bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal UAV Sensor Management and Path Planning for Tracking Multiple Mobile Targets
Authors: Farmani Negar , Sun Liang , Pack Daniel
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we present an optimal sensor manager and a path planner for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to geo-localize multiple mobile ground targets. A gimbaled camera with a limited field of view (FOV) and a limited range is used to capture targets, whose states are estimated using a set of Extended Kalman Filters (EKFs). The sensor management is performed using a dynamic weighted graph and a Model Predictive Control (MPC) technique, determining the optimal gimbal pose that minimizes the overall uncertainty of target states. A UAV path planner that maximizes a novel cost function is employed to support the sensor management. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed sensor manager and the path planner.
Development and Experimental Parameterization of a Physics-Based Second-Order Lithium-Ion Battery Model
Authors: Docimo Donald , Ghanaatpishe Mohammad , Fathy Hosam K.
Published: December 2014

This paper uses the principles of electrochemistry to derive a simple second-order model of lithium-ion battery dynamics. Low-order lithium-ion battery models exist in the literature, but are typically either linear, empirical, or both. Our goal, in contrast, is to obtain a model simple enough for control design but grounded in the principles of electrochemistry. The model reduction approach used in this paper has the added advantage of leading to a novel analytic expression for the capacitance associated with voltage relaxation. A process for identifying model parameters from experiments is outlined, and experimental results are used to evaluate the validity of the model.
A Variable-Inertia Flywheel Model for Regenerative Braking on a Bicycle
Authors: Figliotti Matthew P. , Gomes Mario W.
Published: December 2014

Kinetic energy storage systems for powering vehicles currently exist but are not prevalent. Often the coupling between the flywheel and the vehicle is done using a separate actuator/generator system. This separate actuator system necessarily results in efficiency losses. In this paper we present a design for a spring-coupled variable inertia flywheel which directly couples the flywheel and vehicle. Simulation results for the non-linear dynamic behavior of the system are given and show that it can be used to store more than 99% of the energy of the vehicle when braking, but that there is a tradeoff between device size, deceleration rate, and energy stored. We found that a parameter exploration using three cost functions related to braking time, energy stored, and flywheel radius, shows that one can optimize at most two of the three cost functions. Analytic results are also given for a driven mass-flywheel model, which mitigates some of the problems of the linear spring model. However, this model, if it uses equivalent non-linear springs, is able to store at most 75% of the system energy. The driven-mass/non-linear spring model allows for a lower deceleration and smaller physical size than the linear spring model.
Primary Resonance Voltage Response of Electrostatically Actuated M/NEMS Circular Plate Resonators
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Oyervides Reynaldo
Published: December 2014

This paper investigates the voltage-amplitude response of soft AC electrostatically actuated M/NEMS clamped circular plates. AC frequency is near half natural frequency of the plate. This results in primary resonance. The system is analytically modeled using the Method of Multiple Scales (MMS). The system is assumed weakly nonlinear. The behavior of the system including pull-in instability as the AC voltage is swept up and down while the excitation frequency is constant is reported. The effects of detuning frequency, damping, Casimir force, and van der Waals force are reported as well.
The Effect of Operator Orientation in Crane Control
Authors: Kivila Arto , Singhose William
Published: December 2014

It is often very difficult for humans to control cranes due to their inherent oscillatory nature and sluggish response. Tasks are made even harder when the operator moves around the workspace and changes his/her orientation. Traditionally, the driving axes on cranes have been independent of operator orientation and location. When the operators change the direction they are facing, their “Forward” direction is not consistent with “Forward” on the crane control interface. This paper describes two novel ways to reduce this problem and shows their effectiveness in a human operator study.
Controller Design With Fixed Delay-Margin for a LTI Unstable Open-Loop Plant: Case Studies
Authors: Sipahi Rifat , Nia Payam Mahmoodi
Published: December 2014

Around a benchmark open-loop unstable LTI plant with a single delay, we design controllers that create marginal stability of the closed loop at a pre-defined delay margin value τ. These controllers therefore guarantee system stability for all delays less than τ. Case studies covering various scenarios are presented.
Robust Stall Flutter Suppression Using ℋ2/ℋ∞ Control
Authors: Haghighat Sohrab , Sun Zhiwei , Liu Hugh H. T. , Bai Junqiang
Published: December 2014

Following the current trend in aeroelastic optimization, as wing structures have been made more flexible, active control systems such as flutter suppression systems have been widely adopted to reduce undesirable aeroelastic behaviors. The stability and the performance of flutter suppression control systems can be negatively affected as the inflow speed deviates from the nominal design value. In this work, a mixed-norm robust controller is designed to perform stall flutter suppression. A 2-dimensional nonlinear time-domain aeroservoelastic model is developed. The nonlinear equations are linearized at different flight conditions and are employed to construct an uncertainty model, which affects the nominal dynamics in an affine way. The obtained uncertain model of the aeroservoelastic system is used to design a mixed-norm H2/H∞ controller. The performance of the designed controller is compared with the performance of a non-robust H2 controller at different flight conditions. The proposed control architecture reduces the adverse effect of inflow speed variation on the performance of the closed-loop system.
Simple Near-Realtime Crane Workspace Mapping Using Machine Vision
Authors: Rahman M. Sazzad , Vaughan Joshua
Published: December 2014

Overhead cranes are widely used in industries all over the world. It is not easy to move crane payloads without oscillation, increasing the likelihood of obstacle collisions and other accidents. Even experienced crane operators make mistakes that cause loss of money and time. Some reasons for these incidents are limitations of the operator’s field of view, depth perception, knowledge of the workspace, and the dynamic environment of the workspace. One possible solution to these problems could be aiding the operator with a dynamic map of the workspace that shows the current position of obstacles. The probable areas of finding obstacles based on the previous positions of obstacles could also be shown. This paper describes a simple method of generating such a map of the crane workspace using machine vision.
Scalable Anomaly Detection and Isolation in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Bayesian Networks
Authors: Krishnamurthy Sudha , Sarkar Soumik , Tewari Ashutosh
Published: December 2014

Anomalies in cyber-physical systems may arise due to malicious cyber attacks or operational faults in the physical devices. Accurately detecting the anomalies and isolating their root-causes is important for identifying appropriate reactive and preventive measures and building resilient cyber-physical systems. Anomaly detection and isolation in cyber-physical systems is challenging, because the impact of a cyber attack on the operation of a physical system may manifest itself only after some time. In this paper, we present a Bayesian network approach for learning the causal relations between cyber and physical variables as well as their temporal correlations from unlabeled data. We describe the data transformations that we performed to deal with the heterogeneous characteristics of the cyber and physical data, so that the integrated dataset can be used to learn the Bayesian network structure and parameters. We then present scalable algorithms to detect different anomalies and isolate their respective root-cause using a Bayesian network. We also present results from evaluating our algorithms on an unlabeled dataset consisting of anomalies due to cyber attacks and physical faults in a commercial building system.
Comparison of Ar+ Monoatomic and Cluster Ion Sputtering of Ta2O5 at Different Ion Energies, by XPS: Part 2 - Cluster Ions
Authors: Grilli Rossana , Simpson Robin , Mallinson Christopher F. , Baker Mark A.
Published: December 2014

A standard 30 nm thick Ta2O5 oxide layer grown on Ta was examined by XPS after Arn+ cluster ion bombardment at ion energies of 4 keV, 5 keV and 6 keV, with a cluster size of 1000 atoms. The reduction of Ta2O5, resulting from the preferential sputtering of oxygen after ion beam bombardment at different energies has been investigated. Survey spectra, C 1s, Ta 4f and O 1s spectra are presented for each profile at three stages: native surface, after reaching the steady-state oxide composition, and from the underlying metal substrate. It is necessary to reach a voltage of 6 keV to obtain a good sputter rate. The use of the cluster source seems to be promising to reduce the preferential sputtering phenomenon.
Spectral loudness summation: Shortcomings of current standards
Authors: Schlittenlacher Josef , Ellermeier Wolfgang , Hashimoto Takeo
Published: December 2014

There are two competing national standards for the calculation of loudness of steady sounds, DIN 45631 and ANSI S3.4. Their different concepts of critical bands lead to different predictions for broadband sounds. As that discrepancy is neither constant nor linear but highly frequency-dependent, the present study investigates spectral loudness summation in three frequency regions, at various levels, and using two different methods. The results show that both algorithms overestimate loudness; however, DIN 45631 comes closer to the subjective evaluations and often falls within their interquartile range. The overestimation by the standards is particularly large in the frequency range from 2 to 5 kHz.
Optimal integration of independent observations from Poisson sources
Authors: Dai Huanping , Buss Emily
Published: December 2014

The optimal integration of information from independent Poisson sources (such as neurons) was analyzed in the context of a two-interval, forced-choice detection task. When the mean count of the Poisson distribution is above 1, the benefit of integration is closely approximated by the predictions based on the square-root law of the Gaussian model. When the mean count falls far below 1, however, the benefit of integration clearly exceeds the predictions based on the square-root law.
Phoneme categorization relying solely on high-frequency energy
Authors: Vitela A. Davi , Monson Brian B. , Lotto Andrew J.
Published: December 2014

Speech perception studies generally focus on the acoustic information present in the frequency regions below 6 kHz. Recent evidence suggests that there is perceptually relevant information in the higher frequencies, including information affecting speech intelligibility. This experiment examined whether listeners are able to accurately identify a subset of vowels and consonants in CV-context when only high-frequency (above 5 kHz) acoustic information is available (through high-pass filtering and masking of lower frequency energy). The findings reveal that listeners are capable of extracting information from these higher frequency regions to accurately identify certain consonants and vowels.
Chapter 5 Physical Activity Opportunities During the School Day: Classroom Teachers’ Perceptions of Using Activity Breaks in the Classroom
Authors: McMullen Jaimie , Kulinna Pamela , Cothran Donetta
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore classroom teachers’ perceptions of incorporating physical activity breaks into their classroom and to determine specific features of preferred activity breaks. These perceptions are considered within the conceptual framework of Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP). Twelve elementary and high school classroom teachers from one Indigenous school district participated in the study. The data were collected using semistructured interviews and teachers’ reflective journals and were analyzed inductively by conducting systematic searches for patterns across data types. Emergent themes included: the need for and threats to classroom control; a preference for breaks with connections to academic content; and the importance of implementation ease and student enjoyment. The findings indicated that teachers prefer activity breaks that are easy to manage, quick, academically oriented and enjoyable for students. These findings have practical implications when considering physical education teacher education and professional development that targets classroom teachers.
Chapter 8 Physical Activity Change Through Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs in Urban Elementary Schools
Authors: Centeio Erin E. , McCaughtry Nate , Gutuskey Lila , Garn Alex C. , Somers Cheryl , Shen Bo , Martin Jeffrey J. , Kulik Noel L.
Published: December 2014

The impact of Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAPs) on urban children’s, educators’, and parents’ physical activity (PA) is relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore overall changes in student, educator, and parent PA after an 8-month CSPAP-based program. This longitudinal, exploratory study implemented a CSPAP in 20 urban elementary schools, with six randomized for research. In-school PA was measured prepost for all fourth grade students using accelerometers. Parent and educator PA was self-reported using the IPAQ. RM-ANOVAs revealed significant prepost increases in minutes of student MVPA (P < .001). Parents significantly increased PA (P < .01) and although educators’ reported change in PA, it was not statistically significant (P = .50). This study provides unique information about the potential influence of one CSPAP on students’ overall PA, PA by individual context within the school, the differential PA patterns by race, and PA changes for educators and parents.
The human splicing code reveals new insights into the genetic determinants of disease
Authors: Xiong Hui Y. , Alipanahi Babak , Lee Leo J. , Bretschneider Hannes , Merico Daniele , Yuen Ryan K. C. , Hua Yimin , Gueroussov Serge , Najafabadi Hamed S. , Hughes Timothy R. , Morris Quaid , Barash Yoseph , Krainer Adrian R. , Jojic Nebojsa , Scherer Stephen W. , Blencowe Benjamin J. , Frey Brendan J.
Published: December 2014

Predicting defects in RNA splicing

Most eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are spliced to remove introns. Splicing generates uninterrupted open reading frames that can be translated into proteins. Splicing is often highly regulated, generating alternative spliced forms that code for variant proteins in different tissues. RNA-binding proteins that bind specific sequences in the mRNA regulate splicing. Xiong
et al.
develop a computational model that predicts splicing regulation for any mRNA sequence (see the Perspective by Guigó and Valcárcel). They use this to analyze more than half a million mRNA splicing sequence variants in the human genome. They are able to identify thousands of known disease-causing mutations, as well as many new disease candidates, including 17 new autism-linked genes.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.1254806
; see also p.
124
For pediatric glioma, leave no histone unturned
Authors: Becher Oren J. , Wechsler-Reya Robert J.
Published: December 2014

Examining histone mutations points to possible therapies for a lethal brain tumor

[Also see Report by

Funato
et al.

]
Complete Genome Sequence of the Larval Shellfish Pathogen Vibrio tubiashii Type Strain ATCC 19109
Authors: Richards Gary P. , Needleman David S. , Watson Michael A. , Bono James L.
Published: December 2014

Vibrio tubiashii
is a larval shellfish pathogen. Here, we report the first closed genome sequence for this species (ATCC type strain 19109), which consists of two chromosomes (3,294,490 and 1,766,582 bp), two megaplasmids (251,408 and 122,808 bp), and two plasmids (57,076 and 47,973 bp).
Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Septic Patients
Authors: Dunitz Madison I. , Coil David A. , Jospin Guillaume , Eisen Jonathan A. , Adams Jason Y.
Published: December 2014

We present the draft genome sequences of six strains of
Escherichia coli
isolated from blood cultures collected from patients with sepsis. The strains were collected from two patient sets, those with a high severity of illness, and those with a low severity of illness. Each genome was sequenced by both Illumina and PacBio for comparison.
Genome Sequence of Torovirus Identified from a Pig with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus from the United States
Authors: Anbalagan Srivishnupriya , Peterson Jessica , Wassman Brent , Elston Josh , Schwartz Karen
Published: December 2014

Porcine torovirus (PToV) strain PToV-NPL/2013 was identified from a pig that tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The spike protein-encoding gene from PToV-NPL/2013 had 92% identity with PToV-SH1, suggesting that PToV circulating in the United States is slightly different from the isolates circulating in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PToV in the United States.
Draft Genome Sequence of New Bacillus cereus Strain tsu1
Authors: Li Hui , Zhou Suping , Johnson Terrance , Vercruysse Koen , Ropelewski Alexander J. , Thannhauser Theodore W.
Published: December 2014

This paper reports the draft genome sequence of new
Bacillus cereus
strain tsu1, isolated on an agar-cellulose plate. The draft genome sequence is 5.81 Mb, revealing 5,673 coding sequences. It contains genes for cellulose-degradation and biosynthesis pathways of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and 8 rRNA genes (5S, 16S, and 23S).
Full-Genome Sequence of a Reassortant H1N2 Influenza A Virus Isolated from Pigs in Brazil
Authors: Schmidt Candice , Cibulski Samuel Paulo , Muterle Varela Ana Paula , Mengue Scheffer Camila , Wendlant Adrieli , Quoos Mayer Fabiana , Lopes de Almeida Laura , Franco Ana Cláudia , Roehe Paulo Michel
Published: December 2014

In this study, the full-genome sequence of a reassortant H1N2 swine influenza virus is reported. The isolate has the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from human lineage (H1-δ cluster and N2), and the internal genes (polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase acidic [PA], nucleoprotein [NP], matrix [M], and nonstructural [NS]) are derived from human 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) virus.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Organophosphorus Compound-Degrading Burkholderia zhejiangensis Strain CEIB S4-3
Authors: Hernández-Mendoza Armando , Martínez-Ocampo Fernando , Lozano-Aguirre Beltrán Luis Fernando , Popoca-Ursino Elida Carolina , Ortiz-Hernández Laura , Sánchez-Salinas Enrique , Dantán-González Edgar
Published: December 2014

Burkholderia
species are widely distributed in the environment. A
Burkholderia zhejiangensis
strain was isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil from an agricultural field in Mexico and identified as an organophosphorus compound-degrading bacterium. In this study, we report the draft genome sequence of
Burkholderia zhejiangensis
strain CEIB S4-3.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var.
boulardii
Strain ATCC MYA-796
Authors: Batista T. M. , Marques E. T. A. , Franco G. R. , Douradinha B.
Published: December 2014

Saccharomyces boulardii
is the only yeast approved as a probiotic for human consumption. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the strain ATCC MYA-796, derived from the French Ultra Levure probiotic drug. The genome has a size of 11.6 Mb with 5,305 putative open reading frames predicted.
Primary pulmonary lymphoma in a patient with advanced AIDS
Authors: Shahani Lokesh , McKenna Megan
Published: December 2014

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is an AIDS defining lesion and risk of NHL most likely correlates with the degree of immunosuppression from HIV. Risk of NHL is highest among patients with CD4 count <50 cells/mL. Primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) is an infrequent cause of AIDS-related lymphoma. The authors report a patient with advanced AIDS presenting with recurrent fever and pulmonary nodule seen on the CT scan. The patient remained febrile despite being on broad spectrum antibiotics with no clear source of infection. The patient underwent a bronchoscopy with biopsy of the pulmonary lesion which was most consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was started on dose-adjusted etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and prednisone (EPOCH) and was noted to be afebrile and a repeat CT scan few weeks later showed resolution of her pulmonary nodule. This case highlights the importance of considering NHL in patients with advanced AIDS presenting with pulmonary nodule and fever.
Varicella zoster virus encephalomyelitis as a late complication following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Shahani Lokesh
Published: December 2014

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the primary infection manifesting as varicella or chickenpox, with possibility of reactivation later in life. A 71-year-old man presented with headache and lower extremity weakness. There was no evidence of skin lesions to suggest a recent zoster infection. The patient had a history of multiple myeloma diagnosed 2 years earlier, treated with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was discontinued 12 months after the transplant. MRI of the brain demonstrated areas of T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity in bilateral cerebral white matter and MRI of the spine demonstrated enhancement along the cauda equine. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed lymphocytic pleocytosis and VZV DNA was detected by PCR in the CSF. The patient was treated with 8 weeks of antiviral therapy with complete resolution of symptoms. VZV should be considered in patients with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation presenting with similar neurological manifestations even in the absence of dermatological signs.
Prescribing of antipsychotics in UK primary care: a cohort study
Authors: Marston Louise , Nazareth Irwin , Petersen Irene , Walters Kate , Osborn David P J
Published: December 2014

Objective

To examine the recorded indication for antipsychotic prescriptions in UK primary care.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Primary care.

Participants

Individuals prescribed antipsychotics between 2007 and 2011.

Measures

The proportion of individuals prescribed antipsychotics with a diagnosis of (1) psychosis and bipolar disorder, (2) other diagnoses including depression, anxiety and dementia and (3) none of these diagnoses.

Results

We identified 47 724 individuals prescribed antipsychotic agents. 13 941 received first-generation agents and 27 966 received second-generation agents. The rates of prescribing were higher in females (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.092 (95% CI 1.088 to 1.095), older people (80+ vs 40–49; IRR 2.234 (2.222 to 2.246)) and in those from the most deprived areas (most deprived vs least deprived IRR 3.487 (3.567 to 3.606). Of those receiving first-generation antipsychotics, less than 50% had a diagnosis of psychosis/bipolar disorder. For the second-generation agents, the numbers ranged from 4824 (36%) for quetiapine to 7094 (62%) for olanzapine. In patients without psychosis/bipolar disorder, common diagnoses included anxiety, depression, dementia, sleep and personality disorders. For example, in risperidone users, 14% had an anxiety code, 22% depression, 12% dementia, 11% sleep disorder and 4% personality disorder. The median daily doses and duration of treatment were greater in those with schizophrenia (eg, risperidone median daily dose 4 mg; IQR 2–6: median duration 1.2 years) than in those with non-psychotic/bipolar disorders such as depression or anxiety (eg, risperidone 1 mg; IQR 1–2: 0.6 years). A relatively large proportion (between 6% and 17%) of people receiving individual antipsychotics had none of the diagnoses stated above.

Conclusions

In UK primary care, a large proportion of people prescribed antipsychotics have no record of psychotic or bipolar disorder. They are often older people with conditions including dementia, non-psychotic depression, anxiety and sleep disorders.
Age before acuity: the drivers of demand for emergency department services in the Greater Sydney Area
Authors: Dinh Michael M , Bein Kendall J , Latt Mark , Chalkley Dane , Muscatello David
Published: December 2014

Objective

To contrast long-term population-based trends in general practice (GP) presentations and acute inpatient admissions from the emergency department (ED) in the elderly population within the Greater Sydney Area.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of population-based ED presentation data over 11 years, between January 2001 and December 2011, conducted within the Greater Sydney Area in Australia. De-identified data were obtained from the New South Wales Emergency Department Data Collection database on all patients presenting to 30 public hospital EDs located within the Greater Sydney Area. The outcomes of interest were GP presentations to ED (triage category 4 or 5, self-referred and discharged from ED) and of acute inpatient admissions from ED per 1000 population.

Results

Over 11 million presentations were identified. Around 40% of presentations were classified as a GP presentation and 23% were classified as acute inpatient admissions. There was a 2.9% per annum increase in acute inpatient admissions per 1000 population in those ≥80 years of age and no appreciable change in other age groups. Rates of GP presentations were higher in those <65 years of age. GP presentations increased 1.9% per annum in those aged <65 years of age.

Conclusions

The increase in ED demand appears to be driven by the elderly presenting with acute problems requiring inpatient admission. There has been a modest increase in the rate of GP presentations to ED.
PTSD, stigma and barriers to help-seeking within the UK Armed Forces
Authors: Murphy Dominic , Busuttil Walter
Published: December 2014

Among the general public, much is known about the longer-term consequences of not seeking support for mental health difficulties. However, within military populations, and in particular, the UK Armed Forces, less is known. Understanding the factors that present barriers for UK service personnel with mental health difficulties accessing support is important because this may provide a means for support personnel to seek help sooner. This paper explores the literature relating to the impact of untreated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel, attempts to draw conclusions about the barriers that may prevent personnel seeking help and the efficacy of previous interventions to address these. Stigma has been highlighted as the key barrier to help-seeking behaviours, in particular, internal stigma, which can be classified as negative beliefs about the self that an individual may hold as a result of experiencing symptoms of PTSD.
Chewing gum increases energy expenditure before and after controlled breakfasts
Authors: Kresge Daniel L. , Melanson Kathleen
Published: December 2014

Chewing has been associated with improved satiation and satiety, but little is known about the metabolic impact of gum chewing. We tested the hypothesis that gum chewing would increase energy expenditure (EE) and reduce respiratory exchange ratio (RER) before and after a controlled test meal. Seventeen males and 13 females (age 21.5 ± 6.6 years, body mass index 23.9 ± 2.8 kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover study in which subjects chewed sugar-free gum for a total of 1 h (3 sessions of 20 min) on the test day (GC) and did not chew gum on a control day (NG). EE and RER were measured by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast. Subjects consumed a breakfast shake containing 30% of their measured energy needs, and then postprandial EE and RER were measured for 3 h. Blood glucose (GLC) was measured in the fasting and postprandial states at regular intervals. Fasting EE was higher during GC (1.23 ± 0.04 kcal/min; 1 kcal = 4.2 kJ) than during NG (1.17 ± 0.04 kcal/min; p = 0.016). Postprandial EE was also higher during GC (1.46 ± 0.05 kcal/min) than during NG (1.42 ± 0.05 kcal/min; p = 0.037). Fasting and postprandial RER and GLC did not differ between GC and NG. The findings demonstrate that GC is associated with higher fasting and postprandial EE without altering blood glucose or substrate oxidation as measured by RER. These data suggest that gum chewing potentially could influence short-term energy balance in this population; however, longer-term research is needed.
Influence of maternal overnutrition and gestational diabetes on the programming of metabolic health outcomes in the offspring: experimental evidence
Authors: Pereira Troy J. , Moyce Brittany L. , Kereliuk Stephanie M. , Dolinsky Vernon W.
Published: December 2014

The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have risen across the world during the past few decades and has also reached an alarming level among children. In addition, women are currently more likely than ever to enter pregnancy obese. As a result, the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus is also on the rise. While diet and lifestyle contribute to these trends, population health data show that maternal obesity and diabetes during pregnancy during critical stages of development are major factors that contribute to the development of chronic disease in adolescent and adult offspring. Fetal programming of metabolic function, through physiological and (or) epigenetic mechanisms, may also have an intergenerational effect, and as a result may perpetuate metabolic disorders in the next generation. In this review, we summarize the existing literature that characterizes how maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in the offspring. In particular, we focus on animal studies that investigate the molecular mechanisms that are programmed by the gestational environment and lead to disease phenotypes in the offspring. We also review interventional studies that prevent disease with a developmental origin in the offspring.
The finite embeddability property for noncommutative knotted extensions of RL
Authors: Cardona R. , Galatos N.
Published: December 2014

The finite embeddability property (FEP) for knotted extensions of residuated lattices holds under the assumption of commutativity, but fails in the general case. We identify weaker forms of the commutativity identity which ensure that the FEP holds. The results have applications outside of order algebra to non-classical logic, establishing the strong finite model property (SFMP) and the decidability for deductions, as well as to mathematical linguistics and automata theory, providing new conditions for recognizability of languages. Our proofs make use of residuated frames, developed in the context of algebraic proof theory.
Magnetostriction and Field Stiffening of Magneto-Active Elastomers
Authors: Han Yi , Mohla Akshi , Huang Xiao , Hong Wei , Faidley Leann E.
Published: December 2014

Filled with certain amount of magnetic particles, an elastomer can be made magneto active for numerous applications. When a magneto-active elastomer (MAE) is subject to a homogeneous magnetic field, both magnetostriction and field-stiffening effect can be observed. Inspired by experimental observations and microstructure simulations in the literature, this paper presents a simplified phenomenological model for MAEs by considering a uniaxial deformation state. The model hypothesizes the field-stiffening effect to be a direct consequence of the inverse magnetostriction, i.e., the strain-dependent magnetization, in the context of finite deformation. By taking the elastic energy to be independent of magnetic field and the magnetization energy to be strain dependent, the model can capture both magnetostriction and field stiffening of an MAE. The functional form of the strain-dependent magnetization energy is determined by the underlying microstructure. MAEs with different microstructures exhibit different magnetostriction and field-stiffening behaviors. To predict the behavior of a specific MAE, one only needs to measure the effective permeability of an MAE as a function of the axial strain. The mathematical simplicity of the model could enable simulation and optimization of MAE-based devices under complex loading conditions.
Multiple Inhomogeneous Inclusions and Cracks in a Half Space Under Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Contact
Authors: Dong Qingbing , Zhou Kun
Published: December 2014

A semi-analytic solution is presented for multiple inhomogeneous inclusions and cracks in a half-space under elastohydrodynamic lubrication contact. In formulating the governing equations, each inhomogeneous inclusion embedded under the contacting surfaces is modeled as a homogeneous inclusion with initial eigenstrains plus unknown equivalent eigenstrains by employing Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method, while each crack of mixed modes I and II is treated as a distribution of climb and glide dislocations with unknown densities according to the dislocation distribution technique. Such a treatment converts the problem into a homogeneous lubricated contact with disturbed deformation due to the inclusions and cracks. The unknowns in the governing equations are integrated by a numerical algorithm and determined iteratively by utilizing a modified conjugate gradient method. The iterative process is performed until the convergence of the half-space surface displacements, which involve the displacements due to the inhomogeneous inclusions and cracks as well as the fluid pressure. Samples are presented to demonstrate the generality of the solution.
Effect of Defect on the Compressive Response of Sandwich Structures with Carbon Fiber Pyramidal Truss Cores
Authors: Chen Mingji , Zhu Xiaolei , Lei Hongshuai , Chen Haosen , Fang Daining
Published: December 2014

In the present study, the defect was introduced in the form of missing strut for the individual cell. The effect of defect on the compressive response of carbon-fiber pyramidal truss cores sandwich panel was investigated through experimental and theoretical methods. A series of sandwich panel sample with or without defect was fabricated, and compressive tests were performed at ambient temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted on the samples to evaluate the carbon-fiber distribution and failure mode. A revised theoretical model was proposed to predict the effect of defect considering the strut bending and shear behavior. Our results revealed that the compressive moduli of sandwich panel decrease linearly with the fraction of missing struts. Comparing with open-cell foams and honeycombs, the pyramidal truss has better defect tolerance. The theoretical result calculated by the proposed model was in general agreement with experimental result.
Nonlinear Vibration and Multimodal Interaction Analysis of Transmission Line with Thin Ice Accretions
Authors: Liu Xijun , Huo Bing
Published: December 2014

A study of multimodal galloping is carried out on an iced transmission line with thin ice accretions. The partial differential governing equations of iced transmission line are established to describe the nonlinear interactions between the in-plane, out-of-plane and torsional vibration, in which geometrical and aerodynamic nonlinearities are considered. The transformation of modal galloping with the continuous variations of parameters and modal interactions are analyzed based on the reduced model obtained by employing Galerkin spatial discretization. Eigenvalue analysis is applied on linear system to determine the switch of different modal galloping in plane U -l, where Hopf bifurcation occurs and mono-modal, bi-modal and multi-modal galloping are observed. Various numerical procedures are implemented to capture the outstanding nonlinear dynamic features of every regional galloping in plane U -l. Internal resonance is observed and investigated to interpret the phenomenon of modal transition which is also analyzed by accounting for the influence of initial conditions on galloping with either symmetric or anti-symmetric modes.
A General Visco-Hyperelastic Model for Dielectric Elastomers and Its Efficient Simulation Based on Complex Frequency Representation
Authors: Wang Yongquan , Chen Hualing , Wang Yanjie , Li Dichen
Published: December 2014

A general visco-hyperelastic model for dielectric elastomers (DE) is presented in this paper, derived from the Quasi-Linear Viscoelastic (QLV) framework. To gain a physical insight into the time-dependent constitutive relation and solve it efficiently, a complex frequency representation of the convolution integral equation, with the legible form of block-scheme, is specifically constructed, in which the viscoelastic stress is interpreted considering the instantaneous response (depicted by Yeoh strain energy potential) as a signal filtered by a linear system (superposition of characteristic modes of the time relaxation function, i.e., Prony series). By incorporating the effects of electrostatic pressure, the model is further extended to the electromechanical coupling state, which can be expediently implemented by the general software, MATLAB/Simulink. Comparisons of the theoretical predictions from the proposed model with the experimental results previously reported (for VHB elastomers) show good agreements over a wide range of stretch rates (from 10-4 to ~ 1 s-1), whether the membrane is only subjected to large mechanical deformations, or undergoes electric loads simultaneously.
Short and Long Wave Peristaltic Flow: Modeling and Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Fusi Lorenzo , Farina Angiolo , Fasano Antonio
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the peristaltic flow of a Newtonian fluid in an axisymmetric channel with small aspect ratio. In particular, we study the effects of the wave length of the wall oscillation distinguishing between long wave length (same order of the vessel's length) and short wave length (same order of the vessel's radius). We prove that the oscillation produces flow even in the absence of a pressure gradient in case of long wave. In case of short wave length, peristalsis does not affect the flow. We also prove that, in both cases, the tube resistance increases as the oscillation amplitude increases.
Regional variation in Cretaceous mudstone compaction trends across Haltenbanken, offshore mid-Norway
Authors: Cicchino A. M. P. , Sargent C. , Goulty N. R. , Ramdhan A. M.
Published: December 2014

Knowledge of compaction behaviour underpins basin modelling and pore-pressure estimation for drilling wells. Mudstones of the Cretaceous Lange and Kvitnos formations at Haltenbanken are diagenetically mature and overpressured with a pressure–depth profile that shows little lateral variation. From density logs, we made the unexpected discovery that porosities vary by a factor of two at depths of around 2700 m below seafloor, with greater porosities in the west, so we investigated possible causes for the variation. Exhumation cannot be the cause because the Cretaceous mudstones are presently at their maximum burial depths across most of the area. Nor are lateral variations in geothermal gradient high enough for diagenesis to be responsible for the lateral porosity differences. X-ray diffraction and grain-size analyses were conducted on cuttings but no significant lithological variations were found. We infer that the lateral differences in compaction trends developed because porewater escape was more inhibited in the west during recent rapid burial by glaciogenic sediments. Associated lateral variations in overpressure may subsequently have decayed. The novel finding in this study is that diagenetically mature mudstones at Haltenbanken display large lateral variations in porosity that cannot be attributed to lateral differences in overpressure, exhumation, temperature or lithology.
Efficient Analysis of Probabilistic Programs with an Unbounded Counter
Authors: Brázdil Tomás , Kiefer Stefan , Kŭcera Antonín
Published: December 2014

We show that a subclass of infinite-state probabilistic programs that can be modeled by probabilistic one-counter automata (pOC) admits an efficient quantitative analysis. We start by establishing a powerful link between pOC and martingale theory, which leads to fundamental observations about quantitative properties of runs in pOC. In particular, we provide a “divergence gap theorem”, which bounds a positive non-termination probability in pOC away from zero. Using these observations, we show that the expected termination time can be approximated up to an arbitrarily small relative error in polynomial time, and the same holds for the probability of all runs that satisfy a given ω-regular property encoded by a deterministic Rabin automaton.
SKIP
+
Authors: Jacob Riko , Richa Andrea , Scheideler Christian , Schmid Stefan , Täubig Hanjo
Published: December 2014

Peer-to-peer systems rely on a scalable overlay network that enables efficient routing between its members. Hypercubic topologies facilitate such operations while each node only needs to connect to a small number of other nodes. In contrast to static communication networks, peer-to-peer networks allow nodes to adapt their neighbor set over time in order to react to join and leave events and failures. This article shows how to maintain such networks in a robust manner. Concretely, we present a distributed and self-stabilizing algorithm that constructs a (slightly extended) skip graph, SKIP
+
, in polylogarithmic time from
any given
initial state in which the overlay network is still weakly connected. This is an exponential improvement compared to previously known self-stabilizing algorithms for overlay networks. In addition, our algorithm handles individual joins and leaves locally and efficiently.
Multiway Spectral Partitioning and Higher-Order Cheeger Inequalities
Authors: Lee James R. , Gharan Shayan Oveis , Trevisan Luca
Published: December 2014

A basic fact in spectral graph theory is that the number of connected components in an undirected graph is equal to the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in the Laplacian matrix of the graph. In particular, the graph is disconnected if and only if there are at least two eigenvalues equal to zero. Cheeger's inequality and its variants provide an approximate version of the latter fact; they state that a graph has a sparse cut if and only if there are at least two eigenvalues that are close to zero.

It has been conjectured that an analogous characterization holds for higher multiplicities: There are
k
eigenvalues close to zero if and only if the vertex set can be partitioned into
k
subsets, each defining a sparse cut. We resolve this conjecture positively. Our result provides a theoretical justification for clustering algorithms that use the bottom
k
eigenvectors to embed the vertices into R

k

, and then apply geometric considerations to the embedding.

We also show that these techniques yield a nearly optimal quantitative connection between the expansion of sets of size ≈
n
/
k
and λ

k

, the
k
th smallest eigenvalue of the normalized Laplacian, where
n
is the number of vertices. In particular, we show that in every graph there are at least
k
/2 disjoint sets (one of which will have size at most 2
n
/
k
), each having expansion at most
O
(√λ

k

log
k
). Louis, Raghavendra, Tetali, and Vempala have independently proved a slightly weaker version of this last result. The √log
k
bound is tight, up to constant factors, for the “noisy hypercube” graphs.
Privacy Aware Learning
Authors: Duchi John C. , Jordan Michael I. , Wainwright Martin J.
Published: December 2014

We study statistical risk minimization problems under a privacy model in which the data is kept confidential even from the learner. In this local privacy framework, we establish sharp upper and lower bounds on the convergence rates of statistical estimation procedures. As a consequence, we exhibit a precise tradeoff between the amount of privacy the data preserves and the utility, as measured by convergence rate, of any statistical estimator or learning procedure.
A New Approach to Image Sharing with High-Security Threshold Structure
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Yuan Qizhao , Cai Hongliang , Fang Jiajia
Published: December 2014

Image sharing is an attractive research subject in computer image techniques and in the information security field. This article presents a novel scheme of image sharing with a (
t
,
n
) high-security threshold structure. The scheme can encode secret images into
n
shadow images in such a way that all the shadow images are in a
perfect
and
ideal
(
t
,
n
) threshold structure, while each shadow image has its own visual content assigned at random. The most common method to implement image sharing is based on interpolation polynomial over the field F
p
={0, 1, 2,…,
p
-1} [Shamir 1979]. In this article, the authors present a new approach to image sharing and its computation based on algebraic-geometry code over the pixel value field GF(2

m

).
Closing Statement: Reflections on a singularity symposium
Authors: Andersen Espen
Published: December 2014

The debate about computers and intelligence must go on - we have more to learn, and more people need to convert their strong opinions to measured arguments. There is no reason to panic, however.
A Commitment-Based Infrastructure for Programming Socio-Technical Systems
Authors: Baldoni Matteo , Baroglio Cristina , Capuzzimati Federico
Published: December 2014

Socio-Technical Systems demand an evolution of computing into social computing, with a transition from an individualistic to a societal view. As such, they seem particularly suitable to realize multiparty, cross-organizational systems. Multi-Agent Systems are a natural candidate to realize Socio-Technical Systems. However, while Socio-Technical Systems envisage an explicit layer that contains the regulations that all parties must respect in their interaction, and thus preserve the agents' autonomy, current frameworks and platforms require to hard-code the coordination requirements inside the agents. We propose to explicitly represent the missing layer of Socio-Technical Systems in terms of social relationships among the involved parties, that is, in terms of a set of normatively defined relationships among two or more parties, subject to social control by monitoring the observable behaviour. In our proposal, social relationships are resources, available to agents, who use them in their practical reasoning. Both agents and social relationships are first-class entities of the model. The work also describes 2COMM4JADE, a framework that realizes the proposal by extending the well-known JADE and CArtAgO. The impact of the approach on programming is explained both conceptually and with the help of an example.
Revealing the City That We Cannot See
Authors: Silva Thiago H. , Vaz de Melo Pedro O. S. , Almeida Jussara M. , Salles Juliana , Loureiro Antonio A. F.
Published: December 2014

We here investigate the potential of participatory sensor networks derived from location sharing systems, such as Foursquare, to understand the human dynamics of cities. We propose the City Image visualization technique, which builds a transition graph mapping people's movements between location categories, and demonstrate its use to identify similarities and differences of human dynamics across cities by clustering cities according to their citizens' routines. We also analyze centrality metrics of the transition graphs built for different cities, considering transitions between specific venues. We show that these metrics complement the City Image technique, contributing to a deeper understanding of city dynamics.