bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Erysiphe cichoracearum on Zinnia elegans, with a Polymer-based Antitranspirant
Authors: Kamp Marihelen
Published: September 2022

A polymer-based antitranspirant was compared to a fungicide, Acti-Dione PM for control of Erysiphe cichoracearum on Zinnia elegans and its effects on plant growth. Plants treated with the antitranspirant had a significant increase in height, fresh and dry weight, and length of the flowering period. In addition, the antitranspirant treated plants had significantly reduced powdery mildew. SEM studies showed that the antitranspirant treated plants had closed stomata, and presumably this had an effect on water uptake as well as the plant host interactions.
Promotion of Adventitious Root Formation on Cuttings by Paclobutrazol
Authors: Davis Tim D. , Sankhla Narendra , Walser Ronald H. , Upadhyaya Abda
Published: September 2022

The promotion of adventitious root formation by paclobutrazol was tested by placing cuttings in solutions of the chemical for 24–40 hr, and then observing the rooting response. Paclobutrazol at relatively low concentrations (3 to 6 mg·liter-1) increased the number of roots formed on cuttings of Creeping Charlie (Plectranthus australis R. Br.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by about 100% and 85%, respectively. Paclobutrazol did not affect root length greatly but reduced shoot length by about 20% compared to controls.
Comparison of Development of Two Bean Crosses
Authors: Hoover Emily E. , Brenner Mark L. , Ascher Peter D.
Published: September 2022

A nondestructive measurement technique for predicting the developmental stage of young embryos was devised and used to study developmental patterns of 2 Phaseolus crosses. While selfed P. coccineus Lam. produces normal seeds, P. coccineus × P. vulgaris L. aborts embryos when the seeds reach 10 mm in length. Seed growth of the interspecific cross was reduced with respect to days after pollination. Other characteristics of the interspecific cross included reduced pod length, an increased (pod length)/(number seeds per pod) ratio, reduced embryo fresh weight, and an increased volume of liquid endosperm. Between the self and the cross, pod thickness did not differ, and thus can be used to predict developmental stage of young embryos.
Genotype and Environment Effects on the Relationship between Protein Concentration and Trypsin Inhibitor Levels in Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Tsou S. C. S. , Lin S. S. M.
Published: September 2022

Samples of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] grown in field trials during 4 seasons in 1981 and 1982 were analyzed for trypsin inhibitor levels and protein concentration. A significant positive correlation between trypsin inhibitor levels and protein concentration was found in each season and between trypsin inhibitor level and dry matter content in 3 of the seasons. Clones were identified which had less trypsin inhibitor activity than predicted by multiple linear regression.
Changes in Carbohydrate Concentration during Watermelon Juice Storage
Authors: Brown Alex C. , Summers W. L.
Published: September 2022

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura and Nakai] juice samples of ‘Allsweet’ and ‘Crimson Sweet’ were stored at 0° and −30°C. Concentrations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose were determined by using HPLC over a period of 44 days at 2- to 7-day intervals. Changes in sugar concentrations suggest that sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose within a period of 10 days for samples stored at 0°. A 19.6% decrease in total sugar concentration was observed after 37 days storage. A 17.8% sugar loss also was observed in samples stored at −30° for 37 days.
Seed Treatments for Improved Germination of Tetraploid Watermelon
Authors: Nerson H. , Paris H. S. , Karchi Z. , Sachs M.
Published: September 2022

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Schrad.) Matsum. & Nakai] seeds of the tetraploid ‘Alena’ and the diploid ‘Sugar Baby’ were subjected to one of several treatments prior to germination at 17°, 21°, and 25°C, including lateral splitting, soaking in H2O (aerated or nonaerated), GA4+7, or benzyladenine (BA) for 24 hr, or in KNO3 for 5 days, followed by drying. These treatments were successful in increasing germination percentage of ‘Alena’ seeds. Soaking treatments increased ‘Alena’ embryo length. ‘Alena’ seeds possessed thicker seed coats, larger seed cavities, and absorbed more water than those of their diploid counterpart, ‘Sugar Baby’.
Vine Decline in Muskmelon as Influenced by Cultivar and Planting Date
Authors: Bruton B. D. , Hartz T. K. , Cox E. L.
Published: September 2022

Infection by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassie) Goid and subsequent symptom expression were investigated on ‘Perlita’ and ‘TAM Uvalde’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) at 3 spring planting dates. Infection exceeded 80% within 49 days of planting in both cultivars at all planting dates. Symptom expression at harvest was significantly greater in ‘Perlita’ than ‘TAM Uvalde’ for all planting dates, indicating a useful level of tolerance in ‘TAM Uvalde’.
Factors Controlling Fruit Set of ‘Napoleon’ Sweet Cherry in Western Oregon
Authors: Guerrero-Prieto V. M. , Vasilakakis M. D. , Lombard P. B.
Published: September 2022

During 1982–84, pollen tube growth rate in styles of ‘Napoleon’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was related to genotype and temperature. At temperatures of 7.3° and 9.9°C, ‘Corum’ pollen tube growth was the slowest, ‘Bada’ the fastest. Maximum stigma receptivity of ‘Napoleon’ occurred for 5 days after anthesis at 9.4°. Ovules were functional for at least 13 days after anthesis. Hand pollination of ‘Napoleon’ resulted in a high fruit set irrespective of pollinizer source or weather conditions during the 3 years. Open pollination developed adequate fruit set for a commercial yield in all 3 years, although it was variable, 24% to 50%. Data in 1984 suggest that insect pollinators were active below 13°.
Chemical Growth Regulation of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Marquard Robert D.
Published: September 2022

The growth inhibitors paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were applied to the roots of greenhouse-grown pecan seedlings [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] at 0, 0.02, 0.10, and 0.50 mg a.i. Treatment with paclobutrazol reduced tree height, stem weight, and increased the root:shoot weight ratio. Flurprimidol reduced tree height, leaf area, internode length, and stem weight. Promalin (50 ppm GA4+7 plus 6-benzylamino purine) applied as a foliar spray enhanced lateral branching, increased stem diameter and total dry weight, and reduced the root:shoot weight ratio. Paclobutrazol appeared to be more affective than flurprimidol in reducing shoot growth. Neither growth inhibitor significantly affected the rate of net photosynthesis.
Responses of Caladium Tubers to Low, Nonfreezing Temperatures
Authors: Woodson William R. , Raiford Timothy J.
Published: September 2022

Storage of Caladium × hortulanum L. tubers at 5°C for 1 to 3 weeks resulted in an elevation in CO2 production when transferred to 22°. A decrease in storage temperature from 22° to 1° resulted in an increase in respiratory activity following transfer of tubers to 22°. The respiratory burst associated with low temperature storage was greatest following 24 hr at 22°, after which a decline in CO2 production was seen. Electrolyte leakage from ‘Carolyn Whorton’ tuber disks increased when tubers were held for either 3 weeks at 5° or 2 weeks at 1°, as compared to shorter durations of chilling or higher temperatures. Sprouting (days to emergence) of planted tubers was delayed following low temperature storage, as compared to tubers held at 22°. Although delayed, all tubers sprouted when held a maximum of 3 weeks at 5°, or 2 weeks at 1°.
‘Tifdwarf Bermudagrass Growth Response to Carboxin and GA3 during Suboptimum Temperatures
Authors: Dudeck A. E. , Peacock C. H.
Published: September 2022

Carboxin at 0, 22, or 45 kg ha-1 and GA3 at 0, 62, or 124 g ha-1 were evaluated as growth regulators on ‘Tifdwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) putting greens during winter months. Turf response to both compounds was linear, but the magnitude of top-growth response was related to temperature. Bermudagrass response was greatest near its optimum temperature at 26° to 35°C. A single application of carboxin produced a 7-week response in top-growth clippings and GA3 produced a 2-week growth response, even though weekly mean minimum air temperatures ranged from 8° to 19°C. Although significant growth responses occurred with both compounds, many growth rates were less than 25 kg ha-1 d-1 of fresh clippings, too low to sustain acceptable turf quality on putting greens. Carboxin and GA3 have promise for improving turfgrass color under low traffic situations. Carboxin produced a blue-green turf in 5 or more days, and GA3 produced a yellow-green turf in 1 to 2 days. Both compounds eliminated the purple cast commonly associated with ‘Tifdwarf bermudagrass turfs during suboptimum temperatures. Chemical names used: 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-N-phenyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxamide (carboxin); gibberellic acid (GA3).
“Double Fruit” in the Shamouti Orange
Authors: Cohen A. , Goell A.
Published: September 2022

During the winter of 1983-1984, a unique type of Shamouti orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] was reported for the first time, from several orchards in Israel. These fruit are extremely oblong, with a depression around their entire circumference. Some of the fruit show a rather slight depression externally, whereas others have a very distinct depression, as shown in Fig. 1.
A Simple and Inexpensive Method of Estimating Media pH
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Giordano Cynthia , O’Connor Nancy
Published: September 2022

An important aspect of media management is achieving and maintaining correct pH for specific plants. Changes in pH occur throughout growth due to leaching, plant roots, irrigation water, and fertilizer application. Periodic monitoring to determine pH changes requires a meter with electrode and a procedure as described by Peech (2) or Richards (3). Techniques for sampling media for electrode determination of pH have been evaluated (1), but these measurements require expertise and financial commitment that may not be available to a grower.
‘Quinte’, a Verticillium Wilt Resistant Midseason Tomato
Authors: Metcalf John G. , Reyes Andres A. , Mohr Willard P.
Published: September 2022

‘Quinte’ (ST-19) is a midseason, large, firm, crimson-colored tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). It was developed in the early 1970s to replace ‘Moira’. Named after the Bay of Qunite, it is now extensively grown in eastern Ontario, Canada, and the northeastern United States, especially in areas where Verticillium wilt (Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berth, and V. dahliae Kleb.) is a problem. The fruit is suitable to the fresh-market and processed-juice industries.
Inheritance of Growth Habit in Progenies of ‘Corn-Pact Redhaven’ Peach
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. , Scorza Ralph
Published: September 2022

Inheritance of growth habit was studied in F1, F2, and backcross progenies of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’]. Segregation ratios indicate that compact growth habit is conditioned by a single dominant allele, for which ‘Compact Redhaven’ is heterozygous. The symbol Ct is proposed for this locus.
Microcutting Production from Sequential Reculturing of Hardy Deciduous Azalea Shoot Tips
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E.
Published: September 2022

Differences were observed in microcutting harvests from 5 shoot tip explant sequential recultures of the hardy deciduous azalea (Rhododendron spp.) accessions 800374, 620014, and 800057. In general microcutting production increased and then declined over reculture times in a nearly bell-shaped curve for all 3 clones tested. Maximum numbers of usable microcuttings were harvested in the 3rd and 4th recultures. Productivity varied among the 3 clones, with accession 800374 the most prolific and accession 800057 the least. The microcutting height was the same for all 5 recultures of accessions 800374 and 620014, whereas, in accession 800057 the height declined from the 1st through the 5th reculture. The microcutting quality rating was similar throughout all recultures of accessions 800374 and 620014, but accession 800057 produced higher quality microcuttings in the 3rd reculture than in the 5th reculture. Rooting of microcuttings in soilless medium increased from the 1st to the 5th reculture for all 3 clones, reaching more than 97% for the last 2 harvests.
Influence of an Anion Exchange Resin on Phosphorus and Sulfur Leaching from a Soilless Container Medium
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Barrett James E.
Published: September 2022

Research indicates P and S leach rapidly from soilless media amended with ordinary superphosphate (2). Since these elements are in the form of anions, an amendment with a high anion exchange capacity may reduce their leaching from soilless media. In the following study, an anion exchange resin was used to test this theory.
‘Einset Seedless’ Grape
Authors: Reisch B. I. , Remaily G. W. , Pool R. M. , Watson J. P.
Published: September 2022

‘Einset Seedless’ is an early maturing, red, seedless table grape (Fig. 1) released by the Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y. It follows the previous release (2) of 43 table grape and 2 wine grape cultivars since the onset of grape breeding at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in the late 19th century.
‘Freshmarket 9’ Tomato
Authors: Leeper P. W. , Cox E. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Freshmarket 9’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) sets over a wide range of temperatures (16° to 36°C) and humidities (above 80%), a characteristic that extends its production periods in spring and fall. ‘Freshmarket 9’ is a firm, deep-round tomato with superior crack resistance and is suited to vine ripe harvest. It is resistant to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Synder and Hansen (fusarium wilt) and Stemphylium solani Weber (gray leaf spot). ‘Freshmarket 9’ was released in 1982 by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
‘Melody’ Grape
Authors: Reisch B. I. , Pool R. M. , Watson J. P. , Robinson W. B. , Cottrell T. H. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Melody’ is a late midseason, white wine grape (Fig. 1) which produces a vinifera-type wine with varietal character. In addition, ‘Melody’ does not require cluster thinning and is moderately resistant to powdery mildew [Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.]. It is the 3rd wine grape cultivar to be named by the Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Geneva, N.Y., and follows the release of ‘Cayuga White’ (1) and ‘Horizon’ (2). It is the first in a series of wine grape releases from this station to be given a name with a musical theme.
Interspecific Hybridization in Malus
Authors: Korban Safi S.
Published: September 2022

Modem taxonomists classify the genus Malus into 25 to 30 species and several subspecies (9, 25). Most species of this genus intercross freely, since there are no evident physiological and genetic barriers. Moreover, collections of Malus found in arboreta are classified inadequately and usually are grown from seed which is generally a result of interspecific or intraspecific hybrids (9).
A Review of Interspecific Hybridization in Rubus
Authors: Lawrence F. J.
Published: September 2022

The genus Rubus has had considerable study, and reviews of the breeding work have been through (12, 68, 69, 76, 84). Although much progress has been made, all authors agree more is possible. This paper covers some of the successes, problems, and techniques used in the crossing of various species of Rubus. The basic chromosome number in Rubus is x = 7, and Rubus species range from 2x to 12x. Rubus species are found worldwide, from the tropics to above the Arctic Circle, offering a vast resource of germplasm for breeding purposes.
Induction of Lateral Branching in Chinese Hibiscus with Mefluidide
Authors: Woodson William R. , Raiford Timothy J.
Published: September 2022

Mefluidide was applied as a foliar spray to the point of runoff to plants of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ‘Pink Versicolor’ at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/liter. Mefluidide treatment increased lateral branching, but inhibited the length of lateral growth and plant height as compared to untreated controls. Tip necrosis of young, expanding leaves was seen at the lowest mefluidide concentration, and increased to the point of severe defoliation of plants at the highest concentration. Mefluidide delayed flowering, but increased the number of flower buds produced. In a 2nd experiment, single and double spray applications of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/liter mefluidide were evaluated in comparison to hand-pinching the plants. Both pinching and mefluidide application increased the number of lateral shoots, compared to an untreated control. In contrast to pinched plants, mefluidide treatment inhibited the average length of the lateral shoots. Double applications of mefluidide inhibited plant height, lateral shoot number, and shoot length, as compared to single applications. Treatment with 10 mg/liter gibberellic acid following mefluidide applications was ineffective in reversing the effects of mefluidide on hibiscus growth. Chemical name used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide).
Preemergence Herbicides for Radishes Grown on Organic Soils
Authors: Dusky J. A.
Published: September 2022

Three studies were conducted to evaluate preemergence herbicides for weed control efficacy and crop tolerance in radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) grown on organic soils. Herbicides evaluated were CDEC, metolachlor, alachlor, pendimethalin, thiobencarb, propachlor, metribuzin, and pronamide. Control of both broadleaf and grass weed species was provided by most herbicides evaluated with little or no apparent visual loss in crop vigor except mebribuzin. Weed control efficacy was reduced during the 2nd study due to excessive rainfall. Weedy and hand-weeded checks consistently produced some of the highest yields, indicating possibly some toxicity to the crop due to herbicide treatment or an apparent lack of weed competition. Chemical names used: 2-chloroallyl diethyl-dithiocarbamate (CDEC); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)acetamide(metolachlor); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); N-(l-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro benzenamine (pendimethalin); S-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] diethylcarbamothioate (thiobencarb); 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor); 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one(metribuzin), and 3,5-dichloro(N-l,l-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide (pronamide).
Interactive Effects of Sewage Effluent Irrigation and Supplemental Fertilization on Container-grown Trees
Authors: Fitzpatrick George , Donselman Henry , Carter Nina S.
Published: September 2022

Twenty species of ornamental trees were grown for 12-16 months in 50 cm diameter (“20 gallon”) containers. Six individuals of each species were irrigated with tap water from a public potable water supply and 6 with secondary treated sewage effluent from a wastewater treatment facility. Three individuals within each irrigation treatment received controlled-release fertilizer applications and 3 received no supplemental fertilization. The effluent irrigation significantly accelerated growth in 4 species: orchid tree (Bauhinia variegata L.), baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) L. Rich), coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.), and black iron wood (Krugiodendron ferreum [Vahl] Urban). The addition of supplemental fertilization accelerated growth in 7 species: orchid tree, ficus (Ficus benjamina L.), black olive (Bucida buceras L.), satin leaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.), royal poinciana (Delonix regia [Bojer] Raf.), silver buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus var. sericeus Fors. ex DC.), and blolly (Pisonia discolor Spreng.). A significant interaction occurred between irrigation and fertilization in 3 species: orchid tree, red cedar (Juniperus silicicola [Small] L. H. Bailey), and lignum vitae (Guaicum sanctum L.). The remaining 8 species grew at rates that were not significantly influenced, one way or another, by either source of irrigation or supplemental fertilization.
Effect of Runner Removal on Strawberry Fruiting Response
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Using the annual hill cultural system, runners of 2 strawberry cultivars were removed twice monthly, monthly, or left on the plants during each of 2 seasons. An additional treatment was the transplanting of runners into the planting slits of the original transplants followed by removal of the original transplants when the runners became established. ‘Tufts’ produced 2 to 8 times more runners than ‘Dover’, over a 2 to 3 month period instead of one month as with ‘Dover’. Early marketable yields of ‘Tufts’ were reduced each season when runners remained attached to the fruiting plants, and the total marketable yield was reduced for the 2nd season as well. Yields were reduced because of fewer marketable-size fruit. ‘Dover’ yields were unaffected by runner removal treatments. Early and total marketable fruit yields of the runner plants of both cultivars were reduced each season compared to other treatments. Early yields of ‘Dover’ were greater than those of ‘Tufts’.
Today's Horticulture: A Challenge
Authors: Austin Max E.
Published: September 2022

Is horticulture more popular than jogging? The results of a Don Bowdren Associates survey indicate that 52% of the population is engaged in some form of horticulture, compared to only 27% that jog. These people have discovered what we have long known —that horticulture is everywhere. Horticulture is a science, an art, a profession, a business, an industry, a vocation, an avocation, a way of life involving millions of people! As that way of life changes—and people's needs change—horticulture adapts.
The Land-grant System: How Appropriate to the Current Environment?
Authors: Carter John V.
Published: September 2022

To consider whether the land-grant system is appropriate to our current environment, it is necessary to step back and recall how the land-grant system came to be. This retrospection, in turn, requires a wider focus and a consideration of the history of American higher education in general.
Analyzing Greenhouse Growth Media by the Saturation Extraction Method
Authors: Warncke D. D.
Published: September 2022

Growth media used for growing containerized plants in greenhouses have changed greatly since the initiation of the Spurway test procedure (8). Well-aggregated field soils gradually gave way to mixtures of soil and manufactured coarse amendments and eventually to soilless growth media. Along with these changes in growth media composition came changes in physical and chemical properties—some desirable, some not so desirable. Field soils generally have a high-nutrient capacity value and a low-intensity factor. The level of the capacity factor has decreased as the change in growth media composition has taken place. Geraldson (1-3) developed an “intensity and balance” analysis system for the unique, sandy soils of Florida; soils that provide little buffering capacity. He found the concentration (intensity) and balance of nutrients in the soil solution to be important when the capacity factor was small. Similarly, the concentration and balance of nutrients in the solution phase of greenhouse growth media today have become important to plant growth and quality.
Conclusions to the Symposium
Authors: Bilderback T. E.
Published: September 2022

The major objectives of this symposium were to present procedures in current use for evaluating the elemental status of organic substrates and to identify those factors that have led to confusion in the interpretation of analyses. Selection of an acceptable standard procedure for adaptation as a routine test method could reduce conflicting interpretation of obtained results. However, none of the procedures presented can be performed with complete congruency. Although standardization may serve routine soil testing needs, it may not satisfy needs for organic media testing when exchangeable nutrient levels or precise concentrations accounting for substrate moisture content must be established. Procedures discussed in this symposium are all useful for meeting specific needs, and are presented in sufficient detail so that each procedure could be individually evaluated. The most prominent considerations expressed throughout the symposium are reemphasized as follows.
Comparison of Drip and Furrow Irrigation for Muskmelon Production
Authors: Bogle C. R. , Hartz T. K.
Published: September 2022

Drip and furrow irrigation of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Perlita’) were compared in 1983 in Weslaco, Texas. Drip irrigation at 40% or 20% available soil water depletion (SWD) in the surface 30 cm of soil required 25% and 42%, respectively, of the irrigation water volume required by furrow irrigation at 40% SWD. There was a trend toward earliness and increased total and marketable yields with drip irrigation. Neither fruit size distribution nor cull percentage was affected by irrigation method. In 1984, drip irrigation at 20%, 40%, or 60% SWD showed increased muskmelon yield with increased water application. Drip irrigation regime did not influence earliness, fruit size distribution, or soluble solids content. Highest water use efficiency, 181 kg marketable fruit·ha−1·mm−1 total water (irrigation + rainfall), was recorded in the 40% SWD treatment.
European Red Mite on Yield, Fruit Quality, and Growth of Peach Trees
Authors: McClernan William A. , Marini Richard P.
Published: September 2022

Three European red mite (Panonychus ulmi Koch) population densities (0, 50, and >100 mites/leaf) were maintained on 7-year-old ‘Cresthaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees for 2 seasons. The trees produced a crop only during the first season, but accumulations of 3600 mite-days prior to harvest did not significantly influence yield and fruit quality. Seasonal accumulations of 8900 mite-days did not influence tree growth.
Inhibition of Fruit Abscission in Apple with Night-break Red Light
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Craker Lyle E. , Brooks Carolyn K. , Kadkade Prakash , Bottecelli Charles
Published: September 2022

‘Richared Delicious’ trees received 10 μW·cm−2 of red light, peaking at 660 nm for 1.5 or 15 min nightly at midnight from full bloom until the end of “June drop” in early July. Both light treatments reduced abscission during the June drop period. ‘McIntosh’ apple trees received 10 or 200 μW·cm−2 of red light for 15 min at midnight, beginning in mid-August and continuing nightly until mid-October. Preharvest drop of fruit was delayed considerably one year and slightly reduced the 2nd year. With either cultivar, light treatment had no effect on fruit size, fruit quality, or return bloom in either year.
Response of Container-grown Banana, Ixora, Citrus, and Dracaena to Elevated Root Temperatures
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Ramcharan Christopher , Nell Terril A.
Published: September 2022

Root systems of ‘Grande Name’ banana (Musa spp. L., AAA Group), Ixora coccinea L., Dracaena marginata L., and ‘Carrizo’ citrange [Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck) × Poncirus trifoliata L.(Raf.)] were exposed to temperatures of 28°, 34°, and 40°C for 6 hr daily for 90 days. Root zone temperature did not affect dry weight of shoots or roots of ixora or citrus, but the 40° treatment increased the shoot to root ratio, S:R. Banana shoot dry weight decreased linearly with increasing root zone temperature, but root dry weight was not affected. The 40° root temperature regime reduced root dry weight in dracaena but not shoot dry weight. Absolute concentrations of sugars and starch in shoots and roots of the 4 test plants did not differ with root temperature, but the ratio of sugars to starch in roots was reduced in ixora and increased in banana by the 40° treatment.
Chemical Stimulation of Floral Initiation in Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Weiler Thomas C. , Kirk Terri I.
Published: September 2022

Ancymidol and paclobutrazol (13 weekly foliar spray applications of 100 mg/liter AI) stimulated inflorescence initiation of Hydrangea macrophylla Ser. ‘Merritt's Supreme’ plants under a noninductive continuous photoperiod at 24°C minimum daily temperature. Inflorescence primordia were present on plants having 12-14 subtending leaf pairs. Four expanded leaf pairs prior to initiation of treatments were sufficient to sustain inflorescence development. Plant height was controlled effectively with 10,000 mg/liter daminozide, 50 and 100 mg/liter ancymidol, and 100 mg/liter paclobutrazol treatments. Chlormequat at 3000 mg/liter did not suppress internodal elongation. Number of expanded leaf pairs per plant was significantly less than on control plants for all treatments except chlormequat at 3000 mg/liter. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); β[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-l,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); [2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Influence of an Aluminum Amendment on Phosphorus Leaching from a Container Medium
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Barrett James E.
Published: September 2022

Columns of an incubated (25°C, 11% volumetric moisture for 30 days) 2 milled pine bark : 1 Canadian sphagnum peat : 1 builders’ sand (by volume) medium amended with the equivalent of 270 g P·m−3 from radioactive superphosphate (8.7% P) and the equivalent of 0, 33, 200, or 1200 g Al·m−3 from aluminum acetate (13.2% Al) were leached daily with 16 ml deionized water. Eighty percent of the 32P amendment leached during days one to 21 from the medium not amended with Al, whereas 0.3% leached when amended with 1200 g Al·m−3. Leachate 32P levels ranged from 840, 711, 91, and 2.0 μg·ml−1 on day 1 to 2.3, 3.3, 7.6, and 0.9 μg·ml−1 on day 77 for the medium with Al amendments of 0, 33, 200, and 1200 g·m−3, respectively.
Fungal and Physiological Breakdown in Six Cranberry Cultivars Following Water Harvesting and Cold Storage
Authors: Stretch A. W. , Ceponis M. J.
Published: September 2022

Six cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivars, (water harvested under New Jersey growing conditions) were evaluated for their suitability for fresh market sale. Fruit were hand-picked and water-reel picked, held in the bog flood water for 0-, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 24-hr periods, and then stored for 12 weeks at 3°C. After an additional 4 days at 21° storage the fruit were evaluated for fungal fruit rot and physiological breakdown (PB). ‘Franklin’, ‘Pilgrim’, and ‘Stevens’ were superior to ‘Early Black’ and ‘Wilcox’ as measured by occurrence of rot and PB. Water immersion time had a greater influence on PB than on rot. As time in the water increased, the percentage of fruit manifesting PB increased, with ‘Ben Lear’ developing the least and ‘Early Black’ and ‘Wilcox’ the most PB.
Reduction of Bitter Pit of Apples with Phorone
Authors: Scott K. J. , Wills R. B. H. , Yuen C. M. C.
Published: September 2022

Phorone reduced bitter pit of apples during 4 seasons. The degree of control varied between cultivars and seasons. The study was carried out in 3 Australian states and New Zealand and involved ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Twenty Ounce’. The apples were held in sealed or unsealed polyethylene bags, and the chemical was placed in small containers among the fruit or was injected into the core. Phorone was as effective in reducing bitter pit as a postharvest dip in 4% (w/w) calcium chloride, but it sometimes induced an off flavor. Chemical names used: 2,6-dimethyl-2-5-heptadien-4-one (phorone).
Variation in Cyathia Abscission of Poinsettia Cultivars in a Greenhouse and a Simulated Postharvest Environment
Authors: Miller Steven H. , Heins R. D.
Published: September 2022

Differences in cyathia abscission of poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ (Dark Red), ‘Annette Hegg Lady’ (Lady), ‘Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond’ (Brilliant), ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ (V-14), and ‘Mikkel Triumph’ were evaluated chronologically based both on the number of days after the start of short days and on the number of days after anthesis. Seventy days after the start of short days, ‘V-14’ had the least abscission of the tested cultivars in the greenhouse or postharvest environment, while ‘Lady’ had the greatest abscission. In contrast, 7 days after anthesis, ‘V-14’ had the greatest abscission in the postharvest environment while ‘Brilliant’ and ‘Dark Red’ had the least abscission. The difference in ‘V-14’ ranking between evaluation method was due to ‘V-14’ reaching anthesis 7-10 days later than the other cultivars. Abscission was greater in the postharvest environment than in the greenhouse, probably due to the reduced photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) levels in the postharvest environment (5.1 mol·d−1·m−2 PPF in the greenhouse compared to 0.29 mol·d−1·m−2 PPF in the postharvest environment).
Effect of Paclobutrazol on the Vegetative Growth, Yield, Quality, and Winterhardiness of Buds of ‘Concord’ Grape
Authors: Ahmedullah M. , Kawakami A. , Sandidge C. R. , Wample R. L.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol, trunk-applied at 3 stages of vine growth, reduced the shoot length of Vitis labruscana Bailey ‘Concord’ vines. Budbreak was delayed by 3-5 days in treated vines compared to controls. There was no effect of treatments on pruning weight, fruit quality, and midwinter cold hardiness of buds. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Cold Injury Susceptibility of Pecan as Influenced by Cultivar, Carbohydrates, and Crop Load
Authors: Wood Bruce W.
Published: September 2022

Exposure of 13-year-old trees of several pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] cultivars to severe cold in the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85 resulted in the death of several healthy bearing trees of alternate-bearing cultivars (‘Chickasaw’, ‘Cheyenne’, ‘Cherokee’, and ‘Shoshoni’), while less tree death occurred in moderately bearing and relatively minor alternate-bearing cultivars (‘Cape Fear’ and ‘Desirable’). ‘Chickasaw’ trees entering winter after bearing a heavy nut crop the previous season experienced greater tree death and reduced midwinter trunk tissue levels of starch, sugars, and K than did trees with a light nut crop the previous season. The increased susceptibility of heavily bearing trees, especially of alternate-bearing cultivars, to extreme winter cold may be due to the effect of heavy fruiting on tree reserves and subsequent cold acclimation.
Host Plant Traits Associated with Estimates of Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Common Bean
Authors: Rosas Juan C. , Bliss Fredrick A.
Published: September 2022

Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the relationships among plant growth traits; ratios of dry weights among nodules, roots, and shoots; and traits associated with N2-fixation potential of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The dry weights of plant parts and the traits associated with N2-fixation differed among the 10 lines studied. A visual nodulation score used to evaluate N2-fixation potential was correlated positively with nodule dry weight, acetylene reduction (AR) value, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight for plants grown under both greenhouse and field conditions. AR values, nodule dry weight, and visual nodule scores of plants grown in the greenhouse were correlated positively with the respective figures obtained for field-grown plants. These methods of evaluation can be used to discriminate among lines for N2-fixation potential.
Influence of Simulated Shipping on the Interior Performance of Poinsettias
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E.
Published: September 2022

‘Gutbier V-10 Amy’ (‘Amy’) poinsettia lost more leaves and cyathia after simulated shipping at different temperatures (4°, 16°, or 24°C) and 30 days under interior conditions than ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ (‘AHDR’) plants. ‘Amy’ and ‘AHDR’ plants lost a large number of leaves when shipped for more than 4 days at 24°. ‘Amy’ quality was reduced when shipped at 4° due to chilling injury (white lesions on bracts). Bracts less than 2.5 cm long were most sensitive to this injury.
Rapid Regeneration of Plants from Hypocotyl Protoplasts and Root Segments of Cabbage
Authors: Lillo C. , Shahin E. A.
Published: September 2022

Protoplasts are suitable for use in mutation breeding programs. Furthermore, the prospects of overcoming sexual crossing barriers and transferring cytoplasmic traits, such as cytoplasmic male sterility and herbicide resistance, justifies work with protoplasts. However, an efficient procedure for regeneration of plants is a prerequisite for any further use of protoplasts. Regeneration of plants from roots is of interest as a method for micropropagation and in experiments where Agrobacterium rhizogenes is used for introducing new genes into plants (3). We report here a method for rapid regeneration of plants from cabbage hypocotyl protoplasts and from root segments.
The Effect of Agar vs. Liquid Medium on Rooting in Tissue-cultured Sweetgum
Authors: Lee Ni , Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sommer Harry E.
Published: September 2022

It is increasingly evident that the concentration and type of matrix used in nutrient media can profoundly influence the response of tissues cultured in vitro. Picea abies shoot cultures exhibited increased dry weight yields (4) and increased shoot growth (9) with decreasing agar concentrations. Singha (5) compared shoot proliferation of crabapple and pear in Phytagar concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.2%. Optimal proliferation and growth occurred in crabapple on 0.3% agar, with higher concentrations decreasing these growth characteristics. In pear, increasing agar concentration also decreased shoot growth, but shoot proliferation was greatest at 0.6% or higher agar concentrations. Rooting has been promoted without or with lower agar concentrations in grape (1), Norway spruce (9), and apple (10). However, vitrification (glassiness or waterlogging) has been shown to increase with lower agar concentrations (9) and limits the use of liquid culture in some species.
Carnation Plantlets from Vitrified Plants as a Source of Somaclonal Variation
Authors: Leshem B.
Published: September 2022

Organ cultures of carnations have been used as a source of virus-free plants (14) and for rapid vegetative propagation through adventitious shoot formation (1, 4, 12). The use of apical meristems has assumed that the new carnation plants remain true to type (10). Some cultured shoot tips develop abnormally as translucent plantlets with short stems and thick, fragile leaves. This phenomenon has been observed in various species and is referred to as “vitrification” (3, 7). These stunted, bushy succulent plants are commonly found in carnation cultures (5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18) and have been suggested for the propagation and maintenance of pathogenfree carnation tissue under aseptic conditions (5).
‘Wautoma’ Cucumber
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Staub J. E. , Palmer M. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Wautoma’ (Fig. 1), a multiple-disease resistance, monoecious-processing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) inbred, was released 19 Feb. 1984 by the USDA. Currently available monoecious varieties are not suitable for blending with some of the new hybrids that have multiple-disease resistance and bitter-free fruits. ‘Wautoma’ is recommended for use as a pollinator to blend with seed of multiple-disease resistant hybrids, and as a pollen parent in hybrid development. In 1983 and 1984, it was tested in observational and processing trials under breeding line number WI 1902M.
‘Carolina Cayenne’ Pepper
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Ogle W. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Carolina Cayenne’ pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has been released by the USDA and Clemson Univ. as a replacement for ‘Carolina Hot’, a widely adapted home garden and commercial cultivar that was released by Clemson Univ. in 1954 (2). The major attribute of the new cultivar is its exceptionally high level of resistance to southern root knot, a major root disease of pepper caused by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. ‘Carolina Hot’ exhibits a variable reaction to M. incognita, and results of field trials indicate that this parasite can reduce the marketable fruit yield of susceptible ‘Carolina Hot’ plants by as much as 87.5% (1).
Wisconsin 5207G Cucumber Breeding Population
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Staub J. E. , Crubaugh Linda , Palmer Mary
Published: September 2022

A greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) population, Wisconsin 5207G (WI 5207G), was released in Dec. 1984 by the ARS/USDA and the Univ. of Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. It was made available to U.S. cucumber breeders to supply a source from which they may extract multiple disease resistant (MDR) lines with fruit and vine characteristics suitable for field and greenhouse production.
Gamma Irradiation—A Quarantine Treatment for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables?
Authors: Sommer Noel F. , Mitchell F. Gordon
Published: September 2022

The multibillion-dollar United States fresh fruit and vegetable industries are under threat because of actual or potential quarantines that may be imposed within hours or days if any one of many insect pests are introduced (40; P.V. Vail, personal communication). California, Florida, Texas, and Hawaii are particularly vulnerable because their climates are favorable for fruit fly species, and important shares of their produce enter into interstate and international trade. The 1980-82 California infestation by the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), was eradicated. The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), is currently being fought in Florida and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), poses a problem in Texas. In Hawaii, 3 fruit flies are endemic. They are the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis (Hend.), the melon fly, Dacus cucurhitae (Coq.), as well as the Mediterranean fruit fly. The Queensland fruit fly, Strumeta tryoni (Froggatt), is endemic in parts of Australia and threatens to become much more widely distributed.
Cultivar Registration of Unassigned Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Huttleston Donald G.
Published: September 2022

Registration of cultivar names of woody ornamental plants in North America (exclusive of roses, fruits, and nuts) began in 1948 under the auspices of the American Association of Nurserymen (AAN). In 1959, Arnold Arboretum assumed responsibility for the registration of woody ornamental cultivars that had not been assigned to other registration authorities. In 1980, the International Society for Horticultural Science appointed the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA) as North American Coordinator for the International Registration Authority for cultivar names of unassigned woody ornamentals and for National Registration authorities in the United States and Canada. Arnold Arboretum (1959–1980), the U.S. National Arboretum (1981-1984), and Longwood Gardens (1984–present) have served as International Registration Authorities for cultivar names of unassigned woody ornamentals.
Opportunities for Consultants in International Agricultural Development
Authors: McClung A. Colin
Published: September 2022

Consultants from the United States have been key figures in the transfer of agricultural knowledge to developing countries. Their role in influencing and shaping the agricultural institutions of the developing countries will be important well into the next century.
Growth and Nutritional Status of Petunia and Tomato Seedlings with Acidified Irrigation Water
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: September 2022

Seed of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Champion’ and Petunia hybrida Vilm. ‘Snow Cloud’ were irrigated with either nonacidified solution (0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 ml) of 75% H3PO4·liter−1; or 0.11, 0.20, or 0.26 ml of 46.5% H2SO4·liter−1. Germination was not affected by acidification, yet seedling growth was enhanced for both species. Growing medium and plant shoots were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content. Although nutrient levels were affected by acidification, no nutrient deficiency or phytotoxicity due to irrigation water acidification was evident.
Influence of Sweet Potato Plant Residue on Growth of Sweet Potato Vine Cuttings and Cowpea Plants
Authors: Walker D. W. , Jenkins D. D.
Published: September 2022

Possible allelopathic effects of decaying sweet potato plant residue on sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] and cowpea [Vigna unquiculata (L.) Walp.] growth were assessed. Residue treatments consisted of factorial combinations of 2 sweet potato cultivars (‘Jewel’ or ‘Centennial’), 2 plant parts (vines or storage roots), and 2 methods of tissue preparation–dried, or frozen and then dried. Ground sweet potato residues were mixed with sand [2.7% residue (w/w)] and placed in pots. Dry weights of ‘Jewel’ sweet potato plant shoots 57 days after planting were reduced 32% and 74% by vine and storage root residues, respectively, while dry weights of ‘Centennial’ sweet potato plant shoots were reduced 18% and 73%, respectively. Dried vine tissue had no apparent inhibitory effect, but vines frozen prior to drying reduced fresh and dry weights of ‘Centennial’ shoots. Dry weights of ‘Brown crowder’ cowpea plant shoots were reduced 79% and 91% by sweet potato vine and storage root residues, respectively. Nodulation of cowpeas grown in residue-amended pots was negligible compared to plants grown in pure sand. Leachate pH from pots containing sweet potato root residue was 1.4 and 2 pH units lower than that from nonamended pots with both sweet potato cultivars and cowpeas, respectively.
Influence of Daminozide, Gibberellic Acid, and Ethephon on Flowering, Shoot Growth, and Yield of Ginger
Authors: Furutani Sheldon C. , Nagao Mike A.
Published: September 2022

Field-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe cv. Chinese) were treated with 3 weekly foliar sprays of GA3 at 0, 1.44, and 2.88 mM; ethephon at 0, 3.46, and 6.92 mM; or daminozide at 0, 3.13, and 6.26 mM to evaluate their effects on flowering, shoot emergence, and rhizome yield. GA3 inhibited flowering and shoot emergence, while ethephon and daminozide had no effect on flowering but promoted shoot emergence. Rhizome yields were increased with daminozide and decreased with GA3 and ethephon. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid (GA3); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Effect of Transplant Age and Pruning Procedure on Yield and Fruit-set of Bell Pepper
Authors: McCraw B. Dean , Greig J. K.
Published: September 2022

In 1976, pruning and transplanting at 11 weeks increased the number of early marketable fruit from all cultivars compared to 11-week, nonpruned plants and plants transplanted at 8 weeks, whether pruned or not. Eight-week, nonpruned plants produced larger fruits than 11-week plants in early season regardless of cultivar. Effect of transplant treatments on fruit-set varied with cultivar. The greatest fruit-set was on 8-week, nonpruned ‘Bell Boy’ transplants and the least on 8-week, nonpruned ‘Emerald Giant’ transplants. Eleven-week-old transplants generally set more fruit than 8-week transplants, regardless of cultivar.
Some Factors Affecting Leaf Zinc Concentration of Apple Seedlings Grown in Nutrient Solution
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Hogue E. J.
Published: September 2022

Zinc-deficiency symptoms and relatively low mid-terminal leaf Zn concentrations were observed in apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘McIntosh’) grown in a minus-Zn Long Ashton solution comprised of reagent grade but unpurified chemicals. Leaf Zn concentration increased as the initial concentration of added Zn increased through the range 0 to 4 μm. Zinc was highest in seedlings grown in solutions with both high Zn and high P concentrations. High leaf P concentrations were associated with inadequate Zn nutrition.