bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Site Infections in Gynaecological Surgeries
Authors: Iyengar Akshaya , Nayyar Shiven , Jajoo Vedika
Published: January 2022

Surgical contaminations are one of the utmost familiar medical management related contamination within the economically developing nations. Gynecologic tactics constitute a completely distinctive venture within which the infectious pathogen arising out of pores and the underlying skin or the vagina and endo-cervix can also relocate up to the area of surgery and may bring about vaginal cuff cellulitis, cellulitis of the  pelvis, and abscesses of the pelvis. Numerous organisms along with operation threat elements were recognized as dangers that grow infectious sequelae after pelvic surgical treatment. The full-size use of antibiotic prophylaxis has decreased however now no longer removed severe postoperative infections; the common anticipated SSIs price being three–15% after c-section. Those costs are multiplied by the existence of various threat elements like surgical infection, which is compounded by untimely rupture of membranes, obstructed labour, chorioamnionitis, large obesity, extended duration of surgery, emergency surgeries, and immunodeficiency, all of that are not uncommon within aid-deficient nations. Other factors linked to physician ability, such as poor operation skills, insufficient hemostasis, and the presence of a useless region, lead to increased injury contamination. Working at the pinnacle, such as those medical conditions that occur during pregnancy and malnutrition, also contribute significantly to the problem.

SSIs as the most common motive concerning hospital-acquired contamination in obstetrics, although the present contemporary era, remains as chief residence fitness hassle within growing nations. We may even evaluate the definitions, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of pelvic SSIs after gynecologic surgical procedures.
A Persistence Search for the Most Appropriate Process of PET Recycling: A Review
Authors: Thakur Neelam , Rajput Kritika , Kaur Navneet , Mehta Pankaj
Published: January 2022

One of the most serious threats to the environment in today’s world is plastic pollution. The reason for widespread of plastic is its poor disposal management, indiscriminate use of plastic and its related products. There was a tremendous increase in the production of plastic from the start of 21st century due to its high demand which tripled the waste in these two decades. This review papers aims at providing the understanding of various techniques used for PET plastic degrading process and currently used in large scale that is quite detrimental to the environment. Further, the recent discovery of the bacteria eating enzyme provided a shaft of light in waste green recycling process. Adding to this, there is an outline provided for bioengineering of the most preferred enzymes for hydrolysis process result is compared that which one is more efficient one. Comparing them and trying to exploring the potential of various mutated enzymes for hydrolyzing of plastic waste formulated by various researchers to identify the Nobel PET catalyst which can solve the massive environment crisis when used in large-scale.
Oxytocin Regimens for Labour Augmentation and Its Effect on Perinatal Outcomes: A Narrative Review
Authors: Acharya Neema , Singh Priyanka , Singh Monisha , Sinha Priyanjali
Published: January 2022

Background: The issue of childbirth, stimulation of labor is very important for successful childbirth and the birth of healthy babies. Obstetricians play main role in providing and rising Maternal and Child Health (MCH) care facilities. One amongst the goal of MCH care is safe delivery with smart feto-maternal outcome. The hormone plays vital role to cut back rates of caesarean birth once used for management of dystocia. Interventions with oxytocin particularly at high doses would lead to adverse effects on fetal heart rate and uterine tachsystole which occurs due to reduction in blood flow during contraction in intervillousspaces. The purpose of use of oxytocin is for physiological birth and for successful delivery practices. For augmentation of labour hormone regimens are low-dose (1-3 milli units/min) and high dose (4-7 milli units/min). Studies have shown high-dose of hormone causes hyperstimulation to womb. It's been mentioned that there's decrease in induction to delivery time at meta-analysis.

Augmentation of labour is that the method of accelerating the frequency of contractions to facilitate a labour. The principal methodology for achieving augmentation of labour varies in the use and approach. Oxytocin is widely used for each induction and augmentation of labour. Interventions with oxytocin particularly at high doses would lead to adverse effects on fetal heart rate and uterine tachsystole which occurs due to reduction in blood flow during contraction in intervillous spaces. The purpose of use of oxytocin is for physiological birth and for successful delivery practices. These results reinforce the need to reflect on a change in care during delivery. Thus,this will help health care professional for better understanding on use and its effect during labour which will help in proper decision making for augmentation of labour.
Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19: Health Impact and Clinical Findings
Authors: Guru Alisha , Vagha Sunita
Published: January 2022

Besides its high mortality rates, COVID-19 disease has dramatic psychosocial and psychological effects worldwide. There are significant reports of mental issues, panic attacks, anxiety, depression, and financial difficulties, and the effects continue to persist months after recovery [1]. The disease itself multipliedgic by many other problems like post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, change in behaviors. All these have a significant impact on their lives [1]. It also has adverse effects on pregnancy. COVID-19 has affected the mother as well as the child’s health. There are many panic and anxiety issues. Many deaths were not even reported. Coronavirus pandemic has led to many health and mental illnesses. Many lockdowns led to financial difficulties and problems in the present and future.

Long-term neuropsychiatric effects may be caused by more than only the massive psychological trauma suffered during the outbreak.

Poor developmental outcomes in offspring have been associated with prenatal psychological distress, including abnormalities in brain development 4, 7, and worse socio-emotional and cognitive development.

This article tends to define the psychosocial (psychosocial remove) impact of COVID-19 on students, health workers, pregnant women, how their lives and mental health are affected worldwide. COVID-19 affected the workplace. Stress throughout pregnancy and early life has been linked to cancer lately. It has affected many lives in agricultural areas, economic-financial losses. Current reports put forward feasible passing on vertical coronavirus, although longitudinal studies offspring are needed. The paternal infection on the offspring and generational upshot can be contemplated.
Ocular Trauma in Pediatric Population
Authors: Jadhav Indrayani , Sohrot Nidhi , Lohiya Sohan
Published: January 2022

Pediatric ocular trauma is the main challenge for ophthalmologists. It is the most crucial cause of monocular blindness. Thus, it is the main problem in public health management. This study is aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and visual consequences of ocular trauma. The ocular trauma with further complications can result in blindness.  An immediate evaluation of the potential damage may be impossible because of vitreous hemorrhage or may be ill-advised because of hyphema or damage to other ocular or orbital structures. Books like Comprehensive Ophthalmology by Dr. A K Khurana and various articles, WHO (World Health Organization) website, etcetera were referred for this review article. Trauma in pediatric age groups is more prevalent than that in adult age groups. The so, the male gender is more prone to such injuri females. This study concludes that trauma to eyes the is the leather dying cause of ocular morbidity, which can be avoided by simple measures. First aid and early treatment can cause a significant decrease in loss of vision due to ocular trauma. Thus, a little awareness in parents and guardians can help decrease loss and blindness in the pediatric population. Eye injury, if occurred in a closed eye, causes contusion or lamellar laceration, and if that happens in an open eye, then it can lead to rupture, perforation, or penetrating injury to the eyeball. Troma to the eyes is the leading cause of ocular morbidity, which simple measures can avoid. First aid and early treatment can cause significant decrease in loss of vision due to ocular trauma. Thus, a little awareness in parents and guardians can help decrease loss and blindness in the pediatric population.
Role of Ultrasonography and Conventional Radiography in the Detection of Maxillofacial Fractures: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kamran Ayesha , Al-Gorjia Wisam A. Razzak
Published: January 2022

Objective: With the collaboration of the trauma department, our study was designed to compare the effectiveness of ultrasonography (USG) and conventional radiography in the detection of bony fractures related to oral and maxillofacial regions.

Methodology: This comparative study was conducted from March 2020 to March 2021 by the Radiology department of Sarghoda medical college hospital with the collaboration of the trauma department. Ultrasonography was performed by using GE- USG machine along with a linear extraoral transducer (frequency range 7-15 MHZ). Patients were asked to sit in a seated position facing the sinologist. Transducers were placed over the site by applying the sterile gel.

Results: The overall sensitivity and specificity rate of ultrasonography was reported as 83.33% and 98.88% respectively in all sites whereas the sensitivity and specificity rate of conventional radiographs were reported as 70.24%, 100%. The negative predictive value of USG was reported as 96.17% along with 94.59% positive predictive value. In the contrast, conventional radiography gave a better positive predictive value (100%) than USG In our study we found better results of ultrasonography in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive value.

Conclusion: In conclusion, our study depicts that ultrasonography is an economical, useful diagnostic tool for examining the bony fractures of facial trauma with a better sensitivity rate when compared to conventional radiographs.
Workforce Diversity and Organizational Performance during COVID-19: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Companies
Authors: Junejo Ikramuddin , Shaikh Saba , Thebo Jalil Ahmed , Salahuddin Syed
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to identify the impact of workforce diversity on organizational performance. For achieving research objectives and testing hypothesis the primary data collected with help of adopted questionnaire. The respondents were considered from Pharmaceutical companies which are operating in Sindh, Pakistan. Sample was consisting of 300. Findings of this study confirmed all proposed hypothesis are found to have significant impact of Gender diversity during covid-19, Age diversity during covid-19, Education diversity during covid-19 and Experience diversity during covid-19 on Organizational performance during covid-19 in pharmaceutical companies. However, new insights of this study revealed that gender diversity during covid-19 has more positive and significant impact with respect to other workforce diversity variables due to higher beta value. For better future performance this study results suggest to top management of Pharmaceutical companies should manage the workforce diversity.
Psychological Problem in Geriatric Age Group
Authors: Thakur Ujwall , Babar Vijay
Published: January 2022

The proper definition of geriatrics is not easy to define. It can be said it is the health care / medical care provided to the elderly age group people of the society. Old/elderly is also preferred over the geriatric term but is not that precise, sixty-five years is said to be the age group coming into the geriatric group, but some of the people do not need any medical care until the age of seventy- seventy years. Biological or physiological impairment, as well as socioeconomic circumstances, can affect functional status. Their functional ability determines the elderly's capacity to stay at home. Doctors should reasonably expect to care for an increasing number of elderly people with complex medical and psychosocial issues. As a result of these challenges and issues, difficult ethical dilemmas may arise. As a result, practitioners should be aware of ethical difficulties that arise frequently when caring for older patients. Poor patient-clinician communication can lead to ethical difficulties; as a result, we present practical guidelines for better communication. People were more likely to develop physical disabilities, despair, and cognitive impairment as they got older, especially those in the 80-89 age bracket. Current data for India's old provide a foreshadowing of a new challenges if programme managers and policymakers do not take prompt action in this area. There is a need to raise awareness of the medical and socioeconomic difficulties that India's elderly confronts and initiatives for improving their quality of life.
Microscopy and the COVID-19 Pandemic, What We Need to Know?-The Hygiene Protocols and Digitalization
Authors: Sreeshyla Huchanahalli Sheshanna , Usha Hegde , Premalatha B. R. , Nandini N. M. , Nitin Priyanka , Srinivas J.
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has reemphasized the significance of personal protection at all the levels, from public places to hospitals, to working spaces to residence and at individual levels. It is inevitable for personnel in a common working space to share items multiple times one after the other frequently. Laboratory is one such arena and is also of great concern as it is associated with handling pathogenic specimens, investigating and diagnosing pathologies.  By nature, it can be of great concern due to the possibility of higher chances of cross contamination. This fact is made even more precarious by the current COVID 19 pandemic. Hence there is a great need for a set of guidelines, appropriate protocols, best hygiene practices and digitalization in reporting and teaching learning, to be followed in the laboratory to prevent cross contamination. Microscopy work area is part of laboratory where microscopes are placed and used by the professionals for pathological diagnosis or research. Though there are set guidelines to be followed for most aspects of the laboratory, the cleanliness and personal protective guidelines for microscopes are sparse. Use of a disposable or reusable plastic film for covering microscopes, selection of suitable disinfectant, use of proper cleaning and protective tools and safeguarding the sensitive parts of microscope are highly recommended.
Prevalence and Patterns of Sport Supplements Use among Gym Attendants and Competitive Athletes in North Cyprus
Authors: Erdağ Deniz , Tosun Özgür , Yavuz Hasan Ulaş
Published: January 2022

Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the prevalence, motivation for use, information and purchase sources of supplements among male competitive team sports athletes and recreational gym users in North Cyprus.

Study Design: The sample size was calculated based on the total population size according to the reports obtained from the gyms and the records of the related federations (soccer, basketball, volleyball) of TRNC. For a confidence level of 95 % and a confidence interval of 2.5 %; the required sample size was calculated as 804. The study covered more participants to ensure the statistical power to remain over 80 %. Calculations were performed with G*Power (for Mac Version 3.1.9.3).

Place and Duration of Study: 8 gyms located in 6 different districts in Northern Cyprus between june2020 and July 2020.

Methodology: A structured questionnaire measuring prevalence and patterns of supplements was administered to 902 participants (329 gym attendants, 562 team sports athletes, 18-40 years old, men). Statistical differences between sex, age group and sports participation were done by using a Chi-square analysis. Differences were considered significant at a p-value <0.05.

Results: Overall, 54% of all subjects reported use of dietary supplements, showing a significantly higher percentage among gym attendants (62%) compared to team sport athletes (50%). The most popular dietary supplement among all subjects was protein (46.9%), followed by amino acids (22.6%), multivitamins (20.7%) and creatine (18.8%). Overall, the most important reasons for using supplements were increasing strength (52%), increasing energy (37.6%), insufficient nutrition (32.4%) and increase durability (32.4%). Trainers were the most common source of information for both groups and overall (33.5%), followed by gym friends for the gym attendants and pharmacies for the team sport athletes (30.2%).

Conclusion: The prevalence was higher among the gym attendants compared to competitive athletes. This finding is in conflict with the related literature. It might be explained by the low level of competition and athletic performance in North Cyprus. The most popular source of information was trainers in our study and these findings were in compliance with the related literature.
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triphala Oral Spray in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment- A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Malviya Nishi , Thosar Nilima , Rathi Nilesh , Khubchandani Monika , Meshram V. G.
Published: January 2022

Background: Malocclusion is one of the most susceptible causes of the development of periodontal diseases and dental caries in young individuals undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. It provides a surface area for the accumulation of food particles, which further leads to plaque formation. Various mechanical and chemical aids are used regularly to decrease the microbial load and accumulation of plaque. Chemical adjuncts such as chlorhexidine mouthwash are widely used as antimicrobial agents that have significant efficacy against oral Streptococci and Actinomyces species. Herbal agents have replaced conventional medications due to the development of antibiotic resistance. Among herbal medicaments, Triphala is the well-known drug formulation that can be used as an adjuvant for commercially available chemical aid. Chlorhexidine mouth wash requires the assistance of the caregivers. Therefore, there is a need for a newer modality to maintain oral hygiene in patients undertaking orthodontic corrections.

Objectives: 1. To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Triphala oral spray on Streptococcus mutants levels in children undergoing orthodontic treatment. 2. To evaluate the efficacy of Triphala oral spray in reducing dental plaque in children undergoing orthodontic treatment. 3. To evaluate the efficacy of Triphala oral spray reducing gingivitis in children undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Methodology: A randomized control trial will be done among – participants with the age group of 10 to 15 years of age. A total of 25 children were included in the study. The participants will be told to use the spray two times a day for one week. After 7 days, plaque index and the gingival index will be re-recorded, and plaque samples will be collected for post-intervention microbial analysis.

Results: Triphala-based oral spray will effectively reduce plaque score, reduce gingival inflammation, and show inhibitory effects on microbial count.

Conclusion: Triphala oral spray can be used as an adjuvant by the orthodontic patients for reduction of the microbial load. It also provides better acceptability by the children as it does not require any assistance of the caregivers.
A Rare Case of Lymphatic Filariasis
Authors: Vijay J. , Anuradha N. , Prabhu Viknesh , Anilbhai Patel Harshvardhan
Published: January 2022

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori.Asymptomatic microfilaria, acute lymphatic filariasis, chronic lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia are the different presentations of lymphatic filariasis. Systemic manifestation can involve joint, kidney, heart and nerve. This article is a case report of lymphatic filariasis with a rare presentation of anasarca and nephritic syndrome.
A Review on Syphilis: Clinical Manifestation and Epidemiology
Authors: Rana Akshaya , Deb Mrinangka
Published: January 2022

Syphilis is a persistent infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum prevalent in low-income countries but rare in middle- and high-income countries. T. pallidum is known for its invasiveness and immune evasion; its clinical symptoms are produced by local inflammatory responses to replicating spirochetes and are often confused with other diseases. The spirochete has a prolonged latent phase in which people might be infected even if they don't display any symptoms. Individuals, as well as the entire population, are affected by the sickness. Only one drug, penicillin, is recommended for the treatment of syphilis, and response to therapy is evaluated by changes in serological test titers over months. Despite the availability of simple diagnostic tests and the effectiveness of treatment with a single dose of long-acting penicillin, syphilis is emerging as a global public health problem. This is especially true among guys in high- and middle-income countries who have sex with men. Even though syphilis is a long-standing disease with well-established treatment ideas, diagnosis and therapy can be difficult due to the wide variety of symptoms and the difficulty of interpreting serological tests. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target of lowering syphilis incidence by 90% by 2030, but progress is slow. Countries can reduce the prevalence of syphilis by ensuring detection, treatment, and referral of infections by partners.
A Systematic Review: The Relationship between Fixed Prosthodontics and Dental Sensitivity
Authors: Aldhahri Ghith Fayez , Nass Shaima Abdulaziz , Alrefaei Abdulrahman Abdullah , Albouri Ali Hussain , Alqethami Hanouf Saad , Radhi Mahmood Hamdan Abdulla , Alhojaily Abdulraouf Abdulaziz , Alghamdi Wijdan Ahmed , Alqahtani Ali Mohammed , Qudaih Mohamed A. , Sultana Fatima
Published: January 2022

Dental prosthetics that are permanently attached (fixed) to the teeth are called fixed prosthetics. Crowns, bridges (fixed dentures), onlays, inlays, and veneers are also referred to as indirect restorations. Professionals in prosthodontics have trained in this area from academic institutions. With fixed prosthodontics, a single tooth or multiple teeth can be restored over areas where teeth are missing. A common oral health issue is trauma-induced tooth hypersensitivity following preparation of the tooth. Dental hypersensitivity is caused by a sudden onset of sharp pain on contact with exposed dentin, usually in response to heat, evaporation, pressure, or cold and is not attributed to any other dental problem or condition." Despite a lack of literature on the subject, post-cementation sensitivity has not been definitively studied. When dentinal tubules are separated during the preparation of teeth, a certain degree of pulpal trauma will result. An important decision is whether to carry out elective endodontic treatment for the tooth's vital abutments or proceed with the pulp preservation procedure.
Analytical Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Mifepristone in Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Bastia Sheetal , Gawade Vaibhav , Chopade Vitthal , Jagtap Rahul , Modi Vishal
Published: January 2022

Mifepristone structurally belongs to the class of anti-progesterone steroids, which are used as an oral contraceptive. The reverse phase HPLC method was designed in a simplified and rapid way for the estimation of Mifepristone in bulk as well as tablets. The method was established using a Kromasil C18 column of dimensions of 250mm×4.6mm and a particle size of 5m.The used mobile phase was Acetonitrile: Water (70:30, v/v). The pump was pumped at 1 ml/min at a temperature of about 30 ± 2 °C and the eluted analyte was identified at 305 nm. Mifepristone eluted with a mean retention time of 6.27 minutes. The intended method was validated as per ICH (International Council for Harmonisation) guidelines, indicating a high degree of specificity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The LOD (Limit of detection) was found to be 0.7238 ppm and the limit of measurement was 0.9562 ppm. The method linearity was found to be between 1-6µg/ml, with an R2 of 0.9923. In accuracy studies, the percent recovery was found to be between 99.39% - 100.50%. The method was discovered to be precise as the values of the percent RSD were found to be less than 2.0% for both intraday and interday. The method was discovered to be reliable and robust. Mifepristone in marketed pharmaceutical tablet dosage form was effectively quantified using the established Reverse Phase HPLC method.
Microbiological Characteristics and Heavy Metal Pollution of Crude Oil Contaminated Water Bodies in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Taye Precious Popoola, , Ogbonna David. N. , Williams J. O.
Published: January 2022

Crude oil exploration has been beneficial to our economy but detrimental to our environment with the artisanal refineries further compounding the challenge. This research was aimed at investigating the microbiology and heavy metal pollution of three crude oil polluted rivers in Rivers State, Nigeria and effects on living organisms inhabiting that environment. This study was carried out in three locations in South-South Nigeria (Eagle Island, Iwofe and Chokocho rivers). A total of 64 water samples (upstream and downstream points) were collected using appropriate containers and sterile polyethene bags for 6 crab samples for a period of three months. Water and crab samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method while microbiological analysis involved isolation and enumeration of microbial populations of the water and crab samples as well as characterization and identification of the isolates using standard methods Results showed Total Heterotrophic bacteria (THB) ranged from 6.0 × 106 cfu/ml to 9.0 × 108cfu/ml for the downstream locations and 1.7 × 106cfu/ml to 3.5 × 107cfu/ml for the upstream locations. Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF) ranged from 2.0 × 104cfu/ml to  1.1 × 105cfu/ml  for downstream locations and 0.1 × 104cfu/ml to  4.0 × 104cfu/ml  for upstream locations, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB) ranged from 0.8 × 103cfu/ml to  4.0 × 103cfu/ml in downstream locations and 2.0 × 103cfu/ml to  7.4 × 103cfu/ml in upstream locations, Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF) ranged from 1.0 × 103cfu/ml to  6.0 × 103cfu/ml for downstream locations and 5.0 × 102cfu/ml to  8.0 × 103cfu/ml for upstream locations.   The bacteria identified biochemically included Serratia sp., Enterobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. for the crab samples and Bacillus sp. was dominant in the water samples (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus carboniphilus). The heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb) were below the DPR permissible limit but are likely to increase since the activities leading to pollution are still ongoing. The crab as a filter feeder, had higher concentration of heavy metals and microbial population and the location with the highest crude oil pollution (14.5mg/l) had the lowest THB (6.0 × 106cfu/ml) as physicochemical parameters like the amount of Dissolved Oxygen had been altered.
Results
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
charred plant remains
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Appendix 2
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Appendix 3
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Large‐scale fire management restores grassland bird richness for a private lands ecoregion
Authors: Roberts Caleb P. , Scholtz Rheinhardt , Fogarty Dillon T. , Twidwell Dirac , Walker Thomas L.
Published: January 2022

Of all terrestrial biomes, grasslands are losing the most biodiversity the most rapidly, so there is a critical need to document and learn from large‐scale restoration successes.

In the Loess Canyons ecoregion of the Great Plains, USA, an association of private ranchers and natural resource agencies has led a multi‐decadal, ecoregion‐scale initiative to combat the loss of grasslands to woody plant encroachment by restoring large‐scale fire regimes. Here, we use 14 years of fire treatment history with 6 years of grassland bird monitoring and remotely sensed tree cover data across 136,767 ha of privately owned grassland to quantify outcomes of large‐scale grassland restoration efforts.

Grassland bird richness increased across 65% (90,032 ha) of the Loess Canyons, and woody plant cover decreased up to 55% across 25% (7408 ha) of all fire‐treated areas.

This was accomplished with extreme fire treatments that killed mature trees, were large (mean annual area burned was 3100 ha), spatially clustered and straddled boundaries between invasive woodlands and remaining grasslands – not heavily infested woodlands.

Findings from this study provide the first evidence of human management reversing the impacts of woody encroachment on grassland birds at an ecoregion scale.
Keros
Authors: Renfrew Colin , Boyd Michael J.
Published: January 2022

Keros, in the heart of the Cyclades, was the seafaring center of a regional network in the Early Bronze Age. It drew in participants from far and wide in rituals of deposition at its “Special Deposits” and boasted the largest planned and monumental architecture of the period, where early metallurgy was practiced.
Michael I–III (Byzantine emperors)
Authors: Whately Conor
Published: January 2022

Michael I, II, and III were Byzantine emperors of the ninth centuryceduring the period sometimes called the “Byzantine Revival,” when the state's political fortunes improved. There was also a cultural revival, including a renewed interest in texts from Classical antiquity.
Typology
Authors: RAMELLI ILARIA L. E.
Published: January 2022

The hermeneutical principle of interpreting a character or fact of the Bible as a prefiguration (
typos
) of a future character or event is already internal to the Bible, and was pursued by Patristic exegetes in a variety of ways, sometimes dovetailing it with allegorical–spiritual interpretations.
Agon
Authors: Aneziri Sophia
Published: January 2022

Theagonwas a permanent feature of ancient Greek life. Competition and rivalry mobilized various mechanisms that contributed to the formation and development of the Greek city‐state and its society. Theagonfound its main manifestation in athletic, hippic, musical, and dramatic contests (agones), which were an integral part of many Greek festivals and thus part of the cult of gods or deified mortals. The contests had interesting organizational and economic aspects. Furthermore, they offered tools for displaying honor and prestige both to the organizers and the participants.
Seneca the Elder (Lucius Annaeus Seneca)
Authors: Mannering Jonathan E.
Published: January 2022

Seneca the Elder was born in Spain in the mid‐first century
bce
. His extant writings are one of the primary sources on declamation, a rhetorical exercise that came to flourish as an oral and literary genre in its own right in the late Roman Republic and early Empire and influenced future generations of Latin authors.
Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus Seneca)
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: January 2022

Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (ca. 4bce–65ce) is one of the foremost exponents of imperial Stoicism. His life, thought, and works will be briefly examined – also in light of recent research, for instance regarding his theological ideas and his stance toward allegoresis, slavery, and Judaism.
Seven Liberal Arts
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: January 2022

The seven liberal arts were calledliberalesbecause they provided the education considered to be proper for a free person. The origin of the concept goes back to Classical and Hellenistic times, but the grouping of liberal arts into seven dates to Late Antiquity.
Maccabees, Books of
Authors: VANHENTEN JAN WILLEM
Published: January 2022

Four extracanonical Jewish books in Greek are connected with “the Maccabees,” which either refer to Jewish freedom fighters from the second century
bce
or to Jewish martyrs from the same period.
Calumnia
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: January 2022

According to Roman law,
calumnia
is the offense committed by someone in forging a false accusation against another individual, leading to a criminal trial. Such an offense was more extensively regulated and severely punished during the Late Roman Empire, as criminal justice became more severe, and the mere start of a criminal trial constituted a real danger to the life of the defendant.
Infamia
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: January 2022

In Roman law, aninfamisindividual is someone who has a reduced legal capacity.Infamiawas either the consequence of a condemnation in court or was directly attached to someone because of his way of life or socially deprecated profession.
Mancipatio
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: January 2022

The
mancipatio
is an extremely ancient act of Roman law. Originally a sale, once minted coin became the normal currency, the
mancipatio
became a formal act needed to transfer the ownership of goods belonging to the category of
res mancipi
between Roman citizens. It was also used by Roman jurisprudence as a basis on which to build new legal acts serving different purposes.
Taharqo, Taharqa, Taharka
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: January 2022

Taharqo was the last king of the 25th Egyptian Dynasty to exercise effective control over the whole of Egypt, his reign ending with his defeat by the Assyrians.
Cult attendants, Greek
Authors: Horster Marietta
Published: January 2022

Freeborn cult attendants were often appointed for a limited period, to perform a few rituals during the year. Sacrificial assistants, who helped to prepare an animal for sacrifice, were probably most often freeborn. Slaves served in temples and sanctuaries.
Cult attendants, Roman
Authors: Horster Marietta
Published: January 2022

In the city of Rome, only a few adult cult attendants of specific sanctuaries are attested. Most of those who assisted magistrates and priests in public ceremonies and sacrifices seem to have been organized in groups. In Italy and the Latin‐speaking provinces, the names and functions of the cult personnel for the most part followed the Roman tradition.
Veterans
Authors: Wesch‐Klein Gabriele
Published: January 2022

The Romans used the term “veteran” (
veteranus
) for all able‐bodied, discharged soldiers. Veterans as a social group, however, emerged as a result of changes within the Roman army during the reign of Augustus.
The Comprehensive Design of Power Distribution, Polarizations, and Radiate Angles for Split Beams Using Transmission Metasurfaces
Authors: Li YunBo , Gong ChaoYue , Wang ShiYu , Dong ShuYue
Published: January 2022

A method to design the metasurface‐based splitter with dual beams which have different power distributions, polarizations, and radiated angles is proposed. The presented metasurface is ultrathin which is only 0.12λ and the whole unit cell is mainly composed of receiving antenna with single‐polarization, power divider, dual‐channel phase shifter with independent control and transmitting antenna with dual‐polarization. According to the functional requirements of the beam splitter, the main components which are power divider and phase shifter can be artificially tailored correspondingly. And the fixed design of receiving and transmitting antennas can receive the incident electromagnetic (EM) wave with single‐polarization and transmit the EM wave with dual‐polarization, respectively. Comparing with conventional cascaded transmitarray and bulk lens, the design logic of proposed whole splitter is very clear that scanning and optimizing massive parameters of unit cells for satisfying the demands of polarization, transmission phase, and power distribution simultaneously is not needed. The good consistent results of experiment and simulation can verify the validity of our design.
Tuning Spin‐Orbit Torques Across the Phase Transition in VO2/NiFe Heterostructure
Authors: Kim Jun‐young , Cramer Joel , Lee Kyujoon , Han Dong‐Soo , Go Dongwook , Salev Pavel , Lapa Pavel N. , Vargas Nicolas M. , Schuller Ivan K. , Mokrousov Yuriy , Jakob Gerhard , Kläui Mathias
Published: January 2022

The emergence of spin‐orbit torques as a promising approach to energy‐efficient magnetic switching has generated large interest in material systems with easily and fully tunable spin‐orbit torques. Here, current‐induced spin‐orbit torques in VO2/NiFe heterostructures are investigated using spin‐torque ferromagnetic resonance, where the VO2 layer undergoes a prominent insulator‐metal transition. A roughly twofold increase in the Gilbert damping parameter, α, with temperature is attributed to the change in the VO2/NiFe interface spin absorption across the VO2 phase transition. More remarkably, a large modulation (±100%) and a sign change of the current‐induced spin‐orbit torque across the VO2 phase transition suggest two competing spin‐orbit torque generating mechanisms. The bulk spin Hall effect in metallic VO2, corroborated by the first‐principles calculation of the spin Hall conductivity , is verified as the main source of the spin‐orbit torque in the metallic phase. The self‐induced/anomalous torque in NiFe, with opposite sign and a similar magnitude to the bulk spin Hall effect in metallic VO2, can be the other competing mechanism that dominates as temperature decreases. For applications, the strong tunability of the torque strength and direction opens a new route to tailor spin‐orbit torques of materials that undergo phase transitions for new device functionalities.
The Emerging Electrochemical Activation Tactic for Aqueous Energy Storage: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future
Authors: Peng Jian , Zhang Wang , Wang Shun , Huang Yang , Wang Jia‐Zhao , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Chou Shu‐Lei
Published: January 2022

The exploration of facile, low‐cost, and universal synthetic strategies for high‐performance aqueous energy storage is extremely urgent. The electrochemical activation tactic is an emerging synthetic technique that can turn inert or weakly active substances into highly active materials for aqueous energy storage via in situ or ex situ electrochemical treatment, which is receiving increasing attention due to its advantages of facile operation, variable control, high efficiency, flexibility, and wide applicability. This review first discusses the definition and general implementing methods of the electrochemical activation tactic, as well as the fundamental activation mechanisms, and then summarizes its applications in various aqueous systems, including rechargeable batteries and electrochemical capacitors with different charge carriers. The remaining challenges, potential solutions, and further perspectives are discussed finally. It is believed that this review will provide a timely summary and new inspiration for cutting‐edge research on advanced aqueous energy storage devices.
Tunable Microgel‐Templated Porogel (MTP) Bioink for 3D Bioprinting Applications
Authors: Ouyang Liliang , Wojciechowski Jonathan P. , Tang Jiaqing , Guo Yuzhi , Stevens Molly M.
Published: January 2022

Micropores are essential for tissue engineering to ensure adequate mass transportation for embedded cells. Despite the considerable progress made by advanced 3D bioprinting technologies, it remains challenging to engineer micropores of 100 µm or smaller in cell‐laden constructs. Here, a microgel‐templated porogel (MTP) bioink platform is reported to introduce controlled microporosity in 3D bioprinted hydrogels in the presence of living cells. Templated gelatin microgels are fabricated with varied sizes (≈10, ≈45, and ≈100 µm) and mixed with photo‐crosslinkable formulations to make composite MTP bioinks. The addition of microgels significantly enhances the shear‐thinning and self‐healing viscoelastic properties and thus the printability of bioinks with cell densities up to 1 × 108 mL−1 in matrix. Consistent printability is achieved for a series of MTP bioinks based on different component ratios and matrix materials. After photo‐crosslinking the matrix phase, the templated microgels dissociated and diffused under physiological conditions, resulting in corresponding micropores in situ. When embedding osteoblast‐like cells in the matrix phase, the MTP bioinks support higher metabolic activity and more uniform mineral formation than bulk gel controls. The approach provides a facile strategy to engineer precise micropores in 3D printed structures to compensate for the limited resolution of current bioprinting approaches.
A Facile “Double‐Catalysts” Approach to Directionally Fabricate Pyridinic NB‐Pair‐Doped Crystal Graphene Nanoribbons/Amorphous Carbon Hybrid Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Fan Mengmeng , Yuan Qixin , Zhao Yuying , Wang Zeming , Wang Ao , Liu Yanyan , Sun Kang , Wu Jingjie , Wang Liang , Jiang Jianchun
Published: January 2022

Carbon material is a promising electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Doping of heteroatoms, the most widely used modulating strategy, has attracted many efforts in the past decade. Despite all this, the catalytic activity of heteroatoms‐modulated carbon is hard to compare to that of metal‐based electrocatalysts. Here, a “double‐catalysts” (Fe salt, H3BO3) strategy is presented to directionally fabricate porous structure of crystal graphene nanoribbons (GNs)/amorphous carbon doped by pyridinic NB pairs. The porous structure and GNs accelerate ion/mass and electron transport, respectively. The N percentage in pyridinic NB pairs accounts for ≈80% of all N species. The pyridinic NB pair drives the ORR via an almost 4e− transfer pathway with a half‐wave potential (0.812 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and onset potential (0.876 V vs RHE) in the alkaline solution. The ORR catalytic performance of the as‐prepared carbon catalysts approximates commercial Pt/C and outperforms most prior carbon‐based catalysts. The assembled Zn–air battery exhibits a high peak power density of 94 mW cm−2. Density functional theory simulation reveals that the pyridinic NB pair possesses the highest catalytic activity among all the potential configurations, due to the highest charge density at C active sites neighboring B, which enhances the interaction strength with the intermediates in the p‐band center.
Skyrmion Stabilization at the Domain Morphology Transition in Ferromagnet/Heavy Metal Heterostructures with Low Exchange Stiffness
Authors: Brock Jeffrey A. , Fullerton Eric E.
Published: January 2022

Herein, the experimental observation of micrometer‐scale magnetic skyrmions at room temperature in several Pt/Co‐based thin film heterostructures designed to possess low exchange stiffness, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and a modest interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (iDMI) is reported. It is found both experimentally and by micromagnetic and analytic modeling that a low exchange stiffness and modest iDMI eliminates the energetic penalty associated with forming domain walls in thin films. When the domain wall energy density approaches negative values, the remanent morphology transitions from a uniform state to labyrinthine stripes. A low exchange stiffness, indicated by a sub‐400 K Curie temperature, is achieved in Pt/Co, Pt/Co/Ni, and Pt/Co/Ni/Re structures by reducing the Co thickness to the ultrathin limit (<0.3 nm). Similar effects occur in thicker Pt/Co/NixCu1−x structures when the Ni layer is alloyed with Cu. At this transition in domain morphology, skyrmion phases are stabilized by small (<1 mT), perpendicular magnetic fields, and skyrmion motion in response to spin–orbit torque is observed. While the temperature and thickness‐induced morphological phase transitions observed are similar to the well‐studied spin reorientation transition that occurs in the ultrathin limit, the underlying energy balances are substantially modified by the presence of an iDMI.