bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Views on building information modelling, procurement and contract management
Authors: Olatunji Oluwole Alfred
Published: June 2014

Building information modelling (BIM) offers a pathway to change in extant technical operations (and business practices) in the architectural, engineering, construction and facilities operations disciplines. Published evidence markedly suggests BIM enhances project outcomes and contract relationships, as though this is a considerable departure from conventional challenges. The overarching question explored in this research – what is this change really about and who does it affect? – is aimed at expounding the relationship between BIM-triggered change and existing change management theories. Although construction disciplines react to change differently, and so are different business structures, the context of change facilitated by BIM is identifiable. It includes behavioural change, process change and role change. Others include skill change, tool change and product change. Furthermore, there are project change scenarios, BIM-triggered change to business models and philosophies and change to legal frameworks. These variables and their descriptors are both interactive and ontologically stratified. Thus, more contemporary studies should reflect the characterisations in these changes. In the end, conclusions are drawn on the legal implications of the different scenarios of BIM changes and potential areas for further research.
Building information modelling for small-scale residential projects
Authors: Burt James , Purver Kate
Published: June 2014

The value derived from complying with the evolving building information modelling (BIM) protocol is not uniform across the construction sector. The nature of the project, the needs of clients and the scale of the project determine the economics of a return-on-investment calculation. Championed by Paul Morrell's Government Construction Strategy of May 2011, BIM of maturity Level 2 will now be mandatory on all government contracts from 2016. This ambitious target is pushing the UK construction sector to the forefront of a new approach to working. The changes to design team organisation, procurement, contracts, programming, deliverables and professional indemnity insurance are claimed to bring significant productivity gains to the sector. Outside the government supply chain where there is no legislation to enforce the BIM protocol, consultants must be in a position to advise clients on ‘How far to BIM?’. This paper, based on literature review and practical experience, discusses the opportunities and barriers to BIM on small residential projects.
Building information modelling and its effect on off-site construction in UK civil engineering
Authors: Vernikos Vasileios K. , Goodier Chris I. , Broyd Timothy W. , Robery Peter C. , Gibb Alistair G. F.
Published: June 2014

In 2011, the UK government mandated that, by March 2016, all public-sector construction projects would be undertaken within a three-dimensional building information model (BIM) environment. This has caused both construction procurers and providers to embark on a journey towards universal BIM adoption, including the integration of BIM within a revised construction process. In addition, off-site construction has seen significant development in the building sector in the past decade; however, in infrastructure, off-site constructionoff-site construction exploitation has been more limited. This paper presents findings from UK-focused research into how innovation initiatives such as BIM and off-site construction can and need to be considered together, thus allowing leaner design, a greater integration of lifetime project data and more novel technical solutions. Key themes that emerged from the thematic analysis of the interviews show the importance of configuration and interface management; information data flow; project management and delivery; procurement and contracts. The analysis outlines the benefits of utilising off-site construction within a BIM environment, the challenges currently facing the supply chain, and recommendations are made as to how best to implement the emergent benefits.
Briefing: Level 2 building information modelling and the Institution of Civil Engineers' action groups
Authors: Bew Mark
Published: June 2014

On 31 March 2014 the UK government's building information modelling (BIM) task group published ‘PAS1192:3:2014 – Specification for information management for the operational phase of assets using building information modelling’, as part of the programme to deliver level 2 BIM in the UK. This document marked the fifth in a series of seven standards in support of the level 2 BIM initiative set to become policy in 2016. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) BIM action group is working with the BIM task group to address the needs of infrastructure through BIM implementation. Last autumn's ICE BIM conference was an indicator of the progress made, with client presentations showing real leadership and a desire to improve performance and deliver service excellence to customers. The action group created a ‘BIM heat map’ last autumn (which will be repeated this year), which indicated a wide appreciation of BIM, but many gaps when it came to detailed experience and capability.
Briefing: Building information modelling and the law
Authors: Joyce Raymond , Houghton Deryck
Published: June 2014

This legal note has been produced by the Institution of Civil Engineers' advisory panel on legal affairs and forms part of a series of nine other legal notes. These notes give practitioners an outline of and introduction to the legal issues and considerations they may encounter around common topics in construction. This note discusses the applications of building information modelling (BIM), the considerations for the different parties in a project and issues such as industry protocols, intellectual property, standard forms of contract and BIM and the UK Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. (The full ICE legal notes series is available from http://www.ice.org.uk/Information-resources/DocumentLibrary .)
The Next Generation of Users: Prevalence and Longitudinal Patterns of Tobacco Use Among US Young Adults
Authors: Richardson Amanda , Williams Valerie , Rath Jessica , Villanti Andrea C. , Vallone Donna
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We monitored the prevalence and patterns of use of the array of tobacco products available to young adults, who are at risk for initiation and progression to established tobacco use.

Methods. We used data from waves 1 to 3 of GfK’s KnowledgePanel (2011–2012), a nationally representative cohort of young adults aged 18 to 34 years (n = 2144). We examined prevalence and patterns of tobacco product use over time, associated demographics, and state-level tobacco policy. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine predictors of initiation of cigarettes as well as noncombustible and other combustible products.

Results. The prevalence of ever tobacco use rose from 57.28% at wave 1 to 67.43% at wave 3. Use of multiple products was the most common pattern (66.39% of tobacco users by wave 3). Predictors of initiation differed by product type and included age, race/ethnicity, policy, and use of other tobacco products.

Conclusions. Tobacco use is high among young adults and many are using multiple products. Efforts to implement policy and educate young adults about the risks associated with new and emerging products are critical to prevent increased initiation of tobacco use.
Prevalence, Harm Perceptions, and Reasons for Using Noncombustible Tobacco Products Among Current and Former Smokers
Authors: Richardson Amanda , Pearson Jennifer , Xiao Haijun , Stalgaitis Carolyn , Vallone Donna
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We provided estimates of noncombustible tobacco product (electronic nicotine delivery systems [ENDS]; snus; chewing tobacco, dip, or snuff; and dissolvables) use among current and former smokers and examined harm perceptions of noncombustible tobacco products and reasons for their use.

Methods. We assessed awareness of, prevalence of, purchase of, harm perceptions of, and reasons for using noncombustible tobacco products among 1487 current and former smokers from 8 US designated market areas. We used adjusted logistic regression to identify correlates of noncombustible tobacco product use.

Results. Of the sample, 96% were aware of at least 1 noncombustible tobacco product, but only 33% had used and 21% had purchased one. Noncombustible tobacco product use was associated with being male, non-Hispanic White, younger, and more nicotine dependent. Respondents used noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit cigarettes, but only snus was associated with a higher likelihood of making a quit attempt. Users of noncombustible tobacco products, particularly ENDS, were most likely to endorse the product as less harmful than cigarettes.

Conclusions. Smokers may use noncombustible tobacco products to cut down or quit smoking. However, noncombustible tobacco product use was not associated with a reduction in cigarettes per day or cessation.
Tobacco Smoke Incursions in Multiunit Housing
Authors: Wilson Karen M. , Torok Michelle , McMillen Robert , Tanski Susanne , Klein Jonathan D. , Winickoff Jonathan P.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We sought to describe the prevalence of secondhand tobacco smoke incursions reported by multiunit housing (MUH) residents, pinpoint factors associated with exposure, and determine whether smoke-free building policy was associated with prevalence of reported tobacco smoke incursions.

Methods. Data are from a 2011 nationally representative dual-frame survey (random-digit-dial and Internet panels) of US adults aged 18 years and older. Individuals who lived in MUH and who reported no smoking in their homes for the past 3 months, whether or not they reported being smokers themselves, were included in this study. Incursions were defined as smelling tobacco smoke in their building or unit.

Results. Of 562 respondents, 29.5% reported smoke incursions in their buildings. Of these, 16% reported incursions in their own unit, 36.2% of which occurred at least weekly. Government-subsidized housing and partial smoke-free policies were associated with a higher likelihood of reporting smoke incursions.

Conclusions. Many residents of multiunit housing are exposed to tobacco smoke in their units and buildings. Partial smoke-free policies do not appear to protect residents and might increase the likelihood of incursions in residents’ individual units.
Triple Comorbid Trajectories of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Antisocial Personality Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Urban Adults
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Lee Jung Yeon , Rubenstone Elizabeth , Brook David W. , Finch Stephen J.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We modeled triple trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Methods. We assessed urban African American and Puerto Rican participants (n = 816) in the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study, a psychosocial investigation, at 4 time waves (mean ages = 19, 24, 29, and 32 years). We used Mplus to obtain the 3 variable trajectories of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use from time 2 to time 5 and then conducted logistic regression analyses.

Results. A 5-trajectory group model, ranging from the use of all 3 substances (23%) to a nonuse group (9%), best fit the data. Membership in the trajectory group that used all 3 substances was associated with an increased likelihood of both ASPD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.83; 95% CI = 1.14, 40.74; P < .05) and GAD (AOR = 4.35; 95% CI = 1.63, 11.63; P < .001) in adulthood, as compared with the nonuse group, with control for earlier proxies of these conditions.

Conclusions. Adults with comorbid tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use should be evaluated for use of other substances and for ASPD, GAD, and other psychiatric disorders. Treatment programs should address the use of all 3 substances to decrease the likelihood of comorbid psychopathology.
Rules and Values: A Coordinated Regulatory and Educational Approach to the Public Health Crises of Chronic Pain and Addiction
Authors: Katzman Joanna G. , Comerci George D. , Landen Michael , Loring Larry , Jenkusky Steven M. , Arora Sanjeev , Kalishman Summers , Marr Lisa , Camarata Chris , Duhigg Daniel , Dillow Jennifer , Koshkin Eugene , Taylor Denise E. , Geppert Cynthia M.A.
Published: June 2014

Chronic pain and opioid addiction are 2 pressing public health problems, and prescribing clinicians often lack the skills necessary to manage these conditions. Our study sought to address the benefits of a coalition of an academic medical center pain faculty and government agencies in addressing the high unintentional overdose death rates in New Mexico.

New Mexico’s 2012–2013 mandated chronic pain and addiction education programs studied more than 1000 clinicians. Positive changes were noted in precourse and postcourse surveys of knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitudes.

Controlled substance dispensing data from the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy also demonstrated safer prescribing. The total morphine and Valium milligram equivalents dispensed have decreased continually since 2011. There was also a concomitant decline in total drug overdose deaths.
Severe Physical Violence and Black Women’s Health and Well-Being
Authors: Lacey Krim K. , Sears Karen Powell , Matusko Niki , Jackson James S.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We evaluated the association between intimate partner violence and the mental and physical health status of US Caribbean Black and African American women.

Methods. We used 2001 to 2003 cross-sectional data from the National Survey of American Life—the most detailed study to date of physical and mental health disorders of Americans of African descent. We assessed participants’ health conditions by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Washington, DC; American Psychological Association) Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Results. We found differences in health conditions between abused African American and Caribbean Black women. There were increased risks for lifetime dysthymia, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, and poor perceived health for African American victims of partner abuse, and binge eating disorder was associated with partner violence among Caribbean Black women.

Conclusions. Severe intimate partner violence was associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes for US Black women, with different patterns between African American and Caribbean Blacks. Understanding intimate partner violence experiences of US Black women requires recognition of key intragroup differences, including nativity and immigrant status, and their differential relationships to women’s health.
Effects of Lowering the Minimum Alcohol Purchasing Age on Weekend Assaults Resulting in Hospitalization in New Zealand
Authors: Kypri Kypros , Davie Gabrielle , McElduff Patrick , Connor Jennie , Langley John
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We estimated the effects on assault rates of lowering the minimum alcohol purchasing age in New Zealand from 20 to 18 years. We hypothesized that the law change would increase assaults among young people aged 18 to 19 years (the target group) and those aged 15 to 17 years via illegal sales or alcohol supplied by older friends or family members.

Methods. Using Poisson regression, we examined weekend assaults resulting in hospitalization from 1995 to 2011. Outcomes were assessed separately by gender among young people aged 15 to 17 years and those aged 18 to 19 years, with those aged 20 and 21 years included as a control group.

Results. Relative to young men aged 20 to 21 years, assaults increased significantly among young men aged 18 to 19 years between 1995 and 1999 (the period before the law change), as well as the postchange periods 2003 to 2007 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05, 1.39) and 2008 to 2011 (IRR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.37). Among boys aged 15 to 17 years, assaults increased during the postchange periods 1999 to 2003 (IRR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.49) and 2004 to 2007 (IRR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.45). There were no statistically significant effects among girls and young women.

Conclusions. Lowering the minimum alcohol purchasing age increased weekend assaults resulting in hospitalization among young males 15 to 19 years of age.
Transition to Adulthood and Antiretroviral Adherence Among HIV-Positive Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Hussen Sophia A. , Andes Karen , Gilliard Danielle , Chakraborty Rana , del Rio Carlos , Malebranche David J.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We conducted a qualitative study of HIV-positive young Black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) to explore their experiences of living with HIV and adhering to antiretroviral medications (ARVs) within the developmental context of their transition to adulthood.

Methods. We conducted life history interviews with 20 HIV-positive YBMSM in Atlanta, Georgia, engaged in outpatient HIV care. We addressed these questions: (1) How do YBMSM living with HIV experience the transition to adulthood? and (2) What are the important sociocontextual influences on ARV adherence for YBMSM?

Results. Successful transition to adulthood and optimal ARV adherence were inextricably linked. HIV’s detrimental impact on development was moderated by the degree of physical illness at diagnosis. Many participants described resilient trajectories while coping with HIV. Adherence problems occurred primarily among participants who were not meeting their developmental goals.

Conclusions. Our findings support the need for early diagnosis and linkage to care, as well as the need to develop holistic, resilience-based interventions focusing on transition to adulthood. These findings have implications for individual clinical outcomes as well as ARV-based prevention efforts among YBMSM.
Adolescent Immunization Coverage and Implementation of New School Requirements in Michigan, 2010
Authors: Potter Rachel C. , DeVita Stefanie F. , Vranesich Patricia A. , Boulton Matthew L.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the effect of Michigan’s new school rules and vaccine coadministration on time to completion of all the school-required vaccine series, the individual adolescent vaccines newly required for sixth grade in 2010, and initiation of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series, which was recommended but not required for girls.

Methods. Data were derived from the Michigan Care Improvement Registry, a statewide Immunization Information System. We assessed the immunization status of Michigan children enrolled in sixth grade in 2009 or 2010. We used univariable and multivariable Cox regression models to identify significant associations between each factor and school completeness.

Results. Enrollment in sixth grade in 2010 and coadministration of adolescent vaccines at the first adolescent visit were significantly associated with completion of the vaccines required for Michigan’s sixth graders. Children enrolled in sixth grade in 2010 had higher coverage with the newly required adolescent vaccines by age 13 years than did sixth graders in 2009, but there was little difference in the rate of HPV vaccine initiation among girls.

Conclusions. Education and outreach efforts, particularly regarding the importance and benefits of coadministration of all recommended vaccines in adolescents, should be directed toward health care providers, parents, and adolescents.
Community Mobilization and Empowerment of Female Sex Workers in Karnataka State, South India: Associations With HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk
Authors: Beattie Tara S. H. , Mohan Harnalli L. , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Chandrashekar Sudha , Isac Shajy , Wheeler Tisha , Prakash Ravi , Ramesh Banadakoppa M. , Blanchard James F. , Heise Lori , Vickerman Peter , Moses Stephen , Watts Charlotte
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the impact of community mobilization (CM) on the empowerment, risk behaviors, and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infection in female sex workers (FSWs) in Karnataka, India.

Methods. We conducted behavioral–biological surveys in 2008 and 2011 in 4 districts of Karnataka, India. We defined exposure to CM as low, medium (attended nongovernmental organization meeting or drop-in centre), or high (member of collective or peer group). We used regression analyses to explore whether exposure to CM was associated with the preceding outcomes. Pathway analyses explored the degree to which effects could be attributable to CM.

Results. By the final survey, FSWs with high CM exposure were more likely to have been tested for HIV (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 25.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.07, 48.34) and to have used a condom at last sex with occasional clients (AOR = 4.74; 95% CI =  2.17, 10.37), repeat clients (AOR = 4.29; 95% CI = 2.24, 8.20), and regular partners (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.43, 5.45) than FSWs with low CM exposure. They were also less likely to be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia (AOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.87). Pathway analyses suggested CM acted above and beyond peer education; reduction in gonorrhea or chlamydia was attributable to CM.

Conclusions. CM is a central part of HIV prevention programming among FSWs, empowering them to better negotiate condom use and access services, as well as address other concerns in their lives.
Associations of Adolescent Hopelessness and Self-Worth With Pregnancy Attempts and Pregnancy Desire
Authors: Fedorowicz Anna R. , Hellerstedt Wendy L. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Bolland John M.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined the associations of pregnancy desire (ambivalence or happiness about a pregnancy in the next year) and recent pregnancy attempts with hopelessness and self-worth among low-income adolescents.

Methods. To evaluate independent associations among the study variables, we conducted gender-stratified multivariable logistic regression analyses with data derived from 2285 sexually experienced 9- to 18-year-old participants in the Mobile Youth Survey between 2006 and 2009.

Results. Fifty-seven percent of youths reported a desire for pregnancy and 9% reported pregnancy attempts. In multivariable analyses, hopelessness was positively associated and self-worth was negatively associated with pregnancy attempts among both female and male youths. Hopelessness was weakly associated (P = .05) with pregnancy desire among female youths.

Conclusions. The negative association of self-worth and the positive association of hopelessness with pregnancy attempts among young men as well as young women and the association of hopelessness with pregnancy desire among young women raise questions about why pregnancy is apparently valued by youths who rate their social and cognitive competence as low and who live in an environment with few options for material success.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Telephone-Based Treatment of Tobacco Dependence
Authors: Varghese Merilyn , Sheffer Christine , Stitzer Maxine , Landes Reid , Brackman S. Laney , Munn Tiffany
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We examined socioeconomic disparities in tobacco dependence treatment outcomes from a free, proactive telephone counseling quitline.

Methods. We delivered cognitive–behavioral treatment and nicotine patches to 6626 smokers and examined socioeconomic differences in demographic, clinical, environmental, and treatment use factors. We used logistic regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to model abstinence and account for socioeconomic differences in the models.

Results. The odds of achieving long-term abstinence differed by socioeconomic status (SES). In the GEE model, the odds of abstinence for the highest SES participants were 1.75 times those of the lowest SES participants. Logistic regression models revealed no treatment outcome disparity at the end of treatment, but significant disparities 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Conclusions. Although quitlines often increase access to treatment for some lower SES smokers, significant socioeconomic disparities in treatment outcomes raise questions about whether current approaches are contributing to tobacco-related socioeconomic health disparities. Strategies to improve treatment outcomes for lower SES smokers might include novel methods to address multiple factors associated with socioeconomic disparities.
Determinants of Increased Opioid-Related Mortality in the United States and Canada, 1990–2013: A Systematic Review
Authors: King Nicholas B. , Fraser Veronique , Boikos Constantina , Richardson Robin , Harper Sam
Published: June 2014

We review evidence of determinants contributing to increased opioid-related mortality in the United States and Canada between 1990 and 2013.

We identified 17 determinants of opioid-related mortality and mortality increases that we classified into 3 categories: prescriber behavior, user behavior and characteristics, and environmental and systemic determinants. These determinants operate independently but interact in complex ways that vary according to geography and population, making generalization from single studies inadvisable. Researchers in this area face significant methodological difficulties; most of the studies in our review were ecological or observational and lacked control groups or adjustment for confounding factors; thus, causal inferences are difficult.

Preventing additional opioid-related mortality will likely require interventions that address multiple determinants and are tailored to specific locations and populations.
State Medicaid Expansion, Community Interventions, and Health Care Disparities in a United States–Mexico Border Community
Authors: Langellier Brent A. , Guernsey de Zapien Jill , Rosales Cecilia , Ingram Maia , Carvajal Scott C.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We investigated whether access to and use of health care services increased among residents of a low-income, predominantly Mexican American border community affected by the expansion of Arizona’s Medicaid program in 2001 and multiple community-level programs and policies.

Methods. We used data from a probability sample of 1623 adult residents of Douglas, Arizona, who participated in cross-sectional health surveys in 1998 and 2010. Response rates were 83% and 86%, respectively.

Results. In 2010, participants were more likely to have a usual source of care, to have visited a provider in the previous year, and to have been screened for diabetes and hypertension and less likely to have delayed needed care or to have seen a regular provider in Mexico (P < .001 for all outcomes). Improvements in access to and use of health care were most pronounced among residents with less than a high school education, which reduced or eliminated educational disparities in health care.

Conclusions. Expansion of public insurance programs can effectively reduce health care disparities when paired with other community-level policies and programs that target medically underserved populations.
Meta-analysis of All-Cause Mortality According to Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Garland Cedric F. , Kim June Jiwon , Mohr Sharif Burgette , Gorham Edward Doerr , Grant William B. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Baggerly Leo , Hofflich Heather , Ramsdell Joe Wesley , Zeng Kenneth , Heaney Robert P.
Published: June 2014

We examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all-cause mortality. We searched biomedical databases for articles that assessed 2 or more categories of 25(OH)D from January 1, 1966, to January 15, 2013. We identified 32 studies and pooled the data.

The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality comparing the lowest (0–9 nanograms per milliliter [ng/mL]) to the highest (> 30 ng/mL) category of 25(OH)D was 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.6, 2.2; P < .001). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations less than or equal to 30 ng/mL were associated with higher all-cause mortality than concentrations greater than 30 ng/mL (P < .01).

Our findings agree with a National Academy of Sciences report, except the cutoff point for all-cause mortality reduction in this analysis was greater than 30 ng/mL rather than greater than 20 ng/mL.
Health Literacy Environmental Scans of Community-Based Dental Clinics in Maryland
Authors: Horowitz Alice M. , Maybury Catherine , Kleinman Dushanka V. , Radice Sarah D. , Wang Min Qi , Child Wendy , Rudd Rima E.
Published: June 2014

Objectives. We conducted health literacy environmental scans in 26 Maryland community-based dental clinics to identify institutional characteristics and provider practices that affect dental services access and dental caries education.

Methods. In 2011–2012 we assessed user friendliness of the clinics including accessibility, signage, facility navigation, educational materials, and patient forms. We interviewed patients and surveyed dental providers about their knowledge and use of communication techniques.

Results. Of 32 clinics, 26 participated. Implementation of the health literacy environmental scan tools was acceptable to the dental directors and provided clinic directors with information to enhance care and outreach. We found considerable variation among clinic facilities, operations, and content of educational materials. There was less variation in types of insurance accepted, no-show rates, methods of communicating with patients, and electronic health records use. Providers who had taken a communication skills course were more likely than those who had not to use recommended communication techniques.

Conclusions. Our findings provide insight into the use of health literacy environmental scan tools to identify clinic and provider characteristics and practices that can be used to make dental environments more user friendly and health literate.
Self-Management: A Comprehensive Approach to Management of Chronic Conditions
Authors: Grady Patricia A. , Gough Lisa Lucio
Published: June 2014

For both clinical and economic reasons, the increasing number of persons living with chronic conditions represents a public health issue of growing importance. Emphasizing patient responsibility, and acting in concert with the provider community, self-management represents a promising strategy for treating chronic conditions—moving beyond education to teaching individuals to actively identify challenges and solve problems associated with their illness. Self-management also shows potential as an effective paradigm across the prevention spectrum (primary, secondary, and tertiary) by establishing a pattern for health early in life and providing strategies for mitigating illness and managing it in later life. We suggest ways to advance research methods and practical applications of self-management as steps in its future development and implementation.
Development of Non-Aqueous/Low Density Scale Inhibitor Package for Down-hole Squeeze Treatments
Authors: Chen Ping , Juliussen Bjørn , Vikane Olav , Montgomerie Harry , Benvie Ronald , Frøytlog Cato , Haaland Torstein
Published: June 2014

Some of the wells in a North Sea field have a relatively low reservoir pressure. For those wells without gas lift installed, lifting heavy fluid out of the well when flowing back can be a problem. For this type of well, one of the options for the inhibitor squeeze treatments is to use a low density package to avoid pumping a large amount of relatively heavy brine based inhibitor. Through a research program, a polymer inhibitor and non aqueous solvent based package was developed for the squeeze treatments for the field.

This paper will present the detailed discussions of the chemistry of the formulation package. A number of scale inhibitors were screened for the suitability with a low density solvent as a carrying fluid. Due to both environmental concern and different function groups attached on the inhibitors, very limited inhibitor candidates were found to be suitable for being formulated into the low density package. The paper will further present the laboratory evaluation results such as product compatibility, inhibitor partitioning from solvent to brine phase, inhibitor efficiency as well as core flood data.

The paper will also present the field evaluation data. One well treated with this low density package squeezed a water based inhibitor with several times in the past. Due to the reservoir pressure depletion, the low density package was developed for the squeeze treatments. The same inhibitor used in the water based squeeze was formulated into the non-aqueous package. The field trial results show that none of the wells experienced lifting problems while back producing the inhibitor pill. In most of the wells, an improved oil production was seen and maintained for a while after the treatments. A possible mechanism for this will be discussed. In addition, a comparison was made between the treatments from the water based and non-aqueous squeezes.
Successful Closure of Zonal Sand Production with Silica Gel in a Horizontal Well
Authors: Agerbæk M. K. , Gregersen S. H. , Eriksen K. , Noer J. , Mulrooney M.
Published: June 2014

In the 1990s, the wells drilled in the Dan field, located in the Danish sector of the North Sea, were primarily completed with sand fracture treatments separated with packers and pipe, which include sliding sleeves [Ref 1]. The zones were stimulated with normal 20/40 mesh sand with a tail of resin coated sand to keep the sand in the fracture.

As water injection was introduced in the Dan field, some water induced fracturing of the chalk reservoir occurred. In the production well DFE-05, a fracture created by a water injector hit the sand fractured zone in the well. Most likely causing damage to the resin coated seal in the zone and loose sand formed erosion holes in the tubing. Maersk Oil investigated the possible options to isolate the damaged zone without restricting the access to the well below the damaged zone. The investigation revealed that one option was to pump an environmental friendly colloidal silica gel into the zone to lock the sand in place.

Several onshore tests with frac sand and colloidal silica gel showed that it was possible to displace the uncured gel into a sand/water mixture and get the gel to set up. The resulting leak rate through a gel/sand plug at high differential pressure was low, and the sand was successfully held in place by the gel.

During the course of the intervention job the primary target zone of the gel was treated with good results. The neighbouring zone above the treated zone was also found to be producing sand. This zone was therefore treated as well. After the gel had cured, the inflatable bridge plugs used to place the gel correctly were removed and the well cleaned up and production restored from the remaining zones.

Six months after the treatment, the well is still producing at a stable rate with only minor traces of sand. The successful job has created valuable learning about the colloidal gel technology and the way it can work in sand fractures.
Critical-Buckling-Load Assessment of Drillstrings in Different Wellbores by Use of the Explicit Finite-Element Method
Authors: Hajianmaleki Mehdi , Daily Jeremy S.
Published: June 2014

Previous theoretical formulations for sinusoidal and helical buckling of drillstrings vary significantly and are mostly proposed for frictionless pipes without tool joints. Finite-element-analysis (FEA) methods have the ability to consider geometric details and nonlinearities. However, traditional FEA methods use shell or solid elements for this problem and are computationally expensive. In this paper, an explicit FEA that is based on beam and connector elements implemented in the Abaqus software (2012) is used to study the problem in different wellbores. The wellbore geometry, formation stiffness, friction load, and friction-induced torque are modeled with connector elements. A typical drillstring in vertical, inclined, horizontal, and curved wellbores is simulated, and the explicit FEA results for sinusoidal- and helical-buckling loads are compared with different theoretical formulations and experimental results in the literature. The effects of length, inclination angle, and string effective weight caused by buoyancy as well as the effect of tool joints in straight and curved wellbores are also studied and compared with present formulations and published experimental results. A full-scale well-buckling test has also been simulated, and load-transfer data are compared with the real-world results. Overall, it is demonstrated that the use of explicit FEA can efficiently study drillstring buckling behavior in straight- and curved-wellbore conditions.
Effect of Buried Depth on Steady-State Heat-Transfer Characteristics for Pipeline-Flow Assurance
Authors: Oh Dong-Wook , Park Jang Min , Lee Kong Hoon , Zakarian Erich , Lee Jungho
Published: June 2014

Pipeline embedment into the seabed is a key consideration for offshore oil and gas developments with high-temperature fluids. To date, the mechanism of steady-state heat transfer from partially and fully buried pipes has been modeled predominantly through analytical and numerical approaches. The current study focuses on making detailed measurements of heat-transfer characteristics. A laboratory-scale experimental apparatus imitating a subsea pipeline partially or fully buried into the seabed is created. Hot flow of hydrocarbons inside oil and gas offshore pipelines and the cold external flow of seawaters are simulated by means of 70°C and 5°C water flows from two separate water tanks, respectively. The experiments are carried out for seven different burial depths representing a range of various burial configurations, from fully exposed to fully buried pipes. The temperatures measured on the external surface of the pipe are analyzed, and the overall heat-transfer coefficient of the pipe is calculated. The effect of burial depth on the overall heat-transfer coefficient is compared with analytical formulae.
Analysis of Oil-Volume Fluxes of Hydrocarbon-Seep Formations on the Green Canyon and Mississippi Canyon: A Study With 3D-Seismic Attributes in Combination With Satellite and Acoustic Data
Authors: Garcia-Pineda Oscar , MacDonald Ian , Shedd William
Published: June 2014

Natural hydrocarbon seeps have an important role in the carbon cycle and in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. The magnitude of these natural oil seeps was analyzed with 3D-seismic attributes in combination with satellite and acoustic data. Hydrocarbon seepage in the deep water of the GOM is associated with deep cutting faults, generated by vertical salt movement, that provide conduits for the upward migration of oil and gas. Seeps transform surface geology and generate prominent geophysical targets that can be identified in 3D-seismic data. Seafloor-amplitude anomalies in plain view correlate with the underlying fault systems.

On the basis of 3D-seismic data, detailed mapping of the northern GOM has identified more than 24,000 geophysical anomalies across the basin. In addition to seismic data, synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) images have proved to be a reliable tool for localizing natural seepage of oil. We used a texture-classifier neural-network algorithm (TCNNA) to process more than 1,200 SAR images collected over the GOM. We quantified more than 1,000 individual seep formations distributed along the outer continental shelf and in deep water. Comparison of the geophysical anomalies with the SAR oil-slick targets shows good general agreement between the distributions of the two indicators. However, there are far fewer active oil seeps than geophysical anomalies, probably because of timing constraints during the basin evolution.

Studying the size of the oil slicks on the surface (normalized to weather conditions), we found that the average flux rate of oil (per seep) may be affected by the local change in the baroclinic and barotrophic pressures [e.g., warm core eddies (WCEs) and storms]. We found that oil slicks in the Mississippi Canyon (MC) protraction area tend to be more sensitive to pressure changes than Green Canyon (GC) protraction-area seeps.
Removal of arsenic from contaminated groundwater with application of iron electrodissolution, aeration and sand filtration
Authors: Kowalski K. P. , Arturi Katarzyna Ratajczyk , Søgaard E. G.
Published: June 2014

The results from a new water treatment system for arsenic removal are presented. The technology is based on the employment of an electrolytic iron dissolution and efficient aeration procedure prior to sand filtration. The treatment was introduced and investigated in a pilot scale plant and full scale waterworks. The pilot scale results showed the potential for efficient arsenic removal from spiked solutions (with As in the range of 50–85 μg/L) depending on the process conditions (flow and applied current). In the waterworks where the system was implemented for a period of 14 months, there was a relationship where the higher applied current from the iron generator resulted in a better quality of water produced. The long period of use also helped to determine a proper iron dosage (the Fe/As ratio 68 mg/mg) and identify carbonate scale formation in the electrochemical process. The electrolytic dissolution of the Fe was found to be a practical method for iron dosing; however more work has to be done on process improvement and optimization that will focus on the Fe anode geometry.
Interaction of silver doped carbon nanotubes-cyclodextrin nanocomposites with Escherichia coli bacteria during water purification
Authors: Rananga L. E. , Magadzu T.
Published: June 2014

Silver doped multi-walled carbon nanotube/β-cyclodextrin (1% Ag-MWCNTs/β-CD) nanocomposite was prepared by reductive pre-treatment of Ag+ on MWCNTs, followed by binding with β-CD. Crystalline structure, morphology and crystallite size estimation were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interaction between Escherichia coli (E. coli), ATCC 25922 bacteria and 1% Ag doped MWCNTs/β-CD nanocomposite was investigated by FE-SEM. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite was studied by monitoring the absorbance of contaminated water using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The nanocomposites caused a growth delay in the growth rate of E. coli bacteria. The structural analysis of the bacteria by FE-SEM showed clusters of nanocomposite anchored to the bacterial cell wall during the initial stages of interaction. Results also indicate that treated bacteria show significant damage on the outer membranes, which were recognised by the formation of ‘pits’. The study shows that 1% Ag-MWCNTs/β-CD nanocomposite is bactericidal.
Leaching of bisphenol A and F from new and old epoxy coatings: laboratory and field studies
Authors: Bruchet A. , Elyasmino N. , Decottignies V. , Noyon N.
Published: June 2014

Laboratory tests were carried out with three types of new epoxy resins to assess the release of bisphenol A and F (BPA and BPF) and potential halogenated phenolic by-products. Tests were carried out over a duration of 6 months in the presence and absence of disinfectants (chlorine and chlorine dioxide) at realistic doses and contact times. None of the three systems exhibited Fickian-type diffusion for BPA. Leaching was quite low for two epoxies while the third showed a trend of increasing leaching during the first 5 months of immersion. BPA was only observed in the absence of disinfectant while no BPF was observed under any condition. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), a BPA chlorination by-product was sporadically observed in the chlorinated water during the first months of contact. Following discontinuation of the disinfectants, its release was significantly enhanced in the water having been exposed to chlorinated water. Laboratory leaching tests also indicated rapid oxidation of epoxies by chlorine and chlorine dioxide. Analysis of 27 epoxy-coated drinking water storage tanks did not reveal any BPA, BPF or TCP. On the other hand, a large-scale examination of about 200 pipe sections rehabilitated with epoxies during the 1990s led to a high frequency of BPA and BPF detection, sometimes with maximum values around 1 μg/L.
Seasonal variation in the microbial quality of shallow groundwater in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sadhana , Nakamura Takashi , Malla Rabin , Nishida Kei
Published: June 2014

To develop effective groundwater pollution control strategies for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, seasonal variations in microbial quality and their underlying mechanisms must be understood. However, to date, there are no studies that address these topics. In this study, groundwater samples from dug wells were collected during the dry and wet seasons from 2009 to 2012, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms were analysed. Three wells were monitored each month for a year. Microbial concentrations in shallow groundwater were significantly higher during the wet season than during the dry season. Analyses of rainfall and E. coli concentrations in different seasons indicated that a high level of faecal material infiltration during the rainy season may have caused the seasonal variations in microbial quality. A moderate to strong relationship between E. coli concentrations and groundwater level suggested that the rise in groundwater levels during the wet season may be another reason for this variation. This long time-scale survey detected a significant decline in the microbial quality of shallow groundwater during the wet season as compared with the dry season. We propose that the infiltration of contaminants and change in groundwater level are the two probable mechanisms for the observed seasonal differences.
Recent glacier changes and their impact on water resources in Chon and Kichi Naryn Catchments, Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Duishonakunov M. , Imbery S. , Narama C. , Mohanty A. , King L.
Published: June 2014

Naryn basin, which has the largest river catchment area in Kyrgyz Republic and many mountain glaciers, is a huge ‘water tower’ for Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan. Thus, the behavior of its glaciers has a large impact on water resources for the arid flat plain below, providing water for residents, irrigation, and energy in Kyrgyz Republic and Central Asia. We investigated the recent glacier condition in the Naryn basin (Chon Naryn and Kichi Naryn catchments) using topographic maps of 1:25,000 scale and ALOS/AVNIR-2 satellite imagery. For the 45-year period 1965–2010, glacier area decreased by 17.4% in the Akshyirak massif, and by 20.8% in the Borkoldoy, 21.9% in the Jetim, 24.6% in the Jetimbel, 28.9% in the Naryn, 20.8% in the Sook, 20.9% in the Teskey (south-slope glaciers), and 17.8% in the Uchemchek mountain ranges. The dramatic shrinkage was greater for south-facing than for north-facing glaciers, with respective area losses of 23.6 and 19.8%. The glacier shrinkage might affect not only irrigation water withdrawals during summer but also the planning of four cascade power stations to be constructed in the Chon Naryn and Kichi Naryn catchments.
Creating a national benchmarking system for the utilities of water supply and wastewater sector in Russia
Authors: Pariy Aleksander V. , Lysov Aleksander V.
Published: June 2014

Despite the vast resources of drinking water, Russia today is facing some serious problems in the water supply industry. The authors believe that creating a nation-wide benchmarking for Russia's water industry will play an important role in the development process for efficiently functioning water utilities. The main objective is to make improvements in quality of the services provided to the population and to rationalize the management methods by using the best practices and existing technologies as well as conducting a comprehensive integrated assessment of the general situation in the sector and at separate utilities. The article describes the steps taken by the management of Lipetsk Municipal Energy Company to organize benchmarking in the housing and communal utilities sector, mostly in water supply and wastewater services.