bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of wine bottle and glass sizes on wine consumption at home: a within‐ and between‐ households randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mantzari Eleni , Ventsel Minna , Ferrar Jennifer , Pilling Mark A. , Hollands Gareth J. , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: July 2022

Background and aims

Reducing alcohol consumption across populations would decrease the risk of a range of diseases, including many cancers, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. The aim of the current study was to estimate the impact of using smaller bottles (37.5‐ versus 75‐cl) and glasses (290 versus 370 ml) on consuming wine at home.

Design

Randomized controlled trial of households with cross‐over randomization to bottle size and parallel randomization to glass size.

Setting

UK households.

Participants

A total of 260 households consuming at least two 75‐cl bottles of wine each week, recruited from the general population through a research agency. The majority consisted of adults who were white and of higher socio‐economic position.

Intervention

Households were randomized to the order in which they purchased wine in 37.5‐ or 75‐cl bottles, to consume during two 14‐day intervention periods, and further randomized to receive smaller (290 ml) or larger (350 ml) glasses to use during both intervention periods.

Measurements

Volume (ml) of study wine consumed at the end of each 14‐day intervention period, measured using photographs of purchased bottles, weighed on study scales.

Findings

Of the randomized households, 217 of 260 (83%) completed the study as per protocol and were included in the primary analysis. There was weak evidence that smaller bottles reduced consumption: after accounting for pre‐specified covariates, households consumed on average 145.7 ml (3.6%) less wine when drinking from smaller bottles than from larger bottles [95% confidence intervals (CI) = –335.5 to 43. ml; −8.3 to 1.1%; P = 0.137; Bayes factor (BF) = 2.00]. The evidence for the effect of smaller glasses was stronger: households consumed on average 253.3 ml (6.5%) less wine when drinking from smaller glasses than from larger glasses (95% CI = –517 to 10 ml; −13.2 to 0.3%; P = 0.065; BF = 2.96).

Conclusions

Using smaller glasses to drink wine at home may reduce consumption. Greater uncertainty remains around the possible effect of drinking from smaller bottles.
Understanding root fenestration: A systematic scoping review of prevalence and clinical factors
Authors: Kalaitzoglou Maria‐Elpida , Lambrianidis Theodoros
Published: July 2022

The aim of this systematic scoping review is to explore the literature on root fenestration prevalence and its possible etiologic, aggravating and predisposing clinical factors. A systematic search was conducted in 5 electronic databases, by two independent reviewers, without any language and date restrictions. Forty‐six full‐text records were included in the study, out of which 27 were used for prevalence analysis and 42 for clinical factor analysis. The results suggest that the literature is heterogenous, with major differences in the study protocols and results' presentation, providing limited information regarding root fenestration prevalence and possible racial distribution patterns. Further documentation is also required regarding clinical parameters that may affect root fenestration's presence and severity. Despite their few limitations, retrospective cone beam computed tomography studies with high‐resolution protocols, as well as open flap studies for direct observation of possible root fenestration sites, seem the most reliable methods to better comprehend its presence and possible distribution patterns.
Evaluation of the removal of 2‐Hydroxyisocaproic acid from the root canal and its effect on the bond strength of MTA
Authors: Usta Sıla Nur , Eymirli Ayhan , Arias‐Moliz Maria Teresa
Published: July 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the removal of 2‐hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) from the root canal system and its effect on the bond strength of the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). 126 single‐rooted teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups (n = 36) that were treated with double antibiotic paste (DAP), HICA and calcium hydroxide (CH) and one control group (n = 18). In the first part, 18 teeth from each experimental group (n = 54) were examined to remove HICA from the root canal. In the second part, 72 teeth (3 experimental groups (n = 54) and one control group (n = 18)) were used for the evaluation of the push‐out bond strength of MTA. There was no statistically significant difference between HICA, DAP and CH residues (p > 0.05). HICA group showed significantly less push‐out bond strength (p < 0.05). DAP, HICA and CH could not be removed entirely from the root canal. HICA significantly reduced the bond strength of the MTA.
Posttraumatic growth in people affected by an occupational accident: A longitudinal multilevel model of change
Authors: García Felipe E. , Cova Félix , Vázquez Carmelo , Páez Darío
Published: July 2022

This study analyzed a predictive model of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a cohort of 244 workers affected by an occupational accident. A longitudinal design with three points in time (i.e., 1, 6, and 12 months after the accident) was used. PTG, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), subjective severity of the event, deliberate rumination, and seeking social support were evaluated. In addition, time since the accident, age, and gender were included as predictors in our model. Deliberate rumination and seeking social support significantly predicted PTG trajectory in a multilevel model. Practical conclusions from the results suggest that work accident victims should be encouraged to seek social support and to positively reframe their experience.
Quality of life in mothers and fathers of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Sweden, Finland and Denmark
Authors: Mogensen Nina , Saaranen Ella , Olsson Erik , Klug Albertsen Birgitte , Lähteenmäki Päivi M. , Kreicbergs Ulrika , Heyman Mats , Harila‐Saari Arja
Published: July 2022

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has a high survival rate, but treatment is lengthy with risk of severe side‐effects, which may also impact parents' health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). We present data on 526 parents of 310 children treated for ALL according to the NOPHO ALL2008‐protocol, in Sweden, Finland and Denmark. Parents were asked to complete the 36‐Item Short Form Survey (SF‐36) at least 6 months after end of treatment and data were compared with Norwegian reference data. Parental background factors were collected via a study‐specific questionnaire. Participating parents scored significantly lower than the reference population on both physical and mental summary indexes, but only surpassed a minimal clinically important difference for the mental summary index (Mental Component Summary [MCS]). Mothers scored lower than fathers in the MCS and stopped working and took care of the affected child more often than the fathers. Higher mental HRQOL was associated with male gender and living in Finland or Denmark (compared to Sweden). Correlations within spouses in physical and mental scores were weak to moderate. In conclusion, ALL negatively affects parental HRQOL, especially the mental domains, even after treatment. Findings suggest that mothers are more affected than fathers and may require extra support.
Paediatric urology inSub‐SaharanAfrica: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Coyle David , Nidaw Ephrem , Getachew Hanna , Payne Stephen R. , Subramaniam Ramnath
Published: July 2022

The need for paediatric urological care in low‐ and middle‐income countries in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) is enormous due to a burgeoning paediatric‐aged population and a disproportionate burden of congenital malformations. There are formidable challenges in the provision of a skilled workforce and appropriate infrastructure, resulting in a huge unmet need with consequent effects on the long‐term health and prosperity of the population. Constraints of funding, geography, culture, surgical and anaesthetic skills, and instrumentation means that many conditions present late and with complications that could have been avoided by an earlier attendance. It also means that the management of congenital malformations, e.g., bladder exstrophy and congenital obstructive posterior urethral membrane, differ substantially from that seen in the developed world, with the outlook for children with renal failure being particularly bleak. Collaborations between paediatric urologists from high‐ and low‐income countries are beginning to help with the development of a surgical infrastructure customised to paediatric care, and with the training of specific paediatric urological knowledge and skills. These collaborations, whilst welcome, still require substantial expansion to achieve more equitable access to appropriate paediatric urological care for children in SSA. Future efforts have to focus on the creation of sustainable and equal partnerships between urologists from low‐ and high‐income healthcare environments, with an emphasis on providing sustainable management, appropriate to local need and available resources. The provision of shared learning, utilising the benefits of global digital communication, will improve mutual understanding of needs in a resource‐poor environment and the involvement of trainees from both income settings can help perpetuate long‐term collaborations.
Ezrin and CD44 participate in the internalization process of Coxiella burnetii into non‐phagocytic cells
Authors: Distel Jesús S. , Ortiz Flores Rodolfo M. , Bienvenu Arthur , Aguilera Milton O. , Bonazzi Matteo , Berón Walter
Published: July 2022

Ezrin protein is involved in the interaction of actin cytoskeleton with membrane receptors such as CD44. It regulates plasma membrane dynamics and intracellular signaling. Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is internalized into host cell through a poorly characterized molecular mechanism. Here we analyzed the role of ezrin and CD44 in the C. burnetii internalization by HeLa cells. The knockdown of ezrin and CD44 inhibited the bacterial uptake. Interestingly, at early stages of C. burnetii internalization, ezrin was recruited to the cell membrane fraction and phosphorylated. Moreover, the overexpression of non‐phosphorylatable and phosphomimetic ezrin mutants decreased and increased the bacterial entry, respectively. A decrease in the internalization of C. burnetii was observed by the overexpression of CD44 truncated forms containing the intracellular or the extracellular domains. Interestingly, the CD44 mutant was unable to interact with ERM proteins decreased the bacterial internalization. These findings demonstrate the participation of ezrin in the internalization process of C. burnetii in non‐phagocytic cells. Additionally, we present evidence that CD44 receptor would be involved in that process.
Efficacy of combined chemical and electrochemical decontamination treatments on contaminated healing abutments and their effect on surface topography: An in vitro study
Authors: Kyaw Thiha Tin , Abdou Ahmed , Nakata Hidemi , Pimkhaokham Atiphan
Published: July 2022

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of four decontamination protocols on contaminated healing abutments (HAs) and their effects on surface topography.

Methods

Eighty contaminated single‐use HA samples collected from human participants were stained with phloxine B and examined microscopically. The retrieved HAs were randomly divided into four test groups: (1) Autoclaving only (AU), (2) 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + AU, (3) Electrochemical treatment (EC) + AU, (4) NaOCl + EC + AU, and positive control (contaminated without any treatment). Four new unused HAs served as negative controls (NC). The surface features were analyzed using stereo microscopy (SM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and optical profilometry.

Results

The lowest decontamination efficacy was observed for the AU group. The NaOCl + AU and EC + AU groups effectively removed residual contamination, whereas EC + AU showed better decontamination results than NaOCl + AU. SM, SEM, and EDS analyses revealed the best decontamination efficacy in the combined NaOCl + EC + AU group compared to the other groups. Surface roughness (Sa), developed surface area ratio (Sdr), and texture‐aspect ratio (Str) in AU, NaOCl + AU, EC + AU, and NaOCl + EC + AU groups were not statistically significant compared to the NC group.

Conclusions

The combination of NaOCl with subsequent EC can remove soft and hard deposits from the surface of HAs compared to NaOCl alone and EC alone, without altering the surface topography of HAs.
Telitacicept following plasma exchange in the treatment of subjects with recurrent neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A single‐center, single‐arm, open‐label study
Authors: Ding Jie , Jiang Xianguo , Cai Yu , Pan Shuting , Deng Ye , Gao Meichun , Lin Yan , Zhao Nan , Wang Ze , Yu Haojun , Qiu Huiying , Jin Yuyan , Xue Jiahui , Guo Quan , Ni Liping , Zhang Ying , Hao Yong , Guan Yangtai
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), mainly mediated by B cells and AQP4 antibody, has a high rate of recurrence. Telitacicept is a novel drug specifically targeting the upstream signaling for the activation of B cell with its following production of autoimmune antibodies. Thus, it may be a promising approach. Our study preliminarily explored the potential safety and effectiveness of Telitacicept following plasma exchange in the treatment of recurrent NMOSD.

Methods

This was a single‐center, single‐arm, open‐label study enrolling eight patients with recurrent NMOSD in China. All patients received plasma exchange three times, followed by Telitacicept 240 mg every week for 46 times. The primary endpoint was the time of first recurrence after enrollment. Secondary end points included: changes in Expanded Disability Status Scale score, Optic Spinal Impairment Scale score, Hauser Ambulation Index, number of lesions on MRI, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography, latency and amplitude of visual evoked potential, titer of AQP4 antibody, and immune parameters of blood. Safety was also assessed. The study was registered with Chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1800019427).

Results

Eight eligible patients were enrolled. Relapse occurred in two patients (25%) and five patients (63%) remained relapse free after 48 weeks of treatment. The time to first recurrence was prolonged and the number of recurrences was reduced (p < 0.001, power of test = 1). One patient withdrew from the study due to low neutrophil count. No serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

In this small, uncontrolled study, Telitacicept following plasma exchange has the potential to be a safe treatment for patients with recurrent NMOSD. It may prolong the recurrence interval and reduces the annual count of recurrences. A multicenter randomized controlled study with a larger sample is thus feasible and needed to further assess its safety and efficacy.
Putting conservation efforts in Central Africa on the right track for interventions that last
Authors: Nana Eric Djomo , Njabo Kevin Yana , Tarla Francis Nchembi , Tah Eric Kaba , Mavakala Krossy , Iponga Donald Midoko , Demetrio Bocuma Meñe , Kinzonzi Lude , Embolo Luc Evouna , Mpouam Serge
Published: July 2022

Interventions in Africa designed to stop biodiversity decline have often failed because they were based on a top‐down approach to management and focused on enforcing restrictive rules and imposing bans. They were equally misaligned with the values and needs of local actors. This paper presents an African perspective on the discourse regarding the bushmeat crisis and shows that bushmeat in Africa goes beyond being a source of livelihood, having a multifaceted use that must be considered when designing interventions. We show that current conservation initiatives often do not address the right issues, by neglecting nonmonetary dimensions of bushmeat use, inadequately planning interventions, failing to align wildlife laws with realities on the ground, and carrying out ineffective law enforcement characterized by poor governance and corruption. We recommend a revision of current legal frameworks to enhance local ownership, tenure rights, and the sustainable economic empowerment of local communities to reduce hunting. We also call for development of regionally led innovative programs that invest in nature‐based solutions and payments for environmental services. Finally, we identify where more research is needed to understand why wildlife use in Africa is overlooked in national development policies and not considered in national accounting.
The detectability of intraepidermal melanocytes—A narrative review of immunohistochemical studies
Authors: Kuźbicki Łukasz , Brożyna Anna A.
Published: July 2022

Some intraepidermal lesions, even the nonmelanocytic ones, may mimic melanoma in situ. The cytoplasmic clarity in atypical basal cells, architectural disorder with cell aggregates or nest‐like structures within the epidermis often cause challenge particularly in sun‐damaged skin. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of the most often used immunohistochemical melanocyte markers in the diagnosis of intraepidermal lesions. All the analyzed markers can be useful in detection of intraepidermal melanocytes that occur more densely in lentigo maligna than in solar lentigo or sun‐damaged skin. However, the number of these cells is underestimated by HMB‐45 and Mel‐5. The cytoplasmic Melan‐A staining may overestimate melanocyte number and highlight the dendritic process. Atypical melanized keratinocytes in actinic keratoses and nest‐like structures in lichenoid dermatoses may mimic atypical melanocytes in melanomas in situ. S‐100 remains a marker of high sensitivity but low specificity. The nuclear localization of MITF, SOX‐10, and PRAME overcomes the problem of melanosome transfer to cells of other types. Neither MITF nor SOX‐10 is detectable in keratinocytes, which makes them useful in distinguishing actinic keratoses from melanomas in situ. The use of markers considered as melanocyte specific suggests that lichenoid dermatoses constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions.
Education Universalization, Rural School Participation, and Population Density
Authors: Zhang Xi , Rozelle Scott
Published: July 2022

In many developing countries, low population density may be a major reason for low school participation in rural areas, and the problem is likely to worsen with rapid urbanization. However, few studies have investigated empirically the role of population density in rural education, especially the moderating effect of population density on the outcomes of education policies. This study aims to fill this gap in the literature. From 1999 through the early 2000s, China launched a set of major nationwide policies aimed at universalizing 9‐year compulsory education in rural areas. Using difference‐in‐differences and triple difference strategies, we show that the policies significantly increased the probability of junior high school enrollment of rural children and, more importantly, these policies were more effective in densely populated regions. These findings confirm the importance of population density to rural education.
The Causes and Consequences of China's Municipal Amalgamations: Evidence from Population Redistribution
Authors: Jia Ning , Zhong Huiyong
Published: July 2022

Along with China's urbanization, the spatial redistribution of the country's population has led to difficulties for local governance, especially in areas experiencing population outflows. Municipal amalgamation is an effective response. This study uses administrative system code data that are accurate at the community and village level to verify the causal relationship between migration and village or community municipal amalgamation. It shows that migration has been an important reason for municipal amalgamation. Counties with greater population outflow have experienced more frequent amalgamation, manifesting a decrease in the numbers of villages and communities. This study also examined the consequences of this amalgamation, finding that it can significantly alleviate local governments' fiscal pressures and promote public services in the long term. It is of great importance for improving the grassroots governance of population outflow areas during rapid urbanization in China.
Comparison of long‐term outcome of patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction between pre‐COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 era
Authors: Kiris Tuncay , Avci Eyüp , Ekin Tuba , Akgün Didar Elif , Tiryaki Mücahit , Yidirim Arafat , Hazir Kutluhan , Murat Bektaş , Yeni Mehtap , Altindag Rojhad , Gül Sefa , Arik Baran , Güzel Tuncay , Murat Selda , Oz Ahmet , Karabacak Mustafa , Aktas Zihni , Yildirim Tarik , Kilicaslan Baris , Ergene Asim Oktay
Published: July 2022

Aims

To compare major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) rates between patients in the pre‐COVID‐19 era and COVID‐19 era, and to assess the impact of the presence of COVID‐19 (+) on long‐term MACCE in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Turkey.

Methods

Using the TURSER study (TURKISH ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction registry) data, the current study included 1748 STEMI patients from 15 centres in Turkey. Patients were stratified into COVID‐19 era (March 11st–May 15st, 2020; n = 723) or pre‐COVID‐19 era (March 11st–May 15st, 2019; n = 1025) cohorts. Long‐term MACCE rates were compared between groups. In addition, the effect of COVID‐19 positivity on long‐term outcomes was evaluated. The primary outcome was the occurrence of MACCE at long‐term follow‐up, and the secondary outcome was hospitalization with heart failure.

Results

The MACCE and hospitalization with heart failure rates between pre‐COVID‐19 era and COVID‐19 era were 23% versus 22% (p = .841), and 12% versus 8% (p = .002), respectively. In the COVID‐19 era, the rates of MACCE and hospitalization with heart failure COVID‐19‐positive versus COVID‐19‐negative patients were 40% versus 20%, (p < .001), and 43% versus 11% (p < .001), respectively.

Conclusion

There was no difference between the pre‐COVID‐19 era and the COVID‐19 era in terms of MACCE  in STEMI patients in Turkey. In the COVID‐19 era, STEMI patients positive for COVID‐19 had a higher rate of MACCE and heart failure hospitalization at the long‐term follow‐up.
The spectrum of central nervous system involvement in Whipple's disease
Authors: Mecklenburg Jasper , Moos Verena , Moter Annette , Siebert Eberhard , Nave Alexander Heinrich , Schneider Thomas , Ruprecht Klemens , Euskirchen Philipp
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose

To assess the clinical spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) involvement as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging findings in patients with Whipple's disease (WD) and to analyze the association of neurological symptoms with CSF and imaging findings.

Methods

Neurological involvement was retrospectively analyzed in a series of 36 patients diagnosed with WD at a single center between 1992 and 2019. Findings of 81 comprehensive CSF examinations from 36 patients, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for Tropheryma whipplei (TW) in CSF from 35 patients, were systematically evaluated. The prevalence of ischemic stroke in patients with WD was compared to a matched control cohort.

Results

Neurological symptoms occurred in 23 of 36 (63.9%) patients, with cognitive, motor, and oculomotor dysfunction being most frequent. TW was detected by PCR in CSF of 13 of 22 (59.1%) patients with and four of 13 (30.8%, p = 0.0496) patients without neurological symptoms. Total CSF protein (p = 0.044) and lactate (p = 0.035) were moderately elevated in WD with neurologic symptoms compared with WD without. No intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis was observed. Three of 36 (8.3%) patients had hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Patients with WD had an unexpectedly high prevalence of ischemic stroke (10/36, 27.7%) compared to matched controls (10/360, 3.2%).

Conclusions

Neurological involvement in patients with WD is common. Detection of TW DNA in CSF is only partly associated with neurological symptoms. Elevated CSF parameters suggest CNS parenchymal infection. Stroke is a hitherto underrecognized manifestation of WD. These findings suggest that mechanisms beyond CNS infection contribute to the spectrum of CNS involvement in WD.
Rare variant screening and burden analysis of PLXNA1 in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Li Chunyu , Lin Junyu , Jiang Qirui , Shang Huifang
Published: July 2022

Background and purpose

Recently, p.Glu1121Ter in PLXNA1 was identified as a potential cause of parkinsonism. However, no further replication has been conducted in a wider range of Parkinson's disease (PD) cohorts. We aimed to evaluate the genetic role of PLXNA1 in PD.

Methods

We systematically analyzed the rare protein‐coding variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] < 0.01) in 1080 patients and 1051 healthy controls. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the associations between each variant and risk of PD, while, at gene level, over‐representation of rare variants in patients was examined using the optimized sequence kernel association test (SKAT‐O).

Results

In total, 43 rare variants were identified in PD. No variant was significantly associated with risk of PD. Burden analysis showed enrichment of ultra‐rare variants (MAF < 0.001) of PLXNA1 in PD. One patient carried a variant (p.E1121D) in the same amino acid as that in the original study. Both patients showed worsened motor symptoms, and developed dyskinesia during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Our study explored the rare variant of PLXNA1 in PD, and paves the way for future research on the genetic role of PLXNA1 in PD.
Acute tracheal trauma and chronic tracheal collapse in an asthmatic mature pony
Authors: Peyrecave‐Capo Xavier , Munoz‐Diaz Javier , Rocafort Ferrer Gloria , Watrelot Dorothée , Desjardins Isabelle
Published: July 2022

A 17‐year‐old cross‐bred pony gelding was presented for acute onset of respiratory distress and an inspiratory honking noise. He had been previously diagnosed with moderate mastocytic equine asthma and chronic tracheal collapse on endoscopy (grade 3/4). At admission, predominantly inspiratory dyspnoea with open mouth breathing, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were present. Cervical and thoracic radiographs showed severe tracheal collapse from the mid‐cervical region to the thoracic inlet and a moderate generalised bronchial pattern. Due to the poor prognosis, euthanasia was elected. On post‐mortem examination, some granulomatous nodules compatible with tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica were present in the tracheal lumen, and the entire trachea was laterally flattened. This uncommon laterolateral collapse was more severe at the thoracic inlet and in the mid‐cervical area, where a peritracheal haematoma was detected. A blunt trauma that exacerbated the tracheal collapse was suspected. Tracheal histology revealed degenerative changes. Degeneration of tracheal cartilage and connective tissue can be a predisposing factor to chronic collapse and recurrent episodes of inspiratory and expiratory distress. It is unknown whether chronic tracheal collapse is an independent condition or a consequence of an underlying lung disease.
Exploring personal and relational motivations and processes of forgiveness in religious families
Authors: Hendricks Justin J. , Chelladurai Joe M. , Marks Loren D. , Dollahite David C. , Kelley Heather H. , Rose Andrew H.
Published: July 2022

Objective and Background

We used qualitative methodology to explore forgiveness motivations and processes in an ethnically, economically, and geographically diverse sample of 198 highly religious Christian, Muslim, and Jewish families in the United States (N = 480). Prior research has identified several significant relational implications and outcomes of forgiveness. However, there is a need for additional research on forgiveness processes and motivations among highly religious families.

Method

Families were interviewed jointly through a semistructured interview protocol. Analysis was conducted using thematic and team‐based coding procedures.

Results

Core themes included (a) “Why forgive?”: Relational, religious, and spiritual motivations; (b) “What enables state forgiveness?”: Relational, religious, and spiritual processes; and (c) The role and development of trait forgiveness (forgivingness).

Conclusion

Findings highlight the relational, religious, and spiritual motivations and processes present in forgiveness and the role religious/spiritual beliefs and practices play in those processes. Additionally, findings illustrate participants' value of the virtue of forgivingness and reported religious and relational processes that helped in developing the trait of forgivingness.

Implications

We offer several questions that can be used as a starting point for practitioners to work within the worldview of religious clients to empower individuals, couples, and families to forgive.
Stock status of giant catfish Netuma thalassina (Rüppell, 1837) from Tamil Nadu, India waters
Authors: Abinaya Rajendran , Sajeevan Moosamikandy
Published: July 2022

Information on the stock status of giant catfish Netuma thalassina (Rüppell, 1837) is meagre due to lack of catch and effort data. Therefore, we reconstructed catch and effort data of the giant catfish fishery in Tamil Nadu, India waters from 2001 to 2020. Catch and effort data were analyzed with Catch and Effort Data Analysis (CEDA), Catch Maximum Sustainable Yield (CMSY) and the Bayesian state‐space implementation of the Schaefer production Model (BSM). Results indicated that giant catfish resources were fully exploited and reached the stage of overexploitation in 2014. Considering the high vulnerability to climate change, very high susceptibility to fishing, increased fishing effort and fully exploited status of giant catfish fishery, we propose a significant reduction of fishing effort to ensure sustainable exploitation.
Stable carbon isotope values of syndepositional carbonate spherules and micrite record spatial and temporal changes in photosynthesis intensity
Authors: Chen Mingfei , Conroy Jessica L. , Geyman Emily C. , Sanford Robert A. , Chee‐Sanford Joanne C. , Connor Lynn M.
Published: July 2022

Marine and lacustrine carbonate minerals preserve carbon cycle information, and their stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) are frequently used to infer and reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes. However, multiple processes can influence the δ13C values of bulk carbonates, confounding the interpretation of these values in terms of conditions at the time of mineral precipitation. Co‐existing carbonate forms may represent different environmental conditions, yet few studies have analyzed δ13C values of syndepositional carbonate grains of varying morphologies to investigate their origins. Here, we combine stable isotope analyses, metagenomics, and geochemical modeling to interpret δ13C values of syndepositional carbonate spherules (>500 μm) and fine‐grained micrite (<63 μm) from a ~1600‐year‐long sediment record of a hypersaline lake located on the coral atoll of Kiritimati, Republic of Kiribati (1.9°N, 157.4°W). Petrographic, mineralogic, and stable isotope results suggest that both carbonate fractions precipitate in situ with minor diagenetic alterations. The δ13C values of spherules are high compared to the syndepositional micrite and cannot be explained by mineral differences or external perturbations, suggesting a role for local biological processes. We use geochemical modeling to test the hypothesis that the spherules form in the surface microbial mat during peak diurnal photosynthesis when the δ13C value of dissolved inorganic carbon is elevated. In contrast, we hypothesize that the micrite may precipitate more continuously in the water as well as in sub‐surface, heterotrophic layers of the microbial mat. Both metagenome and geochemical model results support a critical role for photosynthesis in influencing carbonate δ13C values. The down‐core spherule–micrite offset in δ13C values also aligns with total organic carbon values, suggesting that the difference in the δ13C values of spherules and micrite may be a more robust, inorganic indicator of variability in productivity and local biological processes through time than the δ13C values of individual carbonate forms.
The biogeochemical cycling of chlorine
Authors: Barnum Tyler P. , Coates John D.
Published: July 2022

Chlorine has important roles in the Earth's systems. In different forms, it helps balance the charge and osmotic potential of cells, provides energy for microorganisms, mobilizes metals in geologic fluids, alters the salinity of waters, and degrades atmospheric ozone. Despite this importance, there has not been a comprehensive summary of chlorine's geobiology. Here, we unite different areas of recent research to describe a biogeochemical cycle for chlorine. Chlorine enters the biosphere through volcanism and weathering of rocks and is sequestered by subduction and the formation of evaporite sediments from inland seas. In the biosphere, chlorine is converted between solid, dissolved, and gaseous states and in oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7, with the soluble, reduced chloride ion as its most common form. Living organisms and chemical reactions change chlorine's form through oxidation and reduction and the addition and removal of chlorine from organic molecules. Chlorine can be transported through the atmosphere, and the highest oxidation states of chlorine are produced by reactions between sunlight and trace chlorine gases. Partial oxidation of chlorine occurs across the biosphere and creates reactive chlorine species that contribute to the oxidative stress experienced by living cells. A unified view of this chlorine cycle demonstrates connections between chlorine biology, chemistry, and geology that affect life on the Earth.
Inferred ancestry of scytonemin biosynthesis proteins in cyanobacteria indicates a response to Paleoproterozoic oxygenation
Authors: Tamre Erik , Fournier Gregory P.
Published: July 2022

Protection from radiation damage is an important adaptation for phototrophic microbes. Living in surface, shallow water, and peritidal environments, cyanobacteria are especially exposed to long‐wavelength ultraviolet (UVA) radiation. Several groups of cyanobacteria within these environments are protected from UVA damage by the production of the pigment scytonemin. Paleontological evidence of cyanobacteria in UVA‐exposed environments from the Proterozoic, and possibly as early as the Archaean, suggests a long evolutionary history of radiation protection within this group. We show that phylogenetic analyses of enzymes in the scytonemin biosynthesis pathway support this hypothesis and reveal a deep history of vertical inheritance of this pathway within extant cyanobacterial diversity. Referencing this phylogeny to cyanobacterial molecular clocks suggests that scytonemin production likely appeared during the early Proterozoic, soon after the Great Oxygenation Event. This timing is consistent with an adaptive scenario for the evolution of scytonemin production, wherein the threat of UVA‐generated reactive oxygen species becomes significantly greater once molecular oxygen is more pervasive across photosynthetic environments.
Phylogenetic structure of alien and native species in regional plant assemblages across China: Testing niche conservatism hypothesis versus niche convergence hypothesis
Authors: Qian Hong , Qian Shenhua , Sandel Brody
Published: July 2022

Aim

The introduction of alien species may be influenced by the phylogenetic structure of the native assemblage, while at the same time altering that structure. Understanding these effects sheds light on both the factors influencing naturalization of introduced species and their impacts. Considering regional angiosperm assemblages across China, we ask the following questions: (a) Do geographic patterns and climate relationships of alien species richness and phylogenetic structure mirror those of natives? (b) Has the addition of alien species resulted in stronger phylogenetic clustering as predicted by Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis? (c) To what degree does the answer to these questions depend on phylogenetic scale?

Location

China.

Time period

Current.

Taxon

Angiosperms (flowering plants).

Methods

We divided China into 28 province‐level regions and collated native and naturalized alien species lists of angiosperms for each region. For each region, we computed two types of phylogenetic structure metrics [mean phylogenetic distance (MPD) and mean nearest neighbour distance (MNND), and their standardized effect sizes] for the native, alien and combined assemblages, and for angiosperms as a whole, 5 major clades and 10 well‐represented families. We then related these to climatic factors using correlation analyses.

Results

Richness of alien angiosperms is highest in regions with species rich and phylogenetically dispersed native assemblages. The standardized effect size of mean phylogenetic distance (MPDses) for aliens was positively correlated with that for natives. The introduction of alien species generally increased phylogenetic clustering of the combined assemblage compared to the natives for large phylogenetic extents, but effects within plant families were mixed. The MPDses was positively correlated with temperature and precipitation for both natives and aliens.

Main conclusions

The phylogenetic relationships at a lower level of phylogenetic scale may differ substantially from those at a higher level of phylogenetic scale. At the broadest phylogenetic extents, alien species tend to recapitulate the biogeographic patterns of natives, showing similar spatial patterns of species richness and phylogenetic structure, and tending to represent the same major angiosperm clades. This is highly consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis. Across narrower swaths of the phylogeny, these patterns are less clear, with a substantial number of plant families showing support for the biogeographic barrier hypothesis.
Lacosamide for refractory trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pain—Case report
Authors: Masrour Shamin
Published: July 2022

Objective

To demonstrate effect of lacosamide monotherapy in three patients with refractory facial pain of various etiologies.

Background

Many medications used to treat trigeminal neuralgia and other facial pain, including first‐ and second‐generation anticonvulsants, are often ineffective or have intolerable side‐effects. Lacosamide, a third‐generation anticonvulsant, has fewer side‐effects and is a potential treatment of facial pain.

Methods

Retrospective review of three patients treated with lacosamide for facial pain.

Results

The etiologies of the facial pain were idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), TN secondary to a mass, and persistent idiopathic facial pain. Treatment with lacosamide led to significant improvement in pain in all three patients. Lacosamide was well tolerated without any reported side‐effects.

Conclusion

Lacosamide effectively relieved idiopathic and secondary facial pain in three previously refractory patients. It may be effective for the treatment of refractory facial pain and could be considered as an alternative treatment for patients who do not respond or tolerate standard treatments for facial pain.
Contrasted propensity for waterborne and airborne dispersal between two closely related semi‐aquatic spider species
Authors: Monsimet Jérémy , Pétillon Julien , Devineau Olivier , Gardoni Nino , Bataillard Léa , Lafage Denis
Published: July 2022

Dispersal abilities are important to support metapopulation functioning and species distributions, yet it is rarely accounted for in conservation. Here, we compared the propensity for dispersal between the two fishing spiders present in Europe: the widespread habitat‐generalistDolomedes fimbriatusand the scarcer red‐listedDolomedes plantarius.

We experimentally tested for airborne and waterborne dispersal using first instar juveniles sampled in nursery webs, and older juveniles. We estimated the propensity for short and long‐distance dispersal of airborne and waterborne behaviours, and we tested the difference between species with generalised linear mixed models.

Airborne (ballooning) and waterborne (sailing) behaviours were more frequent forD. fimbriatusthan forD. plantarius, indicating a higher propensity of the former for long‐distance dispersal.

The frequency of rappelling behaviour, and thus the propensity for short‐distance dispersal, did not differ between species. However, we found contrasting results for short‐distance dispersal on the water, with rowing being more frequent and running less frequent forD. plantariusthan forD. fimbriatus.

The different propensity for dispersal between the two species might be partly explained by the ecology ofD. plantarius, which is known to be more habitat‐specialist and more dependent to water bodies thanD. fimbriatus.

The limited propensity for dispersal of the red‐listedD. plantariusis another argument for conserving an interconnected network of wetlands in Fennoscandia. Indeed, increased isolation of populations would be detrimental for species maintenance.
Managing production and inventory in a remanufacturing supply chain with two classes of cores under consignment stock agreement
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , Zhang Ting , Cao Yunzhi
Published: July 2022

This paper addresses the production scheduling and inventory management in a closed‐loop supply chain that recycles both high‐quality and low‐quality cores and makes products using cores and new raw materials. The manufacturing/remanufacturing supply chain consists of a vendor and a buyer, and they collaborate under a consignment stock (CS) agreement. We investigate and compare three operation policies under the CS agreement, covering continuous and intermittent production manners and shipments of equal and unequal batch sizes. For each operation policy, we develop a mixed integer nonlinear programming model to jointly optimize the production sequence of two classes of cores, production cycle length, shipment frequency, and shipment batch sizes, with the objective of minimizing the cost rate. By analyzing the respective decisions and conducting an extensive numerical study with various scenarios, we explore the advantages and applications of each operation policy. Based on our research findings, we provide general guidelines and criteria for operation policy selection.
Research in the High-Stakes Era
Authors: Tuerk Peter W.
Published: July 2022

The federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB; 2001), mandating standardized testing in public schools, provides researchers with unprecedented opportunities for scientific comparison. At the same time, the climate of high-stakes testing encouraged by the law merits empirical scrutiny from psychologists across an array of specialties. If researchers wish to advance policy through psychological science, they must take care to construct research designs that are meaningful to policymakers and professionals in other disciplines. The present study used data from 1,450 Virginia schools to provide a model of scientifically grounded research that is also informed by current legal and political contexts. Results indicate that student poverty and geography are associated with differential access to highly qualified teachers, and that differential access to qualified teachers is uniquely associated with performance on high-stakes achievement tests. Psychologists, with their unique training, are encouraged to take a more active role in using NCLB data.
Investment Behavior and the Negative Side of Emotion
Authors: Shiv Baba , Loewenstein George , Bechara Antoine , Damasio Hanna , Damasio Antonio R.
Published: July 2022

Can dysfunction in neural systems subserving emotion lead, under certain circumstances, to more advantageous decisions? To answer this question, we investigated how normal participants, patients with stable focal lesions in brain regions related to emotion (target patients), and patients with stable focal lesions in brain regions unrelated to emotion (control patients) made 20 rounds of investment decisions. Target patients made more advantageous decisions and ultimately earned more money from their investments than the normal participants and control patients. When normal participants and control patients either won or lost money on an investment round, they adopted a conservative strategy and became more reluctant to invest on the subsequent round; these results suggest that they were more affected than target patients by the outcomes of decisions made in the previous rounds.
Reversibility of the Other-Race Effect in Face Recognition During Childhood
Authors: Sangrigoli S. , Pallier C. , Argenti A.-M. , Ventureyra V.A.G. , de Schonen S.
Published: July 2022

Early experience with faces of a given racial type facilitates visual recognition for this type of face relative to others. To assess whether this so-called other-race effect can be reversed by subsequent experience with new types of faces, we tested adults of Korean origin who were adopted by European Caucasian families when they were between the ages of 3 to 9. The adoptees performed a face recognition task with photographs of Caucasian and Asian faces. They performed exactly like a control group of French participants, identifying the Caucasian faces better than the Asiatic ones. In contrast, a control group of Koreans showed the reverse pattern. This result indicates that the face recognition system remains plastic enough during childhood to reverse the other-race effect.
Aging Neuromodulation Impairs Associative Binding
Authors: Li Shu-Chen , Naveh-Benjamin Moshe , Lindenberger Ulman
Published: July 2022

Relative to young adults, older adults are particularly impaired in episodic memory tasks requiring associative binding of separate components into compound episodes, such as tasks requiring item-context and item-item binding. This associative-binding deficit has been attributed to senescent changes in frontal-hippocampal circuitry but has not been formally linked to impaired neuromodulation involving this circuitry. Previous neuro-computational work showed that impaired neuromodulation could result in less distinct neurocognitive representations. Here we extend this computational principle to simulate aging-related deficits in associative binding. As expected, networks with simulated deficiency in neuromodulation resulted in less distinct internal representations than did networks simulating the processing and performance of young adults, and were also more impaired under task conditions that required associative binding. The findings suggest that senescent changes in neuromodulatory mechanisms may play a basic role in aging-related impairment in associative binding by reducing the efficacy of distributed conjunctive coding.
When Good Things Go Bad
Authors: Bradley Margaret M. , Moulder Brad , Lang Peter J.
Published: July 2022

For humans, the threat of painful shock greatly potentiates the reflexive startle blink. Moreover, viewing unpleasant, compared with pleasant, pictures also prompts heightened startle reflexes, suggesting that the startle reflex indexes general defensive activation. In this study, pleasant or unpleasant pictures were used to signal shock threat in order to explore how previous affective associations modulate new defensive reactions. When cuing threat of shock, pleasant and unpleasant pictures prompted physiological profiles consistent with defensive activation, indicating that threat of shock renders previously pleasant cues aversive. For unpleasant pictures only, defensive startle was potentiated even when these cues signaled safety. Taken together, the data indicate that (a) regardless of their intrinsic affective meaning, cues signaling shock threat prompt somatic and autonomic reactions consistent with defense, and that (b) intrinsically unpleasant cues continue to prompt defensive activation even when the context of their presentation is specifically nonthreatening.