bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTAS SOBRE A QUESTÃO DA SINGULARIDADE DA FALA DA CRIANÇA
Authors: Carvalho Glória Maria Monteiro de
Published: September 2016

Neste artigo, coloca-se em discusão o caráter singular da fala da criança, no momento de mudança da condição de infans à condição de falante, sendo a singularidade concebida como uma transgressão, uma ruptura de padrões da língua.  A fim de atribuir um estatuto teórico à referida concepção, é destacada a noção de anagrama que provoca uma ruptura no significante conforme instituído por Saussure. Estendendo essa noção à fala infantil, são abordados fragmentos de enunciados produzidos por uma criança em um momento inicial de sua trajetória linguística.  A partir de tal abordagem, propõe-se, então, que a escuta da singularidade da fala infantil, pelo investigador, implicaria a escuta de uma transgressão da linearidade do significante da fala do outro/falante.
A New Analytic Solution for Finite Conductivity Vertical Fractures With Real Time and Laplace Space Parameter Estimation
Authors: Lee Sheng-Tai , Brockenbrough John
Published: September 2016

A new analytic solution, based on a trilinear flow model, is developed to study the transient behavior of a well intercepted by a finite-conductivity vertical fracture. The solution takes into account the effects of skin, wellbore storage, and fracture diffusivity. Both constant pressure and constant rate cases are considered. The solution is simple and reliable for short time analysis of the system of interest. Combining this solution with the well-known semi-log asymptotic solution provides a reliable tool for formation evaluation of fractured wells. We have also demonstrated that the optimization technique is a convenient means of reservoir parameter estimation in real time and Laplace spaces. For the problem examined in this paper, real time parameter estimation is found to be more convenient than Laplace space parameter estimation. A set of early-time asymptotic solutions is also presented. Our results indicate that if the wellbore storage effect is absent but a skin exists, then the fracture diffusivity will influence the early time data. Also if both the skin and storage effects are present, then the early time data alone cannot provide a unique determination of skin and other reservoir parameters.
A Structured Mobility-Based Methodology for Quantification of Net-Pay Cutoff in Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors: Saboorian-Jooybari Hadi
Published: September 2016

Petrophysical cutoffs of a hydrocarbon reservoir are among the key parameters to determine net pay, net-to-gross ratio (NTG), original hydrocarbon(s) in place (OHIP), and reserves estimation. Although the concept of cutoffs has been continuously used since the 1950s, so far there is no universal agreement on their definition and quantification methods. In the most commonly used procedure, log-derived shale-volume faction (Vsh), porosity (ϕ), and water saturation (Sw) are tied back to experimentally measured rock permeability (k) values through a porosity/permeability crossplot. Then, limiting values of the three log-derived parameters are determined by use of fixed-permeability-cutoff values of 1 and 0.1 md for oil and gas reservoirs, respectively. Although these values, which are usually referred to as rule-of-thumb cutoffs, seem to be appropriate in some reservoirs, they can be misleading in most cases (e.g., tight gas and heavy oil). Furthermore, these fixed values have no mathematical basis because they were founded mainly on the basis of the experience in a number of typical reservoirs. Therefore, application of the rule-of-thumb cutoffs may cause significant errors in evaluation of petroleum reservoirs.

This study focuses on technical and economic factors that have to be considered for delineating net pay. Mobility cutoff in this paper is founded on the flow equation (Darcy's law) and combined with economic-profitability condition to quantify the cutoff individually in gas and oil reservoirs. Thereafter, a novel structured procedure is provided to integrate all core, petrophysical, and fluid data with the calculated mobility cutoff, thereby introducing a single permeability cutoff for the reservoir. One of the advantages of the new procedure over the traditional methodologies is that once a cutoff is determined for permeability, it does not require subsequent tying back to ϕ,Vsh, and Sw to quantify the extra discrete cutoffs. In addition, the technique benefits from the use of permeability distribution within the reservoir in cutoff quantification. The procedure is simple, straightforward, general, and practically rationalized. Despite the previous works, it is noteworthy to mention that the newly developed approach is applicable to all types of hydrocarbon reservoirs, including typical reservoirs, tight oil and gas reservoirs, heavy-oil reservoirs, laminated-thin-bed reservoirs, and discrete stacked reservoirs, with wide ranges of rock and fluid properties. An example calculation is presented for application of the methodology in an Iranian carbonate reservoir. The example clearly illustrates how all available data from a reservoir should be integrated for appropriate determination of the permeability cutoff.
The importance of bank guarantees in modern business (business environment in Serbia)
Authors: Knezevic Mirjana , Lukic Aleksandar
Published: September 2016

In contemporary international payment transactions, there takes place frequent use of bank guarantees as collateral payment in commercial transactions. The bank guarantee is usually required when it comes to specific business agreements that require stronger commitment and assurance that all contractual obligations will be implemented exactly as indicated. Knowledge of the use of bank guarantees allows better negotiating position in making business, quicker response to the demands of public calls for tenders and the provision of their own claims. Because of its rapid and efficient implementation, the bank guarantee is one of the most commonly used collateral in international business.
Keywords: bank guarantee, business environment in Serbia, legal framework of bank guarantees. JEL Classification: G21, M16, M21
The impact of poor quality municipal services on small enterprises
Authors: Worku Zeleke
Published: September 2016

A survey was conducted (2012 to 2014) in the City of Tshwane in order to assess and evaluate determinants of adequate municipal services that are routinely provided to operators of start-up business enterprises. Data used in the report come from 1.058 small businesses. The aim of research is to assess and evaluate the relationship between the quality of services and sustained viability in small business enterprises. The study was conducted against the background of a high failure rate among newly established small businesses in the City of Tshwane. The study showed that there was a significant association between positive perception of business operators on the quality of municipal services provided to them and viability of businesses. The percentage of viable business enterprises that were satisfied with the quality of services provided to them was 87%. The percentage of non-viable business enterprises that were satisfied with the quality of services provided to them was only 13%. Profitability in business enterprises was significantly affected by lack of capacity for fulfilling the business and entrepreneurial needs of newly established businesses [hazard ratio = 3.58; P = 0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.45, 5.46)], inappropriate policy [hazard ratio = 3.19; P = 0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.39, 5.28)], and lack of tailor made training programs directed at newly established small businesses [hazard ratio = 2.89; P = 0.000; 95% C. I. = (1.24, 4.77)]. In-depth interviews conducted with business operators led to similar findings.
Keywords: city of Tshwane, small businesses, municipal services, perception, hazard ratio. JEL Classification: L26, H7, L8
Effects of drip irrigation promotion policies on water use and irrigation costs in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Sanchis-Ibor Carles , García-Mollá Marta , Avellà-Reus Llorenç
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study is to conduct an ex post analysis of the generalized implementation of drip irrigation in the last two decades in the Valencia Region (Spain). Due to the important role played by water users' associations (WUAs) in this socio-technological change in the region, this research was based on 77 interviews with different WUAs that provided information prior and subsequent to modernization. Firstly, we review the published studies concerning the effects generated by this technological change and describe the drip irrigation promotion policies implemented by national and regional governments. Subsequently, we analyse the consequences for irrigation associations, including effects on water use and irrigation costs. The reduction of water withdrawals has been generally significant. This was possible because the regional contextual factors prevented, in most cases, crop intensification and areal expansion. Nevertheless, due to the enormous investment effort and the resulting maintenance costs, the technological change has increased irrigation costs, generating some uncertainties concerning the financial sustainability of some WUAs. In conclusion, a thorough assessment of contextual factors and accompanying measures such as technical assistance and monitoring appear to be indispensable to avoid unforeseen effects and to achieve the potential goals of conversion to drip technologies.
Bringing in the tides. From closing down to opening up delta polders via Tidal River Management in the southwest delta of Bangladesh
Authors: van Staveren Martijn F. , Warner Jeroen F. , Shah Alam Khan M.
Published: September 2016

The southwest coastal delta of Bangladesh is not only geographically home to a dynamic interplay between land and water, and between fresh surface water and saline tides, but also to contentious debates on flood management policy. It has been argued that dealing with delta floods in this region boils down to adopting either open or closed approaches. This paper longitudinally structures the open-or-closed debate based on a number of emblematic water management projects in the region. Departing from a typical open wetland history, river and polder embankments increasingly started to constrain flood dynamics. Upheaval among rural populations in response to the negative impacts of hydraulic engineering plans and works coalesced in efforts to restore open approaches, synthesized in the Tidal River Management concept. Its resemblance to historic overflow irrigation is often used politically as a yardstick to challenge the dominant hydraulic engineering paradigm. This paper argues that dealing with floods in Bangladesh requires plans, policies and projects formulated against the historic background of complex interactions among social processes, environmental dynamics and technological interventions: a lesson to be incorporated in on-going policy-making processes and long-term delta management plans.
Pilot-scale electrochemical disinfection of surface water: assessing disinfection by-product and free chlorine formation
Authors: Schaefer Charles E. , Lavorgna Graig M. , Webster Todd S. , Deshusses Marc A. , Andaya Christina , Urtiaga Ana
Published: September 2016

Electrochemical disinfection of surface water using mixed metal oxide anodes was evaluated in a pilot-scale demonstration. Disinfection rates, chlorine generation, energy demand, and generation of disinfection by-products were monitored over the 190-day study. Particular attention was given to the generation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the electrochemical treatment cycle. In addition, the potential for generation of THMs and HAAs during post-treatment storage of the water was assessed. The electrochemical treatment system resulted in a 2- to 3-log removal of total heterotrophic bacteria, with values below detection (<1 CFU/mL) often observed. Disinfection occurred with only very low levels of observed chlorine generation (<0.1 mg/L), suggesting that alternate disinfection mechanisms likely played a significant role in the observed removal of bacteria. THM and HAA concentrations after treatment were consistently well below regulatory levels. Results also showed that electrochemical treatment significantly reduced the formation of bromoform when the water received subsequent exposure to hypochlorite. Removal of naturally occurring bromide in the water by the electrochemical system may have been the cause (in part) for this observed mitigation of bromoform formation. The formation of calcium scale on the cathode surface over time was the primary operational challenge.
New Pathogenetic-Oriented Method of Treatment of the Dry Form of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Authors: Dziuba N. O. , Sergienko A. M.
Published: September 2016

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible loss of central vision in people over 60 years of age. One of the most important risk factors for AMD is decrease in macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Search for new possible ways of (MPOD) improvement in AMD treatment is very important.The objective of the research was to study the indices of macular pigment optical density in patients with the dry form of AMD after two courses of low-energy light therapy and conservative treatment.Material and methods. The main group (MG) included 87 patients (146 eyes) who underwent two courses of low-energy light therapy (LLT) in combination with two courses of conservative treatment in hospital for 10 days at intervals of six months each. The control group (CG) consisted of 75 patients (135 eyes) who underwent only two courses of conservative therapy in the hospital for 10 days at intervals of six months each. Observations were conducted before, after treatment, after 1, 3 and 6 months after each course of treatment. The total period of follow-up was 1 year. LLT was performed using the device Spektra Light (Canada). All patients were generally conducted eye examination. MPOD was measured using densitometer “Maculux praxis” (Germany) by heterochromatic flicker photometry.Results. MPOD index increased from 0.249 ± 0.011 units to 0.360 ± 0.016 units, by 0.111 ± 0.014 units (44.6%) in 1 month after the first course of treatment, up to 0.344 ± 0.015 units, by 0.095 ± 0.013 units (38.2%) after 3 months, up to 0.321 ± 0.014 units, by 0.072 ± 0.013 (28.9%) in 6 months (p<0.05) in patients of MG. Stabilization of the index from 0.248 ± 0.012 units before the treatment and 0.243 ± 0.011 6 months after the first course of treatment (p>0.05) occurred in patients of the KG. MPOD indices increased from 0.321 ± 0.014 units to 0.431 ± 0.017 units, by 0.110 ± 0.016 units (34.3%) in 1 month after the second course of treatment, up to 0.412 ± 0.017 units, by 0.091 ± 0.016 units (28.4%) in 3 months, and up to 0.388 ± 0.016 units, by 0.067 ± 0.015 (20.9%) in 6 months (p<0.05) in patients of the MG. Stabilization of the index from 0.243 ± 0.011 units before the treatment and 0.237 ± 0.011 in 6 months after the second course of treatment (p>0.05) was observed in patients of KG.Conclusions. 1. Statistically significant increase in macular pigment optical density from 0.249 ± 0.011 units to 0.388 ± 0.016, by 0.139 ± 0.014 units (by 55.8%) was noted in patients who underwent two courses of low-energy light therapy in combination with a course of conservative treatment. Macular pigment optical density index did not change in the patients in the control group. 2. Two courses of low-energy light therapy in combination with a course of conservative treatment increases the concentration of macular pigment, as evidenced by the increase in indices of macular pigment optical density in comparison with conservative treatment, during which indices stabilize.
Análisis documental de la Política Pública de Infancia y Adolescencia desde el Ordenamiento Institucional y el Accionar del Estado
Authors: Pérez Contreras Blanca
Published: September 2016

La revisión documental y bibliográfica, para fundamentar teóricamente la investigación “Funcionamiento de la Política Pública de Primera Infancia, Infancia y Adolescencia en los municipios de Sincelejo, Corozal y Buenavista” y, que se explícita en los planes de desarrollo municipales, dio origen al presente artículo, en el cual se hace un análisis acerca de referentes conceptuales, estrategias y acciones que orientan    su formulación, implementación y evaluación en el ámbito nacional, departamental y local. Se alude a características y particularidades de la política pública y el accionar del Estado como garante de los derechos de la infancia y la adolescencia, en el marco de la normatividad colombiana y lo que establecen los tratados internacionales. Además, se hacen algunas inferencias de la aplicabilidad de la política en los municipios estudiados, en consonancia con lo que expresa sus objetivos en cuanto a derechos y garantías, en aras de favorecer su calidad de vida y concretizar el lema “asegurar a los niños y adolescentes sus derechos es ampliar las oportunidades en la sociedad, es posibilitar su desarrollo  integral”.
Realidades biopsicosociales resilientes.
Authors: Rojano De La Hoz Joaquín
Published: September 2016

Este trabajo recoge los hallazgos de potencialidades en las realidades biopsicosociales de varias familias que los estudiantes del Semillero de la Funlam1 visitaron en veredas y barrios de Montería y en municipios del departamento de Córdoba (Colombia). Mediante técnicas etnográficas develaron las capacidades de aguante social de una joven madre frente a las realidades deprimentes de un cambio en su estatus de vida; la fortaleza del amor de otra madre para devolver la dignidad de vida de su hijo discapacitado; la paradoja de cómo aprovechar las violencias escolares para generar liderazgos en favor de la convivencia; en igual sentido cómo producir soluciones alternativas desde las experiencias de jóvenes que han vivido la drogadicción y la delincuencia; y, frente a los embarazos tempranos, cómo utilizar las representaciones sociales de las adolescentes para el aprendizaje formativo en las comunidades implicadas.
Videos educativos de youtube para la enseñanza de las ciencias naturales en educación básica colombiana
Authors: Gómez Gómez Juan Carlos
Published: September 2016

Para la enseñanza de ciertos temas de las Ciencias Naturales, los relacionados con las propiedades y energía de los átomos, las instituciones educativas del país no cuentan con los laboratorios y equipos especializados para las experiencias prácticas, razón por la cual los docentes orientan estos temas con meros textos y descripciones de corte tradicional que no garantizan aprendizajes consistentes y coherentes científicamente. El problema en este estudio, indagó sobre la efectividad de los videos educativos de la plataforma Youtube, como herramientas digitales para alcanzar mejores aprendizajes en los procesos de enseñanza de las ciencias naturales en los estudiantes de grado sexto de Educación Básica Secundaria de la Institución Educativa Los Palmitos Sucre-Colombia. El enfoque en el que se orientó el estudio fue de corte cuantitativo, tipo experimental. Participaron estudiantes en un grupo control y otro experimental; al primero, se le orientó la temática mediante una clase tradicional y al experimental se le presentaron videos educativos de Youtube; seleccionados atendiendo los aportes de Adame (2009), quien propuso principios y recomendaciones para obtener mejores resultados en el aprendizaje. Los datos recolectados luego del desarrollo de las clases a los grupos, se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de una post-prueba a ambos grupos, haciendo uso de la herramienta virtual disponible en la página web www.encuestafácil.com, lo que facilitó la manipulación y análisis de los resultados arrojados. En concordancia con el marco teórico, se pudo probar la hipótesis demostrando que los videos educativos son eficientes como mediación en la enseñanza de temas de las ciencias físicas, con alto grado de abstracción y limitaciones para ser estudiados mediante prácticas de laboratorios en la Educación Básica.
Análisis de prácticas “prestigiosas y desprestigiadas” encarnadas en cuerpos generizados dentro del contexto escolar.
Authors: Espinosa Spínola María
Published: September 2016

Este trabajo, resultado de una investigación etnográfica realizada en el contexto escolar, tiene como objetivo principal analizar prácticas que diferencian entre lo “valorado” y “desvalorado”, encarnándose dichas atribuciones en cuerpos masculinos y femeninos que toman relación con desigualdades de género en la cotidianeidad de los centros educativos. En este sentido, el desprestigio de lo femenino lo interpretamos como expresión de una “violencia de género simbólica en tanto que contribuye a la negación y marginación” Gregorio (2006, p.21) de las niñas. En el lado opuesto, el prestigio de lo masculino se configura como lo universal, legítimo y valorado. La investigación se ha desarrollado en cinco centros educativos de Granada (España) y la duración de la misma ha sido de dos años. Las principales técnicas de recogida de información empleadas son: la observación participante, talleres de discusión y redacciones del alumnado en las que debían relatar una “mala experiencia en la escuela”. La finalidad de este artículo es mostrar los significados que subyacen a las prácticas escolares, para de esta forma, provocar la reflexión en relación a las formas sutiles en las que se produce, reproduce y también se transforma la violencia de género en el contexto escolar.
Uso de mapas de thagard para analizar la articulación conceptual de los modelos atómicos en los libros de texto chilenos, bajo la mirada de la historia y naturaleza de la ciencia.
Authors: Hernández Silva Carla , González Donoso Alexis
Published: September 2016

El presente trabajo analiza cómo se abordan los modelos atómicos en libros de texto escolares desde el punto de vista físico y químico, en distintos niveles educativos. Para esto, se realizó un análisis de contenido cualitativo seleccionando conceptos relevantes y estableciendo relaciones entre ellos. Entre los principales resultados destaca la poca conexión entre los distintos modelos atómicos abordados, y la gran cantidad de conceptos vinculados a ellos que promueven un aprendizaje descontextualizado y fragmentado sobre su evolución. A partir de lo observado, se reflexiona sobre las dificultades que supone la disociación entre disciplinas en torno a este tema, y la necesidad de que tanto los libros como los programas de estudio estructuren los contenidos de manera integrada. Se destaca así, el rol de la naturaleza de las ciencias en la enseñanza como medio que facilita la articulación y comprensión de temas abstractos como este.
Dramatismo de las periferias espontáneas - Latinoamérica: un desafío para el desarrollo urbano sustentable.
Authors: Guerrero Torrenegra Alejandro Jesús
Published: September 2016

Resumen: Las periferias de América Latina se caracterizan por sus genes tipológicos informales (invasiones) que identifican la urbanización de la pobreza y que se transforman en territorio insostenible. El objetivo principal de estudio, analizar las características de las periferias internas informales latinoamericanas en un escenario marcado por las ciudades difusas, que al menos nos disponga ante algunos aspectos que afectan a las sociedades del siglo XXI. La investigación es descriptiva y analítica, sigue pautas holísticas, que reflejan el comportamiento del hombre, el estado real del territorio, la teoría del principio de incertidumbre, del caos, aporta nuevas ideas para el mejoramiento o coacción de los aspectos urbanos y ambientales. La ciudad de Medellín es el territorio escogido para investigar las características de los asentamientos espontáneos. El resultado nos originó otra manera de aproximación al problema, dejando de lado las soluciones basadas en el equilibrio social (igualdad) y en el orden (control), para transformarlas en territorios sustentables.

___Palabras clave: Ciudad difusa, mestizaje, globalización, periferias espontáneas, urbanismo social.

___Abstract: The peripheries of Latin America are characterized by informal - typological invasions genes that identify the urbanization of poverty that become unsustainable territory. The main objective: to analyze the characteristics of the Latin America informal internal peripheries in a scenario marked by diffuse cities, which at least provided us with some aspects affecting the XXI century. The research is descriptive and analytical, following holistic patterns that reflect human behavior, the actual status of the territory, the theory of the uncertainty principle, chaos, bringing new ideas to improve or coercion of urban and environmental aspects. The city of Medellín, is the territory chosen to investigate the characteristics of informal settlements. The result caused us another way of approaching the problem, aside based on social balance (equality) and order (check) to turn them into sustainable solutions territories.

___Keywords: Fuzzy City, miscegenation, globalization, spontaneous peripheries, social planning.

___Recibido agosto 20 de 2014 / Aceptado octubre 6 de 2014
Cultural Adaptation of Minimally Guided Interventions for Common Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Harper Shehadeh Melissa , Heim Eva , Chowdhary Neerja , Maercker Andreas , Albanese Emiliano
Published: September 2016

Background

Cultural adaptation of mental health care interventions is key, particularly when there is little or no therapist interaction. There is little published information on the methods of adaptation of bibliotherapy and e-mental health interventions.

Objective

To systematically search for evidence of the effectiveness of minimally guided interventions for the treatment of common mental disorders among culturally diverse people with common mental disorders; to analyze the extent and effects of cultural adaptation of minimally guided interventions for the treatment of common mental disorders.

Methods

We searched Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO for randomized controlled trials that tested the efficacy of minimally guided or self-help interventions for depression or anxiety among culturally diverse populations. We calculated pooled standardized mean differences using a random-effects model. In addition, we administered a questionnaire to the authors of primary studies to assess the cultural adaptation methods used in the included primary studies. We entered this information into a meta-regression to investigate effects of the extent of adaptation on intervention efficacy.

Results

We included eight randomized controlled trials (RCTs) out of the 4911 potentially eligible records identified by the search: four on e-mental health and four on bibliotherapy. The extent of cultural adaptation varied across the studies, with language translation and use of metaphors being the most frequently applied elements of adaptation. The pooled standardized mean difference for primary outcome measures of depression and anxiety was -0.81 (95% CI -0.10 to -0.62). Higher cultural adaptation scores were significantly associated with greater effect sizes (P=.04).

Conclusions

Our results support the results of previous systematic reviews on the cultural adaptation of face-to-face interventions: the extent of cultural adaptation has an effect on intervention efficacy. More research is warranted to explore how cultural adaptation may contribute to improve the acceptability and effectiveness of minimally guided psychological interventions for common mental disorders.
Small-Class Teaching: Integrated Learning and Teacher Leadership
Authors: Anthony LEUNG Wai Lun
Published: September 2016

Based on the recognized status of the Hong Kong school system indicated in international studies,
facilitating students with quality Integrated Learning (IL) is the crucial pedagogy for a new subject
entitled Liberal Studies (LS) which has been implemented in secondary education in Hong Kong since
2009. This study uses case studies and semi-structured interviews of novice and experienced teachers
to investigate the concerns and work of teachers in Small-Class Teaching (SCT) for IL in LS and
explores how teacher leadership may help in terms of classroom context, learning community,
improved practice, and outcome achievement. The findings reveal the common and diversified ideas
and practices regarding SCT for IL in LS, which may provide valuable insights into teacher leadership
for teachers and policy makers across the world.
Retórica, a Ciência da Educação
Authors: Mazzotti Tarso B.
Published: September 2016

O autor examina o problema da cientificidade da Pedagogia (Educação), que é o mesmo de qualquer ciência: o da validade da indução, cuja solução é admitir a eficácia das regras do modus tollens. Estas regras não solucionam por inteiro o problema da validação da inferência indutiva, pois as premissas de seu silogismo sustentam-se em modelos, os quais são objetos de disputas resolvidas por negociações de seus significados. Essas negociações ocorrem nas situações sociais retórica e dialética, das quais resultam os conhecimentos organizados para fins de exposição (didascália). Para o autor, as técnicas retóricas, dialéticas e lógicas (analíticas) constituem, em conjunto, as condições necessárias, ainda que insuficientes, para a produção e exposição de conhecimentos científicos. Recorda que há dois tipos de ciências: as construtivas e as reconstrutivas. As construtivas operam com signos auto referentes e têm por objeto as operações sobre conjunto de signos (lógicas e matemáticas). Enquanto as reconstrutivas partem de comparações para constituírem algum modelo, ou metáfora, que permita apreender e explicar o que elas põem como objeto. O autor inclui a Retórica dentre as ciências reconstrutivas e sustenta que esta examina os limites do axioma modal comum às artes retóricas, educativas e as denominadas poéticas: é possível modificar as crenças, valores e atitudes. O qual é o objeto comum daquelas artes, logo a ciência constituída para dele tratar, a Retórica, também é a ciência das práticas educativas.
EU, CHRISTIANE F.
Authors: Guedes Larissa Gonçalves
Published: September 2016

Resenha
A IDEIA DE COMÉRCIO INTERNACIONAL E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA O DIREITO INTERNACIONAL
Authors: Barza - UFPE Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro
Published: September 2016

O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a ideia de comércio internacional e suas implicações para o Direito Internacional, partindo da noção de que é requerido um disciplinamento normativo diante das novas configurações de conjuntura internacional. Partindo do pressuposto do comércio como mecanismo de aproximação entre os povos é feita uma análise sobre a nova ordem econômica internacional, tornada presente graças às iniciativas de integração, como a latino-americana. Segue a abordagem exploratória, baseada em dados secundários.
Are China and India decoupling from the United States?
Authors: Arıç Kıvanç , Taştan Serkan
Published: September 2016

After the 2008 global economic crisis, there has been an attention on decoupling conditions between emerging and advanced economies in the economic literature. There have been different conclusions about decoupling. In this study, we analyzed the conditions decoupling China and India from the United States. We used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach for the period of 1960-2014. According to the results of the analysis, the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), export, and import indicators have no long-term relationship with China?s and India?s GDP.
Audit Market Structure and Audit Pricing
Authors: Eshleman John Daniel , Lawson Bradley P.
Published: September 2016

SYNOPSIS

Extant literature finds mixed evidence on the association between audit market concentration and audit fees. We re-examine this issue using a large sample of U.S. audit clients covering 90 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) spanning 2000–2013. We find that audit market concentration is associated with significantly higher audit fees, consistent with the concerns of regulators and managers. We also find that increases in audit market concentration are associated with fewer initial engagement fee discounts (i.e., reduced lowballing), particularly for non-Big 4 clients. We reconcile our findings with those of prior research and find that our divergent findings are attributable to controls for MSA fixed effects. In supplemental analyses, we find that audit market concentration is associated with higher audit quality. We also find that concentration is associated with higher audit quality for first-year engagements, but only if the auditor does not lowball on the engagement. Our results are relevant to the ongoing debate regarding the consequences of increased concentration within the U.S. audit market (GAO 2003, 2008).

JEL Classifications: M41; M42; L13.
Internal Control Weaknesses and Financial Reporting Fraud
Authors: Donelson Dain C. , Ege Matthew S. , McInnis John M.
Published: September 2016

This study examines whether and how weak internal controls increase the risk of financial reporting fraud by top managers. There is a longstanding debate on whether control strength significantly affects fraud risk, yet little evidence on this issue. Further, there is no evidence on the mechanism linking control strength to fraud risk. We find a strong association between material weaknesses and future fraud revelation. We theorize that this link could be attributable to weak controls (1) giving managers greater opportunity to commit fraud, or (2) signaling a management characteristic that does not emphasize reporting quality and integrity. We find support for the opportunity explanation, but not through specific accounts linked to control weaknesses. Instead, consistent with the PCAOB's assertion, weaknesses in entity-wide controls, not process-level controls, are associated with a higher risk of reporting fraud.

JEL Classifications: M41.
Mandibular and glenoid fossa changes after bone-anchored maxillary protraction therapy in patients with UCLP: A 3-D preliminary assessment
Authors: Yatabe Marilia , Garib Daniela , Faco Renato , de Clerck Hugo , Souki Bernardo , Janson Guilherme , Nguyen Tung , Cevidanes Lucia , Ruellas Antonio
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To assess mandibular and glenoid fossa (GF) changes after bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Materials and Methods:

The cleft group (CG) comprised 19 patients with (mean initial age of 11.8 years). The noncleft group (NCG) comprised 24 patients without clefts (mean initial age of 11.7 years). Both groups had Class III malocclusion and were treated with BAMP therapy for 18 and 12 months, respectively. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams were performed before and after treatment and superimposed on the anterior cranial fossa (ACF). Mandibular rotations and three-dimensional linear displacements of the mandible and GF were quantified. A t-test corrected for multiple testing (Holm-Bonferroni method) and a paired t-test were used to compare, respectively, the CG and NCG and cleft vs noncleft sides (P < .05).

Results:

Immediately after active treatment, the GF was displaced posteriorly and laterally in both groups relative to the ACF. The overall GF changes in the CG were significantly smaller than in the NCG. Condylar displacement was similar in both groups, following a posterior and lateral direction. The gonial angle was displaced similarly posteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly in both groups. The intercondylar line rotated in opposite directions in the CG and NCG groups. In the CG, most changes of the GF and mandible were symmetrical.

Conclusions:

Overall GF and mandibular changes after BAMP therapy were similar in patients with and without clefts. The exception was the posterior remodeling of the GF that was slightly smaller in patients with UCLP.
Efficacy of intravenous administration of hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine for prevention or treatment of osteoarthritis in horses
Authors: Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Kawcak Christopher E. , Werpy Natasha M.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of IV administration of a product containing hyaluronan, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine for prevention or treatment of osteoarthritis in horses.

ANIMALS 32 healthy 2- to 5-year-old horses.

PROCEDURES The study involved 2 portions. To evaluate prophylactic efficacy of the test product, horses received 5 mL of the product (n = 8) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (8; placebo) IV every fifth day, starting on day 0 (when osteoarthritis was induced in the middle carpal joint of 1 forelimb) and ending on day 70. To evaluate treatment efficacy, horses received either the product or placebo (n = 8/treatment) on days 16, 23, 30, 37, and 44 after osteoarthritis induction. Clinical, diagnostic imaging, synovial fluid, gross anatomic, and histologic evaluations and other tests were performed. Results of each study portion were compared between treatment groups.

RESULTS Limb flexion and radiographic findings were significantly worse for horses that received the test product in the prophylactic efficacy portion than for placebo-treated horses or product-treated horses in the treatment efficacy portion. In the prophylactic efficacy portion, significantly less articular cartilage erosion was identified in product-treated versus placebo-treated horses. In the treatment efficacy portion, joints of product-treated horses had a greater degree of bone edema identified via MRI than did joints of placebo-treated horses but fewer microscopic articular cartilage abnormalities.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that caution should be used when administering the evaluated product IV to horses, particularly when administering it prophylactically, as it may have no benefit or may even cause harm.
An attempt to detect lameness in galloping horses by use of body-mounted inertial sensors
Authors: Lopes Marco A. F. , Dearo Antonio C. O. , Lee Allen , Reed Shannon K. , Kramer Joanne , Pai P. Frank , Yonezawa Yoshiharu , Maki Hiromitchi , Morgan Terry L. , Wilson David A. , Keegan Kevin G.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate head, pelvic, and limb movement to detect lameness in galloping horses.

ANIMALS 12 Thoroughbreds.

PROCEDURES Movement data were collected with inertial sensors mounted on the head, pelvis, and limbs of horses trotting and galloping in a straight line before and after induction of forelimb and hind limb lameness by use of sole pressure. Successful induction of lameness was determined by measurement of asymmetric vertical head and pelvic movement during trotting. Differences in gallop strides before and after induction of lameness were evaluated with paired-sample statistical analysis and neural network training and testing. Variables included maximum, minimum, range, and time indices of vertical head and pelvic acceleration, head rotation in the sagittal plane, pelvic rotation in the frontal plane, limb contact intervals, stride durations, and limb lead preference. Difference between median standardized gallop strides for each limb lead before and after induction of lameness was calculated as the sum of squared differences at each time index and assessed with a 2-way ANOVA.

RESULTS Head and pelvic acceleration and rotation, limb timing, stride duration measurements, and limb lead preference during galloping were not significantly different before and after induction of lameness in the forelimb or hind limb. Differences between limb leads before induction of lameness were similar to or greater than differences within limb leads before and after lameness induction.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Galloping horses maintained asymmetry of head, pelvic, and limb motion between limb leads that was unrelated to lameness.
Expression of T helper cell–associated inflammatory mediator mRNAs in cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples and oxygen concentration in arterial blood samples from healthy horses exposed to hyperbaric oxygen
Authors: Looijen Maty G. P. , New Dallas J. , Fischer Carrie D. , Dardari Rkia , Irwin Karyn M. , Berezowski Christopher J. , Bond Stephanie L. , Léguillette Renaud
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mRNA expression of T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 cell–associated inflammatory mediators in cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples collected from healthy horses exposed to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and to monitor blood oxygen concentration during and following HBO therapy.

ANIMALS 8 healthy horses.

PROCEDURES In a randomized controlled crossover design study, each horse was exposed (beginning day 1) to 100% oxygen at a maximum of 3 atmospheres absolute (304 kPa) daily for 10 days or ambient air at atmospheric pressure in the HBO chamber for an equivalent amount of time (control). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were collected on days 0 and 10. After validation of candidate reference genes, relative mRNA expressions of various innate inflammatory, Th1 cell–derived, Th2 cell–derived (including eotaxin-2), Th17 cell–derived, and regulatory cytokines were measured by quantitative PCR assays. For 3 horses, arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis during a separate HBO session.

RESULTS The optimal combination of reference genes was glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase, and ribosomal protein L32. Compared with day 0 findings, expression of eotaxin-2 mRNA was significantly lower (0.12-fold reduction) and the percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples was significantly lower on day 10 when horses received HBO therapy. Values of Pao2 rapidly increased (> 800 mm Hg) but immediately decreased to pretreatment values when HBO sessions ended.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that HBO therapy does not increase mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, but reduces eotaxin-2 mRNA transcription. The Pao2 increase was transient with no cumulative effects of HBO.
Generation of pure cultures of autologous Schwann cells by use of biopsy specimens of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the cervical nerves of young adult dogs
Authors: Lim Ji-Hey , Olby Natasha J.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To identify an optimal technique for isolation, purification, and amplification of Schwann cells (SCs) from biopsy specimens of the dorsal cutaneous branches of the cervical nerves of dogs.

SAMPLE Biopsy specimens of dorsal cervical cutaneous nerves from the cadavers of three 1- to 2-year-old dogs.

PROCEDURES Nerve specimens were dissected, predegenerated, and dissociated to isolate single cells. After culture to enhance SC growth, cells were immunopurified by use of magnetic beads. Cell purity was evaluated by assessing expression of cell surface antigens p75 (to detect SCs) and CD90 (to detect fibroblasts). Effects of various concentrations of recombinant human glial growth factor 2 (rhGGF2) on SC proliferation were tested. Cell doubling time was assessed in SC cultures with selected concentrations of rhGGF2.

RESULTS Mean ± SD wet weight of nerve fascicles obtained from the biopsy specimens was 16.8 ± 2.8 mg. A mean predegeneration period of 8.6 days yielded approximately 6,000 cells/mg of nerve tissue, and primary culture yielded 43,000 cells/mg of nerve tissue in a mean of 11 days, of which 39.9 ± 9.1% expressed p75. Immunopurification with magnetic beads yielded a mean of 85.4 ± 1.9% p75-positive cells. Two passages of subculture with 10μM cytosine arabinoside further enhanced SC purity to a mean of 97.8 ± 1.2% p75-positive cells. Finally, rhGGF2 supplementation at a range of 40 to 100 ng/mL increased the SC proliferation rate up to 3-fold.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SCs could be cultured from biopsy specimens of dorsal cervical cutaneous nerves and purified and expanded to generate adequate numbers for autologous transplants to treat dogs with spinal cord and peripheral nerve injuries.
Effect of Fetal Calf Serum and Mid Estrus Cow Serum on In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Oocytes from Crossbred Cattle in the Tropics
Authors: Vettical Binoy S
Published: September 2016

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of fetal calf serum (FCS) and mid estrus cow serum (ECS) in culture media on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of oocytes from crossbred cattle in the tropics. Oocytes from abattoir ovaries were cultured in three different maturation media at 39oC temperature, 5% CO2 tension with maximum humidity for 24 h. TCM-199 containing 25mM HEPES, 1mM glutamine L, 2.2mg/mL sodium bicarbonate, antibiotics, 22 µg/mL pyruvate, 1µg/mL estradiol-17β, 0.5µg/mL FSH and 0.06 IU hCG without serum supplement used as treatment-1 and the above media were further supplemented with 10% FCS as treatment-2. In treatment-3, instead of 10% FCS, 20% heat inactivated ECS (serum collected in mid estrum) was used as serum supplement. Oocytes with maximum degree of cumulus expansion were selected as matured and used for further IVF studies using frozen semen. The IVF medium consisted of Fert-TALP medium supplemented with 1µM epinephrine, 10µM hypotaurine, 20µM pencillamine and 0.56µg/ml heparin. Culture conditions set for IVF were 39oC temperature, 5% CO2 tension with maximum humidity. Oocytes showing sperm penetration evidence like presence of enlarged sperm head, male pronuclei with its accompanying sperm tail in the cytoplasm, oocytes with two pronuclei and a clear second polar body but without a sperm tail were considered as fertilized. Significantly higher result of cumulus expansion percentage (p< 0.05) was observed when oocytes matured in media supplemented with FCS as compared to other two treatments. There was no influence of source of serum in maturation media on further IVF of matured oocytes in this study. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 308-310
Monitoring of Flower Visiting Insects on Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench.) in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Aryal L.N. , Thapa R.B. , Tiwari S. , Chaudhary N.K.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the finding of the field experiment conducted on monitoring of flower visiting insects on buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) at farmers’ field during winter, 2012/13 at Meghauli, Chitwan, Nepal. The abundance and distribution of flower visiting insects were studied by monitoring with insect net and pan traps at 500 m, 1500 m and 2800 m from the natural habitat (forest). The wild insects (wasps and Apis dorsata F.) were found higher near to natural habitat and domesticated insects (Apis mellifera L. and Apis cerana F.) found more away from the natural habitat or close to housing and apiaries. Besides, Apis florea F., Andrena sp., Synoeca sp., Chalcid sp., Formica sp., Syrphus sp. and various Dipteran, Coleopteran, and Lepidopteran were also the flower visitors of buckwheat close to natural habitat. So, the diversity index varied with distance from the natural habitat, i.e. increase on proximity to natural habitat, i.e. 1.11, 1.25 and 1.62 at 2800 m, 1500 m and 500 m, respectively on sweeping with insect net and 0.65, 1.04 and 1.30 at 2800 m, 1500 m and 500 m, respectively on setting pan traps. Thus, the number and diversity of flower visiting insects get increased on proximity to natural habitat suggesting either conservation of natural habitat (forest) near farming communities or shifting of buckwheat cultivation near to natural habitat for adequate pollination and production.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 380-385