bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas transport across the low-permeability containment zone of an underground nuclear explosion
Authors: Carrigan Charles R. , Sun Yunwei , Hunter Steven L. , Ruddle David G. , Simpson Matthew D. , Obi Curtis M. , Huckins-Gang Heather E. , Prothro Lance B. , Townsend Margaret J.
Published: January 2020

Understanding the nature of gas transport from an underground nuclear explosion (UNE) is required for evaluating the ability to detect and interpret either on-site or atmospheric signatures of noble gas radionuclides resulting from the event. We performed a pressure and chemical tracer monitoring experiment at the site of an underground nuclear test that occurred in a tunnel in Nevada to evaluate the possible modes of gas transport to the surface. The site represents a very well-contained, low gas-permeability end member for past UNEs at the Nevada National Security Site. However, there is very strong evidence that gases detected at the surface during a period of low atmospheric pressure resulted from fractures of extremely small aperture that are essentially invisible. Our analyses also suggest that gases would have easily migrated to the top of the high-permeability collapse zone following the detonation minimizing the final distance required for migration along these narrow fractures to the surface. This indicates that on-site detection of gases emanating from such low-permeability sites is feasible while standoff detection of atmospheric plumes may also be possible at local distances for sufficiently high fracture densities. Finally, our results show that gas leakage into the atmosphere also occurred directly from the tunnel portal and should be monitored in future tunnel gas sampling experiments for the purpose of better understanding relative contributions to detection of radioxenon releases via both fracture network and tunnel transport.
Rare CH3O−/CH3CH2O−-bridged nine-coordinated binuclear DyIII single-molecule magnets (SMMs) significantly regulate and enhance the effective energy barriers
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Shen Nan , Liu Sha , Ma Rong , Zhang Yi-Quan , Hu Deng-Wei , Liu Xiang-Yu , Zhang Jiang-Wei , Yang De-Suo
Published: January 2020

This work presents an efficient approach to regulating and enhancing the magnetic anisotropy barriers through using bridged CH3O− anion or CH3CH2O− anion and constructing triple bridges.
Rapid degradation of PFAS in aqueous solutions by reverse vortex flow gliding arc plasma
Authors: Lewis Asa J. , Joyce Thomas , Hadaya Maher , Ebrahimi Farshad , Dragiev Ivan , Giardetti Nickolas , Yang Junchun , Fridman Gregory , Rabinovich Alexander , Fridman Alexander A. , McKenzie Erica R. , Sales Christopher M.
Published: January 2020

Gliding arc plasma discharge is an energy-efficient treatment technology for a broad range of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in water.
Viscoelastic cluster densification in sheared colloidal gels
Authors: Massaro Roberta , Colombo Gabriele , Van Puyvelde Peter , Vermant Jan
Published: January 2020

The effect of medium viscoelasticity on the microstructure and rheology of flocculated suspensions was studied by rheological and rheo-confocal methods. Cluster densification under flow mainly affects high shear viscosities and material strength.
Artificial small-diameter blood vessels: materials, fabrication, surface modification, mechanical properties, and bioactive functionalities
Authors: Wang Dongfang , Xu Yiyang , Li Qian , Turng Lih-Sheng
Published: January 2020

Cardiovascular diseases, especially ones involving narrowed or blocked blood vessels with diameters smaller than 6 millimeters, are the leading cause of death globally.
A distinctive mitochondrion-targeting, in situ-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe for visualizing sulfur dioxide derivatives and their fluctuations in vivo
Authors: Zeng Lintao , Chen Tianhong , Chen Bao-Quan , Yuan Hou-Qun , Sheng Ruilong , Bao Guang-Ming
Published: January 2020

A mitochondria-targeting and in situ-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe has been developed for imaging sulfur dioxide derivatives and their fluctuations in vivo.
Isomerizing thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-based near-infrared non-fullerene acceptors towards efficient organic solar cells
Authors: Zhang Zeqi , Shan Tong , Zhang Yi , Zhu Lei , Kong Lingwei , Liu Feng , Zhong Hongliang
Published: January 2020

The photovoltaic properties of near-infrared non-fullerene acceptors are improved by isomerizing the linkage positions of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene.
Iterative learning of an unknown road path through cooperative driving of vehicles
Authors: Yang Lin , Li Yanan , Huang Deqing , Xia Jingkang
Published: January 2020

This study proposes a method for a vehicle controller to learn human driving behaviours through iterative interactions. In particular, the vehicle controller and the human driver jointly control a vehicle along a path only known to the human driver. Through repeated cooperative driving, the vehicle controller estimates the hidden desired path of the driver by minimising the control input. Eventually, semi‐autonomous driving is realised since the vehicle controller is able to automatically track the target path and release the human driver from the driving task. The iterative learning of the human target path on the basis of the proposed algorithm is in the spatial domain, and is effective in the presence of uncertain human driving speeds. The validity of the proposed method is proved by rigorous analysis and demonstrated by numerical simulations.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterisation of titanate nanomaterial thin films in mixed aqueous NaOH/KOH
Authors: An Yongliang , Yin Dongsong , Song Liang , Chen Yongsheng , Gao Kunkun
Published: January 2020

Titanate nanomaterial thin films were prepared using an alkaline hydrothermal method in various molar ratios of NaOH/KOH mixed aqueous solution at a total concentration of 10 M. The as‐prepared nanomaterials were characterised by X‐ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the molar ratio of Na+/K+ on the morphologies and microstructures of titanate nanomaterials were studied. With the molar ratio of Na+/K+ decreases, the mean diameter of nanomaterials increases. The phase and structure transformation of nanomaterials were from sodium titanate nanotubes to potassium titanate nanowires and the formation mechanism was discussed.
Complexité du vécu des proches de patients en éveil de coma : chaos et créativité
Authors: Mimouni Arnaud , Scelles Régine
Published: January 2020

Dans le cadre de la prise en charge d’un patient cérébro-lésé, l’accompagnement de sa famille est complexe.Problématique: L’objectif de cet article est de mieux comprendre ce que vivent les proches d’un patient hospitalisé dans une unité d’éveil de coma. Considérant le patient dans sa souffrance neurologique et psychique, et également en situation de précarité subjective, nous nous intéressons aux conséquences sur les relations intersubjectives entre les proches et d’une part le patient et d’autre part les soignants.Méthodologie et résultats: Dans une approche clinique, partant d’une pratique de psychologue et d’un travail de nous avons pu repérer la complexité agissant sur chacune des subjectivités et sur les relations intersubjectives entre les proches, le patient et les soignants.Discussion: Cette clinique des proches de patient présente des spécificités à des niveaux subjectifs et intersubjectifs, chez des sujets en souffrance dans capacité d’exprimer de demande d’aide.Perspectives: À partir de ces résultats, il apparait nécessaire de prendre en compte le vécu des proches afin de proposer une aide qui tienne compte des spécificités des vécus chacun durant l’hospitalisation du patient. Il convient, à partir de ces résultats, d’en tirer des pistes pour que l’univers soignant favorise l’expression subjective des proches tout en les amenant à laisser le patient redevenir sujet au cours du processus d’éveil.
L’enfant difficile à l’âge de latence : de l’importance d’évaluer pour bien traiter
Authors: de Becker Emmanuel
Published: January 2020

Les facteurs qui influencent le devenir de la pulsion agressive se situent tant au niveau de l’enfant lui-même qu’à celui de l’entourage socio-familial et de la société. Le comportement difficile de l’enfant à l’âge de latence interroge de nombreux paramètres, tant sur le plan du fonctionnement psychique de l’individu concerné qu’au niveau relationnel. Par ailleurs, ce cortège symptomatologique vient questionner les valeurs sociétales, dont, entre autres, la notion d’autorité. Ainsi, ces difficultés habituellement tenaces demandent une prise en charge adéquate et une réflexion la plus large possible sur les relations à l’intérieur des familles et dans notre société en général. La démarche évaluative consiste à appréhender la fonction des symptômes, la souffrance de l’enfant dans sa trajectoire neuro-psycho-développementale afin d’engager un accompagnement d’aide et de soins adapté. Derrière le terme d’enfant « difficile », se découvre habituellement une grande souffrance psychique plus ou moins reconnue. L’évaluation porte sur l’enfant en question dans ses dimensions cognitive, affective, relationnelle, ainsi que sur l’entourage socio-familial. Il est essentiel d’appréhender les attitudes de l’entourage socio-familial par rapport au comportement difficile de l’enfant, en précisant qu’il s’agit, une fois encore, d’un phénomène circulaire.
A new procedure combining local resection with endoscopic submucosal dissection for low rectal tumor: a four-case series
Authors: Asayama Naoki , Nagata Shinji , Miguchi Masashi , Shigita Kenjiro , Aoyama Taiki , Fukumoto Akira , Mukai Shinichi
Published: January 2020

Rectal tumors are traditionally resected by proctectomy to ensure the achievement of negative margins, an approach associated with an adverse impact on subsequent quality of life due to sequelae such as permanent stoma and urinary and sexual dysfunction. Many studies have now demonstrated that recurrence after local excision of early rectal tumors is significantly higher than would typically be expected. We have developed a new procedure, described herein, that combines local resection with endoscopic submucosal dissection for low rectal tumor. We report four consecutive cases (three submucosal tumors and one tumor with clinical deep submucosal invasion) treated at Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital between January 2009 and March 2018. The mean duration of the procedure was 137 minutes. The en bloc resection and histologically complete resection rates were 100 %. Delayed bleeding and perforation rates were 0 %. Postoperative complications were fever and anal pain (one case each). All patients recovered with conservative therapy. No recurrence was found in any of the four patients during a follow-up period of 56 months. Our combined endoscopic and surgical procedure for low rectal tumors enabled definite negative vertical margins, reduced tumor volume, allowed for accurate pathological diagnosis, preserved rectal function, and aided the decision on additional therapy.
Politik muss die Stimme der Pflege hören
Authors: Maio Giovanni
Published: January 2020

Pflege als eigene Profession muss sich oft an vorgegebenen Prozessen orientieren. Viel zu oft bleiben so genuine Aufgaben der Berugsgruppe auf der Strecke. Der MedizinethikerProf. Giovanni Maio plädiert dafür, auf die Stimme der Pflege zu hören.
Oligoether-Substituted Derivatives of Carbon-Rich 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaethynyltribenzo[a,e,i]cyclododeca-5,11,17-triyne (C36H12) and 1,4,9,12-Tetrakis(ethynyl)dibenzo[a,g]cyclododeca-5,7,13,15-tetrayne (C28H8): Potential Precursors to the Circular [6]Phenylene (‘Antikekulene’) Frame
Authors: Dahlmann Uwe , Vollhardt K. Peter C.
Published: January 2020

The title compounds, in which the terminal alkyne functions are adorned with -CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH3 or -p-C6H4OCH2CH2 OCH2CH2OCH3 substituents, were synthesized. The strategies for their preparation relied on prior art and involved the use of Sonogashira alkynylations of appropriate haloarenes, Stephens–Castro cyclizations of 1,2,4-trialkynyl-3-iodobenzenes, and Hay oxidative couplings of 1,2,3,4-tetralkynylbenzenes. The targets form yellow materials, exhibiting yellow-green fluorescence, and they are very soluble in polar solvents, but only sparingly so in nonpolar media. Attempts to convert them into the antikekulene frame through CpCo(CO)2-catalyzed (co)-cyclizations failed.
Cluster Preface: Biocatalysis
Authors: Hyster Todd K.
Published: January 2020

Enzymes are valuable catalysts in chemical synthesis because they offer levels of efficiency and product selectivity that surpass what can be achieved using traditional catalytic strategies. This Cluster highlights advances in this important field, highlighting different ways in which biocatalysis can be used in organic chemistry.
Safety of Retrograde Flow of Internal Mammary Vein: Cadaveric Study and Anatomical Evidence
Authors: Seok Nam Yong , Hong Eunah , Kwon Jin Geun , Kim In-Beom , Eom Jin Sup , Han Hyun Ho
Published: January 2020

Background Additional second vessels may be required to handle multiple flaps used to add breast volume, boost blood flow for supercharging, or use salvage recipient vessels. In these situations, retrograde internal mammary vessel flow can be used although this causes doubts and concerns.

Patients and Methods Forty sides of the chests of 20 fresh cadavers with intact thoracic cages and internal mammary veins (IMV) were used in the study. IMV valve numbers and locations were checked, and the bifurcation was confirmed. A retrograde fluorescent angiography and a saline infusion test were followed to confirm flow direction.

Results Twenty-eight vessels were identified in 40 sides of the chest; of them, 45% had no valves. A mean 0.7 valves per chest side were identified; 23 (82.1%) of 28 valves were located above the second intercostal space (ICS). A mean 1.76 communicating veins were found between the IMV bifurcation. In all cadavers, a crossing vein connecting the left and right medial IMV was confirmed just below the xiphoid process. Fluorescent angiography and a saline infusion test proved that the retrograde flow was caudal through the bifurcated IMV to the communicating, intercostal, and crossing veins.

Conclusion The IMV valve was present in 55% of our subjects and located concentrically above the second ICS level. It is highly unlikely that the retrograde flow was disturbed because the retrograde anastomosis level was below the second ICS. Furthermore, the bifurcation, intercostal, and crossing veins across the xiphoid process enabled valve-less detour flow. Thus, retrograde IMV flow is considered safe.
Deformidade dos ossos pélvicos e sua correlação com o ângulo centro-borda acetabular
Authors: Roos Bruno Dutra , Roos Milton Valdomiro , Camisa Júnior Antero , Lima Ezequiel Moreno Ungaretti , Tisatto Darby Lira , Argoud Marcel Cruz
Published: January 2020

Objetivos O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a deformidade dos ossos pélvicos e sua correlação com ângulo centro-borda acetabular (CE).

Métodos Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo caso-controle, entre agosto de 2014 e abril de 2015. Os critérios de inclusão foram pacientes consecutivos com idades entre 20 e 60 anos. Os critérios de exclusão foram: doença metabólica, cirurgia prévia de quadril ou coluna, radiografia evidenciando artrose de quadril ≥ Tönnis 2, displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) severa, sobrecobertura acetabular global, sinal do cruzamento das linhas acetabulares, deformidades decorrentes de epifisiólise ou Legg-Perthes-Calveé, e radiografia sem qualidade adequada. Foram avaliados na radiografia anteroposterior (AP) de pelve: o ângulo CE, índice acetabular (IA), sinal do cruzamento das linhas acetabulares, mensuração do eixo horizontal e vertical da hemipelve superior e inferior (H1: Linha Horizontal 1, hemipelve superior; H2: Linha Horizontal 2, hemipelve superior; V1: Linha Vertical, hemipelve superior; HR: Linha Horizontal, hemipelve inferior; VR: Linha Vertical, hemipelve inferior). As mensurações H1, H2, V1, HR e VR foram consideradas assimétricas quando, na comparação de uma hemipelve em relação ao lado contralateral, evidenciou-se uma diferença > 5 mm. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos: controle e grupo 1.

Resultados O total de pacientes avaliados no período foi de 228 (456 quadris). De acordo com os critérios estabelecidos, foram incluídos neste estudo 93 pacientes. A idade média foi de 39,9 anos (20 a 60 anos, desvio padrão [DP] = 10,5), e o ângulo CE médio do quadril direito foi de 31,5° (20° a 40°) e do esquerdo de 32,3° (20° a 40°). Um total de 38 pacientes foi incluído no grupo controle, sendo que com relação à H1, foi constatada aferição assimétrica em 4 casos (10,5%), H2 em 5 (13,1%), V1 em 7 (18,4%), HR em 5 (13,1%), e VR em 1 caso (2,63%). No grupo 1, foram incluídos 55 pacientes, sendo que com relação à H1, foi constatada aferição assimétrica em 24 casos (43,6%), H2 em 50 (90,9%), V1 em 28 (50,9%), HR em 16 (29,09%), e VR em 8 casos (14,5%). Na comparação entre o grupo controle e o grupo 1, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa para a assimetria das mensurações H1, H2 e V1 (p < 0,001).

Conclusão No presente trabalho, evidenciou-se correlação entre variação do ângulo CE acetabular e assimetria da hemipelve superior. Os presentes autores acreditam que o melhor entendimento das alterações morfológicas pélvicas permite uma maior facilidade no diagnóstico das deformidades articulares do quadril.
Protocolo para captação, transporte e preservação de tecido osteocondral humano
Authors: Vivacqua Thiago Alberto , Prinz Rafael Dantas , Cavanellas Naasson , Barretto João Maurício , de Sousa Eduardo Branco , Aguiar Diego Pinheiro
Published: January 2020

Objetivo Elaborar um protocolo para a captação, transporte e preservação de tecido osteocondral humano para utilização em banco de tecidos (BT).

Métodos Foram analisados fragmentos osteocondrais com dimensão de 2 cm3 de 5 doadores cadáveres com idades entre 15 e 45 anos. As amostras foram armazenadas em meio de preservação celular contendo: albumina humana, Iscove's e vancomicina preservados à temperatura de 4°C. A concentração de proteoglicanos no meio extracelular foi quantificada pelo uso de Safranina-O, enquanto a análise estrutural do tecido foi avaliada através de estudo histológico com lâminas coradas em hematoxilina-eosina. As imagens obtidas foram analisadas segundo os escore histológicos de Mankin e o escore proposto pela OsteoArthritis Research Society International. As amostras foram analisadas com 0, 15, 30 e 45 dias de preservação.

Resultados Os fragmentos osteocondrais estudados apresentaram diminuição progressiva na concentração de proteoglicanos com o aumento do tempo de preservação. Após 30 dias de preservação, foram identificadas alterações estruturais com descontinuidade da camada superficial da cartilagem. Segundo os resultados obtidos pelo escore de Mankin, houve diferença com significância estatística entre 15 e 30 dias de preservação do tecido.

Conclusão O protocolo descrito definiu o transporte de joelho em bloco imerso em Ringer Lactato em temperatura controlada a 10°C até sua chegada ao BT. Após o processamento, a solução de preservação foi composta por meio de cultura celular sem soro Iscove's suplementado com albumina humana a 10% e vancomicina 100 µg/mL. O tecido foi preservado à temperatura de 4°C até o momento do transplante caracterizando a preservação a fresco.
Homeopathic Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Open, Observational Trial
Authors: Kundu Nivedita , De Mahadeb , Singh Subhas , Michael James , Nath Arunava , Magotra Nitin , Koley Munmun , Saha Subhranil
Published: January 2020

Background Rheumatological complaints including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are frequently encountered conditions in homeopathy practice. On account of progressive destruction and disability of the joints, and troublesome side effects and dissatisfaction with the mainstream therapies, homeopathy remains one of the most sought-after therapies; however, it remained under-researched systematically. Aim of this trial was to evaluate the possible role of homeopathic treatment in RA by determining changes in severity of complaints and quality of life.

Materials and Methods An open observational trial was performed on 50 patients suffering from RA (classified as per 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria) at National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata and were assessed over 4 months of treatment. Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS28) and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) were used as the primary and secondary outcome measures respectively. Individualised medicines were prescribed on the basis of homeopathic principles.

Results Six patients dropped out; 44 completed the trial. Intention-to-treat sample (n = 50) was analysed in the end. There were statistically significant reductions in both DAS28 score (6.8 ± 1.0 vs. 6.1 ± 1.2; mean reduction 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9, p < 0.001) and RADAI score (6.6 ± 1.8 vs. 5.2 ± 1.9; mean reduction 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.9, p < 0.001) over 4 months of individualised homeopathic treatment.

Conclusion Individualised homeopathic medicines seemed to produce promising treatment effects by reducing DAS28 and RADAI scores significantly over 4 months. Further randomised trials are warranted with enhanced methodological rigor (Trial registration: CTRI/2017/06/008848).
3D turbulent reconnection: Theory, tests, and astrophysical implications
Authors: Lazarian Alex , Eyink Gregory L. , Jafari Amir , Kowal Grzegorz , Li Hui , Xu Siyao , Vishniac Ethan T.
Published: January 2020

Magnetic reconnection, topological changes in magnetic fields, is a fundamental process in magnetized plasmas. It is associated with energy release in regions of magnetic field annihilation, but this is only one facet of this process. Astrophysical fluid flows normally have very large Reynolds numbers and are expected to be turbulent, in agreement with observations. In strong turbulence, magnetic field lines constantly reconnect everywhere and on all scales, thus making magnetic reconnection an intrinsic part of the turbulent cascade. We note in particular that this is inconsistent with the usual practice of magnetic field lines as persistent dynamical elements. A number of theoretical, numerical, and observational studies starting with the paper done by Lazarian and Vishniac [Astrophys. J. 517, 700–718 (1999)] proposed that 3D turbulence makes magnetic reconnection fast and that magnetic reconnection and turbulence are intrinsically connected. In particular, we discuss the dramatic violation of the textbook concept of magnetic flux-freezing in the presence of turbulence. We demonstrate that in the presence of turbulence, the plasma effects are subdominant to turbulence as far as the magnetic reconnection is concerned. The latter fact justifies a magnetohydrodynamiclike treatment of magnetic reconnection on all scales much larger than the relevant plasma scales. We discuss the numerical and observational evidence supporting the turbulent reconnection model. In particular, we demonstrate that the tearing reconnection is suppressed in 3D, and unlike the 2D settings, 3D reconnection induces turbulence that makes magnetic reconnection independent of resistivity. We show that turbulent reconnection dramatically affects key astrophysical processes, e.g., star formation, turbulent dynamo, and acceleration of cosmic rays. We provide criticism of the concept of “reconnection-mediated turbulence” and explain why turbulent reconnection is very different from enhanced turbulent resistivity and hyper-resistivity and why the latter have fatal conceptual flaws.
Nonlinear q-voter model from the quenched perspective
Authors: Jędrzejewski Arkadiusz , Sznajd-Weron Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

We compare two versions of the nonlinear q-voter model: the original one, with annealed randomness, and the modified one, with quenched randomness. In the original model, each voter changes its opinion with a certain probability ϵ if the group of influence is not unanimous. In contrast, the modified version introduces two types of voters that act in a deterministic way in the case of disagreement in the influence group: the fraction ϵ of voters always change their current opinion, whereas the rest of them always maintain it. Although both concepts of randomness lead to the same average number of opinion changes in the system on the microscopic level, they cause qualitatively distinct results on the macroscopic level. We focus on the mean-field description of these models. Our approach relies on the stability analysis by the linearization technique developed within dynamical system theory. This approach allows us to derive complete, exact phase diagrams for both models. The results obtained in this paper indicate that quenched randomness promotes continuous phase transitions to a greater extent, whereas annealed randomness favors discontinuous ones. The quenched model also creates combinations of continuous and discontinuous phase transitions unobserved in the annealed model, in which the up–down symmetry may be spontaneously broken inside or outside the hysteresis loop. The analytical results are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations carried out on a complete graph.
Collective motility of cancer cells in hyperthermia
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: January 2020

Scientists study the effect of heat stress on not just individual cancer cells but on the collective movement of a group of cancer cells.
SOLPS-ITER modeling with activated drifts for a snowflake divertor in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Pan O , Lunt T , Wischmeier M , Coster D , Stroth U
Published: January 2020

We report on the first SOLPS-ITER simulations of a low-field side snowflake minus (LFS SF−) divertor configuration with drifts fully activated in ASDEX Upgrade. Compared to a reference case without drifts, the simulation in normal toroidal magnetic field configuration (B × ∇B points to the primary X-point) shows a larger low-field-side/high-field-side asymmetry, an enhanced radial cross field transport, as well as a flux redistribution between the primary and secondary strike points. Although small compared to the total input power, power is found even on a strike point magnetically disconnected from the outer mid-plane, which is hard to explain by purely diffusive transport.
Quantum state merging with bound entanglement
Authors: Streltsov Alexander
Published: January 2020

Quantum state merging is one of the most important protocols in quantum information theory. In this task two parties aim to merge their parts of a pure tripartite state by making use of additional singlets while preserving correlations with a third party. We study a variation of this scenario where the shared state is not necessarily pure, and the merging parties have free access to local operations, classical communication, and positive partial transpose (PPT) entangled states. We provide general conditions for a state to admit perfect merging, and present a family of fully separable states which cannot be perfectly merged if the merging parties have no access to additional singlets. We also show that free PPT entangled states do not give any advantage for merging of pure states, and the conditional entropy plays the same role as in standard quantum state merging quantifying the rate of additional singlets needed to perfectly merge the state.
Driving quantum correlated atom-pairs from a Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Chih Liang-Ying , Holland Murray
Published: January 2020

The ability to cool quantum gases into the quantum degenerate realm has opened up possibilities for an extreme level of quantum-state control. In this paper, we investigate one such control protocol that demonstrates the resonant amplification of quasimomentum pairs from a Bose–Einstein condensate by the periodic modulation of the two-body s-wave scattering length. This shows a capability to selectively amplify quantum fluctuations with a predetermined momentum, where the momentum value can be spectroscopically tuned. A classical external field that excites pairs of particles with the same energy but opposite momenta is reminiscent of the coherently-driven nonlinearity in a parametric amplifier crystal in nonlinear optics. For this reason, it may be anticipated that the evolution will generate a ‘squeezed’ matter-wave state in the quasiparticle mode on resonance with the modulation frequency. Our model and analysis is motivated by a recent experiment by Clark et al that observed a time-of-flight pattern similar to an exploding firework (Clark et al 2017 Nature
551 356–9). Since the drive is a highly coherent process, we interpret the observed firework patterns as arising from a monotonic growth in the two-body correlation amplitude, so that the jets should contain correlated atom pairs with nearly equal and opposite momenta. We propose a potential future experiment based on applying Ramsey interferometry to experimentally probe these pair correlations.
Changing rapid weather variability increases influenza epidemic risk in a warming climate
Authors: Liu Qi , Tan Zhe-Min , Sun Jie , Hou Yayi , Fu Congbin , Wu Zhaohua
Published: January 2020

It is believed that the continuing change in the Earth’s climate will affect the viral activity and transmission of influenza over the coming decades. However, a consensus of the severity of the risk of an influenza epidemic in a warming climate has not been reached. It was previously reported that the warmer winter can reduce influenza epidemic caused mortality, but this relation cannot explain the deadly influenza epidemic in many countries over northern mid-latitudes in the winter of 2017–2018, one of the warmest winters in recent decades. Here, we reveal that the widely spread 2017–2018 influenza epidemic can be attributed to the abnormally strong rapid weather variability. We demonstrate, from historical data, that the large rapid weather variability in autumn can precondition the deadly influenza epidemic in the subsequent months in highly populated northern mid-latitudes; and the influenza epidemic season of 2017–2018 was a typical case. We further show that climate model projections reach a consensus that the rapid weather variability in autumn will continue to strengthen in some regions of northern mid-latitudes in a warming climate, implying that the risk of an influenza epidemic may increase 20% to 50% in some highly populated regions in the later 21st century.
Geographic versus institutional drivers of nitrogen footprints: a comparison of two urban universities
Authors: MacDonald Graham K , Talbot Julie , Moore Tim R , Arsenault Julien , McCourt Sibeal , Goertzen Aidan , Kessler-Nadeau Max Émile , Manaugh Kevin , Maranger Roxane , Robinson Brian E
Published: January 2020

Excess reactive nitrogen (N) is linked to a myriad of environmental problems that carry large social costs. Nitrogen footprint tools can help institutions understand how their direct and indirect activities are associated with N release to the environment through energy use, food, and transportation. However, little is known about how geographic context shapes the environmental footprints of institutions. Defining the system boundaries over which institutions are responsible and able to control individual drivers of N footprints is also a challenge. Here, we compare and contrast the circa 2017 N footprints for two research intensive universities located in Montréal, Canada, with a combined full-time equivalent campus population of ∼83 000. Our estimate of McGill University’s N footprint (121.2 t N yr−1) is 48% greater than Université de Montréal’s (74.1 t N yr−1), which is also reflected on a per capita basis (3.3 and 1.6 kg N capita−1 yr−1, respectively). Key institutional factors that explain the differences include McGill’s larger residential and international student populations, research farm, and characteristics of its on-campus fuel use. We use a series of counterfactual scenarios to test how shared urban geographic context factors lead to an effective reduction of the N footprints at both universities: the relatively small direct role of both institutions in food intake on campus (29%–68% reduction compared to a counterfactual scenario), energy from hydroelectricity (17%–21% reduction), and minimal car commuting by students (2%–3% reduction). In contrast, the near-zero N removal from the municipal wastewater system effectively increases the N footprints (11%–13% increase compared to a modest N removal and offset scenario). Our findings suggest that a shared geographic context of a dense city with plentiful off-campus housing, food options, and access to hydroelectricity shapes the absolute N footprints of Montréal’s two main universities more than the divergent institutional characteristics that influence their relative N footprints.
History and perspectives for the expansion of the Russian Arctic o Ecumene
Authors: Gladkiy Yu N , Sukhorukov V D , Samylovskaya E A , A Kudryavtseva R-E , Almazova-Ilyina A B
Published: January 2020

The study of the Arctic has been and remains an urgent scientific and practical task. The Arctic region plays an exceptional role in modern world politics and economy. Russia is an active participant in all Arctic events. Arctic possessions of Russia are huge and rich in many kinds of valuable resources. The authors formulate General theoretical provisions and criteria of practical effectiveness, with the help of which it is possible to fix the strategy and objectives in the field of development of the Russian Arctic as an intensive living space (Ecumene). Such provisions and criteria are associated with so-called “codes of expansion”, among which the natural, civilizational, socio-economic, ecological, recreational and geopolitical are analyzed. It is emphasized that the main reason for the slow development and low population of the Arctic zone of Russia are extreme climatic conditions, including permanent ice cover and drifting ice in the Arctic seas.
The Northern Sea Route: problems and prospects of development of transport route in the Arctic
Authors: Fedorov V P , Zhuravel V P , Grinyaev S N , Medvedev D A
Published: January 2020

Abstract The article reveals the peculiarities of the Northern Sea route as a key transport route in the Arctic and assesses the current state and prospects for its development. The authors pays attention to the analysis of restructure and growth of the cargo transportation on the Norhten Sea route, as well as measures for its development and improvement of the organizational structure of management, and navigation safety, and also development of port’s infrastructures in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. It is noted that the state corporation Rosatom in late 2018 adopted the functionals of the single infrastructure operator of the Northern Sea route. Measures taken by the government of the Russian Federation to further develop a modern icebreaker fleet are revealed. It is noted that the new approach to the functioning of the Northern Sea route consists in a significant increase in its cargo transportation with the parallel development of Russian Arctic territories within the framework of the pivotal development zones. The authors conclude that the present development of the Northen Sea route is more directed for solving social and economic problems in the Russian Arctic. The article also outlines the perspective international aspects of the development of the Northern Sea route, which are already being implemented.
Assessment of challenges, threats, and prospects in development of cities and towns in the Arctic zone
Authors: Kozin M , Skotarenko O , Plotnikov V
Published: January 2020

The article suggests a way of tackling one of the crucial issues, namely using a novel research framework in management of territorial processes based on the qualimetric methodological approach. The goal of the study is to identify major limitations, challenges, and threats occurring during economic development of Arctic territories on the basis of an analysis of socioeconomic development and to suggest, on this basis, prospective areas of economic practices and development in the Arctic. The study is based on a systemic methodological approach to assessment of factors in economic practices in Arctic territories, a concept and methodology of sustainable development, methods of comparative (interregional and international) analysis, institutional analysis and development. The article analyses the prerequisites for socioeconomic development of Arctic territories; identifies the factors, limitations, challenges, and threats for their sustainable development; contains a comparative analysis of national practices in economic exploration in the Arctic zone; describes the purposes of government regulation in those processes and their institutionalisation in economic policy; suggests prospective of economic development in the Arctic zone; provides recommendations for improvement in the aforesaid development. Conclusions and recommendations. The study has shown that, depending on the combination of natural, climatic, social, resource, environmental, and other factors characterising a particular territory within the Arctic, a specific model of institutional regulation in its development should be created and institutionalised. The study has identified and listed the challenges and threats in economic practices in the Arctic zone. Prospective areas in economic exploration have been proposed.
Precisely calibrated and spatially informed illumination for conventional fluorescence and improved PALM imaging applications
Authors: Mancebo Angel , DeMars Luke , Ertsgaard Christopher T , Puchner Elias M
Published: January 2020

Spatial light modulation using cost efficient digital micromirror devices (DMD) is finding broad applications in fluorescence microscopy due to the reduction of phototoxicity and bleaching and the ability to manipulate proteins in optogenetic experiments. However, precise illumination by DMDs and their application to single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) remained a challenge because of non-linear distortions between the DMD and camera coordinate systems caused by optical components in the excitation and emission path. Here we develop a fast and easy to implement calibration procedure that determines these distortions and matches the DMD and camera coordinate system with a precision below the optical diffraction limit. As a result, a region from a fluorescence image can be selected with a higher precision for illumination compared to a rigid transformation allowed by manual alignment of the DMD. We first demonstrate the application of our precisely calibrated light modulation by performing a proof of concept fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiment with the endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein IRE1 fused to GFP in budding yeast (S. cerevisiae). Next, we develop a spatially informed photoactivation approach for SMLM in which only regions of the cell that contain photoactivatable fluorescent proteins are selected for photoactivation. The reduced exposure of the cells to 405 nm light increased the possible imaging time by 44% until phototoxic effects cause a dominant fluorescence background and a change in cell morphology. As a result, the mean number of reliable single-molecule localizations was also significantly increased by 28%. Since the localization precision and the ability for single-molecule tracking is not altered compared to traditional photoactivation of the entire field of view, spatially informed photoactivation significantly improves the quality of SMLM images and single-molecule tracking data. Our precise calibration method therefore lays the foundation for improved SMLM with active feedback photoactivation far beyond the applications in this work.
Synthesis of LaMnO3-reduced graphene oxide or Sr composite and their application in electrochemical properties
Authors: Peng Chen , Yanyue Liu , Yuanyuan Jiao , Haiyan Wang , Zijiong Li
Published: January 2020

Perovskite structural metal oxides as electrode materials present promising and potential properties due to excellent storage characteristics. Herein, series of perovskite type LaMnO3 nanopowders were synthesized by the ‘sol-gel’ method with a heat treatment at different temperatures (700 °C–900 °C) for different times. The morphology characterization, structures and electrochemical performances were investigated. The preferable sample for electrochemical energy storage device can be obtained at 900 °C with 2 h annealing. Furthermore, to improve the properties of the electrode materials, the samples were combined and rectified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and strontium (Sr), respectively. The results indicate that the rGO/Sr-doped LaMnO3 oxide materials have excellent electrochemical properties. These findings are beneficial for the selection and preparation of electrode materials.
Attosecond timing of the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect
Authors: Lucchini M , Sato S A , Schlaepfer F , Yabana K , Gallmann L , Rubio A , Keller U
Published: January 2020

To what extent do intra- or inter-band transitions dominate the optical response of dielectrics when pumped by a few-cycle near-infrared transient electric field? In order to find an answer to this question we investigate the dynamical Franz–Keldysh effect in polycrystalline diamond and discuss in detail the attosecond delay of the induced electron dynamics with regard to the driving transient electric field while the peak intensity is varied between 1 × 1012 and 10 × 1012 W cm−2. We found that the main oscillating feature in transient absorption at 43 eV is in phase with the electric field of the pump, to within 49 ± 78 as. However, the phase delay shows a slightly asymmetric V-shaped linear energy dispersion with a rate of about 200 as eV–1. Theoretical calculations within the dipole approximation reproduce the data and allow us to conclude that intra-band motion dominates under our experimental conditions.
Kaehler submanifolds of hyperbolic space
Authors: Dajczer M. , Vlachos Th.
Published: January 2020

We present several local and global results on isometric immersions of Kaehler manifolds

M

2
n

M^{2n}

into hyperbolic space

H

2
n
+
p

\mathbb {H}^{2n+p}

. For instance, a classification is given in the case of dimension

n
≥
4

n\geq 4

and codimension

p
=
2

p=2

. Moreover, as corollaries of general results, we conclude that there are no isometric immersions in codimension

p
≤
n
−
2

p\leq n-2

if the Kaehler manifold is of dimension

n
≥
4

n\geq 4

and either has a point of positive holomorphic sectional curvature or is compact.
Local theory of free noncommutative functions: germs, meromorphic functions, and Hermite interpolation
Authors: Klep Igor , Vinnikov Victor , Volčič Jurij
Published: January 2020

Free analysis is a quantization of the usual function theory much like operator space theory is a quantization of classical functional analysis. Basic objects of free analysis are noncommutative functions. These are maps on tuples of matrices of all sizes that preserve direct sums and similarities.

This paper investigates the local theory of noncommutative functions. The first main result shows that for a scalar point

Y
Y

, the ring

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

of uniformly analytic noncommutative germs about

Y
Y

is an integral domain and admits a universal skew field of fractions, whose elements are called meromorphic germs. A corollary is a local-global rank principle that connects ranks of matrix evaluations of a matrix

A
A

over

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

with the factorization of

A
A

over

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

. Different phenomena occur for a semisimple tuple of nonscalar matrices

Y
Y

. Here it is shown that

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

contains copies of the matrix algebra generated by

Y
Y

. In particular, there exist nonzero nilpotent uniformly analytic functions defined in a neighborhood of

Y
Y

, and

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

does not embed into a skew field. Nevertheless, the ring

O

Y

ua

\mathcal {O}^{\operatorname {ua}}_Y

is described as the completion of a free algebra with respect to the vanishing ideal at

Y
Y

. This is a consequence of the second main result, a free Hermite interpolation theorem: if

f
f

is a noncommutative function, then for any finite set of semisimple points and a natural number

L
L

there exists a noncommutative polynomial that agrees with

f
f

at the chosen points up to differentials of order

L
L

. All the obtained results also have analogs for (nonuniformly) analytic germs and formal germs.
Automorphisms of Hilbert schemes of points on surfaces
Authors: Belmans Pieter , Oberdieck Georg , Rennemo Jørgen
Published: January 2020

We show that every automorphism of the Hilbert scheme ofnnpoints on a weak Fano or general type surface is natural, i.e., induced by an automorphism of the surface, unless the surface is a product of curves andn=2n=2. In the exceptional case there exists a unique nonnatural automorphism. More generally, we prove that any isomorphism between Hilbert schemes of points on smooth projective surfaces, where one of the surfaces is weak Fano or of general type and not equal to the product of curves, is natural. We also show that every automorphism of the Hilbert scheme of22points onPn\mathbb {P}^nis natural.
Incidence of Obstetric Lacerations and Episiotomy Following Labiaplasty
Authors: Kearney Aaron M , Turin Sergey Y , Placik Otto J , Wattanasupachoke Laura
Published: January 2020

Background

A significant proportion of patients seeking labiaplasty are nulliparous and may experience later changes to their labia following vaginal delivery.

Objectives

In the present study, the authors reported the long-term outcomes of a single surgeon’s patient cohort who had vaginal delivery after labiaplasty.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of the senior author’s database was conducted. All patients who underwent in-office labiaplasty from 2007 to 2018 were surveyed. The resulting cohort was stratified into patients who had delivered children prior to labiaplasty and those who delivered after labiaplasty.

Results

A total of 204 patients responded to a phone survey. Seventy patients had children prior to undergoing labiaplasty, and 33 had children after labiaplasty. The rate of vaginal delivery was lower in the women who had children before labiaplasty (82.6% vs 91.8%, P = 0.015). The tear/episiotomy rate for vaginal deliveries was lower in women who had children prior to labiaplasty compared with after labiaplasty (3.1% vs 17.8%, P < 0.001). Among the women who had children only after labiaplasty, the reported tear/episiotomy rate was 7/39 vaginal deliveries (17.9%).

Conclusion

Patients in our cohort had over 90% success with vaginal deliveries after labiaplasty. For nulliparous patients contemplating the procedure, the data we present suggest the risk of episiotomy or vaginal tear risk with vaginal birth after labiaplasty is comparable with or lower than the general population, further supporting the safety of this procedure. For patients with previous delivery, the data are more limited but suggest no increased risk in this small cohort.

Level of Evidence: 4