bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAPESEED MEALS IN DIETS FOR GROWING TURKEYS
Authors: SALMON R. E.
Published: March 2010

Diets containing 10 and 20% of either prepress-solvent commercial rapeseed meal or thioglucoside-free Bronowski rapeseed meal were fed to Large White turkeys from 6 days of age to market at 144 days. Twenty percent commercial rapeseed meal depressed gains in comparison with an isocaloric and isonitrogenous soybean meal control diet. The performance of turkeys fed Bronowski rapeseed meal was essentially equal to that of birds fed the control diet. Diets containing 10% commercial rapeseed meal and 10 or 20% Bronowski meal were utilized more efficiently from 55 to 111 days than from 6 to 55 days of age when compared with the control diet.
EFFECTS OF COLD, ACUTE STARVATION AND PREGNANCY ON SOME INDICES OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN LINCOLN AND SOUTHDOWN SHEEP
Authors: KARIHALOO A. K. , WEBSTER A. J. F. , COMBS W.
Published: March 2010

Blood samples were drawn at weekly intervals from 24 pregnant and 16 nonpregnant Lincoln and Southdown ewes kept over winter in a sheltered, unheated yard. Samples were analyzed for plasma glucose, free fatty acid (FFA) and ketone concentrations. Records were kept of mean daily air temperature and individual food intake.Air temperature (7-day mean) ranged from −3 to −32 C. Air temperature had no effect on food intake, FFA or ketone concentrations. However, glucose concentrations did rise with increasing cold stress. Acute starvation induced large increases in plasma FFA and ketone concentrations and a fall in plasma glucose. The increases were most marked in the pregnant animals, ketones rising, on average, from 2.5 to 31 mg/100 ml. Food intake and plasma glucose concentrations in late pregnancy fell below values recorded in nonpregnant sheep. Ketones and FFAs were slightly higher. Differences were small compared with those observed after fasting.The results are discussed in relation to the effects of different management practices on the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia in sheep.
TRITICALE IN DIETS FOR YOUNG DAIRY CALVES
Authors: INGALLS J. R. , DEVLIN T. J. , McKIRDY J. A.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted to compare feed intake and growth rate of young dairy calves receiving two levels of triticale (27.5 and 55% of a complete ration) with calves receiving barley diets supplemented with urea or soybean meal. Effect of pelleting the 55% triticale diet was also examined. Each experimental diet was fed to 10 dairy calves (five bulls and five heifers) from birth. Experimental diets were fed free choice throughout. Triticale (1967 crop) at both levels reduced weight gain and feed intake relative to the control diets; however, there was little effect on feed efficiency. Low levels of ergot contamination of the triticale may have played a role in feed intake depression. Pelleting the 55% triticale diet resulted in reduced feed intake, similar weight gain and increased feed efficiency. Rations containing urea resulted in reduced rumen levels of isobutyric acid.
UTILIZATION OF ALDER SAWDUST (ALNUS RUBRA) BY RUMINANTS
Authors: Shelford J. A. , Kitts W. D. , Krishnamurti C. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
WEIGHT AT 425 DAYS OF AGE IN SIX STRAINS OF BROILER-TYPE MALES AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Gardiner E. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECT OF COLD STRESSING CHICKEN EMBRYOS AND PREINCUBATION STORAGE ON HATCHABILITY, POST-HATCHING BODY WEIGHT, MORTALITY AND SEX RATIOS
Authors: BUCKLAND R. B.
Published: March 2010

The effect of cold stressing 17-day chicken embryos was studied for 2 successive years. Exposing embryos to 21.2 C for up to 24 hr caused a nonsignificant reduction in hatchability, while 11.3 and 5.2 C caused a significant drop in hatchability. Egg size did not influence the effect of cold stress on hatchability. All three temperatures caused an increase in chick weight at hatching. Exposure to 21.2 C had no effect on 2, 4 or 6 week body weight except to reduce 2 week body weight of females. Prolonged exposure to 11.3 C generally reduced 4 and 6 week body weight. Exposing embryos to 5.2 C for 4 and 8 hr resulted in an increase in 4 and 6 week body weight, while 12 hr of exposure caused a reduction in 2, 4 and 6 week body weight. Post-hatching mortality was increased by exposure to 5.2 C for 12 and 16 hr in the first year, while in the second year prolonged exposure to all temperatures increased mortality. There was no effect of cold stress on sex ratios. Preincubation storage reduced hatchability, except in 1968 when there was an effect of cold stress on hatchability. Hatchability then increased as storage time increased. Post-hatching body weight and mortality were not affected by preincubation storage.
COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM STATUS OF GROWING BEEF CATTLE IN A SELENIUM DEFICIENT AREA OF NORTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J. , LESSARD J. R. , CARSON R. B.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted on the effect of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) on the copper and molybdenum contents of various tissues from calves under three months of age. Fifty-one calves were employed from an area in northern Ontario where NMD is common and 12 calves from a dystrophy-free area. The latter animals were fed a milk substitute which contained some 4.5 times as much copper as the milk received by the calves in the NMD area. For suckled calves in northern Ontario, no significant difference in liver copper concentrations was observed between healthy and NMD-affected animals. In calves fed the milk substitute, the liver copper level was markedly higher [204.4 ± 71.0 (SD)] than in suckled calves with dystrophy (55.5 ± 36.3) or without the disorder (60.8 ± 53.7). The copper concentrations (μg/g DM) of other tissues from NMD-affected calves were: kidney 14.8 ± 3.3, heart 14.0 ± 2.5, lung 6.5 ± 2.0, spleen 4.3 ± 1.6 and muscle 3.0 ± 1.4. No significant differences in these copper levels occurred between NMD-affected and healthy calves, or those reared on the milk substitute. Similarly, there were no significant differences in tissue molybdenum concentrations. The data indicated that the calves reared in northern Ontario had a marginal copper deficiency. Tissue copper and molybdenum levels appeared to be unaffected by the development of myopathy in the calves. The copper status of two groups, of six calves each, wintered outdoors or indoors, also was compared. Hypocuprosis and copper plasma levels were not influenced by exposure to the severe outwintering conditions of northern Ontario. Plasma copper levels showed a gradual decrease from 66 ± 16 μg per 100 ml plasma at 1 week of age to 51 ± 10 μg per 100 ml at 19 weeks.
COPPER, ZINC, MANGANESE AND IRON VARIATION IN FIVE FEEDS FOR RUMINANTS
Authors: MILTIMORE J. E. , MASON J. L. , ASHBY D. L.
Published: March 2010

Samples of legume hay, grass hay, corn silage, oat forage and grains grown throughout British Columbia were analyzed to determine Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe concentrations and these concentrations were compared with the British Agricultural Research Council minimum requirements for cattle. Approximately 95% of all feeds were below 10 ppm Cu, the recommended minimum for cattle. These data provide the first indication of a general simple copper deficiency in British Columbia, whereas previous reports for British Columbia and Canada concerned pockets of copper deficiency resulting from molybdenum toxicity. Some 95% of the samples were below the minimum recommended level of 50 ppm Zn. Manganese concentrations were somewhat higher, with only 40% of the samples below the recommended minimum of 40 ppm Mn. Twenty-five percent of the grass samples contained above 151 ppm Mn. The average Fe concentration for all feeds was well above the suggested minimum requirement of 30 ppm. Some 15% of the samples were sevenfold the minimum recommended. These analyses suggest the need for greatly increased levels of Cu and Zn supplementation for cattle on winter feed. There is also need for Mn supplementation where legume hays and corn silages are fed in British Columbia.
EVALUATION OF TWO DRY PROTEIN SOURCES IN RATIONS FOR GROWING-FURRING MINK
Authors: SEIER L. C. , KIRK R. J. , DEVLIN T. J. , PARKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Forty-five male Sapphire mink kits were allotted to three treatment groups and fed for approximately 100 days (August 1–November 7). The control diet (treatment 1) consisted of horse-meat 10%, cooked chicken by-products 15%, raw cereal 25%, and whole frozen fish 50%. The frozen fish was replaced by either herring meal or soybean meal on an equivalent dry matter basis for treatments 2 and 3. Average mink weights on November 7 were 1.78, 1.87, and 1.92 kg for the soybean meal, herring meal, and control treatment groups, respectively, and were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The feeding period was divided into a growing phase (period 1), a growing and furring phase (period 2), and a maintenance and a priming phase (period 3). The average daily weight gains during these periods were: period 1: 15.2, 18.0 and 11.8 g; period 2: 6.1, 6.7 and 7.8 g; period 3: +0.8, −2.6 and −0.7 g, for the control, herring- and soybean meal-fed mink, respectively. Digestibility trials were carried out during each period. Dry matter and energy digestibilities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the herring-fed and control kits than for the soybean meal-fed kits. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in nitrogen balance among treatments. Skin biopsies were taken at pelting time to compare fur density, with values of 19.6, 20.6, and 19.5 hairs per pore, for the soybean-, herring-fed and control kits, respectively.
TRYPTOPHAN UTILIZATION BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO
Authors: CANDLISH ELIZABETH , DEVLIN T. J. , LaCROIX L. J.
Published: March 2010

A continuous flow, artificial rumen apparatus was used to investigate the utilization of DL-tryptophan–14C(U)–benzene ring labelled material by rumen microorganisms. Half of the labelled material left the rumen sac in the first six hours. After a 24-hour period, less than 4% of the label was associated with either the protozoal or the bacterial fraction of the rumen fluid.
INFLUENCE OF AMINO ACID EXCESS ON ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THE GROWING CHICK
Authors: GUILLAUME J. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two semi-purified diets equal in classical metabolizable energy level and first limiting essential amino acid level but differing in crude protein content by 25% were fed to 3-week-old chickens. All birds had been carefully selected and were reared either in individual cages for limit feeding or conventional cages for ad libitum trials. The two diets promoted equal growth when fed ad libitum in pelleted form but not if fed in the form of mash, where the higher protein diet promoted a higher rate of gain. The higher protein diet resulted in superior feed efficiency with both pelleted and mash diets fed ad libitum, and also superior performance when fed either as mash or pellets on a limited basis. Total carcass energy was decreased with the higher protein diet, as was the efficiency of energy retention. The data obtained contradict the accepted theory that the better the balance of dietary nutrients, the better the metabolizable energy utilization. A direct measurement of oxygen consumption supported the hypothesis that difference in metabolizable energy utilization was mainly due to heat increment of the diets.
MAINTENANCE ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF THE ROOSTER AND INFLUENCE OF PLANE OF NUTRITION ON METABOLIZABLE ENERGY
Authors: GUILLAUME J. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Arnould’s method can be applied to the adult rooster to estimate the energy maintenance requirement, although estimation of the weight gain requirement is inaccurate with this method. The average value obtained of 117 kcal metabolizable energy per kg body weight per day for maintenance requirement agrees well with previously reported estimates but is higher than values reported for the laying hen. Maintenance requirement for energy appears to be very variable, the coefficient of variation being 13% which equals that found for basal metabolism. Maintenance requirement is correlated neither with body weight nor with endogenous N excretion. It is concluded that metabolic and endogenous energy should be taken into account for correcting metabolizable energy values when food intake is close to maintenance requirement, especially with adult birds.
EFFECT OF PRE-INCUBATION FUMIGATION WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON THE HATCHABILITY OF CHICKEN EGGS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , STEWART D. K. R.
Published: March 2010

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate pre-incubation fumigation effects on hatchability using formalin and potassium permanganate. Evidence is provided that embryo viability was not impaired when 1.5 cc of formalin were used with 1 g potassium permanganate per 0.02832 m3 of fumigation chamber, under the following conditions: Fumigation time was 20 to 30 min, egg pack was adequately ventilated immediately after fumigation (at least 24 hours of ventilation prior to packing in a case), relative humidities ranged from 49 to 58% or 60 to 78% when fumigating at a maximum temperature of 37 C, and temperatures of either 23 or 37 C were used with relative humidities ranging from 60 to 78% during fumigation. These fumigation procedures did not affect hatch-ability, even when eggs were prewarmed at 37 C for 3 hours prior to fumigating at 23 C for 20 min, or when the prefumigation egg temperatures were 11 or 16 C prior to fumigating at 37 C, which resulted in considerable condensation of moisture on the egg shell. Although fumigation would usually be conducted within a day or two from time of lay, hatchability was unaffected when eggs were stored up to 3 weeks and fumigated at time of setting.
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY IN FORAGE BYIN VIVOANDIN VITROASSAYS
Authors: TROELSEN J. E.
Published: March 2010

Forage of six pure species was harvested for hay at several maturity stages during four years. The digestible energy content of 102 different lots of hay was determined by feeding to four groups of sheep during the same period, and by in vitro digestions and energy analysis of the undigested residues. The relationship between digestible energy content assayed by the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.85) and did not differ between years and species. Exclusion from regression of the hays containing less than 2 or more than 3 digestible kcal/g revealed that the in vitro assay could reproduce the in vivo digestible energy value with a standard deviation of 0.31 in over 70% of the hays. This represented the maturity and quality range of forage commonly fed to cattle and sheep. The in vitro assay therefore appeared promising for commercial quality determinations.
EFFECT OF SELECTION ON FEED UTILIZATION AND CARCASS SCORE EN SWINE
Authors: BERNARD C. , FAHMY M. H.
Published: March 2010

Selection for feed utilization (FU) and carcass score (CS) based on full sib performance was practiced within three lines of Yorkshire pigs during ten generations. Line 1 was selected solely for FU, line 2 for CS and line 3 for the two traits combined in an index. Line 2 served as a control for lines 1 and 3 in FU and line 1 as a control for lines 2 and 3 in CS. Feed utilization was expressed as the amount of feed required per kilogram body weight gain. Carcass score was based on length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and belly grade measured on pigs marketed at 90 kg liveweight. Selection differentials for FU averaged 0.198 and 0.208 kg per generation for lines 1 and 3, respectively, while CS differentials were 7.2 and 7.4 points per generation for lines 2 and 3, respectively. Heritability estimates based on full sib performance and converted to individual bases were 0.16 for FU and 0.43 for CS. The phenotypic correlation between the two traits was −0.25 and the genetic correlation −0.55. Responses to selection for FU were 0.09 and 0.24 kg per generation for lines 1 and 3, respectively, while for CS they were 0.77 and 0.97 points for lines 2 and 3, respectively. Compared with the parental means, this represented a genetic improvement of 0.25 and 0.66% per generation for FU in lines 1 and 3, and 1.06 and 1.33% per generation for CS in lines 2 and 3, respectively. The realized responses in lines 1 and 3 to selection for FU Were 58 and 148% of the expectation, and 58 and 72% for lines 2 and 3 in CS. Due to larger selection differentials in line 3, along with a strong positive genetic correlation between the two traits observed in this particular population, selection for the combined traits was 1.35 and 1.10% more effective in improving FU and CS, respectively, than selection for these traits individually.
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC STUDY OF PRE- AND POST-WEANING WEIGHTS AND GAINS IN SWINE
Authors: FAHMY M. H. , BERNARD C.
Published: March 2010

Data on body weights at five ages (birth, 21, 42, 56 and 140 days) and pre- and post-weaning average daily gains of 6846 pigs from 780 dams and 161 sires in three lines were analyzed to determine the effects of some environmental factors, to estimate heritabilities, to calculate genetic and phenotypic correlations and to ascertain the associations between these traits and some economically important characters in swine. Significant year effects occurred in all traits other than birth and 21-day weights; line effects were highly significant for birth and 21-day weights but were not significant at subsequent stages. Sex effect was pronounced only at older ages. Males were consistently heavier than females up to weaning age. Unweighted averages of estimates of heritability derived by two methods were 0.17, 0.09, 0.11, 0.13, 0.10, 0.12, and 0.07 for weights at birth, 21, 42, 56, and 140 days, and pre- and post-weaning average daily gains, respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between the seven characters were positive and generally high. Favorable genetic and phenotypic associations were found between birth, weaning and 140-day weights and feed utilization, age at finish, carcass length and average backfat thickness. Weights at weaning and 140 days of age were negatively correlated with carcass score and loin eye area.
ASCORBIC ACID METABOLISM IN SWINE. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF ENERGY INTAKE AND SERUM ASCORBATE LEVELS
Authors: BROWN R. G. , SHARMA V. D. , YOUNG L. G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of energy intake on serum ascorbate levels in swine has been studied. There was a significant correlation between energy intake and serum ascorbate levels at age 85–95 days, as well as a significant correlation between terminal weights and serum ascorbate level. The level of ascorbic acid in the serum increased significantly with time in animals fed higher levels of energy, but not in animals which received lower levels of energy. This suggested that energy restriction inhibited the development of the capacity to synthesize ascorbate. A hypothesis was advanced to explain the findings.
A COMPARISON OF BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND BACKFAT THICKNESS AS PREDICTORS OF CARCASS COMPOSITION OF MARKET WEIGHT PIGS
Authors: DOORNENBAL H. , FRANKHAM R.
Published: March 2010

Live animal measurements of backfat and several blood characteristics were compared as predictors of percent protein and fat in dressed carcasses of barrows and gilts. There was a distinct sex difference in the relationship between certain blood characteristics and carcass composition. In the gilts (n = 21), red cell volume and hemoglobin were significantly correlated with percent protein (0.633 and 0.615, respectively) and percent fat (−0.497 and −0.474, respectively), while in the barrows (n = 23) the correlations were not statistically significant. Backfat by probe was significantly correlated with percent protein and fat in the carcasses of both barrows (−0.597 and 0.644, respectively) and gilts (−0.584 and 0.563, respectively). The most important factor, as determined by stepwise multiple regression, in predicting percent protein in gilts was red cell volume, no other variable reducing the residual sums of squares further. In barrows, percent protein was best predicted by backfat thickness, blood characteristics reducing the residual sum of squares an additional 20%. In both sexes backfat thickness was the most important factor in predicting percent fat, red cell volume contributing an additional 7.4% to the prediction in gilts. While blood characteristics proved to be a useful adjunct to the probe in predicting carcass composition in barrows, they added little to the prediction of percent protein and fat in gilts. Since blood characteristics are more difficult to measure than backfat thickness, probing should remain the most practical means of predicting carcass composition in the live animal.
ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION BY PIGS AS INLUENCED BY DIET, SEX, BREEDING GROUP AND REPLICATE
Authors: SKITSKO P. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Apparent digestible energy (DE) and nitrogen (DN), metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen retention (NR) of high (HE) and low (LE) digestible energy diets were determined with Duroc × Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire pigs at an average weight of 50 kg. The diets were formulated to contain similar ratios of crude protein, lysine, methionine and cystine and calcium to estimated DE. The coefficients of DE, ME and DN were higher (P < 0.01) for the HE diet than for the LE diet. A lower percentage (P < 0.05) of digestible N was retained on the HE than on the LE diet. Digestibility of N did not significantly influence NR. The results suggest that standard NR procedures overestimate the actual protein retained by pigs. ME was a relatively constant proportion (96.2%) of DE, suggesting that either DE or ME may be used with equal accuracy in describing energy requirements for swine. Sex and breeding group did not significantly affect DE, ME, DN, or NR. There was a diet × replicate interaction (P < 0.01) for DN. A lower intake of the LE diet was associated with a higher DN coefficient. The study suggests that DE, ME, and DN values may be used for diet formulation without need of correction for breed or sex.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEAN AND MILK PROTEINS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH DILUTE ALKALI
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
DETECTION OF TAINT (SEX ODOR) IN PORK
Authors: Jarmoluk Leon , Martin A. H. , Fredeen H. T.
Published: March 2010

not available
A METEOROLOGICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF THE CANNING TOMATO CROP
Authors: Heeney H. B. , Miller S. R. , Rutherford W. M.
Published: March 2010

The value and method of application of the Black Bellani plate atmometer for estimation of the irrigation requirement of the tomato canning crop was studied between 1955 and 1958 at the Smithfield Substation, This method was shown to be equal or superior in value to other methods of estimating irrigation requirements, including the Plaster of Paris soil moisture block. The method was tested in comparison with soil moisture block procedures over a 2-year period and soil moisture deficit and yield results by the two methods compared. The details of the method used are outlined and suggestions made for a further refinement in application of the data.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION, EMERGENCE, AND EARLY GROWTH OF THREE RANGE GRASSES
Authors: Johnston Alexander
Published: March 2010

Factors affecting germination, emergence, and early growth of Festuca scabrella, Danthonia parryi, and Bromus pumpellianus were studied in the germinator or greenhouse. Germination of D. parryi was not affected differentially at temperatures ranging from 55°F. to 85°F. F. scabrella germinated best at 65°F. and B. pumpellianus at 75° to 85°F. Percentage germination of F. scabrella was inhibited by a wet-cold treatment and by a solution prepared from partially decomposed litter. Shallow seeding was found to offer the best opportunity for seedling establishment. Fewest seedlings survived where competition was greatest, i.e. when seeds were broadcast on the surface of a rapidly-growing, established sod. This treatment produced the least vigorous seedlings as measured by tiller or rhizome numbers, dry matter yields, and root and leaf lengths.In a depth-of-litter study involving F. scabrella, as the depth of litter increased, the percentage emergence of seedlings decreased. Seedlings continued to emerge for an 85-day period from all except shallow [Formula: see text] litter depths of seeding.Six square-foot sods obtained in mid-June, 1958, from Festuca prairie in excellent condition were dissected in the laboratory. Numbers and locations of seedlings were recorded and showed that the same trends existed on the prairie as were detected in the greenhouse experiments. The cumulative results of the studies suggested that seed and seedling mortality in the grasses studied was of considerable magnitude.
CLIPPING FREQUENCY AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND LONGEVITY OF FIVE GRASSES
Authors: Heinrichs D. H. , Clark K. W.
Published: March 2010

Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron intermedium, Agropyron riparium, Elymus junceus and Stipa viridula were studied in relation to clipping effects on productivity and longevity. All species, except Elymus junceus, produced progressively less as number of clippings increased. Agropyron intermedium yielded the most forage, especially when harvested only once per season, followed closely by Agropyron cristatum. Crude protein yield was less variable under various frequencies of clipping than forage yield, and differences between species were also smaller. Elymus junceus and Agropyron cristatum displayed the strongest competitive ability, especially under frequent clipping and Stipa viridula the lowest. The amount of root produced varied significantly between species. Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus produced the most root and Stipa viridula the least. Fertilizer applied in the fourth and fifth crop years increased the yield by 30 to 200 per cent. It was concluded that Agropyron cristatum and Elymus junceus were about equally persistent under frequent clipping and should be more useful long-term pasture grasses than the other three in dry cold climates.
THE INHERITANCE OF RUST RESISTANCE. VI. THE TRANSFER OF STEM RUST RESISTANCE FROM AGROPYRON ELONGATUM TO COMMON WHEAT
Authors: Knott D. R.
Published: March 2010

The rust resistance of a 56-chromosome wheat-Agropyron derivative was found to be controlled by a gene or genes on a single Agropyron chromosome. Resistant wheat plants having 21II of wheat chromosomes plus a single added Agropyron chromosome were produced. Spikes of these plants were irradiated with either gamma rays or X-rays and seeds were irradiated with thermal neutrons. As a result of the irradiation, in at least five lines and possibly seven a piece of the Agropyron chromosome carrying the gene or genes for rust resistance was transferred to a wheat chromosome. One of the translocations is transmitted normally through the gametes but the remaining six show irregularities in transmission particularly through the pollen.
THE EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON CERTAIN CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: Birch E. C. , Vickery L. S.
Published: March 2010

Maleic hydrazide applied to flue-cured tobacco at topping time at five different rates, ranging from 0.75 to 3.75 pounds of the actual chemical per acre, increased the total sugar and reducing sugar content throughout the plant. The total alkaloid content in the upper part of the plant was decreased more by low rates than by high rates of the applied chemical. The total ash, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and chlorine content was reduced in the upper part of the treated plant, whereas the potassium content was not affected.
NOTE ON PIEBALD OR YELLOW-BERRY IN SAUNDERS WHEAT
Authors: Simmonds P. M. , Fisher Virginia
Published: March 2010

not available
POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE IN STRAWBERRY PROGENIES
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of various parents on the degree of powdery mildew resistance in strawberry progenies was studied. Puget Beauty parentage, compared with Siletz, Surecrop, Talisman, Magoon, or Stelemaster parentage, gave a highly significant increase in the mean resistance rating. British Sovereign parentage, compared with Northwest or Agassiz parentage, gave a significant increase in the mean resistance rating. Puget Beauty was the only parent to give relatively large numbers of seedlings immune or resistant to powdery mildew. Siletz was as resistant to the disease as Puget Beauty, but did not transmit this resistance to its progeny. Selections immune or resistant to powdery mildew will be used in the strawberry breeding program at Agassiz.
PENETRATION OF AND PERSISTENCE IN SOIL OF THE HERBICIDE 2-CHLORO-4,6-BIS (ETHYLAMINO)-S-TRIAZINE (SIMAZINE)
Authors: Roadhouse F. E. B. , Birk L. A.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the soil penetration and persistence of Simazine, applied in May, 1958, to a fallow soil at rates ranging from 0.5 to 20 lb./ac. (active). Residual concentrations at 0–1 inch, 1–2 inches, 2–4 inches, 4–6 inches, and 6–8 inches, were determined by chemical analysis.At the time of the final 1958 sampling (96 days after application) it was found that a much greater proportion of the Simazine was present in the lower layers in those plots receiving the lighter applications than in those plots receiving the heavier applications, where most was still concentrated in the 0–1 inch layer. However, 1 year after application this trend was much less marked. At that time the average distribution among the 0–1, 1–2, 2–4, 4–6, and 6–8 inch layers was 64.1 per cent, 19.1 per cent, 14.5 per cent, 1.7 per cent, and 0.6 per cent, respectively. Two years after application the greatest concentration of Simazine was still in the 0–1 inch layer. In general, the total of the combined amounts present in the second and third layers was approximately equal to the total of the amounts present in the 0–1 inch layers. Very little was present in the two lower layers.At the time of the final first season sampling an average of 34.9 per cent of the applied Simazine was still present; but, by the end of the first year this value had dropped to 8.3 per cent, and by the end of the second year the average percentage present was only 2.7 per cent.
CORM TREATMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF CURVULARIA CORM ROT OF GLADIOLUS IN CANADA
Authors: Thompson H. S.
Published: March 2010

Eight fungicidal preparations were tested as pre-planting corm treatments for the control of Curvularia rot of gladiolus corms in artificially infested field plots at Ottawa in 1957 and 1958. The thiram preparations Delsan A-D, Arasan SF-M, and Arasan SF-X applied as dusts gave the best control of the disease. These dusts significantly decreased the percentage of plants affected with Curvularia corm rot during both seasons. They also significantly increased stand, total corm yield, and number of rot-free corms harvested in 1957 but these benefits could not be shown statistically in 1958. Arasan SF-M and Arasan SF-X delayed flowering 4–5 days in both years and Delsan A-D delayed emergence 6 days and flowering 5 days in 1957. Arasan used as a dust and Dowicide B, Emmi, mercuric chloride, and Ortho Seed Guard Wettable used as soaks did not give satisfactory control of the corm rot.
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM SPRAYS ON FOLIAR NECROSIS AND YIELDS OF ROMAINE LETTUCE, RADISHES, AND POTATOES
Authors: Laughlin Winston M.
Published: March 2010

Spraying romaine lettuce with either muriate or sulphate of potash eliminated leaf scorch (leaf breakdown) in six trials and significantly increased the yield of one. In one experiment radishes showed no foliage symptoms, but those sprayed with muriate of potash gave significantly higher yield. Leaf necrosis of Green Mountain potatoes was reduced markedly by potassium sprays in each of 4 years, while yields of U.S. No. 1 tubers were greatly increased in 3 years. Differences between muriate and sulphate of potash were not significant at the concentration used. Potassium sprays during the growing season may be profitable on crops grown in soils deficient in potassium.
INFLUENCE OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION ON THE INCIDENCE OF WEATHER FLECK ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO IN ONTARIO
Authors: Walker E. K. , Vickery L. S.
Published: March 2010

Indices of amounts of weather fleck were evolved from field inspections of flue-cured tobacco subjected to variable amounts of irrigation water. The susceptibility of tobacco leaves to weather fleck increased with maturation, reaching a maximum when they became mature. Occurrence and intensity of the disorder were found to be directly related to amounts of incident water, which hastened leaf maturity and rate of plant growth.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND OTHER FACTORS UPON THE GERMINATION OF VEGETABLE CROPS.: IV. ROOT CROPS
Authors: Torfason W. E. , Nonnecke I. L.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of three varieties of each of three root crops (table beets, carrots, and rutabagas) and one bulb crop (onions) were placed in rolled-towel seed testers and subjected to controlled temperatures (35°, 40°, 45°, and 50°F.) for periods up to 22 days, and then transferred to a warm room for completion of germination. Significant differences in germination between varieties were noted for each crop. Table beets and onions were not appreciably affected by temperature treatment, but carrot germination was significantly reduced by temperatures below 50°F., and rutabaga germination was similarly reduced at 35°F. Only table beet germination was significantly altered by duration of exposure where germination increased after 8 and 15 days. There was a fairly well defined pattern in the effects of the interaction between temperature and duration of exposure. In most instances, maximum germination was obtained after 15 days’ exposure and minimum germination was associated with 1 or 8 days’ exposure, within a temperature treatment. Varietal interactions with temperature and duration of exposure indicated that genetical constitution may not be as important a factor in germination as suggested by other workers.
ARTIFICIAL FREEZING OF 1-YEAR-OLD SHOOTS OF APPLE VARIETIES
Authors: Lapins K.
Published: March 2010

One-year-old shoots of 35 apple varieties and 6 clonal rootstocks were subjected to artificial cold treatment in three winters at three dates – early winter, mid-winter, and late winter. The rate of temperature drop was 0.7 °C. per hour and a minimum temperature of −37 °C. was maintained for 8 hours. The freezing damage was determined by evaluating discoloration of tissues shortly after treatment, by estimating recovery of treated material following 3 weeks’ forcing in the greenhouse, and by electrical conductivity measurements of water extracts from twig sections. Good agreement was obtained between the results of artificial freezing obtained in early or mid-winter and the known hardiness of varieties. Treatments in late winter, i.e. February or early March, did not produce reliable results. The recovery test gave consistent results if sufficient cold injury was produced, while the electrical conductivity measurements were most valuable in differentiating fine degrees of injury. The experience and the results obtained with known varieties seem to justify the suggestion that artificial freezing may successfully be used in screening unknown plant material for frost hardiness.
ACCELERATION OF SEED MATURITY IN SLOW-BOLTING LETTUCE BY VERNALIZATION
Authors: Adamson R. M.
Published: March 2010

Seed maturity of the slow-bolting lettuce variety Imperial 456 was greatly accelerated by placing newly-seeded flats in cold chambers at 33, 36 or 39°F. for periods of 4 weeks or longer, before growing the seedlings in the greenhouse and transplanting to the field. The practice of holding flats at 65°F. for 24 hours or more immediately after sowing failed to accelerate maturity. This treatment caused quicker emergence and greater etiolation during vernalization at the higher temperatures, making subsequent pricking-out difficult and slow. The most effective and practical method was to place the newly-seeded flats immediately in cold chambers at 36°F. for 4 weeks, or 33°F. for 6 weeks.
EFFECT OF SPECKLED LEAF BLOTCH, SEPTORIA PASSERINII SACC., ON THE YIELD AND MALTING QUALITY OF BARLEY
Authors: Green G. J. , Bendelow V. M.
Published: March 2010

In 2 out of 5 years artificial inoculation of barley in field plots at Winnipeg, Manitoba, with speckled leaf blotch (Septoria passerinii Sacc.) caused statistically significant yield reductions of about 20 per cent. In 2 other years, inoculated plots yielded less than the check plots but the differences were not statistically significant. Tests on the malting quality of the grain from diseased and check plots of the last trial showed that the disease adversely affected the suitability of the barley for malting. Kernel shrinkage caused by the disease increased cleaning losses and reduced the amount of malt extract.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF SOME AMINO ACIDS ON MANGANESE TOXICITY IN POTATO
Authors: Robinson D. B. , Hodgson W. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF RAIN, AND SPRINKLER IRRIGATION, ON THE PERSISTENCE OF SPRAY RESIDUES OF GUTHION AND SEVIN ON APPLE LEAVES
Authors: Williams K.
Published: March 2010

not available
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF DWARF BUNT IN WINTER WHEAT
Authors: Fushtey S. G.
Published: March 2010

The development of satisfactory measures for the control of the dwarf bunt disease in winter wheat is complicated by the long persistence of the causal fungus in the soil and also by the occurrence of physiologic races. A brief review of literature dealing with these problems is presented.The present paper deals primarily with the use of fungicidal chemicals in the control of this disease. Experimental results from tests conducted during the period 1954–1958 showed that chemical seed treatment was useless against soil-borne inoculum, but that liquid mercurial and chlorobenzene seed dressings were highly effective against seed-borne spores. The only substantial reduction of disease in the field was achieved by the use of chlorobenzene fungicides applied to the surface of the soil shortly after planting.A list of recommendations for seed treatment, as a measure of limiting the spread of this disease, is given at the end of this paper.
THE PERSISTENCE OF CERTAIN SOIL INSECTICIDES FOR CONTROL OF THE TUBER FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX TUBERIS (GENT.), IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Banham F. L.
Published: March 2010

In 1953, dieldrin, aldrin and chlordane were applied to potato plots to control the tuber flea beetle. The insecticides were applied at 1.5, 4 and 10 pounds of toxicant per acre, respectively, and harrowed or rotary-tilled into the soil. Aldrin harrowed and chlordane rotary-tilled into the soil provided satisfactory control (i.e., 80 per cent or more of marketable tubers) in 954 and 1955, whereas dieldrin rotary-tilled and chlordane narrowed into the soil provided less effective but acceptable control (i.e., 70 to 80 per cent of marketable tubers) for the same years. In 1956, all treatments significantly reduced damage but not so from a practical standpoint. In 1957, dieldrin, aldrin and chlordane were applied at one-quarter, one-half and the full 1953 rates to half of the plots treated in 1953 and to previously untreated plots. For all insecticides, increasing the rate of application significantly increased the degree of control; the one-half and full rates continued the above levels of control to 1958. Active residues from each of the insecticides remained in the soil from 1953 to 1958.
NOTE ON THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER PLANTS DERIVED FROM HARD SEEDS AND SEEDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES
Authors: Smith Dale
Published: March 2010

not available
RESPONSE OF CERTAIN FORAGE SPECIES ON DIKELAND AND UPLAND TO VARIOUS CLIPPING INTENSITIES
Authors: Langille J. E. , Warren F. S.
Published: March 2010

A mixture of timothy, orchard grass, red clover, alfalfa and Ladino clover was seeded on areas of upland and dikeland soil at Nappan, N.S. Over a 3-year period plots were cut at 3-, 4- and 8-week intervals to stubble heights of [Formula: see text] and 3 inches. Comparisons were made of forage yields and species contribution under the various cutting intensities on the two soils. Forage yield was 20 per cent greater on dikeland and seasonal distribution of forage was better on dikeland than the upland area with which it was compared. Similar responses between treatments were obtained on both dikeland and upland. Timothy contribution fluctuated widely between high spring values and low fall values while orchard grass regularly contributed about 40 per cent of the forage material. Alfalfa contributed reasonably well initially, but failed to persist under more intense clipping, particularly on dikeland. Ladino clover increased in relative value during the 3 years, performing better on upland under more intense clipping.
VERTICILLIUM WILT OF POTATO IN RELATION TO VASCULAR INFECTION OF THE TUBER
Authors: Robinson D. B. , Ayers G. W.
Published: March 2010

Several potato varieties, differing in their susceptibility to Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, differed similarly in the degree to which the fungus invaded the vascular tissue of stems and tubers. Surface-sterilized, internally infected seed pieces consistently gave rise to a lower incidence of wilt than healthy seed pieces of the same variety carrying surface-borne inoculum only. In all the varieties tested, a preponderance of tubers produced by wilted plants were apparently free from vascular infection, and those that were infected more often than not gave rise to wilt-free plants.
SPECIES TRIALS WITH OIL PLANTS. I. CRAMBE
Authors: McGregor W. G. , Plessers A. G. , Craig B. M.
Published: March 2010

Yields of seed of Crambe grown at Ottawa, Ontario, exceeded those of flax in comparative tests. Oil content averaged from 33 to 35 per cent and iodine number from 92.5 to 97.5. The oil is quite high in erucic acid. It has the following fatty acid composition–palmitic 1.7 per cent; stearic 1.0; oleic 16.7; linoleic 7.8; linolenic 6.9; eicosenoic 2.9; behenic 2.7, and erucic 55.7. The seed averaged 24 per cent protein and 15 per cent fibre. The meal contained 1.2 milligrams isothiocyanate and 5.1 milligrams thiooxazolidone per gram of oil-free meal.
NUTRIENT PRESERVATION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF FORAGES ENSILED WITH SODIUM METABISULPHITE AT VARYING LEVELS OF COMPACTION AND DRY MATTER
Authors: Cordukes W. E. , Shearer D. A.
Published: March 2010

Sodium metabisulphite treatments did not reduce ensiling losses in mixed forages of various dry matter percentages at different densities.The quality and odour of low-density, low-dry matter silages were improved, but those of high-density silages were unaffected.Bisulphite increased the acceptability to heifers of forages of low to medium dry matter ensiled at medium density. Bisulphite did not increase the acceptability of low-dry matter forages ensiled at low density.
THE VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA
Authors: Harris R. E.
Published: March 2010

A 3-year study of methods of vegetatively propagating Amelanchier alnifolia has shown that: 1. hardwood cuttings are difficult to root; 2. root cuttings root readily; 3. leafbud cuttings show some promise but require further study; 4. softwood cuttings root readily if they are taken when the new growth is 3 to 6 inches long and placed in a mist propagating frame. Bottom heat at 70°F. lengthens the time when softwood cuttings can be taken while 0.3 per cent IBA in talc increases rooting.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF SNOW MOULD OF GRASSES AND ALFALFA IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lebeau J. B. , Cormack M. W. , Ward E. W. B.
Published: March 2010

Chemical tests for control of snow mould of turf grass and alfalfa were conducted at Edmonton from 1945 to 1957. Of a number of chemicals tested, inorganic mercury salts provided the best control. Mercuric chloride was more effective than mercurous chloride for treating alfalfa but no difference in control was observed from the two chemicals on turf grass. Sodium tetraborate sprays applied to the foliage of alfalfa in early fall gave remarkable control of the disease but are not recommended because of the low margin of safety from boron injury.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEEDING RATE ON THE YIELD AND THE YIELD COMPONENTS OF WHEAT, OATS AND BARLEY
Authors: Guitard A. A. , Newman J. A. , Hoyt P. B.
Published: March 2010

The response of two wheat, three oat and three barley varieties to six seeding rates was measured at Beaverlodge, Fort Vermilion and McLennan for 3 years. Seeding rates of 1.5 bushels per acre for wheat and 2.5 bushels for oats give optimum yields at all locations. For barley, a rate of 2.0 bushels per acre is optimum at Beaverlodge and Fort Vermilion, but at McLennan, because of reduced emergence, a rate of 2.5 bushels is required. Variety and season do not alter appreciably the influence of seeding rate on yield.There are well defined locational and varietal differences in yield and in the four components of yield, namely (i) number of plants per acre, (ii) number of fertile heads per plant, (iii) number of kernels per head, and (iv) weight per 1000 kernels. These components explain certain locational and varietal yield responses but do not provide an absolute index of yielding ability.For all crops, the increase in seeding rate causes a linear increase in the number of plants per acre and a curvilinear decrease in the number of fertile heads per plant. There are also associated reductions in the number of kernels per head and the 1000-kernel weight, but the type of response varies with crop.Certain inadequacies are suggested in the present methods of selecting and testing varieties and hybrids of these crops for yield.
EFFECTS OF INOCULATING WHEAT SEEDLINGS WITH HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND SPREAD OF THE FUNGUS TO AN EXTERNAL SUBSTRATE
Authors: Simmonds P. M.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted with wheat seedlings inoculated with Helminthosporium sativum and observations were made on the spread of this fungus from lesions or other sources into an external substrate. Infections caused severe injury as measured by leaf chlorosis. Injury was reduced when the seedlings were supplied with potassium nitrate solution in place of water. There was greater injury and more extensive colonization of the fungus when the nutrient solution was enriched by adding sucrose. The fungus was observed to spread readily from lesions and other sources into the adjacent environment. Soil masses around a root lesion did not inhibit the spread. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to root diseases under field conditions.
THE RESPONSE OF RAJA AND REDWING FLAX TO TEMPERATURE AND TO SUPPLEMENTARY INCANDESCENT LIGHT IN GROWTH CHAMBERS
Authors: Plessers A. G.
Published: March 2010

Raja and Redwing flax have a similar maturity rating in Southern Canada but differ considerably when grown near or north of the 55th parallel. To find an explanation for this difference, plants of both varieties were grown to maturity under two sets of light conditions (fluorescent lights alone and fluorescent plus incandescent lights) of identical light intensity at temperatures of 70° and 80°F. The varieties were found to differ significantly in time of blossoming, elongation and rate of growth in response to the treatments. The suggestion is made that the differences in response can be used by the plant breeder to create better adapted and more productive synthetic varieties.
NOTE ON A CHEMICAL THEATER FOR SMALL SEED SAMPLES
Authors: Voisey P. W. , Whiteside A. G. O.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE CREAMETTE FIELD PEA
Authors: Gfeller F. , Wallen V. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
MODIFICATION OF THE HEAT UNIT FORMULA FOR PEAS
Authors: Hope G. W.
Published: March 2010

The yearly variation in computed heat unit requirements of Perfection peas was reduced by modifying the method of deriving the units. Coefficients of variation of heat unit sums derived from daily means were lowest when daily maximum temperatures in excess of 60°F. were equated to 60° and when a base temperature of 36°F. was subtracted from the mean.Heat unit sums obtained from daily maxima were as homogeneous as those obtained from daily means.