bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hospital‐based survey of healthcare professionals in the awareness of pharmacovigilance
Authors: Xu Houming , Wang Yue , Liu Naifeng
Published: April 2009

Purpose

This study was designed to investigate the awareness of pharmacovigilance by healthcare professionals in Jiangsu, China.

Methods

This study was carried out in 62 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China, between May and August, 2007, using a closed and choice questionnaire. The data were entered using the EpiData3.1 software and analyzed by χ
2‐test, single‐factor analysis, and multi‐factor logistic regression using the SAS9.1 software.

Result

A total of 2361 questionnaires were suitable in completeness for the statistical analyses. The participants were found to have a good recognition of basic adverse drug reaction (ADR) knowledge, administration knowledge, and drug use rationale, but poor awareness of pharmacovigilance. Significant differences existed in the awareness of pharmacovigilance across regions, hospital classes, and professions. Single‐factor analyses showed that region, hospital class, profession, department type, and length of service in the current position, education level, and professional title all significantly affected the degree of awareness. More stringent multi‐factor analyses showed that the degree of awareness was highly related to region, hospital class, profession, education level, and professional title.

Conclusion

The study participants had better basic ADR knowledge than pharmacovigilance knowledge. The study suggests that it is imperative to provide special training to healthcare professionals from different regions and different departments in order to improve the awareness of pharmacovigilance and the development of ADR monitoring. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why borderline personality disorder is neither borderline nor a personality disorder
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: April 2009

Objectives Borderline personality disorder is the most well‐studied personality disorder in psychiatry. Despite its great influence in the study of these conditions, it has not been properly recognized that borderline personality disorder is atypical.

Design A critical analysis of the differences between borderline and other personality disorders is made.

Method A comparison is made between borderline personality disorder and other personality disorders with respect to diagnostic criteria, relationship to normal personality variation and treatment options.

Results Analysis of the operational criteria for borderline and schizotypal personality disorders shows that these are the only personality disorders that are dominated by discrete symptoms rather than traits. Cluster analysis of a data set of personality traits obtained between 1976 and 1978 (before borderline personality disorder became fashionable in the UK) could find no profile that supports the existence of a borderline personality disorder grouping, and the study of published papers on treatment in personality disorder shows a 3 : 1 ratio for borderline personality disorder compared with all other personality disorders combined, approaching 9 : 1 when unspecified (probably mainly borderline) conditions are taken into account.

Conclusions Borderline personality disorder is incorrectly classified as a personality disorder and does an injustice to those who suffer from it. It is better classified as a condition of recurrent unstable mood and behaviour, or fluxithymia, which is better placed with the mood disorders than in odd isolation as a personality disorder. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Study on Thermodynamic and Detonation Properties of Polynitrocubanes
Authors: Ju Xue‐Hai , Wang Zun‐Yao
Published: April 2009

We investigated the heat of formation (ΔfH) of polynitrocubanes using density functional theory B3LYP and HF methods with 6‐31G*, 6‐311+G**, and cc‐pVDZ basis sets. The results indicate that ΔfH firstly decreases (nitro number m=0–2) and then increases (m=4–8) with each additional nitro group being introduced to the cubane skeleton. ΔfH of octanitrocubane is predicted to be 808.08 kJ mol−1 at the B3LYP/6‐311+G** level. The Gibbs free energy of formation (ΔfG) increases by about 40–60 kJ mol−1 with each nitro group being added to the cubane when the substituent number is fewer than 4, then ΔfG increases by about 100–110 kJ mol−1 with each additional group being attached to the cubic skeleton. Both the detonation velocity and the pressure for polynitrocubanes increase as the number of substituents increases. Detonation velocity and pressure of octanitrocubane are substantially larger than the famous widely used explosive cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX).
Observation of 4F3/2→4I15/2 radiative transition in Nd3+ ions in GaLaS glass using frequency‐resolved PL spectroscopy
Authors: Aoki Takeshi , Koughia Kirill , Fujimoto K. , Fujihashi C. , DeCorby R. , Haugen C. , Hewak D. W. , Tonchev D. , Kasap Safa
Published: April 2009

The photoluminescence (PL) emission band corresponding to 4F3/2→4I15/2 transition has been revealed using a double lock‐in technique and quadrature frequency resolved spectroscopy (QFRS) at room temperature in Nd3+ in a GaLaS glass. The band is centred around 1840 nm and has a lifetime ∼77 μs, which seems to be the same for all four radiative transitions 4F3/2→4IJ (J = 9/2, 11/2, 13/2 and 15/2). The branching ratios βJ of the four above transitions have been estimated from the PL data and agree well with the results of Judd‐Ofelt (JO) analysis. In addition to the 1840 nm band, we have observed another PL band appearing around 1580 nm and having a dominant lifetime ∼3.8 μs. This band may be identified with the radiative transition from the doublet (4F5/2, 2H9/2) to the 4I15/2 manifold. The short lifetime ∼3.8 μs may be caused by effective multiphonon relaxation from the doublet to the 4F3/2 manifold. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent random lasers from weakly scattering polymer films embedded with superfine silver nanoparticles
Authors: Meng Xiangeng , Fujita Koji , Murai Shunsuke , Zong Yanhua , Akasaka Satoshi , Hasegawa Hirokazu , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: April 2009

Random lasers with coherent feedback have been obtained in highly transparent polymer films embedded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles. The hybrid materials were fabricated via in situ synthesis, through which Ag nanoparticles were precipitated by heat treatment. Sharp peaks with linewidth of ∼0.3 nm emerge on a broad emission background when the pump energy reaches a threshold. Random lasers with coherent feedback induced by Ag nanoparticles have been little reported, and hence, we believe that this work brings about an important aspect to random lasers. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural, optical and electrical properties of Co‐evaporated CuCl/KCl films
Authors: Lucas F. Olabanji , McNally P. J. , Cowley A. , Daniels S. , Bradley L. , Danieluk D. , Taylor D. M.
Published: April 2009

The behaviour of co‐evaporated CuCl/KCl films, with a varying weight percentage of KCl from 0% – 15%, has been investigated using structural, optical and electrical characterisation techniques. Room temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements reveal that the deposited films on glass substrates were zincblende in structure and preferentially oriented in the CuCl (111) plane irrespective of the percentage of KCl. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements on all samples exhibit various excitonic luminescence processes. Further to this, the normalized peak intensity (Z3 ∼ 384 nm) of the 95% CuCl/5% KCl evaporated film is twice that of undoped film due to possible filling of some of the anion vacancies which may reduce the luminescence intensity of the film. The conductivity of the deposited films was found to increase with increasing KCl content. An interstitial hopping mechanism of K+ in a predominantly CuCl crystal was used to explain the increase in the electrical conductivity of the co‐evaporated films. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Co‐evaporated Cd1–xMgxTe thin films for applications in tandem solar cells
Authors: Martinez Omar S. , Palomera Roger C. , Cruz Jose S. , Mathew Xavier
Published: April 2009

For the last seven years the efficiency of CdTe solar cells is stagnated at 16.5% even though the practically achievable efficiency is 18‐20%. In order to advance further in CdTe technology, we pursue our efforts by developing alloys based on this material. In this work we have developed the ternary alloy material Cd1–xMgxTe by the co‐evaporation of CdTe and Mg, and obtained uniform thin films with band gap in a wide range (1.6 to 2 eV). In order to apply this ternary material as the absorber layer in a top cell, the required band gap is in the range 1.6 to 1.7 eV. Films with band gap close to 1.6 eV were deposited on both corning glass as well as CdS/Tec7 substrates depending on the end use. We have carried out studies on the effect of different post deposition treatments of the film on its structural and opto‐electronic properties. One of the important criteria in developing the top cell is the transmittance of the sub‐gap radiation through the device structure. The transmittance through our device structure is more than 80% demonstrating the promising nature of this material in developing tandem solar cells. Un‐optimized prototype devices showed open circuit voltage of 590 mV, short circuit current density of 12 mA/cm2, and efficiency more than 4%. The efficiency was low due to high series resistance and poor fill factor. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence study of grown sapphire: from starting material to single crystal
Authors: Mogilevsky Radion , Nedilko Sergii , Sharafutdinova Liudmila , Burlay Sergii , Sherbatskii Vasyl , Boyko Volodymyr , Mittl Scott
Published: April 2009

The results of a systematic study of photoluminescence (PL) properties of un‐doped sapphire crystals grown using different starting materials on various crystal growth methods (CZ, EFG, HDSM, Kyropoulus, HEM) are presented. Narrow line of emission has been attributed to radiation transition in Cr3+ ions (R‐line), while the nature of red wide band (RWB) of emission (600‐850 nm) is still under question. Integral intensities of R‐line and RWB were analyzed and their dependences on type of starting raw materials and of the method of crystal growth were shown. The crystals grown using Vernuil starting material exhibited significant PL in all utilized methods. On the contrary, sapphire samples grown by the same technologies wherein EMT HPDAR (High Purity Densified Alumina) was the starting material revealed much lower PL. HPDAR is produced by EMT, Inc. with proprietary and patented technology. The concentrations of various metal impurities such as Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, H were measured. Effect of these impurities on luminescence intensity and especially the role of hydrogen incorporated into sapphire lattice are discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels: a double blind randomized study
Authors: Botelho Marco Antonio , Santos Rinaldo Araujo dos , Martins Jose Galberto , Carvalho Cintia Oliveira , Paz Mabel Calina , Azenha Cláudio , Ruela Ronaldo Sousa , Queiroz Dinalva Brito , Ruela Wagner Sousa , Marinho Gloria , Ruela Francisca Isabel
Published: April 2009

An open, randomized, controlled study with two parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Lippia sidoides essential oil (EO) 1% mouthrinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse, applied two times daily for 1 week, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Fifty‐five patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were the colony count of Streptococcus mutans from the stimulated saliva and periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 30 after commencement of therapy. Twenty eight patients received chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Periogard®) and 27 Lippia sidoides essential oil mouthrinse (Cepakill®). The clinical and microbiological parameters were significantly reduced by both mouthrinses. No significant difference was seen between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the colony count of S. mutans in both groups (p < 0.05). Chlorhexidine treatment reduced more efficiently than L. sidoides, however, no statistical difference was seen, the efficacy of both groups was similar (p = 0.3). The results indicate that Chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduced plaque index, gingival bleeding and the number of CFU (colonies forming units) more efficiently than L. sidoides but did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that Lippia sidoides EO mouthrinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque and gingival inflammation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manassantin A and B fromSaururus chinensisinhibiting cellular melanin production
Authors: Seo Chang‐Seob , Lee Won‐Hee , Chung Hee‐Wook , Chang Eun Ju , Lee Seung Ho , Jahng Yurngdong , Hwang Bang Yeon , Son Jong‐Keun , Han Sang‐Bae , Kim Youngsoo
Published: April 2009

Hyperpigmentation disorders such as freckles and senile lentigines in the skin are associated with abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments. In this study, two lignan constituents were isolated fromSaururus chinensisBaill (Saururaceae) as inhibitors of cellular melanin production by bioassay‐guided fractionations. The active constituents were manassantin A and B that dose‐dependently inhibited melanin production inα‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)‐activated melanoma B16 cells with IC50values of 13 nmand 8 nm, respectively. Arbutin as a positive control exhibited an IC50value of 96 µmonα‐MSH‐induced melanin production. Further, manassantin A inhibited forskolin‐ or 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX)‐induced melanin production with IC50values of 14 nmor 12 nm, respectively. Manassantin A decreased cellular amounts of IBMX‐inducible tyrosinase protein but could not affect the catalytic activity of cell‐free tyrosinase, a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of melanin pigments. Finally, this study could provide a pharmacological potential ofS. chinensisin hyperpigmentation disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retracted: Antiaging effect of purslane herb aqueous extracts and its mechanism of Action
Authors: Hao Huang , Nancai Yu , Lei Fu , Wen Su , Guofu Huang , yanxia Wu , Hanju Huang , Qian Liu
Published: April 2009

The following article from Phytotherapy Research, Antiaging effect of purslane herb aqueous extracts and its mechanism of Action by Huang Hao, Yu Nancai, Fu Lei, Su Wen, Huang Guofu, Wu Yanxia, Huang Hanju, Liu Qian published online on 15th April 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Elizabeth Williamson and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to overlap with the following article: Zhang Hongxing, Yu Nancai, Huang Guofu, Shao Jianbo, Wu Yanxia, Huang Hanju, Liu Qian, Ma Wei, Yi Yandong and Huang Hao. Neuroprotective effects of purslane herb aquenous extracts against d‐galactose induced neurotoxicity. Chemico‐Biological Interactions 170: 3, pp.145‐152. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effects of neohesperidin and poncirin isolated from the fruits of Poncirus trifoliata on potential gastric disease
Authors: Lee Je‐Hyuk , Lee Seung‐Ho , Kim Yeong Shik , Jeong Choon Sik
Published: April 2009

The effects of Poncirus trifoliata (P. trifoliata) (Ponciri Fructus, PF) extract and its constituents such as neohesperidin and poncirin on gastritis in rats and human gastric cancer cells were investigated. The PF 70% ethanol extracts (1 g) showed approximately 11.38% of acid‐neutralizing capacities and cytotoxicity (IC50 = 85.39 µg/mL) against human AGS gastric cancer cells. In addition, neohesperidin exhibited antioxidant activity (IC50 = 22.31 µg/mL) in the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryldydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging assay. Neohesperidin (50 mg/kg) and poncirin (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited 55.0% and 60.0% of HCl/ethanol‐induced gastric lesions, respectively, and increased the mucus content. In pylorus ligated rats, neohesperidin (50 mg/kg) significantly decreased the volume of gastric secretion and gastric acid output, and increased the pH. From these results, it could be suggested that neohesperidin and poncirin isolated from PF may be useful for the treatment and/or protection of gastritis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A density functional study of 1,1,5‐tris(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐divinylene
Authors: Fellah Mehmet Ferdi , Onal Isik
Published: April 2009

The optimized molecular structural parameters and UV‐vis, IR and Raman spectra of a dye molecule with an open formula of 1,1,5‐Tris(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐divinylene are determined by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations using B3LYP/6‐31G** formalism. Neutral and cationically charged molecules are used for DFT computations. CC, CC, and NC bond distances of dimethylaminophenyl groups of the dye molecule are in reasonable agreement with the experimental and theoretical CC, CC, and NC bond lengths of the group reported in the literature. Because Vis‐NIR region is near UV‐Vis region in the electromagnetic spectra, calculated maximum wavelengths of UV‐vis spectra are close to those of the experimental VIS‐NIR spectra reported. CC stretching frequencies calculated for dimethylaminophenyl, alkene, and benzene ring groups are also in good agreement with experimentally reported values. All calculated frequencies fall within 2.2% of the experimental frequency region. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
π‐Electronic communication through mono and multinuclear gold(I) complexes
Authors: Palusiak Marcin , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: April 2009

We have theoretically studied gold(I) complexes of the type L1‐AuI‐L2 and HCN‐[AuI‐CN]n (n = 1–8) using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA‐BP86/TZ2P. Our purpose, besides determining structure and stability, is to analyze the bonding in our model systems in the conceptual framework of Kohn–Sham molecular orbital theory in combination with a quantitative bond energy decomposition scheme and analysis of the charge distribution. We focus on the π‐bonding interaction for a given ligand‐gold coordination bond and how this is affected by the presence of the other ligand. We find pronounced π‐electronic communication through the gold(I) valence shell in complexes that involve a π‐donor as well as a π‐acceptor ligand. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Screening of dimethoate in food by isotope dilution and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mazzotti Fabio , Di Donna Leonardo , Macchione Barbara , Maiuolo Loredana , Perri Enzo , Sindona Giovanni
Published: April 2009

Crop control is an important issue in both developed and developing countries. An environmentally friendly approach is represented by the so‐called Integrated Pest Management (IPM), whereby synthetic pesticides are only applied as a last resort, under the strict control of suitable experts. European and US regulatory authorities, such as the US EPA, are constantly assessing the risks of exposure to the organophosphate (OP) class of pesticides and, among these, specifically dimethoate. The use of dimethoate is still allowed in many crops, including olives, which once was based in the Mediterranean area but now is expanding rapidly throughout the world. An important aspect of IPM protocols is represented by the availability of reliable and sensitive methods to detect pesticides residues. This paper describes an isotope dilution dimethoate assay based on the application of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) by means of a deuterium‐labeled internal standard. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable carbon isotopes as an indicator for soil degradation in an alpine environment (Urseren Valley, Switzerland)
Authors: Schaub Monika , Alewell Christine
Published: April 2009

Analyses of soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) of soils were assessed for their suitability to detect early stage soil erosion. We investigated the soils in the alpine Urseren Valley (southern central Switzerland) which are highly impacted by soil erosion. Hill slope transects from uplands (cambisols) to adjacent wetlands (histosols and histic to mollic gleysols) differing in their intensity of visible soil erosion, and reference wetlands without erosion influence were sampled. Carbon isotopic signature and SOC content of soil depth profiles were determined. A close correlation of δ13C and carbon content (r > 0.80) is found for upland soils not affected by soil erosion, indicating that depth profiles of δ13C of these upland soils mainly reflect decomposition of SOC. Long‐term disturbance of an upland soil is indicated by decreasing correlation of δ13C and SOC (r ≤ 0.80) which goes in parallel with increasing (visible) damage at the site. Early stage soil erosion in hill slope transects from uplands to adjacent wetlands is documented as an intermediate δ13C value (−27.5‰) for affected wetland soil horizons (0–12 cm) between upland (aerobic metabolism, relatively heavier δ13C of −26.6‰) and wetland isotopic signatures (anaerobic metabolism, relatively lighter δ13C of −28.6‰). Carbon isotopic signature and SOC content are found to be sensitive indicators of short‐ and long‐term soil erosion processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access of viral proteins to mitochondria via mitochondria‐associated membranes
Authors: Williamson Chad D. , Colberg‐Poley Anamaris M.
Published: April 2009

By exploiting host cell machineries, viruses provide powerful tools for gaining insight into cellular pathways. Proteins from two unrelated viruses, human CMV (HCMV) and HCV, are documented to traffic sequentially from the ER into mitochondria, probably through the mitochondria‐associated membrane (MAM) compartment. The MAM are sites of ER‐mitochondrial contact enabling the direct transfer of membrane bound lipids and the generation of high calcium (Ca2+) microdomains for mitochondria signalling and responses to cellular stress. Both HCV core protein and HCMV UL37 proteins are associated with Ca2+ regulation and apoptotic signals. Trafficking of viral proteins to the MAM may allow viruses to manipulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes, which converge at the MAM, including Ca2+ signalling, lipid synthesis and transfer, bioenergetics, metabolic flow, and apoptosis. Because of their distinct topologies and targeted MAM sub‐domains, mitochondrial trafficking (albeit it through the MAM) of the HCMV and HCV proteins predictably involves alternative pathways and, hence, distinct targeting signals. Indeed, we found that multiple cellular and viral proteins, which target the MAM, showed no apparent consensus primary targeting sequences. Nonetheless, these viral proteins provide us with valuable tools to access the poorly characterised MAM compartment, to define its cellular constituents and describe how virus infection alters these to its own end. Furthermore, because proper trafficking of viral proteins is necessary for their function, discovering the requirements for MAM to mitochondrial trafficking of essential viral proteins may provide novel targets for the rational design of anti‐viral drugs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observer‐based fault‐tolerant control for a class of hybrid impulsive systems
Authors: Yang Hao , Jiang Bin , Cocquempot Vincent
Published: April 2009

This paper investigates the fault‐tolerant control (FTC) problem for a class of hybrid nonlinear impulsive systems. Two kinds of faults are considered: continuous faults that affect each mode and discrete faults that affect the impulsive switching. The FTC strategy is based on the trade‐off between the frequency of switching and the decreasing rate of Lyapunov functions along the solution of the system, which maintains the stability of overall hybrid impulsive systems in spite of these two kinds of faults. A switched reluctance motor example is taken to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misuse patterns in VoIP
Authors: Pelaez Juan C. , Fernandez Eduardo B. , Larrondo‐Petrie Maria M.
Published: April 2009

To protect against security attacks, it is necessary to be aware of typical risks and to have a good understanding of how vulnerabilities can be exploited. Security patterns are useful to guide the security design of systems by providing generic solutions that can stop a variety of attacks, but it is not clear to an inexperienced designer what pattern should be applied to stop a specific attack. Additionally, security patterns are not useful for network forensics purposes because they do not emphasize the modus operandi of the attack. As a complement and improvement, we have proposed a new type of pattern, the misuse pattern. This pattern describes, from the point of view of the attacker, how a type of information misuse is performed, analyzes the ways of stopping the attack, and considers how to trace the attack once it has happened. To apply this approach, we need a catalog of misuse patterns. In this paper, we restrict our interest to voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and we present a set of typical and frequent misuse patterns for VoIP: denial of service (DoS), call interception, theft of service, and call hijacking on VoIP. These patterns could be the start of a comprehensive catalog that would be of practical value to developers, testers, users, and researchers. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finding software metrics threshold values using ROC curves
Authors: Shatnawi Raed , Li Wei , Swain James , Newman Tim
Published: April 2009

An empirical study of the relationship between object‐oriented (OO) metrics and error‐severity categories is presented. The focus of the study is to identify threshold values of software metrics using receiver operating characteristic curves. The study used the three releases of the Eclipse project and found threshold values for some OO metrics that separated no‐error classes from classes that had high‐impact errors. Although these thresholds cannot predict whether a class will definitely have errors in the future, they can provide a more scientific method to assess class error proneness and can be used by engineers easily. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing and sustaining science curriculum reform: A study of leadership practices among teachers within a high school science department
Authors: Larkin Douglas B. , Seyforth Scott C. , Lasky Holly J.
Published: April 2009

This study presents a description and analysis of a ninth‐grade integrated science curriculum developed and implemented by teachers within a high school science department and subsequently sustained for over 25 years. The Integrated Science Program (ISP) at Lakeside Southwest High School depicted here offers a unique example of longitudinal science education reform. In this study, we examined ISP as an artifact of teacher leadership. Findings affirmed the importance of shared philosophical purpose among teachers, attention to public perceptions, staff stability, the distribution of responsibilities, and instructional coherence. This study also demonstrated how curricular reforms might change over time in response to contextual pressures as was the case with the equity challenges faced by the current teachers of ISP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 813–835, 2009
Promoting complex systems learning through the use of conceptual representations in hypermedia
Authors: Liu Lei , Hmelo‐Silver Cindy E.
Published: April 2009

Studying complex systems is increasingly important in many science domains. Many features of complex systems make it difficult for students to develop deep understanding. Our previous research indicated that a function‐centered conceptual representation is part of the disciplinary toolbox of biologists, suggesting that it is an appropriate representation to help students develop deep understanding. This article reports on the results of two experiments that investigate how hypermedia using a conceptual representation influences pre‐service teachers' and middle school students' learning of a complex biological system, the human respiratory system. We designed two versions of instructional hypermedia based on the structure–behavior‐function conceptual representation. One hypermedia was function‐centered which emphasized the function and behavior of the system, whereas the other was focused on the structure of the system. We contrasted the instructional effectiveness of these two alternative conceptual representations. The results of both studies indicated that participants using the function‐centered hypermedia developed deeper understanding than those using the structure‐centered version. This proof‐of‐concept study suggests that the function‐centered conceptual representation is a powerful way to promote complex systems understanding. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1023–1040, 2009
College students solving chemistry problems: A theoretical model of expertise
Authors: Taasoobshirazi Gita , Glynn Shawn M.
Published: April 2009

A model of expertise in chemistry problem solving was tested on undergraduate science majors enrolled in a chemistry course. The model was based on Anderson's Adaptive Control of Thought‐Rational (ACT‐R) theory. The model shows how conceptualization, self‐efficacy, and strategy interact and contribute to the successful solution of quantitative, well‐defined chemistry problems in the areas of stoichiometry, thermochemistry, and properties of solutions. A statistical path analysis and students' explanations supported the model and indicated that the students' problem conceptualization and chemistry self‐efficacy influenced their strategy use, which, in turn, strongly influenced their problem‐solving success. The implication of these findings for future research and developing students' expertise in chemistry problem solving is that a strategy is advantageous when it is built on a foundation of conceptual knowledge and chemistry self‐efficacy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 1070–1089, 2009
On the S809 airfoil's unsteady aerodynamic characteristics
Authors: Sheng Wanan , Galbraith Roderick A. McD. , Coton Frank N.
Published: April 2009

The S809 airfoil dynamic characteristics, which are based on the airfoil dynamic tests at the University of Glasgow, are presented in this paper. The airfoil tests include static, ramp‐type (ramp‐up and ramp‐down) and oscillatory motions at Reynolds numbers of 1.0 × 106 and 1.5 × 106 with and without the sand‐tripped leading edge. This study aimed to explore the unsteady aerodynamic features of the S809 airfoil, such as the progression of separation from leading edge to trailing edge, the large trailing edge separation before stalling, the stall onset inception and the re‐attachment convection, and to provide some useful data for tuning/refining the semi‐empirical dynamic stall (DS) models, such as the Leishman–Beddoes DS model or its variations.

Experimental results show that the S809 airfoil has a complicated DS process that renders this airfoil a challenge for any modeller of the unsteady airloads. The leading‐edge roughness has small effect on the static features, but significantly invokes earlier stall onset inception under dynamic conditions, while has small influence on the convective phase of the re‐establishment of fully attached flow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gemischte Erdalkalimetall‐Aluminide “AIIAl2”
Authors: Jehle Michael , Wendorff Marco , Röhr Caroline
Published: April 2009

Mixed Alkaline Earth Aluminides “AIIAl2”

Mixed alkaline earth aluminides near the composition A1IIxA2II1–xAl2 (AII = Ca, Sr, Ba) were synthesized from stoichiometric ratios of the elements in tantalum crucibles; their crystal structures were determined using single‐crystal X‐ray data. Starting from the binary cubic Laves phase CaAl2 (|:ABC:| stacking of aluminium Kagomé nets) up to 73 % of calcium can be replaced by strontium (Ca0.27Sr0.73Al2, cubic, space group , a = 821.2(2) pm; Z = 8, R1 = 0.0083). The new ternary compound Ca1.1Sr5.9Al13 (trigonal, space group , a = 582.35(3), c = 1655.2(2) pm, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0387) forms the structure type originally reported for ‘Ba7Al13’, which exhibits blocks of three Kagomé nets ABC as a section of the MgCu2 structure. Blocks of two connected Kagomé nets (Sr5Al9 structure type: trigonal, space group , Z = 3) are stable from a Sr proportion of approx. 90 % (Ca0.5Sr4.5Al9: a = 582.61(5), c = 3549.0(6) pm, R1 = 0.0512) through the binary Sr phase up to the barium substituted compound Sr3.9Ba1.1Al9 (a = 590.88(2), c = 3585.2(2) pm, R1 = 0.0212). This structure type is also observed on the Ca–Ba section i.e. at a comparable merged cation radius, between Ca3.3Ba1.7Al9 (a = 578.91(14), c = 3537.7(13) pm, R1 = 0.0462) and Ca2.6Ba2.4Al9 (a = 582.23(6), c = 3570.2(7) pm, R1 = 0.0309). Starting from the binary Ba compound Ba21Al40 (trigonal, space group P31m, Z = 1), only a small Ca (Ca1.9Ba19.1Al40: a = 1048.5(2), c = 1718.3(4) pm, R1 = 0.0624) and Sr substitution (Sr4.3Ba16.7Al40 (a = 1048.64(11), c = 1713.1(2) pm, R1 = 0.0242) is possible without a structure change. Also only a small amount of aluminium can be substituted by Ge (Ba21Al39.2Ge0.8: a = 1053.10(13), c = 1718.4(2) pm, R1 = 0.0576) or In (Ba21Al35.3In4.7: a = 1061.10(9), c = 1738.1(2) pm, R1 = 0.0569) in the latter structure. In this series of compounds near the composition AAl2, the radii of the cations appears to be the decisive element, that governs structure and to some extent even the composition. The available tolerances and the individual site distributions are discussed. For an electronic comparison, FP‐LAPW band structure calculations are performed for binary aluminides of all observed structure types and the results are compared to those of the simple electron counting methods.
Behavioral response of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to the death of silverbacks in multi‐male groups
Authors: Less Elena Hoellein , Lukas Kristen E. , Kuhar Christopher W. , Stoinski Tara S.
Published: April 2009

In both free‐ranging and captive western lowland gorillas, a silverback provides protection and leadership, mediating conflict within a group. In the wild, when a dominant silverback dies the group will disperse or transfer to a solitary male, unless a subsequent male is present to inherit the group. In captivity, studies have focused on groups containing one male and therefore it is unclear how gorillas respond to the death or removal of a silverback in multi‐male groups. This study examined the behavior of a bachelor group (Cleveland Metroparks Zoo) and a multi‐male, mixed‐sex group (Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium) following the death of two older silverbacks in 2005. Both of the younger but dominant males maintained their same level of dominance after the death. We predicted that agonism would increase after the death as groups struggled for social stablility. We did observe an increase in both agonism and displacements among the bachelor group, but only observed an increase in displacements among the mixed‐sex group. Although we predicted that there would be no change in solitary behavior, both groups decreased feeding and the mixed‐sex group increased self‐directed behavior post‐death. In the bachelor group, self‐directed behavior decreased and undesirable behavior increased. We also observed a difference in spatial distance after the death with members of the mixed‐sex group becoming more dispersed and members of the bachelor group more converged. This study demonstrates that there is a period of transition for multi‐male groups after the death or removal of the oldest silverback. Future research could integrate physiological measures with behavioral analyses before and after the death or removal of a prominent member of the group. Zoo Biol 29:16–29, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal Ulna Giant Cell Tumor Resection with Reconstruction Using Distal Ulna Prosthesis and Brachioradialis Wrap Soft Tissue Stabilization
Authors: Burke Charity S. , Gupta Amit , Buecker Peter
Published: April 2009

This is a surgical technique report concerning the treatment of a 32-year-old male who had a giant cell tumor of distal ulna with suspected metastatic disease to the lungs. Three curettage procedures and a Darrach procedure were performed at an outlying facility. Upon the fourth reoccurrence, the patient was referred to our facility. It was established that the patient needed a distal ulna en bloc resection. To accommodate his activity requirements, reconstruction of the sigmoid notch and distal ulna was undertaken using a prosthesis. Soft tissue stabilization of the prosthesis was a challenge due to his previous procedures. This was accomplished using a brachioradialis tendon wrap.
A rapid and sensitive method for measuring cell adhesion
Authors: Lu Wanhua , McCallum Lynn , Irvine Alexandra E.
Published: April 2009

We have adapted the CyQuant® assay to provide a simple, rapid, sensitive and highly reproducible method for measuring cell adhesion. The modified CyQuant® assay eliminates the requirement for labour intensive fluorescent labelling protocols prior to experimentation and has the sensitivity to measure small numbers (>1000) of adherent cells.
Arthur Cowper Ranyard, Knowledge and the reproduction of astronomical photographs in the late nineteenth-century periodical press
Authors: MUSSELL JAMES
Published: April 2009

The development of photographic reproduction in the late nineteenth century permitted images in a range of visual media to be published in the press. Focusing on the popular scientific monthly Knowledge, this paper explores the evidentiary status of reproductions of astronomical photographs. After succeeding its founder Richard Anthony Proctor in 1889, the new editor of Knowledge, Arthur Cowper Ranyard, introduced high-quality collotype reproductions into each number of the magazine. One of Ranyard's main interests was the structure of the Milky Way, evidence for which was only available through astronomical photographs. As Ranyard reproduced photographs in support of his arguments, he blurred the boundaries between the published collotype, the source negative and the astronomical phenomena themselves. Since each of these carried different evidentiary value, the confusion as to what, exactly, was under discussion did not go unremarked. While eminent astronomers disputed both Ranyard's arguments and the way in which they were presented, Knowledge disseminated both striking astronomical images and also a broader debate over how they should be interpreted.
Partisan Dynamics and the Volatility of Presidential Approval
Authors: Kriner Douglas , Schwartz Liam
Published: April 2009

In many areas of political science, scholars have begun to emphasize the dynamics driving the statistical variance of political outcomes as well as those governing changes in the mean. Some recent studies have brought this methodological focus on variance to measures of presidential approval, but no one has yet examined how the effects of traditional explanatory variables (such as major events and war) on the volatility of approval interact with respondents’ partisan predispositions. Using both aggregate approval data and individual-level panel data, this analysis demonstrates that factors reinforcing a group’s partisan proclivities to support or oppose the president increase the stability of that group’s support, while developments that conflict with a group’s partisan predispositions increase the volatility of approval.
Legitimacy and Institutional Replacement: The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and the Emergence of the Mine Ban Treaty
Authors: Cottrell M. Patrick
Published: April 2009

When and under what conditions is an existing international institution most likely to be replaced by a new one? Conventional international relations theories offer only partial insights into this question and seldom address it directly. But replacement occurs in a variety of important international contexts. For example, the United Nations replaced the League of Nations, the WTO replaced the GATT, and most recently, the Ottawa Convention banning landmines replaced Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). I argue that the concept of legitimacy, commonly defined as “the belief that an institution ought to be obeyed,” and careful attention to the development of the existing institution are necessary to understand replacement. After developing a theoretical framework to conceptualize the relationship between legitimacy and replacement, this article traces the origins and development of the largely overlooked institutional predecessor to the Ottawa Convention: the CCW. It then shows how ideational change, driven by transnational efforts to delegitimate the CCW, paved the way for a shift in discourse from control to disarmament that made the creation of a new institution possible. The article concludes by seeking to generalize from the CCW experience through a preliminary discussion of other ways and cases in which legitimacy might affect institutional replacement and persistence.
National Institutions and Global Public Goods: Are Democracies More Cooperative in Climate Change Policy?
Authors: Bättig Michèle B. , Bernauer Thomas
Published: April 2009

This article examines whether democracies contribute more to the provision of global public goods. It thus contributes to the debate on the effects of domestic institutions on international cooperation. The focus is on human-induced climate change, in Stern's words “the biggest market failure the world has ever seen.”1Using new data on climate change cooperation we study a cross-section of 185 countries in 1990–2004. The results show that the effect of democracy on levels of political commitment to climate change mitigation (policy output) is positive. In contrast, the effect on policy outcomes, measured in terms of emission levels and trends, is ambiguous. These results demonstrate that up until now the democracy effect has not been able to override countervailing forces that emanate from the free-rider problem, discounting of future benefits of climate change mitigation, and other factors that cut against efforts to reduce emissions. Even though democracies have had a slow start in moving from political and legal commitments (policy output) to emission reductions (policy outcomes), particularly in the transportation sector, we observe some encouraging signs. The main implication of our findings for research on international politics is that greater efforts should be made to study policy output and outcome side by side. This will help in identifying whether more democratic countries experience larger “words-deeds” gaps also in other policy areas, and whether there are systematic differences of this kind between domestic and international commitments and across different policy areas.
A Political Economy of Aid
Authors: de Mesquita Bruce Bueno , Smith Alastair
Published: April 2009

We model how the size of a leader's support coalition and government revenues affect trades between policy concessions and aid. We find that aid benefits donor and recipient leaders, while harming the recipient's, but not the donor's, citizenry. The willingness to grant policy concessions for aid depends on how easily leaders can reimburse supporters for their concession. As coalition size increases, incumbents rely more on public goods to reward supporters, making it difficult to compensate for policy concessions. Small-coalition leaders rely more on private goods to retain office, making it easier for them to grant policy concessions for aid. Empirical tests of bilateral aid transfers by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations between 1960 and 2001 support the predictions that (1) aid is given by wealthy, large-coalition systems; (2) relatively poor, small-coalition systems are most likely to get aid; but, (3) conditional on receiving aid, the amount increases as the recipient's coalition size, wealth, and policy salience increase. Evidence suggests that OECD members have little humanitarian motivation for aid giving.
Who Are These Belligerent Democratizers? Reassessing the Impact of Democratization on War
Authors: Narang Vipin , Nelson Rebecca M.
Published: April 2009

In a key finding in the democratic peace literature, Mansfield and Snyder argue that states with weak institutions undergoing incomplete transitions to democracy are more likely to initiate an external war than other types of states. We show that the empirical data do not support this claim. We find a dearth of observations where incomplete democratizers with weak institutions participated in war. Additionally, we find that the statistical relationship between incomplete democratization and war is entirely dependent on the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire prior to World War I. We also find that the case selection in Mansfield and Snyder rarely involved incomplete democratizers with weak institutions. We therefore conclude that the finding that incomplete democratizers with weak institutions are more likely to initiate or participate in war is not supported by the empirical data.
DISCOURSE ON MORAL WOMANHOOD IN SOMALI POPULAR SONGS, 1960–1990
Authors: KAPTEIJNS LIDWIEN
Published: April 2009

This article is a study of Somali popular songs of the period 1960–90, which opened with the establishment of the Somali national state and ended with its collapse. It focuses on these songs as a discursive site in which a particular dilemma of the new Somali state clearly comes into focus, namely the desire to be ‘modern’, while at the same time turning to ‘tradition’ (i.e. a particular construction of Somali cultural authenticity and traditional religious morality) to mark and anchor a new Somali collective self-understanding and communal identity. The discursive push-and-pull of ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ evident in the songs expresses itself specifically in debates about moral womanhood – that is to say, about what ‘good’ women should be like. Since the collapse of the state in 1991, Somali discourses about common public identity and gender norms have undergone dramatic change, with the sites of popular culture multiplying, especially outside of Somalia, and accessible through the internet. Although an interpretation of Islam that distances itself from Somali ‘tradition’ has been gaining importance as a source of legitimization, as is evident both in the struggle over the state in Somalia and in everyday life in Somalia and the diaspora, this is not a major concern in the Somali popular songs from the period after 1991.
It was born auspiciously this flag raised above usWe will not differentiate among any SomalisSince none of us are closer to it than the others,Let us be equal in front of our flag(Waa samo ku dhalayoo calanka noo saaranSoomaali oo dhan, kala sooci maynoUma kala sokeynno, ha loo sinnaado)Somali popular song, articulating the hope of Somali unity and equality, sung by Faduumo Abdillaahi ‘Maandeeq’ in the early 1960s