bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Bleaching Effluents in Aerobic/Anaerobic Fluidized Biofilm Systems
Authors: Fahmy M. , Heinzle E. , Kut O. M.
Published: May 2018

Biodegradation of chloroorganic compounds in real industrial bleaching effluents (chlorination and extraction), with adapted biofilm in fluidized sand bed reactors, was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effluents were only diluted and supplied with mineral nutrients. Two reactor combinations were compared with a single stage aerobic digestor (AFB). In the anaerobic-aerobic reactors in series (AAS), the effluents were first treated anaerobically followed by an aerobic reactor in a single pass. In the anaerobic-aerobic recycle reactor (AAR), the reactor content was periodically moving back from aerobic to anaerobic fluidized beds.

The reactors were running continuously for one year. The most significant differences observed were between aerobic and anaerobic single reactors. Generally anaerobiosis reduced performance in terms of global parameters (COD, NPOC, AOX). With a residence time of 18 h for each reactor, COD and AOX typically decreased by 15-32 % for each aerobic reactor system (AFB, AAS, AAR), whereas a decrease of typically 4-15 % was observed in the purely anaerobic system. From GC and GC/MS analysis it was evident that in the anaerobic reactors, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was first converted to 2,4-dichlorophenol. In all three systems 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and dichlorophenols were almost completely removed.
Organohalogens of Natural and Industrial Origin in Large Recipients of Bleach-Plant Effluents
Authors: Grimvall A. , Borén H. , Jonsson S. , Karlsson S. , Sävenhed R.
Published: May 2018

The long-term fate of chlorophenols and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) was studied in two large recipients of bleach-plant effluents: Lake Vättern in Sweden and the Baltic Sea. The study showed that there is a long-distance transport (>100 km) of chloroguaiacols from bleach-plants to remote parts of receiving waters. However, there was no evidence of several-year-long accumulation of chloro-organics in the water-phase. A simple water-exchange model for Lake Vättern showed that the cumulated bleach-plant discharges from the past 35 years would have increased the AOX concentration in the lake by more than 100 µg Cl/l, if no AOX had been removed from the water by evaporation, sedimentation or degradation. However, the observed AOX concentration in Lake Vättern averaged only about 15 µg Cl/l, which was less than the average AOX concentration (32 µg Cl/l) in the “unpolluted” tributaries of the lake. Similar investigations in the Baltic Sea showed that non-point sources, including natural halogenation processes, accounted for a substantial fraction of the AOX in the open sea. The presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in precipitation and “unpolluted” surface waters showed that non-point sources may also make a considerable contribution to the background levels of compounds normally regarded as indicators of bleach-plant effluents.
Distribution of Halogenated Organic Compounds (AOX) – Swedish Transport to Surrounding Sea Areas and Mass Balance Studies in Five Drainage Systems
Authors: Enell M. , Wennberg L.
Published: May 2018

In the discussion of environmental pollution problems halogenated organic compounds often play a dominant role because of their properties e.g. persistence and bioaccumulation in organisms. A research project on “Long distance distribution of halogenated organic compounds” was started in 1987 at the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL). The first part of the project focused on the transport of halogenated organic compounds, measured as AOX (adsorbable organic halogens), in Swedish rivers to surrounding sea areas. This work started in October 1987 and was finished in September 1988. Water samples were collected at 47 sampling stations in 33 drainage systems. During the same period the AOX concentration in atmospheric deposition was measured at 17 sampling stations.

Results show that the annual total transport of AOX to sea areas surrounding Sweden, was about 5,200 tonnes/year. Highest AOX concentrations in river waters were found on the Swedish west coast (maximum 98 µg/l) and the lowest in rivers flowing into the Bothnian Bay (maximum 29 µg/l), in the northeastern part of Sweden. Analyses of AOX in atmospheric deposition at sampling stations from the north to the south of Sweden, indicate that the amount of halogenated organic compounds, supplied with precipitation, was about 5,100 tonnes/year. The mean concentration of AOX in precipitation was 15 µg/l (n=202). The results indicate that there are also sources other than anthropogenic - probably natural production of halogenated organic compounds.

During the second part of the project mass balances for halogenated organic compounds in both small and well defined drainage basins, as well as in larger water systems shall be established. In five large water systems, in different parts of Sweden, atmospheric deposition, together with soil-, ground- and surface waters are studied. In order to explain differences in concentrations of halogenated organic compounds between different water systems, a specification of the AOX parameter is made.
Evaluation of Biochemical Models for Biological Excess Phosphorus Removal
Authors: Wentzel M. C. , Lötter L. H. , Ekama G. A. , Loewenthal R. E. , Marais G. v. R.
Published: May 2018

Three biochemical models for biological excess phosphorus removal are critically analysed: the Comeau/Wentzel, Mino and modified Mino models. There is agreement between the models except in one respect, the generation of reducing equivalents (NADH2) required to convert acetate to poly-β-hydroxybutyrate under anaerobic conditions. In this regard a procedure is suggested to determine which of the models' premises are correct.
Basic Studies on Phosphorus Removal by the Contact Aeration Process Using Iron Contactors
Authors: Haruta S. , Takahashi T. , Nishiguchi T.
Published: May 2018

The authors have developed what we call the submerged iron contactor process as a simple and inexpensive phosphorus removal method for small-scale plants disposing of domestic wastewater and household wastewater treatment tanks. In this method iron contactors are submerged in biological treatment tanks, where phosphate anions in wastewater are combined with iron cations produced through corrosion of the contactors, and the compound thus produced is precipitated and removed together with biological sludge.

In these studies, laboratory experiments were made on the contact aeration process combined with the above-mentioned method, and the following findings were obtained. (1) It is desirable to treat wastewater by making use of corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria instead of corrosion by oxygen dissolved in wastewater, to conduct a stable phosphorus removal by this combined method. (2) The corrosion rate of iron contactors is affected by the volumetric loading of BOD in the tanks where they are submerged. (3) Assuming that an iron contactor continues to suffer corrosion evenly all over the surface when our combined method is applied, it is estimated that the corrosion rate is about 1mm or less in 30 years.
The Simultaneous Chemical Precipitation of Ammonium and Phosphate in the form of Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate
Authors: Schulze-Rettmer R.
Published: May 2018

Precipitation of ammonium together with phosphate and magnesium is a possible alternative for lowering the nitrogen content of waste water and sludge liquor. Certain chemical conditions need to be satisfied, especially the molecular ratio NH4: Mg:P04 = 1:1:1 and a suitable pH in the range between 8 and 10. The salt MgNH44P04.6aq4 then crystallizes quickly and settles within a few minutes. The salt is rather insoluble and dries in air. The residual ammonium and phosphate concentrations are not, however, low enough for the waste water to be run off into a river. Biological treatment of the precipitation effluent is therefore necessary. However, neither nitrification nor denitrification is required. This saves costs and makes the process worth considering. Three process design variants in combination with biological stages are suggested.
Use of Isoprenoid Quinone Profiles to Study the Bacterial Community Structure and Population Dynamics in the Photosynthetic Sludge System
Authors: Hiraishi A. , Morishima Y. , Kitamura H.
Published: May 2018

Bacterial isoprenoid quinones were used as tools for studying the bacterial community structure and population dynamics in photosynthetic sludge in a full-scale plant and a laboratory batch reactor. Both ubiquinones and menaquinones were detected from all sludge samples, at concentrations of 428 to 886 and 170 to 456 nmol/g (dry weight) of sludge, respectively. Smaller amounts of rhodo-quinones were also found in all sludges. Either ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) or Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone in the main treatment zones of the plant, while Q-10 predominated in the laboratory sludge. The menaquinone composition of the sludges was more complicated than the ubiquinone profiles recorded. The plant and laboratory sludges contained menaquinone-9 (MK-9) and MK-10, respectively, as the major menaquinone. Bacteriological examination revealed the occurrence of high numbers of the purple nonsulfur bacteria in the photosynthetic sludge reactors. All strains of the phototrophic bacteria isolated from the sludges contained Q-10 as the sole quinone. These results suggest that Q-10 may be used as a biomarker of the phototrophic bacterial population, while other ubiquinones, menaquinones, and rhodoquinones may be useful for monitoring the population dynamics of co-existent chemoheterotrophic bacteria in the photosynthetic sludge process.
Respiratory Inhibition of Sphaerotilus by Iron Compounds and the Distribution of the Sorbed Iron
Authors: type contrib , type contrib
Published: May 2018

Respiratory inhibition of Sphaerotilus by various iron compounds was investigated in association with the distributional pattern of iron sorbed by the bacterium. The inhibitory effects of the iron compounds were examined respectively in the exogenous and endogenous respirations. Any sorption of iron by the microbe was not observed in the dosage of the non-inhibitory compounds such as K4 [Fe(CN)6], K3[Fe(CN)6] and Fe-citrate. Also, the respiration was scarcely inhibited by FeCl3 in spite of dense deposits of iron observed covering the sheath surface. On addition of Fe-cysteine or Potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), a remarkable effect of respiratory inhibition was observed respectively. But, their inhibitory behaviors were not necessarily similar. While the inhibitory effect by Fe-cysteine was principally marked of the exogenous respiration, K2FeO4 inhibited strongly both the exogenous and endogenous respiration. For examining definite locations of the bacterium in which iron sorption actually occurred, an improved procedure on the method by Romano and Peloquin (1963) was applied in the present study. Iron of Fe -cysteine was hardly detected inside the cells, nevertheless the existence of iron penetrated through the sheaths was observed certainly even in the cells in the case of K2FeO4.
Pilot Plant Study on Microaerobic Self-Granulated Sludge Process (Multi-Stage Reversing Flow Bioreactor: MRB)
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kyosai S.
Published: May 2018

A Multi-stage Reversing flow Bioreactor (MRB) was developed by the Public Works Research Institute in 1986. It utilizes the symbiotic interaction between anaerobic bacteria (sulfate reducing bacteria) and microaerobic bacteria (Beggiatoa=filamentous sulfur oxidizing bacteria) for self-granulated pellet formation. A MRB Pilot plant for domestic wastewater treatment (design capacity was 225 m3/day) was constructed in 1988. After several modifications of the initial design, stable pellet formation and high performance were achieved.

This paper describes the results of the pilot plant operation.
The Hydraulics of Final Settling Tanks
Authors: Krebs P.
Published: May 2018

An analysis of the flow field in final settling tanks is presented. Computer simulations and hydraulic model tests have succeeded in demonstrating the forward flow near the bottom and the resulting backward flow at the surface, as well as in finding their cause. A reduction of the total energy input and consequently a more uniform velocity distribution were achieved by an inflow which is situated relatively low in the tank. By means of energy considerations a major criterion was found to position the inlet baffle. The positive effects of angle bars after the inflow and of a dividing wall in the tank itself to the flow field are explained.
Effects of Immobilization Conditions on the Nitrification Treatability of Entrapped Cell Reactors Using the PVA Freezing Method
Authors: Myoga H. , Asano H. , Nomura Y. , Yoshida H.
Published: May 2018

The effects of immobilization conditions, such as freezing temperature, amount of seed sludge, gel size and mixing of other microorganisms with seed sludge, on the nitrification treatability of entrapped cell reactors using the PVA freezing method are discussed. Results indicated that the freezing temperature did not affect nitrification treatability within the range from −20 °C to −80 °C. The amount of seed sludge affected the start-up time and maximum nitrification rate, but the effects were not in proportion to the amount of seed sludge. Regarding the gel size, the maximum nitrification rate of the crushed gel (average gel size is 1mm3) reactor was 1.5 times that of the 3mm cubic gel reactor. Results also indicated that start-up time and maximum nitrification rate were enhanced when seed sludge was mixed with other microorganisms which did not have nitrification ability, before the immobilization procedure.
Prevention of Lipid Inhibition in Anaerobic Processes by Introducing a Two-Phase System
Authors: Komatsu Toshiya , Hanaki Keisuke , Matsuo Tomonori
Published: May 2018

The inhibitory effect of lipids and prevention of this inhibition in a two-phase anaerobic process were examined using laboratory-scale reactors and batch experiments. Lipids were satisfactorily degraded in a two-phase anaerobic filter while in a single-phase system, inhibition resulted in poor lipid degradation. Unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (LFAs) had a greater inhibitory effect than saturated LFAs. Methane production as well as beta-oxidation (degradation of saturated LFAs) were inhibited by unsaturated LFAs. The saturation of unsaturated LFAs was not inhibited, and palmitate (C16:0) was accumulated in the degradation of oleate (C18:l) or linoleate (C18:2). Greater inhibition was observed at low pH values. Continuous operation of a suspended-growth acidogenic reactor showed that hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of no less than 8 hours were necessary to mitigate the inhibition in a two-phase process. The fact that saturation of oleate occurred at HRTs no less than 8 hours suggests that the saturation of unsaturated LFAs in an acidogenic reactor is essential in the prevention of lipid inhibition in two-phase anaerobic processes.
Large Scale Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Complex Industrial Waste Water Using Biofilm Reactors
Authors: Heijnen J. J. , Mulder A. , Weltevrede R. , Hols J. , van Leeuwen H. L. J. M.
Published: May 2018

Warm concentrated industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor for reasons of energy generation and low surplus sludge production. Problems to be solved in the practical application concern a low growth rate of the micro-organisms, their low settling rate process instability, and the need for after-treatment of the noxious anaerobic effluent which often contains NH4+ and HS−. The use of biomass immobilized on small suspended carriers (< 0.5 mm) has proven to be a suitable mean to overcome most of these problems. Results are presented on–pilot and full-scale pretreatment of industrial wastewater in an anaerobic 2-stage fluidized bed reactor for CH.-production.–laboratory and pilot scale post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent, which contains NH4+. and HS2− in an aerobic air-lift suspension reactor for the production of NO3− and SO4−.
Tannery Wastewater Treatment Using a Sequencing Batch Membrane Reactor
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuo , Muang Win Khin
Published: May 2018

The feasibility of a new system, SBMR (Sequencing Batch Membrane Reactor) was investigated for tannery wastewater treatment which includes high strength organic matter and a heavy metal, chromium. This system consists of a hollow fiber microfiltration unit in a SBR for solid-liquid separation, which aims to enhance sludge concentration in the reactor for stable removal of organic matter and heavy metals. The removal efficiency of COD and Total Chromium was 93.7 to 96.3% and 95.4 to 97.7%, respectively. The critical sludge concentration was found between 30,000 and 40,000 mg/l in order to keep stable filtration. Lower SRT gave lower Cr content in the sludge under constant organic loading. Higher organic loading gave lower Cr content at fixed SRT except for the longest SRT case. SRT of 20 days gave the highest ammoniacal/total nitrogen removal. A short SRT of 10 days gave adverse effect on nitrifying bacteria because of their low growth rate. Judging from the process stability in the light of the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and chromium and the flux, the SRT of 20 days was the best among 10, 20, 550 days. There must exist an appropriate combination of SRT and volumetric organic loading. When SRT of 20 days is selected, it is recommended that the volumetric organic loading be kept less than 8 kgCOD/m3d.
Pollutant Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Membranes
Authors: Baudu M. , Le Cloirec P. , Martin G.
Published: May 2018

Filtration of polluted aqueous solutions is performed by activated carbon membranes. The adsorption capacities are determined in batch reactors. Classic models are applied and kinetic constants are calculated. A comparison with grains and powders of activated carbon is made. The performances of the membranes in continously fed reactors are also studied. The breakthrough curves are plotted for different concentrations of organic compounds and fluid velocities. A simple model of mass transfer into the porous volume of the membrane is put forward and used to predict the outlet concentrations as a function of time. The model parameters are correlated to the fluid velocities and the inlet concentrations.
Sewage Clarification with Magnetite Particles
Authors: Booker N. A. , Keir D. , Priestley A. J. , Ritchie C. B. , Sudarmana D. L. , Woods M. A.
Published: May 2018

A new approach to sewage treatment which involves rapid clarification of raw sewage with fine magnetite particles is described. The process, which is essentially a greatly accelerated chemical coagulation, provides a quick separation of the sewage into two liquid streams, one clarified, the other highly concentrated. Development of the process up to and including operation of a fully continuous pilot is outlined and potential advantages and disadvantages identified.
Design of Multi-Story Sewage Treatment Facilities
Authors: Yuki Yosuke , Takayanagi Enao , Abe Takashi
Published: May 2018

In Osaka City, due to rises in land prices and the rapid advances of urbanization, it is difficult to enlarge sites for sewage treatment facilities. To enhance efficient land utilization, construction of multi-story facilities has been promoted. This effort commenced with the building of a two-story primary settling tank, followed by two-story final settling tanks, aeration tanks vertically combined with final settling tanks and three-story final settling tanks. Together with the introduction of these multi-story facilities, efforts have also been made to further deepen the aeration tanks.

One of the features of the city's multi-story sewage treatment facilities is the use of outlet pipes for purified wastewater in the final settling tanks. This has helped promote introduction of multi-story facilities. These multi-story facilities in Osaka City have already been in operation for ten to twenty years under satisfactory treatment conditions.

The area occupied by a multi-story structure is only 46% that of conventional single-story structures. Construction cost for single- and multi-story structures is almost equal.
Operational Results of Melting System for Sewage Sludge
Authors: Yashiki Daisaku , Murakami Tadahiro
Published: May 2018

Sludge melting furnaces have been applied recently to the treatment of a great deal of sludge generated from the sewage treatment plant. In this report, an explanation is provided of the history of system introduction, outline of treatment flow, sludge properties, operation results and effective utilization of slag generated at the reflector melting furnace, which began operation in July 1988 at the Futakami Sewage Treatment Plant in Toyama Prefecture. The melting furnace almost totally satisfies the needs of its design, and the properties of the generated melted slag exhibit the features that fully enable its effective utilization.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Organic High-Strength Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Haberl R. , Atanasoff K. , Braun R.
Published: May 2018

Within this research project a number of high strength organic waste waters was treated in anaerobic-aerobic working bench scale units and in small scale pilot plants. By this study problems with the anaerobic-aerobic technology should be solved, dimensioning parameters should be worked out, and the economy should be focused.

For most of the sewages the anaerobic-aerobic treatment turned out to be possible although sometimes technical problems could be observed. Such problems occurred in the final aerobic stage in connection with wastes with a high content of N. They could be solved by a predenitrification stage. Fibreboard sewage was taken as an example for wastes containing persistent substances; different anaerobic processes were tested, it turned out that a twostage anaerobic treatment is necessary to stabilize the process.

The economic calculations proved the anaerobic-aerobic treatment to be preferable if some conditions are considered.
Anaerobic (UASB) Treatment of Pulp (CTMP) Wastewater and the Toxicity on Granules
Authors: Kudo A. , Kennedy K. , Andras E.
Published: May 2018

A chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) effluent was treated by upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors. The purpose of the 254 day experiment was to evaluate the acclimatization process for two types of anaerobic granules to CTMP wastewater. One type was an acetic acid enriched culture composed mainly of methanogenic bacteria (reactor I) and the other was a mixed anaerobic culture containing both methanogenic and acidogenic bacteria (reactor II). Initially the reactors were maintained on synthetic feed with acetic acid (reactor I) or sucrose (reactor II) as the carbon source. In order to acclimatize the granules to the wastewater, CTMP wastewater was introduced in 3 stages (10, 50, and 100%). The wastewater contained 8200 mg/l COD, 30-40% of which was non-biodegradable. Both reactors were operated at a specific loading rate of 0.16 g COD/g VSS/day throughout the experiment. Supplementary batch tests using serum bottles were conducted to evaluate toxicity of the CTMP wastewater and two known toxic compounds, pentachlorophenol and mercuric chloride, on mixed anaerobic culture granules.

Reactor II acclimatized to the CTMP wastewater better than reactor I. At 50% CTMP wastewater, a COD removal rate of 80% was attained for reactor II, while reactor I removed only 55% of the influent COD. Coincidentally, acetic acid consumption in reactor I was also inhibited after the introduction of 50% CTMP wastewater. It took reactor I 60 days to recover from the CTMP toxicity and to achieve the level of reactor II performance.

An unexpected discovery was that the granules from both reactors were completely inhibited 2 weeks after the completion of the 254 day experiment. The granules were stored in a cold room (4°C) for two weeks, during this period, the granules lost the ability to degrade acetic acid. These sick (inhibited) granules re-gained acetoclastic activity when sucrose feed was provided as a carbon source.

The results of batch tests showed a dramatic reduction in granule biogas production after exposure both to starvation and to toxicants at levels higher than a certain threshold concentration. The biogas production ratio between the starved and the fed granules was decreased from 89.9% to 43.0% when they were exposed to 50% and 300% CTMP wastewater, respectively. The toxicity of 100% CTMP was equivalent to 7 ppm of pentachlorophenol and 25 ppm of mercuric chloride.
The Effect of Strip Bed Roughness on the Reaeration Rate Coefficient
Authors: Bicudo J. R. , Giorgetti M. F.
Published: May 2018

Measurements are presented for the rate of atmospheric reaeration in open-channel flow under different conditions of depth and bed roughness. A 2k factorial design was employed for the estimation of both depth and bed resistance factor effects upon stream reaeration. Consistent results indicated that stream reaeration is primarily controlled by water shear, but that different modes of instability generated by a combination of depth and strip roughness levels might prevail for different boundary roughness conditions, and as a consequence, differently affect the reaeration coefficient.
Estimation of Energy Saving for Melting Process on Sewage Sludge
Authors: Murakami T. , Sasabe K. , Sasaki K. , Kawashima T.
Published: May 2018

The possible volume reduction and stabilization of the sewage sludge associated with the melting process are expected to be greater than with the incineration process. In addition, melted slag can be utilized. However, since the melting process requires a very high temperature to melt inorganics (ash) in the sludge, the technologies to minimize energy consumption, to establish system operation and to prolong durability of facilities should be developed. This paper discusses the auxiliary fuel consumption as follows.(1)Preparation of a model that provides the auxiliary fuel consumption of the melting system on the basis of the mass and heat balances.(2)Evaluation of the auxiliary fuel consumption in the above model using the cake moisture content, the volatile solids of the cake, the dried cake moisture content and the melting temperature as parameters.(3)Examination of the operational conditions for an energy saving melting system based on the results of (1) and (2) above.
Characteristics of Melting Process for Sewage Sludge
Authors: Murakami T. , Ishida T. , Sasabe K. , Sasaki K. , Harada S.
Published: May 2018

Since the pouring temperature will affect the runoff of melting ash, the heat resistance of reactor wall materials, and the quantity of heat-loss from reactors, it is a very important factor for planning and designing the melting system. On the other hand, the moisture content, the calorific value, and the organic matter content of sludge greatly affect the auxiliary fuel consumption since the sludge melting process is operated at a high temperature. Operation of melting process is greatly affected by sewage sludge characteristics. This study clarified the following items and the results will be utilized for the design, operation and maintenance of the melting process.–Ash components of sewage sludge were measured and analyzed.–The fall of the pouring temperature on sewage sludge was estimated from various points of view.–Heat value of sewage sludge was measured and the conventional formulation was shown to estimate the heat value.
Sludge Melting Process with Hazardous Asbestos Wastes
Authors: Sakai S. , Takatsuki H. , Hiraoka M. , Tsunemi T.
Published: May 2018

Sewage sludge melting has been developed and operated in full-scale plants for sludge processing and utilization of the by-products as construction materials. Hazardous asbestos wastes should be disposed of properly so not to lead to environmental pollution. The co-melting process for sewage sludge and asbestos wastes is discussed based on the basic melting behavior of asbestos and the laboratory plant experiment. Microscopic observation and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that asbestos forms could be changed physically and chemically by the high temperature melting. The disappearance of asbestos fibrous forms and chemical changes of its composition in the melted slag are not always concluded to be non-toxic, but considering that the melted slag is a rock-like material with high strength, the melting is acceptable as a method of hazardous asbestos waste disposal. Laboratory scale experiments have been conducted on co-melting disposal of sprayed-on chrysotile asbestos waste and a mixture of lime-added and polymer-added sewage sludge. It was possible to maintain the temperatures around 1600 °C and to discharge slag smoothly. It is also expected that asbestos cement wastes will contribute to the adjustment materials of basicity (CaO/SiO2) in the polymer-added sludge melting.
Health Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Historical Perspectives*
Authors: Shuval Hillel I.
Published: May 2018

While wastewater reuse has been practiced for well over a hundred years as an effective combined strategy for water conservation and water pollution prevention, health regulations in the form of guidelines and standards have developed erratically under the influence of varying historical forces and social trends. In the earliest periods there was little or no regulation. Early in the 20th century with the growing awareness and fear of environmental transmission of communicable diseases the pendulum swung in the direction of extremely severe, and often unenforceable, health regulations which lacked a firm epidemiological basis. This paper summarizes recent research studies and policy reviews sponsored by the World Bank and the World Health Organization which have provided a sound scientific basis for re-evaluating the health risks associated with wastewater reuse and technological and policy guidelines for their control. This more rational and realistic approach based on credible epidemiological evidence has led to the promulgation by the WHO of new health guidelines allowing for unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops including vegetables eaten raw, with an effluent standard of 1 or less helminths/liter and a mean of 1000 fecal coliform/100 ml.
A Study of Reclamation of Sewage for Industrial Waters
Authors: Kean Chin Kee , Leong Ong Say
Published: May 2018

The performance of a 480 cubic metres per day water reclamation plant was evaluated. The treatment train of this plant was sand filtration or carbon adsorption −0.45 µm cartridge filtration - reverse osmosis desalting - zeolite ion exchange deionisation. The raw water used was reclaimed sewage which had been treated by the activated sludge system and polished by chemical coagulation and flocculation, multimedia sand filtration and chlorination. After the reverse osmosis step using the spiral wound cellulose acetate membrane most of the cations, anions and heavy metals present in the water were removed.
Investigation on Wastewater Reuse on Passenger Aircraft
Authors: Sekoulov I. , Figueroa A. , Oles J.
Published: May 2018

In order to reduce the take-off weight on passenger aircraft the possible incorporation of water recycling systems on deep space flights was investigated. The treatment system, composed of several non-phase change units, was studied in laboratory scale. Mainly membrane separation techniques (micro/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis) and ozone oxidation were examined.

The pretreatment stage with screen, gap filter and micro/ultrafiltration unit is an integral part of the recycling system in order to protect the suceeding stages against clogging and biofouling. For the main treatment stage the combination of reverse osmosis and electrodialysis achieved the best quality water. Although the investigations conduced so far it was not possible to meet the treatment goal “drinking water quality”. Residual TOC identification should be carried on and the possible introduction of compounds through disinfectants in the wastewater system on ground before departure should be avoided.
The Application of a Full-Scale UASB Plant for the Treatment of Coffee Waste
Authors: Hajipakkos C.
Published: May 2018

The suitability of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of a coffee waste has been demonstrated in a full-scale UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) plant.

The full-scale plant was designed after successful pilot-scale studies (19 m3 reactor) and was commissioned in September 1988.

The design was based on a maximum flow of 2000 m3/day, COD concentration of 4000 mg/l, BOD load 3000 kg/day, suspended solids 1500 mg/l and total sulphur 50 mg/l. The temperature of the wastewater was between 28-30 °C.

The required final effluent consent conditions for discharge into the local sewer were 700 kg BOD/day, 3000 mg/l COD, 600 mg/l suspended solids and 1 mg/l of hydrogen sulphide.

The treatment plant comprised a primary settlement tank, a pre-acidification tank, a UASB reactor and a submerged aerated filter. The first three units were installed so as to obtain the consent conditions in terms of COD, BOD and suspended solids. The submerged aerated filter was constructed in order to meet the hydrogen sulphide consent.

Close monitoring of the plant over a period of about 4 months demonstrated the potential of UASB reactors for the pre-treatment of this wastewater, as well as similar wastes from the food industry.

A properly designed ventilation system, and de-odourization with compost filters, eliminated all odours emanating from the plant, demonstrating that anaerobic reactors can be safely installed in densely inhabited areas without causing any environmental nuisance.
Odor Standards in Squeeze-Bottle Kits for Matching Quality and Intensity
Authors: Amoore J. E.
Published: May 2018

A valuable adjunct to flavor profile analysis, wastewater odor evaluation, and ambient air quality surveying is an array of reference odor standards for side-by-side comparisons with the unknown samples. Sets of convenient, nonspill squeeze-bottle standards have been developed for these purposes. Many of the required odor chemicals are stable in character up to six months in mineral-oil dilution and can provide hundreds of sniff-tests without significant loss of intensity. The author recently proposed a generalized “decismel scale” for describing odor threshold and odor level (by analogy with the decibel scale for sound). Prototype kits are suggested that demonstrate an odor intensity scale and a tentative selection of odor qualities.
The Use of Organoleptic Investigations to Evaluate the Quality of Materials in Contact with Drinking Water
Authors: Rigal S.
Published: May 2018

From about 1960, numerous organic materials for the transport and storage of water appeared on the market. The reasons for this were their interesting mechanical properties, and their ease of use. Nevertheless, some organic materials may cause alteration of the quality of water in contact with them, due to an inadequate inertness. In France a protocol to allow a selection of these materials was drawn up, giving primary importance to the organoleptic test. This test is the first step of control which the product must satisfy. The Centre de Recherche et de Contrôle des Eaux de Paris, who drew up these requirements tests, has at its disposal a great deal of results concerning organoleptic behaviour of all types of materials. This inertness test is followed up by global chemical analysis, a study of cytotoxicity, and the research for mineral and organic micropollutants leached into the water by the material. The controlled material must meet the requirements for the whole test.
Correlation of Chemical and Sensory Data by Principal Component Factor Analysis
Authors: Meng A.-K. , Brenner L. , Suffet I. H.
Published: May 2018

The cause(s) of many taste and odor problems in drinking water remain unknown. If sufficient information about the problem is not available to develop a hypothesis, one can begin to develop a hypothesis to test by using correlation methods from data base information concerning the problem. This paper presents a method to develop a correlation between chemicals and sensory characteristics of.a set of water samples by Principal Component Factor Analysis. The correlations developed hypotheses for the causes of tastes and odors that must be further tested. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases.

In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis. The results from an application of the method to data from the city of Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. are shown. An evaluation of the results is described.

The correlation between a sensory response and a chemical concentration in water was described by expanding the Weber-Fechner Law. The Weber-Fechner Law states that the odor intensity of a sensory descriptor is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical associated with the odor. Two drinking water data sets from the Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. were used to demonstrate the sensory-chemical correlation procedure. Correlations were observed. Clearly, a correlation indicates a possible relationship, a “presumptive result” that must be tested by sensory analysis to “confirm” if the relationship is true. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases. In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis as stated by the rules of scientific evidence.
The Stability of Geosmin and MIB and Their Deuterated Analogues in Surface Waters and Organic Solvents
Authors: Korth W. , Ellis J. , Bowmer K.
Published: May 2018

Deuterated geosmin [trans-l,10-[2H3]-dimethyl-9α-decalol] anddeuteratedmethylisoborneol [2-exo-hydroxy-2-[2H3]-methylbornane] were synthesised and evaluated as alternatives to 1-chloroalkanes as internal standards in the determination of geosmin and MIB in surface waters. Geosmin and MIB were stored as dilute solutions in methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane or carbon disulfide for >6 months without deterioration. Dichloromethane caused substantial decomposition of MIB. When added at the time of sampling, the labelled standards compensated for losses of analyte by physical, chemical and biological processes during sample storage. The labelled compounds were effective internal standards for the determination of other odorous metabolites such as the carbonyl compounds β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, geranylacetone and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one.
Genetic Studies into Musty Odor Production by Actinomycetes
Authors: Ishibashi Y.
Published: May 2018

Musty taste and odor is a serious problem for drinking water. Much data regarding its occurrence are being accumulated. However, we may be able to solve this problem by inquiring into the nature of secondary metabolism through the mevalonic acid pathway in actinomycetes and/or cyanobacteria that yield musty smelling compounds. Therefore, genetic analysis is applied to look for new solutions.

By investigating Streptomyces sp. with the protocol to recover plasmid DNA, it was difficult to get the infinitesimally small covalently closed circular (ccc) plasmid. On the other hand, Streptomyces strains which have been cured, which implicates plasmids, lost phenotypic characters such as musty odor production with aerial mycelium and pigment formation. DNA in Streptomyces are unstable and often cause amplification and deletion. The existence of giant linear plasmids was detected in musty smelling strains using pulsed – field gel electrophoresis.
Accumulation and Release of Geosmin during the Growth Phases of Anabaena circinalis (Kutz.) Rabenhorst
Authors: Rosen B. H. , MacLeod B. W. , Simpson M. R.
Published: May 2018

Anabaena circinalis (Kutz.) Rabenhorst was isolated during a taste and odor episode characterized by high concentrations of geosmin, with raw water containing up to 45 ng geosmin/L. This species has been successfully cultured with sustained geosmin synthesis on both sterile river water and defined medium. Gas chromatography of cellular extracts and closed-loop stripping of growth media indicated that this organism produces geosmin and not 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). With cultures we examined the changes in cell-associated geosmin, chlorophyll and released geosmin during exponential and stationary growth phases of Anabaena. Cell-associated geosmin samples were collected daily from cultures and filtered onto a polycarbonate filter, extracted in acetone, and quantified by capillary gas Chromatograph using flame ionization detection. Media-associated geosmin was quantified from algae-free filtrates from each culture concentrated by closed-loop stripping and analyzed as above. Cell-associated geosmin averaged at 8 × 10−6 ng geosmin/cell in the exponential phase and dropped to 2.5 × 10−6 ng geosmin/cell in the stationary phase of growth. The loss in cell-associated geosmin was accompanied by an increase in geosmin released into the media. Media-associated geosmin reached 12 ng/mL in the stationary phase. Apparently cell lysis in the stationary phase caused the release of cell-associated geosmin into the media. Cell-associated geosmin was closely correlated with filament number (average r2 from 4 experiments =0.96) during the exponential growth phase and was correlated with chlorophyll a (average r2 from 3 experiments =0.95).
Geosmin Production and Excretion in a Planktonic and Benthic Oscillatoria
Authors: Utkilen H. C. , Frøshaug M.
Published: May 2018

Geosmin and carotenoid contents for the benthic Oscillatoriabrevis and the planktonic Oscillatoriabornetii were examined under different growth conditions. The results obtained when the effects of light intensity, light quality and growth rate were examined indicate that geosmiri could be a by-product of the isoprenoid pathway leading to chlorophyll and carotenoids in Oscillatoria and not a overflow product of this pathway as earlier suggested. The connection between geosmin and pigment synthesis suggests that geosmin production by a cyanobacterial bloom might be lowest at the surface and increase with depth in the water column. Geosmin is also found to be an intracellular compound, which is released upon death and decay of the organisms.
A Copper-Tolerant Phormidium Species from Lake Mathews, California, That Produces 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin
Authors: Izaguirre G.
Published: May 2018

A benthic Phormidium sp. was isolated in 1988 from Lake Mathews, a source-water reservoir in southern California with a long history of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) problems. Unialgal cultures were analyzed by salted closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) and gas chromatography (GC), which confirmed the presence of MIB at levels of up to 280 µg/l. Geosmin was also found at 2-36 µg/l. Resurgence of the alga following copper sulfate (CuSO4) applications suggested resistance to the algicide. Laboratory experiments showed that the Phormidium was relatively tolerant of copper (surviving at least 3 mg/l of cupric ion after a 1-day exposure) in filtered lake water. The organism also survived 4 mg/l of copper for one day in a variety of sediment samples. This organism was implicated in the longest MIB episode in Lake Mathews, where MIB remained above historical background levels through the winter of 1989-1990. The Phormidium has apparently become the principal MIB producer in Lake Mathews, supplanting Oscillatoriacurviceps after 10 years.
Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol Production by Cyanobacteria in Fish Ponds in the Southeastern United States
Authors: van der Ploeg M. , Tucker C. S. , Boyd C. E.
Published: May 2018

Levels of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol and composition of phytoplankton communities were determined for water samples collected from 35 fish ponds at Auburn, Alabama, and 34 ponds in west-central Mississippi. In Auburn ponds, geosmin levels ranged from 0.05 to 8.9 µg/l but 2-methylisoborneol was never detected. Highest geosmin concentrations were measured in ponds with plankton blooms dominated by Anabaena species with straight trichomes. In Mississippi ponds, 2-methylisoborneol levels ranged from 0.05 to 76 µg/l. Highest 2-methylisoborneol concentrations were associated with blooms of Oscillatoria cf. chalybea, a cyanobacterium that produces 2-methylisoborneol in unialgal culture. Geosmin was found infrequently in Mississippi pond waters; geosmin levels ranging from 0.05 to 6.25 µg/l could be associated with blooms of Anabaena spiroides, and always concurred with 2-methylisoborneol concentrations ranging from 0.45 to 3.25 µg/l. Neither geosmin nor 2-methylisoborneol at either location could be associated with phytoplankton blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Oscillatoria agardhii, Raphidiopsis brookii, or Microcystis aeruginosa.
Removal of Musty Odor Compound in Drinking Water by Biological Filter
Authors: Egashira K. , Ito K. , Yoshiy Y.
Published: May 2018

In order to remove the musty odor compound 2-methyl isoborneol (MIB) from drinking water resources at Lake Biwa, a pilot plant of a biological filtration was installed and operated. In this study, the effects of water temperature, pH and initial concentration of MIB on the MIB degradation potential of the ceramic media packed column in the biological filter were studied. Microorganisms on the surface of the granular media were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bacteria which were responsible for the degradation were isolated, studied and identified. From this experiment, the extent of the effect of water temperature on the degradation potential was found to be similar to that on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal activity by an activated sludge. The optimum pH for the degradation potential was seen to be between 7 and 9. The MIB degradation reaction was seen to be almost a first order reaction. On the surface of the washed granular media, coccoid and rod-shaped bacteria were observed. Eleven out of 34 bacteria isolated from the washed media were judged as biodegraders. Some characteristics of 7 Gram negative biodegraders were studied and two strains of Pseudomonasaeruginosa,one strain of Flavobacteriummultivorum, one strain of Pseudomonas sp. and one strain of Flavobacterium sp. were identified.
Influence of the Chlorination of Natural Nitrogenous Organic Compounds on Tastes and Odors in Finished Drinking Waters
Authors: Bruchet A. , Costentin E. , Legrand M. F. , Mallevialle J.
Published: May 2018

The objective of the study was to determine the influence of chlorination by-products of naturally occuring nitrogenous organic compounds on tastes and odors in drinking waters. Amino acids, peptides and amino sugars have been chlorinated under various chlorine/nitrogen ratios. Six natural amino acids were shown to induce tastes and odors at concentrations in the range 10-20 µg/l after chlorination. A multicomponent mixture containing 2.5 µg/l each of these 6 amino acids consistently induced detectable odors after a contact time with chlorine of 2 hours. Investigation of the by-products indicated that the odors generated were systematically linked to the aliphatic aldehydes formed. The peptides investigated revealed varying degrees of odor formation potential, while the amino sugars did not impart any odor. Chlorinous odors occasionally detected during these experiments were thought to arise from the organic chloramines or other oxidation by-products.