bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FEROMÔNIO SEXUAL: UMA FERRAMENTA BIOTECNOLÓGICA PARA O MONITORAMENTO DE Chloridea virescens (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) NA CULTURA DA SOJA
Authors: Godoy Marcos Ficner , da Silva Jefferson Marcelo A. , Viana Eliza Vitória M. , Oliveira Adeildo Junior , Pereira Mônica Josene B
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Chloridea virescens é uma praga que ocasiona perdas significativas na cultura da soja, danificando folhas, flores e vagens, elevando o custo de produção devido ao uso excessivo de inseticidas, na grande maioria não seletivos, que reduzem diretamente os inimigos naturais da praga, além de favorecer a seleção de populações resistentes aos principais grupos químicos utilizados no controle de C. virescens. Para minimizar os impactos gerados pelos agroquímicos, torna-se necessário, a busca por tecnologias sustentáveis, como os feromônios sexuais, que são altamente específicos e se destacam como uma ferramenta importante, no monitoramento e controle de pragas. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficiência de duas formulações de feromônio sexual para o monitoramento de C. virescens na soja. Material e métodos: O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 3 tratamentos e 5 repetições, foram testadas 2 formulações de feromônio sexual de C. virescens – F1 e F2, como controle foi utilizado o solvente hexano. As armadilhas usadas foram do tipo Delta de cor branca, com septo de borracha impregnado com as diferentes formulações. Estas foram instaladas no campo no período reprodutivo da soja na safra 2020/2021 em Tangará da Serra – MT. Os tapetes adesivos das armadilhas foram trocados semanalmente. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Desvio e ao Modelo Linear Generalizado (GLM). Resultados: As formulações diferiram entre si (p<0,05), com a formulação 2 capturando 113 mariposas (83,70%), formulação 1 coletando 15 (11,11%) e o hexano coletando 7 (5,19%). Conclusão: Os resultados dessa pesquisa demonstram que a formulação 2 tem potencial para o manejo voltado para o monitoramento de C. virescens na cultura da soja em Mato Grosso, contudo novos estudos devem ser realizados para otimizar a formulação e melhorar a eficiência da captura de mariposas de C. virescens.
PROSPECÇÃO DE CANDIDATOS A FÁRMACOS PARA TRATAMENTO DE TUMORES MALIGNOS
Authors: Menezes Lis Mariana da Silva , Garcia Liliane Rodrigues , Gonçalves Gabrieli Carolina Favacho , da Silva Ronaldo Correia , Lima Adonis de Melo
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A principal característica do câncer é o crescimento descontrolado de células neoplásicas, formando tumores. Tecidos tumorais apresentam dependência do aminoácido L-asparagina para se desenvolver, sendo a obtenção desse aminoácido feita do meio extracelular. Alguns medicamentos quimioterápicos hidrolisam a asparagina em amônia e aspartato, eliminando a fonte sérica de asparagina das células tumorais, causando uma apoptose seletiva. Esse efeito é possível pela presença da enzima asparaginase utilizada como princípio ativo dos medicamentos anticancerígenos. Ess molécula é isolada principalmente da bactéria E.coli, porém pacientes têm apresentado efeitos colaterais ao uso de medicamentos que a contem, sendo necessárias novas alternativas farmacológicas. Objetivo: Realizar análise in silico do potencial biotecnológico de asparaginase de Erwinia billingiae, a partir da construção 3D da proteína, identificação do sítio ativo e validação do modelo proposto. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma busca a partir da sequência FASTA da L asparaginase de Erwinia billingiae no Protein Data Bank (PDB), para aquisição de um molde proteíco. Posteriormente foi realizado o alinhamento entre as sequências alvo e molde. Foram construídos cinco modelos proteicos no progama modeller 9v8, e estes foram submetidos à validação através do diagrama de Ramachandran, QMEAN, Prosa e ProQ. Resultados: Foi escolhido o PDB 4O0E para ser utilizado como referência para gerar os candidatos a fármaco, sendo construído diversos modelos, validados e escolhido aquele com melhores resultados. O modelo proposto possui 320 aminoácidos, sendo sua estrutura secundária caracterizada por 11 ẞ-folhas, 8 α-hélices e 20 loops, todos equivalentes às estruturas do modelo de referência (4O0E). Foi observada a presença da tríade catalítica T168, T186 e T219 do modelo de referência em posições equivalentes no modelo construído, sugerindo conservação de sua função. Conclusão: A asparaginase de Erwinia billingiae mantém a tríade catalítica de treoninas conservada sugerindo preservação de sua função proteolítica. Estudos adicionais de acoplamento e dinâmica molecular devem ser realizados para observar se ocorrem interações no complexo enzima-substrato.
Determination of TNF-beta Marker in Intrauterine E. coli Induced Endometritis Model in Rats
Authors: MAKAV Mustafa , KURU Mushap
Published: March 2021

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the importance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-beta marker in the endometritis model created by E. coli. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into control and endometritis groups with 7 rats in each group in the study. All animals were fed as ad libitum. No application was made to rats in the control group. Progesterone (P4) was administered subcutaneously to rats in the experimental group at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg between the 0th and 4th days of the study. E. coli was administered intrauterinely at 25 μl and 1 × 105 CFU/rat on the 3rd day. Blood samples were taken at the end of the study after the lives of all animals were terminated in accordance with ethical rules. Hemogram analysis was performed for white blood cell (WBC) levels from the blood samples taken. The TNF-beta analysis was performed with a commercial kit by separating serum from blood samples. Results: WBC (p=0.0004) and TNF-beta (p=0.027) were statistically higher in the endometritis group compared to the control group. Conclusion: Consequently, increased TNF-beta in endometritis may be a diagnostic marker for inflammations in the genital tract. However, its effectiveness may be better demonstrated by conducting comprehensive studies with the relevant marker.
The Nature of Neonatal Experience during Pandemic COVID-19
Authors: van Stralen Daved , Mercer Thomas
Published: March 2021

Life abruptly becomes chaotic. This is much like crossing a threshold into a room where we don't belong. The chaotic situation entrains energy and resources, forming a trajectory to cascading failure. The HRO accepts this trajectory and members of the HRO engage in events even as they do not know how to bring it to an end. This is the liminal period, across the threshold and away from our routines. While it appears daunting, if not dangerous, this approach builds on experiences we have had throughout life. HRO methods uniquely shape the engagement that moves through and out of a liminal period. HRO is a trajectory of engagement that fuses now with the experience of then into simultaneous inquiry and redescription. In these states of engagement, the HRO supports using all our mind.
Tunç Çağı Kılıç Topuzları: Maydos Kilisetepe'den İki Miken Örneği
Authors: BAMYACI A. Onur , BAŞARAN MUTLU Meral
Published: March 2021

Maydos Kilisetepe’nin Va evresinde (MÖ 1500-1300) mermerden üretilmiş küresel formlu iki adet taş buluntu dikkat çekmektedir. Ele geçen buluntuların şaft deliği oyuntusu, karşılıklı iki kenarında birer perçin deliği olması ve Ege Dünyası’nda benzer örneklerin bulunması nedeniyle bu buluntuların çok az sayı ile temsil edilen kılıç ya da kamalara ait topuz olduklarına karar verilmiştir. Pürüzsüz ve oldukça iyi parlak yüzeyli buluntuların benzerleri Batı Anadolu’da Troia ve Beycesultan yerleşmelerinden bilinmektedir. MÖ 2. binyılın ikinci yarısında Ege ile kültürel ilişkilerin kanıtı olarak kabul edilen Yunanistan’da birçok kazıda ele geçen Miken tipi kılıç ve kamalarda görülen, Maydos ile benzer tipteki ünik topuz örnekleri Maydos Kilisetepe’de olası bir Miken etkinliğinin varlığını akla getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada bir yandan Maydos’ta ele geçen kılıç topuzları tanıtılırken diğer yandan Anadolu ve Ege’de görülen Tunç Çağı kılıçlarının ve çoğunlukla mezarlarda bulunan, bir çeşit prestij veya statü nesnesi kabul edilen kılıç ve kamaların tamamlayıcı bir eklentisi olan mermer, fildişi, dağ kristali gibi dönemin beğenisine hitap eden ve pek çok yerleşim için egzotik olabilecek malzemeden üretilen kılıç topuzlarının kronolojik ve tipolojik özellikleri özetlenmiştir.
Binomial nomenclature and its relation to nomenclature of medicinal plants in Classical literatures
Authors: Patel BD , Upadhayaya A , Tiwari NN
Published: March 2021

Background: Practice of Ayurveda nomenclature (Nāmākaranam) of dravyas (Medicinal Plants) in Ayurveda traces back to the Vedic periods which is supposed to be 5000 B.C. In Vedas, plants were named after mythological belief, structure of plant’s part resembling with part of birds and animals, or rituals uses, uddabhava sthana (Habitat), svarūpa (morphological characters), karma (Pharmacological action), etc. It got scientific basis in samhitas period and named more than thousand dravyas by close observation of morphological characters, habit and habitat, and therapeutic uses. However, it states that basis of Nāmākaranam of dravyas was elaborated in Nighantus and enriched with more terminologies, and hence it is known as parayāyas (synonyms). Recently, Bentham & Hooker’s binomial nomenclature has been practiced in Ayurveda so that uniformity of Dravyas names can be maintained and accepted worldwide.

Aim and objective: The main objective of this review is to explore methodology of Nāmākaranam in Vedas, samhitas and Nighantus and its relationship with binomial nomenclature. Material and method: Ayurvedic literatures and surfing web was main sources of gathering information related to names of plants.

Results: Nāmākaranam of plants was found to be based on scientific evidences that describe morphological features, habit and habitat, therapeutic indications, and physical and chemical properties, doctrine of signature, source of raw materials for industries or home made products, etc. For instance, the name catuḥsira for asthisamharī coined in śabdacandrikā suggests its quadrangular stem on which the Latin name Cissus quadrangularis Linn. has been accepted. Some more names can be suggested like Bahusutā (Asparagus racemosa Linn.), Raktāngi (Rubia cordifolia), Sthirasāra (Tectona grandis), Gudatvak (Cinnamomum tamala), Visākha (Boerhaavia diffusa), etc. On the basis of above examples, it can be revealed that binomial nomenclature is improved ones of Ayurveda nomenclature for its acceptance worldwide.

Conclusion: Names of plants mentioned in Vedas and Samhitas; and parayāyas in Nighantus are based on its udabhava, svarūpa, karma, sādharma, ruḍhī, svabhāva, lokopayoga, etc. Which are also considered by Bentham & Hooker’s binomial nomenclature to coin scientific name of plant species.
Bacterial isolates from burn wound infection and their antibiotic sensitivity test profile
Authors: Gautam Kirtika
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial resistant pattern of aerobic bacteria isolated from burn wound infected cases admitted in burn unit at Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal during Nov 2017-Nov 2018.

Material and method: In total 200 samples were collected, and that comprised 100 burns wound swabs and 100 biopsies of same patients. All samples were cultured on nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and blood agar at 37°C for 24 hours. The isolates were identified by culture, sensitivity and biochemical tests including oxidase, catalase, lactose and maltose fermentation. Their antibiotic sensitivity test was determined using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique.

Results: The most common isolate was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (55%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (19.29%), Klebsiella spp (11.43%), Acinetobacter spp (7.14%), Proteus spp (4.29%) and Escherichia coli (2.85%). Resistance observed in oxacillin (40%) and erythromycin (4%) to Staphylococcus aureus. Whereas all strains were susceptible to vancomycin. It was analyzed that ciprofloxacin (55.5%) & amikacin (54.0%) were found to be most effective antimicrobial agent. Other Gram negative organism were highly resistant to cefotaxime (66.0%) followed by gentamycin (60.0%). Imipenem was found to be less resistant (26%) against Pseudomonas.

Conclusion: Vancomycin is the drug of choice for burn wound infection.
Traditional Healers of Nepal: Their Knowledge, Skill, Practices and Technology
Authors: Prasad SM , Patel BD , Shah B , Sapkota S , Tiwari NN
Published: March 2021

Background: Nepali people have been using traditional medicine since time immemorial. Majority of population (80%) depend upon traditional medicine for primary health care in rural area. However, documentation on status of traditional healers (THs) in Nepal is scanty. The purpose of this study was to analyze the status on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, skill, practices and technology of THs in Morang, Nuwakot, Myagdi, Surkhet and Kanchanpur districts of Nepal.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the districts from February to May 2014. Total of 105 THs were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were summarized using frequency, percentages and tables. Responses on following topics were obtained: socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, skill, practices and technology.

Results: In general, 73.9% of respondents were males with only 26.09% females. The greater proportion of (43.20%) THs were senior citizens above 46 years. Majorities (56.48%) of THs have been to primary school and were Hindu. Majority of THs (29.50%) were acquired the knowledge from traditional practitioners. Other sources of acquiring knowledge were family based apprenticeship, trainings and supernatural. History taking was used by 60.30% of THs for diagnosis of illness. Over forty five percent of THs had been practicing from 1-3 decades. THs (6.21%) of Morang and Surkhet consulted over 1000 clients per month. Most of THs (40.02%) used medicinal herbs as the means of healing. A total of 20% THs agreed referring complicated and unsuccessful clients to health institutions. THs used traditional tools and techniques to diagnose diseases. THs prescribed medicines prepared from medicinal herbs or in combination with minerals and animal byproducts.

Conclusion: THs have acquired traditional medical knowledge, skill, practices and technology from their ancestors, colleagues, self-study, traditional teachers, training etc. THs use many traditional tools and techniques to diagnose diseases and treat clients by medicinal herbs. THs are the main source of primary health care providers for rural peoples.
Infection of Farm Animals by Different Types of Lice (Anoplura and Mallophaga) in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsaqabi Souad M , Aljubran Sara A
Published: March 2021

Farm animals are highly important in the economic world. Their products are of high nutritional value; therefore, animals affected by disease pathogens result in heavy losses, most importantly Mallophaga and Anoplura . The study included the most important types of lice ( Mallophaga, Anoplura ) that infect camels, goats and sheep of different age and genus., in the local Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The study recorded the average monthly and seasonal lice numbers on sheep and goats. The study showed that the highest percentage of sheep infection during July was 3.99 % for young sheep and 4.01 % for old sheep, both of the male sex, while the female sheep's rate was 3.08 % (young) and 4.03 % (old). The study also showed that the highest percentage of young male goat infection during August was17.93 % and 9.93 % for the old ones, while young infected female goat rate was 14.81 % and 10.08 % for the older ones. The study recorded the presence of two genus of lice (Mallophaga,178 Anoplura ) only: Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis (Schrank, 1781) and Linognathus africanus (Kellogg and Paine, 1911). The study showed that the local camel is not infected by lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura). Keywords: Infestation rates, Lice Anoplura and Mallophaga, Saudi Arabia, camels, goats, sheep, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis (Schrank, 1781) Linognathus africanus (Kellogg and Paine, 1911).
Expanding European Integration towards the Western Balkans in Times of Crises: A Neo-Functionalist Examination
Authors: Binici Özer
Published: March 2021

This article examines the political practices of the European Union (EU) in the Western Balkans and, in particular, the EU-Kosovo relations by adopting the revisited neo-functionalism approach to the study of EU enlargement. This research draws on the descriptive and explanatory assumptions of the approach; it not only explains the development of the EU enlargement perspective towards the region but also explores the main dynamics behind the EU’s strategy towards the region, beginning from the outbreak of the Yugoslavia War and the reflections associated with the development of the EU foreign policy realm. More specifically, the research focuses on the dynamics underlying the process of the development of Stabilization and Association Agreement with Kosovo. In the conclusion, future research directions and limitations of the revisited neo-functionalism are discussed.
Rethinking the Budapest Memorandum from the Perspective of Ukrainian-Russian Relations in the Post-Soviet Period
Authors: Shymanska Alina
Published: March 2021

The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine was adopted in 1990 and declared Ukraine a non-nuclear state. However, Kyiv was not eager to surrender the nuclear arsenal that it had inherited from the Soviet Union. It is possible to divide Ukraine’s denuclearisation process into two different phases. The first phase consisted of bilateral discussions between Russia and Ukraine, which ended due to Russia’s inability to understand Ukraine’s security concerns. In 1993, the United States joined the discussion, and the trilateral phase began. The involvement of the United States helped to reach a consensus and promote nuclear non-proliferation in Ukraine by providing security assurance and some economic benefits. The case of Ukraine’s nuclear non-proliferation was supposed to be one of the most exemplary cases of denuclearisation in the last two decades. But in light of the Ukrainian crisis which started in 2014, the world recognizes that the security assurances provided in the Budapest Memorandum ultimately failed to deter Russian aggression towards Ukraine. Scott Sagan believes that the international norms and an image of ‘a good international citizen’ that can integrate into the Western economic and security system while maintaining good relations with Russia mattered the most in view of Ukraine's decision to give up nuclear weapons. This article suggests that the Ukrainian denuclearisation is the fusion of both the norms and domestic factors that Ukraine faced in 1990s. The article will review Ukraine’s decision to return the nuclear weapons, despite the ongoing Russian threat. It will also clarify Ukraine’s decision to not pursue nuclear proliferation, despite recent trends within Ukraine’s political circle that would be in support of this decision.
História oral e as artes: percursos, possibilidades e desafios
Authors: Santhiago Ricardo
Published: March 2021

A relação entre a história oral e o mundo das artes é assinalada por um paradoxo: embora as entrevistas sejam amplamente utilizadas para o estudo de diversas manifestações artí­sticas, o campo acadêmico que tem a entrevista em seu centro é pouco atento í s questões da arte. Neste artigo, examino esta situação e levanto hipóteses que podem ajudar a explicá-la. Após mapear as exceções nesse cenário e classificá-las conforme suas abordagens, sugiro duas articulações que podem ser promissoras para o estudo das artes por meio da história oral: a abordagem das ideias e dos conceitos artí­sticos explicitados em entrevistas e o estudo dos processos de criação.
Apresentação
Authors: Editorial Comissão
Published: March 2021

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On the competing effects of contemporary land management vs. land
cover changes on global air quality
Authors: Wong Anthony Y. H. , Geddes Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Our work explores the impact of two important dimensions of land system changes, land use and land cover change (LULCC) and direct agricultural reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions from soils, on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air quality over contemporary (1992 to 2014) time scales. We account for LULCC and agricultural Nr emissions changes with consistent remote sensing products and new global emission inventories, respectively, estimating their impacts on global surface O3 and PM2.5 concentrations and Nr deposition using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Over this time period, our model results show that agricultural Nr emission changes cause reduction of annual mean PM2.5 level over Europe and northern Asia (up to −2.1 μg m−3), while increasing PM2.5 level India, China and eastern US (up to +3.5 μg m−3). Land cover changes induce small reductions in PM2.5 (up to −0.7 μg m−3) over Amazonia, China and India due to reduced biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions and enhanced deposition of aerosol precursor gases (e.g. NO2, SO2). Agricultural Nr emission changes only lead to minor changes (up to ±0.6 ppbv) in annual mean surface O3 level, mainly over China, India and Myanmar. Meanwhile, our model result suggests a stronger impact of LULCC on surface O3 over the time period Across South America, the combination of changes in dry deposition and isoprene emissions results in −0.8 to +1.2 ppbv surface ozone changes. The enhancement of dry deposition reduces surface ozone level (up to −1 ppbv) over southern China, eastern US and central Africa. The enhancement of soil NOx emission due to crop expansion also contribute to surface ozone changes (up to +0.6 ppbv) over sub-Saharan Africa. In certain regions, the combined effects of LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on O3 and PM2.5 air quality can be comparable (> 20 %) to that of anthropogenic emission changes over the same time period. Finally, we calculate that the increase in global agricultural Nr emissions leads to a net increase in global land area (+3.67 × 106 km2) that potentially faces exceedance in critical Nr load (> 5 kgN ha−1 yr−1). Our result demonstrates the possible impacts of contemporary LULCC and agricultural Nr emission changes on PM2.5 and O3 air quality, which also implies the potential importance of land system changes on air quality over multi-decadal timescales.
Geometric estimation of volcanic eruption column height from GOES-R near-limb imagery – Part 2: Case studies
Authors: Horváth Ákos , Girina Olga A. , Carr James L. , Wu Dong L. , Bril Alexey A. , Mazurov Alexey A. , Melnikov Dmitry V. , Hoshyaripour Gholam Ali , Buehler Stefan A.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In a companion paper (Horváth et al., 2021), we introduced a new technique to estimate volcanic eruption column height from extremely oblique near-limb geostationary views. The current paper demonstrates and validates the technique in a number of recent eruptions, ranging from ones with weak columnar plumes to subplinian events with massive umbrella clouds and overshooting tops that penetrate the stratosphere. Due to its purely geometric nature, the new method is shown to be unaffected by the limitations of the traditional brightness temperature method, such as height underestimation in subpixel and semitransparent plumes, ambiguous solutions near the tropopause temperature inversion, or the lack of solutions in undercooled plumes. The side view height estimates were in good agreement with plume heights derived from ground-based video and satellite stereo observations, suggesting they can be a useful complementary to established techniques.
10-year satellite-constrained fluxes of ammonia improve performance of chemistry transport models
Authors: Evangeliou Nikolaos , Balkanski Yves , Eckhardt Sabine , Cozic Anne , Van Damme Martin , Coheur Pierre-François , Clarisse Lieven , Shephard Mark W. , Cady-Pereira Karen E. , Hauglustaine Didier
Published: March 2021

Abstract. In recent years, ammonia emissions have been continuously increasing, being
almost 4 times higher than in the 20th century. Although an
important species, as its use as a fertilizer sustains human living, ammonia
has major consequences for both humans and the environment because of its
reactive gas-phase chemistry that makes it easily convertible to particles.
Despite its pronounced importance, ammonia emissions are highly
uncertain in most emission inventories. However, the great development of
satellite remote sensing nowadays provides the opportunity for more
targeted research on constraining ammonia emissions. Here, we used
satellite measurements to calculate global ammonia emissions over the period
2008–2017. Then, the calculated ammonia emissions were fed to a chemistry
transport model, and ammonia concentrations were simulated for the period
2008–2017. The simulated concentrations of ammonia were compared with ground
measurements from Europe, North America and Southeastern Asia, as well as
with satellite measurements. The satellite-constrained ammonia emissions
represent global concentrations more accurately than state-of-the-art
emissions. Calculated fluxes in the North China Plain were seen to be more
increased after 2015, which is not due to emission changes but due to changes in
sulfate emissions that resulted in less ammonia neutralization and hence in
larger atmospheric loads. Emissions over Europe were also twice as much as
those in traditional datasets with dominant sources being industrial and
agricultural applications. Four hot-spot regions of high ammonia emissions
were seen in North America, which are characterized by high agricultural activity,
such as animal breeding, animal farms and agricultural
practices. South America is dominated by ammonia emissions from biomass
burning, which causes a strong seasonality. In Southeastern Asia, ammonia
emissions from fertilizer plants in China, Pakistan, India and Indonesia are
the most important, while a strong seasonality was observed with a spring
and late summer peak due to rice and wheat cultivation. Measurements of
ammonia surface concentrations were better reproduced with
satellite-constrained emissions, such as measurements from CrIS (Cross-track
Infrared Sounder).
Observing system simulation experiments double scientific return of surface-atmosphere synthesis
Authors: Metzger Stefan , Durden David , Paleri Sreenath , Sühring Matthias , Butterworth Brian , Florian Christopher , Mauder Matthias , Plummer David M. , Wanner Luise , Xu Ke , Desai Ankur R.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The observing system design of multi-disciplinary field measurements involves a variety of considerations on logistics, safety, and science objectives. Typically, this is done based on investigator intuition and designs of prior field measurements. However, there is potential for considerable increase in efficiency, safety, and scientific success by integrating numerical simulations in the design process. Here, we present a novel approach to observing system simulation experiments that aids surface-atmosphere synthesis at the interface of meso- and microscale meteorology. We used this approach to optimize the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19).During pre-field simulation experiments, we considered the placement of 20 eddy-covariance flux towers, operations for 72 hours of low-altitude flux aircraft measurements, and integration of various remote sensing data products. High-resolution Large Eddy Simulations generated a super-sample of virtual ground, airborne, and satellite observations to explore two specific design hypotheses. We then analyzed these virtual observations through Environmental Response Functions to yield an optimal aircraft flight strategy for augmenting a stratified random flux tower network in combination with satellite retrievals.We demonstrate how this novel approach doubled CHEESEHEAD19’s ability to explore energy balance closure and spatial patterning science objectives while substantially simplifying logistics. Owing to its extensibility, the approach lends itself to optimize observing system designs also for natural climate solutions, emission inventory validation, urban air quality, industry leak detection and multi-species applications, among other use cases.
Functional consequences of Caribbean coral reef habitat degradation
Authors: Webb Alice E. , de Bakker Didier M. , Soetaert Karline , da Costa Tamara , van Heuven Steven M. A. C. , van Duyl Fleur C. , Reichart Gert-Jan , de Nooijer Lennart J.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Coral reefs are declining worldwide. The abundance of corals has decreased alongside the rise of filter feeders, turf and algae in response to intensifying human pressures. This shift in prevalence of functional groups alters the biogeochemical processes in tropical water ecosystems, thereby influencing reef biological functions. An urgent challenge is to understand the functional consequences of these shifts in order to develop suitable management strategies that aim at preserving the biological functions of reefs.Here, we quantify biogeochemical processes supporting key reef functions (i.e. net community calcification (NCC) and production (NCP), and nutrient recycling) in situ for five different benthic assemblages currently dominating shallow degraded Caribbean reef habitats. To this end, a custom made tent was placed over communities dominated by either one of five functional groups: coral, turf and macroalgae, bioeroding sponges, cyanobacterial mats or sand, to determine chemical fluxes between these communities and the overlying water, during both day and night. Measured fluxes were then translated into responsible biogeochemical processes by solving a system of differential equations describing the contribution of each process to the measured chemical fluxes. Estimated processes are low compared to those known for reef flats worldwide. No real gain in primary habitat is recorded, with negative or very modest net community calcification rates by all communities. Similarly, net production of biomass through photosynthesis is relatively low during the day and remineralisation of organic matter at night is relatively high in comparison, resulting in net heterotrophy over the survey period by most communities. Estimated recycling through nitrification and denitrification are high but denitrification does not fully counterbalance nutrient release from aerobic mineralisation, rendering all substrates sources of nitrogen. A multivariate pairwise analysis revealed that there is no significant difference between processes occurring on any of the assemblages, suggesting functional homogenisation between distinct substrate types. We infer that the amount and type of organic matter released by abundant algal turfs and cyanobacterial mats on this reef, likely enhances heterotroph activity, and stimulates the proliferation of less diverse copiotrophic microbial populations, rendering the studied reef net heterotrophic and the overall biogeochemical ‘behaviour’ similar regardless of substrate type.
Osteology of the Permian temnospondyl amphibian Glanochthon lellbachae and its relationships
Authors: Schoch Rainer R.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The early Permian Meisenheim Formation of the Saar–Nahe Basin (Germany) is famous for its richness in vertebrate fossils, among which the temnospondyls were present with microvores and fish-eating apex predators. The latter trophic guild was occupied exclusively by the genus Sclerocephalus in that basin within a long time interval up to M8, whereas in M9, a new taxon, Glanochthon lellbachae, appeared. This taxon is defined by (1) a preorbital region 1.8–2.0 times as long as the postorbital skull table, (2) dermal ornament with tall radial ridges, (3) a prefrontal anteriorly wider with straight lateral margin, (4) a squamosal posteriorly only half as wide as the quadratojugal, (5) phalanges of manus and pes long and gracile, (6) carpals unossified in adults, and (7) tail substantially longer than skull and trunk combined. Phylogenetic analysis finds that G. lellbachae forms the basal sister taxon of the stratigraphically younger G. angusta and G. latirostre and that this clade nests within the paraphyletic taxon Sclerocephalus, with S. nobilis forming the sister taxon of the genus Glanochthon (urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3038F794-17B9-4FCA-B241-CCC3F4423651; registration date: 15 March 2021).
HydroPy (v1.0): A new global hydrology model written in Python
Authors: Stacke Tobias , Hagemann Stefan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Global hydrological models (GHMs) are a useful tool in the assessment of the land surface water balance. They are used to further the understanding of interactions between water balance components as well as their past evolution and potential future development under various scenarios. While GHMs are a part of the Hydrologist's toolbox since several decades, the models are continuously developed. In our study, we present the HydroPy model, a revised version of an established GHM, the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology's Hydrology Model (MPI-HM). Being rewritten in Python, the new model requires much less effort in maintenance and due to its flexible infrastructure, new processes can be easily implemented. Besides providing a thorough documentation of the processes currently implemented in HydroPy, we demonstrate the skill of the model in simulating the land surface water balance. We find that evapotranspiration is reproduced realistically for the majority of the land surface but is underestimated in the tropics. The simulated river discharge correlates well with observations. Biases are evident for the annual accumulated discharge, however they can – at least to some part – be attributed to discrepancies between the meteorological model forcing data and the observations. Finally, we show that HydroPy performs very similar to MPI-HM and, thus, conclude the successful transition from MPI-HM to HydroPy.
The uncertainty of flood frequency analyses in hydrodynamic model simulations
Authors: Zhou Xudong , Ma Wenchao , Echizenya Wataru , Yamazaki Dai
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Assessing the risk of a historical-level flood is essential for regional flood protection and resilience establishment. However, due to the limited spatiotemporal coverage of observations, the impact assessment relies on model simulations and is thus subject to uncertainties from cascade physical processes. This study assesses the flood hazard map with uncertainties subject to different combinations of runoff inputs, variables for flood frequency analysis and fitting distributions based on estimations by the CaMa-Flood global hydrodynamic model. Our results show that deviation in the runoff inputs is the most influential source of uncertainties in the estimated flooded water depth and inundation area, contributing more than 80 % of the total uncertainties investigated in this study. Global and regional inundation maps for floods with 1-in-100 year return periods show large uncertainty values but small uncertainty ratios for river channels and lakes, while the opposite results are found for dry zones and mountainous regions. This uncertainty is a result of increasing variation at tails among various fitting distributions. In addition, the uncertainty between selected variables is limited but increases from the regular period to the rarer floods, both for the water depth at points and for inundation area over regions. The uncertainties in inundation area also lead to uncertainties in estimating the population and economy exposure to the floods. In total, inundation accounts for 9.1 % [8.1 %–10.3 %] of the land area for a 1-in-100 year flood, leading to 13.4 % [12.1 %–15 %] of population exposure and 13.1 % [11.8 %–14.7 %] of economic exposure for the globe. The flood exposure and uncertainties vary by continent and the results in Africa have the largest uncertainty, probably due to the limited observations to constrain runoff simulations, indicating a necessity to improve the performance of different hydrological models especially for data-limited regions.
Securing Manifest Destiny
Authors: Osuna Steven
Published: March 2021

This article argues Mexico’s war on drugs was a tactic by elites in both the United States and Mexico to legitimate the Mexican neoliberal state’s political, economic, and ideological governance over Mexican society. Through tough on crime legislation and maintenance of free market policies, the war on drugs is a “morbid symptom” that obfuscates the crisis of global capitalism in the region. It is a way of managing a crisis of legitimacy of Mexico’s neoliberal state. Through arguments of Mexico as a potential “failed state” and a “narco-state,” the United States has played a leading role by investing in militarized policing in the drug war and securitization of Mexico’s borders to expand and maintain capitalist globalization. In the twenty-first century, the ideology of manifest destiny persists, but instead of westward expansion of the U.S. state, it serves as the maintenance and expansion of global capitalism.
Policing Asylum Seekers’ Flight Within Europe
Authors: Montel Tom
Published: March 2021

A critical assessment of the Dublin regulation requires a look beyond its official function of allocating asylum seekers across EU Member States. This article argues it embodies the “hidden face” of Schengen insofar as it legally fixes them in the sole country responsible for their application. Because this responsibility lies primarily with the first country of arrival, it is consistent with the core-periphery axis of division of labor in the EU. The first part of this paper examines how the Schengen/Dublin dual regime of (im)mobility might respond to the constant need for bridled labor alongside free wage labor in the world-system. However, equally constant is labor power’s propensity to evade its subsumption under capital; this is exemplified by Dubliners’ appropriation of freedom of movement through irregularity. By deserting the “plantations” of the European peripheries, those “maroons” of our present time disrupt the European geography of power and contest their assigned position in it. But the widely acknowledged failure of this regime to deter “secondary movements” does not necessarily mean it is non-effective. Attention must then be given to mechanisms of “exclusion from within” experimented on Dubliners. The second part will offer an overview of the tactics of internal rebordering that have been recently deployed in core countries and question the extent to which those attempts to recapture their flight meet the conditions for the optimization of capital’s operations.
Frequency of Hydrocephalus in Patients with Chronic Meningitis due to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Authors: Mumtaz Ali  , Adnan Khaliq  , Farooq Azam  , Amin ul Haq  , Nayab Gul
Published: March 2021

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the causes of chronic meningitis which may lead to hydrocephalus. Uncertainty and doubtdominate all aspects of tuberculous meningitis.Objectives: To determine the frequency of hydrocephalus in tuberculous meningitis patients.Material & Methods: This was observational descriptive study conducted at department of neurosurgery and neurology ladyreading hospital Peshawar from Jan,2016 to Dec,2018. In this study there were total 93 cases of TBM with 95% confidencelevel,2.2% margin of error according to WHO calculator. Diagnosis was based on clinical features, CSF analysis and CT/MRI brain.Tuberculous meningitis patients of age range 15 to 50 years of either gender were included in this study. All those patients havingSOL in brain and other causes of meningitis were excluded from this study.The symptoms were fever, headache, and weight lossand neck rigidity with or without fits. These cases then underwent CSF analysis under aseptic measures. The findings to label TBMon CSF were low glucose (< 40 mg/dl), increased protein content (> 100 mg/dl) and high WBC count with predominance oflymphocytes. The data was analyzed with the help of SPSS version 23.Effect modifiers were stratified and and post stratificationChi-Square test was applied with P-value < 0.05 as significant. The cases of TBM were divided according to standard BMRC scaleinto three stages.Results: In this study there were total 93 cases with mean age of 37.11Â± 08.67 years. There were 54 (58.06%) males and 39(41.94%) females. Maximum cases were seen in stage II of TBM which affected 65 (69.89%) cases. Hydrocephalus was seen in 61(65.59%) of the cases. Hydrocephalus was significantly high in male gender as compared to females where it affected 39 (72.22%)of cases. It was also more common in cases that had age group 15-29 years affecting 40 (67.79%) of cases.Conclusion: Hydrocephalus is a common complication of tuberculous meningitis and it is predominantly seen in in male patients,stage II and III of TBM.Keywords: TBM, Hydrocephalus, Meningitis
PENGARUH METODE PENDIDIKAN SEBAYA DAN METODE CERAMAH TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP SISWA TENTANG NAPZA DI SMA PAB 4 SAMPALI PERCUT SEI TUAN 2016
Authors: Arisandi Ermawaty
Published: March 2021

Today, drug abuse is commonly done such as high school and college students; 65% of them used drugs in 2011. The most effective strategy of preventing from and handling napza in changing adolescents’ behavior is through health education such as peer education and interactive lecture. The objective of the research was to find out the influence of peer education and interactive lecture on students’ knowledge and attitude at SMA PAB 4 Sampali, Percut Sei Tuan. The research used quasi experiment. The population was 160 students and 60 of them were used as the samples with 30 of them were in the peer education and the 30 students in interactive lecture. The data were gathered by using questionnaires and analyzed by using paired t-test, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test. The result of the research showed that health education with interactive lecture had the influence on the increase in students’ knowledge (p<0.001) and attitude (p<0.001) toward napza. Health education with peer education had the influence on the increase in students’ knowledge (p<0.001) and attitude (p<0.001) toward napza. Health education with peer education was more effective in knowledge and attitude than interactive lecture. It is recommended that the school management make the policy on any activity in increasing information about napza to adolescents by providing peer education since it is the most appropriate for adolescents. It is also recommended that the management of BNN make ex-napza users participate in health education.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN STATUS GIZI LANSIA DI DESA TANJUNG ANOM WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANCUR BATU KABUPATEN
Authors: Sinaga Endang Junita , Lumba Gaol Hotmarina
Published: March 2021

Elderly is the life stage of the individual, this phase of this life must be passed by every individual, health conditions at this stage is largely determined by the quality and quantity of nutrient intake. In addition to nutritional intake such as energy and protein intake, physical activity can also contribute to the state of nutritional status of the elderly. Pancur Batu Puskesmas Goals : Deli Serdang has posyandu elderly in every rural area working area of puskesmas. One of them is an elderly service posyandu unit in Tanjung Anom Village. This study aims to see the factors that affect the nutritional status of elderly in posyandu elderly village tanjum anom. Method : The research design used is cross sectional study approach. This study has a sample of 38 people, by way of taking purposive sampling. The tools used in data collection are questionnaire and Food Frequency Quetionnaire (FFQ). Results : The results showed that the majority of women (68.5%), unfulfilled protein intake 55.3%, 50% unmet energy intake, and physical activity 73.7%. The results showed that protein intake and physical activity factors were associated with nutritional status of the elderly, as evidenced by p = 0,004 and 0,003. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study was that low intake of protein and energy led to nutritional status of the elderly. It is recommended that family members living with the elderly can balance the intake of protein and energy that is tailored to the type of physical activity of the elderly everyday.
Pocket-Picking to Armed Robbery to Prison: The Life and Criminological Analysis of Good Boy, Bad Boy and Wiser Man, Sal Ali
Authors: Farmer J Forbes , Ali Sal , Dawson Jean
Published: March 2021

This case study examines the self-reported life story of a prisoner who has spent much of his life in juvenile detention and adult prison. His criminal history began with pocket-picking, then breaking and entry, and then advanced to armed robbery. Social learning theory, self-control theory and rational choice theory are discussed and the inmate’s reflections on them are offered in his words with illustrations from his experience.
Agritourism around the globe: Definitions, authenticity, and potential controversy
Authors: Lamie R. , Chase Lisa , Chiodo Emilio , Dickes Lori , Flanigan Sharon , Schmidt Claudia , Streifeneder Thomas
Published: March 2021

This commentary identifies the variability in definitions of agritourism that exists in a variety of different countries, discusses reasons why this variability might produce problems, and provides examples of efforts to harmonize these definitions, including an ongoing international dialogue on the topic.
How health-conscious urban gardeners aim to increase vegetable consumption in their community while simultaneously supporting Black entrepreneurship
Authors: Soper Rachel
Published: March 2021

While the food justice movement was initially asso¬ciated with increasing availability of fresh produce in low-income communities of color through insti¬tutions such as farmers markets, scholars have cri¬tiqued this as imposing a right way of eating. Food justice scholarship has moved away from a focus on healthy eating toward a focus on community economic development, as food enterprises can stimulate job creation. This paper investigates the dual goals of the food justice movement through a case study in San Diego. While food justice has moved beyond promoting a love of produce and is increasingly oriented toward good jobs, for the urban gardeners in this study, the movement is still a lot about vegetables. They see food as medicine, and note the health benefits of moving toward a plant-based diet. Yet, they are reluctant to push this way of eating on others, as they do not want to come across as elitist. Instead, they spread aware¬ness that plant-based diets are an African tradition that should not just be associated with rich white folks. Rather than leading with nutrition, they lead with tradition, taste, and buying Black. To encour¬age consumption of vegetables, they aim to in¬crease the supply of prepared food options in the community, and to market dishes as delicious rather than healthy, all the while supporting Black food entrepreneurs. When selling produce direct to the consumer through farmers markets does not achieve their vision of promoting health or sup¬porting livelihoods, they re-imagine a strategy of promoting food justice through a neighborhood food supply chain.
I servizi di salute mentale per i bambini in Inghilterra (e in Italia) “non sono neanche lontanamente sufficienti”
Authors: Marchetti Federico
Published: March 2021

Dalle carenze esistenti alla prospettiva di una “rivoluzione gentile”: forgiare le conoscenze e gli strumenti per agire coinvolgendo i bambini-adolescenti, la scuola e la comunità tutta.