bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forging the Neoliberal Competitiveness Agenda: Planning Policy and Practice in the Dutch and Colombian Cut-Flower Commodity Chains
Authors: Patel-Campillo Anouk
Published: December 2011

This paper analyzes comparatively the role of planning policy and practice in the diffusion of the neoliberal competitiveness agenda to improve the position of the Dutch and Colombian cut-flower agroindustries in world markets. The Netherlands seeks to meet national competitive aims by deploying an infrastructure approach to planning, coupled with a framing concept to generate cross-scale coordination. The Colombian government seeks to diffuse the competitiveness agenda through the formation of institutional arrangements at the national scale and processes of decentralization, yet it meets resistance from municipal governments through their land-use plans. The findings indicate that national governments rely on context-specific mechanisms and endogenous planning tools to diffuse the competitiveness agenda across scales. While this partially accounts for variation in its diffusion, the findings point to the significance of the social organization of commodity chains in the uptake of the competitiveness agenda subnationally. The analysis draws from field research in the Netherlands and Colombia, and the critical examination of planning policy and practice in both sites.
Moving Related to Separation: Who Moves and to What Distance
Authors: Mulder Clara H , Malmberg Gunnar
Published: December 2011

We address the issue of moving from the joint home on the occasion of separation. Our research question is: To what extent can the occurrence of moves related to separation, and the distance moved, be explained by ties to the location, resources, and other factors influencing the likelihood of moving of persons who separate and their ex-partners? We use data from the unique ASTRID micro database for Sweden, based on administrative information about the entire Swedish population. The methods are logistic regression analysis of moving, and OLS regression of the log-distance moved, for people from two-gender couples who separated during the period 2004–05. We find marked negative effects of local ties to parents and siblings, work, and the location in general on moving and moving distance. The results concerning resources and other factors influencing moving were less pronounced. Particularly striking was the absence of an effect of education level.
Is the Grass Greener on the other Side of the Fence? Graduate Mobility and Job Satisfaction in Italy
Authors: Iammarino Simona , Marinelli Elisabetta , Marinelli Elisabetta
Published: December 2011

This paper explores the links between spatial mobility and job-related well-being for young Italian graduates. Theoretically it posits that mobility and job satisfaction can be related indirectly, as migration may provide access to new or better job opportunities, and directly, as mobility generates expectations on the outcome of the move. Methodologically it applies sample-selection ordered logit to a survey of graduates conducted by the Italian National Statistical Institute (ISTAT). The paper investigates how personal characteristics and employment features, together with migration behaviour, impact on several domains of job satisfaction, comparing the graduates from Southern regions—ie, the backward Mezzogiorno—to those of the Centre-North of Italy. Our most novel results indicate that, whilst indirect effects are qualitatively similar for both Southern and Centre–Northern graduates, direct effects are not. This highlights that geography affects satisfaction by shaping individual expectations, adding another dimension to the long-standing debate on Italian spatial inequality.
High Street Adaptations: Ethnicity, Independent Retail Practices, and Localism in London's Urban Margins
Authors: Hall Suzanne M
Published: December 2011

Two key forces are likely to impact on the retail profile of London's high streets. First is the increasing expansion of London's retail sector across both affiliated and independent sectors, paralleled with economic volatility associated in part with the global crisis in 2008. The second is the political shift, at both national and city scales, towards the recognition of small independent shops and local high streets, as signalled in The Mayor's Draft Replacement London Plan, 2010. This brings us to a third consideration: the growth of ethnic retail, evidenced particularly in London where national levels of immigration and ethnic diversity are at their highest. The 2010 High Street London report commissioned by the Mayor's Office emphasises ‘the local’ role of London's high streets for a local’ populous, reflecting a larger national policy emphasis on Localism as outlined in The Localism Bill in 2010. This paper explores what forms of planning are best suited to recognise a rapidly evolving retail landscape together with the crucial differentiations inherent in the local landscape. The focus is explicitly contextual: it is London centric in its scope, and relies on detailed survey and ethnographic data of a south London high street located within an area with high Indices of Deprivation. The context sits in contrast to the notions of the village high street and the upmarket high street, which encapsulate cultural notations of vitality and viability which frame much of the literature and policy around the value of high streets. By analysing the adaptive practices of the ethnically diverse, independent retailers on the Walworth Road, socioeconomic measures of high street values are explored. Further, the paper conceptualises adaptation as the strategic adjustments made by independent proprietors in recognition of large-scale economic forces, national regulatory frameworks, and local cultural nuances. The paper reframes ‘the local’ as ‘the particular’ and emphasises the need for disaggregated, fine-grained research on retail practices in high streets which reflect crucial contextual differentiations. Finally it explores what a planning framework and stewardship mechanism for high streets in London's urban margins might comprise.
Accurate sampling and deep sequencing of the HIV-1 protease gene using a Primer ID
Authors: Jabara Cassandra B. , Jones Corbin D. , Roach Jeffrey , Anderson Jeffrey A. , Swanstrom Ronald
Published: December 2011

Viruses can create complex genetic populations within a host, and deep sequencing technologies allow extensive sampling of these populations. Limitations of these technologies, however, potentially bias this sampling, particularly when a PCR step precedes the sequencing protocol. Typically, an unknown number of templates are used in initiating the PCR amplification, and this can lead to unrecognized sequence resampling creating apparent homogeneity; also, PCR-mediated recombination can disrupt linkage, and differential amplification can skew allele frequency. Finally, misincorporation of nucleotides during PCR and errors during the sequencing protocol can inflate diversity. We have solved these problems by including a random sequence tag in the initial primer such that each template receives a unique Primer ID. After sequencing, repeated identification of a Primer ID reveals sequence resampling. These resampled sequences are then used to create an accurate consensus sequence for each template, correcting for recombination, allelic skewing, and misincorporation/sequencing errors. The resulting population of consensus sequences directly represents the initial sampled templates. We applied this approach to the HIV-1 protease (
pro
) gene to view the distribution of sequence variation of a complex viral population within a host. We identified major and minor polymorphisms at coding and noncoding positions. In addition, we observed dynamic genetic changes within the population during intermittent drug exposure, including the emergence of multiple resistant alleles. These results provide an unprecedented view of a complex viral population in the absence of PCR resampling.
Generation and genetic stability of tick-borne encephalitis virus mutants dependent on processing by the foot-and-mouth disease virus 3C protease
Authors: Schrauf Sabrina , Kurz Martina , Taucher Christian , Mandl Christian W. , Skern Tim
Published: December 2011

Mature protein C of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is cleaved from the polyprotein precursor by the viral NS2B/3 protease (NS2B/3pro). We showed previously that replacement of the NS2B/3pro cleavage site at the C terminus of protein C by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A StopGo sequence leads to the production of infectious virions. Here, we show that infectious virions can also be produced from a TBEV mutant bearing an inactivated 2A sequence through the expression of the FMDV 3C protease (3Cpro) either in cis or in trans (from a TBEV replicon). Cleavage at the C terminus of protein C depended on the catalytic activity of 3Cpro as well as on the presence of an optimized 3Cpro cleavage site. Passage of the TBEV mutants bearing a 3Cpro cleavage site either in the absence of 3Cpro or in the presence of a catalytically inactive 3Cpro led to the appearance of revertants in which protein C cleavage by NS2B/3pro had been regained. In three different revertants, a cleavage site for NS2B/3pro, namely RR*C, was now present, leading to an elongated protein C. Furthermore, two revertants acquired additional mutations in the C terminus of protein C, eliminating two basic residues. Although these latter mutants showed wild-type levels of early RNA synthesis, their foci were smaller and an accumulation of protein C in the cytoplasm was observed. These findings suggest a role of the positive charge of the C terminus of protein C for budding of the nucleocapsid and further support the notion that TBEV protein C is a multifunctional protein.
Husbandry and Breeding of the Lesser Egyptian Jerboa, Jaculus jaculus
Authors: Jordan Björn , Vercammen Paul , Cooper Kimberly L.
Published: December 2011

The lesser Egyptian jerboa, Jaculus jaculus, is the ideal jerboa species for use as a laboratory model system. As a member of the most derived clade of three-toed jerboas, it shows all of the specialized characteristics for bipedalism, including loss of the lateral digits and fusion and elongation of the metatarsals. It is a small rodent, weighing ∼55 g as an adult, and it does not hibernate through the winter as is common with many other jerboa species. It is the first Dipodoid rodent whose genome is to be sequenced, and multiple genomic resources are being generated. The jerboa has been notoriously difficult to breed in captivity with only a small number of zoos and private breeders achieving success. The Harvard University colony of 60 adult animals (half male/half female) has had 36 offspring born in captivity in one year. The jerboa colony at the Breeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife in Sharjah, UAE has been operating since 2007 and has had 180 live births. Here, we outline guidelines for successfully maintaining and breeding a colony of J. jaculus in a laboratory setting.
Coating Particles with Carbocyanine Dyes
Authors: Morgan Josh L. , Kerschensteiner Daniel
Published: December 2011

Imaging and reconstruction of developing neurons require cells that are labeled in a way that distinguishes them from their neighbors. This can be achieved with ballistic labeling, which refers to the delivery of a cell label by means of carrier particles (tungsten or gold) propelled from a pressurized gun. Ballistic delivery can reach many dispersed cells in one shot and can deploy a wide variety of cell markers to neurons in diverse preparations. The three most commonly used types of ballistic labels are carbocyanine dyes, dextran-conjugated fluorescent markers, and DNA plasmids. The primary advantage of ballistic labeling is that multiple dispersed cells can be labeled quickly in live or fixed tissue. This article describes a protocol for coating tungsten particles (∼1 µm in diameter) with carbocyanine dyes, which are widely used to label neurons in tissue and neural cells in suspension. These dyes are lipophilic and highly fluorescent within lipid bilayers. Because tissue damage worsens with the increasing pressure required for deeper bullet penetration, ballistic labeling of neurons is most effective when the target cells are near the surface of the preparation. This protocol was developed for labeling ganglion cells in retinal flat mounts.
Engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children
Authors: Keyte J. , Harris S. , Margetts B. , Robinson S. , Baird J.
Published: December 2011

How to cite this article
 Keyte J., Harris S., Margetts B., Robinson S. & Baird J. (2012) Engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children. J Hum Nutr Diet.25, 155–160

Background:  Improving children’s diets is currently a government focus. However, fruit and vegetable consumption, a key target, is still far below the government guidelines of five portions per day. The present study aimed to assess the impact of engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP) on fruit and vegetable consumption in a sample of primary school children.

Methods:  A sample of 511 children, aged 7–9 years, who were attending 10 randomly selected schools in Hampshire, completed the Day in the Life Questionnaire, a validated 24‐h recall method of dietary assessment. Fruit and vegetable intake in pupils attending schools engaged with the NHSP was compared with that of pupils attending schools not engaged with the programme.

Results:  Children attending schools engaged with the NHSP ate a median of two (interquartile range, 0–8.0) portions of fruit and vegetables, compared to one portion (interquartile range, 0–8.0) consumed by pupils attending a school not engaged with the programme (P = 0.001). Gender was also a significant predictor of fruit and vegetable consumption, with girls being 1.68 times more likely to consume 2.5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables. After adjustment for free school meal eligibility (as a measure of socio‐economic status) and gender, pupils attending schools engaged with NHSP were twice as likely to eat 2.5 portions of fruit and vegetables or more per day.

Conclusions:  Engagement with the NHSP may be an effective way of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children. Further evaluation of the programme is recommended to determine which aspects of the NHSP are successful in achieving this.
Peripheral α‐helical CRF (9‐41) does not reverse stress‐induced mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats
Authors: van den Wijngaard R. M. , Stanisor O. I. , van Diest S. A. , Welting O. , Wouters M. M. , de Jonge W. J. , Boeckxstaens G. E.
Published: December 2011

Background  Acute stress‐induced hypersensitivity to colorectal distention was shown to depend on corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)‐induced mast cell degranulation. At present it remains unclear whether CRF also induces chronic poststress activation of these cells. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare pre‐ and poststress CRF‐receptor antagonist treatment protocols for their ability to, respectively, prevent and reverse mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of neonatal maternal separation.

Methods  The visceromotor response to colonic distention was assessed in adult maternally separated and non‐handled rats before and at different time points after 1 h of water avoidance (WA). Rats were treated with the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole and the CRF receptor‐antagonist α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41). Western blotting was used to assess mucosal protein levels of the mast cell protease RMCP‐2 and the tight junction protein occludin.

Key Results  In maternally separated, but not in non‐handled rats, WA induced chronic hypersensitivity (up to 30 days) to colorectal distention. Visceral hypersensitivity was prevented, but could not be reversed by administration of α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41). In contrast, however, the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole reversed visceral hypersensitivity. Compared with vehicle‐treated rats, pre‐WA α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41) treated animals displayed higher mucosal RMCP‐2 and occludin levels.

Conclusions & Inferences  Water avoidance‐stress leads to persistent mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats, which can be prevented, but not reversed by blockade of peripheral CRF‐receptors. We conclude that persistent poststress mast cell activation and subsequent visceral hypersensitivity are not targeted by CRF‐receptor antagonists.
Quantification of pericaudal adipocyte diameter in dairy cattle during peripartum: a complementary method to study energetic status using conventional histology
Authors: Verdes J. M. , Espino L. , Goicoa A. , Rigueira L. , Ramil L. A. , Fidalgo L. E.
Published: December 2011

The energetic status of high‐yielding Holstein‐Friesian dairy cattle was studied during peripartum under field conditions using body condition score (BCS), glycemia, seric ß–hydroxybutyrate and adipose tissue cellularity. This last method was tested as a complementary tool for energetic status assessment. Biopsies of pericaudal subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 25 multiparous animals at 28 days before and 21 days after parturition. Samples were routinely processed for histological examination and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The mean diameter of adipocytes (MDA) was measured with the aid of a digital image processor. During the same period, blood samples were collected weekly for metabolite determinations. The MDA at 28 days pre‐partum and 21 days post‐partum were 72.1 vs. 66.2 μm respectively (p = 0.055), and the corresponding BCS at these moments was 3.32 vs. 3.19 (p = 0.068). At −28 days pre‐partum, the BCS was positively correlated with MDA (Pearson’s r = 0.521, p = 0.016) and with glycemia (Pearson’s r = 0.404, p = 0.056). Correlations between BCS and MDA, and between BCS and glycemia, with ß–hydroxybutyrate although not significant, suggest that routine histological preparations of biopsies from subcutaneous adipose tissue could be included as an easy and valuable tool for research purposes to evaluate metabolic adaptation of dairy cows to peripartum, as well as the incidence of metabolic disorders and productive performance.
A 90‐day adaptation to a high glycaemic diet alters postprandial lipid metabolism in non‐obese horses without affecting peripheral insulin sensitivity
Authors: Suagee J. K. , Corl B. A. , Swyers K. L. , Smith T. L. , Flinn C. D. , Geor R. J.
Published: December 2011

High glycaemic feeds are associated with the development of insulin resistance in horses. However, studies that evaluated the effect of high glycaemic feeds used horses that either ranged in body condition from lean to obese or were fed to increase body condition over a period of months; thus, the ability of high glycaemic feeds to induce insulin resistance in lean horses has not been determined. This study evaluated the insulin sensitivity of 18 lean horses fed a 10% (LO; n = 6), 20% (MED; n = 6) or 60% (HI; n = 6) non‐structural carbohydrate complementary feed for 90 days. Although both the MED and HI diets increased insulinaemic responses to concentrate feeding in relation to the LO diet (p > 0.05), neither induced insulin resistance, as assessed by glucose tolerance test, following the 90‐day feeding trial. Interestingly, the post‐feeding suppression of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids was less pronounced in HI‐fed horses (p = 0.054) on days 30 and 90 of the study, potentially indicating that insulin‐induced suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis was reduced. As insulin‐resistant animals often have elevated plasma lipid concentrations, it is possible that altered lipid metabolism is an early event in the development of insulin resistance. The effects of high glycaemic feeds that are fed for a longer duration of time, on glucose and lipid metabolism, should be investigated further.
Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is related to West Nile virus‐induced neuronal apoptosis
Authors: Kobayashi Shintaro , Orba Yasuko , Yamaguchi Hiroki , Kimura Takashi , Sawa Hirofumi
Published: December 2011

West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family of viruses and has emerged as a significant cause of viral encephalitis in humans, animals and birds. It has been reported that WNV replication directly induces neuronal injury, followed by neuronal cell death proven as apoptosis. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism of neuronal apoptosis caused by this virus to develop strategies to control its pathogenicity. Accumulation of ubiquitinated abnormal proteins has been reported to be associated with neuronal apoptosis in some pathological conditions. A lot of cellular stresses prevent cellular protein quality control mechanisms, resulting in the accumulation of ubiquitinated abnormal proteins. To obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms of WNV‐induced neuronal apoptosis, we evaluated the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the WNV‐infected neuronal cells. We have observed that WNV infection caused massive neuronal injury in the brains of mice. Viral antigen was detected in the neuronal cytoplasm of the cells exhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Notably, ubiquitinated proteins were detected in WNV‐infected neuronal cells. In addition, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins was markedly enhanced in mouse neuroblastoma, Neuro‐2a cells after WNV infection. Our histopathological and in vitro studies suggest that accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in neuronal cells might be associated with neuronal apoptosis caused by WNV infection.
Whole of Government Accounting in New Zealand: A Review of WGA Financial Reports From 1993 to 2010
Authors: NEWBERRY SUSAN
Published: December 2011

The purpose of accruals‐based whole of government (WGA) financial reports has been the subject of international debate. Heald and Georgiou (2011) note the U.K.'s emphasis on a macro‐fiscal policy role for WGA and hope that, in addition to facilitating review of fiscal targets, WGA will also help to correct a narrow focus on net debt by providing information about assets and liabilities other than those included in the net debt measure. They also hope that WGA will reveal asset portfolio changes resulting from privatizations. Heald and Georgiou had available only very limited data about the as‐yet‐unpublished U.K. WGA, and proposed that data from countries with a longer history of published accruals‐based WGA may help to understand the usefulness of WGA. In 1992 New Zealand's government became the first sovereign government to publish accruals‐based financial reports for the whole of the central government. This article presents New Zealand's summarized WGA from 1993 to 2010. It identifies the changing mix of assets and liabilities, the tendency for complex WGA financial reports to obscure, rather than to reveal, portfolio changes resulting from privatization, and the growing involvement in financial market activities.
The Dale farm eviction: Interview with Judith Okely on Gypsies and Travellers (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Okely Judith , Houtman Gustaaf
Published: December 2011

Dale Farm, an Irish Traveller site in Essex which until recently was occupied by multiple families, gained national and some international publicity in October 2011, when an eviction order against its unauthorized settlement was enforced. In this interview, Judith Okely, who has performed fieldwork and research with traveller communities, reflects on the issues surrounding the eviction.
Genetic variability in the kappa‐casein gene in Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindhi cattle breeds
Authors: RIAZ MUHAMMAD N , MALIK NAVEED A , NASREEN FOZIA , QURESHI JAVED A , KHAN SAEED‐UL‐HASSAN
Published: December 2011

Polymorphism of kappa‐casein (κ‐CN) gene in three Bos indicus cattle breeds was investigated using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) technique. Only genotypes AA and AB were observed, and no BB, AE, BE, EE, AC or BC genotypes were detected in the three cattle breeds. In the Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindhi breeds, the frequencies of the allele A were 0.69, 0.90 and 0.86, and the frequencies of the allele B were 0.31, 0.10 and 0.14, respectively. The Sahiwal breed was found to have a higher frequency of the AB genotype as compared to the Cholistani and Red Sindhi breeds. The frequency of the κ‐CN alleles noted in the three cattle breeds was similar to those observed in other cattle breeds of B. indicus origin.
Infant Eye‐Tracking in the Context of Goal‐Directed Actions
Authors: Corbetta Daniela , Guan Yu , Williams Joshua L.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents two methods that we applied to our research to record infant gaze in the context of goal‐oriented actions using different eye‐tracking devices: head‐mounted and remote eye‐tracking. For each type of eye‐tracking system, we discuss their advantages and disadvantages, describe the particular experimental setups we used to study infant looking and reaching, and explain how we were able to use and synchronize these systems with other sources of data collection (video recordings and motion capture) to analyze gaze and movements directed toward three‐dimensional objects within a common time frame. Finally, for each method, we briefly present some results from our studies to illustrate the different levels of analyses that may be carried out using these different types of eye‐tracking devices. These examples aim to highlight some of the novel questions that may be addressed using eye‐tracking in the context of goal‐directed actions.
Regression models in periodontal epidemiology: purpose, approach and interpretation
Authors: Jimenez Monik , Dietrich Thomas
Published: December 2011

Statistical models, including those using regression analyses, are ubiquitous in periodontal research. However, many investigators may not have a thorough understanding of the concepts underlying the complex statistical models used in much of the current literature. This review aims to demystify biostatical regression models and familiarize the reader with the regression models most commonly encountered in the periodontal literature. Complex models can be intuitively understood in terms of stratified analyses. Therefore, we discuss the use of stratified analyses and emphasize their natural connection to regression models using examples from the periodontal research literature. We critically review various types of regression models, as well as the fundamental assumptions unique to each. An introduction to the fundamentals of model building describes the basics of variable selection procedures and variable management, including discussions regarding the assumptions inherent in common practices. Lastly, modeling approaches to assess confounding and effect modification are discussed by use of examples from the periodontal epidemiological literature.
Oxidant and antioxidant events during epidermal growth factor therapy to cutaneous wound healing in rats
Authors: Kalay Zeynep , Cevher Sule Coskun
Published: December 2011

Cutaneous wound healing is a highly complex process, which includes inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition and remodelling phases. Various growth factors, like epidermal growth factor (EGF), play an important role during wound healing. However, little is known about relationship between EGF and oxidant–antioxidant events in cutaneous wound healing models. Thus we planned to evaluate the connection between EGF therapy and oxidative stress in dermal tissue followed by wounding. Fifty‐four adult male Wistar‐albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, untreated and topical EGF administrated group. A linear full‐thickness excision of 40 mm in length on both sides of spinal cord was made on the back of each rat and sutured under anaesthesia and sterile conditions. Excision was closed with 4/0 atraumatic silk suture. EGF solution was freshly prepared at 10 ng/ml dose in thilotears gel under aseptic conditions. Following the surgery, 1 ml of EGF solution was administered to wound strips one time in everyday. The animals were euthanised and wound tissues were collected on days 1, 5, 7 and 14. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substans (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), reactive nitrogen oxide species (NOx), ascorbic acid levels and superoxide dismutase activity were measured spectrophotometrically. TBARS levels decreased and NOx levels increased on day 5 after operation, and GSH levels were increased on day 14 in EGF administered group compared with untreated group. Our data showed that EGF may act like an antioxidant by scavenging toxic oxidation products in wound tissue. In addition, it may contribute healing of the wound tissue in earlier stages and suggest a potential effective role for antioxidant therapies, especially until day 5.
Shifting post production patterns: Exploring changes in New Zealand's seafood processing industry
Authors: Stringer Christina , Simmons Glenn , Rees Eugene
Published: December 2011

This paper examines the changing nature of New Zealand's seafood companies' production practices. The past 15 years has seen the offshore outsourcing of post‐harvest fish gain unprecedented momentum. The growth in offshore processing is a further stage in an increasingly globalised fisheries value chain. Fish is head and gutted, frozen and then transported to processing sites in China where it is thawed, value‐added processed and refrozen for export to the original sourcing country or third country markets. Reasons advanced by the industry for this shift in production practices include quota reductions, increasing production costs and the sale of trawlers.
Year 11 geography teachers' response to the Darfield earthquake
Authors: Taylor Mike
Published: December 2011

When events such as the Darfield earthquake take place, it is assumed that the response from the geography teaching community provides the opportunity to reinforce the relevance of geography. This article reports the findings of a questionnaire which seeks to explore the question, ‘What were the characteristics of the learning and teaching of Year 11 Geography teachers in the weeks following the Darfield earthquake, September 4, 2010?’ The data offer empirical support for the agency of geography teachers' impressing the relevance of the subject to school students in response to an extreme natural event under New Zealand's collective backyard.
ORIENTALISM, POSTCOLONIALISM, AND THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE: MEDITATIONS ON BRUCE LINCOLN'S RELIGION, EMPIRE, AND TORTURE
Authors: COLBURN HENRY P.
Published: December 2011

In his recent study of religion and imperialism in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Bruce Lincoln depicts the Achaemenids as savage and decadent in order to make a point about contemporary American foreign policy. This paper challenges Lincoln's vision of the empire by examining the severe methodological flaws that underlie it, especially his untested assumptions about the nature of Achaemenid religion and his uncritical use of Greek sources for the practice of torture. These flaws contribute to the reification of an orientalist stereotype of the Persians that scholars of the Achaemenid Empire have long worked to overcome, and that is itself at odds with Lincoln's decidedly postcolonial aims. This paper also considers the roles played by orientalism and postcolonialism in Achaemenid historiography with a view towards understanding how they can and do inform the study of the empire.
Development and Validation of a Model for Flat Belt Tracking in Pulley Drive Systems
Authors: Prasad Dilip , Cassenti Brice N.
Published: December 2011

This investigation examines the problem of lateral belt motion (“tracking”) in belt drive systems using a mechanics-based approach. It is shown that the motion of a belt over a pulley of arbitrary shape with angular misalignment between the belt and pulley axes can be decomposed into two simpler problems: belt transport over a locally conforming cone and that over a cylindrical pulley at the specified angle of misalignment. The physical models are based on the assumptions that lateral deformations of the belt may be treated as those of a slender beam and that no slip occurs between the belt and the pulley surface. In the case of the conical pulley, a similarity parameter that incorporates the nominal pulley radius, mean normal stress in the belt and its stiffness and width is identified as the primary controlling influence on the tracking behavior. For the problem of tracking on a cylindrical pulley at a steering angle, a kinematic model is found to correctly predict the scaling of the tracking speed. In both models, it is necessary to introduce empirical constants to account for physical effects that have not been included. The tracking speed predicted by these models is nevertheless found to compare well with numerical simulations and experiments. The models are then used to determine the equilibrium position of a belt on a circular-arc crowned pulley. The predicted position was found to be in good agreement with experimental data, indicating that the present approach can be used as the basis for a systematic design procedure.
Elaboration of high aspect ratio monocrystalline silicon suspended nanobridges by low temperature alkaline treatment of dry etched trenches
Authors: Defforge Thomas , Gautier Gaël , Tillocher Thomas , Dussart Rémi , Tran-Van François
Published: December 2011

This paper describes the elaboration of high aspect ratio (250), high linear density (500 cm−1) suspended silicon nanobridges into low concentrated alkaline solutions. Trenches were first etched into silicon using the deep reactive ion etching STiGer process. These structures were immersed into low concentrated potassium hydroxide (KOH) or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solutions. The behaviors of KOH and TMAH as silicon trenches etching agents (kinetic and quality of etching) were studied to optimize the silicon nanowires (SiNWs) formation and the elaboration of the suspended structures. The limits of the SiNWs thickness in these conditions were also discussed.
An Experimental Study of Homophily in the Adoption of Health Behavior
Authors: Centola Damon
Published: December 2011

Greater similarity of paired obese participants in an online network increased access to and adoption of health behaviors.
Candle Soot as a Template for a Transparent Robust Superamphiphobic Coating
Authors: Deng Xu , Mammen Lena , Butt Hans-Jürgen , Vollmer Doris
Published: December 2011

In the Stick of It

If a coating makes a surface nonstick, how do you stick the coating to the surface in the first place? For many nonstick coatings, this involves procedures to ensure good adhesion to the underlying surface though the use of surface roughening or intermediary layers.

Deng
et al.

(p.
67
, published online 1 December; see the cover) found a very simple route using little more than candle soot as a temporary sublayer that is coated with a silica shell and subsequently removed via calcination. Once top-coated with a semifluorinated silane, the resulting material possessed a low surface energy for water and also repelled oils, alchohols, and alkanes. While the coating could be damaged through mechanical wear, the remaining material continued to show superhydrophobic and superoleophobic behavior.
Experimenting with Buddies
Authors: van der Leij Marco J.
Published: December 2011

Internet experiments start to unravel the role of social networks in the spread of behavior in society.
Avidity Binding of Human Adenovirus Serotypes 3 and 7 to the Membrane Cofactor CD46 Triggers Infection
Authors: Trinh Hung V. , Lesage Guillaume , Chennamparampil Venus , Vollenweider Benedikt , Burckhardt Christoph J. , Schauer Stefan , Havenga Menzo , Greber Urs F. , Hemmi Silvio
Published: December 2011

The species B human adenoviruses (HAdVs) infect cells upon attaching to CD46 or desmoglein 2 (DSG-2) by one or several of their 12 fiber knob trimers (FKs). To test whether DSG-2 and CD46 simultaneously serve as virus receptors for adenovirus type 3 (Ad3), we performed individual and combined CD46/DSG-2 loss-of-function studies in human lung A549 and 16HBE14o cells. Our results suggest that in these cells, DSG-2 functions as a major attachment receptor for Ad3, whereas CD46 exerts a minor contribution to virus attachment and uptake in the range of ∼10%. However, in other cells the role of CD46 may be more pronounced depending on, e.g., the expression levels of the receptors. To test if avidity allows Ad3/7 to use CD46 as a receptor, we performed gain-of-function studies. The cell surface levels of ectopically expressed CD46 in CHO or human M010119 melanoma cells lacking DSG-2 positively correlated with Ad3/7 infections, while Ad11/35 infections depended on CD46 but less on CD46 levels. Antibody-cross-linked soluble CD46 blocked Ad3/7/11/35 infections, while soluble CD46 alone blocked Ad11/35 but not Ad3/7. Soluble Ad3/7-FKs poorly inhibited Ad3/7 infection of CHO-CD46 cells, illustrating that Ad3/7-FKs bind with low affinity to CD46. This was confirmed by Biacore studies. Ad3/7-FK binding to immobilized CD46 at low density was not detected, unlike that of Ad11/35-FK. At higher CD46 densities, however, Ad3/7-FK bound to CD46 with only 15-fold-higher dissociation constants than those of Ad11/35-FK. These data show that an avidity mechanism for Ad3/7 binding to CD46 leads to infection of CD46-positive cells.
Multiple Defects, Including Premature Apoptosis, Prevent Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Replication in Murine Cells
Authors: Austgen Kathryn , Oakes Scott A. , Ganem Don
Published: December 2011

The development of a mouse model for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection has been impeded by the limited host range of the virus. Here, we have examined the molecular basis of this host range restriction. KSHV efficiently enters murine cells and establishes latency. However, ectopic expression of the lytic switch protein RTA (replication and transcription activator) in these cells induces little viral gene expression and no virus production. Upon treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, KSHV-infected murine cells display more extensive but aberrant viral transcription and do not support either viral DNA synthesis or the production of infectious virions. These aberrantly infected cells also display markedly enhanced apoptosis. Genetic ablation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in these cells prolongs their survival and permits viral DNA replication but does not rescue the generation of virions. We conclude that multiple defects, both prior to and following DNA synthesis, restrict lytic KSHV infection in murine cells.
Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit in running and cycling
Authors: Hill David W. , Vingren Jakob L.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare values of maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD; a measure of anaerobic capacity) in running and cycling. Twenty-seven women and 25 men performed exhaustive treadmill and cycle ergometer tests of ∼3 min, ∼5 min, and ∼7 min duration. Oxygen demands were estimated assuming a linear relationship between demand and intensity and also using upwardly curvilinear relationships. When oxygen demand was estimated using speed (with exponent 1.05), values for MAOD for the three running tests were virtually identical; the mean of the three values was 78 ± 7 mL·kg–1. Use of an oxygen demand that was estimated using work rate (with exponent 1.00) generated the most similar values for MAOD from the three cycling tests (mean of 59 ± 6 mL·kg–1). Consistent with the higher (p < 0.05) MAOD in running, peak post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were also higher (p < 0.05) in running (13.9 ± 2.2 mmol·L–1) than in cycling (12.6 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1). The results suggest that the relationship between oxygen demand and running speed is upwardly curvilinear for the speeds used to measure MAOD; the relationship between demand and cycle ergometer work rate is linear; MAOD is greater in running than in cycling.
Muscle damage slows oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate-intensity exercise performed at high pedal rate
Authors: Molina Renato , Denadai Benedito Sérgio
Published: December 2011

This study aimed to investigate the dependence of oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics on pedal cadence during moderate-intensity exercise following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty untrained males were randomly assigned to a 50 revolution per minute (rpm) (age, 23.3 ± 1.8 years; VO2max, 38.9 ± 2.8 mL·kg–1·min–1) or 100 rpm group (age, 24.4 ± 3.5 years, VO2max, 42.9 ± 4.3 mL·kg–1·min–1). Participants completed “step” tests to moderate-intensity exercise from an unloaded baseline on a cycle ergometer before (baseline) and at 24 and 48 h after muscle-damaging exercise (10 sets of 10 eccentric contractions performed on an isokinetic dynamometer with a 2-min rest between each set). Pedal cadence was kept constant throughout each cycling trial (50 or 100 rpm). There were no changes in phase II pulmonary VO2 kinetics following EIMD for the 50 rpm group (baseline = 35 ± 4 s; 24 h = 35 ± 7 s; and 48 h = 36 ± 9 s). However, the phase II VO2 was significantly greater at 24 h (59 ± 27 s) compared with baseline (39 ± 6 s) and 48 h (40 ± 9 s) for the 100 rpm group. It is concluded that the effects of EIMD on phase II VO2 kinetics during moderate-intensity cycling exercise is dependent on pedal cadence. The slower VO2 kinetics after muscle damage suggests that type II fibers are involved during transition to moderate-intensity exercise at high pedal cadence.
Laboratory assessment of electro-osmotic stabilization of soft clay
Authors: Jeyakanthan V. , Gnanendran C.T. , Lo S.-C.R.
Published: December 2011

The application of electro-osmosis (EO) for stabilizing soft clays is receiving more attention in geotechnical engineering. When the application of traditional ground improvement techniques, such as surcharge, pre-loading, wick drains, and vacuum pre-loading, is not appropriate for a particular situation, innovative techniques such as electro-osmosis need to be considered. Although the effectiveness of electro-osmosis has been widely demonstrated in many field applications, geotechnical engineers are still hesitant to apply electro-osmosis due to unknown effects such as electro-chemical changes, which could not be accounted for in the design. This paper presents a design of an electro-osmotic triaxial testing apparatus suitable for electro-osmotic treatment of soft clays and for measuring electro-osmotic permeability and generated pore-water pressure, as well as a testing procedure that accounts for the contribution of electro-chemical changes in the improvement of soil properties. A series of electro-osmotic triaxial tests with various initial stresses and boundary conditions were conducted and the results are presented in the paper.
Multichannel optical sensor to quantify particle stability under seepage flow
Authors: Marot Didier , Bendahmane Fateh , Konrad Jean-Marie
Published: December 2011

An optical sensor was designed to measure the fine solid particles concentration contained in a fluid flow. This sensor is composed of four light-emitting diodes and four associated light-dependent resistors, allowing the measurement of fluid transparency. Given the small device dimensions, it can be placed close to the particles exit from the specimen. The optical sensor is able to instantaneously measure a large range of clay or silt concentrations in the effluent, without a significant influence of flow rate. The presence of sand grains in fluid flow can be detected. The use of this sensor with a specific triaxial device allows precise characterization of the initiation and development of the suffusion process on clayey sand specimens. It is shown that suffusion of clay particles induces a decrease of hydraulic conductivity, which is due to a diffuse process of eroded particles filtration. Clay suffusion and filtration processes are influenced by grain-size distribution and also by grain shape of the coarse fraction. Under a high hydraulic gradient, clay suffusion can be accompanied by sand erosion. The critical value of mean pore velocity to initiate clay suffusion was determined for the types of soils.
Deformation characteristics of a 38 m deep excavation in soft clay
Authors: Liu Guo B. , Jiang Rebecca J. , Ng Charles W.W. , Hong Y.
Published: December 2011

To meet the increasing demand for underground space for economical development and infrastructural needs, more and more deep excavations have been constructed in Shanghai. In this paper, field performance of a 38 m deep multistrutted excavation in Shanghai soft clay is reported. The deep excavation was retained by a 65 m deep diaphragm wall. Inclinometers as well as settlement and heave markers were installed to monitor the performance of the deep excavation. This project provides an unusual opportunity to study the differential heaves of center columns and diaphragm walls during excavation. Because of the significant stress relief resulting from the 38 m deep excavation, maximum heaves of the center column and diaphragm wall panel were about 30 and 16 mm, respectively. The measured ratio δp/H (heave/final excavation depth) of column is less than 0.1% whereas the observed δp/H of the diaphragm wall panel is about 0.04%. The maximum distortion between the column and the diaphragm wall panel is smaller than 1/500, which is within the limit range proposed by Bjerrum in 1963. Owing to careful construction control, stiff strutting system, and compaction grouting, the measured lateral wall deflections and ground settlements at this site are generally smaller than other shallower excavations in soft clays in Shanghai, Singapore, and Taipei.
An alternative method for in situ determination of rock strength
Authors: Naderi Mahmood
Published: December 2011

The friction-transfer method, which is described in this paper, can be used for in situ determination of intact rock strength. With this method it is possible to estimate the equivalent uniaxial compressive strengths (UCS), using appropriate calibration graphs. In this method a specially devised apparatus fits over the top the partial core and is clamped to it. To measure the rock strength, torque is applied using an ordinary torque meter and the maximum torque at failure is recorded. Comparative studies of UCS values and friction-transfer test results showed that a strong correlation exists between UCS and the friction-transfer readings. The measured values for uniaxial compressive tests ranged from 26 to 207 MPa. The average coefficients of variation of laboratory and site tests were found to be less than 14% for uniaxial compressive tests and less than 12.5% for the friction-transfer method. Fully saturated rock samples showed between about 18%–56% reduction in their torsional and core compressive strengths compared with their respective values obtained under dry laboratory conditions.
Influence of soil type and stress state on predicting shear strength of unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve
Authors: Kim Wan Soo , Borden Roy H.
Published: December 2011

Comprehensive studies on the prediction of unsaturated shear strength were performed using three commonly used empirical procedures: Fredlund et al. approach (published in 1996), Vanapalli et al. approach (published in 1996), and Khalili and Khabbaz method (published in 1998). Shear strength data published in the literature for 15 soils were examined using these procedures. Comparisons between measured and predicted values of unsaturated shear strength are presented for different soil types. The effect of stress state on the prediction of shear strength is also discussed.