bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradable Pollution Permits and the Regulatory Game
Authors: Johnston Jason Scott
Published: February 2007

This essay pursues an underexplored aspect of the literature on tradable permit regimes by asking which among polluting firms are the likely winners and losers in the shift from a prescriptive approach to a market trading scheme, and under which conditions will firms support such a shift? One of the reasons why literature overlooks such questions is that analysts tend to use an overly simplified and unrealistic notion of command- and -control regulation. Although in some instances government regulations dictate to firms the particular technologies they must adopt, most prescriptive regulation consists of performance standards that firms may meet any way they choose. So-called command-and-control regulation always relies to some extent on adjustments in light of economic realities: both in the initial phase of level setting when the regulatory agency takes account of industrial processes and capacities in choosing the standard and later, when agencies negotiate particular permits. There is, moreover, considerable flexibility in the enforcement process, when agencies must determine whether firms are out of compliance and what must be done in response.
George Washington and Providential Agency
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: February 2007

Although the religious convictions and practices of many presidents have been ignored, Washington’s have been closely scrutinized and endlessly debated. Some authors have portrayed the Virginian as the epitome of piety, while others have depicted him as the patron saint of skepticism. Washington was a life-long Episcopalian, but the fact that he said almost nothing publicly or privately about the precise nature of his beliefs has evoked competing claims that he was a devout Christian, a Unitarian, a “warm deist”, and a “theistic rationalist”. One point, however, is not debatable: Washington strongly believed that providence played a major role in helping the United States win the Revolutionary War and function successfully as a republic. Arguably no president has stressed the role of providence in the nation’s history more than Washington. His religious convictions are clearly evident in the pivotal role he played in helping establish religious liberty and toleration as key principles of the new nation. As president, Washington was the first major spokesperson and practitioner of American civil religion, and after his death he became a principal figure in its development.
The Defeat of Māra
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C.
Published: February 2007

This chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on his confrontation with the God of Death named Māra. A highlight is the personification of the Bodhisattva's Ten Perfections as warriors who come to Siddhārtha's aid to fend off the battalions in Māra's army.
The Enshrining of the Relics
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C.
Published: February 2007

This chapter presents an English translation of the Sinhala Thūpavaṃsa, focusing on the seven relics that were not scattered into smaller pieces: the four Tooth Relics, the two Collar Bone Relics, and the Forehead Bone Relic. They substantiate analogous traditions wherein the Buddha's tooth, right collar bone, and forehead bone are said to have been enshrined in Laṅkā.
Epilogue
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C.
Published: February 2007

This epilogue describes a prediction wherein Duṭugämuṇu and various members of his family and court will be reborn to attend to the future Buddha Maitreya.
Beyond Literalism: Reflexive Spirituality and Religious Meaning
Authors: Besecke Kelly
Published: February 2007

The assumption of a necessary conflict between reason and religion has long informed discussions of the role of religion in modern society. This chapter describes and analyzes reflexive spirituality as a cultural movement that promotes the use of reason to enhance religious meaning. As a movement, reflexive spirituality represents an effort to bring an enhanced sense of transcendent meaning into the highly rationalized context of the United States. Practitioners offer a sophisticated cultural critique targeting modern societies’ preoccupation with literal meanings, to the exclusion of more profound meanings, both inside and outside of the religious sphere. Reflexive spirituality promotes metaphorical interpretation of traditional texts and rituals, wisdom gained from religious experience, and a critical embrace of religious pluralism.
Touching the Transcendent: Rethinking Religious Experience in the Sociological Study of Religion
Authors: Bender Courtney J.
Published: February 2007

This chapter reintroduces religious experience as a key theme and trope within contemporary religion. Taking a woman’s gripping out-of-body experience (during which she meets Jesus) as a starting point, it asks why recent sociological studies on the whole pay so little attention to individual religious experience. This is a curious omission given the recent attention to religion’s lived expression, not to mention the central role of experience within contemporary spirituality movements. Answering these questions call to attention several unresolved questions in the sociology of religion about the position and validity of religious experience, as well as about the ways that particularistic theologies shape sociological concepts of religion. This chapter calls for renewed attention to the study of experience, now and in the past, to better understand the full complexity of religion in contemporary lives.
Religion and Civic Life for Korean Americans
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard
Published: February 2007

This chapter creates a lens for readers to view the broader issues connecting religious participation and civic life for immigrants and their children. It explains that Korean Americans, as a growing share of American evangelicals, are an ideal group to provide insight into the processes that immigrants and their children undergo as they seek to become active participants in American civil society.
Religion, Race, and Ethnicity in Two Churches
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard
Published: February 2007

This chapter provides background on the two central churches examined in this study: Grace, a second-generation Korean church and Manna, a multiethnic church. It presents an overview of the history, people, and religious practices of the two churches. The relevance of Grace and Manna as cases of congregations with different approaches to connecting race, ethnicity, and civic life is discussed.
Civic Models and Community Service
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard
Published: February 2007

This chapter explores volunteerism among Korean Americans. Korean Americans in both Korean and multiethnic churches view their congregations as places that help them get involved with community service. In particular, they look to their churches for specific models of how to interact with their local community. Those in multiethnic churches are more individualistic while those in Korean American churches are more communally-oriented. Surprisingly, Korean Americans in multiethnic churches complete more individual acts of community service.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: February 2007

This chapter describes three types of intellectual property that have an impact on research and development: patents, copyrights, and trade secrets. It examines several views of the intellectual property system, including libertarianism, utilitarianism, Marxism, and contractarianism. To maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of protecting intellectual property, society should develop intellectual property policies that strike an appropriate balance between public and private interests.
Government Funding of R&D
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: February 2007

This chapter describes the government funding of research and some of the procedures that agencies use to award grants and contracts. It discusses some of the ethical problems that can arise in government funding of research, including political interference with peer review, earmarking, chasing government dollars, problems with teaching and mentoring, financial misconduct, fights over money in academia, and prima donnas.
Conclusion
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: February 2007

This chapter summarizes the arguments contained in the book. It argues that scientists and society should manage the relationship between research and financial interests, and develop social and economic institutions that promote the values of science, such as objectivity, honesty, and openness. Universities, private companies, granting agencies, journals, and professional associations should develop rules and guidelines for mitigating money’s corrupting influence on science and support education, training, and mentoring on research ethics for scientists and students in all sectors of the research economy.
1 Introduction
Authors: Harrison Simon
Published: February 2007

This chapter sets out the structure and method of this book. Will, evil, and predestination are all problems which have a history, and whose history is relevant to Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will. This book adopts a rather parsimonious approach to these contexts by focusing upon On Free Choice itself. Rather than attempting to map Augustine’s text onto a contemporary account of these concepts or locating it in an overarching narrative of their development, this book is an enquiry into the way Augustine uses such terms and ideas in the context of this particular text. A related methodological minimalism consists in the leaving out of detailed references to Augustine’s relationship to other historical figures and movements (Manichaeanism, Stoicism, Neoplatonism).
Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis of the Government‐Business Relationship
Authors: Okuno‐Fujiwara Masahiro
Published: February 2007

This chapter presents an abstract model of the government-business relationship and identifies institutional structures that determine the nature and outcome of this relationship in different societies. The importance ofex antepolicy rules versusex postnegotiation is discussed. The relative merits and demerits of different types of government are assessed, and the results are used to evaluate the development performance of the relation-based Japanese system contrasted with the rule-based United States system.
Barth and Schleiermacher on the Doctrine of Election
Authors: Gockel Matthias
Published: February 2007

The book argues that the doctrine of election in Karl Barth's early theology shows a striking resemblance to the position of Friedrich Schleiermacher, and that his later christological revision of the doctrine overcomes the limitations of his earlier ‘Schleiermacherian’ position. Initially, both agree that predestination is not a pre‐temporal decision by which God has decreed once and for all who will believe and who will not believe. Instead, the outcome of the divine decision is determined when God addresses a human being here and now. Schleiermacher's concept of a single divine decree is consistent with Barth's assertion that God addresses every person in the same way, but the responses to the address are diverse. Their doctrine of election is theocentric and envisions a teleological relation between reprobation and election, in which the former always serves the purpose of the latter, without an endorsement of universalism. Whereas Schleiermacher rejects the concept of double predestination, Barth modifies it twice. In Church Dogmatics II/2 it refers no longer to the twofold possibility of faith and unbelief but to the double determination of individual human beings and God's own being. It explains that God sees every human being and also Himself in Christ.
1 Hooker and the Jacobeans
Authors: Brydon Michael
Published: February 2007

The publication of the Polity was initially a damp squib, but the Reformed hostility of the writer of the Christian Letter combined with a Catholic desire to see Hooker as representative of the English Church helped define a distinctive religious position for him. William Covell’s defence of Hooker took the opportunity to remould him further in support of a growing distaste for the earlier style of the English reformation. Whilst there was still a desire to claim Hooker as a Reformed figure, he was increasingly favoured by avant-garde churchmen.
2 The Road Towards an Anglican Icon: The Treatment of Hooker under Charles I and the Commonwealth
Authors: Brydon Michael
Published: February 2007

The avant-garde clerical group came to enjoy ascendancy in the 1630s, and consequently, their comprehension of the Polity enjoyed a dominant position. This collapsed, however, with the crumbling of royal power, and something akin to a Reformed understanding of Hooker reasserted itself before the English Church was suppressed entirely during the Civil War. In the face of outright hostility, even former Church moderates amongst them were forced to become more extreme and embrace what can arguably be described as an Anglican interpretation of Hooker.
2 Athanasius' Earliest Polemical Work: the ‘Eusebians’ in the Epistula Encyclica of 339
Authors: Gwynn David M.
Published: February 2007

This chapter analyzes the earliest extant polemical work of Athanasius against the ‘Eusebians’, the Epistula Encyclica of 339. This text identifies all the essential elements that recur throughout Athanasius’ construction of his opponents as an ‘Arian party’. The ‘Eusebians’ exploit ecclesiastical politics and secular power to promote their ‘heresy’ and persecute ‘orthodox’ bishops such as Athanasius himself, driving him into exile and imposing into his church their own ‘Arian’ nominee, Gregory of Alexandria.
The Irreducible Historicality of the Concept of Art
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: February 2007

This essay aims to do just two things. One is to underline the necessity of a historical dimension in any acceptable account of arthood. Two is to sketch answers to certain objections that have been recently raised for an intentional-historical account of art, most of which offer a challenge to its insistence on an ineliminable historical element in any such account. In the course of underlining the historical character of the concept of art, it is shown that certain non-historical considerations appealed to by some theorists, for instance, institutional or functional ones, which appear to weigh importantly in some cases of arthood, in fact have an underlying or reinforcing rationale of a history-involving sort.
Elster on Artistic Creativity
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: February 2007

This essay is a study of what of general import might be said about the processes or principles of creativity in art, conducted through an examination of a thought-provoking discussion of artistic creativity by the social theorist Jon Elster. Issue is taken with Elster's account of creativity in art as simply a matter of optimizing choice within constraints following an earlier stage of choice of constraints, and with some of the evaluative consequences, both general and specific, that Elster draws from his account.
Music as Narrative and Music as Drama
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: February 2007

This essay poses the question of whether music, especially as regards its succession of expressive properties or states, is fruitfully thought of as a narrative of some sort. The answer returned is guardedly negative, and the attractions of an alternate model, one owing to the musicologists Anthony Newcombe and Fred Maus, of expressive music as dramatized rather than narrated emotion, are touted instead.
The Concept of Humor
Authors: Levinson Jerrold
Published: February 2007

This essay is concerned primarily with the question of what humor is, and with the somewhat distinct question, of what the bases or grounds of humor are. Traditional theories of humor are reviewed, an analysis of humor is proposed, and the issue of goodness in humor is briefly addressed. It is argued that the essence of humor is given by none of the traditional theories or their variants, residing instead in a particular pleasurable affect,amusement, elicited through cognition, and bearing a non-accidental relation to the behaviour known aslaughter.
A Theory of Virtue
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

This book offers a systematic, comprehensive framework for thinking about the moral evaluation of character. Many recent attempts to stake out a place in moral philosophy for this concern define virtue in terms of its benefits for the virtuous person or for human society more generally. Part One of this book presents and defends a conception of virtue as intrinsic excellence of character, worth prizing for its own sake and not only for its benefits. The other two parts address two challenges to the ancient idea of excellence of character. One challenge arises from the importance of altruism in modern ethical thought, and the question of what altruism has to do with intrinsic excellence. Part Two argues that altruistic benevolence has indeed a crucial place in excellence of character, but that moral virtue should also be expected to involve excellence in being for other goods besides the well-being (and the rights) of other persons. It explores relations among cultural goods, personal relationships, one's own good, and the good of others, as objects of excellent motives. The other challenge is typified by doubts about the reality of moral virtue, arising from experiments and conclusions in social psychology. Part Three of the book explores in detail the prospects for an empirically realistic conception of excellence of character as an object of moral aspiration, endeavour, and education. It argues that such a conception will involve renunciation of the ancient thesis of the unity or mutual implication of all virtues, and acknowledgement of sufficient ‘moral luck’ in the development of any individual's character to make virtue very largely a gift, rather than an individual achievement, though nonetheless excellent and admirable for that.
Excellence in Being for the Good
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

Virtue, comprehensively considered, is intrinsic excellence of persisting moral character, and excellence of moral character must be excellence in being for what is good. This chapter elaborates the concepts of being forsomething, of the good that virtue is for, and of excellence. The concept of a particular virtue or excellent trait of moral character is distinguished from, and related to, the more comprehensive concept of virtue.
Wickedness and Vices
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

This chapter rejects the notion of absolute evil and argues that even Satanic wickedness cannot be understood as unqualified opposition to all goods. Badness of character is found in the way one relates to particular goods — in deficiency or excess in being for them, or in being indifferent or even opposed to certain goods. Which goods is it a serious deficiency of character not to be for? This question is explored as a key to the mapping of both virtues and vices.
Virtue and its Benefits
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

The principal current alternative to defining virtue in terms of its intrinsic excellence is defining it in terms of its benefits. This chapter argues that a trait's being generally beneficial is not sufficient for it to be a virtue, and that its being more beneficial than any alternative may not even be necessary for a trait to be a virtue. In response to the question whether virtue ‘pays’, reliably benefiting its possessor, it is suggested that virtue may offer a great benefit that is inseparable from having a strong motive for conscientious and generous action.
Moral Inconsistency
Authors: Adams Robert Merrihew
Published: February 2007

Experiments and conclusions of ‘situationist’ social psychology have been seen by some as grounds for doubting that there are any virtues or vices, or more broadly any traits of character, at all. This chapter explores the experimental and theoretical basis of doubts that human behaviour is consistent enough from one type of situation to another to manifest anything worth calling a virtue. It argues that behavioral dispositions are probably acquired as merely probabilistic tendencies or as situation-specific modules, but that even so some of them may be virtues or parts of virtue. Less situation-specific and arguably more important as traits of character are qualities that are not directly behavioral dispositions, but lie behind them, such as important desires, cognitive states, and political and religious affiliations.
A Theory of Presentism
Authors: Bourne Craig
Published: February 2007

I begin by laying down three conditions which any theory of time should meet: it should accord with our view that certain statements about the past are true; that the truthmakers for those statements should be clear; and should accommodate the truth‐value links between various times. I show how two different kinds of presentism cannot meet these requirements, including that put forward by Prior. I develop a version of presentism, analogous to ersatz modal realism in the possible worlds debate, which does satisfy the requirements.
Transtemporal Relations (III): Causation
Authors: Bourne Craig
Published: February 2007

Begins by showing how theories of causation can be accommodated within presentism, discussing the regularity theory, the counterfactual theory, and the chance‐raising theory. Discusses the direction of time and causation and whether counterfactuals can ground it; also, whether the means–end connotation of causation guarantees the earlier to later direction of causation, but shows that it cannot by discussing Newcomb's problem in decision theory. Shows that Mellor's attempt to rule out causal loops, and thus backwards causation, fails. Concludes by discussing the ways in which presentism might be is said to be compatible with time travel and backwards causation, but shows how it is not possible on the theory I have developed.
Modeling Credit Markets
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit
Published: February 2007

One of the core assumptions of the neoclassical model is that there is a single market interest rate and every firm invests to the point where their marginal product is equal to this rate. There is a large body of research showing that this neoclassical postulate often does a very poor job of describing reality. It is shown that there seems to be clear evidence that the typical firm, at least in the developing world, has a marginal product which is substantially above the market interest rate. This suggests that the firm cannot borrow as much as it wants at the going market rate. In other words, the supply curve of capital to the firm must be upward sloping, or even vertical (a hard limit on how much the firm can borrow). A simple model is sketched that explains why lenders impose limits on how much firms can borrow.
CHAPTER 5The Reflexivity of Intention and Belief
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: February 2007

The view outlined thus far implicates a ‘high’ conception of beliefs and intentions on which those attitudes essentially involve reflective capacities, since the impact of our beliefs and intentions upon us is shaped by our knowledge of those very beliefs and intentions and of the normative commitments they incur. The view is defended through consideration of the phenomenology of belief and intention. There is a problem posed for the ‘high’ conception of intention and belief by the plausible thought animals lacking reflective capacities can have beliefs and intentions. The problem is addressed in terms of the idea that our (reflexive) believing and intending differs in psychological kind from any believing and intending on the part of non-reflective animals. A discussion of self-deception addresses an objection to the favoured view of intention deriving from the idea that we can unknowingly intentionally deceive ourselves.
2 The European Union and National Institutions
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: February 2007

The chapter begins with a brief discussion of EU institutional structures in comparison with national institutional structures. It then examines the EU’s comparative effects on unitary, regionalized, and federal member-states by considering in turn its impact on national executives, parliaments, subnational authorities, and courts. It follows with a more detailed exploration of the EU’s effects on four countries: France, Britain, Germany, and Italy. Although Europeanization has been more disruptive to the unitary structures of France than to those of Britain, Britain has had a harder time accepting EU-related changes and yet has had a better compliance record. And despite the fact that Europeanization has been least disruptive to Germany’s federal structures and most reinforcing to the regionalized structures of Italy, Germany’s compliance record is little better than that of France, while Italy’s is the worst.
WIDE SCREEN
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: February 2007

This chapter focuses upon the role of the term ‘concept’ in the management of everyday and scientific tasks: how we utilize the term as a measure of our preparedness with respect to designing an invention, predicting an outcome, fulfilling a recipe, and other tasks of that nature. It is argued that standard views (dubbed the ‘classical picture’ here) frequently exaggerate our anticipatory capacities by presuming that ‘concepts’ embody simple repositories of invariant directive instructions, whereas in real life usage is affected by far more variegated sources than we commonly recognize. Through a series of case studies drawn from science and everyday life, the book attempts to delimit our real state of ‘conceptual preparedness’ in more realistic terms, without tumbling into the intractable scepticism of Wittgenstein's celebrated ‘rule following’ considerations.
CLASSICAL GLUE
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: February 2007

The most widely shared conception of concepts, deeply rooted in everyday thinking, is here dubbed the ‘classical theory’ and associated with the views of Bertrand Russell (its main tenets are outlined in an appendix). The chapter surveys the optimistic portrait of human capacity that this picture ordains, as well as sketching the awkward tensions for which it is often criticized. Central in its narratives is the notion of ‘classical gluing’: words align with the world's attributes when an agent grasps the ‘contents’ of the attribute and aligns them with a suitable predicate. Such ‘classical gluing’ functions as a hidden premise within a greater portion of philosophical thinking than is generally recognized.
* THEORY FACADES
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: February 2007

Because classical demands on conceptual understanding are quite strong and can prove potentially inhibiting within a scientific context, various philosopher/scientists in the late 19th century proposed that certain predicates could be provided with an alternative form of ‘meaning’ through distributed normativity, i.e., through implicit definition within a syntactic web of interconnection. Applied mathematics, however, warns that such globally unified webs often do not provide optimal descriptive platforms. On the basis of these considerations, it is argued that the ‘facades’ of Chapter 6 often represent better ‘linguistic engineering’ solutions to certain descriptive problems.
THE CRITIC OF NATURE AND GENIUS
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: February 2007

The vital role of ‘concept’ as our chief means for expressing an evaluation of our present capacities for semantic diagnosis and control is reviewed, leading to chastened expectations that lie intermediate between the excessive optimism of classical thinking and the radical pessimism endemic to pragmatism. These considerations indicate a crucial need for a temperate form of semantic scepticism within our philosophical thinking, a lesson that the present chapter applies to a number of controversies prominent in current debate. An allied viewpoint is brought to bear upon familiar worries about the role of ‘truth’ in our thinking and the problems involved in ‘understanding’ another culture.
Semantics
Authors: McKay Thomas J.
Published: February 2007

This chapter develops a systematic semantics for non-distributive predication with plural quantification that does not employ the resources of set theory or any other ‘singularization’ of plural reference. This methodological constraint has some value for philosophy (especially metaphysics), but it also has value for linguistics and for the foundations of mathematics.
A Start on Model Theory
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: February 2007

This chapter provides a technical model theory, using the resources of mathematical logic, for vagueness in some formalized languages. The system has a similar structure to the supervaluationist approach, employing the notion of a sharpening (or precisification) of a base interpretation. In line with the philosophical account, however, the notion of super-truth does not play a central role in the development of validity. The model theory is much like that of the Kripke semantics for intuitionistic logic, except that both extensions and anti-extensions vary, in concert with each other, throughout a given frame. And the system does not rely on completely sharp interpretations.
Connectives, Quantifiers, Logic
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: February 2007

This chapter defines various connectives and quantifiers, and settles on a local notion of validity. The ultimate goal is to delimit a plausible notion of logical consequence and to explore what happens with the sorites paradox. It might be noted that the notion of ‘context’ does not appear, as such, in the formal development. Several features of the deployment of vague terms can go under that name, and there is no need to call one of them the context of utterance. This might attenuate any misunderstandings of the philosophical term ‘contextualist’.
Metaphysical Matters: Language, the World, and Objectivity
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: February 2007

This chapter begins with the question of whether vagueness is (merely) a linguistic phenomenon, concerning how we describe the world, or whether it is the world itself that is vague. The author expresses frustration at this issue of metaphysical vagueness, rather than adjudicating it one way or the other. Vagueness is seen as a linguistic phenomenon due to kinds of languages that humans speak. But vagueness is also due to the world we find ourselves in, as we try to communicate features of it to each other. Vagueness is also due to the kinds of beings we are. The second half of the chapter focuses on the objectivity of vague discourse.
Political Science: Judicial
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J.
Published: February 2007

This chapter considers the second, judicial branch of political science, with particular reference to penology. What is the purpose of punishment? The Neoplatonic interpretation of Plato’s penology (is punishment purely therapeutic?) is discussed, as this penology is expressed in Plato’s eschatology. Reference is also made to the specific example of a letter prescribing desirable practice in the exercise of justice, Sopartos’ letter to Himerios.
6 Mediating Institutions: Political Parties and Party Systems
Authors: Reilly Benjamin
Published: February 2007

Despite their acknowledged importance, parties have traditionally been viewed as social phenomena beyond the scope of deliberate institutional engineering. In recent years, however, political reformers in a diverse array of Asian and Pacific states including Thailand, Indonesia, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea have tried to shape the development of their party systems by strengthening party organizations, promoting cross-regional party structures, countering the rise of ethnic parties, and generally encouraging the growth of cohesive party organizations. While not yet the subject of much attention, these political experiments are likely to have important consequences for governance in the region. This chapter examines these various attempts across the Asia-Pacific to engineer the development of political parties and party systems.
3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INTEGRATION AT EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL: A CATALOGUE OF COORDINATING CAPACITIES
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan
Published: February 2007

This chapter charts the changing ways in which environmental policy integration (EPI) has been thought about and implemented in the EU since the 1970s. The implicit assumption that has underpinned the search for implementing tools is that more effective multi-level and cross-sectoral coordination will arise through a process of incremental, non-hierarchical learning in networks, which is not guided by a template disseminated by the EU. Section 2 briefly explores the intellectual origins of the EPI principle and unpacks its core meaning. Section 3 charts the changing ways in which EPI has been thought about and put into effect in the EU since c. 1970. Section 4 then reflects on these developments and attempts to put them into context. Section 5 maps the EU's response onto the typology of coordination capacities developed in Chapter 2, and pinpoints the most obvious gaps and overlaps.
11 THE COORDINATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: EXPLORING THE CAPACITIES OF NETWORKED GOVERNANCE
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan
Published: February 2007

This chapter returns to the three questions posed in Chapter 1. Section 2 assesses the extent to which the coordination tasks identified in Chapter 1 are satisfactorily performed. Section 3 examines thecapacities at network leveland assess their fitness for purpose. Section 4 reviews thecapacities of the actorswithin the network or networks. Section 5 responds to recent calls for solid ‘normative propositions’ about how EU policy networks should be structured to serve the European good. After all, as interest in complementary modes of governing grows, the EU should be more aware of what networks can — and, perhaps, just as importantly, cannot — offer by way of delivering policy objectives. The concluding section (6) returns to consider some of the broader governance-related themes raised towards the end of Chapter 1.
1 Crisis of Faith
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: February 2007

This chapter documents the way that the theme of Victorian crisis of faith has become vastly overblown in general histories of the period, textbooks, literary studies, and intellectual history. It recounts the main studies that have established this theme from Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, and casts the Victorian crisis of faith as a by-product of the evangelicalism and general religiosity of the age.
1 The Lord's Day
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: February 2007

This chapter outlines the attitude of Ulster Presbyterians to Sabbath attendance and observance, along with the efforts of religious reformers in the 19th century to improve lay practice and deal with the problems caused by population and urban growth.
2 Days of Fasting and Thanksgiving
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: February 2007

Marking of the ‘signs of the times’ and the appointment of days for fasting and thanksgiving were characteristics of 17th-century Presbyterianism. Seceders and evangelicals in the 18th and 19th centuries shared these concerns, and the reasons they gave for calling these special days revealed how they understood their relationship with the 17th century and how thought about God and his relationship with the created order.
5 Preaching
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: February 2007

This chapter examines the various traditions and changes within Ulster Presbyterian preaching. The first section provides an overview of Old Light and Seceder preaching, drawing attention to the ‘free offer of the gospel’ and its importance to the development of evangelicalism within Presbyterianism. Section two begins with some general comments about the influence of Enlightenment ideas upon Presbyterian preaching, as mediated through university education and presbytery trials, before examining New Light preaching. Section three assesses lay attitudes towards preachers and their sermons. The final section examines the development of an evangelical style of preaching in the 19th century that was influenced by the prevailing cultural mood of the time, but was also deeply indebted to the Old Light and Seceder preaching of the previous century.
11 Family Worship, Prayer Meetings, and Lay Involvement in Church Life
Authors: Holmes Andrew R.
Published: February 2007

This chapter describes the opportunities for fellowship and spiritual development that existed alongside public worship by assessing family worship and the development of prayer and fellowship meetings. It offers some comments about the impact of evangelicalism upon lay involvement in religious life in general, and Presbyterian church life in particular.
5 Native Rights and Gender Justice: The Case of Canada
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: February 2007

This chapter addresses the tensions that have arisen, in the Canadian context, between Native peoples’ (or First Nations peoples’) quest for political self-determination and the demand by some Native women that their sexual equality rights be protected through federal law (specifically, Canada’s 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms). It discusses the ambivalent relationship Native peoples have had with respect to the language of individual rights, consent, and sexual equality, and reflects on the difficulties this presents for protecting Native women. The chapter also illuminates the potential injustices that can arise both when dominant cultural groups fail to recognize the distinctive self-understandings of minority communities as well as when more powerful members of cultural communities attempt to silence vulnerable and less powerful group members.
A simple shape characteristic of protein–protein recognition
Authors: Nicola George , Vakser Ilya A.
Published: February 2007

Motivation: Observation of co-crystallized protein–protein complexes and low-resolution protein–protein docking studies suggest the existence of a binding-related anisotropic shape characteristic of protein–protein complexes.

Results: Our study systematically assessed the global shape of proteins in a non-redundant database of co-crystallized protein–protein complexes by measuring the distance of the surface residues to the protein's center of mass. The results show that on average the binding site residues are closer to the center of mass than the non-binding surface residues. Thus, the study directly detects an important and simple binding-related characteristic of protein shapes. The results provide an insight into one of the fundamental properties of protein structure and association.

Contact:  vakser@ku.edu
Flavobacterium defluvii sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge
Authors: Park Minjeong , Ryu Seung Hyun , Vu Thu-Huong Thi , Ro Hyeon-Su , Yun Pil-Yong , Jeon Che Ok
Published: February 2007

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB117T, was isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and characterized by polyphasic taxonomy. The cells were non-spore-forming rods that showed gliding motility. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C and pH 7.0–8.0. Strain EMB117T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the predominant polar lipid, and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 33.5 mol% and the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EMB117T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium johnsoniae DSM 425T (97.8 % sequence similarity). The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain EMB117T and F. johnsoniae ATCC 17061T was about 18 %. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain EMB117T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB117T (=KCTC 12612T=DSM 17963T).
Selective attention is a primary determinant of the relationship between working memory and general learning ability in outbred mice
Authors: Kolata Stefan , Light Kenneth , Grossman Henya C. , Hale Gregory , Matzel Louis D.
Published: February 2007

A single factor (i.e., general intelligence) can account for much of an individuals’ performance across a wide variety of cognitive tests. However, despite this factor’s robustness, the underlying process is still a matter of debate. To address this question, we developed a novel battery of learning tasks to assess the general learning abilities (GLAs) of mice. Using this battery, we previously reported a strong relationship between GLA and a task designed to tax working memory capacity (i.e., resistance to competing demands). Here we further explored this relationship by investigating which aspects of working memory (storage or processing) best predict GLAs in mice. We found that a component of working memory, selective attention, correlated with GLA comparably to working memory capacity. However, this relationship was not found for two other components of working memory, short-term memory capacity and duration. These results provide further evidence that variations in aspects of working memory and executive functions covary with general cognitive abilities.
Analysis of Proteomes Using the Molecular Scanner: Figure 1.
Authors: Déon Catherine , Bienvenut Willy , Sanchez Jean-Charles , Hochstrasser Denis F. , Müller Markus , Gras Robin , Appel Ron D.
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION

The molecular scanner offers a flexible and powerful visualization tool that can create a fully annotated 2D gel electrophoresis map. Proteins separated by 2D gel electrophoresis are simultaneously digested while undergoing electrotransfer from the gel to a membrane. The peptides are subjected to peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) analysis to identify proteins directly from the PVDF membranes by MALDI-TOF-MS scanning. An ensemble of dedicated tools is then used to create, analyze, and visualize a proteome as a multidimensional image. The molecular scanner method reduces to a minimum the sample handling prior to mass analysis and decreases the sample size to a few tens of micrometers, that is, the size of the MALDI-TOF-MS laser beam impact. The process can be divided into four parts: separation and digestion of proteins, acquisition of PMF data, processing of the MS data and protein identification, and creation of multidimensional proteome maps.
Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Hypercholesterolemia in Elderly Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Berger Alan K. , Duval Susan J. , Armstrong Chris , Jacobs David R. , Luepker Russell V.
Published: February 2007

There are limited data regarding the diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The authors describe the inhospital and discharge prescription patterns of lipid‐lowering agents in patients hospitalized with an AMI, and identify factors associated with low rates of utilization of these therapies. The authors analyzed the Minnesota Heart Survey, a population‐based surveillance project that retrospectively abstracted the medical records of patients hospitalized with AMI in 2001–2002 from 21 hospitals in the Minneapolis‐St Paul metropolitan area. They identified 2773 patients 30 years and older with an AMI. The mean total cholesterol was 175±45 mg/dL, the mean low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was 104±38 mg/dL, and the mean high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was 44±14 mg/dL. Statins were prescribed at discharge to 74.6%, 63.2%, and 38.5% of patients younger than 65, 65–74, and 75 years and older, respectively (P<.0001). The utilization of statins was highly correlated with the administration of other standard AMI therapies—aspirin, β‐blockers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and reperfusion therapy—and was more prevalent among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention than among those undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients remain less likely to receive lipid‐lowering therapy following an AMI. Greater attention is required to ensure that elderly AMI patients without contraindications are appropriately treated with lipid‐lowering therapy.
Highly tumorigenic human androgen receptor‐positive prostate cancer cells overexpress angiogenin
Authors: Kawada Manabu , Inoue Hiroyuki , Arakawa Masayuki , Takamoto Kozo , Masuda Tohru , Ikeda Daishiro
Published: February 2007

We have recently established a highly tumorigenic cell line, LNCaP‐CR, derived from human androgen‐dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells. In the present study, we examined the genes responsible for the high tumorigenicity of LNCaP‐CR cells. The cDNA microarray analysis and protein array of secreted factors indicated angiogenin (ANG), an angiogenic factor, as a candidate gene. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay confirmed that LNCaP‐CR cells expressed high levels of ANG but not vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), compared with the parental LNCaP cells. We also proved that another tumorigenic androgen receptor‐positive prostate cancer cell line, 22Rv1, secretes higher levels of ANG than VEGF. To assess the contribution of ANG to the highly tumorigenic phenotype, we transfected the ANG gene into LNCaP cells in order to overexpress ANG, and also transfected ANG small interfering RNA‐expressing constructs into LNCaP‐CR cells to downregulate ANG. Overexpression of ANG in LNCaP cells did not affect their growth in vitro, but it significantly enhanced tumorigenicity and angiogenesis in vivo. In contrast, knockdown of ANG expression in LNCaP‐CR cells also did not affect the growth in vitro, but it led to a significant decrease in tumorigenicity and angiogenesis. Taken together, ANG is one of the genes responsible for the high tumorigenicity of LNCaP‐CR cells. Thus, our results support the idea that ANG is an attractive target for cancer therapy and show that LNCaP‐CR cells are useful for studying ANG action and experimental therapeutic approaches targeting ANG. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 350–356)
Contemporary treatment of class II dens invaginatus
Authors: Sathorn C. , Parashos P.
Published: February 2007

Aim  To present the nonsurgical management of a tooth with class II dens invaginatus with an open apex utilizing contemporary techniques.

Summary  Root canal treatment of teeth with complex root canal anatomy such as dens invaginatus can be problematic because infected pulpal tissues may remain in inaccessible areas of the canal system. The cleaning and debridement of such root canal systems are therefore challenging and may sometimes be considered impossible. An immature apical root‐end development is another challenge in root canal treatment especially in controlling the apical extent of the filling material and achieving an apical seal. When difficulties in cleaning and filling combine, management options may include surgical intervention or extraction. This article reports the nonsurgical endodontic treatment of a case of an open apex and dens invaginatus utilizing the operating microscope, endodontic ultrasonic instruments and mineral trioxide aggregate.

Key learning point

• Teeth with class II dens evaginatus and an open apex may be managed successfully with contemporary nonsurgical materials and techniques.