bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic comparative methods: Harnessing the power of species diversity to investigate welfare issues in captive wild animals
Authors: Mellor Emma , McDonald Kinkaid Heather , Mason Georgia
Published: July 2018

This paper reviews a way of investigating health and welfare problems in captive wild animals (e.g., those in zoos, aviaries, aquaria, or aquaculture systems) that has great potential, but to date has been little used: systematically comparing species with few or no health and welfare issues to those more prone to problems. Doing so empirically pinpoints species‐typical welfare risk and protective factors (such as aspects of their natural behavioral biology): information which can then be used to help prevent or remedy problems by suggesting new ways to improve housing and husbandry, and by identifying species intrinsically best suited to captivity. We provide a detailed, step‐by‐step “how to” guide for researchers interested in using these techniques, including guidance on how to statistically control for the inherent similarities shared by related species: an important concern because simple, cross‐species comparisons that do not do this may well fail to meet statistical assumptions of non‐independence. The few relevant studies that have investigated captive wild animals’ welfare problems using this method are described. Overall, such approaches reap value from the great number and diversity of species held in captivity (e.g., the many thousands of species held in zoos); can yield new insights from existing data and published results; render previously intractable welfare questions (such as “do birds need to fly?” or “do Carnivora need to hunt?”) amenable to study; and generate evidence‐based principles for integrating animal welfare into collection planning.
Hamiltonian structure and asymptotic symmetries of the Einstein-Maxwell system at spatial infinity
Authors: Henneaux Marc , Troessaert Cédric
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We present a new set of asymptotic conditions for gravity at spatial infinity that includes gravitational magnetic-type solutions, allows for a non-trivial Hamiltonian action of the complete BM S
4 algebra, and leads to a non-divergent behaviour of the Weyl tensor as one approaches null infinity. We then extend the analysis to the coupled Einstein-Maxwell system and obtain as canonically realized asymptotic symmetry algebra a semi-direct sum of the BM S
4 algebra with the angle dependent u(1) transformations. The Hamiltonian charge-generator associated with each asymptotic symmetry element is explicitly written. The connection with matching conditions at null infinity is also discussed.
Vacuum fluctuations of a scalar field near a reflecting boundary and their effects on the motion of a test particle
Authors: Camargo G. H. S. , De Lorenci V. A. , Ribeiro C. C. H. , Rodrigues F. F. , Silva M. M.
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The contribution from quantum vacuum fluctuations of a real massless scalar field to the motion of a test particle that interacts with the field in the presence of a perfectly reflecting flat boundary is here investigated. There is no quantum induced dispersions on the motion of the particle when it is alone in the empty space. However, when a reflecting wall is introduced, dispersions occur with magnitude dependent on how fast the system evolves between the two scenarios. A possible way of implementing this process would be by means of an idealized sudden switching, for which the transition occurs instantaneously. Although the sudden process is a simple and mathematically convenient idealization it brings some divergences to the results, particularly at a time corresponding to a round trip of a light signal between the particle and the wall. It is shown that the use of smooth switching functions, besides regularizing such divergences, enables us to better understand the behavior of the quantum dispersions induced on the motion of the particle. Furthermore, the action of modifying the vacuum state of the system leads to a change in the particle energy that depends on how fast the transition between these states is implemented. Possible implications of these results to the similar case of an electric charge near a perfectly conducting wall are discussed.
Portal Vein Embolization: Correlation of Future Liver Remnant Hypertrophy to Type of Embolic Agent Used
Authors: Dhaliwal Surinder K. , Annamalai Ganesan , Gafoor Nelofer , Pugash Robyn , Dey Chris , David Elizabeth Nishani
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of portal vein embolization (PVE) with different embolic agents used at our centre. Specifically, the effectiveness of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue is compared with that of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients (N = 77) who underwent PVE at our institution over a 5-year period. Pre- and postprocedural computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, when available, were used to measure the volume of total liver volume and future liver remnant (FLR). The absolute values obtained were used to calculate percentage of FLR. The growth in FLR was determined 4–6 weeks after PVE. Technical details of the procedure including the type and amount of embolic agent used were obtained from the chart reviews, electronic patient records, and radiology reports. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and the Spearman correlation coefficient with post hoc analysis. Results are expressed as mean ± SD ( P < .05 considered statistically significant).

Results

NBCA (n = 29) produced a mean change in FLR of 14.8% compared with 9.3% for PVA particles (n = 24; P = .007). Mean change in FLR was 10.1% in the group where a combination of NBCA and PVA particles was used (n = 24). The effect of glue volume and glue-to-lipiodol ratio on the outcome was not found to be statistically significant ( P = .5 and .7, respectively).

Conclusions

We conclude that NBCA glue is a better embolic agent than PVA particles in inducing liver hypertrophy.
An experimental method to determine the intralaminar fracture toughness of high-strength carbon-fibre reinforced composite aerostructures
Authors: Liu H. , Falzon B.G. , Catalanotti G. , Tan W.
Published: July 2018

Carbon fibres with high tensile strength are being increasingly utilised in the manufacture of advanced composite aerostructures. A Modified Compact Tension (MCT) specimen is often deployed to measure the longitudinal intralaminar fracture toughness but a high tensile strength often leads to premature damage away from the crack tip. We present an approach whereby the MCT specimen is supported by external fixtures to prevent premature damage. In addition, we have developed a novel measurement technique, based on the fibre failure strain and C-scanning, to determine the crack length in the presence of surface sublaminate delamination which masks the crack tip location. A set of cross-ply specimens, with a ((90/0)s)4layup, were manufactured from an IMS60/epoxy composite system Two different data reduction schemes, compliance calibration and the area method, are used to determine the fibre-dominated initiation and propagation intralaminar fracture toughness values. Propagation values of fracture toughness were measured at 774.9 ± 5.2% kJ/m2and 768.5 ± 4.1% kJ/m2, when using the compliance calibration method and the area method, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is carried out on the fracture surface to obtain insight into the damage mechanism of high-tensile-strength fibre-reinforced unidirectional composites. The measured tensile fracture toughness value is used in a fully validated computational model to simulate the physical test.
Putting the Prosecutor on a Clock? Responding to Variance in the Length of Preliminary Examinations
Authors: Bosco David
Published: July 2018

One of the unique challenges that the International Criminal Court's (ICC's) Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) faces is deciding when and where to launch investigations. It is a task that other international prosecutors have not confronted. Their investigative “situations” were selected in advance, leaving those prosecutors free to focus on the myriad other challenges any international justice enterprise faces. The ICC prosecutor's ability to define her own investigative situations (within the limits of jurisdiction) is both a boon and a burden. On the one hand, it accords the OTP the freedom to select the situations it deems most serious and worthy of international attention. Yet this discretion can also generate intense strain for the prosecutor of a still novel and fragile institution.
The Managerial Ideal and Business Magazines in the Great Depression
Authors: MATA TIAGO
Published: July 2018

The 1930s transformed American capitalism. This article interrogates the political economy of two business magazines created at the start of the Great Depression. I argue thatBusiness Week’s andFortune’s signature approaches to reporting articulated an ideal conception of the manager. The early century conception saw the manager as engineer of operational efficiency. The new ideal viewed the manager as a political economist coordinating firms with their external environment, notably an interventionist and scrutinizing state, volatile markets, and a critical public opinion.
“Imagined Outcomes”: Contrasting Patterns of Opportunity, Capability, and Innovation in British Musical Instrument Manufacturing, 1930–1985
Authors: BLUNDEL RICHARD K. , SMITH DAVID J.
Published: July 2018

By the mid-twentieth century in the United Kingdom, musical instrument manufacturing had become an increasingly mechanized activity. Craft skills had been displaced in many areas, yet remained a vital source of competitive advantage in local and international markets and were particularly valued by professional musicians. This article examines the contrasting experiences of two British musical instrument manufacturers, tracing the unfolding relationship between their pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities and capability development. Boosey & Hawkes, a large, well-established manufacturing and publishing company, was an early pioneer, while Paxman Bros., a small musical retailer, transformed itself into one of the world’s most respected specialist manufacturers. The narrative probes the factors that shaped decision making in these companies as they developed a series of design innovations for one of the more complex brass instruments: the French horn. It draws on relevant theoretical insights to examine how a dynamic interaction between opportunity and capability, coupled with unanticipated contingencies, contributed to divergent outcomes for each company.
Work-Related Communication Barriers for Individuals with Autism: A Pilot Qualitative Study
Authors: McKnight-Lizotte Michelle
Published: July 2018

This study identified situations where communication was a barrier to employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Informant interviewees were six college graduates with ASD who have been employed for one year. Following the qualitative inductive analysis, five communication-related themes emerged: (1) job interviewing success, (2) negotiating co-worker interactions, (3) supervisory interactions, instruction, and feedback, (4) handling customer intercommunication, and (5) communication-oriented coping strategies. Participants were relatively more successful in communication coping strategies and supervisory interaction compared to difficulties with job interviewing and co-worker interactions. Vocational rehabilitation counsellors assisting clients with ASD should prioritize job interview communication skills and social skill education specific to appropriate interactions with co-workers and supervisors utilizing role play, social skill training, and job coaching.
From Jewish Apocrypha to Christian Tradition: Citations ofJubileesin Epiphanius'sPanarion
Authors: Kreps Anne
Published: July 2018

In the growing canon consciousness of the fourth century, Christians debated what should constitute the official reading list for the church. Epiphanius of Salamis was part of this conversation. His massivePanariondescribed eighty heresies, and, for Epiphanius, wrong books were a marker of wrong belief. However, although Epiphanius was a stringent supporter of Nicene orthodoxy, he, too, referred to books outside the canon. In thePanarion, he frequently referencedJubilees, an expanded, rewritten Genesis found among the Dead Sea Scrolls and which also circulated among early Christian readers. TheDecree of Gelasiuslater declared the text anathema. This paper explores the significance of a vocal heresiographer readingJubilees, particularly when he defined heretics based on similar reading practices. It suggests that Epiphanius saw close kinship betweenJubileesand his ownPanarion. The citations ofJubileesin thePanarionalso indicate that Epiphanius defined the text as a part of a larger Christian tradition. In doing so, Epiphanius transformedJubileesfrom Jewish apocrypha to Christian tradition. Thus, the citations ofJubileesin Epiphanius'sPanarionshow the complicated dynamics of canon consciousness in the shaping of Christian Orthodoxy.
Public Opinion and Modernity in Venezuela's Anti-Corruption Trials, 1945–8
Authors: Yarrington Doug
Published: July 2018

This article explores the reasons why the most important anti-corruption campaign in twentieth-century Venezuela failed to win sustained support. Employing a constructivist approach to historical actors’ understandings of corruption, it analyses the debates that erupted when the Acción Democrática (Democratic Action, AD) party prosecuted 167 former officials for illicit enrichment. The ensuing debate demonstrates that AD and its opponents disagreed over the proper boundaries between the public and private spheres in a modern state. AD sought to punish officials who used public office for private gain, but critiques of the trials effectively countered AD and contributed to its overthrow in 1948.
Association between intelligence quotient and violence perpetration in the English general population
Authors: Jacob Louis , Haro Josep Maria , Koyanagi Ai
Published: July 2018

Background

Data on the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and violence perpetration are scarce and nationally representative data from the UK adult population is lacking. Therefore, our goal was to examine the relationship between IQ and violence perpetration using nationally representative community-based data from the UK.

Methods

We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. IQ was estimated using the National Adult Reading Test (NART). Violence perpetration referred to being in a physical fight or having deliberately hit anyone in the past 5 years. We conducted logistic regression analysis to assess the association between IQ (exposure variable) and violence perpetration (outcome variable).

Results

There were 6872 participants aged ⩾16 years included in this study. The prevalence of violence perpetration decreased linearly with increasing IQ [16.3% (IQ 70–79) v. 2.9% (IQ 120–129)]. After adjusting for demographic and behavioral factors, childhood adversity, and psychiatric morbidity, compared with those with IQ 120–129, IQ scores of 110–119, 100–109, 90–99, 80–89, and 70–79 were associated with 1.07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–1.84], 1.90 (95% CI 1.12–3.22), 1.80 (95% CI 1.05–3.13), 2.36 (95% CI 1.32–4.22), and 2.25 (95% CI 1.26–4.01) times higher odds for violence perpetration, respectively.

Conclusions

Lower IQ was associated with violence perpetration in the UK general population. Further studies are warranted to assess how low IQ can lead to violence perpetration, and whether interventions are possible for this high-risk group.
Performance improvement of bilateral control systems using derivative of force
Authors: Baran Eray A. , Uzunovic Tarik , Sabanovic Asif
Published: July 2018

This paper proposes a bilateral control structure with a realization of the force derivative in the control loop. Due to the inherent noisy nature of the force signal, most teleoperation schemes can make use of only a proportional (P) control structure in the force channel of the bilateral controllers. In the proposed scheme, an α–β–γ filter is designed to smoothly differentiate the force signal obtained from a reaction force observer integrated to both of the master and slave plants. The differentiated force signal is then used in a proportional-derivative (PD) force controller working together with a disturbance observer. In order to design the overall bilateral controller, an environment model based on pure spring structure is assumed. The controller is designed to enforce an exponentially decaying tracking error for both position and force signals. With the presented controller design approach, one can independently tune the controller gains of the force and the position control channels. The proposed approach is experimentally tested in a platform consisted of direct drive linear motors. As illustrated by the experiment results, the contribution of the PD control in the force channel improves the teleoperation performance especially under hard-contact motion scenarios by attenuating the oscillations, hence, improving the transparency when compared to the structures using only a P force control.
Enoch Senior’s College for Korean Immigrant Seniors: Quality of Life Effects
Authors: Jo H. Elisha , Jo Jungsun S. , Veblen Kari K. , Potter Patrick J.
Published: July 2018

Cette recherche à méthode mixte a évalué l’impact d’un programme pour la communauté culturelle d’aînés immigrants coréens en examinant les bénéfices pour la qualité de vie des participants liée à leur santé (HR-QOL) et leur bien-être en général. Bien que la programmation communautaire soit de plus en plus reconnue comme un moyen de promouvoir la santé et la participation active des individus dans la sphère sociale, peu d’informations sont disponibles concernant l’utilisation et l’impact de tels programmes chez les immigrants aînés des minorités visibles. Dans cette étude, 79 participants ont répondu au questionnaire SF-36v2 à deux reprises dans le cadre de l’évaluation de l’impact du programme du Canada Enoch Senior’s College (CESC) concernant le HR-QOL et leur bien-être. Des améliorations statistiquement significatives ont été observées sur les plans de la santé physique et mentale, notamment dans les dimensions liées à la douleur corporelle, au rôle émotionnel et aux limitations de rôle en raison de problèmes émotionnels. Les données qualitatives provenant des entretiens avec les participants ont confirmé les résultats positifs du sondage, par des améliorations aux niveaux de la vie sociale et de la santé des aînés. Ces résultats suggèrent que le programme CESC contribue à qualité de vie et au bien-être des aînés coréens participants. Cette étude permettra de soutenir des programmes communautaires culturels similaires.
Do aliens dream of offworld sheep?
Authors: Wallace Rodrick
Published: July 2018

The Stanley Miller experiment suggests that amino acid-based life is ubiquitous in our universe, although its varieties will not have followed the particular, highly contingent and path-dependent, evolutionary trajectory found on Earth. Are many alien organisms likely to be individually conscious in ways we would recognize? Almost certainly. Will alien consciousness require a ‘sleep cycle’? A strong argument suggests it will. Can some species develop analogs to culture and high-order technology? Less likely, but still fairly probable. If so, will we be able to communicate with them? Only on a basic level, and only with profound difficulty. The reasoning is fairly direct and involves convolution of a learned heritage system with individual and collective consciousness.
China – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States (Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States) (China–Broiler Products (Article 21.5 – United States)), DS427
Authors: Kugler Kholofelo
Published: July 2018

This dispute concerns the challenge by the United States to measures taken by China to comply with the rulings and recommendations of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the original proceeding China–Broiler Products. Based on a redetermination issued by the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), China continued to impose anti-dumping and countervailing duties on imports of broiler products from US producers (Keystone, Tyson, and Pilgrim's Pride). Overall, the compliance panel concluded that China failed to bring its measures into conformity with the Anti-Dumping Agreement (AD Agreement) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement).
STRICT FINITISM, FEASIBILITY, AND THE SORITES
Authors: DEAN WALTER
Published: July 2018

This article bears on four topics: observational predicates and phenomenal properties, vagueness, strict finitism as a philosophy of mathematics, and the analysis of feasible computability. It is argued that reactions to strict finitism point towards a semantics for vague predicates in the form of nonstandard models of weak arithmetical theories of the sort originally introduced to characterize the notion of feasibility as understood in computational complexity theory. The approach described eschews the use of nonclassical logic and related devices like degrees of truth or supervaluation. Like epistemic approaches to vagueness, it may thus be smoothly integrated with the use of classical model theory as widely employed in natural language semantics. But unlike epistemicism, the described approach fails to imply either the existence of sharp boundaries or the failure of tolerance for soritical predicates. Applications ofmeasurement theory(in the sense of Krantz, Luce, Suppes, & Tversky (1971)) to vagueness in the nonstandard setting are also explored.
Metric Goodness of the Adult Prosocialness Scale. Comparative Study of Italy and Spain
Authors: Martínez-Pampliega Ana , Cormenzana Susana , Sanz Mireia , Barni Daniela , Simon Jordi , Alomar Elisabeth , Pérez Carles
Published: July 2018

The main goal of the study is to analyze the metric goodness of the Spanish version of the Adult Prosocialness Scale (Caprara, Steca, Zelli, & Capanna, 2005). Analysis of construct and concurrent validity in two similar samples of young adults, a Spanish sample (target of the adaptation) and an Italian sample (source language), revealed the adequacy of the Spanish version of instrument, with adequate fit of the model in the Spanish group, χ2(96) = 405.28, p = .001, RMSEA = .071, CFI = .94, GFI = .93, and the Italian group χ2(97) = 224.5, p = .001, RMSEA = .075, CFI = .91, GFI = .90. The results also replicated the adequacy of the instrument found in the Italian sample, as the configural and metric invariance was verified in both groups. Analyses of benevolent and power values related to prosociality and differences between genders supported the validity of the scale. In short, the present study confirms the adequacy and sensitivity of the instrument to study prosociality in young adults in a Spanish sample.
Impact of Prenatal Depressive Symptoms on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: Mediation Effect of Perinatal Health
Authors: Silva Fábio , Conde Ana , Costa Raquel
Published: July 2018

To analyze the mediation effect of perinatal health on the association between prenatal depressive symptoms and postpartum depressive symptoms 180 women filled the Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale (EPDS) at 35 weeks of gestation and two months after childbirth. Perinatal health data was collected during the first 4 days after childbirth, using the Optimality Index. 25.6% of the mothers-to-be presented clinically significant depressive symptoms, and of these, 80.4% still show clinically significant depressive symptoms at 2-months postpartum. Prenatal depressive symptoms predict higher postpartum depressive symptoms. Additionally, results also showed that the effect of prenatal depressive symptoms on postnatal depressive symptoms is not mediated by perinatal health. Mothers-to-be with prenatal depressive symptoms seem to be at risk for postnatal depression, even when perinatal health is not compromised. This highlights the importance of early screening of prenatal depressive symptoms in order to promote an early intervention on women’s mental health, leading to a better transition to parenthood and to a decrease of the burden of this public health problem on children and families.
Psychometric Properties of the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) in a Spanish Clinical Sample
Authors: Moggia Danilo , Niño-Robles Noelia , Miller Scott D. , Feixas Guillem
Published: July 2018

The Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) is an ultra-brief measure of well-being designed to track outcome in psychotherapy. This research studied the psychometric properties of the ORS in a Spanish clinical sample. One-hundred and sixty-five adult participants from different primary care centers of the city of Barcelona were recruited. The psychometric properties of the ORS in the sample were explored and described, comparing them to the properties of other instruments already validated in Spain. Our results showed good reliability (α= .91 [.88, .93];α= .96; test re-test correlations from .61 to .84), good validity (convergent validity correlations with distress and symptoms measures from –.32 to –.76), and good sensitivity to change (pre-post comparison through Wilcoxon signed-rank test,Mdnpre= 31.0,Mdnpost= 19.6,z= –7.38,p< .05,r= .42). These results are consistent with previous findings in other countries. We conclude suggesting that the instrument can be applied to monitor outcome in psychotherapy and to test the effectiveness of treatments imparted with Spanish speaking clients. However, further research with the ORS in Spanish could provide more evidence of its psychometric properties.
Greedy Automatic Signal Decomposition and Its Application to Daily GPS Time Series
Authors: Bedford Jonathan , Bevis Michael
Published: July 2018

The recognition of transient motion in terrestrial continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) time series implies the knowledge of certain time functions that we assume to be ever present in the time series. By assuming that the permanent time functions are the long‐term secular velocity of the Earth and the seasonal oscillations, we define the total remaining signal as transient motion. Here we adopt the multitransient as a versatile function for modeling transient motion over a range of time scales. We define the multitransient as the sum of two or more transient decaying functions with different characteristic time scales and identical onset times. We then demonstrate the greedy approach to fitting the time series by using a minimum number of multitransients (sparse functions) in addition to the permanent time functions in a linear regression. The Greedy Automatic Signal Decomposition algorithm decomposes the signal into three parts: (1) background seasonal motion, (2) secular and transient motion, and (3) a residual (noise). We describe the greedy algorithm with synthetic examples before demonstrating its application to time series of daily GPS solutions. The implementation of the multitransient allows for a more realistic plate‐trajectory model, whereby a full range of transient signal time scales, from short‐duration slow slip to longer‐duration processes such as postseismic slab accelerations or postseismic decay, can all be estimated with the same function. Since Greedy Automatic Signal Decomposition algorithm automatically estimates trend, its application to a GPS network allows for the common mode filter to be applied seamlessly.
Craton Destruction 2: Evolution of Cratonic Lithosphere After a Rapid Keel Delamination Event
Authors: Liu Liang , Morgan Jason P. , Xu Yigang , Menzies Martin
Published: July 2018

Cratonic lithosphere beneath the eastern North China Craton has undergone extensive destruction since early Jurassic times (approximately 190 Ma). This is recorded in its episodic tectonic and magmatic history. In this time, its lithosphere changed thickness from approximately 200 km to <60 km. This change was associated with a peak time (approximately 120 Ma) of lithospheric thinning and magmatism that was linked with high surface heat flow recorded in rift basins. We believe that these records are best explained by a two‐stage evolutionary process. First, approximately 100 km of cratonic “keel” underlying a weak midlithospheric discontinuity layer (approximately 80–100 km) was rapidly removed in <10–20 Ma. This keel delamination stage was followed by a protracted (approximately 50–100 Ma) period of convective erosion and/or lithospheric extension that thinned the remaining lithosphere and continuously reworked the former cratonic lithospheric mantle. This study focuses on numerical exploration of the well‐recorded second stage of the eastern North China Craton's lithospheric evolution. We find that (1) lithospheric mantle capped by thick crust can be locally replaced by deeper mantle material in 100 Ma due to small‐scale convective erosion; (2) asthenospheric upwelling and related extension can replace lithospheric mantle over horizontal length scales of ~50–150 km, and account for observed “mushroom‐shaped” low‐velocity structures; (3) modeling shows conditions that could lead to the multiple eastern North China Craton magmatic pulses between 190 and 115 Ma that are associated with temporal and spatial changes in magma source petrology and a magmatic hiatus; and (4) a “wet” midlithospheric discontinuity layer provides a potential source material for on‐craton magmatism.
Water Column Stability and the Role of Velocity Shear on a Seasonally Stratified Shelf, Mississippi Bight, Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Dzwonkowski Brian , Fournier Severine , Park Kyeong , Dykstra Steven L. , Reager John T.
Published: July 2018

Water column stability is a critical component of coastal systems, regulating the vertical exchange of momentum, mass, and biogeochemical constituents. Observations of water column velocity and hydrographic conditions during the summer of 2010 were used to investigate aspects of the region of freshwater influence in the Mississippi Bight. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth surveys south of Mobile Bay indicated strong stratification (peak buoyancy frequencies ~0.09–0.3 s−1) across the inner and midshelf. Despite this strong stratification, mooring data from the 20‐m isobath indicated that the bulk Richardson numbers (Ri) can span 3 orders of magnitude, O(1–100). Examination of the high‐frequency (hourly) shear and buoyancy frequency time series revealed downwelling conditions, and near‐inertial oscillations were primarily responsible for generating instances of relatively low stability (bulk Ri < 1). Periods of intense near‐inertial oscillations also intermittently drove synthetic gradient Ri to critical or near‐critical levels within the pycnocline. While the near‐inertial oscillations were dominated by a clockwise rotating two‐layer structure, there was also a secondary three‐layer structure, both of which interacted with the low‐frequency upwelling to produce highly variable vertical structuring of the horizontal velocity. The resulting velocity shear on water column stability may have important implications for shelf hypoxia during the stratified season in the Mississippi Bight.
Titan's Variable Ionosphere During the T118 and T119 Cassini Flybys
Authors: Edberg N. J. T. , Vigren E. , Snowden D. , Regoli L. H. , Shebanits O. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Andrews D. J. , Bertucci C. , Cui J.
Published: July 2018

We report on unusual dynamics in Titan's ionosphere as a significant difference in ionospheric electron density is observed between the T118 and T119 Cassini nightside flybys. Two distinct nightside electron density peaks were present during T118, at 1,150 and 1,200 km, and the lowest density ever observed in Titan's ionosphere at altitudes 1,000–1,350 km was during T118. These flybys were quite similar in geometry, Saturn local time, neutral density, extreme ultraviolet flux, and ambient magnetic field conditions. Despite this, the Radio and Plasma Waves/Langmuir Probe measured a density difference up to a factor of 6 between the passes. The overall difference was present and similar during both inbound and outbound legs. By ruling out other factors, we suggest that an exceptionally low rate of particle impact ionization in combination with dynamics in the ionosphere is the explanation for the observations.
Upscaled Anisotropic Methane Hydrate Critical State Model for Turbidite Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments at East Nankai Trough
Authors: Zhou M. , Soga K. , Yamamoto K.
Published: July 2018

Turbidite formation is a common feature of natural hydrate‐bearing sediments that has been observed and reported at several hydrate exploration sites. It is therefore important to incorporate this anisotropic geological feature into the constitutive modeling when evaluating the geomechanical risks involved during hydrate‐based gas production. To date, a number of constitutive models have been proposed to capture the isotropic geomechanical behavior of homogeneous hydrate‐bearing sediments. Since the turbidite formation contains soil layers at a scale much smaller than the size of the numerical element used for reservoir scale simulations, it is necessary to upscale the geomechanical behavior of a layered system to an equivalent anisotropic continuum model by adopting some homogenization techniques. In this study, an anisotropic methane hydrate critical state model is developed by modifying the original isotropic version of Uchida et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008661). The calibration methodology of the anisotropic model parameters for a given set of hydrate heterogeneity and the turbidite formation at the Eastern Nankai Trough is proposed and demonstrated. The upscaled parameters are calibrated by curve fitting the numerically simulated stress‐strain curves of the layered system with the original isotropic constitutive model at the layered scale. Forty‐two sets of model parameters are calibrated from different site element models of this site. They are used to develop empirical correlations between the model parameters and the site input properties within the turbidite formation. This paper presents the details of the new anisotropic constitutive model and the performance of the proposed upscaling procedure for the Eastern Nankai Trough case.
Organic Aerosol Particle Chemical Properties Associated With Residential Burning and Fog in Wintertime San Joaquin Valley (Fresno) and With Vehicle and Firework Emissions in Summertime South Coast Air Basin (Fontana)
Authors: Chen Chia‐Li , Chen Sijie , Russell Lynn M. , Liu Jun , Price Derek J. , Betha Raghu , Sanchez Kevin J. , Lee Alex K. Y. , Williams Leah , Collier Sonya C. , Zhang Qi , Kumar Anikender , Kleeman Michael J. , Zhang Xiaolu , Cappa Christopher D.
Published: July 2018

Organic aerosol mass (OM) components were investigated at Fresno in winter and at Fontana in summer by positive matrix factorization of high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectra and of Fourier Transform infrared spectra, as well as by k‐means clustering of light‐scattering (LS) aerosol single‐particle spectra. The results were comparable for all three methods at both sites, showing different contributions of primary and secondary organic aerosol sources to PM1. At Fresno biomass burning organic aerosol contributed 27% of OM on low‐fog days, and nitrate‐related oxidized OA (NOOA) accounted for 47% of OM on high‐fog days, whereas at Fontana very oxygenated organic aerosol (VOOA) components contributed 58–69% of OM. Amine and organosulfate fragment concentrations were between 2 and 3 times higher on high‐fog days than on low‐fog days at Fresno, indicating increased formation from fog‐related processes. NOOA and biomass burning organic aerosol components were largely on different particles than the VOOA components in Fresno, but in Fontana both NOOA and VOOA components were distributed on most particle types, consistent with a longer time for and a larger contribution from gas‐phase photochemical secondary organic aerosol formation in summer Fontana than winter Fresno. Uncommon trace organic fragments, elevated inorganic, and alcohol group submicron mass concentrations persisted at Fontana for more than 5 days after 4 July fireworks. These unique aerosol chemical compositions at Fresno and Fontana show substantial and extended air‐quality impacts from residential burning and fireworks.
Sources and Secondary Production of Organic Aerosols in the Northeastern United States during WINTER
Authors: Schroder J. C. , Campuzano‐Jost P. , Day D. A. , Shah V. , Larson K. , Sommers J. M. , Sullivan A. P. , Campos T. , Reeves J. M. , Hills A. , Hornbrook R. S. , Blake N. J. , Scheuer E. , Guo H. , Fibiger D. L. , McDuffie E. E. , Hayes P. L. , Weber R. J. , Dibb J. E. , Apel E. C. , Jaeglé L. , Brown S. S. , Thornton J. A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: July 2018

Most intensive field studies investigating aerosols have been conducted in summer, and thus, wintertime aerosol sources and chemistry are comparatively poorly understood. An aerosol mass spectrometer was flown on the National Science Foundation/National Center for Atmospheric Research C‐130 during the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity (WINTER) 2015 campaign in the northeast United States. The fraction of boundary layer submicron aerosol that was organic aerosol (OA) was about a factor of 2 smaller than during a 2011 summertime study in a similar region. However, the OA measured in WINTER was almost as oxidized as OA measured in several other studies in warmer months of the year. Fifty‐eight percent of the OA was oxygenated (secondary), and 42% was primary (POA). Biomass burning OA (likely from residential heating) was ubiquitous and accounted for 33% of the OA mass. Using nonvolatile POA, one of two default secondary OA (SOA) formulations in GEOS‐Chem (v10‐01) shows very large underpredictions of SOA and O/C (5×) and overprediction of POA (2×). We strongly recommend against using that formulation in future studies. Semivolatile POA, an alternative default in GEOS‐Chem, or a simplified parameterization (SIMPLE) were closer to the observations, although still with substantial differences. A case study of urban outflow from metropolitan New York City showed a consistent amount and normalized rate of added OA mass (due to SOA formation) compared to summer studies, although proceeding more slowly due to lower OH concentrations. A box model and SIMPLE perform similarly for WINTER as for Los Angeles, with an underprediction at ages <6 hr, suggesting that fast chemistry might be missing from the models.
Using Noble Gases to Compare Parameterizations of Air‐Water Gas Exchange and to Constrain Oxygen Losses by Ebullition in a Shallow Aquatic Environment
Authors: Howard Evan M. , Forbrich Inke , Giblin Anne E. , Lott Dempsey E. , Cahill Kevin L. , Stanley Rachel H. R.
Published: July 2018

Accurate determination of air‐water gas exchange fluxes is critically important for calculating ecosystem metabolism rates from dissolved oxygen in shallow aquatic environments. We present a unique data set of the noble gases neon, argon, krypton, and xenon in a salt marsh pond to demonstrate how the dissolved noble gases can be used to quantify gas transfer processes and evaluate gas exchange parameterizations in shallow, near‐shore environments. These noble gases are sensitive to a variety of physical processes, including bubbling. We thus additionally use this data set to demonstrate how dissolved noble gases can be used to assess the contribution of bubbling from the sediments (ebullition) to gas fluxes. We find that while literature gas exchange parameterizations do well in modeling more soluble gases, ebullition must be accounted for in order to correctly calculate fluxes of the lighter noble gases. In particular, for neon and argon, the ebullition flux is larger than the differences in the diffusive gas exchange flux estimated by four different wind speed‐based parameterizations for gas exchange. We present an application of noble gas derived ebullition rates to improve estimates of oxygen metabolic fluxes in this shallow pond environment. Up to 21% of daily net oxygen production by photosynthesis may be lost from the pond via ebullition during some periods of biologically and physically produced supersaturation. Ebullition could be an important flux of oxygen and other gases that is measurable with noble gases in other shallow aquatic environments.
Miocene Volcaniclastic Sequence Within the Xiyu Formation from Source to Sink: Implications for Drainage Development and Tectonic Evolution in Eastern Pamir, NW Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wei Xiaochun , Zheng Hongbo , Wang Ping , Tada Ryuji , Clift Peter D. , Jourdan Fred , Luo Chao , Chen Hanlin
Published: July 2018

The formation of the Pamir salient and the Tashkorgan‐Yarkand River is highly debated with the ages ranging from pre‐Cenozoic to late Miocene. One approach to resolve these issues is to draw support from the sedimentary record in the surrounding basins. A volcaniclastic sequence, which divides into Lower and Upper Members, was identified in the southwestern Tarim Basin. The Lower Member was transported by dilute streamflows, which likely flowed during or soon after eruptions, while the Upper Member was formed by a syneruptive volcanic debris flow. Chronological, petrologic, and geochemical data consistently indicate that the sequence was derived from the Central Pamir at ~11 Ma. The ~11 Ma emplacement of the volcaniclastic sequence provides unique constraints for the evolution of the Tashkorgan‐Yarkand River and the Pamir salient. Provenance data indicate a multistage evolutionary history of the Tashkorgan‐Yarkand River. The paleo‐Tashkorgan River was initially formed in the piedmont of the Pamir marginal range before ~15 Ma. This river cut back into the Tashkorgan region at ~15 Ma, after which it has eroded the Central Pamir by ~11 Ma. The N‐S trending upper reaches of the Tashkorgan River and the Yarkand River were established after ~11 Ma. The emplacement of the volcanic debris flow, together with regional deformation evidence, indicates limited strike‐slip motion between Pamir and the Tarim at least since ~11 Ma, which refutes hundreds of kilometers offset between the Pamir and the Tarim after this time and supports an earlier indention of the Pamir salient.
Accretion Tectonics in Western Gondwana Deduced From Sm‐Nd Isotope Mapping of Terranes in the Borborema Province, NE Brazil
Authors: Santos L. C. M. de L. , Dantas E. L. , Cawood P. A. , Lages G. de A. , Lima H. M. , dos Santos E. J.
Published: July 2018

Whole rock Sm‐Nd isotope mapping of metaplutonic and metasedimentary rocks in the Tranversal Sub‐province of the Borborema Province (central Western Gondwana) is used to verify the role of crustal processes in the region. The region contains the Meso‐Neoproterozoic Alto Pajeú and Archean‐Paleoproterozoic Alto Moxotó terranes, which are separated by the Serra de Jabitacá thrust shear zone, the main terrane boundary. The distribution of TDM model ages on histograms and gridded maps reveals contrasting isotopic sources. The older terrane shows model ages ranging from Paleoarchean to Paleoproterozoic, whereas the younger presents ages ranging from late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic. Contrasting ages are even more evident away from the boundary. Calculated εNd(t) using well‐known U‐Pb zircon ages reveals a complex tectonic scenario. First manifestations of crustal growth are evident in Neoarchean tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite rocks of the Alto Moxotó Terrane. This terrane was subjected to severe crustal reworking during the early to late Paleoproterozoic. The tectonic evolution of the Alto Pajeú Terrane is considerably younger, characterized by Neoproterozoic reworking of old crust during the Cariris Velhos Orogeny (1,025–900 Ma). Our large Nd data set indicates that the Serra de Jabitacá Shear Zone separates two distinct crustal blocks exhibiting contrasting isotopic character, marking the onset of the terrane assembly in this part of Western Gondwana.
Implementing Screening With the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT) in Clinical Oncology Practice
Authors: Kazak Anne E. , Christofferson Jennifer , Gutierrez Richards Helena , Rivero-Conil Sara , Sandler Eric
Published: July 2018

Implementing evidence-based approaches to assessment and screening in pediatric psychology practice is important to bridge gaps in clinical care. Identifying specific implementation strategies that result in successful uptake of evidence-based approaches, such as the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT), is necessary. Twelve pediatric cancer programs in three states in the Southeastern United States participated in a 1-day implementation workshop and follow-up group implementation consultation calls to implement the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT), in English and Spanish, in their settings. Participants from these programs completed pre and post implementation questionnaires about their use of the PAT and identified benefits (facilitators) and challenges (barriers) of implementation at the family, provider and institutional levels. Nine of 12 programs (75%) successfully implemented the PAT, with half using both English and Spanish versions. The PAT was administered primarily by social workers and psychologists within the first month after diagnosis. The PAT was viewed as helpful to clinical oncology practice. Prior to the workshop, most participants were very positive about implementation and noted few challenges. Although the benefits of screening with the PAT were maintained through the implementation process, challenges related to staffing and integration of the results in the electronic health record were noted. A 1-day workshop with follow-up consultation calls to support implementation of an evidence-based approach in pediatric cancer was found to be feasible and acceptable. All participants rated the workshop very positively and recommended it. Applications of implementation science to pediatric psychology interventions are promising to advance care.

Implications for Impact Statement

Testing how evidence-based approaches can be implemented in clinical practice is an important priority for translating research into practice. This paper shows how the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT), a family psychosocial risk screener, can be implemented into practice in pediatric cancer in English and Spanish using a workshop with consultation calls.
Visualization of translation termination intermediates trapped by the Apidaecin 137 peptide during RF3-mediated recycling of RF1
Authors: Graf Michael , Huter Paul , Maracci Cristina , Peterek Miroslav , Rodnina Marina V. , Wilson Daniel N.
Published: July 2018

During translation termination in bacteria, the release factors RF1 and RF2 are recycled from the ribosome by RF3. While high-resolution structures of the individual termination factors on the ribosome exist, direct structural insight into how RF3 mediates dissociation of the decoding RFs has been lacking. Here we have used the Apidaecin 137 peptide to trap RF1 together with RF3 on the ribosome and visualize an ensemble of termination intermediates using cryo-electron microscopy. Binding of RF3 to the ribosome induces small subunit (SSU) rotation and swivelling of the head, yielding intermediate states with shifted P-site tRNAs and RF1 conformations. RF3 does not directly eject RF1 from the ribosome, but rather induces full rotation of the SSU that indirectly dislodges RF1 from its binding site. SSU rotation is coupled to the accommodation of the GTPase domain of RF3 on the large subunit (LSU), thereby promoting GTP hydrolysis and dissociation of RF3 from the ribosome.