bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy metal stress response of microalgal strains Arthronema africanum and Coelastrella sp. BGV
Authors: Karcheva Zornitsa , Georgieva Zhaneta , Tomov Alexander , Petrova Detelina , Zhiponova Miroslava , Vasileva Ivanina , Chaneva Ganka
Published: April 2022

The present study compared the stress response of two microalgal strains – Arthronema africanum (Cyanoprokaryota) and Coelastrella sp. BGV (Chlorophyta), after heavy metals’ treatment. Changes of algal growth, pigment and protein content were analyzed after adding Cu, Cd and Pb (50 µM and 100 µM) to the nutrition medium. It was found that Cd and Pb significantly inhibited growth and protein biosynthesis of microalgae, but the effect of Cu remained less pronounced. In both strains, a decrease of chlorophyll content was observed, while carotenoid content markedly increased, especially in Coelastrella sp. BGV biomass. The addition of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb to the medium caused a strong enhancement of malondialdehyde in both microalgal strains, which corresponded to the significant increase of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The antioxidant enzymes appeared to be differently altered by heavy metals’ exposure. The activity of SOD in the Arthronema africanum cells was most strongly affected by Cd, in contrast to Coelastrella sp. BGV that was highly increased by 100 µM Pb. The application of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb increased in a similar manner catalase activity in both microalgae. The strains that were studied showed a high absorption capacity for metal ions, especially for Pb, which was absorbed largely than Cd and Cu. For that reason, we assumed that both microalga and, in particular, Coelastrella sp. BGV, could be successfully used for treatment of contaminated water bodies.
Tadpole soup: Chinantec caldo de piedra and behavior of Duellmanohyla ignicolor larvae (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)
Authors: Flores Carlos A. , Arreortúa Medardo , González-Bernal Edna
Published: April 2022

Although amphibian consumption by humans has been reported globally, this practice is not well studied despite its direct implications to the decline of amphibian populations. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) recognizes the need to document the use and trade of species to be considered in assessing their extinction risk. Here the consumption of Duellmanohyla ignicolor tadpoles is documented. It is a micro endemic species categorized as Near Threatened (NT) consumed in a traditional dish called “caldo de piedra” (stone soup) prepared by the Chinantec people (Tsa Ju Jmí’) in Oaxaca, Mexico. Through conversations with local people and stream monitoring, the behavior of tadpoles of this species was documented and aspects of their exploitation and habitat use described. Places where caldo de piedra is still consumed were determined and using a spatial analysis with Geographic Information Systems, the distribution of the species in relation to those localities was analyzed. A number of other areas where tadpoles of this species might also occur and be exploited is predicted. In conclusion, the school behaviour, surface feeding, and the preference for deeper waterbodies that these tadpoles exhibit makes them vulnerable to being caught in large quantities. As they are consumed locally, are not commercialized, and the species distribution range is wider than caldo de piedra consumption, this implies a low risk for their populations. However, the tadpoles’ reliance on streams with depths x̄ = 60 cm and flux x̄ = 0.65 m/s reduces the availability of sites for their optimal development.
Le financement de l'innovation
Authors: Barneto Pascal
Published: April 2022

Ce chapitre a pour objectif de présenter d’une part, les principales limites des techniques classiques d’évaluation pour l’étude des projets innovants – en particulier les notions de risque, de temps et d’information – et d’autre part, d’intégrer le concept de modèle économique (ou Business Model ) en finance comme outil d’aide à la décision. En effet, ce dernier permet de traduire et d’expliquer comment des opportunités – ou des options – liées à des projets innovants peuvent être saisies par un décideur financier. En transposant les techniques des options financières au monde réel et en particulier aux projets innovants, il est possible d’utiliser le Business Model comme support et outil d’aide à la décision, de manière à prendre en compte les aspects cognitifs de la décision valorisés par les options réelles et qui font souvent défaut dans les techniques classiques d’évaluation.
Le financement de l'innovation
Authors: Schwienbacher Armin
Published: April 2022

Ces dernières années, un nombre croissant d’entreprises ont levé des capitaux auprès du grand public via des plateformes de crowdinvesting (aussi appelé equity crowdfunding ). Cela a permis à des particuliers d’accéder à des opportunités d’investissement dans des start-ups innovantes, mais surtout à de jeunes entreprises de trouver du financement. Contrairement aux autres formes de crowdfunding, le crowdinvesting est sujet à une stricte réglementation, car il a recours à une émission de titres financiers faisant appel à l’épargne publique. En France, une réglementation spécifique a été mise en place dans le but d’encadrer cette nouvelle forme de financement. Ce chapitre présente différentes pratiques adoptées par les plateformes de crowdinvesting et les entreprises qui y ont recours, ainsi que l’impact de la réglementation financière sur ces pratiques.
Le financement de l'innovation
Authors: Desbrières Philippe
Published: April 2022

La pratique de la syndication, ou co-investissement, est notablement développée dans le métier du capital-investissement, quel que soit le stade de développement, le secteur d’activité et la nationalité de l’entreprise financée. La syndication s’explique autant par des arguments financiers (partage des risques entre investisseurs ; gouvernance disciplinaire du management de l’entreprise financée…) que par la nécessité pour les capital-investisseurs d’une part, d’accéder à des ressources (informations, compétences) en matière de sélection et de surveillance de leurs investissements que, d’autre part, de partager voire de créer des connaissances, voire de développer leurs flux d’affaires. L’objectif de ce chapitre est d’étudier dans quelle mesure cette pratique favorise ou contraint l’innovation dans les entreprises productives et son financement.
Le financement de l'innovation
Authors: Andrieu Guillaume , Casamatta Catherine
Published: April 2022

Les investisseurs dans les start-ups sont caractérisés par leur capacité à apporter des services qui permettent de favoriser la réussite des projets, mais également par l’exercice d’une surveillance stricte fondée sur la détention de droits de contrôle. On constate dans toute opération de financement d’un projet innovant une forte asymétrie d’information entre entrepreneurs et investisseurs quant à la qualité réelle des projets et au comportement de l’entrepreneur. La recherche théorique en finance a un intérêt majeur pour comprendre les interactions stratégiques qui sont à l’œuvre et leurs implications. La théorie principal agent ainsi que la théorie des jeux constituent les deux fondements majeurs de cette approche. L’objectif de ce chapitre est de présenter les différents apports de ce type de recherches pour la compréhension de ces différentes thématiques. Nous présentons en premier lieu les fondements de la méthode. Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux critères de choix entre les différents investisseurs possibles (banques, capital-risque, business angels …)… La partie suivante s’intéresse plus spécifiquement à la théorie des contrats et au choix de titres financiers optimaux. Enfin, nous présentons quelques applications diverses, telles que les relations au sein des fonds, les conflits sur les modes de sortie, les problèmes de refinancement&
Le financement de l'innovation
Authors: Bonnet Christophe , Wirtz Peter
Published: April 2022

L’émergence de la gouvernance dans les jeunes entreprises innovantes est peu étudiée. Une étape clé dans la structuration des mécanismes de gouvernance a lieu lors de la première entrée d’investisseurs externes au capital aux côtés des fondateurs, à l’occasion de laquelle un conseil d’administration ou de surveillance est généralement mis en place. La littérature permet d’identifier les spécificités de la gouvernance opérée par les principales catégories génériques d’investisseurs externes ( business angels et fonds de capital-risque), mais pas d’expliquer la motivation et la capacité des acteurs en présence à participer au conseil et à y exercer certains rôles. Ce chapitre présente un modèle d’émergence de la gouvernance basé sur l’identification sociale des acteurs, leurs caractéristiques cognitives et leur part au capital.
Le statut de la preuve dans les procès de la finance. Causalité directe vs causalité relationnelle
Authors: Angeletti Thomas
Published: April 2022

Cet article propose une analyse sociologique d’inspiration pragmatique du statut de la preuve dans les procès de la finance. Le procès peut être considéré comme l’une des scènes privilégiées de cette tradition sociologique, mais également comme un lieu particulièrement pertinent pour traiter de la question de la causalité. À partir de l’ethnographie du procès d’un trader impliqué dans un scandale financier international, l’article propose une distinction entre deux types de causalités qui se donnent à voir lors des audiences de procès et des oppositions qui s’y font jour. La première, appelée causalité directe, implique de replacer l’accusé dans les conditions très concrètes de réalisation des pratiques délictueuses. La seconde, appelée causalité relationnelle, nécessite une mise en relation entre des éléments disparates, lui donnant dès lors une dimension collective. L’article montre en retour les contraintes qui pèsent sur les preuves présentées au procès, et les critiques auxquelles elles s’exposent.
Un contentieux microclimatique : ethnographie d’un référé sur l’occupation de terres agricoles en voie d’urbanisation
Authors: Tonnelat Stéphane
Published: April 2022

L’ethnographie du contentieux en référé contre les opposants au projet de centre commercial EuropaCity présente une scène de dévoilement heuristique où s’exposent trois conceptions des terres agricoles chez les aménageurs, les exploitants et les militants environnementalistes. La notion émergente des terres comme patrimoine commun, portée par les militants au tribunal, bouscule l’indépendance des branches du droit jusqu’à vider de sa légitimité le jugement d’éviction basé sur la propriété, permettant aux opposants au projet de conserver l’usage du terrain en litige et d’emporter la décision politique d’annulation.
Cas en Management des Achats
Authors: Allal-Chérif Oihab
Published: April 2022

L’entreprise Patagonia n’est pas devenue responsable : elle l’a toujours été. C’est grâce aux valeurs portées par son créateur, Yvon Chouinard, que Patagonia est un modèle de développement durable. Cette vision se traduit dans les relations internes et externes, et en particulier dans celles mises en place avec les fournisseurs. Ceux-ci sont valorisés pour leurs expertises et intégrés comme des partenaires, sources d’excellence et d’innovation.
Démondialisation ?
Authors: ICCFM  , Grain  , Boodts Marie
Published: April 2022

La décision de l’Inde de se retirer du méga-accord de libre-échange asiatique (RCEP) est le résultat d’une mobilisation populaire de plusieurs années. Les mouvements paysans ont été les chevilles ouvrières d’un travail de sensibilisation en profondeur sur les conséquences de l’accord. La résistance s’est progressivement élargie aux autres secteurs de l’économie indienne, notamment dans l’industrie, et aux partis d’opposition.
Un système alimentaire à transformer
Authors: Bello Walden , Sall-Benotman Amal
Published: April 2022

La pandémie de covid a suscité un vif débat sur le devenir du système alimentaire mondialisé. Ses chaînes d’approvisionnement ont-elles résisté à la crise sanitaire ou, au contraire, ses failles ont-elles été mises à nu ? Face à l’intensification des crises qui menacent la survie de pans entiers de l’humanité, une transformation en profondeur du système s’impose. Vers plus d’autosuffisance et de souveraineté alimentaires.
Management de la diversité des ressources humaines
Authors: Bruna Maria Giuseppina
Published: April 2022

À l’interface de l’éthique et de l’économique, la conduite de politiques de diversité en entreprise se configure comme un vecteur privilégié d’action sociétale et comme un levier potentiel d’amélioration organisationnelle (minimisation des risques, optimisation du fonctionnement de l’entreprise, quête de performance), et ce de par ses impacts espérés (et/ou escomptés) sur la production discursive de la firme, son système de normes et de procédures et, en bout de chaîne, ses pratiques opérationnelles. Organisation patrimoniale de service public, le groupe La Poste a été de toutes les mobilisations patronales contre les discriminations et pour l’inclusion depuis le milieu des années 2000. C’est pourquoi ce chapitre se propose de décrypter les enjeux ayant présidé à la conduite de sa politique diversité, de ses origines jusqu’à sa phase de maturité (2006-2013). Pour ce faire, il mobilise la théorie de la légitimité (Suchman, 1995). Au travers de plongées multifocales sur le terrain, éclairées par une revue de la littérature en management et sociologie des organisations, ce chapitre reconstruit la phénoménologie de la démarche diversité de La Poste, en se penchant sur les jeux d’acteurs et les processus d’apprentissage et de régulation qui ont en jalonné la mise en œuvre. Il s’appuie sur le modèle du processus de changement patronné (Bruna, 2016a,b).
Management de la diversité des ressources humaines
Authors: Alaktiff Jamila , Doytcheva Milena
Published: April 2022

L’article propose d’interroger la construction progressive d’une norme de la diversité dans les politiques des entreprises à partir d’un double ancrage empirique : l’impulsion d’abord d’une « charte de la diversité », à partir de 2004, puis la mise en place, en 2008, d’un label, conçu à la demande des pouvoirs publics et décerné par un organisme de certification indépendant (AFNOR). À partir d’un travail d’enquête mené en 2006-2008, puis en 2012-2015, nous proposons d’interroger les stratégies et jeux d’acteurs qui ont présidé à l’impulsion de ces initiatives et structuré leurs réalisations, au croisement des sphères économique et politique, privée et publique, professionnelle et associative ou militante. Nous nous intéressons en particulier aux processus normatifs menés dans ces différentes enceintes « partenariales », ainsi qu’à l’incidence des structures de coordination sociotechnique empruntées (Mallard, 2000) sur le contenu des programmes. Une attention particulière est en ce sens attachée à la prise en compte de la diversité ethnoraciale, étudiée ici comme analyseur-clé de la « transmutation » récente des politiques antidiscriminatoires en démarche prodiversité.
Recession-Resection of the Vertical Rectus Muscles for Chin-up Vertical Abnormal Head Position Associated With Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
Authors: Law James J. , Zheng Yuxi , Donahue Sean P.
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

To review the correction of chin-up abnormal head position (AHP) due to infantile nystagmus syndrome via surgery on the vertical rectus muscles, typically a combined recession-resection of these muscles.

Methods:

This was a review of 6 patients who underwent surgical correction of chin-up vertical AHP in the context of infantile nystagmus syndrome at an academic institution. The correction of AHP, visual acuity, ductions, and ocular alignment were noted both preoperatively and postoperatively. The need for repeat surgery, induced strabismus, or correction of AHP were also noted.

Results:

Six patients underwent surgery for chin-up AHP. A combined recession-resection of the vertical rectus muscles (bilateral inferior rectus muscle recession of 5 to 8 mm; bilateral superior rectus muscle resection of 7 to 8 mm) was performed in 4 of 6 patients, and isolated bilateral recession of the inferior rectus muscles was performed in the remaining 2 patients. Four of 6 patients (67%) achieved complete correction of their AHP at the last follow-up visit, with a mild residual chin-up AHP persisting in the other 2 patients. One patient developed large angle exotropia, one had restrictive hypertropia and horizontal plane null position, and another developed an incomitant horizontal strabismus with exotropia in right gaze. Reoperation was performed in the former 2 patients, with successful correction of the strabismus in each.

Conclusions:

Surgery on the vertical rectus muscles can reduce or eliminate a chin-up head position in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome. Care should be taken to avoid producing a restriction of depression in abduction if the amount of resection is too large.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2022;59(6):410–415.]
Changes in Choroidal Thickness and Structure Induced by 1% Atropine Instillation in Children With Hyperopic Anisometropic Amblyopia
Authors: Araki Syunsuke , Miki Atsushi , Goto Katsutoshi , Fujiwara Atsushi , Yamashita Tsutomu , Yoneda Tsuyoshi , Haruishi Kazuko , Ieki Yoshiaki , Kiryu Junichi , Maehara Goro , Yaoeda Kiyoshi
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

To investigate the effects of 1% atropine eye drops on the choroidal thickness and structure of amblyopic and fellow eyes in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia.

Methods:

This study included 16 children with hypermetropic anisometropic amblyopia. All patients received 1% atropine eye drops in both eyes twice a day for 7 days. In the subfoveal choroidal region, choroidal thickness, total choroidal area, luminal area, and stromal area were measured quantitatively using swept-source optical coherence tomography. The choroidal parameters of the amblyopic and fellow eyes were compared between the baseline and atropine conditions.

Results:

There were no significant differences in all choroidal parameters of the amblyopic eye between baseline and atropine conditions. However, the subfoveal choroidal thickness in the fellow eye was significantly higher for the atropine condition than the baseline condition. This change was accompanied by a significant increase in both the luminal and stromal areas of the choroid. The median differences of subfoveal choroidal thickness between the conditions were larger for the fellow eye (6.46%) than the amblyopic eye (0.26%).

Conclusions:

The choroidal structural change induced by 1% atropine instillation was smaller for the amblyopic eye than the fellow eye in children with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Mechanisms of choroidal thickness changes could be inhibited in amblyopic eyes.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2023;60(1):39–45.]
Wide-field Fundus Imaging and Fluorescein Angiography Findings in Various Pseudoretinoblastoma Conditions
Authors: Gündüz Ahmet Kaan , Mirzayev Ibadulla , Tetik Diğdem
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

To report wide-field fundus imaging and fluorescein angiography findings in conditions mimicking retinoblastoma (pseudoretinoblastoma).

Methods:

The clinical and imaging records of 28 patients (36 eyes) imaged with RetCam 3 (Clarity Medical Systems, Inc) wide-field fundus photography and fluorescein angiography who were diagnosed as having various pseudoretinoblastoma disorders between February 2020 and August 2021 were retrospectively evaluated.

Results:

Most patients were referred with suspicion of retinoblastoma. Other patients had unresolved eye conditions and received initial treatment elsewhere and they were referred later for exclusion of retinoblastoma. On RetCam fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, pseudoretinoblastoma conditions were diagnosed as Coats disease (9 eyes), congenital glaucoma (3 eyes), persistent fetal vasculature (3 eyes), familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (2 eyes), retinopathy of prematurity (2 eyes), myelinated retinal nerve fibers (2 eyes), optic nerve hypoplasia (2 eyes), oculocutaneous albinism (2 eyes), meridional fold (2 eyes), combined hamartoma of retina and retinal pigment epithelium (2 eyes), grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (1 eye), retinal astrocytic hamartoma (1 eye), morning glory syndrome (1 eye), optic glioma (1 eye), giant choroidal nevus (1 eye), vasculitis (1 eye), and chorioretinitis (1 eye). RetCam imaging and fluorescein angiography demonstrated telangiectasias, microaneurysms, submacular exudation/fibrosis, capillary non-perfusion, and exudation posterior to telangiectasias in Coats disease. Hypofluorescent optic discs, peripheral non-perfusion, and vascular leakage were observed in congenital glaucoma. Large areas of capillary non-perfusion, poor foveal morphology/formation, elongated ciliary processes with hyperfluorescent central core, and hyperfluorescent fibrovascular stalk at the posterior pole were hallmarks of persistent fetal vasculature.

Conclusions:

RetCam wide-field fundus imaging and fluorescein angiography play an important role in the diagnosis of conditions simulating retinoblastoma.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2023;60(1):60–74.]
Comparison principles for nonlocal Hamilton-Jacobi equations
Authors: Dávila Gonzalo
Published: April 2022

We prove the comparison principle for viscosity sub and super solutions of degenerate nonlocal operators with general nonlocal gradient nonlinearities. The proofs apply to purely Hamilton-Jacobi equations of order \begin{document}$ 0<s<1 $\end{document}.
Martingale transforms on Banach function spaces
Authors: Ho Kwok-Pun
Published: April 2022

We establish the boundedness of martingale transforms on Banach function spaces by using the Rubio de Francia extrapolation theory and the interpolation theorem by Zygmund. The main result also yields the boundedness of the martingale transforms on rearrangement-invariant Banach function spaces, Orlicz spaces, Lorentz-Karamata spaces, Zygmund spaces, Lebesgue spaces with variable exponents, Morrey spaces with variable exponents and Lorentz-Karamata Morrey spaces.
Logarithmic type predictive estimators under simple random sampling
Authors: Bhushan Shashi , Kumar Anoop , Akhtar Md Tanwir , Lone Showkat Ahmad
Published: April 2022

This study introduces a novel predictive estimation approach of the population mean based on logarithmic type estimators as predictor under simple random sampling. The bias and mean square error of the proffered predictive estimators are examined to the approximation of order one. The efficiency conditions are obtained and the performance of the proffered predictive estimators is examined regarding the contemporary predictive estimators existing till date. Further, a broad computational study is also administered utilizing few real and artificially rendered symmetric and asymmetric populations to exemplify the theoretical results.
Mathematical Modelling and optimal control of pneumonia disease in sheep and goats in Al-Baha region with cost-effective strategies
Authors: Saber Sayed , Alghamdi Azza M. , Ahmed Ghada A. , Alshehri Khulud M.
Published: April 2022

In this work, the concept of the fractional derivative is used to improve a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of pneumonia in the Al-Baha region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We establish a dynamics model to predict the transmission of pneumonia in some local sheep and goat herds. The proposed model is a generalization of a system of five ordinary differential equations of the first order, regarding five unknowns, which are the numbers of certain groups of animals (susceptible, vaccinated, carrier, infected, and recovered). This consists of investigating the equilibrium, basic reproduction number, stability analysis, and bifurcation analysis. It is observed that the free equilibrium point is local and global asymptotic stable if the basic reproduction number is less than one, and the endemic equilibrium is local and global asymptotic stable if the basic reproduction number is greater than one. The optimal control problem is formulated using Pontryagin's maximum principle, with three control strategies: Disease prevention through education, treatment, and screening. The most cost-effective intervention strategy to combat the pneumonia pandemic is a combination of prevention and treatment, according to the cost-effectiveness analysis of the adopted control techniques. A numerical simulation is performed, and the significant data are graphically displayed. The results predicted by the model show a good agreement with the actual reported data.
An efficient strategy for identifying essential proteins based on homology, subcellular location and protein-protein interaction information
Authors: Zhang Zhihong , Luo Yingchun , Jiang Meiping , Wu Dongjie , Zhang Wang , Yan Wei , Zhao Bihai
Published: April 2022

High throughput biological experiments are expensive and time consuming. For the past few years, many computational methods based on biological information have been proposed and widely used to understand the biological background. However, the processing of biological information data inevitably produces false positive and false negative data, such as the noise in the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks and the noise generated by the integration of a variety of biological information. How to solve these noise problems is the key role in essential protein predictions. An Identifying Essential Proteins model based on non-negative Matrix Symmetric tri-Factorization and multiple biological information (IEPMSF) is proposed in this paper, which utilizes only the PPI network proteins common neighbor characters to develop a weighted network, and uses the non-negative matrix symmetric tri-factorization method to find more potential interactions between proteins in the network so as to optimize the weighted network. Then, using the subcellular location and lineal homology information, the starting score of proteins is determined, and the random walk algorithm with restart mode is applied to the optimized network to mark and rank each protein. We tested the suggested forecasting model against current representative approaches using a public database. Experiment shows high efficiency of new method in essential proteins identification. The effectiveness of this method shows that it can dramatically solve the noise problems that existing in the multi-source biological information itself and cased by integrating them.
Las especies del género Cryptophagus Herbst, 1792 (Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae) de China y regiones adyacentes y descripción de una nueva especie
Authors: Otero José Carlos
Published: April 2022

El artículo ofrece una lista de las 67 especies de Cryptophagus Herbst 1792 (Coleoptera, Cryptophagidae) registradas en China y regiones adyacentes (Mongolia, extremo oriente de Rusia, Nepal, Butan, noroeste de la India, Kirguistán, Uzbequistán, Kazajastán, Turkmenistán, Tayikistán, Japón, N. Korea, N. Tailandia). Se describe una nueva especie: Cryptophagus coboi sp. nov. Se presenta una clave de todas las especies conocidas de China y se aportan datos sobre su distribución.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:58F1577D-4693-470A-8606-D3FB1E2DC7E8
Des modèles de scolarisation à l’ère mondiale : le cas du Japon
Authors: Tsuneyoshi Ryoko
Published: April 2022

Le Japon d’aujourd’hui apparaît comme une société qui partage de nombreuses tendances éducatives avec le reste du monde (par exemple, la mondialisation), tout en maintenant des traits distinctifs au sein de son modèle éducatif. Quelques aspects de ce modèle ont été diffusés à l’échelle internationale, alors que d’autres sont toujours propres à l’archipel.
Améliorer les résultats en lecture et en arithmétique à grande échelle : « Enseigner au bon niveau » (Teaching At The Right Level), l’approche de Pratham
Authors: Lakhsman Samyukta
Published: April 2022

Malgré un taux de scolarisation supérieur à 95 %, la qualité des performances reste faible, surtout pour les enfants des familles illettrées ou peu scolarisées. Pour y faire face, le programme « Enseigner au bon niveau » (Teaching at the Right Level) a été mis en place. Celui-ci peut prendre plusieurs formes : des « camps pour apprendre », soit de courte durée (6 à 10 jours) mais répétés, soit de longue durée (30 à 50 jours) ; des dispositifs de partenariat avec les autorités des systèmes scolaires publics. La méthodologie du programme, les effets obtenus et les perspectives sont présentés.
Improving reading and arithmetic outcomes at scale: Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL), Pratham’s approach to teaching and learning
Authors: Lakhsman Samyukta
Published: April 2022

In India, depsite a gross enrolment rate of more than 95%, performance levels remain low, particularly for children of illiterate or undereducated families. To contend with this, the “Teaching at the Right Level » project was implemented. This has taken many forms: the “camps for learning”, either repeated short term sessions (6 to 10 days), or long term sessions (30 to 50 days); and partnership arrangements with public school system authorities. The project’s methodology, attained objectives and its prospects are presented.
La création des academies en Angleterre : effets attendus, évolution, effets observés et dérives
Authors: West Anne
Published: April 2022

L’enseignement scolaire anglais a été profondément transformé par la création et le développement des academies. Il s’agit d’établissements dirigés par des Trusts, fondations à but non lucratif, inscrits au registre des entreprises et soumis au droit des sociétés. Ces trusts sont financés et contrôlés directement par le gouvernement au moyen de contrats signés avec le ministère de l’éducation. Cet article montre que le dispositif des academies, qui a obtenu des résultats mitigés en termes de performances des élèves, non seulement s’est révélé coûteux pour les finances de l’État mais a aussi soulevé des doutes sérieux sur l’utilisation faite par les trusts des deniers publics.
National curriculum assessment in England: “Driving up standards”?
Authors: Johnson Sandra
Published: April 2022

Notwithstanding the acknowledged importance of other outcomes of schooling, the quality of England’s education system is considered by its national politicians to be reflected primarily in students’ standards of academic attainment, with PISA survey results currently serving as the primary quality indicator. The country has a very long history of domestic system monitoring, that predates the international survey programmes. It began with relatively benign periodic sample-based attainment surveys through the 1950s to 1980s, evolving in the late 1980s into annual cohort assessment, with the introduction of a national curriculum and associated statutory assessment, and a new focus on school accountability as a vehicle for ‘driving up standards’. The article briefly charts developments to the present day.
En Suisse, quels leviers de gouvernance dans un système fondé sur la concordance ?
Authors: Behrens Matthis
Published: April 2022

La contribution présentera le système politique suisse, en particulier sa complexité due à la forte décentralisation et aux instruments de démocratie directe. Elle montrera que le système, à cause de sa complexité, fonctionne sur le principe de la concordance qui associe tous les acteurs concernés pour élaborer des solutions de compromis. Elle y positionnera ensuite le domaine d’éducation et illustrera, à l’aide de deux réformes, les articulations entre les acteurs et quelques leviers de gouvernance. Elle traitera également, mais très brièvement, des changements intervenus en matière de recherche, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit de décrire l’efficacité des systèmes de formation.
Managing High Performing Safety Cultures in US Healthcare Organizations During COVID-19
Authors: Burrell Darrell Norman , Shufutinsky Anton , Wright Jorja B. , Mercedes D'Alizza , Aridi Amalisha Sabie , Lewis Eugene J.
Published: April 2022

The increasing complexity of the United States healthcare system has compounded the likelihood of mistakes. One of the 10 leading causes of death and disability is safety issues with patient care. Medical errors put undue hardship on the economy resulting in the loss of billions of dollars. The current COVID-19 pandemic revealed gaps in public health strategies, medical treatments, comprehensive patient safety, and human resources strategy. Implementing human resources and performance management processes that promote safety, safe decision making, and reduce medical errors is critical. Adopting methods used by high-reliability organizations (HRO) may reduce medical errors and improve patient safety. Qualitative focus groups were used to collect data around creating organizational cultures focused on safety. This research aims to improve performance by providing healthcare leaders with tools to enhance organizational culture, reduce medical errors, and improve patient safety in the age of COVID-19.
Organizational Resilience Capability and Capacity Building
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: April 2022

The objective of this chapter is to analyze the implications of organizational resilience capability and capacity building and development processes and the posed challenges to its design and implementation. It is based on the conceptual and theoretical assumptions underpinning the capabilities of resilience that can be learned and designed by organizations to be implemented and applied to adverse conditions. These underlying assumptions affect the organizational resilience capabilities building. It is concluded that building and development organizational resilience capabilities processes has increased the research agenda on the theoretical and conceptual literature and the notions, factors, elements, and challenges.
Inhibitory Processing Training During Childhood
Authors: Aydmune Yesica Sabina , Introzzi Isabel María , Olaechea Maria Cecilia , López-Ramón María Fernanda
Published: April 2022

This chapter addresses the inhibitory processing training. The topic is analyzed placing the emphasis on the process-based approach (e.g., predominant in executive functions training). Special emphasis is also placed on inhibitory training during childhood. Reference is made to both theoretical aspects (theoretical model and inhibitory processes addressed) and practical aspects (transfer effects of training). The authors review studies of specific inhibitory training, which meet certain methodological requirements (e.g., random designs with at least two groups and pre- and post-test measurements). The approach of these studies allowed the authors to (1) extract some ideas about the current work in this field (as the taking of a non-unitary perspective of inhibition and the use of computerized experimental tasks); (2) highlight the need for further study, as data on training transfer are not conclusive; and (3) discuss possible fundamental future lines of work.
The Relationships Between Inhibitory Processes and Selective Attention
Authors: Introzzi Isabel María , Zamora Eliana Vanesa , Aydmune Yesica Sabina , Richards María Marta , López-Ramón María Fernanda
Published: April 2022

In the present chapter, the authors analyze of the relations between inhibitory processes, selective attention, and the executive processes responsible for self-regulation. They describe the multidimensional model of inhibition with special emphasis on the unique functional and operative features of perceptual inhibition, in contrast with cognitive and response inhibitions. Likewise, they analyze the role of selective attention and self-regulation processes. Moreover, they describe the procedures and paradigms currently used for each inhibitory process assessment and outline the importance of including them as part of the evaluation and intervention processes in the different scenarios of psychological practice.
Executive Functions in People With Cerebral Palsy and Related Conditions
Authors: Romero-Galisteo Rita Pilar , Szot Ana Clara
Published: April 2022

Currently, more attention is being paid to cognitive interventions, since, for example, alterations in certain executive functions may be associated with cerebral palsy and may interfere with daily performance, learning, and quality of life. These considerations compel therapists to focus their efforts on doing an early assessment and intervention. However, interventions that are only aimed at training cognitive or executive skills may not have a real influence on the person's daily life. Using the person-environment-occupation model as a framework may help investigators and therapists to examine the occupational participation process and guide the planning and interventions in clinical practice. This chapter will present evidence-based interventions that target executive function training in people with cerebral palsy, under the person-environment-occupation model perspective.
Communicating Transgender Identity
Authors: Table Billy , Carroll Robert W. , Holland Madeleine R.
Published: April 2022

This chapter surveys theory and research on transgender identity and disclosures. Historically, transgender people in Western societies represent a highly stigmatized population who are likely to encounter significant communication challenges. Interpersonally, transgender people often grapple with privacy and disclosure, especially in regards to when, where, how, and with whom to disclose their gender identity, as they risk rejection from friends and family and experiencing violence. Thus, insofar as transgender individuals find that conversations about their sexuality and/or gender identity are proscribed by society and carry the threat of stigmatizing or violent personal and interpersonal outcomes, discussion of transgender identity can be seen as a taboo topic. In light of that, this chapter surveys theory and research on transgender identity and disclosures.
Communicating Human-Object Orientation
Authors: Cole Kristen L.
Published: April 2022

The Objectùm-Sexuality Internationale (OSI) website is the largest source of information representing a community who experiences emotional and romantic desire towards objects. This chapter presents a queer rhetorical analysis of OSI to understand how queer communities that must negotiate multiple taboos (en)counter the public. The author argues that OSI reveals two things about taboo communication: 1) the discursive and material boundaries that constitute the taboo and 2) the rhetorical work required to disrupt these boundaries. The author's analysis reveals how OSI engages in complex rhetorical practices to lay the groundwork for a queer-posthuman counterpublic—a rhetorical space that disrupts the heteronormative moral divisions and anthropocentric paradigmatic distinctions that constitute certain lived experiences as taboo. Such a move exposes the possibilities and ethical implications at stake in communicating the taboo while outlining an analytic framework for understanding the rhetorical processes that facilitate (en)countering the taboo in public communication.
Taboo Topics and Sexual Education in Indian Schools
Authors: Ray Anubha , Pal Manas Kumar
Published: April 2022

Although India faces problems of the very high rate of population growth, sexual abuse, rape, teen pregnancy, even a high rate of sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, Indian schools are not yet ready to deliver on the topic to sensitize the young minds. There is no study on whether teachers are imparting this education and most importantly how they are communicating with the young individuals in the classroom. The chapter seeks to find how the taboo topics are discussed in the class and the communication strategies adopted by the teachers. For the study, teachers have been considered as respondents to examine their communication-related challenges and the strategies while communicating with the adolescent student. The study concludes that due to lack of any training, teachers do not know what and how to deliver the topics under sexuality education.
A Survey on Text-Based Topic Summarization Techniques
Authors: Ramathulasi T. , Kumaran U. , Lokesh K.
Published: April 2022

The text summing method is obsolete due to recent advances in news articles, official documents, textual interpretation in scientific studies, manual text extraction, and many archives. Dealing with large amounts of text data requires the deployment of effective solutions. It is also impossible to capture text material due to high cost and labor. As a result, the academic community is increasingly interested in developing new ways to capture text automatically. Researchers have been working to improve the process of creating summaries since the invention of text summaries with the aim of creating machine summary matches with man-made summaries. Meaningful sentences are selected from the input document and added to the summaries using the hybrid technique. As a result, researchers are increasingly focusing on concise summaries to provide more coherent and relevant summaries. They use an artificial text summary to gather knowledge and information about recent research. A complete overview of abstraction methods is provided by a recent text summary created over the past decade.
Controlling and Surveying of On-Site and Off-Site Systems Using Web Monitoring
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Kumar Bharat Bhushan , Kalita Saptadeepa , Chaganti Rajasekhar , Nand Parma
Published: April 2022

Monitoring and surveillancing of large amounts of data is a matter of prime concern in the current scenario for major organisations as well as small-scale and large-scale industries. Presently, the increasing need to collect, analyse, and store the data in a real-time environment as well as ensure the qualitative and quantitative analysis of real-time data has become a challenge. In addition, traditional data acquisition and monitoring systems lead industries to face multiple constraints and limitations, which affect their functioning, such as physical infrastructure setup and cost constraints. In this chapter, the surveillance of various applications has been discussed. The chapter also focuses on use of cloud-based model to perform the real-time monitoring with the help of the web. The chapter deeply discusses the use of web for on-site and off-site monitoring of various industries and organizations.
Web Mining and Web Usage Mining for Various Human-Driven Applications
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Bhushan Bharat , Pokhriya Nandita , Chaganti Raj , Nand Parma
Published: April 2022

The current century has seen a huge amount of data being produced every day by various computational platforms. These data are very large in amount when compared to the past. These data have emerged in form of big data (BD), and it's vital to manage these data for processing as well as extracting. The big data are emerging from Facebook, Instagram, and various other social as well as private platforms. Web mining has the capabilities to mine or extract data from a very huge set of data. The mining of useful information is essential for optimal functioning of various systems. In this chapter, the usage of web mining and one of its sub categories, web usage mining, for various human-driven applications has been discussed. This chapter focuses on the background that leads to the emergence of web mining. The chapter also deeply explores various subdomains that are essential for tackling data extraction using web mining.
Face Mask Classification Based on Deep Learning Framework
Authors: Teboulbi Safa , Messaoud Seifeddine , Hajjaji Mohamed Ali , Mtibaa Abdellatif
Published: April 2022

Since the infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, it has become a public health problem around the world. This pandemic is having devastating effects on societies and economies. Due to the lack of health resources in a short period, all countries and continents are likely to face particularly severe damage that could lead to a large epidemic. Wearing a face mask that stops the transmission of droplets in the air can still be helpful in combating this pandemic. Therefore, this chapter focuses on implementing a face mask detection model as an embedded vision system. The six pre-trained models, which are MobileNet, ResNet-50, MobileNet-V2, VGG-19, VGG-16, and DenseNet, are used in this context. People wearing or not wearing masks were detected. After implementing and deploying the models, the selected models achieved a confidence score. Therefore, this study concludes that wearing face masks helps reduce the virus spread and fight this pandemic.
Design of Wireless IoT Sensor Node and Platform for Fire Detection
Authors: Eswar P. V. D. S. , Siva N. , Harish A. V. , Sundaramoorthy Arunmetha , Praghash K.
Published: April 2022

We observe fire hazards causing life loss and property loss frequently in domestic and industrial scenarios. In industries we usually have many blocks or buildings, and it is impossible to check every building every second of the day. So, the authors' model continuously checks for fire and gives a signal: either buzzer or light depending on the requirement. This is an embedded way of hardware application and software. They also used different machine learning models and algorithms to predict the future time of the fire, using regression. For prototype applications, they use linear regression, and for real-time applications, they use k-means clustering or any other model for better accuracy.
The Human Brain
Authors: Dev Priya
Published: April 2022

The human brain is a very complex entity with a distinctive organisation and function. There are three main structures in brain: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and brain stem. Further, these structures are subdivided into more parts depending on their position in the brain. The cerebrum is the major portion of brain with sulcus and gyrus of folded structure and deep structures too. Corpus callosum connects the right and left hemisphere of brain to communicate. Each hemisphere of the brain is further classified into four regions: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes. Each lobe deals with different functions. For understanding any disease or doing research or treatment, one should have a depth of knowledge of the brain, its parts, and the functioning of different lobes and regions. Therefore, this chapter will deal with in-depth knowledge of the brain parts, not only anatomically but also their functionality.
Neuropsychological and Cognitive Control Deficits in Depression
Authors: Banerjee Meenakshi
Published: April 2022

The chapter explores the research done so far on neuropsychological deficits in major depressive disorder (MDD). The most prominent deficits have been reported in executive function and the cognitive control networks. These deficits have also been shown to affect various cognitive aspects of a patient, such as metacognitions and emotional regulation. They are also predictors of socio-occupational functioning and of recovering and relapse in patients. This makes it pertinent that these newer treatments for MDD account for these deficits and work on ameliorating them for long-term gains.
Characterising Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Mishab A. K.
Published: April 2022

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children. ADHD can often persist in adulthood too. Children diagnosed with ADHD have significantly increased across the globe and range between 3-10% of the population. The cardinal features of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Clinically significant impairment affects bio-psychosocial functioning. Theoretical understanding reveals the central role of genetics, environmental factors, and cognition in ADHD symptoms. The gold standard for ADHD diagnosis relies on clinical history, mental status examination, and diagnostic tools. Pharmacological intervention is the first-line evidence-based treatment for ADHD. However, studies also report that children don't respond to or can't tolerate medications and suffered from adverse side effects. There are also evidence-based treatments such as neurofeedback training that uses technology to regulate brain activity through modifying brain waves. Hence, developing devices for assessment and intervention using technology that targets the cognitive deficits is the need of the hour.