bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vom Fall Pinochet zu den Verschwundenen des Spanischen Bürgerkrieges
Authors: Capdepón Ulrike
Published: March 2015

Der »Fall Pinochet« - die durch den spanischen Ermittlungsrichter Garzón veranlasste Verhaftung des chilenischen Ex-Diktators - löste Debatten über Straflosigkeit sowie »verschwundene« Repressionsopfer aus. Ulrike Capdepón arbeitet hiervon ausgehend die globale Dimension der Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung heraus. Basierend auf der komparativen Analyse erinnerungskultureller Prozesse in Chile und Spanien liegt der Fokus der Studie auf transnationalen Anknüpfungspunkten der Auseinandersetzung mit Diktatur und Menschenrechtsverletzungen. Das Buch zeigt: Lateinamerikanische Impulse wirken auf die lokalen Erinnerungsdiskurse in Spanien zurück.
An den Grenzen der interkulturellen Bildung
Authors: Aydt Sabine
Published: March 2015

Interkulturelle Bildung verspricht, das Zusammenleben und -arbeiten unter den Bedingungen von Fremdheit und Migration zu erleichtern. Dennoch gibt es unlösbare Konflikte - und mehr Kulturwissen führt oft zu mehr Orientierungslosigkeit. Droht das Scheitern dieses Bildungsansatzes? Kann interkulturelles Lernen Erfahrungen des Scheiterns integrieren? Zur Reflexion der Praxis greift Sabine Aydts transdisziplinärer Essay eine Reihe von Denkmodellen auf - vom Schiffbruch über die Tragödie zum Eindringling. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Krisen im Kontext von Fremdheit eröffnet so den Blick auf unerwartete Wege zu einem anderen, spielerischen Ansatz kulturellen Lernens durch Erfahrung im »Übergangsraum« (D.W. Winnicott).
Identität in der Küche
Authors: Nikolic Mona
Published: March 2015

Welche Bedeutung hat die Küche als Identitätsmarker in Costa Rica? Entgegen der üblichen Einschränkung auf die Frage, welchen Einfluss transnationale Fast-Food-Unternehmen auf die Nationalküche haben, untersucht Mona Nikolic die costa-ricanischen Global-lokal-Beziehungen mit Fokus auf den transnationalen Beziehungen des Tourismus, der Transmigration und der lokalen kulinarischen Diversität. Auf der Basis von Feldforschungsergebnissen aus drei transnational geprägten lokalen Kontexten zeichnet sie nach, wie lokale Akteure ihre Identitäten über Praktiken rund ums Essen konstruieren und zum Ausdruck bringen.
Das Magische des Films
Authors: Arnold Hans
Published: March 2015

Hans Arnolds Studie »Das Magische des Films« von 1949 ist ein zentrales Dokument aus der Frühgeschichte der deutschen Film- und Medienwissenschaft. Diese 1949 in der Volkskunde bei Rudolf Kriss eingereichte Dissertation analysiert den europäischen Film der 1920er und 1930er Jahre auf breiter Materialbasis als ein Stück Volkskultur unter dem volkskundlichen Gesichtspunkt magischer Praktiken und Wirkungen. Wieder zugänglich wird hier ein origineller Beitrag zur deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Medien und des Films, der programmatisch an Béla Balázs' »Der sichtbare Mensch« (1924) und Siegfried Kracauers »From Caligari to Hitler« (1947) anschließt. Neu herausgegeben und mit einer Einleitung versehen von Heiko Christians und mit einem aktuellen Nachwort des Verfassers.
Providing Psychotherapy to People with Neuropsychological Impairment: Complexities and Issues Raised by the Case of "Judith"
Authors: King Nigel S.
Published: March 2015

Ward and Hogan (2015) present a case study of "Judith" where a combination of client-centered psychotherapy, cognitive rehabilitation and social support result in very positive outcomes despite neuropsychological impairments being present and these posing challenges to the intervention. The case study highlights a number of very important issues when providing psychotherapy to clients with cognitive impairments. These include: 1) the common requirement that issues of self identity are explored; 2) the common need for adaptations to be made to the delivery of psychotherapy to mitigate against the effects of cognitive impairments on psychological interventions; 3) the need for specialist neuropsychological rehabilitation services to be available to such clients in the long-term and for specialist neuropsychological supervision to be available to clinicians working psychotherapeutically in this area; and 4) the demonstration that emotional growth and positive psychotherapeutic results are possible even when neuropsychological challenges are present. The extent to which these important issues are fully demonstrated by the case of ‘’Judith’’ is limited in three main ways: a) there being some lack of clarity regarding the severity of the head injury sustained; b) there being a lack of psychometric data to confirm the type and severity of the cognitive impairments present; and c) there being some ambiguity regarding the relative contribution of organic and psychological factors to Judith’s neuropsychological problems.
Perspectives on the Case of "Judith"
Authors: Hyer Lee , Brandon Brianna
Published: March 2015

Ward and Hogan’s (2015) case of "Judith," a client with traumatic brain injury (TBI), highlights the emerging interactive features of effective psychotherapy melding core elements of the art and science of a tried and true psychotherapy practice (non-directive, client-centered therapy) with cognitive training (CT), including executive functioning training.  In our commentary we summarize the facts of the case and then view it from four perspectives: the role of additional assessment, psychiatric diagnoses, the role of CT, and the Hyer Model. The latter is our own model that highlights a comprehensive, systematic, holistic, individually tailed approach to the treatment process when both psychological distress and/or dysfunction are combined with cognitive deficit factors. We suggest that the Hyer Model helps to formalize and systematize the approach taken by Ward and Hogan in their case study of Judith.
Microstructure and corrosion of AA2024
Authors: Hughes Anthony E. , Parvizi Reza , Forsyth Maria
Published: March 2015

AA2024-Tx is one of the most common high-strength aluminium alloys used in the aerospace industry. This article reviews current understanding of the microstructure of sheet AA2024-T3 and chronicles the emergence of new compositions for constituent particles as well as reviews older literature to understand the source of the original compositions. The review goes on to summarise older and more recent studies on corrosion of AA2024-T3, drawing attention to areas of corrosion initiation and propagation. It pays particular attention to modern approaches to corrosion characterisation as obtained through microelectrochemical techniques and physicochemical characterisation, which provide statistical assessment of factors that contribute to corrosion of AA2024. These approaches are also relevant to other alloys.
Arc thermal metal spray for the protection of steel structures: an overview
Authors: Lee Han Seung , Ismail Mohamed A. , Choe Hong Bok
Published: March 2015

Coating for corrosion protection was popular during the past decade. Thermal spray coating played an important role during that time. In recent years, arc thermal metal spray coating became widely used. Arc thermal metal spraying method (ATMSM) provides proven long-term protective coating systems using zinc, aluminum, and their alloys for steel work in a marine environment. This paper provides a review of the latest development in ATMSM by evaluating the current techniques in the industry and by analyzing technical data obtained from an extensive experimental program.
Detection of thiol-based redox switch processes in parasites – facts and future
Authors: Rahbari Mahsa , Diederich Kathrin , Becker Katja , Krauth-Siegel R. Luise , Jortzik Esther
Published: March 2015

Malaria and African trypanosomiasis are tropical diseases caused by the protozoaPlasmodiumandTrypanosoma,respectively. The parasites undergo complex life cycles in the mammalian host and insect vector, during which they are exposed to oxidative and nitrosative challenges induced by the host immune system and endogenous processes. Attacking the parasite’s redox metabolism is a target mechanism of several known antiparasitic drugs and a promising approach to novel drug development. Apart from this aspect, oxidation of cysteine residues plays a key role in protein-protein interaction, metabolic responses to redox events, and signaling. Understanding the role and dynamics of reactive oxygen species and thiol switches in regulating cellular redox homeostasis is crucial for both basic and applied biomedical approaches. Numerous techniques have therefore been established to detect redox changes in parasites including biochemical methods, fluorescent dyes, and genetically encoded probes. In this review, we aim to give an insight into the characteristics of redox networks in the pathogensPlasmodiumandTrypanosoma, including a comprehensive overview of the consequences of specific deletions of redox-associated genes. Furthermore, we summarize mechanisms and detection methods of thiol switches in both parasites and discuss their specificity and sensitivity.
Reaction between Steel-Making Slag and Carbonaceous Materials While Mixing with High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Hong Lan , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: March 2015

Since the beginning of the extensive applications in numerous high temperature processes such as iron- and steel-making, coke-making etc. partly in the place of coke, the investigation into the reaction mechanism of waste plastics has become increasingly necessary. In this paper a fundamental study on the behavior of a typical component of waste plastics, high density polyethylene (HDPE), in a mixture with coke at a 1:1 ratio in mass base was conducted during the reaction with iron oxide in steel-making slag at 1823 K and was compared with coke and graphite. The reaction mechanism of carbonaceous materials was analyzed based on the contents of CO and CO2 in the off-gas monitored by an infrared (IR) gas analyzer. It is clear from the results that the reaction of HDPE and coke mixture with steel-making slag approached equilibrium of the Boudouard reaction more quickly and closely than coke or graphite.
Preparation and Thermal Properties of High-Purified Molten Nitrate Salt Materials with Heat Transfer and Storage
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Zhao Youjing , Li Jingli , Shi Lijie , Wang Min
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on thermal stability of molten salts, operating temperature range and latent heat of molten salts at a high temperature. In this experiment, multi-component molten salts (purified Solar Salt) composed of purified NaNO3 and purified KNO3 were prepared by statical mixing method. Compared with unpurified Solar Salt, purified Solar Salt had a higher thermal stability. The optimal temperature would be increased from 500°C to 550°C, and the upper limitation temperature increases from 577.5°C to 593.7°C. Meanwhile, thermal stability and thermal cycling analysis showed the purified Solar Salt had a lower melting point and the deterioration time of molten salts was reduced. The melting point of purified Solar Salt decreases sharply to 223.8°C and the latent heat increases from 74.39 J/g to 80.79 J/g. Besides, the XRD and chemical analysis test indicated that the degree of degradation reduced and the thermal storage efficiency of purified Solar Salt was improved.
Setting segmental priorities for English learners: Evidence from a longitudinal study
Authors: Munro Murray J. , Derwing Tracey M. , Thomson Ron I.
Published: March 2015

Contemporary views of adult pronunciation instruction emphasize the development of intelligible speech using empirically-validated pedagogical principles. Because learners typically have limited time for pronunciation work, instruction should be provided in a way that maximizes the use of the available opportunities. However, achievement of such a goal entails applying detailed knowledge of the phonetic learning process with due attention to the nature of differences that arise among learners, whether they share or do not share the same native language. In this longitudinal investigation, we examined productions of consonants and consonant clusters in English learners from two language backgrounds over a two-year period. Extensive between- and within-group variability was observed, with some targets produced very well at the outset, and others improving over time. The results argue against a common curriculum for learners. Instead, pronunciation instruction that focuses on individual learners' needs is called for. The findings are discussed in terms of strategies that might be used to develop effective and efficient pedagogical practices.
Engaging Children in Reading for Pleasure: A Better Beginnings Project Linking Libraries with Primary Schools
Authors: Leitão Natalie , Barratt-Pugh Caroline , Anderson Karen , Barblett Lennie , Haig Yvonne
Published: March 2015

The Hairytales of Heroboy programme was implemented in two communities, one metropolitan and one regional, in Western Australia in 2012. The programme, which targeted the reading skills of six- to nine-year-old children, aimed to encourage them to read for pleasure, to build their reading confidence and to improve their literacy skills. The programme was managed by librarians in each community who made contact with children in their local schools to encourage their participation. Teachers in the local schools were provided with
Swedish is beautiful, Danish is ugly? Investigating the link between language attitudes and spoken word recognition
Authors: Schüppert Anja , Hilton Nanna Haug , Gooskens Charlotte
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the hypothesis that attitudes towards a linguistic variety and intelligibility of that variety are linked. This is done by eliciting language attitudes and word recognition scores in 154 Danish and Swedish schoolchildren and adolescents between 7 and 16 years. Language attitudes towards the neighboring language are elicited by means of a matched-guise experiment while word recognition is tested by auditorily presenting the participants with 50 spoken stimuli in their neighboring language (Danish for Swedish children and vice versa) in a picture-pointing task. Results revealed that while Danish children held more positive attitudes towards Swedish than vice versa and their word recognition scores were generally higher than those of their Swedish peers, the correlation between these two variables is very low, indicating that the two variables are only loosely linked.
Mutual intelligibility among the sign languages of Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Sáfár Anna , Meurant Laurence , Haesenne Thierry , Nauta Ellen , De Weerdt Danny , Ormel Ellen
Published: March 2015

In an exploratory study of mutual intelligibility between the sign languages of the northern part of Belgium (Flemish Sign Language, VGT), the southern part of Belgium (French Belgian Sign Language, LSFB), and the Netherlands (Sign Language of the Netherlands, NGT), we tested the comprehension of VGT by signers of LSFB and NGT. In order to measure the influence of iconic structures (classifier constructions and constructed action) that linguistic analyses have shown to be similar across different sign languages, two genres were compared: narrative and informative signing. To investigate the effect of the overlap between the spoken languages surrounding the Dutch and Flemish Deaf communities, videos were presented in two conditions: first without and subsequently with mouthings. As we hypothesized, both LSFB and NGT signers understood narratives better than informative signing, showing for the first time that iconic structures facilitate comprehension of foreign signing. Furthermore, the results at least partially confirm our hypothesis that NGT signers benefit more from mouthings than LSFB signers, uncovering a source of intelligibility that is unique to sign languages.
Predicting mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects from multiple objective linguistic distance measures
Authors: Tang Chaoju , van Heuven Vincent J.
Published: March 2015

This paper predicts the mutual intelligibility of 15 Chinese dialects from multiple objective distance measures. Empirical mutual intelligibility measures were obtained from functional intelligibility tests at the sentence level from 15 listeners for each of 15 Chinese dialects. We computed various proximity measures on the basis of shared phonemes and tones in the sound inventories of the 15 dialects. Next, Levenshtein (string-edit) distance measures were computed on the 764 common syllabic units (
A Model of Solar Radiation and Joule Heating in Flow of Third Grade Nanofluid
Authors: Hussain Tariq , Hayat Tasawar , Shehzad Sabir Ali , Alsaedi Ahmed , Chen Bin
Published: March 2015

The flow problem resulting from the stretching of a surface with convective conditions in a magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid with solar radiation is examined. Both heat and nanoparticle mass transfer convective conditions are employed. An incompressible third grade fluid which exhibits shear thinning and shear thickening characteristics is used as a base fluid. Concept of convective nanoparticle mass condition is introduced. Effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on magnetohydrodynamic flow of nanofluid are accounted in the presence of thermal radiation. Energy equation incorporates the features of Joule heating. The impact of physical parameters on the temperature and nanoparticle concentration has been pointed out. Numerical values of skin-friction coefficient are presented and analysed. It is hoped that this present investigation serves as a stimulus for the next generation of solar film collectors, heat exchangers technology, material processing, geothermal energy storage, and all those processes which are highly affected by the heat enhancement concept.
Intimate Partner Violence Programs in a Children’s Hospital: Comprehensive Assessment Utilizing a Delphi Instrument
Authors: Randell Kimberly A. , Evans Sarah E. , O’Malley Donna , Dowd M. Denise
Published: March 2015

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to conduct a baseline assessment of intimate partner violence (IPV) practices in a pediatric hospital system.

Methods:

The Delphi Instrument for Hospital-based Domestic Violence Programs was used to assess the structure and components of the hospital system’s IPV practices. Through key stakeholder interviews, we also assessed IPV practices in individual patient care areas. Qualitative analysis of interview data used a grounded theory approach.

Results:

The hospital scored 17 of 100 points on the Delphi instrument assessment. Key areas of weakness identified by the Delphi instrument and interviews included lack of coordinated provider training and evaluation of IPV-related processes and no standards for IPV screening, safety assessment, and documentation. Most interviewees supported addressing IPV; all identified barriers to IPV screening at individual provider and institutional levels. Institutional barriers included lack of a standardized response to IPV disclosure, need for individualized screening protocols for different patient care settings, lack of standardized provider training, concerns about overextending social work resources, and lack of resources for hospital staff experiencing vicarious trauma. Individual barriers included concern that screening may harm physician-patient-family relationships and the perception that physicians are unwilling to address psychosocial issues.

Conclusions:

The Delphi Instrument for Hospital-based Domestic Violence Programs identified weaknesses and key areas for improvement in IPV practices. Deficiencies revealed by the Delphi instrument were affirmed by individual interview results. Institutional and individual provider level barriers must be addressed to optimize IPV practices in a pediatric hospital system.
Nursing Perspectives: Acute Care Nurse Practitioners in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Why This Is a Successful Collaboration
Authors: Sheldon Roger E. , Corff Karen , McCann Debra , Kenner Carole
Published: March 2015

The steadily increasing prominence of the neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across the United States has gone largely unnoticed outside the neonatology and nursing literature. Although most NICUs in the United States employ NNPs (now often called neonatal advanced practice registered nurses) and neonatologists widely accept this approach, physicians and nurses in other intensive care settings may be surprised at the extent and sophistication of this new collaborative practice model. This model of expanded interprofessional practice and enhanced contributions by highly specialized nurses to the daily care of critically ill newborns and their families has proven successful. It exemplifies intelligent evolution of care and warrants recognition and emulation across critical care practice. We previously described proposed changes in the educational requirements for NNPs. This article provides historical background of the introduction and addresses the importance of NNPs in NICUs.
The Ethical and Policy Implications of Research on Income Inequality and Child Well-Being
Authors: Pickett Kate E. , Wilkinson Richard G.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Child well-being is important for lifelong health and well-being. Although there is a robust evidence base linking social determinants of health (eg, relative poverty and income inequality) to child well-being, social and public health policy tends to focus on interventions to mitigate their effects, rather than remove the root causes. The goal of this study was to examine associations between child well-being and income inequality.

METHODS:

We compared reported rates of childhood well-being in the 2007 and 2013 UNICEF reports on child well-being in wealthy countries. Twenty indicators of child well-being (excluding child poverty) were defined consistently in both the 2007 and 2013 reports. These variables were used to create an indicator of change in child well-being over the approximate decade 2000 to 2010. For our analyses of income inequality, we used the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Gini coefficient of income inequality for 2009 and change between 2000 and 2009, respectively.

RESULTS:

The overall index of child well-being in 2013 was closely and negatively correlated with income inequality (r = −0.60, P = .004) but not with average income (r = –0.3460, P = .12). Adjustment for income inequality, children in relative poverty, and the child poverty gap did not change the lack of association between average income and child well-being in 2013 in wealthy countries. Between 2000 and 2010, child well-being scores improved most in Italy, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The biggest declines were seen in Sweden, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and France. Countries that experienced the largest increases in income inequality had significantly greater declines in child well-being (r = –0.51, P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS:

Children born into socioeconomically disadvantaged families suffer worse child well-being and its lifelong implications, in all societies, worldwide. Our analyses show, however, that some wealthy societies are able to mitigate these inequalities; these societies have better child well-being, on average. This outcome has less to do with specific welfare policies or targeted interventions for poor children than to a societal commitment to greater equality.
Acatalasemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Góth László , Nagy Teréz , Káplár Miklós
Published: March 2015

The catalase enzyme decomposes the toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly reactive small molecule and its excessive concentration may cause significant damages to proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and lipids. Acatalasemia refers to inherited deficiency of the catalase enzyme. In this review the authors discuss the possible role of the human catalase enzyme, the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide, and the phenomenon of hydrogen peroxide paradox. In addition, they review data obtained from Hungarian acatalasemic patients indicating an increased frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in female patients, and an early onset of type 2 diabetes in these patients. There are 10 catalase gene variants which appear to be responsible for decreased blood catalase activity in acatalasemic patients with type 2 diabetes. It is assumed that low levels of blood catalase may cause an increased concentration of hydrogen peroxide which may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(10), 393–398.
Changes in the outcome of extremely low birth weight infants less than 500 grams in the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University
Authors: Varga Péter , Jeager Judit , Harmath Ágnes , Berecz Botond , Kollár Tímea , Pete Barbara , Magyar Zsófia , Rigó jr. János , Romicsné Görbe Éva
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The mortality and morbidity of extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight below 1000 grams) are different from low birth weight and term infants. The Centers for Disease Control statistics from the year 2009 shows that the mortality of preterm infants with a birth weight less than 500 grams is 83.4% in the United States. In many cases, serious complications can be expected in survivals. Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to find prognostic factors which may improve the survival of the group of extremely low birth weight infants (<500 grams). Method: Data of extremely low birth weight infants with less than 500 grams born at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University between January 1, 2006 and June 1, 2012 were analysed, and mortality and morbidity of infants between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2008 (period I) were compared those found between January 1, 2009 and June 1, 2012 (period II). Statistical analysis was performed with probe-t, -F and -Chi-square. Results: Survival rate of extremely low birth weight infants less than 500 grams in period 1 and II was 26.31% and 55.17%, respectively (p = 0.048), whereas the prevalence of complications were not significantly different between the period examined. The mean gestational age of survived infants (25.57 weeks) was higher than the gestational age of infants who did not survive (24.18 weeks) and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0045). Conclusions: Education of the team of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, professional routine and technical conditions may improve the survival chance of preterm infants. The use of treatment protocols, conditions of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and steroid prophylaxis may improve the survival rate of extremely low birth weight infants. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(10), 404–408.
Biosensors for Food Toxin Detection: Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Authors: Malhotra Bansi D. , Srivastava Saurabh , Augustine Shine
Published: March 2015

There is increased interest towards the application of carbon based nanomaterials to biosensors since these can be used to quickly detect presence of the toxins in food, agricultural and environmental systems. The accurate, faster and early detection of food toxins is presently very important for ensuring safety and shelf life of agricultural commodities resulting from food contamination. The carbon materials (CNTs) and recently discovered graphene have been predicted to be promising candidates in the development of electrochemical biosensor owing to their exceptionally large surface area and interesting electrochemical properties. We focus on some of the recent results obtained in our laboratories pertaining to the development of biosensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene for mycotoxin(aflatoxin ) detection.
Fabrication of Rough Polymer Surfaces Exhibiting Anti-reflective Properties
Authors: Mattaparthi Srinadh , Sharma Chandra S.
Published: March 2015

We have demonstrated some facile ways to fabricate the large area polymer surfaces with varying roughness followed by studying their anti-reflective properties. One of the approaches is based on electrospun nanofibers deposited on a substrate in an uneven non-woven matrix. This electrospun fabric was used as a master template to fabricate the negative replica of the fibers by soft lithography generating the roughness in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. The second approach is based on biomimicking of flower petals. Petals are used as a master template to transfer surface features with hierarchical roughness over PDMS surface using replica moulding. As fabricated polymer surfaces with varied roughness have then tested for their anti-reflective properties using UV-VIS spectroscopy over a wide range of wavelengths and angles of incidence of light. These measurements show near zero reflection of patterned PDMS surfaces as compared to planar PDMS. This omnidirectional broadband anti-reflection behaviour of polymer surfaces can be used in wide variety of engineering applications including in solar cells.
A Novel In-Situ Nanoindentation Characterization of Phase Transforming Materials
Authors: Alipour Skandani A. , Ctvrtlik R. , Al-Haik M.
Published: March 2015

Materials with different allotropes can undergo one or more phase transformations based on the changes in the thermodynamic states. Each phase is stable in a certain temperature/pressure range and can possess different physical and mechanical properties compared to the other phases. The majority of material characterizations have been carried out for materials under equilibrium conditions where the material is stabilized in a certain phase and a lesser portion is devoted for onset of transformation. Alternatively, in situ measurements can be utilized to characterize materials while undergoing phase transformation. However, most of the in situ methods are aimed at measuring the physical properties such as dielectric constant, thermal/electrical conductivity and optical properties. Changes in material dimensions associated with phase transformation, makes direct measurement of the mechanical properties very challenging if not impossible. In this study a novel non-isothermal nanoindentation technique is introduced to directly measure the mechanical properties such as stiffness and creep compliance of a material at the phase transformation point. Single crystal ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) was synthetized and tested with this method using a temperature controlled nanoindentation instrument. The results reveal that the material, at the transformation point, exhibits structural instabilities such as negative stiffness and negative creep compliance which is in agreement with the findings of published works on the composites with ferroelectric inclusions.
Comprehensive Characterization of Neat Polymers and Compositional Imaging Heterogeneous Polymer Systems with AFM Based Mechanical, Electric and Spectroscopic Methods
Authors: Surtchev Marko , Belikov Sergey , Malovichko Ivan , Magonov Sergei
Published: March 2015

Comprehensive characterization of materials suggests measuring their different properties for optimal use in technological applications and this task becomes more challenging as size of related structures decreases and their complexity increases. At smaller scales Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) enables visualization of structures and quantitative measurements of their mechanical and electric properties. So far, several properties such as elastic modulus and work of adhesion, surface potential and dielectric permittivity can be extracted from the results obtained in various AFM modes. More complicated are the AFM experiments and their analysis in case of viscoelastic, piezoelectric and thermoelectric properties. Several examples of quantitative characterization of neat polymers will be given. In many cases the dissimilarity of the components’ properties is employed for their recognition in heterogeneous systems such as polymer blends, block copolymers and metal alloys. The confined geometries, which are common for small-scale structures, might restrict such identification and a combination of AFM with spectral methods such as Raman scattering will be helpful. Achievements and challenges of compositional mapping will be illustrated on several complex materials.
Nanostructures and dielectric properties of PVDF-based polymer films with high energy density and low energy losses
Authors: Ando Masahiko , Yoshimoto Naoki , Yoshitake Yuichiro , Kato Shuji , Kodama Hidekazu , Furukawa Takeo , Tashiro Koji
Published: March 2015

Based on the investigation of mechanism for large dielectric losses in relaxor fluorinated polymers, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) derivatives, a new nanostructure-controlled PVDF based polymer films with low dielectric loss, tanδ < 1% (0.6%), and high dielectric constant, εr = 13 at frequency of 1 kHz, was proposed for electrical energy storage applications. The high dielectric loss was mainly due to the electric-field induced α-β phase transition, and one dimensional extension of P(VDF-TrFE)-g-PEMA films was found to reduce the α phase component resulting in reduction of the dielectric loss while keeping the high dielectric constant. In-situ FTIR measurements suggested a possibility of further reducing the dielectric-loss.
In-House-Diagnose der kaninen Anaplasmose unter Berücksichtigung von hämatologischen Veränderungen und der Beurteilung eines gefärbten Blutausstrichs
Authors: Leidinger E. , Kirtz G.
Published: March 2015

Gegenstand und Ziel: Im Rahmen der Diagnostik der kaninen Anaplasmose in der Tierarztpraxis sollen Abweichungen hämatologischer Parameter, die Beurteilung eines Blutausstriches und die Berücksichtigung der saisonalen Bedingungen zur Diagnose einer Anaplasmose führen. Material und Methode: Es wurden 57 Blutproben von Hunden untersucht. Die Diagnose einer kaninen Anaplasmose wurde durch Untersuchung eines gefärbten Blutausstriches in allen 57 Fällen bestätigt. Ergebnisse: Bei 56 Hunden (98,2%) wurde eine Thrombozytopenie nachgewiesen. Die Erythrozytenanzahl lag in 38,6%, der Hämatokrit in 24,5% und der Hämoglobinwert in 26,3% der Fälle unterhalb des Referenzbereichs. Mittels Retikulozytenzählung wurde in 78,6% der Fälle eine nicht regenerative Anämie diagnostiziert. Eine Leukopenie ergab sich zu 35,1%, eine Lymphopenie zu 66,7%, eine Neutropenie zu 10,9%, eine Monozytose zu 5,7% und eine Eosinophilie zu 15,4%. Schlussfolgerung: Die Resultate zeigen, dass bei Hunden die Verdachtsdiagnose einer Anaplasmose aufgrund von typischen hämatologischen Veränderungen gestellt werden kann. Die wichtigsten Veränderungen im Blutbild der betroffenen Hunde waren eine Thrombozytopenie, eine Lymphopenie und im Fall einer vorliegenden Anämie in den meisten Fällen eine nicht regenerative Anämie.
Eating Disorders Diagnoses and Treatments: An Educational Symposium
Authors: Gardstrom Susan C. , Lowe Hannah , Schlabig Meredith
Published: March 2015

This report highlights a one-day educational symposium on the topic of eating disorders (EDs), which impact young adults/college students at troubling rates. The goals of the symposium were to increase the attendees' knowledge about EDs and positively impact their attitudes toward individuals with EDs. An estimated 60 people voluntarily attended the event, including but not limited to (1) students and professionals from the fields of music therapy, psychology, health and sports sciences, dietetics, and art therapy; (2) individuals who previously or at the time of the symposium had an ED; and (3) individuals who had a relative or friend with an ED diagnosis. Speakers included a psychologist, a board-certified music therapist (keynote), a registered and licensed dietitian, and a registered and board-certified art therapist. Results of a pre- and post-symposium survey indicate that over two-thirds of the respondents (68%) reported an increase in general knowledge about EDs and an even greater number reported an increase in knowledge about treatments and therapies (89%). Attitudes were positively impacted as well, although changes were small owing to high pre-symposium scores. Narrative feedback was wholly positive and lends support to the numerical data for the perceived importance and value of this event
Music Used for Parkinson’s Dancing Classes: Rationale and Validity or Instruments and Methods
Authors: Beevers Winifred A. , Morris Meg E , McConville Janet
Published: March 2015

Music has the potential to motivate, support and improve exercise performance while reducing the perceptions of fatigue. The music used in exercise groups is rarely examined in detail.This article is an investigation into finding existing methods for analysing recorded music as used in exercise groups. No single method or tool was identified. Existing music analysis methods focus on music that is heard or performed in the therapy session, and are used to facilitate discussion and interpretation of the session with the client, or, to prepare for the next session. The article concludes with a discussion of the growing field of electronic analysis of music and what it offers to the therapist.
Predicting the spread of aquatic invaders: insight from 200 years of invasion by zebra mussels
Authors: Karatayev Alexander Y. , Burlakova Lyubov E. , Mastitsky Sergey E. , Padilla Dianna K.
Published: March 2015

Understanding factors controlling the introduction and spread of species is crucial to improving the management of both natural populations and introduced species. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is considered the most aggressive freshwater invader in the Northern Hemisphere, and is a convenient model system for invasion biology, offering one of the best aquatic examples for examining the invasion process. We used data on 553 of the 1040 glacial lakes in the Republic of Belarus that were examined for the presence of zebra mussels. We used these data to build, test, and construct modified models to predict the spread of this invader, including selection of important parameters that could limit the spread of this invader. In spite of 200 years of continuous invasion, by 1996, zebra mussels were found in only 16.8% of all lakes studied. Of those lakes without zebra mussels in 1996, 66% were predicted to be susceptible to invasion by zebra mussels in the future, and 33% were predicted to be immune to successful invasion due to their water chemistry. Eighty lakes free of zebra mussels in 1996 were reexamined from 1997 to 2008. Of these, zebra mussels successfully invaded an additional 31 lakes, all of which were classified initially as suitable for zebra mussels; none of the lakes previously classified as unsuitable were invaded. We used the Random Forests classification algorithm with 16 environmental variables to determine the most important factors that differed between invaded lakes and those lakes suitable for invasion that have not yet been invaded. Distance to the nearest infested lakes was found to be the most important variable, followed by the lake area, color, average depth, and concentration of chloride, magnesium, and bicarbonate. This study provides a useful approach for predicting the spread of an invader across a landscape with variable habitat suitability that can be applied to a variety of species and systems.
Nontarget herbivory by a weed biocontrol insect is limited to spillover, reducing the chance of population‐level impacts
Authors: Catton Haley A. , Lalonde Robert G. , De Clerck-Floate Rosemarie A.
Published: March 2015

Insects approved for classical biocontrol of weeds are often capable of using close relatives of their target weed for feeding, oviposition, or larval development, with reduced preference and performance. When nontarget herbivory occurs and is suspected to reduce survival, growth, or fecundity of individual plants, and insects are capable of reproducing on their nontarget host, characterization of spatial and temporal patterns of the occurrence and intensity of herbivory is valuable for predicting potential population‐level effects. Here, we perform a novel post‐release manipulative field experiment with a root‐feeding biocontrol weevil,Mogulones crucifer, released in Canada to control the rangeland weedCynoglossum officinale, to test for its ability to establish on the nontarget plantHackelia micrantha. AfterCynoglossum,M. cruciferexhibits its highest preference for and performance onHackeliaspp. We releasedM. cruciferon Canadian rangeland sites with naturally occurring populations ofH. micranthagrowing interspersed with the target weed or in the near absence of the target weed. Adult weevil feeding on surrounding plants was monitored for three summers after release (years 0, 1, and 2), and, subsequently, subsets of plants were destructively sampled to determineM. cruciferoviposition levels. Additional oviposition and larval development data were obtained from seven non‐experimental sites where weevils were released zero, three, or four years earlier.M. cruciferwas not detected on experimental sites withoutC. officinaleafter two years, and nontarget herbivory was restricted to rare, low‐level spillover. Visible evidence of adult herbivory (i.e., scars on shoots) was associated with oviposition in 90% of targets but only 30% of nontarget plants. We infer, through ecological refuge theory, that nontarget population‐level impacts fromM. cruciferspillover are unlikely because of temporal, spatial, and probabilistic refuges from herbivory, and make recommendations for monitoring and management of biocontrol systems with similar attributes, such as removing target plants around nontarget populations of interest. BecauseM. cruciferis among the least host‐specific of the modern weed biocontrol agents, andH. micranthais likely one of its most highly preferred nontargets, these conclusions are, arguably, generally applicable to other nontarget plants and biocontrol systems.
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Recreational Exposure to Water Bodies in Philadelphia
Authors: Sunger Neha , Haas Charles N.
Published: March 2015

A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illnesses associated with recreational exposure to Philadelphia waterways, under dry and wet weather conditions. Using maximum likelihood estimation, stochastic exposure models were generated for each exposure scenario and Monte Carlo techniques were applied to characterize uncertainty in final risk estimates. The dry‐weather risk estimates were found significantly lower than those predicted for wet‐weather conditions. Moreover, the predicted risk, calculated in proportion of the frequency of use, was elevated at 6 out of 10 sites (ranging from 9 to 52 illnesses/1000 users/day). Activities contributing most to the risk of GI illness at creeks were identified as wading and playing (81%), while fishing was the potential risk contributor (65%) at rivers. The quantitative measure of risk contribution from each type of water activity obtained from this study can be useful for policy makers in prioritizing the future interventions.
Energy Balance Affected by Electrolyte Recirculation and Operating Modes in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Jacobson Kyle S. , Kelly Patrick T. , He Zhen
Published: March 2015

Energy recovery and consumption in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be significantly affected by the operating conditions. This study investigated the effects of electrolyte recirculation and operation mode (continuous vs sequence batch reactor) on the energy balance in a tubular MFC. It was found that decreasing the anolyte recirculation also decreased the energy recovery. Because of the open environment of the cathode electrode, the catholyte recirculation consumed 10 to 50 times more energy than the anolyte recirculation, and resulted in negative energy balances despite the reduction of the anolyte recirculation. Reducing the catholyte recirculation to 20% led to a positive energy balance of 0.0288 kWh m−3. The MFC operated as a sequence batch reactor generated less energy and had a lower energy balance than the one with continuous operation. Those results encourage the further development of MFC technology to achieve neutral or even positive energy output.
The future of comparative effectiveness and relative efficacy of drugs: an international perspective
Authors: Messner Donna A , Towse Adrian , Mohr Penny , Garau Martina
Published: March 2015

Drug development takes place in a global marketplace, albeit with the USA and EU markets currently dominating. In the USA, demands for comparative effectiveness research have gained traction against a backdrop of health delivery reform, while European stakeholders deliberate the role of relative effectiveness in health technology assessment, trying to reduce the duplication of effort by regulators and health technology assessment bodies. In both arenas, drug-makers are faced with mounting drug development costs, and uncertainty over the types of evidence acceptable for a growing list of stakeholders. This article reports and compares future scenarios for evidence expectations for drugs for the USA and EU in 2020. The similarities, differences, and joint implications of the scenarios are considered to create an view of future evidence generation for drugs developed for these markets.
On So's conjecture for integral circulant graphs
Authors: Sander J.W. , Sander T.
Published: March 2015

Each integral circulant graph ICG(n,D) is characterised by its order n and a
set D of positive divisors of n in such a way that it has vertex set Z=nZ and
edge set {(a,b) : a, b ? Z=nZ, gcd(a - b,n) ? D}. According to a conjecture
of So two integral circulant graphs are isomorphic if and only if they are
isospectral, i.e. they have the same eigenvalues (counted with
multiplicities). We prove a weaker form of this conjecture, namely, that two
integral circulant graphs with multiplicative divisor sets are isomorphic if
and only if their spectral vectors coincide.
Effective Teaching: Sensory Learning Styles versus General Memory Processes
Authors: Arbuthnott Katherine D. , Krätzig Gregory P.
Published: March 2015

Tailoring teaching strategies to accommodate students' sensory learning styles (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic) is widely recommended across all levels of education from kindergarten to university. However, research stretching across five decades suggests that such tailoring does not enhance students' learning. In contrast, research does indicate strong learning benefits for methods such as integrative elaboration, distribution during learning, and frequent recall of learned material. This paper reviews evidence of learning associated with teaching focused on both sensory learning styles and general memory processes to encourage educators to adopt more evidence-based methods to enhance effective instruction.
Children Left Behind in Romania: Anxiety and Predictor Variables
Authors: Tomşa R. , Jenaro C.
Published: March 2015

Children left behind while their parents immigrate or travel for employment are becoming a widespread phenomenon for economic reasons, creating potentially stressful and inadequate developmental support for a substantial portion of some countries' working class populations. This study assessed the emotional status and coping skills of two matched samples of 163 Romanian children left behind and 163 comparable children living with their parents. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Anger Expression Scale for Children, the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist were utilized. Higher anxiety and depression were observed in left-behind children compared to the control group living with parents. Hierarchical multiple regression supported the relevance of coping strategies, controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, to help explain anxiety in left-behind children. Strategies to promote psychological health and general well being are discussed.