bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nation-States and Wars
Authors: Leonhard Jörn
Published: November 2023

Research on the historical phenomenon of nationalism in Europe has, for a long time, concentrated mainly on single cases of nation-building or on the development of specific typologies, generating ideal types of nation-building processes. One of the most influential typological differentiations was that between political and cultural nations, a model which, based upon Friedrich Meinecke’s distinction between Staatsnation and Kulturnation had an important impact on West German perceptions of nation and nationality after 1945.² This distinction was also present in the apparently clear dichotomy between apparently typical Western and Eastern nationalisms.
Danish Stød Phonological and Cognitive Issues
Authors: Grønnum Nina , Basbøll Hans
Published: November 2023

We believe that phonological descriptions gain in acceptability and viability if they can be shown to be reflected in the articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual reality of speakers and listeners. We also believe that phonological theory must ideally always couch its propositions in terms which lay them open to empirical scrutiny. Accordingly, we are compelled to attempt to verify or falsify any phonological statement that lends itself to empirical investigation (confining ourselves to Danish in this case).
Introduction and overview
Authors: Empson Laura , Popham Stuart
Published: November 2023

Some parents dream of their children becoming lawyers. None ever dream of their children becoming law firm managers. Why would anyone want to manage a law firm? Your most important assets—expertise, reputation, and client relationships—belong to highly opinionated and highly mobile individuals, who typically have a strong sense of their own worth and prize their personal autonomy. They tend to have limited time or respect for management. If you do a good job they will not give you much credit for it; if they do not like what you do, they can get rid of you very quickly.
Your ethics
Authors: Greenwood Royston
Published: November 2023

Law firms are not philanthropic organizations. Nor should they be. Like all enterprises within a market system, law firms strive for commercial success. In fact, the very best of them are as successful as the more high profile publicly traded corporations. Yet, law firms are also supposed to temper pursuit of commercial goals by observance of a code of ethical principles that defines ‘professional’ and ‘unprofessional’ behaviour. In common with other professional service firms, law firms are expected to embrace a commitment beyond the commercial interests of any single firm, to the ‘profession’ at large. This notion may be idealized and has been challenged (as noted below), but it is distinctive of how lawyers talk about their work. In this chapter, I argue that the balance (‘tension’ might be a more appropriate term) between commercial and professional values may have been disturbed by the organizational and managerial changes described in this book, to the detriment of professional behaviour.
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategy in Jarawara
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

Jarawara has just one type of complement clause (and a minor complementation strategy, for indirect speech). If the last vowel in the predicate is a, this is raised to i as a mark that it is a complement clause (note that all syllables are CV and there are four vowels, i, e, a, and o). Throughout this chapter, the predicate (of a main clause or of a complement clause) is enclosed within braces, { . . . }, a multi-word NP within square brackets, [ ...] and—as else-where in the volume—a complement clause within angle brackets, < ... >.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in Dolakha Newar
Authors: Genetti Carol
Published: November 2023

Newar is a Tibeto-Burman language with about 800,000 speakers spoken in the Kingdom of Nepal. The majority of the Newar population is found in the Kathmandu Valley, the Newar ancestral home. There are a number of Newar villages throughout Nepal, many of which have distinct language varieties. Dolakha is one such village. It is located approximately 140 kilometres north-east of Kathmandu. The variety of Newar spoken in Dolakha is mutually unintelligible with the varieties spoken in the Kathmandu Valley, so on these grounds Dolakha Newar can be considered a separate language as opposed to a separate dialect. Members of the Dolakha Newar community estimate that there are about 5,000 speakers of Dolakha Newar. Many of them have left the village and now reside in Kathmandu and other parts of Nepal. The language is still in use within this tightly knit community; however, most of the children are not learning to speak it.
The Concept of Mass Claims and the Specificity of Mass Claims Resolution
Authors: Das Hans
Published: November 2023

International mass claims programs have mushroomed over the last decade. The creation of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in 1981 is usually seen as the starting point for this new trend. The United Nations Compensation Commission (“UNCC”) was established in 1991 to resolve claims resulting from the Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait. The UNCC, which resolved 2.6 million claims, is the largest mass claims program established to date.
Virtue Out of Necessity: International Mass Claims and New Uses of Information Technology
Authors: Heiskanen Veijo
Published: November 2023

International mass claims programs are not a new phenomenon. Large-scale claims programs, known as mixed arbitral tribunals and mixed claims commissions, were a standard method of resolving international claims in the late nineteenth century and after World War I. The Boxer Commission, the United States-Mexican Claims Commission, the United States-German Mixed Claims Commission, and many other mixed arbitral tribunals and claims commissions were created during that era. For a number of reasons, international claims commissions “fell out of fashion” after World War II.
Mass Claims Processes: Lessons Learned Over Twenty-Five Years
Authors: Crook john R
Published: November 2023

The other fine submissions in this volume address a range of detailed questions relating to recent mass claims processes. This contribution has a different focus. It is a personal reflection on the international mass claims experiences of the last quarter century, including both their accomplishments and their limitations. The purpose is not to describe the historic wrongs that underlay particular programs, the steps leading to their establishment, or the details of their operation. Instead, the goal is to sketch the recent development and spread of mass claims processing techniques and institutions operating outside of the frameworks of national judicial systems.
Codifying the Rights of Victims in International Law: Remedies and Reparation
Authors: Echeverria Gabriela
Published: November 2023

The “Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of lnternational Humanitarian Law” (“Principles and Guidelines”) are the first international instrument codifying the rights of victims in international law.

Their recent adoption, on April 19, 2005, by the 61st session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (the “Commission”), has contributed greatly to the consolidation of international law and practice governing the rights of victims to a remedy and reparations. During the past two decades, various UN Charter-based human rights bodies have struggled with complex legal issues emerging from demands for remedial justice.
War and Survival in Sudan’s Frontierlands
Authors: James Wendy
Published: November 2023

This book completes a trilogy by the anthropologist Wendy James. It is a case study of how the Uduk-speaking people, originally from the Blue Nile region between the ‘north’ and the ‘south’ of Sudan, have been caught up in and displaced by a generation of civil war. Some have responded by defending their nation, others by joining the armed resistance of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and yet others eventually finding security as international refugees in Ethiopia, and even further afield in countries such as the USA. Sudan’s peace agreement of 2005 leaves much uncertainty for the future of the whole country, as conflict still rages in Darfur. The Uduk case shows how people who once lived together now try to maintain links across borders and even continents through modern communications, and where possible recreate their ‘traditional’ forms of story-telling, music, and song.
Factors Influencing Advances in Basic and Applied Research: Variation due to Diversity in Research Profiles
Authors: Jordan Gretchen B
Published: November 2023

Despite the increasing importance of basic and applied research to the economy and to national defense, despite increased calls world wide for accountability and demonstration of results, particularly for publicly funded re- search, and despite the increasing diversity of research laboratories, there is no adequate theory about what factors influence advances in science, or how the different structures and strategies of research laboratories or units influence those advances. There is not even agreement on how to describe the strategies or intended outcomes, or how to measure the outcomes of these science advances.
A Path-Dependent Perspective on Institutional and Organizational Factors Shaping Major Scientific Discoveries
Authors: Hollingsworth J Rogers
Published: November 2023

This chapter confronts several interrelated problems as to how the institutional environments of organizations influence their innovativeness. Using a path-dependent perspective, it addresses: how institutional environments influence organizational isomorphism within countries; how institutional environments influence both the founding of new kinds of organizations and the founding of radically new departments and divisions within existing organizations; and how organizational characteristics influence the making of major discoveries. To confront these problems, I draw on some of the data from a study of 290 major discoveries (that is, radical innovations in basic biomedical science) which took place through- out the twentieth century in four countries (Britain, France, Germany, and the United States).
Turning Tracks? Path Dependency, Technological Paradigm Shifts, and Organizational and Institutional Change
Authors: Waarden Frans van , Oosterwijk Herman
Published: November 2023

Porter (1990) has shown that commercial innovative activity is not spread evenly across nations and regions. Some frequently create totally new products and new industries; others rarely do so. Some make radical innovations but fail to market them successfully; others make incremental innovations, yet have more commercial success. Furthermore, countries differ not only in the degree of innovativeness, but also in the sectors in which they are innovative. Many have developed nationally specific technological trajectories and patterns of industrial specialization. Germany, for example, has continued to be innovative in industries in which it was already competitive before the Second World War: paper, printing, machinery, electro-technical products, motor vehicles, chemicals.
The Economics of Happiness and Capability
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: November 2023

Economists are often seen as terrible killjoys who want to drown the natural cheerfulness of human beings in an artificial sea of gloom. Thomas Carlyle’s famous description of economics as “the dismal science” points to a bleak discipline that is firmly entrenched in dreariness. It certainly cannot be doubted that the subject matter of economics is often rather grave and some- times quite dispiriting. Given that subject matter, it may well be hard to retain one’s natural cheerfulness, for example in studying famines or hunger or exploitation, or in trying to understand the causes and effects of devastating unemployment or dreadful poverty.
Life Cycle Happiness and Its Sources: Why Psychology and Economics Need Each Other*
Authors: Easterlin Richard A
Published: November 2023

At what stage of life are people happiest—when they are on the threshold of their adult lives, at midlife when families are complete and many are close to the peak of their working careers, or in the “golden years” of retirement? What are the factors responsible for the life cycle pattern of happiness; do major transitions over the life course in areas such as work, family, and health leave their imprint on happiness? These are the questions to which this chapter is addressed. The answers point to a need for greater collaboration between psychology and economics in the study of subjective well-being (SWB).
The Philosophical Foundations of Subjective Measures of Well-Being*
Authors: Angner Erik
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to make explicit fundamental theoretical commitments of the effort to develop subjective measures of well-being, that is, measures based on answers to questions such as “Taking things all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say you’re very happy, pretty happy, or not too happy these days?” (Gurin, Veroff, and Feld 1960, 411, italics in original).
Lexical Plurals
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: November 2023

This book explores the wide variety of cases in which the plural of nouns is lexical. When a plural is lexicalized it becomes part of what it is to know a certain word: pence, for example, is lexical because it means a plurality of a certain kind - a multiple value, not a set of physical objects like pennies - and knowing this reading is knowing the word. Languages exhibit countless examples of similar word-dependent irregularities in the form and meaning of plural, but these have never been analyzed in depth from a unified perspective. Dr Acquaviva aims to do just that, using analytic tools from formal semantics and theoretical morphology to shed light on the relation between grammar and the lexicon. After an introduction setting out his approach he divides the book into two parts. The first gives a structured description of the ways plurality can be lexicalized with an emphasis on description and categorization. The second analyzes in depth different types of lexical plurals in Italian, Irish, Arabic and Breton. A final chapter spells out the theoretical consequences for the analysis of the lexicon. The book is unusual in combining a broad typological classification with a unified morphological and semantic analysis based on a formal framework.
Confusion, poor memory, and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Forgetfulness is a normal part of ageing.? Dementia is a disease process which results in impairment of thought processes and memory, particularly short-term memory. Delirium (acute confusion) is a short-term state of confusion and agitation, usually as the result of some illness. The risk of falls increases dramatically when confused people find themselves in a new environment. The risk diminishes gradually over a number of weeks. The combination of confusion, long-standing ill health, and a minor illness leading to a fall is a common reason for admission to hospital.As people grow older, so their memory deteriorates, particularly that for recent events, i.e. the short-term memory. Distant events are remembered better than recent ones, and people focus more and more on things that happened years ago.
How to improve strength and balance
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Exercise will increase strength and stamina predictably, but its effect on balance is less certain. Balance training involves: developing the appropriate use of corrective movements at the ankle and the hips, and the use of effective steps to restore stability improving posture diagnosing and improving abnormal gait re-training the brain to make the best use of sensory inputs improving strength and stamina improving confidence making appropriate use of walking aids.Anything that we do to improve our levels of fitness and stamina, and to improve the strength of our legs, is likely to make us more stable. In general, the benefit from exercise classes is partly through improving strength, but to a large extent is through boosting confidence. A great deal of the disability in fallers, and even in those elderly people who have not fallen, is caused by a lack of confidence.
Muscular dystrophy
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

The muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic diseases that severely affect children and adults. For sufferers and their family, the illness presents enormous physical and psychological challenges. Written specifically for people with muscular dystrophy and their families, this book answers many of the questions asked about how and why muscular dystrophy occurs, and how it will affect the life of a recently diagnosed child. As well as presenting the reader with advice and an explanation of muscular dystrophy, the book also guides the reader towards further information on societies and support groups around the world, and reliable internet resources. It also contains a full glossary to aid the reader in their understanding of the disease. The different types of muscular dystrophy are described throughout with a minimum of technical jargon. Questions relating to exercise, physiotherapy, surgery, and the emotional effects of the diseases are answered, and advice is given on the problems of schooling and choice of career. Since publication of the first edition in 1994, the genes for almost all the different types of dystrophy have been identified, enabling prevention through genetic counselling, therefore relieving some of the worry for affected families. Drawn from his many years of experience treating patients, Professor Emery provides authoritative, yet compassionate advice for people living with this illness.
What is muscular dystrophy?
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

The muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited diseases in which various genes controlling muscle function are defective.

In most forms of dystrophy the basic underlying protein defect is now known (a deficiency of the muscle protein dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, for example).
Uncitral
Authors: Bazinas* Spiros V
Published: November 2023

In many jurisdictions, an assignment of future receivables, receivables not identifi ed specifi cally in the assignment agreement and receivables assigned despite an anti-assignment agreement between the original creditor/assignor and the debtor is ineffective. In addition, the situation of the debtor is subject to rules that present gaps and inconsistencies or are non-transparent. Moreover, throughout the world, the law applicable to third party effects of assignments is diffi cult to determine at the time of the conclusion of the assignment agreement. Furthermore, an assignment that is effective at the time the relevant agreement is concluded may later be found to be ineffective as against the debtor and other third parties because the requirements of those other laws were not met. Finally, the law chosen by the parties may be set aside if it is contrary to the public policy of the forum state, which may well be the case if the original creditor/assignor is located in a state other than the state whose law is applicable, in particular if the original creditor/assignor becomes insolvent.
Multiple Parties, Multiple Problems: A View from the London Court of International Arbitration
Authors: Winstanley Adrian
Published: November 2023

The rapid expansion of the global economy in recent years has spawned a growing number of complex, multiparty, or inter-related commercial contracts. With the increase in the number of such contracts, issues of joinder and consolidation crop up more and more frequently in the arbitration of disputes arising from them.
Explaining Variation in the Use of European Litigation Strategies: European Community Law and British Gender Equality Policy (2000)
Authors: Alter Karen J
Published: November 2023

As the project of European integration continues to advance, it has become increasingly clear that the dynamics of this transnational process are producing secondary effects for domestic politics. Yet there is remarkably little systematic analysis about how European integration is transforming the national political process. This article identifies one effect that European integration, specifically the creation of a European legal system, has had on politics within the states. By providing domestic groups with a tool that can be used to impose new costs on their government, the European Union’s (EU) legal system has transformed previously weak organizations with little leverage into political players capable of directly influencing national policy. We describe this transformative process as shifting the domestic balances of power.
South Africa
Authors: Ratele Kopano , Swart Lu-Anne , Seedat Mohamed
Published: November 2023

and has undertaken a sustained programme of research. The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation conducts work in the area of violence prevention and the Medical Research Council has a number of programmes running in collaboration with the Institute of Social and Health Sciences at the University of South Africa. There are, therefore, a range of organizations and research expertise within the fields of crime, violence, and related areas. However, due to a number of factors, including, above all, the scale of the crime problem, there remain gaps in the research literature concerning South Africa’s violent crime. For example, most studies, if they do remark on the location of offences, fail to consider temporal aspects of the phenomenon, or do so only in passing. This chapter aims to initiate a filling of this gap.
Insomnia and other adult sleep problems
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Many adults suffer from disturbed sleep. There are many possible causes for sleep problems, some psychological, others physical, and these can lead to unneccessary problems with health and well-being. Comprehensive but easily understood,this book will help you to identify and explain problems leading to appropriate advice or treatment as necessary. It provide explanation of the possible causes, significance, and treatment of insomnia, excessive sleepiness, and disturbed behaviour at night. Throughout the book, advice is provided to help adults to sleep effectively with extra coverage included for those at particular risk of sleep problems, such as shift workers and parents of young children. Case studies are included to illustrate how adults with various sleep disorders have been correctly diagnosed and treated, and ‘Myths vs. Facts’ boxes help sort the valuable information from the misleading. Insomnia and Other Adult Sleep Problems: The Facts will be an invaluable resource for anyone with a sleep problem, their families, and the numerous health professionals who come into contact with those who suffer from sleep problems.
The Law Of Criminal Cartels
Authors: O’Kane Michael
Published: November 2023

The Law of Criminal Cartels provides comprehensive coverage of the cartel offence introduced into UK law by the Enterprise Act 2002, as well as of the related powers of the main regulators in the UK, EU, and overseas. The appearance of cartel conduct presents new challenges for lawyers straddling the traditionally unrelated areas of criminal and competition law. The book is a main tool of reference for practitioners uncovering a potentially criminal cartel and considering the position of the company or individual, and for practitioners advising corporate and individual clients who are the subject of UK criminal and cartel investigations with ramifications in other jurisdictions. This book is the first work to focus exclusively on the UK cartel offence from the practitioner's perspective. The text provides an analysis of the relevant black letter law and procedure - bringing together the criminal, regulatory, and civil law regimes. It provides detailed coverage of the history and development of anti-cartel enforcement, examining in depth the elements of the offence that give rise, for the first time, to personal criminal liability in the UK. This analysis includes identifying issues with the statutory offence where clarification through case law is likely to be required. It also takes clear account of the international perspective, providing a detailed exposition of the UK, EU and US regimes, as well as the main regimes where such conduct is criminalised. Designed to address the problems that arise in practice, the book focuses on thorny topics such as competing jurisdictions; the interaction between criminal and regulatory investigations (information-sharing and other types of co-operation); and conflicts of interest. It also includes a full guide to the OFT's recently revised leniency regime. The appendices include relevant OFT guidance and statutory provisions including Part 1 of the Sherman Act 1890, Part 6 of the Enterprise Act 2002, OFT Leniency Guidance and the OFT Investigative Powers Guidance.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Currie Graeme P
Published: November 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an all too too common lung condition - usually caused by cigarette smoking - which varies markedly in severity between individuals, and includes conditions previously known as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It causes progressive symptoms such as breathlessness, wheezing, coughing, reduced exercise tolerance and frequent chest infections. COPD: The Facts is written for patients with COPD and their families, but it will also be of interest to health professionals. The book describes in detail how a diagnosis is made and what treatments patients are likely to receive. It discusses modern approaches to the management of COPD (both with and without drugs) and includes examples of real-life patient experiences throughout the text, answers to the most frequently asked questions, and advice on how to give up smoking.
Non-state Actors
Authors: Clapham Andrew
Published: November 2023

The expression ‘non-state actors’ suggests different things to different people. On various occasions I have taken the chance to ask a group of diplomats, UN officials, and others to say what they understand by the term non-state actors in the context of a training seminar on human rights. The responses range wide. Most groups of interlocutors cover a spectrum: from rebels, terrorists, and Al-Qaeda, through to business, non-governmental organizations, and religious groups. For some it is ‘bad guys’; for others it is ‘civil society’. Perhaps most tellingly one person once responded: ‘all of us’. And here lies the problem with any attempt to give a lexical meaning of’non-state actor’ in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding: the phrase conjures up different entities depending on context and coincidence.
The Strange Alchemy of Life and Law
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie
Published: November 2023

From a young age Albie Sachs played a prominent part in the struggle for justice in South Africa. As a result he was detained in solitary confinement, tortured by sleep deprivation and eventually blown up by a car bomb which cost him his right arm and the sight of an eye. His experiences provoked an outpouring of creative thought on the role of law as a protector of human dignity in the modern world, and a lifelong commitment to seeing a new era of justice established in South Africa. After playing an important part in drafting South Africa's post-apartheid Constitution, he was appointed by Nelson Mandela to be a member of the country's first Constitutional Court. Over the course of his fifteen year term on the Court he has grappled with the major issues confronting modern South Africa, and the challenges posed to the fledgling democracy as it sought to overcome the injustices of the apartheid regime. As his term on the Court approaches its end, Sachs here conveys in intimate fashion what it has been like to be a judge in these unique circumstances, how his extraordinary life has influenced his approach to the cases before him, and his views on the nature of justice and its achievement through law. The book provides unique access to an insider's perspective on modern South Africa, and a rare glimpse into the working of a judicial mind. By juxtaposing life experiences and extracts from judgments, Sachs enables the reader to see the complex and surprising ways in which legal culture transforms subjective experience into objectively reasoned decisions. With rare candour he tells of the difficulties he has when preparing a judgment, of how every judgment is a lie. Rejecting purely formal notions of the judicial role he shows how both reason and passion (concern for protecting human dignity) are required for law to work in the service of justice.
Radioisotope Use
Authors: Prime David , Frith Barry
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is the safe use of radioisotopes in biological tracer applications. The emphasis of the treatment will be on practical aspects but a certain amount of a more fundamental nature will be included where this is necessary to clarify explanations and terminology. Since biological tracers are used in a wide variety of ways, it is only intended to discuss this topic in general terms paying particular attention to the most commonly used radioisotopes.
Diversity of Strains in the Pseudomonas syringae Complex Causing Bacterial Stem Blight of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in the United States
Authors: Lipps Savana M. , Castell-Miller Claudia , Morris Cindy E. , Ishii Satoshi , Samac Deborah A.
Published: November 2023

Alfalfa growers in the Intermountain West of the United States have recently seen an increased incidence in bacterial stem blight (BSB), which can result in significant herbage yield losses from the first harvest. BSB has been attributed to Pseudomonas syringae pv . syringae and P. viridiflava; however, little is known about the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of these bacteria or their interaction with alfalfa plants. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis of P. syringae and P. viridiflava strains causing BSB on alfalfa. A multilocus sequence analysis found that they grouped exclusively with P. syringae PG2b and P. viridiflava PG7a. Alfalfa symptoms caused by both bacterial groups were indistinguishable, although there was a large range in mean disease scores for individual strains. Overall, PG2b strains incited significantly greater disease scores than those caused by PG7a strains. Inoculated plants showed browning in the xylem and collapse of epidermal and pith parenchyma cells. Inoculation with a mixture of PG2b and PG7a strains did not result in synergistic activity. The populations of PG2b and PG7a strains were genetically diverse within their clades and did not group by location or haplotype. The PG2b strains had genes for production of the phytotoxin coronatine, which is unusual in PG2b strains. The results indicate that both pathogens are well established on alfalfa across a wide geographic range and that a recent introduction or evolution of more aggressive strains as the basis for emergence of the disease is unlikely.
Genome-Wide Association Study of Host Resistance to Hessian Fly in Barley
Authors: Karki Manila , Chu Chenggen , Anderson Kirk , Nandety Raja Sekhar , Fiedler Jason D. , Schachterle Jeffrey , Bruggeman Robert S. , Liu Zhaohui , Yang Shengming
Published: November 2023

The Hessian fly (HF), Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is one of the most devastating insect pests of cereals including wheat, barley, and rye. Although wheat is the preferred host for HF, this continuously evolving pest has been emerging as a threat to barley production. However, characterization and identification of genetic resistance to HF has not been conducted in barley. In the present study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify barley resistance loci to HF using a geographically diverse set of 234 barley accessions. The results showed that around 90% of barley lines were highly susceptible, indicating a significant vulnerability to HF in barley, and a total of 29 accessions were resistant, serving as potential resistance resources. GWAS with a mixed linear model revealed two marker-trait associations, both on chromosome 4H. The resistance loci and associated markers will facilitate barley improvement and development for breeders. In addition, our results are fundamental for genetic studies to understand the HF resistance mechanism in barley.
Leucine 127 of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus P22 Is Crucial for Its RNA Silencing Suppression Activity and Pathogenicity
Authors: Kang Ya-Chi , Yeh Shyi-Dong , Chen Tsung-Chi
Published: November 2023

Plant viruses produce particular suppressors to antagonize the host defense response of RNA silencing to establish infection. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a member of the genus Crinivirus of the family Closteroviridae, severely damages the production of economically essential cucurbits worldwide. Here, we used the attenuated zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) vector ZAC to express individual coding sequences, including CP, CPm, P25, and P22, of a Taiwan CCYV isolate (CCYV-TW) to identify their possible roles as pathogenicity determinants. ZAC is an HC-Pro function mutant that lacks the ability of local lesion induction on Chenopodium quinoa leaves and induces mild mottling followed by recovery on its natural host zucchini squash plants. Only the recombinant expressing CCYV-TW P22 complemented the effect of ZAC HC-Pro dysfunction, causing more severe symptoms on zucchini squash plants and restoring lesion formation on C. quinoa leaves, with lesions forming faster than those generated by the wild-type ZYMV. This suggests that CCYV-TW P22 is a virulence enhancer. Sequence analysis of criniviral P22s revealed the presence of four conserved leucine residues (L10, L17, L84, and L127) and one conserved lysine residue (K185). The five P22 residues conserved among the CCYV isolates and the P22 orthologs of two other criniviruses were each substituted with alanine in CCYV-TW P22 to investigate its ability to suppress RNA silencing and pathogenicity. The results provide new insights into CCYV-P22, showing that the L127 residue of P22 is indispensable for maintaining its stability in RNA silencing suppression and essential for virulence enhancement.
Interference screw versus suture button fixation for tibialis anterior tendon transfer: a biomechanical analysis
Authors: Meyer Zachary , Bohl Daniel , Zide Jacob , Pierce William , Niese Brad , Shivers Claire , Polk Jordan , Kannan Yassine , Riccio Anthony I.
Published: November 2023

Tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) transfer to the lateral cuneiform is commonly utilized to treat dynamic supination for relapsed clubfoot deformity. Traditional suture button fixation (SBF) may lead to skin necrosis at the button/skin interface. While interference screw fixation (ISF) would mitigate this concern, this fixation method has not been investigated in clubfoot patients. This study aims to investigate the performance of ISF versus SBF for TAT transfer in a cadaveric model. Ten matched pairs of cadaveric feet were obtained. One of each matched specimen underwent TAT transfer to the lateral cuneiform using ISF and the other underwent TAT transfer using SBF. For each ISF specimen, the tension of the transferred TAT required to bring the ankle to neutral was measured. This tension was then applied to both matched specimens using an MTS machine. Tension dissipation was measured after a 20-minute interval. In specimens with SBF, a load cell was positioned between the plantar skin and suture button to determine plantar skin pressure at the time of initial tension application. Average tension necessary to achieve neutral dorsiflexion was 49.4 N. Average tension dissipation after 20 min was significantly less in the IFS group (20 N versus 23.6 N, P = 0.02). No fixation failures occurred in either group. Average plantar foot skin pressure was 196.5 mmHg at initial tension application, exceeding thresholds for tissue ischemia. ISF allows for tendon tensioning at forces beyond those expected to result in skin necrosis with SBF with less dissipation of tension over time.
Extensive Posteromedial Soft Tissue Release for Skeletally Mature Patients With Rigid Pes Cavus Deformity
Authors: Emara Khaled Mohamed , Diab Ramy Ahmed , Abdeghaffar Khaled , Essa Mohamed N. , Emara Ahmed K. , Rashid Kyrillos , Gemeah Mostafa
Published: November 2023

Introduction:

Adult-onset cavovarus foot deformity is a highly disabling condition that can seriously interfere with daily activities. Charcot-Marie-Tooth is the most common etiology associated with cavus foot.

Patients and Methods:

We reviewed 30 feet in skeletally mature patients with rigid cavovarus deformities who were treated with extensive posteromedial soft tissue release without performing osteotomies or internal fixation. Clinical evaluation was done using the Foot Function Index for the pain, disability, and limitation of movement. The radiologic assessment was done by measurement of the lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, the lateral calcaneal-first metatarsal angle, and the lateral tibio-calcaneal angle in standing lateral foot radiographs. All patients were followed up for a mean of 36 months postoperatively.

Results:

Throughout the course of the study, the Foot Function Index for pain, disability, and limitation improved from an average of 51.46 points, 47.06 points, and 22.6 points preoperatively to postoperative averages of 23.65 points, 21.88 points, and 10.2 points, respectively. Radiologically, the talo-first metatarsal angle, the calcaneo-first metatarsal angle, and the tibio-calcaneal angles had preoperative values of 28.9 degrees, 132.4 degrees, and 62.35 degrees which improved postoperatively to 7.55 degrees, 117.65 degrees and 50.35 degrees, respectively.

Conclusion:

The outcomes of this study shed light on the use of pure soft tissue release without associated osteotomies as a simple, safe, and effective technique in treating rigid cavovarus deformities in skeletally mature patients. This could carry some advantages regarding preserving foot function as it preserves the integrity of foot joints.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Obesity among women with HIV
Authors: Millman Nina , Koethe John R. , Erlandson Kristine M.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

With the introduction of novel and more potent antiretroviral therapies (ART), persons with HIV (PWH) are living longer lives and experiencing higher rates of age- and weight-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Women with HIV (WWH) experience disproportionate rates of obesity, as evidenced by longitudinal observational cohorts both in the United States and globally.

Recent findings

In this article, we aim to review major research findings regarding WWH and obesity over the past few years. Multiple studies have evaluated geographic changes in the obesity epidemic across the globe with focus on developing countries who have seen a drastic change in obesity rates. Other new data assessed the effect of antiretroviral therapy on WWH, the cardiovascular effects of obesity in women on ART including data from the recently published REPRIEVE Trial, and issues unique to women, such as pregnancy and the effect of menopause on WWH.

Comorbid cardiometabolic conditions are rapidly increasing, in correlation with the obesity epidemic among PWH. WWH may be disproportionately impacted, and experience further effects of obesity, compounded by health disparities in many areas of the world. Further research on the most effective interventions to minimize weight gains and decrease obesity among WWH are urgently needed.
In Situ Follicular B-Cell Neoplasm Presenting as Miliary Facial Papules: A Unique Clinical Presentation and Spontaneous Regression
Authors: Bavi Prashant , Mansoor Adnan , Auer Iwona , Hardin Jori
Published: November 2023

In situ follicular B-cell neoplasm (ISFN) is a variant of follicular lymphoma, presenting as an incidental histologic finding in lymph node biopsy or excisional specimens. ISFN presents with a B-cell population that strongly expresses BCL2 and CD10 within the germinal centers of a lymph node or extranodal site. Genetic analysis shows t(14;18) translocation. Herein, we report a case of ISFN presenting as military and agminated facial papules in a young woman, which resolved spontaneously in the postpartum period. To our knowledge, this is the only report of a cutaneous site of involvement of this rare entity.
(Re)animation of a stuffed plush bunny
Authors: Olsen Markus Harboe , Petersen Pelle Baggesgaard , Møller Kirsten
Published: November 2023

An expressed and constant wish of the first author's oldest daughter to enhance interaction with her favourite toy animal led to a (re)animation/resuscitation attempt of a 1½-year-old stuffed plush bunny. Initial physical examination found no vital signs. Based on the lack of identifiable airways, we hypothesised that tissue oxygenation might be caused by passive diffusion throughout the body. Hence, animation was attempted by mechanical chest compressions without including airway management or positive-pressure ventilation. Multimodal monitoring of arterial blood pressure (by proxy), intra-’cranial’ pressure and oxygen tension, near-infrared spectroscopy of the head and laser-Doppler blood flow was successfully initiated, whereas an attempt at intracranial microdialysis was unsuccessful. Despite achieving measurable arterial blood pressure (by proxy) (12/3 mmHg) and an increase of cerebral perfusion by 30 points, spontaneous circulation or diffusion was not achieved apparently, and ultimately, animation attempts were ceased. Clinical experience, as well as common sense, forces us to conclude that our measurements were contaminated by the intervention, and that we must rethink the method for the animation of stuffed plush bunnies.
Telemedicine Abortion
Authors: Dunlop Hayley , Sinay Anne-Marie , Kerestes Courtney
Published: November 2023

Telemedicine has become a substantial part of abortion care in recent years. In this review, we discuss the history and regulatory landscape of telemedicine for medication abortion in the United States, different models of care for telemedicine, and the safety and effectiveness of medication abortion via telemedicine, including using history-based screening protocols for medication abortion without ultrasound. We also explore the acceptability of telemedicine for patients and their perspectives on its benefits, as well as the use of telemedicine for other parts of abortion care. Telemedicine has expanded access to abortion for many, although there remain limitations to its implementation.
Monochorionic Twins: TTTS, TAPS, and Selective Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Shanahan Matthew A. , Bebbington Michael W.
Published: November 2023

With an increasing incidence of twin gestations, understanding the inherent risks associated with these pregnancies is essential in modern obstetrics. The unique differences in placentation in monochorionic twins leads to unique complications, including twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, the twin anemia-polycythemia sequence, and selective fetal growth restriction. Not only does the understanding of the monochorionic placenta lead to an understanding of the pathophysiology of the complications of monochorionic twins, but it also has led to the development of highly effective directed fetal therapy via fetoscopic laser coagulation used in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Future directions of glaucoma treatment: emerging gene, neuroprotection, nanomedicine, stem cell, and vascular therapies
Authors: Ciociola Elizabeth C. , Fernandez Elise , Kaufmann Mary , Klifto Meredith R.
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review

The aim of this article is to summarize current research on novel gene, stem cell, neuroprotective, nanomedicine, and vascular therapies for glaucoma.

Recent findings

Gene therapy using viral vectors and siRNA have been shown to reduce intraocular pressure by altering outflow and production of aqueous humor, to reduce postsurgical fibrosis with few adverse effects, and to increase retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in animal studies. Stem cells may treat glaucoma by replacing or stimulating proliferation of trabecular meshwork cells, thus restoring outflow facility. Stem cells can also serve a neuroprotective effect by differentiating into RGCs or preventing RGC loss via secretion of growth factors. Other developing neuroprotective glaucoma treatments which can prevent RGC death include nicotinamide, the NT-501 implant which secretes ciliary neurotrophic factor, and a Fas-L inhibitor which are now being tested in clinical trials. Recent studies on vascular therapy for glaucoma have focused on the ability of Rho Kinase inhibitors and dronabinol to increase ocular blood flow.

Many novel stem cell, gene, neuroprotective, nanomedicine, and vascular therapies have shown promise in preclinical studies, but further clinical trials are needed to demonstrate safety and efficacy in human glaucomatous eyes. Although likely many years off, future glaucoma therapy may take a multifaceted approach.
Interpreting Serogical Markers in Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Authors: Ahmed Yasmeen , El-Kassas Mohamed
Published: November 2023

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered a global health-related problem. The World Health Organization estimates an incidence of approximately 1.5 million new cases annually despite an available effective vaccine, and approximately 296 million people worldwide are living with chronic hepatitis B. This large number of patients require continuous monitoring of the treatment efficacy, disease progression, and screening for the HBV-related liver complications. Recently, it has become more evident that we need better predictive markers to allow treatment cessation when there is a reduced risk of viral reactivation, in addition to the present need to predict disease outcome and improve the management of people living with chronic hepatitis B. Novel HBV biomarkers are focused on in this minireview. These new markers include quantification of serum HBV RNA, hepatitis B core–related antigen, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen, quantitative anti–hepatitis B core antigen, and detection of HBV nucleic acid–related antigen. The target of finding new markers for HBV replication is to provide crucial clinical data in a noninvasive way for detecting the replicative and transcriptional activity of the virus. This may support better management of patients compared with the criterion-standard invasive marker for detecting the intrahepatic replication and transcription of HBV, which is the quantification of covalently closed circular DNA.
Clinicopathological correlations and surgical outcomes in a case of electric cataract
Authors: Oli Avadhesh , Waikar Shrikant , Sebastien Tintu K.
Published: November 2023

Accidental high voltage electric current can cause potentially life-threatening and blinding injuries. A young man presented with reduced vision in both his eyes for the previous 3 months. He had posterior subcapsular opacities in both eyes (more in the left eye). He did not give any significant history of trauma or use of steroids. He had a well-healed scar on the forehead, and on the inquiry about the scar, he revealed a history of electrocution 1 year before. He was diagnosed as a case of electric cataract and underwent phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation with excellent visual outcome in the left eye. On histopathology of anterior capsule, focal areas of calcification were noted, which is to the authors' knowledge, a new finding, unreported earlier.