bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Positional and Configurational Tropane Alkaloid Isomers by Combining GC with NPD, MS and FTIR
Authors: Christen Philippe , Bieri Stefan , Muñoz Orlando
Published: March 2019

A purified stem bark extract from Schizanthus grahamii was analyzed by combining capillary gas chromatography with a selective nitrogen phosphorus detector, mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Several positional and configurational tropane isomers were detected and their structural elucidation was tentatively determined based on mass spectra and confirmed by vapor phase infrared spectra. Electron impact mass spectra of the isomeric alkaloids were virtually superimposable, whereas the corresponding infrared spectra differed markedly. Retention indices were established under isothermal and temperature program conditions for further peak assignment and identification. In order to point out possible artifacts in the hot and surface-active injection port, different sample introduction techniques were evaluated, namely split, splitless and on-column injections.
Identification and Quantification of Flavonoids from Chuquiraga spinosa (Asteraceae)
Authors: Landa Amaya , Casado Raquel , Calvo M. Isabel
Published: March 2019

Nine flavonol glycosides (quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaemperol-3-O-glucuronide, kaemperol-3-O-rutinoside, kaempherol-3-O-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside) were isolated from the aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa (R. et P.) D. Don (Asteraceae). The identification of the compounds was carried out by HPLC/DAD, HPLC/MS and NMR analysis. These compounds may be useful in the chemotaxonomy of the genus and species.
Fast Counter Current Chromatography of n-Butanolic Fraction from Senecio giganteus (Asteraceae)
Authors: Mezache Nadjet , Derbré Séverine , Akkal Salah , Laouer Hocine , Séraphin Denis , Richomme Pascal
Published: March 2019

Phenolic derivatives such as quinones, acid-phenols and flavonoids were successfully isolated from a n-butanolic fraction of Senecio giganteus Desf. (Asteraceae) flowers, namely jacaranone (1), 3a-hydroxy-3,3a,7,7a-tetrahydrobenzofuran-2,6-dione (2), chlorogenic acid (3), hyperoside (4), quercetin 3-O-β-D-robinobioside (5), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (6), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (7), and isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide-6″-methyl ester (8). These compounds were purified through either classical polyamide filtration followed by fractionation on Si gel, or through fast centrifugal partition chromatography (FCPC). Using FCPC, the major compounds could be readily isolated from the crude n-butanolic fraction. Compounds 1-8 were identified by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis (UV, 1H, 13C and 2D NMR, and MS). This work described for the first time the phytochemical composition of this endemic Algerian plant.
Isolation and Activity of Two Antibacterial Biflavonoids from Leaf Extracts of Garcinia livingstonei (Clusiaceae)
Authors: Kaikabo Adamu A. , Samuel Babatunde B. , Eloff Jacobus N.
Published: March 2019

The antibacterial activity of the acetone extract of Garcinia livingstonei leaves was studied using bioautography and by determining the minimum antibacterial concentration against four nosocomial pathogens. Bioautograms showed that two compounds were mainly responsible for the antibacterial activity. These were isolated by a combination of solvent-solvent fractionation and bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy as amentoflavone and 4″-methoxy amentoflavone. The antibacterial activity of the isolated compounds was determined against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three of the tested organisms were sensitive to both compounds with MIC values ranging from 8–100 μg/mL. P. aeruginosa was resistant with MICs >100 μg/mL.

The safety of the two compounds was assessed with a tetrazolium based colorimetric assay (MTT assay) using Vero monkey kidney cells. The compounds had low toxicity against the cell line with cytotoxic concentrations to 50% of the cells (LD50) of 386 μg/mL and >600 μg/mL for amentoflavone and 4″-methoxy amentoflavone, respectively. Berberine, the positive control had a CC50 of 170 μg/mL. 4″-Methoxy amentoflavone was more active and much less toxic than amentoflavone.
Ellagic Acid Derivatives from Syzygium cumini Stem Bark: Investigation of their Antiplasmodial Activity
Authors: Simões-Pires Claudia A. , Vargas Sandra , Marston Andrew , Ioset Jean-Robert , Paulo Marçal Q. , Matheeussen An , Maes Louis
Published: March 2019

Bioguided fractionation of Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) bark decoction for antiplasmodial activity was performed, leading to the isolation of three known ellagic acid derivatives (ellagic acid, ellagic acid 4-O-α-L-2″-acetylrhamnopyranoside, 3-O-methylellagic acid 3′-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside), as well as the new derivative 3-O-methylellagic acid 3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Activity investigation was based on the reduction of P. falciparum (PfK1) parasitaemia in vitro and the inhibition of β-hematin formation, a known mechanism of action of some antimalarial drugs. Among the investigated ellagic acid derivatives, only ellagic acid was able to reduce P. falciparum parasitaemia in vitro and inhibit β-hematin formation, suggesting that free hydroxyl groups are necessary for activity within this class of compounds.
Volatile Components from Selected Tahitian Liverworts
Authors: Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Komala Ismiarni , Pham André , Bianchini Jean-Pierre , Raharivelomanana Phila , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: March 2019

Six Tahitian liverworts, Trichocolea pluma, Chandonanthus hirtellus, Mastigophora diclados, Jungermannia sp., Plagiochila sp. and Cyathodium foetidissimum were chemically investigated. All of these liverworts produce their own characteristic compounds. Vanillic acid methyl ester was isolated for the first time from T. pluma. Skatol is responsible for the very intense unpleasant odor of C. foetidissimum. Herbertane-type sesquiterpenoids are peculiar components of M. diclados, and fusicoccane-type diterpenoids were identified in Pagiochila sp. Cembranes and ent-verticillanes were isolated from C. hirtellus and also detected in Jungermannia species. C. hirtellus also biosynthesizes algal components and such results may suggest that some liverworts originate from algae.
How Can Phytochemists Benefit from Invasive Plants?
Authors: Fan Peihong , Marston Andrew
Published: March 2019

The phenomenon of invasive alien species has become one of the greatest threats to the biological diversity of the planet, placing major constraints on development. In order to provide the tools needed to address this pervasive issue, the current knowledge on invasive species must be further developed with a cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary approach. Recent theories of invasion propose that exotic plants probably produce secondary metabolites which can be allelopathic, antiherbivore, antimicrobial and which are either unique or underrepresented in the plants’ new range. This review attempts to attract the attention of phytochemists to study either the mechanisms of plant invasion or to use this widespread plant resource for humans.
Enhancement of Diosgenin Production in Dioscorea zingiberensis Cell Culture by Oligosaccharide Elicitor from its Endophytic Fungus Fusarium oxysporum Dzf17
Authors: Zhang Ruifen , Li Peiqin , Xu Lijian , Chen Yuanquan , Sui Peng , Zhou Ligang , Li Jiaru
Published: March 2019

Diosgenin accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright was enhanced by treatment with saccharide elicitors from its endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum isolate Dzf17. The crude oligosaccharide was prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of the isolated Dzf17 fungal cell wall fragments. Optimal elicitation of diosgenin production by the isolated Dzf17 oligosaccharide in cell suspension culture was achieved when the oligosaccharide was added to the medium at a concentration of 30 mg/L after 16-day's continuous cell suspension culture, and the cells were cultured for another 8 days before harvesting. By using these optimal conditions, the diosgenin yield of the cultured cells reached its maximum of 5.25 mg/L, which was over a three-fold increase.
Perylene Derivatives Produced by Alternaria alternata, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Laurencia Species
Authors: Gao Shu-Shan , Li Xiao-Ming , Wang Bin-Gui
Published: March 2019

Two new perylene derivatives, 7-epi-8-hydroxyaltertoxin I (1) and 6-epi-stemphytriol (2), along with two known compounds stemphyperylenol (3) and altertoxin I (4) were isolated from Alternaria alternata, a marine endophytic fungus derived from an unidentified algal species of the genus Laurencia. Structures of compounds 1-4 were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature reports. The antimicrobial activities of compounds 1 and 3 against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus niger were evaluated; neither showed obvious activity.
Anti-Insect Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Endophytes of Conifer Trees
Authors: Sumarah Mark W. , Miller J. David
Published: March 2019

Choristoneura fumiferana is the most economically-important insect pest in eastern North America. Historically, strategies to control epidemics have relied on chemical pesticides that are no longer approved for use. The presence of fungal endophytes in cool area grass species and their role in reducing the impact of herbivorous insects is well understood. Recent work has demonstrated that foliar endophytes of conifers also produce anti-insect toxins. Field and nursery studies testing trees infected with the rugulosin producing endophyte Phialocephala scopiformis reduced the growth and development of C. fumiferana. The study of foliar endophytes from a variety of conifers including: Picea mariana, P. rubens and P. glauca as well as Abies balsamea and Larix laricina for the discovery of other anti-insect toxins are discussed. These endophytes are horizontally transmitted thus they are not present in nursery seedlings. Inoculating seedlings with toxigenic endophyte strains has been demonstrated to be effective in providing the tree with tolerance to herbivorous insects.
Unlocking Fungal Cryptic Natural Products
Authors: Chiang Yi-Ming , Lee Kuan-Han , Sanchez James F. , Keller Nancy P. , Wang Clay C. C.
Published: March 2019

Recent published sequencing of fungal genomes has revealed that these microorganisms have a surprisingly large number of secondary metabolite pathways that can serve as potential sources for new and useful natural products. Most of the secondary metabolites and their biosynthesis pathways are currently unknown, possibly because they are produced in very small amounts and are thus difficult to detect or are produced only under specific conditions. Elucidating these fungal metabolites will require new molecular genetic tools, better understanding of the regulation of secondary metabolism, and state of the art analytical methods. This review describes recent strategies to mine the cryptic natural products and their biosynthetic pathways in fungi.
Preparation and Absolute Configuration of (1R,4R)-(+)-3-Oxo-, (1S,4S)-(-)-3-Oxo- and (1R,3S,4R)-(+)-3-Acetyloxy-5-oxo-1,8-cineole
Authors: Loandos María del H. , Villecco Margarita B. , Burgueño-Tapia Eleuterio , Joseph-Nathan Pedro , Catalán César A. N.
Published: March 2019

Enantiomerically pure (1S,4S)-(-)-3-oxo-1,8-cineole (-)-2 and (1R,4R)-(+)-3-oxo-1,8-cineole (+)-2 were prepared for the first time and their absolute configurations assigned by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) measurements. Thus, treatment of cineole 1 with chromyl acetate gave rac-2 which after sodium borohydride reduction and acetylation provided racemic 3-endo-acetyloxy-1,8-cineole, rac-4. Enantioselective hydrolysis using porcine liver esterase (PLE) gave a mixture of 3-endo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole (-)-3 and 3-endo-acetyloxy-1,8-cineole (+)-4. After chromatographic separation, (-)-3 was oxidized to (+)-2, while (+)-4 was hydrolysed to (+)-3 and then oxidized to (-)-2. The absolute configuration of either ketone 2 was established by VCD spectroscopy in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/DGDZVP level of theory, from where it followed that the (+)-2 enantiomer corresponds to (1R,4R)-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and the (-)-2 enantiomer to the (1S,4S) molecule which is also in agreement with the absolute configuration deduced by the Mosher method for the starting chiral alcohols. Some literature inconsistencies are clarified. In addition, the enantiomerically pure monoester (1S,3S,4R,5R)-(-)-3-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-1,8-cineole 6 and the ketoester (1R,3S,4R)-(+)-3-acetyloxy-5-oxo-1,8-cineole 7 were prepared from meso-diacetate 5 by enantioselective asymmetrization also using PLE.
Oxidative Stability and α-Tocopherol Retention in Soybean Oil with Lemon Seed Extract (Citrus Limon) under Thermoxidation
Authors: Luzia Débora Maria Moreno , Jorge Neuza
Published: March 2019

The synergistic effect of lemon seed extract with tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in soybean oil subjected to thermoxidation by Rancimat was investigated, and the influence of these antioxidants on α-tocopherol degradation in thermoxidized soybean oil. Control, LSE (2,400 mg/kg Lemon Seed Extract), TBHQ (50 mg/kg), Mixture 1 (LSE + 50 mg/kg TBHQ) and Mixture 2 (LSE + 25 mg/kg TBHQ) were subjected to 180°C for 20 h. Samples were taken at time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 h intervals and analysed for oxidative stability and α-tocopherol content. LSE and Mixtures 1 and 2 showed the capacity of retarding lipid oxidation when added to soya oil and also contributed to α-tocopherol retention in oil heated at high temperatures. However, Mixtures 1 and 2 added to the oil presented a greater antioxidant power, consequently proving the antioxidants synergistic effect.
Isoquinoline Alkaloids from Macleaya cordata Active against Plant Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Liu Hao , Wang Jihua , Zhao Jianglin , Lu Shiqiong , Wang Jingguo , Jiang Weibo , Ma Zhanhong , Zhou Ligang
Published: March 2019

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract of the whole plant of Macleaya cordata R. Br. led to the isolation of four alkaloids, which were identified as sanguinarine (1), chelerythrine (2), protopine (3) and α-allocryptopine (4) on the basis of their physicochemical and spectrometric data. Compounds 1 and 2 demonstrated a significant antifungal activity against the six test fungi with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 0.47 to 6.13 μg/mL. Compound 1 was the most effective with an IC50 of 0.47 μg/mL on Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 also demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.01 to 11.3 μg/mL, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 8.0 to 32.0 μg/mL. This is the first report on the activity of the alkaloids from M. cordata against economically important phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.
Two New Lignans from the Fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera
Authors: Wang Chun Ren , Sun Rong , Yang Chen Ren Ou , Chen Ye Gao , Song Hong Chuang
Published: March 2019

Two new lignans, (8R,8′R)-8- hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxy-7-oxolignan (1) and (7′R,8′S)-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy -7,8-seco-7,7′-epoxylignan-7,8-dione (2), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera, along with ten known compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS analysis. This is the first report of the occurrence of secolignans in Schisandra.
Phenacetin Isolated from Bursera grandifolia, a Herbal Remedy with Antipyretic Properties
Authors: Velázquez Francisco , Manríquez Ricardo , Maya Leticia , Barrientos Lucia , López-Dellamary Fernando
Published: March 2019

Bursera grandifolia and other related species have been used in traditional herbal medicine in Mexico and other Latin American countries for their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. From the chloroform extract of leaves of B. grandifolia, a substance was isolated and identified as phenacetin, a well known compound with widely tested analgesic and antipyretic properties. The structural identity of the compound was elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence and by comparison with an authentic sample.
Composition of Diethyl Ether Flower Extracts of Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton (Caprifoliaceae)
Authors: Radulović Niko , Blagojević Polina , Palić Radosav
Published: March 2019

GC and GC-MS analyses of two diethyl ether extracts of Lonicera fragrantissima flowers (extraction times 1 and 20 days) enabled the identification of 61 components that represented ca. 90% of the extract volatiles. 10-Nonacosanol (18.1-24.1%), nonacosane (14.4-15.0%) and the rather rare long-chained fatty acid hexyl esters (octadecanoate, eicosanoate, docosanoate, tetracosanoate, hexacosanoate, octacosanoate and triacontanoate, in total 19.1-19.5%) were among the main constituents of both extracts. However, a number of differences were observed in the chemical composition of the 1 and 20 day extracts, the relative percentage of the iridoid loganetin being the most striking (19.1 and 2.1%, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the GC behavior of loganetin. It seems that this and the long-chain fatty acid hexyl esters could have chemotaxonomic significance at the generic level.
Phytotoxic Activity of Salvia x jamensis
Authors: Bisio Angela , Fraternale Daniele , Damonte Gianluca , Millo Enrico , Lanteri Anna Paola , Russo Eleonora , Romussi Giovanni , Parodi Brunella , Ricci Donata , De Tommasi Nunziatina
Published: March 2019

A study has been carried out on the surface exudate of Salvia x jamensis, which showed a significant phytotoxic activity against Papaver rhoeas L. and Avena sativa L.. Bioguided separation of the exudate yielded active fractions from which 3β-hydroxy-isopimaric acid (1), hautriwaic acid (2), betulinic acid (3), 7,8β-dihydrosalviacoccin (4), isopimaric acid (5), 14α-hydroxy-isopimaric acid (7), 15,16-epoxy-7α,10β-dihydroxy-clerod-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12;18,19-diolide (8), cirsiliol (5,3′,4′-trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone, 9) and two new neoclerodane diterpenes (6 and 10) were isolated. The structures of 6 and 10 were identified as 15,16-epoxy-10β-hydroxy-clerod-3,13(16),14-trien-17,12;18,19-diolide and 15,16-epoxy-7α,10-dihydroxy-clerod-2,13(16),14-trien-17,12;18,19-diolide respectively on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds, but 7, 8 and 10, were active in inhibiting the germination of the tested species.
Effect of Flavonoids from Exellodendron coriaceum (Chrysobalanaceae) on Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Authors: Carrasco Diana , Méndez Jeannette , Braca Alessandra , De Leo Marinella , González-Mujica Freddy , Duque Sandra
Published: March 2019

From the n-butanol extract of the aerial parts of Exellodendron coriaceum (Benth.) Prance the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (3), and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside (4) were isolated. Additionally from this extract three flavonoids were isolated and partially characterized as quercetin glycosides. All these compounds were tested for their hypoglycemic activity using the glucose-6-phosphatase microsomal hepatic system. The flavonoids inhibited the activity of the enzyme when intact microsomes were used, the highest percentage of inhibition being 65%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of chemical and biological activity of E. coriaceum.
Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Chemical Modifications of the Essential oil and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Pintore Giorgio , Marchetti Mauro , Chessa Mario , Sechi Barbara , Scanu Nadia , Mangano Giuseppe , Tirillini Bruno
Published: March 2019

Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil was separated into its hydrocarbon and oxygenated fractions. The major compounds in the hydrocarbon fraction were α-pinene (44.2%), camphene (24.5%), and limonene (11.7%), while in the oxygenated fraction they were 1,8-cineole (37.6%), camphor (16.5%), and bornyl acetate (21.4%). The hydrocarbon fraction was submitted to a hydroformylation process and the antioxidant activity of the product was screened by the DPPH and β-carotene/linoleic acid tests. The hydroformylated fraction maintained the antioxidant activity of the whole oil. The MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) and the MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) of the essential oil, hydrocarbon, oxygenated and hydroformylated fractions were also tested on several microorganisms. Aeromonas sobria and Candida strains were the most susceptible micro-organisms. The hydroformylated fraction exhibited a MBC against Candida strains resistant to the other fractions.
Rosmarinus officinalis Extract Inhibits Human Melanoma Cell Growth
Authors: Russo Alessandra , Lombardo Laura , Troncoso Nicolas , Garbarino Juan , Cardile Venera
Published: March 2019

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is receiving increasing attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidative constituents. Our recent studies showed that R. officinalis extract, containing 31.7 % of carnosic acid, was able to counteract the deleterious effects of UV-R, by protecting plasmid DNA from hydroxyl radicals generated by UV-A. In this work, we evaluated the effects of this extract on pBR322 DNA cleavage induced by nitric oxide, and the growth inhibitory activity against two human melanoma cell lines, M14 and A375. The extract showed a protective effect on plasmid DNA damage, and at concentrations of 10-80 μg/mL was able to reduce significantly (p<0.001) the growth (MTT assay) of both melanoma cell lines. In addition, our results indicate that apoptotic cell demise is induced in M14 and A375 cells. No statistically significant increase in LDH release was observed in melanoma cells, correlated to a fragmentation of genomic DNA, determined by COMET assay.
Antiproliferative Activity of Brown Cuban Propolis Extract on Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Popolo Ada , Piccinelli Lisa Anna , Morello Silvana , Cuesta-Rubio Osmany , Sorrentino Rosalinda , Rastrelli Luca , Pinto Aldo
Published: March 2019

Brown Cuban propolis (BCP) is the major type of propolis in Cuba; its chemical composition is exclusive and the principal component is nemorosone. In this study we investigated the antiproliferative activity of the ethanol extract of BCP on human breast cancer cell lines. The MTT assay showed a significant antiproliferative activity (P<0.005) of BCP on MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive ER+) rather than MDA-MB 23 1 (ER-). This effect was concentration- (1-25 μg/mL) and time- (24-48 h) dependent, but it is only partially attributable to apoptosis. Indeed, our data showed that BCP administration to MCF-7 caused a significant (P>0.01) inhibition of cell growth in the G1 phase of cell cycle, which was mechanism dose- and time-dependent. 17-β Estradiol (10 nM) administration to MCF-7 caused a significant (P<0.001), but not total reduction of BCP antiproliferative activity at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 μg/mL, but not at the highest concentration (25 μg/mL). The coadministration of ICI 182,780 (100nM), an antagonist of ER, on MCF-7 totally reduced the effect of BCP at 24 h, and showed a significant (P<0.001) reduction of BCP antiproliferative activity at 48 h.

Thus it was hypothesized that BCP possesses an estrogen-like activity. It is to be noted, however, that BCP application to MDA-MB 23 1 at 48 h also induced increased cell mortality. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that BCP could not only interact with the ER, but also have an ER-independent activity.
Volatile Organic Components from Fresh Non-edible Basidiomycetes Fungi
Authors: Piovano Marisa , Garbarino Juan A. , Sánchez Elizabeth , Young Manuel E.
Published: March 2019

The compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of eight fresh non-edible Basidiomycetes fungi were evaluated. The volatile organic compounds from the fresh samples present in the headspace of a sealed vial were determined by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using a PDMS/DVB fiber. A total of twenty-eight components were identified, the most frequent being 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone.
Stability of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Authors: Meng Wang , Xiaoliang Ren , Xiumei Gao , Vincieri Franco Francesco , Bilia Anna Rita
Published: March 2019

Studies on stability of active ingredients are fundamental and critical for the rational development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in view of its modernization and worldwide use. The stability of both active and marker constituents of plants used in TCM is reviewed for the first time. More than 100 papers, mostly written in Chinese, have been reviewed. Studies concerning plant constituents were analyzed according to their chemical classification of active ingredients. In addition, several crude drugs of animal origin are also reported. Stability of active ingredients is summarized during extraction and/or storage of the herbal drug preparations, and under stress conditions (pH, temperature, solvents, light, and humidity) and in the presence of preservatives, antioxidants, and metals.
Pharmaco-Toxicological Aspects of Herbal Drugs Used in Domestic Animals
Authors: Russo Rosario , Autore Giuseppina , Severino Lorella
Published: March 2019

Herbal drugs are more and more used both in human and veterinary medicine to mitigate and prevent minor diseases and to support conventional medicine using allopathic drugs. Nevertheless, ‘natural product’ does not mean lack of adverse effects, and many people and veterinarians do not know enough about the adverse reactions that can occur following the administration of such drugs in domestic animals. Moreover, herbal products can interact with each other when administered concomitantly or can agonize or antagonize the effects of synthetic drugs administered as primary therapy. The use of non-conventional medicines (NCM) should be considered as a veterinary practise. In this paper, the herbal drugs most utilized in domestic animals, both pets and large animals, are reviewed, as their use is increasing, despite the prejudices of the academic world and some of the adverse effects and interactions that can occur in domestic animals.
5–Methoxyaristololactam I, the First Natural 5–Substituted Aristololactam from Asarum ichangense
Authors: Xie Bai–Bo , Shang Ming–Ying , Lee Kuo-Hsiung , Wang Xuan , Komatsu Katsuko , Cai Shao–Qing
Published: March 2019

A new aristololactam, 5-methoxyaristololactam I (1), was isolated from an ethanol extract of the whole plant of Asarum ichangense C. Y. Cheng et C. S. Yang, together with twenty known compounds (2 – 21). The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 11, 13, 17, and 19 were isolated from Aristolochiaceae for the first time. Compounds 2, 14, and 15 are considered as common constituents of the genus Asarum.
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Major Bioactive Phenolic Compounds of Glechoma longituba by LC-Coupled with PAD and ESIMS Detection
Authors: Ni Shu-mao , Qian Da-wei , Duan Jin-ao , Yang Nian-yun , Guo Jian-ming
Published: March 2019

A sensitive and selective method based on HPLC-PAD and Quadrupole TOF ESIMS-MS is presented for quality control of Glechoma longituba, the major bioactive phenolic compounds of which could be quantified simultaneously. LC-ESIMS was applied for nine fully identified compounds and another eight partially identified compounds in the plant by comparing their mass spectral data and retention times with those of selected standards and literature data. For quantitative analysis, the chromatographic conditions and extraction procedure were optimized in order to ensure the exhaustive extraction of the plant material. The calibration curves for determination of the nine compounds showed good linearity over the tested ranges (r2>0.999). Measurement of intra-day and inter-day variability was conducted to assess precision of the method, and their RSDs were between 2.22%–2.92% and 1.35%–2.95%. The RSDs of repeatability and stability were between 0.90%–2.53% and 1.73%–2.94%. The recoveries of the nine compounds were between 94.7%–106.5%, with RSD value ranging from 0.56%–2.88%. These validation results demonstrated the suitability of the method for the precise and accurate determination of the main constituents of G. longituba. The method was used for the quality evaluation of twenty batches of G. longituba obtained from different regions of China. The multi-index comprehensive evaluation method for the different kinds of compounds can ensure the efficacy and safety of the traditional Chinese medicine.
Oxyresveratrol Protects against DNA Damage Induced by Photosensitized Riboflavin
Authors: Chatsumpun Manussanunt , Chuanasa Taksina , Sritularak Boonchoo , Likhitwitayawuid Kittisak
Published: March 2019

Riboflavin can be photosensitized to produce reactive oxygen species. In the present study, a DNA damage assay was developed based on the photo reaction of riboflavin. In this test system, oxyresveratrol showed higher DNA protective effect than the well-known antioxidants Trolox and ascorbic acid. The results suggest potential applications for oxyresveratrol as an antiaging agent and a riboflavin stabilizer.
Bioactive Isocoumarins from a Terrestrial Streptomyces sp. ANK302
Authors: Zinad Dhafer Saber , Shaaban Khaled A. , Abdalla Muna Ali , Islam Md. Tofazzal , Schüffler Anja , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: March 2019

Four isocoumarins have been isolated from the terrestrial Streptomyces sp. ANK302, namely 6,8-dimethoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (1), 6,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin (2), 6,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (3), and 6,7,8-trimethoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (4). Compound 1 is a new naturally-occurring isocoumarin, and 2 was isolated as a new bacterial product. The structures 1-4 were deduced from high resolution mass, 1D and 2D NMR spectra and by comparison with related compounds from the literature. Compound 2 showed a strong zoosporicidal activity at a concentration of 5 μg/mL against a phytopathogenic oomycete, Plasmopara viticola, and 1 was active against Candida albicans.
Authentication of Chinese Crude Drug Gecko by DNA Barcoding
Authors: Gu Hai-Feng , Xia Yun , Peng Rui , Mo Bang-Hui , Li Li , Zeng Xiao-Mao
Published: March 2019

Gekko gecko, an animal used as a valued traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used for over 2000 years. Due to localized habitat destruction, the amount of G. gecko has dramatically decreased in recent years. As a result, more and more adulterants have been detected in the traditional medicine, which has resulted in a chaotic market. Therefore, a correct identification method is badly needed. In this study, we employed a new molecular method of DNA barcoding for discriminating gecko from its adulterants. Fifty-seven specimens of gecko and its adulterants were collected as test samples. The full-barcode and mini-barcode sequences of these specimens were separately amplified and sequenced separately. Together with other published barcode sequences, we detected that the intra-specific sequence diversity was far lower than the inter-specific diversity in G. gecko and its adulterants (3% compared with 35% in full-length barcode; 4% compared with 33.5% in mini-barcode). These results showed that both the full-length and mini-barcodes were effective for identifying gecko, which suggested that the DNA barcode could be an effective and powerful tool for identifying the Chinese crude drug gecko.
Traditional Medicine in Syria: Folk Medicine in Aleppo Governorate
Authors: Alachkar Amal , Jaddouh Ahmad , Elsheikh Muhammad Salem , Bilia Anna Rita , Vincieri Franco Francesco
Published: March 2019

The use of Traditional Arabic Medicine (TAM) for various diseases has been popular but scarcely studied in Syria. In the present study, we carried out ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological research on the plants traditionally used to cure various diseases in northern Syria. The information was collected from the city and villages of the Aleppo governorate “Mohaafazah” in the north of Syria, collecting data directly on the basis of a detailed survey of inhabitants and herbalists.

In this survey, we found that hundreds of plant species are still in use in TAM for the treatment of various diseases. We selected the most common 100 species, used in the treatment of more than 25 diseases. Among these plants, 53 are used for treating gastrointestinal disorders, 38 for respiratory system diseases, including asthma, bronchitis and cough, 34 for skin diseases, 21 for diabetes, 17 for kidney and urinary disorders, 16 for cardiac disorders, 14 for infertility and sexual impotency, 13 for treating liver diseases, 13 for several types of cancer, 9 for enhancing breast milk excretion, 8 for weight loss, 5 for reducing cholesterol, and three for weight gain.

Plants were collected and identified: scientific Latin names, local names, the used parts of the plant, the herbal preparations and the local medical uses are described. Scientific literature concerning the activity of the investigated species is also reported and discussed according to their traditional uses.
Composition of a Monoterpenoid-rich Essential Oil from the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale from North Western Himalayas
Authors: Gupta Suphla , Pandotra Pankaj , Ram Gandhi , Anand Rajneesh , Gupta Ajai Prakash , Husain Mohd. Kashif , Bedi Yashbir Singh , Mallavarapu Gopal Rao
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the rhizome of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe), collected from Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India, was determined by gas chromatography and GC-MS. Fifty-one compounds, representing 95.1% of the oil, were identified. The oil was characterized by relatively large amounts of the monoterpenoids 1,8-cineole (10.9%), linalool (4.8%), borneol (5.6%), α-terpineol (3.6%), neral (8.1%), geraniol (14.5%), geranial (9.5%), trans-dimethoxy citral (5.0%) and geranyl acetate (6.3%). Five compounds, namely trans-linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide acetate, ( Z)-dimethoxycitral, ( E)-dimethoxy citral and epi-zingiberenol are reported for the first time in oil of ginger.
Comparison of Eucalyptus cinerea Essential Oils Produced by Hydrodistillation and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Authors: Mann Tavleen S. , Babu Garikapati D. Kiran , Guleria Shailja , Singh Bikram
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of Eucalyptus cinerea is reported to possess a higher 1,8-cineole content than other Eucalyptus species. Variations in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of E. cinerea oil produced by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE) techniques and a comparison between glycoside-bound and free volatile constituents produced by HD have been studied. It was found that HD produced higher oil (free volatiles) content (3.1%) as compared with SCE (1.1%), whereas bound volatiles constituted only about 0.4%. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the oil samples revealed significant difference in their chemical composition. The essential oil (free volatiles) produced by HD contained 1,8-cineole (85.1%) as the major constituent, followed by α-terpineol (7.2%) and limonene (4.4%). In the bound volatile fraction produced by HD, 1,8 cineole (20.6%), α-terpineol (7.6%), p-cymene (6.3%), and limonene (4.5%) were found as major constituents. The extract produced by SCE was dominated by 1,8-cineole (70.4%), α-terpineol (8.6%), globulol (3.1%), aromadendrene (2%), citronellal (1.7%), viridiflorol (1.3%), phytol (1.1%) and terpinen-4-ol (1%). Although HD produced higher oil yields, SCE produced better extract in terms of the number of components detected.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Cachrys libanotis from Algeria
Authors: Bouderdara Nabila , Elomri Abdelhakim , Djarri Lakhdar , Medjroubi Kamel , Seguin Elisabeth , Vérité Philippe
Published: March 2019

The essential oil of aerial parts of Cachrys libanotis L. (Apiaceae) from east Algeria was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-one compounds were identified, the main components being germacrene-D (18.0%), γ-terpinene (6.4%), p-cymene (5.5%), caryophyllene oxide (5.1%), and limonene (5.1%).
The Essential Oil of Artemisia scoparia from Tajikistan is Dominated by Phenyldiacetylenes
Authors: Sharopov Farukh S. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia scoparia was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. A total of 32 compounds were identified representing 98.0% of the total oil composition. A. scoparia oil was dominated by the diacetylenes 1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne (34.2%) and capillene (4.9%). Other major components were β-pinene (21.3%), methyl eugenol (5.5%), α-pinene (5.4%), myrcene (5.2%), limonene (5.0%), and ( E)-β-ocimene (3.8%). The oil was tested for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells, but was inactive.
Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Senecio coincyi, an Endemic Species of the Central Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Arrabal Carlos , García Felipe Martínez , Arraiza María Paz , García Silvia Guerrero
Published: March 2019

The essential oil has been studied of leaves of Senecio coincyi Rouy, an endemic species of Spain restricted to a very small area of the Central Iberian Peninsula. Samples from five locations were obtained by hydrodistillation and extraction and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compound was 1-tridecene (28.1 ± 8.5%). The presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons (1-undecene, 1-dodecene and 1-tridecene) seems to indicate a chemotaxonomic relationship between Senecio coincyi and S. congestus.
Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Ficus callosa
Authors: Kiem Phan Van , Cuong Nguyen Xuan , Nhiem Nguyen Xuan , Hang Dan Thi Thuy , Nam Nguyen Hoai , Ban Ninh Khac , Minh Chau Van , Bing Zhou , Jang Hae Dong , Kim Young Ho
Published: March 2019

One new megastigmane glycoside, ficalloside (1), and eleven known compounds, were isolated from methanol extract of Ficus callosa leaves by repeated column chromatography. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence. The antioxidant activities of these compounds were measured using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Compound 8 exhibited potent antioxidant activity of 10.6 μM trolox equivalents at the concentration of 2 μM. At this concentration, compounds 4-7 and 9-12 showed significant antioxidant activity with ranging of 2.1~6.1 μM trolox equivalents.
Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of the Sesquiterpene Lactones Cnicin and Onopordopicrin
Authors: Bach Sandra M. , Fortuna Mario A. , Attarian Rodgoun , de Trimarco Juliana T. , Catalán César A. N. , Av-Gay Yossef , Bach Horacio
Published: March 2019

The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of chloroform extracts from the weeds Centaurea tweediei and C. diffusa, and the main sesquiterpene lactones isolated from these species, onopordopicrin and cnicin, respectively, were assayed. Results show that the chloroform extracts from both Centaurea species possess antibacterial activities against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Remarkable antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was also measured. Both the extracts and the purified sesquiterpene lactones show high cytotoxicity against human-derived macrophages. Despite this cytotoxicity, C. diffusa chloroform extract and cnicin are attractive candidates for evaluation as antibiotics in topical preparations against skin-associated pathogens.
Facile Total Synthesis of Xanthorrhizol
Authors: Du Zhenting , Wang Yin , Ma Weili , Lv Dong , Yu Hongrui
Published: March 2019

A facile total synthesis of the bisabolane sesquiterpene, xanthorrhizol (1), has been achieved in 6 steps, in 48% overall yield. The starting material was 3-methoxy-4-methyl-phenoacetone (7), and a Claisen-Johnson rearrangement was used as the key step to construct the skeleton of the target molecule.
Phlomeoic acid: A New Diterpene from Phlomis bracteosa
Authors: Hussain Javid , Ullah Riaz , Khan Afsar , Khan Farman Ullah , Muhammad Zia , Shah Mohammad Raza
Published: March 2019

A new tricyclic clerodane-type diterpenoid, trivially named phlomeoic acid (1), was isolated from the methanolic extract of Phlomis bracteosa, together with two known compounds, ursolic acid and glutinol, isolated for the first time from this species. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques and comparison with literature data.
Two New Triterpenoids from Zygophyllum eurypterum
Authors: Iqbal Shazia , Khan Afsar , Ahmad Viqar Uddin , Khan Murad Ali , Bader Sadia , Farooq Umar , Khan Saleha Suleman , Zahoor Aqib , Tareen Rasool Bakhsh
Published: March 2019

Two new triterpenoids trivially named as atriplicoide A and B were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the whole plant of Zygophyllum eurypterum. Based on EIMS, IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR (HMQC, HMBC, COSY and NOESY) data, the structures of the new compounds were determined as 30-carboxy-3β,24-dihydroxy-urs-28,13β-lactam- N-acetate (1) and 3β,24-dihydroxyursan-28,13β-olide (2).
Production of Lovastatin by Wild Strains of Aspergillus terreus
Authors: Patil Ravindra H. , Krishnan Prakash , Maheshwari Vijay L.
Published: March 2019

A wild fungal strain of Aspergillus terreus, labeled as PM3, was isolated by using the Candida albicans bioassay and confirmed by 18S r DNA analyses. Lovastatin was produced by submerged and solid state fermentations. Of the 30 isolated fungal strains, 11 showed lovastatin production with Aspergillus terreus PM3 being the best with a yield of 240 mg/L at the 10th day of submerged fermentation. Carboxymethylcellulose had a stimulatory effect on lovastatin production. It restricted uncontrolled filamentous growth, induced pellet formation and, thereby, improved lovastatin yield. In solid state fermentation (SSF), of the agro wastes from five crops (bran of wheat and rice, husks of red gram and soybean, and green gram straw), wheat bran showed maximum lovastatin production (12.5 mg/g of dry substrate) at pH 7.1 and a temperature of 30±2°C. Development of a lovastatin production process based on wheat bran as a substrate in SSF is economically attractive as it is a cheap and readily available raw material in agriculture-based countries.
Antimicrobial Activities of Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana catharinensis
Authors: Medeiros Maria Rita Furquini , de Melo Prado Luiz Afonso , Fernandes Vanessa Colnaghi , Figueiredo Sérgio Souza , Coppede Juliana , Martins Juliana , Fiori Giovana Maria Lanchoti , Martinez-Rossi Nilce Maria , Beleboni Rene Oliveira , Contini Silvia Helena Taleb , Pereira Paulo Sérgio , Fachin Ana Lúcia
Published: March 2019

Tabernaemontana catharinensis root bark ethanol extract, EB2 fraction and the MMV alkaloid (12-methoxy-4-methylvoachalotine) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. T. catharinensis ethanol extract was effective against both strains of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum at concentrations of 2.5 mg/mL (wild strain) and 1.25 mg/mL (mutant strain), while the EB2 fraction and MMV alkaloid showed a strong antifungal activity against wild and mutant strains with MIC values of <0.02 and 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. The EB2 fraction showed a strong antibacterial activity against ATCC strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with MICs from <0.02 to 0.04 mg/mL, as well as against resistant clinical isolates species of Enterococcus sp, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with MIC values ranging from 0.04 to 0.08 mg/mL. The MMV alkaloid presented a MIC of 0.16 mg/mL against the strains of S. aureus and E. coli ATCC. For the resistant clinical isolates Enterococcus sp, Citrobacter, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa the MIC of MMV ranged from 0.08 to 0.31 mg/mL. The chromatography analysis of the EB2 fraction revealed the presence of indole alkaloids, including MMV, possibly responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity.
Camptothecin Distribution and Content in Nothapodytes nimmoniana
Authors: Mingzhang Ao , Jing Wang , Yue Shi , Wentao Guo , Longjiang Yu
Published: March 2019

Nothapodytes nimmoniana is an important anticancer medicinal plant which possesses various bioactive substances, of which camptothecin (CPT) is the most important. CPT is mainly obtained by extraction from plants. However, extraction is problematic because of the lack of reference information, which leads to a large number of trees being felled. In this study, CPT was detected in different parts (shoots, two- and three-year-old stems, tender leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, roots and bark) of N. nimmoniana. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to determine the CPT content. All parts analyzed contained CPT, but concentrations depended on the different growth phases of the stems and leaves. The highest CPT content was 1.87 mg/g from roots, followed by the shoots, with a content of 1.07 mg/g. With a view to resource utilization, we concluded that the shoots were the best tissues for exploitation. Suggestions for shoot picking are also provided.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside
Authors: Habtemariam Solomon
Published: March 2019

Quercetin, kaempferol and to a lesser extent rutin have been reported to have antidiabetic activities when assessed by various assay models including in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition studies. A related structural analogue, kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside (KR) however has not yet been studied for such biological effects. It was found that KR is a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase in vitro with over 8-times more activity than the reference antidiabetic drug, acarbose. Furthermore, KR displayed a synergistic effect with a less potent flavonoid aglycones, kaempferol and quercetin. The structure-activity profile of these drugs and implications of drug combinations are discussed.
Secondary Metabolites from the Roots of Paronychia chionaea
Authors: Avunduk Sibel , Alankuş-Çalişkan Özgen , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Tanaka Chiaki , Lacaille-Dubois Marie-Aleth
Published: March 2019

Two novel secondary metabolites, compounds (1–2) were isolated from the roots of Paronychia chionaea. On the basis of spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR experiments (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC), and mass spectroscopy, their structures were established as 6- C-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-7- O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-luteolin 3′-methyl ether (1), and 2-(methoxy)-2-(3,5-dimethoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane-1,2-diol 1- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2).
Asimafoetidnol: A New Sesquiterpenoid Coumarin from the Gum Resin of Ferula assafoetida
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Debasish , Banerjee Manas , Laskar Subrata , Basak Bidyut
Published: March 2019

Chemical investigation of the gum resin of Ferula assafoetida L. resulted in the isolation of a new sesquiterpenoid coumarin, 7-((( E)-5-((1 S,3 S,6 S)-3,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl)oxy)-2 H-chromen-2-one (asimafoetidnol), together with several other known compounds. The structure of asimafoetidnol was established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Geometry optimization of the compound has been carried out using a DFT/B3LYP/3-21G* method.