bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using qualitative and quantitative stakeholder knowledge: examples from European deep-water fisheries
Authors: Lorance Pascal , Agnarsson Sveinn , Damalas Dimitrios , des Clers Sophie , Figueiredo Ivone , Gil Juan , Trenkel Verena M.
Published: July 2011

Lorance, P., Agnarsson, S., Damalas, D., des Clers, S., Figueiredo, I., Gil, J., and Trenkel, V. M. 2011. Using qualitative and quantitative stakeholder knowledge: examples from European deep-water fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1815–1824. Stakeholder knowledge was collected through questionnaires and cognitive maps and used to summarize biological, environmental, technical, management, and socio-economic factors for several deep-water fisheries, identifying regional management issues and solutions. The questionnaires and cognitive maps revealed different technical, environmental, and management concerns in these fisheries. Dissatisfaction with management was more at an implementation than a conceptual level, because the existing management measures were mostly considered fit for purpose. Further, catch-and-effort data provided by the fishing industry were used to calculate standardized landings per unit effort. The results suggested different trends over time for three deep-water stocks exploited by the same fleet. The examples demonstrate how stakeholder involvement and use of qualitative knowledge and quantitative data might improve the management process and stock assessments when data are limited.
Protein Elicitor PemG1 fromMagnaporthe griseaInduces Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Plants
Authors: Peng Dong-Hai , Qiu De-Wen , Ruan Li-Fang , Zhou Chen-Fei , Sun Ming
Published: July 2011

Elicitors can stimulate defense responses in plants and have become a popular strategy in plant disease control. Previously, we isolated a novel protein elicitor, PemG1, from Magnaporthe grisea. In the present study, PemG1 protein expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli improved resistance of rice and Arabidopsis to bacterial infection, induced transient expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and increased accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in rice. The effects of PemG1 on disease resistance and PR gene expression were mobilized systemically throughout the rice plant and persisted for more than 28 days. PemG1-induced accumulation of OsPR-1a in rice was prevented by the calcium channel blockers LaCl3, BAPTA, EGTA, W7, and TFP. Arabidopsis mutants that are insensitive to jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene showed increased resistance to bacterial infection after PemG1 treatment but PemG1 did not affect resistance of mutants with an impaired salicylic acid (SA) transduction pathway. In rice, PemG1 induced overexpressions of the SA signal-related genes (OsEDS1, OsPAL1, and OsNH1) but not the JA pathway-related genes (OsLOX2 and OsAOS2). Our findings reveal that PemG1 protein can function as an activator of plant disease resistance, and the PemG1-mediated systemic acquired resistance is modulated by SA- and Ca2+-related signaling pathways.
Effects of Temperature on ‘CandidatusLiberibacter solanacearum’ and Zebra Chip Potato Disease Symptom Development
Authors: Munyaneza Joseph E. , Sengoda Venkatesan G. , Buchman Jeremy L. , Fisher Tonja W.
Published: July 2011

Temperature has been shown to have a significant effect on development of liberibacter species associated with citrus Huanglongbing disease. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter africanus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ are both heat sensitive, whereas ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ is heat tolerant. The recently described ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ is associated with zebra chip (ZC), a newly emerging and economically important disease of potato worldwide. This psyllid-transmitted liberibacter species severely affects several other solanaceous crops and carrot. Experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of temperature on development of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and ZC disease. Potato plants were inoculated with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ by briefly exposing them to liberibacter-infective potato psyllids at various temperatures under laboratory conditions. Following insect exposure, the plants were maintained at selected temperature regimes in growth chambers, monitored for ZC symptom development, and later tested for liberibacter by polymerase chain reaction to confirm infection. Results indicated that temperatures below 17°C appear to slow development of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and ZC symptoms, whereas temperatures above 32°C are detrimental to this liberibacter. Compared to Huanglongbing liberibacters, ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ appears heat sensitive. The sensitivity of this bacterium and its insect vector to temperature may partially explain incidence, severity, and distribution of ZC in affected regions.
The Spread of a Released Clone of Gibberella zeae from Different Amounts of Infested Corn Residue
Authors: Keller Melissa D. , Thomason Wade E. , Schmale David G.
Published: July 2011

Corn residue is a significant source of inoculum for epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, but little is known about the influence of different amounts of corn residue on FHB. We monitored the spread of a released clone of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium graminearum), causal agent of FHB, from small 0.84-m-diameter research plots containing 45, 200, or 410 g of infested corn stalk pieces in winter wheat and barley fields in Virginia over 3 years (2008 to 2010). The fungus was recaptured through the collection of wheat and barley spikes at 0 and 3 m from the source and the released clone was identified in heterogeneous background populations using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Results showed a slightly greater intensity of recovery of the clone at a greater distance when more infested residue was present. Plots containing larger amounts of inoculum (410 g) generally resulted in a smaller decline of recovery of the clone at 3 m from the source, indicating a greater spread from the larger inoculum source. The clone was also recovered at distances ≥18 m from inoculum sources. Larger amounts of corn residue generally had less influence on clone recovery in plots containing a moderately resistant wheat cultivar than those containing a susceptible wheat cultivar.
Biological Properties of Potato virus X in Potato: Effects of Mixed Infection with Potato virus S and Resistance Phenotypes in Cultivars from Three Continents
Authors: Nyalugwe Eviness P. , Wilson Calum R. , Coutts Brenda A. , Jones Roger A. C.
Published: July 2011

Interactions between Potato virus X (PVX) and Potato virus S (PVS) were studied in potato plants, and isolates of PVX were inoculated to potato cultivars from four continents to identify occurrence of PVX resistance genes. Mixed infection with PVX and PVS increased the titer of PVS and enhanced expression of foliar symptoms in primarily and secondarily infected plants of ‘Royal Blue’. PVX isolates belonging to strain groups 1 and 3 (WA1+3) or 3 (XK3 and TAS3) were sap and graft inoculated (1 to 3 isolates each) to 38 cultivars and one breeding line. Presence of extreme PVX resistance gene Rx was identified in four Australian (‘Auski’, ‘Billabong’, ‘Flame’, and ‘Ruby Lou’) and two European (‘Mondial’ and ‘Rodeo’) cultivars, and in a clone of North American ‘Atlantic’. PVX hypersensitivity gene Nx was identified for the first time in two Australian (‘Bliss’ and ‘MacRusset’), four European (‘Almera’, ‘Harmony’, ‘Maxine’, and ‘Nadine’), and one North American (‘Ranger Russet’) cultivars, and in Australian breeding line 98-10713. PVX hypersensitivity gene Nb was identified for the first time in one Australian (‘White Star’), five European (‘Innovator’, ‘Kestrel’, ‘Kipfler’, ‘Laurine’, and ‘Royal Blue’), and one North American (‘Shepody’) cultivars. Probable ancestral sources of the resistance genes found in different cultivars were identified. Thus, although PVX resistance genes often occur in parents used in crosses, knowledge of their occurrence in parents and cultivars is often lacking. On sap inoculation, systemic hypersensitive phenotypes that caused shoot death often developed in cultivars with Nx but not necessarily in all shoots. This phenotype caused severe necrotic symptoms in infected tubers. In some instances, passage through cultivars with Nb separated strain group 3 from mixed isolate WA1+3.
Grain Harvesting Strategies to Minimize Grain Quality Losses Due to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat
Authors: Salgado Jorge David , Wallhead Matthew , Madden Laurence V. , Paul Pierce A.
Published: July 2011

Fusarium head blight (FHB) reduces wheat grain yield and quality, leading to price discounts due to Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grain, and reduced test weight (weight per unit volume of grain). Experiments were conducted to determine whether changing combine harvester configurations to differentially remove diseased kernels affected the yield and quality of grain harvested from plots with different mean levels of FHB index (IND, mean proportion of diseased spikelets per spike), achieved with inoculations at different spore densities. Plots were harvested using four combine configurations, with C1 being the standard, set at a fan speed of 1,375 rpm and a shutter opening of 70 mm, and C2, C3, and C4 regulated to fan speeds and shutter openings of 1,475 rpm and 70 mm, 1,475 rpm and 90 mm, and 1,375 rpm and 90 mm, respectively. C3 and C4 consistently had significantly lower mean arcsine-transformed FDK and log-transformed DON and higher mean test weight than did C1. However, C3 and C4 also resulted in significantly lower mean amounts of harvested grain than did C1. The estimated mean responses to combine configuration were consistent across a range of mean IND levels (5 to 35%). Using a common price discount schedule based on the incidence of FDK, DON, and test weight, and the mean values found in the current investigation for these grain-quality variables, configurations C2, C3, and C4 resulted in between $10 and 40/t lower estimated grain price discounts than C1, with the lowest discounts corresponding to C3 and C4. Using the discount values, a range of grain prices, and the mean yield values from this investigation, estimated gross cash income (GCI; mean estimated yield × grain price adjusted for discounts due to inferior quality) was generally higher for grain harvested with C2 and C4 than with C1 or C3, with C4 being the most consistent across a range of IND levels (5 to 35%) and grain prices ($118 to 276/t). For all modified configurations, the greatest increases in GCI over C1 were observed at the lowest tested grain price, and the improvement of GCI over C1 increased with increasing IND up to the highest disease level tested. Thus, these results showed that, when harvesting grain from FHB-affected fields, the improvement in grain quality and reduction in price discounts with a combine adjustment could be great enough to counteract the reduction in harvested grain that results from the adjustment.
Development of Primers for Improved PCR Detection of the Potato Zebra Chip Pathogen, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’
Authors: Ravindran Aravind , Levy Julien , Pierson Elizabeth , Gross Dennis C.
Published: July 2011

Zebra chip disease poses a major economic threat to potato production. The causative agent is a phloem-limited bacterium identified as ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ that is transmitted by the potato/ tomato psyllid. Currently, there are no effective controls and existing control strategies depend largely on the early detection of the pathogen via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Most primer sets used for PCR detection target a region of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene, and detection of the pathogen in symptomatic potato tissue with existing primers has been variable depending on the specific primer sets used. This study describes the development of two new primer sets that target a conserved intergenic region between the 16S and 23S rDNA genes and a conserved bacterial housekeeping gene, adenylate kinase (adk). Results demonstrate that the new primer sets are more reliable in detecting ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ in field and glasshouse samples than the currently used LsoF/OI2 primers. The newly developed primers differentiated between ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and a closely related ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. and were more sensitive than the LsoF/OI2 primers. The low detection limit for the new primers was four times lower (0.65 ng) than the limit (2.5 ng) for the LsoF/OI2 primers.
A Two-Step Molecular Detection Method forPyrenophora tritici-repentisIsolates Insensitive to QoI Fungicides
Authors: Patel Jaimin S. , Meinhardt Steven W. , Sierotzki Helge , Stammler Gerd , Gudmestad Neil C. , Adhikari Tika B.
Published: July 2011

Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, is an important disease of wheat worldwide. To manage tan spot, quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides such as azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin have been applied in many countries. QoI fungicides target the cytochrome b (cyt b) site in complex III of mitochondria and, thus, pose a serious risk for resistance development. The resistance mechanism to QoI fungicides is mainly due to point mutations in the cyt b gene. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular detection method for the four currently known mutations responsible for shifts in sensitivity toward QoI fungicides in P. tritici-repentis. Twelve specific primers were designed based on sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information accessions AAXI01000704 and DQ919068 and used to generate a fragment of the cyt b gene which possesses four known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These mutant clones served as positive controls because QoI-insensitive and -reduced-sensitive isolates of P. tritici-repentis have not yet been reported in the United States. The partial cyt b gene clones were sequenced to identify the SNPs at sites G143A and F129L. Genomic DNA of the mutated partial cyt b gene clones and the European QoI-insensitive and -reduced-sensitive isolates of P. tritici-repentis possessing G143A (GCT) and F129L (TTA, TTG, and CTC) mutations were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two specific primer pairs and were further digested with three specific restriction enzymes (BsaJI, Fnu4HI, and MnlI). The results of the digested PCR product from genomic DNA of known QoI-insensitive and -reduced-sensitive isolates of P. tritici-repentis had DNA bands consistent with the mutation GCT at G143A and the mutations TTA, TTG, and CTC at F129L. The amplified region at the F129 site also had 99% sequence similarity with P. teres, the net blotch pathogen of barley. To validate mutations, we further tested two isolates of P. teres known to have reduced sensitivity to QoI fungicides possessing the mutations TTA and CTC at F129L. After PCR amplification and restriction digestion, DNA bands identical to those observed for the partial cyt b mutant clones were detected. These results suggest that this newly developed two-step molecular detection method is rapid, robust, and specific to monitor QoI-insensitive and -reduce-dsensitive isolates of P. tritici-repentis.
First Report of Canker on Pecan (Carya cathayensis) Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in China
Authors: Zhang C. Q. , Xu B. C.
Published: July 2011

In the late 1990s, sporadic occurrence of Botryosphaeria canker on Carya cathayensis was recorded in Zhejiang Province, China. From 2005 to 2009, nearly 90% of orchards in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces were seriously affected by this disease. Symptoms were similar to those of canker of C. illinoinensis (2); small, elliptical lesions that developed on the bark at points of infection and then enlarged to form large, sunken, elongated cankers. The cankers coalesced, forming large diffuse areas of blighted tissue, which turned black. Tissue samples from the margin of trunk lesions from 35 different diseased trees from five counties were surface sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 1 week. Gray-black mycelia and colorless, aseptate, thin-walled conidia, 17.3 ± 0.8 long and 4.5 ± 0.5 μm wide, were produced. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 from DNA extracted from mycelium produced on PDA and was recorded as GenBank Accession Nos. HQ731442 and HQ731443. The results of BLAST showed that it had more than 98% similarity to records for B. dothidea. Uninfected twigs and stems of C. cathayensis were wounded with a scalpel and then sprayed with a conidia suspension of 106 conidia per ml in distilled water as inoculum or distilled water only to provide an noninoculated control, wrapped in plastic bags to retain moisture, and incubated for 48 h. For each isolate, five twigs and stems per tree and a total of 10 trees were inoculated. After 2 weeks, 14 of 15 isolates caused lesions on inoculated stems and twigs, whereas no symptoms developed on the noninoculated controls. Cultures isolated from lesions and cultured on PDA exhibited morphological characteristics identical to those of B. dothidea, confirming completion of Koch's postulates. Currently, the distribution of Botryosphaeria canker of C. cathayensis is confined to Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. The identification of the pathogen now allows for appropriate forest management measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Botryosphaeria canker of pecan (C. cathayensis) in China.

References: (1) S. Denman et al. Stud. Mycol. 45:129, 2000. (2) W. A. Sinclair and H. H. Lyon. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2005.
Evaluation of Lisianthus as an Indicator Host forIris yellow spot virus
Authors: Srinivasan Rajagopalbabu , Diffie Stan , Sundaraj Sivamani , Mullis Stephen W. , Riley David , Gitaitis Ron , Pappu Hanu R.
Published: July 2011

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) can severely affect onion production. IYSV is transmitted by the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. However, information on IYSV–thrips–onion interactions is limited due to the difficulty associated with infecting onion plants experimentally. Lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum) was used as an indicator host to study mechanical transmission of IYSV, IYSV transmission by T. tabaci, IYSV distribution in the host plant, and the effect of temperature on IYSV symptom expression. Mechanical inoculation tests from IYSV-infected onion plants to noninfected lisianthus plants resulted in a mean transmission rate of 82.5 ± 6.9% (mean ± standard error), and from IYSV-infected lisianthus plants to noninfected lisianthus plants resulted in a mean transmission rate of 89.2 ± 7.1%. T. tabaci adults transmitted IYSV at a rate of 80.0 ± 8.3% from infected onion plants to noninfected lisianthus plants. To assess IYSV distribution in infected lisianthus plants, leaf sections, stems, and roots were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the plant parts tested positive for IYSV, but not on every plant assayed. Alternating night and day temperatures of 18 and 23°C, 25 and 30°C, and 30 and 37°C were evaluated for the effects on IYSV symptom expression. More severe symptoms developed on inoculated plants incubated at the 18 and 23°C or 25 and 30°C temperature regimes than at the 30 and 37°C regime, and symptoms were observed earliest on plants incubated at the 25 and 30°C temperature regime compared to the other temperature regimes.
A Tomato Fruit Rot Caused by Trichothecium roseum in Brazil
Authors: Inácio C. A. , Pereira-Carvalho R. C. , Morgado F. G. A. , Fonseca M. E. N. , Boiteux L. S.
Published: July 2011

Fruit rots caused by distinct fungal pathogens are commonly observed on tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) throughout all major production areas in Brazil. Samples of fruits displaying white mycelial growth associated with a profuse salmon-color sporulation were collected in greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Brasília-DF in February 2011. The isolated fungus displayed pink-to-white colonies containing several conidiophores with conidia. Mycelia displayed hyaline hyphae as much as 4 μm in diameter; conidiophores were simple or branched, 112 to 300 (360) μm long, and 2 to 4 μm wide. Conidia were produced in basipetal chains (frequently clustered), were ellipsoidal to pyriform with oblique and prominent truncate basal scars, two-celled, hyaline, and (14-) 16 to 26 (-28) × (6-) 7 to 10 (-12) μm. These characteristics allocated the specimen to Trichothecium roseum (Pers.). Koch's postulates were fulfilled for one fungal isolate by either spraying 10 intact fruits or by placing a drop of a spore suspension (adjusted to 105 conidia/ml) into three to five wounds created on 10 mature fruits of each of two tomato cultivars (Santa Clara and Dominador) by puncturing each fruit with a sterile needle. Five fruits of each cultivar were treated with sterile water as the mock-inoculated control treatment. Identical symptoms to those of the original fruit were observed only in the T. roseum-inoculated samples 5 to 7 days after using both inoculation procedures. Total DNA was extracted from a pure colony of the fungus growing on potato dextrose agar medium and used as template in PCR assays with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) and ITS-5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) primer pair (2). A single amplicon of approximately 630 bp was observed and directly sequenced. Sequence analysis of the Brazilian isolate (GenBank No. JN081877) indicated identity levels of 99% with T. roseum isolates reported on Leucadendron xanthoconus in South Africa (GenBank No. EU552162) and isolates from strawberry fruits in South Korea (GenBank No. HM355750). However, phylogenetic analysis was unable to discriminate isolates of T. roseum from Passalora (GenBank No. EF432764) and Fusarium (GenBank No. GU183369) isolates, confirming the low genetic variability of the ITS region in Hypocreales (3). T. roseum has been reported to be infecting greenhouse tomatoes in the United States (4) and causing postharvest disease of tomatoes in Argentina (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. roseum infecting greenhouse tomatoes in Brazil.

References: (1) G. Dal Bello. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:103, 2008. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) L. Lombard et al. Stud. Mycol. 66:31, 2010. (4) A. W. Welch, Jr. et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 59:255, 1975.
Characterization and Mycotoxigenic Potential ofFusariumSpecies in Freshly Harvested and Stored Sugar Beet in Europe
Authors: Christ Daniela S. , Märländer Bernward , Varrelmann Mark
Published: July 2011

Based on a 2-year field trial at two locations in Lower Saxony (Germany), 395 Fusarium isolates belonging to 13 species were collected from more than 3,000 sugar beet roots that were apparently healthy at harvest. In a comparative screen, subsamples were analyzed for Fusarium infection directly after harvest and after different storage conditions. Depending on the storage duration, a different species composition was observed. F. redolens was predominant in freshly harvested beets, while F. culmorum, F. cerealis, and F. graminearum comprised 50.0% (2006) and 84.8% (2007) of the Fusarium mycoflora of sugar beets subjected to long-term pile storage. Randomly selected isolates of all species detected were tested for pathogenicity to sugar beet, but only isolates of F. graminearum and F. sambucinum caused severe root symptoms. Overall, 34 isolates of all species detected were characterized for their mycotoxin profile in rice culture to determine potentially produced toxins for future analysis of sugar beet. A total of 26 Fusarium mycotoxins were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, including trichothecenes, zearalenone, and especially high amounts of beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin. Further work is required to analyze the natural occurrence of these mycotoxins in sugar beet.
Multiplex PCR for the Simultaneous Identification and Detection of Meloidogyne incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica Using DNA Extracted Directly from Individual Galls
Authors: Hu M. X. , Zhuo K. , Liao J. L.
Published: July 2011

Meloidogyne incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica are the most widespread species of root-knot nematodes in South China, affecting many economically important crops, ornamental plants, and fruit trees. In this study, one pair of Meloidogyne universal primers was designed and three pairs of species-specific primers were employed successfully to rapidly detect and identify M. incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA extracted from individual galls. Multiplex PCR from all M. incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica isolates generated two fragments of ≈500 and 1,000, 500 and 200, and 500 and 700 bp, respectively. The 500-bp fragment is the internal positive control fragment of rDNA 28S D2/D3 resulting from the use of the universal primers. Other Meloidogyne spp. included in this study generated only one fragment of ≈500 bp in size. Using this approach, M. incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica were identified and detected using DNA extracted directly from individual galls containing the Meloidogyne spp. at various stages of their life cycle. Moreover, the percentage of positive PCR amplification increased with nematode development and detection was usually easy after the late stage of the second-stage juvenile. The protocol was applied to galls from naturally infested roots and the results were found to be fast, sensitive, robust, and accurate. This present study is the first to provide a definitive diagnostic tool for M. incognita, M. enterolobii, and M. javanica using DNA extracted directly from individual galls using a one-step multiplex PCR technique.
ED50 of desflurane for laryngeal mask airway removal in anaesthetised adults
Authors: Makkar J. K. , Arora S. , Jain K. , Wig J.
Published: July 2011

Previous estimates for the end‐tidal concentration of desflurane that allows removal of the laryngeal mask airway in 50% of anaesthetised adults (ED50) have ranged from 2.1% to 5.3%. To assess which value is correct, we studied 32 female patients (aged 30–50 years) undergoing intracavity caesium implants for cervical carcinoma under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2–3 mg.kg−1 and maintained with desflurane in a 50% nitrous oxide‐oxygen mixture. At the end of surgery, a predetermined target end‐tidal desflurane concentration (starting at 4%) was maintained for 10 min using Dixon’s up‐down method and the laryngeal mask airway was removed. The target end‐tidal concentration in the next patient was increased or decreased by 0.5% depending upon the response of the previous patient. Removal of the laryngeal mask airway without coughing, clenching, biting, movement or any adverse airway event during or within 1 min after removal was considered to be successful. We found that the laryngeal mask airway can be successfully removed in 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of the anaesthetised adults at end‐tidal desflurane concentrations of 2.4% (95% CI 1.3–2.9) and 3.8% (3.1–9.6), respectively.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new recombinant FVIII (N8) in haemophilia A mice
Authors: ELM T. , KARPF D. M. , ØVLISEN K. , PELZER H. , EZBAN M. , KJALKE M. , TRANHOLM M.
Published: July 2011

Summary.  N8 is a new recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) compound produced and formulated without human‐ or animal‐derived protein. The aims of the present studies were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of N8 and to compare with a commercially available rFVIII product (Advate®) in haemophilia A mice. The pharmacokinetics were evaluated after single i.v. administration of 80, 120 and 280 IU kg−1 of N8 and Advate® and measurements of FVIII blood concentrations as a function of time. The efficacy and dose response curves of N8 and Advate® (1–200 IU kg−1) were evaluated in a tail bleeding model. Furthermore, the effects in a newly developed haemophilia knee joint haemarthrosis model were investigated. No significant differences were found in the pharmacokinetic parameters between N8 and Advate®. The clearances were 11 ± 1 vs. 10 ± 2 mL h−1 kg−1 (P = 0.14) and the half‐lives 7.2 ± 0.9 vs. 7.7 ± 1.4 h (P = 0.31) after administration of N8 and Advate® respectively. Dose‐independent pharmacokinetics was shown, and comparable efficacy and potency were shown between N8 and Advate® in the tail bleeding model. Both compounds normalized the bleeding at the dose of 200 IU kg−1, and for blood loss ED50 values of 27 IU kg−1 (N8) and 28 IU/kg (Advate®) were found (P = 0.97). In the haemarthrosis model, treatment with N8 and Advate® at 200 IU kg−1 reduced the mean increase in the joint diameter significantly from 1.23 ± 0.19 to 0.32 ± 0.08 mm (P < 0.01) and 0.25 ± 0.08 mm (P < 0.001) respectively. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of N8 and Advate® were comparable after i.v. administration to haemophilia A mice.
Haemostasis prophylaxis using single dose desmopressin acetate and extended use epsilon aminocaproic acid for adenotonsillectomy in patients with type 1 von Willebrand disease
Authors: SANTORO C. , HSU F. , DIMICHELE D. M.
Published: July 2011

Summary.  In patients with confirmed or suspected type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD), adenotonsillectomy has been reported to be associated with a rate of peri‐operative hemorrhage between 8 and 23%. Desmopressin acetate (DDAVP, 1‐deamino 8‐D arginine‐ vasopressin) is the treatment of choice for type 1 patients with baseline von Willebrand factor levels of 10 IU/dL or greater. DDAVP is generally well tolerated; however, severe hyponatremia and seizures have been reported in young children less than 2 years of age, limiting its use in this age group. Antifibrinolytic therapy plays an important adjunctive role in the effective treatment of mucocutaneous bleeding, particularly in the oropharynx where the salivary concentration of fibrinolytic enzymes is high. During the past 10 years, we treated 6 pediatric patients with mild/moderate type 1 VWD undergoing an adenotonsillar procedure at our institution with the same hemostatic regimen consisting of one single dose of DDAVP and an extended use of EACA. In this small case series, the above mentioned prophylactic treatment regimen was both well tolerated and efficacious in controlling hemorrhage. Furthermore, DDAVP‐related complications were avoided in a pediatric population with a higher risk of developing them.
The effects of sex and seasonality on the metal levels of different muscle tissues of mature Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in Mersin Bay, north‐eastern mediterranean
Authors: Ayas Deniz , Ozogul Yesim
Published: July 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal and sexual effects on metal levels of lump crabmeat (LCM) and chela crabmeat (CCM) of mature Atlantic blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, caught in the Mersin Bay, the north‐eastern Mediterranean. The findings indicated that the annual ranges of metal levels in the LCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.44–0.61 μg Cd g−1, 0.30–0.60 μg Cr g−1, 0.24–0.52 μg Pb g−1, 9.72–43.70 μg Cu g−1, 39.52–97.26 μg Zn g−1, 11.97–32.48 μg Fe g−1. The annual range of metal levels in the CCM of Atlantic blue crab were as follows: 0.52–1.07 μg Cd g−1, 0.24–0.61 μg Cr g−1, 0.28–0.56 μg Pb g−1, 22.17–68.09 μg Cu g−1, 93.92–175.21 μg Zn g−1, 8.81–19.47 μg Fe g−1. Cd, Cu, Zn levels in CCM of Atlantic blue crabs were higher than in LCM, whereas Fe levels were found lower (P < 0.05). Fe metal specifically accumulated in LCM, and Cd, Cu and Zn metals accumulated in CCM. Metals such as Cu, Zn and Fe showed seasonal variations. It was found out that Cu, Zn and Fe levels of muscle tissues of the Atlantic blue crab in spring and summer seasons were higher than in autumn and winter seasons.
Are the negative effects of roads on breeding birds caused by traffic noise?
Authors: Summers Patricia D. , Cunnington Glenn M. , Fahrig Lenore
Published: July 2011

1. The effects of roads on wildlife populations are widespread and well documented. Many studies have shown that bird abundance, occurrence and species richness are reduced near roads, with the largest reductions where traffic levels are high. Negative correlations have been reported between bird richness/abundance and traffic noise but the possible causes of road effects are inter‐correlated. It is important to disentangle the different effects so that appropriate mitigation measures can be implemented.

2. We tested the hypothesis that traffic noise is a key negative effect by testing three predictions: (i) bird richness/abundance should reach a maximum at the same distance from roads that traffic noise reaches a minimum; (ii) the effect of traffic noise on bird richness/abundance should be stronger than the effect of distance from the road on bird richness/abundance; and (iii) sites with more traffic noise at a given distance from the road should show lower bird richness/abundance than sites with less traffic noise at the same distance.

3. We collected breeding bird occurrence and traffic noise data along twenty 600‐m transects perpendicular to roads at 10 high‐traffic road sites.

4. Traffic noise decreased and bird species richness increased with increasing distance from the roads. However, none of the predictions derived from the traffic noise hypothesis was supported.

5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that traffic noise is not the main cause of the negative relationship between bird species richness/abundance and proximity to roads. Instead, traffic mortality may be the main mechanism causing this relationship. We suggest that mitigation of road impacts on birds should focus mainly on reducing mortality rather than reducing traffic noise. In particular, engineering road surfaces, tyres and vehicle engines to reduce noise would not mitigate road effects; instead, structures to keep birds away from roads or force them to fly above the traffic would be more effective.
Caribou encounters with wolves increase near roads and trails: a time‐to‐event approach
Authors: Whittington Jesse , Hebblewhite Mark , DeCesare Nicholas J. , Neufeld Lalenia , Bradley Mark , Wilmshurst John , Musiani Marco
Published: July 2011

1. Caribou and reindeer Rangifer tarandus are declining across North America and Scandinavia in part from wolf Canis lupus‐mediated apparent competition with more abundant ungulate prey species. While caribou generally persist in areas with low wolf density, wolf packs that overlap caribou ranges could trigger caribou declines. Moreover, anthropogenic linear features such as roads, trails and seismic lines are hypothesized to increase predation risk for caribou, yet few studies have examined the mechanistic effects of linear features or spatial overlap on wolf–caribou encounter rates and predation risk.

2. We used (a) time‐to‐event models of wolf–caribou encounters estimated from concurrent global positioning system (GPS) radio‐collar data from wolves and caribou and (b) wolf resource selection models of travel locations, to determine the potential influence of wolf–caribou spatial overlap, linear features, elevation and season on encounter rates. Analyses were based on data from 35 adult female caribou and 37 male and female wolves from 11 wolf packs from Banff and Jasper National Parks, Canada, from 2002 until 2010.

3. Wolf–caribou encounter rates increased with high wolf–caribou overlap, proximity to linear features and lower elevations. Wolves strongly selected low elevations, especially during winter and spring. Selection for linear features as travel routes increased with elevation.

4. Caribou risk of encounter was highest during the summer and autumn when wolves spent the most time at high elevations. Most wolf‐caused mortalities (n = 12) occurred during spring and summer.

5. Synthesis and applications. The presence of anthropogenic linear features and the amount of time wolves spend in caribou range could be equally as important as wolf density when prioritizing caribou recovery actions such as wolf or primary prey reductions or re‐introductions. The use of GPS locations and time‐to‐event modelling offers a powerful tool for evaluating factors affecting predation risk of threatened and endangered species.
Reducing nontarget recaptures of an endangered predator using conditioned aversion and reward removal
Authors: Phillips Reese Brand , Winchell Clark S.
Published: July 2011

1. Live‐trapping is a fundamental tool in the study of wildlife species and populations. Capture of nontarget species is an inherent side‐effect of trapping animals that is inefficient and potentially detrimental to individuals and populations. Reducing recapture of nontarget species will increase the efficiency of long‐term studies and projects, and minimize unwanted impacts.

2. During the initial stages of a 3‐year feral cat Felis catus control programme on San Clemente Island, California, USA, we experienced high recapture rates of nontarget endangered San Clemente Island foxes Urocyon littoralis clementae, impacting project efficiency and potentially foxes.

3. We investigated whether we could modify our baiting strategy to reduce fox recaptures using behavioural modification techniques, while simultaneously maintaining the ability to capture feral cats. We tested two strategies, aversive conditioning and reward removal, to reduce fox recapture rates.

4. Using lithium chloride (LC) as an aversive agent, we reduced fox recapture rates more than 10 times compared with rates using control bait. Using the reward removal technique, we reduced fox recapture rates almost 20 times compared with control baits. Neither behavioural modification technique deterred cats from entering traps, and our results suggest that by reducing fox recaptures, we improved our ability to capture cats.

5. Synthesis and applications. These novel baiting strategies have wide applicability in wildlife research and management. The efficiency of long‐term monitoring or control programmes may be enhanced by discouraging recapture of ‘trap happy’ animals. Potential impacts to threatened species confined in traps could be minimized by reducing recaptures. Sampling of rare species in biodiversity studies could be improved by reducing recapture of competitively superior or numerically dominant species.
Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Behavior Scale: a preliminary study
Authors: Wang Ruey‐Hsia , Jian Shu‐Yuan , Yang Yung‐Mei
Published: July 2011

Aims and objectives.  To test the psychometric characteristics of a five‐item Chinese Contraceptive Behavior Scale (CBS) among female adolescents in Taiwan.

Background.  Improving contraceptive practice is important for reducing adolescent pregnancy. A scale for measuring contraceptive behaviour of sexually active female adolescents will help nurses promote contraceptive practices to sexually active female adolescents.

Design.  A cross‐sectional design.

Methods.  Based on literature review and interview with female adolescents, a five‐item CBS was developed. Using convenience sampling, 525 sexually active female adolescents were invited to complete the (anonymous) CBS. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), contrasting group validity and concurrent validity were tested to examine the validity of CBS. A multiple‐group analysis was used to test the cross‐validation of the structure of CBS in two groups. Cronbach’s α and test–retest reliability were used to examine the reliability of CBS.

Results.  One factor was produced by exploratory factor analysis. Each item significantly loaded on the CBS by CFA. A multiple‐group analysis indicated that the structure of CBS was reliable across two different samples. The overall chi‐square and model fit indices were χ2 = 13·554, df = 8, p = 0·094, normed fit index = 0·992, comparative fit index = 0·994 and root mean square error of approximation = 0·036 (90% CI = 0·001, 0·069). The scores of CBS significantly correlated with subscales of perceptions of benefits to contraception (r = 0·47, p < 0·001) and subscales of perceptions of barriers to contraception (r = −0·29, p < 0·001). CBS mean scores significantly differed between the participants who used and did not use contraceptives at first sexual intercourse (t = 10·00, p < 0·001). Cronbach’s α for the CBS was 0·81. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0·94.

Conclusions.  The CBS had satisfactory validity and reliability.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses can use CBS to initiate discussions with sexually active female adolescents about their contraceptive practices and provide them with useful strategies to improve their contraceptive practices.
Colonization of a newly developing salt marsh: disentangling independent effects of elevation and redox potential on halophytes
Authors: Davy Anthony J. , Brown Michael J. H. , Mossman Hannah L. , Grant Alastair
Published: July 2011

1. Many characteristics of the salt marsh environment covary with elevation. It has therefore proved difficult to determine which environmental characteristics limit the distributions of particular species in the field. Oxygen supply to the rhizosphere may be particularly important, as it is determined by the duration and frequency of flooding.

2. The re‐activation of a salt marsh by managed coastal realignment provided an opportunity to investigate the large‐scale manipulation of environmental effects on halophyte distribution in a situation where the usual relationships between environmental characteristics, elevation and succession had been partially uncoupled.

3. Most locations sampled lay between mean neap and mean spring tidal levels. As expected, anoxic conditions occurred at lower elevation, redox potential increased generally with elevation and sediments were oxic on the upper parts. However, sediment oxygenation at any given elevation was variable, particularly at intermediate levels in the tidal range. This imperfect correlation between elevation and sediment redox allowed quantification of their independent effects on species distributions using the statistical technique of Hierarchical Partitioning.

4. Effects of elevation and sediment redox potential were distinguishable from each other. Salicornia europaea occurred predominantly at lower elevation but was not influenced by redox potential. Puccinellia maritima favoured low redox potentials independently of elevation. In contrast, Suaeda maritima tolerated a wide range of elevations but was absent from areas with low redox potential. Atriplex portulacoides was apparently more averse to low redox potential than to low elevation. Elytrigia atherica was restricted to both high redox potential and high elevation. Smaller independent effects of sediment depth, salinity, water content, nitrate concentration, shear strength and loss on ignition were apparent for some species.

5. Synthesis. Although much of the elevational zonation of species on salt marshes is mediated by differential tolerance of the consequences of co‐linearly varying variables, particularly sediment anoxia and elevation, these variables have independent effects that are quantifiable in the field. Hierarchical Partitioning provides a valuable tool for distinguishing the mechanisms underlying species zonations on environmental gradients, especially where large‐scale environmental manipulations have partially decoupled the usual co‐linear variation.
Connectivity, small islands and large distances: the Cellana strigilis limpet complex in the Southern Ocean
Authors: REISSER CÉLINE M. O. , WOOD ANN R. , BELL JAMES J. , GARDNER JONATHAN P. A.
Published: July 2011

The Southern Ocean contains some of the most isolated islands on Earth, and fundamental questions remain regarding their colonization and the connectivity of their coastal biotas. Here, we conduct a genetic investigation into the Cellana strigilis (limpet) complex that was originally classified based on morphological characters into six subspecies, five of which are endemic to the New Zealand (NZ) subantarctic and Chatham islands (44–52°S). Previous genetic analyses of C. strigilis from six of the seven island groups revealed two lineages with little or no within‐lineage variation. We analysed C. strigilis samples from all seven island groups using two mitochondrial (COI and 16S), one nuclear (ATPase β) and 58 loci from four randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and confirmed the existence of two distinct lineages. The pronounced genetic structuring within each lineage and the presence of private haplotypes in individual islands are the result of little genetic connectivity and therefore very high self‐recruitment. This study supports the significance of the subantarctic islands as refugia during the last glacial maximum and adds to the knowledge of contemporary population connectivity among coastal populations of remote islands in large oceans and the distance barrier to gene flow that exists in the sea (despite its continuous medium) for most taxa.
Practical and analytical aspects of using friend controls in case–control studies: experience from a case–control study of childhood cancer
Authors: Bunin Greta R. , Vardhanabhuti Saran , Lin Agueda , Anschuetz Greta L. , Mitra Nandita
Published: July 2011

Bunin GR, Vardhanabhuti S, Lin A, Anschuetz GL, Mitra N. Practical and analytical aspects of using friend controls in case–control studies: experience from a case–control study of childhood cancer. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 402–412.

We report empirical data on the use of friend controls, specifically response rates, case–control concordance and analytical approaches. The data derive from a North American multi‐institutional study of childhood cancer that was conducted in 2002–07 and that focused on paternal exposures. Case parents nominated friends as potential controls; up to three controls participated per case. For 137 (69%) of the 199 case families, at least one control parent participated. Of 374 potential controls contacted, 247 (66%) participated. Case fathers with controls were markedly more likely to be non‐Hispanic White, college graduates and non‐smokers compared with case fathers without controls. Odds ratios adjusted for demographic characteristics were generally similar but occasionally differed between analyses that included only members of matched sets and those that included all participants, i.e. controls and cases with and without controls. For demographic characteristics, simulations demonstrated that the observed concordance of cases and controls within matched sets exceeded that expected under random ascertainment, indicating probable overmatching. However, the observed concordance of smoking and other exposures was similar to the expectation under random ascertainment, suggesting little overmatching on exposures. Although not ideal, friend controls were convenient, had a reasonably high response rate and provided controls closely matched on race/ethnicity, education and age.