bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predation of Apochthonius minimus (Pseudoscorpionida: Chthoniidae) on Folsomia canadida (Collembola: Isotomidae)
Authors: Johnson Dan L. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2006

We investigated the functional response of the predaceous pseudoscorpion, Apochthonius minimus, to density of the springtail, Folsomia candida, as well as the effects of temperature and prey size on handling time and attack rate. Temperature slightly altered the overall rise in response. Both the rise and shape of the response differed for two prey sizes.

The changes in number of prey eaten over a 48‐hour period were also examined, and the attack and feeding behaviour of A. minimus was described and discussed in relation to the predation experiments. The pseudoscorpion preferred young adult F. candida, 0.8–1.2 mm in length, when offered prey in the range, 0.2–1.5 mm.
Frequency distribution of catch per tow by the danish trawlers in the waters off the Bristol Bay, with some considerations on the relation of total catch to the weight limit of hauling
Authors: Maéda Hiroshi , Nakada Yutaka , Fujiwara Kinjiro
Published: December 2006

The type of the frequency distribution of catch per tow observed by the Danish trawlers of a fish‐meal fleet in the waters off the Bristol Bay during the period from May 1 to 9 in 1960 in discussed.

Catch per tow varied considerably from as much as one ton to ten tons and the tow‐time also did markedly tow by tow from one to thirty minutes or longer. Therefore, as a preliminary step to discuss the type of the frequency distribution, we examined whether catch varied depending on the tow‐time or not; and we found the catch deviated almost independently of the tow‐time.

Here, however much fish might be caught by a two, the part over ten tons was released; consequently, the frequency increased gradually from zero to nine tons and increased abruptly at ten tons but none of the haul could get a better catch than ten tons. And examining the relation between Student's t and the grade of catch in tons (n) in the range from zero to nine tons, we found that such a peculiar type of the frequency distribution as observed actually was derived from the series of the catch well fitted for the normal distribution by the modification due to releasing of a part of catch. This fact evolved, the possible series of the frequencies and the total of the possible catch when no part of catch is released, are estimated.

Then some considerations are given to the problem (1) how high percentage of the catch on the total of the possible catch is obliged to release because of the low weight limit of hauling and (2) to what percentage of the catch we can successfully make into available when we increase the weight limit of hauling to a certain value; and the results is shown in Fig. 3, which tells that (1) 70 to 95 percents of the catch were available in the actual operation and (2) scarecely any increase in catch is expected even if the weight limit of hauling is increased higher than fifteen tons.
Growth of the stocked ayu‐fish in pond already inhabited by some fish of the same species
Authors: Kodama Yasuo
Published: December 2006

In a small test pond, growth of the newly stocked ayu‐fish was compared with that of the fish which was stocked earlier in time and had inhabited in the pond. The test was repeated under conditions of three different levels of density.

In every tests, the newly stocked group of fish was, at least in the first three weeks, more or less inferior to the inhabited group in growth. The cause of this phenomenon was assumed to be related with the difficulty for the later stocked ayu‐fish to find proper territory to defend in the pond against other members of the same species of fish.
Survival curves of the population of dendrolimus spectabilis Bulter (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Kanamitsu Keiji
Published: December 2006

Six survival curves were drawn (Fig. 1) from a survey over two generations of the population of Dendro'imus spectabi'isButler at three different places in the Tokyo University Forest in Aichi during the years from 1957 to 1959.

The counting of insect number was done at one month interval except during the winter season. Any apparent mortality expressed as percentage decrease was not related in this survey with the density of insect population at the beginning of each interval.

Considering of the magnitude and the variability of each apparent mortality, there were three critical periods of heavy decrease in the generation decline, they were; 1) September to October when newly born larvae were dispersing, 2) December to March when the third instar larvae were overwintering, and 3) August to September for the period of fully grown larvae and pupae.
Oviposition schedules, survivorship curves, and mortality factors within trees of two cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus hope, and sugi bark borer, Semanotus japonicus lacordaire
Authors: Shibata Ei'ichi
Published: December 2006

Oviposition schedules under laboratory conditions, survivorship curves, and mortality factors within trees of two cerambycid beetles, Japanese pine sawyer (JPS),Monochamus alternatusHope, and sugi bark borer (SBB),Semanotus japonicusLacordaire, were investigated. Average longevities of reared adults of JPS were 38.1 days for males and 42.3 days for females; those of SBB were 15.7 days for males and 23.8 days for females. It was confirmed that the JPS must feed on the pine branches for full maturation after emergence, but SBB need not; they are able to lay eggs soon after emergence. The average fecundities of JPS and SBB were 32.9 and 90.5, respectively. Thus, the JPS lay fewer eggs for a long time with continuous maturation feeding, whereas the SBB lay more eggs for short time without maturation feeding. Average survivorship curves of JPS within dead pine trees in 8 pine forests were theDeevey's B type, showing a constant mortality through the pre‐imaginal stages in the trees. On the other hand those of SBB in 4 cedar stands approached theDeevey's type, suggesting that the high mortality occurred at an early stage in the trees. Average mortalities of JPS between the appearance of oviposition scars and adult emergence in 8 forests ranged from 62.3% to 95.2%. Intraspecific ompetition of JPS resulting from overcrowding in dead pine trees appeared to be main mortality factor. For SBB, as most larvae were killed by resin flow in living trees, this appeared to be the main mortality factor for this species.
Oxidation‐derived flavor compounds as quality indicators for packaged olive oil
Authors: Kanavouras Antonis , Hernandez‐Münoz Pilar , Coutelieris Frank , Selke Susan
Published: December 2006

Aroma compounds in packaged extra virgin olive oil can be present naturally or be derived through oxidative degradation under favorable conditions of temperature, light, and oxygen availability. In this study, the identity and quantity of flavor compounds were determined for extra virgin olive oil packaged in 0.5‐L glass, poly(ethylene terephthalate), and poly(vinyl chloride) bottles and stored at 15,30, and 40°C under fluorescent light or in the dark for 1 yr. A set of mathematical equations concerning the rates of the most fundamental oxidation reactions in the oil was prepared and numerically solved, and the reaction constants were estimated for specific temperature values. Mainly, the presence of fluorescent light, followed by elevated temperature, stimulated oxidative alterations in the olive oil. Separated and identified flavor compounds were recorded for all the olive oil samples. Based on their abundance and evolution in the oil samples, those most clearly describing oxidation were hexanal, nonanal, (E)‐2‐decenal, (E)‐2‐heptenal, and 2‐pentyl furan. These compounds could be used as markers of the oxidation process to monitor and describe the quality of packaged olive oil quantitatively.
Synthesis and physical properties of cuphea‐oleic estolides and esters
Authors: Cermak Steven C. , Isbell Terry A.
Published: December 2006

Cuphea‐oleic estolides and esters were synthesized from cuphea and oleic FA with various amounts of perchloric acid (0.01 to 0.40 equiv) at 60°C. Estolide yields ranged from 30 to 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. Estolide number (EN), the average number of FA units added to a base FA, varied with reaction conditions. Cuphea‐oleic estolides were esterified with 2‐ethylhexanol to obtain high yields of the corresponding ester. A streamlined, one‐pot process was used to synthesize the estolide and its ester with 0.05 equiv of HClO4, with, esterification incorporated into an in situ second step to provide a functional fluid at a very reasonable cost. The physical properties of the cuphea‐oleic estolides and estolide esters, including their viscosities, pour points, and cloud points, were related directly to the amount of oligomerization (EN), i.e., viscosity increased with higher oligomerization. The viscosity index ranged from 132 to 166 cSt for the free‐acid estolides, whereas the complex estolide 2‐ethylhexyl esters had slightly high viscosity indices that ranged from 165 to 181 cSt. These new cuphea‐oleic estolide esters displayed good low‐temperature properties (pour point −42°C and cloud point −41°C).
Production of Polyols from Canola Oil and their Chemical Identification and Physical Properties
Authors: Narine Suresh S. , Yue Jin , Kong Xiaohua
Published: December 2006

The feasibility of a method based on ozonolysis and hydrogenation reactions for the production of polyols from unsaturated canola oil has been demonstrated. Polyol products with primary alcohol functional groups at position nine of each fatty acid ester in the original triacylglycerol have been produced from canola oil. Short straight‐chain alcohols were also produced and were removed by wiped‐blade molecular distillation. The pure components of the polyol, i.e. mono‐ol, diol and triol were separated by flash chromatography, and identified by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C‐NMR as well as mass spectrometry. Polyol identification was facilitated by the use of a simple high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine the composition of the polyol mixture, which can be exploited as a quality‐control mechanism in designing novel polyol feedstocks. Basic correlations were established between the molecular diversity of the polyols and their physicochemical properties, such as hydroxyl number, acidity number, and viscosity. It has been found that the produced polyols are suitable for processing methods employing polyols for the production of polyurethanes and can be manipulated to create polyurethanes with desirable properties.
Identification of the WW domain‐interaction sites in the unstructured N‐terminal domain of EBV LMP 2A
Authors: Seo Min-Duk , Park Sung Jean , Kim Hyun-Jung , Lee Bong Jin
Published: December 2006

Epstein‐Barr virus latency is maintained by the latent membrane protein (LMP) 2A, which mimics the B‐cell receptor (BCR) and perturbs BCR signaling. The cytoplasmic N‐terminal domain of LMP2A is composed of 119 amino acids. The N‐terminal domain of LMP2A (LMP2A NTD) contains two PY motifs (PPPPY) that interact with the WW domains of Nedd4 family ubiquitin‐protein ligases. Based on our analysis of NMR data, we found that the LMP2A NTD adopts an overall random‐coil structure in its native state. However, the region between residues 60 and 90 was relatively ordered, and seemed to form the hydrophobic core of the LMP2A NTD. This region resides between two PY motifs and is important for WW domain binding. Mapping of the residues involved in the interaction between the LMP2A NTD and WW domains was achieved by chemical shift perturbation, by the addition of WW2 and WW3 peptides. Interestingly, the binding of the WW domains mainly occurred in the hydrophobic core of the LMP2A NTD. In addition, we detected a difference in the binding modes of the two PY motifs against the two WW peptides. The binding of the WW3 peptide caused the resonances of five residues (Tyr60, Glu61, Asp62, Trp65, and Gly66) just behind the N‐terminal PY motif of the LMP2A NTD to disappear. A similar result was obtained with WW2 binding. However, near the C‐terminal PY motif, the chemical shift perturbation caused by WW2 binding was different from that due to WW3 binding, indicating that the residues near the PY motifs are involved in selective binding of WW domains. The present work represents the first structural study of the LMP2A NTD and provides fundamental structural information about its interaction with ubiquitin‐protein ligase.
A loop of coagulation factor VIIa influencing macromolecular substrate specificity
Authors: Bjelke Jais R. , Persson Egon , Rasmussen Hanne B. , Kragelund Birthe B. , Olsen Ole H.
Published: December 2006

Coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) belongs to a family of proteases being part of the stepwise, self‐amplifying blood coagulation cascade. To investigate the impact of the mutation Met298{156}Lys in FVIIa, we replaced the Gly283{140}–Met298{156} loop with the corresponding loop of factor Xa. The resulting variant exhibited increased intrinsic activity, concurrent with maturation of the active site, a less accessible N‐terminus, and, interestingly, an altered macromolecular substrate specificity reflected in an increased ability to cleave factor IX (FIX) and a decreased rate of FX activation compared to that of wild‐type FVIIa. In complex with tissue factor, activation of FIX, but not of FX, returned to normal. Deconvolution of the loop graft in order to identify important side chain substitutions resulted in the mutant Val158{21}Asp/Leu287{144}Thr/Ala294{152}Ser/Glu296{154} Ile/Met298{156}Lys‐FVIIa with almost the same activity and specificity profile. We conclude that a lysine residue in position 298{156} of FVIIa requires a hydrophilic environment to be fully accommodated. This position appears critical for substrate specificity among the proteases of the blood coagulation cascade due to its prominent position in the macromolecular exosite and possibly via its interaction with the corresponding position in the substrate (i.e. FIX or FX).
Media Openness, Democracy and Militarized Interstate Disputes
Authors: CHOI SEUNG-WHAN , JAMES PATRICK
Published: December 2006

Mass media play a central role in political life. Media not only transfer information; they also facilitate communication. These functions may ameliorate conflict, crisis and war in world politics. Accordingly, this study looks into the impact of media openness on international conflict. Based on a cross-sectional, time-series dataset for interstate dyads from 1950 to 1992, logistic regression analysis shows that an indicator of media openness has a strong dampening effect on Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) and fatal MIDs. Moreover, this connection is significant even in the presence of a composite indicator of democracy (that measures its institutional attributes using the Polity data), economic interdependence and joint membership in international organizations. The results suggest that the successful neo-Kantian triad is complemented effectively by the presence of media openness.
An interview with Peter Ladefoged
Authors: Kaye Alan S.
Published: December 2006

In this 2005 interview, Peter Ladefoged, Distinguished Professor of Phonetics Emeritus at UCLA and USC Adjunct Professor, spoke candidly about his long and distinguished career as a scholar and instructor, as a former President of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA), and as an editor of the Journal of the International Phonetic Association (JIPA). Professor Ladefoged died on 24 January 2006, and numerous tributes to him have since appeared, including in JIPA 36.1 (June 2006). Among the topics treated in this interview are: the history and future of phonetics, the founding and growth of the UCLA Phonetics Laboratory, and Ladefoged's views on scholarly writing and on the place of phonetics both within linguistics and within humanistic and social scientific disciplines, more broadly. Professor Ladefoged had read proofs of the interview and approved the text, which was completed in the fall of 2005. The text of this interview was originally published in Semiotica 158 (2006) and is reprinted here with permission from Mouton de Gruyter.
Mambay
Authors: Anonby Erik John
Published: December 2006

Mambay is spoken by about 15,000 people in Cameroon and Chad. The majority of the population lives in the North Province of Cameroon, while the remaining group of 3,000 speakers is found immediately across the border in the Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture of southwestern Chad (Grimes 2000: 43, 68). There is little variation among dialects of the language.
Sandawe
Authors: Eaton Helen
Published: December 2006

The Sandawe language is spoken in the Kondoa district of central Tanzania by approximately 40,000 people. Sandawe has been widely assumed to be a member of the Khoisan language family, but recent research has cast doubt on the position that such a family exists (Güldemann & Vossen 2000). The Sandawe language can be divided into an eastern variety and a western variety. The differences between these two varieties are slight and gradual. The orthography used in the following description was decided upon in 2002 by a group of Sandawe speakers representing different parts of the language area. Early research on Sandawe phonetics and phonology was undertaken by Dempwolff (1916) and Copland (1938). More recent studies are found in Tucker & Bryan (1977), Elderkin (1989, 1992), Wright, Maddieson, Ladefoged & Sands (1995), Maddieson, Ladefoged & Sands (1999) and Hunziker, Hunziker & Eaton (2005).
Habitat, microdistribution and conservation status of the enigmatic Bruijn's Brush-turkey Aepypodius bruijnii
Authors: MAURO IWEIN
Published: December 2006

The endemic brush-turkey of Waigeo Island in eastern Indonesia, Aepypodius bruijnii, is revealed to nest only on the island's previously ornithologically unexplored highest summits, along an ecological gradient above 620 m elevation where a structurally distinctive, windsheared and possibly locally edaphically controlled, stunted cloud-forest thrives on infertile substrates. The species is confirmed to breed at two locations only, and the known population totals 47 mound-owning males or 84 mature individuals. Its global population is estimated at 349 mound-owning males or 977 mature individuals, primarily confined to 60 km2 of cloudforest habitat spread over six locations, with 98% of the population restricted to just three locations in the eastern part of the island. Details are provided on the bird's altitudinal distribution, habitat preferences, spatio-temporal use of incubation sites, population densities, locations and incidental lowland records. Threats that impinge on the species are discussed in depth, and it is concluded that its current precautionary treatment as Vulnerable warrants upgrading to Endangered in accordance with the revised IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Habitat destruction as a consequence of wild fires and a recent logging epidemic is identified as the major factor threatening this unique brush-turkey's long-term survival.
Pathogenese chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Kreisel
Published: December 2006

Eine genetische Prädisposition, Ernährungs- und Umweltfaktoren, intestinale Keime, psychischer Stress und eine Störung der Permeabilität des Dünndarms sind schon lange als wichtige Faktoren bei der Pathogenese chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen bekannt. Als gemeinsame Endstrecke wurde eine Störung des Immunsystems mit überschiessender entzündlicher Reaktion durch T-Zellen und proinflammatorische Zytokine erkannt. Die Entdeckung von Mutationen des NOD2-Gens bei einem Teil der Patienten mit M. Crohn hat die Forschung nach den molekularen Ursachen chronisch entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen entscheidend vorangebracht. NOD2 fungiert als intrazellulärer Sensor für Bruchstücke der bakteriellen Zellmembran und ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil des angeborenen Immunsystems. Es hat eine Funktion bei der Induktion proinflammatorischer Reaktionen. Ein weiterer Pathomechanismus, den man kürzlich gefunden hat, weist darauf hin, dass zumindest bei einem Teil der Patienten mit M. Crohn eine Störung der Bildung von Defensinen, körpereigenen antimikrobiellen Peptiden, vorliegt. Ob beide Mechanismen letztlich zu vereinheitlichen sind, bleibt abzuwarten. Wahrscheinlich gibt es noch eine ganze Reihe weiterer genetisch determinierter Störungen des Immunsystems (z.B. Polymorphismen im Bereich der Toll-like-Rezeptoren), die letztlich alle zu gleichen oder ähnlichen Störungen der Abwehr luminaler Bakterien, einer Durchbrechung der intestinalen Barrierefunktion und zur klinischen Manifestation als M. Crohn oder Colitis ulcerosa führen. Die molekularen Mechanismen bei der Colitis ulcerosa sind allerdings zurzeit noch weniger gut erforscht als beim M. Crohn.
Darmdiagnostik – Neue bildgebende Verfahren
Authors: Schreyer
Published: December 2006

Neue Techniken durch hochauflösende Volumenakquisitionen in der Computertomographie (CT) und der Magnetresonanz-Tomographie (MRT) ermöglichen die Darstellung atemverschieblicher Hohlorgane wie etwa den Gastrointestinaltrakt. Der Artikel soll eine Übersicht über neue Darstellungsmethoden der Magen-, Dünndarm- und Dickdarmdarstellung mit Schnittbildverfahren geben. Zusätzlich sollen neue Techniken wie die «Virtuelle Endoskopie» oder «Virtuelle Pathologie» erläutert werden.
Microdistribution of Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca ratios in Pulleniatina obliquiloculata test by using a NanoSIMS: Implication for the vital effect mechanism
Authors: Kunioka Daisuke , Shirai Kotaro , Takahata Naoto , Sano Yuji , Toyofuku Takashi , Ujiie Yurika
Published: December 2006

The Mg/Ca ratio within foraminiferal calcareous tests (shells) is widely used to reconstruct past seawater temperature. However, recent studies reported that the organic components within a test affect the Mg/Ca distribution. In this study, we have measured the Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Ba/Ca ratios within the planktonic foraminifera Pulleniatina obliquiloculata by using a NanoSIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS)), which has excellent spatial resolution (∼1 μm) and allows us to compare the distribution of chemical compositions with that of the organic components. Element compositions show banding distributions composed of alternately higher and lower values of those elemental ratios. The Mg/Ca ratios, previously considered to be mainly controlled by calcification temperature, show larger variations than the values expected from the seawater temperature at the habitat depth of P. obliquiloculata. Comparison of the elemental distribution with the test microstructure reveals that the bands of high Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios correspond with layers of the organic components. Such coincidence suggests that the organic components strongly affect the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios within a test. In spite of the heterogeneous distribution, temperature estimated from the averaged Mg/Ca ratio within a test is consistent with seawater temperature at the habitat depth of P. obliquiloculata, indicating that whole Mg/Ca ratio of foraminiferal test may be useful as paleotemperature proxy. In contrast to the Mg/Ca ratio the heterogenity in Ba/Ca ratio, which previously has been considered to be mainly controlled by the ambient seawater composition, is not fully matched with the layers of the organic compositions. Although the organic components concentrate Ba, other unknown factors appear to also cause heterogenity in Ba incorporation.
Magmatic processes in developing oceanic crust revealed in a cumulate xenolith collected at the East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N
Authors: Ridley W. Ian , Perfit Michael R. , Smith Matthew C. , Fornari Daniel J.
Published: December 2006

The petrology and geochemistry of a xenolith, a fragment of a melt‐bearing cumulate, within a recently erupted mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) lava flow provide information on petrogenetic processes occurring within the newly forming oceanic crust beneath the northern East Pacific Rise (NEPR). The xenolith reveals important petrologic information about MOR magmatic systems concerning (1) melt distribution in a crystal‐dominated mush; (2) melt‐crystal reactions within the mush; (3) the chemistry of melts that have contributed to the cumulate lithology; and (4) the chemistry of axial melts that enter the axial magma system. The xenolith was enclosed within a moderately primitive, normal mid‐ocean ridge basalt (NMORB) erupted in 1991 within the neovolcanic zone of the NEPR, at approximately 9°50′N. The sample is a matrix‐dominated, cumulate olivine anorthosite, composed of anorthite (An94‐90) and bytownite (An89‐70), intergranular olivine (Fo86±0.3), minor sulfide and spinel, and intergranular glass. Marginal corrosion of plagioclase, and possibly olivine, and internal remelting of plagioclase indicate syntexis. It is surmised that the pore volume was eviscerated several times with moderately primitive basaltic melts and reduced by intergranular crystallization of forsteritic olivine. The presence of anorthite as a cumulate phase in the xenolith and the observation of anorthite xenocrysts in NMORB lavas, and as a cumulate phase in ophiolite gabbros, indicate that Ca‐rich melts that are not a part of the NMORB lineage play an important role in the construction of the oceanic crust.
A coupled‐stability index for ENSO
Authors: Jin Fei‐Fei , Kim Seon Tae , Bejarano Luis
Published: December 2006

Based on the simple framework of the recharge oscillator for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), this paper describes the formulation of a coupled stability index for the large‐scale tropical ocean‐atmosphere interactions in the equatorial Pacific region. This index, referred to as the Bjerknes (BJ) stability index, takes its negative contributions from the mean upwelling and thermal damping and its positive contributions from the thermocline, the zonal advection, and the Ekman feedbacks. The validity of the BJ stability index formula is tested through a detailed eigen‐analysis of an intermediate‐coupled model, which shows that the BJ stability index captures the dependence of growth rate of the leading coupled ENSO‐like mode on various climate conditions. The general formula of the BJ stability index may be useful for assessing the coupled stability of ENSO and its sensitivity to changes in tropical climate conditions.
Frictional strength of cuttings and core from SAFOD drillhole phases 1 and 2
Authors: Tembe Sheryl , Lockner David A. , Solum John G. , Morrow Carolyn A. , Wong Teng‐fong , Moore Diane E.
Published: December 2006

We investigated the frictional properties of drill cuttings and core obtained from 1.85–3.1 km true vertical depth in the SAFOD scientific borehole in central California. Triaxial frictional sliding experiments were conducted on samples from primary lithologic units and significant shear zones, including the inferred active trace of the San Andreas fault. The samples were deformed at room temperature under constant effective normal stresses of 10, 40, and 80 MPa with axial shortening rates of 0.01–1.0 μm s−1. The weakest samples were from shale, claystone, and siltstone units with friction coefficient μ = 0.4–0.55. Stronger samples were from quartzo‐feldspathic rocks with μ ≥ 0.6. Materials tested from two shear zones at 2560 and 3067 m measured depth had μ = 0.4–0.55 and velocity strengthening behavior consistent with fault creep at depths <4 km. The coefficient of friction for bulk samples from the inferred trace of the San Andreas fault was ∼0.6.
Geological and oceanographic perspectives on event bed formation during Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Keen T. R. , Furukawa Y. , Bentley S. J. , Slingerland R. L. , Teague W. J. , Dykes J. D. , Rowley C. D.
Published: December 2006

Storm deposits in ancient shelf sediments typically form thick sequences of interbedded sand and mud deposited during shoreline regression, whereas modern shelf sediments are generally thin veneers deposited during shoreline transgression. In this paper we present a preliminary comparison between ancient and modern storm beds deposited in these disparate contexts. Hurricane Katrina deposited a storm bed on the Louisiana shelf with a maximum observed thickness of 0.58 m, which thinned to approximately 0.1 m at 200 km west of landfall. This thickness is similar to event beds observed in both ancient and modern sediments. Using data for tropical cyclone landfalls in the Gulf of Mexico, we estimate the return time for a storm of this size to be 40–50 years in this region. This estimated frequency for deposition of storm beds is useful in evaluating ancient storm sequences that were deposited during similar climatic conditions.
Thermal history estimation of the Taiwan Chelungpu fault using rock‐magnetic methods
Authors: Mishima Toshiaki , Hirono Tetsuro , Soh Wonn , Song Sheng‐Rong
Published: December 2006

To investigate the cause of high magnetic susceptibility in disk‐shaped black materials (BM disks) within core samples of Hole B, the Taiwan Chelungpu‐fault Drilling Project, we carried out magnetic analyses of samples from the BM disks and surrounding gouge zones. Frequency dependence of low‐temperature magnetic susceptibility and thermal demagnetization of low‐temperature remanent magnetization revealed lower amounts of superparamagnetic grains in the BM disks than in the surrounding gouges. Magnetic grain‐size reduction by shearing is therefore not a plausible explanation for the high magnetic susceptibility of the BM disks. Thermomagnetic analyses of the gouge samples showed that above 400°C magnetization could be increased by thermal decomposition of paramagnetic minerals, whereas analyses of the BM disks showed a much smaller increase in magnetization. Thus, formation of ferrimagnetic magnetite or maghemite by thermal decomposition of paramagnetic minerals was inferred to be the cause of the high magnetic susceptibility of the BM disks, indicating that the BM disks, but not the gouges, have experienced temperatures of at least 400°C.
Effects of the interaction and evolution of interplanetary shocks on “background” solar wind speeds
Authors: Wu Chin‐Chun , Feng X. S. , Wu S. T. , Dryer M. , Fry C. D.
Published: December 2006

Solar wind speed plays an important role in the study of space weather prediction. Some workers have used it for measuring the arrival time of solar disturbances at 1 AU. The purpose of this work is to extend our previous study (Wu et al., 2005c) of some Halloween 2003 events by presenting additional physical effects of multiple shock interactions on the solar wind profile during a complex compound event. In order to achieve this goal, we track a group of specific solar events' plasma and magnetic field output as they propagate into interplanetary space. A one‐dimensional, time‐dependent adaptive grid MHD code is used to study the evolution and interaction of shocks from Sun through the heliosphere. The MHD simulation results demonstrate that the solar wind speed might increase about ≈25% after two shocks collide with each other. This kind of interaction can affect the accuracy of the identification of the solar source that causes the interplanetary event (e.g., magnetic cloud, coronal mass ejection, interplanetary shock, or some other interplanetary discontinuity.) In this study we further simulate part of the famous Halloween 2003 events that contain at least four major solar events (flares) during 28 October to 1 November 2003. These major events, simulated by pressure pulses, generated shocks that matched well with ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) observations as reported by Wu et al. (2005c) in our previous study. The present work presents new details concerning the interplay (such as sunward and antisunward traveling compression and rarefaction waves) between fast forward and fast reverse interplanetary shocks.
X‐ray emission from the terrestrial magnetosheath including the cusps
Authors: Robertson I. P. , Collier M. R. , Cravens T. E. , Fok M.‐C.
Published: December 2006

X rays are produced throughout the terrestrial magnetosheath as a consequence of charge transfer collisions between heavy solar wind ions and exospheric neutrals. The solar wind ions resulting from these collisions are left in highly excited states and emit extreme ultraviolet or soft X‐ray photons. We previously simulated X‐ray images of the magnetosheath as seen from an observation point outside the geocorona for average solar wind conditions. The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause were evident in these images, but the cusps were not taken into account. For the current paper we used dynamic three‐dimensional MHD simulations of the solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere for the 31 March 2001 geomagnetic storm. A sky map was generated of the expected X‐ray emissions as seen by a hypothetical X‐ray detector on the IMAGE spacecraft. Modeled images as seen from an observation point well outside the geocorona were also created. The cusps can clearly be detected in both types of simulated images. Images of the magnetosheath in energy neutral atoms (ENA) also show the cusps. X‐ray imaging of the magnetosheath, revealing the structure of the magnetopause and the bow shock, if carried out, could potentially make a valuable contribution to our understanding of the solar wind interaction with the magnetosheath.
Measurements of atmospheric parameters during Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Program Land Campaign II at a typical location in the Ganga Basin: 2. Chemical properties
Authors: Tare Vinod , Tripathi S. N. , Chinnam N. , Srivastava A. K. , Dey Sagnik , Manar M. , Kanawade Vijay P. , Agarwal A. , Kishore S. , Lal R. B. , Sharma M.
Published: December 2006

This paper attempts to analyze the chemical compositions of the near surface aerosols at a typical location in the Ganga basin with an emphasis on delineating the source of aerosols in foggy/hazy conditions. Collocated measurements of a number of atmospheric and aerosol parameters along with simultaneous sampling of near surface aerosols of size less than 10 μm (PM10) were made as part of an intense field campaign launched under the Indian Space Research Organization Geosphere Biosphere Program (ISRO‐GBP) in December 2004. PM10 and black carbon (BC) mass concentration was found to be significantly higher during the foggy/hazy period. Much of the PM10 mass (∼81%) was due to fine/accumulation mode particles (0.1–0.95 μm). Significant proportions of water soluble ions such as NH4+, K+, Na+, Cl−, NO3− and SO42− were present in the fine mode particles while considerable amounts of Ca2+ and Mg2+ along with NH4+, K+, Na+, Cl−, NO3− and SO42− were found in the coarse mode particles. Also, water soluble ions NH4+ and NO3− were significantly higher; however, Na+, K+, SO42− and Cl− did not show significant difference between foggy/hazy and clear days. In contrast, Ca2+, Mg2+ and acid soluble metals were significantly lower during foggy/hazy days as compared to the clear days. Presence of higher amounts of NH4+, K+, NO3− and SO42− associated with very low values (<5 ppmv) of SO2 despite considerable plausible emissions due to fossil fuel and biomass burning in the region suggests that loading of fine mode aerosols in the region could have been enhanced through reactions of gaseous pollutants on the solid surfaces. These results along with the findings presented in the companion paper indicate that prolonged foggy/hazy conditions in the region may be due to the increased anthropogenic emissions.
Large upper tropospheric ozone enhancements above midlatitude North America during summer: In situ evidence from the IONS and MOZAIC ozone measurement network
Authors: Cooper O. R. , Stohl A. , Trainer M. , Thompson A. M. , Witte J. C. , Oltmans S. J. , Morris G. , Pickering K. E. , Crawford J. H. , Chen G. , Cohen R. C. , Bertram T. H. , Wooldridge P. , Perring A. , Brune W. H. , Merrill J. , Moody J. L. , Tarasick D. , Nédélec P. , Forbes G. , Newchurch M. J. , Schmidlin F. J. , Johnson B. J. , Turquety S. , Baughcum S. L. , Ren X. , Fehsenfeld F. C. , Meagher J. F. , Spichtinger N. , Brown C. C. , McKeen S. A. , McDermid I. S. , Leblanc T.
Published: December 2006

The most extensive set of free tropospheric ozone measurements ever compiled across midlatitude North America was measured with daily ozonesondes, commercial aircraft and a lidar at 14 sites during July‐August 2004. The model estimated stratospheric ozone was subtracted from all profiles, leaving a tropospheric residual ozone. On average the upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 15 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the more polluted layer between the surface and 2 km above sea level. Lowest ozone values in the upper troposphere were found above the two upwind sites in California. The upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 16 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the upper troposphere above three upwind sites, with the greatest enhancement above Houston, Texas, at 24 ppbv. Upper tropospheric CO measurements above east Texas show no statistically significant enhancement compared to west coast measurements, arguing against a strong influence from fresh surface anthropogenic emissions to the upper troposphere above Texas where the ozone enhancement is greatest. Vertical mixing of ozone from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere can only account for 2 ppbv of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America; therefore the remaining 14 ppbv must be the result of in situ ozone production. The transport of NOx tracers from North American anthropogenic, biogenic, biomass burning, and lightning emissions was simulated for the upper troposphere of North America with a particle dispersion model. Additional box model calculations suggest the 24 ppbv ozone enhancement above Houston can be produced over a 10 day period from oxidation reactions of lightning NOx and background mixing ratios of CO and CH4. Overall, we estimate that 69–84% (11–13 ppbv) of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America is due to in situ ozone production from lightning NOx with the remainder due to transport of ozone from the surface or in situ ozone production from other sources of NOx.
Composition of northern low‐albedo regions of Mars: Insights from the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Karunatillake Suniti , Squyres Steven W. , Taylor G. Jeffrey , Keller John M. , Gasnault Olivier , Evans Larry G. , Reedy Robert C. , Starr Richard , Boynton William , Janes Daniel M. , Kerry Kristopher E. , Dohm James M. , Sprague Ann L. , Hahn Brian C. , Hamara Dave
Published: December 2006

Analysis of data acquired by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument led to the identification of two distinct surface types.“Surface type 1,” lying mostly within southern low‐albedo terrain, is likely to be composed of basalt. However, there are several competing mineralogical models for “surface type 2,” which is found primarily in northern low‐albedo terrain. We attempt to identify which models better agree with element concentrations determined through the Gamma Subsystem (GS) of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) instrument suite aboard the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. We have binned GS data over threshold regions derived from maps of surface types 1 and 2 and examined the spatial correlation of element concentrations with surface type 2. The elements we have examined are Cl, Fe, H, K, Si, and Th. Our results show that K concentration, Th concentration, and the areal abundance of surface type 2 are strongly correlated, with significant enrichment of both K and Th in regions representative of surface type 2. In addition, Si does not appear to be significantly enriched in surface type 2. These results are more consistent with surface type 2 originating from a compositionally distinct mantle source than the aqueous alteration of basalts.
Infiltration in two parallel soil columns
Authors: Leij F. J. , Sciortino A. , Warrick A. W.
Published: December 2006

The parallel column or stream tube approach appears convenient to simulate large‐scale water flow in the vadose zone. A disadvantage is that this purely one‐dimensional modeling approach does not consider interaction between columns. For greater lengths or smaller widths of columns, lateral flow between columns might be large enough to render the approach invalid. Guidance is needed to select the dimensions of columns for a particular application and to quantify the associated error. A benchmark two‐dimensional analytical solution was derived for the water content resulting from infiltration in a medium composed of two parallel columns with a uniform initial soil pressure head. Vertical and horizontal flow was assumed to be driven by gravitational and capillary forces, respectively, and the Richards equation was linearized by a judicious choice of hydraulic functions. Expressions were also derived for the horizontal flux and the relative error for the total amount of water in the column when applying the stream tube concept. The solutions were applied for three illustrative soil materials. The relative error was larger for the soil with the finer texture, although the lateral flux rapidly diminished away from the interface because of the low soil water diffusivity. Differences in the saturated hydraulic conductivity between columns proved far more important for errors than differences in retention parameters. The error is inversely related to column width. Depending on the contrast in hydraulic properties, column width should be several multiples of column length. The relative error due to column length is mitigated because of normalization with increasing amounts of water. In addition to being a benchmark for the stream tube approach, the solutions may also be useful for independent deterministic simulations and the verification of numerical schemes.
Localization of the binding site of the C-terminal domain of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C on the myosin rod
Authors: Flashman Emily , Watkins Hugh , Redwood Charles
Published: December 2006

cMyBP-C [cardiac (MyBP-C) myosin-binding protein-C)] is a sarcomeric protein involved both in thick filament structure and in the regulation of contractility. It is composed of eight IgI-like and three fibronectin-3-like domains (termed C0–C10). Mutations in the gene encoding cMyBP-C are a principal cause of HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). cMyBP-C binds to the LMM (light meromyosin) portion of the myosin rod via its C-terminal domain, C10. We investigated this interaction in detail to determine whether HCM mutations in β myosin heavy chain located within the LMM portion alter the binding of cMyBP-C, and to define the precise region of LMM that binds C10 to aid in developing models of the arrangement of MyBP-C on the thick filament. In co-sedimentation experiments recombinant C10 bound full-length LMM with a Kd of 3.52 μM and at a stoichiometry of 1.14 C10 per LMM. C10 was also shown to bind with similar affinity to LMM containing either the HCM mutations A1379T or S1776G, suggesting that these HCM mutations do not perturb C10 binding. Using a range of N-terminally truncated LMM fragments, the cMyBP-C-binding site on LMM was shown to lie between residues 1554 and 1581. Since it had been reported previously that acidic residues on myosin mediate the C10 interaction, three clusters of acidic amino acids (Glu1554/Glu1555, Glu1571/Glu1573 and Glu1578/Asp1580/Glu1581/Glu1582) were mutated in full-length LMM and the proteins tested for C10 binding. No effect of these mutations on C10 binding was however detected. We interpret our results with respect to the localization of the proposed trimeric collar on the thick filament.
Involvement of the ubiquitous Oct-1 transcription factor in hormonal induction of β-casein gene expression
Authors: Dong Bing , Zhao Feng-Qi
Published: December 2006

Transcription of the milk protein β-casein gene is induced by the lactogenic hormones Prl (prolactin) and glucocorticoids. Multiple transcription factors involved in this induction have been identified, including the STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) and the GR (glucocorticoid receptor). Our previous studies have identified a binding site for the ubiquitous Oct-1 (octamer-binding transcription factor 1) protein in the lactogenic hormonal regulatory region of the mouse β-casein promoter. In the present study, we report that Oct-1 is indeed expressed and binds to the β-casein promoter in mammary epithelial cells. Oct-1 activates hormonally induced β-casein promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Hormonal induction of promoter activity was decreased not only by mutating the Oct-1-binding site from ATTAGCAT to GCTAGCAT, which abolishes Oct-1 binding (50% decrease, P<0.01), but also by changing the site to the consensus Oct-1-binding motif ATTTGCAT (40% decrease, P<0.01). Reversing the Oct-1-binding site reduced hormonal induction by 70% (P<0.01), showing that orientation of Oct-1 binding is also critical in hormonal action. In transient transfection experiments, Oct-1 collaboratively transactivated the β-casein gene promoter with STAT5 and/or GR in the presence of Prl receptor in cells treated with the lactogenic hormones. The C-terminus of Oct-1 was not essential to its function. The results of the present study provide biochemical evidence that the ubiquitous Oct-1 transcription factor may be involved in hormonally regulated, tissue-specific β-casein gene expression.
IOP1, a novel hydrogenase-like protein that modulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activity
Authors: Huang Jianhe , Song Daisheng , Flores Adrian , Zhao Quan , Mooney Sharon M. , Shaw Leslie M. , Lee Frank S.
Published: December 2006

A central means by which mammalian cells respond to low oxygen tension is through the activation of the transcription factor HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1). Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α (the α subunit of HIF-1) is targeted for rapid degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Under hypoxic conditions, this degradation is inhibited, thereby leading to the stabilization and activation of HIF-1α. Here, we report the identification of IOP1 (iron-only hydrogenase-like protein 1), a protein homologous with enzymes present in anaerobic organisms that contain a distinctive iron–sulfur cluster. IOP1 is present in a broad range of cell types. Knockdown of IOP1 using siRNA (small interfering RNA) in mammalian cells increases protein levels of HIF-1α under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and augments hypoxia-induced HRE (hypoxia response element) reporter gene and endogenous HIF-1α target gene expressions. We find that IOP1 knockdown up-regulates HIF-1α mRNA levels, thereby providing a mechanism by which knockdown induces the observed effects. The results collectively provide evidence that IOP1 is a component of the protein network that regulates HIF-1α in mammalian cells.
The activity of the dinuclear cobalt-β-lactamase from Bacillus cereus in catalysing the hydrolysis of β-lactams
Authors: Badarau Adriana , Damblon Christian , Page Michael I.
Published: December 2006

Metallo-β-lactamases are native zinc enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics, but are also able to function with cobalt(II) and require one or two metal-ions for catalytic activity. The hydrolysis of cefoxitin, cephaloridine and benzylpenicillin catalysed by CoBcII (cobalt-substituted β-lactamase from Bacillus cereus) has been studied at different pHs and metal-ion concentrations. An enzyme group of pKa 6.52±0.1 is found to be required in its deprotonated form for metal-ion binding and catalysis. The species that results from the loss of one cobalt ion from the enzyme has no significant catalytic activity and is thought to be the mononuclear CoBcII. It appears that dinuclear CoBcII is the active form of the enzyme necessary for turnover, while the mononuclear CoBcII is only involved in substrate binding. The cobalt-substituted enzyme is a more efficient catalyst than the native enzyme for the hydrolysis of some β-lactam antibiotics suggesting that the role of the metal-ion is predominantly to provide the nucleophilic hydroxide, rather than to act as a Lewis acid to polarize the carbonyl group and stabilize the oxyanion tetrahedral intermediate.