bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotational ground motion recordings in the West Bohemia / Vogtland region for waveform inversion for seismic moment tensors
Authors: Donner Stefanie , Lehr Johanna , Hoffmann Mathias , Krüger Frank , Heimann Sebastian , Abreu Rafel , Durand Stephanie
Published: February 2023

In synthetic tests, rotational ground motion recordings proved to be beneficial for the wavefrom inversion for seismic moment tensors. In a next step, we want to verify these findings using real measurements. To do so, we installed two broadband rotational collocated to translational ground motion sensors in the West Bohemia / Vogtland area in summer 2022.The area is characterised by regular seismic swarm activity, the last one occurring in December 2021. The seismic swarms are known to be connected with crustal flow of mantle fluids. However, the detailed mechanism of this connection is not well understood yet. Full seismic moment tensors, especially their non-double-couple part, will contribute to investigate the connection between swarm activity and fluid flow. So far, a lacking number of moment tensors and difficulties in the reliability of the non-double-couple part hampered the analysis in the study area. Including rotational ground motion recordings to waveform inversion will help to overcome these difficulties.In seven months, we have recorded 120 events with magnitudes larger than M ≥ 0 in a distance of up to 35 km, thereof 35 around Nový Kostel, the center of the swarm activity. Considering that rotational sensors are about 2-4 times less sensitive than translational sensors (depending on the local phase velocity of the location) this is already a great success. Here, we show details of the sensor installations, first data analysis, and an estimate on the magnitude of completeness from rotational measurements.
Modeling coupled nitrification-denitrification in manure-amended soil
Authors: Zhang Jie , Kolstad Elisabeth Larsen , Zhang Wenxin , Jansson Per-Erik , Cronin Iris Vogeler , Petersen Søren O.
Published: February 2023

The flux of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil to the atmosphere is an important contributor to the global greenhouse effect. Spatial variation in the distribution of factors that drive N2O producing processes often creates hotspots within soil that are difficult to quantify and model, and this is particularly the case after manure amendment. In the stagnant soil matrix, solute diffusion is crucial in supplying the nitrate (NO3-)to nearby zones, i.e., hotspots, to maintain a locally high NO3- reduction. To provide detailed insight into the spatiotemporal variability of nitrogen (N) transformations around N2O hotspots, we propose a multi-species, reactive transport model containing kinetic reactions of soil respiration, nitrification, nitrifier denitrification, and denitrification, built on a system of partial differential equations. The model was used to simulate the amount of N2O, dinitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from a 10 cm soil profile with time, and concentration profiles of crucial intermediates. The measured N2O and N2 fluxes correlate well with the model simulations, with a simulated stratification of growing nitrifying and denitrify activities in and around the manure hotspot which is consistent with previous incubation experiments. N2O evolution was sensitive to the initial setup of oxygen (O2) availability, and anaerobic condition was maintained in the saturated manure zone throughout the simulation period, demonstrating the necessity of simulating the heterogeneity within soil in N2O models. Simulation experiments will be conducted to assess the effects of solute diffusion on N transformations. We anticipate that diffusive NO3- transport to be crucial to facilitate the coupled nitrification-denitrification around the manure zone. Neglecting such a process in process models may make it difficult to reflect the rapid turnover of nitrogen pool around organic hotspots and underestimate N2O emissions. The model and its parameters allows for new detailed insight into N2O formation processes in heterogeneous environments.
Open-sea and coastal upwelling in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Orlic Mirko , Beg Paklar Gordana , Dzoic Tomislav , Lucic Jelic Petra , Medugorac Iva , Mihanovic Hrvoje , Muslim Stipe , Pasaric Miroslava , Pasaric Zoran , Stanesic Antonio , Tudor Martina
Published: February 2023

An experiment has been carried out in the Adriatic Sea, in the framework of the Middle Adriatic Upwelling and Downwelling (MAUD) project. The CTD and ADCP data were collected by the yo-yo and shipborne measurements performed during the cruises whereas the temperature, pressure and dissolved oxygen time series were recorded by the probes deployed at the sea bottom. Additionally, the SST satellite data and the meteorological time series originating from permanent coastal stations were considered. Moreover, the high-resolution, 2-km meteorological (ALADIN) and 2.5-km oceanographic (ROMS) models were used to reproduce and interpret the experimental findings. Analysis of the data has concentrated on the end of May 2017, when a dense water dome was documented by the CTD measurements in the area between the island of Blitvenica (close to the east coast) and the island of Jabuka (in the open sea). Its center was observed at a distance of about 20 km from the coast. The dome left its mark on the sea surface, with the temperature above its center being slightly lower than in the surrounding areas as documented by both in situ and remotely-sensed data. The vmADCP measurements suggested that the surface circulation around the dome was cyclonic. At the time, a decrease of temperature close to the east coast was documented by the bottom probes and satellite images. The meteorological data and modeling results showed that the northern winds prevailed during the May 2017 experiment, suggesting that the open-sea and coastal upwelling occurred at the same time. In order to verify the interpretation, several schematized numerical experiments were conducted. The modelled wind fields were first decomposed into the curl and curl-free components, using the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition. The components were then used to impose the forcing on the Adriatic model, assuming flat bottom and realistic bathymetry. Schematized simulations revealed that the wind curl was responsible for the offshore rising of pycnocline through Ekman pumping and therefore for the open-sea upwelling. On the other hand, in simulations with the curl-free wind component the pycnocline rose only close to the east coast and thus the coastal upwelling was reproduced.
Potential influence of volcanic aerosol on the colour index of ground-based spectroscopic measurements
Authors: Lauster Bianca , Ziegler Steffen , Enell Carl-Fredrik , Frieß Udo , Gu Myojeong , Pukite Janis , Raffalski Uwe , Wagner Thomas
Published: February 2023

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are an important component of the ozone stratospheric chemistry in polar regions. Ground-based spectroscopic measurements can be taken for detecting PSCs in various weather conditions using the so-called colour index (CI) and are a valuable complement to other PSC data sets such as satellite observations.In this study, continuous long-term measurements from two DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) instruments at Kiruna, Sweden (68° N, 20° E), and at the German research station Neumayer, Antarctica (70° S, 8° W) are analysed. In 20 years of measurements, no significant trend is detected for either measurement station. However, the years with preceding large volcanic eruptions show unexpectedly high occurrences of PSC-like signatures during springtime which suggests the influence of volcanic aerosol. This is likewise indicated by enhanced aerosol extinction during these time periods as seen from OMPS (Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite) data, but is not captured by other PSC climatologies. The observed springtime signal looks very similar to the CI of PSCs and can only be distinguished by other proxy data such as temperature. This ambiguity needs to be considered in the interpretation of colour index data. The potential importance of our results to stratospheric ozone chemistry is not yet clear.
Evolution of biologically active ultraviolet doses in Cyprus
Authors: Fountoulakis Ilias , Fragkos Konstantinos , Papachristopoulou Kyriakoula , Nisantzi Argyro , Gkikas Antonis , Hadjimitsis Diofantos , Kazadzis Stelios
Published: February 2023

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is only a very small fraction of the total solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Nevertheless, it is of exceptional significance for life on Earth. In the last two decades, significant trends in biologically effective doses have been reported over many mid-latitude sites, due to changes in total ozone, aerosols, and cloudiness. In the present study, reanalysis and satellite information for aerosols, clouds, and total ozone, from Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS), MIDAS (ModIs Dust AeroSol) dataset, Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) aboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard Aura satellite respectively, for the period 2004 - 2021 are used as inputs to a radiative transfer model and UV spectra are simulated for the island of Cyprus on fine spatial (0.05° x 0.05°) and temporal (15 mins) resolution. Effective doses for the production of vitamin D in the human skin, erythema, and DNA damage are calculated from the produced spectra. There is also an effort to attribute the changes in the UV biological doses to the corresponding changes in total ozone, aerosols, and cloudiness. The significant role of dust in the changes in UV doses over the island is also discussed.Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the ‘EXCELSIOR’: ERATOSTHENES: EΧcellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-Based Monitoring of the Environment H2020 Widespread Teaming project (www.excelsior2020.eu). The ‘EXCELSIOR’ project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 857510, from the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for the European Programmes, Coordination and Development and the Cyprus University of Technology. The Department of Meteorology of the Republic of Cyprus is acknowledged for providing the ground-based data for the validation of the modelled quantities. 
Unraveling the leaching of pesticide transport through porous media with an experimental and numerical study
Authors: Gupta Kumar Rishabh , Sharma Pramod Kumar
Published: February 2023

The movement of solute or chemical species into the subsurface has been a concern of groundwater quality variation due to its hazardous and severe health-related effects. To understand and reliably predict the migration and fate of contaminants in the subsurface, modeling is necessary. In this study, the experiment is carried out to investigate the contaminant migration through porous media, particularly the solutes emerging through the pesticides. A soil column experiment is setup to trace the particles and their behavior is analyzed, which is validated using the numerical model. This model uses the advection-dispersion equation (ADE), taking the application of effective dispersivity in order to account for the local heterogeneity. The implicit finite difference technique has been incorporated into the numerical model. The implication of macrodispersivity provides a plentiful assay in delineating the transport process and a perspective for large-scale heterogeneities. Results exhibit the concentration profiles of pesticides in the function of depth and time that can be employed to identify the areas with higher contaminant loading in the groundwater, posing a severe threat to groundwater and human health. This necessitates the experimental and numerical model to predict the contaminant migration process and to lay down changes in policy-making, monitoring of harmful chemicals, adoption of good agricultural practices, and execution of water safety regulations which, in turn, can be incorporated in determining the emerging contaminants, PFASs, etc.,  in the groundwater.
Microbiome of rhizosphere: from structure and functions
Authors: Kuzyakov Yakov , Ling Ning , Wang Tingting
Published: February 2023

Microbial composition and functions in the rhizosphere – an important microbial hotspot – are among the most fascinating yet elusive topics in microbial ecology. Based on the similarity of rhizosphere properties with respect to carbon availability and nutrient depletion, we hypothesized that (i) rhizobacterial populations are recruited from the bulk soil, but are preselected by excess released root carbon, so that bacterial diversity is lower in the rhizosphere and bacterial networks are less stable, (ii) the rhizosphere is home to more abundant copiotrophic bacteria than the bulk soil, and iii) the functional capacity involved in the carbon and nitrogen transformation would be greater in the rhizosphere.We used 557 pairs of published 16S rDNA amplicon sequences from the bulk soils and rhizosphere in natural and agricultural ecosystems (forests, grasslands, croplands) around the world to generalize bacterial characteristics with respect to community diversity, composition, and functions.The rhizosphere selects microorganisms from bulk soil to function as a seed bank, reducing microbial diversity. The rhizosphere is enriched in Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and other copiotrophs. Highly modular but unstable bacterial networks in the rhizosphere (common for r-strategists) reflect the interactions and adaptations of microorganisms to dynamic conditions. Dormancy strategies in the rhizosphere are dominated by toxin–antitoxin systems, while sporulation is common in bulk soils. Functional predictions showed that genes involved in organic compound conversion, nitrogen fixation, and denitrification were strongly enriched in the rhizosphere (11–182%), while genes involved in nitrification were strongly depleted. Thus, rhizosphere is the most powerful factor shaping the composition, structure and functions of the soil microbiome and of biogenic element’s cycling.ReferenceLing N, Wang T, Kuzyakov Y 2022. Rhizosphere bacteriome structure and functions. Nature Communications 13, 836. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28448-9
Observations of the effect of earth tides on groundwater fluxes variations at the scale of a borehole
Authors: Simon Nataline , Jamin Pierre , Dassargues Alain , Nguyen Frédéric , Caterina David , Brouyère Serge
Published: February 2023

For a long time, characterization of aquifers has been mainly based on the monitoring of groundwater heads variations. This approach allowed to demonstrate that pressure changes induced by earth tides have a significant and measurable impact on groundwater heads monitored in confined aquifers. Nowadays efficient methods provide a direct estimation of groundwater fluxes. This is the case of the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method (FVPDM), a single-well tracer experiment that allows continuously monitoring and quantifying groundwater flux variations over time. Yet, the potential effect of earth tides on local groundwater flow has never been investigated. In this context, FVPDM tests have been performed in a confined aquifer in order to monitor groundwater fluxes over several tidal cycles. Results show significant groundwater flux variations over time (around 20% of the flux value), clearly correlated with pressure changes induced by earth tides. Subsurface heterogeneities could explain the fact that earth tides induce groundwater flow variations. Indeed, groundwater heads variations induced by earth tides depend on the local specific storage (in confined conditions) of aquifer. Any spatial variation of this parameter could induce variations of the hydraulic gradient and thus of groundwater fluxes. Therefore, these preliminary observations seem to open new perspectives for subsurface characterization by showing how groundwater flow variations measured in confined aquifer and induced by earth tides can be used as a marker of subsurface heterogeneities.
Attribution of excess heat-related death toll during 2009 heat wave in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Aglas-Leitner Philipp , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah , Lansbury Nina , Selvey Linda , Osborne Nicholas , Stone Daithi
Published: February 2023

In recent decades, anthropogenic climate change has led to significant increases in heat wave length and intensity. Many of these heat waves have resulted in substantial impacts on human health. In 2009, the state of Victoria, Australia, experienced several days with maximum temperatures rising 12-15°C above the climatological mean and a marked rise in the human death toll. This study attempts to directly quantify the heat-related human fatalities of the 2009 heatwave attributable to anthropogenic climate change.We focus on changes in return values of heat wave-related mortality. Furthermore, we combine two types of modeling tools. The first is a set of large initial-condition ensembles of simulations from atmosphere-only models from the weather@home/ANZ and C202C+ D&A projects, and large initial-condition ensembles of simulations from atmosphere-ocean models from CMIP6.  We compare factual outcomes from year-2009 era periods from historical simulations against counterfactual outcomes from either naturalised (non-anthropogenic) simulations or pre-industrial times. The second tool is an empirical model linking heat-related mortality to exceedance of temperature percentile thresholds from daily climate simulation output. This mortality model categorizes heat waves based on three consecutive percentile windows starting at the 95th, 97.5th, and the 99th percentile.Our analysis shows considerable agreement among the climate-mortality model combinations indicating significant increases in human fatalities during conditions comparable to the 2009 Victoria heat wave under anthropogenic climate change. Most models attribute approximately one third to one half of excess heat-related deaths to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These findings demonstrate that unless significant climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts are undertaken, further increases in heat-related mortality risk can be expected.
Challenges in the subsurface interpretation of a fold and thrust belt and how to get the best insights: examples from the Romanian Carpathians
Authors: Tamas Alexandra , Tamas Dan Mircea , Copot Bianca , Tocariu Ioana Silvia Mihaela , Dohan Daria , Schléder Zsolt , Krézsek Csaba
Published: February 2023

Fold and thrust belts are a notoriously challenging environment when it comes to providing structural models for the subsurface, and the Romanian Carpathians are no exception. Hosting the largest onshore oil fields in Romania, this is a highly mature hydrocarbon area, with most of the fields producing since the late nineteenth century.
The structural style of this fold and thrust belt is influenced by a number of parameters which includes multiple detachments (including salt), combined with multiphase tectonic event and reactivation of basement structures which adds to the complexity and variability of the structural style.
As a consequence, the reservoirs, especially the Oligocene - lower Miocene (sub-salt), thought very prolific are structurally complex, heterogeneous, and compartmentalized. It is a constant struggle for geologists to create structural maps of these reservoirs due to complex deformation, and insufficient or ambiguous geological/geophysical data. Some of the most significant issues are related to scattering dip data and the overall difficulties in correlating well logs. In some cases, even the logs of the side-track well do not correlate with the initial log.
Single-method approaches (e.g. only seismic interpretation) often lead to uncertainties or contrasting models regarding the structural style. In this study, we adopted a multiscale/multimethod approach such as forward-modeled regional cross-sections that rely on seismic reflection and well data, UAV-based digital outcrop models, fieldwork, microstructure analysis, and scaled analogue modelling.
This holistic approach enhanced our understanding of fold and thrust belts and provided better constraints on the subsurface structural style in the Romanian Carpathians, as well as explaining complexities that have hitherto been ignored. These new models can reduce subsurface uncertainties regarding structural style, and unlock the full potential of the area which will significantly enhance future exploration programs.
Observations and modeling of areal surface albedo and surface types in the Arctic
Authors: Jäkel Evelyn , Sperzel Tim , Wendisch Manfred , Niehaus Hannah , Spreen Gunnar , Nicolaus Marcel , Tao Ran , Dorn Wolfgang , Footh Lara , Rinke Annette
Published: February 2023

The spread of climate model results quantifying the snow–ice surface albedo feedback is partly caused by the significant sensitivity of the simulated sea ice surface albedo with respect to surface warming. Therefore, the accurate representation of the Arctic sea ice and its evolution throughout the year, particularly in the melting period, is crucial to obtain reliable climate model projections.Here we evaluate the results of the surface albedo scheme of the coupled regional climate model HIRHAM–NAOSIM against airborne and ground-based measurements. The corresponding observations were conducted during the MOSAiC expedition in 2020 and during five aircraft campaigns within the framework of the (AC)3 project in different seasons between 2017 and 2022.  The comparison of measured and modeled surface albedo was based on observed fractions of four surface types (melt ponds, snow, sea ice, bare ice), which were classified using fisheye camera imagery and the measured skin temperatures along the flight track. From the modeling side, we applied the full surface albedo scheme, together with the ice sub-type fractions. We found a seasonal-dependent degree of agreement between measured and modeled surface albedo for cloud-free and cloudy situations. The current albedo scheme has projected an earlier onset of melting and a more realistic width of surface albedo frequency distributions in summer than the former albedo scheme. In spring, however, the cloud effect on surface albedo was overestimated by the model, while the albedo scheme for cloudless cases showed a smaller bias than the former scheme without cloud-depending parameters.
High resolution observations of the ocean upper layer south of Cape St.Vincent, western Gulf of Cadiz: What they reveal
Authors: Rautenbach Sarah Antonia , Mendes de Sousa Carlos , Relvas Paulo
Published: February 2023

In the frame of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory (EMSO-ERIC) a vertical wave-powered profiler (Wirewalker), an acoustic-doppler current profiler (ADCP), and an EMSO Generic Instrument Module (EGIM) were deployed from the R/V Mário Ruivo, in collaboration with the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), at the edge of the continental slope, »20 km south of Cape St. Vincente, the SW tip of the Iberian Peninsula. The instruments operated for a period of four months during the summer 2022, from 150 m to near-surface, 150 m, and 200 m, respectively. A time series of high resolution (2 Hz) and high temporal density (5-6 profiles/hour) of vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, Chla, turbidity and dissolved oxygen was acquired, along with the vertical description of the horizontal velocity. During a five days period in June, an abrupt temperature and salinity increase was detected at depths between 20-140 m, appearing as a “blob” of a water mass from a different origin, resembling the signature of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Furthermore, a decrease in chlorophyll concentration was observed in this period, an indicator for MOW. Ahead, an increase in westward current from averaged 0.09 ms-1 to 0.39 ms-1 was observed, followed by a sudden change in direction towards the east at the time of the event, suggesting the appearance of a shallow eddy carrying MOW in its core. A vein of MOW, leaning the continental slope, was identified before at depth as shallow as 350 m in the region. However, the observation of MOW at such upper layers was never experienced.
Our findings suggest that a sub-mesoscale eddy detached from the shallow vein of MOW, shoaling upwards the continental slope, reaching  the upper 20-140 m layer. The rough topography, such as the Portimão Canyon, as well as the Ekman suction, characteristic of the enhanced upwelling center off Cape St. Vincent, are the major candidates to explain this feature, and must be further investigated. The moored observatory south of Cape St. Vincent offers great opportunities to acquire long-term and continuous water column data, able to capture sudden events such as the one described here, and provides valuable datasets for model validation.
Chemical and isotopic composition of the indoor ambient air of Puerto Naos and La Bombilla, La Palma, Canary Islands
Authors: Rodríguez Fátima , Asensio-Ramos María , Melián Gladys V. , Hernández Pedro A. , Amonte Cecilia , Álvarez Díaz Antonio J. , González Pérez Alexis M. , Calvo David , Padilla Germán D. , Barrancos José , Ortega Víctor , Cabrera Iván , Padrón Eleazar , D'Auria Luca , Pérez Nemesio M.
Published: February 2023

During and after the end of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands), anomalous CO2 degassing has been detected in the neighborhoods of La Bombilla and Puerto Naos, located around 5 km distance southwestern of the 2021 Tajogaite eruption vents. The aim of this study is to determine the indoor air quality of the houses of the aforementioned neighborhoods. For that purpose, from August 11 to October 24, 2022, air samples were taken, for further analysis, from indoors of 10 locations in Puerto Naos, on a weekly basis. In addition, on September 22, 2022, a discrete survey of the indoor ambient air was carried out in 10 houses of La Bombilla, consisting on in-situ measurements and gas sampling for further analysis.Gas samples were taken for a complete geochemical characterization (i.e., He, Ar, Ne, H2, N2, O2, CH4, CO contents) by micro-gas chromatography (micro-GC) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) and, as well as for carbon isotopic analysis of the CO2 (δ13C-CO2) by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). In-situ measurements of CO2, O2, 222Rn, 220Rn, H2S and Hg0 were conducted in La Bombilla with and without natural ventilation.National Health Systems in the European Union reflect that the upper limit of the acceptable CO2 concentration range for long-term exposure in the indoor ambient air of buildings for residential use should be of the order of 1,000-1,200 ppm to guarantee people health. The concentrations of CO2 registered in the indoor ambient air of the 10 houses of La Bombilla determined by the in-situ measurements showed relatively high values -above 5,000 ppm- even reaching a maximum of 183,900 ppm in conditions without natural ventilation. In these conditions of absence of ventilation, a certain displacement of O2 was observed, which dropped to 18.7% in the worst case. Under conditions with natural ventilation for a period of 2 hours, the range of CO2 concentration fell to a range between 1,050 and 14,200 ppm and the O2 concentration registered was 20.9%. These results reflect that natural ventilation, and even more forced ventilation, would contribute to reduce CO2 concentration in the ambient air inside buildings. Regarding the results of the indoor gas samples analysis from Puerto Naos, the CO2 concentration and the δ13C-CO2 mean values ranged from 1,190 to 230,952 ppm and -7.9 to -4.8‰ vs. VPDB, respectively. These results of the chemical and isotopic composition of the indoor ambient air of Puerto Naos and La Bombilla demonstrate the importance of these studies to monitor and manage these silent hazards that pose a threat to the population and restrict access to their houses.
Earthquake Early Warning with 3 seconds of records on a single station
Authors: Lara Pablo , Bletery Quentin , Ampuero Jean-Paul , Adolfo Inza
Published: February 2023

We introduce the Ensemble Earthquake Early Warning System (E3WS), a set of Machine Learning algorithms designed to detect, locate and estimate the magnitude of an earthquake using 3 seconds (or more) of P waves recorded by a single station. The system is made of 6 Ensemble Machine Learning algorithms trained on attributes computed from ground acceleration time series in the temporal, spectral and cepstral domains. The training set comprises datasets from Peru, Chile, Japan, and the STEAD global dataset. E3WS consists of three sequential stages: detection, P-phase picking and source characterization. The latter involves magnitude, epicentral distance, depth and back-azimuth estimation. E3WS achieves an overall success rate in the discrimination between earthquakes and noise of 99.9%. For P-phase picking, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is 0.14s. For source characterization, the MAEs for magnitude, distance, depth and back-azimuth are 0.34 magnitude units, 27 km, 15.7 km and 45.2°, respectively. By updating estimates every second, the approach gives time-dependent magnitude estimates that follow the earthquake source time function. E3WS gives faster estimates than present alert systems, providing additional valuable seconds for potential protective actions.
Open-source Performance of DInSAR Technique for the Detection of Ground Deformation induced by Large Earthquakes using Sentinel-1 and SNAP operators in Python
Authors: Occhipinti Martina , Amorini Shaila , De Luca Claudio , Porreca Massimiliano
Published: February 2023

 Satellite Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) is a well-known technique that allows investigation surface displacements affecting large areas (km-scale) on the Earth, in both natural and anthropogenic hazard scenarios, with rather limited costs and a centimeter accuracy. In particular, in the last two decades, the effectiveness of the satellite DInSAR technology for ground deformation analysis induced by seismic events, and its crucial role in the emergency, have been largely demonstrated. In this context, we present a complete open-source tool of DInSAR technique, starting from the dataset download up to the data processing and interpretation of the deformation field. SAR imageries from Sentinel-1 satellite of the Copernicus are collected. Data processing is executed thanks to SNAP software from ESA (https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/tools/snap), and using snappy module in Python that allows interacting with the Java API of SNAP to avoid eventual bugs and to automatize the process. The workflow will include not only the work chain to obtain the displacement map along the satellite Line of Sight (LOS), but also several modules that the operator can exploit to retrieve the vertical and horizontal (east-west) displacement field when, obviously, on the same seismic event, at least two independent acquisitions geometries (at least one ascending and one descending orbit), are available. The workflow is applied to three case studies characterized by compressional and strike-slip tectonics: Bandar-Abbas seismic sequence, Iran (November 2021); Petrinya earthquake, Croatia (December 2020) and Menuyan earthquake, China (January 2022). The final scope of this research is to provide a single, automatic and repeatable product to create a two-dimensional deformation map with only open-source tools. This method is helpful not only for its simplicity as it can be adopted also by beginning users in the very first stage of approaching DInSAR technique, but also for the extension of studies related to seismic areas as a combination with the on-field observation in order to mitigate their seismic risk.
The Neothetyan circum-Mediterannean record as a suitable archive to understand the response of reef corals to the warming events of the Early Paleogene
Authors: Bosellini Francesca , Benedetti Andrea , Kiessling Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Providing empirical evidence about the response of tropical shallow-water organisms to past warming and hyperthermal events is particularly important considering that they are severely threatened by current global warming. Stratigraphic resolution in shallow-water sections cannot be as precise as in pelagic environments and the empirical evidence is usually limited to a “before-and-after” comparison to assess the biological effects of events.During the early Paleogene, the Neothetyan circum-Mediterranean region was the global center of reef coral diversity. Our compilation of Paleocene to Eocene reef coral occurrences allows for an analysis of reef coral responses to the major climatic changes of this time interval in unprecedented temporal detail, including the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), when global mean temperatures reached more than 5°C above pre-industrial levels.Reef corals were negatively affected by the PETM as we document a small decrease in diversity at both species and genus level and an increase of extinction rate across the hyperthermal event. During the onset of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO), diversity gradually increased as also documented by a peak of origination rate. The EECO diversity high is mainly related to the rich coral fauna recently described from NE Italy where the EECO and post-EECO phases are characterized by an accurate specimen-based systematic revision of museum collections associated to a detailed biostratigraphic calibration.The Late Eocene cooling was accompanied by an increase in diversity, with the origination of several Oligocene coral taxa and the extinction of Eocene ones. The Late Eocene is also the time when coral reefs started to flourish again after the crisis of Late Paleocene-Early Eocene. This study was funded by the Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR), funds PRIN 2017: project “Biota resilience to global change: biomineralization of planktic and benthic calcifiers in the past, present and future” (prot. 2017RX9XXY).
Alteration of soil biophysical properties after decomposition of contrasting root systems
Authors: Boldrin David , Loades Kenneth W. , Knappett Jonathan A. , Leung Anthony K. , Bengough Glyn A.
Published: February 2023

Background: Increased water infiltration in the presence of vegetation has been reported in the literature for both woody and herbaceous plants. However, there is a lack of experimental data on macropores development after root decomposition, and consequent alteration of soil biophysical properties.Methods: To test the effect of contrasting root systems on saturated hydraulic conductivity [Ks], individual plants of Daucus carota [F-DC] (Forb; coarse taproot with few small lateral roots); Deschampsia cespitosa [G-DC] (Grass; fibrous root system), Lotus corniculatus [L-LC] (Legume; thin taproot with several lateral roots) were grown in columns (50 mm diameter; 315 mm height) with sandy loam soil packed at 1.4 Mg/m3. Following 7-month plant-establishment, the columns were split into five sections (60 mm height each). Ks was tested in each section (i.e., down soil depth) using a constant-head permeameter. Fallow soil was also tested as control. Following the Ks tests, column sections (i.e., soil cores) were buried in soil and left for decomposition in a controlled environment. After 7-month decomposition, sections were excavated and re-tested for Ks. To measure the biophysical properties of soil in the root-channels, the same three species were also grown in the top-half of a soil column (300 mm height; 50 mm width; 1.2 Mg/m3) longitudinally divided by a 40-μm nylon-mesh. The columns were maintained at a 15-degree slope to facilitate root growth at the soil-mesh interface. Following plant establishment (5 months), plants were killed by herbicide. The soil columns (rooted and control fallow) were buried in soil and left for decomposition in a controlled environment for 7 months. After the decomposition period, the soil columns were split, and the mesh was removed to expose the developed root-channels. The soil in the exposed root-channels was tested for water sorptivity, water repellency, water retention, soil stability in water, hardness and elasticity.Results: Ks after plant establishment did not differ notably from that of control soil. In contrast, an abrupt increase in Ks (up to 80-times in F-DC) was measured after decomposition in the vegetated soils (e.g., from 2.04e-6 ± 9.20e-7 to 1.48e-4 ± 3.30e-5 in F-DC at 3 – 63 mm depth). The increase in Ks in G-DC and L-LC was smaller (up to 20-times) compared to F-DC. No Ks change was observed in the control soil. Soil surrounding the root-channels showed greater stability and plant available water. However, we observed smaller sorptivity and greater water repellency in soil surrounding the root-channels of F-DC and G-DC, respectively.Conclusions: Biophysical alteration of soil after root decomposition depends on plant species. Our findings show that it is possible to engineer soil biophysical properties and bio-pores using contrasting herbaceous species. 
Using parameter estimation to reduce future climate-carbon cycle projection uncertainty
Authors: Raoult Nina , Peylin Philippe , Cox Peter
Published: February 2023

Predicting the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to future global change strongly relies on our ability to accurately model global scale vegetation dynamics and surface CO2 fluxes. However, terrestrial biosphere model carbon cycle processes remain subject to large uncertainties, partly because of unknown or poorly calibrated parameters. We can use the unprecedented amount of in situ and Earth Observation data to optimize these model parameters, as well as the considerable advances in parameter estimation techniques. Most of these techniques use Bayesian data assimilation approaches, which allow for objective calibrations of key model processes and parameters against observations, reducing the associated uncertainty. However, calibrating against present-day observations does not necessarily give us confidence in the future projections of the model, given that they are likely to exceed historical and present-day conditions. The relatively shorter timescales of present-day observations mean these cannot be directly used to create constraints on changes in the Earth System over the next century. Instead, we need to develop methods to translate short-term constraints into reductions in long-term projection uncertainty, bridging the gap between contemporary model optimisations and future predictions.In this presentation, we will discuss two experiments highlighting how we can use parameter estimation to reduce model uncertainty and translate this information into constraints on future climate.The first demonstrates how we can use manipulation experiments to increase our confidence in optimized parameters. We use data from two nitrogen-limited sites from the Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiment to optimize model parameters. The optimization is performed against ambient and elevated CO2 conditions simultaneously, giving us a better insight into nitrogen limitations on CO2 fertilization at these sites.The second demonstrates how we can combine local model calibration with the emergent constraint approach. Using a parameter perturbation ensemble, we identify an emergent relationship between the optimal temperature for photosynthesis in tropical forests, and the projected amount of atmospheric CO2 at the end of the century. We combine this with a constraint on the optimum temperature for photosynthesis in tropical forests derived from eddy-covariance measurements and parameter estimation techniques to reduce the likely range of future atmospheric CO2 in a coupled climate-carbon cycle model under a common emissions scenario.
Understanding the role of climate change in disaster mortality: Empirical evidence from Nepal
Authors: Chapagain Dipesh , Bharati Luna , Mechler Reinhard , Kc Samir , Pflug Georg , Borgemeister Christian
Published: February 2023

Climatic disaster impacts, such as loss of human life as its most severe consequence, have been rising globally. Several studies argue that the growth in exposure, such as population, is responsible for the rise and the role of climate change is not evident. While disaster mortality is highest in low-income countries, existing studies focus mostly on developed countries. Here we address this impact attribution question in the context of the Global South using disaster-specific mixed-effects regression models. We show that the rise in landslide and flood mortality in a low-income country Nepal between 1992-2021 is attributable primarily to the increased precipitation extremes. An increase in one standardized unit in maximum one-day precipitation increases flood mortality by 33%, and heavy rain days increase landslide mortality by 45%. A one-unit increase in per capita income decreases landslide and flood mortality by 30% and 45%, respectively. Population density does not show significant effects.
Dynamic mantle support beneath West Antarctica's Ice Sheets: Insights from geophysical and geochemical observations
Authors: Dunn Aisling , White Nicky , Larter Robert , Stephenson Simon , Holdt Megan
Published: February 2023

Transient mantle processes generate and maintain topographic variations which cannot be accounted for by crustal isostatic effects.  Accurately constraining the importance of dynamic topography across Antarctica will yield valuable insights into spatial and temporal patterns of mantle convection that inform studies of key boundary conditions for ice sheet models, such as heat flux and palaeotopography. Global studies largely neglect Antarctica because of complications associated with ice cover. In contrast, regional studies tend to oversimplify the problem by exploiting gridded datasets that ignore crustal density variations. Residual elevations, calculated by isolating and removing isostatic contributions to observed topography, enable the amplitude and wavelength of dynamic support to be gauged. Here, the results of analysing legacy (i.e. refraction) and modern (i.e. wide-angle) seismic experiments, onshore receiver functions, as well as a regional shear-wave crustal tomographic model are presented. In this way, a comprehensive suite of spot measurements (n = 195) across West Antarctica are calculated which, in conjunction with a recently augmented database of residual depths in the surrounding Southern Ocean (n = 1106), permit spatial variations of residual topography to be quantified. Positive residual anomalies (1 - 2 km) from the Transantarctic Mountains, Marie Byrd Land and the Antarctic Peninsula are consistent with regions of slow shear-wave velocity anomalies within the upper mantle, positive free-air gravity anomalies, and Cenozoic intraplate basaltic volcanism, indicating that topographic support is attributable to mantle convective processes. Lithospheric thicknesses derived from inverse modelling of basaltic rare-earth element concentrations show that elevated topography coincides with thinned lithosphere, further attesting to the relationship between positive residual elevation and mantle convective upwelling. Steepened geothermal gradients associated with regions of plate thinning have significant implications for the delivery of heat flux to the base of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Analysis of Agricultural and Climatic trends in Indian Districts and finding the contributing factors in recent Indian Agricultural Outputs
Authors: Sarkar Nairit , Ray Sujata
Published: February 2023

Agriculture, in general, has a long production cycle and is affected by many endogenous and exogenous uncertainty factors. Changes in rainfall patterns, maximum or minimum temperature, types and amounts of fertilizer input, timing, availability of irrigation water, and soil quality can drastically change the agricultural yield. In developing countries such as India, where more than half of countries population is engaged in agriculture, and the whims of nature may affect the agricultural output, it is essential to check how the entire agricultural system reacts to the changes in climatic parameters and anthropogenic practices. This study analyses agricultural trends in four primary staple crops, trends in climatic parameters, and anthropogenic inputs in Indian districts. Significant trends were detected and quantified using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) test, modified MK test, and Theil-Sen estimator at a 5% significance level. Spearman’s correlation test is used to determine the contributing factors to the changes in agricultural yield. Rice, Wheat, Pearl Millet, and Maize yields have shown significant increasing trends in a large number of the districts. Despite decreases in the gross cropped area in the majority of the districts, the trends in production are mostly positive. According to Spearman’s Rho correlation test, the increase in fertilizer consumption in most districts and the increase in crop-wise irrigated land in many districts are the significant reasons for the increase in yields. The rainfall did not change much compared to maximum and minimum temperatures at both the annual and seasonal levels. Although there were significant climatic changes in the last three decades, the correlation with agricultural yield is mostly insignificant.
Integrating research in educational process: assessment of gas-aerosol atmospheric pollution over the southern and south-eastern regions of Ukraine due to military actions
Authors: Boychenko Svetlana G. , Kuchma Tatyana , Karamushka Viktor
Published: February 2023

For a certain time since the beginning of the aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, education in many Ukrainian universities has been suspended due to security reasons. Ffurther adaptation of the educational process within the Ecology program to the conditions of war included, inter alia, the integration in educational courses the research methodology, and environmental impact assessment of hostilities. The impact of the military actions on the environment in general and the atmosphere, in particular, was in the focus of the discussions during the course Climatology and Meteorology. Researchers and students analyzed powerful direct and indirect effects, namely due to changes in the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, atmospheric pollution as a result of the emission of products of detonation of missiles and shells and increasing emission of greenhouse gases and gas-aerosol impurities. Satellite data were used for this purpose.Satellite observation of atmospheric concentrations of formaldehyde, aerosol, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulphur dioxide from the Sentinel-5P satellite was an important research method integrated into the educational process. Daily satellite observation data were analyzed using the Google Earth Engine platform for the period 2019-2022. Data were monthly and yearly averaged within the boundaries of rayons (second-level administrative units of Ukraine). In addition, shelling incidents data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) were analyzed. It helped to register dynamic of the air pollution in the conditions of war.A full-scale war in Ukraine caused the suspension of many enterprises that were the main sources of gas emissions into the atmosphere, especially in the eastern and southern parts of Ukraine. Therefore, in recent months, the content of pollutants in the atmosphere over these regions is mainly tent to background values and as a result of hostilities. However, massive shelling, the use of military heavy equipment, and fires caused additional emissions of a number of pollutants into the atmosphere. It should be noted that in certain regions and certain months during the active phase of hostilities, these emissions were exceeded by several times compared to the average for the period 2019-2021. 