bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Stabilisierung von Cyanocobalamin in Injektionslösungen in Gegenwart von Aneurin
Authors: Gstirner F. , Baveja S. K.
Published: October 2006

Versuche ergaben, daß die Pyrimidin‐Komponente des Aneurins, besonders in Verbindung mit einem Phosphatpuffer, ein ausgezeichneter Stabilisator für Cyanocobalamin in Gegenwart von Aneurin und Nikotinsäureamid ist. Es wird damit eine Haltbarkeit sowohl der Lösungen mit 0,1 und 0,05% Cyanocobalamin als auch mit nur 0,01% Cyanocobalamin nach 6wöchiger Lagerung bei 37° erreicht, die einer Haltbarkeit von etwa 2 Jahren bei Raumtemperatur von 20 bis 24° entspricht. Die Haltbarkeit erstreckt sich nicht nur auf den Cyanocobalamin‐Gehalt, sondern auch auf die Farbe der Lösung. Bei Lagerung im Kühlschrank von 1 bis 5° kann mit einer noch längeren Haltbarkeit gerechnet werden. Mit der Pyrimidin‐Komponente und mit Phosphatpuffer wird somit die stabilisierende Wirkung des Kaliumrhodanids, besonders in der Lösung mit nur 0,01% Cyanocobalamin, weit übertroffen.
Zur Analytik einiger Alkaloide von Catharanthus roseus G. Don syn. Vinca rosea L.
Authors: Gröger D. , Stolle K.
Published: October 2006

Catharanthus roseus G. Don enthält etwa 65 Indolalkaloide. Es werden dünnschichtchromatographische Methoden beschrieben, die es gestatten, einige monomere Hauptalkaloide zu trennen. Für die quantitative kolorimetrische Bestimmung von Vindolin, Vindorosin und Vindolinin wird ein Verfahren angegeben, das auf der oxydativen Umsetzung der Alkaloide mit Cer(IV)‐sulfat in Phosphorsäure beruht. Catharanthin läßt sich mit der Tropäolin‐Methode bestimmen.
Darstellung von Hydroxylactamen durch Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung. 5. Mitt.: Umsetzung substituierter Piperidinderivate
Authors: Möhrle H.
Published: October 2006

Durch Aminolyse von Styroloxid mit γ‐ und α‐Pipecolin werden die entsprechenden Aminoalkohole III und V hergestellt. Während die Quecksilber‐(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung von III das erwartete Lactam IV liefert, entsteht aus V bei derselben Reaktion in der Hauptsache die entsprechende Imoniumverbindung bzw. das Enamin VII und nur in geringem Maße ein Lactam. Diese Befunde lassen Schlüsse auf die Reaktionsform bei dem Aminoalkohol Cevin in der Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung zu.
Dehydrierung von tertiären Aminen mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA. 10. Mitt.: 1‐Spirocycloalkan‐tetrahydroisochinoline
Authors: Knabe J. , Kubitz J. , Roloff H.
Published: October 2006

Die 1‐Spirocycloalkan‐tetrahydroisochinoline IIa und IIb lassen sich mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA nicht dehydrieren, weil der Spiranring den Angriff des Dehydrierungsmittels am Stickstoff verhindert. IV, das man formal durch Ringöffnung aus IIb ableiten kann, reagiert dagegen sehr leicht mit Hg(II)‐ÄDTA.
Darstellung von Hydroxylactamen durch Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung. 6. Mitt.: Umsetzung von 1‐Phenyl‐2‐(3′‐methylpiperidino)‐äthanol‐(1)
Authors: Möhrle H.
Published: October 2006

Die Quecksilber(II)‐ÄDTA‐Dehydrierung von 1‐Phenyl‐2‐(3′‐methylpiperidino)‐äthanol‐(1) (I) liefert N‐(2‐Phenyl‐2‐hydroxyäthyl)‐5‐methyl‐piperidon‐(2) (III). Dies wird durch die Synthese der in Frage kommenden methylsubstituierten δ‐Valerolactame III und IV und den Verleich der N‐Phenylcarbamate gesichert.
Über γ‐Alkylidentetronsäuren. 2. Mitt.
Authors: Stachel H.‐D.
Published: October 2006

Aus Dinatrium‐Salzen von Ketipinsäure‐Derivaten mit Alkylhalogeniden erhält man α‐alkylierte γ‐Alkylidentetronsäuren. Es wird über den Strukturbeweis, die optischen Eigenschaften sowie die Herstellung einiger Derivate der neuen Verbindungen berichtet.
Die Analytik von α‐Dimethoxy‐methyl‐β‐methoxy‐propionitril, einer Zwischenstufe der Thiaminsynthese
Authors: Sterescu M. , Aftalion H. , Ionescu M. , Cilianu St. , Rogozea I. , Ioan C.
Published: October 2006

Es wurden chemische und IR‐spektrophotometrische Methoden zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung von α‐Dialkoxy‐methyl‐β‐propionitril, cis‐und trans‐α‐Alkoxy‐methylen‐β‐alkoxy‐propionitril und α‐Dialkoxy‐methylen‐acrylonitril ausgearbeitet. Mit den neuen Methoden wurden die Formylierung von β‐Alkoxy‐propionitril und die anschließende Methylierung des gebildeten Enols mit Dimethylsulfat untersucht.

α‐Dimethoxy‐methyl‐β‐methoxy‐propionitril wurde in reiner Form dargestellt und charakterisiert.
Studien an N‐Glycosylchinolonen
Authors: Mustafa A. , Mansour A. K.
Published: October 2006

N‐(2,3,4,6‐Tetra‐O‐acetyl‐D‐glucopyranose‐1‐yl)‐chinolon‐2 (I) wurde aus 2‐Methoxychinolin und Acetobromglucose gewonnen.

Einwirkung von Ammoniaklösung ergab Carbostyril und Glucose. Die Spektren von I werden diskutiert.
Zwei neue Chalkonpigmente aus Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Willd
Authors: Rimpler H. , Hänsel R.
Published: October 2006

Aus dem Hüllblättern einer gelben Sorte von Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Willd. wurden zwei neue Chalkonglykoside isoliert. Beim Pigment A handelt es sich um das 2′,3,4,4′6′‐Pentahydroxychalkon‐2′‐glucosid, bei Pigment B um das 2′,3,4,4′,5,6′‐Hexahydroxychalkon‐2′‐glucosid. Beide Verbindungen wurden erstmalig synthetisiert; die natürlichen und die synthetischen Verbindungen erwiesen sich als identisch.
Über Mutterkornfarbstoffe. 4. Mitt.: Alkaloid‐Farbstoff‐Komplexe aus Mutterkorn
Authors: Kornhauser A. , Perpar M.
Published: October 2006

Das hauptsächlich Ergometrin enthaltende jugoslawische Mutterkorn hat einen hohen Gehalt an gelben Farbstoffen. Aus Petrolätherextrakten wurden Alkaloid‐Farbstoff‐Komplexe isoliert. Ihre Schmelzpunkte liegen niedriger als die der Farbstoffe und rechtsdrehenden Alkaloide; sie geben mit van Urk‐Reagens keine Blaufärbung; im UV‐Spektrum haben sie Maxima bei 270 und 336 mμ, die IR‐Spektren zeigen HO bzw. HN, H3C, H2C und freie und chelierte CO‐Gruppen an.

Die Komplexe wurden durch Elektrophorese und Chromatographie in ihre Komponenten zerlegt. Es wurden Ergometrin neben wenig Ergotamin, Ergochrysin, Ergoflavin und ein bisher unbekannter Farbstoff mit intensiv gelber Fluoreszenz nachgewiesen.
Das Mechanismusproblem in der Physiologie des 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Rudolph Gerhard
Published: October 2006

Mechanicism and organicism (vitalism) are two basic positions in the study of life processes. They can be reduced in a simplifying manner to a scheme Demokritos‐mechanism‐causality and Aristotle‐organism‐finality. The essentially mechanistic thought of the enlightenment lost all its influence in Germany through the speculative tendencies of natural philosophy. For the physiology between 1780 and 1840 physics and chemistry became only auxiliary sciences applicable to some special problems (Merkel, Rudolphi, Tiedemann, Johannes Müller). In the middle of the 19th century ‐ after remarkable attempts of the brothers Weber (1825, 1827) ‐ comes a complete change in the direction of physico‐mechanistic research. The first representative textbook of a quantitative‐measuring physiology is that of G. G. Valentin (1844). Decisive for the development of modern physiological science is the discovery of the laws of thermodynamics (Mayer, Joule, Helmholtz, Clausius, Boltzmann) demonstrating the same forces acting in organic and inorganic processes. The transformation of physiology into a physico‐mechanistic science is due in the first instance to du Bois‐Reymond, Ludwig, Brücke and Helmholtz who formulated the new program and controbuted by their results so that physiology would be recognized as an exact natural science. The intellectual situation in France (Dutrochet, Poiseuille, Claude Bernard) can be parallelised. The „biological philosophy”︁ of A. Comte, however, demands peculiar attention. The next generation (L. Hermann, R. Heidenhain, A. Fick, J. Bernstein) helps to consolidate modern physiology, which incorporates physical chemistry (1887) as its most recent branch. The mechanistic necessity leads namely A. Fick and H. Helmholtz to a new philosophical understanding of physical reality. The contribution of the 19th century to mechanize the experimental life sciences made from physiology an autonomous science no longer directed by pure utility and which escaped from the tutorage of medicine.
Das Modell der Naturwissenschaft in der Psychiatrie im Übergang vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert
Authors: Schmitt Wolfram
Published: October 2006

During the second half of 19th century, psychiatry developped into a natural science as a part of medicine. Towards the end of the century, the medical model of mental illness got into a crisis which led to a restriction of somatopathological explanation of psychopathological phenomena, an accentuation of empirical and psychological description of the clinical facts, and a reception of phenomenology and psychoanalysis into psychiatry. Thus, the idea of mental illness as an etio‐pathogenetical and symptomatical unit, based on a cerebral alteration or process, has been given up in favour of clinical types or syndroms of mental disorder without a close connexion with an organic substratum. In consequence of these trends, the modern pluralistic concept of mental illness has been established.
Evolutionsmodelle in der Erklärung menschlicher Denkstrukturen im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Wuketits Franz M.
Published: October 2006

Since the 19th century the theory of evolution has been the guide not only of biological research, but of the explanation of man's psychic and mental abilities, too. In particular Herbert Spencer's and Charles Darwin's works gave rise to an evolutionary view of human mind (evolutionary psychology). This view was generalized to the explanation of epistemic structures like science and was adopted by many philosophers and scientists, e. g. Boltzmann, Mach, and others. Under the influence of Darwin's theory of natural selection a selective elimination model was established in order to explain epistemic activities. Thus, in the 19th century we find expressed the basic ideas of today's evolutionary epistemology. The modern evolutionary theory of (human) knowledge therefore turns out to be the more precise and elaborated formulation of the fundamental postulates of an evolutionary psychology.
Emigrierte deutsche Historiker in den USA
Authors: Walther Peter Th.
Published: October 2006

German Refugee Historians in the United States. ‐ After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, some twenty historians left Germany. They had lost their academic positions for political and/or „racial”︁ reasons. Most of them immigrated to the United States, and here they launched their second academic career. This intellectual immigration promoted the study of German and intellectual history and strengthened the development of comparative approaches in American historical scholarship. Many German refugee historians became interested in incorporating social science concepts into historical writing and thereby contributed to the advancement of a „Social History of Ideas.”︁ Although some were originally skeptical of the democratic process, in emigration these historians absorbed and accepted the political value system of a democratic and liberal republic, a change that is reflected in their historical studies. Despite the fact that almost all refugee historians chose to stay in the United States, their books and guest professorships left their mark on the course of West German historiography.
Österreichische Ärzteemigration 1934‐1945 ‐ Zwischen neuem Tätigkeitsgebiet und organisierten Rückkehrplänen
Authors: Hubenstorf Michael
Published: October 2006

Information on emigrant doctors and university teachers of medicine from Austria is rather poor up to now. This article is a preliminary sketch to give a first impression of the problems, quantity and quality of the doctors' emigration. First, there is made a distinction between different groups of emigrants, who emigrated at different times owing to the political changes in Austria (civil war and „Anschluß”︁). Then the emigration prior to the political set‐ups during the thirties is discussed. The assertion is made, that the reasons for emigrating during the twenties are very much the same than in later years. Hostility against Jews, socialists, democrats and foreigners made living and working conditions increasingly unbearable. Concerning the influence of emigrated scientists on science and learning in immigration countries some theoretical and clinical sub‐specialties of medicine are examined,e.g.social medicine, internal medicine, pharmacology, orthopedic surgery and child psychiatry. Whereas in some cases the influence is minimal,e.g.social medicine, other disciplines have been influenced enormously,e.g.child psychiatry. Finally there follows a short examination of the organisations of Austrian doctors and medical scientists in the United States and Great Britain.
Technische Intelligenz im Exil. Zum Einfluß emigrierter deutschsprachiger Ingenieure auf die Ingenieurwissenschaften in Großbritannien 1933 bis 1945
Authors: Mock Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

This article deals with the emigration and the experiences of the professional group of engineers in their British exile, trying to evaluate the influences these refugee engineers had on the British engineering science. The approach is not limited to engineering research at universities or technical colleges, but tries to include the aspect of research and development on the level of the firm. Limits and constraints of gaining influence in British engineering are discussed, such as different values and traditions as well as the different traditions in technical education and the role of the engineering graduate in industry. Finally attempts are made to establish some fields of engineering where an identifiable influence can be traced without exaggerating the general influence of these German speaking refugee engineers. Those identifiable fields are machine tools, fuel technology and district heating.
Die Astrologie der Antike
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

This survey of classical astrology is in three parts: a) a summary of its rich and eventful history from the Babylonians to the Renaissance; b) the methods of calculation which remained the same throughout the period, based on the planets, the zodiac and the “twelve houses”; c) an analysis of astrological thought, which is quite different from any modern approach; providing a rigid interpretation of the universe, it granted confort and security. It presents a curious combination of religion and science: the physics is the one forwarded by the stoïcs, with an equal balance of the four elements, and the microcosmic economy within the soul representing the macrocosmic one; but such a determinism is in contradiction with the Stoics' sense of responsability which presupposes free will.
Reine und angewandte Chemie Die Entstehung einer neuen Wissenschaftskonzeption in der Chemie der Aufklärung
Authors: Meinel Christoph
Published: October 2006

In its attempt to achieve acknowledgement and support as a true science and academic discipline eighteenth‐century chemistry experienced that the traditional distinction between theory and practice, respectively between science and art, was an incriminating heritage and did not longer conform to the way chemists saw themselves. In order to substitute the former, socially judging classification into theoretical science and practical art, J. G. Wallerius from Uppsala coined the term pure and applied chemistry in 1751. The idea behind this new conception was that it ought to be chemistry's research aim and not the kind of work, be it manual or intellectual, which was to decide about its branches and their dignity. The change in orientation which took place during the eighteenth century, and which is symbolized by the new dichotomy “pure and applied”, led towards a revaluation of the utilitarian aspects of chemistry. Its historical roots reach back to a long and fruitful cooperation of, and interaction between chemistry and economy, which was reinforced by the Stahlian tradition in Germany and Scandinavia. Subsequently, it was its strong economic bias that helped chemistry to become institutionalized and accepted as an academic discipline distinct from the medico‐pharmaceutical profession. The analysis of this change of attitudes, behaviour and institutional pattern suggests that, at least during the period of institutionalization of this particular discipline, social structures and the intrinsic scientific contents are so tightly interrelated, that any division into “internal”, cognitive developments (facts, theory and subject‐matter) and “external” conditions (social context and stategies of institutionalization) would be artificial, since they both constitute the scientific community as a context of argumentation and action.
2‐deuteromethylation of ketones
Authors: Fuchs Benzion , Pasternak Mordechai , Weinman Sarah
Published: October 2006

A methods of obtaining 2‐deuteromethyl ketones by deuteromethylation of the corresponding β‐ketosters. is described and proposed as a general method for β‐deuterium labeling of ketones.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 4‐hydroperoxyisophosphamide, an effective antitumor agent
Authors: Nagasaki T. , Katsuyama Y. , Minato H.
Published: October 2006

4‐Hydroperoxyisophosphamide (II), an effective antitumor agent has been labelled with carbon‐14. The carbon‐14 label was incorporated into the C‐6 position of the molecule to give (VII). The overall radiochemical yield was 4.4% based on barium carbonate‐14C. The labelled compound obtained was used for absorption and metabolism studies.
Synthesis of 14C‐desmethylene aldrin, desmethylene dieldrin and desmethylene aldrin cis and trans‐dihydrddiols
Authors: Walker Michael P. , McKinney James D. , Mudgal Vamanmurti G.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 14C‐desmethylene aldrin (I) from 14C‐Ul‐hexachloro cyclopentadiene and cyclohexa‐l,4‐diene via a Diels‐Alder reaction and its conversion to desmethylene dieldrin (II) and desmethylene cis (III) and trans (IV)‐dihydrodiols are described.
Synthese asymetrique de la D(+) amphetamine‐14C‐7 par l'intermediaire du benzyl‐2 methyl‐2 dithianne‐l,3
Authors: Pichat L. , Beaucourt J‐P.
Published: October 2006

Benzyl chloride‐7‐14C is condensed with 2‐lithio 2‐methyl 1,3‐dithianes. Deprotection with cupric chloride‐copper oxide of the resulting 2‐benzyl 2‐methyl 1,3‐dithianes leads to 1‐phenyl‐2‐propanone‐1‐14C. The latter with L(‐)α‐methylbenzylamine in presence of molecuLar sieve gives rise to (‐)N‐(α‐phen‐ethyl)phenylisopropylimine which is catalytically reduced into the corresponding amine. Hydrogenolysis of this amine gives D(+) amphetamine‐7‐14C isolated as the sulfate with an overall yield of 10 % based on benzoic acid‐7‐14C specific activity: 27 mCi/mM.
A quantitative stereoselective synthesis of radiolabelled PGF2α from arachidonate or PGE2
Authors: Stone K. J. , Hart M.
Published: October 2006

A simple, efficient and relatively cheap procedure for synthesising radiolabelled PGF2α from arachidonate or PGE2 is described. The method exploits the stereospecific enzymatic reduction of PGE2 by PGE2‐9‐ketoreductase from rabbit renal cortex.
The synthesis of 18O multilabeled anhydrous nitric acid
Authors: Scott A. C. , McReynolds J. H. , Anbar M.
Published: October 2006

18O‐multilabeled anhydrous nitric acid (89 atom % 18O) was prepared by exchange with H218O, neutralization with NH3, and distillation from methane sulfonic acid. The use of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, and oleum was also investigated, but these acids were found unsuitable due to rapid oxygen exchange. The extent of exchange was. monitored by converting water to methanol, nitric acid to nitroanisole, and analyzing by field ionization mass spectrometry.
Synthesis of DL‐tyroslne‐2′‐t and tyramine‐2′‐t
Authors: Jeffs P. W. , Johns N. , Johnson D. B.
Published: October 2006

Lithiation of 4‐benzyloxy‐2‐bromotoluene and subsequent quenching of the lithiated product affords 4‐benzyloxytoluene‐2‐t which is oxidized directly to 4‐benzyloxybenzaldehyde‐2‐t with ceric ammonium nitrate. Transformation of the aldehyde 6 by standard procedures affords DL‐tyrosine‐2′‐t and tyramine‐2′‐t.
Synthesis of cyclopropyl cyanide‐2,2‐d2
Authors: Edwardsiii William B. , Glenn David F.
Published: October 2006

A convenient method for the synthesis of cyclopropyl cyanide‐2,2‐d2 has been elaborated. Reduction of methyl 3‐cyanopropionate with lithium borodeuteride followed by reaction of the resulting alcohol with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride gave 4‐chlorobutyronitrile‐4,4‐d2. Conversion of the chloride to the iodide with sodium iodide followed by cyclization with sodium hydride afforded cyclopropyl cyanide‐2,2‐d2 in 30% overall yield with deuterium incorporation of > 95%.
Synthesis and N‐methylation of β‐14C‐p‐chloroamphetamine hydrochloride
Authors: Burrows Elizabeth P. , Sanders‐Bush Elaine , Sekerke H. Joseph , Smith Howard E.
Published: October 2006

β‐14C‐p‐Chloroamphetamine hydrochloride was prepared by condensation of carbonyl‐14C‐p‐chlorobenzaldehyde with nitroethane followed by lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) reduation of the resulting chloro‐phenylnitropropene. After purfication the overall yield was about 25%. N‐Methyl‐ and N,N‐dimethyl‐ β‐ 14C‐p‐chloroamphetamine were prepared, respectively, by LAH reduction of N‐carbobenzoxy – β‐14 C‐ p‐chlorpamphetamine and by reductive (Eschweiler‐Clarke methylation of β‐14C‐ p‐ Chlolroamphetamine.
Synthese von [14C] propiramfumarat
Authors: Maul W.
Published: October 2006

Propiramfumarat ist ein neues, stark wirksames und zugleich gut verträgliches Analgetlkum. Für die Untersuchung der Biotransformation und Pharmakokinetik dieser Substanz bei Mensch und Tier wurde 14C‐markiertes Propiramfumarat benötigt. Die Synthese ging aus von Barium‐[14C]carbonat (10 mMol; 279 mCi) und führte über folgende Stufen: wasserfreie [1‐14C]Propionsäure, 2‐Brom‐[1‐14C]propionylbromid, N‐>;2‐Brom‐[1‐14C]propionyl>‐piperidin, das mit Aminopyridin und Natriumamid zu N‐<2‐2‐Pyridylamino>‐[1‐14C]propionyl〉‐piperidin umgesetzt wurde. Die Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid lieferte 2‐‐pyridin, dae zu N‐(1‐methyl‐2‐piperidino‐[2‐14C]ethyl)‐N‐(2‐pyridyl)‐propionamide acyliert wurde. Die Gesamtausbeute an markierter Base betrug 49 %. Das Fumarat dieser Verbindung (Propiramfumarat) hatte eine spezifische Aktivität von 67 Microcuries/mg und eine radiochemische Reinheit van mehr als 99 %.
A high yield synthesis of C‐14‐ring‐labeled and C‐14‐methyl‐labeled N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosoaniline
Authors: Grandjean C. J.
Published: October 2006

A synthetic procedure for C‐14‐labeled N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosoaniline is presented. Separate labeling of the methyl and phenyl side chains was achieved by using C‐14‐labeled methyl iodide and aniline, respectively. The overall yield of the four reactions was 62% and the final products were stable as stored and chemically and radiochemically pure.
Non specificite de marquage dans le cas de tritiation par deshalogenatlon catalytique: Cas de la papaverine
Authors: Devillers J. , Winand M. , Bettens B.
Published: October 2006

Le marquage au tritium de la papavérine par déshalogénation catalytique de la monobromopapavérine conduit à un produit dont la radioactivité spécifique est de 43 Ci/mM. Nos résultats ont montré que seulement 49 % de cette radioactivité résultent de la substitution du brome par le tritium; 46 % sont localisés dans le groupe méthyléne tandis que les 5 % restants sont répartis sur les autres positions.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled 2,4,‐diamino‐5‐phenylthiazole hydrochloride (amiphenazole)
Authors: Adams Jeffrey G. , Nicholls Paul J. , Williams Hywel
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 2,4‐diamino‐5‐phenylthiazole hydrochloride labelled with carbon – 14 in the 2‐position has been effected whereby the 14C‐label was introduced in the last step. The overall yields were 34.5% (gravimetrically) and 32.8% (radiochemically).
Labelling of a new hypolipaemic agent with carbon‐14, preparation of 1,1‐bis[4‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylpropoxy)phenyl]cyclohexane‐2‐14C
Authors: Yoshitake Akira , Makari Yoshiaki , Kawahara Kazuo , Doi Tadashi
Published: October 2006

1,1‐Bis[4‐(1‐carboxy‐l‐methylpropoxy)phenyl]cyclahexane (S‐8527) (I), a new hypolipaemic agent, was labelled at C‐2 with carbon‐14 for the use of metabolic studies. The procedure used is illustrated in Fig. 1. Cyclohexane‐2‐14C which was prepared from potassium cyanide‐14C was condensed with phenol to afford 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane‐2‐14c (VI). Condensation of VI with ethyl methyl ketone and chloroform under a strong base (potassium hydroxide) gave S‐8527‐2‐14C (I). A total of 3.11 mCi of pure S‐8527‐2‐14C (I) was obtained, representing 12% radiochemical yield from potassium cyanide‐14C. Furthermore, a new radioactive by‐product was isolated and elucidated its structure as X (Fig. 3).
Synthesis of high specific activity benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐t and its K‐region oxidized derivatives
Authors: Harvey Ronald G. , Fu Peter P.
Published: October 2006

The potent carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene specifically tritiated in the 6‐position was synthesized through hydrogenation of 6‐bromobenzo[a]pyrene with tritium gas. The benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐t was then employed in the synthesis of benzo[a]pyrene‐6‐t 4,5‐oxide of high specific activity via. the corresponding cis‐diol, quinone and trans‐diol. Also, BaP‐6‐d and BaP‐G‐t were employed in the synthesis of the corresponding K‐region oxidized derivatives (cis‐ and trans‐diols, quinones, and oxides). Loss of the isotopic label was generally minimal except in the transformations involving the high specific activity BaP‐6‐t compounds.
Carbon‐14 ring labelling of some methylxanthines of pharmacological importance
Authors: Ayrey G. , Yeomans M. A.
Published: October 2006

Preparative, separative and analytical methods are described for the following labelled compounds: 4‐amino[5‐14C] formamidouracil (II), 1,3‐dimethyl‐4‐amino[5‐14C]formamidouracil (III), 1,3‐dimethyl[S‐14c]xanthine ([8‐14C]theophylline) (IV), 1,3,7‐trimethyl [8‐14C]xanthine ([8‐14C]caffeine) (V), 4‐amino[2‐14C]uracil (VI),′ 4‐amino‐5‐nitroso[2‐14C]uracil (VII), 4,5‐diamino[2‐14C]uracil (VIII), [2‐14C]xanthine (IX), 3‐methyl[2‐14C]xanthine (X), [2‐14C]theobromine (XI), [2‐14c]theophylline (XII) and [2‐14c]caffeine (XIII).
Tritium labelling of ribonuclease by the gas‐exposure method, as improved by an electric discharge
Authors: Noyer M. , Schnek A. G. , Léonis J. , Winand M.
Published: October 2006

When lyophilized samples of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease are exposed to tritium gas, the exchange process can be markedly improved by applying high frequency electric discharges.

Labelling has been carried out for 5, 15 or 30 minutes periods. Labile radioactivity, was then removed by means of molecular sieving and repeated lyophilizations, the tritiated protein being submitted to further purification by ion‐exchange chromatography.

The specific radioactivity of such purified samples is in the Curie/mmole range, and the biological activity of the enzyme remains well preserved. The distribution of tritium atoms among component aminoacids has been determined, after acid hydrolysis of the labelled protein.
Synthesis of carbon‐13 labelled 6‐substituted benzo (a) pyrenes
Authors: Royer Robert E. , Daub Guido H. , Jagt David L. Vander
Published: October 2006

Sodium formate‐13C, prepared by hydrolysis of isopropyl formate, was allowed to react with N‐methylaniline hydrochloride to prepare the formylating agent N‐methylformanilide‐1‐13C. Formylation of benzo(a)pyrene with N‐methylformanilide‐1‐13C gave the 6‐13CHO derivative which was reduced to 6‐13CH3 and 6‐13CH2OH benzo(a)pyrenes. 6‐13CH2C1 benzo(a)pyrene was prepared from the 6‐13CH2OH derivative.
Synthesis of tritium labeled mazindol
Authors: Dugger Harry A. , Tabot Kenrick C.
Published: October 2006

Mazindol was labeled with tritium in the 6,9 positions in low yield starting with dimethyl phthalate‐3,6‐3H which was prepared by reduction of dimethyl 3‐chlorophthalate with tritium gas using 10% palladium on charcoal as a catalyst. The labeled dimethyl phathalate was hydrolisized with extensive loss of the label by exchange and after conversion to phthalic anhydride was condensed with chlorobenzene to give 2‐(p‐chlorobenzoyl) benzoic acid‐3,6‐3H. This acid was converted in two steps into 5‐hyddroxy‐54‐imidazo [2,1‐a] isoindol‐6,9‐3H (mazindol‐6,9‐3H). In a similar fashion, mazindol‐7,8‐3H was prepared in higher yields beginning with dimethyl 4‐chlorophthalate. There was no loss of the label during the hydrolysis of dimethyl Phthalate‐4,5‐3H.
Synthese d'un diuretique marque au carbone 14: Acide dichloro‐2,3 [thenoyl‐2 (14C = 0)]‐4 phenoxy acetique (D.C.I. acide tiénilique)
Authors: Herbert M. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

2‐Thenoic acid (14C = 0) 1 is prepared in 75 % radioactive yield by carbonation with 14CO2 of 2‐thienyL‐magnesium bromide. Boiling of 1 with oxalyl chloride gives rise to 2‐thenoylchloride (14CO) which is not isolated and is condensed with 2,3 dichLoroanisoLe under FrieLdeL‐Grafts conditions. Ketone 3 is demeth Lated with AlCl3 in benzene to give rise to 4‐ 2‐thenoyl (14C = O)‐2,3‐dichloro phenol 4. The sodium derivative of 4 is condensed in D.M.F. with sodium chloracetate to Lead to the title compound with an overall yield of 16 % based on 14CO2 – TieniLic acid‐14c, specific activity: 50 mCi/mMole, has been found to be sensitive to self‐irra‐diation decomposition in the dry state at ‐ 25%° C. Radiation decomposition is minimized at 24 mCi/mMole in methanol solution.
Preparatton and high pressure liquid chromatography of 5‐astatouracil
Authors: Meyer G.‐J. , Rössler K. , Stöcklin G.
Published: October 2006

5‐astatouracil was prepared via the decomposition of the 5‐diazonium salt of uracil in the presence of 211At− with overall yields ranging from 20 to 30%. Identification and separation was carried out on four different high pressure liquid chromatography columns. Under identical conditions, astatination is more effective than iodination, and complex formation of halide with the diazonium compound seems to be the product forming mechanism.
Synthesis of pentachloronitrobenzene‐14C6
Authors: Kadunce R. E. , Lamoureux G. L.
Published: October 2006

Pentachloronitrobenzene‐14C6 was synthesized in 81.7% yield by exhaustive chlorination of nitrobenzene‐14C6. Hexachlorobenzene‐14C6 was produced in 11% yield as a byproduct of the reaction.
Preparation de l'acide biphenyl‐4, oxo‐4, methylene‐2 butyrique (14C‐4) et de deux derives chloro substitues
Authors: Cousse Henri , Bonnaud Bernard , Pichat Louis , Aubert Francis
Published: October 2006

Itaconic acid‐4‐14C has been prepared by condensation of sodium cyanide 14C with ethyl α‐bromomethyl acrylate and hydrolysis of the intermediate ethyl α‐(cyanomethyl) acrylate.

Itaconic anhydride‐4‐14C has been used in Friedel‐Crafts reactions with respectively biphenyl, 2‐chlorobiphenyl, 4‐chlorobiphenyl for the preparation of 4‐biphenyl‐4‐oxo‐2‐methylene butyric acid‐4‐14C and the corresponding‐2′chloro and 4′‐chloro substituted derivatives.
Synthesis of 1‐phenyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐ethene‐1‐13C (trans‐stilbene) and derivatives
Authors: Braden Gary A. , Hollstein Ulrich
Published: October 2006

For mass spectrometric studies 1‐phenyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐ethene‐1‐13C (trans‐stilbene) was synthesized from acetic‐1‐13C acid and acetic‐2‐13C acid via methylcyclohexene‐1‐13C and ‐α‐13C and toluene‐1‐13C and ‐α‐13C. No scrambling of the label was observed during the aromatization step. The labeled stilbene was converted into 1‐phenyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐ethane‐1‐13C (bibenzyl), 2‐phenyl‐3‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐oxirane‐2‐13C (trans‐stilbene oxide), meso‐1,2‐dibromo‐1‐phenyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐ethane‐1‐13C and 1‐phenyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐13C‐ethyne‐1‐13C (tolan).
The preparation of deuterium‐ and tritium‐labeled pirbuterol hydrochloride
Authors: McIlhenny Hugh M.
Published: October 2006

A mild exchange labeling procedure utilizing O‐deuterated or O‐tritiated t‐butanol with sodium catalysis afforded isotope exchange in the α‐hydrogen position of the amide N‐t‐butyl‐2‐(5‐benzyloxy‐6‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐pyridyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐acetamide, thereby extending the utility of this approach with ketones to poor enolizers that are base labile. Complete label retention accompanied the subsequent steps of reduction and debenzylation to 2‐hydroxymethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐6(l‐hydroxy‐2‐t‐butylaminoethyl)‐pyridine dihydrochloride (pirbuterol hydrochloride)‐2H or ‐3H, in 15‐18% overall yield at the 4 mmole level. Deuterium incorporation was estimated to be 39%; a specific activity of 206 μc/mg was achieved by radiolabeling. A radiochemical and chemical purity of > 99.5% was established. Tritium label stability was demonstrated in aqueous media at acidic, neutral and basic pH.
Preparation of chloroacetaldehyde‐l‐14C and its reaction with adenine and cytosine nucleotides
Authors: Greenfield John C. , Leonard Nelson J. , Nystrom Robert F.
Published: October 2006

Chloroacetaldehyde, which reacts selectively with cytosine and adenine nucleotides to give fluorescent etheno‐bridged derivatives, was synthesized bearing a 14C label. The chloroacetaldehyde l‐14C, prepared from glycerol‐2‐14C, was used to form etheno‐bridged adenine and cytosine nucleotides for enzyme studies and was applied to the chemical modification of tRNA.
Synthesis and properties of dodecane‐1,12‐13C2 and dodecane‐1,1,1,12,12,12‐2H6
Authors: Shaw G. J. , Milne G. W. A.
Published: October 2006

Normal dodecane labeled with either carbon‐13 or deuterium at both the terminal methyl groups has been synthesized. The mass spectra and PNMR and CNMR spectra of these compounds have been measured and are reported.
Spezifische 15N‐markierung von creatinin
Authors: Medina R. , Schmidt H.‐L.
Published: October 2006

By reaction of 1‐methyl‐2‐methylthio‐2‐imidazoline‐4‐on‐hydroiodide (2) with ammonia‐[15N], creatinine‐[15NH2] is synthesised in a one step reaction giving an 80% yield on the mmol scale. The specificity of labelling in the amino group is proved by enzymatic hydrolysis and examination of the reaction products by mass spectrometry.
Synthese du safrole marque au carbone 14 dans la chaine allylique: safrole 14C‐1′
Authors: Pichat L. , Tostain J.
Published: October 2006

Carbonation of 3,4 methylenedioxy phenylmagnesium bromide with 14CO2 leads to (carboxyl 14C) 3,4 methylenedioxy benzoic acid. Reduction of the latter with LiAlH4 in T H F

THF: Tetrahydrofurne; CPV: Chromatographie en phase vapeur; CCM: Chromatographie sur couche mince.

gives rise to 3,4 methylenedioxy benzyl alcohol which reacts with thionylchloride to provide the corresponding chloride. By action of magnesium in T H F 3‐4 methylenedioxy benzylmagnesium chloride is obtained; it is then condensed with vinyl bromide in presence of catalytic quantities of FeCl3 to give (1′‐14C) safrol, specific activity: 15 mCi/mMole with an overall yield of 40 % based on barium carbonate.
The synthesis of tritium labeled cardioselectlve beta‐adrenoceptor antagonists
Authors: G. Shtacher , M. Erez , S. Cohen , A. Cohen , O. Buchman
Published: October 2006

Two cardioselective beta‐adrenoceptor antagonists: dl‐acetanalide‐4′‐[3‐(isopropylamino)‐2‐hydroxypropoxy] (“practolol”), and dl‐chloroacetanilide‐4′‐[3‐(isopropylamino) ‐2‐hydroxypropoxy] (“chloropractolol”), labeled with tritium at positions 3′ and 5′of the aromatic ring were prepared. The starting 3 materials for the synthesis of the aryloxypropanolamines was 2,6‐di‐ 3H‐4‐acetamido phenol, prepared by catalytic dehalogenation of 2,6‐dibromo‐4‐acetamido‐phenol, employing tritium gas. Condensation of 2,6‐di‐3H‐4‐acetamido‐phenol with epichlorohydrin, followed by epoxide ring opening with isopropylamine yielded 3′ 5′‐di‐3H‐acetanilide‐4′‐[3‐(isopropylamino)‐2‐hydroxypropoxy], (3′,5′‐di‐ 3H‐ practolol). Deacetylation of 3′,5′‐di‐3H‐practolol followed by selective ar‐N chloroacetylation of the resulting 1‐(2′,6′‐di‐3H‐4‐amino)‐phenoxy‐3‐isopropylaminopropan‐2‐ol, gave 3′,5′‐di‐3H‐chloropractolol with a specific activity of 750 mCi/mmol.
A convenient synthesis of 13N‐BCNU
Authors: Pettit William A. , Tilbury Roy S. , Digenis George A. , Mortara Richard H.
Published: October 2006

A simple procedure is described for the preparation of millicurie quantities of the cancer chemotherapeutic agent, BCNU, labeled in the nitroso group with 13N.
Labelled compounds of potential biological interest. IV. Tritium labelling of some cyclzing compounds
Authors: Gosztonyi Tamas , Domeij Karl Erik , Ross Svante
Published: October 2006

Quaternary ammonium compounds formed at the site of action by spontaneous cyclization of tertiary ω‐haloalkylamine precursors may have interesting pharmacological properties. In order to study the pharmacokinetics of the cyclization principle, a series of new tertiary ω‐haloalkylamines derived from p‐chloroamphetamine has been synthesized both unlabelled and labelled with tritium at high specific activity.
An efficient synthesis of [2‐13C]‐monobromoacetic acid
Authors: Climie I. J. G. , Evans D. A.
Published: October 2006

[2‐13C]‐Monobromoacetic acid was prepared in good yield by the bromination of acetic acid in the presence of phosphorous trichloride by appropriate modification of the method of Marvel.(1) A by‐product of this method was found to be bromoacetyl bromide, which could be avoided by hydrolysis to the required product by a modified work‐up procedure. Pure monobromoacetic acid was obtained by sublimation.
Labelled organophosphorus pesticides. II. Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled N‐sec‐butyl O‐ethyl O‐(5‐methyl–2‐nitrophenyl) phosphoramidothioate (cremart®)
Authors: Yoshitake Akira , Shono Fumiaki , Kamada Takeshi , Nakatsuka Iwao
Published: October 2006

N‐sec‐Butyl O‐ethyl O‐(5‐methyl–2‐nitrophenyl) phosphoramidothioate (Cremart) (I), an organophosphorus herbicide, was labelled with carbon‐14 at the aryl methyl group for metabolic studies. The synthetic procedures are shown in Fig. 1. 1‐Methoxy‐3‐methyl‐14C‐benzene was nitrated with fuming nitric acid‐acetic anhydride to give 2‐methoxy‐4‐methyl‐14C‐1‐nitrobenzene which on O‐demethylation with boron tribromide gave 5‐methyl‐14C‐2‐nitrophenol. Condensation of the latter with N‐sec‐butyl O‐ethyl phosphoramidochloridothioate in the presence of potassium carbonate afforded Cremart‐(aryl methyl‐14C)(I) in the overall yield of 9.2% from methanol‐14C, which had a specifie activity of 5.96 mCi/mmole.
A synthesis of camphene‐8‐14C and toxaphene‐14C
Authors: Oliver James E.
Published: October 2006

An efficient one‐vessel synthesis of camphene‐8–14C was developed. Methyl‐14C iodide was reacted with triphenylphosphine; treatment of the resulting phosphonium salt with methyllithium produced methylene[‐14C]‐triphenylphosphorane, which was condensed with camphenilone to provide camphene‐8–14C. Chlorination of the latter compound produced toxaphene‐14C, an important polychlorinated insecticide.
Tritium distribution, enantiomer formation, and glycine production in L‐valine labeled by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas
Authors: Ehrenkaufer Richard Lee E. , Wolf Alfred P. , Hembree Wylie C. , Lieberman Seymour
Published: October 2006

The labeling of L‐valine by microwave discharge activation of tritium gas was found to be general (i.e., all positions were labeled) but non‐random in distribution. The α, β, and γ positions contained 7.1%, 32.7% and 60.2% respectively. On a per‐hydrogen basis the β‐position was favored by more than a factor of 3, whereas the chiral α‐position was the least labeled. Net retention of the L‐configuration was observed at the chiral center with only 1.56% D‐valine being formed. Small amounts of glycine were found to be produced by fragmentation of the alkyl side chain of valine.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled compounds. I. Synthesis of 2 (14C)‐dinitrosohexahydropyrimidine
Authors: Brann Horst , Bertram Barbara , Wiessler Manfred
Published: October 2006

A convenient procedure to synthesize 2–14C‐dinitroso‐hexahydropyrimidine (DNHP) is described. The synthesis begines with the condensation of 14C‐formaldehyde and propylenediamine‐1,3 in benzene with azeotropic removal of water. The resulting bases are isolated from the reaction mixture as hydrochlorides and are nitrosated with sodium nitrite in aqueous medium at a constant pH of 4 to 5. After column chromatography on Silica gel and recrystallisation from ether 2–14C‐dinitroso‐hexahydropyrimidine (DNHP) is isolated in 30.7% yield based on 14C‐fomaldehyde.
Synthesis of 14C‐labelled compounds. II. Synthesis of 14C‐methylacetoxy methylnitrosamine
Authors: Braun Horst , Wiessler Manfred
Published: October 2006

1,3,5–14C‐trimethylhexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazine was prepared by condensing 14C‐methylamine‐hydrochloride and formaldehyde in a concentrated aqueous solution. The so formed triazine reacts with Nitrosylchloride at 0°C to 14C‐methylchlorarethylnitrosamine which was not isolated and reacted further with silver acetate. After column chromatography on Silica gel and distillation 14C‐methylacetoxymethylnitrosamine was obtained in a 24.1% yield based on 14C‐methylamine‐hydrochloride.
Preparation du butyne‐2(D6) par isomerisation ET echange DU butyne‐1; dosages isotopiques
Authors: Saussey J. , Lavalley J. C. , Janin A. , Vallet Et A.
Published: October 2006

A convenient method for the synthesis of perdeuterated 2‐butyne has been elaborated. By shaking 1‐butyne at 180°C for 3 days with a base (LiOD in D2O) it has been shown, together with isomerization of the hydrocarbon with migration of the triple bond, there was hydrogen exahange. Four exahanges gave CD3C°CCD3, with high isotopia purity (τ = 99,5 %). Results of an experiment under lower temperature aonfirmed the mechanism. Different methods of isotopic analysis have been used, in particular 1H and 13C NMR and analytical gas chromatography.
Synthesis of nornicotine‐2,4,5,6‐d4 and its N′‐nitroso derivative
Authors: Munson James W. , Hodgkins Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

Nornicotine‐2,4,5,6‐d4 and its N′‐nitroso derivative were synthesized from pyridine‐d5. Initially, pyridine‐d5 was brominated in fuming D2SO4 to give 3‐bromopyridine‐d4. Treatment of this material with n‐butyllithium and dry ice followed by acidification gave nicotinic acid‐2,4,5,6‐d4. Conversion of this substance to the acid chloride hydrochloride (via thionyl chloride) followed by treatment with absolute ethanol gave ethyl nicotinate‐2,4,5,6‐d4. The ester was condensed with N‐trimethylsilyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone in the presence of n‐butyllithium and diisopropylamine to give, after hydrolysis and decarboxylation, myosmine‐2,4,5,6‐d4. Reduction of this material with sodium borohydride gave nornicotine‐2,4,5,6‐d4. Conversion to the N′nitroso derivative was achieved by treatment with nitrous acid.
Improved syntheses of carbon‐14 labelled 3‐phenoxybenzyl [1R,cis]‐ and [lR,trans]‐3–(2,2–dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates
Authors: Nakatsuka Iwao , Shono Fumiaki , Yoshitake Akira
Published: October 2006

3‐Phenoxybenzyl [1R,cis]‐3–2(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐cyclopropanecarboxylate (I) and its [1R,trans]‐isomer (II) were labelled with carbon‐14 at C‐2 position of the dichlorovinyl side chain for metabolic studies. The stereospecific syntheses were achieved according to the reaction scheme shown in Fig. 1. Wittig reaction of methyl [1R,cis]‐3‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethylcyclo‐propanecarboxylate with carbon‐14C tetrachloride followed by hydrolysis gave [1R,cis]‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl‐2–14C)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (VIa). Chlorination of the acid (VIa) and subsequent treatment of the resulting acid chloride with 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol afforded 3‐phenoxybenzyl [1R,cis]‐3–(2,2‐dichlorovinyl–2‐14C)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐carboxylate (I) in the overall yield of 33%. Its [1R,trans]‐isomer (II) was also prepared in 35% yield by the similar procedures. The specific activities of I and II were 4.30 and 3.80 mCi/mmole respectively.
Preparation and characterisation of tritiated derivates of galactosylceramide and glucosylceramide
Authors: Poulos A. , Pollard Ac
Published: October 2006

Radiolabelled glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide have been prepared by the catalytic tritiation of a mixture of the corresponding unlabelled sphingolipids, and purified by preparative thin‐layer chromatography. The localisation of the label was determined by degrading the individual monohexosyl ceramides with aqueous methanolic hydrochloric acid and measuring the radioactivity content of the liberated fragments. Under the particular experimental conditions described, more than 98% of incorporated tritium was found in the ceramide portion of each sphingolipid, while the greater part (> 80%) of this radioactivity was detected in the long‐chain fatty acid moieties.

The method offers a convenient means of preparing labelled substrates suitable foruse in metabolic studies. The data suggest that to reduce costs, mixtures rather than individual sphingolipids, can be tritiated.
Synthesis of labelled bioactive compounds. III. 2‐(arylimino)‐imidazolidine labeled with 14C, tritium and deuterium
Authors: Stiasni M. , Stähle H.
Published: October 2006

Five compounds of a group of 2‐(arylimino)‐imidazolidines, among them Clonidine (St 155), have been labeled with 14 in the following manner: Potassium cyanide‐[14C] was converted to potassium thiocyanate‐[14C] and subsequently to the N′‐phenylthiourea using benzoyl chloride and the corresponding aniline. The thiourea was saponified and reacted with methyl iodide to give the quaternary isothiourea derivative. Ring closure to the imidazolidine was achieved through condensation with ethylenediamine. ‐ Tritium labeled Clonidine was obtained by catalytic debromination of the 4‐bromoderivative with tritium gas. ‐ The starting material for deuteroclonidine was ethylene‐[2H4]‐diammonium dichloride.
The synthesis of [3H] and [14C]o‐chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS)
Authors: Harrison J. M. , Inch T. D. , Lawston I. W. , Ley R. V. , Sainsbury G. L.
Published: October 2006

Using similar procedures, the syntheses of [2‐14C]‐malononitrile and malono [14C]nitrile are described. Condensation with o‐chlorobenzaldehyde affords [2‐14C]‐o‐chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and o‐chlorobenzylidenemalono [14C]nitrile respectively. The syntheses of [3H]o‐chlorobenzaldehyde and o‐chlorobenz[14C]aldehyde, again by a common sequence of reactions, is described and with malononitrile gives [3H]‐o‐chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile and [1‐14C]‐o‐chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile.
Biosynthetic preparation of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide – (glucuronyl‐U‐14C)
Authors: Corbett M. D. , Duncan W. P. , Chipko B. R. , Cahoy J. E.
Published: October 2006

The production of diethylstilbestrol monoglucuronide – (glucuronyl‐U‐14C) by incubation of uridine diphospho‐D‐ glucuronic acid‐U‐14C with diethylstilbestrol in the presence of guinea pig liver microsomes is described. The specific activity of the product was 9.1 mCi/mmole and the overall radiochemical yield was 13%, based on UDPGA – (glucuronyl‐U‐14C).
Preparation of tritium‐labeled compounds. VI. Nafoxidine hydrochloride by clemmensen reduction and by solvent exchange of intermediates
Authors: Thomas Richard C. , Lednicer Daniel
Published: October 2006

Tritium‐labeled nafoxidine hydrochloride, 1‐{p‐[2‐(N‐pyrro‐lidino) ethoxy]phenyl}‐3,4‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐2‐phenylnaphthalene hydrochloride (I), having two different intramolecular distributions of tritium, was prepared from 6‐methoxy‐2‐phenyl‐1‐tetralone (IV). I was labeled in the 4 position by incorporation of IV which had been labeled in the 4 position by Clemmensen reduction of 2‐phenyl‐4‐(m‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐ketobutyric acid (II) in the presence of tritiated water, followed by cyclization of the resulting 2‐phenyl‐4‐(m‐methoxyphenyl) butyric acid (III). I was labeled in the aromatic positions of its phenylnapthalene moiety at a higher specific activity by incorporation of IV which had been generally labeled by exchange with tritiated trifluoroacetic acid.
The synthesis of 14C‐labeled N‐carbonylbenzyloxyphenylalanine methylorthoester
Authors: Partington Curtis R. , Mertes Mathias P.
Published: October 2006

Phenylpropionitrile‐1‐14C was prepared by the reaction of potassium cyanide‐14C with phenethyl chloride. Conversion of the nitrile to methylphenyl‐propioimidate‐1‐14C hydrochloride, chlorination with Cl2 in NaOCl to produce methyl N‐chlorophenylpropioimidate‐1‐14 C, followed by treatment with sodium methoxide produced phenylalanine methylorthoester‐1‐14C. Treatment of the amine with n‐butyllithium followed by addition of benzylchloroformate produced N‐carbonylbenzyloxy‐phenylalanine methylorthoester‐1‐14C.