bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STATE PROTECTION UPON ADOLESCENT VICTIM OF INCEST RAPE THROUGH GENDER LENS
Authors: Rahmi Elita , Sudarti Elly
Published: August 2019

The state obligations to fulfill and protect the rights of adolescent victim of incest rape post-abortion and other rights have not been exercised during the legal process of investigation until court verdict as it is indicated that the adolescent victim is unfairly detained without due process for illegally practicing abortion. This occasion indicates that the law is being unfair towards the adolescent victim without considering the precondition which inevitably forces the abortion. This article scrutinizes such case of Muara Bulian county in which the local court’s verdict No. 5/Pid.Sus.Anak/2018/PN.Mbn did not accommodate the substantive justice which take stand of the rights of adolescent victim of incest rape. The verdict indicates that such court verdict does not express gender sensitivity to the right of adolescent female victim of incest rape to which the state is obliged to fulfil and protect.
Unstimulated high-sensitive thyroglobulin is a powerful prognostic predictor in patients with thyroid cancer
Authors: Giovanella Luca , Castellana Marco , Trimboli Pierpaolo
Published: August 2019

Background

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has an excellent prognosis and the role of high-sensitive thyroglobulin measured during levothyroxine (ON-T4 hs-Tg) testing to discriminate patients with structural from not-evidence of disease (SED and NED, respectively) has been investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the performance of ON-T4 hs-Tg in two clinical scenarios considering its negative predictive value (NPV) as primary outcome: (1) diagnostic performance of Tg when undetectable value and NED status are simultaneously demonstrated; (2) prognostic performance of undetectable Tg in predicting NED in the subsequent follow-up.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis were registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019125092). PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL and Web of Science were searched until February 12, 2019. Original articles reporting data on SED/NED in patients with detectable/undetectable ON-T4 hs-Tg were selected. Summary operating points were estimated using a random-effects model.

Results

Out of 1413 retrieved papers, 10 studies evaluating 1796 patients were included. Participants were outpatients diagnosed with DTC, treated with near-total (NTx) or total thyroidectomy (TTx) with or without radioactive iodine (RAI). The NPV of ON-T4 hs-Tg for diagnostic and prognostic performance was 99.4% (95% CI 98.9–99.9; I2 = 13%) and 99.4% (95% CI 98.8–100; I2 = 0%), respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings show that ON-T4 hs-Tg is an excellent diagnostic tool and prognostic factor to rule-out SED. A high level of evidence is provided to decrease the intensity and frequency of follow-up in those DTC patients having undetectable high-sensitive Tg.
Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer
Authors: Oner Barıs , Gokkurt Tolga , Aytac Ayse
Published: August 2019

In this study, the aim was to examine the effects of three different compatibilizers on the recycled polyethylene/ thermoplastic starch (r-LDPE/TPS) blends which are used in producing garbage bags. Polyethylene-Grafted-Maleic Anhydride (PEgMAH), maleic-anhydride modified ethylene propylene rubber (EPMgMAH) and ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (PEMAH) were selected as the compatibilizers. r-LDPE/TPS blends with or without compatibilizer were prepared by using a twin screw extruder and characterized by means of mechanical, thermal, structural and morphological analyses. It was found that tensile strength values increased with the addition of PEgMAH but decreased with the addition of EPMgMAH. Elongations at break values of the r-LDPE/TPS blends were significantly improved by using PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. Tm and Tc values have slightly affected by the compatibilizer usage in the DSC analysis. In addition, the better interfacial interaction was observed for the compatibilized blend with the PEgMAH and EPMgMAH during the SEM analysis. It was concluded that PEgMAH and EPMgMAH showed mainly changed results in elongation at break values and this is the important parameter in the packaging industry.
Ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 as a highly efficient catalyst for enhancing the selectivity towards KA oil in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane
Authors: Hong Yun , Fang Yanxiong , Sun Dalei , Zhou Xiantai
Published: August 2019

The industrial oxidation of cyclohexane is currently performed with very low conversion level, i.e. 4-6% conversion and poor selectivity for cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol (K-A oil), i.e.70-85%, at above 150oC reaction temperature and above 10atm reaction pressure using molecular oxygen oxidant and homogeneous catalyst. Several disadvantages are, however, associated with the process, such as, complex catalyst-product separation, high power input, and low safe operation. Therefore, the oxidation of cyclohexane using heterogeneous catalyst oxygen oxidant from air at mild conditions has received particular attention. Aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane over ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 (IL-Co/ZSM-5) in absence of solvents was developed in this article. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM, TEM and XPS analyses. The influence of reaction parameters on the oxidation of cyclohexane was researched, such as the various catalysts, reaction temperature, reaction time, and the reaction pressure, on the process. Highly selective synthesis of KA oil was performed by aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane using ionic liquids modified cobalt/ZSM-5 (IL-Co/ZSM-5) as the catalyst in absence of solvents for the first time. A selectivity of up to 93.6% of KA oil with 9.2% conversion of cyclohexane was produced at 150℃ and 1.5 MPa after 3 h, with about 0.1 mol cyclohexane, C7mimHSO4-Co/ZSM-5 catalyst equal to 6.0 wt%, respectively. The induction period of oxidation was greatly shortened when the ionic liquid was supported on ZSM-5. The catalyst was easy to centrifuge and was reused after five cycles. It was found that both the characterization and performance of the catalysts revealed that both the presence of oxygen vacancies with incorporation of Co ions into the framework of ZSM-5 and the introduction of C7mimHSO4 into the ZSM-5 leads to the both satisfactory selectivity and robust stability of the C7mimHSO4-Co/ZSM-5 heterogeneous catalyst.
Heart rate variability and vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients
Authors: Constantinescu Victor , Matei Daniela , Constantinescu Irina , Cuciureanu Dan Iulian
Published: August 2019

Background

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts a cortical modulating effect through its diffuse projections, especially involving cerebral structures related to autonomic regulation. The influence of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients is still debated. We aimed to evaluate the impact of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, after three months of neurostimulation, using the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis.

Methodology

Multiple Trigonometric Regressive Spectral analysis enables a precise assessment of the autonomic control on the heart rate. We evaluated time and frequency-domain HRV parameters in resting condition and during sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests in five epilepsy patients who underwent VNS procedure.

Results

We found appropriate cardiac autonomic responses to sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests, described by RMSSD, pNN50, HF and LF/HF dynamics after three months of VNS. ON period of the neurostimulation may generate a transient vagal activation reflected on heart rate and RMSSD values, as observed in one of our cases.

Conclusion

VNS therapy in epilepsy patients seems not to disrupt the cardiac autonomic function. HRV represents a useful tool in evaluating autonomic activity. More extensive studies are needed to further explore cardiac autonomic response after neurostimulation.
Was There Ever an Implicit Acceptance of Male Homosexual Intercourse in Leviticus 18?
Authors: Hollenback George M.
Published: August 2019

A controversial article by Idan Dershowitz asserts there is evidence that a supposedly earlier version of Leviticus 18 reflected a general acceptance of male homosexual intercourse; this note challenges that view.
A multi-method and structure-based in silico vaccine designing against Echinococcus granulosus through investigating enolase protein
Authors: Pourseif Mohammad Mostafa , Yousefpour Mitra , Aminianfar Mohammad , Moghaddam Gholamali , Nematollahi Ahmad
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Hydatid disease is a ubiquitous parasitic zoonotic disease, which causes different medical, economic and serious public health problems in some parts of the world. The causal organism is a multi-stage parasite named Echinococcus granulosus whose life cycle is dependent on two types of mammalian hosts viz definitive and intermediate hosts. Methods: In this study, enolase, as a key functional enzyme in the metabolism of E. granulosus (EgEnolase), was targeted through a comprehensive in silico modeling analysis and designing a host-specific multi-epitope vaccine. Three-dimensional (3D) structure of enolase was modeled using MODELLER v9.18 software. The B-cell epitopes (BEs) were predicted based on the multi-method approach and via some authentic online predictors. ClusPro v2.0 server was used for docking-based T-helper epitope prediction. The 3D structure of the vaccine was modeled using the RaptorX server. The designed vaccine was evaluated for its immunogenicity, physicochemical properties, and allergenicity. The codon optimization of the vaccine sequence was performed based on the codon usage table of E. coli K12. Finally, the energy minimization and molecular docking were implemented for simulating the vaccine binding affinity to the TLR-2 and TLR-4 and the complex stability. Results: The designed multi-epitope vaccine was found to induce anti-EgEnolase immunity which may have the potential to prevent the survival and proliferation of E. granulosus into the definitive host. Conclusion: Based on the results, this step-by-step immunoinformatics approach could be considered as a rational platform for designing vaccines against such multi-stage parasites. Furthermore, it is proposed that this multi-epitope vaccine is served as a promising preventive anti-echinococcosis agent.
Functional expression and impact of testis-specific gene antigen 10 in breast cancer: a combined in vitro and in silico analysis
Authors: Asgharzadeh Mohammad Reza , Pourseif Mohammad M. , Barar Jaleh , Eskandani Morteza , Jafari Niya Mojtaba , Mashayekhi Mohammad Reza , Omidi Yadollah
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Testis-specific gene antigen 10 (TSGA10) is a less-known gene, which is involved in the vague biological paths of different cancers. Here, we investigated the TSGA10 expression using different concentrations of glucose under hypoxia and also its interaction with the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Methods: The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells were cultured with different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 11.0 and 25.0 mM) under normoxia/hypoxia for 24, 48, and 72 hours and examined for the HIF-1α expression and cell migration by Western blotting and scratch assays. The qPCR was employed to analyze the expression of TSGA10. Three-dimensional (3D) structure and the energy minimization of the interacting domain of TSGA10 were performed by MODELLER v9.17 and Swiss-PDB viewer v4.1.0/UCSF Chimera v1.11. The UCSF Chimera v1.13.1 and Hex 6.0 were used for the molecular docking simulation. The Cytoscape v3.7.1 and STRING v11.0 were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. The HIF-1a related hypoxia pathways were obtained from BioModels database and reconstructed in CellDesigner v4.4.2. Results: The increased expression of TSGA10 was found to be significantly associated with the reduced metastasis in the MDA-MB-231 cells, while an inverse relationship was seen between the TSGA10 mRNA level and cellular migration but not in the MCF-7 cells. The C-terminal domain of TSGA10 interacted with HIF-1α with high affinity, resulting in PPI network with 10 key nodes (HIF-1α, VEGFA, HSP90AA1, AKT1, ARNT, TP53, TSGA10, VHL, JUN, and EGFR). Conclusions: Collectively, TSGA10 functional expression alters under the hyper-/hypo-glycemia and hypoxia, which indicates its importance as a candidate bio-target for the cancer therapy.
A short-term plastic adherence incubation of the stromal vascular fraction leads to a predictable GMP-compliant cell-product
Authors: Born Stephan , Dörfel Max Johannes , Hartjen Philip , Haschemi Yekani Seyed Ali , Luecke Julia , Meutsch Juliane Katharina , Westphal Julie Katharina , Birkelbach Moritz , Köhnke Robert , Smeets Ralf , Krueger Michael
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from fat tissue are an encouraging tool for regenerative medicine. They share properties similar to the bone marrow-derived MSCs, but the amount of MSCs per gram of fat tissue is 500x higher. The fat tissue can easily be digested by collagenase, releasing a heterogeneous cell fraction called stromal vascular fraction (SVF) which contains a variable amount of stromal/stem cells. In Europe, cell products like the SVF derived from fat tissue are considered advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMPs). As a consequence, the manufacturing process has to be approved via GMP-compliant process validation. The problem of the process validation for SVF is the heterogeneity of this fraction. Methods: Here, we modified existing purification strategies by adding an additional plastic adherence incubation of maximal 20 hours after SVF isolation. The resulting cell fraction was characterized and compared to SVF as well as cultivated adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) with respect to viability and cell yield, the expression of surface markers, differentiation potential and cytokine expression. Results: Short-term incubation significantly reduced the heterogeneity of the resulting cell fraction compared to SVF. The cells were able to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. More importantly, they expressed trophic proteins which have been previously associated with the beneficial effects of MSCs. Furthermore, GMP compliance of the production process described herein was acknowledged by the national regulatory agencies (DE_BB_01_GMP_2017_1018). Conclusion: Addition of a short purification-step after the SVF isolation is a cheap and fast strategy to isolate a homogeneous uncultivated GMP-compliant cell fraction of ASCs.
Effects of Integrative Neuromuscular Training and Detraining on Countermovement Jump Performance in Youth Volleyball Players
Authors: Nunes Ana C. C. A. , Cattuzzo Maria T. , Faigenbaum Avery D. , Mortatti Arnaldo L.
Published: August 2019

Nunes, ACCA, Cattuzzo, MT, Faigenbaum, AD, and Mortatti, AL. Effects of integrative neuromuscular training and detraining on countermovement jump performance in youth volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2242–2247, 2021—The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) on countermovement vertical jump height (CVJH) performance in youth volleyball players before and after a detraining period. Thirty-two novice volleyball players were cluster randomized into 2 groups: intervention group—INT (age: 13.1 ± 0.4 years; body mass: 55.3 ± 12.1 kg; and height: 161.1 ± 6.4 cm) and control group—CON (age: 12.8 ± 0.7 years; body mass: 51.8 ± 13.6 kg; and height: 160.1 ± 10.7 cm). The subjects were evaluated for somatic maturation (years from peak height velocity) and for CVJH performance at 4 time points during the 20-week study period: baseline, 6 weeks of INT, 12 weeks of INT, and 8 weeks after INT (detraining). The analysis used repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test to identify possible differences in the CVJH delta in both groups. Spearman correlation was performed to verify the association between the values of the vertical jump tests and maturational levels found. The INT showed a significant improvement in the CVJH from baseline to 12 weeks and maintained training-induced gains after detraining period (p > 0.001). Significant increase in CVJH was found in the percentage of change (Δ%) from baseline to 6 weeks (p < 0.005), 12 weeks (p < 0.001), and detraining (p < 0.001) in INT compared with the CON. The results of this study indicate that INT was able to improve CVJH performance in novice youth volleyball players and these gains were sustained during the detraining period. These findings indicate that regular participation in supervised INT can enhance jumping performance in young volleyball players, and that this type of neuromuscular program may be particularly beneficial for youth with limited fundamental motor skill performance.
Validity and Reliability of the Lode Excalibur Sport Cycle Ergometer for the Wingate Anaerobic Test
Authors: Lunn William R. , Axtell Robert S.
Published: August 2019

Lunn, WR and Axtell, RS. Validity and reliability of the Lode Excalibur Sport cycle ergometer for the Wingate Anaerobic Test. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2894–2901, 2021—Although multiple testing devices advertise Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT), capability, reliability, and validity data are sparse. The purpose was to determine whether the Lode Excalibur Sport cycle ergometer is a reliable and valid instrument to conduct the 30-second WAnT when compared with the Monark 894e Peak Bike ergometer. Recreationally active men (n = 49; 20.6 ± 2.5 years; 1.75 ± 0.07 m; and 79.1 ± 9.8 kg) completed four 30-second WAnTs: 2 each on the Lode and the Monark ergometers for peak power (PP), mean power (MP), minimum power (MinP), fatigue index (FI), and peak cadence (vmax) measurement. Interday and interunit correlation, multivariate analysis of variance, regression, and Bland-Altman analysis determined reliability and validity. Cohen's d was used to determine effect size. Relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) with 95% confidence interval for Monark and Lode was very high for PP, MP, MinP, and vmax and high for FI (r > 0.83; coefficient of variation ≤ 27.0%; p < 0.01). Interunit correlation was strong for PP, MP, MinP, and vmax (r > 0.75; p < 0.001) and moderate for FI (p = 0.001). Lode PP and FI values were significantly less (p < 0.001; d > 1.18) and MinP, MP, and vmax significantly greater (p ≤ 0.001; d > 0.51) than Monark. Proportional bias was demonstrated for all variables (p < 0.04; d > 2.68) except vmax. The Lode ergometer reliably provides WAnT outcomes and correlates well to the Monark ergometer. However, differences in power values and proportional bias between differently braked instruments prevent use of the Lode ergometer for comparison of WAnT data with normative data generated by the Monark ergometer.
Contextual Variables and Training Load Throughout a Competitive Period in a Top-Level Male Soccer Team
Authors: Rago Vincenzo , Rebelo António , Krustrup Peter , Mohr Magni
Published: August 2019

Rago, V, Rebelo, A, Krustrup, P, and Mohr, M. Contextual variables and training load throughout a competitive period in a top-level male soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3177–3183, 2021—The aim of the present study was to investigate and quantify the weekly training load (TL) according to different match-related contextual factors in a professional male soccer team (n = 23). Training load was quantified using a 10-Hz global positioning system with integrated 100-Hz accelerometer and heart rate recordings over a 3-month competitive period. Total distance (TD) covered and high-speed running (HSR, >16 km·h−1) during training were higher in the week after playing against a bottom-level or top-level opponent compared to a medium-level opponent (p < 0.05; effect size [ES] = 0.30–1.04). TD was also higher when preparing for a match against a bottom-level opponent (p < 0.05; ES = 0.39–0.76). In addition, the percentage of HSR was higher after playing a bottom-level compared to a medium-level opponent (p < 0.001; ES = 0.49 [0.27; 0.71]). TD covered was higher in the week following a draw or a win, and higher before a loss compared to a draw (p < 0.05, ES = 0.32–0.81). Both absolute HSR and HSR expressed as percentage of TD were higher before losing and winning a match compared to a draw (p < 0.05; ES = 0.72–0.98). Weekly TL seems to be slightly affected by match-related contextual variables, with special emphasis on the opponent standard and match outcome. Higher training volume was observed before and after playing against a top-level opponent, and after losing a match, whereas the volume of high-intensity training seems to be higher when preparing for a game against a top-level opponent. Future experimental research should clarify the interaction between match-related contextual variables (e.g., cause) and weekly TL (e.g., effect).
Mechanomyographic Amplitude Is Sensitive to Load-Dependent Neuromuscular Adaptations in Response to Resistance Training
Authors: Jenkins Nathaniel D.M. , Miramonti Amelia A. , Hill Ethan C. , Smith Cory M. , Cochrane-Snyman Kristen C. , Housh Terry J. , Cramer Joel T.
Published: August 2019

Jenkins, NDM, Miramonti, AA, Hill, EC, Smith, CM, Cochrane-Snyman, KC, Housh, TJ, and Cramer, JT. Mechanomyographic amplitude is sensitive to load-dependent neuromuscular adaptations in response to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3265–3269, 2021—We examined the sensitivity of the mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS) and frequency (MMGMPF) vs. torque relationships to load-dependent neuromuscular adaptations in response to 6 weeks of higher- vs. lower-load resistance training. Twenty-five men (age = 22.8 ± 4.6 years) were randomly assigned to either a high- (n = 13) or low-load (n = 12) training group and completed 6 weeks of leg extension resistance training at 80 or 30% 1RM. Before and after 3 and 6 weeks of training, mechanomyography signals were recorded during isometric contractions at target torques equal to 10–100% of the subjects' baseline maximal strength to quantify MMGRMS and MMGMPF vs. torque relationships. MMGRMS decreased from Baseline to weeks 3 and 6 in the high-load, but not low-load group, and was dependent on the muscle and intensity of contraction examined. Consequently, MMGRMS was generally lower in the high- than low-load group at weeks 3 and 6, and these differences were most apparent in the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris muscles at higher contraction intensities. MMGMPF was greater in the high- than low-load training group independent of time or muscle. The MMGRMS vs. torque relationship was sensitive to load-dependent, muscle-specific neuromuscular adaptations and suggest reductions in neuromuscular activation to produce the same absolute submaximal torques after training with high, but not low loads.
Effects of Running Exercise Combined With Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Sprint Performance
Authors: Chen Yun-Tsung , Hsieh Yao-Yi , Ho Jen-Yu , Lin Jung-Charng
Published: August 2019

Chen, YT, Hsieh, YY, Ho, JY, and Lin, JC. Effects of running exercise combined with blood flow restriction on strength and sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3090–3096, 2021—We investigated muscle strength and sprint performance after combining running exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR). Twelve male sprinters received 2 experimental warm-ups: (a) RE (50% heart rate reserve, 2 minutes × 5 sets, 1-minute rest interval) with BFR (occlusion pressure: 1.3 × resting systolic blood pressure) warm-up, namely RE-BFR; and (b) RE without BFR warm-up, namely RE. Isokinetic strength or 60-m sprint performance was assessed after a 5-minute recovery from each experimental warm-up. All subjects completed 4 exercise trials in a counterbalanced order: (a) RE-BFR-strength; (b) RE-strength; (c) RE-BFR-sprint; and (d) RE-sprint. Muscle activation (during RE), blood lactate (BLa) (pre- and post-REs), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (pre- and post-REs and at a 5-minute recovery) were determined during each experimental warm-up. The isokinetic knee flexor strength and the hamstring-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio observed for the RE-BFR warm-up were significantly higher than those observed for the RE warm-up (p < 0.05). However, no differences (p > 0.05) in the isokinetic knee extensor strength and 60-m sprint performance were observed between the 2 warm-ups. Running exercise–BFR warm-up induced a higher level of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscle activation than did RE warm-up (p < 0.05). Furthermore, RE-BFR warm-up induced higher HR, RPE, and BLa values than did RE warm-up after RE and at a 5-minute recovery (p < 0.05). These results suggest that RE-BFR warm-up may augment physiological responses and improve the H:Q ratio and isokinetic knee flexor strength. Thus, RE-BFR warm-up may be considered a practical warm-up strategy for promoting muscle strength and reducing the risk of hamstring injury in male sprinters.
Match Demands, Anthropometric Characteristics, and Physical Qualities of Female Rugby Sevens Athletes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sella Francesco S. , McMaster Daniel T. , Beaven Christopher M. , Gill Nicholas D. , Hébert-Losier Kim
Published: August 2019

Sella, FS, McMaster, DT, Beaven, CM, Gill, ND, and Hébert-Losier, K. Match demands, anthropometric characteristics, and physical qualities of female rugby sevens athletes: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3463–3474, 2019—Since the inclusion of rugby sevens in the 2016 Olympic Games, the popularity of women's rugby sevens has grown rapidly worldwide. This systematic review aimed to summarize the scientific literature addressing the match demands, anthropometric characteristics, and physical qualities of female rugby sevens athletes and to highlight differences between competition levels and playing positions. Four electronic databases were searched, as were the reference lists and key journals. Hedges' g effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate differences between elite and nonelite athletes, and backs and forwards. Twenty-seven studies met inclusion criteria and scored 68 ± 13% upon quality assessment. Comparisons between groups were restricted to variables where data were available. Greater running demands and intensities, number of sprints and accelerations, but lower physiological responses characterized international matches compared with nationals. At international level, backs demonstrated greater running demands and intensities, number of sprints, and physiological responses than forwards. Elite athletes were leaner, taller, and displayed superior physical qualities (e.g., maximal speed, power, upper-body strength, and aerobic capacity) compared with nonelite athletes. At elite level, forwards were heavier and displayed greater upper-body strength, whereas backs showed greater acceleration and maximal speed abilities. The specific match demands and physical requirements of female rugby sevens athletes competing at different playing levels and playing positions must be considered for developing effective training programs.
Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Injury Risk Factors and Resistance Training Skill of Adolescent Males
Authors: Pichardo Andrew W. , Oliver Jon L. , Harrison Craig B. , Maulder Peter S. , Lloyd Rhodri S. , Kandoi Rohan
Published: August 2019

Pichardo, AW, Oliver, JL, Harrison, CB, Maulder, PS, Lloyd, RS, and Kandoi, R. Effects of combined resistance training and weightlifting on injury risk factors and resistance training skill of adolescent males. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3370–3377, 2021—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training with or without weightlifting on risk factors for injury and resistance training skill in circa-peak height velocity boys. Sixty-seven boys (aged 12–14 years) from a local secondary school were divided into 3 groups: combined resistance training (CRT), combined resistance training with weightlifting movements (CRT&WL), or a control group (CON). Experimental groups completed twice-weekly training programs over the course of an academic year. The tuck jump assessment, asymmetry measures for single-leg horizontal jump, isometric midthigh pull, and the Star Excursion Balance Test, and resistance training skill were measured pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Only the CRT group significantly improved tuck jump assessment score pre- to post-test (p = 0.006, −20.4%, d = −0.39) but there were no clear effects on asymmetry measures for any group. Both groups significantly improved resistance training skill from pre- to post-test (CRT&WL: p = 0.002, 17.6%, d = 1.00; CRT: p = 0.026, 9.2%, d = 0.53). This study suggests that a school-based CRT program may provide significant improvements in jump landing kinematics, whereas the inclusion of weightlifting movements may provide greater improvements in resistance training skill.
Investigation of Cryogenically Treated Physical Vapor Deposition TiAlN/NbN-Coated Carbide Inserts in End Milling of Hard Titanium Alloy
Authors: Sivalingam Vinothkumar , Sun Jie , Selvam Baskaran , Zheng Pengwei , Zan Zhuoliang
Published: August 2019

Cryogenic-treated inserts (CTIs) are playing a vital role in the significant improvement of tool life and the enhancement of mechanical properties of the cutting tools during conventional machining process. This work addressed the upshot of cryogenic treatment of physical vapor deposition TiAlN/NbN-coated carbide insert on the machinability of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy workpiece. It is weighed in terms of surface roughness, chip morphology, and tool wear in the cutting tool insert. Surface roughness was measured by a noncontact type 3-D laser scan microscope system. The observed average surface roughness in CTI reduction is between 13 and 32 % over that of the untreated insert (UTI) machining condition. The multisurface chip characteristics of free surface and back surface were identified and broken down by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that the favorable chips and the reduction in tool wear were better achieved under the CTI machining condition than under the UTI machining condition.
Painel para uma compreensão de história da literatura, ciência da literatura
Authors: Barbosa Maria Aparecida
Published: August 2019

Procurando se nortear por duas categorias indicadoras: a contemporaneidade investigativa e a extensão do objeto, este artigo, ramo do estudo das resenhas e críticas literárias de Walter Benjamin, se reporta ao artigo Literaturgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft, publicado em 1931 no jornal Die Literarische Welt, traduzido ao português e editado pela Editora 7Letras em 2016 como História da Literatura e Ciência da Literatura, bem como à resenha escrita em 1931 creditada ao pseudônimo Detlev Holz em 1933 no Literaturblatt do Frankfurter Zeitung sobre o volume 1 da Kunstwissenschaftlichen Forschungen. Desde 2014 o projeto de edição da Nkf - Neue kunstwissenschaftliche Forschungen, empreendida por egressos da Universidade de Viena para o fórum entre pesquisadores estabelecidos e early stage researchers, está se constituindo através da recuperação ou da desconstrução crítica de princípios da revista Kunstwissenschaftlichen Forschungen dos anos 1930, que foi fundada no contexto da "New Viennese School" de História da Arte. Disponível online nas páginas da Universidade de Viena e da Universidade de Heidelberg, essa nova revista publicou os números temáticos Utopien der Moderne, Wiener Schule e Digitalisierung. Com o acréscimo do adjetivo neue (novas), o fórum se filia explicitamente a um debate da metodologia no âmbito da arquitetura, das artes plásticas e de disciplinas afins. Em virtude que se estabelece entre Benjamin e a publicação de Viena, este artigo considera as imbricações metodológicas e, embora parta da teoria e da crítica literária, está aberto às contaminações transdisciplinares e tem da mesma maneira o objetivo de reavaliar metodologias de operar com os textos.
Portais da tradução: limiares benjaminianos em Paul Celan e Yoko Tawada
Authors: Daudt Marianna Ilgenfritz , Araujo Monique Cunha de , Neumann Gerson
Published: August 2019

Nos ensaios Das Tor des Übersetzers oder Paul Celan liest japanisch (1996) [O portal do tradutor ou Paul Celan lê japonês] e Rabbi Löw und 27 Punkte (2007) [rabino Löw e 27 pontos], a escritora e tradutora Yoko Tawada, oriunda de um contexto exofônico Japão-Alemanha, excursiona pelas poesias de Paul Celan. No primeiro, ela analisa a tradução japonesa e constata a pervivência e a traduzibilidade propostas por Walter Benjamin na célebre reflexão da Tarefa do Tradutor.  Em Rabbi Löw und 27 Punkte, Tawada investiga a misticidade da poética celaniana imbricada com o conceito de História. Por último, no ensaio Ma und Mu (2007) [Ma e Mu] ela verifica a história fragmentada japonesa, entremeada de limiares. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tradução e a crítica tradutória de Tawada, sobretudo a partir de suas leituras de Celan, sob um olhar nos conceitos benjaminianos de alegoria, parábola e história.
A tradução como “exposição” do texto original
Authors: Otte Georg
Published: August 2019

Em seu ensaio “A tarefa do tradutor”, Benjamin se empenha em mostrar que a tradução não é um simples derivado do original, mas a “expõe” ao leitor. Contestando qualquer função comunicativa do texto literário, ele nega também para a tradução deste texto uma função meramente intermediadora. A tradução não abre um canal de acesso ao original, mas ambos são partes de um todo maior que convergem na “pura língua”.
Benjamin: tradução, alegoria e história(s)
Authors: Barbosa Maria Aparecida , Ribeiro Helano
Published: August 2019

Apresentação do número temático (v. 22, n. 2, abr.-jun. 2019)
Presynaptic Mitochondria Volume and Abundance Increase during Development of a High-Fidelity Synapse
Authors: Thomas Connon I. , Keine Christian , Okayama Satoko , Satterfield Rachel , Musgrove Morgan , Guerrero-Given Debbie , Kamasawa Naomi , Young Samuel M.
Published: August 2019

The calyx of Held, a large glutamatergic presynaptic terminal in the auditory brainstem undergoes developmental changes to support the high action-potential firing rates required for auditory information encoding. In addition, calyx terminals are morphologically diverse, which impacts vesicle release properties and synaptic plasticity. Mitochondria influence synaptic plasticity through calcium buffering and are crucial for providing the energy required for synaptic transmission. Therefore, it has been postulated that mitochondrial levels increase during development and contribute to the morphological-functional diversity in the mature calyx. However, the developmental profile of mitochondrial volumes and subsynaptic distribution at the calyx of Held remains unclear. To provide insight on this, we developed a helper-dependent adenoviral vector that expresses the genetically encoded peroxidase marker for mitochondria, mito-APEX2, at the mouse calyx of Held. We developed protocols to detect labeled mitochondria for use with serial block face scanning electron microscopy to carry out semiautomated segmentation of mitochondria, high-throughput whole-terminal reconstruction, and presynaptic ultrastructure in mice of either sex. Subsequently, we measured mitochondrial volumes and subsynaptic distributions at the immature postnatal day (P)7 and the mature (P21) calyx. We found an increase of mitochondria volumes in terminals and axons from P7 to P21 but did not observe differences between stalk and swelling subcompartments in the mature calyx. Based on these findings, we propose that mitochondrial volumes and synaptic localization developmentally increase to support high firing rates required in the initial stages of auditory information processing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTElucidating the developmental processes of auditory brainstem presynaptic terminals is critical to understanding auditory information encoding. Additionally, morphological-functional diversity at these terminals is proposed to enhance coding capacity. Mitochondria provide energy for synaptic transmission and can buffer calcium, impacting synaptic plasticity; however, their developmental profile to ultimately support the energetic demands of synapses following the onset of hearing remains unknown. Therefore, we created a helper-dependent adenoviral vector with the mitochondria-targeting peroxidase mito-APEX2 and expressed it at the mouse calyx of Held. Volumetric reconstructions of serial block face electron microscopy data of immature and mature labeled calyces reveal that mitochondrial volumes are increased to support high firing rates upon maturity.
Transient Hypoxemia Disrupts Anatomical and Functional Maturation of Preterm Fetal Ovine CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: McClendon Evelyn , Wang Kang , Degener-O'Brien Kiera , Hagen Matthew W. , Gong Xi , Nguyen Thuan , Wu Wendy W. , Maylie James , Back Stephen A.
Published: August 2019

Children who survive premature birth often exhibit reductions in hippocampal volumes and deficits in working memory. However, it is unclear whether synaptic plasticity and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory can be elicited or disrupted in the preterm fetal hippocampus. CA1 hippocampal neurons were exposed to two common insults to preterm brain: transient hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and hypoxia (Hx). We used a preterm fetal sheep model using both sexes in twin 0.65 gestation fetuses that reproduces the spectrum of injury and abnormal growth in preterm infants. Using Cavalieri measurements, hippocampal volumes were reduced in both Hx and HI fetuses compared with controls. This volume loss was not the result of neuronal cell death. Instead, morphometrics revealed alterations in both basal and apical dendritic arborization that were significantly associated with the level of systemic hypoxemia and metabolic stress regardless of etiology. Anatomical alterations of CA1 neurons were accompanied by reductions in probability of presynaptic glutamate release, long-term synaptic plasticity and intrinsic excitability. The reduction in intrinsic excitability was in part due to increased activity of the channels underlying the fast and slow component of the afterhyperpolarization in Hx and HI. Our studies suggest that even a single brief episode of hypoxemia can markedly disrupt hippocampal maturation. Hypoxemia may contribute to long-term working memory disturbances in preterm survivors by disrupting neuronal maturation with resultant functional disturbances in hippocampal action potential throughput. Strategies directed at limiting the duration or severity of hypoxemia during brain development may mitigate disturbances in hippocampal maturation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPremature infants commonly sustain hypoxia-ischemia, which results in reduced hippocampal growth and life-long disturbances in learning and memory. We demonstrate that the circuitry related to synaptic plasticity and cellular mechanisms of learning and memory (LTP) are already functional in the fetal hippocampus. Unlike adults, the fetal hippocampus is surprisingly resistant to cell death from hypoxia-ischemia. However, the hippocampus sustains robust structural and functional disturbances in the dendritic maturation of CA1 neurons that are significantly associated with the magnitude of a brief hypoxic stress. Since transient hypoxic episodes occur commonly in preterm survivors, our findings suggest that the learning problems that ensue may be related to the unique susceptibility of the hippocampus to brief episodes of hypoxemia.
Ignoring Quantitative Reasoning: The Initial Estimates of the Size of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of 2010 and the Failure of Science in Properly Shaping the Policy Response
Authors: Bothun Gregory D.
Published: August 2019

The initial estimate of the flow rate of now liberated crude oil following the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil platform turned out to be a factor of 50 times lower than the physical reality. This initial estimate, provided by the corporate owner of the oil platform, British Petroleum (BP), was a leak rate of 1,000 barrels per day (bpd). This number was not based on any scientific approach and was never put into context, for the media or the public, of whether this was a big or small number (i.e., how many bpd is equivalent to filling a bathtub for 24 h) and was simply accepted as the physical reality. As a consequence, the initial response to the disaster would plan for a scope that was much smaller than what ultimately unfolded. Furthermore, since 1,000 bpd turns out to be a small number, the initial strategy was based on the belief that the leak could be patched and therefore a fix was manageable. Here we show that (a) simple physical reasoning at the time of the occurrence would have lead to initial estimates that were close to the final estimate (determined 2 months after the initial incident) of about 50,000 bpd; (b) there was an unnecessarily slow time evolution to involve the scientific community to gather relevant data that would vastly improve the estimate and; (c) this slow evolution in unmasking the physical reality of the situation prevented a more robust governmental response to the problem. Even though the government, through National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), revised the leak rate to 5,000 bpd one week after the disaster, another month would elapse before it was officially recognized that the leak rate was essentially 10 times higher.
Obesity dysregulates fasting-induced changes in glucagon secretion
Authors: Stern Jennifer H , Smith Gordon I , Chen Shiuwei , Unger Roger H , Klein Samuel , Scherer Philipp E
Published: August 2019

Hyperglucagonemia, a hallmark in obesity and insulin resistance promotes hepatic glucose output, exacerbating hyperglycemia and thus predisposing to the development type 2 diabetes. As such, glucagon signaling is a key target for new therapeutics to manage insulin resistance. We evaluated glucagon homeostasis in lean and obese mice and people. In lean mice, fasting for 24 h caused a rise in glucagon. In contrast, a decrease in serum glucagon compared to baseline was observed in diet-induced obese mice between 8 and 24 h of fasting. Fasting decreased serum insulin in both lean and obese mice. Accordingly, the glucagon:insulin ratio was unaffected by fasting in obese mice but increased in lean mice. Re-feeding (2 h) restored hyperglucagonemia in obese mice. Pancreatic perfusion studies confirm that fasting (16 h) decreases pancreatic glucagon secretion in obese mice. Consistent with our findings in the mouse, a mixed meal increased serum glucagon and insulin concentrations in obese humans, both of which decreased with time after a meal. Consequently, fasting and re-feeding less robustly affected glucagon:insulin ratios in obese compared to lean participants. The glucoregulatory disturbance in obesity may be driven by inappropriate regulation of glucagon by fasting and a static glucagon:insulin ratio.
Exon 3 of theNUMBGene Emerged in the Chordate Lineage Coopting the NUMB Protein to the Regulation of MDM2
Authors: Confalonieri Stefano , Colaluca Ivan Nicola , Basile Andrea , Pece Salvatore , Di Fiore Pier Paolo
Published: August 2019

MDM2 regulates a variety of cellular processes through its dual protein:protein interaction and ubiquitin ligase activities. One major function of MDM2 is to bind and ubiquitinate P53, thereby regulating its proteasomal degradation. This function is in turn controlled by the cell fate determinant NUMB, which binds to and inhibits MDM2 via a short stretch of 11 amino acids, contained in its phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, encoded by exon 3 of the NUMB gene. The NUMB-MDM2-P53 circuitry is relevant to the specification of the stem cell fate and its subversion has been shown to be causal in breast cancer leading to the emergence of cancer stem cells. While extensive work on the evolutionary aspects of the MDM2/P53 circuitry has provided hints as to how these two proteins have evolved together to maintain conserved and linked functions, little is known about the evolution of the NUMB gene and, in particular, how it developed the ability to regulate MDM2 function. Here, we show that NUMB is a metazoan gene, which acquired exon 3 in the common ancestor of the Chordate lineage, first being present in the Cephalochordate and Tunicate subphyla, but absent in invertebrates. We provide experimental evidence showing that since its emergence, exon 3 conferred to the PTB domain of NUMB the ability to bind and to regulate MDM2 functions.
Interview with Singapore Filmmaker Boo Junfeng
Authors: Ng Yvonne
Published: August 2019

BOO JUNFENG is a young Singapore filmmaker (b. 1983) who came into the media spotlight after his first feature, Sandcastle (2010), was invited to premiere in the International Critics' Week (Semaine de la critique) at the Cannes IFF and to compete for the Caméra d'Or award. At this point, the director already had behind him seven successful shorts and an episode in the feature Lucky 7 (2007). A top student at the School of Film and Media Studies at Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, he was awarded the Shaw Foundation Gold Medal and the Media Development Authority Prize as the top graduate of his class. His short film debut, Un retrato de familia (A Family Portrait, 2004), produced during his stay on an exchange programme at the Escola Superior de Cinema i Audiovisuals de Catalunya won the Silver Screen Awards for Best Film and Special Achievement at the 18th...
The Fraternity of Metaphors
Authors: O'Rawe Des
Published: August 2019

THE FRATERNITY OF METAPHORS: JEAN-LUC GODARD'S FILM SOCIALISME The moment an artist takes notice of what other people want, and tries to supply the demand, he ceases to be an artist, and becomes a dull or amusing craftsman, an honest or dishonest tradesman.Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism(1) JEAN LUC GODARD'S career in filmmaking began in the early 1950s when, as a young journalist (and lapsed anthropologist), he dabbled in some amateur and short documentary projects. His great breakthrough came with À bout de souffle (Breathless, 1960), and since then he has been directly involved in the production of over eighty films, many of which are major works of cinema. While there might seem to be discrete periods, or points of departure, in Godard's career (the heady days of the Nouvelle Vague, the Groupe Dziga Vertov phase, the mid-life 'autobiographical' turn, or, according...
Woody Allen as Impossible Cassandra
Authors: Zir Alessandro
Published: August 2019

IMPROVING ON ST. PETER: WOODY ALLEN AS IMPOSSIBLE CASSANDRA Woody Allen always invited a dose of nihilism, disguised in the very laugh of the audience. A sadism directed to nobody but he himself, who people identified with his characters. Whatever is the truth concerning his older movies, in the last ones, the audience finally discovers him at his best, maturated from all abject humility. Being or not in the movie, he now accompanies it, and accompanies the public, as this Splendini of Scoop (2006): a false father, awkward, lonely, sceptical, of the "narcissistic persuasion", but in the same way disarmed, caring, reliable, if clumsy. For sure, he is not going to hurt you. He fails, of course, when it comes to save you, but he will die trying. He is the loquacious quintessence, almost a spirit of séance, of the gentle nitwit, in the best tradition of Chaplin. Cassandra's...