bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonial wildlife conservation and the origins of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (1903–1914)
Authors: Prendergast David K. , Adams William M.
Published: July 2003

Fauna & Flora International (FFI) celebrates its centenary in 2003. It was founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (SPWFE) in London in 1903. This paper analyses the events, people, and debates behind its formation and early development. It discusses why the Society was formed, how it worked, and what its main concerns were. It considers the nature and success of the Society's work from 1903 to 1914 in influencing the British Colonial Office's policy on issues such as game reserves, hunting and wildlife clearance for tsetse control in Africa. The SPWFE drew together an elite group of colonial administrators, hunters and other experts on game in Africa, and was effective in lobbying the Colonial Office about preservation. Many of its concerns, and ideas about how to address them, are similar to those that are current today, a century after its establishment.
Getting drunk with Abū Yazīd or staying sober with Junayd: the creation of a popular typology of Sufism
Authors: MOJADDEDI JAWID A.
Published: July 2003

The first major works of Sufism each systematically define the terms for drunkenness (sukr) and sobriety (sahw). This article attempts to trace the changes in the definitions of these terms in the tenth- and eleventh-century Sufi manuals, from the oldest example, Abū Nasr al-Sarrāj's (d. 378/988) Kitāb al-Luma‘ to ‘Alī Hujwīrī's (d. c. 467/1074) Kashf al-mahjūb, and to consider their implications. Hujwīrī provides an extensive debate about the relative value of the two experiences to which the terms refer, and associates arguments on either side with Abū Yazīd al-Bastāmī (d. 261/874–5?) and Abū l-Qāsim al-Junayd (d. 297/910), respectively. While the latter association stands out as innovative because previous commentators had not mentioned these individuals as exemplars of drunkenness and sobriety, it is argued here that Hujwīrī's choice was not entirely arbitrary, but a consequence of the dynamic nature of both biography and the definition of technical terminology.
Tughluqabad, third interim report: gates, silos, waterworks and other features
Authors: SHOKOOHY MEHRDAD , SHOKOOHY NATALIE H.
Published: July 2003

An early-fourteenth-century capital of the Delhi sultanate, Tughluqabad is a prototype for the planning of many later cities. The ruins of Tughluqabad represent the extent of the architectural design and engineering skills of the time, while the street layout and other urban features remain as the earliest existing example of Indo-Muslim urban planning and its architectural components. In this report the survey of the major fortified gates with their corridors and guard rooms is presented, along with the granaries built to sustain the town in the event of siege or famine. A detailed study of the systems for controlling the water supply also shows how the flood plain was dammed and the water level managed by an ingenious system of sluices to create an artificial lake which supplied the moat and town. The report is part of the project of survey of Tughluqabad initiated in 1986 and complements the two earlier interim reports in BSOAS, 57 (1994) and 62 (1999), in which the architectural remains were studied together with urban planning and the method for construction of the town.
Tang Taoism and the mention of Jesus and Mani in Tibetan Zen: a comment on recent work by Rong Xinjiang
Authors: BARRETT T. H.
Published: July 2003

The contributions of Rong Xinjiang to the study of Tang civilization, and particularly of external influences upon it, have already rapidly mounted up to a considerable number, so the appearance of a volume collecting many of his essays together in one place is much to be welcomed.
An early letter from Emperor Haile Sellassie to the Christian missionaries to the Jews
Authors: ULLENDORFF EDWARD
Published: July 2003

The Amharic letter published and translated here was sent to me by the learned Brad Sabin Hill, formerly of the Centre for Hebrew Studies at Yarnton, Oxford, and currently at New York.
Muyaka's poetry in the history of Bao
Authors: DE VOOGT ALEXANDER J.
Published: July 2003

Literary and archaeological evidence date mancala playing rules to the seventeenth century and mancala game boards at least to the sixth century A.D. Individual mancala games are rarely identified since different rules may be used on identical boards. The mancala game of Bao is a possible exception since its board often has distinctive square holes in the centre which also require characteristic rules. Muyaka bin Haji composed a poem on Bao in the early nineteenth century. The composition of the poem and the references to situations in the game indicate that his game is directly related to today's game of Bao. Muyaka's poem allows the rules of Bao to be dated to the beginning of the nineteenth century, almost a century before the earliest physical evidence of this game. In addition, it provides the earliest evidence of game rules which can be related to a contemporary mancala game.
Children of the Welfare State: Individuals with Entitlements, or Hidden in the Family?
Authors: SKEVIK ANNE
Published: July 2003

‘Feminist’ social policy has done an important job in developing new concepts for studying welfare state variation. But just like ‘mainstream’ social policy, gender-sensitive analyses have their blind spots. This article argues that differences in policies towards children remain an understudied area, and that developing concepts for varying policy approaches to children can increase our understanding of social political differences. Two countries – the UK and Norway – are juxtaposed in the empirical analysis, which centres on policies towards children living with one parent and the development of universal child benefits. The empirical discussion suggests that the UK traditionally has been closer to an ‘organic’ view of the family, while Norway has been closer to an ‘individual’ view. Two dimensions are highlighted: the separation of parenting and partnering for the purposes of social benefits, and the extent to which the ‘worthiness’ of the parents determine transfers to children. Both these dimensions have the potential to influence strongly distribution between families with children, as well as the legitimacy of the benefits. They should therefore be of crucial importance in comparative studies of family policy and social policy.
Progressing the Equality Agenda in Northern Ireland
Authors: OSBORNE R. D.
Published: July 2003

Developing the equality agenda has been a major preoccupation of policy intervention in Northern Ireland since Direct Rule from London was instituted in 1972. This paper examines how policy has developed and its effectiveness. The paper highlights new developments since the Belfast Agreement of 1998 and examines in particular new attempts to mainstream equality in the policy process. The paper concludes by suggesting that the Northern Ireland experience has much to offer students of social policy elsewhere.
Social Exclusion and Transport in the UK: A Role for Virtual Accessibility in the Alleviation of Mobility-Related Social Exclusion?
Authors: KENYON SUSAN , RAFFERTY JACKIE , LYONS GLENN
Published: July 2003

This paper reports findings from research into the possibility that mobility-related social exclusion could be affected by an increase in access to virtual mobility – access to opportunities, services and social networks, via the Internet – amongst populations that experience exclusion. Transport is starting to be recognised as a key component of social policy, particularly in light of a number of recent studies, which have highlighted the link between transport and social exclusion, suggesting that low access to mobility can reduce the opportunity to participate in society – a finding with which this research concurs. Following the identification of this causal link, the majority of studies suggest that an increase in access to adequate physical mobility can provide a viable solution to mobility-related aspects of social exclusion.

This paper questions the likelihood that increased physical mobility can, by itself, provide a fully viable or sustainable solution to mobility-related aspects of social exclusion. Findings from both a desk study and public consultation suggest that virtual mobility is already fulfilling an accessibility role, both substituting for and supplementing physical mobility, working to alleviate some aspects of mobility-related social exclusion in some sectors of society. The paper incorporates an analysis of the barriers to and problems with an increase in virtual mobility in society, and concludes that virtual mobility could be a valuable tool in both social and transport policy.
Unemployment Protection and Labour Market Reform in France and Great Britain in the 1990s: Solidarity Versus Activation?
Authors: CLASEN JOCHEN , CLEGG DANIEL
Published: July 2003

Standard accounts of unemployment protection and labour market policy reform tend to put France and the UK at opposing ends of the spectrum of values and policy directions in Europe. British efforts in the 1990s of switching emphasis from ‘passive’ benefit payment towards promoting participation in ‘active’ programmes of labour market integration are widely understood as a product of liberalism, individualism and increasing labour market flexibility, introducing a degree of workfare into the overall structure of unemployment support. By contrast, in France the resistance of traditional values and a ‘social treatment of unemployment’ are often portrayed as having put a brake on labour market reform and retrenchment of unemployment protection. After a reflection on the respective national discourses, the article challenges this view and points to a more complex reality that includes not only acknowledgement of labour market differences but also trends of convergence and counterintuitive developments. Secondly, it claims that in the 1990s Britain and France have both moved increasingly towards an unemployment policy based on activation, but in forms which reflect, to a great extent, different political incentive structures. The political implications of differentially institutionalised interests have in this way driven unemployment policy in different, but not opposing, directions. Recognition of this more nuanced reality should enable a better theoretical understanding of the social and political conditions for successful activation policies.
Social Solidarity, Welfare and Post-Emotionalism
Authors: RODGER JOHN J.
Published: July 2003

The article critically examines the assumption implicit in the research on social solidarity and popular attitudes that institutional solidarity equates with mutual care in society. Following a review of a selection of recent empirical research on social solidarity and popular attitudes to welfare it is concluded that the evidence points to general support for welfare based on self-interest and the principle of mutual insurance rather than social altruism. The analysis proceeds by arguing that social and economic changes which have resulted in social polarisation have weakened ‘functional democracy’ (the reciprocal dependency of one social group or class on another) leading to possible ‘decivilising tendencies’ and a decline in mutual empathy. The article argues that post-emotionalism may be the result of these processes: the breakdown in mutual knowledge across the class divide; the intellectualisation of feelings; interaction based on false ‘niceness’; the manipulation of emotions. The paper concludes by suggesting that post-emotional attitudes are the by-product of government social steering towards amoral familism in social policy through the provision of a ‘vocabulary of motives’ which are negative to state welfare.
Re-conceptualising Welfare-To-Work for People with Multiple Problems and Needs
Authors: DEAN HARTLEY
Published: July 2003

One of the acknowledged limitations of British welfare-to-work policies has been that they do not necessarily succeed in assisting people with multiple problems and needs. This article will first examine conflicting aspects of welfare-to-work policies and the conflict between welfare-to-work and the concept of work–life balance, particularly as this may apply to people whose lives are especially difficult. Secondly, the article reports on the general findings of a small-scale qualitative study of the labour market experiences of people with multiple problems and needs and, more particularly, an analysis of the discursive strategies used by participants in the study. The article concludes with some observations about how welfare-to-work might be re-conceptualised to accommodate ontological as well as practical life needs.
Ending Public Assistance: The Transformation of US Public Assistance Policy into Labour Policy
Authors: KARGER HOWARD JACOB
Published: July 2003

A convincing argument can be made that US income maintenance policy would be better housed under the Secretary of Labour than with the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Begun almost 30 years ago, the transformation of public assistance policy into labour policy reached fruition with the passage of the groundbreaking Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), a bill that would dramatically transform the face of the American welfare state. Despite the inclusion of important welfare policies, the PRWORA was essentially labour policy clothed in welfare terminology. This article examines the metamorphosis of public assistance policy into labour policy and proposes alternatives to promote durable labour force attachment as well as ways to ease former recipients into the workforce through equity-based labour policies.
Social Policy Digest Goes Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: July 2003

Readers will be aware that one of the Journal of Social Policy's regular features, the Social Policy Digest, is being relaunched as a web-based publication.
The past in the present: revitalising history in music education
Authors: McCarthy Marie
Published: July 2003

The author presents an exploration of recent thinking in historiography as a basis for revitalising history in music education. An overview of developments in history and historical research in music education is followed by an examination of metaphors that illuminate the historical process and reflect a postmodern approach to ‘doing history’. The author then focuses on two issues that have been central to debate in historiography – history and narrative, and history and memory. She concludes with recommendations for revitalising history and historical research in music education, presented from three perspectives – dispositions towards history in the profession, the content of historical research, and methodological implications of the ‘new’ history.
Music education: perspectives from current ethnomusicology
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J.
Published: July 2003

This paper first outlines the focus of ethnomusicology as a discipline, pointing to its concentration on music examined as intersocial activity and identifying the methodological givens that follow from that assumption. It then looks at concerns shared with researchers in the field of music education, with references to the ethnomusicological literature. The concept of music and topics of musical transmission and ability are treated in depth, to show what ethnomusicological approaches offer to specialists in music education. A final section introduces the writing of ethnography, prior to the conclusion, which identifies further areas of mutual interest.
Music education in the twenty-first century: a psychological perspective
Authors: Hargreaves David J. , Marshall Nigel A. , North Adrian C.
Published: July 2003

Starting from Hargreaves' (1986a) review of the relationship between developmental psychology and music education, we characterise the mid-1980s as a point at which the different main strands of music psychology – cognitive, developmental, and social – began to unfold. We move to the present day and beyond, suggesting that a major change has been the incorporation of a social perspective: it may now make more sense to talk about the developmental social psychology of music and music education. Four levels of social influence are distinguished – the individual, the interpersonal, the institutional, and the cultural – and we suggest that the concept of identity may enable explanations of social influence at the individual level. We review some research on musical style sensitivity as an exemplar of this general approach, and conclude by applying the social–cultural perspective to current developments in music education. This gives rise to two new conceptual models: of the opportunities that are offered by music education in the twenty-first century, and the outcomes that might be derived from it.
Music sociology: getting the music into the action
Authors: DeNora Tia
Published: July 2003

Music sociology has addressed the history of the musical canon, taste and social exclusion. It has also addressed issues of musical value and the perceptual politics of musical reputation. More recently, it has developed perspectives that highlight music's ‘active’ properties in relation to social action, emotion and cognition. Such a perspective dispenses with the old ‘music and society’ paradigm (one in which music was typically read as distanced from and ‘reflecting’ social structure) and points to core concerns in sociology writ large and to educational concerns with music's role as a socialising medium in the broadest sense of that term.
Music therapy with children: a complementary service to music education?
Authors: Bunt Leslie
Published: July 2003

This article is divided into three parts. In Part I a brief description of a music therapy session will highlight some key features of a music therapy approach with children. The session will be used as a springboard for a short survey of some theoretical perspectives that underpin music therapy practice. Part II will outline the development of music therapy in the UK and the current range of work with children. Some evidence of music therapy's effective contribution to the development of the whole child will be drawn from published research and case material. Part III will place music therapy in wider social, musical and cultural contexts, outlining some contemporary challenges including closer collaboration with music educators and researchers.
What philosophy can bring to music education: musicianship as a case in point
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R.
Published: July 2003

My response to the question ‘What can philosophy bring to music education?’ is to offer a case in point. Three important tasks that philosophers can fulfil – clarifying ideas, interrogating commonplaces, and suggesting applications to practice – are illustrated through an analysis of musicianship. Doing philosophy is inseparable from the content of philosophy, and how the idea of musicianship is clarified, interrogated, and applied is of central interest to music education, as is the task of music education philosophy itself. The article highlights the crucial importance of teachers as participants in this work.
SPECIAL ISSUE: PERSPECTIVES ON MUSIC EDUCATION
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: July 2003

Music education is an eclectic field of study, and those concerned with questions of musical learning and teaching draw upon a variety of disciplines including psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, ethnomusicology, and music therapy. For this Special Issue, we have asked leading scholars within these disciplines to share insights on how their research area might contribute to a greater understanding of the learning and teaching of music. Our aim and theirs is to communicate recent developments in the disciplines to music educators, and hopefully to stimulate in the pages of BJME a dialogue with colleagues in related fields of interest.
Corpora and crises
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: July 2003

Sometimes the world directly impinges even on language journals. This notably happened to ET69 (18:1, Jan 02), the first issue after terrorists destroyed New York's Twin Towers. In that issue, I looked at some of the usage of this new kind of terrorism and those who have to deal with it, focusing first on the terror (notably at Ground Zero in New York), then on the words of George W. Bush, who was described by one journalist as ‘moving from the quiet language of grief to the rowdy colloquialisms of the Old West’, and finally to Islamic expressions both co-opted by al-Qaeda and used by Western writers.
The strange case of Dr Blair and Mr Bush: Counting their words to solve a mystery
Authors: Saraceni Mario
Published: July 2003

THE ALLIANCE between US President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair during the recent Second Gulf War has appeared anomalous to many, because they belong to ideologically very different political parties. Blair, in particular, has been accused of having betrayed some of the left-wing ideas that, historically, have characterised the Labour Party. This article seeks to understand the extent to which, at least in linguistic terms, the ideas of Blair and Bush may not be as alike as one might be tempted to believe. Two small corpora of interviews and speeches were collected over a period of some six weeks, all relating to the war in Iraq. Analysis of the corpora reveals some notable differences between Blair and Bush and also shows that certain important – and more hidden – elements of discourse escape this type of investigation and need closer scrutiny.
Reading skills and terrorism
Authors: Abbott Gerry
Published: July 2003

A seriously tongue-in-cheek essay on helping learners learn through doubting and challenging, and not through swallowing whole what they are told in the classroom or a book.
A British response to some Indian English usages
Authors: Mehrotra Raja Ram
Published: July 2003

English has been established in India for well over two centuries, and is now both its major lingua franca and ‘window on the world’. Some Indianisms are however little known beyond South Asia and are liable to be regarded by native speakers of English as ‘deviant’ in various ways. Here, a project is described in which a set of distinctive and representative Indian English expressions was shown to a group of native English speakers who were asked to comment on them. The list includes both distinctive words (such as face-cut, freeship, and weightage) and distinctive senses of universally used words (such as chaste, see, and tempo). The responses are discussed and a summarizing conclusion presented.
The jockey and his horse
Authors: Blaisdell Bob
Published: July 2003

It is told, that in the art of education he performed wonders; and a formidable list is given of the authors, Greek and Latin, that were read in Aldersgate-street, by youth between ten and fifteen or sixteen years of age. Those who tell or receive these stories should consider that nobody can be taught faster than he can learn. The speed of the horseman must be limited by the power of his horse. Every man that has ever undertaken to instruct others, can tell what slow advances he has been able to make, and how much patience it requires to recall vagrant inattention, to stimulate sluggish indifference, and to rectify absurd misapprehension.

Samuel Johnson, “John Milton”

The greatest man of letters in English continually reminds us in his essays and in Boswell's Life that we need to expect an awful lot of resistance to learning, and that he himself, Dr. Samuel Johnson (who had single-handedly composed a dictionary in seven years) lived full of “vagrant inattention” and “sluggish indifference” – though not of “absurd misapprehension”.
Studying New Zealand English
Authors: Kuiper Koenraad
Published: July 2003

NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH is one of the most closely studied national varieties of English outside of the USA and UK, and a source of significance for the dialect differentiation and historical evolution of English. Most of the work has been done in the relatively short period of about 15 years compared with the longer time frame of studies in British and American English. One reason for this is that New Zealand English has, from its beginning, benefited from significant co-operative and collaborative activity among New Zealand linguists.
The subversion of Korean revisited?
Authors: Duffy Michael
Published: July 2003

IN 1989, English Today published an article by Sangsup Lee entitled “The subversion of Korean” (ET20 Oct 89). Dr. Lee was concerned with the importation from English into written Korean of hitherto unmarked grammatical distinctions like singular/plural, past/past perfect and active/passive. More recently, Korean scholars and commentators have become concerned over what they see as a different kind of subversion, this time lexical rather than grammatical, with the widespread adoption of English words into the Korean language.
The best of both worlds: inflated terms in IT (and other) discourses
Authors: Gailor Dennis
Published: July 2003

In the paper to which this study responds, Bruthiaux discussed verbal creativity in IT, ranging from short figurative terms such as bug and virus to such ‘heavy premodifying groups’ as random access memory and central processing memory. He also drew attention to both intransitive verb forms such as Setup is initializing and The menu will repeat, and (most notably) such ‘unaccusative’ constructs as ‘Close this dialog box when download completes’ and ‘Sit back and relax while Windows 98 installs on your computer’. The present paper takes the discussion further in terms of ‘fog’ and ‘inflation’, ‘unaccusatives’, superfluity and excessive Latinity, tautological phrasing, and such lexical curiosities as overwrite used to mean ‘replace’.
Pitkern and Norfolk revisited
Authors: Avram Andrei A.
Published: July 2003

The English creole now known as ‘Pitkern-Norfolk’ is spoken as a community language only on the widely separated Pitcairn and Norfolk Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Scholars divide the pidgins and creoles of English into two broad types: Atlantic and Pacific. Logically, the creole that arose as a consequence of the mutiny on the Royal Navy's H.M.S Bounty in 1789 should straightforwardly belong in the Pacific group, but internal evidence indicates, paradoxically, that it is an Atlantic rather than a Pacific Creole.
The changing use of deference among the Mississippi Chinese
Authors: Gong Gwendolyn
Published: July 2003

In the biracial southern American state of Mississippi, the Chinese represent a “third culture,” an enclave with their own distinct Mississippi Chinese (MC) culture and community. The MC have learned to negotiate culturally and linguistically between white and black communities, developing speech strategies influenced by both Southern Genteelism and Confucianism. This essay begins with a review of deference, a key rhetorical feature used with particular adroitness by MC living in the Delta. Deference is defined as the courteous yielding to others and may occur in two forms: accommodation (i.e., making the non-MC speaker feel comfortable and welcome) and topic shifting (i.e., changing the subject of conversation). Next, the article includes examples of how this feature has changed or subsided in the speech of urban MC and concludes with some possible reasons for this shift.
A decline in spoken English?
Authors: Stewart Ralph
Published: July 2003

“THIS IS THE CBC,” says the announcer. Till quite recently, stressing the “is” would have implied that someone had been asserting that it WASN'T the Canadian Broadcasting Company, but not now. Similarly, we are told that the Olympic games ARE taking place, tomorrow WILL be sunny, and the host of the program HAS convened the usual panel.
Who are these Fowlers?
Authors: Allen Robert
Published: July 2003

‘Who are these Fowlers?’ wrote a reviewer in the New York Times, quoted on page 56 of this much-needed biography of the more famous of the brothers, Henry Watson Fowler. The review was not of Modern English Usage or any of their other well-known books, but of an earlier work they wrote for Oxford University Press, a translation of the Syrian Greek writer Lucian of Samosata, published in 1905, the work that first brought them into contact with the strange world of academic publishing.
Reproductive traits of tropical rain-forest trees in New Caledonia
Authors: Carpenter Raymond J. , Read Jennifer , Jaffré Tanguy
Published: July 2003

Reproductive traits of 123 species of rain-forest tree from ultramafic regions of New Caledonia were assessed, mainly from herbarium specimens. Most species had extremely small, simple, pale-coloured flowers that are probably mainly pollinated by small insects, but not including bees. The seeds of most species were considered to be bird dispersed. However, wind is also important for pollination and seed dispersal. The phenological trend was for an increase in the number of species flowering and fruiting around the end of the warm dry season/start of the hot wet season, followed by a decline at the end of the wet season, and lower proportions during the cooler season. Seed size was significantly correlated with fruit size. Other correlations, between flower size and fruit size, and between seed size and seed number, were significant using species as independent observations, but did not hold following phylogenetic correction. Compared with non-dioecious species, dioecious species had significantly larger seeds, and a greater proportion of species with biotic dispersal, abiotic pollination and solitary (female) flowers. The long-term persistence of at least the larger-seeded tree species in New Caledonia is precarious, since the endemic giant pigeon, Ducula goliath, is probably their principal effective disperser, and this species is in decline.
Consistency and variation in the bat assemblages inhabiting two forest islands within a neotropical savanna in Bolivia
Authors: Aguirre Luis F. , Lens Luc , van Damme Raoul , Matthysen Erik
Published: July 2003

Neotropical bats occupy a large variety of trophic niches, and represent locally abundant, species-rich communities. As such, they are highly suited as a model group for the study of temporal and spatial dynamics of animal communities. However, despite this important research potential, data on the dynamics and turnover rates of Neotropical bat communities are lacking. We here study both aspects for bats inhabiting two natural forests surrounded by savanna in Bolivia. Over a period of 8 y, both bat communities showed high rates of species turnover. As predicted, species relying on fluctuating food resources were more likely to be absent in particular years, whereas species relying on more predictable food supplies were present in all years.
The importance of figs for frugivores in a South African coastal forest
Authors: Bleher Bärbel , Potgieter Christina J. , Johnson David N. , Böhning-Gaese Katrin
Published: July 2003

For many tropical forests a tendency for fruit production to fluctuate seasonally has been established, with pronounced peaks of abundance and periods of fruit scarcity during which a few important resources maintain frugivore communities. However, there is a lack of studies in subtropical forests on community phenology and on the identification of important resources. In this study, community-wide fruit availability and its use by the local frugivore community was investigated in the subtropical coastal dry forest of Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, South Africa over 13 mo from July 1997 to July 1998. Along 19.5 km of phenology trails, 940 individuals of 96 plant species bearing fleshy fruits were monitored twice per month and fruit-eating animals observed. Although some fruit was available all year round richness of both fruiting species and fruit abundance showed a seasonal pattern with peaks at the end of August to beginning of October (i.e. before the rainy season) and March to May (i.e. after the rainy season). Periods of fruit scarcity were found in July and August (i.e. during the long dry season) and in November and December (i.e. during the rainy season). Fruits of 23 plant species were observed being eaten by 18 species of bird and two of monkey. Highest animal numbers were attracted by Ficus thonningii, a species that fruited asynchronously during most of the year and during periods of fruit scarcity, and provided high overall fruit biomass. The importance of this species as a potential keystone resource for the frugivore community is discussed.
Shrimp abundance and habitat relationships in tropical rain-forest streams, Sarawak, Borneo
Authors: Iwata Tomoya , Inoue Mikio , Nakano Shigeru , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Doi Atsushi , Covich Alan P.
Published: July 2003

Microhabitat use and habitat-abundance relationships of four freshwater shrimps, Atyopsis moluccensis, Macrobrachium pilimanus, Macrobrachium trompii and Macrobrachium neglectum, were surveyed in tropical streams running through primary and secondary forests in Borneo, East Malaysia. Underwater observations revealed that A. moluccensis preferred relatively high water velocity and a boulder substrate. Macrobrachium pilimanus also preferred high water velocity and a cobble substrate, whereas M. trompii occupied stream margins with slow current and fine substrates (from POM (particulate organic matter) to pebbles). In contrast, M. neglectum was distributed relatively evenly through the stream channel. The abundance of A. moluccensis, M. pilimanus and M. trompii in the stream reaches was best explained by the abundance of boulders, cobbles and POM, respectively, suggesting that the amount of preferred microhabitat is an important factor affecting shrimp abundances in the tropical rain-forest streams. The primary-forest reaches were dominated by coarse substrates, such as cobbles and boulders, while a great proportion of the streambeds in the secondary-forest reaches were covered with sand. Owing probably to such habitat differences, the abundance of both A. moluccensis and M. pilimanus, which preferred coarse substrates, was less in the secondary- than in the primary-forest reaches. These suggested that loss of preferred habitat, namely decreased coarse substrate availability, by sedimentation resulting from riparian deforestation had altered the shrimp assemblage structures.
Effects of artificial defoliation on growth, reproduction and leaf chemistry of the
mangrove Kandelia candel
Authors: Tong Y. F. , Lee S. Y. , Morton B.
Published: July 2003

The effects of defoliation on leaf and propagule production, and leaf chemistry
of the mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce were evaluated in a manipulative experiment in
Hong Kong. Artificial defoliation of leaf lamina at 50% of the length of midrib resulted in
significant reduction in leaf, twig and propagule production, and size of the latter. Through the
negative effects on propagule number and size, severe herbivory may influence fitness of the
mangrove, and, thus, community structure. In contrast, no apparent adverse effects on growth and
production were observable at 25% defoliation. Defoliation also significantly affected leaf
chemistry of the trees, particularly those suffering 50% defoliation. Concentrations of soluble
tannins and carbohydrates in leaves were significantly lower at 50% defoliation compared with the
control. Total nitrogen also decreased significantly with increased per cent defoliation. Plants
surviving in stressful habitats, such as mangroves, are probably more affected by loss of leaf
biomass than those surviving in favourable environments.
Effect of tillage, clipping and climate on grass phytomass in a Zambian savanna
Authors: Chidumayo Emmanuel N.
Published: July 2003

The effect of tillage, clipping, precipitation and temperature on above-ground grass production was investigated in permanent plots at a Zambian savanna site for 5 y (1996^2001) by the harvest method. Mean species richness was 4.6 species m-2 with a total of 15 species at the study site. Mean end-of-season grass phytomass was 464 g m-2 with no statistically significant differences among years in control quadrats. Grass phytomass recovered within two wet seasons after tillage and a similar trend was observed after cessation of a 2-y monthly harvesting regime. However, in experimental quadrats, plot, treatment and year had significant effects on grass production. Previous- and current-season precipitation had no significant effect on end-of-wet-season grass phytomass but phytomass of the previous season explained 27-53% of the variation in end-of-wet-season phytomass. Grass production peaked in the wet season and declined sharply as the dry season progressed. The interaction between precipitation, temperature, harvesting and duration of the dry season explained 81-91% of the variation in daily grass production but the significance of the interactions varied with season and duration of harvesting. Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grasses declined from 2.25 g m-2 mm-1 at the start of the wet season in December to 0.25 g m-2 mm-1 at the end of the season in March. Monthly harvesting for 1 y reduced PUE to less than 25%. The results indicate very complex relationships between above-ground grass production (dependent variable) and climate and land-use (independent) factors that makes the prediction of grass production in central southern African savannas difficult.
Monodominance in the ectomycorrhizal Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) from Guyana
Authors: Henkel Terry W.
Published: July 2003

Dominance of primary rain forests by the ectomycorrhizal, leguminous canopy tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) was investigated in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. In five 1-ha forest inventory plots in the Upper Ireng and Upper Potaro River drainages basal areas of D. corymbosa ranged from 38.4-52.8 m2 ha-1 (63-85% of total) among all trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), values in the upper range for tropical moist forests worldwide. The high basal areas for D. corymbosa were due to the prevalence of large (>150 cm dbh), multi-stemmed individuals. Stem densities in Dicymbe plots ranged from 276-433 ha-1, with D. corymbosa contributing 24.6-59.8%. In three 1-ha mixed forest plots adjacent to the Dicymbe plots, D. corymbosa was absent. In the mixed forests, stem densities were higher (480-585 ha-1), basal areas were lower (36.7-39.8 m2 ha-1), species diversity was higher, and canopy tree species were more equitably distributed than in the Dicymbe plots. Tree community composition was not qualitatively different between Dicymbe and mixed forests. In the Dicymbe plots, mean sapling and seedling densities of D. corymbosa were significantly higher than most other canopy species, indicating persistent monodominance. Edaphic variation did not account for variation in forest composition. Life history traits are discussed which may contribute to clumping in D. corymbosa, including coppicing and mast-fruiting, and the potential role of litter-trapping physiognomy and ectomycorrhiza-mediated nutrient dynamics in promoting monodominance is noted.
Niche occupancy in south-eastern Brazilian tadpole communities in montane-meadow streams
Authors: Cabral Eterovick Paula , Souza Barros Isalita
Published: July 2003

Microhabitat use by tadpole species was investigated in streams of montane meadows of the Serra do Cipó, south-eastern Brazil. Microhabitats were classified into 24 types based on water depth, current, aquatic vegetation and substrate type, and quantified in 16 streams. A total of 844 tadpoles from 19 species was recorded, as well as microhabitat types used. Tadpoles, from all species pooled, used microhabitat types in the proportions available in the set of sampled streams. Diversity of microhabitats used was considered as a measure of niche breadth for tadpoles, and microhabitat diversity in streams was interpreted as available niche space. For the most part, species used microhabitats in different proportions, and conspecifics differed in microhabitat use among different streams. Neither niche breadths nor niche overlaps of tadpoles could be related to the number of species occupying streams. Thus not all available niche space may be occupied by tadpole species. More generalist species (those with broader niches) did not generally occupy more streams. Behavioural flexibility of tadpoles in microhabitat use may be a response to the unpredictability of the montane-meadow stream habitat. The role of adult anurans in choosing oviposition sites may also influence the distribution of tadpole species among streams.
Seasonal patterns in the activity and species richness of surface-foraging termites (Isoptera) at paper baits in a tropical Australian savanna
Authors: Dawes-Gromadzki Tracy , Spain Alister
Published: July 2003

The species present, and the frequencies and intensities of termite attack on 600 paper baits exposed at the soil surface were compared over three seasonal exposures and between two savanna sites of contrasting vegetation structure in northern Australia. Eleven species were recorded, with Microcerotermes nervosus and Schedorhinotermes actuosus comprising 43% and 27% of collections respectively. The most commonly sampled species nest underground or build epigeal mounds and are known to feed on sound and decaying wood. Changes in species dominance occurred between seasons and the two forest types. In both vegetation types, the number of species active and the frequency of attack increased with the duration of bait exposure and decreased in the order: transitional > wet > dry. Bait consumption was greater in the site with higher canopy cover, and did not differ significantly between seasons. No direct relationships were noted between rainfall recorded at the sites and species richness, frequency and intensity of attack on baits. We recommend exposure of paper baits for at least 2 mo during the transitional period as the optimal protocol for sampling at the time of greatest activity and diversity of those species within the guild of wood-feeding species regularly attracted to paper baits.
Root biomass and carbon in a tropical evergreen forest of Mexico: changes with secondary succession and forest conversion to pasture
Authors: Jaramillo Víctor J. , Ahedo-Hernández Raúl , Kauffman J. Boone
Published: July 2003

Conversion of tropical evergreen forests to crops or pastures results in significant depletions of terrestrial carbon (C) pools. Root biomass and root C pools were quantified in tropical evergreen primary forest, and in secondary forests and pastures of different ages, in the Los Tuxtlas Region, Veracruz, Mexico. Total root biomass to 1-m depth ranged from 19 to 27 Mg ha-1 in primary forest, from 5.5 to 22.5 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests (8-, 20- and 30-y-old), and from 3.1 to 5.4 Mg ha-1 in pastures (12-, 20- and 28-y-old). Large roots (> 20 mm in diameter) were largely absent below 40 cm depth in secondary forests and pastures. Roots in the 0–40 cm soil depth represented 60–76% of the total root biomass in primary forest, 77–93% in secondary forests, and 89–96% in pastures. Root biomass comprised 4.7–6.2% of the total biomass in primary forests and between 6.8–8.5% in secondary forests. These low values, the relatively high concentration of roots in the top 40 cm of soil, and the shallow depth at which large roots occurred in secondary forests suggest forest susceptibility to natural disturbances. Root C pools ranged from 7.9 to 11.6 Mg ha-1 in primary forests, from 2.1 to 9.6 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests and from 1.0 to 1.9 Mg ha-1 in pastures. The estimated total ecosystem C pool in primary forest was 415 Mg ha-1, it ranged from 187-246 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests, and was 179 Mg ha-1 in pastures. Tropical forest conversion to pasture decreased the root C pool by nearly 80% and represented a 94% loss of C in ecosystem biomass. Absolute losses of root C were nevertheless small when compared with the above-ground C loss. Carbon distribution among ecosystem biomass components is key to adequately understanding the consequences of land-use/cover change on C dynamics in tropical regions.
Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in trees of a neotropical rain forest
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez José Luis
Published: July 2003

In lowland tropical and temperate forests, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption from senesced leaves may reflect a mechanism of conservation of a limiting nutrient (Edwards & Grubb 1982, Killingbeck 1996, Proctor et al. 1989, Scott et al. 1992, Songwe et al. 1997, Vitousek & Sanford 1986). At the ecosystem level it has important implications for element cycling. The nutrients which are resorbed during leaf senescence are directly available for further plant growth, which makes a species less dependent on current nutrient uptake. Nutrients which are not resorbed, however, will be circulated through litterfall in the longer term (Aerts 1996).
Short-term fruit removal from a neotropical shrub with experimental bicoloured displays
Authors: Wenny Daniel G.
Published: July 2003

Interest in the colour of fruits eaten by vertebrates has a long history (Ridley 1930, Turcek 1963, van der Pijl 1972). Within a given geographical area, colours of bird-consumed fruits compared with mammal-consumed fruits are fairly consistent (Janson 1983, Wheelwright & Janson 1985, Willson & Whelan 1990), but comparisons among different regions reveal selective pressures of different animal groups (Lord 2002, Willson et al. 1989). One consistent pattern among regions is that fruits with a two-colour display typically are eaten by birds (Wheelwright & Janson 1985, Willson & Thompson 1982, Willson & Whelan 1990). Thus, it is thought that such bicoloured displays are specifically adapted to attract birds and plants with these displays presumably benefit from seed dispersal by birds (Janson 1983, Willson & Whelan 1990).
Leaf-area index change across river-beach successional transects in south-eastern Peru
Authors: Emmons Louise H. , Dubois Marc A.
Published: July 2003

As part of the programme Écosystèmes et
Paléoécosystémes des Forêts
Intertropicales (ECOFIT,France),we are engaged in multisite comparative studies of how
forests regenerate across ecotones such as those between forests and savannas
(Vincens et al. 2000).One such ecotone comprises the forest succession from bare soil
that occurs naturally on beach successions along meandering rivers. To gauge
the development of foliar layers during succession and quantify changes of efficiency of the
vegetation in capturing the available solar energy, we are measuring the Leaf Area Index
(LAI) of transects within forests and across their edges.
Rethinking Differential Obligations: Equity Under the Biodiversity Convention
Authors: ILES ALASTAIR
Published: July 2003

Biodiversity loss raises some of the most difficult issues of equity in international environmental law. Differential obligations have been developed as a means of enabling developed and developing countries to participate in the Biodiversity Convention. This article contends that the actual practices of these obligations have been cast narrowly, reinforce the existing politics and economics of biodiversity conservation, and are difficult to see and practise. They have been predominantly understood as obliging the transfer of funds and technology between states and as implicitly encouraging technology-based development pathways. The article calls for differential obligations to be reworked in environmental justice terms to encompass plural, alternative development pathways, such as creating local economies. It proposes that emerging market-based, community initiatives and the ecological footprint concept could help to provide ways to make differential obligations more workable.