bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A lab in the field: high-frequency analysis of water quality and stable isotopes in stream water and precipitation
Authors: von Freyberg Jana , Studer Bjørn , Kirchner James W.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. High-frequency measurements of solutes and isotopes (18O and 2H) in rainfall and streamflow can shed important light on catchment flow pathways and travel times, but the workload and sample storage artifacts involved in collecting, transporting, and analyzing thousands of bottled samples severely constrain catchment studies in which conventional sampling methods are employed. However, recent developments towards more compact and robust analyzers have now made it possible to measure chemistry and water isotopes in the field at sub-hourly frequencies over extended periods. Here, we present laboratory and field tests of a membrane-vaporization continuous water sampler coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer for real-time measurements of δ18O and δ2H combined with a dual-channel ion chromatograph (IC) for the synchronous analysis of major cations and anions. The precision of the isotope analyzer was typically better than 0.03 ‰ for δ18O and 0.17 ‰ for δ2H in 10 min average readings taken at intervals of 30 min. Carryover effects were less than 1.2 % between isotopically contrasting water samples for 30 min sampling intervals, and instrument drift could be corrected through periodic analysis of secondary reference standards. The precision of the ion chromatograph was typically  ∼  0.1–1 ppm or better, with relative standard deviations of  ∼  1 % or better for most major ions in stream water, which is sufficient to detect subtle biogeochemical signals in catchment runoff. We installed the coupled isotope analyzer/IC system in an uninsulated hut next to a stream of a small catchment and analyzed stream water and precipitation samples every 30 min over 28 days. These high-frequency measurements facilitated a detailed comparison of event-water fractions via endmember mixing analysis with both chemical and isotope tracers. For two events with relatively dry antecedent moisture conditions, the event-water fractions were < 21 % based on isotope tracers but were significantly overestimated (40 to 82 %) by the chemical tracers. These observations, coupled with the storm-to-storm patterns in precipitation isotope inputs and the associated stream water isotope response, led to a conceptual hypothesis for runoff generation in the catchment. Under this hypothesis, the pre-event water that is mobilized by precipitation events may, depending on antecedent moisture conditions, be significantly shallower, younger, and less mineralized than the deeper, older water that feeds baseflow and thus defines the pre-event endmember used in hydrograph separation. This proof-of-concept study illustrates the potential advantages of capturing isotopic and hydrochemical behavior at a high frequency over extended periods that span multiple hydrologic events.
Morphological analysis of hummocks in debris avalanche deposits around Mt Erciyes, central Turkey
Authors: Hayakawa Yuichi S. , Yoshida Hidetsugu , Obanawa Hiroyuki , Naruhashi Ryutaro , Okumura Koji , Zaiki Masumi , Kontani Ryoichi
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Debris avalanche caused by the sector collapse of a volcanic mountain often forms characteristic depositional landforms including hummocks. Not only sedimentological but also geomorphological analyses of debris avalanche deposits (DAD) are crucial to clarify the size, mechanisms, and processes of the debris avalanche. We investigate the morphology of hummocks newly identified in the DAD at the north-eastern flank of Mt. Erciyes in Kayseri, central Turkey, likely formed in the late Pleistocene. Using a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and the structure-from-motion multi-view stereo photogrammetry (SfM), we obtained high-definition digital elevation model (DEM) and orthorectified image of the DAD surface with hummocks. Detailed geometric features of the hummocks are investigated using the RPAS-derived high-definition DEM. The source volume of the DAD was also estimated by reconstructing the original shape of the mountain body using a lower-resolution satellite-based DEM. For this, topographic cross sections are examined based on the slopes around the scar that are regarded as the remnant topography preserved since the sector collapse. The spatial distribution of hummocks shows an unusual pattern regarding the distance-size relationships, i.e., anomalously concentrated in a certain distance from the source. The hummocks are found to be aligned toward the flow direction of the debris avalanche, suggesting the extensional regime of the debris avalanche. These facts indicate that this debris avalanche did not follow the typical flow type of debris avalanches observed in the other cases. Instead, the topographic constraints by former caldera wall and fault-induced lineaments could have strongly affected the flow course and pattern in this particular case: The pre-existing caldera wall topography could have acted as the topographic barriers for the debris avalanche to force the initial flow to turn northward, and the flow regime to be once compressional followed by extensional at the narrow and steepened outlet valley. Also, the estimated volume of the DAD 12–15 × 108 m3 gives its mean thickness of 60–75 m, which is much deeper than the reported cases of other DADs. This suggests that the debris avalanche could have flown down to the far downstream areas from the presently-observed limit of the DAD extent. Assessments of the DAD including the results of this study can provide further insights into the risk and mitigation of potential disasters in the study area.
Impact of dust deposition on the albedo of Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland
Authors: Wittmann Monika , Groot Zwaaftink Christine Dorothea , Steffensen Schmidt Louise , Guðmundsson Sverrir , Pálsson Finnur , Arnalds Olafur , Björnsson Helgi , Thorsteinsson Throstur , Stohl Andreas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Deposition of small amounts of airborne dust on glaciers causes positive radiative forcing and enhanced melting due to the reduction of surface albedo. To study the effects of dust deposition on the mass balance of Brúarjökull, an outlet glacier of the largest ice cap in Iceland, Vatnajökull, a study of dust deposition events in the year 2012 was carried out. The dust-mobilisation module FLEXDUST was used to calculate spatio-temporally resolved dust emissions from Iceland and the dispersion model FLEXPART was used to simulate atmospheric dust dispersion and deposition. We used albedo measurements at two automatic weather stations on Brúarjökull to evaluate the dust impacts. Both stations are situated in the accumulation area of the glacier, but the lower station is close to the equilibrium line. For this site ( ∼  1210 m a.s.l.), the dispersion model produced 10 major dust deposition events and a total annual deposition of 20.5 g m−2. At the station located higher on the glacier ( ∼  1525 m a.s.l.), the model produced nine dust events, with one single event causing  ∼  5 g m−2 of dust deposition and a total deposition of  ∼  10 g m−2 yr−1. The main dust source was found to be the Dyngjusandur floodplain north of Vatnajökull; northerly winds prevailed 80 % of the time at the lower station when dust events occurred. In all of the simulated dust events, a corresponding albedo drop was observed at the weather stations. The influence of the dust on the albedo was estimated using the regional climate model HIRHAM5 to simulate the albedo of a clean glacier surface without dust. By comparing the measured albedo to the modelled albedo, we determine the influence of dust events on the snow albedo and the surface energy balance. We estimate that the dust deposition caused an additional 1.1 m w.e. (water equivalent) of snowmelt (or 42 % of the 2.8 m w.e. total melt) compared to a hypothetical clean glacier surface at the lower station, and 0.6 m w.e. more melt (or 38 % of the 1.6 m w.e. melt in total) at the station located further upglacier. Our findings show that dust has a strong influence on the mass balance of glaciers in Iceland.
The Role of Customer Innovativeness in the New Products Adoption Intentions：An Empirical Study on Mobile Phone Customers of the Egyptian Universities Students
Authors: Hassan Hind S.
Published: March 2017

This research aims to investigate the relationship between customers’ innovativeness and their intentions to adopt new mobile phones from the standpoint of Egyptian university students. The research studies the direct effects of the five dimensions of customers’ innovativeness on their intentions of new products adoption, which are measured through the mediating effect of two factors: the risks to mobile phones perceived by the customers and customer involvement. The research also aims to identify the so-called “initiators” segment; customers who have the highest probability for purchase the product early. A quantitative method with deductive approach is chosen in this research. Four hypotheses have been designed to determine: whether there is a significant difference in customers’ perception of risks to new mobile phones, innovativeness, involvement, and adoption intentions according to demographic variables (gender, place of residence, income); whether there is a significant positive effect of customers’ innovativeness on customers involvements with new mobile phones; whether there is a significant negative effect of customers’ innovativeness on the perceived risks to new mobile phones; and whether there is a significant positive effect of customers’ innovativeness on their intentions to adopt new mobile phones. A significant impact of the five dimensions of customers’ innovativeness is found on the adoption intentions of new mobile phones. Also a significant effect of the five dimensions of customers’ innovativeness is found on the perceived risks and customer involvement factors. The research develops a new model of the relationship between the customers’ innovativeness and their intentions to adopt new products. In practice, the research results contribute to help marketing managers for better market fragmentation and identify customer segments with high innovativeness; which helps organizations prepare appropriate marketing campaigns and thus leads to the success of new products deployment.
Announcement of Retraction
Authors: Wang Sophia
Published: March 2017

The editorial board announced this article has been retracted on July 18, 2017. If you have any further question, please contact us at: jmr@ccsenet.org
IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC SCHOOL-WIDE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR INTERVENTION SUPPORTS BY SCHOOL PERSONNEL
Authors: Chitiyo Jonathan
Published: March 2017

School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) is increasingly becoming a popular approach to managing problem behavior in schools. Despite its widespread implementation, little research has been done focusing on the implementation process. The purpose of the current study was to explore the implementation of SWPBIS in school systems. Specifically, the researcher wanted to examine the extent to which school personnel used different SWPBIS classroom- based practices. Results indicated that the most frequently used practices were teaching students behavior expectations and rewarding students who met the behavioral expectations. The least used practices were collecting data for decision making, graphing data, and conducting functional behavioral assessments. Recommendations and implications are provided.
STIGMA AND SELF-IMAGE IN PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORT
Authors: Jóźwiak Wioleta , Kwiatkowska Anna
Published: March 2017

The purpose of the study was to examine how people with physical disabilities perceived themselves and whether their self-image contained social stereotypes of people with disabilities. The sample consisted of 16 respondents (13 women) with various physical disabilities of different severity. It was an exploratory study carried out within the qualitative paradigm (open questions, interviews). The semi-structured interview was based on questions related to self-esteem, body image, capabilities, breakthrough moments in life, perception by others, others’ reactions to disability and strategies used to cope with those reactions. Also, parts of the Social Perception Questionnaire (Jarymowicz, 1994) were used. The interviewees focused mainly on the positive aspects of self-perception and it could seem that their self-image did not contain stereotypes and that they did not experience discrimination from society. However, detailed analyses showed that disability stereotypes and personal experiences had an impact on some areas, such as body image and serving parental roles. In these areas, negative emotions, stereotyped views and behavioral changes were observed.
MINERALOGIE ŽELEZNÝCH RUD Z ROZVODNÉHO VRCHU U ČABOVÉ VE STŘEDNÍ ČÁSTI ŠTERNBERSKO-HORNOBENEŠOVSKÉHO PRUHU (MORAVSKOSLEZSKÁ JEDNOTKA ČESKÉHO MASIVU)
Authors: Zimák Jiří , Urbanová Lenka , Kopecká Lenka
Published: March 2017

The Čabová deposit of the Lahn-Dill type is located in the historical Beroun iron-ore district in the central part of the Devonian Šternberk-Horní Benešov Belt, consisting of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks (metabasites prevail). Iron ores in the district were mined mainly in the 19th century. This article summarizes the results of mineralogical research of iron ores obtained froma heap on the Rozvodný vrch Hill at Čabová. Six types of ores were distinguished: 1/ so-called jaspilite ores (ferruginous jasper with a variable content of hematite and magnetite, usually a very poor iron ore), 2/ jaspilite ores rich in magnetite and/or hematite, 3/ quartz-hematite ores, 4/ quartz-magnetite ores (stilpnomelane is oft en present), 5/ carbonate ores (siderite is an essential component, also calcite, hematite, magnetite, quartz and stilpnomelane may be present in substantial quantities), and 6/ chlorite ores (composed mainly of chamosite, which is accompanied by varying quantities of calcite, stilpnomelane, ilmenite, white mica, quartz and albite). Up to several centimetres thick veins consisting mainly of calcite and/or quartz penetrate ores. Common part of the veins are chlorite (chamosite) and stilpnomelane, less abundant are white mica, magnetite and hematite, barite is rare. Compositional chlorite geothermometers of Kranidiotis and MacLean (1987) and Zang and Fyfe (1995) yielded temperatures of formation of the oreand vein chlorites that range from 189 to 225 °C and from 206 to 267 °C, respectively (there is no fundamental difference between the chlorites of the iron ores and the veins).
NOVÝ SEVEROKOREJSKÝ JADERNÝ TEST A ROLE STANICE VRAC V RÁMCI MEZINÁRODNÍHO MONITOROVACÍHO SYSTÉMU CTBTO
Authors: Havíř Josef
Published: March 2017

Seismický signál související s jaderným testem provedeným na severokorejském jaderném polygonu dne 6. 1. 2016 byl zaregistrován četnými seismologickými stanicemi po celém světě. Kvalitní seismický záznam byl pořízen také stanicí VRAC provozovanou Ústavem fyziky Země (IPE), která je součástí Mezinárodního monitorovacího systému CTBTO. Hlavním úkolem činnosti Mezinárodního monitorovacího systému je verifikace dodržování Smlouvy o všeobecném zákazu jaderných zkoušek. Seismická síť zmíněného monitorovacího systému má sestávat ze 170 stanic. Data jsou přenášena do Mezinárodního datového centra (IDC) ve Vídni, kde jsou společně zpracovávána. Za provoz stanic jsou odpovědna tzv. Národní datová centra (NDC). České NDC odpovědné za provoz stanice VRAC bylo zřízeno na Ústavu fyziky Země v Brně. Jeho úkolem je nejen zajištění bezporuchového provozu stanice VRAC, ale také informování Státního úřadu pro jadernou bezpečnost (SÚJB) o významných skutečnostech souvisejících s monitorováním prováděným v rámci CTBTO. Proto bylo zpracování seismických záznamů severokorejského testu provedeno nezávisle také v NDC v Brně. Výsledky zpracování seismických dat ukazují, že epicentrum nově provedeného severokorejského jaderného testu je situováno v těsné blízkosti epicenter předchozích jaderných explozí uskutečněných na území Severní Koreje v letech 2006, 2009 a 2013 na jaderném polygonu Punggye-ri. Hodnoty magnituda mb počítaného z objemových vln (uváděné hodnoty magnituda mb se pohybují od 4,8 podle IDC CTBTO po 5,1 podle seismologické služby USA) ukazují, že exploze z roku 2016 byla pravděpodobně o něco slabší než předešlá jaderná exploze z roku 2013.
La trata de seres humanos con fines de explotación sexual: propuestas para un cambio de paradigma en la orientación de las políticas públicas
Authors: Nuño Gómez Laura
Published: March 2017

Resumen:En la gran mayoría de las naciones del mundo la trata con fines deexplotación sexual está tipificada y castigada por la legislación penal,pese a ello se estima que entre 1,3 y 4,4 millones mujeres y niñas permanecenexplotadas por las redes criminales de trata sexual. AunqueNaciones Unidas, el Consejo de Europa, la Unión Europea o la propialegislación española disponen de instrumentos normativos encaminadosa la lucha contra esta modalidad de trata, el número de detencionesy el de víctimas liberadas es anecdótico y la impunidad de los tratanteses habitual. Lejos de reducirse su incidencia, se observa un proceso deexpansión a escala planetaria. El presente artículo examina los factoresque están contribuyendo a la expansión o incremento de la trata sexual,analiza las políticas encaminadas a la prevención, protección delas víctimas o persecución del delito desde una perspectiva multinivelpara ofrecer un diagnóstico de aquellos elementos que están restandoeficacia y operatividad a la acción institucional. Por último y en coherencia,concluye con algunas propuestas que permiten subsanar lasdisfunciones detectadas y abordar un cambio de paradigma en el diseñode las políticas contra la trata con fines de explotación sexual.Abstract:In most of the nations of the world, trafficking in women for the purposeof sexual exploitation is a crime punished by the law. Neverthelessbetween 1.3 and 4.4 million women and girls are estimated to bestill exploited by sexual trafficking networks. Although United Nations,the Council of Europe and the European Union, or national lawin Spain have instruments aimed at eradicating this type of human trafficking, the number of detained traffickers and victims made free, is a mere anecdote and impunity is usual. Far from showing a decrease in its prevalence, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is in a process of expansion in the all world. This article analyses the factors that contribute to this expansion and the policies of prevention, victims’ protection and persecution of the crime from a multilevel perspective, in order to provide a diagnosis of those elements that undermine the effectiveness and operativeness of the institutional action.Consistent with this analysis and as conclusions, the author makessome proposals to remedy the dysfunctions detected and suggest achange of paradigm in the design of policies against trafficking forthe purpose of sexual exploitation.
Assessment of Tissue Perfusion Following Conventional Liposuction of Perforator-Based Abdominal Flaps
Authors: Akdeniz Doğan Zeynep Deniz , Saçak Bülent , Yalçın Doğuş , Pilancı Özgür , Tuncer Fatma Betül , Çelebiler Özhan
Published: March 2017

Background The effect of liposuction on the perforators of the lower abdominal wall has been investigated in several studies. There are controversial results in the literature that have primarily demonstrated the number and patency of the perforators. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of liposuction on the perfusion of perforator-based abdominal flaps using a combined laser–Doppler spectrophotometer (O2C, Oxygen to See, LEA Medizintechnik).

Methods Nine female patients undergoing classical abdominoplasty were included in the study. Perforators and the perfusion zones of the deep inferior epigastric artery flap were marked on the patient's abdominal wall. Flap perfusion was quantitatively assessed by measuring blood flow, velocity, capillary oxygen saturation, and relative amount of hemoglobin for each zone preoperatively, after tumescent solution infiltration, following elevation of the flap on a single perforator, and after deep and superficial liposuction, respectively.

Results The measurements taken after elevation of the flap were not significantly different than measurements taken after the liposuction procedures.

Conclusions The liposuction procedure does not significantly alter the perfusion of perforator-based abdominal flaps in the early period. The abdominal tissue discarded in a classic abdominoplasty operation can be raised as a perforator flap and has been demonstrated to be a unique model for clinical research.
Systematic Review and Comparative Meta-Analysis of Outcomes Following Pedicled Muscle versus Fasciocutaneous Flap Coverage for Complex Periprosthetic Wounds in Patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Economides James M. , DeFazio Michael V. , Golshani Kayvon , Cinque Mark , Anghel Ersilia L. , Attinger Christopher E. , Evans Karen Kim
Published: March 2017

Background In cases of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) threatened by potential hardware exposure, flap-based reconstruction is indicated to provide durable coverage. Historically, muscle flaps were favored as they provide vascular tissue to an infected wound bed. However, data comparing the performance of muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps are limited and reflect a lack of consensus regarding the optimal management of these wounds. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of muscle versus fasciocutaneous flaps following the salvage of compromised TKA.

Methods A systematic search and meta-analysis were performed to identify patients with TKA who underwent either pedicled muscle or fasciocutaneous flap coverage of periprosthetic knee defects. Studies evaluating implant/limb salvage rates, ambulatory function, complications, and donor-site morbidity were included in the comparative analysis.

Results A total of 18 articles, corresponding to 172 flaps (119 muscle flaps and 53 fasciocutaneous flaps) were reviewed. Rates of implant salvage (88.8% vs. 90.1%, P=0.05) and limb salvage (89.8% vs. 100%, P=0.14) were comparable in each cohort. While overall complication rates were similar (47.3% vs. 44%, P=0.78), the rates of persistent infection (16.4% vs. 0%, P=0.14) and recurrent infection (9.1% vs. 4%, P=0.94) tended to be higher in the muscle flap cohort. Notably, functional outcomes and ambulation rates were sparingly reported.

Conclusions Rates of limb and prosthetic salvage were comparable following muscle or fasciocutaneous flap coverage of compromised TKA. The functional morbidity associated with muscle flap harvest, however, may support the use of fasciocutaneous flaps for coverage of these defects, particularly in young patients and/or high-performance athletes.
КА РЕАФИРМАЦИЈИ НАУЧНИХ МЕТОДА /Милосав Милосављевић, Социјална истраживања, „Службени гласник“, Београд, 2013./
Authors: Петровић Јагода
Published: March 2017

Понесена (случајном) асоцијацијом, започећу приказ ове књиге „изда-лека“. Подсјетићу да је, данас општепознат, Архимедов закон чекао да будеобзнањен од постанка људског рода до појаве свога творца у III вијеку п.н.е.На законе класичне механике чекало се до 1687. године, када их је Њутнованаучна инвенција извела на свјетло дана. Рекло би се да је принцип „чекања“карактеристичан за открића у природним наукама, гдје мање-више константнеприродне појаве, изложене љубопитљивом људском промишљању, чекају наоткривање правилности и законитости. Истине ради, овакво размишљање је ускладу са механицистичком парадигмом. У основи механицистичког поимањастварности управо стоје принципи физике који говоре о извјесности догађања,детерминистичком пулсирању свијета, објективности и предвидљивости поја-ва, сходно узрочно-посљедичном слиједу. Све док је тако, могло би се рећида истраживачи природних појава и процеса имају лакши задатак у односу наистраживаче друштвених појава и процеса, у којима је главни актер сам човјек.
Structural reorganization of the chromatin remodeling enzyme Chd1 upon engagement with nucleosomes
Authors: Sundaramoorthy Ramasubramanian , Hughes Amanda L , Singh Vijender , Wiechens Nicola , Ryan Daniel P , El-Mkami Hassane , Petoukhov Maxim , Svergun Dmitri I , Treutlein Barbara , Quack Salina , Fischer Monika , Michaelis Jens , Böttcher Bettina , Norman David G , Owen-Hughes Tom
Published: March 2017

The yeast Chd1 protein acts to position nucleosomes across genomes. Here, we model the structure of the Chd1 protein in solution and when bound to nucleosomes. In the apo state, the DNA-binding domain contacts the edge of the nucleosome while in the presence of the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, ADP-beryllium fluoride, we observe additional interactions between the ATPase domain and the adjacent DNA gyre 1.5 helical turns from the dyad axis of symmetry. Binding in this conformation involves unravelling the outer turn of nucleosomal DNA and requires substantial reorientation of the DNA-binding domain with respect to the ATPase domains. The orientation of the DNA-binding domain is mediated by sequences in the N-terminus and mutations to this part of the protein have positive and negative effects on Chd1 activity. These observations indicate that the unfavorable alignment of C-terminal DNA-binding region in solution contributes to an auto-inhibited state.
The PERK arm of the unfolded protein response regulates satellite cell-mediated skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Xiong Guangyan , Hindi Sajedah M , Mann Aman K , Gallot Yann S , Bohnert Kyle R , Cavener Douglas R , Whittemore Scott R , Kumar Ashok
Published: March 2017

Regeneration of skeletal muscle in adults is mediated by satellite stem cells. Accumulation of misfolded proteins triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress that leads to unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is relayed to the cell through the activation of PERK, IRE1/XBP1, and ATF6. Here, we demonstrate that levels of PERK and IRE1 are increased in satellite cells upon muscle injury. Inhibition of PERK, but not the IRE1 arm of the UPR in satellite cells inhibits myofiber regeneration in adult mice. PERK is essential for the survival and differentiation of activated satellite cells into the myogenic lineage. Deletion of PERK causes hyper-activation of p38 MAPK during myogenesis. Blocking p38 MAPK activity improves the survival and differentiation of PERK-deficient satellite cells in vitro and muscle formation in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that the PERK arm of the UPR plays a pivotal role in the regulation of satellite cell homeostasis during regenerative myogenesis.
Neogene amphibians and reptiles (Caudata, Anura, Gekkota, Lacertilia, and Testudines) from the south of Western Siberia, Russia, and Northeastern Kazakhstan
Authors: Vasilyan Davit , Zazhigin Vladimir S. , Böhme Madelaine
Published: March 2017

Background

The present-day amphibian and reptile fauna of Western Siberia are the least diverse of the Palaearctic Realm, as a consequence of the unfavourable climatic conditions that predominate in this region. The origin and emergence of these herpetofaunal groups are poorly understood. Aside from the better-explored European Neogene localities yielding amphibian and reptile fossil remains, the Neogene herpetofauna of Western Asia is understudied. The few available data need critical reviews and new interpretations, taking into account the more recent records of the European herpetofauna. The comparison of this previous data with that of European fossil records would provide data on palaeobiogeographic affiliations of the region as well as on the origin and emergence of the present-day fauna of Western Siberia. An overview of the earliest occurrences of certain amphibian lineages is still needed. In addition, studies that address such knowledge gaps can be useful for molecular biologists in their calibration of molecular clocks.

Methods and Results

In this study, we considered critically reviewed available data from amphibian and reptile fauna from over 40 Western Siberian, Russian and Northeastern Kazakhstan localities, ranging from the Middle Miocene to Early Pleistocene. Herein, we provided new interpretations that arose from our assessment of the previously published and new data. More than 50 amphibians and reptile taxa were identified belonging to families Hynobiidae, Cryptobranchidae, Salamandridae, Palaeobatrachidae, Bombinatoridae, Pelobatidae, Hylidae, Bufonidae, Ranidae, Gekkonidae, Lacertidae, and Emydidae. Palaeobiogeographic analyses were performed for these groups and palaeoprecipitation values were estimated for 12 localities, using the bioclimatic analysis of herpetofaunal assemblages.

Conclusion

The Neogene assemblage of Western Siberia was found to be dominated by groups of European affinities, such as Palaeobatrachidae,Bombina, Hyla,Bufo bufo, and a small part of this assemblage included Eastern Palaearctic taxa (e.g.Salamandrella,Tylototriton,Bufotes viridis). For several taxa (e.g.Mioproteus, Hyla, Bombina,Rana temporaria), the Western Siberian occurrences represented their most eastern Eurasian records. The most diverse collection of fossil remains was found in the Middle Miocene. Less diversity has been registered towards the Early Pleistocene, potentially due to the progressive cooling of the climate in the Northern Hemisphere. The results of our study showed higher-amplitude changes of precipitation development in Western Siberia from the Early Miocene to the Pliocene, than previously assumed.
Climate change promotes hybridisation between deeply divergent species
Authors: Canestrelli Daniele , Bisconti Roberta , Chiocchio Andrea , Maiorano Luigi , Zampiglia Mauro , Nascetti Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Rare hybridisations between deeply divergent animal species have been reported for decades in a wide range of taxa, but have often remained unexplained, mainly considered chance events and reported as anecdotal. Here, we combine field observations with long-term data concerning natural hybridisations, climate, land-use, and field-validated species distribution models for two deeply divergent and naturally sympatric toad species in Europe (Bufo bufoandBufotes viridisspecies groups). We show that climate warming and seasonal extreme temperatures are conspiring to set the scene for these maladaptive hybridisations, by differentially affecting life-history traits of both species. Our results identify and provide evidence of an ultimate cause for such events, and reveal that the potential influence of climate change on interspecific hybridisations goes far beyond closely related species. Furthermore, climate projections suggest that the chances for these events will steadily increase in the near future.
Systematic drug repositioning through mining adverse event data in ClinicalTrials.gov
Authors: Su Eric Wen , Sanger Todd M.
Published: March 2017

Drug repositioning (i.e., drug repurposing) is the process of discovering new uses for marketed drugs. Historically, such discoveries were serendipitous. However, the rapid growth in electronic clinical data and text mining tools makes it feasible to systematically identify drugs with the potential to be repurposed. Described here is a novel method of drug repositioning by mining ClinicalTrials.gov. The text mining tools I2E (Linguamatics) and PolyAnalyst (Megaputer) were utilized. An I2E query extracts “Serious Adverse Events” (SAE) data from randomized trials in ClinicalTrials.gov. Through a statistical algorithm, a PolyAnalyst workflow ranks the drugs where the treatment arm has fewer predefined SAEs than the control arm, indicating that potentially the drug is reducing the level of SAE. Hypotheses could then be generated for the new use of these drugs based on the predefined SAE that is indicative of disease (for example, cancer).
The concept of apparent polarizability for calculating the extinction of electromagnetic radiation by porous aerosol particles
Authors: Haspel C. , Adler G.
Published: March 2017

In the current study, the electromagnetic properties of porous aerosol particles are calculated in two ways. In the first, a porous target input file is generated by carving out voids in an otherwise homogeneous particle, and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) is used to compute the extinction efficiency of the particle assuming that the voids are near vacuum dielectrics and assuming random particle orientation. In the second, an effective medium approximation (EMA) style approach is employed in which an apparent polarizability of the voids is defined based on the well‐known solution to the problem in classical electrostatics of a spherical cavity within a dielectric. It is found that for porous particles with smaller overall diameter with respect to the wavelength of incident radiation, describing the voids as near vacuum dielectrics within the DDA sufficiently reproduces measured values of extinction efficiency, whereas for porous particles with moderate to larger overall diameters with respect to the wavelength of the radiation, the apparent polarizability EMA approach better reproduces the measured values of extinction efficiency.
Importance of lateral flux and its percolation depth on organic carbon export in Arctic tundra soil: Implications from a soil leaching experiment
Authors: Zhang Xiaowen , Hutchings Jack A. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Liu Yina , Arellano Ana R. , Schuur Edward A. G.
Published: March 2017

Temperature rise in the Arctic is causing deepening of active layers and resulting in the mobilization of deep permafrost dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the mechanisms of DOM mobilization from Arctic soils, especially upper soil horizons which are drained most frequently through a year, are poorly understood. Here we conducted a short‐term leaching experiment on surface and deep organic active layer soils, from the Yukon River basin, to examine the effects of DOM transport on bulk and molecular characteristics. Our data showed a net release of DOM from surface soils equal to an average of 5% of soil carbon. Conversely, deep soils percolated with surface leachates retained up to 27% of bulk DOM while releasing fluorescent components (up to 107%), indicating selective release of aromatic components (e.g., lignin and tannin), while retaining nonchromophoric components, as supported by spectrofluorometric and ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectroscopic techniques. Our findings highlight the importance of the lateral flux of DOM on ecosystem carbon balance as well as processing of DOM transport through organic active layer soils en route to rivers and streams. This work also suggests the potential role of leachate export as an important mechanism of C losses from Arctic soils, in comparison with the more traditional pathway from soil to atmosphere in a warming Arctic.
Energy‐Autonomous, Flexible, and Transparent Tactile Skin
Authors: Núñez Carlos García , Navaraj William Taube , Polat Emre O. , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: March 2017

Tactile or electronic skin is needed to provide critical haptic perception to robots and amputees, as well as in wearable electronics for health monitoring and wellness applications. Energy autonomy of skin is a critical feature that would enable better portability and longer operation times. This study shows a novel structure, consisting of a transparent tactile sensitive layer based on single‐layer graphene, and a photovoltaic cell underneath as a building block for energy‐autonomous, flexible, and tactile skin. Transparency of the touch sensitive layer is considered a key feature to allow the photovoltaic cell to effectively harvest light. Moreover, ultralow power consumed by the sensitive layer (20 nW cm−2) further reduces the photovoltaic area required to drive the tactile skin. In addition to its energy autonomy, the fabricated skin is sensitive to touch, mainly because a transparent polymeric protective layer, spin‐coated on the sensor's active area, makes the coplanar capacitor sensitive to touch, detecting minimum pressures of 0.11 kPa with a uniform sensitivity of 4.3 Pa−1 along a broad pressure range. Finally, the tactile skin patches are integrated on a prosthetic hand, and the responses of the sensors for static and dynamic stimuli are evaluated by performing tasks, ranging from simple touching to grabbing of soft objects.
Hydroprinting Conductive Patterns onto 3D Structures
Authors: Saada Gabriel , Layani Michael , Chernevousky Avi , Magdassi Shlomo
Published: March 2017

A novel and facile method for printing functional conductive patterns on 3D objects with unconventional angles using hydroprinting of silver nanoparticles (NPs) ink is developed. Silver NPs ink is inkjet printed on water soluble polyvinyl alcohol films. Sintering at room temperature is achieved by exposing the printed pattern to hydrochloric acid fumes. Electric circuits are hydroprinted at low temperature (50 °C) on various 3D‐printed structures and materials. The conductive patterns are hydroprinted on hard 90° angle objects and are assembled without any presence of sacrificial layer, which allows layer‐by‐layer overlap hydroprinting. In addition, electric Light Emmiting Diode (LED) circuits and heater are successfully hydroprinted. To show the applicability of the process we hydroprinted a fully functional Near Field Communication (NFC) antenna onto a curved object, which was successfully paired with a smartphone. Analysis of hydroprinted patterns shows that the resistivity is 17.1 times higher than silver bulk which is considered suitable in most application.
Somatic PIK3CA mutations in seven patients with PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum
Authors: Yeung Kit San , Ip Janice Jing Kun , Chow Chin Pang , Kuong Evelyn Yue Ling , Tam Paul Kwong‐Hang , Chan Godfrey Chi‐Fung , Chung Brian Hon‐Yin
Published: March 2017

Somatic mutations in PIK3CA cause many overgrowth syndromes that have been recently coined the “PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum.” Here, we present seven molecularly confirmed patients with PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum, including patients with Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, Epidermal Nevi, Scoliosis/Skeletal and Spinal syndrome, Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, lymphatic malformation and two with atypical phenotypes that cannot be classified into existing disease categories. The literature on PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum, suggests that PIK3CA c.1258T>C; p.(Cys420Arg), c.1624G>A; p.(Glu542Lys), c.1633G>A; p.(Glu545Lys), c.3140A>G; p.(His1047Arg), and c.3140A>T; p.(His1047Leu) can be identified in approximately 90% of patients without brain overgrowth. Therefore, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction targeting these mutation hotspots could be used as the first‐tier genetic test on patients with PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum who do not have signs of overgrowth in their central nervous system. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel patient with an attenuated Costello syndrome phenotype due to an HRAS mutation affecting codon 146—Literature review and update
Authors: Chiu Annie Ting Gee , Leung Gordon Ka‐Chun , Chu Yoyo Wing‐Yiu , Gripp Karen W. , Chung Brian Hon‐Yin
Published: March 2017

De novo germline mutations in HRAS cause Costello syndrome, with >95% of the mutations causing Costello syndrome affecting amino acid position 12 (p.Gly12) or 13 (p.Gly13). We report on a patient with de novo missense mutation causing an amino acid change at codon 146 of HRAS, c.436G > C:p.Ala146Pro, who presented with subtle dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, global developmental delay, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Mutations affecting codon 146 are observed in <1% of patients with Costello syndrome. From literature search, there were only two other patients reported with mutations involving the same location. We summarized and updated their findings, and discussed evidence to show that these patients with less obvious signs of Costello syndrome may not necessarily run a more benign clinical course.
Revised estimates of the risk of fetal loss following a prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 13 or trisomy 18
Authors: Cavadino Alana , Morris Joan K.
Published: March 2017

Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) both have high natural fetal loss rates. The aim of this study was to provide estimates of these fetal loss rates by single gestational week of age using data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register. Data from all pregnancies with Edwards or Patau syndrome that were prenatally detected in England and Wales from 2004 to 2014 was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates. Pregnancies were entered into the analysis at the time of gestation at diagnosis, and were considered “under observation” until the gestation at outcome. There were 4088 prenatal diagnoses of trisomy 18 and 1471 of trisomy 13 in the analysis. For trisomy 18, 30% (95%CI: 25‐34%) of viable fetuses at 12 weeks will result in a live birth and at 39 weeks gestation 67% (60‐73%) will result in a live birth. For trisomy 13 the survival is 50% (41‐58%) at 12 weeks and 84% (73‐90%) at 39 weeks. There was no significant difference in survival between males and females when diagnosed at 12 weeks for trisomy 18 (P‐value = 0.27) or trisomy 13 (P‐value = 0.47). This paper provides the most precise gestational age‐specific estimates currently available for the risk of fetal loss in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 pregnancies in a general population.
An Isolable Potassium Salt of a Borasilene–Chloride Adduct
Authors: Suzuki Yuko , Ishida Shintaro , Sato Sota , Isobe Hiroyuki , Iwamoto Takeaki
Published: March 2017

Among the variety of isolable compounds with multiple bonds involving silicon, examples of compounds that contain silicon–boron double bonds (borasilenes) still remain relatively rare. Herein, we report the synthesis of the potassium salt of a chloride adduct of borasilene 1 ([2]−), which was obtained as an orange crystalline solid. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and reactivity studies on [2]− confirmed the double‐bond character of the Si=B bond as well as the reduced Lewis acidity, which is due to the coordination of Cl− to the boron center. A thermal reaction of [2]− afforded a bicyclic product by formal intramolecular C−H insertion across the Si=B bond of 1, which was corroborated by a theoretical study.
Ring Shuttling Controls Macroscopic Motion in a Three‐Dimensional Printed Polyrotaxane Monolith
Authors: Lin Qianming , Hou Xisen , Ke Chenfeng
Published: March 2017

Amplification of molecular motions into the macroscopic world has great potential in the development of smart materials. Demonstrated here is an approach that integrates mechanically interlocked molecules into complex three‐dimensional (3D) architectures by direct‐write 3D printing. The design and synthesis of polypseudorotaxane hydrogels, which are composed of α‐cyclodextrins and poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO‐PPO‐PEO) triblock copolymers, and their subsequent fabrication into polyrotaxane‐based lattice cubes by 3D printing followed by post‐printing polymerization are reported. By switching the motion of the α‐cyclodextrin rings between random shuttling and stationary states through solvent exchange, the polyrotaxane monolith not only exhibits macroscopic shape‐memory properties but is also capable of converting the chemical energy input into mechanical work by lifting objects against gravity.
Shape‐Assisted Self‐Organization in Highly Disordered Liquid Crystal Phases
Authors: Kishikawa Keiki , Yamamoto Yusuke , Watanabe Go , Kawamura Ayaka , Kohri Michinari , Taniguchi Tatsuo
Published: March 2017

In achiral rod‐like molecules, a nematic phase is the most disordered liquid crystal phase, which only has one‐directional order in the direction of the molecular long axis. A dumbbell‐shaped molecule (compound 3: R−C6H10−CH=CH−C6H4−CH=CH−C6H10−R, (R=nC5H11)), and its liquid crystal phase (X phase) are reported, which exhibit high scattering without thermal fluctuation between two nematic phases under a polarized light optical microscope. The X phase was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. A layered structure was ascertained for which a molecular self‐organization mechanism was postulated in which the super‐structure is based on lateral intermolecular interlocking. A second nematic phase above the X phase consisted of “rice grain”‐shaped particles.
Surfactant‐Assisted Stabilization of Au Colloids on Solids for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhan Wangcheng , Shu Yuan , Sheng Yujie , Zhu Huiyuan , Guo Yanglong , Wang Li , Guo Yun , Zhang Jinshui , Lu Guanzhong , Dai Sheng
Published: March 2017

The stabilization of surfactant‐assisted synthesized colloidal noble metal nanoparticles (NPs, such as Au NPs) on solids is a promising strategy for preparing supported nanocatalysts for heterogeneous catalysis because of their uniform particle sizes, controllable shapes, and tunable compositions. However, surfactant removal to obtain clean surfaces for catalysis through traditional approaches (such as solvent extraction and thermal decomposition) can easily induce the sintering of NPs, greatly hampering their use in synthesis of novel catalysts. Such unwanted surfactants have now been utilized to stabilize NPs on solids by a simple yet efficient thermal annealing strategy. After being annealed in N2 flow, the surface‐bound surfactants are carbonized in situ as sacrificial architectures that form a conformal coating on NPs and assist in creating an enhanced metal‐support interaction between NPs and substrate, thus slowing down the Ostwald ripening process during post‐oxidative calcination to remove surface covers.
To Make Room or Not to Make Room: Clients’ Narratives About Exclusion and Inclusion of Spirituality in Family Therapy Practice
Authors: Holmberg Åse , Jensen Per , Ulland Dagfinn
Published: March 2017

This empirical article presents four narratives from an ongoing qualitative PhD project about spirituality and family therapeutic practice. Using case studies and narrative vignettes, the article presents client perspectives on being able to discuss their spirituality in therapy, and the repercussions when therapists exclude it. The article refers to current research and provides some reflections on how we can understand spirituality in the context of family therapeutic practice; therapists for holistic, cultural, and ethical reasons should acknowledge the client's spirituality. Therapists need to reflect on their own spirituality and how it may influence their relationships with clients.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Difluoropyrido[4,3‐b]indoles as Potential Agents for Acetylcholinesterase and Antiamnesic Activity
Authors: Madaiah Malavalli , Jayanna Bidarur K. , Manu Arakere S. , Prashanth Maralekere K. , Revanasiddappa Hosakere D. , Veeresh Bantal
Published: March 2017

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are currently the most widely prescribed drugs for Alzheimer's disease. The high potential of indole compounds in medicinal chemistry led us to discover a novel series of fluoroindole compounds. The synthesis and pharmacological analysis of the difluoropyrido[4,3‐b]indoles 11–34 are described. Compounds 11–34 were tested for AChE inhibition activity using a rat brain homogenate. Compounds 25–29 display a promising in vitro profile with an IC50 value range of 46–51.6 nM and show significant protective effect on scopolamine‐induced amnesia. The present data indicate that compounds 25–29 may represent attractive potent molecules for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.