bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade
Authors: Iwai Yoshiko , Ishida Masayoshi , Tanaka Yoshimasa , Okazaki Taku , Honjo Tasuku , Minato Nagahiro
Published: September 2002

PD-1 is a receptor of the Ig superfamily that negatively regulates T cell antigen receptor signaling by interacting with the specific ligands (PD-L) and is suggested to play a role in the maintenance of self-tolerance. In the present study, we examined possible roles of the PD-1/PD-L system in tumor immunity. Transgenic expression of PD-L1, one of the PD-L, in P815 tumor cells rendered them less susceptible to the specific T cell antigen receptor-mediated lysis by cytotoxic T cellsin vitro, and markedly enhanced their tumorigenesis and invasivenessin vivoin the syngeneic hosts as compared with the parental tumor cells that lacked endogenous PD-L. Both effects could be reversed by anti-PD-L1 Ab. Survey of murine tumor lines revealed that all of the myeloma cell lines examined naturally expressed PD-L1. Growth of the myeloma cells in normal syngeneic mice was inhibited significantly albeit transiently by the administration of anti-PD-L1 Abin vivoand was suppressed completely in the syngeneic PD-1-deficient mice. These results suggest that the expression of PD-L1 can serve as a potent mechanism for potentially immunogenic tumors to escape from host immune responses and that blockade of interaction between PD-1 and PD-L may provide a promising strategy for specific tumor immunotherapy.
CLINICAL DIAGNOSES FOLLOWING ZIPF'S LAW
Authors: TACHIMORI YUTAKA , TAHARA TAKASHI
Published: September 2002

We examine the statistical properties of data relating to clinical diagnoses extracted from the medical database of our hospital. Specifically, we analyze all diagnoses given to all patients (in- and out-patients). The data consisted of both data input to to computers as Japanese names, and the data input ICD10 (International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision). We adapted the Zipf approach to analyzing the frequencies of clinical diagnoses for these two data groups. We found that both group types have the inverse-power relationship between the rank order of diagnoses and the frequency of the appearance of these diagnoses. (This relationship is called Zipf's law, which is observed in natural language.) Though the reason why these sets follow Zipf's law is unknown, we speculate that the complex interaction between doctor and patient is the cause for adherence to Zipf's law.
INFRARED SCENE MODELING AND INTERPOLATION USING FRACTIONAL LÉVY STABLE MOTION
Authors: KOGON STEPHEN M. , MANOLAKIS DIMITRIS G.
Published: September 2002

Many data arising from natural phenomena exhibit "1/f" behavior, indicating a long-range dependence structure in the increments. The data is said to be self-similar or fractal, which has been traditionally modeled by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). This stochastic fractal model assumes a Gaussian distribution of the increments which is at times too rigid, particularly for data emanating from a long-tailed distribution. Therefore, the fractional Lévy stable motion stochastic process is proposed as a means of modeling a wider range of data. For these processes the increments are assumed to be from the family of stable distributions which have been shown to be good models of long-tailed behavior. The model is applied to data from infrared scenes and used to perform fractal interpolation, preserving not only the self-similarity, but also the probability distribution of the increments over the newly generated scales. This offers a flexible new model for a broader class of data than the fBm model.
EFFECT OF ODOUR CUES ON THE EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOUR OF FEMALE COMMON VOLES LIVING IN MATRIARCHAL GROUPS
Authors: Heise  , Rozenfeld
Published: September 2002

Seven matriarchal breeding groups of common voles (Microtus arvalis) were studied to test bonding between females when given the option to leave their family group, and the hypothesis that they explore more in areas with odours from related individuals compared to areas scented with odours from unrelated individuals.Young females were observed more frequently in the proximity of their mother and were recorded more often with their sisters than alone. Except for reproductive females, all females were seen more frequently in the initial home area than in areas of exploration. Females frequented an area scented with the odour of related females more often than one with the odour of unrelated, unfamiliar females, but only shortly before dark. In most test groups only the adult females reproduced although their daughters had reached the age of sexual maturity. The results indicate that young female M. arvalis tend to stay with their mother and may delay their own reproduction. When exploring the vicinity of the burrow young females tend to prefer areas with the scent from related females and can recognize odour cues after being separated from the odour donor for 3.5 weeks. This behaviour may minimize aggressive encounters, leading to dispersal toward related individuals.
Fluorescence Spectral Patterns of α,ω-Diphenylpolyenes near the S1(21Ag) and S2(11Bu) Level Crossing Point in Solution
Authors: Itoh Takao
Published: September 2002

The changes of the fluorescence spectral patterns observed when the S2(11Bu) level is approached the S1(21Ag) level by varying the solvent polarizability have been investigated for all-trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and all-trans-1,8-diphenyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene (DPO) in room temperature solvents. It is shown that the emission of DPO in diiodomethane consists nearly of a 1 : 1 mixture of the S2 and S1 fluorescence and that the emission of DPH in CS2 consists almost entirely of the S2(11Bu) fluorescence. When the 11Bu level approaches the 21Ag level, not only the increase of the S2 fluorescence intensity but also the change in the spectral pattern of the S1 fluorescence are observed for DPH and DPO. The solvent polarizability that achieves the inversion of the 21Ag and 11Bu levels for DPO has been estimated to be 0.54.
Crystal structure of Rnd3/RhoE: functional implications1
Authors: Fiegen Dennis , Blumenstein Lars , Stege Patricia , Vetter Ingrid R , Ahmadian Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2002

The Rnd proteins constitute an exceptional subfamily within the Rho GTPase family. They possess extended chains at both termini and four prominent amino acid deviations causing GTPase deficiency. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the Rnd3/RhoE G‐domain (amino acids 19–200) at 2.0 Å resolution. This is the first GTP‐structure of a Rho family member which reveals a similar fold but striking differences from RhoA concerning (i) GTPase center, (ii) charge distribution at several surface areas, (iii) C3‐transferase binding site and (iv) interacting interfaces towards RhoA regulators and effectors.
Diderot's views on artists' and inventors' rights: invention, imitation and reputation
Authors: HILAIRE-PÉREZ LILIANE
Published: September 2002

This paper considers inventors' rights as revealing shifts in the elaboration of public trust in inventions. The two main issues, the method of invention and the credit invested, are analysed both in terms of Diderot's writings and in the economic, social and political context of invention during the eighteenth century. In a pamphlet written in 1755, Histoire et secret de la peinture en cire, Diderot criticized the Count of Caylus's attempt to keep the invention of wax painting secret and to enhance his fame thanks to this technical achievement. Diderot developed a conception of invention as an activity based upon methodical rediscoveries, imitations and translations. Although this could also concern artistic practice, imitation in art had a quite different meaning for Diderot. The main issue was the status of artists and inventors in society. Personal glory and private appropriation were denied to inventors, in contrast to artists. Secrecy, pride and exclusivity in invention were mean and ridiculous strategies. This was precisely what had been happening since the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the development of a market for inventions and exclusive titles, which also affected art. Diderot's narrative of invention as a daily, collective and historical process echoed the necessity of reassessing the value of invention by the criteria of public utility and shared evaluation.
A logistic mixture model for characterizing genetic determinants causing differentiation in growth trajectories
Authors: WU RONGLING , MA CHANG-XING , CHANG MYRON , LITTELL RAMON C. , WU SAMUEL S. , YIN TONGMING , HUANG MINREN , WANG MINGXIU , CASELLA GEORGE
Published: September 2002

The logistic or S-shaped curve of growth is one of the few universal laws in biology. It is certain that there exist specific genes affecting growth curves, but, due to a lack of statistical models, it is unclear how these genes cause phenotypic differentiation in growth and developmental trajectories. In this paper we present a statistical model for detecting major genes responsible for growth trajectories. This model is incorporated with pervasive logistic growth curves under the maximum likelihood framework and, thus, is expected to improve over previous models in both parameter estimation and inference. The power of this model is demonstrated by an example using forest tree data, in which evidence of major genes affecting stem growth processes is successfully detected. The implications for this model and its extensions are discussed.
Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917
Authors: McLaughlin Malcolm
Published: September 2002

This study concerns a racial massacre which took place in East St Louis, Illinois on 2 July 1917. The violence erupted during a period of acute industrial unrest, and after significant black migration to the city from the South. These contexts were a focus for Elliott Rudwick's Race Riot, published in 1964, the classic study on this subject. A new approach to the context of industrial conflict is taken in the present work, one which considers the precise timing of the outbreak, and the significance of rumour in the riot. The context of community change is also reconsidered, and the underlying causes of whites' racial hostility are discussed. Close attention is given to the moment of the massacre, and an approach is taken to the social psychology of the collective behaviour of the rioters in order to offer explanations for how an entire community became involved in these atrocities.
Migration and Networks in Early Modern Kyoto, Japan
Authors: Nagata Mary Louise
Published: September 2002

The question of assimilation networks for migrants is usually applied to international migration. In this study, however, I use the population registers for a neighborhood in early modern Kyoto to look for possible network connections in domestic migration. I found a yearly turnover of fourteen households moving in and out of the neighborhood. Household and group migration was more important than individual migration and there is some sign of primary–secondary migration flows. Service migration did not play a major role in the migration patterns of this neighborhood, but the textile industry was probably an important attraction. Evidence of networks appears in the use of shop names that reflect a connection with a province or some specific location. These shop names usually reflected the place of origin of the household and may have been an effective method of gaining network connections and the guarantors necessary for finding housing and employment.
Relinking Work and Leisure in Late Victorian and Edwardian England: The Emergence of a Police Subculture
Authors: Shpayer-Makov Haia
Published: September 2002

Studies of the history of leisure have emphasized the separation between work and leisure which developed with the growth of industrial society. Only scant attention has been devoted by historians and sociologists of leisure to the continuing links between work and leisure throughout the nineteenth century, as reflected in recreational activities organized by employers for their employees. Such attention as has been paid to the subject has concentrated on industrial workers, largely ignoring the more systematic and extensive provision of leisure in work organizations belonging to the public sector. In an attempt to explore linkages between work and leisure in this emerging sector, the article focuses on the English police force and will address the following questions. What did the authorities aim to achieve in imposing control through leisure? How did the policemen react to such policies and was this strategy successful? What prompted the social and economic elite to become involved in moulding entertainment for police employees, and what was the impact of police leisure on the community at large?
ESTIMATION OF INBREEDING FROM ECCLESIASTICAL DISPENSATIONS: APPLICATION OF THREE PROCEDURES TO A SPANISH CASE
Authors: FUSTER VICENTE , COLANTONIO SONIA
Published: September 2002

The inbreeding coefficient of a population, estimated from ecclesiastical Roman Catholic dispensations, results from the relative contribution of different degrees of relationships (uncle–niece, first cousin, etc.). The interpopulation comparisons of consanguinity patterns may be obscured by the fact that in 1918 the Roman Catholic Church norm regulating the closest marriageable kinship was modified, limiting the application for an ecclesiastical dispensation to relatives of third degree (second cousins) or closer. Depending on the length of the period before or after the change of regulation, coefficients and rates may differ. Deviation of frequencies for multiple marriages may also occur. The aim of the present paper is to determine how the chosen procedure based on ecclesiastical dispensations may affect results, regarding the inbreeding coefficient, the consanguinity rate, the structure of consanguinity and the close/remote kinship ratio. As a sample case, information from the Gredos mountain range (central Spain) has been used.
‘Enough is Enough’: an ethnography of the struggle against impunity in Burkina Faso
Authors: Hagberg Sten
Published: September 2002

This article analyses the ways in which socio-political opposition is expressed by looking into the morally loaded discourse of political legitimacy in Burkina Faso that emerged after the assassination of the journalist Norbert Zongo in December 1998. Through the analysis of different political statements, newspapers and various comments from the ‘street’, it locates the struggle against impunity in a social and political undercurrent in Burkinabe society. In this context, notions of the public space are central, because the public space defines both the boundaries of public debate and the behaviour of key political actors. Two recurrent themes in Burkinabe political discourse, namely ideas of truth and courage, and the legitimacy of White people, illustrate the various ways in which socio-political opposition seeks to define the public space within which politics is to be practised and the behaviour to be observed by those acting there. But the struggle against impunity also takes place on a symbolic level at which key symbols are appropriated, interpreted and incorporated into political discourse.
British Policy Discussions on the Opium Question in the Federated Shan States, 1937-1948
Authors: Maule Robert
Published: September 2002

When Burma was separated from India in 1937, the production and distribution of opium in the trans-Salween area became an important issue for the British since the Government of Burma would be expected to adhere to the various international agreements to control the opium trade. Initiatives by British officials in London to tighten restrictions were necessary since this region produced over and above the licit requirements of opium for the Shan States, but they were never fully implemented owing to resistance from local authorities and traders and the lack of any alternative cash crop to substitute for opium.
Competition, Patriotism and Collaboration: The Chinese Businessmen of Yogyakarta between the 1930s and 1945
Authors: Kwartanada Didi
Published: September 2002

During the turbulent years between the 1930s and the end of the Japanese occupation in 1945, Chinese businessmen in Yogyakarta confronted three major issues: competition against the emerging Indonesian entrepreneurs and Japanese business expatriates; patriotism towards their ancestral land China in fighting against Japanese aggression; and collaboration with the new regime run by their former enemy, the Japanese. During this period newly arrived ‘totok’ Chinese achieved pre-eminence over the well-established ‘peranakan’ community.
Further declines of threatened primates in the Korup Project Area, south-west Cameroon
Authors: Waltert Matthias , Lien  , Faber Koen , Mühlenberg Michael
Published: September 2002

The diurnal primate community of the Korup area of south-west Cameroon is rich in species and high in endemism. Two years monitoring in the Support Zone around Korup National Park have shown that, although all species of the original community are still present, Preuss' red colobus and drill, which were considered to be threatened in the early 1990s, have declined further and are probably facing local extinction. Densities of the crowned monkey also seem to have declined. Only mona and putty-nosed monkeys have an expanded distribution, and densities that are within the range of those reported from previous studies in the region. Although hunting is the most important cause of these declines, logging also appears to be having a detrimental effect. In logged forest group densities of chimpanzee, red-capped mangabey, mona monkey and red-eared monkey decreased between the two survey years, whilst remaining constant or increasing in unlogged forest. The frequency of associations of guenon species did not differ between logged and unlogged study sites, but encounters of associations of all four guenon species were only found in unlogged forest. We strongly recommend enforcement of anti-poaching activities inside the Korup National Park, and establishment of wildlife management in the Support Zone, as only a combined strategy can successfully guarantee the persistence of the wildlife of the region.
Heavy poaching in prime habitat: the conservation status of the West Indian manatee in Nicaragua
Authors: Jiménez Ignacio
Published: September 2002

This study provides an overview of the conservation status of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Nicaragua, including data on habitat availability, manatee distribution and relative abundance, and current threats. The data is based on surveys from boats and extensive interviews with local people. Nicaragua harbors one of the largest areas of habitat suitable for manatees in Central America. The species has an almost continuous distribution along the country's eastern, Caribbean coast and inland in some watercourses. There are larger groups of manatees in brackish lagoons than in freshwater rivers. Seasonal migrations and lengthy daily travels influenced by tides have been reported. The main threats to these manatees include poaching and incidental drowning in fishing nets, while boat traffic, pollution and habitat loss presently seem to be negligible factors in Nicaragua. Poaching is widespread along the coast and it is estimated that c. 40 manatees are killed annually throughout the country. Enforcement of hunting laws and protected areas is almost non-existent, with the exception of the Southeastern Nicaragua Biosphere Reserve. This may explain why manatees have disappeared from a few areas and become rare in others. Unless restrictions are imposed on poaching and on the use of gill nets within inland wetlands, the West Indian manatee may become rare throughout Nicaragua in the near future.
Mammals on the Sangihe and Talaud Islands, Indonesia, and the impact of hunting and habitat loss
Authors: Riley Jon
Published: September 2002

Surveys between 1995 and 1999 brought the number of mammal species known to occur on the remote Sangihe and Talaud islands, Indonesia, from 34 to 37, of which 30 are indigenous and 22 are bats. Populations of bear cuscus Ailurops ursinus and Sulawesi small cuscus Strigocuscus celebensis are represented by endemic subspecies, whilst five little-studied species (Talaud Islands flying fox Acerodon humilis, Sangihe tarsier Tarsius sangirensis, Sangihe squirrel Prosciurillus rosenbergi, short-tailed Talaud melomys Melomys caurinus and long-tailed Talaud melomys M. talaudium) are endemic to the archipelago. Two squirrel species were recorded on Sangihe for the first time: Sulawesi dwarf squirrel P. murinus and Sulawesi giant squirrel Rubrisciurus rubriventer. In total, eight species occurring on the islands are categorized as globally threatened on the 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Habitat loss and hunting are the main threats on the Sangihe islands, where only 800 ha of primary forest remain. Large areas of Karakelang, in the Talaud Islands, are still forested, and a 24,669 ha wildlife reserve has been recently established. The main pressure facing mammal species on the Talaud Islands is hunting, particularly mist-netting of fruit bats for local consumption and trade. In order to control hunting and prevent further forest loss and degradation, future conservation efforts should focus on community-based conservation, in particular raising community awareness and increasing law enforcement. Two concurrent projects are now tackling some of these issues.
New observations of the ‘extinct’ Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt
Authors: Wacher Tim , el Din Sherif Baha , Mikhail Gabriel , el Din Mindy Baha
Published: September 2002

The Barbary sheep or aoudad Ammotragus lervia is widely distributed in the mountains of the Sahara and North Africa. The 2000 IUCN Red List assessment of the Egyptian subspecies A. l. ornata categorized this taxon as Extinct in the Wild. We present new evidence, collected during 1997–2000, that this subspecies is extant in both the extreme south-east and south-west of Egypt, and reassess the status of captive aoudad in Egypt. We recommend that the category of A. l. ornata on the IUCN Red List be changed to Critically Endangered, that conservation of wild aoudad in Egypt be prioritized, and that the subspecific status of both the wild and captive stocks in Egypt be reassessed.
Anselm's Neglected Argument
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: September 2002

Anselm is commonly credited with two a priori arguments for God's existence, the non-modal argument of Proslogion 2 and a modal argument some find in Proslogion 3. But his Reply to Gaunilo contains a third. The argument as Anselm gives it has flaws, but they are not fatal, and its main premise can serve as the basis of a simpler, stronger argument.
Implementing Work Requirements in Wisconsin
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: September 2002

When Western counties seek to reform welfare so that recipients have to work in return for aid, this poses implementation as well as policy problems. This study of work requirements in Wisconsin illustrates the challenges. It also confirms success of a top-down model of implementation. Wisconsin's welfare work programs had little impact on dependency through the mid 1980s because work was not a priority and work programs were underdeveloped. From 1985-6, however, the state increased funding and built up the employment bureaucracy. It required that more recipients participate in work programs, enter jobs rather than education, and avoid welfare if possible. It attuned the bureaucracy to its goals through funding incentives. These measures along with strong economic conditions then drove the welfare rolls down, with largely good effects. Wisconsin's achievement rested on its good-government traditions. Not all regimes have the same capacity.
Poverty and single elders in Hong Kong
Authors: LA GRANGE ADRIENNE , YUNG LOCK BETTY
Published: September 2002

This paper proposes a methodology for measuring poverty among people aged 60 years or more and living alone in Hong Kong. It uses a lifestyle approach and is based on an index of subjective perceptions of deprivation consisting of 79 indicators. These cover the main expenditure categories of single elders in Hong Kong: housing, food, clothing, durable goods, fuel and water, entertainment and social activities, medical care and transport. We tentatively identify a poverty threshold of HK $7,000 per month in regard to these expenditure categories. With incomes below $6,000, respondents reduce spending on miscellaneous items and, at incomes of $5,000, they reduce spending on clothing, entertainment and social activities and transport. At incomes below $4,000, they cut down on food, durable goods, and fuel and water expenditure. As incomes drop below $4,000, respondents are forced to cut to a significant degree the ‘necessities’ of life, in particular food, to make ends meet. Despite this, levels of transfer payments to Hong Kong's eligible single elders are currently below this amount. It is noteworthy that respondents do not reduce housing, medical care, services and ‘other’ expenses when their incomes are below $7,000 per month. We conclude that Hong Kong's status as a ‘tiger welfare regime’, and in particular its relatively comprehensive provision of public housing and health care, helps to explain this finding.
Early-retirement reform: can it and will it work?
Authors: VAN DALEN HENDRIK P. , HENKENS KÈNE
Published: September 2002

Early retirement from the labour force has become standard practice for most employees in the industrialised world. However, as a result of the rising costs of early-retirement schemes, curbing the outflow of older workers from the labour force has become a central government policy objective. Early-retirement reforms under which benefits are financed on a more actuarially neutral basis are currently being implemented in The Netherlands. At present it is not clear how older workers will react to these policy reforms. In this article we examine the extent to which (Dutch) older workers are inclined to change their retirement intentions in response to new early-retirement arrangements. On the basis of a labour market and a population survey we examine retirement intentions under alternative early-retirement policies. The overall conclusion is that the retirement reform may lead to a substantial delay of the retirement date, but that in practice factors other than financial incentives are powerfully at work. This is also reflected in the long-run early-retirement trend. This trend presents demographers and economists with a puzzle, because while a break can be identified in the time series, it set in before the early-retirement reforms were put into practice.
Hegel's reluctant realism and the transnationalisation of civil society
Authors: Jaeger Hans-Martin
Published: September 2002

Qualifying a realist interpretation, this essay argues that the dialectical involvement of the state as an individual with its external relations exposes international politics as a matter of both anarchy and war, and mutual recognition and practical morality among states in Hegel's theory of international relations. With the absolute distinction between internal community and external anarchy removed, Hegel's account of civil society becomes relevant to his theory of international relations. Both as an analogy and concretely, it provides indications for a partial transcendence of sovereign statehood and international anarchy by institutionalised co-operation and political (self-)regulation in a transnationalising civil society.
The imposition of a global development architecture: the example of microcredit
Authors: Weber Heloise
Published: September 2002

Poverty reduction is now a prime concern of global policymakers. Renewed global efforts for poverty reduction are presented as the post-Washington Consensus. In this context, I identify an emerging ‘global development architecture’ that entails new patterns of interlinkages between the WTO, IMF, World Bank, Regional Development Banks and Bilateral and Multilateral Development Agencies. Through the example of microcredit and poverty reduction I address the political economic implications of the emerging global development architecture. I argue that microcredit (1) facilitates financial sector liberalisation and the global trade in financial services; (2) functions as a political safety-net, containing or dampening resistance at the community level to liberalisation policies and economic austerity measures. The article critically probes the emerging global development architecture and argues that it is incorporated into the reconfiguration of global political economy as a strategy of ‘crisis management’. Normative discourses underpinning the post-Washington Consensus are argued to be instrumental to efforts to legitimate the consolidation, ‘constitutionally’, of what continues to be the Washington Consensus.
Overt subjects in English: evidence for the marking of person in an English-Italian bilingual child
Authors: SERRATRICE LUDOVICA
Published: September 2002

Data from one English-Italian bilingual child (1;10–3;1) are presented in this study which challenge the hypothesis that the consistent realization of overt subjects in English is caused by the emergence of finite verbal morphology in the child's grammar. The argument is made for the emergence of subjects as an independent grammatical property of English, namely the marking of person deixis. Throughout the period of observation there is a significant proportion of overt subjects in the child's English utterances appearing both with finite and non-finite verb forms. Production of subjects stabilizes at 90% of obligatory contexts when no morphological correlates of finiteness have been acquired yet. While subjects are produced at significantly lower rates in Italian, we observe the consolidation of a number of inflected forms marking person agreement. The emergence of overt subjects in English on the one hand, and of subject–verb agreement in Italian on the other suggest that this bilingual child is grammaticalizing the all-important function of person deixis in language-specific ways: the same function is expressed by different forms in the child's two languages.
Peer commentary on ‘Developing linguistic literacy: a comprehensive model’ by Dorit Ravid and Liliana Tolchinsky
Authors: BERMAN RUTH A.
Published: September 2002

The authors of this rich and interesting paper
have done a fine service to the
field of child language by bringing to the forefront the largely neglected topic
of later language development. Major discourse-oriented studies including
children beyond preschool age have been confined to oral production of
narrative texts (Peterson & McCabe, 1983; Berman & Slobin, 1994; Hickmann, in press), and they all leave off at around age ten. The pathbreaking
work of Labov (1972) did in fact consider the language of pre-adolescents and
teenagers in explicitly linguistic terms, but this also concerned oral narratives
without focusing on development. One important contribution of the present
study, then, is to show that the progression from early school-age via middle
childhood and on to adolescence and adulthood involves far more than
merely increased vocabulary.
Developing linguistic literacy: perspectives from corpus linguistics and multi-dimensional analysis
Authors: BIBER DOUGLAS , REPPEN RANDI , CONRAD SUSAN
Published: September 2002

In their conceptual framework for linguistic literacy development, Ravid &
Tolchinsky synthesize research studies from several perspectives. One of
these is corpus-based research, which has been used for several large-scale
research studies of spoken and written registers over the past 20 years. In this
approach, a large, principled collection of natural texts (a ‘corpus’) is
analysed using computational and interactive techniques, to identify the
salient linguistic characteristics of each register or text variety. Three
characteristics of corpus-based analysis are particularly important (see Biber,
Conrad & Reppen 1998):

[bull ] a special concern for the representativeness of the text sample being
analysed, and for the generalizability of findings;

[bull ] overt recognition of the interactions among linguistic features: the ways
in which features co-occur and alternate;

[bull ] a focus on register as the most important parameter of linguistic
variation: strong patterns of use in one register often represent only weak
patterns in other registers.
An equivariant version of the Kuhn–Schwartz
non-realizability theorem
Authors: BOURGUIBA DORRA , MEYER DAGMAR M.
Published: September 2002

The Kuhn–Schwartz non-realizability theorem states the following: if the mod p
cohomology of a topological space is finitely generated as a module over the Steenrod
algebra [Ascr ] then it is finite. We generalize this result to the category of G-spaces, where
G is a compact Lie group, by considering the equivariant cohomology of a G-space
as an object in the category of all [Ascr ]-modules with a compatible H*(BG; [ ]p)-module
structure.
On strictly singular and strictly cosingular embeddings between
Banach lattices of functions
Authors: COBOS FERNANDO , PUSTYLNIK EVGENIY
Published: September 2002

Let E be a Banach function lattice such that L∞[0, 1] [rarrhk ] E [rarrhk ] L1[0, 1]. We
characterize the strict singularity of the embedding L∞[0, 1] [rarrhk ] E and the strict
cosingularity of E [rarrhk ] L1[0, 1] in terms of functionals defined by using characteristic
functions.
Assessment of varicella underreporting in Italy
Authors: CIOFI DEGLI ATTI M. L. , ROTA M. C. , MANDOLINI D. , BELLA A. , GABUTTI G. , CROVARI P. , SALMASO S.
Published: September 2002

We conducted a study to assess the degree of varicella underreporting in Italy, and its distribution by age group and geographical area. Underreporting in individuals from 6 months to 20 years of age was computed as the ratio between the varicella seroprevalence in 1996 and the 1996 lifetime cumulative incidence based on statutory notifications. The degree of underreporting at the national level was 7·7 (95% CI 7·4–7·9); underreporting was greater in older age groups and in southern Italy. Quantification of underreporting can contribute to better understanding of the burden of varicella and to evaluating the potential impact of mass vaccination.
Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena, L.) from the western North Atlantic
Authors: McLellan W. A. , Koopman H. N. , Rommel S. A. , Read A. J. , Potter C. W. , Nicolas J. R. , Westgate A. J. , Pabst D. A.
Published: September 2002

North Atlantic harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) face considerable energetic challenges, as they are relatively small marine mammals with an intense reproductive schedule and a cold‐water habitat. Post‐natal growth of these porpoises was described using ontogenetic allometry and body composition techniques. The cross‐sectional sample contained robust calves, immature, and mature porpoises (n= 122) incidentally killed in commercial fishing operations between 1992 and 1998. Total mass and the mass of 26 body components were measured using a standard dissection protocol. Most body components grew similarly in female and male porpoises. Blubber, brain and skull were negatively allometric, while muscle and reproductive tissues exhibited positive allometry. Female heart, liver, intestine and mesenteric lymph node grew at significantly higher rates than in males. Male locomotor muscle and pelvic bones grew significantly faster than in females. High growth rates for visceral and reproductive organs in porpoises, relative to other mammals, may underlie their early maturation and support their intensive, annual reproductive schedule. Relative to other cetaceans, porpoises seem to allocate a larger percentage of their total body mass to blubber. This allocation to blubber, which is greatest in calves (37% of body mass), may provide harbour porpoises with the thermal insulation required to live in cold water. The factors influencing growth rates and differential investments in body composition seem to change at various stages of a porpoise's life. Energy allocation in porpoises seems to shift from an emphasis on developing an insulative blubber layer in young animals to preparing the body for annual reproduction at sexual maturity.
Fatty acid profiles of yolk lipids of five species of wild ducks (Anatidae) differing in dietary preference
Authors: Speake Brian K. , Surai Peter F. , Bortolotti Gary R.
Published: September 2002

The fatty acid compositions of yolk lipids of eggs collected in the wild from five species of ducks (Anatidae) showing a range of dietary preferences, the king eider Somateria spectabilis, the lesser scaup Aythya affinis, the mallard Anas platyrhynchos, the green‐winged teal Anas crecca and the gadwall Anas streperi, are reported. For all five species, the fatty acid profiles conformed to a similar pattern, characterized by relatively balanced proportions (w/w) of arachidonic (6.7–9.1%) and docosahexaenoic (5.9–7.0%) acids in yolk phospholipid. This contrasts markedly with the yolk phospholipid of current commercially‐reared ducks where the proportion of arachidonic acid can be 10 times greater than that of docosahexaenoic acid. It was most notable that the similarities in yolk fatty acid profiles among the different species of wild ducks were achieved despite the considerable interspecies variation in dietary modes. It seems that, in this instance, genetic factors deriving from a common phylogeny may be more important than dietary differences in determining the fatty acid composition of yolk.
Faking it
Simulating dependent types in Haskell
Authors: McBRIDE CONOR
Published: September 2002

Dependent types reflect the fact that validity of data is often a relative notion by allowing
prior data to affect the types of subsequent data. Not only does this make for a precise
type system, but also a highly generic one: both the type and the program for each instance
of a family of operations can be computed from the data which codes for that instance.
Recent experimental extensions to the Haskell type class mechanism give us strong tools to
relativize types to other types. We may simulate some aspects of dependent typing by making
counterfeit type-level copies of data, with type constructors simulating data constructors and
type classes simulating datatypes. This paper gives examples of the technique and discusses
its potential.
Land-use and the conservation of Sharpe's Longclaw Macronyx sharpei in central
Kenya
Authors: Muchai Muchane , Bennun Leon , Lens Luc , Rayment Matthew , Pisano Giovanna
Published: September 2002

The highland grasslands of central Kenya hold a suite of restricted-range bird species, including
several of global conservation concern. These grasslands occur almost entirely on private land
with no formal protection, and have received little conservation attention. This paper describes
land-use change on the Kinangop Plateau, Kenya, and considers the implications for grassland
bird species, especially Sharpe's Longclaw Macronyx sharpei. The Kinangop Plateau is an area
of montane grassland east of the Rift Valley, used primarily for dairy farming since human settlement
in 1964. However, dairy farming (which retains grassland as pasture) has given way to
other forms of land-use, especially cultivation of crops. In March 1996, a questionnaire was
administered to 50 landowners to investigate community attitudes towards birds and their conser
vation, the extent of present land-use changes and likely future land-use patterns. The mean acreage
of landholding was decreasing, and more grassland was rapidly being converted into cultivated
land, with 3.2% being ploughed up during the six months from November 1995 to May 1996.
Farmers expressed a preference for crop farming (66%) over livestock farming (26%) or other
land uses. Thirty-two per cent expressed a positive attitude, and 60% were indifferent, towards
birds. Most (76%) were not aware of biodiversity values or conservation. Though 64% were aware
of declining bird populations around them, 82% of this group did not realize that their activities
might be contributing to this decline. Sixty-eight per cent of landowners planned to convert all
or part of their grassland holdings. Although landowners' interests seemed generally incompatible
with grassland conservation, a substantial proportion (44%) were prepared to consider
opportunities to enhance the area's conservation value. An informal follow-up survey in March
1999 concluded that prospects for the dairy industry and for grassland habitats on Kinangop were
not as bleak as the initial survey suggested, but confirmed the delicate conservation status of
Sharpe's Longclaw and its habitat. We suggest a variety of actions that might help to secure the
future of Sharpe's Longclaw while promoting sustainable agricultural development on Kinangop,
and propose several topics where further research is needed. Species such as Sharpe's Longclaw
will only survive if we can develop ways of managing their habitats in a manner that is consistent,
rather than in conflict, with the needs of the agricultural community.
Bird conservation on Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil
Authors: Naka Luciano N. , Rodrigues Marcos , Roos Andrei L. , Azevedo Marcos A. G.
Published: September 2002

The island of Santa Catarina lies in the Atlantic Forest Domain of southern Brazil, one of the most threatened ecosys
tems on the planet. It holds a wide variety of habitats, ranging from sand dune ‘restingas’ to mature rain forest. We
report, for the first time, a survey of the bird species and their conservation status for the different habitats present on
the island. We recorded 269 bird species of 54 families (25 species were seabirds). More than 50% (140) of the total
number of species were residents or probable residents, 20% (58) were visitors and a relatively high number of species
(61, 23%) had indeterminate residential status. Nearly 15% (35 species) of the 244 landbird species observed were
endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Habitat specificity was recorded for 40% (97 species). We recorded one Endangered
(Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius), one Vulnerable (White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulata), and three
Near-threatened species (Azure Jay Cyanocorax caeruleus, Azure-shouldered Tanager Thraupis cyanoptera, Black-backed
Tanager Tangara peruviana). We also recorded six locally threatened species that we predict will become extinct in
the near future. The future for the birds of the island is uncertain, especially for habitat specialists, due to habitat loss
for resort developments, and a lack of concern by the government and local people.
A European Progressive Era?
Authors: Payre Reynaud
Published: September 2002

Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings. Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 634 pp., $36.95, ISBN 0-674-05131-9.

Axel R. Schäfer, American Progressives and German Social Reform, 1875–1920 (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2000), 252 pp., €37.00, ISBN 3-515-07461-9.

Nancy Stieber, Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam. Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity, 1900–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 386 pp., $45.00, ISBN 0-226-77417-1.

Christian Topalov, ed., Laboratoires du nouveau siècle. La nébuleuse réformatrice et ses réseaux en France, 1880–1914, (Paris: Éditions de l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1999), 574 pp., €38.00. ISBN 2-7132-1323-1.
Economic fluctuation revisited
Authors: BEREND IVAN T.
Published: September 2002

This study discusses the various short-, medium- and long-term cycle theories and focuses on the long-term Kondratiev cycle and its Schumpeterian interpretation. It gives a summary on the economic fluctuation in the 20th century and its impact on structural transformation and regional rearrangements. The problem of ‘peripheral structural crisis’ – the destruction without creation in the relatively backward regions of Europe – is introduced.
Plant molecular breeding: objectives, safety issues and prospects
Authors: GARCÍA-OLMEDO FRANCISCO
Published: September 2002

Plant molecular breeding represents a new technology that adds to, rather than substitutes for, traditional breeding practice, and shares with it the same long-standing objectives: higher yield, better products, better-adapted plants. Additionally, it allows the consideration of completely new applications: pharmaceuticals, industrial products and bioremediation processes. Safety issues and the socio-economic prospects of this new technology are discussed.
THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN SLEEP DISTURBANCE: A COMPARISON OF JAPANESE AND ENGLISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Harvey Allison G. , Gregory Alice M. , Bird Chris
Published: September 2002

The present study investigated the role of cognitive processes in the maintenance of clinically significant sleep disturbance across two cultures. A questionnaire was administered to 60 Japanese and 60 English university students to assess the presence of sleep disturbance, predominance of pre-sleep cognitive activity, use of thought management strategies to control pre-sleep cognitive activity, and the content of pre-sleep cognitive activity. The results indicated that across both cultures poor sleepers attributed their sleep disturbance to the presence of uncontrollable pre-sleep cognitive activity. Minor differences between the Japanese and English samples included the strategies employed to control pre-sleep cognitive activity. The English participants were more likely to engage in reappraisal whereas the Japanese sample were more likely to engage in punishment and worry. These results are suggestive of the cross-cultural applicability of cognitive models of insomnia.
A Model for Real Thermal Control in High‐Pressure Treatment of Foods
Authors: Otero Laura , Molina‐García Antonio D. , Ramos Angel M. , Sanz Pedro D.
Published: September 2002

A model for the simulation of thermal exchanges in a complete high‐pressure equipment was developed. Good agreement between simulated and experimental time‐temperature profiles was found during different processes of pressurization and depressurization. The model allows study of the effect of different variables to improve thermal control in the treatments performed. This work involved an important advance in optimization and regulation of high‐pressure processes in the food industry.