bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood and adolescent large‐cell lymphoma (LCL): A review of the children's cancer group experience
Authors: Cairo Mitchell S. , Sposto Richard , Hoover‐Regan Margo , Meadows Anna T. , Anderson James R. , Siegel Stuart E. , Kadin Marshall E. , Kjeldsberg Carl R. , Wilson John F. , Perkins Sherrie L. , Lones Mark A. , Morris Erin , Finlay Jonathan L.
Published: January 2003

We reviewed the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of 67 children with localized and 212 with disseminated large‐cell lymphoma (LCL) treated during a 20‐year period in 5 consecutive Children's Cancer Group (CCG) non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) trials. Clinical outcomes for patients treated on the four earlier studies with moderate‐dose chemotherapy administered over 12–18 months were compared with patients treated most recently with short, intensive therapy. Median age at diagnosis was 12 years (range: 0–19 years). Male to female ratio was 1.8:1.0. Five‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 92% ± 3.3% and 50 ± 3.5% for patients with localized LCL and disseminated LCL, respectively. After adjustment for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), age at diagnosis, and BM involvement, short and intensive therapy as delivered on the most recent study, CCG‐5911, was associated with an improved outcome (P< 0.05) compared to the four previous studies. Elevated LDH (≥500 IU/L) at diagnosis and young age (<5 years) were both significant independent predictors of poorer long‐term EFS (P< 0.05). Long‐term survival after relapse or other treatment failure was only 31% ± 4.7%. In summary, more recent shorter and intense therapy appears to be associated with superior event‐free survival for children and adolescents with disseminated LCL. Large numbers of patients treated with shorter and intense therapy are required to confirm these preliminary observations. Am. J. Hematol. 72:53–63, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of polyurethane with fixed redox‐active units in hard segments
Authors: Ni Suolong , Shen Qundong , Xu Haisheng , Zhu Junjie , Yang Changzheng
Published: January 2003

Electrochemically active polyurethanes containing ferrocene units in hard segments (PU–H–Fc) have been synthesized and identified by 1H‐NMR spectra. Electrochemical properties of PU–H–Fc blending with lithium perchlorates were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and compared with that of polyurethane with ferrocene units in polyether soft segments (PU–S–Fc) and of ordinary polyurethane blending with ferrocene (PU–B–Fc). The apparent formal potentials were found to be similar. The results illustrated that the original redox property of ferrocene was maintained when it was covalently linked to the hard segment as well as to the soft polyether main chain. The peak separation in PU–S–Fc was much greater than in PU–H–Fc, demonstrating that the softness and flexibility of the PEO chain was maintained by fixing the redox units on the hard segments instead of on the soft segments, and the diffusion rate of redox units was increased because the migration of the active substance was enforced by the motion of the polymer chain. The peak position and peak separation of PU–H–Fc were similar to those of ordinary polyurethane blending with ferrocene. In the PU–H–Fc system the physical loss of admix redox molecules by migration can be avoided and the diffusion rate of redox units maintained. This is highly desirable in many electrochemical systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1555–1561, 2003
Effect of the doses and nature of vegetable oil on carbon black/rubber interactions: Studies on castor oil and other vegetable oils
Authors: Kukreja T. R. , Chauhan R. C. , Choe S. , Kundu P. P.
Published: January 2003

The effects of additives in various vegetable oils on the physical, mechanical, and adhesion properties of carbon black/rubber compounds were studied. Various doses of castor oil and some other oils such as paraffin oil, vegetable oil 1, and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at a fixed dose (1 phr) were used. With an increase in the castor oil content, the modulus, tear strength, and tensile strength increased, whereas the hardness and adhesive strength exhibited little variation up to 1 phr. Beyond 1 phr castor oil, the modulus, tear strength, and hardness decreased, whereas the adhesive and tensile strengths increased up to 2.5–3 phr and then decreased. Therefore, castor oil seemed to behave as a coupling agent up to 1 phr and as a coupling agent and a plasticizer in the range of 1–3 phr; beyond that, the main role of castor oil was plasticization. When various oils at a fixed dose (1 phr) were compared, it was found that the vegetable oils exhibited enhanced properties in comparison with those of paraffin oil. In addition, both of the unsaturated oils (castor oil and vegetable oil 1) enhanced physical and mechanical properties in comparison with saturated paraffin oil. CNSL exhibited the best adhesion properties against mild steel and galvanized iron substrates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1574–1578, 2003
Melt fracture, melt viscosities, and die swell of polypropylene resin in capillary flow
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan , Tao Zhenghong
Published: January 2003

The melt fracture, shear viscosity, extensional viscosity, and die swell of a polypropylene resin were studied using a capillary rheometer and dies with a 0.05‐cm diameter and length/radius ratios of 10, 40, and 60. A temperature of 190°C and shear rates between 1 and 5000 s−1 were used. A modified Bagley plot was used with consideration of pressure effects on both the melt viscosity and end effect. The shear viscosity was calculated from the true wall shear stress. When the true wall shear stress increased, the end effect increased and showed critical stresses at around 0.1 and 0.17 MPa. The extensional viscosity was calculated from the end effect and it showed a decreasing trend when the strain rate increased. Both the shear and extensional viscosities correlated well with another polypropylene reported previously. The die swell was higher for shorter dies and increased when shear stress increased. When the shear rates increased, the extrudate changed from smooth to gross melt fracture with regular patterns (spurt) and then turned into an irregular shape. In the regular stage the wavelength of the extrudates increased when the shear rate increased. The frequency of melt fracture was almost independent of the shear rate, but it decreased slightly when the die length increased. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1587–1594, 2003
Polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone initiated through powders of biological and nonbiological glasses
Authors: Guerra Giulio D. , Cerrai Piero , D'Acunto Mario , Krajewski Adriano , Maltinti Simona , Mazzocchi Mauro , Palla Maurizio , Ravaglioli Antonio , Tricoli Mario
Published: January 2003

Eight biomedical glasses and three commercial glasses, as finely divided powders, were tested as initiators for the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone in bulk and in vacuo at 185°C. All the glass powders were able to initiate the polymerization, along with Pyrex, which was totally inert toward the monomer as the inner surface of a phial. The obtained polymers were examined with Fourier infrared transform spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The molecular weights were measured by viscometry in CHCl3. The presence of a fraction of the polymer firmly linked to the glass was quantitatively checked by the determination of the weight loss from the residues of the extraction with CHCl3 after calcination in a kiln at 945°C. The molecular weights and weight losses per unit surface were elaborated mathematically so that a possible correlation between these properties and the atomic compositions of the glasses could be better investigated. Two possible initiation mechanisms, induced by the hydroxyls present on the glass surface, were proposed: one for free poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) and one for poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) linked to the glass. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1579–1586, 2003
Radiation‐induced GMA/DMAA graft copolymerization onto porous PE hollow‐fiber membrane
Authors: Grasselli Mariano , Carbajal M. Laura , Yoshii Fumio , Sugo Takanobu
Published: January 2003

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization is a powerful technique to prepare a grafted chain with the desired properties pending onto the trunk material. In this work, a polyethylene hollow‐fiber membrane was modified by this technique. The monomers glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) were cografted onto macroporous polyethylene hollow fiber with a grafting degree in the order of 200%. DMAA/GMA cografted membranes were compared to GMA grafted ones for the introduction of an amino acid as a specific ligand. Grafted membranes with a copolymer composition between 0 and 2 DMAA/GMA were prepared by soaking them in solutions of different mixtures of monomers. Copolymers were characterized by FTIR and their composition was estimated by the analysis of the ratio of carbonyl signals. Copolymers with a higher proportion of DMAA showed improved hydrophilic properties and higher conversion rates of epoxy groups on phenyalanine ligands than those of the GMA grafted ones. However, copolymers with a DMAA/GMA ratio higher than 1 showed a detrimental effect on the pure water flux. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1646–1653, 2003
Dynamic mechanical properties of particle‐reinforced EPDM composites
Authors: Sohn M. S. , Kim K. S. , Hong S. H. , Kim J. K.
Published: January 2003

The dynamic mechanical property of particle‐reinforced ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) matrix composites has been studied by using a dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer (DMTA). The individual composite has been reinforced with the various reinforcing particles as follows: silicon carbide particles (SiCps) of 60 μm in average diameter with various volume fractions (i.e., 10–40%); copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al) particles with 20 vol %; and SiCps with 6 and 36 μm in different average diameters with 20 vol % over the total composite volume. It is shown from the experimental results that the dynamic elastic modulus values increase and the composites with 40 vol % SiCps exhibit higher tan δ values through the entire rubbery phase after the glass transition region compared with the composites with lower particle volume percentages. This shows that the composites with 20 vol % Cu particles have the higher dynamic elastic modulus but the lower peak tan δ value than the composites with other particles of 20 vol % do. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the effective particle volume in the composite with Cu particles is higher than the other composites, although the same particle volume fraction of 20% has been used. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1595–1601, 2003
Effects of calcium stearate addition of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in direct compression molding
Authors: Utsumi Masahiro , Nagata Kazuya , Suzuki Masahiko , Mori Akiko , Sakuramoto Itsuo , Torigoe Yuuichi , Kaneeda Toshiaki , Moriya Hideshige
Published: January 2003

The effects of calcium stearate addition in molding of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were investigated by tensile testing, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Four types of UHMWPE specimens with varying contents of calcium stearate (<5, 50, 100, and 1000 ppm) were used in this study. SEM observation revealed that calcium stearate added specimens have smoother and more homogeneous microstructures. After accelerated aging, subsurface oxidative degeneration was observed in all specimens; however, calcium stearate added specimens had less oxidative degeneration in comparison with specimens without additives. Specimens showed better mechanical properties with increasing content of calcium stearate. Though all specimens aggravated their mechanical properties due to oxidation after accelerated aging, the specimens of 100 ppm of calcium stearate showed better properties at 3.7 MPa larger yield strength and four times larger value of elongation at fracture than the specimens without additives. These results indicate that calcium stearate addition produces dense packing of UHMWPE particles, which brings about stronger fusion among the particles and fewer structural defects, and results in better mechanical properties and better resistance to oxidative degeneration. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1602–1609, 2003
Sorption of chromium oxy‐anions onto cationized ligno‐cellulosic material
Authors: Zghida Haïfa , Baouab Mohamed Hassen V , Gauthier Robert
Published: January 2003

Quaternary ammonium groups were grafted onto ligno‐cellulosic material (cotton, wood sawdust, and maize‐cob flour) to obtain a support able to adsorb oxy‐anions containing chromium atoms (chromate and dichromate). For both anions in aqueous solutions, adsorption proceeded very quickly and reached a limit value dependent on the rate of ammonium grafting; at saturation, the Cr/N+ ratio was always close to 1/1 for chromate anions, but two ammonium sites were needed to link a dichromate anion in a stable structure, resulting in the same 1/1 Cr/N+ ratio. Tentatives for modeling the adsorption process were performed with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Jossen equations. A nearly total desorption occurred only when these saturated supports were treated with solutions of high ionic strength (4M potassium chloride). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1660–1665, 2003
Poly(L‐lactide). X. Enhanced surface hydrophilicity and chain‐scission mechanisms of poly(L‐lactide) film in enzymatic, alkaline, and phosphate‐buffered solutions
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Ishida Takuya
Published: January 2003

Attempts were carried out to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of poly(L‐lactide), that is, poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) film, utilizing enzymatic, alkaline, and autocatalytic hydrolyses in a proteinase K/Tris–HCL buffered solution system (37°C), in a 0.01N NaOH solution (37°C), and in a phosphate‐buffered solution (100°C), respectively. Moreover, its chain‐scission mechanisms in these different media were studied. The advancing contact‐angle (θa) value of the amorphous‐made PLLA film decreased monotonically with the hydrolysis time from 100° to 75° and 80° without a significant molecular weight decrease, when enzymatic and alkaline hydrolyses were continued for 60 min and 8 h, respectively. In contrast, a negligible change in the θa value was observed for the PLLA films even after the autocatalytic hydrolysis was continured for 16 h, when their bulk Mn decreased from 1.2 × 105 to 2.2 × 104 g mol−1 or the number of hydrophilic terminal groups per unit weight increased from 1.7 × 10−5 to 9.1 × 10−5 mol g−1. These findings, together with the result of gravimetry, revealed that the enzymatic and alkaline hydrolyses are powerful enough to enhance the practical surface hydrophilicity of the PLLA films because of their surface‐erosion mechanisms and that its practical surface hydrophilicity is controllable by varying the hydrolysis time. Moreover, autocatalytic hydrolysis is inappropriate to enhance the surface hydrophilicity, because of its bulk‐erosion mechanism. Alkaline hydrolysis is the best to enhance the hydrophilicity of the PLLA films without hydrolysis of the film cores, while the enzymatic hydrolysis is appropriate and inappropriate to enhance the surface hydrophilicity of bulky and thin PLLA materials, respectively, because a significant weight loss occurs before saturation of θa value. The changes in the weight loss and θa values during hydrolysis showed that exo chain scission as well as endo chain scission occurs in the presence of proteinase K, while in the alkaline and phosphate‐buffered solutions, hydrolysis proceeds via endo chain scission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1628–1633, 2003
Photoluminescence and excimer emission of functional groups in light‐emitting polymers
Authors: Fehervari Agota F. , Kagumba Lawino C. , Hadjikyriacou Savvas , Chen Freeman , Gaudiana Russell A.
Published: January 2003

Near‐UV and blue‐light‐emitting polymers were synthesized with luminescent functional groups in the side chains or in the polymer main chain. The unsubstituted fluorophores, 2,5‐diphenylfuran, 2‐phenylbenzoxazole, and triphenylamine, do not form excimers in solution; however, in the case of polymers, excimer emission was negligible only with 2‐phenylbenzoxazole derivatives. The monomers as well as the polymers, poly(2‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐benzoxazole), poly{N‐(4‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl‐phenyl)‐N′‐[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]urea}, and the polyurea of 2‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐5‐aminobenzoxazole with 1,5‐diisocyanato‐2‐methylpentane, were strong blue emitters; photoluminescence shifted to longer wavelengths than that of 2‐phenylbenzoxazole. Light‐emitting polymers containing 2,5‐diphenylfuran derivatives, including poly[2‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐5‐phenylfuran], poly[2‐(4‐vinylphenyl)‐5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)furan], and poly(N‐[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]‐N′‐{4‐[5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐2‐furyl]phenyl}urea), particularly in solid films, exhibited a strong blue excimer emission. The emission characteristics of polymers with triphenylamine side chains were influenced by the mode of attachment of the luminescent group. A longer spacer group between the lumophore and the polymer main chain successfully minimized excimer emission in poly{N‐[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]‐N′‐[4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)phenyl]urea}, showing near UV/violet photoluminescence. Polymers with a shorter connecting group, such as poly[4‐(N,N‐diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate], displayed blue excimer emission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1634–1645, 2003
Monodisperse nanoparticles of poly(ethylene glycol) macromers and N‐isopropyl acrylamide for biomedical applications
Authors: Leobandung William , Ichikawa Hideki , Fukumori Yoshinobu , Peppas Nicholas A.
Published: January 2003

Poly(ethylene glycol)‐based nanoparticles have received significant attention in the field of biomedicine. When they are copolymerized with pH‐ or temperature‐sensitive comonomers, their small size allows them to respond very quickly to changes in the environment, including changes in the pH, ionic strength, and temperature. In addition, the high surface‐to‐volume ratio makes them highly functionalized. In this work, nanoparticles composed of temperature‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), poly(ethylene glycol) 400 dimethacrylate, and poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 methacrylate were prepared by a thermally initiated, free‐radical dispersion polymerization method. The temperature‐responsive behavior of the hydrogel nanoparticles was characterized by the study of their particle size with photon correlation spectroscopy. The size of the nanoparticles varied from 200 to 1100 nm and was a strong function of the temperature of the system, from 5 to 40°C. The thermal, structural, and morphological characteristics were also investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1678–1684, 2003
Natural and artificial aging of polypropylene–polyethylene copolymers
Authors: Colom X. , Cañavate J. , Suñol J. J. , Pagès P. , Saurina J. , Carrasco F.
Published: January 2003

The degradation of polypropylene–polyethylene copolymers (which were used to make the seats for the Olympic stadium in Barcelona, Spain), in response to natural aging for 2.5 years and artificial aging for 5000 h in a xenon lamp chamber, was studied. The extent of the various photoreactions, including the formation of carbonyl groups, the scission of hydrocarbonated chains, the formation of free radicals in tertiary carbons, and the formation of nonsaturated bonds followed by branching and crosslinking, was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Melting and thermal decomposition were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. In all cases, aging led to a loss of crystallinity. By scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to detect the formation of a porous material after melting crystallization, as well as the presence of micelle orientation. Finally, a comparison between natural and artificial aging effects showed differences, the samples exposed to weathering being modified to a greater extent than the artificially aged ones. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1685–1692, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of nylon 6/polyalkylaniline conducting composites
Authors: Sarı Bekir , Talu Muzaffer , Gök Ayşegül
Published: January 2003

Conducting composite films of polyalkylanilines with nylon 6 as the insulating matrix were electrochemically synthesized and characterized. The electrochemical properties of the alkylanilines and their composites were investigated with a cyclic voltammetry technique. The magnetic properties of the polymers and composites were analyzed, and their conducting mechanisms were found to be of bipolaron nature. With Fourier transform infrared spectra, it was clarified that polymerization occurred via the NH2 group in a head‐to‐tail mechanism. Through thermogravimetric analyses, the thermal properties of the polymers and their composites were elucidated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1693–1701, 2003
Impact modified isotatic polypropylene with controlled rubber intrinsic viscosities: Some new aspects about morphology and fracture
Authors: Grein C. , Bernreitner K. , Hauer A. , Gahleitner M. , Neißl W.
Published: January 2003

The influence of the molecular weight of the dispersed phase of ethylene–propylene rubber modified isotactic polypropylene (iPP/EPR) reactor blends was studied in a systematic way by varying their intrinsic viscosity (IV) from 1.7 to 6 dg/L while keeping the matrix melt flow rate (MFR) constant. Standard Charpy measurements were completed by a continuous analysis of the impact properties over a wide range of temperatures at fixed test speed. As expected, the higher the IV, the tougher the iPP/EPR blends. However, ductile–brittle transitions as key mechanical descriptors did not correlate linearly with Mw, suggesting the macroscopic behavior of the blend to be controlled primarily by the morphology of the EPR particles. Moreover, strong correlations were found between impact mechanical properties, amount of stress‐whitening, and strength of the molecular relaxations estimated from dynamical mechanical analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1702–1712, 2003
Experimental studies on extrudate swell behavior of PS and LLDPE melts in single and dual capillary dies
Authors: Sombatsompop N. , O‐Charoen N.
Published: January 2003

Extrudate swell behavior of polystyrene (PS) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) melts was investigated using a constant shear rate capillary rheometer. Two capillary dies with different design configurations were used, one being a single flow channel and the other being a dual flow channel. A number of extrudate swell related parameters were examined, and used to explain the discrepancies in the extrudate swell results obtained from the single and dual flow channel dies, the parameters including output rate and output rate ratio, power law index, wall shear rate, wall shear stress, melt residence time, pressure drop induced temperature rise, flow channel position relative to the barrel centerline, and the flow patterns. It was found in this work that the power law index (n value) was the main parameter to determine the output rate ratio and the extrudate swell between the large and small holes for the dual flow channel die: the greater the n value the lower the output rate ratio and thus decreased extrudate swell ratio. The differences in the extrudate swell ratio and flow properties for PS and LLDPE melts resulted from the output rate ratio and the molecular chain structure, respectively. The extrudate swell was observed to increase with wall shear rate. The discrepancies in the extrudate swell results from single and dual dies for a given shear rate were caused by differences in the flow patterns in the barrel and die, and the change in the melt velocities flowing from the barrel and in the die to the die exit. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1713–1722, 2003
Using the user's mental model to guide the integration of information space into information need
Authors: Cole Charles , Leide John E.
Published: January 2003

The study reported here tested the efficacy of an information retrieval system output summary and visualization scheme for undergraduates taking a Vietnam War history who were in Kuhlthau's Stage 3 of researching a history essay. The visualization scheme consisted of (a) the undergraduate's own visualization of his or her essay topic, drawn by the student on the bottom half of a sheet of paper, and (b) a visualization of the information space (determined by index term counting) on the top‐half of the same page. To test the visualization scheme, students enrolled in a Vietnam War history course were randomly assigned to either the visualization scheme group, who received a high recall search output, or the nonvisualization group, who received a high precision search output. The dependent variable was the mark awarded the essay by the course instructor. There was no significant difference between the mean marks for the two groups. We were pleasantly surprised with this result given the bad reputation of high recall as a practical search strategy. We hypothesize that a more pro‐active visualization system is needed that takes the student through the process of using the visualization scheme, including steps that induce student cognition about task–subject objectives.
Browsing‐based conceptual information retrieval incorporating dictionary term relations, keyword association, and a user's interest
Authors: Nakashima Makoto , Sato Keizo , Qu Yanhua , Ito Tetsuro
Published: January 2003

A model of browsing‐based conceptual information retrieval is proposed employing two different types of dictionaries, a global dictionary and a local dictionary. A global dictionary with the authorized terms is utilized to capture the commonly acknowledgeable conceptual relation between a query and a document by replacing their keywords with the dictionary terms. The documents are ranked by the conceptual closeness to a query, and are arranged in the form of a user's personal digital library, or pDL. In a pDL a user can browse the arranged documents based on a suggestion about which documents are worth examining. This suggestion is made by the information in a local dictionary that is organized so as to reflect a user's interest and the association of keywords with the documents. Experiments for testing the retrieval performance of utilizing the two types of dictionaries were also performed using standard test collections.
Matchsimile: A flexible approximate matching tool for searching proper names
Authors: Navarro Gonzalo , Baeza‐Yates Ricardo , Marcelo Azevedo Arcoverde João
Published: January 2003

We present the architecture and algorithms behind Matchsimile, an approximate string matching lookup tool especially designed for extracting person and company names from large texts. Part of a larger information extraction environment, this specific engine receives a large set of proper names to search for, a text to search, and search options; and outputs all the occurrences of the names found in the text. Beyond the similarity search capabilities applied at the intraword level, the tool considers a set of specific person name formation rules at the word level, such as combination, abbreviation, duplicity detections, ordering, word omission and insertion, among others. This engine is used in a successful commercial application (also named Matchsimile), which allows searching for lawyer names in official law publications.
Scholarly use of the Web: What are the key inducers of links to journal Web sites?
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Thelwall Mike
Published: January 2003

Web links have been studied by information scientists for at least six years but it is only in the past two that clear evidence has emerged to show that counts of links to scholarly Web spaces (universities and departments) can correlate significantly with research measures, giving some credence to their use for the investigation of scholarly communication. This paper reports on a study to investigate the factors that influence the creation of links to journal Web sites. An empirical approach is used: collecting data and testing for significant patterns. The specific questions addressed are whether site age and site content are inducers of links to a journal's Web site as measured by the ratio of link counts to Journal Impact Factors, two variables previously discovered to be related. A new methodology for data collection is also introduced that uses the Internet Archive to obtain an earliest known creation date for Web sites. The results show that both site age and site content are significant factors for the disciplines studied: library and information science, and law. Comparisons between the two fields also show disciplinary differences in Web site characteristics. Scholars and publishers should be particularly aware that richer content on a journal's Web site tends to generate links and thus the traffic to the site.
Empirical evidence of self‐organization?
Authors: van den Besselaar Peter
Published: January 2003

In a recent paper in this journal, Loet Leydesdorff and Gaston Heimeriks (2001, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1262–1294.) argue that biotechnology develops in a self‐organizational mode, through interaction between the intellectual structure and the institutional network of the research field. This claim is empirically supported by a multivariate analysis of documents from core biotechnology journals. One unexpected finding in this paper is the relationship between the title words of documents and the region of their origin. This claim requires examination because, as will be shown, it seems to be an artifact of the method used. If this is so, it undermines the authors' theoretical claim that the production of knowledge is a self‐organizing process.
Does matching up features mess up job choice? Boundary conditions on attribute‐salience effects
Authors: Slaughter Jerel E. , Highhouse Scott
Published: January 2003

Research in decision making has suggested that the degree to which features of an option are shared versus unique influences preferences in a way that violates normative rules. The generalizability of these findings to job choice was investigated. Senior‐level, undergraduate job seekers (N = 216) were presented with three jobs from which they were asked to choose one. Attributes for two of the jobs (A and B) remained invariant across conditions, and attributes for a third job (C) were manipulated such that it shared unfavorable features with one of the invariant jobs (A or B) and favorable attributes with the other job (B or A). Results suggested that jobs with unique positive features and shared negative features were preferred over those with unique negative features and shared positive features only when information was presented in a simple (versus complex) format and when participants did not rate the importance of attributes prior to the choice task. We suggest that inferences from feature‐matching research should be qualified by these boundary conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple mediators of plant programmed cell death: Interplay of conserved cell death mechanisms and plant‐specific regulators
Authors: Hoeberichts Frank A. , Woltering Ernst J.
Published: January 2003

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process aimed at the removal of redundant, misplaced, or damaged cells and it is essential to the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. In contrast to the relatively well‐described cell death pathway in animals, often referred to as apoptosis, mechanisms and regulation of plant PCD are still ill‐defined. Several morphological and biochemical similarities between apoptosis and plant PCD have been described, including DNA laddering, caspase‐like proteolytic activity, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as important signals in the activation of plant PCD. In addition, several plant hormones may exert their respective effects on plant PCD through the regulation of ROS accumulation. The possible plant PCD regulators discussed in this review are integrated in a model that combines plant‐specific regulators with mechanisms functionally conserved between animals and plants. BioEssays 25:47–57, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making use of the primary tumour
Authors: Baars Arnold , Buter Jan , Pinedo Herbert M.
Published: January 2003

Surgical resection of a primary tumour is often not sufficient to cure a patient. Even when no residual cancer can be detected at time of surgery, metastases may appear in the following years, which indicates that the primary tumour had apparently spread before surgery. Following surgery, systemic chemotherapy may be used to eradicate micro‐metastatic disease. Here we present two unconventional strategies that implement new insights into tumour biology and tumour immunology in the treatment of patients with cancer. Both experimental strategies use the individual characteristics of the patient's primary tumour to optimise the control of life‐threatening micro‐metastases. We aim to modulate the patient's adaptive immune system, targeting it towards the patient's own tumour cells to eradicate residual disease following local treatment. In one approach, this is done by autologous tumour cell vaccinations as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer patients and, in a second approach, by giving chemo‐imunotherapy before local treatment to women with locally advanced breast cancer. BioEssays 25:79–86, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constitutive cycling: A general mechanism to regulate cell surface proteins
Authors: Royle Stephen J. , Murrell‐Lagnado Ruth D.
Published: January 2003

Cells can change their function by rapidly modulating the levels of certain proteins at the plasma membrane. This rapid modulation is achieved by using a specialised trafficking process called constitutive cycling. The constitutive cycling of a variety of transmembrane proteins such as receptors, channels and transporters has recently been directly demonstrated in a wide range of cell types. This regulation is thought to underlie important biological phenomena such as learning and memory, gastric acid secretion and water and blood glucose homeostasis. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of constitutive cycling, its regulation by extracellular agents such as hormones and its misregulation in disease states. BioEssays 25:39–46, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell signaling through membrane mucins
Authors: Carraway Kermit L. , Ramsauer Victoria P. , Haq Bushra , Carothers Carraway Coralie A.
Published: January 2003

MUC1 and MUC4 are the two membrane mucins that have been best characterized. Although they have superficially similar structures and have both been shown to provide steric protection of epithelial surfaces, recent studies have also implicated them in cellular signaling. They act by substantially different mechanisms, MUC4 as a receptor ligand and MUC1 as a docking protein for signaling molecules. MUC4 is a novel intramembrane ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2/HER2/Neu, triggering a specific phosphorylation of the ErbB2 in the absence of other ErbB ligands and potentiating phosphorylation and signaling through the ErbB2/ErbB3 heterodimeric receptor complex formed in the presence of neuregulin. In contrast, MUC1 has a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail, which binds β‐catenin, a key component of adherens junctions and a regulator of transcription, in a process that is tightly regulated by MUC1 phosphorylation. The specific localization of these membrane mucins to the apical surfaces of epithelial cells suggests that their signaling functions may be important as sensor mechanisms in response to invasion or damage of epithelia. BioEssays 25:66–71, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The viral control of cellular acetylation signaling
Authors: Caron Cécile , Col Edwige , Khochbin Saadi
Published: January 2003

It is becoming clear that the post‐translational modification of histone and non‐histone proteins by acetylation is part of an important cellular signaling process controling a wide variety of functions in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Recent investigations designate this signaling pathway as one of the primary targets of viral proteins after infection. Indeed, specific viral proteins have acquired the capacity to interact with cellular acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) and consequently to disrupt normal acetylation signaling pathways, thereby affecting viral and cellular gene expression. Here we review the targeting of cellular HATs and HDACs by viral proteins and highlight different strategies adopted by viruses to control cellular acetylation signaling and to accomplish their life cycle. BioEssays 25:58–65, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of the JNK signaling pathway: Breaking the brake on apoptosis
Authors: Lin Anning
Published: January 2003

The JNK signaling pathway is involved in regulation of many cellular events, including growth control, transformation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). The role of JNK activation in apoptosis is highly controversial, being suggested to have a pro‐apoptotic, anti‐apoptotic or no role in this process. It appears that the JNK pathway functions in a cell‐type and stimulus‐dependent manner and its different components can sometimes play opposing roles in apoptosis. Recent studies reveal that the effect of JNK activation on apoptosis depends on the activity of other signaling pathways like the NF‐κB pathway. Here we propose a model that can explain how activation of the JNK pathway “breaks the brake” on apoptosis, thereby regulating, but not initiating the apoptotic process. BioEssays 25:17–24, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Localizing synaptic mRNAs at the neuromuscular junction: It takes more than transcription
Authors: Chakkalakal Joe V. , Jasmin Bernard J.
Published: January 2003

The neuromuscular junction has been used for several decades as an excellent model system to examine the cellular and molecular events involved in the formation and maintenance of a differentiated chemical synapse. In this context, several laboratories have focused their efforts over the last 15 years on the important contribution of transcriptional mechanisms to the regulation of the development and plasticity of the postsynaptic apparatus in muscle fibers. Converging lines of evidence now indicate that post‐transcriptional events, operating at the level of mRNA stability and targeting, are likely to also play key roles at the neuromuscular junction. Here, we present the recent findings highlighting the role of these additional molecular events and extend our review to include data showing that post‐transcriptional events are also important in the control of the expression of genes encoding synaptic proteins in muscle cells placed under different conditions. Finally, we discuss the possibility that mis‐regulation of post‐transcriptional events can occur in certain neuromuscular diseases and cause abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction. BioEssays 25:25–31, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Size isn't everything
Authors: Tyler David , Baker Nicholas E.
Published: January 2003

Much progress has been made recently towards uncovering the mechanisms that control the size to which organisms and their organs grow, and identifying some of the genes responsible. Size control, however, is only half of the equation. In growing to the right size, tissues must also grow to the right shape. A recent paper1 suggests that a hitherto overlooked cellular behaviour governs the size and shape of a growing tissue, and issues a challenge to developmental biologists to identify the molecular mechanisms involved. BioEssays 25:5–8, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leeds inquiry into infant deaths: the importance of abuse and neglect in sudden infant death
Authors: Hobbs Christopher J. , Wynne Jane M. , Gelletlie R.
Published: January 2003

Results of detailed inquiry into 37 unexpected deaths in infancy in Leeds over 18 months in 1991/2 revealed issues of abuse or neglect in 27, in 10 of which it was the major concern. Important findings included non‐organic failure to thrive, injury, or history suggesting suffocation. A history of abuse and neglect in parents as children, prior involvement with social services, poverty and social deprivation, the family struggling to cope and abuse or neglect of siblings were also identified. Deaths from child abuse and neglect are frequently not recognized in official reporting systems and it is likely that there are deaths registered as SIDS which are the result of maltreatment. Recognition depends on creating a jigsaw picture of all the circumstances surrounding the infant and family. Failure to recognize a death from maltreatment may leave other children at risk. Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A continuum of child‐rearing: responding to traditional practices
Authors: Koramoa John , Lynch Margaret A. , Kinnair Donna
Published: January 2003

Professionals working in a multicultural society must be sensitive to diverse cultural approaches to child‐rearing and be able to distinguish between those traditions that can cause harm and ones which positively enhance the child's cultural identity. This can be helped by viewing childcare practices on a continuum ranging from those that are unequivocally harmful, e.g. female circumcision, and therefore legitimate targets for abolition to those which, because of their benefits, deserve to be actively preserved and promoted. Most traditional practices encountered in the UK are between these two extremes, but can be positively or negatively influenced by local knowledge and attitudes. A West African culture is used to provide specific examples and to illustrate a framework based on the continuum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does professional and public opinion in child abuse differ? An issue of cross‐cultural policy implementation
Authors: Chan Jasmine S. , Elliott John M. , Chow Yvonne , Thomas Joyce I.
Published: January 2003

There are cultural variations in childcare and socialisation practices, and actions considered abuse in one culture may be acceptable in others. The extent to which children's rights are regarded as such within their own cultures as well as by governments may vary greatly. Moreover, there is a tendency for the public to make allowances for the intentions and circumstances of child abusers, at least in less severe or obvious cases or where the actions in question are socially sanctioned. However, there are also many professions involved in prevention or remediation of child abuse, or in the implementation of policies on children generally. Medicine, law, education and the social services are especially relevant here. Professionals in these areas could be expected by virtue of their training and experience to bring to their grasp of abuse issues a dimension that transcends cultural variation. Evidence from the literature and from two Singapore studies is used to explore the possibility that many professionals may retain attitudes to child maltreatment that reflect their culture rather than any transcultural agreement on children's rights generally or child abuse specifically. If true, changing professional attitudes should be an important priority. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culturally competent protection of children's mental health
Authors: Walker Steven
Published: January 2003

The protection of the mental health of black and other ethnic minority children and young people has not received adequate attention in the literature. This paper considers, describes and discusses the concept of culturally competent practice. Ways in which practitioners can better understand the needs of children in a multicultural, diverse society and intervene in more effective ways are assessed. Finally, the components of a culturally competent practice to support families in the protection of children's mental health are summarized, together with the implications for practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new dedicated stent and delivery system for the treatment of bifurcation lesions: Preliminary experience
Authors: Toutouzas Konstantinos , Stankovic Goran , Takagi Takuro , Albiero Remo , Corvaja Nicola , Milici Caterina , Di Mario Carlo , Finci Leo , Colombo Antonio
Published: January 2003

We report the first clinical experience in eight patients with a new stent and delivery system specifically designed for the treatment of bifurcational lesions. The device (AST SLK‐View system) consists of a premounted stent and a delivery system. The stent has a side aperture, which orients toward the ostium of the side branch. The system allows deployment of the stent while the access to both main and side branches is maintained by two wires. We evaluated this system in nine bifurcations. The location of bifurcations was left descending artery/diagonal branch in four lesions, left circumflex/obtuse marginal branch in three lesions, and postero‐lateral branch/posterior descending artery in two lesions. Predilation was performed in six lesions of the main branches and in five lesions of the side branches. The stent was effectively delivered to all bifurcations except for one, in which the target lesion was located at a distal segment and the device could not be delivered. Following stent implantation in the main branch, two lesions at the side branches were treated by stent, while the other lesions were treated by balloon angioplasty without difficulty. Final kissing balloon was performed in four bifurcation lesions. No adverse event was observed during 1 month of clinical follow‐up. Treatment of bifurcation lesions with this new dedicated device appears to be feasible. This new device may introduce a new approach for the treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:34–42. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subacute stent thrombosis associated with a heparin‐coated stent and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Cruz Daniel , Karlsberg Ronald , Takano Yuzuru , Vora Devandra , Tobis Jonathan
Published: January 2003

Subacute stent thrombosis occurred in a patient 34 days after receiving a heparin‐coated (HC) stent. The patient developed heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia and diffuse thrombosis after the stent was placed. This raises the concern that patients who develop heparin‐associated antibodies in the context of a recently placed HC stent may have an increased risk for subacute stent thrombosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:80–83. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac perforation following transcatheter PFO closure
Authors: Trepels Thomas , Zeplin Harald , Sievert Horst , Billinger Kai , Krumsdorf Ulrike , Zadan Elisabeth , Horvath Kathrin
Published: January 2003

From December 1998 to August 2001, transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) with an Amplatzer PFO occluder has been successfully performed in our center in 102 patients without severe complications. We are reporting the first known case of cardiac perforation by an Amplatzer PFO occluder. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:111–113. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.