bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of soccer players about leadership powers according to their level of play
Authors: Konter Erkut
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceptions of soccer players about leadership powers according to their level of play. Data were collected from 781 male amateur and professional soccer players operating at a number of different levels of competitive play. A modified Turkish
version of the Power in Sport Questionnaire-Other/PSQ-O (Wann, Metcalf, Brewer, & Whiteside, 2000), was used together with an information form. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences related to Coercive Power and Expert Power, but no significant differences regarding Referent
Power and Legitimate Power. Results indicated that 14-15 year olds were found to be a very critical age group in relation to perceptions of CP and EP in soccer.
Competency identification of sales staff in the agricultural seed industry: Evidence from seed firms in China
Authors: Yan Aimin , Rao Yulei , Liao Cuimeng , Gao Chao
Published: July 2009

Increasing competition and saturation of the Chinese seed market make competence of sales staff a critical human resource factor in the sustainable development of seed firms. The aim in this research was to help seed firms improve their marketing performance in terms of human resource
management. By conducting behavioral-event interviews in 7 representative seed firms, 9 distinctive competencies of the sales staff were identified: Achievement Orientation, Information Seeking, Interpersonal Understanding, Impact and Influence, Relationship Building, Professional Knowledge,
Self-Confidence, Teamwork, Visioning and Strategic Thinking. The model presents an empirical basis to guide the competency-based human resource planning of the sales staff in seed firms.
Relationship between family structure variables and sexual identification as measured by the Draw-A-Person Test
Authors: Daoud Fawzi S. , Breik Wisam D.
Published: July 2009

A total of 358 college students were given the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP; Machover, 1949) along with a Family Structure Item Form. The sex of the person drawn was compared to the participant's sex and family background characteristics. Results support drawing of a same-sexed individual
as normative, regardless of sex. However, a significantly larger number of women than men drew the opposite sex first. Compared to previous studies on Jordanian populations, women drew the opposite sex figure less often than their previous counterparts. This phenomenon and other findings pertaining
to some significant family variables are discussed in a sociocultural context and suggestions for future research are presented.
Anger, self-esteem, and perceived social support in adolescence
Authors: Arslan Coşkun
Published: July 2009

A survey model was used with 499 students between 16 and 18 years of age to investigate associations between perceived social support, self-esteem, trait anger, and anger expression revealed by the Perceived Social Support scale - Revised (Yıldırım, 2004), the Rosenberg
Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; Turkish version Cuhadaroglu, 1986), and the Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scale (Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, & Craine, 1983) translated and adapted by Ozer (1994). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were determined. There was a significant
negative relationship among anger expression and the social support and trait anger perceived from family and teachers, and between self-esteem and trait anger. However, there was no significant relationship between peer support and trait anger, anger-in, anger-out, and anger control; nor
was there a significant relationship between self-esteem, anger-in, and anger-out. We also identified a significant positive relationship between self-esteem and anger control, and between self-esteem and the social support received from family and teachers.
The effects of an emotional intelligence skills training program on the consistent anger levels of Turkish university students
Authors: Yilmaz Müge
Published: July 2009

The effect of an emotional intelligence skill training program on the levels of consistent anger of university students was investigated in 32 volunteers. A pretest, posttest model with a control group as study design was used and 16 individuals made up the study group and 16 individuals
were in the control group. Levels of consistent anger were assessed by the State Trait Anger Scale (Spielberger, Jacobs, Russell, & Crane, 1983, adapted by Özer, 1994). In the data analysis, Mann-Whitney U Test, Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Ranks Test, and One-Way ANOVA for
Repeated Measures were used. Results indicate that the level of consistent anger of those who attended the 12-session emotional intelligence skill training program was lower than for those who did not attend this program (p < .001). In the follow-up study conducted 3 months later
with the study group, there was no significant difference between consistent anger posttest scores and follow-up test scores. The data gathered indicate that an emotional intelligence skill training program may lower the levels of consistent anger for university students. Students whose consistent
anger level is high would benefit from psychological counseling.
Utilization of Occlusal Index and Layering Technique in Class I Silorane-based Composite Restorations
Authors: Araujo E. M. , De Goes M. F. , Chan D. C. N.
Published: July 2009

PURPOSE

This article describes a technique that uses an occlusal index to restore teeth back to their original contour and anatomy with minimal finishing. A new type of ring-opening silorane composite reported to have less than 1% volumetric shrinkage was used in the restoration. For the silorane-based composite, there is no oxygen-inhibited layer to be polished away. The final composite layer is cured under pressure and further minimizes voids and gap formation. The technique can also be used on multiple posterior restorations under rubber dam isolation. Overall, if used properly, this technique helps the clinician produce superb anatomy and reduces time for posterior composite restorations.
Effect of Er,Cr: YSGG Laser on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Two Different Adhesives to the Sound and Caries-affected Dentin
Authors: Ergücü Z. , Çelik E. U. , Ünlü N. , Türkün M. , Özer F.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The microtensile bond strength of a three-step etch-and-rinse and a two-step self-etch adhesive is not negatively affected by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in sound and caries-affected dentin.
Shear Bond Strength Evaluation of Resin Composite Bonded to GIC Using Three Different Adhesives
Authors: Gopikrishna V. , Abarajithan M. , Krithikadatta J. , Kandaswamy D.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The bond strength of resin composite to glass-ionomer cement can be enhanced when a self-etching primer is employed over unset GIC or when a glass-ionomer based adhesive is employed over set GIC when compared to using a total-etch adhesive.
Effects of Storage Temperature on the Shelf Life of One-step and Two-step Self-etch Adhesives
Authors: Ma S. , Fujita (Nakajima) K. , Nishiyama N.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

Storage temperature affects the alteration rate of one-step adhesives for all-in-one adhesive systems and self-etching primer for two-step adhesive systems. Their shelf life is strongly dependent on the storage temperature and time period. Storage under 20°C extends their shelf life.
Chlorhexidine-containing Acid Conditioner Preserves the Longevity of Resin-dentin Bonds
Authors: Stanislawczuk R. , Amaral R. C. , Zander-Grande C. , Gagler D. , Reis A. , Loguercio A. D.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The addition of CHX digluconate in the acidic conditioner may be an excellent tool to increase the stability of collagen fibrils within the hybrid layer against host-derived metaloproteinases without the need for additional steps for the bonding protocol.
The Combination of a Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and an Adhesive Restorative Approach to Treat a Crown-root Fracture Coupled with Lateral Root Perforation in a Mandibular Second Molar: A Case Report
Authors: Wang P. , Wang S. , Ni L.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

Crown-root fractures extending well below the alveolar crest, coupled with root perforations of posterior teeth, can be successfully treated with the combination of mineral trioxide aggregate and an adhesive restorative approach in a one-step restoration procedure.
In Vivo Chlorhexidine Stabilization of Hybrid Layers of an Acetone-based Dentin Adhesive
Authors: Brackett M. G. , Tay F. R. , Brackett W. W. , Dib A. , Dipp F. A. , Mai S. , Pashley D. H.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

Extensive degradation of dentin hybrid layers formed with an acetone-based dentin adhesive beneath Class I resin composite restorations was evident after one year unless the teeth received an application of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate after etching.
Influence of Photoactivation Protocol and Light Guide Distance on Conversion and Microleakage of Composite Restorations
Authors: Fróes-Salgado N. R. G. , Pfeifer C. S. C. , Francci C. E. , Kawano Y.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

In this study, soft-start photoactivation methods were demonstrated to be able to reduce microleakage with only a discrete reduction in the degree of conversion. This was achieved when this protocol was associated with a 7 mm distance from the light guide, which is common in deep preparations in clinical practice.
Bond Strengths of Resin Cements to Astringent-contaminated Dentin
Authors: Harnirattisai C. , Kuphasuk W. , Senawongse P. , Tagami J.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The contamination of the dentin surface with an astringent-containing aluminum chloride does not reduce the bond strength of either the resin cement used in conjunction with an etch-and-rinse or the resin cement with a self-etching adhesive. However, the contamination probably interferes with the etching ability of the self-etching primer and the adaptation of the resin cement to the dentin surface.
In Vitro Wear of New Indirect Resin Composites
Authors: Jain V. , Platt J. A. , Moore B. K. , Borges G. A.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The application of indirect resin composites for full-coverage restorative purposes still remains a concern due to wear. New indirect composites behave differently under different wear-testing conditions. Overall, Belleglass-NG showed the lowest wear when tested in vitro under different wear tests.
Fracture Strength of Endodontically-treated Teeth Restored with Post and Cores and Composite Cores Only
Authors: Özcan M. , Valandro L. F.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

In teeth with no coronal dentin, metallic posts should be the preferred method over FRC posts or core built-up only. Surface conditioning and the silanization of titanium posts improve attachment of the resin core material to the posts.
An In Vitro Comparison of Different Cementation Strategies on the Pull-out Strength of a Glass Fiber Post
Authors: Amaral M. , Santini M. F. , Wandscher V. , Amaral R. , Valandro L. F.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

A three-step etch&rinse adhesive system, combined with a dual-cured resin cement and a simplified self-adhesive resin cement, appears to be a good strategy for fiber post cementation.
A 36-month Clinical Evaluation of Ethanol/Water and Acetone-based Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives in Non-carious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Reis A. , Loguercio A. D.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

Based on the findings of this clinical trial, one may conclude that non-carious cervical lesions should be restored with the ethanol/water-based two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive Single Bond, instead of the acetone-based One Step, as the latter presents a high number of debonded restorations after short- and long-term recalls. However, other literature findings should also be taken into account before reaching a clinical decision.
Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Comparison of Three Different Agents in a Short-term Treatment Period
Authors: Ozen T. , Orhan K. , Avsever H. , Tunca Y. M. , Ulker A. E. , Akyol M.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The three tested desensitizing agents were equally effective in relieving dentin hypersensitivity and showed statistically significant pain reduction when compared to a placebo.
Effect of the C-factor and Dentin Preparation Method in the Bond Strength of a Mild Self-etch Adhesive
Authors: Marques M. S. M. , Kenshima S. , Muench A. , Ballester R. Y. , Rodrigues Filho L. E.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

A course cut carbide bur should be avoided prior to a mild self-etch adhesive, because it adversely affected bond strength. In contrast, a fine cut carbide bur provided the best combination: high bond strength with low variability, which suggests more reliable bond strength performance.
The Effect of Surface Treatments on the Micro-shear Bond Strength of a Resin Luting Agent and Four All-ceramic Systems
Authors: Torres S. M. P. , Borges G. A. , Spohr A. M. , Cury A. A. D. B. , Yadav S. , Platt J. A.
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance

The bond strength between ceramics and a resin luting agent is affected by the ceramic surface treatment, which is dependent on the ceramic composition.
Nuclear scintigraphic assessment of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations
Authors: Gillen A. , Dyson S. , Murray R.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: The results of nuclear scintigraphic examination of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations (facet joints) have to date been poorly documented.

Objectives: To establish an objective scintigraphic grading system for the facet joints; to investigate the relationship between the presence or absence of clinical signs of back pain and increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU); and to compare the results of scintigraphy and radiography.

Methods: Nuclear scintigraphic images of the 13th thoracic (T13) to first lumbar (L1) vertebrae were graded subjectively (visual assessment of the image) and objectively (using region of interest analysis) from 31 clinically normal horses in full work (Group N) and 65 horses with clinical evidence of thoracolumbar region pain and osteoarthritis of ≥1 facet joint (Group B). Sensitivity and specificity of IRU for detection of back pain and radiographic abnormalities were assessed. A Spearman correlation was performed to test for an association between the grade of IRU and the classification of radiographic abnormality.

Results: The objective scintigraphic grades were matched by 96.7% of subjective grades. IRU was seen more commonly in Group B (61.5%) than in Group N (25.8%), and moderate or intense IRU was only seen in Group B. The strongest association between radiographic abnormalities and scintigraphy was seen in horses with intense IRU.

Conclusions: Moderate or intense IRU in a facet joint is more likely to be seen in horses with back pain than in clinically normal horses.

Potential relevance: Nuclear scintigraphy is a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of a horse with thoracolumbar region pain.
Arthroscopic visualisation of the third metacarpal and metatarsal condyles in the horse
Authors: Vanderperren K. , Martens A. , Haers H. , Duchateau L. , Saunders J. H.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Arthroscopy of the fetlock joints is a routine surgical procedure in the horse. It is unclear how much of the articular surface of the condyles of the metacarpal (MCIII)/metatarsal (MTIII) bone can be visualised using either the dorsal or palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach.

Objectives: To investigate which part of the articular surface of the MCIII/MTIII condyles of the fetlock joints can be evaluated arthroscopically using: 1) dorsal approach in combination with flexion; 2) standard palmar/plantar approach; or 3) additional portal at the base of the sesamoid bone with joint extension.

Methods: All 3 arthroscopic approaches were performed on 20 fore‐ and 20 hindlimbs of 14 cadavers. For each approach, a curette was inserted ipsilaterally to create a lesion at the most distal part of the condyle that could be seen. After disarticulation and placement of a nail in each lesion, the maximally reachable angle was calculated on a perfect lateromedial radiograph. The 0° angle was determined as the distal crossing of the best fitting circle around the condyle with a line parallel to the dorsal MCIII/MTIII bone running through the circle centre (positive angle dorsal to 0°, negative palmar/plantar to 0°).

Results: Using the dorsal approach with flexion, a significantly larger area of visualisation was present in the hind‐ (−23.4°) compared to the forelimb (+2.7°). Using the palmar/plantar approach (fore: −60.4°; hind: −70.7°) and the approach at the base of the sesamoid bone (fore: −36.3°; hind: −47.6°) more cartilage could be seen in the fore‐ compared to the hindlimb. When combining the 3 approaches, the remaining nonvisible part measured 38.9° in the fore‐ and 24.2° in the hindlimb, both located palmaro/plantarodistally.

Conclusions: The use of dorsal and palmar/plantar arthroscopic approaches in combination with flexion and extension of the fetlock joint allows visualisation of the majority of the cartilage of the MCIII/MTIII condyles. The nonvisible section is smaller in the hindlimb compared to the forelimb.

Potential relevance: Knowledge of the specific areas of visualisation of the condyles on arthroscopy is important for both diagnostic and therapeutic planning of fetlock disorders.
Radiographic retrospective study of the caudal cervical articular process joints in the horse
Authors: Down S. S. , Henson F. M. D.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Arthropathy of the caudal cervical articular process joints (APJs) in the horse is documented as a cause of ataxia and paresis secondary to spinal cord compression. Enlargement of the caudal APJs is reported to increase with age, but there are no known associations of any other factors. No association of the degree of APJ enlargement with neurological signs seen has been documented. This study investigated the associations of cervical APJ enlargement at the C5‐C6 and C6‐C7 articulations with case subject details (breed, age, sex, usage) and clinical signs.

Objectives: To ascertain if there are of any associations between: the subject details and enlargement of the caudal cervical APJs; and the degree of APJ enlargement and the presence and type of clinical signs.

Hypotheses: There would be an effect of age, breed and usage on APJ grade, with no effect of sex. Association between grade and clinical signs seen was also investigated.

Materials and methods: The radiographs of 122 horses qualified for inclusion. Horses were excluded if they were known to have a neck lesion cranial to C5‐C6, or if the radiographs were rotated or of poor quality. In order to standardise the interpretation of APJ enlargement, a novel grading system was developed and used.

Results: An association was found between age and APJ grade at C5‐C6 but not C6‐C7. There was no association between grade, breed, sex and usage, or clinical signs seen. Data also showed a trend for increasing enlargement the more caudal the APJ.

Conclusion and potential relevance: The data in this study support that the size of the caudal cervical APJ at the level of C5‐C6, appear to increase with age, but this enlargement may not be significant. Enlargement cannot be associated with breed, sex or discipline of the horse at present, and specific grades and therefore degree of enlargement, cannot necessarily be assumed to be the cause of neurological deficits.
Effect of altrenogest‐treatment of mares in late gestation on adrenocortical function, blood count and plasma electrolytes in their foals
Authors: Neuhauser S. , Palm F. , Ambuehl F. , Möstl E. , Schwendenwein I. , Aurich C.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Mares with compromised pregnancies are often treated with altrenogest to prevent abortion. However, there is only limited information about effects on the foal when altrenogest treatment is continued during final maturation of the fetus.

Objectives: To determine effects of altrenogest treatment during late gestation in mares on maturity, haematology changes, adrenocortical function and serum electrolytes in their newborn foals.

Methods: Six mares were treated with altrenogest (0.088 mg/kg bwt) once daily from Day 280 of pregnancy until foaling and 7 mares served as controls.

Results: Foals born to altrenogest‐treated mares had a significantly lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on the first day after birth than control foals (P<0.05). Basal plasma cortisol concentrations immediately after birth were higher in foals of altrenogest‐treated mares than in control foals (P<0.05). Cortisol release in response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ‐ except for higher values 15 min after ACTH injection in foals of altrenogest‐treated mares on Day 1 ‐ revealed no differences in adrenocortical function between the groups of foals. Plasma potassium concentration in foals from altrenogest‐treated mares compared to control foals was significantly lower immediately after birth (P<0.05) and plasma ionised calcium concentration was significantly lower 3 h after birth (P = 0.01).

Conclusions and potential relevance: Altrenogest treatment of pregnant mares prolonged labour had no major effects on adrenocortical function in foals. A reduced neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio in these foals may suggest either immunomodulatory effects of altrenogest or dysmaturity of the foals.
A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds
Authors: Stanley R. L. , Mccue M. E. , Valberg S. J. , Mickelson J. R. , Mayhew I. G. , Mcgowan C. , Hahn C. N. , Patterson‐Kane J. C. , Piercy R. J.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: A glycogen synthase(GYS1)mutation has been described in horses with histopathological evidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in the USA. It is unknown whether the same mutation is present in horses from the UK.

Objectives: To determine whether theGYS1mutation occurs in UK horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Hypothesis: The R309HGYS1mutation is present in a variety of UK horse breeds and that the mutation is commonly associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Methods: DNA was extracted from 47 muscle or blood samples from UK horses with histories of exertional rhabdomyolysis in which muscle biopsy diagnosis had been pursued. The proportions ofGYS1mutation positive cases were compared among histopathologically defined groups. In addition, breeds that carried theGYS1mutation were identified from a total of 37grade 2(amylase‐resistant) PSSM cases.

Results: Of 47 horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis in which a muscle biopsy diagnosis was pursued, 10 (21%) carried theGYS1mutation. The mutation was only found in horses withgrade 2PSSM (i.e. not in horses with normal, idiopathic myopathy orgrade 1PSSM biopsy samples). In total, theGYS1mutation was found in 24/37 (65%) ofgrade 2PSSM cases. A variety of breeds, including Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, Warmblood, Connemara‐cross, Cob, Polo Pony and Thoroughbred cross carried the mutation.

Conclusions: TheGYS1mutation is an important cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis of UK horse breeds but does not account for all forms of PSSM.

Potential relevance: Genotyping is recommended in cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis, prior to or in combination with, muscle biopsy. However a significant proportion of horses with histopathological evidence of PSSM and/or exertional rhabdomyolysis have different diseases.
Anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol at 10% for induction and 1% for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Lerche P. , Erichson D.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Studies have demonstrated the clinical usefulness of propofol for anaesthesia in horses but the use of a concentrated solution requires further investigation.

Objectives: To determine the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory responses to a bolus injection of 10% propofol solution in mature horses.

Methods: Three randomised crossover experimental trials were completed.Trial 1: 6 horses were selected randomly to receive 10% propofol (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg bwt i.v.).Trial 2: 6 horses received 1.1 mg/kg bwt i.v. xylazine before being assigned at random to receive one of 5 different doses (1–5 mg/kg bwt) of 10% propofol.Trial 3: 6 horses were sedated with xylazine (0.5 mg/kg bwt, i.v.) and assigned randomly to receive 10% propofol (3, 4 or 5 mg/kg bwt, i.v.); anaesthesia was maintained for 60 min using an infusion of 1% propofol (0.2‐0.4 mg/kg bwt/min). Cardiorespiratory data, the quality of anaesthesia, and times for induction, maintenance and recovery from anaesthesia and the number of attempts to stand were recorded.

Results: Trial 1was terminated after 2 horses had received each dose of 10% propofol. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia was judged to be unsatisfactory.Trial 2: 3 horses administered 1 mg/kg bwt and one administered 2 mg/kg bwt were not considered to be anaesthetised. Horses administered 3–5 mg/kg bwt i.v. propofol were anaesthetised for periods ranging from approximately 10–25 min. The PaO2was significantly decreased in horses administered 3–5 mg/kg bwt i.v. propofol.Trial 3: The quality of induction and recovery from anaesthesia were judged to be acceptable in all horses. Heart rate and rhythm, and arterial blood pressure were unchanged or decreased slightly during propofol infusion period.

Conclusions: Anaesthesia can be induced with a 10% propofol solution and maintained with a 1% propofol solution in horses administered xylazine as preanaesthetic medication. Hypoventilation and hypoxaemia may occur following administration to mature horses.

Potential relevance: Adequate preanaesthetic sedation and oxygen supplementation are required in horses anaesthetised with propofol.
Faecal shedding and serological cross‐sectional study ofLawsonia intracellularisin horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Guimarães‐Ladeira C. V. , Palhares M. S. , Oliveira J. S. V. , Ramirez M. A. , Guedes R. M. C.
Published: July 2009

Reason for performing the study: Proliferative enteropathy, caused by the intracellular bacteriumLawsonia intracellularis, has been described in horses in Australia, the USA, Canada and European countries but has not been reported in Latin America. The prevalence of the disease in horses worldwide is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the presence of subclinicalL. intracellularisinfection in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Methods: A longitudinal study using serology and PCR for detecting antibodies (IgG) and shedding ofL. intracellularisin faecal samples, respectively, was conducted using a total of 223 horses from 14 different horse farms in Minas Gerais, and from the Veterinary School of UFMG equine herds in Minas Gerais. The immunoperoxidase technique in glass slides was used as the serological test.

Results: Twenty‐one horse sera had immunoglobulin G titres of 1:60 and were considered positive. The PCR technique in faeces forL. intracellularisDNA identified 7 horses as faecal shedders. Horses shedding the organism appeared healthy, indicating that subclinical infection ofL. intracellularisoccurred in the horses.

Conclusion: Seropositivity and detection of faecal shedding ofL. intracellularisindicates the presence of the agent in the equine population in Minas Gerais.

Potential relevance: Results of this study should alert clinicians in countries where proliferative enteropthy in horses has not been reported to consider this disease as a possible cause of enteric disease.
Influence of exercise and joint topography on depth‐related spatial distribution of proteoglycan and collagen content in immature equine articular cartilage
Authors: Brama P. A. J. , Holopainen J. , Van Weeren P. R. , Firth E. C. , Helminen H. J. , Hyttinen M. M.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: There is ample evidence on topographical heterogeneity of the principal biochemical components of articular cartilage over the surface of the joint and the influence of loading thereon, but no information on depth‐related zonal variation in horses.

Objectives: To study depth‐related zonal variation in proteoglycan (PG) and collagen content in equine articular cartilage.

Methods: Two techniques (safranin‐O densitometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were applied to sections of articular cartilage from the proximal phalangeal bone of the metacarpophalangeal joint of 18‐month‐old Thoroughbreds that had been raised at pasture from age 0–18 months without (PASTEX) and with (CONDEX) additional exercise. Two sites were investigated:site 1at the joint margin that is unloaded at rest or at slow gaits, but subjected to high‐intensity loading during athletic activity; andsite 2, a continuously, but less intensively, loaded site in the centre of the joint.

Results: Proteoglycan values increased from the surface to the deep layers of the cartilage, collagen content showed a reverse pattern. PG content was significantly higher atsite 2in both PASTEX and CONDEX animals without an effect of exercise. In the PASTEX animals collagen content was significantly higher atsite 1, but in the CONDEX group the situation was reversed, due to a significant exercise effect onsite 1, leading to a reduced collagen content.

Conclusions: Collagen and PG content gradients agree with findings in other species. The observations on PG levels suggest that the exercise level was not strenuous. The collagen results in the PASTEX group confirmed earlier findings, the lower levels atsite 1in the CONDEX group being possibly due to an advancement of the physiological maturation process of collagen remodelling.

Potential relevance: This study confirms earlier observations that even moderate variations in exercise level in early age may have significant effects on the collagen network of articular cartilage.
Regional distribution of collagen and haemosiderin in the lungs of horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Williams K. J. , Pannirselvam R. R. , De Feijter‐Rupp H. , Steel C. M. , Robinson N. E.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Regional veno‐occlusive remodelling of pulmonary veins in EIPH‐affected horses, suggests that pulmonary veins may be central to pathogenesis. The current study quantified site‐specific changes in vein walls, collagen and haemosiderin accumulation, and pleural vascular profiles in the lungs of horses suffering EIPH.

Hypothesis: In the caudodorsal lung regions of EIPH‐affected horses, there is veno‐occlusive remodelling with haemosiderosis, angiogenesis and fibrosis of the interstitium, interlobular septa and pleura.

Methods: Morphometric methods were used to analyse the distribution and accumulation of pulmonary collagen and haemosiderin, and to count pleural vascular profiles in the lungs of 5 EIPH‐affected and 2 control horses.

Results: Vein wall thickness was greatest in the dorsocaudal lung and significantly correlated with haemosiderin accumulation. Increased venous, interstitial, pleural and septal collagen; lung haemosiderin; and pleural vascular profiles occurred together and changes were most pronounced in the dorsocaudal lung. Further, haemosiderin accumulation colocalised with decreased pulmonary vein lumen size. Vein wall thickening, haemosiderin accumulation and histological score were highly correlated and these changes occurred only in the caudodorsal part of the lung.

Conclusion: The colocalisation of these changes suggests that regional (caudodorsal) venous remodelling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EIPH.

Potential relevance: The results support the hypothesis that repeated bouts of venous hypertension during strenuous exercise cause regional vein wall remodelling and collagen accumulation, venous occlusion and pulmonary capillary hypertension. Subjected to these high pressures, there is capillary stress failure, bleeding, haemosiderin accumulation and, subsequently, lung fibrosis.
Influence of intensity and changes of physical activity on bone mineral density of immature equine subchondral bone
Authors: Brama P. A. J. , Firth E. C. , Van Weeren P. R. , Tuukkanen J. , Holopainen J. , Helminen H. J. , Hyttinen M. M.
Published: July 2009

Reasons for performing study: Subchondral bone provides structural support to overlying articular cartilage and plays an important biomechanical role in osteochondral diseases. Mechanical features of bone correlate strongly with bone mineral density, which is directed by the loading conditions to which the tissue is subjected.

Objective: To investigate the influence of physical activity levels on subchondral bone mineral density (sBMD) in foals during early development.

Methods: Three groups of foals were subjected to different physical activity levels from birth until age 5 months. A proportion of these foals were subjected to euthanasia at 5 months while remaining foals were subjected to similar physical activity levels for 6 months until euthanasia at 11 months. Osteochondral specimens were collected for measurement of sBMD with peripheral quantitative computed tomography at 2 differently loaded anatomical sites of the proximal phalangeal bone at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm depth from the osteochondral junction.

Results: Growth significantly increased sBMD but by a different amount depending on anatomical location and physical activity level. Significantly higher sBMD was found at the habitually loaded central area in comparison to the intermittently peak loaded marginal site. Exercise increased sBMD throughout the whole depth of analysed tissue, but changes were generally more obvious at a depth of 2 mm. Interestingly, foals subjected to additional sprint training preserved the exercise‐induced sBMD increase at the habitually loaded central area during the 6 months of the second phase of the study.

Conclusions: Habitual low‐intensity loading elicits a greater response in sBMD in quantitative terms than high‐intensity low‐frequency loading at the sites investigated in this study. Future sBMD may be influenced by means of well‐tailored exercise regimens at young age.

Potential relevance: Specific physical activity levels during early development may potentially reduce the prevalence of osteochondral injury later in life.
Transverse stress fracture of the distal diaphysis of the third metacarpus in six Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Ramzan P. H. L.
Published: July 2009

Fractures involving the fetlock region are encountered commonly in Thoroughbred racehorses. Condylar fractures of the distal metacarpus/metatarsus and mid‐sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx account for the majority of fetlock injuries during both racing and training and clinical features, management and outcome of these injuries have been well described. Transverse fractures of the distal diaphysis of the third metacarpus, however, are seldom observed and have received little attention in the literature.

This paper describes clinical and radiological findings associated with 6 cases encountered in first opinion racehorse practice over a 3 year period. Transverse third metacarpal fractures vary in presentation but typically have clinical signs referable to the fetlock region and may, on occasion, be life‐threatening. They are therefore an important differential diagnosis when a fracture involving the fetlock is suspected.
Antimicrobial therapy for difficult to identify and atypical pathogens
Authors: Weese J. S.
Published: July 2009

Determination of appropriate antimicrobial therapy may be difficult for certain pathogens because of problems isolating the organism, inability to perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing, difficulty in obtaining a definitive diagnosis and lack of standard evidence‐based guidelines for treatment. Pathogens such as anaerobes, Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Leptospira spp., Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma spp. and Mycobacterium spp. present such challenges. While determination of optimal treatment may be more complicated than with other organisms, general recommendations have been made based on knowledge of the organism, data from other species, available in vitro data and clinical observation.
Severe hyperkalaemia associated with renal dysplasia in a 2‐day‐old foal
Authors: Naylor R. J. , Mair T. S. , Last R.
Published: July 2009

A 2‐day‐old filly foal presented with signs of depression, recumbency and inappetence. Blood analyses revealed hypoalbuminaemia, hyperfibrinogenaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperkalaemia. The foal deteriorated despite intensive treatment and was subjected to euthanasia. Atpost mortemexamination, the urinary bladder, ureters and kidneys appeared normal grossly. Histologically both kidneys showed disorganised development with the presence of structures inappropriate for a foal of this age, including primitive glomeruli, immature renal tubules and persistent metanephric ducts. Based on these findings a diagnosis of bilateral renal dysplasia was made.
Treatment of incisive bone fracture in a horse using an acrylic splint
Authors: Iacopetti I. , De Benedictis G. M. , Faughnan M. , Perazzi A. , Busetto R.
Published: July 2009

A ventrally displaced incisive bone fracture was diagnosed in a 3‐year‐old Andalusian stallion. Symptoms included swelling of the lips, dysphagia and ptyalism.

External manipulation revealed pain and crepitus in the gingival region of the rostral maxilla. An intraoral examination revealed upper gingival haematomas, misalignment and malocclusion of the incisors (prognathism). A radiograph of the rostral maxilla confirmed ventrally displaced bilateral fractures of the incisive portion of the maxilla rostral to the canine teeth (Triadan 104/204).

The fracture was reduced under general anaesthesia. A methylmethacrylate intraoral splint was used to stabilise the fracture. Post operative radiographs confirmed the fracture reduction. Post operative clinical control confirmed the correct position of the splint. No complications were encountered in the post operative period and good stabilisation was obtained. The splint was removed 60 days post operatively.

The use of an acrylic intraoral splint successfully stabilised a bilateral, ventrally displaced incisive bone fracture. Normal occlusion was obtained.

The use of an acrylic splint may represent a relatively simple, inexpensive and noninvasive technique for the repair of incisive bone fractures rostral to canine teeth in horses.
Ruptured capsule of the elbow joint of a draught horse
Authors: Livesey L. , Schumacher J. , Sartin E. , Caldwell M. , Ziska S. , Brock K.
Published: July 2009

A cyst filled with fluid was found to be the cause of an enlarged antebrachium in a horse. Communication between the cyst and the elbow joint was demonstrated by: 1) finding, during radiographic examination of the elbow, radiopaque contrast solution instilled into elbow joint within the cyst; 2) finding cytological values in fluid aspirated from the cyst that were similar to those in fluid aspirated from the elbow joint; and 3) finding hyperechoic foci, assumed to be air bubbles, during ultrasonographic examination of the cyst after administration of air into the elbow joint. Communication of the cyst with the elbow joint was confirmed duringpost mortemexamination of the affected limb.
Fracture repair techniques for the equine mandible and maxilla
Authors: Beard W.
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this article is to review the principles of fracture repair for the rostral mandible and maxilla and to demonstrate a variety of repair techniques. Because each fracture is unique, knowledge of the different repair techniques will allow the practitioner to choose a repair method best suited to the fracture configuration, equipment available, and the skill level and preferences of the surgeon.
A case of a periarticular abscess and suppurative arthritis of the atlanto‐occipital joint
Authors: van Galen G. , Busoni V. , Sandersen C. , Verwilghen D. , Cassart D. , Linden A. , Fortier G. , Amory H.
Published: July 2009

This Case Report describes a periarticular abscess and a suppurative arthritis of the atlanto‐occipital joint in an adult horse. The horse showed a painful swelling localised on the atlanto‐occipital region and ataxia in all 4 limbs. During hospitalisation, the horse developed recumbency, dysphagia, facial paralysis and seizures. Ultrasonography of the atlanto‐occipital region enabled a tentative diagnosis to be made, which was later confirmed at autopsy. Culture of the abscess revealed a Staphylococcus aureus. However, the horse had a history of recurrent fever, hypertrophy and abscessation of the submandibular lymph nodes, neck pain and dyspnoea for 2 months, which was suggestive of strangles.
A review of angular limb deformities
Authors: Witte S. , Hunt R.
Published: July 2009

This article provides some guidelines for the evaluation and management of angular limb deformities in young horses. It begins by looking at factors that influence conformation and that should be taken into consideration when making a decision as to the significance of a particular conformational trait. Perinatal and acquired deformities are then discussed separately with an emphasis on the latter. Options for their correction are described as well as the results of recent publications using these techniques. Finally the approach to management of deformities at each of the most commonly encountered locations is described.
Fourth branchial arch defect in a Welsh section A pony mare
Authors: Smith L. J. , Mair T. S.
Published: July 2009

Fourth branchial arch defect is a term used to describe a syndrome of congenital defects affecting the extrinsic structures of the larynx, due to a failure of development of structures that derive from the fourth branchial arch. This Case Report describes a 6‐year‐old Welsh section A mare presented for investigation of a chronic cough that was exacerbated on exercise. A fourth branchial arch defect was identified on resting upper airway endoscopy, with dorsal pharyngeal collapse evident on dynamic respiratory endoscopy, although full abduction of both the left and right arytenoid could be achieved and maintained at exercise.
Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without a treadmill: Initial experiences
Authors: Pollock P. J. , Reardon R. J. M.
Published: July 2009

There are potential advantages to imaging the upper portion of the respiratory tract (URT) of horses during ridden exercise within their normal environment. With the advent of a wireless endoscope, this is now possible. The following article describes initial experiences using the dynamic respiratory endoscope (DRS) on horses presented for the investigation of poor performance or abnormal respiratory noise and suggests that this technique can be used to diagnose common causes of URT associated with poor performance in horses during normal training. This has substantial implications for future clinical diagnosis, treatment of URT pathology and equine welfare.
Agricultural land conversion and its effects on farmers in contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Van Suu Nguyen
Published: July 2009

Đô'i Mó'i, the name given to the economic reforms initiated in 1986 in Vietnam, has renewed the party-state's ambitious scheme of industrialization and has intensified the process of urbanization in Vietnam. A large area of land has been converted for these purposes, with various effects on both the state and society. This article sheds light on how land conversion has resulted in farmers' resistance and in what way and to what extent it has transformed their livelihoods in the transitional context of contemporary Vietnam. The article argues that agricultural land use rights remain an important asset for Vietnamese farmers, containing great value and meaning for them besides forming a means of prod
The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression
Authors: Alahmadi Hussein , Vachhrajani Shobhan , Cusimano Michael D.
Published: July 2009

Object

Although brain contusions are a common neurosurgical condition, surprisingly little has been written about their natural history. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that predict radiological and clinically significant progression of this pattern of traumatic brain injury in patients who did not initially require surgery. On the basis of their results and the available literature, the authors suggest a management algorithm.

Methods

The authors performed a retrospective review of clinical and radiological records of consecutive patients with brain contusions who initially underwent conservative treatment. Significant radiological progression was defined as a 30% increase in contusion size on CT scans. Statistical analysis was performed to identify clinical and radiological predictors of CT contusion progression, the significance of progression, and predictors of clinical outcome.

Results

Of 98 patients identified with brain contusions who initially received conservative treatment, 44 (45%) had significant progression on CT, and 19 (19%) required surgical intervention. The initial size of the contusion and the presence of subdural hematoma were the only statistically significant predictors of CT progression in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.0212 and 0.05, respectively). Four patients required delayed contusion evacuation (3 had radiological progression on follow-up scans). Good Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores on presentation and younger age were predictors of eventual discharge from the hospital (OR 1.471, CI 1.233–1.755, p < 0.001 and OR 0.949, CI 0.912–0.988, p = 0.011, respectively). No patients with an initial GCS score of 15 or an initial contusion size < 14 ml required delayed evacuation.

Conclusions

Contusion progression is a common phenomenon that is seen more commonly in larger contusions. Patients with large contusions and low initial GCS scores are at risk for delayed deterioration. A proposed management algorithm for patients with contusions initially treated conservatively may help practitioners identify the best course of treatment.