bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel molecular insights into the critical role of sulfatide in myelin maintenance/function
Authors: Palavicini Juan Pablo , Wang Chunyan , Chen Linyuan , Ahmar Sareen , Higuera Juan Diego , Dupree Jeffrey L. , Han Xianlin
Published: July 2016

Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the production of sulfatide, a major class of myelin‐specific lipids. CST knockout (CST−/−) mice in which sulfatide is completely depleted are born healthy, but display myelin abnormalities and progressive tremors starting at 4–6 weeks of age. Although these phenotypes suggest that sulfatide plays a critical role in myelin maintenance/function, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We analyzed the major CNS myelin proteins and the major lipids enriched in the myelin in a spatiotemporal manner. We found a one‐third reduction of the major compact myelin proteins (myelin basic protein, myelin basic protein, and proteolipid protein, PLP) and an equivalent post‐developmental loss of myelin lipids, providing the molecular basis behind the thinner myelin sheaths. Our lipidomics data demonstrated that the observed global reduction of myelin lipid content was not because of an increase of lipid degradation but rather to the reduction of their synthesis by oligodendrocytes. We also showed that sulfatide depletion leads to region‐specific effects on non‐compact myelin, dramatically affecting the paranode (neurofascin 155) and the major inner tongue myelin protein (myelin‐associated glycoprotein). Moreover, we demonstrated that sulfatide promotes the interaction between adjacent PLP extracellular domains, evidenced by a progressive decline of high molecular weight PLP complexes in CST−/− mice, providing an explanation at a molecular level regarding the uncompacted myelin sheaths. Finally, we proposed that the dramatic losses of neurofascin 155 and PLP interactions are responsible for the progressive tremors and eventual ataxia. In summary, we unraveled novel molecular insights into the critical role of sulfatide in myelin maintenance/function.

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Cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) catalyzes the production of sulfatide, a major class of myelin‐specific lipids. CST knockout (CST−/−) mice in which sulfatide is completely depleted are born healthy, but display myelin abnormalities We show in our study that sulfatide depletion leads to losses of myelin proteins and lipids, and impairment of myelin functions, unraveling novel molecular insights into the critical role of sulfatide in myelin maintenance/function.
Glycine release from astrocytes via functional reversal of GlyT1
Authors: Shibasaki Koji , Hosoi Nobutake , Kaneko Ryosuke , Tominaga Makoto , Yamada Katsuya
Published: July 2016

It was previously reported that functional glycine receptors were expressed in neonatal prefrontal cortex; however, the glycine‐releasing cells were unknown. We hypothesized that astrocytes might be a major glycine source, and examined the glycine release properties of astrocytes. We also hypothesized that dopamine (DA) might be a trigger for the astrocytic glycine release, as numerous DA terminals localize in the cortex. We combined two different methods to confirm the glycine release from astrocytes. Firstly, we analyzed the supernatant of astrocytes by amino acid analyzer after DA stimulation, and detect significant glycine peak. Furthermore, we utilized a patch‐clamp biosensor method to confirm the glycine release from astrocytes by using GlyRα1 and Glyβ‐expressing HEK293T cells, and detected significant glycine‐evoked current upon DA stimulation. Thus, we clearly demonstrated that DA induces glycine release from astrocytes. Surprisingly, DA caused a functional reversal of astrocytic glycine transporter 1, an astrocytic type of glycine transporter, causing astrocytes to release glycine. Hence, astrocytes transduce pre‐synaptic DA signals to glycine signals through a reversal of astrocytic glycine transporter 1 to regulate neuronal excitability.

image

Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13785.
Doxycycline reduces the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor without altering the eruption process
Authors: Gomes J. R. , Omar N. F. , Neves J. d. S , Novaes P. D.
Published: July 2016

Background and Objective

Doxycycline is an antibiotic agent that inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present in the extracellular matrix. In this study, the rat incisor was submitted to a hypofunctional condition, and the effects of doxycycline (80 mg/kg/d) on the expression and activity of MMP‐2, as well as on eruption rate, were determined in the odontogenic region and in the periodontal ligament for 14 d.

Material and Methods

Rats were distributed into four groups: normofunctional (NF); doxycyline normofunctional (DNF); hypofunctional (HP); and doxycyline hypofunctional (DHP). The left lower incisors of 10 rats were shortened every 2 d, using a high‐rotation drill, to produce the HP and DHP groups, after starting doxycycline treatment (80 mg/kg) by gavage. Eruption was measured using a millimeter ocular, from the gingival margin to the top of the tooth in the HP and DHP groups, and also by a mark made in the tooth previously, in the NF and DNF groups. The hemimandibles were removed and the teeth were extracted to collect the periodontal and odontogenic tissues for immunohistochemical analyses and zymography.

Results

The eruption rates were higher in the HP and the DHP groups than in the NF and DNF groups, respectively (p < 0.05). In the odontogenic region, neither of the treatments changed the expression and activity of MMP‐2. In the HP group, the shortening treatment decreased the expression, but not the activity, of MMP‐2, while doxycycline was able to inhibit the increase of expression and activity of MMP‐2.

Conclusion

We conclude that the inhibition of MMP‐2 by doxycycline, during incisor shortening, was not enough to alter the eruption rate, which suggests that MMP‐2 may have an important role in the turnover of extracellular matrix of the periodontal ligament during the tooth‐eruption process.
Hip bone morphometrics of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Adriatic Sea: Sex determination and postnatal development
Authors: Đuras Martina , Jagar Ivona , Gomerčić Tomislav , Watson Alastair , Škrtić Darinka , Galov Ana
Published: July 2016

Bones are frequently the only cetacean samples available in the wild and may be useful for determination of sex, physical maturity, body length, and body mass. We analyzed the postnatal morphological development and morphometric characteristics of the cleaned and dried, paired hip bone (os coxae) from 131 bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, (61 females, 70 males; total body length 117–322 cm) ranging in age from neonates to 28 yr, salvaged from Croatian waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea. Adult dolphins exhibited sexual dimorphism in their hip bone morphology and morphometrics: fully‐formed hip bones from males were significantly longer, heavier, and more robust than those from females. Moreover, the fully formed hip bone from males featured a prominent bony tuberosity protruding dorsolaterally from the caudal half that was significantly wider and higher than in females. Morphometric measurements were used to generate classification functions for reliable sex determination (97%). In addition, hip bone length in both sexes correlated tightly with total body length, allowing one measurement to be calculated from the other. Only a single ossification developed in all hip bones although soft tissue attachments and comparative review suggests homological equivalence with the tripartite terrestrial mammal hip bone.
Reconsidering Intentions
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio
Published: July 2016

This paper argues that the principles of instrumental rationality apply primarily to extended action through time. Most philosophers assume that rational requirements and principles govern in the first instance momentary mental states, as opposed to governing extended intentional actions directly. In the case of instrumental rationality, the relevant mental states or attitudes would typically be preferences, decisions, or intentions. In fact, even those who recognize the extended nature of our agency still assume that rational requirements apply primarily to mental states at a moment in time. Such views try to do justice to the extended nature of our agency by postulating rational requirements that apply in the first instance to plans, policies, and intentions more generally. The paper focuses on the central case of requirements and reasons governing the reconsideration of intentions and argues that these requirements or reasons are either superfluous or invalid.

I argue that a proper conception of instrumental reasoning that applies directly to actions turn out to have surprising consequences. In fact, this conception allows us to see that policies, projects and the like are best understood as instances of extended actions, and that the instrumental requirements that apply to projects and policies are exactly the same as the instrumental requirements that apply to ordinary extended actions. Finally, I argue that the resulting theory of instrumental rationality is a significant improvement over theories that rely on principles governing intentions.
Expression‐level support for gene dosage sensitivity in three Glycine subgenus Glycine polyploids and their diploid progenitors
Authors: Coate Jeremy E. , Song Michael J. , Bombarely Aureliano , Doyle Jeff J.
Published: July 2016

Retention or loss of paralogs following duplication correlates strongly with the function of the gene and whether the gene was duplicated by whole‐genome duplication (WGD) or by small‐scale duplication. Selection on relative gene dosage (to maintain proper stoichiometry among interacting proteins) has been invoked to explain these patterns of duplicate gene retention and loss. In order for gene dosage to be visible to natural selection, there must necessarily be a correlation between gene copy number and gene expression level (transcript abundance), but this has rarely been examined.

We used RNA‐Seq data from seven Glycine subgenus Glycine species (three recently formed allotetraploids and their four diploid progenitors) to determine if expression patterns and gene dosage responses at the level of transcription are consistent with selection on relative gene dosage.

As predicted, metabolic pathways and gene ontologies that are putatively dosage‐sensitive based on duplication history exhibited reduced expression variance across species, and more coordinated expression responses to recent WGD, relative to putatively dosage‐insensitive networks.

We conclude that selection on relative dosage has played an important role in shaping gene networks in Glycine.
Lifestyle intervention can reduce the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Song C. , Li J. , Leng J. , Ma R. C. , Yang X.
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to examine the effect of lifestyle intervention on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We searched PubMed, Springer and other databases to retrieve articles published in English and Chinese up to 30 September 2015. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of lifestyle intervention on risk of GDM. Exclusion criteria were studies with prepregnancy diabetes mellitus or interventions with nutrient supplements. Random‐effect and fixed‐effect model analyses were used to obtain pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of diet and physical activity on the risk of GDM. Subgroup analyses were performed to check the consistency of effect sizes across groups where appropriate. We identified 29 randomized controlled trials with 11,487 pregnant women, addressing the effect of lifestyle intervention on the risk of GDM. In the pooled analysis, either diet or physical activity resulted in an 18% (95%CI 5–30%) reduction in the risk of GDM (P = 0.0091). Subgroup analysis showed that such intervention was effective among women with intervention before the 15th gestational week (relative risk: 0.80, 95%CI 0.66–0.97), but not among women receiving the intervention afterwards. We conclude that lifestyle modification during pregnancy, especially before the 15th gestational week, can reduce the risk of GDM. © 2016 World Obesity
Advice for Noncognitivists
Authors: Willer Malte
Published: July 2016

Metaethical noncognitivists have trouble arriving at a respectable semantic theory for moral language. The goal of this article is to make substantial progress toward demonstrating that these problems may be overcome. Replacing the predominant expressivist semantic agenda in metaethics with a dynamic perspective on meaning and communication allows noncognitivists to provide a satisfying analysis of negation and other constructions that have been argued to be problematic for metaethical noncognitivism, including disjunctions. The resulting proposal preserves some of the key insights from recent work on the semantics of expressivism while highlighting the widely neglected early noncognitivists' sympathies to the kind of dynamic story I intend to tell here. A comparison between the advertised dynamic semantic story and current proposals that treat expressivism as a pragmatic rather than semantic theory about moral language is provided.
Reduced paucimannosidic N‐glycan formation by suppression of a specific β‐hexosaminidase from Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Shin Yun‐Ji , Castilho Alexandra , Dicker Martina , Sádio Flavio , Vavra Ulrike , Grünwald‐Gruber Clemens , Kwon Tae‐Ho , Altmann Friedrich , Steinkellner Herta , Strasser Richard
Published: July 2016

Plants are attractive hosts for the production of recombinant glycoproteins for therapeutic use. Recent advances in glyco‐engineering facilitate the elimination of nonmammalian‐type glycosylation and introduction of missing pathways for customized N‐glycan formation. However, some therapeutically relevant recombinant glycoproteins exhibit unwanted truncated (paucimannosidic) N‐glycans that lack GlcNAc residues at the nonreducing terminal end. These paucimannosidic N‐glycans increase product heterogeneity and may affect the biological function of the recombinant drugs. Here, we identified two enzymes, β‐hexosaminidases (HEXOs) that account for the formation of paucimannosidic N‐glycans in Nicotiana benthamiana, a widely used expression host for recombinant proteins. Subcellular localization studies showed that HEXO1 is a vacuolar protein and HEXO3 is mainly located at the plasma membrane in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Both enzymes are functional and can complement the corresponding HEXO‐deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. In planta expression of HEXO3 demonstrated that core α1,3‐fucose enhances the trimming of GlcNAc residues from the Fc domain of human IgG. Finally, using RNA interference, we show that suppression of HEXO3 expression can be applied to increase the amounts of complex N‐glycans on plant‐produced human α1‐antitrypsin.
Osmotic adjustment is a prime drought stress adaptive engine in support of plant production
Authors: Blum Abraham
Published: July 2016

Osmotic adjustment (OA) and cellular compatible solute accumulation are widely recognized to have a role in plant adaptation to dehydration mainly through turgor maintenance and the protection of specific cellular functions by defined solutes. At the same time, there has been an ongoing trickle of skepticism in the literature about the role of OA in supporting crop yield under drought stress. Contrarian reviews argued that OA did not sustain turgor or that it served mainly for plant survival rather than productivity. This critical review examined 26 published studies where OA was compared with yield under drought stress in variable genotypes of 12 crops, namely, barley, wheat, maize, sorghum, chickpea, pea, pigeon pea, soybean, canola, mustard, castor bean and sunflower. Over all crops a positive and significant association between OA and yield under drought stress were found in 24 out of 26 cases. Considering that it is generally difficult to find a singular plant trait responsible for yield advantage of numerous crops under different drought stress conditions, this evidence is no less than remarkable as proof that OA sustains crop yield under drought stress.
Coexisting Bacillus Calmette–Guérin‐Induced Lupus Vulgaris Involving the Vaccination Site and Lichen Scrofulosorum in an Immunocompetent Boy
Authors: Angoori Gnaneshwar Rao
Published: July 2016

The coexistence of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)‐induced lupus vulgaris involving the site of vaccination with lichen scrofulosorum is rare. Herein we report a 3‐year‐old boy who presented with lupus vulgaris at the vaccination site 3 weeks after neonatal BCG vaccination followed by the development of lichen scrofulosorum approximately 2.5 years later. Characteristic clinical morphology, typical histopathology, and positive DNA polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium bovis confirmed the clinical diagnosis.
Collaborative Governance: Integrating Management, Politics, and Law
Authors: Amsler Lisa Blomgren
Published: July 2016

Scholars have engaged in an ongoing dialogue about the relationships among management, politics, and law in public administration. Collaborative governance presents new challenges to this dynamic. While scholars have made substantial contributions to our understanding of the design and practice of collaborative governance, others suggest that we lack theory for this emerging body of research. Law is often omitted as a variable. Scholarship generally does not explicitly include collaboration as a public value. This article addresses the dialogue on management, politics, and law with regard to collaborative governance. It provides an overview of the current legal framework for collaborative governance in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels of government and identifies gaps. The institutional analysis and development framework provides a body of theory that incorporates rules and law into research design. The article concludes that future research on collaborative governance should incorporate the legal framework as an important variable and collaboration as a public value.
How public policy can stimulate the capabilities of firms to innovate in a traditional industry through academic engagement: the case of the Swedish food industry
Authors: McKelvey Maureen , Ljungberg Daniel
Published: July 2016

This paper shows how public policy can stimulate innovation in low‐ and medium‐technology industries, by connecting firms and universities through collaborative scientific research. A conceptual framework proposes that collaborative research between universities and firms may result in tangible innovative outcomes, such as new or improved products or processes, and intangible outcomes that strengthen firms’ internal capabilities and thereby indirectly increase their innovativeness. Findings are presented from a case study of a Swedish public policy stimulating the development of firm capabilities for innovation, through collaborative research projects connecting universities and firms in the food industry between 1998 and 2006. In line with the conceptual framework, the analysis distinguishes between (i) direct outcomes, such as new products; and (ii) indirect outcomes in the form of the development of firms’ capabilities to innovate. Based on this analysis, the initial conceptual framework is expanded to indicate how policy can stimulate the development of firms’ capabilities.
An innovation activity model for Very Small Entities in the software sector: an empirical study
Authors: Eito‐Brun Ricardo , Sicilia Miguel‐Angel
Published: July 2016

Innovation management is a subdiscipline of management that studies the rules that govern the generation, diffusion, adoption of innovation, and relationships between innovation inputs and outputs. A great number of innovative products and services depend on software. In the software industry, many small entities act as subcontractors that develop components that are later integrated into larger industrial systems. However, these small entities do not have the resources needed to support long‐term R&D activities and they also lack innovation management models which makes the planning and execution of innovation management difficult. These same small enterprises face similar challenges in the software development process. However, the ISO/IEC 29110 standard provides small enterprises with a clear path in implementing a systematic software development process. The planning and execution of innovation management activities may also benefit from a similar approach. This article describes an innovation activity model suited to the characteristics of small entities whose main stream of revenue is software development. Using the existing literature, standards, and the practical experience of companies with a successful history of developing innovative software‐based products, this study identifies the activities and practices that lead to the development of innovative products. Interfaces between innovation management activities, software development processes, and work products are also identified.
The use of gelatine in long‐term storage (up to 48 hr) at 5°C preserves the pre‐freezing and post‐thawing quality of brown bear sperm
Authors: Lopez‐Urueña E , Anel‐López L , Borragan S , Ortega Ferrusola C , Manrique P , de Paz P , Anel L , Alvarez M
Published: July 2016

Contents

Sedimentation of spermatozoa occurs during long‐term liquid storage and this may produce deleterious changes. Our aim was to apply gelatine supplementation during long‐term pre‐freezing storage of bear sperm, applying final dilution and 6% glycerol at room temperature and cool in straws. We tested four models of sperm storage using a 1:1 dilution in TTF‐ULE‐Bear extender (TesT‐fructose‐egg yolk‐glycerol 6%): (i) second 1:1 dilution at room temperature (RT), cooling at 5°C in a tube and final dilution (100 × 106 sperm ml−1) (Standard); (ii) final dilution at RT and cooling in a tube (FD‐Tube); (iii) final dilution at RT and cooling in 0.25 ml plastic straw (FD‐Straw); and (iv) final dilution at RT in extender supplemented with 1.5% gelatine (Gelatine) and cooling in a 0.25 ml plastic straw. A Standard sample was stored at 5°C for 1 hr (Control); the rest of the samples (Standard, FD‐Tube, FD‐Straw, Gelatine) were stored for 24 or 48 hrs before freezing (100 × 106 sperm ml−1, glycerol 6%). The quality of the samples was assessed for motility by CASA, and viability (SYBR‐14/propidium iodide‐PI‐; VIAB), acrosomal status (PNA‐FITC/PI; iACR) and apoptotic status (YO‐PRO‐1/PI; YOPRO‐) by flow cytometry. At pre‐freezing, after 48 hr, Gelatine showed significantly higher viability (for VIAB and YOPRO‐) and progressiveness (PM, LIN and STR). At 48 hr, Gelatine showed similar YOPRO‐, iACR, LIN, STR and ALH respect to Control. At both 24 and 48 h post‐thawing, Gelatine sample had similar scores for YOPRO‐, iACR, LIN, STR, WOB and VIAB (only 24 hr) when compared with Control, and lower for TM, PM, rapidPM, VAP and ALH. No differences were found among others experimental groups with respect to Control. In conclusion, gelatine could be a suitable alternative to preserve the viability and progressive motility of brown bear ejaculates during long‐term pre‐freezing storage at 5°C.
The Association of Self‐Esteem with Individual and Contextual Levels of Social Capital: Evidence from a Multilevel Analysis*
Authors: Han Sehee
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To examine how much variance of self‐esteem is attributable to the administrative‐area level and whether the individual or administrative‐area level of social capital variables is associated with self‐esteem after controlling for control variables at multiple levels using multilevel analysis.

Methods

The data are from the 2010 (Wave 2) Seoul Welfare Panel Study conducted by the Seoul Welfare Foundation. The final sample for the current study yielded a total of 5,934 individuals nested in 2,847 households within 25 administrative areas.

Results

The results indicate that 7.1 percent of variation in self‐esteem is attributed to administrative areas. Perceived helpfulness, organizational participation, and volunteer work were positively associated with self‐esteem at the individual level. Among the administrative‐area‐level social capital variables, only perceived helpfulness was positively associated with self‐esteem.

Conclusion

The results of this study partially support one underlying, though yet unproven, hypothesis that social capital is linked to various psychological well‐being outcomes through self‐esteem. The results also indicated that social interventions including social capital to enhance one's self‐esteem may not be efficient if directed solely at the administrative‐area level, as a relatively small variation in self‐esteem was attributed to this level.
Science, Scientists, and Local Weather: Understanding Mass Perceptions of Global Warming*
Authors: Shao Wanyun , Garand James C. , Keim Barry D. , Hamilton Lawrence C.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To explore the effects of long‐term climate trends and short‐term weather fluctuations, evaluations of scientists and science, political predispositions, religious affiliation, the information environment, and demographic attributes on individuals’ views about whether global warming exists and, if so, whether it is a result of natural cycles or human activity.

Methods

We use data from the 2009 Pew General Public Science Survey, along with data on long‐ and short‐term patterns of temperature and precipitation in individuals’ home communities.

Results

We find that long‐term trends in summer temperatures influence perceptions of global warming. Individuals who reside in communities with long‐term warming of summer temperatures that are coupled with long‐term cooling of spring temperatures are significantly more likely to perceive that global warming exists and is due to human activity. We also find that Americans' attitudes toward scientists and science, political dispositions, evangelical religious affiliation, education, and some demographic attributes all have discernible effects on their perceptions of anthropogenic (man‐made) global warming.

Conclusion

Individuals’ attitudes toward global warming are influenced by long‐term temperature trends in their home communities, as well as a variety of attitudinal and demographic attributes.
Inter‐varietal structural variation in grapevine genomes
Authors: Cardone Maria Francesca , D'Addabbo Pietro , Alkan Can , Bergamini Carlo , Catacchio Claudia Rita , Anaclerio Fabio , Chiatante Giorgia , Marra Annamaria , Giannuzzi Giuliana , Perniola Rocco , Ventura Mario , Antonacci Donato
Published: July 2016

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the world's most important crop plants, which is of large economic value for fruit and wine production. There is much interest in identifying genomic variations and their functional effects on inter‐varietal, phenotypic differences. Using an approach developed for the analysis of human and mammalian genomes, which combines high‐throughput sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR, we created an inter‐varietal atlas of structural variations and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) for the grapevine genome analyzing four economically and genetically relevant table grapevine varieties. We found 4.8 million SNVs and detected 8% of the grapevine genome to be affected by genomic variations. We identified more than 700 copy number variation (CNV) regions and more than 2000 genes subjected to CNV as potential candidates for phenotypic differences between varieties.
Factors associated with equine aural plaque in Brazil
Authors: Mira Juliana , Herman Mariana , Zakia Luiza S. , Olivo Giovane , Araujo Joao P. , Borges Alexandre S. , Oliveira‐Filho José P.
Published: July 2016

Background

Aural plaques can be found on the inner surfaces of one or both ears of horses. Despite their low malignancy, these lesions can sometimes cause discomfort and sensitivity in horses, and a loss in commercial value due to their aesthetic effect. There has been a study describing the epidemiological features and the clinical prevalence of equine aural plaques in Brazil.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine the clinical prevalence and selected associated factors of aural plaques.

Animals

In the study, 891 horses were assessed for aural plaques. The sample group had a median age of 5 years and comprised both sexes and various breeds from different regions of Brazil.

Methods

Horses were evaluated by a general observation of the body and a detailed observation of both ears. Data on the management system, characteristics of the lesions, the presence of ticks and ear grooming were collected for 109 clinically affected horses. An assessment of the frequency distribution of the disease and its characteristics was performed. Association tests were conducted to establish the relationships between the variables studied.

Results

In 85% (40 of 47) of farms assessed, at least one horse presented with aural plaques. In 14.8% (132 of 891) of the horses, lesions characteristic of aural plaque were detected. Significant associations between the prevalence of “coalescing” lesions and a “semi‐intensive” management system and ear grooming were detected.

Conclusions

The findings confirm the extensive distribution of this disease in Brazil and its association with several management factors.
The Effects of Mepivacaine Hydrochloride on Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold During Amikacin Sulfate Regional Limb Perfusion in the Horse
Authors: Colbath Aimée C. , Wittenburg Luke A. , Gold Jenifer R. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Moorman Valerie J.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To determine the effect of intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with a combination of mepivacaine hydrochloride and amikacin sulfate on synovial fluid amikacin sulfate concentration, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT).

Study Design

Experimental study.

Animals

Healthy adult horses (n=9).

Methods

One IVRLP treatment was randomly administered by cephalic vein of each limb: amikacin alone (1 g amikacin in 60 mL saline) or amikacin with mepivacaine (1 g amikacin and 500 mg mepivacaine in 60 mL saline). Opposite treatments were repeated after a 24 hour wash‐out period. Amikacin concentration and antimicrobial activity were determined for synovial fluid from middle carpal joints at tourniquet removal and 30 minutes following. Zone of inhibition was determined for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. MNT was determined at 3 dorsal metacarpal locations prior to and after sedation, after Esmarch tourniquet application, and 30 minutes after IVRLP prior to and after tourniquet removal.

Results

Two limbs from each treatment group were removed because of undetectable amikacin concentrations for a total of 14 data sets analyzed. Synovial fluid amikacin concentrations and zone of inhibition were not significantly different between treatments at any time point. MNT were significantly increased 30 minutes after IVRLP prior to and following tourniquet removal using amikacin and mepivacaine (median, range; 40.0 µg/mL, 38.7–40.0 and 40.0, 25.8–40.0, respectively) compared to amikacin alone (19.5 µg/mL, 18.7–25.6 and 15.3, 13.2–20.5, respectively).

Conclusion

Addition of mepivacaine to amikacin for IVRLP in the horse as a means of providing analgesia without decreasing antimicrobial activity.
An Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Natural Convective Heat Transfer in a Square Cavity With Five Discrete Heat Sources
Authors: Nardini Giorgia , Paroncini Massimo , Vitali Raffaella
Published: July 2016

This paper provides an experimental and numerical investigation of natural convection in a square cavity. The square cavity is full of air (Pr = 0.71) and contains four heat sources of height hW, positioned symmetrically on the vertical walls of the cavity with a fifth heat source of height hB, located in the center of the bottom cavity wall. Two configurations are analyzed for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 1.00 × 104 to 1.00 × 105: configuration 1 has four cold sources located on the vertical cavity wall and configuration 2 has two hot and two cold sources located on the vertical cavity walls. An analysis of the holographic interferograms, numerical isotherms, streamlines, and velocity maps obtained demonstrates an increased development of natural convective heat transfer in configuration 1.
Revisiting Neoliberalism: Aboriginal Self-Determination, Education and Cultural Sustainability in Australia
Authors: Stanton Sue , Adachi Chie , Huijser Henk
Published: July 2016

In this paper we discuss the ways in which successive governments have addressed Indigenous affairs, and we argue that the Australian approach is still firmly rooted in colonial attitudes and discourses. Although self-determination is a core concept of neoliberalism, the dominant political ideology for both Labor and Liberal parties in Australia since the 1980s, it does not extend to Indigenous affairs, which is firmly couched in colonial frameworks. In this paper specific examples of education and cultural sustainability (including language development and sustainability) are used as case studies to explore what genuine self-determination would mean in an Australian context. Overall, it is argued that an honest and real neoliberal approach takes political courage and vision, but would place the power to control Indigenous affairs in the hands of the people whose affairs we’re actually talking about
“Rumours of neoliberalism’s death have been greatly exaggerated”: Re-moralisation of the poor in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Oak Eileen
Published: July 2016

It is contended that, those who argue for the demise of neo-liberalism tend to see it in purely economic or socio-political terms and do not deconstruct its epistemological, methodological or ontological dimensions. Thus, they tend to treat neo-liberalism as a monolithic entity and to adopt a crude reading of hegemony as some form of ideological or cultural domination which leads to an overemphasis on the agency of anti-capitalist or anti-neoliberal tendencies within global society. They also tend to conflate capitalism with neo-liberalism and fail to recognise that both have had legitimacy crises at different times. As a result of these methodological weaknesses it could be argued neo-liberalists present a premature reading of the economic crisis as the end of neo-liberalism. Drawing upon the welfare policies of the contemporary National government, it is argued that not only is neo-liberalism ‘alive and kicking’ but that that these policies represent more entrenched laissez-faire policies. Moreover they are underpinned by classic Victorian discourses of the ‘deserving’ and’ undeserving poor’ which result in the re-moralisation of those groups of poor who are recipients of welfare.
Key words: neoliberalism, anti-capitalism, hegemony, deserving/undeserving poor
Detection of regional infrasound signals using array data: Testing, tuning, and physical interpretation
Authors: Park Junghyun , Stump Brian W. , Hayward Chris , Arrowsmith Stephen J. , Che Il-Young , Drob Douglas P.
Published: July 2016

This work quantifies the physical characteristics of infrasound signal and noise, assesses their temporal variations, and determines the degree to which these effects can be predicted by time-varying atmospheric models to estimate array and network performance. An automated detector that accounts for both correlated and uncorrelated noise is applied to infrasound data from three seismo-acoustic arrays in South Korea (BRDAR, CHNAR, and KSGAR), cooperatively operated by Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) and Southern Methodist University (SMU). Arrays located on an island and near the coast have higher noise power, consistent with both higher wind speeds and seasonably variable ocean wave contributions. On the basis of the adaptive F-detector quantification of time variable environmental effects, the time-dependent scaling variable is shown to be dependent on both weather conditions and local site effects. Significant seasonal variations in infrasound detections including daily time of occurrence, detection numbers, and phase velocity/azimuth estimates are documented. These time-dependent effects are strongly correlated with atmospheric winds and temperatures and are predicted by available atmospheric specifications. This suggests that commonly available atmospheric specifications can be used to predict both station and network detection performance, and an appropriate forward model improves location capabilities as a function of time.
Countering the Zika epidemic in Latin America
Authors: Ferguson Neil M. , Cucunubá Zulma M. , Dorigatti Ilaria , Nedjati-Gilani Gemma L. , Donnelly Christl A. , Basáñez Maria-Gloria , Nouvellet Pierre , Lessler Justin
Published: July 2016

Epidemic dynamics are key and data gaps must be addressed
Complete Genome Sequences of Nine
Bacillus cereus
Group Phages
Authors: Foltz Samantha , Johnson Allison A.
Published: July 2016

We report the sequences of nine novel
Bacillus cereus
group bacteriophages: DIGNKC, Juglone, Nemo, Nigalana, NotTheCreek, Phrodo, SageFayge, Vinny, and Zuko. These bacteriophages are double-stranded DNA-containing
Myoviridae
isolated from soil samples using
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
kurstaki
as the host bacterium.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Bacteriocinogenic Strain
Enterococcus faecalis
DBH18, Isolated from Mallard Ducks (
Anas platyrhynchos
)
Authors: Arbulu Sara , Jimenez Juan J. , Borrero Juan , Sánchez Jorge , Frantzen Cyril , Herranz Carmen , Nes Ingolf F. , Cintas Luis M. , Diep Dzung B. , Hernández Pablo E.
Published: July 2016

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Enterococcus faecalis
DBH18, a bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolated from mallard ducks (
Anas platyrhynchos
). The assembly contains 2,836,724 bp, with a G+C content of 37.6%. The genome is predicted to contain 2,654 coding DNA sequences (CDSs) and 50 RNAs.
Draft Genome Sequences of
Sphingobium
sp. Strain TCM1 and
Sphingomonas
sp. Strain TDK1, Haloalkyl Phosphate Flame Retardant- and Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria
Authors: Kera Yoshio , Abe Katsumasa , Kasai Daisuke , Fukuda Masao , Takahashi Shouji
Published: July 2016

Sphingobium
sp. strain TCM1 and
Sphingomonas
sp. strain TDK1 are haloalkyl phosphate flame retardant- and plasticizer-degrading bacteria. We report here the draft genome sequences of these strains to provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying their degradation ability.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas putida
CBF10-2, a Soil Isolate with Bioremediation Potential in Agricultural and Industrial Environmental Settings
Authors: Iyer Rupa , Damania Ashish
Published: July 2016

Pseudomonas putida
CBF10-2 is a microorganism isolated from farmland soil in Fairchild, TX, found to degrade high-impact xenobiotics, including organophosphate insecticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and both monocyclic and polycyclic aromatics. The versatility of CBF10-2 makes it useful for multipurpose bioremediation of contaminated sites in agricultural and industrial environments.
Impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on anaesthetic and surgical outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chiswell Christopher , Akram Yasmin
Published: July 2016

Background

Tobacco smoke exposure in adults is linked to adverse anaesthetic and surgical outcomes. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, including passive smoking, causes a number of known harms in children, but there is no established evidence review on its impact on intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.

Objectives

To undertake a systematic review of the impact of ETS on the paediatric surgical pathway and to establish if there is evidence of anaesthetic, intraoperative and postoperative harm.

Eligibility criteria participants

Children aged 0–18 years undergoing anaesthetic or surgical procedures, any country, English language papers.

Exposure

ETS exposure assessed via questioning, observation or biological marker.

Outcome measures

Frequency of respiratory and other adverse events during anaesthesia, surgery and recovery, and longer term surgical outcomes.

Results

28 relevant studies were identified; 15 considered anaesthetic outcomes, 12 surgical outcomes, and 1 a secondary outcome. There was sufficient evidence to demonstrate that environmental smoke exposure significantly increased risk of perianaesthetic respiratory adverse events (Pooled risk ratio 2.52 CI 95% 1.68 to 3.77), and some evidence that ear and sinus surgery outcomes were poorer for children exposed to ETS.

Conclusions

ETS exposure increases the risk of anaesthetic complications and some negative surgical outcomes in children, and this should be considered when planning surgery. Research is required to demonstrate whether changes in household smoking behaviour prior to surgery reduces risk of adverse outcomes, and to close the evidence gap around other outcomes such as wound healing and respiratory infections.

Trial registration number

Review registration number 42014014557.
Why cardiovascular screening in young athletes can save lives: a critical review
Authors: Drezner Jonathan A , Harmon Kimberly G , Asif Irfan M , Marek Joseph C
Published: July 2016

Cardiovascular (CV) screening in young athletes remains challenging and a topic of considerable debate. Recent criticisms of ECG screening have perpetuated arguments that ECG screening is neither indicated nor effective by applying outdated incidence data and flawed methodology. In response, this article provides a critical review of the arguments in favour of ECG screening in athletes and the early detection of CV disorders at elevated risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Importantly, no study to date has demonstrated that screening by history and physical examination alone is effective in detecting athletes at risk or in preventing SCD. ECG screening using current athlete-specific interpretation standards provides a low false-positive rate and improves detection of potentially lethal CV conditions. Further, risk reduction in athletes identified with CV disorders can be effectively achieved through modern strategies for risk stratification and disease-specific management. By every definition of the purpose of CV screening, ECG-inclusive programmes will better meet the stated objective of early detection when proper ECG interpretation and adequate cardiology resources are available. Less debate on screening protocols and more emphasis on advancing physician skills and infrastructure in sports cardiology is needed to more effectively screen targeted athlete populations.
How older citizens engage in their health promotion: a qualitative research-driven taxonomy of experiences and meanings
Authors: Menichetti Julia , Graffigna Guendalina
Published: July 2016

Objectives

In this qualitative study, we provide an in-depth exploration of older people's experiences and subjective meanings concerning their engagement in health promotion as well as the emotional and pragmatic difficulties they face during their engagement.

Methods

The study was designed according to the ethnoscience method, which implies a participatory process that values patients' linguistic expressions to deeply understand the phenomena under the investigation and to give it a meaning. Using this method, thanks to repeated rounds of interviews and the Q-sorting task, participants created a dictionary, with the assistance of the researcher, to describe the phenomenon of interest. They agreed on a shared taxonomy of meanings and experiences related to the phenomenon. 25 North Italian older citizens participated in this study.

Results

Participants described a shared taxonomy of health engagement experiences by depicting 3 main positions (ie, locked position; awakening position; climbing position), which represented different experiential domains grouped by participants into 4 main semantic areas (eg, physical care, soul care, daily lifestyle, contact with ageing). Each position is characterised by specific emotions, personal representations of meaning and healthy behaviours that may sustain or hinder older citizens' engagement in health promotion.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest the importance of deeply understanding older peoples' experiences and their subjective meanings of health promotion. In particular, the results showed how their engagement in health promotion is framed in a complex system of psychological meanings, which may sustain or hinder their ability to adopt healthy behaviours. A deeper understanding of older citizens' lived experiences, their doubts and their difficulties in engaging in health promotion may offer some important cues for orienting interventions in this area.
Medical professionals' perspectives on prescribed and over-the-counter medicines containing codeine: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Foley Michelle , Carney Tara , Rich Eileen , Parry Charles , Van Hout Marie-Claire , Deluca Paolo
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To explore prescribing practitioners' perspectives on prescribed codeine use, their ability to identify dependence and their options for treatment in the UK.

Design

Cross-sectional design using a questionnaire containing closed-ended and open-ended items.

Setting

A nationally representative sample of prescribing professionals working in the UK.

Participants

300 prescribing professionals working in primary care and pain settings.

Results

Participants stated that they regularly reviewed patients prescribed codeine, understood the risks of dependence and recognised the potential for codeine to be used recreationally. Over half the participants felt patients were unaware of the adverse health consequences of high doses of combination codeine medicines. One-quarter of participants experienced patient resentment when asking about medicines containing codeine. Just under 40% of participants agreed that it was difficult to identify problematic use of codeine without being informed by the patient and did not feel confident in identification of codeine dependence. Less than 45% of all participants agreed that codeine dependence could be managed effectively in general practice. Slow or gradual withdrawal was the most popular suggested treatment in managing dependence. Education and counselling was also emphasised in managing codeine-dependent patients in primary care.

Conclusions

Communication with patients should involve assessment of patient understanding of their medication, including the risk of dependence. There is a need to develop extra supports for professionals including patient screening tools for identifying codeine dependence. The support structure for managing codeine-dependent patients in primary care requires further examination.