bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Balancing cognitive diversity and mutual understanding in multidisciplinary teams
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , Boyle Brendan , O’Brien Rachael , Malik Ashish , Tian Karen , Parker Vicki , Giles Michelle , Joyce Pauline , Chiang Vico
Published: August 2015

Background:

Interprofessional health care teams are increasingly utilized in health care organizations. Although there is support for their capacity to solve complex problems, there is also evidence that such teams are not always successful. In an effort to understand the capacity of interprofessional teams to innovate successfully, we investigate the role of cognitive diversity to establish whether and how knowledge differences lead to innovation.

Purposes:

The aim of this study was to construct and investigate a model of team innovation predicted by cognitive diversity. In addition to investigating the direct impact of cognitive diversity in interprofessional health care teams, we develop a model incorporating mediated and moderated effects. In this study, we explore the role of debate as a mediating factor capable of explaining the impact of cognitive diversity on innovation. We further propose that the link between cognitive diversity and innovation through debate is contingent upon trans-specialist knowledge, knowledge shared by health care professionals, spanning specialist divides and enabling mutual understanding.

Methodology:

The hypotheses were investigated using a cross-sectional, correlational design. Survey data received from 75 interprofessional teams employed in an acute care setting, representing a 36% response rate, were used to investigate our model.

Findings:

Analysis supports a significant relationship between cognitive diversity and debate, which is stronger when teams rate highly for trans-specialist knowledge. Results also support a positive relationship between debate and innovation and our full moderated mediated pathway.

Practice Implications:

A range of strategies are indicated by our results to increase innovation in interprofessional teams. In particular, interventions such as interprofessional education and training, which have been shown to facilitate the development of shared language and meaning, are recommended by our findings.
Vitamin A Palmitate and Carbomer Gel Protects the Conjunctiva of Patients With Long-term Prostaglandin Analogs Application
Authors: Cui Xinhan , Xiang Jun , Zhu Wenqing , Wei Anji , Le Qihua , Xu Jianjiang , Zhou Xiaodong
Published: August 2015

Purpose:

To investigate the protective effects of vitamin A palmitate and carbomer gel on the morphology of conjunctival epithelium and density of goblet cells (GCs) in patients on long-term prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) application.

Methods:

In this prospective cohort study, 23 primary open-angle glaucoma patients and 7 normal-tension glaucoma patients prescribed PGAs for >1 year were enrolled into 3 identical clinical trials and randomized into 3 groups (10 per group). Patients were treated twice daily with vitamin A palmitate eye gel 0.1%, or carbomer eye gel 0.2%, or no additional application of these 2 drugs. Ocular surface disease index questionnaires, Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia, tear break-up time test, and GCs density assessment by in vivo confocal microscopy and conjunctival impression cytology analysis were performed at baseline and at months 1, 3, and 6 of the study.

Results:

Both vitamin A palmitate and carbomer gel led to a significant improvement in ocular surface disease index questionnaires score and prevented the gradual decline in tear break-up time. Vitamin A palmitate significantly increased the GC density after treatment. The GC density assessed by in vivo confocal microscopy positively correlated with that measured by conjunctival impression cytology.

Conclusions:

Vitamin A palmitate and carbomer eye gel can effectively relieve dry eye symptom caused by long-term application of PGAs by increasing the GCs density and thereby reducing the toxicity to the conjunctiva. Vitamin A palmitate and carbomer eye gel may be valuable alternatives for glaucoma patients who prescribed long-term PGAs.
Why Patients With Glaucoma Lose Vision: The Patient Perspective
Authors: Newman-Casey Paula A. , Shtein Roni M. , Coleman Anne L. , Herndon Leon , Lee Paul P.
Published: August 2015

Purpose:

To explore why glaucoma patients believe that glaucoma continues to cause vision loss despite the availability of effective treatment.

Methods:

Nine focus groups were conducted in 3 geographically and ethnically diverse areas of the United States (Los Angeles, CA; Rochester, MN; Durham, NC) that included 56 participants, 31 with poor vision and 25 with good vision. Content analysis was used to identify important themes. Semiquantitative analysis was used to measure the frequency of each theme.

Results:

A total of 474 relevant comments were made in the 9 focus groups. Focus groups elicited 305 comments about barriers to glaucoma management including issues with adherence (30%), the doctor-patient relationship (21%), knowledge about glaucoma (19%), personal support systems (19%), and barriers to health care delivery such as cost and insurance (11%). A total of 101 comments were made regarding feelings about glaucoma and 58 comments were made regarding beliefs about disease and treatment.

Conclusions:

These focus groups brought up many issues surrounding barriers to glaucoma treatment, perceived susceptibility to glaucoma, perceived benefits to treatment, and the emotional response to living with glaucoma. There is a need to create a more comprehensive chronic disease management approach for patients with glaucoma to address both the concrete and emotional issues identified in these focus group discussions.
Haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves associated with Clostridium perfringens and colostrum delivery
Authors: Valgaeren Bonnie R. , Pardon Bart , Verherstraeten Stefanie , Goossens Evy , Timbermont Leen , Haesebrouck Freddy , Ducatelle Richard , Van Immerseel Filip , Deprez Piet
Published: August 2015

Introduction:

This report describes 13 cases of fatal haemorrhagic enteritis in newborn calves.

Case presentation:

Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated both from the intestinal contents of seven calves and from three visibly worn and soiled bucket teats and stomach tubes used for colostrum administration. After replacement of the colostrum delivery device and introduction of hygienic measures, no new cases appeared on any of the farms.

Conclusion:

The results suggested that contamination of colostrum with C. perfringens caused these cases of neonatal haemorrhagic enteritis.
Mapping quantitative trait loci underlying function-valued traits using functional principal component analysis and multi-trait mapping
Authors: Kwak Il-Youp , Moore Candace R. , Spalding Edgar P. , Broman Karl W
Published: August 2015

We previously proposed a simple regression-based method to map quantitative trait loci underlying function-valued phenotypes. In order to better handle the case of noisy phenotype measurements and accommodate the correlation structure among time points, we propose an alternative approach that maintains much of the simplicity and speed of the regression-based method. We overcome noisy measurements by replacing the observed data with a smooth approximation. We then apply functional principal component analysis, replacing the smoothed phenotype data with a small number of principal components. Quantitative trait locus mapping is applied to these dimension-reduced data, either with a multi-trait method or by considering the traits individually and then taking the average or maximum LOD score across traits. We apply these approaches to root gravitropism data on Arabidopsis recombinant inbred lines and further investigate their performance in computer simulations. Our methods have been implemented in the R package, funqtl.
Crystallography and chemistry should always go together: a cautionary tale of protein complexes with cisplatin and carboplatin
Authors: Shabalin Ivan , Dauter Zbigniew , Jaskolski Mariusz , Minor Wladek , Wlodawer Alexander
Published: August 2015

The anticancer activity of platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin is considered to primarily arise from their interactions with nucleic acids; nevertheless, these drugs, or the products of their hydrolysis, also bind to proteins, potentially leading to the known side effects of the treatments. Here, over 40 crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of cisplatin and carboplatin complexes of several proteins were analysed. Significant problems of either a crystallographic or a chemical nature were found in most of the presented atomic models and they could be traced to less or more serious deficiencies in the data-collection and refinement procedures. The re-evaluation of these data and models was possible thanks to their mandatory or voluntary deposition in publicly available databases, emphasizing the point that the availability of such data is critical for making structural science reproducible. Based on this analysis of a selected group of macromolecular structures, the importance of deposition of raw diffraction data is stressed and a procedure for depositing, tracking and using re-refined crystallographic models is suggested.
Advances in molecular-replacement procedures: theREVANpipeline
Authors: Carrozzini Benedetta , Cascarano Giovanni Luca , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Mazzone Annamaria
Published: August 2015

TheREVANpipeline aiming at the solution of protein structuresviamolecular replacement (MR) has been assembled. It is the successor toREVA, a pipeline that is particularly efficient when the sequence identity (SI) between the target and the model is greater than 0.30. TheREVANandREVAprocedures coincide when the SI is >0.30, but differ substantially in worse conditions. To treat these cases,REVANcombines a variety of programs and algorithms (REMO09,REFMAC,DM,DSR,VLD,free lunch,Coot,Buccaneerandphenix.autobuild). The MR model, suitably rotated and positioned, is first refined by a standardREFMACrefinement procedure, and the corresponding electron density is then submitted to cycles ofDM–VLD–REFMAC. The nextREFMACapplications exploit the better electron densities obtained at the end of theVLD–EDM sections (a procedure called vector refinement). In order to make the model more similar to the target, the model is submitted to mutations, in whichCootplays a basic role, and it is then cyclically resubmitted toREFMAC–EDM–VLDcycles. The phases thus obtained are submitted tofree lunchand allow most of the test structures studied by DiMaioet al.[(2011),Nature (London),473, 540–543] to be solved without using energy-guided programs.
Structure of the JmjC domain-containing protein NO66 complexed with ribosomal protein Rpl8
Authors: Wang Chengliang , Zhang Qiongdi , Hang Tianrong , Tao Yue , Ma Xukai , Wu Minhao , Zhang Xuan , Zang Jianye
Published: August 2015

The JmjC domain-containing proteins belong to a large family of oxygenases possessing distinct substrate specificities which are involved in the regulation of different biological processes, such as gene transcription, RNA processing and translation. Nucleolar protein 66 (NO66) is a JmjC domain-containing protein which has been reported to be a histone demethylase and a ribosome protein 8 (Rpl8) hydroxylase. The present biochemical study confirmed the hydroxylase activity of NO66 and showed that oligomerization is required for NO66 to efficiently catalyze the hydroxylation of Rpl8. The structures of NO66176–Ccomplexed with Rpl8204–224in a tetrameric form and of the mutant protein M2 in a dimeric form were solved. Based on the results of structural and biochemical analyses, the consensus sequence motif NHXH recognized by NO66 was confirmed. Several potential substrates of NO66 were found by aBLASTsearch according to the consensus sequence motif. When binding to substrate, the relative positions of each subunit in the NO66 tetramer shift. Oligomerization may facilitate the motion of each subunit in the NO66 tetramer and affect the catalytic activity.
Refining a model electron-density mapviathePhantom Derivativemethod
Authors: Burla Maria Cristina , Carrozzini Benedetta , Cascarano Giovanni Luca , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Polidori Giampiero
Published: August 2015

ThePhantom Derivative(PhD) method [Giacovazzo (2015),Acta Cryst.A71, 483–512] has recently been described forab initioand non-ab initiophasing. It is based on the random generation of structures with the same unit cell and the same space group as the target structure (called ancil structures), which are used to create derivatives devoid of experimental diffraction amplitudes. In this paper, the non-ab initiovariant of the method was checked using phase sets obtained by molecular-replacement techniques as a starting point for phase extension and refinement. It has been shown that application ofPhDis able to extend and refine phases in a way that is competitive with other electron-density modification techniques.
Three new crystal structures in the Na–Pb system: solving structures without additional experimental input
Authors: Ward Logan , Michel Kyle , Wolverton Chris
Published: August 2015

The structures of three Na–Pb compounds, γ, δ and δ′, have remained incompletely solved for nearly 60 years. The space group, lattice parameters and positions of the Pb atoms of these three structures have been determined, but the positions of the Na atoms are still unknown. In this work, the First-Principles Assisted Structure Solution (FPASS) method [Meredig & Wolverton (2013).Nat. Mater.12, 123–127] has been used to complete the description of these three structures using only experimental information available from the literature as input. The paper also discusses the relative advantages of constrained crystal structure prediction tools, like FPASS, in comparison to conventional crystal structure prediction methods in reference to their abilities to complete the solution of other unsolved structures.
Solution of the phase problem at non-atomic resolution by the phantom derivative method
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo
Published: August 2015

For a given unknown crystal structure (thetarget),nrandom structures, arbitrarily designed without any care for their chemical consistency and usually uncorrelated with the target, are sheltered in the same unit cell as the target structure and submitted to the same space-group symmetry. (These are called ancil structures.) The composite structures, whose electron densities are the sum of the target and of the ancil electron densities, are denotedderivatives. No observed diffraction amplitudes are available for them: in order to emphasize their unreal nature, the termphantomis added. The paper describes the theoretical basis by which the phantom derivative method may be used to phase the target structure. It may be guessed that 100–300 ancil structures may be sufficient for phasing a target structure, so that the phasing technique may be denoted as the multiple phantom derivative method. Ancil phases and amplitudes may be initially combined with observed target magnitudes to estimate amplitudes and phases of the corresponding phantom derivative. From them suitable algorithms allow one to obtain poor target phase estimates, which are often improved by combining the indications arising from each derivative. Probabilistic criteria are described to recognize the most reliable target phase estimates. The method is cyclic: the target phase estimates just obtained are used to improve amplitudes and phases of each derivative, which, in their turn, are employed to provide better target phase estimates. The method is a fullyab initiomethod, because it needs only the experimental data of the target structure. The term derivative is maintained with reference to SIR–MIR (single isomorphous replacement–multiple isomorphous replacement) techniques, even if its meaning is different: therefore the reader should think of the phantom derivative method more as a new method than as a variant of SIR–MIR techniques. The differences are much greater than the analogies. The paper also describes how phantom derivatives may be used for improving structure models obtainedviaotherab initioor non-ab initiotechniques. The method is expected to be insensitive to the structural complexity of the target and to the target experimental data resolution, provided it is better than 4–6 Å.
Revisiting employee fraud: gender, investigation outcomes and offender motivation
Authors: Bonny Paul , Goode Sigi , Lacey David
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the findings of a study examining fraud in the workplace setting, principally in the Australasian context. Although prior research into occupational fraud is conceptually rich, there is a lack of empirical evidence of this important but elusive problem.

Design/methodology/approach

– Based on investigative data from 14 participating firms, the paper provides insights into the gender breakdowns and stated motivations of offenders. The paper also provides evidence of the number of investigations, interviews and reports to law enforcement in these firms.

Findings

– The study finds that genders are evenly balanced for most firms, with females significantly outnumbering males in banking firms. Self-imposed financial hardship was the most popular motivator. Of the number of admissions to wrongdoing, only half were subsequently reported to law enforcement.

Research limitations/implications

– Particularly complex or advanced types of occupational fraud may go unreported or undetected: as a result, the figures presented in this study may be incomplete. Reported figures are based largely on historical data provided by respondents, and the authors are unable to report accurate details of the respondent firms. This makes it difficult to determine the frequency of offending against the background population.

Practical implications

– Investigators should continue to look for changes in the life circumstances of their staff. Such changes will give an indication of instances of staff living beyond their means and the sudden financial pressures that can compel occupational fraud. Instead of trying to supervise staff to an impractical degree, managers and proprietors would be well advised to be alert to the kind of pressures that their staff might experience.

Social implications

– Social control and detection measures are likely to be easier to implement and less invasive than technical controls. The study provides additional pressure to update traditional conceptualisations of the male white collar offender. While male offenders were responsible for larger losses per case, females were more numerous in the summary offence data.

Originality/value

– Gaining insights into the problem of employee fraud and white collar crime is difficult. The authors’ contribution in this paper is to provide empirical insights into the makeup of white collar offenders, including insights on gender.
The issue of enforcement in Chinese corporate governance
Authors: Lam Charles KN , Goo S.H.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to discuss two important aspects of enforcement of ethical standards: indirect enforcement, that is the Confucian approach, and common law enforcement. In the context of Confucianism, one must adopt the ethical teachings in a moderate or “middle” way. We should not be too attached to the liberal interpretation of the Confucian texts but must have the wisdom to apply the concepts case-by-case. The issue then is if there are no legal consequences or punishment, then how we can ensure that someone will continue to comply with the standards.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors analyze the Confucian texts in relation to the enforcement of the ethical standards. The authors investigate the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model by referring to the exit option, the voice option, the influence exerted on the board of directors, the sending of the Confucian representatives to sit on the board of directors, the oppression remedy and statutory derivative actions. The authors adopt a comparative study approach and argue that the Confucian enforcement of ethics can fill in the gap where common law rules of procedure cannot reach in the context of Chinese corporate governance system.

Findings

– By referring to the Confucian teaching, there are several ways to encourage the superior to follow the ethical standards, namely, education, fear of punishment by society, peer pressure, intrinsic value, continuing education and codification of Confucian value/moral standards. In addition, there are several enforcement options based on the Entity Maximization and Sustainability Model, which is highly relevant to the enforcement model of Confucianism.

Originality/value

– It is the first of its kind in strengthening the enforcement of Chinese business ethics by adopting the Confucian approach and common law approach. The two are not mutually exclusive but complementary with each other to bring the enforcement of Chinese business ethics to the next level.
A routine activity perspective on online victimisation
Authors: Reyns Bradford W.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to test a comprehensive routine activity framework on three types of online victimization. Prior research has utilized routine activity theory to explain varied online forms of victimization, but most have focused on its person-based forms. The present study, therefore, expands upon this research to examine the effects of online exposure, online target suitability and online guardianship upon phishing, hacking and malware infection victimization.

Design/methodology/approach

– Secondary data from the 23rd Cycle of the Canadian GSS were used to address the study’s research questions using binary logistic regression analyses.

Findings

– Particular online behaviors were consistently and positively related to all three types of online victimization, including booking/making reservations, social networking and having one’s information posted online. Other online routines exhibited unique effects on online victimization risk.

Originality/value

– In support of the theory, the results suggest that online exposure and target suitability increase risks for phishing, hacking and malware victimization. Online guardianship was also positively related to victimization, a finding that runs counter to theoretical expectations.
Failure of the Dodd-Frank Act
Authors: Nwogugu Michael I.C.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to explain the weaknesses and inconsistencies inherent in the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 (USA).

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach is entirely theoretical and multi-disciplinary (and relies on some third-party empirical research), and it consists of a literature review, critique and the development of theories which are applicable across countries.

Findings

– The Dodd-Frank Act is inefficient and inadequate as a response to the global financial crisis. The Dodd-Frank Act has not resulted in significant economic growth and has increased transaction costs and compliance costs for both government agencies and financial services companies.

Originality/value

– The author developed the theories introduced in the paper.
General theory, gender-specific theory, and white-collar crime
Authors: Holtfreter Kristy
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of gender in white-collar crime. Directions for future research testing general and gender-specific theories are provided.

Design/methodology/approach

– Prior research is reviewed and critiques of general and gender-specific explanations for offending in the workplace context are advanced.

Findings

– Gender-specific explanations in other offending contexts (e.g. violent crime) appear to be less applicable to the understanding of white-collar crime, a finding that lends support to general theory.

Practical implications

– This paper provides an outline for future research testing criminological theory in organizational settings.

Originality/value

– This paper represents a unique attempt to apply general and gender-specific theories to a variety of financial crimes in the context of organizations.
Gender differences in locus of control and student performance in the South African context of accounting studies
Authors: Callaghan Chris , Papageorgiou Elmarie
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to test the theory that predicts differences in locus of control (LOC) by gender and the relationships between LOC and the performance of accounting students in a large South African university.

Design/methodology/approach

– Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test the applicability of Spector’s (1988) LOC scales as a first-order construct in this context. An exploratory factor analysis was then performed to provide a more fine-grained analysis of subordinate constructs. Three component categories were found to emerge from a test of this widely used LOC questionnaire. These component categories were classified as beliefs about the effectiveness of agency, beliefs about chance and beliefs about networks in the contribution to the attainment of outcomes in working contexts.

Findings

– Further tests revealed that female accounting students demonstrate higher LOC in all the three categories. Females were therefore found to have significantly higher levels of both LOC and student performance; yet, the majority of tested items were not significant in their associations, and total LOC was not found to be associated with higher performance for female or male students. Certain individual items were, however, found to be associated with performance for male students. It is concluded that despite the predictions of seminal theory that predicts convergence around gender, or more egalitarian outcomes in high-skilled contexts over time, accounting student performance in this context might currently be dominated by females. This reflects a current general dominance of females in higher educational attainment and in employment numbers in educational contexts.

Research limitations/implications

– Limitations of the study include: first, the use of a single university; second, a sample of only first-year accounting students. It is not known whether these findings generalise beyond accounting students with similar university environments. This research is also not causal in nature. The statistical testing used in this study cannot indicate causality.

Originality/value

– It is recommended that further research investigate the more fine-grained dimensions of LOC that can contribute to accounting student performance and that further qualitative or causal research is performed to “surface” the causal mechanisms that underlie these findings. The value of this research is in the fact that it tests theory that predicts differences in LOC and the relationships between LOC and performance in an important formative context of accounting.
Fair value measurements of exchange-traded funds
Authors: Badenhorst Wessel Marthinus
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the extent to which different prices within the bid-ask spread are used for fair value measurements and evaluate the potential consequences thereof.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper investigates different Level 1 fair value measurements of exchange-traded funds’ (ETFs) equity investments. Using descriptive methods, it compares actual and stated fair value measurement policies. In addition, comparative value relevance of these measurements is investigated in regression analysis.

Findings

– Most fair value measurements are based on closing prices, but stated accounting policies and actual measurements frequently differ. Results also show that the bid-close spread of underlying investments is value-relevant in determining the bid-close spreads of ETFs themselves.

Research limitations/implications

– Findings are specific to unleveraged ETFs, the sample country and sample period used and only apply to investments in listed equities. Conclusions from this study may assist in predicting market perceptions of the risk of listed equity portfolios.

Practical implications

– This paper sheds light on the practical impact of the recent change in fair value measurement guidance.

Originality/value

– This study provides evidence on the size of the bid-ask spread of actual investment portfolios and its potential impact. It shows that bid-close spreads of underlying investments are used to price the bid-close spreads of ETFs themselves and that stated and actual accounting policies often differ. Findings imply that standard-setters might be influenced by actual accounting practices.
The effect of national culture on the association between profitability and corporate social and environmental disclosure
Authors: khlif Hichem , Hussainey Khaled , Achek Imen
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the moderating effect of cultural dimensions (masculinity, individualism and long-term orientation) on the association between profitability and corporate social and environmental disclosure (CSED).

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors apply the meta-analysis technique developed by Hunteret al.(1982) and Hunter and Schmidt (2000) for a sample of 48 published studies over the period of the past 20 years.

Findings

– The authors find that masculinity, individualism and long-term orientation moderate the association between profitability and CSED. Given the weight of US studies on the overall sample, the authors conduct a sensitivity analysis to examine how this factor may affect the findings. After excluding these studies, only long-term orientation and individualism remain strong moderators of the association between profitability and CSED.

Originality/value

– This study provides further evidence on the impact of institutional frameworks on CSED. It has, also, policy implications for managers of multinational corporations.
Social sustainability in the supply chain: analysis of enablers
Authors: Mani V. , Agrawal Rajat , Sharma Vinay
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to identify various enablers and the inter-relationships among them in adopting social sustainability measures in the supply chain. Social sustainability in the supply chain has received growing attention in the recent years, due to growing awareness on equity, health and safety, education, child and bonded labor and ethical practices in corporates.

Design/methodology/approach

– Various enablers and their contextual relationships were identified. The enablers were classified based on dependence and driving power (DP) with the help of MICMAC analysis. In addition to this, a structural model of the enablers to the social sustainability problem has been put forward using the interpretive structural modeling technique.

Findings

– In this study, 14 relevant enablers were identified from literature review and subsequent discussions with experts from academia and the industry. Competitive pressure leads at the bottom of the digraph with high DP, followed by customers ' requirements, financial liquidity and social concern. Social sustainability awareness was found to be at the last level with less DP.

Research limitations/implications

– Enablers were developed based on literature survey and expert opinions. Hence, the model is not statistically validated. This model also does not quantify the adverse effect of each of the variables on social sustainability practices in the supply chain.

Practical implications

– The development of a hierarchy not only helps the supply chain managers to understand the enablers better, based on their importance, but also helps in decision making in the supply chain, which in turn enables the corporations to be competitive.

Social implications

– Findings of this article will help the corporations to be more socially sustainable by understanding the various enablers and their contextual relationships in the supply chain.

Originality/value

– The structured social sustainability model helps supply chain managers and experts to understand interdependence of the enablers. This also helps in identifying different enablers with different degree of importance, which will be very much useful in adopting social sustainability measures in the supply chain.
Duelling ‘CyanoHABs’: unravelling the environmental drivers controlling dominance and succession among diazotrophic and non‐N2‐fixing harmful cyanobacteria
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Otten Timothy G.
Published: August 2015

Eutrophication often manifests itself by increased frequencies and magnitudes of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) in freshwater systems. It is generally assumed that nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria will dominate when nitrogen (N) is limiting and non‐N2 fixers dominate when N is present in excess. However, this is rarely observed in temperate lakes, where N2 fixers often bloom when N is replete, and non‐fixers (e.g. Microcystis) dominate when N concentrations are lowest. This review integrates observations from previous studies with insights into the environmental factors that select for CyanoHAB groups. This information may be used to predict how nutrient reduction strategies targeting N, phosphorus (P) or both N and P may alter cyanobacterial community composition. One underexplored concern is that as N inputs are reduced, CyanoHABs may switch from non‐N2 fixing to diazotrophic taxa, with no net improvement in water quality. However, monitoring and experimental observations indicate that in eutrophic systems, minimizing both N and P loading will lead to the most significant reductions in total phytoplankton biomass without this shift occurring, because successional patterns appear to be strongly driven by physical factors, including temperature, irradiance and hydrology. Notably, water temperature is a primary driver of cyanobacterial community succession, with warming favouring non‐diazotrophic taxa.
Servicers and Mortgage‐Backed Securities Default: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Ambrose Brent W. , Sanders Anthony B. , Yavas Abdullah
Published: August 2015

We study conflicting incentives of the master and special servicers in handling troubled loans in a Commercial Mortgage‐Backed Securities deal and how the frictions between the interests of the two servicers might be diminished if the master and special servicing rights are held by the same firm. We show that concentrating both servicing rights in one firm reduces the likelihood that a defaulted loan terminates in foreclosure.
Chest compression duration influences outcome between integrated load‐distributing band and manual CPR during cardiac arrest
Authors: Olsen J.‐A. , Lerner E. B. , Persse D. , Sterz F. , Lozano M. , Brouwer M. A. , Westfall M. , van Grunsven P. M. , Travis D. T. , Herken U. R. , Brunborg C. , Wik L.
Published: August 2015

Background

The Circulation Improving Resuscitation Care (CIRC) Trial found equivalent survival in adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients who received integrated load‐distributing band CPR (iA‐CPR) compared to manual CPR (M‐CPR). We hypothesized that as chest compression duration increased, iA‐CPR provided a survival benefit when compared to M‐CPR.

Methods

A pre‐planned secondary analysis of OHCA of presumed cardiac etiology from the randomized CIRC trial. Chest compressions duration was defined as the total number of minutes spent on compressions during resuscitation and identified from transthoracic impedance and accelerometer data recorded by the EMS defibrillator. Logistic regression was used to model the interaction between treatment and duration of chest compressions and was covariate‐adjusted for trial site, patient age, witnessed arrest, and initial shockable rhythm. Primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge.

Results

We enrolled 4231 subjects and of those, 2012 iA‐CPR and 2002 M‐CPR had complete outcome and duration of chest compressions data. While covariate‐adjusted odds ratio for survival to hospital discharge was 1.86 in favor of iA‐CPR (95% CI 1.16–3.0), there was an interaction between duration and study arm. When this was factored into the multivariate equation, the odds ratio for survival to hospital discharge showed a significant benefit for iA‐CPR vs. M‐CPR for chest compression duration greater than 16.5 min.

Conclusion

After adjusting for compression duration and duration–treatment interaction, iA‐CPR showed a significant benefit for survival to hospital discharge vs. M‐CPR in patients with OHCA if chest compression duration was longer than 16.5 min.
Impact of Ghana's agricultural mechanization services center program
Authors: Benin Samuel
Published: August 2015

Use of mechanization in African agriculture has returned strongly to the development agenda, particularly following the recent high food prices crisis. Many developing country governments—including Ghana, the case study of this article—have resumed support for agricultural mechanization, typically in the form of subsidies for tractor purchase and establishment of private‐sector‐run agricultural mechanization service centers (AMSECs). The aim of this article is to assess the impact of Ghana's AMSEC program on various farm household outcomes, using data from surveys that were conducted with 270 farm households. A two‐stage propensity score matching and difference‐in‐difference estimation procedure is used to estimate the impacts of the program, employing different definitions of treatment, model specifications, and matching algorithms to assess sensitivity of the estimator to different assumptions. The results indicate that the AMSEC program has had a mixed impact on different outcome indicators. For example, whereas the program has contributed to improving availability of mechanization services, reducing drudgery, and raising yield, it has had no impact on the change in the prices paid by farmers for the services used and the change in the amount of area plowed. Implications of the results on labor‐mechanization substitution and for raising and sustaining productivity further are drawn.
Client Violence Against Social Workers at Homeless Assistance Organizations in South Korea
Authors: Choi Soochan , Choi Bora
Published: August 2015

This study examined the essence of client violence that social workers encounter at homeless assistance organizations in South Korea. Based on 149 self‐administered questionnaires in 29 homeless assistance organizations in Seoul metropolitan areas, the study verified that client violence against social workers was prevalent. More than 70% of respondents experienced physical violence from their clients; 78.5% reported emotional violence; 53% reported property damage. This study also found that client violence emerged differently according to gender and types of agencies in the field. The results suggested that effective prevention strategies against client violence should be encouraged to maintain valuable human resources and to create a safe workplace in the field of social work.
Effects of ADAM10 upregulation on progression, migration, and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: You Bo , Shan Ying , Shi Si , Li Xingyu , You Yiwen
Published: August 2015

A disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) is a typical member of the ADAMs family, which has been reported to be upregulated in various types of cancers and contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. However, little is known about the role of ADAM10 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The purpose of this study is to explore ADAM10 expression status and its biological functions in NPC. We first examined the expression of ADAM10 in NPC tissues and cell lines by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, PCR, and immunofluorescence analysis. We observed that ADAM10 was significantly elevated in NPC and its expression level was correlated with T classification (P = 0.044), distant metastasis (P = 0.016), TNM clinical stage (P = 0.013), and proliferation marker Ki‐67 expression (P = 0.001). Patients with NPC with high expression of ADAM10 had shorter overall survival rates. In addition, knockdown of ADAM10 by RNAi was found to inhibit the CNE‐2 cell proliferation and migration. Our findings hinted that overexpression of ADAM10 promotes the progression and migration of NPC, which makes it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of tumor metastases in NPC.
Bone marrow tryptase as a possible diagnostic criterion for adult systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Bulai Livideanu C. , Apoil P. A. , Lepage B. , Eischen M. , Laurent C. , Laharrague P. , Lamant L. , Tournier E. , Tavitian S. , Pouplard C. , Recher C. , Laroche M. , Mailhol C. , Dubreuil P. , Hermine O. , Blancher A. , Paul C.
Published: August 2015

Background

Mastocytosis is difficult to diagnose, especially when systemic mast cell activation symptoms are not present or involve only one extracutaneous organ.

Objective

The main objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the bone marrow tryptase level in the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis in patients with a clinical suspicion of mastocytosis.

Methods

We included all adult patients evaluated in our centre between December 2009 and 2013 for suspected mastocytosis as part of a standardized procedure and who had a bone marrow and serum tryptase assay on the same day. The diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis was established on the basis of the World Health Organization criteria as the gold standard. The accuracy of the bone marrow tryptase level in the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis was assessed by a receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. The different sensitivity and specificity values, corresponding to the set of possible bone marrow tryptase level cut‐off values, were estimated with 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Seventy‐three patients were included. The diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis was established in 43 patients (58.9%). The median bone marrow tryptase level was 423 μg/L [95% CI: 217–868] in the systemic mastocytosis group and 7.5 μg/L [95% CI: 4.6–17.1] in the non‐systemic mastocytosis group (P < 0.001). A cut‐off value of 50 μg/L for bone marrow tryptase identified systemic mastocytosis with a sensitivity of 93.0% [95% CI: 80.9–98.5%] and a specificity of 90.0% [95% CI: 73.5–97.9%].

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The bone marrow tryptase level appears to be a valuable diagnostic criterion for confirming systemic mastocytosis. If this diagnosis can reliably be excluded by evaluation of the bone marrow tryptase level, there would be no need to perform a bone marrow biopsy.
Slow recovery of tropical old‐field rainforest regrowth and the value and limitations of active restoration
Authors: Shoo Luke P. , Freebody Kylie , Kanowski John , Catterall Carla P.
Published: August 2015

There is current debate about the potential for secondary regrowth to rescue tropical forests from an otherwise inevitable cascade of biodiversity loss due to land clearing and scant evidence to test how well active restoration may accelerate recovery. We used site chronosequences to compare developmental trajectories of vegetation between self‐organized (i.e., spontaneous) forest regrowth and biodiversity plantings (established for ecological restoration, with many locally native tree species at high density) in the Australian wet tropics uplands. Across 28 regrowth sites aged 1–59 years, some structural attributes reached reference rainforest levels within 40 years, whereas wood volume and most tested components of native plant species richness (classified by species’ origins, family, and ecological functions) reached less than 50% of reference rainforest values. Development of native tree and shrub richness was particularly slow among species that were wind dispersed or animal dispersed with large (>10 mm) seeds. Many species with animal‐dispersed seeds were from near‐basal evolutionary lineages that contribute to recognized World Heritage values of the study region. Faster recovery was recorded in 25 biodiversity plantings of 1–25 years in which wood volume developed more rapidly; native woody plant species richness reached values similar to reference rainforest and was better represented across all dispersal modes; and species from near‐basal plant families were better (although incompletely) represented. Plantings and regrowth showed slow recovery in species richness of vines and epiphytes and in overall resemblance to forest in species composition. Our results can inform decision making about when and where to invest in active restoration and provide strong evidence that protecting old‐growth forest is crucially important for sustaining tropical biodiversity.
Framing From Experience: Cognitive Processes and Predictions of Risky Choice
Authors: Gonzalez Cleotilde , Mehlhorn Katja
Published: August 2015

A framing bias shows risk aversion in problems framed as “gains” and risk seeking in problems framed as “losses,” even when these are objectively equivalent and probabilities and outcomes values are explicitly provided. We test this framing bias in situations where decision makers rely on their own experience, sampling the problem's options (safe and risky) and seeing the outcomes before making a choice. In Experiment 1, we replicate the framing bias in description‐based decisions and find risk indifference in gains and losses in experience‐based decisions. Predictions of an Instance‐Based Learning model suggest that objective probabilities as well as the number of samples taken are factors that contribute to the lack of framing effect. We test these two factors in Experiment 2 and find no framing effect when a few samples are taken but when large samples are taken, the framing effect appears regardless of the objective probability values. Implications of behavioral results and cognitive modeling are discussed.
Fracture risk and mortality post‐kidney transplantation
Authors: Ferro Charles J. , Arnold Julia , Bagnall David , Ray Daniel , Sharif Adnan
Published: August 2015

Background

Fractures are associated with high morbidity and economic costs. There is a paucity of information on fractures after kidney transplantation outside the United States.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Hospital Episode Statistics database on kidney transplants performed in England between 2001 and 2013 and post‐transplant fracture‐related hospitalization. Mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics.

Results

In total, 21 769 first kidney transplant procedures were analyzed with 112 512 patient‐years follow‐up. Overall, 836 (3.8%) kidney allograft recipients developed a fracture requiring hospitalization. Event rate was 9.99 for any fracture and 1.54 for a hip fracture per 1000 patient‐years. Accounting for the competing risk of mortality, increasing age, female gender, white ethnicity, and a history of pre‐transplant diabetes mellitus or previous fracture were associated with increased fracture risk post‐kidney transplantation. Death occurred in 2407 (11.1%) kidney allograft recipients, with 173 deaths occurring post‐fracture. In an extended Cox model, hip fracture as a time‐varying factor was independently associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio, 3.288; 95% confidence intervals, 2.513–4.301; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Fracture rates in English kidney transplant recipients are lower than previously reported in US cohorts. Sustaining a hip fracture is associated with an increased mortality risk. Our results can be used to power future fracture prevention trials.