bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCING CELLULOSE OXIDATION-ORGANOSOLVENT WAY OF NON-WOOD PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: Vurasko Alesya Valer'yevna , Simonova Elena Igorevna , Minakova Anastasiya Rashitovna , Sivakov Valeriy Pavlovich
Published: November 2019

An improved process flow diagram for the production of cellulose by oxidation-organosolvent method from non-wood vegetable raw materials with pre-alkaline treatment and recovery of the spent cooking solution has been developed. It is shown that it is possible to obtain technical cellulose with the desired properties with repeated use of the spent cooking solution, which allows to reduce the consumption of acetic acid and fresh water by two and 1.7 times, respectively. The scheme includes the following stages: preparation of raw materials; preparation of the cooking composition and alkaline solution, alkaline treatment, cooking and washing of cellulose, recovery of the spent cooking solution, neutralization of the spent alkaline solution and the use of contaminated water.  When implementing the flowcharts are formed by the following types of contaminated water: water for rinsing plant material circulates through the first and second steps of adding water with catalyst; circulating the water from flushing technical pulp in three stages – the washing water from the first washing stage is directed to the Converter; the washing water from the second stage washing sent to the first stage of the wash technical cellulose; the third step of the rinsing water is fed from the drum filter with the addition of fresh water; the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the spent alkaline solution is 1.75 %. In the neutralizer, weakly acidic water with a concentration of acetic acid of 0.83% and sodium acetate with a concentration of 2.5% is formed; weakly acidic water from the neutralizer is fed to the first stage of washing plant raw materials. Fresh water is used for the preparation of balanced peracetic acid, alkaline solution and the third stage of technical cellulose washing. Solid waste is formed in the hydraulic separator during washing of vegetable raw materials; in the tank of the spent cooking solution in the form of a precipitate from zero fiber; in the neutralizer, the washed precipitate can be used as an anti-frost additive for concrete. It is proposed to use reactor and neutralizer as the main technological equipment.
ORIGENES DE LA ASOCIACION MADRES DE PLAZA DE MAYO DE MAR DEL PLATA (1976-1986)
Authors: ZUBILLAGA PAULA
Published: November 2019

La represión desplegada por las fuerzas policiales, las Fuerzas Armadas y la Concentración Nacional Universitaria en Mar del Plata, Argentina, durante la última dictadura, llevó a la conformación de grupos de oposición, denuncia y resistencia a la misma. Así, la Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo de Mar del Plata nació en 1984 fruto de las distintas divisiones que se produjeron en la primera organización de derechos humanos de la ciudad, la Comisión Madres, Abuelas y Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos, conformada entre 1976 y 1977 y cuyo accionar se extendió hasta mediados de los años ‘80. En este trabajo intentaremos indagar la experiencia de dicha Comisión –de la cual participaron mujeres que luego integrarían la Asociación– y el surgimiento de la organización de Madres local. Por tal motivo, el recorte temporal elegido va desde el golpe de estado de 1976 a 1986, año en que se produce la fractura de Madres de Plaza de Mayo, en la cual la filial marplatense queda bajo la órbita de la Asociación liderada a nivel nacional por Hebe de Bonafini.
LA IGLESIA Y LA REPRESIÓN EN LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA
Authors: RAGUER SUÑER HILARI
Published: November 2019

La terrible persecución religiosa en la zona republicana tuvo un comprensible eco en Roma. Pero la actitud del Vaticano fue muy reticente, porque al principio el resultado era incierto y por temor al influjo fascista y sobre todo nazi. La primera toma de posición pública fue el discurso de Pío XI en Castelgandolfo, el 14 de septiembre de 1936. El Vaticano tardó casi dos años en reconocer plenamente a Franco, y lo hizo por realismo, porque ganaba. Los obispos españoles, aunque en 1936 deseaban un golpe militar, no habían entrado en la conspiración. Se adhirieron “a posteriori” a ella. Su toma de posición más importante fue la carta colectiva al episcopado mundial, de 1 de julio de 1937. Se opusieron a todos los intentos de mediación internacional y paz negociada y negaron la represión franquista. La Iglesia española ha de pedir perdón.
LA DIVERSIDAD Y EL CONFLICTO. LAS DISPUTAS DEL BANDO REPUBLICANO DURANTE LA GUERRA CIVIL. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN HISTORIOGRÁFICA
Authors: VADILLO MUÑOZ JULIÁN
Published: November 2019

Uno de los temas que más debate historiográfico ha generado ha sido el de las divergencias que surgieron en el interior del bando republicano durante la Guerra Civil. Estas diferencias de carácter organizativo e ideológico generaron unos enfrentamientos que en muchas ocasiones tuvieron una carga violenta y víctimas por distintas partes. En el presente artículo se intentan analizar las raíces de ese conflicto partiendo de la situación de la izquierda política antes del golpe de Estado del 18 de julio de 1936. Posteriormente se analizarán de forma sucinta dos episodios claves en estos conflictos: los sucesos de mayo de 1937 y el golpe de Casado de marzo de 1939. Para terminar, se hará una aproximación al estado de la cuestión historiográfica sobre estos conflictos.
LA SOLIDARIDAD INTERNACIONAL CON LA REPÚBLICA EN GUERRA
Authors: BRANCIFORTE LAURA
Published: November 2019

En este artículo se aborda el tema de la solidaridad internacional a partir de la organización kominterniana del Socorro Rojo Internacional (SRI) que nació en Rusia en 1922. Se traza la acción de este organismo en España tras la revolución de octubre de 1934, cuando asumió una gran importancia social y política y se convirtió en un gran “movimiento solidario”. A partir de este momento y durante 1935 la ayuda humanitaria, las campañas de solidaridad o la recogida de fondos en el extranjero hicieron del SRI una pieza clave frente a la represión, las mujeres lograron un protagonismo absoluto, y empezaron a desarrollar funciones de tipo social y político. El SRI se iría “feminizando” en sus bases, aunque menos en su dirección, como era de esperarse. Durante la guerra civil se convirtió en una de las más importantes organizaciones del antifascismo femenino y en una pieza clave del sistema sanitario militar republicano.
ECONOMÍA, MERCADO Y BIENESTAR HUMANO DURANTE LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA
Authors: PUCHE JAVIER
Published: November 2019

Este artículo ofrece una visión de conjunto de la economía española y el bienestar humano durante el periodo de la Guerra Civil de 1936-1939. A partir de análisis de los principales indicadores económicos y de salud, estudia el impacto que el conflicto bélico de 1936-1939 tuvo en la economía española y en el bienestar humano de las poblaciones españolas. Los resultados revelan que la guerra truncó la tendencia de crecimiento económico del primer tercio del siglo XX, que supuso la ruptura de un mercado que había funcionado hasta entonces de manera integrada, y que la mayor parte de la población española conoció una fuerte regresión de sus condiciones de vida y salud. Las consecuencias de la Guerra Civil y, más aún, la autarquía franquista propiciaron una nueva fase de divergencia con la Europa avanzada en términos de desarrollo económico y bienestar humano.
DOS JURISTAS EN EL EXILIO LATINOAMERICANO. LA TRAVESÍA DE MARIANO RUIZ-FUNES EN MÉXICO Y LUIS JIMÉNEZ DE ASÚA EN ARGENTINA
Authors: ARCE BEATRIZ GRACIA
Published: November 2019

El fin de la Guerra Civil precipitó la marcha al exilio de miles españoles. Diversos fueron los caminos que iniciaron al cruzar la frontera. En este trabajo analizaremos el caso particular de Mariano Ruiz-Funes y su peregrinar por el exilio que, finalmente, lo llevó a México, donde desarrolló su faceta de profesor de derecho penal en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) y el Colegio de México. Además de participar activamente en los espacios de sociabilidad del exilio en México, como la Unión de Profesores Universitarios Exiliados. Desde estos espacios trabajó activamente en la denuncia del nuevo Estado franquista. En ese periplo mantuvo su amistad con Luis Jiménez de Asúa, reconocido penalista que vivió el exilio en Argentina, donde trabajó incansablemente en su obra jurídica.
REPRESSAO E RESISTENCIAS NO BRASIL: SECULO XX
Authors: SANFELICE JOSÉ LUÍS
Published: November 2019

Este estudo deseja captar no movimento da história, em uma conjuntura determinada, tensões que opuseram diferentes sujeitos sociais dos anos de 1970, no Brasil. Em um dos polos localiza-se o pensamento expresso pelos primeiros governantes do movimento civil-militar que ocuparam o aparelho de Estado em 1964. Humberto Castelo Branco, presidente da República, Flávio Suplicy de Lacerda, ministro da Educação e Cultura, e Raymundo Moniz de Aragão, com seus pronunciamentos no V Fórum Universitário, encarregaram -se de transmitir o pensamento do governo à sociedade. Na sequência, em curto espaço de tempo, os reflexos apareceriam no aparato legal da reforma universitária consentida. O contraponto à visão oficial encontra-se, para fins deste trabalho, em um texto da época de autoria de Florestan Fernandes e que resultou da conferência proferida na abertura do I Fórum de Professores, realizado no Rio de Janeiro em 1968. Espera-se, analisando o conflito ideológico, alcançar uma compreensão critica mais acurada do movimento civil-militar de 1964 e das suas relações com diferentes intelectuais.
A EXPERIÊNCIA DIPLOMÁTICA DE JURACY MAGALHÃES: A POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA APÓS 1964 E A ASSINATURA DOS TRATADOS DE LISBOA
Authors: ARAÚJO DA PAIXÃO CARLOS NÁSSARO
Published: November 2019

O artigo tem como principal objetivo analisar a atuação de Juracy Magalhães no ministério das Relações Exteriores, cargo que exerceu entre janeiro de 1966 até março de 1967. Será analisado o seu papel no processo de redefinição da política externa do Brasil, após 1964. Advinda daí, sua relação com os Estados Unidos será destacada, pois esta é considerada fundamental para explicar a sua postura à frente do planejamento, coordenação e execução da diplomacia brasileira. Estes elementos serão todos discutidos a partir de um estudo de caso, que possui um potencial de síntese, pois nele aparecem as principais questões referentes à política externa brasileira na década de 1960. Para tanto, serão analisados uma série de acordos que foram firmados entre os dois países, representados pelos ministros Juracy Magalhães, chanceler brasileiro e Franco Nogueira, o congênere português, em setembro de 1966.
“VOLTA À DITADURA”? RETORNO DA UTOPIA AUTORITÁRIA PRESENTE NAS MEMÓRIAS DE MILITARES E CIVIS DE 1964.
Authors: COSTA CARDOSO LUCILEIDE
Published: November 2019

O propósito do artigo é recuperar alguns matizes da memória ressentida de militares e golpistas de 1964, produzidas no formato de livros entre os anos oitenta e noventa do século vinte, como resposta às narrativas elaboradas pelo campo das forças democráticas de esquerda. A intenção é refletir sobre o contexto da batalha da memória no Brasil, momento em que ocorre o fim da hegemonia ou a fragilização das narrativas das vítimas e cresce o desejo de “Intervenção Militar Já”, que contamina determinados grupos sociais crentes de que a solução para a atual crise política e econômica é a escolha de novos agentes autoritários como representantes do poder.
EL EJÉRCITO ARGENTINO Y LA GUERRA CONVENCIONAL EN LA SEGUNDA MITAD DEL SIGLO XX. REFLEXIONES A PARTIR DE LA EXPERIENCIA DE LA ARTILLERÍA EN LA GUERRA DE MALVINAS
Authors: SOPRANO GERMÁN
Published: November 2019

Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar dos cuestiones relacionadas con la participación del Ejército Argentino en la Guerra de Malvinas. Por un lado, la diversidad de perspectivas y experiencias vividas por los combatientes argentinos en esa guerra, particularmente, centrándonos en el Grupo de Artillería 3. Por otro lado, una cuestión menos estudiada en la  historia reciente de la Argentina: la preparación militar para la guerra convencional. En consecuencia, sin descuidar la importancia de la denominada “Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional” en las concepciones del conflicto e intervenciones represivas de las Fuerzas Armadas entre 1956-1983, afirmamos que es necesario profundizar complementariamente nuestros conocimientos sobre la educación de los militares y la instrucción, adiestramiento y alistamiento de sus unidades para la guerra convencional, especialmente, en función de hipótesis de conflicto con Chile y Brasil.
Message of Support from Mrs GNM Pandor, Minister of Higher Education and Training
Authors: Papier Joy
Published: November 2019

Message of Support from Mrs GNM Pandor,Minister of Higher Education and Training

Internationally there is a scarcity of peer-reviewed academic publications that are specifically intended to promote and disseminate scholarly research into post-school TVET and Adult and Continuing Education and Training.

The first edition of the Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training and its focus on the African continent and the global South is thus timely and most welcome.

The enormous importance of the TVET, Adult and Continuing Education sector to the social and economic wellbeing of our people is not disputed. However, there has been an absence of a credible and quality publication to promote scholarly debate in the field. I am hopeful that this Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training will provide such a platform for the theoretical and conceptual understanding of this sector. I hope also that the Journal will provide a platform for a rigorous and sound analysis of the implementation of the analyses of the scholars that will be published in the Journal.

I welcome the first edition of the Journal of Vocational, Adult and Continuing Education and Training and look forward to the interdisciplinary and globally comparative publications that will assist policymakers, practitioners, researchers and scholars to contribute to and enhance the understanding of this important sector.

Congratulations to the Institute for Post-School Studies at the University of the Western Cape and your partners on this milestone.

I wish you, your contributors and your readers every success in this first edition and continued strength in the years ahead.

Mrs GNM Pandor MPMinister of Higher Education and Training
Transhumanism
Authors: Huxley Julian
Published: November 2019

In his famous paper, Julian Huxley gives the outline of what he believes future humanity could – and should – look like. By pointing out the numerous limitations and feebleness the human nature is – at the time – prone to, and by confronting them with the possibilities humankind has, Huxley expresses the need to research and put into use all possible measures that would enable man achieve utmost perfection.
Dobrovoljno ropstvo i totalitarnost u distopijskim romanima 20. stoljeća: Status književnosti u Vrlome novom svijetu, 1984. i Fahrenheitu 451
Authors: Štahan Matija
Published: November 2019

The article thematises the relationship of the will to rule and the will to be ruled in the aforementioned dystopian novels by Aldous Huxley, George Orwell and Ray Bradbury. The first part of the article points out Hannah Arendt’s observations on the nature of totalitarianism, the second part deals with the similarities concerning the status of literature in the fictitious totalitarian societies represented in the three novels, whereas the final part exemplifies Arendtʼs views through Étienne de La Boétieʼs writings on “voluntary servitude”. The conflict between those who want to be ruled and those who want to be free reflects the clash of those who want to annihilate literature and those who want to preserve it.
Ibsenov pharmakon: Sokrat i Stockmann
Authors: Tomljenović Ana
Published: November 2019

Although An Enemy of the People has always been one of Ibsen’s most popular plays, ibsenology often dismisses it as a revolutionary pamphlet and the critique of the tyranny of the compact majority and the mediocrity of parliamentary democracy. Instead of focusing on the conflict that arises between the Conservatives and the Liberals, minority and majority, I want to draw attention to Ibsen’s poetic revolt. Building on Derrida’s study of the pharmakon in the Phaedrus, I argue that Ibsen continues to investigate the conflict between the speaker and the listener, between the actor and the audience, between speech and writing.
Word in Action. Democracy and Deliberation in Literary Practice in Polish Renaissance
Authors: Meller Katarzyna
Published: November 2019

This paper synthesizes relations between Polish democratic system and literary practice in the 16th century. The paper analyses phenomena that project social practice of deliberation on what is important to the community, including political community, and are rooted in the idea of noble democracy – idiosyncratic, mixed political system. The author focuses her interest on the idea of concordia. Consensualism was achieved through debates, political disputes or agons. Deliberative culture also encouraged other distinctive literary forms such as dialogs (political dialogs), polemical treatises, speeches or political satires.The paper underlines the significance of the Protestant Reformation to the Polish Renaissance culture, which introduced modernising tendencies and which expressed the ambitions of influence, participation, public activity, and co-deciding about the community. It stimulated modern way of thinking and shaped the model of discursive society and democratic Church.
Mono-kronološki ‘post’: sinkronizacija međuvremena nacija u povijestima jugoslavenske književnosti Antuna Barca i Pavla Popovića i (post)-jugoslavenska književnost
Authors: Mijatović Aleksandar
Published: November 2019

In this paper, I approach to the relationship between the art and the democracy via discussion of two histories of Yugoslav literatures. I propose and try to defend a thesis that both accounts of the history of Yugoslav literatures synchronize temporalities of the different national literatures, reducing thereby differences between them. Both histories substantialize Yugoslav literature as a remnant of the lost community. They argue that immediacy of that community had dissolved into the variety of nations, which led separate lives under the rule of empires. In the name of that mythical past, heterogeneous temporalities are synchronized to the single temporal flow. However, the similar substantializing operation and synchronization is present in the more recent concept of (post)-Yugoslav literature.
Measurement accuracy of two professional-use systems for point-of-care testing of blood glucose
Authors: Baumstark Annette , Jendrike Nina , Kamecke Ulrike , Liebing Christina , Pleus Stefan , Freckmann Guido
Published: November 2019

Background

The professional-use systems HemoCue® Glucose 201+ (HC201+) and HemoCue® Glucose 201 RT (HC201RT) are widely used for point-of-care testing (POCT) of blood glucose (BG). HC201RT utilizes unit-use microcuvettes which can be stored at room temperature, whereas HC201+ microcuvettes have to be stored at <8 °C. In this study, system accuracy of HC201+ and HC201RT was evaluated using capillary and venous blood samples.

Methods

For each system, two reagent system lots were evaluated within a period of 2 years based on testing procedures of ISO 15197:2013, a standard applicable for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) systems. For each reagent system lot, the investigation was performed by using 100 capillary and 95 to 99 venous blood samples. Comparison measurements were performed with a hexokinase laboratory method. Accuracy criteria of ISO 15197:2013 and POCT12-A3 were applied. In addition, bias was analyzed according to Bland and Altman, and error grid analysis was performed.

Results

When measuring capillary samples, both systems fulfilled accuracy requirements of ISO 15197:2013 and POCT12-A3 with the investigated reagent system lots. When measuring venous samples, only HC201+ fulfilled these requirements. Bias between HC201+ and reference measurements was more consistent over venous and capillary samples and microcuvette lots than for HC201RT. Error grid analysis showed that clinical actions might have been different depending on which system was used.

Conclusions

In this study, HC201+ showed a high level of accuracy irrespective of the sample type (capillary or venous). In contrast, HC201RT measurement results were markedly affected by the type of sample.
Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Behaviour of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys in Different pH Environments by SSRT Method
Authors: Catar Recep , Altun Hikmet
Published: November 2019

In this study, stress corrosion behaviors of AZ31, AZ61 and AZ91 Mg alloys which contain different amounts of Al were investigated under acidic, basic and neutral environments having chloride ions using Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method. Stress corrosion indexes (ISCC), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation of AZ31, AZ61, and AZ91 Mg alloys were determined and compared. Slow strain rate test showed that three Mg alloys in basic environments were the least stress corrosion susceptible, while the most stress corrosion susceptible occurred in acidic environments. Also, it has been shown that the stress corrosion indexes of AZ91 Mg alloys are less than AZ31 and AZ61 Mg alloys in all environments. UTS and elongation of AZ61 Mg alloys were higher than those of AZ31 and AZ91 in all media. The fracture of surface images also examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and both intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) were observed in all three alloys.
Antibacterial Activities of Transition Metal complexes of Mesocyclic Amidine 1,4-diazacycloheptane (DACH)
Authors: Rehman Sadia , Ikram Muhammad , Subhan Fazle , Sinnokrot Mutasem , Khan Waliullah
Published: November 2019

The titled compound 1,4-diazacycloheptane have vibrational freedom which allows it to coordinate to metal through 1st and 4th positions. Copper (II) and Nickel (II) complexes of DACH were prepared and characterized through UV-Visible, FT-IR, elemental analyses, conductance, and magnetic susceptibilities and compared to the results published in Inorg. Chem., 8(3), 528 (1969). The prepared complexes bearing different coordinating or non-coordinating anions were screened against four different pathogenic bacterial strains to study anionic effect on antibacterial activity. The MIC values of all the compounds suggest that [Cu(DACH)2Br2] is almost inactive against the tested microbes except Staph aureus. Rest of the metal complexes are active at their respective MIC values.
A new prospective on the role of melatonin in diabetes and its complications
Authors: Mok Jia Xin , Ooi Jack Hau , Ng Khuen Yen , Koh Rhun Yian , Chye Soi Moi
Published: November 2019

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland under the control of the circadian rhythm, and is released in the dark and suppressed during the day. In the past decades, melatonin has been considered to be used in the treatment for diabetes mellitus (DM). This is due to a functional inter-relationship between melatonin and insulin. Elevated oxidative stress is a feature found in DM associated with diabetic neuropathy (DN), retinopathy (DR), nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxidative species (NOS) are usually produced in massive amounts via glucose and lipid peroxidation, and this leads to diabetic complications. At the molecular level, ROS causes damage to the biomolecules and triggers apoptosis. Melatonin, as an antioxidant and a free radical scavenger, ameliorates oxidative stress caused by ROS and NOS. Besides that, melatonin administration is proven to bring other anti-DM effects such as reducing cellular apoptosis and promoting the production of antioxidants.
Ovarian cancer screening in the general population
Authors: Mathis Jérôme , Jellouli Mohammed Amine , Sabiani Laura , Fest Joy , Blache Guillaume , Mathevet Patrice
Published: November 2019

Background

Ovarian carcinoma is a poor prognosis cancer mainly due to its late diagnosis. Its incidence is relatively low but mortality is high. The symptomatology is only slightly specific, which complicates diagnostic management. It would therefore be interesting to be able to establish a diagnosis as early as possible in order to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from ovarian cancer.

Materials and methods

Currently, the combination of an ultrasound examination with a cancer antigen (CA)-125 assay is the most effective diagnostic technique, but not already admitted as a screening method. Therefore, we realized an exhaustive analysis of the most important studies in the last 15 years, in order to find new approaches in ovarian cancer screening.

Results

The age for initiating screening and its frequency are issues that are not fully resolved. The false positives and morbidity that result from screening are currently notable limitations.

Conclusions

The latest data do not support effective screening in the general population.
Pero Mexía and the otium of varied reading
Authors: Folger Robert
Published: November 2019

Otium(leisure), idleness (ociosidad) and labor (negocio/trabajo) are central categories in Pedro Mexía’s Silva de varia lección (1540), one of the most influential and popular miscellanea of the Early Modern Period, in Spain and Europe. In his work we see the breakdown of the opposition of ocio and negocio in the context of a new aristocratic ideology. Mexía’s reflections on leisure and intellectual labor shed new light on the nature of the mental sufferings of Cervantes’s Don Quijote, and contemporaries’ views of the hidalgo’s favorite pastime: reading.
Ideologías lingüísticas y prácticas heteroglósicas
Authors: Bürki Yvette
Published: November 2019

Esta contribución muestra un cambio de ideología lingüística generacional al interior de familias latinoamericanas o mixtas (padre suizo y madre latinoamericana) que radica en el paso de una ideología monoglósica y purista de las madres latinoamericanas, y que además son las transmisoras del español en casa, a otras ideologías lingüísticas alternativas que muestran las mujeres de segunda generación, y que no sólo reconocen las prácticas heteroglósicas como una forma normal de comunicación, sino que la reivindican como una forma identitaria y creativa. Este fenómeno lingüístico ha sido observado también por otros especialistas desde marcos epistemológicos que se ajustan a las nuevas realidades socioculturales influenciadas y moldeadas por la globalización (Dovchin 2016; Sultana et al. 2015; Ag y Jørgensen 2012; Otsuji y Pennycook 2010; Blackledge & Creese 2008; Pennycook 2007). Efectivamente, las constelaciones que llevan el sello de la globalización han desdibujado la conexión inequívoca entre espacios y lenguas e individuos; la enorme diversificación étnica y lingüística y la expansión de las comunicaciones transnacionales que permiten las nuevas tecnologías no hacen ya posible trazar conexiones simples y claras entre estas tres dimensiones.

El artículo se basa en un estudio realizado a partir de un set de datos de 14 conversaciones como parte de un corpus bastante más amplio desarrollado en el marco de un proyecto exploratorio cuyo objetivo es indagar sobre la ideologías e identidades (lingüísticas) de persona que se adscriben al colectivo latinoamericano en la Suiza germanoparlante. Para este estudio se han utilizado aproximaciones teórico-metodológicas de la sociolingüística de la globalización y de migración (Zimmermann y Morgenthaler 2007), que privilegia una perspectiva glotopolítica, y de la sociolingüística cognitiva (Caravedo 2014; Kristiansen 2001), centrando así la mirada en los cambios perceptivos y su impacto en las ideologías e identidades (lingüísticas) en contextos de migración.
Making Weight: Maintaining Body Mass for Weight Class Barbell Athletes
Authors: Moore Jerica L. , Travis S. Kyle , Lee Michelle L. , Stone Michael H.
Published: November 2019

Weightlifting and powerlifting are strength and power sports requiring athletes to participate in precompetition weigh-ins. Many athletes attempt to gain a competitive edge over smaller competitors by reducing body mass. Although these methods may seem advantageous, there are many negative outcomes that outweigh potential positive performance effects. Manipulating body mass can be performed effectively with minimal side effects; however, weightlifters and powerlifters participating in 2-hour weigh-ins should not cut weight at the expense of optimizing strength and power adaptations.
Vertical Force Production in Soccer: Mechanical Aspects and Applied Training Strategies
Authors: Loturco Irineu , Bishop Chris , Freitas Tomás T. , Pereira Lucas A. , Jeffreys Ian
Published: November 2019

Vertical force production (VFP) is widely recognized as a critical determinant of performance in a series of soccer-specific activities, such as sprinting, jumping, and changing direction. Therefore, practitioners are constantly seeking better and more effective strategies to improve VFP in professional soccer players. This article analyzes the mechanical aspects associated with the actual role played by VFP in elite soccer, and also examines and highlights the training considerations related to its appropriate and effective development during modern soccer seasons.
Effect of Multidirectional Forging with Decreasing Temperature on the Microstructure and Microhardness of the Aluminum-Magnesium-Scandium-Zirconium Alloy
Authors: Sitdikov O. S. , Avtokratova E. V. , Murzinova M. A. , Markushev M. V.
Published: November 2019

Evolution of the microstructure and microhardness of the cast and homogenized aluminum alloy 1570C (aluminum [Al]-5 magnesium [Mg]-0.18 manganese [Mn]-0.2 scandium [Sc]-0.08 zirconium [Zr], wt. %) were studied under multidirectional forging (MDF) with decreasing the temperature. Sequential compression passes were performed at a strain rate of 10−2 s−1 with 90° changing of the loading axes from pass to pass; with the strain per pass of Δe = 0.7 and the 25°C decrease of temperature in each pass, starting from 450°C (T = 0.8 Tm). It has been shown that the alloy ductility was sufficient for straining the samples without cracking up to the total strain of Σe = 10.5 at 100°C (about 0.4 Tm). In the initial state, the alloy possessed a coarse-grained structure with a grain size of about 25 μm and a uniform distribution of the Al3(Sc,Zr) nanoscale aluminides. MDF led to a continuous grain refinement. At relatively low strains, Σe ≤ 4.2 (and high temperatures, T ≥ 325°C), new grains were evolved mainly in the mantle areas of initial grains, resulting in the formation of a bimodal (sub)grain structure, which persisted up to Σe = 8.4 (T = 175°C). During further MDF, the alloy structure became more homogeneous and fine-grained, and at Σe = 10.5 (T = 100°C), it almost completely transformed into a nanocrystalline grain structure with a crystallite size of 100–150 nm, stabilized by nanodispersed Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates. The average size of the deformation-induced (sub)grains in the whole range of strains (temperatures) studied obeyed a power-law function of the flow stresses with the exponent close to −0.75. The microhardness testing showed that MDF did not lead to the notable alloy hardening in the samples deformed at relatively high temperatures (T > 325°C) and low strains (Σe < 4.2). With further processing, in contrast, a significant (about 1.5 times) hardness increase took place in accordance with the Hall-Petch relationship.
Comparison of Prediction Capabilities of Flow Stress by Various Constitutive Equation Models for Hot Deformation of Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Neelima P. , Narayana Murty S. V. S. , Chakravarthy P.
Published: November 2019

One of the important objectives of studies on the hot deformation of materials is the development of constitutive equations that represent the flow stress of the material as a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature useful for the structural designers in finite element analysis. While the constitutive analysis is fairly simple for pure metals and dilute alloys at high temperatures and low strain rates (low flow stresses), it can get complicated at high stresses and with the presence of a second phase, such as those in metal matrix composites. In the present work, the hot deformation behavior of aluminum matrix composites was studied by developing constitutive equations using Johnson–Cook (JC), modified JC (m-JC), Arrhenius, and modified Zerilli and Armstrong (m-ZA) models, and the prediction capability of these models was compared based on average absolute error (Δ). Further, the effect of reinforcement on activation energy of these composites was studied by varying parameters, viz., nature of reinforcement, volume fraction, and size. Out of the four constitutive models studied, the average absolute error is lowest for m-JC and Arrhenius models, and the flow stress values predicted by these two models compare well with the experimental data. Material constants of all the constitutive models for silicon carbide particulate (SiCp)-reinforced AA2124 composites with various volume fractions (5–30 %) were evaluated and provided as a database for the numerical simulations of hot deformation of these composites. To validate the constitutive equations, power dissipation maps have been developed for AA2124-15 vol % SiCp-reinforced composites, and it was found that the predicted flow stress data obtained from m-JC and Arrhenius equations could successfully reproduce the efficiency of power dissipation, indicating their better predictability of flow stress over JC and m-ZA models. Constitutive equations are quantified for 28 aluminum alloys and their composites, and physical interpretation of the constants of Arrhenius equation was provided.
Microstructure Evolution and Impedance Analysis of 7YSZ Thermal Barrier Coating during Gas Thermal-Shock
Authors: Chen Wen-Long , Liu Min , Zhuang Sai-rang , Xiao Xiao-Ling
Published: November 2019

A gas thermal-shock experiment of thermal barrier coating was carried out in air up to 1,250°C in order to simulate the thermal cycling process of the engine blades during the start heating and shut cooling. The growth of thermal growth oxide (TGO) layer and microstructure evolution of YSZ layer during thermal cycling process were investigated systematically by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thickness of TGO layer increases when increasing the frequency of thermal cycling, and the impedance response of middle frequencies is more and more remarkable. Meanwhile, initiation and growth of microcracks occur in YSZ layer during the gas thermal-shock experiment. The corresponding impedance characterization of YSZ layer after 100 cycles is similar to the as-sprayed sample, indicating that the YSZ microcracks could heal in a short time when sintered at high temperature. But after 300 cycles, the impedance spectroscopy of YSZ layer is quite different from the as-sprayed sample, with the corresponding impedance of YSZ grain boundary becoming more and more remarkable when prolonging the thermal-shock times, indicating that unhealing microcracks form in the YSZ layer, which may be the main reason to induce the failure of YSZ layer.
From State-to-Trait Meditation: Reconfiguration of Central Executive and Default Mode Networks
Authors: Bauer C. C. C. , Whitfield-Gabrieli S. , Díaz J. L. , Pasaye E. H. , Barrios F. A.
Published: November 2019

While brain default mode network (DMN) activation in human subjects has been associated with mind wandering, meditation practice has been found to suppress it and to increase psychological well-being. In addition to DMN activity reduction, experienced meditators (EMs) during meditation practice show an increased connectivity between the DMN and the central executive network (CEN). However, the gradual change between DMN and CEN configuration from pre-meditation, during meditation, and post-meditation is unknown. Here, we investigated the change in DMN and CEN configuration by means of brain activity and functional connectivity (FC) analyses in EMs across three back-to-back functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans: pre-meditation baseline (trait), meditation (state), and post-meditation (state-to-trait). Pre-meditation baseline group comparison was also performed between EMs and healthy controls (HCs). Meditation trait was characterized by a significant reduction in activity and FC within DMN and increased anticorrelations between DMN and CEN. Conversely, meditation state and meditation state-to-trait periods showed increased activity and FC within the DMN and between DMN and CEN. However, the latter anticorrelations were only present in EMs with limited practice. The interactions between networks during these states by means of positive diametric activity (PDA) of the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) defined asCEN fALFF¯ − DMN fALFF¯revealed no trait differences but significant increases during meditation state that persisted in meditation state-to-trait. The gradual reconfiguration in DMN and CEN suggest a neural mechanism by which the CEN negatively regulates the DMN and is probably responsible for the long-term trait changes seen in meditators and reported psychological well-being.
Threat Anticipation in Pulvinar and in Superficial Layers of Primary Visual Cortex (V1). Evidence from Layer-Specific Ultra-High Field 7T fMRI
Authors: Koizumi Ai , Zhan Minye , Ban Hiroshi , Kida Ikuhiro , De Martino Federico , Vaessen Maarten J. , de Gelder Beatrice , Amano Kaoru
Published: November 2019

The perceptual system gives priority to threat-relevant signals with survival value. In addition to the processing initiated by sensory inputs of threat signals, prioritization of threat signals may also include processes related to threat anticipation. These neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using ultra-high-field 7 tesla (7T) fMRI, we show that anticipatory processing takes place in the early stages of visual processing, specifically in the pulvinar and V1. When anticipation of a threat-relevant fearful face target triggered false perception of not-presented target, there was enhanced activity in the pulvinar as well as in the V1 superficial-cortical-depth (layers 1–3). The anticipatory activity was absent in the LGN or higher visual cortical areas (V2–V4). The effect in V1 was specific to the perception of fearful face targets and did not generalize to happy face targets. A preliminary analysis showed that the connectivity between the pulvinar and V1 superficial-cortical-depth was enhanced during false perception of threat, indicating that the pulvinar and V1 may interact in preparation of anticipated threat. The anticipatory processing supported by the pulvinar and V1 may play an important role in non-sensory-input-driven anxiety states.
Differential Coding Strategies in Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons in the Medial Cerebellar Nucleus
Authors: Özcan Orçun Orkan , Wang Xiaolu , Binda Francesca , Dorgans Kevin , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Gao Zhenyu , Aertsen Ad , Kumar Arvind , Isope Philippe
Published: November 2019

The cerebellum drives motor coordination and sequencing of actions at the millisecond timescale through adaptive control of cerebellar nuclear output. Cerebellar nuclei integrate high-frequency information from both the cerebellar cortex and the two main excitatory inputs of the cerebellum: the mossy fibers and the climbing fiber collaterals. However, how nuclear cells process rate and timing of inputs carried by these inputs is still debated. Here, we investigate the influence of the cerebellar cortical output, the Purkinje cells, on identified cerebellar nuclei neuronsin vivoin male mice. Using transgenic mice expressing Channelrhodopsin2 specifically in Purkinje cells and tetrode recordings in the medial nucleus, we identified two main groups of neurons based on the waveform of their action potentials. These two groups of neurons coincide with glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons identified by optotagging after Chrimson expression inVGLUT2-creandGAD-cremice, respectively. The glutamatergic-like neurons fire at high rate and respond to both rate and timing of Purkinje cell population inputs, whereas GABAergic-like neurons only respond to the mean population firing rate of Purkinje cells at high frequencies. Moreover, synchronous activation of Purkinje cells can entrain the glutamatergic-like, but not the GABAergic-like, cells over a wide range of frequencies. Our results suggest that the downstream effect of synchronous and rhythmic Purkinje cell discharges depends on the type of cerebellar nuclei neurons targeted.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMotor coordination and skilled movements are driven by the permanent discharge of neurons from the cerebellar nuclei that communicate cerebellar computation to other brain areas. Here, we set out to study how specific subtypes of cerebellar nuclear neurons of the medial nucleus are controlled by Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. We could isolate different subtypes of nuclear cell that differentially encode Purkinje cell inhibition. Purkinje cell stimulation entrains glutamatergic projection cells at their firing frequency, whereas GABAergic neurons are only inhibited. These differential coding strategies may favor temporal precision of cerebellar excitatory outputs associated with specific features of movement control while setting the global level of cerebellar activity through inhibition via rate coding mechanisms
Spectral Encoding of Seen and Attended Object Categories in the Human Brain
Authors: Sabra Zahraa , Bonilha Leonardo , Naselaris Thomas
Published: November 2019

Local field potentials (LFPs) encode visual information via variations in power at many frequencies. These variations are complex and depend on stimulus and cognitive state in ways that have yet to be fully characterized. Specifically, the frequencies (or combinations of frequencies) that most robustly encode specific types of visual information are not fully known. To address this knowledge gap, we used intracranial EEG to record LFPs at 858 widely distributed recording sites as human subjects (six males, five females) indicated whether briefly presented natural scenes depicted one of three attended object categories. Principal component analysis applied to power spectra of the LFPs near stimulus onset revealed a broadband component (1–100 Hz) and two narrowband components (1–8 and 8–30 Hz, respectively) that encoded information about both seen and attended categories. Interestingly, we found that seen and attended categories were not encoded with the same fidelity by these distinct spectral components. Model-based tuning and decoding analyses revealed that power variations along the broadband component were most sharply tuned and offered more accurate decoding for seen than for attended categories. Power along the narrowband delta–theta (1–8 Hz) component robustly decoded information about both seen and attended categories, while the alpha–beta (8–30 Hz) component was specialized for attention. We conclude that, when viewing natural scenes, information about the seen category is encoded via broadband and sub-gamma (<30 Hz) power variations, while the attended category is most robustly encoded in the sub-gamma range. More generally, these results suggest that power variation along different spectral components can encode qualitatively different kinds of visual information.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this article, we characterize how changes in visual stimuli depicting specific objects (cars, faces, and buildings) and changes in attention to those objects affect the frequency content of local field potentials in the human brain. In contrast to many previous studies that have investigated encoding by variations in power at high (>30 Hz) frequencies, we find that the most important variation patterns are broadband (i.e., distributed across multiple frequencies) and narrowband, but in lower frequencies (<30 Hz). Interestingly, we find that seen and attended categories are not encoded with the same fidelity by these distinct spectral encoding patterns, suggesting that power at different frequencies can encode qualitatively different kinds of information.
Mesocorticolimbic Pathways Encode Cue-Based Expectancy Effects on Pain
Authors: Tu Yiheng , Bi Yanzhi , Zhang Libo , Wei Hua , Hu Li
Published: November 2019

Expectation interacting with nociceptive input can shape the perception of pain. It has been suggested that reward-related expectations are associated with the activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which projects to the striatum (e.g., nucleus accumbens [NAc]) and prefrontal cortex (e.g., rostral anterior cingulate cortex [rACC]). However, the role of these projection pathways in encoding expectancy effects on pain remains unclear. In this study, we leveraged a visual cue conditioning paradigm with a long pain anticipation period and collected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 30 healthy human subjects (14 females). At the within-subject level, whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analyses showed that the mesocortical pathway (VTA-rACC FC) and the mesolimbic pathway (VTA-NAc FC) were enhanced with positive expectation but inhibited with negative expectation during pain anticipation period. Mediation analyses revealed that cue-based expectancy effects on pain were mainly mediated by the VTA-NAc FC, and structural equation modeling showed that VTA-based FC influenced pain perception by modulating pain-evoked brain responses. At the between-subject level, multivariate pattern analyses demonstrated that gray matter volumes in the VTA, NAc, and rACC were able to predict the magnitudes of conditioned pain responses associated with positive and/or negative expectations across subjects. Our results therefore advance the current understanding of how the reward system is linked to the interaction between expectation and pain. Furthermore, they provide precise functional and structural information on mesocorticolimibic pathways that encode within-subject and between-subject variability of expectancy effects on pain.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStudies have suggested that reward-related expectation is associated with the activation of the VTA, which projects to the striatum and prefrontal cortex. However, the role of these projection pathways in encoding expectancy effects on pain remains unclear. Using multimodality MRI and a visual cue conditioning paradigm, we found that the functional connectivity and gray matter volumes in key regions (the VTA, NAc, and rostral ACC) within the mesocorticolimbic pathways encoded expectancy effects on pain. Our results advance the current understanding of how the reward system is linked to the interaction between expectation and pain, and provide precise functional and structural information on mesocorticolimbic pathways that encode expectancy effects on pain.