bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Historical Publications in Iran from 1987-1996
Authors: Ettehadieh M. , Sadeq S. Mir Mohammad
Published: September 2011

In an article entitled “The Study of History in Post-Revolutionary Iran,” Professor A. Amanat analyzes the state of historical research and wonders whether the new interest in history will endure or whether it is a passing fad, a lingering after-effect of the 1979 revolution. He points out that “the frontiers of serious scholarship do not seem to have reached the domain of analysis. Neither the methodology, nor the scholarly attitude seem to be ready for the task.” In the eighteenth year of the Islamic revolution, it is perhaps worth taking another look at the state of historical research in Iran with an eye to detecting any changes in the observed trends pointed out by Amanat.

In the late-Pahlavi era, the study of history as an academic discipline was the least popular among the topics at the national universities. It was consistently the last choice for the entering class.
Sacrifice and Authorship: A Compendium of the Wills of Iranian War Martyrs
Authors: Nazemi Nader
Published: September 2011

Shohada ba khun-e khod safehat-e tarikh ra qalam mizanand “The Martyrs write the pages of history with their blood.”

From 1980 to 1988 Iran fought a bloody war with neighboring Iraq. Those who died in the war are eulogized as the “martyrs of the war of truth against falsehood” and have been accorded an almost sacrosanct status in the Islamic Republic. A tragedy of unprecedented proportions in modern Iranian history, the war was also the catalyst for important social and political transformations within the country. Iranian warriors went to war not so much to kill as to sacrifice their lives for a larger community that was itself being transform through the exigencies of warfare. As succinctly explained by one Iranian fighter, “We are fighting not for revenge, but for Islam, country and honour.”
A Harrowing Experience at Home: Faraj Sarkuhi's Letter
Authors: Sarkuhi Faraj
Published: September 2011

In This Letter, Faraj Sarkuhi, Essayist And For Many Years Editor Of the prominent journal Adineh, tells the story of his macabre ordeal with the security forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The text reflects a repetitive and cyclical struggle to make sense of seemingly disjointed events and experiences, which are in the process of coming into a meaningful focus in the context of Sarkuhi's present pain, humiliation, and isolation. What is so gripping about the letter is the genuine voice of despair that reaches out to the reader through the labyrinth of words.
Iran and Islam
Authors: Dickinson Eerik
Published: September 2011

Students of Classical Islam Now Have Several Substantial English-language reference works at their disposal. Foremost among these is the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (henceforth EI2) an imposing enterprise which attempts to cover all aspects of Islam in all lands from the time of the Prophet until the present. This noble ambition has carried the price of slow progress. Publication began in 1952 and after nearly half a century the work is still not complete. In the meantime The Encyclopedia of Religion and The Dictionary of the Middle Ages have appeared and been completed. Although the purview of these two works is much broader than the religion of Islam and the Islamic world, they contain many articles of considerable interest to Islamicists. Since the publication of its first fascicle in 1982, the Encyclopaedia Iranica has been supplementing these distinguished works, and eight volumes of a projected twenty have now been completed.
Ancient Religions
Authors: Choksy Jamsheed K.
Published: September 2011

TheEncyclopaedia Iranicais Truly a Monumental Undertaking, Containing thousands of carefully selected items of information covering most aspects of Iranian civilization past and present. As the first seven volumes demonstrate, it is an indispensable reference work that belongs in the libraries of all universities and in the homes of everyone interested in Iran, whether for professional or personal reasons. In connection with ancient or pre-Islamic Iranian religions, theEIrrepresents the most important scholarly contribution since James Hastings edited the thirteen-volumeEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics(Edinburgh, 1908-1926, reprint New York, 1955, Edinburgh, 1994). In fact, both may be used as complementary research guides, for the rich descriptions of rituals in theEncyclopaedia of Religion and Ethicsare not repeated in theEIrwhereas the former lacks the up-to-date information on persons, places, events, ideas, theoretical standpoints, and bibliography so fully articulated in the latter.
Dual citizenship and sovereignty
Authors: Pogonyi Szabolcs
Published: September 2011

Multiple and dual citizenship in the past decades have become widely accepted worldwide. Leading scholars in citizenship studies claim that the growing tolerance of dual citizenship signals the weakening of state sovereignty and the emergence of transnational, post-national or cosmopolitan norms. This paper argues that multiple citizenship standards are neither universally accepted, nor normatively compelling. The cases referred to are intended to demonstrate that contrary to the above assessments, dual citizenship is also used by states to increase their sovereignty, for example promoting national interest abroad through expatriates and trans-border minorities. It is also argued that, in addition to the classical territorial sovereignty- and security-related dilemmas, dual-citizenship policies may violate the norms of democratic equality and popular sovereignty. The paper concludes that the inevitably growing toleration of non-monogamous state-citizen relationships should not be interpreted as a normative justification of promiscuous citizenship policies.
Exploring the Potential for Racial and Gender Bias in Violations of Probation Petitions
Authors: CHURCH II WESLEY T. , Li Xiao , Taylor Julie , Thomas Sabrina , Wharton Tracy
Published: September 2011

Juvenile offender data were examined in 1 county of 1 southern U.S. state, to explore whether racial and gender disparities in youth involved in the justice system were a factor in detention decisions for violations of probation. Probation officers were able to makerelatively consistent decisions about detention for violation of probation, despite disproportionate demographic representationin the overall population that they work with. There remains,however, a substantial potential for subjective bias, suggesting that measures to assist probation officers in making such decisions would appear to have potential value in the field.
Structuralism and the New Way of Worlds: A Sellarsian Argument for Necessitarianism about Laws
Authors: Yudell Zanja
Published: September 2011

This article presents and argues for modal structuralism, which is loosely derived from a position described by Wilfrid Sellars. Modal structuralism holds that a fundamental property is identified by the role it plays in the structure of possibilities. It implies necessitarianism about laws, which holds that at least some laws of nature are metaphysically necessary. The argument for these positions derives from the following assumptions: the principle of the identity of indiscernible properties and a modest antiquidditism. These assumptions are weaker than those of causal structuralism, which is a closely related view.
Consultation Skills and the Work of Michael Balint
Authors: Jones Daniel
Published: September 2011

Many sources claim that Michael Balint revolutionized general practice just as it was beginning to establish itself as a speciality in its own right. Basing most of his concepts on theories of psychoanalysis, Balint set himself the task of finding a ‘space’ for general practice as a separate clinical discipline. Balint believed that it was the GP's ability to provide holistic continual care which stretched from cradle to grave that really separated general practice from hospital medicine. Balint developed many ideas and concepts around the doctor—patient relationship, all of which are still relevant to general practice today. Balint's theories depend heavily on three aspects of general practice: the personal qualities of the GP, the GP's skills and the wider socio-economic and political context of general practice. It is hoped that having an understanding of Balint's ideas and theories can improve the consultation for all GPs both new and experienced.
In vitro Culture of Bovine Embryos in Murine ES Cell Conditioned Media Negatively Affects Expression of Pluripotency‐Related Markers OCT4, SOX2 and SSEA1
Authors: Oliveira CS , de Souza MM , Saraiva NZ , Tetzner TAD , Lima MR , Lopes FL , Garcia JM
Published: September 2011

Contents

Despite extensive efforts, establishment of bovine embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has not been successful. We hypothesized that culture conditions for in vitro‐produced (IVP) embryos, the most used source of inner cell mass (ICM) to obtain ES cells, might affect their undifferentiated state. Therefore, the aim of this work was to improve pluripotency of IVP blastocysts to produce suitable ICM for further culturing. We tested KSR and foetal calf serum (FCS) supplements in SOF medium and ES cell conditioned medium (CM) on IVC (groups: KSR, KSR CM, FCS and FCS CM). Cleavage and blastocyst rates were similar between all groups. Also, embryonic quality, assessed by apoptosis rates (TUNEL assay), total cell number and ICM percentage did not differ between experimental groups. However, expression of pluripotency‐related markers was affected. We detected down‐regulation of OCT3/4, SOX2 and SSEA1 in ICM of FCS CM blastocysts (p < 0.05). SOX2 gene expression revealed lower levels (p < 0.05) on KSR CM blastocysts and a remarkable variation in SOX2 mRNA levels on FCS‐supplemented blastocysts. In conclusion, pluripotency‐related markers tend to decrease after supplementation with ES cell CM, suggesting different mechanisms regulating mouse and bovine pluripotency. KSR supplementation did not differ from FCS, but FCS replacement by KSR may produce blastocysts with stable SOX2 gene expression levels.
Cost‐effectiveness of combination therapy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a model based on the findings of the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin trial
Authors: Bjerklund Johansen Truls E. , Baker Timothy M. , Black Libby K.
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Therapy (cost effective analysis with multi‐way sensitivity analysis)

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Little has been published on whether the benefits of combination therapy are worth the additional expense of a second prescription.

This manuscript adds to the literature by exploring the cost effectiveness of the combination of dutasteride and tamsulosin compared to alpha blocker and 5ARI monotherapy.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of combination therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) compared with alpha‐blocker (AB), 5‐alpha reductase inhibitor (5ARI) monotherapy or watchful waiting (WW) in male patients enrolled in the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) trial using a Norwegian economic model.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A decision analytic model was constructed to evaluate the BPH treatment regimens using point estimate base‐case analyses, one‐way sensitivity testing and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Symptom severity and acute urinary retention/transurethral resection of the prostate (AUR/TURP) event data came from the 4‐year evaluation of the CombAT trial with additional data from the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms (MTOPS) trial. The model makes use of Norwegian practice pattern data and unit cost and utility estimates were taken from the published literature.

The model calculates treatment costs and utility outcomes at two time horizons: 4 years and lifetime. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated using WW as the basis of comparison. Costs and health state utilities were discounted after the first year.

RESULTS

At 4 years, ICER results for combination therapy are higher than AB monotherapy as a result of the higher drug cost, but the overall cost and quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) differences are small.

At the lifetime evaluation, the ICER results decrease from those at the 4‐year horizon, although AB monotherapy remains less expensive than combination therapy. However, the incremental QALYs gained for combination therapy are twice those of AB monotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The model is sensitive to variability in estimates of health state utility assigned on the basis of symptom severity, indicating that both monotherapy and combination therapy have an advantage in maintaining patients in less severe symptom states.

Overall, combination therapy for BPH is expected to provide the greatest net monetary benefit at willingness‐to‐pay thresholds at or above ≈€6000 (£5400).
PROPOSITIONAL DYNAMIC LOGIC FOR REASONING ABOUT FIRST‐CLASS AGENT INTERACTION PROTOCOLS
Authors: Miller Tim , McBurney Peter
Published: September 2011

For agents to fulfill their potential of being intelligent and adaptive, it is useful to model their interaction protocols as executable entities that can be referenced, inspected, composed, shared, and invoked between agents, all at runtime. We use the term first‐class protocol to refer to such protocols. Rather than having hard‐coded decision‐making mechanisms for choosing their next move, agents can inspect the protocol specification at runtime to do so, increasing their flexibility. In this article, we show that propositional dynamic logic (PDL) can be used to represent and reason about the outcomes of first‐class protocols. We define a proof system for PDL that permits reasoning about recursively defined protocols. The proof system is divided into two parts: one for reasoning about terminating protocols, and one for reasoning about nonterminating protocols. We prove that proofs about terminating protocols can be automated, while proofs about nonterminating protocols are unable to be automated in some cases. We prove that, for a restricted class of nonterminating protocols, proofs about them can be transformed to proofs about terminating protocols, making them automatable.
A critique of the dragonfly delusion hypothesis: why sampling exuviae does not avoid bias
Authors: BRIED JASON T. , D’AMICO FRANK , SAMWAYS MICHAEL J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract.  1. A recent study comparing adult and exuvial odonate richness concluded that adult surveys overestimate the number of species reproducing successfully. The authors called this phenomenon the “dragonfly delusion” and recommended that only exuviae be used for biomonitoring and habitat quality assessment. However, they drew this conclusion from limited surveys and detection‐naïve analysis and failed to acknowledge that exuvial richness is typically biased low.

2. Here, we quantify the exuvial bias using two related metrics: (i) species detectability from concurrent adult and exuvial surveys and (ii) estimated exuvial species richness at a site based on imperfect detectability and the regional pool (cumulative total across study sites) of exuvial species observed.

3. Using concurrent adult and exuvial data from lakes in south‐west France, we found that detectability was generally lower in 1‐h exuvial searches than in 20‐min adult searches and that exuvial surveys may lead to strong negative bias in richness estimation. This suggests the alleged delusion of adult surveys was exaggerated.

4. Controlling for species detection probability is crucial in making unbiased inferences on how many odonate species occupy a site and, by extension, comparing adult and exuvial species richness. Exuviae sampling avoids positive bias, not bias in general, and requires either relatively intensive search effort, statistical accounting of false species absences, or acceptance of negatively biased richness.
Differential effects of myosin light chain kinase inhibition on contractility, force development and myosin light chain 20 phosphorylation of rat cervical and thoracic duct lymphatics
Authors: Nepiyushchikh Zhanna V. , Chakraborty Sanjukta , Wang Wei , Davis Michael J. , Zawieja David C. , Muthuchamy Mariappan
Published: September 2011

Non‐Technical Summary  The contractile activities of lymphatic muscle cells, which are the key for the lymphatic function, vary between lymphatic beds. We show that pressure‐dependent changes and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibition differentially affect myosin light chain 20 (MLC20) phosphorylation in lymphatic muscle, thereby controlling the contractile behaviour of thoracic duct and cervical lymphatics. Our findings suggest that pressure‐induced changes in lymphatic contractile function act through MLC20 di‐phosphorylation to modulate lymphatic tonic contractions, whereas the MLCK inhibitor ML‐7 affects both mono‐ and di‐phosphorylation of MLC20 and consequently decreases tonic contractions. In addition, our data indicate that ML‐7 affects pacemaking activity of lymphatic muscle, and thereby decreases the lymphatic phasic contraction frequency. Thus the statuses of MLC20 phosphorylation play essential roles in regulating the contractile activities of lymphatics.
Study of Microphone Array for Noise Reduction in Sound Based Micro-Tool Wear Monitoring
Authors: Huang Chi-Feng , Lu Ming-Chyuan
Published: September 2011

An experienced technician can usually identify the cutting condition by hearing the sound generated during the cutting and the sound signal can be expected to detect the features closely related to the tool condition. However, the background noise always contaminates the signal obtained by microphone system during cutting and reduces the chance of applying the sound based micro tool condition monitoring system in industry. In order to reduce the noise effect and improve the system performance, a microphone array integrated with Wiener filter was designed and implemented in this study to enhance the noise reduction capability for monitoring system. The experimental results show that the microphone array integrated with Wiener filter provides a better solution than single microphone integrated with Wiener filter or the microphone array without the post filter design in reducing the broadband background noise.
Post-Anneal Mechanical Properties of Pre-Strained AA5182-O Sheets
Authors: Li Jingjing , Hu S. Jack , Carsley John E. , Lee Theresa M. , Hector Louis G. , Mishra Sushil
Published: September 2011

The effects of different pre-strain levels, paths and subsequent annealing on the post-annealing mechanical properties of AA5182-O were investigated. Aluminum sheet specimens were pre-strained in uniaxial, plane strain and equibiaxial tension to several equivalent strain levels, annealed at 350°C for short (10 seconds) and long (20 minutes) durations, and then tested for post-annealing mechanical properties, including tensile properties, anisotropy and forming limits. The tensile properties, R-values at 0°, 45° and 90° relative to the sheet rolling direction, and forming limit diagrams (FLDs) exhibited dependencies of pre-strain and annealing history. The importance of the process variables and their effects were identified via designed experiments and analysis of variance. Three-dimensional digital image correlation, which captured the onset of local necking, was employed in the FLD development. Texture in the as-received and deformed sheets was investigated with electron backscattered diffraction and provided a means for linking prestrain and static recovery or recrystallization with microstructure. This guided the understanding of the mechanical property changes observed after preforming and annealing. Ultimately, the expanded forming limit curve demonstrated the advantage of annealing in extending the formability of strained AA5182-O.
Finite Element Modeling of the Workpiece Thermal Distortion in MQL Deep-Hole Drilling
Authors: Tai Bruce L. , White Steven B. , Stephenson David A. , Shih Albert J.
Published: September 2011

This paper develops a three dimensional (3-D) finite element modeling (FEM) to predict the workpiece thermal distortion in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) deep-hole drilling. Drilling-induced heat fluxes on the drilled hole bottom surface (HBS) and hole wall surface (HWS) are first determined by the inverse heat transfer method. The proposed 3-D heat carrier model consisting of shell elements to carry the HWS heat flux and solid elements to carry the HBS heat flux conducts the heat to the workpiece to mimic drilling process. A coupled thermal-elastic analysis is used to calculate the workpiece thermal distortion at each time step based on the temperature distribution. The heat carrier model is validated by comparing the temperature profiles at selected points with those from an existing 2-D axisymmetric advection model. The capability for modeling distortion in the case of drilling multiple deep-holes is also demonstrated.
Real Time Friction Error Compensation in Tube Hydroforming Process Control
Authors: Ngaile Gracious , Kilonzo Obadiah , Yang Chen
Published: September 2011

Tube Hydroforming (THF) is a metal-forming process that uses a pressurized fluid in place of a hard tool to plastically deform a given tube into a desired shape. In addition to the internal pressure, the tube material is fed axially toward the die cavity. One of the challenges in THF is the nonlinear and varying friction conditions at the tube-tool interface, which make it difficult to establish accurate loading paths (pressure vs feed) for THF. A THF process control model that can compensate for the loading path deviation due to frictional errors in tube hydroforming is proposed. In the proposed model, an algorithm and a software platform have been developed such that the sensed forming load from a THF machine is mapped to a database containing a set of loading paths that correspond to different friction conditions for a specific part. A real-time friction error compensation is then carried out by readjusting the loading path as the THF process progresses. This scheme reduces part failures that would normally occur due to variability in friction conditions. The implementation and experimental verification of the proposed model is discussed.
Sensitivity Analysis on Inventory Classification Methods for Oilfield Equipment Industry
Authors: Hincapie Juan , Lee Jim , Emblom William
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a case study for inventory management for an oilfield equipment company. The management encounters the problem of deciding which parts to manufacture in-house and which ones to subcontract. A decision support system (DSS) is developed which ranks component parts by integrating multi-criteria classification methods considering both quantitative (e.g., cost and demand) and qualitative (e.g., importance) factors. The focus on this research is to perform a sensitivity analysis on weight assignment for each criterion. This information is important in applications of inventory management since industries may not be able to manufacture all the necessary parts on time. Real world data from an oilfield equipment industry are used where inventory control problems have arisen because the company does not have the capacity to manufacture all the required parts to satisfy customer orders.
Methods to Rationalize the Generation of Parameter Technologies in Sinking EDM
Authors: Juhr Henrik , Haas Ru¨diger , Ku¨nanz Klaus
Published: September 2011

The demands on parameter technologies in Sinking EDM are very high. In each processing step, a certain surface roughness has to be achieved in very precise manner. At the same time removal rate (productivity) and relative wear (costs) have to achieve advantageous values. The generation of these parameter technologies is time-consuming and expensive, since many influencing factors affect the target figures. The procedural methods in practice are often unsystematic and ineffective. The technological possibilities of machine and process configuration are very often not used. This publication deals with methods designed to effectively optimize the target figures. At the same time, effort and time spent for generating parameter technologies are reduced. Continuous parameter technologies are used for the generation of discrete parameter technologies. Two different types of continuous mappings are compared: Nonlinear regression functions and artificial neural networks (ANN). Model accuracy and the handling properties of these variants are evaluated in this context. A variety of methods for assessing the adequacy of mappings are discussed. A new, problem-oriented experimental design method for EDM-processes is also described, focusing on two aspects: a reduction of the experimental effort and the achievement of a sufficient accuracy of the continuous mappings at the same time. In order to achieve these characteristics, different scale methods and transformation methods are discussed, as well. As a result, a problem-adapted CAP-software solution is presented. Nonlinear regression functions as well as ANNs for the continuous parameter technologies can be generated, visualized and evaluated within this software. In a next step, software functions are implemented, allowing the technologist to derive optimal pulse parameter series for processing. The application of the presented methods is first of all useful for manufacturers of EDM die sinking machines.
Optimal Sensor Location to Estimate Temperature Distribution in an Injection Mould
Authors: Seo Jaho , Khajepour Amir , Huissoon Jan P.
Published: September 2011

The objective of this research is to identify optimal sensor locations to estimate temperature distribution in an injection mould using finite element analysis. Potential locations (referred to as target nodes) are grouped based on the similarity of their thermal response using a proposed temperature-ratio clustering method. A sensitivity analysis of the temperature distribution for these groups of target nodes identifies the sensor location for each cluster that exhibits the highest sensitivity to variable inputs. Using identified sensor locations with a neural network model, the accuracy in estimation of temperature response is evaluated.
Biohydrogen Production From Glycerol in Microbial Electrolysis Cells and Prospects for Energy Recovery From Biodiesel Wastes
Authors: Chignell Jeremy F. , Liu Hong
Published: September 2011

The manufacture of biodiesel generates 10 wt% of glycerol as a byproduct. Currently, the majority of this waste glycerol is treated in wastewater treatment plants or incinerated. In this study, single chamber, membrane-free microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) was evaluated to produce hydrogen from pure glycerol and waste glycerol. At an applied voltage of 0.6 V, a maximum current density of 7.5 ± 0.4 A/m2 (238.6 ± 12.7 A/m3) was observed, the highest reported current density for a microbial electrochemical system operating on glycerol. Maximum current densities on 0.5% waste glycerin were 0.1–0.2 A/m2, much lower than those on pure glycerol, possibly due to the high salt and soap concentration in the waste glycerol. The maximum hydrogen yield on 50 mM glycerol was 1.8 ± 0.1 mol hydrogen/mol glycerol at a hydrogen production rate of 1.3 ± 0.1 m3/day/m3. The presence of methanol in the waste glycerin reduced hydrogen yield by nearly 30%. The energy efficiency on 0.5% of waste glycerol reached 200% at an applied voltage of 0.6 V. Conversion of all of the waste glycerol currently generated annually in global biodiesel manufacture to hydrogen using optimized MEC technology could generate ∼ 180 million kg of H2, representing a value of nearly $540 million, or the amount of H2 required for the production of 4.8 billion kg of green diesel. This study indicates that the generation of useful products (such as hydrogen) from waste glycerol will greatly increase the viability of the growing biodiesel industry.
Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Oscillatory Flow Mixing
Authors: Palanisamy Barath , Su Yu-Wei , Garrison Anna , Paul Brian , Chang Chih-hung
Published: September 2011

Microchannel mixers enable faster mixing times compared with batch stir mixing leading to the promise of higher throughput, better yields and less solvent usage for the solution-phase reactive precipitation of inorganic nanoparticles. However, reliance on diffusive transport for subsecond mixing requires channel dimensions in the tens of micrometers. These channel dimensions make diffusive micromixers vulnerable to clogging. In this paper, an oscillatory flow mixing strategy is explored to increase the contact area between reagents within larger microchannels. Forward and reverse oscillatory signals are designed to pump reactants through a 450 μm high serpentine microchannel to increase advection within the flow. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to provide insight into flow behavior and nanoparticle morphology. Quantification of mixing performance is proposed using mixing quality and particle residence time metrics. Experimental validation is pursued through the reactive precipitation of CdS quantum dots using a reverse oscillatory mixing setup. Transmission electron microscopy provides insights into the particle size distribution and particle crystallinity.
Electron-beam-induced deposition of 3-nm-half-pitch patterns on bulk Si
Authors: van Oven J. C. , Berwald F. , Berggren K. K. , Kruit P. , Hagen C. W.
Published: September 2011

This paper demonstrates electron-beam-induced deposition of few-nm-width dense features on bulk samples by using a scanning electron-beam lithography system. To optimize the resultant features, three steps were taken: (1) features were exposed in a repetitive sequence, so as to build up the deposited features gradually across the entire pattern, and thus avoid proximity effects; (2) an additional delay was added between exposures to permit diffusion of reactants into the exposed area; and (3) the exposures were phase-synchronized to the dominant noise source (the 50-Hz line voltage) to minimize the effect of noise. The reasons these steps led to significant improvements in patterning resolution are discussed.
Newtonian viscosity model could overestimate wall shear stress in intracranial aneurysm domes and underestimate rupture risk
Authors: Xiang Jianping , Tremmel Markus , Kolega John , Levy Elad I , Natarajan Sabareesh K , Meng Hui
Published: September 2011

Objective

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of intracranial aneurysm hemodynamics usually adopt the simplification of the Newtonian blood rheology model. A study was undertaken to examine whether such a model affects the predicted hemodynamics in realistic intracranial aneurysm geometries.

Methods

Pulsatile CFD simulations were carried out using the Newtonian viscosity model and two non-Newtonian models (Casson and Herschel-Bulkley) in three typical internal carotid artery saccular aneurysms (A, sidewall, oblong-shaped with a daughter sac; B, sidewall, quasi-spherical; C, near-spherical bifurcation). For each aneurysm model the surface distributions of shear rate, blood viscosity and wall shear stress (WSS) predicted by the three rheology models were compared.

Results

All three rheology models produced similar intra-aneurysmal flow patterns: aneurysm A had a slowly recirculating secondary vortex near the dome whereas aneurysms B and C contained only a large single vortex. All models predicted similar shear rate, blood viscosity and WSS in parent vessels of all aneurysms and in the sacs of B and C. However, large discrepancies in shear rate, viscosity and WSS among predictions by the various rheology models were found in the dome area of A where the flow was relatively stagnant. Here the Newtonian model predicted higher shear rate and WSS values and lower blood viscosity than the two non-Newtonian models.

Conclusions

The Newtonian fluid assumption can underestimate viscosity and overestimate shear rate and WSS in regions of stasis or slowly recirculating secondary vortices, typically found at the dome in elongated or complex-shaped saccular aneurysms as well as in aneurysms following endovascular treatment. Because low shear rates and low WSS in such flow conditions indicate a high propensity for thrombus formation and rupture, CFD based on the Newtonian assumption may underestimate the propensity of these events.
A fuzzy framework for selecting top-k web service compositions
Authors: Benouaret Karim , Benslimane Djamal , Hadjali Allel
Published: September 2011

Data Web services allow users to access information provided by different companies. Web users often need to compose different Web services to achieve a more complex task that can not be fulfilled by an individual Web service. In addition, user preferences are becoming increasingly important to personalize the composition process. In this paper, we propose an approach to compose data Web services in the context of preference queries where preferences are modeled thanks to fuzzy sets that allow for a large variety of flexible terms such as "cheap", "affordable" and "fairly expensive". Our main objective is to find the top-
k
data Web service compositions that better satisfy the user preferences. The proposed approach is based on an RDF query rewriting algorithm to find the relevant data Web services that can contribute to the resolution of a given preference query. The constraints of the relevant data Web services are matched to the preferences involved in the query using a set of matching methods. A ranking criterion based on a fuzzyfication of Pareto dominance is defined in order to better rank the different data Web services/compositions. To select the top-
k
data Web services/compositions we develop a suitable algorithm that allows eliminating less relevant data Web services before the composition process. Finally, we evaluate our approach through a set of experiments.
Physiologic and Clinical Principles behind Noninvasive Resuscitation Techniques and Cardiac Output Monitoring
Authors: Napoli Anthony M.
Published: September 2011

Clinical assessment and vital signs are poor predictors of the overall hemodynamic state. Optimal measurement of the response to fluid resuscitation and hemodynamics has previously required invasive measurement with radial and pulmonary artery catheterization. Newer noninvasive resuscitation technology offers the hope of more accurately and safely monitoring a broader range of critically ill patients while using fewer resources. Fluid responsiveness, the cardiac response to volume loading, represents a dynamic method of improving upon the assessment of preload when compared to static measures like central venous pressure. Multiple new hemodynamic monitors now exist that can noninvasively report cardiac output and oxygen delivery in a continuous manner. Proper assessment of the potential future role of these techniques in resuscitation requires understanding the underlying physiologic and clinical principles, reviewing the most recent literature examining their clinical validity, and evaluating their respective advantages and limitations.
Tutorial Review for Understanding of Cholangiopathy
Authors: Nakanuma Yasuni
Published: September 2011

The biliary tree consists of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and is lined by biliary epithelial cells (or cholangiocytes). There are also peribiliary glands around the intrahepatic large bile ducts and extrahepatic bile ducts. The biliary tree is a conduit of bile secreted by hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and also of the peribiliary glands and has several physiological roles. A number of diseases affect mainly the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree, and, in this special issue, these cholangiopathies are reviewed in detail with respect to genetics, pathogenesis, and pathology. In this paper, the anatomy and physiology of the biliary tree, basic injuries to biliary epithelial cells from stress and bile duct damage, and representative cholangiopathies are briefly reviewed.
Clinical Significance and Prognostic Impact of Subcutaneous or Intrastrap Muscular Recurrence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira
Published: September 2011

Subcutaneous or intrastrap muscular (SIM) recurrence is rare in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients, and its clinical significance remains unclear. We analyzed 29 patients with PTC who showed SIM recurrence in order to elucidate this issue. The incidence of patient age 55 years or older at initial surgery, extrathyroid extension, and clinically detected lymph node metastasis was 83%, 35%, and 46%, respectively. After surgical dissection, 17% of patients showed repeated SIM recurrence. Distant recurrence was detected in 45% of patients and was more likely to occur in patients with high-risk clinicopathological features. In all but one patient in this series, distant recurrence was detected at the same time or after the detection of SIM recurrence. Three patients died of PTC, but none of these patients died of the development of recurrent SIM lesions. These findings suggest that although SIM recurrence is a rare event and is not fatal, it is a predictor of distant recurrence especially in patients with high-risk clinicopathological features. Careful followup is recommended for such patients.
CD4 Cell Counts at HIV Diagnosis among HIV Outpatient Study Participants, 2000–2009
Authors: Buchacz Kate , Armon Carl , Palella Frank J. , Baker Rose K. , Tedaldi Ellen , Durham Marcus D. , Brooks John T.
Published: September 2011

Background. It is unclear if CD4 cell counts at HIV diagnosis have improved over a 10-year period of expanded HIV testing in the USA.Methods. We studied HOPS participants diagnosed with HIV infection ≤6 months prior to entry into care during 2000–2009. We assessed the correlates of CD4 count <200 cells/mm3at HIV diagnosis (late HIV diagnosis) by logistic regression.Results. Of 1,203 eligible patients, 936 (78%) had a CD4 count within 3 months after HIV diagnosis. Median CD4 count at HIV diagnosis was 299 cells/mm3and did not significantly improve over time (P=0.13). Comparing periods 2000-2001 versus 2008-2009, respectively, 39% and 35% of patients had a late HIV diagnosis (P=0.34). Independent correlates of late HIV diagnosis were having an HIV risk other than being MSM, age ≥35 years at diagnosis, and being of nonwhite race/ethnicity.Conclusions. There is need for routine universal HIV testing to reduce the frequency of late HIV diagnosis and increase opportunity for patient- and potentially population-level benefits associated with early antiretroviral treatment.
Prognosis of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Located in One Lobe Showing Lateral Node Metastasis in the Contralateral but Not Ipsilateral Compartment
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira
Published: September 2011

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) frequently metastasizes to the lymph node in lateral compartment, which can often be detected on preoperative ultrasonography (N1b). However, PTC located in one lobe showing contralateral but not ipsilateral N1b is not common. We analyzed the clinicopathological features and prognosis of 13 patients with PTC limited in one lobe showing contralateral but not ipsilateral N1b. Sizes of the primary lesions ranged from 0.8 cm to 3.0 cm and only 2 tumors showed extrathyroid extension. Metastatic lateral node measured from 0.6 to 3.1 cm. Ten patients showed pathological central node metastasis and 5 had minute PTC lesions in the contralateral lobe. However, 3 patients did not show either of these. None of the patients have developed carcinoma recurrence or died of carcinoma to date. Taken together, PTC located in one lobe with contralateral but not ipsilateral N1b is rare and generally shows an indolent behavior. Although most patients had central node metastasis and/or minute PTC lesions in the contralateral lobe, it is also possible for carcinoma cells to metastasize directly from primary lesions to the contralateral lateral node. Total thyroidectomy with central node dissection and therapeutic MND of the contralateral compartment may be an acceptable surgical design and bilateral MND might not be mandatory.
Blocking of Frizzled Signaling With a Homologous Peptide Fragment of Wnt3a/Wnt5a Reduces Infarct Expansion and Prevents the Development of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Laeremans Hilde , Hackeng Tilman M. , van Zandvoort Marc A.M.J. , Thijssen Victor L.J.L. , Janssen Ben J.A. , Ottenheijm Harry C.J. , Smits Jos F.M. , Blankesteijn W. Matthijs
Published: September 2011

Background—

The molecular pathways that control the wound healing after myocardial infarction (MI) are not completely elucidated. One of these pathways is the Wnt/Frizzled pathway. In this study, we evaluated Frizzled as a novel therapeutic target for MI. These Frizzled proteins act as receptors for Wnt proteins and were previously shown to be expressed in the healing infarct.

Methods and Results—

Wnt/Frizzled signaling has been studied for decades, but synthetic ligands that interfere with the interaction between Wnts and Frizzled have not been described to date. Here we report the selection of 3 peptides derived from regions of high homology between Wnt3a and Wnt5a that act as antagonists for Frizzled proteins. UM206, the peptide with the highest affinity, antagonized the effect of Wnt3a and Wnt5a in different in vitro assays. Administration of UM206 to mice for 5 weeks, starting immediately after the induction of MI, reduced infarct expansion and increased the numbers of capillaries and myofibroblasts in the infarct area. Moreover, heart failure development was inhibited by this therapy.

Conclusions—

Blocking of Frizzled signaling reduces infarct expansion and preserves cardiac function after MI. Our findings underscore the potential of Frizzled receptors as a target for pharmacotherapy of cardiac remodeling after MI.
Fatty Kidney, Hypertension, and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Foster Meredith C. , Hwang Shih-Jen , Porter Stacy A. , Massaro Joseph M. , Hoffmann Udo , Fox Caroline S.
Published: September 2011

Ectopic fat depots may mediate local and systemic disease. Animal models of diet-induced obesity demonstrate increased fat accumulation in the renal sinus. The association of renal sinus fat with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and other metabolic disorders has not been studied in a large, community-based sample. Participants from the Framingham Heart Study (n=2923; mean age: 54 years; 51% women) underwent quantification of renal sinus fat area using computed tomography. High renal sinus fat (“fatty kidney”) was defined using sex-specific 90th percentiles in a healthy referent subsample. Multivariable linear and logistic regression was used to model metabolic risk factors as a function of fatty kidney and log-transformed renal sinus fat. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, and outcome-specific covariates and then additionally adjusted for body mass index or abdominal visceral adipose tissue. The prevalence of fatty kidney was 30.1% (n=879). Individuals with fatty kidney had a higher odds ratio (OR) of hypertension (OR: 2.12;
P
<0.0001), which persisted after adjustment for body mass index (OR: 1.49;
P
<0.0001) or visceral adipose tissue (OR: 1.24;
P
=0.049). Fatty kidney was also associated with an increased OR for chronic kidney disease (OR: 2.30;
P
=0.005), even after additionally adjusting for body mass index (OR: 1.86;
P
=0.04) or visceral adipose tissue (OR: 1.86;
P
=0.05). We observed no association between fatty kidney and diabetes mellitus after adjusting for visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, fatty kidney is a common condition that is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Renal sinus fat may play a role in blood pressure regulation and chronic kidney disease.
The Informal Economy and Bribery in North Korea
Authors: Kim Byung-Yeon , Koh Yu Mi
Published: September 2011

This paper uses the data of 227 North Korean refugees who have settled in South Korea to investigate the relationship between working in the informal economy (market component of the economy) and bribe-giving, and between bribe-giving and the number of hours worked in the formal sector (planned component of the economy). The first relationship is positive, and the second relationship is negative. These results imply that widespread informal economy activities in North Korea have been undermining the socialist regime through bribery.
A comparison of methods of modelling the bearing surfaces in an internal combustion engine
Authors: McFadden P D , Turnbull S R
Published: September 2011

An existing model for the dynamic analysis of the piston motion in an internal combustion engine has been modified to incorporate a simpler representation of the piston–cylinder interaction, and to represent the main and big-end bearings as lubricated rather than dry journal bearings. The results demonstrate that the differences in calculated bearing forces and output torques are negligible, indicating that the simple dry journal bearing model is sufficient, but show that the modelling of the interaction between piston and cylinder is considerably improved.
Materializing tourist weather: ethnography on weather-wise wilderness guiding practices
Authors: Rantala Outi , Valtonen Anu , Markuksela Vesa
Published: September 2011

This study examines the hitherto under-explored relationships between weather, human action and the natural environment from a practice-based perspective. Using an ethnographic study on wilderness guiding in Finnish Lapland, the article first examines the integral role of weather when conceptualizing tourist activities taking place outdoors. The authors identify three types of weather-related practices: anticipating and coping with the weather, as well as discursive practices related to weather. They therefore demonstrate how weather manipulates human practices by narrowing down or extending the possibilities for outdoor activities. Second, by materializing weather, the study provides a more nuanced understanding of the diverse ways in which weather – a material entity in itself – is involved in the enactment of various socio-material practices; here the authors make the case for a specific repertoire of weather-wise skills. The study concludes that weather holds agency as it exerts a significant power in directing and redirecting human nature-based activities.
Four Models of Basic Emotions: A Review of Ekman and Cordaro, Izard, Levenson, and Panksepp and Watt
Authors: Tracy Jessica L. , Randles Daniel
Published: September 2011

In this special section, Ekman and Cordaro (2011); Izard (2011); Levenson (2011); and Panksepp and Watt (2011) have each outlined the latest instantiation of each lead author’s theoretical model of basic emotions. We identify four themes emerging from these models, and discuss areas of agreement and disagreement. We then briefly evaluate the models’ usefulness by examining how they would account for an emotion that has received considerable empirical attention but does not fit clearly within or outside of the basic emotion category: pride. Finally, we compare the central themes covered by the four models with themes emerging from current emotion research, to conclude that, for the most part, the models are comprehensive; they largely converge with the current state of affective science research.