bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DENGAN ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT) UNTUK MENCEGAH GANGGUAN PSIKOSOSIAL PADA MASYARAKAT DENGAN PTM MASA PASCA PANDEMI
Authors: Ismoyowati Tri Wahyuni
Published: January 2024

Latar belakang: Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) adalah gangguan kronis yang menurunkan sistem kekebalan tubuh, erat kaitannya degan perilaku seperti gaya hidup dan pola hidup sehat sehingga untuk pengendalian PTM di masyarakat memerlukan kesadaran dari. Kematian akibat penyakit tidak menular tertinggi sebesar 80% disebabkan oleh penyakit kardiovaskular. PTM yang di derita dalam jangka waktu lama atau kronis akan menimbulkan masalah baik fisik maupun psikologi. ntervensi keperawatan yang telah dilakukakan dalam menangani masalah adalah dengan terapi Acceptance And Commitment Therapy (ACT). Tujuan PKM :  meningkatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat dengan ACT untuk mencegah gangguan psikososial pada masyarakat dengan PTM Masa Pasca Pandemi. Metode : Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dilakukan bulan Maret sampai Juni 2023 dengan sasaran kader dan Masyarakat di Kelurahan Suryodiningratan Yogyakarta dilakukan dengan Focus Group Discussion (FGD), pretest gangguan psikososial yaitu depresi, Pemberian Edukasi tentang ACT dengan 3 sesi, Simulasi terapi dan post test. Jumlah Populasi adalah 30 responden dengan Teknik purposive sampling.  Hasil pretest gangguan psikososial didapatkan Masyarakat yang memiliki tingkat depresi sedang adalah 50%. Setelah diberikan Intervensi hasil tingkat depresi 50% adalah ringan. Kesimpulan : Sebagian besar masyarakat memiliki penyakit tidak menular Diabetes Mellitus dan Hipertensi. Intervensi ACT memiliki dampak positif terhadap gangguan Psikososial seperti depresi karena penyakit PTM pada Masyarakat.
PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM PENCATATAN PENYIMPANAN GUDANG PADA PEKAN JAYA
Authors: Purwianti Lily , Daisy Viona
Published: January 2024

Pekan Jaya telah berdiri selama puluhan tahun namun tidak memiliki pencatatan atas penyimpanan yang dimiliki. Dengan hal tersebut, menyebabkan pemilik usaha secara otomatis tidak dapat memantau jumlah barang di toko. Data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan observasi dan wawancara dengan pemilik toko. Juru tulis menemukan permasalahan pada Pekan Jaya mengenai penyimpanan barang. Sehingga dibuatlah sebuah sistem untuk toko dengan mengamati proses penyimpanan barang. Kemudian, merancang sebuah sistem yang sesuai untuk pencatatan penyimpanan barang dengan bantuan aplikasi web
ASSESSING GENDER EQUALITY PERFORMANCE IN THE ISTANBUL LABOR MARKET
Authors: Vasiljeva Marina Vladimirovna
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to analyze the Istanbul labor market from a gender equality perspective and to provide relevant recommendations. METHODS: To achieve results, this research has applied a systematic approach. Prisma Guidelines are followed to report the research findings. This paper selected 13 studies that are relevant to the research questions. Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was also employed in this research. RESULTS: The research systematized the factors that determine gender inequality in the Istanbul labor market, including religious aspects and cultural pattern, access to education for women, differentiation in educational levels, lack of work-life balance, and lack of necessary professional skills in women. It was shown that historically, the gender income gap was mostly explained by differences in education and occupational choice. The conducted research forms the range of issues of individual motivational professional preferences of women’s employment while maintaining a stable trend of maximally reducing gender segregation to a conditional threshold level of gender professional preferences. CONCLUSIONS: This paper would serve policymakers in Turkey in identifying the potential gender gaps and their underlying causes in the labor market and help in formulating laws and policies that can enhance gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. NOVELTY/ORIGINALITY: The paper provided a novel approach to a comprehensive understanding of gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. This study is the first research that has employed a systematic research approach along with the integration of PRISMA guidelines and CASP for investigating gender equality in the Istanbul labor market. Keywords: career development, gender equality, labor market, wage gap.
The professional translator vs. Google Translate: the case of Lars Larsen’s autobiography
Authors: Schjoldager Anne , Bundgaard Kristine , Dam Jensen Helle , Paulsen Christensen Tina
Published: January 2024

The final version of the article will be uploaded as soon as possible.
Tomás Heredia Livermore (1819-1893) y la Hacienda Nadales en Málaga. Hermetismo y Antigüedad / Tomás Heredia Livermore (1819-1893) and the Nadales Hacienda in Málaga. Hermeticism and Antiquity
Authors: Morales Folguera Jose Miguel
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT: The Nadales Hacienda, which for two centuries bore the name San José, is one of the most important recreational haciendas created in the area around the city of Malaga in the 19th century. The industrialist and freemason Tomás Heredia (1819-1893) commissioned the Italian architect Antonio Cipolla (1822-1874) with the project of designing a palace that included a cabinet decorated with pompeian paintings. Heredia also charged the British gardener Stephen Geoffrey with the design of a landscaped garden with emblematic elements.
KEYWORDSPompeian Painting; Emblematics; Landscape Garden; Tomás Heredia; Antonio Cipolla.
RESUMEN: La Hacienda Nadales, que durante dos siglos llevó el nombre de San José, es una de las más importantes haciendas de recreo creadas en el entorno de ciudad de Málaga en el siglo XIX. El industrial y masón Tomás Heredia (1819-1893) encargó al arquitecto italiano Antonio Cipolla (1822-1874) el proyecto de un palacio donde hay un gabinete decorado con pinturas pompeyanas, y el diseño de un jardín paisajista con elementos emblemáticos al jardinero inglés Stephen Geoffrey.
Santiago Sebastián López (1931-1995). La interpretación del significado de las obras de arte, Rafael García Mahíques y Víctor Mínguez, Granada, 2022, 117 pp.
Authors: Mocholí Martínez María Elvira
Published: January 2024

Recensión del libro:Santiago Sebastián López (1931-1995). La interpretación del significado de las obras de arte, Rafael García Mahíques y Víctor Mínguez, Granada, 2022, 117 pp.
Formular buenas preguntas: la IA en la profesión
Authors: Massaguer Lluc
Published: January 2024

Los últimos meses prácticamente solo hablamos de inteligencia artificial (IA), que si «la IA ha venido para quedarse», que si «la IA ya no es el futuro, sino que es el presente», etc. Entre que escribo este texto y se publica, ya habrán cambiado muchas cosas y todo ello habrá evolucionado hacia caminos todavía desconocidos. Aun así, me aventuro a escribir y que pase lo que tenga que pasar. ¡Manos a la obra! ¿Qué uso estamos haciendo de la IA en profesiones como el diseño, el mundo audiovisual, el periodismo o la comunicación?
What happens to the inhibitory control functions of the right inferior frontal cortex when this area is dominant for language?
Authors: Villar-Rodríguez Esteban , Cano-Melle Cristina , Marin-Marin Lidón , Parcet Maria Antònia , Avila César
Published: January 2024

A low number of individuals show an atypical brain control of language functions that differs from the typical lateralization in the left cerebral hemisphere. In these cases, the neural distribution of other cognitive functions is not fully understood. Although there is a bias towards a mirrored brain organization consistent with the Causal hypothesis, some individuals are found to be exceptions to this rule. However, no study has focused on what happens to the homologous language areas in the right frontal inferior cortex. Using an fMRI-adapted stop-signal task in a healthy non right-handed sample (50 typically lateralized and 36 atypically lateralized for language production), our results show that atypical lateralization is associated with a mirrored brain organization of the inhibitory control network in the left hemisphere: inferior frontal cortex, presupplementary motor area, and subthalamic nucleus. However, the individual analyses revealed a large number of cases with a noteworthy overlap in the inferior frontal gyrus, which shared both inhibitory and language functions. Further analyses showed that atypical lateralization was associated with stronger functional interhemispheric connectivity and larger corpus callosum. Importantly, we did not find task performance differences as a function of lateralization, but there was an association between atypical dominance in the inferior frontal cortex and higher scores on schizotypy and autistic spectrum traits, as well as worse performance on a reading accuracy test. Together, these results partially support the Causal hypothesis of hemispheric specialization and provide further evidence of the link between atypical hemispheric lateralization and increased interhemispheric transfer through the corpus callosum.
An optogenetic cell therapy to restore control of target muscles in an aggressive mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Bryson J Barney , Kourgiantaki Alexandra , Jiang Dai , Demosthenous Andreas , Greensmith Linda
Published: January 2024

Breakdown of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is an early pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that blocks neuromuscular transmission, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis and, ultimately, premature death. Currently, no therapies exist that can prevent progressive motor neuron degeneration, muscle denervation, or paralysis in ALS. Here, we report important advances in the development of an optogenetic, neural replacement strategy that can effectively restore innervation of severely affected skeletal muscles in the aggressive SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, thus providing an interface to selectively control the function of targeted muscles using optical stimulation. We also identify a specific approach to confer complete survival of allogeneic replacement motor neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an optical stimulation training paradigm can prevent atrophy of reinnervated muscle fibers and results in a tenfold increase in optically evoked contractile force. Together, these advances pave the way for an assistive therapy that could benefit all ALS patients.
The Alk receptor tyrosine kinase regulates Sparkly, a novel activity regulating neuropeptide precursor in the Drosophila CNS
Authors: Sukumar Sanjay Kumar , Antonydhason Vimala , Molander Linnea , Sandakly Jawdat , Kleit Malak , Umapathy Ganesh , Mendoza-Garcia Patricia , Masudi Tafheem , Schlossser Andreas , Nässel Dick R. , Wegener Christian , Shirinian Margret , Palmer Ruth H.
Published: January 2024

Numerous roles for the Alk receptor tyrosine kinase have been described in
Drosophila
, including functions in the central nervous system (CNS), however the molecular details are poorly understood. To gain mechanistic insight, we employed Targeted DamID (TaDa) transcriptional profiling to identify targets of Alk signaling in the larval CNS. TaDa was employed in larval CNS tissues, while genetically manipulating Alk signaling output. The resulting TaDa data were analysed together with larval CNS scRNA-seq datasets performed under similar conditions, identifying a role for Alk in the transcriptional regulation of neuroendocrine gene expression. Further integration with bulk/scRNA-seq and protein datasets from larval brains in which Alk signaling was manipulated, identified a previously uncharacterized
Drosophila
neuropeptide precursor encoded by
CG4577
as an Alk signaling transcriptional target.
CG4577
, which we named
Sparkly (Spar),
is expressed in a subset of Alk-positive neuroendocrine cells in the developing larval CNS, including circadian clock neurons. In agreement with our TaDa analysis, overexpression of the
Drosophila
Alk ligand Jeb resulted in increased levels of Spar protein in the larval CNS. We show that Spar protein is expressed in circadian (Clock) neurons, and flies lacking Spar exhibit defects in sleep and circadian activity control. In summary, we report a novel activity regulating neuropeptide precursor gene that is regulated by Alk signaling in the
Drosophila
CNS.
The breath shape controls intonation of mouse vocalizations
Authors: MacDonald Alastair , Hebling Alina , Wei Xin Paul , Yackle Kevin
Published: January 2024

Intonation in speech is the control of vocal pitch to layer expressive meaning to communication, like increasing pitch to indicate a question. Also, stereotyped patterns of pitch are used to create distinct sounds with different denotations, like in tonal languages and, perhaps, the 10 sounds in the murine lexicon. A basic tone is created by exhalation through a constricted laryngeal voice box, and it is thought that more complex utterances are produced solely by dynamic changes in laryngeal tension. But perhaps, the shifting pitch also results from altering the swiftness of exhalation. Consistent with the latter model, we describe that intonation in most vocalization types follows deviations in exhalation that appear to be generated by the re-activation of the cardinal breathing muscle for inspiration. We also show that the brainstem vocalization central pattern generator, the iRO, can create this breath pattern. Consequently, ectopic activation of the iRO not only induces phonation, but also the pitch patterns that compose most of the vocalizations in the murine lexicon. These results reveal a novel brainstem mechanism for intonation.
A systematic review of conference papers presented at two large Japanese psychology conferences in 2013 and 2018: did Japanese social psychologists selectively report p < 0.05 results without peer review?
Authors: Hiraishi Kai , Miura Asako , Higuchi Masataka , Fujishima Yoshitsugu , Nakamura Daiki , Suyama Masaki
Published: January 2024

We conducted a systematic review of conference papers in social psychology at two large psychology conferences in Japan: the Japanese Psychological Association and the Japanese Society for Social Psychology. The conference papers were effectively not subjected to peer review; hence, they were suitable for testing if psychologists selectively reported statistically significant findings without pressure from journal editors and reviewers. We investigated the distributions of z-values converted from the p-values reported in the articles presented at the 2013 and 2018 conferences. The z-curve analyses suggest the existence of selective reporting by the authors in 2013. The expected discovery rate (EDR) was much lower than the observed discovery rate (ODR; 7% vs. 76%, respectively), and the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not include the ODR. However, this does not mean that the set of studies completely lacked evidential value. The expected replication rate (ERR) was 31%; this is significantly higher than 5%, which was expected under the null hypothesis of no effect. Changes were observed between 2013 and 2018. The ERR increased (31% to 44%), and the EDR almost doubled (7% to 13%). However, the estimation of the maximum false discovery rate (FDR; 68% in 2013 and 35% in 2018) suggested that a substantial proportion of the reported findings were false positives. Overall, while social psychologists in Japan engaged in selective reporting, this does not mean that the entire field was covered with false positives. In addition, slight signs of improvement were observed in how they reported their findings. Still, the evidential value of the target studies was weak, even in 2018, allowing for no optimism.
YouTube como plataforma para el ejercicio del ciberperiodismo: estudio de caso de los medios cubanos Escambray e Invasor
Authors: Viamontes-Sardiña Samuel Ernesto , Rodríguez-Bazán Grettel
Published: January 2024

La evaluación del ciberperiodismo audiovisual en YouTube realizado por los medios de comunicación estatales cubanos muestra las limitaciones metodológicas y prácticas del trabajo en la plataforma dentro del ecosistema mediático nacional. Esta investigación analiza el contenido audiovisual publicado en YouTube por los cibermedios Escambray e Invasor durante el primer semestre de 2022. A partir de un enfoque mixto y con el análisis de contenido cualitativo como método fundamental, se evalúan 64 videos provenientes de los canales de ambos medios considerando los modelos de producción y distribución de contenido y los códigos del lenguaje audiovisual en Internet. Los resultados permiten identificar deficiencias en los mecanismos de producción y en el empleo de elementos del lenguaje audiovisual que favorezcan el ejercicio de un periodismo efectivo desde los canales de YouTube de los medios analizados. Las principales conclusiones dan cuenta de la necesidad de los medios cubanos de replantearse las formas de realizar el ciberperiodismo en YouTube; esto, desde una caracterización que demuestra carencias en las formas de realización y aprovechamiento de los recursos de la plataforma en tiempos en los que el acceso a Internet y a sitios digitales por parte de los ciudadanos cubanos crece. Ofrecer mayor prioridad y autonomía a las redacciones digitales, tener mayor efectividad en la distribución de contenido y emplear con mayor intencionalidad las herramientas del discurso ciberperiodístico resultan trascendentales para alcanzar este fin.
Twitch como herramienta de comunicación política: análisis de potencialidades
Authors: Roca-Trenchs Núria , López-Borrull Alexandre , Lalueza Ferran
Published: January 2024

El ecosistema de plataformas digitales tiene una mezcla de creación de nuevos actores, innovaciones y tendencias. A ello se debe añadir un incremento de la desafección política, la polarización y la desinformación. Twitch fue creada para entretener; aquí, se estudia su utilización para la comunicación política, planteando si puede llegar a segmentos de edad específicos, como los jóvenes. Se presenta un análisis exploratorio de los perfiles de Twitch de los principales partidos políticos del Congreso de los Diputados de España, específicamente el PSOE y VOX, los únicos con presencia en esa red. Asimismo, se exploran perfiles de representantes y partidos españoles, europeos e internacionales para ampliar el alcance del análisis. Entre las ventajas se cuenta la modernidad, la capacidad de fidelización, la potencialidad de llegar a nuevos votantes en momentos de polarización, y la posibilidad de monetizar los contenidos para financiar campañas. Como retos, se plantea la necesidad de experimentación con nuevos formatos, el aumento del politainment y la creación de narrativas propias, y se discute la oportunidad de crear nuevos canales o aumentar la presencia en los ya existentes. Twitch puede contribuir al acercamiento entre la clase política y la ciudadanía, sobre todo en segmentos jóvenes, más distantes de la política. Ensayar nuevas propuestas y retóricas de proximidad, conectar de forma directa y persuasiva y romper las polarizaciones más inoperantes pueden ser algunos de los beneficios dadas sus características: hegemonía del directo, interacción, compromiso, fidelización, baja saturación publicitaria y una audiencia joven.
Redes sociales y la influencia en la decisión del destino turístico
Authors: Millán Omar
Published: January 2024

El modelo de negocios de los sitios turísticos ha evolucionado y las herramientas de tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones se han convertido en piedra angular para el actual modelo, en donde convergen empresas y usuarios o turistas. En este escenario, la web juega un rol trascendente: a través de ella, observaciones y calificaciones que hagan terceros se convierten en un elemento que genera un grado de influencia tal que afecta la decisión de usuarios de los sitios turísticos. El propósito de este estudio es determinar precisamente el grado de impacto de las variables independientes –número de observaciones y calificaciones por terceros– sobre elementos o variables dependientes, como la atención que suscita el sitio, la información y la probabilidad de reserva, todo ello mediado por el concepto de susceptibilidad o afectación de la percepción sobre la influencia de terceros. El proceso metodológico implementado incluye un muestreo exploratorio inicial para determinar y validar los niveles de las variables independientes y el diseño de las ofertas turísticas, sumado a un muestreo por conveniencia y al uso de un modelo factorial de diseño de experimentos. Se concluye que el volumen de las observaciones emitidas por terceros, así como las calificaciones que el sitio refleje, constituye un factor preponderante al momento de optar por un sitio turístico, y que el rol de la susceptibilidad afecta directamente a las necesidades del usuario en cuanto a los requerimientos de información, la atención, e influye en la probabilidad de reserva del sitio turístico.
South American digital diplomacy: approaches before and after the Russian-Ukrainian crisis
Authors: Tasențe Tănase , Stan Mari-Isabella
Published: January 2024

In the digital age, diplomacy integrates traditional methods with modern tools such as social media. E-diplomacy enhances global dialogue, but struggles with misinformation and requires strategic communication. This study examined the Twitter reactions of 11 South American presidents to the Russo-Ukrainian war, specifically to Russia's aggression on 24 February 2022. Tweets from February to April 2022 were analysed using Fanpagekarma and RStudio. Engagement metrics and sentiment were assessed across three phases. The results show South America's different diplomatic approaches to the conflict. Venezuela's Maduro supported Russia, in contrast to Western views, while Argentina's Fernández emphasised diverse relations and advocated post-invasion peace. Leaders such as Lasso and da Silva had limited tweets, suggesting neutrality or a local focus. Others, including Ali and Benítez, remained silent. Castillo's tweets focused largely on Ukraine. Chile advocated international law, Brazil leaned towards neutrality, and Peru emphasised its citizens. Maduro criticised Western sanctions and the media. The Ukraine issue highlights South America's nuanced digital diplomacy, reflecting different responses to Russia's actions.
Strategic management: a review of scientific literature using the conceptual bibliographic method
Authors: Bezerra Jefferson Praia , Oliveira Erivan dos Santos , Craveiro Eliane Gonçalves , De Oliveira Paulo César Barros , Nascimento-e-Silva Daniel
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to review the scientific literature on strategic management published in the Google Scholar database between 2021 and 2023 and available for access. The conceptual bibliographic method was used in its four stages: 1) formulation of the problem and guiding questions, with their respective response patterns; 2) collection of data on scientific bases, with the help of the mass of data; 3) organization of data into figurative schematic format, so that the answers sought can be visible and 4) generation of answers, to communicate discoveries to scientific communities. The results showed a) seven approaches (process, art, knowledge, set, management, actions, and system), b) 45 attributes organized into seven semantic groupings (Environment, organization (social group), planning, organization, direction, implementation, and control ) and c) that the logic of strategic management is focused on knowledge of the environment (internal and external) so that the management process (planning, organization, direction, and control) can be effective. The conclusion shows that the more the organization relates to the external environment and meeting needs, the greater the probability that its goals will be achieved.
Foundations of time-symmetric physics 1. Time-symmetric relativity and relativistic quantum mechanics
Authors:   Center for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Zakir Zahid
Published: January 2024

Time-symmetric theory (TST) is formulated as a theoretical foundation of time-symmetric physics (TSP), classical, relativistic and quantum. TST is based on the widely used in particle physics fact that the description of positive energy antiparticles moving forward in space and time is equivalent to the description of negative energy particles moving backward in space and time (Zisman 1940, Stückelberg 1941, Feynman 1949). In TST, this fundamental fact is generalized by formulating the equivalence principle of particle physics and applying it to all physical phenomena in the rest frames of negative energy particles. As a result, the group of transformations TST also includes such inertial frames that move backward in space and time with coordinates related to the ordinary ones by 4-inversion. This led to the formulation of time-symmetric relativity theory and corresponding relativistic quantum mechanics. In the latter, the probabilities remain positive, but the bilinear forms of the wave functions are associated with probability currents, the signs of which depend on the direction of movement along the coordinate axes, including the time axis. In TST, therefore, the Klein-Gordon equation is a consistent equation for probability amplitudes, and the fermion theory contains the necessary corrections, which make it physically more consistent, unchanging its main observational consequences. Applications of TST to quantum fields will be considered in the second article.
Pharmacokinetics of a new sustained‐release formulation of theophylline sodium glycerinate in healthy subjects with a new asymmetric dosage regimen
Authors: Wang P. , Qi M. , Zhong D. , Fang L.
Published: February 2003

Pharmacokinetics of a new sustained‐release formulation of theophylline sodium glycerinate in healthy subjects was studied. In this study, a new asymmetric dosage regimen was presented to achieve a better accordance with the chronotherapy of asthma. Each of 10 subjects was administered one tablet (equivalent to 0.1 g anhydrous theophylline) in the morning and four tablets in the evening for a consecutive 6 days and blood samples were collected at the predetermined time and analyzed by a validated HPLC method. This new regimen produced a steady and effective level of theophylline in plasma for the whole day, especially in the evening. A lower dose in the morning could reach the effective level (Cmin4.97 ± 1.60 µg/mL and Cmax10.68 ± 1.80 µg/mL over the a.m. dosing interval) and a higher dose in the evening did not result in toxic levels but led to a reasonable concentration range (Cmax9.72 ± 1.56 µg/mL over p.m. dosing interval), which could maintain a higher plasma theophylline concentration without the risk of serious adverse events and control asthmatic symptoms probably occurring during the night or early in the morning. The results suggested that the proposed asymmetric regimen was necessary, practicable and safe for twice daily sustained‐release tablets of theophylline sodium glycerinate and also provides the basis for the clinical dosage regimen of other theophylline formulated products. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Combinatorial Library of Low Molecular‐Weight Organo‐ and Hydrogelators Based on Glycosylated Amino Acid Derivatives by Solid‐Phase Synthesis (Chem. Eur. J. 4/2003)
Authors: Kiyonaka Shigeki , Shinkai Seiji , Hamachi Itaru
Published: February 2003

The cover picture shows the combinatorial synthesis of a glycolipid library and the screening process for supramolecular organo‐ and hydrogelators. Combinatorial synthesis of functional materials has been widely applied to the fields of pharmaceuticals, catalysts, and inorganic materials, whereas its application to organic materials has been limited so far. Flexible and convenient solid‐phase (glyco)lipid synthesis (SPLS) has been newly developed herein, and the glycolipid library thus obtained was used for screening supramolecular gelators. An excellent organogelator that gelates a broad spectrum of organic solvents was discovered from the library. In addition, a unique supramolecular hydrogelator that forms a stable hydrogel under various physiological conditions successfully entrapped a native protein without denaturation. Details of this research are described by Hamachi et al. on p. 976 ff.
Productive Asymmetric Synthesis of All Four Diastereomers of 3‐(trans‐2‐Nitrocyclopropyl)alanine from Glycine with (S)‐ or (R)‐2‐[(N‐Benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone as a Reusable Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Larionov Oleg V. , Savel'eva Tatyana F. , Kochetkov Konstantin A. , Ikonnokov Nikolai S. , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Khrustalev Viktor N. , Belokon Yuri N. , de Meijere Armin
Published: February 2003

All four diastereomers of 3‐(trans‐2‐nitrocyclopropyl)alanine (3) were prepared by asymmetrically induced α‐C alkylation of the glycine moiety in the [(S)‐ or (R)‐Schiff base]NiII complex 7, employing racemic trans‐1‐(iodomethyl)‐2‐nitrocyclopropane (8) as the alkylating agent. A notable difference in solubility between the two diastereomeric products 9a/9b [when (S)‐7 was used as starting material] or 9d/9e [when (R)‐7 was employed] allowed for their separation from the same reaction mixture. All the diastereomers of 3‐(trans‐2‐nitrocyclopropyl)alanine (3) were produced upon brief exposure of the alkylation products 9 to dilute hydrochloric acid, with subsequent purification by ion‐exchange chromatography and crystallization. The absolute configurations of the nickel complexes 9a−e were established by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. In addition, the X‐ray crystal structure of (2S,1′S,2′R)‐3 was determined to confirm the convergence of the configurations of the parent nickel complexes 9 with those of the amino acids 3 derived from them. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Steady spatial asymptotics for the Vlasov–Poisson system
Authors: Schaeffer Jack
Published: February 2003

A collisionless plasma is modelled by the Vlasov–Poisson system in three space dimensions. A fixed background of positive charge, which is independent of time and space, is assumed. The situation in which mobile negative ions balance the positive charge as ∣x∣ tends to infinity is considered. Hence, the total positive charge and the total negative charge are infinite. Smooth solutions with appropriate asymptotic behaviour were shown to exist locally in time in a previous work. This paper studies the time behaviour of the net charge and a natural quantity related to energy, and shows that neither is constant in time in general. Also, neither quantity is positive definite. When the background density is a decreasing function of ∣v∣, a positive definite quantity is constructed which remains bounded. A priori bounds are obtained from this. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential biases in sampling design and interpretation of intra‐tooth isotope analysis
Authors: Balasse M.
Published: February 2003

An increasing number of studies dealing with environmental and dietary reconstruction involve measurement of intra‐tooth variation of isotope ratios. The sampling procedure typically consists of collecting a sequence of horizontal bands perpendicular to the growth axis of the tooth. The objective is to obtain a temporal sequence of the changes recorded in dental tissues during tooth development. This paper examines some issues associated with this sampling strategy and consequences for interpretation of the data. Time resolution is influenced by the pattern and duration of enamel mineralization, in a way that might, however, depend on the species and the tooth analysed. Although it may be impossible to sample discrete amounts of time, a chronological order seems to be respected, which should be well enough when the objective is to detect changes in isotope ratios with time. Absolute data must be interpreted with caution. Such issues do not affect studies of inter‐individual variability as long as the sampling procedure applied to the compared specimens is consistent. A new sampling strategy is tested on modern goat teeth, involving drilling in an oblique direction. The results obtained from obliquely drilled samples are very similar to those obtained from the horizontal sampling procedure. More work is still needed to determine the value of alternative sampling strategies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latitudinal and longitudinal process diversity
Authors: Siebel Nils T , Cook Stephen , Satpathy Manoranjan , Rodrìguez Daniel
Published: February 2003

Software processes vary across organizations and over time. Managing this process diversity is a delicate balancing act between creative, healthy diversity and chaos. In this paper, we examine a particular aspect of this issue, namely some relationships between diversity in software processes, software evolution and the quality of software products and processes. Our main contribution is to distinguish between two broad kinds of process diversity, which we call latitudinal and longitudinal process diversity. To illustrate the differences between these two, we examine the case of a medium‐sized system (50 000 lines of C++ code) which has undergone major changes during its lifetime of 10 years. The software was originally developed by an individual academic using a research‐oriented process to develop a standalone proof‐of‐concept system. In a current multi‐team project, involving three industrial and three academic partners, the software has been adapted for integration as a subsystem of a near‐market product. We suggest ways in which the observed process diversity seems to be linked to a change in the software's propensity for evolution, and we discuss the impact of this on both product and process quality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helpless attributions and depression in adolescents: the roles of anxiety, event valence, and demographics
Authors: Waschbusch Daniel A. , Sellers Denise P. , LeBlanc Monique , Kelley Mary L.
Published: February 2003

The relationship between helpless attributions and depression is well established. This study evaluated whether anxiety, event valence (positive or negative) and demographic variables (gender, age, socioeconomic status or race) influence this relationship. Results showed: (1) adolescents with anxiety and depression who were from lower socioeconomic backgrounds made less helpless attributions for negative events than did adolescents from higher socioeconomic backgrounds, (2) male adolescents with anxiety‐only had helpless attribution styles that were similar to male adolescents with depression, but the same was not true for female adolescents, and (3) African‐American adolescents showed less helpless attributions for negative events than did Caucasian adolescents. Results replicate past research showing that a helpless attribution style is associated with depression in adolescence, but suggest that this pattern may be influenced by demographic factors. Results also suggest that helpless attributions may be related to both anxiety and depression in males.
Internal dynamics of van der Waals complexes. I. Born–Oppenheimer separation of radial and angular motion
Authors: Holmgren Stephen L. , Waldman Marvin , Klemperer William
Published: February 2003

An efficient method has been developed for calculating ground state properties of atom–diatomic van der Waals complexes. The wide amplitude bending motion is decoupled from the radial motion in a way analogous to the Born–Oppenheimer separation of electronic and nuclear motion. The treatment furnishes rigorous upper and lower bounds to the ground state energy that are typically ±3 cm−1 for the Ar–HCl surfaces considered. Extensive comparison of this technique with the close-coupling method of Dunker and Gordon [J. Chem. Phys. 64, 354 (1976)] using intermolecular potentials for the Ar HCl complex indicates excellent agreement in the prediction of angular expectation values and rotational constants for the ground state, while realizing an approximate 700-fold reduction in computation time.
Product distributions for some thermal energy charge transfer reactions of rare gas ions
Authors: Anicich V. G. , Laudenslager J. B. , Huntress W. T. , Futrell J. H.
Published: February 2003

Ion cyclotron resonance methods were used to measure the product distributions for thermal energy charge transfer reactions of He+, Ne+, and Ar+ ions with N2, O2, CO, NO, CO2, and N2O. Except for the He+–N2 reaction, no molecular ions were formed by thermal energy charge transfer from He+ and Ne+ with these target molecules. The propensity for dissociative ionization channels in these highly exothermic charge transfer reactions at thermal energies contrasts with the propensity for formation of parent molecular ions observed in photoionization experiments and in high energy charge transfer processes. This difference is explained in terms of more stringent requirements for energy resonance and favorable Franck–Condon factors at thermal ion velocities.
Self-consistent many-body theory for π electron systems. I. The ethylene molecule
Authors: Baldo Marcello , Pucci Renato
Published: February 2003

We present a general many-body theory of molecular electron systems based on a Green’s function formalism. The theory introduces directly the dynamical screened electron–electron interaction and produces an exact expansion for the one-body and two-body (i.e., density–density) Green’s functions, suitable for self-consistent calculations. In first order we get the usual random-phase approximation (RPA). The successive terms can be interpreted as being due to local field corrections to the self-consistent field. Applications within the Pariser–Parr–Pople model are presented. Explicit calculations of the low-lying excitation energies of ethylene molecule show good agreement with ’’exact’’ calculations, and some of the difficulties of other methods, especially for triplet states, are overcome.
A three parameter isotropic distribution of atoms and the hard-core square lattice gas
Authors: Verhagen A. M. W.
Published: February 2003

A five parameter symmetric distribution of atom patterns on the unit cell of the square lattice is statistically continued to construct a five parameter distribution of atom patterns on the 2×∞ lattice, i.e., on two adjacent rows of sites. The probability of a pattern on a single row, and the probability of a pattern on one row given the pattern on the other, define a row by row (Markovian) probability generating process on the double infinite square lattice. The probability of any finite pattern on this lattice is determined by a finite number of steps in this process. The five parameter distribution of atom pattern defined by the row by row process contains a three parameter family of isotropic distributions. A subfamily of these isotropic distributions is the exact solution of the Ising model for the hard core lattice gas, with exclusion of nearest neighbor sites and second neighbor interaction for cases where the interaction parameter is suitably related to the coverage. The free energy and the partition function for this gas are derived mathematically and are presented explicitly in terms of the concentration.
An a
b i
n
i
t
i
o calculation on the WO66− octahedron with an application to its luminescence
Authors: van Oosterhout A. B.
Published: February 2003

An ab initio calculation of the electronic structure of the WO6−6 octahedron is presented. The influence of the surrounding lattice is simulated by point charges. The ground state and the excited charge transfer states in the electronic configurations t51u–t12g, t52u–t12g, and t51g–t12g are calculated. Vector coupling coefficients are given and the occurrence of the two electron integrals which are not Coulomb or exchange integrals is discussed. The calculated energy differences between the ground and excited states agree with experiment. The charge transfer is small (0.17 electron charge) because a strong delocalization occurs in the excited state.
Phase space interpretation of semiclassical theory
Authors: Heller Eric J.
Published: February 2003

A useful and intuitive phase space picture of common semiclassical approximations and procedures is proposed and developed. Underlying the intuitive pictures is the semiclassical, C→0 limit of the Wigner distribution, which is discussed in an Appendix. Simple classical analog phase space diagrams are suggested which represent quantum amplitudes, completeness relations, stationary phase points and integrations, caustic singularities, uniformizations, and the interesting short and long time behavior of the semiclassical propagator. Semiclassical wave packet amplitudes, now known to be on equal footing with the more usual amplitudes between delocalized eigenstates of Hermitian operators, are included in the phase space pictures. It becomes apparent why the primitive semiclassical wave packet amplitudes are to some extent uniformizing, and numerical results are presented to support this conclusion. The power of the phase space picture as an aid in formulating new approximations is illustrated.
A new chemical wave equation for ionic systems
Authors: Schmidt S. , Ortoleva P.
Published: February 2003

In the best known example of chemical wave propagation, the Belusov–Zaikin–Zhabotinsky) reaction, most important species are ionic yet all theoretical studies that proport to describe wave porpagation in this media neglect the importance of charge neutrality coupling in ionic transport. In this paper we analyze the continuity and Poisson’s equations using the multiple time and length scale technique to emphasize the wide separation of scales between those of chemical wave propagation and the tendency toward electroneutrality. We derive a new equation for chemical waves in ionic systems and show that a coupling term due to the presence of a Planck liquid junction potential must be added to the neutral species equation to guarantee charge neutrality. It is pointed out that chemical waves in these systems are accompanied by propagating liquid junction potentials and that applied electric fields may significantly alter wave propagation, thus serving as a new experimental probe of chemical waves.
Viral and Cellular Determinants of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication in Cell Culture
Authors: Lohmann Volker , Hoffmann Sandra , Herian Ulrike , Penin Francois , Bartenschlager Ralf
Published: February 2003

Studies on the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been facilitated by the development of selectable subgenomic replicons replicating in the human hepatoma cell line Huh-7 at a surprisingly high level. Analysis of the replicon population in selected cells revealed the occurrence of cell culture-adaptive mutations that enhance RNA replication substantially. To gain a better understanding of HCV cell culture adaptation, we characterized conserved mutations identified by sequence analysis of 26 independent replicon cell clones for their effect on RNA replication. Mutations enhancing replication were found in nearly every nonstructural (NS) protein, and they could be subdivided into at least two groups by their effect on replication efficiency and cooperativity: (i) mutations in NS3 with a low impact on replication but that enhanced replication cooperatively when combined with highly adaptive mutations and (ii) mutations in NS4B, -5A, and -5B, causing a strong increase in replication but being incompatible with each other. In addition to adaptive mutations, we found that the host cell plays an equally important role for efficient RNA replication. We tested several passages of the same Huh-7 cell line and found up to 100-fold differences in their ability to support replicon amplification. These differences were not due to variations in internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation or RNA degradation. In a search for cellular factor(s) that might be responsible for the different levels of permissiveness of Huh-7 cells, we found that replication efficiency decreased with increasing amounts of transfected replicon RNA, indicating that viral RNA or proteins are cytopathic or that host cell factors in Huh-7 cells limit RNA amplification. In summary, these data show that the efficiency of HCV replication in cell culture is determined both by adaptation of the viral sequence and by the host cell itself.
Diversity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)
env
Sequence after Vertical Transmission in Mother-Child Pairs Infected with HIV-1 Subtype A
Authors: Verhofstede Chris , Demecheleer Els , De Cabooter Nancy , Gaillard Philippe , Mwanyumba Fabian , Claeys Patricia , Chohan Varsha , Mandaliya Kishorchandra , Temmerman Marleen , Plum Jean
Published: February 2003

Although several virologic and immunologic factors associated with an increased risk of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission have been described, the mechanism of mother-to-child transmission is still unclear. More specifically, the question of whether selective pressures influence the transmission remains unanswered. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of the transmitted virus after in utero transmission and after peripartum transmission and to compare the viral heterogeneity in the child with the viral heterogeneity in the mother. To allow a very accurate characterization of the viral heterogeneity in a single sample, limiting-dilution sequencing of a 1,016-bp fragment of the
env
gene was performed. Thirteen children were tested, including 6 with in utero infections and 7 with peripartum infections. Samples were taken the day after birth and at the ages of 6 and 14 weeks. A homogeneous virus population was seen in six (46.2%) infants, of whom two were infected in utero and four were infected peripartum. A more heterogeneous virus population was detected in seven infants (53.8%), four infected in utero and three infected peripartum. The phylogenetic trees of the mother-child pairs presented a whole range of different tree topologies and showed infection of the child by one or more maternal variants. In conclusion, after HIV-1 transmission from mother to child a heterogeneous virus population was detected in approximately one-half of the children examined. Heterogeneous virus populations were found after peripartum infection as well as after in utero infection. Phylogenetic tree topologies argue against selection processes as the major mechanism driving mother-to-child transmission but support the hypothesis that virus variability is mainly driven by the inoculum level and/or exposure time.
Genetic Characterization of Rebounding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Plasma during Multiple Interruptions of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Dybul Mark , Daucher Marybeth , Jensen Mark A. , Hallahan Claire W. , Chun Tae-Wook , Belson Michael , Hidalgo Bertha , Nickle David C. , Yoder Christian , Metcalf Julia A. , Davey Richard T. , Ehler Linda , Kress-Rock Diane , Nies-Kraske Elizabeth , Liu Shuying , Mullins James I. , Fauci Anthony S.
Published: February 2003

Various strategies of interrupting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are being investigated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Interruptions of greater than 2 weeks frequently result in rebound of plasma HIV RNA. In order to discern changes in the viral population that might occur during cycles of treatment interruption, we evaluated the homology of HIV-1 envelope gene sequences over time in 12 patients who received four to seven cycles of 4 weeks off HAART followed by 8 weeks on HAART by using the heteroduplex tracking assay and novel statistical tools. HIV populations in 9 of 12 patients diverged from those found in the first cycle in at least one subsequent cycle. The substantial genetic changes noted in HIV
env
did not correlate with increased or decreased log changes in levels of plasma HIV RNA (
P
> 0.5). Thus, genetic changes in HIV
env
itself did not contribute in a systematic way to changes in levels of plasma viremia from cycle to cycle of treatment interruption. In addition, the data suggest that there may be multiple compartments contributing to the rebound of plasma viremia and to viral diversity from cycle to cycle of intermittent therapy.