bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
There Is a Genuine Working-Class Culture
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the genuine working-class culture. Imposter syndrome, survivor guilt, and code-switching are common phenomena among people who cross over from working-class families of origin to professional-middle-class jobs, especially in academia. The chapter argues that working-class culture is genuine in the sense that it has an internal coherence that is separate and distinct from middle-class culture. The professional middle class in America is culturally dominant despite being politically and economically subordinate to a ruling class. The chapter highlights the complexities of class and culture due to societal definitions and expectations. It also cites the openness, decency, and willingness of living a professional middle-class life.
Ceding Control to Gain Control
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the practice of ceding control of one area of life to gain control of another. Despite the misunderstanding behind the concept, deference is part of a very common life strategy among suppressed groups such as women and the working class. For example, formal deference to men was culturally forced on women of all classes. The chapter clarifies that social hierarchy and the accompanying status system do not go hand in hand with control. It notes how most middle-class professionals accept certain levels and kinds of subordination and trade-offs of control, but the process of professionalization tended to blur these trade-offs.
Presidents 41 and 42 Engage North Korea’s Nuclear Program
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter opens with a discussion on the US response to the nuclear program of North Korea—officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). It highlights that the response was characterized first by a lack of presidential concern and by rapid escalation to the brink of war. The chapter then argues that these two sets of behaviors can be explained by the nuclear beliefs of presidents George H. W. Bush and William J. Clinton. It shows that Bush was a (weak) nuclear optimist, focused on stability and largely confident in deterrence. By contrast, Clinton, a nuclear pessimist generally and regarding North Korea, seriously considered the use of preventive military force to forestall the North Korean program. The chapter leans on public statements, contemporaneous accounts, and the secondary literature, itself dependent on limited archival material. Despite data limitations, the observed outcomes are consistent with the model's theoretical expectations. The North Korean case offers an important test of the leader-centric model's generalizability beyond the Cold War.
Three US Presidents Tangle with Iraq’s Nuclear Program
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates three consecutive episodes of US–Iraqi interaction over Iraq's nuclear weapons program between 1989 and 2003. It argues that US preventive behavior vis-à-vis Iraq throughout this period can be explained by the threat perceptions of the United States' 41st, 42nd, and 43rd presidents. The chapter begins by understanding the Gulf War. It analyzes how George H. W. Bush viewed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait as a challenge to both regional and global stability as well as a threat to vital American interests. The chapter then proceeds to study Operation Desert Fox by exploring how repeated Iraqi violations of the international inspections regime caused Bill Clinton, for whom the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threat was salient, to attack Iraq's weapons programs. The chapter considers George W. Bush's prepresidential focus on rogue states and WMD threats as well as the 2003 Iraq War and post-9/11 environment.
Israel’s Preventive War Decision Making
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter delves into a series of Israeli prime ministers and how they dealt with adversarial nuclear proliferation over time. It explores three Israeli prime ministers and their responses to three episodes of nuclear proliferation. The Iraq episode compares the administrations of Yitzhak Rabin (1974–1977) and Menachem Begin (1977–1983). To demonstrate the consistency of Begin's threat perception regarding nuclear weapons, the chapter investigates how Begin responded to Pakistan's growing nuclear program during his tenure. It then looks into Israel's response to Syria's nuclear weapons program during the tenure of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert (2006–2009). The chapter emphasizes that the Pakistan and Syria cases are helpful for exploring the role of the third independent variable—the likelihood of success of a preventive military intervention—and the connection of that variable to the outcomes observed. It stresses the importance for demonstrating the leader-centric argument's ability to move beyond the US decision-making environment.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Elizabeth Whitlark Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews the book's argument and its implications for both the academic literature and the policy community. It talks about how the leader-centric argument applies to the ongoing situation with the Iranian nuclear program as well as contemporary circumstances with North Korea. While North Korea has had nuclear weapons since approximately 2006 and possesses a significant ballistic missile program, the country no longer presents an analogous situation for comparison for the leader-centric framework. The chapter details the implications of these and other developments, paying particular attention to events during the Trump administration. It then points out the relevant domestic political developments within both the United States and Israel and evaluates their consequences for the future of this situation.
Introduction
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces Filipino migration as the agent of change. It depicts the narratives of Zita Cabais and Nina Rotelo to emphasize migrants’ empowerment and leadership potential. Migrants were able to break major cultural taboos about the most fundamental social institution of the family and cultural constructions of gender and sexuality. Additionally, the chapter clarifies this using a historical approach in studying the history of Filipino migration between the 1970s and 2018. The popular construction of the Filipino migrant as a suffering martyr remains entrenched and unchanged despite more than a century of labor migration history.
Migration and the Rethinking of the Filipino Family, 1970s–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on migration and its impact on the family. The ideal Filipino family is almost unchanging and resilient to modernity and its challenge as the absence of the divorce law upheld the myth of a close-knit happy family. On the other hand, discourses like the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration’s (OWWA) awards produced by the Philippine government made it difficult to problematize the ideal Filipino family. Additionally, the household is also vital in the conceptualization of family life. The circumstances of migration threatened the hegemonic definitions of family. The chapter includes the issues brought up by transethnic families against the alleged idealized Filipino family concept.
Consumption and Social Change, 1980s–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses migrants in line with consumption and social change. It begins with a narrative of cultural norm born out of the great labor migration of the post-1980s, where material gifts are interpreted as signs of love. The chapter also highlights how most studies on migrants are largely focused on them as laborers instead of consumers. Migration has altered the social values, attitudes, and norms associated with reciprocity since the 1980s as the trend of balikbayan boxes grew. For some migrants, their transnational location allowed them to live the double life of a domestic worker in Europe and a rich person in the Philippines.
The Impact of Consumption on Businesses, 1990s–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the purchasing power of migrants which transformed the Philippine business landscape and generated enormous profits. It references the ABS-CBN channel and Philippines-based real-estate companies to highlight the impact of Filipino migrants’ consumer power and the possibility of migrants as investors. These companies transformed their business practices in order to attract Filipino migrant customers to buy their products. The enormous flow of remittances was influential in transforming the history of banking and banking services in the Philippines. Moreover, migrants became the purveyors of the new ultramodern lifestyle. Advertisements from real-estate companies are selling the “Filipino dream” of homeownership aside from land, concrete, and mortar.
Migrants and the Homeland, 1986–2018
Authors: Roces Mina
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at Filipino migrants’ projects working toward social change in the Philippines from about the 1980s to 2015. Filipino migrants and their descendants have committed to philanthropic projects aimed at improving the lives of underprivileged groups in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Philippine International Aid upheld the status of Filipino culture’s value for education and gave the youth the opportunity to cycle out of poverty. Medical missions, on the other hand, were a more direct form of philanthropic activity. The success of the People Power Revolution in ousting the dictatorship of martial law fostered an enormous pride in “being Filipino.”
Dispelling Myths of Religious Pluralism
Authors: Duncan Christopher R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores Maluku and North Maluku to dispel myths of religious pluralism. In 2016, the Ministry of Religion announced its recognition of the district of North Halmahera in North Maluku as an example of religious harmony due to the Tobelo adat practice of hibualamo allowed people to live in harmony, peace, and mutual respect. The aftermath of communal violence narratives is occasionally prefaced with clichéd statements about earlier periods of religious pluralism. The chapter expounds on interfaith relations and its concerns of peace, reconciliation, and conflict prevention in Maluku and North Maluku. Additionally, it highlights how religious pluralism is merely an ideal instead of a reality in the region.
Kings and Chieftains in the Shadow of the Danish Kings
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses politics in the Viking Age in some parts of Scandinavia and how it was affected by the Danish kings. It looks at the situations in Sweden, Trøndelag and Vestlandet. The chapter captures a glimpse of the lives of Swedish kings Erik the Victorious, Olof Skötkonung, and Norwegian king Hakon Adalsteinfostre, among others. It also highlights that importance of the Battle of Hafrsfjord. The chapter then tackles the 1036 landmark agreement between the Norwegian king Magnus Olafsson and the Danish king Harthacnut, which led to Magnus Olafsson becoming king of Denmark in 1042. The said power shift resulted in the Viken becoming part of the Norwegian realm, greatly reducing the military power of the Danish kings and conversely increasing that of the Norwegians.
Networks of Power
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the two main elements of all Viking Age networks: friends and family. To understand power in the Viking Age, one shall look at the social networks of the chieftains and kings for it was through these that they gained and exerted their power. The political game required making friends. The chapter underscores the link between power and the size of the network. It also presents a collection of poems known as the Hávamál, the most important source regarding the friendships of the chieftains and the kings. Not everyone was able to establish a tie of friendship. Only kings, chieftains, members of the upper level of society, and householders — those who were leaders of a household, both male and female — had this opportunity. Members of a household normally could not establish political friendships such as these but were included in the friendship between the householder and the chieftain, which led to the chieftain's having to protect them. As a result, nearly all the people in Viking society were part of a friendship network.
Religion and Power
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter dives deeper into the Norse religion, which it describes as an ethnic religion, not a universal one like Christianity. The Norse religion encompassed a great number of male and female gods and powers. It was tolerant in the sense that there were no rules or laws about what and how the people were to believe. The chapter introduces the two groups of Norse gods: Vanir and Aesir. The best known of the Aesir, the larger group of gods, are Odin, Thor, and Balder. Some royal families claim descent from the gods of the Viking Age. The chapter also discusses the strong ties between the chieftains and Thor, who was believed to rule over the wind, rain, thunder, and lightning. There were also many mythological categories, including völvur (prophetesses), jötnar (giants), Nornir (Norns, similar to the Fates), fylgjur (“fetches” who accompany people to their fates), dísir (ghosts, spirits, or deities, perhaps of fertility), and Valkyrjur (Valkyries). Furthermore, the chapter tackles the worship of the norse Pantheon, as well as ancestral worship. Then it looks at the Christianization of Scandinavia.
Livelihoods
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the three sources of income in the Viking Age economy: pillaging, farming, and trade. It highlights that there was tension between these sources of income as people in Viking Age society lived a hand-to-mouth existence, and plundering and trading claimed human resources that would otherwise be working the farm. Farming was the fundamental element of the Viking Age economy in Scandinavia because local food production provided the basis for society's continued existence. Additionally, the chapter provides the context that householders, in clear distinction from their counterparts in other parts of Europe, did not pay taxes to their kings and chieftains. Demographic growth played a crucial role in economic development during this period. The chapter also speaks of a large portion of the riches acquired by the Vikings on their raids which probably ended up in the pockets of the Danish kings. Next, the chapter looks at the mercantile activities of the Vikings who controlled the seas in western and northern Europe and the routes that bound the trading networks together.
Conclusion
Authors: Sigurðsson Jón Viðar
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews the main elements that characterize the Viking Age in Scandinavia — the Danish kings were dominant, and politics consisted of building networks; power bases were built from the bottom up; the political situation was unstable but relatively peaceful; and the Scandinavians were prone to war, but the violence was largely practiced abroad. It also reiterates that leaders competed by displaying their wealth and power, and their power centers were important for purposes of conspicuous consumption. Furthermore, the chapter emphasizes that there were clear ideas about distinct social ranks in the Viking Age society; the social elite controlled the practice of religion; and the farm was the fundamental societal unit. To participate in the political game, a person needed great riches, which they had to give away generously to remain powerful. To become powerful, one also needed to gain as many friends as possible. The chapter lays down some internal and external factors that brought about the end to this period, which is sometimes referred to as Scandinavia's contribution to world history.
Building Analytics Capabilities to Support Decision Making
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses how analytics, the systematic application of mathematics and computer science techniques to find meaningful patterns in data, is now being employed to enable better decision making in the delivery and management of mental health care services. Prior to 2012, US Army hospitals conducted their own analytics because so little was performed at the system level and made available to local facilities. The Behavioral Health Service Line led an extensive process to correct errors in the source data, making the information more reliable at the system level. It then developed tools that integrated the Army's information technology systems to answer three key questions: How well are we using our existing providers (clinician productivity assessment)? How many providers do we need (prescriptive capacity planning)? Is the care provided effective (clinical care effectiveness)? These tools form the basis of the digital infrastructure that today supports the Army's learning behavioral health system.
Translating Learning from the Army
Authors: Srinivasan Jayakanth , Ivany Christopher
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores how the US Army's implementation of its learning mental health care system can serve as a road map for other health systems, including civilian systems and the Defense Health Agency, which is in the process of taking over care delivery in all Department of Defense hospitals. It starts with using data to map and analyze the existing current system of care in terms of patient flows across clinical microsystems. Health system leaders should develop simple design rules, such as the five used by the Army, to select, standardize, and organize the different clinical microsystems to form the desired system of care. Health systems should then build implementation capabilities to move them into the desired state. The Army's experience shows that these implementation capabilities will evolve over time, as the health system needs to be able to learn from implementation efforts to sustain the new system of care.
Reclaiming the Past
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This book examines the post-antique history of Argos and how the city's archaeological remains have been perceived and experienced since the late eighteenth century by both local residents and foreign visitors to the Greek Peloponnese. The first western visitors to Argos—a city continuously inhabited for six millennia—invariably expected to encounter landscapes described in classical texts—yet what they found fell far short of those expectations. At the same time, local meanings attributed to ancient sites reflected an understanding of the past at odds with the supposed expertise of classically educated outsiders. This book details how new views of Argos emerged after the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830) with the adoption of national narratives connecting the newly independent kingdom to its ancient Hellenic past. With rising local antiquarianism at the end of the nineteenth century, new tensions surfaced between conserving the city's archaeological heritage and promoting urban development. By carefully assessing the competing knowledge claims between insiders and outsiders over Argos's rich history, the book addresses pressing questions about who owns the past.
Devastation and Reconstruction
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the role that Argos played during the Revolutionary War of 1821–1830. It examines how the town played a central part in the episodes of civil unrest that divided the revolutionaries—first, between the military and the civilian parties; then, between the Moreots of the Peloponnese and the Roumeliots of central Greece; and, finally, between the supporters of Kapodistrias and the so-called constitutionalists. The chapter also looks at the Hellenic–Romeic binary and the discovery of relief stele—identified by a French art historian as depicting the fifth-century BCE poetess Telesilla who, according to tradition, had defended Argos against a Spartan invasion. The chapter then argues that the identification need not be the scholarly “Hellenic” imposition of an outside “expert” and that there are some reasons for assuming that the Telesilla legend was circulating locally at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. It then turns to the successive—and ultimately unrealized—urban plans that were drawn up for Argos on the orders of Kapodistrias and suggests that while Kapodistrias was not unconcerned with issues of cultural heritage, they did not rank among his highest priorities.
A New Age of Archaeological Heritage
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the first three decades of the twentieth century and, in particular, to the pioneering archaeological, historical, epigraphical, and topographical studies of the Dutch scholar Wilhelm Vollgraff, who was sponsored—officially if not financially—by the École Française d'Athènes. It looks at Vollgraff's early education and his publications of numerous articles on Greek authors. Vollgraff conducted seven seasons of excavation throughout the town of Argos, unearthing a prehistoric settlement and the sanctuary of Apollo Pythaeus on the Aspis, a Mycenaean cemetery on the Deiras ridge, the ancient agora, and two temples on the summit of the Larisa hill. And yet, while his fieldwork revealed chapters of the town's past that had escaped the notice of ancient authors, the chapter uncovers how the philological training predisposed him to follow in the footsteps of Pausanias no less than had been the case with earlier Western visitors. The chapter then considers Vollgraff's study of inscriptions.
Conclusion
Authors: Hall Jonathan M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter recounts events of the Second World War and Civil War. It surveys the productive collaboration that arose between the Fourth Ephorate of the Greek Archaeological Service and the archaeologists of the École Française d'Athènes from the 1950s through to the 1990s. The same period, however, witnessed rapid—and only very loosely controlled—urban growth that frequently threatened to pit local proprietors and developers against the archaeological authorities. The chapter reviews some necessary reflections on the value of cultural heritage and how it might be more widely embraced in a community for which the importance and enabling resources of history are not always self-evident. It then identifies the dynamics that govern the creation of historical memory and the memorialization of the past, as well as the potential pitfalls that may threaten these processes.
Fluid Russia
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This book offers a new framework for understanding Russian national identity by focusing on the impact of globalization on its formation: something which has been largely overlooked. This approach sheds new light on the Russian case, revealing a dynamic Russian identity that is developing along the lines of other countries exposed to globalization. The book shows how along with the freedoms afforded when Russia joined the globalizing world in the 1990s came globalization's disruptions. It describes Putin's rise to power and his project to reaffirm a stronger identity not as a uniquely Russian diversion from liberal democracy, but as part of a broader phenomenon of challenges to globalization. The book underlines the limits of Putin's regime to shape Russian politics and society, which is still very much impacted by global trends. As well, the book questions a prevalent approach in Russia studies that views Russia's experience with national identity as abnormal or defective, either being too week or too aggressive. What is offered is a novel explanation for the so-called Russian identity crisis. As the liberal postwar order faces growing challenges, Russia's experience can be an instructive example of how these processes unfold. The book ties Russia's authoritarian politics and nationalist rallying to the shortcomings of globalization and neoliberal economics, potentially making Russia “patient zero” of the anti-globalist populist wave and rise of neo-authoritarian regimes. In this way, the book contributes to the broader understanding of national identity in the current age and the complexities of identity formation in the global world.
Media Discourse under Putin
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on media discourse under the reign of Russian President Vladimir Putin. To showcase fluid Russianness, it references the analyzed texts from the liberal Novaya Gazeta and Izvestia, and the broadcasts of the talk show Poyedinok. In an effort to divert away from dislocation and loss media discourses, Putin focuses on the metanarrative of flexibility to a government-led discourse of stability. To do that, the Kremlin began an aggressive campaign to change media power relations. Poyedinok became a tool for the development and dissemination of government discourse. The chapter also includes the resistance to the government discourse of stability on national identification.
From the Soviet Calendar to Russian Calendars
Authors: Michlin-Shapir Vera
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the transition from Soviet calendars to Russian calendars. National calendars represent a collective imagined past, projected future, and present social essence. The chapter also notes that national calendars are related to the conception of time and the practical dimension of individual agency. It looks into the difficulties experienced in the formation of a unified post-Soviet Russian calendar that was tied to the temporal context of late modernity. In addition, the chapter uses primary materials like opinion polls conducted by Levada-Center and VTSIOM to showcase how individuals build identifications and agency in late modernity in the specific cultural context.
Touring China
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This book explores how early twentieth-century Chinese sightseers described the destinations that they visited, and how their travel accounts gave Chinese readers a means to imagine their vast country. The roots of China's tourism market stretch back over a hundred years, when railroad and steamship networks expanded into the coastal regions. Tourism-related businesses and publications flourished in urban centers while scientific exploration, investigative journalism, and wartime travel propelled many Chinese from the eastern seaboard to its peripheries. The book considers not only accounts of overseas travel and voyages across borderlands, but also trips within China. On the one hand, via travel and travel writing, the unity of China's coastal regions, inland provinces, and western frontiers was experienced and reinforced. On the other, travel literature revealed a persistent tension between the aspiration for national unity and the anxiety that China might fall apart. The book tells a fascinating story about the physical and intellectual routes people took on various journeys, against the backdrop of the transition from Chinese empire to nation-state.
Travel as a Business
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter follows the history of travel as a business from the early Republican period to the end of the Nanjing Decade by focusing on two key institutions: China Travel Service or CTS and the Unison Travel Club. Without any state-sponsored national tourist institutions, private companies and civic organizations took up the responsibility for developing and promoting domestic tourism while projecting their desire for a unified national market onto a nationalist tourism industry. The chapter demonstrates that the tourism industry in twentieth-century China encompassed nearly all the practicalities of travel. Rather than localized businesses sprouting up around popular sites, the modern travel industry in China developed a larger geographic reach over the nation-state. Like the emergence of the tourism industry in Europe, this development was the result of industrial capitalism. The chapter then investigates how the new industrial transport infrastructure reshaped travel in China.
Travel as Narratives
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights the efflorescence of a tourism-centered travel culture in China's coastal urban societies. It examines this phenomenon by scrutinizing the production of guidebooks, travel magazines, and travel columns by print capitalism and tourism companies in modern China. The chapter also shows that journalistic travel literature and other popular travel narratives were important rhetorical devices in tourism development. They also asserted a potent universalizing force in shaping the popular consciousness of China's national space. The diverse travel narratives in commercial print media, as the chapter argues, gave shape to the notion of quanguo, the nation as a whole. The chapter stresses that the focus on the national market allows us to view diverse forms of domestic travel from a national perspective. Providing seemingly authentic texts about and images of quanguo, travel narratives presented the oneness of China's national space as self-evident.
Conclusion
Authors: Mo Yajun , Zuelow Eric G. E.
Published: July 2022

This chapter peeks at the growing accessibility of modern transportation and the increasing prominence of tourism. It reviews how a national tourist network began to take shape, expanding to encompass the natural and historic landmarks of previously less-traveled areas. The chapter also emphasizes how peripheral regions beyond China proper became a matter of great interest to state agents, scientific explorers, journalists, and adventure tourists from the core regions of the nation. It examines the importance of the narratives about leisure tourism and other forms of travel—explorations, academic fieldwork, and wartime flight—to modern Chinese travel culture. The chapter analyzes how it shaped the consciousness of China as a coherent unity, despite the political fragmentation and the central state's weakened hold over the periphery.
Introduction
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter provides an overview of how the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon, launched by the United States Air Force, had changed aerial warfare. It briefly discusses how the fighter pilot culture developed during World War I when romantic and heroic idealization of the fighter pilot meant a great deal to the American public and the pilots themselves. The chapter also describes the five core elements of the mythic construction of an idealized fighter: aggressiveness, independence, heroic imagery, technology, and community. Concepts of masculinity are intertwined in all five elements. Moreover, the chapter looks at the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon, originally designed to focus on air-to-air combat, as the strongest examples of the influence of culture on technology within the United States Air Force. It emphasizes the link between culture and technology in military hardware, highlighting that all technologies are the results of humans making specific choices in a particular historical moment and context.
What We Mean When We Say “Fighter”
Authors: Hankins Michael W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at how a small community of fighter advocates influenced the development of the F-15 Eagle fighter, which itself was the result of a long and tumultuous development process. These pilots advocated for a dedicated air-to-air fighter that could re-create the glory days of fighter combat — an idealized vision of World War I, which they sometimes referred to as “the white scarf stuff.” The chapter looks at the principles held by Navy test pilot Lieutenant Charles “Chuck” E. Myers Jr., who said a true fighter should excel in air-to-air dogfighting at close range. He advocated for a redefinition of the fighter role to emphasize dogfighting, rejecting the Air Force doctrine that air superiority would not be achieved through air-to-air attrition but by destroying enemy planes and bases on the ground. During that time, the Air Force and Navy had just committed to a shift away from gun-based air combat. Both services were buying large numbers of F-4s, a multi-role interceptor that could excel at ground attack yet carried no gun. The chapter also looks at John Boyd, one of the more controversial figures in the history of the US Air Force. It tackles his advocacy for fighter aircraft and his concept of “energy maneuverability” as a quantifiable way to aid in the evaluation and design of fighters. Finally, the chapter explores the so-called rebirth of the air fighting mission.
Ronald Reagan and the Cold War
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the role of Ronald Reagan amidst the Cold War. It mentions the difficulty of determining wherein Reagan wanted to continue or end the war whilst abolishing nuclear weapons. The chapter notes the trends praising Reagan for his strategy for winning the Cold War, which involved the National Security Decision Directives (NSDD). Reagan merits credit for understanding the trends of the Soviet system losing its legitimacy due to its performance. The chapter also highlights the impact of Reaganomics on international affairs as finance and monetary policy became foreign policy tools. When Mikhail Gorbachev's initiatives after 1989 disintegrated the Soviet Union, Reagan heralded the United States' victory in the Cold War.
Reagan and the Evolution of US Counterterrorism
Authors: Fuller Christopher J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the impact of Ronald Reagan's administration on the evolution of the United States handling issues of terrorism. It highlights the paradox of the Reagan administration's approach to counterterrorism as it fostered the ideological climate and terrorist infrastructure while establishing the fundamentals of the hard-line pursuit of these terrorists. Reagan entered the White House after campaigning his determination to defeat terrorism. However, the chapter determines the Reagan doctrine as one of the approaches that actively enable terrorism. The Reagan administration's exploitation of Sunni Islamic radicalism fueled an ideological fervor more dangerous and harder to eliminate than any individual terrorist.
Once More, with Feeling
Authors: Colbourn Susan , Haeussler Mathias
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the transatlantic relations amidst the presidential term of Ronald Reagan. The asymmetrical distribution of power among the Western allies in NATO made tensions more or less inevitable, as did their geographic positions relative to the Soviet Union. Additionally, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan exacerbated intra-alliance tensions. The implementation of the dual-track decision raised assumptions at the heart of the alliance and NATO's reliance on nuclear deterrence to defend its alliance across the Atlantic. Free trade had been regarded as the most contentious and consequential issue between allied countries. The chapter also highlights how George Shultz played a major part in developing and communicating the Reagan administration's strategy.
Ronald Reagan and the Nuclear Freeze Movement
Authors: Freeman Stephanie
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the role of Ronald Reagan's administration in line with the Nuclear Freeze movement. It highlights the discordant relationship between Reagan and grassroots nuclear freeze activists by narrating the meeting between Reagan and Helen Caldicott, one of the most prominent anti-nuclear activists in the world. Reagan believed the United States needed to modernize its nuclear forces to incentivize the Soviet Union. However, grassroots anti-nuclear activism was increasing as the intensification of the nuclear arms race sparked concern for a possible nuclear war. The Reagan administration took note of the movement and announced the beginning of Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START).
Reframing Human Rights
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Ronald Reagan's work on reframing human rights in line with Project Democracy and the US intervention in Nicaragua. The Reagan administration effectively used the human rights rhetoric as a vehicle to build domestic support for expanded US security assistance to anticommunist forces in the Third World. Additionally, the White House used human rights rhetoric to justify aggressive Cold War policies in the Third World. The Reagan administration, then, used democracy promotion as the centerpiece of its human rights policy by mid-1982, which led to a greater institutionalization of human rights. The chapter highlights that the promotion of democracy could serve as a legitimate distinctive form of interventionism.
The Limits of Triumphalism in the Middle East
Authors: Anziska Seth
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the limits of triumphalism in the Middle East in relation to Israel, the Palestinian question, and Lebanon amidst the regime of Ronald Reagan. The Reagan administration's national security strategy boosted an alliance with Israel and marginalized Palestinian nationalists as agents of Soviet influence in the Middle East. The bellicose rhetoric of the White House alienated moderate elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Additionally, the 1982 Lebanon War fractured the Palestinian national movement while raining tragedy upon civilians in Lebanon. Reagan's policies in the Middle East aggravated Arab attitudes toward the United States and set the stage for extending the conflict until the twenty-first century.
One World, Two Chinas
Authors: Hunt Jonathan R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on US–East Asian relations. It mentions how Taiwan did not trail far behind the United States or Japan in mainland investments. Private actors and government officials took the stage together in trans-Pacific relations during the 1980s. The chapter also cites Ronald Reagan's East Asia trade policy initially focused on arms sales. Moreover, the Joint Sino-British Declaration preserved Hong Kong as a regional financial hub under the guise of “one country, two systems.” Technology and knowledge transfers became the new hallmarks of the affairs between the United States and the People's Republic of China. The removal of barriers to foreign entry in China fitted the dispensation then ascendant in the United States that sought to transfer government functions to private interests.
Introduction
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign. Originating in discussions among arms control advocates and peace activists, the Freeze campaign emerged in Massachusetts and soon spread into small communities across the northeast. It offered a modest and easy-to-understand solution to the arms race: a bilateral halt (or freeze) between the United States and the Soviet Union on the testing, production, and deployment of nuclear weapons. This book offers the first full treatment of the campaign from its roots following the Vietnam War through its merger with the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE). It challenges traditional Cold War historiography while bridging the growing gap between the Freeze and the historiography of the Reagan administration. Although the Freeze appeared to lose politically in 1984, the book argues that the movement played an important role in shaping the peaceful outcome of the Cold War.
From the Streets to the Pulpit
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB, which later became the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, USCCB) provided the moral backbone to the Freeze movement after debating and publishing a pastoral letter that condemned the arms race and lent support to the campaign. This created a major dilemma for the Reagan administration in that whereas it could publicly dismiss members of the broader antinuclear movement as “freezeniks” or “unilateral disarmers,” using the same terms to describe Catholic bishops could potentially alienate Catholic voters—a major voting bloc. To fend off critics, the administration pushed a new image of the president struggling with the morality of nuclear war, just as the Catholic bishops were. In so doing, it managed to evade the bishops' serious criticisms. In the larger picture, the bishops' intervention in the public dialogue surrounding the arms race underscored how the Reagan administration engaged its arms control critics and subsequently the Freeze movement.
Envisioning the Day After
Authors: Maar Henry Richard
Published: July 2022

This chapter details how the threat of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union became the basis for 1980s popular culture. Just as the Freeze movement took on new dimensions from its associations with religious communities and political policy circles, it was likewise shaped by popular culture. Indeed, while Catholic bishops brought the movement respectability, and congressional affiliation armed it with political support, popular culture spread the message of the dangers of a continued arms race, influencing the public mind in ways neither religion nor congressional hearings could. These inroads generated further distrust of the Reagan administration's diplomacy, forcing it to take active measures to control the nuclear narrative. A thematic examination of the popular and political culture of the 1980s shows how the Freeze campaign and the broader threat of a nuclear holocaust came to influence society even after the large rallies and political support for the Freeze campaign had come to pass.
Domestic Science
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses opportunities for learning about science and technology by situating those activities within a context of nationalism—first as subjects of Britain and then as citizens of the newly independent United States. The nation's future depended on its citizens to improve agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, and even people. The chapter explains how informal scientific education provided by almanacs, public lectures, and demonstrations along with the financial encouragement of early scientific societies, generated an enthusiasm for the application of science and technology to civic, commercial, and domestic improvements, first in the colonial era, and then in the early years of the republic. Not all were welcome to contribute to this goal; yet women and all people of color, as outliers to citizenship, nevertheless made their presence felt. Scientific knowledge was within the grasp of many who were not white, affluent, and male.
Engines of Change
Authors: Branson Susan
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains why machines captured the public's attention in so profound a way by surveying the early nineteenth-century venues in which Americans encountered mechanical technologies. Demonstrations of new machines acquainted men and women with inventions that enhanced daily life. One continually pursued idea was resurrected in an American context when Charles Redheffer's perpetual motion device caught the public's imagination. It sparked a national discussion of how the invention would propel the United States to global preeminence. Redheffer's failure to deliver on his promise dampened, but did not diminish, American hopes that technology was the answer to national development. The steam engine, on the other hand, quickly became useful and ubiquitous. The engines that propelled boats and railcars and powered looms and spindles literally drove the changes that helped the United States strive for economic independence. Americans expressed their enthusiasm for the steam engine's importance to national prosperity in poetry, fiction, and the purchase of steam-themed consumer items.
Introduction
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter aims to bridge historical scholarship on Sino-US encounters, modern China, and visual practices in East Asia. Almost no histories of American missionary activity in China (and in other places in East Asia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) examine the role of widespread photographic practices in missionary and Chinese experience. The chapter focuses on photography and filmmaking by missionaries as a specific cultural phenomenon, then discusses the missionary imaging's vernacular qualities or its trajectories beyond the mid- to late nineteenth century. The chapter also looks at the hundreds of thousands of images made in China by missionaries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a fraction of greater quantities likely extant in North America, Europe, and East Asia. The chapter explores missionary filmmaking in China. It seeks to advance the recovery of these materials by examining their meanings and raising questions about their afterlives, preservation and accessibility, and future exploration by scholars and others.
New Lives, New Optics
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter tracks the experiences of Presbyterian medical missionary families as they arrived in North China and East China in the 1920s and early 1930. It maps their formative photographic experiences onto modern cross-cultural perceptions, then examines how new technologies and imaging trends in and beyond China directly shaped missionary ways of seeing. To best understand the experiences and optics behind the images—and the vagaries of time that caused these materials to vanish from broader view—the chapter looks at the historical convergences that brought them into being. Consumer photography and international markets enabled wider accessibility to photographic resources across East Asia. Small, mobile cameras enabled (and promoted) close interactions with local environments. The chapter considers how images that represented religious, educational, and medical projects in the mission field gave rise to missionary identities as uniquely embedded cultural mediators and modern visual producers.
Converting Visions
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter delves into media technologies and visual practices across the 1920s that connected Chinese Catholic communities in isolated West Hunan to US congregations in West Hoboken, New Jersey. It highlights the photography's role in shaping overlapping conversion experiences and the creation of a Catholic media identity in China. The chapter then elucidates the concept of conversion in several registers—not strictly limiting it to the religious sense, and including the makers of the images as well as their subjects and audiences. It emphasizes photographic mediations as conversions. Using colorful examples from the Passionist order, the chapter then demonstrates how Catholic missionary-photographers wrestled with environmental contingencies, tensions with Protestants and better-established Catholic orders, misinterpretation of their images by US editors, and visualizations of martyrdom as media events in warlord-era Central China.
Chaos in Three Frames
Authors: Ho Joseph W.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the historical trajectories in which American missionaries found themselves, not only in the opening year of the Second Sino-Japanese War 1937–1938 but also in the wider conflict that would soon evolve into the Pacific War. It looks at missionary visual practices as documentary imaging in times of conflict. The chapter then illuminates previously unexplored overlaps between missionary-produced images and the Nanjing Massacre, the Nationalists' formation of Free China, and the Japanese military occupation. It first focuses on American missionary imaging of specific wartime events in the public realm, then examines private missionary imaging in occupied China. Fragmentary images and experiences reflected violence, contingencies, and political polarization. Missionary images dramatically left their prewar existences and entered wartime histories.