bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Kid-Friendly Approach to Incentive Spirometry
Authors: Gupta Anish , Mishra Priyanka , Gupta Bhavna , Kakkar Kamna
Published: April 2021

Incentive spirometer (IS) is a popular choice for chest physiotherapy. It is used to optimize preoperative respiratory status and prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. However, the use of conventional forms of IS pose a challenging task in children due to the lack of cooperation, compliance, and submaximal effort on the part of pediatric patients. To tackle this problem, we describe an innovative and fascinating technique of spirometry. It employs a toy as a better acceptable incentive spirometry device in pediatric population. This toy has a mouthpiece and a long inflatable plastic strip at the other end. As the child blows into the mouthpiece, a captivating sound from the toy keeps buzzing progressively till the air is being blown during exhalation and is accompanied with inflation of the strip in an elongated fashion. Hence, this device incorporates the two best enjoyed incentives for children, namely, visual and audio to ensure patient compliance and participation.
Coronary Subclavian Steal Syndrome Causing Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ambesh Paurush , Sawalha Khalid , Groudan Kevin , Lotfi Amir , Giugliano Gregory
Published: April 2021

Coronary subclavian steal syndrome (CSSS) is a rare complication of the internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting in coronary artery bypass surgery. The technical definition is myocardial ischemia due to the reduced flow of blood, or flow reversal in the IMA graft. This in most cases results from hemodynamically significant proximal subclavian artery stenosis. The clinical presentation is variable and ranges from unstable angina to myocardial infarction, and in some cases, sudden cardiac arrest. CSSS is an entity that is hard to diagnose if one is not actively looking for it. The clinical diagnosis is often complicated, and the prevalence of the disorder is frequently underestimated. In this case presentation, we report a case of myocardial infarction that resulted from significant proximal subclavian artery stenosis.
Muslim American physicians’ views on brain death: Findings from a national survey
Authors: Popal Sadaf , Hall Stephen , Padela Aasim I
Published: April 2021

Background: Biotechnology has introduced a new physiological state, “brain death,” that continues to attract controversy and confusion. While variability in diagnostic criteria for, and physician practices regarding, “brain death” has been studied, few studies examine physicians’ normative views on the significance of “brain death” and how religiosity implicates these views. Objective: The objective is to assess how Muslim physicians’ views on death, and how their religiosity and acculturation, associate with their perceptions of “brain death.” Methods: A randomized national sample of 626 American Muslim physicians completed a mailed questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, religiosity, and views about death. Measures of religious practice and acculturation were analyzed as predictors of physician views at the bivariate and multivariable levels. In conducting the multivariate analysis, P-values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: Two-hundred and fifty-five respondents completed the survey (41% response rate). Most participants agreed that death is the irreversible cessation of cardiac and respiratory function (90%), while half agreed or disagreed with other definitions of death, such as loss of personhood or the equivalence of cardiopulmonary and neurological criteria for death. Physicians who scored higher on the religious practice scale had significantly lower odds of agreeing with the statement; “brain death” signifies the departure of the soul from the body [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–0.98]. Those who were born in the US, or immigrated to the US as a child, had greater odds of viewing death as the irreversible loss of personhood and consciousness [OR = 3.52, 95% CI: 1.62–7.63]. Conclusion: Physician characteristics such as religiosity and acculturation appear to influence their views on what constitutes death and how it should be diagnosed. In our sample of Muslim physicians, there appears to be significant reservation toward equating neurological and cardiopulmonary criteria to determine death and disquiet regarding the meaning of “brain death” in general.
Tau Phosphorylation and Cochlear Apoptosis Cause Hearing Loss in 3×Tg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wang Sheue-Er , Wu Chung-Hsin
Published: April 2021

Clinically typical dementia Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with abnormal auditory processing. However, possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the auditory pathology of AD patients are not known. According to our past research findings that the thresholds of auditory brainstem response, but not distortion product otoacoustic emissions, were significantly increased in AD mice from 9 months of age and thereafter. Thus, we further explored the possible mechanism of auditory degradation of 3×Tg-AD mice in this study. Our histochemical staining evidence showed the cochlear spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), but not the cochlear hair cells, were lost significantly in the cochlea of 3×Tg-AD mice from 9 months of age and thereafter. Our immunostaining and western blotting evidence showed that phosphorylated tau protein (p-Tau), p-glycogen synthase kinase 3, neurofilament, and apoptosis-related p53, Bcl2-associated X protein, cytochrome c, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were gradually increased, but B-cell lymphoma 2 was gradually decreased with age growth in the cochlea of 3×Tg-AD mice. We suggested that tau hyperphosphorylation and p-Tau 181 aggregation, and mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis may play a role in the degeneration of SGN in the cochlea. Progressive SGN degeneration in the cochlea may contribute to hearing loss of aging 3×Tg-AD mice.
Compliance assessment with tobacco control regulations at wheelchair-based tobacco Point of sale in Delhi, India
Authors: Kumar Shammi , Kapoor Shivam , Sharma Renu , Pandey Ashish K. , Singh Rana J.
Published: April 2021

Background:

In India, tobacco products are sold at the outlets/shops following the provisions regulating the point-of-sale (PoS) environment under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA, 2003).

Objectives:

Given the lack of evidence regarding wheelchair-based tobacco PoSs (WC-PoSs), compliance assessment for Sections 5 and 6 of COTPA was conducted within Delhi.

Materials and Methods:

Using multistage random sampling in the 11 districts of Delhi, 200 WC-PoSs were identified in May–June 2017. Areas 1 km around each selected landmark were mapped using a map tool, and WC-PoSs were screened using a self-designed study tool (background information and compliance checklist). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the data using EpiData.

Results:

Of the 11 districts, 4 were constituted majority of the WC-PoSs: South West (21.5%), West Delhi (20%), North West (17.5%), and North East (11%). The outlet characteristics were government sponsored (36.5%) and mobile outlets (95.5%). Majority of them (94.5%) showed noncompliance toward Section 5 of COTPA. While none of them complied with the display of Section 6(a) signage, only 6% of the outlets were found selling tobacco products within the 100 yards of educational institutes.

Conclusions:

The sale of tobacco in Delhi at these unique PoSs continues with a lack of compliance with the rules of COTPA. The implications of this noncompliance in the national capital are of major significance for the rest of the country.
Comparison of isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gas in shallow groundwater and a deep oil and natural gas reservoir in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Loomer Diana B. , MacQuarrie Kerry T.B. , Al Tom A.
Published: April 2021

Isotopic analyses of natural gas from the Stoney Creek oil field in New Brunswick indicate carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) values in methane (C1) of -42.4 ± 0.7‰ VPDB and -220.9 ± 3.2‰ VSMOW, respectively. Isotopic data and a gas molecular ratio of 12 ± 1 indicate a wet thermogenic gas formed with oil near the onset of the oil-gas transition zone. The isotopic profiles of the C1–C5 hydrocarbon gases are consistent with kinetic isotope effect models. The Albert Formation of the Horton Group hosts the Stoney Creek oil field (SCOF) and the McCully gas field (MCGF) the only other gas-producing field in the province. Both are thermogenic in origin; however, the SCOF gas has a lower thermal maturity than the MCGS. Hydrocarbon gas composition in shallow aquifers across southeastern New Brunswick was also evaluated. Gas source interpretations based on δ13C and δ2H values are uncertain; oxidation and biogenic overprinting are common and complicate interpretation. The effect of oxidation on δ13C and δ2H values was apparent when C1 concentrations were ≤1 mg/L. In some samples with C1 concentrations >5 mg/L, isotopic discrimination methods point to a biogenic origin. However, the molecular ratios <75 and the presence of >C3 fractions, indicate a thermogenic origin. This suggests a thermogenic isotopic signature has been overprinted by biological activity.
Museums, Socio-Ecological Thinking, and Activist Pedagogies of Imagination
Authors: Spring Lauren , Clover Darlene E.
Published: April 2021

This article explores the complex, “contact zone” nature of museums within the context of the current environmental crisis threatening our planet. Historically and even today, museums have engaged in a practice of “monocultural” thinking which is mired in a pretext to neutrality that has advanced the patriarchal capitalist neoliberal status quo and maintained a vision of a human/non-human binary of power, dominance, and control. However, there is also growing evidence that museums are shifting their approaches. Focusing on examples from Canada, we discuss how museums are using exhibitions and pedagogical and community outreach strategies to render visible deeply problematic and global “technofossil” practices, encourage activism through aesthetic engagement, encourage dialogue between community and industry as well as engage in imaginative decolonising initiatives that remap our understandings of who we are and where we need to go. We argue that in taking up environmental issues in politically intentional ways, museums create “oppositional views” that act as pedagogical sites of resistance.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma at the Uganda Cancer Institute
Authors: D Okello Clement , Mulumba Yusuf , Omoding Abrahams , Ddungu Henry , Welch Kristen , L Thompson Cheryl , J Cowan Andrew , M Cooney Matthew , Orem Jackson
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Data on multiple myeloma (MM) in sub-Sahara Africa is scarce. In Uganda, there is a progressively increasing incidence of MM over the years.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study on 217 patients with MM at the UCI using purposive sampling method. The objectives of the study were to determine the clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, 5 year overall survival and predic- tors of survival of patients with MM at the UCI from 01 January 2008 to 31 December 2012.

Results: There were 119 (54.8%) males; the mean(SD) age of the study population at presentation was 59(12.8) years; 183(84.3%) patients presented with bone pain, and 135 (61.9%) had skeletal pathology; 186(85.3%) were HIV negative, and 152(70%) had Durie-Salmon stage III. The median overall survival was 2.5 years, (95% CI, 0.393-0.595); factors significantly associated with worse survival were Durie-Salmon stage III disease, HR=5.9, 95% CI (1.61 – 21.74; P=0.007) and LDH >225 U/L HR=3.3, 95% CI (0.57 – 5.92; P=0.029).

Conclusion: Most patients with multiple myeloma at the UCI were diagnosed at a relatively young age, presented with late stage disease and bone pain, and had a shorter survival time. Factors associated with worse survival were Durie-Salmon stage III and LDH >225 U/L.

Keywords: Multiple myeloma; Uganda cancer institute.
Comparison of heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test among smoker and non-smoker athletes
Authors: Pepera Garyfallia , Panagiota Zogka
Published: April 2021

Background: Exercise performance depend on the ability of the cardiovascular system to respond to a wide range of met- abolic demands and physical exertion.

Objectives: To investigate the habitual smoking effects in heart rate response and heart rate recovery after step test in ath- letes.

Methods: Seventy-eight physically healthy active athletes (45 non-smokers and 33 smokers) aging 27±8years old, participat- ed in this study. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and performed the six-minute step test. Cardiovascular parameters such (resting heart rate, peak heart rate, heart rate at 1 min after testing, heart rate re- covery, recovery time, blood pressure at rest, and post-testing blood pressure) were recorded.

Results: Smoker-athletes had higher resting heart rate (76 ± 9bpm vs. 72 ± 10bpm, p<0.05), maximum heart rate (154 ± 18bpm vs. 147 ± 17bpm, p<0.05) and recovery time (7min 25sec ± 6min 31sec vs. 4min 21sec ± 4min 30sec, p<0.05) than non-smoker athletes. Scores from the IPAQ were approximately the same (Μ=7927 ± 10303, Μ= 6380 ± 4539, p<0.05).

Conclusion: Smoking was found to affect athletes' cardiovascular fitness. The change of the athletes’ heart rate recovery and recovery time contributes to the adaptation of cardiovascular function in training requirements.

Keywords: Smoking; athletes; heart rate recovery; heart rate reserve; six-minute step test.
A preliminary study of skin bleaching and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe
Authors: Nyoni-Kachambwa Princess , Naravage Wanapa , F James Nigel , Van der Putten Marc
Published: April 2021

Background: Skin bleaching was reported to be commonly practiced among women and Africa was reported to be one of the most affected yet the subject is not given much attention in public health research in Zimbabwe despite the adverse effects of skin bleaching on health.

Method: This study was an exploratory cross-sectional survey to explore skin bleaching, skin bleaching patterns and factors associated with skin bleaching among women living in Zimbabwe. An online self-administered questionnaire was sent out to women on social network i.e. WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

Findings: A total number of 260 respondents, mean age 31.69 (SD, 8.12) years participated in the survey. The prevalence of skin bleaching among the participants was 31.15%. The major reason reported for skin bleaching was to have smooth and healthy skin alongside other factors such as beauty, gaining social favours for example getting married and good jobs. Occupation, complexion and marital status were associated with skin bleaching. The odds of skin bleaching for participants who were employed was 1.45(95% confidence interval [CI],0.32-1.91);p-value 0.02, dark skinned participants 2.56(95% CI, 0.76-2.87);p-value 0.01 and unmarried participants 2.87(95% CI,0.29-3.58);p-value 0.03. Conclusion: Evidence from the research suggests skin bleaching might be common among women living in Zimbabwe and possibly poses serious health threats to the women. Skin bleaching seems to be deep rooted in colourism. The colourism seems to be taken advantage of by the cosmetic industry which produce the potentially hazardous products which promise the revered light skin to women but which comes with a price. However, the study provides a base for future studies to ex- plore more on skin bleaching practices among women living in Zimbabwe.

Keywords: Skin bleaching; skin bleaching products; women; Zimbabwe.
Corona viruses: reaching far beyond the common cold
Authors: M Coerdt Kathleen , Khachemoune Amor
Published: April 2021

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs.

Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library.

Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic.

Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.
Cytological physiognomies and genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses among HPV/HIV co-infected and HPV mono-infected women
Authors: Wanja Karani Lucy , Musyoki Stanslaus , Orina Robert , Khayeka-Wandabwa Christopher , Nyagaka Benuel
Published: April 2021

Background: Co-infection of High Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and HIV is thought to favour initiation of intraepithelial squamous cell lesion and subsequent progression to cervical carcinoma.

Objectives: Evaluation of cytological physiognomies in relation to possible age influence and the genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses among HPV/HIV co-infected and HPV monoinfected women in Kisii, Kenya.

Methods: The case-control study enrolled 42 HPV/HIV co-infected and 42 HPV monoinfected women. Cervical swabs were collected in ThinPrep vials for HPV tying and cytological analysis. HPV subtypes were assayed by Xpert® HPV system (GXHPV-CE-10).

Results: Mono-infected women aged 30-39 years had the highest proportion of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) at 14 (16.67%) while the co-infected aged 50-59 years had the highest proportion of high grade squamous intraepi- thelial lesion (HSIL) at 9 (10.71%). HPV-16 genotype was the most predominant and it increased with age rise. Older coin- fected and mono-infected women (>40 years) had HSIL and LSIL as the most predominant cytological grade respectively.

Conclusion: The predominance of HPV-16 and HPV-18/45 genotypes in the study setting is a consideration that would benefit targeted prophylactic vaccination programs. HPV testing and cervical cancer screening for young and older women on a regular basis ought to be reinforced.

Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); Human Papillomavirus (HPV); co-infection; genotype; cytology.
Histopathologic spectrum of childhood tumours in a Tertiary Hospital: a ten-year review
Authors: M Amin Said , E Nwatah Vincent , A Ameh Emmanuel , R Oyesegun Abdurasaq , B Oyesakin Adewumi
Published: April 2021

Background: There has been a growing public health burden of childhood tumours in low and middle income countries (LMICs) as the trend in epidemiological transition continues to vary.

Objective: The objective of this report is to determine the spectrum of childhood tumours at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.

Methods: A retrospective review of the histopathology register over the period January 2006 to December 2015.

Results: The total paediatric tumour cases was 248, including 143 (57.7%) females and 105 (42.3%) males, aged 0 – 12 years (mean 6.1years ± 3.97 SD). The age group 2 - 5 year cohort had the highest prevalence of tumour. The predominant tumour based on tissue of origin was epithelial neoplasms 88 (35.5%), vascular neoplasms 56 (22.6%), neural neoplasm 42 (16.9%), mesenchymal neoplasm 37 (14.9%), germ cell neoplasm 13 (5.2%) and haematopoietic neoplasms 12 (4.8%). Majority of the tumours were benign, 148 (59.7%) and malignant 100 (40.3%). The most predominant benign tumour was haemangioma 33 (13.3%) and predominant malignant tumour was lymphoma 22 (8.9%).

Conclusion: Benign tumours remain the commonest neoplasm of children in this hospital-based data. Development and implementation of a tumour registry would provide a more comprehensive information.

Keywords: Childhood tumours; spectrum; haemangioma; lymphoma.
A call: COVID-19 research funding in Africa
Authors: Oladipo E.K. , Ajayi A.F. , Oladipo A.A. , Ariyo O.E. , Oladipo B.B. , Ajayi L.O. , Oloke J.K.
Published: April 2021

French Title: Un appel: le financement de la recherche COVID-19 en Afrique
An assessment of the impact of improvised versus conventional laboratory equipment on students’ performance in thermal expansion
Authors: Ndihokubwayo Kizito , Uwamahoro Jean , Ndayambaje Irénée
Published: April 2021

Science education in Rwandan schools still faces a number of challenges including the lack or shortage of equipment available for science experiments. This paper describes research conducted to assess the impact of using improvised versus conventional laboratory equipment in experiments. Eighty-five lower secondary school students were assessed using a semi-experimental post-test design on thermal expansion of bodies. Data analysis using a t-test produced a t-Stat of 2.74 over a t-Critical of 1.98 indicating a statistical significance between the two experimental groups in favour of the group using improvised equipment. As a result, it is recommended that improvised equipment be used in those instances in which there is a lack or shortage of conventional equipment since students’ achievement was similar regardless of the type of equipment used.
Interpretation of inclusive education practices in science at a basic school
Authors: Anyetei Boi Doku , Kwarteng Twumasi Ankrah , Hanson Ruby
Published: April 2021

The research was a case study designed to investigate inclusive education practices in a science class at a Basic School in Winneba, Ghana where inclusive education is practised as in all ten regions. The sample for the study consisted of one head teacher, a science teacher, three interpreters and one resource teacher from the Basic School. The main instruments used for data collection were questionnaires, informal interviews and observations. Findings showed that the teacher and interpreters both prepared for science classes having special needs in mind. However, about half of the respondents, upon interaction with them, demonstrated that the earnestly did not have the expertise to organise inclusive science classes. Team preparation and teaching were highly practised for support. It was recommended that they use multi-media technologies, attend teacher development programmes, and use their limited teaching resources to augment their teaching skills as they are mostly not used.  Since the study was conducted in only one inclusive school, the findings may not be for generalization.
Primary and junior high school mathematics and science teachers’ views on teaching in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana
Authors: Davis Ernest Kofi , Beccles Christopher , Intsiful Etheldreda
Published: April 2021

This paper draws on conceptualization of pupil-centred and teacher-centred methods to explore the views of primary school and junior high school (JHS) mathematics and science teachers on teaching. The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether the views of these teachers place the pupils at the centre of the teaching and learning process. The research participants were selected from all the six circuits in the Cape Coast Metropolis using stratified random sampling procedure. Questionnaires were administered and responded to by 157 primary and JHS mathematics and science teachers in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana. The data collected were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods. The findings from the study showed among others that the participants’ views about teaching were predominantly teacher-centred. Implications of the findings for mathematics and science teacher education particularly and research in mathematics and science education in Ghana generally are provided.
Relationship between drawing and figures on students’ argumentation and proof
Authors: Yaoukap Patrick Tchonang , Ngansop Judith Njomgang , Tieudjo Daniel , Pedemonte Bettina
Published: April 2021

In this article, we wish to explore the influence of the figure and the drawing on students’ argumentation and proof during the solving problem. Our research is based on both Toulmin’s model and Vinner’s concept image and concept definition. After analysing the arguments with the Toulmin model, we analyse the personnel concept definition, concept image evoked about the figure and the effect of drawing which intervene in students’ arguments. Our data suggest that wrong student’s arguments seem to be based on their concept image evoked on the figure manipulated which is in contradiction with the formal axiomatic system. Moreover, the data of the arguments seem to come from an abusive interpretation of the drawings. Observations that emerge from students’ oral and written speeches reveal continuities and gaps between their argumentation and proof.
Insights of teachers and students on mathematics teaching and learning in selected Rwandan secondary schools
Authors: Fidele Ukobizaba , Kizito Ndihokubwayo , Angel Mukuka , Jean Uwamahoro
Published: April 2021

Effective teaching and learning of mathematics are vital not only for examination or assessment purposes but also for empowering learners to live in a modern age of science, mathematics, and engineering and enable them to role-play to the social and economic development of the developing countries and the whole world as well. This study reveals insights of teachers and students regarding mathematics teaching and learning in Rwanda. The study was a survey designed involving 217 ordinary level secondary school students and 25 secondary school teachers who teach Mathematics, from 5 schools in Karongi District, Western Province, in Rwanda. The results analysis was confined to three components namely; preferred mathematics teaching methods, motivation to teach and learn mathematics, and the usability of mathematics in daily life. Descriptive statistics and all the statistical tables/graphs were generated using SPSS and MS Excel. As results, peer learning and group work and expository were found to be the most applied teaching methods in the selected schools. This study has underlined that not only parents but also siblings have an impact on their young brothers/sisters’ education. In terms of its utilitarian value, respondents revealed that mathematics increases critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and creativity of students. Teachers need to be more knowledgeable in the subject matter, through lesson preparations and linking mathematical concepts to real-world experiences.
Prevalence and predictors of dental caries and trauma among institutionalised and non-institutionalised street children in Ibadan
Authors: Ayebameru O.E. , Popoola B , Denloye O
Published: April 2021

Objective: Urbanization is increasing the number of street children in most regions of the world especially in many African cities which may be due to poverty and unemployment status of many parents. This study was aimed at determining the predictors and prevalence of dental caries and trauma among institutionalized (those in juvenile correctional home) and non-institutionalized street children in Ibadan.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among institutionalized (juvenile correctional home) and non-institutionalized street children. Cluster sampling technique was used in the selection of children for this study. Children were selected from the juvenile correctional home and four major motor parks in Ibadan metropolis.Results: One hundred and thirty eight children participated in this study. Male constituted 65.9% while female was 34.1%. Thirty five (25.4%) are from the juvenile correctional home (institutionalized street children) while 103 (74.6%) are from the streets. The prevalence of dental caries among the children generally was 29.0%, while that of dental trauma was 18.8%.Conclusion: The significant predictors of dental caries were gender, tooth hypoplasia and the presence of visible plaque on the anterior teeth while those of dental trauma were lip competence, substance use, age and gender.Keywords: Street children, Juvenile home, Caries, Trauma
Yeast and lactic acid population relationship in palm wine and their effects on the production of ethanol in Enugu Ezike south eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ojobo O.J. , Ugwuanyi J.O.
Published: April 2021

Palm wine produced traditionally and consumed by many people in the South eastern part of Nigeria is a whitish liquid formed by naturally fermenting the sugary sap from various palm plants. In this study, we evaluated the population of yeast and lactic acid bacteria in palm wine with regards to its ethanol concentration from three communities in Enugu Ezike, Enugu State. We monitored the isolation of microbial population as well as biochemical characteristics of fermenting palm wine samples using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The fermentation step was performed within time interval and completed after 48hrs. Its acidity increasedprogressively with the production of lactic and acetic acids by bacteria.During the fermentation, palm wine microbial  numbers (log10 CFU/ml) varied between 1.6 x104 to 7.6 x107 for yeast and 4.5 x 104 to 7.8 x 107 for lactic acid bacteria respectively. Similarly, pH and alcohol level of palm wine samples during the fermentation varied between 3.0 to 5.8 and 0.2 to 5.3 respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in both yeast and lactic acid bacteria population at 24hrs. At this time, there was an increased metabolic activity, leading to an increase in ethanol production. At 36-48hrs, there was a slight decrease in both the lactic acid bacteria and the yeast, indicating a reduction in source of carbon.The analysis of the yeast and the lactic acid bacterial population revealed different yeast and bacterial population. Bacteria compete with yeast for nutrients during ethanol  production process, potentially causing economic losses. Therefore, it is important to have a better understanding of the abundance and the change in population of lactic acid bacteria and yeast throughout the bio-ethanol process in order to achieve design a more efficient relationship in lactic acid, yeast and ethanol production processes.

Keywords: Bacteria, ethanol, lactic acid, palm wine, yeast
Campaign for development, social movement and revolution
Authors: Adeniran A.S.
Published: April 2021

Social movement and revolution are tools used to shape social changes. Social movement aims to advance a group’s agenda either by rectifying cultural drifts, social disorganizations and social injustice but revolution aims to unseat the government or to transform the entire political order. Based on archival evidence, this article examines the impact of social movement on the manifestations and modifications of specific socio-cultural policies of democratic governments in Nigeria. Though there are commonalities and differentials between social movements and revolutions, there is a strong linkage between the two concepts. Social movement is largely an event on a micro-level while revolution is on a macro-level. Social movement engages limited violence and often resorts to thoughtful persuasion, but revolution enlists unlimited violence that manifests in gritty coercion. However, recently in Nigeria, a number of online social movements have developed and they strive to give voice to the voiceless in the socio-political structure, as well as gaining recognition online and offline, so as to promote social development within the polity. Karl Marx upholds that conflict is inevitable in the social structure yet it can be concluded that most of the fundamental developments in human history, such as national independence, democracy, social justice, social inclusion and civil/human rights have been won on the platform of social movement. There are hierarchical or stratified social relations in the society which breeds social struggle within the class systems. Unequivocally, social movements are bound to arise wherever social conditions are unfavorable.

Key words: socio-cultural, social movement, revolution, development
Determinants of profitability in catfish farming in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Fatoki O.A., , Arowolo O.V. , Oguntoye T.O. , Kabir G.B. , Kolade R.I.
Published: April 2021

This study analysed the profitability of catfish farming in Ilorin west Local Government Area of Kwara State. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 120 catfish farmers using structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Gross margin analysis and linear regression. Result shows that more than half (54.17%) of the catfish farmers were males while majority (63.34%) of the farmers were within the age group 31- 50 years. The mean age and household size of farmers in the study area were 38 years and 5 persons respectively. Most of the catfish farmers (45.83%) utilized concrete pond type while average fish pond size was 205 square metres. Major source of finance for farmers is from their personal savings. The gross margin analysis shows that gross margin for the catfish farmers was ₦22,013,583.1 while the average gross margin was ₦183,446.52 perproduction cycle indicating that catfish farming is profitable. The result of the linear regression reveals that pond maintenance,  transportation and feed cost are negative and have significant effects on income generated from catfish business while pond size and education is positive and significant at 5%. Since catfish business is a profitable venture, the study recommends that the Nigerian government should use this as a means to empower unemployed youths and rural households to reduce poverty level as well as dependence on fish importation in the country.

Keywords: Catfish farmers, Profitability, Production, Gross margin, Personal saving.
Assessment of small scale horticultural nursery enterprises in some selected Local Government Areas in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyewo I.O. , Falana A.R. , Abiola I.O. , Musa F.B. , Shaib-Rahim H.O. , Robert A.E.
Published: April 2021

The study assessed some selected small scale horticultural nursery enterprises in Ibadan metropolis. Data was collected through the use of well-structured questionnaires from 32 respondents and analysed using descriptive statistics and cost and return analysis. The result revealed that 93.7% of the respondents were male, 31.3% were between the ages of 31-40years with mean age of 43years,84.4% were married, 75% had between 1-5 household size with a mean house size of 5 persons. About fifty three percent (53.1%) of them were involved in horticultural practices as their primary occupation, 46.8% had tertiary education, however, majority 93.7% of them had one form of formal education with 14.5% mean years of experience, 75% of them belong to horticultural associations,81.2% source their credit through personal savings, majority (68.8%) rented their land through government, 50% source the seeds through other farmers while only 34.4% source their seeds through research institutions, categories of seedlings raised by the respondent are ornamental seedling (100%), forestry seedling (78.1%), medicinal seedling (65.6%) and agricultural seedling (81.3%) while Ixora (Ixora coccinea) (40.6%) was the most common species of seedling found in the nursery. On the average, the profit realized was ₦578, 925.00k per annum with Benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 4.8. Major problems confronting the enterprise were pest and insects, weeds, credit facilities, weather, transportation, low marketing patronage, cost of agrochemicals as well as availability of quality seeds.

Keywords: Assessment, Horticultural, Enterprise, Gross Margin, Oyo, Nigeria
Prevalence and Some Predisposing Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium Infections in Domestic Poultry in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Obianuju N.O. , Ikenna O.E. , Ukamaka U.E. , Ekene V. E , Nzeakor T.A. , Maduike C.O.E.
Published: April 2021

Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that is of major public health and veterinary concerns. This study determined the prevalence and some predisposing factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in domestic poultry kept in households and in the major live bird markets in the study area. Atotal of 314 fresh faecal samples were collected from domestic poultry in the randomly selected homes that keep poultry and live bird market in the study area. They were examined using the Formol-ether sedimentation method. Faecal smears were then stained by the Ziehl Neelson technique and examined under light microscopy. Cryptosporidium was identified using the staining characteristics of the oocysts. Results were analysed by descriptive statistics and GraphPad prism statistical package version 5.2.Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the faeces of 90 (28.7%) of the 314 poultry sampled. There was a strong association (p < 0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and age, sex, breed and faecal consistency. However, there was no significant association (p > 0.05) between the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and locality as well as the type of management practice used in keeping the birds. This study suggests that domestic poultry in Enugu State harbour and shed Cryptosporidium oocysts in the environment. The shedding of this oocyst in the environment is of zoonotic importance especially in poultry that do not show clinical signs and therefore were not treated. Hence, constituting a public health risk, especially to immune-compromised humans, considering that almost every household keep chicken for food or income and the poultry dung is popularly used to cultivate vegetables eaten by humans and animals in the study area.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Poultry, Prevalence, Risk Factor
Knowledge and perception as critical components in recognition of Covid-19 symptoms
Authors: Sam-Wobo S.O. , Ukaga C.N. , Pam D. , Omalu I.C.J. , Mogaji A. , Pajiah M. , Surakat O.A. , Suleiman M.M. , Wokem C.N. , Muhammed R.H. , Ekwunife C.A. , Mafe M.
Published: April 2021

The knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) people hold towards a new disease could play a major role in the way they accept measures put in place to curb its spread as Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of other endemic diseases, especially malaria. A cross-sectional KAP/symptomatology online survey was conducted from August –September 2020 across the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria. Data were entered into Google sheets and analyses performed using SPSS version 20. From the 900 respondents, majority 66% were from the North west while 1.2% were from the North east. By sex and age distribution, 69% were males while females were 31%. Age group 15-25 years were more (32.22%) and the least (11%) among respondents were above 65years. Majority of respondents (57.89%), had not experienced symptoms associated with COVID-19 in the past 3 months before this study, however 96.0% of respondents have heard about COVID19 prior the time of survey. Hyperthemia (high fever) 636(70.67%) was accurately recognized by respondents as the most common symptoms. Other highly mentioned symptoms were dry or chesty cough, shortness of breath, catarrh and cough, difficulty in breathing at night, painful breathing, and weakness or tiredness, with significant differences in the responses recorded for the recognition of COVID-19 symptoms across the geopolitical zones (p=0.00). In terms of preventive measures, 771(85.67%) respondents perceive regular hand washing with soap as the major preventive measure for COVID19 infection. This was followed by the usage of face mask 659(73.22%). Also, 794(88.22%) respondents accurately recognized hyperthemia as the most  common overlapping symptom between malaria and COVID-19. Other highly mentioned overlapping symptoms were weakness or tiredness 591(65.67%), loss of appetite 504 (56.00%), loss of taste and smell 388(43.11%), and catarrh and cough 313(34.78%). We conclude that awareness of COVID-19 symptoms is fairly high in the country. Awareness strategies should target those with limited access to information on the disease.

Keywords: COVID-19, Knowledge, Symptoms, Preventive measures
Concurrent Hepatozoonosis and Transmissible Venereal Tumour in a 10-Year Old German Shepherd Dog In Abeokuta, Nigeria
Authors: Abakpa S.A.V. , Ajayi O.L. , Mshelbwala F.M. , Olaniyi M.O. , Akintunde O.G. , Adebiyi A.A. , Popoola D. , Makinde A.F. , Adeleye A.I. , Idowu K.R.
Published: April 2021

In this study, a case of hepatozoonosis with concurrent TVT unresponsive to chemotherapy in a 10-year old female German shepherd dog treated with Vincristine for 10 weeks at the State Veterinary Clinic, Abeokuta, was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Adiagnosis of hepatozoonosis and TVTwere made based on clinical presentations including protruding mass from the vulva, parasitological technique and cytological evaluation of the tumour mass and bone marrow using optical fine needle aspirate. Pathological changes observed in various organs at post-mortem, following euthanasia were cachexia, pale and icteric ocular and oral mucous membranes, enlarged and oedematous lymph nodes. Histopatholgical lesions were round to oval neoplastic cells from the growth observed in the vagina. There were different developmental stages of the merogony of Hepatozoon canisin the bone marrow. We concluded that concurrent hepatozoonosis and TVT and, possibly, the geriatric state of the patient contributed largely to the problem of unresponsiveness to treatment. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of concurrent infection of canine hepatozoonosis and TVTin Nigeria

Keywords: Dog, hepatozoonosis, TVT, unresponsive to chemotherapy
Melatonin and Allium Sativum (Garlic) Protect Dibutyl Phthalate Influence on Spermiogram of Rabbit Bucks
Authors: Shinkut M. , Aluwong T. , Rekwot P.I. , Bugau J.S. , Samuel F.U. , Echekwu W.O.
Published: April 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of melatonin and Allium sativum (garlic) on  dibutyl phthalate (DBP) influence on  spermiogram of rabbit bucks. Forty two (42) rabbit bucks were used for this study, bucks were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 bucks each. Group A was administered olive oil for 16 weeks, group B (olive oil + DBP for 16 weeks), group C (melatonin for 8 weeks, then olive oil + DBP for another 8 weeks), group D (garlic for 8 weeks, then olive oil + DBP for another 8 weeks), group E (olive oil + DBP for 8 weeks, then melatonin for another 8 week), group F (olive oil + DBP for 8 weeks, then garlic for another 8 weeks) and group G (olive oil + DBP for 8 weeks, then melatonin and garlic for another 8 weeks). The observation period lasted for 120 days, during which semen samples were collected weekly between the hours of 8.00 am to 10.00 am using artificial vagina (AV).There were significant differences (P<0.05) in mean reaction time, semen volume, sperm motility, sperm concentration, percentage live spermatozoa and percentage abnormal morphology between DBP exposed groups and treatment groups. Conclusion, DBP has adverse effects on spermiogram but administration of melatonin and garlic has promising protective effects than therapeutic effect on rabbit bucks.

Key words: Melatonin; Allium sativum; Dibutyl phthalate; Spermiogram; Rabbit Bucks
SAP-Family Partnership Focused on Prevention and Absenteeism in Preadolescent from the Republic of Moldova
Authors: Botnari Valentina , Scutaru Albina
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the means of work aimed at pedagogical and psychological assistance to children, teachers. The SAP program is aimed at preventing early school leaving, juvenile deviant behavior and managers as managers influencing child development.

Program SAP skupiony na zapobieganiu i umniejszaniu absencji u dzieci w Republice Mołdawii

Celem tego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie programów mających na celu pomoc pedagogiczną i psychologiczną dzieciom, nauczycielom. Program SAP ma na celu zapobieganie przedwczesnemu kończeniu edukacji, zachowaniom dewiacyjnym nieletnich oraz wzmocnienie rodziny jako instytucji mającej największy wpływ na rozwój dziecka.
COVID-19 and Hospitality Operations: What happened and what’s next?
Authors: Sao Joao Erica Ann
Published: April 2021

Unlike other global natural-, industrial- and intentional disasters of the past, if any impact was felt in South Africa, it was due to uncertainty within the tourism sector and guests being hesitant to travel. COVID-19 has had an economic and catastrophic impact on hospitality businesses, and particularly in the South African hospitality industry, resulting in changes in how the industry operates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether reactions to lockdown and the subsequent collapse of domestic and international travel should have been approached differently, and what hospitality leaders anticipate for the near future of the industry. The significance of the study is to highlight that better planning should have occurred to have reduced the negative impact of the disaster. Returned emailed qualitative questionnaires from hospitality industry partners provided insight into the weeks before lockdown. The results indicate that there was a contingency plan in place within the larger hospitality operations but the timing was too short to allow adequate implementation. Smaller operations have been the most affected, with losses of contracts, employee incomes, and positions. The economic effects on the operations will require months to resolve, with many smaller operators not being able to survive.
REGARDİNG THE USE OF LİTERATURE TYPES İN MİDDLE SCHOOL MATHEMATİCS LESSON AN ASSESSMENT: STUDENT VİEWS
Authors: BULUT Gökçen Gülru , AKTAŞ Mine
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study is to examine students' views on mathematics lessons conducted with writing activities structured using stories, tales, poems, memoirs and letter types. The study was conducted with the participation of 32 middle school 7th grade students studying in a state school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Ankara.The study is a case study, and an interview form consisting of 7 open-ended questions developed by the researcher-teacher was used as a data collection tool to determine students' views on the use of literary genres in mathematics lesson. Students' views were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. As a result of the research, it was seen that the students' opinions about the use of literary genres in mathematics lesson developed positively. It was concluded that the students' views that the mathematics lesson conducted by using literary genres provides meaningful learning, is fun and interesting, and increases memorability, supports the use of literary genres as a learning tool in mathematics teaching. Keywords: Mathematics teaching, types of literature, learning by writing.