bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE STRATIFIED STRUCTURE OF SPACES OF SMOOTH ORBIFOLD MAPPINGS
Authors: BORZELLINO JOSEPH E. , BRUNSDEN VICTOR
Published: April 2013

We consider four notions of maps between smooth C∞ orbifolds [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] compact (without boundary). We show that one of these notions is natural and necessary in order to uniquely define the notion of orbibundle pullback. For the notion of complete orbifold map, we show that the corresponding set of Cr maps between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with the Cr topology carries the structure of a smooth C∞ Banach (r finite)/Fréchet (r = ∞) manifold. For the notion of complete reduced orbifold map, the corresponding set of Cr maps between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with the Cr topology carries the structure of a smooth C∞ Banach (r finite)/Fréchet (r = ∞) orbifold. The remaining two notions carry a stratified structure: The Cr orbifold maps between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is locally a stratified space with strata modeled on smooth C∞ Banach (r finite)/Fréchet (r = ∞) manifolds while the set of Cr reduced orbifold maps between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] locally has the structure of a stratified space with strata modeled on smooth C∞ Banach (r finite)/Fréchet (r = ∞) orbifolds. Furthermore, we give the explicit relationship between these notions of orbifold map. Applying our results to the special case of orbifold diffeomorphism groups, we show that they inherit the structure of C∞ Banach (r finite)/Fréchet (r = ∞) manifolds. In fact, for r finite they are topological groups, and for r = ∞ they are convenient Fréchet Lie groups.
LOGO EXTRACTION USING COMBINED DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC RESONANCE
Authors: JHA RAJIB KUMAR , BISWAS PRABIR KUMAR , CHATTERJI B. N.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we have introduced a new method for watermark (logo) extraction from distorted watermarked images. The method is based on combined discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and dynamic stochastic resonance (DSR). In this method, the image property such as variance corresponding to the DWT coefficients of the image is tuned with the dynamic stochastic resonance parameters which causes resonance to the DWT coefficients. That is, the signal amplitude enhances and noise amplitude degraded in the DWT coefficients. This approach extracts hided logo from the distorted watermarked image which is almost very similar to the original logo. The experimental results have been compared with the existing techniques and were found to be superior.
NEARLY LINEAR SCALABILITY OF TIME-DEPENDENT DISCRETE VARIABLE REPRESENTATION (TDDVR) METHOD FOR THE DYNAMICS OF MULTI-SURFACE MULTI-MODE HAMILTONIAN
Authors: KHAN BASIR AHAMED , SARDAR SUBHANKAR , SAHOO TAPAS , SARKAR PRANAB , ADHIKARI SATRAJIT
Published: April 2013

Time-Dependent Discrete Variable Representation (TDDVR) method was implemented by involving "classical" trajectories on each degrees of freedom (DOF) for the dynamics of multi-surface multi-mode Hamiltonian. The major focus of this article is to explore the efficiency of the serial and parallelized TDDVR algorithm for relatively large dimensional quantum dynamics in presence of non-adiabaticity among the electronic states. As a model system, the complex photoelectron spectra and non-radiative decay dynamics of trifluoroacetonitrile radical cation ( CF3CN+ ) are theoretically simulated with the aid of such parallelized algorithm, where the five lowest electronic states (X2E, A2A1, B2A2, C2A1, and D2E) of the Hamiltonian are interconnected through several conical intersections in the vicinity of Frank–Condon region with twelve (12) active vibrational modes. The Jahn–Teller splitting of the X2E and D2E states makes the coupled five-surface system to a more challenging quantum dynamical seven-surface twelve-mode model. The results obtained from the TDDVR approach show very good agreement with the profiles of both Multi Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) methodology and experimental technique, where its' sequencial and parallelized algorithm depict closely linear scalability with the increasing number of basis set vis-a-vis DOFs.
ADVANCED SYNCHRONIZATION OF AUDIO OR SYMBOLIC MUSICAL PATTERNS: AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH
Authors: BERTHAUT FLORENT , JANIN DAVID , MARTIN BENJAMIN
Published: April 2013

We define a generic model for finite audio or symbolic musical patterns that structurally encodes a rich and abstract synchronization mechanism. This is achieved by distinguishing for each pattern a realization window, describing what the pattern is, from a synchronization window, describing how the pattern can be used. The sequential composition of patterns is defined and studied. An algebra of musical patterns is introduced in a mathematically well-founded approach. We propose several high level operators that can be used either in audio processing or in musical analysis and composition. Practical uses and experiments conducted in both fields are described.
Development history of the foreland plate trapped between two converging orogens; Kura Valley, Georgia, case study
Authors: Nemčok M. , Glonti B. , Yukler A. , Marton B.
Published: April 2013

Structural, sedimentological, well and seismic data from the Kura basin show that the geometry of deformation has been largely determined by thick-skin structures occurring along margins of depressions filled with upper Oligocene–lower Miocene Maykop formation, flanked by highs without Maykop record. Thin-skin structures are detached inside the shaly Maykop formation and inside shale horizons of the Sarmatian–Pontian section. The main shortening took part during Sarmatian–Pontian, followed by subordinate shortening during Akchagylian–present. The thick-skin architecture formed first, reactivating pre-existing rift grain on the foreland plate that refused to flex underneath the load of advancing orogens. The thin-skin architecture developed subsequently, deforming thick-skin structures. During the Oligocene–early Miocene, the foreland basin behaved as a flexural basin, reacting by prominent fill asymmetry to Oligocene loading by the advancing Lesser Caucasus and earliest Miocene–early Sarmatian loading by advancing Greater Caucasus. Subsequently, the basin recorded only vertical movements responding to new orogen loading events. Each loading event was recorded by a shift of marine depositional environments northwestwards, up the SE-plunging Kura Valley. Conversely each quiescence period was recorded by their retreat southeastwards, towards the Caspian Sea.

Supplementary material:

Discussion of the observations from geological and seismic cross sections, additional outcrop photos and data, lithostratigraphic charts of the Greater Caucasus, the Adjara–Trialet and the Eastern Pontides, heat flow map and of the Kura basin, depth distribution of earthquake hypocentres for the Kura basin region, and Apulia map and cross section are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18626
Platelet-derived growth factor-D promotes fibrogenesis of cardiac fibroblasts
Authors: Zhao Tieqiang , Zhao Wenyuan , Chen Yuanjian , Li Victoria S. , Meng Weixin , Sun Yao
Published: April 2013

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D is a newly recognized member of the PDGF family with its role just now being understood. Our previous study shows that PDGF-D and its receptors (PDGFR-β) are significantly increased in the infarcted heart, where PDGFR-β is primarily expressed by fibroblasts, indicating the involvement of PDGF-D in the development of cardiac fibrosis. In continuing with these findings, the current study explored the molecular basis of PDGF-D on fibrogenesis. Rat cardiac fibroblasts were isolated and treated with PDGF-D (200 ng/ml medium). The potential regulation of PDGF-D on fibroblast growth, phenotype change, collagen turnover, and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway were explored. We found: 1) PDGF-D significantly elevated cardiac fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast (myoFb) differentiation, and type I collagen secretion; 2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein levels were significantly elevated in PDGF-D-treated cells, which were coincident with increased expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2; 3) PDGF-D significantly enhanced TGF-β1 synthesis, which was eliminated by TGF-β blockade with small-interfering RNA (siRNA); 4) the stimulatory role of PDGF-D on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis was abolished by TGF-β blockade; and 5) TGF-β siRNA treatment significantly suppressed PDGF-D synthesis in fibroblasts. These observations indicate that PDGF-D promotes fibrogenesis through multiple mechanisms. Coelevations of TIMPs and MMPs counterbalance collagen degradation. The profibrogenic role of PDGF-D is mediated through activation of the TGF-β1 pathway. TGF-β1 exerts positive feedback on PDGF-D synthesis. These findings suggest the potential therapeutic effect of PDGFR blockade on interstitial fibrosis in the infarcted heart.
B. anthracisedema toxin increases cAMP levels and inhibits phenylephrine-stimulated contraction in a rat aortic ring model
Authors: Li Yan , Cui Xizhong , Solomon Steven B. , Remy Kenneth , Fitz Yvonne , Eichacker Peter Q.
Published: April 2013

B. anthracis edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT) are each composed of protective antigen (PA), necessary for toxin uptake by host cells, and their respective toxic moieties, edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). Although both toxins likely contribute to shock during infection, their mechanisms are unclear. To test whether ET and LT produce arterial relaxation, their effects on phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated contraction in a Sprague-Dawley rat aortic ring model were measured. Rings were prepared and connected to pressure transducers. Their viability was confirmed, and peak contraction with 60 mM KCl was determined. Compared with PA pretreatment (control, 60 min), ET pretreatment at concentrations similar to those noted in vivo decreased the mean (±SE) maximum contractile force (MCF; percent peak contraction) in rings generated during stimulation with increasing PE concentrations (96.2 ± 7.0 vs. 57.3 ± 9.1) and increased the estimated PE concentration producing half the MCF (EC50; 10−7M, 1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 3.7 ± 0.8, P ≤ 0.002). ET inhibition with PA-directed monoclonal antibodies, selective EF inhibition with adefovir, or removal of the ring endothelium inhibited the effects of ET on MCF and EC50( P ≤ 0.02). Consistent with its adenyl cyclase activity, ET increased tissue cAMP in endothelium-intact but not endothelium-denuded rings ( P < 0.0001 and 0.25, respectively). LT pretreatment, even in high concentrations, did not significantly decrease MCF or increase EC50(all P > 0.05). In rings precontracted with PE compared with posttreatment with PA (90 min), ET posttreatment produced progressive reductions in contractile force and increases in relaxation in endothelium-intact rings ( P < 0.0001) but not endothelium-denuded rings ( P = 0.51). Thus, ET may contribute to shock by producing arterial relaxation.
Hyperoxia-induced hypertrophy and ion channel remodeling in left ventricle
Authors: Panguluri Siva K. , Tur Jared , Fukumoto Jutaro , Deng Wei , Sneed Kevin B. , Kolliputi Narasaiah , Bennett Eric S. , Tipparaju Srinivas M.
Published: April 2013

Ventricular arrhythmias account for high mortality in cardiopulmonary patients in intensive care units. Cardiovascular alterations and molecular-level changes in response to the commonly used oxygen treatment remains unknown. In the present study we investigated cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac complications in mice subjected to hyperoxia. Results demonstrate that there is a significant increase in average heart weight to tibia length (22%) in mice subjected to hyperoxia treatment vs. normoxia. Functional assessment was performed in mice subjected to hyperoxic treatment, and results demonstrate impaired cardiac function with decreased cardiac output and heart rate. Staining of transverse cardiac sections clearly demonstrates an increase in the cross-sectional area from hyperoxic hearts compared with control hearts. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis indicated differential mRNA and protein expression levels between hyperoxia-treated and control left ventricles for ion channels including Kv4.2 (−2 ± 0.08), Kv2.1 (2.54 ± 0.48), and Scn5a (1.4 ± 0.07); chaperone KChIP2 (−1.7 ± 0.06); transcriptional factors such as GATA4 (−1.5 ± 0.05), Irx5 (5.6 ± 1.74), NFκB1 (4.17 ± 0.43); hypertrophy markers including MHC-6 (2.17 ± 0.36) and MHC-7 (4.62 ± 0.76); gap junction protein Gja1 (4.4 ± 0.8); and microRNA processing enzyme Drosha (4.6 ± 0.58). Taken together, the data presented here clearly indicate that hyperoxia induces left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy and alters the expression of Kv4.2 and MHC6/7 in the heart.
The effects of hypertension on the cerebral circulation
Authors: Pires Paulo W. , Dams Ramos Carla M. , Matin Nusrat , Dorrance Anne M.
Published: April 2013

Maintenance of brain function depends on a constant blood supply. Deficits in cerebral blood flow are linked to cognitive decline, and they have detrimental effects on the outcome of ischemia. Hypertension causes alterations in cerebral artery structure and function that can impair blood flow, particularly during an ischemic insult or during periods of low arterial pressure. This review will focus on the historical discoveries, novel developments, and knowledge gaps in 1) hypertensive cerebral artery remodeling, 2) vascular function with emphasis on myogenic reactivity and endothelium-dependent dilation, and 3) blood-brain barrier function. Hypertensive artery remodeling results in reduction in the lumen diameter and an increase in the wall-to-lumen ratio in most cerebral arteries; this is linked to reduced blood flow postischemia and increased ischemic damage. Many factors that are increased in hypertension stimulate remodeling; these include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species levels. Endothelial function, vital for endothelium-mediated dilation and regulation of myogenic reactivity, is impaired in hypertension. This is a consequence of alterations in vasodilator mechanisms involving nitric oxide, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and ion channels, including calcium-activated potassium channels and transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 4. Hypertension causes blood-brain barrier breakdown by mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and vasoactive circulating molecules. This exposes neurons to cytotoxic molecules, leading to neuronal loss, cognitive decline, and impaired recovery from ischemia. As the population ages and the incidence of hypertension, stroke, and dementia increases, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the control of cerebral artery function in health and disease.
Effects of dietary flaxseed on atherosclerotic plaque regression
Authors: Francis Andrew A. , Deniset Justin F. , Austria Jose A. , LaValleé Renee K. , Maddaford Graham G. , Hedley Thomas E. , Dibrov Elena , Pierce Grant N.
Published: April 2013

Dietary flaxseed can retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. However, it remains unclear whether these antiatherogenic effects extend to plaque regression. In the present study, the therapeutic potential of dietary flaxseed on atherosclerotic plaque regression and vascular contractile function was evaluated using a novel rabbit model. Rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either a regular diet for 12 wk ( group I) or a 1% cholesterol-supplemented diet for 4 wk followed by a regular diet for 8 wk ( group II). The remaining experimental animals were treated as in group II but were fed for an additional 14 wk with either a regular diet ( group III) or a 10% flaxseed-supplemented diet ( group IV). Animals in group II showed clear evidence of plaque growth stabilization. Their vessels also exhibited significantly lower norepinephrine-induced contraction and an impaired relaxation response to acetylcholine compared with animals in group I. Dietary flaxseed supplementation resulted in a significant ≈40% reduction in plaque formation ( P = 0.033). Animals in both groups II and III displayed improved contraction and endothelium-dependent vessel relaxation. Dietary flaxseed is a valuable strategy to accelerate the regression of atherosclerotic plaques; however, flaxseed intervention did not demonstrate a clear beneficial effect on the vessel contractile response and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation.
Dehydroepiandrosterone restores right ventricular structure and function in rats with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Alzoubi Abdallah , Toba Michie , Abe Kohtaro , O'Neill Kealan D. , Rocic Petra , Fagan Karen A. , McMurtry Ivan F. , Oka Masahiko
Published: April 2013

Current therapy of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is inadequate. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) effectively treats experimental pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxic and monocrotaline-injected rats. Contrary to these animal models, SU5416/hypoxia/normoxia-exposed rats develop a more severe form of occlusive pulmonary arteriopathy and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction that is indistinguishable from the human disorder. Thus, we tested the effects of DHEA treatment on PAH and RV structure and function in this model. Chronic (5 wk) DHEA treatment significantly, but moderately, reduced the severely elevated RV systolic pressure. In contrast, it restored the impaired cardiac index to normal levels, resulting in an improved cardiac function, as assessed by echocardiography. Moreover, DHEA treatment inhibited RV capillary rarefaction, apoptosis, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. The steroid decreased NADPH levels in the RV. As a result, the reduced reactive oxygen species production in the RV of these rats was reversed by NADPH supplementation. Mechanistically, DHEA reduced the expression and activity of Rho kinases in the RV, which was associated with the inhibition of cardiac remodeling-related transcription factors STAT3 and NFATc3. These results show that DHEA treatment slowed the progression of severe PAH in SU5416/hypoxia/normoxia-exposed rats and protected the RV against apoptosis and fibrosis, thus preserving its contractile function. The antioxidant activity of DHEA, by depleting NADPH, plays a central role in these cardioprotective effects.
Comparative rheology of the adhesion of platelets and leukocytes from flowing blood: why are platelets so small?
Authors: Watts Tim , Barigou Mostafa , Nash Gerard B.
Published: April 2013

We investigated rheological adaptation of leukocytes and platelets for their adhesive functions in inflammation and hemostasis, respectively. Adhesion and margination of leukocytes or platelets were quantified for blood perfused through capillaries coated with P-selectin or collagen, when flow rate, suspending phase viscosity, red cell aggregation, or rigidity was modified. Independent variation of shear rate and shear stress indicated that the ability of platelets to attach at higher levels than leukocytes was largely attributable to their smaller size, reducing their velocity before attachment, and, especially, drag after attachment. Increasing red cell aggregation increased the number of marginated and adhering leukocytes but inhibited platelet adhesion without effect on the number marginated. Increasing red cell rigidity tended to inhibit leukocyte adhesion but promote platelet adhesion. The effects on platelets may be explained by changes in the depth of the near-wall, red cell-depleted layer; broadening (or narrowing) this layer to greater (or less) than the platelet diameter would decrease (or increase) the normal force applied by red blood cells and make attachment less (or more) efficient. Thus different adhesive capabilities of leukocytes and platelets may arise from their differences in size, both directly because of influence on cell velocity and force experienced at the wall and indirectly through effects of size on margination in the bloodstream and interaction with the cell-free layer. In addition, red cell aggregation (of hitherto uncertain physiological significance) may be useful in promoting leukocyte adhesion in inflamed venules but inhibiting unwanted platelet deposition in veins.
Nitric oxide regulates vascular adaptive mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Miller Matthew W. , Knaub Leslie A. , Olivera-Fragoso Luis F. , Keller Amy C. , Balasubramaniam Vivek , Watson Peter A. , Reusch Jane E. B.
Published: April 2013

Cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and physical inactivity, are all correlated with impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. NO-mediated regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis has been established in many tissues, yet the role of eNOS in vascular mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics is unclear. We hypothesized that genetic eNOS deletion and 3-day nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in rodents would result in impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and defunct fission/fusion and autophagy profiles within the aorta. We observed a significant, eNOS expression-dependent decrease in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) protein subunits from complexes I, II, III, and V in eNOS heterozygotes and eNOS null mice compared with age-matched controls. In response to NOS inhibition with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) treatment in Sprague Dawley rats, significant decreases were observed in ETC protein subunits from complexes I, III, and IV as well as voltage-dependent anion channel 1. Decreased protein content of upstream regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, cAMP response element-binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, were observed in response to 3-day l-NAME treatment. Both genetic eNOS deletion and NOS inhibition resulted in decreased manganese superoxide dismutase protein. l-NAME treatment resulted in significant changes to mitochondrial dynamic protein profiles with decreased fusion, increased fission, and minimally perturbed autophagy. In addition, l-NAME treatment blocked mitochondrial adaptation to an exercise intervention in the aorta. These results suggest that eNOS/NO play a role in basal and adaptive mitochondrial biogenesis in the vasculature and regulation of mitochondrial turnover.
Partial functional redundancy betweenHoxa5andHoxb5paralog genes during lung morphogenesis
Authors: Boucherat Olivier , Montaron Séverine , Bérubé-Simard Félix-Antoine , Aubin Josée , Philippidou Polyxeni , Wellik Deneen M. , Dasen Jeremy S. , Jeannotte Lucie
Published: April 2013

Hox genes encode transcription factors governing complex developmental processes in several organs. A subset of Hox genes are expressed in the developing lung. Except for Hoxa5, the lack of overt lung phenotype in single mutants suggests that Hox genes may not play a predominant role in lung ontogeny or that functional redundancy may mask anomalies. In the Hox5 paralog group, both Hoxa5 and Hoxb5 genes are expressed in the lung mesenchyme whereas Hoxa5 is also expressed in the tracheal mesenchyme. Herein, we generated Hoxa5; Hoxb5 compound mutant mice to evaluate the relative contribution of each gene to lung development. Hoxa5; Hoxb5 mutants carrying the four mutated alleles displayed an aggravated lung phenotype, resulting in the death of the mutant pups at birth. Characterization of the phenotype highlighted the role of Hoxb5 in lung formation, the latter being involved in branching morphogenesis, goblet cell specification, and postnatal air space structure, revealing partial functional redundancy with Hoxa5. However, the Hoxb5 lung phenotypes were less severe than those seen in Hoxa5 mutants, likely because of Hoxa5 compensation. New specific roles for Hoxa5 were also unveiled, demonstrating the extensive contribution of Hoxa5 to the developing respiratory system. The exclusive expression of Hoxa5 in the trachea and the phrenic motor column likely underlies the Hoxa5-specific trachea and diaphragm phenotypes. Altogether, our observations establish that the Hoxa5 and Hoxb5 paralog genes shared some functions during lung morphogenesis, Hoxa5 playing a predominant role.
VARA attenuates hyperoxia-induced impaired alveolar development and lung function in newborn mice
Authors: James Masheika L. , Ross A. Catharine , Nicola Teodora , Steele Chad , Ambalavanan Namasivayam
Published: April 2013

We have recently shown that a combination of vitamin A (VA) and retinoic acid (RA) in a 10:1 molar ratio (VARA) synergistically increases lung retinoid content in newborn rodents, more than either VA or RA alone in equimolar amounts. We hypothesized that the increase in lung retinoids would reduce oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in attenuation of alveolar simplification and abnormal lung function in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice. Newborn C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 85% O2(hyperoxia) or air (normoxia) for 7 or 14 days from birth and given vehicle or VARA every other day. Lung retinol content was measured by HPLC, function was assessed by flexiVent, and development was evaluated by radial alveolar counts, mean linear intercept, and secondary septal crest density. Mediators of oxidative stress, inflammation, and alveolar development were evaluated in lung homogenates. We observed that VARA increased lung retinol stores and attenuated hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification while increasing lung compliance and lowering resistance. VARA attenuated hyperoxia-induced increases in DNA damage and protein oxidation accompanied with a reduction in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 protein but did not alter malondialdehyde adducts, nitrotyrosine, or myeloperoxidase concentrations. Interferon-γ and macrophage inflammatory protein-2α mRNA and protein increased with hyperoxia, and this increase was attenuated by VARA. Our study suggests that the VARA combination may be a potential therapeutic strategy in conditions characterized by VA deficiency and hyperoxia-induced lung injury during lung development, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.
LPS induces pp60c-src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Hsp90 in lung vascular endothelial cells and mouse lung
Authors: Barabutis Nektarios , Handa Vaishali , Dimitropoulou Christiana , Rafikov Ruslan , Snead Connie , Kumar Sanjiv , Joshi Atul , Thangjam Gagan , Fulton David , Black Stephen M. , Patel Vijay , Catravas John D.
Published: April 2013

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors were initially developed as anticancer agents; however, it is becoming increasing clear that they also possess potent anti-inflammatory properties. Posttranslational modifications of Hsp90 have been reported in tumors and have been hypothesized to affect client protein- and inhibitor-binding activities. In the present study we investigated the posttranslational modification of Hsp90 in inflammation. LPS, a prototypical inflammatory agent, induced concentration- and time-dependent tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation of Hsp90α and Hsp90β in bovine pulmonary arterial and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). Mass spectrometry identified Y309 as a major site of Y phosphorylation on Hsp90α (Y300 of Hsp90β). LPS-induced Hsp90 phosphorylation was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-allyl-amino-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG) in vitro as well as in lungs from LPS-treated mice, in vivo. Furthermore, 17-AAG prevented LPS-induced pp60srcactivation. LPS-induced Hsp90 phosphorylation was also prevented by the pp60srcinhibitor PP2. Additionally, Hsp90 phosphorylation was induced by infecting cells with a constitutively active pp60srcadenovirus, whereas either a dominant-negative pp60srcadenovirus or reduced expression of pp60srcby a specific siRNA prevented the LPS-induced Y phosphorylation of Hsp90. Transfection of HLMVEC with the nonphosphorylatable Hsp90β Y300F mutant prevented LPS-induced Hsp90β tyrosine phosphorylation but not pp60srcactivation. Furthermore, the Hsp90β Y300F mutant showed a reduced ability to bind the Hsp90 client proteins eNOS and pp60srcand HLMVEC transfected with the mutant exhibited reduced LPS-induced barrier dysfunction. We conclude that inflammatory stimuli cause posttranslational modifications of Hsp90 that are Hsp90-inhibitor sensitive and may be important to the proinflammatory actions of Hsp90.
The Assimilation and Retention of Carbon in Upland Heath Plant Communities Typical of Contrasting Management Regimes: A 13C Tracer Study
Authors: Quin Samuel L. O. , Conolly Tara R. A. , Artz Rebekka R. E. , Coupar Andrew , Woodin Sarah J.
Published: April 2013

Upland heath is an extensive habitat in the UK and is currently managed for a range of objectives: agricultural grazing, sporting interests, and biodiversity conservation. Increasingly land management will also have to address the provision of the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration (transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere into long-lived pools for storage). This study investigates carbon sequestration in Calluna- and Nardus-dominated upland heath vegetation communities in NE Scotland, which typically occurs as a result of low and high intensity management (grazing and burning) regimes, respectively. A 13CO2 tracer experiment compared the rate of carbon assimilation and the retention of assimilated carbon over six weeks during the growing season between these two communities. There was no difference in 13CO2 uptake between Calluna- or Nardus-dominated vegetation communities and they both retained over 40% of the assimilated 13C after six weeks. The 13C retained was mostly held in Calluna leaf and stem tissue in the Calluna-dominated community and in graminoid leaves in the Nardus-dominated community. Consideration of the strategies of the dominant species and the attributes of the tissues in which 13C was retained suggests that Calluna-dominated vegetation may be of greater benefit to carbon sequestration in the longer term.
Localization with Single Stationary Anchor for Mobile Node in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Qu Haipeng , Hou Guojia , Guo Ying , Wang Ning , Guo Zhongwen
Published: April 2013

We proposed a localization algorithm named LSARSSI for mobile node based on RSSI (received signal strength indicator) between locating sensor node with inertia module built-in and the single anchor. Instead of directly mapping RSSI values into physical distance, contrasting RSSI values received from anchor in different visited locations, LSARSSI utilizes the geometric relationship of perpendicular intersection to compute node positions. Given that the values of RSSI among two visited locations are equal, we regard that their distances to anchor node are equal. After obtaining several sets of such visited locations, the relative location of mobile node and anchor node can be calculated. Because of the limitations of LSARSSI, we put forward an improved algorithm named ILSARSSI. Our scheme uses only one location-known anchor which is useful in low density environment without using additional hardware. The simulations show that LSARSSI achieves high accuracy and ILSARSSI performs high stability and feasibility.
Improved Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Using a Diethyldithiocarbamate‐Modified TiO2 Surface
Authors: Ariyasinghe D. M. B. P. , Bandara H. M. N. , Rajapakse R. M. G. , Murakami K. , Shimomura M.
Published: April 2013

The surface modification of a TiO2 electrode with diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was studied. Results from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that over half of the sulfur atoms become positively charged after the DEDTC treatment of the TiO2 surface. DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 electrodes modified by adsorbing DEDTC using a simple dip‐coating process. The conversion efficiency of the DSSCs has been optimized to 6.6% through the enhancement of the short‐circuit current density (JSC = 12.74 mA/cm2). This is substantially higher compared to the efficiency of 5.9% (JSC = 11.26 mA/cm2) for the DSSCs made with untreated TiO2 electrodes.
Thryroid Hormones and Hematological Indices Levels in Thyroid Disorders Patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya
Authors: Iddah M. A. , Macharia B. N. , Ng’wena A. G. , Keter A. , Ofulla A. V. O.
Published: April 2013

Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders on thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels have not been documented.Study Population. Patients treated for thyroid disorders at the MTRH between January 2008 and December 2011.Objectives. To determine the thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at the MTRH, western Kenya.Methodology. A retrospective study in which patient data and stored samples of patients, who presented with thyroid pathologies, underwent thyroidectomy, and histological examinations are done. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) blood levels, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelet counts, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed.Results. Male : female ratio was 1 : 10.9 with female representing 368 (95%). The median age was 41 (IQR: 32–48) with a range of 14–89 years. HHormonal levels for immunological thyroid disease patients were higher (P=0.0232; 0.040) for TSH and (T3) for those aged 30–39 years, respectively. The WBCs, RBCs, HGB, and platelets in immunological thyroid disease were not statistically significant withPvalues of 0.547, 0.205, 0.291, and 0.488 respectively.Conclusion. The presence of anaemia due to low RBCs in thyroid disease is not significantly associated with thyroid hormone with aPvalue of 0.512.
Characterization of Ketoprofen/Methyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin Complexes Prepared Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Banchero Mauro , Ronchetti Silvia , Manna Luigi
Published: April 2013

Complexes of methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin and ketoprofen, a crystalline anti‐inflammatory drug with poor water solubility, have been prepared for the first time in the presence of supercritical CO2 at 40°C and 20 MPa. The supercritical treatment allows these pharmaceutical formulations to be prepared without the use of any auxiliary agents or organic solvents. The treated samples were characterized through differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffractometry, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to exclude the presence of crystalline drug and check the formation of the complexes. The increase of the drug dissolution rate was investigated performing in vitro release tests in aqueous solutions. The results showed that the supercritical treatment can be an efficient method to obtain inclusion complexes with enhanced release kinetics. The operating methods of the release tests, that is, the “tablet method” or the “dispersed amount method,” affected both the dissolution rate and its dependence on the drug amount in the samples. On the contrary, the variation of the pH of the dissolution medium did not show any effect on the release rate of the supercritical complexes.
Cost-Sensitive Feature Selection of Numeric Data with Measurement Errors
Authors: Zhao Hong , Min Fan , Zhu William
Published: April 2013

Feature selection is an essential process in data mining applications since it reduces a model’s complexity. However, feature selection with various types of costs is still a new research topic. In this paper, we study the cost-sensitive feature selection problem of numeric data with measurement errors. The major contributions of this paper are fourfold. First, a new data model is built to address test costs and misclassification costs as well as error boundaries. It is distinguished from the existing models mainly on the error boundaries. Second, a covering-based rough set model with normal distribution measurement errors is constructed. With this model, coverings are constructed from data rather than assigned by users. Third, a new cost-sensitive feature selection problem is defined on this model. It is more realistic than the existing feature selection problems. Fourth, both backtracking and heuristic algorithms are proposed to deal with the new problem. Experimental results show the efficiency of the pruning techniques for the backtracking algorithm and the effectiveness of the heuristic algorithm. This study is a step toward realistic applications of the cost-sensitive learning.
Perceptual Hashing-Based Robust Image Authentication Scheme for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Yin Bangxu
Published: April 2013

Image authentication is critical for secure image transmission and storage in a wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN). In this paper, we propose a perceptual hashing-based robust image authentication scheme, which applies the distributed processing strategy for perceptual image hashes and can provide compactness, visual fragility, perceptual robustness, and security in digital image authentication for WMSN. In the proposed scheme, first, the cluster head node generates a secure pseudorandom chaotic sequence with keys and sends it to the image capturing node, then the image capturing node uses the received chaotic sequence to divide randomly the captured image into several overlapping rectangles, after that, two gravity centers of each rectangular region block are calculated, and finally the binary distance of the two gravity centers will be calculated in each general cluster member node. The cluster head node receives the binary sequence of the distance from all of the general cluster member nodes and combines them to form the perceptual hashing sequence to be sent to the base station for image authentication purpose. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has satisfactory authentication ability and can ensure not only the visual fragility for perceptually distinct images but also robustness for perceptually identical images via image rotation, JPEG compression, and noise burring.
Examining Similarity Structure: Multidimensional Scaling and Related Approaches in Neuroimaging
Authors: Shinkareva Svetlana V. , Wang Jing , Wedell Douglas H.
Published: April 2013

This paper covers similarity analyses, a subset of multivariate pattern analysis techniques that are based on similarity spaces defined by multivariate patterns. These techniques offer several advantages and complement other methods for brain data analyses, as they allow for comparison of representational structure across individuals, brain regions, and data acquisition methods. Particular attention is paid to multidimensional scaling and related approaches that yield spatial representations or provide methods for characterizing individual differences. We highlight unique contributions of these methods by reviewing recent applications to functional magnetic resonance imaging data and emphasize areas of caution in applying and interpreting similarity analysis methods.
Minimization of Fuel Costs and Gaseous Emissions of Electric Power Generation by Model Predictive Control
Authors: Elaiw A. M. , Xia X. , Shehata A. M.
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this paper is to present a model predictive control (MPC) approach for the periodic implementation of the optimal solutions of two optimal dynamic dispatch problems with emission and transmission line losses. The first problem is the dynamic economic emission dispatch (DEED) which is a multiobjective optimization problem which minimizes both fuel cost and pollutants emission simultaneously under a set of constraints. The second one is the profit-based dynamic economic emission dispatch (PBDEED) which is also a multi-objective optimization problem which maximizes the profit and minimizes the emission simultaneously under a set of constraints. Both the demand and energy price are assumed to be periodic and the total transmission loss is assumed to be a quadratic function of the generator power outputs. We assume that there are certain disturbances or uncertainties in the execution of the optimal controller and in the forecasted demand. The convergence and robustness of the MPC algorithm are demonstrated through the application of MPC to the DEED and PBDEED problems with five-unit and six-unit test systems, respectively.
Influences of Stacking Architectures of TiO2 Nanoparticle Layers on Characteristics of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tsai Chih-Hung , Tsai Yu-Tang , Huang Tsung-Wei , Hsu Sui-Ying , Chen Yan-Fang , Jhang Yuan-Hsuan , Hsieh Lun , Wu Chung-Chih , Chen Yen-Shan
Published: April 2013

We investigated the influences of stacking architectures of the TiO2 nanoparticle layers on characteristics and performances of DSSCs. TiO2 nanoparticles of different sizes and compositions were characterized for their morphological and optical/scattering properties in thin films. They were used to construct different stacking architectures of the TiO2 nanoparticle layers for use as working electrodes of DSSCs. Characteristics and performances of DSSCs were examined to establish correlation of the stacking architectures of TiO2 nanoparticle layers with characteristics of DSSCs. The results suggest that the three‐layer DSSC architecture, with sandwiching a 20 nm TiO2 nanoparticle layer between a 37 nm TiO2 nanoparticle layer and a hundred nm sized TiO2 back scattering/reflection layer, is effective in enhancing DSSC efficiencies. The high‐total‐transmittance 37 nm TiO2 nanoparticle layer with a larger haze can serve as an effective front scattering layer to scatter a portion of the incident light into larger oblique angles and therefore increase optical paths and absorption.
Partial Characterization of Biosurfactant fromLactobacillus pentosusand Comparison with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate for the Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil
Authors: Moldes A. B. , Paradelo R. , Vecino X. , Cruz J. M. , Gudiña E. , Rodrigues L. , Teixeira J. A. , Domínguez J. M. , Barral M. T.
Published: April 2013

The capability of a cell bound biosurfactant produced byLactobacillus pentosus, to accelerate the bioremediation of a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, was compared with a synthetic anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS-). The biosurfactant produced by the bacteria was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that clearly indicates the presence of OH and NH groups, C=O stretching of carbonyl groups and NH nebding (peptide linkage), as well as CH2–CH3and C–O stretching, with similar FTIR spectra than other biosurfactants obtained from lactic acid bacteria. After the characterization of biosurfactant by FTIR, soil contaminated with 7,000 mg Kg−1of octane was treated with biosurfactant fromL. pentosusor SDS. Treatment of soil for 15 days with the biosurfactant produced byL. pentosusled to a 65.1% reduction in the hydrocarbon concentration, whereas SDS reduced the octane concentration to 37.2% compared with a 2.2% reduction in the soil contaminated with octane in absence of biosurfactant used as control. Besides, after 30 days of incubation soil with SDS or biosurfactant gave percentages of bioremediation around 90% in both cases. Thus, it can be concluded that biosurfactant produced byL. pentosusaccelerates the bioremediation of octane-contaminated soil by improving the solubilisation of octane in the water phase of soil, achieving even better results than those reached with SDS after 15-day treatment.
Evaluation of a Bladder Cancer Cluster in a Population of Criminal Investigators with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives—Part 2: The Association of Cancer Risk and Fire Scene Investigation
Authors: Davis Susan R. , Tao Xuguang , Bernacki Edward J. , Alfriend Amy S. , Delowery Mark E.
Published: April 2013

This study evaluated the association of bladder cancer risk and fire scene investigation within a cohort of white male criminal investigators with the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives that was found to be at increased risk for bladder cancer. Medical surveillance data were used in a nested case-control study to determine odds ratios (ORs) estimating the relative risk of the cancer associated with post-fire investigation. The study comprised seven bladder cancer cases and 1525 controls. Six of the cases reported holding assignments associated with post-fire investigation. The OR for bladder cancer was 19.01 (95% confidence interval = 1.94–186.39) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for one to four years versus zero years and 12.56 (1.14–138.58) for those holding any one or more of these assignments for five or more years versus zero years. The risk for bladder cancer is significantly elevated for those holding post-fire investigation assignments compared to those not holding these assignments.
Colorectal Cancer Risk Associated with Hormone Use Varies by Expression of Estrogen Receptor-β
Authors: Rudolph Anja , Toth Csaba , Hoffmeister Michael , Roth Wilfried , Herpel Esther , Schirmacher Peter , Brenner Hermann , Chang-Claude Jenny
Published: April 2013

The risk of colorectal cancer is reduced among users of oral contraceptives or menopausal hormone therapy, but associations with reproductive characteristics that are markers of a woman's endogenous hormone milieu have not been consistently observed. To help understand possible mechanisms through which exogenous and endogenous hormonal exposures are involved in colorectal cancer, we assessed the risk of these malignancies according to tumor expression of estrogen receptor-β (ESR2). In a population-based study of postmenopausal women (503 cases and 721 controls matched for sex and age), immunohistochemical expression of ESR2 was determined in 445 cases of incident colorectal cancer. Unconditional logistic regression was used in case–case analyses to assess heterogeneity between risk associations according to ESR2 status and in case–control analyses to estimate associations separately for ESR2-negative and ESR2-positive tumors. For ESR2-positive tumors but not ESR2-negative tumors, colorectal cancer risk significantly decreased with duration of oral contraceptive use [per five-year increments OR ESR2-positive, 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77–0.99; OR ESR2-negative, 1.02, 95% CI, 0.91–1.15; Pheterogeneity = 0.07] and with duration of menopausal hormone therapy use (per five-year increments OR ESR2-positive, 0.84, 95% CI, 0.74–0.95; OR ESR2-negative, 0.94, 95% CI 0.84–1.05; Pheterogeneity = 0.06). Significant heterogeneity according to ESR2 expression was found for the association with current use of menopausal hormone therapy (<0.5 years ago; Pheterogeneity = 0.023) but not for associations with reproductive factors. In conclusion, our results suggest that hormone use decreases risk for ESR2-positive but not ESR2-negative colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3306–15. ©2013 AACR.
Adipocytes Cause Leukemia Cell Resistance to L-Asparaginase via Release of Glutamine
Authors: Ehsanipour Ehsan A. , Sheng Xia , Behan James W. , Wang Xingchao , Butturini Anna , Avramis Vassilios I. , Mittelman Steven D.
Published: April 2013

Obesity is a significant risk factor for cancer. A link between obesity and a childhood cancer has been identified: obese children diagnosed with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) had a 50% greater risk of relapse than their lean counterparts. l-asparaginase (ASNase) is a first-line therapy for ALL that breaks down asparagine and glutamine, exploiting the fact that ALL cells are more dependent on these amino acids than other cells. In the present study, we investigated whether adipocytes, which produce significant quantities of glutamine, may counteract the effects of ASNase. In children being treated for high-risk ALL, obesity was not associated with altered plasma levels of asparagine or glutamine. However, glutamine synthetase was markedly increased in bone marrow adipocytes after induction chemotherapy. Obesity substantially impaired ASNase efficacy in mice transplanted with syngeneic ALL cells and, like in humans, without affecting plasma asparagine or glutamine levels. In coculture, adipocytes inhibited leukemic cell cytotoxicity induced by ASNase, and this protection was dependent on glutamine secretion. These findings suggest that adipocytes work in conjunction with other cells of the leukemia microenvironment to protect leukemia cells during ASNase treatment. Cancer Res; 73(10); 2998–3006. ©2013 AACR.