bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tourism Impacts on the Sense of Well Being and Satisfaction of life
Authors: Roostika Ratna
Published: October 2019

The increasing of global welfare and economic development have caused the increasing number of tourists travelling around the world. Tourism and travelling are tertiary needs and have only become lifestyle when people or family have achieved considerably above average income. The increase of travelling lifestyle has not only impacted to the tourists themselves but also the residents living in the tourism areas. The objective of this study is to investigate how tourism impacts in terms of economic, social, cultural, and environmental impact on residentsâ€™ well-being (material, community, emotional and healthy/safety well-being). Further, residentsâ€™ welfare are tested on their impacts on life satisfaction. This research collected 179 valid responses from the city of Yogyakarta residents around local tourism areas. Using Partial Least Squares (PLS), it reveals that social and cultural impacts of tourism do not influence residents sense of well-being as well as their satisfaction with their life. Thus, residentsâ€™ life satisfaction caused by tourism activities are more defined by economic and environmental impacts. These impacts have been identified to significantly influence sense of material well-being and sense of health and safety. It can be concluded that from the tourism perspective, residentsâ€™ life satisfaction is determined more from the gain in material well-being, health and safety.
Public Relations Management Through Management By Objective
Authors: bin sugeng rijanto mulono apriyanto
Published: October 2019

Background research due to the high market demand toward ground transportation, rail priority particularly subject to subject to punctuality,speed and convenience, PT KAI to diversify its business by holding economy class, business executives to meet market needs. This research methodusing this qualitative study, Researchers used a interpretative paradigm. Interpretative paradigm aims to understand the meaning of behavior, symbols,and phenomena using purposive sampling. The technique of collecting the the data using interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of thisstudy that the concept of management by objectives in PT KAI station Tulungagung items items, namely the implementation of the motivation for theachievement of common goals between leaders and subordinates to Obtain an opinion about the company's objectives and plans of cooperation, as wellas Efforts to Achieve within a predetermined time together. Involve; every employee and manager to discuss, agree, autonomous binding assignment ofresponsibility, the implementation of the goals within the specified time together. Process and checking the implementation of the planning of the workcarried out jointly between leaders and subordinates to discuss what has been what has not been achieved through progress review.
The reason for the Cosmological Constant Problem and a possible resolution
Authors: chandra kapil
Published: October 2019

In this study we will show how quantum mechanics has failed to estimate the precise value of the cosmological constant because it uses the Planck mass/unit as the cut off. Since the expression for the Planck mass is numerically incorrect. This paper will show how a modification of the Planck unit gives a more accurate value and also fixes the long standing cosmological constant problem.
Evaluating Alignment Approaches in Superimposed Time-Series and Temporal Event Sequence Visualizations
Authors: Zhang Yixuan , Di Bartolomeo Sara , Sheng Fangfang , Dunne Cody
Published: October 2019

Composite temporal event sequence visualizations have included sentinel event alignment techniques to cope with data volume and variety. Prior work has demonstrated the utility of using single-event alignment for understanding the precursor, co-occurring, and aftereffect events surrounding a sentinel event. However, the usefulness of single-event alignment has not been sufficiently evaluated in composite visualizations. Furthermore, recently proposed dual-event alignment techniques have not been empirically evaluated. In this work, we designed tasks around temporal event sequence and timing analysis and conducted a controlled experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk to examine four sentinel event alignment approaches: no sentinel event alignment (NoAlign), single-event alignment (SingleAlign), dual-event alignment with left justification (DualLeft), and dual-event alignment with stretch justification (DualStretch). Differences between approaches were most pronounced with more rows of data. For understanding intermediate events between two sentinel events, dual-event alignment was the clear winner for correctness---71% vs. 18% for NoAlign and SingleAlign. For understanding the duration between two sentinel events, NoAlign was the clear winner: correctness---88% vs. 36% for DualStretch---completion time---55 seconds vs. 101 seconds for DualLeft---and error---1.5% vs. 8.4% for DualStretch. For understanding precursor and aftereffect events, there was no significant difference among approaches. A free copy of this paper, the evaluation stimuli and data, and source code are available at https://osf.io/78fs5/
organisasi di sekolah, masyarakat dan pemerintah pusat
Authors: Mardiah Hema Marwan
Published: October 2019

Dalam program sekolah yang membentuk budaya organisasi dalam pembentukan karakter peserta didik terlebih dahulu di awali dengan kegiatan penyusun program sekolah oleh masing masing bidang awal tahun ajaran baru yang terangkum dalam rencana program sekolah.Dalam proses penyusunan program sekolah berpedoman pada visi dan misi serta aturan yang berlaku. peserta didik harus mematuhi peraturan yang berlaku di sekolah, masyarakat dan pemerintah pusat.
The Morrison Formation Sauropod Consensus: A freely accessible online spreadsheet of collected sauropod specimens, their housing institutions, contents, references, localities, and other potentially useful information
Authors: Tschopp Emanuel , Whitlock John A. , Woodruff D. Cary , Foster John R. , Lei Roberto , Giovanardi Simone
Published: October 2019

The Morrison Formation has been explored for dinosaurs for more than 150 years, often specifically for largesauropod skeletons curators wanted to mount as attractions in their museum exhibits around the world. Severallong-term campaigns to the Jurassic West of the United States produced hundreds of specimens, ranging fromisolated, fragmentary bones to nearly complete skeletons of these enormous herbivorous animals. Given thesheer number of specimens, keeping track of what is housed in which institution is paramount to study variability,taxonomy, and consequently geographic and temporal distribution of the various species and genera recognizedfrom the Morrison Formation. In an attempt to facilitate these studies, we have compiled an online spreadsheetintended to combine all the available information on sauropod specimens from collection databases, publishedliterature, and personal observations. These include lists of contents of the specimens, in what institution thematerial is housed, references mentioning, describing, figuring, providing measurements and/or 3D scans, localitydata and stratigraphy, as well as other potentially useful data for research purposes. The spreadsheet is openlyaccessible, but editing is currently restricted to the authors of this study, in order to ensure high-quality datacuration to keep the file as useful as possible.
MELEZ AD VE MELEZ YERADI KAVRAMLARI ÜZERİNE
Authors: KÖSE Salih
Published: October 2019

Oluşturuldukları dil ve o dili konuşan milletin tarihi, kültürü ve yaşadığı coğrafya hakkında çok değerli bilgiler saklayan yeradlarının değişim ve dönüşümlerinde çeşitli unsurların etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Ses uyumu (İzmir < Smyrna), anlam aktarması (Krasnoyarsk < Kızılyar), yeniden adlandırma (Aydın) ve yanlış semantik dönüşüm (Anadolu, Adilcevaz) bu unsurlardan bazılarıdır. Yeradlarının değişim-dönüşüm tiplerinden biri de sosyal, siyasi ya da coğrafi nedenlerle etkileşim içerisinde bulunulan ve kaynak dil konumundaki bir dile ait çeşitli türden adları kullanmaktır. Kaynak dile ait olan bu ad yerlileştirilip alıcı dile ait yeni bir leksik ya da morfolojik unsurla birleştirildiğinde iki parçalı, karışık bir yapı karşımıza çıkar. Bu tür yapılar hibrit (Lat.), mixedname (İng.), Mischname (Alm.) ve gibridnoye imya (Rus.) terimleri ile karşılanmaktadır. Çalışmamız karışık yapıdaki bu yeradlarıyla ilgilidir. Çalışmamız kapsamında özel adların çeşitli türlerinde görülebilen bu yapılarla ilgili teorik bilgi verilmiş ve Türkiye coğrafyasından çeşitli örnekler incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda bu tür yapılar için melez yeradı terimi önerilmiş; bir yerin adının iki parçadan oluşmasının ve bu parçaların farklı dillere ait olmasının bu adı melez olarak nitelendirmek için yeterli olmadığı, bu parçaların söz konusu yeradında farklı katmanları da yansıtması gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.
HERDEM YEŞİL MEŞELERİN TÜRKÇE ADLARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: AKKEMİK Ünal , SEVGİ Orhan , YILMAZ Hatice , SEVGİ Ece , YILMAZ Yalçın
Published: October 2019

Türkiye’de üç herdem yeşil meşe türü [pırnal meşesi (Quercus ilex L.), kermes meşesi (Quercus coccifera L.) ve boz pırnal (Quercus aucheri Jaub. & Spach)] doğal yetişmektedir. Bu türlerin adları bilimsel kaynaklar ve geleneksel kullanımda yer yer önemli farklılıklar içermektedir. Makalenin amacı, Türkiye’deki herdem yeşil meşelerin bilimsel kaynaklar ve halk arasındaki adlarının bir değerlendirmesini yapmak ve bu türlerin Türkçe adlarının kullanımına yönelik ortak bir dil geliştirme adına öneriler sunmaktır. Bu kapsamda yapılan değerlendirmelerde, Quercus ilex için “çakpelit ve kaba pırnal/kaba piynar”, Quercus coccifera için “dikenli pırnal/piynar” ya da “kara pırnal/piynar” ve Quercus aucheri için de “boz pırnal/ piynar” adlarının, türlerin Türkçe adları olarak kullanılmasının uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Praktika obucheniia russkomu iazyku v polikul'turnoi srede (iz opyta raboty)
Authors: Plotnikova Ekaterina Andreevna , Zolotova Tatiana Arkadevna , Efimova Natalia Igorevna , Pirogova Mariia Nikolaevna
Published: October 2019

This section focuses on issues of improving the methodology of Russian language teaching and efficiency of teaching Russian in a multicultural environment with the use of elements of spiritual (including folklore) culture in educational institutions of the Mari El Republic (humanitarian gymnasiums, secondary and higher educational institutions). The authors of the section demonstrate the features of using folklore in the main areas of activities (both class and extracurricular) of experimental network platforms (FIRO) and the pedagogical workshop (Prosveshcheniye Publishers) and conclude that such projects, aimed at the sociocultural adaptation of Russian youth and their socialization and culturalization, are extremely important in the aspect of harmonizing interpersonal and intercultural relations in the modern Russian society.
By referring to several facts of traditional Russian culture in their teaching of Russian as a foreign language, the authors of the monograph (E.A. Plotnikova, M.N. Pirogova) have received a certain positive response. It is evident that at the initial stage of learning, the students should acquire a kind of linguistic minimum, which includes knowledge about the culture of the country, its traditions, the distinctive features of verbal and non-verbal communication, etc. In such cases, the use of innovative pedagogical technologies, including olympiads and quests, usually provides positive results.
Feature Extraction of Facial Electromyograph (EMG) Signal for Aceh Languages Speech using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
Authors: Putra Darma Setiawan , WW Yuril Umbu
Published: October 2019

The facial electromyograph (FEMG) signal is a signal that occurs in the muscles of the contracted human face. This FEMG signal is one of the techniques used to study human speech recognition. It can be acquired by placing an electrode surface on the skin around the facial articulation muscle. Three types of muscles in this study are the masseter, risorius and depressor muscle. This study aims to extract and analyze the features in the FEMG signal. The extraction method is the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The type of wavelet transform is Daubechies2 with level 5. After extraction and analysis of FEMG signals, the FEMG signal pattern for each spoken word indicated by differences in the approximation and detail coefficient of the FEMG signal. In addition, the level of difference in the FEMG signal pattern is also indicated by the histogram of the approximation coefficient of the FEMG signal. Thus, the discrete wavelet transform method can be used as one of the methods for extracting the FEMG signal feature in a human facial electromyograph (FEMG) signal.
PERBEDAAN PRESTASI BELAJAR MATEMATIKA
Authors: Hermanto Didik
Published: October 2019

Masalah yang dikaji penelitian ini adalah kesulitan belajar siswa pada pelajaran matematika, yang ditunjukkan dengan prestasi belajarnya. Hal ini menjadi masalah penelitian karena menurut E. Mulyasa pembelajaran harus mencapai KKM sehingga manusia yang dihasilkan memberikan konstribusi pada kemajuan suatu bangsa. Tujuan penelitiannya menjelaskan perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika antara pembelajaran yang menggunakan media kartu berpasangan dan media kartu domino siswa kelas V SD Muhammadiyah 1 Sepanjang. Metode penelitian menggunakan eksperimental dengan uji hipotesis (uji-t) menggunakan SPSS. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik ttest ditemukan harga Fhitung 11,040 dan probabilitas 0,001 lebih kecil dari taraf nyata 0,05, sehingga Ho ditolak. Jadi, ada perbedaan prestasi belajar matematika siswa antara yang diajar menggunakan media kartu berpasangan dan domino. Pada pembelajaran mempergunakan media kartu berpasangan rata-ratanya 67,08 dan kartu domino didapat rata-ratanya 75,69. Dengan demikian, diketahui bahwa pembelajaran dengan media kartu domino memberikan hasil belajar yang lebih baik.
MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VI SDN 1 TATURA PADA MATERI OPERASI HITUNG PECAHAN MELALUI METODE KERJA KELOMPOK
Authors: Arlina Arlina
Published: October 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman siswapada topik penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan melalui metode kerjakelompok. Selama ini siswa hanya dilatih dalam menyelesaikan soalsoalsecara individual dan hampir tidak pernah diberikan kesempatankepada siswa mengerjakannya dengan kelompok. Hal ini berakibatrendahnya pemahaman siswa pada topik penjumlahan dan penguranganpecahan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk menerapkan metodekerja kelompok pada topik penjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tes akhir tindakan siklus Iyang diikuti sebanyak 18 siswa, hanya 10 siswa yang tuntas atau55,56% memperoleh nilai ≥ 65, sedangkan yang belum tuntas ada 8siswa yang mendapat nilai  65. hasil tes akhir tindakan siklus Ibelum sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan (80% siswamemperoleh nilai ≥ 65). Berbagai kekurangan pada tindakan siklusI, selanjutnya diadakan penyempurnaan dan perbaikan padatindakan siklus II. Ternyata hasil tindakan siklus II menunjukkanbahwa dari 18 siswa yang mengikuti tes terdapat 16 siswa yangtuntas belajar atau 88,89% yang mendapat nilai ≥ 65, sedangkanhanya 2 siswa yang belum tuntas mendapat nilai  65 Keberhasilantindakan siklus II ini ditunjang dengan hasil pengamatan aktivitasguru dan siswa sesuai indikator kinerja yang mendapat kategori‖sangat baik‖. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwapenerapan metode kerja kelompok pada pembelajaran topikpenjumlahan dan pengurangan pecahan ternyata dapatmeningkatkan pemahaman siswa kelas VI SDN 1 Tatura. Ini berartibahwa hipotesis penelitian diterima, yaitu: ‖jika menggunakanmetode kerja kelompok pada pembelajaran topik penjumlahan danpengurangan pecahan, maka pemahaman siswa dapat ditingkatkan‖.
Efektivitas Strategi Pembelajaran Group To Group Exchange Pada Materi Himpinan Di Mts Nurul Ihsan
Authors: Mutmainnah Mutmainnah
Published: October 2019

Based on this research are the less effective students and teachers during the learning process because the center of teaching is the teacher itself. Students are less active in learning so that students 'responses become passive and students' learning outcomes are not complete. One way to solve these problems by applied the strategy of learning group to group exchange. This study was conducted with the aim of: (1) to describe the ability of teachers to manage learning using group-to-group exchange strategy (2) to describe the student activity in learning using group-to-group exchange strategy (3) to describe the student's response to learning using the strategy Group to group exchange (4) to describe the result of students' learning after being taught using group to group exchange strategy. This research used descriptive quantitative research. The method is used observation, questionnaires and tests.The result of analysis data statistic descriptive show that, the teachers can manage Group to Group Exchange Learning which the result 3,71 in best category. Student activities during active lessons. This is indicated by an average of 3,03 which is included in the active category. Student response after learning is said to be positive, because the average percentage of positive responses across students reaches 95%. Students’ learning completeness in the classical achieved because the percentage of the number of student reached 83%.

 

Keywords : Effectiveness, Learning strategy Group to Group Exchange.
Profil Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Gaya Belajar
Authors: Indrawati Ristina
Published: October 2019

Abstrak

Setiap individu memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, hal ini yang menjadikan keunikan tersendiri bagi mereka baik dalam bersikap, berperilaku  bahkan dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Pada dasarnya gaya belajar memiliki tiga macam yaitu ; visual, auditori, kinestetik. Dari uraian ini  menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan karakeristik siswa  mempengaruhi perbedaan gaya belajar yang  berdampak pada kemampuan matematika dalam menentukan solusi pemecahan masalah yang berbeda pula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika ditinjau dari perbedaan gaya belajar, dimana subjek terdiri dari 3 siswa kelas V Sekolah Dasar yang bergaya belajar visual, auditory, dan kinestetik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitiam kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua jenis instrument, yaitu instrumen utama yaitu peneliti itu sendiri dan instrument pendukung yaitu lembar soal tes pemecahan masalah matematika dan lembar dan wawancara. Subjek penelitian ini adalah satu siswa bergaya belajar visual, satu siswa bergaya belajar auditori dan satu siswa bergaya belajar kinestetik kelas V SDN 4 Jaddih 4. Teknik analisis data meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Dari hasil analisis diperoleh deskripsi kemampuan pemecahan masalah  matematika adalah sebagai berikut : 1) Subjek (SA), dalam memahami masalah dengan dengan baik dan mampu membuat perencanaan dengan mengaitkan antara fakta yang diketaui dengan konsep yang dimiliki sebelumnya.. 2) Subjek (SV) kurang bisa memahami masalah sehingga berpengaruh pada jawaban yang dihasilkan, kemudian SV tidak melakukan mengecekan kembali hasil yang diperoleh,hal ini terjadi karena kebiasaan SV yang kurang begitu suka membaca, 3) Subjek (SK) dalam proses memahami masalah SK membaca soal sambil menggerakkan anggota badan, merasa gelisah saat membaca sehingga tidak fokus dalam memahami soal, hal ini berdampak pada jawaban yang diberikan oleh subjek SK yang jawabannya kurang sesuai dengan hasil yang diinginkan.
Peningkatan Kemandirian Belajar Mahasiswa Melalui Pembelajaran Berbasis E-Learning Pada Mata Kuliah Kalkulus Differensial
Authors: Setyansah Reza Kusuma , Suprapto Edy
Published: October 2019

Permasalahan-permasalahan terkait motivasi belajar seperti rendahnya keaktifan mahasiswa dalam mengemukakan ide atau tanggapan, kurangnya perhatian mahasiswa terhadap perkuliahan matematika, serta kurangnya kemandirian belajar matematika mahasiswa menjadi tugas dan tantangan bagi pendidik untuk segera diselesaikan dan ditemukan alternatif solusinya. Perkembangan pembelajaran berbasis e-learningtelah semakin kian pesatnya dewasa ini. Agar upaya peningkatan kemandirian mahasiswa pada matakuliah kalkulus differensial, dengan pendukung office 365 diharapkan meningkatkan pembelajaran mahasiswa secara mandiri maupun kerjasama kelompok. Bentuk perangkat pembelajaran menggunakanoffice 365menampilkan langkah program maple ke dalam sway online umpan balik mahasiswa dengan onenote online, diharapkan membantu kemandirian belajar mahasiswa.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas sebanyak tiga siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap, yaitu: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa yang telah menempuh semester I pada program studi pendidikan matematika, yaitu mahasiswa semester II dari program studi teknik informatika Universitas PGRI Madiun. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa prestasi belajar mahasiswa mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I sampai siklus III yaitu, siklus I (35,3%), siklus II (64,7%), siklus III (88,2%). Sedangkan kemandirian belajar mahasiswa juga mengalami peningkatan yaitu dari siklus I (58,8%), siklus II (70,6%), dan siklus III (76,4%). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Pembelajaran berbasis e-learningdapat berpengaruh positif terhadap kemandirian belajar mahasiswa dalam proses perkuliahan dan terhadap prestasi belajar mahasiswa, tetapi hal tersebut juga harus didukung oleh beberapa faktor terutama dalam diri mahasiswa. Kesadaran akan pentingnya belajar kemandirian juga harus ditanamkan dalam diri mahasiswa agar mereka termotivasi untuk mencapai ketuntasan belajar, dan metode pembelajaran ini dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pembelajaran dalam perkuliahan pendidikan matematika.
aplikasi algoritma genetika untuk memperoleh jalur optimum studi kasus : penentuan rute optimum ferry di pulau ambon, pulau seram, dan pulau-pulau lease
Authors: Lesnussa Yopi Andry , Rumlawang F Y , Hukubun V
Published: October 2019

Jalur atau rute terpendek kadang diperlukan dalam melakukan perjalanan menuju sejumlah tempat.Hal ini dilakukan untuk meminimalkan biaya dan waktu yang diperlukan.Terdapat permasalahan transportasi angkutan ferry di Pulau Ambon, Pulau Seram, dan Pulau-Pulau Lease seperti minimnya fasilitas penunjang untukmencapai daerah-daerah tersebutantara lain dermaga dan armada ferry serta jalur optimum. Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan yakni dengan algoritma genetika. Algoritma genetika merupakan suatu teknik pencarian nilai optimum berdasarkan mekanisme seleksi alam teori genetika.Sistem algoritma genetika menggunakan representasi kromosom.Kromosom  yang baik akan terus hidup, sedangkan kromosom yang buruk akan mati dengan sendirinya. Algoritma genetika menggunakan hukum transisi probabilistik untuk memilih solusi (kromosom) sesuai dengan ketentuan yang diinginkan.Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan algoritma genetika diperoleh rute optimum ferry di Pulau Ambon, Pulau Seram, dan Pulau-Pulau Lease yang optimal yaitu Tulehu (Tulehu), Wainama (Kailolo), Umeputih (Kulur), Wailey (Latu), Amahai (Amahai), dan Nalahia (Nalahia) dengan jarak tempuh 133 km.
Penggunaan Resep Makanan Dan Struk Belanja Untuk Memahamkan Materi Aritmetika Sosial Pada Siswa Kelas Vii Smp Negeri 3 Sungai Raya Melalui Pendekatan Rme
Authors: Hartono Hartono Hartono
Published: October 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan penggunaan resep makanan dan struk belanja untuk memahamkan materi aritmetika social pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Sungai Raya melalui pendekatan realistic mathematic education (RME).Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus.Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Sungai Raya yang mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran. Data yang dikumpulkan berasal dari: a) hasil belajar siswa secara tertulis, b) hasil wawancara, c) hasil observasi, dan d) hasil catatan lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika untuk memahamkan materi aritmetika sosial menggunakan resep makanan dan struk belanja melalui pendekatan RME dapat dilihat pemahaman konseptual dan prosedural siswa. Pemahaman konseptual dilihat  dari hasil belajar siswa berupa nilai akhir siswa yaitu dari skilus I ke sikluss II mengalami tuntas klasikal secara keseluruhan. Pemahaman prosedural dilihat dari proporsi kesalahan pada jawaban tes akhir siswa yaitu dari siklus I ke siklus II mengalami penurunan proporsi kesalahan dari akhir sekitar 70% ke sekitar 30%.Selain pemahaman siswa, aktivitas belajar siswa juga terkategori “baik” sehingga penelitian dikatakan berhasil.
Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Kelas Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita Ditinjau Dari Perbedaan Gender
Authors: Mulyadi Slamet
Published: October 2019

Lack of understanding of the material and cannot link the problem to the mathematical model causes the mistakes made by the students while working on the essay. This study aimed to describe the type of student error in solving geometry essay of gender difference. Type of this study is descriptive qualitative research. The result of the research showed the type  mistakes of male and woman  student in solving geometry essay include : 1) fact, ie: wrote down incomplete  information from the problem, wrong in writing the unit of surface area of the beam. 2) Concept, ie: students were wrong in understanding the concept of unit, wrong in understanding the concept of the beam. 3) Principle, ie: the student is wrong in determining the final answer, the student didn’t write the conclusion at the end of the solution, wrong in using the surface beam surface formula. 4) Operation, ie:  students  made error in calculating.
Identifikasi kesamaan jenis praktikum pada materi IPA di tingkat SD dan SMP
Authors: Yuanita Yuanita
Published: October 2019

Praktikum IPA diberikan pada tingkat SD, SMP, SMA bahkan sampai tingkat perguruan tinggi. Akan tetapi dalam pelaksanaanya terkadang ada beberapa kesamaan pada jenis praktikum atau pengulangan jenis praktikum yang diberikan untuk menunjang kedalaman terhadap materi yang dipelajari. Hal ini terkadang dapat menyebabkan kejenuhan siswa dan kurang membangkitkan keingintahuan siswa karena mereka sudah tahu hasil akhirnya. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian literatur pada beberapa buku IPA tingkat SD dan SMP yang bertujuan mengindentifikasi beberapa kesamaan jenis praktikum yang terdapat pada materi IPA pada tingkat SD dan SMP. Berdasarkan hasil kajian literature tersebut peneliti menemukan 6 (enam) kesamaan praktikum pada tingkat SD dan SMP; 1) Listrik dan Magnet, 2) Perubahan Wujud Benda, 3) Perubahan Pada Makhluk hidup, 4) Sistem  gerak pada tumbuhan, 5)  Struktur bagian bunga, dan 6) Konduktor dan isolator.
UPAYA MASYARAKAT DALAM MELESTARIKAN TRADISI PERANG TOPAT SEBAGAI SIMBOL PERSAUDARAAN UMAT ISLAM DAN HINDU DI DESA LINGSAR KECAMATAN LINGSAR KABUPATEN LOMBOK BARAT
Authors: Sarpin Sarpin , Pramunarti Agung
Published: October 2019

Permasalahan dalam  penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimanakah Pelaksanaan tradisi Perang Topat Di Desa Lingsar, (2) Apakah Makna Tradisi Perang Topat Di Desa Lingsar?, (3) Bagaimana Upaya Masyarakat Dalam Melestarikan Tradisi Perang .Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif. Metode penentuan informan dengan metode Purposive Sampling. Adapun hasil penelitian ini: 1) Rangkaian prosesi pelaksanaan tradisi  Perang Topat yang terdiri dari tiga tahapan pokok upacara: a) Persiapan  upacara yang meliputi musyawarah, peresean, pembersihan dan pemasangan rak-rak dan aba-aba, penaek gawe, ngelinigan kaok,dan haol, b) inti upacara meliputi  perang  topat, c) penutupan upacara meliputi lalang dan beteteh, 2) Makna yang terkandung dalam tradisi Perang Topat: a) Bagi umat islam, Sebagai rasa syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Sebagai rasa trimaksih kepada K.H Abdul Malik, dan sebagai bentuk kerukunan umat Islam dan Hindu. b) Bagi umat Hindu, merupakan wujud dari rasa syukur kepada Tuhan atau bentuk pemujaan terhadap para Dewa-dewa, sebagai acara peribadatan/persembahyangan , dan  juga  sebagai bentuk kerukunaan antar umat Islam dan umat Hindu. 3) upaya masyarakat dalam melestarikan tradisi perang topat adalah dengan diadakannya setiap tahun, menanamkan pada genrasi penerus tentang makna dilaksanaknya tradisi perang topat, partisipasi masyarakat dalam setiap rangkaian acara perng topat, dan mengikut sertakan pemerintah daerah, kabupaten, hinga provensi.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS X MELALUI MODEL SNOWBALL THROWING PADA MATA PELAJARAN GEOGRAFI DI SMA PLUS ASSOHWAN AL-ISLAMIYAH
Authors: Rochayati Nurin , Rosada Rosada , Rozaki Ian
Published: October 2019

Pemilihan metode pembelajaran yang tepat dapat membangkitkan minat belajar dan hasil belajar siswa. Solusi yang ditawarkan  untuk membangkitkan minat dan hasil belajar siswa dengan melalui penerapan metode belajar aktif dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing.  Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan active learning atau penelitian tindakan kelas yang didalamnya terbentuk dari rangkaian siklus kegiatan, karena didasarkan pada masalah yang dihadapi oleh guru didalam kelas diantaranya minat siswa dan hasil belajar siswa, yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki pembelajaran. Adapun analisis data penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam II siklus tiap siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan atau observasi, evaluasi dan refleksi. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian ini adalah hasil belajar siswa yaitu secara klasikal 75% siswa mencapai ketuntasan belajar minimal 80%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perolehan ketuntasan klasikal pada siklus I dan II 58,33% dan 87,5%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa dapat mencapai ketuntasan belajar melalui penerapan metode pembelajaran tipe Snowball Throwing. Selection of appropriate learning methods can generate interest in learning and student learning outcomes. Solutions are offered to generate interest and student learning outcomes by through the application of active learning methods using the Snowball Throwing learning model. This study uses active learning or classroom action research which is formed from the cycle of activities, because it is based on the problems faced by teachers in the classroom such as student interest and student learning outcomes, which aims to improve learning. The analysis of research data used descriptive qualitative. Research carried out in II cycle of each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation or observation, evaluation and reflection. The indicator of success of this research is the result of student learning that is classical 75% of students achieve learning mastery of at least 80%. The results showed that the acquisition of classical completeness in cycles I and II 58.33% and 87.5%. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that students can achieve mastery learning through the application of the method of learning Snowball Throwing type.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN HASIL BELAJAR MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK KELAS 4 SD
Authors: Windarti Yulita , Slameto Slameto , Widyanti S Eunice
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Tujuan  dari penelitian  ini untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa dalam pembelajaran tematik dengan menerapkan model Discovery Learning. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model Discovery Learning dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa. Presentase kemampuan berpikir kritis pada kategori sangat tinggi, tinggi dan sedang pada siklus I adalah 30%, meningkat di siklus II menjadi 82%. Ketercapaian ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa pada pra siklus adalah 38%, meningkat di siklus I menjadi 68%, kembali mengalami peningkatan di siklus II menjadi 85%. Abstract: This type of research was the classroom action research. The aims of the research were to improve the critical thinking skill and learning outcomes of the students in thematic learning by applaying Discovery Learning model. The research showed that by applying Discovery Learning Model can improve the critical thinking skill and learning outcomes of the students. Precentage of critical thinking skill in very high and moderate category, in cycle I was 30%, and increased in cycle II 82%. The achievement of students learning completeness at pre-cycle was 38%, increasing in cycle I to 68%, increasing again in cycle II to 85%.
EFEKTIVITAS PENDEKATAN INKUIRI DAN MODEL JIGSAW (PI-MJ) TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR SISWA KELAS 4 SD
Authors: Octavany Yohana , Sulistya Wardani Naniek , Prasetyo Tego
Published: October 2019

Abstrak:Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya efektivitas pendekatan inkuiri dan model jigsaw terhadap minat belajar siswa kelas 4 SD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan quasi experiment research. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji-t dengan Independent Sample t-Test. Hasil uji-t yang telah diperoleh t-hitung sebesar 4,453 dan taraf signifikansi 0,000. Hasil analisis data untuk mengetahui t-tabel dapat diketahui bahwa t-tabel yang diperoleh sebesar 2,021. Karena t-hitung > t-tabel (4,453 > 2,021) dan signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05 maka Ha diterima yaitu terdapat efektivitas pendekatan inkuiri dan model jigsaw terhadap minat belajar tematik siswa kelas 4 SD.Abstract: The purpose of the study is to determine whether or not the effectiveness of inquiry approach and jigsaw model on the interest of 4th grade students. Type of research is experimental research with quasi experiment research. The data analysis technique uses t-test with Independent Sample t-Test. The result of t-test that has been obtained t-counted 4,453 and significance level 0,000. Result of data analysis to know t-table can be seen that t-table obtained equal to 2,021. Because of t-count>t-table (4,453>2,021) and significance 0,000<0,05 then Ha accepted, there is effectiveness of inquiry approach and jigsaw model on the interest of 4th grade student.
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TIPE TEAMS GAMES TOURNAMENT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MINAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA PADA SISWA KELAS 4
Authors: Eka Pratiwi Septiana , Suroso Suroso , Yustinus Yustinus
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Penelitian dilatarbelakangi kondisi pembelajaran Matematika siswa kelas IV SDN Nyemoh Kecamatan Bringin bermetode konvensional dan berimplikasi kepada hasil belajar 58,82 % di bawah KKM. Penulis berangkat dari pertanyaan apakah melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Teams Games Tournament dapat meningkatkan minat dan hasil belajar matematika siswa? Penelitian tindakan kelas kolaboratif ini, diterapkan pada siswa sejumlah 17 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kondisi awal minat siswa 70,59% (Rendah), 58,82% (Tinggi) di siklus I dan siklus II 88,24% (Tinggi) serta 11,76% (Sangat Tinggi). Sedangkan hasil belajar siswa menunjukan nilai rata-rata 57,35 (58,82%< KKM) pada awalnya. Siklus I (23,53%< KKM) dan siklus II ( 0 %<KKM). Pelibatan siswa yang dominan disertai dengan tuntutan pemahaman dan penguasaan materi merupakan faktor utama pencapaian tersebut.Abstract:  Research background of learning condition of Grade 4 students of State Elementary School of Nyemoh District Bringin conventional method and have implication to learning result 58,82% under KKM. The author set out from the question whether through the application of learning models Teams Games Tournament type can increase student interest and learning outcomes math? This collaborative classroom action study, applied to students of 17 people.  The result showed that the initial condition of student interest was 70,59% (Low), 58,82% (High) in cycle I and cycle II 88,24% (High) and 11,76% (Very High). While the result of student learning showed average value 57,35 (58,82% <KKM) at first. Cycle I (23.53% <KKM) and cycle II (0% <KKM). The dominant student involvement accompanied by the demands of understanding and mastery of the material is the main factor of achievement.
IDENTIFIKASI KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS SISWA PADA MATERI PERSAMAAN LINEAR SATU VARIABEL KELAS VII MTs N 5 MAGELANG
Authors: Wahyuni Ika , Ratu Novisita
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal Persamaan Linear Satu Variabel kelas VII MTs N 5 Magelang. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 3 orang siswa kelas VII MTs N 5 Magelang yang memiliki kemampuan awal matematika tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Subjek penelitian ini diambil dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa tes tertulis dan wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1) Subjek dengan kemampuan awal matematika tinggi memiliki kemampuan berpikir kreatif tinggi dimana subjek mampu mencapai aspek keluwesan, fleksibilitas, dan orisinil; 2) Subjek dengan kemampuan awal matematika sedang hanya mampu mencapai aspek keluwesan dan fleksibilitas; 3) Subjek dengan kemampuan awal matematika rendah  tidak mampu mencapai aspek keluwesan, fleksibilitas, dan orisinil. Abstrak: The type of this research s This qualitative research that aims to identify the ability of students' mathematical creative thinking in solving the problem of Linear Equations One Variable class VII MTs N 5 Magelang. The subjects of this research is 3 students of class VII MTs N 5 Magelang who have early high, medium, and low math skills. The subject of this research is taken by using purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques the form of written tests and interviews. Based on the results of the analysis can be concluded that: 1) Subjects with high early mathematical abilities possess high creative thinking abilities in which subjects are capable of achieving flexibility, flexibility, and original aspects; 2) Subjects with early math skills are only able to attain flexibility and flexibility aspects; 3) Subjects with low initial math skills are unable to achieve flexibility, flexibility, and original aspects.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN MENULIS GAGASAN SECARA LOGIS DAN SISTEMATIS DALAM BENTUK RAGAM PARAGRAF EKSPOSITIF PADA SISWA KELAS X SMA
Authors: Baharudin Baharudin , Untari Titin , Nurmiwati Nurmiwati
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Kegiatan belajar mengajar yang dilakukan oleh siswa dan guru di sekolah, seringkali siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam menulis paragraf ekspositif. Salah satu kesulitan siswa adalah kesulitan dalam menyusun gagasan yang logis dan sistematis. melalui paragraf ekspositif, siswa diharapkan dapat menulis gagasan yang logis dan sistematis titik. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XA  SMAN 7 Mataram yang berjumlah 39 orang. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu, metode observasi, metode tugas, dan metode dokumentasi titik teknik analisis data menggunakan rumus penilaian acuan patokan (PAP).  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut titik kemampuan menulis paragraf ekspositif pada siswa kelas X SMAN 7 Mataram: a) kemampuan individual. 2 tinggi 16 orang siswa sebesar  41%, sedang 33 orang siswa sebesar 59%, 0 orang siswa sebesar 0%, b)  IPK  64 Pada kategori normal, hasil ini membuktikan bahwa kemampuan menulis paragraf ekspositif pada siswa masih tergolong pada kategori normal.Abstract: Teaching and learning activities carried out by students and teachers at school, often students have difficulty writing expository paragraphs. One of the difficulties of students is the difficulty in arranging logical and systematic ideas. through expositive paragraphs, students are expected to be able to write logical and systematic ideas. The type of research used is quantitative descriptive research. The subjects in this study were students of class X a of SMAN 7 Mataram amounting to 39 people. Data collection methods in this study are, the observation method, the task method, and the method of documentation point of data analysis techniques using the benchmark reference assessment formula (PAP). Based on the results of the study it can be concluded as follows the point of the ability to write expository paragraphs in class X students of SMAN 7 Mataram 2016/2017 school year: a) individual ability. 2 high 16 students by 41%, 33 students by 59%, 0 students by 0%, b) GPA 64 In the normal category, these results prove that the ability to write expository paragraphs to students is still classified in the normal category.
Detection of Salmonella typhi Using Multiplex and Monoplex PCR in Tifoid Fever Patients
Authors: Aliviameita Andika , Agustin Meryn Linanda , Puspita Anggie Wedha , Mushlih Miftahul , Puspitasari Puspitasari , Purwanti Yanik , Wisaksono Arief
Published: October 2019

Typhoid fever is a disease caused by Salmonella typhi infection. This disease is still a global problem. The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid detection method for Salmonella using molecular methods utilizing Inv A and Fim-C Genes. Two methods compared, which are Multiplex and monoplex PCR. The sample is in the form of the patient's blood, which is stored at 3 ml EDTA vacutainer tube consisting of 10 positive samples and five negative samples. The criteria for samples used previously have tested by widal/ immunoserology (titer more than 1/160). The results showed that multiplex PCR for detection of Salmonella using the Inv A gene and fim c gene not recommended because too many bands produced. The application of monoplex in the Inv A gene gives better results than the Fim C gene. In conclusion, the monoplex application on Inv A gene recommended than Fim C gene used to detect S. typhi in human blood samples.
Kelebekler Filminin “Travma” ve “Yas” Bağlamında İncelenmesi
Authors: BECERİKLİ Rifat , BOZ Mikail
Published: October 2019

Sinema filmleri anlatı yoluyla temelde filmdeki kişilerin/karakterlerin ruhsal durumlarını betimleme amacını gütmektedir. Böylece seyirci karakterlerin psikolojik durumları ile yakın temas etmekte, onların yaşam dünyasına katılmaktadır. Bu yönüyle filmler psikolojik olarak karakterlerin değişiminin net olarak analiz edilebileceği /incelenebileceği metinlerdir. Türk sineması travma ve yas çalışmaları kapsamında çok irdelenmemiştir. Belirli türde bir kayıp ve bu kayıp ile yüzleşme biçimi olarak travma ve yas kavramı hem modern toplumsal yaşamın deneyimlenmesi, hem de aile gibi daha özel alanlarda karakterlerin acı verici deneyimlerle nasıl başa çıktığını anlama imkanı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Tolga Karaçelik’in 2018 yapımı Kelebekler filmi travma ve yas kavramları temelinde betimsel niteliksel film analizi yöntemi ile açıklanacaktır. Yönetmen filmde travmanın karakterlerin hayatlarını kesintiye uğratması, yaşam alanlarını ve aile/sosyal ilişkilerini sınırlaması gibi birçok olumsuzluk betimlemektedir. Sonuç olarak filmde üç kardeş anne ve babalarının kaybıyla yüzleşme, bu yüzleşme üzerinden birbirleriyle daha yakın ve samimi ilişkiler kurma olanağına kavuşarak belirli bir iyileşme olasılığı yaratarak, yas tutarak ve geçmişlerindeki travmayı atlatarak yeni bir yaşama doğru adım atma şansı bulmuşlardır.
The Lobster Filmini Samuel Beckett’ın İki Metniyle Birlikte Okumak
Authors: OKUMUŞ Fatma
Published: October 2019

Makale, The Lobster filminin Samuel Beckett’in iki ayrı türdeki metniyle yakından ilişkisi bulunduğu savından yola çıkmıştır. Söz konusu metinlerinden ilki, Dante and the Lobster (Dante ve Istakoz) başlıklı yazılı metin; ikincisi, Film başlıklı görüntülü metindir. Çalışmada, yapısalcı yaklaşımlardan yola çıkarak sesli, müzikli, yazılı, görüntülü her türlü üretimin, “metin” üst başlığında değerlendirilmesi temel alınmıştır. Her üç metin, Batı düşüncesinin söz-yazı, akıl-doğa, eril-dişil gibi ikiliklerle değerlendirilebileciğini imleyen Jacques Derrida’nın yapıbozumcu yaklaşımıyla çözümlenmiştir. Makalenin amacı, metinlerden çıkarılan şaşmaz, değişmez, mutlak anlamları göstermek değil; metinlerin düşündürdükleriyle birbirleri arasında kurulan bağlantıları sergilemektir. Sonuçta her okumanın, anlam çıkarırken metnin hem kendi içindeki yapılarla hem de diğer metinlerle kurulan bağlamlarının sıkılığı ölçüsünde, değer kazanabileceği yargısına varılmıştır.
Bizim İçin Şampiyon Filminin Alımlama Analizi
Authors: ALICI Birgül
Published: October 2019

Ünlü jokey Halis Karataş’ın yaşam öyküsünü ele alan Bizim İçin Şampiyon filmine ilişkin bu çalışma, izleyicinin filmi nasıl okuduğuna yönelik bir alımlama analizidir. Çalışma kapsamında 9 kadın 9 erkek olmak üzere (20-50 yaş arası) toplam 18 izleyiciyle derinlemesine görüşme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada öncelikle izleyici odaklı kitle iletişim araştırmaları, sinema alımlama araştırmaları ve Türk Sineması’nda gerçek yaşam öyküsü ekseninde Bizim İçin Şampiyon filmine değinilmiştir. Ardından tarihsel materyalist ve etnografik yaklaşım temelinde yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler özellikle izleyicilerin yaş ve cinsiyet faktörleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda filmin geçtiği doksanlı yıllara tanık olan izleyici grubu ile doksanlı yıllarda doğanların alımlamalarında belirgin farklılıklar olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Döneme tanık olan izleyiciler genellikle filmdeki aşk ve başarı öyküsünü daha gerçekçi ve etkileyici bulurken, tanık olmayanlar kısmen gerçekçi ve etkileyici bulabilmiştir. Ayrıca kadın ve erkek izleyicilerin filmi anlamlandırma süreçlerinin de benzer olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kadın izleyiciler duygusal sahneleri daha kendine yakın gördüğünü ifade edip değerlendirmelerde bulunurken erkek izleyiciler ataerkil kodları içeren sahneleri daha etkileyici bulduklarını dile getirmişlerdir.
Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Aliyah dalam Perspektif Kurikulum 2013
Authors: Rohman Miftahur
Published: October 2019

Kurikulum merupakan blue print dan acuan dalam implementasi pembelajaran. Yang berlaku dalam sistem pendidikan di Indonesia saat ini adalah kurikulum 2013 yang merupakan penyempurnaan dari kurikulum sebelumnya. Kurikulum 2013 memiliki seperangkat komponen yang hendaknya diperhatikan dalam penerapannya. Di sisi lain, pembelajaran merupakan bentuk implementasi dari kurikulum tersebut. Oleh karenanya, pembelajaran, termasuk pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Madrasah Aliyah harus mengacu pada landasan yuridis yang berlaku serta memperhatikan komponen-komponen dalam kurikulum 2013 itu sendiri. Dalam hal ini komponen-komponen kurikulum tersebut di antaranya: tujuan pembelajaran, Materi dan sumber belajar, strategi dan metode pembelajaran, dan evaluasi sebagai instrumen penilaian. Komponen-komponen tersebut harus mengacu pada peraturan dan perundang-undangan yang berlaku dan menjadi pijakan implementasi pembelajaran bahasa Arab di madrasah aliyah.
Manajemen Pengorganisasian Program Kursus Markaz Bahasa Arab Darul Lughah Waddirasat Islamiyah
Authors: Umam Islahel , Hasin Moh. , Arifa Zakiyah
Published: October 2019

This research discusses about: 1) organizing management in Arabic center DLWI Pamekasan, 2) problems in organizing management at Arabic center institute DLWI Pamekasan. This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data are collected by interviews and documentation. Then the data were analyzed in three steps, 1) data reduction, 2) data presentation, 3) drawing conclusions / verification. The results of this research shows that the organizing management Arabic language center DLWI Pamekasan arrangged the division of duties and authority of members of the organization based on structure namely linear organization. Authority is not given to just anyone but through a strict qualification system.