bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents with Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Dabkowska Malgorzata , Dabkowska-Mika Agnieszka
Published: June 2021

Children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD) experience unrealistic fear of being separated from their significant caregivers (mostly parents). The occurrence of pathological separation anxiety is determined by many factors: parental attitudes, their mental and physical health, but also the way of perceiving the environment, traumatic events in the child’s family and life, as well as genetic and individual effects. Pandemic situation and related isolation caused change in the current lifestyle. Both psychological (i.e. the novelty of the social situation, negative information in the mass media, fear of their own live and their loved ones) and daily-life routine disturbances (i.e. the closure of schools and restrictions of contacts with peers, limited contacts with distant family members, remote work of parents) generate difficulties for children and can contribute anxiety among children with SAD. Paradoxically, despite the fact that children and adolescents are at home, the COVID-19 pandemic may intensify SAD, exacerbating factors underlying separation anxiety. It turns out that family social isolation can escalate conflicts. This, in turn, adversely affects relationships between family members and can reduce children’s sense of security. Due to pandemic problematic access to specialized health care, especially personal contact with a psychotherapist, children with SAD suffer from insufficient professional help.
Entropy and the Emotional Brain: Overview of a Research Field
Authors: García-Martínez Beatriz , Fernández-Caballero Antonio , Martínez-Rodrigo Arturo
Published: June 2021

During the last years, there has been a notable increase in the number of studies focused on the assessment of brain dynamics for the recognition of emotional states by means of nonlinear methodologies. More precisely, different entropy metrics have been applied for the analysis of electroencephalographic recordings for the detection of emotions. In this sense, regularity-based entropy metrics, symbolic predictability-based entropy indices, and different multiscale and multilag variants of the aforementioned methods have been successfully tested in a series of studies for emotion recognition from the EEG recording. This chapter aims to unify all those contributions to this scientific area, summarizing the main discoverings recently achieved in this research field.
Conversational Code Analysis: The Future of Secure Coding
Authors: Nembhard Fitzroy , M. Carvalho Marco
Published: June 2021

The area of software development and secure coding can benefit significantly from advancements in virtual assistants. Research has shown that many coders neglect security in favor of meeting deadlines. This shortcoming leaves systems vulnerable to attackers. While a plethora of tools are available for programmers to scan their code for vulnerabilities, finding the right tool can be challenging. It is therefore imperative to adopt measures to get programmers to utilize code analysis tools that will help them produce more secure code. This chapter looks at the limitations of existing approaches to secure coding and proposes a methodology that allows programmers to scan and fix vulnerabilities in program code by communicating with virtual assistants on their smart devices. With the ubiquitous move towards virtual assistants, it is important to design systems that are more reliant on voice than on standard point-and-click and keyboard-driven approaches. Consequently, we propose MyCodeAnalyzer, a Google Assistant app and code analysis framework, which was designed to interactively scan program code for vulnerabilities and flaws using voice commands during development. We describe the proposed methodology, implement a prototype, test it on a vulnerable project and present our results.
Treatment of Malaria Infection and Drug Resistance
Authors: Kofi Turkson Bernard , Ofori Agyemang Alfred , Nkrumah Desmond , Isaac Nketia Reinhard , Frimpong Baidoo Michael , Lincoln Kwao Mensah Merlin
Published: June 2021

Malaria is a public health challenge that requires prompt treatment for those infected to make a full recovery. Treatment of malaria infection is to be started as soon as a diagnosis is confirmed. Antimalarial medications are administered to prevent and also to treat malaria. The type of medication used and the duration of therapy is dependent on the type of malaria-causing plasmodium species, the severity of the symptoms, geographical area where malaria infection occurred and the medication used to prevent malaria and whether there is pregnancy. Treatment of malaria from public health perspective is to reduce transmission of the infection to others, by reducing the infectious reservoir and to prevent the emergence and spread of resistance to antimalarial medicines. Medications used in the treatment of malaria infection come from the following five groups of chemical compounds: quinolines and aryl amino alcohols, antifolate, artemisinin derivatives, hydroxynaphthoquinones and antibacterial agents. The treatment of malaria is not initiated until the diagnosis has been established through laboratory testing. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACTs) has been used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. ACTs are also to enhance treatment and protect against the development of drug resistance. IV artesunate is used in the treatment of severe malaria, regardless of infecting species.
Review Chapter: Waste to Energy through Pyrolysis and Gasification in Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Antonio Mayoral Chavando José , Silva Valter , Regina Da Silva Guerra Danielle , Eusébio Daniela , Sousa Cardoso João , A.C. Tarelho Luís
Published: June 2021

Millions of tons of forest residues, agricultural residues, and municipal solid waste are generated in Latin America (LATAM) each year. Regularly, municipal solid waste is diverted to landfills or dumpsites. Meanwhile, forest and agricultural residues end up decomposing in the open air or burnt, releasing greenhouse gases. Those residues can be transformed into a set of energy vectors and organic/chemical products through thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification. This book chapter provides information on current examples of gasification on large scale in the world, which typically operate at 700°C, atmospheric pressure, and in a fluidized bed reactor. The produced gas is used for heat and energy generation. Whereas pyrolysis at a large scale operates around 500°C, atmospheric pressure, and in an inert atmosphere, using a fluidized bed reactor. The produced combustible liquid is used for heat and energy generation. The decision of using any of these technologies will depend on the nature and availability of residues, energy carries, techno-socio-economic aspects, and the local interest. In this regard, the particular situation of Brazil and Mexico is analyzed to implement these technologies. Its implementation could reduce the utilization of fossil fuels, generate extra income for small farmers or regions, and reduce the problem derived from the accumulation of residues. However, it is concluded that it is more convenient to use decentralized gasification and pyrolysis stations than full-scale processes, which could be an intermediate step to a large-scale process. The capabilities of numerical models to describe these processes are also provided to assess the potential composition of a gas produced from some biomass species available in these countries.
Humic Substances: Its Toxicology, Chemistry and Biology Associated with Soil, Plants and Environment
Authors: Kumar Gautam Rajneesh , Navaratna Dimuth , Muthukumaran Shobha , Singh Amarendra , Islamuddin  , More Nandkishor
Published: June 2021

In recent decades, scientists in different disciplines have been increasingly concerned about the fate of natural organic matter, and in particular of humic substances (HS). The term humic substances (HS) incorporates refractory autochthonous and terrestrial organic matter in the soil and aquatic ecosystem, and are one of the key fractions of natural organic matter. These substances are important chelators of trace elements constituting complex class of molecular structures that occur naturally, consisting of aggregation and assembly processes in which biomolecules derived from plant and animal residues are gradually transformed through biotic and abiotic tracts. Since these organic compounds are bound by or linked with soil mineral fractions, they must be physically or chemically separated from the inorganic components by an extraction method before their physico-chemical study. This chapter focuses on the chemo-toxicological, molecular aspects of humic compounds and their derivatives such as humins, fulvic acids, humic acids etc., with their agricultural, biomedical, environmental and biochemical applications. In addition to studying their impact on plant physiology and soil microstructure to expand our understanding about humic compounds.
Sex Addiction on the Internet
Authors: Griffiths Mark ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2021

The Internet appears to have become an ever-increasing part in many areas of people’s day-to-day lives. One area that deserves further examination surrounds sex addiction and its relationship with excessive Internet usage. It has been alleged by some academics that social pathologies are beginning to surface in cyberspace and have been referred to as “technological addictions.” This article examines the concept of “Internet addiction” in relation to excessive sexual behavior. It contains discussions of the concept of sexual addiction and whether the whole concept is viable. This is done through the evaluation of the small amount of empirical data available. It is concluded that Internet sex is a new medium of expression that may increase participation because of the perceived anonymity and disinhibition factors. It is also argued that although the amount of empirical data is small, Internet sex addiction exists and that there are many opportunities for future research. These are explicitly outlined.
Oral history as a method of promoting inclusive and gender-sensitive justice
Authors: Kahale Salma
Published: June 2021

In a context in which Syrians are divided by conflict lines and information wars with no clear pathway towards comprehensive justice and peace, oral history projects that are community based, gender sensitive, and victim centred can provide an avenue for justice and empowerment. In a conflict where women�s voices and those of other marginalised groups are ignored or silenced, oral history can re-centre these experiences and voices, and provide a new perspective on the conflict and avenues for a solution. The Syrian Oral History Archive program powered by Dawlaty encompasses the voices of ordinary Syrians�with a focus on women and youth�and acts to recount both individual and collective recollections of the 2011 Syrian Uprising and the Syrian conflict thereafter. From its inception in 2016, the Archive has sought to create a mechanism and process which empowered Syrian communities and marginalised groups to tell their stories, influence the dominant narrative about the conflict, and shape the agenda around justice.
Cross-communal acts of commemoration designed to promote peace at a local level in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: Wilkes George R.
Published: June 2021

This essay describes two distinct senses in which local remembrance activities are used to build peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: to counter nationalist conflict narratives and to demonstrate cross-communal recognition on the local level. The existing literature on such activism in Bosnia-Herzegovina foregrounds the objective conditions in which the combination of memory activism and peacebuilding is necessary as a counter to the uses made of remembrance by the main ethnonationalist parties to justify their divisive rule. The article draws on the concepts of Michael Rothberg�multidirectional memory and implicated subjectivity�to show how the divergent forms of local peacebuilding and memory activities imply choices which also have a subjective, relational element. To enable the reader to understand these choices, the article first reviews the historical, political, and social conditions faced by activists. Secondly, it explores ways in which the subjective, relational dimensions of these choices are also keys to understanding ways in which their variety and their engagement with local realities are not captured in objectivising literature on peacebuilding and memory work.
�Nothing ever dies�: memory and marginal children�s voices in Rwandan and Vietnamese narratives
Authors: Kistnareddy Ashwiny O.
Published: June 2021

Memory is a highly contested notion insofar as it is claimed by the collective (Halbwachs, Young) and deployed within a variety of political and socio-cultural contexts. For Viet Thanh Nguyen, the �true war story� can be told by those who lived through it, thereby wresting power from �men and soldiers� and dominant structures (Nothing Ever Dies, Harvard UP, 2017: 243). Examining the dialectics of remembering and forgetting, this article examines narratives which reclaim memory as a personal and as a collective plea to understand the structural discrepancy at play from the child, who is victim of war. It examines the memoir of a Tutsi refugee child, Moi, le dernier Tutsi (C. Habonimana, Plon R�cit, 2019) and an autobiographical narrative by a Vietnamese refugee in Canada, Ru (K. Th�y, Liana L�vi, 2010), to gauge the extent to which such narratives create their own memorial spaces and in so doing reclaim their marginal memories and centre them, while grappling with the imperative to forget. Ultimately it tests Nguyen�s theory that memory can be just and that in this ethical recoding of memory, the humanity and inhumanity of both sides is underlined.
Samfunnsoppdrag under press
Authors: Evjen Sunniva , Colbjørnsen Terje , Bøyum Idunn , Tallerås Kim , Olsen Heidi Kristin
Published: June 2021

As the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world and Norway in 2020, libraries were among the institutions that were impacted. The social mission of libraries to stay open and offer services, cultural experiences and reliable information was put under pressure. In this article we depart from a survey of 843 library workers across public, academic, special, and school libraries in Norway. The survey was conducted in June-August 2020 and contains quantitative and qualitative data on how library workers experienced lockdown and the responses from libraries. The article addresses how the Covid-19 crisis impacted libraries’ social missions and what circumstances contribute to crisis management in Norwegian libraries. We use institutional theories on isomorphism and institutional pressures, as well as general theories on crisis management, to analyse the material. We conclude that the pandemic has shown the potential of digital library services, but also find that closed library premises strongly influenced how libraries were able to fulfil their social missions. Our findings also indicate the need for a sectorial leadership in times of crisis. In our discussion, we describe a situation where structures and plans to manage situations of crises are lacking. For libraries to be part of society’s democratic infrastructure, their roles and social missions need to be considered in crisis management plans.
Krigsudredning i et politisk minefelt: Udfordringer og impactstrategier
Authors: Mariager Rasmus , Wivel Anders
Published: June 2021

Krigsudredningen om baggrunden for Danmarks militære engagement i Kosovo, Afghanistan og Irak 1998-2003 blev besluttet af Folketinget i 2016. Sammen med en forskergruppe arbejdede forfatterne på udredningen mellem 2017 og 2019. I artiklen forklarer de om de muligheder for indflydelse, som et udredningsarbejde giver. Det er bl.a. historien om udredningsarbejdets fysiske placering, arbejdet med videnskabelig redelighed i en politisk kontekst og spørgsmålet om at formidle forskningsresultaterne på en måde, så både det politiske system og de faglige miljøer læser med.
Research and Development of Multifunctional Porous Materials on the Basis of Clay and Glass Waste
Authors:   , Šiškins Andrejs
Published: June 2021

The Ph. D. Thesis is devoted to the obtaining of porous ceramics from Latvian clay and household waste ‒ glass cullet. Using modern technological approaches porous and highly porous clay-glass ceramics were obtained, their properties and practical application possibilities were studied. The Doctoral Thesis consists of an introduction, literature review, methodical part, evaluation of the results of the experimental part, conclusions, and bibliography.
ISCRPLjENjE AUTORSKOG PRAVA U DIGITALNOM OKRUŽENjU
Authors: ̌Lučić Sonja
Published: June 2021

U stalno rastućem broju sektora, proces kupoprodaje se sve više kreće ka digitalnom tržištu. Ovo se takođe odnosi i na tržište knjiga. Dok se u prošlosti fizička knjiga uglavnom i prodavala i kupovala, danas e-knjige sve više dobijaju na značaju. Na razlike između e-knjiga i fizičkih knjiga, posebno na tržištu polovnih knjiga, nedavno je ukazao Sud pravde EU u presudi u predmetu C-263/18. U ovoj presudi Sud pravde EU je ukazao i na razliku između „saopštavanja javnosti“ i „distribucije u javnosti“ u pogledu prodaje polovnih e-knjiga. Presuda Suda pravde EU, koja je predmet ovog rada, nije bitna samo za tržište knjiga: ona, takođe, ukazuje i na napredak u ostalim oblastima digitalnih informacija (npr. muzika, audio knjige, video, fotografije). Ova presuda, osim toga što ide u korist autora i izdavača, pruža i dugo očekivana pojašnjenja o autorskim pravima u digitalnom okruženju.
KRIVIČNOPRAVNA ZAŠTITA ADVOKATA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Authors: Petrašinović́ Stefan
Published: June 2021

Advokatura je nesporno jedan od nosećih stubova pravosuđa u svakoj državi. Bez nezavisne i samostalne advokature, nema ni nezavisne i samostalne sudske vlasti, a samim tim, ni vladavine prava i pravne države. Međutim, ta profesija često je na meti raznovrsnih napada kojima se ugrožavaju ili povređuju lična i imovinska dobra advokata ili njima bliskih lica. Zakonom o izmjenama i dopunama Krivičnog zakonika Republike Srbije iz 2019. godine, propisano je novo krivično djelo „Napad na advokata“ u čl. 336v, zahvaljujući naporima i inicijativama Advokatske komore Srbije. Uz ranije propisane inkriminacije, na ovaj način, krivičnopravna zaštita advokature u velikoj mjeri je zaokružena. Autor u ovom radu analizira oblike izvršenja krivičnog djela napad na advokata i njihov odnos sa postojećim inkriminacijama, te daje odgovor na pitanje da li će se novom inkriminacijom postići cilj i svrha njenog propisivanja.
RETROSPECTIVE EXAMINATION OF SMALL COLON PATHOLOGY IN 72 HORSES
Authors: ALIEV́ Ruslan , KOVAČ́ Milomir , NEDIĆ́ Drago , DRAKUĹ Nevena
Published: June 2021

The paper retrospectively presents diagnostics, conservative and surgical treatment of various small colon pathologies in 72 horses, which were admitted with abdominal pain (colic) to the Veterinary clinic "Novi Vek" of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (named Skrabina). Examinations were performed from the year 2007 to 2019, when 1810 colic horses were received and examined, of which 72 horses, i.e. 3.97% of all cases, were diagnosed with a small colon pathology. The most frequent cause of a small colon pathology was constipation that was diagnosed in 49 cases. Out of 72 hospitalized and treated horses, 62 horses, i.e. 86.1%, were successfully cured.
EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE BLOOD TESTS FOR DOGS IN THE TUZLA CANTON AREA
Authors: FERIZBEGOVIĆ́ Jasmin , HADŽIAHMETOVIĆ JURIDÁ Elvira , VUČIĆEVIĆ́ Marija , ĐAPÓ Sandra
Published: June 2021

Blood test analysis, i.e. determination of the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, thrombocytes and other blood elements is nowadays used quite frequently for diagnostic purposes. Hematological parameters and body mass are reliable indicators of the general condition of the organism, and serve as an indirect indicator of the environment of the living organism. Hematological parameters and body mass were examined in a total of 60 dogs of various breeds, including mixed breeds. The purebred dogs included 30 dogs while the mixed breed group included another 30 dogs from the territory of Tuzla Canton. The examined dogs differed in the manner of nutrition and their living environment, and therefore, the results show a variety of deviations that were considered later on and further analysed in order to determine their causes. All examinations were conducted, observed and processed in accordance with relevant ecological environmental factors in the period of autumn of 2016. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of environmental factors in the study period on the hematological parameters of both examined groups of dogs. After the analysis of the blood test with the use of the hemogram for owned dogs and asylum dogs, that have been treated and kept in various manners, and the statistical processing of data obtained, it was concluded that the dogs with increased number of eosionophils had a parasitic disease. A large number of owned dogs had parasitic diseases due to incorrect usage of antiparasitics and not so frequent visits to veterinarians. The dogs that were under constant medical supervision were completely healthy.
PAPILLOMATOSIS IN DAIRY COWS
Authors: KOSOVČEVIĆ́ Lazar
Published: June 2021

Bovine papillomatosis belongs to the group of chronic proliferative diseases of viral etiology. Young cattle up to 2 years of age are most often affected. Papillomatosis is caused by the papilloma virus, which forms benign tumors of fibroepithelial properties on the skin and mucous membranes. Usually, the skin form is characterized by the appearance of one or more papillomas, which usually affect the head, neck, shoulders, ears, around the eyes, in the area around the throat, mouth, and udder. As a result, frequent and permanent bleeding may occur.
MIKROBIOLOŠKA ISPRAVNOST SIROVOG MESA U 2017. GODINI POREKLOM IZ UVOZA
Authors: VRANEŠEVIĆ́ Jelena , VIDAKOVIĆ́ Suzana , KNEŽEVIĆ́ Slobodan , PELIĆ́ Miloš , RUŽIĆ́ Zoran , PAJIĆ́ Marko , LJUBOJEVIĆ PELIĆ́ Dragana
Published: June 2021

Međunarodna trgovina zahteva bezbednu hranu zasnovanu na posebnim higijenskim standardima, transpartentnim procedurama i programima. Meso, zbog visokog sadržaja vode i hranljivih materija, predstavlja idealnu sredinu za rast i razmnožavanje mikroorganizama. Salmonella, kao jedan od najčešćih patogena, koji se putem hrane prenose sa životinja na ljude, izaziva velike zdravstvene problem širom sveta. Iako je mortalitet nizak, ovo oboljenje nosi ozbiljne socijalne i ekonomske posledice. U Republici Srbiji se, prema važećoj zakonskoj regulativi, vrši kontrola prisustva Salmonella u mesu. U periodu od januara do decembra 2017. godine 193 uzorka svinjskog, goveđeg, jagnjećeg, jarećeg i živinskog sirovog mesa iz uvoza ispitanа su na prisustvo Salmonella spp. Ova bakterija je izolovana u jednom uzorku (0,52%) zamrznutih pilećih zadnjih četvrti poreklom iz Poljske, što predstavlja 6,67% od ukupno ispitanog živinskog mesa. Inficirana živina predstavlja najvažniji izvor Salmonella kod ljudi inficiranih putem lanca hrane. Biohemijskim i serološkim ispitivanjem utvrđeno je da pozitivan izolat pripada serotipu Salmonella Infantis. Ovaj patogen se poslednjih godina u Evropi nalazi na četvrtom mestu kao uzročnik salmoneloze kod ljudi, dok je prijavljen kao najčešći serotip izolovan iz pilećeg mesa. U cilju smanjenja prevalence Salmonella spp. potrebno je na pravilan način sprovoditi standarde bezbednosti hrane kroz ceo lanac, od farme do trpeze.
ANTIBAKTERIJSKO DJELOVANJE PROPOLISA NA ODABRANE REFERENTNE SOJEVE BAKTERIJA
Authors: GOLIĆ́ Bojan , KALABÁ Vesna , ILIĆ́ Tanja , KALABÁ Dragana , ZRNIĆ́ Nina
Published: June 2021

Alkoholna tinktura propolisa je najčešće korišten proizvod od propolisa na tržištu za liječenje slabijih infekcija u usnoj šupljini, angine, nekih kožnih oboljenja i slično. Zbog toga što je propolis još uvijek neoficijalan lek u apotekama, ispitali smo njegovu antimikrobnu aktivnost primjenom disk-difuzionog testa na šest referentnih bakterijskih sojeva Salmonella Enteritidis WDCM 00030, Salmonella Typhimurium WDCM 00031, Listeria monocytogenes WDCM 00020, Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00032, Escherichia coli WDCM 00013 i Pseudomonas aeruginosa WDCM 00024. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ispitaju antibakterijska svojstva alkoholnog rastvora propolisa na referentne bakterijske kulture, kao i da se odredi tip djelovanja. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da su bakterijski sojevi Salmonella Enteritidis WDCM 00030, Salmonella Typhimurium WDCM 00031, Listeria monocytogenes WDCM 00020, Staphylococcus aureus WDCM 00032 i Pseudomonas aeruginosa WDCM 00024, jako osjetljivi na djelovanje alkoholne tinkture propolisa.
Rigorous review and editorial oversight of clinical preprints
Authors: Zaidi Mone , Harper Diane M , Akhmanova Anna , Weigel Detlef , Behrens Timothy E , Eisen Michael B
Published: June 2021

Research in many different areas of medicine will benefit from new approaches to peer review and publishing.
Structurally distributed surface sites tune allosteric regulation
Authors: McCormick James W , Russo Marielle AX , Thompson Samuel , Blevins Aubrie , Reynolds Kimberly A
Published: June 2021

Our ability to rationally optimize allosteric regulation is limited by incomplete knowledge of the mutations that tune allostery. Are these mutations few or abundant, structurally localized or distributed? To examine this, we conducted saturation mutagenesis of a synthetic allosteric switch in which Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is regulated by a blue-light sensitive LOV2 domain. Using a high-throughput assay wherein DHFR catalytic activity is coupled to E. coli growth, we assessed the impact of 1548 viable DHFR single mutations on allostery. Despite most mutations being deleterious to activity, fewer than 5% of mutations had a statistically significant influence on allostery. Most allostery disrupting mutations were proximal to the LOV2 insertion site. In contrast, allostery enhancing mutations were structurally distributed and enriched on the protein surface. Combining several allostery enhancing mutations yielded near-additive improvements to dynamic range. Our results indicate a path toward optimizing allosteric function through variation at surface sites.
Helping Behavior in Rats May Be Facilitated by Social Learning
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Bernal-Gamboa Rodolfo , Hernández Luis A. ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Reynoso-Cruz José Eduardo ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Nieto Javier ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: June 2021

Recently, several authors have reported evidence of helping behavior in rats. However, the mechanisms underlying such behavior are unclear. Two experiments with Wistar rats used the task developed by Sato et al. (2015) to assess whether social enhancement affects the helping response. Experiment 1 tested whether rats placed in a dry compartment adjacent to a pool-type compartment (where another rat was trapped) opened a door to allow the trapped wet rat to escape from the water. The behavior of rats was also examined by reversing the roles (wet rats were placed in the dry compartment, while dry rats were placed in the pool-type compartment). The results obtained with 16 rats, using analysis of variance (ANOVA), showed that no rat opened the door to liberate a soaked cagemate; even rats that had previously experienced soaking did not open the door to allow the trapped rat to enter the dry area. In Experiment 2, a pre-training phase was introduced that involved local enhancement (the researchers opened the door). The results obtained with 32 rats and analyzed using an ANOVA showed that, with the pre-training phase, rats learned to help a cagemate, both in the initial and role-reversal sessions. The findings are discussed based on the methodological differences of both studies (such as the housing and strain of rats). The discussion also covers the role of social learning in the modulation of helping behavior in rats, with the desire for social contact being advanced as an alternative explanation for helping behavior.
Prevalencia de Sintomatología de Salud Mental y Hábitos de Salud en una Muestra de Universitarios Chilenos
Authors:   Universidad Católica de Temuco, Barrera-Hererra Ana , San Martín Yusting ,   Universidad de La Frontera
Published: June 2021

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo describir la prevalencia de sintomatología de salud mental y hábitos de salud, y analizar diferencias según sexo, procedencia y nivel socioeconómico en una muestra por conveniencia de 601 estudiantes de 3 universidades chilenas de Arica, Concepción y Temuco. Los participantes respondieron la 1a Encuesta de Salud Mental Universitaria, la cual estuvo compuesta por 6 instrumentos de salud mental que miden variables sociodemográficas y cuadros de salud mental más frecuentes en esta población. A través de análisis de frecuencias y diferencias de grupos (t de Student y ANOVA), los resultados revelan que más de un 45% de los participantes presenta sintomatología de riesgo asociada a depresión, ansiedad, o estrés, existiendo comorbilidad; las mujeres presentan mayor ansiedad y estrés, mientras que los jóvenes de procedencia urbana mayor ansiedad. Un 5% presenta ideación suicida y un 14% revela conductas alimentarias de riesgo, siendo éstas más prevalentes en mujeres. Además, un 50% reporta síntomas de insomnio y un 42%, hipersomnia diurna, siendo esta última más frecuente en jóvenes urbanos. Existe un variado y preocupante consumo de sustancias, siendo los varones los que presentan mayor consumo en tabaco, alcohol, marihuana y alucinógenos, mientras que las mujeres consumen más tranquilizantes, constatando también diferencias en tabaco y alcohol según procedencia y nivel socioeconómico. Estas cifras corroboran la alta prevalencia de diferentes problemas de salud mental entre los universitarios de esta muestra, señalando la necesidad de profundizar su estudio e implementar programas de promoción, prevención y tratamiento oportuno en este grupo.
Characterization of the permeability increase induced by the incorporation of glycophorin in phosphatidylcholine vesicles
Authors: van Hoogevest Peter , du Maine Atala P.M. , de Kruijff Ben
Published: July 2002

Glycophorin incorporation into large unilamellar dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles results in a greatly increased bilayer permeability for non‐electrolytes ofMr‐values up to 900. This suggests that glycophorin aggregates induce the formation of pores with a 15–18 Å diameter.
Antigenic relatedness between phospholipases A2fromNaja najavenom and from mammalian cells
Authors: Masliah J. , Kadiri C. , Pepin D. , Rybkine T. , Etienne J. , Chambaz J. , Bereziat G.
Published: July 2002

Polyclonal antiserum was prepared against phospholipase A2fromNaja najaand used to prepare a purified antibody. It cross‐reacted with the antigen, and with intracellular mammalian PLA2. This antibody was immunoreactive and inhibited the PLA2activity ofNaja najaand of guinea pig alveolar macrophages or rat lymphocytes. By immunoblotting, this antiserum revealed one band of PLA2fromNaja naja(14 kDa) and 3 bands for guinea pig alveolar macrophages and rat lymphocytes (30, 45 kDa and a minor band of 14 kDa). These results show an antigenic relatedness between an extracellular PLA2and membrane‐bound PLA2from two different mammalian species and cell types.
Cytoskeletal protein synthesis and organization in cultured mouse osteoblastic cells Effects of cell density
Authors: Lomri Abderrahim , Marie Pierre J. , Escurat Michel , Portier Marie-Madeleine
Published: July 2002

The most abundant cytoskeletal proteins synthesized in mouse endosteal osteoblastic cells were identified employing two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The relative rate of synthesis of the proteins were measured on radioautograms of detergent‐soluble and ‐insoluble lysates of the cells labeled with [35S]methionine. Doubling initial cell density induced a 10–45% reduction in the de novo synthesis of actin, α‐actinin, vimentin and β‐tubulins with no change in α‐tubulins. Increasing cell density caused a 45% decrease in the polymerized form of actin with no change in the unpolymerized fraction, suggesting a correlation of alteration of the organization and synthesis of proteins.
Amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins S11 from Bacillus stearothermophilus and S19 from Halobacterium marismortui Comparison of the ribosomal protein S11 family
Authors: Kimura Makoto , Kimura Junko , Hatakeyama Tomomitsu
Published: July 2002

The complete amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins S11 from the Gram‐positive eubacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus and of S19 from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui have been determined. A search for homologous sequences of these proteins revealed that they belong to the ribosomal protein S11 family. Homologous proteins have previously been sequenced from Escherichia coli as well as from chloroplast, yeast and mammalian ribosomes. A pairwise comparison of the amino acid sequences showed that Bacillus protein S11 shares 68% identical residues with S11 from Escherichia coli and a slightly lower homology (52%) with the homologous chloroplast protein. The halophilic protein S19 is more related to the eukaryotic (45–49%) than to the eubacterial counterparts (35%)
Structural model of vinculin: Correlation of amino acid sequence with electron‐microscopical shape
Authors: Beck Konrad
Published: July 2002

The cytoskeleton‐associated protein vinculin exhibits the shape of a ‘balloon on a string’ when examined by rotary shadowing electron microscopy. Recently, the complete primary structure of chicken vinculin was determined which leads to the questions as to whether the globule might be either hollow or disc shaped, or whether the electron micrographs resemble those of vinculin dimers. Based on a hydrodynamical theory, evidence is presented for the assumption that vinculin as a monomer consists of a compact spherical head 6 nm in diameter connected by a proline‐rich domain to a rod‐shaped tail about 20 nm in length.
Amino acid sequence of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from the shore crab, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Kegel Günter , Reichwein Barbara , Weese Susanne , Gaus Gabriele , Peter-Kataliníc Jasna , Keller Rainer
Published: July 2002

Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) was isolated from sinus glands of Carcinus maenas, and its primary structure was determined by manual microsequencing, using the DABITC‐PITC double‐coupling method. The neurohormone consists of 72 amino acid residues (8524 Da). Three disulfide bridges are present and both the N‐ and C‐terminus are blocked. CHH does not show significant sequence homology to any known peptide hormone or protein.
Nucleotide sequence of the maltotetraohydrolase gene from Pseudomonas saccharophila
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Baba Tadashi , Takano Toshiya , Kobayashi Shoichi , Arai Yuji
Published: July 2002

The nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas saccharophila gene encoding maltotetraohydrolase (G4‐forming amylase) has been determined. The coding region for the G4‐forming amylase precursor contained 1653 nucleotides. The deduced precursor protein included an N‐terminal 21‐residue putative signal peptide; the deduced mature form of G4‐forming amylase contains 530 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 57 740 Da. Sequence similarities between the G4‐forming amylase and other amylolytic enzymes of species ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes are quite limited. However, three regions, which are involved in both the catalytic and substrate‐binding sites of various amylolytic enzymes, are highly conserved in the G4‐forming amylase of P. saccharophila.
Molecular cloning of two distinct vasotocin precursor cDNAs from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) suggests an ancient gene duplication
Authors: Heierhorst Jörg , Mahlmann Stefan , Morley Steven D. , Coe Imogen R. , Sherwood Nancy M. , Richter Dietmar
Published: July 2002

The structures of two different vasotocin precursors from chum salmon brain have been elucidated through the molecular cloning of their corresponding cDNAs. Although the predicted precursors, consisting respectively of 153 and 158 amino acids, have the same structural organisation, they show 35% amino acid sequence divergence, of which only approximately half are isofunctional substitutions. Remarkably, while the C terminal segments of both precursors resemble the glycopeptide moiety of the related mammalian vasopressin precursor, both salmon precursors lack consensus sequences for N‐glycosylation.
A novel method of preparing totally α‐deuterated amino acids for selective incorporation into proteins
Authors: Feeney J. , Birdsall B. , Ostler G. , Carr M.D. , Kairi M.
Published: July 2002

The pyridoxal/2H2O exchange reaction of the α‐CH of amino acids is known to be accompanied by racemisation: Thus by using a D‐amino acid as the starting material any L‐amino acid formed in the reaction will be essentially fully deuterated at its α‐position. We have used this method to prepare α‐deuterated L‐valine and incorporated this biosynthetically into L. casei dihydrofolate reductase. A comparison of the αCH‐NH fingerprint regions of COSY spectra of deuterated and normal DHFR complexes allows one to identify cross‐peaks from 15 of the 16 valine residues.
Stimulation of actin synthesis in phalloidin‐treated cells
Authors: Serpinskaya A.S. , Denisenko O.N. , Gelfand V.I. , Bershadsky A.D.
Published: July 2002

We used the technique of scrape loading to introduce phalloidin into mouse embryo fibroblasts in mass culture. Phalloidin almost completely destroyed actin microfilament bundles, but the amount of polymerized cytoskeleton‐associated actin was increased approximately two‐fold and the amount of monomeric (Triton X‐100 extractable) actin was significantly reduced. The major result of the present study is that the rate of actin synthesis in the phalloidin‐treated cells was 2–3 times higher than in the control cells. Northern blot and translation in a cell‐free system from rabbit reticulocytes showed that the actin mRNA level significantly increased as a result of phalloidin treatment.
Active transport of proteins into the nucleus
Authors: Wagner Philipp , Kunz Jeannette , Koller Antonius , Hall Michael N.
Published: July 2002

Nuclear proteins are actively and posttranslationally transported across the nuclear envelope. This transport is highly selective process that can be divided into two steps, receptor‐binding followed by translocation through the nuclear envelope. Receptor‐binding is mediated by nuclear localization signals that have been identified in many nuclear proteins. Translocation is energy‐dependent and occurs through the nuclear pore complex.
cDNA sequence and differential expression of the mouse Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV gene
Authors: Jones David A. , Glod John , Wilson-Shaw Donna , Hahn William E. , Sikela James M.
Published: July 2002

We have isolated and sequenced a mouse brain cDNA encoding Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV. The sequence predicts an acidic protein (pI = 4.56) of 469 amino acids (M
r = 52 627) that contains kinase catalytic and calmodulin‐binding domains. The carboxy region has several primary structural features that suggest it may be a readily cleaved attachment domain. This region is highly charged and hydrophilic and contains several PEST sequences, motifs associated with high turnover proteins. Of the tissues examined, expression of the CaM kinase IV gene is restricted to brain and testis, where transcripts are differentially expressed to produce a kinase in both tissues and a calmodulin‐binding protein, calspermin, in testis that lacks a kinase catalytic domain. Ca2+; Calmodulin; Protein kinase; cDNA; Brain; Testis
Concepts in protein folding
Authors: Thomas David J.
Published: July 2002

Certain concepts and misconceptions in the field of protein folding are discussed from the viewpoint of a theoretical physicist. It is argued that there can be no protein folding code and that perceived correlations between sequence or composition and three‐dimensional structure are more likely to be an artefact of a limited database than a real result. Attempts at using molecular dynamics algorithms are also likely to produce artefactual results because results depend critically on the unknown hamiltonian energy function. Correct calculations of configurational entropy are thought to be the most likely next step in understanding how and why proteins fold.
Effect of transforming growth factors‐β on collagen type VI expression in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Heckmann Marc , Aumailley Monique , Chu Mon-Li , Timpl Rupert , Krieg Thomas
Published: July 2002

Steady‐state mRNA levels and protein synthesis of collagen type VI were determined after stimulation of human dermal fibroblasts with transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ). While there was a 227% increase in the α3(VI) subunit mRNA at maximal TGF‐β concentration, α1(VI) and α2(VI) subunit mRNA levels remained uhchanged. Concomitantly collapen type VI immuno‐reactive material increased up to 172% of controls in cell culture medium and cell layer extracts, Regulation of α3(VI) gene expression is therefore critical for the control of collagen type VI synthesis and determines the deposition or collagen type VI heterotrimeric molecules.
Epitope mapping of two isoforms of a trans Golgi network specific integral membrane protein TGN38/41
Authors: Wilde Andrew , Reaves Barbara , Banting George
Published: July 2002

TGN38/41 is an integral membrane protein predominantly located in the trans Golgi network (TGN) of rat (NRK) cells. We have used a cDNA expression system to map the epitopes recognised by a panel of antibodies raised to TGN38/41 as a preliminary step in the accurate identification of the region(s) of the molecule responsible for its correct intracellular location. These studies have confirmed the predicted topology of the molecule, and have identified a region in the cytoplasmic domain which is immunologically (and hence potentially functionally) conserved between species.
Cloning and sequencing of glutamate mutase component E fromClostridium tetanomorphum
Authors: Brecht M. , Kellermann J. , Pluckthun A.
Published: July 2002

The nucleotide sequence of the large subunit E of glutamate mutase ofClostridium tetanomorphumwas determined. The protein consists of 483 amino acids and is not made in a precursor form, thus excluding the possibility of subunit E being a pyruvoyl enzyme. It shows no homology to any other protein in the database, and while binding coenzyme B2, a conspicuous B12binding motif, shared amongst other proteins, is not detectable at the sequence level.
Mast cell activation by pedicellarial toxin of sea urchin, Toxopneustes pileolus
Authors: Takei Masao , Nakagawa Hideyuki , Endo Koichi
Published: July 2002

Pedicellarial toxin, partially purified from the sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus, dose‐dependently and time‐dependently caused histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Pedicellarial toxin induced a rapid initial rise in [Ca2+]i within several seconds which was followed by a further slower increase of [Ca2+] (second rise). The toxin induced a dose‐dependent formation of inositol 1,4,5‐triphosphate (IP3) as well as the histamine release in mast cells. Furthermore, the toxin stimulated phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) activity in mast cell membranes. 2‐Nitro‐4‐carboxyphenyl‐N,N. ‐diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), a PLC inhibitor, inhibited the activation of PI‐PCL induced by pedicellarial toxin. Cholera toxin inhibited pedicellarial toxin‐induced histamine release, whereas pretreatment of pertussis toxin failed to inhibit it. These results suggest that pedicellarial toxin from T. pileolus activates PI‐PCL and the stimulation of PI turnover may lead to the release of IP3 into the cytoplasm, resulting in histamine release from rat mast cells.
B16‐G4F mouse melanoma cells: An MSH receptor‐deficient cell clone
Authors: Solca Flavio F. , Tapia Johanna Chluba-de , Iwata Kunio , Eberle Alex N.
Published: July 2002

The two mouse melanoma cell lines B16‐F1 and B16‐G4F retain their melanogenic capacity when cultured in vitro. Melanotropic peptides such as α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) induce formation and release of melanin pigment in B16‐F1 cells. In contrast, B16‐G4F cells do not respond to α‐MSH. Using receptor‐binding analysis and photoaffinity crosslinking we demonstrate that the lack of response of B16‐G4F cells to α‐MSH is due to the absence of functional MSH receptors from the cell surface. Northern blot analysis of receptor mRNA revealed that MSH receptor mRNA is not expressed in B16‐G4F cells. These cells represent a new tool for the study of signal pathways related to the control of melanogenesis in melanoma cells.
Effects of monovalent cations on cytochrome P‐450 camphor evidence for preferential binding of potassium
Authors: Deprez Eric , Di Primo Carmelo , Hui Bon Hoa Gaston , Douzou Pierre
Published: July 2002

Binding of monovalent cations of increasing ionic radius to ferric cytochrome P‐450camwas measured. Potassium has the highest affinity for the cation binding site observed in the X‐ray crystallographic structure withKd cat= 12 mM, compared with the smaller cation lithium, (Kd cat= 37 mM) and the larger cation cesium (Kd cat= 20 mM). Coupling between cation binding and camphor binding is established by the observation of a linear relationship between the corresponding binding free energies. Potassium binding favours a conformational change of tyrosine 96 which increases the affinity of the protein for camphor and fully dehydrates the active site.
Isolation of human NuMA protein
Authors: Kempf Tore , Bischoff F.Ralf , Kalies Ingrid , Ponstingl Herwig
Published: July 2002

NuMA is a protein involved in maintenance of nuclear structure and in the assembly of the mitotic spindle. Expression of amino‐terminal deletion mutants results in a phenotype identical to that caused by a temperature‐sensitive defect of RCC1 (regulator of chromosome condensation). Here we describe the isolation of NuMA protein from HeLa cells under mild conditions as a prerequisite to study its interactions with elements of the RCC1‐Ran regulatory pathway. In an overlay assay, NuMA did not bind Ran·[γ‐32P]GTP. Thus it is clearly different from Ran·GTP binding proteins of similar Mr.
Protein dynamics
Authors: Jardetzky Oleg , Lefèvre Jean-François
Published: July 2002

Modern NMR has revitalized the study of protein dynamics. Multidimensional spectra and the heteronuclear spectroscopy allow a substantial gain in resolution. Dynamics can be analyzed at individual sites and data on segmental and sequence‐dependent flexibility are accumulating. This review summarizes the wide variety of NMR approaches for observing internal motions, including the folding processes, and the attempts to correlate dynamics to the biological activity of proteins. The implications of mobility on structure determination by NMR is also discussed.
The replication of Hyposoter didymator polydnavirus: Cytopathology of the calyx cells in the parasitoid
Authors: Volkoff Anne‐Nathalie , Ravallec Marc , Bossy Jean‐Pierre , Cerutti Pierre , Rocher Janick , Cerutti Martine , Devauchelle Gérard
Published: July 2002

Summary— In the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter didymator, a polydnavirus was detected in the female reproductive tract. With the aim of studying the regulation of polydnavirus replication, the location and the structure of the virus‐producing cells were determined, and the virus replication process was followed inside the ovaries of young adult females observed in light and electron microscopy. The examination of ovaries of pupa females revealed that virus replication is initiated within the calyx just prior to adult emergence. This study revealed that the calyx appears to be a specialized virogenic tissue which also has, during late pupal life, a secretory function that alters the function of virus production.