bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Judiciary: The Least Dangerous Branch?
Authors: Smilov Daniel
Published: February 2013

This article argues that the judiciary is normatively framed by four major grounds of legitimation: separation of powers, the rule of law, sovereignty, and impartiality of arbitration. All these four grounds entail more specific principles for the organization of the judiciary, and imply different modes of accountability. The four normative grounds may have different weight in different societies, depending on their objective circumstances and on the perceptions of people of these circumstances. The bottom line is that different societies must prioritize some of these grounds in given periods of their development. The result is a wide variety of institutional organizations of the judiciary, animated, however, by a limited number of common normative foundations.
Associative Rights (The Rights to the Freedoms of Petition, Assembly, and Association)
Authors: Preuß Ulrich K.
Published: February 2013

Associative rights cover those constitutional guarantees which deal with the joint actions of individuals. The promise of associative rights to individuals is the most effective means of their empowerment in the polity. At the same time, this guarantee gives rise to a decentralized power structure in society which has a major bearing on the modes of how collective decisions are made in the polity. Three constitutional rights are pertinent in this respect, ranging in the order of increasing empowerment and, consequently, structural effects on the polity: the right to petition for the redress of grievances, the right to the freedom of assembly, and the right to the freedom of association. This article presents a comparative overview of associative rights and considers only those constitutions which effectively shape the character of the polity, where, in other words, collective actions of citizens are an inherent element of an entrenched sphere of socio-political autonomy.
Privacy
Authors: Espinosa Manuel José Cepeda
Published: February 2013

Privacy in comparative constitutional law is associated in some countries with specific legal ideas, such as inviolability of domicile and the secrecy of correspondence, whereas in others it is related to broad concepts such as freedom, dignity, and autonomy. Some jurisdictions provide an all-encompassing idea of ‘privacy’, whereas others provide different sets of compartmentalized rights. However, most jurisdictions share several key trends. The basic one is accelerated expansion, not only in terms of protected interests but most significantly in terms of the transformation of the very core of the right, which goes beyond the idea of privacy as seclusion and as a shield from intrusion and unwanted gaze. It protects a decisional aspect of the individual, seeking to safeguard a realm of autonomous development of the person situated in social life and in relation to others. Thus, privacy is rarely defined in fixed terms; rather, it is seen as a fluid concept constantly extending its frontiers to face new demands and the challenges of changing contexts. his article addresses key issues concerning the basic elements of privacy, its protection, and its limits.
Grammaticalization and mechanisms of change
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relationship between grammaticalisation and three mechanisms of change, including reanalysis, analogy, and repetition. It suggests that though reanalysis requires discreteness, it does not necessarily involve a saltation and argues that a distinction should be made between mechanisms and motivations; hence analogical thinking should be distinguished from analogical change. It also discusses the argument that analogy is reanalysis because local (micro-)restructuring results from optimisation.
Usage‐based theory and grammaticalization
Authors: Bybee Joan L.
Published: February 2013

This article treats grammaticalisation in the context of usage-based grammar. It examines how usage effects propel grammaticalisation on the phonetic, semantic, and syntactic dimensions, focusing on structural changes. It analyses the chunking of contiguous units, phonetic reduction due to neuromotor automatisation, semantic generalization, pragmatic inferencing, and growing autonomy with its loss of compositionality and analysability. It shows that the loss of analysability is the mechanism behind decategorialisation and reduction in constituent structure and argues that reanalysis in grammaticalisation is unidirectional and results in a loss of constituent structure.
Grammaticalization and language evolution
Authors: Smith Andrew D. M.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relevance of grammaticalisation to language evolution. It discusses the evolution of language, the pathways of grammaticalisation, the cognitive basis of grammaticalisation, and protolanguage and pre-linguistic communication. The analysis reveals that cognitive mechanisms underpinning grammaticalisation are not specifically linguistic, but derive from the principles of ostensive-inferential communication. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that pre-linguistic communication was based on these same principles, which allows us to gain insights into how language evolved from a non-linguistic state by studying grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and linguistic Variation
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: February 2013

This article examines the similarities and differences between grammaticalisation theory and variation theory (VT). It describes the variationist take on grammaticalisation and outlines some of the ways in which VT can contribute to grammaticalisation studies. It discusses the application of the variationist method to a paradigm example of grammaticalisation cross-linguistically and shows that this approach is particularly well-suited to tracking pathways of grammaticalisation, through its capacity to elucidate the transition period between endpoints of change.
Grammaticalization and corpus linguistics
Authors: Mair Christian
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the relation between corpus linguistics and grammaticalisation. It shows how corpora and the use of corpus-linguistic methods enrich the empirical basis of grammaticalisation theory and, in some important instances, even help it to develop its theoretical foundations. The article discusses an incipient and hither to unrecorded instance of grammaticalisation in present-day English to test the potential of the corpus-linguistic working environment for the investigation of such difficult empirical cases. It also explains the three reasons for using corpora in research on grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization and language contact
Authors: Matras Yaron
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between language contact and grammaticalisation. It argues that the notion of contact-driven grammaticalisation represents an attempt to address these questions within the framework of an overall theory of grammaticalisation. It discusses the key stages in the development of the discussion on contact-induced grammaticalisation and the questions it addresses. It explains that contact-induced language change is often regarded as an external factor that motivates change, for it derives from outside the linguistic system that is under scrutiny.
Adverbial grammaticalization
Authors: Ramat Paolo
Published: February 2013

This article examines the grammaticalisation of adverbs. It surveys ways in which adverbs can come into existence: via affixation, via case suffixes, and with true grammaticalised derivators. It argues that not every process that produces an adverb is per se a grammaticalization process since adverb is a linguistic category which shows very different morphological behaviours. In addition, there are languages which have no morphological expression for such a category.
Auxiliaries and grammaticalization
Authors: Krug Manfred
Published: February 2013

This article illustrates the relationship between auxiliaries and grammaticalisation. It examines how grammaticalisation impacts on discussions and definitions of auxiliaries and how auxiliaries contribute to a better understanding of grammaticalization. It provides a description and definition of auxiliary verbs using functional approach and discusses the often cited characteristics of auxiliaries, many of which are of theoretical relevance to the study of grammaticalisation.
Grammaticalization in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: Martelotta Mário Eduardo T. , Cezario Maria Maura
Published: February 2013

This article aims to present a broad view of grammaticalisation phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese language. It provides a concise analysis of a number of different clines of grammaticalization, focusing on the development of pronouns, auxiliaries, and connectives. The theoretical framework used in these studies follows the proposals presented in recent work on grammaticalization that highlight the intersection between grammaticalization theory and construction grammar. Two major mechanisms usually associated with grammaticalisation are metaphorisation and metonymisation.
Grammaticalization in Japanese
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Ohori Toshio
Published: February 2013

This article considers the history of grammaticalisation in the Japanese language. It explains that Japanese has been a strictly head-final subject-object-verb order (SOV) language with nominative-accusative alignment, and with frequent omission of argument noun phrases, throughout its documented history. The first type of contact-induced grammaticalisation includes the rise of complex postpositions. In the spoken language there are only few genuine examples of grammatical influence due to language contact.
Grammaticalization in Sinitic Languages
Authors: Chappell Hilary , Peyraube Alain
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the history of grammaticalisation in Sinitic languages. It discusses the evolution of the disposal or object marking constructions, passive and causative constructions, and classifiers. The model of grammatical change used in this study refers to two main mechanisms: analogy and reanalysis. The former includes so-called degrammaticalisation, while the latter includes both grammaticalization and exaptation processes.
The First World War as Totality
Authors: Bessel Richard
Published: February 2013

This article describes the totality of the First World War in many aspects. The word ‘total’ lies at the heart of different perceptions of the First World War. It was a war that involved total mobilization, socially and economically; a modern war, which required total commitment and support from the population, on the home front and on the battlefront; and a war that led to the total subordination of the economy and society to the needs of the military. Commitment to war had to be total. This was the apparent lesson of the First World War. Modern war could not be fought with half-measures. This combination – struggle beyond reason and war without end – became the agenda of fascism.
Propaganda and Youth
Authors: Dogliani Patrizia
Published: February 2013

Throughout its history, Italian fascism emphasized that it was a revolutionary and youthful phenomenon. During its rise from 1919 to 1922, the fascist movement, like its communist competitor, was novel in its appeal to youth. Fascism entailed the rejuvenation of the national political class of Liberal days and fostered a social and economic transformation whereby members of a middle class lacking an ancient inheritance of land and professional qualification could take up the reins of power. Most of the fascist leadership under the dictatorship were men born in the mid-1890s, framed by their experience of the First World War as twenty-year-olds. Fascism similarly could count on support from the next generation, a group who had only just been old enough to join in the last months of battle or who had missed the war altogether and felt frustrated at their loss.
Dictators Strong or Weak?
Authors: Bosworth R. J. B.
Published: February 2013

After the defeat and deaths of Hitler and Mussolini in 1945, and the demise of Stalin in his bed in 1953, dictators became less omnipresent in Europe, although Portugal's Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, unusual in his trade as tyrant in being originally a pious professor of economics, did not die until 1970, and Franco lasted until 1975, while various communist and post-communist leaders continued to shore up their power, pursuing paths where Stalin once had led. Dictators have had a bad press in those countries that have remained tied to liberal democracy and have endorsed the values and hopes of the Enlightenment. Yet, in much of the rest of society, and notably in the celebrated fields of business and sport, ‘leadership’ is an ever-more-lauded quality or attainment.
State and Society
Authors: Corni Gustavo
Published: February 2013

This article compares the state and society ruled by Adolf Hitler in Germany and Benito Mussolini in Italy. In regard to fascism's accession to power in Italy, another factor separated it from the Nazi path. There were some similarities between the two cases: a constitutional monarchy with a crumbling parliamentary system on the one hand, and a parliamentary and democratic republic with its own deepening crisis on the other. Yet, the institutional weakness of the Weimar state was so great and its lack of legitimacy so pervasive that it did not take a great effort on Hitler's part to shake himself free. Notwithstanding some similarities, most blatantly the tactical alliance with sectors of the old ruling elites, there was a profound difference in the acquisition of power between the two regimes. Hitler could always rely on an ample popular consent, hardened by the Nazis' promise of economic recovery.
The Netherlands
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: February 2013

There is a general consensus among historians and political scientists that fascism has never had much popular appeal in the Netherlands. The reasons put forward for this view centre on the stability of a Dutch political system epitomized by relatively unchanging voter allegiances and cabinet formation through coalitions of two or more parties. Traditionally, these allegiances were defined primarily by confessional or established ideological positions: Roman Catholicism, Orthodox Calvinism, liberalism, and Social Democracy. More recently, a fear of immigrants and of an increased presence of Islamic culture has helped spawn movements that, if not openly fascist, certainly contain some of the attributes associated with mainstream fascism. The first forms of fascism emerged in the Netherlands during the 1920s, inspired by a small minority who were motivated by admiration for what Mussolini had achieved in Italy.
Good and Evil in Religion: The Interpersonal Context
Authors: Burris Christopher T. , Rempel John K.
Published: February 2013

Based on an integrative review of cross-cultural literature concerning virtues, moral foundations, and values, we suggest that traditional religions’ common understanding of “the good” centers on self-transcendence, manifest intrapersonally as an emphasis on self-control, and interpersonally as love, or motivation to preserve and promote others’ well-being. Complementarily, we suggest that “evil” centers on self-enhancement, manifest interpersonally as moral compartmentalization, and interpersonally as hate, or the desire to diminish others’ well-being. Not all love is “good,” and not all hate is “evil” within faith traditions, however, and we consider examples of each of these subversions. We also consider the functional role of love and hate within religion, and we suggest that the emotions that accompany love-related episodes may sometimes serve as experiential validation of a faith tradition's claims, and that intentional evocation of strong negative emotions in quasi-religious contexts may buttress an unstable self-image. Finally, we offer broad suggestions for future research.
Spirituality and Positive Youth Development
Authors: Benson Peter L. , Roehlkepartain Eugene C. , Scales Peter C.
Published: February 2013

This chapter discusses the integration of theories of youth spiritual development with theories of positive youth development, a relatively recent phenomenon in developmental psychology. It reviews the literature showing the intersection of positive youth development with both institutional and personal expressions of spirituality, and it specifically notes the mediating role played by youth experience of developmental assets in the empirically observed linkage of religious and spiritual engagement and positive developmental outcomes among youth. It presents initial research advancing a new theory of youth spiritual development as a universal domain of development, describing spiritual development as a constant, ongoing, and dynamic interplay between one's inward journey and one's outward journey. Several central animating dynamics are presented: awareness, connecting, and integrating these into a purposeful way of living. Research is discussed from a religiously diverse global sample of more than 7,000 youth ages 12–25 years from eight countries in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, showing that higher scores on those elements of spiritual development predict positive outcomes across nations and affiliations, including volunteerism, self-rated overall health, environmentalism, and risk behaviors. Moreover, as predicted, high scores occur with and without active engagement with religious traditions. Finally, integration of the spiritual development domains—having high scores in each area—increases with age, as would be expected in a valid developmental process. Although the model does not work equally well with all countries and religions, it marks a significant advance beyond the traditional spiritual development models that have been based on Western and Christian samples and measures and represented the great majority of the literature.
Transformation of Brain Structure and Spiritual Experience
Authors: Newberg Andrew B.
Published: February 2013

This chapter will review the transformations of brain structure and function associated with spiritual experiences by considering the current state of neurophysiological investigations of spiritual experiences in terms of brain imaging, neurotransmitter studies, hormone function, and immune function. There are currently a number of techniques for studying the brain and its related functions. Such techniques include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As will be discussed in this chapter, these imaging techniques can observe the very broad function of different structures of the brain as well as detailed neurotransmitter systems with regard to spiritual experience. Additional studies of various hormone levels, autonomic activity, and immune function can also be integrated into a comprehensive model that can be utilized to help better understand the biological correlates of spiritual experiences.
Knowledge, Intention, and Matter
Authors: Tiller William A.
Published: February 2013

In human experience, there appear to be at least two uniquely different pathways to accessing knowledge, Logos (physical science) and Mythos (psychoenergetic science). Here, we show that a simple electrical device can serve as an effective host for a specific intention. Such a device can be utilized to (1) raise the electromagnetic gauge symmetry state of an experimental space from the uncoupled state to the coupled state of physical reality and (2) to tune that space to materialize the property changes implicit in the specific intention. Three uniquely different materials via four different experiments have been robustly successful, one of which has been replicated by others. This work shows that a functioning nature exists beyond our conventional level of electrically charged atom/molecule world. This impacts domains of reality of serious interest to religions and human spiritual reality. It strongly suggests that higher dimensional domains of reality are held within the overarching potential field of the Divine.
A Postmaterialist Human Science and Its Implications for Spiritual Activism
Authors: Goswami Amit
Published: February 2013

Various models of postmaterialist science are introduced with a brief exposition of the quantum physics and primacy-of-consciousness-based model that integrates all the various approaches.
Public Histories of Food
Authors: Green Rayna
Published: February 2013

Food history is part of what we call "public history." Public institutions such as museums, historic houses, national parks, and food production facilities collect, document, preserve, and present knowledge and practices, known as foodways, and as such, play a key role in narrating the production, preservation, service, distribution, and consumption of food throughout history. This article describes the types and styles of food history found in public institutions and looks at notable examples of that history in practice in the United States. It also presents some examples of what is missing, and why, in the institutional (or public) recollection of major stories in food history.
Critical Nutrition Studies
Authors: Biltekoff Charlotte
Published: February 2013

Public discourse about food generally consists of nutritional guides, ethical philosophies, labeling schemes, and food industry trends, all of which try to offer often competing solutions to consumers seeking to know more about what is good to eat. As this anxiety about eating right continues to grow, what consumers really need is a more informed, educated, and critical relationship to dietary health and dietary advice, rather than more information about the nutritional content of food or where it comes from. This article first provides a brief overview of the emerging critical nutrition studies before analyzing the history and historiography of nutrition and dietary health in the United States since the late nineteenth century. It argues that critical nutrition studies as a discipline provide the foundation for a new "critical dietary literacy," and thus can help us rethink contemporary discourses of food and health.
Food and Ethical Consumption
Authors: Ankeny Rachel A.
Published: February 2013

Traditional stories about food consumption would indicate that over the course of history, choosing what to eat and drink has been a relative simple endeavor for most people, who often did not give much thought to their choices or the values underlying them. Today, our choices about what foodstuffs to consume are more than just a simple attempt to fill an empty stomach. This article examines contemporary food ethics, ethical food consumerism, and "ethical food consumption." It argues that contemporary and historic discussions of food ethics differ in terms of connection between identity and ethical food choices, which in turn has reshaped what we know about ethical food choices. The article first discusses vegetarianism and veganism before turning to animal welfare, local consumption, organic foods, food products that are free of genetically modified organisms, food miles and sustainable/green products, boycotts and cause-related marketing, fair trade, and overconsumption and freeganism.
Introduction: Shifts, Zigzags, Impacts
Authors: Castronovo Russ
Published: February 2013

This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about nineteenth-century American literature. It explores how readers identify and tackle interpretative problems of nineteenth-century American literature and suggests a range of unfamiliar yet practical coordinates for revising, questioning, and unsettling what we think we know and mean when we take novels, poems, and other discursive and visual artifacts as somehow emblematic or belonging to the body of nineteenth-century American literature. The article analyzes the works of several nineteenth-century American authors including Mark Twain, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Washington Irving.
Archives of Publishing and Gender: Historical Codes in Literary Analysis
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on archives of publishing and gender in the U.S.A., and the historical codes in literary analysis. It investigates how archival research changed what we thought we knew about American authors, and suggests that the documents left by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Hannah Crafts have forced us to revise standard assumptions about the American canon and its outliers. The article discusses some possibilities that arise from the practices of archival research and suggests what these practices make possible in the interpretation of literature.
Commentary: Music Learning and Teaching in Infancy and Early Childhood
Authors: Barrett Margaret S.
Published: February 2013

This article, which presents an overview by exploring the characteristic features of a range of musical beginnings and the possibilities for learning that are evidenced, demonstrates that much of young children's early music-making is improvised in the moment as a means to communicate with others and self. Such communications, from responses and exchanges in “motherese” or “parentese” to young children's independent invented song-making, may be regarded as the first “oral tradition.” Oral traditions draw on the power of repetition and the human urge to generate and create. Their musical outputs feature elaboration and ideational fluency as well as the acknowledgment of the musical cultures from which the tradition arises.
Multiple Worlds of Childhood: Culture and the Classroom
Authors: Lum Chee-Hoo , Marsh Kathryn
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the multifaceted worlds of children's musical experience. Reflecting on cultures of childhood, cultural transmission, and cultural renewal, it examines the major changes to children's musical worlds brought about by globalization, migration, and the media. The increasing cultural diversity of these worlds—both real and virtual—provides challenges for teachers working within schools, but also promising prospects of renewed pedagogical practices and resources, particularly those provided by school communities and by the new media, with which children are remarkably adept. Connectedness between schools, communities, and children's own ways of knowing and interrelating with their worlds benefits all participants in this process of mutual exchange.
Solo Voice Pedagogy
Authors: Boyce-Tillman June , Emmons Shirlee , Popeil Lisa
Published: February 2013

This article discusses voice pedagogy for adult performers (over age 18) singing a range of genres and styles, and is organized as follows. The first section examines the voice and how it works as a musical instrument; the second section details pedagogical knowledge related to singing as a sensorimotor skill; and the third section examines how voice and pedagogical knowledge come together in different solo vocal genres.
Building Musicianship in the Instrumental Classroom
Authors: Duke Robert A. , Byo James L.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses instrumental teaching in the classroom, devoting special attention to the development of musical expression in young learners. It considers how best to cultivate expressive music-making, focusing on musical communication in children's first experiences with wind and string instruments, a topic that has received little attention in the literature to date.
Commentary: Ensembles
Authors: Humphreys Jere T.
Published: February 2013

This article, which provides a range of perspectives on the phenomenon of music education as it is practiced through the medium of performing music ensembles, describes, gives rationales, and provides alternative strategies and paradigms for the employment of music ensembles as a teaching medium. The entire enterprise should be examined periodically because the ensembles have been adapted from what were originally performing units with strong ties to the community; hence, their purposes and modes of operation have changed over time.
The Psychology of Performance in Sport and Other Domains
Authors: Hays Kate F.
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses the psychology of performance in domains including sports, the performing arts, business/executive coaching, and high-risk professions. Performance psychology and sport psychology are described as interrelated fields. At the same time, with its long history of research as well as practice, sport psychology holds a particular, privileged position within the broader field of performance psychology. The roots of performance psychology lie in the fields of applied sport psychology, psychotherapy, and consultation or coaching. The chapter reviews critical issues in the psychology of performance: standards and excellence, competition, emotion, temporal factors, audience, pressure, performance consequences, and performers’ developmental trajectories. Issues of appropriate preparation for performance psychology practice and performance psychologists’ roles and ethics are briefly addressed. In the various domains of performance psychology, clients’ attitudes toward consultants may vary. Further research, training, and practice implications are reviewed.
Performance Psychology in the Performing Arts
Authors: Nordin-Bates Sanna M.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, a wide range of performance psychology–related topics are considered in relation to the performing arts. Existing research with musicians, dancers and, to a smaller extent, actors is reviewed and contrasted with sport research within a tripartite structure. In the first section, Exploring Convergence, topics with largely similar research results to sport are considered. These include expertise, talent, and deliberate practice; motivation; flow; perfectionism; disordered eating; and injury and pain. In the second section, Exploring Divergence, topics that have been tackled differently in the performing arts and sports are considered. These include psychological skills; personality; anxiety, stress, and coping; and self-confidence and self-esteem. In a third and final section, Exploring Novelty, topics that appear promising for an emerging psychology of performing arts, yet which have less precedent in sport research, are outlined. These comprise creativity and inspiration; memorization; emotional expression; and audience research.
Perfectionism and Performance
Authors: Stoeber Joachim
Published: February 2013

Perfectionism is a personality disposition related to individual differences in performance in sport, school, and other areas of life where performance, tests, and competition play a major role. This chapter discusses the importance of differentiating two main dimensions of perfectionism—perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—when examining the relationships between perfectionism and performance in sport, education, music competitions, aptitude tests, and laboratory tasks. The chapter presents studies showing that perfectionistic strivings are positively associated with performance and predict higher performance beyond people's general aptitude and previous performance level. In contrast, perfectionistic concerns are not consistently negatively associated with performance. To conclude the chapter, implications for applied psychology are discussed, as are open questions for future research regarding issues such as the development of perfectionism, performance and efficiency, and gender differences.
Expert Masters Sport Performers: Perspectives on Age-Related Processes, Skill Retention Mechanisms, and Motives
Authors: Young Bradley W. , Medic Nikola
Published: February 2013

An exceptional cohort of masters athletes extensively train for and compete in sport during middle- and older-ages of the lifespan. This chapter, which examines the empirical research and emerging inquiry pertaining to this cohort, is specifically informed by modeling approaches to lifelong performance, psychomotor expertise perspectives, and a social-cognitive perspective on motivation. First, studies documenting optimistic trends of age-related performance decline among aging athletes are reviewed and evaluated to understand which processes might underscore retention. Second, theoretical mechanisms pertaining to the preservation of aged skilled performance are presented, for which various aspects of masters athletes’ training are integral. The third section outlines perspectives on the exceptional commitment and competitive motives that serve to perpetuate masters athletes’ extensive sport involvement. Avenues for future research and applied implications are integrated throughout the chapter.
Appearance and Performance Enhancing Drug Use
Authors: Hildebrandt Thomas B. , Varangis Eleanna , Lai Justine K.
Published: February 2013

Appearance and performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) include a wide range of substances borrowed from a wide range of medical disciplines and associated fields and have a long history in sport and competition. The defining features of APED use are discussed and include polypharmacy, body image disturbance, and disturbances in diet and exercise. Appearance and performance enhancing drugs are unique among substances of abuse in their biological action, as well as in the basic motivations for their use. Although there are a wide range of potentially serious physical and psychiatric side effects, APEDs continue to be used by millions of men and women and to a greater degree by those engaged in sport and fitness activities. It is still unclear how individuals become illicit APED users, but it is possible that legal APEDs act as a gateway substance for illicit APED use. There are few empirically supported prevention programs for APED use and a complete absence of empirically supported interventions for those using APEDs. The engagement of APED users in treatment is complicated by the ethical-legal obstacles and mistrust between the APED-using and health services communities. Future research will need to overcome these barriers to provide effective and useful interventions for those APED users in the sport or performance fields.
The Body and Performance
Authors: Strean William B. , Mills Joseph P.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter, we explore various understandings of the body, including philosophical perspectives and information from cognitive science. Following a theoretical overview, we give examples of how an integrated, somatic approach to perceiving the body can be applied in sport and performance psychology. Much of sport and performance psychology seems to rely on both dualistic and cognitive approaches to understanding human behavior. We suggest that the perspective gained from the integration of thinking, feeling, and acting can enhance both research and application in the field. We offer specific examples of somatic practices that can be used in sport and performance interventions.
A History of Personnel Selection and Assessment
Authors: Vinchur Andrew J. , Koppes Bryan Laura L.
Published: February 2013

This chapter surveys the history of psychology applied to personnel selection and assessment, decade by decade, from approximately 1900 until the present. We begin with contextual factors that led to an applied psychology, along with measurement and statistical innovations that made scientific personnel selection feasible. Among the topics covered are the initial selection forays by psychologists in the early 1900s, the influence of the Carnegie Institute of Technology program, the impact of events such as World War I and II and the Civil Rights Movement on selection research and practice, and the evolution of validation and utility procedures. Finally, we reflect on the more than 100 years of research and practice by psychologists involved in personnel selection and assessment.
Environmental Perception: Wayfinding and Spatial Cognition
Authors: Devlin Ann Sloan
Published: February 2013

This chapter on wayfinding and spatial cognition provides a literature review of the major topics in the field beginning with Tolman and Lynch, as well as directions for new research employing advances in technology. Reflecting the major emphasis in the field, the focus is on research in the built environment. The major areas of study include the development of wayfinding expertise in children and adults (specifically the progression from landmarks to route to configurational knowledge) and in those with cognitive and/or visual impairments; the problem of verisimilitude in wayfinding tasks; the areas of brain function underlying wayfinding behavior, specifically the role of the hippocampus; the extent of gender differences in wayfinding, including mental rotation, pointing accuracy, and use of landmarks and cardinal directions; and the role of software and technologies employed in research on wayfinding, from Space Syntax analysis to virtual reality with head-mounted devices (HMD). As an integrative strategy for the chapter, attention is periodically drawn to the shifting balance between theory and application in the research.
Justice and the Allocation of Natural Resources: Current Concepts and Future Directions
Authors: Syme Geoffrey J. , Nancarrow Blair E.
Published: February 2013

Water management is principally used here to review current knowledge in relation to social justice in the allocation of natural resources and environmental management. The sphere of human needs provided by water is described, and a water benefits approach to measuring the overall well-being from water allocation decisions is introduced. The basic concepts of social justice—procedural, interactive and distributive justice, equity, fairness, and lay environmental ethics—are outlined, along with their limitations when applied in different cultures. The premise of scale and justice judgments is posed with the example presented in watershed development in Andhra Pradesh, India. The requirement for research into ways that justice can be incorporated within the dynamic systems approaches that are becoming prevalent in ecosystems management is proposed, with the example of a fisheries-based management cycle provided to demonstrate how this can occur. The importance of incorporating and integrating time, spatial, and social dimensions into framing justice research is demonstrated. Suggestions for future research are made throughout.
Emotions and Environment
Authors: Kals Elisabeth , Müller Markus M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter illuminates the role of various categories of emotions in the context of the natural environment and their influence on pro-environmental and environmentally risky decisions. First, some examples of emotional reactions toward environmental problems are given. After discussing the question “what are environmentally relevant emotions?,” a classification of these emotions is proposed, followed by a close look at the relations of emotions and environmentally relevant activities and the special behavioral impact of the emotions not only on pro-environmental but also on environmentally risky behaviors. The chapter closes with a discussion of how knowledge about emotional factors can be used in the environmental debate and shows ways to reach a deeper understanding of the dynamics and impact of these emotions. This knowledge can enrich models of environmentally relevant behaviors as well as action models in psychology in general.
Environment and Identity
Authors: Clayton Susan D.
Published: February 2013

Identity is a core psychological construct: a way of describing an individual that locates him or her within a social and political context. It has become an increasingly prominent topic in psychology, and one with clear relevance to environmental attitudes and behaviors. But definitions of identity and of the role of the natural environment in identity remain imprecise, just as attempts to include measures of identity in environmental research have proliferated. This chapter will discuss the psychological construct of identity and describe how it is relevant to the natural environment. I review research that has directly or indirectly addressed environmental identity, and that has shown the importance of identity in predicting behavior. I conclude with a call for further research that is clearly grounded in theory about identity, as well as research on the ways in which societies and environments can facilitate a strong environmental identity.
Residential Places and Neighborhoods: Toward Healthy Life, Social Integration, and Reputable Residence
Authors: Bonaiuto Marino , Alves Susana
Published: February 2013

The multi-place system of the main residential places, from home to neighborhood to outdoor spaces up to the city, is considered within an ecological, transactional, and systemic theoretical framework. A broad theoretical model is presented, based on the residential affordances and the residential environmental fit coming out from people-environment transactions realized through the residential activities. Four main topics or processes are discussed to highlight the importance of such an approach to residential places: perception, evaluation, and satisfaction for the residential place, with particular attention given to the neighborhood; uses and activities, green areas and health; social segregation and aggregation; and place branding and reputation.
Environmental Epiphanies: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Applications
Authors: Vining Joanne , Merrick Melinda S.
Published: February 2013

Meaningful emotional experiences in nature are common occurrences, but are often overlooked in the study of human-nature interactions. A subset of these experiences, which we identify as environmental epiphanies, or experiences that shift the fundamental self-nature relationship, can have profound impacts on environmental values, attitudes, and behavior. In this chapter, we explore the concept of environmental epiphanies in the context of previous empirical research, practical applications, and potential for future research. We describe findings from an initial study of this phenomenon, suggesting links to existing literature as well as places to begin future studies. We specifically highlight land management applications and contend that results from environmental epiphany studies could have widespread practical applications as well as improve our current understanding of human-nature interactions.
Collaborative Processes in Ecosystem Management
Authors: Samuelson Charles D. , Barratt Clare L.
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews current literature on the use of collaborative processes in ecosystem management. Relevant theoretical frameworks for understanding environmental conflict resolution (ECR) collaborative processes and stakeholder partnership success are reviewed from political science, sociology, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), and systems engineering. The chapter provides an overview of existing and emerging models, techniques, and governance institutions for implementing public involvement processes (e.g., policy dialogues, collaborative learning). Conceptual progress in developing evaluation criteria for assessment of these collaborative processes and programs is summarized, followed by a narrative review of relevant empirical evaluation studies. The chapter concludes with commentary on prevailing trends in the literature and promising directions for future research.
Adjustment to Chronic Illness and Disabilities: Theoretical Perspectives, Empirical Findings, and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Livneh Hanoch , Martz Erin
Published: February 2013

Chronic illnesses and disabilities (CID) are integral parts of life, and their likelihood of occurrence increases with one's age. The experience of CID invariably necessitates personal adaptation to both the individual's diminished functional capacities and their altered interactions with the physical and social environments. The field of psychosocial adaptation (PA) to CID has exponentially grown during the past 30 years and can be conveniently collapsed into two broad domains, namely, conceptual and empirical approaches to the study of PA to CID. The conceptual approach is mostly rooted in extensive clinical observations of individuals following the aftermath of CID onset and has led to the development of numerous theoretical frameworks of PA to CID and coping with CID. Here, we provide a review of the most influential conceptual models of PA to CID. The empirical literature is examined in this chapter by focusing on those studies that have directly sought to investigate the relationships (albeit not necessarily causal in nature) among a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics, CID-linked factors, personality attributes and coping strategies, and environmental influences (these four classes of variables are typically considered as predictors, mediators or moderators), and measures of PA to CID (the latter commonly regarded as outcomes). Due to space restrictions, our review of the empirical literature only focuses on certain types of CIDs, namely, spinal cord injuries, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. This chapter concludes with a discussion of those issues that need to be addressed by future researchers in the field of adaptation to CID.
Aging, Rehabilitation, and Psychology
Authors: Gerstenecker Adam T. , Mast Benjamin T.
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the role of psychologists in the rehabilitation of older adults. The chapter begins with a review of the changes expected to take place in the population demographics of the United States and its impact on geriatric rehabilitation. The next section highlights core concepts in geriatric rehabilitation, as well as predictors of successful outcome. In the final sections of the chapter, psychologists’ roles within geriatric rehabilitation will be examined, with particular emphasis placed upon assessing cognitive impairment and depression, and specific interventions for treating depression in geriatric rehabilitation patients.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Kennedy Paul , Smithson Emilie F.
Published: February 2013

The neurological injury and resulting losses in sensation and movement is only one of the numerous consequences of damage to the spinal cord. Sustaining a spinal cord injury (SCI) not only leads to major changes in an individual's physical ability, but also to changes in his or her occupational status, in the leisure activities with which he or she engages, in social participation and in intimate relationships. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the psychological and social repercussions of SCI; research has looked into how these factors in turn affect adjustment to injury, self-care, quality of life, and morbidity, and professionals working in SCI rehabilitation have begun to consider how to promote positive adjustment in hospital settings. This chapter discusses psychological, social, and physical issues relating to SCI rehabilitation and covers the psychological interventions utilized in rehabilitation settings.
Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baird Donita E. , Clarke David M.
Published: February 2013

Diabetes mellitus has serious implications for both the individual and society. An understanding of associated psychological processes and interventions is critical in supporting people with diabetes. Factors thought to be important in optimal diabetes management are presented here, and potential difficulties experienced by patients are examined. This chapter deals with the cognitive, emotional, motivational, and psychosocial factors associated with the treatment of people with diabetes. Implications for practice are considered, including health service delivery factors and methods to facilitate self-management and address demoralization. Depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are examined. The whole person model is presented as a method of applying a cognitive-behavioral model within a biopsychosocial multidisciplinary framework. The role of clinical psychology in the care of people with diabetes is also considered.