bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Closing the Gap: A Resident-Led Quality Improvement Project to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening in Primary Care Community Clinics
Authors: Ruggeri Cara E. , Reed Rajika E. , Coyle Bonnie , Stoltzfus Jill , Fioravanti Gloria , Tehrani Renee
Published: December 2019

Background

Despite the prevalence and mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), 67.4% of US adults aged 50 to 75 years received recommended screening tests in 2016.

Objective

We created a quality improvement project in resident-run outpatient clinics to increase CRC screening rates to ≥ 50% from 2016 to 2018, with emphasis on vulnerable patient populations.

Methods

We applied a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach involving internal medicine and family medicine residents and staff from various hospital network departments, selecting 4 clinics to participate whose screening rates were below our network's average of 41%. Our intervention consisted of a needs assessment, resident-led educational sessions for clinicians, staff, and patients, use of fecal immunochemical tests as a first screening option, and application of care gap analysts at each clinic to answer patients' screening questions and to follow up regarding their screening status.

Results

We obtained approximately 100 patient surveys from each clinic, a 100% staff completion rate (68 of 68), and a 90% clinician completion rate (85 of 94). Staff and clinician surveys revealed concerns about reducing patient screening fears, inconsistent documentation of screening outcomes, and need for education about CRC prevention, early detection, and screening recommendations. Patient surveys revealed educational deficits and concerns about perceived screening obstacles (eg, transportation and insurance). While CRC screening rates increased across all participating clinics, one clinic experienced an increase from 23% to 48%.

Conclusions

Our multitargeted approach in primary care residency practices yielded increased CRC screening rates in vulnerable patient populations.
Master of Science in Nursing students’ expectations to participate in nursing research-related tasks in clinical practice after completing their education – A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Berthelsen Connie , Martinsen Bente , Vamosi Marianne
Published: December 2019

Objective: To describe Master of Science in Nursing students’ expectations to participate in nursing research-related tasks in daily clinical practice after completing their education.Methods: To support this assumption a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to describe Master of Science in nursing students’ expectations to participate in nursing research-related tasks in daily clinical practice after completing their education. Data were collected using a 41-item structured questionnaire.Results: A convenience sample of Master of Science in Nursing students (n = 116) was recruited during their third semester and 92 (79.3%) students replied the questionnaire. The results showed how 91.3% of the students expressed high expectations regarding their possibilities for participation in nursing research-related tasks in clinical practice. However, 64.1% doubted that time and resources would be allocated to nursing research.Conclusions: The key motivator for the students was to improve patient care, further develop clinical practice, and strengthen the nursing profession. However, the literature suggests that colleagues and the nursing management in clinical practice impose certain barriers that prevent nurses from participating in research.
Ingebrekestelling: misschien minder formeel, maar het blijft oppassen
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M.
Published: December 2019

Ingebrekestelling: misschien minder formeel, maar het blijft oppassen

Op 11 oktober 2019 wees de Hoge Raad het arrest Fraanje/Alukon. In dit arrest behandelde hij de vraag hoe de redelijke termijn in een ingebrekestelling moet worden bepaald. Ook oordeelde de Hoge Raad dat een ingebrekestelling niet aan formaliteiten gebonden is, maar dat de rechter er praktisch mee om moet gaan. Het arrest en zijn gevolgen worden in deze bijdrage besproken.
Como a Realidade Aumentada tem Auxiliado no Processo de Ensino e Aprendizagem de Ciências da Natureza? Um Mapeamento Sistemático da Literatura
Authors: Queiroz Eduarda , Moura Rafaela , Souza Ellen
Published: December 2019

A Realidade Aumentada (RA) é definida como qualquer sistema que combine o real com o virtual, que seja interativo em tempo real e que esteja registrado em três dimensões. No ensino das ciências da natureza, ela pode proporcionar aos estudantes a visualização de conceitos abstratos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como a RA tem auxiliado no processo de ensino e aprendizagem das ciências naturais. Foi realizado um mapeamento sistemático que é um estudo secundário e tem como foco identificar as lacunas de pesquisas na literatura. Estudos primários publicados entre os anos de 2009 a 2018 foram analisados a fim de extrair dados que pudessem responder às questões de pesquisa e assim alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho.
Modelagem Manual e Digital de Personagens como Ferramenta Lúdica e Auxiliar no Ensino-Aprendizagem de Anatomia Humana
Authors: Morais Arthur Eduardo de Oliveira , Macedo Vitória Facundo
Published: December 2019

Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar o processo de aplicação da oficina ‘Modelagem Manual de Personagens’, que resulta na produção de modelos anatômicos feitos em massa de modelar ou plastilina. Além disso, demonstrar as vantagens de se trabalhar a ludicidade no processo de ensino de conteúdos de maior complexidade e o potencial da metodologia proposta para o ensino de alunos com deficiência auditiva e visual. A anatomia humana é especialmente prejudicada diante da aplicação dos tradicionais métodos de ensino que têm como base a memorização de forma arbitrária. Desta forma, este trabalho busca incentivar a replicação do processo demonstrando o procedimento adotado e as possibilidades de expansão para o meio digital.
Metodologias Ativas à Luz de Comenius: uma Experiência na Pós-Graduação
Authors: Almeida Andrea C. A. , Melo Carlos Ian B. , Harvey Myrcea S. S. , Lima Marcos Vinicius A. , Chaves Pedro Jonatas S.
Published: December 2019

Este artigo tem por objetivo relacionar as ideias do educador Jan Amos Comenius, que datam do século XVII, à teoria e prática das metodologias ativas, propostas à educação superior contemporânea. Como fundamento teórico utilizou-se da principal obra desse autor, Didática Magna, e de estudos atuais sobre metodologias ativas. Metodologicamente optou-se pela realização de um relato de experiência, entrecruzando os conceitos estudados e a prática de uma aula inovadora no ensino superior. Como conclusões apontamos que os postulados de Comenius estão imbricados com as metodologias ativas, pois demonstram o potencial destas em valorizar o trabalho do professor e oportunizar o desempenho do aluno, proporcionando uma experiência de aprendizagem significativa.
Avaliação de Aplicativos Educacionais Infantis com o Método MoLEva
Authors: Batista Alexandre C. D. , Melo Leticia I. C. , Vascon Lucas E. de Lima , Freire Fernanda M. P. , Arantes Flávia L. , da Silva André C.
Published: December 2019

Este artigo busca analisar a viabilidade em aplicar o método MoLEva para avaliar jogos infantis em dispositivos móveis. Os jogos foram escolhidos no aplicativo PlayKids e analisados por três avaliadores, com diferentes níveis de experiência em avaliação de interfaces. Os resultados mostram que o método MoLEva pode ser usado para avaliação de aplicativos educacionais infantis de maneira satisfatória, mas com algumas ressalvas que estão relacionadas (i) ao nível de experiência do avaliador, (ii) ao peso atribuído às categorias para o cálculo da média final e (iii) a uma possível superficialidade em questões tidas como pouco objetivas para o contexto de jogos infantis.
Avaliando a Utilização do Aplicativo AppAlpha no Processo de Alfabetização de Adultos
Authors: Dantas Emerson , Borges Ana Paula de L. , Dantas Ayla
Published: December 2019

Visando tornar mais dinâmico o processo de alfabetização, uma estratégia que vem sendo adotada é a utilização de Objetos de Aprendizagem (OAs). Neste artigo, é apresentado um desses OAs, o AppAlpha, e sua avaliação. Esse OA procura exercitar a conexão entre som e letra através de um jogo da forca, trabalhando também a soletração de palavras. Para poder avaliá-lo, o OA foi utilizado por alunos adultos e professores com o propósito de obter seu feedback, considerando como pontos de observação a sua aceitação, facilidade de uso e suas funcionalidades. A partir das opiniões dos mesmos, foi possível perceber uma grande aceitação dos dois grupos que participaram do estudo, o que mostra que o AppAlpha tem potencial para apoiar o processo de alfabetização.
Definição de Critérios Pedagógicos e Técnicos de um Recurso Digital para Validação de Planos de Aula
Authors: de Oliveira Amanda Maria D. , da Costa Clésia Jordânia N. , de Azevedo Ivanilka L. , Bezerra Vítor Henrique C. , Maia Dennys Leite
Published: December 2019

Este artigo apresenta o percurso traçado por dois grupos de trabalho (GT de Desenvolvimento e o GT Pedagógico), no sentido de elencar um referencial teórico-pedagógico e sistemático para implementar um sistema de validação de planos de aulas na plataforma OBAMA, com o objetivo de difundir entre professores boas práticas pedagógicas.
A Tecnologia Assistiva e a Inclusão de Educandos com Deficiência Visual: um Mapeamento Sistemático da Literatura
Authors: de Melo Ana Carolina Candido , Souza Ellen Polliana Ramos , Lima José Vinicius Vieira
Published: December 2019

Tecnologia Assistiva (TA) refere-se a recursos e serviços que ampliam as habilidades funcionais da Pessoa com Deficiência (PcD), visando sua inclusão social. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o resultado de um mapeamento sistemático da literatura, cujo objetivo é investigar os avanços no uso de recursos e serviços de TA para inclusão da PcD Visual no âmbito educacional, através de buscas manual e automática no período de 2009 a 2018, propondo ao final, a catalogação e divulgação destes recursos. Foram retornados 12.279 estudos primários, dos quais, 30 foram incluídos no mapeamento. Dentre os resultados, destaque para softwares educativos como tipo de solução proposta.
Mineração dos Perfis Acadêmico e Socioeconômico de Estudantes do 3º Ano do Ensino Médio da Rede Pública de Pernambuco, com Base nos Questionários da Avaliação Nacional da Educação Básica (ANEB)
Authors: Medeiros Hugo Augusto Vasconcelos , Santiago Katarina Tatiana Marques
Published: December 2019

Esta pesquisa objetiva entender os perfis escolares dos estudantes e a relação entre esses perfis e o alcance dos resultados da política pública de educação no Estado de Pernambuco. Para isso foram utilizadas técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina para minerar quais respostas do questionário contextual, que é aplicado aos estudantes juntamente às provas de matemática e de língua portuguesa pela Avaliação Nacional da Educação Básica (ANEB), mais impactaram nos resultados dessas provas; e, posteriormente, estimar quais as relações entre os perfis estudantis e esses resultados a partir da observação das variações das nas notas dos testes de acordo com a variação em determinada variável selecionada anteriormente.
Tecnologia Digital na Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos em Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem
Authors: Santos Danielle Moura , do Nascimento Raphaela Delmondes , de Aquino Jael Maria , da Silva Júnior Walmir Soares , Lima Marize Conceição Ventin , Lisbôa Gabrielle Leite Pacheco , Almeida Isabella
Published: December 2019

A Aprendizagem Baseada em Projetos (ABP) é uma estratégia de ensino que consiste em possibilitar que os alunos confrontem as questões e os problemas de uma realidade que consideram significativos. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a utilização de tecnologias digitais na aprendizagem baseada em projetos em curso de graduação em enfermagem. As atividades de ensino apresentadas compõem os conteúdos de metodologia científica do primeiro período. Os resultados das atividades são apresentados em evento público organizado pelos estudantes que de modo colaborativo desenvolvem as habilidades esperadas para o século XXI.
Docência e Tecnologias Digitais na Formação de Professores: Planejamento e Execução de Aulas por Licenciandos
Authors: Teles Gabriela , Soares Deyse Mara Romualdo , de Lima Luciana , Loureiro Robson Carlos
Published: December 2019

O objetivo desse trabalho consiste em analisar como os licenciandos atuantes em disciplina optativa, no segundo semestre de 2018, planejaram e executaram aulas com a utilização das tecnologias digitais. Foi realizado Estudo de Caso, no qual os planos de aula e as aulas desenvolvidas por dois grupos interdisciplinares foram triangulados, tendo por base o referencial teórico que compõe o estudo. Verificou-se que os licenciandos conseguiram executar a maior parte do que planejaram, havendo o predomínio do instrucionismo nos planejamentos e aulas. Pretende-se dar prosseguimento à pesquisa.
O Uso das Tecnologias na Formação Inicial de Licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas: o que Dizem as Pesquisas na Área?
Authors: da Silva Micaelle Gomes , da Silva Dayane G. , de Souza Neto Luiz G. , Jófili Zélia M. Soares
Published: December 2019

As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) vêm se expandindo cada vez mais no âmbito educacional, buscando suprir as necessidades constantes da educação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o uso das tecnologias na formação inicial de professores de Biologia e, para isto, foi realizado um mapeamento de artigos em periódicos e eventos científicos, abrangendo o período de 2013 a 2017. Foi identificado um total de 22 estudos abordando o uso de tecnologias na formação inicial de professores de biologia, mas apesar do crescente número de estudos, ainda se faz necessário avançar quanto ao uso das tecnologias, de modo a melhor subsidiar a formação docente.
Ilha da Tartaruga: Gamificação na Educação Ambiental
Authors: Costa Maria de Jesus , Torres Sara Stephane Moreira
Published: December 2019

Este artigo aborda os princípios da Educação Ambiental, conceitos e características da gamificação aplicados na área educacional. Está estruturado como um estudo de caso no intuito de descrever a aplicação da gamificação no objeto de aprendizagem (OA) Ilha da Tartaruga, que usa tal abordagem para gerar um maior engajamento e aprendizagem no âmbito da educação ambiental. Seu desenvolvimento percorre o caráter educacional da área ambiental, a descrição do OA (usado como objeto do estudo) e o processo de gamificação aplicado. O artigo conclui-se com um parecer sobre os resultados do processo aplicado no OA e uma reflexão sobre os próximos passos na pesquisa.
Robótica Educacional e Pensamento Computacional: uma Avaliação da Percepção dos Alunos sobre o Tema
Authors: Dornelles Ana Beatriz T. B. , Cruz Cristhyan A. , Medeiros Elizabet M. S. , Araújo João Victor A. , Villacorta Kely D. V. , Buriti Lorena C. L.
Published: December 2019

O ensino da Robótica Educacional tem se mostrado desafiador principalmente no quesito da compreensão dos conceitos da programação. As técnicas de Computação Desplugada aliadas ao Pensamento Computacional tem se mostrado um meio eficaz para auxiliar os alunos de Escolas Estaduais na utilização, implementação, montagem e programação dos Kits de Robótica Educacional. Este trabalho mostra alguns métodos utilizados para trabalhar a resolução de problemas, a projeção de sistemas e vários outros conceitos da ciência da computação, e a percepção dos alunos do 1º Ano do Ensino Médio após 4 meses de implantação do projeto.
Intervenção em Turmas de Jovens e Adultos numa Escola da Rede Pública do Recife, Multidisciplinaridade e Uso da Ferramenta Blockly Games: Um Relato de Experiência
Authors: de Figueiredo Marcela Portela S. , Lima Elidiene Gomes de Oliveira , Cysneiros Filho Gilberto Amado de Azevedo
Published: December 2019

Jogos digitais são cada vez mais aplicados como ferramentas de suporte ao ensino. Como aplicar jogos digitais no ambiente educacional ainda é uma área de pesquisa. Esse artigo descreve uma experiência de desenvolvimento de um jogo adaptado do Blockly Games e aplicá-lo com alunos de turmas de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). O objetivo do jogo é ensinar assuntos relacionados a Matemática, Educação Ambiental e Programação. O resultado do experimento foi que 43,75% dos estudantes se mostraram satisfeitos ou muito satisfeitos com o jogo. Em relação à percepção de aprendizado, 81,25% acreditam terem aprendido matemática, 87,5% acreditam terem aprendido lógica e 93% acreditam ter aprendido noções de reciclagem.
Benefícios de Mapas Mentais para Pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual: um Relato de Experiência
Authors: do Carmo Vinicius J. G. , da Silva Lucas Queroz , Souza Ellen P. R. , dos Santos Ildonjaques A. L. V. , Albuquerque Hidelberg O. , Albuquerque Héldon José O.
Published: December 2019

Este artigo busca apresentar as ferramentas de mapas mentais e seus benefícios no aprendizado de pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual (DI). Para esta pesquisa foram usadas as ferramentas de mapas mentais XMind e miMind. O estudo foi dividido em quatro partes: Planejamento, Busca e Seleção de Ferramentas, Execução e Análise de Resultados. As ferramentas foram testadas em oficinas ministradas na turma de inclusão profissional da Associação de Pais e Amigos de Excepcionais (APAE) de Serra Talhada e, após as oficinas, foi realizado um questionário baseado em uma entrevista. Observou-se o maior interesse dos alunos em participar das aulas, ao utilizar as ferramentas de mapas mentais.
Uso de Jogo Online no Apoio ao Processo de Alfabetização Infantil: Programa Domlexia
Authors: Heisler Nadine , da Luz Sabrina Vieira
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho descreve uma proposta de um jogo online de apoio à alfabetização para crianças com risco de dislexia com base na consciência fonológica. O programa Domlexia formulado para ser utilizado com toda a turma de 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental também integra uma atividade de avaliação em cada etapa de jogo, que permite um acompanhamento do desenvolvimento dos alunos e traça um perfil do progresso da alfabetização. Foi realizado um piloto de aplicação do jogo em duas turmas de alfabetização e os resultados demonstraram melhora nos testes de consciência fonológica após um mês de uso do jogo.
Strategy To Strengthen Cooperation Between The European Union And The Mediterranean Countries Through The Union For Mediterranean (UfM)
Authors: Elistania Elistania , Nurmeiga Farandy , Permadi Agung
Published: December 2019

The European Union is an example of regional cooperations that represents regional identity. In the midst of the process of integration and expansion of membership, the European Union has an interest in building good relations with non-member countries in the immediate region, including the Mediterranean. The process of establishing cooperation between the European Union and the Mediterranean countries continues to change. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) in 1995 was the place for regional cooperation with most member countries and had a well-structured pillar of cooperation. However, the two entities re-formed a new cooperative platform, The Union for Mediterranean (UfM) in 2008. This study aims to explain why the European Union and Mediterranean countries changed the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) into The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) in 2008. Using the theory building approach in the Alex Warleigh-Lack regionalism concept, the findings in the research resulted in an answer that EMP has negative values that are not in accordance with the development of the issue so that it becomes a reason for the formation of UfM.
Indonesia and United States General System of Preference (US-GSP): Eligibility of Indonesia as a Beneficiary Country
Authors: Ismail Achmad
Published: December 2019

After 3 years, precisely in 2018, the United States reviewed Indonesia's eligibility in receiving US-General System of Preference (US-GSP) facilities. Interestingly, the results of the review have not yet been published. This happens for the United States assumes that Indonesia implements various trade and investment barriers that have a negative impact on the United States, one of which is due to the policy of limiting imports of horticultural products, the implementation of Gerbang Pembayaran Nasional (GPN) and so on. Then with the current conditions, how about the eligibility of Indonesia if it want to receive GSP facilities. This article argues that Indonesia continues to fulfil the required points as a beneficiary country. Indonesia can also use these points as a source of bargaining power to influence the United States so that the results of the GSP review state that Indonesia is eligible to receive GSP facilities, as well as refuse previous US assumptions. This article uses qualitative research methods with a case study approach with primary (interview) and secondary (literature) data collection techniques. This article concludes that Indonesia is still eligible to receive the GSP facility because Indonesia is trying to fulfil the required points as a source of Indonesia's bargaining power towards the United States.
Real Time PCR Based Quantification of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) Titre in Banana cv. Grand Naine (Musa acuminata)
Authors: Tanuja N. , Ramanathan A. , Varanavasiappan S. , Kokila Devi E. , Arul L. , Sudhakar D. , Vanitha S. , Soorianathasundaram K. , K. Kumar K.
Published: December 2019

Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD) is one of the most severe viral diseases affecting major banana growing belts in India. Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) is transmitted by a black banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa L Coquerel) in a persistent manner. BBTV virions are limited to the phloem tissue of banana resulting in low titre in banana. A reliable method to quantify the BBTV in the banana will be useful for monitoring the insect vector mediated BBTV transmission in banana, an essential requirement for characterizing the transgenic banana transformed for BBTV resistance. A protocol for real time PCR based absolute quantification of BBTV is reported in the present study. The partial BBTV coat protein gene (459 bp) was isolated, cloned into a plasmid vector and used to construct a standard curve using an SYBR green-based assay with known copies of BBTV coat protein gene. Using the standard curve, BBTV viral load was estimated in BBTV infected symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples of banana cultivar Grand Naine through SYBR green-based quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The study demonstrated that a higher viral tire was associated with BBTV disease symptoms appearance, whereas the low titre resulted in asymptomatic plants.
Soccer Ball Spatial Kinematics and Dynamics Simulation for Efficient Sports Analysis
Authors: Li Ying , Li Qi
Published: December 2019

The intelligent sports analysis requires exactly modeling the kinematics and dynamics of a soccer ball in a three-dimensional (3D) space.  To address this problem, a 3D dynamic model of the soccer ball is developed to simulate the motion and capture the kinematics and dynamics performance. The model consists of three sub-models governed by the classic mechanics and formulated as time-dependent ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The simulations involve visualizing the ball traveling trajectory, which contains the instantaneous force information; and plotting the time-varying displacement and force curves. The model is validated by comparison of the results from this simulation and another theoretical calculation. A case study is presented to simulate the projectile motion of a soccer ball in a virtual environment. The spatial kinematics and dynamics results are obtained and analyzed. The results show the max projectile height and range, and kick force increase with the increase of the initial velocity. This research is significant to simulate the soccer ball motion for promoting the planning, evaluation, and optimization of trajectory.
Understanding Soil Phosphorus
Authors: Mwende Muindi Esther
Published: December 2019

Phosphorus is the second most important crop nutrient after Nitrogen. It is an essential macronutrient that plays important role in all crop biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage, transfer, cell division, cell enlargement and nitrogen fixation. It is also important in seed germination, seedling establishment, root, shoot, flower and seed development. Despite its importance in crop nutrition, availability of the nutrient in soils for plant uptake is limited by several soil factors. The factors include: soil pH levels, clay mineralogy, organic matter, free iron and aluminium, calcium carbonate, soil temperatures and availability of other nutrients among other factors. Availability of phosphorus for plant uptake can be managed by adoption of practices such as liming acidic soils, application of organic amendments in both alkaline and acidic soils, tillage practices and regulation of time and method of P fertilizer application.
HIERARCHY AND COMMUNITY IN THE
ELIZABETHAN PARISH: THE SWALLOWFIELD
ARTICLES OF 1596
Authors: HINDLE STEVE
Published: July 2002

The politics of the parish are increasingly attracting the attention of historians of early
modern England. The exploration of the depth and extent of popular participation in the process of
governance has disclosed sophisticated forms of political organization at relatively humble social levels.
The locus classicus of innovation in parish governance is arguably the set of articles drawn up by the
chief inhabitants of the Wiltshire community of Swallowfield in 1596. The articles are printed here
for the first time. The introduction seeks to place them in their geographical, chronological, and
historiographical contexts. In particular, the articles have profound implications for current debates
over the nature and meaning of ‘community’, the dynamics of the growth of the state, and the scale
and impulse of the reformation of manners.
Soil mineral N and N net mineralization during
autumn and winter under an oilseed rape – winter
wheat – winter barley rotation in different crop
management systems
Authors: SIELING K. , GÜNTHER-BORSTEL O. , TEEBKEN T. , HANUS H.
Published: July 2002

Soil sampling in autumn gives important information on the soil
N dynamic. In the growing seasons
1991/92 to 1995/96, the effects of different crop management systems
on soil mineral N (NO3-N plus
NH4-N:Nmin) were investigated in a factorial
field experiment at Hohenschulen Experimental Station
near Kiel in NW Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape – winter
wheat – winter barley, and
soil tillage (conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage),
application of pig slurry
(none, autumn, autumn+spring), mineral N fertilization (0, 120 and 240
kg N ha−1)
and fungicide application (none, three applications) were all varied. Each
year, the treatments occurred in all three
crops of the rotation and were located on the same plots. Nmin
was determined on four dates (‘After
drilling’, ‘End of autumn growth’ before winter, ‘Beginning
of spring growth’ before N fertilizer
application, and ‘After harvest’) to 90 cm in 30 cm horizons.

Under all crops, Nmin showed a large year to year variation.
Highest values of 132 kg N ha−1 were
observed ‘After drilling’, which decreased until ‘End
of growth’. The increase of autumn Nmin (‘After

drilling’, ‘End of autumn growth’) was mainly due to
autumn slurry, whereas mineral N fertilizer
mainly affected Nmin ‘After harvest’. Soil tillage
and fungicide application only slightly modified Nmin
at all dates.

The relationship between N leaching and Nmin measured either
‘After drilling’ or at the ‘End of
autumn growth’ in 1991/92–1994/95 remained too poor
to be used to estimate N leaching. N net
mineralization during autumn and winter varied with crops, as estimated
by the Nmin changes
between ‘After drilling’ minus ‘Start of spring growth’
plus N uptake by the crop at ‘Start of spring
growth’ plus N leaching during winter. On average over the years,
39 kg N ha−1 were mineralized
under oilseed rape and 42 kg N ha−1 under wheat compared
with 31 kg N ha−1 under barley.
However, a large year-to-year variation occurred. In addition, the ranking
of the years differed with
the crops. Slurry application led to different amounts of mineralized N.
Under barley only
25 kg N ha−1
were calculated for the autumn slurry, but 42 kg N ha−1
for the autumn plus spring
slurry treatment. In contrast, under oilseed rape the highest value of
41 kg N ha−1 occurred in the
autumn slurry plots. Under wheat, slurry application only slightly affected
N mineralization.
Increased mineral N fertilization decreased N release under oilseed rape,
but significantly increased
it under cereals. Application of fungicides did not affect N mineralization
during winter.
Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide
control in winter wheat on a sandy soil. II. Radiation
interception and conversion
Authors: OLESEN J. E. , JØRGENSEN L. N. , MORTENSEN J. V.
Published: July 2002

Data from a three factor experiment carried out during two years were used to analyse the effects of
drought, nitrogen and disease on light interception (IPAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in
winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The factors in the experiment comprised four irrigation
strategies including no irrigation, three nitrogen levels providing 67, 83 and 100% of the
recommended nitrogen rate, and two strategies for control of leaf diseases (with and without
fungicides). Light interception was estimated from weekly measurements of crop spectral reflectance.
This method was compared with estimates derived from crop area index measured by plant samples
or by using the LAI2000 instrument. There was a good correspondence between the different methods
before anthesis, but an overestimation of light interception with the methods using crop area index
after anthesis due to an increase in non-photosynthetic active leaf area. Irrigation increased both
IPAR and RUE. The relative increase in IPAR for irrigation was greater than the relative increase
in RUE in the first year, whereas they were of similar size in the second year. The differences between
the years could be attributed to changes in timing of the drought relative to crop ontogenesis.
Increasing nitrogen rate increased IPAR, but caused a small decrease in RUE in both years. This
reduction in RUE with increasing nitrogen concentration in leaves was also found to be significant
when disease levels and drought effects were included in a multiple linear regression. Fungicide
application increased IPAR in both years, but RUE was only significantly reduced by disease in the
first year, where mildew dominated the trial. The data were also used to estimate the coefficients of
partitioning of dry matter to grains before and after anthesis. About 40% of dry matter produced
before anthesis and about 60% after anthesis was estimated to contribute to grain yield. The low
fraction after anthesis is probably due to the fact that it was not possible to estimate changes in RUE
with time, which may lead to biases in the estimation of partitioning coefficients.
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN REDUCING CHILD LABOUR: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: NATH SAMIR R. , HADI ABDULLAHEL
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the hypothesis that the level of education of children and their parents plays a major role in reducing child labour. Data were generated from a sample survey of 3809 children aged 10–14 years living in 150 villages in two rural districts of Bangladesh. A significant inverse relationship was found between child labour and years of schooling. Age and education of children, parental education, land ownership of household and fathers' occupation were the determinants of child labour force participation. Child's years of schooling is the variable that has most influence on the probability of participation in the labour force, followed by father's and mother's education.
Body score of dairy cows
Authors: BROSTER WILLIAM H. , BROSTER VALERIE J.
Published: July 2002

During the last two decades the traditional subjective
appraisal of the body fat
stores in farm animals, made by eye and touch, has been
rationalized by the
introduction of numerical systems of rating specific
anatomical points.

Palpation of the lumbar vertebrae, the pin and hook bones
(tail head) (Lowman et al. 1973), and, occasionally,
width behind the shoulders (Treacher et al. 1986)
provides an assessment of the fatness of the animal.
This is calibrated from standard
photographic charts, in the use of which the operator is
trained. Body condition
scoring (CS) by this method has been widely developed for
dairy cows (Earle, 1976;
Mulvany, 1977; MacCarthy, 1978; Scott & Smeaton, 1980;
Wildman et al. 1982;
Aalseth et al. 1983; Anon. 1986; Garcia Paloma, 1990).

The actual numerical scales have varied among systems.
Thus over the range
from very thin to very fat cows the scale is 1, 2…7, 8
(Earle, 1976) and 0½, 1,…4½, 5
(Mulvany, 1977), for example. CS is thus a discrete variate
with a limited number
of readings. Several authors have sought to decrease the
division size, for example 1,
1 1/3; 1 2/3;…4 2/3, 5
(Ducker et al. 1985a, see also Dewhurst
et al. 1996) and by using the
means of the separate values obtained by two operators
judging CS independently
(W. H. Broster, V. J. Broster, A. J. Clements, J. W. Siviter
and T. Smith, unpublished results). In this review CS will
be stated in the units given by Mulvany (1977),
to which other ranges have been scaled. Inspection of CS
data has usually been
conducted by analysis of variance, but also by the
Mann–Whitney signed rank test
(Moorby et al. 1996).

Evans (1978) and Nicoll (1981) studied the variation in
recording CS. Both
investigators concluded that a system of observation by
two independent assessors
per recording occasion is advantageous and that revision
training is necessary to
maintain operator standardization. Of total variance in
CS, some 60–70% was
found attributable to ‘between-animal’
differences, <5% to assessor variation and
<10% to animal×assessor variation. Croxton &
Stollard (1976) found good
repeatability of CS measurements ‘between’ and
‘within’ operators. It is regrettable
that few reports of experimentation give full details of
method of and number of operators engaged in body
score recording.
Effects of stocking density and concentrate supplementation of
grazing dairy cows on milk production, composition and processing
characteristics
Authors: O'BRIEN BERNADETTE , DILLON PATRICK , MURPHY JOHN J. , MEHRA RAJ K. , GUINEE TIMOTHY P. , CONNOLLY JAMES F. , KELLY ALAN , JOYCE PATRICK
Published: July 2002

The effects on milk composition and processing characteristics of varying
grass supply by changing stocking density and of offering a concentrate supplement
were investigated. The experiment was conducted over 28 weeks of the lactation
(April–October) using 48 spring-calved Friesian–Holstein cows. Three herds each of
16 cows were offered a restricted grass supply, a standard grass supply and a
standard grass supply with a supplement of 3 kg concentrate/d. Treatment groups
were grazed separately with a residence time of 3 d/paddock. Milk production,
composition and processing characteristics such as renneting properties, ethanol
stability and plasmin activity were measured weekly. Increasing stocking density
above the standard system resulted in significant reductions in milk fat and protein
yields, the concentrations of total protein, casein and whey proteins, and a
deterioration in most processing characteristics. Imposing concentrate supplementation
on the standard system increased total protein, casein and whey protein
concentrations but generally did not improve processing characteristics except for
ethanol stability. These results suggest that the standard grass supply in a rotational
grazing paddock system can support efficient production of quality milk, and
concentrate supplementation will not improve processing characteristics when an
adequate supply of good quality herbage is available.
Pressure–strain correlation modelling of complex turbulent flows
Authors: GIRIMAJI SHARATH S.
Published: July 2002

A methodology for deriving a pressure–strain correlation model with variable coefficients
is developed. The methodology is based on two important premises: (i) the
extreme states of turbulence – the rapid distortion and equilibrium limits – are more
amenable to mathematically rigorous modelling because of significant simplifications
not possible at other states; and (ii) the models of the extreme states collectively
contain all of the relevant physics so that models for any intermediate state can be
obtained by suitable interpolation. A pressure–strain model of the standard form
is considered and the coefficients are determined from linear analysis in the rapid
distortion limit and from a fixed point analysis in the equilibrium limit. The model
coefficients, which depend on the mean deformation and turbulence state, vary from
flow to flow in a manner consistent with Navier–Stokes physics.

The exact causal relationship between the model coefficients and the model's equilibrium
behaviour is established by fixed point analysis performed using representation
theory. Then, the equilibrium values of the model coefficients are chosen to yield the
observed equilibrium behaviour. The values of the model coefficients in the rapid distortion
limit are determined by enforcing consistency with the Crow constraint. The
new variable-coefficient model reduces to the traditional constant-coefficient model in
strain-dominated turbulent flows near equilibrium. The model performance in bench-mark turbulent flows, in which the traditional models have been calibrated extensively,
is preserved intact. The new model is significantly different from the traditional one
in mean vorticity-dominated and non-equilibrium turbulence. These two important
classes of flows, in which traditional models fail, are successfully captured by the new
model.
Stability of wet agglomerates in granular shear flows
Authors: KHAN M. IRFAN , TARDOS GABRIEL I.
Published: July 2002

An agglomerate made of solid particles held together by

a viscous liquid phase when

sheared in an otherwise dry granular material is observed to deform by
stretching.

This observation, based on experimental results, is confirmed in the present
paper by

means of a computer simulation model. Simulations as well as experimental
results

indicate that the degree of deformation by stretching, a critical factor
influencing

the stability of such agglomerates, is governed by a dimensionless parameter
of the

system, called the deformation Stokes number, Stdef.

Two regimes, involving high and

low characteristic degrees of deformation, can be identified based upon
the value of

this number. Simulation results indicate that for the range of conditions
simulated,

the value separating the two regimes, the critical deformation Stokes

number, St*def,

is relatively insensitive to the agglomerate size and other parameters
of the system.

This critical number defines the conditions below which forces inducing
agglomerate

breakage are low and above which they are high and result in agglomerate

break-up. Calculation and/or measurement of this parameter is

essential for prediction of

equilibrium sizes of agglomerates in industrial granulation operations.
Exact and approximate solutions to the double-diffusive
Marangoni–Bénard problem with cross-diffusive terms
Authors: SKARDA J. R. L. , JACQMIN D. , McCAUGHAN F. E.
Published: July 2002

We discuss the linear stability of a cross-doubly-diffusive
fluid layer with surface
tension variation along the free surface. Two limiting cases of the mass
flux basic state
are considered in the presence of non-zero Soret and Dufour diffusivities.
The first case,
which has remained largely unexplored, is one where a temperature difference,

ΔT¯, and
a concentration difference, ΔC¯, are both imposed
across the layer. The second case,
which has greater significance to thermosolutal systems, is that where
the imposed
ΔT¯
across the layer induces a ΔC¯. We rescale the
problem in the absence of buoyancy,
which leads to a more concise representation of neutral stability results
in and near the
limit of zero gravity. We obtain exact solutions for stationary stability
in both cases.
One important consequence of the exact solutions is the validation of recently

published numerical results in the limit of zero gravity. Moreover, the
precise location
of asymptotes in relevant parameter
(Smc, Mac)
space are computed from exact
solutions. Both numerical and exact solutions are used to further examine
stability
behaviour. We also derive algebraic expressions for stationary stability,
oscillatory
stability, frequency, and codimension two point from a one-term Galerkin

approximation. The one-term solutions qualitatively reflect the stability
behaviour of the
system over the parameter ranges in our investigation. A practical consequence
is that
the nature of the stability (oscillatory or stationary) for a given set
of parameter values
can be determined approximately, without solving the numerical eigenvalue
problem.
On stagnation points and streamline topology in vortex flows
Authors: AREF HASSAN , BRØNS MORTEN
Published: July 2002

The problem of locating stagnation points in the
flow produced by a system of N
interacting point vortices in two dimensions is considered. The general
solution follows
from an 1864 theorem by Siebeck, that the stagnation points are the foci
of a certain
plane curve of class N−1 that has all lines
connecting vortices pairwise as tangents. The
case N=3, for which Siebeck's curve is a conic,
is considered in some detail. It is
shown that the classification of the type of conic coincides with the known
classification
of regimes of motion for the three vortices. A similarity result for the
triangular
coordinates of the stagnation point in a flow produced by three vortices
with sum of
strengths zero is found. Using topological arguments the distinct streamline
patterns
for flow about three vortices are also determined. Partial results are
given for two
special sets of vortex strengths on the changes between these patterns
as the motion
evolves. The analysis requires a number of unfamiliar mathematical tools
which are
explained.
Nonlinear capillary wave distortion and
disintegration of thin planar liquid sheets
Authors: MEHRING C. , SIRIGNANO W. A.
Published: July 2002

Linear and nonlinear dilational and sinuous capillary waves on thin inviscid infinite
and semi-infinite planar liquid sheets in a void are analysed in a unified manner
by means of a method that reduces the two-dimensional unsteady problem to a
one-dimensional unsteady problem. For nonlinear dilational waves on infinite sheets,
the accuracy of the numerical solutions is verified by comparing with an analytical
solution. The nonlinear dilational wave maintains a reciprocal relationship between
wavelength and wave speed modified from the linear theory prediction by a dependence
of the product of wavelength and wave speed on the wave amplitude. For
the general dilational case, nonlinear numerical simulations show that the sheet is
unstable to superimposed subharmonic disturbances on the infinite sheet. Agreement
for both sinuous and dilational waves is demonstrated for the infinite case between
nonlinear simulations using the reduced one-dimensional approach, and nonlinear
two-dimensional simulations using a discrete-vortex method. For semi-infinite dilational
and sinuous distorting sheets that are periodically forced at the nozzle exit,
linear and nonlinear analyses predict the appearance of two constant-amplitude waves
of nearly equal wavelengths, resulting in a sheet disturbance characterized by a long-wavelength envelope of a short-wavelength oscillation. For semi-infinite sheets with
sinuous waves, qualitative agreement between the dimensionally reduced analysis and
experimental results is found. For example, a half-wave thinning and a sawtooth wave
shape is found for the nonlinear sinuous mode. For the semi-infinite dilational case, a
critical frequency-dependent Weber number is found below which one component of
the disturbances decays with downstream distance. For the semi-infinite sinuous case,
a critical Weber number equal to 2 is found; below this value, only one characteristic
is emitted in the positive time direction from the nozzle exit.
On the evolution and saturation of instabilities
of two-dimensional isolated circular vortices
Authors: KLOOSTERZIEL R. C. , CARNEVALE G. F.
Published: July 2002

Laboratory observations and numerical experiments have shown that a variety of
compound vortices can emerge in two-dimensional flow due to the instability of
isolated circular vortices. The simple geometrical features of these compound vortices
suggest that their description may take a simple form if an appropriately chosen set
of functions is used. We employ a set which is complete on the infinite plane for
vorticity distributions with finite total enstrophy. Through projection of the vorticity
equation (Galerkin method) and subsequent truncation we derive a dynamical system
which is used to model the observed behaviour in as simple as possible a fashion. It is
found that at relatively low-order truncations the observed behaviour is qualitatively
captured by the dynamical system. We determine what the necessary ingredients are
for saturation of instabilities at finite amplitude in terms of wave–wave interactions
and feedback between various azimuthal components of the vorticity field.
Visualization of a mechanism for
three-dimensional interaction and
near-wall eruption
Authors: SEAL C. V. , SMITH C. R.
Published: July 2002

An experimental configuration has been found which allows detailed observation
of three-dimensional vortex–vortex and associated vortex–surface interactions which
appear similar to those observed in fully turbulent flow. Hydrogen bubble visualization
illustrates a complicated intertwining, or braiding, of two initially co-rotating
vortices. It is observed that the three-dimensional interactions of the braided vortices
induces a pair of local surface-fluid eruptions reminiscent of the ‘bursting’ behaviour
characteristic of the near-wall regeneration process of fully turbulent boundary layers.
Grain sorting and bar instability
Authors: LANZONI STEFANO , TUBINO MARCO
Published: July 2002

A two-dimensional model of flow and bed topography is proposed to investigate
the effect of sediment heterogeneity on the development of alternate bars. Within the
context of a linear stability theory the flow field, the bed topography and the grain size
distribution function are perturbed leading to an integro-differential linear eigenvalue
problem. It is shown that the selective transport of different grain size fractions and
the resulting spatial pattern of sorting may appreciably affect the balance between
stabilizing and destabilizing actions which govern bar instability. Theoretical results
suggest that sediment heterogeneity leads to a damping of both growth rate and
migration speed of bars, while bar wavelength is shortened with respect to the
case of uniform sediment. The above findings conform, at least qualitatively, to the
experimentally detected reduction of bar height, length and celerity. The observed
tendency of coarser particles to pile up towards bar crests is also reproduced by
theoretical results.