bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting patterns of environmental fluctuation contribute to divergent life histories among amphibian populations
Authors: Cayuela Hugo , Arsovski Dragan , Thirion Jean‐Maric , Bonnaire Eric , Pichenot Julian , Boitaud Sylvain , Brison Anne‐Lise , Miaud Claude , Joly Pierre , Besnard Aurelien
Published: December 2015

Because it modulates the fitness returns of possible options of energy expenditure at each ontogenetic stage, environmental stochasticity is usually considered a selective force in driving or constraining possible life histories. Divergent regimes of environmental fluctuation experienced by populations are expected to generate differences in the resource allocation schedule between survival and reproductive effort and outputs. To our knowledge, no study has previously examined how different regimes of stochastic variation in environmental conditions could result in changes in both the temporal variation and mean of demographic parameters, which could then lead to intraspecific variation along the slow–fast continuum of life history tactics. To investigate these issues, we used capture–recapture data collected on five populations of a long‐lived amphibian (Bombina variegata) experiencing two distinct levels of stochastic environmental variation: (1) constant availability of breeding sites in space and time (predictable environment), and (2) variable spatio‐temporal availability of breeding sites (unpredictable environment). We found that female breeding propensity varied more from year to year in unpredictable than in predictable environments. Although females in unpredictable environments produced on average more viable offspring per year, offspring production was more variable between years. Survival at each ontogenetic stage was slightly lower and varied significantly more from year to year in unpredictable environments. Taken together, these results confirm that increased environmental stochasticity can modify the resource allocation schedule between survival and reproductive effort and outputs and may lead to intraspecific variation along the slow–fast continuum of life history tactics.
Winter habitat quality but not long‐distance dispersal influences apparent reproductive success in a migratory bird
Authors: Rushing Clark S. , Marra Peter P. , Dudash Michele R.
Published: December 2015

Long‐distance breeding and natal dispersal play central roles in many ecological and evolutionary processes, including gene flow, population dynamics, range expansion, and individual responses to fluctuating biotic and abiotic conditions. However, the relative contribution of long‐distance dispersal to these processes depends on the ability of dispersing individuals to successfully reproduce in their new environment. Unfortunately, due to the difficulties associated with tracking dispersal in the field, relatively little is known about its reproductive consequences. Furthermore, because reproductive success is influenced by a variety of processes, disentangling the influence of each of these processes is critical to understanding the direct consequences of dispersal. In this study, we used stable hydrogen and carbon isotopes to estimate long‐distance dispersal and winter territory quality in a migratory bird, the American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). We then applied Aster life‐history models to quantify the strength of influence of these factors on apparent reproductive success. We found no evidence that male or female reproductive success was lower for long‐distance dispersers relative to non‐dispersing individuals. In contrast, carry‐over effects from the winter season did influence male, but not female, reproductive success. Use of Aster models further revealed that for adult males, winter territory quality influenced the number of offspring produced whereas for yearling males, high‐quality winter territories were associated with higher mating and nesting success. These results suggest that although long‐distance natal and breeding dispersal carry no immediate reproductive cost for American Redstarts, reproductive success in this species may ultimately be limited by the quality of winter habitat.
design como processo e a questão da autoria
Authors: Almeida Leonardo Pinto de , Matteoni Romulo Miyazawa
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar o trabalho do design e sua relação com a autoria. Discutimos o lugar desempenhado pela figura autoral no design à luz de uma reflexão sobre a dimensão projetual do trabalho do designer. Levamos em conta, assim, os produtos desta forma laboral como eventos isolados em ciclo espiralizado de desenvolvimento constante.
Meios digitais participativos e economia criativa: uma exploração das plataformas brasileiras de crowdfunding
Authors: Steffen César
Published: December 2015

Com a Internet surge o crowdfunding, sistema de financiamento coletivo que permite que pessoas de toda a rede efetuem contribuições para viabilizar um projeto. O Brasil já conta com mais de 59 plataformas com variados objetivos e formas de atuação. Neste artigo serão analisados o crowdfunding e as plataformas brasileiras, seus formatos e regras, de forma a observar suas características e especificidades. Duas plataformas com maior quantidade de projetos foram selecionadas para um aprofundamento da descrição e análise.
A totalidade cósmica em Maffesoli Affaire Tremblay e franco-maçonaria
Authors: Barros Eduardo Portanova
Published: December 2015

Resenha da obra 'Le trésor caché: lettre ouverte aux francs-maçons et à quelques autres', de Michel Maffesoli.
Enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron
Authors: Wang Ya'e , Li Jie , Zhai Siyuan , Wei Zhiyong , Feng Juanjuan
Published: December 2015

The collaborative and mutually reinforcing phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater in a sponge iron and microorganisms system was studied through a laboratory and a pilot scale experiment. The results showed that the total phosphorus concentration of the effluent of less than 0.5 mg/L could be achieved. The results also support that the biochemical reaction accelerated the iron electrochemical corrosion. As a driving force, iron bacteria strengthened the chemical oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). The chemical precipitation of Fe(III) is the main form of phosphorus removal. In addition, there exists adsorption phosphorus removal by phosphate-accumulating organisms. The mechanism of the enhanced phosphorus removal by microbial-collaborating sponge iron was thus proposed.
Extremely fast increase in the organic loading rate during the co-digestion of rapeseed oil and sewage sludge in a CSTR – characterization of granules formed due to CaO addition to maintain process stability
Authors: Kasina M. , Kleyböcker A. , Michalik M. , Würdemann H.
Published: December 2015

In a co-digestion system running with rapeseed oil and sewage sludge, an extremely fast increase in the organic loading rate was studied to develop a procedure to allow for flexible and demand-driven energy production. The over-acidification of the digestate was successfully prevented by calcium oxide dosage, which resulted in granule formation. Mineralogical analyses revealed that the granules were composed of insoluble salts of long chain fatty acids and calcium and had a porous structure. Long chain fatty acids and calcium formed the outer cover of granules and offered interfaces on the inside thereby enhancing the growth of biofilms. With granule size and age, the pore size increased and indicated degradation of granular interfaces. A stable biogas production up to the organic loading rate of 10.4 kg volatile solids m−3 d−1 was achieved although the hydrogen concentration was not favorable for propionic acid degradation. However, at higher organic loading rates, unbalanced granule formation and degradation were observed. Obviously, the adaption time for biofilm growth was too short to maintain the balance, thereby resulting in a low methane yield.
Application of forward osmosis (FO) under ultrasonication on sludge thickening of waste activated sludge
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen Cong , Nguyen Hau Thi , Chen Shiao-Shing , Nguyen Nhat Thien , Li Chi-Wang
Published: December 2015

Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging process for dewatering solid–liquid stream which has the potential to be innovative and sustainable. However, the applications have still been hindered by low water flux and membrane fouling when activated sludge is used as the feed solution due to bound water from microbial cells. Hence, a novel strategy was designed to increase sludge thickening and reduce membrane fouling in the FO process under ultrasonic condition. The results from the ultrasound/FO hybrid system showed that the sludge concentration reached up to 20,400 and 28,400 mg/L from initial sludge concentrations of 3000 and 8000 mg/L with frequency of 40 kHz after 22 hours, while the system without ultrasound had to spend 26 hours to achieve the same sludge concentration. This identifies that the presence of ultrasound strongly affected sludge structure as well as sludge thickening of the FO process. Furthermore, the ultrasound/FO hybrid system could achieve NH4+-N removal efficiency of 96%, PO43−-P of 98% and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of 99%. The overall performance demonstrates that the proposed ultrasound/FO system using seawater as a draw solution is promising for sludge thickening application.
Scavenging of PM2.5 by precipitation and the effects of precipitation pattern changes on health risks related to PM2.5 in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Ikeuchi Hiroaki , Murakami Michio , Watanabe Satoshi
Published: December 2015

Fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; PM2.5) poses risks to human health. While precipitation is the main process for decreasing ambient pollutant concentrations, scavenging of PM2.5 by precipitation remains to be investigated. Here we formulated the processes of PM2.5 scavenging by precipitation from observed PM2.5 concentrations ([PM2.5]) and precipitation intensities. Then we analyzed how changes in precipitation patterns would affect health risks related to PM2.5 on the basis of a Monte Carlo simulation. Tokyo, the capital of Japan, was selected as the target for this study because of its social significance. We found that [PM2.5] decreased significantly through scavenging of PM2.5 from the atmosphere by precipitation. In contrast, we found no significant correlation between reduction of [PM2.5] and precipitation intensity. Our model for estimating the reduction of PM2.5 and the Monte Carlo simulation showed good agreement with observations. Among various changes in potential precipitation patterns, changes in the arithmetic mean of the number of events and/or in precipitation duration were more influential on reduction of [PM2.5] than changes in their standard deviations. Health risks due to PM2.5 will increase with decreases in precipitation duration and occurrence.
Biodegradation of artificial monolayers applied to water storages to reduce evaporative loss
Authors: Pittaway P. , Herzig M. , Stuckey N. , Larsen K.
Published: December 2015

Repeat applications of an artificial monolayer to the interfacial boundary layer of large agricultural water storages during periods of high evaporative demand remains the most commercially feasible water conservation strategy. However, the interfacial boundary layer (or microlayer) is ecologically distinct from subsurface water, and repeat monolayer applications may adversely affect microlayer processes. In this study, the natural cleansing mechanisms operating within the microlayer were investigated to compare the biodegradability of two fatty alcohol (C16OH and C18OH) and one glycol ether (C18E1) monolayer compound. The C16OH and C18OH compounds were more susceptible to microbial degradation, but the C18E1 compound was most susceptible to indirect photodegradation. On clean water the surface pressure and evaporation reduction achieved with a compressed C18E1 monolayer was superior to the C18OH monolayer, but on brown water the surface pressure dropped rapidly. These results suggest artificial monolayers are readily degraded by the synergy between photo and microbial degradation. The residence time of C18OH and C18E1 monolayers on clear water is sufficient for cost-effective water conservation. However, the susceptibility of C18E1 to photodegradation indicates the application of this monolayer to brown water may not be cost-effective.
Remediation of phenanthrene contaminated soils by nonionic–anionic surfactant washing coupled with activated carbon adsorption
Authors: Liu Jianfei , Chen Weihong
Published: December 2015

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of nonionic–anionic mixed surfactants and their recovery through activated carbon. The solubilization capabilities of mixed surfactants toward phenanthrene (PHE) were reduced by addition of anionic surfactant to the mixed systems. Results showed that sorption of Triton X-100 (TX100) onto soil decreased with increasing mass fraction of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the mixed surfactant solutions. Soil contaminated with PHE at 200 mg/kg was washed with different surfactant concentrations at various mass ratios of nonionic–anionic mixed surfactant. Experiments with low-concentrations of mixed surfactants revealed that removal efficiencies for PHE-contaminated soil close to the individual higher nonionic surfactant concentration can be achieved. Overall performance considering both soil washing and surfactant recovery steps is apposite when an TX100:SDS mass ratio of 8:2 at 3 g/L is used.
Study of the kinetics and the adsorption isotherm of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution using green algae (Ulva lactuca) biomass
Authors: Asnaoui H. , Laaziri A. , Khalis M.
Published: December 2015

Batch experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of hazardous cadmium onto low-cost algae biomass in aqueous solution with respect to concentration of adsorbate, adsorbent dosage, contact time, solution pH and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were determined. The activation energy of adsorption was also evaluated for the adsorption of cadmium onto Ulva lactuca biomass. Experimental data were tested in terms of biosorption kinetics using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results showed that the biosorption processes of Cd(II) followed well pseudo-second-order kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the metal ions by Ulva lactuca biomass. Langmuir model fitted the equilibrium data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The biosorption capacity of Ulva lactuca biomass for cadmium was found to be 3.02 mg/g at pH 5.60 min equilibrium time and 20 °C. The mean free energy which was calculated was 6.24 kJ/mol for Cd(II) biosorption, which shows that the adsorption is physical. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) showed that the biosorption of Cd(II) onto Ulva lactuca biomass was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic under examined conditions. The results indicate that algae Ulva lactuca could be employed as a low-cost material for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution.
EPS production and bioremoval of heavy metals by mixed and pure bacterial cultures isolated from Ankara Stream
Authors: Kiliç Nur Koçberber , Kürkçü Güliz , Kumruoğlu Durna , Dönmez Gönül
Published: December 2015

This study is focused on isolation of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) resistant bacteria to assess their exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and related bioremoval capacities. Mixed cultures had higher heavy metal removal capacity in media with molasses (MAS) than the control cultures lacking this carbon (AS) containing 50 mg/l of heavy metal. The yields were 32%, 75.7%, and 51.1% in MAS, while the corresponding values were 29%, 55.1%, and 34.5% in AS, respectively. Purification of the strains 1, 5 and 6 present in the mixed cultures decreased the bioremoval capacities of the mixed culture samples, although these strains produced higher EPS amounts in MAS agar. Strain 5 had the highest Cu(II) (69.1%) and Cr(VI) (43.1%) removal rates at 25 mg/l initial concentration of each pollutant with EPS amounts of 0.74 g/l and 1.05 g/l, respectively. This strain was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The presented data show that especially mixed and also pure cultures of bacterial strains isolated from Ankara Stream could be assessed as potential bioremoval agents in the treatment of Cu(II) or Cr(VI) containing wastewaters.
Role of ferric and ferrous ions in the enhancement of the heterogeneous solar photocatalytic degradation of combined mixture of chlorophenols
Authors: Abeish Abdulbasit M. , Ang H. Ming , Znad Hussein
Published: December 2015

The solar photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was investigated individually and combined in the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The results revealed that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions enhanced the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Fe3+ ions rapidly converted to Fe2+ ions as soon as the irradiation started. The intermediates formed during the degradation of 4-CP/2,4-DCP were also monitored and identified. Three main intermediates were observed, hydroquinone, phenol, and 4-chlorocatechol with traces of benzoquinone. The results support a new trend of research by utilising other cheap iron ion sources in the photocatalytic degradation.
Investigation into cyclic utilization of carbon source in an advanced sludge reduction, inorganic solids separation, phosphorus recovery, and enhanced nutrient removal (SIPER) wastewater treatment process
Authors: Yan Peng , Ji Fang-Ying , Wang Jing , Chen You-Peng , Shen Yu , Fang Fang , Guo Jin-Song
Published: December 2015

An advanced wastewater treatment process (SIPER) was developed to simultaneously reduce sludge production, prevent the accumulation of inorganic solids, recover phosphorus, and enhance nutrient removal. The ability to recover organic substance from excess sludge to enhance nutrient removal (especially nitrogen) and its performance as a C-source were evaluated in this study. The chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) and volatile fatty acids/total phosphorus (VFA/TP) ratios for the supernatant of the alkaline-treated sludge were 3.1 times and 2.7 times those of the influent, respectively. The biodegradability of the supernatant was much better than that of the influent. The system COD was increased by 91 mg/L, and nitrogen removal was improved by 19.6% (the removal rate for TN reached 80.4%) after the return of the alkaline-treated sludge as an internal C-source. The C-source recovered from the excess sludge was successfully used to enhance nitrogen removal. The internal C-source contributed 24.1% of the total C-source, and the cyclic utilization of the system C-source was achieved by recirculation of alkaline-treated sludge in the sludge reduction, inorganic solids separation, phosphorus recovery (SIPER) process.
Characterization and tribocorrosion behavior of sputtered NiTi coatings
Authors: Jin XiaoMin , Gao Lizhen , Wang Hefeng , Liu Erqiang
Published: December 2015

In this study, NiTi coatings were deposited onto AISI 316L stainless steel substrates by closed field unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The microstructure and properties of the coatings were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and nano-indentation. The tribocorrosion resistance and corrosion behavior of the stainless steel substrates and NiTi coatings were investigated in Hanks' solution. The experimental results indicated the NiTi coatings show higher corrosion polarization resistance and a more stable corrosion potential in the Hanks' solution than the uncoated stainless steel substrate. The NiTi coatings also exhibited excellent wear resistance and chemical stability in sliding tests with an Si3N4 ball in the Hanks' solution. The tested samples showed different wear mechanisms in the sliding tests. Compared to the SS substrates, the NiTi coatings were more compatible with the Si3N4 ball.
Microstructural development and crystallographic properties of decomposing Fe–N–C compound layers
Authors: Göhring Holger , Kante Stefan , Leineweber Andreas , Mittemeijer Eric Jan
Published: December 2015

The microstructural development of Fe–N–C compound layers resulting from nitrocarburising and heat treatments applied to Fe–N and Fe–C alloys was investigated. Slow cooling or secondary annealing, instead of quenching, after the end of the nitrocarburising treatment causes decomposition of γ-Fe[N,C] and ∊-Fe3(N,C)1+x in the compound layer. The resulting decomposition microstructures were analysed by, in particular, light microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, and X-ray diffraction and electron probe micro-analysis, revealing their constitution and crystallographic properties. The results are discussed in comparison to data obtained from undecomposed, i. e. quenched, specimens and to data reported in the literature.
American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline
Authors: Runowicz Carolyn D. , Leach Corinne R. , Henry N. Lynn , Henry Karen S. , Mackey Heather T. , Cowens‐Alvarado Rebecca L. , Cannady Rachel S. , Pratt‐Chapman Mandi L. , Edge Stephen B. , Jacobs Linda A. , Hurria Arti , Marks Lawrence B. , LaMonte Samuel J. , Warner Ellen , Lyman Gary H. , Ganz Patricia A.
Published: December 2015

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

The purpose of the American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline is to provide recommendations to assist primary care and other clinicians in the care of female adult survivors of breast cancer. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed through April 2015. A multidisciplinary expert workgroup with expertise in primary care, gynecology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, and nursing was formed and tasked with drafting the Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline. A total of 1073 articles met inclusion criteria; and, after full text review, 237 were included as the evidence base. Patients should undergo regular surveillance for breast cancer recurrence, including evaluation with a cancer‐related history and physical examination, and should be screened for new primary breast cancer. Data do not support performing routine laboratory tests or imaging tests in asymptomatic patients to evaluate for breast cancer recurrence. Primary care clinicians should counsel patients about the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, monitor for post‐treatment symptoms that can adversely affect quality of life, and monitor for adherence to endocrine therapy. Recommendations provided in this guideline are based on current evidence in the literature and expert consensus opinion. Most of the evidence is not sufficient to warrant a strong evidence‐based recommendation. Recommendations on surveillance for breast cancer recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, assessment and management of physical and psychosocial long‐term and late effects of breast cancer and its treatment, health promotion, and care coordination/practice implications are made. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;43–73. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
L'Étrange dans The Unicorn d'Iris Murdoch
Authors: Charpentier Colette
Published: December 2015

«Mode» sera pris ici dans le sens de «manifestation de» et «expression de cette manifestation». The Unicom a souvent été étiqueté roman gothique, parfois un peu rapidement et sans réelle justification. Que le roman relève du mode de l'étrange est indéniable : étrange le pays solitaire et primitif où se trouve l'étrange château qui abrite Hannah Crean-Smith, prisonnière depuis sept ans sur son territoire et en elle-même. Hannah et ses étranges geôliers se contemplent et vivent du regard. Le visiteur — et le lecteur — est déconcerté, puis paralysé par l'étrangeté de l'expérience que représente l'entrée dans le Château de la Nuit. La métonymie et la métaphore surtout dominent le roman. L'auteur modalise ici l'étrange par l'utilisation de la figure ambiguë de la licorne ; on songe à Le Fanu et à Beckett. L'étrangeté confère au roman sa dimension fantastique, expression de la souffrance d'Iris Murdoch, liée aux tensions anglo-irlandaises.
De Valera and Contemporary Ireland
Authors: Fitzgerald Garret
Published: December 2015

En tant que leader du Fine Gael et Premier Ministre d'un gouvernement de coalition anti-Fianna Fail, le Dr Garret Fitzgerald ne prétend pas écrire sur de Valera en historien détaché. Néanmoins, il s'efforce d'être aussi objectif que possible dans l'exposé des cinq principaux défis que l'homme d'Etat irlandais fut contraint de relever : la légitimité du nouvel État et le concensus du peuple irlandais ; le droit de rester neutre et l'exercice de ce droit pendant la seconde guerre mondiale ; la question nord-irlandaise ; la définition de l'identité du nouvel État irlandais en tant qu'Etat pluraliste ou État mono-culturel ; les réponses apportées aux questions économiques et sociales. Au crédit, de Valera a affermi la souveraineté et la légitimité de l'État en même temps qu'il rehaussait le prestige de son pays dans le monde. Au débit, il échoua dans sa tentative d'aboutir à la réunification politique de l'Irlande. Dans la sphère économique, il rechercha l'auto -suffisance par l'industrialisation et obtint l'industrialisation par la réduction de l'auto-suffisance. Dans le domaine social, il fut un conservateur-né : son rêve d'un «peuple vivant heureux dans un confort frugal» n'est plus en rapport avec l'Irlande contemporaine. Il fut un grand homme d'État, de la stature d'O'Connell et Parnell, montrant les mêmes qualités et insuffisances que ses illustres prédécesseurs.
Collins and de Valera : Friends or Foes ?
Authors: Lynch Jack
Published: December 2015

Although a life-long admirer of Eamon de Valera, Jack Lynch who succeeded Sean Lemass as leader of the Fianna Fail Party and Taoiseach (1966-1973 ; 1977-79), recognises that to a large extent de Valera and Collins shared the same views, philosophies and ideals. He deplores that the Collins/De Valera Pact was not given the chance it deserved, and questions Collins's attitude to the Treaty if he had known that sixty years later, such little progress would have been made in bringing the two parts of Ireland together. In a remarkable effort to rise above past bitterness the author claims that the only durable solution of Ireland's problems, be it the Ulster crisis or the current recession, will be based on the coming together of the people of the island in peace and reconciliation and the co-operation of all in the national interest.
Patrick H. Pearse, conteur
Authors: Kelly Francis
Published: December 2015

Though well-known for his role in the Uprising of 1916, Patrick H. Pearse was much more than a revolutionary. His vision of a new Gaelic Ireland inspired him to write and spread his message through his editorials in An Claidheamh Solais, through his poems, political writings and even his short-stories. In this article we see his life and work briefly sketched out. But through the gentleness and idealism of the main characters depicted in the short story Iosagân (Emmanuel) we glimpse the very soul of the artist Patrick H. Pearse. His message is full of hope. Pearse chose to write his short-stories in Irish. However, in order to give the French reader the opportunity to discover Pearse's world without having to go through the medium of English, Iosagân has been translated directly from the original Irish version.
The «Dominant» of Memory in Austin Clarke's The Vengeance of Fionn (1917)
Authors: Redshaw Thomas Dillon
Published: December 2015

When Austin Clarke (1896-1974) revised The Vengeance of Fionn (1917, 1936) for his Collected Poems (1974), he restored the original text in order to recapture his first comprehension of the Toraigheacht Diarmada agus Ghrainne according to which he inverted the Fenian narrative ; focused on Grainne's inward «rememorising» ; and discovered, according to the dynamic of the aisling, both a national allegory and a private one — the latter transforming Grainne into Mnemosyne, Clarke's perennial muse. At the start of his writing, just after the Easter Rising as his memoirs attest, Clarke thus found the «dominant» — the subjective force of memory in human experience — that informs the best of his writing from Later Poems (1961) and Mnemosyne Lay in Dust (1966) through even Tiresias (1971).
«A Little Bit of Ivory, Two Inches Wide» : The Small World of Jennifer Johnston's Fiction
Authors: Imhof Rüdiger
Published: December 2015

Jennifer Johnston's novels have variously been analysed in terms of the Kiinstlerroman genre. But, as the present study seeks to show, there are a number of reasons why such an analysis should be viewed with considerable reservations. Further, critics have so far been at pains to establish Mrs Johnston as among the most consummate of fiction writers, an appraisal that is difficult to accept if one takes into account the glaring deficiencies in her œuvre : too many of her novels rely on the same compositional pattern and concentrate on the theme of initiation ; moreover, they betray shortcomings in narrative technique as well as an unsure hand at metonymy ; and they show a propensity in Johnston for simply overdoing the coincidences in her plots and burdening her narrative accounts with intolerably melodramatic elements.
The Unbearable Present : Northern Ireland in Four Contemporary Novels
Authors: Scanlan Margaret
Published: December 2015

Les problèmes que posent les événements actuels au roman sont signalés par Lion Feuchtwanger, qui dit que le présent — «brutal actuality» — résiste à nos efforts pour distinguer ses contours ou en définir une perspective. Cette résistance n'en est que plus grande quand — comme c'est le cas pour l'Irlande du Nord — les changements ont été radicaux et que la brutalité du présent n'est pas seulement métaphorique. Le roman anglais ne tient aucun compte de la nouvelle forme des «Troubles» tandis que les romans irlandais dont les «Troubles» forment la matière n'illustrent que trop bien la force de la remarque de Feuchtwanger. Silver's City de Maurice Leitch a bien des avantages du roman urbain prolétaire, comme par exemple des descriptions très précises, mais il ne pose pas de questions plus larges sur les motivations de son héros ou sur le contexte politique et social dans lequel les membres de la guérilla protestante agissent. Proxopera de Benedict Kiely se situe dans un contexte plus large mais n'aborde pas les dures réalités de tous les jours comme la discrimination dont sont victimes les ouvriers catholiques, pour mettre en valeur la sombre vision du besoin humain de violence et la description d'une Irlande empêtrée dans les mythes tragiques de sa propre histoire. Cal, de Bernard MacLaverty, offre un contexte social plus large encore et analyse le rôle joué par le chômage dans le terrorisme. Néanmoins comme Kiely et Leitch, MacLaverty constate la destruction de la vie privée par la vie publique, suggérant que le présent est insupportable et que le roman réaliste ne peut pas imaginer de solutions. The Big Chapel, de Thomas Kilroy, situé en Irlande du Sud pendant les années 1870, fait d'un conflit, né d'une querelle à propos d'un problème d'éducation locale dans une petite ville, le verre grossissant à travers lequel on regarde les «Troubles» d'aujourd'hui. Son roman thématise les difficultés de toute connaissance de l'histoire et suggère que ses conséquences terribles ne sont pas fixées dans l'ordre des choses.
O'Casey et De Volera
Authors: Dumay Émile-Jean
Published: December 2015

O' Casey et De Valera étaient contemporains. Ce dernier, qu'O'Casey n'a pas connu personnellement, figure malgré tout à diverses reprises dans la Correspondance et dans les Autobiographies. Il n'est pourtant mentionné qu'une seule fois dans l'œuvre dramatique. O'Casey, dans ses lettres, trace le portrait de l'homme et du politicien avec ironie mais grande retenue : De Valera jouit, semble-t-il, à ses yeux d'une immunité fondée sur le respect. Identique est l'attitude dans les Autobiographies, mais plus intéressante sur le plan de l'écriture, car De Valera y devient à certains moments un «personnage» dans une perspective "prédramatique". Pourtant De Valera n'a pas accès au statut de de théâtre dans les pièces d'O'Casey, même indirectement, car il est ressenti comme trop éteint et trop éloigné du quotidien pour se voir offrir un plein rôle à jouer dans la satire populaire anti-héroïque du dramaturge.
Joseph Kessel, témoin de l'insurrection irlandaise
Authors: Courrière Yves
Published: December 2015

Joseph Kessel was only twenty two when he was sent to Ireland to cover the Tan war for the daily Parisian newspaper La Liberté. In this article, based on Kessel's writings and personal recollections, Yves Courrière recalls the epic adventures of the young journalist in the midst of London and in war-torn Dublin, his strong feelings about the hunger strike of Terence Mac Swiney, the friendship which rapidly grew between him and Desmond Fitzgerald, the brilliantly orchestrated unmasking of a Castle double agent, the sinister reprisals against the little village of Balbriggan and many other episodes of the period. Yves Courrière rightly stresses the importance of this first reportage in the career of Joseph Kessel : it made him a member of the exclusive club of Great Reporters, it gave him the subject of his beautiful short story «Mary de Cork», and it firmly and forever placed him on the side of the oppressed against the oppressors.
A Note on Trollope's «Landleaguers»
Authors: Hynes John
Published: December 2015

Dans son dernier roman The Landleaguers Anthony Trollope est retourné en Irlande pour commenter «the present lamentable state of that country» (la situation déplorable de ce pays) déchiré par les affres d'une guerre agraire. Le roman analyse les conséquences sociales et politiques de l'agitation de la Land League et tente d'illustrer l'impact du mouvement de l'histoire sur les vies privées. Quoique gâté par l'excès de théorisation politique dans le roman, The Landleaguers représente une nouvelle voie pour Trollope en donnant à un enfant, Florian Jones, un rôle central. L'auteur déploie tous ses talents dans la caractérisation, le dialogue et le développement de l'intrigue et par l'usage du méliorisme il ajoute une note d'espoir pour l'avenir.
Schopenhauer and Beckett's «Proust»
Authors: Jones K.
Published: December 2015

L'essai critique de Beckett, Proust, porte la marque d'une forte influence subie au contact des idées philosophiques de Schopenhauer. L'article étudie cette présence sous trois rubriques : 1) le pessimisme ; 2) l'art et l'expérience esthétique ; 3) l'ascétisme. L'article formule en conclusion une critique de la manière dont Beckett aborde le domaine esthétique, qu'il conçoit uniquement en termes d'une expérience de consolation momentanée. Le rôle de l'art ne se borne pas à la création d'instants de «béatitude» ; il consiste également à présenter une analyse critique de la réalité sociale. Il évoque non seulement des sentiments de transcendance, mais aussi d'indignation devant l'injustice, la haine de l'oppression, le désir de modifier un ordre social figé.
À Propos des mariages mixtes en Irlande
Authors: Laulo-Smith Marie-Alice
Published: December 2015

Malgré les modifications apportées depuis 1966 aux règles de l'Église catholique concernant la célébration des mariages mixtes et les efforts de coopération plus ou moins étroite entre prêtres et pasteurs pour atténuer les difficultés rencontrées par les couples, le problème majeur : la promesse prénuptiale concernant le baptême et l'éducation des enfants dans la religion catholique, demeure. Que ce soit en République d'Irlande ou en Irlande du Nord, les questions telles que le baptême des enfants et leur éducation religieuse sont abordées de façons différentes par les couples qui ne sont pas à l'abri de pressions diverses. Se présentant d'abord comme une question religieuse, les mariages mixtes en Irlande dépassent ces considérations dès que l'on tient compte de l'environnement dans lequel vivent les gens.
«Patrick Boyle's "Like Any Other Man " : A Critical Evaluation»
Authors: Hynes John
Published: December 2015

Fondée sur le mythe biblique de Samson et Dalila, Like any other Man, le seul roman de Patrick Boyle, est l'une des oeuvres les plus puissantes de la fiction irlandaise moderne. Une caracterisation forte, une technique narrative qui, quoiqu'en apparence omnisciente, parvient à créer une intimité autobiographique grâce à l'alternance des perspectives à la manière de milton. Le dialogue vigoureux et le ton héroï-comique dramatisent d'une façon poignante l'impact de l'environnement sur une sensibilité imaginative. Toutes ces choses l'emportent sur les points faibles d'une intrigue mal ficelé et sur les moments de sublime affecté. Le roman démontre les difficultés transitionnelles rencontrées par l'auteur des nouvelles qui s'essaie au genre plus long du roman.
L'Emploi des femmes à Derry
Authors: Gaudin Elisabeth
Published: December 2015

L'image traditionnelle de Derry est celle d'une ville où les femmes tandis que les hommes chôment. Pourtant le déclin de l'industrie de la chemise, qui fut l'activité centrale de la ville pendant de longues années, a profondément modifié la structure de l'emploi. Aujourd'hui les femmes trouvent difficilement du travail, sont sous-payées, travaillent souvent à mi-temps ou au noir. Dans cette région défavorisée, les tentatives actuelles de création d'emplois concernent principalement la main-d'oeuvre masculine.
Desmond Egan : Universal Midlander
Authors: Martin Augustine
Published: December 2015

Egan's range — both in subject-matter and emotionally — is wide and he has developed a technique which perfectly complements it. He has refined that poetic fluidity of expression and that breadth of reference over a career which began with the publication in 1972 of Midland and which has continued through seven subsequent books of poetry to date. Egan's earlier poetry exhibits a strong sense of place, a feeling for the landscape of the Irish midlands where he grew-up. His lyricism gradually acquired a cutting, contemporary edge and his poetry became more directly engagé after Siege ! was published in 1976. Egan is very much a modernist in the Pound/William Carlos Williams tradition - though the example of modern American (and indeed European) writing is one which he has assimilated and integrated well into his own unique voice. His readiness to experiment with new forms, to invent new techniques, may partly derive from his interest in modern painting and music ; it certainly gives him a special place among Irish poets.
Some Spiritual Empire ! : The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act of 1936 and the Irish Diaspora
Authors: Gallagher Edward J.
Published: December 2015

L'auteur de cette étude examine, article après article, la Loi sur la Nationalité et la Citoyenneté Irlandaises de 1956 qui reconnaît la nationalité irlandaise aux enfants et petits-enfants de toute personne née en Irlande. Il dégage les raisons pour lesquelles trois générations sont prises en compte par le législateur. Enfin, il comptabilise les demandes effectuées par application de la Loi pour les années échues aux mois de mai 1985 et mai 1986. Sa conclusion est très mesurée : à l'heure qu'il est, et malgré une vive campagne de presse Outre-Atlantique, le prétendu « empire spirituel irlandais » ne compte guère plus de 18 000 âmes.
"Le Vol des Oies Sauvages" ou l'immigration en France des Irlandais Jacobites
Authors: Clarke de Dromantin Patrick
Published: December 2015

The settlement of the Wild Geese in France has never received the attention it deserved. In the eyes of the modern historians, they may have suffered from the fact that they were a social elite which benefited from a reflex of aristocratic solidarity in their country of adoption. However, their achievements, in time of peace and in time of war, were quite remarkable as this paper clearly illustrates.
Ireland's European Policies : The Single European Act and Beyond
Authors: Keatinge Patrick
Published: December 2015

Les dispositions de l'Acte Unique Européen intéressant la politique étrangère firent l'objet d'un arrêt inattendu de la Cour Suprême d'Irlande. Le référendum de mai 1987 qui en devait résulter marque le début d'un renouveau d'intérêt pour l'appartenance de l'Irlande au Marché Commun. Le nouveau gouvernement Fianna Fail de Charles Haughey se rallia avec enthousiasme à la cause du marché unique, lui donnant une place prépondérante dans sa stratégie économique globale. Toutefois, des difficultés spécifiques devaient clairement apparaître à la mi-1989. Le dilemme politique de la compatiblité entre la neutralité irlandaise et une Union Européenne en pleine évolution fut minimisé par le gouvernement, non sans faire naître une certaine inquiétude dans l'opposition, notamment dans le contexte d'une éventuelle Europe « à deux vitesses ». Les attitudes irlandaises vis-à-vis de l'Union Européenne restent circonspectes, la coïncidence d'élections générales et de l'élection européenne en 1989 permettant aux partis d'éluder la question. Néanmoins un consensus pro-communautaire prévaut à la veille de la quatrième Présidence irlandaise du Conseil des Ministres de la CEE.
Les visages de la cité idéale comme pôle de la liberté dans le théâtre d'O'Casey
Authors: Dumay Émile-Jean
Published: December 2015

Les architectes novateurs contemporains de la Révolution française (Ledoux, Boullée) proposent des cités idéales. De même chez O'Casey nous avons les profils d'une cité idéale (socialiste ?) au théâtre. Le point de rencontre étant fréquemment l'existence d'architectures éphémères liées à la Fête. Chez O'Casey, la Cité est visible, ou suggérée (Dublin en mutation historique dans The Star Turns Red, Dublin surtout transfigurée - sur le modèle précis de la nouvelle Jérusalem de l'Apocalypse, - dans Red Roses for Me, etc.). Cette Cité idéale, nouvelle Jérusalem "Rouge", pose le problème du dedans et du dehors : elle est présente et en même temps lointaine - lieu de l'alchimie et des contradictions de l'Histoire. Lieu ambigu.
Meeting the British, de Paul Muldoon : brèves rencontres, libres parcours
Authors: Gauthier Dominique
Published: December 2015

Avec Meeting the British, son sixième recueil de poèmes, Paul Muldoon fournit un nouvel exemple de sa virtuosité. L'alternance entre décors irlandais et américains est sa manière de donner à son invention, joueuse ou bizarre, l'occasion de se déployer, et d'exprimer sa nostalgie par le biais de références très diverses, des plus prosaïques et familières aux plus sophistiquées. S'il peut apparaître fantasque à première vue, son parcours ponctué de brèves rencontres n'en est pas moins chargé de sens. La liberté d'invention de Muldoon est sa façon de répondre aux contraintes auxquelles il est soumis, en tant qu'Irlandais et que poète.
Samuel Beckett : the Poetics of Perversion
Authors: Terry Philip
Published: December 2015

II y a des raisons de considérer Beckett ni comme un pessimiste ni comme un écrivain stoïque et apolitique mais comme quelqu'un qui cherche activement à changer notre façon de vivre et notre vision du monde. En bref, ne serait-ce qu'indirectement, Beckett est un écrivain politique. Plus précisément, il cherche à attaquer et à démanteler ce qu'il considère comme les réseaux fondamentalement pernicieux du discours chrétien et néo-chrétien qui continuent de coloniser notre système de pensée alors même que nous vivons dans une époque à prédominance laïque. Pour ces raisons, on peut décrire son oeuvre comme une "poétique de la perversion" où "perversion" s'oppose précisément à "conversion".
Irlande du Nord : terrorisme, droit et liberté
Authors: Escarbelt Bernard
Published: December 2015

La violence et le terrorisme - nationalistes/catholiques et unionistes/protestants - persistent en Irlande du Nord malgré des mesures de lutte très strictes. Une des raisons de cette persistance est qu'ils ont très probablement une source dans la loi naturelle et le droit naturel, bien qu'en ceci les deux camps s'appuient sur des éléments divergents. Le présent article est parti de la coïncidence, en 1987, d'une vague de publications célébrant le cinquantième anniversaire de la Constitution de 1937 de la République d'Irlande d'une part et de l'attentat d'Enniskillen d'autre part pour essayer de ré-examiner cette question.
« There's No Such Thing As the West Anymore» : Tom Murphy and the Lost Ideal of the Land of the Free
Authors: Richards Shaun
Published: December 2015

Both the United States of America and the Irish Republic were founded on a belief that they could restore an Edenic wholeness to their people, a rejection of, in the words of J.M. Synge, «the ruthlessness of " progress " ». As the literary critic, Leo Marx has argued, however, the typical work of Modern American Literature is a « failed pastoral » : a recognition of the loss of the ideal in the face of « the facts of history». The essay compares selected works of American Literature with the plays of the contemporary Irish playwright, Tom Murphy and, in a reading informed by Walter Benjamin, argues that while Murphy recognizes the « facts of history » his work is even more concerned with the dramatization of « images of redemption».
Fenianism and France in March 1867 : Some Comments on the Irish Insurrection
Authors: Ô Luanaigh Donall
Published: December 2015

Based principally on the contemporary dispatches of the Consuls of France in the United Kingdom, this paper gives their reaction to the Fenian insurrection of Spring 1867. Among the topics treated are the Fenian movement and the Catholic Church, the rebellion and the landlords, differences in attitude between North and South, Irish immigrants in Britain.
De Gaulle et l'Irlande : un retour aux sources
Authors: Joannon Pierre
Published: December 2015

Le Général de Gaulle séjourna en République d'Irlande du 10 mai au 19 juin 1969, voulant ne pas influer sur la campagne présidentielle et rester à l'écart du Mont Valérien. Cet article ne cherche pas à résumer ou reprendre les informations et réflexions concernant ce séjour qu'on peut lire dans des ouvrages et articles souvent remarquablement documentés. Mais il cherche à mettre en lumière les affinités liant le Général et l'Irlande. Le Général de Gaulle, issu du clan des MacCartans, connaît parfaitement l'histoire de l'Irlande ; il a souhaité, dès la Libération, entretenir d'excellentes relations avec ce pays dont la neutralité au cours de la guerre avait provoqué à son égard la tiédeur des Alliés victorieux. L'Irlande, sensible à ces éléments de rapprochement, réserve un accueil chaleureux et admiratif à ce descendant d'Irlandais qui s'est hissé à la première place dans sa nation et dont la volonté de faire une grande œuvre nationale, et jusqu'à l'apparence physique en font ce «jumeau fabuleux» du chef de la république irlandaise, Eamon de Valera. Le toast que porte le Général en présence de ce dernier à «l'Irlande tout entière » fait écho au « Vive le Québec libre » et sans doute aussi au dessein de réunification pour lequel Fianna Fail et de Valera ont toujours œuvre !
Radio Eireann : les nouvelles, par Frank 0 'Conor
Authors: Letreulle Sophie
Published: December 2015

Dans les années 1950, Frank O'Connor, dont la réputation littéraire n'était plus à faire, travailla en étroite collaboration avec la radio : il transforma certaines de ses nouvelles en scripts radiophoniques et en assura lui-même la mise en scène et la production sur Radio Eireann. Il est aisé de remarquer, en un premier temps, les caractéristiques qu'ont en commun la nouvelle et la pièce radiophonique, ainsi que les prédispositions à l'adaptation que paraissent avoir les nouvelles d'O'Connor : bien souvent, le texte original et le style de l'auteur semblent trouver sur les ondes un épanouissement presque naturel. Pourtant la pièce radiophonique s'avère être plus qu'une simple version sonore de la nouvelle : elle s'affirme comme une création à part entière qui, étrangement, va parfois à l' encontre des théories d'O'Connor sur la nouvelle, et souligne ainsi d'intéressants paradoxes.