bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child pain‐related injustice appraisals mediate the relationship between just‐world beliefs and pain‐related functioning
Authors: Daenen Frederick , McParland Joanna , Baert Fleur , Miller Megan Marie , Hirsh Adam Todd , Vervoort Tine
Published: December 2020

Background

Research among adult and paediatric samples suggests that pain‐related injustice appraisals contribute to adverse pain‐related functioning. However, a singular focus on pain‐related injustice appraisals carries the risk of underestimating the role of broader concepts of justice. This study examined the unique roles of child pain‐related injustice appraisals and just‐world beliefs in understanding disability and physical, emotional, social and academic functioning, as well as the mediating role of injustice appraisals in the relationship between just‐world beliefs and functioning.

Methods

Participants comprised a school sample of 2,174 children (Study 1) and a clinical sample of 146 paediatric chronic pain patients (Study 2) who completed the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), Personal and General Belief in a Just World scales (JWB‐P/G), Functional Disability Inventory (FDI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS‐C) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PEDSQL).

Results

For both samples, child pain‐related injustice appraisals were associated with poorer functioning, after controlling for just‐world beliefs, catastrophizing, pain intensity, age and sex. In the school sample, injustice appraisals mediated the associations of both personal and general just‐world beliefs with functioning. In the clinical sample, injustice appraisals mediated the association of personal, but not general, just‐world beliefs with all functioning scales.

Conclusions

The current findings attest to the unique role of pain‐related injustice appraisals in understanding child pain‐related functioning and their explanatory value in understanding the relationship between fundamental just‐world beliefs and child pain‐related functioning.

Significance

The present study adds to emerging literature on the adverse effects of child pain‐related injustice appraisals in the context of pain, through showing that pain‐related injustice appraisals are uniquely associated with pain‐related functioning and mediate the relationship between just‐world beliefs and pain‐related functioning. These findings suggest that interventions may target pain‐related injustice appraisals as a mechanism for change in children.
American option pricing: Optimal Lattice models and multidimensional efficiency tests
Authors: Shang Qianru , Byrne Brian
Published: December 2020

We introduce a set of lattice techniques to the Leisen‐Reimer and Tian binomial models with a view to accelerating computation time and improving accuracy of American Option valuation. A level of accuracy and efficiency combined can be achieved that surpass commonly used analytical analogues. We compare these efficient lattice models with analytical formulae for pricing different groups of options according to the deepness of American quality and moneyness. Our results reveal that counter to received wisdom, lattices constructs produce greater speed and accuracy for all option categories relative to the best performing closed form American analogues.
The concept of design block size – A critical review of ONR 24810 “Technical Protection against Rockfall”
Authors: Illeditsch Mariella , Preh Alexander
Published: December 2020

In Austria, the Guideline for “Technical Protection against Rockfall”, named ONR 24810 provides guidance to assess rockfall hazard (at object scale) by determining a so‐called design block size. The aim of this article is to critically review the concept of design block size and to suggest alternatives. The design block size is derived from a block size distribution and event frequency, both of which may be very uncertain. Modelling a single “constant” design block may result in trajectories far away from reality. The design approaches of ONR 24810 and Eurocode 7 are compared. A case study is presented and discussed. Reducing input parameters at the beginning of the design approach results in apparent characteristic energy levels and bounce heights, which are not characteristic, as defined by EC7. By disregarding all small and the biggest blocks, valuable information of maximum energy levels and bounce heights is lost. The entire block size distribution should be used for rockfall simulations, rather than a single block size. Fragmentation should be considered, if applicable.
The Growing Burden of Disability Related to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Data From the Global Burden of Disease 2007‐2017
Authors: Paik James M. , Golabi Pegah , Younossi Youssef , Srishord Manirath , Mishra Alita , Younossi Zobair M.
Published: December 2020

Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The burden of CLD varies according to etiology and geographic location. We assessed the global burden of disability from the most important complications of CLD (cirrhosis and liver cancer [LC]) according to the most common etiologies between 2007 and 2017. We obtained years living with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) data from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. Between 2007 and 2017, LC DALYs decreased by 4.52% and cirrhosis DALYs decreased by 10.58%. Nevertheless, in 2017, CLD caused 62.16 million DALYs (33.4% LC and 66.5% cirrhosis), of which 96.8% came from YLL (34.1% LC and 65.9% cirrhosis) and 3.2% from YLD (11.6% LC and 88.4% cirrhosis). In 2017, Asia accounted for 66% of all DALYs globally. Central Asia, Africa regions, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe had the highest liver‐related DALYs (≥1,000 per 100,000), whereas the lowest rates (≤500 per 100,000) were seen in high‐income regions, such as Asia Pacific, North America, Western Europe, and Australasia. In 2007, hepatitis B virus caused the majority (47.5%) of liver‐related DALYs, followed by hepatitis C virus (23.7%), alcoholic liver disease (14.2%), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) (6.4%). In 2017, these rates shifted to 45.7%, 24.1%, 4.8%, and 7.1%, respectively. Between 2007 and 2017, cirrhosis‐related DALYs due to NAFLD/NASH increased by 23.4%, whereas the increment was 37.5% for LC‐related DALYs due to NAFLD/NASH. Conclusion: DALYs due to viral hepatitis still account for the largest proportion of CLD‐related DALYs. Although DALYs from all other liver diseases have remained stable in the last decade, DALYs related to NAFLD/NASH are growing. National, regional, and global policies are needed to address the disability burden of NAFLD across the world.
Individual and organizational factors affecting the implementation of Green IT: A case study of an Indian business school
Authors: Nanath Krishnadas , Pillai R. Radhakrishna
Published: December 2020

Green Information Technology (Green IT) emerged as a critical research agenda for reducing organizations' carbon footprints to achieve environmental sustainability. This paper aims to understand the factors that affect the adoption of Green Information Technology in the context of a developing country. Studies that have focused on both individual and organizational level factors (multi‐level approach) remain limited. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Technology‐Organization‐Environment (TOE) framework was used as a theoretical lens to address the gap in the literature. The theoretical background and participatory case study (qualitative) as the methodology was used to investigate the factors at multiple levels that could affect Green IT implementation in the developing country context (Indian business school). The findings reveal that three key dimensions affect the implementation of Green IT‐ Need, Scope, and the Inclination to adopt Green IT. Each dimension includes a mix of factors at the individual and organizational levels. This paper contributes to the theory by proposing a framework for multi‐level Green IT adoption. It also provides guidelines to the practitioners for considering the intervention factors at the individual and organizational levels.
Participation in an existing massive open online course in dentistry during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: France Katherine , Hangorsky Uri , Wu Chia‐Wei , Sollecito Thomas P. , Stoopler Eric T.
Published: December 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic presented unprecedented challenges and interruptions to education at all levels. As many across the world were required to stay at home, virtual educational resources were developed and relied upon to provide all levels and subjects of instruction. Introduction to Dental Medicine, a massive open online course in dentistry, experienced an increase in enrollment during the start of the pandemic and learners displayed a positive reception to the information provided. Introduction to Dental Medicine was particularly well positioned as a resource during the pandemic given its availability, established nature, and the wide accessibility of course material. As disruptions to normal activities continue, this and other virtual educational methods may continue to play a central role in education and exposure to dentistry.
Is There Really a Creativity Crisis? A Critical Review and Meta‐analytic Re‐Appraisal
Authors: Barbot Baptiste , Said‐Metwaly Sameh
Published: December 2020

The idea of a “creativity crisis” is widely accepted in the creativity and education literature. Its popular interpretation as a decline in creativity across generations originates from Kim’s (2011) influential analysis of the re‐norming data in the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The present work offers a critical review and reappraises the findings of Kim (2011), while incorporating new data from the latest norming edition of the TTCT. We posit that Kim’s (2011) claim of creativity decline was grounded on problematic empirical decisions, statistical approaches, data representation, and interpretation of findings. Based on a sample of over 330,000 participants across TTCT norming editions, we further present a set of cross‐temporal meta‐analyses to revisit generational trends. These analyses reveal no evidence for the notion of a generational decline of creativity, and even less so, for a “creativity crisis.” We conclude by discussing more broadly how beyond the lack of empirical evidence, the notion of creativity crisis represents a counter‐productive societal and scientific myth. A few directions for the improvement of research and assessment practices in creativity are also discussed.
Raman spectral behavior of N2, CO2, and CH4 in N2–CO2–CH4 gas mixtures from 22°C to 200°C and 10 to 500 bars, with application to other gas mixtures
Authors: Sublett D. Matthew , Sendula Eszter , Lamadrid Hector M. , Steele‐MacInnis Matthew , Spiekermann Georg , Bodnar Robert J.
Published: December 2020

The Raman spectral behavior of N2, CO2, and CH4 in ternary N2–CO2–CH4 mixtures was studied from 22°C to 200°C and 10 to 500 bars. The peak position of N2 in all mixtures is located at lower wavenumbers compared with pure N2 at the same pressure (P)–temperature (T) (PT) conditions. The Fermi diad splitting in CO2 is greater in the pure system than in the mixtures, and the Fermi diad splitting increases in the mixtures as CO2 concentration increases at constant P and T. The peak position of CH4 in the mixtures is shifted to higher wavenumbers compared with pure CH4 at the same PT conditions. However, the relationship between peak position and CH4 mole fraction is more complicated compared with the trends observed with N2 and CO2. The relative order of the peak position isotherms of CH4 and N2 in the mixtures in pressure–peak position space mimics trends in the molar volume of the mixtures in pressure–molar volume space. Relationships between the direction of peak shift of individual components in the mixtures, the relative molar volumes of the mixtures, and the attraction and repulsion forces between molecules are developed. Additionally, the relationship between the peak position of N2 in ternary N2–CO2–CH4 mixtures with pressure is extended to other N2‐bearing systems to assess similarities in the Raman spectral behavior of N2 in various systems.
Monitoring the Abundance of Wild and Reintroduced Bilby Populations
Authors: Dziminski Martin A. , Carpenter Fiona M. , Morris Frank
Published: December 2020

Monitoring techniques that are non‐invasive and use evidence of target species presence are particularly useful, especially for rare or highly dispersed species. We developed and tested a technique using DNA extracted from scats in conjunction with spatially explicit capture‐recapture (SECR) analyses to monitor the abundance of greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) within wild and reintroduced populations in Western Australia, and verified its application against a recently reintroduced founding population. The greater bilby is an iconic threatened species and the focus of conservation management, but no efficient and reliable method to monitor their abundance has been implemented. Estimated abundance using our method (21 ± 5 [SE]), was close to the founding population at Mount Gibson (16). Wild populations monitored from 2013–2018 were relatively small, isolated, and particularly vulnerable to threats; 2 populations were extirpated during this study. A reintroduced population at Matuwa increased sevenfold over 9 years. We demonstrate that when threats are managed appropriately across a large area, and bilbies are reintroduced, they can rapidly increase in number without the need for predator exclusion fencing. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Reconstruction of Anterior Table Frontal Sinus Defects with Pericranial Flap and Titanium Mesh
Authors: Craig John R. , Deeb Robert H.
Published: December 2020

View Video S1
Non‐Ablative 1927 nm Fractional Thulium Fiber Laser: New, Promising Treatment Modality for Riehl's Melanosis
Authors: Kim Su Min , Hwang Shinwon , Almurayshid Abdurrahman , Park Min‐Young , Oh Sang Ho
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives

The treatment of Riehl's melanosis, also known as pigmented contact dermatitis, is highly challenging. Intense pulsed light (IPL) and 1064 nm Q‐switched Nd:Yag (QS‐Nd:YAG) laser are reported to have some efficacy. However, no single effective treatment has yet been identified. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy and safety of the non‐ablative 1927 nm fractional thulium fiber laser (TFL, LASEMD™; Lutronic Corp., Goyang, Korea) for patients with Riehl's melanosis.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A retrospective chart and photographic review of nine patients with Riehl's melanosis, who had received at least three sessions of TFL treatment, was performed. Before the start of TFL treatment, combination treatment with a topical cream containing hydroquinone, low‐fluence QS‐Nd:YAG laser, pulsed dye laser, and IPL was used with variable and discouraging effects. Seven patients were treated on the face and two patients on the neck with three to seven sessions at 1‐month intervals. Clinical improvement was assessed using clinical photos taken before and after every treatment session according to dermal pigmentation area and severity index (DPASI) and a quartile grading scale by two blinded dermatologists.

Results

Patients underwent three to seven sessions of TFL treatment depending on severity of pigmentation. Of nine patients, six demonstrated a clinical improvement of 51%–75%, one demonstrated an improvement of 76%–100%, and two showed an improvement of 26%–50% after treatment. The DPASI was significantly decreased from 9.55 to 5.25 on average. Melanin index was decreased after treatment in two patients whose melanin index were measured at initial visits. Treatment‐related adverse events, such as scarring or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), were not observed in all patients except for transient erythema and swelling.

Conclusions

This report suggests that TFL could be an alternative and/or additive treatment option for hyperpigmentation in intractable Riehl's melanosis and might be a promising treatment for PIH caused by any reason including Riehl's melanosis. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Scattering‐Based Light‐Sheet Microscopy for Rapid Cellular Imaging of Fresh Tissue
Authors: Nguyen Christopher D. , O'Neal Patrick K. , Kulkarni Nachiket , Yang Eric , Kang Dongkyun
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives

Light‐sheet microscopy (LSM) is a novel imaging technology that has been used for imaging fluorescence contrast in basic life science research. In this paper, we have developed a scattering‐based LSM (sLSM) for rapidly imaging the cellular morphology of fresh tissues without any exogenous fluorescent dyes.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In the sLSM device, a thin light sheet with the central wavelength of 834 nm was incident on the tissue obliquely, 45° relative to the tissue surface. The detection optics was configured to map the light sheet‐illuminated area onto a two‐dimensional imaging sensor. The illumination numerical aperture (NA) was set as 0.0625, and the detection NA 0.3.

Results

The sLSM device achieved a light sheet thickness of less than 6.7 µm over 284 µm along the illumination optical axis. The detection optics of the sLSM device had a resolution of 1.8 µm. The sLSM images of the swine kidney ex vivo visualized tubules with similar sizes and shapes to those observed in histopathologic images. The swine duodenum sLSM images revealed cell nuclei and villi architecture in superficial lesions and glands in deeper regions.

Conclusions

The preliminary results suggest that sLSM may have the potential for rapidly examining the freshly‐excised tissue ex vivo or intact tissue in vivo at microscopic resolution. Further optimization and performance evaluation of the sLSM technology will be needed in the future. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Histidine‐Rich Glycoprotein Alleviates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Guo Jie , Akahoshi Tomohiko , Mizuta Yukie , Murata Masaharu , Narahara Sayoko , Kawano Takahito , Nagao Yoshihiro , Zhang Shuo , Tomikawa Morimasa , Kawanaka Hirofumi , Hashizume Makoto
Published: December 2020

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver surgery and transplantation, especially in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanism of NASH susceptibility to IRI has not been fully clarified. We investigated the role of liver‐produced histidine‐rich glycoprotein (HRG) in NASH IRI. A NASH mouse model was established using C57BL/6J mice fed a methionine‐choline–deficient diet (MCDD) for 6 weeks. The MCDD and standard diet groups were exposed to 60 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We further evaluated the impact of HRG in this context using HRG knockdown (KD) mice. IRI increased HRG expression in the standard diet group, but not in the MCDD group after I/R. HRG expression was inversely correlated with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). HRG KD mice showed severe liver injury with neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. Pretreatment with supplementary HRG protected against I/R with the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. In vitro, hepatocytes showed that the expression of HRG was upregulated under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions, but not in response to oleic acid–treated hepatocytes. The decrease in HRG expression in fatty hepatocytes was accompanied by decreased farnesoid X receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha subunit expression. HRG is a hepatoprotective factor during hepatic IRI because it decreases neutrophil infiltration and the formation of NETs. The decrease in HRG is a cause of susceptibility to IRI in steatotic livers. Therefore, HRG is a new therapeutic target for minimizing liver damage in patients with NASH.
Active Vitamin D3 Treatment Attenuated Bacterial Translocation via Improving Intestinal Barriers in Cirrhotic Rats
Authors: Lee Pei‐Chang , Hsieh Yun‐Chen , Huo Teh‐Ia , Yang Ueng‐Cheng , Lin Chao‐Hsiung , Li Chung‐Pin , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Hou Ming‐Chih , Lin Han‐Chieh , Lee Kuei‐Chuan
Published: December 2020

Scope

Pathological bacterial translocation from the disrupted intestinal barrier leads to substantial complications and mortality in liver cirrhosis. Vitamin D is reported as beneficial to gut barriers in some animal models. However, its effect on cirrhotic bacterial translocation is unknown. The authors aim to investigate the effects of calcitriol on bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats.

Methods and Results

Cirrhotic rats are administrated with a 2‐week course of active vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 0.1 μg kg−1 per day) or vehicle by oral gavage after thioacetamide (TAA) injection for 16 weeks. Bacterial translocation, gut permeability, gut microbiota, and associated mechanisms are investigated. Calcitriol treatment significantly attenuates bacterial translocation and reduces intestinal permeability in TAA‐induced cirrhotic rats. It upregulates the expressions of occludin in the small intestine and claudin‐1 in the colon of cirrhotic rats directly independent of intrahepatic status. Even when a short period of calcitriol treatment do not reduce intestinal bacterial overgrowth, it induces a remarkable change of bacterial diversities and enrichment of Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidales, Allobaculum, Anaerovorax, and Ruminococcaceae.

Conclusion

Calcitriol treatment attenuates intestinal permeability, reduces bacterial translocation, and enriches potentially beneficial gut microbiota in cirrhotic rats that may enable it as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cirrhotic complications.
Phonon‐Assisted Anti‐Stokes Fluorescence of an Yb3+‐Doped Oxide Glass: Phononics and Spectroscopic Analysis of Its Prospects as Solid‐State Laser Cooler
Authors: Debnath Radhaballabh
Published: December 2020

Phonon‐assisted anti‐Stokes fluorescence is observed in an Yb3+ doped, 30 mol% BaO containing tellurite glass for the first time. Absorption, excitation, and the anti‐Stokes fluorescence spectra of the glass show a phonon progression of 150 cm−1. The phonon is identified as the combined vibrational mode of rocking of the nonbridging oxygen atoms of both TeO3− and its dimer Te2O52− units and the bending of the Te–O–Te linkage of the Te2O52− units of the glass structure. These units are known to exist in plenty in such BaO–TeO2 glasses with high BaO content. Association of the phonon modes with the absorption and anti‐Stokes fluorescence spectra of Yb3+ of the glass, strongly suggests that the phonon is coupled both with the 2F7/2(1) ground and the 2F5/2(5) excited states of the ion; and the observed anti‐Stokes fluorescence originates through annihilation of the excited state manifolds of this coupled phonon. Phononics and spectroscopic analysis of the anti‐Stokes fluorescence process suggest that the material should be prospective for use as solid‐state laser cooler.
Who are American evangelical Protestants and why do they matter forUSclimate policy?
Authors: Veldman Robin G. , Wald Dara M. , Mills Sarah B. , Peterson David A. M.
Published: December 2020

White evangelical Protestants are the most skeptical major religious group in the United States regarding climate change. While their position of political influence in the Republican coalition is widely recognised, the full range of effects of this position on evangelicals' climate opinions is not. To move research on evangelicals from the margins of climate change opinion research, we review and integrate the interdisciplinary literature on US evangelicals, climate change, and politics. In assessing this literature, we identify three areas in need of further research. First, there is a critical need for more research on the climate attitudes of evangelicals of color, who comprise a growing share of the evangelical tradition in the US. Second, highlighting the Christian Right's active engagement in the climate debate, we identify a need for more experimental work examining how cues from religious elites may shape evangelicals' opinions. Finally, we suggest that to better harness insights across disciplines, researchers must become more explicitly aware of how different disciplines conceptualize temporality. Attending to temporal scale suggests that a new approach is needed to test how dominion beliefs, which are widely thought to be an important theological driver of climate skepticism, operate. We also suggest that two factors that appear to play a weak or limited role in driving climate skepticism over the short term (anti‐science attitudes and evangelical religiosity) may in fact play a significant role in driving skepticism over the medium term.

This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
Correction to: Particle Physics Reference Library
Authors: Schopper Herwig
Published: December 2020

The online version of this book was inadvertently published with a figure in chapter 1 though the print version didn’t hold any figure. In addition, the online version of Chapter 2 was published with incorrect section heading “2.1 Introduction to Chaps. , 3 and 4”. The figure in chapter 1 has now been deleted and the heading in chapter 2 has been updated as: “2.1 Introduction to Chaps. 2, 3 and 4”.
Das Nest als Umwelt. Eine historische Epistemologie des Nestbauinstinkts in der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Malich Lisa
Published: December 2020

In heutigen Schwangerschaftsratgebern ist oft von einem Nestbauinstinkt zu lesen. Demnach würden Schwangere von einem Trieb ergriffen, die passende Umwelt für ihr Kind zu gestalten, also Babyausstattung zu kaufen oder die Wohnung zu putzen. Dabei bildet das Konzept des Nestbauinstinkts eine spezifische Wissenskonfiguration: Während es im populären Bereich verbreitet ist, nimmt es im wissenschaftlichen Bereich eine marginale Position ein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll der historischen Epistemologie dieser Wissensform nachgegangen werden. Im Vordergrund stehen folgende Fragen: Wie formierte sich das Wissen um einen Nestbauinstinkt in der Schwangerschaft? Auf welche Weise wurde das Nest als spezifische natural-anthropogene Umwelt hergestellt? Und inwiefern interagieren hier Vorstellungen von Geschlecht und Umwelt? Dazu nimmt die wissensgeschichtliche Analyse die Perspektive einerlongue duréevom 19. Jahrhundert bis heute ein. Die Untersuchung ergibt eine graduelle Feminisierung des Umweltkonzepts im Wissen des Nestbauinstinkts. Während er im 19. Jahrhundert oft als männliches Verhaltensmuster galt und das Nest ein Analogon zum Wohnhaus bildete, transformierte sich der Instinkt in den ersten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts zu einer primär weiblichen Eigenschaft, bei der das Nest für den Innenraum des Zuhauses stand. Dabei zirkulierte das Wissen zwischen verschiedenen Bereichen, wofür eine maßgebliche Bedingung war, dass sich das Nest zum ‚metaphorischen Ding‘ wandelte. Als solches führte das Nest nicht einfach zu einer Naturalisierung, sondern bezeichnete einen familiären natural-sozialen Zwischenraum, der zunehmend zum Ziel weiblich konnotierter Sorge-Arbeit wurde.
A little is better than none: the biggest gain of physical activity in patients with ischemic heart disease
Authors: Huber Alexandra , Höfer Stefan , Saner Hugo , Oldridge Neil
Published: December 2020

Background:

There is a relationship between physical activity and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in healthy people and in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). The purpose of this study was to determine whether this relationship between sports or recreational physical activity levels and HRQL has a dose-response gradient in patients with IHD.

Methods:

Using one generic and three IHD-specific HRQL questionnaires, differences in HRQL scores (adjusted for confounders) were determined for physically a) inactive vs. active patients and b) inactive vs. patients being active 1–2, 3–5, or >5 times per week.

Results:

Data were provided by 6143 IHD-patients (angina: N = 2033; myocardial infarction: N = 2266; ischemic heart failure: N = 1844). Regardless of diagnosis or instrument used, when patients were dichotomized as either inactive or active, the latter reported throughout higher physical and emotional HRQL (all p < 0.001; d = 0.25–0.70). When categorized by physical activity levels, there was a positive HRQL dose-response gradient by increasing levels of physical activity that was most marked between inactive patients and those being active 1–2 times per week (63 82%). Conclusions: Using generic and IHD-specific HRQL questionnaires, there seems to be an overall dose-dependent gradient betweenincreasing levels of sports or recreational physical activity and higher HRQL in patients with angina, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart failure. The greatest bang for the public health buck still lies on putting all the effort in changing sedentary lifestyle to at least a moderate active one (1–2 times per week), in particular in cardiac rehabilitation settings.
Working from Home and COVID-19: The Chances and Risks for Gender Gaps
Authors: Arntz Melanie , Ben Yahmed Sarra , Berlingieri Francesco
Published: December 2020

As the COVID-19 pandemic causes a record number of people to work from home, this disruptive event will likely have a long-lasting impact on work arrangements. Given existing research on the effects of working from home on hours worked and wages, an increased availability of working from home may provide a chance for women to catch up with their male counterparts. Yet, the need to simultaneously care for children during the COVID-19 lockdown may also revive traditional gender roles, potentially counteracting such gains. We discuss the likely effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender gaps in the labour market and at home in light of recent empirical findings and novel statistics on the heterogeneous structure of work arrangements among couples. We construct a novel teleworkability index that differentiates between fully teleworkable, partly teleworkable and on-site jobs and find that in about a third of households the COVID-19 shock is likely to induce shifts in the intra-household allocation of tasks from mothers to fathers.
Myocardial Perfusion Simulation for Coronary Artery Disease: A Coupled Patient-Specific Multiscale Model
Authors: Papamanolis Lazaros , Kim Hyun Jin , Jaquet Clara , Sinclair Matthew , Schaap Michiel , Danad Ibrahim , van Diemen Pepijn , Knaapen Paul , Najman Laurent , Talbot Hugues , Taylor Charles A. , Vignon-Clementel Irene
Published: December 2020

Patient-specific models of blood flow are being used clinically to diagnose and plan treatment for coronary artery disease. A remaining challenge is bridging scales from flow in arteries to the micro-circulation supplying the myocardium. Previously proposed models are descriptive rather than predictive and have not been applied to human data. The goal here is to develop a multiscale patient-specific model enabling blood flow simulation from large coronary arteries to myocardial tissue. Patient vasculatures are segmented from coronary computed tomography angiography data and extended from the image-based model down to the arteriole level using a space-filling forest of synthetic trees. Blood flow is modeled by coupling a 1D model of the coronary arteries to a single-compartment Darcy myocardium model. Simulated results on five patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease compare overall well to [$$^{15}$$

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O]$$\text {H}_{{2}}$$

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2

O PET exam data for both resting and hyperemic conditions. Results on a patient with severe obstructive disease link coronary artery narrowing with impaired myocardial blood flow, demonstrating the model’s ability to predict myocardial regions with perfusion deficit. This is the first report of a computational model for simulating blood flow from the epicardial coronary arteries to the left ventricle myocardium applied to and validated on human data.
Prenatal Stress Impairs Spinal Cord Oligodendrocyte Maturation via BDNF Signaling in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Paladini Maria Serena , Marangon Davide , Rossetti Andrea C. , Guidi Alice , Coppolino Giusy T. , Negri Camilla , Spero Vittoria , Abbracchio Maria Pia , Lecca Davide , Molteni Raffaella
Published: December 2020

One of the most substantial and established environmental risk factors for neurological and psychiatric disorders is stress exposure, whose detrimental consequences hinge on several variables including time. In this regard the gestational period is known to present an intrinsic vulnerability to environmental insults and thus stressful events during pregnancy can lead to severe consequences on the offspring’s brain development with long-term repercussions throughout adulthood. On this basis, we investigated the long-lasting impact of prenatal stress exposure on the susceptibility to the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a well-established murine model of multiple sclerosis. Although stress is considered a triggering factor for this chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. To this end, EAE was induced by immunization with MOG35-55/CFA and pertussis toxin administration in adult female C57BL/6 mice born from control or stressed dams exposed to restraint stress during the last days of gestation. Our results demonstrate that gestational stress induces a marked increase in the severity of EAE symptoms in adulthood. Further, we highlight an altered maturation of oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of prenatally stressed EAE mice, as indicated by the higher levels of GPR17, a marker of immature oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These behavioral and molecular alterations are paralleled by changes in the expression and signaling of the neurotrophin BDNF, an important mediator of neural plasticity that may contribute to stress-induced impaired remyelination. Since several already marketed drugs are able to modulate BDNF levels, these results pave the way to the possibility of repositioning these drugs in multiple sclerosis.
Die drei Arenen der neuen Ungleichheitskonflikte. Eine sozialstrukturelle Positionsbestimmung der Einstellungen zu Umverteilung, Migration und sexueller Diversität
Authors: Mau Steffen , Lux Thomas , Gülzau Fabian
Published: December 2020

In vielen westlichen Gesellschaften wird die Verteilungsfrage wieder stärker diskutiert. Mit den Debatten um Identitätspolitik und Migration sind aber weitere Konflikte in den Vordergrund getreten, sodass nicht mehr nur materielle Ungleichheitsfragen im Fokus stehen. In den wissenschaftlichen und publizistischen Debatten ist häufig von einer neuen Lagerbildung die Rede, bei der sich die bessergestellten Gruppen für Migration und die Anerkennung von Diversität aussprächen, während die schlechtergestellten Schichten dem ablehnend gegenüberstünden. Damit läge diese Konfliktkonstellation anders als der klassische Verteilungskonflikt, bei dem die oberen Statuslagen eine größere Ungleichheitstoleranz aufweisen als die unteren, eher ungleichheitskritischen Lagen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ein konzeptioneller Rahmen entwickelt, der über diese Zwei-Lager-Theorie hinausgeht und systematisch zwischen drei Dimensionen der Ungleichheitskonflikte und -einstellungen unterscheidet: (1) die klassischen Oben-Unten-Ungleichheiten, die sich auf die ökonomische Ressourcenverteilung beziehen, (2) die Wir-Sie-Ungleichheiten, die die gesellschaftliche Anerkennung von Diversität umfassen, und (3) die Innen-Außen-Ungleichheiten, die um den Grad an Offenheit gegenüber Zuwanderergruppen kreisen. Auf der Basis der SOEP-Innovations-Stichprobe aus dem Jahr 2017 lässt sich zeigen, dass es sich bei diesen Einstellungen um relativ eigenständige Dimensionen handelt. Beim Thema der ökonomischen Ressourcenverteilung sind dabei die unteren Statuslagen ungleichheitskritischer positioniert als die oberen Lagen; bei den beiden neueren Konfliktthemen ist das Bild jedoch genau umgekehrt. Allerdings sind nur beim Migrationsthema die Einstellungen wirklich polarisiert, ansonsten gibt es wenige Hinweise auf eine klare Lagerbildung, wie sie in der Literatur und der öffentlichen Diskussion oft unterstellt wird.
Evaluation of alkaline-based activated carbon from Leucaena Leucocephala produced at different activation temperatures for cadmium adsorption
Authors: Wan Ibrahim Wan Muhammad Hilmi , Mohamad Amini Mohd Hazim , Sulaiman Nurul Syuhada , Wan Abdul Kadir Wan Rasidah
Published: December 2020

Heavy metal contamination in water is happening worldwide. Adsorption using activated carbon is a common choice for cleaning the wastewater. The drawback of activated carbon is the higher cost of production due to the need for high heat in the process. This work investigated on activated carbon produced from the abundantly available Leucaena leucocephala biomass in order to reduce the cost of raw material. The biomass was chemically activated at different activation temperatures. The produced activated carbon was characterized using SEM, FT-IR, surface analyzer, and TGA. Isothermic and thermodynamic studies were done to evaluate the adsorption properties of the activated carbon. It was found out that higher surface area can be obtained using the higher activation temperature. Higher NaOH to carbonized sample ratios also resulted in higher surface area for all activation temperatures, which are 662 m2g-1 for 700 °C activation temperature, 735 m2g-1 for 750 °C, and 776 m2g−1 for 800 °C. Isothermic studies showed that all of the activated carbon that is produced from Leucaena leucocephala biomass are fit to the Langmuir isotherm, regardless of any activation temperature. Lastly, the thermodynamic study found out the adsorption process is endothermic, reflected by the positive value of ΔHo. It can be concluded that Leucaena leucocephala is a promising alternative material for producing activated carbon.
Fishers’ responses to the Danish seiner ban and the history of fisheries governance on the Java north coast
Authors: Semedi Pujo , Schneider Katharina
Published: December 2020

In 2015, the Indonesian government announced that it would prohibit the operation of the so-calledcantrang(Danish Seine). The stated purpose of the cantrang ban was to make marine fisheries more environmentally sustainable. In response, cantrang fishers along the north coast of Java staged mass protests, and after 3 years of negotiations and uncertainty, the government exempted the cantrang fleets on the Java north coast from the policy. This paper analyses fishers’ responses to the ban from a historical and ethnographic perspective. Specifically, it compares the cantrang ban to two earlier government interventions in the fisheries on the Java north coast, one in 1905, the second 1980/81. With each intervention, a new governance principle was introduced to small-scale fisheries, established elites transferred their capital elsewhere, and new elites emerged who supported the new principle locally. Since 2015, however, only very few members of the established elites have exited the cantrang fishery, and no members of a new local elite have emerged yet who would support sustainability as a governance principle for fisheries. The paper aims to clarify why this was the case. More generally, it suggests that understanding the history of fisheries governance on the Java north coast requires attention to the role of local elites, and therefore to social differentiations among fishers.
Electrosynthesis of 3,3′,5,5’-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol in Flow
Authors: Selt Maximilian , Gleede Barbara , Franke Robert , Stenglein Andreas , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: December 2020

3,3′,5,5’-Tetramethyl-2,2′-biphenol is well known as an outstanding building block for ligands in transition-metal catalysis and is therefore of particular industrial interest. The electro-organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthetic approaches to obtain symmetric and non-symmetric biphenols. Here, we report the successive scale-up of the dehydrogenative anodic homocoupling of 2,4-dimethylphenol (4) from laboratory scale to the technically relevant scale in highly modular narrow gap flow electrolysis cells. The electrosynthesis was optimized in a manner that allows it to be easily adopted to different scales such as laboratory, semitechnical and technical scale. This includes not only the synthesis itself and its optimization but also a work-up strategy of the desired biphenols for larger scale. Furthermore, the challenges such as side reactions, heat development and gas evolution that arose during optimization are also discussed in detail. We have succeeded in obtaining yields of up to 62% of the desired biphenol.
Edge-localized states on quantum graphs in the limit of large mass
Authors: Pelinovsky Dmitry E. , Berkolaiko Gregory , Marzuola Jeremy L.
Published: December 2020

We construct and quantify asymptotically in the limit of large mass a variety of edge-localized stationary states of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a quantum graph. The method is applicable to general bounded and unbounded graphs. The solutions are constructed by matching a localized large amplitude elliptic function on a single edge with an exponentially smaller remainder on the rest of the graph. This is done by studying the intersections of Dirichlet-to-Neumann manifolds (nonlinear analogues of Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps) corresponding to the two parts of the graph. For the quantum graph with a given set of pendant, looping, and internal edges, we find the edge on which the state of smallest energy at fixed mass is localized. Numerical studies of several examples are used to illustrate the analytical results.
Intention to Return and Perception of the Health Risk Due to Radiation Exposure Among Residents in Tomioka Town, Fukushima Prefecture, Stratified by Gender and Generation
Authors: Matsunaga Hitomi , Orita Makiko , Taira Yasuyuki , Kudo Takashi , Kondo Hisayoshi , Yamashita Shunichi , Takamura Noboru
Published: December 2020

Objective:

The aim of this study was to clarify residents’ intentions to return (ITR) to Tomioka town, Fukushima Prefecture; and their risk perception of the health effects of radiation exposure as stratified by gender and generation.

Methods:

Of almost 8000 residents who were 20 years of age or older and who had lived, prior to the accident, in the zones of Tomioka town where residents were permitted to return, 1860 were included in the analysis. For the analysis, the residents were divided into 4 groups which were stratified by gender and age: older males (over 50 years), young males (20−49 years), older females (over 50 years), and young females (20−49 years).

Results:

ITR was found to be significantly lower in young males, young females, and older females than in older males. Conversely, young and older females had significantly higher levels of anxiety about drinking tap water and consuming food collected in Tomioka town. Young and older females also had greater concerns about adverse health effects on themselves and their offspring due to living in Tomioka town.

Conclusion:

Our results showed that special attention should be paid to younger residents, particularly to young females, with regard to recovery from a nuclear disaster.
Systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Morais Flavio M. , Ribeiro Angela M. , Moreira Fabricio A. , Silva Pollyanna V. G.
Published: December 2020

Objective:

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is a reduction in the activity of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Methods:

Systematic review of literature and meta-analysis were used with data obtained from the PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Lilacs, Eric and Cochrane. The keywords were Alzheimer’s AND Cox AND mitochondria; Alzheimer’s AND Cox AND mitochondria; Alzheimer’s AND complex IV AND mitochondria. A total of 1372 articles were found, 23 of them fitting the inclusion criteria. The data were assembled in an Excel spreadsheet and analysed using the RevMan software. A random effects model was adopted to the estimative of the effect.

Results:

The data shows a significant decrease in the activity of the Cox AD patients and animal models.

Conclusion:

Cox enzyme may be an important molecular component involved in the mechanisms underlying AD. Therefore, this enzyme may represent a possible new biomarker for the disease as a complementary diagnosis and a new treatment target for AD.
Nano chitosan–zinc complex improves the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of the small intestine in weaned piglets
Authors: Zhang Minyang , Hou Guojun , Hu Ping , Feng Dan , Wang Jing , Zhu Weiyun
Published: December 2020

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with a nano chitosan–zinc complex (CP–Zn, 100 mg/kg Zn) could alleviate weaning stress in piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by improving growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity. The in vivo effects of CP–Zn on growth performance variables (including gastrointestinal digestion and absorption functions and the levels of key proteins related to muscle growth) and the antioxidant capacity of the small intestine (SI) were evaluated in seventy-two weaned piglets. The porcine jejunal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 was used to further investigate the antioxidant mechanism of CP–Zn in vitro. The results showed that CP–Zn supplementation increased the jejunal villus height and decreased the diarrhoea rate in weaned piglets. CP–Zn supplementation also improved growth performance (average daily gain and average daily feed intake), increased the activity of carbohydrate digestion-related enzymes (amylase, maltase, sucrase and lactase) and the mRNA expression levels of nutrient transporters (Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter type 2, peptide transporter 1 and excitatory amino acid carrier 1) in the jejunum and up-regulated the expression levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-related proteins (insulin receptor substrate 1, phospho-mTOR and phospho-p70S6K) in muscle. In addition, CP–Zn supplementation increased glutathione content, enhanced total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the jejunum. Furthermore, CP–Zn decreased the content of MDA and reactive oxygen species, enhanced the activity of T-SOD and GSH-px and up-regulated the expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway-related proteins (Nrf2, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 and haeme oxygenase 1) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IPEC-J2 cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that CP–Zn supplementation can improve growth performance and the antioxidant capacity of the SI in piglets, thus alleviating weaning stress.