bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying individual heterogeneity and its influence on life‐history trajectories: different methods for different questions and contexts
Authors: Hamel Sandra , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Douhard Mathieu , Festa‐Bianchet Marco , Pelletier Fanie , Yoccoz Nigel G.
Published: September 2017

Heterogeneity among individuals influences the life‐history trajectories we observe at the population level because viability selection, selective immigration and emigration processes, and ontogeny change the proportion of individuals with specific trait values with increasing age. Here, we review the two main approaches that have been proposed to account for these processes in life‐history trajectories, contrasting how they quantify ontogeny and selection, and proposing ways to overcome some of their limitations. Nearly all existing approaches to model individual heterogeneity assume either a single normal distribution or a priori known groups of individuals. Ontogenetic processes, however, can vary across individuals through variation in life‐history tactics. We show the usefulness of describing ontogenetic processes by modelling trajectories with a mixture model that focuses on heterogeneity in life‐history tactics. Additionally, most methods examine individual heterogeneity in a single trait, ignoring potential correlations among multiple traits caused by latent common sources of individual heterogeneity. We illustrate the value of using a joint modelling approach to assess the presence of a shared latent correlation and its influence on life‐history trajectories. We contrast the strengths and limitations of different methods for different research questions, and we exemplify the differences among methods using empirical data from long‐term studies of ungulates.
Rethinking scale in public administration: Scalecraft and frontline work in England's localism agenda
Authors: Papanastasiou Natalie
Published: September 2017

This article reviews how scale concepts feature in governance studies and demonstrates that scales are overwhelmingly used descriptively. Questioning the meaning of scales has been considered peripheral to pursuing the aims of public administration studies, and the article calls for this to change by conceptualizing scale as a political concept. Focusing on the localism agenda reflected in England's ‘academy schools policy’, the article empirically demonstrates the political nature of scale by identifying how ‘the local’ functions as a powerful political discourse. Analysis shows scales being used strategically by frontline workers, exposing scale as a malleable concept for resisting or supporting political agendas—a practice which is called ‘scalecraft’. Revealing contrasting meanings of the local enables analysis to suggest how and why localism has been met with contrasting degrees of controversy. The article suggests how this new approach to scale can be integrated in future studies of governance and frontline work.
Pediatric vaccine‐strain herpes zoster: a case series
Authors: Dreyer Sean , Hemarajata Peera , Hogeling Marcia , Henderson Gregory P.
Published: September 2017

Background/objectives

Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV), and typically causes a painful, vesicular, dermatomal rash in adults over the age of fifty. However, HZ has been known to present in immunocompetent pediatric patients, which account for under 1% of total cases. Pediatric cases are typically caused by natural infection with VZV, but among vaccinated children up to half of cases can be due to vaccine‐strain VZV. We present two such cases of vaccine‐strain HZ in pediatric patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of two cases seen at UCLA‐affiliated sites. PCR and Sanger sequencing, using previously described PCR primers, determined the presence of two vaccine‐strain‐specific single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Results

We report two cases of vaccine‐strain HZ in immunocompetent pediatric patients who had previously received the varicella vaccine, affecting the right thigh in the first patient and the left leg in the second. Varicella‐strain VZV positivity was confirmed by PCR. Both patients had received the varicella vaccine at 12 months of age. Both patients achieved complete resolution of symptoms after 7‐day courses of acyclovir.

Conclusions

While vaccination against VZV has overall reduced the incidence of both varicella and HZ in US children, given the widespread use of the VZV vaccine, awareness of the possibility of vaccine‐induced HZ remains an important consideration.
Self‐limited neonatal periumbilical erythema
Authors: Peterman Caitlin M. , Morley Keith W. , Tan Jennifer K. , Liang Marilyn G.
Published: September 2017

We report three cases of neonatal, noninfectious, periumbilical erythema that resolved shortly after umbilical stump detachment. We hypothesize that these infants experienced an inflammatory and vasodilatory response during the normal umbilical cord separation process. We propose a new term: self‐limited neonatal periumbilical erythema.
Does Perceived Societal Impact Moderate the Effect of Transformational Leadership on Value Congruence? Evidence from a Field Experiment
Authors: Jensen Ulrich Thy
Published: September 2017

Transformational leadership, it is argued, aligns employees' values with those of their organization. Empirical research has found a positive relationship between transformational leadership and value congruence. Yet studies rely predominantly on cross‐sectional research designs that limit causal conclusions and have not uncovered the potential contextual conditions of this argument. This article argues that transformational leadership positively affects value congruence in public service organizations, but only when employees see that their jobs impact the well‐being of other people and society. To test the relationship between transformational leadership and value congruence and the moderating effect of perceived societal impact, the article combines a field experiment on 79 managers of public service organizations and a balanced survey panel of their 583 employees. Consistent with the expectation, results indicate heterogeneous treatment effects, implying that employees' perceived societal impact is important to consider when transformational leaders strive to align the values of individual employees and the organization.
Peri‐conceptional under‐nutrition alters transcriptomic profile in the endometrium during the peri‐implantation period—The study in domestic pigs
Authors: Zglejc K , Martyniak M , Waszkiewicz E , Kotwica G , Franczak A
Published: September 2017

Contents

Female under‐nutrition during early pregnancy may affect the physiological pattern of the transcriptomic profile in the endometrium. We aimed to determine if restricted diet applied to females during peri‐conceptional period, that is, from the onset of the oestrus until day nine of pregnancy, alters transcriptomic profile in the endometrium during the peri‐implantation period. The restricted diet gilts were fed forage, in which the dose of proteins and energy had been reduced by 30% compared to normal diet. Microarray analysis revealed that approximately 4% of transcripts, that is 1690 of 43803 probes from The Porcine (V2) Gene Expression Microarray 4 × 44 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) were consistently altered (p ≤ .05) in the endometrium harvested from pigs fed restricted diet. In pigs fed restricted diet out of 1690 genes, 714 genes were upregulated and 976 genes were downregulated versus in pigs fed normal diet. From 1690 genes, 510 (30%) were genes with known biological functions in the KEGG database. The proportions of the differentially expressed transcripts were organized into six major categories and 39 subcategories containing 259 pathways associated with the differentially expressed genes. The largest amount of differentially expressed genes was involved in metabolism category. The most relevant genes were involved in gene ontology (GO) cellular component (CC) term. These findings suggest that females under‐nutrition during peri‐conceptional period may create changes in endometrial transcriptome during the peri‐implantation period creating the potential changes in physiological functions of peri‐implantation endometrium.
Blood service in the Tibetan regions of Garzê and Aba, China: a longitudinal survey
Authors: Wang Y. , Wu Z. , Yin Y. H. , Rao S. Q. , Liu B. , Huang X. Q. , Liu X. X. , Li W. H. , Ye S. L. , Li S. Y. , Yu X. C. , Wu D. R. , Xu J. , Wang Z. K. , Zhang R. , Li C. Q.
Published: September 2017

Background

Garzê and Aba form the second largest Tibetan‐inhabited area of China. Blood services have never been reported for this region before.

Objective

To assess the current situation and analyse whether a safe and adequate blood supply has been developed in both Garzê and Aba.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal survey covering the period 2011–2016. The subjects of interest were recruited from non‐remunerated voluntary donation, blood testing, clinical transfusion practices and infrastructure of local blood service systems.

Results

The donation rate and blood collection volume were below the average levels of both the Sichuan Province and mainland China. Component therapy was widely used, but inappropriate usage of whole blood existed. A lack of national specific standards for people on the plateaus led to local blood transfusions being conducted without full clinical assessment. Endemic and frequently occurring disease, such as hydatid disease and gastrointestinal disease, were inevitable risks for blood utilisation and safety. The potential influence of religious belief and traditions, like ‘male‐leaving marriages’, of Tibetans on donor recruitment and blood safety requires further research.

Conclusions

A relatively safe and complete blood service system has been developed in this region. However, there is still an urgent need for comprehensive and effective support from the government in terms of policies and finance. As an epidemic area of hydatid disease and sexually transmitted disease, this region needs to emphasise public health measures, such as blood safety and inappropriate usage of blood products.
Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a novel benznidazole liquid dosage form using a quality‐by‐design approach
Authors: Santos Souza Higo Fernando , Real Daniel , Leonardi Darío , Rocha Sandra Carla , Alonso Victoria , Serra Esteban , Silber Ariel Mariano , Salomon Claudio Javier
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To develop an alcohol‐free solution suitable for children of benznidazole, the drug of choice for treatment of Chagas disease.

Methods

In a quality‐by‐design approach, a systematic optimisation procedure was carried out to estimate the values of the factors leading to the maximum drug concentration. The formulations were analysed in terms of chemical and physical stability and drug content. The final preparation was subjected to an in vivo palatability assay. Mice were infected and treated orally in a murine model.

Results

The results showed that benznidazole solubility increased up to 18.38 mg/ml in the optimised co‐solvent system. The final formulation remained stable at all three temperatures tested, with suitable drug content and no significant variability. Palatability of the preparation was improved by taste masking of BZL. In vivo studies showed that both parasitaemia and mortality diminished, particularly at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day.

Conclusion

Quality by design was a suitable approach to formulate a co‐solvent system of benznidazole. The in vivo studies confirmed the suitability of the optimised such solutions to diminish both parasitaemia and mortality. Thus, this novel alternative should be taken into account for further clinical evaluation in all age ranges.
The floating churches of Volgograd: River topologies and warped spatialities of faith
Authors: Barba Lata Iulian , Minca Claudio
Published: September 2017

This paper explores creative reuse as an alternative modality to upcycle the materiality and documentary capacities of things, beyond the linear entrapments of historical or functional redundancy. Drawing on an amphibious ethnography of Volgograd's riverscapes, we analyse the floating churches inaugurated after the collapse of the Soviet Union to support the revival of faith practices. Acting as mobile centres of religious activity, they morph various temporalities, functions and places into multidimensional operative domains that range from the embodied practices of sailing and engaging in religious rituals to the making of sacred space at a regional level. We conclude by suggesting that their operations and impact rely on topologies of fixed points and shifting spatialities, which provide a salient vehicle for broader geographical interrogations of memory, creativity and mobility.
Using Bacteroidales genetic markers to assess fecal pollution sources in coastal waters
Authors: Xue Jia , Feng Yucheng , Wijesinghe R. Udenika , Wood C. Wesley
Published: September 2017

Fecal pollution is the leading cause of beach closures in coastal regions of the United States. Identification of fecal pollution sources is necessary to implement effective pollution control strategies. This study sought to determine whether humans and cattle contributed to the fecal contamination at a public beach in Alabama, USA. High levels of enterococci were observed after significant rainfall events, of which 36 samples (35.6%) exceeded USEPA's statistical threshold value of 130 CFU/100 mL. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were used to determine general (AllBac), human‐ (HF183), and cattle‐associated (CowM3) Bacteroidales. There was a positive correlation between the levels of enterococci and AllBac markers. Our results suggest that fecal contamination from cattle was minimal and contamination from humans appeared to originate from diffuse sources. Stormwater runoff has the potential to supply considerable loads of fecal bacteria to coastal waters. Further research is needed to determine the contribution of other animals to fecal contamination in the region.
Comprehensive evaluation of decellularized porcine corneal after clinical transplantation
Authors: Shi Yan , Bikkuzin Timur , Song Zhen , Jin Xin , Jin Hao , Li Xinlei , Zhang Hong
Published: September 2017

Corneal disease is the second most common blinding disease in the world. The shortage of cornea donors has become the greatest challenge in curing corneal disease. Decellularized porcine corneas have the potential to be clinically applied as a substitute for human cornea in lamellar keratoplasty. Porcine corneas will help relieve the cornea donor shortage. To comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of the grafts and the effect of the decellularized porcine cornea on the host cornea after clinical transplantation, we assessed the microstructure of the transplanted decellularized porcine corneal tissues. Through the analysis of the microstructure of the tissues by H&E staining, TEM and immunofluorescence of anti‐human vimentin, anti‐pig vimentin,IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐6, IL‐8, INF‐γ, and TNF‐α immunofluorescence staining, we found that despite the slight rejection that occurred, the porcine cornea has good biocompatibility and can provide a scaffold for cell growth. Genetic analysis using Solexa sequencing of the samples showed that decellularized porcine corneas cannot affect genes in patients’ corneas. Decellularized porcine corneas are effective biological materials for use in corneal transplantation.
International Accounting Standard 12 –“Income Tax” and Aspects for Discussion
Authors: Chiladze Izolda
Published: September 2017

International accounting standard 12-Income tax – regulates accounting methodic of profit tax and demands that the enterprises must account the deferred tax asset and the deferred tax liability. For this reason, the net profit indicator published in the financial statement of the enterprises is unrealistic which in one hand contradicts to requirements of basic qualitative characteristics a financial statement such as Relevance and Faithful Representation and in another hand, it allows of fraud in the financial statement.The aim of this study is to substantiation necessity of simplification of the IAS 12 – Income Tax. In the article is affirmed that accounting of the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability derives many problems for the enterprises and the investors. They also have not an analytical role in the financial analysis of the enterprises. That is why, the leadership of the enterprises avoids to using mentioned standard 12 – Income Tax - in Georgia. This study gives the recommendation that in the IAS 12 - Income tax – bring in the changes, which will be simplified by the method of profit tax accounting in the enterprises and it will eliminate the existing problems of accounting the profit tax.
Modeling Chinese Domestic Cereal Flow due to Stock and Economic Gradient
Authors: Ichinose Toshiaki , Liu Kai
Published: September 2017

To evaluate vulnerability of cereal transportation and stocks estimated from the land use and supply-demand on cereal in China, two types of numerical models (Non-market type and Market type) were developed and applied to this topic. Input data were 20km-cell base. Target year was around 1995. In case of no cereal transportation, severe cereal shortage appeared in urban regions. In the non-market-type model, cereal was transported from grid-cells with positive cereal stocks to grid-cells with the negative in proportion to the ratio of their GDP. In the market-type model, each grid cell absorbed cereal from surrounding cells in proportion to its GDP (economic potential). In the non-market-type model, regional imbalances of cereal stocks were decreased by the cereal transportation. However, the result in the market-type model showed some risk of decreasing cereal stocks in hinterlands of productive regions and in urban regions far from productive regions, especially coastal zone in the south China, because a quick accumulation of cereal in the coastal municipalities enlarged such regional imbalances.
Human Rights Advocacy Across Borders
Authors: Wong Carolyn
Published: September 2017

Chapter Five presents a case study of the politics of recognition and dignity as expressed in the testimony of Hmong refugees about human rights violations in Thailand, where their relatives’ graves were desecrated. A collaborative project led by human rights researchers at the University of Minnesota and Hmong American political leaders explored how the rights claims can be usefully framed in terms of indigenous religious rights. From the work of a newly emerging generation of college-educated Hmong Americans, parts of this story began to find moving expression in a nascent literary and performing arts.
Furnishing the Court
Authors: Wu Yulian
Published: September 2017

Chapter 2 examines the Huizhou head merchants’ interaction with the most precious and expensive goods in eighteenth-century Jiangnan. It explores how these businessmen produced and procured objects for imperial use through the tribute system, manufacturing, and the Qianlong emperor’s empire-wide book collecting project. This chapter shows in detail how the Huizhou salt merchants procured objects from local workshops, markets, and private collections and how their personal networks and managerial ability enabled them to “run errands” for the court. While the salt merchants supplemented formal state bureaucratic systems and served as the emperor’s informal agents in Jiangnan, they also facilitated an exchange of style and taste between the capital and Jiangnan.
Clearing Boundaries
Authors: Chen Shuang
Published: September 2017

By examining the entire process of Shuangcheng settlement—from site selection, residence planning, settler recruitment, to final settlement—this chapter offers one of the first detailed studies of a government planning of a migrant society. While previous studies treat the Qing state as a passive figure in the frontier settlement in Manchuria, this chapter provides evidence of the Qing state’s active participation in and capacity for planning and settling a frontier. The chapter highlights one important strategy used by the state: during the settlement stage, the state eliminated existing social organizations among the settlers by scattering households from the same place of origin or same descent group among different villages. This boundary-clearing procedure provided a foundation for the state to build a two-tier hierarchy with metropolitan bannermen at the top and rural bannermen on the bottom.
Building Boundaries
Authors: Chen Shuang
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the ways the state built new boundaries among immigrants. It analyzes the four population categories recorded on state household registers—metropolitan, rural, and floating bannermen, and civilian commoners—as well as the unregistered population. Through land allocation, the state assigned these population categories differentiated entitlements. Each metropolitan banner household received twice as much land as a rural banner household did. Floating bannermen and civilian commoners had no entitlement to land and could only work as tenants and laborers. Moreover, the state purposefully used population registration to manipulate the entitlements of its subject population, as it intentionally left a large size of unregistered population outside of the system. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the distribution of registered land ownership among the four population categories a half century after the initial settlement, showing the enduring inequality created by state land allocation.
Social Formation in the Early Republic
Authors: Chen Shuang
Published: September 2017

By examining a rent-resistance movement in Shuangcheng in the early Republic of China (1912-49), this chapter reveals that the tensions built into the unequal land entitlements in the Qing continued to shape the formation of social and political groups after the collapse of the dynasty. This process took place along with a tide of elite activism following the fall of the Qing in 1911. Seeing the regime change an opportunity to overthrow the legacy of unequal land entitlement, rural bannermen living in 80 of the 120 villages launched a rent-resistance movement. The conflict soon escalated into a political struggle. Using the rhetoric of “citizenship” – a new discourse offered by the Republican regime – to attack the privileges of metropolitan bannermen, these rural bannermen articulate their identity as a distinct social group. This event also marked the completion of the social construction of categorical boundaries in this immigrant society.
Introduction
Authors: Pledges Dead
Published: September 2017

What is a “dead pledge”? Despite its gothic connotations, it actually names something that is probably quite familiar to many readers: a mortgage contract. The name for a contract on a real estate loan comes from the French mort gage. From this surprising etymology, we might exhume any number of meaningful lessons: about the terrifying nature of debt; the strange ontology of property; the uncanniness of ownership; the implicit threat at the heart of the credit contract. ...
Behavioral Economics and the Credit-Crisis Novel
Authors: McClanahan Annie
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 analyzes novelistic representations of the 2008 credit crisis. Focusing on Jonathan Dee’s The Privileges, Adam Haslett’s Union Atlantic, and Martha McPhee’s Dear Money, it reads the post-crisis novel’s interest in individual psychology alongside and against the rise of behavioral economics. Behavioral economists understand the financial crisis as a consequence of individual choices and cultural climates: from excessive optimism and irrational exuberance to greed and overweening self-interest. At once mirroring and refuting these explanations, the post-credit-crisis novel reveals a deep ambivalence about the model of psychological complexity that undergirds both novelistic character and behavioralist economics. Exploring these problems through experiments with narrative perspective, these post-crisis novels suggest that the rich, full, autonomous homines economici of both the realist novel and microeconomic theory are bankrupt.
Introduction
Authors: Bryson Megan
Published: September 2017

The introduction gives an overview of the goddess Baijie’s four identities and the book’s main themes of religion, ethnicity, and gender. It starts by examining the relationship between deities and society, with a focus on gendered deities, local deities, and deities of the Chinese frontier. It also introduces the Dali region, which it locates both in Zomia, the mountainous, stateless region that covers much of Southeast Asia and southwest China, and in relation to the Chinese state. Baijie’s different forms illustrate how people in Dali managed the tensions between their local identities and the increasing proximity of the Chinese state. Finally, the introduction addresses historiographical and methodological issues that arise in studying Dali and concludes with an outline of each chapter.
Baijie’s Background
Authors: Bryson Megan
Published: September 2017

Chapter one goes back to the Nanzhao (649-903) and Dali kingdoms (937-1253) to understand the broader context in which the Buddhist Baijie arose. It shows that though Nanzhao and Dali rulers adopted most of their Buddhist texts from Chinese territory, they embraced Indian Buddhist images and claimed Indian origins for their Buddhist tradition. Moreover, it was their worship of distinctive deities with Indian iconography that distinguished their Buddhist tradition from that of Tang and Song China. This emphasis on India did not just stem from India’s prestige as Buddhism’s birthplace, but also from Dali’s position in relation to China. While Nanzhao and Dali rulers could not claim equality with Chinese rulers as Sons of Heaven, their relative proximity to India meant that they could claim superiority as Buddhist monarchs.
Lady of Cypress Chastity
Authors: Bryson Megan
Published: September 2017

As the Ming dynasty continued and gave way to the Qing, more migrants from the empire’s eastern and central regions made their way to Yunnan. Baijie Furen, the third form of Baijie, emerged as a result of this increasing contact between Han outsiders and Dali locals. This chapter argues that Baijie Furen, portrayed in legend as an eighth-century widow martyr, supplanted the earlier forms of Baijie because of her multifaceted identity: for Dali elites, she signified the region’s long history of Confucian virtues, which marked it as civilized; for Ming and Qing elites, her exceptional example proved that imperial civilizing projects could succeed. In both cases Baijie Furen served as a proxy for the Bai people because male elites correlated a population’s civilization with women’s sexual propriety.
The Global Intimacies of Taste
Authors: Abou-Hodeib Toufoul
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the concept of "taste" and how it challenged the divide between public and private, and between the interior and the exterior of a culture. The argument is elaborated on in relation to the global production of taste, the culture of class, the position of the middle class between tradition and modernity, and the quest for authenticity. Engaging postcolonial theory, Pierre Bourdieu's work on class, and recent literature on the middle class as a global phenomenon, the chapter argues that because it was globally produced and brought together local and industrialized labor in the production of domestic commodities, taste complicated attempts at grounding authenticity in the middle-class home. Even as it functioned as a mark of distinction in contemporary debates on class, taste linked the Beiruti middle-class home to its urban, imperial, and global contexts.
Conclusion
Authors: Abou-Hodeib Toufoul
Published: September 2017

The conclusion looks at how a study of middle-class domesticity in late Ottoman Beirut contributes to demystifying the idea of “Westernization.” It suggests that it would be more useful to think of Oriental and ifranji differences as internal opposites that structure each other and as part of the process of realizing the imagined realities of “Europe” and “the Orient.” Taste becomes part of this process of differentiation in as much as it is the material manifestation of difference. But even more importantly, taste is itself constitutive of that difference in the way it is constructed globally and in its ability to find its way into the most private of spaces. The chapter concludes by pointing out how a history of modernity understood in these terms can relate to contemporary debates and phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Schlesinger Jonathan
Published: September 2017

In 1886, the explorer H. Evan James claimed to discover pristine nature in Manchuria; the only order in Manchuria, he enthused, was Nature itself. Strikingly, a century and half earlier, China’s Qianlong emperor (r. 1735-1795) celebrated the region in similar language. Still further, his court went to extraordinary lengths to defend both the Manchu homeland and its unspoiled nature. What, then, constituted pristine nature in the Qing?
The View from Beijing
Authors: Schlesinger Jonathan
Published: September 2017

A momentous change occurred in eighteenth-century China: fur, together with other products that seemed both exotic and natural, became popular. What meaning did natural objects have in everyday life? Using archival and literary evidence, pawnshop records, travel accounts, and sumptuary laws, the chapter shows how consumer patterns and marketplace understandings of nature shifted through the course of the eighteenth century. From a world where no Chinese word existed for products such as “marten” and “Manchurian pearl,” consumers ushered in a new one where connoisseurship of furs marked elite status, and words existed for every part of each animal’s anatomy. Though faux furs, farmed ginseng, and imitation wild Mongolian mushrooms flooded the street, knowing consumers sought the real thing: undyed, uncultivated products from the far north. While at first a court fashion, by the mid-eighteenth century nature was for sale throughout the streets of Beijing.
Pearl Thieves and Perfect Order
Authors: Schlesinger Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Something strange happened in Manchuria under Qing rule: its freshwater mussels disappeared. Stranger still, the Qing empire did everything in its power to preserve them: draft soldiers; fortify passes; patrol rivers; send boats and horses and silver and men. It streamlined the bureaucracy and revamped the local administration. “Nurture the mussels and let them grow,” the emperor ordered; let Manchuria have mussels. Chapter explores what happened: the collapse of the pearl fishery the attempts, in the language of the Qing court, to “nurture the mussels.” The court put its full weight behind efforts to create a long-term sustainability: it reorganized the administrative structure, empowered territorial governors, and created militarized off-limits areas. Poachers were arrested; the mussels allowed to rest. Through a detailed description of the tribute system, the ecological crisis, and the court’s response, the chapter documents how a reinvented Manchuria came to be.
North Korea’s External Economic Relations, 1990–2016
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Noland Marcus
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers a variety of indicators on the nature of North Korea’s external economic relations, including its direction and composition of trade. These data suggest why coordination problems around sanctions and engagement have proven so difficult, as China has come to account for an increasing share of North Korea’s trade. The chapter provides a balance-of-payments accounting of the country and demonstrates how the regime has been able to adjust to sanctions through illicit activities and securing external forces of foreign exchange, including capital inflows, despite its ambivalent posture toward foreign investors.
Negotiating on Nuclear Weapons I
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Noland Marcus
Published: September 2017

This chapter and the next one consider direct negotiations over nuclear weapons and the strategic interplay around the peninsula in two distinct phases. The two administrations of George W. Bush correspond to the rise and fall of the Six-Party Talks process, initiated in 2003 following the onset of the second nuclear crisis and ultimately breaking down in the last year of the second Bush term in 2008. We address that history, showing that, while there is some evidence of financial sanctions “working,” they did so only in the context of wider inducements.
Negotiating on Nuclear Weapons II
Authors: Haggard Stephan , Noland Marcus
Published: September 2017

In the second period (2009–2014), formal negotiations were in abeyance but the six parties nonetheless engaged in an intricate set of strategic interactions in which sanctions and inducements continued to play a significant role. By coincidence, this period largely corresponds with the two administrations of Barack Obama, which we review here. During this second period, multilateral sanctions deepened in the wake of further missile tests and three additional nuclear tests in May 2009, February 2013, and January 2016, but with little effect on reopening negotiations.
Economists and Market-Conforming Reform
Authors: Christensen Johan
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents the theoretical argument of the book, which centers on how the institutionalization of economic knowledge within the state shaped the turn toward the market in public policy. The argument points to the interaction between professional groups and administrative institutions. Highly trained experts often occupy strategic bureaucratic positions and possess knowledge resources that they can leverage vis-à-vis elected politicians. At the same time, the institutional position of professional experts varies across both countries and government organizations, depending not only on functional tasks but also on struggles over the proper role of different forms of knowledge in managing the affairs of the state. The chapter thus puts forward a contingent argument about the institutional role and policy impact of economic experts, which contributes to a growing literature about the role of economists in contemporary policy making.
New Zealand
Authors: Christensen Johan
Published: September 2017

New Zealand went further in the adoption of market-oriented policies than any other advanced economy in the 1980s. This chapter investigates the role of economists within the state in this radical shift toward the market. It shows how the buildup of economic expertise in the New Zealand Treasury laid the foundations for the embrace of neoclassical economic thinking in the department in the early 1980s, including efficiency-oriented ideas about tax policy. This inspired a radical program of economic restructuring, which was put into action by New Zealand’s Labour government. Despite severe criticism and organizational reforms, the sway of state economists over tax policy largely persisted over the following decades, culminating in a further strengthening of the market orientation of the tax system in 2010.
Ireland
Authors: Christensen Johan
Published: September 2017

In stark contrast to New Zealand’s market–conforming policies, Ireland pursued a tax policy of narrow bases and targeted incentives aimed at stimulating specific economic activities. Although successful in fueling economic growth, these policies contributed directly to the country’s economic meltdown at the end of the 2000s. This chapter links the policies adopted in Ireland to the country's generalist administrative system. The persistence of generalist, competition–based recruitment to the civil service effectively blocked the rise of economists within the Irish state. The marginal role of economic experts in Ireland’s finance bureaucracy not only meant that efficiency–oriented ideas about taxation lacked carriers but also that administrators lacked the analytical skills to resist the increasingly reckless tax policies pursued by politicians.
On the Origin of Film and the Resurrection of the People
Authors: Peretz Eyal
Published: September 2017

This chapter consists of a reading of Griffith’s masterpiece Intolerance. From the point of view of the development of cinematic grammar, Griffith is perhaps most famous for two things: for having basically invented cinematic montage--a logic of cinematic cutting--and for having liberated the location of the camera, no longer having it simulate the position of a theatrical audience, freeing it from occupying a constant center and distance in relation to which a stage opens. These innovations meant that the perspective and order of cinematic shots were no longer subjected to the principle of a given center; any shot could follow any given shot, without any pre-established reason or meaning. The chapter demonstrates how these innovations are fundamentally based on Griffith’s understanding of the dimension of the off-screen.
Howard Hawks’s Idea of Genre
Authors: Peretz Eyal
Published: September 2017

In this chapter the book extends its demonstration that the dimension of the off-screen is the very heart of the medium of film by showing how it can become the lens through which to examine another fundamental cinematic question, that of film genre. The chapter is dedicated to a reading of a single film of Howard Hawks, the relatively late work Monkey Business, through which it also opens up the general Hawksian poetics. The chapter demonstrates that Hawks’ brilliance consists in having understood genres to be differing modalities of inscription of the dimension of the “off”. Monkey Business transitions between dozens of genres displaying the main Hawksian principle of genre: there is no sense of speaking, as in the classical theory of genres, about a hierarchy of genres (tragedy is high, comedy is low, farce even lower, etc.), nor about a limitation of their number.
The Off-Screen
Authors: Peretz Eyal
Published: September 2017

The paradigmatic articulation for the modern age of the work of art’s relation to the “off” is Hamlet. Hamlet’s ghost, occupying the off-stage as the play begins, is a figure for the dimension of the “off-stage.” The figure of the ghost appears with the disappearance of divine order, and the work of art, which now becomes fascinated with the new dimension of the “off,” becomes the arena for showing ghosts, replacing the sacred work as an arena for showing the divine. In order to demonstrate the generality of this matrix the book engages in a discussion of Bruegel’s Landscape with the Fall of Icarus and Tarkovsky’s Solaris which, much like Hamlet, show the emergence of the modern work of art to depend on the disappearance of divine order, associated in both works with the death of the father.
Using Pre-Assessment and In-Class Questions to Change Student Understanding of Molecular Movements
Authors: Shi J. , Knight Jennifer K. , Chun Hyonho , Guild Nancy A. , Martin Jennifer M.
Published: September 2017

Understanding how different types of molecules move through cell membranes is a fundamental part of cell biology. To identify and address student misconceptions surrounding molecular movement through cell membranes, we surveyed student understanding on this topic using pre-class questions, in-class clicker questions, and subsequent exam questions in a large introductory biology course. Common misconceptions identified in student responses to the pre-class assessment questions were used to generate distractors for clicker questions. Two-tier diagnostic clicker questions were used to probe incoming common student misconceptions (first tier) and their reasoning (second tier). Two subsequent lectures with assessment clicker questions were used to help students construct a new framework to understand molecular movement through cell membranes. Comparison of pre-assessment and post-assessment (exam) performance showed dramatic improvement in students’ understanding of molecular movement: student answers to exam questions were 74.6% correct with correct reasoning while only 1.3% of the student answers were correct with correct reasoning on the pre-class assessment. Our results show that students’ conceptual understanding of molecular movement through cell membranes progressively increases through discussions of a series of clicker questions and suggest that this clicker-based teaching strategy was highly effective in correcting common student misconceptions on this topic.
Using Anthropomorphism and Fictional Story Development to Enhance Student Learning
Authors: Brossard Stoos Kari A. , Haftel Madeline
Published: September 2017

Understanding mechanisms of human disease can be very challenging for students with a basic background in anatomy and biology, and it can be nearly impossible for students without any prior exposure to these basic sciences. We have designed an approach for understanding human disease for learners of various science backgrounds. By using fictional character associations with disease processes, we have anthropomorphized disease components to make the mechanisms accessible to students with little to no science background, while still appealing and exciting to students with significant science backgrounds. By assisting students in the creation of fictional characters to represent disease processes, we have increased student understanding, engagement, enjoyment, and retention of course content.
Metacognition Modules: A Scaffolded Series of Online Assignments Designed to Improve Students’ Study Skills
Authors: Cardinale Jean A. , Johnson Bethany C.
Published: September 2017

Many first-year biology students begin college with high aspirations but limited skills in terms of those needed for their success. Teachers are increasingly focused on students’ lack of metacognitive awareness combined with students’ inability to self-regulate learning behaviors. To address this need, we have designed a series of out-of-class assignments to provide explicit instruction on memory and learning. Our metacognition modules consist of six video assignments with reflective journaling prompts, allowing students to explore the relationship between the learning cycle, neuroplasticity, memory function, expert and novice thinking, and effective study strategies. By setting lessons on improving study behavior within a biological context, we help students grasp the reason for changing their behavior based on an understanding of biological functions and their application to learning. Students who complete these scaffolded journaling assignments show a shift toward a growth mindset and a consistent ability to evaluate the efficacy of their own study behaviors. In this article, we discuss the modules and student assignments, as well as provide in depth support for faculty who wish to adopt the modules for their own courses.
Development of Oral Communication Skills by Undergraduates that Convey Evolutionary Concepts to the Public
Authors: Cleveland Lacy M. , Reinsvold Robert J.
Published: September 2017

Leaders in undergraduate biology education have recommended that post-secondary programs recognize the importance of communication. Scientists are generally recognized as the conduit for communicating scientific information with the public. Traditionally, scientific training has focused on building students’ content knowledge, knowledge of terminology, and ability to communicate with other scientists. The majority of undergraduate biology programs do not include a focus on building their students’ ability to communicate scientific information to non-scientists. Due to both its controversy (outside the scientific community) and conflicting scientific and lay terminology, speaking to non-scientists about evolution can be especially challenging. In this Tips and Tool article, we present an interactive approach to help build students’ conceptual knowledge of evolution and to develop their ability to orally communicate with non-scientists.
A Model Approach to Public Engagement Training for Students in Developing Countries
Authors: Karikari Thomas K. , Yawson Nat Ato
Published: September 2017

Early involvement in public engagement activities may enhance undergraduate and graduate students’ long-term interest in science careers and their ability to dialogue with the public about topics of importance to science and society. While several public engagement training programs have been created and implemented in universities in the developed world, such opportunities are limited in developing countries. In their pursuit to develop appropriate public engagement training programs for their students, outreach providers and educators in developing countries will benefit from tried-and-tested training schemes from specific developing country contexts. In this paper, we describe the development, implementation, outcomes and possible extensions to an initiative to train budding scientists in a Ghanaian university to enable them to more effectively interact with the non-scientist public about the relevance of their research and the contribution of scientific endeavors to improving our daily lives. In order to address specific public engagement challenges identified in the target society, the program focuses on training students to become initiators of outreach activities who proactively seek engagement opportunities and can independently develop innovative events particularly for communities with poor public inclination to participate in scientific outreach.
Pedigree Go Fish
Authors: Osier Michael V.
Published: September 2017

A card game based upon the classic game Go Fish is presented for active practicing of segregation analysis, the determination of the most likely method of transmission based upon pedigree information. The game is easily prepared and dropped into a classroom setting. Printable materials, including playing cards and student instructions, are available as article supplements.
An Internship May Not Be Enough: Enhancing Bioscience Industry Job Readiness through Practicum Experiences
Authors: Cramer Jason M. , Hamilton Paul T.
Published: September 2017

In contrast to the narrowing of options in academic careers, the bioscience industry offers robust employment opportunities for STEM-trained workers, especially those who display both scientific and business talent. Unfortunately, traditional science programs typically lack curricular features that develop this type of worker. The North Carolina State University Master of Microbial Biotechnology (MMB) program facilitates industry-specific experiential learning to fill this training gap. Similar programs often rely on a single industry internship to provide students relevant work experience, but completion of one internship might not suffice to position students for employment in a highly competitive job market. The MMB program requires students to complete an internship and three practicum projects in an industry setting, to promote development of key skills in a variety of areas, to build confidence in the ability to perform initial job duties, and to establish a more extensive work history in industry. In this Perspective we discuss an unmet need in undergraduate and graduate STEM education that can be filled by incorporating a similar set of industry-specific work experiences for students who desire to transition from academe into the life science industry.