bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Nanowires and Nanostructures that Grow Like Polymer Molecules
Authors: Shaw Santosh , Cademartiri Ludovico
Published: November 2013

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Molecule Activation at Uranium(III)
Authors: Gardner Benedict M. , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: November 2013

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallosupramolecular Grid Complexes: Towards Nanostructured Materials with High‐Tech Applications
Authors: Hardy John G.
Published: November 2013

Review: synthesis, properties and potential of metallogrids for high‐tech applications; 187 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of the Total Syntheses of Batzellasides, the First Marine Piperidine Iminosugar
Authors: Sengoku Tetsuya , Wierzejska Jolanta , Takahashi Masaki , Yoda Hidemi
Published: November 2013

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods to Incorporate α‐Linked 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside and 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐galactopyranoside Residues into Glycoconjugate Structures
Authors: Kerns Robert J. , Wei Peng
Published: November 2013

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐H Functionalization: Thoroughly Tuning Ligands at a Metal Ion, a Chemist Can Greatly Enhance Catalyst′s Activity and Selectivity
Authors: Shul'pin Georgiy B.
Published: November 2013

Review: 370 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction
Authors: Sadasivam Dhandapani V. , Choquette Kimberly A. , Flowers Robert A.
Published: November 2013

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nazarov Reagents and Their Use in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Audran Gerard , Bremond Paul , Feuerstein Marie , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Santelli Maurice
Published: November 2013

Review: 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Structural Complexity by Liquid‐Crystal Self‐Assembly
Authors: Tschierske Carsten
Published: November 2013

Review: <415 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: MgO(001) Barrier Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions and Their Device Applications
Authors: Han Xiu Feng , Ali Syed Shahbaz , Liang Shi Heng
Published: November 2013

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid‐Crystalline Ordering as a Concept in Materials Science: From Semiconductors to Stimuli‐Responsive Devices
Authors: Fleischmann Eva‐Kristina , Zentel Rudolf
Published: November 2013

Review: <160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Probes and Sensors for Temperature
Authors: Wang Xu‐dong , Wolfbeis Otto S. , Meier Robert J.
Published: November 2013

Review: 254 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Colorimetric and Fluorescent Probes for the Optical Detection of Palladium Ions
Authors: Li Honglin , Fan Jiangli , Peng Xiaojun
Published: November 2013

Review: 145 refs.
Whose firm is it anyway? Analyzing ownership effects on IPO performance
Authors: Sur Sujit , Martens Martin L.
Published: November 2013

This study revisits current practice that ownership holding at IPO has a homogeneous impact on IPO performance. Using signalling theory, we develop and test a conceptual model explaining the relationships between the aggregated ownership structure and IPO price premium. We argue that aggregated ownership has a direct effect on issue price premium, and offer specific hypotheses on the effect of the shares sold during the offering by each type of owner on IPO performance. We use archival data from a sample of US firms that issued IPOs between 1996 and 2000 and find a significant direct effect of ownership configuration, namely, heterogeneity in effect of each ownership type on IPO performance as well as interaction effects between different ownership types. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Donor‐Acceptor Copolymers Based on Dithienosilole and Ketone Modified Thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Chen Lie , Cai Shujiao , Wang Xianbo , Chen Yiwang
Published: November 2013

Two novel donor‐acceptor (D‐A) copolymers containing dithienosilole (DTS) donor unit and ketone modified thieno[3,4‐b]thiophene (TT) acceptor unit, namely, poly{4,4′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole‐5,5′‐diyl‐alt‐1‐(thieno[3,4‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐ethylhexan‐1‐one} (PDTSTT) and poly{4,4′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole‐5,5′‐diyl‐alt‐1‐(4,6‐bis(4‐ethylhexylthien‐2‐yl)thieno[3,4‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐ethylhexan‐1‐one} (PDTSDTTT), were synthesized for the application in polymer solar cells (PSCs), and the effects of thiophene bridge on the structural geometry and photovoiltaic performance have been investigated. The polymer PDTSTT and PDTSDTTT have the electrochemical bandgaps of 1.54 and 2.02 eV, together with low‐lying HOMO energy levels of −5.47 and −5.37 eV, respectively. Molecular geometry simulation result shows that compared with PDTSTT, the insertion of thiophene bridge in PDTSDTTT can well relieve the steric hindrance between the TT and DTS unit, as confirmed by the reduced dihedral angle between DTS and DTTT unit. Under the illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm2, the PSC based on PDTSDTTT/PC61BM (1:1, w:w) demonstrates a power conversion efficiency of 1.0%, which is significantly improved in comparison with the device based on PDTSTT/PC61BM (1:2, w:w) under the same experimental condition. This is because the enhanced planarity and increased effective conjugation of the main chain in PDTSDTTT promote the more favorable morphology for charge transportation, although PDTSTT possesses the broader absorption band than PDTSDTTT.
Organic Fluorescent Molecule with High Solid State Luminescent Efficiency and Protonation Stimuli‐response
Authors: Ma Suqian , Zhang Jibo , Chen Jinlong , Wang Lijuan , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing
Published: November 2013

A novel organic fluorophor with high solid state luminescent efficiency based on 1,4‐bis(2,2‐di(pyridin‐2‐yl)vinyl)benzene (BDP2VB) was designed and synthesized. It emits faintly in solution, but becomes a strong emitter in the aggregate state, demonstrating its aggregation induced emission (AIE) property. According to the crystal structure analysis, J‐type aggregation was formed in the packing mode of the molecule, which was demonstrated to be beneficial to gain high fluorescent quantum efficiency in solid state. Additionally, the emission color of BDP2VB can change dramatically in solid state as well as in solution by the protonation stimuli.
Square Planar Nickel(II) Complexes with Halogenated o‐Diiminobenzosemiquinonato Ligation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Redox Property
Authors: Zuo Wansheng , Zhang Long , Xie Meihua , Deng Liang
Published: November 2013

Seven square planar bis(o‐diiminobenzosemiquinonato)nickel(II) complexes, [Ni(o‐C6H4(NH)(NAr))2] (Ar=Mes, 1; p‐F‐C6H4, 2; p‐Cl‐C6H4, 3), [Ni(o‐4,5‐F2‐C6H2(NH)(NPh))2] (4), and [Ni(o‐4,5‐Cl2‐C6H2(NH)(NAr))2] (Ar=Ph, 5; 2,6‐F2‐C6H3, 6; 2,6‐Cl2‐C6H3, 7), have been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 19F NMR, IR, UV‐Vis‐NIR, elemental analyses, HRMS, as well as single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies (1 and 7). The cyclic voltammograms of these complexes exhibit two reversible redox processes of [NiL2]0/1− and [NiL2]1−/2−, and one irreversible process of [NiL2]0/2+. Substituent effects on the redox properties of these complexes, in addition with those of the known complexes [Ni(o‐C6H4(NH)(NPh))2] (8) and [Ni(o‐3,5‐But2‐C6H2(NH)2)2] (9), are identified by comparing the half‐wave potentials of the reduction waves, as 1≈9<8≈2<3<4<5<7<6, reflecting the ease of reduction of [NiL2] parallels the electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing ability of the substituent group. Reduction of 1 with one or two equivalents of sodium metal in THF has led to the isolation of [Na(THF)3][1] and [Na(THF)3]2[1]. The structure data of these two complexes revealed by low‐temperature X‐ray crystallography suggest their corresponding electronic structures of [NiII(1L·1−)(1L2−)]1− and [NiII(1L2−)2]2−, which are in line with those of [9]n (n=1−, 2−) suggested by spectroelectrochemical study.
Solvent‐free Synthesis of Flowable Carbon Clusters with Customizable Size and Tunable Optical Performance
Authors: Li Denian , Li Qi , Hu Xuan , Huang Jing , Li Hairong , Dong Lijie , Xie Haian , Xiong Chuanxi
Published: November 2013

We propose a rapid and solvent‐free route for synthesizing luminous carbon clusters by controlling carbonization of polyethylene glycol (PEG). This approach does not involve solvents yet uses the precursor itself as suspending medium, thus features mild and green chemistry, and also enables the formation of uniform‐sized carbon clusters, of which the diameter can be easily tuned from 0.7 to 3.5 nm via control of reaction time. In term of the dimension, the resultants are denoted as sub‐nano carbon clusters (SNCs) and carbon dots (CDs), respectively. Benefiting from surface anchored PEG segments, both of the two show favorable flowability at room temperature and excellent solubility in aqueous and organic solvents. Comparison of their optical performances and structures reveals that they share the same chromophores. Particularly, the SNCs demonstrate robust photo‐ and pH‐stable photoluminescence and can be directly applied to cell‐imaging regarding to its prominent biocompatibility. Moreover, its quantum yield (5.5%), which is approximately 3 times higher than that of CDs (1.5%), can be dramatically enhanced to 18.8% by facile chemical reduction. We anticipate that these PEG derivatives marked with easy synthesis, controllable optical performances and excellent physical properties will be highly appealing in future applications.
Unified model for assessing checkpointing protocols at extreme‐scale
Authors: Bosilca George , Bouteiller Aurélien , Brunet Elisabeth , Cappello Franck , Dongarra Jack , Guermouche Amina , Herault Thomas , Robert Yves , Vivien Frédéric , Zaidouni Dounia
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we present a unified model for several well‐known checkpoint/restart protocols. The proposed model is generic enough to encompass both extremes of the checkpoint/restart space, from coordinated approaches to a variety of uncoordinated checkpoint strategies (with message logging). We identify a set of crucial parameters, instantiate them, and compare the expected efficiency of the fault tolerant protocols, for a given application/platform pair. We then propose a detailed analysis of several scenarios, including some of the most powerful currently available high performance computing platforms, as well as anticipated Exascale designs. The results of this analytical comparison are corroborated by a comprehensive set of simulations. Altogether, they outline comparative behaviors of checkpoint strategies at very large scale, thereby providing insight that is hardly accessible to direct experimentation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus: underlying drivers and potential strategies for successful prevention
Authors: Little S. A. , Leelarathna L. , Barendse S. M. , Walkinshaw E. , Tan H. K. , Lubina Solomon A. , de Zoysa N. , Rogers H. , Choudhary P. , Amiel S. A. , Heller S. R. , Evans M. , Flanagan D. , Speight J. , Shaw J. A. M.
Published: November 2013

Hypoglycaemia remains an over‐riding factor limiting optimal glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes. Severe hypoglycaemia is prevalent in almost half of those with long‐duration diabetes and is one of the most feared diabetes‐related complications. In this review, we present an overview of the increasing body of literature seeking to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of severe hypoglycaemia and the limited evidence behind the strategies employed to prevent episodes. Drivers of severe hypoglycaemia including impaired counter‐regulation, hypoglycaemia‐associated autonomic failure, psychosocial and behavioural factors and neuroimaging correlates are discussed. Treatment strategies encompassing structured education, insulin analogue regimens, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pumps, continuous glucose sensing and beta‐cell replacement therapies have been employed, yet there is little randomized controlled trial evidence demonstrating effectiveness of new technologies in reducing severe hypoglycaemia. Optimally designed interventional trials evaluating these existing technologies and using modern methods of teaching patients flexible insulin use within structured education programmes with the specific goal of preventing severe hypoglycaemia are required. Individuals at high risk need to be monitored with meticulous collection of data on awareness, as well as frequency and severity of all hypoglycaemic episodes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IL‐6 controls susceptibility to helminth infection by impeding Th2 responsiveness and altering the Treg phenotype in vivo
Authors: Smith Katherine A. , Maizels Rick M.
Published: November 2013

IL‐6 plays a pivotal role in favoring T‐cell commitment toward a Th17 cell rather than Treg‐cell phenotype, as established through in vitro model systems. We predicted that in the absence of IL‐6, mice infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus would show reduced Th17‐cell responses, but also enhanced Treg‐cell activity and consequently greater susceptibility. Surprisingly, worm expulsion was markedly potentiated in IL‐6‐deficient mice, with significantly stronger adaptive Th2 responses in both IL‐6−/− mice and BALB/c recipients of neutralizing anti‐IL‐6 monoclonal Ab. Although IL‐6‐deficient mice showed lower steady‐state Th17‐cell levels, IL‐6‐independent Th17‐cell responses occurred during in vivo infection. We excluded the Th17 response as a factor in protection, as Ab neutralization did not modify immunity to H. polygyrus infection in BALB/c mice. Resistance did correlate with significant changes to the associated Treg‐cell phenotype however, as IL‐6‐deficient mice displayed reduced expression of Foxp3, Helios, and GATA‐3, and enhanced production of cytokines within the Treg‐cell population. Administration of an anti‐IL‐2:IL‐2 complex boosted Treg‐cell proportions in vivo, reduced adaptive Th2 responses to WT levels, and fully restored susceptibility to H. polygyrus in IL‐6‐deficient mice. Thus, in vivo, IL‐6 limits the Th2 response, modifies the Treg‐cell phenotype, and promotes host susceptibility following helminth infection.
Iron(II) Complexes Based on π‐Conjugated Terpyridine Ligands with Tetrathiafulvalene or Its Radical Analogue
Authors: Hu Liang , Liu Wei , Li Cheng‐Hui , Zhou Xin‐Hui , Zuo Jing‐Lin
Published: November 2013

Two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) functionalized 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine derivatives, 4′‐tetrathiafulvalene‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (L1) and 6,6″‐dimethyl‐4′‐tetrathiafulvalene‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (L2), were synthesized and characterized. Based on L1 and L2, four electrochemically active TTF‐containing iron(II) complexes, [FeII(L1)2][ClO4]2 (1), [FeII(L1·+)2][ClO4]4 (2), [FeII(L1)2][CF3SO3]2 (3) and [FeII(L2)2][ClO4]2 (4), were successfully obtained. The preparation, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of these new compounds as well as the crystal structures of complexes 1, 3 and 4 are described. Magnetic studies on 4 (with the ligand L2) suggest that the FeII ion is in the high‐spin state. Complex 2 was isolated as an interesting and stable open‐shell substance, and the free spin is mainly associated with the TTF radicals, as indicated by EPR, UV/Vis spectra, electrochemical analysis, spectroelectrochemical measurements and XPS spectra. After the oxidation and the formation of the radical cation, the electrical conductivity of 2 is almost 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of 1. DFT and TDDFT calculations provided insight into interpreting the electronic properties of complex 1 and its oxidized states.
New Members of the Cinchona Alkaloid Family: 9‐Aminoquincorine‐10‐aldehyde and 9‐Aminoquincoridine‐10‐aldehyde
Authors: Neda Ion , Fodor Elena , Maftei Catalin V. , Mihorianu Monica , Ambrosi Horst‐Dieter , Franz M. Heiko
Published: November 2013

This paper reports the synthesis of the new enantiopure amino aldehydes, 9‐aminoquincorine‐10‐aldehyde (1) and 9‐aminoquincoridine‐10‐aldehyde (2). These alkaloid‐like compounds are derivatives of the Cinchona alkaloids quinine and quinidine. Their application as chiral building blocks in the synthesis of novel compounds is demonstrated by the reduction and reductive amidation of the aldehyde moiety. Furthermore, their use in early drug discovery and supramolecular chemistry is described.
Simultaneous determination of polyamines and acetylpolyamines in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection
Authors: Elbashir Abdalla A. , Krieger Sonja , Schmitz Oliver J.
Published: November 2013

There has been evidence linking elevated polyamines (PAs) and acetylpolamines (AcPAs) level and cancer. So the simultaneous analysis of these compounds has become important task for cancer diagnosis and antitumor drug monitoring. A simple, fast and inexpensive CZE‐LIF method has been developed for the determination of cadaverine (CAD), putrescine (PUT), spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), acetylspermine (ASPM), and acetylspermidine (ASPD) in human urine using 4‐chloro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzooxadiazole as a fluorescent reagent. Labeling reaction conditions were systematically investigated and were found to be 20 mM borate buffer at pH 7.4, labeling reaction time, and temperature were 10 min and 70°C, respectively. Under these optimized conditions the four PAs, two AcPAs and the internal standard were separated in 6 min. An Exactive‐MS with an ESI source was used for identification of the bis‐derivative of the ASPM. The method was validated in term of linearity, LODs, repeatability, intra‐ and interday assays, recovery, and selectivity. The LODs for CAD, PUT, SPM, SPD, ASPM, and ASPD were found to be 7.6, 10.0, 9.0, 8.8,7.8, and 3.3 nM, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of PAs and AcPAs in healthy human urine samples.
CD133 and CD133‐regulated nucleophosmin linked to 5‐fluorouracil susceptibility in human colon cancer cell line SW620
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Hee , Yoo Byong Chul , Kim Won Ki , Hong Jun Pyu , Kim Kun , Song Eun Young , Lee Jae Yong , Cho Jae Youl , Ku Ja‐Lok
Published: November 2013

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Specific CSC targeting and eradication is therefore a therapeutically important challenge. CD133 is a colorectal CSC marker with unknown function(s). Assessing proteomic changes induced by CD133 may provide clues not only to new CD133 functions but also to the chemotherapy and radiation susceptibility of colon cancer cells. To identify the proteins affected by CD133, CD133‐positive (CD133+), and CD133‐negative (CD133–) human colon cancer cells were obtained by cell sorting. Whole proteomes were profiled from SW620/CD133+ and SW620/CD133– cells and analyzed by 2D‐based proteome analysis. Nucleophosmin (NPM1) was identified as a protein regulated by CD133. CD133 protein level was not affected by NPM1, and an interaction between the two proteins was not observed. CD133 and NPM1 protein levels were positively correlated in 11 human colon cancer cell lines. The CD133+ subpopulation percentage or its value normalized against CD133 protein level was only linked to intrinsic susceptibility of human colon cancer cells to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). However, either suppression of CD133 or NPM1 significantly increased 5‐FU susceptibility of SW620. The present study suggests that CD133‐regulated NPM1 protein level may provide a clue to novel CD133 function(s) linked to human colon cancer cell susceptibility to chemotherapy.
Combustion characteristics of waste printed circuit boards in thermogravimetric analyzers
Authors: Xiao Hanxi , Chi Yong , Buekens Alfons
Published: November 2013

High temperature combustion is crucial for the most promising pyrometallurgical processing among the present processing methods of waste printed circuit boards (PCBs). This article reports the experimental studies of pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of waste PCBs using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques, and inorganic bromine (HBr+Br2) evolution during the temperature ranges based on the TGA data using the batch reactor system. Emphasis is laid on the weight loss in predevolatilization stage and the volatiles evolution. In the predevolatilization stage, there are 0.7% and 1.0% weight losses under pyrolysis and combustion condition respectively. The evolution of inorganic bromine contributes 85% and 90% to the two weight losses respectively. Remarkably, in the stage of volatiles rapid evolution, compared with that under pyrolysis condition, the volatiles evolution decreases by 22.8 wt % under combustion condition. Besides, 62 wt % of the original bromine evolves in the form of HBr during this stage, and 67% HBr in effluent converts to Br2. Based on these findings, the primary mechanism of weight loss in the predevolatilization stage and the volatiles evolution were discussed and analyzed. The findings are valuable for the combustion organization practice of waste PCBs. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1105–1110, 2014
Supercritical water oxidation of MSW leachate: Factor analysis and behavior of heavy metals
Authors: Zou Daoan , Chi Yong , Dong Jun , Fu Chao , Ni Mingjiang
Published: November 2013

Generated from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill sites and incineration plants, leachate may contain various contaminants such as ammonia, organic pollutants and heavy metals; thus it is difficult to be treated by conventional methods. In this work, supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of leachate was conducted in a batch reactor based on orthogonal test. The effect of operation parameters on the destruction of organics and the removal of heavy metals was examined. Range and variance analysis revealed that, factors that affected chemical oxygen demand (COD) destruction, in descending order, are oxygen, temperature, reaction time and pressure; for ammonia nitrogen (NH4‐N), the order was temperature, oxygen, reaction time and pressure. It was proven that pressure at supercritical region had limited influence on oxidation reaction. Destruction efficiencies of COD and NH4‐N increased significantly with rising temperature and oxidant amount, with a maximum value of 98.5 and 76.2% for COD and NH4‐N, respectively. Besides, a large proportion of heavy metals in original leachate precipitated into solid ash. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicated that the main component of solid product was calcium carbonate; metal elements accounted for 35 wt % of the ash. Furthermore, submicron crystalline hydroxyl‐Fe oxide detected by X‐ray diffraction spectra was considered to be formed through complicated process including decomposition and oxidation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1117–1124, 2014
Modal pushover‐based scaling of earthquake records for nonlinear analysis of single‐story unsymmetric‐plan buildings
Authors: Reyes Juan C. , Quintero Oscar A.
Published: November 2013

The modal pushover‐based scaling (MPS) procedure, currently restricted to symmetric‐plan buildings, is extended herein to unsymmetric‐plan buildings. The accuracy of the extended MPS procedure was evaluated for a large set of three‐degree‐of‐freedom unsymmetric‐plan structures with variable stiffness and strength. The structures were subjected to nonlinear response history analysis considering sets of seven records scaled according to the MPS procedure. Structural responses were compared against the benchmark values, defined as the median values of the engineering demand parameters due to 30 unscaled records. This evaluation of the MPS procedure has led to the following conclusions: (i) the MPS procedure provided accurate estimates of median engineering demand parameter values and reduced record‐to‐record variability of the responses; and (2) the MPS procedure is found to be much superior compared to the ASCE/SEI 7‐10 scaling procedure for three‐dimensional analysis of unsymmetric‐plan buildings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tandospirone versus sertraline monotherapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized open‐label trial
Authors: Huang Xiao , Li Chao , Li Wei‐hui , Luo Yan‐li , Wang Biao , Zhang Wei , Gan Jian‐jun , Ji Jian‐lin
Published: November 2013

Objective

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are now established as first‐line pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD), other agents with different mechanisms have shown promise in treating SAD. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of tandospirone in treating adolescents with SAD.

Methods

Adolescent patients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) criteria for SAD were randomly assigned (1:1) to open‐label treatment with either tandospirone or sertraline for 8 weeks. The primary outcome measures were changes from baseline in the Hamilton Anxiety (HAM‐A) scale and response using the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI‐I) scale.

Results

The adjusted mean change in HAM‐A scores from baseline was indicating a significant improvement over baseline in both treatment arms (p < 0.0001). The mean CGI‐I scale score at week was with no significant difference between the two arms (p = 0.42). Rates of response were 48.6% for tandospirone and 55.6% for sertraline using the CGI‐I. Response rates were 37.1% for tandospirone and 41.7% for sertraline using a HAM‐A response criterion (≥50% reduction). The adjusted mean change in Social Phobia Inventory scores from baseline was indicating a significant improvement over baseline in both treatment arms (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Tandospirone is safe and effective and appears non‐inferior to sertraline for SAD in youths. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐functionalized silica nanoparticles as fillers in polydimethylsiloxane membrane for the pervaporative recovery of 1‐butanol from aqueous solution
Authors: Beltran Arnel B. , Nisola Grace M. , Choi Shin Sik , Kim Younghee , Chung Wook‐Jin
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Hybrid materials are being developed with improved separation properties as pervaporation (PV) membranes. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) containing surface‐functionalized fumed silica (SiO2) nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were investigated for PV recovery of 1‐butanol. The MMMs were characterized through water contact angle, pure 1‐butanol sorption, degree of swelling and 1‐butanol partition coefficients.

Results

Most MMMs outperformed pure PDMS for the PV of 1.5% (w/v) 1‐butanol at ≤40°C. Functionalized SiO2 fillers enhanced the affinity of 1‐butanol to the MMMs (KBuOHG) which consequently improved 1‐butanol permeability more than that of water. Thus the MMMs exhibited better separation efficiencies, but those with octyl‐functionalized (Si‐DMOS) and phenyl‐functionalized SiO2 (Si‐DMPS) exhibited the best PV performance. Filler loading of 10 wt% Si‐DMOS and Si‐DMPS were found optimal for the PV performance of both MMMs. With temperature, component fluxes of both MMMs increased whereas permeability decreased. Based on PV separation index, both MMMs performed better than PDMS at ≤60°C, Si‐DMPS/PDMS MMM outperformed PDMS even at 70 °C.

CONCLUSION

Improved performance of PV membranes was achieved when nonporous functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles, especially when Si‐DMPS is used as the filler. The MMMs developed may also be useful for organic compounds recovery from dilute aqueous solutions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A Convenient Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones
Authors: Ren Qingyun , Shi YanXia , Gu Yucheng , Li Baoju , He Hongwu
Published: November 2013

Fifteen novel 2‐alkylamino‐3‐aryl‐8‐cyano‐5‐methyl‐7‐(methylthio)‐pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, 6j, 6k, 6l, 6m, 6n, 6o were designed and have been successfully synthesized via tandem aza‐Wittig and annulation reactions with the corresponding iminophosphorances 4, aryl isocyanate, and amines in good yields. Their structures were clearly verified by IR, 1H NMR, EI‐MS spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and in the case of compound 6i, analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction further. The preliminary results of an in vivo bioassay showed that some compounds display moderate antifungal activity.
Muscular system in the pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Teleostei: Scombridae)
Authors: Nakae Masanori , Sasaki Kunio , Shinohara Gento , Okada Tokihiko , Matsuura Keiichi
Published: November 2013

The muscular system in the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis is studied in detail. For the first time, a complete description of the muscular anatomy of a thunnid is provided here. Eighty‐two elements including subdivisions of components of the muscular system are identified. This is less than found in a basal perciform and two other investigated scombrid species, owing mainly to the absence or fusion of pectoral, pelvic and caudal fin muscles. The absence of elements of the basal perciform pattern was most prominent in the caudal fin, which includes only the flexor dorsalis, flexor ventralis, hypochordal longitudinalis, and interradialis. In the caudal fin, the medial fan‐shaped ray was identified as the first dorsal ray, judging from myological and neuroanatomical characters. The highly developed gill filament muscles in Thunnus orientalis and sheet‐like rectus communis control gill ventilation. Long body muscle tendons reduce the metabolic energy needed during rapid and continuous swimming. These characters are interpreted as adaptations in the context of the oceanic life style of the species. J. Morphol. 275:217–229, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of temporal resolution on 4D flow MRI in the portal circulation
Authors: Landgraf Benjamin R. , Johnson Kevin M. , Roldán‐Alzate Alejandro , Francois Christopher J. , Wieben Oliver , Reeder Scott B.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To demonstrate the use of temporal averaging with radial 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reduce scan time for quantification and visualization of flow in the portal circulation. This study compared phase‐contrast MR angiography, 3D flow visualization, and flow quantification of portal venous hemodynamics of time‐averaged vs. time‐resolved reconstructions.

Materials and Methods

Time‐resolved 3D radial (“4D”) phase contrast data were acquired from 44 subjects (15 volunteers, 29 cirrhosis patients) at 3T. Images were reconstructed as a fully sampled time‐resolved reconstruction and multiple time‐averaged reconstructions using a variable number of acquired projections to simulate different scan times. Images from each reconstruction were evaluated to compare the quality of anatomical and hemodynamic visualization.

Results

Time‐averaged reconstructions outperformed time‐resolved reconstructions for flow quantification (3.9 ± 3.1% error vs. 5.2 ± 4.4% error), average streamline length (47 ± 7 mm vs. 34 ± 15 mm), and visualization quality (average grading = 3.7 ± 0.5 vs. 2.2 ± 0.9). In addition, excellent visualization quality was achieved using fewer acquired projections.

Conclusion

Reductions in scan time can be achieved through time‐averaging while still providing excellent visualization and quantification in the portal circulation. Scan time reduction of up to 70%–80% was possible for high‐quality assessment, translating into a reduction in scan time from 10–12 minutes to ∼3–4 minutes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:819–826. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring venous blood oxygenation in fetal brain using susceptibility‐weighted imaging
Authors: Neelavalli Jaladhar , Jella Pavan Kumar , Krishnamurthy Uday , Buch Sagar , Haacke E. Mark , Yeo Lami , Mody Swati , Katkuri Yashwanth , Bahado‐Singh Ray , Hassan Sonia S. , Romero Roberto , Thomason Moriah E.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To evaluate fetal cerebral venous blood oxygenation, Yv, using principles of MR susceptometry.

Materials and Methods

A cohort of 19 pregnant subjects, with a mean gestational age of 31.6 ± 4.7 weeks were imaged using a modified susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) sequence. Data quality was first assessed for feasibility of oxygen saturation measurement, and data from five subjects (mean ± std gestational age of 33.7 ± 3.6 weeks) were then chosen for further quantitative analysis. SWI phase in the superior sagittal sinus was used to evaluate oxygen saturation using the principles of MR susceptometry. Systematic error in the measured Yv values was studied through simulations.

Results

Simulations showed that the systematic error in Yv depended upon the assumed angle of the vessel, θ, relative to the main magnetic field and the error in that vessel angle δθ. For the typical vessel angle of θ = 30° encountered in the fetal data analyzed, a δθ as large as ±20° led to an absolute error, δYv, of less than 11%. The measured mean oxygen saturation across the five fetuses was 66% ± 9.4%. This average cerebral venous blood oxygenation value is in close agreement with values in the published literature.

Conclusion

We have reported the first in vivo measurement of human fetal cerebral venous oxygen saturation using MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:998–1006. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DCE‐MRI of the liver: Effect of linear and nonlinear conversions on hepatic perfusion quantification and reproducibility
Authors: Aronhime Shimon , Calcagno Claudia , Jajamovich Guido H. , Dyvorne Hadrien Arezki , Robson Philip , Dieterich Douglas , Isabel Fiel M. , Martel‐Laferriere Valérie , Chatterji Manjil , Rusinek Henry , Taouli Bachir
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of different methods to convert magnetic resonance (MR) signal intensity (SI) to gadolinium concentration ([Gd]) on estimation and reproducibility of model‐free and modeled hepatic perfusion parameters measured with dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI.

Materials and Methods

In this Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved prospective study, 23 DCE‐MRI examinations of the liver were performed on 17 patients. SI was converted to [Gd] using linearity vs. nonlinearity assumptions (using spoiled gradient recalled echo [SPGR] signal equations). The [Gd] vs. time curves were analyzed using model‐free parameters and a dual‐input single compartment model. Perfusion parameters obtained with the two conversion methods were compared using paired Wilcoxon test. Test–retest and interobserver reproducibility of perfusion parameters were assessed in six patients.

Results

There were significant differences between the two conversion methods for the following parameters: AUC60 (area under the curve at 60 s, P < 0.001), peak gadolinium concentration (Cpeak, P < 0.001), upslope (P < 0.001), Fp (portal flow, P = 0.04), total hepatic flow (Ft, P = 0.007), and MTT (mean transit time, P < 0.001). Our preliminary results showed acceptable to good reproducibility for all model‐free parameters for both methods (mean coefficient of variation [CV] range, 11.87–23.7%), except for upslope (CV = 37%). Among modeled parameters, DV (distribution volume) had CV <22% with both methods, PV and MTT showed CV <21% and <29% using SPGR equations, respectively. Other modeled parameters had CV >30% with both methods.

Conclusion

Linearity assumption is acceptable for quantification of model‐free hepatic perfusion parameters while the use of SPGR equations and T1 mapping may be recommended for the quantification of modeled hepatic perfusion parameters. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:90–98 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion restriction of the optic nerve in patients with acute visual deficit
Authors: Bender Benjamin , Heine Christian , Danz Sören , Bischof Felix , Reimann Katrin , Bender Miriam , Nägele Thomas , Ernemann Ulrike , Korn Andreas
Published: November 2013

Purpose

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in acute stroke, but not considered diagnostic in ischemic optic neuropathy. This study evaluates the presence of diffusion restriction in patients with acute visual loss by analyzing diffusion‐weighted images (DWI).

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study of all patients who clinically presented with acute visual loss and who underwent MRI with DWI between January 2011 and May 2012 were evaluated. Patients with suspected brainstem ischemia were used as a control group. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the DWI for the presence of diffusion restriction within the optic nerve.

Results

In all, 34 patients with acute visual deficit and 32 controls were evaluated. In all five cases of acute optic ischemia, diffusion restriction with reduced apparent diffusion coefficient was present. In 2/25 patients with clinically defined optic neuritis, a diffusion restriction was present. No diffusion restriction was seen in the control cases or in cases with other causes for an acute visual deficit.

Conclusion

DWI can identify ischemic lesions of the optic nerve. As in acute multiple sclerosis lesions, optic neuritis can also present in rare circumstances with diffusion restriction and can therefore not be ruled out solely by DWI MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:334–340. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decline of fiber tract integrity over the adult age range: A diffusion spectrum imaging study
Authors: Teipel Stefan J. , Lerche Maximilian , Kilimann Ingo , O'Brien Kieran , Grothe Michel , Meyer Peter , Li Xingfeng , Sänger Peter , Hauenstein Karlheinz
Published: November 2013

Purpose

We applied a novel diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) acquisition to determine associations between aging and subcortical fiber tract integrity.

Materials and Methods

We studied 35 cognitively healthy subjects (17 women), spanning the adult age range between 23 and 77 years, using anatomical MRI and a novel DSI acquisition scheme at 3 Tesla. The study was approved by the local institutional review board. DSI data were analyzed using tractography and complementary voxel‐based analysis of generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) maps. We determined the effects of age on generalized fractional anisotropy in selected fiber tracts as well as in a whole brain voxel‐based analysis. For comparison, we studied the effects of age on regional gray and white matter volumes.

Results

We found a significant reduction in anterior corpus callosum fiber tract integrity with age (P < 0.001), as well as significant GFA reduction throughout the subcortical white matter (P < 0.05, false discovery rate [FDR] corrected). GFA decline was accompanied by significant gray matter atrophy in frontal and temporal association cortex (P < 0.05, FDR corrected).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that normal aging leads to a regionally specific decline in fiber tract integrity. DSI may become a useful biomarker in healthy and pathological aging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:348–359. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Symmetry of the fornix using diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Sboto‐Frankenstein Uta N. , Lazar Tiffany , Bolster R. Bruce , Thind Sunny , Dreessen de Gervai Patricia , Gruwel Marco L.H. , Smith Stephen D. , Tomanek Boguslaw
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To: 1) Present fornix tractography in its entirety for 20 healthy individuals to assess variability. 2) Provide individual and groupwise whole tract diffusion parameter symmetry assessments prior to clinical application. 3) Compare whole tract diffusion parameter assessments with tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS).

Materials and Methods

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired on a 3T Siemens magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system using a single‐shot spin echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence. Individual fornix tractography was conducted and whole tract diffusion parameter symmetries assessed. Whole tract results were compared with asymmetry contrasts conducted with voxelwise statistical analysis of diffusion parameters using TBSS.

Results

The fornix tract could be visualized in its entirety including the columns, body, crura, and fimbria. Contrary to the crus and body, there were some tractography inconsistencies of the columns and fimbria across subjects. Although whole tract diffusion parameter asymmetries were nonsignificant, fractional anisotropy (FA) values bordered on statistical significance (P = 0.052). Using TBSS, significant FA asymmetries were identified (P ≤ 0.01, corrected).

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate consistency of fornix tractography as well as some variability in the columns and fimbria. While parametric assessment demonstrates diffusion parameter symmetry, permutation‐based TBSS analysis reveals significant FA asymmetries in the crura and fimbriae. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:929–936. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison between two types of improved motion‐sensitized driven‐equilibrium (iMSDE) for intracranial black‐blood imaging at 3.0 tesla
Authors: Obara Makoto , Kuroda Kagayaki , Wang Jinnan , Honda Masatoshi , Yoneyama Masami , Imai Yutaka , Van Cauteren Marc
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To investigate the image quality impact of a new implementation of the improved motion‐sensitized driven‐equilibrium (iMSDE) pulse scheme in the human brain at 3.0 Tesla.

Materials and Methods

Two iMSDE preparation schemes were compared; (a) iMSDE‐1: two refocusing pulses and two pairs of bipolar gradients and (b) iMSDE‐2: adding extra bipolar gradients in front of the iMSDE‐1 preparation. Computer simulation was used to evaluate the difference of eddy currents effect between these two approaches. Five healthy volunteers were then scanned with both sequences in the intracranial region and signal changes associated with iMSDE‐1 and iMSDE‐2 were assessed and compared quantitatively and qualitatively.

Results

Simulation results demonstrated that eddy currents are better compensated in iMSDE‐2 than in the iMSDE‐1 design. In vivo comparison showed that the iMSDE‐2 sequence significantly reduced the tissue signal loss at all locations compared with iMSDE‐1 (5.0% versus 23% in average, P < 0.0002 at paired t‐test). The signal in iMSDE‐1 showed greater spatial inhomogeneity than that of iMSDE‐2.

Conclusion

Our results show that iMSDE‐2 demonstrated smaller loss in signal and less spatial variation compared with iMSDE‐1, we conjecture due to the improved eddy current compensation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:824–831. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal anatomical and metabolic MRI characterization of orthotopic xenograft prostate tumors in nude mice
Authors: Mallett Christiane L. , Lim Heeseung , Thind Kundan , Chen Yuhua , Ribot Emeline J. , Martinez Francisco , Scholl Timothy J. , Foster Paula J.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To assess anatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for monitoring of tumor volume and metabolism of orthotopic xenograft prostate cancer tumors.

Materials and Methods

Human‐derived PC‐3M cells were implanted into the prostate in 22 nude mice. Tumor volume and MRI appearance were monitored for up to 29 days. Histology was performed to detect metastases. Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI was used to measure tumor metabolism on day 22.

Results

Tumors were visible by MRI 9 days after tumor cell implantation. Tumor volume increased to 720 ± 190 mm3 on day 29 of imaging. Metastasis was seen in the iliac lymph nodes at all timepoints, and in more distant lymph nodes at later timepoints, but was not detectable by MRI. Regions with low pyruvate uptake corresponded to regions with necrosis and had a higher lactate/pyruvate ratio (0.98 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 1.1).

Conclusion

MRI using the balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequence can be used to monitor tumor growth in orthotopic PC‐3M tumors as early as 9 days post‐injection. Hyperpolarized pyruvate MRI has potential to assess tumor metabolism and necrosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:848–856. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroprotection against permanent focal cerebral ischemia by ginkgolides A and B is associated with obstruction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase in rats
Authors: Wang Xuan , Jiang Cui‐Min , Wan Hai‐Ying , Wu Jun‐Lu , Quan Wen‐Qiang , Wu Kai‐Yin , Li Dong
Published: November 2013

We have previously reported that ginkgolides containing ginkgolides A and B (GKAB) reduce infarct size in a rat model of focal ischemia. c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), also known as stress‐activated kinase (SAPK), is a critical stress‐responsive kinase activated by various brain insults. Previous studies have demonstrated a brief increase in p‐SAPK/JNK levels after focal ischemic brain injuries. In this study, we sought to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of GKAB in rat models of permanent focal cerebral ischemia are associated with the JNK signaling pathway. Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture blockade. GKAB was injected intravenously immediately after ischemia onset. Here we demonstrate in rats that GKAB reduces neuronal apoptosis and blocks the increase of p‐SAPK/JNK levels and nuclear translocation after cerebral ischemia in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we report that cerebral ischemia increases ischemia‐induced induction of reactive oxygen species, and this effect was blocked by GKAB. In addition, we show that BimL is induced and attenuated by GKAB. GKAB also repressed the ischemia‐induced increase in the expression of Bax and reversed the decline in expression of Bcl‐2. Likewise, there was a reduction in the release or activation of several mitochondrial proapoptotic molecules, including cytochrome c, caspases 3 and 9, and PARP. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that GKAB‐mediated neuroprotective effects against focal ischemia act through the inhibition of p‐SAPK/JNK activation, in which the obstruction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via the JNK signaling pathway is a key downstream mechanism of GKAB. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Air temperature distribution over Mongolia using dynamical downscaling and statistical correction
Authors: Gerelchuluun Bayasgalan , Ahn Joong‐Bae
Published: November 2013

In this study, dynamical downscaling was performed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to attain fine‐resolution gridded meteorological information capable of reflecting Mongolia's complex topographical effect. Mongolia's sparse station network, with an average inter‐station distance 107 km, is incapable of representing the spatial distribution of climate variables, such as temperature, over the country's complex topography. In order to reproduce fine‐scale air temperature in Mongolia, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis II data with 6‐h intervals from 1981 to 2010 were used as the initial and boundary conditions of the WRF model. A one‐way nesting system was applied for two nested domains with horizontal grid spaces of 60 and 20 km. For correction of the systematic biases induced by dynamical downscaling, a statistical correction method was used for the downscaled results simulated by the WRF model. The bias was divided into two parts: the mean and the perturbation. The former was corrected by using a weighting function and a temperature inversion, and the latter by using the self‐organizing maps method. In the former correction, the temperature inversion, characterized by an inverted lapse rate, in which temperature increases with increasing height in the lower atmosphere, was considered only when the temperature inversion occurred. According to our result, the domain‐averaged Root Mean Square Difference of the model‐simulated annual mean temperature was decreased from 3.7 °C to 2.1 °C after the statistical and temperature inversion corrections. On the basis of our study, we suggested that the area‐averaged, fine‐resolution, annual mean temperature of Mongolia was 1.1 °C (station mean temperature 0.5 °C). Our correction method improves not only spatial patterns with fine resolution but also the time‐varying temperature variance over Mongolia.