bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Mata Kuliah Pengukuran Besaran Listrik (PBL) Teori Terhadap Hasil Praktikum Pengukuran Besaran Listrik (PBL) Ditinjau dari Motivasi Belajar Mahasiswa IT - PLN
Authors: Anggaini Dwi
Published: April 2021

Electrical Measurement is one of the courses in Electrical Engineering, which consists of theoretical and practical subjects. The system of taking practical courses should be implemented after taking theoretical courses or simultaneously in one semester. But in reality there are still students who take practical courses before taking theoretical courses, especially in the Electrical Measurement course. Based on the description above, the researcher would describe whether there is an influence of learning outcomes of Electrical Measurement Theoretical Courses on learning outcomes of Electrical Measurement Practical Courses.  This research must be held to measure motivation to learn of students and learn the interaction between learning motivation and Electrical Measurement Practical Courses. This research was analyzed using two-way ANAVA (Two Way ANOVAI) with a 2x2 factorial design and further tests using Tukey Test. The result was there is an interaction between Electrical Measurement Theoretical Courses and student's learning motivation of their Electrical Measurement Practical Courses' results. This can be seen from 16.66 and Ft = 4.04 at ? = 0.05 with Fh> Ft means H1 is accepted.
Model Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) untuk Analisis Performa Kontrol pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Angin
Authors: Putri Tri Wahyu Oktaviana , Yogianto Agus , Hajar Ibnu
Published: April 2021

Studi mengenai pengoperasian pembangkit listrik dari energi terbarukan dengan tenaga angin khususnya terkait dengan peran sistem kontrol pada pembangkit listrik tenaga angin relatif masih sangat terbatas. Peran sistem kontrol sendiri sangat penting di dalam konversi daya pembangkit listrik seperti ini. Oleh sebab itu untuk mengetahui serta menyelidiki pengaruh  sistem kontrol konverter daya pada pembangkit listrik tenaga angin khususnya dengan Double-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) dibutuhkan pemodelan dari pembangkit listrik tenaga angin dengan DFIG  serta sistem kontrol  yang dapat digunakan untuk simulasi pada jaringan atau sistem tenaga listrik. Penelitian dengan demikian bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model pembangkit listrik tenaga angin dengan generator DFIG beserta sistem kontrolnya yang dapat mengatur konversi daya secara optimal pada operasi yang terkoneksi ke jaringan listrik. Beberapa tahapan dilakukan pada penelitian ini yang terdiri dari kajian literatur, persiapan perangkat untuk simulasi memakai MATLAB/Simulink, pemodelan DFIG dengan penurunan persamaan yang berlaku, penyederhanaan model, disain kontrol, simulasi dan analisis. Pada  tahapan penelitian ini hasil yang didapat merupakah sebagian tahapan penelitian yaitu mendapatkan pemodelan DFIG yang disederhanakan. Model DFIG yang disederhanakan  ini diperoleh setelah melalui perumusan persamaan matematis dari rangkaian ekuivalen DFIG, menurunkan persamaan untuk model transien DFIG dan menyusun model DFIG dalam bentuk state space. Selanjutnya penyederhanaan dari bentuk state space  diperoleh hubungan antara stator dan rotor DFIG.
Perancangan Dan Penataan Penerangan Jalan Umum Dengan Aplikasi Dialux evo 8.2 Di Jalan Depok Cilodong
Authors: TAMBUNAN JUARA MANGAPUL , Hutajulu Albert Gifson , Husada Hendrianto
Published: April 2021

The increase in population, urban development and road construction are the demands of many communities in obtaining public street lighting for road users by providing better services. Public street lighting has become a necessity for many people, which is very important for two-wheeled, four-wheeled, and many-wheeled drivers for safety and comfort in traffic, especially at night. Therefore, the authors conducted a new research design by arranging public street lighting in the area of ​​the Depok Cilodong highway, with the aim of providing the beauty of the road environment by the model of the arrangement and installation of poles, pole height and PJU lamp models to the road body. Its uniqueness is seen from the perspective of the side of social and environmental impacts that are generally not seen by the local government and the level of evenness of road lighting on road materials is still lacking, so that the impact on the road user community is better and more modern. The method used with the Dialux EVO 8.2 Program for short road lengths can choose street lights taken from the IES Lighting data on the 10W Eco Led, 10 VAC Milky Way, which is installed with a height of 8 meters with a distance between poles 15 meters with a large amount of procurement allows for high costs. For the long distance of the road, you can use the 20W Led Bimasakti Eco street light, 10 VAC, which is installed with a height of 8 meters and 20 meters between the poles. So by analyzing the selection criteria, it is capable of producing street lighting with lighting levels in accordance with SNI 7391-2008 and considering the quantity of material procurement as well as the tipping point which has an impact on financing for installation services.
Susceptibilidade dos Staphylococcus spp. isolados da pele de cães com piodermite recidivante
Authors: Sousa Sinerey Karla Salim Aragão de , Casseb Alexandre do Rosário , Pereira Elisa Cunha , Meneses Andre Marcelo Conceição
Published: April 2021

Infecções piogênicas mistas acometem todos os mamíferos e todos seus sistemas orgânicos. Portanto, a piodermite também pode ser definida como uma condição infecciosa, produtora de pus, de causa bacteriana que acomete a pele em qualquer nível de profundidade. O presente estudo foi composto por 25 cães portadores de piodermite superficial que tiveram amostras de secreção purulenta coletadas com auxílio de swab, semeadas em meio de cultura para isolamento do Staphylococcus spp., seguida da avaliação da sensibilidade antimicrobiana pelo método de Kirby-Bauer. A sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados mostrou que o ciprofloxacino foi a droga que mostrou maior nível de sensibilidade (13/25), enquanto que os mais resistentes foram a Amicacina (19/25), Penicilina (20/25) e a Oxacilina (21/25) respectivamente. A presença de Staphylococcus em processos infecciosos em animais tem se mostrado cada vez mais frequente, e a resistência aos antimicrobianos é uma realidade emergente.
Percepções do enfermeiro: Processo de morte e morrer
Authors: Silva Alexandre Ernesto , Ribeiro Stefãne Amorim , Ferreira Gleison José , Silva Jessica Maria Dalivete , Oliveira Luiz Alberto de , Jesus Sara Batista de , Carvalho Thayane Vieira
Published: April 2021

Introdução: A tônica da morte e o processo de morrer inerente a ela se manifestam presentes no imaginário comum da sociedade, ocasionando inquietação e desconsolo. Para o enfermeiro a morte é compreendida como a negação de seu propósito em resguardar vidas, contudo, intensifica-seà comoção no fim da vida de uma criança ou um adulto jovem mais que a de um idoso adoecido, devida a interrupção prematura de um ciclo. Objetivo: Identificar e analisar as percepções da equipe de enfermagem no processo de morte de uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA), frente ao processo de morrer. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo e os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada, no mês de julho de 2015. As informações extraídas das entrevistas foram analisadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: A equipe de Enfermagem demonstrou um enorme desconforto e inquietação com o tema morte, causando constante estresse laboral. Conclusão: Existem crenças e sentimentos negativos que margeiam o profissional de enfermagem frente à finitude dos pacientes, o que evidencia a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais sobre esse assunto.
Acupuntura na prática odontológica: Ênfase na cirurgia
Authors: Lemos Ana Luisa Ferreira , Teixeira Amanda Sousa , Nascimento Fernando , Silva Luciana de Araújo Mendes , Costa Marcelo Dias Moreira de Assis , Dietrich Lia
Published: April 2021

Atualmente, existe uma grande busca por terapias consideradas naturais, geralmente chamadas de alternativas, tanto por parte dos cirurgiões dentistas, quanto dos pacientes. Em meio a diversas opções, encontra-se a acupuntura, uma técnica que faz parte da Medicina Tradicional Chinesa, a qual, se constitui pela inserção de agulhas, em pontos específicos da pele, ao longo do corpo. Tal técnica comprovou cientificamente suas capacidades ansiolíticas, hemostáticas, anti-inflamatórias, analgésicas, mio relaxantes e ativadora da função imune. Este trabalho objetiva agrupar informações, sobre o benefício da acupuntura dentro da odontologia, dando enfoque aos procedimentos cirúrgicos. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura narrativa do tema, utilizando como base de referência artigos disponíveis em plataformas onlines, como BVS salud, Scielo e Pubmed, nos idiomas inglês e portugues (Brasil), onde foi priorizado a utilização de artigos mais atuais ou artigos que trazem a base e fundamentação da acupuntura.  A acupuntura se mostra uma alternativa, extremamente interessante, tanto para o paciente quanto para o cirurgião dentista, uma vez que, proporciona segurança e conforto para ambos.
Diferentes recipientes na produção de mudas de açaizeiro
Authors: Santos Janaira Almeida , Oliveira Igor Vinicius de
Published: April 2021

O açaizeiro (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) é uma das principais culturas disseminadas na região amazônica com importância econômica, social e ambiental. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o uso de saco de polietileno e tubete com diferentes volumes na produção de mudas de açaizeiro. O ensaio foi conduzido no campo experimental da Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará entre abril e novembro de 2018, em Marabá, Pará. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 2 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os recipientes avaliados foram sacos pretos perfurados com capacidade de 2800 cm3 e tubetes com capacidade de 265 cm3. A cultivar avaliada foi o BRS – Pará. Após germinação as plântulas foram transplantadas para os recipientes com substrato contendo 60% de areia, 20% de pó de serragem e 20% de esterco curtido. As avaliações foram feitas a cada 30 dias após o transplante realizando-se a contagem do número de folhas emitidas, a altura da planta e o diâmetro do coleto. A determinação de matéria seca total foi realizada aos 120 dias após o transplante. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% e ao índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Os parâmetros altura e massa seca total foram significativamente influenciados pelo volume do recipiente. O diâmetro do coleto e número de folhas das mudas produzidas nos sacos e nos tubetes não se diferenciaram estatisticamente. Mudas de açaí são melhor produzidas em sacos pretos perfurados com capacidade de 2800 cm3.
A prática profissional em Centro de Atenção Psicossocial: A produção científica na pós-graduação
Authors: Silveira Rafael Pasche da , Silva Rosângela Marion da , Wasum Fernanda Demetrio , Antunes Larissa Dias , Siqueira Daiana Foggiato de
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: O estudo tem por objetivo conhecer e analisar a tendência das produções científicas brasileiras sobre a prática profissional em Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS). Método: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, realizada no portal de teses e dissertações da Capes, no mês de julho de 2020. As palavras utilizadas na busca foram: [profissona*] AND [prática] AND [CAPS] OR [centro de atenção psicossocial], empregando operador booleano “AND” ou “OR” entre elas. Resultados: Foram encontradas 217 teses e dissertações. A partir do resultado desta busca foi realizada a leitura dos resumos e após aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restaram 18 dissertações e 2 teses. A análise das 20 produções, na íntegra, se deu por meio da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. As temáticas que emergiram a partir das produções estabelecidas foram: O cuidado em saúde mental e a prática profissional na assistência em saúde mental. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a abordagem qualitativa é frequente em teses e dissertações sobre o tema e que são necessárias pesquisas que qualifiquem a prática dos profissionais dentro dos CAPS e na saúde mental de modo geral.
Avaliação do potencial antimicrobiano de fungos isolados do solo do Município de Iranduba
Authors: Carmin Andréia Almeida , Santiago Paulo Alexandre Lima , Santiago Sarah Raquel Silveira da Silva , Gomes Aldalúcia Macêdo dos Santos , Pereira Keila Dayane do Espírito Santo
Published: April 2021

O Brasil está entre os países que possui a maior biodiversidade biológica do mundo, estimada em 20% das espécies já conhecidas como um todo. Os fungos compreendem um grupo heterogêneo de microrganismos, podendo ser sapróbios, parasitas ou simbiontes. Esses microrganismos são de extrema importância na produção de produtos que são utilizados nas indústrias farmacêutica, sendo fonte de substancia no combate de doenças infecciosas. Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de fungos isolados do solo sobre Staphylococcus aureus. Os fungos foram coletados no Município de Iranduba, transportados ao laboratório multidisciplinar da Escola Superior Batista do Amazonas – Esbam, onde foram isolados, purificados e conservados em Glicerol 20%. Foram separados para o teste o F4 e F9. No teste de atividade antimicrobiana, apenas a espécie F4 desenvolveu halo de inibição de 0,9 mm.
Does foliar silicon application enhance the biomass yield of millet silage, and does it provide significant economic gains?
Authors: Flores Rilner Alves , Pessoa de Sousa Marco Aurelio , Bueno Amanda Magalhães , Andrade Aline Franciel de , Souza Junior Jonas Pereira de , Abdala Klaus de Oliveira , Prado Renato de Mello , Santos Glenio Guimarães , Mesquita Marcio
Published: April 2021

Millet is a grass that has been highlighted for silage production, especially for being a productive tropical plant, and undemanding concerning soil fertility. Silicon (Si) is an alternative low-cost solution to increase biomass production, and it has been noticed to be beneficial to plants, especially when there are stress conditions. So, we analyzed the effects of foliar silicon application to gas exchanges, dry biomass production, and economic efficiency. We used a completely randomized experimental design consisting of foliar application of the following five doses of Si: 0; 0.84; 1.68; 2.52; and 3.36 g L-1 of Si as potassium and sodium silicate, with five replications. We measured the plant height, leaf area, Si contents and accumulation in the plants, gas exchanges (stomatal conductance, transpiration, and photosynthesis net), dry matter production, Si uptake and transport efficiency by plants and its economic efficiency. The Si content enhanced and accumulated in all parts of millet plants, reaching values between 2.5 and 3.3 g L-1. There were linear increases of approximately 9 and 27% in height and leaf area of millet plants to 3.36 g L-1 of Si. Stomatal conductance and transpiration reached maximum values representing an increase of 44.60 and 101.30%, respectively. The concentration of 3.36 g L-1 of Si increased photosynthesis by 76% and shoot dry matter production by 15%, when compared to the control. Si application is economically viable. The operational costs of application are suppressed, reaching to about US $ 45.32 ha-1 with the application of 2.52 g L-1 of Si.
“Tratando a água”: Um jogo didático para o ensino de química com enfoque na abordagem Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade - CTS
Authors: Costa Willian Guimarães de Carvalho , Silva Milady Renata Apolinário da , Silva Lucas César da
Published: April 2021

Em vista das dificuldades de se contextualizar os conteúdos trabalhados na disciplina de química com o cotidiano dos alunos para facilitar sua compreensão e tornar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem mais efetivos, professores recorrem a variadas estratégias de ensino e recursos didáticos para dinamizarem suas aulas e despertar o interesse dos alunos. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de uma sequência didática (SD), com enfoque na abordagem Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS), utilizando um jogo como recurso didático, para serem utilizados por professores dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental II e do Ensino Médio. A metodologia empregada foi a pesquisa qualitativa tendo os dados referentes às contribuições da utilização de recursos didáticos e da abordagem CTS presentes na SD, analisados buscando-se elementos que conferissem a sequência didática e ao jogo, um caráter CTS. Constatou-se que a abordagem CTS associada à utilização do jogo didático, contribui de forma significativa para o ensino de química, aproximando os alunos do conteúdo e motivando-os a construírem o conhecimento de forma lúdica e eficiente.
Tecnologias educativas empregadas na educação em saúde para pessoas com surdez: Uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Sá Ana Karine Laranjeira de , Maia Marcella Tiburcio , Silva Alexiane Mendonça da , Cappelletti Andrés
Published: April 2021

A dificuldade de comunicação no indivíduo surdo traz sérias consequências dado aos obstáculos enfrentados para adquirir informação acerca de educação em saúde. Todavia, as tecnologias podem colaborar com o acesso ao conhecimento para a promoção de saúde e prevenção de agravos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar evidências científicas encontradas na literatura acerca das tecnologias educacionais na área da saúde destinadas aos surdos. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada em seis etapas, em que os artigos foram selecionados em português, inglês e espanhol nas bases de dados: Medline via Pubmed, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Cochrane Library e Web Of Science. Os artigos foram organizados por ano de publicação. A amostra final resultou em 10 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2010 a 2020, com níveis de evidência II, III e IV. Na identificação dos recursos tecnológicos observados os vídeos educativos merecem destaque, utilizados em quatro (40%) publicações, seguidos de avaliações no uso de sites em saúde, SMS, aplicativo e cursos on-line. Com isso, constatou-se a efetividade das tecnologias assistivas, as quais contribuem para a igualdade de acesso, qualidade de vida e aporte educacional para a promoção da saúde desse público.
Spontaneous in planta changes in fungal endophytes impact symbiosis
Authors: Simpson W.R. , Christensen M.J. , Johnson R.D. , Schmid J.
Published: April 2021

The symbiosis between the asexual Ascomycetous fungi of the genus Neotyphodium and host grasses is considered to be symptomless. Symbioses involving EpichloÃ« can show symptoms but this is restricted to the formation of stroma on floral structures. Fungal mycelium of both EpichloÃ« and Neotyphodium endophytes occupy the intercellular space of plant tissues with no breach of host cell walls. Research involving these endophytes and their host grass symbioses relies on staining of host tissues and microscopic examination, immuno-detection or in-vitro isolation to determine infection status. This work reports on the observation of two independent instances of spontaneous change in the endophyte fungus that manifests as changes in the host grass vegetative morphology; one involving a genetically modified EpichloÃ« festucae inoculated into a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) population and the other a resident wild type Neotyphodium lolii. The relationship between wild type and variant fungus is confirmed as is the connection between variant fungus and host morphology. This work demonstrates that spontaneous in-planta changes in fungal endophytes occur and that these can impact on fungus/host grass symbioses. Keywords: Neotyphodium, EpichloÃ«, symbiosis, endophyte, perennial ryegrass
Menage a trois - are two fungi too much for ryegrass?
Authors: Liu Q. , Parsons A.J. , Xue H. , Harzer H. , Rasmussen S.
Published: April 2021

A pot experiment investigated interactions between foliar endophytic (EP, Neotyphodium lolii) and root arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM, Glomus mosseae) fungi in Lolium perenne. The effects of three phosphorus (P) forms (KH2PO4-P, phosphate rock-P (PR) and phytate-P) on EP and AM colonisation and plant growth parameters were also assessed. AM arbuscular and vesicular structures were estimated by microscopic counting and fungal concentrations were quantified by qPCR of G. mosseae and N. lolii specific genes. Significantly more AM structures were formed in roots of EP-free compared to EP-infected plants, indicating that AM development is suppressed by the presence of foliar EPs. Total AM concentrations were also generally higher in EP-free plant roots, but not significantly. EP concentrations were significantly reduced by higher plant-available P in the growth medium, but mycorrhizal infection did not significant affect EP concentrations. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot dry matter (DM) at low plant-available P in the PR treatment. Infection with the endophytic strain AR37 also significantly increased shoot DM and fungal concentrations were higher compared to CS (common or wild-type strain)- and AR1-infected plants. Insoluble phytate-P produced the same amount of biomass as soluble-P (K-Pi) did, suggesting that L. perenne has the ability to use organic P. Keywords: Neotyphodium lolii, Glomus mosseae, foliar endophyte, arbuscular mycorrhizae, Lolium perenne, qPCR, phosphate, AR1, AR37
Discovery of small molecule bioactive agents from endophytic fungi of the Sonoran Desert
Authors: Bashyal B.P. , Burns A.M. , Liu M.X. , Paranagama P.A. , Seliga C.J. , Turbyville T.J. , Wijeratne E.M.K. , Zhan J. , Gunatilaka M.K. , Arnold A.E. , Faeth S.H. , Whitesell L. , Gunatilaka A.A.L.
Published: April 2021

In our search for novel small molecule bioactive agents from endophytic fungi of the Sonoran desert, extracts derived from cultures of some selected endophytic fungal strains have been screened in assays for inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) activity, cancer cell proliferation and migration. Chaetomium chiversii, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium oxysporum producing metabolites active in these assays were cultured on large-scale and the derived extracts were subjected to bioactivity-guided fractionation to obtain a variety of natural products with diverse structures, and potential applications in cancer chemotherapeutics. This paper discusses the isolation, characterisation, and biological activity of some selected small molecule metabolites. Keywords: endophytic fungi, small molecule natural products, isolation, structure elucidation biological activity, cytotoxic agents, cell migration inhibitors; Hsp90 inhibitors
Dehydrin expression in drought-stressed tall fescue
Authors: Guerber C.A. , West C.P. , Carson R.D. , Havely A.M.
Published: April 2021

Tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) drought tolerance is often enhanced by endophyte infection; however, the physiological mechanisms are not clearly understood. Endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E-) clones of two contrasting tall fescue genotypes were drought stressed to investigate differences in endophyte-mediated dehydrin expression. Both genotypes had shown enhanced drought survival due to their endophyte in previous trials. As drought stress intensified, E+ and E- plants of both genotypes produced dehydrins; however, quantitative and qualitative differences were noted. Genotype 60, a mesic type, accumulated more dehydrins in E+ than in E- plants, whereas genotype 330, a xeric type, displayed low levels of dehydrin and no differences between E+ and E- plants in accumulation patterns. Lack of dehydrin response in genotype 330 suggests that putative dehydrin involvement in endophyte-enhanced tiller survival may not be a universal mechanism in tall fescue. In the absence of endophyte, genotype 330 still expressed much less dehydrin than E- genotype 60, indicating lesser importance of dehydrin in a xeric plant for dehydration tolerance, perhaps benefiting more from constitutive adaptive traits in the host. Keywords: dehydrin, drought, tall fescue
Effects of the MaxP (TM) endophyte in tall fescue on pasture production and composition, and the sheep grazing preference in a dryland environment
Authors: Tozer K.N. , Ates S. , Mapp N.R. , Smith M.C. , Lucas R.J. , Edwards G.R.
Published: April 2021

Pasture growth, botanical composition and sheep grazing preference were measured over 20 months in tall fescue (cultivar Advance), without endophyte (Nil) or infected with AR542 (MaxPTM) endophyte, and clover pastures sown into a dryland soil, Canterbury, New Zealand. Pastures were rotationally grazed with sheep, with grazing preference for the two endophyte treatments measured in late autumn and early spring. Annual dry matter production from April 2004 to April 2005 was not significantly different between AR542 (6293 kg DM/ha) and Nil (5864 kg DM/ha) tall fescue. The number of tall fescue plants/m2 and their basal diameter was greater for AR542 (35 plants/m2, 7.5 cm diameter) than Nil endophyte tall fescue (28 plants/m2, 6.8 cm diameter). AR542 endophyte tall fescue pastures had fewer weeds, mainly annual grasses, than Nil endophyte pastures throughout the trial. Grazing preference, measured by the number of sheep grazing each plot, and decline in pasture height did not differ between Nil and AR542 tall fescue. Keywords: tall fescue, novel endophyte, AR542, botanical composition, weed, grazing preference
Tiller survival after drought of 'Grasslands Flecha' tall fescue as influenced by endophyte
Authors: West C.P. , Volaire F. , Lelievre F.
Published: April 2021

'Grasslands Flecha' tall fescue exhibits a partial degree of endogenous summer dormancy, a trait that contributes to plant survival during the long, dry summers of Mediterranean regions. Little is understood of the physiological mechanisms involved in summer survival of summer-dormant fescues and the possible role of endophytes. The influence of infection by endophyte strain AR542 in enhancing summer survival in ungrazed field plots and dehydration survival in greenhouse pots was investigated. Tiller population counts from mid-summer drought and autumn recovery showed no significant endophyte effect on survival. Results from the pot trial showed no differences between endophyte-free and endophyte-infected populations for rate of leaf dry-down, tiller-base water content, membrane leakage, or percentage tiller survival. Endophyte-free Flecha exhibited excellent summer survival, suggesting that endophyte infection may not be as critical for stand survival in summer dormant fescues as it is in summer active types. Infecting Flecha with novel endophytes may provide additional insurance against biotic stresses, thereby offering greater overall fitness across a range of environments. Keywords: drought, tall fescue, tiller survival, membrane damage, senescence
High neotyphodium infection frequencies in tillers and seed of infected wild tall fescue plants
Authors: Clement S.L. , Elberson L.R. , Kynaston M.
Published: April 2021

This research quantified frequencies of Neotyphodium infected (E+) tillers and mature seed from field-grown E+ plants of two wild tall fescue accessions from Morocco and Sardinia, Italy. Tiller infection rates were 100% (n = 50 from 10 E+ plants/accession) for each accession and over 99% of the seed (n = 2394) from E+ plants of both accessions harboured viable Neotyphodium endophyte. Germination rates for E+ seed were 93.8% (Morocco accession) and 97.8% (Sardinia). These results indicate that E+ wild tall fescue plants are capable of near perfect vertical transmission of viable endophyte into seed. They also suggest that viable endophyte is retained with current seedregeneration protocols at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman, Washington USA. Keywords: wild tall fescue, Neotyphodium infection frequencies, vertical transmission
Were endophytes pre-adapted for defensive mutualism?
Authors: Torres M.S. , Singh A.P. , Vorsa N. , Gianfagna T. , Author J.R.
Published: April 2021

Defensive mutualism in many grass endophytes involves herbivore deterrence, enhanced disease suppression and drought tolerance. According to our current understanding of the mechanisms, these defensive effects are unique features of the fungi and specific fungal qualities are responsible for each. We examined a selection of species of family Clavicipitaceae for defensive traits including ergot alkaloids and loline production and development of endophytic and epiphytic mycelial states. When features responsible for defensive effects are mapped onto phylogenetic trees showing relationships in the family, it is apparent that all defensive features of endophytic fungi pre-existed evolution of endophytism. We suggest that once endophytism evolved, the alkaloids and other fungal-mediated defensive features switched from previous functions to serve host defense functions. Defensive mutualism in the Clavicipitaceae endophytes naturally evolved through use of pre-existing fungal features after the step to endophytism was made. Keywords: Clavicipitaceae, defensive mutualism, endophytes, ergot alkaloids, loline alkaloids
The endophytic community of Dactylis glomerata
Authors: MÃ¡rquez SÃ¡nchez , Bills G.F. , Zabalgogeazcoa I.
Published: April 2021

Morphological and molecular methods were used to identify the endophytic mycobiota of the grass Dactylis glomerata. Fungal endophytes belonging to 109 different species were isolated from asymptomatic plants sampled in different ecosystems in Spain. Species accumulation curves showed that most species commonly infecting this grass have been identified, but the number of singleton species occasionally infecting the plants is likely to increase with more sampling effort. A large endophytic assemblage consisting of fungi with diverse ecological roles, and potentially unknown species was found in a small number of plants. Keywords: endophytes, Dactylis glomerata, diversity, abundance
Influence of toxic enophyte-infected tall fescue on the prevalence of E. coli 0157:H7 from ruminants, a review
Authors: Looper M.L. , Edrington T.S. , Callaway T.R. , Flores R. , Aiken G.E. , Burke J.M. , Rosenkrans C.F. , Author J.R.
Published: April 2021

Ruminants consuming toxic endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue are exposed to ergot alkaloids that usually result in a malady of problems identified as fescue toxicosis. Grazing studies investigating the effects of E+ tall fescue on the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 from naturally-infected cattle have not been consistent. Further, in vitro studies with selected ergot alkaloids did not affect growth of E. coli O157:H7. Dietary stressors usually associated with E+ tall fescue consumption did result in increased faecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 from sheep experimentally-inoculated. Animal species, animal model (naturally vs experimentally-infected), environmental conditions, type of diet, and length of exposure to E+ tall fescue may influence the association between grazing E+ tall fescue and E. coli O157:H7 shedding. A better understanding of how E+ tall fescue influences shedding of E. coli O157:H7 from ruminants will aid in the development of management strategies for onfarm pathogen control. Keywords: cattle, E. coli O157:H7, sheep, tall fescue
Distribution of Neotyphodium endophytes in naturalised ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) in Japan
Authors: Yamashita M. , Uchiyama K. , Matsuda T. , Tobina H. , Sawada H. , Sugawara K.
Published: April 2021

Introduced Lolium grasses are utilised in Japan for forage, turf and soil conservation. Many of these grasses have become naturalised in disturbed ecosystems. Neotyphodium endophytes in the tissues of grasses can increase host fitness by increasing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, endophyte infection may be a factor enhancing invasion success of exotic grasses in the Japanese islands. We detected infection by Neotyphodium endophytes in 162 of 173 naturalised ryegrass populations in Japan. Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) had a higher infection rate than perennial ryegrass (L. perenne). Italian ryegrass also exhibited geographic variation in infection rate. It is unlikely that the infected Italian ryegrasses found in this study have come from cultivars used in meadows, since the use of forage ryegrass cultivars infected with Neotyphodium endophytes has been restricted in Japan to prevent toxicity problems. Possible sources of the ryegrasses may be turf seeds, soil conservation materials and/or contaminants in imported plant materials. Keywords:ô€€ alien species,ô€€ invasive plants, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, Neotyphodium endophyte, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne
Incidence and diversity of Neotyphodium endophytes in Bulgarian populations of Lolium perenne
Authors: Hahn H. , Andreeva K. , Willner E.
Published: April 2021

About 28% of agricultural land in Bulgaria is grassland that is mainly confined to foothills, intermediate mountain areas and alpine pastures and meadows
Analysis of genetic markers and ergovaline production in Neotyphodium endophyte-infected Fescue species collected from Italy, Spain and Denmark
Authors: Jensen Anne Mette Dahl , Mikkelsen Lisbeth , Shetty Prathap Kumar Halady , Roulund Niels
Published: April 2021

Festuca grasses from various natural habitats are often infected with Neotyphodium endophytes.
Distribution and morphology of Neotyphodium endophytes in apical meristems of host plants as observed using differential interference and contrast microscopy
Authors: Sugawara K. , Ohkubo H. , Tsukiboshi T.
Published: April 2021

Seed transmitted Neotyphodium endophytes colonise the apical meristem (growing point) of young seedlings and later spread into mature leaves and flowers of host plants. However, their location and orientation in the meristems, and the process of their spread into other parts of the plant, are not fully understood. To elucidate this process, the morphology and orientation of mycelia of three Neotyphodium endophytes (N. coenophialum, N. lolii and N. occultans) and their sexual relative, EpichloÃ« typhina were observed using dissected meristem tissues with differential interference contrast microscopy, after chemical clearing. Mycelia of Neotyphodium species more or less ramified in pith or nodal tissue beneath the apical meristem, but were sparsely branched within apical meristems and inflorescences developing from the zone. The distribution of E. typhina mycelia was similar to the Neotyphodium species, but they sometimes appeared on the surface of the merstematic tissues. Keywords: apical meristem, differential interference contrast microscopy, hyphal growth
neotyphodium spp.- grass association in natural grassland in Argentina
Authors: Colabelli M.N. , Torres M.S. , Clausen A.M. , Fernandez O.N. , Peretti A.
Published: April 2021

The agronomic importance of the grass-endophyte association became apparent after it was linked to livestock diseases. This paper reports the incidence of endophytes in natural grasslands in Argentina from data collected through grass seed collections, tillers and culms from natural grasslands. A total of 159 samples were analysed: 144 grass collections from 30 species were obtained from accessions (germplasm bank of EEA Balcarce- INTA), and 15 samples were collected in the field in the province of Buenos Aires (Balcarce and Ayacucho). The samples were analysed according to Saha et al. (1988) or Belanger (1996). Endophytes were found in only nine of the 30 species of accessions analysed; accessions of Lolium multiflorum showed the highest incidence of endophyte infection, ranging from 57 to 100%. Of the 15 field populations collected: Festuca arundinacea and L. multiflorum samples were infected with infection ranging from 89 to 100%; populations of Bothriochloa, Deyeuxia, Piptochaetium, Sporobolus, Stipa megapotamia, S. papposa, were endophyte free. The economic losses to the livestock industry and the potential benefits of endophytes as biological agents to improve plant fitness and pest resistance of forage grasses increases the importance of determining the incidence of fungal endophytes in grass germplasm collections and natural grasslands. Keywords: native grasses, endophytes, naturalised grasses, Argentina
Responses to orally ingested Neotyphodium endophyte toxins in laboratory animals
Authors: Inoue T. , Kobayashi H.
Published: April 2021

A series of experiment were conducted to examine the toxicities of Neotyphodium endophyte in laboratory animals. Groups of mice and hamsters were fed endophytic perennial ryegrass seeds. The hamsters presented ergotism-like symptoms while mice hardly indicated the toxicosis. Goups of mice and hamsters were fed endophytic perennial ryegrass seeds for 8 days and total excreta collections were made to evaluate apparent absorptions of endophytic alkaloids. Accumulations of endophyte toxins in the tissues and organs were also analysed. Although approximately 50% of lolitrem B and 90% of ergovaline were absorbed by both species, and lolitrem B accumulation in the liver and fat tissues, only the hamsters showed mild tremors. A condensed lolitrem B fraction was orally administrated to mice and hamsters and total excreta collections were made. The mice were not affected by even large amounts of lolitrem B dosages with high absorptions (>80%) when orally administrated. Keywords: ergovaline, lolitrem B, toxicosis, mouse, hamster, endophyte
Toxicological evaluation of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass straw to Japanese Black steers
Authors: Miyazaki S. , Ikeda T. , Hanazumi M. , Fukumoto Y. , Yamata T. , Mikami O. , Yamanaka N. , Murata H. , Shimada N. , Ishikuro E.
Published: April 2021

Experimental feeds containing 0, 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 ppb of lolitrem B derived from perennial ryegrass straw were fed to 9 month-old Japanese Black steers (average liveweight 180 kg) to determine their threshold level of lolitrem B. Steers received feeds containing 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppb of lolitrem B showed signs of ryegrass staggers after 2 to 7 weeks of feeding. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of lolitrem B was approximately 24 ÃŽÂ¼g/kg body weight per day. Only small amounts of lolitrem B residue were detected in muscle, liver, kidney and cerebrum. In contrast, approximately 100 ng/g of lolitrem B was detected in perirenal fat of steers with ryegrass staggers. Keywords: Lolitrem B, Japanese Black cattle, ryegrass staggers, muscle, fat
Epidemiological study with the mare and Neotyphodium coenophialum toxins
Authors: Fannin F.F. , Kubly D. , Wang Y. , Bush L.P.
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study was to relate chemical components of pastures containing tall fescue suspected to be causative to reduced conception and early embryonic death in the mare. Pasture sampling was conducted on 143 pastures and over 500 sites during mare breeding. Tall fescue was 16- 42% of the forage in most pastures and about 65% of the plants were infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum. Ergovaline content ranged from 0 to 2220 ng/g. Lysergic acid was present in equal or lesser amounts than ergovaline. Approximately 10% of the mares did not conceive or had early foetal loss. Because of other components in the diet, a direct cause/effect relationship cannot be made between mare response and N. coenophialum related toxins. These results suggest that a large number of animals will be required when designing an experiment to show how tall fescue might affect reproduction in mares. Keywords: horse pastures, alkaloids, minerals
Functional genomics of the Neotyphodium lolii / ryegrass symbiosis
Authors: Johnson R.D. , Bassett S. , Christensen M. , Gaborit C. , Johnson L. , Khan A. , Koulman A. , Rasmussen S. , Voisey C. , Bryan G.
Published: April 2021

Neotyphodium lolii is a fungal endophyte that lives entirely within the intercellular spaces of its grass host, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, L.). Infection is symptomless and the endophyte relies on the host plant for dissemination via the seed. The association is mutually beneficial since the endophyte confers a number of biotic and abiotic advantages to the host. This paper presents an overview of the functional genomics approaches we are using at AgResearch to dissect the molecular basis of this symbiosis and will broadly describe the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, as applied to this system. We have used isogenic ryegrass lines infected or uninfected with endophyte in combination with a suite of molecular biology tools, including Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), cDNA and Affymetrix GeneChipÂ® microarray analysis, 2D-gel electrophoresis (to identify novel proteins associated with symbiosis), and metabolic profiling. By using a multidisciplinary approach we aim to identify genes which are important in both the establishment and maintenance of symbiosis, as well as elucidate how endophyte confers enhancements to its host. Keywords: Neotyphodium, EpichloÃ«, symbiosis, functional genomics
Relationships of Epichloe typhina isolates from different host grasses
Authors: Schardl C.L. , Leuchtmann A. , Mcdonald B.A.
Published: April 2021

EpichloÃ« typhina comprises interfertile strains associated with several grass species in tribes Poeae, Aveneae and Brachypodieae. Molecular phylogenetics indicate that E. typhina is paraphyletic to E. sylvatica and E. clarkii. Although interfertility barriers are evident between E. typhina and E. sylvatica, E. clarkii is interfertile with E. typhina. However, E. clarkii is associated specifically with Holcus lanatus (Aveneae). We addressed the possibility that E. typhina is a complex of genetically isolated populations distinguishable by host specificity. Populations of E. typhina were sampled from three Cantons on a transect from southwest to northeast Switzerland, and from 1-3 host species in each Canton. No fewer than 20 isolates were obtained from each host at each location. The intron-rich 5'-end of the beta-tubulin gene was sequenced from each isolate, and all of the sequences were aligned for phylogenetic and coalescence analyses. There was no indication of geographic isolation of the populations, but no haplotypes (sequence variants) were shared between isolates from different hosts. Therefore, E. typhina appears to be a complex of genetically isolated sympatric populations that are specific for different hosts. Keywords: Brachypodium species, Clavicipitaceae, Dactylis glomerata, EpichloÃ«, epichloÃ« endophytes, grasses, host specificity, molecular phylogenetics, Poa species, Poaceae, population genetics
Endophytes of the tall fescue ploidy series in Europe, North Africa and the Mediterranean
Authors: Schardl C.L. , Craven K.D. , Schweri K.K. , Hollin W. , Clement S.L. , Schmid J. , West C.P. , Phillips T.D.
Published: April 2021

We investigated on the genetic diversity of endophytes in native populations of tetraploid, hexaploid and octaploid tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) in Europe and North Africa
Spatial and temporal expression patterns of lolitrem biosynthetic genes in the Epichloe festucae-perennial ryegrass symbiosis
Authors: May K.J. , Bryant M.K. , Zhang X. , Ambrose B. , Scott B.
Published: April 2021

EpichloÃ« festucae systemically colonises the intercellular spaces of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) aerial tissues forming a mutually beneficial association between the fungus and host plant.
Characterisation of a novel endophyte NRPS gene and its role in endophyte-grass symbioses
Authors: Harzer H. , Johnson R.D. , Rasmussen S. , Voisey C.R. , Johnson L.J.
Published: April 2021

Symbiotic grass associations with fungal endophytes (genera Neotyphodium and EpichloÃ«) display enhanced fitness as well as prolonged field persistence over their endophyte free equivalents. Perennial ryegrass, an important agronomic grass, is typically associated with the N. lolii endophyte. The endophyte lives within the intercellular spaces without inducing any symptoms in the plant. The aim of this study is to elucidate the biosynthetic function of fungal secondary metabolite gene clusters. Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes (NRPSs) of unknown function were targeted, as these genes are commonly associated with the production of bioactive peptides some of which are ecologically important. Some novel endophyte NRPS genes have been identified using a degenerate PCR screen; one of these, NRPS5 will be discussed here. Clones were obtained by screening a fosmid EpichloÃ« festucae genomic DNA library and we are currently determining gene function by using targeted gene replacement followed by an assessment in vitro and in planta using metabolomics and appropriate bioassay screens. Keywords: endophyte, NRPS, secondary metabolism
Identification of NRPS gene families from Neotyphodium/Epichloe endophytic fungi that form mutualistic associations with cool season grasses
Authors: Johnson R.D. , Voisey C.R. , Pratt J.M. , Johnson L.J. , Bryan G.T.
Published: April 2021

Neotyphodium and EpichloÃ« species are closely related asexual and sexual endophytic fungi, respectively, that form symbiotic associations with cool season grasses of the sub family Pooideae, including several important forage and turf grass species. The endophytes confer a number of advantages to their hosts, but also can cause animal toxicosis. These positive and negative effects are, in many cases, due to the production of fungal secondary metabolites. In filamentous fungi secondary metabolite genes are commonly clustered and are well documented to often contain non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) at their core. Members of this gene family encode large multifunctional proteins that synthesise a diverse range of bioactive compounds, many of which have been shown to serve as pathogenicity or virulence factors, in addition to suggested roles in niche adaptation. We have used a degenerate PCR approach to identify members of the NRPS gene family from Neotyphodium and EpichloÃ« species, and have shown that at least 13 NRPS genes exist among these genomes. The distribution of these genes among different Neotyphodium/EpichloÃ« lineages suggests that a common ancestor contributed most of the complement of NRPS genes, which have been either retained or lost during the evolution of these fungi. Keywords: Neotyphodium, EpichloÃ«, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS
AR1 quality assurance by ELISA
Authors: Briggs L.R. , Sprosen J.M. , Tapper B.A. , Easton H.S.
Published: April 2021

Tests are required to monitor contamination of AR1-infected seed with ryegrass seed infected with the common toxic endophyte to ensure contamination is maintained below 5% for First Generation seed and below 2% for Breeders and Basic seed. To achieve this AR1 seed is tested for the presence of lolitrem toxins that are produced by the endophytic fungus in toxic seeds. This was done by HPLC analysis until 2006 when an ELISA method, more suited to processing large sample numbers, was successfully established as a replacement. The ELISA is specific for lolitrems and lolitriol, provides rapid sample turnaround and analytical costs have been reduced. It is anticipated that in the future the test will be transferred to a commercial testing laboratory and will be extended to monitor contamination of AR37 seed with common toxic ryegrass seed. Keywords: AR1 ryegrass, wild-type endophyte, lolitrem, ELISA, quality assurance