bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining Ethno-Racial Related Differences in Child Molester Typology: An MTC:CM3 Approach
Authors: Schaaf Sarah , Jeglic Elizabeth L. , Calkins Cynthia , Raymaekers Linsey , Leguizamo Alejandro
Published: June 2016

Sex offender typologies have been developed in an effort to better understand the heterogeneity of sexual offending as well as offenders’ varied risk and therapeutic needs. Perhaps the most well-known and validated child molester typology is the Massachusetts Treatment Center: Child Molester Typology–Version 3 (MTC:CM3). However, this typology was developed and validated using primarily White sex offenders. The current study aimed to replicate this typology in an ethno-racially diverse sample of incarcerated White, Black, and Latino child molesters ( N = 499). Overall, we found that the MTC:CM3 was applicable to non-White child molesters but that there were differences in the proportion of offenders of different ethno-racial groups in Axis I type classifications. We found no differences in Axis II type classifications. Specifically, Black offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually attracted to adults compared with White and Latino offenders. Whereas White offenders were more often classified as socially incompetent and sexually fixated on children when compared with Black offenders, Latino offenders were more often classified as high in social competence and sexually attracted to adults than Black offenders. On Axis II, the majority of all three subsamples were classified as not having sexual contact with children beyond the offense, unlikely to inflict physical harm on victims, and as not having sadistic interests. Addressing these typological characteristics in the development and implementation of prevention and treatment efforts might increase the responsiveness of specific sex offender populations.
Utilization of Pharmacists in Addressing Medication Abuse in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Nguyen Duy Q. , Chung Brian , Osburn Loryn L. , Della Paolera Mark A. , Chavez Benjamin
Published: June 2016

Objective:

This article aims to explore the statistics observed in the Pacific Northwest regarding substance abuse, as Oregon and Washington have been shown to be most affected given the increased treatment admissions for opioid utilization and mortality related to medication overdose.

Methods:

Using PubMed and National Conference of State Legislatures database, articles detailing prescription drug abuse statistics, programs, and laws were collected and analyzed in order to identify possible solutions.

Many studies report that pain medication prescriptions have seen a rise in recent years, however, there still exists an inadequacy in pain management. This increase in prescriptions may also contribute to the rising number in substance misuse and subsequently overdose deaths. Pharmacists can have a global effect on abuse prevention if certain monitoring strategies are implemented and enforced.

Conclusion:

Health-care providers and pharmacists should contribute to abuse prevention by helping to detect fraudulent prescriptions, staying up to date with current guidelines, and being aware of new safety programs such as prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs).
Macho, mobile and resilient? How workers with impairments are doubly disabled in project-based film and television work
Authors: Randle Keith , Hardy Kate
Published: June 2016

Inequalities in the creative industries are known to be persistent and systemic. The model of production in UK film and television (UKF&TV) is argued to exclude on the basis of gender, race and class. This article considers a social category that has been overlooked in these debates: disability. It argues that workers with impairments are ‘doubly disabled’ – in both the labour markets and labour processes of UKF&TV. It concludes that disability cannot simply be incorporated in an additive way in order to understand the exclusion of these workers, but that they face qualitatively different sources of disadvantage compared with other minorities in UKF&TV workplaces. This has negative implications for workers with impairments in other labour markets, as project and network-based freelance work, a contributor to disadvantage, is seen as both increasingly normative and paradigmatic.
A novel volumetric efficiency model for spark ignition engines equipped with variable valve timing and variable valve lift Part 1: model development
Authors: Kakaee Amir Hasan , Mashadi Behrooz , Ghajar Mostafa
Published: June 2016

Estimation of the air charge and the volumetric efficiency is one of the most challenging tasks in the control of internal-combustion engines owing to the intrinsic complexity and the non-linearity of the gas flow phenomena. In particular, with emerging new technologies such as systems with variable valve timing and variable valve lift, the number of effective parameters increases greatly, making the estimation task more complicated. On the other hand, using a three-way catalyst converter needs strict control of the air-to-fuel ratio to around the stoichiometric ratio, and hence more accurate models are required for estimation of the air charge. Therefore, various models have been proposed in the literature for estimation of the volumetric efficiency and the air charge. However, they are either strictly based on physical first principles, making them impractical for conventional applications, or nearly fully empirical and need many experimental data for calibration. In this paper, using a novel approach, a new semiempirical model is proposed for estimation of the volumetric efficiency, which is calibrated with very few experimental data and can be used easily for real-time applications. In addition to the valve timings, the engine speed and the intake manifold pressure, the inlet valve lift is also considered as the model input. The generalizability of the model is proved by applying it to estimate the volumetric efficiency of six different engines. Furthermore, a systematic approach is taken to simplify the proposed model and to strengthen its prediction capability. The result is a simple, practical and generalizable model which can be used for various spark ignition engines, can be trained with very few data and can be utilized for estimating accurately the volumetric efficiency in real-time applications.
Countdown 2015: an assessment of basic provision to migrant families in the urban slums of Ludhiana, North India
Authors: Sengupta Paramita , Benjamin Anoop Ivan
Published: June 2016

Ludhiana, the industrial hub of Punjab, North India, attracts a large number of migrants, many of whom face a range of exclusions. This study was undertaken to gather information on the availability of civic amenities relevant to Millennium Development Goal 7, including water supply, sanitation, drainage, electrical connections, and the condition of migrants’ housing. Thirty slum settlements, 15 notified and 15 non-notified, were randomly selected for the study, and 3,947 newer migrant households were purposively sampled and surveyed. More than a third of the surveyed households had no in-house piped water supply, over half still relied on open defecation, 40 per cent lacked metered electricity connections, and only 43 per cent had closed drains. The situation was much better for those in notified as compared to non-notified slums or open spaces. A relatively high proportion resided in higher-quality pucca houses, but this appears to have been due to their status as tenants, renting rooms from more established home owners.
Advances and trends in bibliographic research: Examples of new technological applications for the cataloguing of the georeferenced library heritage
Authors: Maggio Agata , Kuffer Josef , Lazzari Maurizio
Published: June 2016

In the age of digital archives and online data consultation, bibliographic research is considered as a key tool for supporting scientific research and study. The online catalogue allows the achievement of more ambitious aims and global interest thanks to its ability to associate data relating to the geographic contextualization of the catalogued editorial products (deduced from the title and content) with the search for more traditional bibliographic data through the inclusion of a specific and standardized ‘field’. Successively, the locations identified by the cataloguer are georeferenced by using GIS applications, which allows the simultaneous view of the distribution of global and local geographical contexts specific for each item owned by a library, archive or museum. The usefulness of such an application lies in the possibility for the library to have a greater awareness of its collection, thus permitting the acquisition of an additional element of evaluation in the management and planning of purchases and donations. In this way, the ability to filter the information from OPAC search will be combined with the basic research carried out by the user by selecting only the libraries in possession of works related to a specific geographical context, involved in different specific studies (literature, landscape, environment). Although this ability is still limited to a few specific studies, the use of tools that allow an overview of the geographical distribution of places could represent an operating standard through the definition of a special protocol. These tools are now used mostly in experimental studies in which the use of open source software has enabled the creation of maps. This paper shows the state of the art of the applications worldwide presenting experimental case studies (i.e. Coos Bay, Oregon; Basilicata, Italy) and also suggests different applications in the field of national and international protocols of library cataloguing.
Distrust and patients in intercultural healthcare: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Alpers Lise-Merete
Published: June 2016

Background:

The importance of trust between patients and healthcare personnel is emphasised in nurses’ and physicians’ ethical codes. Trust is crucial for an effective healthcare personnel–patient relationship and thus for treatment and treatment outcomes. Cultural and linguistic differences may make building a trusting and positive relationship with ethnic minority patients particularly challenging. Although there is a great deal of research on cultural competence, there is a conspicuous lack of focus on the concepts of trust and distrust concerning ethnic minority patients, particularly in relation to the concept of ‘othering’.

Aim:

To study which factors help build trust or create distrust in encounters between healthcare professionals and hospitalised ethnic minority patients, as well as study the dynamic complexities inherent within the process of ‘othering’.

Research design:

Qualitative design, in-depth interviews and hermeneutic analysis.

Participants and research context:

The interviewees were 10 immigrant patients (six women and four men – eight Asians, two Africans – ages 32–85 years) recruited from a south-eastern Norwegian hospital.

Ethical considerations:

Study approval was obtained from the hospital’s Privacy Ombudsman for Research and the hospital’s leadership. Participation was voluntary and participants signed an informed consent form.

Conclusion:

Distrust and othering may be caused by differences in belief systems, values, perceptions, expectations, and style of expression and behaviour. Othering is a reciprocal phenomenon in minority ethnic patient–healthcare personnel encounters, and it influences trust building negatively. Besides demonstrating general professional skill and competence, healthcare personnel require cultural competence to create trust.
All at Sea? Maritime Dimensions of Europe’s Relations with Africa
Authors: Styan David
Published: June 2016

The article examines three dimensions of Europe’s maritime relations with Africa: first, the notion that Europe’s strategic maritime frontiers are linked to Africa; second, the coherence or ‘actorness’ of the European Union’s (EU) anti-piracy force operating off the Horn of Africa; and third, the relationship between the EU’s own military and naval objectives and its wider regional policies in Africa.

While the EU adopted a ‘Maritime Security Strategy’ in 2014, the article notes that, in practice, the EU’s strategy at sea has focused on two groups of ‘non-state actors’: the Africans who are ‘pirates’; and the migrants crossing the Mediterranean, who are the object of the EU’s Frontex patrols. As such, the initial question examined charts the somewhat fluid notion of the sea as a maritime frontier: where do Europe’s strategic interests in terms of its maritime frontiers lie? Is the EU’s anti-piracy mission defending them? Is this first-ever maritime mission a more tangible manifestation of EU’s common foreign and defence policy than some of the other shorter and smaller military and policing missions in Africa?
God Terms and Activity Systems
Authors: Allen Ira , Allen Saul
Published: June 2016

Political science struggles, sometimes more than it knows, to study religion’s relationship with politics, democratic and otherwise. The difficulty is in part theoretical. This paper synthesizes diverse strains in recent scholarship on religion to propose a theoretically attuned definition well suited for empirical political science. Religions are defined as systems of shared activity organized around transcendental signifiers. Transcendental signifiers are readily identifiable in public discourse and are “god terms” that organize (or rest at the center of organized) systems of shared activity. This parsimonious definition admits both belief-oriented and practice-oriented phenomena and allows political scientists to study religion as it shapes political acts, interventions, and possibilities. For illustrative purposes, the paper examines a key speech delivered by Sukarno at Indonesia’s founding moment, in which naturalistically observable transcendental signifiers mark the mobilization of religion. Revising older histories that discover a contest between “secular” and “religious” actors, or that are keen to determine the sincerity of Sukarno’s own belief, we contend that Indonesia’s founding is best understood in terms of competing religious discourses that merge in the development of a new civil religion.
Neurobiology of Everyday Communication: What Have We Learned From Music?
Authors: Kraus Nina , White-Schwoch Travis
Published: June 2016

Sound is an invisible but powerful force that is central to everyday life. Studies in the neurobiology of everyday communication seek to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying sound processing, their stability, their plasticity, and their links to language abilities and disabilities. This sound processing lies at the nexus of cognitive, sensorimotor, and reward networks. Music provides a powerful experimental model to understand these biological foundations of communication, especially with regard to auditory learning. We review studies of music training that employ a biological approach to reveal the integrity of sound processing in the brain, the bearing these mechanisms have on everyday communication, and how these processes are shaped by experience. Together, these experiments illustrate that music works in synergistic partnerships with language skills and the ability to make sense of speech in complex, everyday listening environments. The active, repeated engagement with sound demanded by music making augments the neural processing of speech, eventually cascading to listening and language. This generalization from music to everyday communications illustrates both that these auditory brain mechanisms have a profound potential for plasticity and that sound processing is biologically intertwined with listening and language skills. A new wave of studies has pushed neuroscience beyond the traditional laboratory by revealing the effects of community music training in underserved populations. These community-based studies reinforce laboratory work highlight how the auditory system achieves a remarkable balance between stability and flexibility in processing speech. Moreover, these community studies have the potential to inform health care, education, and social policy by lending a neurobiological perspective to their efficacy.
Officer Perceptions of Body-Worn Cameras Before and After Deployment
Authors: Gaub Janne E. , Choate David E. , Todak Natalie , Katz Charles M. , White Michael D.
Published: June 2016

Over the past few years, several events have highlighted the strained relationship between the police and residents in many communities. Police officer body-worn cameras (BWCs) have been advocated as a tool by which police–community relations can be strengthened, while simultaneously increasing transparency and accountability of police departments. Support for BWCs from the public and federal government is strong, and some studies have examined police perceptions of BWCs. However, comparisons of officer perceptions of BWCs in different departments are lacking, as are assessments of officer attitudes pre- and post-BWC deployment. This study compares officer perceptions of BWCs in three police departments in the western United States between 2013 and 2015, both before and after BWC program implementation. The similarities and differences among officer perceptions across departments are examined, and the authors consider the implications of findings for police departments moving forward with BWC technology.
In search of innovative capabilities of communities of practice: A systematic review and typology for future research
Authors: Pattinson Steven , Preece David , Dawson Patrick
Published: June 2016

The concept of communities of practice has generated considerable debate among scholars of management. Attention has shifted from a concern with the transmission and reproduction of knowledge towards their utility for enhancing innovative potential. Questions of governance, power, collaboration and control have all entered the debate with different theorizations emerging from a wide mix of empirical research. We appraise these key findings through a critical review of the literature. From a divergent range of findings, we identify four main ways in which communities of practice enable and constrain innovative capabilities as (a) enablers of learning for innovation, (b) situated platforms for professional occupations, (c) dispersed collaborative environments and (d) governance structures designed for purpose. Our conclusion signals the way forward for further research that could be used to improve our understanding of different contextual forms and how they may align with organizations in enabling rather than constraining innovative capabilities.
Creative leadership as a collective achievement: An Australian case
Authors: Dovey Ken , Burdon Steve , Simpson Robert
Published: June 2016

In this article, we examine the construct of ‘leadership’ through an analysis of the social practices that underpinned the Australian Broadcasting Corporation television production entitled The Code. Positioning the production within the neo-bureaucratic organisational form currently adopted by the global television industry, we explore new conceptualisations of the leadership phenomenon emerging within this industry in response to the increasingly complex, uncertain and interdependent nature of creative work within it. We show how the polyarchic governance regime characteristic of the neo-bureaucratic organisational form ensures broadcaster control and coordination through ‘hard power’ mechanisms embedded in the commissioning process and through ‘soft power’ relational practices that allow creative licence to those employed in the production. Furthermore, we show how both sets of practices (commissioning and creative practices) leverage and regenerate the relational resources – such as trust, commitment and resilience – gained from rich stakeholder experience of working together in the creative industries over a significant period of time. Referencing the leadership-as-practice perspective, we highlight the contingent and improvisational nature of these practices and metaphorically describe the leadership manifesting in this production as a form of ‘interstitial glue’ that binds and shapes stakeholder interests and collective agency.
Hangman’s fracture from noose to neurosurgery
Authors: Toman E , Beaven A , Porter K
Published: June 2016

A fracture through the pars interarticularis of the axis is colloquially known as the ‘hangman’s fracture’. The origin of the name is self-explanatory; however, in modern times the hangman’s fracture is rarely seen in suicide by hanging. This short article aimed at the non-spinal surgeon will take the reader through a brief timeline from the days of capital punishment to the modern day road traffic collision and the management of the hangman’s fracture.
‘Voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ child welfare: Challenging the distinction
Authors: Pösö Tarja , Pekkarinen Elina , Helavirta Susanna , Laakso Riitta
Published: June 2016

Finnish child welfare divides care orders into voluntary and involuntary care orders, based on the consent or objection of different parties. When giving consent to a care order, the parties allow their rights to family life and self-determination to be restricted. This article examines how the voluntary care order differs in practice from the involuntary one and how voluntarism and involuntarism are represented in these two types of care order.

Findings

The analysis of 37 care orders highlights different shades of voluntarism and involuntarism as well as formal and informal spheres of consent and objection. The binary distinction between voluntarism and involuntarism becomes problematic. Instead, new forms and arenas for consent and objection, e.g., resistance, become topical in child welfare.

Applications

The spectrum of voluntarism and involuntarism should be recognised in every type of child welfare. The study points out several critical points in the dual decision-making system in Finland, in particular informed consent.
A detection and classification approach for underwater dam cracks
Authors: Shi Pengfei , Fan Xinnan , Ni Jianjun , Wang Gengren
Published: June 2016

Underwater dam crack detection and classification based on visible images is a challenging task. The underwater environment is very complex with uneven illumination and serious noise problems, which often leads to the distortion of detection. In addition, there are few methods suitable for underwater dam crack classification. To solve these problems, a novel underwater dam crack detection and classification approach is proposed. Firstly, a dodging algorithm is used to eliminate the uneven illumination in the underwater visible images. Subsequently, a crack detection approach is proposed, where the local characteristics of image blocks and the global characteristics of connected domains are both used based on the analysis of the statistical properties of dam crack images. Finally, an improved evidence theory-based crack classification algorithm is proposed after the crack detection. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is able to detect underwater dam cracks and classify them accurately and effectively in complex underwater environments.
Scriptural Allusions in the Book of Revelation and the Contours of Textual Research 1900-2014: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Allen Garrick V.
Published: June 2016

This article traces the contours of the past century of discourse surrounding the underlying textual form of allusions embedded in the book of Revelation. Special attention is paid to the rapid developments on this issue in the past thirty years, a period in which New Testament scholarship has grappled with the textual complexity of the Hebrew Bible presented by the scrolls from the Judaean Desert. The question of textual form is of foundational importance for analysing the reuse or interpretation of Scripture in the book of Revelation. Despite this reality, it is common to find assumptions or misconceptions in recent studies that obfuscate the textual reality of the Hebrew Bible and its early Greek versions the first century ce. The appraisal of scholarship on this issue allows scholars to better contextualize their own approaches to the text of allusions in the light of previous research. This analysis also highlights the changing methods and approaches by which scholars analyse the text of allusions and suggests some avenues for future research on the allusions embedded in the Apocalypse.
Twentieth- and Twenty-first-century Readings of Hebel (הֶבֶל) in Ecclesiastes
Authors: Meek Russell L.
Published: June 2016

The meaning of הֶבֶל is a crux interpretum for the book of Ecclesiastes. Notwithstanding some variation, Jerome’s vanitas reading of הֶבֶל in Ecclesiastes dominated scholarship for several centuries. Since the rise of modern biblical scholarship, הֶבֶל as ‘vanity’ has been largely rejected; however, little consensus has been reached regarding the word’s meaning. The result has been a rich history of interpretation as scholars develop various suggestions for how הֶבֶל should be understood in Ecclesiastes. This essay briefly sketches the history of interpretation of הֶבֶל, then surveys proposals for the meaning of הֶבֶל in Ecclesiastes during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Directions in Jewish Feminist Bible Study
Authors: Shemesh Yael
Published: June 2016

The article highlights various possible directions that Jewish feminist Bible scholarship can take. Even though this field has naturally been influenced by feminist scholarship in general, I believe that it does have a number of unique traits, with regard both to content (such as pointing out the Christian source of certain misogynistic interpretations) and form (commentaries oriented to the weekly Torah portion). The first part of the article deals with these unique features of Jewish feminist Bible scholarship. In the second part I look at four goals shared by feminist Bible scholarship in general and the Jewish subgenre, while focusing on the latter: (1) Emphasizing that the Bible is a patriarchal and androcentric—some would say misogynistic—text; (2) highlighting the voices for equality that can be found in the Bible; (3) focusing on biblical women and recounting her-story rather than the traditional his-tory that has been dominant for generations; (4) discovering the female authors of biblical texts, or at least the women’s voices that emerge from it. In the third section I draw on several Jewish feminist Bible scholars’ treatment of three issues to exemplify how the same underlying data led different readers to different and even contradictory attitudes and assertions about the biblical text. Two of these issues relate to narrative—the characterization of Eve and that of Ruth and Naomi and their relationship. The third issue comes from the legal corpus—the laws of menstrual impurity (Lev. 15.19-24). Here we saw not only the different positions taken by different scholars, but also the change over time in the view of Rachel Adler, which corresponds with the change in her religious perspective and move from one religious denomination to another.
Vascular Function in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Tachibana Hisatsugu , Washida Kazuo , Kowa Hisatomo , Kanda Fumio , Toda Tatsushi
Published: June 2016

We investigated vascular functioning in patients with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of either Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or vascular dementia (VaD) and examined a possible relationship between vascular function and cognitive status. Twenty-seven patients with AD, 23 patients with VaD, and 26 healthy control patients underwent measurements of flow-mediated dilation (FMD), ankle–brachial index (ABI), cardioankle vascular index (CAVI), and intima–media thickness (IMT). The FMD was significantly lower in patients with AD or VaD compared to controls. There were no significant differences in ABI, CAVI, or IMT among the 3 groups. A significant correlation was found between Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and FMD. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis revealed that FMD was significantly predicted by MMSE scores. These results suggest that endothelial involvement plays a role in AD pathogenesis, and FMD may be more sensitive than other surrogate methods (ABI, CAVI, and IMT) for detecting early-stage atherosclerosis and/or cognitive decline.
Community College Developmental Education Services: Perspectives of Spanish-Speaking Latino Early Childhood Educators
Authors: Eberly John E.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this single-case study was to understand the perceptions of Latino Spanish-speaking English learners on the efficacy of developmental education services at a Western U.S. community college. The primary data collection method was in-depth individual interviews of a purposeful sample of nine successful students. Findings indicated that participants relied on Spanish instruction for comprehensible context, but needed consistent education support services from a culturally responsive institution in a language they understood.
Obesity-Related Dietary Patterns and Health Status of Diabetes Among At-Risk Latino College Students
Authors: Santos Silvia J. , Hurtado-Ortiz Maria T. , Armendariz Marina , vanTwist Victoria , Castillo Yessenia
Published: June 2016

This study examined within-group differences in obesity-related dietary behaviors and the health status of 156 Latino students at risk for diabetes due to family history. Approximately 58% of students were overweight and/or obese, with female students reporting a greater risk for diabetes. Consumption of meats, fried potatoes, breads, and tortillas was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and diabetes risk indices. Differences in dietary behaviors were found based on students’ college profile and sociodemographic characteristics. Implications for university-related intervention health initiatives are discussed.
Long-Term Experience of Endovascular Repair for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections
Authors: Väärämäki Suvi , Suominen Velipekka , Pimenoff Georg , Saarinen Jukka , Uurto Ilkka , Salenius Juha
Published: June 2016

Purpose:

To report the long-term results of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in both elective and emergency cases of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and type B dissection.

Material and Methods:

A prospective single-center study of 78 TEVAR patients treated between February 1998 and February 2013. Stent-graft implantation was performed in 51 (65%) patients for TAA (43 elective and 8 emergency cases) and in 27 (35%) patients for type B dissection (11 elective and 16 emergency cases). Short- and long-term results were evaluated, and a subgroup of patients with left subclavian artery (LSA) coverage was also analyzed.

Results:

The patients were followed for a mean of 55 months (1-160 months). The technical success rate was 81% and 30-day mortality 6.4% (n = 5). The stroke rate was 7.7% (n = 6) and permanent paraparesis 2.6% ( n = 2). In follow-up, there were 28 (36%) primary (15 type I and 13 type II) and 10 secondary endoleaks (8 type I and 2 type II). Multivariate analysis showed no significant predictive factors for developing a type I endoleak. Secondary interventions were required in 24% of the patients. There was 1 late thoracic aortic rupture and 1 late conversion (1.3%). Patients with LSA coverage had a higher incidence of stroke (12.5% vs 4.3%, P = .18) and paraparesis (3.1% vs 2.2%, P = .79) compared to those without LSA coverage, although this difference was not statistically significant. Stroke rates were significantly higher in patients treated in an emergency setting ( P = .048).

Conclusion:

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is a relatively safe and effective therapy for different aortic pathologies with good long-term success. The risk of stroke and paraparesis is notable whether the LSA is covered, and strokes clearly accumulate in the emergency setting. A type I endoleak is the most common complication, but there are no predictive factors for its development.
International broadcasting by a middle-size country: The case of Belsat TV from Poland to Belarus
Authors: Ociepka Beata
Published: June 2016

Poland, as all the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, was a target of Western international broadcasting before 1989. After the Velvet Revolution, the former receiver became communicator. Poland undertook efforts to promote democracy in Belarus, while reaching the audience in the country via a television station, basing these efforts on its own experiences from the communist times. Belarus, Poland’s eastern authoritarian neighbour, limits citizens’ access to information while controlling the state television and persecuting oppositional media and journalists. Thus, Belsat TV, financed by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Polish public service television, has been run as a station substituting for the domestic, Belarusian sources of information. The article sheds light on the motivation of the Polish government to launch alternative media for Belarus as well as on the political and media landscape in which these media operate. In the study, international broadcasting is understood as one of the components of Polish public diplomacy, used as a leverage to strengthen the position of the country as an actor in international communication.
Efforts to increase social contact in persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: Analysing individual support plans in the Netherlands
Authors: Kamstra Aafke , van der Putten Annette AJ , Vlaskamp Carla
Published: June 2016

Most people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) have limited social contact and it is unclear what is done to maintain or increase these contacts. Individual support planning (ISP) can be used in the systematic enhancement of social contacts. This study analyses the content of ISPs with respect to the social contacts of people with PIMD. ISPs for 60 persons with PIMD in the Netherlands were inductively coded and illustrated with quotations. It turned out that every ISP contained information about social contacts. Of all the quotations extracted, 71.2% were about current conditions, 6.2% were about the future and less than 1% concerned actual goals. The social contacts of people with PIMD are mentioned in their ISPs, but this is rarely translated into goals. The results of the current study suggest that attention should be paid to ensuring that professionals understand the importance of social contacts and their application in practice.
Brain morphological alternation in chronic pain patients with neuropathic characteristics
Authors: Sugimine Satomi , Ogino Yuichi , Kawamichi Hiroaki , Obata Hideaki , Saito Shigeru
Published: June 2016

Background

Neuropathic characteristics are highly involved in the development of chronic pain both physically and psychologically. However, little is known about the relationship between neuropathic characteristics and brain morphological alteration.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of chronic pain development by examining the above-mentioned relationships by voxel-based morphometry in patients with chronic pain.

Methods

First, we assessed neuropathic characteristics using the painDETECT Questionnaire in 12 chronic pain patients. Second, to assess the gray matter volume changes by voxel-based morphometry, we conducted magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. We applied multiregression analysis of these two assessment methods.

Results

There were significant positive correlations between painDETECT Questionnaire scores and the gray matter volume in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and right posterior cingulate cortex.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that neuropathic characteristics strongly affect the brain regions related to modulation of pain in patients with chronic pain and, therefore, contribute to the severity of chronic pain.
The dangers of educated girls and women
Authors: John Vaughn M
Published: June 2016

Why do educated girls and women constitute a danger in some societies and for this face extreme danger in their educational endeavours? This article argues that historical and contemporary educational discrimination of girls and women is the hallmark of a violently patriarchal society, and this stubborn injustice is exacerbated under conditions of poverty and political power struggles. After considering two recent examples of violent exclusion, deeper exploration of historical exclusion of learners in South Africa helps to reveal a web of gender-based injustice and violence created at the intersections of patriarchy, poverty and political power struggles. Interventions require the acknowledgement of these underlying causes as well as their systemic and complex interactions.
Effects of deformation on the burning behavior of solid propellants
Authors: Wang B , Peng H , Chen YX
Published: June 2016

In this paper, the burning rate of solid propellants under strains was investigated. In particular, the variations of burning rate at a deformation of 20% or less was measured using a novel apparatus. The results showed that the burning rate increased with increasing strain, but such increase became stable if the strain was increased to a threshold value. In addition, a quadratic functional correlation could be drawn between the burning rate ratio and strain, which was in agreement with the theoretical analysis.
Confidence in Assessment of Lumbar Spondylolysis Using Three-Dimensional Volumetric T2-Weighted MRI Compared With Limited Field of View, Decreased-Dose CT
Authors: Delavan Joshua Adam , Stence Nicholas V. , Mirsky David M. , Gralla Jane , Fadell Michael F.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Limited z-axis–coverage computed tomography (CT) to evaluate for pediatric lumbar spondylolysis, altering the technique such that the dose to the patient is comparable or lower than radiographs, is currently used at our institution. The objective of the study was to determine whether volumetric 3-dimensional fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI) can provide equal or greater diagnostic accuracy compared with limited CT in the diagnosis of pediatric lumbar spondylolysis without ionizing radiation.

Hypothesis:

Volumetric 3D MRI can provide equal or greater diagnostic accuracy compared with low-dose CT for pediatric lumbar spondylolysis without ionizing radiation.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 2.

Methods:

Three pediatric neuroradiologists evaluated 2-dimensional (2D) MRI, 2D + 3D MRI, and limited CT examinations in 42 pediatric patients who obtained imaging for low back pain and suspected spondylolysis. As there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of spondylolysis besides surgery, interobserver agreement and degree of confidence were compared to determine which modality is preferable.

Results:

Decreased-dose CT provided a greater level of agreement than 2D MRI and 2D + 3D MRI. The kappa for rater agreement with 2D MRI, 2D + 3D MRI, and CT was 0.19, 0.32, and 1.0, respectively. All raters agreed in 31%, 40%, and 100% of cases with 2D MRI, 2D + 3D MRI, and CT. Lack of confidence was significantly lower with CT (0%) than with 2D MRI (30%) and 2D + 3D MRI (25%).

Conclusion:

For diagnosing spondylolysis, radiologist agreement and confidence trended toward improvement with the addition of a volumetric 3D MRI sequence to standard 2D MRI sequences compared with 2D MRI alone; however, agreement and confidence remain significantly greater using decreased-dose CT when compared with either MRI acquisition.

Clinical Relevance:

Decreased-dose CT of the lumbar spine remains the optimal examination to confirm a high suspicion of spondylolysis, with dose essentially equivalent to radiographs. If clinical symptoms are not classic for spondylolysis, 2D MRI is still very good at detecting spondylolysis while remaining sensitive for detection of alternative diagnoses such as disc abnormalities and pars stress reaction. The data suggest that standard 2D MRI sequences should not be entirely replaced by a volumetric T2-weighted 3D sequence (despite promising features of rapid acquisition time, increased spatial resolution, and reconstruction capability).
Burnout and Engagement
Authors: Fragoso Zachary L. , Holcombe Kyla J. , McCluney Courtney L. , Fisher Gwenith G. , McGonagle Alyssa K. , Friebe Susan J.
Published: June 2016

This study’s purpose was twofold: first, to examine the relative importance of job demands and resources as predictors of burnout and engagement, and second, the relative importance of engagement and burnout related to health, depressive symptoms, work ability, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions in two samples of health care workers. Nurse leaders ( n = 162) and licensed emergency medical technicians (EMTs; n = 102) completed surveys. In both samples, job demands predicted burnout more strongly than job resources, and job resources predicted engagement more strongly than job demands. Engagement held more weight than burnout for predicting commitment, and burnout held more weight for predicting health outcomes, depressive symptoms, and work ability. Results have implications for the design, evaluation, and effectiveness of workplace interventions to reduce burnout and improve engagement among health care workers. Actionable recommendations for increasing engagement and decreasing burnout in health care organizations are provided.
The Importance of Employee Breaks
Authors: Randolph Susan A.
Published: June 2016

The occupational and environmental health nurse should encourage workers to take work breaks. Breaks enable all workers to perform at their best.
Nurse Practitioners’ Comfort in Treating Work-Related Injuries in Adolescents
Authors: Graves Janessa M. , Klein Tracy A.
Published: June 2016

This study examined nurse practitioners’ (NPs) previous experiences and comfort levels in treating adolescents with work-related injuries in two states where NPs have statutory authority to treat work-related injuries. The authors surveyed all actively licensed NPs in Washington and Oregon ( N = 4,849). Factors associated with NPs’ previous experiences and comfort in treating adolescents with work-related injuries were identified using modified Poisson regression. Less than a quarter of respondents (21.1%, n = 225) reported having ever treated an adolescent for a work-related injury. Nearly half (43.6%) of respondents reported being uncomfortable or very uncomfortable in treating adolescents with work-related injuries. Previous experience and male gender were associated with greater likelihood of feeling comfortable ( p < .01). Nurse practitioners serve as primary care providers for adolescents who may experience work-related injuries. This study documents the need for developing educational and outreach efforts to better prepare NPs to treat adolescents’ work-related injuries.
Scatologising Hindu Eschatology: An (In) Auspicious Journey from Devalaya to Shauchalaya
Authors: Bhowmick Subhendra , Purakayastha Anindya Sekhar
Published: June 2016

The Indian prime minister’s clarion call for a ‘Swachh Bharat’ or ‘transparent India’ officially seeks to cleanse the image of a ‘squatting’ nation through building ‘toilets first, temples later’ (‘Devalaya Se Pehle Shauchalaya’)—a laudable slogan that sounds bizarre when heard from the member of a nationalist ‘Hindutvavadi’ political group that usually prioritises hardcore religious sentiments over civic issues. Keeping in mind the traditional Hindu discourse of ritual pollution, it is hard to believe that the Hindu mindset could bear the juxtaposition of the two sites within the space of one single sentence without considering the act as straightforward blasphemy! This article seeks to understand how—and under what sort of social circumstances—this kind of ideational somersault is being attempted today. This ingenious move is polysemic too, we argue, as the virtues of transparency and cleanliness could be rhetorically employed for a variety of purposes. We would examine whether a finer version of Hindutva is on its way to replace a cruder one by enfolding a series of tropes—from Shauchalaya to Mahatma Gandhi—that have never been within its order so far!
Race and State in City Police Spending Growth
Authors: Vargas Robert , McHarris Philip
Published: June 2016

What has driven city police spending growth in large cities? Studies show that racial threat is an important predictor, but scholars overlook how cities can afford spending increases during hard financial times. Research suggests that federal grants through the 1994 Clinton crime bill and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security play important roles. In this article, the authors ask whether racial threat and federal aid had an interrelated role in city police spending from 1980 to 2010. Using a unique data set on 88 large cities, the authors find that Clinton crime bill grants were associated with city police spending, especially in cities with growing Black populations. The authors also find that from 2000 to 2010, overall federal aid was associated with city police spending, especially in cities with growing foreign-born populations. This study shows that the state, through relationships between federal and local government, has been a critical missing component in the process whereby racial threat shapes local police spending.
tarSVM: Improving the accuracy of variant calls derived from microfluidic PCR-based targeted next generation sequencing using a support vector machine
Authors: Gillies Christopher E. , Otto Edgar A. , Vega-Warner Virginia , Robertson Catherine C. , Sanna-Cherchi Simone , Gharavi Ali , Crawford Brendan , Bhimma Rajendra , Winkler Cheryl ,   Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE),   C-PROBE InvestigatorGroup of the Michigan Kidney Translational Core Center, Kang Hyun Min , Sampson Matthew G.
Published: June 2016

Background

Targeted sequencing of discrete gene sets is a cost effective strategy to screen subjects for monogenic forms of disease. One method to achieve this pairs microfluidic PCR with next generation sequencing. The PCR step of this pipeline creates challenges in accurate variant calling. This includes that most reads targeting a specific exon are duplicates that have been amplified from the PCR step. To reduce false positive variant calls from these experiments, previous studies have used threshold-based filtering of alternative allele depth ratio and manual inspection of the alignments. However even after manual inspection and filtering, many variants fail to be validated via Sanger sequencing. To improve the accuracy of variant calling from these experiments, we are challenged to design a variant filtering strategy that sufficiently models microfluidic PCR-specific issues.

Results

We developed an open source variant filtering pipeline, targeted sequencing support vector machine (“tarSVM”), that uses a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a new score the normalized allele dosage test to identify high quality variants from microfluidic PCR data. tarSVM maximizes training knowledge by selecting variants that are likely true and likely false variants by incorporating knowledge from the 1000 Genomes and the Exome Aggregation Consortium projects. tarSVM improves on previous approaches by synthesizing variant features from the Genome Analysis Toolkit and allele dosage information. We compared the accuracy of tarSVM versus existing variant quality filtering strategies on two cohorts (n = 474 and n = 1152), and validated our method on a third cohort (n = 75). In the first cohort, our method achieved 84.5 % accuracy of predicting whether or not a variant would be validated with Sanger sequencing versus 78.8 % for the second most accurate method. In the second cohort, our method had an accuracy of 73.3 %, versus 61.5 % for the second best method. Finally, our method had a false discovery rate of 5 % for the validation cohort.

Conclusions

tarSVM increases the accuracy of variant calling when using microfluidic PCR based targeted sequencing approaches. This results in higher confidence downstream analyses, and ultimately reduces the costs Sanger validation. Our approach is less labor intensive than existing approaches, and is available as an open source pipeline for read trimming, aligning, variant calling, and variant quality filtering on GitHub at https://github.com/christopher-gillies/TargetSpecificGATKSequencingPipeline.