bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SuperResNET – single-molecule network analysis detects changes to clathrin structure induced by small-molecule inhibitors
Authors: Wong Timothy H. , Khater Ismail M. , Hallgrimson Christian , Li Y. Lydia , Hamarneh Ghassan , Nabi Ivan R.
Published: January 2025

SuperResNET is a network analysis pipeline for the analysis of point cloud data generated by single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). Here, we applied SuperResNET network analysis of SMLM direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) data to determine how the clathrin endocytosis inhibitors pitstop 2, dynasore and latrunculin A (LatA) alter the morphology of clathrin-coated pits. SuperResNET analysis of HeLa and Cos7 cells identified three classes of clathrin structures: small oligomers (class I), pits and vesicles (class II), and larger clusters corresponding to fused pits or clathrin plaques (class III). Pitstop 2 and dynasore treatment induced distinct homogeneous populations of class II structures in HeLa cells, suggesting that they arrest endocytosis at different stages. Inhibition of endocytosis was not via actin depolymerization, as the actin-depolymerizing agent LatA induced large, heterogeneous clathrin structures. Ternary analysis of SuperResNET shape features presented a distinct more planar profile for blobs from pitstop 2-treated cells, which aligned with clathrin pits identified with high-resolution minimal photon fluxes (MINFLUX) microscopy, whereas control structures resembled MINFLUX clathrin vesicles. SuperResNET analysis therefore showed that pitstop 2 arrests clathrin pit maturation at early stages of pit formation, representing an approach to detect the effect of small molecules on target structures in situ in the cell from SMLM datasets.
Dynein-driven regulation of postsynaptic membrane architecture and synaptic function
Authors: Neisch Amanda L. , Pengo Thomas , Avery Adam W. , Li Min-Gang , Hays Thomas S.
Published: January 2025

Cytoplasmic dynein is essential in motoneurons for retrograde cargo transport that sustains neuronal connectivity. Little, however, is known about dynein's function on the postsynaptic side of the circuit. Here we report distinct postsynaptic roles for dynein at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Intriguingly, we show that dynein punctae accumulate postsynaptically at glutamatergic synaptic terminals. Moreover, Skittles, a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase that produces PI(4,5)P2 to organize the spectrin cytoskeleton, also localizes specifically to glutamatergic synaptic terminals. Depletion of postsynaptic dynein disrupts the accumulation of Skittles, PI(4,5)P2 phospholipid, and organization of the spectrin cytoskeleton at the postsynaptic membrane. Coincidental with dynein depletion, we observe an increase in the size of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluRs) fields, and an increase in the amplitude and frequency of mEJPs. PI(4,5)P2 levels do not affect iGluR clustering, nor does dynein affect the levels of iGluR subunits at the NMJ. Our observations suggest a separate, transport independent function for dynein in iGluR cluster organization. Based on the close apposition of dynein punctae to the iGluR fields, we speculate that dynein at the postsynaptic membrane contributes to the organization of the receptor fields, hence ensuring proper synaptic transmission.
Not all who meander are lost: migrating sea lamprey follow river thalwegs to facilitate safe and efficient passage upstream
Authors: Griffin Kandace R. , Holbrook Christopher M. , Zielinski Daniel P. , Cahill Christopher L. , Wagner C. Michael
Published: January 2025

Efficient navigation is crucial for the reproductive success of many migratory species, often driven by competing pressures to conserve energy and reduce predation risk. Little is known about how non-homing species achieve this balance. We show that sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an ancient extant vertebrate, uses persistent patterns in hydro-geomorphology to quickly and efficiently navigate through complex ecosystems. Hydrodynamic flow models coupled with bathymetric mapping and fine-scale acoustic telemetry revealed movement paths that tracked thalweg scour channels, which are often the deepest and fastest-flowing sections of a river. These paths allow rapid and efficient upstream migration and suggest the existence of a bathymetric highway system. Near-substrate swimming along this path resulted in a median of 5.8% energy savings while also promoting improved safety from nocturnally active predators. We hypothesize sea lampreys use hydrostatic pressure-guided rheotaxis to achieve this navigation. It is likely this tactic relies on sensory information from the animal's primitive lateral line and perhaps the inner ear. Insights from this study can be used to redesign conservation practices to achieve improved control where the animal is invasive and improved fish passage within its native range.
Allatostatin-C signaling in the crab, Carcinus maenas is implicated in the ecdysis programme
Authors: Hoppes Jodi L. , Wilcockson David C. , Webster Simon G.
Published: January 2025

The allatostatin (AST) family of neuropeptides are widespread in arthropods. The multitude of structures and pleiotropic actions reflect the tremendous morphological, physiological and behavioral diversity of the phylum. Regarding the AST-C (with C-terminal PISCF motif) peptides, crustaceans commonly express three (AST-C, -CC, -CCC) that have likely arisen by gene duplication. However, we know little regarding their physiologically relevant actions.

Here we functionally characterize the cognate receptor for AST-C and AST-CC, determine tissue expression and comprehensively examine the localization of AST mRNA and peptide. We also measured peptide release, circulating titers and performed bioassays to investigate possible roles. AST-C and -CC activate a single receptor (AST-CRd), but this, and other candidate receptors were not activated by AST-CCC. Whole mount in-situ hybridization (ISH) and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) FISH complemented neuropeptide immunolocalization strategies and revealed extensive expression of AST-Cs in the central nervous system. AST-C or -CCC expressing neurons were found in the cerebral ganglia, but AST-CC expression was never observed. Of note, we infer that AST-C and -CC are co-expressed in every neuron expressing crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) and bursicon (BURS); all four peptides are released from the pericardial organs during a brief period coinciding with completion of emergence. In contrast to other studies, none of the AST-C peptides exhibited any effect on ecdysteroid synthesis or cardiac activity. However, expression of the AST-C receptor on hemocytes suggests a tantalizing glimpse of possible functions in immune modulation following ecdysis, at a time when crustaceans are vulnerable to pathogens.
Extracellular and intracellular digestion in the bivalves studied by magnetic resonance imaging with a contrast reagent
Authors: Seo Eriko , Seo Yoshiteru
Published: January 2025

We investigated the extracellular and intracellular digestion of bivalves employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ruditapes philippinarum clams and Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels were incubated in seawater containing a contrast reagent (GdDTPA) at 20°C. The digestive systems, from the esophagus to the rectum, were visualized at a high signal intensity by the T1-weighted MRI. The crystalline style of the clam was also identified, which turned counterclockwise when viewed from a ventral-posterior position at a rate of 16 rpm. Determined using the T1 relaxation rate, the uptake and excretion rates of the GdDTPA in the mussel's digestive glands were 2.9 and 0.25 d−1, respectively, indicating that the intracellular digestion in the gland acinar cells is slower than the extracellular digestion. These results demonstrate that MRI with contrast reagents is useful to study the activity of digestive system in the bivalves, and this technique can likely be applied to the study of other invertebrates.
Τρισδιάστατα σύνθετα κεραμικά και πολυμερή με περιβαλλοντικές εφαρμογές
Authors: Σεβαστάκη Μαρία
Published: January 2025

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η παρασκευή τρισδιάστατων νανο-δομιμένων φωτοκαταλυτικών υλικών και η μελέτη της φωτοκαταλυτικής δράσης τους ως προς την αποδόμηση οργανικών δεικτών-ρυπαντών. Οι στόχοι της έρευνας αφορούσαν τον έλεγχο των βασικών χαρακτηριστικών των δειγμάτων μέσω των παραμέτρων ανάπτυξής τους, τον προσδιορισμό των χαρακτηριστικών που οδηγούν σε βέλτιστη φωτοκαταλυτική τους δράση και τον καθορισμό της τεχνικής που μπορεί να προσφέρει τα χαρακτηριστικά αυτά, σε συνδυασμό βέβαια με τη δυνατότητα επέκτασής της για την ανάπτυξη φωτοκαταλυτικών επιστρώσεων σε μεγάλες διαστάσεις και σε βιομηχανικό επίπεδο. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής μελετήθηκε η χρήση τρισδιάστατων πολυμερικών και κεραμικών σύνθετων υλικών, εμπλουτισμένων με φωτοκαταλυτικά υλικά πχ TiO2 και ZnO, προκειμένου να μελετηθεί η αποδόμηση τόσο πραγματικών ρυπαντών όσο και δεικτών που προσομοιώνουν τυπικούς οργανικούς ρύπους που βρίσκονται στην ατμόσφαιρα. Για την ανάπτυξη των τρισδιάστατων πολυμερικών ικριωμάτων/δειγμάτων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η τεχνική της τρισδιάστατης εκτύπωσης (3D printing) ή Μοντελοποίηση Συντηγμένης Εναπόθεσης (Fused Deposition Modeling, FDM) που μας δίνει τη δυνατότητα να παράγουμε αντικείμενα με επιλεκτική εναπόθεση λιωμένου υλικού σε μια προκαθορισμένη διαδρομή στρώμα προς στρώμα με θερμοπλαστικά πολυμερή που παρέχονται σε νήματα. Για την ανάπτυξη των κεραμικών υλικών ακολουθήθηκε μια καινοτόμα τεχνική, φιλική προς το περιβάλλον, που βασίζεται στη θέρμανση υλικών με μικροκύματα παρουσία γραφίτη παράγοντας πορώδη υλικά ανθεκτικά σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες. Η φωτοκαταλυτική δράση των δειγμάτων μελετήθηκε με τη διάσπαση κατάλληλων ρύπων-δεικτών, όπως το μπλε του μεθυλενίου (Methylene Blue) που προσομοιάζει τις χρωστικές που απαντώνται στην εκροή υφαντουργείων, καθώς και πραγματικών ρυπαντών όπως υπολειμμάτων φαρμάκων και απορρυπαντικών.
Gender Variations and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Finalist Undergraduate Students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda
Authors: Rukundo Aloysius , Tumwebembire Naster , Aryatwijuka Wilbroad , Tugiramasiko Miriam , Twinamasiko Specioza
Published: January 2025

Background Recently, the dynamics of gender and entrepreneurship have received more attention; however, the subtleties of how gender affects entrepreneurial intentions remain a challenge, despite empowerment through skills and formal training. This study seeks to establish gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions in educational settings as well as the broader context of gender equity in achieving financial independence among finalist undergraduate students. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of gender-related factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students. Methodology This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study. The study site was the town campus of Mbarara University of Science and Technology. The study population consisted of finalist businesses and students. The data were managed and analyzed using STATA version 17. T-tests of independent samples and means were used for data analysis. Results Of the 404 respondents, the majority were males (56.2%). Entrepreneurial Intentions were higher among females with a history of business ownership (M = 22.7, SD = 5.1) than among those without a history of business ownership (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9), at t = 2.25, p <0.05. Further, entrepreneurial intentions were lower among male students whose male caretakers or parents had business as an occupation (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9) than their counterparts whose male parents were not in business (M = 21.5, SD = 5.6) at t = 2.31, p <0.05. No other gender differences were found across other socio-demographic variables (p <0.05). Conclusion Entrepreneurial Intentions differed among females with a history of business ownership. We argue that the complex interplay of gender demographic gaps in shaping undergraduate students’ entrepreneurial aspirations cannot be significantly improved based on family background without conclusive equal opportunity training approaches. Designing a hands-on and role-modeling entrepreneurship curriculum can shape gender-mainstream intentions.
Relationship Between Digital Nativity and Internet Addiction Among University Students in Ghana
Authors: Tachie-Menson Akosua , Essel Harry Barton , Essuman Michael Ato , Nunoo Francis Kofi Nimo , Appau Emmanuel , Akuteye Aaron Daniel , Boadi Eunice Achiamaa , Quaye Nathaniel Tetteh
Published: January 2025

This research explores the relationship between digital nativity and internet addiction among university students at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Ghana. The Digital Native Assessment Scale (DNAS) and Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were administered to 411 undergraduate students from various academic disciplines, with 49.15% (n=202) males and 50.85% (n=209) females. College of Arts and Built Environment (21.90%, n=90), College of Engineering (15.33%, n=63), College of Science (14.35%, n=59), College of Humanities and Social Sciences (22.63%, n=93), College of Health Sciences (15.82%, n=65), and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (9.98%, n=41). Results demonstrated moderate to high levels of digital nativity based on their DNAS scores, with significant positive correlations between DNAS and IAT (r = 0.569, p < 0.001). Suggesting that students with higher scores in digital nativity may be at risk of developing addictive internet behaviours. Interestingly, academic level and college affiliation emerged as factors influencing internet addiction, with students at a higher level and those in the College of Science showing intensified vulnerabilities.
Does Brand Attitude Complement Influencer Credibility in Shaping Purchase Intention of Indian GenZ Consumers?
Authors: Vilas Chavare Pranav , Nayak Smitha , Birau Ramona , Alapati Varalakshmi
Published: January 2025

Introduction The social media landscape has radically changed and has revolutionized consumer perspectives, purchasing habits, and behaviors. Amidst this emerging trend is the rise of influencer marketing and its impact on the purchase intentions of followers. The objective is to explore the characteristics of influencers that contribute to their credibility. This research aims to explore the role of consumers’ attitude toward brands on their intention to adopt brands endorsed by influencers. Methods This cross-sectional research was undertaken among GenZ in the urban landscape of India. Data collected was analyzed using SmartPLS4 software. Findings Trust, expertise, and similarity were the significant antecedents of the formation of influencer credibility. Attractiveness did not have a significant influence on influencer credibility. A complementary partial mediation of Attitude towards a brand is observed in the association between influencer credibility and the purchase intention of followers. Attitude towards the video also had a significant positive influence on purchase intention. Conclusion The study found that Gen Z places little importance on an influencer’s attractiveness, as it has no significant impact on credibility. However, attitude toward the brand strongly influenced purchase intention and partially mediated the relationship between influencer credibility and purchase intention.
Mycotoxin binder for immune and intestinal histopathology ameliorations against Newcastle disease in vaccinated broilers
Authors: Safitri Erma , Purnobasuki Hery , Lestari Tita Damayanti , Utama Suzanita , Erdhina Merisa Wahyu , Sadida Maulida Ilma , Hestianah Eka Pramyrtha , Al Arif Mohammad Anam , Nidom Chairul Anwar , Mulyati Sri , Rahmahani Jola , Tacharina Martia Rani , Hidanah Sri , Rasad Siti Darodjah , Jang Goo , Takagi Mitsuhiro , Purnama Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad
Published: January 2025

Background In broiler farming, vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is essential. Nonetheless, during the post-vaccination phase, production may be negatively impacted by mycotoxin contamination in feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mycotoxin binders on immune and intestinal histopathology ameliorations against newcastle disease in vaccinated broilers with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) toxication. Methods A total of 20 broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 5 replications i.e. (C-) broiler groups with basal feed, (C+) broiler groups with AFB1 and OTA feed contamination, (T1) and (T2) broiler groups with exposed AFB1, OTA, and toxin binders as feed additives with dose 1.1 g/kg and 1.6 g/kg feed, respectively. ND vaccination was carried out on day 7 and 21. Antibody titers were evaluated from serum samples of broiler on days 14, 28, and 35 for further hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Histopathology of the cecum and colon organs was evaluated using HE staining on day 36. HI test and histological scoring were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test with a p < 0.05 in SPSS v.26 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results As a result, histopathological improvement of the cecum and colon was reported based on mucosal rupture, hemorrhage and necrosis on day 35. An increase in the mean antibody titer compared to days 14 and 28 was observed on day 35, with significant changes observed in serum samples based on the C+ group, which was significantly different from the C- and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study revealed that a 1.6 g/kg toxin binder dose in feed can increase antibody titer and histopathology of cecum and colon in broiler chickens after ND vaccination fed with mycotoxin-contaminated feed.
The role of Juniperus Macrocarpa extract as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant on methotrexate-induced acute liver injury in rat model
Authors: Hadi Shahad Hassan , Al-Atrakji Mohammed Qasim Yahya Malallah A.
Published: January 2025

Background Methotrexate (MTX) is an antifolate medication indicated to treat an array of tumors and autoinflammatory maladies. MTX may exhibit harmful impacts on multiple organs, especially liver injury and cirrhosis. Juniperus macrocarpa is a medicinal herb enriched with polyphenols and flavonoids featuring robust anti-inflammatory and antioxidative benefits. Objective To evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of Juniperus macrocarpa aqueous extract on MTX-aggravated liver toxicity. Methods The study involved 20 male middle-aged albino rats, arbitrarily allocated into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group 1 (control) were given distilled water (DW) once daily for two weeks. Group 2 (MTX) got an intraperitoneal single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) for two weeks. Rats in groups 3 and 4 were given daily dosages of 100 mg and 200 mg of Juniperus macrocarpa aqueous extract, respectively, for two weeks before receiving a single intraperitoneal MTX injection. Results Juniperus macrocarpa extracts at both low and high doses substantially alleviated the MTX-provoked biochemical alterations, as evidenced by decreased levels of inflammatory parameters including TNF-α and IL-6 and hepatic enzymes including ALT, AST, and ALP. Juniperus macrocarpa also significantly boosted levels of the anti-oxidant enzymes like SOD and GPX. Moreover, Juniperus macrocarpa extract attenuated congestive and degenerative hepatic changes, as indicated by improved histopathological findings. Conclusion The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Juniperus macrocarpa extract are a promising approach for ameliorating MTX-aggravated hepatotoxicity.
Research data volume and quality derived from a specialist disease registry versus routine electronic health records
Authors: Hamilton Roseanna , Varakliotis Socrates , Cancemi Dario , Spiridou Anastasia , Shah Mohsin , Key Daniel , Wedderburn Lucy R , Sebire Neil James
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aims to compare data availability and analytic results for patients using matched data items from a dedicated disease registry versus data extracted directly from an electronic patient record (EPR) system and a trusted research environment (TRE). Methods Data from patients enrolled in the National JDM Cohort and Biomarker Study (JDCBS) was compared with routine EPR data from the same patients attending a specialist children’s hospital between 2019-2021. Data from both sources were extracted, de-identified, and analysed within a trusted research environment adhering to NHS security standards. Descriptive statistics, visualizations, and statistical comparisons were performed. Results Of the 688 registry patients in total, 270 attended one specialist hospital with EPR data available. The EPR system yielded 328,527 data points on these patients compared to 40,673 from the registry, including 2-10 fold more data items across data categories. Diagnoses were more numerous in the EPR data, while registry data captured more comprehensive medication records. Laboratory test results were 10 times more frequent in EPR data, including a broader range of test types. Despite higher data volume in EPR, the clinical significance of the additional data points remains uncertain. Conclusion Routine EPR data can effectively replicate much disease registry data with a larger volume of data points, potentially offering additional analytical possibilities. However, specific targeted registry data collection remains valuable for certain data elements. A hybrid approach, utilizing both routine EPR data and focused registry collection, could optimise healthcare research by reducing costs and avoiding duplication.
Czerwony Atlantyk?
Authors: Kuligowski Waldemar
Published: January 2025

Recenzja: Caroline Dodds Pennock, On Savage Shores. How Indigenous Americans Discovered Europe, Wedenfeld-Nicolson, London 2023.
Castra Terrae Culmensis – the daily life of knights of the Teutonic Order in the light of recent research
Authors: Wiewióra Marcin
Published: January 2025

This article presents the results of a long-term archaeological and environmental studies research conducted by the Institute of Archaeology at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in 2005‒2018 on castles in Papowo Biskupie, Radzyń Chełmiński, Kowalewo Pomorskie, Unisław, Starogród, Lipienek, Bierzgłowo, Wąbrzeźno and Grudziądz. The research was interdisciplinary and included also non-invasive, geoarchaeological, HGIS, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies. Their results were used not only to discuss the chronology of the origins of building activity and the model of the development of defensive architecture, but also to reconstruct selected elements of daily life. The daily life of the inhabitants of the Teutonic Order’s castles was conditioned by many elements related primarily to their monastic rule. However, the daily existence of the knights was also strongly influenced by the natural conditions affecting the location and position of the castles, as well as the external environment, including the architecture of the space in which the daily elements of life took place. In addition to the Rule and monastic statutes, archaeological findings uncovered in the course of the archaeological research provide interesting clues that also speak about the conditions of life, work, prayer and duties of members of the Order.
The Value of Specific Knowledge: Evidence from Disruptions to the Patient–Physician Relationship
Authors: Schwab Stephen D.
Published: January 2025

When a member of a work team leaves, some knowledge is lost to the organization. Exploiting quasi-random turnover among military physicians because of deployments, I estimate the effects of turnover on patients and other providers in the same care team. I find that a discontinuity in primary care leads to a 3%–5% increase in costs driven primarily by an increase in the use and intensity of specialty care with no observable benefit to the patient as measured by potential reductions in hospitalization rates and emergency department usage. This indicates that the full cost of turnover includes a reduction in access to knowledge among remaining members of the team.

This paper was accepted by Carri Chan, healthcare management.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03884 .
To Ask or Not to Ask: The Effects of Broadly and Narrowly Adopted Peer-Recognition Systems on Help Seeking
Authors: Burke Joseph , Sommerfeldt Ryan D. , Wang Laura W.
Published: January 2025

Many companies now use peer-recognition systems that allow employees to publicly recognize their peers for positive behaviors. Practitioners have touted the potential for these systems to increase helping among employees. However, the extent to which employees actually use these systems to recognize their peers varies across organizations; some are used broadly by many employees across all functional, specialty, geographic, and hierarchical subgroups of the organization, whereas others are only narrowly used by some, but not all, subgroups. Across three experiments, we examine how peer-recognition systems impact employees’ propensity to ask others for help (i.e., help seeking) based on whether the system is broadly used by all subgroups or only narrowly used by specific subgroups. We predict and find that a peer-recognition system broadly used by all subgroups strengthens employees’ perception of a help-seeking norm. This perception increases employees’ propensity to seek help directly through norm conformity and indirectly by reducing the perceived psychological costs of help seeking. We also predict and find that the effect of peer-recognition systems that are narrowly used by specific subgroups is moderated by whether employees belong to the subgroups using the system; whereas it increases help-seeking propensity for members of the subgroups using the system, it decreases help-seeking propensity for nonmembers relative to when there is no peer-recognition system. Our theory and results suggest that peer-recognition systems can increase help seeking, but these same systems could decrease help seeking for employees belonging to subgroups that do not use the system.

This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting.

Funding: Supported by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Indiana University.

Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.00318 .
Accelerating Financing for Nature-based Solutions to Support Action Across the Rio Conventions
Authors: Ng'etich Sharon
Published: January 2025

Nature-based solutions (NbS) have gained momentum over recent years, as a cost-effective way to deliver climate change goals, while simultaneously tackling biodiversity loss and land degradation.

This paper discusses financing of NbS, providing some examples where Commonwealth countries have been able to access finance through innovative mechanisms and NbS projects submitted to climate funds.
Taxonomy Guide: Infrastructure in the Digital Economy
Authors: Schulze Max , Kumar Radika , Oghia Michael
Published: January 2025

Technological innovation has become a key driver of economic development. Technological progress results in countries’ ability to produce beyond their typical production possibilities, while also altering how they consume.4 Over recent decades, however, the expansion of technology and innovation has evolved with new and more efficient ways of delivering goods and services. For example, new technology such as nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI) and photonics5 are upgrading old technologies, contributing to the expansion of new trade in the service sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has also added to the acceleration of deeper digitalisation among countries and across industries and businesses.
Small States Economic Review and Basic Statistics Volume 21
Authors: Mughogo Tamara , Brain Sophie , Holliday Devyn
Published: January 2025

The economic impacts of COVID-19 on Commonwealth small states (CWSS) have been vast and far-reaching. The ongoing effects of the pandemic have contributed to a multi-pronged crisis where economies were ravaged, poverty levels have risen, and the expansionary fiscal policies aimed at cushioning the effects of the pandemic have contributed to rising debt levels. All this contributed to the plight of small states, many of which were already grappling with the effects of climatic shocks stemming from their persistent vulnerabilities to adverse climate and weather-related conditions.
The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Implications for Food Security in the Commonwealth
Authors: Ali Salamat
Published: January 2025

Food security is essential for economic well-being and maintaining social and political order. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated production and supply chain disruptions, along with the effects of climate change, have triggered an increase in food prices globally.

Recently, the Russia–Ukraine conflict and the disruption of supplies from the Black Sea region have increased turbulence in the global grain and edible oils markets, accentuating inflationary pressures on food prices. Besides higher prices for staple foods, sunflower oil exports from Russia and Ukraine have dried up, sending buyers scrambling for alternative sources and driving up prices.
National Policy on Sport and Recreation for Lesotho 2021-2031: One nation united through sport and recreation
Authors: Secretariat Comm
Published: January 2025

The National Policy on Sport and Recreation has been developed to contribute to the inclusive, holistic growth and development of the sports and recreation sector. The Policy provides an operational framework to all stakeholders to effectively implement programmes designed to maximise the role of sport and recreation to advance the economic and social development priorities of Lesotho, African Union Agenda 2063 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
COVID-19 and Election Management in the Caribbean: Challenges, Innovations and Opportunities
Authors: Secretariat Commonwealth
Published: January 2025

The Commonwealth Caribbean is home to a cluster of the most stable democracies among developing countries. Most countries in the region have been independent for at least 40 years and they have, with certain exceptions, displayed the main elements of free and democratic societies.

The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has presented conditions that challenge adherence to the principles enshrined in the regional
and international democratic instruments and guidelines to which Commonwealth Caribbean countries subscribe, including freedom of association and the right to genuine and periodic democratic elections. In some instances, member countries have chosen to postpone elections in light of the serious public health concerns the pandemic has posed. Where elections have taken place, election management bodies (EMBs) and public health bodies have had to give serious consideration as to how to undertake activities such as voter registration and vote-casting in a manner that balances fundamental political rights on the one hand and public health exigencies on the other.
Progress Report of the 2018 Commonwealth Ministerial Meeting of Small States
Authors: Secretariat Commonwealth
Published: January 2025

The Commonwealth Ministerial Meeting on Small States was convened in London, United Kingdom, on 17 April 2018 during the week of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM). The meeting was co-chaired by the CHOGM hosts, the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of Fiji. In attendance were ministers from 41 Commonwealth countries, including all 31 small states, international financial institutions, regional organisations and several development partners who attended the meeting as observers.

This report has been prepared by the Commonwealth Secretariat and is intended to provide an update on progress against the key deliverables agreed by foreign ministers at their 2018 meeting on Commonwealth Small States. The report will be presented by Fiji on behalf of the outgoing 2018 CMMSS co-chairpersons at the upcoming 2022 CMMSS, with a view to keeping ministers informed of progress and to note deliverables and activities to be taken forward by the incoming co-chairs.
The Commonwealth Sustainable Energy Transition: Pathways and Progress Report
Authors: Secretariat Commonwealth
Published: January 2025

Successful implementation of the Paris Agreement and the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG7 on affordable and clean energy, are intrinsically linked. Key goals of SDG7 include achieving universal access to energy by 2030 and substantially increasing the share of renewable energy globally. The Paris Agreement targets limiting global warming to well below 2°C and preferably to 1.5°C compared to preindustrial levels by 2050 by the decarbonisation of our economies, requiring a transition of our energy sources from non-renewable hydrocarbon-based fuels to non-carbon fuels, which will primarily be renewable energy. This transition will entail major changes in our economies and to our lifestyles and change of this magnitude at the required pace will be challenging, bringing significant disruption, uncertainties and opportunities. Progress is being made towards these goals, but there is a consensus that it is not happening fast enough to meet the targets of SDG7 or the Paris Agreement.
Commonwealth Women's Forum: Delivering a Common Future: Transforming for Gender Equality
Authors: Secretariat Commonwealth
Published: January 2025

The Commonwealth Women’s Forum (CWF) was held in Kigali, Rwanda, from 20 to 21 June 2022, drawing together 500 delegates from around the Commonwealth. The ambition was to explore the critical challenges and opportunities in advancing gender equality in the Commonwealth today around the theme ‘Delivering a Common Future: Transforming for Gender Equality’.
Oncologic Cell Coagulastasis Therapy: An Approach to Cancer Treatment
Authors: Martinez Renee Simenona
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of Oncologic Cell Coagulastasis Therapy (OCCT), an innovative approach to cancer treatment that leverages cellular coagulation mechanisms. The methodology involves manipulating platelet production and cellular isolation techniques to target cancerous cells while supporting immune function. Through the strategic implementation of artificial agents and controlled mitosis induction, this treatment protocol demonstrates promising potential in oncological interventions. This paper examines the underlying mechanisms, methodology, clinical implications, and preliminary outcomes of OCCT, while addressing its limitations and future research directions.
The overall correlation of quasar anomalies is the touch-stone of its valid theories

II.
Authors: Yang YunBiao
Published: January 2025

Based on the supermassive black holes (SMBH) model and relativistic beaming model (RBM) theory of existing theoretical framework, it is not reasonable to interpret the large apparent superluminal motion as the visual effects of collimating jets, which has been confirmed in many related quasar samples. There is a big gap between the constraint of small jet viewing angles in RBM theory and the facts of astronomical observation. Another singularity of quasars is their huge scale jet structure, which has no correlation with the visual faster-than-light phenomenon of quasars in the existing theoretical studies. In the theoretical framework of the new perspective of physics, the two are closely related, which is consistent not only with basic physical logic, but also with the observed observations.
PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS: A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
Authors: Iji Gabriel Odigbo
Published: January 2025

The goal of humanitarian action, a complicated and multidimensional undertaking is to save lives and lessen suffering in times of crisis. The tenets of an ethical and successful humanitarian response are thoroughly examined in this essay along with their doctrinal interpretations, historical development, real-world applications and critical evaluations. Along with important operational imperatives like; do no harm, accountability, coordination and capacity building, we will examine the fundamental principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence. In order to highlight the inherent conflicts and difficulties in putting these principles into practice in various and frequently hotly contested contexts, the discussion will include a range of viewpoints including those of affected populations, policymakers, critical scholars and humanitarian organizations. Particular case studies will highlight how these ideas are applied in practice (and where they may go wrong) while also addressing new issues like climate change, protracted conflicts and the growing politicization of humanitarian assistance. By highlighting the critical importance of ongoing learning, introspection and a dedication to accountability to impacted populations. The essay ends by arguing for a nuanced, flexible and morally sound approach to humanitarian action.
Právní postavení nestátní strany vnitrostátního ozbrojeného konfliktu v MHP – vybrané problémy
Authors: Bílková Veronika
Published: January 2025

The article focuses on the legal status of armed opposition groups under the regulation of non-international armed conflicts in international humanitarian law. The first part of the text inquires into whether armed opposition groups are bound by the norms of IHL and if this is the case, what the foundation and extent of their obligations is. The second part gives an overview of the problems linked to the responsibility of armed opposition groups for IHL violations. The article concludes by claiming that the current IHL approach to armed opposition groups is insufficient and that a reassessment of this matter as well as a more profound research into it is needed.
Úloha UNESCO při provádění Haagské úmluvy z roku 1954 na ochranu kulturních statků za ozbrojeného konfliktu a jejich dvou protokolů z roku 1954 a 1999
Authors: Hladík Jan
Published: January 2025

This article deals with the role of UNESCO while implementing 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two 1954 and 1999 Protocols. It focuses on the provision of technical assistance by the Secretariat of UNESCO and consequently the promotion of provisions of the Convention and its Protocols.
Ochrana práv dítěte za ozbrojeného konfliktu
Authors: Hýbnerová Stanislava
Published: January 2025

The aim of this contribution is to examine the applicability and effectiveness of the norms of IHL and human rights relating to children in armed conflict situation. The question must be asked and answered in the context where the nature of armed conflicts has undergone profound changes since the 83 major international treaties, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions and 1977 Geneva Protocols, were drafted. New armed conflicts; international as well as non-international are conducted in ways that have a profound, devastating impact on children, both as civilians and combatants. Question is, how does the international law effectively apply to armed conflicts that do not conform to earlier IHL models and their very aim has been the genocidal annihilation of ethnic group including its children, as in Rwanda and Yugoslavia.
As clearly political trendy issue of the world community, new legal instruments have been created; UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), including its art. 38, a provision that traditionally belongs to the IHL, the Child Soldiers Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflicts. The issue was also introduced in the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the 1999 ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child work dealing with child soldiers. On the regional level, the only binding instrument was adopted, containing provisions on child recruitment and use in armed conflicts – African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990). Moreover, UN resolutions and recommendations discuss the issue, reports and extensively outlined disastrous effects of armed conflicts on children. New political and legal activities express broadly accepted conviction that children caught up in armed conflict constitute a group particularly vulnerable to human rights violations. In this way can be explained the inclusion of art. 38 in CRC. Being an IHL provision in human rights treaty, art. 38 contributes to fill a gap in the protection of the rights of children in armed conflicts. Hybrid character of art. 38 makes it possible to expand certain IHL features and new trends to human rights law. In the same way, being part of human rights treaty, art. 38 of CRC can also contribute to the actual interpretation of IHL.
As to the significance of art. 38, the contribution of the Committee on Rights of the Child is the most important. Its concluding observations can actually change States Parties policies, legislation and practice. It is hoped that CRC Committee continues to be important actor in the era of application in which international community redirects its energy from the juridical task of the developing standards of protection of children in armed conflicts to the political projects of ensuring their application and respect on the ground.
MVČK a implementace mezinárodního humanitárního práva
Authors: Jukl Marek
Published: January 2025

The aim of this article is to describe the role and mandate of the International Red Cross (especially the International Committee of the Red Cross) in the implementation of the international humanitarian law. The sources of itis mandates are inscribed there too. The article also deals with the International fact-finding commission.
Problematika aplikovateľnosti noriem medzinárodného humanitárneho práva v kontexte súčasného medzinárodného práva
Authors: Ondrovičová Jana
Published: January 2025

One of the strengths of international law is its dynamism, its capacity to develop in response to the changing realities of international life and the evolving values of the international community. Two phenomena in particular have led to astonishingly rapid developments in the substance of international law and even in the very structure of the international legal system. The first is the universal recognition that the protection of human dignity is a proper concern of international law, and the second is the accumulation and exercise of power by nonstate actors. Outline development shows particularly in those bodies of international law, such as international humanitarian law (IHL), that has as its purpose the amelioration if suffering and protection of individuals. Likewise this evolution brings the situations in which the issue of application of IHL becomes disputed. The study focuses current affairs on the field of IHL, the specific disputable character of application IHL and reflection of international law on these issues.
Ochrana psychického zdraví zaměstnance při práci v Estonsku, Lotyšsku, Slovensku, Maďarsku a v Polsku (přehled právních předpisů)
Authors: Jankowiak Jarosław
Published: January 2025

The psychical health and mainly its protection get even more important in last decades. There are thousands of employees constantly exposed to stress during their whole workday. There are managers performing high pressure roles. The more stress is on the workplace generated, the higher number of psychological health issues society is facing. Therefore, it is important to set forth rules; employers and employees must know how to handle psychical issues. These paper exams the level of protection guaranteed to the psychical health of employees in laws of Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia.
There is a general definition of psychical health set forth in international agreements and other documents. For example, the preamble of Constitution of the World Health Organization describes health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Notwithstanding this definition is not shared in every country in question, all countries protect general health; the psychical health is mostly considered to be an inherent part of it. The level of protection of psychical health is varying throughout the examined countries. Most countries protect employees’ psychical health in occupational safety regulations. The protection is mostly technical without taking account to specific needs of psychical health. The worse regulation can be found in Poland. There are regulations on health protection but these are not considered to be covering psychical health too.
Morální hazard v souvislosti s globální finanční krizí
Authors: Jurošková Lenka
Published: January 2025

Moral hazard played a central role in the events leading up to the global financial crisis. If somebody can enter into transaction whose possible adverse consequences he would not bear, then it is highly probable he does so. Thus, inadequate control of moral hazard often leads to excessive risk-taking. And excessive risk-taking is certainly a fundamental theme in today’s financial crisis. In my opinion, moral hazard in connection with the global financial crisis can be especially seen in two areas. First one is the process of securitization which enabled that lenders did not concern themselves with the quality of their loans. Second area is the application of the doctrine too-big-to-fail. The roots of the TBTF problem lie in expectation that government does not allow to fail any systemically important institutions. This article is trying to suggest some changes how to deal with this problem because without significant changes we might be expecting a similar or even worse crisis in the financial markets in a few years time.
Comprehensive analysis of nano-fertilizers in Indian agriculture - A review
Authors: Ram B , Senthivelu M , Prabhukumar G , Gnanachitra M , Prasad V B R
Published: January 2025

This is a comprehensive review of studies of nano-fertilizers for their efficacy in stimulating plant growth, facilitating higher nutrient uptake and thus enhancing overall crop yield and productivity. The intricate insights into the mechanisms through which nano-fertilizers ensure sustained nutrient release, optimize nutrient absorption and augment nutrient utilization efficiency, have been reviewed. Several scientific studies indicate the potential of nanotechnology to enhance crop performance in terms of better crop growth and higher productivity. Regarding the economic implications of adopting nano-fertilizers, several findings indicate that nano-fertilizers could offer cost advantages over conventional fertilizers, potentially alleviating the government's subsidy burden and reducing import expenses on huge quantities of major commercial fertilizers. This comprehensive review also explores the challenges faced by Indian agriculture in crop production and the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize productivity on a sustainable basis. The study emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced and sustained crop production and highlights the significance of nano-fertilizer application as an innovative and environmentally friendly solution. In conclusion, this comprehensive overview of the status of stagnant crop production in India identifies the challenges in augmenting productivity and proposes nanotechnology-based fertilizers and their utility in major agricultural crops cultivation as a promising solution. The findings underscore the need for further research and the widespread adoption of nanotechnology-based fertilizers in Indian agriculture to ensure sustainable and enhanced production and productivity.
Informatyka a nauki społeczne i humanistyczne
Authors: Leciejewski Sławomir
Published: January 2025

This introduction highlights the importance of the research topic, situated at the intersection of the social sciences, humanities, and contemporary computer science, particularly shaped by the issue of artificial intelligence. This is followed by a discussion of the issues addressed in the texts published in this volume of the journal Man and Society.