bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfuric Acid Mediated Heterocyclization of ortho‐Cyanomethylnitroarenes to Benzo[c]isoxazoles and Fused Benzo[c]isoxazoles
Authors: Bakavoli Mehdi , Pordel Mehdi , Rahimizadeh Mohammad , Jahandari Pooneh , Seresht Esmaeel Rezaei
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines and 2,7,7‐Trisubstituted Tetrahydroquinolin‐5‐ones Using K5CoW12O40×3H2O as a Heterogeneous Recyclable Catalyst.
Authors: Kantevari Srinivas , Chary Mahankhali Venu , Vuppalapati Srinivasu V. N.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted 2,2′‐Bipyridines and 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridines by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitriles and α,ω‐Diynes with Exclusive Regioselectivity.
Authors: Goswami Avijit , Ohtaki Kazuhiko , Kase Kouki , Ito Taichi , Okamoto Sentaro
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Stable α‐Fluoro Enamines of Nucleobases.
Authors: Wojtowicz‐Rajchel Hanna , Koroniak Henryk , Katrusiak Andrzej
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and CNS Depressant Activity of Some Novel 3‐[5‐Substituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole‐2‐yl]‐2‐styryl Quinazoline‐4(3H)‐ones.
Authors: Jatav Varsha , Mishra Pradeep , Kashaw Sushil , Stables J. P.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Mannich Reaction in the Synthesis of N,S‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 5. Synthesis and Structures of New Pyrimido[2,1‐b][1,3,5]thiadiazine Derivatives.
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Krivokolysko S. G. , Rusanov E. B. , Litvinov V. P.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Barbatusol (I), (+)‐Demethylsalvicanol (II), (‐)‐Brussonol (III), and (+)‐Grandione (IV).
Authors: Majetich George , Zou Ge
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Diels—Alder/Tsuji Allylation Assembly of the Functionalized trans‐Decalin (I) of Salvinorin A (II).
Authors: Burns Aaron C. , Forsyth Craig J.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Junionone, a Natural Monoterpenoid from Juniperus communis L., and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the Naturally Occurring Enantiomer by ROA Spectroscopy.
Authors: Lovchik Martin A. , Frater Georg , Goeke Andreas , Hug Werner
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of N‐1H,1H‐Perfluoroalkylated Peptide Bonds.
Authors: Lu Changqing , DesMarteau Darryl D.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Ceramide from Suillus luteus and Its Cytotoxic Activity Against Human Melanoma Cells.
Authors: Leon Francisco , Brouard Ignacio , Torres Fernando , Quintana Jose , Rivera Augusto , Estevez Francisco , Bermejo Jaime
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand—Protein Docking with Water Molecules.
Authors: Roberts Benjamin C. , Mancera Ricardo L.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—Cu—Rh (Aluminum—Copper—Rhodium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Al—B—Si (Aluminum—Boron—Silicon)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon: Its Forms and Its New Applications
Authors: Touzain Philippe
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Scavenging Polyphenols: New Strategies for Their Synthesis
Authors: Bovicelli Paolo
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Reactions Involving the Cleavage of Carbon—Cyano and Carbon—Carbon Triple Bonds
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Marine Natural Products: Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Morris Jonathan C. , Phillips Andrew J.
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products: Chemical Instruments to Apprehend Biological Symphony.
Authors: Pucheault Mathieu
Published: April 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ein Beitrag zur Einstellung von Simulated Moving Bed‐Anlagen
Authors: Fütterer M.
Published: April 2008

Die Simulated Moving Bed (SMB)‐Technologie ist ein bedeutender chromatographischer Trennprozess in der Verfahrenstechnik. Einzelne chromatographische Säulen werden hierbei zu einem Ring verschaltet und die Einspeisungen und Abzüge zyklisch so verändert, dass eine kontinuierliche Trennung eines binären Stoffgemisches stattfinden kann. Die Einstellung der Volumenströme und der Umschaltzeit müssen genau festgelegt werden, damit ein störungsfreier Betrieb sichergestellt ist. In diesem Beitrag werden explizite Gleichungen für die Ermittlung der Steuergrößen in Abhängigkeit von den gewünschten Abzugsreinheiten für einen dispersionsfreien SMB‐Prozess unter Verwendung von Henry‐Isothermen hergeleitet. Mit Hilfe dieser Gleichungen lassen sich die Einflüsse der Betriebsparameter auf den Lösungsmittelverbrauch mühelos studieren.
Wandablagerungen im Gas/Feststoff beladenen Zyklon
Authors: Houben J. , Staudinger G.
Published: April 2008

Untersucht wurde, unter welchen Bedingungen Wandablagerungen in einem Gaszyklon entstehen. In Experimente variierten die Volumenströme und Beladungen. Ergebnisse zeigten, dass bei einer Beladung zwischen 2 und 3 g Feststoff pro kg Luft ein lokales Maximum in der Ablagerungsmasse auftritt. Sowohl niedrigere als auch höhere Beladung führen zu weniger Ablagerungen.
Active surveillance for the management of prostate cancer in a contemporary cohort
Authors: Dall'Era Marc A. , Konety Badrinath R. , Cowan Janet E. , Shinohara Katsuto , Stauf Frank , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Meng Maxwell V. , Kane Christopher J. , Perez Nanette , Master Viraj A. , Carroll Peter R.
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND.

Active surveillance followed by selective treatment for men who have evidence of disease progression may be an option for select patients with early‐stage prostate cancer. In this article, the authors report their experience in a contemporary cohort of men with prostate cancer who were managed with active surveillance.

METHODS.

All men who were managed initially with active surveillance were identified through the authors' institutional database. Selection criteria for active surveillance included: prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) <10 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason sum ≤6 with no pattern 4 or 5, cancer involvement of <33% of biopsy cores, and clinical stage T1/T2a tumor. Patients were followed with PSA measurements and digital rectal examination every 3 to 6 months and with transrectal ultrasound at 6‐ to 12‐month intervals. Beginning in 2003, patients also underwent repeat prostate biopsy at 12 to 24 months. The primary outcome measured was active treatment. Evidence of disease progression, defined as an increase in rebiopsy Gleason sum or significant PSA velocity changes (>0.75 ng/mL per year), was a secondary outcome. Chi‐square and log‐rank tests were used to compare groups. The association between clinical characteristics and receipt of active treatment was analyzed by using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS.

Three hundred twenty‐one men (mean age [±standard deviation]: 63.4 ± 8.5 years) selected active surveillance as their initial management. The overall median follow‐up was 3.6 years (range, 1–17 years). The initial mean PSA level was 6.5 ± 3.9 ng/mL. One hundred twenty men (37%) met at least 1 criterion for progression. Overall, 38% of men had higher grade on repeat biopsy, and 26% of men had a PSA velocity >0.75 ng/mL per year. Seventy‐eight men (24%) received secondary treatment at a median 3 years (range, 1–17 years) after diagnosis. Approximately 13% of patients with no disease progression elected to obtain treatment. PSA density at diagnosis and rise in Gleason score on repeat biopsy were associated significantly with receipt of secondary treatment. The disease‐specific survival rate was 100%.

CONCLUSIONS.

Selected individuals with early‐stage prostate cancer may be candidates for active surveillance. Specific criteria can be and need to be developed to select the most appropriate individuals for this form of management and to monitor disease progression. A small attrition rate can be expected because of men who are unable or unwilling to tolerate surveillance. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Lifetime anorexia nervosa in young men in the community: Five cases and their co‐twins
Authors: Raevuori Anu , Keski‐Rahkonen Anna , Hoek Hans W. , Sihvola Elina , Rissanen Aila , Kaprio Jaakko
Published: April 2008

Objective:

To describe patterns, comorbidity, and outcomes from a case series of anorexia nervosa (AN) among young men from the general population and their co‐twins.

Method:

Men (N = 2,122) born between 1975 and 1979 from Finnish twin cohorts were screened for lifetime eating disorders by questionnaire. The administration of the short version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV for screen positives led to a lifetime AN diagnosis in five participants, described here with their co‐twins.

Results:

In males, overweight commonly predated AN, and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, particularly of muscle dysmorphia, were common among the anorexia‐discordant co‐twins. Affective and anxiety disorders were present in both the probands and their co‐twins.

Conclusion:

We found a strong familial clustering of AN, affective and anxiety disorders, and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia among men in the general population. In men, muscle dysmorphia may represent an alternative phenotype of AN. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
The eating disorder examination: Norms and construct validity with young and middle adolescent girls
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Byrne Susan , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel
Published: April 2008

Objective:

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the norms and construct validity of the eating disorder examination (EDE) with young and middle adolescent girls.

Method:

The EDE was completed with 699 female twins aged 12–15 years. Four aspects of construct validation were examined: a factor analysis, internal reliability of the subscales, differences across the different age groups, and correlations between the variables. Results were reported separately for Twin 1 and 2 in order to examine the stability of the findings.

Results:

The factor structure of the EDE was unstable, except for an eight‐item derived weight and shape concern subscale. This scale, along with the total score and the shape concern subscale had good internal reliability. The cognitive diagnostic items performed strongly in terms of discriminating between age groups and presence of disordered eating.

Conclusion:

Given the central role of weight and shape concern and the importance of weight and shape in diagnosis and predicting onset of disordered eating, it would appear that the EDE is likely to perform well as both a diagnostic and predictive tool. Caution should be exercised with respect to the use and interpretation of the individual subscales in nonclinical populations of young adolescent girls. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
The prevalence of eating disorders in women with facial hirsutism: An epidemiological cohort study
Authors: Morgan John , Scholtz Samantha , Lacey Hubert , Conway Gerard
Published: April 2008

Objective:

The prevalence of DSM IV‐defined eating disorders is evaluated in a population of women with facial hirsutism.

Method:

The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM IV) and the Eating Disorder Evaluation (EDE) were administered to 80 hirsute women presenting routinely to an endocrine outpatient clinic. Objective phenotypic severity of hyperandrogenic symptoms, gender role, self‐esteem, and social adjustment were quantified using validated measures and weight, height, and fertility were assessed during interview.

Results:

The prevalence of eating disorders was 36.3% (22.5% EDNOS, 12.6% Bulimia Nervosa, 1.3% Anorexia Nervosa). Depression, anxiety, low self‐esteem, and poor social adjustment were more common in participants suffering from an eating disorder, and co‐morbidity of PCOS was universal in eating disordered cases.

Conclusion:

Our study demonstrates that hirsute women are at high risk of developing an eating disorder. Factors associated with eating disorders are examined and explanatory hypotheses are suggested for the possible underlying mechanisms in these women. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
In‐depth mental health evaluation of a community sample of nonreferred infants with feeding difficulties
Authors: Maldonado‐Duran J. Martin , Fonagy Peter , Helmig Linda , Millhuff Charles , Moody Chris , Rosen Libby , VanSickle Gregg
Published: April 2008

Objective:

Evaluate the clinical characteristics of feeding difficulties in 30 community (i.e., nonreferred) infants in the first 2 years of life, and their correlation with mother/child interactions.

Method:

An “in depth” mental health evaluation of feeding difficulties, and the psychosocial functioning of the child in other areas. The mother‐infant relationship and the feeding interactions were also assessed.

Results:

Four “groups” were identified. (1) Young infant with difficulties in regulating states and sucking. (2) Older infant with difficulties in self‐regulation, focusing, hyper‐alert, and with aversion to feeding. (3) Older infants hypersensitive to stimuli (taste, odor) and with difficulties in chewing. (4) Group of with varied and unique feeding problems (pica, rumination).

Conclusion:

Feeding problems tend to have patterns according to the age of the baby in a nonreferred sample. They are not associated with an altered parent‐infant relationship nor poor feeding technique. Parents often adapt successfully to the uniqueness of the baby to maintain weight gain. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Season of birth bias in eating disorders—Fact or fiction?
Authors: Winje Eirin , Willoughby Kate , Lask Bryan
Published: April 2008

Objective:

A season of birth (SoB) bias is said to be present if the SoB pattern for a particular group varies from the pattern within the normal population. Significant biases have been found for several disorders including eating disorders (EDs). This article critically reviews the existing literature on SoB in ED in order to inform future hypothesis‐based research.

Method:

A literature search identified 12 papers investigating SoB in ED.

Results:

Despite methodological differences, the studies consistently show a SoB bias for anorexia nervosa (AN) in the spring months, in both the northern and southern Hemispheres. This is especially strong for early‐onset and restrictive subtype of AN.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that SoB is a risk factor for AN. However, none of the studies have been methodologically satisfactory. Future research needs to overcome numerous methodological challenges and to explore specific hypotheses to explain this bias. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Ultrasonic reflectivity computed tomography with small number of transmitter/receiver transducers for carotid diagnosis
Authors: Yamada Akira , Goto Yasuyuki
Published: April 2008

We developed an ultrasound reflectivity computed tomography (CT) system with only a small number of transmitter/receiver transducers for carotid diagnosis. To this end, a ring array system with eight element transducers was fabricated with center frequency 10 MHz. The present CT technique assures the image with high resolution on the order of 0.1 mm over the entire imaging region. In addition, the reduction of the number of transducer element enables fast data acquisition and lower cost hardware system. With appropriate combinations of the dual and/or separate transmitter and receiver pairs, 21 backscattering projection data were observed. To comply with the ill‐posed inverse problem due to the lack of angular view data, the conjugate gradient method was applied for the solution of the matrix observation equation. Both experiment and simulation examinations were made using the cylindrical shell object as a carotid phantom. As a result, it is demonstrated that the image with greater resolution compared with the conventional B‐mode method can be obtained by using only eight element transducers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(4): 58–66, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20301
Design of controller switching strategy for reusable launch vehicle with elevon jamming failure
Authors: Komatsu Hayato , Suzuki Tatsuya , Okuma Shigeru
Published: April 2008

When a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) returns to earth, it flies just by gliding without thrust. In this phase, one of the most likely and important faults to occur in the airframe is a jamming of the elevon. To tolerate this failure, the flight control system must keep stability and performance during such a failure. One of the effective ways to overcome this problem is to switch the controllers based on the information of the detected failure in the plant. Generally speaking, the controller must have integrators so as to yield the zero steady‐state error for the controlled output even if there exist some perturbations in the plant dynamics. In this paper, the design of controller switching scenario is addressed especially focusing on the decision of the controller state at the instant of switching the controllers with integrator. Then, the proposed switching scenario is applied to the control of ALFLEX (Automatic Landing FLight EXperiment), which is the automatic landing experimental vehicle being developed for RLV, considering the occurrence of the jamming fault. Some simulations are shown to verify the usefulness of the proposed idea. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 80–90, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20356
Development of education support system for numerical electromagnetic analysis based on server–client model using Java
Authors: Ohchi Masashi , Furukawa Tatsuya , Tanaka Shin‐Ichiro
Published: April 2008

Among several numerical methods, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been adopted in various engineering problems. Given this situation, it is necessary to instruct university students in numerical analysis. The authors have designed and implemented a numerical analysis education support system for learning electromagnetic fields with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) based on the client–server model using Java. In this paper, a feasibility study on the student laboratory class in the third year is described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(4): 8–17, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20377
Advanced analysis of grid‐connected PV system's performance and effect of batteries
Authors: Ueda Yuzuru , Kurokawa Kosuke , Itou Takamitsu , Kitamura Kiyoyuki , Akanuma Katsumi , Yokota Masaharu , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Morimoto Atsushi
Published: April 2008

An advanced method of analysis for grid‐connected PV systems is developed in this research. To investigate the issues which may arise in the clustered PV systems, a “Demonstration Project on Clustered PV Systems” was initiated in December 2002 in Oota, Japan, involving the installation of more than 500 residential PV systems in the demonstrative research area, and the development of battery‐integrated PV systems to avoid restrictions on output power due to the raising of the grid voltage. The annual performance of commercial PV systems without battery was analyzed and a performance ratio of 80% on average was found to have been achieved. Overvoltage of power distribution lines and snow are two major factors capable of causing very low performance ratio on a daily basis. The effects of batteries have also been analyzed, and the results indicate that there will be some reduction of energy losses due to the grid voltage, but the PCS efficiency will be at least 8% worse than that of commercial PV systems. It was also found that nonoptimized battery operation sometimes results in a fully charged situation at noontime and maximum reverse power flow may not be minimized in this situation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 21–33, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20660
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of S‐Neofucopeptides as E‐ and P‐Selectin Inhibitors
Authors: Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Molina Lidia , Carmona Ana T. , Ferrali Alessandro , Lambelet Martine , Spertini Olivier , Robina Inmaculada
Published: April 2008

The synthesis of α/β‐L‐fucosylated cysteamine, 3‐thiopropionic acid, and 3‐thioacetic acid derivatives as building blocks for the preparation of S‐neofucopeptides is shown. These compounds were used in the synthesis of new thiofucosides derivatives (8α, 9α, 9β, 10α, 22α, 22β, 24α, 26α) that show affinity towards E‐ and P‐selectins. They constitute a new series of hydrolytically stable and low‐molecular‐weight mimetics of the natural SLex tetrasaccharide. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c on a Silica Sol‐Gel Film Modified Electrode
Authors: Xu Jun‐Sheng , Zhao Guang‐Chao
Published: April 2008

Dilute silica sol‐gel was simply dropped on the surface of a basal plane graphite electrode (BPGE) to form a silica sol‐gel film modified electrode. Direct electrochemical response of cytochrome c (Cyt c) on the modified electrode was observed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results suggested that Cyt c could be tightly adsorbed on the surface of the silica sol‐gel film modified electrode. A couple of well‐defined and nearly reversible redox peaks can be observed in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), which anodic and cathodic peak potentials were at −0.243 and −0.306 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively. Cyt c adsorbed on the surface of silica sol‐gel film shows a remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of oxygen. Based on these, a third‐generation biosensor could be constructed to detect the concentration of oxygen in aqueous solution.
Direct Electrochemistry of Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized in Calcium Carbonate Microsphere Doped with Phospholipids
Authors: Li Gaiping , Liu Xiaohua , Du Liangwei , Wang Erkang
Published: April 2008

Protein electrochemistry affords a direct method to study the biological electron transfer processes. However, supplying a biocompatible environment to maintain the native state of protein is all‐important and challengeable. Here, we chose vaterite, one of the crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate, with highly porous nature and large specific surface area, which was doped with phospholipids, as the matrix to immobilize horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The integrity of HRP was kept during the simple immobilization procedure. By virtue of this organic/inorganic complex matrix, the direct electrochemistry of HRP was realized, and the activity of HRP for catalyzing reduction of O2 and H2O2 was preserved.
Spatio‐temporal statistical modelling of significant wave height
Authors: Baxevani A. , Caires S. , Rychlik I.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, we construct a homogeneous spatio‐temporal model to describe the variability of significant wave height over small regions of the sea and over short periods of time. Then, the model is extended to a non‐homogeneous one that is valid over larger areas of the sea and for time periods of up to 10 h. To validate the proposed model, we reconstruct the significant wave height surface under different scenarios and then compare it to satellite measurements and the C‐ERA‐40 field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confidence interval for random‐effects calibration curves with left‐censored data
Authors: Aryal Subhash , Bhaumik Dulal K. , Santra Sourav , Gibbons Robert D.
Published: April 2008

The presence of left censoring in environmental and engineering applications complicates tests of hypotheses and interval estimation. First, we construct a confidence interval (CI) for a true concentration using nonlinear mixed‐effects regression models for analysis of interlaboratory calibration data with left censoring. Next, we impute the unobserved left‐censored data with randomly simulated value. Finally, we compute the coverage probability via simulation and show that our methodology achieves the nominal level. We illustrate our methodology with a real‐life example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model clustering and its application to water quality monitoring
Authors: Zhu Rong , El‐Shaarawi Abdel H.
Published: April 2008

The classification of objects into groups where the objects within a group share a set of common traits is important in many areas of applications and particularly in environmental pollution studies. Consider the situation where variables are measured on different occasions for each of K objects, and the objective is to classify these objects into groups according to some common characteristics. The procedure introduced in this paper consists of two aspects: model fitting and clustering. The model fitting selects a family of models which is appropriate for the structure and nature of the available measurements, and then is performed for both individual and pooled datasets. The clustering starts with K models that represent the K objects and thus the similarity of the objects reduces to the similarity of their models. Since the models are members of the same family, the models similarity is defined as the equality of their parameters of interest. Here, we partition the parameter vector into two sub‐vectors corresponding to the interested parameters and ancillary parameters. The clustering will group together objects that have common interested parameters while allowing the ancillary parameters to be object specifics. The p‐value associated with the proposed model linking test is used as the similarity measure. Several grouping strategies are proposed like cluster peeling, pairwise combining, as well as a speeding technique called splitting‐and‐binding. A small simulation study is used to demonstrate the utility of the method. The paper concludes by presenting an environmental application where the interest is to classify E. coli bacteria according to their responses to antibiotic treatments. The data were collected bi‐weekly at several locations within three Canadian watersheds during 2005. Metric closeness in parameter space used by conventional method and likelihood closeness in model space employed by model clustering are discussed in this application. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual relief separation: digital elevation model enhancement for geomorphological mapping
Authors: Hiller J. K. , Smith M.
Published: April 2008

Geomorphologically mapped data form a primary set of observations that can be used to infer former environmental conditions. Thus, objective and consistent mapping of landforms from remotely sensed data (e.g. satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEMs)) is paramount for reconstructing palaeoenvironments.

This paper proposes a technique, ‘residual relief separation’, to enhance landforms in DEMs prior to visualization and digital mapping. This is applied to a ∼600 km2 region surrounding Lough Gara, Ireland, where drumlins (∼200 m wide) overlie a regional relief of hills (∼10 km wide). Here, residual relief separation uses this difference in width‐scale. Regional relief is approximated by a 1 km wide median filter, then subtracted to leave the drumlins in a ‘residual’ topography. In a second step, the residual relief is normalized to allow for amplitude variations in the drumlins across the area (∼5–40 m high). Finally, visualization uses a simple black‐to‐white colour scale for height.

Although not numerically outperforming other visualization techniques, this method performs equally well, and as the data are not ‘illuminated’ there is no azimuthal bias. Additional benefits include the relatively simple calculation, intuitive visual comprehension, no emphasis of noise, and the possibility of using any desired visualization technique after the landscape has been topographically manipulated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable‐length channel coding with noisy feedback
Authors: Draper Stark C. , Sahai Anant
Published: April 2008

It is known that perfect noiseless feedback can be used to improve the reliability of communication systems. We show how to make those gains robust to noise on the feedback link. We focus on feedback links that are themselves discrete memoryless channels. We demonstrate that Forney's erasure‐decoding exponent is achievable given any positive‐capacity feedback channel. We also demonstrate that as the desired rate of communication approaches the capacity of the forward channel, the Burnashev upper bound on the reliability function is achievable given any positive‐capacity noisy feedback channel. Finally, we demonstrate that our scheme dominates the erasure‐decoding exponent at all rates and, for instance, at zero rate can achieve up to three‐quarters of Burnashev's zero‐rate reliability. This implies that in a shared medium, to maximise the reliability function some degrees of freedom should be allocated to feedback. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the capacity of interference channels with one cooperating transmitter
Authors: Marić Ivana , Goldsmith Andrea , Kramer Gerhard , Shamai (Shitz) Shlomo
Published: April 2008

Inner and outer bounds are established on the capacity region of two‐sender, two‐receiver interference channels (IC) where one transmitter knows both messages. The transmitter with this extra message knowledge is referred to as being cognitive. The inner bound is based on strategies that generalise prior work, and includes rate‐splitting, Gel'fand‐Pinsker (GP) coding and cooperative transmission. A general outer bound is based on the Nair‐El Gamal outer bound for broadcast channels (BCs). A simpler bound is presented for the case in which one of the decoders can decode both messages. The bounds are evaluated and compared for Gaussian channels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are human faces and voices ornaments signaling common underlying cues to mate value?
Authors: Feinberg David R.
Published: April 2008

In our daily lives, we constantly interact with people. We maintain relationships with families and friends. We collaborate with colleagues. We seek passion with our lovers and avoid conflicts with our enemies. How we divide the world into these and many other categories of people is initially guided by our first impressions of how they look and sound. Many times we are surprised when we hear someone on the phone whom we have not yet met face‐to face; they sound different from what we imagined. There are, however, many things that we are not surprised about in such situations. People are accurate at identifying sex, health, emotions, and age by both voices and faces.3–12 There is good evidence that many seemingly disparate ornaments such as body and face,13 body and voice,14–16 and face and odor19 may convey either backup signals of the same underlying quality20,21 or convey signals of different underlying qualities that are used in conjunction to provide a more robust view of the organism's overall fitness.22,23 Is this also true of face and voices?

Until recently, little attention has been given to the idea that people's faces and voices might both signal the same underlying qualities related to hormone levels, and that we might use these hormonal fitness markers to provide a better picture of the signaler's overall mate value.20,21,24 In this paper I first argue that aspects of voices and faces can be used as markers of hormonal status. Second, I argue that both vocal and facial features associated with hormonal status are used by people to assess mate quality.
Primary mediastinal large cell lymphoma (PMBL): frontline treatment with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). The GEL‐TAMO experience
Authors: Rodríguez José , Conde Eulogio , Gutiérrez Antonio , García Juan Carlos , Lahuerta Juan José , Varela María Rosario , Pérez Catalina , Albo Carmen , Caballero María Dolores
Published: April 2008

Given the excellent results obtained with present new induction regimens in PMBL, the role of frontline ASCT is controversial. We present 71 patients with PMBL receiving induction chemotherapy, followed by ASCT as frontline therapy from the GEL‐TAMO registry. Most patients presented with high‐risk clinical features. At transplant, 49% of patients were in CR, 32% in PR and 18% failed induction therapy; 53% received radiotherapy. After the transplant 75% of patients achieved CR. With a median follow‐up of 52.5 months, the OS, PFS and DFS at 4 years from diagnosis were, respectively, 84%, 81% and 81% for the first CR patients and 49%, 42% and 82% for the induction failure (PR and refractory) patients. Disease progression was the main cause of death (79%). By multivariate survival analysis the tumour score, refractory disease at transplant and radiotherapy were independent variables associated with OS and PFS. Our experience, with a prolonged follow‐up, shows that patients with PMBL presenting at diagnosis with high‐risk features or PR response to induction therapy have an encouraging survival with frontline ASCT. However, patients who received the transplant after failing the induction regimen have a very poor prognosis and should be tested with other innovative approaches. Finally, only a randomized trial could prove the value of ASCT as frontline therapy and also must be considered that addition to Rituximab to induction treatments could make ASCT unnecessary. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of radiative transfer in a one‐dimensional anisotropic scattering media with different boundary conditions using the DRESOR method
Authors: Huang Zhi‐Feng , Cheng Qiang , He Cheng , Zhou Huai‐Chun
Published: April 2008

The DRESOR method was applied to analyze the radiative transfer process in anisotropic scattering media with different boundary conditions in this paper. The method was validated by the integral formulation of the radiative transfer equation at first. Some variation regulations about the emissivity were obtained by extensive numerical simulations. When the optical thickness of the media became very large, the emissivity converged to a constant value. The converged emissivity in the forward scattering medium was the largest and that for the backward scattering medium was the smallest. Also the converged emissivity was associated with the scattering albedo of the media. The greater the scattering albedo was, the smaller the converged emissivity was. When the scattering albedo decreased to zero the converged emissivity reached the blackbody emissivity at the same temperature. Furthermore, different boundary conditions were considered. The results showed that if the temperature of the medium and the boundary was equal, the intensity at boundary was the same as that for the blackbody emission at the same temperature, whether the boundary reflectivity was 1.0 or not. When the temperature of the boundary was lower than that of the medium, the boundary emissivity can reach 1.0 only if ρ=1.0. Finally, the radiation flux was studied with different phase functions and different boundary conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(3): 138–152, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20198
Allosteric properties of hemoglobin and the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte: New insights in gas transport and metabolic modulation
Authors: De Rosa Maria Cristina , Alinovi Cristiana Carelli , Galtieri Antonio , Russo Annamaria , Giardina Bruno
Published: April 2008

Within the red blood cell the hemoglobin molecule is subjected to modulation mechanisms, namely homo‐ and heterotropic interactions, which optimize its functional behavior to the specific physiological requirements. At the cellular level, these modulation mechanisms are utilized to perform a number of other functions that are not minor with respect to the basic function of oxygen transport. Here we report some key examples concerning: (i) the interaction of hemoglobin with band 3 and its influence on glucose metabolism; (ii) the role of the ligand‐linked quaternary transition of hemoglobin in the control of “NO bioactivity” and of gas diffusion; (iii) the interaction of plasma membrane with the various oxidative derivatives of the hemoglobin molecule. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(2): 87–93, 2008
Stable isotope‐assisted metabolomics in cancer research
Authors: Lane Andrew N. , Fan Teresa W.‐M. , Higashi Richard M.
Published: April 2008

Stable Isotopes are nontoxic, naturally occurring elemental surrogates that are fully compatible with live organisms, including humans in a clinical setting. The ability to enrich common compounds with rare isotopes such as carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) is the only practical means by which metabolic pathways can be traced, performed by following the fate of individual atoms from the source molecules to products via metabolic transformation. Changes in regulation of pathways are therefore captured by this approach, which leads to deeper understanding of fundamental biochemistry of cancer compared with non‐cancerous cells, which can lead to new diagnostic tools. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(2): 124–129, 2008
From anchorage dependent proliferation to survival: Lessons from redox signalling
Authors: Chiarugi Paola
Published: April 2008

Anchorage to extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for the execution of the mitotic program of nontransformed cells as they need simultaneous signals starting from mitogenic molecules, as growth factors (GFs), and adhesive agents belonging to ECM. Reactive oxygen species play a key function during both GF and integrin receptor signalling and are therefore recognised to have a synergistic function with several others transducers for anchorage‐dependent growth (ADG). Indeed, redox‐regulated proteins include protein tyrosine phosphatases, protein tyrosine kinases, small GTPases, cytoskeleton proteins, as well as several transcription factors. In this review, we focus on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as key second messengers granting a proper executed mitosis for anchorage‐dependent cells through redox regulation of several downstream targets. Besides, redox signals elicited by ECM contact assure a protection from anoikis, a specific apoptosis induced by lack of anchorage. Cancer cells frequently show a deregulation of ROS production and a constitutive oxidative stress has been associated to the achievement of an invasive phenotype. Hence, in cancer cells, the constitutive deregulation of both mitogenic and survival pathways, likely mimicking autocrine/adhesive signals, helps to guide the transformed cells to escape the innate apoptotic response to abolish the signals started by cell/ECM contact, thus sustaining the spreading of anchorage‐independent cancer cells and the metastases growth. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(5): 301–307, 2008
Structure–function studies of glutamate synthases: A class of self‐regulated iron‐sulfur flavoenzymes essential for nitrogen assimilation
Authors: Vanoni Maria Antonietta , Curti Bruno
Published: April 2008

Glutamate synthases play with glutamine synthetase an essential role in nitrogen assimilation processes in microorganisms, plants, and lower animals by catalyzing the net synthesis of one molecule of L‐glutamate from L‐glutamine and 2‐oxoglutarate. They exhibit a modular architecture with a common subunit or region, which is responsible for the L‐glutamine‐dependent glutamate synthesis from 2‐oxoglutarate. Here, a PurF‐ (Type II‐ or Ntn‐) type amidotransferase domain is coupled to the synthase domain, a (β/α)8 barrel containing FMN and one [3Fe‐4S]0,+1 cluster, through a ∼30 Å‐long intramolecular tunnel for the transfer of ammonia between the sites. In bacterial and eukaryotic GltS, reducing equivalents are provided by reduced pyridine nucleotides thanks to the stable association with a second subunit or region, which acts as a FAD‐dependent NAD(P)H oxidoreductase and is responsible for the formation of the two low potential [4Fe‐4S]+1,+2 clusters of the enzyme. In photosynthetic cells, reduced ferredoxin is the physiological reductant. This review focus on the mechanism of cross‐activation of the synthase and glutaminase reactions in response to the bound substrates and the redox state of the enzyme cofactors, as well as on recent information on the structure of the αβ protomer of the NADPH‐dependent enzyme, which sheds light on the intramolecular electron transfer pathway between the flavin cofactors. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(5): 287–300, 2008
Cooperativity and allostery in haemoglobin function
Authors: Ciaccio Chiara , Coletta Andrea , De Sanctis Giampiero , Marini Stefano , Coletta Massimo
Published: April 2008

Tetrameric haemoglobins display a cooperative ligand binding behaviour, which has been attributed to the functional interrelationship between multiple ligand binding sites. The quantitative description of this feature was initially carried out with a phenomenological approach, which was limited to the functional effect of the occupancy by a ligand molecule of a binding site on further binding steps. However, subsequent development of structural–functional models for the description of the cooperativity in haemoglobin brought about a much deeper information on the interrelationships between ligand binding at the heme and structural variations occurring in the surrounding free subunits. This approach opened the way to the evolution of the concept of allostery, which is intended as the structural–functional effect exerted by the presence of a ligand in a binding site on other binding sites present in the same molecule. This concept can be applied to either sites for the same ligand (homotropic allostery) and for sites of different ligands (heterotropic allostery). Several models trying to take into account the continuous building up of structural and functional information on the physicochemical properties of haemoglobin have been developed along this line. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(2): 112–123, 2008