelope small membrane protein, Nucleoprotein, Membrane protein, Spike glycoprotein, 3C-like proteinase, and 2'-O-methyltransferase. After retrieving the protein sequences, we transform the biological form of sequences to their equivalent numerical form by using statistical moments. Further classification algorithms like Random Forest, SVM are used for their training and classification. Finally, performance evaluation is carried out using K-fold cross-validation, independent testing, self-consistency, and jackknife testing. The result received through all testing is more than 97%, which shows the visible discrimination among the protein strains of mentioned countries, which shows the strong mutation in SARS-Cov2 sequences.
Specification of Operating Rules for Water Reservoir to Manage Flood Using Z-Notation
Authors: Alam Hasrat
Published: January 2024

Flood is natural event; it brings a lot of destruction. Due to flood not only loss of human life and misery of millions of people occur, but tremendous damages occur in public and private property.  It cannot be stopped, but can be managed to save the lives and property of the people. To manage a flood, there are two solutions, physical and logical. In physical solutions, different physical constructions are made to manage flood like levee, channel improvement, flood ways, and widening of barrages, but these control works have many deficiencies. In logical solutions, models and techniques are developed to manage the flood, however, these systems also have some deficiencies. To overcome the deficiencies in the existing models, we focus on to develop a flood management model consisting of an off-river reservoir and diverted canals having regulators. Reservoirs are most effective water storage that smooth down extreme inflow.  The optimal operations of reservoirs determine the release and accumulation of water over time. For effective operative decision, operating rules will be defined in Z-Specification. For these operating rules, we will develop an algorithm, will verify the rules in Z-Notation and will implement them in the Java programming language.
Analyzing updates in Amino Acid Composition and Translation Algorithm towards Predicting Membrane Proteins using Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Alfarsi Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alghanmi Abdulrahman Mohammed
Published: January 2024

Membrane proteins are of different types that take on different functions. Classification of protein sequences in a data set is very important for understanding cell functions, disease prevention, and drug discovery. Initially, traditional methods were used for transmembrane protein classification. However, due to advanced technology and new research, it increases the transmembrane protein datasets by thousands which are almost impossible to obtain accurate results based on traditional methods. Computational methods are very useful for membrane protein classification. Several methods such as Pseudo Amino Acid Composition (PseAAC) can extract many silent features of a protein sequence. In this work, we intended to modify an existing algorithm of amino acid composition and translation to extract membrane protein features with better accuracy. To validate our algorithm, we will use the Support Vector Machine SVM and KNN.
New Approach to Distributed Flood Prediction Model using Agents based Communication
Authors: Qasim Naveed
Published: January 2024

Flood is the overflow of water from its normal ways to submerges land which is usually dry. It is clear that floods cannot be stopped, but the timely prediction and management is the only way to combat this hazard. Much work is documented on physical and logical solution to predict on the basis of risk to save people and reduce the destruction of their belongings. In this work we developed a logical model based on client and server agent communication to predict the hazard. In the process, initially a conceptual model is developed, further, an algorithm is constructed. Moreover, for it correctness and verification the algorithm is transformed to formal language Z. Finally the specified formal model is implemented using JAVA programming language.
A Survey of Feature Extraction and Feature Selection Techniques used in Machine Learning-Based Botnet Detection Schemes
Authors: Oyelakin Akinyemi Moruff , G Jimoh Rasheed
Published: January 2024

Machine learning techniques have been widely used for the classification of botnets as they have been argued to have improved strengths compared to signature-based approaches. The level of performances of some of these detection schemes have been traced to the relevance of the features used for the classification models.  Therefore, extraction and selection of the most discriminative features in the classification of botnets is an important research area. It has equally been found that when a Machine-learning based approach is being used to identify botnets, the dataset chosen has to be real and representative. Feature extraction and Feature Selection are necessary steps prior to using a Machine Learning-based classification algorithm for identifying botnets.  The reason for the pre-processing and feature selection steps in Machine Learning-based model is to be able to remove irrelevant and redundant data in the experimental dataset, minimize computational complexity, and increase both model simplicity as well as accuracy. This paper provided a survey of various feature extraction and feature selection methods that have been used by researchers that proposed Machine-Learning based botnet detection models. The main purpose of this approach is to provide a better understanding and insights on how improved botnet detection mechanisms can be achieved through enhanced feature extraction and selection methods.
Classification of Citrus Canker and Black Spot Diseases using a Deep Learning based Approach
Authors: Adeem Ghazif , Rehman Saif ur , Ahmad Shakeel
Published: January 2024

Diseases in plants is one of the main factor which causes the economic losses in the perspective of agriculture and fruits production. Manual inspection of fruits is costly and time taking which sparks the interest of researchers for coming up with solutions to reduce labor and cost. Diseases are main cause of reduced productivity which in turn results in financial losses, so the early detection and prediction of diseases is one of the areas of research. Citrus is a key source of nutrients and is usually affected by various diseases which results in lower yield of citrus fruit with lower quality. The proposed approach is for the classification of citrus disease detection by deploying the deep learning approach. Afterwards, the proposed approach is compared with previously known citrus detection approaches.
Marketing Competence of Cellular Networks in Mardan, Pakistan
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Aamir Muhammad , Javed Zobia , Ahmed Maqbool , Khalid Nida
Published: January 2024

Maintaining and expanding a reliable customer bank is an intimidating target for cellular phone service providers. Marketing drives are arranged to gain valuable insight into consumer’s preferences and service packages accordingly by network providers from time to time. The study aim is to check the demand and service quality of the Zong network in Mardan City in the presence of its competitors. A sample of 400 respondents was selected at random from Mardan City and surrounding areas, having 61% males and 39% female respondents. The questionnaire method was applied to collect purposeful data to get the conclusions. The ﬁndings indicated that Zong (37.2%) is being used by the majority of the respondents followed by Ufone (20.8%) and Telenor (18.4%). Being its good quality services, 59.2% of the respondents are in favor to use the Zong network, 57.2% of consumers are using Zong just because of its low tariff, and 46.6% of respondents are unsure to switch off the Zong connection in the next coming 5 or more months.
Image Driven Isotropic Diffusivity and Complementary Regularization Approach for Image Denoising Problem
Authors: Pirzada Memoona , Amur Khuda Bux , Arain Muzaffar Bashir , Malookani Rajab Ali
Published: January 2024

We present the idea of image driven isotropic diffusivity along with complementary regularization for image denoising problem. The method is based on the optimization of a quadratic function in L2 norm. The minimizationof the energy functional leads to the Partial Differential equation (PDE)-based problem. We are looking for a steady state solution of equivalent time dependent problem. We discretize the problem with standard ﬁnite differences. The steady-state numerical solution of the time dependent problem leads to the iterative procedure, which allow to compute a regularized version of the solution as a denoised image. We have applied our designed model on synthetic as well as real images. The numerous experiments have been conducted to analyse the performance of the method for the different choices of scaling parameters. From the quality of the obtained results and comparative study it is observed that the proposed model performs well as compared to well existing methods.
Algebra Based Encryption and Decryption Algorithms
Authors: Kamboh Shakeel Ahmed , Khaskheli Suhail Aslam , Ghoto Abbas Ali , Aassori Sunny Kumar , Arain Muzaffar Bashir
Published: January 2024

In this study an encryption/decryption algorithm is proposed and developed. The developed algorithm is based on the idea that any given plain text can be encrypted like a block cipher with a combination of three encryption keys k1, K2, ...KN that use any value between N = 1, 2, 3, n, . Then the cipher values can be used to make the blocks of alphabets containing only A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, each block is separated by a space. The steps of algorithm could also be reversible for decryption of the cipher text. A MATLAB code is written to implement the algorithm and tested different input messages.Secret message consists of websitelink and bank account details. The specialty of the algorithm is that it can be ﬂexibly used to encrypt and decrypt the secret messages containing not only English alphabets but also those messages containing the numbers, punctuations, elementary mathematics operations and the special characters. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated in terms of computational time, memory usage. From the analysis it is found that the proposed algorithm is faster in terms of execution time as compared to the modern algorithm which makes the algorithm computationallysecure. The proposed research particularly contributes as the addition of knowledge in the ﬁeld of cryptography and generally to the information security; consequently can be beneﬁcial to the society.3
3D Finite Difference Formulation and Simulation of EHD Ion-Drag Model
Authors: Kamboh Shakeel Ahmed , Kamboh Sakina , Ghoto Abbas , Shaikh Fozia , Ahmed Nawab , Memon Kamran Nazir
Published: January 2024

This paper presents the simulation of electrohydrodynamically driven micropump obtained by using 3D ﬁnite difference method. EHD governing equations are discretized and then explicitly deﬁned for output parameters. A 3D prototype of ion-drag micropump with symmetric electrodes is modeled and simulated for the velocity, the pressure, electric potential and electric ﬁeld. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results obtained by ﬁnite difference method (FDM) with the results obtained by a ﬁnite element method (FEM) basedsimulation package COMSOL Multiphysics. The comparison reveals that the numerical simulation results obtained by both the methods are appreciably closeto each other. The simulation results are also compared with the existing ex- perimental data and it was found that there are not high discrepancies between simulation and experimental results. The paper concludes that in case of regular geometries of ion-drag micropump the FDM is easy to implement and provides more control on different parameters involved in the simulation as compared to built-in ﬁnite element method based package.
Unsteady Flow of an MHD Tangent Hyperbolic Nanoﬂuid Over a Stretching Sheet
Authors: Jamal Muhammad Asif , Faizan M. , Farid Ahmed , Shaikh Fozia , Hanif Fozia
Published: January 2024

Abstract The recent article addresses the unsteady ﬂow of MHD incompressible tangent hyperbolic ﬂuid with Nanoﬂuid particles in the direction of a stretching surface. Nano-ﬂuid is related to thermo-phoretic and Brownian movement. With proper help through the transformation procedure, the set of non-linear (PDEs) is re-framed into (ODEs). The initiate expressions of momentum, temperature ﬁeld, and nano-particle concentration are composed into groups of nonlinear equations. That consequential terminology is computed shooting system. The impact of fundamental parameters on the ﬂow ﬁeld, thermal circulation, and meditation is described. Moreover, the ﬂow ﬁeld behavior due to the Wall friction, local Nusselt, and Sherwood numbers are examined. This study is signiﬁcant as this transformation determined the shooting technique’s numerical result and ensured the physical parameters’ behavior graphically. The results show that the velocity ﬁeld diminishes by escalating the Weissenberg (We) ﬁgure and power-law index (n), while thermal and concentration ﬁelds remain to detect elevating at similar parameters. Furthermore, the computed result is compared with existing literature and gets accuracy.
Analysis of Entropy-dependent solitons in ETG-driven magneto plasma by Variational Iteration Method
Authors: Abbas Tasawar , Haq Ehsan Ul , Ayub Ambreen , Dawood Asadullah
Published: January 2024

Nowadays, the discovery of the link between entropy and plasma density and temperature opens up new avenues for mathematicians and researchers to examine alternative plasma models in terms of entropy. The linear dispersion relation and KdV equation are created after the entropy drift is taken into account in the ETG mode. In addition, the Variational Iteration Technique (VIM) is used to determine the problem’s analytical solutions. Involving the Langrange multiplier also helps to accelerate computation and lower its cost. Then, it is shown that in ETG mode, entropy impacts both the breadth and amplitude of rarefactive solitons, as well as the impact of inhomogeneity drift and the magnetic ﬁeld on the conﬁguration of solitons. In this instance, however, only the rarefactive solitons are present. Since introducing entropy to the system might alter the previous plasma ﬁndings, this study is new. Finally, the current approach will be applied to the entropy-based in magnetically restrained plasmas, solitary waves can be observed. The graphical ﬁndings are also provided using Maple-18.
Power Hamy Mean Operators for managing Cubic Linguistic Spherical Fuzzy Sets and their Applications
Authors: Abbas Tasawar , Mumtaz Faisal , Hussain Zamir , Zafar Rehan
Published: January 2024

In modern social administrative economic activities, we are facing a considerable amount of multi-attribute group decision making problems. The methods and theory related to this method are very useful in the field of particular disciplines as well as in operational research, and a lot of achievements have been described. Obviously the real world is full of uncertainties and classical set theory cannot be used to describe different phenomena such as beauty, intelligence, height (tallness) and age etc. This thing leads mathematicians to develop the notion of fuzzy sets. Later Zadeh introduced the concept of membership and non-membership degree. Definitely human opinion about a phenomenon may be unidirectional or multi-directional, that’s why Atanossov proposed the concept of another advance type of fuzzy sets, which is known as intuitionistic fuzzy sets. His concept is based on a degree of membership and degree of non-membership with a exquisite that their sum must not exceed 1. In our work we introduced cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy sets. Then, we proposed the fundamental operation law for CLSFVs and a series of their average operators (AOs), such as the  (cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy power average),  (cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy power weighted average),  (cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy power hamy mean) and  (cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy power weighted hamy mean) operators, was developed by combining the power average and hamy mean operators in cubic linguistic spherical fuzzy environment. Also we described some specific desirable properties of all these operators. In addition, we suggested a new MAGDM method.
Using Crank-Nicolson’s scheme to discretize the Laplacian in a polar gird system with symmetric and asymmetric lines
Authors: Mallah Rabnawaz , Siyal Wajid Ahmed , Aslam Saira , Sial Muhammad Suleman , Soomro Inayatullah
Published: January 2024

Numerous techniques exist for solving and describing the Partial differential equation’s mathematical and computational model. The Laplacian operator is one of the most effective techniques for solving linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. It is quick, and researchers use it frequently because of its modern technique and high accuracy in results. The Crank-Nicolson (CN) scheme in the Cartesian coordinate system has been discussed in this research work. Using this method, a numerical approximation scheme in Cartesian coordinatesystem has been discretized on a 5 point stencil, extendable to nine points. The Tailor Series was used to discretize this scheme on 5-point stencils, which will be used in FORTRAN code for numerical approximation and can be visualized in OPEDX software. The Nicolson scheme is a ﬁnite difference scheme used to solve partial differential equations such as heat, wave, and diffusion equations in both 1-D and 2-D. Because of his extendable stencil, it will create accuracy and stability in the novel results of the scheme. These extendable stencils will reduce the error of the scheme and will assist researchers in ﬁnding novel results by solving ODES and PDES using the CN method.
Assessment of the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Gasoline Prices in Pakistan
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Aamir Muhammad , Abdullah Saleem , Mahmood Noor , Khalil Umair , Khalid Nida , Ahmed Maqbool , Naeem Muhammad , Muhammad Shakoor , Dar Laiba Sultan
Published: January 2024

Abstract The COVID-19 virus is a pandemic that, from the outset, alters its appearance and symptoms. It has aggressively spread around the world. The COVID-19-induced fear and uncertainty are disrupting the global economy and exacerbating ﬁnancial market volatility. The most impacted countries were the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and Pakistan. The continuing COVID-19 situation is both a public health and economic concern on a worldwide. This research aims at how the spread of the COVID-19 has affected the cost of gasoline,diesel, and liqueﬁed petroleum gas (LPG). Every week, statistics on COVID-19 instances and pricing are collected. The data was analyzed using the ARDL model and the Bound test to determine the short and long-term association between COVID-19 and prices. The Autoregressive distributive lag model ﬁndings reveal that conﬁrmed and mortality cases impact fuel, diesel, and LPG prices.
Optimum solutions of partial diﬀerential equation with initial condition using optimization techniques
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Muhammad Shakoor , Ullah Nekmat , Hanan Fazal , Ullah Subahan
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes a new minimization technique for the solutions of partial diﬀerential equation with initial conditions. The proposed procedure is used to minimize the obtained solutions through any numerical technique. Forthe minimization process, Non-linear Nelder-Mead Simplex algorithm and genetic algorithm are used as optimization techniques. The designed partial diﬀerential equation has been calculated as an error function for the minimization process. Both Non-linear Nelder-Mead Simplex and genetic algorithm guarantees the minimization of nonlinear partial diﬀerential equation with initial conditions. The resultant technique has a global validity for the solutions minimization of partial diﬀerential equations. Non-linear Nelder-Mead simplex showed better performance than genetic algorithm when tested on numerical instances.
Delta Perturbation Method for Couette-Poiseuille flows in Third grade fluids
Authors: Memon Kamran Nazir , Mushtaque Ahsan , Shaikh Fozia , Ghoto AA , Siddiqui A. M.
Published: January 2024

This work uses the Delta Perturbation Method (DPM) to theoretically evaluate the steady plane Couette-Poiseuille flowbetween two parallel plates for third-grade fluid.That'sa kind of perturbation approach and was deliveredwith the aid of Bender and his colleagues in the 1980s. Utilizing DPM, analytical solutions have been found from the governing continuity and momentum equations subject to the necessary boundary conditions. In this proposed model, the Newtonian solution is obtained through the substitution. It is possible to measure the velocity field, temperature distribution, volumetric flow rate, and average velocity of the fluid flow. We derived that the third-grade fluid's velocity will change in response to an increasing material constant from the visual and table representations of the impacts of different parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles.The suggested model additionally mentions temperature distribution losses with increases in thermal conductivity  and rises as a result of increases of dynamic viscosity , constant parameters and and material constant. Here we have also find out that temperature distribution and velocity profile enhance with higher magnitude of pressure gradient
Analytical Solution of Transient Flow of Fractional Oldroyd-B Fluid between Oscillating Cylinders
Authors: Shaikh Khadija , Shaikh Fozia , Khokhar Rahim Bux , Memon K.N.
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates the fractional Oldroyd-B ﬂuid ﬂow across two interminable coaxial cylinders, where the ﬂuid’s motion is generated by the oscillatory movement of cylinders and the oscillating pressure gradient. The proﬁle of velocity and shear stress of the ﬂow is derived with the assistance of Caputo fractional derivative utilizing an analytical technique, ﬁnite Hankel transform and Laplace transforms. The semi-analytical solution is then displayed as generalized functions of G and R satisfying fundamental constitutive equations and all initial and boundary conditions. To validate the results, some limitations have been imposed on the determined equations and the results have been contrasted against previous results. Moreover, the inﬂuence of various parameters on the ﬂow of fractionalized Oldroyd-B ﬂuid is investigated and depicted graphically.
Effect of the Arbitrary Coefficients on the convergence of numerical solution of General Second Order Linear Homogeneous Partial Differential Equation
Authors: Zardari Liaquat Ali , Kamboh Shakeel Ahmed , Ghoto Abbas Ali , Kumar Luhana Dr. Kirshan , Nizamani Dr. Shah Zaman
Published: January 2024

In this study the eﬀect of the coecients on the convergence of numerical solution of general second order linear homogeneous partial diﬀerential equation has been investigated. The main objective was to determine the sensitivity of the coecients of the PDE in relation to the domain and mesh size. The nite diﬀerence method was used to discretize the PDE and numerical solution was obtained by implementing the algorithm on MATLAB. The outcomes of the research have provided interesting facts about the stable values of the coecients. From the results it is found that the arbitrary coecients d and e are more sensitive as compared to a, b, c and f. The outcomes of this research study are expected to provide the ways to predict and control the numerical solution convergence behavior obtained by the general second order PDE based on the variable coecients of the PDE.
A Novel Two Point Optimal Derivative free Method for Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic, Transcendental Equations and Application Problems using Weight Function
Authors: Jamali Sanaullah , Kalhoro Zubair Ahmed , Shaikh Abdul Wasim , Saleem Chandio Muhammad , Dehraj Sanaullah
Published: January 2024

It’s a big challenge for researchers to locate the root of nonlinear equations with minimum cost, lot of methods are already exist in  literature to find root but their cost are very high In this regard we introduce a two-step  fourth order method by using weight function. And proposed method is optimal and derivative free for solution of nonlinear algebraic and transcendental and application problems. MATLAB, Mathematica and Maple software are used to solve the convergence and numerical problems of proposed and their counterpart methods.
A new three step derivative free method using weight function for numerical solution of non-linear equations arises in application problems
Authors: Jamali Sanaullah , Kalhoro Zubair Ahmed , Shaikh Abdul Wasim , Chandio Muhammad Saleem , Dehraj Sanaullah
Published: January 2024

Abstract In this paper a three-step numerical method, using weight function, has been derived for ﬁnding the root of non-linear equations. The proposed method possesses the accuracy of order eight with four functional evaluations.The eﬃciency index of the derived scheme is 1.682. Numerical examples, application problems are used to demonstrate the performance of the presented schemes and compare them to other available methods in the literature of the same order. Matlab, Mathematica 2021 & Maple 2021 software were used for numerical results.
Solution of Time-Fractional Third-Order Partial Differential Equations of One and Higher Dimensions
Authors: Ali Safdar , Hanif Fozia , Ilyas Muhammad , Shams Rehan , Rehan Muhammad , Inayatullah Syed
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study is to develop the third order time fractional partial differential equations (PDEs) in one and higher dimensions, by taking Laplace Adomian decomposition method (LADM) and q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM). To define fractional derivative, the Caputo operator is used for both fractional and integer orders. The solutions are obtained in the form of series. To understand the procedure of the suggested procedure, three numerical examples are taken. The graphs are plotted for the proposed solution at different values of fractional order ???? which is 0< ???? ≤ 1. Both proposed methods are implemented by using (LADM) and (q-HATM) showing that the proposed technique is found to be better and accurate instrument for solving linear and non-linear time fractional PDEs. The Novelty of the proposed study is that the provided solution for fractional order partial differential equations has never been attempted for third order, this means that the provided solution can solve the third order and could be generalized for the higher order also.
Analysis of Two-Level Complex Shifted Laplace Preconditioner and Deflation-Based Preconditioner for Helmholtz Equation
Authors: Rajput Rao Faisal , Shiekh Hanan , Amur K. B.
Published: January 2024

A Long time deflation preconditioner is used to speed up the convergence of the Krylov subspace method. The discretization of Helmholtz equation with Dirichlet boundary condition by finite difference method obtained any linear system. Resolving a large wavenumber requires a larger number of Grid points, i.e. large linear systems. Thus due to the large linear system, many (sparse) direct methods have taken more memory, So we have used the (iterative technique) Krylov subspace method. One of the problems of the Krylov subspace method is the required preconditioner for better convergence. We use (CSLP) as a preconditioner and drive eigenvalues of (CSLP). However, with increasing wavenumber CSLP shows slow convergence behavior. Then we use another projection-type preconditioner as a deflation preconditioner. A rigorous Fourier analysis (RFA) is a separate research idea to examine the con- vergence of the iterative method included in this article. We analyze the deflation preconditioner with a complex shifted Laplace preconditioner (CSLP) which exhibition spectral behavior of the preconditioner, which is favorable to the Krylov method.
The melting behavior of Paraffin RT-50 in a finned cylindrical surface
Authors: Ali Waris , Shaikh Asif Ali , Shah Feroz , Hussain Sajjad
Published: January 2024

The energy provision is one of the main concerns of modern technological processes and thermal management systems. Through latent heat energy, the storage of thermal energy using phase-change materials is examined in this paper. Paraffin Rubitherm 50 is filled in the cylinder. The base of the cylinder is heated and the vertical surface is made adiabatic. The melting procedure for two cases namely the plane surface and finned surface of the cylinder are considered. The melt fractions are observed and photographed for fixed intervals of time from solid state to total melt state. Initially, the melting of specified PCM was slow and then it became faster when convection heat transfer is accompanied with the conduction. The melting of PCM is geared with fin presence.
Effect of Slip Condition on Unsteady Tank Drainage Flow of third Order Fluid
Authors: Mahar Muneer Ahmed , Memon Kamran Nazir , Shah Syed Feroz , Amur Azam Ali , Siddiqui A. M.
Published: January 2024

Unsteady, isothermal, and incompressible third-order fluid is considered in the tank, cylindrical coordinates are taken into account and the flow of the fluid is considered in the z-direction. The behavior of viscoelastic fluid is analyzed with slip conditions. Velocity profile, flow rate, and mathematical relation between time depth of mass and time efflux, etc. are calculated with the perturbation method. Perturbation is a suitable technique for nonlinear partial differential equations because it converts them into the linear form which is easy to solve. Different physical flow parameters are inspected graphically. A comparison of slip and no-slip is presented also Newtonian and third-order fluids are compared too.
Improved Mid-Point Derivative based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature Rule
Authors: Saand Mir Sarfraz Khalil , Rind Shakeel , Ahmed Zuabir , Wasim Abdul , Ali Owais
Published: January 2024

The main motivation for this work lies in the construction of new and efficient methods to improve the efficiency index of ‘Mid-Point Derivative Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature Rules’. Proposed methods use the derivative values at the mid-points in each strip of integrations such as Mid-Point Derivative Based Closed Trapezoidal, Simpson One Third, Simpson Three eight and Bool’s Rule. The degree of precision and order of accuracy of proposed methods are higher than all the existing methods. Furthermore, error terms of the proposed methods are calculated by using the concept of precision. An extensive comparison of the proposed formulas, classical and mid-point quadrature rules for the number of function evaluation, error terms, coefficient of error terms and results obtained from some different problems are given. The comparisons illustrate that the new proposed Closed Newton-Cotes Rules are much superior to Classical Rules and Zhao and Li’s ‘Mid-Point Derivative Based Closed Newton-Cotes Quadrature’ schemes.
Exact solution on the impact of slip condition for unsteady tank drainage ﬂow of Ellis ﬂuid
Authors: Shaikh Naina Salar , Memon Kamran Nazir , Sial Muhammad Suleman , Siddiqui A. M.
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we look into the effect of slip condition on isothermal and incompressible Ellis fluid of an unsteady tank drainage flow. The non-linear PDE (partial differential equation) is solved exactly by applying the governing continuity and momentum equations, subject to the proper boundary condition, using the separation of variables approach. Unique situations this model put out by Ellis fluid is used to develop concepts like Newtonian, Power law model, and Bingham Plastic model solution. On setting the slip parameterexact solution for Ellis fluid flow is retrivred as well as Newtonian solution is bring back, which was done through Bernoulli's equation. Expressions for velocity field, pipe shear stress, volume flux, velocity average, depth of fluid in the tank at different times and also the relationship between length of the time be different with depth of the tank and the length of time required to complete the drainage is determined. Graphical representation is given of the effects of various development factors on the velocity field Vz and fluid depth H(t). The tank can empty faster for Ellis fluid compared to its special situations, according to the analogy of Ellis, Power law, Newtonian, and Binghan plastic fluids for the relation of depth with respect to time.
An Innovative Soft Rough Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Sets and Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Rough Sets
Authors: Abbas Tasawar , Zafar Rehan , Anjum Sana , Ayub Ambreen , Hussain Zamir
Published: January 2024

This article seeks to demonstrate the novel properties of soft rough dual hesitant fuzzy sets (DHFSRSs) and dual hesitant fuzzy soft rough sets (SRDHFSs). The fundamental characteristics of DHFSRSs and SRDHFSs are thoroughlyinvestigated. Additionally, we present a portrayal hypothesis for the DHFSRSs and SRDHFSs, which demonstrates that the level arrangements of the DHFSRSs and SRDHFSs can be used to characterize both the lower and upper DHFSRSs and SRDHFSs estimates in an identical manner.