bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MARVELL AND THE EARL OF ANGLESEY: A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF READING
Authors: PATTERSON ANNABEL , DZELZAINIS MARTIN
Published: July 2002

Andrew Marvell's famous polemical pamphlets against Samuel Parker, the two parts of The rehearsal transpros'd, are packed with references and allusions to other books, some very esoteric. We think we have discovered where Marvell did his reading – in the library of Arthur Annesley, first earl of Anglesey, who also protected Marvell and his bookseller from the licenser and the Stationers' Company. In this, he collaborated with the earl of Shaftesbury, the then Lord Chancellor. The implications of these discoveries go well beyond even the new bibliography, suggesting that Marvell wrote his responses to Parker under the patronage of Anglesey, and that his connections with Shaftesbury began earlier than supposed; but they also show us how one efficient and intelligent reader responded to the task of detailed controversy, by doing focused and rapid research. Would that our own had equally witty results!
JOHN FOXE'S VICTORIAN RECEPTION
Authors: PENNY D. ANDREW
Published: July 2002

In the first year of Victoria's reign, the English

reading public's expectations of ‘A

new and complete edition’ of John Foxe's Acts and Monuments

began to receive fulfilment, as

the initial three volumes were issued by Seeley and Burnside.

Not all were prepared to give the work

a magnanimous reception. Chief among the detractors of that age was

Samuel Roffey Maitland,

destined in the near future to become librarian at Lambeth Palace under

Howley's tenure as archbishop

of Canterbury. This essay explores the nature of Maitland's

fervent objections to Foxe and his

martyrology, and also examines Maitland's relationship to

the major religious movements of his day

(including Tractarianism). It argues that Maitland was offended by what

he perceived as Foxe's

extreme partisan bias (as a member of the puritan wing of the

English church) and equally, by the

poor editorial job which he believed to have been performed in the

Cattley/Seeley project. Furthermore,

it maintains that Maitland had a sympathetic though rather complex

relationship with the divines

of the Oxford Movement, including John Henry Newman. Maitland's

scholarly credentials as a Foxe critic are also examined.
E. PREVELAKIS AND K. KALLIATAKI MERTICOPOULOU, ED., Epirus, Ali Pasha and the Greek Revolution: Consular Reports of William Meyer from Preveza, 2 vols. Monuments of Greek History No. 12 (Athens: Academy of Athens, 1996). Pp. 636 for vol. 1, 389 for vol. 2.
Authors: Greene Molly
Published: July 2002

This lengthy two-volume work is part of a long-term Greek project to make foreign archives concerning modern Greek history more accessible to researchers in Greece. Professor Eleutherios Prevelakis, who passed away one year before the publication of these volumes, became the director of the Research Centre for the Study of Modern Greek History of the Academy of Athens in 1963. This position allowed him to conceive and carry through his program of collecting in microfilm form British archival material of relevance to modern Greece. The two volumes under review grew out of the work that he and Professor Merticopoulou conducted over many years in the archives of the Foreign Office and the Colonial Office, which are stored in the Public Record Office.
EFRAIM KARSH AND INARI KARSH, Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999). Pp. 419. $29.95 cloth.
Authors: Smith Charles D.
Published: July 2002

The subject of a promotional campaign by Harvard University Press, Empires of the Sand purports to challenge established scholarship with respect to the drawn-out demise of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1923. The Karshes argue that European imperialism was more benevolent than threatening and coexisted with Middle Eastern imperialisms—Ottoman, Egyptian, or Arab. In their view, European imperial powers “shored up” the Ottoman Empire rather than sought to deprive it of territories under its domain during the 19th century. To be sure, there was some European “nibbling at the edges of empire” (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya), but these incursions had little impact on the Ottomans; Cyprus (1878) is ignored. The only true “infringement on Ottoman territorial stability,” the British takeover of Egypt, happened by “chance not design,” with the blame attributed to Sultan Abdul Hamid's mismanagement of the crisis. The same story of Ottoman incompetence and attempts to manipulate European powers explains Ottoman loss of territory in the Balkans.
IN CELEBRATION OF ELOQUENCE Speaking for the Chief: Okyeame and the Politics of Akan

Royal Oratory. By KWESI YANKAH. Bloomington:

Indiana University Press, 1995. Pp. 194. £32.50 (ISBN

0-253-36801-4); £14.99, paperback (ISBN

0-253-20946-3).
Authors: RATHBONE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Anyone lucky enough to attend an Akan royal ritual is struck

by the central role played by one or more, usually old, men who carry

long staves with elaborate, often golden, finials. They, rather than

the ruler, seem to do all the talking. The king's voice is often

virtually a whisper (bokoo) and even when audible is

intentionally rushed and even hesitant. People address the king

through an individual okyeame just as the king speaks

indirectly through an okyeame. They do not simply pass on

messages; and this is very much more than oration through

intermediaries. They speak eloquently; and the most revered

akyeame use a striking poetic, allusive language of proverb

and metaphor in which routine and contemporary discussion becomes

universal and timeless.
TAKING STOCK: STATE CONTROL, ETHNIC
IDENTITY AND PASTORALIST DEVELOPMENT IN
TANGANYIKA, 1948–1958
Authors: HODGSON DOROTHY L.
Published: July 2002

In 1951, British colonial administrators in Tanganyika initiated the Masai
Development Plan (MDP), a five-year plan whose seemingly innocuous
objectives were to build more water supplies, clear tsetse infested bush and
experiment with grazing controls and fodder production in a small pilot
scheme. But the project was the product of broader British agendas to
reassert the legitimacy of empire and rebuild the post-war economy at home
and abroad. These modernization agendas reflected a shift in the racialized
ethnic premises undergirding the colonial project. Whereas early colonial
rule and development had depended on the creation, maintenance and
exploitation of ethnic distinctions to institute indirect rule, ethnic differences
were now perceived as barriers to modernization. Ethnic groups like Maasai,
who had been the target of protectionist sentiments in prior years, were now
the focus of heightened attempts by the state to coerce them to adopt modern
economic ways. Ironically, however, ethnic differences were both disavowed
and reinforced by the plan, for although it was designed to overcome cultural
barriers by economic means, it was framed, as its title suggests, by ethnic
assumptions about what problems ‘the Maasai’ (as opposed to other ethnic
groups) faced in terms of their development.

Despite its claims to merely address technical problems, the MDP was
therefore deeply intertwined with colonial imperatives to order, control and
compel the progress of their most unruly subjects. At issue were the land,
labor, livestock and livelihoods of Maasai people, as well as contested visions
of poverty, prosperity and progress. As such, the project served to facilitate,
justify and consolidate the expansion of state control into numerous realms
of Maasai life and its implementation became the site of deep contestation
between administrators and Maasai. Designed in part to build confidence
among Maasai in government and development, the project backfired, failing
to meet its own objectives and, more ominously, fueling anti-colonial
mobilization.
Integration of green manure intercropping and fertilizer-N for yield and juice quality and better soil conditions in sugarcane grown after mustard and wheat in different plant arrangements
Authors: YADAV D.V. , YADUVANSHI N.P.S.
Published: July 2002

The effects of different plant arrangements (conventional single rows v. paired rows at a standard density of 55–67 thousand three-bud setts/ha) with different intercropped green manuring strategies with Sesbania aculeata (none v. ploughed in after 4 and 6 weeks) and with different amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers (0,75 and 150kg/ha) were studied in sugarcane crops planted after wheat or mustard and in its first ratoon. The yield of millable cane from the planted sugarcane was not affected by intercropped green manuring or plant arrangement but was increased by fertilizer N after both wheat and mustard. The residues from the green manuring and fertilizer N both increased the yield of the following crop of ratoon sugarcane by 9–10% with the residues increasing the numbers and length of millable canes and the fertilizer N the number, girth and weight of the millable canes. None of the treatments affected the quality of cane juice in either the planted cane or the ratoon crop. Residues from the green manures and the N fertilizer treatments increased the organic carbon content and available N in the soils.
Irrigation of field peas (Pisum sativum): response to
timing at different crop growth stages
Authors: KNOTT C. M.
Published: July 2002

The response of two cultivars of dry harvest field peas (Pisum sativum), Solara and Bohatyr, to
irrigation at different growth stages was studied on light soils overlying sand in Nottinghamshire,
England in 1990, when the spring was particularly dry, in 1991 which had a dry spring and summer
and in contrast, 1992, when rainfall was greater compared with the long-term (40 year) mean.

Solara, short haulmed and semi-leafless was more sensitive to drought than the tall conventional-leaved cultivar Bohatyr and gave a greater yield response to irrigation, particularly at the vegetative
growth stage in the first two dry years 1990 and 1991, of 108% and 55% respectively, compared with
unirrigated plots. Bohatyr was less sensitive to the timing of single applications.

In all years, peas irrigated throughout on several occasions produced the highest yields, but this
was the least efficient use of water.
Stubborn Indianness: Cultural Persistence, Cultural Change
Authors: DUNCAN RUSSELL
Published: July 2002

Leland Donald, Aboriginal Slavery on the Northwest Coast of
North America
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, US$40). Pp. 379.
ISBN 0 520 20616 9.

George W. Dorsey, The Pawnee Mythology (Lincoln: University
of Nebraska
Press, 1997, £20.95). Pp. 546. ISBN 0 8032 6603 0.

Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia:
A Conflict of
Cultures (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £52.50).
Pp. 241.
ISBN 0 8032 2166 5.

Richard G. Hardorff (ed.), Lakota Recollections of the Custer Fight:
New
Sources of Indian-Military History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska
Press,
1997, £9.50). Pp. 211. ISBN 0 8032 7293 6.

Michael E. Harkin, The Heiltsuks: Dialogues of Culture and History
on the
Northwest Coast (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £38).
Pp. 195.
ISBN 0 8032 2379 X.

Jean M. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and
Identity in Natick,
Massachusetts, 1650–1790 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1997,
£35, US$49.95). Pp. 224. ISBN 0 521 56172 8.

Allen W. Trelease, Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth

Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997, £15.95).
Pp. 379.
ISBN 0 8032 9431 X.

In the contemporary United States there are 556 American Indian groups
in 400
nations. Given that survival story, the tired myths of the disappearing
redman or
wandering savage which have distorted our understandings of Indian history
are
being revised. The reasons for our nearly four-century-long gullibility
are
manifold. The religion of winners and losers, saints and sinners, combined

effectively with the scientific racism inherent sine qua non in
the secular beliefs of
winners and losers expressed through Linnaean and Darwinian conceptions
of
order and evolution. After colonizers cast their imperial gaze through
lenses
made of the elastic ideology of “City Upon a Hill,”
“Manifest Destiny,” “Young
America,” and “White Man's Burden,” most Euro-Americans
rationalized a
history and present in survival of the fittest terms. By 1900, the near-holocaust

of an estimated ten million Indians left only 200,000 survivors invisible
in an
overall population of 76 million. The 1990 census count of two million
Native
Americans affirms resilience not extinction.
CONTRACEPTIVE FAILURE: LEVELS, TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS IN MATLAB, BANGLADESH
Authors: BAIRAGI RADHESHYAM , ISLAM M. MAZHARUL , BARUA MANOJ KUMAR
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the levels, trends and determinants of contraceptive use-failure in Matlab, Bangladesh, using a set of prospective data on 25,960 women of reproductive age. The data were extracted from the Record Keeping System (RKS) of Matlab for the period 1978–94. If there was any live birth during the use or within 7 months after the discontinuation of use, it was considered as a failure. The life table technique and hazard model were used as analytical tools. The results suggest that use-failure for pills, IUDs (TCu 200) and injectables and other temporary methods increased from 1978 to 1988, but began to decline after 1988. The cumulative probability of first-method failure within 1 year of method acceptance of the cohort of 1990–94 acceptors was 12·9% for pills, 2·0% for IUDs, 0·5% for injectables, 22·0% for condoms and 13·4% for ‘other’ methods (sampoon, foam, jelly and traditional methods). For pills, condoms and ‘other’ methods, the likelihood of failure declined with the duration of use; by contrast, the probability of an IUD failure increased over time, peaking at 3 years of use. The injectables maintained a low likelihood of failure regardless of the duration of use. The quality of Community Health Workers' (CHWs) performance was associated with the risk of failure of all temporary methods except condoms; women's background characteristics associated with failure varied by method. The effect of the quality of the CHWs' performance and the background variables on failure did not change much over time. It is felt that contraceptive failure deserves the serious attention of programme managers and policy makers to make the Bangladesh national family planning programme more successful.
SOCIAL–DEMOGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON FIRST BIRTH INTERVAL IN CHINA, 1980–1992
Authors: ZHENZHEN ZHENG
Published: July 2002

This study examines the delay between first marriage and first live birth in China among a sample of women who married between 1980 and 1992. Most couples in China only use contraception after the first child is born. Most sample women had their first child within 2 years of marriage. However, there are significant rural–urban differences in the first birth interval, indicating that there was most probably deliberate fertility regulation after marriage among many urban couples. Survival analysis shows that place of residence, level of education, age at first marriage and marriage cohort affect the first birth interval.
NATURAL SELECTION AT THE MJD LOCUS: PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY, SURVIVAL AND FERTILITY AMONG MACHADO-JOSEPH DISEASE PATIENTS FROM THE AZORES
Authors: LIMA M. , SMITH M. , SILVA C. , ABADE A. , MAYER F. , COUTINHO P.
Published: July 2002

Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder of adult onset, associated with the expansion of a (CAG)n tract in the coding region of the causative gene, localized on 14q32.1. Machado-Joseph Disease shows non-Mendelian features typical of other triplet repeat disorders, including clinical heterogeneity, variable age at onset and anticipation. Three phenotypes have been proposed (clinical types 1, 2 and 3). Type 1 is associated with early age at onset and a high repeat number of the CAG sequence, and Types 2 and 3 have later onset and lower numbers of CAG repeats. This paper investigates whether there is selection against the MJD gene, acting through differential survival, nuptiality and fertility associated with clinical type and age at onset. The study sample comprised 40 MJD patients from the Azores (Portugal) having fully documented reproductive histories and known dates of death. The proportion of married patients of each clinical type increased from 0·22 among Type 1 patients, to 0·40 in Type 2 and 0·95 in Type 3. Age at onset and length of survival were also associated with marital status, with the married cases having later mean age at onset and longer mean survival time. In the whole sample, clinical type was associated with fertility, with significantly fewer children born to Type 1 patients. Among married patients clinical type was not associated with age at marriage, reproductive span or number of children. No reduction of fertility was detected among married patients in whom the onset of MJD was below the age of 50. The authors’ interpretation of these results is that the high-repeat CAG haplotypes associated with early age at onset and clinical Type 1 are selected against through reduced survival and fertility. The fertility component of selection is mediated by nuptiality rather than marital fertility.
Novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived
from recombinant human αs1-casein expressed in Escherichia coli
Authors: KIM YOO-KYEONG , YOON SUN , YU DAE-YEUL , LÖNNERDAL BO , CHUNG BONG-HYUN
Published: July 2002

Recombinant human αs1-casein expressed
in Escherichia coli was purified
and digested with trypsin in an attempt to find peptides with angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Three novel ACE inhibitory peptides,
A-II, B-II and C, were isolated and their amino acid sequences identified as
Tyr–Pro–Glu–Arg (residues 8–11),
Tyr–Tyr–Pro–Gln–Ile–Met–Gln–Tyr (residues
136–143) and Asn–Asn–Val–Met–Leu–Gln–Trp
(residues 164–170) respectively. ACE
inhibitory activities were measured for the corresponding synthetic peptides, and the
ACE IC50 (the amount of peptide causing 50% inhibition of ACE activity) values of
A-II, B-II and C estimated to be 132·5, 24·8 and 41·0 μmol/l respectively. Peptides
A-II and C were resistant to further digestion by pepsin, whereas peptide B-II was
hydrolysed. All three peptides were resistant to digestion by chymotrypsin. These
ACE inhibitory peptides may prove useful for oral administration in the treatment
of hypertension.
Indulgences for Prayers for the Dead in the Diocese of Lincoln in the Early Fourteenth Century
Authors: SWANSON R. N.
Published: July 2002

The role of indulgences in pre-Reformation English religion remains incompletely studied. Centred
on material contained in the Lincoln episcopal registers dating from c. 1290 to c. 1340, granting
indulgences for prayers for the souls of named people and often specifying their burial locations, this
article argues that their place in medieval spirituality and charitable activity has been under-
appreciated. Examining the mechanisms and implications of the Lincoln records, it suggests that
under-recording of actions considered normal and routine, rather than lack of popularity, lies behind
the failure to give indulgences their due place in assessment of English medieval religious life.
Banister v. Thompson and
Afterwards : The Church of England
and the Deceased Wife's Sister's
Marriage Act
Authors: BENNETT BRUCE S.
Published: July 2002

The medieval canon law of affinity as an impediment to marriage

combined a large range of prohibited degrees with a wide power
of dispensation. After the Reformation, however, English law, in
line with mainstream Protestant opinion, prohibited marriages within the

degrees mentioned in Leviticus, with no provision for dispensation. The

prohibited degrees were set out in ‘Archbishop Parker's Table’
in the
Prayer Book, beginning with the memorable declaration that ‘A man

may not marry his grandmother’. In the nineteenth century, however,

some of these restrictions came to be challenged. The classic case was

that of marriage with a deceased wife's sister, and it was under this
title
that successive bills were introduced to alter the law.

Until 1857 the law of marriage was administered by the ecclesiastical

courts, according to the canon law. However, the civil courts modified

and controlled this canon law by means of the writ of prohibition: canon

law was now subordinate to common law, and where the two conflicted
the civil courts would over-rule the ecclesiastical courts. Marriage with
a
deceased wife's sister was illegal, and, as with other impediments
to
marriage, a case could be brought in the ecclesiastical courts to have
such
a marriage declared void. A case on these grounds could only be brought

during the lifetime of both spouses. Nevertheless, the marriage had
theoretically been void ab initio, and even after one spouse had
died the
survivor could still be proceeded against for incest.
Passive scalar transport by travelling wave fields
Authors: WEICHMAN PETER B. , GLAZMAN ROMAN E.
Published: July 2002

We study turbulent transport of passive tracers by random wave fields of a rather general nature. A formalism allowing for spatial inhomogeneity and anisotropy of an underlying velocity field (such as that caused by a latitudinally varying Coriolis parameter) is developed, with the aim of treating problems of large-scale ocean transport by long internal waves. For the special case of surface gravity waves on deep water, our results agree with the earlier theory of Herterich & Hasselmann (1982), though even in that case we discover additional, off-diagonal elements of the diffusion tensor emerging in the presence of a mean drift. An advective diffusion equation including all components of the diffusion tensor D plus a mean, Stokes-type drift u is derived and applied to the case of baroclinic inertia–gravity (BIG) waves.
This application is of particular interest for ocean circulation and climate modelling, as the mean drift, according to our estimates, is comparable to ocean interior currents.
Furthermore, while on the largest (100 km and greater) scales, wave-induced diffusion
is found to be generally small compared to classical eddy-induced diffusion, the two
become comparable on scales below 10 km. These scales are near the present limit on
the spatial resolution of eddy-resolving ocean numerical models. Since we find that
uz and Dzz vanish identically, net vertical transport is absent in wave systems of this type. However, for anisotropic wave spectra the diffusion tensor can have non-zero off-diagonal vertical elements, Dxz and Dyz, and it is shown that their presence leads to non-positive definiteness of D, and a negative diffusion constant is found along a particular principal axis. However, the simultaneous presence of a depth-dependent mean horizontal drift u(z) eliminates any potential unphysical behaviour.
Oscillatory double-diffusive instabilities in a vertical slot
Authors: KERR OLIVER S.
Published: July 2002

Recent linear stability analyses of double-diffusive convection in a laterally heated
vertical slot containing water have shown that for very weak (or no) vertical salinity
gradient the initial instabilities are steady, but as the salinity gradient is increased
there is a transition to oscillatory instabilities. For higher Prandtl number fluids the
initial instabilities in a slot with no stratification can be oscillatory or wave-like.
We show that the oscillatory instabilities in water are linked to these higher Prandtl
number oscillatory instabilities. The salinity gradient has a destabilizing effect on
these oscillations, making them appear for Prandtl numbers where oscillatory instabilities
are not possible in the absence of salinity gradients. We derive an asymptotic
description for this mode of instability.
Evolution and structure of sink-flow turbulent boundary layers
Authors: JONES M. B. , MARUSIC IVAN , PERRY A. E.
Published: July 2002

An experimental and theoretical investigation of turbulent boundary layers developing
in a sink-flow pressure gradient was undertaken. Three flow cases were studied,
corresponding to different acceleration strengths. Mean-flow measurements were taken
for all three cases, while Reynolds stresses and spectra measurements were made for
two of the flow cases. In this study attention was focused on the evolution of the
layers to an equilibrium turbulent state. All the layers were found to attain a state
very close to precise equilibrium. This gave equilibrium sink flow data at higher
Reynolds numbers than in previous experiments. The mean velocity profiles were
found to collapse onto the conventional logarithmic law of the wall. However, for
profiles measured with the Pitot tube, a slight ‘kick-up’ from the logarithmic law was
observed near the buffer region, whereas the mean velocity profiles measured with
a normal hot wire did not exhibit this deviation from the logarithmic law. As the
layers approached equilibrium, the mean velocity profiles were found to approach the
pure wall profile and for the highest level of acceleration Π was very close to zero,
where Π is the Coles wake factor. This supports the proposition of Coles (1957), that
the equilibrium sink flow corresponds to pure wall flow. Particular interest was also
given to the evolutionary stages of the boundary layers, in order to test and further
develop the closure hypothesis of Perry, Marusic & Li (1994). Improved quantitative
agreement with the experimental results was found after slight modification of their
original closure equation.
Diffuse-interface modelling of thermocapillary flow instabilities in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: VERSCHUEREN M. , VAN DE VOSSE F. N. , MEIJER H. E. H.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present the results of a diffuse-interface model for thermocapillary
or Marangoni flow in a Hele-Shaw cell. We use a Galerkin-type spectral element
discretization, based on Gauss–Lobatto quadrature, for numerical implementation of
the governing equations resulting from the diffuse-interface model. The results are
compared to classical results for a linear and circular fixed interface. It is found that
the diffuse-interface solution converges to the classical solution in the sharp-interface
limit. The results are sufficiently accurate if the interfacial thickness is only small
compared to the size of the thermocapillary boundary layer, even if the interfacial
thickness used is much larger than the real interfacial thickness. We also consider
freely movable interfaces with a temperature gradient perpendicular to the interface.
It will be shown that this situation can lead to a destabilizing Marangoni convection.
Propagation of a curved weak shock
Authors: MONICA A. , PRASAD PHOOLAN
Published: July 2002

Propagation of a curved shock is governed by a system of shock ray equations which
is coupled to an infinite system of transport equations along these rays. For a two-dimensional weak shock, it has been suggested that this system can be approximated
by a hyperbolic system of four partial differential equations in a ray coordinate system,
which consists of two independent variables (ζ, t) where the curves t = constant give
successive positions of the shock and ζ = constant give rays. The equations show that
shock rays not only stretch longitudinally due to finite amplitude on a shock front
but also turn due to a non-uniform distribution of the shock strength on it. These
changes finally lead to a modification of the amplitude of the shock strength. Since
discontinuities in the form of kinks appear on the shock, it is necessary to study the
problem by using the correct conservation form of these equations. We use such a
system of equations in conservation form to construct a total-variation-bounded finite
difference scheme. The numerical solution captures converging shock fronts with a
pair of kinks on them – the shock front emerges without the usual folds in the caustic
region. The shock strength, even when the shock passes through the caustic region,
remains so small that the small-amplitude theory remains valid. The shock strength
ultimately decays with a well-defined geometrical shape of the shock front – a pair of
kinks which separate a central disc from a pair of wings on the two sides. We also
study the ultimate shape and decay of shocks of initially periodic shapes and plane
shocks with a dent and a bulge.
Stationary d.c. streaming due to shape oscillations of a droplet and its effect on mass transfer in liquid–liquid systems
Authors: YARIN A. L.
Published: July 2002

The work is devoted to stationary streaming flows resulting from standing capillary
waves at interfaces between two immiscible liquids and their effect on the mass
transfer rate of a passive scalar. In particular, oscillating liquid droplets immersed
in another immiscible liquid are considered. Secondary streaming flows in the Stokes
layers near the interface are calculated, as well as the corresponding vortical flows
arising in the bulk. It is shown that the vortices can drastically enhance the mass transfer rate of a passive scalar
which is to be extracted by one liquid from the other. The corresponding Sherwood number is of the order of
[[mid ]uint[mid ]a/[Dscr ]1]1/2,
where [mid ]uint[mid ] is the magnitude of the interfacial streaming velocity,
a is the droplet radius, and [Dscr ]1 is the diffusion coefficient in liquid 1
(inside the droplet). This means that the effective diffusion coefficient is of the order of
[Dscr ]1[[mid ]uint[mid ]a/
[Dscr ]1]1/2, which is two orders of magnitude higher than
[Dscr ]1. The results obtained show that such flows can be of
potential interest for novel bioseparator devices.
On the origin of the ‘surface current’ in turbulent
free-surface flows
Authors: WALKER DAVID T.
Published: July 2002

In this study, the interaction with a free surface of an
initially axisymmetric jet issuing
beneath and parallel to the surface was examined. The purpose was to determine
the origin of the ‘surface current’ – the large outward
velocity which exists in a thin
layer adjacent to the surface. Using the equations of mean motion, it is shown that
near the surface, outward acceleration results from the balance between a positive
contribution from the lateral Reynolds-stress gradients and a negative contribution
from the lateral pressure gradient. The local pressure field near the free surface is
shown to be largely determined by the local Reynolds-stress field. Combining these
results shows that the lateral acceleration which results in the surface
current is related
to the Reynolds-stress anisotropy near the surface. The results indicate that there
should be roughly a three-fold increase in the lateral growth rate
of the jet near the
free surface and a similar increase in the outward velocity,
when compared to a deep
jet. Comparison to available experimental data showed that the maximum outward
velocity was consistent with the theory, and that the lateral scale of the
surface-current
layer was roughly double that of the deep jet, slightly smaller than expected. The
near-surface stress anisotropy was shown to be related to the
interaction of vorticity
with the free surface. This indicates that the results of this study
are consistent with
earlier explanations of the surface current in terms of
vortex/free-surface interaction.
Vortex ring eigen-oscillations as a source of sound
Authors: KOPIEV V. F. , CHERNYSHEV S. A.
Published: July 2002

Two coupled problems are investigated: a complete description of
long-wave vortex
ring oscillations in an ideal incompressible fluid, and an examination of sound
radiation by these oscillations in a weakly compressible fluid.

The first part of the paper relates to the problem of eigen-oscillations of a
thin vortex
ring (μ[Lt ]1) in an ideal incompressible fluid. The solution of the
problem is obtained
in the form of an asymptotic expansion in the small parameter μ. The
complete set of
three-dimensional eigen-oscillations and axisymmetric modes (two-dimensional
oscillations) is obtained. It is shown that, unlike the vortex column
oscillations which have
the form of simple angular harmonics, the majority of eigen-oscillations of a thin
vortex ring have a more complex form which is a combination of two harmonics in the
leading approximation. This leads to dramatic changes in the efficiency of sound
radiation produced by modes of the vortex ring in comparison with the corresponding
modes of the vortex column.

In the second part of the paper the solution obtained is used to investigate the
process of sound radiation by vortex perturbations in a weakly compressible
fluid. The
vortex ring eigen-oscillations are classified according to their sound
radiation efficiency.
It is shown that the modes with the dimensionless frequency
ω≈1/2 radiate sound
most efficiently. They are two isolated modes, two infinite families of
Bessel modes and a set of axisymmetric modes. The frequencies of these modes are
in the interval Δω=O(μ).

The results obtained are compared with known experimental data on acoustic
radiation of a turbulent vortex ring. Within the limits of the theory derived an
explanation of the main characteristics of sound radiation is presented.
On the interaction of a moving hollow vortex

with an aerofoil, with application to sound generation
Authors: LEPPINGTON F. G. , SISSON R. A.
Published: July 2002

A hollow vortex in the form of a straight tube, parallel to the

z-axis, and of radius

a, moves in a uniform stream of fluid with velocity

U in the x-direction, with U

small compared with the sound speed c. This steady flow

is disturbed by the presence

of a thin symmetric fixed aerofoil. With a change of x-coordinate,

the problem is

equivalent to that of a moving aerofoil cutting through an initially fixed
vortex in

still fluid. The aim of this work is to determine the resulting perturbed
flow, and

to estimate the distant sound field. A detailed calculation

is given for the perturbed

velocity potential in the incompressible flow case,

for the linearized equations in the

limit of small aerofoil thickness. A formally exact solution

involves a four-fold integral

and an infinite sum over all mode numbers. For the important special case
where

the vortex tube has small radius a compared with the aerofoil width, the
deformed

vortex is characterized by a hypothetical vortex filament

located at the ‘mean centre’

x¯(z, t), y¯(z,

t) of the tube. Explicit results are given for

x¯(z, t), y¯(z,

t) for the case where

the aerofoil has the elementary rectangular profile; results can then be
obtained for

more general and realistic cylindrical aerofoils by a single integral weighted
with

the derivative of the aerofoil thickness function. Finally the distant
sound field is

estimated, representing the aerofoil by a distribution of moving monopole
sources

and representing the effect of the deformed vortex in terms of compressible
dipoles

along the mean centre of the vortex.
The motion of a non-isolated vortex on the beta-plane
Authors: LLEWELLYN SMITH STEFAN G.
Published: July 2002

The trajectory of a non-isolated monopole on the beta-plane is

calculated as an

asymptotic expansion in the ratio of the strength of the vortex to the

beta-effect. The

method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to solve the equations
of motion

in two regions of the flow: a near field where the beta-effect enters

as a first-order forcing in relative vorticity, and a wave field in which
the

dominant balance is a linear

one between the beta-effect and the rate of change of relative vorticity.

The resulting trajectory is computed for Gaussian and Rankine vortices.
Nonlinear gravity–capillary waves with forcing

and dissipation
Authors: FEDOROV ALEXEY V. , MELVILLE W. KENDALL
Published: July 2002

We present a study of nonlinear gravity–capillary waves

with surface forcing and

viscous dissipation. Based on a viscous boundary layer approximation

near the water

surface, the theory permits the efficient calculation of steady

gravity–capillary waves

with parasitic capillary ripples. To balance the viscous dissipation

and thus achieve

steady solutions, wind forcing is applied by adding a surface

pressure distribution. For

a given wavelength the properties of the solutions depend upon

two independent

parameters: the amplitude of the dominant wave and the amplitude

of the pressure

forcing. We find two main classes of waves for relatively weak

forcing: Class 1 and

Class 2. (A third class of solution requires strong forcing

and is qualitatively different.)

For Class 1 waves the maximum surface pressure occurs near the

wave trough, while

for Class 2 it is near the crest. The Class 1 waves are associated

with Miles' (1957, 1959)

mechanism of wind-wave generation, while the Class 2 waves may be

related to

instabilities of the subsurface shear current. For both classes of

waves, steady solutions

are possible only for forcing amplitudes greater than a certain

threshold. We

demonstrate how parasitic capillary ripples affect the dissipative

and dispersive properties of the solutions. In particular, there may be
a

significant deviation from the

linear phase speed for gravity–capillary waves. Also, wave

damping is strongly

enhanced by the parasitic capillaries (by as much as two orders of

magnitude when compared to the case with no capillary waves). Preliminary

experimental results from

a wind-wave channel give good agreement with the theory. We find

a sharp cut-off in

the wavenumber spectra of the solutions which is similar to that

observed in laboratory

measurements of short gravity–capillary waves. Finally, for

large wave amplitudes we

find a sharp corner in the wave profile which may separate an

overhanging wave crest from a train of parasitic capillaries.
Equilibrium of liquid drops under the effects of

rotation and acoustic flattening: results from

USML-2 experiments in Space
Authors: LEE C. P. , ANILKUMAR A. V. , HMELO A. B. , WANG T. G.
Published: July 2002

Previous Space-based experiments (Wang et al.

1994a) showed that a rotating liquid

drop bifurcates into a two-lobed shape at a lower critical angular

velocity, if it is

flattened acoustically by the leviating sound field. In this work,

we undertake a

systematic experimental study of the effect of acoustic flattening

on the rotational

bifurcation of a liquid drop. We also look into the complementary

effect of rotation on

the equilibrium of an acoustically drastically flattened drop.

Theoretical models are

developed for each of the two effects and then woven into a

unified picture. The first

effect concerns neutral equilibrium, while the second concerns

loss of equilibrium,

neither of them involving instability. The theories agree well

with the experiments.
Non-hydrostatic effects in layered shallow water flows
Authors: ZHU DAVID Z. , LAWRENCE GREGORY A.
Published: July 2002

This paper develops a one-dimensional extension to
classical layered hydraulics that
incorporates non-hydrostatic effects. General results for a
homogeneous layer in a
multi-layer steady flow are applied to single- and two-layer
flow over a two-dimensional sill. The equation obtained for
single-layer flows is the same as that
obtained by Naghdi & Vongsarnpigoon (1986) using the
direct theory of constrained
fluid sheets, and compares very well with the laboratory
measurements of Sivakumaran
et al. (1983). The new equation derived for
two-layer flows provides excellent
agreement with the laboratory measurements of Lawrence
(1993). Accurate solutions
are obtained for a regime of two-layer flow whose behaviour
cannot be explained, even
qualitatively, using classical hydraulic theory.
The background flow method. Part 1. Constructive approach to bounds
on
energy dissipation
Authors: NICODEMUS ROLF , GROSSMANN S. , HOLTHAUS M.
Published: July 2002

We present a numerical strategy that allows us to explore the full
scope of the
Doering–Constantin variational principle for computing rigorous upper
bounds on
energy dissipation in turbulent shear flow. The key is the reformulation
of this
principle's spectral constraint as a boundary value problem that can
be solved
efficiently for all Reynolds numbers of practical interest. We state results
obtained
for the plane Couette flow, and investigate in detail a simplified model
problem that
can serve as a definite guide for the application of the variational principle
to other
flows. The most notable findings are a bifurcation of the minimizing wavenumber

and a pronounced minimum of the bound at intermediate Reynolds numbers,
and a
distinct asymptotic scaling of the optimized variational parameters.
On the determination of the onset of breaking for
modulating surface gravity water waves
Authors: BANNER MICHAEL L. , TIAN XIN
Published: July 2002

Determining the onset of wave breaking in unforced nonlinear modulating
surface
gravity wave trains on the basis of a threshold variable has been an elusive
problem for
many decades. We have approached this problem through a detailed numerical
study
of the fully nonlinear two-dimensional inviscid problem on a periodic spatial
domain.
Two different modes of behaviour were observed for the evolution of a sufficiently

steep wave group: either recurrence of the initial state or the rapid onset
of breaking,
each of these involving a significant deformation of the wave group geometry.
For both
of these modes, we determined the behaviour of dimensionless growth rates
constructed
from the rates of change of the local mean wave energy and momentum densities
of the
wave train, averaged over half a wavelength. These growth rates were computed
for
wave groups with three to ten carrier waves in the group and also for two
modulations
with seven carrier waves and three modulations with ten carrier waves.
We also
investigated the influence of a background vertical shear current.

Two major findings arose from our calculations. First, due to nonlinearity,
the
crest–trough asymmetry of the carrier wave shape causes the envelope
maxima of these
local mean wave energy and momentum densities to fluctuate on a fast time
scale,
resulting in a substantial dynamic range in their local relative growth
rates. Secondly,
a universal behaviour was found for these local relative growth
rates that determines
whether subsequent breaking will occur.
Stability of viscoelastic shear flows subjected to
steady or oscillatory transverse flow
Authors: RAMANAN V. V. , KUMAR K. A. , GRAHAM M. D.
Published: July 2002

Experiments and theory show that hydrodynamic instabilities can
arise during flow
of viscoelastic liquids in curved geometries. A recent study has found
that a relatively
weak steady transverse flow can delay the onset of instability in the circular
Couette
geometry until the azimuthal Weissenberg number
Weθ is significantly higher than
without axial flow. In this work we investigate the effect of superposition
of a
time-periodic axial Couette flow on the viscoelastic circular Couette and
Dean flow
instabilities. The analysis, carried out for the upper-convected Maxwell
and Oldroyd-B
fluids, generally shows increased stability compared to when there is no
axial flow.
However, we also find that the system shows instability – synchronous
resonance –
for some values of the axial Weissenberg number,
Wez and forcing frequency ω. In
particular, instability can be induced not only when ω is of the
order of the inverse
relaxation time of the fluid but also when it is much smaller. Scaling
arguments and
numerical results indicate that the high-ω,
low-Wez regime is essentially equivalent to

Wez=0 in the steady case, implying no stabilization.

At high values of ω and Wez,
scaling analysis shows that the flow will always be stable. Numerical results
are in
agreement with these conclusions. Consistent with previous results on parametrically

forced systems, we find that the zero-frequency limit is singular. In this
limit, the
disturbances display quiescent intervals punctuated by periods of large
transient
growth and subsequent decay.

This study also presents linear and nonlinear stability results for
the addition of
steady axial Couette and Poiseuille flows to viscoelastic instabilities
in azimuthal Dean
flows. It is shown that, for high Wez,
the qualitative effect of adding a steady axial
flow is similar to that in the circular Couette geometry, with a linear
relationship
between the critical Weθ and Wez.

For low Wez, we find that the flow is stabilized,

unlike in the circular Couette flow where the critical value
of Weθ decreases at low
Wez. Further, weakly nonlinear analysis shows

that the criticality of the bifurcation
depends on the value of Wez
and the solvent viscosity, S. Finally, we also show
the presence of a codimension-2 Takens–Bogdanov bifurcation point
in the linear
stability curve of Dean flow. This point represents a transition from one
mechanism
of instability to another.
Detachment phenomena in low Reynolds number flows through sinusoidally
constricted tubes
Authors: LENEWEIT G. , AUERBACH D.
Published: July 2002

We examine the nature of detachment experimentally and numerically in steady
axisymmetric flows through sinusoidally constricted tubes with Re
varying from 10−4 to 102. Various regions can be distinguished,
including flow detachment at the lowest
Re used. Further, the transition in the pressure drop from a linear Poiseuille-like
behaviour to a nonlinear pressure-drop–velocity relationship is not generally related
to the appearance of detachment regions but rather to their form and to the nature of
their growth. For the geometries considered here, the relationship between the start
of nonlinearity in the pressure drop and incipient detachment depends on whether
detachment is symmetric (detachment point at the bottom of a trough): for flow
geometries with symmetric incipient detachment kinematic changes occur at Re lower
than or the same as that at which dynamic changes can be detected, whereas for
those with asymmetric incipient detachment they occur at higher Re. We look at
various possible criteria for determining the transition from the viscous to the inertial
range. Finally, we discuss the effect of elongational terms in the energy dissipation on
flow through periodically constricted tubes and compare this flow with flow through
porous media.
Turbulent shear-layer mixing: growth-rate compressibility scaling
Authors: SLESSOR M. D. , ZHUANG M. , DIMOTAKIS P. E.
Published: July 2002

A new shear-layer growth-rate compressibility-scaling parameter is proposed as an
alternative to the total convective Mach number, Mc. This parameter derives from
considerations of compressibility as a means of kinetic-to-thermal-energy conversion
and can be significantly different from Mc for flows with far-from-unity free-stream-density and speed-of-sound ratios. Experimentally observed growth rates are well-represented by the new scaling.