bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on a murine squamous cell carcinoma model
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Fraley Patrick L. , O'Bert Robert
Published: October 2013

Background

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is sometimes used to assist in wound healing after major head and neck cancer surgery. However, there is concern that HBO treatments might enhance the growth of any residual microscopic disease. This was studied in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods

SCC‐VII/SF tumor cells were cultured, and then injected (3 × 103 cells) into C3H/HeJ mice in 5 groups: subcutaneous (SQ) control (n = 13), SQ‐immediate (n = 12), SQ‐delayed (n = 13), tail vein control (n = 8), and tail vein immediate (n = 9). The 3 experimental groups were subjected to HBO therapy, 2.4 atm for 90 minutes, 5 days per week for 4 weeks, starting on postinjection day 3 (“immediate”) or 10 (“delayed”). Tumors in the SQ mice were measured 3 times per week. Lung metastases in the tail vein mice were counted at necropsy.

Results

At postimplantation day 28, when the immediate group completed its HBO therapy, the tumor volume in the SQ‐immediate group was 49.1% higher than the control group, and the SQ‐delayed group was 105.1% higher than controls (p < .05). Two weeks later, the SQ‐immediate group and SQ‐delayed group tumor volumes were still significantly higher than controls, but the difference was smaller (18.4% and 43.8%, respectively; p < .05 only for the delayed group). The tail vein groups had similar numbers of lung metastases, with a mean of 8.7 metastases in the control group and 9.0 metastases in the HBO group (not significant [NS]).

Conclusion

This study suggests that HBO therapy does accelerate the growth of microscopic foci of SCCs. This finding differs from some earlier studies and warrants further study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1743–1746, 2013
Contributions of human hippocampal subfields to spatial and temporal pattern separation
Authors: Azab Marwa , Stark Shauna M. , Stark Craig E.L.
Published: October 2013

We sought to explore the roles of the hippocampal subregions and adjacent medial temporal lobe regions in pattern separation and any differential contributions based on sequential or spatial information. Young adults performed an incidental‐encoding task on a sequence of four objects presented on the screen in one of eight locations while we collected high‐resolution functional MRI brain scans. We employed five trials of interest: first presentations, exact repetitions, lures in which the same objects were repeated in different locations (spatial lures), lures in which the same objects were presented in a different sequential order (sequential lures), and lures in which both the spatial location and sequence were changed (both lures). We found no evidence for spatial or sequential specialization in the hippocampal subfields, consistent with the hypothesis that the dentate gyrus acts as a universal pattern separator. Likewise, we did not observe specialization for the perirhinal or parahippocampal cortices for spatial or sequential information, though both regions show evidence for associative processing in this task. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaffolded Silent Reading (ScSR)
Authors: Walker Karen P.
Published: October 2013

Structured independent reading among students is often a vital missing component in many school districts’ literacy curriculum. The nationwide implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) requires districts to re‐think their literacy curriculum and what instruction might entail in order for students to demonstrate proficiency in literacy by the end of high school. Walker discusses Scaffolded Silent Reading (ScSR) as a disciplined way for teachers to support adolescents’ independent reading at school. She argues that progressive school leaders prioritize independent reading and establish it as a non‐negotiable component of a comprehensive literacy program. A ScSR policy will have greater sustainability as leadership capacity is developed among teachers to implement and facilitate ScSR.
Print‐Based Texts
Authors: Blasingame James
Published: October 2013

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult literature and provides a valuable resource for literature selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Professional Resources
Authors: Haddix Marcelle M.
Published: October 2013

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult professional resources and provides a valuable resource for professional resource selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Visual and Digital Texts
Authors: Botzakis Stergios
Published: October 2013

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult visual and digital texts and provides a valuable resource for visual and digital text selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Teaching Literature in an Age of Text Complexity
Authors: Alsup Janet
Published: October 2013

The recently released Common Core State Standards increase classroom emphasis on informational texts in high school and recommend a three‐part measurement for text complexity when selecting texts for classroom use. In this commentary I argue that fictional narratives can not only meet these stated criteria for complex texts and result in critical thinking, reading, and writing, but stories can also lead to increased reader engagement and feelings of empathy for others.
Burnout in inpatient‐based versus outpatient‐based physicians: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberts Daniel L. , Cannon Keith J. , Wellik Kay E. , Wu Qing , Budavari Adriane I.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Burnout is a syndrome affecting the entirety of work life and characterized by cynicism, detachment, and inefficacy. Despite longstanding concerns about burnout in hospital medicine, few data about burnout in hospitalists have been published.

PURPOSE

A systematic review of the literature on burnout in inpatient‐based and outpatient‐based physicians worldwide was undertaken to determine whether inpatient physicians experience more burnout than outpatient physicians.

DATA SOURCES

Five medical databases were searched for relevant terms with no language restrictions. Authors were contacted for unpublished data and clarification of the practice location of study subjects.

STUDY SELECTION

Two investigators independently reviewed each article. Included studies provided a measure of burnout in inpatient and/or outpatient nontrainee physicians.

DATA EXTRACTION

Fifty‐four studies met inclusion criteria, 15 of which provided direct comparisons of inpatient and outpatient physicians. Twenty‐eight studies used the same burnout measure and therefore were amenable to statistical analysis.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Outpatient physicians reported more emotional exhaustion than inpatient physicians. No statistically significant differences in depersonalization or personal accomplishment were found. Further comparisons were limited by the heterogeneity of instruments used to measure burnout and the lack of available information about practice location in many studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The existing literature does not support the widely held belief that burnout is more frequent in hospitalists than outpatient physicians. Better comparative studies of hospitalist burnout are needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:653–664. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
CO2‐Based Non‐ionic Surfactants: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐Poly(propylene carbonate) Block Copolymers
Authors: Hilf Jeannette , Schulze Patricia , Frey Holger
Published: October 2013

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and propylene oxide (PO) is employed to generate amphiphilic polycarbonate block copolymers with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and a nonpolar poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) block. A series of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) di‐ and triblock copolymers, PPC‐b‐PEG and PPC‐b‐PEG‐b‐PPC, respectively, with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDIs in the range of 1.05–1.12) and tailored molecular weights (1500–4500 g mol−1) is synthesized via an alternating CO2/propylene oxide copolymerization, using PEG or mPEG as an initiator. Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) are determined, ranging from 3 to 30 mg L−1. Non‐ionic poly(propylene carbonate)‐based surfactants represent an alternative to established surfactants based on polyether structures.

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Small ball probabilities for smooth Gaussian fields and tensor products of compact operators
Authors: Karol' Andrei I. , Nazarov Alexander I.
Published: October 2013

We find the logarithmic L2‐small ball asymptotics for a class of zero mean Gaussian fields with covariances having the structure of “tensor product”. The main condition imposed on marginal covariances is slow growth at the origin of counting functions of their eigenvalues. That is valid for Gaussian functions with smooth covariances. Another type of marginal functions considered as well are classical Wiener process, Brownian bridge, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, etc., in the case of special self‐similar measure of integration. Our results are based on a new theorem on spectral asymptotics for the tensor products of compact self‐adjoint operators in Hilbert space which is of independent interest. Thus, we continue to develop the approach proposed in the paper , where the regular behavior at infinity of marginal eigenvalues was assumed.
Global hypoelliptic estimates for fractional order kinetic equation
Authors: Li Wei‐Xi
Published: October 2013

In this paper we study a class of fractional order kinetic equation, which is a linear model of spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation without angular cutoff. Using the multiplier method introduced by F. Hérau and K. Pravda‐Starov (J. Math. Pures et Appl., 2011), we establish the optimal global hypoelliptic estimates with weights for the linear model operator.
General monotone sequences and trigonometric series
Authors: Booton Barry
Published: October 2013

In this article, we establish a norm equivalence satisfied by general monotone sequences. This is then used to show norm equivalences involving such sequences and trigonometric series with the elements of these sequences as coefficients. These equivalences generalize earlier results of Hardy and Littlewood, Askey and Wainger, Sagher, and Tikhonov.
Common properties of bounded linear operators AC and BA: Spectral theory
Authors: Zeng Qingping , Zhong Huaijie
Published: October 2013

Let X, Y be Banach spaces, and B, be bounded linear operators satisfying the operator equation . Recently, as extensions of Jacobson's lemma, Corach, Duggal and Harte studied common properties of and in algebraic viewpoint and also obtained some topological analogues. In this note, we continue to investigate common properties of AC and BA from the viewpoint of spectral theory. In particular, we give an affirmative answer to one question posed by Corach et al. by proving that has closed range if and only if has closed range.
Effect of MAPP on interfacial compatibility of wood flour/polypropylene composite evaluated with dielectric approach
Authors: Zhu Lizhi , Cao Jinzhen , Wang Yi , Liu Ru , Zhao Guangjie
Published: October 2013

To quantitatively evaluate the effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent on interfacial compatibility between wood and polymer in wood/polypropylene (PP) composite, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor were measured for poplar (Populus tomentasa Carr.) wood flour/polypropylene (PP) composites prepared with six MAPP loading levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0%), and the Cole–Cole plots, the dielectric relaxation strength, the distribution of relaxation time and the activation thermodynamic quantities of the dielectric relaxation based on the reorientation of the methylol groups (CH2OH) in the amorphous region of wood cell wall were further analyzed. The results showed that the dielectric relaxation strength decreased with the MAPP loading and dropped to the lowest at MAPP loading of 2.0%, after which it kept almost constant. It suggested that the internal bonding between wood and PP molecules was the strongest at 2.0% MAPP, therefore the reorientation of the methylol groups in wood became very difficult under the strong hindrance from the long‐chained PP molecules and the physical or/and chemical bonds between MAPP, wood flour, and PP in the composites. The activation free energy ΔE could be served as the indicator to quantitatively evaluate the effect of MAPP on interfacial compatibility of the wood/PP composites. ΔE of 2.0% MAPP modified composites showed the maximal value among all the tested conditions, which was 33.52 kJ mol−1; while the values for 1.5 and 4.0% MAPP modified were 23.35 and 21.75 kJ mol−1. Therefore, excessive MAPP was not beneficial to improve the internal compatibility of wood/PP composites, but had negative effect. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:489–494, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Elastic and anelastic properties of the 0.55SrTiO3–0.45BiScO3 ceramics characteristic for relaxor ferroelectric behavior
Authors: Ivanov Oleg , Danshina Elena
Published: October 2013

The low‐frequency elastic and anelastic properties of the ceramic 0.55SrTiO3–0.45BiScO3 sample have been studied. Anomalous changes of the Young's modulus and the internal friction characteristic for the ferroelectric relaxors were observed at cooling below the Burns temperature at ∼585 K. The relaxor properties of this system are confirmed by dielectric measurements and attributed to the coexistence of the polar tetragonal P4mm phase and the nonpolar cubic Pm3m phase. Elastic anomaly is assumed to be due to electrostriction relationship between spontaneous polarization of polar tetragonal domains and strain of the sample. Using the special internal friction mechanism for the first order phase transition, the size of the polar phase nuclei arising at the Burns temperature was estimated to be equal to ∼20 nm.
Developing Climate Change Strategy: A Framework for Managers
Authors: Birnik Andreas
Published: October 2013

As scientific evidence about climate change mounts, it is becoming increasingly important for managers to develop climate change strategies that reduce risk and strengthen the competitiveness of their organizations. This article introduces a managerial framework to support the development of climate change strategy at the firm level. Topics discussed include the basic facts about climate change, the rationale for the development of climate change strategy, company case studies, findings from consumer research, evidence concerning performance impact of firm‐level climate change efforts, risk management, greenhouse gas (GHG) quantification, verification and reporting, GHG reduction initiatives, carbon offsets, organizational ownership of climate change efforts, and integrated reporting covering financial performance and organizational sustainability. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Guy Reader” Is Not an Oxymoron
Authors: Korman Gordon
Published: October 2013

The author of 80 books, most recently HYPNOTIZE ME, discusses the unique challenges of engaging reluctant and sometimes openly hostile boys by creating the kind of stories that will hook them in and turn them into lifelong readers.
Love That Book
Authors: Dalton Bridget , Grisham Dana L.
Published: October 2013

Composing with different modes – image, sound, video and the written word – to respond to and analyze literary and informational text helps students develop as readers and digital communicators. This article showcases five multimodal strategies for engaging children in rich literature‐based learning using digital tools and Internet resources.
Power of Books
Authors: Braker Julianne
Published: October 2013

View From the Chalkboard essays share readers’ reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
ABJM Wilson loops in arbitrary representations
Authors: Hatsuda Yasuyuki , Honda Masazumi , Moriyama Sanefumi , Okuyama Kazumi
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We study vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of circular half BPS Wilson loops in arbitrary representations in ABJM theory. We find that those in hook representations are reduced to elementary integrations thanks to the Fermi gas formalism, which are accessible from the numerical studies similar to the partition function in the previous studies. For non-hook representations, we show that the VEVs in the grand canonical formalism can be exactly expressed as determinants of those in the hook representations. Using these facts, we can study the instanton effects of the VEVs in various representations. Our results are consistent with the worldsheet instanton effects studied from the topological string and a prescription to include the membrane instanton effects by shifting the chemical potential, which has been successful for the partition function.
Models of Service Delivery for Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment and Counseling
Authors: Trepanier Angela M. , Allain Dawn C.
Published: October 2013

Increasing awareness of and the potentially concomitant increasing demand for cancer genetic services is driving the need to explore more efficient models of service delivery. The aims of this study were to determine which service delivery models are most commonly used by genetic counselors, assess how often they are used, compare the efficiency of each model as well as impact on access to services, and investigate the perceived benefits and barriers of each. Full members of the NSGC Familial Cancer Special Interest Group who subscribe to its listserv were invited to participate in a web‐based survey. Eligible respondents were asked which of ten defined service delivery models they use and specific questions related to aspects of model use. One‐hundred ninety‐two of the approximately 450 members of the listserv responded (42.7 %); 177 (92.2 %) had provided clinical service in the last year and were eligible to complete all sections of the survey. The four direct care models most commonly used were the (traditional) face‐to‐face pre‐ and post‐test model (92.2 %), the face‐to‐face pretest without face‐to‐face post‐test model (86.5 %), the post‐test counseling only for complex results model (36.2 %), and the post test counseling for all results model (18.3 %). Those using the face‐to‐face pretest only, post‐test all, and post‐test complex models reported seeing more new patients than when they used the traditional model and these differences were statistically significantly. There were no significant differences in appointment wait times or distances traveled by patients when comparing use of the traditional model to the other three models. Respondents recognize that a benefit of using alternative service delivery models is increased access to services; however, some are concerned that this may affect quality of care.
Available potential energy density for a multicomponent Boussinesq fluid with arbitrary nonlinear equation of state
Authors: Tailleux Rémi
Published: October 2013

In this paper, the concept of available potential energy (APE) density is extended to a multicomponent Boussinesq fluid with a nonlinear equation of state. As shown by previous studies, the APE density is naturally interpreted as the work against buoyancy forces that a parcel needs to perform to move from a notional reference position at which its buoyancy vanishes to its actual position; because buoyancy can be defined relative to an arbitrary reference state, so can APE density. The concept of APE density is therefore best viewed as defining a class of locally defined energy quantities, each tied to a different reference state, rather than as a single energy variable. An important result, for which a new proof is given, is that the volume-integrated APE density always exceeds Lorenz’s globally defined APE, except when the reference state coincides with Lorenz’s adiabatically re-arranged reference state of minimum potential energy. A parcel reference position is systematically defined as a level of neutral buoyancy (LNB): depending on the nature of the fluid and on how the reference state is defined, a parcel may have one, none, or multiple LNB within the fluid. Multiple LNB are only possible for a multicomponent fluid whose density depends on pressure. When no LNB exists within the fluid, a parcel reference position is assigned at the minimum or maximum geopotential height. The class of APE densities thus defined admits local and global balance equations, which all exhibit a conversion to kinetic energy, a production term by boundary buoyancy fluxes, and a dissipation term by internal diffusive effects. Different reference states alter the partition between APE production and dissipation, but neither affects the net conversion between kinetic energy and APE, nor the difference between APE production and dissipation. We argue that the possibility of constructing APE-like budgets based on reference states other than Lorenz’s reference state is more important than has been previously assumed, and we illustrate the feasibility of doing so in the context of an idealized and realistic oceanic example, using as reference states one with constant density and another one defined as the horizontal-mean density field; in the latter case, the resulting APE density is found to be a reasonable approximation of the APE density constructed from Lorenz’s reference state, while being computationally cheaper.
Finding RR Lyrae Stars with SkyMapper: An Observational Test
Authors: Akhter S. , Da Costa G. S. , Keller S. C. , Schmidt B. P. , Bessell M. S. , Tisserand P.
Published: October 2013

One of the major science goals of the SkyMapper survey of the Southern Hemisphere sky is the determination of the shape and extent of the halo of the Galaxy. In this paper, we quantify the likely efficiency and completeness of the survey as regards the detection of RR Lyrae variable stars, which are excellent tracers of the halo stellar population. We have accomplished this via observations of the RR Lyrae-rich globular cluster NGC 3201. We find that for single-epoch uvgri observations followed by two further epochs of g, r imaging, as per the intended three-epoch survey strategy, we recover known RR Lyraes with a completeness exceeding 90%. We also investigate boundaries in the gravity-sensitive single-epoch two-colour diagram that yield high completeness and high efficiency (i.e., minimal contamination by non-RR Lyraes) and the general usefulness of this diagram in separating populations.
Thinking about Empire: The Administration of Ulysses S. Grant, Spanish Colonialism and the Ten Years' War in Cuba
Authors: PRIEST ANDREW
Published: October 2013

This article examines the attitudes of leading policymakers in the United States toward the Spanish Empire in Cuba during the Ten Years' War (1868–78). It suggests that while many in the US objected to Spanish imperial practices, concerns about trade alongside ideological predispositions regarding nonintervention and race led the administration of Ulysses S. Grant, under the direction of Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, to develop a series of policies that in effect supported colonialism in Cuba while attempting to ensure that the US would benefit from any change in rule there. The article argues that despite an apparent desire for the US to remain neutral during the conflict, the Grant administration in fact formulated its responses based on a narrow conception of Spanish colonial control that demonstrated an increasing sense of moral superiority over both colonizer and colonized.
Why are the prevalence and diversity of helminths in the endemic Pyrenean brook newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia, Salamandridae) so low?
Authors: Comas M. , Ribas A.
Published: October 2013

A cornerstone in parasitology is why some species or populations are more parasitized than others. Here we examine the influence of host characteristics and habitat on parasite prevalence. We studied the helminths parasitizing the Pyrenean brook newt Calotriton asper (n= 167), paying special attention to the relationship between parasites and ecological factors such as habitat, sex, ontogeny, body size and age of the host. We detected two species of parasites, Megalobatrachonema terdentatum (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae) and Brachycoelium salamandrae (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae), with a prevalence of 5.99% and 1.2%, respectively. Marginally significant differences were found in the prevalence between sexes, with females being more parasitized than males. The present results show significant differences in the body length of paedomorphic and metamorphic individuals, the former being smaller. Nevertheless, no significant correlations between parasite prevalence and either newt body length, ontogenetic stage or age were found. In comparison with other Salamandridae living in ponds, prevalence and diversity values were low. This may be due to a long hibernation period, the species' lotic habitat and its reophilous lifestyle, which probably do not allow for a high parasite load.
The impact of co-infections on the haematological profile of East African Short-horn Zebu calves
Authors: VAN WYK ILANA CONRADIE , GODDARD AMELIA , DE C. BRONSVOORT B. MARK , COETZER JACOBUS A. W. , HANDEL IAN G. , HANOTTE OLIVIER , JENNINGS AMY , LESOSKY MAIA , KIARA HENRY , THUMBI SAM M. , TOYE PHIL , WOOLHOUSE MARK W. , PENZHORN BANIE L.
Published: October 2013

The cumulative effect of co-infections between pathogen pairs on the haematological response of East African Short-horn Zebu calves is described. Using a longitudinal study design a stratified clustered random sample of newborn calves were recruited into the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) study and monitored at 5-weekly intervals until 51 weeks of age. At each visit samples were collected and analysed to determine the infection status of each calf as well as their haematological response. The haematological parameters investigated included packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC) and platelet count (Plt). The pathogens of interest included tick-borne protozoa and rickettsias, trypanosomes and intestinal parasites. Generalized additive mixed-effect models were used to model the infectious status of pathogens against each haematological parameter, including significant interactions between pathogens. These models were further used to predict the cumulative effect of co-infecting pathogen pairs on each haematological parameter. The most significant decrease in PCV was found with co-infections of trypanosomes and strongyles. Strongyle infections also resulted in a significant decrease in WBC at a high infectious load. Trypanosomes were the major cause of thrombocytopenia. Platelet counts were also affected by interactions between tick-borne pathogens. Interactions between concomitant pathogens were found to complicate the prognosis and clinical presentation of infected calves and should be taken into consideration in any study that investigates disease under field conditions.
The Online Africa Bibliography
Authors: Pearce Daniel
Published: October 2013

With the publication of this, the 2012 volume, the online Africa Bibliography will hold just over 88,000 entries, dating from between 1990 and 2012. Nearly 55,000 additional archival entries remain in production, which together promise to enrich the online Bibliography's coverage of the period 1990–96 as well as take it back to 1984 and the origins of the print series. The transition of these records from the printed page to the online database involves a painstaking process – with each entry scanned, copyedited and individually tagged to support searching – but this work is providing a multiplicity of opportunities to enhance the intellectual value of the Bibliography and better achieve, in a contemporary context, the principles on which the Bibliography was launched thirty years ago.
Rethinking case marking and case alternation in Estonian
Authors: Miljan Merilin , Cann Ronnie
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we argue for a view of case marking that does not treat case as the passive realisation of other morpho-syntactic properties of a construction but as independently bringing information to a clause. This different view of case entails that precise functions of case-marked expressions may be determined by the interaction of the case marking, the meaning of the host noun, the semantics of any predicate of which it is an argument and other contextually given factors. With respect to Estonian, it is argued that there is only one ‘structural’ case, the genitive, and this case marks non-subject, or oblique, dependency on some head. The partitive case, we argue, is semantically partitive in all its uses, except that the partitive meaning can be obscured or even eliminated depending on contextual factors. The nominative is merely the absence of case, associated with no specific positions or semantic effects.
Detection of reduced carbon in a basalt analogue for martian nakhlite: a signpost to habitat on Mars
Authors: Parnell John , McMahon Sean , Blamey Nigel J.F. , Hutchinson Ian B. , Harris Liam V. , Ingley Richard , Edwards Howell G.M. , Lynch Edward , Feely Martin
Published: October 2013

The Nakhla meteorite represents basaltic rock from the martian upper crust, with reduced carbon indicative of the ingress of carbonaceous fluids. Study of a terrestrial analogue basalt with reduced carbon from the Ordovician of Northern Ireland shows that remote analysis could detect the carbon using Raman spectroscopy. Analysis of gases released by crushing detects methane-rich fluids in the basalt and especially in cross-cutting carbon-bearing veinlets. The results suggest that automated analysis on Mars could detect the reduced carbon, which may be derived from magmatic and/or meteoritic infall sources.
Delusional belief flexibility and informal caregiving relationships in psychosis: a potential cognitive route for the protective effect of social support
Authors: Jolley S. , Ferner H. , Bebbington P. , Garety P. , Dunn G. , Freeman D. , Fowler D. , Kuipers E.
Published: October 2013

Aims.

For people with psychosis, contact with informal caregivers is an important source of social support, associated with recovery, and with better outcomes following individual cognitive therapy (CBTp). In this study, we tested whether increased flexibility in delusional thinking, an established predictor of positive outcome following CBTp, was a possible mechanism underlying this effect.

Methods.

219 participants with delusions (mean age 38 years; 71% male; 75% White) were grouped according to the presence of a caregiver (37% with a caregiver) and caregiver level of expressed emotion (High/Low EE, 64% Low). Delusional belief flexibility was compared between groups, controlling for interpersonal functioning, severity of psychotic symptoms, and other hypothesised outcome predictors.

Results.

Participants with caregivers were nearly three times more likely than those without to show flexibility (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.0, p = 0.001), and five times more likely if the caregiving relationship was Low EE (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 2.0–13.0, p = 0.001). ORs remained consistent irrespective of controlling for interpersonal functioning and other predictors of outcome.

Conclusions.

This is the first evidence that having supportive caregiving relationships is associated with a specific cognitive attribute in people with psychosis, suggesting a potential cognitive mechanism by which outcomes following CBTp, and perhaps more generally, are improved by social support.
Implementation of Community-Based Alcohol Prevention in Karlsruhe, Germany
Authors: Piontek Daniela , Hannemann Tessa-Virginia , Kraus Ludwig
Published: October 2013

Aims: The present paper aims at examining the implementation fidelity of a community-based substance use prevention program in the district of Karlsruhe (Germany). Methods: Based on an inventory assessing the formal implementation of preventive activities, communities were divided into two groups with high and low implementation fidelity, respectively. A school survey was conducted to assess the visibility, knowledge and participation in the intervention in grades 9 and 10. The sample size was 892 (response rate 21.7 %). Results: Each study group was composed of 16 communities. The major focus of the prevention activities was on the components „structure“, „communication/public relation“ and „youth protection“. More students in the group with high implementation fidelity had seen the intervention slogan (58.4 % vs. 44.6 %) and knew at least one program activity (47.8 % vs. 35.8 %). Only a minority of students had direct contact to the intervention in the past year with no differences between the two groups. Conclusions: The intervention focuses on networking and the establishment of decision-making. Differences between communities with high and low implementation fidelity vanish when adolescents are asked for program exposure. Overall program reach can be considered low.
Tiling array study of MNNG treated Escherichia coli reveals a widespread transcriptional response
Authors: Booth James A. , Thomassen Gard O. S. , Rowe Alexander D. , Weel-Sneve Ragnhild , Lagesen Karin , Kristiansen Knut I. , Bjørås Magnar , Rognes Torbjørn , Lindvall Jessica M.
Published: October 2013

The alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) is known to trigger the adaptive response by inducing the ada-regulon – consisting of three DNA repair enzymes Ada, AlkB, AlkA and the enigmatic AidB. We have applied custom designed tiling arrays to study transcriptional changes in Escherichia coli following a MNNG challenge. Along with the expected upregulation of the adaptive response genes (ada, alkA and alkB), we identified a number of differentially expressed transcripts, both novel and annotated. This indicates a wider regulatory response than previously documented. There were 250 differentially-expressed and 2275 similarly-expressed unannotated transcripts. We found novel upregulation of several stress-induced transcripts, including the SOS inducible genes recN and tisAB, indicating a novel role for these genes in alkylation repair. Furthermore, the ada-regulon A and B boxes were found to be insufficient to explain the regulation of the adaptive response genes after MNNG exposure, suggesting that additional regulatory elements must be involved.
Adaptive dynamic surface control for cooperative path following of underactuated marine surface vehicles via fast learning
Authors: Hao Wang , Dan Wang , Zhouhua Peng , Wei Wang
Published: October 2013

This study presents a solution to the problem of cooperative path following of multiple underactuated marine surface vehicles subject to dynamical uncertainties and ocean disturbances. The dedicated control designs are categorised into two envelopes. One is to steer individual underactuated marine surface vehicle to track a given spatial path; and the other is to synchronise the along‐path speeds and path variables under the constraints of an underlying communication network in order to hold a desired formation pattern. Within these two formulations, a robust adaptive path‐following controller is first designed for individual vehicle based on neural networks and a dynamic surface control (DSC) technique. Then, the along‐path speeds and path variables are synchronised to each vehicle owing to the proposed decentralised synchronisation control law building on graph theory and Lyapunov theory. The key features of the developed controllers are that, first, the DSC technique simplifies the controller design by introducing first‐order filters and avoids the calculation of derivatives of virtual control signals. Second, the developed controllers with filtering adaptive laws allow for fast learning without generating high‐frequency oscillations in control signals. Rigorous theoretical analysis demonstrates that all signals in the closed‐loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Simulation results are provided to show the efficacy of the proposed method.
β‐NaYF4:Yb, Er at β‐NaYF4 core/shell nanocrystals with significantly enhanced upconversion fluorescence by a successive two‐step hot‐injection approach
Authors: Tian Qing , Tao Ke , Sun Kang
Published: October 2013

Surface passivation is a general approach to enhance the luminescence of small‐scaled size upconversion nanomaterials. In this reported work, a two‐step hot‐injection method was developed to synthesise core/shell structured NaYF4. A transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to prove the successful fabrication of β‐NaYF4:Yb, Er at β‐NaYF4. Core size and shell thickness were controlled by the amount of stabiliser and precursors addition, respectively. The upconversion efficiency of the resultant core/shell structured nanocrystals could be improved more than a 100‐fold by comparison with the original core nanocrystals. Significant fluorescence enhancement was ascribed to the successive injection of precursors at elevated temperature.
Enhanced photocatalytic activity induced by surface plasmon resonance on Ag‐loaded strontium titanate nanoparticles
Authors: Yan Xu , Sun Shaofang , Hu Bo , Wang Xiyou , Lu Wei , Shi Weidong
Published: October 2013

Ag nanoparticles‐modified cubic‐like SrTiO3 (STO) are fabricated through a classical hydrothermal and photodeposition method. The prepared Ag‐STO heterogeneous exhibit an efficient photocatalytic activity (∼42% within 1 h reaction time) for degradation of tetracycline under visible‐light irradiation, and Ag deposition with 8 mM AgNO3 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity. It is considered that this excellent performance results from the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the basic principle of the photocatalytic process on the Ag‐STO photocatalyst system is also discussed.
Mutual interactions of oscillating quartz tuning forks in superfluid 4He
Authors: Sheshin G. , Gritsenko I. , Schmoranzer D. , Skrbek L.
Published: October 2013

The quartz tuning fork has recently become a popular experimental tool for investigations of both classical and quantum turbulence in cryogenic helium. Its increased use in low-temperature experiments and a number of puzzling results obtained in the past have led to many questions concerning the interaction of multiple tuning forks or the interaction of tuning forks with other oscillators. We report measurements performed in He II at low temperatures around 360 mK, on the mutual interaction of tuning forks placed in the same volume of fluid, and examine the responsible mechanisms in an effort to discriminate between acoustic coupling and interaction via quantized vortices. To this end, the interaction of two tuning forks is investigated by analyzing their recorded resonance curves, looking for any nonelectrical crosstalk. Further, the force-velocity characteristics of a detector tuning fork are measured for different operating velocities of a generator tuning fork. As a complementary measurement, the intensity of sound waves is recorded using a set of miniature receivers. We confirm the current knowledge on acoustic emission by tuning forks in He II and verify properties of their radiation patterns. We conclude that in our experiment the interaction is almost entirely mediated by sound waves.
Oscillation mode transformation of edge magnetoplasmons in two-dimensional electron system on liquid-helium surface
Authors: Yamanaka Shuji , Arai Toshikazu , Sawada Anju , Fukuda Akira , Yayama Hideki
Published: October 2013

We measured the resonance spectra of edge magnetoplasmon (EMP) oscillations in a two-dimensional (2D) electron system located on a liquid-helium surface below 1.1 K. Systematic measurements of the resonance frequency and the damping rate as a function of the lateral confinement electric field strength shows clear evidence of the oscillation mode transformation. A pronounced change corresponding to the mode transformation was observed in the damping rate. When 2D electrons are confined in a strong lateral electric field, the damping is weak. As the lateral confinement electric field is reduced below a certain threshold value, an abrupt enhancement of the damping rate is observed. We hypothesize that the weak damping mode in the strong lateral confinement electric field is the compressive density oscillation of the electrons near the edge (conventional EMP) and the strong damping mode in the weak confinement field is the coupled mode of conventional EMP and the boundary displacement wave (BDW). The observation of the strong damping in the BDW-EMP coupled mode is a manifestation of the nearly incompressible feature of strongly interacting classical electrons, which agrees with earlier theoretical predictions.
The fine structure of microwave-induced magneto-oscillations in photoconductivity of the two-dimensional electron system formed on a liquid-helium surface
Authors: Monarkha Yu. P.
Published: October 2013

The influence of the inelastic nature of electron scattering by surface excitations of liquid helium (ripplons) on the shape of magnetoconductivity oscillations induced by resonance microwave (MW) excitation is theoretically studied. The MW field provides a substantial filling of the first excited surface subband which sparks off inter-subband electron scattering by ripplons. This scattering is the origin of magneto-oscillations in the momentum relaxation rate. The inelastic effect becomes important when the energy of a ripplon involved compares with the collision broadening of Landau levels. Usually, such a condition is realized only at sufficiently high magnetic fields. On the contrary, the inelastic nature of inter-subband scattering is shown to be more important in a lower magnetic field range because of the new enhancement factor: the ratio of the inter-subband transition frequency to the cyclotron frequency. This inelastic effect affects strongly the shape of conductivity oscillations which acquires an additional wavy feature (a mixture of splitting and inversion) in the vicinity of the level-matching points where the above noted ratio is close to an integer.
Development and evaluation of a prototype concentrating solar collector with thermocline based thermal energy storage for residential thermal usage
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Afrin Samia , Ortega Jesus , Sepulveda Arturo , Delgado Paul M. , Aguilar Dante , Avila Jesus M. , Loya Juan D. , Lu Huanmin
Published: October 2013

A prototype of a concentrating solar collector (CSC) receiver was designed, built, and evaluated on-sun at the University of Texas at El Paso in El Paso, TX. This prototype receiver consists of two parabolic trough-reflectors but, in principle, the design can be efficiently extended to multiple units for achieving a higher temperature throughput. Each reflector has a vacuum tube collector at the focal point of the trough. The solar collector system was combined with a single-tank thermocline thermal energy storage (TES) for off-solar thermal usage. The main goal of this study is to develop an advanced solar hot water system for most residential applications. The focus of this study is to investigate the feasibility and performance of the solar thermal system by employing the recent advancement in the TES—a thermocline based TES—system for the concentrating solar power technologies developed by the Sandia National Laboratories and National Renewable Energy Laboratories for electricity production. A CSC when combined with TES has potential to provide uninterrupted thermal energy for most residential usages. This paper presents a detailed description of prototype design and materials required. The thermal energy storage tank utilizes an insulated 170 l (45 gal) galvanized steel tank. In order to maintain thermocline in the TES tank, with hot water on top and cold water at the bottom, two plate distributors are installed in the tank. The data showed a significant enhancement in thermal energy generation. This thermocline based single tank presented a thermal energy storage potential for at least three days (with diminishing storage capacity) that test were performed. The whole prototype was made for approximately USD 355 (excludes any labor costs) and hence also has strong potential for supplying clean thermal energy in most developing countries. Tests of the prototype were conducted in November 2011.
Time-dependent resonant scattering: An analytical approach
Authors: Lecomte J. M. , Kirrander Adam , Jungen Ch.
Published: October 2013

A time-dependent description is given of a scattering process involving a single resonance embedded in a set of flat continua. An analytical approach is presented which starts from an incident free particle wave packet and yields the Breit-Wigner cross-section formula at infinite times. We show that at intermediate times the so-called Wigner-Weisskopf approximation is equivalent to a scattering process involving a contact potential. Applications in cold-atom scattering and resonance enhanced desorption of molecules are discussed.
Low frequency anomalies of the effective mass of charged clusters in liquid helium
Authors: Shikin V.
Published: October 2013

The dynamic behavior of charged clusters in liquid helium is discussed in detail. The matter is their added mass which has ideal, Msass, and normal, Mnass, components. The normal component has a number of interesting features of viscous origin. Some of them were found in recent experiments.
Measuring the three-photon self-annihilation fraction of positronium in and above thin films: A tool for determining film morphology
Authors: Townrow S. , Coleman P. G.
Published: October 2013

A technique is described for evaluating the fraction of positrons F incident on thin film samples which form ortho-positronium and subsequently decay into three gamma photons. The method involves the measurement of two linked phenomena: the decrease in the number of annihilation events involving the emission of two gamma photons with approximately 511 keV in the germanium detector photopeak, and the increase in the number of decays into three gamma photons with energies in the range 395-505 keV. After the application of a number of systematic corrections to the raw data, these measurements allow the determination of the absolute value of F without the need for calibration on a sample with known F values, thereby avoiding problems with changing samples of different geometries measured under different conditions.
Particle beam experiments for the analysis of reactive sputtering processes in metals and polymer surfaces
Authors: Corbella Carles , Grosse-Kreul Simon , Kreiter Oliver , de los Arcos Teresa , Benedikt Jan , von Keudell Achim
Published: October 2013

A beam experiment is presented to study heterogeneous reactions relevant to plasma-surface interactions in reactive sputtering applications. Atom and ion sources are focused onto the sample to expose it to quantified beams of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, noble gas ions, and metal vapor. The heterogeneous surface processes are monitored in situ by means of a quartz crystal microbalance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Two examples illustrate the capabilities of the particle beam setup: oxidation and nitriding of aluminum as a model of target poisoning during reactive magnetron sputtering, and plasma pre-treatment of polymers (PET, PP).
Observation of lattice thermal waves interference by photoluminescence blinking of InGaN quantum well devices
Authors: Micheletto R. , Oikawa K. , Feldmeier C.
Published: October 2013

The photoluminescence of III-V wide band-gap semiconductors InGaN is characterized by local intensity fluctuations, known as “blinking points”, which despite decades of research are not yet completely understood. In this study, we report the experimental data and a theoretical interpretation that suggests that they are caused by the interference of thermal vibrations of the quantum well lattice. With far-field optical tests we could observe the lower frequency tail of these interference waves and study their dynamics as they propagate up to distances of several tens of microns.
A characterization of causal automorphisms on two-dimensional Minkowski spacetime
Authors: Kim Do-Hyung
Published: October 2013

It is shown that causal automorphisms on two-dimensional Minkowski spacetime can be characterized by the invariance of the wave equations.