bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anorexia in cancer: role of feeding-regulatory peptides
Authors: Perboni Simona , Inui Akio
Published: June 2006

Anorexia is one of the most common symptoms in advanced cancer and is a frequent cause of discomfort for cancer patients and their families. The pathogenesis of cancer anorexia is multi-factorial and involves most of the hypothalamic neuronal signalling pathways modulating energy homeostasis. It is considered to be the result of a failure of usual appetite and satiety signals. Loss of appetite can arise from decreased taste and smell of food, as well as from dysfunctional hypothalamic signalling pathways and cytokine production. Cytokines in particular, appear to play a key role in energy balance through persistent activation of the melanocortin system and inhibition of the neuropeptide Y pathway. The imbalance between anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides leads to suppression of appetite, and increased satiety and satiation associated with marked weight loss and decline in physical performance. High levels of serotonin also appear to contribute to these effects and recent findings implicate corticotropin-releasing factor in the pathogenesis of cancer anorexia as well. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure, few effective therapies are available. A better appreciation of the molecular and neuronal mechanisms that control body weight homeostasis may lead to the development of new therapies for improving the survival and quality of life of these patients.
Roles of the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway in Pollen Tube Growth with Emphasis on MG132-Induced Alterations in Ultrastructure, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Wall Components
Authors: Sheng Xianyong , Hu Zhenghai , Lü Hongfei , Wang Xiaohua , Baluška František , Šamaj Jozef , Lin Jinxing
Published: June 2006

The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway represents one of the most important proteolytic systems in eukaryotes and has been proposed as being involved in pollen tube growth, but the mechanism of this involvement is still unclear. Here, we report that proteasome inhibitors MG132 and epoxomicin significantly prevented Picea wilsonii pollen tube development and markedly altered tube morphology in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while hardly similar effects were detected when cysteine-protease inhibitor E-64 was used. Fluorogenic kinetic assays using fluorogenic substrate sLLVY-AMC confirmed MG132-induced inhibition of proteasome activity. The inhibitor-induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins (UbPs) was also observed using immunoblotting. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that MG132 induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived cytoplasmic vacuolization. Immunogold-labeling analysis demonstrated a significant accumulation of UbPs in degraded cytosol and dilated ER in MG132-treated pollen tubes. Fluorescence labeling with fluorescein isothiocyanate-phalloidin and β-tubulin antibody revealed that MG132 disrupts the organization of F-actin and microtubules and consequently affects cytoplasmic streaming in pollen tubes. However, tip-focused Ca2+ gradient, albeit reduced, seemingly persists after MG132 treatment. Finally, fluorescence labeling with antipectin antibodies and calcofluor indicated that MG132 treatment induces a sharp decline in pectins and cellulose. This result was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis, thus demonstrating for the first time the inhibitor-induced weakening of tube walls. Taken together, these findings suggest that MG132 treatment promotes the accumulation of UbPs in pollen tubes, which induces ER-derived cytoplasmic vacuolization and depolymerization of cytoskeleton and consequently strongly affects the deposition of cell wall components, providing a mechanistic framework for the functions of proteasome in the tip growth of pollen tubes.
From Demographic Transition to Fertility Boom and Bust: Iran in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: Hakimian Hassan
Published: June 2006

Although it is widely recognized that demographic transition is not an uninterrupted process, demographers and population economists have treated short‐term swings in fertility with a measure of curiosity. Iran's experience of population growth after the Revolution in 1979 points to a double paradox of a steep and unprecedented surge in population growth in the 1980s followed by a swift restoration of fertility decline in the 1990s. Both periods have been characterized by extensive socio‐economic and institutional changes combined with radical and far‐reaching sways in Iran's post‐revolutionary population policy. This article applies standardized decomposition analysis to separate out and quantify the proximate components of change in the crude birth rate during these two fertility ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ phases. The aim is to ascertain to what extent structural/demographic or behavioural factors can explain the dynamics of change in fertility and population growth in Iran since the late 1970s. Our findings point to a hitherto neglected role of population momentum in initiating the ‘Islamic baby boom’ as well as a more limited role for population policy in explaining the genesis(rather than the momentum) of both boom and bust phases.
Shifting Cultivation and Deforestation in Tropical Africa: Critical Reflections
Authors: Ickowitz Amy
Published: June 2006

Shifting cultivation is the agricultural technique employed by the majority of farmers in the tropical regions of Africa. The dominant narrative recited by policy experts, non‐governmental organizations and many scientists is that this practice is a principal cause of deforestation in tropical Africa. This article unpacks the various elements of this narrative and explores whether there is any evidence to substantiate it in West and Central Africa. The results challenge the conventional wisdom that shifting cultivation is leading to accelerating deforestation in tropical Africa.
Seven‐day is more effective than 4‐day ranitidine bismuth citrate‐based triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children: a prospective randomized study
Authors: TAM Y. H. , YEUNG C. K. , LEE K. H.
Published: June 2006

Background

Helicobacter pylori infection is common in paediatric population. To date, there is still no universally accepted recommendation on the treatment of this infection in children. Ranitidine bismuth citrate‐based triple therapy has been shown to be effective in H. pylori eradication in adults but its use has rarely been validated in children.

Aim

To investigate the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate‐based triple therapy in eradication of H. pylori in children and to determine the shortest duration of treatment required.

Patients and methods

We conducted a prospective randomized study comparing ranitidine bismuth citrate plus amoxicillin plus clarithromycin given for 4 days vs. 7 days in H. pylori‐infected children diagnosed by 13C‐urea breath test. Eradication was evaluated by repeat 13C‐urea breath test at 6 weeks after treatment.

Results

A total of 206 children were recruited (median age 12 years, 97 boys and 109 girls). Ninety‐eight (47.6%) and 108 (52.4%) children were randomized to receive 7‐day and 4‐day regimen respectively. The eradication rate of 4‐day treatment arm was 77.8% (both intention‐to‐treat and per protocol) compared with 88.8% (intention‐to‐treat, P = 0.036) and 89.7% (per protocol, P = 0.022) of 7‐day regimen. There was no statistical difference in terms of side effects between the two groups.

Conclusions

Seven‐day ranitidine bismuth citrate‐based triple therapy is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for eradication of H. pylori in children.
Paediatricians’ attitudes about discussing maternal depression during a paediatric primary care visit
Authors: Heneghan A. M. , Morton S. , DeLeone N. L.
Published: June 2006

Objectives  To assess paediatricians’ beliefs about discussing maternal depressive symptoms during a paediatric visit, and methods paediatricians use to identify mothers with depressive symptoms.

Methods  In‐depth telephone interviews were conducted with 23 primary care paediatricians from a practice‐based research network. We asked a series of previously developed questions about discussing maternal depressive symptoms during a paediatric visit; methods used to identify mothers at risk; barriers encountered, and potential strategies to improve recognition and treatment of maternal depression. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Data were codified and analysed using standard qualitative data techniques.

Results  All paediatricians agreed that it is appropriate to ask mothers about their own health during a well‐child visit, because a mother’s well‐being affects her children. Paediatricians relied on observational cues to identify a mother with depressive symptoms, especially mother–child interactions. Few used direct questions or a checklist. Almost all paediatricians felt that lack of time was the barrier most often faced in addressing maternal depression. Lack of training, inadequate knowledge of resources and distractions encountered in the primary care setting were additional barriers cited. One‐third of paediatricians acknowledged the fear of judgement and stigma that a mother may face when discussing maternal stresses. Paediatricians desired better ability to refer mothers to social workers for help.

Conclusions  Observational cues are used more often than direct questions or screening tools to identify mothers at risk of depression. This may under‐identify mothers at risk. Paediatricians prefer to rely on other professionals, particularly social services, to address maternal depression, yet mothers may be hesitant or ambivalent about such assistance because of fear of judgement. Paediatricians, in fact, may be the professional mothers most want to communicate with. Thus, appreciation of mothers’ perspectives, empathetic communication skills and knowledge of community resources can enhance paediatricians’ abilities to assist mothers at risk for depression.
Push‐out bond strengths: the Epiphany–Resilon endodontic obturation system compared with different pairings of Epiphany, Resilon, AH Plus and gutta‐percha
Authors: Ungor M. , Onay E. O. , Orucoglu H.
Published: June 2006

Aim  To assess the bond strength of the new resin‐based Epiphany–Resilon root canal filling system, and to compare this with bond strengths of different pairings of AH Plus, gutta‐percha, Epiphany and Resilon.

Methodology  A total of 65 extracted human single‐rooted teeth were used. All teeth were instrumented using a set of ProTaper rotary instruments. Irrigation was performed with 15 mL of 1.25% NaOCl between each instrument and the smear layer was removed during and after instrumentation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA. The canal spaces were filled with different combinations of core and sealer using lateral condensation, as follows: group 1, AH Plus + gutta‐percha; group 2, AH Plus + Resilon; group 3, Epiphany + Resilon; group 4, Epiphany + gutta‐percha; group 5 (control), gutta‐percha only. Cylinders of root dentine 1.13 (0.06)‐mm long were prepared from the coronal sections of the 65 teeth. The test specimens were subjected to the push‐out test method. After adhesion testing, the remaining sections were examined under a stereomicroscope at × 25 magnification to determine the nature of bond failure. The values of bond strength were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and the post hoc Tukey's test, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results  The respective mean push‐out test values for groups 1–5 were: 2.000 ± 0.369, 1.380 ± 0.154, 1.706 ± 0.340, 2.857 ± 0.523 and 0.078 ± 0.027 MPa. Significant difference (P < 0.001) occurred between the groups. Multiple paired comparisons (Tukey's test) revealed that group 4 (Epiphany + gutta‐percha) had significantly (P < 0.001) greater bonding strength than all the other groups; group 1 (AH Plus + gutta‐percha) had significantly (P < 0.05) greater bonding strength than group 2 (AH Plus + Resilon); and group 5 (control) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower bonding strength than all the other groups. Inspection of the surfaces revealed the bond failure to be mainly adhesive to dentine for all groups.

Conclusions  The Epiphany–Resilon combination (group 3) was not superior to that of the AH Plus‐gutta percha combination (group 1).
People with learning disabilities in ‘out‐of‐area’ residential placements: 1. Policy context
Authors: Mansell J. L. , Beadle‐Brown J. , Skidmore C. , Whelton B. , Hutchinson A.
Published: June 2006

Background  A growing shortage of residential care for people with learning disabilities leads to placement funded by one authority in another authority’s area. Such out‐of‐area placements are governed by guidance from different government departments in respect of different funding streams.

Method  This paper presents an analysis of this guidance and shows that it is inconsistent and incomplete.

Results and Conclusion  The guidance creates a framework of incentives for health and social services authorities that could lead to people being placed out‐of‐area against their own best interests, with negative consequences for them and for the ‘receiving’ authorities. A companion paper uses interview data to examine the reasons for and effects of out‐of‐area placement.
Genetics of host plant use and life history in the comma butterfly across Europe: varying modes of inheritance as a potential reproductive barrier
Authors: Nygren G. H. , Nylin S. , Stefanescu C.
Published: June 2006

Comma butterflies (Nymphalidae: Polygonia c-album L.) from one Belgian site and three Spanish sites were crossed with butterflies from a Swedish population in order to investigate inheritance of female host plant choice, egg mass and larval growth rate. We found three different modes of inheritance for the three investigated traits. In line with earlier results from crosses between Swedish and English populations, the results regarding female oviposition preference (choice between Urtica dioica and Salix caprea) showed X-linked inheritance to be of importance for the variation between Sweden and the other sites. Egg mass and growth rate did not show any sex-linked inheritance. Egg mass differences between populations seem to be controlled mainly by additive autosomal genes, as hybrids showed intermediate values. The growth rates of both hybrid types following reciprocal crossings were similar to each other but consistently higher than for the two source populations, suggesting a nonadditive mode of inheritance which is not sex-linked. The different modes of inheritance for host plant preference vs. important life history traits are likely to result in hybrids with unfit combinations of traits. This type of potential reproductive barrier based on multiple ecologically important traits deserves more attention, as it should be a common situation for instance in the early stages of population divergence in host plant usage, facilitating ecological speciation.
Increased Serotonergic Innervation of Lumbosacral Motoneurons of Rolling Mouse Nagoya in Correlation with Abnormal Hindlimb Extension
Authors: Koyanagi Y. , Sawada K. , Sakata‐Haga H. , Jeong Y.‐G. , Fukui Y.
Published: June 2006

Rolling Mouse Nagoya (RMN) carries a mutation in a gene encoding for α1A subunit of P/Q‐type Ca2+ channel (Cav2.1). In addition to ataxia, this mutant mouse exhibits abnormal hindlimb extension, which is characterized by a sustained excessive tone of hindlimb extensor muscles. This study aimed to clarify whether serotonergic (5‐HTergic) innervation of the spinal motoneurons was altered in RMN in relation to the abnormal hindlimb extension. The density of 5‐HT immunoreactive fibres in the ventral horn of lumbar and sacral regions of spinal cord was significantly greater in RMN than in controls. Retrograde wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) labelling combined with 5‐HT immunostaining revealed that the number of 5‐HT immunoreactive terminals adjoining femoris quadriceps motoneurons was about 2.5‐fold greater in RMN than in controls. Furthermore, 5‐HT immunostaining in the lumbar cord ventral horn was examined in three other Cav2.1 mutant mice (tottering, leaner and pogo) as to whether or not they showed the abnormal hindlimb extension. Among these mutants, the increased density of 5‐HT immunoreactive fibres was observed in correlation with the presence of the abnormal hindlimb extension. The results suggest an increased 5‐HTergic innervation of the lumbosacral motoneurons in correlation with the abnormal hindlimb extension in RMN and other Cav2.1 mutant mice. As 5‐HT is known to induce the sustained membrane depolarizations without continuous excitatory synaptic inputs (plateau potentials) in spinal motoneurons, the increased 5‐HTergic innervation may cause the sustained excitation of hindlimb extensor motoneurons, resulting in the abnormal hindlimb extension.
Genotyping of Sporothrix schenckii by analysis of ribosomal DNA regions
Authors: Zhang Zhenying , Liu Xiaoming , Yang Guoling , Gao Xiaorong , Jin Liji , An Lijia
Published: June 2006

An attempt was made to identify the genotypes of 31 Sporothrix schenckii strains and the relationship between the genotypes, the geographic distributions and clinical manifestations using restriction fragment length polymorphic analysis. The total DNA was extracted by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The polymorphisms were detected by hybridisation of ApaI‐digested Sporothrix genomic DNA with a probe amplified from the small subunit ribosomal DNA and adjacent internal transcribed spacer regions. The band patterns manifested by Southern blotting were explored to investigate the genotypes of the 31 strains of S. schenckii collected from five different areas in China. Of the data from the 31 strains of S. schenckii studied, 15 individual patterns (DNA type A–O) were recognised. Type A–C accounted for 51.61% of all the strains. The DNA typing of S. schenckii by Southern blotting was highly sensitive and highly distinguishable. We also found a significant correlation between DNA patterns and different geographic areas and clinical manifestations.
Mesalazine with or without cholestyramine in the treatment of microscopic colitis: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calabrese Carlo , Fabbri Anna , Areni Alessandra , Zahlane Desiree , Scialpi Carlo , Di Febo Giulio
Published: June 2006

Background:  Collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon with a benign and sometimes relapsing course. Frequency among patients with chronic diarrhea and normal looking colonoscopy is around 10–15%. To date, treatment of CC and LC is not well defined. Data about these conditions are mostly derived from retrospective studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response to treatment and the clinical course of CC and LC in a large group of patients prospectively diagnosed.

Methods and Results:  A total of 819 patients underwent a colonoscopy because of chronic watery diarrhea and among them we found 41 patients with LC and 23 with CC. These patients were later randomized and assigned to treatment with mesalazine or mesalazine + cholestyramine for 6 months. Fifty‐four patients (84.37%) had resolved diarrhea in less than 2 weeks. After 6 months a colonoscopy with biopsies was repeated. Clinical and histological remission was achieved in 85.36% of patients with LC and in 91.3% with CC, with a better result in patients with CC treated with mesalazine + cholestyramine. During a mean period of 44.9 months, 13% of patients relapsed; four with LC and three with CC. They were retreated for another 6 months. At the end of this period one patient with CC was still symptomatic and persistence of CC was confirmed at histology.

Conclusions:  Treatment with mesalazine seems to be an effective therapeutic option for LC to date, while mesalazine + cholestyramine seems to be more useful in the treatment of CC.
Assessment using the P scales: best fit – fit for the purpose?
Authors: Martin Andrew
Published: June 2006

In this article, Andrew Martin, deputy headteacher at Greenside School in Stevenage, provides an outline of the development of the P scales as an assessment tool for pupils working below Level 1 of the National Curriculum. He recounts the difficulties his school found in using P scales to track pupil progress from year to year and describes and evaluates a computer package which he devised in order to fulfil this function. He goes on to discuss current issues in the use of P scales, many of which were highlighted through use of the computer package. These issues include inconsistency in the use of the P scales; variations in pupil profiles; difficulties over making ‘best fit’ judgements; the need for moderation; and relationships with other curriculum and assessment systems in the school years and in the Foundation Stage. Andrew Martin closes his article with a call for consistency in approaches to assessment, particularly in view of the fact that P scale assessments are to be collected as part of statutory end of key stage data collection arrangements in future.
Assessment Clear and Simple: A Practical Guide for Institutions, Departments, and General Education – Barbara E. Walvoord
Authors: Klimoski Victor
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed:

Assessment Clear and Simple: A Practical Guide for Institutions, Departments, and General Education. By Barbara E. Walvoord. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2004. xiii + 144 pages. ISBN 0‐7879‐7311‐4.
Building Faculty Learning Communities – Edited by Milton D. Cox and Laurie Richlin
Authors: Spyker Stephen K.
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed:

Building Faculty Learning Communities. Edited by Milton D. Cox and Laurie Richlin. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 97. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2004. v + 163 pages. ISBN 0‐7879‐7568‐0. $27.00.
Teaching That Transforms: Worship as the Heart of Christian Education – Debra Dean Murphy
Authors: Haitch Russell
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed:

Teaching That Transforms: Worship as the Heart of Christian Education. By Debra Dean Murphy. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 2004. 255 pages. ISBN 1‐5874‐3067‐3. $18.99.
The Learning Paradigm College – John Tagg
Authors: Gallagher Eugene V.
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed:

The Learning Paradigm College. By John Tagg. Boston, Mass.: Anker Publishing Co., 2003. xviii & 379 pages. ISBN 1‐8829‐8258‐4. $39.95 (Cloth).
Spaces and Places: A Systems Theory Approach to Regulatory Competition in European Company Law
Authors: Zumbansen Peer
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  This article takes issue with the longstanding oppositional themes of harmonisation versus regulatory competition in European company law. Instead of embracing one approach over the other in exclusivity, the article draws attention to the persisting mixture of approaches to an emerging European‐wide law regulating the business corporation. Against the background of an ongoing struggle over identifying the goals and taboos of the European legislator's mandate in regulating the company, the argument put forward here is that this very struggle is reflective of the nature of the evolution of company law in an ‘integrating Europe and a globalising world’. European attempts of developing European company law as part of a larger initiative of improving the Union's potential for innovation and competition are thus likely to meet with the challenges that contemporary Nation States are facing when adapting their modes of regulation and representation to the demands of an increasingly complex and decentralised fields of market activities. Situating the law of the business corporation within the larger theme of European integration on the one hand, and of issues of market regulation, domestic, transnational, and international, on the other, suggests the adoption of a systems theory‐based approach to understanding the boundaries of law in this multilevel and multipolar process.
Violence in Bloomsbury: A Theological Challenge
Authors: DAVIES OLIVER
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  This article argues for a new, incarnational conception of theology in its relation to the world. The terrorist attacks in London on 7 July 2005 are subjected to hermeneutical analysis as cultural and political signs, and are seen to reflect an extreme version of religious and social incommensurability. They present a theological challenge, the response to which is the development of a positive theological account of world. This comes into view in London, the ‘City of the Incommensurable’, in a special way, since it is nevertheless a domain of negotiated time and space and an environment held by many in common. This environment of pluralism and proximity is taken to be both iconic of globalization and a particularly dynamic locus of its many instantiations. The intersection of global and local, and the kinds of encounters it supports, argue for a new kind of theology which, with all its proper resources in scripture, doctrine and tradition, can recognize the world as sphere of common human interests and practices, and can allow itself to become, in accordance with its own incarnational ground, an agent of transformation within it.
Efficacy of Tadalafil in Men with Erectile Dysfunction Naïve to Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Therapy Compared with Prior Responders to Sildenafil Citrate
Authors: Broderick Gregory A. , Donatucci Craig F. , Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Torres Luiz O. , Valiquette Luc , Zhao Yanli , Loughney Kate , Sides Gregory D. , Ahuja Sanjeev
Published: June 2006

Introduction

Tadalafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), is indicated for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Most tadalafil clinical trials excluded patients with unsuccessful prior treatment with sildenafil citrate (sildenafil).

Aim

This retrospective analysis of pooled data from 14 tadalafil clinical trials examines the effect of this exclusion by comparing efficacy results in 1,349 patients without prior sildenafil use (naïve, presumably a mixture of potential responders and nonresponders) with efficacy results in 1,440 patients previously responsive to sildenafil (prior responders).

Main Outcome Measures

Efficacy measures included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) erectile function (EF) domain, overall satisfaction (OS), and intercourse satisfaction (IS) domain scores; Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) diary questions 2 through 5 (SEP2 [successful penetration], SEP3 [successful intercourse], SEP4 (satisfaction with hardness of erection), and SEP5 [overall satisfaction with the sexual experience]); and a Global Assessment Question (GAQ1) (13/14 trials) about erection improvement. Efficacy was compared using analysis of covariance (IIEF and SEP) and logistic regression (GAQ1) models.

Methods

After a 4-week, treatment-free, run-in period, patients in 14 double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials were treated with tadalafil 10 mg, tadalafil 20 mg, or placebo for 12 weeks (dosed as needed before sexual activity, no more than once daily).

Results

Tadalafil improved erectile function compared with placebo (P < 0.001) in naïve patients and sildenafil prior responders for all efficacy measures. For most efficacy outcomes, responses in the naïve group (probable mix of responders and nonresponders) were not statistically different from responses in the prior-responder group (P ≥ 0.10).

Conclusions

The similar responses of these two patient groups observed in this post hoc analysis suggest, but do not confirm, that exclusion of sildenafil nonresponders in previously reported tadalafil clinical trials may not have substantially affected efficacy outcomes. Tadalafil improved erectile function in patients naïve to PDE5 inhibitor therapy and in patients who previously responded to sildenafil therapy.
How Can We Best Characterize the Relationship Between Erectile Dysfunction and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Authors: Costabile Raymond A. , Steers William D.
Published: June 2006

Introduction

Considerable epidemiological literature exists, showing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction. However, few basic science or prospective data are available to determine the nature of the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and sexual dysfunction.

Methods and Discussion

A critical evaluation of the nature of the relationship between LUTS and erectile dysfunction (ED) must include a look at the nature of the data establishing the relationship, precise definitions of the disease states being evaluated, and adherence to established normative relationships. Criteria for causality will be utilized to best determine the relationship between LUTS and ED. This article will attempt to take a critical and provocative look at where we are presently in establishing a relationship between voiding dysfunction and sexual dysfunction in order to better direct research efforts through evidence-based studies.

Conclusion

At present, the epidemiological data do not support a causal relationship based on Hill’s criteria for causality between LUTS and ED but suggest a less rigorous association. Additional research is needed to better characterize this relationship.
The Effect of “Private” and “Public” Risks on Oilfield Asset Pricing: Empirical Insights into the Georgetown Real Option Debate
Authors: Kretzschmar Gavin L. , Moles Peter
Published: June 2006

The Spring 2005 issue of this journal featured a “debate” over the best way of applying real options. In “Real Options Analysis: Where Are the Emperor's Clothes?,” Adam B orison criticized most practices that go under the name real options and recommended an “integrated” approach that combines real options techniques with a traditional approach known as “decision tree analysis.” This approach breaks valuation problems into two components—“market” risks (say, oil price changes) and “private” risks (the possibility that actual reserves fall well short of estimated) — and then uses option pricing models to evaluate the market risks and decision trees for the private risks. In response to Borison's article, Tom Copeland and Vladimir Antikarov argued that these two components can be evaluated in a single analysis that uses both DCF (to calculate the value of the “underlying asset”) and Monte Carlo simulation (to estimate the volatility of the underlying), thereby expanding the range of real options applications.

In this article, the authors attempt to shed light on this debate with the findings of their extensive empirical analysis of U.K. oilfield expansion options. The bottom line of their study is that size matters in the context of oilfields, presumably because it offers a reliable guide to the kind and size of risks associated with the project. In the case of the larger oilfields, where market risks are likely to outweigh the private risks, the author's findings suggest that both approaches are reasonably effective and provide roughly the same degree of accuracy. In the case of smaller fields, however, where private risks are proportionally larger, the authors conclude that Borison's approach is likely to be more reliable.
Should Biological Evidence or DNA Be Retained by Forensic Science Laboratories after Profiling? No, except under Narrow Legislatively-Stipulated Conditions
Authors: Gaensslen R. E.
Published: June 2006

DNA profiling and databasing have become commonplace in criminal investigation and prosecution. There is a body of both state and federal legislation enabling the establishment and operation of profile databases for law enforcement purposes. Most legislation is specific as to who (or what evidence) may be profiled for inclusion in a database. The majority of state laws permit DNA profile databasing of offenders convicted of certain defined crimes, of missing persons and their relatives, and of DNA profiles from criminal-case evidence where the depositor is unknown. More recently, a few states have acted to permit databasing profiles of suspects of certain types of crimes, and there appears to be a trend toward wider adoption of this practice. The legislation adopted or proposed thus far defines whose DNA profiles can be databased, and under what circumstances. Less attention has been given to the matter of specimen retention following profiling and databasing.
Let's Make the DNA Identification Database as Inclusive as Possible
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: June 2006

Wherever we go, we leave behind skin cells containing copies of our DNA molecule – unless we go forth hermetically sealed. This makes construction and maintenance of DNA identification databases enormously useful to crime investigators. DNA databases, linking numerical representations of a tiny portion of individuals' DNA with their names and other identifying information, are useful to identify suspects directly by matching DNA found at a crime scene with a DNA profile in a DNA identification database. They are useful indirectly too, because criminal investigations proceed by a process of elimination; and identifying the person whose DNA was found at a crime scene can make it unnecessary to continue investigating others. When the incriminating crime scene sample does not match the DNA of a “person of interest,” that person is freed from the hassles and risks of criminal investigation, including the risk of false conviction.
Coronary reactive hyperaemia and arterial pressure in anaesthetized goats
Authors: Fernández N. , Monge L. , García‐Villalón A. L. , Diéguez G.
Published: June 2006

To study the effects of arterial pressure on coronary reactive hyperaemia, left circumflex coronary artery flow was measured, and reactive hyperaemia was determined after 5, 10 or 20 s of occlusion of this artery in anaesthetized goats during normotension, hypertension and hypotension. During hypertension induced by aortic constriction (mean arterial pressure, MAP = 140 ± 6 mmHg) coronary vascular resistance (CVR), reactive hyperaemia (ratio of peak in hyperaemic flow to control flow and ratio of repayment to debt) and the decrease in CVR during the peak in hyperaemic flow were comparable to those during normotension. During hypertension induced by noradrenaline (MAP = 144 ± 6 mmHg) CVR was 16% lower (P < 0.05), reactive hyperaemia was reduced by 14–25% (P < 0.05) and the decrease in CVR during the peak in hyperaemic flow was lower than the values of these parameters during normotension. During hypotension induced by constriction of the caudal vena cava (MAP = 40 ± 4 mmHg) CVR was 22% lower (P < 0.05), reactive hyperaemia was reduced by 25–65% (P < 0.05) and the decrease in CVR during the peak in hyperaemic flow was less compared to the values of these parameters during normotension. During hypotension induced by isoprenaline (MAP = 45 ± 4 mmHg) CVR was 59% lower, reactive hyperaemia was reduced by 55–100% (P < 0.01) and the decrease in CVR during the peak in hyperaemic flow was less compared to the values of these parameters during normotension. Arterial pressure is a main determinant of coronary reactive hyperaemia after brief periods of ischaemia, and the relationship between arterial pressure and reactive hyperaemia may depend in part on changes in CVR after variations in arterial pressure. These changes in CVR may be related to the action on coronary vessels of myocardial factors and vascular myogenic mechanisms.
Using CAD Variation Geometry for Solving Velocity and Acceleration of Parallel Manipulators With 3-, 4-, 5-Linearly Driving Limbs
Authors: Lu Yi
Published: June 2006

A novel CAD variation geometric approach is proposed for designing the computer v-a (velocity-acceleration) simulation mechanisms of parallel manipulators with 3-, 4-, 5-linear driving limbs. Some common math foundations, computer aided geometry constraints, and dimension driving technique, and definitions for designing the velocity-acceleration simulation mechanism are presented. The v-a simulation mechanisms of parallel manipulators with 3-, 4-, 5-linear driving limbs are created. When modifying the driving dimension of the driving limbs, the configurations of the v-a simulation mechanisms are varied correspondingly, and the velocity, angular velocity, acceleration, and angular acceleration of the moving platform are solved automatically and visualized dynamically. The results show that the computer aided geometric approach is not only fairly quick and straightforward, but is also advantageous from viewpoint of accuracy and repeatability.
A Design Optimization Method Using Evidence Theory
Authors: Mourelatos Zissimos P. , Zhou Jun
Published: June 2006

Early in the engineering design cycle, it is difficult to quantify product reliability or compliance to performance targets due to insufficient data or information to model uncertainties. Probability theory cannot be, therefore, used. Design decisions are usually based on fuzzy information that is vague, imprecise qualitative, linguistic or incomplete. Recently, evidence theory has been proposed to handle uncertainty with limited information as an alternative to probability theory. In this paper, a computationally efficient design optimization method is proposed based on evidence theory, which can handle a mixture of epistemic and random uncertainties. It quickly identifies the vicinity of the optimal point and the active constraints by moving a hyperellipse in the original design space, using a reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) algorithm. Subsequently, a derivative-free optimizer calculates the evidence-based optimum, starting from the close-by RBDO optimum, considering only the identified active constraints. The computational cost is kept low by first moving to the vicinity of the optimum quickly and subsequently using local surrogate models of the active constraints only. Two examples demonstrate the proposed evidence-based design optimization method.
Managing the Collection of Information Under Uncertainty Using
Information Economics
Authors: Ling Jay M. , Aughenbaugh Jason Matthew , Paredis Christiaan J. J.
Published: June 2006

An important element of successful engineering design is the effective management of resources to support design decisions. Design decisions can be thought of as having two phases—a formulation phase and a solution phase. As part of the formulation phase, engineers must decide what information to collect and use to support the design decision. Since information comes at a cost, a cost-benefit tradeoff must be made. Previous work has considered such tradeoffs in cases in which all relevant probability distributions were precisely known. However, engineers frequently must characterize these distributions by gathering sample data during the information collection phase of the decision process. This characterization is crucial in high-risk design problems where uncommon events with severe consequences play a significant role in decisions. In this paper, we introduce the principles of information economics to guide decisions on information collection. We investigate how designers can bound the value of information in the case of distributions with unknown parameters by using imprecise probabilities to characterize the current state of information. We explore the basic performance, subtleties, and limitations of the approach in the context of characterizing the strength of a novel material for the design of a pressure vessel.
SPATIAL RESONANCE OVERLAP IN BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATES IN SUPERLATTICE POTENTIALS
Authors: CHUA VIVIEN P. , PORTER MASON A.
Published: June 2006

We employ Chirikov's overlap criterion to investigate interactions between subharmonic resonances of coherent structure solutions of the Gross–Pitaveskii (GP) equation governing the mean-field dynamics of cigar-shaped Bose–Einstein condensates in optical superlattices. We apply a standing wave ansatz to the GP equation to obtain a parametrically forced Duffing equation describing the BEC's spatial dynamics. We then investigate analytically the dependence of spatial resonances on the depth of the superlattice potential, deriving an order-of-magnitude estimate for the critical depth at which spatial resonances with respect to different lattice harmonics first overlap. We also derive a formula for the size of resonance zones and examine changes in our estimates as the relative superlattice amplitudes corresponding to the different harmonics are adjusted. We investigate the onset of global chaos and support our analytical work with numerical simulations.
Haploinsufficiency of C2GnT-I glycosyltransferase renders T lymphoma cells resistant to cell death
Authors: Cabrera Paula V. , Amano Maho , Mitoma Junya , Chan Jessica , Said Jonathan , Fukuda Minoru , Baum Linda G.
Published: June 2006

Neoplastic T cells in mycosis fungoides (MF) are resistant to apoptotic agents, including galectin-1 that is abundant in skin. Although MF cells are typically CD7–, and thus galectin-1 resistant, CD7+ HH cells, derived from a patient with MF, were also resistant to galectin-1. HH cells demonstrate altered cell surface glycosylation, with loss of core 2 O-glycan ligands for galectin-1 created by core 2 β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT-I). Loss of core 2 O-glycans on tumor cells was also seen in primary CD7+ MF lesions. Surprisingly, HH cells are heterozygous for a C2GnT-I point mutation, yet this mutation resulted in a dramatic reduction in cellular glycosyltransferase activity. Expression of wild-type C2GnT-I in human HH cells, or murine lymphoma cells that lack C2GnT-I, restored core 2 O-glycan expression and susceptibility to galectin-1, whereas mutant enzyme lacked activity and did not restore core 2 O-glycan expression or susceptibility to galectin-1. Mutant enzyme did not have a dominant negative effect by affecting dimerization or activity of wild-type enzyme; rather, C2GnT-I haploinsufficiency is sufficient for loss of core 2 O-glycan expression and galectin-1 resistance. Thus, glycosyltransferase haploinsufficiency results in altered cellular glycosylation and resistance to cell death, identifying a new survival mechanism for T-lymphoma cells.
Taking U out, with two nucleases?
Authors: Mian I Saira , Worthey Elizabeth A , Salavati Reza
Published: June 2006

Background

REX1 and REX2 are protein components of the RNA editing complex (the editosome) and function as exouridylylases. The exact roles of REX1 and REX2 in the editosome are unclear and the consequences of the presence of two related proteins are not fully understood. Here, a variety of computational studies were performed to enhance understanding of the structure and function of REX proteins in Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.

Results

Sequence analysis and homology modeling of the Endonuclease/Exonuclease/Phosphatase (EEP) domain at the C-terminus of REX1 and REX2 highlights a common active site shared by all EEP domains. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that REX proteins contain a distinct subfamily of EEP domains. Inspection of three-dimensional models of the EEP domain in Trypanosoma brucei REX1 and REX2, and Leishmania major REX1 suggests variations of previously characterized key residues likely to be important in catalysis and determining substrate specificity.

Conclusion

We have identified features of the REX EEP domain that distinguish it from other family members and hence subfamily specific determinants of catalysis and substrate binding. The results provide specific guidance for experimental investigations about the role(s) of REX proteins in RNA editing.
Cell array-based intracellular localization screening reveals novel functional features of human chromosome 21 proteins
Authors: Hu Yu-Hui , Warnatz Hans-Jörg , Vanhecke Dominique , Wagner Florian , Fiebitz Andrea , Thamm Sabine , Kahlem Pascal , Lehrach Hans , Yaspo Marie-Laure , Janitz Michal
Published: June 2006

Background

Trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Chr21) results in Down's syndrome, a complex developmental and neurodegenerative disease. Molecular analysis of Down's syndrome, however, poses a particular challenge, because the aneuploid region of Chr21 contains many genes of unknown function. Subcellular localization of human Chr21 proteins may contribute to further understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the genes that code for these proteins. Following this idea, we used a transfected-cell array technique to perform a rapid and cost-effective analysis of the intracellular distribution of Chr 21 proteins.

Results

We chose 89 genes that were distributed over the majority of 21q, ranging from RBM11 (14.5 Mb) to MCM3AP (46.6 Mb), with part of them expressed aberrantly in the Down's syndrome mouse model. Open reading frames of these genes were cloned into a mammalian expression vector with an amino-terminal His6 tag. All of the constructs were arrayed on glass slides and reverse transfected into HEK293T cells for protein expression. Co-localization detection using a set of organelle markers was carried out for each Chr21 protein. Here, we report the subcellular localization properties of 52 proteins. For 34 of these proteins, their localization is described for the first time. Furthermore, the alteration in cell morphology and growth as a result of protein over-expression for claudin-8 and claudin-14 genes has been characterized.

Conclusion

The cell array-based protein expression and detection approach is a cost-effective platform for large-scale functional analyses, including protein subcellular localization and cell phenotype screening. The results from this study reveal novel functional features of human Chr21 proteins, which should contribute to further understanding of the molecular pathology of Down's syndrome.
Cardiac troponin T and amino-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide concentrations in fetuses in the second trimester and in healthy neonates
Authors: Fortunato Giuliana , Carandente Giarrusso Patrizia , Martinelli Pasquale , Sglavo Gabriella , Vassallo Michele , Tomeo Luigi , Rea Michelangelo , Paladini Dario
Published: June 2006

We measured the concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and amino-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in umbilical cord blood during the second trimester (20–25weeks of gestation) and at delivery in 109 uncomplicated pregnancies to define reference values. Using the 97.5th percentile, the upper reference limits for cTnT and NT-proBNP were 0.308ng/mL and 5402pg/mL in fetuses in the second trimester, and 0.038ng/mL and 1690pg/mL in healthy neonates, respectively. We also evaluated whether labor and delivery mode affected the concentrations of the two analytes. We found significantly higher (p<0.001) umbilical blood NT-proBNP and cTnT levels at 20–25weeks of gestation than at term. In addition, within the term group, NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly higher in women delivering by elective cesarean section than in women delivering spontaneously (p<0.001), and higher than in women delivering by cesarean section during active labor. This indicates that the decrease in NT-proBNP levels is probably due to labor rather than delivery mode. Finally, we confirmed the at-birth reference values previously established for cTnT and NT-proBNP.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:834–6.