bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient River Water Quality Prediction and Classification Model using Metaheuristics based Kernel Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Selvi R. Thanga , Subbu Lakshmi T.C. , AntoArockia Rosaline R.
Published: January 2024

In the previous years, water quality has been susceptible to different pollutants. Also, the various environmental conditions like vegetation, climate and basin lithology affects the quality of the river water naturally. So, the prediction of water quality (WQ) becomes a major process to control and basin lithology affects the quality of the river water naturally pollution. The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) manners can be utilized for designing predictive methods for water quality index (WQI) and classification. This study focuses on the design of metaheuristics-based kernel extreme learning machine (MBKELM) for river water quality prediction and classification. The proposed MBKELM model aims to predict and classify the quality of river water into different classes. In addition, a prediction and classification model using KELM is derived to appropriately determine the water quality. Moreover, the parameter tuning of the KELM model takes place by pigeon optimization algorithm (POA). A wide range of experimental analyses was performed on benchmark datasets and the experimental outcomes reported the supremacy of the MBKELM technique over the recent techniques. The results stated that the proposed MBKELM model has accomplished minimal MSE and RMSE values. On examining the results in terms of MSE on training set, the MBKELM model has accomplished a lower MSE of 0.00257 whereas the existing model has gained a higher MSE of 0.00336. Also, on examining the results in terms of RMSE on testing set, the MBKELM manner has accomplished a lesser RMSE of 0.05070 whereas the existing model algorithm has gained a higher RMSE of 0.05800.
Farmers Preference and Utilization of Power Weeder
Authors: Sathish K. , Velmurugan Raa
Published: January 2024

This study is dedicated to exploring farmers’ perceptions of power weeders, a contemporary agricultural tool widely employed in diverse farming operations. It delves into the factors influencing farmers’ preferences for these machines and the tangible benefits they derive from incorporating them into their agricultural practices. To comprehensively capture farmers’ perspectives, the research employs qualitative data collection methods, such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Through these methods, the study aims to glean the subjective experiences and opinions of farmers, providing a rich and nuanced understanding of their attitudes towards power weeders. The collected data undergoes rigorous analysis utilizing diverse statistical tools, including simple percentage analysis, weighted average rank tests, and factor analysis. The findings of the study highlight several compelling reasons behind farmers’ inclination towards power weeders. Notably, the tool’s versatility emerges as a key factor, allowing it to be utilized across different crop types. Farmers express a strong preference for the ease of operation, low fuel consumption, and user-friendly features associated with power weeders. Additionally, government subsidies are identified as a significant motivating factor driving the widespread adoption of these tools among farmers. Moreover, the study sheds light on the array of benefits farmers experience through the utilization of power weeders. These advantages encompass the tool’s ease of manoeuvrability, its role as a versatile land transport mechanism, potential enhancements in overall productivity, and its suitability for a wide range of crops. In essence, the research provides a comprehensive exploration of farmers’ positive perceptions and the tangible advantages that drive their preference for integrating power weeders into modern agricultural practices.
Investigate on the physical and mechanical properties of wood-polymer composition materials made on the premise of neighborhood wood flours
Authors: Aliev Sunnatilla , Ziyamuhammedov Dilshod , Juraev Asror
Published: January 2024

This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining wood-polymer composites, which focus on materials that are difficult to recycle. For this purpose, local poplar and pavloniya wood samples, the density of which corresponds to this process, were impregnated with polyvinyl chloride and CaCO3, which form free radicals. Samples were taken using a hot press. Physico-mechanical parameters of the samples were analyzed. Due to the low permeability of the poplar wood showed only increasing values of stiffness parallel and perpendicular to the grain. Undebarked ponderosa pine chips were treated by hot water extraction to modify the chemical composition. In the treated pine (TP), the mass was reduced by approximately 20%, and the extract was composed mainly of degradation products of hemicelluloses. Wood flour produced from TP and unextracted chips (untreated pine, UP) was blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) and was extruded into wood plastic composites (WPCs).
Smart Agriculture Solutions: Harnessing AI and IoT for Crop Management
Authors: Alazzai Waleed Khalid , Obaid Mohammed Kadhim , Abood Baydaa Sh.Z. , Jasim Laith
Published: January 2024

This review article, “Smart Agriculture Solutions: Harnessing AI and IoT for Crop Management,” explores the transformative impact of digital technologies in agriculture. It focuses on the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing sustainable farming practices. IoT technologies enable real-time monitoring of agricultural conditions using sensors and drones, while Cloud Computing provides robust data processing capabilities. AI leverages this data for predictive analytics in crop yields, disease detection, and automation of farming processes, optimizing resource use and adapting to climate change. The paper also examines the synergy of renewable energy sources with AI to power smart farming systems, proposing innovative solutions for energy-efficient, AI-driven agriculture. It highlights AI’s extensive role in improving crop management, from seed selection to soil analysis and crop health monitoring, thereby increasing yield quality and fostering sustainability. Furthermore, the article discusses the significance of space technologies in smart agriculture, showcasing advancements like drones and big data analytics. These innovations are crucial in developing economies, addressing global challenges like food security and contributing to economic growth. This review underlines the necessity of AI and IoT in revolutionizing agricultural methodologies, ensuring efficiency and sustainability in the face of a rapidly growing global population.
Arduino UNO Controller Based Semi Automated Wheelbarrow: The Ultimate Companion
Authors: Kasiselvanathan M. , Ramabharathi T.G. , Kiruthika V. , Banupriya N.
Published: January 2024

When it comes to building projects, landscaping, and gardening, the correct equipment is required to complete jobs quickly and simply. The wheelbarrow is useful and timeless equipment for transporting big items. The Powered Wheelbarrow makes several journeys, hilly hikes, and tight bends simpler. The primary goal of this project is to design, build, and test a conventional wheelbarrow with better stability and efficiency. E mobility will increase production by replacing the old way. The wheelbarrow is linked to the Arduino board and the Bluetooth module in this project. Two DC motors are linked to the wheelbarrow’s wheels, producing power and assisting in the movement of the wheelbarrow. The Bluetooth module HC-05 is used to control it. It is used to alleviate the tension and workload of the person driving the wheelbarrow. Another goal met was the implementation of a reverse breaking and safety function, which attempts to keep people safe when transporting large items. As a result, the motorized wheelbarrow can reduce the operator’s workload.
Research of Olive Sprouts and Fruits Grown in Uzbekistan
Authors: Akramova Ra’no , Yormatova Dilorom , Lee Vyacheslav , Tukhtabaev Jamshid , Tillayeva Barno
Published: January 2024

The primary focus of this study is the nurturing and adaptation of olive cultivars to the climatic conditions prevalent in the Republic of Uzbekistan, with an objective of yielding unusually high-quality olive oil that is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. Investigations were carried out into the physical and chemical properties of olives cultivated within Uzbekistan. The research findings support the assertion that the olive oils produced can be integrated into the diet, and also diversify the range of non-traditional vegetable oils available. Furthermore, this could enhance food security in response to rising population pressures. From a socioeconomic perspective, the cultivation of olives could serve as a viable financial endeavour for Uzbek residents, given that the process of producing this nutritious oil can be undertaken domestically with minimal expenditure.Conducting the results of the research work on the studies optimal timing of harvesting and planting stem cuttings Russian olive. The formation of adventitious roots on cuttings Russian olive is dependent on callus. The roots are laid in the cambium of the stem cuttings and breaking through the crust near the pillow or sheet between the callus and bark.
Safeguarding Industry 4.0: A Machine Learning Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems Security and Sustainability
Authors: El Hassak Imad , Oughannou Zahra , Mounir Soufyane , Maleh Yassin
Published: January 2024

The proliferation of connected objects, with over 8 billion IoT devices currently and a projected increase to 41 billion by 2027, signifies the widespread integration of technology in sectors like Smart City, Industry 4.0, e-commerce, and e-health. This study focuses on the security assessment of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in manufacturing processes, utilizing six supervised algorithms on a dataset with 61 features. The results not only offer valuable insights into security but also contribute to the optimization of machine learning models. This research implicitly addresses the sustainability aspect by acknowledging the broader impact of CPS technologies. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) optimization of machine learning models not only fits in with the industry 4.0 framework’s overarching goal of promoting environmentally friendly practices, but it also creates a vital connection between sustainability and the security paradigm that these complex systems are built upon. This mutually beneficial relationship highlights how improving machine learning algorithms with the goal of reducing environmental impact also helps to strengthen the security infrastructure of CPS. Industry 4.0 prioritizes environmental responsibility by emphasizing the development and application of eco-conscious practices. It also acknowledges the interdependence of sustainability and security within the framework of dynamic cyber-physical ecosystems.
Research of the Physical-Chemical Properties of the Developed Composite Demulsifier Based on Local Raw Materials
Authors: Negmatov Sayibzhan , Negmatov Komila , Raupova Dilfuza , Rakhimov Khurshid , Ikramova Mukaddas , Negmatov Jaxongir , Mukhtorov Nuriddin
Published: January 2024

For the first time, concrete results will be obtained and technologies for producing composite demulsifiers using local raw materials will be developed that can replace those imported from foreign republics, which are affordable, cheap and effective. The proposed demulsifier has the following main properties: high surface activity; flocculation ability; coalescing ability; wetting ability in relation to solid particles.
Research on the Assessment Technology of Land Available for PV
Authors: Li Jiaheng , Hu Mengjin , Li Hongkui , Wei Mengju , Liu Zhao , Liu Xuefei
Published: January 2024

Based on the high-resolution satellite image data, the information mining technology of the available surface elements of PV is studied, and the investigation of the available surface elements of PV in 98 counties and cities of South Hebei grid is realized. Based on the large-scale and high-resolution remote sensing data obtained by multi-source remote sensing data fusion technology, the depth-learning-based surface feature recognition technology for photovoltaic development is studied. Based on the method of automatic identification and artificial combination of depth-learning, it can identify the available ground elements (roof, water surface, road surface, dry beach, etc.), the available surface elements of PV in 98 counties and cities of Hebei South Grid were obtained. From the overall point of view, the photovoltaic land, the building occupies the main position, in the four cities are relatively high, are in the 6% ~ 15%
Elements characteristics and ecological risks of farmland soil with typical heavy metal high background in Chongqing
Authors: Luan Jinhua , Zhang Ruigang , Tian Heming , Duan Jiahui , Ning Mohuan , Mao Lingling , Hu Feng , Zhao Haitong , Li Changchao , Liu Feng , Zhang Sen
Published: January 2024

To investigate the characteristics of elements in selenium and cadmium rich soil and the ecological risk of local agricultural products in the typical heavy metal high background area of Chongqing,Taking the Se and Cd enriched soil in study area as a research object, The effects of Cd and Se on agricultural products were studied by collecting and analyzing the element contents and available contents of soil and agricultural products samples, The results showed that The pH value of soil in the study area is 6.89 ~ 8.22, which is alkaline and rich in organic matter; The study area belongs to the typical high background area of heavy metals. The content of Cd in the soil is 0.52 ~ 1.84 mg·kg-1, the average value is 1.26 mg·kg-1, the content of se is 0.41 ~ 0.77 mg·kg-1, the average value is 0.64 mg·kg-1, and its element characteristics are rich in selenium and cadmium; The activation rates of Cd and Se were 6.63 ~ 28.26% and 0.17 ~ 1.58% respectively; The concentration of Cd and Se in the soil of the study area may be mainly from the parent material of soil, and it is closely related to the content of organic matter in the soil. The local agricultural products are less affected by the high background value of heavy metals in the soil, and there is no excessive Cd in the agricultural products, among which potatoes and sweet potatoes have reached the standard of selenium enrichment. The research suggests that the soil rich in selenium and cadmium in the study area may come from the soil parent material, which is caused by the natural geological background and closely related to the content of organic matter in the soil. The activation rate of Cd and Se in the soil is low, which has little impact on the ecological risk of local agricultural products. This paper has important guiding significance for the development and utilization of selenium-rich soil resources in typical heavy metal high background areas.
Dual-Innervated Gracilis Free Functional Muscle Transfers in Facial Palsy Patients: Comparing Long-Term Outcomes between One- versus Two-Stage Procedures
Authors: Wen Y. Edward , Thachil Roshni L. , Madrazo Adolfo Zamaro , Sanchez Cristina V. , Reisch Joan S. , Rozen Shai M.
Published: January 2024

Background In facial reanimation, dual-innervated gracilis free functional muscle transfers (FFMTs) may have amalgamated increases in tone, excursion, synchroneity, and potentially spontaneity when compared with single innervation. The ideal staging of dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs has not been investigated. We aim to compare objective long-term outcomes following one- and two-stage dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs.

Methods Included were adult patients with facial paralysis who underwent either one- (one-stage group) or two-stage (two-stage group) dual-innervated gracilis FFMT with ≥1 year of postoperative follow-up. Facial measurements were obtained from standardized photographs of patients in repose, closed-mouth smile, and open-mouth smile taken preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and 3 years postoperatively. Symmetry was calculated from the absolute difference between the paralyzed and healthy hemiface; a lower value indicates greater symmetry.

Results Of 553 facial paralysis patients, 14 were included. Five and nine patients were in the one- and two-stage groups, with mean follow-up time, respectively, being 2.5 and 2.6 years. Within-group analysis of both groups, most paralyzed-side and symmetry measurements significantly improved over time with maintained significance at 3 years postoperatively in closed and open-mouth smile (all p ≤ 0.05). However, only the two-stage group had maintained significance in improvements at 3 years postoperatively in paralyzed-side and symmetry measurements in repose with commissure position (median change [interquartile range, IQR], 7.62 [6.00–10.56] mm), commissure angle (median change [IQR], 8.92 [6.18–13.69] degrees), commissure position symmetry (median change [IQR], −5.18 [−10.48 to −1.80] mm), commissure angle symmetry (median change [IQR], −9.78 [−11.73 to −7.32] degrees), and commissure height deviation (median change [IQR], −5.70 [−7.19 to −1.64] mm; all p ≤ 0.05). In the between-group analysis, all measurements were comparable in repose, closed-mouth smile, and open-mouth smile (all p > 0.05).

Conclusion Long-term outcomes demonstrate that both one- and two-stage dual-innervated gracilis FFMTs significantly improve excursion, but only two-stage reconstruction significantly improves resting tone.
Acetal Substitution Reactions: Stereoelectronic Effects, Conformational Analysis, Reactivity vs Selectivity, and Neighboring-Group Participation
Authors: Woerpel K. A. , Chun Yuge , Luu Khoi B.
Published: January 2024

Acetal substitution reactions can proceed by a number of mechanisms, but oxocarbenium ion intermediates are involved in many of these reactions. Our research has focused on understanding the conformational preferences, structures, and reactions of these intermediates. This account summarizes our observations that electrostatic effects play a significant role in defining the preferred conformations, and that torsional effects determine how those intermediates react. Neighboring-group effects are not as straightforward as they might seem, considering that oxocarbenium ion intermediates are in equilibrium with structures that involve stabilization by a nearby substituent.1 Introduction

2 Unexpected Stereoselectivities

3 Determining Conformational Preferences of Oxocarbenium Ions

4 Structures of Carbocations by NMR Spectroscopy and X-ray Crystallography

5 Stereoelectronic Models for Reactions Involving Other Oxocarbenium Ions

6 Stereoselectivity and Reactivity: When They Correlate, When They Do Not

7 Neighboring–Group Participation Is Not as Simple as It Seems

8 What Is True for Carbocations Is True for Carbonyl Compounds

9 Stereoelectronic and Torsional Effects in Reactions of Enolates

10 Summary of Expected Selectivities for Reactions of Cyclic Acetals

11 Conclusion
Aesthetic and Functional Outcomes of Open Carpal Tunnel Release and Thread Carpal Tunnel Release: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Akhoondinasab Mohammad-Reza , Saraee Amir , Akbari Hossein , Forghani Siamak-Farokh , Naderi Babak
Published: January 2024

Background and Objectives Surgical techniques for carpal tunnel release (CTR) have gradually become less invasive. No substantial evidence supports replacing the open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) with novel minimally invasive approaches. Thread carpal tunnel release (TCTR) is a new minimally invasive CTR method associated with promising results. This study aimed to compare the aesthetic and functional outcomes of OCTR with TCTR.

Materials and Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial conducted in a hospital in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. Patients were randomized to OCTR and TCTR groups through simple randomization. Data such as demographics, nerve conduction study, electromyography, pain, and sensory evaluation by monofilament test were recorded in patients at baseline and after 3 months. Aesthetic evaluation was conducted by assessing the scar length and patients' satisfaction 3 months after the surgery.

Results Twenty patients (10 in each group) entered the final analysis. Nerve conduction study, electromyography, and sensory evaluation were similar between groups 3 months after the operation. The TCTR group had lower postsurgical pain (p < 0.001) and lower scar length (p < 0.001) compared to the OCTR group. Overall satisfaction was not statistically different between TCTR and OCTR.

Conclusion The TCTR method is safe in patients with CTS, and its efficacy is similar to OCTR. It can be a good alternative for OCTR, with a better aesthetic outcome.
Research on the suppression method of sensor impact vibration parasitic effects in surface reflection pressure measurement
Authors: Wang Liangquan , Kong Deren , Zhang Chunyan
Published: January 2024

Ground reflection pressure plays a crucial role in evaluating the destructive power of ammunition explosions. Accurately measuring this pressure is essential for assessing ammunition’s destructive capability and guiding ammunition design. In this study, a theoretical analysis of the parasitic effect of shock and vibration was conducted and COMSOL was employed for performing a multi-physics finite element numerical simulation analysis to elucidate the attenuation characteristics of stress waves in commonly used shock- and vibration-resistant materials. Furthermore, a device was designed using aluminum foam and polytetrafluoroethylene to mitigate the parasitic effects on the ground reflection pressure sensor. Experimental testing was conducted to validate the device’s effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the device successfully reduced the intensity of stress waves reaching the ground reflection pressure sensor, with a relative attenuation rate of 29.6% in peak stress values. The sensor measurements obtained with the suppression device exhibited smoother curves and higher signal-to-noise ratios, significantly improving the reliability of the measurement results. Our study holds considerable engineering application value in enhancing the accuracy of shock wave pressure measurements in explosive fields.
High quenching concentration of the CaLuAlO4:Er3+ upconversion phosphor with short-range energy migration
Authors: Luo Tian , Sun Yujie , Wang Ruonan , Gong Xincheng , Song Ruitong , Ding Changchun , Hu Junshan , Fu Hao
Published: January 2024

Low activator concentration in upconversion phosphors has been a hindrance in improving luminescence performance. Herein, we report an Er3+ doping concentration as high as 30 at. % in the CaLuAlO4 upconversion host. The CaLuAlO4:Er3+ phosphors were prepared by the traditional high-temperature solid-state method. Under the excitation of a 980 nm laser, the optimal concentration of Er3+ approaches 30% according to the total integrated intensity of red and green upconversion luminescence. This quenching concentration is one order of magnitude higher than that in the traditional Er3+ doped upconversion polycrystals. The results obtained from first-principles calculations suggest that there are no in-plane or chain rare-earth ions in the cell. This increases the difficulty of propagating excitation energy to quench centers and is advantageous for high doping concentration. Our work can spark people's interest in the research and application of highly doped upconversion phosphors.
Design optimization of a hybrid casing treatment based on axial momentum budget analysis in the tip flow region
Authors: Ba Dun , Du Juan , Vahdati Mehdi , Zhang Min , Fan Zhong-Gang
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a novel slot–groove hybrid casing treatment is designed and optimized to improve the stall margin of a low-speed axial compressor. A combination of the axial slot and circumferential groove casing treatments is utilized to increase the stall margin without incurring efficiency loss. The slot meridional profile is described with 2 B-spline curves. Circumferential grooves are parametrically described with groove height and width. An in-house optimization design platform is constructed based on the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II and Kriging surrogate model. The optimization objectives are the stall margin and the peak efficiency of the compressor at the design rotating speed. To avoid the large number of unsteady simulations that are required to predict the stall margin, a stall margin improvement indicator is proposed based on the axial momentum budget analysis at the rotor tip region. The performance of the optimal slot–groove hybrid casing treatment design is tested and simulated. The experimental data show that the optimal slot–groove hybrid casing treatment improves the stall margin by 8.42% without generating efficiency loss. The flow details are captured by unsteady simulations and analyzed in depth. The application of the optimal casing treatment enhances the blade tip axial momentum and the interface between tip leakage flow and incoming main flow is pushed downstream. Consequently, the stability of the compressor is improved.
Brillouin lasing in microspheres coupled with silicon subwavelength grating waveguides
Authors: Yu Linfeng , Huang Chukun , Shi Haotian , Huang Qiang , Sun Junqiang
Published: January 2024

Brillouin lasing has been widely applied to microwave oscillators, optical gyroscopes, optical sensors, and other fields owing to its strong and flexible dynamics. Microspheres with ultrahigh quality factors and small mode volume are very suitable for generating Brillouin lasing, but it is difficult to integrate them on a chip. Here, we utilize subwavelength grating waveguide as a photonic coupler to connect the silica microsphere with a silicon chip and realize on-chip backward Brillouin lasing. It is experimentally indicated that when the on-chip pump power reaches 24.8 mW, the backward Brillouin lasing with an on-chip slope efficiency of 5% will be excited. Our method makes it easier to realize on-chip Brillouin acousto-optic interaction and greatly expands the application range of microspheres.
Low-temperature synthesis of uniform monolayer molybdenum disulfide films
Authors: Xu Donghao , Lu Jie , Lin Gaoxiang , Zheng Miaomiao , Chen Yangbo , Miao Gesong , Zhou Yinghui , Cai Weiwei , Zhang Yufeng , Wang Yan , Zhang Xueao
Published: January 2024

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has garnered significant attention owing to its potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Nevertheless, existing methods for the chemical vapor deposition growth of MoS2 demand elevated synthesis temperatures and involve transfer procedures, thereby restricting its effectiveness in device manufacturing. In this study, we present the direct growth of 1-in. (∼25 mm) monolayer MoS2 films on SiO2 and other substrates under low-temperature conditions (360 °C). We employed a highly reactive substance, MoO2Cl2, as the molybdenum source for growth, which significantly reduces the growth temperature of MoS2. Simultaneously, a transitional temperature zone was implemented to further lower the growth temperature of MoS2. Experimental results from multiple tests on the produced MoS2 films indicated excellent uniformity and relatively large grain size (∼5 μm) at the low growth temperature, ensuring its promising applicability Furthermore, we fabricated field-effect transistors on the SiO2, achieving a mobility of 14.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an Ion/Ioff ratio exceeding 105. Our method offers a versatile approach for the low-temperature growth of MoS2, paving the way for future developments in silicon process-compatible applications.
Denoising four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging data using a split-and-overlap approach via singular value decomposition
Authors: Kang Seungmin , An Don-Gwan , Ha Hojin , Yang Dong Hyun , Jang Ilhoon , Song Simon
Published: January 2024

Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) offers a powerful tool for visualizing fluid flows, critical for both diagnosing cardiovascular diseases and analyzing engineering fluid dynamics. Despite its potential in medical research, the clinical applicability of 4D flow MRI often faces challenges due to inherent noise. To mitigate this, we introduce the split-and-overlap singular value decomposition (SOSVD) filter, a distinctive noise reduction approach. Unlike traditional singular value decomposition methods, the SOSVD filter partitions the primary data matrix into overlapping subdomains and then applies singular value decomposition to each subdomain, preserving only the dominant mode for noise attenuation. Evaluations on simulated and experimental flow data within a square duct revealed a significant decrease in root mean square noise metrics. Moreover, when applied to in vivo aortic data, the SOSVD filter enhanced various flow determinants, including divergence, velocity gradients, streamlines, and velocity coherence. Thus, the SOSVD method presents a promising avenue for augmenting noise reduction in 4D flow MRI, potentially elevating diagnostic accuracy and enriching cardiovascular disease research.
Atomistic mechanism of structural and volume relaxation below glass transition temperature in a soda-lime silicate glass revealed by Raman spectroscopy and its DFT calculations
Authors: Suzuki Taisuke , Hamada Yuya , Shimizu Masahiro , Urata Shingo , Shimotsuma Yasuhiko , Miura Kiyotaka
Published: January 2024

To elucidate the atomistic origin of volume relaxation in soda-lime silicate glass annealed below the glass transition temperature (Tg), the experimental and calculated Raman spectra were compared. By decomposing the calculated Raman spectra into specific groups of atoms, the Raman peaks at 800, 950, 1050, 1100, and 1150 cm−1 were attributed to oxygen and silicon in Si–O–Si, non-bridging oxygen in the Q2 unit, bridging oxygen in low-angle Si–O–Si, non-bridging oxygen in the Q4 unit, and bridging oxygen in high-angle Si–O–Si, respectively. Based on these attributions, we found that by decreasing the fictive temperature by annealing below Tg − 70 K, a homogenization reaction Q2 + Q4 → 2Q3 and an increase in average Si–O–Si angle occurred simultaneously. By molecular dynamics simulation, we clarified how the experimentally demonstrated increase in average Si–O–Si angle contributes to volume shrinkage; increasing Si–O–Si angles can expand the space inside the rings, and Na can be inserted into the ring center.
Tracing the slow Arrhenius process deep in the glassy state–quantitative evaluation of the dielectric relaxation of bulk samples and thin polymer films in the temperature domain
Authors: Thoms Erik , Li Chun , Napolitano Simone
Published: January 2024

The slow Arrhenius process (SAP) is a dielectric mode connected to thermally activated equilibration mechanisms, allowing for a fast reduction in free energy in liquids and glasses. The SAP, however, is still poorly understood, and so far, this process has mainly been investigated at temperatures above the glass transition. By employing a combination of methods to analyze dielectric measurements under both isochronal and isothermal conditions, we were able to quantitatively reproduce the dielectric response of the SAP of different polymers and to expand the experimental regime over which this process can be observed down to lower temperatures, up to 70 K below the glass transition. Employing thin films of thicknesses varying between 10 and 800 nm, we further verified that the peak shape and activation energy of the SAP of poly(4-bromostyrene) are not sensitive to temperature, nor do they vary upon confinement at the nanoscale level. These observations confirm the preliminary trends reported for other polymers. We find that one single set of parameters—meaning the activation barrier and the pre-exponential factor, respectively, linked to the enthalpic and entropic components of the process—can describe the dynamics of the SAP in both the supercooled liquid and glassy states, in bulk and thin films. These results are discussed in terms of possible molecular origins of the slow Arrhenius process in polymers.
A comparative study on transport and interfacial physics of H2/CO2/CH4 interacting with H2O and/or silica by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Chen Cheng , Xia Jun
Published: January 2024

Underground H2 storage (UHS), i.e., injecting H2 into subsurface geological formation and its withdrawal when needed, is identified as a promising solution for large-scale and long-term storage of H2. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed at a typical temperature 320 K with pressure up to 60 MPa to predict H2 transport properties and H2–H2O–rock interfacial properties, which are compared with those of CO2 and CH4. The MD results show that the CH4 profiles of property variations with pressure lie between those of H2 and CO2 and more comparable to CO2. The interaction of H2 with H2O/silica is much weaker than that of CH4 and CO2. It is found that the effect of H2 pressure on altering the water contact angle and interfacial tension is negligible under all conditions. Unlike the multi-adsorption layers of the confined CO2 and CH4, there is only one adsorption layer of H2 confined by silica nano-slit. The planar diffusion of H2 in the confined system is slower than that in the bulk system at pressures lower than 20 MPa. The data and findings of this study will be useful for modeling the multiphase flow dynamics of UHS on reservoir scale, optimizing UHS operation, and assessing the performance of a cushion gas, e.g., CO2 or CH4.
Real-time optimization of wing drag and lift performance using a movable leading edge
Authors: Camacho E. A. R. , da Silva M. M. , Silva A. R. R. , Marques F. D.
Published: January 2024

A real-time optimization strategy can provide any system with a considerable boost in performance on the fly, which in real-world applications can be translated to lower energy consumption or higher efficiency. This study investigates the particular case of using real-time optimization to improve wing aerodynamic performance with a dynamically activated deflectable leading edge. Its activation aims to minimize drag and maximize lift and is governed by real-time and gradient-based optimization. An extension to a classic method is suggested to enhance gradient estimation accuracy. Experimental data are obtained at a Reynolds number of 2.0×105 with the wing fixed at five positions. For each of these positions, optimal leading-edge deflections are found. The results indicate that deflecting the leading edge has a negligible impact on drag and lift before the stall onset. However, the reduction in the pitching moment cannot be ignored. When the wing is experiencing a proper stall, the movable leading edge yields remarkable enhancements, with the lift being approximately raised by 45% together with a substantial increase in the critical angle of attack. The findings highlight the potential of real-time optimization in experimental aerodynamic studies, reinvigorating its application in improving aircraft performance.
Flow mechanism of a highly loaded low pressure turbine cascade with integrated-optimized end wall contouring and root lean
Authors: Xue Yapeng , Wu Yanhui , Li Ziliang , Zhang Ziyun , Shi Xuyang
Published: January 2024

The end wall loss of modern highly loaded low pressure turbine (LPT) has been greatly increased, due to the enhanced secondary flow loss and boundary layer separation loss. Thus, it is of great significance to develop effective flow control strategies to improve the end wall flow condition and aerodynamic performance of modern LPT. This research carried out a numerical investigation on the coupled flow control strategy, which combined non-axisymmetric end wall contouring (NEC) and root tangential lean (RTL), based on a highly loaded LPT cascade (Zweifel = 1.59). Meanwhile, the optimization process was used to get the optimal design parameters of the coupled method NEC&RTL. The results indicate that the optimal coupled configuration can reduce the total pressure loss coefficient by 12.68% and the non-dimensional secondary kinetic energy by 23.91%. Compared with the reference cascade without modification, the coupled method is found to improve the end wall flow conditions: the passage vortex is weakened both in size and strength, mainly attributed to the smaller cross-passage pressure gradient resulting from NEC; the closed separation bubble near end wall and the three-dimensional separation flow before trailing edge are eliminated, due to the great downward pressure gradient near end wall resulting from RTL; and the counter vortex is eliminated and the slender back flow is weakened under the additional coupling flow control effect of NEC&RTL. Therefore, the coupled flow control method can not only highlight the advantages of the independent methods, but also induce external flow control superiorities, demonstrating the application prospect of the coupled flow control strategy on the highly loaded LPT.
Health and equity implications of individual adaptation to air pollution in a changing climate
Authors: Sparks Matt S. , Farahbakhsh Isaiah , Anand Madhur , Bauch Chris T. , Conlon Kathryn C. , East James D. , Li Tianyuan , Lickley Megan , Garcia-Menendez Fernando , Monier Erwan , Saari Rebecca K.
Published: January 2024

Future climate change can cause more days with poor air quality. This could trigger more alerts telling people to stay inside to protect themselves, with potential consequences for health and health equity. Here, we study the change in US air quality alerts over this century due to fine particulate matter (PM
2.5
), who they may affect, and how they may respond. We find air quality alerts increase by over 1 mo per year in the eastern United States by 2100 and quadruple on average. They predominantly affect areas with high Black populations and leakier homes, exacerbating existing inequalities and impacting those less able to adapt. Reducing emissions can offer significant annual health benefits ($5,400 per person) by mitigating the effect of climate change on air pollution and its associated risks of early death. Relying on people to adapt, instead, would require them to stay inside, with doors and windows closed, for an extra 142 d per year, at an average cost of $11,000 per person. It appears likelier, however, that people will achieve minimal protection without policy to increase adaptation rates. Boosting adaptation can offer net benefits, even alongside deep emission cuts. New adaptation policies could, for example: reduce adaptation costs; reduce infiltration and improve indoor air quality; increase awareness of alerts and adaptation; and provide measures for those working or living outdoors. Reducing emissions, conversely, lowers everyone’s need to adapt, and protects those who cannot adapt. Equitably protecting human health from air pollution under climate change requires both mitigation and adaptation.
Surface-mediated spontaneous emulsification of the acylated peptide semaglutide
Authors: Li Qi , Tangry Vasudev , Allen David P. , Seibert Kevin D. , Qian Ken K. , Wagner Norman J.
Published: January 2024

Acylated peptides composed of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists modified with a fatty acid side chain are an important class of therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and obesity but are susceptible to an unusual physical instability in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces, i.e., spontaneous emulsification, also known as ouzo formation in practice. In this work, light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and circular dichroism measurements are used to characterize the physical properties of the semaglutide colloidal phase, including size distribution, shape, secondary structure, internal structure, and internal composition, as a function of solution physico-chemical conditions. The existence and size of the colloids formed are successfully predicted by a classical Rayleigh model, which identifies the parameters controlling their size and formation. Colloid formation is found to be catalyzed by hydrophobic surfaces, and formation rates are modeled as an autocatalytic reaction, enabling the formation of a master curve for various surfaces that elucidates the mechanism. Surfaces differ due to differences in surface wettability, which can be correlated with Hansen solubility parameters. This work provides insights into this unusual colloidal phenomenon and guides the peptide synthesis process and drug product formulation in the pharmaceutical industry.
Flying, nectar-loaded honey bees conserve water and improve heat tolerance by reducing wingbeat frequency and metabolic heat production
Authors: Glass Jordan R. , Burnett Nicholas P. , Combes Stacey A. , Weisman Ethan , Helbling Alina , Harrison Jon F.
Published: January 2024

Heat waves are becoming increasingly common due to climate change, making it crucial to identify and understand the capacities for insect pollinators, such as honey bees, to avoid overheating. We examined the effects of hot, dry air temperatures on the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that honey bees use to fly when carrying nectar loads, to assess how foraging is limited by overheating or desiccation. We found that flight muscle temperatures increased linearly with load mass at air temperatures of 20 or 30 °C, but, remarkably, there was no change with increasing nectar loads at an air temperature of 40 °C. Flying, nectar-loaded bees were able to avoid overheating at 40 °C by reducing their flight metabolic rates and increasing evaporative cooling. At high body temperatures, bees apparently increase flight efficiency by lowering their wingbeat frequency and increasing stroke amplitude to compensate, reducing the need for evaporative cooling. However, even with reductions in metabolic heat production, desiccation likely limits foraging at temperatures well below bees’ critical thermal maxima in hot, dry conditions.
Re-imagining Animal-Assisted Human Services (AAHS): Developing Canada’s first voluntary National Standard of Canada (NSC) for AAHS
Authors: Moss Joanne
Published: January 2024

Animal-Assisted Human Services (AAHS) is a variety of interdisciplinary practices, including assistance/service animals and Animal-Assisted Interventions such as Animal-Assisted Activities, Animal-Assisted Learning, and Animal-Assisted Therapy. The Human-Animal Bond and Human-Animal Interactions (HAI) bridge the Natural Sciences, Humanities, Veterinary Medicine, and Applied Sciences.

Over the last century, AAHS has gradually evolved into a booming, lucrative marketplace characterized by for-profit and non-profit businesses within Canada’s economy. Even so, there are no integrated national, provincial, or territorial frameworks for AAHS within Canada’s healthcare, social, justice, and correctional services on which its human services and economy are built. By the same token, the lines remain blurred concerning the essential competencies and credentials required to work or volunteer within the industry or how or where to begin pursuing a career within this rapidly growing ecosystem. Consequently, AAHS is still in its infancy as a recognized sub-category within Canada’s Human Services Industry.

Additionally, this broad, multifaceted industry encompasses silos, such as the horse and dog industries. While both industries provide AAHS, their self-contained environments inhibit opportunities to cross-pollinate their knowledge, experiential learning, and expertise in theory and practice. Therefore, uniting and converging related industries within this milieu would help to open doors to new possibilities, innovations, and relationships that would not be possible otherwise. The correlation with HAI makes these human services a distinct discipline in its own right.

For over two decades, The Canadian Foundation for Animal-Assisted Support Services (CF4AASS), an impartial national registered charity, has promoted the availability, credibility, and sustainability of excellence in AAHS. Co-designing this industry sector standard was a catalyst for integrating and engaging relevant stakeholders to cultivate mutually beneficial outcomes and building blocks toward a seamless national AAHS Centre of Excellence.

Subsequently, re-imagining AAHS was a call to action where opportunity and shared responsibilities intersect. Embracing an integrated approach to foster unity in diversity and the co-innovation of AAHS, its marketplace, and the environments in which it interconnects is rooted in CF4AASS’s culture and support services.

Illustrating the industry sector’s combined value, national footprint, and socio-ecological and socio-economic Systems (SES) impact would significantly enhance this promising sector’s complementary and essential human services contributions throughout Canada.

With this in mind, I hope this commentary sheds light on why the development of a voluntary standard was long overdue and a proactive measure to benefit multiple stakeholders, a step forward to nurture and facilitate solidarity and innovation.
The V-ATPase–ATG16L1 axis recruits LRRK2 to facilitate the lysosomal stress response
Authors: Eguchi Tomoya , Sakurai Maria , Wang Yingxue , Saito Chieko , Yoshii Gen , Wileman Thomas , Mizushima Noboru , Kuwahara Tomoki , Iwatsubo Takeshi
Published: January 2024

Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a Rab kinase associated with Parkinson’s disease and several inflammatory diseases, has been shown to localize to stressed lysosomes and get activated to regulate lysosomal homeostasis. However, the mechanisms of LRRK2 recruitment and activation have not been well understood. Here, we found that the ATG8 conjugation system regulates the recruitment of LRRK2 as well as LC3 onto single membranes of stressed lysosomes/phagosomes. This recruitment did not require FIP200-containing autophagy initiation complex, nor did it occur on double-membrane autophagosomes, suggesting independence from canonical autophagy. Consistently, LRRK2 recruitment was regulated by the V-ATPase–ATG16L1 axis, which requires the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 and specifically mediates ATG8 lipidation on single membranes. This mechanism was also responsible for the lysosomal stress-induced activation of LRRK2 and the resultant regulation of lysosomal secretion and enlargement. These results indicate that the V-ATPase–ATG16L1 axis serves a novel non-autophagic role in the maintenance of lysosomal homeostasis by recruiting LRRK2.
CAR-T cell manufacturing: Major process parameters and next-generation strategies
Authors: Ayala Ceja Melanie , Khericha Mobina , Harris Caitlin M. , Puig-Saus Cristina , Chen Yvonne Y.
Published: January 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have demonstrated strong curative potential and become a critical component in the array of B-cell malignancy treatments. Successful deployment of CAR-T cell therapies to treat hematologic and solid cancers, as well as other indications such as autoimmune diseases, is dependent on effective CAR-T cell manufacturing that impacts not only product safety and efficacy but also overall accessibility to patients in need. In this review, we discuss the major process parameters of autologous CAR-T cell manufacturing, as well as regulatory considerations and ongoing developments that will enable the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies.
Deformations of the Kerr-(A)dS near horizon geometry
Authors: Bahuaud Eric , Gunasekaran Sharmila , K Kunduri Hari , Woolgar Eric
Published: January 2024

We investigate deformations of the Kerr-(A)dS near horizon geometry and derive partial infinitesimal rigidity results for it. The proof comprises two parts. First, we follow the analysis of Jezierski and Kamiński (2013 Gen. Rel. Grav.
45 987–1004) to eliminate all but a finite number of Fourier modes of linear perturbations. In the second part, we give an argument using analyticity to prove that there are no odd Fourier modes.