bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Temperature, Humidity and Additives on the Formation of Biogenic Amines in Sucuk during Ripening and Storage Periods
Authors: Bozkurt H. , Erkmen O.
Published: April 2004

The effects of temperature (20, 30 and 40 C), humidity (50, 65 and 80% RH) and additives on the formation of biogenic amines (tryptamine, -phenyl ethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, 1,7-diamino heptane, serotonin, tyramine, spermidine and spermine) in sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage) were studied during ripening and storage periods. Cadaverine was not detected in any sausage. Tryptamine, -phenyl ethylamine, 1,7-diamino heptane, serotonin, spermidine and spermine were the minor biogenic amines found in sucuk. The formation of tryptamine, -phenyl ethylamine, histamine, 1,7-diamino heptane and spermidine were affected significantly (P<0.05) by temperature and% RH during the storage. Preservatives had also a significant effect (P<0.05) on the formation of biogenic amines. The lowest putrescine formation was observed in sucuk type containing the highest amount of additives after 60 days of storage, whereas the highest putrescine formation was obtained in the control sucuk made without additives. Histamine concentration ranged from 0.0 to 242.2 mg/kg and 0.0 to 135.8 mg/kg during ripening and storage periods, respectively. In general, tryptamine formation increased during ripening and decreased during the storage periods. Temperature and% RH of the storage might be used as hurdle factors to control the formation of biogenic amines in sucuk.
Regulation of 1-MCP-Treated Banana Fruit Quality by Exogenous Ethylene and Temperature
Authors: Jiang W. , Zhang M. , He J. , Zhou L.
Published: April 2004

Ripe green banana (Musa sp., AAA group, cv. Zhonggang) fruits treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) significantly delayed the peaks of respiration rate and ethylene production but did not reduce the peak height. Mature banana fruits were also treated with 1-MCP for 24 h at 20 C and then exposed to 50 mL/L ethylene or stored at different temperatures to analyse the effects of external added ethylene. Reductions in firmness, titratable acidity (TA) and starch content (SC) of banana fruits were remarkably delayed by 1-MCP treatment. 1-MCP treatment also delayed the increase of total soluble sugar (TSS) and soluble pectin (SP) contents. Soluble solids (SS) content in the 1-MCP-treated fruit remained almost unchanged during the first 10 days of storage at 20 C. No significant differences in TA, TSS, SP and SS levels were observed between the fruit treated with 1-MCP alone and the fruit treated with 1-MCP plus ethylene. The 1-MCP effects on all the parameters related to banana ripening were enhanced by low temperature storage and reduced by high temperature storage.
The Role of the Educator in the Home Health Agency
Authors: Rea Karen
Published: April 2004

The current home health environment requires staff to be organized, efficient, and cognizant of the complex regulations guiding patient care. The home health practice arena is markedly different from other practice settings, and staff new to the setting must learn many new skills to be successful. In light of the nursing shortage and decreased reimbursement for home health services, it is in the best interest of an agency to provide the resources to ensure staff success and retention. Working with other members of the management team, the educator facilitates the initial and continued development of knowledge on which effective home health practice is based. This article examines the role of the educator in three major areas: orientation, in-service education, and continuing education.
Credentialing for Home Health Care Leadership in the 21St Century
Authors: Barnette Marcie L.
Published: April 2004

Home health care has undergone the most significant change since the enactment of Medicare in 1965 with the implementation of the prospective payment system of reimbursement. This change has demanded that home health care reinvent itself with increased emphasis on quality and values and ethics in leadership. Credentialing is one way that organizations can demonstrate their commitment to quality leadership to the community and specifically to the consumer. This article will provide an overview of the credentialing opportunities available for the organization, home care clinicians, and administrators, executives, and managers.
Disaster Planning Education for Home Care Nurses, Patients, and Caregivers
Authors: Mailey Sharon K.
Published: April 2004

Home health nurses are at the forefront of protecting noninstitutionalized nursing patients and their caregivers from disasters. The September 11 terrorist attack on our nation magnifies the uncertainty of our lives and the need to be prepared through disaster planning education. Disasters—large or small, natural or man-made— can strike anywhere and anytime. The Neal Theory of Home Health Nursing posits that home health nurses progress through three stages (dependence, moderate dependence, and autonomy) as they spend time in home health nursing, adapting, gaining experience, and confidence. Neal’s Theory can be applied to preparation for disasters that could confront home health nurses, providing the framework for planning, training, and oversight that the home health agency can use to ensure that the home health nurse is prepared. The role of collaborator is a cumulative result of the progression through Neal’s three stages and positions the home health nurse to influence strategic disaster planning and education within the agency, community, state, and federal policy levels.
Preparing Student Nurses to Provide Home Care for Children with Disabilities: A Strengths-Based Approach
Authors: Guillett Sharron E.
Published: April 2004

Children with chronic illnesses and disability are surviving prematurity, trauma, and congenital disorders once thought to be fatal and are becoming a larger part of core nursing practice. Increasingly, these children are being cared for in their homes. However, traditional nursing educational programs do not offer courses in the management of children with chronic conditions, nor do they provide clinical experiences in home settings. This article discusses the need for courses that increase awareness, sensitivity, and knowledge about children and families with special needs and suggests a family-centered approach for preparing nursing students to provide home care for children with disabilities that focuses on the strengths and abilities of the children and their families to manage their own situations. Students are encouraged to “think S for success”— symptoms, safety, sequellae, strengths, and satisfaction. These five Ss provide an easy system for remembering what is important in chronic care management.
Getting Ready for the Software in Your Future
Authors: Rosebaugh David L.
Published: April 2004

Recent changes in the home care industry such as the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS), the Prospective Payment System (PPS), and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) have provided an increased impetus for purchasing automated clinical information systems. HIPAA-2 will only increase the automation trend during the next several years. To thrive, a home care agency must see automation as an opportunity, not a cost, and as a promise, not a peril. Getting ready for automation means learning how to choose the right software, successfully implementing the software, and correctly using the software after implementation.
The News on Health Behavior: Coverage of Diet, Activity, and Tobacco in Local Newspapers
Authors: Caburnay Charlene A. , Kreuter Matthew W. , Luke Douglas A. , Logan Robert A. , Jacobsen Heather A. , Reddy Vinay C. , Vempaty Anitha R. , Zayed Hythem R.
Published: April 2004

News media are an important and influential part of the social environment, calling attention to certain issues by the amount and nature of their coverage. To better understand howhealth behaviors are covered, we examined more than 80, 000 stories in 1, 354 newspaper issues from four midsize Missouri communities. Health behavior stories were rare. Of 1, 373 stories (1. 7%) that addressed diet, physical activity, or tobacco, few were prominently located in the paper, and only half had a primary prevention focus. A large majority had no local angle, local quotes, or call to action for individuals or the community, and only 10% were generated by local reporters. Because the local newspaper can be especially influential in smaller communities, strategies are needed to help reporters and editors in these settings provide more and better coverage of health behavior-related stories.
Mechanisms of Power Within a Community-Based Food Security Planning Process
Authors: McCullum Christine , Pelletier David , Barr Donald , Wilkins Jennifer , Habicht Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2004

A community food security movement has begun to address problems of hunger and food insecurity by uti-lizing a community-basedapproach.Althoughvarious models have been implemented,little empirical researchhasassessed howpoweroperateswithincommunity-basedfoodsecurityinitiatives.Thepurposeofthisresearchwas to determine how power influenced participation in decision-making, agenda setting, and the shaping ofperceived needs within a community-based food security planning process, with particular reference to disen-franchised stakeholders. Power influenced participation in decision-making, agenda setting, and the shaping ofperceived needs through managing 1) problem framing, 2) trust, 3) knowledge, and 4) consent. To overcomethese mechanismsof power, practitionersneed to address individual-,community-,and institutional-level barri-ers to participation in community-based food security planning processes. Practitioners and researchers canwork with disenfranchised groups to determine which agents have the power to create desired changes by utiliz-ing theory-based methods and strategies that focus on changing external determinants at multiple levels.
Qualitative Sample Extensiveness in Health Education Research
Authors: Safman Rachel M. , Sobal Jeffery
Published: April 2004

The use of qualitative methods is increasing in the health education literature, and there is need for more information on these methods and their use. This investigation looks at qualitative sampling practices as reported in the 93 qualitative or mixed-method studies published in Health Education & Behavior from 1980 to 2000. It focuses particularly on the extensiveness of sampling in this research (i.e., the volume and diversity of information collected about the phenomenon of interest). Among these studies, individual interviews averaged 104 ± 134 informants(range 2 to 720) and 92 ± 39 minutes. Focused group interviews averaged 10 groups (range 1 to 40) and 90 ± 25 minutes. Observational studies usually occurred in multiple sites and involved approximately 16 to 24 months of fieldwork. Document analysis extensiveness varied considerably on a variety of indicators. Future qualitative research would benefit from more complete consideration and fuller reporting of sample extensiveness.
Stages of Change for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Deprived Neighborhoods
Authors: Kloek Gitte C. , van Lenthe Frank J. , van Nierop Peter W. M. , Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: April 2004

This article describes the association of external and psychosocial factors on the stages of change for fruit and vegetable consumption, among 2,781 inhabitants, aged 18 to 65 years, in deprived neighborhoods (response rate 60%). To identify correlates of forward stage transition, an ordinal logistic regression model, the Threshold of Change Model (TCM), was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that men, those from Dutch origin, those with (rather) low health locus of control, those displaying risk behaviors, and those without knowledge of dietary guidelines were less likely to move from one stage to another and therefore were more likely to be in a lower stage-of-change category. The results make it possible to distinguish target groups, which should receive more attention in future health promotion campaigns, and to identify factors to be addressed in those programs.
School-Based Approaches to Affect Adolescents’ Diets: Results From the TEENS Study
Authors: Lytle Leslie A. , Murray David M. , Perry Cheryl L. , Story Mary , Birnbaum Amanda S. , Kubik Martha Y. , Varnell Sherri
Published: April 2004

This article reports on the outcomes of the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School (TEENS) study, a 2-year intervention study conducted in 16 middle schools with a goal of increasing students’ intakes of fruits, vegetables, and lower fat foods. Despite positive interim results for students randomized to intervention schools, the positive effects of the intervention were not seen for the primary outcomes at the end of the 2nd year. Positive effects were seen only for a food choice score (suggesting that the students usually choose lower versus higher fat foods) and not for measures of food intake. Future studies may need to take a step back toward more controlled efficacy studies in working with this age-group. In addition, future work may consider the use of peer leaders, more intensive teacher training, ongoing formative assessment, and the testing of more powerful environmental change intervention strategies.
Spiral: A Generator for Platform-Adapted Libraries of Signal Processing Alogorithms
Authors: Püschel Markus , Moura José M. F. , Singer Bryan , Xiong Jianxin , Johnson Jeremy , Padua David , Veloso Manuela , Johnson Robert W.
Published: April 2004

SPIRAL is a generator for libraries of fast software implementations of linear signal processing transforms. These libraries are adapted to the computing platform and can be re-optimized as the hardware is upgraded or replaced. This paper describes the main components of SPIRAL: the mathematical framework that concisely describes signal transforms and their fast algorithms; the formula generator that captures at the algorithmic level the degrees of freedom in expressing a particular signal processing transform; the formula translator that encapsulates the compilation degrees of freedom when translating a specific algorithm into an actual code implementation; and, finally, an intelligent search engine that finds within the large space of alternative formulas and implementations the “best” match to the given computing platform. We present empirical data that demonstrate the high performance of SPIRAL generated code.
Free Vibration Analysis of Curved Sandwich Beams
Authors: Bozhevolnaya Elena , Sun J. Q.
Published: April 2004

A study of free vibrations of singly curved sandwich beams is presented. The model takes into consideration both radial and circumferential displacements of the beam core with the assumption of linear distribution across the thickness. The faces of the sandwich are treated as thin beams. Linear equations of motion as well as the boundary conditions are derived with the help of calculus of variations. Verification of the model is performed via a number of asymptotic cases. It is shown that there exist four types of eigen modes. Numerical analyses of free vibrations of the simply supported and clamped beams are carried out. Effect of the curvature on the eigen modes and their frequencies is investigated. A coupling coefficient is introduced to study the dynamic coupling of different types of motions in an eigen mode.
Wrinkling and Compression Failure Transition in Sandwich Panels
Authors: Fagerberg Linus
Published: April 2004

This paper investigates the transition from face wrinkling failure to face sheet compression failure, the latter induced by local buckling at fibre level, so called face sheet microbuckling. An experimental series is performed on small sandwich panels subjected to uni-axial compression. Two different face sheet lay-ups are used in conjunction with a range of PVC core material densities. The results are compared to analytical wrinkling formulae and the correlation is found to be very good. The experimental results also clearly show the transition from wrinkling failure to face sheet microbuckling failure when the core modulus exceeds a certain value. The localised failure surfaces are inspected by microscope and some different characteristics of the failure modes are indicated.
Analytical and Experimental Study of Free Vibration Response of Soft-core Sandwich Beams
Authors: Sokolinsky Vladimir S. , Von Bremen Hubertus F. , Lavoie J. André , Nutt Steven R.
Published: April 2004

The natural frequencies and corresponding vibration modes of a cantilever sandwich beam with a soft polymer foam core are predicted using the higher-order theory for sandwich panels (HSAPT), a two-dimensional finite element analysis, and classical sandwich theory. The predictions of the higher-order theory are shown to be in good agreement with experimental measurements made with a simple experimental setup, as well as with finite element analysis. Experimental observations and analytical predictions show that the classical sandwich theory is not capable of accurately predicting the free vibration response of soft-core sandwich beams. It is shown that the vibration response of the cantilever soft-core sandwich beam consists of a group of five lower frequency shear (antisymmetric) modes that are followed by a group of four thickness-stretch (symmetric) modes. For the higher frequency range, the vibration modes alternate between groups of one-two antisymmetric and symmetric modes. For very high frequencies, interactive vibration response is observed. Experiments show that the damping properties of the foam core are manifest most noticeably in the case of thickness-stretch vibration modes, whereas the influence of damping on the anti-symmetric modes is insignificant.
Bodies at Work
Authors: Erickson Karla
Published: April 2004

Restaurants inhabit an unusual cultural space—somewhere between the public and the private. This article is a close study of the physical and social space in one American restaurant. The author traces the pathways and openings through which workers sneak and dash to get food to the table, literally rubbing elbows with the customers who demand their attention for the night.Drawing on original ethnographic research, the article examines how workers’ bodies are displayed and marked by uniforms and how workers feel about their bodies at work. Then, building on the details of this study, the author examines the kinds of interactions that take place in restaurants in connection with how ambiance is established and maintained, the public/private transgressions that occur, and the way that both workers and customers make use of the confined, but not confining, consumable space of the restaurant.
Architecture of the Body
Authors: Jones Meredith
Published: April 2004

This article offers a contribution to ongoing philosophical, sociological, and feminist debates about osmetic surgery 1 and is part of a larger project that examines the spatial and temporal aims and effects of cosmetic surgery, using media analysis and interviews with recipients and surgeons. The mother project argues that cosmetic surgery is part of a suite of anti-aging tools—medical, lifestyle, and beauty technologies— that, contrary to popular belief, do not aim to recreate youth but rather are deployed to create a new phase of life identified as the “stretched middle age.” However, this article diverts to theorize—experimentally and heuristically—about cosmetic surgery in relation to postmodern architecture. Re-reading Fredric Jameson’s 1984 piece about Los Angeles’ Westin Bonaventura Hotel while immersed in the larger project led to speculation about how his description might be adopted as an analytical template for an alternative way of approaching cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, criticisms he makes of the Bonaventura as user-unfriendly and superficial are adapted to describe cosmetic surgery as it is currently enacted. This analogy is then extended in regard to another (later) postmodern structure, Melbourne’s Federation Square.2 Analysis and description of the site are projected onto cosmetic surgery with the aim of showing that the technology has the possibility of a developmental trajectory similar to the one between the Bonaventura and Federation Square. Rather than snag on the wholly literal—which might attempt to practically describe the experiences of cosmetic surgically–altered has the potential to altered women in various postmodern spaces—this exercise is mainly speculative and metaphoric. The standpoint is intertwined with that of Kathryn Pauly Morgan, arguing that cosmetic surgery could contribute to a celebration of the fully participatory grotesque body as defined by Mary Russo. Some “extreme practitioners” of cosmetic surgery are used as examples of how it has the opportunity to progress in interesting and diverse directions, and these ideas are married with Federation Square’s aesthetics in order to imagine a future, possibly utopic, cosmetic surgery.
Home or Homelike?
Authors: Petzen Jennifer
Published: April 2004

In the past 10 years, queer Türkiyelis in Germany have become more visible in the urban queer scene by delineating institutional and extrainstitutional spaces. How do they manage and negotiate these spaces with each other and in the context of interacting with people from different—that is, non-Turkish—backgrounds? And do the ways in which these spaces are managed have the capacity to work against prejudices both in the German queer community and among the wider Türkiyeli population? Queer Türkiyelis employ strategies of space management that resist fixed ideas of identities and bounded cultures that multiculturalist discourses and the media might otherwise enforce. In place of fixed identity politics based on ethnicity and national belonging, there are, instead, spatial management strategies at work that create homelike spaces.
Backpacker Heaven
Authors: Allon Fiona
Published: April 2004

This article explores the changing cultural dynamics of “amenity-rich” touristic landscapes in Sydney, Australia, focusing on the specific group of young budget travelers known as backpackers. The article also considers the consequences of diverse mobilities, including contemporary forms of travel, for the identities and social relations of places and communities. It also addresses recent suggestions that the focus of analysis should be turned away from fixed sites (field, society, community), to instead account for the flows and connections that transcend borders and boundaries. The article also considers the differential status given to various mobilities. At a time of escalating fears around “illegal” migration (refugees and asylum seekers), the expansion of tourism trategies, particularly for independent travelers, illuminates the highly uneven nature of transnational mobilities.
Whither the Public Sphere
Authors: Davis Diane E.
Published: April 2004

This article examines the practices of urban planners in the early decades of this century as a basis for thinking about the public sphere in Mexico. It offers a general description of downtown Mexico City, its physical and social character, and the foreign and domestic reference points used to build the city in the period of revolutionary transition when competing views about downtown changed the profession of planning and the city itself. The article suggests that the existence of conflictive views of the city advanced by different planning elites impeded any real consensus on government efforts to develop downtown. This owed in no small part to the fact that the low-income, market, and trading-centered activities of downtown residents did not figure into modernist views of city planners, conservative and progressive alike. As downtown areas fell out of the urban planning picture, its populations were neglected, its physical spaces deteriorated, its social composition narrowed, and its so-called publicity became ever more circumscribed.
Living is Dangerous: Research Challenges in Social Representations
Authors: Arruda Angela
Published: April 2004

This essay includes two principal themes: firstly, conceptual and theoretical consequences of taking culture into consideration within social psychology; and, secondly, the methodological consequences of adopting a constructionist perspective. The framework of these reflections is the theory of social representations (SRT) created by Serge Moscovici. However, the methodological state of affairs of research within SRT is the same for any culturally constructed psychology. The challenges researchers have to face have to do with finding new ways for approaching our subject matter in our science. They reflect on methodology—renovation of which must not be feared.
Classifying the Body in the Second World War: British Men in and Out of Uniform
Authors: Peniston-Bird Corinna
Published: April 2004

This article argues that the imaginary and the experienced body cannot fully be understood without an appreciation of the specific historical context in which they are formed. Offering a case study of military masculinity in Britain in the Second World War, the article examines the significance of the medical examination and subsequent physical classification of potential recruits to the Armed Forces in constructions of the male body. Individual responses, drawn from oral testimonies, are examined to explore the relationship between the discursive and experienced body. These suggest the power of the social body in defining the meaning of the individual body. Nonetheless, despite the dominance of physical classification in the definition of hegemonic masculinity, individual experiences reveal that the concept and meaning of physical grading could be negotiated in ways which introduced less stable and more multiple meanings of the individual body and its relationship to the national body
Intelligence Incarnate: Martial Corporeality in the Digital Age
Authors: Dillon Michael
Published: April 2004

This article considers martial corporeality in light of the revolution in military affairs and the transformation of strategic discourse wrought by the confluence of the digital and molecular revolutions whose ontology is that of code. It deconstructs contemporary strategic desires to make the military body intelligence incarnate through mastery of code. That desire is an ancient one. The article therefore proceeds by taking military strategic discourse’s invocation of Athena seriously, and re-reads the myth of Athena in terms of a primordial war of the sign to master the undecidablity of the sign. Conflict over the sign’s un-masterable power of engendering is typically played out in sexualized terms. The will to martial corporeality as intelligence incarnate is characterized as a modern replay of this war As military embodiment pursues the intelligence incarnate offered by the information and molecular revolutions, power over life becomes allied with power over death in a complex convergence of sovereign geopolitics with a global biopolitics gone digital. Populated by martial bodies that have long been cyborgs, the digital way of war witnesses the emergence of a libidinality in thrall to Athena-the-wise as digital dominatrix.
Shedding Skins
Authors: Norris Lucy
Published: April 2004

This article calls for a reconsideration of the materiality of things in dynamic processes of self-making and personhood. Grounded in research in contemporary urban India, it is argued that it is in the act of divestment that the capacity for the recreation of the self is made most apparent, due to the intimate connection between clothing and the body. Cloth is also a vital element of gift-giving and the re-creation of social networks. The case study of a woman trying to get rid of an unwanted garment highlights the options available and the different regimes of value by which the worth of used clothing can be assessed. These include handing on treasured pieces to family members, recycling within the home, giving to servants, bartering them for new stainless steel pots or burning them for their silver and gold content. The sacrifice and destruction of such intimate objects are the necessary prerequisite for the renewal of self within a network of mutually constitutive person-object relations.
Ancestor Reverence and Mental Health in South Africa
Authors: Berg Astrid
Published: April 2004

The great majority of South Africa’s people consult traditional healers. The deeper meaning of much traditional healing centres on ancestor reverence. This belief system and its accompanying rituals may positively influence the mental health of the individual and the community. Among traditional Xhosa-speaking peoples, the relationship with the ancestors is given expression in life cycle rituals that have much in common with Western psychotherapeutic principles and practices. The common thread that underpins many rituals is that of making links via concrete, literal means. Examples include the participation of the community in the healing of the individual; the linking of body and mind through dancing and drumming. Dreams form an essential connection between conscious life and the unconscious. Understanding the psychological depth of these practices is important so that a respectful relationship between Western-trained professionals and traditional healers can develop. Analytical psychology, with its notion of the collective unconscious has a particular contribution to make to cross-cultural understanding. The ancestors may be understood as archetypal representations of the collective unconscious.
Jung and the Dreaming: Analytical Psychology’s Encounters with Aboriginal Culture
Authors: Petchkovsky Leon , Roque Craig San , Beskow Manita
Published: April 2004

This article reviews some contributions of the Jungian analytic tradition to indigenous ethnopsychiatric thought in Australia. The authors review Jung’s writings on Aboriginal culture, then describe some of their own fieldwork findings. Acknowledging that the contemporary post-Jungian tradition is pluralist, they propose a notion of ‘Jungian sensibility.’ They discuss some of the ways in which the Jungian sensibility might contribute positively to Aboriginal mental health, with especial reference to theories of subjectivity, and note that some Aboriginal people find the Jungian world-view very compatible with the Aboriginal one.
Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenic and Affective Disorder Nigerian Patients: Phenomenological Comparison
Authors: Okulate G. T. , Jones O. B. E.
Published: April 2004

Although auditory hallucinations are universal phenomena, they show cultural and ethnic variation. We set out to study some differences between auditory hallucinations in Nigerian patients and their foreign counterparts. We also investigated the usefulness of auditory hallucinations in distinguishing between schizophrenia and affective disorders. A semi-structured interview was used to obtain information from 89 patients with auditory hallucinations who met ICD-10 criteria for either schizophrenia or affective psychoses and 10 others with organic mental disorders. Responses were compared with respect to the frequency, form and content of the hallucinatory voices as well as the languages spoken. In this sample, voices speaking exclusively in a foreign language were uncommon. Voices commanding and those discussing patients in the third person were the commonest in schizophrenic patients but not as frequent as in a similar group of patients in the UK studied by other authors. In patients with schizophrenia, voices were more likely to discuss the patient, whereas in affective disorders, voices were more likely to evoke fear, and patients were more likely to carry out commands. In conclusion, only three features of auditory hallucinations distinguished between schizophrenic and affective psychoses patients. Auditory hallucinations may be less harassing in Nigerian schizophrenic patients than in their UK counterparts. These hallucinations are most often perceived in the individual’s mother tongue, with or without additional use of English, even when the patients have been ‘westernized’ through education and religion.
Discourses of Culture and Illness in South African Mental Health Care and Indigenous Healing, Part I: Western Psychiatric Power
Authors: Yen Jeffery , Wilbraham Lindy
Published: April 2004

This discourse analytic study explores constructions of culture and illness in the talk of psychiatrists, psychologists and indigenous healers as they discuss possibilities for collaboration in South African mental health care. Versions of ‘culture’, and disputes over what constitutes ‘disorder’, are an important site for the negotiation of power relations between mental health practitioners and indigenous healers. The results of this study are presented in two parts. Part I explores discourses about western psychiatric/psychological professionalism, tensions in diagnosis between cultural relativism and psychiatric universalism, and how assertion of ‘cultural differences’ may be used to resist psychiatric power. Part II explores how discursive constructions of ‘African culture’ and ‘African madness’ work to marginalize indigenous healing in South African mental health care, despite repeated calls for collaboration.
Parents’ and Staff’s Perceptions of Parental Needs During a Child’s Admission to Hospital: an English Perspective
Authors: Shields Linda , Hunter Judith , Hall Jean
Published: April 2004

The aim of this research was to compare perceptions of parental needs held by parents of hospitalized children and the staff caring for them, so that potential communication breakdown could be avoided. A well-trialled tool was used with a convenience sample in paediatric facilities in a National Health Service trust in north-east England. Some differences were found between parents and staff for scores for perceived importance of the 51 needs that were included in the questionnaire, and whether or not they were being satisfactorily met during the child’s hospital admission, but there were no consistent patterns, so it is difficult to draw conclusions. Parents declared themselves more independent than the staff perceived them to be. Such findings facilitate improvements in communication between parents and staff and can be included in education programmes for both.
Parents’ Experiences of Caring for their Child Following Day Case Surgery: a Diary Study
Authors: Hughes Jane M. , Callery Peter
Published: April 2004

The development of children’s health care over the last 15–20 years has resulted in an increased move towards ambulatory care, including day case surgery, which has implied benefits in reduced hospitalization and cost. The wider impact on the child and family is less clear. The study aimed for greater insight into the impact of day case surgery on thechild and family from the parent’s perspective. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive and inductive methods, the design focused on the parent’s experiences of their child’s surgery. Diaries were completed by 11 families over a 7–14-day period following their child’s surgery. Findings demonstrated that there weresignificant issues for families in managing the care of their child with regard to the social impact for the parent and child, emotional issues for parent and child, and the need for formal and informal support systems.
Collective Agency, Non-Human Causality and Environmental Social Movements
Authors: Lockie Stewart
Published: April 2004

This article explores the implications for social movement theory of recent work in the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) that explicitly rejects dualisms between society and nature, structure and agency, and macro and micro-levels of analysis. In doing so it argues that SSK offers: (1) a theoretically useful definition of collective agency as an achievement of interaction; that is (2) sensitive to the influence of both humans and non-humans in the networks of the social; and (3) provides practical conceptual tools with which to analyse dynamics of power and agency in the ordering of networks. Applying this framework to a case study of the Australian ‘landcare movement’ it is argued that a range of practices have been used to enact ‘action at a distance’ over Australian farmers and to ‘order’ agricultural practices in ways that are consistent with corporate interests while minimizing opposition from conservation organizations otherwise highly critical of chemical agriculture.
Pareto’s Sociological Positivism
Authors: Albert Gert
Published: April 2004

Pareto’s action theory is basically a transformation of positivistepistemology into sociology. Two positivist standpoints are involved, which wereboth rightly criticized by Karl Popper. They concern the problems of thedemarcation between science and metaphysics and of the origin of truth and error.Furthermore, one can find a deep structural analogy between theory and action inepistemological respects. One has to distinguish between an internalist and anexternalist component of Pareto’s action theory. Considering the internalistcomponent, Pareto seems to be an underrated classic of action theory. Theexternalist component contains the two positivist standpoints.
Authenticity as a concept in tourism research
Authors: Olsen Kjell
Published: April 2004

This article discusses the uses of the concept of authenticity in tourism studies. In line with the constructivist perspective which aims to transcend the binary distinction between the authentic and inauthentic as found in the concept of authenticity, it is suggested that this binary dichotomy also has to be overcome in the approaches to the tourist role. If authenticity can be linked to an experience of collective identifications made by the individual, the point can be made that insights from studies of ritual and social performances will be fertile in analysing how such experiences are constituted in social processes. This processual approach may then reveal how authenticity is influenced by subjective and collective views on consensus, creativity and existentialism in the tourist role.
Commodification, culture and tourism
Authors: Shepherd Robert
Published: April 2004

This article revisits the question of tourism’s role in the commodification of culture. I argue that an acceptance of a cause and effect relationship between tourism and cultural commodification requires an acceptance of a problematic notion of ‘authenticity’. This is because the belief that tourism causes cultural commodification is based on a largely unexamined reliance on Marx’s labor theory of value, source of what Barbara Herrnstein Smith has referred to as a ‘double discourse of value’, in which an intrinsic and sacred cultural sphere of value is presumed to circulate independent of an unstable and profane economic sphere of value. Given the social fact that everything, including ‘culture’, is a potential commodity, it would be useful for research to focus on how individuals and groups in host societies gain access to new forms of exchange rather than simply on the fact of commodification.
The Sensuous in the Tourist Encounter
Authors: Crouch David , Desforges Luke
Published: April 2004

In this introduction to the theme issue on Sensuous Tourism, we further Tourist Studies’ understanding of the relationships between tourism, the body,subjectivity and space. The article reviews the ways in which the body in tourism hasbeen theorized, including metaphorical mobilizations of performance, the encounterand dwelling. The article then examines three main themes which further develop ourunderstandings of sensuality in tourism. Firstly we examine the politics of the body,space and identity by suggesting a vocabulary based in the ability of individuals toboth reproduce and innovate particular practices, representations and relations.Secondly we explore the ways in which tourists are immersed in technological fieldswhich mediate and shape the nature of interactions with people and places. Thirdlywe look at the possibility of renewing the relationship between an understanding oftourism which is informed by sensuality but which is also able to deal withcontemporary socio-economic and cultural transformations.
The Use of and Commitment to Goods
Authors: Ilmonen Kaj
Published: April 2004

In social theory, goods have usually not been included in the social world. However, in the sociology of consumption, they have been seen as mediating social relations and offering opportunities to make social distinctions. It is precisely the symbolic aspect of goods that makes this possible. In helping to make these distinctions, goods are only given a passive role in our lives. They only get to function as markers of social differences, tastes, and so on. However, the use value of goods cannot be reduced to their symbolic aspect. Generally speaking, the use value also has two other aspects which I will call the ‘functionality’ and ‘productivity’ of goods. I am going to argue that because goods also comprise these aspects, they are not just ‘dead’ or ‘asocial’ elements or phenomena in our everyday lives, but also play an active role in our relationship to other people. Moreover, I will pay attention to the process of appropriating goods. On the one hand, I will focus on how we internalize purchased commodities (i.e. how we make them our possessions in the social meaning of the word); and, on the other hand, I shall also draw attention to the ways in which we surround our goods with the aura of ‘me-ness’ (i.e. how we externalize them). I will then conclude by looking at the active role that goods play as our partners when we try to cope with everyday life. They are ‘something in order to’, as Heidegger puts it. We are therefore prone to treat them well,‘to take care of them’, and they may have an even more important role in our lives than is usually thought.
Becoming American or Becoming Indian?
Authors: Watkins Joe
Published: April 2004

Magistrate John Jelderks’ opinion in August 2002, that Kennewick Man is not Native American under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), will likely have farreaching impacts on the relationship between American Indians and American archaeologists. More than a legal decision, the opinion also points to the inadequacies of NAGPRA. The following article looks at some of the political implications of the judge’s decision and the most recent crack in the fragile peace between archaeologists and North America’s indigenous people and discusses some of the shortcomings and ambiguities of NAGPRA.
Legacy of the ‘Fatal Shore’
Authors: Casella Eleanor Conlin , Fredericksen Clayton
Published: April 2004

Why does the theme of ‘confinement’ link historic-period heritage places across the continent of Australia? This article explores incarceration as not only a dominant theme in heritage-listed and archaeological sites from post-contact Australia, but also as a central underlying element in both Anglo-Australians’ sense of ambiguous difference from their European origins, and indigenous Australians’ painful experiences of engagement with the state. It considers the shared experiences of ‘confinement’ through a wide variety of registered convict, post-convict and indigenous heritage places in order to question how and why this theme has come to hold such a special resonance for different communities within modern Australia. Expanding upon Bruce Trigger’s classic definitions of ‘alternative archaeologies’, the authors suggest this resonance has resulted in the emergence of a post-colonial form of heritage practice within this settler nation.
Cultured Representation
Authors: Mguni Siyakha
Published: April 2004

A rock-painting panel in the Matopo Hills, Zimbabwe, illustrates the distinctive features of the formling motif, a striking peculiarity of Zimbabwean San (Bushman) rock-art. The debate regarding the derivation and meaning of this motif has proceeded unabated until very recently. The motif has been interpreted variously as depicting natural and cultural material phenomena. In contrast to previous interpretations, this paper advocates an approach that considers San art imagery as cultured representations, which is a notion that foregrounds the understanding of San image-making principles, the San world-view and the concomitant knowledge system of beliefs. Finally, the paper provides a precise definition of the features of formlings that can be tied in with a particular subject.
Grave-Goods as Gifts in Early Saxon Burials (ca. AD 450-600)
Authors: King John M.
Published: April 2004

This paper considers the possibility that Anglo-Saxon grave-goods, rather than having been the life possessions of the deceased, may have been gifts to him or her, thereby directly effecting a relationship between the survivors and the donor. This cautions against ‘life-mirror’ approaches to burial data that assume a reflective correspondence between the wealth of the deceased in life and in death. It also takes a Deleuzean approach to signs, emphasizing them as a means of directly producing something, social relations in this case, rather than as a means of communication and as symbols to be decoded. Different lines of evidence are explored to determine, first, if any grave-goods were more likely to have been gifts and then to establish the possible scope of such actions, so that we might have some confidence that we are dealing with a practice, rather than with idiosyncratic, isolated instances.
Interacting with the Multimodal Text: Reflections on Image and Verbiage in Art Express
Authors: Macken-Horarik Mary
Published: April 2004

The phenomenon of the multimodal or composite text is a challenge for discourse analysts, particularly those working with linguistic tools fashioned to account for verbal texts. Drawing on systemic functional semiotics, this article focuses on the interactive meanings of two student artworks presented in a Sydney exhibition called Art Express. It analyses the complementary contribution of image (artwork) and verbiage (text panel) to the meaning-making process. Drawing principally on APPRAISAL analysis as practised within Sydney School linguistics, the article proposes a richer account of evaluation in both image and verbiage than is currently available in analyses of separate modes. The article aims to contribute to the development of semiotic grammars adequate for an integrated account of multimodal texts at different institutional ‘moments’ in their (re)production.
Photogenic Poverty: Souvenirs and Infantilism
Authors: Hutnyk John
Published: April 2004

This article discusses the photograph and the souvenir together as relics of a trinketizing touristic countenance. It argues that the reified image memorializes the exotic other, and a romanticized view of childhood, in the midst of war and deprivation. Charity and memory are bound together here with geo-politics. An analysis of similarities and differences in the ways photographs and souvenirs trace encounters with ‘photogenic poverty’ is urgent. A critical political response would aim to do more than the infantilizing gestures of charity and aid now favoured by liberal concern under late imperial capitalism.
Social-Servicescape Conceptual Model
Authors: Tombs Alastair , McColl-Kennedy Janet R.
Published: April 2004

There is considerable evidence that environmental variables can substantially influence consumer behavior in service settings (cf. Turley and Milliman, 2000). However, research to date has focused on the effects of the physical elements (‘atmospherics’), with the social aspects (customers and service providers) of the environment largely ignored. First, we provide a review of the extant literature drawing on four major streams of research from (1) previous marketing (servicescapes); (2) environmental psychology (approach–avoidance theory, behavior setting theory); (3) social psychology (social facilitation theory); and (4) organizational behavior (affective events theory). Second, we present a new conceptual model, the ‘Social-servicescape’. In this paper we argue that the social environment and purchase occasion dictates the desired social density which influences customers’ affective and cognitive responses, including repurchase intentions. Furthermore, we argue that customers play a key role in influencing the emotions of others either positively or negatively, and this largely determines whether they intend to return to the service setting. Implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.