bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiotoxic Side Effects Associated with Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdose
Authors: Keis Nancy A.
Published: January 2016

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) arc a popular, effective medication prescribed for patients with depression. The patient with severe depression may exhibit suicidal tendencies; thus, overdose of a prescribed TCA may occur, resulting in a potentially fatal outcome. The cardiotoxic effect of TCA overdose is the most pronounced complication. Multiple rhythm disturbances may occur in the presence of a TCA overdose. The greatest number of adverse cardiac symptoms and electrocardiographic changes are likely to occur within the first 24 hours after overdose. Nursing care of the patient with a TCA overdose is based upon ongoing patient assessment, identification of problems and potential problems, establishment of expected patient outcomes, and specific nursing interventions
Sudden Cardiac Death in Young Athletes: A Review for Nurses
Authors: Vaska Patricia L.
Published: January 2016

Sudden death in young athletes is a rare and devastating event. The most frequent causes of sudden death in this group are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalous coronary artery, and Marfan syndrome. This article describes the physiology of exercise and the pathophysiology associated with the most frequent causes as well as some of the less common causes of sudden death in young athletes. Identification of youth who may be at risk should be a priority for health care practitioners, and suggestions for recognizing and counseling affected athletes are therefore included
Endocrine Responses to the Stress of Critical Illness
Authors: Sikes Pamela J.
Published: January 2016

The physiologic and psychologic stress of critical illness produces systemic endocrine responses that affect the body’s ability to achieve and maintain homeostasis. Regardless of the nature of the stress or illness, specific hormonal changes occur in thyroid, adrenal, and posterior pituitary activity. This article describes the physiologic and pathophysiologic basis underlying endocrine responses to the stress of critical illness. The critical care nurse is challenged by the complexity of this patient and needs to be familiar with the endocrine responses to critical illness for assessment and clinical interventions to be meaningful
Issues Related to the Care of Critically Ill Patients with End Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Price Christy A.
Published: January 2016

End stage renal disease (ESRD) affects every aspect of an individual’s lifestyle. Pharmacologic, dietary, and treatment options and other organ involvement become daily realities for ESRD patients. When ESRD patients are admitted to intensive care units, these realities become concerns for the nurses. This article addresses the considerations that must be included in the nursing interventions for the critically ill ESRD patients
An Update on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies
Authors: Price Christy A.
Published: January 2016

Acute renal failure in the critically ill patient is associated with high mortality. Often these patients are hemodynamically unstable, require judicious fluid management, and have a variety of electrolyte abnormalities and acid/ base disturbances. Therapeutic intervention is a necessity, but the patient may not tolerate an aggressive approach. Renal replacement therapies have advanced over the years to modalities that allow for improved management of the patient with acute renal failure. The content to follow will bring new promise to the treatment of acute renal failure employing continuous renal replacement therapy
Erythropoietin Use in the Critical Care Setting
Authors: Binkley Lowanna S. , Whittaker Ali
Published: January 2016

Biotechnology products signify a major advancement in our world today. Products resulting from biotechnology will revolutionize how health care is delivered. One of these technologic breakthroughs is recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin).1 Its impact on the delivery of care to the anemic renal patient is changing the roles of nurses who provide care for these patients. Epoetin alfa has virtually eliminated the necessity of transfusions in the renal patient population, while simultaneously improving the quality of life for those patients and their families. To appropriately monitor the patient receiving epoetin therapy, the nurse must understand iron physiology and metabolism, factors that influence blood pressure, and factors that can blunt the response to epoetin therapy, and still appreciate the individual nursing requirements of each patient. Such juggling of information demands that the critical care nurse be alert to the subtle changes occurring within the patient, thereby allowing sound decisions based on astute nursing assessment
Magnesium and Phosphorus: The Neglected Electrolytes
Authors: Workman M. Linda
Published: January 2016

Magnesium and phosphorus normally are present in very low scrum concentrations and usually are not included in common serum electrolyte laboratory studies. Though their normal serum concentrations are relatively low, both of these ionized minerals are necessary for many critical physiologic functions, and decreases in normal scrum levels can have serious deleterious effects. Some of these effects, especially in myocardial tissues, may lead to permanent tissue damage. Hospitalized patients at greatest risk for developing hypomagnesemia or hypophosphatemia are trauma victims; individuals with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, renal impairment, parathyroid dysfunction, or chronic alcoholism; and individuals who have been treated with antineoplastic agents
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders Caused by Diuretic Therapy
Authors: Mendyka Brian E.
Published: January 2016

A wide spectrum and class of diuretics have been used to treat an assortment of cardiovascular disorders and various hypertensive states. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances are a major side effect of diuretic use. They predispose the patient to potential fluid disequilibrium and problems associated with electrolyte regulation. Such problems can prove to be lethal if not corrected. Very often, the ability to tolerate diuretic therapy is influenced by adequate renal function and hydration status of the patient. It becomes an important nursing responsibility to detect the development of dysfunction as a result of diurcctic use or misuse. The responsive nurse, through meticulous assessment, can detect problems related to fluid and electrolyte disorder that can threaten patient well-being
Cluster Management℠
Authors: Katz Rebecca
Published: January 2016

Cluster management℠ is a management model that fosters decentralization of management, develops leadership potential of staff, and creates ownership of unit-based goals. Unlike shared governance models, there is no formal structure created by committees and it is less threatening for managers. There are two parts to the cluster management℠ model. One is the formation of cluster groups, consisting of all staff and facilitated by a cluster leader. The cluster groups function for communication and problem-solving. The second part of the cluster management℠ model is the creation of task forces. These task forces are designed to work on short-term goals, usually in response to solving one of the unit’s goals. Sometimes the task forces are used for quality improvement or system problems. Clusters are groups of not more than five or six staff members, facilitated by a cluster leader. A cluster is made up of individuals who work the same shift. For example, people with job titles who work days would be in a cluster. There would be registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, nursing assistants, and unit clerks in the cluster. The cluster leader is chosen by the manager based on certain criteria and is trained for this specialized role. The concept of cluster management℠, criteria for choosing leaders, training for leaders, using cluster groups to solve quality improvement issues, and the learning process necessary for manager support are described
Integrating the Hemodynamic Profile with Clinical Assessment
Authors: Urban Nancie
Published: January 2016

Hemodynamic profiling has become common practice in critical care units. While the ability to monitor, measure, and calculate the many parameters related to cardiac output is a valuable adjunct in the care of the critically ill, it cannot be used as a substitute for sound clinical assessment. The ability to integrate the hemodynamic profile with clinical assessment is necessary if patients arc to receive comprehensive critical care. In addition, assessment frameworks such as Forrester’s subsets of hemodynamic compromise provide clinically useful guidance in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of clinical challenges
Quality Assurance in Hemodynamic Monitoring
Authors: Quaal Susan J.
Published: January 2016

Patient care management decisions frequently are based, at least in part, on hemodynamic indices. Accuracy in repeated measurement of hemodynamic parameters is therefore critical. It can be achieved only through a program of quality assurance (QA), which should include the following factors: static, dynamic, and validation of pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). The static QA factor consists of establishing an accurate reference point from which all subsequent measurements are made. The hemodynamic monitoring system must be able to transmit pulsating physiologic pressures to the transducer with high fidelity, which is validated via the dynamic response or “square wave” test and damping coefficient. Other QA aspects that arc used to validate the accuracy of PAWP include catheter placement into lung zone 3 capillary and comparison of capillary to arterial blood gases. Measurement error also can be introduced because of varying methods to quantify the analog pressure waveforms, such as end-expiratory or pressure averaging techniques. This paper explores each of these domains within a framework of quality assurance
Quality of Life after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Prevost Suzanne , Deshotels Ann
Published: January 2016

Tremendous strides have been made in the surgical treatment of cardiac disease. Research has documented many physical and psychologic benefits for the patient, but many questions remain unanswered. The change in quality of life may be the single most important outcome of cardiac surgery. This issue has received considerable attention in professional literature in recent years, particularly in the midst of rapidly expanding technology and soaring health care costs. This article reviews the literature related to the quality of life of cardiac surgical patients. Specific topics, such as physiologic and psychologic outcomes, return to work, family responses, and issues related to transplant patients, are discussed. The article includes a discussion of nursing implications
Immune Consequences of Burn Injury
Authors: Kravitz Melva
Published: January 2016

The purpose of the immune system is to protect cells from invasion by microorganisms. The body has three equally important interactive immune defense systems, all of which are profoundly disrupted with major burn injury. The immune response to burn injury is immediate, prolonged, and severe. The end result in individuals surviving burn shock is immunosuppression, with increased susceptibility to potentially fatal systemic burn wound or pulmonary sepsis. Nursing actions to support the humoral and cell-mediated immune system of the burned patient include providing nutritional support to maintain serum protein levels at optimal levels; measures to decrease edema and promote angiogenesis in areas of partial-thickness injury; meticulous treatment of the wound to prevent infection and promote healing; monitoring of antibiotic use; conservative use of invasive techniques, including intubation and vascular access devices; maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and body temperature; and energy conservation measures
Improving Survival: Infection Control and Burns
Authors: Weber Joan M. , Tompkins Denise M.
Published: January 2016

In the past, survival of the thermally injured patient was greatly hindered by invasive infection that originated in the burn wound. Current treatment modalities, including early excision of the burn wound and prompt wound closure, administration of systemic antibiotics and topical antimicrobial agents, and mechanical isolation, have improved survival. However, infection and the sequelae of infection continue to be the leading causes of morbidity and mortality for the thermally injured patient. In addition, the burn patient remains highly susceptible to other infectious processes. A thorough understanding of infection control and burns are essential to the successful treatment of burn injuries
Organizational Strategies to Promote Research-Based Practice
Authors: Stonestreet Jana S. , Lamb-Havard Janet
Published: January 2016

Research-based practice is necessary for the consistent achievement of cost-effective, quality patient outcomes. Several organizational strategies can be implemented to facilitate research-based practice. These strategies, divided into six major categories and further organized at the individual, unit, and institutional levels, are believed to be most effective when comprehensively addressed and implemented
Implementing A Research-Based Protocol: An Interactive Approach
Authors: Bell Susan , Taggart June , Karl Joyce , Lind Margaret , Peterman Phyllis , Stone Kathleen
Published: January 2016

Endotracheal suctioning (ETS) is a common procedure done in the critical care environment. There are many different practices related to ETS. With the proliferation of research studies about ETS, a change in practice is needed to incorporate these research findings. The authors present a creative teaching strategy that was used to implement a research-based ETS protocol
Blood Conservation in the Critically Ill
Authors: Dech Zelie F.
Published: January 2016

The insertion of arterial lines has become a routine procedure for the critically ill. Valuable patient data can be obtained from the arterial line, nursing and laboratory personnel time can be saved, and patient discomfort can be minimized. However, increased blood loss is incurred and may result in nosocomial anemia. This blood loss can be sharply reduced by heightened staff awareness, use of tubing that eliminates the need for discard, and drawing only the volume necessary for laboratory testing. Bedside microchemistry and protocols for obtaining a laboratory test may further decrease blood loss and eliminate the need for blood transfusions to replace iatrogenic blood loss
Implementation of the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Role
Authors: Kelso Lynn A. , Massaro Lori M.
Published: January 2016

In this article, the experiences of two new acute care nurse practitioners working at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center arc described. Included are the experiences they encountered in initiating the role and some of the responsibilities they assumed.
Hemodynamic Monitoring in the Care of the Critically Ill Neuroscience Patient
Authors: Blissitt Patricia A.
Published: January 2016

Hemodynamic monitoring in the care of the critically ill neuroscience patient provides information that assists the clinician in minimizing secondary neuronal injury. Whereas no technology replaces the critical care nurse’s physical assessment, hemodynamic and neurological monitoring provides additional data beyond what is possible with the clinical examination alone. If neurological technology, such as intracranial pressure monitoring, is not available, hemodynamic monitoring along with the neurological examination provides limited but useful information essential to minimizing secondary neuronal injury. The use of hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill neuroscience patients is best exemplified in the management of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Although improved outcomes have not been scientifically substantiated, multimodality monitoring of intracranial dynamics and systemic hemodynamics and manipulation of these parameters during hypertensive hypervolemic hemodilution therapy may lessen the incidence of cerebral infarction secondary to vasospasm. Monitoring systemic hemodynamics and intracranial dynamics simultaneously assists in prevention, prompt recognition, and effective treatment of neurological deterioration.
Update on New Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Juang Paul
Published: January 2016

Increases in rates as well as morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections have necessitated the need for additional antifungal agents. Recent research has resulted in the introduction of 3 new antifungal agents: micafungin, anidulafungin, and posaconazole. Micafungin and anidulafungin, both potent inhibitor of 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, are the second and third available agents in the echinocandins class that are available in clinical practice. Posaconazale, a potent inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, is a new agent in the triazole class that has shown promising clinical efficacy in the treatment and prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections due to Candida as well as molds. This article reviews the clinical efficacy as well as the approved uses and dosages associated with the use of these new antifungal agents. Other considerations, such as precautions, administration techniques, potential drug interactions, and common adverse effects associated with the use of these agents, are also reviewed.
ST-Segment Monitoring
Authors: Flanders Sonya A.
Published: January 2016

ST-segment monitoring is one key reason that continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is performed in hospitals, and can help with early detection of myocardial ischemia for at-risk patients. Although ST-segment monitoring research, guidelines, and expert consensus statements have been published, ST-segment monitoring has not been implemented in all appropriate clinical areas. The purpose of this article is to present relevant research, review the latest practice standards, and discuss issues important to nurses wishing to implement ST-segment monitoring.
Subglottic Secretion Drainage
Authors: DePew Charlotte L. , McCarthy Mary S.
Published: January 2016

Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a costly complication of hospitalization that lengthens intensive care unit and hospital stay, increasing morbidity and mortality. Among evidence-based measures to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia is the use of a specialized endotracheal tube that aspirates subglottic secretions. Recommendations for subglottic aspiration are found in guidelines by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, and the American Thoracic Society. The purpose of this article is to review the available evidence regarding the use of an endotracheal tube with a subglottic secretion aspiration port to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Issues, cost, benefits, and research recommendations will also be discussed.
Long-Peptide Cross-Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells Occurs in Vacuoles by Peptide Exchange on Nascent MHC Class I Molecules
Authors: Ma Wenbin , Zhang Yi , Vigneron Nathalie , Stroobant Vincent , Thielemans Kris , van der Bruggen Pierre , Van den Eynde Benoît J.
Published: January 2016

Cross-presentation enables dendritic cells to present on their MHC class I molecules antigenic peptides derived from exogenous material, through a mechanism that remains partly unclear. It is particularly efficient with long peptides, which are used in cancer vaccines. We studied the mechanism of long-peptide cross-presentation using human dendritic cells and specific CTL clones against melanoma Ags gp100 and Melan-A/MART1. We found that cross-presentation of those long peptides does not depend on the proteasome or the transporter associated with Ag processing, and therefore follows a vacuolar pathway. We also observed that it makes use of newly synthesized MHC class I molecules, through peptide exchange in vesicles distinct from the endoplasmic reticulum and classical secretory pathway, in an SEC22b- and CD74-independent manner. Our results indicate a nonclassical secretion pathway followed by nascent HLA-I molecules that are used for cross-presentation of those long melanoma peptides in the vacuolar pathway. Our results may have implications for the development of vaccines based on long peptides.
Epithelial Control of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation through p38α-Dependent Restraint of NF-κB Signaling
Authors: Caballero-Franco Celia , Guma Monica , Choo Min-Kyung , Sano Yasuyo , Enzler Thomas , Karin Michael , Mizoguchi Atsushi , Park Jin Mo
Published: January 2016

The protein kinase p38α mediates cellular responses to environmental and endogenous cues that direct tissue homeostasis and immune responses. Studies of mice lacking p38α in several different cell types have demonstrated that p38α signaling is essential to maintaining the proliferation–differentiation balance in developing and steady-state tissues. The mechanisms underlying these roles involve cell-autonomous control of signaling and gene expression by p38α. In this study, we show that p38α regulates gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) formation in a noncell-autonomous manner. From an investigation of mice with intestinal epithelial cell-specific deletion of the p38α gene, we find that p38α serves to limit NF-κB signaling and thereby attenuate GALT-promoting chemokine expression in the intestinal epithelium. Loss of this regulation results in GALT hyperplasia and, in some animals, mucosa-associated B cell lymphoma. These anomalies occur independently of luminal microbial stimuli and are most likely driven by direct epithelial–lymphoid interactions. Our study illustrates a novel p38α-dependent mechanism preventing excessive generation of epithelial-derived signals that drive lymphoid tissue overgrowth and malignancy.
Essential Roles of TIM-1 and TIM-4 Homologs in Adaptive Humoral Immunity in a Zebrafish Model
Authors: Xu Xiao-gang , Hu Jing-fang , Ma Jun-xia , Nie Li , Shao Tong , Xiang Li-xin , Shao Jian-zhong
Published: January 2016

TIM-1 and TIM-4 proteins have become increasingly attractive for their critical functions in immune modulation, particularly in CD4+ Th2 cell activation. Thus, these proteins were hypothesized to regulate adaptive humoral immunity. However, further evidence is needed to validate this hypothesis. This study describes the molecular and functional characteristics of TIM-1 and TIM-4 homologs from a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model (D. rerio TIM [DrTIM]-1 and DrTIM-4). DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 were predominantly expressed in CD4+ T cells and MHC class II+ APCs under the induction of Ag stimulation. Blockade or knockdown of both DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 significantly decreased Ag-specific CD4+ T cell activation, B cell proliferation, Ab production, and vaccinated immunoprotection against bacterial infection. This result suggests that DrTIM-1 and DrTIM-4 serve as costimulatory molecules required for the full activation of adaptive humoral immunity. DrTIM-1 was detected to be a trafficking protein located in the cytoplasm of CD4+ T cells. It can translocate onto the cell surface under stimulation by TIM-4–expressing APCs, which might be a precise regulatory strategy for CD4+ T cells to avoid self-activation before APCs stimulation. Furthermore, a unique alternatively spliced soluble DrTIM-4 variant was identified to exert a negative regulatory effect on the proliferation of CD4+ T cells. The above findings highlight a novel costimulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity. This study enriches the current knowledge on TIM-mediated immunity and provides a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of costimulatory systems throughout vertebrate evolution.
The study of left ventricular diastolic function by Doppler echocardiography: the essential for the clinician
Authors: Vizzardi Enrico , Faggiano Pompilio , Chiari Ermanna , Maffeo Diego , Frattini Silvia , Bellandi Francesca , Nodari Savina , Dei Cas Livio
Published: January 2016

The study of diastolic function by Doppler-echocardiography is complex and demanding. The cardiologist/echocardiographist must have a systematic approach to the study of left ventricular diastolic function, not only based on the Doppler index, but integrating Doppler patterns with other echo-parameters (chamber dimensions, wall thicknesses, systolic function, valve function and morphology) and clinical information. A rational interpretation of clinical and instrumental data can allow a correct diagnosis, which is essential for clinical decision-making.
Right atrial mass following transcatheter radiofrequency ablation for recurrent atrial fibrillation: thrombus, endocarditis or mixoma?
Authors: Ancona Roberta , Comenale Pinto Salvatore , Caso Pio , Di Palma Vito , Pisacane Francesca , Martiniello Alfonso Roberto , Quarto Cesare , De Rosa Nicla , Pisacane Carlo , Calabrò Raffaele
Published: January 2016

We report a case of an asymptomatic patient in whom a right atrial mass was fortuitously documented by echocardiography few months after a transcatheter radiofrequency catheter ablation for recurrent AF. No masses were seen in the cardiac chambers before the ablative procedure, raising important diagnostic and decision-making issues. The patient was referred to the surgeon and a diagnosis of right atrial myxoma was made.
Chronic respiratory diseases at primary health care level in Georgia: the results of the pilot study
Authors: Chkhaidze I. , Maglakelidze T. , Khaltaev N.
Published: January 2016

Background and aim. Millions of people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). To address this serious global health problem WHO formed the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major priority of GARD due to high chronic morbidity and mortality; however, there is still little prevalence data available. The prevalence of COPD in Georgia, as well as other CRD, is suspected to be high. Methods. GARD Pilot Survey (GAPS) in Georgia had been carried out by the Georgian Respiratory Association. The survey was conducted in the Sagarejo and Mtskheta districts with total population of about 70.000. All subjects provided information on asthma, bronchitis, respiratory symptoms, smoking, allergic conditions, CRD comorbidity and lifestyle via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 3,646 questionnaires were analysed. Results. It was discovered that official data concerning allergic rhinitis, TB and asthma are almost equal, but readings in relation to CRD are about five times lower according to official data of the Ministry of Health of Georgia. The data results: for allergic rhinitis - 218 in GAPS vs. 177 in the official statistics (for 100.000 population); for TB -105 in GAPS vs. 147 in the official statistics; for asthma -250 in GAPS vs. 374 in the official statistics; the data about CRD according to our survey is almost five times higher - 365 in GAPS vs. 84 in the official statistics (for 100.000 population). Conclusions. It is necessary to expand the survey to the entire country population. Country results are likely to be useful and interesting for local doctors and managers, as well as for officials.
Yellow nail syndrome as a cause of unexplained edema
Authors: Cimini C. , Giunta R. , Utili R. , Durante-Mangoni E.
Published: January 2016

Yellow nail syndrome is a rare cause of edema due to a disordered lymphatic drainage. We recently observed two cases of long-standing, chronic edema, whose nature could not be understood despite innumerable diagnostic procedures. The diagnosis was suspected based on an attentive clinical exam and confirmed by radionuclide lymph scan. Yellow nail syndrome has to be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of systemic edema, as well as long standing pleural effusions, particularly in patients with bronchiectasis or sinusitis. Clues to diagnosis are the presence of dystrophic, yellowish nails, peripheral lymphedema and relapsing pleural effusions and/or ascites. Long-term control of symptoms is difficult to achieve and may benefit from the judicious use of diuretics and intravenous albumin and by topical alpha-tocopherol. Pleurodesis may be needed. Other pathologic conditions are often associated to yellow nail syndrome and should be ruled out.
Respiratory home care: take the pulmonary specialist out of the hospital!
Authors: Garuti G. , Lusuardi M.
Published: January 2016

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Estimates of PI*S and PI*Z Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency alleles prevalence in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America
Authors: De Serres F.J. , Blanco I. , Fernández-Bustillo E.
Published: January 2016

Background. AAT deficiency is not a rare disease, but one of the most common congenital disorders increasing susceptibility of individuals with this deficiency to both lung and liver disease as well as other several adverse health effects. Studies to develop accurate estimates of the magnitude of this genetic disorder in any given country is critical for the development of screening programs for detection, diagnosis, and treatment of those individuals and/or families at risk. In the present study, estimates of the prevalence of the two major deficiency alleles PI S and PI Z were estimated for 25 countries in the Caribbean and North, Central, and South America to supplement our previous studies on 69 countries worldwide. Method. Using data on the prevalence of the two most common deficiency alleles PI S and PIZ in the mother countries that provided the majority of immigrants to these 25 countries, as well as genetic epidemiological studies on various genetic subgroups indigenous to the Caribbean and North, Central and South America it was possible to develop new formulas to estimate the numbers in each of five phenotypic classes, namely PI MS, PI MZ, PI SS, PI SZ and PI ZZ for each country. Results. When these 25 countries were grouped into six different geographic regions, the present study demonstrated striking differences when comparisons were made in numeric tables, maps and figures. Highly significant numbers of individuals at risk for AAT Deficiency were found in both the European, Mestizo and Mulatto populations for most of the 25 countries studied in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America. Conclusions. Our studies demonstrated striking differences in the prevalence of both the PIS and PIZ alleles among these 25 countries in the Caribbean and North, Central and South America and significant numbers of individuals at risk for adverse health effects associated with AAT Deficiency in a given country. When these data are added to the results from our earlier studies on 69 countries, we now have data on AAT Deficiency in 94 of the 193 countries worldwide listed in the CIA FactBook.
Markers of airway inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum
Authors: Dragonieri S. , Tongoussouva O. , Zanini A. , Imperatori A. , Spanevello A.
Published: January 2016

During recent years there has been a growing interest in using non-invasive biomarkers to understand and monitor the airway inflammation in subjects with respiratory tract disorders. To date, the best validated and performing non-invasive biomarkers are measures of inflammation in induced sputum in both cellular and fluid phase, which can provide biological insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the principal literature on the different markers of inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum analysis in either cellular or fluid phase.
Unexpected delayed death after manual strangulation: need for careful examination in the emergency room
Authors: Di Paolo M. , Guidi B. , Bruschini L. , Vessio G. , Domenici R. , Ambrosino N.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the importance of detailed clinical assessment in victims of attempted manual strangulation, to prevent the occurrence of delayed death due to an airway collapse; and to provide an update on clinical management of these patients. An elderly male patient presented with a sore throat and speech impairment after attempting manual strangulation. Physical examination showed reddish skin of the neck, an extensive haematoma of the hard palate and anterior tongue. Flexible laryngoscopy failed to show any swelling of the hypopharynx or larynx. A few hours after presentation, the patient developed acute dyspnoea and died. Autopsy and post-mortem CT scan showed a haematoma in the thyro-epiglottal space. In conclusion, victims of manual strangulation can survive despite internal neck injury which can lead to delayed fatal airway collapse. This is because often there are few or no signs of assault, therefore medical evaluation should be thorough and timely. Sometimes immediate tracheotomy can be life saving.
Autonomous open-source hardware apparatus for quantum key distribution
Authors: López Grande Ignacio H. , Schmiegelow Christian T. , Larotonda Miguel A.
Published: January 2016

We describe an autonomous, fully functional implementation of the BB84 quantum key distribution protocol using open source hardware microcontrollers for the synchronization, communication, key sifting and real-time key generation diagnostics. The quantum bits are prepared in the polarization of weak optical pulses generated with light emitting diodes, and detected using a sole single-photon counter and a temporally multiplexed scheme. The system generates a shared cryptographic key at a rate of 365 bps, with a raw quantum bit error rate of 2.7%. A detailed description of the peripheral electronics for control, driving and communication between stages is released as supplementary material. The device can be built using simple and reliable hardware and it is presented as an alternative for a practical realization of sophisticated, yet accessible quantum key distribution systems.Received: 11 Novembre 2015,  Accepted: 7 January 2016; Edited by: O. Martínez; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.080002Cite as: I H López Grande, C T Schmiegelow, M A Larotonda, Papers in Physics 8, 080002 (2016)This paper, by I H López Grande, C T Schmiegelow, M A Larotonda, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Budistična ikonografija in simbolizem chana v Su Shijevi pesmi »Sliki Wang Weijia in Wu Daozija«
Authors: VRHOVSKI Jan
Published: January 2016

Članek predstavlja vsebinsko analizo Su Shijeve (1037‒1101) pesmi "Sliki Wang Weija in Wu Daozija". Eden izmed poglavitnih ciljev pričujoče razprave je pokazati, da je mogoče vsebino obravnavane pesmi, ki predstavlja avtorjevo kontemplacijo ob pogledu na v naslovu pesmi imenovani slikarski deli, docela razumeti le, če se seznanimo s simbolično-aluzivnimi sporočilnimi vrednostmi pesmi kot celote. Pričujoči članek želi tudi osvetliti vsebinska in vrednostna ozadja simbolov in aluzij v zgoraj imenovani pesmi, ki izvirajo predvsem iz t. i. "budističnega izročila" in predstavljajo v osnovi ponazarjanje motivov razsvetljenja in utelešenja razsvetljenega modreca v okviru imenovane ikonografske tradicije.
How Keynes came to Britain
Authors: Skidelsky Robert
Published: January 2016

I explore how Keynesian ideas made their way into British public policy. I argue that the breakdown of pre-First World War macroeconomic conditions led to a ‘blocked’ system, where the adjustment mechanisms presupposed by classical economics were jammed, and that Keynesian economics offered an escape from this system. I explain the Keynesian response to the new problems in monetary and fiscal policy: the gold standard impeding credit control, and the tenacity of the balanced budget rule, respectively. Finally, I outline how Keynes's ideas took hold after the Great Depression via the events at the Macmillan Committee, and their policy implications.
Keynes and the European economy
Authors: Temin Peter , Vines David
Published: January 2016

We argue in this paper that Keynes was interested primarily in the world economy. We do not seek to diminish the innovative advances Keynes made in The General Theory; we instead want to expand the perceived scope of Keynesian economics. We make this argument by analysing Keynes's contributions at three points during his career: writing The Economic Consequences of the Peace just after the First World War, testifying before the Macmillan Committee at the outset of the Great Depression, and negotiating at Bretton Woods during and after the Second World War. We then show how international Keynesian analysis clarifies the economic problems of Europe today.
Curried Keynesianism meets the master: Lauchlin Currie's memorandum on The General Theory for the Federal Reserve Board
Authors: Vernengo Matías
Published: January 2016

This short paper introduces Lauchlin Currie's unpublished memorandum to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve discussing Keynes's General Theory. The memorandum falls short of a full review of Keynes's magnum opus, but together with other published material it provides a picture of Keynesian ideas within the Fed during the Great Depression. It is suggested that Currie's views on Keynes are relevant, in particular because, contrary to what would become the dominant view, he does not think that wage or interest-rate rigidity is at the heart of the Keynesian results.
Keynes's attack on the citadel: proportionality, the two-price theory, and monetary circulation
Authors: Lautzenheiser Mark , Yaşar Yavuz
Published: January 2016

In the Treatise, Keynes claimed that the price levels of consumption and investment goods would not necessarily move in opposite directions. He further argued that the first claim had nothing to do with monetary circulation. If these two claims could be established, they would have constituted a direct attack on Ricardian economics and the economics of Marx, both of which are identified as self-adjustment mechanisms as in Say's law by Keynes. This paper seeks to evaluate these claims through the lenses of sector balance, the two-price theory, and monetary circulation.
Study of Pattern of Soft-tissue Lacerations of Maxillofacial Region in Relation to Etiology of Injury and its Management
Authors: Galinde Jyotsna , Khare Ravi Jayant
Published: January 2016

Laceration to the facial skin is commonly encountered in the care of the traumatized patient. They could occur in isolation, extend deep to involve the deeper soft-tissues and even deeper to involve the facial skeleton. The injury could be in association with other more pressing systemic injury. While attention is devoted to the bony injuries, there could be less attention to details in handling these facial lacerations leading to unsatisfactory scar.

How to cite this article

Khare RJ, Galinde J. Study of Pattern of Soft-tissue Lacerations of Maxillofacial Region in Relation to Etiology of Injury and its Management. J Contemp Dent 2015; 5(2):90-92.
Virtopsy—The Scalpel Free Autopsy: A Review of Literature
Authors: Navalkar Amita Rahul
Published: January 2016

Forensic medicine aims for the documentation of medical and other forensic findings in living and deceased persons for the police and the judiciary system. Autopsy is the scientific examination of bodies after death, where whole surface of the body as well as all the body cavities are explored to record the findings. At the same time it is also equally important to consider the sentiments of the relatives of the deceased who may get upset at conventional autopsies. So, if there exists a means by which all the findings in the body can be established without hurting anyone's sentiments should be accepted. Virtopsy or virtual autopsy is one step ahead in this field where three-dimensional (3D) scans using computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pictures are employed sans using the scalpel for performing autopsies on victims to receive more information aiding in diagnosis and contributing significantly toward forensic science. This review wishes to highlight virtopsy as an important tool in forensic imaging and identification.

How to cite this article

Navalkar AR. Virtopsy—The Scalpel Free Autopsy: A Review of Literature. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):168-172.
Altered Passive Eruption: Report on Management of Two Cases
Authors: Madaan Vishwas , Kini Vineet Vaman , Yadav Seema Roodmal , Padhye Ashvini M
Published: January 2016

Excessive gingival display while smiling is one of the significant esthetic concern for many patients. One of the etiology for this is altered passive eruption (APE). A clinician must have a thorough knowledge of the clinical presentation of this condition and methods to eliminate it in order to provide the desired esthetical and functional outcome. Periodontic plastic procedures provide the best solution to this condition not only by eliminating the excess of gingiva but also by enhancing the gingival esthetics and biological harmony.

This case report highlights the clinical presentation of alter passive eruption in two patients along with sequential approach for management of such condition.

How to cite this article

Yadav SR, Madaan V, Kini VV, Padhye AM. Altered Passive Eruption: Report on Management of Two Cases. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):173-177.
Elementary Students’ Physical Activity Levels and Behavior When Using Stability Balls
Authors: Erwin Heather E. , Fedewa Alicia , Ahn Soyeon , Thornton Michelle
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE. Physical activity is positively related to improved student behaviors. Stability balls have been used as interventions to affect student behavior. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of stability balls elicits more physical activity than the use of regular chairs and whether stability balls positively influence behavior.

METHOD. Participants (n = 43 fourth graders) sat on stability balls during class and wore accelerometers. Eight were randomly selected for behavioral observations using momentary time sampling.

RESULTS. Significant decreases in accelerometer counts were found. No obvious difference for on-task behaviors was found between students using stability balls and those using chairs.

CONCLUSION. Stability balls do not necessarily elicit more physical activity than do chairs; however, students accumulate light-intensity physical activity when using them. Classroom behavior was not detrimentally affected by stability ball use; thus, stability balls do not appear to detract from the classroom instructional atmosphere.
Direito Penal antiterror: abertura semântica e a necessidade de definição jurídico-penal para a tipificação de terrorismo.
Authors: Sousa Lira Cláudio Rogério , Callegari André Luís
Published: January 2016

Este artigo investigará a institucionalização de um direito penal de exceção para o enfrentamento daquilo que se convencionou classificar como atos de terrorismo, tendo em vista o aparecimento dos novos riscos, aí incluídos os próprios da cultura brasileira e aqueles externos que, de uma forma ou de outra, merecem intervenção do Direito Penal. A partir daí, busca-se analisar o processo de racionalidade legislativo penal do Brasil, mais especificamente o agir do legislador pátrio em relação à evolução do Direito Penal – movimento de expansão do Direito Penal – como instrumento de controle social. Para isso, a investigação avançará na busca da formulação de um conceito sobre terrorismo, quais os principais propósitos dos atos de terror e qual o cenário em que se encontra o Brasil em relação à política criminal antiterror, especialmente como o risco terrorismo está sendo enfrentado pelo Direito Penal nacional.
A Cauldron within Which New Ideas Can Be Tested Out
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the Mobilization for Youth (MFY), a social program aimed to assist Puerto Rican and African American male youths in achieving upward mobility and full inclusion in American society. MFY was conducted in the Lower East Side, a neighborhood inhabited by successive waves of poor immigrants during the 1940s through the 1970s. Lloyd Ohlin and Richard Cloward conceptualized MFY as a top-down, expert intervention program aimed at low-income Puerto Rican and African American male youths and focused on remedial education and job training. It helped secure decent housing and quality education, inspiring social workers to develop a new model of client advocacy.
A Grand Cooker of a Scene
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter demonstrates how MFY helped generate and influence the development of the legal services, welfare rights, and Black Arts movements in the US. Foremost was the way the research staff, Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, encouraged a range of grassroots activity, including the proactive canvassing of individuals and families eligible for benefits. In conjunction to the contribution of the two, Lyndon Johnson's administration took many of MFY's innovations and included them in the 1964 Economic Opportunity Act, particularly the employment of paraprofessionals—neighborhood residents who did not have formal education but who were valued for their experiential knowledge—as well as the concept of maximum feasible participation: the idea that poor people themselves should be involved in decision making in antipoverty programs.
It Was Talking about My Life
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter chronicles the Reagan administration's elimination of Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), and its massive cutbacks on funding for community programs in the 1980s, which marked a turning point for the NCNW and for wider progressive activism. As federal funding became scarce and highly restrictive, activists increasingly relied on foundations and the nonprofit sector. However, foundations were also influenced by the ascendancy of conservative critiques of social programs and implemented their own requirements for evaluation; in the practice of random assignment research, one person seeking services would have to be turned away for each person receiving them in order to have a “control group” against which to measure program effectiveness.
It Saved My Life
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores coalition between two reproductive rights activist groups—ACT UP and WHAM!. The two work for improved prevention and treatment for HIV/AIDS, and support women's rights to bodily autonomy. In the early 1990s, Operation Rescue and other antiabortion groups barricaded women's health clinics in often successful attempts to close them. Just as ACT UP had rejected sexual shame in relation to the AIDS epidemic, WHAM! protested that women should not be made to feel ashamed for expressing their sexuality and controlling their reproduction, including via abortion. Through their demonstrations, WHAM! illustrated a different model for thinking about reproductive rights as a necessary part of health care for women and of access to high-quality health care as a human right.
Introduction
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter explains how social activism in New York has been able to appropriate new meaning to the city's landmarks, specifically the joint protest of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) and the Women's Health Action and Mobilization (WHAM!) against a domestic ban on abortion, held on top of the Statue of Liberty. By selecting the Statue of Liberty as the site of their protest, these activists ensured that Americans would rapidly understand the connection they were drawing between individual freedom, misunderstandings of American exceptionalism, as well as women's reproductive autonomy. In relation to this, New York's many landmarks gave a range of unique venues for activism. Demonstrations, marches, strikes, acts of civil disobedience, and even poster campaigns provided global reach as print, broadcast, and online media inform the greater public.