bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMULATOR SICKNESS IN AIRFOX® DISORIENTATION SIMULATOR
Authors: Renjhen Piush
Published: August 2020

Use of flight simulators has consistently increased over the years, a phenomenon known as simulator sickness upon simulator exposure (SE) has been of concern in aircrew. This Simulator Sickness (SS) has been largely considered to be a persistent limiting factor in continuing flying training. It is classically characterized by nausea, dizziness, postural instability, fatigue and general malaise. On cessation of SE, few symptoms may persist up to several hours and these may have an adverse impact on post-simulator training activities. AirFox® DISO, is widely used in Indian Air Force (IAF) to train aircrew on spatial disorientation. The paper presents a study carried out in IAF on the aircrew reporting to IAM, IAF Bangalore for training. The results are presented based on the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) administered to the aircrew.
Research and Implementation of Future Network Router
Authors: Huai Sun , Zhongsheng Wang
Published: August 2020

This paper summarizes the process and characteristics of IPV9, and introduces the digital domain name system, route management and security. The tunneling and dual protocol stack technologies are described. Both the transition from IPv4 to IPV9 and from IPV9 to IPv4 will be based on mature network conversion services that support protocol compatibility. The IPV9 router is currently available in two models, 100-megabit and gigabit. Both routers have good ability to meet the network needs of IPV9. The film transmission system of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications uses IPV9 and 5G technology, which is a relatively advanced transmission application of IPV9 at present. It summarizes the convenience and security brought by the new network address, and provides a new idea for the development of the network.
Research and Implementation of Future Network IPV9
Authors: Zhang Liu , Yubian Wang
Published: August 2020

Nowadays, IPv4 has been difficult to meet the needs of the Internet in terms of performance, address space, security, etc. In order to solve the relevant needs of IPv4, protocols such as IPv6 and IPV9 have been born. This article introduces the current status and characteristics of IPv4 and IPv6, compares with IPV9, summarizes the relevant characteristics of IPV9, and introduces the production process of IPV9, its protocol composition, system architecture and related application introduction. IPV9 is controlled by my Chinese core technology and has independent intellectual property rights, which is the foundation of my country’s future network.
Application Research of Crawler and Data Analysis Based on Python
Authors: Hejing Wu , Fang Liu , Long Zhao , Yabin Shao , Ran Cui
Published: August 2020

Combined with the actual situation, this paper explores how to develop a crawler method based on the specific framework for the complete interface of steam manufacturers and stores, which should be able to automatically and efficiently crawl the data of specific targets, analyze the dynamic pages, and complete the data cleaning, downloading, saving and other operations, explore the methods of general data analysis, and Analyze the downloaded data, extract useful information from it, analyze and summarize the specific crawler method and data analysis method through practical application.
Design of Electric Power Line Drawing Algorithm
Authors: Pengzhan Sun , Juchao Lei
Published: August 2020

At present, the drawing of power lines is still in the state of semi-manual design, mainly completed by AutoCAD, which not only consumes human resources, but also has low efficiency. Therefore, this paper designs an automatic drawing software for power lines. It integrates drawing and data management. Based on the basic information of power lines, this software imports and automatically converts the basic power data (latitude and longitude data) containing GPS/BeidDou positioning information into the distance, direction, angle and other information of poles and cables. Then, it realizes the function of automatically drawing the power line graph according to the scale by multiple tree traversal algorithm. This software is easy to operate and reliable, and has achieved good results in practice.
QRS complex detection and R–R interval computation based on discrete wavelet transform
Authors: Hamad Alhussainy Aqeel M.
Published: August 2020

QRS represented the most important part of ECG signal, so different researches and studies are performed for QRS recognition. In this paper, a new technique by using wavelet transform is used for de-noising ECG signal by using adaptive threshold, then DWT used to separate the high frequency from the low component, then compute the statistical information from low frequencies to be used in threshold computation, Based on these statics features, lower and upper threshold are calculated, which are updated according to number of peaks that are detected until two thresholds give same number of peaks, also the detected peaks are updated according to average R–R time. Results of (EDB) database was (Acc = 99.366%), while (LTSTDB) database was (Acc = 98.89%). The results are compared with other work and it is show that the proposed method gave better performance and can be used for QRS detection.
Dialogue as socially just communication
Authors: Kedian Jeremy
Published: August 2020

Todays school leaders seemingly face an ever-increasing array of competing demands and challenges. They are expected to be innovative, transformational and expert while, at the same time, sharing many of the leadership processes, acting in ways that are ethical and socially just, and being highly consultative (Senge, 1994; Stoll, Fink, & Earl, 2003; West-Burnham & Coates, 2006). Together, these expectations place the building of effective interpersonal relationships at the heart of leadership and, thereby, raise the primacy of pervasive communication as an essential aspect of leadership. Thus, this article focuses on dialogue as a form of communication befitting the requirements of contemporary school leadership. It argues that dialogue contributes to a form of communal professionalism in which there is a reduction in barriers between school principals, other leaders, teaching staff, parents in schools, and students. It is in this respect, it is argued, that dialogue is able to automatically promote school leadership practices that effectively address equality and social justice concerns.
Researching social justice for students with special educational needs
Authors: Symes Rose
Published: August 2020

Following international trends, and research evidence from New Zealand, England and the USA, it is likely that there will be an exponential increase in the number of students with special educational needs (SEN) enrolling in New Zealand schools in the ensuing years. Furthermore, the face of special needs is changing such that what is meant by the term, ‘special needs’, appears to be highly contestable and somewhat elusive. Although international literature uses the term ‘special needs’ unproblematically, what is now considered to be special needs appears far more complicated. Research by Graham-Matheson (2012a), Richards (2012) and Hall (1997) shows that the term ‘special needs’ leads to preconceptions which often ignore contextual issues. This can exacerbate the learning difficulties of students with special educational needs because it tends to support inappropriate leadership practices, ineffective teaching techniques, and insufficient resourcing in the context of these particular students. While education is considered to be a moral enterprise, the field of special education is arguably wrought with ethical dilemmas and moral problems, especially when educators are called upon to advocate for children with disabilities who often comprise a minority group within a school community (Fiedler & VanHaren, 2009; Hallett & Hallett, 2012). This article elaborates upon these perspectives so as to highlight the seriousness of this issue and, hence, to stress the need for its implications upon socially just school leadership practices in New Zealand to be far more thoroughly explored.
O le Tautai Matapalapala: Leadership strategies for supporting Pasifika students in New Zealand schools
Authors: Taleni Tufulasifa’atafatafa Ova , Macfarlane Angus Hikairo , Macfarlane Sonja , Fletcher Jo
Published: August 2020

This article addresses effective school leaders so that leaders may navigate robust, vigorous and well-thought through changes and supports in schools to raise the engagement and achievement of Pasifika learners. From a Pasifika perspective, a “true leader” in education is an effective leader, a leader with high integrity (aloaia) and standing, who is driven by culturally responsive principles, values, aspirations and world views of the students. Such a leader utilizes a personal humanitarian approach with the self-belief, courage, determination and perseverance to wholeheartedly take students from where they are currently at in learning, to where they need to be. This research used Talanoa methodology to explore the perceptions off our principals on supporting Pasifika students in primary and secondary New Zealand schools. This research found a significant need for effective leadership by principals to navigate educational changes that genuinely make a difference to unlock doors of opportunities in every school to raise achievement and wellbeing for all Pasifika learners.
The integration of the functions of principals and deputy principals in the management of secondary schools
Authors: Corona Claudia Navarro , Slater Charles
Published: August 2020

This paper presents and compares the results of two qualitative studies about leadership roles in secondary education. Both studies were conducted in the northwest of Mexico. The results show that in the first instance principals and deputy principals do not form work teams and show little concern for participation with one another. The functions of the deputy principals focus on the control of the institution, while the principals address the broader dimensions of administration, organization, social participation and pedagogy. This difference could lead to problems of sustainability of leadership because there is no platform for preparation and promotion. In addition, the absence of training programmes in Mexico limits the professionalisation of deputy principals. It is recommended that the functions performed by the principals and deputy principals be integrated.
Innovative learning environments: Beginning with the concept
Authors: Kedian Jeremy , West-Burnham John
Published: August 2020

There is an observable trend in a number of countries, of schools moving away from the traditional or industrial modes of school organisation and leaning towards what has become known as modern or innovative learning environments (MLEs or ILEs). This has created difficulties for educational leaders who have found the change problematic. This article addresses the need to develop an appropriate and comprehensive conceptual understanding of the ILEs in order to introduce a different learning model and environment. In this model the authors use the notion of architectures to describe the process of “building” the concept. They propose the development of learning, social, thinking, futures, organisational and physical architectures.

The article is speculative, yet includes appropriate theorizing. It acknowledges that the notion of ILEs is new, and requires time to be refined and embedded in existing educational systems.
Teacher leadership report: How student-led pedagogy in modern learning environments (MLEs) can improve literacy learning
Authors: Briggs Ann R J , Gabites Bek , Mackenzie Scott , McIntosh Julie , Shelley Josh , Verstappen Peter
Published: August 2020

Our teacher leadership story comes from two schools collaborating on a New Zealand Teacher Led Innovation Fund (TLIF) project exploring the effect of student-led learning practices on literacy achievement within modern learning environments (MLEs). Our rationale is that learning which is individualised for all learners leads to more equitable outcomes for all. It also enables student ownership of learning, which in turn increases success for all learners, measured through improved student engagement, positive shifts in attitude, and improved progress and achievement.

We undertook two cycles of participatory action-based inquiry to find out how successful collaboration and student ownership within the MLEs could impact on literacy engagement and achievement. We noted considerable progress in the development of key competencies, influenced by the transfer of ownership from teacher to student through choice, sharing of the curriculum, and engagement with the wider range of resources readily available in an MLE. Giving students a say in their topic and context increased their engagement and led to improved outcomes in literacy achievement. The support provided by our school management for teacher-leadership of the innovations has enabled research-informed student-led pedagogy to be developed at both schools.
An integrative approach to the study of Helicotylenchus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) Colombian and Brazilian populations associated with Musa crops
Authors: Riascos-Ortiz Donald , Mosquera-Espinosa Ana Teresa , De Agudelo Francia Varón , de Oliveira Claudio Marcelo Gonçalves , Muñoz-Florez Jaime Eduardo
Published: August 2020

In total, 10 populations of Helicotylenchus associated with Musa spp., six from Colombia, and four from Brazil were identified to the species level. Morphological and morphometric data were recorded for each population, performed a principal components analysis (PCA), a conglomerate, along with consensus sequences of D2 to D3 expansion segment of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (28S) for different populations. Identify of species were performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), and the evolutionary relationships of species were explored using a phylogeny study. Four species of Helicotylenchus were identified based on morphological and morphometric data: H. multicinctus, H. dihystera, H. erythrinae, and H. californicus. PCA and conglomerate analysis clearly separated these species. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of these species associated with Musa spp. crops. This is the first report of these species in Colombia through integrative taxonomy.
The relationship between commercial cotton cultivars with varying Meloidogyne incognita resistance genes and yield
Authors: Wheeler Terry A. , Siders Kerry , Monclova-Santana Cecilia , Dever Jane K.
Published: August 2020

Small plot cotton cultivar trials (12 trials) were conducted from 2016 to 2019 in fields infested with Meloidogyne incognita. Entries in these trials included commercial cultivars with partial and high resistance to M. incognita, as well as cultivars with no known resistance. Different resistant groups were created based on different cotton seed companies and their descriptions of the M. incognita resistant cultivars. Groups were none (susceptible); partial resistance found in Stoneville or Fibermax cultivars (PR-FM/ST); partial resistance found in PhytoGen cultivars (PR-PHY); resistance (unknown gene(s)) in Deltapine cultivars (NR-DP); and highly resistant cultivars homozygous for RK1 and RK2 resistant genes in PhytoGen cultivars (HR-PHY). The highest lint yields using a mixed model analysis were found in the PR-FM/ST (1,396 kg lint/ha), HR-PHY (1,327 kg lint/ha), and PR-PHY (1,314 kg lint/ha) groups. Yield for NR-DP (1,234 kg lint/ha) was not different (p > 0.05) than yield for susceptible cultivars (1,243 kg lint/ha). If the older resistant cultivars from Deltapine and PhytoGen (those with only Roundup Ready® herbicide technology) were removed from the analysis, then HR-PHY yields increased by 133 kg of lint/ha to 1,460 kg lint/ha and NR-DP yields remained approximately unchanged (1,227 kg lint/ha). Newer HR-PHY had much improved yield over the first HR-PHY cultivars. Newer HR-PHY averaged 17% higher yield than the susceptible group. LOG10 (M. incognita eggs/500 cm3 soil + 1) were highest for the susceptible cultivars (3.2), followed by PR-FM/ST (2.6), NR-DP (2.4), PR-PHY (2.1), and lowest with HR-PHY (1.4). The newer HR-PHY cultivars (those with ENLIST® herbicide technology) combine excellent yields (17% higher than susceptible cultivars) with high (96%) suppression of M. incognita.
Additional notes on the morphology and molecular data of the Kikuyu root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne kikuyensis (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae)
Authors: Eisenback J. D. , Vieira P.
Published: August 2020

Females, males, and second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne kikuyensis were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of M. kikuyensis was typical for species of the genus in general, but differed in several characters, appearing to be in a more primitive state. The head morphology of males and second-stage juveniles of most species of root-knot nematode is made up of a large labial disk surrounded by the fused pairs of the sub-dorsal and sub-ventral lips, but in M. kikuyensis, the labial disk is surrounded by six distinct lips. Second-stage juveniles appear to develop similarly to that of other members of the genus. The division of the egg seems to be quite different from typical species in that two small, highly refractive cells, are set-aside early in embryogenesis. Elucidation of the mitochondrial nucleotide sequence for the cytochrome oxidase subunit II and the large subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene (COII-16S rRNA) and the ITS1 region implicated M. kikuyensis is in a basal position when compared to other species of the genus.
Nematicidal effect of cruciferous bio-fumigants against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting okra
Authors: Patil J.A. , Kumar Anil , Yadav Saroj , Verma K.K.
Published: August 2020

In Haryana, India, only carbofuran is registered for the management of root-knot nematodes. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of cruciferous bio-fumigants for the management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in okra. The experiments were conducted at research area Department of Nematology in 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019. During this investigation, cruciferous bio-fumigants such as cabbage leaves and cauliflower leaves were used as bio-fumigant sources to protect Okra cv. Hisar Unnat. Fresh and chopped leaf mass of cabbage and cauliflower was incorporated uniformly into a naturally infested field. The initial nematode population in both years was 224 and 256 J2/200 cc soil, respectively. The results of our investigation showed that in both the years okra yield was enhanced significantly by the measures of nematode management. In addition, both of the tested bio-fumigant plants leaves proved to be potentially promising for the management of root-knot nematodes. Among the bio-fumigants, the highest decrease in nematode population, root gall index and increase in yield was observed in cabbage leaves @ 50 t/ha in both years, consecutively.
First report of potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 infecting Codonopsis pilosula in Gansu province, China
Authors: Ni Chunhui , Zhang Shuling , Li Huixia , Liu Yonggang , Li Wenhao , Xu Xuefen , Xu Zhipeng
Published: August 2020

In November 2019, stem nematode was found on Codonopsis pilosula in Tanchang county, Gansu province, China. The population of stem nematode was identified on the basis of both molecular and morphological methods. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of this nematode population matched with Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945. The sequences of rDNA-ITS and D2/D3 region of 28S-rRNA similarity with the D. destructor. The pathogenicity results revealed the symptom of dry rot on C. pilosula was caused by this nematode. To our knowledge, this is the first report that D. destructor on C. pilosula in China.
First report of Meloidogyne naasi parasitizing turfgrass in Portugal
Authors: Vieira dos Santos M. Clara , Almeida M. Teresa M. , Costa Sofia R.
Published: August 2020

In an exploratory sampling of a football field in Porto, Portugal, the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi, previously unreported from the Iberian Peninsula, was detected. Diagnosis was based on the analysis of perineal patterns and esterase phenotypes of females excised from grass roots, morphometrics and molecular analysis (PCR with specific primers and analysis of partial 28S sequences obtained by amplification using the primers D2A/D3B) of second-stage juveniles (J2) extracted from soil. When collected in water, J2 aggregated into a worm-star. Endospores of Pasteuria penetrans were frequently found attached to the J2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. naasi in Portugal and in the Iberian Peninsula, and the first report of worm-star formation in Meloidogyne.
Bacteroides spp. – clinical significance, antibiotic resistance and identification methods
Authors: Niestępski Sebastian , Harnisz Monika , Korzeniewska Ewa , Osińska Adriana , Dziuba Bartłomiej
Published: August 2020

Anaerobic Bacteroides species are dominant microbiota of the digestive tract of mammals. Along with other symbiotic bacteria located in the gastrointestinal tract, they contribute to the proper functioning of the organism. Some Bacteroides species are highly pathogenic. Virulence of these bacteria is related to their polysaccharide capsule, lipopolysaccharide and a variety of enzymes and enterotoxin. In recent years, an increase of antibiotic resistance in Bacteroides spp. has been noted, therefore the changes to the antibiotic resistance patterns in these bacteria should be monitored. This study summarizes the current knowledge about the bacteria of Bacteroides species.

1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomy of Bacteroides species. 3. Clinical significance of Bacteroides spp. 4. Antibiotic resistance. 4.1. Bacteroides species as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. 4.2. Antimicrobial resistance. 5. Methods of drug resistance determination. 6. Summary

1. Wstęp. 2. Systematyka bakterii z rodzaju Bacteroides. 3. Znaczenie kliniczne Bacteroides spp. 4. Oporność na leki u Bacteroides spp. 4.1. Bakterie z rodzaju Bacteroides jako rezerwuar determinantów oporności. 4.2. Oporność na środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe. 5. Metody określania lekowrażliwości. 6. Podsumowanie
Amyloids, common proteins among microorganisms
Authors: Pawłowska Barbara Katarzyna , Sobieszczańska Beata Magdalena
Published: August 2020

Historically, the term amyloid was used strictly with reference to human neurodegenerative diseases. Nowadays, it is known that many proteins have the potential to conformational changes into β-sheet structures with tendency to form insoluble amyloid fibrils. Moreover, amyloid proteins are widespread among microorganisms. Bacteria and fungi produce functional amyloids which exhibit all characteristics of amyloid proteins, but in contrast to a numerous group of human toxic amyloids, they play important physiological functions in microorganisms. There is growing evidence that functional amyloids are important in bacterial adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, amyloids make biofilms thicker, rougher, and more resistant to drying out. The increasing interest in better understanding of the nature of these unusual microbial proteins and their role in pathogenesis are likely to contribute to the effective treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in humans.

1. Introduction. 2. Bacterial amyloids. 2.1. Curli fibers. 2.1.1. Curli biogenesis. 2.1.2. Regulation of csg operon. 2.1.3. Participation of curli in bacterial virulence. 2.1.4. Role of curli in pathogenesis. 2.2. Other bacterial amyloids. 2.3. Fungal amyloids. 3. Recapitulation

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Amyloidy bakteryjne. 2.1. Fimbrie spiralne. 2.1.1. Synteza fimbrii spiralnych. 2.1.2. Regulacja ekspresji operonu csg. 2.1.3. Udział fimbrii spiralnych w wirulencji bakterii. 2.1.4. Rola fimbrii spiralnych w patogenezie zakażeń człowieka. 2.2. Inne amyloidy bakteryjne. 2.3. Amyloidy grzybicze. 3. Podsumowanie
Factors responsible for the development of Lyme carditis
Authors: Chmielewski Tomasz , Tylewska-Wierzbanowska Stanisława
Published: August 2020

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes are unique in many aspects. They are the etiological agents of Lyme borreliosis, meta-zoonotic, tick-borne disease of mammals, including humans. Ixodes spp. ticks are the vector. With the exception of erythema chronicum migrant (EM), manifestations of the disease may vary depending on the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. One of the symptoms is Lyme carditis. To date, the causative factors and the mechanisms of pathogenesis have not been well-described.

Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes are considered as one of the most invasive mammalian pathogen. They are able to move through the skin, as well as break into and out of blood vessels, easily crossing the blood-brain barrier. Genes encoding various motility forms are bound with chemotaxis signaling system which leads and coordinates motion functions. The attachment of bacteria to host cells or extracellular matrix may promote colonization and disease development. Lyme disease spirochetes encode several surface proteins including decorin binding adhesion (DbpA), which varies among strains contributing to strain-specific differences in tissue tropism. The strains demonstrating the greatest decorin-binding activity promote the greatest colonization of heart and cause the most severe carditis. Moreover, the manifestation of Lyme carditis in certain hosts may be a result of an autoimmunological reaction due to molecular mimicry between B. burgdorferi and host self-components. In mammals, infection with B. burgdorferi induces the development of antibodies which may cross-react with myosin and neural tissue.

1. Introduction. 2. Lyme carditis – symptoms, recognition and treatment. 3. Patho-mechanism of Lyme carditis. 3.1. Spirochetes motility. 3.2. Chemotaxis and adhesion. 3.3. Autoimmunological reactions. 4. Summary

1. Wstęp. 2. Lyme carditis – objawy, rozpoznanie i leczenie. 3. Patomechanizm zapalenia serca. 3.1. Ruch krętków. 3.2. Chemotaksja i adhezja. 3.3. Reakcje autoimmunologiczne. 4. Podsumowanie
Pathogenic free-living amoeba
Authors: Łanocha-Arendarczyk Natalia , Kosik-Bogacka Danuta , Galant Katarzyna , Zaorski Wojciech , Kot Karolina , Łanocha Aleksandra
Published: August 2020

Invasions caused by free-living and parasitic limax amoeba can pose a major threat to human health and life. The amoeba from the genera Acanthamoeba and Naegleria as well as the following species: Sappina diploidea, S. pedata, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and probably Hartmannella vermiformis, are the major cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and amoebic keratitis (AK). Furthermore, free-living amoeba can be vectors of bacteria, including Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marces cens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. There is a need for more research on free-living amoeba invasions in humans, particularly on the methods of diagnosis and appropriate forms of pharmacological therapy. Despite the undeniable role of free-living amoeba in the transmission of pathogenic bacteria, there is still insufficient amount of research and optimal diagnostic methods to identify the mechanisms of penetration, proliferation and exocytosis of many pathogenic microorganisms.

1. Introduction. 2. Morphology and growth of parasites. 3. Presence of free-living amoeba in the environment. 4. Pathogenicity of limax amoeba 4.1. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE). 4.2. Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). 4.3. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). 5. Basic diagnosis of infections caused by free-living amoeba. 5.1. Direct testing. 5.2. Cerebral spinal fluid analysis. 5.3. Smear test or biopsy of abnormal tissue. 5.4. Proliferation methods. 5.5. Molecular diagnostics. 6. Treatment. 7. Amoeba as vectors of pathogenic microorganisms. 8. Summary

1. Wstęp. 2. Budowa morfologiczna i rozwój pasożytów. 3. Występowanie pełzaków wolno żyjących w środowisku. 4. Chorobotwórczość pełzaków z "grupy limax”. 4.1. Przewlekłe ziarniniakowe zapalenie mózgu (GAE). 4.2. Pełzakowe zapalenie rogówki oka (AK). 4.3. Pierwotne zapalenie mózgu i opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych (PAM). 5. Podstawy diagnostyki zarażeń wywołanych przez pełzaki wolno żyjące. 5.1. Badania bezpośrednie. 5.2. Badanie płynu mózgowo-rdzeniowego. 5.3. Badania wymazu lub bioptatu pobranego ze zmian w narządach. 5.4. Metody hodowlane. 5.5. Diagnostyka molekularna. 6. Leczenie. 7. Pełzaki jako wektory chorobotwórczych drobnoustrojów. 8. Podsumowanie
Probiotics and mammalian gastrointestinal immune system
Authors: Tokarz-Deptuła Beata , Deptuła Wiesław
Published: August 2020

Probiotics are microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed. These are also food supplements or food products containing specified probiotic microorganisms. Probiotic microorganisms colonize the gastrointestinal tract of the host environment, reducing the risk of pathogenic bacteria growth and their potential impact on the regulation of host immune responses. They also have the ability to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. The administration of probiotic microorganisms in addition to chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics improves therapy efficiency, since it results in restoration of the equilibrium between the local and general pro- and antiinflammatory response.

1. Introduction. 2. The probiotics and the gastrointestinal immune system. 3. Conclusions

1. Wstęp. 2. Probiotyki, a układ odpornościowy przewodu pokarmowego. 3. Podsumowanie
Francisella tularensis – a deceitful pathogen
Authors: Formińska Kamila , Zasada Aleksandra Anna
Published: August 2020

Francisella tularensis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which causes a potentially lethal disease named tularemia. Some studies have been conducted to describe and identify the virulence factors of F. tularensis. This pathogen is able to infect a variety of cells of various hosts, including wild animals, especially rabbits, hares and rodents, and humans. This may suggest that genes of F. tularensis must adapt to many different intraorganismal environments. Still, little is known about the virulence of F. tularensis. This review focuses on the main virulence factors of F. tularensis which are involved in intramacrophage replication and its survival mechanisms during infection.

1. Introduction. 2. Pathogenicity and source of infection. 3. Epidemiology. 4. Intracellular life cycle. 5. Virulence factors. 5.1. Capsule. 5.2. LPS. 5.3. Type IV Pili (Tfp). 5.4. Regulator MglA. 5.5. Francisella Pathogenity Island (FPI). 5.6. Outer membrane proteins (OMP). 5.7. Secreted proteins and secretion systems. 6. Summary

1. Wstęp. 2. Chorobotwórczość, źródła i drogi zakażenia. 3. Występowanie choroby. 4. Wewnątrzkomórkowy cykl życiowy F. tularensis. 5. Czynniki zjadliwości F. tularensis. 5.1. Otoczka. 5.2. Lipopolisacharyd (LPS). 5.3. Pili typu IV. 5.4. Regulator MglA. 5.5. Francisella Pathogenity Island (FPI). 5.6. Białka błony zewnętrznej. 5.7. Białka wydzielnicze i systemy sekrecji. 6. Podsumowanie
Non-pandemic human coronaviruses – characteristics and diagnostics
Authors: Abramczuk Edyta , Pancer Katarzyna , Gut Włodzimierz , Litwińska Bogumiła
Published: August 2020

In this article, the characteristics of human coronaviruses (HCoV) are presented. Currently, six human coronaviruses are known: HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-SARS and HCoV-MERS. The first human coronaviruses were described in the sixties of the twentieth century, the last one, HCoV-MERS, in 2012 y. Coronaviruses can cause mild, asymptomatic infections as well as severe respiratory diseases, like pneumonia and bronchiolitis. The symptoms of HCoV infection are mainly: fever, nasopharyngitis, cough, bronchiolitis, pneumonia. Infections due to HCoV occur during the whole human life, but aremost frequent in children. They can occur throughout the year, but are most common in the winter season. Treatment of HCoV infections is usually symptomatic. Diagnosis of HCoV is mainly based on molecular technics such as quantitative PCR. Serological tests are only used for epidemiological purposes.

1. History. 2. Taxonomy and occurrence. 3. The structure and amplification of human coronaviruses. 4. Cell receptors used by human coronaviruses. 5. Human infection – transmission, symptoms, characteristics. 6. Diagnostics. 7. Summary

1. Historia. 2. Taksonomia i występowanie. 3. Struktura i namnażanie się koronawirusów. 4. Receptory komórkowe wykorzystywane przez koronawirusy człowieka. 5. Zakażenie człowieka – transmisja, objawy, charakterystyka. 6. Diagnostyka. 7. Podsumowanie
Bacterial moonlighting proteins
Authors: Płaczkiewicz Jagoda
Published: August 2020

Existence of moonlighting proteins in microorganisms is a known phenomenon, yet still not well understood. Moonlighting proteins have at least two independent biological functions, which must be performed by one polypeptide chain without separation into protein domains. Most of these proteins, beside their role in the cytoplasm, play an important role outside of the cell i.e. they take part in the process of pathogenesis by binding and activating host’s plasminogen. The existence of moonlighting proteins complicates the understanding of pathogenicity and virulence of many common bacteria as well as their role in commensal bacteria. Many of moonlighting proteins occurring in commensal bacteria appear to perform similar functions to proteins discovered in pathogenic bacteria, e.g. binding extracellular matrix. Moonlighting proteins found in bacteria are mostly housekeeping enzymes, especially from the glycolytic pathway, such as enolase, aldolase, dehydrogenase as well as heat-shock proteins and transcriptional factors.

1. Introduction. 2. Involvement of moonlighting proteins in bacterial pathogenesis. 3. Effect of moonlighting proteins on the immune system. 4. Moonlighting proteins in lactic acid bacteria.5. Transportation of moonlighting proteins to the bacterial surface. 6. Evolution of moonlighting proteins. 7. Detection of moonlighting proteins. 8. Summary

1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Udział białek wielofunkcyjnych w bakteryjnej patogenezie. 3. Wpływ białek wielofunkcyjnych na układ odpornościowy. 4. Obecność białek wielofunkcyjnych u bakterii kwasu mlekowego. 5. Transport białek wielofunkcyjnych na powierzchnię komórek bakteryjnych. 6. Ewolucja białek wielofunkcyjnych. 7. Wykrywanie białek wielofunkcyjnych. 8. Podsumowanie
Pathogenicity of environmental chlamydiae for humans and animals
Authors: Pawlikowska-Warych Małgorzata , Palma Joanna , Deptuła Wiesław
Published: August 2020

More and more attention has been paid to environmental chlamydiae in recent years. They were classified as pathogenic bacteria for both humans and animals. Thanks to molecular biology techniques, the following nine families of environmental chlamydiae were assigned to the order of Chlamydiales: Candidatus Clavichlamydiaceae, Criblamydiaceae, Parachlamydiaceae, Candidatus Piscichlamy- diaceae, Rhabdochlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, Waddliaceae, Candidatus Actinochlamydiacae and Candidatus Parilichlamydiaceae. These bacteria are considered the infectious factors of zoonoses due to the fact that they can be found among pets and livestock such as cats, guinea pigs, sheep, cattle, and even fish. Many of these animals also suffer from diseases caused by these bacteria. In this study, while characterizing environmental chlamydiae, special attention has been paid to illnesses of the respiratory tract caused by Simkania negevensis, and to the abortions among people and ruminants caused by Waddlia chondrophila. Furthermore, the species of the Rhabdochlamydiaceaefamily , as well as the bacteria from the Parachlamydiaceae family responsible for eye illnesses in humans and animals, are also characterized in this work. Lastly, newly discovered fish chlamydiae, which are potential factors of illnesses in humans and terrestial animals, are also presented in this paper.

1. Introduction. 2. Pathogenicity of environmental chlamydiae for humans and animals. 2.1. Pathogenicity of the Parachlamydiaceaefamily. 2.2. Pathogenicity of the Simkaniaceae family. 2.3. Pathogenicity of the Rhabdochlamydiaceae family. 2.4. Pathogenicity of the Waddliaceae family. 2.5. Pathogenicity of other chlamydia. 3. Diagnostics of environmental chlamydiae. 4. Conclusions
Susceptibility of spirochetes Borreliaburgdorferisensulato to antibiotics in vitro
Authors: Chmielewski Tomasz , Tylewska-Wierzbanowska Stanisława
Published: August 2020

Empiric therapy has been applied in the treatment of Lyme disease. This therapy is selected following the sensitivity analysis of the proposed drug in all species of bacteria which can cause a similar type of infection and on the basis of the clinical efficacy of antibiotic treatment. Established schemes based on data collected from many centers in the world, including type of antibiotic, dose and duration of his administration, and the stage and form of Lyme disease have been created. Number of in vitromethods of spirochetes susceptibility to antibiotics has been also developed. Unfortunately, the lack of standardization often makes it impossible to compare the results of MIC and MBC. Furthermore, little is known about the interactions of the various antimicrobial substances and spirochetes. There is a need for testing of clinical strains isolated from patients after treatment, which would explain the problems associated with “refractory” cases of Lyme disease. The paper presents the research on the antibiotic-spirochete interactions observed in vitro.

1. Introduction. 2. In vitro culture and growth of Borreliaburgdorferisensulato. 3. In vitro susceptibility of Borreliaburgdorferisensustricto strains to antimicrobial agents. 4. Summary
Genetic differentiation methods of microorganisms in the soil – plant system
Authors: Łyszcz Małgorzata , Gałązka Anna
Published: August 2020

Biodiversity is a key concept in finding important features of new microorganisms. Microorganisms play an important role in the soil ecosystem and participate, among others, in such processes as the maintenance of soil structure, humification, release of organic compounds, disposal of pollutants and transformation of organic matter. The maintenance of competent state of soil microbial communities, i.e. the appropriate microorganism count, activity and diversity, is a necessary condition for the functioning of a highly complex system such as the soil. Phyllosphere bacteria have the potential to influence plant biogeography and ecosystem function through their influence on plant performance under different environmental conditions, but the drivers of variation in leaf-associated bacterial biodiversity among host plants are not well understood. Hence, undoubtedly, an important research aspect is the selection and development of indicators to evaluate microbial biodiversity of the soil and plant phyllosphere. In this publication, selected molecular methods used for the diversity assessment of microorganisms have been presented.

1. Introduction. 2. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis DGGE, Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis TGGE, 3. SSCP – single strand conformation polymorphism. 4. Real-Time Quantitative PCR. 5. Summary
Non-conventional yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima and its application in biotechnology
Authors: Pawlikowska Ewelina , Kręgiel Dorota
Published: August 2020

Metschnikowia spp. are extensively studied “non-conventional” yeasts. Strains belonging to these genera are considered as non-pathogenic and safe. The unique properties of Metschnikowia spp. allow us to look at these microorganisms as a promising subject for evolutionary genetics, taxonomy, ecology, as well as a natural biocontrol agent in biotechnology. This article provides a synthesis of the systematics, morphology, ecology and physiology of Metschnikowia spp., with special attention to M. pulcherrima. These yeasts are able to produce a number of important metabolites, including organic acids, aroma compounds, oil or pulcherrimic acid. In addition, this review discusses possible applications of these non-conventional yeasts in biotechnology.

1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomy. 3. Ecology. 4. Morphology and physiology. 5. Parasexual cycle. 6. Metschnikowia pulcherrima– biochemical activity and application potential. 7. Summary
ROLE OF MICROBIOTA IN MAINTAINING THE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Authors: Góralska Katarzyna , Dzikowiec Magdalena
Published: August 2020

The human body is believed to be occupied by around 4 × 1013 microorganism cells, which is 10 times the number of cells of the human body. Multidisciplinary studies conducted worldwide by microbiologists and physicians suggest that the microorganisms which colonize the human body can more actively influence the state of health than previously thought. The most important role in the regulation of the homeostasis is played by ontocenoses of the intestine. Imbalanced taxonomic composition and number of intestinal microbiota may contribute to the development of numerous infectious (HIV), metabolic (diabetes, obesity) and immunological (allergy, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis) diseases, as well as conditions associated with various organs (kidneys, liver, heart, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease), cancer (colon) and the nervous system (autism, sleeping problems, stress, chronic fatigue syndrome, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease). The composition of the intestinal microbiota can be modified by applying a specific type of diet.

1. Introduction. 2. Microbiota in the disorders of the immune system. 3. Microbiota in metabolic diseases. 4. Microbiota in cardiovascular diseases. 5. Microbiota in the disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. 6. Microbiota in renal diseases. 7. Microbiota in central nervous system disorders. 8. Regulation of microbiota through functional foods. 9. Conclusions
THE ROLE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSIN THE CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: Barbara Klekotka Renata , Mizgała-Izworska Elżbieta , Drzastwa Witold , Mazur Bogdan
Published: August 2020

Discovering interactions between the etiology of the infection and diabetic patients’ immune system activity may be essential for the relevant clinical diagnosis. The dynamics of colonization of the nasal vestibule by Staphylococcus aureus and the development of the prevention strategies against infection are different for various populations. Moreover, the colonization of the nasal vestibule might involve both molecular and epidemiological ctorsfa. Researchers have reported that the identification of methicillin-resistant strains S. aureus(MRSA) with similar molecular characteristics allows to assess the ability of the microorganism to spread and the risk of infection in diabetic patients. Knowledge of these characteristics allows to take precautions in patients exposed to S. aureus. S. aureus is an ethiological factors of many severe diseases both in people with weakened immune system and in healthy individuals. Usually, excess weight and obesity contribute to the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). However, the colonization by S. aureus is a probable risk factor for infection. Among S. aureus virulence factors, superantigens (SAgs) are essential for pathogenicity. The long-term effect of the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) might be glucose intolerance. This toxin also induces systemic inflammation as a result of the increased exotoxin concentration in blood, and, therefore, may be the causative factor of diabetes. Chronic exposure to staphylococcal superantigens may contribute to the development of diabetes, suggesting a need to conduct targeted therapies against S. aureus superantigens.

1. Introduction. 2. Risk factors for infection in patients with diabetes. 2.1. Immunodeficiency. 2.2. Obesity 2.3. Staphylococcal carriage. 3. Staphylococcal infections in patients with diabetes. 3.1. Staphylococcal superantigens. 3.2. Skin and soft tissue infections. 3.3.Diabetic foot syndrome. 3.4. Sepsis. 3.5. Infective endocarditis. 3.6. Acute purulent meningitis. 4. Vaccination. 5. Conclusions
Biochemical methods for the evaluation of the functional and structural diversity of microorganisms in the soil environment
Authors: Furtak Karolina , Gajda Anna M.
Published: August 2020

Soil microbiome is composed of groups of microorganisms which are structurally and functionally very different. For many years soil microbiome has been the subject of numerous studies, but still is not fully recognized. It is well known that soil microorganisms play a key role in biogeochemical processes. Knowledge of their structural and functional diversity makes it possible to assess the condition of the soil environment, which is extremely important for agronomy and ecology. The agricultural and industrial activities of humans cause changes in soil activity, which should be monitored. There are many different research methods developed to analyze soil activity and microbiological soil diversity and refined by researchers from around the world in. Biochemical methods used to analyze microbial activity are based on the determination of the ability of microorganisms to synthesize, assimilate or decompose specific chemical compounds, as well as on the analysis of microbial cell components. This study presents the research methods used for the analysis of both: the functionality of microorganisms and their structural diversity.

1. Introduction. 2. Determination of enzymatic activity. 3. CLPP technique. 4. Analysis of fatty acid profiles. 5. Analysis of protein profiles. 6. Summary
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LIPOPEPTIDES
Authors: Czechowicz Paulina , Nowicka Joanna
Published: August 2020

The constantly growing number of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains prompts the search for alternative treatments. Synthetic peptides based on natural antimicrobial peptides, also known as antimicrobial lipopeptides, can become a promising group of “drugs” to fight multi-resistant bacteria. The present paper discusses the origins of synthetic lipopeptides, their classification and antimicrobial properties.

1. Introduction. 2. Antimicrobial peptides. 3. Classification of antimicrobial peptides. 4. Lipopeptide antibiotics. 5. Synthetic lipopeptides. 5.1. Ultrashort lipopeptides. 5.2. Peptidomimetics. 5.3. Multivalent lipopeptides. 5.4. Hydrocarbon-stapled lipopeptides. 5.5. Antimicrobial lipopeptides in laboratory researches. 6. Summary