bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diseases and pathology of chimpanzees at the southwest foundation for biomedical research
Authors: Hubbard Gene B. , Lee D. Rick , Eichberg Jorg W.
Published: June 2005

The Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) chimpanzee colony is a conventionally housed production and research population. The present population is 203 chimpanzees, consisting of 87 males and 116 females. Fifty‐four apes were born between 1985 and 1989, 56 from 1980 to 1985, 49 from 1975 to 1980, 24 from 1965 to 1975, and 20 from 1954 to 1965. Twenty‐five apes were added to the colony from outside sources over the last 10 years. The average yearly mortality for the past 8 years was 2.4%. The primary causes of death since 1982 were heart disease (6), trauma (5), and respiratory disease (4). The heart lesions included myocarditis, necrosis, fibrosis, and mineralization. The respiratory disease deaths were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The traumatic deaths were primarily in young chimpanzees and were caused by adults. Since 1976, 20 stillbirths occurred and were not included in the total deaths. There were two cases of placenta previa and one of abruptio placentae. Clinical conditions not leading to death included respiratory disease, parasitism, alopecia, diarrhea, maternal rejection, and trauma. The most significant commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Campylobacter. The most common intestinal parasites were Balantidium, Entamoeba, Chilomastix, Iodamoeba, Giardia, Trichuris, Enterobius, and Strongyloides. The colony pathology is sketchy from 1967 to 1981, but the main causes of death during this period were probably pneumonia and intestinal disease.
Assessment of luteal competency by urinary hormone evaluation in the captive female gorilla
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Reichard T. , Lasley B. L.
Published: June 2005

Analysis of urinary estrone conjugates and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide were used to document ovarian events in female gorillas known to be fertile. These normal parameters were used to assess ovarian function in gorillas suspected as infertile. Insufficient luteal hormonal dynamics were observed in the infertile group. Based on this observation, exogenous progesterone as the only treatment was administered to infertile females post ovulation and mating. Positive pregnancy tests were observed in all 3 females during the progesterone treatment and one full‐term pregnancy resulted. This successful treatment supports the concept that insufficient progesterone secretion may be a contributing factor to the infertility of captive female gorillas. The present data demonstrate the utility of urinary assays for evaluating ovarian function in gorillas and suggest that one type of infertility may be resolved with progesterone therapy.
Real‐time ultrasonography as a clinical and management tool to monitor pregnancy in a chimpanzee breeding colony
Authors: Lee D. Rick , Kuehl Thomas J. , Eichberg Jorg W.
Published: June 2005

Accurate assessment of gestational age, date of parturition, and evaluation of placental abnormalities are essential to monitor obstetrical and fetal complications in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) breeding colonies. Since ultrasonography is a safe and noninvasive technique for monitoring chimpanzee pregnancies, we have developed a technique to estimate the date of parturition using the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) of the skull from real‐time ultrasonographic measurements. A formula for determining gestational age was based on analysis of data obtained from 62 pregnancies over an 8‐year period. From this formula an estimated gestational age was calculated and compared with menstrual cycle data from the period near the time of the estimated date of conception (EDC). If the data from the scan and cycle history were in agreement within 7 days, the estimate date of conception was corrected to be 3 days prior to detumescence of the sex cycle phase. Lastly, the estimated date of parturition (EDP) was predicted to be 240 days after the EDC. To evaluate the utility of this prediction, we subsequently examined 13 chimpanzee pregnancies using the above technique and compared it to the actual date of parturition (ADP). Nine of the 13 chimpanzees delivered within 2 weeks of the EDP. In addition to estimating gestational age, ultrasonography may be a useful tool for evaluating fetal growth and placental abnormalities and assessing third trimester complications in chimpanzee pregnancies.
Social dynamics of intergroup encounters in the capped langur (Presbytis pileata)
Authors: Stanford Craig B.
Published: June 2005

Data from a 15–month field study of the capped langur (Presbytis pileata) in moist deciduous forest in Bangladesh show that during intergroup encounters males respond more aggressively to extra‐group males and to the resident males of unfamiliar one‐male groups than they do toward familiar males. Lone males followed established one‐male groups and attempted to interact with group females. During intergroup encounters males responded to the approach of unfamiliar males with significantly more displays than were given to familiar (frequently encountered) males. The frequency of displays given to approaching groups showed a negative correlation with the frequency of encounters with those groups. In 50% of intergroup encounters males pushed and bit their group females if the females strayed from the immediate proximity of the group male. Further observations suggest that males obtain females that have emigrated from established groups or attempt to interact with them in established onemale groups. Males had a tenure from at least 13 months to at least 26 months, and between 1986 and 1988 no male changes were seen. Capped langur males defended females from other males, but females did not defend resources or participate in intergroup encounters. The implications of this sex difference in behavior during encounters is discussed with regard to ecological models of female‐bonded primate groups.
Mirror‐induced social facilitation in stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Straumann Christophe , Anderson James R.
Published: June 2005

Seven adult female stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) were confronted alternately with their reflection in a mirror and with the mirror covered. The reflection elicited significantly more visual attention and social responding than the control stimulus, replicating previous findings. Mirror‐image stimulation did not significantly affect the subjects' manipulation of unfamiliar objects, but it did increase bout‐lengths of episodes of drinking from a bottle containing orange juice. Possible explanations for the ability of the mirror to induce social facilitation of drinking but not of object manipulation are discussed, along with possible underlying mechanisms. Mirror‐induced social facilitation is further evidence that monkeys interpret their reflection as a conspecific.
Laboratory assessment of temperament and environmental enrichment in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Schneider Mary L. , Moore Colleen F. , Suomi Stephen J. , Champoux Maribeth
Published: June 2005

This study investigated the combined effects of early temperamental characteristics and environmental enrichment on a variety of developmental measures in nursery‐reared rhesus monkey infants. Twenty‐three infants, reared in either standard laboratory cages or enriched environments, were tested during the 1st month of life for interactive, motor, and temperamental capabilities and characteristics. At 8 months of age, all subjects were assessed on a second series of tests designed to measure their problem‐solving skills, motor capabilities, and temperamental responses under challenge. Results indicated that enrichment was associated with higher scores on subsequent problem‐solving and motor tests. However, such effects were found to combine with early temperament ratings. Specifically, individuals performing best on the 8‐month tests had not only been reared in enriched environments, but also had been rated low on fearfulness during the early assessment. In addition, individuals scoring poorest had been rated as fearful initially in addition to being reared without enrichment. Results indicated that while high ratings on early laboratory assessments of fearfulness may be predictive of poorer problem‐solving performance under challenging conditions, these adverse effects may be partially attenuated by environmental enrichment.
Reproduction of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) in captivity, with comparisons to cotton‐top and golden lion tamarins
Authors: Baker Andrew J. , Woods Francine
Published: June 2005

Little information has been published on the reproductive biology and behavior of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). We analyzed twelve years of data on emperor tamarins at the Los Angeles Zoo and made comparisons with data on cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) from the same collection. Secondary sex ratios did not differ significantly from 50:50. Births were not strictly seasonal for any species. The number of infants reared had a significant effect on interbirth interval for all species, with shorter intervals when only one or no infants were reared, but females did sometimes conceive early in lactation. In emperor tamarin families, all fathers and most older siblings carried new infants, usually beginning within a few days after a birth. Previous exposure to younger siblings did not appear to be critical to the development of competent parental behavior by zooborn emperor tamarin females.
The effects of temporary removal of the alpha male on the behavior of subordinate male vervet monkeys
Authors: Hector Anne Keddy , Raleigh Michael J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of temporary removal of the alpha male on the behavior of subordinate adult male vervet monkeys were evaluated. Twelve subordinate males from six captive multimale, multifemale vervet monkey groups were observed in two conditions: when all group members were present and when the alpha male was temporarily removed from each group. In the absence of the alpha male, subordinate males initiated more affiliative behavior and increased the amount of time spent in proximity to females but their rates of aggression were unaltered. Increased affiliative behavior was selectively directed to high‐ranking females and their offspring. Under removal conditions, subordinate male behavior did not resemble that of alpha males in intact conditions: they differed in their proximity to and affiliative behavior towards other group members. In the absence of the alpha male, females increased their aggression towards subordinate males.

These observations suggest that the presence of alpha males strongly inhibits subordinate males' behavior. When the constraints of the alpha male's presence are removed, subordinate males rapidly engage in behavior that may enhance their likelihood of attaining high rank. In combination with prior studies, the data also indicate that the behaviors involved in the maintenance of high rank by alpha males differ from those subordinates use to acquire dominance. Finally the current study supports the view that aggression by female vervets may be highly influential in determining male ascendency to dominant rank.
Control of postpartum mating behavior in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Malik Iqbal , Johnson Rodney L. , Berman Carol M.
Published: June 2005

This paper explores the effect that a dependent rhesus macaque infant (Macaca mulatta) has on the timing of its mother's resumption of mating. Toward this end, behavioral data from the rhesus populations at Tughlaqabad, India, and Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, are compared. Specifically, the intervals between parturition and subsequent resumption of mating for individual parous females are examined in order to shed light on the relative importance of environmental and internal factors (such as lactational infertility) in the control of rhesus mating behvior. At both study sites it was found that the later a given female gave birth during a birth season the shorter was her parturition‐mating interval and the younger was her infant when she resumed mating activity. It is suggested that this finding is the result of an interaction of environmental and internal factors; both act in concert to determine how soon after parturition a particular rhesus female will resume mating activity.
Reversible, long‐term inhibition of ovulation with a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Lightman S. L. , Cottingham P. G. , Shaw Helen J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of weekly injections of a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (GnRHa) ([N‐acetyl‐DβNal1‐D‐pCl‐Phe2‐D‐Phe3‐D‐Arg6‐Phe7‐Arg8D‐Ala10] NH2 GnRH) on pituitary and ovarian function were examined in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. In experiment 1, five cyclic females were given weekly injections of vehicle (50% propylene glycol in saline) for 6 weeks followed by GnRHa for 20 weeks, animals receiving either 200 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 2) or 67 μg GnRHa/injection (n = 3) for 10 weeks, after which the treatment was reversed. Bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone (Po) were measured in blood samples (0.2–0.4 ml) collected twice weekly until at least 8 weeks after the last GnRHa injection. GnRHa treatment, timed to begin in the midluteal phase, caused a rapid decline in LH and Po and luteal regression after a single injection (both doses). Po levels were consistently low (<10 ng/ml), and ovulation was inhibited throughout 200 μg treatment in all animals. Short periods of elevated Po (>10 ng/ml) were, however, occasionally seen during 67 μg treatment, indicating incomplete ovarian suppression. Mean LH levels were significantly lower during GnRHa treatment compared with the period of vehicle injection (all animals 200 μg; three animals 67 μg), and there were significant differences in LH levels between GnRHa treatments (200 μg vs. 67 μg) in four animals. Four animals resumed normal ovarian cycles after the end of GnRHa treatment (15/16 days, three animals; 59 days, one animal); the fifth animal died of unknown causes 32 days after the last GnRHa injection. In a second experiment, pituitary responsiveness to exogenous GnRH was tested 1 day after a single injection of vehicle or antagonist (200 or 67 μg). Measurement of bioactive LH indicated that pituitary response to 200 ng native GnRH was significantly suppressed in animals receiving the antagonist, the degree of suppression being dose related. A third experiment examined the effect of four weekly injections of 200 μg GnRHa on follicular size and granulosa cell responsiveness to human follicle‐stimulating hormone (hFSH) in vitro. Follicular development beyond 1 mm was inhibited by GnRHa treatment (preovulatory follicles normally 2‐4 mm) although granulosa cell responsiveness to FSH during 48 hr of culture was not impaired. These results suggest that the GnRHa‐induced suppression of follicular development and ovulation was mediated primarily by an inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion and not by a direct action at the level of the ovary.
The secretion of bioactive and immunoreactive follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Matteri Robert L. , Bridson William E. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wegner Frederick H. , Durning Maureen
Published: June 2005

The present study provides the first evaluation of related changes in serum levels of bioactive FSH (Bio FSH) and immunoreactive FSH (iFSH), and concurrent dynamics of LH and FSH bioactivity throughout the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey. Mean concentrations of Bio FSH were elevated on days 0 and 1 (n = 7; P < 0.05; day 0 = preovulatory LH surge). Data from individual animals revealed that an average (± SEM) of 1.43 ± 0.29 and 2.71 ± 0.61 discrete surges of Bio FSH occurred in each monkey's follicular and luteal phase, respectively. Analysis of the collective data indicated that periods of increased Bio FSH secretory activity spanned days −1 to 1 and 8 to 10 (P < 0.025). Increases in serum Bio FSH and iFSH concentrations were not precisely correlated on a daily basis (38.9%), although 72.2% of the peaks of Bio FSH and iFSH surges occurred within a day of one another. Similarly, only 36.1% of the Bio FSH surges were accompanied by elevations in bioactive LH (Bio LH). A significant rise in Bio LH, but not Bio FSH, occurred on day −1 (P < 0.01). Concentrations of Bio LH, but not Bio FSH, were elevated in the early luteal phase (P < 0.01). The bioactivity/immunoactivity ratios (Bio/I) of LH and FSH were maximal on the day of the preovulatory surge (P < 0.01). On day −1, LH Bio/I significantly increased (P < 0.05), but no change in FSH Bio/I was detected. The Bio/I of LH, but not FSH, remained elevated in the early luteal phase. In summary: the relative increase in Bio FSH exceeds iFSH during the preovulatory surge. Surges of Bio FSH occur during the follicular and luteal phases which potentially could support follicle selection/maturation. Divergencies between circulating LH and FSH biopotency may reflect a differential regulation of secretion and/or biosynthesis of these hormones. The prolonged early luteal elevation of LH Bio/I is consistent with the idea of a functional role of elevated LH biopotency in the maintenance of the corpus luteum.
Locomotor and postural behavior in Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus
Authors: Gebo Daniel L.
Published: June 2005

Positional behavior of two platyrrhine monkeys, Alouatta palliata and Cebus capucinus, was observed at La Pacifica and Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. Frequency data for locomotion, postures, support diameters, orientation of supports, and use of canopy were recorded on focal males and females. Alouatta palliata is a frequent user of arboreal quadrupedalism (47%) and climbing (37%), with bridging (10%) representing the next most frequent type of locomotion. Intraspecific comparisons show the smaller‐sized females of Alouatta to prefer very small diameter supports, the lower canopy, and to climb more frequently than the larger males—a pattern opposite to that which has been documented to occur with increasing body size across species. A more limited study on Cebus capucinus shows this species to be highly quadrupedal (54%) with moderately high locomotor frequencies for climbing (26%) and leaping (15%).
Assessing the effects of candidate genes on quantitative traits in primate populations
Authors: Blangero J. , Williams‐Blangero S. , Hixson J. E.
Published: June 2005

Recent progress in molecular and biochemical genetics has led to the identification of numerous polymorphic candidate genes likely to be important in the determination of quantitative variation in physiological processes. In this paper, we review a statistical framework (“measured genotype analysis”) for assessing the effects of candidate genes on quantitative traits in primate populations. We consider situations in which pedigree information is available and also when such knowledge is absent. We also extend the method to allow for cases in which there is missing candidate locus data. Using likelihood methods, we show how to test a variety of genetic hypotheses.

As an example of this type of analysis, we analyzed serum levels of apolipoprotein AI and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, in 585 pedigreed baboons, as a function of genotypic variability at an APOA1 PstI RFLP locus. Our analyses revealed that 7.5% of the total phenotypic variation in apo AI serum levels and 2% of variation in HDL‐C levels is attributable to this locus. Future use of such methods will help to clarify the genetic basis of normal variation in physiological traits. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence of late DNA replication in Cebus capucinus chromosomes and a standardized G‐banded karyotype
Authors: Campa Maria Cristina Carla , Stanyon Roscoe
Published: June 2005

We proposed a standardized G‐banded idiogram (about 400 bands) for Cebus capucinus and established the complete late replication sequence for about 200 bands. Many chromosomes thought to be homologous on the basis of R‐banding and gene mapping showed similar replication sequences to human and macaque chromosomes. Other supposed homologs had no good correspondence. Asynchrony was observed in some bands and a few of these are apparently evolutionarily conserved. A full understanding of the evolution of chromosome replication sequences can only be obtained when secure chromosomal homology has been established on a molecular DNA level; preferably with in situ suppression CISS hybridization of human chromosomal libraries. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral effects of enrichment on pair‐housed juvenile rhesus monkeys
Authors: Schapiro Steven J. , Bloomsmith Mollie A.
Published: June 2005

Among captive primates, inanimate environmental enrichment can lead to measurable changes in behavior indicative of an improvement in psychological well‐being. Although this has been demonstrated repeatedly for singly caged primates, the relationship is not as well studied for pairhoused animals. Study of the pair‐housed setting has become increasingly relevant because of the social housing mandate of the Animal Welfare Act regulations. We therefore observed 68 juvenile rhesus monkeys born in 1988 and 1989 and living in mixed‐sex pairs from the ages of 2 to 3 years. All pairs were compatible. Half of the pairs received two types of enrichment, while the remaining pairs served as controls. Enriched and control juvenile subjects differed in the amount of time that they spent being inactive, playing, and drinking, but did not differ in the amount of time they spent interacting with their partner. Grooming and play were the two most common socially directed activities in both groups, a species‐appropriate pattern. Males played more and vocalized less than did females. Overall, enriched and control subjects spent equivalent amounts of time located within a social distance of one another, but there was some difference between groups in allocation of behaviors while near the pairmate. Environmental enhancers were frequently utilized, and led to relatively small changes in behavior between control and enriched subjects, suggesting that the presence of a partner for juvenile rhesus monkeys acts as a form of enrichment that may dilute the effects of inanimate environmental enhancements. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related hormonal differences in cycling squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Helvacioglu Ahmet , Aksel Sezer , Yeoman Richard R. , Williams Lawrence E. , Abee Christian R.
Published: June 2005

This study was planned to evaluate the poor reproductive performance of aged squirrel monkeys in a self‐sustaining breeding colony. Two groups of monkeys aged 6–8 years (Group 1), and >12 years (Group 2) were evaluated. During the midbreeding season, daily blood samples were obtained for a period of 35 days from 10 animals in each group. Blood samples were assayed for serum estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and bioassayable luteinizing hormone (bio‐LH) concentrations and the data were analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). Bio‐LH surges were less frequent in the aged breeders (Group 2). Total P output during periovulatory period (day −;3 to day + 3) and the total P output during the luteal phases of the estrus cycles were significantly lower in aged squirrel monkeys (Group 2, P < 0.003). Although E peaks occurred less frequently in Group 2, they had higher concentrations as compared to Group 1 (P < 0.003). Cumulative periovulatory and luteal phase E levels did not differ between the two groups. The reduction in P output in aged squirrel monkeys may interfere with proper implantation, thus contributing to the lower pregnancy rate observed in this age group. The decreased frequency of bio‐LH surges indicated less frequent ovulations in the aged animals which may further impair reproduction with aging. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population status of nonhuman primates in Asia, with emphasis on rhesus macaques in India
Authors: Southwick Charles H. , Siddiqi M. Farooq
Published: June 2005

Over 50 species of nonhuman primates live in 20 nations in Asia, interacting ecologically with over 3 billion people. The population status of different species of primates ranges from rare and endangered to abundant and relatively secure. The distribution, numbers, and trends of most species are not known, even for those such as Macaca fascicularis which are extensively used in biomedical research. Field surveys of rhesus populations since 1959 showed a serious 90% decline in population numbers in northern India throughout the 1960s and 1970s, followed by a partial recovery throughout the 1980s. Factors probably responsible for this recovery include a ban on trapping for export, increased agricultural production and economic development, increased conservation efforts, and perhaps a renewal of respect and tolerance for wildlife by the people of India. The history of rhesus populations in India can provide guidelines for conservation and management programs for other species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Africa's primates in 1992: Conservation issues and options
Authors: Oates John F.
Published: June 2005

There are about 60 species of African primates, and over 50% of these are generally considered to be vulnerable to extinction. Planning for the conservation of these primates, and the objective assessment of the degree of endangerment faced by different species and subspecies is hampered, however, by poorly resolved taxonomy and inadequate data on geographic distributions, ecology, and population biology. The African primate species at most imminent risk of extinction may be Sclater's guenon, threatened by forest destruction and hunting in an area of Nigeria with a very dense human population. The most endangered African subspecies may be Bouvier's red colobus, whose continued existence in Congo is uncertain. The taxonomic position of each of these monkeys is debated. Their predicaments illustrate some general phenomena: almost all threatened African primates are forest dwellers; habitat destruction and/or hunting are the major threats to the survival of forest primates; endangerment is the result of an interaction of external threats with features intrinsic to particular primates. The African primates most widely used in biomedical research are savanna‐zone species that are not generally endangered at present, although there are disturbingly high levels of trapping in certain countries. Ideally, all Africa's primates would be protected by a network of large reserves, but in a few cases such a conservation strategy may not be a viable option; population manipulations may become important management tools, and these manipulations may be aided by new techniques developed by reproductive biologists. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of sexual dimorphism in body weight in platyrrhines
Authors: Ford Susan M.
Published: June 2005

Neotropical primates show a remarkable range in body size, spanning two orders of magnitude from the tiny pygmy marmosets (100 g) to the woolly spider monkeys (11,000+ g). Even among the “smaller” platyrrhines, the range is large. In addition, these primates demonstrate a wide diversity in degrees and directions of sexual dimorphism, in both body size and canine size, from marked positive dimorphism (males larger than females), through monomorphic species, to negative dimorphism. Potential correlates or causes of the patterns of dimorphism in body size are investigated, including overall body size, natural selection for life history strategies, sexual selection, diet, habitat, and phylogenetic inertia. Focus is especially on those genera that show species‐specific variation in dimorphism (e.g., Saguinus, Pithecia). Results are contrary to those for cross‐primate or catarrhine studies, but complementary to recent studies on strepsirhines. They suggest that sexual selection is the primary determinant of degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism in platyrrhines, but that there is also a dietary effect. Natural selection may have some effect, although not the parameters analyzed here. Body size, habitat (primary vs. secondary forest preference), and phylogenetic inertia or constraints do not have any effect on the presence of sexual dimorphism in body weights in New World monkeys. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐invasive detection and monitoring of pregnancy and the postpartum period in goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) using urinary pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide
Authors: Jurke M. H. , Pryce C. R. , Döbeli M. , Martin R. D.
Published: June 2005

Pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide (PdG) was measured in the urine of six Goeldi's monkeys during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A stress‐free, non‐invasive urine sampling technique permitted frequent collection of urine from members of the breeding group. A comparison of the periovulatory profiles of PdG and estrone conjugates revealed close agreement. The day of ovulation was defined as that immediately preceding a 2‐4 day period with two consecutive urine samples for which the PdG content was in excess of 0.20 μg/mg Cr and 0.40 μg/mg Cr, respectively. In urine samples collected from parturition to the next ovulation, 70.9% of the PdG‐values were below 0.20 μg/mg Cr, whereas 99.2% of the urinary PdG concentrations measured during pregnancy were greater than this “threshold concentration”. A conception cycle was therefore defined as one in which the concentration of urinary PdG remained above 0.20 μg/mg Cr in all urine samples collected between day 1 and day 20 after ovulation. Gestation length was 151.5 ± 1.6 days (mean ± SEM, n = 6; range 147‐157 days). The postpartum ovulation occurred 22.6 ± 4.7 days (mean ± SEM, n = 9; range 11‐53 days) following birth. With the exception of two non‐conception postpartum cycles observed in one female, with inter‐ovulatory intervals of 26 and 27 days, postpartum ovulation resulted in conception, giving a 77.8% conception rate for nine observed cycles. The simple and rapid radioimmunoassay used in this study requires 5 h from urine collection to the final result, hence permitting daily monitoring of a large sample of females. It thus has important potential for conservation breeding programs and for other scientific investigations carried out with this endangered primate species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grooming in brown howler monkeys, Alouatta fusca
Authors: Chiarello Adriano Garcia
Published: June 2005

The grooming behavior of a group of brown howler monkeys was studied for one year in an Atlantic forest reserve of southeastern Brazil. A total of 290 grooming bouts were recorded and analyzed. The two adult females directed most of the grooming (91%), while the adult male was the major recipient (37%). Grooming between females, and between them and their siblings, also occurred quite often. On average, the group spent 2% of its daily time grooming, with a higher frequency around noon. There were significant differences, however, in time spent grooming between seasons; grooming was more abundant during the coldest seasons (autumn–winter) and rarer in hotter ones (spring–summer). A significant negative correlation was found between grooming time and temperature, but contrary to expectations, grooming time failed to correlate with both the group' diet and the demands of food‐gathering, as measured by travelling time and day range length. A comparison of grooming behavior with other species of the genus suggests that brown, red (A. seniculus), and black howler monkeys (A. caraya) are more similar to each other than to mantled howlers (A. palliata), a result that probably is linked with the differing social structure and group size of the latter species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dominance style of Japanese macaques compared with rhesus and stumptail macaques
Authors: Chaffin Charles L. , Friedlen Karen , De Waal Frans B. M.
Published: June 2005

In the present study, we seek to relate dominance style with group cohesion in a captive group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Social data were gathered on approach rate, result, and direction, aggression rate and intensity, grooming rate and direction, and conciliatory tendency. Data were collected using focal animal sampling and instantaneous scan sampling. Reconciliation data were collected using ad libitum observations of aggression with ten‐minute post‐conflict and matched‐control focal observations. Data were compared to prior studies on rhesus (M. mulatta) and stumptail macaques (M. arctoides) living in similar environments. Each species demonstrated the presence of a formalized dominance hierarchy based on the teeth‐baring display. The Japanese macaque group showed a lower rate of approach with a higher proportion of negative outcomes than either of the other species. Rates of aggression and reconciliation were also lower in the study troop, suggesting a strict hierarchy while maintaining an optimal nearest‐neighbor distance. Overall, this group of Japanese macaques was less sociable than other groups of the same species, perhaps due to a history of individual removals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The phyletic position and systematics of the douc langurs of Southeast Asia
Authors: Jablonski Nina G.
Published: June 2005

In recent years, two major questions concerning the phyletic relationships and systematic position of the douc langurs have arisen. These concern, firstly, the taxonomic level at which the doucs as a group should be distinguished and, secondly, the number of taxa of doucs that should be recognized. It has recently been demonstrated on the basis of an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis that the doucs are generically distinct from the snub‐nosed langurs and that they should be referred to as species of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus, respectively [Jablonski and Peng, Folia Primatologica 60:36–55, 1993]. The present investigation was directed toward testing this conclusion using an expanded data set and a different method of character coding, and toward addressing the question as to the number of species or subspecies of doucs that should be recognized. A wide variety of data from large samples of doucs (n = 38), snub‐nosed langurs (n = 53), and an out group (macaques; n = 191) were assembled, coded, and analyzed using an interactive computerized program for phylogenetic analysis. The specimens of Pygathrix examined included skeletal specimens, skins, and, when possible, living animals representing the three recognized taxa of doucs, nemaeus nigripes, and moi. The data base for the study comprised 178 characters, including measurements of skeletal specimens (98 characters), qualitative (presence or absence) morphological features (36 characters), characteristics of the pelage (39 characters), and 5 miscellaneous characters.

The conclusions of the study were that 1) as a group, the taxa of Pygathrix preserved a larger number of primitive features for the Pygathrix‐Rhino‐pithecus clade than did the taxa of Rhinopithecus; 2) the taxa of Pygathrix were less different from one another than are the species of Rhinopithecus were from one another; 3) the subspecies Pygathrix nemaeus moi Kloss, 1926 be synonymized with Pygathrix nemaeus nigripes, as suggested by Napier [Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles. Port III Family Cercopithecidae, Sub‐Family Colobinae. London, 1985]; 4) the extant doucs were best recognized as two subspecies, P. nemaeus nemaeus for the red‐shanked douc and P. nemaeus nigripes for the black‐shanked douc; and 5) the phylogeny of the doucs and snub‐nosed langurs proposed by Jablonski and Peng[op cit.,1993] was found to be robust. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognition of social relationships in bridging behavior among Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana)
Authors: Ogawa Hideshi
Published: June 2005

Bridging behavior among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) was studied in a free‐ranging group at Mt. Huangshan, China. This behavior was defined as a type of affiliative behavior in which two individuals simultaneously lifted up one infant. Bridging behavior occurred after an adult male carried an infant to another male or approached another male who was holding an infant. Each male frequently held and groomed a particular infant in the group, which was named an “affiliated” infant of the male. Males were more frequently provided with their affiliated infant by other males than with other non‐affiliated infants. This finding suggests that male Tibetan macaques recognized the affiliative relationship between a male and his affiliated infant, and chose that infant for bridging behavior on the basis of this knowledge. Such choice might be important for effective bridging behavior or other affiliative interactions between males. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climbing test to measure gross motor development in monkeys
Authors: Robinette R. , Ha J. , Kimpo C. , Sackett G.
Published: June 2005

This report describes an apparatus, protocol, and coding procedure to quantify gross motor skills in infant Macaca nemestrina, and presents data obtained from this system. The apparatus consists of a 1.8‐m‐tall Plexiglas tube extending from the top of a standard stainless steel cage. Animals climb the tube to reach a food reward. Measures of climbing ability included time and number of contacts with the tube. Data were collected on 336 climbs to the highest level (1.5 m) on eight normal infants. Three subjects began training at two months of age, three began at three months, and two began at four months. Exploratory data analysis revealed that Time Up was the best measure due to low variability between and within subjects, high motivation of the subjects to reach the food reward, and ease of measurement. Though this pilot study is based upon a limited sample size, two‐month‐olds were consistently slower and more variable than the three‐ and four‐month‐olds. Relatively few sessions are required to train the subject and obtain measures of a subject's motor ability. The advantages of the climbing tube are that it is inexpensive to operate, provides a large amount of data, and appeals to the subject's natural propensity to climb. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of heterosexual relationships in wied's black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhli)
Authors: Schaffner Colleen M. , Shepherd Rebecca E. , Santos Cristina V. , French Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2005

In tamarins and marmosets, long‐term stable sociosexual relationships are formed between heterosexual adults, but these “monogamous” relationships are often formed in groups that contain multiple adults of both sexes. The patterning of interactions during pair formation may therefore be shaped by this demographic profile. We evaluated the development of sociosexual relationships in six captive pairs of Wied's black tufted‐ear marmosets (Callithrix kuhli) during the 80 days from the initial day of pairing. Social behavior, sexual behavior and activity profiles were recorded. Social behaviors, including allogrooming, grooming solicitation, and intragroup monitoring calls, increased across the four 20‐day time blocks. Males were more responsible than females for maintaining intrapair proximity during the first 40 days of pairing. Females and males were equally responsible for intrapair proximity maintenance after this time. The highest rates of sexual behavior, including copulation and proceptive open mouth displays, occurred upon pairing and then decreased non‐significantly over time. The results indicate that sexual relationships in callitrichid primates are not dependent on the prior existence of a social relationship between males and females. Higher rates of copulation, greater male responsibility for proximity maintenance, and male initiative in sexual interactions early in pairing are consistent with a male reproductive strategy in which male‐male competition may be common. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytogenetic study of Allocebus trichotis, a Malagasy prosimian
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Warter S. , Hauwy M. , Meier B. , Peyrieras A. , Albignac R. , Petter J. J. , Dutrillaux B.
Published: June 2005

A cytogenetic study of a female Allocebus trichotis was conducted using R‐, G‐, and C‐banding. Its karyotype does not differ from those of the other Cheirogaleinae (Microcebus, Cheirogaleus, and Mirza). The absence of chromosomal rearrangement in speciation in this group is discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of ultrasound to monitor prenatal growth and development in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Jaquish Cashell E. , Toal Robert L. , Tardif Suzette D. , Carson Robert L.
Published: June 2005

The increasing use of non‐human primates to study fetal development and neonatal management has necessitated the availability of fetuses of known gestational history. In this study, prenatal development and growth were investigated in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) using ultrasound. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the accuracy of ultrasound for monitoring prenatal growth and development in common marmosets, (2) to determine if litter size influences prenatal growth trajectories, and (3) to assess growth discordancy among litter mates. Fifty pregnancies were monitored longitudinally using real‐time abdominal sonography. During each examination the number of fetuses was recorded, and crown‐rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) were measured. The results indicate that ultrasound is a reliable method for observation of gross morphological changes during prenatal development in this species. Measures of CRL and BPD taken early in gestation using ultrasound were in agreement with those from gross specimens. Triplets were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than twins for both BPD and CRL. No significant relationship was found between litter size and within litter variation in CRL or BPD. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of prenatal growth and development in C. jacchus. The observations from this study will be of use for determining approximate gestational age of fetuses, as well as providing guidelines for routine monitoring of pregnancy in this species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of matrilineal rank instability by the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques
Authors: Chapais Bernard , Lecomte Michel
Published: June 2005

Destabilizing alliances and ensuing rank changes occur infrequently in matrilineal dominance systems, and consequently very little is known about their dynamics. In one such type of alliance, called bridging, dominant individuals are ultimately responsible for subordinate monkeys out‐ranking intermediate‐ranking animals. Previously reported bridging alliances were based on sexual attraction, kinship ties, or special affinitive bonds between partners. In this paper we describe bridging alliances involving the alpha male in a group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed at the University of Montreal Laboratory of Behavioral Primatology. The comparison of rank relations in the presence and absence of the alpha male indicates that the latter was responsible for the destabilization of more than half of rank relations between members of the first and second matrilines. Another experiment revealed that the alpha male also induced extensive intermatriline reversals in priority of access to concentrated and highly prized food. These effects could be attributed to the male's consistent pattern of agonistic interventions in favor of the second matriline. However, the alpha male was not engaged in preferential affinitive relationships or reciprocally supportive interactions with the members of the second matriline. On the other hand, various lines of evidence indicate that the alpha male competed for dominance with the matriarch of the first matriline, suggesting that he might have consistently joined other individuals against that female and her kin in this context. The present data constitute further evidence for the nonaltruistic nature of aggressive interventions and the effectiveness of bridging alliances. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of liquefaction time on semen parameters in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) ejaculates
Authors: Young L. G. , Smithwick E. B.
Published: June 2005

Ejaculates were obtained from eight adult male chimpanzees trained to use an artificial vagina. Spontaneously liquefied fractions were collected at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h after ejaculation. The mean volumes of the spontaneously liquefied fractions did not differ significantly among the three fractions. The total number of sperm, the percentage of motile sperm and the percentage of live sperm decreased significantly (P < 0.005) between the 0–1 and 1–2 h fractions. Citrate concentration and alpha‐glucosidase activity (mU/ml) decreased significantly (P < 0.005) from 0–1 to 1–2 to 2–4 h fractions. The volume of the liquefied fraction correlated positively (P < 0.001) with total protein and with total citrate at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. The total number of sperm correlated positively total with total alpha‐glucosidase activity at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. Among the biochemical parameters measured, total protein and total citrate correlated positively at 0–1, 1–2 and 2–4 h. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Home range and birth seasonality ofSaguinus nigricollis graellsiin Ecuadorian Amazonia
Authors: De La Torre Stella , Campos Felipe , De Vries Tjitte
Published: June 2005

A field study ofSaguinus nigricollis graellsiin the Cuyabeno Faunal Production Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazonia, established the characteristics of the home range and some reproductive aspects of the species. Field data were collected in two climatic seasons: dry, from December 1989 through March 1990, and rainy, from May through August 1990. Eight groups visited and/or lived in the study area during the dry season and ten during the rainy season. Group sizes ranged from two to nine individuals. Population density was estimated at 22–33 individuals per square km. The central group, which was followed intensively, had a home range which included both flooded and non‐flooded forests.Terra firmeforest was most used by the species. The home range of this group was reduced from 56.2 hectares (ha) in the dry season to 41.7 ha in the rainy season, probably as a result of a differential distribution of food plants between seasons. The presence of dense undergrowth where monkeys could hide to avoid predation and or a high concentration of food plants seem related to the preferential use of certain areas in the home range. The home ranges of neighboring groups overlapped considerably and peaceful temporary large groups were frequently observed. A generalized birth peak occurred in January 1990, dry season. In June 1990, rainy season, 40% of the groups exhibited a second birth peak. This reproductive bimodality ofS. nigricollis graellsiindicates a high productivity of the forests at the Cuyabeno site. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual preference for closely related species by Sulawesi macaques
Authors: Fujita Kazuo , Watanabe Kunio
Published: June 2005

Five species of Sulawesi macaques were exposed to pictures of macaques, including all seven species living in Sulawesi island, Indonesia. The subjects were either pets or monkeys kept at the zoo. The duration of visual fixation to the pictures was in general longer for pictures of the subject's own species than those of the others. Such visual preference was in general clearer in males than in females. This suggests that Sulawesi macaques discriminate closely related species visually and the sharpness of this discrimination might be related to the sex. This visual preference may be considered as one of the possible factors to suppress general intergradation among Sulawesi macaques. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.