bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culinary fans vs culinary critics: characteristics and behavior
Authors: Back Robin M. , Okumus Bendegul , Tasci Asli D.A.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of the current study is to profile Orlando and Florida culinary fans and compare them to culinary critics on several factors, including sociodemographics, psychographics, and travel behavior characteristics, and to identify potential factors that explain visitors' tendency to promote or criticize the cuisine of a destination. The study also seeks to identify the image attributes that explain the likelihood to visit for culinary fans and critics.

Design/methodology/approach

Online survey responses from 4,082 participants were analyzed using Qualtrics for survey design and Amazon's Mechanical Turk for data collection.

Findings

Demographic differences between culinary fans and critics were identified and significant relationships between perceptions of a destination's cuisine and various elements of the visitor experience were found.

Research limitations/implications

The current study extends the literature on the characteristics of culinary tourists by showing a significant relationship between perceptions of a destination's cuisine and various elements of the visitor experience, such as destination image, satisfaction, number of past trips, and revisit intentions. Future studies should look at a greater number of distinct and geographically diverse destinations to test the generalizability of the current study's findings.

Practical implications

The results of this study provide implication for destination marketers in general and for those of Orlando and Florida in particular, especially in using cuisine as a potential core offering rather than a peripheral tourism product.

Originality/value

This study is believed to be the first to compare culinary fans and culinary critics, thereby extending the literature and demonstrating several differences between the two groups.
Comparison of two fall-risk assessment tools used in a long-term care facility
Authors: Glass Anat , Mendelson Gad , Ben Natan Merav
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the ability of the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) and Farmer's fall-risk assessment tool (FFAT) to identify correlations between risk factors and falls among older adult long-term care (LTC) facility residents.

Design/methodology/approach

This was a correlational retrospective study. 200 medical records of older adults hospitalized in a LTC facility in central Israel, from January 2017 to January 2018, were examined.

Findings

Of all the residents, 75% and 99.5% of the residents were identified as having a high fall risk according to the MFS and FFAT, respectively. Only 12.5% of residents actually fell. MFS score was weakly correlated with actual falls (odds ratio = 1.035). It was also found that all fallers fell during their first week at the facility.

Research limitations/implications

Future research should explore the ability of the tools to capture changes in the fall risk by repeat assessments, as this has not been examined in the present study.

Practical implications

The MFS and FFAT tool may have little value in assessing fall risk in older adult LTC facility residents. Therefore, nurses should perform a clinical evaluation of each individual patient. In addition, nurses should place a particular emphasis on fall risk and prevention during the first week following admission.

Originality/value

The findings of the present study raise doubts regarding the utility of the common practice of assessing fall risk in older adult LTC facility residents using the tools MFS and the FFAT, thus emphasizing the need to adopt a different approach.
An introduction of cultural rights of labour in Maritime employment in India
Authors: Yadav Chhote Lal
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the cultural rights of labour in maritime employment a conceptual understanding.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is qualitative in nature which deals the maritime employment policies, rules and regulations related to cultural rights in India.

Findings

This conceptual research paper gives an introductory framework of the cultural rights of labour in maritime employment in India.

Research limitations/implications

This research paper would be helpful to the maritime entities and researchers to looking the issue of cultural rights aspects of labour in maritime employment.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the cultural rights approaches with respect to labour in maritime employment in India.
The effect of disparaging humor and offensiveness in hijacked advertising: the moderating effect of ad hijacking recognition
Authors: Thota Sweta , Villarreal Ricardo
Published: March 2020

Purpose

What happens when an ad parody is created with subtle, professional changes to text and imagery, making it almost indistinguishable from the original corporate brand ad? This paper labels this limiting condition of ad parodies as hijacked advertising. Can viewers of such ads recognize whether the ad is hijacked or not? Also, what are the effects of using the dimensions of disparaging humor and offensiveness, commonly used in hijacked ads, on attitudes toward the brands in these ads and a propensity to engage in negative word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior? Results show that ad hijacking recognition moderates the effect of disparaging humor and offensiveness dimensions in hijacked ads on the dependent variables, with adverse attitudes toward the brand and increased intentions to engage in negative WOM behavior only when consumers can recognize that a hijacked ad is indeed hijacked. Further, the moderating effect of ad hijacking recognition on the dependent variables is attributable only to the dimension of offensiveness but not to disparaging humor. Finally, results show that attitudes toward the brand in the hijacked ads completely mediate the effect of offensiveness and the recognition that an ad is hijacked on intentions to engage in negative WOM behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper investigates these questions through an empirical examination using an original corporate brand ad, a hijacked version of the original ad using a disparaging humor dimension and another hijacked version of the original ad using the offensiveness dimension.

Findings

Results show that ad hijacking recognition moderates the effect of disparaging humor and offensiveness dimensions in hijacked ads on the dependent variables, with adverse attitudes toward the brand and increased intentions to engage in negative WOM behavior only when consumers can recognize that a hijacked ad is indeed hijacked. Further, the moderating effect of ad hijacking recognition on the dependent variables was attributable only to the dimension of offensiveness but not to disparaging humor. Finally, results show that attitudes toward the brand in the hijacked ads completely mediates the effect of the recognition that an ad is hijacked and the dimension of offensiveness on intentions to engage in negative WOM behavior. The result, that a fairly high percentage of respondents attribute the original corporate brand as the source of the hijacked ads, points to a potentially damaging and out-of-control threat to marketers.

Originality/value

Through an empirical study, converging results around the effects of hijacking ads with disparaging humor and offensive dimensions on consumers’ attitudes toward the advertised brand and a propensity to engage in negative WOM behavior were gathered.
Do ethical concerns and personal values influence the purchase intention of fast-fashion clothing?
Authors: Stringer Tara , Mortimer Gary , Payne Alice Ruth
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The rise of fast fashion has changed the face of global fashion. Despite sector growth, critics have questioned the level of obsolescence, encouragement of over-consumption and fast fashion's unsustainable business practices. Specifically, mounting concerns surround the impact on environmental, worker and animal welfare. Accordingly, the aim of this current work is to understand the influence of consumer's values on ethical consumption in a fast-fashion context.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was designed to collect responses relating to personal values and ethical concerns towards animal and worker welfare issues, as well as environmental concerns. A total of 350 US-based fast-fashion consumers completed the survey via Amazon MTurk. Factor analyses and structural equation modelling were used to analyse and test a theoretically hypothesised model.

Findings

This study found that self-transcendence values and openness to change values have a positive impact on consumers' levels of ethical concern towards animal welfare, the environment and worker welfare concerns within the fashion industry. Furthermore, a consumer's level of concern towards animal welfare and the environment positively influences a consumer's likeliness to purchase ethically marketed fast fashion.

Originality/value

This is the first study to investigate the role of consumer values and their influence on ethical concerns within the fashion industry and the impact of these concerns on intentions to purchase ethically marketed fast fashion. Responding to calls for further research into ethical consumption of apparel, this study includes all elements of ethical consumption identified, including animal welfare. This study identifies ethical areas of concern salient amongst fast-fashion consumers and provides a deeper understanding of the values impacting the level of ethical concerns surrounding animal welfare, the environment and worker welfare.
An empirical investigation into market risk disclosure: is there room to improve for Italian banks?
Authors: Polizzi Salvatore , Scannella Enzo
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the market risk disclosure practices of large Italian banks. The contribution provides insights on the way banks should provide information about market risk. The problem related to the asymmetric information between banks from one side, and investors and stakeholders on the other, represents a crucial issue that requires further considerations by scholars and regulators.

Design/methodology/approach

This contribution adopts a mixed methodological approach to analyse both qualitative and quantitative profiles of market risk disclosure in banking. This paper analyses the most important documents Italian banks are required to prepare for risk disclosure purposes, namely the management commentary, the Basel Pillar 3 disclosure report and the notes.

Findings

The results show that banks do not fully exploit the potentialities of management commentary and Pillar 3 disclosure report. Various areas of information overlapping between the different financial reports worsen the overall comprehensibility and relevance of bank risk reporting.

Practical implications

The reduction of the information overlapping, the careful choice of the location of the information and more appropriate use of the management commentary to provide qualitative information about market risk strategies represent crucial areas of improvement banks and regulators should take into account.

Originality/value

Providing an in-depth analysis of the market risk disclosure practices of a sample of large Italian banks, this paper detects the main drawbacks of their market risk reporting and provides useful recommendations to improve it.
Equity market reaction to regulatory reforms: a case study of Indian banks
Authors: Sethi Madhvi , Krishnakumar Dipali
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Non-performing assets (NPAs) have been a cause of concern for the banking sector across the world and have invited a lot research interest, especially for emerging economies. In India, the NPAs grew many folds and reached alarming levels in 2013. The available mechanisms, such as Corporate Debt Restructuring Scheme, were not adequate to address this issue. The Central Reserve Bank of India with the Government of India introduced various guidelines, schemes and regulations like framework for revitalizing distressed assets to tackle NPAs during the period 2013-2017. Taking the case of India, the purpose of this paper is to examine policy initiatives and analyse the impact of regulatory shocks on the equity market returns and the systematic risk of individual banking stocks using an extended version of the market model.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the authors design the experiment to explore the reaction of banking stocks to the various regulatory measures and also measure the change in systematic risk for these stocks as a result of the regulatory changes. Following the approach suggested by Soraokina and Thornton (2015), the authors use the extended market model to test the reaction of banking company stocks to the regulatory measures.

Findings

The study finds that banking stocks did not earn significant abnormal returns on the announcement of these measures. However, the systematic risk of the banking index reduced significantly on the introduction of regulatory measures, and this risk reduction has been primarily in the stocks of private sector banks.

Research limitations/implications

This paper provides insights on the equity market's short-term reaction to the reform initiatives introduced by the government. The scope of the paper is with respect to one emerging economy, India, which underwent a series of regulatory reforms to tackle the banking NPA problem.

Originality/value

The paper fills an important research gap where the impact of schemes and regulations is captured for an emerging economy like India. It tries to bring forth the importance of these reforms and how an investor perceives the same. This paper tests for changes in systematic risk as measured by market beta as well as measures cumulative abnormal returns associated with important events in the process of regulatory reforms happening in India from 2013 to 2017.
Introducing the missing 11th principle of the United Nations Global Compact to reach sustainability – follow the money…
Authors: Rose Kalle Johannes
Published: March 2020

Purpose

Recent research has emphasized the need for engaging non-financial companies in combating money laundering for the efforts to be efficient and effective. To incentivize engagement, several options are available, such as regulation, voluntary disclosure or commitment to international principles such as the United Nations (UN) Global Compact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how anti-money laundering fits the aim of the UN Global compact and how anti-money laundering can support the other principles of the UN Global Compact. Furthermore, this paper addresses the necessity to include anti-money laundering in the core principles to reach the overall goal of sustainability by the UN Global Compact. Such an inclusion will incentivize the signatories of the UN Global Compact to include anti-money laundering as a part of their social responsibilities, helping the financial sector in combating money laundering.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology of this paper is a functional approach to law and economics. It seeks to enhance the efficiency of the regulatory framework combating money laundering by including economic incentive theory and addressing new areas of law.

Findings

The paper finds a strong relationship between the UN Global Compact and anti-money laundering. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is necessary to include anti-money laundering as a core principle in the UN Global Compact if the Global Compact is to be efficient and effective in terms of its sustainability goals. The reason being that money laundering to a great extent supplies operational finances to the illegitimate sector related to core issues of the UN Global Compact such as human trafficking, child labor and corruption.

Originality/value

The paper identifies a significant missing element with regard to the core principles of the UN Global Compact. Although most research within anti-money laundering concerns the financial sector and thereby does not address the UN Global Compact, the focus of this paper is the link between anti-money laundering and the UN Global Compact. Furthermore, most research related to the UN global compact does not connect the core principles to the illegal financing of the businesses contradicting the principles. This paper addresses both of the neglected areas and combines them to improve the overall combating of money laundering while supporting the UN Global Compact sustainability goal.
A systematic literature review of revenue management in passenger transportation
Authors: Ammirato Salvatore , Felicetti Alberto Michele , Linzalone Roberto , Volpentesta Antonio Palmiro , Schiuma Giovanni
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper proposes an in-depth and complete literature review of the revenue management (RM) issue in the passenger transportation industry. The purpose of this paper is to investigate structural elements and characteristics that help to make sense of the current body of RM literature under a managerial perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The RM literature landscape is analysed according to a systematic literature review approach to point out the main topics around which the scientific literature has grown in the past 30 years. Topics are further categorized in themes by means of an agglomerative hierarchical clustering procedure.

Findings

First, the scientific literature of the past 30 years has been categorized into ten topics and four themes. Second, topics and themes are put in contrast with stages of the RM business process to highlight research areas still unaddressed by the literature. Third, the paper suggests research lines for future-related works that could positively contribute to the elevation of RM from a system of techniques to a “strategic management” theory.

Originality/value

Available literature reviews of RM in passenger transportation are focused on quantitative aspects and poorly structured in the systemic view of the RM. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first of its kind, as it aims to assess the whole body of literature, rather than specific themes, and to do it under a management/business perspective.
Operational efficiency effects of blockchain technology implementation in firms
Authors: Hasan Mohammad Raihanul , Shiming Deng , Islam Mollah Aminul , Hossain Muhammed Zakir
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of blockchain technology on firms’ operational efficiency in the context of China.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use panel data for blockchain-based companies listed on stock exchanges in China (Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong) between 2014 and 2018. The operational efficiency of firms that deploy blockchain technology is evaluated using ordinary least squares and system generalized method of moments estimation.

Findings

Results suggest that companies’ current year performance exceeds the previous year performance because of blockchain deployment in firms’ operations. Firms with higher financial leverage and return on assets reap more benefits from blockchain. Larger and older firms benefit less from blockchain implementation. Stochastic frontier estimation suggests that, on average, firms attain a 57.76 per cent technical efficiency level, or, put differently, they operate 42.24 per cent below their maximum level of potential output.

Originality/value

Blockchain can benefit firms in terms of consensus, security and trust, spurring the evolution of a new form of organizational dynamics. This study explores the theory of transactional cost analysis under blockchain technology. In addition, this study hypothesizes and empirically demonstrates the significant impacts of blockchain technology on corporations’ operational efficiency, using audited, externally reported financial data. Industry professionals can reap benefits from this research by noticing the magnitude of changes in firms’ financial parameters attributable to blockchain adoption.
LncRNA XIST promotes chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by sponging miR‐200c‐3p to upregulate ANLN
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Feng , Xiang Zhen , Huang Teng , Zhou Wei‐Bing
Published: March 2020

The resistance of breast cancer cells to drugs is a major obstacle to effective cancer chemotherapy. Here, we study the function mechanisms of long non‐coding RNA XIST in chemoresistance of breast cancer to doxorubicin. We examined the 50% inhibitive concentration of doxorubicin to MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cells, showing that the doxorubicin resistance of MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cells was much higher than MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The gene or protein expression of XIST and ANLN were also higher in MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cells than that in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Moreover, XIST overexpression promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of doxorubicin‐treated MDA‐MB‐231 cells by promoting ANLN expression. XIST silencing inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of doxorubicin‐treated MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cells by inhibiting ANLN expression. Luciferase reporter assay showed that XIST functioned as a competing endogenous RNA to repress miR‐200c‐3p, which controlled its downstream target ANLN. In conclusion, these data reveal that XIST promotes chemoresistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin by sponging miR‐200c‐3p to upregulate ANLN. This work explores the relationship between lncRNA XIST and doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells and highlights a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
Determining Line‐Crossing Sequences Between Laser Printing and Writing Pen Using Coaxial Light
Authors: Wu Xiang , Ouyang Guoliang , Li Biao , Cui Lan , Zhou Guanglei
Published: March 2020

Determining the application sequence of hand‐written pen ink and printer toner lines has attracted significant interest in questioned document examination. This study uses coaxial light to determine line‐crossing sequences, with intersections observed under a VSC600 forensic document workstation and a Leica M205A Stereo‐microscope. Results show that reflected light at intersections and color contrast between intersections and nonintersections was observed when a hand‐written ink line passes over a toner line, while a toner line passing over a written line appeared dull, with no color contrast. The procedure was tested under a range of conditions, such as types of writing pens and laser printers, the writer, and writing pressure, with the latter playing an important role in the evaluation. To validate the results, a 90% detection rate and 98% accuracy rate were achieved from 50 samples of blind testing, which is more effective than optical microscopy.
Influence of the spacer region between the Shine–Dalgarno box and the start codon for fine‐tuning of the translation efficiency in Escherichia coli
Authors: Komarova Ekaterina S. , Chervontseva Zoya S. , Osterman Ilya A. , Evfratov Sergey A. , Rubtsova Maria P. , Zatsepin Timofei S. , Semashko Tatiana A. , Kostryukova Elena S. , Bogdanov Alexey A. , Gelfand Mikhail S. , Dontsova Olga A. , Sergiev Petr V.
Published: March 2020

Translation efficiency contributes several orders of magnitude difference in the overall yield of exogenous gene expression in bacteria. In diverse bacteria, the translation initiation site, whose sequence is the primary determinant of the translation performance, is comprised of the start codon and the Shine–Dalgarno box located upstream. Here, we have examined how the sequence of a spacer between these main components of the translation initiation site contributes to the yield of synthesized protein. We have created a library of reporter constructs with the randomized spacer region, performed fluorescently activated cell sorting and applied next‐generation sequencing analysis (the FlowSeq protocol). As a result, we have identified sequence motifs for the spacer region between the Shine–Dalgarno box and AUG start codon that may modulate the translation efficiency in a 100‐fold range.
Mucus characterisation in the Octopus vulgaris skin throughout its life cycle
Authors: González‐Costa Alba , Fernández‐Gago Raquel , Carid Sofía , Molist Pilar
Published: March 2020

The development of the epidermis of octopus, Octopus vulgaris, throughout its life cycle was studied by conventional staining and histochemical techniques using lectins. The mantle, the arm and the two parts of the suckers: the infundibulum and the acetabulum were analysed independently. With the exception of the suckers, the general morphology of the epidermis does not vary from the first days post‐hatching to adulthood. In general terms, histochemical techniques do not indicate changes in the composition of glycoconjugates of the epidermis main cells, epithelial and secretory cells. The epithelial cells of the mantle and arm show positivity for mannose (ConA+) in their apical portions, indicating the presence of n‐glycoproteins that, among other things, provide lubrication to the surface of the body. In the suckers, the apical surface of the infundibulum contains sulphated glycosaminoglycans of the N‐acetylglucosamine type that provide adhesive properties. In addition to observing three types of mucocytes, m1 and m2 are characteristic of the mantle and arm, and m3 is found in the suckers. The paralarva epidermis is characterised by the presence of Kölliker's organs whose exact function is unknown. In this study, the absence of staining with alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff(AB/PAS) prevents the possibility of attributing a secretory function. Nevertheless, the linkage of three lectins (WGA, LEL and GSL‐I) in the fascicle of the organ suggests the presence of proteoglycans rich in N‐acetylglucosamine that would mainly have a structural role.
Effect of antithyroid antibodies on women with recurrent miscarriage: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Jilai , Jiang Lihong , Sadhukhan Annapurna , Yang Songqing , Yao Qiuping , Zhou Ping , Rao Jinpeng , Jin Min
Published: March 2020

Problem

The effect of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) on the prevalence of recurrent miscarriage (RM) is highly debatable. No meta‐analysis has been published in the past decade to investigate the impact of TAI on women with RM.

Method of Study

Systemic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. English language literatures published between 1993 and 2019 were selected. We assessed the relationship between the prevalence of RM and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO‐Ab) or antithyroid antibodies (ATA) and evaluated the thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) level in TPO‐Ab‐positive women with RM. We also observed the treatment effect with levothyroxine (LT4) for RM. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to obtain the pooled odds ratios (OR).

Results

Analysis of 22 eligible studies revealed significant association between TPO‐Ab and the prevalence of RM (OR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.38 to 2.49; P < .001)(n ≥ 3), (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.92; P = .01) (n ≥ 3). Women with ATA + had higher risk of RM (OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 1.71 to 3.25; P < .00001)(n ≥ 3), (OR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.70 to 3.22; P < .00001)(n ≥ 2). RM women with TPO‐Ab had higher TSH level when compared with those negative for TPO‐Ab (random‐effect SMD = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.90; P < .0001). We also found beneficial effects of LT4 supplementation on the outcome of live birth rate (LBR) among pregnant women with TPO‐Ab (OR = 3.04; 95% CI, 0.69 to 13.36; P = .14).

Conclusion

The presence of serum antithyroid antibodies does harms to women and can even lead to recurrent miscarriage; LT4 treatment may have beneficial to RM women.
Long‐term outcome of descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) following failed penetrating keratoplasty (PK)
Authors: Schrittenlocher Silvia , Schlereth Simona L. , Siebelmann Sebastian , Hayashi Takahiko , Matthaei Mario , Bachmann Björn , Cursiefen Claus
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To assess the long‐term outcome of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) following failed penetrating keratoplasty (PK).

Methods

Retrospective review of 1840 consecutive DMEK surgeries from the prospective Cologne DMEK database performed between 07/2011 and 08/2017 at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne.

Results

Fifty‐two eyes received a DMEK surgery after failed PK. Main indications for initial PK were Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (23.1%), keratoconus and herpetic keratitis (each 15.4%). Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 3, 6 and 12 months was 0.72 ± 0.39 (n = 33), 0.56 ± 0.36 (n = 32) and 0.38 ± 0.28 (n = 23), respectively. Two‐ and 3‐year BCVA was 0.37 ± 0.21 (n = 21) and 0.32 ± 0.18 (n = 10). Mean improvement in visual outcome in logMAR lines was +4.3 ± 3.4 at 6 months, +5.0 ± 3.6 at 12 months, +6.0 ± 2.3 at 24 months and +5.4 ± 2.7 at 36 months, respectively. 59.6% received at least one rebubbling and 40.4% did not necessitate a rebubbling. Endothelial cell density (ECD)‐decrease at 6 months was 36% (n = 17), 37% at 12 months (n = 17), 40% at 2 years (n = 8) and 32% at 3 years (n = 2). 34.6% of transplants needed a regraft.

Conclusion

Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) is a feasible treatment option after failed PK having a relatively good long‐term outcome.
Nasal high flow therapy introduction lowers reintubation risk in a Peruvian paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Nielsen Katie R. , Becerra María R. , Mallma Gabriela , Ellington Laura E. , Onchiri Frankline , Roberts Joan S. , Zunt Joseph , Tantaleán da Fieno José
Published: March 2020

Aim

We examined the impact of introducing high‐flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNT) on children under five with post‐extubation respiratory failure in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Peru.

Methods

This quasi‐experimental study compared clinical outcomes before and after initial HFNT deployment in the PICU at Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño in Lima in June 2016. We compared three groups: 29 received post‐extubation HFNT and 17 received continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) from 2016‐17 and 12 historical controls received CPAP from 2012‐16. The primary outcome was the need for mechanical ventilation. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated via survival analysis.

Results

High‐flow nasal oxygen therapy and CPAP did not alter the need for mechanical ventilation after extubation (aHR 0.47, 95% CI 0.15‐1.48 and 0.96, 95% CI 0.35‐2.62, respectively) but did reduce the risk of reintubation (aHR 0.18, 95% CI 0.06‐0.57 and 0.14, 95% CI 0.03‐0.72, respectively). PICU length of stay was 11, 18 and 37 days for CPAP, HFNT and historical CPAP and mortality was 12%, 7% and 27%, respectively. There was no effect on the duration of sedative infusions.

Conclusion

High‐flow nasal oxygen therapy provided effective support for some children, but larger studies in resource‐constrained settings are needed.
Systematic review of COVID‐19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F.
Published: March 2020

Aim

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people. Data on symptoms and prognosis in children are rare.

Methods

A systematic literature review was carried out to identify papers on COVID‐19, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), using the MEDLINE and Embase databases between January 1 and March 18, 2020.

Results

The search identified 45 relevant scientific papers and letters. The review showed that children have so far accounted for 1%‐5% of diagnosed COVID‐19 cases, they often have milder disease than adults and deaths have been extremely rare. Diagnostic findings have been similar to adults, with fever and respiratory symptoms being prevalent, but fewer children seem to have developed severe pneumonia. Elevated inflammatory markers were less common in children, and lymphocytopenia seemed rare. Newborn infants have developed symptomatic COVID‐19, but evidence of vertical intrauterine transmission was scarce. Suggested treatment included providing oxygen, inhalations, nutritional support and maintaining fluids and electrolyte balances.

Conclusions

The coronavirus disease 2019 has occurred in children, but they seemed to have a milder disease course and better prognosis than adults. Deaths were extremely rare.
Putative anoikis‐resistant subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma: a marker of adverse prognosis
Authors: Patankar Madhura , Mattila Taneli , Väyrynen Juha P. , Klintrup Kai , Mäkelä Jyrki , Tuomisto Anne , Nieminen Pentti , Mäkinen Markus J. , Karttunen Tuomo J.
Published: March 2020

Anoikis is a form of apoptosis induced when a cell loses contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Anoikis resistance is essential for metastasis formation, yet only detectable by in vitro experiments. We present a method for quantitation of putative anoikis‐resistant (AR) subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and evaluate their prognostic significance. We studied 137 CRC cases and identified cell subpopulations with and without stromal or extracellular matrix (ECM) contact with hematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained sections and immunohistochemistry for laminin and type IV collagen. Suprabasal cells of micropapillary structures and inner cells of cribriform and solid structures lacked both stromal contact and contact with ECM proteins. Apoptosis rate (M30) was lower in these subpopulations than in the other carcinoma cells, consistent with putative AR subpopulation. We determined the areal density of these subpopulations (number/mm2 tumor tissue), and their high areal density independently indicates low cancer‐specific survival. In conclusion, we show evidence that subpopulations of carcinoma cells in micropapillary, cribriform, and solid structures are resistant to anoikis as shown by lack of ECM contact and low apoptosis rate. Abundance of these subpopulations is a new independent indicator of poor prognosis in CRC, consistent with the importance of anoikis resistance in the formation of metastasis.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis: efficacy and safety of early biologic treatment in adult and paediatric patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Ungaro Ryan C , Aggarwal Saurabh , Topaloglu Ozlem , Lee Wan‐Ju , Clark Ryan , Colombel Jean‐Frederic
Published: March 2020

Background

There is an increasing body of evidence showing that earlier use of biologics improves clinical outcomes in Crohn's disease (CD).

Aim

To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the impact of early biologic use in the treatment of CD.

Methods

PubMed and Embase databases were searched for English language papers and conference abstracts published through April 30, 2019. Studies were selected for inclusion if patients initiated biologics within 2 years of a CD diagnosis or if earlier biologics use (top‐down) was compared with a conventional step‐up strategy. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted to compare clinical remission (CR), relapse and endoscopic healing rates between early biologic treatment (<2 years of disease duration or top‐down treatment strategy) and late/conventional treatment (biologic use after >2 years of disease duration or conventional step‐up treatment strategy).

Results

A total of 3069 records were identified, of which 47 references met the selection criteria for systematic review. A total of 18 471 patients were studied, with a median follow‐up of 64 weeks (range 10‐416). Meta‐analysis found that early use of biologics was associated with higher rates of clinical remission (OR 2.10 [95% CI: 1.69‐2.60], n = 2763, P < .00001), lower relapse rates (OR 0.31 [95% CI: 0.14‐0.68], n = 596, P = .003) and higher mucosal healing rates (OR 2.37 [95% CI: 1.78‐3.16], n = 994, P < .00001) compared with late/conventional management.

Conclusions

Early biologic treatment is associated with improved clinical outcomes in both adult and paediatric CD patients, not only in prospective clinical trials but also in real‐world settings.
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs but not aspirin are associated with a lower risk of post‐colonoscopy colorectal cancer
Authors: Cheung Ka Shing , Chen Lijia , Chan Esther W. , Seto Wai Kay , Wong Ian C.K. , Leung Wai K.
Published: March 2020

Background

Although nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, their role in preventing post‐colonoscopy CRC (PCCRC) remains undetermined.

Aims

To investigate whether NSAIDs reduce PCCRC risk after a negative baseline colonoscopy

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study based on a territory‐wide healthcare database of Hong Kong. All patients (aged 40 or above) who underwent colonoscopies between 2005 and 2013 were identified. Exclusion criteria included CRC detected within 6 months of index colonoscopy, prior CRC, inflammatory bowel disease and prior colectomy. The primary outcome was PCCRC‐3y diagnosed between 6 and 36 months after index colonoscopy. Sites of CRC were categorised as proximal (proximal to splenic flexure) and distal. The adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) of PCCRC‐3y with NSAID and aspirin use (defined as cumulative use for ≥90 days within 5 years before index colonoscopy) was derived by propensity score (PS) regression adjustment of 22 covariates (including patient factors, concurrent medication use and endoscopy centre's performance).

Results

Of 187 897 eligible patients, 21 757 (11.6%) were NSAID users. 854 (0.45%) developed PCCRC‐3y (proximal cancer: 147 [17.2%]). NSAIDs were associated with a lower PCCRC‐3y risk (aHR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41‐0.70), but not CRC that developed >3 years (aHR: 0.78, 95% CI 0.56‐1.09). The aHR was 0.48 (95% CI: 0.24‐0.95) for proximal and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.40‐0.74) for distal cancer. A duration‐ and frequency response relationship was observed (Ptrend < 0.001). For aspirin, the aHR was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.80‐1.28).

Conclusions

Non‐aspirin NSAIDs were associated with lower PCCRC risk after a negative baseline colonoscopy.
Micro‐ and macro‐morphology of the olfactory organ of Syngnathus typhle (Syngnathidae, Actinopterygii)
Authors: Dymek Jakub , Rosenqwist Gunilla , Kuciel Michał , Lauriano Eugenia Rita , Capillo Gioele , Zaccone Giacomo , Żuwała Krystyna
Published: March 2020

Herein, we describe the micro‐ and macro‐morphology of the olfactory organ in broad‐nosed pipefish (Syngnathus typhle) with a comparison of this organ between males and females during breeding season. With 8 adult males, 8 females, and 7 pregnant males collected during the breeding season from the Baltic sea as our samples, our research was conducted using light and electron (TEM, SEM) microscopes and immunohistochemistry methods to distinguish the olfactory sensory neurons. The interior of the olfactory chamber lacked an olfactory rosette. Instead, olfactory receptor epithelium covered the inner walls of the olfactory chamber and, to varying degrees, the inside of the anterior and posterior nostrils. All types of olfactory sensory neurons (ciliated, microvillus, and crypt) were present within the olfactory sensory epithelium, although the crypt sensory neurons were limited to the pregnant and non‐pregnant males). The olfactory sensory neurons were present in the areas where the density of the non‐sensory epithelium cells was reduced. No significant differences in morphology of the olfactory organ between sexes were found. Nevertheless, only in males crypt sensory neurons were presented in olfactory epithelium, which indicates that sense of smell could play a little role during mating.
Amelioration of elastase‐induced lung emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension by pharmacological iNOS inhibition in mice
Authors: Fysikopoulos Athanasios , Seimetz Michael , Hadzic Stefan , Knoepp Fenja , Wu Cheng‐Yu , Malkmus Kathrin , Wilhelm Jochen , Pichl Alexandra , Bednorz Mariola , Tadele Roxlau Elsa , Ghofrani Hossein A. , Sommer Natascha , Gierhardt Mareike , Schermuly Ralph T. , Seeger Werner , Grimminger Friedrich , Weissmann Norbert , Kraut Simone
Published: March 2020

Background and Purpose

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, encompassing chronic airway obstruction and lung emphysema, is a major worldwide health problem and a severe socio‐economic burden. Evidence previously provided by our group has shown that inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS) prevents development of mild emphysema in a mouse model of chronic tobacco smoke exposure and can even trigger lung regeneration. Moreover, we could demonstrate that pulmonary hypertension is not only abolished in cigarette smoke‐exposed iNOS−/− mice but also precedes emphysema development. Possible regenerative effects of pharmacological iNOS inhibition in more severe models of emphysema not dependent on tobacco smoke, however, are hitherto unknown.

Experimental Approach

We have established a mouse model using a single dose of porcine pancreatic elastase or saline, intratracheally instilled in C57BL/6J mice. Emphysema, as well as pulmonary hypertension development was determined by both structural and functional measurements.

Key Results

Our data revealed that (i) emphysema is fully established after 21 days, with the same degree of emphysema after 21 and 28 days post instillation, (ii) emphysema is stable for at least 12 weeks and (iii) pulmonary hypertension is evident, in contrast to smoke models, only after emphysema development. Oral treatment with the iNOS inhibitor N(6)‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐l‐lysine (L‐NIL) was started after emphysema establishment and continued for 12 weeks. This resulted in significant lung regeneration, evident in the improvement of emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusion and Implications

Our data indicate that iNOS is a potential new therapeutic target to treat severe emphysema and associated pulmonary hypertension.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc
The long road from performing word sense disambiguation to successfully using it in information retrieval: An overview of the unsupervised approach
Authors: Hristea Florentina , Colhon Mihaela
Published: March 2020

The issue of whether or not word sense disambiguation (WSD) can improve information retrieval (IR) results has been intensely debated over the years, with many inconclusive or contradictory results and a majority of skeptical opinions. All three classes of WSD methods (supervised, unsupervised, and knowledge‐based) have been considered by the literature with respect to IR. We hereby survey the unsupervised approach which, although relatively rarely used, has provided positive results at a large scale. Unsupervised WSD has already made proof of its utility in IR and it is our belief that it still holds a promise for this field. The two main existing types of unsupervised methods for IR, which are of completely different natures, are presented, within the scientific context in which they were born, and are compared. Regardless of the gap in time between these central approaches, we are of the opinion that the unsupervised solution to the discussed problem remains the most significant for IR applications. By surveying what we consider the most promising existing approach to usage of WSD in IR, and by discussing its possible extensions, we hope to stimulate continuation of this line of research, possibly at an even more successful level.
Connecting species’ geographical distributions to environmental variables: range maps versus observed points of occurrence
Authors: Rotenberry John T. , Balasubramaniam Priya
Published: March 2020

Connecting the geographical occurrence of a species with underlying environmental variables is fundamental for many analyses of life history evolution and for modeling species distributions for both basic and practical ends. However, raw distributional information comes principally in two forms: points of occurrence (specific geographical coordinates where a species has been observed), and expert‐prepared range maps. Each form has potential short‐comings: range maps tend to overestimate the true occurrence of a species, whereas occurrence points (because of their frequent non‐random spatial distribution) tend to underestimate it. Whereas previous comparisons of the two forms have focused on how they may differ when estimating species richness, less attention has been paid to the extent to which the two forms actually differ in their representation of a species’ environmental associations. We assess such differences using the globally distributed avian order Galliformes (294 species). For each species we overlaid range maps obtained from IUCN and point‐of‐occurrence data obtained from GBIF on global maps of four climate variables and elevation. Over all species, the median difference in distribution centroids was 234 km, and median values of all five environmental variables were highly correlated, although there were a few species outliers for each variable. We also acquired species’ elevational distribution mid‐points (mid‐point between minimum and maximum elevational extent) from the literature; median elevations from point occurrences and ranges were consistently lower (median −420 m) than mid‐points. We concluded that in most cases occurrence points were likely to produce better estimates of underlying environmental variables than range maps, although differences were often slight. We also concluded that elevational range mid‐points were biased high, and that elevation distributions based on either points or range maps provided better estimates.
Collaborative writing in mixed classes: What do heritage and second language learners think?
Authors: Fernández‐Dobao Ana
Published: March 2020

This study investigates heritage language (HL) and second language (L2) learners' attitudes and perceptions of their mixed HL–L2 interactions. As part of the activities of a 10‐week course, eight Spanish HL learners and 10 L2 learners worked in mixed dyads to complete a series of collaborative writing tasks designed to leverage their complementary strengths and weaknesses. A beginning‐of‐quarter and an end‐of‐quarter questionnaire were administered. Learners' responses revealed that HL and L2 learners alike had a highly positive experience that changed their initial reluctance toward collaborative writing. Most learners noticed language gains and an improvement in their writing skills. Yet both HL and L2 participants agreed that L2 learners, who were generally perceived as less proficient, benefited more. HL learners also reported affective benefits from their role as linguistic and cultural experts. Although some challenges were noticed, overall, findings support the use of collaborative writing tasks in mixed classes.
Weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model as a forecasting tool for a regional economy: The case of South Korea
Authors: Lee Hyun‐kyung , Kim Hong‐bae
Published: March 2020

This study proposes a weighted spatial dynamic shift‐share model that considers two regional attributes, namely, interregional interactions and regional receptive capabilities for domestic and international economic change, to improve the forecasting capability of the traditional shift‐share model. In particular, the spatial dependence among regions is embodied by a spatial weight matrix based on contiguity. Additionally, regional receptive capabilities are represented by weights imposed on regional industries. Forecasts over the period of 2014–2016 are made for 14 regions in South Korea using the proposed model. The results are compared with actual data from the same period and evaluated in terms of the mean absolute percentage error. The results indicate that the proposed model is more reliable and accurate than the traditional model and other dynamic extensions.