bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Teachers' Interactions with Students during Middle School Physical Education Game Play
Authors: BARNEY David , LIGUORI Gary
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Teacher/student interactions are a daily occurrence during a class period. What the teachers say, and how they say it, can affect student learning (Rink, 2002). The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of interactions student teachers had with the students during their middle school physical education game play. The subjects were two male senior physical education majors who were concluding their course work with their student teaching experience. For this study students wore a wireless microphone in order for the researcher to hear the types or interactions they had with their students during class time. It was found that these student teachers generally had positive and general interactions with students. Many of the interactions that were given usually included the word “good” or “nice” in it. It is recommended that student teachers are more specific in their interactions with students during class work.

老師與學生的互動作用是在學校內常見的現象。老師所説的和所做的事情都能夠影響學生的學習(Rink, 2002)。這項研究的目的是調查師生之間互動作用的種類，實習教師與學生的體育遊戲活動。本研究以兩位男性體育教師為對象，了解他們與學生的互動行為。學生佩帶一個無線話筒，研究員能聽見所表現的互動行為。結果顯示實習教師與學生一般有正面的互動作用。教師時常給予互動作用的詞語有「好」，這是一種很多的師生互動。
Effects of Aerobic Dancing on Homocysteine and Blood Lipid Status
Authors: TSAI Shin Lin , TSAI Pu Hsi , HUANG Chou Chun , TANG Tswen Kei , TSAI Wein Shiang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

Aerobic exercise can improve blood lipid status, homocysteine help for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on homocysteine and blood lipid status level. Eleven female students serve as the experiment subjects. They will do two hours of aerobic dancing without rest. They can drink water whenever they want. The intensity of exercise is between 55%~70% HRmax. Blood of the subjects will be drawn from the vein at pre-exercise, after exercise. Then the concentration of homocysteine, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol will be measured. The results showed that: After Aerobic dancing, homocysteine and triacylglycerol were significant higher (p<.05) than per exercise. LDL-cholesterol in the post Aerobic dancing was significant lower (p<.05) than pre exercise. There were no significant differences in HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol between pre-exercise and post­exercise. The results indicated that moderate-intensity aerobic dancing can improve blood lipid status.

有氧運動可以預防心血管疾病，而同半胱胺酸都與心血管疾病有關，因此本研究的目的在探討單次有氧舞蹈前後對同半胱胺酸及血脂狀態的影響。本研究以十一位女性大學生為受試者，從事連續二小時的有氧舞蹈，運動期間並不休息，可自由飲水，並將運動強度控制在55%~70%最大心跳率。在運動前後測量血漿中同半胱胺酸、總膽固醇、三酸甘油酯、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇及高密度脂蛋白膽固醇。結果發現：有氧舞蹈後同半胱胺酸及三酸甘油脂顯著增加，低密度脂蛋白膽固醇運動後顯著降低，其他則沒有改變。顯示中等強度的有氧舞蹈可以改善血脂狀況。
Comparison of Middle School Students Steps Per Minute (SPM) in Five Physical Education Curriculum Units Utilizing Pedometers: An Overall Contribution to Attaining the Recommended Step Counts Per Day in Children
Authors: BARNEY David , PLEBAN Francis T. , PLEBAN Jenny , DeKUPIER Justin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to compare pedometer steps per minute from five different curriculum units (basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer, pickle ball, and fitness activities) in middle school physical education classes as they relate to contributing to the recommended 12,000 to 16,000 steps per day for healthy children. Two hundred and thirty-two male and female middle school students participated in this study, 115 males and 117 females, respectively. Steps per minute were measured with pedometers in five curriculum units in middle school physical education classes; over 36 minutes of activity time. Overall, physical education classroom activities such as basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer, pickle ball, and fitness activities, measured during a 36 minute class timeframe, accounted for approximately 1% - 6% of the overall minimum 12,000 steps per day reported as appropriate for healthy children. Pedometers are becoming a useful tool for physical educators to compare sport activity levels in achieving the desired 12,000 to 16,000 steps a day for middle school children. With some modifications, physical educators can educate students and parents alike regarding pedometer use in helping to achieve recommended levels of physical activity and prescribed steps per day.
目的：本研究的目的在比較五種體育活動 (籃球、排球、室內足球、酸菜球、健身活動) 對中學生每日建議步走量(12,000 步至16,000步) 的影響。研究方法：本研究以232名中學生為受試對象(115男、117女)，以計步器為測量工具、36 分鐘為活動長度，測量中學生在五種不同的體育活動(籃球、排球、室內足球、酸菜球、健身活動) 中每分鐘的步走量。研究結果：36 分鐘的體育活動(籃球、排球、室內足球、酸菜球、健身活動) 學生大約步走了1%至6%每日最低建議步走量(12000步) 。結論:計步器是一個很好的測量工具，中學體育教育者使用它來測量學生在不同程度的體育活動中的步走量，並且比較五種體育活 動對中學生每日建議步走量的貢獻。經由適當的修正，教育者可教導學生和家長使用計步器為工具，用來幫助學生達到建議的體育活動量以及每日建議步走量。
Survey on the Swimming Abilities among Secondary School Students in Hong Kong
Authors: LOUIE Lobo , WONG Ka Chun , CHOW Bik C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study is to understand the swimming abilities among the secondary school students in HongKong. A total of 1,752 subjects replied to the survey and it revealed that 46.7% of the secondary students were unable to swim. There are significant differences between observed and expected frequencies for the secondary students who were able and unable to swim in gender and family income but no significant difference were found among school levels. Parental encouragement was the major reason for the secondary students participating in swimming activity. This finding provided the database for the school administrators and health care professionals to better understand the current situation about the swimming abilities among the secondary school students in Hong Kong.
本調查旨在探討本港中學生的游泳能力，採用問卷形式收集了1752名中學生，結果顯示有46.7%不懂游泳，盼望學校及教育部門加以關注。
Future of the Olympics: Olympics in the 21st Century
Authors: LEUNG Mee Lee
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.奥運會被批評為過於職業化，商業化及充滿民族主義色彩，這些批評破壞了奧運會的真正精神，而奧運會的真正精神是培養良好的體魄和德性--業 餘運動的基本要素以及將全球運動員集合起來一同參予四年一度的體壇盛事，藉以建立國際聲譽，從而協助建設一個更美好和更和平的世界。本文記載作者在亞特蘭大的所見所聞，以及作者對於未來籌辦更佳奧運會以外另闢溪徑方面所作的討論。
Implementation of the Presidential Youth Fitness Program
Authors: DEUTSCH Joe
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The Presidential Youth Fitness Program (PYFP) is a product of Shape American, the governing body of physical education in the United States of America. The significance of the PYFP is that it is an all-encompassing program that seeks to not only assess fitness but too promote health-related fitness and lifestyles. The criterion referenced zones students seek to achieve, allows teachers to reward the process, as well as the results. Implementation of all appropriate tests is covered, as well as interpreting the results and recognizing students for their accomplishments.

美國總統青少年體適能推廣計劃，是監控體育科的指標之一。透過有效的測驗準則，可讓教師容易推廣。
Daily Activity of 11- to 18-year-old School Children: The Hong Kong Study
Authors: NG IP Kit Wan Judy
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of the study was to examine the daily activity of the 11- to 18-year-old Hong Kong secondary school children. Two hundred and seventeen Hong Kong secondary school children (males = 109; females = 108) were surveyed. The physical activity questionnaire was employed as the survey tool to assess the daily activity. Two-way ANOVA was carried out to compare the effects of gender and age in the mean of each daily activity . F-ratios were calculated for detecting significant differences between groups (p
Correlational Study between Body Characteristics and Throwing Performance in Primary School Children
Authors: TANG Mun Yee , LOUIE Lobo Hung Tak
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Coaching school athletes becomes part of the physical educators' daily work today. The selection guidelines for the school athletes varies a lot. Many physical educators may prefer to recruit children depending on the body size. However, the present study attempts to investigate the relationship between body characteristics and throwing performance. Fifty-two 9-year-old boys were measured. Results indicated that the upper limb's length correlated significantly with the throwing performance.訓練學生參加運動競賽已成爲體育教師工作的一部份，而挑選運動員雖然沒有一套準則，但許多教師都認爲選擇體型高大的學生會有利於爭取好成績。究竟「體型」與運動成績有何關係？本研究透過量度52個九歲男生的體重、三頭肌皮脂厚、臂長和臂體積，並爲學生進行擲豆袋測試，來分析「體型」與「擲豆袋成績」的相關。結果發現「臂長」與「擲豆袋成績」 成正相關。
Development of Physical Education Teacher Education in Hong Kong - A Problem Setting Analysis
Authors: LI Chung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Ever since Physical Education (PE) became one of electives in the Teacher Education (TE) programme in 1947, it has gradually developed from a practical and professional oriented subject to a theoretical and academic based discipline in the tertiary institutes in Hong Kong. This paper described the 'selected' historical incidents of the development of PETE in Hong Kong. PETE becomes hegemonic towards scientific bias, health-dominated, technocratic and utilitarian-oriented nowadays. It creates tensions of dichotomised issues between PE and sports science; PE and medical science; theoretical and pedagogical orientation; research and practical basis; scholarly and professional discipline; and technocratic and inquiry focus etc. Its development illustrates the differences in directions, status, functions and practices. It intents to identify problems of the present practices and to initiate discussion on alternative directions of the PETE in the coming future.香港的體育師資培訓隨著時代的轉變而發展出不同的配套。本文就其歷史、發展、本質及任務帶引出討論及分析，內容包括體育與運動科學、體育理論與敎學、體育研究及專業地位等等；藉此提出理想方向的探索。
Physical Activity, Physical Fitness & Health: Distilling Guidelines for Young People
Authors: CHIA Michael , QUEK Jin Jong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The associations between physical activity and health; physical activity and physical fitness; and physical fitness and health in young people are complex and difficult to tease out. The complexities in the relationships are in part due to the difficulties faced in appropriately appraising physical activity in young people. Physical fitness standards tend to be based on norms that have been established within a population. These norms do not provide useful information about what are acceptable fitness standards for young people of different ages. Physically fit young people may not necessarily also be physically active young people and there are concerns that the pattern of increased physical inactivity among young people may have a negative impact on their health status in later years. Current recommendations for young people mirror the thinking that discontinuous physical activity of a moderate intensity that is repeated many times over on a daily basis.青少年中體育活動與健康，體育活動與體能以及體能與健康之間有著複雜的關係併難以理順。之所以複雜，其部分原因是因為不能正確地評估青少年的體育活動。體能的標準往往基於大眾中建立的一些準則，而這些準則併不適用于不同年齡階段的青少年。體格較好的青少年併不一定都是那些經常參加體育活動的人。但在青少年中不參加體育活動的人數增加的現象卻令人擔憂，這將在今後的幾年中對他們的健康產生不良的影響。目前對青少年所推薦的體育活動形式是間斷性的中等強度的運動，即在一天中反覆多次的短時間運動。
Development of Volleyball in Hong Kong
Authors: MAK David , LUI Lai Yee
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.Volleyball was first introduced to China in 1905. Nanwu College in Guangzhou and Queen's College in Hong Kong started to play volleyball in their schools. Since then, volleyball had been very popular in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong and Kowloon Volleyball Association was formed in 1951 and began to promote volleyball in a systematic manner. International competitions were held since 1976, including the World Women's Volleyball Challenge Cup in 1983 and International Beach Volleyball Championships in 1990. After the return of sovereignty to China, the Hong Kong and Kowloon Volleyball Association was renamed as Volleyball Association of Hong Kong, China which has since then organized many volleyball promotional programmes in Hong Kong with the support of the International Volleyball Federation.1905年排球運動傳入中國，廣州南武中學及香港皇仁書院最先打排球，香港排球運動蓬勃，人材輩出。1951年，港九排球聯會成立後，開始有計劃及系統地發展排球運動。1976年起主辦國際賽事，1983年首辦世界女排超霸盃：掀起全港排球熱潮。1990年引入沙灘排球，成為新的發展項目。1997年香港回歸中國後，香港排球總會積極配合國際排聯的新世紀排球發展計劃，使本港的排球活動更加多元化。
Pre-service Physical Education Teachers' Occupational Socialisation through the Field Experience
Authors: LI Chung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This paper is concerned with a qualitative study of how three pre-service physical education teachers who were comparatively less skilful in sports, socialised professionally in their first field experience. It was a part of the two-year study project investigating the occupational socialisation of pre-service physical education teachers in the Hong Kong Institute of Education. With the interpretive paradigm as the conceptual framework, data concerning the professional conceptions, socialising strategies and perceptions on their socialising agents during their first field experience were collected through interviewing and writing of reflective journals. The findings demonstrated a particular socialisation process of this type of recruits. Interestingly, they were found shaping their early belief from "being liked by the pupils" to "being proficient in sports skills and instructional competence" as important requirements for PE teaching after the first field experience. The wash out effect of the field experience on the physical education teacher education programme was particular significant on them. The findings provide information about how a particular group of recruits socialised professionally in their first field experience. In return, such implications can be facilitated positively in teacher education.此研究目的是利用詮釋理念，透過會談及反思報吿以搜集資料，探討三位運動技能水平較同班學員稍遜之敎育學院體育及運動科學系學生之第一次學校敎學實習的經歷，藉以瞭解他們的職化過程。在整個敎學實習中，他們由初期只深信「取悦學生」之敎學手法，逐漸轉化至明白「運動技能水平」及「敎學能力」對體育敎師敎學的重要性。研究結果有助加深了解這類準體育敎師的社化過程及敎學實習經驗的效果。
Efficacy of OTO Power Stretch Apparatus in Training for Abdominal and Upper Body Muscular Endurance
Authors: CHIA Michael , QUEK Jin Jong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The efficacy of the OTO Power Stretch apparatus in improving upper body muscular endurance and abdominal endurance was established in this study for a group of male and female adults. Results of the study demonstrated that participants increased their exercise endurance for the upper body and abdominal muscles significantly. Exercises using the OTO Power Stretch apparatus, done twice a day, over a training period of four weeks with thrice-a-week exercise sessions, can positively effect subcutaneous fat at the waist and abdomen in men, reduce body weight in men, reduce girth measurements in men, reduce hip girth in women, and increase upper arm and chest girth in women.本文以成年男女為研究對象，應用OTO力牽張儀(OTO Power Stretch apparatus)對其進行了為期四周，每周三天，每天兩次的運動訓練。其結果顯示，訓練後受試者上身及腹部肌肉的耐力明顯增加。男性腰腹部皮下脂肪減少，體重與體圍下降，包括胸圍、腰圍、臀圍及臂圍等；女性臀圍下降，而臂圍和胸圍增加。
Maximal Intensity Exercise Performance of Young People
Authors: CHIA Michael
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Exercise data show that young people's capability to perform exercise tasks of a maximal intensity lasting between one and 90 seconds, are lower than that of adults. In general, the maximal intensity exercise performance of young people improves with age and level of biological maturity but further research that involve larger samples of boys and girls, over the entire maturity range are needed to supplement the sparse database. Data of girls are notably lacking. More research is needed to identify the specific development stage (s) where young people acquire the adult levels of maximal intensity exercise performance. Longitudinal studies, encompassing the entire maturity range (i.e. Tanner stages one to five) of young people are needed to clarify the evolution and stability of maximal intensity exercise performance with age and maturation. Multiple bouts of maximal intensity exercise can shed light on the fatigue and power recovery profile of young people and research in this area is deserving of encouragement.研究資料顯示，青年人進行最大強度運動的持續時間較成年人短，約為1 - 90秒。一般認為，隨著年齡增長及身體各器官系統發育成熟，青年人最大運動能力提高，但這有待於大量的實驗數據加以驗證，包括不同年齡階段成熟度的資料。在這方面，女性的資料尤為缺乏。有關青年人在何一生長發育階段可達到成年人的最大運動能力的水平，這是一個需要進一步研究證實的課題。對於青年人的最大強度運動能力隨著年齡的增長及生長發育而發展以至穩定的過程，進行縱向調查是十分必要的，而以反覆多次最大強度運動的形式觀察青年人的疲勞與恢復過程是值得重視與推荐的。
Secondary School Physical Education Curriculum: Implications for Sports Development in Botswana
Authors: TORIOLA O.M.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.In many countries, a major rationale for curriculum design in physical education is that it promotes a physically active lifestyle among the youths and provides a basis for the development of fundamental sports skills. Access to physical education and sport is not only a fundamental human right but it also promotes health, desirable social attitudes and values. Based on the above rationale physical education was introduced to Botswana secondary schools in 1999. In this study, the Botswana secondary school physical education curriculum was analysed regarding its potential role in sports development in the country. Structured interviews were carried out with Principals of selected public secondary schools in which physical education is a teaching subject and the curriculum development unit in the Ministry of Education. Results were discussed in the following specific areas: curriculum content analysis, implementation problems, time allocation, provision of teaching and learning resources, funding, personnel, opportunities for competitive sport participation and assessment procedures. Problems affecting the teaching of physical education in Botswana were also discussed and possible solutions proffered. Finally, analysis of implications of the physical education curriculum for sport development in Botswana was presented.體育運動對學童成長過程非常重要，本文旨在探討非洲波斯尼亞中學體育課程，從多方面分析體育課程與體育運動發展的關係，透過與校長及敎育部長面談，了解影響體育運動發展的原因。
Automatic Text Summarization Berdasarkan Pendekatan Statistika pada Dokumen Berbahasa Indonesia
Authors: Setyawan Christopher , Benarkah Njoto , Prasetyo Vincentius Riandaru
Published: March 2021

Abstract—Propelled by the modern technological innovations data and text will be more abundant throughout the year. With this much text, automatic text summarization is needed now more than ever to help summarize a text. Automatic text summarization is defined as the creation of a shortened version of a text by a computer program, the product of this procedure still contains the most important points of the original text. Statistical approaches is one of automatic text summarization method. There is 5 statistical approaches that being used namely aggregation similarity method, frequency method, location method, title method (if text has a title), dan tf-based query method (if text doesn’t have a title). Cosine similarity is used to calculate title method, aggregation similarity method, and tf- based query method. There is two type of validation, user validation and system validation. For system validation compare the similarity between human summary and summary generated by program, which result in accuracy of 76.7647% for summary with 30% length of the original journal. For user validation result in 82% accuracy. The conclusion based on user validation and system validation is statistical approaches is suitable for automatic text summarization.Keywords: automatic text summarization, statistical approaches, Indonesian document, cosine similarity

Abstrak— Dengan kemajuan teknologi jumlah data dan teks akan semakin melimpah sepanjang tahun. Dengan banyaknya teks ini dibutuhkan bantuan automatic text summarization untuk merangkum teks tersebut. Automatic text summarization didefinisikan sebagai versi singkat dari suatu teks menggunakan program komputer yang hasilnya masih memiliki informasi penting berupa gagasan dasar dan kata atau kalimat yang dapat merepresentasikan keseluruhan teks original. Salah satu metode dalam automatic text summarization adalah pendekatan statistika. Pendekatan statistika yang digunakan ada 5 yaitu aggregation similarity method, frequency method, location method, title method (bila teks memiliki judul), dan tf-based query method (bila teks tidak memiliki judul). Cosine similarity dipakai untuk perhitungan title method, tf-based query method, dan aggregation similarity method. Validasi dilakukan dengan dua macam validasi. Pertama adalah validasi sistem dengan membandingkan similaritas antara rangkuman program dan rangkuman manusia, yang menghasilkan akurasi 76.7647% untuk rangkuman dengan panjang 30% dari jurnal original. Kedua adalah validasi user yang menghasilkan akurasi 81%. Kesimpulannya berdasarkan validasi user dan validasi sistem yang cukup baik maka pendekatan statistika cocok dipakai dalam kasus automatic text summarization.Kata kunci: automatic text summarization, pendekatan statistika, cosine similarity, dokumen berbahasa Indonesia
El agua y su legislación. Acuerdos y conflictos en los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca (México), en la transición del siglo XIX al siglo XX
Authors: Escobar Ohmstede Antonio , Topete Pozas Olivia P
Published: March 2021

Se considera que las leyes, decretos y bandos influían o marcaban normas en las sociedades rurales y urbanas; lo cual es parcialmente cierto. Sin embargo, poco se ha analizado cómo esas leyes se nutren de las normas y derechos ejercidas por diversos actores sociales, y cómo a su vez fueron utilizadas en las tensiones sociales. En este artículo, mostramos cómo en los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca, los diversos actores sociales se ajustaron o pretendieron modificar su acceso, manejo, control y administración del agua en la transición del siglo XIX al siglo XX.
Concentrated Learning Experiences Across Two Different Health-Systems
Authors: Nisly Sarah , Guzik Brennen , Cunha Alexandra , Sturdivant Brittany , Brennan Lisa , Sebaaly Jamielynn , Smith Susan
Published: March 2021

Background: While many public pharmacy schools have an adjoining health-system to accommodate their students, some pharmacy programs form partnerships with non-affiliated health-systems to precept students.  These health-systems often afford students the opportunity to complete multiple rotations within a single organization, offering decreased onboarding time and more longitudinal experiences. 
Innovation: Two autonomous partnerships were developed with independent healthcare systems for concentrated learning experiences during the advanced pharmacy practice experiences year.  Each program differs in student requirements and is overseen by the practice site, with participation by area faculty.
Key Findings: A survey assessed professional skill set development, achievement of program goals during the experiential year, and student satisfaction of a concentrated learning experience.  A comparison between programs was completed to assess for consistency in student experiences.  Nineteen students (83%) responded to the survey.  Students from both health-systems reported similarities in professional skill growth.  Likewise, all students reported achievement of program goals and overall satisfaction with their experiential training.
Conclusions: Independently managed concentrated learning experiences provided evidence of consistent growth in student professional development and achievement of programmatic goals.  Partnerships with non-affiliated healthcare systems can provide a rich training ground for student learners.
اشكاليات عملية بناء الدولة : دراسة حالة بلجيكا
Authors: Dawody Rezan Emad , Alnajar Sherzad Ahmad
Published: March 2021

ان البحث في عملية بناء الدولة البلجيكية يثير اشكاليات عديدة،يمكن ارجاعها الى متغير التعددية المجتمعية كمتغير رئيس ودوره في تشكيل المؤسسات السياسية في بلجيكا. وهذا يدل على ان التكوين المجتمعي القومي في بلجيكا كان له ولا يزال دور بارز في ادارة الحياة السياسية في بلجيكا.

يمكن القول ان نظرية الدولة القومية باتت قاصرة عن معالجة مشكلات الدول ذات التعددية المجتمعية ،القومية ،والدينية،والاثنية ،والطائفية، وينطبق ذلك على حالة الدولة والمجتمع البلجيكي ذات التعددية القومية .

انطلاقاً من ذلك، فقد تحولت الدولة البلجيكية الموحدة المنظمة وفق مبادئ دستور (7 شباط،1831م ) الى دولة فيدرالية في الخامس من ايار 1993م. وذلك استجابة لمطالب مكوناتها القومية وحفاظاً على الدولة من الانهيار.

ان الدولة البلجيكية التي حصلت على استقلالها في عام (1831م) كانت منطقة ذات اهمية كبيرة لسنوات عديدة ،وخاضت صراعات عديدة من اجل حقوق الارض على مر التاريخ. تحدها من الشمال هولندا وبحر الشمال، ومن الشرق هولندا والمانيا ولوغسمبرع، ومن الجنوب والغرب فرنسا. وينقسم مجتمعها بين ثلاث جماعات لغوية ذات كثافة سكانية متباينة. وهم جماعة الفلامينك (Flemings) الناطقة باللغة الهولندية/ الفلمنكية، ويبلغ تعدادهم (5.7) مليون نسمة، وجماعة الوالون (Walloons) الناطقة بالللغة الفرنسية وعددهم (4.2) مليون نسمة، والجماعة الجرمانوفية الناطقة باللغة الالمانية ويبلغ عددهم (60.000) الف نسمة.

شهدت العلاقة بين المكونات القومية البلجيكية توترات عديدة الامر الذي ادى الى حالة عدم استقرار عانت منها الدولة البلجيكية بسبب اخفاقها في تحقيق الاندماج ضمن اطار دولة وحدوية بسيطة مما دعى الحكومة البلجيكية الى تغيير شكل الدولة الى دولة فيدرالية تتلائم وتقسيمات المكونات المجتمعية.

ان التكوين المجتمعي غير المنسجم والذي تزامن مع ازمة الهوية التي عانت منها الدولة البلجيكية منذ تأسيسها دفع الى تطبيق النموذج الفدرالي في الحكم للحيلولة دون انهيار الدولة نتيجة مطالب الفلامينكيين(Flemings) بالاستقلال، وسعي الوالونيون(Walloons) الى الانفصال عن بلجيكا(Belgium) والانضمام الى فرنسا التي تربطهم بها اصل وتاريخ ولغة مشتركة.
المعايير الاقتصادية والفنية الواجب مراعاتها لتخطيط المدن الصناعية في العراق
Authors: Eddan Imad Khalil , Zamil Salam Mounam
Published: March 2021

الملخص : ان انشاء المدن الصناعية المخططة يعتبر من الأتجاهات المتطوره في التخطيط والتصميم الصناعي وتخطيط المدن بما ينعكس على تطوير القطاع الصناعي ، وهذه الدراسة تضمنت تحديد المراحل الاساسية لاعداد المخططات للمدن والمجمعات والمناطق الصناعية في العراق والتي تساهم في مشاريع توطين الصناعات المختلفة من خلال تحديد مجموعه من الأسس و المعايير الاقتصادية والفنية والبيئية مصنفة على أساس شمولها على مجموعه من العناصرالرئيسية و الفرعية ، وامكانية إستخدام تلك المعايير والاسس في الدراسات التطبيقية المعده محلياً وعند انشاء وأقامه مجمعات ومدن صناعية متكامله بهدف تنظيم الصناعة و تكوين قاعدة بيانات ومعلومات متكاملة ، وبناء شبكة صناعية مترابطة وخلق الظروف المناسبة من أجل تحديث وتطوير الصناعات القائمة. بما يحقق عدم الأنتشار العشوائي وغير المنظم للصناعات والمشاريع الصناعية , وتوجيه الأستثمارات نحو تلبية أحتياجات التنمية الأقتصادية والأجتماعية.
Issues and Trends in Brazilian Studies in South Korea: Social Sciences and Humanities
Authors: Jung Hoyoon
Published: March 2021

As Brazil emerges as a significant and influential country in the global arena, studies related to Brazil have drawn keen scholarly interests from a number of fields of study. In this regard, “Brazilian Studies” has grown considerably in the last several decades and has solid representation in most disciplines, particularly in the social sciences and humanities. In South Korea, Brazilian Studies has also become a competitive and promising discipline through the effort of pioneer Korean brazilianists, yet less lively compared to Brazilian Studies in the United States and other European countries that have guided this field. Employing web-based methods, including online-based searching, and bibliographical analysis based on the data collected by DBpia, this study aims to introduce and examine the issues, trends and current state of Brazilian Studies education and research in South Korea, particularly focusing on the social sciences and humanities.
O espaço urbano na Amazônia como campo de aplicação de forças fiversas: a governança municipal e a participação popular no Centro Histórico de Belém
Authors: Figueiredo Cibelly Alessandra Rodrigues
Published: March 2021

Este estudo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as políticas públicas e a participação popular em relação ao Centro Histórico de Belém. Por uma ótica transdisciplinar, o artigo analisa como intervenções no patrimônio, subsidiadas pelo Estado, provocam segregação social e perda de referências identitárias ao favorecer um processo de privatização do espaço urbano, que se contradiz à narrativa de abrangência das políticas de patrimonialização inclusiva e plural e torna proeminente a percepção de mercantilização da cidade. O artigo argumenta ainda que é necessário o alargamento e a inclusão de representatividade imaterial e participação social na construção de instrumentos de preservação.
Arqueologia, processos de musealização e representação no Brasil: enredos da colonialidade, fissuras e contranarrativas
Authors: Moraes-Wichers Camila Azevedo
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo analisa processos de musealização e representação que buscam comunicar a arqueologia e seus saberes para um público amplo no Brasil, evidenciando enredos da colonialidade, presentes em museus, exposições e outros vetores de socialização da arqueologia. O artigo mostra como dicotomias e hierarquias entre presente/passado, nós/outros e sujeito/objeto, bem como apagamentos e raptos efetivados por meio de imagens de controle têm marcado o contexto brasileiro. Como contraponto, o artigo salienta a emergência de contranarrativas, exploradas ao final do texto, como possibilidades de restituição de histórias e emancipação de coletivos.
Global geometric entanglement in transverse-field XY spin chains: finite and infinite systems
Authors: Wei Tzu-Chieh , Vishveshwara Smitha , Goldbart Paul M.
Published: March 2021

The entanglement in quantum XY spin chains of arbitrary length is investigated via the geometric measure of entanglement. The emergence of entanglement is explained intuitively from the perspective of perturbations. The model is solved exactly and the energy spectrum is determined and analyzed in particular for the lowest two levels for both finite and infinite systems. The overlaps for these two levels are calculated analytically for arbitrary number of spins. The entanglement is hence obtained by maximizing over a single parameter. The corresponding ground-state entanglement surface is then determined over the entire phase diagram, and its behavior can be used to delineate the boundaries in the phase diagram. For example, the field-derivative of the entanglement becomes singular along the critical line. The form of the divergence is derived analytically and it turns out to be dictated by the universality class controlling the quantum phase transition. The behavior of the entanglement near criticality can be understood via a scaling hypothesis, analogous to that for free energies. The entanglement density vanishes along the so-called disorder line in the phase diagram, the ground space is doubly degenerate and spanned by two product states. The entanglement for the superposition of the lowest two states is also calculated. The exact value of the entanglement depends on the specific form of superposition. However, in the thermodynamic limit the entanglement density turns out to be independent of the superposition. This proves that the entanglement density is insensitive to whether the ground state is chosen to be the spontaneously $Z_2$ symmetry broken one or not. The finite-size scaling of entanglement at critical points is also investigated from two different view points. First, the maximum in the field-derivative of the entanglement density is computed and fitted to a logarithmic dependence of the system size, thereby deducing the correlation length exponent for the Ising class using only the behavior of entanglement. Second, the entanglement density itself is shown to possess a correction term inversely proportional to the system size, with the coefficient being universal (but with different values for the ground state and the first excited state, respectively).
Depolarizing behavior of quantum channels in higher dimensions
Authors: Magesan Easwar
Published: March 2021

The paper analyzes the behavior of quantum channels, particularly in large dimensions, by proving various properties of the quantum gate fidelity. Many of these properties are of independent interest in the theory of distance measures on quantum operations. A non-uniqueness result for the gate fidelity is proven, a consequence of which is the existence of non-depolarizing channels that produce a constant gate fidelity on pure states. Asymptotically, the gate fidelity associated with any quantum channel is shown to converge to that of a depolarizing channel. Methods for estimating the minimum of the gate fidelity are also presented.
Different adiabatic quantum optimization algorithms
Authors: Choi Vicky
Published: March 2021

One of the most important questions in studying quantum computation is: whether a quantum computer can solve NP-complete problems more efficiently than a classical computer? In 2000, Farhi, et al. (Science, 292(5516):472--476, 2001) proposed the adiabatic quantum optimization (AQO), a paradigm that directly attacks NP-hard optimization problems. How powerful is AQO? Early on, van-Dam and Vazirani claimed that AQO failed (i.e. would take exponential time) for a family of 3SAT instances they constructed. More recently, Altshuler, et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107(28): 12446--12450, 2010) claimed that AQO failed also for random instances of the NP-complete Exact Cover problem. In this paper, we make clear that all these negative results are only for a specific AQO algorithm. We do so by demonstrating different AQO algorithms for the same problem for which their arguments no longer hold. Whether AQO fails or succeeds for solving the NP-complete problems (either the worst case or the average case) requires further investigation. Our AQO algorithms for Exact Cover and 3SAT are based on the polynomial reductions to the NP-complete Maximum-weight Independent Set (MIS) problem.
Locally unextendible non-maximally entangled basis
Authors: Chakrabarty Indranil , Agrawal Pankaj , Pati Arun K.
Published: March 2021

We introduce the concept of the locally unextendible non-maximally entangled basis (LUNMEB) in H^d \bigotimes H^d. It is shown that such a basis consists of d orthogonal vectors for a non-maximally entangled state. However, there can be a maximum of (d-1)^2 orthogonal vectors for non-maximally entangled state if it is maximally entangled in (d-1) dimensional subspace. Such a basis plays an important role in determining the number of classical bits that one can send in a superdense coding protocol using a non-maximally entangled state as a resource. By constructing appropriate POVM operators, we find that the number of classical bits one can transmit using a non-maximally entangled state as a resource is (1+p_0\frac{d}{d-1})\log d, where p_0 is the smallest Schmidt coefficient. However, when the state is maximally entangled in its subspace then one can send up to 2\log (d-1) bits. We also find that for d= 3, former may be more suitable for the superdense coding.
Finding hidden Borel subgroups of the general linear group
Authors: Ivanyos Gabor
Published: March 2021

We present a quantum algorithm for solving the hidden subgroup problem in the general linear group over a finite field where the hidden subgroup is promised to be a conjugate of the group of the invertible lower triangular matrices. The complexity of the algorithm is polynomial when size of the base field is not much smaller than the degree.
Redox-neutral S-nitrosation Mediated by a Dicopper Center
Authors: Tao Wenjie , Moore Curtis , Zhang Shiyu
Published: March 2021

An unprecedented redox-neutral S-nitrosation of thiol has been achieved at dicopper(I,I) center. Treatment of dicopper (I,I) complex with excess NO• and thiol generates a dicopper (I,I) di-S-nitrosothiol complex [CuICuI(RSNO)2]2+ or dicopper (I,I) mono-S-nitrosothiol complex [CuICuI(RSNO)]2+, which readily release RSNO in 88-94% yield. The S-nitrosation reaction proceeds through a mixed-valence [CuIICuIII(m-O)(m-NO)]2+ species, which deprotonates RS-H at the basic m-O site and nitrosates the RS- at the m-NO site. The [CuIICuIII(m-O)(m-NO)]2+ complex is also competent for O-nitrosation of MeOH, which is isoelectronic to thiol. In this case, a rare [CuIICuII(m-NO)(OMe)]2+ intermediate has been isolated and fully characterized, suggesting the S-nitrosation proceeds through the intermediary of analogous [CuIICuII(m-NO)(SR)]2+ species. The redox- and proton-neutral S-nitrosation process reported here represents the first functional model of ceruloplasmin in mediating S-nitrosation of external thiols, adding further implications for biological copper sites in the interconversion of NO•/RSNO.
Concise Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Fasamycin A
Authors: Li Jian , Renata Hans
Published: March 2021

We report the development of a chemoenzymatic approach towards fasamycin A, a halogenated naphthacenoid that exhibits activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. The synthesis was accomplished in a convergent manner: two fragments were combined together via Michael−Dieckmann condensation to afford a dimethylnaphthacenone system. Finally, an enzymatic halogenation was employed to introduce the requisite chlorine substituent of the natural product at a late stage.
The Enones as New Alkenyl Reagents via Ligand Promoted C–C Bonds Activation
Authors: Li Hanyuan , Wang Mei-Ling , Liu Yue-Wen , Li Ling-Jun , Xu Hui , Dai Huixiong
Published: March 2021

Complementary to C–H bond activation, C–C bond activation has emerged over the past few years as an increasingly powerful tool to access and modify complex molecules. Ketones, owing to their versatility and availability, provide a significant platform for C–C bond activating reactions. Herein, we reported a β-carbon elimination strategy for alkene(sp2)–C(O) bonds to realize the olefination of unstrained enones via a vinyl palladium species, which delivers a series of conjugated polyene compounds. The protocol features broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance and can be extended to dba (dibenzylideneacetone) substrates for olefination, alkynylation, arylation and amination, which demonstrates the generality of the approach and affords two valuable products in one pot. Furthermore, the late-stage functionalization of natural products (β-ionone and acetyl cedrene) and synthesis of natural products (piperine, lignarenone, novenone) highlight the potential utility of the reaction.
Prediction of Dissociation Constant in Protein-Ligand Interaction
Authors: Kawashima Masatoshi
Published: March 2021

In protein-ligand interactions, such as antigen-antibody interactions and hormone-receptor interactions, a correlation between the equilibrium dissociation constant KD and the reduced mass of the protein and ligand was found. The correlation of dissociation constants as pKD (-logKD) between literature values and predicted values was confirmed in high coefficient of determination R2 over 0.98.
3-Dimensional Plates Versus Conventional Mini plates in Maxillofacial Trauma- A Review
Authors: Subhashini Ramasubbu  , Shivangi Gaur  , Ramvihari Thota  , Abdul Wahab P U
Published: March 2021

Maxillofacial trauma is any physical injury to the facial bones. Facial bones are frequently fractured bones in RTA, Assault, Domestic violence etc. Facial trauma includes Maxillary fractures, Mandibular fractures, Orbital Fractures, Nasal Bone Fractures, soft tissue injury such as lacerations, bruises etc. Over the years, there are many refinements in the management of maxillofacial trauma. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is more in males because they are involved in more physical activities and assault compared to women. In Older times for facial bone fractures, surgeons performed maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis for minimum three weeks to 6 weeks, and mouth opening was difficult, poor oral hygiene leading to periodontal problems, difficulty in speech and masticatory functions. The management of maxillofacial trauma includes the use of Maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis, conventional mini plates and 3-D plates. For the management of facial bone fractures, Maxillofacial surgeons perform open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) whenever needed. In the case of ORIF, Surgeons use mini plates either 3D or Conventional Plates for stabilising the fractured segments. This technique requires skill and experience and is also expensive. The advantages of this method are improved quality of life. The objective of this review is to compare 3-Dimensional plates and Conventional Plates in Maxillofacial trauma.
البنائي في تحصيل طالبات الصف السابع الأساسي في مادة الجغرافية وتنمية استطلاعهن العلمي ( Shayer & Adey ) أثر استخدام أمنوذج
Authors: Ali Hassan Sundus
Published: March 2021

استهدؼ البحث التعرؼ على أثر استخداـ أمنوذج )Shayer & Adey )البنائي يف حتصيل طالبات الصف السابع األساسي يف مادة اجلغرافية وتنمية استطالعهن العلمي، ولتحقيق ىذا اذلدؼ صاغت الباحثة فرضيتني صفريتني. واعتمدت الباحثة التصميم التجرييب ذي اجملموعتني ادلتكافئتني: التجريبية، والضابطة وابالختبارين القبلي والبعدي دلتغري االستطالع العلمي، واالختبار البعدي فقط ابلنسبة دلتغري التحصيل. تكوف رلتمع البحث من مجيع طالبات الصف السابع األساسي يف ادلدارس األساسية النهارية يف مدينة دىوؾ للعاـ الدراسي )2014 .)2015- أما عينة البحث فقد أُختريت بصورة قصدية من رلتمع البحث من مدرسيت )انز ورةوشةف( للبنات، وتكونت من )57 )طالبة، وزعت ً على رلموعتني، األوىل: رلموعة جتريبية بلغ عدد أفرادىا ) عشوائيا 31 )طالبة درسن مادة اجلغرافية على وفق أمنوذج ) & Adey Shayer ،)والثانية: رلموعة ضابطة بلغ عدد أفرادىا )26 )طالبة درسن ادلادة ذاهتا ابلطريقة االعتيادية. وقد أجرت الباحثة التكافؤ بني رلموعيت البحث يف متغريات )درجة مادة االجتماعيات، وادلعرفة السابقة، والعمر الزمين، وحاصل الذكاء، واالستطالع العلمي، وادلستوى التعليمي لألبوين(. ىيأت الباحثة ادلستلزمات الضرورية للبحث وادلتمثلة بتحليل ادلادة العلمية، وصياغة األغراض السلوكية للمادة ادلقررة، وإعداد اخلطط التدريسية اخلاصة بتدريس اجملموعتني على وفق أمنوذج )Shayer & Adey )والطريقة االعتيادية. ولتحقيق ىديف البحث واختبار فرضيتيو تطلب ذلك أداتني، األوىل: اختبار حتصيلي يف مادة اجلغرافية الذي أعدتو الباحثة، وتكوف بصيغتو النهائية من )35 )فقرة من نوع االختيار من متعدد، وحتققت الباحثة من صدقو وخصائصو السايكومرتية وثباتو. والثانية: مقياس االستطالع العلمي والذي تبنتو وكيفتو الباحثة لقياس االستطالع العلمي، وتكوف من )24 )فقرة اتسم ابلصدؽ والثبات واستخرج مستوى الصعوبة والقوة التمييزية لفقراتو وكانت مجيعها ضمن ادلستوى ادلقبوؿ.وبعد ذلك نفذت الباحثة جتربتها بتاريخ 1/11/2014 وانتهت يف 11/1/2015 ،وقد درست اجملموعتني بنفسها وبعد االنتهاء من التجربة وتطبيق األداتني، وإجراء ادلعاجلة إالحصائي مع البياانت ابستخداـ االختبار التائي أظهرت النتائج ماأييت: ُ 1 .يوجد فرؽ ذو داللة إحصائية عند مستوى )0005 درسن مادة اجلغرافية ( بني متوسط درجات حتصيل طالبات اجملموعة التجريبية الالئي ي على وفق أمنوذج )Shayer & Adey )درسن ادلادة نفسها على وفق الطريقة ُ ومتوسط درجات حتصيل طالبات اجملموعة الضابطة الالئي ي االعتيادية، ولصاحل اجملموعة التجريبية. 2 .يوجد فرؽ ذو داللة إحصائية عند مستوى )0005 )بني متوسط درجات تنمية االستطالع العلمي عند طالبات اجملموعة التجريبية الالئي ُدرسن على وفق أمنوذج ي )Shayer & Adey )درسن ُ ومتوسط درجات تنمية االستطالع العلمي عند طالبات اجملموعة الضابطة الالئي ي على وفق الطريقة األعتيادية، ولصاحل اجملموعة التجريبية.
The Value, Predicament and Countermeasure of Communication in Class Spiritual Culture Construction
Authors: Liu Yongchun , Ma Wenhua
Published: March 2021

With the gradual deepening of the concept of “cultural education ”in the educational, class culture construction has changed from the original pursuit of the creation of material environment to the construction of spiritual culture, this paper takes the communication as the breakthrough of the class spiritual culture construction, on the basis of expounding that communication is conducive to the formation of common cognition, emotional sharing and community consciousness in the construction of class spiritual culture, analyzes the difficulties in the form of communication in the construction of class spiritual culture, such as the rigidity of the form, the externality of the content and the utilitarianism of the level, put forward the strategies to communicate in the class activities of joint action, based on the deep understanding and reflection of the class activities, and in the open and inclusive atmosphere of the class activities, In order to arouse people to explore the class spiritual culture construction of new thinking, new path.
THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MYOCARDIAL STATE PECULIARITIES IN MEN UNDER 60 YEARS OLD WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PULMONARY DISEASES
Authors: D.V. Nosovich , Z.N. Godina , Trinh Van Nhan Trinh
Published: March 2021

Relevance. The development of chronic heart failure in chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease (CIPD) after myocardial infarction (MI) remains insufficiently studied.
Aim. To evaluate changes in intracardiac hemodynamic parameters in men under 60 years old with CIPD in the acute and subacute MI periods to clarify their significance in the development of chronic heart failure.
Material and methods. The study included men aged 19-60 years old with type I MI. Patients are divided into two age-comparable groups: I - the study group, with CIPD - 166 patients; II - control, without it - 490 patients. A comparative assessment of intracardiac hemodynamic in selected groups was performed in first 48 hours (1) and the end of third MI week (2).
Results. There was a left ventricle (LV) large dilatation in the study group, as in the first hours of MI (end-systolic volume index (ESVI1) 43.5±21.5 and 36.6±20.7 (ml/m2); p=0.001 ), and at the end of the third week of MI (ESVI2 35.6±16.9 and 32.2±18.4 (ml/m2); p=0.03). There was a left atrium (LA) dilatation (I (1): 40.3±5.3; I (2): 40.9±5.2 (mm) and II (1): 40.7±5.1; II (2): 40.4±5.2 (mm); p≥0.05), right ventricle (RV) dilatation in the first hours of MI (28.3±6.7 and 25.2±6.7 (mm); p = 0.01). There was a significant decrease in the LV ejection fraction in the study group compared to the control at both measurement points (1: 42.6±13.4 and 47.8±13.3 (%), respectively; p=0.0004; 2: 54.9±11.5 and 57.2±12.6 (%); p=0.04). When assessing the dynamics over the observation period, an expansion of the LP was noted in the study group (by 1.4%), in contrast to its decrease in the control group (by 0.6%; p˂0.0001). Also revealed: negative dynamics of the ratio of the velocity of late and early LV filling in the study group (decrease by 6.0%) in comparison with the control (increase by 5.8%; p˂0.0001).
Conclusions. Thus, in CIPD, we observed more pronounced dilatation of the RV and LV, systolic and diastolic LV dysfunction in the acute and subacute MI periods. This confirms the negative value of CIPD for the prognosis of MI.