bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directional Oxygen Defect Engineering in Black Phosphorus Aerogel for Flexible and Stable Moisture‐Electric Generators
Authors: Liang Junchuan , Wang Yaoda , Ma Xingkai , Song Xinmei , Wang Huaizhu , Shen Tianyu , Sun Jingjie , Hu Yi , Liu Yuzhu , Wu Zuoao , Yu Tianchen , Tie Zuoxiu , Jin Zhong
Published: December 2024

The overuse of fossil energy reserves emphasizes the necessity for the advancement of sustainable energy alternatives. Some functional materials have the capacity to directly produce electricity through interactions with ambient humidity, opening up possibilities for self‐powered devices. Black phosphorus possesses exceptional physicochemical properties and ambient stability. Herein, the fabrication of compact and flexible moist‐electric generators is explored by directional surficial oxygen defect engineering in black phosphorus aerogel. Through directional oxygen‐plasma irradiation, a gradient of surficial oxygen defects is imparted onto the porous skeletons of black phosphorus aerogel, leading to spontaneous charge separation and power generation upon exposure to moist atmospheres. In an air environment with a relative humidity of 80%, the as‐fabricated moisture‐enabled electric generator (with an ultrathin thickness of 160 µm) exhibited the capability to generate a voltage of 0.25 V and a current density of 0.16 µA cm−2. Comparative experiments and the theoretical calculations provided substantiation of the presence of an internal built‐in electric field. Through a straightforward stacking process, the integrated device can generate a stable voltage of 2.1 V. This work paves a new avenue for the development of self‐powered systems aiming at the conversion of atmospheric potential energy into self‐sustainable electrical power for portable applications.
Comprehensive Overview of Interface Strategies in Implant Osseointegration
Authors: Lu Xiaoheng , Zhao Yuhu , Peng Xiaole , Lu Chengyao , Wu Zebin , Xu Hao , Qin Yi , Xu Yaozeng , Wang Qing , Hao Yuefeng , Geng Dechun
Published: December 2024

With the improvement of implant design and the expansion of application scenarios, orthopedic implants have become a common surgical option for treating fractures and end‐stage osteoarthritis. Their common goal is rapidly forming and long‐term stable osseointegration. However, this fixation effect is limited by implant surface characteristics and peri‐implant bone tissue activity. Therefore, this review summarizes the strategies of interface engineering (osteogenic peptides, growth factors, and metal ions) and treatment methods (porous nanotubes, hydrogel embedding, and other load‐release systems) through research on its biological mechanism, paving the way to achieve the adaptation of both and coordination between different strategies. With the transition of the osseointegration stage, interface engineering strategies have demonstrated varying therapeutic effects. Especially, the activity of osteoblasts runs almost through the entire process of osseointegration, and their physiological activities play a dominant role in bone formation. Furthermore, diseases impacting bone metabolism exacerbate the difficulty of achieving osseointegration. This review aims to assist future research on osseointegration engineering strategies to improve implant‐bone fixation, promote fracture healing, and enhance post‐implantation recovery.
Over 30% Efficient Non‐Vacuum Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diode with a Bi‐Layer High‐Precision Patternable EGaIn Top Electrode
Authors: Luo Hao , Peng Lirong , Yang Dawei , Zou Bingsuo , Zhang Heng
Published: December 2024

Although functional layers of quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) can be fabricated by solution processing, expensive vacuum deposition techniques are still required to form the top electrode, which hinders the commercialization of QLEDs. Here, efficient non‐vacuum QLEDs with a bi‐layer eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn) top electrode consisting of a viscous EGaIn layer and a liquid EGaIn interface layer is demonstrated. Due to the low flowable properties of the viscous EGaIn, bi‐layer EGaIn electrodes can be patterned directly by laser ablation with a narrow line width of 30 µm. As a result, non‐vacuum QLEDs with an excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 30.49% are obtained, and by using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate as the bottom electrode, fully solution‐processed (including electrodes) non‐vacuum QLEDs with an EQE exceeding 24% are further achieved. Moreover, by precisely patterning the bi‐layer EGaIn electrode, the non‐vacuum QLED with high‐precision emission patterns (line width: 30 µm) can also be realized. To the best of the knowledge, these efficiencies are the highest ever reported for the non‐vacuum QLEDs. It is believed that the demonstrated high‐efficiency non‐vacuum QLEDs, with high‐precision patternable electrodes and low manufacturing cost, will advance the commercialization of QLEDs in displays.
Pure Physical‐Crosslinked High‐Strength Thermochromic Hydrogel for Smart Window and Energy Conservation
Authors: Gao Weicheng , Wang Luyao , Wei Qianyu , Wei Yaning , Ma Henan , Long Lixia , Hou Xin , Zhao Jin , Yuan Xubo
Published: December 2024

Thermochromic smart windows have attracted widespread attention in the field of solar modulation and building energy conservation. However, current materials of smart windows are still confronted with challenges, including low integrated luminous transmittance (Tlum), low solar energy modulation (ΔTsol), weak mechanical properties, and invariable critical transition temperature (τc). Herein, hydrophobic polyether side chains, that can reversibly undergo adjustable temperature‐triggered hydrophobic association, are introduced to thermochromic hydrogels for the first time. Due to the reversible phase separation, the obtained hydrogels demonstrate high Tlum (92.69%), high ΔTsol (82.15%), widely adjustable τc and fast transition rate (<4 s). Furthermore, the adjustable τc of hydrogel is independent of component changes, attributed to the rearrangement of physical‐crosslinked chain segments at various temperatures. Moreover, strong hydrogen bond and high entanglement endow the hydrogel with outstanding mechanical properties (tensile strength >0.45 MPa, elongation >440%). The results of simulation investigations in different cities illustrate that the hydrogels have excellent solar modulation and temperature regulation capabilities. Meanwhile, the thermochromic hydrogel possesses remarkable 3D‐printability and real‐time state monitoring capability, meeting the requirements of different climates and practical application. Therefore, the strategy proposed in this work provides innovative insights for thermochromic hydrogel smart windows and building energy conservation.
Photoinduced Reconfigurable Binary‐Synaptic Transistor for in‐Memory and Logic Operations
Authors: Park Sang Woo , Kim Seonkwon , Le Hong Nhung , Yi Saechan , Lee Sohee , You Youngmin , Lee Youngbin , Kim Juyoung , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: December 2024

Reconfigurable field‐effect transistors (RFETs) are a cutting‐edge research area that can significantly impact future advancements in electronics and computing. While various RFETs with diverse functionalities are actively reported in recent studies, further research efforts are imperative to explore RFETs with broader capabilities. Herein, a photoinduced reconfigurable transistor (PIRT) that alters its transport characteristics is presented in response to visible light using titanium dioxide nanoparticles encapsulated by an amphiphilic polymer (TiAP)/indium–gallium–zinc‐oxide heterojunction. The photo‐generated electrons and holes resulting from the photoionization of oxygen vacancies within the TiAP layer facilitate reversible switching between binary transistor and synaptic transistor modes. Utilizing these features, reconfigurable logic gates that function as both a digital NOT gate and a synaptic comparator depending on light exposure are developed. Additionally, a PIRT‐based in‐memory computing array is developed to perform multiply–accumulate operations, thus highlighting its potential for efficient, high‐density computing applications.
Super Strong and Tough Hydrogels Constructed via Network Uniformization of Macromolecular Chains
Authors: Xu Yongbin , Tan Jiji , Dong Weiliang , Chen Yinan , Wuliu Yishun , Xu WeiJian , Wang Ruixue , Yin Gang , Zhang Zhili , Zhu Caizhen , Xu Jian , Tian Lei
Published: December 2024

The characteristic of materials with special strength and toughness is distinguished by the uniform arrangement of their multi‐level structures, which is a key factor that significantly affects their mechanical behavior and overall performance. This work explores the challenges and potential solutions to enhance the mechanical properties of hydrogels through the construction of multi‐scale, multi‐layered ordered uniform structures. A novel approach termed macromolecular network uniformization (MNU) that utilizes rotation ice templates to freeze‐cast uniform polymer networks in hydrogels is proposed. By integrating this process with salt‐out densification, hydrogels with exceptional toughness exceeding 350 MJ m⁻3 in both x and y directions with super‐high tensile stress (20 MPa) and strain at break (3000%), are obtained. This research effectively addresses the inherent limitation of hydrogel materials, which are primarily composed of hydrophilic polymers, limiting their potential for functional diversity and enhanced performance. To overcome this, the expansion of the hydrogel matrix is demonstrated to include hydrophobic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), thanks to the high solubility of DMSO. The MNU technique effectively produces high‐performance hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties, increasing substrate diversity and enabling the development of durable hydrogel materials for various applications.
Rigid Additives Enabling Inorganic‐Rich Interphase via Steric Effects and Van der Waals Force for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yao Shuhao , Guo Chi , Yang Yuxi , Liu Xiaolang , Wang Jianxing , Geng Jiazhi , Li Huiying , Hong Chang , Li Haifeng , Tao Runming , Liang Jiyuan , Liu Jiyan
Published: December 2024

Electrolyte additives (EAs) are cost‐effective for stabilization of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Nevertheless, most EAs are gradually consumed during the lithium deposition process, rendering them inadequate for long‐term cyclability. Herein, a novel hybrid metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based non‐expendable additive is prepared through polymerization of pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA) on a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67). Owing to the partial coating by PETEA‐based polymer, the exposed unsaturated metal sites of ZIF‐67 still attenuate the interaction between lithium ions (Li+) and anions, enabling rapid electrochemical kinetics and uniform Li deposition. Concurrently, the polymerized PETEA partially enters the Li+ solvation sheath and expels some organic solvents through Van der Waals interactions, which promotes the derivation of an inorganic‐rich SEI and inhibits dendrite formation. Accordingly, this additive‐contained Li||Li symmetric cell exhibits a stability over 1200 h with a small overpotential of 75 mV. Additionally, the assembled Li||LiFePO4 full cells with negative/positive ratio of 1.76 delivers a stable cyclability over 400 cycles at 0.5 C. Moreover, the Li||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 high‐voltage full cell displays an impressive capacity retention of 80% over 311 cycles at 0.5 C. This study provides a valuable guidance to design non‐expendable multifunctional EAs for advancing high‐performance LMBs.
Multifunctional pH‐Controlling Electrolyte Enables Ultrastable and Highly Reversible Zinc Anode
Authors: Li Yue‐Ming , Li Wen‐Hao , Zhang Xiao‐Ying , Tang Yuan‐Zheng , Liu Zhi‐Ming , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Wu Xing‐Long
Published: December 2024

The application of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries in large‐scale energy storage systems is significantly limited by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although conventional pH‐adjusting additives can reduce the overpotential of HER, it is imperative to simultaneously modulate the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the electrical double layer (EDL) structure to enhance the utilization of zinc metal. This research develops a multifunctional pH‐controlling additive, the bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amino‐tris(hydroxymethyl)methane (BT). First, the addition of BT increases the pH of the electrolyte to 5.9, which is within its effective buffer zone, and simultaneously reduces the HER potential to −1.107 V versus Ag/AgCl. Second, the inhibitory effect on HER can be further enhanced by the preferential adsorption of BT molecules containing multiple hydroxyl functional groups on the zinc anode, leading to a reduction in the number of active water molecules in the EDL. Third, BT molecules participate in the solvation structure to accomplish preferential reduction, which promotes the uniform deposition of Zn2+ ions by forming nitrogen‐containing SEI. Ultimately, the symmetric battery accomplishes 2700 stable cycles in BT‐3 electrolyte. More crucially, the corresponding Zn//MnO2 full battery (1 A g−1) is able to release a specific capacity of 117.2 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles.
Na2O Inorganic Solid Electrolyte Interface Mediated Through Electrode Structure Engineering Enabling Outstanding Sodium‐Storage Performance for Transition‐Metal Selenide Anodes
Authors: Jiang Yali , Chen Jie , Liu Ping , Cao Yuliang
Published: December 2024

Transition‐metal selenides hold great promise as advanced anode candidates for fast‐charging sodium‐ion batteries. However, an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) caused by their enormous volume expansion and strong catalytic action results in the continuous degradation of their sodium‐storage performance with cycling. Herein, a novel structure with carbon nanotubes bridging the adjacent layers of Mxene is constructed for host material, which can enrich the transport paths of electrons and ions within the electrode triggering a two‐electron reaction during the electrolyte decomposition, thereby tailoring an ultrathin and robust SEI rich in Na2O inorganic component. Thus the prepared anode demonstrates the improved initial Coulombic efficiency (87%) and cycling lifespan (442.9 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 1470 cycles). Meanwhile, it delivers a high‐rate capacity of 394.3 mAh g−1 at up to 20 A g−1, and accomplishes capacity retention above 90% as the current density transitions from 10 to 20 A g−1. Even when the current density increases to 5 A g−1 for 1470 cycles, the capacity retention is still higher than 90%. This study illustrates the feasibility of tailoring SEI components through electrode structure engineering and opens a new avenue to the controllable modulation of electrode‐electrolyte interfacial chemistry.
Multiscale Thermal Analysis of Gold Nanostars in 3D Tumor Spheroids: Integrating Cellular‐Level Photothermal Effects and Nanothermometry via X‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: López‐Méndez Rosalía , Dubrova Anastasiia , Reguera Javier , Magro Rául , Esteban‐Betegón Fátima , Parente Ana , Ángel García Miguel , Camarero Julio , Fonda Emiliano , Wilhelm Claire , Muñoz‐Noval Álvaro , Espinosa Ana
Published: December 2024

In the pursuit of enhancing cancer treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects, near‐infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a promising approach. By using photothermally active nanomaterials, PTT enables localized hyperthermia, effectively eliminating cancer cells with minimal invasiveness and toxicity. Among these nanomaterials, gold nanostars (AuNS) stand out due to their tunable plasmon resonance and efficient light absorption. This study addresses the challenge of measuring nanoscale temperatures during AuNS‐mediated PTT by employing X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) within 3D tumor spheroids. It also aims to investigate the heat generated at the nanoscale and the resultant biological damage observed at a larger scale, utilizing confocal microscopy to establish connections between AuNS heat generation, tissue damage, and their impacts on cellular structure. These nanoscale and microscale thermal effects have been compared with macroscopic values obtained from infrared thermography, as part of a multiscale thermal analysis. The findings underscore the efficacy of AuNS in enhancing PTT and provide insights into the spatial distribution of thermal effects within tumor tissues. This research advances the understanding of localized hyperthermia in cancer therapy and underscores the potential of AuNS‐based PTT for clinical applications.
Chiton‐Inspired Composites Synergizing Strength and Toughness Through Sinusoidal Interlocking Interfaces for Protective Applications
Authors: Peng Xianchang , Guo Dongfang , Ding Hanliang , Mu Zhengzhi , Li Bo , Niu Shichao , Han Zhiwu , Ren Luquan
Published: December 2024

Introducing biological structures into materials design is expected to develop strong and tough structural materials. However, multiple interfaces are introduced simultaneously. They are always the weakest part of load transfer, becoming a critical vulnerability and failure‐prone area. Here, it is the first found that the chiton achieves superior mechanical properties just by incorporating a unique sinusoidal interlocking interface into cross‐lamellar architecture. These special interlocking interfaces make the chiton shell achieve damage delocalization and increase the resistance to crack initiation and propagation. Meanwhile, this “pre‐engineered” path significantly increases the travel path of the cracks and balances the strength and toughness under quasi‐static and impact loading. Inspired by this, a novel chiton‐inspired composite is proposed. Through coupling the cross‐lamellar structures and sinusoidal interlocking interfaces, its strength and toughness are increased by 88% and 107% under quasi‐static loading, as well as by 17.8% and 52.4% under impact loading, respectively. These unusual interfaces make up the weak point of cross‐lamellar structures and provide insights into the longer evolution of structural materials.
Proton Storage Chemistry in Aqueous Zinc‐Inorganic Batteries with Moderate Electrolytes
Authors: Li Wenbin , Song QianQian , Dong Qi , Zhang Jianhua , Wang Jingjing , Wu Yumei , Yu Yan , Li Xifei
Published: December 2024

The proton (H+) has been proved to be another important energy storage ion besides Zn2+ in aqueous zinc‐inorganic batteries with moderate electrolytes. H+ storage usually possesses better thermodynamics and reaction kinetics than Zn2+, and is found to be an important addition for Zn2+ storage. Thus, understanding, characterizing, and modulating H+ storage in inorganic cathode materials is particularly important. In this review, recent advances regarding the proton storage chemistry in aqueous zinc‐inorganic batteries with moderate electrolytes are systematically reviewed. First, the four proton storage reaction patterns of H+ insertion, H+/Zn2+ co‐insertion, H+‐dependent conversion, and H+‐dependent dissolution/deposition reaction are explicitly presented. Meanwhile, the proton storage processes of multi‐sites and multi‐steps, and the Hopping and Grotthuss proton transport mechanisms are carefully introduced. Second, the characterization techniques of proton storage are systematically classified into four types of electrochemical characterization techniques of batteries, structural characterization techniques of inorganic cathodes, pH characterization technique of electrolyte, and quantitative analysis technologies of H+ storage contribution. Third, the structural engineering of proton storage modulation is preliminarily refined to be interlayer engineering, doping engineering, defect engineering, composite engineering, and other engineering. Finally, the emerging challenges and perspectives about future directions of proton storage chemistry are proposed.
Mechanical‐Stimuli‐Driven Pseudo‐Conductive Channels Along Dielectric Heterojunction Interfaces for Mechanoelectric Energy Conversion and Transmission
Authors: Seo Byungseok , Noh Dowon , Choi Yong , Chen Xinqi , Hu Run , Choi Wonjoon
Published: December 2024

Mechanoelectric energy conversion holds promise for energy conversion and transmission devices, yet conventional configurations rely on large‐area conductive materials in active regions, limiting architectural design for cutting‐edge devices. Here, a rational strategy is reported to create mechanical stimuli‐driven pseudo‐conductive (MSPC) channels entirely from dielectric materials, eliminating the need for electrodes in active regions. An in‐depth investigation of MSPC channel formation mechanism at dielectric interfaces is conducted, employing energy band analyses. Following the mechanical stimuli‐driven charging process, MSPC device effectively transmits electrical signals over 42 mm, achieving remarkable 512% enhancement compared to its pristine state. Control devices with non‐continuous dielectric configurations highlight the impact of heterojunction interfaces on MSPC channels. A resistor–capacitor charging test reveals up to 49% reduction in voltage change rate, indicating a substantial decrease in electrical impedance along the MSPC channel. Furthermore, MSPC devices demonstrate information transmission capabilities, such as sequences of bits or letters, utilizing solely dielectric configurations. This study paves the way to reduce conductive materials of wearable electronics, biomedical implants, and IoT technologies, overcoming significant challenges such as potential electrical shortages, design inflexibility, limited manufacturing scalability, and maintenance issues.
Multiple Fano Resonance with Excellent Sensing in Rake‐Shaped Graphene Nanostructure
Authors: Li Guijun
Published: December 2024

This study introduces a rake‐shaped graphene nanostructure and investigates multiple Fano resonances and its sensing application by using finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations method. Here, the dependence of structural parameters, Fermi levels, and the incidence angle and polarization of the input wave on optical transmission spectra is aimed at investigating. The results show that tunable multiple Fano resonances can be achieved in the rake‐shaped graphene nanostructure. In addition, the sensing characteristics based on the multi‐Fano resonance in rake‐shaped graphene nanostructure are also studied in the work. The research results show that the sensing sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) can reach up to 2.1 THz/RIU and 3.3/RIU as a result of enhanced interaction between environmental substances and optical waves. These findings deepen the understanding of plasmonic resonances in graphene‐based metasurfaces and emphasize their significant potential in sensing applications.
Phase Transition and Magnetic Suppression in Heusler Alloy IrMnAl
Authors: Joshi Himanshu , Laref Amel , Yvaz Andre , Rai Dibya Prakash
Published: December 2024

This study conducts a comprehensive first‐principles investigation of the IrMnAl Heusler alloy, highlighting its magnetic properties and assessing the effects of pressure‐induced phase shift. The limitation of Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA) in accurately representing the magnetic behaviour of the compound is addressed by employing the GGA+U (Hubbard potential) approach, which more effectively captures the electronic features. At 5.6 GPa pressure, a novel structural phase transition from the cubic F 3 m, to the P 3 m space group is observed. The calculated Curie temperature, combined with the analysis of Mn‐Mn exchange interaction, sheds light on the weak ferromagnetism observed in the new phase of the compound.
Toward Advanced Fuel Electrodes for High‐Performance Proton‐Conducting Ceramic Cells
Authors: Jiang Shuangting , Zheng Xiaozhong , Sun Wenping
Published: December 2024

Proton‐conducting ceramic cells (PCCs), which include proton‐conducting ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) and proton‐conducting ceramic electrolysis cells (PCECs), have attracted significant attention as high‐efficiency and eco‐friendly technologies for energy conversion. As compared with the impressive progress made in air electrode and electrolyte materials, fuel electrodes have received much less attention due to the faster reaction kinetics and lower polarization. Nevertheless, the design and optimization of fuel electrodes is also critical toward further electrochemical performance improvement, especially when the fuel is extended from hydrogen to ammonia and hydrocarbons for PCFCs. Herein, the recent research progress on the design strategies for fuel electrodes of PCCs is overviewed, including impregnation strategy, exsolution strategy, addition of catalytic layers, and optimization of electrode structure. Finally, perspectives on the challenges facing the development of advanced PCCs fuel electrodes are presented.
Engineering Ruthenium Species on Metal–organic Frameworks for Water Electrolysis at Industrial Current Densities
Authors: Li Dequan , Chen Mingpeng , Liu Di , Shen Congcong , Sun Huachuan , Zhang Yuxiao , He Tianwei , Lu Qingjie , Li Bo , Zhou Tong , Wang BoXue , Wu Yuewen , Na Guohao , Chen Yun , Zhao Jianhong , Zhang Yumin , Zhang Jin , Liu Feng , Cui Hao , Liu Qingju
Published: December 2024

Developing highly active and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen production at industrial current densities is pivotal to give an impetus to carbon neutrality. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with large surface area and adjustable structures have become a class of promising alternative electrocatalysts, while their low conductivity and poor stability limit their widespread applications. Here, a modified strategy is proposed to stabilize and modulate Ruthenium (Ru) species including Ru single atoms (Ru SAs) and Ru nanoparticles (Ru NPs) on MOFs for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Benefiting from the strong interaction between Ru and MOFs, the synthesized NiFeRuSA+NP‐DOBDC (DOBDC: 2,5‐dioxido‐1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) exhibits an extraordinary HER performance with overpotentials of 25 and 271 mV at 10 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively. Meanwhile, it enables robust HER at a high current density of 1 A cm−2 over 300 h. Remarkably, the assembled anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer realizes a low voltage for alkaline water electrolysis. In situ analyses demonstrate that NiFeRuSA+NP‐DOBDC enables optimized H2O adsorption and dissociation, and theoretical calculations indicate that Ru SAs and NPs accelerate the Volmer‐Heyrovsky pathway, synergistically promoted the HER performance. This work presents a competitive strategy to integrate supported metal species on the MOFs platform to efficiently drive industrial water electrolysis.
THOR2: Topological Analysis for 3D Shape and Color‐Based Human‐Inspired Object Recognition in Unseen Environments
Authors: Samani Ekta U. , Banerjee Ashis G.
Published: December 2024

Visual object recognition in unseen and cluttered indoor environments is a challenging problem for mobile robots. This study presents a 3D shape and color‐based descriptor, TOPS2, for point clouds generated from red green blue‐depth (RGB‐D) images and an accompanying recognition framework, THOR2. The TOPS2 descriptor embodies object unity, a human cognition mechanism, by retaining the slicing‐based topological representation of 3D shape from the TOPS descriptor (IEEE Trans. Robot. 2024, 40, 886) while capturing object color information through slicing‐based color embeddings computed using a network of coarse color regions. These color regions, analogous to the MacAdam ellipses identified in human color perception, are obtained using the Mapper algorithm, a topological soft‐clustering technique. THOR2, trained using synthetic data, demonstrates markedly improved recognition accuracy compared to THOR, its 3D shape‐based predecessor, on two benchmark real‐world datasets: the OCID dataset capturing cluttered scenes from different viewpoints and the UW‐IS Occluded dataset reflecting different environmental conditions and degrees of object occlusion recorded using commodity hardware. THOR2 also outperforms baseline deep learning networks and a widely used Vision Transformer adapted for RGB‐D inputs trained using synthetic and limited real‐world data on both the datasets. Therefore, THOR2 is a promising step toward achieving robust recognition in low‐cost robots.
Obituary: Sally P. Mendoza
Authors: Capitanio John P. , Hennessy Michael B.
Published: December 2024

This is an obituary for Dr. Sally P. Mendoza.
Photonic Generation for Frequency 12‐Tupling Millimeter‐Wave Signal Based on Three Parallel Polarization Modulators
Authors: Yan Xueyao , Wang Dongfei
Published: December 2024

In the work, a new photonic generation method for frequency 12‐tupling millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) signals is proposed. In the proposed scheme, only three parallel polarization modulators are used to generate the wanted optical sidebands. Then by properly controlling the modulation index and electrical phase shifters, the undesired optical sidebands can be canceled. The theoretical and simulation results of the optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) and radio frequency spurious suppression ratio (RFSSR) are 58.36dB, 57.30dB, and 52.39dB, 52.06dB, respectively. The simulation values are almost consistent with the theoretical analysis results, which proves that the proposed scheme is feasible. However, there may be errors in the parameters of those components that can affect the quality of the obtained signal. Thus, the impact of errors caused by these parameters on OSSR and RFSSR is analyzed and an acceptable range of error is listed.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Triggered Cascade Nanosystems for Spatiotemporally Controlled Gene‐Silencing and Gas Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Cheng Yaru , Feng Youming , Zhao Jian , Li Lele , Dong Haifeng
Published: December 2024

Despite the tremendous potential of DNAzymes in gene therapy, achieving gene regulation with spatiotemporal precision and satisfactory efficacy remains a key challenge. Herein, we developed a near‐infrared light (NIR)‐triggered cascade effect system that enables precise spatiotemporal gene silencing and gas‐synergistic cancer therapy. This nanoplatform was constructed using an enzyme‐activatable DNAzyme, a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). The UCNPs act as light converters, facilitating the precursor to produce NO under NIR light irradiation, while the generated NO not only participates directly in gas therapy but also induces the upregulation of cytoplasmic APE1 level, resulting in enhanced DNAzyme activation and spatially controlled gene silencing. By leveraging this mechanism, cascade effects mediated gas‐gene synergistic therapy is achieved through the combination of NIR light‐controlled NO release and APE1‐activatable gene therapy. We demonstrated that this nanoplatform enables enhanced anti‐tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. This strategy represents a critical step forward in the quest for highly targeted and efficient cancer treatments.
Four‐allele combinations for high oleic, low linolenic soybeans
Authors: Hudson Karen , Carrero‐Colón Militza
Published: December 2024

Soybean oil accounts for approximately 29% of global oil consumption. The polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids comprise more than 60% of commodity soybean oil, while oleic acid makes up 20%. To make a healthier soybean oil with improved stability for food uses, genetic approaches in soybean composition breeding target reducing levels of linoleic and linolenic acids while simultaneously increasing the oleic acid fraction. Quadruple mutants were constructed to evaluate the combinations of fatty acid desaturase2 (fad2) and fatty acid desaturase3 (fad3) mutant alleles to achieve a high oleic, low linolenic soybean oil profile. Over three growing seasons we observed that all four combinations resulted in oleic acid levels from 75% to 82%, and linolenic acid levels from 1.9% to 2.7%. No significant differences in seed total protein or oil levels were observed in the quadruple mutants, suggesting that these combinations will be useful for breeding soybean with improved oil profiles.
An Eco‐Friendly and Sensitive Microwave‐Aided Spectrofluorophotometric Characterization of Mirabegron‐Loaded Nanocarriers by Amalgamation of Design of Experiments and White Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Prajapati Pintu , Patel Krishna , Shah Pranav , Surana Vilas , Haque Anzarul , Kalam Mohd Abul , Shah Shailesh
Published: December 2024

Mirabegron, a drug for treatment of overactive bladder, has low water solubility and bioavailability. Researchers used quality by design to develop and characterize second‐generation lipid nanocarriers for mirabegron, aiming to provide spatially and temporally sustained drug release. Numerous analytical methodologies for assessing mirabegron in pharmaceutical and biological fluids use chemical solvents in the mobile phase, potentially impacting aquatic ecosystems and the environment. The issue was addressed with a microwave‐assisted spectrofluorimetric technique, environmentally benign solvents, and a fluorescent probe known as 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofuran. Researchers used screening design and response‐surface methodology to minimize organic waste. The suggested technique satisfied ICH Q2 (R2) and M10 validation standards. This approach described the in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro drug release of mirabegron‐loaded lipid nano‐carriers. We anticipated the chemical reaction pathways that derivatized mirabegron with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofuran by the analysis of mass spectra. We assessed the proposed method's environmental effect and sustainability compared to current methods using the RGB model, an analytical greenness calculator, and green analytical process index software. The proposed mirabegron estimate method was user‐friendly for analysts, cost‐effective, sensitive, robust, and environmentally sustainable, adhering to sustainable analytical practices and reducing ecological consequences.
The Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Functional and Structural Plasticity in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Yang Xinyi , Wu Zhongyue , Lai Huimin , Chen Lingling , Cao Dairong , Liu Fang
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in sensory and locomotor function loss below the injured segment. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been proven to alleviate SCI. This study aims to establish a reproducible rat model of SCI and investigate the impact of HBOT on alterations in brain neuronal activity and neuromotor function in this experimental rat SCI model using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI).

Methods

This is a prospective randomized controlled animal trial. A total number of 27 female SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham (n = 9), SCI (n = 9), and HBO (n = 9). rs‐fMRI was utilized to assess regional homogeneity (ReHo) values and functional connectivity (FC) strength over the whole brain with the motor cortex as seeds. Correlation between neuroimaging characteristics and behavioral assessment was calculated. We examined Nissl body, NeuN, and caspase‐3 expression in relevant brain regions.

Results

Following SCI, reduced ReHo values were observed in the left primary somatosensory cortex, left striatum, right agranular insular cortex, and partial cortex in the limbic system, which was reversed after HBOT. HBOT could increase FC strength between the motor cortex and other brain regions, including the left secondary motor cortex, right basal forebrain region, bilateral primary somatosensory cortex, bilateral thalamus, and another partial cortex in the limbic system. BBB scale scores showed that HBOT promoted motor function recovery in SCI rats. The ReHo and FC values in all positive clusters were positively correlated with BBB scores. By histopathological analysis, our study found that HBOT could reduce apoptotic proteins, increase the number of neurons, and protect neuronal function in brain regions with significant ReHo and FC alteration in SCI rats.

Conclusion

This study reveals that HBOT facilitates functional and structural plasticity in the brain, contributing to the recovery of motor function in rats with SCI.
Urgent Coronary Angiography Following Cardiac Surgery: Insights from a High‐Volume Cardiac Surgery Center
Authors: Toselli M. , Cimaglia P. , Cereda A. , Fabbri G. , Latta F. , Giovannini D. , Galli M. , Calvi S. , Nerla R. , Castriota F.
Published: December 2024

Background

Post‐operative myocardial infarction is a possible complication following cardiac surgery. Data on the incidence, predictors and prognosis of urgent coronary angiography (UCA) after cardiac surgery are scarce.

Aims (Objectives)

This study aims to report in hospital and 1‐year follow‐up outcomes of a recent large cohort of patients undergoing UCA after cardiac surgery.

Methods

This study provides a retrospective analysis of an high volume cardiac center (Maria Cecilia Hospital, Italy), from 2016 to 2021 regarding patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve, or aortic root surgery, focusing on those who required UCA within the same hospitalization.

Results

Out of 6505 cardiac surgeries, 119 patients (1.83%) underwent UCA, with a median age of 69 years. The study found that UCA was more frequent post‐CABG (2.62%) than non‐CABG interventions (1.35%, p < 0.001). A graft failure was detected in 31.1% of the cases, while a native vessel complication in 36.1%. The leading reasons for UCA included ST/T abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and hemodynamic instability, with 92% of UCAs performed within a week post‐surgery. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 32%, with no significant difference between CABG and non‐CABG patients. Predictive factors for in‐hospital mortality included Euroscore II, hemodynamic instability and late UCA. One‐year follow‐up showed a low mortality rate (2.5%) among discharged patients.

Conclusion

UCA resulted to have a pivotal role in detecting coronary complications after cardiac surgery, guiding subsequent treatment decisions. Despite the high in‐hospital mortality rate, survival showed an overall low mortality at the 1‐year mark.
Active Site Engineering of a Glycerol Dehydrogenase Improves its Oxidative Activity and Scope Toward Glycerol Derivatives
Authors: Grajales‐Hernández Daniel A. , Roca Maite , Moliner Vicent , López‐Gallego Fernando
Published: December 2024

Regioselective oxidation of glyceryl alkyl ethers is of utmost importance for the fabrication of substituted hydroxy ketones and enantiopure 1,2‐diols as green solvents and pharmaceutical building blocks, respectively. An engineered glycerol dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus was described to perform the regioselective oxidation of alkyl glycerol ethers, identifying position 252 as key for accepting larger substrates than glycerol. In this work, we further engineer that position through partial saturation mutagenesis to broaden the substrate scope toward other glycerol derivatives, improving enzyme kinetics and minimizing product inhibition. In particular, the BsGlyDH−L252S variant becomes the most efficient biocatalyst for the deracemization of alkyl glyceryl ethers in a two‐step, one‐pot immobilized system. The discovery and use of these alternative mutants of GlyDH opens the road to more applications and increases the enzymatic toolbox for the modifications of glyceryl ethers.
Development of a Synthetic Platform for Ent‐Pimaranes Reveals their Potential as Novel Non‐Redox Active Ferroptosis Inhibitors
Authors: Plangger Immanuel , Mühlsteiger Alex , Berger Julia , Feilner Julian , Wurst Klaus , Koeberle Andreas , Koeberle Solveigh C. , Magauer Thomas
Published: December 2024

We present a comprehensive account on the evolution of a synthetic platform for a subfamily of ent‐pimaranes. For the most complex member, norflickinflimiod C, five distinct strategies relying on either cationic or radical polyene cyclizations to construct the requisite tricyclic carbon scaffold were explored. Insights from early and late stage oxidative and reductive dearomatization studies ultimately led to a mild, rhodium‐catalyzed arene hydrogenation for the final synthetic route. A Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation was found to be suitable to render the platform enantioselective and diversification of a late‐stage key intermediate culminated in the total synthesis of eight ent‐pimaranes in 11–16 steps. These compounds were found to inhibit the formation of pro‐inflammatory leukotrienes and other 5‐lipoxygenase products. Notably, three ent‐pimaranes exhibited low micromolar, non‐redox active ferroptosis inhibition with remarkable structural specificity.
Structures, Chiroptical Properties, and Unexpectedly Facile Helical Inversion of Highly Elongated Anthracene‐Fused Expanded Helicenes
Authors: Fukuda Hiroki , Kobayashi Moe , Tsurumaki Eiji , Yamashina Masahiro , Hasegawa Masashi , Wakamatsu Kan , Toyota Shinji
Published: December 2024

Helical fused anthracenes were elongated by fusing additional aromatic units at both ends to yield novel expanded helicenes. Compounds [5]HA2N and [7]HA consisting of 19 and 21 benzene rings, respectively, were synthesized by fourfold cycloisomerization of the corresponding terminal alkyne precursors. The helical structures were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis, where the aromatic frameworks stacked effectively with the helical turn numbers exceeding two. The enantiomers of the two compounds were resolved by chiral HPLC. Whereas [5]HA2N readily underwent enantiomerization at room temperature at the barrier to enantiomerization of 91 kJ mol−1, the barrier was enhanced to 99 kJ mol−1 for the long analog [7]HA. The enantiomers of [7]HA exhibited strong responses in the circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra, as scaled by dissymmetry factors |gabs|=0.034 and |glum|=0.012. Theoretical calculations by the r2SCAN‐3c method suggested stepwise mechanisms for the enantiomerization via helical inversion with acceptable barrier heights. The unexpectedly flexible nature of the aromatic frameworks of [5]HA2N and [7]HA was discussed on the basis of the proposed mechanism.
Clever in die Zukunft
Authors: Wollmann Thomas
Published: December 2024

Ein innovatives, metallfreies Pumpensystem aus PEEK und Siliziumkarbid ermöglicht es, grünen Wasserstoff durch alkalische Elektrolyse bei bis zu 90°C herzustellen – korrosionsfrei, verschleißarm und ohne Wartungsbedarf. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit einem Dortmunder Unternehmen und der Technischen Hochschule Mittelhessen entwickelt, ist diese Pumpentechnik inzwischen weltweit patentiert und wird bereits in der Produktion eines führenden Chemieherstellers sowie im in Grünheide für das Batterierecycling von Tesla eingesetzt.
Starke Leistung auf engem Raum
Authors: Orchard Bryan
Published: December 2024

In der Prozessindustrie sind robuste und zuverlässige Pumpen entscheidend, um Fördermedien sicher und effizient zu bewegen – sei es in tiefen Gruben oder engen Behältern. Vertikale Eintauchpumpen bieten eine technische Alternative für extreme Betriebsbedingungen. Mit minimalem Wartungsaufwand und einer hohen Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen korrosive und hochtemperierte Medien sind sie ideal für anspruchsvolle Anwendungen in der Chemie‐ und Lebensmittelindustrie.
Fault estimation for multi‐rate descriptor systems using bi‐directional long short‐term memory neural network
Authors: Gandhi Dhrumil , Srinivasarao Meka
Published: December 2024

Fault estimation in multi‐rate descriptor systems, which involve both differential and algebraic states, is particularly challenging due to the complexity introduced by multi‐rate measurements. This paper proposes a novel fault estimation approach that combines a differential‐algebraic equation based extended Kalman filter (DAE‐EKF) with a bi‐directional long short‐term memory (bi‐LSTM) neural network. The DAE‐EKF is used to generate multi‐rate residuals, which serve as inputs to neural networks to estimate faults. bi‐LSTM networks improve upon LSTMs by processing data in both forward and backward directions, using past and future information. This bidirectional approach enhances temporal dependency capture, making bi‐LSTMs ideal for accurate fault estimation. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated using simulation studies on a two‐phase reactor‐condenser system with recycle and a reactive distillation system. The proposed approach has shown superior fault estimation capability for multi‐rate descriptor systems compared to DAE‐EKF with conventional feedforward neural networks and DAE‐EKF with LSTM.
Monitoring Surface Energy Flux Dynamics of Irrigated Maize Using a Large Aperture Scintillometer in a Semi‐Arid Region
Authors: Singh Pragya , Sehgal Vinay Kumar , Dhakar Rajkumar , Rani Alka , Das Deb Kumar , Mukherjee Joydeep , Patel Natoo Raghunathbhai , Jha Prakash Kumar , Singh Ram Narayan
Published: December 2024

Water, a crucial input in agricultural production, is distributed based on geographical and topographical patterns. However, anthropogenic climate change has intensified water scarcity in semi‐arid regions. This research aims to precisely estimate crop evapotranspiration (ET) and examine the diurnal and seasonal patterns of surface energy fluxes in maize (Zea mays) crops cultivated in a semi‐arid region. The precision of our methodology is underscored by the use of a large‐aperture scintillometer (LAS), which measured surface energy fluxes at 5‐min intervals over two crop‐growing seasons. The results, a testament to the accuracy of the LAS, indicated that during the rainy (Kharif) season of 2015–2016, the seasonal sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) values were 185.91 and 242.14 mm, respectively. In the rainy (Kharif) season of 2017–2018, these values were 151.57 mm for H and 373.63 mm for LE. LE values ranged from 0.40 to 6.83 MJ m−2 day−1 throughout the growing season. The findings, which highlight the LAS's ability to accurately estimate surface energy fluxes, provide a deeper understanding of their interactions with microclimatic factors, such as weather, soil, and crop management. These insights, with their significant implications for ecophysiological studies and improving agricultural practices in semi‐arid regions, underscore the importance of our research.
As grain mineral densities have declined over time, have densities converged across wheat classes?—Insights from the US Pacific Northwest and worldwide benchmarks
Authors: Adams Curtis B. , Kongraksawech Teepakorn , Ross Andrew , Long Dan S. , Neely Clark , Marshall Juliet , Graebner Ryan , Reardon Catherine L. , Liang Xi
Published: December 2024

Studies have generally shown that grain mineral density is lower in modern wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) compared to historic germplasm. The conclusion of a limited study from the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) was that grain mineral density of soft white wheat (SWW) had declined over time to meet already‐low mineral density of hard red wheat (HRW), though little else is known about this. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to better understand grain mineral density (P, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) of modern PNW wheats, with subobjectives to compare SWW and HRW wheat classes to each other and worldwide benchmarks, quantify effects of agronomic factors on grain minerals, and evaluate minerals in refined flour. Results indicated whole‐grain mineral density of PNW wheat was comparable to worldwide benchmark concentrations, with P and K most likely low, with no evidence of SWW and HRW class differences. Agronomically, there was significant variation in grain minerals among production sites and wheat varieties that could be utilized to generate mineral‐enriched grain to feed malnourished populations. In the process of refining flour from whole grain, the minerals most reduced were P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu (60%–90%). Refined flour mineral concentrations were largely unassociated with flour yield or quality parameters, suggesting that efforts to enhance mineral density will not affect other flour traits. Overall, these results illustrate that the mineral density of modern SWW and HRW produced in the PNW are comparable to each other and to wheat globally. Considering reported historical changes, these results suggest a modern, worldwide convergence in mineral density across wheat classes.