bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Generation of Urban Spatial Structures Based on Stable Diffusion and CoAtNet Models
Authors: Yu Dian , Wan Bo , Sheng Qiang
Published: November 2024

The urban road spatial structure is a crucial and complex component of urban design. Generative design models, such as the Stable Diffusion model, can rapidly and massively produce designs. However, the opacity of their internal architecture and the uncertainty of their outcomes mean that the results generated do not meet specific disciplinary assessment criteria, thus limiting their widespread application in planar design and planning. Additionally, traditional software processes targeting specific indicators are time-consuming and do not allow for rapid evaluation. To address these challenges, we utilized several areas of the road spatial structures in six cities and their corresponding four space-syntax parameters as training samples. We simultaneously trained two models: one is a LoRA Model based on the Stable Diffusion architecture used for generating road networks similar to those of various city road spatial structures; the other is a CoAtNet Model (Convolution + Transformer) used as an evaluation model to predict the space-syntax parameters of road structures and calculate the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) relative to real urban samples. Subsequently, by linking these two models end-to-end, we were able to filter out generated samples with the smallest MAPE, thereby enhancing the structural similarity between the generated results and the actual urban road spatial structures. This process of rapid generation and swift evaluation of network configurations marks a critical advancement towards better performance and more customized design solutions.
Effectiveness and Safety of Irreversible Electroporation When Used for the Ablation of Stage 3 Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Initial Results from the DIRECT Registry Study
Authors: Martin Robert C. G. , White Rebekah Ruth , Bilimoria Malcolm M. , Kluger Michael D. , Iannitti David A. , Polanco Patricio M. , Hammil Chet W. , Cleary Sean P. , Heithaus Robert Evans , Welling Theodore , Chan Carlos H. F.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Overall survival for patients with Stage 3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited, with a median survival of 12 to 15 months. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a local tumor ablation method that induces cancerous cell death by disrupting cell membrane homeostasis. The DIRECT Registry study was designed to assess the effectiveness and safety of IRE when combined with standard of care (SOC) treatment for Stage 3 PDAC versus SOC alone in a real-world setting after at least 3 months of induction chemotherapy; Methods: Patients with Stage 3 PDAC treated with IRE plus SOC or SOC alone were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter registry study. Enrollment required 3 months of active multi-agent chemotherapy with no progression before enrollment. Endpoints were 30- and 90-day mortality and adverse events (AEs). Results: Eighty-seven IRE and 27 SOC subjects were enrolled in the registry. Mean ages were 64.0 ± 8.4 and 66.4 ± 9.9 years, and mean anterior/posterior tumor diameters were 2.2 ± 0.7 cm and 3.2 ± 1.3 for the IRE and SOC groups respectively (p = 0.0066). All IRE procedures were performed using an open approach. The 90-day all-cause mortality was 5/83 (6.0%) and 2/27 (7.4%) for the IRE and SOC groups, respectively. Two subjects in the IRE group died from treatment-related complications, and one patient in the SOC group died due to chemotherapy-related complications. Conclusions: Initial results from the DIRECT registry study indicate the use of IRE for curative intent tumor ablation in combination with induction chemotherapy has equivalent morbidity and mortality rates when compared to standard-of-care chemotherapy alone.
Impact of Radiation on Invasion and Migration of Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Franco Marina Santiago , Raulefs Susanne , Schilling Daniela , Combs Stephanie E. , Schmid Thomas E.
Published: November 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) constitutes the most common primary brain tumor and it remains incurable despite therapeutic advances. The high infiltration/invasion potential of GBM cells is considered to be one of the reasons for the inevitable recurrence of the disease. Radiotherapy (RT) is part of the standard care for patients with GBM, and its benefits on overall survival are extensively reported. However, numerous preclinical studies show that X-ray irradiation can enhance the motility of GBM cells. In the present review, we bring together state-of-the-art research on the impact of radiation on GBM cell motility. The mechanisms through which irradiation impacts the brain tumor microenvironment and the tumor cells themselves, leading to more aggressive/invasive tumors, are described. Finally, we summarize potential pharmacological strategies to overcome this problem. Clinical data validating the occurrence of these processes are urgently needed as they could be of great value for patient outcomes. With this comprehensive review, we expect to highlight the need for methods which allow for monitoring the post-irradiation invasive behavior of GBM in patients.
Enhancing Patient Experience in Sarcoma Core Biopsies: The Role of Communication, Anxiety Management, and Pain Control
Authors: Jaeger Ruben , Mosku Nasian , Paganini Daniela , Schelling Georg , van Oudenaarde Kim , Falkowski Anna L. , Guggenberger Roman , Studer Gabriela , Bode-Lesniewska Beata , Heesen Philip , Fuchs Bruno
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: This study evaluates the effectiveness of communication strategies and pain management protocols to enhance patients’ experiences during sarcoma core biopsies. Recognizing the complexity and anxiety associated with sarcoma diagnoses, this research aims to assess the utility of the Invasive Procedure Assessment (IPA) tool, focusing on its ability to identify areas for improvement through Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs). Methods: Conducted at two Integrated Practice Units (IPUs) within the Swiss Sarcoma Network, this study involved 282 consecutive patients who underwent core biopsies. One week post-procedure, patients completed the IPA questionnaire, which included PROMs and PREMs. Statistical analyses explored correlations between physician communication, patient understanding, anxiety, pain, and overall satisfaction. Results: The IPA tool effectively captured patient perspectives on sarcoma core biopsies. A significant positive correlation (rho = 0.619, p < 0.0001) was found between effective physician communication and patient understanding, which was associated with reduced anxiety and pain. Higher anxiety levels strongly correlated with increased pain perception (rho = 0.653, p < 0.0001), emphasizing the need for anxiety management. Patients with malignant tumors reported lower overall satisfaction compared to those with benign tumors (p = 0.0003), highlighting the need for tailored communication and pain management strategies. The data also suggested that clear communication might mitigate overly negative subjective impressions, such as concerns about wound complications. Conclusions: Effective communication and anxiety management are essential for improving patient satisfaction during sarcoma core biopsies. The study emphasizes the need for personalized care strategies tailored to tumor characteristics and patient demographics. Future research should validate these findings in diverse healthcare settings and explore the broader application of the IPA tool across different cultural and demographic contexts.
WNT and TGF-Beta Pathway Alterations in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Hispanic/Latino Populations
Authors: Monge Cecilia , Waldrup Brigette , Carranza Francisco G. , Velazquez-Villarreal Enrique
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: One of the fastest-growing minority groups in the U.S. is the Hispanic/Latino population. Recent studies have shown how this population is being disproportionately affected by early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC). Compared to corresponding non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients, Hispanic/Latino patients have both higher incidence of disease and rates of mortality. Two well-established drivers of early-onset CRC in the general population are alterations in the WNT and TGF-Beta signaling pathways; however, the specific roles of these pathways in Hispanics/Latinos are poorly understood. Methods: Here, we assessed CRC mutations in the WNT and TGF-Beta pathways by conducting a bioinformatics analysis using cBioPortal. Cases of CRC were stratified both by age and ethnicity: (1) early-onset was defined as <50 years vs. late-onset as ≥50 years; (2) we compared early-onset in Hispanics/Latinos to early-onset in NHWs. Results: No significant differences were evident when we compared early-onset and late-onset CRC cases within the Hispanic/Latino cohort. These results are consistent with findings from large cohorts that do not specify ethnicity. However, we found significant differences when we compared early-onset CRC in Hispanic/Latino patients to early-onset CRC in NHW patients: specifically, alterations in the gene bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) were more frequent in early-onset CRC for the Hispanic/Latino patients. In addition to these findings, we observed that both NHW patients and Hispanic/Latino patients with early-onset disease had better clinical outcomes when there was evidence of WNT pathway alterations. Conversely, the absence of TGF-Beta pathway alterations was uniquely associated with improved outcomes exclusively in early-onset Hispanic/Latino patients. Conclusions: In toto, these findings underscore how the WNT and TGF-Beta pathways may act differently in different ethnic groups with early-onset CRC. These findings may set a stage for developing new therapies tailored for reducing cancer health disparities.
Current Management of Locally Recurrent Rectal Cancer
Authors: Coco Claudio , Rizzo Gianluca , Amodio Luca Emanuele , Pafundi Donato Paolo , Marzi Federica , Tondolo Vincenzo
Published: November 2024

Locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC), which occurs in 6–12% of patients previously treated with surgery, with or without pre-operative chemoradiation therapy, represents a complex and heterogeneous disease profoundly affecting the patient’s quality of life (QoL) and long-term survival. Its management usually requires a multidisciplinary approach, to evaluate the several aspects of a LRRC, such as resectability or the best approach to reduce symptoms. Surgical treatment is more complex and usually needs high-volume centers to obtain a higher rate of radical (R0) resections and to reduce the rate of postoperative complications. Multiple factors related to the patient, to the primary tumor, and to the surgery for the primary tumor contribute to the development of local recurrence. Accurate pre-treatment staging of the recurrence is essential, and several classification systems are currently used for this purpose. Achieving an R0 resection through radical surgery remains the most critical factor for a favorable oncologic outcome, although both chemotherapy and radiotherapy play a significant role in facilitating this goal. If a R0 resection of a LRRC is not feasible, palliative treatment is mandatory to reduce the LRRC-related symptoms, especially pain, minimizing the effect of the recurrence on the QoL of the patients. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive narrative review of the literature regarding the management of LRRC.
The Synergy of Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects in Hyperthermic Oncology
Authors: Minnaar Carrie Anne , Szigeti Gyula Peter , Szasz Andras
Published: November 2024

Background: Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) is unique due to its combination of thermal and non-thermal effects. Method: This report summarizes the literature on the effects of mEHT observed in vitro and in vivo. Results: The thermal and electrical heterogeneity of tissues allows the radiofrequency signal to selectively target malignant tissue. The applied modulation appears to activate various apoptotic pathways, predominantly leading to immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD promotes the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, potentially producing tumour-specific antigen-presenting cells. This abscopal-type effect may target distant metastases while treating the primary tumour locally. This immune memory effect is like vaccination mechanisms. Conclusions: The application of mEHT has the potential to expand from local to systemic disease, enabling the simultaneous treatment of micro- and macro-metastases.
The Tumour Microenvironment and Epigenetic Regulation in BRCA1 Pathogenic Variant-Associated Breast Cancers
Authors: Tay Jun Yu , Ho Josh Xingchong , Cheo Fan Foon , Iqbal Jabed
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: BRCA1 pathogenic variant (PV)-associated breast cancers are most commonly seen in hereditary genetic conditions such as the autosomal-dominant Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) syndrome, and rarely in sporadic breast cancer. Such breast cancers tend to exhibit greater aggressiveness and poorer prognoses due to the influence of BRCA1 pathogenic variants (PVs) on the tumour microenvironment. Additionally, while the genetic basis of BRCA1 PV breast cancer is well-studied, the role of epigenetic mediators in the tumourigenesis of these hereditary breast cancers is also worth exploring. Results: PVs in the BRCA1 gene interact with stromal cells and immune cells, promoting epithelial–mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and affecting oestrogen levels. Additionally, BRCA1 PVs contribute to breast cancer development through epigenetic effects on cells, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, leading to the suppression of proto-oncogenes and dysregulation of cytokines. In terms of epigenetics, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD-1) is considered a master epigenetic regulator, governing both transcriptional repression and activation. It exerts epigenetic control over BRCA1 and, to a lesser extent, BRCA2 genes. The upregulation of LSD-1 is generally associated with a poorer prognosis in cancer patients. In the context of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 PV carriers, LSD-1 contributes to tumour development through various mechanisms. These include the maintenance of a hypoxic environment and direct suppression of BRCA1 gene expression. Conclusions: While LSD-1 itself does not directly cause mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, its epigenetic influence sheds light on the potential role of LSD-1 inhibitors as a therapeutic approach in managing breast cancer, particularly in individuals with BRCA1/2 PVs. Targeting LSD-1 may help counteract its detrimental effects and provide a promising avenue for therapy in this specific subgroup of breast cancer.
Recent Advancements in Catalysts for Petroleum Refining
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Saeed , Ali Sajid , Zaman Wajid
Published: November 2024

In petroleum refining, catalysts are used to efficiently convert crude oil into valuable products such as fuels and petrochemicals. These catalysts are employed in a range of processes, including catalytic cracking, hydrotreating, and reforming to meet stringent fuel quality standards. This review explores recent advancements in refining catalysts, focusing on novel materials, enhanced synthesis methods, and their industrial applications. The development of nano-, hierarchically structured, and supported metal catalysts has led to significant improvements in catalyst selectivity, yield, and longevity. These innovations are particularly important for processes such as hydrocracking, fluid catalytic cracking, and catalytic reforming, where catalysts improve conversion rates, product quality, and environmental sustainability. Advances in synthesis techniques such as sol-gel processes, microwave-assisted synthesis, and atomic layer deposition have further optimized catalyst performance. Environmental considerations have also driven the development of catalysts that reduce harmful emissions, particularly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides while promoting green catalysis through the use of bio-based materials and recyclable catalysts. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly in scaling novel materials for industrial use and integrating them with existing technologies. Future research should focus on the exploration of new catalytic materials, such as metal-organic frameworks and multi-functional catalysts, which promise to further revolutionize the refining industry. This review thus demonstrates the transformative potential of advanced catalysts in enhancing the efficiency and environmental sustainability of petroleum refining.
MicroRNAs and RNA-Binding Protein-Based Regulation of Bone Metastasis from Hepatobiliary Cancers and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Fagoonee Sharmila , Weiskirchen Ralf
Published: November 2024

Hepatobiliary cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), are among the deadliest malignancies worldwide, leading to a significant number of cancer-related deaths. While bone metastases from these cancers are rare, they are highly aggressive and linked to poor prognosis. This review focuses on RNA-based molecular mechanisms that contribute to bone metastasis from hepatobiliary cancers. Specifically, the role of two key factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which have not been extensively studied in the context of HCC and CCA, is discussed. These molecules often exhibit abnormal expression in hepatobiliary tumors, influencing cancer cell spread and metastasis by disrupting bone homeostasis, thereby aiding tumor cell migration and survival in the bone microenvironment. This review also discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting these RNA-based pathways to reduce bone metastasis and improve patient outcomes. Further research is crucial for developing effective miRNA- and RBP-based diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and treatments to prevent bone metastases in hepatobiliary cancers.
Superior Ceramics: Graphene and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Reinforcements
Authors: Balázsi Katalin , Almansoori Alaa , Balázsi Csaba
Published: November 2024

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene ceramic composites with outstanding properties are expected to replace a number of components currently used in the automotive and aerospace industries in the future. Consequently, this area of research has progressed significantly. This review paper, therefore, delves into the enhancement of ceramic properties through the integration of graphene and CNTs. These reinforcements are known to mitigate the inherent brittleness of ceramics, thereby unlocking their potential for applications in sectors requiring high mechanical reliability, such as the aerospace, automotive, and biomedical industries. By summarizing recent research, this paper outlines various preparation methods, including ball milling, heat pressing and spark plasma sintering, and discusses how these techniques contribute to improved mechanical and thermal performance. This review emphasizes the critical role of graphene and CNT ratios, sizes, and their synergistic effects in enhancing fracture toughness, machinability, and overall structural integrity. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research in this area and discusses the potential of these technologies.
miR-5100 Overexpression Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Targeting E2F7
Authors: Zhang An , Deng Wen , Shang Haojie , Wu Jian , Zhang Yucong , Zhuang Qianyuan , Zhang Cuntai , Chen Yuan
Published: November 2024

Despite advances in treatment, prostate cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men, highlighting the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulatory molecules in cancer biology. In this research, we investigated the tumor-suppressive role of miR-5100 in PCa and its underlying molecular mechanism. By using RT-qPCR, we observed lower miR-5100 expression in PCa cell lines than in benign prostate cells. Functional assays demonstrated that miR-5100 overexpression significantly suppressed PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. By using RNA-sequencing, we identified 446 down-regulated and 806 upregulated candidate miR-5100 target genes overrepresenting cell cycle terms. Mechanistically, E2F7 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-5100 using the reporter gene assay and RIP assay. By conducting flow cytometry analysis, cell cycle progression was blocked at the S phase. E2F7 overexpression partially mitigated the suppressive impact of miR-5100 in PCa cells. In conclusion, miR-5100 is a tumor suppressor in PCa by blocking cell cycle and targeting E2F7.
Bacterial Diversity, Metabolic Profiling, and Application Potential of Antarctic Soil Metagenomes
Authors: Fernández Mario , Barahona Salvador , Gutierrez Fernando , Alcaíno Jennifer , Cifuentes Víctor , Baeza Marcelo
Published: November 2024

Antarctica has attracted increasing interest in understanding its microbial communities, metabolic potential, and as a source of microbial hydrolytic enzymes with industrial applications, for which advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly facilitated the study of unculturable microorganisms. In this work, soils from seven sub-Antarctic islands and Union Glacier were studied using a whole-genome shotgun metagenomic approach. The main findings were that the microbial community at all sites was predominantly composed of the bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, and the families Streptomycetaceae and Pseudonocardiaceae. Regarding the xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism pathway, genes associated with benzoate, chloroalkane, chloroalkene, and styrene degradation were predominant. In addition, putative genes encoding industrial enzymes with predicted structural properties associated with improved activity at low temperatures were found, with catalases and malto-oligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase being the most abundant. Overall, our results show similarities between soils from different Antarctic sites with respect to more abundant bacteria and metabolic pathways, especially at higher classification levels, regardless of their geographic location. Furthermore, our results strengthen the potential of Antarctic soils as a source of industrially relevant enzymes.
The Potential Association of CDKN2A and Ki-67 Proteins in View of the Selected Characteristics of Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Nałęcz Dariusz , Świętek Agata , Hudy Dorota , Złotopolska Zofia , Dawidek Michał , Wiczkowski Karol , Strzelczyk Joanna Katarzyna
Published: November 2024

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent type of cancer worldwide. Not all mechanisms associated with cell cycle disturbances have been recognized in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to examine the concentration of CDKN2A and Ki-67 proteins in 54 tumor and margin samples of HNSCC and to evaluate their association with the clinical and demographic variables. The ELISA method was used to measure concentrations of CDKN2A and Ki-67 in the tissue homogenates. A significantly higher CDKN2A concentration was found in OSCC tumor samples as compared with OPSCC+HPSCC+LSCC. An inverse correlation was observed for Ki-67. We showed an association between the CDKN2A level and the clinical parameters N in tumors. The patients with concomitant diseases had significantly higher levels of Ki-67 as compared with patients with no concomitant diseases. An analysis of the effect of drinking habits on Ki-67 level demonstrated a statistical difference between regular or occasional users of stimulants and patients who do not use any stimulants in the tumor and margin samples. Moreover, we found an association between CDKN2A and Ki-67 concentrations and the HPV status in tumor and margin samples. The levels of the proteins tested may be dependent on environmental factors. Our results showed that changes in protein levels in HNSCC subtypes may reflect different molecular pathways of tumor development or may also be responsible for the involvement of CDKN2A and Ki-67 in the carcinogenesis process.
Applying the Efficiency Analysis Tree Method for Enhanced Eco-Efficiency in Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Chilean Municipalities
Authors: Sala-Garrido Ramon , Mocholi-Arce Manuel , Molinos-Senante Maria , Maziotis Alexandros
Published: November 2024

Enhancing the eco-efficiency of municipal solid waste (MSW) services is pivotal for the shift toward a circular economy. Although the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is widely used, it is susceptible to overfitting, potentially distorting eco-efficiency assessments. This study applies the efficiency analysis tree (EAT) method, which synergizes machine learning and linear programming, offering a more reliable framework for eco-efficiency evaluation in the MSW sector. This innovative approach provides deeper insights into the optimal levels of operational costs and unsorted waste. The research encompasses a case study of 98 Chilean municipalities from 2015 to 2019, uncovering significant disparities in optimal operational expenses and unsorted waste quantities, which underscores the necessity for customized waste management approaches. The average eco-efficiency scores for 2015–2019 range between 0.561 and 0.566. This means that assessed municipalities can reduce unsorted waste by amounts ranging from 1,632,409 tons/year (2016) to 1,822,663 tons/year (2018). Potential economic savings estimated are 105,973 USD/year (2019), which represents 44% of the total MSW management costs. Additionally, the investigation into the effects of external factors on eco-efficiency furnishes nuanced perspectives that can guide policymakers and municipal authorities in developing effective, context-specific waste management strategies. Beyond refining eco-efficiency evaluations, this study contributes to more informed decision-making processes, aiding the progression toward sustainable waste management practices.
In Situ Microscopy with Real-Time Image Analysis Enables Online Monitoring of Technical Protein Crystallization Kinetics in Stirred Crystallizers
Authors: Mentges Julian , Bischoff Daniel , Walla Brigitte , Weuster-Botz Dirk
Published: November 2024

Controlling protein crystallization processes is essential for improving downstream processing in biotechnology. This study investigates the combination of machine learning-based image analysis and in situ microscopy for real-time monitoring of protein crystallization kinetics. The experimental research is focused on the batch crystallization of an alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbADH) and two selected rational crystal contact mutants. Technical protein crystallization experiments were performed in a 1 L stirred crystallizer by adding polyethyleneglycol 550 monomethyl ether (PEG 550 MME). The estimated crystal volumes from online microscopy correlated well with the offline measured protein concentrations in solution. In addition, in situ microscopy was superior to offline data if amorphous protein precipitation occurred. Real-time image analysis provides the data basis for online estimation of important batch crystallization performance indicators like yield, crystallization kinetics, crystal size distributions, and number of protein crystals. Surprisingly, one of the LbADH mutants, which should theoretically crystallize more slowly than the wild type based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, showed better crystallization performance except for the yield. Thus, online monitoring of scalable protein crystallization processes with in situ microscopy and real-time image analysis improves the precision of crystallization studies for industrial settings by providing comprehensive data, reducing the limitations of traditional analytical techniques, and enabling new insights into protein crystallization process dynamics.
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 Rotary Friction Weldments
Authors: Bauri Sandip Kumar , Babu Nagumothu Kishore , Ramakrishna Malkapuram , Rehman Ateekh Ur , Prasad Vanam Jaya , Suryanarayana Reddy Minnam Reddy
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore the effects of various pre- and post-weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminium alloys, namely AA7075 and AA2024, joined through rotary friction welding. The joints were rigorously evaluated through multiple characterization methods, revealing no signs of cracking or incomplete bonding. This study observed that dissimilar joints between AA7075 and AA2024 alloys showed increased flash formation on the AA7075 side due to its lower melting point relative to the AA2024 alloy. Various zones within the weld region were identified, such as the dynamic recrystallized zone (DRZ), the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ)—which includes TMAZ-1 with elongated grains and TMAZ-2 with compressed or distorted grains—the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and the base metal (BM) zone. Of all the welding conditions examined, the post-weld heat-treated (PWHT) AA2024/AA7075 joint produced by rotary friction welding showed the highest strength, with a yield strength (YS) of 305 ± 2 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 477 ± 3 MPa. This improvement in strength can be attributed to the significant strengthening precipitates of MgZn2 (found on the AA7075 side), θ-Al2Cu, and S-Al2CuMg (found on the AA2204 side) formed during post-weld ageing. Notably, all dissimilar welds failed in the HAZ region on the AA2024 side due to coarse grain formation, identifying this as the weakest area.
The Coral Reefs and Fishes of St. Brandon, Indian Ocean Archipelago: Implications for Sustainable Fisheries
Authors: Ricot Melanie , Jeetun Sruti , Jogee Shakeel Yavan , Kaullysing Deepeeka , Taleb-Hossenkhan Nawsheen , Mbui Maina Joseph , Casareto Beatriz Estela , Suzuki Yoshimi , Wijayanti Diah Permata , Bhagooli Ranjeet
Published: November 2024

Understanding the factors influencing the variability in the composition of fish assemblages is essential for bolstering the resilience of coral reef ecosystems, effective coral reef management and maintaining sustainable fisheries. The benthic composition and reef fish assemblages at eight sites at the poorly studied St. Brandon, also known as a bank fisheries area in the Indian Ocean, were assessed to discern distribution patterns, including differences between channel (Passe Grand Capitaine, Passe Ile Longue-Canal Coco and Passe La Cayane) and non-channel (Chaloupe, Anchor Points 1 and 2, Bain des Dames, Pearl Island) sites and fisheries sustainability. The benthic composition exhibited clusters, revealing the distinct separation of Chaloupe which predominantly featured sand (75.26%) interspersed with sporadic coral patches characterized by live and dead corals and rubble. The three channel sites composed a cluster. Coral species across eight families were identified, with significant variability (p < 0.05) observed in their benthic cover, particularly live coral cover (LCC). Fish density and diversity analyses unveiled 58 fish species from 12 families, with no statistically significant disparity in density among sites. Total fish biomass (TFB) and target fish biomass (TB) ranged from 138.02 ± 65.04 to 4110.16 ± 3048.70 kg/ha and from 28.31 ± 24.52 to 3851.27 ± 2753.18 kg/ha, respectively. TFB and TB differed significantly (p < 0.05) among sites irrespective of channel and non-channel sites, with Pearl Island recording the highest biomass. TFB and TB recorded at five out of the eight surveyed sites exceeded the mean biomass benchmark (B0) for the Western Indian Ocean, set at 1150.00 and 560.00 kg/ha for TFB and TB, respectively. Functional group analysis unveiled six discrete groups influencing TFB, with scrapers being the most dominant. This study presents the first report on fish biomass surveys in St. Brandon, highlighting a case for sustainable fisheries in the waters of the Republic of Mauritius.
The Microsurgical Resection of an Arteriovenous Malformation in a Patient with Thrombophilia: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Toader Corneliu , Brehar Felix-Mircea , Radoi Mugurel Petrinel , Serban Matei , Covache-Busuioc Razvan-Adrian , Glavan Luca-Andrei , Ciurea Alexandru Vlad , Dobrin Nicolaie
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex vascular anomalies that can present with significant complications, including intracranial hemorrhage. This report presents the case of a 36-year-old female with Prothrombin G20210A mutation-associated thrombophilia, highlighting its potential impact on AVM pathophysiology and management. Methods: The patient presented with a right paramedian intraparenchymal frontal hematoma, left hemiparesis, and seizures. Cerebral angiography identified a ruptured right parasagittal frontal AVM classified as Spetzler–Martin Grade II. A right interhemispheric frontal craniotomy was performed, enabling microsurgical resection of the AVM. Intraoperative findings included evacuation of a subcortical hematoma and excision of a 20 mm AVM nidus with arterial feeders from the A4 segment of the anterior cerebral artery and a single venous drainage into the superior sagittal sinus. Results: Postoperative recovery was favorable, with significant neurological improvement. The patient demonstrated resolution of hemiparesis and a marked reduction in seizure activity. The hypercoagulable state associated with Prothrombin G20210A mutation was identified as a contributing factor in the thrombosis of the AVM’s draining vein, potentially leading to increased venous pressure, rupture, and hemorrhage. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of recognizing thrombophilia in patients with AVMs for optimal surgical planning and complication management. Despite the challenges posed by the hypercoagulable condition, microsurgical resection proved to be a viable and effective treatment option. Further research is warranted to elucidate the relationship between thrombophilic disorders and AVMs to enhance patient management strategies and outcomes.
A Technique for Monitoring Mechanically Ventilated Patient Lung Conditions
Authors: Marx Pieter , Marais Henri
Published: November 2024

Background: Mechanical ventilation is a critical but resource-intensive treatment. Automated tools are common in screening diagnostics, whereas real-time, continuous trend analysis in mechanical ventilation remains rare. Current techniques for monitoring lung conditions are often invasive, lack accuracy, and fail to isolate respiratory resistance—making them impractical for continuous monitoring and diagnosis. To address this challenge, we propose an automated, non-invasive condition monitoring method to support pulmonologists. Methods: Our method leverages ventilation waveform time-series data in controlled modes to monitor lung conditions automatically and non-invasively on a breath-by-breath basis while accurately isolating respiratory resistance. Results: Using statistical classification and regression models, the approach achieves 99.1% accuracy for ventilation mode classification, 97.5% accuracy for feature extraction, and 99.0% for predicting mechanical lung parameters. The models are both computationally efficient (720 K predictions per second per core) and lightweight (24.5 MB). Conclusions: By storing breath-by-breath predictions, pulmonologists can access a high-resolution trend of lung conditions, gaining clear insights into sudden changes without speculation and streamlining diagnosis and decision-making. The deployment of this solution could expand domain knowledge, enhance the understanding of patient conditions, and enable real-time dashboards for parallel monitoring, helping to prioritize patients and optimize resource use, which is especially valuable during pandemics.
Methylation Profile of DAPK-1 Between Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Papadopoulos Petros , Zisis Vasileios , Andreadis Dimitrios , Parlitsis Dimitrios , Louizou Eirini , Tsirtsaki Aikaterini , Rapti Stamatia Maria , Tsitsopoulos Stathis , Vahtsevanos Konstantinos , Poulopoulos Athanasios
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: DAPK-1 plays a crucial role among molecules that may be affected by DNA hypermethylation. The aim of this study is to investigate the DNA methylation of DAPK-1 gene in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared to normal oral epithelium and to evaluate the possible role of methylated DAPK-1 as an indicator of the early onset of malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders. Methods: The paraffin embedded tissue samples were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece and St Lukas Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece during the period of 2014–2019. The tissue samples included 83 OPMDs samples, 39 OSCC samples and 12 samples of normal oral epithelium. The PCR process followed, targeting four different DAPK-1 gene primers. Results: Regarding OSCC, it was found that all 39 OSCCs samples were methylated in DAPK-1 promoter region, whereas only 2 out of 12 normal tissues samples showed DAPK-1 promoter hypermethylation (p < 0.001 Fisher’s exact test). A total of 17 out of 83 OPMDs were DAPK-1 methylated (five erosive oral lichen planus samples, three non-dysplastic oral leukoplakias, eight mildly dysplastic oral leukoplakias and one sample belonging to the group of moderately and severely dysplastic oral leukoplakia). Conclusions: Since epigenetic changes occur early in carcinogenesis and are potentially reversible, they could be used as disease biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and prediction, as well as therapeutic targets. DAPK-1 methylation is mostly present in the early stages of dysplasia as well as in all cases of oral cancer.
Combined Power Generating Complex and Energy Storage System
Authors: Nussipali Rollan , Martyushev Nikita V. , Malozyomov Boris V. , Konyukhov Vladimir Yu. , Oparina Tatiana A. , Romanova Victoria V. , Kononenko Roman V.
Published: November 2024

Combining wind and hydropower facilities makes it possible to solve the problems caused by power supply shortages in areas that are remote from the central energy system. Hydropower plants and highly manoeuvrable hydroelectric units successfully compensate for the uneven power outputs from wind power plants, and the limitations associated with them are significantly reduced when they are integrated into the regional energy system. Such an integration contributes to increasing the efficiency of renewable energy sources, which in turn reduces our dependence on fossil resources and decreases their harmful impact on the environment, increasing the stability of the power supply to consumers. The results of optimisation calculations show that a consumer load security of 95% allows the set capacity of RESs to be used in the energy complex up to 700 MW. It is shown here that the joint operation of HPPs and WPPs as part of a power complex and hydraulic energy storage allows for the creation of a stable power supply system that can operate even in conditions of variable wind force or uneven water flow. The conclusions obtained allow us to say that the combination of hydro- and wind power facilities makes it possible to solve the problem of power supply deficits in the regions of Kazakhstan that are remote from the central power station. At the same time, hydroelectric power plants and highly manoeuvrable hydroelectric units successfully compensate for the uneven power output from wind power plants and significantly reduce the limitations associated with them during their integration into the regional energy system.
Adaptive Dynamic Programming-Based Spacecraft Attitude Control Under a Tube-Based Framework
Authors: Li Shiyi , Liu Kerun , Liu Ming
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the control problem of a spacecraft attitude manoeuvrer with external disturbances. Firstly, the spacecraft attitude dynamical model is introduced; then, the tube-based framework is constructed, which includes a nominal system and an error system. Based on that, the control law design would be a two-step process. To start with, the nominal control law is developed via an adaptive dynamic programming technique and a neural network approximation in order to provide a nominal trajectory to the desired attitude. Moreover, based on the nonsingular terminal sliding mode control scheme, the error controller is derived to lead the actual system to track the nominal trajectory and suppress disturbances. The stability of the closed-loop system is analyzed via the Lyapunov approach and the simulation results could verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Proof-of-Concept Quantitative Monitoring of Respiration Using Low-Energy Wearable Piezoelectric Thread
Authors: Horie Kenta , Al Farisi Muhammad Salman , Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Matsushima Miyoko , Kawabe Tsutomu , Shikida Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2024

Currently, wearable sensors can measure vital sign frequencies, such as respiration rate, but they fall short of providing quantitative data, such as respiratory tidal volume. Meanwhile, the airflow at the mouth carries both the frequency and quantitative respiratory signals. In this study, we propose a method to calibrate a wearable piezoelectric thread sensor placed on the chest using mouth airflow for accurate quantitative respiration monitoring. Prior to human trials, we introduced an artificial ventilator as a test subject. To validate the proposed concept, we embedded a miniaturized tube airflow sensor at the ventilator’s outlet, which simulates human respiration, and attached a wearable piezoelectric thread to the piston, which moves periodically to mimic human chest movement. The integrated output readings from the wearable sensor aligned with the airflow rate measurements, demonstrating its ability to accurately monitor not only respiration rate but also quantitative metrics such as respiratory volume. Finally, tidal volume measurement was demonstrated using the wearable piezoelectric thread.
Impact of Real-World Energy Consumption Variance on Internet of Things Node Lifetime Predictions
Authors: Krug Silvia , Hutschenreuther Tino , Toepfer Hannes , O’Nils Mattias
Published: November 2024

Node lifetime predictions are a crucial design time tool when developing Internet of Things (IoT) solutions with constrained energy budgets. However, this analysis is typically based on simplistic analyses of current consumption values based on datasheets and static duty cycles. This leads to an optimistic prediction of the node lifetime. Real-world measurements show a variation in the energy consumption that can significantly reduce the predicted node lifetime. In this paper, we aim to analyze the impact of the experienced variation for a given IoT platform and typical sensing tasks. To do this, we present a design case study in smart agriculture, where we perform empirical measurements to analyze energy consumption variability and its effect on as well as challenges regarding different design decisions. In addition, we suggest an empirical modeling method to enhance the energy efficiency of IoT nodes. The results show that the variations have a significant impact on node lifetime and should be considered in estimations in the future, as they show the design space to be considered when building robust systems.
Recent Trend of Rate-Splitting Multiple Access-Assisted Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems
Authors: Jang Sukbin , Kim Nahyun , Kim Gayeong , Lee Byungju
Published: November 2024

In the next-generation communication systems, multiple access (MA) will play a crucial role in achieving high throughput to support future-oriented services. Recently, rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) has received much attention from both academia and industry due to its ability to flexibly mitigate inter-user interference in a broad range of interference regimes. Further, with the growing emphasis on spectrum resource utilization, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) technology, which improves spectrum efficiency by merging communication and radar signals, is expected to be one of the key candidate technologies for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. In this paper, we first investigate the evolution of existing MA techniques and basic principles of RSMA-assisted ISAC systems. Moreover, to make the future RSMA-assisted ISAC systems, we highlight prime technologies of 6G such as non-terrestrial networks (NTN), reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) technologies, and vehicular-to-everything (V2X), along with the main technical challenges and potential benefits to pave the way for RSMA-assisted ISAC systems.
Structure Design and Reliable Acquisition of Burst Spread Spectrum Signals Without Physical Layer Synchronization Overhead
Authors: Pan Shenfu , Yin Leyu , Tan Yunhua , Wang Yan
Published: November 2024

In order to improve the concealment and security of a point-to-point transparent forwarding satellite communication system, a signal structure based on aperiodic long code spread spectrum is designed in this paper. This structure can achieve reliable signal acquisition without special physical layer synchronization overhead, which can effectively shorten signal transmission time and improve the concealment of communication. In addition, the performance of burst spread spectrum signal acquisition is analyzed in detail by establishing a mathematical model, and the influencing factors and design criteria of the matching filter length for aperiodic long code acquisition are determined. On this basis, a matched filter acquisition method based on high-power clock multiplexing and an adaptive decision threshold design method based on an auxiliary channel are proposed. The above methods effectively reduce hardware complexity and resource consumption caused by long code acquisition, and realize reliable acquisition under the condition of low SNR. The simulation results show that under the condition of Eb/N0 = 3 dB, the transmission efficiency for a 128-symbol burst frame can be increased by 50%, thereby significantly reducing the burst communication time. Furthermore, the acquisition success probability can reach 99.99%.
A Safety Helmet Detection Model Based on YOLOv8-ADSC in Complex Working Environments
Authors: Wang Jingyang , Sang Bokai , Zhang Bo , Liu Wei
Published: November 2024

A safety helmet is indispensable personal protective equipment in high-risk working environments. Factors such as dense personnel, varying lighting conditions, occlusions, and different head postures can reduce the precision of traditional methods for detecting safety helmets. This paper proposes an improved YOLOv8n safety helmet detection model, YOLOv8-ADSC, to enhance the performance of safety helmet detection in complex working environments. In this model, firstly, Adaptive Spatial Feature Fusion (ASFF) and Deformable Convolutional Network version 2 (DCNv2) are used to enhance the detection head, enabling the network to more effectively capture multi-scale information of the target; secondly, a new detection layer for small targets is incorporated to enhance sensitivity to smaller targets; and finally, the Upsample module is replaced with the lightweight up-sampling module Content-Aware ReAssembly of Features (CARAFE), which increases the perception range, reduces information loss caused by up-sampling, and improves the precision and robustness of target detection. The experimental results on the public Safety-Helmet-Wearing-Dataset (SHWD) demonstrate that, in comparison to the original YOLOv8n model, the mAP@0.5 of YOLOv8-ADSC has increased by 2% for all classes, reaching 94.2%, and the mAP@0.5:0.95 has increased by 2.3%, reaching 62.4%. YOLOv8-ADSC can be better suited to safety helmet detection in complex working environments.