bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelial cell response to lactate: Implication of PAR modification of VEGF
Authors: Kumar V.B. Sameer , Viji R.I. , Kiran M.S. , Sudhakaran P.R.
Published: December 2006

Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels from pre‐existing one, occurs in many physiological and pathological conditions, most of which are underlined by hypoxia and resultant accumulation of lactate. Although lactate is known to induce angiogenesis, the mechanism of its action on endothelial cells (ECs) is not known. The present study was designed to examine the response of ECs to lactate. Morphological analysis revealed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in culture respond to lactate by switching over to angiogenic phenotype concomitant with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR2) as determined by reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR). Apart from increase in the levels of VEGF protein as determined by ELISA, chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) assay using the cell extracts revealed that lactate also increased the angiogenic potency of VEGF. Isolated VEGF, when blotted and subsequently probed with anti‐PAR antibody, revealed considerable reduction in poly‐adenosyl ribosylation of VEGF associated with a significant decrease in the levels of NAD+, in presence of lactate. Thus it appears that ECs respond to lactate by increasing the production of VEGF and modulating its angiogenic potency through poly‐ADP ribosylation (PAR)‐dependent mechanism and thereby switch over to angiogenic phenotype. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 477–485, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
List multicolorings of graphs with measurable sets
Authors: Hilton A. J. W. , Johnson P. D.
Published: December 2006

In an ordinary list multicoloring of a graph, the vertices are “colored” with subsets of pre‐assigned finite sets (called “lists”) in such a way that adjacent vertices are colored with disjoint sets. Here we consider the analog of such colorings in which the lists are measurable sets from an arbitrary atomless, semifinite measure space, and the color sets are to have prescribed measures rather than prescribed cardinalities. We adapt a proof technique of Bollobás and Varopoulos to prove an analog of one of the major theorems about ordinary list multicolorings, a generalization and extension of Hall's marriage theorem, due to Cropper, Gyárfás, and Lehel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 54: 179–193, 2007
The deglaciation of Clyde Inlet, northeastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada
Authors: Briner Jason P. , Overeem Irina , Miller Gifford , Finkel Robert
Published: December 2006

The behaviour of ice sheets as they retreated from their Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) positions provides insights into Lateglacial and early Holocene ice‐sheet dynamics and climate change. The pattern of deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) in arctic fiord landscapes can now be well dated using cosmogenic exposure dating. We use cosmogenic exposure and radiocarbon ages to constrain the deglaciation history of Clyde Inlet, a 120 km long fiord on northeastern Baffin Island. The LIS reached the continental shelf during the LGM, retreated from the coastal lowlands by 12.5 ± 0.7 ka (n = 3), and from the fiord mouth by 11.7 ± 2.2 ka (n = 4). Rapid retreat from the outer fiord occurred 10.3 ± 1.3 ka (n = 6), with the terminus reaching the inner fiord shortly after 9.4 ka (n = 2), where several moraine systems were deposited between ca. 9.4 and ca. 8.4 ka. These moraines represent fluctuations of the LIS during the warmest summers since the last interglaciation, and this suggests that the ice sheet was responding to increased snowfall. Before retreating from the head of Clyde Inlet, the LIS margin fluctuated at least twice between ca. 7.9 and ca. 8.5 ka, possibly in response to the 8.2 ka cold event. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using geochemistry as a tool for correlating proximal andesitic tephra: case studies from Mt Rainier (USA) and Mt Ruapehu (New Zealand)
Authors: Donoghue Susan L. , Vallance James , Smith Ian E. M. , Stewart Robert B.
Published: December 2006

Volcanic hazards assessments at andesite stratovolcanoes rely on the assessment of frequency and magnitude of past events. The identification and correlation of proximal and distal andesitic tephra, which record the explosive eruptive history, are integral to such assessments. These tephra are potentially valuable stratigraphic marker beds useful to the temporal correlation and age dating of Quaternary volcanic, volcaniclastic and epiclastic sedimentary deposits with which they are interbedded. At Mt Ruapehu (New Zealand) and Mt Rainier (USA), much of the detail of the recent volcanic record remains unresolved because of the difficulty in identifying proximal tephra. This study investigates the value of geochemical methods in discriminating andesitic tephra. Our dataset comprises petrological and geochemical analyses of tephra that span the late Quaternary eruptive record of each volcano. Our data illustrate that andesitic tephra are remarkably heterogeneous in composition. Tephra compositions fluctuate widely over short time intervals, and there are no simple or systematic temporal trends in geochemistry within either eruptive record. This complexity in tephra geochemistry limits the application of geochemical approaches to tephrostratigraphic studies, beyond a general characterisation useful to provenance assignation. Petrological and geochemical data suggest that the products of andesite systems are inherently variable and therefore intractable to discrimination by simple geochemical methods alone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic lubricants based on sebacic complex esters
Authors: Mirci L. E. , Boran S. , Pode V. , Resiga D.
Published: December 2006

This paper presents the results of a study carried out in order to produce synthetic ester oils of a mixed structure based on sebacic acid with beneficial tribological properties. These series of unsymmetrical diesters were synthesized using superior aliphatic alcohols such as 2‐ethyl‐hexanol, isodecanol and isotridecanol, along with special alcohols of a complex alkyl‐aryl structure, namely 2‐phenoxy‐ethanol, 2‐[(o‐sec butyl) phenoxy] ethanol and 2‐[(p‐nonyl) phenoxy] ethanol. Also synthesized were symmetric esters based on the complex aliphatic‐aromatic alcohols with pendant aliphatic chain. The variation in the principal properties as a function of both the length of the aliphatic chain introduced by the aliphatic alcohol, and the length and position of the aliphatic pendant chain on the aromatic nucleus of the complex alkyl‐aryl alcohol was assessed. Based on this, it has been possible to obtain fluid products with variable properties. The introduction of the aromatic function in the structure of these diesters led to interesting features, and the superior values recorded for the main tribological characteristics demonstrated their versatility. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of oligonucleotides in N‐methyl‐formamide‐based polymer matrices by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Sjödahl Johan , Lindberg Peter , Roeraade Johan
Published: December 2006

N‐Methylformamide (NMF)‐based matrices for capillary electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids have been developed. The use of an organic solvent as liquid base for the separation matrices allowed a hydrophobic polymer, C16‐derivatized 2‐hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), to be employed as structural element in the sieving medium. With a matrix consisting of 5% w/v of this polymer dissolved in NMF containing 50 mM ammonium acetate, p(dA)12–18 and p(dA)40–60 oligonucleotides were baseline separated. The addition of ammonium acetate to the buffer and separation matrix resulted in enhanced separation efficiency. Furthermore, it was possible to tailor the sieving performance of the separation medium by the use of a binary mixture of C16‐derivatized HEC and PVP. Differences in sieving behavior of the various matrices evaluated are discussed.
DFG‐research‐group: Modelling reinforcement corrosion – overview of the project
Authors: Schießl P. , Osterminski K.
Published: December 2006

A strong interest for the durability of reinforced concrete structures currently exists in industry and research [1]. Against the background of immense costs for maintaining reinforced concrete structures and repairing damage caused by corroding reinforcement steel, this interest lead to a German joint research project. The aim of this network‐based (www.bam.de/dfg537.htm) research group is, to deliver the basic knowledge of the corrosion propagation and to make a probabilistic tool available for engineers so that a complete design for durability, concerning reinforcement corrosion, will be possible.
Immersed electrokinetic finite element method
Authors: Liu Yaling , Liu Wing Kam , Belytschko Ted , Patankar Neelesh , To Albert C. , Kopacz Adrian , Chung Jae‐Hyun
Published: December 2006

A new method is proposed for modelling the electrokinetic‐induced mechanical motion of particles in a fluid domain under an applied electric field. In this method, independent solid meshes move in a fixed background field mesh that models the fluid and the electric field. This simple strategy removes the need for expensive mesh updates. Furthermore, the reproducing kernel particle functions enable efficient coupling of various immersed deformable solids with the surrounding viscous fluid in the presence of an applied electric field. The electric force on a particle is calculated by the Maxwell stress tensor method. For the first time, three‐dimensional assembly of nano/biomaterials of various geometries and electrical properties have been comprehensively studied using the new method. Simulation of the dynamic process of electro‐manipulation of individual and multiple cells agrees well with experimental data. Preliminary results for selective deposition of viruses and stretching of a DNA molecule are also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The international volunteering market: market segments and competitive relations
Authors: Dolnicar Sara , Randle Melanie
Published: December 2006

The number of nonprofit and social agencies relying on the help of volunteers has grown enormously in recent decades. This has lead to increased competition between these organisations for the limited resources available, and the growing adoption of what have traditionally been considered ‘commercial’ business techniques such as marketing. There have been calls for greater and more sophisticated use of ‘tried and tested’ marketing concepts such as competition, segmentation and positioning to help volunteering organisations manage this pressure effectively. This study shines the spotlight on individuals who volunteer for multiple types of organisations in an effort to determine which organisations are competing for the same volunteers. More specifically:

Factor analyses are computed and four segments of volunteers are identified: ‘altruists’, ‘leisure volunteers’, ‘political volunteers’ and ‘church volunteers’;

Positioning maps are constructed to illustrate the proximity of each organisation type in relation to key competitors; and

Detailed profiles are provided for each segment to provide insight into the nature of the groupings.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of office discipline referrals in school‐wide decision making: A practical example
Authors: Clonan Sheila M. , McDougal James L. , Clark Karrie , Davison Sigrid
Published: December 2006

Problem‐solving approaches incorporating interventions at multiple levels have gained in popularity in recent years. One such model, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), was developed to assist schools to more effectively promote positive student behavior through a systematic and recursive approach to developing and assessing school‐wide behavioral interventions. The focus of this article is on how data such as office discipline referrals (ODRs) can be used to inform decisions made by school problem‐solving teams. Following a brief overview of the PBIS model, specific recommendations are offered for school psychologists related to the collection and use of ODRs for intervention design, revision, and evaluation. In addition, preliminary data from a case‐study implementation are reviewed, highlighting the use of a data‐based decision‐making model for promoting positive student behavior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 19–27, 2007.
Implementing school‐wide behavior change: Lessons from the field
Authors: George Michael P. , White George P. , Schlaffer Joseph J.
Published: December 2006

In this article, we examine two schools that successfully adopted school‐wide positive behavior interventions and highlight some of the common features that contributed to their success. As part of our analysis, we draw upon the theoretical literature on organizational change to discuss factors that supported these successful school‐wide reform efforts, including the contributions of administrators, teachers, and school psychologists. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 41–51, 2007.
Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior
Authors: Kern Lee , Clemens Nathan H.
Published: December 2006

In response to ongoing concerns with student academic and behavior problems, antecedent strategies have garnered increasing attention. Antecedent intervention approaches focus on structuring the environment to prevent problems and enhance motivation. At the class‐wide level, implementation of these strategies can create a structured and orderly environment to which most students are responsive. In the case of persistent behavior problems, specific events that precede problem behavior can be removed or modified to create individualized antecedent interventions. The empirical literature base supporting the value of this approach has witnessed rapid growth. In this article, we offer a rationale for the use of antecedent strategies and provide literature‐based examples of applications within school settings at both the class‐wide and individual levels. In addition, we discuss practical considerations for implementing antecedent interventions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 65–75, 2007.
Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of differential stress/inflammatory responses in mandibular lymph nodes and oropharyngeal tonsils of European wild boars naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Naranjo Victoria , Villar Margarita , Martín‐Hernando Ma Paz , Vidal Dolors , Höfle Ursula , Gortazar Christian , Kocan Katherine M. , Vázquez Jesús , de la Fuente José
Published: December 2006

Differential stress/inflammatory responses were characterized at the mRNA and protein levels in mandibular lymph nodes (MLN) and oropharyngeal tonsils of European wild boars (Sus scrofa), naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Suppression‐subtractive hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR were used to identify and characterize abundant stress/inflammatory gene sequences differentially expressed in tuberculous (TB+) wild boars. Genes identified in MLN and tonsils corresponded to serum amyloid A, arginase I, osteopontin, lysozyme, annexin I, and heat shock proteins, respectively. Global protein patterns in MLN and tonsils were compared between TB+ and nontuberculous (TB−) boars by 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS. Five proteins, including stress/inflammatory proteins annexin V, serum albumin, and apolipoprotein A1 were found at lower levels in MLN of TB+ boars. Manganese superoxide dismutase was found up‐regulated in MLN of TB+ boars. Five proteins, including creatine kinase and MHC class II antigens were found up‐regulated in tonsils of TB+ boars. These results demonstrated differential stress/inflammatory responses in wild boars naturally infected with M. bovis and suggest possible markers of tuberculosis in this species that may prove useful for future studies of host–pathogen interactions and for diagnostics and vaccine development.
Proteomic profiling of 13 paired ductal infiltrating breast carcinomas and non‐tumoral adjacent counterparts
Authors: Pucci‐Minafra Ida , Cancemi Patrizia , Marabeti Maria Rita , Albanese Nadia Ninfa , Di Cara Gianluca , Taormina Pietra , Marrazzo Antonio
Published: December 2006

According to recent statistics, breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of death among women in Western countries. Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease, presently classified into several subtypes according to their cellular origin. Among breast cancer histotypes, infiltrating ductal carcinoma represents the most common and potentially aggressive form. Despite the current progress achieved in early cancer detection and treatment, including the new generation of molecular therapies, there is still need for identification of multiparametric biomarkers capable of discriminating between cancer subtypes and predicting cancer progression for personalized therapies. One established step in this direction is the proteomic strategy, expected to provide enough information on breast cancer profiling. To this aim, in the present study we analyzed 13 breast cancer tissues and their matched non‐tumoral tissues by 2‐DE. Collectively, we identified 51 protein spots, corresponding to 34 differentially expressed proteins, which may represent promising candidate biomarkers for molecular‐based diagnosis of breast cancer and for pattern discovery. The relevance of these proteins as factors contributing to breast carcinogenesis is discussed.
Experimental approaches for studying uptake and action of herbal medicines
Authors: Sumantran Venil N.
Published: December 2006

In order to gain wider credibility, herbal medicines must go through the rigorous scientific scrutiny to which synthetic drugs are subjected, and this includes investigating their absorption, bioavailability and metabolism. This review describes approaches for determining how active compounds in herbal formulations enter the systemic circulation. To assess how bioactive molecules enter the target organs and cells, specific cell lines and organ culture models can be used, followed byin vitromodels to show how they may regulate digestion, energy balance and metabolism. This could lead to a better understanding of how herbal medicines affect digestion and absorption; fundamental questions which should be answered in addition to their mechanism of action. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Features of the potential energy surface for the reaction of HO2 radical with acetone
Authors: Cours T. , Canneaux S. , Bohr F.
Published: December 2006

The mechanism of the reaction of acetone with HO2 has been studied by quantum chemical computations. Different stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) of the reaction have been characterized. These stationary points are the reactants, products, molecular complexes, and transition states. Three pathways have been studied: two H‐abstraction channels and one HO2‐addition channel. The MP2 level of theory with the 6‐311G(d,p) basis set was employed for geometry optimization. The electronic energies was obtained at the PMP2, PMP4, and CCSD(T) level of theory with the 6‐311G(d,p) basis set on the computed geometries. The addition pathway is clearly the more favorable, contrary to the acetone + OH system. The pre‐reactive hydrogen‐bonded complexes have been characterized and show a large red shift between the OH stretching frequency in the HO2 radical and the one in the HO2 fragment of intermolecular complexes. Our addition rate constant k+ at T = 298 K (3.49 × 10−16 cm3 s−1) is consistent with previous experimental results (giving an upper limit of the rate constant of 6 × 10−16 cm3 s−1 at 298 K). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Study of the oxidative half‐reaction catalyzed by a non‐heme ferrous catalytic center by means of structural and computational methodologies
Authors: Cicero Giancarlo , Carbonera Chiara , Valegård Karin , Hajdu Janos , Andersson Inger , Ranghino Graziella
Published: December 2006

Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) is a mononuclear ferrous enzyme that catalyzes the expansion of the five‐membered thiazolidine ring of the penicillin nucleus into the six‐membered dihydrothiazine ring of the cephalosporins. In the first half‐reaction with dioxygen and 2‐oxoglutarate, a reactive iron–oxygen species is produced that can subsequently react with the penicillin substrate to yield the cephalosporin. We describe quantum mechanical calculations of the first part of the reaction based on the high‐resolution structures of the active site of DAOCS and its complexes with ligands. These studies are aimed at understanding how the reactive species can be produced and contained in the active site of the enzyme. The results demonstrate the priming of the active site by the co‐substrate for oxygen binding and hint to the presence of a stable iron–peroxo intermediate in equilibrium with a more reactive ferryl species and the formation of CO2 as a leaving group by decarboxylation of 2‐oxoglutarate. A conclusion from these studies is that substitution of CO2 by the penicillin substrate triggers the oxidation reaction in a booby‐trap‐like mechanism. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Large harmonic sets of noncrossing edges for n randomly labeled vertices in convex position
Authors: Balogh József , Pittel Boris , Salazar Gelasio
Published: December 2006

Consider a set of n points in the plane in convex position, where each point has an integer label from {0,1,…,n − 1}. This naturally induces a labeling of the edges: each edge (i,j) is assigned the label i + j, modulo n. We propose algorithms for finding large noncrossing harmonic matchings or paths, i.e., the matchings or paths in which no two edges have the same label. When the point labels are chosen uniformly at random, and independently of each other, our matching algorithm with high probability delivers a nearly–perfect matching, a matching of size n/2 − O(n1/3 lnn). We show that, in sharp contrast, a near‐perfect path is unlikely: with high probability the length of the longest path is below 0.96n. In a series of computer experiments, one of our algorithms invariably found a path of length above 0.76n, and the likely path length for our empirically second best algorithm is proved to be above 0.66n. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Distributed algorithms in an ergodic Markovian environment
Authors: Comets Francis , Delarue François , Schott René
Published: December 2006

We provide a probabilistic analysis of the d‐dimensional banker algorithm when transition probabilities may depend on time and space. The transition probabilities evolve, as time goes by, along the trajectory of an ergodic Markovian environment, whereas the spatial parameter just acts on long runs. Our model complements the one considered by Guillotin‐Plantard and Schott (Random Struct Algorithm 21 (2002) 3–4, 371–396) where transitions are governed by a dynamical system, and appears as a new (small) step towards more general time and space dependent protocols. Our analysis relies on well‐known techniques from stochastic homogenization theory and investigates the asymptotic behavior of the rescaled algorithm as the total amount of resources available for allocation tends to infinity. In the two‐dimensional setting, we manage to exhibit three different possible regimes for the deadlock time of the limit system. To the best of our knowledge, the way we distinguish these regimes is completely new. We interpret our results in terms of stabilization of the algorithm.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Sampling binary contingency tables with a greedy start
Authors: Bezáková Ivona , Bhatnagar Nayantara , Vigoda Eric
Published: December 2006

We study the problem of counting and randomly sampling binary contingency tables. For given row and column sums, we are interested in approximately counting (or sampling) 0/1 n × m matrices with the specified row/column sums. We present a simulated annealing algorithm with running time O((nm)2D3dmax log 5(n + m)) for any row/column sums, where D is the number of nonzero entries and dmax is the maximum row/column sum. In the worst case, the running time of the algorithm is O(n11 log 5n) for an n × n matrix. This is the first algorithm to directly solve binary contingency tables for all row/column sums. Previous work reduced the problem to the permanent, or restricted attention to row/column sums that are close to regular. The interesting aspect of our simulated annealing algorithm is that it starts at a nontrivial instance, whose solution relies on the existence of short alternating paths in the graph constructed by a particular Greedy algorithm.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Offshore wind resource assessment with WAsP and MM5: comparative study for the German Bight
Authors: Jimenez Barbara , Durante Francesco , Lange Bernhard , Kreutzer Torsten , Tambke Jens
Published: December 2006

In this study, two different approaches to estimate the wind resource over the German Bight in the North Sea are compared: the mesoscale meteorological model MM5 and the wind resource assessment program WAsP. The dynamics of the atmosphere of the year 2004 was simulated with the MM5 model, with input from the NCEP global model, without directly utilizing measurement data. WAsP estimations were calculated on the basis of six measurement stations: three on islands, two offshore and one onshore. The annual mean wind speed at onshore, offshore and island sites is estimated by both models. The predictions are compared both with each other and with measured data. A spatial comparison of the wind resource calculated by the two models is made by means of a geographical information system. The results show that the accuracy of the WAsP predictions depends mainly on the measurement station used as input. Small differences are shown in the estimations performed by the three island stations, despite the large geographical distance between them. Compared with the measurements of the offshore sites, they seem to be suitable for estimating the offshore wind resource from measurements on land. The two offshore stations show differences when predicting each other's mean wind speed with the WAsP method, while the MM5 calculations show a similar deviation for both sites. The largest differences between the two models are found at distances of 5–50km from the coast. While in WAsP the increase occurs in the first 10km from the coast, MM5 models an increase due to coastal effects for at least 50km.  Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analyses of Canadian and Japanese populations of Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank) (Acarina, Glycyphagidae)
Authors: Sinha R. N. , van Bronswijk J. E. M. H.
Published: December 2006

Two multivariate statistical procedures were used to determine the basic trends of morphologic and geographic variations between males of a common stored‐grain mite, Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank) collected from Canada and Japan. All analyses were carried out on physical measurements of 25 morphological features. Three principal component analyses bases on the Canadian (50 specimens), Japanese (50 specimens) and the combined populations from the 2 countries (100 specimens) revealed that the first component, accounting for 40% of the variability in all 3 solutions represented a measure of the morphologic dimension of the body. The second component, which explained over 18% of the variability, is a measure of the leg dimension.

Smaller clusters of variates characteristic of the population from each county were also evident. Discriminant analysis, performed with the Canadian and Japanese populations, identified the variates that differed between the 2 populations and provided an approximate appraisal of interrelations. The general conclusion based on these analyses is that the Canadian and the Japanese populations are morphologically distinct. The difference is most evident in the diameters of genu 2, lengths of the sensory seta WI, lengths of the body, and the distances between the vertical external setae.
Studies on the interspecies competition between the azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis, and the southern cowpea weevil, C. maculatus V. The role of adult behavior in competition
Authors: Fujii Koichi
Published: December 2006

One strain (iC) of C. chinensis and two strains (aQ and tQ) of C. maculatus were used to study the temporal pattern in adult distribution in oviposition site.

The density of iC in the oviposition site decreased faster than the density in the population cage, but the pattern was not affected by the presence of the other species.

The density in ovipositon site of aQ and tQ controls was far lower than that of iC. The density changes in the controls of both strains were rather parallel to the pattern in the population cage.

The density of aQ and tQ in the oviposition site in mixed cultures was affected by the presence of the other species. The density of aQ was less than half that in the controls. The pattern of density change was almost the same as in the controls. The density of tQ in the mixed cultures, although lowered initially by the presence of iC, increased after the density of iC decreased.

Coupled with its longer female longevity, this characteristic of tQ behavior at the oviposition site apparently contributed to its winning the competition with iC.

The adult distribution pattern observed in the present experiments provides an explanation for the peculiar two‐fold increase in mean individual weight of C. chinensis in mixed cultures compared with controls, while C. maculatus adults were a little lighter in mixed cultures than the controls.
A simulation approach to evaluating insecticides for brown planthopper control
Authors: Heong K. L.
Published: December 2006

The overall efficiency of insecticides with various egg, nymph and adult efficacy for brown planthopper control were analyzed using a simulation approach. Insecticides which have high nymphal efficacy are most effective. Nymphal efficacy contributes up to 71% of the potential efficiency while ovicidal efficacy contributes the remaining 29%. Adult efficacy alone appears to have negligible effects. Long residual efficacy provides better control, however, the increase in efficiency is not directly proportional to the residual period of the insecticide. A residual period of 10 to 15 days would suffice for BPH control.
Population density of Monochamus alternatus adults (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and incidence of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Togashi Katsumi
Published: December 2006

The seasonal occurrence of Monochamus alternatus and newly weakened trees were investigated in a Pinus thunbergii stand for 4 years. Adult beetles were present between June and September with a peak in their population occurring in early July followed by a decline then a period of about one month being in a steady number. The average number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda), which is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, within beetles decreased as the season advanced. Pine trees newly weakened by B. xylophilus appeared between June and October, especially from August to October. The proportion of weakened or killed trees was directly proportional to the average beetle density per tree from June to August.
Estimating dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) daily infestation dynamics
Authors: Pulley P. E. , Flamm R. O. , Coulson R. N.
Published: December 2006

Mathematical procedures are given to estimate infestation totals and daily life stage arrivals, departures, and mortality of Dendroctonus frontalisZimmermann for an infested tree in the field. These estimates are based on minimal sample data and are designed to utilize all available information. Daily arrival estimates for larvae, pupae, and callow adults are obtained by indirect analysis without direct observation of these stages. The procedures are applied to 147 infested trees, and the results are transformed to a common time basis to obtain daily expectations by life stage for an “average” tree. These expectations suggest optimal times for field sampling or relative times of sampling when optimal times are missed. Expected daily arrival distributions by life stage for a single egg and a single attacking adult are given. Procedures are given for utilizing collateral information to obtain an infestation total and daily arrival estimates for a boundary life stage. The results of this study are applicable to any D. frontalis field study, and the procedures given are applicable to any bark inhabiting insect having similar habits.
Population regulation of a mosquito Armigeres theobaldi with description of the animal fauna in zingiberaceous inflorescences
Authors: Mogi M. , Yamamura N.
Published: December 2006

Inflorescences of some Curcuma and Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) in tropical Asia provide an unique aquatic habitat being discrete, small, and made of numerous smaller compartments (the bracts).

The aquatic community in inflorescences of Curcuma in northern Thailand was composed of immature Diptera, of which the biting midge Dasyhelea and the mosquito Armigeres theobaldi were the commonest. No important competitors, predators or pathogenic parasites for the mosquito were confirmed.

Inter‐inflorescence distribution of the mosquito was contagious. Within each inflorescence, the fourth‐instar larvae or pupae usually occupied bracts singly.

The k‐value analysis detected density‐dependent mortality due to contest competition in the mosquito larvae.

Variations in the larval and pupal mosquito size were density‐independent and remarkably small as compared with size variations known for other mosquitoes.

These population attributes (large density‐dependent mortality with density‐independent, minimally variable individual size) appear unique among mosquitoes, arising from conspecific killing, efficient foraging (inter‐bract movement by crawl and single occupation of bracts), and availability of host plant tissues as supplementary food.

A simple population model suggested that a small proportion of adult females lay eggs.
Pheromone trapping models for insect pest control
Authors: Barclay H. , van den Driessche P.
Published: December 2006

Pheromones have recently been suggested for use in insect pest control. We formulate a discrete version of a model with virgin females (or female equivalent of pheromone) in traps, and explore conditions under which this mechanism can eradicate the pest. Our model is density independent, thus when eradication is not possible, the pest increases without bound, in reality density dependent effects limit population growth. Successive refinements incorporating various features, show that delayed mating together with monogamy has a strong influence on the outcome, whereas other aspects of mating behaviour are relatively unimportant. All our models show that when males are in excess control is impossible but when some virgins are left unmated each day the outcome depends on the parameters. As the birth rate or survivorship increase, control by this method becomes more difficult.
Nymphal cannibalism in relation to oviposition behavior of adults in the assassin bug, Agriosphodrus dohrni signoret
Authors: Inoue Hiroshi
Published: December 2006

Nymphal cannibalism was studied over a five year period in a natural population of the assassin bug, Agriosphodrus dohrniSignoret. Cannibalism among instar I nymphs was potentially an effective agent to cause rapid decline of the newborn population in contrast to the rarity of cannibalism in other instars. The high incidence of cannibalism among newborn was associated with concentrated oviposition on the same site by two or more females. The rate of the duplicate oviposition was high at hollows on tree trunk where early mortality of nymphs in the absence of cannibalism was significantly low in comparison with other types of sites. However, analyses of oviposition showed that more than half of the overlapping ovipositions took place on the same day and that insuch a situation 95% of the lately deposited egg masses escaped cannibalism suggesting existence of avoiding mechanism of cannibalism in adult females under circumtances of ovipositional site limitation.
A protein tyrosine kinase associated with the ATP‐dependent inactivation of adipose diacylglycerol acyltransferase
Authors: Lau T. E. , Rodriguez M. A.
Published: December 2006

The activity that has been previously reported to reversibly inactivate adipose glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)in vitro in the presence of ATP is shown here to be partially purified from adipose tissue with an apparent molecular weight of 68 kDa. The activity responsible for inactivating DGAT is associated with a kinase activity as determined by phosphate incorporation both into microsomal proteins and into a synthetic tyrosine‐containing peptide as substrate for protein tyrosine kinase. Two microsomal polypeptides of 53 and 69 kDa are major substrates of this kinase. Both DGAT inactivating and kinase activities assayed from the purified sample have been found to be insensitive to the Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor H‐7 while being sensitive to genistein and tyrphostin‐25. A crude protein phosphatase preparation from liver was capable of reversing the effects of both activities. The purified sample was also shown to inactivate GPAT in the presence of ATP. These results suggest that a protein tyrosine kinase, in concert with a protein tyrosine phosphatase, may regulate the activities of DGAT and GPAT by a phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation mechanism.
The effects of dietary phospholipids enriched with phosphatidylethanolamine on bile and red cell membrane lipids in humans
Authors: Pakula Ronit , Konikoff Fred M. , Rubin Moshe , Ringel Yehuda , Peled Yochanan , Tietz Aliza , Gilat Tuvia
Published: December 2006

The role of phospholipids in biliary cholesterol solubilization and crystallization has only recently begun to be appreciated. Phospholipid vesicles are believed to be the metastable carrier from which cholesterol nucleates. Cholesterol crystallization is influenced by the phospholipid species in bile. Feeding rats and hamsters with diets enriched in phospholipids or their precursors, especially ethanolamine, resulted in reduced cholesterol saturation of bile. Although whole phospholipids are normal dietary constituents, the effects and safety of phospholipid components have not been tested in humans. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of a dietary phospholipid mixture, enriched with phosphatidylethanolamine, on human bile and red blood cell membrane lipid composition. Five ambulatory volunteers having a chronic indwelling T‐tube, with an intact enterohepatic circulation, were investigated. Thirty‐six grams of phospholipids (54% phosphatidylethanolamine, 54% linoleyl acyl chains) were added to their daily diet for fourteen days. Biliary nucleation time, cholesterol carriers, as well as plasma, red blood cell membrane, and bile lipid compositions, were monitored. Following phospholipid supplementation, the proportion of linoleyl chains (18:2) in biliary phospholipids increased significantly from 31.1±1.2 to 37.7±5.3%, while that of oleyl chains (18:1) decreased from 11.4±1.6 to 9.6±1.1%. These changes were accompanied by an increase of linoleate and its metabolite, arachidonate, in red cell membranes. Phospholipid feeding did not cause any side effects, and no significant changes in biliary nucleation time, cholesterol, phospholipid, or bile salt concentrations, or in the distribution of cholesterol within micelles or vesicles. We conclude that phospholipid feeding is safe, and can be effective as a vehicle for lecithin fatty acyl chain modulation of bile and lipid membranes. These findings may provide a basis for a controlled modulation of biliary phospholipids to increase cholesterol solubility in bile.
Predation of Apochthonius minimus (Pseudoscorpionida: Chthoniidae) on Folsomia Candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) II. Effects of predation on prey populations
Authors: Johnson Dan L. , Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2006

This study utilized the preference the pseudoscorpion, A. minimus, displays for certain sizes of the springtail, F. candida, in order to assess the population consequences of this selective predation. Although predation drove half of the treated collembolan populations to extinction, the populations which survived were not reduced in size and were in fact larger than most of the control populations (Figs. 1 and 2). During the first two weeks of the experiment, the predators apparently fed mainly on the original adults and the larger individuals of the second generation, thus increasing available space and improving the prey's chances for successful reproduction. The resulting demographic shift accounts for the significant decrease in mean length that occurred in the experimental populations without any accompanying significant change in their total numbers. Some effects of density, food, and age‐structure on the fecundity of F. candida, acting in concert with the effects of size‐selective predation, may lead to a variety of population consequences. In some circumstances, predation may cause increased production with decreased mean size, and no drastic change in standing crop. In different circumstances, a local population may become extinct. These results should further our understanding of the sporadic record of establishment and growth displayed byspringtail populations in the small, moist litter patches where they tend to aggregate.
The effect of population density on the reproduction of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Kuno Eizi
Published: December 2006

When a fixed number of the hosts, the eggs of the almond moth were exposed experimentally to various numbers of the parasites, Trichogramma japonicum, the following changes were observed with increasing parasite density:

The percentage of parasitism rises and approaches to 100 with gradually diminishing rate.

The number of parasite progeny increases and reaches a maximum, then decreases gradually.

The number of eggs laid per parasite female decreases gradually.

The proportion of hyperparasitized hosts progressively rises. The frequency distribution of parasite eggs in a host is of an intermediate type between random and uniform.

The competition among parasite larvae becomes severe. The progressive rise in mortality, the declining percentage of females in progeny and the emergence of stunted adults at the higher densities are observed.

In connection with both the nature of the parasitizing behaviour of adult and that of the competition among larvae, the nature of the density effect on the parasite population was discussed.
Reproductive properties of two sympatric dung beetles, Aphodius haroldianus and A. Elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Yasuda Hironori
Published: December 2006

Reproductive properties of two sympatric dung beetles, Aphodius haroldianus and A. elegans, were studied at a pasture in the central Japan.

Overwintered adults of A. haroldianus came flying to dung pats from May to early August and bred from June to July. A. elegans overwintered as larvae, new adults came to dung pats from mid May to mid June. After aestivation, they reproduced from October to November.

A. haroldianus was a species with low fecundity and large food reserve for larvae. Female of this species had short duration of residence and laid fewer number of eggs in one dung pat. On the other hand, A. elegans was a species with high fecundity and small food reserve for larvae. Female of this species had long duration of residence and laid larger number of eggs in one dung pat.

The daily egg production in A. haroldianus reached a peak (0.40 eggs/female/day) at middle of oviposition period, but, that in A. elegans reached a peak (6.49 eggs/female/ day) at the beginning of oviposition period. The mortality of A. haroldianus female occurred after the daily egg production reached a peak and then rapidly increased, whereas that of A. elegans began soon after the beginning of oviposition and then gradually increased.
An analysis of foundress group size in Ropalidia fasciata (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with zero‐truncated distributions
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Iwahashi Osamu
Published: December 2006

Distribution patterns of foundress group size of Ropalidia fasciata did not fit to 0‐truncated Poisson series due to overdispersion. Six of seven distributions fitted to 0‐truncated negative binomial series, but, for most cases, neither Brass' moment method nor the maximum liklihood method could be used due to disproportionately high frequency of nests with single foundress. Existence of two kinds of foundresses was suggested.
A study on the community analysis using three‐factorial data (time x site x species)
Authors: Matsumiya Yoshiharu , Wada Keiko
Published: December 2006

This study is to demonstrate that the analysis of biological communities using scaling unstandardized squared Euclidean distance is extremely effective to deal with data which are quite generally collected by 3 factors (time x site x species).

The main part of this study has been explained in detail byWilliams andStephenson (1973). We have conducted some discussion introducing mathematic complementary explanation as well as expansive interpretation.

The dissimilarity measure based on squared Euclidean distance is used to classify clusters from a dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis. The outline of the community structure can be known by comparing the values of mean variance per comparison and interaction.

The table of mutual comparison among clusters introduces dynamic pattern expression for community. Contributions by species to time and site are capable of expressing a concrete role of the species.

We apply the technique above to the demersal fish community in Shijiki Bay, Hirado Island, Nagasaki Pref. Number of individuals caught with Gochi trawls at 11 fixed stations in 1975–1984 are used as material for analysis. 84 species is accounted.
Seasonal changes in ovarian state in a eusocial halictine bee, Lasioglossum duplex, based on stages of the oldest oocytes in each ovariole (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Gôukon Katsuo , Maeta Yasuo , Sakagami Shôichi F.
Published: December 2006

The changes in ovarian activity in the life cycle of the eusocial halictine bee Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) duplex (Dalla Torre) was studied in both queens and workers by examining the stages of the terminal follicle in each of the six ovarioles. By this method, ovarian activities of both queens and workers were more quantitatively determined than by observation of gross ovarian features as usually conducted. Queen ovaries clearly exhibited two active periods, corresponding to the spring solitary phase and the summer eusocial phase, with distinctly greater activity in the latter. In ovaries of overwintering queens oosorption of young follicle was observed. Worker ovaries were found more active in orphan than in queenright colonies. The order of ovarian activity obtained from pooled data, summer queens>spring queens>orphan workers>queenright workers, was also recognized by comparison of individual females.