bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore, by David L. Gosling
Authors: King Ursula
Published: April 2010

Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore, by David L. Gosling. London and New York: Routledge, 2007. 186 pp., £75. ISBN 0-415-40209-3 (hb), 0-203-96188-9 (ebk).
Periodontal Disease Activity Measured by the Benzoyl‐DL‐Arginine‐Naphthylamide Test Is Associated With Preterm Births
Authors: Chan Hui‐Chen , Wu Chen‐Tsai , Welch Kathleen B. , Loesche Walter J.
Published: April 2010

Background: Infection is a risk factor for preterm birth. This study was conducted in the field and addressed the link between periodontal pathogens measured with the benzoyl‐DL‐arginine‐naphthylamide (BANA) test and preterm birth.

Methods: This prospective study was performed in Changhua, Taiwan. Periodontal examinations included the plaque index, papillary bleeding scores, and measurement of the BANA enzyme in plaque samples at the second and third trimesters. Independent variables included maternal demographic characteristics, previous pregnancy histories, risk factors, plaque and gingivitis scores, and current pregnancy outcomes.

Results: There were 19 (7%) preterm deliveries among the 268 subjects. A history of a previous preterm birth and low birth weight, frequency of prenatal visits, preterm uterine contractions, antepartum hemorrhages, placenta previae, and preterm premature rupture of membranes were significantly related to preterm birth (P = 0.035, 0.027, <0.001, 0.025, 0.006, 0.014, and <0.001, respectively). Maternal weight gain was higher with a normal term delivery (P = 0.003). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that the number of BANA‐infected sites in the third trimester (odds ratio [OR]: 5.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 31.6), maternal weight gain (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.91), antepartum hemorrhages (OR: 10.0; 95% CI: 2.2 to 46.9), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 3.97 to 42.71) had significant influences on preterm‐birth outcomes.

Conclusions: BANA‐positive plaque in the third trimester was associated with preterm births after controlling for other risk factors. The BANA test can be used to screen pregnant women at chairside and/or bedside to apply suitable intervention tactics.
Oral Complications Associated With D‐Penicillamine Treatment for Wilson Disease: A Clinicopathologic Report
Authors: Tovaru Serban , Parlatescu Ioannina , Dumitriu Anca‐Silvia , Bucur Alexandru , Kaplan Ilana
Published: April 2010

Background: Wilson disease (WD) is a hereditary disease inhibiting copper release from the liver. Multi‐organ manifestations involve the liver, nervous system, kidneys, eyes, heart, and skin. Elastic fiber damage is a complication of the most frequently used medication in the treatment of WD D‐penicillamine (D‐PCA). These changes have very rarely been described in the oral cavity. The article describes oral complications associated with WD and its treatment by D‐PCA.

Methods: Clinical, radiographic, and microscopic evaluation was done on two WD female patients (aged 28 and 53), treated by D‐PCA, with clinical and pathological evidence for oral drug‐related complications.

Results: The lesions included multiple small red papules of the lips, gingival enlargement, early onset periodontitis, and repeated oral candidiasis. Biopsies of oral mucosa (gingiva, buccal) exhibited in one case granulomatous inflammation, and in both cases, thick irregular clumps of tortuous, red‐staining abnormal elastic fibers. The red lip papules resemble elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS). Similar lesions have been described in the skin, but never before in association with oral or perioral tissue. In addition to the oral lesions, one of the patients developed general intolerance to the drug and was switched to trientine hydrochloride.

Conclusions: WD patients and others treated by D‐PCA may develop oral and perioral complications, in some cases exhibiting features of damaged elastic fibers in the mucosa and periodontal apparatus. It is possible that this damage may be one of the factors responsible for poor periodontal health in WD patients. Recognition of the lesions can lead to replacement of the affecting therapeutic agent.
Individual Channel Analysis of the Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator Performance
Authors: Ugalde Loo Carlos Ernesto , Acha Enrique , Liceaga-Castro Eduardo , Vanfretti Luigi
Published: April 2010

The TCSC is the electronically-controlled counterpart of the conventional series bank of capacitors. A mature member of the FACTS technology, the TCSC has the ability to regulate power flows along the compensated line and to rapidly modulate its effective impedance. In this paper its performance is evaluated using Individual Channel Analysis and Design. Fundamental analysis is carried out to explain the generator dynamic behavior as affected by the TCSC. Moreover, a control system design for the system is presented, with particular emphasis in the closed-loop performance and stability and structural robustness assessment. It is formally shown that the incorporation of a TCSC operating in its capacitive range improves the dynamical performance of the synchronous machine by decreasing the electrical distance and therefore considerably reducing the awkward switchback characteristic exhibited by synchronous generators. It is also formally proven in the paper that the inductive operation should be avoided as it impairs system operation. In general, the TCSC inclusion brings on fragility into the global system, making it non-minimum phase and introducing adverse dynamics in the speed channel of the synchronous machine. Moreover, it is shown that the minimum-phase condition may also be present in cases featuring high capacitive compensation levels.
A New Method for Next-Day Price Forecasting for PJM Electricity Market
Authors: Areekul Phatchakorn , Senju Tomonobu , Toyama Hirofumi , Chakraborty Shantanu , Yona Atsushi , Urasaki Naomitsu , Mandal Paras , Saber Ahmed Yousuf
Published: April 2010

In the framework of the competitive electricity markets, electricity price forecasting is important for market participants in a deregulated electricity market. Rather than forecasting the value, market participants are sometimes more interested interval of the peak electricity price forecasting. Forecasting the peak price is essential for estimating the uncertainty involved in the price and thus is highly useful for making generation bidding strategies and investment decisions. The choice of the forecasting model becomes the important influence factor how to improve price forecasting accuracy. This paper proposes new approach to reduce the prediction error at occurrence time of the peak electricity price, and aims to enhance the accuracy of the next day electricity price forecasting. In the proposed method, the weekly variation data is used for input factors of the ANN at occurrence time of the peak electricity price in order to catch the price variation. Moreover, learning data for the ANN is selected by rough sets theory at occurrence time of the peak electricity price. This method is examined by using the data of the PJM electricity market. From the simulation results, it is observed that the proposed method provides a more accurate and effective forecasting, which helpful for suitable bidding strategy and risk management tool for market participants in a deregulated electricity market.
Modified Sieve Sampling: A Method for Single- and Multi-Stage Probability- Proportional-to-Size Sampling
Authors: Hoogduin Lucas A. , Hall Thomas W. , Tsay Jeffrey J.
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: Widely used probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) selection methods are not well adapted to circumstances requiring sample augmentation. Limitations include: (1) an inability to augment selections while maintaining PPS properties, (2) a failure to recognize changes in census stratum membership which result from sample augmentation, and (3) imprecise control over line item sample size. This paper presents a new method of PPS selection, a modified version of sieve sampling which overcomes these limitations. Simulations indicate the new method effectively maintains sampling stratum PPS properties in single- and multi-stage samples, appropriately recognizes changes in census stratum membership which result from sample augmentation, and provides precise control over line item sample sizes. In single-stage applications the method provides reliable control of sampling risk over varied tainting levels and error bunching patterns. Tightness and efficiency measures are comparable to randomized systematic sampling and superior to sieve sampling.
Development of a Scale to Measure Professional Skepticism
Authors: Hurtt R. Kathy
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: Professional skepticism is an important concept in audit practice, as evidenced by its prominence throughout the auditing standards. In this paper I propose that professional skepticism is a multi-dimensional individual characteristic. As an individual characteristic, professional skepticism can be both a trait (a relatively stable, enduring aspect of an individual) and also a state (a temporary condition aroused by situational variables). I develop a scale designed to ex ante measure an individual’s level of trait professional skepticism based on characteristics derived from audit standards, psychology, philosophy, and consumer behavior research. I conduct a rigorous and iterative scale validation process using students and professional auditors. The final 30-item professional skepticism scale with instructions for use is included, as well as suggestions for future research.
The Effect of Alternative Types of Review on Auditors’ Procedures and Performance
Authors: Payne Elizabeth A. , Ramsay Robert J. , Bamber E. Michael
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: Audit workpaper review is a primary means of quality control in auditing firms. While prior research shows that anticipation of a review affects preparers’ judgments, there is little research on the effects of the different review formats that occur in practice. The research that does exist examines the effects of adding discussion after the preparation of written review notes. We compare the effects on preparers of anticipating a real-time interactive review (where review notes are not prepared in advance) to the effects of anticipating receipt of more traditional written review notes. We also examine how these two different types of review affect the actual audit procedures preparers perform. A path analysis reveals that an interactive review leads auditors to focus more on the cognitively demanding, conclusion-oriented audit procedures. This, in turn, leads to better performance in identifying a trend that is indicative of fraud. We find no evidence that dysfunctional behavioral strategies operate under the less structured interactive review to compromise audit performance.
Short-Term Accruals and the Pricing and Production of Audit Services
Authors: Schelleman Caren , Knechel W. Robert
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: This study investigates how risk associated with increased levels of accruals that might be indicative of earnings management affects the pricing and production of audit services. Francis and Krishnan (1999) suggest that auditors can deal with the risk of earnings management in five ways: (1) screen out high-risk clients; (2) charge a premium to riskier clients; (3) increase audit effort; (4) negotiate adjustments to the financial statements; and/or (5) report more conservatively (e.g., by issuing a modified report). Using a unique data set, the current study investigates two of these options: charging a fee premium and increasing audit effort. Based on previous research on audit pricing and production, we construct models for audit fees, total audit effort, labor mix (extent of experienced auditor effort), and engagement profit margin including an accruals measure that could indicate earnings management. We test these models on a sample of 119 audit engagements from one Big 6 audit firm in The Netherlands. We find that signed short-term accruals are associated with a significant increase in audit fees as well as total effort, but not with experience mix or profit margin. However, we find secondary evidence that auditors utilize more supervisors, assistants and support personnel and earn smaller profits (returns) when a client has higher levels of short-term accruals. Taken together, these results suggest that auditors are responsive to high levels of short-term accruals that may be indicative of earnings management, and will increase their work effort even if they are unable to recoup all of the related costs.
Auditor Changes Following a Big 4 Merger with a Local Chinese Firm: A Case Study
Authors: Chen Charles J. P. , Su Xijia , Wu Xi
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY: This study examines auditor-client relationships following the high-profile merger of a local Chinese audit firm, Da-Hua CPAs, with a Big 4 firm, Ernst & Young, to create EYDH in early 2002. Of the 46 domestically listed clients Da-Hua had at the time of the merger, 30 switched to other audit firms during 2002–04. This large loss of clients could be attributed either anecdotally to a lack of post-merger managerial and cultural congruence, or to a lack of demand for high quality audits. We examine 11 (13) switching clients in 2002 (2004) as early (late) switchers. Although our archival analyses suggest that the switching decisions of early switchers are more likely to be explained by common factors such as changes in client structural characteristics, post-merger client portfolio management, and client-auditor friction over accounting treatments, late switchers do not differ from late non-switchers in terms of these factors. However, we find some time-serial evidence that late switchers follow their audit partners to a local audit firm mainly for greater discretion over financial reporting. Further, semi-structured focused interviews reveal that late switchers found it difficult to adapt to EYDH’s practices which, in their view, were less cooperative and too risk aversive. Overall, the results of our case study are consistent with the notion that clients switch from Big 4 to local firms mainly for more lenient audit treatments.
A small sequence in domain v of the mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA restores Drosophila melanogaster pole cell determination in uv-irradiated embryos
Authors: Psaila Rossana , Ponti Donatella , Ponzi Marta , Gigliani Franca , Battaglia Piero
Published: April 2010

The mechanism by which the mitochondrial large rRNA is involved in the restoration of the pole cell-forming ability in Drosophila embryos is still unknown. We identified a 15-ribonucleotide sequence which is conserved from the protobacterium Wolbachia to the higher eukaryotes in domain V of the mitochondrial large rRNA. This short sequence is sufficient to restore pole cell determination in UV-irradiated Drosophila embryos. Here, we provide evidence that the conserved 15-base sequence is sufficient to restore luciferase activity in vitro. Moreover, we show that the internal GAGA sequence is involved in protein binding and that mutations in this tetranucleotide affect the sequence’s ability to restore luciferase activity. The obtained results lead us to propose that mtlrRNA may be involved either in damaged protein reactivation or in protein biosynthesis during pole cell determination.
Studies on binary mixtures of 4-pentyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl with three 4, 4′-di(alkoxy)azoxybenzenes
Authors: Jaishi B. , Mandal P. , Dąbrowski R.
Published: April 2010

Eighteen binary mixtures of 4-pentyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5OCB) and 4, 4′-di(alkoxy)azoxybenzenes (nOAB) with n = 5, 6, and 7 at different concentrations have been studied in detail. Over a wide concentration range, induced SmA phase was observed in all the mixtures except in one. In most of the mixtures, the refractive indices no, ne, and Δn lie between the values of pure components. The optical birefringence of the mixtures is found to decrease non-additively with concentration. The molecular polarizability anisotropy and the orientational order parameter  of the mixtures were calculated. Nature of variation of polarizability anisotropy with concentration is similar to that of Δn. In allmixtures  is more in smectic phase than in nematic phase and it also shows non-additive behaviour. Observed  values of the mixtures were compared with McMillan’s and Maier-Saupe theoretical values and good agreement is found in some mixtures. The transition temperatures obtained by fitting  data to McMillan’s theory agree with the observed values within a few degrees. Ratio of elastic constants K33 and K11 is determined for mixtures having nematic phase and found to diverge at TNA transition point.
Sensitivity of a VCSEL threshold performance to inaccuracies in its manufacturing
Authors: Żujewski M. , Nakwaski W.
Published: April 2010

The paper describes an impact of various possible inaccuracies in manufacturing of verticalcavity surface-emitting diode lasers (VCSELs), like thicknesses and compositions of their layers different from assumed ones, on VCSEL room-temperature (RT) continuous-wave (CW) threshold performance. To this end, the fully self-consistent comprehensive optical-electrical-thermal-recombination VCSEL model has been applied. While the analysis has been carried out for the 1.3-μm oxide-confined intra-cavity contacted GaInNAs/GaAs VCSEL, its conclusions are believed to be more general and concern most of modern VCSEL designs. As expected, the VCSEL active region has been found to require the most scrupulous care in its fabrication, any uncontrolled variation in compositions and/or thicknesses of its layers is followed by unaccepted RT CW lasing threshold increase. Also spacer thicknesses should be manufactured with care to ensure a proper overlapping of the optical standing wave and both the gain and lossy areas within the cavity. On the contrary, less than 5% thickness changes in distributed-Bragg-reflectors are followed by nearly insignificant changes in VCSEL RT CW threshold. However, exceeding the above limit causes a rapid increase in lasing thresholds. As expected, in all the above cases, VCSELs equipped with larger active regions have been confirmed to require more careful technology. The above results should enable easier organization of VCSEL manufacturing.
Agreement and reproducibility in identification of endometriosis using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Saba Luca , Guerriero Stefano , Sulcis Rosa , Ajossa Silvia , Melis Gianbenedetto , Mallarini Giorgio
Published: April 2010

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising technique in the study of endometriosis, allowing a complete mapping of lesions before surgery. However, the value of MRI in the diagnosis of endometriosis in the bladder, in superficial peritoneal lesions, and in ovarian foci and uterosacral ligaments is still under debate.

Purpose: To assess inter- and intra-observer agreement in the evaluation of endometriosis in different anatomical locations using MRI.

Material and Methods: From June 2006 to February 2008, 83 female patients (mean age 39, range 19–49 years) who had undergone MRI examination for suspected endometriosis were evaluated by two radiologists. MRI at 1.5 Tesla was performed with SE and TSE sequences, T1- and T2-weighted with and without fat suppression. Each examination was completed with gadolinium administration. Each dataset was independently evaluated by the radiologists for the presence or absence of endometriosis. The location (ovaries, uterosacral ligaments (USLs), pouch of Douglas, vagina, rectosigmoid, rectovaginal septum, and bladder) of suspected lesions was recorded. Cohen kappa statistical analysis was performed to calculate agreement between measurements. After 2 months the data were analyzed again by the two observers to assess intra-observer agreement.

Results: Of the 83 MRI examinations performed, 12 patients demonstrated no evidence of endometriosis. In the remaining 71 studies, 157 endometriotic lesions ranging in size from 0.4 to 6.2 cm were detected. Of the 157 lesions, 53 (33.75% incidence) were smaller than 1 cm. In the ovaries, the inter-observer agreement was 92.77% and the kappa value was 0.802 (95% CI, 0.695–0.91). In the bladder the inter-observer agreement was 96.39% and the kappa value was 0.553 (95% CI 0.056–1). In the USLs the inter-observer agreement was 90.96% and the kappa value 0.583 (95% CI, 0.381–0.784). In the rectovaginal septum the inter-observer agreement was 94.58% and the kappa value 0.739 (95% CI, 0.572–0.905). In the rectovaginal pouch the inter-observer agreement was 88.55% and the kappa value 0.608 (95% CI, 0.443–0.774). In the vaginal fornix the inter-observer agreement was 94.58% and the kappa value 0.726 (95% CI, 0.552–0.901). In the rectosigmoid the inter-observer agreement was 89.76% and the kappa value 0.589 (95% CI, 0.389–0.768).

Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that MRI has a high inter- and intra-observer agreement in the identification of endometriosis located in the ovary, rectosigmoid, and rectovaginal septum, whereas the agreement is suboptimal for the identification of endometriosis located in the USLs.
Identification of Viruses Infecting Peanut in Alabama1
Authors: Gudauskas R. T. , Burch K. B. , Jin P. , Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R.
Published: April 2010

Leaf samples collected from 1,883 peanut plants in 158 fields in 14 counties during July-August, 1990 and 1991, were tested for peanut mottle (PMV), peanut stripe (PStV), peanut stunt (PSV), and tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) viruses by sap inoculations onto indicator plants and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of 889 plants showing virus-like symptoms, 58% were infected with TSWV alone or mixed with PMV or PSV, 36% with PMV alone or mixed with TSWV or PSV, and 5% with PSV alone or mixed with TSWV or PMV. Double infections of PMV with TSWV, PSV with TSWV, and PMV with PSV were detected in 24%, 3%, and 1% of the symptomatic plants. Of 994 apparent asymptomatic plants, 16% were infected with PMV alone or mixed with TSWV, 8% with TSWV alone or mixed with PMV or PSV, and 5% with PSV alone or mixed with TSWV. Double infections of PMV with TSWV and PSV with TSWV were detected in 2% and 1% of the asymptomatic plants. PMV and TSWV were found in at least one field in every county sometime during the two seasons; PSV was found in 13 counties. The most notable difference in virus incidence between the two years was that TSWV was found in 20% of the asymptomatic plants in 1990 as compared to 6% in 1991. PStV was not detected by ELISA in 1990 or 1991, and no reactions suggestive of PStV or any virus other than PMV, PSV, or TSWV were observed on indicator plants used to assay the 1990 collections.
Fatty Acid Composition, Mineral Content, and Flavor Quality of Southern Runner Peanuts Treated With Herbicides and Fungicides1
Authors: Hashim I. B. , Koehler P. E. , Kvien C. K.
Published: April 2010

The application of herbicides and fungicides (chemical compounds used to control weed and fungal pests, respectively) generally improve peanut yield and grade, however their effect on peanut composition and flavor quality is not well documented. The effects of herbicides or fungicides and their combinations on mineral content, fatty acid composition and flavor quality of Southern Runner peanut were investigated. Fungicide application [chlorothalonil (C) and diniconazole (D)] alone or in combination, improved the yield. Application of most herbicides or fungicides or their combination decreased the long chain saturated fatty acid, eicosenoic acid (20:1), acetone, methyl pyrrole and hexanal content while increasing pyrazine content. Application of imazquin (I) and most of the combinations increased magnesium (Mg) while decreased zinc (Zn) content. Application of benefin (B), metolachor (M), alachlor (A), (B+V), (M+C), and (M+D) increased the oleic linoleic acid (O/L) ratio which should improve the stability of the peanuts. Application of (B+V+A) decreased the flavor intensity of the roasted peanuts. Application of pesticides affected fatty acid composition and flavor quality of Southern Runner peanuts.
Peanut Production in Systems Restricting Use of Pesticides Based on Carcinogenicity or Leachability1
Authors: Kvien C. K. , Culbreath A. K. , Wilcut J. W. , Brown S. L. , Bell D. K.
Published: April 2010

This research was conducted to determine the short-term impact of potential broad sweeping changes in pesticide registrations on peanut production and to compare and improve pest management systems for peanuts. In this research, detailed records on production inputs and returns were kept to access the short-term economic impact of each of six production systems differing in pesticide use. The preventative management strategy required additional pesticide inputs and averaged $180 per hectare less return when compared to the non-restrictive IPM program. When non-restrictive IPM programs were compared to IPM systems that eliminated carcinogens, return to management per hectare declined $1010 and $516 for the cultivars Florunner and Southern Runner respectively. The exclusion of the fungicide chlorothalonil was the primary reason for this loss in revenue. Elimination of compounds most likely to leach, based on their relative leaching potential, had minimal impact on peanut production. All test locations had low nematode pressures. The organic production strategy had the highest pre-harvest variable costs, due to the high input of hand labor required for weeding. To produce returns similar to an unrestricted IPM system, a raw agricultural commodity price 1.95 times that of the IPM system would have to be offered to organic growers.
Application Timing of Lactofen for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Wilcut John W. , Swann Charles W.
Published: April 2010

Field experiments compared single and sequential applications of lactofen {+-2-ethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate} to the standard herbicide programs of alachlor [2-chloro-N-2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetamide] + paraquat (1,11-dimethyl-4,41-bipyridinium ion) and acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} + bentazon {3-(1-methyl-ethyl)-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazon-4(3H) 2,2-dioxide} for broadleaf weed control. A single late postemergence (LPOST) application of lactofen controlled morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) as well as lactofen applied early POST (EPOST) and LPOST. Lactofen applied sequentially at groundcracking (GC) and EPOST provided greater and/or more consistent control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and prickly sida than alachlor+paraquat applied GC or acifluorfen+bentazon applied LPOST. Ipomoea spp. control was less with a single LPOST application of lactofen than with acifluorfen+bentazon applied LPOST in 1988. Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) was controlled with single or sequential lactofen applications and with acifluorfen+bentazon applied LPOST. Peanut yield was greater when lactofen was applied at GC followed by an EPOST application compared with a single application of lactofen applied LPOST, acifluorfen+ bentazon applied LPOST, or alachlor+paraquat applied GC.
Effect of Genotypes and Environments on Oil Content and Oil Quality Parameters and Their Correlation in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Dwivedi S. L. , Nigam S. N. , Jambunathan R. , Sahrawat K. L. , Nagabhushanam G. V. S. , Raghunath K.
Published: April 2010

The quality of edible oils is now receiving increasing consideration from consumers and processors. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of environments on oil content and fatty acid composition in peanut. The correlation between oil content and oil quality parameters was also studied. Thirteen peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were grown in 12 environments for the study. Soils at experiment locations differed significantly for pH, EC, and N, P, Zn, Mn, and Fe contents. Significant genotype, environment, and genotype x environment interaction effects were observed for oil content, individual fatty acid contents, and derived oil quality parameters. The original range of 34-54% of oil content based on one season/location evaluation in these lines was not repeatable, and ranged from 45-50% in multilocation evaluation. Oil content was positively correlated with soil pH and Fe content. The correlation of oleic and linoleic acid content with soil pH and Fe content was positive in the former and negative in the latter. The oil content was positively correlated with O/L ratio. Oliec and linoleic acid contents were negatively correlated. Selection for reduced linoleic acid level in genotypes would also reduce levels of total long chain saturated fatty (TLCSF) acids. Of the thirteen genotypes tested, ICG 5856, ICG 5369, and ICGV 87124 could be used in breeding for improved oil quality.
Inheritance of Leaflet Size in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Essomba N. B. , Coffelt T. A. , Branch W. D. , Van Scoyoc S. W.
Published: April 2010

Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis in plants. Leaf size and shape have been shown to be related to disease resistance. Therefore, understanding the inheritance of traits related to them is important. Conflicting results have been reported on the inheritance of leaflet size in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Some indicate qualitative inheritance and others quantitative determination. This study was undertaken to examine the genetic factors which control leaflet size in peanut. F2 populations from a modified diallel (excluding self-crosses) with three parents, A. monticola and two A. hypogaea genotypes (Argentine and T2442), were used in this experiment. In contrast with previous studies, the measurement technique used took into account the within-plant variability which occurs for this trait. Results suggest that: a) leaflet size may be quasi-quantitatively inherited; i.e., its inheritance may present distinguishable genotypes within continuous variation; b) the inheritance of leaflet size may involve two types of alleles of which one would be responsible for large leaflet size, while the other would be responsible for small leaflet size; and c) the use of progressive measurement scales and the analysis of ungrouped data are advisable on genetic studies of some morphological traits in peanut.
Evaluation of a Weather-Based Spray Advisory for Management of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut in Oklahoma1
Authors: Damicone J. P. , Jackson K. E. , Sholar J. R. , Gregory M. S.
Published: April 2010

A simplified version of the weather-based advisory program developed by Parvin, Smith, and Crosby (PSC) for scheduling fungicide sprays for management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) was evaluated under various productions systems in Oklahoma from 1990-1992. Over eight trials with spanish cultivars, the number of sprays per season averaged 5.7 for the 14-d schedule and 4.0 for the advisory program. Final disease incidence (symptomatic and defoliated leaflets) with the fungicide chlorothalonil (1.26 kg/ha) averaged 15% for the 14-d schedule, 34% for the advisory program, and 77% for the control. However, disease incidence (75%) and defoliation (50%) approached unacceptable levels on the spanish cultivars in some trials. In six trials with runner cultivars, the number of sprays averaged 6.7 for the 14-d schedule and 4.7 for the advisory program. Final disease incidence with chlorothalonil on the runner cultivars averaged 5% for the 14-d schedule, 14% for the advisory program, and 68% in the control. Yields did not differ in any of the 14 trials between the advisory and 14-d programs using chlorothalonil. Yields averaged 3015, 3003, and 2303 kg/ha for spanish cultivars and 4108, 3855, and 3066 kg/ha for runner cultivars with the 14-d schedule, advisory program, and control, respectively. The advisory program was effective in irrigated trials where weather stations were deployed either under or outside the influence of irrigation. The fungicides tebuconazole at 0.14 kg/ha and propiconazole at 0.13 kg/ha generally provided better leaf spot control with the advisory program than chlorothalonil. The post-infection activity of these fungicides was observed in one trial and probably accounts for their improved performance. Yields were reduced and leaf spot incidence was high where tank mixes of benomyl (0.28 kg/ha) or thiophanatemethyl (0.38 kg/ha) plus mancozeb (1.68 kg/ha) were used with the advisory program. Area under the disease progress curve, leaf spot incidence, and defoliation in the controls were lower for runner than for spanish cultivars at sites where both market types were planted in adjacent trials. Fungicides applied according to the advisory program provided better leaf spot control on the runner cultivars. Results showed the need for a weather-based advisory which allows greater levels of leaf spot control on spanish cultivars than the PSC advisory.
A Phytoalexin and Aflatoxin Producing Peanut Seed Culture System
Authors: Basha S. M. , Cole R. J. , Pancholy S. K.
Published: April 2010

An in vitro seed culture system was established to grow peanut seed of different maturities viz. white, yellow, orange, brown and black, using a modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Under this system peanut seed of yellow, orange, brown and black maturity categories grew to maturity as measured by increase in their size and germinability. In vitro cultured seeds produced significant amounts of phytoalexins and were contaminated with aflatoxins following their inoculation with Aspergillus spp. while the noninoculated sterile controls did not produce any phytoalexins. Exposure of seed cultures to water stress using various concentrations of mannitol (0 to 1 M) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (0-30% w/v) caused a significant decrease in their phytoalexin producing ability, and enhanced fungal growth compared to the nonstressed controls. The seeds that were stressed with mannitol and subsequently inoculated with A. flavus and A. parasiticus showed a significant increase in the aflatoxin contamination of stressed seed compared to the unstressed control. This would indicate that in vitro grown seeds responded to water stress similar to the field grown peanuts by loosing their ability to produce phytoalexins and increased susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination. Hence, this system has a potential application in evaluating peanut genotypes for aflatoxin resistance under water stress.
Effect of Application Techniques on Performance of Propiconazole for Peanut Disease Control
Authors: Brenneman T. B. , Sumner H. R. , Chandler L. R. , Hammond J. M. , Culbreath A. K.
Published: April 2010

Propiconazole (Tilt®) was applied to Florunner peanut by injection into irrigation water (chemigation) or as a foliar spray. At rates of 0.12-0.25 kg/ha of propiconazole control of both Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-4) and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) was inconsistent. Chemigation resulted in the lowest incidence of stem rot, but the incidence of stem rot was only 26% less than the control. Yields from plots receiving chemigation were greater than expected based on disease ratings, indicating that some effects of the fungicide were not being evaluated. Where foliar sprays of chlorothalonil were applied for late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), supplemental applications of propiconazole via chemigation improved leaf spot control. However, substituting chemigated propiconazole for foliar sprays of chlorothalonil consistently resulted in more severe leaf spot and, in one year, decreased yields. Propiconazole is most effective against leaf spot when applied as a foliar spray, whereas chemigation applications provide optimum efficacy against soilborne pathogens of peanut.
In Vitro Reproductive Development of a Diploid Wild Species, Arachis duranensis1
Authors: Feng Q. L. , Pattee H. E. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Embryo abortion at an early stage of reproductive development is a major impediment for introgressing germplasm from wild to cultivated species of Arachis by interspecific hybridization. Ovule and embryo culture techniques have been used to rescue aborting hybrid embryos, but increased efficiency and recovery of very young tissues are still needed. The objective of this study was to induce growth and differentiation of A. duranensis proembryos. Seven-, 10-, and 14-d-old peg tips were cultured on a modified basal medium containing MS and B5 media combinations with 16 combination treatments using three growth regulators—1-naphthaleneacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and 6-benzylaminopurine—each at four levels. The results showed that seeds could be obtained in vitro by peg tip culture of four- to 16-celled proembryos. The favorable concentration ranges of growth regulators for pod formation and embryo development were 0.5-2.0 mg/L NAA, 0.05-0.5 mg/L GA3, and 0.05-0.2 mg/L 6-BAP. Over all three selected ages of pegs, the three best combinations of growth regulators resulted in 4.8, 4.7, and 3.5% pod formation, respectively.
Use of Seed Protein Profiles to Characterize Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Bianchi-Hall C. M. , Keys R. D. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

In the last 10 to 15 yr, the development of biotechnology and molecular techniques has allowed great advancements toward the identification of cultivars among plant species. In legumes, the success of cultivar identification depends on the species under investigation, the type and variability of genetic material found in cultivars, and the technology used for investigations. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to assess diversity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed protein profiles. The objectives of this investigation were a) to assess diversity of protein profiles in peanuts for cultivar identification using SDS-PAGE and b) to determine the extent of variability of seed storage proteins (SSP) among samples of cultivars originating from different locations. The first study included 34 cultivars grown at Lewiston, NC and the second one included nine cultivars grown at six locations. The results of both studies indicated that it is possible to differentiate between subspecies but not to associate a particular profile with only one specific cultivar. Within subspecies, cultivars clustered in more than one group and most cultivars that grouped together were genetically related.
Recovery of Primary Transformants of Valencia-type Peanut Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens1
Authors: Cheng Ming , Hsi David C. H. , Phillips Gregory C.
Published: April 2010

Four regenerable seedling explants of peanut cv. New Mexico Valencia A, two different strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and two transformation protocols were used in peanut genetic transformation experiments. The putative transformation-competent cell types were identified by transient expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and were compared to the regeneration-competent cell types identified histologically in the four explant systems. One primary transformant plantlet and two primary transformant shoots were recovered from petiolule-with-blade-attached explants inoculated with Agrobacterium strain CKS (A208:pTi37ASE X pEMZ) following a long cocultivation time on the regeneration medium and using low selection pressure for kanamycin resistance. The leaves of the primary transformants expressed nopaline accumulation used as a marker gene, and the engineered 35S-15kD zein protein coding sequence as determined by western blot. The results from these experiments may be useful for developing reliable methods of genetic transformation for valencia-type peanut.
Evaluation of Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars for Resistance to Southern Corn Rootworm1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. , Herbert D. A.
Published: April 2010

Southern corn rootworm (SCRW) (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) is the most damaging soil insect to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Virginia-North Carolina production area. New cultivars and advanced breeding lines have not been evaluated for resistance to SCRW. The objective of this 3-yr study was to evaluate three new cultivars (NC-V 11, VA-C 92R, and Agra Tech VC-1) and an advanced breeding line (VA 861101) for resistance to SCRW. NC 6 and NC 9 were used as resistant and susceptible checks, respectively. Pod damage, yield, market grade, and dollar value were obtained for each plot. Agra Tech VC-1, VA-C 92R, and VA 861101 had less total pod damage from SCRW than NC 9. VA 861101 produced significantly higher yields and value per ha than all cultivars on soil types conducive to SCRW damage. Insecticidetreated plots had significantly higher value per ha and lower total pod damage than untreated plots. Results from this study indicate that VA 861101 may be an acceptable replacement for NC 6. Agra Tech VC-1 is the most resistant of the newly released cultivars, but this is not reflected in higher yields.
Enhancing Techniques for Studying Mitotic Peanut Chromosomes1
Authors: Dhesi J. S. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

Peanut chromosomes are small and preparations of well-spread, darkly stained mitotic cells can be difficult to obtain. Techniques developed for wheat were adapted to peanut. The results are highly reproducible and many dividing cells with darkly stained chromosomes can usually be observed when root tissues are used for preparation. Applications also can be made for determining ploidy levels and chromosome numbers of plants by using immature leaf tissues. The technique has application for both diploids and polyploids and is suitable for both chromosome counts and karyotyping studies.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction in Roasted Peanut Attribute1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Giesbrecht F. G.
Published: April 2010

Although roasted flavor of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important attribute with respect to consumer acceptance, little is known about the relative influences of cultivar, environment, and their interaction on expression of the trait. From 1986 to 1991, samples of seven peanut cultivars were obtained from peanut research programs representing the three major production areas in the United States. Samples were roasted to a nearly common color, ground into paste, and assessed for roasted flavor and fruity attribute by a trained sensory panel. CIELAB L*a*b* color was also measured for use as a covariate in statistical analysis to adjust for remaining differences in color. Subsets of the data were constructed to be orthogonal for cultivar and environment. Environmental variation was highly significant for all subsets and for the overall data set with variation among years being the largest component. Production regions were not a significant source of variation, but locations within years and regions were significant. Cultivars varied significantly in most cases with the runner cultivars Florunner and Marc I consistently superior in flavor to virginia cultivars Florigiant, NC 7, NC 9, and NC-V 11. There were no significant differences among the virginia cultivars. Pronto, a spanish cultivar, was comparable to the virginia cultivars in flavor. Cultivar-by-environment interaction was significant in the overall data set and in most of the orthogonal subsets. The main component of interaction in the overall set was cultivar-by-location interaction within years and regions. Results were inconsistent in the various subsets with cultivar-by-region interaction being significant only in one subset. Components of variance and standard errors of cultivar mean comparisons estimated from the overall data set indicate that design of field experiments to compare genotypic means should emphasize replication across year-location combinations rather than replication within combinations. For accurate estimation of means, replication across several years is necessary, but for comparison of genotypes, additional locations may be substituted for years.
Early and Late Leaf Spot Resistance and Agronomic Performance of Nineteen Interspecific Derived Peanut Lines1
Authors: Ouedraogo M. , Smith O. D. , Simpson C. E. , Smith D. H.
Published: April 2010

Nineteen selected interspecific peanut lines with resistance to leaf spot [Cercospora arachidicola Hori and/or Cercosporidium personatum (Berk, and Curt.) Deighton] were field tested 3 yr for disease reaction and productivity with and without foliar fungicide protection. Measurements included severity ratings of leaf spot every 2 wk based on the Florida leaf spot disease rating scale, and pod yield. Area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) and pod yield losses were calculated. Differences among the interspecific lines in AUDPC values were significant, and one line had values equal to or lower than that of Southern Runner. One-half of the lines were equal in yield (P=0.01) to Southern Runner. Yields among lines averaged 1 to 50% higher with, as compared to without, chlorothalonil application. Yield losses of individual entries varied significantly from 1 yr to another and incongruous with the AUDPC pattern. Correlations between the AUDPC and yield loss were significant (P=0.01) for the 1989 and 1990, but not for the 1988 data. Results of the study indicate that resistance to both C. arachidicola and personatum were incorporated from the wild species parents into productive, runner-type breeding lines, and that the resistance to personatum was equal to or better than that of Southern Runner. Additional effort will be required to transfer levels of leaf spot resistance observed in the wild species parents into successful cultivars.
Growth Response of Peanut to Field Inoculation with Endomycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium, and Supplemental Phosphorus in Texas1
Authors: Taber R. A. , Smith O. D. , Smith D. H. , Segner S. L. , Taber W. R. , Pettit R. E. , Neck J. S. , Rajapakse S. , Harman W. L.
Published: April 2010

Field studies were conducted at four locations in Texas over a two year period to assess the response of five peanut cultivars to inoculation with four species of vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) with or without Bradyrhizobium sp., and Bradyrhizobium alone. Supplemental phosphorus treatments were also included. Replicated treatments were superimposed upon indigenous microflora in five nonfumigated field plots. Soil phosphorus (up to 50 ppm) did not necessarily stimulate peanut growth nor negate growth stimulation by mycorrhizal fungi. VAMF species differed in their effectiveness for increasing peanut growth characteristics such as root, shoot, and pod weights but did not affect peanut yield. Cultivars also responded differently to inoculation. Shoot and root weights of inoculated plants increased more rapidly than the controls early in the growing season. Increased dry pod weights were obtained at two locations; however, yields of peanut from all treatments at harvest were statistically similar. The value of fieldinoculation of peanut with vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi used in this research is discussed.
Effects of Belt Screen Operational Settings on Separations of Farmers Stock Peanut Materials
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Davidson J. I.
Published: April 2010

The effects of varying belt screen operational parameters on separating farmers stock peanuts (cv. Florunner), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and foreign materials (FM) were evaluated. The operational parameters evaluated were four screen deck lengths (40.6, 81.3, 121.9, and 162.6 cm); four belt spacings (0.87, 0.95, 1.03, and 1.11 cm); four belt speeds (81.3, 91.4, 101.6, and 111.8 cm/sec); and four feed rates (0.45, 0.91, 1.36, and 1.81 t/hr). The amount of materials falling through the screen varied directly with screen deck length and belt spacing. Screen deck length had the greatest effect on the amount of LSK, total FM, sticks from FM, dirt from FM, and rocks from FM falling through the screen. Belt speeds and material feed rates had less effect on the separations made than screen deck length and belt spacing.