bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus aureus β-Toxin Exerts Anti-angiogenic Effects by Inhibiting Re-endothelialization and Neovessel Formation
Authors: Tran Phuong M. , Tang Sharon S. , Salgado-Pabón Wilmara
Published: February 2022

Staphylococcus aureus causes severe, life-threatening infections that often are complicated by severe local and systemic pathologies with non-healing lesions. A classic example is S. aureus infective endocarditis (IE), where the secreted hemolysin β-toxin potentiates the disease via its sphingomyelinase and biofilm ligase activities. Although these activities dysregulate human aortic endothelial cell activation, β-toxin effect on endothelial cell function in wound healing has not been addressed. With the use of the ex vivo rabbit aortic ring model, we provide evidence that β-toxin prevents branching microvessel formation, highlighting its ability to interfere with tissue re-vascularization and vascular repair. We show that β-toxin specifically targets both human aortic endothelial cell proliferation and cell migration and inhibits human umbilical vein endothelial cell rearrangement into capillary-like networks in vitro. Proteome arrays specific for angiogenesis-related molecules provided evidence that β-toxin promotes an inhibitory profile in endothelial cell monolayers, specifically targeting production of TIMP-1, TIMP-4, and IGFBP-3 to counter the effect of a pro-angiogenic environment. Dysregulation in the production of these molecules is known to result in sprouting defects (including deficient cell proliferation, migration, and survival), vessel instability and/or vascular regression. When endothelial cells are grown under re-endothelialization/wound healing conditions, β-toxin decreases the pro-angiogenic molecule MMP-8 and increases the anti-angiogenic molecule endostatin. Altogether, the data indicate that β-toxin is an anti-angiogenic virulence factor and highlight a mechanism where β-toxin exacerbates S. aureus invasive infections by interfering with tissue re-vascularization and vascular repair.
Immune and Metabolic Alterations in Liver Fibrosis: A Disruption of Oxygen Homeostasis?
Authors: Li Xinyu , Zhang Quyan , Wang Zeyu , Zhuang Quan , Zhao Mingyi
Published: February 2022

According to the WHO, “cirrhosis of the liver” was the 11th leading cause of death globally in 2019. Many kinds of liver diseases can develop into liver cirrhosis, and liver fibrosis is the main pathological presentation of different aetiologies, including toxic damage, viral infection, and metabolic and genetic diseases. It is characterized by excessive synthesis and decreased decomposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Hepatocyte cell death, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, and inflammation are crucial incidences of liver fibrosis. The process of fibrosis is also closely related to metabolic and immune disorders, which are usually induced by the destruction of oxygen homeostasis, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hypoxia pathway activation. Mitochondria are important organelles in energy generation and metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key factors activated when hypoxia occurs. Both are considered essential factors of liver fibrosis. In this review, the authors highlight the impact of oxygen imbalance on metabolism and immunity in liver fibrosis as well as potential novel targets for antifibrotic therapies.
Sleep Disturbance and Strain Among Caregivers of Persons Living With Dementia
Authors: Osakwe Zainab Toteh , Senteio Charles , Bubu Omonigho Michael , Obioha Chinedu , Turner Arlener D. , Thawani Sujata , Saint Fleur-Calixte Rose , Jean-Louis Girardin
Published: February 2022

Objective

The study objective was to examine predictors of sleep disturbance and strain among caregivers of persons living with dementia (PLWD).

Methods

This cross-sectional study utilized a sample of community-dwelling older adults and their family caregivers drawn from the 2017 National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between caregiver and PLWD characteristics and a composite measure of caregiving strain. High caregiving strain was defined as a total score of ≥ 5 on the 6 caregiving strain items (e.g., emotional difficulty, no time for self). We used multivariable proportional odds models to examine predictors of caregiver sleep-related outcomes (trouble falling back to sleep and interrupted sleep), after adjusting for other caregiver and PLWD factors.

Results

Of the 1,142 family caregivers, 65.2% were female, 15% were Black, and 14% were Hispanic. Average age was 60 years old. Female caregivers were more likely to report high level of strain compared to male caregivers (OR: 2.61, 95% CI = 1.56, 4.39). Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic caregivers had reduced odds of reporting greater trouble falling back asleep [OR = 0.55, CI (0.36, 0.82) and OR = 0.56, CI (0.34, 0.91), respectively]. The odds of reporting greater trouble falling back asleep was significantly greater among caregivers with high blood pressure vs. caregivers without high blood pressure [OR = 1.62, CI (1.12, 2.33)].

Conclusion

In this cross-sectional study, caregivers with greater sleep difficulty (trouble falling back asleep) were more likely to report having high blood pressure. We found no racial/ethnic differences in interrupted sleep among caregivers to PLWD. These results suggest that interventions to improve sleep among caregivers to PLWD may decrease poor cardiovascular outcomes in this group.
Current Concepts of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Suzuki Hidenori , Imajo Yasuaki , Funaba Masahiro , Nishida Norihiro , Sakamoto Takuya , Sakai Takashi
Published: February 2022

Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that results in major neurological deficits and social burden. It continues to be managed symptomatically, and no real therapeutic strategies have been devised for its treatment. Neural stem/neural progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) being used for the treatment of chronic SCI in experimental SCI models can not only replace the lost cells and remyelinate axons in the injury site but also support their growth and provide neuroprotective factors. Currently, several clinical studies using NSCs/NPCs are underway worldwide. NSCs/NPCs also have the potential to differentiate into all three neuroglial lineages to regenerate neural circuits, demyelinate denuded axons, and provide trophic support to endogenous cells. This article explains the challenging pathophysiology of chronic SCI and discusses key NSC/NPC-based techniques having the greatest potential for translation over the next decade.
Assessment of Agreement Between a New Application to Compute the Wisconsin Gait Score and 3-Dimensional Gait Analysis, and Reliability of the Application in Stroke Patients
Authors: Guzik Agnieszka , Wolan-Nieroda Andżelina , Drużbicki Mariusz
Published: February 2022

Currently, there are no computerized tools enabling objective interpretation of observational gait assessment based on Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS), which is a reliable and well-tested tool. The solution envisaged by us may provide a practical tool for assessing gait deviations in patients with hemiparesis after stroke. The present study assessed agreement between a new application software for computerized WGS and 3-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA), and reliability of the application. The study involved 33 individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. The software was developed based on a model designed taking into account components of the WGS and incorporating auxiliary lines passing through the relevant anthropometric points on the patient’s body, as well as measurements of angular values, distances and duration of the specific gait phases, which make it possible to substantiate assessment based on this scale. Series of videos were made to record gait of the qualified patients. After the gait evaluation was carried out using the app, the data were retrieved from the software. The gait assessment was performed separately by three independent examiners who reviewed the video recording using the new app twice (two weeks apart). Additionally, 3DGA was carried out for all the subjects, and the results of the app-aided assessment were compared to those acquired using 3DGA. The findings show statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) between majority of the WGS items measured using the new app, and the relevant spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters identified by 3DGA. Agreement between the scores reported by the three examiners was high in both measurements, as reflected by Cronbach’s alpha exceeding 0.8. The findings reflect very good intra-observer reliability (as reflected by kappa coefficients from 0.847 to 1) and inter-observer reliability (as reflected by kappa coefficients from 0.634 to 1) of the new application software for computerized WGS. The opportunities offered by the observational gait scale objectified through our new software for computerized WGS result from the fact that the tool provides a useful low-cost and time-effective feedback to monitor ongoing treatments or formulate hypotheses.
Expanding the TDP-43 Proteinopathy Pathway From Neurons to Muscle: Physiological and Pathophysiological Functions
Authors: Versluys Lauren , Ervilha Pereira Pedro , Schuermans Nika , De Paepe Boel , De Bleecker Jan L. , Bogaert Elke , Dermaut Bart
Published: February 2022

TAR DNA-binding protein 43, mostly referred to as TDP-43 (encoded by the TARDBP gene) is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). From the identification of TDP-43 positive aggregates in the brains and spinal cords of ALS/FTD patients, to a genetic link between TARBDP mutations and the development of TDP-43 pathology in ALS, there is strong evidence indicating that TDP-43 plays a pivotal role in the process of neuronal degeneration. What this role is, however, remains to be determined with evidence ranging from gain of toxic properties through the formation of cytotoxic aggregates, to an inability to perform its normal functions due to nuclear depletion. To add to an already complex subject, recent studies highlight a role for TDP-43 in muscle physiology and disease. We here review the biophysical, biochemical, cellular and tissue-specific properties of TDP-43 in the context of neurodegeneration and have a look at the nascent stream of evidence that positions TDP-43 in a myogenic context. By integrating the neurogenic and myogenic pathological roles of TDP-43 we provide a more comprehensive and encompassing view of the role and mechanisms associated with TDP-43 across the various cell types of the motor system, all the way from brain to limbs.
The Emerging Role of Intelectin-1 in Cancer
Authors: Paval D. Robert , Di Virgilio Thomas George , Skipworth Richard J. E. , Gallagher Iain J.
Published: February 2022

Background

Intelectin (ITLN) is an adipokine with two homologs—ITLN1 and ITLN2—that has various physiological functions. Studies analyzing the relationship between ITLN and cancer are focused on ITLN1; the available literature on ITLN2 and cancer is limited. This review aims to evaluate the role of ITLN1 in cancer without imposing any inclusion criteria, to examine pro- and anticancer roles for ITLN1 and to discuss whether the relationship between ITLN and cancer is mediated by obesity.

Findings

Overall, ITLN1 level was highly variable in cancer patients but different from healthy individuals. Compared with control groups, patients with gastrointestinal and prostate cancer showed increased concentrations of circulating ITLN1, while patients with gynecological, breast, bladder, and renal cancer had lower ITLN1 levels. Several studies also evaluated tissue and tumor expression of ITLN1. In gastrointestinal cancer, ITLN1 was increased in tumor tissue compared with adjacent healthy tissue and elevated in the visceral adipose tissue of patients compared with controls. Consequently, the high levels of circulating ITLN1 might be determined by the tumor and by the cancer-associated weight loss in gastrointestinal cancer. ITLN1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway. The improper regulation of this pathway may contribute to a series of cellular events that favor tumor development and progression. Obesity has been linked with an increased risk of developing some cancers. Indeed, low circulating ITLN1 levels may be a marker of the metabolic effects of obesity, rather than obesity per se, and might contribute to a deregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Conclusions

ITLN1 could be associated with cancer formation and progression. Since circulating ITLN1 levels are highly variable and differ between cancer types, the local tumor production of ITLN1 could be more relevant in determining malignant behavior. Future research should aim to identify the source of ITLN1 variability, to understand the differences in ITLN1 between distinct tumor types, and to further explore the signaling pathways through which this adipokine influences cancer biology.
Comparison of Two Cyberknife Planning Approaches for Multiple Brain Metastases
Authors: Ji Tianlong , Song Yaowen , Zhao Xinyu , Wang Yuzi , Li Guang
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To compare the delivery efficiency, plan quality, and planned treatment volume (PTV) and normal brain dosimetry between different Cyberknife planning approaches for multiple brain metastases (MBM), and to evaluate the effects of the number of collimators on the related parameters.

Methods

The study included 18 cases of MBM. The Cyberknife treatment plans were classified as Separate or Combined. For the Separate plan, each lesion was targeted by the collimator auto-selection method (Conformality 2/3 collimators). For the Combined plan, a PTV including all PTVs was targeted by the collimators. Monitor units (MUs), number of nodes and beams, estimated fraction treatment time (EFTT), new conformity index (nCI), dose gradient index (GI), homogeneity index (HI), PTV minimum/maximum dose (Dmax/Dmin), volume doses (D2% and D98%), maximum doses to lenses, optic nerves, and brainstem as well as normal brain 3, 6, 10, and 12 Gy (V3Gy–V12Gy) were compared.

Results

Compared to the Combined plan, the Separate plan had fewer nodes and beams, shorter EFTT, smaller PTV Dmin, normal brain dose, and GI, and larger HI. The Separate plan with 2 collimators also had worse PTV coverage. In the Combined plan, more collimators increased beams, EFTT, GI, and normal brain dose but improved the PTV Dmin. Among treatments based on the Separate approach, there were obvious differences between plans for most of the items except the nCI. Fewer collimators resulted in significantly reduced beams, EFTT, PTV D98%, and normal brain dose with improved GI, although PTV Dmin and MUs were decreased while HI was increased.

Conclusion

Both approaches met the requirements for SRS/HFSRT. We found that Separate plans improved treatment efficiency and normal tissue dosimetry.
Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radiomics in Predicting Lung Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Tang Xin , Liang Jiangtao , Xiang Bolin , Yuan Changfeng , Wang Luoyu , Zhu Bin , Ge Xiuhong , Fang Min , Ding Zhongxiang
Published: February 2022

Objective

To investigate the diagnostic value of positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomics in predicting the histological classification of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

PET/MRI radiomics and clinical data were retrospectively collected from 61 patients with lung cancer. According to the pathological results of surgery or fiberscope, patients were divided into two groups, lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma group, which were set as positive for adenocarcinoma (40 cases) and negative for squamous cell carcinoma (21 cases). The radiomics characteristics most related to lung cancer classification were calculated and selected using radiomics software, and the two lung cancer groups were randomly assigned into a training set (70%) and a test set (30%). Maximum relevance and minimum redundancy (mRMR) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) methods in the uAI Research Portal software (United Imaging Intelligence, China) were used to select the desired characteristics from 2600 features extracted from MRI and PET. Eight optimal features were finally retained through 5-fold cross-validation, and a PET/MRI fusion model was constructed. The predictive ability of this model was evaluated by the difference in area under the curve (AUC) obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

AUC of PET/MRI model for the training group and test group were 0.886 (0.787-0.985) and 0.847 (0.648-1.000), respectively. PET/MRI radiomics features revealed different degrees of correlation with the classification of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, with significant differences.

Conclusion

The prediction model constructed based on PET/MRI radiomics features can predict the preoperative histological classification of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma without seminality and repeatability. It can also provide an objective basis for accurate clinical diagnosis and individualized treatment, thus having important guiding significance for clinical treatment.
FUS-DDIT3 Fusion Oncoprotein Expression Affects JAK-STAT Signaling in Myxoid Liposarcoma
Authors: Dolatabadi Soheila , Jonasson Emma , Andersson Lisa , Luna Santamaría Manuel , Lindén Malin , Österlund Tobias , Åman Pierre , Ståhlberg Anders
Published: February 2022

Myxoid liposarcoma is one of the most common sarcoma entities characterized by FET fusion oncogenes. Despite a generally favorable prognosis of myxoid liposarcoma, chemotherapy resistance remains a clinical problem. This cancer stem cell property is associated with JAK-STAT signaling, but the link to the myxoid-liposarcoma-specific FET fusion oncogene FUS-DDIT3 is not known. Here, we show that ectopic expression of FUS-DDIT3 resulted in elevated levels of STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3. RNA sequencing identified 126 genes that were regulated by both FUS-DDIT3 expression and JAK1/2 inhibition using ruxolitinib. Sixty-six of these genes were connected in a protein interaction network. Fifty-three and 29 of these genes were confirmed as FUS-DDIT3 and STAT3 targets, respectively, using public chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data sets. Enriched gene sets among the 126 regulated genes included processes related to cytokine signaling, adipocytokine signaling, and chromatin remodeling. We validated CD44 as a target gene of JAK1/2 inhibition and as a potential cancer stem cell marker in myxoid liposarcoma. Finally, we showed that FUS-DDIT3 interacted with phosphorylated STAT3 in association with subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and PRC2 repressive complex. Our data show that the function of FUS-DDIT3 is closely connected to JAK-STAT signaling. Detailed deciphering of molecular mechanisms behind tumor progression opens up new avenues for targeted therapies in sarcomas and leukemia characterized by FET fusion oncogenes.
Establishment of a 4-miRNA Prognostic Model for Risk Stratification of Patients With Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gong Xun , Liu Yuchen , Zheng Chenglong , Tian Peikai , Peng Minjie , Pan Yihang , Li Xiaowu
Published: February 2022

Pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PAADs) often remain undiagnosed until later stages, limiting treatment options and leading to poor survival. The lack of robust biomarkers complicates PAAD prognosis, and patient risk stratification remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we established a panel constructed by four miRNAs (miR-4444-2, miR-934, miR-1301 and miR-3655) based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Human Cancer Metastasis Database (HCMDB) to predicted the prognosis of PAAD patients. Then, a risk prediction model of these four miRNAs was constructed by using Cox regression analysis with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. This model stratified TCGA PAAD cohort into the low-risk and high-risk groups based on the panel-based risk score, which was significantly associated with 1-, 2-, 3-year OS (AUC=0.836, AUC=0.844, AUC=0.952, respectively). The nomogram was then established with a robust performance signature for predicting prognosis compared to clinical characteristics of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients, including age, gender and clinical stage. Moreover, two GSE data were validated the expressions of 4 miRNAs with prognosis/survival outcome in PC. In the external clinical sample validation, the high-risk group with the upregulated expressions of miR-934/miR-4444-2 and downregulated expressions of miR-1301/miR-3655 were indicated a poor prognosis. Furthermore, the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, clone formation, transwell and wound healing assay also confirmed the promoting effect of miR-934/miR-4444-2 and the inhibiting effect of miR-1301/miR-3655 in PC cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, we identified a new 4-miRNA risk stratification model could be used in predicting prognosis in PAAD.
aBVA Procedure by Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Right Upper Peripheral Lung Cancer: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Wang Kaiying , Zhang Jian , Li Jianglun , Liu Langbo , Tang Zhongben , Du Xiaojun
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aims to determine the optimal dividing order of anatomic pulmonary resection under uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (uni-VATS) for patients with right upper peripheral lung cancer.

Methods

Patients who met the eligibility criteria were randomly allocated into the aBVA and VAB groups. In the aBVA group, the surgical procedure proceeded from the posterior to the anterior region (from the deeper to the superficial site). In the VAB group, the dissection orders were vein first followed by arterial branches, followed by the bronchus. Clinical data were collected and analyzed.

Results

Sixty patients were randomly allocated to the aBVA group (n = 30) and the VAB group (n = 30). The operation time in the aBVA group (230.500 ± 68.360 min) was significantly shorter than that in the VAB group (305.600 ± 107.821 min) (p = 0.01). The blood loss in the aBVA group (104.000 ± 70.935 ml) was significantly lower than that in the VAB group (391.000 ± 625.175 ml) (p = 0.01). Two patients in the VAB group underwent conversion to 2-portal VATS. The number of lymph nodes (13.367 ± 5.436 vs. 10.333 ± 7.279, p = 0.072) and lymph node stations (5.067 ± 1.574 vs. 4.467 ± 2.345, p = 0.567) were comparable between the two groups. The differences in the postoperative drainage tube time (5.033 ± 3.113 vs. 6.467 ± 4.447 days, p = 0.278) and hospital stay (8.233 ± 3.390 vs. 9.433 ± 4.523 days, p = 0.361) were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusion

Compared with the VBA procedure, aBVA is easier for patients with right upper peripheral lung cancer who undergo uni-VATS lobectomy.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of PEG-rhG-CSF as Primary Prophylaxis to Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Women With Breast Cancer in China: Results Based on Real-World Data
Authors: Zhao Jie , Qiao Gaoxing , Liang Yan , Li Jia , Hu Wei , Zuo Xu , Li Junfang , Zhao Chenglong , Zhang Xiaojian , Du Shuzhang
Published: February 2022

Background: Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (PEG-rhG-CSFs) are more commonly and widely used than recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (rhG-CSFs) in preventing chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with stage II-IV breast cancer. To reduce the financial burden on these patients, the corresponding medical insurance directory needs to be revised.

Objectives: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of PEG-rhG-CSF versus rhG-CSF in patients with stage II-IV breast cancer in central China.

Methods: Two Markov models, a chemotherapy model and a post-chemotherapy model, were developed to study the effects and costs, with a time horizon of 12 weeks and 35 years, respectively. Cost and probability input data were primarily obtained from a retrospective real-world study conducted in five tertiary hospitals. Propensity score matching was adopted to overcome retrospective bias. Other parameters were extracted from literature as well as advice from clinical experts. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results: In the first chemotherapy model, PEG-rhG-CSF was associated with fewer episodes of febrile neutropenia (FN) (N = 19 per 1000 patients treated), infections (N = 24 per 1000 patients treated) and deaths (N = 2 per 1000 patients treated), but higher costs (¥36 more per patient treated). The post-chemotherapy model indicated that PEG-rhG-CSF led to higher gains in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) (11.695 versus 11.516) in comparison to rhG-CSF. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of PEG-rhG-CSF had the greatest impact on the incremental costs, and incremental QALYs were very sensitive to the risk of RDI <85%. The probability of PEG-rhG-CSF being cost-effective compared to rhG-CSF was 66% at the willingness to pay (WTP) thresholds of ¥72,371 per QALY gained.

Conclusion: According to this economic evaluation based on real-world data, PEG-rhG-CSF may be considered as a more cost-effective strategy relative to rhG-CSF for stage II-IV breast cancer patients in central China. However, to reflect a national perspective, further evidence is needed using data from larger-scale studies.
Digital In-Line Holography of Condensed-Phase Particles in Solid Rocket Motor Plume
Authors: Jin Bingning , Xu Hongbo , Yang Siying , Lei Xiaoyu , Ding Yaxin , Liu Peijin
Published: February 2022

Condensed phase particles (CCPs) of plume flows in solid rocket motors (SRMs) are one of the major causes of smog and other signal characteristics, which leads to attenuation of weapons guidance system signals. In order to study the dynamic combustion characteristics of the exhaust plume in a high pressure solid rocket motor with highly-aluminized propellanta digital in-line holographic (DIH) measurement system was used for identification and analysis of CCPs of exhaust plume flows in a SRM under 10 MPa pressure. During the SRM firing, the plume particles characteristic in the field of 9–11.5 cm away from the non-expanding nozzle outlet plane was measured and analyzed. Further, in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of particle identification, a target recognition method suitable for autonomous recognition of plume particles in a complex background from digital holographic images was established. About 12,400 individual particles from two thousand holographic images were recognized, and the 3D spatial information (number and volume probability density function) and mean diameters were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that digital in-line holography measurement technology with target recognition method established in this paper can be applied well to real-time measurement of the 3D dynamic characteristics of the plume particle field anywhere outside of the nozzle outlet of an SRM with highly aluminized propellants. By identifying each reconstructed particle, the 3D spatial distribution, CCPs size distribution and velocity in the measurement area can be obtained.
Bidirectional Rainbow Trapping in 1-D Chirped Topological Photonic Crystal
Authors: Elshahat Sayed , Lu Cuicui
Published: February 2022

The rainbow trapping effect has attracted gathering attention due to its potential application in data processing, energy storage, and light-matter interaction enhancement. The interest has increased recently with the advent of topological photonic crystals (PCs), as the topological PC affords a robust platform for nanophotonic devices. We proposed a chirped one-dimensional (1D) PC as a sandwiched trapped between two1D topological PCs to realize two topological edge states (TESs) for topological protection and trap the formed rainbow. Through graded the thickness of dielectric layers of the chirped 1D PC, light of different wavelengths components localizes and stores at different spatial positions leading to rainbow trapping formation. Unidirectional rainbow trapping can be observed by progressively increasing the thicknesses of the chirped PC. Nonetheless, changing increasingly one of its thicknesses and solidifying the other leads to bidirectional rainbow trapping. Achieving bidirectional rainbow trapping will reduce the footprint of nanophotonic devices in the future. This work brings inspiration to the realization of the rainbow trapping effect and provides a way to design topological nanophotonic devices.
Taxonomical Evaluation of Plant Chloroplastic Markers by Bayesian Classifier
Authors: Matiz-Ceron Luisa , Reyes Alejandro , Anzola Juan
Published: February 2022

DNA barcodes are standardized sequences that range between 400 and 800 bp, vary at different taxonomic levels, and make it possible to assign sequences to species that have been previously taxonomically characterized. Several DNA barcodes have been postulated for plants, nonetheless, their classification potential has not been evaluated for metabarcoding, and as a result, it would appear as none of them excels above the others in this area. One tool that has been widely used and served as a baseline when evaluating new approaches is Naïve Bayesian Classifiers (NBC). The present study aims at evaluating the classification power of several plant chloroplast genetic markers that have been proposed as barcodes (trnL, rpoB, rbcL, matK, psbA-trnH, and psbK) using an NBC. We performed the classification at different taxonomic levels, and identified problematic genera when resolution was desired. We propose matK and trnL as potential candidate markers with resolution up to genus level. Some problematic genera within certain families could lead to the misclassification no matter which marker is used (i.e., Aegilops, Gueldenstaedtia, Helianthus, Oryza, Shorea, Thysananthus, and Triticum). Finally, we suggest recommendations for the taxonomic identification of plants in samples with potential mixtures.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis Coupled With Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Related to Salt Stress in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: He Fei , Wei Chunxue , Zhang Yunxiu , Long Ruicai , Li Mingna , Wang Zhen , Yang Qingchuan , Kang Junmei , Chen Lin
Published: February 2022

Salt stress is the main abiotic factor affecting alfalfa yield and quality. However, knowledge of the genetic basis of the salt stress response in alfalfa is still limited. Here, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 875,023 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted on 220 alfalfa varieties under both normal and salt-stress conditions. Phenotypic analysis showed that breeding status and geographical origin play important roles in the alfalfa salt stress response. For germination ability under salt stress, a total of 15 significant SNPs explaining 9%–14% of the phenotypic variation were identified. For tolerance to salt stress in the seedling stage, a total of 18 significant SNPs explaining 12%–23% of the phenotypic variation were identified. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2,097 and 812 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were upregulated and 2,445 and 928 DEGs that were downregulated in the leaves and roots, respectively, under salt stress. Among these DEGs, many encoding transcription factors (TFs) were found, including MYB-, CBF-, NAC-, and bZIP-encoding genes. Combining the results of our GWAS analysis and transcriptome analysis, we identified a total of eight candidate genes (five candidate genes for tolerance to salt stress and three candidate genes for germination ability under salt stress). Two SNPs located within the upstream region of MsAUX28, which encodes an auxin response protein, were significantly associated with tolerance to salt stress. The two significant SNPs within the upstream region of MsAUX28 existed as three different haplotypes in this panel. Hap 1 (G/G, A/A) was under selection in the alfalfa domestication and improvement process.
Differential Response of the Photosynthetic Machinery to Fluctuating Light in Mature and Young Leaves of Dendrobium officinale
Authors: Yang Ying-Jie , Shi Qi , Sun Hu , Mei Ren-Qiang , Huang Wei
Published: February 2022

A key component of photosynthetic electron transport chain, photosystem I (PSI), is susceptible to the fluctuating light (FL) in angiosperms. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI and water-water cycle (WWC) are both used by the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium officinale to protect PSI under FL. This study examined whether the ontogenetic stage of leaf has an impact on the photoprotective mechanisms dealing with FL. Thus, chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 signals under FL were measured in D. officinale young and mature leaves. Upon transition from dark to actinic light, a rapid re-oxidation of P700 was observed in mature leaves but disappeared in young leaves, indicating that WWC existed in mature leaves but was lacking in young leaves. After shifting from low to high light, PSI over-reduction was clearly missing in mature leaves. By comparison, young leaves showed a transient PSI over-reduction within the first 30 s, which was accompanied with highly activation of CEF. Therefore, the effect of FL on PSI redox state depends on the leaf ontogenetic stage. In mature leaves, WWC is employed to avoid PSI over-reduction. In young leaves, CEF around PSI is enhanced to compensate for the lack of WWC and thus to prevent an uncontrolled PSI over-reduction induced by FL.
Effects of Flooding and Endogenous Hormone on the Formation of Knee Roots in Taxodium ascendens
Authors: Qian Zhuangzhuang , Wu Lin , Tang Luozhong
Published: February 2022

Taxodium ascendens is a typical tree species with high flood tolerance, and it can generate knee roots in the wetlands. This study investigated the number and size of knee roots and the soil flooding conditions. Furthermore, we also measured physiology, biochemical responses, and the anatomical structure of knee roots and underground roots at different developmental stages. This study aimed to understand the adaptation mechanism of T. ascendens to flooding stress and the formation mechanism of the knee roots. The results showed that the formation of knee roots was significantly affected by the soil water table (P < 0.05). The middle water table was more conducive to the formation of knee roots. In the middle water table, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ACC synthase activity were significantly lower in the knee roots than in the underground roots. The knee roots at the young-aged stage showed the highest ACC oxidase activity among the development stages of the knee roots. The ethylene release rate was significantly higher in the knee roots than in the underground roots (P < 0.05). Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content first increased, then decreased with knee root development. The periderm cells at the apex of the knee roots were dead and had many intercellular spaces, which was beneficial for the growth of T. ascendens. In conclusion, the middle water table induced the ethylene and IAA production, which promoted the formation of knee roots, which improved roots ventilation and flooding tolerance of T. ascendens. The results obtained can provide information about mechanisms of knee roots formation and provide scientific evidence for the afforestation and management under wetland conditions.
Land Degradation Changes the Role of Above- and Belowground Competition in Regulating Plant Biomass Allocation in an Alpine Meadow
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zheng Qiuzhu , Gao Xiaoxia , Ma Yandan , Liang Kemin , Yue Haitao , Huang Xiaoxia , Wu Kaiting , Wang Xiaorong
Published: February 2022

The allocation pattern of plant biomass presents the strategy of the plant community to adopt environmental changes, while the driver of biomass allocation is still unclear in degraded alpine grassland ecosystems. To explore the issue, this study investigated the shoot-to-root (R/S) ratio, plant aboveground traits, and root competition of three functional groups (i.e., grasses, sedges, and forbs) at three degradation levels (i.e., no obvious degradation, ND; moderate degradation, MD; and severe degradation, SD) in an alpine meadow in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The relationships among plant aboveground traits, root competition, and R/S ratio were tested using the structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that the shoot and root biomass tended to decrease, but the R/S ratio of the plant community did not change along the degradation gradient. Plant height, lateral spread, and leaf length of most plant functional groups reduced, while leaf width and leaf area of most plant functional groups did not change along the degradation gradients. The root competition ability (presented as the fraction of root biomass in total biomass) of sedges in MD was the lowest, while that of grasses was the highest. The effects of aboveground competition on the R/S ratio were non-linear because of the different roles of plant height, lateral spread, and leaf area in regulating the R/S ratio along the degradation gradient. In contrast, the effects of belowground competition on the R/S ratio were linear because belowground competition promoted the R/S ratio, and the strength of this effect reduced along the degradation gradient. These results indicate that plant competition might be a critical factor to maintain the high R/S ratio in degraded alpine meadows.
Overexpression of Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 in Tomato Confers Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Radicis-Lycopersici
Authors: Yue Zhi-Liang , Tian Zhe-Juan , Zhang Jun-Wei , Zhang Sheng-Wei , Li Ya-Dong , Wu Zhi-Ming
Published: February 2022

The disease Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR), caused mainly by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), seriously affects commercial tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] yields. However, the genes that offer resistance to FORL are limited and the mechanism of resistance to FCRR is poorly understood. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRKs) play critical roles in defensive responses and immunity in many plant species; however, whether specific LecRKs are involved in the response of tomato plants to FORL is unclear. Here, we report that the expression of SlLecRK1/Solyc09g011070.1 was obviously induced by the infection of FORL. Biochemical and cell biological data revealed that SlLecRK1 is an active kinase that is located at the cell membrane, while real-time quantitative PCR data suggested that SlLecRK1 is mainly expressed in stems and roots. Genetic studies showed that overexpression of SlLecRK1 significantly improved the resistance of tomato plants to FORL but did not cause visible changes in plant growth and development compared with wild-type control plants. RNA-Seq data suggested that the positive effects of SlLecRK1 on the resistance of tomato plants to FORL occur mainly by triggering the expression of ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) genes. Together, our findings not only identify a new target for the development of FCRR-resistant tomato varieties, they also demonstrate a molecular mechanism linking SlLecRK1 and ERFs in regulating the immune responses of tomato plants to FORL.
Social Capital Trends in Germany in the Face of the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Research Note
Authors: Burrmann Ulrike , Mutz Michael , Sielschott Stephan , Braun Sebastian
Published: February 2022

This research note reports social capital trends in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on a comparison of survey data from 2017/18 and 2020/21, i.e., trends reported here inform about changes of social capital levels during the “second lockdown” of the pandemic, when containment policies were in effect throughout the country. Findings point to stable levels of in-group trust, out-group trust and prosocial attitudes. At the same time, sociability orientations are lower and society is generally perceived as less solidary. Members in voluntary organizations have more social capital compared to non-members—this difference is found before as well as during the pandemic. Regarding that changes are generally small, it can be concluded that the pandemic did neither strengthen social capital considerably, nor did it lead to a massive overall decline of social capital.
An Exploratory Study on Subjective Perceptions of Happiness From India
Authors: Singh Kamlesh , Bandyopadhyay Shilpa , Saxena Gaurav
Published: February 2022

The present study aimed at understanding the subjective perception of happiness in a sample of Indian participants from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Using convenience sampling, individual interviews were conducted with 60 participants aged between 19 to 73 years (M Age = 40 years). This study employed reflexive thematic analysis to analyse the written transcripts. Nine themes were generated which captured the essence of happiness for Indians—Feelings and Expressions of Happiness; Human Ties and Happiness which encompassed four sub-themes—family bond, the company one keeps, the pandemic and social disengagement, and the nation, society and happiness; Satisfaction with Material Needs and Resources; Lifestyle and Health; Work and Play; Accomplishment and Appreciation; Nature Connectedness; Religious and Spiritual beliefs; and Happiness as a Personal responsibility—Role of Positive Personality Traits. These findings revealed our respondent's multidimensional conceptualization of happiness, and adds to the growing body of happiness literature from the South Asian context.
Suicide in Healthcare Workers: Determinants, Challenges, and the Impact of COVID-19
Authors: Awan Sana , Diwan Mufaddal Najmuddin , Aamir Alifiya , Allahuddin Zoha , Irfan Muhammad , Carano Alessandro , Vellante Federica , Ventriglio Antonio , Fornaro Michele , Valchera Alessandro , Pettorruso Mauro , Martinotti Giovanni , Di Giannantonio Massimo , Ullah Irfan , De Berardis Domenico
Published: February 2022

The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which first appeared in Wuhan, China, and was later declared a pandemic, has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to understand the disease's physical manifestation. However, less emphasis has been placed on the pandemic's mental health challenges for healthcare workers (HCWs) who played a critical role in fighting the disease. Existing literature shows the detrimental psychological impact and increased incidence of depression and anxiety among HCWs. It is expected that the mental health crisis will become a serious issue affecting HCWs, with long-term negative consequences following COVID. Physicians and nurses already represent the highest risk groups of suicide among the general population, and suicide can be regarded as an occupational hazard in the healthcare industry. Increased workload, burnout and fatigue, multifaceted challenges women HCWs, and increased substance abuse are contributing factors to suicide ideation. In this article, we identify the risk factors of suicide among HCWs, discuss mental health challenges exacerbated by the pandemic and its impact on suicide ideation.
Racism and Structural Violence: Interconnected Threats to Health Equity
Authors: Sharif Mienah Zulfacar , García Jennifer J. , Mitchell Uchechi , Dellor Elinam D. , Bradford Natalie J. , Truong Mandy
Published: February 2022

In 2020, the continuing murder of Black Americans by police officers received widespread media attention and sparked global outrage. Public health responses to these events focused on discrimination by police and structural racism in broader society. However, police violence is but one of many forms of racialized violence propagated by structural racism and anti-Black racism in particular. We aim to expand the current public health dialogue by describing how structural racism and structural violence are deeply interrelated; embedded in institutions, systems, and processes; and threaten health, safety, and well-being across the life course for racialized minority groups. Structural racism and structural violence are threats to health equity and anti-racist public health work.
Uncontrolled Blood Pressure and Associated Factors Among Persons With Diabetes: A Community Based Study From Kerala, India
Authors: Sreedevi Aswathy , Krishnapillai Vijayakumar , Menon Vishnu B. , Mathew Minu Maria , Nair Rajeesh R. , Pillai Gopal S. , Numpelil Mathews , Menon Jaideep , Marwaha Vishal
Published: February 2022

The coexistence of raised blood pressure (BP) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major contributor to the development and progression of both macrovascular and microvascular complications. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled BP and its associated factors in persons with T2DM in a district in Kerala.

Methods

The study was conducted in Ernakulam district in Kerala, and a total of 3,092 individuals with T2DM were enrolled after obtaining consent. Those with a BP “above or equal to 140 mmHg” and/or “above or equal to 90 mmHg” were thus considered to have uncontrolled BP. If the BP was equal or >140 and/or 90 mmHg, a repeat reading was taken after 30 min and the average of the two was considered. Basic demographic details were enquired along with electronic measurement of BP, HbA1c estimation and screening for diabetic retinopathy, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and peripheral neuropathy. Quantitative and qualitative variables were expressed as mean (SD) and proportions, respectively. The model for determinants of uncontrolled BP was developed adjusting for age, gender, education, duration of diabetes, occupation, body mass index (BMI) and clustering effect.

Results

The mean age of the study population was 59.51 ± 9.84 years. The mean duration of T2DM was found to be 11.3 ± 6.64 years. The proportion of uncontrolled HTN adjusted for clustering was 60% (95% CI 58 and 62%). Among them, only one in two persons (53.3%) had a history of hypertension. Age >60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.48, 95% CI 1.24, 1.76; p < 0.001], unemployment (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.75; p < 0.01), duration of diabetes > 11 years (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19, 1.68; p < 0.001), and BMI ≥23 (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.10, 1.59; p < 0.002) were found to be independent determinants of high BP levels when adjusted for the aforementioned variables, gender, education, and cluster effect. The association between complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, PAD, and retinopathy showed a higher risk among those with uncontrolled BP. Retinopathy was 1.35 times more (95% CI 1.02, 1.7, p < 0.03), PAD was 1.6 times more (95% CI 1.2, 2.07, p < 0.001), and peripheral neuropathy was 1.5 (95% CI 1.14, 1.9, p < 0.003) times more compared to their counterparts.

Conclusion

Target BP levels were far from being achieved in a good majority of the persons with T2DM. To reduce further macrovascular and microvascular events among people with T2DM, effective awareness and more stringent screening measures need to be employed in this population.