bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trend estimation and short-term forecasting of COVID-19 cases and deaths worldwide
Authors: Krymova Ekaterina , Béjar Benjamín , Thanou Dorina , Sun Tao , Manetti Elisa , Lee Gavin , Namigai Kristen , Choirat Christine , Flahault Antoine , Obozinski Guillaume
Published: August 2022

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many dashboards have emerged as useful tools to monitor its evolution, inform the public, and assist governments in decision-making. Here, we present a globally applicable method, integrated in a daily updated dashboard that provides an estimate of the trend in the evolution of the number of cases and deaths from reported data of more than 200 countries and territories, as well as 7-d forecasts. One of the significant difficulties in managing a quickly propagating epidemic is that the details of the dynamic needed to forecast its evolution are obscured by the delays in the identification of cases and deaths and by irregular reporting. Our forecasting methodology substantially relies on estimating the underlying trend in the observed time series using robust seasonal trend decomposition techniques. This allows us to obtain forecasts with simple yet effective extrapolation methods in linear or log scale. We present the results of an assessment of our forecasting methodology and discuss its application to the production of global and regional risk maps.
Probing multiscale dissolution dynamics in natural rocks through microfluidics and compositional analysis
Authors: Ling Bowen , Sodwatana Mo , Kohli Arjun , Ross Cynthia M. , Jew Adam , Kovscek Anthony R. , Battiato Ilenia
Published: August 2022

Mineral dissolution significantly impacts many geological systems. Carbon released by diagenesis, carbon sequestration, and acid injection are examples where geochemical reactions, fluid flow, and solute transport are strongly coupled. The complexity in these systems involves interplay between various mechanisms that operate at timescales ranging from microseconds to years. Current experimental techniques characterize dissolution processes using static images that are acquired with long measurement times and/or low spatial resolution. These limitations prevent direct observation of how dissolution reactions progress within an intact rock with spatially heterogeneous mineralogy and morphology. We utilize microfluidic cells embedded with thin rock samples to visualize dissolution with significant temporal resolution (100 ms) in a large observation window (3 × 3 mm). We injected acidic fluid into eight shale samples ranging from 8 to 86 wt % carbonate. The pre- and postreaction microstructures are characterized at the scale of pores (0.1 to 1 µm) and fractures (1 to 1,000 µm). We observe that nonreactive particle exposure, fracture morphology, and loss of rock strength are strongly dependent on both the relative volume of reactive grains and their distribution. Time-resolved images of the rock unveil the spatiotemporal dynamics of dissolution, including two-phase flow effects in real time and illustrate the changes in the fracture interface across the range of compositions. Moreover, the dynamical data provide an approach for characterizing reactivity parameters of natural heterogeneous samples when porous media effects are not negligible. The platform and workflow provide real-time characterization of geochemical reactions and inform various subsurface engineering processes.
A hierarchy of linguistic predictions during natural language comprehension
Authors: Heilbron Micha , Armeni Kristijan , Schoffelen Jan-Mathijs , Hagoort Peter , de Lange Floris P.
Published: August 2022

Understanding spoken language requires transforming ambiguous acoustic streams into a hierarchy of representations, from phonemes to meaning. It has been suggested that the brain uses prediction to guide the interpretation of incoming input. However, the role of prediction in language processing remains disputed, with disagreement about both the ubiquity and representational nature of predictions. Here, we address both issues by analyzing brain recordings of participants listening to audiobooks, and using a deep neural network (GPT-2) to precisely quantify contextual predictions. First, we establish that brain responses to words are modulated by ubiquitous predictions. Next, we disentangle model-based predictions into distinct dimensions, revealing dissociable neural signatures of predictions about syntactic category (parts of speech), phonemes, and semantics. Finally, we show that high-level (word) predictions inform low-level (phoneme) predictions, supporting hierarchical predictive processing. Together, these results underscore the ubiquity of prediction in language processing, showing that the brain spontaneously predicts upcoming language at multiple levels of abstraction.
Quantitative, in situ visualization of intracellular insulin vesicles in pancreatic beta cells
Authors: Guo Amin , Zhang Jianhua , He Bo , Li Angdi , Sun Tianxiao , Li Weimin , Wang Jian , Tai Renzhong , Liu Yan , Qian Zhen , Fan Jiadong , Sali Andrej , Stevens Raymond C. , Jiang Huaidong
Published: August 2022

Characterizing relationships between Zn
2+
, insulin, and insulin vesicles is of vital importance to the study of pancreatic beta cells. However, the precise content of Zn
2+
and the specific location of insulin inside insulin vesicles are not clear, which hinders a thorough understanding of the insulin secretion process and diseases caused by blood sugar dysregulation. Here, we demonstrated the colocalization of Zn
2+
and insulin in both single extracellular insulin vesicles and pancreatic beta cells by using an X-ray scanning coherent diffraction imaging (ptychography) technique. We also analyzed the elemental Zn
2+
and Ca
2+
contents of insulin vesicles using electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. We found that the presence of Zn
2+
is an important characteristic that can be used to distinguish insulin vesicles from other types of vesicles in pancreatic beta cells and that the content of Zn
2+
is proportional to the size of insulin vesicles. By using dual-energy contrast X-ray microscopy and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) image stacks, we observed that insulin accumulates in the off-center position of extracellular insulin vesicles. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of insulin vesicles and their colocalization with other organelles inside pancreatic beta cells were demonstrated using three-dimensional (3D) imaging by combining X-ray ptychography and an equally sloped tomography (EST) algorithm. This study describes a powerful method to univocally describe the location and quantitative analysis of intracellular insulin, which will be of great significance to the study of diabetes and other blood sugar diseases.
Thermal analysis of the ceramic material and evaluation of the bonding behavior of silicon-ceramic composite substrates
Authors: Mohr-Weidenfeller Laura , Kleinholz Cathleen , Müller Björn , Gropp Sebastian , Günther-Müller Sarah , Fischer Michael , Müller Jens , Strehle Steffen
Published: August 2022

Thermal bonding of silicon and low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) at sintering temperatures of 900 °C represents currently the standard process in silicon-ceramic composite (SiCer) substrate fabrication. We analyse the thermal behavior of the LTCC using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and laser flash analysis. The thermal decomposition could be identified with a mass loss of 24% in the temperature range up to 1000 °C what influences the thermal diffusivity with values from about 0.19 mm2 s−1 before thermal treatment to below 0.10 mm2 s−1 after thermal treatment. A specific heat capacity of 1–2 J (g · K)−1 is calculated. Further, an influence of low-temperature lamination of the LTCC seems to have an influence on the thermal behaviour. The sintering process was investigated with temperatures of 550 °C, 730 °C and 900 °C, applied pressures of 12.2 kPa and 6.1 kPa and intermediate wetting layers of TiO2 (normal deposition and oblique angle deposition). Optical observations, ultrasonic and scanning electron microscopy, and pull-tests are used to compare the properties of the sintered SiCer substrates. Whereas the sintering temperature has an obvious impact on the sintering behaviour of the LTCC, a direct conclusion of parameter variation on the bonding result was not observed.
Quantum state transfer with cavity–magnonics nodes
Authors: Yan Ye-Ting , Zhao Chengsong , Yang Zhen , Wang Da-Wei , Zhou Ling
Published: August 2022

We put forward a proposal to construct a quantum network using a hybrid cavity–magnonics system as with two nodes. At each node, a cascade of the quantum system consists of cavity–magnonics and magnonic–qubit interactions, and the quantum interface between the flying qubit and superconducting qubit is mediated by a magnon. Considering the phase resulting from the distance between the two nodes, we derive a master equation for two superconducting qubits and show that, by adiabatically controlling the cavity–magnon coupling, perfect quantum state transfer between two qubits can be realized. We also consider the influence of intrinsic dissipation of the magnetic mode and the cavity mode. In an unideal case, the design time-dependent cavity–magnonics couplings obtained in the ideal case are still employed. Our results show that low intrinsic loss in the magnetic mode and the cavity mode is still welcome for the high fidelity of state transfer.
A review of ceramic, polymer and composite piezoelectric materials
Authors: Habib Mahpara , Lantgios Iza , Hornbostel Katherine
Published: August 2022

Piezoelectric materials have been studied for nearly a century now. Initially employed in sonar technology, piezoelectric materials now have a vast set of applications including energy harvesting, sensing and actuation, and have found their way into our everyday lives. Piezoelectric material properties are being further enhanced to improve their performance and be used in novel applications. This review provides an overview of piezoelectric materials and offers a material science and fabrication perspective on progress towards the development of practical piezoelectric energy harvesters and sensors. Piezoelectric materials have been divided into the three following classes for this review: ceramics, polymers and composites. The prominent materials under each class are examined and compared, with a focus on their linear piezoelectric response in the d33 mode. The three classes of piezoelectric materials are also compared qualitatively for a range of metrics, and the applications that each material class are best suited for is discussed. Novel piezoelectric materials such as ferroelectrets and nanogenerator devices are also reviewed here. It is shown that ceramic piezoelectric materials have strong piezoelectric properties but are stiff and brittle, whereas polymer piezoelectric materials are flexible and lightweight but do not exhibit very good piezoelectric performance. Composite materials are concluded to possess the advantages of both ceramic and polymer materials, with room to tailor-fit properties by modifying the structure and composition.
A broadband metamaterial absorber with flexible low infrared radiation
Authors: Peng Huajiang , Yang Xiaoqing , Su Piqiang , Wang Jun , Gu Dezhen , Jiang Guangming , Zhou Xin
Published: August 2022

In this paper, based on split resonant ring (SRR) and NaCl solution (NS), a conformal and low thermal infrared radiation (LTIR) broadband metamaterial absorber (MA) with double SRRs and NS resonant cavity is proposed. Through simulation and measurement, it is proved that the proposed absorber has electromagnetic (EM) wave absorptivity of more than 90% under different polarization angles and different conformal conditions at 9.58–24.42 GHz. By introducing microfluidic channels, coupled electromagnetic thermal and coupled heat transfer simulations demonstrate that the design MA can maintain the thermal stability and LTIR characteristics under different power EM waves irradiation with low flow velocity (0.05 m s−1). Based on its good absorption performance and LTIR performance, it can be predicted that the proposed MA will have great application value in non-planar surface EM wave stealth and infrared stealth.
Spin-glass behavior in Li3NiCuBiO6: a two-dimensional distorted honeycomb-lattice
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Sundaresan A
Published: August 2022

We report a detailed experimental study on the structural and magnetic properties of Li3NiCuBiO6 by means of various characterization techniques. It crystallizes into a monoclinic crystal structure composed of a layered magnetic honeycomb lattice along the c-axis. The existence of glassy state below 4 K is indicated by dc and ac susceptibility measurements. Magnetic contribution to the total heat capacity also peaks around the freezing temperature, and its linear temperature dependence backs our claim of a glassy state in the compound. The calculated magnetic entropy unveils that only ∼26% of the total entropy is released for the system (

S
=
3

/

2

), and a tremendous amount of spin entropy is still retained in the system. Further, analysis of the frequency-dependent freezing temperature with the help of power law confirms the presence of a spin glass state. Moreover, the appearance of magnetic memory and relaxation effect below freezing temperature manifest the development of the system via a large number of intermediate metastable states. All these measurements confirm the spin-glass behavior of the compound. We consider the presence of different magnetic atoms in honeycomb lattice as the main driving factor for the spin-glass ground state.
Modeling of microscale internal stresses in additively manufactured stainless steel
Authors: Zhang Yin , Ding Kunqing , Gu Yejun , Chen Wen , Wang Y Morris , El-Awady Jaafar , McDowell David L , Zhu Ting
Published: August 2022

Additively manufactured (AM) metallic materials often comprise as-printed dislocation cells inside grains. These dislocation cells can give rise to substantial microscale internal stresses in both initial undeformed and plastically deformed samples, thereby affecting the mechanical properties of AM metallic materials. Here we develop models of microscale internal stresses in AM stainless steel by focusing on their back stress components. Three sources of microscale back stresses are considered, including the printing and deformation-induced back stresses associated with as-printed dislocation cells as well as the deformation-induced back stresses associated with grain boundaries. We use a three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics model to demonstrate the manifestation of printing-induced back stresses. We adopt a dislocation pile-up model to evaluate the deformation-induced back stresses associated with as-printed dislocation cells. The extracted back stress relation from the pile-up model is incorporated into a crystal plasticity (CP) model that accounts for the other two sources of back stresses as well. The CP finite element simulation results agree with the experimentally measured tension–compression asymmetry and macroscopic back stress, the latter of which represents the effective resultant of microscale back stresses of different origins. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the origins and evolution of microscale internal stresses in AM metallic materials.
Photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes for environmental remediation
Authors: Golmohammadi Mahsa , Sabbagh Alvani Ali Asghar , Sameie Hassan , Mei Bastian , Salimi Reza , Poelman Dirk , Rosei Federico
Published: August 2022

We report the design and one-pot synthesis of Ag-doped BiVO4 embedded in reduced graphene oxide (BiVO4:Ag/rGO) nanocomposites via a hydrothermal processing route. The binary heterojunction photocatalysts exhibited high efficiency for visible light degradation of model dyes and were correspondingly used for the preparation of photocatalytic membranes using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified polyimide (PI), respectively. The surface and cross-section images combined with elemental mapping illustrated the effective distribution of the nanocomposites within the polymeric membranes. Photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 61% and 70% were achieved after 5 h of visible light irradiation using BiVO4:Ag/rGO@PVDF and BiVO4:Ag/rGO@PI (PEG-modified) systems, respectively. The beneficial photocatalytic performance of the BiVO4:Ag/rGO@PI (PEG-modified) membrane is explained by the higher hydrophilicity due to the PEG modification of the PI membrane. This work may provide a rational and effective strategy to fabricate highly efficient photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes with well-contacted interfaces for environmental purification.
Long-range morphogen gradient formation by cell-to-cell signal propagation
Authors: Dickmann Johanna E M , Rink Jochen C , Jülicher Frank
Published: August 2022

Morphogen gradients are a central concept in developmental biology. Their formation often involves the secretion of morphogens from a local source, that spread by diffusion in the cell field, where molecules eventually get degraded. This implies limits to both the time and length scales over which morphogen gradients can form which are set by diffusion coefficients and degradation rates. Towards the goal of identifying plausible mechanisms capable of extending the gradient range, we here use theory to explore properties of a cell-to-cell signaling relay. Inspired by the millimeter-scale wnt-expression and signaling gradients in flatworms, we consider morphogen-mediated morphogen production in the cell field. We show that such a relay can generate stable morphogen and signaling gradients that are oriented by a local, morphogen-independent source of morphogen at a boundary. This gradient formation can be related to an effective diffusion and an effective degradation that result from morphogen production due to signaling relay. If the secretion of morphogen produced in response to the relay is polarized, it further gives rise to an effective drift. We find that signaling relay can generate long-range gradients in relevant times without relying on extreme choices of diffusion coefficients or degradation rates, thus exceeding the limits set by physiological diffusion coefficients and degradation rates. A signaling relay is hence an attractive principle to conceptualize long-range gradient formation by slowly diffusing morphogens that are relevant for patterning in adult contexts such as regeneration and tissue turn-over.
Variability of Jupiter’s Synchrotron Radiation: Goldstone Apple Valley Radio Telescope (GAVRT) Observations -II
Authors: Matuszewska K. , Velusamy T. , Adumitroaie V. , Arballo J. , Dorcey R. , Han S. , Klopping E. , Kreuser-Jenkins N. , Levin S. , Santos-Costa D.
Published: August 2022

Jupiter’s decimeter-wavelength flux density is dominated by synchrotron emission from magnetically trapped ∼5–50 MeV electrons in the radiation belts. Synchrotron radio emission remains the most useful diagnostic of the radiation belts, and a global picture is provided by ground-based observations. Monitoring of the long-term variations of Jupiter’s Synchrotron Radiation (JSR) flux density is crucial to understanding its relationship with the solar wind. The GAVRT (Goldstone-Apple Valley Radio Telescope) program operates two retired Deep Space Network (DSN) antennas, and as part of their K-12 program and Juno support, GAVRT has been collecting data to monitor JSR radio emission at 2280 MHz (13 cm wavelength). We present new results from 2019 August to 2021 December GAVRT monitoring observations. As viewed from Earth the JSR varies systematically (by about 10%) with Jupiter’s 9.9 hr rotation period, and our observations were typically much shorter than 9.9 hr. To estimate the daily flux density of JSR, we took advantage of recent progress in modeling the radiation belt, scaling individual observations by the predicted relative variation due to Jupiter’s rotation as viewed from Earth. We discuss the JSR variability from 2015 to 2021, combining our results with previous GAVRT data. Our new results show a marked decrease (∼1 Jy) in JSR flux density between 2018 and 2021, while earlier observations showed an increase from 2015 to 2018. These results are remarkably consistent with long-term variability shown by the simulations of Han et al. based on models driven by the solar wind ram pressure.
Extracting synchronized neuronal activity from local field potentials based on a marked point process framework
Authors: Huang Yifan , Zhang Xiang , Shen Xiang , Chen Shuhang , Principe Jose C , Wang Yiwen
Published: August 2022

Objective. Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) translate neural activity into motor commands to restore motor functions for people with paralysis. Local field potentials (LFPs) are promising for long-term BMIs, since the quality of the recording lasts longer than single neuronal spikes. Inferring neuronal spike activity from population activities such as LFPs is challenging, because LFPs stem from synaptic currents flowing in the neural tissue produced by various neuronal ensembles and reflect neural synchronization. Existing studies that combine LFPs with spikes leverage the spectrogram of the former, which can neither detect the transient characteristics of LFP features (here, neuromodulation in a specific frequency band) with high accuracy, nor correlate them with relevant neuronal activity with a sufficient time resolution. Approach. We propose a feature extraction and validation framework to directly extract LFP neuromodulations related to synchronized spike activity using recordings from the primary motor cortex of six Sprague Dawley rats during a lever-press task. We first select important LFP frequency bands relevant to behavior, and then implement a marked point process (MPP) methodology to extract transient LFP neuromodulations. We validate the LFP feature extraction by examining the correlation with the pairwise synchronized firing probability of important neurons, which are selected according to their contribution to behavioral decoding. The highly correlated synchronized firings identified by the LFP neuromodulations are fed into a decoder to check whether they can serve as a reliable neural data source for movement decoding. Main results. We find that the gamma band (30–80 Hz) LFP neuromodulations demonstrate significant correlation with synchronized firings. Compared with traditional spectrogram-based method, the higher-temporal resolution MPP method captures the synchronized firing patterns with fewer false alarms, and demonstrates significantly higher correlation than single neuron spikes. The decoding performance using the synchronized neuronal firings identified by the LFP neuromodulations can reach 90% compared to the full recorded neuronal ensembles. Significance. Our proposed framework successfully extracts the sparse LFP neuromodulations that can identify temporal synchronized neuronal spikes with high correlation. The identified neuronal spike pattern demonstrates high decoding performance, which suggest LFP can be used as an effective modality for long-term BMI decoding.
GEDI launches a new era of biomass inference from space
Authors: Dubayah Ralph , Armston John , Healey Sean P , Bruening Jamis M , Patterson Paul L , Kellner James R , Duncanson Laura , Saarela Svetlana , Ståhl Göran , Yang Zhiqiang , Tang Hao , Blair J Bryan , Fatoyinbo Lola , Goetz Scott , Hancock Steven , Hansen Matthew , Hofton Michelle , Hurtt George , Luthcke Scott
Published: August 2022

Accurate estimation of aboveground forest biomass stocks is required to assess the impacts of land use changes such as deforestation and subsequent regrowth on concentrations of atmospheric CO2. The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) is a lidar mission launched by NASA to the International Space Station in 2018. GEDI was specifically designed to retrieve vegetation structure within a novel, theoretical sampling design that explicitly quantifies biomass and its uncertainty across a variety of spatial scales. In this paper we provide the estimates of pan-tropical and temperate biomass derived from two years of GEDI observations. We present estimates of mean biomass densities at 1 km resolution, as well as estimates aggregated to the national level for every country GEDI observes, and at the sub-national level for the United States. For all estimates we provide the standard error of the mean biomass. These data serve as a baseline for current biomass stocks and their future changes, and the mission’s integrated use of formal statistical inference points the way towards the possibility of a new generation of powerful monitoring tools from space.
Isolating the modulation of mean warming and higher-order temperature changes on ozone in a changing climate over the contiguous United States
Authors: Zhang Junxi , Gao Yang , Leung L Ruby , Luo Kun , Wang Minghuai , Zhang Yang , Bell Michelle L , Fan Jianren
Published: August 2022

Surface ozone is substantially affected by climate change through the modulation of key meteorological parameters such as temperature. While the changes in temperature under a warming climate manifest in changes of both the mean and higher-order statistical moments, their individual role in ozone concentration changes has not been broadly investigated. To address this gap, we use a novel approach to isolate the impacts of mean warming and changes in higher-order moments of temperature on ozone over the southeastern U.S. (SEUS) and western U.S. (WUS) by the mid-21st century based on simulations under Technology Driver Model A1B and B2 scenarios from a regional modeling framework (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem)). Mean warming generally dominates the impacts of climate change on ozone, and higher-order moment temperature changes can also counteract 25% of the ozone exceedance of 70 ppbv over SEUS, and may offset 48% of the mean warming induced increase of ozone exceedance in heat waves during 2046–2055 under A1B. The opposite changes in the higher-order moments over SEUS and WUS lead to opposite impacts on ozone exceedance in the two regions. Our results suggest that improving prediction of both the mean and higher-order temperature changes may be crucial to constraining the future changes in ozone concentration to better inform air quality policy.
Mineralogical-geochemical peculiarities of gold mineralization of deposit “Shirotny”, South Uzbekistan
Authors: Mirusmanov M , Zakhidov A , Juliev M
Published: August 2022

As a result of the study of the mineralogical and geochemical features of gold mineralization at the Shirotny deposit, four natural ore types have been distinguished in terms of mineralogical composition, content of the main and associated components, mineralogical forms of gold finding. The main ore minerals are native gold, pyrite, scheelite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, goethite, hydrogoethite, carbonaceous matter. According to the results of rational analyses, quantitative ratios of 5 forms of finding gold were revealed. The most widespread are 2 types: high-grade cyanated gold; gold finely disseminated in sulphides.
Optimization of technology elements in soybean stubble crop in Uzbekistan
Authors: Umarova N S , Kamalova N , Gulyamov A
Published: August 2022

Soybean, which is considered as valuable crop, is vitally important to solve the problem of increasing grain production and the protein in our country. In this research, the results of a study on the study of sowing dates and seeding rates of early-ripening and mid-ripening soybean varieties under conditions of irrigated typical gray fats were described. Field and laboratory methods were employed to conduct this research. Soybean stubble crops were carried out after harvesting winter wheat. Three sowing dates and three seeding rates were studied. Late sowing dates are used to determine the possible late soybean sowing dates that ensure grain yield. At early terms of sowing stubble crops, soybean varieties developed well, grew, and formed a grain yield and a certain quality of grain. According to the results, On average, over three years, seedlings of the Orzu variety, depending on the sowing time and seeding rates, appeared on days 9-11, the budding phase on days 21-25, and the flowering phase on 8-9 days after budding. The best grain quality in the Orzu variety was observed when sowing on June 15 with a norm of 500 thousand; in variety Uzbek-2 when sowing on June 15 with a norm of 300 thousand/ha.
Effects of deep softener and chemical compounds on mechanical compositions in heavy, difficult-to-ameliorate soils
Authors: Khamidov M , Juraev A , Juraev U , Atamuradov B , Rustamova K , Najmiddinov A , Nurbekov A
Published: August 2022

The article deals with deep loosening of heavy, difficult-to-ameliorate, gypsum, medium salinity soils in the conditions of Bukhara region, as well as high-quality saline washing and watering of saline soils using a chemical reclamation (Spersal) compound. Significant water savings were observed during the harvest, and the control of dry residue and chlorine ions was reduced in the remaining variants, in addition the results of the study to the effect of the Bukhara-102 variety of cotton on the amount of salts in the soil by irrigating are presented. In this case, the cotton is cultivated without deep loosening of the soil with the variant of direct cultivation of the soil with a deep softener, softening at a depth of 60 cm and 80 cm, and irrigation of the (Spersal) compound, drainage, the effect of soil salinity on fertility and water permeability was analyzed.
Efficiency of the irrigation norm for winter wheat and soy varieties in the typical land of Uzbekistan
Authors: Shamsiev A , Isaev S , Goziev G , Khusanov S , Khusanbaeva N
Published: August 2022

In this article, in the conditions of grassland soils of Andijan region, pre-irrigation varieties of winter wheat Tanya, Vershina, Kalym, Andijan-4 have a high yield when the soil moisture is irrigated in the order of 75-75-75% relative to the limit field moisture capacity. In particular, the average yield of soybeans was 66.0 quintals (q)/ha from Tanya, 69.5 q/ha from Vershina, 69.2 q/ha from Kalym and 67.2 q/ha from Andijan-4. and Oyjamol cultivars received high yields when irrigated in the order of 70-75-65% of the pre-irrigation soil moisture limit, including the average yield of 26.8 q/ha from Tomaris and 27.0 q/ha from Oyjamol. Water consumption of winter wheat and soybean varieties was determined, the minimum water consumption for the cultivation of one quintal of grain was 75.45-75% of the soil moisture before the threshold field moisture capacity, which is 58.5 m3/sec in “Kalym” variety, 59.6 m3/sec in “Andijan-4” variety, pre-irrigation soil moisture of soybeans cultivated as a secondary crop in 70-75-65% of the field moisture capacity 81.3 m3/sec in the variety “Oyjamol” and 86.4 m3/sec.
Formation of the leaf surface and grain yield of winter rye (Secale L.) with the use of mineral fertilizers in irrigated soils of Uzbekistan
Authors: Umarov R A , Azizov B M
Published: August 2022

One of the most important, useful and promising grain crops is winter rye. The advantage of winter rust is: resistance to winter and cold, adaptation to a stress factor, high content of minerals and vitamins in grain. The rye grain contains 13% protein, as well as a large amount of minerals such as: manganese, boron, aluminum, iodine, bromine, fluorine, cobalt, molybdenum, strontium, cesium, copper and also vitamins A1, B1, B2, E3, threonine and tyrosine other substances. Therefore, rye bread is considered the main dietary bread. In recent years, the need for rye bread has been increasing. This research intends to analyze formation of the leaf surface and grain yield of winter rye while using different type of mineral fertilizers. The results showed that at earlier sowing dates, the use of foliar feeding and the Baikal biostimulant had a positive effect on the formation of winter rye fruit elements. Accordingly, the highest indicator in terms of grain weight per 1 ear of 1.37 grams was noted at early sowing dates using foliar feeding, an increase from the control was 0.47 grams.
Land pollution by illegal dumps in the Tashkent region
Authors: Radkevich M , Mukhammadaliyeva F , Shipilova K , Umarova N , Gapirov A
Published: August 2022

The problem of the emergence of illegal dumps in rural areas is considered in the article on the example of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was revealed that the sizes of illegal disposal fields vary from 1.0 to 18,895 m2, there are dumps for building materials from construction sites, agricultural, household waste, as well as mixed landfills. The continuity of the layer of illegal dumps ranges from 60 to 100%. The roadsides also present long stretched illegal dumps with a continuity of the waste layer from 10 to 42%. For a full-scale assessment of the location, size and composition of illegal dumps, it is recommended to develop a GIS monitoring system.
Chicken-based by-products as a main component in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in the environments of Uzbekistan
Authors: Mullabaev N , Sobirov J , Urunova G , Yuldashov M , Kamilov B
Published: August 2022

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings (in average 70 g) were stocked to 3 cages (300 m3 each) with stocking rate 22 pieces/m3 in Tuybuguz reservoir (Uzbekistan). Catfish were fed a mixture of minced fresh chicken sub-products and fishmeal (60:40) until fish reached 500 g (July 22, 2021). During the period of fish growth from 500 g to 1000 g (until September 1, 2021), they were fed only with minced meat from the chicken sub-products. Fish larger than 1000 g (until October 15, 2021) were fed with whole, unprocessed chicken legs, heads and stomachs of broiler chickens. During the vegetation season (5 months), catfish grew to an average weight of 1300 g. Feed conversion ratio of minced meat from a mixture of chicken sub-products and fishmeal was 2.5; whole heads, legs and stomachs - 3.1, minced meat from fresh offal - 4.1.
Production of indole-3-acetic acid by endophytic fungi of halophyte plants under salt stress
Authors: Kondrasheva K.V. , Egamberdiev F.B. , Suyarova R.A. , Ruzieva D.M. , Nasmetova S.M. , Abdulmyanova L.A. , Rasulova G.A. , Gulyamova T.G.
Published: August 2022

The auxin-synthesizing activity of endophytic fungi from desert halophyte plants Aeluropus litoralis, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Climacoptera crassa, Suaeda heterophylla were studied. In addition, screening of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was carried out at the cultivation of endophytes in the presence of 10% NaCl. All isolates produced IAA, but the highest level was observed in two Penicillium strains from C. crassa and H. strobilaceum, which produced significant amounts of extracellular IAA at a relatively low biomass level.
Some representatives of Pyraloidae superfamily occurring in Uzbekistan region
Authors: Nosirova Z , Xalmirzayeva L
Published: August 2022

The analysis of morphological and common features of 20 types insects entering to Pyraloidea superfamily and occurring in Uzbekistan region has been carried out. Their belonging to 2 families (Pyralidae and Crambidae) has been revealed which future to 3 and 6 subfamilies have been subdivided, correspondingly. The information on the morphological features for 3 types from revealed insects has been presented and general features of these insects have been outlined. For example, it has been shown that each insect type damages essentially one concrete agricultural plant that is the monophagous of these insects has been defined.
Efficiency of appropriate irrigation system of cotton and winter wheat in water scarce conditions of Uzbekistan
Authors: Isaev S , Mambetnazarov A , Khalmuratova B , Goziev G , Ashirov Y
Published: August 2022

In this article, the granularity of experimental field soils was 2.52-3.25%, microaggregates were 96.7-97.4%, respectively, in the 40, 60 and 80% water supply, respectively, the volume mass was 0.15 in the 40% water supply, 0.12 g/cm3 at 60% water supply and 0.10 g/cm3 at 80% water supply and changes in water permeability in the order of irrigation, soil moisture at 80% water supply of cotton 80-80- At 60%, the norm of seasonal irrigation in the 1-3-0 system is 3000 m3/ha, at a water supply of 40% of sunflower 0-1-0 and 0-2-0 irrigation when the soil moisture is 70-70-60% relative to the limited field moisture capacity in the system, the total irrigation rate is 620-1100 m3/ha, in the water supply of 60% of winter wheat, when the soil moisture is 70-70-60% compared to Limited field moisture capacity, in the 0-3-0 irrigation system, the seasonal irrigation rate is 2005 m3/ha, in alfalfa limited field moisture capacity in water supply, seasonal irrigation norm Information on irrigation procedures for 1996 m3/ha is provided.
Application of remote sensing and GIS integration for analysing of water zone: a case study from the Aydarkul-Arnasay-Tuzkon lake system (AATLS), Uzbekistan
Authors: Saipova B. , Ruzikulova O , Djuraeva D , Altiev A
Published: August 2022

The lake system of Aydarkul-Arnasay-Tuzkan is located in the Mirzachul lowlands on the territory of Forish district of Jizzakh region, Nurata and Tomdi districts of Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Previous researches included scientific studies such as the hydrological regime, condition of groundwater and fishing potential of the lake system, the volume of water flowing into the lake system. However, the impact of changes in water volume on soils around AATLS has not been analyzed using modern GIS technologies and remote sensing. The article compares the methods of distance probing of the state of the water fund lands and analysis using softwares for geographic information systems. According to it, Landsat 4,5,7,8, space velocities from satellite were studied on the basis of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). Visualization of water fund lands showed NDWI 89.5% and MNDWI 93.6%. The return of water as a result of unstable water variability was studied by SI, NDSI, VSSI, SAVI analyzes.
Influence of irrigation with salty water on the composition of absorbed bases of hydromorphic structure of soil
Authors: Turdaliev A T , Yo Darmonov D , Teshaboyev N I , Saminov A A , Abdurakhmonova M A
Published: August 2022

The article shows that irrigation of wheat on irrigated meadow soil at an irrigation rate of 800-1000 m3/ha with water of various mineralization did not lead to significant changes in the soil-absorbing complex. The amount of cations after three years of irrigation with water of different salinity remains practically unchanged. But there is a tendency to change in the direction of increasing the amount of absorbed sodium, which did not lead to a state of salinity of irrigated soils.
Digital and automated technologies in the Russian energy industry
Authors: Dryanova E V , Hongyu Lui , Shuai Xue , Hongmei Zhao
Published: August 2022

The article emphasizes the need for implementing digital and automated technologies and describes their potential. The article distinguishes between the directions of digital transformation of the energy industry using key implementation criteria that allow companies to adapt to new tasks and goals, improve the availability of the power grid infrastructure, and increase the operation effect. The article specifies the targets of digitalization and explores existing and promising digital technology projects.
Investigation of solar greenhouses with transformable (adjustable) body depending on indoor and outdoor air temperature
Authors: Rasakhodzhaev B S , Akhmadjanov U Z , Boboeva M O , Mashrapova I R , Tokonova T S
Published: August 2022

The article studies the thermal regimes of solar greenhouses for individual purposes, taking into account their design features. According to the results of the calculations, it was found that, according to the shape of the structure of solar greenhouses, for example, a rectangle with a triangular coating, with the same areas, but with different designs of single-slope and double-slope solar greenhouses with a total area of 42 m2, has a difference in heat load of 225 W. The thermal load in relation to the total percentage is 27% in single-slope and 37% in double-slope solar greenhouses. Depending on the outside temperature, to maintain the temperature inside the solar greenhouse, it is necessary to vary the heating height, that is, to reduce or increase the heating height inside the greenhouse. This ensures the minimization of energy consumption and optimal heating of the air inside the solar greenhouses.
Heat balance modeling of heat pipe biogas-biofertilizer device reactor
Authors: Khusenov A A , Davlonov Kh A , Ergashev Sh H
Published: August 2022

The article develops a mathematical model of the modes of change of the indoor air temperature and the loaded biomass temperature over time on the basis of the equilibrium heat balance equation of the reactor of the heat pipe biogas-biofertilizer. Theoretical and experimental studies of changes in air temperature over time in stationary and non-stationary states inside the reactor of a thermal tubular biogas-biofertilizer. According to the results of the study, when the outside air temperature is 10 °C, it is possible to heat the indoor air temperature to 85-90 °C in accordance with the total solar radiation falling on the transparent surface of the device reactor. It is scientifically based to achieve full coverage of the greenhouse heat load using heated water due to the combustion of biogas obtained anaerobically in a water heating boiler as a result of heating of the biomass inside the device.
Measurement of fluid pressure through the pipeline wall in heat and power processes
Authors: Kobylkin Mikhail , Rikker Yulia , Batukhtin Andrey , Akimov Ilya
Published: August 2022

Pressure is one of the key parameters in the operation of technological systems of heat and power processes. The creation of a device that would allow measuring the pressure inside the pipeline without violating its integrity, stability, tightness and would not affect the coolant will significantly simplify the maintenance of heat and power systems and improve the efficiency of their operation. The team of authors has formed a hypothesis according to which it is possible to obtain the pressure value based on the rate of stabilization of temperature flows in the heat pipe. It is assumed that the pressure can have a sufficient effect, for registration by instruments, on the dynamic characteristics of thermal processes occurring inside thermal power systems.
A review of bioceramics scaffolds for bone defects in different types of animal models: HA and β -TCP
Authors: Nik Md Noordin Kahar Nik Nur Farisha , Ahmad Nurazreena , Jaafar Mariatti , Yahaya Badrul Hisham , Sulaiman Abdul Razak , Hamid Zuratul Ain Abdul
Published: August 2022

Increased life expectancy has led to an increase in the use of bone substitutes in numerous nations, with over two million bone-grafting surgeries performed worldwide each year. A bone defect can be caused by trauma, infections, and tissue resections which can self-heal due to the osteoconductive nature of the native extracellular matrix components. However, natural self-healing is time-consuming, and new bone regeneration is slow, especially for large bone defects. It also remains a clinical challenge for surgeons to have a suitable bone substitute. To date, there are numerous potential treatments for bone grafting, including gold-standard autografts, allograft implantation, xenografts, or bone graft substitutes. Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are the most extensively used and studied bone substitutes due to their similar chemical composition to bone. The scaffolds should be tested in vivo and in vitro using suitable animal models to ensure that the biomaterials work effectively as implants. Hence, this article aims to familiarize readers with the most frequently used animal models for biomaterials testing and highlight the available literature for in vivo studies using small and large animal models. This review summarizes the bioceramic materials, particularly HA and β-TCP scaffolds, for bone defects in small and large animal models. Besides, the design considerations for the pre-clinical animal model selection for bone defect implants are emphasized and presented.
Current status of n-type SnS: paving the way for SnS homojunction solar cells
Authors: Suzuki Issei , Kawanishi Sakiko , Omata Takahisa , Yanagi Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Orthorhombic SnS is a promising thin-film solar-cell material composed of safe and abundant elements with suitable optical properties for photovoltaic application. For approximately two decades, SnS solar cells have employed heterojunction structures with p-type SnS and other n-type semiconductors because undoped SnS typically exhibits p-type electrical conduction. However, their conversion efficiency has remained stagnant at 4%–5% for a long time. A breakthrough is required to significantly improve their conversion efficiencies before SnS solar cells can be put into practical use. Therefore, this comprehensive review article establishes the current state of the art in SnS solar cells, with an aim to accelerate both fundamental research and practical applications in this field. We discuss issues specific to SnS heterojunction solar cells, the advantages of the homojunction structure, and summarize recent advances in the n-type conversion of SnS by impurity doping, which is required to form a homojunction. The latter half of this article describes the latest research on the fabrication of n-type single crystals and films of halogen-doped n-type SnS, which is prepared via a doping system suitable for practical use. We conclude the article by summarizing the current status and future work on SnS homojunction devices, including the development of high-efficiency multi-junction SnS solar cells by band gap engineering.
Improving future travel demand projections: a pathway with an open science interdisciplinary approach
Authors: Yeh Sonia , Gil Jorge , Kyle Page , Kishimoto Paul , Cazzola Pierpaolo , Craglia Matteo , Edelenbosch Oreane , Fragkos Panagiotis , Fulton Lew , Liao Yuan , Martinez Luis , McCollum David L , Miller Joshua , Pereira Rafael H M , Teter Jacob
Published: August 2022

Transport accounts for 24% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. Governments face challenges in developing feasible and equitable mitigation strategies to reduce energy consumption and manage the transition to low-carbon transport systems. To meet the local and global transport emission reduction targets, policymakers need more realistic/sophisticated future projections of transport demand to better understand the speed and depth of the actions required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we argue that the lack of access to high-quality data on the current and historical travel demand and interdisciplinary research hinders transport planning and sustainable transitions toward low-carbon transport futures. We call for a greater interdisciplinary collaboration agenda across open data, data science, behaviour modelling, and policy analysis. These advancemets can reduce some of the major uncertainties and contribute to evidence-based solutions toward improving the sustainability performance of future transport systems. The paper also points to some needed efforts and directions to provide robust insights to policymakers. We provide examples of how these efforts could benefit from the International Transport Energy Modeling Open Data project and open science interdisciplinary collaborations.