bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic cyclization and competitive deactivation with Ru(PR2NR′2) complexes
Authors: Stubbs J. M. , Bow J.-P. J. , Hazlehurst R. J. , Blacquiere J. M.
Published: October 2016

Cooperative ligands present the challenge of balancing productive catalytic cyclization with competitive deactivation.
pH sensitive chitosan-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for targeted delivery of a ruthenium complex with enhanced anticancer effects
Authors: Lv Gaochao , Qiu Ling , Liu Guiqing , Wang Wei , Li Ke , Zhao Xueyu , Lin Jianguo
Published: October 2016

A pH sensitive mesoporous silica nanocarrier, RuNHC@MSNs-CTS-Biotin (CTS = chitosan), is developed for the targeted delivery and controlled release of a ruthenium(ii) N-heterocyclic carbene (RuNHC) complex.
One-pot green synthesis of anisotropic silver nanoparticles
Authors: Hosseinidoust Zeinab , Basnet Mohan , van de Ven Theo G. M. , Tufenkji Nathalie
Published: October 2016

Anisotropic silver nanoplates are of interest for their shape-dependent properties; however, their synthesis often requires surfactants and toxic chemicals.
An elegant method for large scale synthesis of metal oxide–carbon nanotube nanohybrids for nano-environmental application and implication studies
Authors: Das Dipesh , Plazas-Tuttle Jaime , Sabaraya Indu Venu , Jain Sneha S. , Sabo-Attwood Tara , Saleh Navid B.
Published: October 2016

A facile synthesis technique to generate 100s of mg of nanohybrids with carbon nanotubes and metal oxide of choice.
Biological activities of peptide concentrates obtained from hydrolysed eggshell membrane byproduct by optimisation with response surface methodology
Authors: Santana Ana , Melo Armindo , Tavares Tânia , Ferreira Isabel M. P. L. V. O.
Published: October 2016

The increase of hen egg consumption demands profitable applications for eggshells, in order to minimize environmental and public health problems that could result from their accumulation.
Sialoglycoprotein isolated from the eggs of Carassius auratus prevents bone loss: an effect associated with the regulation of gut microbiota in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Wang Fei , Yu Peng , Gui Xiong , Wang Yiming , Xue Changhu , Wang Jingfeng
Published: October 2016

The anti-osteoporotic effect of sialoglycoprotein isolated from the eggs ofCarassius auratus(Ca-SGP) has previously been demonstratedin vivo.
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-phenylacetylcarbinol – closing a gap in C–C bond formation
Authors: Sehl Torsten , Bock Saskia , Marx Lisa , Maugeri Zaira , Walter Lydia , Westphal Robert , Vogel Constantin , Menyes Ulf , Erhardt Martin , Müller Michael , Pohl Martina , Rother Dörte
Published: October 2016

By the combination of biocatalyst design and reaction engineering, the so far not stereoselectively accessible (S)-phenylacetylcarbinol could be enzymatically synthesized with product concentrations >48 g L−1 and an enantiomeric excess up to 97%.
Modulating the microtubule–tau interactions in biomotility systems by altering the chemical environment
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. , Kim K. , Nakazawa H. , Umetsu M. , Teizer W.
Published: October 2016

Obstacles in microtubule mediated neuronal transport can trigger dementia.
Fabrication of hierarchical composite microspheres of copper-doped Fe3O4@P4VP@ZIF-8 and their application in aerobic oxidation
Authors: Hou Junying , Luan Yi , Yu Jie , Qi Yue , Wang Ge , Lu Yunfeng
Published: October 2016

Copper-doped Fe3O4@P4VP@ZIF-8 composite microspheres were fabricated for application in the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols and epoxidation of olefins.
Barluenga's reagent with HBF4as an efficient catalyst for alkyne-carbonyl metathesis of unactivated alkynes
Authors: Murai Kosuke , Tateishi Keiichiro , Saito Akio
Published: October 2016

Barluenga's reagent (IPy2BF4, Py = pyridine) treated with HBF4efficiently catalyzes the inter- and intramolecular alkyne-carbonyl metathesis of unactivated alkynes. This work represents the first catalytic application of the Barluenga's reagent.
Dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives: natural dyes as blue-light-sensitive versatile photoinitiators of photopolymerization
Authors: Zhang Jing , Lalevée Jacques , Zhao Jiacheng , Graff Bernadette , Stenzel Martina H. , Xiao Pu
Published: October 2016

Dihydroxyanthraquinone derivatives can be used as versatile blue-light-sensitive photoinitiators for cross-linked free radical photopolymerization, RAFT photopolymerization, and cationic photopolymerization.
N-(2-Bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-acrylamide (CPAM), a small catecholic amide as an antioxidant, anti diabetic and antibacterial compound
Authors: Misra Kaushik , Nag Ahindra , Sonawane Avinash
Published: October 2016

The trans conformation ofN-(2-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-acrylamide (CPAM), a small catecholic amide with halogen moieties, may be used as an anti diabetic compound.
CO2 capillary trapping behaviour in glass sand packed heterogeneous porous media during drainage and imbibition revealed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Teng Ying , Liu Yu , Jiang Lanlan , Lu Guohuan , Wang Dayong , Song Yongchen
Published: October 2016

MRI images during the drainage and imbibition processes.
Novel NiCo2S4@reduced graphene oxide@carbon nanotube nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitors
Authors: Xu Jingxuan , Yang Yang , Chu Hang , Tang Jianhua , Ge Yuancai , Shen Jianfeng , Ye Mingxin
Published: October 2016

Novel three-dimensional NiCo2S4@rGO@CNT nanocomposite electrode material was synthesized.
Hierarchical porous activated carbon in OER with high efficiency
Authors: Pi Yu-Tong , Xing Xiang-Ying , Lu Li-Ming , He Zhan-Bing , Ren Tie-Zhen
Published: October 2016

The corresponding OER potential of MAC is 1.596 V at 10 mA cm−2 mg−1. The MAC exhibits almost the same polarization curves after 1000 cycles. The high durability of MAC is ascribed to its hierarchical porous structures.
Functionalization of PVA to synthesize p-vinyl benzene sulfonate terpolymers – a comparative study of anticorrosion, adsorption and activation properties of the terpolymers on mild steel in 1 M HCl
Authors: Geethanjali R. , Subhashini S.
Published: October 2016

Two water soluble terpolymersviz.PVA-AAm-PVBS and PVA-AA-PVBS were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, TGA and DSC.
Photo-Fenton process in a Co(ii)-adsorbed micellar soft-template on an alumina support for rapid methylene blue degradation
Authors: Mahamallik Prateeksha , Pal Anjali
Published: October 2016

Co(ii)-mediated photo-Fenton degradation of methylene blue was achieved for the first time on the admicellar layer supported on an alumina surface.
Novel triphenylamine based rhodamine derivatives: synthesis, characterization, photophysical properties and viscosity sensitivity
Authors: Kothavale Shantaram , Sekar Nagaiyan
Published: October 2016

Five novel triphenylamine based deep red to NIR emitting rhodamine derivatives were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Evaluation of different commercial hydrophobic supports for the immobilization of lipases: tuning their stability, activity and specificity
Authors: Tacias-Pascacio Veymar G. , Peirce Sara , Torrestiana-Sanchez Beatriz , Yates Malcon , Rosales-Quintero Arnulfo , Virgen-Ortíz Jose J. , Fernandez-Lafuente Roberto
Published: October 2016

Immobilization of different lipases on diffferent hydrophobic supportsviainterfacial activation has permitted to tunning enzyme performance.
SiOx and carbon double-layer coated Si nanorods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Sun Yunhe , Fan Long , Li Wangyu , Pang Ying , Yang Jun , Wang Congxiao , Xia Yongyao
Published: October 2016

SNs@SiOx/C composite delivers a reversible capacity of 779 mA h g−1 over 300 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g−1.
Self-assembly of symmetric rod-coil diblock copolymers in cylindrical nanopore
Authors: Huang Jian-Hua , Wu Jia-Jun , Huang Xiao-Wei
Published: October 2016

Self-assembly of rod-coil (RC) symmetric diblock copolymers (DBCs) in a cylindrical nanopore is investigated by performing dissipative particle dynamics simulation.
Zero gap alkaline electrolysis cell design for renewable energy storage as hydrogen gas
Authors: Phillips Robert , Dunnill Charles W.
Published: October 2016

Alkaline electrolysis using a zero gap configuration combines the efficiency of PEM with the cost efficiency of alkaline.
Real time and in situ observation of graphene growth on liquid metal surfaces via a carbon segregation method using high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Yan Pengcheng , Jeong Yeon Joo , Islam Mohammad F. , Pistorius P. Chris
Published: October 2016

Determination of graphene formation and growth using direct,in situimaging with high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscope.
On-water synthesis of phenols using biogenic Cu2O nanoparticles without using H2O2
Authors: Borah Rupom , Saikia Eramoni , Bora Sankar Jyoti , Chetia Bolin
Published: October 2016

Facile synthesis of phenols using biogenic Cu2O NPs without using H2O2, ligand, base.
Ultra-sensitive fluorescence determination of chromium(vi) in aqueous solution based on selectively etching of protein-stabled gold nanoclusters
Authors: Jian-feng Guo , Chang-jun Hou , Mei Yang , Dan-qun Huo , Huan-bao Fa
Published: October 2016

In this work, we have developed a simple, cost-effective and sensitive fluorescent method for the selective determination of chromium(vi) ions (Cr(vi)) in aqueous solution.
Iron–nickel hexacyanoferrate bilayer as an advanced electrocatalyst for H2O2reduction
Authors: Karpova Elena V. , Karyakina Elena E. , Karyakin Arkady A.
Published: October 2016

An advanced electrocatalyst for H2O2reduction synthesizedviathe deposition of an iron- and nickel hexacyanoferrate bilayer displays similar to Prussian Blue electrocatalytic activity (≈0.01 cm s−1) with 100-fold improved operational stability.
A one-step water based strategy for synthesizing hydrated vanadium pentoxide nanosheets from VO2(B) as free-standing electrodes for lithium battery applications
Authors: Etman Ahmed S. , Asfaw Habtom D. , Yuan Ning , Li Jian , Zhou Zhengyang , Peng Fei , Persson Ingmar , Zou Xiaodong , Gustafsson Torbjörn , Edström Kristina , Sun Junliang
Published: October 2016

V2O5·0.55H2O nanosheets synthesizedviaa water based technique, and showing promising lithium-ion storage capacity.
A 3D porous nitrogen-doped carbon-nanofiber-supported palladium composite as an efficient catalytic cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries
Authors: Wang Jun , Liu Lili , Chou Shulei , Liu Huakun , Wang Jiazhao
Published: October 2016

A 3D porous N-doped carbon-nanofiber-supported Pd composite gives synergistic effects on electrocatalytic performance improvement. The carbon matrix with high porosity and conductivity could reach full potential of Pd particles as an excellent bifunctional catalyst cathode.
A review on noble-metal-free bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for overall electrochemical water splitting
Authors: Yan Ya , Xia Bao Yu , Zhao Bin , Wang Xin
Published: October 2016

This review summarizes recent research progress and perspectives on noble-metal-free bifunctional heterogeneous electrocatalysts towards hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions in overall water splitting.
Red and near infrared emission materials with AIE characteristics
Authors: Zhao Qiuli , Sun Jing Zhi
Published: October 2016

Combining the strategies of the reduction of the energy gap and the mechanism of aggregation-induced emission is an effective way to create red and near infrared emission molecules.
Lu2CaMg2(Si1−xGex)3O12:Ce3+solid-solution phosphors: bandgap engineering for blue-light activated afterglow applicable to AC-LED
Authors: Lin Hang , Wang Bo , Huang Qingming , Huang Feng , Xu Ju , Chen Hui , Lin Zebin , Wang Jiaomei , Hu Tao , Wang Yuansheng
Published: October 2016

“Bandgap engineering” is applied to design a new kind of Lu2CaMg2(Si1−xGex)3O12:Ce3+solid-solution phosphor applicable for low flickering AC-LED.
Ultrashort helix pitch antiferroelectric liquid crystals based on chiral esters of terphenyldicarboxylic acid
Authors: Pozhidaev E. P. , Vashchenko V. V. , Mikhailenko V. V. , Krivoshey A. I. , Barbashov V. A. , Shi L. , Srivastava A. K. , Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S.
Published: October 2016

Antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLCs) with a nanoscale helix pitch (<100 nm) were revealed in a composition containing achiral smectic-C biphenylpyrimidines and two non-mesogenic chiral dopants.
A Framework for Crosslinguistic Nonword Repetition Tests: Effects of Bilingualism and Socioeconomic Status on Children's Performance
Authors: Chiat Shula , Polišenská Kamila
Published: October 2016

Purpose

As a recognized indicator of language impairment, nonword repetition has unique potential for distinguishing language impairment from difficulties due to limited experience and knowledge of a language. This study focused on a new Crosslinguistic Nonword Repetition framework, comprising 3 tests that vary the phonological characteristics of nonwords, in the quest for an assessment that minimizes effects of language experience and knowledge and thereby maximizes potential for assessing children with diverse linguistic experience.

Method

The English version of the new framework was administered, with a test of receptive vocabulary, to 4- to 7-year-old monolingual and bilingual children with typical development (
n
= 21 per group) from neighborhoods with midhigh and low socioeconomic status (SES).

Results

Receptive vocabulary was affected by both bilingualism and neighborhood SES. In contrast, no effects of bilingualism or neighborhood SES were found on 2 of our nonword repetition tests, whereas the most language-specific test yielded a borderline effect of neighborhood SES but no effect of bilingualism.

Conclusions

The findings support the potential of the new tests for assessing children regardless of lingual or socioeconomic background. They also highlight the importance of considering the characteristics of nonword targets and investigating the compound influence of bilingualism and SES on different language assessments.
Articulatory Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech in a Novel Word–Learning Task
Authors: Case Julie , Grigos Maria I.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Articulatory control and speech production accuracy were examined in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and typically developing (TD) controls within a novel word–learning task to better understand the influence of planning and programming deficits in the production of unfamiliar words.

Method

Participants included 16 children between the ages of 5 and 6 years (8 CAS, 8 TD). Short- and long-term changes in lip and jaw movement, consonant and vowel accuracy, and token-to-token consistency were measured for 2 novel words that differed in articulatory complexity.

Results

Children with CAS displayed short- and long-term changes in consonant accuracy and consistency. Lip and jaw movements did not change over time. Jaw movement duration was longer in children with CAS than in TD controls. Movement stability differed between low- and high-complexity words in both groups.

Conclusions

Children with CAS displayed a learning effect for consonant accuracy and consistency. Lack of change in movement stability may indicate that children with CAS require additional practice to demonstrate changes in speech motor control, even within production of novel word targets with greater consonant and vowel accuracy and consistency. The longer movement duration observed in children with CAS is believed to give children additional time to plan and program movements within a novel skill.
Life signals detection system based on a continuous‐wave X‐band radar
Authors: Donelli M. , Viani F.
Published: October 2016

An experimental bistatic X‐band continuous‐wave life‐detection radar is proposed. The system operates with two directive high gain antennas and a programmable transmitter and receiver. A method based on the independent component analysis, and accurate breath and heartbeat movements models are applied to suppress the interference and to better identify the respiratory and heart movements. The obtained experimental results show that this system can effectively detect the heartbeat and the respiratory activity with a good accuracy and demonstrated the capabilities and the potentialities of such system.
Compact microstrip balun diplexer using stub‐loaded dual‐mode resonators
Authors: Huang Feng , Wang Jianpeng , Zhu Lei , Wu Wen
Published: October 2016

A new microstrip unbalanced‐to‐balanced (balun) diplexer based on stub‐loaded dual‐mode resonators is presented. The proposed balun diplexer primarily consists of two balun filter channels, and both channels are entirely independently designable, thus bringing great flexibility in the balun diplexer design. Besides, owing to the direct connection of two dual‐mode balun filters, no additional matching networks are demanded at the common input port, leading to a significant size reduction. For demonstration, a prototype balun diplexer operating at 2.30 and 2.72 GHz is implemented. Both simulated and experimental results are provided in good agreement.
Minimal mean‐square error for 3D MIMO beamforming weighting
Authors: Xu C. , Cosmas J. , Zhang Y.
Published: October 2016

The 3D MIMO beamforming system needs a weighting method to determine the direction of beam whist reducing the interference for other beam areas operating at the same carrier frequency. The challenge is to determine the weights of the 3D MIMO beams to direct each beam towards its cluster of user terminals while placing its nulls at undesired user directions to minimise undesired interference. Therefore, the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio should be increased while the interference from the side lobes of the other beams reduced. A weight determining method is presented that constructs horizontal and vertical array weights, respectively, by minimising the mean‐square error between the array pattern vector and the unit vector, where the unit vector expresses the desired direction for the array pattern and zero vector expresses the undesired direction. Since the rectangular planar array can be viewed as M linear arrays of N elements, the weight of the M–Nth element can be obtained based on the horizontal and vertical array weights.
Runaway electrons during subnanosecond breakdowns in high‐pressure gases
Authors: Tarasenko Victor F. , Lomaev Mikhail I. , Beloplotov Dmitry V. , Sorokin Dmitry A.
Published: October 2016

The parameters of runaway electrons produced in nanosecond high‐voltage discharges in different gases (air, nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride, krypton, argon, methane, neon, hydrogen, helium) at atmospheric and higher pressure were studied. An optical analysis was also performed to investigate the ionisation dynamics in diffuse discharges in nitrogen and nitrogen‐containing mixtures. At breakdown of a point‐to‐plane gap by nanosecond (≃2 ns) high‐voltage (≃200 kV) pulses of negative voltage polarity and gas pressure above 0.1 MPa, a supershort avalanche electron beam (SAEB) was detected by a collector behind the flat anode. For pressure >0.1 MPa of nitrogen and other gases it is shown that the maximum pressure for SAEB registration decreases with increasing the voltage pulse rise time. Therefore, to detect a SAEB at atmospheric and higher gas pressure, one should use voltage pulses with an amplitude of hundred kilovolts and rise time of ∼1 ns and shorter. The experimental research in the dynamics of optical radiation from the discharge plasma shows that the breakdown in which runaway electrons are produced develops as an ionisation wave.
Max‐utility resource allocation for indoor small cell networks
Authors: Chen Yu‐Chieh , Chang Jen‐Wei , Tsai Cho‐Hsin , Lin Guang‐Xun , Wei Hung‐Yu , Yeh Fu‐Ming
Published: October 2016

The development of indoor small cell provides network operators with new opportunities to address surging mobile data traffic, coverage infill and capacity boost scenarios, and finally results in growing expectations relative to quality of experience (QoE). However, the deployment of indoor small cell base station also raises some resource allocation issues. This study aims to propose an max‐utility resource allocation mechanism that maximises all users’ utility for indoor small cell networks. The objective of the proposed max‐utility resource allocation algorithm is to optimise the total user's QoE while guaranteeing as many as possible users can enjoy their request service at an acceptable quality. This is achieved by considering user's QoE state and signal strength into the resource allocation algorithm. Multiservice scenario is also considered in the proposed max‐utility resource allocation algorithm. To compare the performance of the proposed max‐utility resource allocation mechanism with round‐robin, max‐throughput and max‐minMOS approach, a simulation analysis is implemented. The simulation result showed that the proposed strategy achieves the best average utility compared with other approaches. Result also showed that the proposed strategy is suitable for indoor small cell networks under various kinds of scenarios with different user behaviours and network topologies.
Two‐stage algorithm for efficient transmission expansion planning with renewable energy resources
Authors: Majumder Subir , Shereef R. M. , Khaparde Shrikrishna A.
Published: October 2016

In this study, a ‘two‐stage’ deterministic algorithm an for efficient transmission expansion planning with renewable energy (RE) resources under the assumption that existing conventional generators provide the reserve to mitigate RE generation forecast error has been proposed. Zero‐RE penetration has been considered as a ‘reference scenario’, as well as cost‐minimisation objective has been considered as a planning criterion in Stage 1. In the proposed algorithm, Stage 2 is required to be solved only if the network performance degrades in relation to the reference scenario. In Stage 2, congestion cost is also incorporated as a sub‐objective. Here, the locational marginal prices of the unit scheduling problem obtained from the solution of Stage 1 have been used to calculate the congestion cost. In addition to being computationally tractable, the proposed algorithm guarantees performance improvement in the network. The planning horizon is divided into smaller blocks to facilitate delayed investment. When implemented on an IEEE 24‐bus reliability test system, the proposed algorithm generated minimum cost plan with better performance.
Coordination of energy storage systems and DR resources for optimal scheduling of microgrids under uncertainties
Authors: Geramifar Hasan , Shahabi Majid , Barforoshi Taghi
Published: October 2016

Wind energy integration into microgrids, has introduced new challenges to energy management systems because of its intermittent behaviour. Owing to continuous changes in generation and consumption, the energy price is volatile. This study proposes a new two‐stage stochastic framework for day‐ahead scheduling of microgrids. Uncertainties associated to wind power generation, real‐time electricity price and load demand are considered. Different scenarios are generated using autoregressive moving‐average method and then are reduced using fast‐forward technique. On the first stage, the microgrid master controller determines the procured energy from the day‐ahead market and commitment states of distributed energy resources (DERs). In the second stage, the purchased energy from the real‐time market and schedules of committed DERs are obtained. The problem is modelled using mixed‐integer linear programming approach and is solved via CPLEX® optimizer. Both grid‐connected and stand‐alone modes of operation are investigated. Despite of high operation cost in island mode, coordination of energy storage systems, incentive‐based and price‐based demand response (DR) programmes affect economy of microgrids. The framework is examined on a test microgrid. Results show that both of the releasing the microgrid master controller authority and DR resources result in significant saving in operating; especially in emergency conditions such as islanded mode.
Reaching new solar heights: integrating high penetrations of PV into the power system
Authors: Lew Debra , Miller Nicholas
Published: October 2016

Installed capacity of solar photovoltaics (PV) continues to grow rapidly in the US. High penetrations and can create operational and reliability challenges. PV integration shares some attributes and mitigation strategies with wind, and differs in some key ways that will be discussed. This study investigates PV integration challenges and examines mitigation issues for utilities planning for high penetrations of PV, with a focus on the Western Interconnection of the US. System balancing becomes more difficult due to a duck‐shaped net load curve. Flexibility in the remaining generators, load, and the PV itself, is critical in balancing the system. Reliability impacts from PV have been studied less and addressed less than system balancing issues, but become more important at high penetrations. Understanding essential reliability services from PV, weak grid issues with PV, and distributed PV impacts on bulk power system reliability is critical for planning of high penetrations of PV.
Subspace approach to performance modelling of range‐sidelobe suppressed waveforms
Authors: Jones Aaron M. , Rigling Brian D. , Rangaswamy Muralidhar
Published: October 2016

An important concern in radar is understanding the consequence of waveform design constraints on the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) performance. In this study, the authors develop performance models for the attendant drop in SINR as an integrated sidelobe (ISL) constraint is placed on the waveform. The performance models are developed using an eigenbasis subspace approach. The authors validate the performance models against measured data and conclude that the proposed approach provides reasonable performance modelling of the SINR as a function of the ISL constraint.
CN radical hydrogenation from solid H2 reactions, an alternative way of HCN formation in the interstellar medium
Authors: Borget Fabien , Müller Sandra , Grote Dirk , Theulé Patrice , Vinogradoff Vassilissa , Chiavassa Thierry , Sander Wolfram
Published: October 2016

Context. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the most abundant molecule of the interstellar medium (ISM) in gas phase and it has been assumed to exist in solid state or as coating on grains.

Aims. Our goal is to show that solid H2 can act as a hydrogenation agent, reacting with CN radicals to form HCN.

Methods. In a H2 matrix, we studied the hydrogenation of the CN radical generated from the vacuum ultraviolet photolysis (VUV-photolysis) of C2N2 at 3.8 K. We modified the wavelengths and the host gas in order to be sure that CN radicals can abstract H from H2 molecules.

Results. HCN monomers, dimers, and oligomers have been characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). H2CN as well as CN radicals have also been clearly observed during the photolysis performed at 3.8 K.

Conclusions. H2 is a hydrogenation reagent towards CN radicals producing HCN. This type of reaction should be taken into account for the reactivity at low temperature in contaminated H2 ice macro-particles (CHIMPs), H2 flakes or in the first sublayers of grains where solid H2 has accumulated.
Continuous-flow multi-pulse electroporation at low DC voltages by microfluidic flipping of the voltage space topology
Authors: Bhattacharjee N. , Horowitz L. F. , Folch A.
Published: October 2016

Concerns over biosafety, cost, and carrying capacity of viral vectors have accelerated research into physical techniques for gene delivery such as electroporation and mechanoporation. Advances in microfabrication have made it possible to create high electric fields over microscales, resulting in more efficient DNA delivery and higher cell viability. Continuous-flow microfluidic methods are typically more suitable for cellular therapies where a large number of cells need to be transfected under sterile conditions. However, the existing continuous-flow designs used to generate multiple pulses either require expensive peripherals such as high-voltage (>400 V) sources or function generators, or result in reduced cell viability due to the proximity of the cells to the electrodes. In this paper, we report a continuous-flow microfluidic device whose channel geometry reduces instrumentation demands and minimizes cellular toxicity. Our design can generate multiple pulses of high DC electric field strength using significantly lower voltages (15–60 V) than previous designs. The cells flow along a serpentine channel that repeatedly flips the cells between a cathode and an anode at high throughput. The cells must flow through a constriction each time they pass from an anode to a cathode, exposing them to high electric field strength for short durations of time (the “pulse-width”). A conductive biocompatible poly-aniline hydrogel network formed in situ is used to apply the DC voltage without bringing the metal electrodes close to the cells, further sheltering cells from the already low voltage electrodes. The device was used to electroporate multiple cell lines using electric field strengths between 700 and 800 V/cm with transfection efficiencies superior than previous flow-through designs.
Towards understanding photomigration: Insights from atomistic simulations of azopolymer films explicitly including light-induced isomerization dynamics
Authors: Böckmann Marcus , Doltsinis Nikos L.
Published: October 2016

The light-induced surface modification of a thin film of poly-(disperse orange-3-methylmethacrylate) is investigated computationally using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations specifically tailored to include photoisomerization dynamics. For a model surface consisting of a periodic pattern of alternating irradiated and dark spots, it is shown that repeated photoisomerization in the irradiated areas initially leads to a local temperature increase and a raised surface profile accompanied by a migration of molecules away from the bright spots. After switching off the light source and letting the system cool down, this leads to an inversion of the surface profile, i.e., dips in the bright spots and bumps in the dark spots. To separate the effect of photoisomerization from the pure heating effect, a second simulation is performed in which no photoisomerization is allowed to occur in the bright spots, but the equivalent amount of energy is introduced there locally in the form of heat. This also leads to a raised surface in these areas; however, no outward migration of molecules is observed and the surface pattern practically vanishes when the system is subsequently cooled back to room temperature.
Epitaxial yttrium iron garnet film for fabrication of high frequency on-chip inductors
Authors: Wang Gang , Liu Houfang , Wu Hao , Li Xiaoning , Qiu Haochuan , Yang Yi , Qu Bingjun , Ren Tian-Ling , Han Xiufeng , Zhang Ruyi , Wang Hong
Published: October 2016

The application of epitaxial yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin film on high frequency on-chip spiral inductors is investigated. The YIG thin film with the thickness of 3.6 μm was grown on GGG(111) substrate using the liquid phase method, which exhibits relatively high saturation magnetization 4πMs of 1615 Oe close to the bulk value of 1750 Oe and low initial coercivity Hc of 0.5 Oe that minimizes the hysteretic losses. Subsequently, the spiral inductors were directly fabricated on the YIG/GGG(111) substrate. The results show substantial improvement in the optimum operating frequency and self-resonance frequency of the on-chip spiral inductor with the YIG thin film with an increase of 50% up to ∼7.5 GHz and 14.2 GHz, respectively, implying that on-chip spiral inductors with the YIG thin film can be applied to much higher frequency RF circuits.
New insights into the Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface in thin film solar cells: Formation and properties of the MoSe2 interfacial layer
Authors: Klinkert T. , Theys B. , Patriarche G. , Jubault M. , Donsanti F. , Guillemoles J.-F. , Lincot D.
Published: October 2016

Being at the origin of an ohmic contact, the MoSe2 interfacial layer at the Mo/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface in CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and related compounds) based solar cells has allowed for very high light-to-electricity conversion efficiencies up to 22.3%. This article gives new insights into the formation and the structural properties of this interfacial layer. Different selenization-steps of a Mo covered glass substrate prior to the CIGS deposition by co-evaporation led to MoSe2 interfacial layers with varying thickness and orientation, as observed by x-ray diffraction and atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. A novel model based on the anisotropy of the Se diffusion coefficient in MoSe2 is proposed to explain the results. While the series resistance of finished CIGS solar cells is found to correlate with the MoSe2 orientation, the adhesion forces between the CIGS absorber layer and the Mo substrate stay constant. Their counter-intuitive non-correlation with the configuration of the MoSe2 interfacial layer is discussed and related to work from the literature.
Modeling of conductive particle motion in viscous medium affected by an electric field considering particle-electrode interactions and microdischarge phenomenon
Authors: Eslami Ghiyam , Esmaeilzadeh Esmaeil , Pérez Alberto T.
Published: October 2016

Up and down motion of a spherical conductive particle in dielectric viscous fluid driven by a DC electric field between two parallel electrodes was investigated. A nonlinear differential equation, governing the particle dynamics, was derived, based on Newton’s second law of mechanics, and solved numerically. All the pertaining dimensionless groups were extracted. In contrast to similar previous works, hydrodynamic interaction between the particle and the electrodes, as well as image electric forces, has been taken into account. Furthermore, the influence of the microdischarge produced between the electrodes and the approaching particle on the particle dynamics has been included in the model. The model results were compared with experimental data available in the literature, as well as with some additional experimental data obtained through the present study showing very good agreement. The results indicate that the wall hydrodynamic effect and the dielectric liquid ionic conductivity are very dominant factors determining the particle trajectory. A lower bound is derived for the charge transferred to the particle while rebounding from an electrode. It is found that the time and length scales of the post-microdischarge motion of the particle can be as small as microsecond and micrometer, respectively. The model is able to predict the so called settling/dwelling time phenomenon for the first time.
Direct measurement of the Goos-Hänchen shift using a scanning quadrant detector and a polarization maintaining fiber
Authors: Yallapragada Venkata Jayasurya , Mulay Gajendra L. , Rao Ch. N. , Ravishankar Ajith P. , Achanta Venu Gopal
Published: October 2016

High precision measurements of optical beam shifts are important in various fields including sensing, atomic force microscopy, and measuring beam shifts at interfaces. Sub-micron shifts are generally measured by indirect techniques such as weak measurements. We demonstrate a straightforward and robust measurement scheme for the shift, based on a scanning quadrant photodiode (QPD) that is biased using a low noise electronic circuit. The shift is measured with respect to a reference beam that is co-propagating with the signal beam. Thus, the shift of the signal beam is readout directly as the difference between the x-intercepts of the QPD scan plot of the signal and reference beams versus the position of the detector. To measure the beam shift, we use polarization multiplexing scheme where the p-polarized signal and s-polarized reference beams are modulated at two different frequencies and co-launched into a polarization-maintaining fiber. Both the signal and reference beam positions are readout by two lock-in amplifiers simultaneously. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method, we perform a direct measurement of Goos-Hänchen shift of a beam that is reflected from a plane gold surface. Accuracy of 150 nm is achieved using this technique.
Thickness dependent charge transfer states and dark carriers density in vacuum deposited small molecule organic photocell
Authors: Shekhar Himanshu , Tzabari Lior , Solomeshch Olga , Tessler Nir
Published: October 2016

We have investigated the influence of the active layer thickness on the balance of the internal mechanisms affecting the efficiency of copper phthalocyanine - fullerene (C60) based vacuum deposited bulk heterojunction organic photocell. We fabricated a range of devices for which we varied the thickness of the active layer from 40 to 120 nm and assessed their performance using optical and electrical characterization techniques. As reported previously for phthalocyanine:C60, the performance of the device is highly dependent on the active layer thickness and of all the thicknesses we tried, the 40 nm thin active layer device showed the best solar cell characteristic parameters. Using the transfer matrix based optical model, which includes interference effects, we calculated the optical power absorbed in the active layers for the entire absorption band, and we found that this cannot explain the trend with thickness. Measurement of the cell quantum efficiency as a function of light intensity showed that the relative weight of the device internal processes changes when going from 40 nm to 120 nm thick active layer. Electrical modeling of the device, which takes different internal processes into account, allowed to quantify the changes in the processes affecting the generation - recombination balance. Sub gap external quantum efficiency and morphological analysis of the surface of the films agree with the model's result. We found that as the thickness grows the density of charge transfer states and of dark carriers goes up and the uniformity in the vertical direction is reduced.
Droplet condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces with enhanced dewetting under a tangential AC electric field
Authors: Yan Xinzhu , Li Jian , Li Licheng , Huang Zhengyong , Wang Feipeng , Wei Yuan
Published: October 2016

In this Letter, the dewetting behavior of superhydrophobic condensing surfaces under a tangential AC electric field is reported. The surface coverage of condensed droplets only exhibits a negligible increase with time. The jumping frequency of droplets is enhanced. The AC electric field motivates the dynamic transition of droplets from stretch to recoil, resulting in the counterforce propelling droplet jumping. The considerable horizontal component of jumping velocity facilitates droplet departure from superhydrophobic surfaces. Both the amplitude and frequency of AC voltage are important factors for droplet departure and dewetting effect. Thereby, the tangential electric field provides a unique and easily implementable approach to enhance droplet removal from superhydrophobic condensing surfaces.
Three-dimensional topographies of water surface dimples formed by superhydrophobic water strider legs
Authors: Yin W. , Zheng Y. L. , Lu H. Y. , Zhang X. J. , Tian Y.
Published: October 2016

A water strider has a remarkable capability to stand and walk freely on water. Supporting forces of a water strider and a bionic robot have been calculated from the side view of pressed depth of legs to reconstruct the water surface dimples. However, in situ measurements of the multiple leg forces and significantly small leg/water contact dimples have not been realized yet. In this study, a shadow method was proposed to reconstruct the in situ three-dimensional topographies of leg/water contact dimples and their corresponding supporting forces. Results indicated that the supporting forces were affected by the depth, width, and length of the dimple, and that the maximum dimple depth was not proportional to the supporting forces. The shadow method also has advantages in disclosing tiny supporting force of legs in their subtle actions. These results are helpful for understanding the locomotion principles of water-walking insects and the design of biomimetic aquatic devices.
3D print of polymer bonded rare-earth magnets, and 3D magnetic field scanning with an end-user 3D printer
Authors: Huber C. , Abert C. , Bruckner F. , Groenefeld M. , Muthsam O. , Schuschnigg S. , Sirak K. , Thanhoffer R. , Teliban I. , Vogler C. , Windl R. , Suess D.
Published: October 2016

3D print is a recently developed technique, for single-unit production, and for structures that have been impossible to build previously. The current work presents a method to 3D print polymer bonded isotropic hard magnets with a low-cost, end-user 3D printer. Commercially available isotropic NdFeB powder inside a PA11 matrix is characterized, and prepared for the printing process. An example of a printed magnet with a complex shape that was designed to generate a specific stray field is presented, and compared with finite element simulation solving the macroscopic Maxwell equations. For magnetic characterization, and comparing 3D printed structures with injection molded parts, hysteresis measurements are performed. To measure the stray field outside the magnet, the printer is upgraded to a 3D magnetic flux density measurement system. To skip an elaborate adjusting of the sensor, a simulation is used to calibrate the angles, sensitivity, and the offset of the sensor. With this setup, a measurement resolution of 0.05 mm along the z-axes is achievable. The effectiveness of our calibration method is shown. With our setup, we are able to print polymer bonded magnetic systems with the freedom of having a specific complex shape with locally tailored magnetic properties. The 3D scanning setup is easy to mount, and with our calibration method we are able to get accurate measuring results of the stray field.
Chebyshev polynomial filtered subspace iteration in the discontinuous Galerkin method for large-scale electronic structure calculations
Authors: Banerjee Amartya S. , Lin Lin , Hu Wei , Yang Chao , Pask John E.
Published: October 2016

The Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) electronic structure method employs an adaptive local basis (ALB) set to solve the Kohn-Sham equations of density functional theory in a discontinuous Galerkin framework. The adaptive local basis is generated on-the-fly to capture the local material physics and can systematically attain chemical accuracy with only a few tens of degrees of freedom per atom. A central issue for large-scale calculations, however, is the computation of the electron density (and subsequently, ground state properties) from the discretized Hamiltonian in an efficient and scalable manner. We show in this work how Chebyshev polynomial filtered subspace iteration (CheFSI) can be used to address this issue and push the envelope in large-scale materials simulations in a discontinuous Galerkin framework. We describe how the subspace filtering steps can be performed in an efficient and scalable manner using a two-dimensional parallelization scheme, thanks to the orthogonality of the DG basis set and block-sparse structure of the DG Hamiltonian matrix. The on-the-fly nature of the ALB functions requires additional care in carrying out the subspace iterations. We demonstrate the parallel scalability of the DG-CheFSI approach in calculations of large-scale two-dimensional graphene sheets and bulk three-dimensional lithium-ion electrolyte systems. Employing 55 296 computational cores, the time per self-consistent field iteration for a sample of the bulk 3D electrolyte containing 8586 atoms is 90 s, and the time for a graphene sheet containing 11 520 atoms is 75 s.
Suppression mechanism of radiation-induced darkening by Ce doping in Al/Yb/Ce-doped silica glasses: Evidence from optical spectroscopy, EPR and XPS analyses
Authors: Shao Chongyun , Xu Wenbin , Ollier Nadege , Guzik Malgorzata , Boulon Georges , Yu Lu , Zhang Lei , Yu Chunlei , Wang Shikai , Hu Lili
Published: October 2016

Yb3+/Al3+ co-doped silica glasses with different Ce2O3 contents were prepared using the sol–gel method combined with high-temperature sintering. Changes in refractive index, absorption, emission and fluorescence lifetime of these glasses caused by X-ray irradiation were recorded and analyzed systematically. It is found that co-doping with certain amount of Ce could greatly improve the radiation resistance without evident negative effects on the basic optical properties of the Yb3+ ions in the near-infrared region. The nature of the radiation-induced color centres and the mechanism by which Ce prevented the formation of these centres were studied using optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. Direct evidence confirmed that trapped electron centres (Yb2+/Si-E′/Al-E′) and trapped hole centres (Al-OHCs) were effectively inhibited by Ce doping, which was correlated to the coexistence of the redox couple Ce3+/Ce4+ in the glasses. These results are helpful to understand the micro-structural origin and the suppression mechanism by Ce co-doping of the photodarkening effect in Yb3+-doped silica fibers.
Individual dual-emitting CdS multi-branched nanowire arrays under various pumping powers
Authors: Guo S. , Zhao F. Y. , Li Y. , Song G. L. , Li A. , Chai K. , Liang L. , Ma Z. , Weller D. , Liu R. B.
Published: October 2016

High-quality Tin doped Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) comb-like nanostructures have been synthesized by a simple in situ seeding chemical vapor deposition process. The color-tunable dual emission of these comb-like nanostructures is demonstrated by changing the excitation power intensity. In fact, the color-tunable emission is in principal due to the variation of the dual emission intensity, which is proven by photoluminescence spectra and real color photoluminescence charge-coupled device images. Especially for different parts in the nano comb, the emission color can be varied even under the same pumping power. This is mainly due to the difference in local structure. By comparison, the color variation was not observed in pure CdS multi-branched nanostructures. The lifetime results demonstrate that the green emission originate from the recombination of free excitons. The origin of red emission is from the recombination of the dopant-induced intrinsic or extrinsic defect states. These findings provide potential applications of laser assisted anti-counterfeit label and micro-size monitors.
Concentric dot-ring metal nanostructures prepared by colloidal lithography
Authors: Li G. , Zopf D. , Schmidl G. , Fritzsche W. , Stranik O.
Published: October 2016

A large scale production of well-defined metallic nanostructures represents an important step for a real application of plasmonic technology. Here, we report about a development in colloidal lithography for the production of metallic nanostructures of flexible geometry, which can be changed between disks, cones, rings and even concentric dot-ring structures. We show that the simple spherical colloidal mask—applied to produce metallic disks—can be modified by chemical and plasma etching process to produce either ring or dot-ring structure. Furthermore, etching of the colloidal mask leads to cone shaped metallic nanostructures. All these structures are prepared by the same fabrication steps, and different geometries are achieved just by variation of the fabrication parameters. We are able to prepare homogenously dispersed nanostructures (with defined density) with a height between 20 and 50 nm and a lateral dimension between 100 and 200 nm. In the realized nanostructures, the thickness of the ring is 46.2 ± 4.4 nm and the dot structure has an outer diameter of ∼217 nm.