bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Carbocyclic 7-Deazapurine-Pyrimidine Hybrid Nucleoside
Authors: Sunkara Naresh K. , Mosley Sylvester L. , Seley-Radtke Katherine L.
Published: August 2006

The design, synthesis and rationale for the first example of a carbocyclic 7-deazapurine- pyrimidine hybrid nucleoside is described. The marriage of key structural features from the purine and pyrimidine nucleobase scaffolds has given rise to novel hybrid nucleobases designed to be recognized by biologically relevant purine- and pyrimidine-metabolizing enzymes. Pairing these hybrid bases with chemotherapeutically beneficial carbocyclic "sugars", in addition to utilizing the highly effective 7-deaza ring system, should result in chemotherapeutically useful nucleosides. The approach to realize the first 7-deazapurine-pyrimidine hybrid nucleoside3is presented herein.
The Effect of pH on Peroxidase-Mediated Oxidation of and DNA Adduct Formation by Ellipticine
Authors: Poljaková Jitka , Dračínský Martin , Frei Eva , Hudeček Jiří , Stiborová Marie
Published: August 2006

In order to understand the mechanism of enzymatic activation of an antineoplastic agent ellipticine, we investigated the effect of pH on the efficiency of three model peroxidases (bovine lactoperoxidase, human myeloperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase) in oxidation of ellipticine and in formation ellipticine-DNA adducts. The formation of the major ellipticine metabolite, ellipticine dimer, in which two ellipticine residues are connected through nitrogenN6in the pyrrole ring of one of the ellipticine moieties and carbon C9 of the other ellipticine, and formation of four ellipticine-DNA adducts were analyzed. All three peroxidases oxidize ellipticine to dimer and form ellipticine-DNA adducts, but lactoperoxidase and myeloperoxidase were less efficient in these processes than horseradish peroxidase. More than one order of magnitude higher rates of formation of dimer and amounts of the DNA adducts were found upon horseradish peroxidase than in reactions with lactoperoxidase or myeloperoxidase. An acid pH optimum was found for the formation of ellipticine dimer (pH 6.4), while the highest binding of ellipticine activated by peroxidases to DNA was detectable at pH 8.4. Likewise, the highest binding of 5-(hydroxymethyl)ellipticine, a metabolite of ellipticine generated by cytochrome P450, to DNA was found at pH 8.4. The results presented here are a contribution to the explanation of the reaction mechanism of formation of the major deoxyguanosine adduct in DNA generated from ellipticinein vivoandin vitroby its activation with cytochromes P450 and peroxidases.
Cu(I)-Catalyzed Coupling of (9-Benzylpurin-6-yl)magnesium Chloride with Allyl Halides: An Approach to 6-Allylpurine Derivatives
Authors: Klečka Martin , Tobrman Tomáš , Dvořák Dalimil
Published: August 2006

6-Allylpurine derivatives are formed by Cu(I)-catalyzed coupling of (9-benzyl-9H-purin-6-yl)- magnesium chloride with allyl halides. The reaction is accompanied by allylic rearrangement in some cases. Under acid conditions the double bond of the allyl group rearranges to the conjugation with purine ring.
Dimeric Ecdysteroid Analogues and Their Interaction with the Drosophila Ecdysteroid Receptor
Authors: Harmatha Juraj , Buděšínský Miloš , Vokáč Karel , Dinan Laurence , Lafont René
Published: August 2006

Three structurally related specific ecdysteroid derivatives, 7,7'-dimers of 14-deoxy-8(14)-ene transformed 20-hydroxyecdysone, ponasterone A and ajugasterone C, were obtained by photochemical transformation. The structures of the dimeric ecdysteroids were identified mainly by NMR spectroscopy supported by MS and IR spectroscopy. Yields of the dimerisation products were dependent on the reactant concentrations and photoreaction conditions. Inert gas atmosphere supported high yields, whereas oxygen atmosphere fully prevented the dimer formation. All the three dimers retained a rather high agonistic activity at the ecdysteroid receptor in the Drosophila BII bioassay when compared with the relevant original ecdysteroids.
Analysis of the Ortho Effect: Basicity of 2-Substituted Benzonitriles
Authors: Exner Otto , Böhm Stanislav
Published: August 2006

Energies of 18 ortho-substituted benzonitriles and their protonated forms were calculated within the framework of the density functional theory at the level B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). The substituent effects were evaluated in terms of isodesmic reactions as the effects on the basicity on the one hand and separately in the nitrile molecules and in the cations on the other. The ortho effect was defined as the difference when compared to the 4-substituted isomers. It is smaller than in the case of ortho-substituted benzoic acids but not negligible (up to 25 kJ mol-1). In unprotonated molecules it may be classified as purely steric effect, in spite of the small dimension of the CN group and estimates made with the calotte models. In the protonated forms, polar properties of the substituent are decisive. In addition, a new, quite important substituent effect was discovered with the substituents OH, SH, CHO and COOCH3, which is controlled by different conformation of protonated and unprotonated molecules. Substituents OH, SH and NH2 form also weak hydrogen bonds in unprotonated nitriles. In summary, 2-substituted benzonitriles allowed evaluating of several, partly new substituent effects but cannot serve as model molecules without an ortho effect, although the constant functional group CN is sterically little pretentious.
Modified Synthesis of Heptahelicene and Its Resolution Into Single Enantiomers
Authors: Alexandrová Zuzana , Sehnal Petr , Stará Irena G. , Starý Ivo , Šaman David , Urquhart Stephen G. , Otero Edwige
Published: August 2006

A practical synthesis of racemic heptahelicene has been develeped being based on key [2+2+2] cycloisomerization of bis[2-(but-3-yn-1-yl)-1-naphthyl]acetylene under CpCo(CO)2/PPh3 or CpCo(C2H4)2 catalysis. The application of the Ni(cod)2 catalyst with (-)-(Sa)-(2'-methoxy-1,1'-binaphthalen-2-yl)diphenylphosphane resulted in enantioselective triyne cyclization to provide (+)-7,8,11,12-tetrahydroheptahelicene in 40% ee. Optically pure (-)-(M)- and optically highly enriched (+)-(P)-heptahelicene were obtained on a milligram scale by resolution of racemate by chiral HPLC on a semipreparative Whelk-O1 column.
3D Size Effects in Advanced SOI Devices
Authors: CRISTOLOVEANU SORIN , RITZENTHALER ROMAIN , OHATA AKIKO , FAYNOT OLIVIER
Published: August 2006

Recent results on state-of-the-art SOI MOS transistors reveal the impact of the device miniaturization. The role of each dimension (length, width, thickness) is examined sequentially, by emphasizing the link with the other MOSFET dimensions. Ultra-thin gate oxide and silicon film enable, respectively, Gate-Induced Floating Body Effects (GIFBE) and super-coupling. In ultra-thin SOI films, the interface coupling effects are amplified leading to interesting consequences for carrier transport and multiple-gate operation. The self-heating problem in SOI MOSFETs can be alleviated by replacing the buried oxide with a different dielectric that offers improved thermal conductivity, without degrading the electrostatic behavior of the device. We describe the operation and scaling principles of transistors with double, triple or quadruple gates, which are governed by strong 3-D coupling effects.
SON (Silicon On Nothing) PLATFORM FOR ULSI ERA: TECHNOLOGY&DEVICES
Authors: Skotnicki T. , Monfray S. , Chanemougame D. , Coronel P. , Harrison S. , Dutartre D. , Talbot A. , Fenouillet-Beranger C. , Borel S.
Published: August 2006

In this article is presented the new SON process, which key point lies in the transfer of the lattice continuity from a bulk Silicon substrate via a SiGe layer to the Silicon cap layer, both of these layers being obtained by epitaxy. The thin SiGe layer is next removed from underneath the Si cap in an isotropic plasma-assisted chemical dry-etching. The mono-crystalline Si cap layer resulting from this process lies on an air-gap, which gives the name (Silicon On Nothing) to the process. Depending on application, this air-gap may be refilled with a dielectric or with a gate material for double gate applications. In both cases, the thickness of the Si cap as well as that of the air-gap (filled by the dielectric for single gate applications) may be in the range of a few nanometers with a control in the range of the epitaxy process capability. In this article we present the SON process and its implementation to MOSFETs devices and circuits. This development effort converges towards an SON technological platform, allowing easy co-integration of SON and bulk transistors, Gate All Around or multi-gate devices.
Novel Dielectric Materials for Future Transistor Generations
Authors: BERSUKER GENNADI , LEE BYOUNG HUN , HUFF HOWARD R.
Published: August 2006

Relations between the electronic properties of high-k materials and electrical characteristics of high-k transistor are discussed. It is pointed out that the intrinsic limitations of these materials from the standpoint of gate dielectric applications are related to the presence of d-electrons, which facilitate high values of the dielectric constant. It is shown that the presence of structural defects responsible for electron trapping and fixed charges, and the dielectrics' tendency for crystallization and phase separation induce threshold voltage instability and mobility degradation in high-k transistors. The quality of the SiO 2-like layer at the high-k/ Si substrate interface, as well as dielectric interaction with the gate electrode, may significantly affect device characteristics.
PART I: BOND STRAIN AND DEFECTS AT Si-SiO2 AND DIELECTRIC INTERFACES IN HIGH-k GATE STACKS
Authors: LUCOVSKY GERALD
Published: August 2006

The performance and reliability of aggressively-scaled field effect transistors that include deposited high-k dielectrics and interfacial SiO 2 buffer layers are determined in large part by electronically-active defects and defect precursors at the Si - SiO 2, and internal SiO 2-high-k dielectric interfaces. A crucial aspect of reducing interfacial defects and defect precursors is associated with bond-strain driven bonding self-organizations that take place during high temperature annealing in inert ambients. These interfacial self-organizations, and intrinsic interface defects are addressed through an extension of bond constraint theory from bulk glasses to interfaces between non-crystalline SiO 2, and i) crystalline Si , and ii) non-crystalline and crystalline alternative gate dielectric materials.
PART II: CONDUCTION BAND-EDGE STATES ASSOCIATED WITH REMOVAL OF d-STATE DEGENERACIES BY THE STATIC JAHN-TELLER EFFECT
Authors: LUCOVSKY GERALD
Published: August 2006

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to study band edge electronic structure of high-k transition metal (TM) and trivalent lanthanide rare earth (RE) oxide dielectrics. The lowest conduction band d*-states in nano-crystalline TiO 2, ZrO 2 and HfO 2 are correlated with features in the O K 1 edge, and transitions from occupied Ti 2p, Zr 3p and Hf 4p states to empty Ti 3d-, Zr 4d-, and Hf 5d-states, respectively. Optical band gaps, E opt , and conduction band offset energy with respect to Si , E B , scale monotonically with d-state energies of the TM/RE atoms. The multiplicity of d-state features in the Ti L 2,3 spectrum of TiO 2, and the O K 1 derivative spectra for ZrO 2 and HfO 2 indicate a complete removal of d-state degeneracies resulting from a static Jahn-Teller effect. Similar degeneracy removals are shown for complex nano-crystalline TM/RE oxides such as Zr and Hf titanates, and La , Gd and Dy scandates. XAS and band edge spectra indicate an additional band edge defect state assigned Jahn-Teller distortions at internal grain boundaries. These defect states are electronically active act as bulk traps in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices, contributing to asymmetries in tunneling and Frenkel-Poole transport with important consequences for performance and reliability in advanced Si devices.
ADVANCED COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROPROCESSORS
Authors: KENNY THOMAS W. , GOODSON KENNETH E. , SANTIAGO JUAN G. , WANG EVELYN , KOO JAE-MO , JIANG LINAN , POP ERIC , SINHA SANJIV , ZHANG LIAN , FOGG DAVID , YAO SHUHUAI , FLYNN ROGER , CHANG CHING-HSIANG , HIDROVO CARLOS H.
Published: August 2006

Recent trends in processor power for the next generation devices point clearly to significant increase in processor heat dissipation over the coming years. In the desktop system design space, the tendency has been to minimize system enclosure size while maximizing performance, which in turn leads to high power densities in future generation systems. The current thermal solutions used today consist of advanced heat sink designs and heat pipe designs with forced air cooling to cool high power processors. However, these techniques are already reaching their limits to handle high heat flux, and there is a strong need for development of more efficient cooling systems which are scalable to handle the high heat flux generated by the future products.

To meet this challenge, there has been research in academia and in industry to explore alternative methods for extracting heat from high-density power sources in electronic systems. This talk will discuss the issues surrounding device cooling, from the transistor level to the system level, and describe system-level solutions being developed for desktop computer applications developed in our group at Stanford University.
STUDY OF THE GATE INSULATOR/SILICON INTERFACE UTILIZING SOFT AND HARD X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AT SPring-8
Authors: HATTORI T. , NOHIRA H. , AZUMA K. , SAKAI K. W. , NAKAJIMA K. , SUZUKI M. , KIMURA K. , SUGITA Y. , IKENAGA E. , KOBAYASHI K. , TAKATA Y. , KONDO H. , ZAIMA S.
Published: August 2006

The chemical structures of SiO 2/ Si interfaces were studied by photoelectron spectroscopy using high-brilliance soft X-ray with photon energy ranging from 500 to 1500 eV at Super Photon ring 8 GeV(SPring-8) and it is able to probe a depth of about 1.2 to 3 nm with energy resolution of 100 meV. On the other hand, high-brilliance hard X-ray with photon energy ranging from 6 to 10 keV is able to probe a depth of about 8.5 to 12.5 nm with energy resolution of 100 meV. Hard photoelectron spectroscopy are particularly useful for studying the composition and the chemical structure of transition layer at high-k dielectric/silicon interface.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF POINT DEFECTS IN ZIRCONIA – SILICON INTERFACES
Authors: Nakatomi Masashi , Yamashita Koichi
Published: August 2006

We present a theoretical study on the point defects in ZrO 2–silicon interfaces using molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. A super-cell model that contains 9 atomic layers of silicon and 9 atomic layers of ZrO 2 was used for the simulation. Three atomic layers containing 17 oxygen atoms, eight silicon atoms, and nine Zr atoms were used to simulate the ZrO 2–silicon interface. We then performed density functional theory (DFT) with plane-wave basis to calculate the interface band structure. Results demonstrate that the stretched Zr – O bonds at the interface would produce some defect levels in the band gap. Particularly, the defect levels originated from the interstitial oxygen atoms are located close to the bottom of the ZrO 2 conduction band and hence it will affect the electrical properties of the gate dielectrics.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEM MODELED BY A GENERAL MARKOV PROCESS
Authors: PÉREZ-OCÓN RAFAEL , MONTORO-CAZORLA DELIA , RUIZ-CASTRO JUAN ELOY
Published: August 2006

An M-unit system in dynamic environment with operational and repair times following phase-type distributions and incorporating geometrical processes is considered. A general Markov process with vectorial states is the appropriate structure for modeling this system. A transient analysis is performed for this complex system and the transition probabilities are calculated. Some performance measures of general interest in the study of systems are obtained using an algorithmic approach, and applied to G-out-of-M systems. A numerical example is presented and the transient performance measures are calculated and compared with the stationary ones. This paper extends previous reliability systems, that can be considered as particular cases of this one. Throughout the paper, the mathematical expressions are given by algorithmic methods, that emphasized the utility of phase-type distributions in the analysis of lifetime data.
ADJUSTING ORDINAL AND CARDINAL INCONSISTENCIES IN DECISION PREFERENCES BASED ON GOWER PLOTS
Authors: LI HAN-LIN , MA LI-CHING
Published: August 2006

Gower plots provide a powerful graphical tool to detect cardinal and ordinal inconsistencies in a pairwise preference matrix. However, there is no systematical way to help a decision maker to reduce these inconsistencies. This paper develops a model that can assist in making a consistent decision. Gower plots are used to detect major inconsistencies. A multi-objective program is then formulated to adjust both the cardinal inconsistencies and the preference changes subjected to the constraints of ordinal consistency.
EXTREMELY ENERGETIC COSMIC NEUTRINOS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR ASTROPHYSICS, PARTICLE PHYSICS, AND COSMOLOGY
Authors: RINGWALD ANDREAS
Published: August 2006

Existing and planned observatories for cosmic neutrinos open up a huge window in energy from 107 to 1017 GeV. Here, we discuss in particular the possibilities to use extremely energetic cosmic neutrinos as a diagnostic of astrophysical processes, as a tool for particle physics beyond the Standard Model, and as a probe of cosmology.
INVESTIGATION OF EVENT RATES FOR DIFFERENT DETECTOR ARRAYS AND VARIOUS EXTREMELY HIGH ENERGY MODELS
Authors: BECKER J. K. , RHODE W.
Published: August 2006

New detection methods for extremely high energy (EHE) neutrinos are being discussed. In this paper, the comparison of different detection methods at energies E > 107.5 GeV are examined, using various neutrino flux predictions. Arrays for acoustic and radio signals from neutrino induced electromagnetic cascades as well as the IceCube array with additional strings ("IceCube Plus") are investigated with effective volumes as given in 5,6. The depth of the detector below the Earth's surface are examined with respect to the absorption of a potential neutrino signal by the Earth. It can be shown that absorption plays an important role and that an array of acoustic and radio antennas should preferably be put at shallow depths of ~ 500 m depth. The detection potential at this depth ranges from several up to tens of events at EHEs depending on the source of the neutrino flux.
EXPERIENCE ON ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN ROCK SALT IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 1-100 kHz AND CONCLUSIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE FEASIBILITY OF A ROCK SALT DOME AS NEUTRINO DETECTOR
Authors: MANTHEI GERD , EISENBLÄTTER JÜRGEN , SPIES THOMAS
Published: August 2006

Rock salt is a promising material for the detection of acoustic waves generated by interactions of high energy neutrinos. The economical feasibility of an acoustic neutrino detector strongly depends on the spacing between the acoustic sensors. In this paper we report on our experience on acoustic wave propagation and wave attenuation in rock salt in the frequency range of 1 to 100 kHz and some conclusions with respect to the usefulness of rock salt as a neutrino detector. The experience bases on long-term acoustic emission measurements in a salt mine.
BROADBAND ANALYSIS OF ASKARYAN PULSES
Authors: MIOČINOVIĆ PREDRAG
Published: August 2006

A coherent radio emission from particle shower in a dielectric medium, so-called Askaryan pulse, has been recorded in a laboratory setting. In this report the analysis of measurement made with a broadband (1-18 GHz) log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) is described. The properties of the observed radio pulses are compared with the current theoretical model. The radiation intensity as a function of frequency was found to agree well with the expectation, while the phase characteristics of pulses disagree with the theoretical work.
HYBRID SCHEME OF SIMULATION OF ELECTRON-PHOTON AND ELECTRON-HADRON CASCADES IN DENSE MEDIUM AT ULTRA-HIGH ENERGIES
Authors: DEDENKO L. G. , MIRONOVICH A. A. , ZHELEZNYKH I. M.
Published: August 2006

The multilevel scheme to simulate electron-photon and electron-hadron cascades has been suggested. The Monte Carlo approach should be used to take into account fluctuations in a development of an individual cascade. Then transport equations should be exploited. The low energy particles should be treated again by the Monte Carlo approach.
SIMULATION OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM 1-10 TeV AIR SHOWERS USING EGSNRC
Authors: Engel R. , Kalmykov N. N. , Konstantinov A. A.
Published: August 2006

Cherenkov and geosynchrotron radiation are considered as two fundamental mechanisms of the radio emission generated by extensive air showers (EAS). The code EGSnrc is used for Monte-Carlo simulations of the individual shower development. Calculations of the radial dependence and frequency spectrum of the emitted radiation are performed for the LOPES experiment frequency range.
SCALING OF ASKARYAN PULSES
Authors: SECKEL D.
Published: August 2006

The theory of the Askaryan process, impulsive RF emission from particle showers, is reviewed. The radiated electric field may be calculated at all angles and frequencies from just two phenomonological functions related to the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the shower. A prescription is given for extracting the relevant profiles from shower Monte Carlo calculations. Results obtained for one shower may be scaled to other energies and environments. A two parameter analytic model for shower profiles is proposed.
SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR ACOUSTIC NEUTRINO DETECTION IN WATER, ICE AND SALT
Authors:   for the ACoRNE Collaboration:, DANAHER SEAN
Published: August 2006

The recovery of neutrino induced acoustic signals, whether it be in water, ice or salt is very challenging, as the amplitude of the signals are small, the event rate low, and there is the presence of a strong and not completely understood acoustic background. There is a need for new and sophisticated techniques, which have not traditionally been used in the area of Astroparticle Physics in order to separate the signal from this background. There exists however a mature area named Signal Processing which is extensively used in the fields of Electronic Engineering and Communications. This paper is an attempt to show how signal-processing techniques can be applied in acoustic neutrino detection.
AN ANALYSIS APPROACH TO ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF EXTENSIVE ATMOSPHERIC SHOWERS
Authors: ZABOROV DMITRY
Published: August 2006

An experiment related to the search of acoustic signal from air showers has been made at Baikal lake. This report briefly describes the experiment setup, data analysis procedure and obtained results.
MEASUREMENTS AND SIMULATION STUDIES OF PIEZOCERAMICS FOR ACOUSTIC PARTICLE DETECTION
Authors: SALOMON K. , ANTON G. , GRAF K. , HÖSSL J. , KAPPES A. , KARG T. , KATZ U. , LAHMANN R. , NAUMANN C.
Published: August 2006

Calibration sources are an indispensable tool for all detectors. In acoustic particle detection the goal of a calibration source is to mimic neutrino signatures as expected from hadronic cascades. A simple and promising method for the emulation of neutrino signals are piezo ceramics. We will present results of measurements and simulations on these piezo ceramics.
FIBER LASER HYDROPHONES AS PRESSURE SENSORS
Authors: BAGNOLI P. E. , BEVERINI N. , CASTORINA E. , FALCHINI E. , FALCIAI R. , FLAMINIO V. , MACCIONI E. , MORGANTI M. , SORRENTINO F. , STEFANI F. , TRONO C.
Published: August 2006

The development of hydro-phonic sensors for deep see acoustic detection is described. The sensitive element is an erbium-doped single mode fiber laser, with the cavity delimited by two Bragg grating reflectors. The variations of temperature and pressure perturb the cavity, inducing a wavelength shift. The very narrow emission band of the laser, together with the interferometric detection technique, allows a dynamic pressure sensitivity in the μ Pa range. The devices have been characterized both optically and acoustically in a closed tub. A resin coating of the fiber laser has been experimented: this technique improves the sensitivity by more than one order of magnitude. The high sensitivity makes these sensors suitable for the detection of the acoustic waves induced in water by Ultra High Energy Neutrinos.
DEVELOPEMENT OF GLACIOPHONES AND ACOUSTIC TRANSMITTERS FOR ICE
Authors: BÖSER SEBASTIAN , HALLGREN A. , HELLER R. , NAHNHAUER R. , POHL M. , SULANKE K.-H.
Published: August 2006

For the detection of the feeble fluxes of neutrinos in the EeV range, recently acoustic detection is again discussed as a promising method. With the signal amplitude determined by the Greeneisen parameter, ice seems to be preferable as compared to water. However, neither suitable sensors nor transmitters existed two years ago. We present results on acoustic sensors and transmitters specially developed for that purpose. A new calibration method has been used to measure sensitivities in water, already showing some improvement with respect to commercial hydrophones.
TESTING THERMO-ACOUSTIC SOUND GENERATION IN WATER WITH PROTON AND LASER BEAMS
Authors: GRAF K. , ANTON G. , HÖSSL J. , KAPPES A. , KARG T. , KATZ U. , LAHMANN R. , NAUMANN C. , SALOMON K. , STEGMANN C.
Published: August 2006

Experiments were performed at a proton accelerator and an infrared laser facility to investigate the sound generation caused by the energy deposition of pulsed particle and laser beams in water. The beams with an energy range of 1 PeV to 400 PeV per proton beam spill and up to 10 EeV for the laser pulse were dumped into a water volume and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressure sensitive sensors. Measurements were performed at varying pulse energies, sensor positions, beam diameters and temperatures. The data is well described by simulations based on the thermo-acoustic model. This implies that the primary mechanism for sound generation by the energy deposition of particles propagating in water is the local heating of the media giving rise to an expansion or contraction of the medium resulting in a pressure pulse with bipolar shape.
THE UPPER LIMIT TO THE EHE NEUTRINO FLUX FROM OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOON WITH KALYAZIN RADIO TELESCOPE
Authors: DAGKESAMANSKII R. D. , BERESNYAK A. R. , KOVALENKO A. V. , ZHELEZNYKH I. M.
Published: August 2006

Very brief history of the RAMHAND-type experiments is presented. Some distinctive features of the Kalyazin experiment is described, and the first results obtained in it are discussed.
THE ANITA COSMOGENIC NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT
Authors:   FOR THE ANITA COLLABORATION., GORHAM PETER W.
Published: August 2006

We report on new limits on cosmic neutrino fluxes from the flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA) prototype, dubbed ANITA-lite, which completed an 18.4 day flight of a long-duration balloon (LDB) payload in early 2004.
COMBINED LOPES AND KASCADE-GRANDE DATA ANALYSIS
Authors:   LOPES COLLABORATION., HAUNGS A. , APEL W. D. , BADEA F. , BÄHREN L. , BEKK K. , BERCUCI A. , BERTAINA M. , BIERMANN P. L. , BLÜMER J. , BOZDOG H. , BRANCUS I. M. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , BUCHHOLZ P. , BUITINK S. , BUTCHER H. , CHIAVASSA A. , DAUMILLER K. , de BRUYN A. G. , de VOS C. M. , di PIERRO F. , DOLL P. , ENGEL R. , FALCKE H. , GEMMEKE H. , GHIA P. L. , GLASSTETTER R. , GRUPEN C. , HECK D. , HÖRANDEL J. R. , HORNEFFER A. , HUEGE T. , KAMPERT K.-H. , KANT G. W. , KLEIN U. , KOLOTAEV Y. , KOOPMAN Y. , KRÖMER O. , KUIJPERS J. , LAFEBRE S. , MAIER G. , MATHES H. J. , MAYER H. J. , MILKE J. , MITRICA B. , MORELLO C. , NAVARRA G. , NEHLS S. , NIGL A. , OBENLAND R. , OEHLSCHLÄGER J. , OSTAPCHENKO S. , OVER S. , PEPPING H. J. , PETCU M. , PETROVIC J. , PIEROG T. , PLEWNIA S. , REBEL H. , RISSE A. , ROTH M. , SCHIELER H. , SCHOONDERBEEK G. , SIMA O. , STÜMPERT M. , TOMA G. , TRINCHERO G. C. , ULRICH H. , VAN BUREN J. , VAN CAPELLEN W. , WALKOWIAK W. , WEINDL A. , WIJNHOLDS S. , WOCHELE J. , ZABIEROWSKI J. , ZENSUS J. A. , ZIMMERMANN D.
Published: August 2006

First analyses of coincident data of the LOPES (LOfar PrototypE Station) radio antennas with the particle air shower experiment KASCADE-Grande show basic correlations in the observed shower parameters, like the strength of the radio signal and the particle number, or comparing the estimated shower directions. In addition, an improvement of the experimental resolution of the shower parameters reconstructed by KASCADE-Grande can be obtained by including the data of the radio antennas. This important feature will be shown in this article explicitely by an example event.
ACORNE SIMULATION WORK
Authors:   For the ACoRNE Collaboration:, PERKIN JONATHAN
Published: August 2006

A summary of the simulation studies currently underway by the UK based Acoustic Cosmic Ray Neutrino Experiment (ACoRNE) collaboration is presented. Ideas for future development are also discussed. The work described here has been developed for simulations of large scale hydrophone arrays but many of the same considerations apply for other detection techniques.
STUDY OF ACOUSTIC ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINO DETECTION PHASE II
Authors: KURAHASHI N.
Published: August 2006

The Study of Acoustic Ultra-high energy Neutrino Detection has started its second phase (SAUND II). Although the general location of the hydrophones has not changed, SAUND II uses a new hydrophone array that uses a fiber-optic cable to connect to shore. Changes associated with the new hydrophone array as well as a new DAQ system that incorporates multiprocessor computing and accurate GPS timestamping are reported. Initial data of lightbulb calibration conducted in March 2005, and a future plan for a more accurate calibration are also presented.
ADVANCED DETECTION METHODS OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM COSMIC RAYS FOR KASCADE GRANDE AND AUGER
Authors: GEMMEKE H. , APEL W. D. , BADEA F. A. , BÄHREN L. , BEKK K. , BERCUCI A. , BERTAINA M. , BIERMANN P. L. , BLÜMER J. , BOZDOG H. , BRANCUS I. M. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , BUCHHOLZ P. , BUITINK S. , BUTCHER H. , CHIAVASSA A. , DAUMILLER K. , de BRUYN A. G. , de VOS C. M. , di PIERRO F. , DOLL P. , ENGEL R. , FALCKE H. , GHIA P. L. , GLASSTETTER R. , GRUPEN C. , HAUNGS A. , HECK D. , HÖRANDEL J. R. , HORNEFFERH A. , HUEGE T. , KAMPERT K.-H. , KANT G. W. , KLEIN U. , KOLOTAEV Y. , KOOPMAN Y. , KRÖMER O. , KUIJPERS J. , LAFEBRE S. , MAIER G. , MATHES H. J. , MAYER H. J. , MILKE J. , MITRICA B. , MORELLO C. , NAVARRA G. , NEHLS S. , NIGL A. , OBENLAND R. , OEHLSCHLÄGER J. , OSTAPCHENKO S. , OVER S. , PEPPING H. J. , PETCU M. , PETROVIC J. , PIEROG T. , PLEWNIA S. , REBEL H. , RISSE A. , ROTH M. , SCHIELER H. , SCHOONDERBEEK G. , SIMA O. , STÜMPERT M. , TOMA G. , TRINCHERO G. C. , ULRICH H. , VAN BUREN J. , VAN CAPELLEN W. , WALKOWIAK W. , WEINDL A. , WIJNHOLDS S. , WOCHELE J. , ZABIEROWSKI J. , ZENSUS J. A. , ZIMMERMANN D.
Published: August 2006

The LOPES experiment (LOfar Prototype Station) has been built at the KASCADE-Grande experiment in order to test the LOFAR (LOw Frequency ARray) technology and demonstrate its capability for radio measurements in Extensive Air Showers (EAS). After the first positive results in the framework of the KASCADE-Grande experiment we developed the next generation of antennas, electronics, and trigger. The main new features are easy calibration of antennas with precise detection of polarization, and good capability of self-triggering. The results from this new design are under test in Karlsruhe. Furthermore the background situation was measured and analyzed.
ON PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF A TWO-NEURON NETWORK SYSTEM WITH SIGMOIDAL ACTIVATION FUNCTIONS
Authors: HSU CHENG-HSIUNG , YANG SUH-YUH , YANG TING-HUI , YANG TZI-SHENG
Published: August 2006

In this paper we study the existence, uniqueness and stability of periodic solutions for a two-neuron network system with or without external inputs. The system consists of two identical neurons, each possessing nonlinear feedback and connected to the other neuron via a nonlinear sigmoidal activation function. In the absence of external inputs but with appropriate conditions on the feedback and connection strengths, we prove the existence, uniqueness and stability of periodic solutions by using the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem together with Dulac's criterion. On the other hand, for the system with periodic external inputs, combining the techniques of the Liapunov function with the contraction mapping theorem, we propose some sufficient conditions for establishing the existence, uniqueness and exponential stability of the periodic solutions. Some numerical results are also provided to demonstrate the theoretical analysis.
A METHOD FOR PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN LUR'E SYSTEMS
Authors: PICCARDI CARLO , RINALDI SERGIO
Published: August 2006

A method for estimating the parameters of continuous-time Lur'e systems is proposed. The method is based on the derivation of an approximate, discrete-time model, in the form of a scalar difference equation, which can directly be used for data fitting. The discretization can be obtained through any (fixed-step) integration scheme: in the paper, the performance of a simple scheme (the trapezoidal rule) and a more complex one (the Runge–Kutta rule) are compared. The method, tested on three different examples (Duffing system, an electrical circuit and Chua's circuit), proves to be capable of obtaining a rapid parameter estimation with an acceptable level of accuracy.
HETEROCLINICAL REPELLERS IMPLY CHAOS
Authors: LIN WEI , CHEN GUANRONG
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we prove that chaos in the sense of Li–Yorke and of Devaney is prevalent in discrete systems admitting the so-called heteroclinical repellers, which are similar to the transversely heteroclinical orbits in both continuous and discrete systems and are corresponding to the snap-back repeller proposed by Marotto for proving the existence of chaos in higher-dimensional systems. In addition, the concept of heteroclinical repellers is generalized to be applicable to the case with degenerate transformations. In the end, some illustrative examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results.
LOCALLY SIERPINSKI JULIA SETS OF WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC ℘ FUNCTIONS
Authors: HAWKINS JANE M. , LOOK DANIEL M.
Published: August 2006

We define a locally Sierpinski Julia set to be a Julia set of an elliptic function which is a Sierpinski curve in each fundamental domain for the lattice. In order to construct examples, we give sufficient conditions on a lattice for which the corresponding Weierstrass elliptic ℘ function is locally connected and quadratic-like, and we use these results to prove the existence of locally Sierpinski Julia sets for certain elliptic functions. We give examples satisfying these conditions. We show this results in naturally occurring Sierpinski curves in the plane, sphere and torus as well.
CHAOS-BASED SR FLIP–FLOP VIA CHUA'S CIRCUIT
Authors: CAFAGNA D. , GRASSI G.
Published: August 2006

This Letter contributes to the topic of chaos computing by introducing a new chaos-based implementation of sequential gates. In particular, the early results reported herein show that a chaos-based SR flip–flop can be obtained from two cross-coupled NOR gates implemented by a single Chua's circuit.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF IMPULSIVE SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN TWO MIXED-MODE CHAOTIC CIRCUITS
Authors: KILIÇ RECAI
Published: August 2006

This study presents an experimental investigation of impulsive synchronization between two Mixed-mode chaotic circuits. The proposed impulsive synchronization scheme has been tested by applying a switching process with frequency range from 500 Hz to 1 MHz. Experimental results recorded with a digital storage oscilloscope revealed that the proposed scheme can be impulsively synchronized with good quality for switching frequencies higher than 10 kHz.
SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERN FORMATION ON THE ACE16k CNN CHIP
Authors: YALÇIN M. E. , SUYKENS J.A.K.
Published: August 2006

In this paper, we report on pattern formation occurring on the ACE16k CNN chip. The CNN chip can be programmed with a cloning template in order to generate spiral waves and autowaves. The waves diffract from internal sources which cannot be relocated on the network. However, by using initial and/or input images, sources (external sources) can be located at any place on the network. Furthermore a competition between autowaves generated by external and internal sources is observed. Propagation of autowaves on the inhomogeneous CNN array, formed by the fixed-state map, is presented.
RETURN-MAP CRYPTANALYSIS REVISITED
Authors: LI SHUJUN , CHEN GUANRONG , ÁLVAREZ GONZALO
Published: August 2006

As a powerful cryptanalysis tool, the method of return-map attacks can be used to extract secret messages masked by chaos in secure communication schemes. Recently, a simple defensive mechanism was presented to enhance the security of chaotic parameter modulation schemes against return-map attacks. Two techniques are combined in the proposed defensive mechanism: Multistep parameter modulation and alternative driving of two different transmitter variables. This paper restudies the security of this proposed defensive mechanism against return-map attacks, and points out that the security was much over-estimated in the original publication for both ciphertext-only attack and known/chosen-plaintext attacks. It is found that a deterministic relationship exists between the shape of the return map and the modulated parameter, and that such a relationship can be used to dramatically enhance return-map attacks thereby making them quite easy to break the defensive mechanism.
Macular Degeneration
Authors: Stone Edwin M.
Published: August 2006

Macular degeneration is a term that describes a large group of conditions that are collectively the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the developed world. Approximately one in three people will be affected to some degree by the time they reach 75 years of age. Many forms of macular degeneration have a significant genetic component, and a large amount of progress has recently been made in understanding the genes involved. In the future, genetic testing may allow specific preventive treatments to be delivered to individuals at risk, decades before the disease would ordinarily become manifest.
Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to Chronic Disease
Authors: Stanton Annette L. , Revenson Tracey A. , Tennen Howard
Published: August 2006

Abstract  Chronic diseases carry important psychological and social consequences that demand significant psychological adjustment. The literature is providing increasingly nuanced conceptualizations of adjustment, demonstrating that the experience of chronic disease necessitates adaptation in multiple life domains. Heterogeneity in adjustment is apparent between individuals and across the course of the disease trajectory. Focusing on cancer, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatic diseases, we review longitudinal investigations of distal (socioeconomic variables, culture/ethnicity, and gender-related processes) and proximal (interpersonal relationships, personality attributes, cognitive appraisals, and coping processes) risk and protective factors for adjustment across time. We observe that the past decade has seen a surge in research that is longitudinal in design, involves adequately characterized samples of sufficient size, and includes statistical control for initial values on dependent variables. A progressively convincing characterization of risk and protective factors for favorable adjustment to chronic illness has emerged. We identify critical issues for future research.
Ostracism
Authors: Williams Kipling D.
Published: August 2006

Abstract  In this review, I examine the social psychological research on ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection. Being ignored, excluded, and/or rejected signals a threat for which reflexive detection in the form of pain and distress is adaptive for survival. Brief ostracism episodes result in sadness and anger and threaten fundamental needs. Individuals then act to fortify or replenish their thwarted need or needs. Behavioral consequences appear to be split into two general categories: attempts to fortify relational needs (belonging, self-esteem, shared understanding, and trust), which lead generally to prosocial thoughts and behaviors, or attempts to fortify efficacy/existence needs of control and recognition that may be dealt with most efficiently through antisocial thoughts and behaviors. Available research on chronic exposure to ostracism appears to deplete coping resources, resulting in depression and helplessness.
Satellite cell content is specifically reduced in type II skeletal muscle fibers in the elderly
Authors: Verdijk Lex B. , Koopman René , Schaart Gert , Meijer Kenneth , Savelberg Hans H. C. M. , van Loon Luc J. C.
Published: August 2006

Satellite cells (SC) are essential for skeletal muscle growth and repair. Because sarcopenia is associated with type II muscle fiber atrophy, we hypothesized that SC content is specifically reduced in the type II fibers in the elderly. A total of eight elderly (E; 76 ± 1 yr) and eight young (Y; 20 ± 1 yr) healthy males were selected. Muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis in both legs. ATPase staining and a pax7-antibody were used to determine fiber type-specific SC content (i.e., pax7-positive SC) on serial muscle cross sections. In contrast to the type I fibers, the proportion and mean cross-sectional area of the type II fibers were substantially reduced in E vs. Y. The number of SC per type I fiber was similar in E and Y. However, the number of SC per type II fiber was substantially lower in E vs. Y (0.044 ± 0.003 vs. 0.080 ± 0.007; P < 0.01). In addition, in the type II fibers, the number of SC relative to the total number of nuclei and the number of SC per fiber area were also significantly lower in E. This study is the first to show type II fiber atrophy in the elderly to be associated with a fiber type-specific decline in SC content. The latter is evident when SC content is expressed per fiber or per fiber area. The decline in SC content might be an important factor in the etiology of type II muscle fiber atrophy, which accompanies the loss of skeletal muscle with aging.
Small gene effect and exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice: an Ace gene dosage study
Authors: Evangelista Fabiana Sant'Anna , Krieger José E.
Published: August 2006

Small gene effects influence complex phenotypes in a context dependent manner. Here we evaluated whether increasing dosage of the angiotensin I converting enzyme ( Ace) gene influence exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Mice harboring one, two, three, and four copies of the Ace gene were assigned to sedentary (S1–4) and swimming exercise-trained (T1–4) groups (1.5 h twice daily, 5 days/wk, 4 wk). Exercising resulted in comparable bradycardia and elevated skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity, while blood pressure remained unchanged. Left ventricle mass index and cardiomyocyte diameter were similar among sedentary mice and the magnitude of their increase associated to exercising was not influenced by the Ace genotype (T1: 12.6 and 17.9%, T2: 15.2 and 13.8%, T3: 16.9 and 20%, T4: 17 and 19%, respectively). Plasma renin activity (PRA) levels were higher in one vs. three or four copies mice (4.89 ± 0.5 vs. 2.43 ± 0.6 and 2.12 ± 01.1 ng/ml Ang I, P < 0.05), while cardiac ACE activity was higher in three vs. two or one copy mice (5,946 ± 590.8 vs. 2,951.5 ± 328.3 and 3,504.1 ± 258.9 μF·min−1·ml−1, P < 0.05). With exercise, PRA remained unchanged in each group, while cardiac immunostaining for Ang II reached comparable levels. In summary: 1) exercise training led to similar aerobic adaptation regardless of the Ace genotype, and 2) higher number of Ace gene copies per se, which alters cardiac ACE activity, did not influence basal cardiac mass or, most importantly, the magnitude of swimming-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Collectively, these data indicate that small isolated genetic disturbances in ACE cardiac levels can be well compensated under physiological perturbations.
ACE gene dosage modulates pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice and men
Authors: Silva Gustavo J. J. , Moreira Edson D. , Pereira Alexandre C. , Mill Jose G. , Krieger Eduardo M. , Krieger Jose E.
Published: August 2006

The influence of genetic factors on complex phenotypes is context dependent, posing a challenge to quantify the role of single gene variants on this process. Moreover, redundancy and reserve capacity among control systems prevent most physiological stimuli to destabilize these processes. To test whether small gene perturbation can disrupt this equilibrium under pathological conditions, mice harboring one, two, or three copies of the angiotensin converting enzyme ( Ace) gene were submitted to 3 and 6 wk of pressure overload (PO). Direct systolic blood pressure (SBP), as an index of cardiac afterload, and left ventricle mass index (LVMI) were measured. LVMI under normotension was the same regardless of the Ace genotype, but the slopes of the LVMI/SBP curves increased in the three- vs. one-copy group by ∼50% upon 3- or 6-wk PO. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker treatment produced a significant pressure independent decrease in the LVMI/SBP ratio. Unlike the one-copy group, PO resulted in a significant reduction in angiotensinogen and an increase in Ace mRNA expression accompanied by an increase in cardiac angiotensin II levels in the three-copy group. Similarly, the human ACE D gene variant influenced cardiac mass, estimated by Sokolov-Lyon index, in a sample of 1,507 individuals from an urban population only in individuals in the 4th quartile of the blood pressure distribution. Collectively, these data provide direct evidence that ACE gene dosage per se does not influence cardiac mass but upon a pathological stimulus, such as elevation in blood pressure, it modulates cardiac mass in both mice and humans.
Ultrafine mapping of Dyscalc1 to an 80-kb chromosomal segment on chromosome 7 in mice susceptible for dystrophic calcification
Authors: Aherrahrou Zouhair , Doehring Lars C. , Kaczmarek Piotr M. , Liptau Henrike , Ehlers Eva-Maria , Pomarino Andrea , Wrobel Sandra , Götz Anika , Mayer Bjoern , Erdmann Jeanette , Schunkert Heribert
Published: August 2006

In mice, dystrophic cardiovascular calcification (DCC) is controlled by a major locus on proximal mouse chromosome 7 named Dyscalc1. Here we present a strategy that combines in silico analysis, expression analysis, and extensive sequencing for ultrafine mapping of the Dyscalc1 locus. We subjected 15 laboratory mouse strains to freeze-thaw injury of the heart, and association with respective genotypes allowed condensation of the Dyscalc1 locus to 1 Mb. Within this region, 51 known and predicted genes were studied in DCC-susceptible C3H/He and DCC-resistant C57BL/6 mice with respect to mRNA expression in response to injury. Five genes displayed differential expression. Genotyping of seven novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within these genes revealed an 80-Kb region in NZB mice that were found positive for calcification though carrying otherwise alleles from DCC-resistant mice. This microheterogeneity in NZB mice was evolutionary conserved in all DCC-susceptible mouse strains and contains the genes EMP-3, BC013491, and Abcc6 (partially). The flanking SNPs are rs3703247 and NT_039420 .5_2757991. mRNA levels of EMP-3 were found to be upregulated in response to injury in both C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. Sequencing of EMP-3 revealed an SNP leading to an amino acid substitution (p.T153I) that was found in all mouse strains susceptible for DCC but not in resistant strains such as C57BL/6 mice. Thus, the p.T153I changes might affect the biological function of EMP-3 gene product after injury. Using this combined approach, we ultrafine-mapped the Dyscalc1 locus to an 80-Kb region and identified EMP-3 as a new candidate gene for DCC.