bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Triglyceride Paradox in Stroke Survivors: A Prospective Study
Authors: Jain Minal , Jain Anunaya , Yerragondu Neeraja , Brown Robert D. , Rabinstein Alejandro , Jahromi Babak S. , Vaidyanathan Lekshmi , Blyth Brian , Stead Latha Ganti
Published: February 2013

Objective. The purpose of our study was to understand the association between serum triglycerides and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods. A cohort of all adult patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) with an AIS from March 2004 to December 2005 were selected. The lipid profile levels were measured within 24 hours of stroke onset. Demographics, admission stroke severity (NIHSS), functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)), and mortality at 3 months were recorded. Results. The final cohort consisted of 334 subjects. A lower level of triglycerides at presentation was found to be significantly associated with worse National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (P=0.004), worse mRS (P=0.02), and death at 3 months (P=0.0035). After adjusting for age and gender and NIHSS, the association between triglyceride and mortality at 3 months was not significant (P=0.26). Conclusion. Lower triglyceride levels seem to be associated with a worse prognosis in AIS.
Analysis of Fatigue and Fracture of Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Khattak Mohammad Jamal , Baladi Gilbert Y.
Published: February 2013

An accurate assessment of the fatigue life of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures depends on the criteria used in the fatigue analysis. In the past, various studies have been conducted on crack initiation and crack propagation of the HMA mixtures. Most of these studies were focused on the beam samples with or without a sawed crack at the bottom. This paper presents and discusses two different fatigue life criteria for two-dimensional problems represented by cylindrical samples. One criterion is based on the rate of accumulation of the tensile horizontal plastic deformation (HPD) as a function of the number of load repetitions. The second criterion is based on fracture mechanics, stress intensity factor, and the rate of crack growth with respect to the number of load repetitions. It was found that, because of three-dimensional nature of the crack growth in cylindrical samples, the Paris' law was violated. It is shown that the rate of crack growth criterion provides higher values of fatigue life relative to the rate of accumulation of HPD criterion. Although a trend could be established among the fatigue lives obtained by using the two criteria, it was found that the fatigue lives obtained from the rate of accumulation of HPD were consistent and based on the actual measurement of HPD for HMA mixtures.
Effect of Infliximab on the UVB-Induced Apoptosis of Keratinocytes Infected by HPV38 E6/E7
Authors: Aubin François , Gheit Tarik , Prétet Jean Luc , Tommasino Massimo , Mougin Christiane
Published: February 2013

The question of the effect of anti-TNF-alpha in skin carcinogenesis is especially relevant in view of the increased use of these drugs for the treatment of autoinflammatory immune diseases. Since ultraviolet radiation and human papillomavirus are involved in skin carcinogenesis, we wished to investigate the effect of TNF-alpha antagonists on the UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes infected by HPV38. Our results indicate that anti-TNF agent, infliximab, does not contribute to the survival of HPV38-transduced keratinocytes with UVB-induced DNA damages.
The Economic Issue of On-Line Hemodiafiltration within the Japanese Medical Reimbursement System
Authors: Takemoto Yoshiaki , Naganuma Toshihide
Published: February 2013

One major issue of Japan's health care system is that the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) centrally decides on the prices of medical services. Because of this, even if a treatment is deemed superior by the actual medical service provider, it may not be economically feasible to carry out. On-line hemodiafiltration has been reported to be an effective and favorable treatment modality, but the number of treated patients has declined since its approval in 2010 due to its low reimbursement price determined by MHLW. In this way, the problem with the Japanese medical reimbursement system is that MHLW's policy measures can thus affect the details of actual medical practices.
Incomplete Data in Randomized Dermatology Trials: Consequences and Statistical Methodology
Authors: McIsaac Michael A. , Cook Richard J. , Poulin-Costello Melanie
Published: February 2013

Randomized clinical trials can provide the highest level of evidence regarding the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. When individuals in trials do not complete the planned treatment period it is often not possible to observe the desired outcomes, which results in incomplete data. Here we review various mechanisms which can lead to incomplete data, discuss the impact of these mechanisms, and present strategies for dealing with incomplete data. We discuss these issues in the context of clinical trials in dermatology and provide practical recommendations for planning and drawing conclusions from studies which could involve incomplete data.
Effects of Hemodiafiltration on Uremic Inflammation
Authors: Leurs Paul , Lindholm Bengt , Stenvinkel Peter
Published: February 2013

Chronic inflammation is highly prevalent among end-stage renal disease patients and is linked to, and thought to contribute to, the high morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Hemodiafiltration (HDF) may potentially reduce inflammatory stimuli induced by the bioincompatibility of conventional hemodialysis (HD) systems. In addition, HDF may more efficiently remove inflammatory mediators. This brief review shows that the circulating levels of various markers of systemic inflammation in general are somewhat reduced in patients treated by HDF as compared to HD. On the other hand, according to the current literature, this favorable small impact on inflammation biomarkers does not seem to translate into better clinical outcomes. It is possible that this is due to inadequate design, inadequate number of investigated patients and too short duration of previous studies. The results of larger, better-designed ongoing prospective studies may hopefully clarify this.
Clinical Comparison of Super High-Flux HD and On-Line HDF
Authors: Fujimori Akira
Published: February 2013

Super high-flux HD is quite popular in Japan. 90% of -dialysis patients are treated using dialyzers with a β2-microglobulin clearance of >50 ml/min. If the target is β2-microglobulin, HDF is not necessary. However, removal of uremic toxins with a higher molecular weight and stability of circulation status, which is expected of on-line HDF, would lead to better survival of the patients. Demonstration of the beneficial effect of on-line HDF on the outcome in patients is awaited.
Development of Intermittent Infusion Hemodiafiltration Using Ultrapure Dialysis Fluid with an Automated Dialysis Machine
Authors: Mineshima Michio , Eguchi Kei
Published: February 2013

To reduce the potential occurrence of hypotension during a dialysis treatment, intermittent infusion hemodiafiltration (I-HDF) using back filtration with an ultrapure dialysis fluid was developed. Under typical I-HDF treatment conditions, some 200-300 ml of ultrapure dialysis fluid was infused into the blood component through the dialyzer at a rate of 100 ml/min, every 30 min. A multicenter clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of I-HDF compared with standard hemodialysis (SHD). The peripheral blood flow rate of each patient as detected with a laser flow meter increased for each I-HDF infusion. A significantly lower value for averaged blood volume reduction was obtained with I-HDF compared with SHD in spite of there being no difference in the total amount of water removal. The amount of normalized solute removal, cleared space for inorganic phosphate and α1-microglobulin (α1-MG) during a treatment were higher with I-HDF. Moderate α1-MG K reduction was found in I-HDF due to the prevention of membrane fouling by intermittent back filtration of the dialysis fluid. I-HDF using an automated dialysis machine was effective for improvement of the peripheral circulation of dialysis patients.
In vitro Study of Removal of Protein-Bound Toxins
Authors: Yamamoto Ken-ichiro , Eguchi Kei , Kaneko Iwakazu , Akiba Takashi , Mineshima Michio
Published: February 2013

Protein-bound toxins are not efficiently removed by conventional hemodialysis techniques. In order to improve the removal of protein-bound toxins, we performed an in vitro study to evaluate the effects of dilution and pH change on the dissociation of protein-bound toxins from albumin. Human plasma harvested by therapeutic apheresis treatment was diluted with saline or isotonic NaHCO3 solution, and the amounts of the free fractions of indoxyl sulfate (IS) and homocysteine were determined. The results suggested that IS was dissociated easily from albumin by dilution and pH change; higher dilution was associated with more effective removal and a greater increase of the free fraction of IS. However, these methods did not facilitate dissociation of homocysteine from albumin. Effective removal of some protein-bound toxins may be achieved by applying dilution and pH change methods to blood purification techniques, such as pre-dilution on-line hemodiafiltration.
Leydig Cell Tumour in a 46,XX Child with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Lázaro Ana Paula Pires , de Lacerda Adriano Machado , Ghiaroni Juraci , de Miranda Luiz Carlos Duarte , Vidal Ana Paula Aguiar , Collett-Solberg Paulo Ferrez , Michelatto Débora de Paula , Mello Maricilda Palandi , Guimarães Marilia Martins
Published: February 2013

Case Report: A 10-year-old male was referred to our institution due to short stature and bilateral cryptorchidism and reported pubic hair development and acne since the age of 4 years. Laboratory and molecular genetic tests indicated congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. After treatment with prednisone, adrenal hormones normalised but testosterone remained elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen due to cryptorchidism revealed uterus and adnexal attachments, a prostate and poorly defined nodules on the iliac chains. Upon exploratory laparotomy, a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy and resection of a peri-adnexal nodular lesion on the patient's right side were performed. Histopathology of the nodule mass was compatible with a Leydig cell tumour with a low proliferation rate according to Ki67.
Hemorrhagic Cytomegalovirus Colitis in a Postoperative Colon Cancer Patient
Authors: Saito Motonobu , Ishino Atsushi , Ito Taisuke , Sakuma Takeshi , Matsuzaki Masami , Katagata Naoto , Watanabe Fumiaki , Takenoshita Seiichi , Nomizu Tadashi
Published: February 2013

We report a case of hemorrhagic cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis, occurring in a postoperative patient due to a weakened immune system. An 85-year-old woman with a medical history, including chronic renal failure treated with oral administration of prednisolone, underwent colectomy due to an ascending colon cancer. While the postoperative course was favorable, she exhibited acute severe abdominal pain and massive bloody discharge after 11 days of surgery. Her colonoscopic examination showed multiple longitudinal ulcers on the anastomosis. In addition to these endoscopic findings, her past medical history helped suggest CMV colitis. Because serological testing revealed positive CMV antigen, she was finally given a diagnosis of CMV colitis and received intravenous ganciclovir for the initial treatment. Hemorrhagic CMV colitis after colectomy is an important postoperative complication; we therefore present our case with diagnosis and treatment experience.
Improving the Diagnosis and Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors: Utilizing New Advances in Biomarker and Molecular Imaging Science
Authors: Giandomenico Valeria , Modlin Irvin M. , Pontén Fredrik , Nilsson Mats , Landegren Ulf , Bergqvist Jonas , Khan Mohid S. , Millar Robert P. , Långström Bengt , Borlak Jürgen , Eriksson Barbro , Nielsen Bengt , Baltzer Lars , Waterton John C. , Ahlström Håkan , Öberg Kjell
Published: February 2013

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are malignant solid tumors that arise in hormone-secreting tissue of the diffuse neuroendocrine system or endocrine glands. Although traditionally understood to be a rare disease, the incidence and prevalence of NET have increased greatly in the past 3 decades. However, during this time, progress in diagnosis and outcome of NET has generally been modest. In order to achieve improved outcome in NET, a better understanding of NET biology combined with more reliable serum markers and better techniques to identify tumor localization and small lesions are needed. Although some NET biomarkers exist, sensitive and specific markers that predict tumor growth and behavior are generally lacking. In addition, the integration of new molecular imaging technologies in patient diagnosis and follow-up has the potential to enhance care. To discuss developments and issues required to improve diagnostics and management of NET patients, with specific focus on the latest advances in molecular imaging and biomarker science, 17 global leaders in the fields of NET, molecular imaging and biomarker technology gathered to participate in a 2-day meeting hosted by Prof. Kjell Öberg at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. During this time, findings were presented regarding methods with potential prognostic and treatment applications in NET or other types of cancers. This paper describes the symposium presentations and resulting discussions.
Nephrocalcinosis (Enamel Renal Syndrome) Caused by Autosomal Recessive FAM20A Mutations
Authors: Jaureguiberry Graciana , De la Dure-Molla Muriel , Parry David , Quentric Mickael , Himmerkus Nina , Koike Toshiyasu , Poulter James , Klootwijk Enriko , Robinette Steven L. , Howie Alexander J. , Patel Vaksha , Figueres Marie-Lucile , Stanescu Horia C. , Issler Naomi , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Bockenhauer Detlef , Laing Christopher , Walsh Stephen B. , McCredie David A. , Povey Sue , Asselin Audrey , Picard Arnaud , Coulomb Aurore , Medlar Alan J. , Bailleul-Forestier Isabelle , Verloes Alain , Le Caignec Cedric , Roussey Gwenaelle , Guiol Julien , Isidor Bertrand , Logan Clare , Shore Roger , Johnson Colin , Inglehearn Christopher , Al-Bahlani Suhaila , Schmittbuhl Matthieu , Clauss François , Huckert Mathilde , Laugel Virginie , Ginglinger Emmanuelle , Pajarola Sandra , Spartà Giuseppina , Bartholdi Deborah , Rauch Anita , Addor Marie-Claude , Yamaguti Paulo M. , Safatle Heloisa P. , Acevedo Ana Carolina , Martelli-Júnior Hercílio , dos Santos Netos Pedro E. , Coletta Ricardo D. , Gruessel Sandra , Sandmann Carolin , Ruehmann Denise , Langman Craig B. , Scheinman Steven J. , Ozdemir-Ozenen Didem , Hart Thomas C. , Hart P. Suzanne , Neugebauer Ute , Schlatter Eberhard , Houillier Pascal , Gahl William A. , Vikkula Miikka , Bloch-Zupan Agnès , Bleich Markus , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Unwin Robert J. , Mighell Alan , Berdal Ariane , Kleta Robert
Published: February 2013

Background/Aims: Calcium homeostasis requires regulated cellular and interstitial systems interacting to modulate the activity and movement of this ion. Disruption of these systems in the kidney results in nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis, important medical problems whose pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Methods: We investigated 25 patients from 16 families with unexplained nephrocalcinosis and characteristic dental defects (amelogenesis imperfecta, gingival hyperplasia, impaired tooth eruption). To identify the causative gene, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis, exome capture, next-generation sequencing, and Sanger sequencing. Results: All patients had bi-allelic FAM20A mutations segregating with the disease; 20 different mutations were identified. Conclusions: This au-tosomal recessive disorder, also known as enamel renal syndrome, of FAM20A causes nephrocalcinosis and amelogenesis imperfecta. We speculate that all individuals with biallelic FAM20A mutations will eventually show nephrocalcinosis.
Asymmetry and Agenda-Setting in U.S.-Latin American Relations: Rethinking the Origins of the Alliance for Progress
Authors: Darnton Christopher
Published: February 2013

The Alliance for Progress anchored U.S. Cold War strategy in Latin America in the early 1960s, and policymakers nowadays still cite it as a model of success. Even so, the origins of the Alliance remain contested. Some scholars have attributed it mainly to the Kennedy administration, others to the Eisenhower administration, and still others to Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek, whose Operation Pan-America led to the 1960 Treaty of Bogotá. This article outlines the terms and stakes of the ongoing debate among scholars and U.S. decision-makers; it also emphasizes agenda-setting rather than regional power asymmetries to explain how Brazil influenced U.S. policy. Finally, drawing on archival research in the Brazilian and Argentine Foreign Ministries and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as on published Latin American policy documents and U.S. congressional records, the article shows that Kubitschek created partnerships with Argentina and Colombia and built a Latin American consensus within the OAS, thereby establishing the range of U.S. foreign policy options and setting the inter-American agenda.
Information literacy challenges for Chinese PhD students in Australia:
Authors: Han Jinghe
Published: February 2013

This study explored the information literacy (IL) development of international higher degree research (HDR) students from China as they undertook their research studies in an Australian university. International HDR students need advanced IL skills to complete their research degree. However, IL research and training in western countries has tended to regard international HDR students no differently from their undergraduate counterparts. That is, there has been a focus on basic information skills rather than considering the more complicated and advanced IL needs within a research context. The project presented in this paper aimed to explore this gap. Three international PhD students from China participated in this research. A biographical approach was used to collect the data, and a total of 222 reflective accounts were collected from the participants over a period of fifteen months. In these reflections, they recorded significant life and study experiences at the University of Western Sydney. This approach allowed the participants freedom to express their thoughts and feelings without interruption and enabled them to speak frankly and freely without prejudice. The approach to data analysis underpinning this study was based on Bruce’s (1997) relational model of IL. The findings indicate that these international HDR students experience significant difficulties in developing their IL skills during their research studies in their western university. The complex nature of research study, which demands high levels of IL, significantly contributes to these difficulties, as do the different language and culture of international students which pose additional challenges to their information use. This article concludes with recommendations for research supervisors and librarians to consider in the provision of IL education for international students.
Active and reflective learning initiatives to improve web searching skills of business students
Authors: Lahlafi Alison , Rushton Diane , Stretton Erica
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the development and impact of an information literacy (IL) collaborative initiative undertaken by a module leader and library staff at Sheffield Business School (at Sheffield Hallam University) to improve business students' web searching skills, in order to support their academic work and develop the IL skills required by future employers. It considers the use of a range of interactive learning activities in a lecture setting - not the preferred setting for information skills - coupled with a web-based research assessment and student reflection on the development of their web searching skills. Student feedback and reflective practice is reviewed and ways of further developing activities to address student feedback and promote further student engagement are suggested.
A Beta Regression Model for Improved Solar Radiation Predictions
Authors: Mullen Randall , Marshall Lucy , McGlynn Brian
Published: February 2013

Predicting global solar radiation is an integral part of much environmental modeling. There are several approaches for predicting global solar radiation at a site where no instrumentation exists. One popular approach uses the difference between daily high and low temperature, typically using a nonlinear equation to express the relationship between change in temperature and estimated global solar radiation. Additional variables are usually included in successive steps creating a hierarchy of analysis. The authors propose an alternative beta regression approach to modeling global solar radiation, allowing for the inclusion of multiple environmental predictor variables and strata into one flexible model. The model is applied to several case studies, and results are compared with recently proposed empirical solar radiation models. Beta regression provides a robust, flexible modeling approach for predicting global solar radiation that allows for the addition and removal of independent variables as appropriate and can be interpreted using standard inferential statistics. In addition, the beta regression model provides estimates of uncertainty that can be incorporated into subsequent models and calculations.
Sensitivity of Limiting Hurricane Intensity to SST in the Atlantic from Observations and GCMs
Authors: Elsner James B. , Strazzo Sarah E. , Jagger Thomas H. , LaRow Timothy , Zhao Ming
Published: February 2013

A statistical model for the intensity of the strongest hurricanes has been developed and a new methodology introduced for estimating the sensitivity of the strongest hurricanes to changes in sea surface temperature. Here, the authors use this methodology on observed hurricanes and hurricanes generated from two global climate models (GCMs). Hurricanes over the North Atlantic Ocean during the period 1981–2010 show a sensitivity of 7.9 ± 1.19 m s−1 K−1 (standard error; SE) when over seas warmer than 25°C. In contrast, hurricanes over the same region and period generated from the GFDL High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM) show a significantly lower sensitivity with the highest at 1.8 ± 0.42 m s−1 K−1 (SE). Similar weaker sensitivity is found using hurricanes generated from the Florida State University Center for Ocean–Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU-COAPS) model with the highest at 2.9 ± 2.64 m s−1 K−1 (SE). A statistical refinement of HiRAM-generated hurricane intensities heightens the sensitivity to a maximum of 6.9 ± 3.33 m s−1 K−1 (SE), but the increase is offset by additional uncertainty associated with the refinement. Results suggest that the caution that should be exercised when interpreting GCM scenarios of future hurricane intensity stems from the low sensitivity of limiting GCM-generated hurricane intensity to ocean temperature.
Health, emotion, and relationships
Authors: Butler Emily A. , Sbarra David A.
Published: February 2013

Answers to questions at the interface of health, emotion, and relationships (HER) are critical for intervening in medical and social ills ranging from heart disease to aggression. The articles in this special issue report on recent research that targets the HER interface and summarize talks that were given at the 2011 mini-conference of the International Association for Relationship Research held at the University of Arizona. The articles present interdisciplinary approaches for tackling the complexity of HER processes across different relationships, levels of analysis, health domains, and methodologies. The papers report on many new findings but also highlight unanswered (and unasked) questions. In doing so, this work points to areas that are ripe for future cross-disciplinary discussion and investigation.
Statistical challenges in systematic evidence generation through analysis of observational healthcare data networks
Authors: Ryan Patrick
Published: February 2013

Observational healthcare databases offer significant potential for generating evidence about the effects of medical products. Recent US and international efforts attempt to coordinate analysis activities across observational data networks for active drug safety surveillance and comparative effectiveness research. Several statistical challenges exist that require further research to inform the appropriate use of observational data for identifying and evaluating temporal relationships between medical product exposures and outcomes. This review highlights current work across the areas of data quality, methods development, and performance evaluation that promise to contribute to our understanding of best practices for observational analyses moving forward.
Evaluation of the humoral immune response and cross reactivity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of mice immunized with liposomes containing glycolipids of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Borrero Reinier , García María de los A , Canet Liem , Zayas Caridad , Reyes Fátima , Prieto Jorge L , Infante Juan F , Lanio María E , Kadir Ramlah , López Yamilé , Sarmiento María E , Nor Norazmi Mohd , Acosta Armando
Published: February 2013

Mycobacterium smegmati s (Ms) is a nonpathogenic mycobacteria of rapid growth, which shares many characteristics with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the major causative agent of tuberculosis. MTB has several cell wall glycolipids in common with Ms, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and the induction of a protective immune response against MTB infection in some animal models. In this study, the humoral immune response and cross reactivity against MTB, of liposomes containing a mixture of cell wall glycolipids of Ms and commercial lipids was evaluated, in order to study its possible use as a component of a vaccine candidate against tuberculosis. Liposomes containing total lipids extracted from Ms, distearoyl phosphatidyl choline and cholesterol were prepared by the dehydration-rehydration technique. Balb/c mice were immunized with the liposomes obtained and the antibody response and cross reactivity against MTB were tested by ELISA. Total lipids extract from Ms showed the presence of several polar glycolipids in common with MTB, such as phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Liposomes that contained glycolipids of Ms were capable of inducing a specific IgG antibody response that allowed the recognition of surface antigens of MTB. The results of this study demonstrated the presence of immunogenic glycolipids in Ms, which could be included to enhance the protective effects of subunit vaccine formulations against tuberculosis.
In silico identification of common epitopes from pathogenic mycobacteria
Authors: de la Caridad Addine Ramírez Bárbara , Marrón Reynel , Calero Rommel , Mirabal Mayelin , Ramírez Juan Carlos , Sarmiento María E , Norazmi Mohd Nor , Acosta Armando
Published: February 2013

An in silico study was carried out to identify antigens for their possible collective use as vaccine candidates against diseases caused by different classes of pathogenic mycobacteria with significant clinical relevance. The genome sequences of the relevant causative agents were used in order to search for orthologous genes among them. Bioinformatics tools permitted us to identify several conserved sequences with 100% identity with no possibility of cross-reactivity to the normal flora and human proteins. Nine different proteins were characterized using the strain H37Rv as reference and taking into account their functional category, their in vivo expression and subcellular location. T and B cell epitopes were identified in the selected sequences. Theoretical prediction of population coverage was calculated for individual epitopes as well as their combinations. Several identical sequences, belonging to six proteins containing T and B cell epitopes which are not present in selected microorganisms of the normal microbial flora or in human proteins were obtained.
Intermedin in rat uterus: changes in gene expression and peptide levels across the estrous cycle and its effects on uterine contraction
Authors: Wong Chi-Wai , O Wai-Sum , Tang Fai
Published: February 2013

Background

The present study demonstrates the expression of intermedin (IMD) and its receptor components in the uterus of the female rat during the estrous cycle and its effect on uterine contraction.

Methods

The gene expression level of intermedin and its receptor components and the peptide level of intermedin were studied by real-time RT-PCR and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) respectively. The separation of precursor and mature IMD was studied by gel filtration chromatography and EIA. The localization of IMD in the uterus was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of IMD on in vitro uterine contraction was studied by organ bath technique.

Results

Uterine mRNAs of Imd and its receptor components and IMD levels displayed cyclic changes across the estrous cycle. Imd mRNA level was the highest at proestrus while the IMD level was the highest at diestrus. IMD was found in the luminal and glandular epithelia and IMD treatment significantly reduced the amplitude and frequency of uterine contraction but not the basal tone. Both calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist hCGRP8-37 and adrenomedullin (ADM) receptor antagonist hADM22-52 partially abolished the inhibitory effect of IMD on uterine contraction while the specific IMD receptor antagonist hIMD17-47 completely blocked the actions. The enzyme inhibitors of NO (L-NAME) and PI3K (Wortmannin) pathways diminished the IMD effects on uterine contraction while the cAMP/PKA blocker, KT5720, had no effect, indicating an involvement of NO and PI3K/Akt but not PKA.

Conclusions

IMD and the gene expression of its receptor components are differentially regulated in the uterus during the estrous cycle and IMD inhibits uterine contraction by decreasing the amplitude and frequency.
Quantifying the contribution of chromatin dynamics to stochastic gene expression reveals long, locus-dependent periods between transcriptional bursts
Authors: Viñuelas José , Kaneko Gaël , Coulon Antoine , Vallin Elodie , Morin Valérie , Mejia-Pous Camila , Kupiec Jean-Jacques , Beslon Guillaume , Gandrillon Olivier
Published: February 2013

Background

A number of studies have established that stochasticity in gene expression may play an important role in many biological phenomena. This therefore calls for further investigations to identify the molecular mechanisms at stake, in order to understand and manipulate cell-to-cell variability. In this work, we explored the role played by chromatin dynamics in the regulation of stochastic gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells.

Results

For this purpose, we generated isogenic chicken-cell populations expressing a fluorescent reporter integrated in one copy per clone. Although the clones differed only in the genetic locus at which the reporter was inserted, they showed markedly different fluorescence distributions, revealing different levels of stochastic gene expression. Use of chromatin-modifying agents showed that direct manipulation of chromatin dynamics had a marked effect on the extent of stochastic gene expression. To better understand the molecular mechanism involved in these phenomena, we fitted these data to a two-state model describing the opening/closing process of the chromatin. We found that the differences between clones seemed to be due mainly to the duration of the closed state, and that the agents we used mainly seem to act on the opening probability.

Conclusions

In this study, we report biological experiments combined with computational modeling, highlighting the importance of chromatin dynamics in stochastic gene expression. This work sheds a new light on the mechanisms of gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells, and argues in favor of relatively slow dynamics with long (hours to days) periods of quiet state.
Clinical pathways for inborn errors of metabolism: warranted and feasible
Authors: Demirdas Serwet , van Kessel Imke N , Korndewal Marjolein J , Hollak Carla EM , Meutgeert Hanka , Klaren Anja , van Rijn Margreet , van Spronsen Francjan J , Bosch Annet M ,   Dutch working Group
Published: February 2013

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are known for their low prevalence and multidisciplinary care mostly founded on expert opinion. Clinical pathways are multidisciplinary tools to organise care which provide a clear route to the best care and improve communication. In 2010 the Dutch Society for Children and Adults with an Inborn Error of Metabolism (VKS) initiated development of clinical pathways for inborn errors of metabolism. In this letter to the editor we describe why it is warranted to develop clinical pathways for IEMs and shortly discuss the process of development for these pathways in the Netherlands.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy investigation on human breast cancer cells
Authors: Zhu Jichun , Zhou Jing , Guo Jianyu , Cai Weiying , Liu Bo , Wang Zugeng , Sun Zhenrong
Published: February 2013

Background

Nanoparticles are potentially used for early cancer detection, accurate diagnosis, and cancer treatment.

Results

In this paper, the breast cancer cells treated with gold colloidal suspension were carefully studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. Raman spectroscopy combining with high-resolution electron microscope is employed to investigate the interaction of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with the intracellular components. The TEM images show that the GNPs are taken into the living cells and enveloped into some vesicles named ‘lick up vesicles’ in the cytosol.

Conclusions

The SERS spectra and SERS mapping of cells indicate that the major Raman bands are mostly assigned to the vibration characteristics of proteins, and the C-H in-plane bending mode of the substituted benzene in Phenylalanine is remarkably enhanced. Finally, the interaction mechanisms of the GNPs with the intracellular components are further discussed in detail.
A preparation of murine liver fragments for in vitro studies: liver preparation for toxicological studies
Authors: Alfazari Ali S , Al-Dabbagh Bayan , Almarzooqi Saeeda , Albawardi Alia , Souid Abdul-Kader
Published: February 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to develop liver tissue preparation suitable for investigating toxins. Hepatocyte respiration, ATP content, urea synthesis, caspase activity and morphology were measured as a function of in vitro incubation time. Mice were anesthetized by sevoflurane inhalation. Small liver fragments were then rapidly excised and incubated at 37°C in Krebs-Henseleit buffer (continuously gassed with 95% O2: 5% CO2) for up to 6 h. Phosphorescence O2 analyzer was used to determine the rate of cellular mitochondrial O2 consumption (k

c
, μM O2 min-1 mg-1). Cellular ATP was measured using the luciferin/luciferase system. The caspase-3 substrate N-acetyl-asp-glu-val-asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC) was used to monitor intracellular caspase activity; cleaved AMC moieties (reflecting caspase activity) were separated on HPLC and detected by fluorescence.

Findings

Respiration was inhibited by cyanide, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain. The values of k

c
(mean ± SD) for 0≤ t ≤6 h were 0.15 ± 0.02 μM O2 min-1 mg-1 (n = 18, coefficient of variation, CV = 13%), ATP content 131 ± 69 pmol mg-1 (1≤ t ≤6 h, n = 16, CV = 53%), synthesized urea 0.134 ± 0.017 mg/dL mg-1 in 50 min (0≤ t ≤6 h, n = 14, CV = 13%), and AMC peak area 62,540 ± 26,227 arbitrary units mg-1 (1≤ t ≤6 h, n = 3, CV = 42%). Hepatocyte morphology and organelles were reasonably persevered.

Conclusions

The described liver tissue preparation demonstrates stable hepatocyte structure, ultrastructure and biomarkers for up to 6 h, permitting in vitro studies.
Deletions in the pyruvate pathway of Salmonella Typhimurium alter SPI1-mediated gene expression and infectivity
Authors: Abernathy Jason , Corkill Carolina , Hinojosa Carolee , Li Xianyao , Zhou Huaijun
Published: February 2013

Background

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. S. Typhimurium encodes type III secretion systems via Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI), producing the major effector proteins of virulence. Previously, we identified two genes of Salmonella pyruvate metabolism that were up-regulated during chicken cell infection: pyruvate formate lyase I (pflB) and bifunctional acetaldehyde-CoA/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE). We were therefore interested in examining the role these genes may play in the transmission of Salmonella to humans.

Methods

Mutant strains of Salmonella with single gene deletions for pflB and adhE were created. Invasion and growth in human HCT-8 intestinal epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages was examined. Quantitative PCR was performed on 19 SPI-1 genes.

Results

In HCT-8 cells, both mutant strains had significantly higher intracellular counts than the wild-type from 4 to 48 h post-infection. Various SPI-1 genes in the mutants were up-regulated over the wild-type as early as 1 h and lasting until 24 h post-infection. In THP-1 cells, no significant difference in internal Salmonella counts was observed; however, SPI-1 genes were largely down-regulated in the mutants during the time-course of infection. We also found five SPI-1 genes - hilA, hilC hilD, sicP and rtsA - which were up-regulated in at least one of the mutant strains in log-phase broth cultures alone. We have therefore identified a set of SPI-1 virulence genes whose regulation is effected by the central metabolism of Salmonella.
Use of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for salinity assessment of Vaal-Harts irrigation scheme, South Africa
Authors: Ochieng George M , Ojo Olumuyiwa I , Otieno Fredrick AO , Mwaka Beason
Published: February 2013

Background

Soil salinity is a critical environmental problem in many countries around the world especially the arid and semi-arid countries like South Africa. The problem has great impact on soil fertility which in turns has a great effect on soil productivity. This paper addresses the use of remote sensing and GIS in the assessment of salinity using Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+) data of the Vaal-Harts irrigation scheme acquired with other field data sets and a topographical map to show the spectral classes and salt-affected areas for the years under assessment (1991 to 2005).

Results

The results of the study indicated that salinity problem exists and may get worse. The supervised classification maps show that most of the salinity problems are located along the entire scheme. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) tends to be higher along the irrigation canals. A plot of NDVI values and temperature trend give a correlation of 67% this is an indication that temperature is a major factor in the build up of salinity in the study area. The low salinity class increased by 4, 8618 km2, while medium and high salinity classes decreased by 4,296.4 km2 and 485.4 km2, showing an increase in the salinity trend over the years.

Conclusions

Considering the trend of salinity development in VHS, there is an urgent need for management program to be established in order to control the spread of the menace and therefore reclaim the damaged land in order to make the scheme more viable.
Semiautomated quantification of the influence of data richness on confidence in the geologic interpretation of aeromagnetic maps
Authors: Aitken A. R. A. , Holden E-J. , Dentith M. C.
Published: February 2013

Geologic interpretations of aeromagnetic maps are highly subjective but are rarely accompanied by a quantitative confidence assessment, which is a key limitation on the usefulness of the results. Here, we outline a method with which the relative level of data richness can be assessed quantitatively, leading to an improved understanding of spatial variations in interpretational confidence. Simple rules were used to quantify the likely influence of several major sources of uncertainty. These were: (1) the level of geologic constraint, using the local abundance of outcropping rock and the quality of geologic mapping; (2) the interpretability of the aeromagnetic data, considering the strength of edge-like features and the degree of directionality of these features, a proxy for structural complexity; (3) data collection and processing errors, including gridding errors, derived from the statistical error returned during kriging, and the influence of anisotropic line data collection on the detection of gradients. From these individual sources of uncertainty, an overall data richness map was generated through a weighted summation of these grids. Weightings were assigned so as to best match the result to the interpreter’s perception of interpretational confidence. This method produced a map of data richness, which reflects the opportunity that the data provided to the interpreter to make a correct interpretation. An example from central Australia indicated that the data influences were preserved over a moderate range of weighting factors, and that strong bias was required to override these. In addition to providing a confidence assessment, this method also provides a way to test the potential benefits of additional data collection.
Pulmonary lymphangiomatosis as a cause of first trimester nuchal cysts in a euploid fetus
Authors: de la Rosa Rodríguez Margarita Alvarez , Estévez Elsa C. , Castro Candelaria García , Pérez Ana I. Padilla , Luque Juan M. Troyano
Published: February 2013

Increased nuchal and perinuchal translucency in euploid fetuses can be due to a wide range of congenital malformations, metabolopathies or syndromes. We present a case of transient increased perinuchal fluid accumulation in a euploid female fetus that showed no anomalies in the morphological ultrasound scan on the 20th week of gestation. The lymphatic fluid accumulation resolved spontaneously but hydrothorax developed at week 29 of pregnancy. The hydrops recurred despite the placement of a pleuro-amniotic shunt, and the gestation ended in premature delivery and early neonatal death due to massive hydrops. Necropsy revealed pulmonary lymphangiomatosis. This disease had not been previously related to increased perinuchal translucency in a euploid fetus.
Feast, Famine, and History
Authors: Altmann Peter
Published: February 2013

This study builds upon recent composition-critical analysis of Deut 26,1–15 and highlights the importance of the festive meal topos for the interpretation of the section. This motif, shown to have developed new contours from its use in historically earlier texts of Deut, now accompanies the ritual utterances of vv. 5–10 and vv. 12–15. Eating in Deut 26,1–15 carries two related themes: celebration of a bountiful harvest in contrast to the memory of the perishing ancestor, and satisfaction for those in similarly precarious circumstances. When considered in light of the dangers associated with eating in Deut 6–11, the satisfaction and celebration in Deut 26 offer a positive ritual context for feasting in connection with the story of Yhwh’s provision in the exodus and gift of the land (cf. vv. 7–9).

Cette étude, basée sur les récentes analyses diachroniques de la composition de Deut. 26,1–15, met en évidence l’importance du motif du repas rituel pour l’interprétation de ce passage. La présentation du motif se distingue de celle des textes plus anciens du Deutéronome, car ce dernier est maintenant combiné avec les discours rituels des vv. 5–10 et vv. 12–15. »Manger« en Deut. 26 est rattaché à deux thèmes liés entre eux: la célébration de la moisson abondante qui contraste avec le souvenir de l’ancêtre en péril et le rassasiement de ceux qui se trouvent dans les mêmes circonstances précaires que lui. En plus, en regard des dangers concernant l’alimentation en Deut. 6–11, les motifs du rassasiement et de la célébration en Deut. 26 offrent un contexte rituel positif pour la narration de la sollicitude de Yhwh pendant l’exode et du don du pays de Canaan (cf. vv. 7–9).

Diese Untersuchung stützt sich auf jüngere kompositionskritische Analysen zu Dtn 26,1–15 und beleuchtet hier den Topos der Festmahlzeit. Die Ausgestaltung des Motivs weist aufgrund der Verbindung mit den rituellen Reden in V. 5–10 und V. 12–15 im Vergleich mit den älteren Texten des Dtn neue Akzente auf. Essen in Dtn 26,1–15 steht im Zeichen zweier miteinander verbundener Themen: Feiern einer großzügigen Ernte im Gegensatz zum Gedenken an den dem Untergang nahen Ahnherrn, und körperliche Sättigung für jene, die sich in ähnlich prekären Umständen wie dieser befinden. Mit Blick auf die in Dtn 6–11 mit der Nahrungsaufnahme verbundenen Gefahren bieten die Motive des Sattwerdens und des Feierns in Deut 26 zudem einen positiven rituellen Kontext für die Erzählung der Fürsorge Jhwhs während des Exodus und der Gabe des Landes (vgl. V. 7–9).
On the Biblical »Hidden« Calendar
Authors: Nodet Étienne
Published: February 2013

The Damascus Document claims that Israel has lost the true Biblical calendar, but a new community, called the Covenant, has been able to restore it. A Book of the division of Times (Jubilees) is cited as an authority. It displays a »solar« calendar of 52 weeks or 364 days. The year begins on a Wednesday of full moon and equinox, and the days are reckoned from the morning. This matches the Creation week and most Biblical dates, with numbered, unnamed months. However, the natural year contains ca. 365.25 days, but since nothing is said of the necessary adjustment for a perpetual system, we conclude that it was just a literary device, somewhat hidden. The Covenanters were able to restore it in awkward ways. The starting point was on Wednesday, March 23rd, 156 BCE, with equinox and full moon, an exceptional occurrence.

Le Document de Damas affirme qu’Israël a perdu le vrai calendrier biblique, mais une nouvelle communauté, l’Alliance, l’a restitué. Il est cité un Livre de la division des temps (Jubilés), qui s’appuie sur un calendrier »solaire« de 52 semaines ou 364 jours. L’année commence un mercredi de pleine lune et d’équinoxe, et les jours sont comptés du matin. Cela concorde avec la semaine de Création et la plupart des dates bibliques, qui sont à mois numérotés. Mais l’année tropique fait 365,25 jours env. et rien n’est dit de l’ajustement nécessaire dès l’an 2. Il s’agit en réalité d’une fiction littéraire, mais les sectaires de l’Alliance l’ont laborieusement reconstitué; le point de départ fut le mercredi 23 mars 156 BCE, avec équinoxe et pleine lune, conjonction très rare.

Die Damaskusschrift (CD) behauptet, dass Israel den wahren biblischen Kalender verloren, aber eine neue Gemeinschaft, der sog. »Bund«, diesen wiederhergestellt habe. Als Autorität wird das Jubiläenbuch zitiert, das einen »solaren« Kalender mit 52 Wochen oder 364 Tagen vertritt. Das Jahr beginnt mit einem Mittwoch bei Vollmond zur Tag-und-Nachtgleiche, und die Tage werden mit dem Morgen beginnend gezählt. Das passt zur Schöpfungswoche und den meisten biblischen Datumsangaben, in denen die Monate nummeriert sind. Aber das tropische Jahr hat ca. 365,25 Tage, und vom nötigen Ausgleich von Jahr 2 an wird nichts gesagt. In Wirklichkeit handelt es sich bei diesem Kalender um eine literarische Fiktion, doch haben die Angehörigen des »Bundes« diese mühsam wiederhergestellt. Als Ausgangspunkt diente dabei Mittwoch, der 23. März 156 v. Chr., mit Tag- und Nachtgleiche und Vollmond, einem sehr seltenen Zusammentreffen.