bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On some Larval Stages of Fishes
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

The six drawings reproduced in Plates III and IV were made at sundry times from stages that I succeeded in obtaining in the years 1889 and 1890. The three stages of the common sole were procured after my quarto book on that fish was completed, and they enable me to supplement the account of the life-history of the species given there.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

In subjoining the continued results of my statistical inquiries it is necessary to occupy but little space with introductory remarks, since the question has assumed no new features. The suggestions as to size-limits embodied in the draft report of the Parliamentary Committee would, if carried into effect, leave the North Sea fishery practically in statu quo.
Experiments on the Rearing of Fish Larvæ in the Season of 1894
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

It may be useful to put on record the following notes of renewed attempts to solve the difficult problem of rearing fish larvæ.
A marginal front in Lyme Bay
Authors: Pingree R. D. , Mardell G. T. , Maddock Linda
Published: May 2009

A frontal region is predicted in Lyme Bay from a numerical model. A crescent-shaped feature is occasionally identified in the coastal-zone colour scanner imagery for this region. Measurements at sea confirm the development of a frontal zone which can show associated increases in levels of chlorophyll a. The surface distributions of inorganic nutrients indicate that nutrients and light levels are factors controlling the observed variations of surface phytoplankton.
The hydroids and medusaeSarsia piriformasp.nov. andSarsia striatasp.nov. from the west coast of scotland, with observations on other species
Authors: Edwards C.
Published: May 2009

Two new species of hydroid,Sarsia pinformaandSarsia striata,Family Corynidae, have been found near Oban, west coast of Scotland. Their life-histories have been worked out and their medusae have been reared to maturity in the laboratory. Medusae ofstriatahave also been found in the sea and hydroids have been reared from them. The hydroids and the stages of development of the medusae are fully described and figured, with observations on habits and comparisons with other species ofSarsia.Observations on the development of the gonophores ofSarsia occultaand comments onSarsia densaare added.
Seasonal changes in condition factors and in the C:N ratio of the foot of the ormer, Haliotis tuberculata
Authors: Hayashi Ikuo
Published: May 2009

The annual cycle of some physiological conditions in the ormer, Haliotis tuberculata L. was studied by the C:N ratios of foot tissue which were convertible to the glycogen contents, and the coefficients of fatness calculated from two formulae. The former method showed the seasonal change inrelation to the reproductive cycle indicating the foot tissue as a nutritive storage reservoir for spawning, and the latter gave no clear seasonal fluctuation, except a drop of the value shortly afterspawning.

Comparison of ormer populations representing local sites in Guernsey was made by the two methods during the periods of gonad maturation, spawning and pre-spawning (May-October), and the shell forms were analysed by measuring three dimensions of shells, namely, shell length, width and height. The results revealed some changes in physiological conditions between different localities and seasons even within Guernsey. The shell forms also appeared to differ at each site probably as a reflexion of physical and biological conditions surrounding them. The relation of the results obtained by all the methods was discussed to give a more generalized account on physiological conditions of the ormer for its reproduction.
On the development of the olfactory and the gustatory organs of the Dover sole,Solea solea,during metamorphosis
Authors: Appelbaum S. , Adron J. W. , George S. G. , Mackie A. M. , Pirie B. J. S.
Published: May 2009

The development of the olfactory system, taste and sensory buds of the Dover sole (Solea soled) during metamorphosis has been studied by light and electron microscopy and preliminary correlations with changes in feeding behaviour have been made.

INTRODUCTION

During metamorphosis, the feeding behaviour of the Dover sole changes considerably. In the early larval phase, the fish swim pelagically, feeding on plankton using their visual sense, while the metamorphosed fish become more active at night, finding food by means of their chemical senses (for a review of the literature, see de Groot, 1971). However, previous observations have shown that sole are capable of feeding in the dark from the very early hatching stage (Blaxter, 1969) and also that at the time of first feeding, the majority of the larvae remain close to the bottom where they appear to ingest particles (Rosenthal, 1966; Fluchter, 1966).
The resistance to dislodgement ofSargassum muticumgermlings under defined hydrodynamic conditions
Authors: Norton Trevor A.
Published: May 2009

The attachment capabilities of a brown seaweed,Sargassum muticum(Yendo) Fensholt were investigated in the laboratory on both smooth and rough substrata and in surging water motion reaching flow velocities of 57 cm s and 90 cm s.

Newly released zygotes have no means of adhesion until they develop rhizoids, which can adhere on contact with the substratum. Attachment tenacity, as measured by the germling's ability to withstand dislodgement at a given velocity of water flow, is slight at first, but increases with time. This is not simply a function of time spent in residence on the substratum, for germlings cultured suspension stick very quickly and tenaciously when allowed to settle. Tenacity of adhesion seems to be a reflexion of the amount of mucopolysaccharide adhesive present. This increases gradually during the first few days of the germling's life, regardless of whether it is attached or not.

Once secure attachment is achieved it is not weakened even by the death of the germling. A film of bacteria and micro algae on the surface of the substratum is not a requirement for germling adhesion, but its presence enhances the tenacity of adhesion.

Smooth substrata are the least favourable for germling survival in flowing water. On rough substrata the ‘peaks’ of the microtopography and surfaces facing into the current are much less favourable than the troughs between the ‘peaks’, or surfaces in the lee of ‘peaks’. Germling survival increases with increasing substratum roughness up to an optimum rugosity at which the mean depth of the depressions on the surface is 420 μm, and the vast majority are deeper than the height of the germlings.
Effect of growth rate on the physiological rates of a chemostat-grown rotifer Encentrum linnhei
Authors: Scott J. M.
Published: May 2009

The physiological rates of a normally omnivorous marine rotifer, Encentrum linnhei, were measured under the steady-state chemostat conditions in which the physiological state of the food-algae was kept constant whilst the rotifer growth rate was changed to preset levels. The specific clearance rate ranged between 50 and 100 μl/μg rotifer C/day (1.5–3.0 μ/rot/day) and varied hyperbolically with growth rate, a similar curve was obtained with the specific ingestion rate which varied between 1–2 μg C/μg rot C/day. A mean respiration rate of 0.45 μg C/μg rot C/day was obtained from oxygen consumption measurements. About 60‰ of ingested energy was found to be egested as paniculate matter and 9–4 °0 dissipated as heat, the latter comparing with a theoretical figure of 4–5‰.

From rates, transfer efficiencies were obtained giving a mean net growth efficiency (K2) of 38‰ and a mean overall growth efficiency (K1 of 15‰. A curvilinear increase of Kl with growth rate contrasts with linear and hyperbolic responses found with brachionid rotifers.
A Record of the White Marlin,Tetrapturus Albidus(Istiophoridae: Perciformes: Osteichthyes) from the British Coast
Authors: Wheeler Alwyne
Published: May 2009

Although the distribution of most coastal and oceanic fishes of the seas of northern Europe is relatively well-known extensions to known range are reported with moderate frequency as vagrant specimens are found or captured and recorded. Possibly it is partly because the fish fauna is well documented, with reliable literature to permit identification, that rare or unusual fishes are quickly recognized and attempts made to identify them. Most such specimens are housed in museum or other institutional collections and thus information about them can be retrieved long after their capture. However, the circumstances of the present report which records the stranding of a white marlinT. albidusPoey, 1860 on the Lancashire coast at Morecambe Bay are somewhat unusual in that the whole specimen was eaten and the only evidence remaining are two photographs and a small piece of skin. In view of the interest of this occurrence, which represents a northward extension of the range of the species by several hundred miles, as well as the first report of its occurrence in British seas, full documentation is given here and both available photographs are reproduced.
On the Genus Phascolion (Sipuncula) with Particular Reference to the North-East Atlantic Species
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

Members of the genus Phascolion Théel are probably the most familiar of sipunculans because most species inhabit the empty shells of molluscs and other similar structures and are therefore easily collected in dredge samples. Although the genus is represented in most seas and depths, few species have been investigated in detail and much of our knowledge is based on studies of the widespread Atlantic species P. strombi (see Åkesson, 1958; Hylleberg, 1975; Kristensen, 1970; Wesenberg-Lund, 1929). P. strombi is known to be remarkably plastic in many of its characters, particularly external, to the extent that Gerould (1913) was able to distinguish seven varieties in the western Atlantic region alone. Much of the variation in the size and colour of P. strombi, and in the form of the skin papillae, especially those generally termed ‘holdfasts’ or ‘adhesive papillae’, may be attributable to the size and type of shelter that is inhabited but experimental evidence is lacking. It follows that a similar degree of external plasticity to that recognised in P. strombi must be assumed for most, if not all, Phascolion, presently totalling around 45 species. Many Phascolion species have been erected on single or just a few specimens showing only slight differences of dubious systematic significance.

Taxonomically, the genus is very difficult and no satisfactory key to the species has yet been devised. As a first step, there is a need for definitions of subgenera, preferably based on internal characters which are not subject to environmental influences. To this end, the retractor systems of the north-east Atlantic species described below have been studied and compared with the type specimens of species from other areas.
Catechol Oxidase in the Byssus of the Common Mussel,Mytilus EdulisL.
Authors: Waite J. Herbert
Published: May 2009

The common mussel inhabits an environment of fluctuating temperatures, salinities and water turbulence. To help cope with these stresses, mussels have evolved some extraordinary structural and biochemical adaptations. The production of the byssus is one such adaptation. The byssus is a complex array of threads and adhesive plaques that serves alternatively to attach the mussel to solid objects, to absorb shock, or to scale a vertical face (Waite, 1983a; Price, 1983). Because of its location outside the animal's living tissues, the byssus cannot count on the same kind of repair and remodelling offered to structures within the animal. The byssus is thus confronted with two conflicting demands. One is to be a mechanically dynamic structure shielding the animal against the buffeting impact of waves; the other is to be chemically inert towards the hydrolytic action of sea water and microbial enzymes.
Distribution of Intracellular Sodium, Potassium and Chloride inArenicola MarinaEquilibrated to Diluted Sea Water
Authors: Freeman R. F. H. , Shuttleworth T. J.
Published: May 2009

In some earlier papers we have discussed the distribution of water and the total amounts of the major inorganic solutes in the cells ofArenicola marina(L.) equilibrated to full-strength and to diluted sea water (Freeman & Shuttleworth 1977b,c). We concluded that adaptation to dilute media by this osmoconforming worm was dependent entirely upon the regulation of cell volume. In dilute media substantial amounts of water do enter the cells but down to about 30% sea water this is only 55% of that which would have entered if the osmotic equilibrium was accomplished by entry of water alone. The influx of water is restrained by simultaneous loss of solute, an increasing amount of solute being lost or rendered osmotically inactive as the dilution increases. For lugworms in 35% sea water, for example, the volume of cell water has doubled compared with worms in 100% sea water, but the increase would have been far greater if the intracellular solutes had not declined by 30%.
Faecal Lipids Released by Fish Feeding on Zooplankton
Authors: Prahl F. G. , Eglinton G. , Corner E. D. S. , O'Hara S. C. M.
Published: May 2009

Pelagic zooplankton and fish release faecal material which rapidly sinks through the water column and contributes various amounts and types of organic and other chemical constituents to bottom sediments. The major importance of this process in linking biological events in the water column with inputs to sediments has been well demonstrated in a number of sea areas through the use of field experiments with pumps or traps (Bishopet al.1977; Gagosian, Volkman & Nigrelli, 1983; Honjo, 1978; Knauer, Martin & Bruland, 1979; Prahl, Bennett & Carpenter, 1980; Wakehamet al.1980; Wakeham, Farrington & Volkman, 1983). In general, field studies have shown that the deposition of organic matter of pelagic origin occurs with considerable alterations both quantitative and qualitative (Gagosian, Nigrelli & Volkman, 1983; Prahlet al.1980; Wakeham, 1982). Such studies, however, have not clearly defined how individual biological processes competing in the water column influence the overall composition of organic matter in vertically transported paniculate material.
Report on the Spawning of the Common Sole (Solea uulgaris) in the Aquarium of the Marine Biological Association's Laboratory at Plymouth, during April and May, 1895
Authors: Butler Gerard W.
Published: May 2009

From April 3rd to May 17th of this year I occupied a table at the Plymouth Laboratory, to study the embryology of Teleosteans. As some of the fish in the flat-fish tank were known to be spawning, a net was fitted to the overflow channel into the adjoining tank. By the kind permission of the Director I examined this net daily, and, as a rule, a number of times a day, so that I obtained a pretty complete record of the spawning of the fish in this tank during the period mentioned.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

In accordance with instructions from the Council of the Association, I arrived in Cleethorpes on February 4th last, and proceeded to make investigations into the biological questions presented by the fisheries in the North Sea. A large portion of my time was, however, absorbed by the work of preparing a summary of our knowledge of the natural history of marketable marine fishes, for publication in book form, and consequently the observations to be here recorded are not so extensive nor so complete as I should have otherwise been able to make them. It must also be noted that they are confined to a period of only three months—from the beginning of February to the end of April. The work has consisted only of observations in the fish market at Grimsby Docks, and of the examination of fish there procured in the Cleethorpes Hatchery; I have not been able to make any voyages on fishing boats. I have received from Mr. Holt, my predecessor at this post, all the assistance that information concerning persons and circumstances could afford me, and I have had the valuable services of Mr. Clark, the caretaker of the Hatchery.
Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

In a communication to the Royal Society (Phil. Trans. vol. clxxxiv. 1894, and in this Journal, vol. ii. no. 1), I described a series of experiments in which light was directed upon the lower sides of flat fishes, by means of a tank with a glass bottom, and a mirror placed beneath it. I have now to record an observation which confirms my previous results in a most striking manner. Curiously enough, the effect I am about to describe, in some respects even more important as evidence than those obtained in my experiments, was observed accidentally, or at least incidentally, and was due to conditions which had been quite unintentionally produced.
Notes on the Biology of Certain Lamellibranchs on the Scottish Coast
Authors: Stephen A. C.
Published: May 2009

1. The observations were made on the Hunterston Sands, Ayrshire, opposite the Cumbrae.

2. Small cockles appear on the ground about the beginning of August. This points to the breeding season being in summer and not spring, as is usually stated.

3. By the end of the first autumn some few of the spat are as much as 10 mm. in length, but most are under 6 mm. The winter ring is faint and easily overlooked.

4. The first of the several well-defined rings is therefore not the first but the second winter ring.
The Specific Identification of Fæcal Pellets
Authors: Moore Hilary B.
Published: May 2009

In fine muds such as those covering most of the bottom in the deeper parts of the Clyde Sea Area the formation of fæcal pellets is a factor of great biological importance. In these muds up to 40 per cent of the fine material is often consolidated into fæcal masses, and in extreme cases even the whole of the mud may be in the form of pellets. The significance of this process is clear. In the first place, the effective particle size of a large proportion of the mud is very greatly increased, and this in turn affects such characters as the porosity of the bottom, and the liability of the material to be transported by currents. In the second place, among selective feeders such as Syndosmya alba, which feed on the mud, there is an economy of labour, in that food which has once passed through the gut is set aside in a form in which it will be refused if again taken in by the siphons. This latter process can readily be seen in the example cited whose rejecta on examination prove to be almost entirely composed of pellets of its own and other species.
Some Observations on Schooling in Fish
Authors: Spooner G. M.
Published: May 2009

1. Among schooling fish, the younger stages of the bass (Morone labrax) provide an instance in which the schooling habit, though strong, is not stereotyped into fixed forms of behaviour.

2. Observations were made on individual fish in connection with their attraction for one another, a special point being made of observing their behaviour in front of a mirror.

3. The data so obtained are summarised in the light of their bearing on the problems of school formation.
On the Colorimetric Determination of pH in Sea-Water
Authors: Gómez Ibáñez O.
Published: May 2009

1. It is not always feasible to determine pH on board ship, owing to bad light and other conditions, although it may be possible to collect water samples.

2. By preserving the water samples on collection with mercuric chloride solution (four drops per 100 c.c. of water) and by taking care to leave only a small air-space in the bottles it is possible to keep the water practically unchanged for many days.

3. Test tubes containing such water (10 c.c.) plus 0·02% cresol red (0·5 c.c.) have been-kept unchanged for three weeks at 12–14° C. and for two days at 33° C, whereas unpreserved water showed a drop in pH of 0·05 unit in one day at 12° C.

4. McClendon buffer solutions may also be preserved by mercuric chloride, but in this case a small correction must be applied since complex formation leads to a removal of effective buffer salts from the solution and a small decrease in pH.
The Natural History of Bulla hydatis Linn
Authors: Berrill N. J.
Published: May 2009

Bulla hydatis is a mollusc of relatively rare occurrence in the Plymouth district, although fairly common across the Channel at Roscoff. Intermittent dredging and collecting in the Salcombe estuary over a period of about five years, and some rearing experiments carried out in the department of zoology, University College, London, have afforded some insight into its apparently peculiar distribution and also a few facts of certain general interest.
Notes on Cyanea Caught in the Ring-trawl in the Plymouth Area during the Years 1925 to 1930
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

Duringthe researches on the vertical distribution of plankton and on the-seasonal abundance of young fish, a record was kept of allCyanea lamarckiPéron and Lesueur occurring in the catches of the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl. This was primarily for correlation with the abundance of such fish as the young whiting,Gadus merlangus, which at certain stages in. their development shelter under the umbrella of the medusa. Since it is only with the larger Cyanea that this association of the young whiting exists it was necessary to keep a record of the sizes of the Cyanea occurring in the catches. These were only rough measurements and denote the diameter of the flattened disc of the medusa usually to the nearest half-inch.
Observation and Experiments on Sex-Change in the European Oyster (O. edulis.): Part I. The Change from Female to Male
Authors: Orton J. H.
Published: May 2009

The gonads of 1,121 oysters have been examined at various periods from a few hours to twelve months after the individuals had spawned as females; the material for the research was obtained by collection and experiment. In 702 individuals taken with young in the mantle cavity the gonad shows a progressive development of maleness in its primary sexual characters; within a mean period of 2¼ hours after spawning eggs, the gonad was found in 50 per cent of cases with only young spermmasses developing, followed at later periods by a progressive ripening of the sperm-masses, until in individuals carrying shelled and black-coloured larvae 77 per cent contained abundant ripe sperm-masses as well as advanced developing sperm-masses.

In 444 individuals examined at various periods after extruding their larvæ, the development of sperm was found to continue for about a month after egg-spawning, and to abate in about the second month. In from 2 to 3 months after egg-spawning sperm-development is completed and the male phase begins to wane, and a small percentage of individuals may become female or actively female-functioning again. In 12 months after the last egg-spawning a significant number of individuals become once more functional females.

The varieties of mixed sexes found in O. edulis are denned and their frequencies shown by an analysis of samples—from two widely separated beds—examined at the beginning of the breeding season in 1926. Experiments on the rate of growth of sperm-masses and on determining of age at different stages of development in embryos and larvæ are given.
The Influence of Plankton on the Phosphate Content of Stored Sea-Water
Authors: Gill Robert
Published: May 2009

1. The alteration in soluble phosphate content of untreated sea-water during storage is governed by the conditions of storage—a strong light, favourable to growth, produces a decrease, while darkness, unfavourable to growth, produces an increase.

2. Samples from the surface layers of the sea give greater increases on storage in the dark than samples from deeper water, the extent of the increase being conditioned by the number and quantity of planktonic organisms included in the water sample.
Limacina retrouersa in Plymouth Waters
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

Limacina retroversa (Flem.) has been known in the Channel for over twenty-seven years and was several times recorded by Gough (1907) and Bygrave (1911) in the plankton reports (see Marine Biological Association, Plymouth Marine Fauna, 1931, p. 265), both from inshore and from outside. In recent years the more frequent collecting in the waters round Plymouth has shown that it may be present throughout the year, although much the most abundant in summer. Not only is it found in the outside waters but it is also often present in the Sound and even at the mouths of the estuaries.
On the Biology of Sagitta. The Breeding and Growth of Sagitta elegans Verrill in the Plymouth Area, 1930–1931
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

1. A study of the adult population of Sagitta elegans Verrill has been made in the waters off Plymouth by weekly collections with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl hauled obliquely in the daylight.

2. Measurements of large samples and a study of the state of development of the gonads has shown that there were apparently four, if not live, broods of S. elegans produced in the year.

3. These successive broods were apparently spawning in April-May, June-July, and September, 1930, and February, 1931.

4. In the offspring of the September spawning population no gonads were developed during October and November. The male organs started to ripen in December, and the ovaries in January, but the brood did not appear to be fully mature until February.
On the Biology of Sagitta. II. The Breeding and Growth of Sagitta setosa J. Müller in the Plymouth Area, 1930–31, with a Comparison with that of S. elegans Verrill
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

1. A study of the adult population of Sagitta setosa J. Müller has been made in the waters off Plymouth by weekly collections with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl hauled obliquely in the daylight.

2. Measurements of samples and a study of the state of development of the gonads has shown that there were apparently at least six broods of S. setosa during the period September, 1930, to August, 1931, inclusive.

3. The successive broods were apparently spawning in September and October, 1930, and February, April-May, June, and July-August, 1931.
The Copper Content of Sea-water
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: May 2009

1. On comparing the potassium ethyl xanthate and the sodium diethyldithio-carbamate methods for estimating copper the latter was found to be preferable because (a) It is at least twice as delicate, (b) The reagent is absolutely colourless, (c) In very dilute solution ferric iron causes little or no disturbance.

2. Estimation of copper may be carried out by electro-deposition from one litre of sea-water at about 90-100° C. for three hours at 2.0 volts with subsequent re-solution and colorimetric estimation using the carbamate method.

3. In agreement with the spectroscopic determinations of Dieulafait in 1879, it was found that sea-water contains about 10 mg. per cubic metre of copper.
On the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium in the Rectification of Sea-Water in Aquaria
Authors: Breder C. M. , Smith H. W.
Published: May 2009

The use of sodium bicarbonate for the maintenance of the proper hydrogenion concentration and bicarbonate content in marine aquaria using a closed circulation, was recommended by Breder and Howley (1). It was pointed out by them that this substance was more suitable for such purposes than quicklime which is used in the Plymouth Aquarium, because the latter “disproportionately increases the calcium content.” Atkins (2) disagrees with this opinion chiefly on the grounds that sulphates from metabolized food do not tend to increase the acidity of the water. Atkins quotes Smith (3) as stating that the urinary SO4 comes from ingested sea-water, and neglects entirely the fact that Smith had reference to the bulk of the urinary salts. As Smith remarks on page 494, a fraction of the urinary S04 is of metabolic origin, and this fraction is of course the only S04 which is significant in the problem discussed by Breder and Howley.
On the Effect of Long Continued Additions of Lime to Aquarium Sea-water
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

The contention of Breder and Howley (1931), and Breder and Smith (1932) that liming may lead to an increase in calcium in aquarium water is correct. In January, 1932, when the salinity of the Plymouth tank water was 38.0‰ the calcium content was about 0.62 g. per litre compared with about 0.39 g. found in the sea-water off Plymouth by the permanganate method. Thus compared with the normal calcium content of water of 38‰ salinity a 46% excess was present. One liming did not increase the calcium content appreciably, which suggests that the water is at the present time (Jan., 1932) saturated with respect to calcium. Other indirect evidence lends some support to this statement.
Note on an Unusual Specimen of Asterias rubens L
Authors: Bull Herbert O
Published: May 2009

A very small, globular Echinoderm was brought to the Dove Marine Laboratory in September, 1931. Its locality of capture is not known, but it is thought to have been brought in by a child who had collected it on the local rocks. The first impression was that of one of the flatter Echinoids. Examination revealed only characteristic Asteroid features. Figures 1, A and B, are photo-micrographs of the living specimen in seawater, taken on September 16th with a 4-in. objective. The following is a description made on the same date.
Degeneration and Loss of the Eye in the Amphipod Gammarus cheureuxi Sexton. Part I
Authors: Sexton E. W.
Published: May 2009

A description has been given of a mating which produced a great range of eye-irregularity in the offspring. Not only were the size, shape, and pigmentation affected, but the eye-structure itself, many cases occurring in which one eye or even both eyes were missing at birth.

This experiment adds another proof to the statement that the farther removed from the normal an animal is, the lower its viability. The mortality was much higher amongst the abnormals, and breeding experiments with the survivors were exceedingly difficult on account of the trouble experienced not only in rearing them to maturity, but in finding suitable mates. The cannibalism of the males of this stock made it almost impossible to use them, and small, not too vigorous, males had to be sought in the Albino No-white strain.

In three of the One-eyes, i.e. those in which one eye was present at birth, and no trace of a second could be seen (even with a high power), a very imperfect second eye developed later, after several moults had taken place. An example, CN.220c, is illustrated in Text-fig. 5 (List, p. 384).
Carbon and Nitrogen Scope for Growth as A Function of Diet in the Sea ScallopPlacopecten Magellanicus
Authors: Grant Jonathan , Cranford Peter J.
Published: May 2009

Laboratory feeding experiments with the sea scallopPlacopecten magellanicuswere carried out to compare scope for growth (SFG) to measured growth and determine the effect of diet on carbon and nitrogen SFG. Diets consisting of cultured phytoplankton, kelp detritus, and resuspended sediment were provided daily for 52 days (October-December). Measurements of clearance rate, absorption efficiency, respiration, O/N ratio, and carbon and nitrogen content of diets and scallop tissue were used to construct carbon and nitrogenbudgets for each diet. Growth coefficients were calculated from change in tissue weight during the study period.
The Effect of Synchronous Moulting on Body Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Four Species of Talitrid Amphipods (Crustacea)
Authors: Weeks J. M. , Moore P. G.
Published: May 2009

Analysis of the total copper and zinc content of four species of talitrid amphipods,Orchestia gammarellus, O. mediterranea, Talitrus saltatorandTalorchestia deshayesiithroughout a complete spring/neap tidal cycle failed to reveal any significant effects of moulting upon body copper or zinc in any species. Moulting was synchronized to the lunar cycle only in T.saltator, taking place 5–7 days prior to a new moon. The fact that no significant changes in body metal concentrations took place with the moult cycle is discussed in relation to the use of talitrid amphipods in copper and zinc biomonitoring programmes.
Growth and Maintenance in the Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). Part I
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: May 2009

The experiments to be described below were proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and were carried out under the auspices of the Marine Biological Association, being subject to the direction of Dr. E. J. Allen, F.R.S., and Dr. E. S. Russell. Mr. Harvey, hydrographer to the Association, directed the construction of the sea-water pond and the fish boxes during the early stages of the preliminary work and assisted in organising supplies whenever alterations were made to the apparatus.
The Larvæ of the Plymouth Galatheidæ. I. Munida banffica, Galathea strigosa and Galathea dispersa
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

In the Plymouth district there are five or six species belonging to the Galatheidse, one Munida, and four or five Galathea. The species occurring are the following :—

Munida banffica (Pennant).

Galathea strigosa L.

Galathea dispersa Kinahan.

Galathea nexa Embledon.

Galathea squamifera Leach.

Galathea intermedia Lilljeborg.
The Cœlenterate Plankton of the Northumbrian Coast during the Year 1924
Authors: Sanderson Ann R.
Published: May 2009

Thefollowing is a report on the Cœlenterate plankton taken off the Northumbrian Coast in 1924 during cruises of theEvadneof the Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats, Northumberland. The work has been carried out under the supervision of Professor A. D. Peacock to whom I am indebted for much helpful advice. I must thank Professor A. Meek of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for so kindly providing the material, and Miss M. Yeats for the use of her notes on the 1924 surface medusae. Mr. P. L. Kramp of Copenhagen was so good as to check my identifications of certain specimens hitherto unnoted from Northumberland, and for this service I express my obligation. Dr. Allen, Director of the Plymouth Marine Biological Laboratory, and Capt. Totton of the British Museum, have also been kind enough to assist in questions of nomenclature. My own work consisted of the investigation of middle and bottom water samples and Miss Yeats' results on surface samples have also been incorporated here to make the yearly report complete.
Muds of the Clyde Sea Area. II. Bacterial Content
Authors: Lloyd Blodwen
Published: May 2009

1. The bacterial content of mud deposits in the Clyde Sea Area has been investigated.

2. The number of bacteria is found to decrease from the surface downwards.

3. The numbers fluctuate very much in the top mud layers, and there is some evidence of bacterial zonation.

4. In the deeper mud layers the bacterial content for any given station is fairly constant.

5. The predominant organisms were found to be water bacteria of the Achromobacter and Chromobacterium type, and large spore-forming bacilli similar to common soil bacteria.

6. The factors affecting the bacterial content of the muds are discussed.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. XI. Further Observations on Diurnal Changes
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

1. Details are given of the results of a series of hauls with the 2-metre stramin ring-trawl fished at six different depths in daylight, at dusk, in the dark, at dawn and again in daylight on June 3rd–4th, 1926.

2. A comparison is given of the results obtained on the four nights July 15–16th, 1924; June 17–18–19th, 1925, and June 3rd–4th, 1926.

3. The importance is stressed of the effects on the type of behaviour shown by any animal produced by the depth at which it is living in the daylight and the speed at which it can swim upwards.
Note on a Marine Labyrinthula
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: May 2009

Plasmodia of Labyrinthula almost invariably appear in the diatom cultures and other small marine aquaria which I have kept during the last several years for a variety of purposes in Glasgow. These aquaria are stocked with material from Millport, I. of Cumbrae, and I think it quite certain that the Labyrinthula is imported thence.

This amazing creature has attracted interest ever since it was first described by Cienkowski in 1867, and good figures of it have been published by Cienkowski (1867), Duboscq (1921), and Valkanov (1929). The following note is to be regarded as a commentary on previous work and a record of my own observations rather than as an exhaustive account of the organism.
A Statistical Study of Growth and Maintenance in the Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.)
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: May 2009

The aim of the paper has been to treat the data of the Plaice experiments on Growth and Maintenance, carried out at Cawsand and Lympstone during 1929 and 1930, in a statistical manner. The experiments for each sex, year and place have been resolved into experiments with an average plaice during the “average” 14 days of the third growth season. Growth and food-percentage indices have been provided and a fairly high degree of correlation between food and growth has been indicated, and shown to be uniform for the sexes. Regression coefficients indicating the facility with which food is utilised for purposes of growth have been worked out and have been shown to vary with place and year, but not with sex. Maintenance demands have been evaluated and shown to be slightly greater in males than in females. The diminished demands during winter months have also been evaluated. The outstanding features of the results are the distinct differences shown between the Cawsand and Lympstone plaice, which differences it is suggested arise out of size differences to a large extent.
Changes in Length during the Larval Life and Metamorphosis of the Freshwater Eel (Anguilla uulgaris Turt.)
Authors: Ford E.
Published: May 2009

In other papers (Ford, 2 and 3) attention was directed to a study of the changes in length which occur during the transformation of the transparent eel-shaped larval clupeoid into the silvery and scaled adolescent fish. The change in position of the anus and fins relative to the vertebræ was considered in connection with the altering proportions of the different body intervals as development proceeds, and simple models were used to illustrate important features.

Now the freshwater eel has its transparent larval stage and metamorphosis. As in the clupeoid, length-proportions change during development, while anus and fins undergo marked migrations with respect to the myomeres. It was therefore thought to be of no little interest to analyse the length-changes during development in a manner similar to that adopted for the herring, sprat and pilchard. Professor Johannes Schmidt most kindly supplied me with material upon which to work, and I have made much use of data already published by him in reports on his great pioneer investigations. I have also drawn extensively from the data given by Dr. Leon Bertin in his paper on the migrations of the anus in the eels during ontogeny. I may be permitted to add that much which follows is suggestive in nature, rather than proven fact. Nevertheless, it should prove of interest in its direct bearing upon questions of fundamental biological importance.
Relative Growth of the abdomen and the carapace of the Shore-CrabCarcinus maenas
Authors: Huxley J. S. , Richards O. W.
Published: May 2009

1. In regard to relative abdomen-breadth and relative carapace-breadth, the common shore-crabCarcinus maenasin both sexes exhibits a continuous change of proportions throughout life, from small animals of 2 mm. carapace-length to the largest obtainable (over 50 mm. carapace-length).

2. The parts measured exhibit constant differential growth-ratios (growth-coefficients) relative to carapace-length taken as standard, over long periods of the life-history.

3. The approximate growth-coefficients are as follows, relative to carapace-length:

Carapace-breadth, 1·06. This appears to be constant throughout the range of size measured, with a possible decline to nearly unity at large sizes.

Abdomen-breadth.

Crabs unsexable externally (2–6 mm. carapace-length), 1·26.

Females: early phase, 1·26; late phase, 1·42.

Males: early phase, 1·07; late phase, 0·94.

The early phase begins as soon as the sexes can be distinguished. The onset of the late phase may be presumed to be correlated with sexual maturity. In females it occurs certainly between 17 and 20 mm. carapace-length, in males between 14 and 29 mm.

4. There are indications of seasonal and local differences in relative abdomen size.

5. Feeding crabs of 9 to 22 mm. carapace-length solely on fresh ox-thyroid or fresh ox-pituitary for periods up to a year produces no change in growth-rate or in secondary sexual characters as against controls fed on fresh fish.
Taxonomic descriptions of some conspicuous species in the family Strombidiidae (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida) from the Isles of Shoals, Gulf of Maine
Authors: Lynn D. H. , Montagnes D. J. S. , Small E. B.
Published: May 2009

Ten species of marine strombidiid ciliates were identified after protargol staining plankton samples. The taxonomic redescriptions include a diagnosis forTontonia gracillimaFaure-Fremiet, 1924,Strombidium wulffi(Wulff, 1919) Kahl, 1932,Strombidium acutumLeegaard, 1915,Strombidium constrictum(Meunier, 1910) Wulff, 1919,Strombidium compressum(Leegaard, 1915) Kahl, 1932, andStrombidium sulcatumClaparede & Lachmann, 1858. Four new species,Strombidium dalumn.sp.,Strombidium epidemumn.sp.,Strombidium rhynchumn.sp., andStrombidium tressumn.sp., are defined based primarily on the characteristics of the anterior oral polykinetids, numbers of oral polykinetids, and presence of anterior protuberance.
A Remarkable Tubicolous Tanaid (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) From the Rockall Trough
Authors: Bird G. J. , Holdich D. M.
Published: May 2009

On examining a sample of tanaids from the bathybenthos of the Rockall Trough, part of an extensive collection made by the Scottish Marine Biological Association (S.M.B.A), some very thin translucent tubes were noted. In these could be discerned several tanaids, one of which was extremely elongate. These proved to belong to a new genus, the adults of which were even more filiform than Filitanais moskalevi Kudinova-Pasternak, 1973. Scrutiny by the authors of other Rockall Trough samples has resulted in more adult specimens of this remarkable new tanaid being obtained. In this paper it is diagnosed and described, together with a discussion of its biology.
Age and Growth of North Sea Echinoids
Authors: Sime A. A. T. , Cranmer G. J.
Published: May 2009

The genus Echinus is common throughout the entire northern North Sea. Echinus esculentus L. predominates in the shallow water off the eastern Scottish coast down to 100 m, while the small variety of Echinus acutus var. norvegicus (Düben and Koren) is rarely found in depths of less than 100 m and is most commonly located in the north-eastern area of the North Sea (Cranmer, 1985).
Production and Abundance of Juvenile Nereis Diversicolor, and Oogenic Cycle of Adults in Shallow Waters of Western Sweden
Authors: Möller Peter
Published: May 2009

Certain shallow-water embayments (< 1 m) along the Swedish west coast have recently been documented as highly productive areas for both infauna (Moller & Rosenberg, 1982, 1983) and mobile epifauna (Pihl & Rosenberg, 1982) as well as important nursery and feeding grounds for fish (Pihl, 1982; Evans, 1983). The present report, dealing with Nereis diversicolor O. F. Miiller, complements the earlier descriptions of recruitment, abundance and production of the dominant infauna species Mya arenaria L., Cardium (Cerastoderma) edule L. and Corophium volutator (Pallas) in these rather sheltered shallow areas in the archipelago of western Sweden.
The Ultrastructure of the Heart-Body and Extravasal Tissue in the Polychaete Annelids Neoamphitrite Figulus and Arenicola Marina
Authors: Braunbeck T. , Dales R. P.
Published: May 2009

The heart-body in Neoamphitrite figulus (Dalyell) forms a mass of tissue within the supra-oesophageal vessel almost occluding the lumen. The tissue forms a much-infolded cylinder enclosed by a basal lamina consisting of a fibrous reticulum through which the assembled haemoglobin molecules are discharged into the plasma (Dales & Pell, 1970). A function of both the heart-body and the extravasal (‘chloragogen’) tissue in polychaetes without a heart-body was established by biochemical analysis (Kennedy & Dales, 1958; Dales, 1963, 1965) to be the synthesis of plasma haemoglobin (erythrocruorin) or chlorocruorin. This was confirmed by electron microscopy (TEM) by Breton-Gorius (1963) in Arenicola, Potswald (1969) in Spirorbis, Dales & Pell (1970) in Neoamphitrite, Lattice, Myxicola, Megalomma and Sabella, and by Friedmann & Weiss (1980) in Amphitrite. It would appear that the same tissues also sequester phagocytosed materials (Braunbeck & Dales, 1984). Re-examination of this tissue by trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) has extended our knowledge of the ultra-structure. Here we discuss these results in relation to the function of these tissues in the production of the respiratory pigments found in the plasma. Some heart-bodies of Terebella lapidaria L., Lattice conchilega (Pallas) and Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu) have also been examined by TEM for comparison with that of Neoamphitrite figulus.
The Scottish Seaweed Research Association
Authors: Woodward F. N.
Published: May 2009

The production of chemicals from the brown seaweeds is one of the oldest branches of the chemical industry, having its origin as far back as 1720 when soda was first produced from kelp in France, and soon after taken up in Ireland, Scotland and Norway. Until the early nineteenth century this was the only source of this chemical on which the glass and soap industries were built up. When the cheap Leblanc soda later became competitive the industry was able ot switch to potash and iodine production, a demand for which had arisen about the same time. This industry reached sizeable proportion, as is evidenced by the fact that in 1820 more than 20,000 tons of kelp were produced in the Outer Hebrides, involving the collecting and burning of about a million tons of cast weed.
A photographic survey of certain areas of sea floor near Plymouth
Authors: Vevers H. G.
Published: May 2009

An improved underwater photographic apparatus has been used to take further series of photographs of the sea bottom near Plymouth. The photographs in the present series are each ¼ m.2 in area instead of 1 m.2, and at this scale definition is much better.

Photographs of the bottom in the Rame Mud area showed ripple marks but no living epifaunal animals. In an area south of the Rame Mud, on a muddy sand and gravel bottom and in a similar area 6 miles south of Looe, dense populations of the brittle-star, Ophiothrix fragilis were photographed. In the area south of Looe this type of population (density more than 100 individuals per m.2) ha s been photographed on three different occasions in 1950–1. In a similar but still denser Ophiothrix population found ¾ mile north-west of Eddystone, there were about 340 individuals per m.2, and this aggregation was apparently of long standing, since exceptionally large dredge hauls of Ophiothrix were taken there in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It is suggested that the food supply for these populations, in the form of suspended material, is brought to them largely by the tidal streams and that the crowded beds are in localities where this is likely to happen.