bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japanese Beetle Grub Control on a Golf Course Fairway at Hershey, Pa, 1982
Authors: Heller P. R. , Harper J. C. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied Aug 30 for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (70%) and colonial bentgrass (30%). Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker, followed by watering-in with 3 gal water. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature, 60°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 6.5; soil condition, moist; percent organic matter,.2.9; amount of thatch, 0.5 in; and skies were partly cloudy. Post-treatment counts were made 42 days later (Oct 11). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft sample. An average of 8 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded Aug 30 prior to treatment.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Black Turfgrass Ataenius in Massachusetts, 1982
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied at 2 rates each, and 3 additional insecticides were applied at 1 rate to a golf course fairway in Salem, MA on Jun 3. All materials were pre-measured in the laboratory. Granular materials were applied by-hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid materials were applied with 12 1 water in a watering can per 9.3 m plot. All applications were mad* in 2 directions, perpendicular to each other, within each plot. Each plot was 3.05 m square, and each material was replicated 5 times in a complete randomized block design. Ca 1 cm water (pH 6.5) was applied immediately after insecticides were applied. Five 10.8 cm diameter plugs, ca 7.5 cm deep, were collected from each plot on Jul 19 and hand inspected in the laboratory to determine the distribution of all stages of black turfgrass ataenius.
Dogwood Borer Control with One vs Two Applications, Lexington, Ky, 1982
Authors: Potter D. A. , Hyatt J. P.
Published: March 2022

Either 1 or 2 applications of Dursban 2E were applied to the trunk and crown of flowering dogwoods (5-10 cm diam) on the University of Kentucky campus. Only trees showing evidence of fresh borer frass in May were included in the study. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 25 trees/treatment. The first treatment was applied Jun 3, 14 days after date of first male capture in pheromone traps. Trees receiving 2 treatments were sprayed again on Aug 4, 14 days after the start of the late summer flight peak. On both treatment dates, trees were sprayed to runoff using a 7.6 liter (2 gal) compressed air sprayer, under sunny skies at 23-26°C. Approximately 160 ml of finished spray was applied per tree/treatment date. Counts of live borers were made Nov 9 by inspecting trees for fresh frass. Data were classified into 2 classes, e.g., 'infested' or 'not infested' and tested by chi-square contingency tests among pairs of treatments.
Phytotoxicity Trials on Bedding Plants, California, 1982:
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Robb K. L.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity tests were conducted on 15 species of plants with three rates of fenpropathrin, 0.074, 0.10 and 0.40 lb ai/100 gal. The material was applied to runoff with a hand gun operating from a 2.5 gpm piston pump at 125 psi with a 5003 nozzle. Plants were sprayed outdoors in early morning (T = 24°C) on May 24 and Jun 15. One flat consisting of 9 pony-paks with 6 plants/pony-pak were sprayed per dosage; an equal number was used for the check. After spraying, plants were left at the nursery and under normal nursery maintenance. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 4 wk after spraying and compared to a water check.
Phytotoxicity Tests for Oils, 1982
Authors: Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Foltz Julie
Published: March 2022

Two separate tests were conducted to evaluate Ortho Volck Oil Spray and Volck Spray + Diazinon 25EC at 3 different rates for phytotoxicity on 3 species of ornamentals. It involved treatment of 3 different types of field grown nursery stock that were located on a horticulture research farm outside of Stillwater. Treatments were made with a 2 gal B&G compressed air sprayer at approximately 20 psi. All plants were treated to run-off. The check plants were treated with water to run-off. Test 1 was applied on Jun 15 and Test 2 on Jul 20. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatments were 85°F, 5-8 mph and 81°F, 2-4 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. In Test 1, plants were examined 1, 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment. In Test 2 plants were examined 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity was recorded as none, slight, moderate, severe, or killed.
Phytotoxicity Tests, New Hampshire, 1981:
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Spinney Tim
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to selected ornamental plants to evaluate potential phytotoxicity. Experiments were conducted between Feb and Dec at the University of New Hampshire greenhouses or at Pleasant View Greenhouse, Loudon, NH. The plants were arranged in rows and were sprayed at rates of 0.5, 1x (recommended rates), 2x, and 4x using a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi. Temik 10G was incorpoorated into the soil by means of a hand-held rate sprinkler and was then watered into the soil. Each experimental rate was applied to 4 single plant replicates, to the point of runoff. The plants were examined 4, 5 and 7 days after application.
Reduction of Insect-Induced Apical Seediness in Strawberry, 1982
Authors: Schaefers George A.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticide treatments were evaluated against the tarnished plant bug on a 4-variety strawberry planting at Geneva, NY. The planting, established in 1980, consists of 40 rows, with each row having 4-2x20 ft sections of the varieties 'Honeoye', 'Canoga', 'Redchief, and 'Midway'. The planting was divided into 4 blocks and each treatment was randomly replicated once in each block. All replications received a treatment on May 25 '82 at 50 gal/acre. One-half of the row sections received a 2nd application of June 3 '82 (Test 2), while the remaining sections were restricted to the single application (Test 1). Fruit which ripened between Jun 14 and Jul 12 was harvested and rated as either injured or not injured. Injury was characterized as a collection of wel1-developed, closely-packed achenes in a depressed area on the berry. Percent injured fruit for the season are shown in the tables.
Pine, Pine Spittlebug Control, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Sherrod D. W.
Published: March 2022

A roadside planting of pines at Painter, Va was used for the insecticide evaluation.
Control of Crucifer Foliage Feeding Insects by Orthene 75WP in the Transplant Water, 1982
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli and cabbage were transplanted Jul 9 at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows, each with 36-inch centers and 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied by incorporating Orthene 75WP into the transplant water. Evaluations were made on Aug 12 by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting the above mentioned species. Infestations were considered severe for young crucifers.
Numerical modeling of a novel two-stage linear refrigeration compressor
Authors: Shen Hao , Li Zhaohua , Liang Kun , Chen Xinwen
Published: March 2022

Linear compressors have started to apply in refrigeration owing to their oil-free operation, capacity modulation by variable stroke and higher seasonal efficiency. Nevertheless, linear compressors are subject to a high seal leakage loss and piston offset (drift), particularly at high pressure ratios. Meanwhile, there is a reduction in the accuracy of resonant frequency prediction due to very nonlinear gas spring at high pressure ratios, leading to a reduction in the compressor efficiency. Two-stage operation is considered as a feasible solution to the aforementioned issues due to the lower pressure ratio for each stage. A numerical model of two-stage compression system using linear compressors is presented in this study to investigate the system performance under various operating conditions. The proposed numerical model consists of a thermodynamic sub-model, a piston dynamic sub-model and a reed valve dynamic sub-model. Experiments are also conducted based on a refrigeration system with two linear compressors connected in parallel to validate the proposed model. The mean absolute percentage errors of the predicted mass flow rate and power input are 2.47% and 8.49%, respectively. The modeling results show that the coefficient of performance is 5.5 for a two-stage compression system and 2.0 for a single-stage compression system while the condenser temperature and evaporator temperature are 50°C and −23°C, respectively. The two-stage compression system offers superior performance to the single-stage system.
Catalytic biomass gasification of sawdust: integrated experiment investigation with process modeling and analysis
Authors: Lan Weijuan , Ding Huiling , Jin Xin , Yin Dongxue , Wang Yingxian , Ji Jiangtao
Published: March 2022

This paper reports on the investigation of the gasification from biomass using a laboratory scale fluidized bed gasifier. Main influencing factors, such as the temperature, steam flow rate and CaO to biomass mass ratio were studied. A model was developed for hydrogen-rich gas production from biomass via using ASPEN PLUS software. Sawdust was used as raw material for this study. Different operating conditions were considered and the model was verified. The results showed that the production of H2 and CO2 increased while the production of CO and CH4 decreased with increasing temperature. When the steam was used as the gasifying agent at different temperatures, the production of H2 increased significantly and its growth rate was ~48%. The increase of CaO to biomass mass ratio from 0% to 50% resulted in hydrogen content increasing from 40% to 68%. Simulation results showed that the model was suitable for biomass gasification process, which could provide some reference value for further biomass gasification experiment.
Comparative analysis between constant and variable solar radiation reflectivity for exterior walls in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone
Authors: Meng Xi , Wang Jiahui , Liu Shuhan
Published: March 2022

The thermal and optical performance in coating material of exterior walls affected the thermal action from the outdoor thermal environment indirectly, but there was the contrary thermal requirement in winter and summer, which could not be met by the constant-reflectivity coating. To overcome this drawback, the variable-reflectivity coating was analyzed and evaluated by taking three constant-reflectivity coatings as the references. The thermal transfer model with dynamic radiation reflectivity was built to simulate the thermal process of exterior walls in the whole year. Numerical results showed that the constant-reflectivity coating had poor seasonal adaptability with the best performance in some certain months and the poorest behavior in other months, while the variable-reflectivity coating had the better seasonal adaptability to dampen the heat gain in summer and promote the heat gain in winter. Although the variable-reflectivity coating could not show the optimal in all months, its overall performance played the best in the whole year. And compared with constant-reflectivity coating with radiation reflectivity of 90%, 50% and 10%, the variable-reflectivity coating could reduce the annual heating and cooling loads by 2.45%, 16.67% and 46.46%, respectively, in the studied Nanjing City of China.
Probabilistic methods for approximate archetypal analysis
Authors: Han Ruijian , Osting Braxton , Wang Dong , Xu Yiming
Published: March 2022

Archetypal analysis (AA) is an unsupervised learning method for exploratory data analysis. One major challenge that limits the applicability of AA in practice is the inherent computational complexity of the existing algorithms. In this paper, we provide a novel approximation approach to partially address this issue. Utilizing probabilistic ideas from high-dimensional geometry, we introduce two preprocessing techniques to reduce the dimension and representation cardinality of the data, respectively. We prove that provided data are approximately embedded in a low-dimensional linear subspace and the convex hull of the corresponding representations is well approximated by a polytope with a few vertices, our method can effectively reduce the scaling of AA. Moreover, the solution of the reduced problem is near-optimal in terms of prediction errors. Our approach can be combined with other acceleration techniques to further mitigate the intrinsic complexity of AA. We demonstrate the usefulness of our results by applying our method to summarize several moderately large-scale datasets.
Error analysis for full discretizations of quasilinear wave-type equations with two variants of the implicit midpoint rule
Authors: Maier Bernhard
Published: March 2022

We study the full discretization of a general class of first- and second-order quasilinear wave-type problems with the implicit midpoint rule and a linearized variant thereof. Based on a proof by induction, we prove wellposedness and a rigorous error estimate for both schemes, combining energy techniques, inverse estimates and a linearized fixed-point iteration for the analysis of the nonlinear scheme. To confirm the relevance of the general framework, we derive novel error estimates for the full discretization of two prominent examples from nonlinear physics: the Westervelt equation and the Maxwell equations with Kerr nonlinearity.
The Book of Torture: The Gospel of Mark, Crucifixion, and Trauma
Authors: Menéndez-Antuña Luis
Published: March 2022

Literary analysis of texts dealing with the experiences of tortured bodies faces numerous riddles. For example, the urge to be faithful to the victims’ experience hits a wall because of language’s inadequacy to express torment. Another riddle is the urgency to represent the tortured body outside the logic of torture embodied by the torturer. By incorporating some of Elaine Scarry’s insights in The Body in Pain (1988) and paying close attention to the testimonies of those who have survived torture, this article argues that the crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15 is a case of torture that expands beyond the crucifixion itself and bleeds into other literary topics such as discipleship and the temple.
A carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak associated with a polymyxin shortage during the COVID pandemic: an in vitro and biofilm analysis of synergy between meropenem, gentamicin and sulbactam
Authors: Chaiben Viviane , Yamada Carolina Hikari , Telles João Paulo , de Andrade Ana Paula , Arend Lavinia Nery Villa Stangler , Ribeiro Victoria Stadler Tasca , Dantas Leticia Ramos , Suss Paula Hansen , Tuon Felipe Francisco
Published: March 2022

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the burden of nosocomial infections caused by MDR pathogens has caused a shortage of polymyxins. Thus, we evaluated the in vitro synergism and antibiofilm activity of antimicrobial combinations and propose a test kit for synergism against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB).

Methods

Fifty-six CRAB isolates were tested for synergy between meropenem, gentamicin and ampicillin/sulbactam. MICs were determined by broth microdilution. Synergism was tested using chequerboard analysis, followed by a time–kill curve. Additionally, minimum biofilm eradication concentration was determined and the antibiofilm activity of the combinations was evaluated by MTT assay and biomass reduction. A test kit was developed for routine laboratory testing to detect synergism.

Results

All CRAB isolates were resistant to gentamicin and ampicillin/sulbactam. Chequerboard synergism occurred against 75% of the isolates. Meropenem + ampicillin/sulbactam was the most frequent combination with synergism (69%), followed by ampicillin/sulbactam + gentamicin (64%) and meropenem + gentamicin (51%). All combinations presented only bacteriostatic activity and no bactericidal or antibiofilm effects. The routine laboratory test showed 100% accuracy compared with other in vitro assays.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the potential role of antibiotic combinations against planktonic bacteria. In vitro synergism is possible and can be an alternative treatment for patients with CRAB infection during a polymyxin shortage.
Oxidative stress biomarkers and free amino acid concentrations in the blood plasma of moderately exercised horses indicate adaptive response to prolonged exercise training
Authors: Ott Elizabeth C , Cavinder Clay A , Wang Shangshang , Smith Trent , Lemley Caleb O , Dinh Thu T N
Published: March 2022

Oxidative stress caused by routine physical stressors may negatively impact the performance of equine athletes; thus, the present study identifies oxidative biomarkers in the blood plasma of exercising horses. Stock-type horses were subject to a standardized moderate-intensity exercise protocol 3 times per week for 8 wk. Exercise protocol followed NRC guidelines consisting of 30% walk, 55% trot, and 15% canter, with a target heart rate (HR) of 90 BPM. Blood plasma was collected in wk 1, 2, 7, and 8 immediately before and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after exercise and analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). Data were analyzed as repeated measures with wk, d, time, and their interactions as fixed effects. The TAC on day 2 (0.40 mM Trolox) was 7.5% greater than on day 3 (P = 0.013). There were wk × d × time interactions for SOD, TBARS, and GPx (P < 0.001). The TBARS remained at pre-exercise baseline (d-1 wk-1; 2.7 µM malondialdehyde) for most collection times within weeks 1, 7, and 8 (P ≥ 0.058); however, TBARS increased by 0.24 to 0.41 µM on day 2 of week 2 post-exercise (P < 0.001) and remained similarly elevated on day 3 pre- and immediately post-exercise (P < 0.001). The GPx similarly remained at baseline (172.6 µM/min; P ≥ 0.621) but increased by 48.18 to 83.4 µM/min at most collection times on days 1 and 2 of week 2 (P ≤ 0.023). The SOD remained at baseline (167.2 U/ mL; P ≥ 0.055) until increasing by 11.28 to 15.61 U/mL at 30 min post-exercise on day 1, week 1 and at most collection times on day 3, week 8 (P ≤ 0.043). Amino acids with antioxidant properties such as Met, Tyr, and Trp drastically decreased from weeks 2 to 8 (P < 0.001). Met and Tyr also decreased from −60 to 90 min (P < 0.047), whereas there was no time effect on Trp concentration (P = 0.841). The current study indicates the time-dependent nature of oxidative stress concerning persistent stressors such as exercise.
Engineering Growth
Authors: Maloney William F , Valencia Caicedo Felipe
Published: March 2022

This paper offers the first systematic historical evidence on the role of a central actor in modern growth theory: the engineer. We construct a database on the share of engineers in the labor force during the Second Industrial Revolution (1870–1914) at the county level for the United States and the state and national levels for the Americas. These measures are robustly correlated with income today after controlling for literacy, other types of higher-order human capital (college graduates, lawyers, physicians, patenting) and demand-side factors, as well as after instrumenting engineering using the 1862 US Land Grant Colleges program. Differences in engineering density in 1880 accounted for 10% of the higher US county incomes today, while national disparities in engineering density can explain approximately a quarter of the income divergence in the Americas. To document the mechanisms through which engineering density works, we show how it is correlated with higher rates of technology adoption and structural transformation across intermediate time periods and with numerous measures of the knowledge economy today.
Development of Temporal Model for Forecasting of Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidopetra) Using Arima and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Narava Ramana , D V Sai Ram Kumar , Jaba Jagdish , P Anil Kumar , G V Ranga Rao , V Srinivasa Rao , Mishra Suraj Prashad , Kukanur Vinod
Published: March 2022

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidopetra) is a polyphagous pest of major crops grown in India. To prevent the damage caused by H. armigera farmers rely heavily on insecticides of diverse groups on a regular basis which is not a benign practice, environmentally and economically. To provide more efficient and accurate information on timely application of insecticides, this research was aimed to develop a forecast model to predict population dynamics of pod borer using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The data used in this study were collected from the randomly installed sex pheromone traps at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad. Several ARIMA (p, d, q) (P, D, Q) and ANN models were developed using the historical trap catch data. ARIMA model (1,0,1), (1,0,2) with minimal BIC, RMSE, MAPE, MAE, and MASE values and higher R2 value (0.53) was selected as the best ARIMA fit model, and neural network (7-30-1) was found to be the best fit to predict the catches of male moths of pod borer from September 2021 to August 2023. A comparative analysis performed between the ARIMA and ANN, shows that the ANN based on feed forward neural networks is best suited for effective pest prediction. With the developed ARIMA model, it would be easier to predict H. armigera adult population dynamics round the year and timely intervention of control measures can be followed by appropriate decision-making schedule for insecticide application.
Hemi-root replacement with diagonal resection of the aortic root preserving the ostium of the left coronary artery and sacrificing the right coronary artery for an infected pseudoaneurysm: a case report
Authors: Isa Hideki , Shirasaka Tomonori , Kunioka Shingo , Kamiya Hiroyuki
Published: March 2022

Either the Bentall-De Bono operation or the valve-sparing aortic root replacement is commonly chosen for aortic root management. However, if the preoperative condition is poor, a simpler technique is preferred; therefore, we performed hemi-root replacement with diagonal resection of the aortic root preserving the left coronary sinus of Valsalva. Because reimplantation of the left coronary artery is not required, this technique may shorten operative time and reduce coronary malperfusion, a condition characterized by reduced transit flow time and reduced cardiac contractility.
Novel case of a granular cell tumour mimicking breast malignancy and a metachronous axillary skin lesion
Authors: Fink Teagan , Deb Siddhartha , Clouston David , Thornton Chantel , Chakrabarti Anannya
Published: March 2022

A 51-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic screen-detected lesion of the right breast. The core biopsy showed a granular cell tumour (GCT). Twelve months later the woman presented with an incidental finding of a skin lesion in the left axillary fold during her annual breast surveillance review. Histopathology confirmed a second metachronous GCT. GCTs are an uncommon benign tumour of Schwann cell origin that can infrequently be multifocal. Due to the non-specific clinical presentation and radiological features, the gold standard of diagnosis relies on histologic assessment. We describe a novel case of metachronous GCT within the breast tissue mimicking a breast malignancy as a mammography screen-detected lesion, followed by a second GCT mimicking a scar lesion on the contralateral axillary fold.
Booster dose of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBV152 (Covaxin) enhances the neutralizing antibody response against Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants of concern
Authors: Deshpande Gururaj Rao , Yadav Pragya D , Abraham Priya , Nyayanit Dimpal A , Sapkal Gajanan N , Shete Anita M , Gupta Nivedita , Vadrevu Krishna Mohan , Ella Raches , Panda Samiran , Bhargava Balram
Published: March 2022

The neutralizing antibody responses were significantly elevated after 3rd dose of BBV152/Covaxin against the B.1 (19.11 fold) variant including Delta (16.51 fold), Beta (14.70 fold) and Omicron (18.53 fold) Variants of concern in comparison with two dose vaccine, providing assurance of a protective immune response of booster in recipients.
Observed cosmic evolution of galaxy dust properties with metallicity and tensions with models
Authors: Popping Gergö , Péroux Céline
Published: March 2022

The dust abundance of the interstellar medium plays an important role in galaxy physics, the chemical evolution of matter, and the absorption and re-emission of stellar light. The last years have seen a surge in observational and theoretical studies constraining the dust-abundance of galaxies up to z ∼ 5. In this work, we gather the latest observational measurements (with a focus on absorption studies covering metallicities in the range 6.8 < 12 + log (O/H) < 9) and theoretical predictions (from six different galaxy formation models) for the dust-to-gas (DTG) and dust-to-metal (DTM) ratio of galaxies. The observed trend between DTG and DTM and gas-phase metallicity can be described by a linear relation and shows no evolution from 0 < z < 5. Importantly, the fit to the DTG-metallicity relation provides a refined tool for robust dust-based gas mass estimates inferred from millimeter dust-continuum observations. The lack of evolution in the observed relations are indicative of a quickly reached balance (already when the Universe was 1.2-Gyr old) between the formation and destruction of dust and a constant time-scale for star formation at fixed metallicities over cosmic time. None of the models is able to reproduce the observed trends over the entire range in metallicity and redshift probed. The comparison between models and simulations furthermore rules out some of the current implementations for the growth and destruction of dust in galaxy formation models and places tight constraints on the predicted time-scale for star formation.
Flute and kink instabilities in a dynamically twisted flux tube with anisotropic plasma viscosity
Authors: Quinn James J , Simitev Radostin D
Published: March 2022

Magnetic flux tubes such as those in the solar corona are subject to a number of instabilities. Important among them is the kink instability that plays a central part in the nanoflare theory of coronal heating, and for this reason in numerical simulations, it is usually induced by tightly controlled perturbations and studied in isolation. In contrast, we find that fluting modes of instability are readily excited when disturbances are introduced in our magnetohydrodynamic flux tube simulations by dynamic twisting of the flow at the boundaries. We also find that the flute instability, which has been theorized but rarely observed in the coronal context, is strongly enhanced when plasma viscosity is assumed anisotropic. We proceed to investigate the co-existence and competition between flute and kink instabilities for a range of values of the resistivity and of the parameters of the anisotropic and isotropic models of viscosity. We conclude that while the flute instability cannot prevent the kink from ultimately dominating, it can significantly delay its development especially at strong viscous anisotropy induced by intense magnetic fields.
Boundary layers of accretion discs: wave-driven transport and disc evolution
Authors: Coleman Matthew S B , Rafikov Roman R , Philippov Alexander A
Published: March 2022

Astrophysical objects possessing a material surface (white dwarfs, young stars, etc.) may accrete gas from the disc through the so-called surface boundary layer (BL), in which the angular velocity of the accreting gas experiences a sharp drop. Acoustic waves excited by the supersonic shear in the BL play an important role in mediating the angular momentum and mass transport through that region. Here we examine the characteristics of the angular momentum transport produced by the different types of wave modes emerging in the inner disc, using the results of a large suite of hydrodynamic simulations of the BLs. We provide a comparative analysis of the transport properties of different modes across the range of relevant disc parameters. In particular, we identify the types of modes that are responsible for the mass accretion on to the central object. We find the correlated perturbations of surface density and radial velocity to provide an important contribution to the mass accretion rate. Although the wave-driven transport is intrinsically non-local, we do observe a clear correlation between the angular momentum flux injected into the disc by the waves and the mass accretion rate through the BL. We find the efficiency of angular momentum transport (normalized by thermal pressure) to be a weak function of the flow Mach number. We also quantify the wave-driven evolution of the inner disc, in particular the modification of the angular frequency profile in the disc. Our results pave the way for understanding wave-mediated transport in future three-dimensional, magnetohydrodynamic studies of the BLs.
21 new long-term variables in the GX 339−4 field: two years of MeerKAT monitoring
Authors: Driessen L N , Stappers B W , Tremou E , Fender R P , Woudt P A , Armstrong R , Bloemen S , Groot P , Heywood I , Horesh A , van der Horst A J , Koerding E , McBride V A , Miller-Jones J C A , Mooley K P , Rowlinson A , Wijers R A M J
Published: March 2022

We present 21 new long-term variable radio sources found commensally in 2 yr of weekly MeerKAT monitoring of the low-mass X-ray binary GX 339−4. The new sources are vary on time-scales of weeks to months and have a variety of light-curve shapes and spectral index properties. Three of the new variable sources are coincident with multiwavelength counterparts; and one of these is coincident with an optical source in deep MeerLICHT images. For most sources, we cannot eliminate refractive scintillation of active galactic nuclei as the cause of the variability. These new variable sources represent 2.2 ± 0.5 per cent of the unresolved sources in the field, which is consistent with the 1–2 per cent variability found in past radio variability surveys. However, we expect to find short-term variable sources in the field and these 21 new long-term variable sources. We present the radio light curves and spectral index variability of the new variable sources, as well as the absolute astrometry and matches to coincident sources at other wavelengths.
Is magnetically dominated outflow required to explain GRBs?
Authors: Vereshchagin Gregory , Li Liang , Bégué Damien
Published: March 2022

The composition of relativistic outflows producing gamma-ray bursts is a long-standing open question. One of the main arguments in favour of magnetically dominated outflows is the absence of photospheric component in their broad-band time-resolved spectra, with such notable example as GRB 080916C. Here, we perform a time-resolved analysis of this burst and confirm the previous detection of an additional spectral component. We show that this subdominant component is consistent with the photosphere of ultrarelativistic baryonic outflow, deep in the coasting regime. We argue that, contrary to previous statements, the magnetic dominance of the outflow is not required for the interpretation of this GRB. Moreover, simultaneous detection of high-energy emission in its prompt phase requires departure from a one-zone emission model.
One year of AU Mic with HARPS – II. Stellar activity and star–planet interaction
Authors: Klein Baptiste , Zicher Norbert , Kavanagh Robert D , Nielsen Louise D , Aigrain Suzanne , Vidotto Aline A , Barragán Oscar , Strugarek Antoine , Nicholson Belinda , Donati Jean-François , Bouvier Jérôme
Published: March 2022

We present a spectroscopic analysis of a 1-yr intensive monitoring campaign of the 22-Myr old planet-hosting M dwarf AU Mic using the HARPS spectrograph. In a companion paper, we reported detections of the planet radial velocity (RV) signatures of the two close-in transiting planets of the system, with respective semi-amplitudes of 5.8 ± 2.5 and 8.5 ± 2.5 m s−1 for AU Mic b and AU Mic c. Here, we perform an independent measurement of the RV semi-amplitude of AU Mic c using Doppler imaging to simultaneously model the activity-induced distortions and the planet-induced shifts in the line profiles. The resulting semi-amplitude of 13.3 ± 4.1 m s−1 for AU Mic c reinforces the idea that the planet features a surprisingly large inner density, in tension with current standard models of core accretion. Our brightness maps feature significantly higher spot coverage and lower level of differential rotation than the brightness maps obtained in late 2019 with the SPIRou spectropolarimeter, suggesting that the stellar magnetic activity has evolved dramatically over a ∼1-yr time span. Additionally, we report a 3σ detection of a modulation at 8.33 ± 0.04 d of the He i D3 (5875.62 Å) emission flux, close to the 8.46-d orbital period of AU Mic b. The power of this emission (a few 1017 W) is consistent with 3D magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the interaction between stellar wind and the close-in planet if the latter hosts a magnetic field of ∼10 G. Spectropolarimetric observations of the star are needed to firmly elucidate the origin of the observed chromospheric variability.
Modulation of RNA stability regulates gene expression in two opposite ways: through buffering of RNA levels upon global perturbations and by supporting adapted differential expression
Authors: Faucillion Marie-Line , Johansson Anna-Mia , Larsson Jan
Published: March 2022

The steady state levels of RNAs, often referred to as expression levels, result from a well-balanced combination of RNA transcription and decay. Alterations in RNA levels will therefore result from tight regulation of transcription rates, decay rates or both. Here, we explore the role of RNA stability in achieving balanced gene expression and present genome-wide RNA stabilities in Drosophila melanogaster male and female cells as well as male cells depleted of proteins essential for dosage compensation. We identify two distinct RNA-stability mediated responses involved in regulation of gene expression. The first of these responds to acute and global changes in transcription and thus counteracts potentially harmful gene mis-expression by shifting the RNA stability in the direction opposite to the transcriptional change. The second response enhances inter-individual differential gene expression by adjusting the RNA stability in the same direction as a transcriptional change. Both mechanisms are global, act on housekeeping as well as non-housekeeping genes and were observed in both flies and mammals. Additionally, we show that, in contrast to mammals, modulation of RNA stability does not detectably contribute to dosage compensation of the sex-chromosomes in D. melanogaster.
Intratumoral heterogeneity of MYC drives medulloblastoma metastasis and angiogenesis
Authors: Qin Nan , Paisana Eunice , Langini Maike , Picard Daniel , Malzkorn Bastian , Custódia Carlos , Cascão Rita , Meyer Frauke-Dorothee , Blümel Lena , Göbbels Sarah , Taban Kübra , Bartl Jasmin , Bechmann Nicole , Conrad Catleen , Gravemeyer Jan , Becker Jürgen C , Stefanski Anja , Puget Stéphanie , Barata João T , Stühler Kai , Fischer Ute , Felsberg Jörg , Ayrault Olivier , Reifenberger Guido , Borkhardt Arndt , Eisenhofer Graeme , Faria Claudia C , Remke Marc
Published: March 2022

Background

Intratumoral heterogeneity is crucially involved in metastasis, resistance to therapy, and cancer relapse. Amplifications of the proto-oncogene MYC display notable heterogeneity at the single-cell level and are associated with a particularly dismal prognosis in high-risk medulloblastomas (MBs). The aim of this study was to establish the relevance of interclonal cross-talk between MYC-driven and non-MYC-driven MB cells.

Methods

We used fluorescence in situ hybridization, single-cell transcriptomics, and immunohistochemistry, in vitro isogenic cell models, non-targeted proteomics, mass spectrometry-based metabolite quantification, HUVECs tube formation assay, and orthotopic in vivo experiments to investigate interclonal cross-talk in MB.

Results

We found that the release of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) from MYC-driven cells facilitates metastatic seeding and outgrowth, while secretion of dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3 from non-MYC-driven cells promotes tumor angiogenesis. This tumor-supporting interaction between both subclones was abrogated by targeting the secretome through pharmacological and genetic inhibition of LDHA, which significantly suppressed tumor cell migration.

Conclusion

Our study reveals the functional relevance of clonal diversity and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the secretome to interrupt interclonal communication and progression in high-risk MB.
Associations between syndesmophytes and facet joint ankylosis in radiographic axial spondyloarthritis patients on low-dose CT over 2 years
Authors: Stal Rosalinde , Sepriano Alexandre , van Gaalen Floris Alexander , Baraliakos Xenofon , van den Berg Rosaline , Reijnierse Monique , Braun Juergen , Landewé Robert B M , van der Heijde Désirée
Published: March 2022

Objectives

In radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA), spinal damage manifests as syndesmophytes and facet joint ankylosis (FJA). We evaluated whether the presence of one lesion increased the risk of the other lesion.

Methods

Patients with r-axSpA underwent low-dose CT (ldCT) and MRI of the whole spine at baseline and 2 years. On ldCT, vertebrae were scored for presence and size of syndesmophytes; facet joints were assessed for ankylosis. MR images were assessed for inflammation. Two hypotheses were tested: (i) presence of FJA is associated with new syndesmophyte(s) on the same vertebral unit (VU) 2 years later, and (ii) presence of bridging syndesmophyte(s) is associated with new FJA on the same VU 2 years later. Two generalized estimating equations models were tested per hypothesis using increase of FJA/syndesmophytes (model A) or presence of FJA/syndesmophytes (model B) as outcome, adjusted for inflammation at baseline. Secondary analyses tested the hypotheses with outcomes on adjacent VUs and dose–response effects.

Results

Fifty-one patients were included (mean age 49, 84% male, 82% HLA-B27+). Baseline bridging syndesmophytes occurred more often (range: 10–60% per VU) than FJA (range: 8–36%). Odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) for presence of bridging syndesmophytes on development of FJA were 3.55 (2.03, 6.21) for model A and 3.30 (2.14, 5.09) for model B. ORs for presence of baseline FJA on new syndesmophytes were 1.87 (1.20, 2.92) for model A and 1.69 (0.88, 3.22) for model B. Secondary analyses yielded positive ORs for both hypotheses.

Conclusions

Bone formation in vertebrae and in facet joints influence each other’s occurrence, with the effect of syndesmophytes being larger than that of FJA.
Retrospective longitudinal assessment of ultrasound gout lesions using the OMERACT semi-quantitative scoring system
Authors: Christiansen Sara Nysom , Østergaard Mikkel , Slot Ole , Fana Viktoria , Terslev Lene
Published: March 2022

Objectives

The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the responsiveness of gout-specific US lesions representing urate deposition in patients receiving treat-to-target urate-lowering therapy using a binary and the OMERACT-defined semi-quantitative scoring systems; (ii) to determine the most responsive US measure for urate deposition and the optimal joint/tendon set for monitoring this.

Methods

US (28 joints, 14 tendons) was performed in microscopically verified gout patients initiating/increasing urate-lowering therapy and repeated after 6 and 12 months. Static images/videos of pathologies were stored and scored binarily and semi-quantitatively for tophus, double contour sign (DC) and aggregates. Lesion scores were calculated at patient level, as were combined crystal sum scores. Responsiveness of lesions—scored binarily and semi-quantitatively—was calculated at both patient and joint/tendon levels.

Results

Sixty-three patients underwent longitudinal evaluation. The static images/videos assessed retrospectively showed statistically significant decreases in tophus and DC, when scored binarily and semi-quantitatively, whereas aggregates were almost unchanged during follow-up. The responsiveness of the semi-quantitative tophus and DC sum scores were markedly higher than when using binary scoring. The most responsive measure for urate deposition was a combined semi-quantitative tophus-DC-sum score. A feasible joint/tendon set for monitoring included knee and first–second MTP joints and peroneus and distal patella tendons (all bilateral), representing the most prevalent and responsive sites.

Conclusion

The OMERACT consensus-based semi-quantitative US gout scoring system showed longitudinal validity with both tophus and DC being highly responsive to treatment when assessed in static images/videos. A responsive US measure for urate deposition and a feasible joint/tendon set for monitoring were proposed and may prove valuable in future longitudinal studies.
Multi-nutrient stoichiometry of Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) saplings: plant organs vary in their response to nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Xie Hongtao , Li Xueqin , Tang Yu , Pile Knapp Lauren S , Jin Songheng
Published: March 2022

Nitrogen (N) enrichment from excessive fertilization in managed forests affects biogeochemical cycles on multiple scales, but our knowledge of how N availability shifts multi-nutrient stoichiometries (including macronutrients: N, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients: manganese, iron and zinc) within and among organs (root, stem and leaf) remains limited. To understand the difference among organs in terms of multi-nutrient stoichiometric homeostasis responding to N fertilization, a six-level N supply experiment was conducted through a hydroponic system to examine stem growth, multi-nutrient concentrations and stoichiometric ratios in roots, stems and leaves of 2-year-old Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis Sarg.) saplings. Results showed that N supply significantly enhanced leaf length, width, basal diameter and sapling height. Increasing the rates of N also significantly altered multi-nutrient concentrations in roots, stems and leaves. Macronutrients generally respond more positively than micronutrients within organs. Among organs, leaves and stems generally responded more actively to N supply than roots. The stoichiometric ratios of nutrients within different organs changed significantly with N supply, but their direction and degree of change varied by organ. Specifically, increased N supply reduced the ratios of both macronutrients and micronutrients to N in plant organs, while increased N supply elevated the ratios of P to other nutrients. With N fertilization, ratios of micronutrients decreased in leaves and stems and increased in roots. In particular, leaf N and stem Mn stoichiometries responded strongly to N availability, indicating stimulated N uptake but a decreased risk of Mn2+ accumulation to excessive N. Overall, Chinese hickory saplings responded positively to increasing N availability in terms of stem growth, but the multi-nutrient stoichiometric homeostasis was distinctively organ-dependent. These results are expected to enhance our understanding of N-induced changes in homeostasis of multiple nutrients at the organ level and may offer new insights into how plants adapt to increasing N fertilization.
Replacement of the Gamma by the Delta variant in Brazil: Impact of lineage displacement on the ongoing pandemic
Authors: Giovanetti Marta , Fonseca Vagner , Wilkinson Eduan , Tegally Houriiyah , San Emmanuel James , Althaus Christian L , Xavier Joilson , Nanev Slavov Svetoslav , Viala Vincent Louis , Ranieri Jerônimo Lima Alex , Ribeiro Gabriela , Souza-Neto Jayme A , Fukumasu Heidge , Lehmann Coutinho Luiz , Venancio da Cunha Rivaldo , Freitas Carla , Campelo de A e Melo Carlos F , Navegantes de Araújo Wildo , Do Carmo Said Rodrigo Fabiano , Almiron Maria , de Oliveira Tulio , Coccuzzo Sampaio Sandra , Elias Maria Carolina , Covas Dimas Tadeu , Holmes Edward C , Lourenço José , Kashima Simone , de Alcantara Luiz Carlos Junior
Published: March 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Brazil was driven mainly by the spread of Gamma (P.1), a locally emerged variant of concern (VOC) that was first detected in early January 2021. This variant was estimated to be responsible for more than 96 per cent of cases reported between January and June 2021, being associated with increased transmissibility and disease severity, a reduction in neutralization antibodies and effectiveness of treatments or vaccines, and diagnostic detection failure. Here we show that, following several importations predominantly from the USA, the Delta variant rapidly replaced Gamma after July 2021. However, in contrast to what was seen in other countries, the rapid spread of Delta did not lead to a large increase in the number of cases and deaths reported in Brazil. We suggest that this was likely due to the relatively successful early vaccination campaign coupled with natural immunity acquired following prior infection with Gamma. Our data reinforce reports of the increased transmissibility of the Delta variant and, considering the increasing concern due to the recently identified Omicron variant, argues for the necessity to strengthen genomic monitoring on a national level to quickly detect the emergence and spread of other VOCs that might threaten global health.
Maize Root Exudates Recruit Bacillus amyloliquefaciens OR2-30 to Inhibit Fusarium graminearum Infection
Authors: Xie Shanshan , Jiang Lin , Wu Qin , Wan Wenkun , Gan Yutian , Zhao Lingling , Wen Jiajia
Published: March 2022

Bacillus spp. can exert plant growth-promoting effects and biocontrol effects after effective colonization, and bacterial chemotaxis toward plant root exudates is the initial step to colonize. Under biotic stress, plants are able to alter their root exudates to attract or avoid different types of microbes. Hence, Bacillus chemotaxis toward root exudates after pathogen infection is crucial for exerting their beneficial effects. In this study, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens OR2-30 strain, which exhibited greater chemotaxis ability toward maize root exudates after Fusarium graminearum infection, was screened from 156 rhizosphere microorganisms. The infected maize root exudates were further confirmed to improve the swarming and biofilm formation ability of the OR2-30 strain. Chemotaxis, swarming, and biofilm formation ability were able to influence bacterial colonization. Indeed, the the OR2-30 strain displayed more effective colonization ability in the maize rhizosphere after F. graminearum inoculation. Moreover, lipopeptides produced by OR2-30 were identified as iturins and responsible for suppressing F. graminearum growth. Further study showed that lipopeptides suppressed the growth of F. graminearum by inhibiting conidia formation and germination, inducing reactive oxygen species production and causing cell death in mycelium. Eventually, the OR2-30 strain increased maize resistance against F. graminearum. These results suggested that maize root exudates could recruit B. amyloliquefacines OR2-30 after F. graminearum infection, and that OR2-30 then suppresses the F. graminearum by producing lipopeptides, such as iturins, to protect maize.
A Pictorial Review of Cranial Nerves Imaging Anatomy and Pathology: Part 1—Anatomy
Authors: Kulkarni Ashwini , Geimadi Atefeh , Sobieh Ahmed , Qayati Mohamed , Abbassy Ahmed , Abayazeed Aly
Published: March 2022

The anatomy of cranial nerves is complex and its knowledge is a crucial first step in identifying nerve-related pathology. This article provides a comprehensive pictorial overview of cranial nerves using high-resolution steady-state free precession MRI sequences (SSFP).