bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Roadmap for Measuring the Local Impact of Culture from a Legislative Perspective—Normative, Regulatory, and Technical Mechanisms
Authors: Pirri Valentini Anna
Published: July 2023

The use of indicators to measure, evaluate, and assess cultural activities and policies represents a best practice (often unpractised) for local and national legislators and administrators, and nowadays this is more necessary than ever. The use of a tailored indicators framework is advisable for several different reasons, among which the provision of evidence regarding the role of cultural heritage, making it more visible and tangible; the development of the advocacy role of cultural heritage able to create an evidence-based narrative; its being an incentive for policymakers to reach measurable and targeted objectives. This contribution seeks to investigate, from a legal perspective, how to measure local cultural impact or, more correctly, how the measurement of this impact can take place and can be taken into account in the enactment of rules determining the creation and management of cultural projects and activities.
Evaluating the Impact of Future Seasonal Climate Extremes on Crop Evapotranspiration of Maize in Western Kansas Using a Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Igwe Kelechi , Sharda Vaishali , Hefley Trevor
Published: July 2023

Data-driven technologies are employed in agriculture to optimize the use of limited resources. Crop evapotranspiration (ET) estimates the actual amount of water that crops require at different growth stages, thereby proving to be the essential information needed for precision irrigation. Crop ET is essential in areas like the US High Plains, where farmers rely on groundwater for irrigation. The sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the region is threatened by diminishing groundwater levels, and the increasing frequency of extreme events caused by climate change further exacerbates the situation. These conditions can significantly affect crop ET rates, leading to water stress, which adversely affects crop yields. In this study, we analyze historical climate data using a machine learning model to determine which of the climate extreme indices most influences crop ET. Crop ET is estimated using reference ET derived from the FAO Penman–Monteith equation, which is multiplied with the crop coefficient data estimated from the remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We found that the climate extreme indices of consecutive dry days and the mean weekly maximum temperatures most influenced crop ET. It was found that temperature-derived indices influenced crop ET more than precipitation-derived indices. Under the future climate scenarios, we predict that crop ET will increase by 0.4% and 1.7% in the near term, by 3.1% and 5.9% in the middle term, and by 3.8% and 9.6% at the end of the century under low greenhouse gas emission and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios, respectively. These predicted changes in seasonal crop ET can help agricultural producers to make well-informed decisions to optimize groundwater resources.
A PIM-1 Kinase Inhibitor Docking Optimization Study Based on Logistic Regression Models and Interaction Analysis
Authors: Ion George Nicolae Daniel , Nitulescu George Mihai , Mihai Dragos Paul
Published: July 2023

PIM-1 kinase is a serine-threonine phosphorylating enzyme with implications in multiple types of malignancies, including prostate, breast, and blood cancers. Developing better search methodologies for PIM-1 kinase inhibitors may be a good strategy to speed up the discovery of an oncological drug approved for targeting this specific kinase. Computer-aided screening methods are promising approaches for the discovery of novel therapeutics, although certain limitations should be addressed. A frequent omission that is encountered in molecular docking is the lack of proper implementation of scoring functions and algorithms on the post-docking results, which usually alters the outcome of the virtual screening. The current study suggests a method for post-processing docking results, expressed either as binding affinity or score, that considers different binding modes of known inhibitors to the studied targets while making use of in vitro data, where available. The docking protocol successfully discriminated between known PIM-1 kinase inhibitors and decoy molecules, although binding energies alone were not sufficient to ensure a successful prediction. Logistic regression models were trained to predict the probability of PIM-1 kinase inhibitory activity based on binding energies and the presence of interactions with identified key amino acid residues. The selected model showed 80.9% true positive and 81.4% true negative rates. The discussed approach can be further applied in large-scale molecular docking campaigns to increase hit discovery success rates.
Phenotypic Characterization of Oral Mucor Species from Eurasian Vultures: Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Ability
Authors: Raposo Catarina , Serrano Isa , Cunha Eva , Couto Maria Patrícia , Lopes Filipa , Casero María , Tavares Luís , Oliveira Manuela
Published: July 2023

Due to poisoning and decline in the food resources of Eurasian vultures, there has been a rise in the number of Griffon (Gyps fulvus) and Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) needing veterinary care. In captivity, vultures often develop oral and other infectious diseases which can affect their survival and the probability of reintroduction in the wild. Therefore, it is important to characterize relevant microbial species present in the oral cavity of vultures, such as Mucor spp. In this work, seven Mucor spp. isolates previously obtained from Gyps fulvus and Aegypius monachus oral swabs collected at two rehabilitation centers in Portugal were characterized regarding their pathogenic enzymatic profile and antimicrobial activity. Isolates were identified by macro and microscopic observation, and PCR and ITS sequencing. Their antimicrobial activity was determined using a collection of pathogenic bacteria and two yeast species. Results showed that 86% of the isolates produced α-hemolysis, 71% expressed DNase, 57% produce lecithinase and lipase, 29% expressed gelatinase, and 29% were biofilm producers. Four isolates showed inhibitory activity against relevant human and veterinary clinical isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Neisseria zoodegmatis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, accurate management programs should consider the benefits and disadvantages of Mucor spp. presence in the oral mucosa.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Radiomics in Molecular Hybrid Imaging and Theragnostics for Neuro-Endocrine Neoplasms (NENs)
Authors: Balma Michele , Laudicella Riccardo , Gallio Elena , Gusella Sara , Lorenzon Leda , Peano Simona , Costa Renato P. , Rampado Osvaldo , Farsad Mohsen , Evangelista Laura , Deandreis Desiree , Papaleo Alberto , Liberini Virginia
Published: July 2023

Nuclear medicine has acquired a crucial role in the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) by improving the accuracy of diagnosis and staging as well as their risk stratification and personalized therapies, including radioligand therapies (RLT). Artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics can enable physicians to further improve the overall efficiency and accuracy of the use of these tools in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings by improving the prediction of the tumor grade, differential diagnosis from other malignancies, assessment of tumor behavior and aggressiveness, and prediction of treatment response. This systematic review aims to describe the state-of-the-art AI and radiomics applications in the molecular imaging of NENs.
Risk Prediction Model of Early-Onset Preeclampsia Based on Risk Factors and Routine Laboratory Indicators
Authors: Xue Yuting , Yang Nan , Gu Xunke , Wang Yongqing , Zhang Hua , Jia Keke
Published: July 2023

Background: Globally, 10–15% of maternal deaths are statistically attributable to preeclampsia. Compared with late-onset PE, the severity of early-onset PE remains more harmful with higher morbidity and mortality. Objective: To establish an early-onset preeclampsia prediction model by clinical characteristics, risk factors and routine laboratory indicators were investigated from pregnant women at 6 to 10 gestational weeks. Methods: The clinical characteristics, risk factors, and 38 routine laboratory indicators (6–10 weeks of gestation) including blood lipids, liver and kidney function, coagulation, blood count, and other indicators of 91 early-onset preeclampsia patients and 709 normal controls without early-onset preeclampsia from January 2010 to May 2021 in Peking University Third Hospital (PUTH) were retrospectively analyzed. A logistic regression, decision tree model, and support vector machine (SVM) model were applied for establishing prediction models, respectively. ROC curves were drawn; area under curve (AUCROC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated and compared. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the rates of diabetes, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea (OSAHS), primipara, history of preeclampsia, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) (p < 0.05). Among the 38 routine laboratory indicators, there were no significant differences in the levels of PLT/LYM, NEU/LYM, TT, D-Dimer, FDP, TBA, ALP, TP, ALB, GLB, UREA, Cr, P, Cystatin C, HDL-C, Apo-A1, and Lp(a) between the two groups (p > 0.05). The levels of the rest indicators were all statistically different between the two groups (p < 0.05). If only 12 risk factors of PE were analyzed with the logistic regression, decision tree model, and support vector machine (SVM), and the AUCROC were 0.78, 0.74, and 0.66, respectively, while 12 risk factors of PE and 38 routine laboratory indicators were analyzed with the logistic regression, decision tree model, and support vector machine (SVM), and the AUCROC were 0.86, 0.77, and 0.93, respectively. Conclusions: The efficacy of clinical risk factors alone in predicting early-onset preeclampsia is not high while the efficacy increased significantly when PE risk factors combined with routine laboratory indicators. The SVM model was better than logistic regression model and decision tree model in early prediction of early-onset preeclampsia incidence.
The Association of Novel Single-Nucleotide Variants in the Collagen Matrix-Encoding Gene PRDM5 with Aortic Aneurysmal Disease
Authors: Moore Peyton , Wolf Adam , Sathyamoorthy Mohanakrishnan
Published: July 2023

Thoracic aortic aneurysms are clinical conditions that are associated with severe clinical endpoints including dissection and rupture, potentially leading to sudden death. Contrary to their abdominal counterparts, thoracic aortic aneurysms are well-recognized to have a genetic basis underlying their development. Among all patients with aneurysmal disease who underwent clinical genetic screening in our program (N = 145), two patients were found to have variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the PRDM5 gene. This gene is responsible for multiple regulatory functions in extracellular matrix development, and this is the first report, to our knowledge, to associate this gene with aortopathy.
A Review of the Friction and Wear Behavior of Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites
Authors: Wang Yunlei , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2023

Aluminum matrix composites are key materials used in the preparation of lightweight structural parts. It has the advantages of low density, high specific strength, and high specific stiffness. Additionally, its friction and wear properties are important factors that determine the material’s suitability for use in a batch. Therefore, this paper systematically analyzes the current research on the friction and wear behavior of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. It also discusses the effects of various internal factors, such as the microstructure characteristics of the matrix materials and the state of the reinforced particles, as well as external factors like wear pattern, applied load, sliding speed, thermal treatment, and temperature on the friction and wear properties of these composites. The applications of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites in the fields of transportation, aerospace, and electronics are summarized. In addition, this paper discusses the current research status and future development trends regarding the wear behavior of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Finally, this study aims to provide technical references for researching the friction and wear properties of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. It is intended to benefit scientific researchers and engineering technicians and provide insights for the development of new composite materials in the future.
Establishing the Importance of Operating Temperature in the Structural Integrity of Large-Scale Direct-Drive Wind Turbine Generators
Authors: Bichan Magnus , Jack Andrew , Jaen-Sola Pablo
Published: July 2023

Direct-drive generators are recognised for their low maintenance compared with conventional drivetrains, largely due to their fewer working parts. However, consequent to low-speed operation, these machines necessitate large diameters and are subject to rigorous stiffness requirements. Significant internal and external forces influence structural integrity, so to design them efficiently, consideration of all operating parameters is imperative. Therefore, through Finite Element Analysis, this paper sets out to quantify the influence of each operating parameter on the integrity of a parametrically optimised rotor structure under established operating conditions and introduces operating temperature to the current models. An environmental impact analysis of the optimised rotor structure and cost analyses of both the optimised and unaltered structures are carried out simultaneous to the design process. We find the use of parameter optimisation alone to be insufficient for rotor structures of this scale due to high increased mass and costs of manufacture. A significant finding from this study is that the thermal effects on large-scale direct-drive generator structures may be vastly underestimated and have a much greater influence on structural integrity than first thought.
Design of Mixed Ionic-Electronic Materials for Permselective Membranes and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Their Oxygen and Hydrogen Mobility
Authors: Sadykov Vladislav , Pikalova Elena , Sadovskaya Ekaterina , Shlyakhtina Anna , Filonova Elena , Eremeev Nikita
Published: July 2023

Oxygen and hydrogen mobility are among the important characteristics for the operation of solid oxide fuel cells, permselective membranes and many other electrochemical devices. This, along with other characteristics, enables a high-power density in solid oxide fuel cells due to reducing the electrolyte resistance and enabling the electrode processes to not be limited by the electrode-electrolyte-gas phase triple-phase boundary, as well as providing high oxygen or hydrogen permeation fluxes for membranes due to a high ambipolar conductivity. This work focuses on the oxygen and hydrogen diffusion of mixed ionic (oxide ionic or/and protonic)–electronic conducting materials for these devices, and its role in their performance. The main laws of bulk diffusion and surface exchange are highlighted. Isotope exchange techniques allow us to study these processes in detail. Ionic transport properties of conventional and state-of-the-art materials including perovskites, Ruddlesden–Popper phases, fluorites, pyrochlores, composites, etc., are reviewed.
Two-Dimensional Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study of Mass Transfer in a Hollow-Fiber Dialysis Module Coupled with Ultrafiltration Operations
Authors: Ho Chii-Dong , Tu Jr-Wei , Chen Yih-Hang , Chew Thiam Leng
Published: July 2023

This research theoretically and experimentally develops a hollow-fiber dialysis module coupled with ultrafiltration operations by introducing a trans-membrane pressure during the membrane dialysis process, which can be applied to the waste metabolic end products in the human body for improving the dialysis efficiency. The solutes were transported by both diffusion and convection from the concentration driving-force gradient between retentate and dialysate phases across the membrane, compared to the traditional dialysis processes by diffusion only. A two-dimensional modeling of such a dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system in the hollow-fiber dialysis module was formulated and solved using the stream function coupled with the perturbation method to obtain the velocity distributions of retentate and dialysate phases, respectively. The purpose of the present work is to investigate the effect of ultrafiltration on the dialysis rate in the hollow-fiber dialyzer with ultrafiltration operations. A highest level of dialysis rate improvement up to about seven times (say 674.65% under Va=20 mL/min) was found in the module with ultrafiltration rate Vw=10 mL/min and membrane sieving coefficient θ=1, compared to that in the system without operating ultrafiltration. Considerable dialysis rate improvements on mass transfer were obtained by implementing a hollow-fiber dialysis-and-ultrafiltration system, instead of using the hollow-fiber dialyzer without ultrafiltration operation. The experimental runs were carried out under the same operating conditions for the hollow-fiber dialyzers of the two experimental runs with and without ultrafiltration operations for comparisons. A very reasonable prediction by the proposed mathematical model was observed.
A Study on Tencel/LMPET–TPU/Triclosan Laminated Membranes: Excellent Water Resistance and Antimicrobial Ability
Authors: Zhang Yue , Lin Jia-Horng , Cheng De-Hong , Li Xing , Wang Hong-Yang , Lu Yan-Hua , Lou Ching-Wen
Published: July 2023

Medical product contamination has become a threatening issue against human health, which is the main reason why protective nonwoven fabrics have gained considerable attention. In the present, there is a soaring number of studies on establishing protection systems with nonwoven composites via needle punch. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of composites, such as poor mechanical performance and texture, impose restrictions. Hence, in this study, an eco-friendly method composed of needling, hot pressing, and lamination is applied to produce water-resistant, windproof, and antimicrobial Tencel/low-melting-point polyester-thermoplastic polyurethane/Triclosan (Tencel/LMPET–TPU/TCL) laminated membranes. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and FTIR show needle-punched Tencel/LMPET membranes successfully coated with TPU/TCL laminated membranes, thereby extensively improving nonwoven membranes in terms of water-resistant, windproof, and antimicrobial attributes. Parameters including needle punch depth, content of LMPET fibers, and concentration of TCL are changed during the production. Specifically, Tencel/LMPET–TPU/TCL–0.1 laminated nonwovens acquire good water resistance (100 kPa), outstanding windproof performance (<0.1 cm3/cm2/s), and good antimicrobial ability against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Made with a green production process that is pollution-free, the proposed products are windproof, water resistant, and antimicrobial, which ensures promising uses in the medical and protective textile fields.
Functionalization of Ti6Al4V Alloy with Polyphenols: The Role of the Titanium Surface Features and the Addition of Calcium Ions on the Adsorption Mechanism
Authors: Reggio Camilla , Barberi Jacopo , Ferraris Sara , Spriano Silvia
Published: July 2023

Functionalization of medical devices with biomolecules is a key strategy to control implant outcomes, for instance, polyphenols can produce fast osseointegration and reduce both the infection risk and inflammatory response. This paper is designed to evaluate the role of calcium ions and surface features in surface functionalization with a red pomace extract. An in-depth investigation of the binding mechanism between surfaces and polyphenols was also performed. A smooth Ti6Al4V alloy was used as a control substrate and compared with a bioactive and nanotextured chemical-treated Ti6Al4V alloy. Solutions with and without the addition of calcium ions were used for functionalization. The results showed that polyphenols were adsorbed in all cases, but in a larger amount in the presence of calcium ions. The functionalized surfaces were hydrophilic (contact angles in the range of 45–15°) and had isoelectric points at pH 2.8–3.1. The acidic hydroxyl groups on the chemically treated titanium alloy favored the chemisorption of complex compounds of flavonoids and condensed tannins with calcium ions, through a bridging mechanism, and made desorption sensitive to pH. On the smooth surface, the absence of reactive functional groups led to a lower amount of adsorbed molecules and a physisorption mechanism. Selective physisorption of phenolic acids was supposed to be predominant on the smooth surface in the presence of calcium ions in the solution.
Effects of Solid-Solution Carbon and Eutectic Carbides in AISI 316L Steel-Based Tungsten Carbide Composites on Plasma Carburizing and Nitriding
Authors: Adachi Shinichiro , Yamaguchi Takuto , Tanaka Keigo , Nishimura Takashi , Ueda Nobuhiro
Published: July 2023

AISI 316L stainless-steel-based tungsten carbide composite layers fabricated via laser metal deposition are used for additive manufacturing. Heat treatment practices such as low-temperature plasma carburizing and nitriding improve the hardness and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels via the formation of expanded austenite, known as the S phase. In the present study, practices to enhance the hardness and corrosion resistances of the stainless-steel parts in the composite layers have been investigated, including single plasma carburizing for 4 h and continuous plasma nitriding for 3.5 h following carburizing for 0.5 h at 400 and 450 °C. The as-deposited composite layers contain solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides owing to the thermal decomposition of tungsten carbide during the laser metal deposition. The eutectic carbides inhibit carbon diffusion, whereas the original solid-solution carbon contributes to the formation of the S phase, resulting in a thick S phase layer. Both the single carburizing and continuous processes are effective in improving the Vickers surface hardness and corrosion resistance of the composite layers despite containing the solid-solution carbon and eutectic carbides.
Investigation of Microstructure and Properties of Ultra-High Strength Steel in Aero-Engine Components following Heat Treatment and Deformation Processes
Authors: Yin Ranhao , Liu Dong , Chen Jingqing , Wang Jianguo
Published: July 2023

C250 steel, renowned for its remarkable strength and toughness, is extensively utilized in the aerospace industry for manufacturing critical components. This research investigates the microstructure and properties of forgings produced through different heat treatment temperatures, aging durations, and thermal cycling intervals. The results demonstrate that the samples were compressed at 1050 °C followed by air-cooling using the conventional maraging treatment. For the cycle heat treatment, temperature was maintained at 1050 °C and cycled 1–2 times, with a heat preservation period of 1 h and subsequent water-cooling. Solution heat treatment at a temperature of 1050 °C, aging for 5 h, and then air hardening were performed to achieve the best forging hardness. Interestingly, the solution time under age hardening conditions had no significant effect on the grain size but had a significant effect on the hardness of martensitic aged steel.
Pareto Analysis of Machining Factors Significance When Turning of Nickel-Based Superalloy Inconel 718
Authors: Yevdokymov Oleksandr , Kolesnyk Vitalii , Peterka Jozef , Vopat Tomas , Gupta Munish Kumar , Lisovenko Dmytro , Dovhopolov Andrii
Published: July 2023

Nickel superalloys occupy a reasonably broad niche in the industry. One of this group’s most common and well-known alloys is Inconel 718. Parts from Inconel 718 are used in aerospace, energy, automotive, and some other vital industries, which creates a demand for research and improvement of the machining conditions of this alloy. This article is devoted to the systematization and generalization of the accumulated experience of machining of Inconel 718 at turning operation. The research methodology is based on the Pareto distribution. In the study, more than 50 articles devoted to turning Inconel 718 were analyzed. The tool materials, methods, and types of coating used in turning Inconel 718 were analyzed. Finite element method modeling of processing processes has been considered. The trends in the selection of cutting parameters and the geometry of the cutting tool and finite element method modeling of processing processes have been considered. Lacunae for promising future research were formulated.
Numerical Investigation of Residual Stress Formation Mechanisms in Flash-Butt Welded Rail
Authors: Thadsoongnoen Kotchaporn , Hasap Anat , Noraphaiphipaksa Nitikorn , Kanchanomai Chaosuan
Published: July 2023

For the construction of long and continuous railway lines as well as the replacement of defected rails, rails are joined using flash-butt welding. Under various localized temperatures and thermo-mechanical stresses, a residual stress can develop in the flash-butt welded joint. The residual stress can affect the performance and reliability of the welded rail, particularly in terms of progressive structural damage caused by repeated wheel load. In the present work, the mechanisms of residual stress formation in a flash-butt welded rail and the influence of upsetting force (including its temperature range and magnitude) were investigated using the thermal elastic–plastic finite element analysis. The formation mechanisms of residual stress involved the changes in thermal expansion coefficient, strain, and elastic modulus of the welded joint with respect to temperature. The calculated cooling temperatures and residual stresses in the flash-butt welded joint were in good agreement with the measured results. Compressive residual stresses were observed around the rail head and the rail foot (i.e., approximately −648 MPa at the rail head and −495 MPa at the rail foot), while tensile residual stresses were observed at the rail web (i.e., approximately 165 MPa). It was observed that the investigated compressive upsetting force predominantly induced plastic deformation within the welded joint, resulting in minimal alteration of stress. Consequently, the investigated ranges of upsetting temperature and upsetting forces had an insignificant impact on the formation of residual stress.
Numerical Investigation of Electro-Thermal Field Distribution Law of Busbar under Different Operating Conditions
Authors: Hou Wenyuan , Sun Kaibing , Sun Shuaigeng , Li Mao
Published: July 2023

The electro-thermal state of a busbar system of electrolysis cells for aluminum production represents the main factor affecting hydromagnetic stability and current distribution. Based on the busbar system of a 500 kA aluminum electrolytic cell, an overall busbar electro-thermal field coupling calculation model was established based on ANSYS. The characteristics of busbar temperature, current density, and voltage drop distribution were analyzed. In addition, the electro-thermal distribution of the busbar system was simulated under different current intensities, ambient temperatures, and heat transfer coefficients. The results show that the temperature distribution of the riser busbar and the cathode busbar is higher in the middle location and tends to decrease along the two sides. Differences in heat conduction and heat dissipation environment are the main factors affecting the distribution of the busbar system’s electro-thermal field, while the Joule heat of the current is not the major factor. Increasing the current intensity will increase the average temperature and average voltage drop of the busbar. With an increase in the ambient temperature, the average busbar temperature increases significantly, and the voltage drop of the busbar also increases. With an increase in heat transfer coefficient, the average temperature and voltage drop of the busbar decreases.
The Impact of Acute Low-Dose Gamma Irradiation on Biomass Accumulation and Secondary Metabolites Production in Cotinus coggygria Scop. and Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Red Callus Cultures
Authors: Ciocan Alexandra-Gabriela , Maximilian Carmen , Mitoi Elena Monica , Moldovan Radu-Cristian , Neguț Daniel , Iuga Cristina-Adela , Helepciuc Florența Elena , Holobiuc Irina , Radu Mihai , Vassu Dimov Tatiana , Cogălniceanu Gina
Published: July 2023

Cotinus coggygria Scop. (smoketree) and Fragaria × ananassa Duch. (strawberry) are two industrially important species due to their composition in bioactive compounds. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute low-dose gamma irradiation (15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 Gy) on two red callus cultures established in smoketree and strawberry. The biomass production, dry weight, content of phenols, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins’, index of anthocyanins polymerization and antioxidant activity were evaluated. For the smoketree callus, a negative correlation between irradiation doses and callus biomass accumulation was observed. For the strawberry callus, irradiation did not significantly affect the accumulation of the biomass. An increased dry weight was observed in irradiated smoketree callus, while for treated strawberry callus, a decrease was recorded. Irradiation with 30 Gy was stimulative for polyphenols’ accumulation in both cultures; however, the increase was significant only in the strawberry callus. The flavonoids increased in the 30 Gy strawberry variants, while it significantly decreased in smoketree callus irradiated with 35 and 40 Gy. In irradiated strawberry callus, except for the 25 Gy variant (1.65 ± 0.4 mg C-3-GE/g DW), all treatments caused an increase in anthocyanins’ accumulation. In smoketree, except for the 15 Gy variant (2.14 ± 0.66 mg C-3-GE/g DW), the irradiation determined an increase in anthocyanins synthesis, with the highest value being seen in the 20 Gy variant (2.8 ± 0.94 mg C-3-GE/g DW). According to UPLC-HRMS investigations, an unidentified compound increased by 99% at the 30 Gy dose in strawberry callus, while in smoketree, maslinic acid increased by 51% after irradiation with 40 Gy. The results of this study showed, for the first time, the differential response of two performant callus cultures to low-dose gamma irradiation, a biotechnological method that can be used to stimulate the synthesis of important flavonoids and triterpenes.
Transcriptome Analysis Deciphers Trichoderma koningiopsis C5-9 Strategies against Plant Pathogen Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Yuan Min , Zuo Chunliu , Xu Wen , Zhang Li , Guo Xinyue , Yan Xinyue , Li Songyang , Li Yanling , Zhang Lan , Geng Jiaqi , Huang Yali
Published: July 2023

The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) causes severe plant diseases worldwide. Trichoderma is widely used as a biocontrol agent against B. cinerea through multiple biocontrol mechanisms. However, Trichoderma spp. with high biocontrol efficiency against B. cinerea under low-temperature conditions are barely reported. This study aimed to find potential low-temperature resistance biocontrol Trichoderma spp. against B. cinerea, and to characterize the biological principles underlying the activity of Trichoderma. Trichoderma koningiopsis (T. koningiopsis) C5-9 could fully overgrow a B. cinerea colony at 16 °C in a dual-culture assay. Treatment of cucumber leaves with T. koningiopsis C5-9 fermentation broth using the dipping method prior to B. cinerea inoculation significantly reduced the necrotic lesion diameter, with an inhibition rate of 55.30%. T. koningiopsis C5-9 could be successfully cultivated using the mycelia of B. cinerea as a carbon source at 16 °C. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the origin recognition complex, organic substance catabolic process, and peroxisome were involved in the responses of T. koningiopsis C5-9 to B. cinerea. The findings of this study not only identified T. koningiopsis C5-9 as a potential biological control agent inhibiting B. cinerea under low-temperature conditions, but also provided new insights to develop a deeper understanding of the activity of Trichoderma against B. cinerea for plant protection.
The Challenge of Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance in Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria: “Attack on Titan”
Authors: Mancuso Giuseppe , De Gaetano Silvia , Midiri Angelina , Zummo Sebastiana , Biondo Carmelo
Published: July 2023

The global burden of bacterial resistance remains one of the most serious public health concerns. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in critically ill patients require immediate empirical treatment, which may not only be ineffective due to the resistance of MDR bacteria to multiple classes of antibiotics, but may also contribute to the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Both the WHO and the ECDC consider carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) to be the highest priority. The ability to form biofilm and the acquisition of multiple drug resistance genes, in particular to carbapenems, have made these pathogens particularly difficult to treat. They are a growing cause of healthcare-associated infections and a significant threat to public health, associated with a high mortality rate. Moreover, co-colonization with these pathogens in critically ill patients was found to be a significant predictor for in-hospital mortality. Importantly, they have the potential to spread resistance using mobile genetic elements. Given the current situation, it is clear that finding new ways to combat antimicrobial resistance can no longer be delayed. The aim of this review was to evaluate the literature on how these pathogens contribute to the global burden of AMR. The review also highlights the importance of the rational use of antibiotics and the need to implement antimicrobial stewardship principles to prevent the transmission of drug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings. Finally, the review discusses the advantages and limitations of alternative therapies for the treatment of infections caused by these “titans” of antibiotic resistance.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cutaneous Drug Eruptions in a Swedish Health Region without Lockdown
Authors: Pissa Maria , Jerkovic Gulin Sandra
Published: July 2023

The incidence of severe cutaneous drug eruptions during the COVID-19 period in Sweden has not been studied previously. Our aim was to compare the incidence of these skin reactions in a Swedish health region during the COVID-19 pandemic period with that of the year after: we conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study using data from a national registry of patients diagnosed with cutaneous drug eruptions during the pandemic in Sweden. We included the number of patients diagnosed with severe cutaneous drug eruptions at the Department of Dermatology in the Jonkoping health region during the COVID-19 pandemic (1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021) and the reference period (1 April 2021 to 31 March 2022). We examined the monthly occurrences of cutaneous drug eruptions in three dermatology clinics within the Jonkoping health region. The frequency of these eruptions was determined for two distinct time periods: during the pandemic and post-pandemic. The study included 102 patients with cutaneous drug eruptions: 29 patients were diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic period and 73 were diagnosed during the reference period. The difference in the number of cutaneous drug eruptions cases (p-value = 0.0001, 95% CI 1.4995–3.5500, OR 2.3072) during the pandemic period compared to the post-pandemic period was significant. To our knowledge, the impact of the pandemic on cutaneous drug eruptions has not been investigated in EU countries. The increasing and differentiation of the number of diagnosed cutaneous drug eruptions cases after the pandemic could be explained by the removal of COVID-19 restrictions and the more frequent health-seeking behavior during the post-pandemic period.
Rheology, Setting, Heat of Reaction, and Compressive Strength of a Geopolymer Radioactive Waste Form
Authors: Akhbarifar Sepideh , Gong Weiliang , Lutze Werner , Pegg Ian L.
Published: July 2023

This work contributes to our understanding of the properties of geopolymers as waste forms made of three pozzolans, to be used, e.g., to immobilize liquid low-activity radioactive waste. A binary blast furnace slag and metakaolin geopolymer composition was tailored to achieve flexible rheological properties and workability for in-can mixing or mixing/pumping applications by adding fly ash, a third pozzolan. We investigated quantitatively the early stages of geopolymerization (before and after setting) of alkali-activated slag–metakaolin–fly ash pozzolans. The effect of fly ash glass particle size on material properties was studied as well. Measurements include heat of reaction, compressive strength, yield stress, plastic viscosity, rheological setting, as well as initial and final setting following the Vicat method. A rheological time of initial setting is suggested for geopolymers, in analogy to Portland cement. The results of Vicat needle and rheological measurements are compared and quantitatively related to heat and set time data. Maximum heat flow and compressive strength are linearly correlated.
Biomaterials and Encapsulation Techniques for Probiotics: Current Status and Future Prospects in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Sun Qiqi , Yin Sheng , He Yingxu , Cao Yi , Jiang Chunping
Published: July 2023

Probiotics have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their potential advantages in diverse biomedical applications, such as acting as antimicrobial agents, aiding in tissue repair, and treating diseases. These live bacteria must exist in appropriate quantities and precise locations to exert beneficial effects. However, their viability and activity can be significantly impacted by the surrounding tissue, posing a challenge to maintain their stability in the target location for an extended duration. To counter this, researchers have formulated various strategies that enhance the activity and stability of probiotics by encapsulating them within biomaterials. This approach enables site-specific release, overcoming technical impediments encountered during the processing and application of probiotics. A range of materials can be utilized for encapsulating probiotics, and several methods can be employed for this encapsulation process. This article reviews the recent advancements in probiotics encapsulated within biomaterials, examining the materials, methods, and effects of encapsulation. It also provides an overview of the hurdles faced by currently available biomaterial-based probiotic capsules and suggests potential future research directions in this field. Despite the progress achieved to date, numerous challenges persist, such as the necessity for developing efficient, reproducible encapsulation methods that maintain the viability and activity of probiotics. Furthermore, there is a need to design more robust and targeted delivery vehicles.
Photoconduction Properties in Tungsten Disulfide Nanostructures
Authors: Bangolla Hemanth , Lee Yueh-Chien , Shen Wei-Chu , Ulaganathan Rajesh , Sankar Raman , Du He-Yun , Chen Ruei-San
Published: July 2023

We reported the photoconduction properties of tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanoflakes obtained by the mechanical exfoliation method. The photocurrent measurements were carried out using a 532 nm laser source with different illumination powers. The results reveal a linear dependence of photocurrent on the excitation power, and the photoresponsivity shows an independent behavior at higher light intensities (400–4000 Wm−2). The WS2 photodetector exhibits superior performance with responsivity in the range of 36–73 AW−1 and a normalized gain in the range of 3.5–7.3 10−6 cm2V−1 at a lower bias voltage of 1 V. The admirable photoresponse at different light intensities suggests that WS2 nanostructures are of potential as a building block for novel optoelectronic device applications.
A Modified Guideline for High-Fidelity Patient Simulation to Improve Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning: A Mixed Study
Authors: Wong Florence M. F. , Wong David C. N.
Published: July 2023

The coronaviral pandemic has led to a shift in traditional teaching methods to more innovative approaches, such as high-fidelity patient simulation (HFPS), which can improve students’ clinical judgment and decision making for quality patient care. A modified guideline was introduced to enhance students’ satisfaction and self-confidence in learning through HFPS. The study involved 189 baccalaureate nursing students, with 92 in the intervention group and 97 in the control group. The intervention group received the modified HFPS guideline, while the control group received standard treatment with basic instruction. After the HFPS debriefing session, students provided narrative feedback on their learning experiences. The quantitative results showed that students in the intervention group reported a significant improvement in satisfaction and self-confidence in learning compared to the control group. The modified HFPS guideline provided clear guidance for students to learn and apply knowledge and skills more effectively, leading to increased engagement during interactive simulation sessions. The results suggest that the HFPS guideline should be added to the curriculum to enhance students’ satisfaction and self-confidence in learning, even for junior students. After the pandemic, innovative teaching methods, such as HFPS, can be necessary and beneficial for healthcare professional training.
Genetic and Functional Characterization of Congenital HCMV Clinical Strains in Ex Vivo First Trimester Placental Model
Authors: Andouard Deborah , Tilloy Valentin , Ribot Elodie , Mayeras Melissa , Diaz-Gonzalez Daniel , El Hamel Chahrazed , Piras-Douce Fabienne , Mantel Nathalie , Alain Sophie
Published: July 2023

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection, leading to a variety of symptoms in the unborn child that range from asymptomatic to death in utero. Our objective was to better understand the mechanisms of placental infection by HCMV clinical strains, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy. We thus characterized and compared the replication kinetics of various HCMV clinical strains and laboratory strains by measuring viral loads in an ex vivo model of first trimester villi and decidua, and used NGS and PCA analysis to analyze the genes involved in cell tropism and virulence factors. We observed that first trimester villi and decidua are similarly permissive to laboratory and symptomatic strains, and that asymptomatic strains poorly replicate in decidua tissue. PCA analysis allowed us to segregate our clinical strains based on their clinical characteristics, suggesting a link between gene mutations and symptoms. All these results bring forth elements that can help better understand the mechanisms that induce the appearance of symptoms or in the congenitally infected newborn.
X-ray 3D Imaging of Low-Density Laser-Target Materials
Authors: Artyukov Igor , Borisenko Natalia , Burenkov Gleb , Eriskin Alexander , Polikarpov Maxim , Vinogradov Alexander
Published: July 2023

Achieving optimal design and precise control of the internal structure of laser-target materials are the primary objectives in various laser physics experiments, particularly in generating high flux photon and neutron beams. The study of low-density materials poses considerable challenges for X-ray analysis due to their high transparency and minimal contrast. In this study, to obtain clear visualization of foams with sparse structures, we used phase-contrast X-ray tomography, utilizing a high-quality monochromatic X-ray beam from the synchrotron radiation source PETRA-III at DESY. Employing phase-contrast algorithms, the 3D structure of a foam-suspended glass microsphere inside the plastic cylinder was reconstructed with a level of image quality sufficient to visualize uniformity, displacement, and surface roughness on both sides of the microsphere. The primary focus of this investigation was a CH plastic capillary including 10 mg/cc CHO foam with a glass microsphere positioned at the center. The results of this study demonstrate that phase-contrast X-ray tomography with coherent synchrotron radiation is an effective and valuable technique for the development of new laser targets containing structured low-density materials.
The Effect of Electron Escape Rate on the Nonlinear Dynamics of Quantum Dot Lasers under Optical Feedback
Authors: Wang Qingqing , Wu Zhengmao , Zheng Yanfei , Xia Guangqiong
Published: July 2023

When theoretically investigating the nonlinear dynamics of quantum dot lasers (QDLs), the parameter value of the electron escape rate (Ce) is sometimes approximated to zero to simplify the calculation. However, the value of Ce is dependent on the energy interval between the ground state (GS) and the excited state (ES) in the conduction band and is affected by the operation temperature. As a result, such simplified approximation treatments may lead to inaccurate results. In this study, after considering the effect of Ce, we investigate the nonlinear dynamics of QDLs with and without optical feedback based on the asymmetric electron-hole carrier rate equation model. The simulation results show that without optical feedback, the lasing conditions for ES and GS in free-running QDLs are dependent on the value of Ce. A larger Ce is more helpful for the ES emission, and the GS emission will stop lasing if Ce is large enough. Through analyzing the dynamical characteristics of GS and ES in QDLs with optical feedback under different Ce values, it can be found that the dynamical characteristics are strongly correlative with Ce.
The Small RNA Component of Arabidopsis thaliana Phloem Sap and Its Response to Iron Deficiency
Authors: Bakirbas Ahmet , Castro-Rodriguez Rosario , Walker Elsbeth L.
Published: July 2023

In order to discover sRNA that might function during iron deficiency stress, RNA was prepared from phloem exudates of Arabidopsis thaliana, and used for RNA-seq. Bioanalyzer results indicate that abundant RNA from phloem is small in size—less than 200 nt. Moreover, typical rRNA bands were not observed. Sequencing of eight independent phloem RNA samples indicated that tRNA-derived fragments, specifically 5′ tRFs and 5′ tRNA halves, are highly abundant in phloem sap, comprising about 46% of all reads. In addition, a set of miRNAs that are present in phloem sap was defined, and several miRNAs and sRNAs were identified that are differentially expressed during iron deficiency.
Stability of Phenols, Antioxidant Capacity and Grain Yield of Six Rice Genotypes
Authors: Kunnam Juthathip , Pinta Wanwipa , Ruttanaprasert Ruttanachira , Bunphan Darika , Thabthimtho Thanasin , Aninbon Chorkaew
Published: July 2023

The environment is the main factor affecting variations in phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of grain yield, phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of six rice genotypes. Six rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at three locations in Trat, Bangkok and Sakon Nakhon provinces in July–October 2019. Data on grain yield, yield components, total phenolic content, ferulic acid and antioxidant capacity were recorded. Grain yield was highest for crops grown in Bangkok, whereas antioxidant activity was highest for crops grown in Bangkok and Sakon Nakhon. Hom Nang Nual 1 and Mali Nil Boran had the highest grain yield. Riceberry had the highest grain yield in Trat; it also had high levels of total phenolic compounds, ferulic acid and antioxidant activity. Mali Nil Boran, Mali Nil Surin and Riceberry had the most stable total phenolic content, ferulic acid and antioxidant activity, respectively. Information on the levels and variability of phytochemicals in rice enables the selection of genotypes with high and stabile phytochemicals for production and rice breeding.