bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic Performance of High Rise Flat Slab Structure with Reinforced Concrete Outriggers in Seismically Active Regions: A Case Study
Authors: Gonzaga Ric L. , Escober Monique T.
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the seismic performance of a 20-storey reinforced concrete office building with dimensions of 30m x 48.75m and a storey height of 3.40m. The building’s lateral stability is ensured by shear walls, outriggers, and perimeter belt trusses on the 20th floor. Gravity loads are transferred through a flat slab system supported by perimeter edge beams, with the entire structure resting on a pile-supported mat foundation. The structural elements are cast in-situ using C40 concrete. Two cases were analyzed: Case 1 without outriggers and Case 2 with reinforced concrete outriggers. Finite Element (FE) software ETABS was used for global analysis, adhering to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015. The study comprises three phases: development and analysis of the building model, determination of seismic response, and evaluation of seismic response. Results indicate that the inclusion of outriggers significantly improves the building’s seismic response, reducing the fundamental period from 3.322s (Case 1) to 2.929s (Case 2). The study concludes that reinforced concrete outriggers are an effective and practical solution for enhancing the seismic performance of high-rise buildings.
Effect of Nano Urea and Nano DAP on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Reddy Kiran , Ramesha Y M , Krishnamurthy D , Shankar Kamble Anand , Swamy Mahadeva
Published: October 2024

Foliar nutrition is aimed to eliminate the problems of fixation and immobilization of nutrients. Hence, foliar nutrition is being recognized as a significant way of fertilizing modern agriculture, especially under rainfed conditions. Nano fertilizers because of smaller size and higher surface area are efficient as compared to conventional and produce better results when used in combined form. The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete block design with three replications. A field experiment was conducted in black clayey at Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesugur, during Kharif 2023. There were eight treatment combinations, consisting of different levels of conventional and nano fertilizers. RDF - 150:75:75 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha-1 and 50 % of N, entire P and K were applied as basal and remaining 50 % of N was top dressed at tillering and panicle initiation stage. RNR- 15048 variety of transplanted rice. Application of 50 % Rec. N with soil application + 50 % Rec. N through nano urea with two applications (at tillering and panicle initiation stage) + Rec. P & K with soil application recorded significantly higher number of green leaves, leaf area and leaf area index at harvest (52.7, 954.8 cm2 plant-1 and 4.77, respectively). It also produced higher panicle length (20.1 cm), number of grains panicle-1 (242.3), panicle weight (3.73 g plant-1), test weight (19.1 g) and grain yield (5578 kg ha-1). Nutrient content and uptake also showed higher values for the same treatment. Combined application of conventional and nano fertilizers helped to increase growth, growth attributes like number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, yield attributes, yield, nutrient content and nutrient uptake of transplanted rice.
An Observational Study on Clinical Benefits of CytoSorb in Patients with Severe Sepsis
Authors: Nikumbhe Anand , Ballal Sudarshan , Augustine Rohan , Siddini Vishwanath , Karanth Sunil
Published: October 2024

Background and Aim: Sepsis is a well-recognized healthcare issue worldwide. Despite research, the ability to positively influence outcome remains limited. Newer evidences have pointed that using adsorption of cytokines is beneficial during endotoxemia and sepsis. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the clinical benefits of CytoSorb usage in patients with severe sepsis admitted in intensive care units (ICU).
Study Design: Prospective, observational, comparative study.
Material and Methods: Forty patients with sepsis admitted to ICU were included. The CytoSorb group included 20 patients who received CytoSorb therapy in addition to Standard-care (SOC) and 20 patients in SOC group who received SOC alone as per routine ICU protocols. Clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed pre/post-treatment in both groups and compared.
Results: CytoSorb and SOC groups were comparable at baseline. There was significant reduction in serum creatinine (2.59±2.0 vs. 2.89±1.2, mg/dl; P=0.042), serum lactate (3.26±1.1 vs. 3.27±0.9, mmol/lit; P<0.001), serum procalcitonin (2.75±2.4 vs. 3.39±3.5, ng/ml; P<0.001), serum CRP (90.2±57.4 vs. 175.6±100.9, mg/dl; P<0.001) and serum IL6 (1769.7±4444.1 vs. 256.8±392.4, pg/ml; P=0.03) levels in CytoSorb compared to SOC. There was significant improvement in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (65.75±1.8 vs. 62.75±2.8, mmHg; P<0.001) and reduction in norepinephrine dose (6.47±2.7 vs.10.65±3.6, mcg/min; P<0.001) in CytoSorb group reflecting better hemodynamic stability. The post-treatment increase in SOFA score was lesser in CytoSorb group (11.85±2.9) than SOC group (12.3±2.3), but was not significant (P=0.135).
Conclusion: CytoSorb therapy along with SOC was associated with significant improvements in hemodynamic stability, MAP and Norepinephrine requirements than SOC alone in severe sepsis.
Effect of Fertigation of Water-Soluble Fertilizers on Growth, Yield of Cowpea and Nutrients Availability in Soil under Rice-cowpea Cropping Sequence
Authors: Jayanthi T. , Latha H. S. , Madappa Savitha , Umilsingh Nunavath , Umesh H. R. , L. B Ashok.
Published: October 2024

A investigation was carried out to study the Growth and yield of cowpea and primary nutrients availability in soil as influenced by fertigation of water-soluble fertilizers under rice-cowpea cropping sequence. Hybrid rice was tested under aerobic condition during Kharif 2015-16 and 2016-17 with 16 treatments replicated thrice in randomized block design.  The results indicated that, the treatment, 100% RDF through water soluble fertilizer at 8 DI was recorded significantly higher growth and yield determinants, higher seed yield (12.94 q ha-1) and haulm yield (26.17 q ha-1) of cowpea. Significant higher organic carbon (0.57 %) was recorded with the application 100% STCR dose with WSF through fertigation at 8 DI and higher available N (146.38 kg N ha-1 ), P2O5 (122.67 kg P2O5 ha-1 ) and K2O (130.17 kg K2O ha-1 ) content in soil recorded 100% water soluble fertilizers (WSF) applied at 4 DI. However, exchangeable calcium [3.51 cmol (p+) kg-1], magnesium [2.55 cmol (p+) kg-1], available sulphur [12.50 ppm] in soil were recorded with 100% conventional fertilizers applied plots through PoP. Significantly higher DTPA extractable Fe (18.45 mg kg-1) noticed with 100% STCR of WSF at 8 DI. However, significantly higher DTPA extractable Zn (1.44 mg kg-1) and Cu (0.57 mg kg-1) was recorded with the application of 100% RDF with WSF at 4 DI. Significantly higher DTPA extractable Mn (22.78 mg kg-1) noticed with 100% STCR of WSF at 4 DI.
Energy-Mix Diversification and Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Emmanuel Babatunde S.
Published: October 2024

The increasing global demand for energy access and security is a critical issue that has significant implications for sustainable development, economic growth, and environmental sustainability worldwide. Perhaps more specifically, this development has continued to be a major source of concerns for the energy sector development in both Nigeria and South Africa. Renewable energy plays a crucial role in addressing the problem of greenhouse gas emissions by offering clean and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-based electricity generation. The adoption of renewable energy alternatives in both countries to provide clean and reliable power supply to their citizens is a major step at attempting to alleviate the effects of greenhouse emissions. In the quest for sustainable energy systems and reduced reliance on fossil fuels, countries around the world are increasingly turning towards energy mix diversification and the development of renewable alternatives. This paper focuses on the efforts of Nigeria and South Africa in diversifying their energy mixes and promoting the development of renewable energy sources to meet their growing energy needs while addressing environmental concerns and fostering sustainable development. Finally, it presents recommendations on the steps that can further drive the integration of renewable energy technologies into the present energy mix of both countries.
A Comprehensive Overview on Sustainable Vegetable Gardening: Eco-friendly Approaches to Home Grown Production
Authors: Dhurve Ritika , Jat Asha , Swain Byomakesh , Vyas Payal , Bankoti Priyanka , Nagar Badri Lal , Devi T. Sivasankari , Nautiyal Mansi
Published: October 2024

Sustainable vegetable gardening is an eco-friendly practice that integrates organic farming principles, resource conservation, and biodiversity promotion to produce nutritious, chemical-free food while minimizing environmental impact. This approach emphasizes soil health through the use of organic amendments, crop rotation, composting, and mulching to improve fertility and water retention. Water conservation techniques, such as drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, are employed to optimize water use, especially in arid regions. Pest and disease management relies on integrated pest management (IPM), biological controls, companion planting, and the use of organic pesticides to reduce chemical input while maintaining crop health. Sustainable homegrown produce has been shown to have superior nutritional content compared to commercially grown produce, and the avoidance of synthetic chemicals reduces the risk of pesticide residue exposure. Gardening fosters healthy eating habits by connecting individuals to their food sources, encouraging the consumption of fresh, unprocessed vegetables, and contributing to food security. The mental and physical health benefits of gardening, including reduced stress, increased physical activity, and improved mental well-being, further highlight its holistic value. However, challenges such as the initial setup costs, time investment, pest management, and knowledge gaps can hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these challenges requires greater access to resources, educational initiatives, and the development of climate-resilient practices tailored to specific regions. Future trends in sustainable gardening include the adoption of technological innovations, such as smart irrigation systems, automation, and vertical farming, which offer scalable solutions for urban and small-scale gardeners. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of resilient, local food systems, and sustainable gardening is poised to play a critical role in addressing future food security concerns.
Occupational Health Hazard among the Tea Garden Workers- A Study in a District Of Upper Assam
Authors: Kurmi Dr Sumon , Kurmi Dipawoli
Published: October 2024

A healthy occupational environment is important for the wellbeing being of the working society. Occupational Health Hazards refer to the risks or negative impact to the health as well as safety and security at work place. The workers in tea plantation have to perform different types of works in different settings and confront physical. Chemical, biological, mechanical hazards etc. women are more vulnerable to these types of works. Therefore, a study has been conducted among the garden workers of Sessa Tea Estate of Dibrugarh District, Assam in order to identify the potential risks and different types of occupational health hazards faced by the tea garden workers at workplace. For this, primary data have been collected from 280 workers of either sex through sampling method
Impact Of State Expenditures On The Increase In Life Expectancy In Brazil
Authors: Nunes Helena Peres Peres , Nunes Ricardo Da Costa
Published: October 2024

This study analyses the impact of state public health expenditure on life expectancy in Brazil between 1990 and 2021, focusing on how investments in the health sector influence the population's longevity. The research uses a panel data model to explore the correlation between health spending and life expectancy, considering per capita income as a secondary variable. The results show a significant positive relationship between increased health spending and improvements in life expectancy across Brazilian states. However, another relevant finding indicates that health spending has become insufficient to significantly boost life expectancy, possibly due to rising healthcare costs driven by an ageing population. This ageing has generated increasing pressure for more health resources, requiring expanded expenditure in this sector. This study aims to contribute to the debate on the effectiveness of state health policies and encourages future investigations into optimising public health investments to maximise benefits for the population
Epidemiologia Molecular: Avanços E Desafios Na Detecção Precisa De Doenças Raras Em Populações Subdiagnosticadas
Authors: Da Silva Eduardo Jorge Custódio
Published: October 2024

Resumo A epidemiologia molecular tem se destacado como uma ferramenta essencial para a detecção precisa de doenças raras em populações subdiagnosticadas, oferecendo avanços significativos na identificação de mutações genéticas e biomarcadores associados a essas condições. O uso de técnicas avançadas de sequenciamento genético e análise molecular tem permitido uma compreensão mais profunda das bases genéticas de doenças raras, muitas das quais permanecem subdiagnosticadas devido à falta de infraestrutura médica adequada e à complexidade diagnóstica. Este artigo aborda os principais avanços na epidemiologia molecular, com foco nas tecnologias de sequenciamento de nova geração (NGS) e outras técnicas inovadoras, como a análise de microarranjos e a espectrometria de massa. Além disso, discutem-se os desafios que ainda precisam ser superados, incluindo a acessibilidade dessas tecnologias em regiões menos desenvolvidas e a necessidade de maior capacitação de profissionais de saúde para lidar com essas ferramentas. A metanálise de estudos recentes demonstra a eficácia dessas técnicas em melhorar as taxas de diagnóstico precoce e acurácia, proporcionando melhores desfechos clínicos para os pacientes. Conclui-se que, apesar dos avanços, é necessário um esforço colaborativo global para garantir que essas tecnologias sejam amplamente acessíveis e utilizadas de forma eficiente em contextos de saúde pública, especialmente em regiões subdiagnosticadas. Palavras-chave: Epidemiologia molecular, doenças raras, populações subdiagnosticadas, sequenciamento de nova geração, diagnóstico precoce
Uso De Terapias Gênicas Para O Tratamento De Doenças Crônicas: Perspectivas Futuras E Aplicações Emergentes
Authors: Da Silva Eduardo Jorge Custódio
Published: October 2024

Resumo As terapias gênicas têm emergido como uma promessa significativa para o tratamento de doenças crônicas, particularmente aquelas relacionadas a distúrbios metabólicos, como diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares. Essas doenças, responsáveis por uma alta taxa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, são alvos de intervenções inovadoras que exploram a modificação genética para restaurar funções celulares ou reduzir os sintomas. A tecnologia CRISPR, em especial, tem ganhado destaque por sua precisão no reparo de sequências gênicas defeituosas, permitindo uma abordagem mais direcionada e personalizada no tratamento dessas condições. Este artigo revisa os avanços recentes no campo das terapias gênicas aplicadas a doenças crônicas, explorando suas aplicações clínicas emergentes e as perspectivas futuras de sua utilização. Através de uma análise meticulosa de estudos experimentais e clínicos, buscamos evidenciar o potencial dessas intervenções no tratamento de condições que ainda apresentam limitações terapêuticas significativas. Embora a pesquisa com CRISPR e outras tecnologias de edição genética esteja em grande parte em fase experimental, os primeiros resultados indicam um futuro promissor para sua implementação em terapias humanas. Além disso, a discussão se concentra nos desafios éticos e técnicos que ainda precisam ser superados para garantir a segurança e a eficácia dessas terapias em larga escala. Finalmente, este trabalho propõe uma visão sobre como a medicina personalizada pode transformar o tratamento de doenças crônicas, promovendo uma abordagem mais eficiente e menos invasiva
Knowledge Regarding Respectful Maternity Care during Labor among 3rd Year Midwifery Students at Dhaka Nursing College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Moni , Akter Tania , Akhter Jesmin , Akter Kabita , Khatun Nargis , Mirja Nurunnaher , Trisha Kamrun Nahar , Khatun Mosa. Masuda , Khatun Saleha
Published: October 2024

Background: Respectful maternity care (RMC) is the fundamental right of the pregnant mother. It is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and refers to care that maintains dignity, privacy, and confidentiality and ensures freedom from harm and mistreatment. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding respectful maternity care during labour among 3rd-year midwifery students at DNC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a population of 50 students who were conveniently selected from DNC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages, mean and standard deviation. This study used an Excel sheet and a scientific calculator for data analysis. Results: The result demonstrated that the mean age of respondents was 21.84 (±0.76) years, ranging from (20- 23) years. 90% of them were Muslim. Only 12% of the respondents were married. Findings showed that among all of the respondents’ (8%) had poor knowledge, (22%) had good knowledge, (18%) had average knowledge, (36%) had very good knowledge and only (16%) had excellent knowledge. The overall mean score for RMC knowledge was 76.2 ± 11.58. Conclusion: The current study concluded that respondents'' understood respectful maternity care well. For strengthening the excellent knowledge of every respondent, there needs OSCA, developing regular training programs, seminars and monitoring feedback regarding RMC is recommended
Effectiveness Of Advanced Oral Care Methods In Improving Oral Health Status Of Stroke Patients: A Systematized Literature Review
Authors: Zi Hui Recca Lee , Eliana Naser,
Published: October 2024

Background Individuals who suffered from first-time stroke usually also suffer from physical impairments which affects their everyday living. Basic grooming such as oral care will be affected, this increases their susceptibility to oral infections/diseases. This necessitates a tailored and personalized approach to effective oral care routine for stroke patients. Methods A systematic search of 4 databases from both health and education arenas identified relevant literature; this was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool and thematically analysed. Findings Findings across the studies revealed that advanced oral care methods were effective in improving oral health outcomes among stroke patients.Conclusion This review helps researchers to understand what has been done to improve the oral health of stroke patients (SP) and future studies to improve oral health.
A Caracterização Dos Agravos De Saúde Mental Dos Usuários E Das Usuárias Do Ambulatório Transexual E Travesti De Natal/Rn
Authors: Santos Cléa Patrícia Pereira dos , Filho João Bosco , Santos Barros Wanessa Cristina Tomaz dos , Guerra Eliana Costa , Santiago Anna Clara de Araújo , Vieira Dayane Rufino , Gomes Jonathan Silva , Negrão Oswaldo Gomes Corrêa , Ferreira Maria Ângela Fernandes
Published: October 2024

Resumo Introdução: A população das travestis, homens e mulheres trans é considerada como um público em vulnerabilidade em todos os contextos sociais, a categorizando com situações excludentes, sendo geradoras de adoecimento mental. Objetivo: Caracterizar os agravos de saúde mental dos usuários e das usuárias do Ambulatório Transexual e Travesti do município de Natal/RN (Ambulatório TT). Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório. Os dados foram coletados por meio da ficha de acolhimento individual dos usuários e usuárias cadastrados no referido serviço. Resultados: A amostra com um N=281, indica que uma parcela significativa de 52,91% faz uso de substâncias psicoativas. A maioria dos usuários ou usuárias afirmaram sofrer com depressão e ansiedade (63,16%). Boa parte dos usuários e usuárias sofreram violência transfóbica representando (56,58%) dos casos. Com um predomínio de aproximadamente (63%), usuários e usuárias relataram ter tido pensamentos suicidas, enquanto cerca de (41%) admitiram ter tentado suicídio. Além disso, aproximadamente (33%) declararam praticar autolesão. A população trans sofre desigualdade social decorrentes da somatização de preconceito, sendo produtora do adoecimento mental, infringindo o princípio da equidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).
Effectiveness Of Hydrotherapy In Reducing Labour Pain: A Systematized Literature Review
Authors: Ruoqi Ng, Regine , Eliana Naser,
Published: October 2024

Background: Waterbirth has gained popularity as an alternative birthing option globally, yet its implementation and acceptance in clinical practice remain limited in Singapore. Study Aim: This systemized literature review aims to investigate the effectiveness of waterbirth in reducing labour pain compared to traditional births among pregnant women in Singapore. Methodology: This systematized literature review used databases such as CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), and Web of Science. Selected articles were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist. Conclusion: A systematized review of the literature shows that warm showers for labour and immersion in water for labour comprise a multidimensional analysis of their potential impact on the birthing process. Both methods have demonstrated subjective advantages, including pain reduction and a reduction in labour time
A Comparative Study To Assess The Attitude Of Working Men And Women (Age 20-40 Years) Towards Marriage In Delhi NCR
Authors: Kalra Dr. Raminder , Tomar Ms. Anshu , Moncy Ms. Nithya Susan
Published: October 2024

Marriage is a cornerstone of society, playing a significant role in shaping individuals' lives and contributing to the fabric of communities. Over the past few decades, profound shifts in societal norms, cultural values, and economic landscapes have reshaped perceptions and attitudes towards marriage, particularly among working individuals, whose professional lives often intersect with their personal aspirations and relationship dynamics. For Nursing Personnel, understanding marital status is important because of its influence on psychological and physical well-being. A comparative study was undertaken to assess the Attitude of working Men and Women (Age 20-40 years) towards Marriage in Delhi NCR. A Comparative survey design was adopted for the study. The data was collected, using a 7-point Likert Scale via Google Forms. 100 men and 100 women were selected from MNC, School, Hospital and Society of Delhi NCR. A standardized tool, “The Marital Scale” (Park and Rosen) was used. The data was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study showed that a predominance of respondents in the 26-30 age, with a considerable educational attainment of graduates (46%) and postgraduates (41%). Hindu (54%) and Christian (36%) affiliations were most common, with nuclear families (48%) prevailing over joint ones (33%). In the private sector, 64% were employed, with a majority (61%) earning below Rs. 50,000 monthly. Preference for partners of the same caste or religion was evident in 59% of respondents. The study revealed that men have more positive attitude towards marriage as compared to women. Men displayed a slightly higher mean attitude score (174.8) than women (167.31), with a significant mean difference of 7.56. However, no significant association was found between attitudes towards marriage and demographic variables
Lateral variability of subtidal flow at the mid‐reaches of a macrotidal estuary
Authors: Ross Lauren , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Sottolichio Aldo , Huybrechts Nicolas
Published: August 2017

Transverse variations of tidal and subtidal flow were investigated in a macrotidal and convergent estuary. This was accomplished by combining data analysis of current velocities and water density with numerical modeling at the mid‐reaches of the Gironde Estuary (France). Nonlinear mechanisms responsible for overtide generation and hence subtidal flows were found to vary across the estuary and from neap to spring tides. Subtidal flows were driven by a combination of internal asymmetry, tidal advective accelerations, nonlinear effects of water level variations, quadratic friction, and river discharge. The quarter‐diurnal overtide band (D4) in the flow was generated by internal asymmetry and tidal advective accelerations during neap tide. The ratio of quarter‐diurnal to squared semidiurnal bands (D4/D22) was largest (>0.3) in sections of the channel showing subtidal outflow. River discharge increased from neap to spring tides causing a subsequent increase of seaward subtidal currents. During spring tide, D4 was generated by tidal advective accelerations and quadratic friction combined with river discharge, rather than by internal asymmetry. The sixth‐diurnal overtide (D6) in the flow was comparable to D4 for both neap and spring tides. Largest D6/D23 ratios were found in the shallowest cross‐channel locations during both neap and spring tides.
The role of wave‐current interaction in Lake Erie's seasonal and episodic dynamics
Authors: Niu Qianru , Xia Meng
Published: August 2017

Although the significance of surface gravity waves has been consistently emphasized in previous limnetic studies, the roles of wave‐current interactions in lake dynamics are not sufficiently understood due to the lack of high‐resolution wave information. With a two‐way coupled hydrodynamic and wave model system, this study investigated how the Lake Erie dynamics are impacted by the wave‐induced surface and radiation stresses on the seasonal‐mean and episodic scales. The results showed that the surface radiation stress was the same as or an order of magnitude larger than the wave‐induced surface stress in the nearshore area (<5 km offshore), while the latter prevailed in the offshore areas. By enhancing air‐lake momentum and heat transfers, the wave‐enhanced surface stress improved the model's skill in simulating hydrodynamics in the Central and Eastern Basins, and it was of greater importance (at least an order of magnitude larger) in modifying surges, offshore currents, and thermal structures compared to those of the radiation stress. Nevertheless, the radiation stress played key roles in wave‐induced nearshore currents, especially in the shallow Western Basin. Their significances reached O (0.01–0.1 m/s) on the seasonal and episodic scales, respectively, and could have similar importance in other shallow water environments.
Variability of the subtropical mode water in the Southwest Pacific
Authors: Fernandez Denise , Sutton Philip , Bowen Melissa
Published: August 2017

The variability of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) in the Southwest Pacific is investigated using a 28 year‐long time series (1986–2014) of high‐resolution expendable bathythermograph data north of New Zealand (PX06) and a shorter time series, the Roemmich‐Gilson monthly Argo optimal interpolation for the 2004–2014 period. The variability in STMW inventories is compared to the variability in air‐sea heat fluxes, mixed layer depths and transport of the East Auckland Current (EAUC) to assess both the atmospheric and oceanic roles influencing the formation and decay of STMW. The STMW north of New Zealand has a short lifespan with little persistence of the water mass from 1 year to the next one. Deeper mixed layers and negative anomalies in surface heat fluxes are correlated with increased formation of STMW. The heat content of the STMW layer is anticorrelated with inventories, particularly during the El Niño years. This suggests that large volumes of STMW are coincident with cooler conditions in the prior winter and less oceanic heat storage. There is significant seasonal and interannual variability in STMW inventories, however there are no trends in STMW properties, including its core layer temperature over the last decade. The variability of the winter EAUC transport is highly correlated with the STMW inventories and thermocline depth in the following spring, suggesting ocean dynamics deepen the thermocline and precondition for deeper mixed layers.
Fine‐scale variability of isopycnal salinity in the California Current System
Authors: Itoh Sachihiko , Rudnick Daniel L.
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the fine‐scale structure and seasonal fluctuations of the isopycnal salinity of the California Current System from 2007 to 2013 using temperature and salinity profiles obtained from a series of underwater glider surveys. The seasonal mean distributions of the spectral power of the isopycnal salinity gradient averaged over submesoscale (12–30 km) and mesoscale (30–60 km) ranges along three survey lines off Monterey Bay, Point Conception, and Dana Point were obtained from 298 transects. The mesoscale and submesoscale variance increased as coastal upwelling caused the isopycnal salinity gradient to steepen. Areas of elevated variance were clearly observed around the salinity front during the summer then spread offshore through the fall and winter. The high fine‐scale variances were observed typically above 25.8 kg m−3 and decreased with depth to a minimum at around 26.3 kg m−3. The mean spectral slope of the isopycnal salinity gradient with respect to wavenumber was 0.19 ± 0.27 over the horizontal scale of 12–60 km, and 31%–35% of the spectra had significantly positive slopes. In contrast, the spectral slope over 12–30 km was mostly flat, with mean values of −0.025 ± 0.32. An increase in submesoscale variability accompanying the steepening of the spectral slope was often observed in inshore areas; e.g., off Monterey Bay in winter, where a sharp front developed between the California Current and the California Under Current, and the lower layers of the Southern California Bight, where vigorous interaction between a synoptic current and bottom topography is to be expected.
The warmer the ocean surface, the shallower the mixed layer. How much of this is true?
Authors: Somavilla R. , González‐Pola C. , Fernández‐Diaz J.
Published: August 2017

Ocean surface warming is commonly associated with a more stratified, less productive, and less oxygenated ocean. Such an assertion is mainly based on consistent projections of increased near‐surface stratification and shallower mixed layers under global warming scenarios. However, while the observed sea surface temperature (SST) is rising at midlatitudes, the concurrent ocean record shows that stratification is not unequivocally increasing nor is MLD shoaling. We find that while SST increases at three study areas at midlatitudes, stratification both increases and decreases, and MLD deepens with enhanced deepening of winter MLDs at rates over
. These results rely on the estimation of several MLD and stratification indexes of different complexity on hydrographic profiles from long‐term hydrographic time‐series, ocean reanalysis, and Argo floats. Combining this information with estimated MLDs from buoyancy fluxes and the enhanced deepening/attenuation of the winter MLD trends due to changes in the Ekman pumping, MLD variability involves a subtle interplay between circulation and atmospheric forcing at midlatitudes. Besides, it is highlighted that the density difference between the surface and 200 m, the most widely used stratification index, should not be expected to reliably inform about changes in the vertical extent of mixing.
Pathways and supply of dissolved iron in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica)
Authors: St‐Laurent P. , Yager P. L. , Sherrell R. M. , Stammerjohn S. E. , Dinniman M. S.
Published: August 2017

Numerous coastal polynyas fringe the Antarctic continent and strongly influence the productivity of Antarctic shelf systems. Of the 46 Antarctic coastal polynyas documented in a recent study, the Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) stands out as having the highest net primary production per unit area. Incubation experiments suggest that this productivity is partly controlled by the availability of dissolved iron (dFe). As a first step toward understanding the iron supply of the ASP, we introduce four plausible sources of dFe and simulate their steady spatial distribution using conservative numerical tracers. The modeled distributions replicate important features from observations including dFe maxima at the bottom of deep troughs and enhanced concentrations near the ice shelf fronts. A perturbation experiment with an idealized drawdown mimicking summertime biological uptake and subsequent resupply suggests that glacial meltwater and sediment‐derived dFe are the main contributors to the prebloom dFe inventory in the top 100 m of the ASP. The sediment‐derived dFe depends strongly on the buoyancy‐driven overturning circulation associated with the melting ice shelves (the “meltwater pump”) to add dFe to the upper 300 m of the water column. The results support the view that ice shelf melting plays an important direct and indirect role in the dFe supply and delivery to polynyas such as the ASP.
Large Wind Shears and Their Implications for Diffusion in Regions With Enhanced Static Stability: The Mesopause and the Tropopause
Authors: Liu H.‐L.
Published: August 2017

The NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, with a quasi‐uniform horizontal resolution of ∼25 km and a vertical resolution of 0.1 scale height, produces large vertical shear of horizontal wind with peaks around the mesopause and the tropical and midlatitude tropopause. In these regions, the static stability also reaches peak values and therefore allows large vertical shears before the onset of dynamical instability. The wind shear peaks near the mesopause and the tropopause from the simulation compare well with those identified in observations, including the magnitude, latitudinal dependence, and large shear statistics. By analyzing the probability density functions of the wind shears and their dependence on the zonal scales, it is found that smaller scale processes, likely gravity waves, contribute significantly to the large shears and may play a dominant role in producing the largest shears. Climatological tidal waves have secondary contribution to the large winds and shears, but spectral analysis suggests that they can modulate wind shear perturbations by gravity waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Implications for tracer transport and mixing in these regions are explored by estimating diffusion coefficients based on the root‐mean‐square winds, shears, and corresponding spatial scales from model results.
A parsimonious modular approach to building a mechanistic belowground carbon and nitrogen model
Authors: Abramoff Rose Z. , Davidson Eric A. , Finzi Adrien C.
Published: August 2017

Soil decomposition models range from simple empirical functions to those that represent physical, chemical, and biological processes. Here we develop a parsimonious, modular C and N cycle model, the Dual Arrhenius Michaelis‐Menten‐Microbial Carbon and Nitrogen Phyisology (DAMM‐MCNiP), that generates testable hypotheses regarding the effect of temperature, moisture, and substrate supply on C and N cycling. We compared this model to DAMM alone and an empirical model of heterotrophic respiration based on Harvard Forest data. We show that while different model structures explain similar amounts of variation in respiration, they differ in their ability to infer processes that affect C flux. We applied DAMM‐MCNiP to explain an observed seasonal hysteresis in the relationship between respiration and temperature and show using an exudation simulation that the strength of the priming effect depended on the stoichiometry of the inputs. Low C:N inputs stimulated priming of soil organic matter decomposition, but high C:N inputs were preferentially utilized by microbes as a C source with limited priming. The simplicity of DAMM‐MCNiP's simultaneous representations of temperature, moisture, substrate supply, enzyme activity, and microbial growth processes is unique among microbial physiology models and is sufficiently parsimonious that it could be incorporated into larger‐scale models of C and N cycling.
Stabilization and reference tracking for constrained switching systems: A predictive control approach
Authors: Lucia Walter , Franzè Giuseppe
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the problem of designing a compensator capable of ensuring constraint satisfaction and tracking performance for a plant switching among a finite family of constrained linear time‐invariant configurations is investigated. We assume that switching occurrences are governed by a logical rule, which prescribes that any information pertaining to time or state dependence of the system mode transitions is unavailable to the controller side. The novelty of the proposed approach, based on the exploitation of command governor ideas in connection with the receding horizon control philosophy, relies on the capability to online manage unpredictable mode switching by jointly preserving uniformly ultimate boundedness and constraint fulfillment despite any admissible disturbance effect.
Injectable In Situ Forming Depot Systems for Long‐Acting Contraception
Authors: Janagam Dileep R. , Ananthula Suryatheja , Chaudhry Kamaljit , Wu Linfeng , Mandrell Timothy D. , Johnson James R. , Lowe Tao L.
Published: August 2017

Up to date, no long‐acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) is developed to be injectable through needles smaller than 18 G and can also provide contraception for more than 3 months after single injection. In this study, injectable polymeric in situ forming depot (ISD) systems are developed to have injectability through 21–23 G needles, and capability of sustained release of levonorgestrel (LNG) for at least 7 months in vitro and in vivo after single subcutaneous injection in rats. The systems are polymeric solutions composed of biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(lactic acid) polymers dissolved in a mixture of solvents likeN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and benzyl benzoate or triethyl citrate. LNG released from ISD systems successfully suppressed the estrous cycle of rats at plasma concentration above 0.35 ng mL−1. At the end of the treatment, when LNG plasma concentration drops down to be nondetectable, predictable return of fertility is observed in rats. The designed ISD systems have great potential to be further developed into robust injectable LARCs that can be injected through a 21 G or smaller needle and achieve a variety of contraception durations with high patient compliance and low cost.
Freestanding Metallic 1T MoS2 with Dual Ion Diffusion Paths as High Rate Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Geng Xiumei , Jiao Yucong , Han Yang , Mukhopadhyay Alolika , Yang Lei , Zhu Hongli
Published: August 2017

This work studies for the first time the metallic 1T MoS2 sandwich grown on graphene tube as a freestanding intercalation anode for promising sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Sodium is earth‐abundant and readily accessible. Compared to lithium, the main challenge of sodium‐ion batteries is its sluggish ion diffusion kinetic. The freestanding, porous, hollow structure of the electrode allows maximum electrolyte accessibility to benefit the transportation of Na+ ions. Meanwhile, the metallic MoS2 provides excellent electron conductivity. The obtained 1T MoS2 electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance: a high reversible capacity of 313 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.05 A g−1 after 200 cycles and a high rate capability of 175 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1. The underlying mechanism of high rate performance of 1T MoS2 for SIBs is the high electrical conductivity and excellent ion accessibility. This study sheds light on using the 1T MoS2 as a novel anode for SIBs.
Synthetic Control of Kinetic Reaction Pathway and Cationic Ordering in High‐Ni Layered Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Wang Dawei , Kou Ronghui , Ren Yang , Sun Cheng‐Jun , Zhao Hu , Zhang Ming‐Jian , Li Yan , Huq Ashifia , Ko J. Y. Peter , Pan Feng , Sun Yang‐Kook , Yang Yong , Amine Khalil , Bai Jianming , Chen Zonghai , Wang Feng
Published: August 2017

Nickel‐rich layered transition metal oxides, LiNi1−x(MnCo)xO2 (1−x ≥ 0.5), are appealing candidates for cathodes in next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles and other large‐scale applications, due to their high capacity and low cost. However, synthetic control of the structural ordering in such a complex quaternary system has been a great challenge, especially in the presence of high Ni content. Herein, synthesis reactions for preparing layered LiNi0.7Mn0.15Co0.15O2 (NMC71515) by solid‐state methods are investigated through a combination of time‐resolved in situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy measurements. The real‐time observation reveals a strong temperature dependence of the kinetics of cationic ordering in NMC71515 as a result of thermal‐driven oxidation of transition metals and lithium/oxygen loss that concomitantly occur during heat treatment. Through synthetic control of the kinetic reaction pathway, a layered NMC71515 with low cationic disordering and a high reversible capacity is prepared in air. The findings may help to pave the way for designing high‐Ni layered oxide cathodes for LIBs.
δ‐Doping Effects on Electronic and Energetic Properties of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructure: First‐Principles Analysis of 23 Transition‐Metal Dopants
Authors: Cheng Jianli , Wang Yaqin , Luo Jian , Yang Kesong
Published: August 2017

The 2D electron gas (2DEG) formed at the interface between two insulating perovskite oxides such as LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 provides a playground for developing all‐oxide electronic devices, though improving the 2DEG mobility is still a great challenge. One possible way of improving the 2DEG mobility is via δ‐doping at the heterointerface. As a proof of concept, one recent experiment achieves an ultra‐high 2DEG mobility of 73 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface via Mn δ‐doping. Here the electronic and energetic properties of δ‐doped LaAlO3/SrTiO3 are studied with 23 transition‐metal dopants from group 3 to group 10 using first‐principles calculations. A clear trend is found for the electron effective mass and interfacial energy change in the δ‐doped LaAlO3/SrTiO3 with various dopants, and there exists a trade‐off between achieving light effective mass bands and forming energetically favorable structures. It is found that the Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, and Ir could also serve as promising candidate dopants to produce light effective mass bands and relatively high energetic stability, in addition to the experimentally confirmed Mn dopant. The findings of this study provide a wide avenue to increase the 2DEG mobility in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure via δ‐doping with transition metals.
Underwater Superoleophobic Wood Cross Sections for Efficient Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Vidiella del Blanco Marta , Fischer Eric Jean , Cabane Etienne
Published: August 2017

Functional surfaces with specific wettability are widely encountered in nature and have inspired the development of oil‐repellent materials for oil/water separation. Despite some impressive results reported, materials combining high separation efficiency together with economical and easily scalable approaches and ideally based on renewable resources have yet to be reported. In this Communication, spruce (Picea abies) wood cross sections are proposed as oil/water separation systems. The natural wood anisotropic porous microstructure directs fluid transport, and the nature of the cell wall biopolymers results in superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity. Such wood membranes can separate water from oil with high efficiency (>99%) and high flux using only gravity and without the need for prior chemical modification of the wood scaffold. Wood also provides an intrinsic solution to scalability issues.
CuInS2‐Based Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells (QLECs)
Authors: Frohleiks Julia , Wefers Fabian , Wepfer Svenja , Hong A‐Ra , Jang Ho Seong , Nannen Ekaterina
Published: August 2017

Quantum dot/electrolyte hybrid light‐emitting devices (QLECs) present a novel class of large‐area light‐emitting devices potentially combining the efficiency, robustness, and color‐tunability of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) with the simple device architecture and easy fabrication of light emitting electrochemical cells. In this work, a Cd‐free QLEC based on CuInS2/ZnS (CIS/ZnS) core/shell QDs is presented. The impact of the amount of ionic liquid on the QLEC device performance is systematically studied. The introduction of the additional electron injecting/hole blocking ZnO nanocrystal top layer as well as the proper adjustment of the ionic component leads to CIS‐based QLECs exceeding 350 cd m−2 in brightness.
Achieving Hybridized Local and Charge‐Transfer Excited State and Excellent OLED Performance Through Facile Doping
Authors: Yuan Wang Zhang , Bin Xin , Chen Gan , He Zihan , Liu Jun , Ma Huili , Peng Qian , Wei Bingwu , Gong Yongyang , Lu Yawei , He Gufeng , Zhang Yongming
Published: August 2017

Hybridized local and charge‐transfer (HLCT) excited states provide a new avenue for achieving high yields of singlet excitons (>25%) and outstanding electroluminescence (EL) performance in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this contribution, donor–acceptor (D–A) structured (Z)‐2,3‐bis[4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl]acrylonitrile (BDPACS) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics is demonstrated to possess HLCT excited states in low‐polarity solvents and in vacuum‐deposited neat films. However, undoped OLED devices of the same material show unexpectedly poor performances with external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) of at most 0.41%, due to the formation of exciplexes or excimers. To alleviate this, doped devices are fabricated using low‐polarity 2‐methyl‐9,10‐di(2‐naphthyl)anthracene (MADN), which has the appropriate energy levels to serve as a host in the emissive layer and can eradicate exciplexes/excimers and moreover help achieve the HLCT state through the solid‐state solvation effect. Such devices exhibit strikingly improved EQEmax of 6.8%, as well as singlet utilization yields exceeding the theoretical limit of 25%. Furthermore, all doped devices exhibit extremely low efficiency roll‐off. These results may have significant implications for the future fabrication of high‐performance OLEDs based on AIE luminogens and HLCT emitters.