bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Effect of Lactation on Maternal Cardiovascular Function and Adiposity in a Murine Model
Authors: Herrera Sandra , Vincent Kathleen , Poole Aaron , Olson Gayle , Patrikeev Igor , Saada Jamal , Gamble Phyllis , Motamedi Massoud , Saade George , Stuebe Alison , Bytautiene Prewit Egle
Published: September 2018

Objective Epidemiological studies suggest that lactation is associated with long-term maternal health benefits. To avoid confounders in human studies, we used a previously characterized murine model to investigate the long-term effect of lactation on both cardiovascular function and adiposity.

Study Design After the delivery of the pups, CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into two groups: lactated and nonlactated (NL). Before pregnancy and at 9 months postdelivery, blood pressure was measured using a tail cuff, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed by computed tomography (CT), echocardiography was performed using microultrasound, and cholesterol panels and fasting blood glucose were measured. The data were analyzed using Student's t-test (significance at p < 0.05).

Results There were no differences in baseline parameters between the two groups. At 9 months postdelivery, the NL group weighed significantly more (p = 0.03) and demonstrated a significantly lower cardiac output (p = 0.05) and ejection fraction (p = 0.03). The mice in the NL group also had higher VAT (p < 0.01) and SAT percentiles (p = 0.03). Fasting glucose (p = 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.01) were significantly higher in the NL group at 9 months.

Conclusion Our results show the benefit of lactation is not just limited to the immediate postpartum period but it also extends into midlife in a murine model.
Incidence of Drug Abuse in Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty Population
Authors: Roche Martin , Law Tsun , Sodhi Nipun , Rosas Samuel , Kurowicki Jennifer , Disla Shanell , Wang Kevin , Mont Michael
Published: September 2018

Substance abuse can have strong negative impacts on surgical outcomes. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of drug abuse in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Specifically, we identified revision TKA (RTKA): (1) incidence, (2) causes, (3) time to revision, and (4) patient demographics in patients with a history of drug abuse. The Medicare database within the PearlDiver Supercomputer (Warsaw, IN) was queried to identify 2,159,221 TKAs performed between 2005 and 2012. Drug abuse was subdivided into cocaine, cannabis, opioids, sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics (SHA), amphetamines, and alcohol abusers. The effect of drug use on the incidence and cause for RTKA, time to revision, as well as patient demographics were correlated using multivariate, analysis of variance, and regression analyses. There was a significant increase in the number of primary TKAs in cocaine (p = 0.011), cannabis (p < 0.001), opioid (p < 0.001), SHA (p < 0.001), amphetamine (p < 0.001), and alcohol (p < 0.001) users. Amphetamine users had the fastest mean time to revision (691 days, standard deviation: 679 days). At 30-, 90-day, and 6-month postoperative, cocaine had the highest proportion of patients requiring RTKA (7, 12, and 20%, respectively), and at 1-year alcohol abusers (38%, p < 0.001). Infection was the most common cause of revision in all drug abuse/dependent cohorts. Age distributions varied significantly by group for primary TKA (p < 0.001). Comorbidity status was similar in all RTKA patients as determined by comparison of the mean Charlson comorbidity index scores (p = 0.091). Based on these results, drug abuse patients are at increased risk for RTKA. These high-risk patients should, therefore, be appropriately risk stratified and receive comprehensive postoperative pain management.
The Difference in Sibling Birthweight and Neonatal Death: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Tabet Maya , Flick Louise , Xian Hong , Chang Jen
Published: September 2018

Background There has been a call for customized rather than population-based birthweight standards that would classify smallness based on an infant's own growth potential. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between the difference in sibling birthweight and the likelihood of neonatal death among second births in a U.S. population.

Study Design This was a population-based cohort study including 179,300 women who delivered their first two nonanomalous singleton live births in Missouri (1989–2005). We performed binary logistic regression to evaluate the association between being relatively smaller than the elder full- or half-sibling (i.e., smaller by at least 500 g) and neonatal death (i.e., deaths in the first 28 days of life) among second births after controlling for sociodemographic and pregnancy-related variables in the second pregnancy.

Results The adjusted odds of neonatal death were 2.54-times higher among second births who were relatively smaller than their elder sibling. Among relatively small second births, every 100-g increase in the difference in sibling birthweight was associated with a 13% increase in the odds of neonatal death.

Conclusion The deviation from the elder sibling's birthweight predicts neonatal death. Taking into consideration the elder sibling's birthweight may be warranted in clinical and research settings.
Similar Outcomes of Two-Stage Revisions for Infection and One-Stage Revisions for Aseptic Revisions of Knee Endoprostheses
Authors: Konrads Christian , Franz Arno , Hoberg Maik , Rudert Maximilian
Published: September 2018

Two-stage revision knee arthroplasty using an antibiotic-loaded spacer is the most widely performed procedure for infected knee arthroplasties. The clinical outcome of this type of surgery compared with aseptic joint revision with exchange of tibial and femoral components is still controversial. Therefore, we analyzed clinical outcomes of septic two-stage revisions compared with aseptic one-stage revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). In a retrospective study, we assessed 135 consecutive patients who underwent two-stage revision for septic TKA (52 patients) and one-stage aseptic total knee revision arthroplasty (83 patients). The average follow-up was 26.1 months for the aseptic group and 26.5 months for the septic group. For clinical evaluation, we used the Knee Society Score, Oxford Knee Score, Kujala score, Turba score, and the Short Form 36 (SF-36). Postoperative pain level was determined using the visual analog pain scale. The surgeries were performed 51 months (aseptic group) and 24 months (septic group) after primary TKA on average. The main indications for aseptic revision surgeries were instability (40%), aseptic loosening (22.4%), anterior knee pain due to pathologies of the patella (11.8%), or material wear (5.9%). In the clinical outcome, patients achieved 124.8 points in the aseptic group and 105.4 points in the septic group in the Knee Society Score. The Oxford Knee Score revealed 29.9 points for the aseptic group and 33.9 points for the septic group. For the Kujala score, we found 53.2 points in the aseptic group and 48.5 points in the septic group. For the Turba score, we found 8.4 points in the aseptic group and 10.8 points in the septic group. The SF-36 (psychical) showed 52.2 versus 49.5 points and the SF-36 (physical) showed 36.5 versus 35.4 points. Mean level of persisting pain on the visual analog scale was 3.0 (aseptic group) and 3.5 (septic group). Performing septic two-stage or aseptic one-stage tibial and femoral revision knee arthroplasty showed similar clinical outcomes in relation to objective and subjective outcome measures.
Automated reactive accelerated aging for rapid in vitro evaluation of neural implant performance
Authors: Street Matthew G. , Welle Cristin G. , Takmakov Pavel A.
Published: September 2018

Novel therapeutic applications for neural implants require miniaturized devices. Miniaturization imposes stricter requirements for reliability of materials. Pilot clinical studies suggest that rapid failure of the miniaturized neural implants in the body presents a major challenge for this type of technology. Traditional evaluations of neural implant performance over clinically relevant durations present time- and resource-intensive experiments in animals. Reactive accelerated aging (RAA) is an in vitro test platform that was developed to expedite durability testing of neural implants, as a screening technique designed to simulate the aggressive physiological environment experienced by the implants. This approach employs hydrogen peroxide, which mimics reactive oxygen species, and a high temperature to accelerate chemical reactions that lead to device degradation similar to that found with devices implanted in vivo. The original RAA system required daily manual maintenance and was prone to variability in performance. To address these limitations, this work introduces automated reactive accelerated aging (aRAA) with closed-loop monitoring components that make the system simple, robust, and scalable. The core novel technology in the aRAA is electrochemical detection for feedback control of hydrogen peroxide concentration, implemented with simple off-the-shelf components. The aRAA can run multiple parallel experiments for high-throughput device testing and optimization. For this reason, the aRAA provides a simple tool for rapid in vitro evaluation of the durability of neural implants, ultimately expediting the development of a new generation of miniaturized devices with a long functional lifespan.
Automated design of collective variables using supervised machine learning
Authors: Sultan Mohammad M. , Pande Vijay S.
Published: September 2018

Selection of appropriate collective variables (CVs) for enhancing sampling of molecular simulations remains an unsolved problem in computational modeling. In particular, picking initial CVs is particularly challenging in higher dimensions. Which atomic coordinates or transforms there of from a list of thousands should one pick for enhanced sampling runs? How does a modeler even begin to pick starting coordinates for investigation? This remains true even in the case of simple two state systems and only increases in difficulty for multi-state systems. In this work, we solve the “initial” CV problem using a data-driven approach inspired by the field of supervised machine learning (SML). In particular, we show how the decision functions in SML algorithms can be used as initial CVs (SMLcv) for accelerated sampling. Using solvated alanine dipeptide and Chignolin mini-protein as our test cases, we illustrate how the distance to the support vector machines’ decision hyperplane, the output probability estimates from logistic regression, the outputs from shallow or deep neural network classifiers, and other classifiers may be used to reversibly sample slow structural transitions. We discuss the utility of other SML algorithms that might be useful for identifying CVs for accelerating molecular simulations.
Ultra-wideband polarization rotation reflective metasurface based on monolayer rhombus hollow structure
Authors: Guo Liwei , Li Simin , Jiang Xing , Peng Lin , Li Xiaofeng
Published: September 2018

A novel broadband polarization rotation (PR) reflective Metasurface (PRRM) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is proposed in this paper. The PRRM consists of a periodic array of rhombus hollow structures (RHSs), which can rotate an incident linearly polarized wave by 90°. As the RHS stimulates four resonances, a very wide operating frequency band is obtained. The surface current distributions on the structure are discussed to reveal the physical mechanism. In the frequency band of 14.2-36 GHz (a relative bandwidth of 86.9%), an incident linearly polarized wave is converted into its cross polarization with the PCR greater than 90%. To evaluate the energy loss, the Energy reflectivity ratio (ERR) is also calculated, and the ERR is greater than 90% within the band. The PCR of the RHS is also studied by simulating oblique incidence and different loss tangent of the dielectric substrate. The prototypes of the PRRMs are fabricated and measured. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones, which indicates the validity of the designed structures.
Insertion effects of natural dielectric between artificial dielectrics formed by metallic sub-wavelength slit arrays
Authors: Tokuda Yasunori , Takano Keisuke , Sakaguchi Koichiro , Kato Kosaku , Nakajima Makoto , Akiyama Koichi
Published: September 2018

We investigated the optical transmission properties of a metamaterial system in which a natural dielectric is inserted between metallic sub-wavelength slit arrays that behave as an artificial dielectric when the incident light wavelength is longer than the slit periodicity. Transmission spectra were measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, and the experimental results were analyzed by simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain method. We revealed that the resonance characteristics are defined by the two diffraction-limit frequencies for the inner and outer openings of the slits, which are different for the insertion of the dielectric. We also determined further details on the blue-shift behavior specific to the even-order resonance modes by accounting for the refractive index of the inserted intermediate dielectric. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that insertion of a dielectric having a high refraction index enhances the frequency repulsion at the anticrossing, i.e., the coupling strength, between the symmetric and antisymmetric optical modes. These experimental and theoretical results will be essential for understanding and developing applications for hybrid systems composed of dielectrics with both fixed and widely tunable refractive indices.
Stretchable IR metamaterial with ultra-narrowband perfect absorption
Authors: Xu Ruijia , Luo Ji , Sha Jun , Zhong Jitong , Xu Zefeng , Tong Yanlin , Lin Yu-Sheng
Published: September 2018

The integration of a high-performance metamaterial (MM) onto mechanically flexible and deformable substrates offers significant promise in flexible electronics. Here, we propose two types of stretchable infrared (IR) MMs to design a tunable perfect absorber with a ring-shape (PA-RS) and a cross-shape (PA-CS) on a PDMS/Au/PDMS substrate, respectively. By stretching devices along different directions, PA-RS and PA-CS exhibit ultra-narrowband, polarization-dependent/independent, and switchable characterizations in the IR wavelength range. The tuning ranges are 2.37 μm and 2.36 μm for PA-RS and PA-CS with the deformation quantity of 2.50 μm along two-dimensional directions, respectively, without extra power supply. In this deformation range, most of the incident light is perfectly absorbed for PA-RS design operated at a wavelength of 4.31 μm and PA-CS design operated at a wavelength of 4.24 μm. The corresponding Q-factors of two devices are 98 and 118 for PA-RS and PA-CS, respectively. Such results are very suitable for high-performance refractive index sensor applications. Furthermore, two devices exhibit the functionalities of s-polarization switches and s-/p-polarization switches. To further investigate the characterizations of devices deformed by a tensile force, PA-CS could be actively tuned by bending devices at a certain angle. In the future, these proposed stretchable IR MMs could potentially possess high portability, applicability, and cost-effectiveness for wearable electronic devices in a variety of sensor fields.
Tailoring nanostructured surfaces with plasmonic/magnetic multifunctional response
Authors: Serrano A. , Rodríguez de la Fuente O. , García-Hernández M. , Campo G. , de Julián Fernández C. , Fernández J. F. , García M. A.
Published: September 2018

In this work, we present an innovative way to functionalize large surfaces combining both plasmonic and magnetic nanoparticles on a substrate, by the growth of bilayers and a subsequent single annealing. In particular, we show here the formation of Au and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles using this route. Thermal treatments promote the nanostructuration of the film plus a partial oxidation of Fe to form ferrimagnetic oxides. For this purpose, annealing conditions and the structure of the bilayer must be selected to achieve an optimal nanostructuration, avoiding the full oxidation of Fe to form antiferromagnetic hematite.
Improvement of single photon emission from InGaN QDs embedded in porous micropillars
Authors: Springbett H. P. , Gao K. , Jarman J. , Zhu T. , Holmes M. , Arakawa Y. , Oliver R. A.
Published: September 2018

In many InGaN/GaN single photon emitting structures, significant contamination of the single photon stream by background emission is observed. Here, utilizing InGaN/GaN quantum dots incorporated in mesoporous distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) within micropillars, we demonstrate methods for the reduction of this contamination. Using the resulting devices, autocorrelation measurements were performed using a Hanbury Brown and Twiss set-up, and thus, we report a working quantum dot device in the III-nitride system utilizing mesoporous DBRs. Uncorrected g(2)(0) autocorrelation values are shown to be significantly improved when excited with a laser at longer wavelengths and lower powers. Through this optimization, we report a g(2)(0) value from a blue-emitting InGaN/GaN quantum dot of 0.126 ± 0.003 without any form of background correction.
Diffusivity ratio effect on the onset of the buoyancy-driven instability of an A + B → C chemical reaction system in a Hele-Shaw cell: Asymptotic and linear stability analyses
Authors: Kim Min Chan , Cardoso Silvana S. S.
Published: September 2018

The effects of an A + B → C chemical reaction and different diffusivity on the onset of the buoyancy-driven instability in a Hele-Shaw cell are analyzed theoretically. For an instantaneous chemical reaction system, new concentration and density fields are derived, and based on the density profiles, asymptotic stability characteristics are analyzed. Also, using the linear stability theory, we derive new stability equations and obtain the onset time of instabilities by solving the linear stability equations theoretically and numerically. As expected, the onset instabilities are dependent on the various parameters, such as the diffusivity ratio, reactant concentration ratio, and densification coefficient ratio. Through the asymptotic analysis, we propose that the system can be gravitationally unstable without an adverse density gradient due to the double diffusive effects. In addition, a newly proposed stability condition is tested through systematic linear stability analysis. The linear stability analysis shows that the effects of different diffusivities accelerate and retard the onset of instabilities and induce them without an adverse density gradient. The present asymptotic and linear stability analyses are in good agreement.
Progress Towards Direct Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cells (DHPFCs) as an Energy Storage Concept
Authors: McDonnell-Worth Ciaran J. , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: September 2018

This review introduces the concept of direct H2O2 fuel cells and discusses the merits of these systems in comparison with other ‘clean-energy’ fuels. Through electrochemical methods, H2O2 fuel can be generated from environmentally benign energy sources such as wind and solar. It also produces only water and oxygen when it is utilised in a direct H2O2 fuel cell, making it a fully reversible system. The electrochemical methods for H2O2 production are discussed here as well as the recent research aimed at increasing the efficiency and power of direct H2O2 fuel cells.
Digging in: a review of the ecology and management of a threatened reptile with a small disjunct distribution – the heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, in Victoria, south-eastern Australia
Authors: Brown Geoff W. , Robertson Peter , Fanson Ben G.
Published: September 2018

The central issue for species that are highly localised habitat specialists and occur in relatively small numbers is vulnerability to extinction processes. The heath skink, Liopholis multiscutata, is considered Critically Endangered in Victoria, in part because it is restricted to essentially four small and highly disjunct populations in semiarid mallee dunefields. It provides an example of a rare and cryptic species that is especially vulnerable to decline and consequently provides management challenges. Here, we crystallise available information on the ecology and life history of this threatened lizard, and review monitoring data to evaluate population status, primary threats and management imperatives. There has been a substantial decrease across the known range of the lizard in Victoria, most likely due to predation and fire. Recent monitoring of the four potentially viable populations revealed a general trend of decline. Recommendations for research and management priorities for the lizard in Victoria are provided; generally, these include further exploration of the lizard’s phylogeny and ecology, and ongoing monitoring of the trajectory of the lizard’s population status, threats to the lizard’s persistence and the effectiveness of management actions employed to ameliorate extinction threats.
Focusing on phenomics to unlock the potential of livestock genomics.
Authors: Juárez M. , Roberts J. C. , López-Campos O. , Prieto N. , Aalhus J. L.
Published: September 2018

Advances in genomic technologies have decreased costs associated with research and led to a better understanding of the impact of genetic variations on livestock production traits. In this context, the collection of abundant, accurate phenotypic data has often become the limiting factor in the progress of livestock genomics and related fields. To improve understanding of the genotype-phenotype map and its complex interactions, a deeper knowledge of the influence of production systems and pre-/post-harvest conditions on the final phenotype is required. Hence, collecting both high-density phenotypic and environmental data is a major challenge for livestock production research. To address this challenge, phenotypes of interest, from gene expression to animal product characteristics, need to be clearly identified, standardized and collected in computable formats. High-throughput techniques are being developed in collaborative efforts from multiple research disciplines to collect data at different points of the production value chain. Research networks and collaborations with private companies will enhance data sharing and scientific progress. New bioinformatics approaches and advanced data management, processing and analysis methods are essential to integrate and interpret the large amounts of data generated by multiple sources. A better understanding of the phenome and access to valuable phenotypic data, coupled with the new wave of functional genomics, will result in unprecedented advances to economically important traits for livestock production systems.
Gender Frontiers and Early Encounters
Authors: Brown Kathleen M.
Published: September 2018

Gender frontiers are but one starting point for comparing cultural contact zones and analyzing imperialism and racial formation in the early modern Atlantic. Recent scholarship on Native American and African encounters with Europeans suggests a need for a more complex analytical framework. Africans and Native Americans participated actively in creating this cultural frontier—by persisting in, adjusting, or transforming precontact practices or by assuming that the uninvited newcomers might share enough core beliefs and desires to be incorporated or vanquished. Europeans who participated in producing colonialism engaged in creative and destructive processes, but they remained connected to elite people in imperial centers that were buffered—by distance, money, and power—from such changes. The significance of gender frontiers is best understood as one phase in the longer historical processes they gave rise to: the emergence of new, syncretic cultures and populations, and the racialized and reactive cultures that quickly followed.
Internationalization, Innovation, and Productivity
Authors: Cassiman Bruno , Golovko Elena
Published: September 2018

International economics research has emphasized the role of trade—imports and exports—as an important mechanism for technology flows and innovation across borders and a source of productivity growth both at the country and firm level. Empirical studies primarily have focused on understanding the relationship between exports and productivity at the firm level. Recent research has started to investigate the link between international trade and firm-level innovation activity more broadly. This chapter focuses on the complex relationship between firm internationalization strategies and their innovation behavior and links these to productivity as a measure of firm performance. In particular, it focuses on the dynamic relationship between imports, innovation, and exports, and highlights several fruitful avenues for advancing this research agenda.
Efficiency Measures in Regulated Industries
Authors: Cherchye Laurens , De Rock Bram , Estache Antonio , Verschelde Marijn
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins by providing a historical account of the liberalization in regulated sectors. This sets the stage for a discussion on how productivity and efficiency measures have become both a goal and a tool in some of these sectors. The chapter also presents an extensive overview of case studies both across industries and countries. Subsequently, it provides a review on how the literature has tried to deal with the many empirical challenges related to measuring productivity and efficiency. Finally, it makes the case for a switch to the structural ETC approach (first economics, then technology, and finally empirical challenges) to performance measurement in policy areas as a solution to many of the issues surveyed in the chapter.
Productivity and Substitution Patterns in Global Value Chains
Authors: Timmer Marcel , Ye Xianjia
Published: September 2018

Fragmentation of production is posing new challenges to the analysis and measurement of productivity. Traditional approaches focus on firms, industries, or countries as the unit of analysis. This chapter argues that studies of global value chains (GVCs) are needed in situations where production is fragmented across firms and geographical borders. The chapter outlines how existing tools for measuring productivity, factor substitution, and (biased) technological change can be modified to analyze GVC production. A key concept is a production function where final output is generated based on factor inputs only, including both domestic as well as foreign factors. The chapter outlines what type of data would be needed and provides illustrative analyses of GVCs of manufacturing products based on the WIOD (world input-output database).
Gender and the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: September 2018

This article traces the scholarship on gender in the Fourth Gospel including the study of the roles of women in the Gospel, the masculinity of the Johannine Jesus, the application of queer theory to readings of the Gospel, gender, and symbolic language, and the intersection of gender and ancient genres. It shows how results from gender criticism are influenced by scholarly approaches (political, historical, and theological) as well as intended audiences for the work. Historically-oriented scholars who focus on the cultural context of the Gospel generally recognize the strongly androcentric leanings of the text. Political and theologically-oriented gender-critical studies of the Gospel typically highlight the mix of gendered language in the narrative with an interest in liberating interpretations. While these different approaches produce different assessments regarding how gender functions in the Gospel, the complexity of gender categories in the Gospel allows for this diversity.
The Jews of the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: September 2018

This essay provides an overview of the Jews as characters within the Gospel of John. After a discussion of the Gospel’s usage of the term ‘ioudaios/ioudaioi’ (‘Jew, Jews’) in the Gospel and its role within the narrative, the essay explores the function of this term within the Gospel’s symbolic world, the fraught question of the possible referent(s) of the Gospel’s usage of the term, and the contribution of the term to the Gospel’s rhetorical intent. The essay concludes with some brief comments on anti-Judaism in the Gospel of John.
Sentence Level Aphasia
Authors: Caplan David
Published: September 2018

Sentences convey aspects of meaning, such as thematic roles, that are critical to the power of language as an instrument of thought and communication. These aspects of meaning are determined by the syntactic structure of a sentence. People with aphasia often have difficulty producing and/or understanding sentences. Most of the research into these disorders focuses on their abilities to construct syntactic structures, which have been shown to be impaired in both production and comprehension. This chapter reviews the major manifestations of these disorders, accounts of the processing abnormalities that produce them, and the location of lesions that are associated with them. It reviews the two major manifestations of disorders of syntactic production—agrammatism and paragrammatism—and discusses the leading models of the deficits that underlie these disorders.
Language Comprehension, Emotion, and Sociality
Authors: van Berkum Jos J. A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter on language comprehension, emotion, and sociality presents a theory of language processing that goes beyond the usual focus on constructing representations of what is said and meant, and that explicitly models how such construction processes mesh with emotion. It starts by asking why research on the interface between language and emotion is relatively marginal in psycholinguistics, and subsequently reviews current ideas on the nature and function of emotion (covering short-lived emotions, evaluations, and mood). Next, it presents the Affective Language Comprehension or ALC model, a wide-scope processing model that combines insights from the psycholinguistics of word and sentence processing, the pragmatic analysis of communication, and emotion science. The model accommodates verbal and non-verbal (e.g. emoji) signing, and provides a principled take on word valence. By examining how linguistic and other signs actually move people, it also adds to our understanding of the relation between language and human sociality.
First Word Learning
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: September 2018

Learning words means gaining the ability not only to understand, but also to produce identifiable word forms and use them to make reference. Focusing on the first two years of life, this chapter considers the role of isolated words as well as segmentation in word-form learning, and also the role of vocal practice for production. It reviews alternative perspectives on the origins of concepts or categories of meaning and weighs the evidence for a “vocabulary spurt” or “nominal insight.” Self-action is found to be a powerful tool for perceptual processing of word forms, understanding referential intention, and retaining episodic memories. Changes related to the maturation of brain structures documented for declarative memory in other domains provide suggestive parallels to the processes of decontextualization of word meaning and reference, while word learning itself is seen to lead to a qualitative change in the learning process.
Evolution of Speech
Authors: de Boer Bart , Verhoef Tessa
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the biological and cultural evolution of speech. It presents fossil and comparative evidence about how anatomical structures may have adapted to speech over evolutionary time and how this can help estimate when speech evolved. It also discusses how cultural transmission shapes systems of speech sounds, and how this is important to understand the biological evolution of cognitive adaptations to learning and using speech. It discusses experimental techniques to investigate cultural evolution of speech in a laboratory setting. From the evidence presented, it is likely that anatomical adaptations to complex vocal communication are at least as old as the latest common ancestor with Neanderthals (c 400 000 years ago), that cognitive adaptations are probably primary (and therefore even older than this), that cultural evolution is very important in shaping (systems of) speech sounds, and that therefore the evolution of speech was a complex co-evolution between anatomy, cognition, and culture.
The History and Historical Stance of Law and Economics
Authors: Harris Ron
Published: September 2018

Law and Economics is arguably the most influential and controversial scholarly and jurisprudential movement in the U.S. in recent decades. This chapter first presents the pre-1970 intellectual bedrock of the movement. It then analyses the ways in which the formative period of the movement in Chicago (1970–1985) shaped the particular interaction between law and economics that the movement embraced—namely economic analysis of legal rules. Next, it surveys the expansion of law and economics beyond Chicago, as it became more pluralistic and global, and the challenges to its coherence and viability in law schools. Lastly, it evaluates the prospects for more historical orientation, given internal challenges and external opportunities, such as the turn to empirical legal studies and the institutional turn in economics.
Legal History as Doctrinal History
Authors: Getzler Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the idea of doctrine as a focus of historical scholarship, asking how the doctrinal mentality arose, and how historical approaches to doctrine emerged strongly in both common-law and civilian or Romanistic legal cultures. It first defines the meaning of ‘doctrine’, and sets out a guiding thesis. It argues that an important dimension of doctrine is communication; and jurists become fascinated by the history of doctrine when social and political conditions necessitate an expansion or transfer of the legal system, with concomitant transfers of doctrinal thought. The chapter then traces the development of doctrinal history from Gaius to the common law tradition.
Spelunking, or, Some Meditations on the New Presentism
Authors: Dale Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

This chapter reflects on New Presentism and its implications for legal historians. The proponents of New Presentism believe that legal historians have an obligation to use their training to help society. This belief has its roots in Plato’s allegory of the cave, in book VII of The Republic. There, those who were removed from their chains and brought out of the cave into the world of light were expected to return to the darkness of the cave to teach those left behind. Education, represented in the allegory by the chance to go out of the cave into the light, brought with it responsibility to share the knowledge gained from exposure to the reality behind the shadows. However, the allegory of the cave also raises some cautions that we would do well to consider. The responsibility to return to the cave is a responsibility that carries with it serious costs.
Quantitative Legal History
Authors: Klerman Daniel
Published: September 2018

Quantitative legal history is in a rather sorry state. Only about a quarter of recent works of legal history use even simple quantitative methods (such as tables or graphs), and articles or books with more sophisticated methods, such as regression analysis, are extremely rare. The infrequent use of quantitative techniques is also a missed opportunity. Scholars from other fields, including economics, sociology, and political science, are using statistics to analyse legal history. Such analysis is particularly helpful in understanding the effect of legal change and in analysing the influence of multiple factors on legislation, judicial decision-making, and citizen behaviour. This chapter first assesses quantitatively the use of quantitative methods in legal history. It then discusses a few examples of the successful use of numbers and statistics in recent books addressing legal historical topics. Finally, it looks to the future of quantitative legal history.
Feminist Historiography of Law
Authors: Drakopoulou Maria
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how feminist legal history is conceived of as a unified field of study. The first part surveys the current state of the field, and by setting aside national borders and disciplinary origins, pays attention to the broader themes, topics, and issues feminist legal history has chosen to privilege. The second part, building upon this presentation of the field, by drawing attention, not only to the thematics of feminist legal history, but also to the process of its production, offers a critical understanding of what exists; in particular, the implications of its interdisciplinary nature. Finally, in pursuing a critical account of the work produced, possibilities for otherwise thinking of and ‘doing’ feminist legal history are considered.
Medieval Canon Law
Authors: Shoemaker Karl
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the historical development of medieval canon law. The term ‘canon law’ refers to the body of law developed by the Catholic Church to govern the body of Christ on earth. In time, canon law came to designate the totality of laws, legislation, judicial processes, and institutions promulgated by the Church and enforced by its officers upon Christians, and sometimes non-Christians. This chapter covers the successes of canonists in consolidating their text base and laying the ground for an increasing professionalization of their discipline; the professional competition between canonists and theologians, which emerged in part out of a divide between those who understood the Church as a pastoral institution and those that understood it as a rigorously hierarchical administrative entity; and the emergence of new legal practices.
Traditions
Authors: Dorsett Shaunnagh
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines legal encounters and legal relations between Indigenous peoples in both Australia and New Zealand and the British Empire. It looks at court decisions as a source of historical material in order to suggest two contact points between jurisdictions through which to think about indigenous laws and settler laws. It focuses on only two instances of contact: the colonial and the present. In many ways this choice reproduces ongoing gaps in tracing and thinking about legal encounters with Aboriginal law in Australia and, to a lesser extent, in New Zealand. Scholarship on legal encounter has tended to be centred on the colonial period to the detriment of the later nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century. The chapter looks at the ways in which colonial and modern law engaged/s with aboriginal law from the perspective of the colonizer, not the colonized.
Foundings
Authors: Lindseth Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the founding of European integration. Following two world wars, Western Europe sought to reconcile the increased functional demand for delegated regulatory power with their historical experiences and constitutional traditions. Each country’s solution followed the same basic pattern: the vast majority of rules of general application would no longer be in the form of traditional legislation passed by parliament but would take the form of regulations or other subordinate legislation produced within the executive and administrative spheres, adopted pursuant to ‘enabling legislation’ or ‘framework laws’. However, at almost the same historical moment, administrative governance also began to take on an additional supranational dimension. This new dimension involved the shift of regulatory power, both in terms of rulemaking and enforcement/adjudication, to institutions operating outside the confines of the nation-state.
The Myth of the Digital Native and What It Means for Higher Education
Authors: Corrin Linda , Apps Tiffani , Beckman Karley , Bennett Sue
Published: September 2018

The term “digital native” entered popular and academic discourse in the early 1990s to characterize young people who, having grown up surrounded by digital technology, were said to be highly technologically skilled. The premise was mobilized to criticize education for not meeting the needs of young people, thereby needing radical transformation. Despite being repeatedly discredited by empirical research and scholarly argument, the idea of the digital native has been remarkably persistent. This chapter explores the myth of the digital native and its implications for higher education. It suggests that the myth’s persistence signals a need to better understand the role of technology in young people’s lives. The chapter conceptualizes technology “practices,” considers how young adults experience technology in their college and university education, and how their practices are shaped by childhood and adolescence. The chapter closes with some propositions for educators, institutions, and researchers.
Salvaging Breast Reconstruction: Profunda Artery Perforator Flaps Using Thoracodorsal Vessels
Authors: Teotia Sumeet S. , Cho Min-Jeong , Haddock Nicholas T.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Over the years, the choice of recipient vessels for free flap autologous breast reconstruction has shifted from the thoracodorsal to the internal mammary vessels due to ease of flap inset and predictability of anatomy. However, thoracodorsal vessels are still great recipient vessels, and can be useful, especially in the previously failed or staged autologous breast reconstruction. In this study, we present our experience using thoracodorsal or serratus vessels for profunda artery perforator flaps.

Methods:

Of the 792 autologous free flap breast reconstruction performed, we identified 12 patients (21 flaps) who underwent reconstruction using thoracodorsal or serratus vessels from 2012 to 2017. Flap, patient characteristics, and demographic data and perioperative details were collected.

Results:

Twenty-one flaps were used to reconstruct 14 breasts in 12 patients. The mean age of patients was 49.6 years old (range, 42–54), the mean flap weight was 354.7 g (range, 170–540 g), the mean body mass index was 28 (range, 23.2–34.4), and the average operative time was 496.1 minutes (266–680). Majority of these patients underwent additional staged free flap reconstruction (following previous deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps) for severe breast contour defects (58%) and for failed previous breast reconstruction (42%). The anastomosis was performed using thoracodorsal (43%), serratus (43%), and profunda artery perforator side branch (14%) vessels.

Conclusion:

Determining appropriate flap and recipient vessels in a previously failed or staged breast reconstruction is very challenging. Thoracodorsal and serratus vessels are excellent recipient vessels in patients who already have exhausted internal mammary vessels for previous breast reconstruction.
Novel Forehead Augmentation Strategy: Forehead Depression Categorization and Calcium-Hydroxyapatite Filler Delivery after Tumescent Injection
Authors: Kim Jongseo
Published: September 2018

Background:

The minimally invasive delivery of soft-tissue calcium hydroxyapatite fillers can ameliorate the appearance of forehead depressions and wrinkles. Forehead augmentations using fillers lead to fewer adverse events and to a faster recovery time than those using surgical procedures. However, many physicians avoid using them due to the risk of pain, intravascular injections, and embolisms that can cause skin necrosis and blindness. Strategy to address these issues includes pain reduction through tumescent solution before filler injection considering the vascular pathway. In addition, the strategy is also safer from embolism.

Methods:

The author presents a forehead augmentation technique involving the injection of a tumescent solution for tissue hydrodissection. Not only does this create a pocket of space (TS) for filler placement, it also allows the physician to detect bleeding and prevent vessel compromise It is better to minimize the number of entry-points where no vessel exists. By minimizing the number of entry-points and physical proximity to vessels and nerves during injection, this technique reduces the risks of embolization and bleeding. For optimal, patient-customized results, the author also classifies forehead depressions in 5 different categories, depending on the severity, shape, contour, slope, and quantity of volume deficiency observed.

Results:

The author treated 218 patients using the author’s forehead augmentations (using one central entry-site after TS test injection). The method was easy to perform and safe from adverse effects such as vascular problem, irregularity, infection, and prolonged swelling.

Conclusion:

Using this simple technique, I demonstrate how calcium hydroxyapatite fillers can be injected with little force or dilution, thus preserving its original properties while increasing procedural safety, minimizing pain, restoring convexity, and creating ideal curvatures.
Submental Intubation
Authors: Luce Edward A. , Alvarez Sonia M.
Published: September 2018

Acquisition of a secure airway is an essential element of the operative management of maxillofacial trauma. Of the options available, submental intubation is an alternative to tracheostomy. The access should be accomplished via a midline approach rather than lateral through the mylohyoid, an armored endotracheal tube utilized to prevent kinking, and the passage facilitated by use of wound dilators obtained from a percutaneous tracheostomy set.
The Role of Centers of Excellence With Multidisciplinary Teams in the Management of Abnormal Invasive Placenta
Authors: SHAMSHIRSAZ ALIREZA A. , FOX KARIN A. , ERFANI HADI , BELFORT MICHAEL A.
Published: September 2018

Abnormal invasive placenta (AIP) causes significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. With the increasing incidence of cesarean delivery, this condition is dramatically more common in the last 20 years. Advances in grayscale and Doppler ultrasound have facilitated prenatal diagnosis of abnormal placentation to allow the development of multidisciplinary management plans. Outcomes are improved when delivery is accomplished in centers with multidisciplinary expertise and experience in the care of AIP. This article highlights the desired features for developing and managing a multidisciplinary team dedicated to the treatment of AIP in center of excellence.
Disialoganglioside GD2 Expression in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Saraf Amanda J. , Dickman Paul S. , Hingorani Pooja
Published: September 2018

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. Despite aggressive therapy, patients with metastatic or relapsed disease experience dismal outcomes and novel therapies are urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated expression of disialoganglioside (GD2), a cell surface antigen with therapeutic implication, in 16 RMS patient samples. Scoring revealed GD2 positivity in 25% of the samples. These data suggest that a small subset of RMS tumors express GD2, which may be a therapeutic target in these patients.