bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dyes derived from 1,4‐naphthoquinone as initiators for radical and cationic photopolymerisation
Authors: Szymczak Agnieszka Marzena , Podsiadły Radosław , Podemska Karolina , Sokołowska Jolanta
Published: July 2012

Several 2‐phenylamino‐1,4‐naphthoquinone‐based dyes and two related benzo[2,3‐b]–phenazines were synthesised and characterised by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron ionisation mass spectrometry. The electrochemical and spectral properties of these compounds were investigated. The synthesised dyes were found to be capable photosensitisers for radical (reducible/oxidisable) and cationic polymerisations, respectively. In radical polymerization, better results in the oxidisable process were achieved.
Effects of Zoospore Aggregation and Substrate Rugosity on Kelp Recruitment Success
Authors: Muth Arley F.
Published: July 2012

Successful kelp recruitment is important for kelp population persistence and associated kelp forest communities. The proximity of settled kelp zoospores is a known requirement for successful kelp recruitment and proximity can be increased as zoospores aggregate. Substrate rugosity can also be an important factor affecting macroalgal settlement and recruitment in wave‐swept areas, and may affect kelp recruitment by aggregating zoospores. In this study, kelp zoospores were cultured at different levels of small‐scale aggregation and kelp recruitment was quantified. Sporophyte production significantly increased as zoospores became more aggregated indicating that processes that aggregate kelp zoospores have the potential to enhance kelp recruitment. A 13‐month field experiment demonstrated differential kelp recruitment onto settlement plates that mimicked surface rugosities of two common rock types within Stillwater Cove, Carmel Bay in central California (Carmelo Formation sandstone and Santa Lucia granodiorite). Significantly more kelp recruited to molds mimicking granodiorite over the yearlong study (granodiorite = 2.7 recruits ± SE 0.50, sandstone = 1.2 recruits ± SE 0.51). There was a significant difference in recruitment between seasons and this variability was due to the fact that spring had the highest average number of kelp recruits per mold. However, the interaction between substrate and season was not significant. This study emphasizes the importance of kelp zoospore aggregation on kelp recruitment and demonstrates that small‐scale rugosity affects kelp recruitment.
DESCRIPTION OF VIRIDILOBUS MARINUS (GEN. ET SP. NOV.), A NEW RAPHIDOPHYTE FROM DELAWARE'S INLAND BAYS
Authors: Demir‐Hilton, Elif , Hutchins David A. , Czymmek Kirk J. , Coyne Kathryn J.
Published: July 2012

Delaware's Inland Bays (DIB), USA, are subject to blooms of potentially harmful raphidophytes, including Heterosigma akashiwo. In 2004, a dense bloom was observed in a low salinity tributary of the DIB. Light microscopy initially suggested that the species was H. akashiwo; however, the cells were smaller than anticipated. 18S rDNA sequences of isolated cultures differed substantially from all raphidophyte sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis placed it approximately equidistant from Chattonella and Heterosigma with only ~96% sequence homology with either group. Here, we describe this marine raphidophyte as a novel genus and species, Viridilobus marinus (gen. et sp. nov.). We also compared this species with H. akashiwo, because both species are superficially similar with respect to morphology and their ecological niches overlap. V. marinus cells are ovoid to spherical (11.4 × 9.4 μm), and the average number of chloroplasts (4 per cell) is lower than in H. akashiwo (15 per cell). Pigment analysis of V. marinus revealed the presence of fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin, which are characteristic of marine raphidophytes within the family Chattonellaceae of the Raphidophyceae. TEM and confocal microscopy, however, revealed diagnostic microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics that distinguish it from other raphidophytes. Chloroplasts were in close association with the nucleus and thylakoids were arranged either parallel or perpendicular to the cell surface. Putative mucocysts were identified, but trichocysts were not observed. These features, along with DNA sequence data, distinguish this species from all other raphidophyte genera within the family Chattonellaceae of the Raphidophyceae.
Physical Activity and Physical Self‐Concept in Adolescence: A Comparison of Girls at the Extremes of the Biological Maturation Continuum
Authors: Cumming Sean P. , Sherar Lauren B. , Gammon Catherine , Standage Martyn , Malina Robert M.
Published: July 2012

This study examined differences in physical activity and physical self‐concept between the least and most biologically mature female adolescents within chronological age and academic year groups. A total of 252 British female adolescents (M age = 12.9 years; SD = .7) in Years 7–9 completed self‐report measures to assess physical activity and physical self‐concept. Percentage of predicted adult (mature) stature served as the index of biological maturation. Univariate analyses of covariance, controlling for decimal age, revealed that the least mature girls generally held higher perceptions of physical self‐concept but were no more, or less, active than the most mature girls. A subsequent meta‐analysis suggested, however, that across age and year groups the least mature girls were more active than the most mature girls.
Riboflavin and ultraviolet light reduce the infectivity of Babesia microti in whole blood
Authors: Tonnetti Laura , Thorp Aaron M. , Reddy Heather L. , Keil Shawn D. , Goodrich Raymond P. , Leiby David A.
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Babesia microti is the parasite most frequently transmitted by blood transfusion in the United States. Previous work demonstrated the efficacy of riboflavin (RB) and ultraviolet (UV) light to inactivate B. microti in apheresis plasma and platelet units. In this study we investigated the effectiveness of RB and UV light to reduce the levels of B. microti in whole blood (WB).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: WB units were spiked with B. microti‐infected hamster blood. Spearman‐Karber methods were used to calculate infectivity of each sample in terms of hamster infectious dose 50% (HID50) value. After RB addition, the units were illuminated with 80 J/mLRBC UV light. Two samples were collected: one before illumination and one after illumination. The samples were serially diluted and dilutions injected into a group of five naive hamsters. Four weeks postinoculation (PI), blood was collected from the animals and evaluated by microscopic observation.

RESULTS: One pilot study showed a good dose response in the animals and demonstrated that sample infectivity could be calculated in terms of an HID50. Three additional replicates were performed in the same manner as the pilot study, but with fewer dilutions. Infectivity values were consistent between the experiments and were used to calculate log reduction. The posttreatment reduction of B. microti for all the experiments was more than 5 log.

CONCLUSIONS: The data collected indicate that use of RB and UV is able to decrease the parasite load in WB units thus reducing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted B. microti from blood components containing B. microti‐infected RBCs.
Comparison of a gel microcolumn assay with the conventional tube test for red blood cell alloantibody titration
Authors: Finck Rachel , Lui‐Deguzman Carrie , Teng Shih‐Mao , Davis Rebecca , Yuan Shan
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Titration is a semiquantitative method used to estimate red blood cell (RBC) alloantibody reactivity. The conventional tube test (CTT) technique is the traditional method for performing titration studies. The gel microcolumn assay (GMA) is also a sensitive method to detect RBC alloantibodies. The aim of this study was to compare a GMA with the CTT technique in the performance of Rh and K alloantibody titration.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patient serum samples that contained an RBC alloantibody with a singular specificity were identified by routine blood bank workflow. Parallel titration studies were performed on these samples by both the CTT method and a GMA (ID‐Micro Typing System anti‐IgG gel card, Micro Typing Systems, Inc., an Ortho‐Clinical Diagnostics Company).

RESULTS: Forty‐eight samples were included, including 11 anti‐D, five anti‐c, 13 anti‐E, one anti‐C, three anti‐e, and 15 anti‐K. Overall, the two methods generated identical results in 21 of 48 samples. For 42 samples (87.5%) the two methods generated results that were within one serial dilution, and for the remaining six samples, results were within two dilutions.

CONCLUSION: GMA systems may perform comparably to the CTT in titrating alloantibodies to Rh and Kell antigens.
Red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease: prevalence in 2010
Authors: Miller Scott T. , Kim Hae‐Young , Weiner Debra L. , Wager Carrie G. , Gallagher Dianne , Styles Lori A. , Dampier Carlton D. , Roseff Susan D. ,   Investigators of the Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Research Network (SCDCRN)
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is frequently required for care of individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD). Alloimmunization rates are high and may be reduced by matching for RBC antigens that can cause alloimmunization.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: During the PROACTIVE Feasibility Study, patients with SCD age 2 years or older admitted for pain without acute chest syndrome were enrolled for possible randomization to preventive blood transfusion or standard care. Transfusion and antibody histories were obtained at each site, and antibody screening was done, to assess transfusion burden and alloimmunization prevalence. Participating sites were surveyed regarding antigen matching practice.

RESULTS: A total of 237 patients (169 SS, 42 SC, 15 Sβ0‐thalassemia, 11 Sβ+‐thalassemia), 118 males and 119 females, were enrolled. Mean age was 19.3 years (range, 2.0‐68.0); there were 122 children and 115 adults. A total of 75.8% had received at least a single transfusion of RBCs before the study. Thirty‐four patients (14.4%) had a history of at least one alloantibody and 17 of these had more than one. When surveyed, 19 sites (83% of responders) reported antigen matching to at least include C, E, and K for transfusion of all patients with SCD.

CONCLUSION: Though antigen typing before transfusion of people with SCD and providing antigen‐negative units is now widely employed by sickle cell centers, the alloimmunization rate remains quite high in contemporary sickle cell populations and may be due in large part to transfusions received at institutions not providing extended matching.
RHCE*ceTI encodes partial c and partial e and is often in cis to RHD*DIVa
Authors: Westhoff Connie M. , Vege Sunitha , Halter Hipsky Christine , Hue‐Roye Kim , Copeland Tamara , Velliquette Randall W. , Horn Trina , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Reid Marion E.
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: In the Rh blood group system, variant RhD and RhCE express several partial antigens. We investigated RH in samples with partial DIVa that demonstrated weak and variable reactivity with anti‐C.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Standard hemagglutination techniques, polymerase chain reaction–based assays, and RH sequencing were used.

RESULTS: DNA analysis showed that six red blood cell (RBC) samples with weak and inconsistent reactivity with anti‐C lacked RHCE*C, but all had RHD*DIVa, which encodes partial D and Goa. We then tested RBCs from 19 Go(a+) cryopreserved samples (confirmed to have RHD*DIVa) with four anti‐C and observed weak variable reactions. RHCE genotyping found all but one of the samples with RHD*DIVa also had RHCE nt 48G>C and 1025C>T, named RHCE*ceTI. Lookback of samples referred for workup and found to have either allele revealed 47 of 55 had both RHD*DIVa and RHCE*ceTI, four had RHD*DIVa without RHCE*ceTI, and four had RHCE*ceTI without RHD*DIVa. Alloanti‐c was found in a patient with c+ RBCs and RHCE*ceTI in trans to RHCE*Ce, and alloanti‐e was found in a patient with e+ RBC and RHCE*ceTI in trans to RHCE*cE. RHD*DIVa in trans to RHD erroneously tested as RHD hemizygous.

CONCLUSIONS: RHD*DIVa and RHCE*ceTI almost always, but not invariably, travel together. This haplotype is found in people of African ancestry and the RBCs can demonstrate aberrant reactivity with anti‐C. RHCE*ceTI encodes partial c and e antigens. We confirm that RHD zygosity assays are unreliable in samples with RHD*DIVa.
Synthesis and Electrical Properties of Sputtered (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 Thin Films on Silicon Substrate
Authors: Quignon Sébastien , Soyer Caroline , Remiens Denis
Published: July 2012

The growth and characterizations of polycrystalline (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 (NBT) thin films have been performed. (Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3 films have been deposited by rf‐magnetron sputtering on the unheated Pt/TiOx/SiO2/Si structure and postannealed to crystallize the film in the perovskite phase. The optimal sputtering conditions and postannealing treatment to obtain a high degree of NBT crystallinity are reported. The dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of NBT films were investigated. At 10 kHz, the dielectric constant and losses are 520 and 0.032, respectively. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops are well defined with a remnant polarization of 12 μC/cm2 and a coercive field of 125 kV/cm, but piezoelectric measurements at the macroscopic level were also performed: a high piezo coefficient (d33effmax) of 80 pm/V was obtained, similar to PZT films. This result demonstrates that NBT thin film is really a promising candidate for lead‐free MEMS applications. The local piezoresponse was evaluated by piezoelectric force microscopy.
Bepridil decreases Aβ and calcium levels in the thalamus after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Sarajärvi Timo , Lipsanen Anu , Mäkinen Petra , Peräniemi Sirpa , Soininen Hilkka , Haapasalo Annakaisa , Jolkkonen Jukka , Hiltunen Mikko
Published: July 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral ischaemia share similar features in terms of altered amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and β‐amyloid (Aβ) accumulation. We have previously shown that Aβ and calcium deposition, and β‐secretase activity, are robustly increased in the ipsilateral thalamus after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Here, we investigated whether the non‐selective calcium channel blocker bepridil, which also inhibits β‐secretase cleavage of APP, affects thalamic accumulation of Aβ and calcium and in turn influences functional recovery in rats subjected to MCAO. A 27‐day bepridil treatment (50 mg/kg, p.o.) initiated 2 days after MCAO significantly decreased the levels of soluble Aβ40, Aβ42 and calcium in the ipsilateral thalamus, as compared with vehicle‐treated MCAO rats. Expression of seladin‐1/DHCR24 protein, which is a potential protective factor against neuronal damage, was decreased at both mRNA and protein levels in the ipsilateral thalamus of MCAO rats. Conversely, bepridil treatment restored seladin‐1/DHCR24 expression in the ipsilateral thalamus. Bepridil treatment did not significantly affect heme oxygenase‐1‐ or NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase‐1‐mediated oxidative stress or inflammatory responses in the ipsilateral thalamus of MCAO rats. Finally, bepridil treatment mitigated MCAO‐induced alterations in APP processing in the ipsilateral thalamus and improved contralateral forelimb use in MCAO rats. These findings suggest that bepridil is a plausible therapeutic candidate in AD or stroke owing to its multifunctional role in key cellular events that are relevant for the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Regenerative medicine for the treatment of spinal cord injury: more than just promises?
Authors: Pêgo Ana Paula , Kubinova Sarka , Cizkova Dasa , Vanicky Ivo , Mar Fernando Milhazes , Sousa Mónica Mendes , Sykova Eva
Published: July 2012

Spinal cord injury triggers a complex set of events that lead to tissue healing without the restoration of normal function due to the poor regenerative capacity of the spinal cord. Nevertheless, current knowledge about the intrinsic regenerative ability of central nervous system axons, when in a supportive environment, has made the prospect of treating spinal cord injury a reality. Among the range of strategies under investigation, cell‐based therapies offer the most promising results, due to the multifactorial roles that these cells can fulfil. However, the best cell source is still a matter of debate, as are clinical issues that include the optimal cell dose as well as the timing and route of administration. In this context, the role of biomaterials is gaining importance. These can not only act as vehicles for the administered cells but also, in the case of chronic lesions, can be used to fill the permanent cyst, thus creating a more favourable and conducive environment for axonal regeneration in addition to serving as local delivery systems of therapeutic agents to improve the regenerative milieu. Some of the candidate molecules for the future are discussed in view of the knowledge derived from studying the mechanisms that facilitate the intrinsic regenerative capacity of central nervous system neurons. The future challenge for the multidisciplinary teams working in the field is to translate the knowledge acquired in basic research into effective combinatorial therapies to be applied in the clinic.
Immunoregulation of skin sensitization and regulatory T cells
Authors: Kimber Ian , Travis Mark A. , Martin Stefan F. , Dearman Rebecca J.
Published: July 2012

It is well established that, in common with other adaptive immune responses, the acquisition of skin sensitization is carefully orchestrated and finely controlled. This is achieved in a number of ways. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the roles that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play in allergic contact dermatitis.

Here, we review briefly the phenotype and function of Tregs, and consider how they may impact on various aspects of skin sensitization, including: inter‐individual differences in susceptibility; variations in the potency of chemical allergens; and the prevention of excessive, and potentially damaging, levels of sensitization.
Increased infection risk postliver transplant without pretransplant dental treatment
Authors: Helenius‐Hietala J , Åberg F , Meurman JH , Isoniemi H
Published: July 2012

Objective

Infections cause considerable morbidity after liver transplantation (LT). Acute liver failure is a rapidly progressing life‐threatening condition where pretransplant dental evaluation is not always possible. We investigated how missing pretransplant dental treatment in acute or subacute liver failure correlates with post‐transplant infectious complications.

Subjects and methods

Medical and dental data came from hospital records and infection data from the Finnish LT registry. The follow‐up was until February 2011. Of 51 patients (LT during 2000–2006), 16 had and 35 did not have dental treatment pretransplant.

Results

Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated a 2.46‐fold (95% CI 1.06–5.69) infection risk among the patients omitted from dental treatment. After adjustment for either pretransplant factors alone or both pre‐ and post‐transplant factors, the corresponding infection risk increased, respectively, to 8.17‐fold (95% CI 2.19–30.6) and 8.54‐fold (95% CI 1.82–40.1). This increased risk involved a variety of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections of various sources both < 6 and > 6 months after transplantation.

Conclusion

High risk of infections was noticed in acute liver failure patients without pretransplant dental treatment, but a more severe medical condition might have influenced the results. We encourage eradication of dental infection foci whenever clinical condition allows.
Propranolol treatment for severe infantile hemangiomas: a single‐centre 3‐year experience
Authors: Georgountzou Anastasia , Karavitakis Emmanouil , Klimentopoulou Alexandra , Xaidara Athina , Kakourou Talia
Published: July 2012

Aim:  To evaluate the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of propranolol as single‐agent treatment in patients with problematic, proliferative‐phase, infantile hemangiomas (IHs).

Methods:  Oral propranolol was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day to 28 children. Cardiologic evaluation was performed before treatment initiation. Hemodynamic variables and blood glucose levels were monitored during the first 24 h of treatment, while the children were hospitalized. Clinical response and tolerance were assessed every month, along with photographic documentation. Macroscopic regression was considered the reduction >90% in the size of the IHs.

Results:  Effects on colour and growth were observed within the first month in all cases. Twenty‐four patients completed treatment after a mean duration of 7.56 months, and their hemangiomas were successfully regressed. Propranolol was administered again, with satisfactory results, in three patients (12.5%) because of hemangioma regrowth. Satisfactory response is noticeable in ongoing cases. Episodes of hypotension were noted in four patients. There were no treatment interruptions because of side effects.

Conclusions:  Propranolol, as first‐line treatment, yielded excellent results with very good clinical tolerance and also seems to be effective in relapses. The optimal duration of the treatment remains to be defined by long‐term observation.
Stability of the reproductive variables and fetal malformations from control animals and animals treated with thalidomide in Kbl:JW rabbits over two decades
Authors: Kawamura Yoshinori , Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Sato Keiichiro
Published: July 2012

We retrospectively analyzed the reproductive variables and the spontaneous malformations in the historical control data from the embryo‐fetal development studies conducted in our laboratories with Kbl:JW rabbits over two decades (1990–2010) and fetal malformations induced by thalidomide in 1988, 1995 and 2007. These analyses in the control animals revealed that the reproductive variables in dams, total frequencies and profile of external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities and/or variations in the fetuses were stable over two decades. In addition, the characteristics of the malformations induced by thalidomide were reproducible at the three time points. Therefore, it is concluded that Kbl:JW rabbit is one of the useful rabbit strains to evaluate the effects of test substances on embryo‐fetal development, especially in view of the chronological stability of spontaneous or drug‐induced malformations in the fetuses.
In vitro evaluation of gene expression changes for gonadotropin‐releasing hormone 1, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2, in response to bisphenol A treatment
Authors: Warita Katsuhiko , Mitsuhashi Tomoko , Ohta Ken‐ichi , Suzuki Shingo , Hoshi Nobuhiko , Miki Takanori , Takeuchi Yoshiki
Published: July 2012

We evaluated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on embryonic mouse hypothalamic cells. Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) indicated that gonadotropin‐releasing hormone 1 (Gnrh1) expression in 0.02–20 μM BPA‐treated cells did not differ from that in control cells but decreased significantly in 200 μM BPA‐treated cells. The mRNA level for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), which participates in GNRH1 secretory system development, decreased significantly in 200 μM BPA‐treated cells, but that for neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 2 (Ntrk2), did not change. This indicates that Gnrh1 gene expression in mice fetuses is not affected by exposure to <20 μM BPA and that the adverse effects of BPA on the BDNF‐NTRK2 neurotrophin system are induced by decrease in the mRNA level of the ligand, not of its receptor.
Identification of Differentially Senescing Mutants of Wheat and Impacts on Yield, Biomass and Nitrogen PartitioningF
Authors: Derkx Adinda P. , Orford Simon , Griffiths Simon , Foulkes M. John , Hawkesford Malcolm J.
Published: July 2012

Increasing photosynthetic capacity by extending canopy longevity during grain filling using slow senescing stay‐green genotypes is a possible means to improve yield in wheat. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutated wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Paragon) were screened for fast and slow canopy senescence to investigate the impact on yield and nitrogen partitioning. Stay‐green and fast‐senescing lines with similar anthesis dates were characterised in detail. Delayed senescence was only apparent at higher nitrogen supply with low nitrogen supply enhancing the rate of senescence in all lines. In the stay‐green line 3 (SG3), on a whole plant basis, tiller and seed number increased whilst thousand grain weight (TGW) decreased; although a greater N uptake was observed in the main tiller, yield was not affected. In fast‐senescing line 2 (FS2), yield decreased, principally as a result of decreased TGW. Analysis of N‐partitioning in the main stem indicated that although the slow‐senescing line had lower biomass and consequently less nitrogen in all plant parts, the proportion of biomass and nitrogen in the flag leaf was greater at anthesis compared to the other lines; this contributed to the grain N and yield of the slow‐senescing line at maturity in both the main tiller and in the whole plant. A field trial confirmed senescence patterns of the two lines, and the negative impact on yield for FS2 and a positive impact for SG3 at low N only. The lack of increased yield in the slow‐senescing line was likely due to decreased biomass and additionally a possible sink limitation.
Moth diversity in three biofuel crops and native prairie in Illinois
Authors: Harrison Terry , Berenbaum May R.
Published: July 2012

The expanding demand for biofuel feedstock may lead to large‐scale conscription of land for monoculture production of biofuel crops with concomitant substantial negative impacts on biodiversity. We compared moth diversity in light‐trap samples from corn, miscanthus, switchgrass and native prairie, to determine whether there is an observable relationship between plant species diversity and moth abundance and diversity. Moth alpha diversity was highest in prairie and was higher in switchgrass than in the other two biofuel crops. Beta diversity generally was low among the biofuel crops, and prairie shared lower beta diversity with switchgrass than with corn or miscanthus. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in moth abundance per species among treatments. The alpha and beta diversity index findings are consistent with those of other studies on arthropods in biofuel crops and provide evidence to suggest that large‐scale conversion of acreage to biofuel crops may have substantial negative effects on arthropod biodiversity both within the cropping systems and in the surrounding landscape.
Detection of airborne genetically modified maize pollen by real‐time PCR
Authors: FOLLONI SILVIA , KAGKLI DAFNI‐MARIA , RAJCEVIC BOJAN , GUIMARÃES NILSON C. C. , VAN DROOGENBROECK BART , VALICENTE FERNANDO H. , VAN den EEDE GUY , VAN den BULCKE MARC
Published: July 2012

The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has raised numerous concerns in the European Union and other parts of the world about their environmental and economic impact. Especially outcrossing of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was from the beginning a critical issue as airborne pollen has been considered an important way of GMO dispersal. Here, we investigate the use of airborne pollen sampling combined with microscopic analysis and molecular PCR analysis as an approach to monitor GM maize cultivations in a specific area. Field trial experiments in the European Union and South America demonstrated the applicability of the approach under different climate conditions, in rural and semi‐urban environment, even at very low levels of airborne pollen. The study documents in detail the sampling of GM pollen, sample DNA extraction and real‐time PCR analysis. Our results suggest that this ‘GM pollen monitoring by bioaerosol sampling and PCR screening’ approach might represent an useful aid in the surveillance of GM‐free areas, centres of origin and natural reserves.
Erythrocytic Pyruvate Kinase Mutations Causing Hemolytic Anemia, Osteosclerosis, and Secondary Hemochromatosis in Dogs
Authors: Inal Gultekin G. , Raj K. , Foureman P. , Lehman S. , Manhart K. , Abdulmalik O. , Giger U.
Published: July 2012

Background

Erythrocytic pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, first documented inBasenjis, is the most common inherited erythroenzymopathy in dogs.

Objectives

To report 3 new breed‐specificPK‐LRgene mutations and a retrospective survey ofPKmutations in a small and selected group ofBeagles andWestHighlandWhite Terriers (WHWT).

Animals

Labrador Retrievers (2 siblings, 5 unrelated), Pugs (2 siblings, 1 unrelated), Beagles (39 anemic, 29 other), WHWTs (22 anemic, 226 nonanemic), Cairn Terrier (n = 1).

Methods

Exons of thePK‐LRgene were sequenced from genomicDNAof young dogs (<2 years) with persistent highly regenerative hemolytic anemia.

Results

A nonsense mutation (c.799C>T) resulting in a premature stop codon was identified in anemic Labrador Retriever siblings that had osteosclerosis, high serum ferritin concentrations, and severe hepatic secondary hemochromatosis. AnemicPug andBeagle revealed 2 different missense mutations (c.848T>C, c.994G>A, respectively) resulting in intolerable amino acid changes to protein structure and enzyme function. Breed‐specific mutation tests were developed. Among the biased group of 248WHWTs, 9% and 35% were homozygous (affected) and heterozygous, respectively, for the previously described mutation (mutant allele frequency 0.26). APK‐deficientCairnTerrier had the same insertion mutation as the affectedWHWTs. Of the selected group of 68Beagles, 35% werePK‐deficient and 3% were carriers (0.37).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ErythrocyticPKdeficiency is caused by different mutations in different dog breeds and causes chronic severe hemolytic anemia, hemosiderosis, and secondary hemochromatosis because of chronic hemolysis and, an as yet unexplained osteosclerosis. The newly developed breed‐specific mutation assays simplify the diagnosis ofPKdeficiency.
Investigation on spatially separated atomic layer deposition by gas flow simulation and depositing Al2O3 films
Authors: Suh Sungin , Park Sanghyun , Lim Hajin , Choi Yu-Jin , Seong Hwang Cheol , Joon Kim Hyeong , Won Seok-Jun
Published: July 2012

Al2O3 thin films were deposited using tri-methyl aluminum and ozone by spatially separated atomic layer deposition (SALD). A large gap was kept between the reactor and substrates in an attempt to enhance the process gas flow. According to simulation data and deposition results, strong edge pumping for the dominantly lateral flow improved the gas isolation and deposition was very effective, with a resulting gap height of 5 mm. To compare this SALD process with conventional atomic layer deposition (ALD), the authors examined how the amount of source supplied, the deposition temperature, and the number of rotations affected the growth rate. The growth rate per rotation was saturated at ∼0.12 nm/rotation at a deposition temperature of 250 °C, which is comparable to the saturated growth rate of the same film using conventional ALD. The dielectric constant of the films was ∼8 and the film with a capacitance equivalent thickness of 3.2 nm had a leakage level of 9.8 × 10−8 A/cm2 (at −1 V). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy peak area analysis indicates that the films deposited by SALD consist of Al2O3. This indicates that SALD is a viable option for several mass-production applications that require high throughput.
Carbon contamination and oxidation of Au surfaces under extreme ultraviolet radiation: An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study
Authors: Al-Ajlony Al-Montaser Bellah , Kanjilal Aloke , Harilal Sivanandan S. , Hassanein Ahmed
Published: July 2012

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation-induced carbon contamination and oxidation of Au surfaces were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Au sample was irradiated by EUV radiation at 13.5 nm for 9 h, while a series of XPS spectra were recorded for monitoring chemical modification during EUV exposure. XPS analysis showed that total carbon contamination (C 1s peak) at the surface was increased by ∼14% after 9 h of EUV exposure, while the C–H component played a dominant role within the first 60 min of EUV irradiation, giving a sharp rise of the corresponding C 1s peak intensity, followed by a slow and linear increase in intensity of the C–C bonds. The later one represents an accumulation of carbon due to the EUV-assisted dissociation of residual hydrocarbons on Au surface. Oxide state of Au was also noticed to be formed during EUV irradiation, and was found to increase continuously before reaching its maximum followed by a progressive decay. The role of water dissociation in the presence of EUV radiation was discussed and correlated with Au oxidation phenomenon.
Surface characterization of Zr/Ti/Nb tri-layered films deposited by magnetron sputtering on Si(111) and stainless steel substrates
Authors: Tallarico Denise A. , Gobbi Angelo L. , Filho Pedro I. Paulin , Galtayries Anouk , Nascente Pedro A. P.
Published: July 2012

Among metallic materials, commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys are very often used as biomaterials for implants. Among these alloys, titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy Ti-6 A-4 V is one of the most commonly used due to its excellent biocompatibility and ability to allow bone-implant integration. A new class of Ti alloys employs Zr for solid-solution hardening and Nb as β-phase stabilizer. Metals such as Ti, Nb, and Zr—known as valve metals—usually have their surfaces covered by a thin oxide film that forms spontaneously in air. This oxide film constitutes a barrier between the metal and the medium. The Ti-Nb-Zr alloys have mechanical and corrosion resistance characteristics which make them suitable for use as implants. Tri-layered films of Ti-Nb-Zr were deposited on both Si(111) and stainless steel (SS) substrates using dc magnetron sputtering equipment, under an argon atmosphere according to the following methodology: a 100 nm thick layer of Nb was deposited on the substrate, followed by a 200 nm thick layer of Ti, and finally a 50 nm thick layer of Zr, on top of the multilayer stack. The morphology and chemical composition of the films were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). AFM images showed that the Zr/Ti/Nb tri-layer films presented nanostructured grains and low roughness. The ToF-SIMS depth profiles confirmed the formation of a three-layered film on Si(111) with well-defined and sharp interfaces between the layers, while the deposition on the stainless steel substrate caused slight intermixing at the different alloy/Nb, Nb/Ti and Ti/Zr interfaces, reflecting the greater roughness of the raw substrate. The XPS results for the Zr/Ti/Nb layers deposited on Si(111) and SS confirmed that the outermost layer consisted of Zr only, with a predominance of ZrO2, as the metal layer is passivated in air. An oxidation treatment of 1000  °C in air for 1 h for the multilayer stacks caused some dewetting with Si(111) films, and alloying in the layers. The latter effect was more pronounced for the stainless steel substrate.
Correlation of the Abundance of Betaproteobacteria on Mineral Surfaces with Mineral Weathering in Forest Soils
Authors: Lepleux C. , Turpault M. P. , Oger P. , Frey-Klett P. , Uroz S.
Published: July 2012

Pyrosequencing-based analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed a significant correlation between apatite dissolution and the abundance of betaproteobacteria on apatite surfaces, suggesting a role for the bacteria belonging to this phylum in mineral weathering. Notably, the cultivation-dependent approach demonstrated that the most efficient mineral-weathering bacteria belonged to the betaproteobacterial genus
Burhkolderia
.
Enhancing the Promiscuous Phosphotriesterase Activity of a Thermostable Lactonase (GkaP) for the Efficient Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides
Authors: Zhang Yu , An Jiao , Ye Wei , Yang Guangyu , Qian Zhi-Gang , Chen Hai-Feng , Cui Li , Feng Yan
Published: July 2012

The phosphotriesterase-like lactonase (PLL) enzymes in the amidohydrolase superfamily hydrolyze various lactones and exhibit latent phosphotriesterase activities. These enzymes serve as attractive templates for
in vitro
evolution of neurotoxic organophosphates (OPs) with hydrolytic capabilities that can be used as bioremediation tools. Here, a thermostable PLL from
Geobacillus kaustophilus
HTA426 (GkaP) was targeted for joint laboratory evolution with the aim of enhancing its catalytic efficiency against OP pesticides. By a combination of site saturation mutagenesis and whole-gene error-prone PCR approaches, several improved variants were isolated. The most active variant, 26A8C, accumulated eight amino acid substitutions and demonstrated a 232-fold improvement over the wild-type enzyme in reactivity (
k
cat
/

K
m

) for the OP pesticide
ethyl
-paraoxon. Concomitantly, this variant showed a 767-fold decrease in lactonase activity with δ-decanolactone, imparting a specificity switch of 1.8 × 10
5
-fold. 26A8C also exhibited high hydrolytic activities (19- to 497-fold) for several OP pesticides, including parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. Analysis of the mutagenesis sites on the GkaP structure revealed that most mutations are located in loop 8, which determines substrate specificity in the amidohydrolase superfamily. Molecular dynamics simulation shed light on why 26A8C lost its native lactonase activity and improved the promiscuous phosphotriesterase activity. These results permit us to obtain further insights into the divergent evolution of promiscuous enzymes and suggest that laboratory evolution of GkaP may lead to potential biological solutions for the efficient decontamination of neurotoxic OP compounds.
Dissolved Organic Carbon Influences Microbial Community Composition and Diversity in Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems
Authors: Li Dong , Sharp Jonathan O. , Saikaly Pascal E. , Ali Shahjahan , Alidina Mazahirali , Alarawi Mohammed S. , Keller Stephanie , Hoppe-Jones Christiane , Drewes Jï¿½rg E.
Published: July 2012

This study explores microbial community structure in managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems across both laboratory and field scales. Two field sites, the Taif River (Taif, Saudi Arabia) and South Platte River (Colorado), were selected as geographically distinct MAR systems. Samples derived from unsaturated riverbed, saturated-shallow-infiltration (depth, 1 to 2 cm), and intermediate-infiltration (depth, 10 to 50 cm) zones were collected. Complementary laboratory-scale sediment columns representing low (0.6 mg/liter) and moderate (5 mg/liter) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were used to further query the influence of DOC and depth on microbial assemblages. Microbial density was positively correlated with the DOC concentration, while diversity was negatively correlated at both the laboratory and field scales. Microbial communities derived from analogous sampling zones in each river were not phylogenetically significantly different on phylum, class, genus, and species levels, as determined by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, suggesting that geography and season exerted less sway than aqueous geochemical properties. When field-scale communities derived from the Taif and South Platte River sediments were grouped together, principal coordinate analysis revealed distinct clusters with regard to the three sample zones (unsaturated, shallow, and intermediate saturated) and, further, with respect to DOC concentration. An analogous trend as a function of depth and corresponding DOC loss was observed in column studies. Canonical correspondence analysis suggests that microbial classes
Betaproteobacteria
and
Gammaproteobacteria
are positively correlated with DOC concentration. Our combined analyses at both the laboratory and field scales suggest that DOC may exert a strong influence on microbial community composition and diversity in MAR saturated zones.
Association of Nucleotide Polymorphisms within the O-Antigen Gene Cluster of Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 with Serogroups and Genetic Subtypes
Authors: Norman Keri N. , Strockbine Nancy A. , Bono James L.
Published: July 2012

Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) strains are important food-borne pathogens capable of causing hemolytic-uremic syndrome. STEC O157:H7 strains cause the majority of severe disease in the United States; however, there is a growing concern for the amount and severity of illness attributable to non-O157 STEC. Recently, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) published the intent to regulate the presence of STEC belonging to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 in nonintact beef products. To ensure the effective control of these bacteria, sensitive and specific tests for their detection will be needed. In this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the O-antigen gene cluster that could be used to detect STEC strains of the above-described serogroups. Using comparative DNA sequence analysis, we identified 22 potentially informative SNPs among 164 STEC and non-STEC strains of the above-described serogroups and designed matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) assays to test the STEC allele frequencies in an independent panel of bacterial strains. We found at least one SNP that was specific to each serogroup and also differentiated between STEC and non-STEC strains. Differences in the DNA sequence of the O-antigen gene cluster corresponded well with differences in the virulence gene profiles and provided evidence of different lineages for STEC and non-STEC strains. The SNPs discovered in this study can be used to develop tests that will not only accurately identify O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145 strains but also predict whether strains detected in the above-described serogroups contain Shiga toxin-encoding genes.
Genetic and Symbiotic Diversity of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Isolated from Agricultural Soils in the Western Amazon by Using Cowpea as the Trap Plant
Authors: Azarias Guimarães Amanda , Duque Jaramillo Paula Marcela , Simão Abrahão Nóbrega Rafaela , Florentino Ligiane Aparecida , Barroso Silva Karina , de Souza Moreira Fatima Maria
Published: July 2012

Cowpea is a legume of great agronomic importance that establishes symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. However, little is known about the genetic and symbiotic diversity of these bacteria in distinct ecosystems. Our study evaluated the genetic diversity and symbiotic efficiencies of 119 bacterial strains isolated from agriculture soils in the western Amazon using cowpea as a trap plant. These strains were clustered into 11 cultural groups according to growth rate and pH. The 57 nonnodulating strains were predominantly fast growing and acidifying, indicating a high incidence of endophytic strains in the nodules. The other 62 strains, authenticated as nodulating bacteria, exhibited various symbiotic efficiencies, with 68% of strains promoting a significant increase in shoot dry matter of cowpea compared with the control with no inoculation and low levels of mineral nitrogen. Fifty genotypes with 70% similarity and 21 genotypes with 30% similarity were obtained through repetitive DNA sequence (BOX element)-based PCR (BOX-PCR) clustering. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of strains representative of BOX-PCR clusters showed a predominance of bacteria from the genus
Bradyrhizobium
but with high species diversity.
Rhizobium
,
Burkholderia
, and
Achromobacter
species were also identified. These results support observations of cowpea promiscuity and demonstrate the high symbiotic and genetic diversity of rhizobia species in areas under cultivation in the western Amazon.
Roles of Host Species, Geographic Separation, and Isolation in the Seroprevalence of Jamestown Canyon and Snowshoe Hare Viruses in Newfoundland
Authors: Goff Gregory , Whitney Hugh , Drebot Michael A.
Published: July 2012

California serogroup viruses, including Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) and snowshoe hare virus (SSHV), are mosquito-borne members of the
Bunyaviridae
family and are endemic across North America. These arboviruses are potential pathogens which occasionally cause neuroinvasive disease in humans and livestock. A neutralization assay was used to document JCV and SSHV seroprevalence using blood collected from a variety of domestic and wildlife host species. These species were sampled in an island setting, Newfoundland, which contains diverse ecoregions, ecological landscapes, and habitats. Seroprevalence rates for each virus differed significantly among host species and within certain species across different geographic areas. JCV was significantly associated with large mammals, and SSHV was significantly associated with snowshoe hares. Seroprevalence rates in the 5 species of animals tested for prior exposure to JCV ranged from 0% in snowshoe hares to 64% in horses. Seroprevalence rates for SSHV ranged from less than 1% in bovines to 55% in all snowshoe hares. The seroprevalence of SSHV differed significantly (
P
< 0.05) among hares occupying the discrete habitats of watersheds separated by 14 to 35 km. Cattle on farms in boreal forest landscapes displayed significantly higher JCV seroprevalence (
P
< 0.001) than those on farms located in seacoast landscapes. Lifelong geographic isolation of cattle to insular Newfoundland was associated with significantly lower JCV seroprevalence (
P
< 0.01) than that for cattle which had lived off-island.
Regional Variation in Lytic and Lysogenic Viral Infection in the Southern Ocean and Its Contribution to Biogeochemical Cycling
Authors: Evans Claire , Brussaard Corina P. D.
Published: July 2012

Lytic and lysogenic viral infection was investigated throughout the Southern Ocean at sites spanning the sub-Antarctic zone, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and an Antarctic continental sea. Higher lytic virus activity was recorded in the more productive sub-Antarctic zone than in the iron-limited waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during two transects. Reduced lytic viral activity in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current was combined with a shift toward lysogenic infection, probably resulting from the lower concentration of potential prokaryotic hosts. Superimposed on this variation, lytic viral production was lower in a transect completed in the Drake Passage in autumn (1.8 × 10
8
to 1.5 × 10
9
liter
−1
day
−1
) than over the Greenwich Meridian during summer (5.1 × 10
8
to 2.0 × 10
10
cells liter
−1
day
−1
), indicating that viral activity is linked to the overall seasonal fluctuations in biotic activity. Interestingly, while prokaryotic abundance was lowest in the coastal Weddell Sea, levels of bacterial and lytic viral production (4.3 × 10
8
to 1.7 × 10
10
cells liter
−1
day
−1
) in this area were similar to those of the other zones. This may explain the weak relationship between the distribution of prokaryotes and chlorophyll in the Weddell Sea, as a high turnover of prokaryotic biomass may have been stimulated by the availability of substrates in the form of viral lysate. With estimated carbon and iron releases of 0.02 to 7.5 μg liter
−1
day
−1
and 1.5 to 175.7 pg liter
−1
day
−1
, respectively, viral activity in the Southern Ocean is shown to be a major contributor to satisfying the elemental requirements of microbes, notably prokaryotes in the Weddell Sea and phytoplankton in the sub-Antarctic zone.