bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Fatty Alcohols from Oil Palm Using a Catalyst of Ni‐Cu Supported onto Zeolite
Authors: Giraldo L. , Camargo G. , Tirano J. , Moreno-Piraján J. C.
Published: March 2012

A series of Ni‐Cu supported onto zeolite type ZSM‐5 has been synthesized by direct hydrothermal method without template agent and characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, NRM mass, SEM, CG and N2 adsorption techniques. The catalytic performance of the obtained materials was evaluated and utilized for the hydrogenation of palm oil at 453 K and 40 atmospheres of pressure. The results show that the samples exhibited typical hexagonal arrangement of mesoporous structure with high surface area and the heteroatoms were probably incorporated into the framework of ZSM‐5. Catalytic tests show that the bimetallic incorporated materials were effective as catalysts in the hydrogenation of oil palm producing fatty alcohols typical.
Groundwater Quality Assessment Based on Improved Water Quality Index in Pengyang County, Ningxia, Northwest China
Authors: Pei-Yue Li , Hui Qian , Jian-Hua Wu
Published: March 2012

The aim of this work is to assess the groundwater quality in Pengyang County based on an improved water quality index. An information entropy method was introduced to assign weight to each parameter. For calculating WQI and assess the groundwater quality, total 74 groundwater samples were collected and all these samples subjected to comprehensive physicochemical analysis. Each of the groundwater samples was analyzed for 26 parameters and for computing WQI 14 parameters were chosen including chloride, sulphate, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH), nitrate, ammonia nitrogen, fluoride, total iron (Tfe), arsenic, iodine, aluminum, nitrite, metasilicic acid and free carbon dioxide. At last a zoning map of different water quality was drawn. Information entropy weight makes WQI perfect and makes the assessment results more reasonable. The WQI for 74 samples ranges from 12.40 to 205.24 and over 90% of the samples are below 100. The excellent quality water area covers nearly 90% of the whole region. The high value of WQI has been found to be closely related with the high values of TDS, fluoride, sulphate, nitrite and TH. In the medium quality water area and poor quality water area, groundwater needs some degree of pretreated before consumption. From the groundwater conservation view of point, the groundwater still need protection and long term monitoring in case of future rapid industrial development. At the same time, preventive actions on the agricultural non point pollution sources in the plain area are also need to be in consideration.
Assessment of Water Pollution in Tipparthy Revenue Sub‐Division, Nalgonda (District), Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Kishore Medikondu , Hanumantharao Y.
Published: March 2012

A systematic study has been carried out to explore the physicochemical characteristics of drinking water sources of Tipparthy revenue sub‐division, Nalgonda (District), Andhra Pradesh, India. Totally 49 water samples were collected from the different locations (22 villages) of the study area including bore well, open well and hand pump water and analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, Iron and dissolved oxygen. On an average, in almost all the samples, one or the other chemical constituent was beyond the permissible limits it was also concluded that water sources in the study area not fit for potability. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and water quality (WQI) studies indicate water available from all sources not fit for irrigation also. The study indicates the need for periodic monitoring of ground water in the study area.
Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Quantification of Nebivolol Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide by UV Spectroscopy, RP‐HPLC and HPTLC in Tablets
Authors: Dhandapani B. , Thirumoorthy N. , Prakash D. Jose
Published: March 2012

Simultaneous quantification of nebivolol hydrochloride (NEB‐H) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in tablets by UV spectroscopy, RP‐HPLC and HPTLC methods were developed. In UV spectrophotometric determination NEB‐H and HCT was quantified by simultaneous equation method and absorbance ratio method. In simultaneous equation method absorbance measurements at 282.5 nm (λmax NEB‐H) and 271.5 nm (λmax HCT), in absorbance ratio method absorbance measurements at 282.5 nm and 275 nm (iso absorptive point) in methanol. In RP‐HPLC method, the drugs were resolved using a mobile phase of 30 mM phosphate buffer (K2HPO4), acetonitrile and triethylamine (50:50:0.1 % v/v) with pH 5.5 using orthophosphoric acid on a C18‐ODS‐ Phenomenex (5 μm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode, Atorvastatin (ATR) used as a internal standard. The retention time of HCT, NEB‐H and ATR was 3.31, 4.30 and 6.93 min respectively. In the HPTLC method, the chromatograms were developed using a mobile phase of ethyl acetate: methanol: ammonia (8.5:1:0.5 v/v) on precoated plate of silica gel 60 F254 and quantified by densitometric absorbance mode at 285 nm. The Rf of HCT and NEB‐H were 0.21 and 0.41 respectively. Recovery studies of 98.88‐102.41%, percentage relative std deviation of not more than 0.8 and correlation coefficient (linearity range) of 0.9954‐0.9999 shows that developed methods were accurate and precise. These methods can be employed for the routine analysis of tablets containing NEB‐H and HCT.
Molecular Interaction Studies in Binary Liquid Mixtures from Ultrasonic Data
Authors: Santhi N. , Sabarathinam PL. , C. Gopi M. Emayavaramban , Manivannan C.
Published: March 2012

Ultrasonic velocities and densities of the binary liquid mixtures of dimethy1 sulphoxide (DMSO) with phenol, o‐cresol, m‐cresol, p‐cresol and p‐chlorophenol at 318.15 K, over the entire composition range were measured. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using the Nomoto’s Relation (NR), Ideal Mixture Relation (IMR), Free Length Theory (FT) and Collision Factor Theory (FLT). The validity of these relations and theories was tested by comparing the computed sound velocities with experimental values. Further, the molecular interaction parameter (α) was computed by using the experimental and the theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. The variation of this parameter with composition of the mixtures has been discussed in terms of molecular interaction in these mixtures.
Comparative Study of Leachate Characteristics of Pond Ash from Long‐Term Leaching and Ash Pond Disposal Point Effluent from Chandrapura Thermal Power Station, India
Authors: Kumar Ritesh
Published: March 2012

The present paper deals with the leaching characteristics of coal combustion residues from chandrapura thermal power station, Jharkhand, India. The study was made under the laboratory as well as the field condition. From the laboratory study conducted so far it is hereby concluded that the leachates of coal combustion residues from chandrapura thermal power station with respect to potentiometric and trace elements analysis are within the permissible limits as per Indian Standards (IS:2490). From the study it is also found that the elements such as arsenic, boron, nickel, etc. could not be detected. The discharge point leachate also does not pose any environmental problem from the point of view of leaching of trace and/or toxic elements as per IS: 2490.
Comparative Study on Biosorption of Zn(II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from Textile Dye Effluent Using Sawdust and Neem Leaves Powder
Authors: Gopalakrishnan K. , Manivannan V. , Jeyadoss T.
Published: March 2012

The performance of the low cost adsorbents such as sawdust and neem leaves powder in removing the heavy metals like Zn(II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from textile dye effluent are reported. Adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time were taken as parameters for biosorption study. Removal of heavy metal ions from the textile dye effluent increases with increase in adsorbent dosage. The influence of pH and contact time was maximum for removal of heavy metal ions. The presence of the decreased heavy metal toxicity in the treated textile dye effluent was evaluated through the percentage of seed germination of Vigna mungo L. On comparison, sawdust was found to be good adsorbent compared to neem leaves powder.
Thermodynamics of Micellization of Nonionic Surfactant Tween‐40 in Presence of Additive Chloramine‐T Using Clouding Phenomenon
Authors: Patil A. A. , Patil T. J.
Published: March 2012

The phenomenon of solubilization of nonionic surfactant Tween‐40 has been studied through the influence of additive chloramine‐T in aqueous medium by measuring the cloud points (CP) of the pure surfactant and with chloramine‐T. The CP of pure surfactant was found to be increased with increasing concentration of Tween‐40. The CP of mixed system shows increasing trends with increased chloramine‐T. This is mainly due to increased micelle concentrations. The influence of chloramine‐T on the cloud point of Tween‐40 is a clear indication that the phenomenon of clouding is associated with the different micelles coalescing. Considering cloud point as threshold temperature of the solubility, the thermodynamic parameters of clouding process (ΔG0cl, ΔH0cl and ΔS0cl) have been evaluated using “Phase Separation Model”. The phase separation results from micelle‐micelle interaction. It was found that the overall clouding process was exothermic and ΔH0cl > TΔS0cl indicating that the process of clouding was guided by both enthalpy and entropy. This work supports the conjecture that the clouding is critical phenomenon rather than the growth of micelles. Findings of the present work supports to made the probable evidence of electrolyte‐surfactant interactions in aqueous medium.
X‐Ray and Thermal Studies on ZnxMg1-x SO4.7H2O Crystals
Authors: Sumithraj Premkumar P. , Sahaya Shajan X.
Published: March 2012

Single crystals of pure and mixed ZnSO4.7H2O and MgSO4.7H2O crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by x‐ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectral analysis and thermal analysis. The lattice parameters were calculated by from the XRD data. Atomic absorption spectral analysis showed that the Mg and Zn atoms were present in the mixed crystals. The thermal analysis by TGA and DTA showed that the mixed crystals have higher thermal stability than the pure crystals.
The Inhibitive Effect of 2‐Phenyl‐3‐nitroso‐imidazo [1, 2‐a]pyridine on the Corrosion of Steel in 0.5 M HCl Acid Solution
Authors: Bouhrira K. , Ouahiba F. , Zerouali D. , Hammouti B. , Zertoubi M. , Benchat N.
Published: March 2012

The effect of 2‐phenyl‐3‐nitroso‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine (PNIP) on the corrosion inhibition of carbon‐steel in 0.5 M HCl was studied by weight loss and different electrochemical techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization. The obtained results showed that PNIP effectively reduces the corrosion rate of carbon steel. Inhibition efficiency (E%) increases with inhibitor concentration to attain 88% at 10-3 M. Adsorption of that PNIP on the carbon steel surface in 0.5 M HCl follows the Langmuir isotherm model. E% values obtained from various methods used are in good agreement. SEM characterization of the steel surface is made.
UV Spectrophotometric Method for theEstimation of Itopride Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Gupta K. R. , Joshi R. R. , Chawla R. B. , Wadodkar S. G.
Published: March 2012

Three simple, precise and economical UV methods have been developed for the estimation of itopride hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. Itopride hydrochloride in distilled water shows the maximum absorbance at 258.0 nm (Method A) and in first order derivative spectra of the same shows sharp peak at 247.0 nm, when n = 1 (Method B). Method C utilises area under curve (AUC) in the wavelength range from 262.0‐254.0 nm for analysis of itopride hydrochloride. The drug was found to obey Beer‐Lambert’s law in the concentration range of 5‐50 μg/mL for all three proposed methods. Results of the analysis were validated statistically and recovery studies were found to be satisfactory.
Simultaneous Estimation of Satranidazole and Ofloxacin in Tablet Dosage Form by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Sachin R. Shinde , Suvarna I. Bhoir , Namdev S. Pawar , Suman B.Yadav , Ashok M. Bhagwat
Published: March 2012

A Simple, fast and precise reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed for the simultaneous determination of satranidazole and ofloxacin. Chromatographic separation of these drugs were performed on Kromasil C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µ) as stationary phase with a mobile phase comprising of 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate: acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40 (v/v) containing 0.1% glacial acetic acid at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 318 nm. The linearity of satranidazole and ofloxacin were in the range of 1.5 to 3.6 µg/mL and 1.0 to 2.4 µg/mL respectively. The recovery was calculated by standard addition method. The average recovery was found to be 100.63% and 100.02% for satranidazole and ofloxacin respectively. The proposed method was found to be accurate, precise and rapid for simultaneous determination of satranidazole and ofloxacin
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Some Halo Substituted Schiff Bases
Authors: Junne S. B. , Kadam Archana B. , Shinde S. L. , Waghamare G. S. , Vibhute Y. B.
Published: March 2012

Some new halo substituted Schiff bases have been prepared from different aromatic aldehydes and a series of substituted aromatic amines to form a number of potentially biologically active compounds. The structures of the Schiff bases have been characterized by using IR and 1HNMR spectroscopy. These compounds were screened against human pathogenic bacteria by agar diffusion method. Ampicillin was used as control.
Adsorption Kinetics for the Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Adsorbents Derived from the Peels of Selected Citrus Fruits
Authors: Chakrapani C. , Babu Ch. Suresh , Vani K. N. K. , Rao K. Somasekhara
Published: March 2012

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from the peels of Citrus documana, Citrus medica and Citrus aurantifolia fruits. Adsorption of fluoride onto these activated carbons was investigated. Effect of contact time in the removal of fluoride from aqueous solution at neutral pH was studied. Five kinetic models; the pseudo first‐ and second‐order equations, intraparticle diffusion, pore diffusion and the Elovich equation, were selected to follow adsorption process. Adsorption of fluoride onto adsorbents could be described by pseudo second‐order equation. Kinetic parameters; rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and correlation coefficients, for each kinetic equation were calculated and discussed. The good fitting of kinetic data to pore diffusion and Elovich equations indicate that pore diffusion plays a vital role in controlling the rate of the reaction.
A Computational Approach towards the Development of Newer Anticancer Agents
Authors: Sheikh Javed I. , Juneja H. D. , Ingle V. N.
Published: March 2012

In silico molecular docking analyses of the novel 1‐(2′, 4′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐aryl‐propane‐1, 3‐diones were performed in the active sites of enzyme cytochrome P450 reductase to obtain new anticancer agents computationally. 1‐(2′, 4′‐dihydroxy‐5′‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(4"‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐propane‐1, 3‐dione (3f) was found to have maximum affinity for the active sites of enzyme.
Synthesis Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Chelates of 1, 7‐Di (2‐hydroxyphenyl) 1, 7 di (N‐methyl) aza‐1, 3, 5 heptarine‐3‐ol hydrochloride
Authors: Patani Nalin P. , Hathi M. V.
Published: March 2012

The Schiff base complexes derived from 2‐furancarboxaldehyde and N‐methyl‐2‐amino phenol have been prepared and characterized using several physical techniques, like elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic moment measurements, infrared and resonance spectra. N‐Methyl‐2‐amino phenol was condensed stoichiometrically with 2‐furancarboxaldehyde in presence of methanol. The resulting 1,7‐di(2‐hydroxyphenyl) 1,7 di(N‐methyl) aza‐1,3,5 heptarine‐3‐ol hydrochloride was characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The transition metal complexes of Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+ of the synthesized complexes were prepared. Metal ligand (M:L) ratio, IR, reflectance spectral studies, magnetic properties and antimicrobial activity of the synthesized complexes and its metal complexes were carried out.
Separation of Ethanol‐Water MixtureUsing Type‐A Zeolite Molecular Sieve
Authors: Díaz Juan Camilo , Gil-Chávez Iván Darío , Giraldo Liliana , Moreno-Piraján Juan Carlos
Published: March 2012

This paper presents an experimental procedure for the synthesis of a type‐A zeolite molecular sieve, usable in the separation of an ethanol‐water mixture. The type‐A zeolite molecular sieve is obtained from a reactive mixture formed by a source of alumina, a source of silica and a promoter. Characterization of the molecular sieves obtained in this work was undertaken using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), adsorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results from the characterization procedures showed that part of the product presented a pore diameter suitable for the separation of an ethanol‐water mixture.
Estimation of Atenolol by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kumar Naveen , Verma Nishant , Songh Omveer , Joshi Naveen , Singh Kanwar Gaurav
Published: March 2012

A simple, precise, sensitive, fast and accurate high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of atenolol using mixture of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (53:47 v/v) as mobile phase. Buffer was prepared by mixing 0.02 M K2PO4 and 0.003 M KH2PO4 in equal proportion. Detection was carried out using UV detector at λmax 230 nm. Column was ODS and dimensions of column was 25 mm × 4.6 mm. Atenolol was eluted out at retention time of 2.1 min. Method was validated at 1.2 mL/min flow rate. Calibration curve was linear between ranges of 40 to 200 mcg concentration. The limit of detection was calculates 120 nano gram and limit of quantitation is 510 nano gram. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of atenolol was 0.6. The percentage recovery of atenolol was 99.6%.
Synthesis of Spiro Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed N. , El-Messmary Mohamed F. , Elarfi Mohamed G. A.
Published: March 2012

Reaction of isatin with acetophenone derivatives gave 3‐hydroxy‐3‐phenacyl oxindole derivatives (II), dehydration of (II) gave 3‐phenacylidene‐2‐indolinone derivatives (III). Condensation of (III) with hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine and phenylthiourea afforded new spiropyrazolines (IV & V) and spiropyrimidinethione (VI) respectively. The structures of the final products were established by physical and spectral means.
A Comparative Study on the Sorption Characteristics of Pb(II) and Hg(II) onto Activated Carbon
Authors: Andal N. Muthulakshmi , Sakthi V.
Published: March 2012

Biosorption equilibrium and kinetics of Pb(II) and Hg(II) on coconut shell carbon (CSC) were investigated by batch equilibration method. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and initial concentration of Pb(II) and Hg(II) on the activated carbon of coconut shell wastes were studied. Maximum adsorption of Pb(II) occurred at pH 4.5 and Hg(II) at pH 6. The sorptive mechanism followed the pseudo second order kinetics. The equilibrium data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models. The equilibration data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. The Langmuir adsorption capacity for Pb(II) was greater than Hg(II). The mean free energy of adsorption calculated from Dubinin‐Radushkevich (D‐R) isotherm model indicated that the adsorption of metal ions was found to be by chemical ion exchange. Thermodynamic parameter showed that the sorption process of Pb(II) onto SDC was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic under studied conditions. A comparison was evaluated for the two metals.
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Medicinal Plant Costus Speciosus (Koen.)
Authors: Saraf Aparna
Published: March 2012

The present paper deals with the phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of therapeutic importance from Costus speciosus (Koen.), an important medicinal plant. The study involves the preliminary screening and qualitative HPTLC separation of secondary metabolites from the rhizome of Costus speciosus (Koen.). The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed against a few pathogens viz. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The generated data has provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutic both in traditional and folk medicine.
Low‐level Determination of 4‐Hydrazino BenzoicAcid in Drug Substance by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Harikrishna S. , Reddy K. Nagabhushana , Suresh Y. , Ramakrishna M. , Sarat M. , Kishore K. , Rambabu C.
Published: March 2012

HPLC/MS single ion monitoring methods have been evaluated for the determination of trace levels of 4‐ hydrazino benzoic acid (4‐HBA) in drug substances. These 4‐HBA have been highlighted as potential genotoxins. HPLC/MS was found to be more promising and limits of quantification was 0.52 ppm. For one drug substances excellent recoveries of 104.6% were obtained at the 0.5 ppm level.
Proximate Nutritive Values and Mineral Components of Withania Somnifera (Linn.) Dunal
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. R. , Sarala P.
Published: March 2012

Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunal is a subtropical shrub with important medicinal properties. The nutritive value and the elemental composition of different parts of plants, Withania somnifera which are grown in two distinct geographical regions (Sondekola and Karthikere) of Karnataka have been determined. The investigation revealed that the variation of macro, micro and proximate components varied not only in the plants of different regions but also in the different parts of the same plant. Among the macro elements, Karthikere samples recorded maximum values of nitrogen, phosphorous and magnesium and Sondekola samples recorded maximum values of sodium, potassium and calcium. Among the components of micronutrients, the highest values of iron were recorded both in Sondekola and Karthikere samples. The average values of manganese, copper and zinc were more in the Karthikere samples and comparatively less in the Sondekola samples. Whereas, all the samples of Sondekola recorded maximum values of nutrition. It is believed that the dry climatic condition of the region may contribute the high values of nutrition. Further, the observations are discussed with reference to the geography, elemental composition and nutritional values. The strong and negative observations on herbal drugs and their validity, the study emphasizes the role of elemental composition, proximate components, nutritive value, habitat and geographical features which influence growth and development of Withania somnifera and also herbal products of Withania somnifera in particular and medicinal plants in general.
Antibacterial Activity of Quaternary Ammonium Salt from Diethylaminoethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Mohammed Makhloufia , Tahar BenaÏssa , AÏcha Derdour , Eddine Henni Djamel
Published: March 2012

A quaternary ammonium salt was synthesized from diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) by quaternization with hexadecyl bromide. The resultant compound (Am-h) was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Its bactericidal activity was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and inhibitory zone diameter against gram positive bacteria (Streptococcus sp.) and gram negative bacteria such as Acenito baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus sp. respectively. The results showed that the MIC values of the synthesised compound (Am-h) were 2 μg/mL against Acenito baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus sp. and Streptococcus sp.
Kinetics Study of Thermal Degradation of Resin Derived from Salicylaldehyde, Ethylenediamine and Formaldehyde
Authors: Masram Dhanraj. T. , Bhave N. S. , Kariya K. P.
Published: March 2012

The present paper reports the synthesis and kinetics of thermal degradation studies of resin salicylicldehyde ‐ethylenediamine ‐formaldehyde (SdEDF) derived by the condensation of salicylicldehyde and ethylenediamine with formaldehyde in the presence of catalyst hydrochloric acid in 1:1:2 molar proportions of reactants. Detailed thermal degradation studies of the SdEDF resin has been carried out to ascertain its thermal stability. Thermal degradation curve has been discussed in order to determine their mode of decomposition, order of reaction, apparent activation energy, frequency factor, free energy change, entropy change, and apparent energy change. Freeman ‐ Carroll and Sharp‐ Wentworth methods have been applied for the calculation of kinetic parameters while the data from the Freeman ‐ Carroll methods have been used to determine various thermodynamic parameters.
Chemical and Microbial Dynamics during Composting of Herbal Pharmaceutical Industrial Waste
Authors: Zameer Farhan , Meghashri S. , Gopal Shubha , Rao B. Raghavendra
Published: March 2012

A study was performed to analyze the dynamics of chemical, biochemical and microbial parameters during composting of herbal pharmaceutical waste. All the parameters were analyzed at three different intervals of composting (1st, 15th and 60th days). Temperature of the compost pile was initially high (46.2 °C) and on 60th day it dropped to 33.3 °C. The pH of the sample was initially acidic (2.39) and with the progress of decomposition gradually changed to neutrality (7.55). Electrical conductivity (EC) value was high (3.8 mS) during last day of composting compared to other stages. The activity of degradative enzymes namely amylase, invertase and urease were initially high (4.1, 4.79 mg of glucose/g/h and 0.19 mg of ammonia/g/h respectively) while it decreased with composting. The beneficial microbial load was initially low and very high at the last stages of decomposition. The bioassay studies using compost extracts revealed that the 60th day old sample was not phytotoxic in nature.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies and Antifungal Activity of 2‐[(4(3‐Chlorophenyl) piperazine‐1‐yl)methyl]‐3‐[8‐hydroxy quinolin‐5‐yl]‐3(H)‐quinazolin‐4‐one Ligand and its Chelates
Authors: Vashi R. T. , Shelat C. D. , Patel Himanshu
Published: March 2012

The novel ligand HL6 was synthesized using anthranilic acid and it was undergo the chelating reaction with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Zn(II) to prepare transition metal chelates. These chelates were characterized by physicochemical methods such as elemental analysis, conductometric studies, magnetic susceptibility, FT‐IR, NMR and electronic spectra. The stoichiometry of the complexes has been found to be 1: 2 (Metal: ligand). An octahedral geometry around Co(II), Ni(II) and Mn(II), distorted octahedral geometry around Cu(II) and tetrahedral geometry around Zn(II) have been proposed. The antifungal activity of ligand and its metal chelates were conducted against various fungi.
Single and Competitive Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cd2+ & Cu2+) on a Clayey Soil
Authors: Vibhawari  , Pandey N. D.
Published: March 2012

The present paper focuses on the sorption behavior of Cd2+ ion on clayey soil at different initial concentration at natural soil pH and sorption of Cd2+ ion in the presence of Cu2+ ion (competitive‐ion solution) on clayey soil at different initial concentrations at the same soil pH. Sorption experiments were carried out for the agitation period of 1 to 10 days. It was observed that in both the cases concentration of both the metals remaining in the solution with the agitation time was non linear. Maximum adsorption capacities of Cd2+ ion in both the solutions were calculated. It was observed that sorption of Cd2+ ion was decreased in the presence of Cu2+ ion. It was concluded that as a result of competition of ions, sorption of Cd2+ decreased.
Molecular Interaction Studies on N‐Alkanols with DMA in Toluene at 303K
Authors: Thirumaran S. , Jayakumar J. Earnest , Dhanasundaram B. Hubert
Published: March 2012

The ultrasonic study of velocity, density and viscosity has been measured for the mixtures of n‐alkanols, namely; 1‐propoanol, 1‐butanol and 1‐pentanol in toluene with N-N dimethyl acetamide (DMA) at 303K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (πi) and acoustic impedance (Z). The excess values of the above parameters have also been evaluated and presented. From the present investigation, it is obvious that a weak molecular association was identified. Mixing of DMA with n alkanols causes dissociation of hydrogen bonded structures of n‐ alkanols. Also, further addition of DMA with the mixture not only causes dissociation of hydrogen bonded structures of n‐alkanols but also a decrease in molecular association between toluene and n‐alkanols is observed. The evaluated excess values predict weak molecular interactions existing between DMA‐n‐alkanols as well as toluene‐n‐alkanols.
Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (Green‐gold) Using Leaf Extract of Terminalia Catappa
Authors: Ankamwar Balaprasad
Published: March 2012

The synthesis of eco‐friendly nanoparticles is evergreen branch of nanoscience for biomedical application. Low cost of synthesis and non toxicity are main features make it more attractive potential option for biomedical field and elsewhere. Here, we report the synthesis of gold nanoparticles in aqueous medium using Terminalia catappa (Almond) leaf extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. On treating chloroauric acid solutions with Terminalia catappa (TC) leaf extract rapid reduction of chloroaurate ions is observed leading to the formation of highly stable gold nanoparticles in solution. TEM analysis of the gold nanoparticles indicated that they ranged in size from 10 to 35 nm with average size of 21.9 nm.
Estimation of Lamotrigine by RP‐HPLC Method
Authors: Anantha Kumar D. , Venkata Kumar CH. , Seetharamaiah P. , Seshagiri Rao J. V. L. N.
Published: March 2012

A rapid and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of lamotrigine in its pure form as well as in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a Luna C18 column using a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) and methanol in a ratio of 60:40 v/v as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection was done at 305 nm. The retention time of the drug was 6.1 min. The method produced linear responses in the concentration range of 10 to 70 μg/mL of lamotrigine. The method was found to be reproducible for analysis of the drug in tablet dosage forms.
Seasonal Distribution of Trace Metals in Ground and Surface Water of Golaghat District, Assam, India
Authors: Boarh M. , Misra A. K.
Published: March 2012

A study has been carried out on the quality of ground and surface water with respect to chromium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium and arsenic contamination from 28 different sources in the predominantly rural Golaghat district of Assam (India). The metals were analysed by using atomic absorption spectrometer. Water samples were collected from groundwater and surface water during the dry and wet seasons of 2008 from the different sources in 28 locations (samples). The results are discussed in the light of possible health hazards from the metals in relation to their maximum permissible limits. The study shows the quality of ground and surface water in a sizeable number of water samples in the district not to be fully satisfactory with respect to presence of the metals beyond permissible limits of WHO. The metal concentration of groundwater in the district follows the trend As>Zn>Mn>Cr>Cu>Ni>Cd in both the seasons.
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Leaves of Alchonea Cordifolia
Authors: George N. J. , Obot I. B. , Ikot A. N. , Akpan A. E. , Obi-Egbedi N. O.
Published: March 2012

The phytochemistry of Achornea cordifolia leaf extract using different solvents was studied using standard methods. The effects of the leaf extract on some pathogenic bacteria and fungi were also examined. The Phytochemical screening of the leaves shows the presence of useful ethno‐botanical bioactive substances such as tannin, saponin, flavonoid, cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone, while alkaloid, phlobatanin and terpene also tested for were absent. The butanol fraction of the extract gives the highest zone of inhibition (13.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are in parity. The control, gentamycin injection gives 12.5 mm, 11.0 mm and 12.0 mm respective zones of inhibition against the Staphylococcus aureus, Eschariclia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, the butanol fraction of the extract shows highest zone of inhibition of 17.0 mm against Candida albican, while ethanolic extract gives 13.0 mm zone of inhibition against Trichophyton violaceum.
Validated RP‐HPLC Method for Analysis of Aripiprazole in a Formulation
Authors: Kalaichelvi R. , Thangabalan B. , Rao D. Srinivasa
Published: March 2012

A rapid, simple and validated reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for analysis of aripiprazole in tablet dosage form. Aripiprazole was separated on an ODS analytical column with a 40:60 (v/v) mixture of acetonitrile and triethanolamine buffer (5 mM, pH 3.5 ± 0.05 adjusted by addition of 85% phosphoric acid) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1. The effluent was monitored by UV detection at 254 nm. Calibration plots were linear in the range of 20 to 60 µg mL-1 and the LOD and LOQ were 0.411 and 1.248 µg mL-1, respectively. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the method for routine quality control determination of aripiprazole in tablets.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Aldehyde Derivatives of 3‐Acetylchromen‐2‐one
Authors: Lakshminarayanan B. , Rajamanickam V. , Subburaju T. , Rajkumar L. A. Pradeep , Revathi H.
Published: March 2012

Some new 3‐(substituted)‐chromen‐2‐one have been synthesized by condensation of 3‐acetylchromen‐2‐one with various aromatic aldehyde in presence of ethanol and alkali. The synthesized compounds were identified by spectral data and screened for their antibacterial activity against B. pumilis, B. substilis and E. coli and antifungal activity against A. niger and Candida albicans. Among the synthesized compounds, some compounds of aryl chromen, which are having electron releasing substituent such as methoxy and hydroxyl at various positions, showed moderate to considerable antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Synthesis of Nano Conducting Polymer Based Polyaniline and it′s Composite: Mechanical Properties, Conductivity and Thermal Studies
Authors: Keivani M. Banimahd , Zare K. , Aghaie M. , Aghaie H. , Monajjemi M.
Published: March 2012

Polyaniline (PAn) was prepared chemically in the presence of bronsted acid from aqueous solutions. Polyaniline‐ nylon 6 composite (termed as PAn/Ny6) prepared via solvent casting method. The preparation conditions were optimized with regard to the mechanical properties of the polymer composite. It was found that the molar ratio of PAn to nylon have the greatest effect in determining the mechanical properties of polymer composite. Electrical conductivity was measured using standard method of four point probe. Spectrophotometric analysis (UV‐Vis) was used for investigation of the effect of thermal treatment on polyaniline and it’s composite.
Optical Studies on KBr:Tl and KCl‐Br:Tl Mixed Crystals
Authors: Eswaran P. , Anbagi A. , Nagarajan S.
Published: March 2012

Optical absorption spectra of KBr:Tl+ (0.0125 mol%) single crystals shows A, B and C bands around 258, 220 and 210 nm respectively. In KCl0.1Br0.9 :Tl+ (0.0125 mol%) mixed crystals exhibit slightly broadening of the A‐band towards lower wavelength side. The broadening of the absorption spectra are suggested to be due to some complex Tl+ centers involving Br- and Cl- ions formed in the mixed crystals. When excited at A, B and C‐bands of Tl+ ions, PL of KBr:Tl+ showed emission band around 320 with a prominent shoulder around 365 nm. In KCl0.1Br0.9 mixed crystals the shoulder around 365 nm is not prominent due to the perturbing influence of Cl- ions. Addition bands in the excitation spectra are attributed to the presence of Tl+ dimmers. PSL observed in X‐ray irradiated crystals resembled their respective PL emissions indicating that PSL in them is due to Tl+ ions.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 2‐Ketophenyl‐3‐substituted aryl‐1‐thiazolidin‐4‐ones
Authors: Vats Vishnu , Upadhyay R. K. , Sharma Prathibha
Published: March 2012

A new series of 2‐ketophenyl‐3‐substituted aryl‐1‐ thiazolidin‐4‐ones were synthesized by cyclocondensation of ketoazomethines and thioglycolic acid. Ketoazomethines were synthesized by condensation of phenyl glyoxal (prepared by partial oxidation of acetophenone) and various para‐substituted anilines. Their structures were elucidated by elemental analysis, IR and H1 NMR; they were screened for their antifungal activity against hazardous fungi namely Fusarium Oxysporum, Pythium, Sclerotium and Alternaria brassicola.
A Facial Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pyrazole Derivatives Carrying Indole
Authors: Sarma K. Narasimha , Subha M. C. S. , Rao K. Chowdoji
Published: March 2012

The title compounds (7a-h) were prepared by esterification of indole‐5‐carboxylic acid (1) and subsequent treatment with hydrazine hydrate in methanol via the hydrazide (3). Finally hydrazide (3) condensed with different substituted aldol (6) in acetic acid / PTSA catalytic media produced (3,5‐subsituted‐4,5‐dihydropyrazol‐1‐yl)(1H‐indol‐5‐yl)methanone (7a-h) in good yields. All the newly synthesized compounds are by elemental analysis and spectral studies and evaluated for antimicrobial activities.
Determination of Lead in Saudi Arabian Imported Green Tea by ICP‐MS
Authors: Othman Ahmed , Al-Ansi Seham , Al-Tufail Mohammed
Published: March 2012

Lead (Pb) in nine different Saudi Arabian imported green tea samples originated from China has been determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Tea infusion and microwave acid digestion procedures are used for sample pre‐treatment. The concentrations range of lead (total) in the analyzed green tea samples is 0.231 – 6.340 mg/kg. The total concentration of lead released 3% – 19% into tea infusions with boiling water. The calculated average daily intakes of lead in tea infusions was low and within the bounds of safety (≤0.009 mg/day).
The Rare Coincidence: Nonrecurrent Laryngeal Nerve Pointed by a Zuckerkandl's Tubercle
Authors: Gurleyik Emin , Dogan Sami , Gunal Omer , Pehlivan Mevlut
Published: March 2012

The safety of thyroid operations mainly depends on complete anatomical knowledge. Anatomical and embryological variations of the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN), of the thyroid gland itself and unusual relations between ILN and the gland threaten operation security are discussed. The patient with toxic multinodular goiter is treated with total thyroidectomy. During dissection of the right lobe, the right ILN which has nonrecurrent course arising directly from cervical vagus nerve is identified and fully isolated until its laryngeal entry. At the operation, we observe bilateral Zuckerkandl's tubercles (ZTs) as posterior extension of both lateral lobes. The left ILN has usual recurrent course in the trachea-esophageal groove. The right ZT is placed between upper and middle third of the lobe points the nonrecurrent ILN. The coincidence of non-recurrent ILN pointed by a ZT is rare anatomical and embryological feature of this case. Based on anatomical and embryological variations, we suggest identification and full exposure of ILN before attempting excision of adjacent structures, like the ZT which has surgical importance for completeness of thyroidectomy.
Computational Prediction of Protein-Protein Interactions of Human Tyrosinase
Authors: Wang Su-Fang , Oh Sangho , Si Yue-Xiu , Wang Zhi-Jiang , Han Hong-Yan , Lee Jinhyuk , Qian Guo-Ying
Published: March 2012

The various studies on tyrosinase have recently gained the attention of researchers due to their potential application values and the biological functions. In this study, we predicted the 3D structure of human tyrosinase and simulated the protein-protein interactions between tyrosinase and three binding partners, four and half LIM domains 2 (FHL2), cytochrome b-245 alpha polypeptide (CYBA), and RNA-binding motif protein 9 (RBM9). Our interaction simulations showed significant binding energy scores of −595.3 kcal/mol for FHL2, −859.1 kcal/mol for CYBA, and −821.3 kcal/mol for RBM9. We also investigated the residues of each protein facing toward the predicted site of interaction with tyrosinase. Our computational predictions will be useful for elucidating the protein-protein interactions of tyrosinase and studying its binding mechanisms.
CdTe Quantum dots Modified by Polyamidoamine Dendrimers for Cell Imaging
Authors: Liu Jun′An , Wei Xiaolei , Cao Jianhua , Jiang Hong
Published: March 2012

Water soluble CdTe quantum dots have shown potential as a platform for development of live cell imaging, but their cytotoxicity limits their biological applications. To decrease their cytotoxicity, an approach to modify CdTe quantum dots (QDs) with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) was employed by forming covalent bonds between them. The resultant nanocomposites as a cell imaging bioprobe for live PK15 and their in vitro toxicity were also investigated. The results showed that the prepared nanocomposites were able to enter PK15 cells with good biocompatibility and low cellular toxicity.
Speciation Studies of L-Histidine Complexes of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) in DMSO-Water Mixtures
Authors: Bharath Kumar Naik K. , Ananda Kumar B. , Raju S. , Nageswara Rao G.
Published: March 2012

Equilibrium study on complex formation of L-histidine with Pb(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) has been investigated pH metrically in DMSO-water mixtures (0–60% v/v) at 303 K and 0.16 mol L−1 ionic strength. The predominant species detected for Pb(II) and Cd(II) are ML2H4, ML2H3, ML2H2, ML2H, and ML2 and those for Hg(II) are ML2H4, ML2H3, ML2, and ML. The appropriateness of experimental conditions is verified by introducing errors intentionally in the concentrations of ingredients. The models containing different numbers of species were refined by using the computer program MINIQUAD75. The best-fit chemical models were arrived at based on statistical parameters. The trend in variation of stability constants of the complexes with dielectric constant of the medium is attributed to the electrostatic and nonelectrostatic forces. The species distribution and the plausible equilibria for the formation of the species are also presented.
Binary Mixtures of Nonyl Phenol with Alkyl Substituted Anilines as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Medium
Authors: Shukla H. S. , Haldar N. , Udaybhanu G.
Published: March 2012

The present study deals with the evaluation of the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of the two binary mixtures of nonyl phenol (NPH) with 2, 4 dimethyl aniline (DMA) and 2 ethyl aniline (EA) at different concentration ratios (from 1:7 to 7:1) for mild steel in H2SO4 (pH=1) solution by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization method. Corrosion inhibition ability of the compounds has been tested at different exposure periods (6 h to 24 h) and at different temperatures (303 K to 333 K). The binary mixture of NPH and EA (at 7:1 concentration ratio) has afforded maximum inhibition (IE% 93.5%) at 6 h exposure period and at room temperature. The adsorption of both the inhibitors is found to accord with Temkin adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization study reveals that the tested inhibitors are mixed type inhibitor and preferentially act on cathodic areas. Electrochemical impedance study suggests formation of an inhibition layer by the adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface. An adsorption model of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface has been proposed after immersion test in the inhibited acid showed characteristic shift of N‐H and O‐H bond frequencies towards lower side compared to that of the respective pure samples which indicated the donation of electron pair through N and O atom of the inhibitor molecule in the surface adsorption phenomena. SEM study has revealed formation of semi globular inhibitor products on the metal surface. The comparisons of the protection efficiencies of these compounds according to their relative electron density on the adsorption centre and projected molecular area of the inhibitor molecules have been made.
Optimisation of Graft Copolymerisation of Fibres from Banana Trunk
Authors: Mpon Richard , Ndikontar Maurice K. , Ntede Hyppolite N. , Ngamveng J. Noah , Dufresne Alain , Ayina Ohandja , Njungap Emmanuel , Tame Abel
Published: March 2012

Sheets from banana trunks were opened out and dried for several weeks in air. Pulp was obtained by the nitric acid process with a yield of 37.7% while fibres were obtained according to the modified standard Japanese method for cellulose in wood for pulp (JIS 8007) with a yield of 65% with respect to oven dried plant material. Single fibre obtained by the JIS method had an average diameter of 11.0 μm and Young′s modulus, tensile strength and strain at break‐off 7.05 GPa, 81.7 MPa and 5.2% respectively. Modification of the fibres was carried out by grafting ethyl acrylate in the presence of ammonium nitrate cerium(IV). Optimisation of the copolymerisation reaction conditions was studied by measuring the rate of conversion, the rate of grafting and the grafting efficiency. The results showed that at low values of ceric ion concentration (0.04 M), at ambient temperature, after three hours and at a concentration of 0.2 M ethyl acrylate, maximum values of the parameters cited were obtained.
Liposarcoma of the Nasopharynx: Diagnosis and Management of a Rare Diagnostic Entity
Authors: Papacharalampous George X. , Kikidis Dimitrios , Vasileiou Alexios , Bousiotou Aggeliki , Chrysovergis Aristeidis
Published: March 2012

Liposarcoma is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas in adulthood. The majority of liposarcomas arise in the lower extremities and retroperitoneum, while the incidence of this tumor in the head and neck region is reported to be extremely low, comprising 1.8%–6.2% of all cases. Nasopharyngeal liposarcoma is exceptionally rare, with only three cases having been reported in the English literature. This paper presents a case of a nasopharyngeal liposarcoma, treated with endoscopic tumor debulking, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and reviews the current literature with regard to diagnosis and management of such lesions. Most authors agree that the imaging modality of choice is magnetic resonance imaging. Although radiographic findings usually support diagnosis, the imaging characteristics of such lesions may considerably vary, depending on the histological subtype and the macroscopic appearance of the tumor. The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision when possible. Although the role of postoperative radiotherapy is not clearly defined, some authors support that radiotherapy might delay or prevent local recurrence. However, there is no adequate evidence that the combination of surgery and radiotherapy lowers the possibility of distant metastasis of the head and neck liposarcomas. The role of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy still remains controversial.