bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Discovery for Early Failure Assessment of Complex Engineered Systems Using Natural Language Processing
Authors: Andrade Sequoia R. , Walsh Hannah S.
Published: November 2021

Emerging complex engineered systems may have unexpected safety issues due to novel operational environments, increasing autonomy, human-machine interaction, and other factors. To prevent failures in operation or testing that necessitate costly redesign, it is desirable to predict likely failure modes early in the design process. Information about past engineering failures in natural language format presents one possible solution by enabling the retrieval of information that can inform new designs. However, identifying documents containing usable information and extracting the required information can be prohibitively time-consuming when implemented at scale. In this research, an automated natural language processing (NLP) framework is proposed to discover relevant knowledge from documents containing failure-related design information. The framework is applied to NASA’s Lessons Learned Information System (LLIS), which is publicly available. Documents containing usable information are filtered using two different NLP-based models. Next, from the identified usable documents, a failure taxonomy is extracted using a partitioned hierarchical topic modeling approach. Partitions of the document describe different sections of the failure taxonomy — i.e., failure, cause of failure, and recommendations — as indicated by the structure of the original document. The extracted failure taxonomy can be leveraged in early design failure assessment methods. Moreover, the framework can be used to identify documents containing usable failure-related design information from other databases and extract relevant information from these documents.
Multi-Objective Structural Optimization of Vehicle Wheels
Authors: Stabile P. , Ballo F. , Gobbi M. , Previati G.
Published: November 2021

This work focuses on the development of an innovative design methodology for lightweight wheels of road vehicles. In particular, the activity is carried out for the specific case of a wheel designed for an ultra-efficient vehicle for Shell Eco-marathon competition, with the aim of finding preliminary design solutions. A simplified finite element model of the tire structure is employed for an accurate modelling of the forces acting at the tire/rim interface. The material properties of the tire structure are identified by means of experimental tests. The computed tire/rim force distribution is applied to the rim exploiting a simplified finite element model of the wheel rim. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated, based on mass and compliance minimization. Several wheel design layouts are investigated, which differ in terms of number of spokes (i.e. 3, 5 and 7), spokes layout (i.e. straight and Y-shape) and spokes cross section (i.e. rectangular, C and I). Geometric quantities related to the cross section dimensions of the spokes and to the rim thickness are optimized. Design constraints related to structural stiffness and elastic stability (both global and local buckling) are taken into account. The developed finite-element based model of the wheel is used to train a set of neural networks to approximate the objective functions and the design constraints to reduce the computational effort. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is adopted to obtain the Pareto-optimal solutions. The implemented method has proved to be a valuable tool to support design engineers in taking critical decisions in the early stages of the design process.
Dynamic Simulation of Reeving Systems With the Extension of the Modal Approach in the Axial Direction
Authors: Mohammadi Narges , Escalona José Luis
Published: November 2021

In this work, the simulation of reeving systems has been studied by including axial modes using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) description. The reeving system is considered as a deformable multibody system in which the rigid bodies are connected by the elastic wire ropes through sheaves and reels. A set of absolute nodal coordinates and modal coordinates is employed to describe the motion and deformation in the axial direction. This new method allows the analysis of elements with non-constant axial strain along its length. In addition, modal coordinates are employed to describe the dynamic motion in the transverse direction. The non-constant axial displacement within the wire rope is computed in terms of the absolute position coordinates, longitudinal material coordinates, and modal deformation coordinates. To derive the governing equations of motion, Lagrange’s equation is employed. The formulation is validated for a simple pendulumlike motion actuated by an initial velocity. The simulation results are provided to trace the movements of the payload. It can be seen that by adding modal coordinates, the axial force within the element changes. Moreover, the effects of modal coordinates in the axial direction are presented for a different number of nodes, and the resulting axial forces are compared with reference solution.
A Fractional-Order Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Design for a PMSM Servo System
Authors: Li Bolin , Chen Pengchong , Luo Ying
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a fractional-order active disturbance rejection controller (FOADRC) parameters tuning design method for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo system with frequency-domain analysis of active disturbance rejection control. In this method, a fractional-order proportional derivative (FOPD) and a fractional-order [proportional derivative] (FO[PD]) controllers design combining with active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) are proposed. A systematic parameter tuning scheme is presented, and a flat phase constraint is applied as a design specification, which guarantees the phase is flat around the gain crossover frequency point, and the closed-loop system is robust to gain variations. The simulation results illustrate that the response of the PMSM servo system using FO[PD]-ADRC has a smaller overshoot, less tracking error, and better resistance to load disturbance than that using FOPD-ADRC.
A Framework for Centralizing Ethics in the Design Engineering of Spatial Computing Artifacts
Authors: Ballestas Caseysimone , Chandrasegaran Senthil , Kim Euiyoung
Published: November 2021

Creating Spatial Computing (SComp) artifacts (including Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, and Ambient Intelligent artifacts) is a rapidly-emerging domain in need of new design methodologies. In this paper, we examine whether and how ethics are procedurally integrated into the creations of SComp artifacts. After an introduction to terminology — including a reframed definition of Spatial Computing — findings of interviews with Spatial Computing practitioners are shared. The interviews indicated an awareness among professionals about the inordinate vulnerability of SComp artifacts, and about the need for — and the lack thereof — processes and tests to mitigate negative effects of SComp artifacts. Results from the domain expert interviews are integrated into a proposed framework: The Framework for Ethical Spatial Computing Design Engineering. Our framework serves to support researchers and practitioners in devising new methodologies unique to Spatial Computing by highlighting considerations central to the creation of ethical artifacts. The framework integrates the findings from the in-depth interview study and builds on existing models in Design Process, Methods, and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Research that highlight important barriers and opportunities between research and practice. It maps the three-phases journey consisted of (1) Enablers, (2) Synthesizers, and (3) SComp Artifacts. We trust that our work sheds light on considerations necessary to the creation of ethical Spatial Computing artifacts.
The Kinematic and Static Analysis of the Dual Drive Fusiform Tensegrity Robot
Authors: Liu Shibo , Mei Jiangping , Wang Panfeng , Guo Fan
Published: November 2021

In recent decades, researchers have successfully applied tensegrity robots in wilderness exploration, aerospace and biomimicry, based on the strong adaptability and high stiffness to mass ratio. In this paper, a fusiform tensegrity robot driven by cable and telescopic strut is proposed, which is intended to be used as a foot module of a multi-legged robot. The numerical kinematic and static solution of the dual drive fusiform tensegrity robot is derived using the principle of minimum energy. Then, its force space, which is a set of external forces applied to the robot in a certain equilibrium configuration, is calculated. Next, the workspace of one reference point is derived by calculating an equivalent four bar mechanism. Meanwhile the workspace of the other end of the strut is calculated numerically. Finally, the theoretical analysis is verified by a simulation, and the dual drive fusiform tensegrity robot module is proved to be feasible as one foot of a multi-legged robot.
Simulation of Corona Electrostatic Separator for End-of-Life Management in Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Patil Trunal , Rebaioli Lara , Fassi Irene
Published: November 2021

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are made of several materials, including platinum, gold, silver, and rare earth elements, which are very valuable from a circular economy perspective. The PCB end of life management starts with the component removal, then the PCBs are shredded into small particles. Eventually, different separation methods are applied to the pulverized material to separate metals and non-metals. The corona electrostatic separation is one of the methods that can be used for this purpose since it is able to separate the conductive and non-conductive materials. However, the lack of knowledge to set the process parameters may affect the efficiency of the corona electrostatic separation process, ultimately resulting in the loss of valuable materials. The simulation of particle trajectory can be very helpful to identify the effective process parameters of the separation process. Thus, in this study, a simulation model to predict the particles trajectories in a belt type corona electrostatic separator is developed with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB software. The model simulates the particle behavior taking into account the electrostatic, gravitational, centrifugal, electric image, and air drag forces. Moreover, the predicted particles trajectories are used to analyze the effects of the roll electrode voltage, angular velocity of roll electrode, and size of the particles on the separation process.
Functionally Graded Non-Periodic Cellular Structure Design Using a Surrogate Model-Based Optimization Scheme
Authors: Wang Jun , Huang Jida
Published: November 2021

Topological tailoring of materials at a micro-scale can achieve a diverse range of extreme physical and mechanical properties. Modification of material properties through customizing the structural pattern paves an avenue for novel functional product design. In this paper, a non-periodic microstructure design framework is explored for functional parts design with high-strength and functional property gradation. To address the common problem of geometric frustration in non-periodic microstructure design, we employ a smooth transition layer to connect distinct structural patterns and thus achieve functional gradation between adjacent microstructures. The concept of spatial control points is introduced for implementing the transition layer. To pursue a superior macro-structural performance for designing objects, we formulate the control point as design variables and encapsulate it into macro-structural design optimization problems. Given that our objective function involves finite element (FE) simulations, a surrogate model-based optimization scheme is utilized to cope with the computational challenge brought by the FE simulation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed design framework can yield both functionally graded light-weight structures and high-strength macro-mechanical performance. The compatibility issues in traditional non-periodic microstructure design are addressed. Comparative studies reveal that the proposed framework is robust and can potentially generate desired functional products with spatially varying properties.
Break It Down: Comparing the Effects of Lecture- and Module-Style Design for Additive Manufacturing Educational Interventions on Students’ Learning and Creativity
Authors: Prabhu Rohan , Simpson Timothy W. , Miller Scarlett R. , Meisel Nicholas A.
Published: November 2021

Given the growing presence of additive manufacturing (AM) processes in engineering design and manufacturing, there has emerged an increased interest in introducing AM and design for AM (DfAM) educational interventions in engineering education. Several researchers have proposed AM and DfAM educational interventions; however, some argue that these efforts might not be sufficient to develop higher-level skills among engineers (e.g., identifying design opportunities that leverage AM capabilities). Prior work has shown that longer, distributed educational interventions are more effective in encouraging learning and information retention; however, these interventions could also be time-consuming and expensive to implement. Therefore, there is a need to test the effectiveness of longer, distributed DfAM educational interventions compared to shorter, lecture-style interventions. Our aim in this research is to explore this research gap through an experimental study. Specifically, we compared two variations of a DfAM educational intervention: (1) a module-style intervention spread over two sessions with the introduction of DfAM evaluation metrics, and (2) a lecture-style intervention completed in a single session with no evaluation metrics introduced. From our results, we see that students who received the module-style intervention reported a greater increase in their DfAM self-efficacy. Additionally, students who received the module-style intervention reported having given a greater emphasis on part consolidation and feature size. Finally, we observe that the structure of the educational intervention did not influence the creativity of ideas generated by the participants. These findings highlight the utility of module-style DfAM educational interventions towards increasing DfAM self-efficacy, but not necessarily design creativity. Moreover, these findings highlight the need to formulate educational interventions that are effective and efficient.
Mechanical Characterization of Metal Additively Manufactured Contact Aided Cellular Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Khurana Jivtesh B. , Frecker Mary
Published: November 2021

Additive manufacturing allows for the creation of complex geometries that can be optimized for performance. However, understanding the effect of the manufacturing process on part performance is essential to balance performance with manufacturability. In this work, a cellular contact aided compliant mechanism previously designed by the authors is manufactured using laser powder bed fusion. Failure modes for C3M lattice design are highlighted and recommendations for manufacturability are obtained. The mechanical response of C3Ms is characterized through compression testing of lattice and single cells. Compression testing is used to understand the mode of energy absorption of C3M lattices and compare with mechanical simulations. Lattices with large wall thickness and largest cell size are found to absorb the most strain energy. The increase in stiffness of the C3M lattice is found to depend on the thickness of the cell walls and size of the contact gap. The failure modes based on manufacturing and mechanical test data are synthesized to generate design rules for selecting C3M geometry to minimize manufacturing defects and maximize performance.
Negative Refractive Index in a Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Rotator Lattice
Authors: Fang Lezheng , Leamy Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Acoustic metamaterials achieving negative index refraction usually operate linearly over a narrowband of frequency and consist of complex unit cell structures incorporating resonators. In this paper, we propose and analyze a simple, non-resonant, nonlinear rotator lattice structure which can be configured with either a positive or negative index of refraction over a broadband frequency range. The system’s frequency-dependent transmission is studied analytically via a reduced model along the interface of positive and negative refractive index lattices. Results for energy transmission are compared to those obtained using direct numerical simulation and close agreement is documented for small amplitude waves. For larger amplitude waves, a multiple scales analysis approach is used to show that the nonlinearity of the lattice shifts the system’s band structure, inducing amplitude-dependent transmission. For the studied system, the transmission decreases as we increase the incident wave amplitude, agreeing qualitatively with results from direct numerical simulation. At large-enough amplitudes, near the interface the wave amplitude decreases rapidly. As the wave travels further into the media, the amplitude drops, causing the nonlinear effect to decline as well. This decaying envelope does not result in a zero transmission in the far field, as expected from linear theory, and instead, the nonlinearity of the proposed rotator lattice prevents the far-field transmitted wave from surpassing a specific threshold amplitude, regardless of the incident wave. This finding may serve as an inspiration for designing nonlinear wave saturators.
When Decomposition Increases Complexity: How Decomposing Introduces New Information Into the Problem Space
Authors: Mukherjee Suparna , Hennig Anthony , Topcu Taylan G. , Szajnfarber Zoe
Published: November 2021

Decomposition is a dominant design strategy because it enables complex problems to be broken up into more manageable modules. However, although it is well known that complex systems are rarely fully decomposable, much of the decomposition literature is framed around reordering or clustering processes that optimize an objective function to yield a module assignment. As illustrated in this study, these approaches overlook the fact that decoupling partially decomposeable modules can require significant additional design work, with associated consequences that introduce considerable information to the design space. This paper draws on detailed empirical evidence from a NASA space robotics field experiment to elaborate mechanisms through which the processes of decomposing can add information and associated descriptive complexity to the problem space. Contrary to widely held expectations, we show that complexity can increase substantially when natural system modules are fully decoupled from one another to support parallel design. We explain this phenomenon through two mechanisms: interface creation and functional allocation. These findings have implications for the ongoing discussion of optimal module identification as part of the decomposition process. We contend that the sometimes-significant costs of later stages of design decomposition are not adequately considered in existing methods. With this work we lay a foundation for valuing these performance, schedule and complexity costs earlier in the decomposition process.
Dwelling on the Connection Between SO(3) and Rotation Matrices in Rigid Multibody Dynamics – Part 1: Description of an Index-3 DAE Solution Approach
Authors: Taves Jay , Kissel Alexandra , Negrut Dan
Published: November 2021

In rigid multibody dynamics simulation using absolute coordinates, a choice must be made in relation to how to keep track of the attitude of a body in 3D motion. The commonly used choices of Euler angles and Euler parameters each have drawbacks, e.g., singularities, and carrying along extra normalization constraint equations, respectively. This contribution revisits an approach that works directly with the orientation matrix and thus eschews the need for generalized coordinates used at each time step to produce the orientation matrix A. The approach is informed by the fact that rotation matrices belong to the SO(3) Lie matrix group. The numerical solution of the dynamics problem is anchored by an implicit first order integration method that discretizes, without index reduction, the index 3 Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs) of multibody dynamics. The approach handles closed loops and arbitrary collections of joints. Our main contribution is the outlining of a systematic way for computing the first order variations of both the constraint equations and the reaction forces associated with arbitrary joints. These first order variations in turn anchor a Newton method that is used to solve both the Kinematics and Dynamics problems. The salient observation is that one can express the first order variation of kinematic quantities that enter the kinematic constraint equations, constraint forces, external forces, etc., in terms of Euler infinitesimal rotation vectors. This opens the door to a systematic approach to formulating a Newton method that provides at each iteration an orthonormal rotation matrix A. The Newton step calls for repeatedly solving linear systems of the form Gδ = e, yet evaluating the iteration matrix G and residuals e is inexpensive, to the point where in the Part 2 companion contribution the proposed formulation is shown to be two times faster for Kinematics and Dynamics analysis when compared to the Euler parameter and Euler angle approaches in conjunction with a set of four mechanisms.
An Introduction to 3D SPI2 (Spatial Packaging of Interconnected Systems With Physics Interactions) Design Problems: A Review of Related Work, Existing Gaps, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Peddada Satya R. T. , Zeidner Lawrence E. , James Kai A. , Allison James T.
Published: November 2021

Optimal 3D spatial packaging of interconnected systems with physical interactions (thermal, hydraulic, electromagnetic, etc.), or SPI2, plays a vital role in the functionality, operation, energy usage, and life cycle of practically all engineered systems, from 3D chips to ships to aircraft. These highly-nonlinear SPI2 problems, involving tightly constrained component packing, governed by coupled physical phenomena transferring energy and material through intricate geometric interconnects, have largely resisted design automation for decades, and can quickly exceed human cognitive abilities at even moderate complexity levels. Existing design methods treat the pieces of this problem separately without a fundamental systems approach and are sometimes too slow to evaluate various possible designs. Hence, there exists an emergent need to develop efficient SPI2 design automation frameworks for two reasons: 1) to enable the rapid generation and evaluation of candidate SPI2 design solutions; and 2) for the development of newer complex engineering systems. In this paper, the holistic 3D-SPI2 design problem with its attributes is defined, previous research efforts in various individual SPI2 related areas are reviewed, some existing critical gaps are outlined, and associated challenges are identified. Finally, a vision for fundamental research in SPI2 design based on the authors’ experience in this topic is presented through a set of new exciting opportunities at the intersection of several engineering domains.
Preliminary Study on Multibody Modeling and Simulation of an Underactuated Gripper With Differential Transmission
Authors: Achilli Gabriele Maria , Logozzo Silvia , Valigi Maria Cristina , Malvezzi Monica
Published: November 2021

Robotic grippers have represented a challenge for designers and engineers since at least three decades, due to the complexity of grasping and manipulation tasks. Underactuated and soft robotic grippers are a technology that allows good dexterity and manipulating capabilities, by reducing the number of actuators. However, this type of device requires the use of complex mechanical systems to compensate the underactuated implementation limits, such as differential mechanisms. The differential mechanism is necessary to decouple finger closures and distribute forces.

The multibody simulation allows to evaluate the main parameters of the elements to understand how the differential system can work. The development and design of complex mechanical systems is simplified by this technique.

In particular, this paper presents a multibody simulation analysis which recreates an elementary model of a gripper with two links and a single actuator; the developed model reproduces the grasping of an object using a mechanical differential pulley system, placed beneath the fingers. Some results are presented to study the role of the differential when the fingers grasp an object with different configurations.

The aim of this work is to show how an accurate and still manageable multibody model integrated in Matlab environment is able to extend the classical grasp metrics to a more general dynamic setup.
On a Class of Polar Log-Aesthetic Curves
Authors: Parque Victor
Published: November 2021

Curves are essential concepts that enable compounded aesthetic curves, e.g., to assemble complex silhouettes, match a specific curvature profile in industrial design, and construct smooth, comfortable, and safe trajectories in vehicle-robot navigation systems. New mechanisms able to encode, generate, evaluate, and deform aesthetic curves are expected to improve the throughput and the quality of industrial design. In recent years, the study of (log) aesthetic curves have attracted the community’s attention due to its ubiquity in natural phenomena such as bird eggs, butterfly wings, falcon flights, and manufactured products such as Japanese swords and automobiles.

A (log) aesthetic curve renders a logarithmic curvature graph approximated by a straight line, and polar aesthetic curves enable to mode user-defined dynamics of the polar tangential angle in the polar coordinate system. As such, the curvature profile often becomes a by-product of the tangential angle.

In this paper, we extend the concept of polar aesthetic curves and establish the analytical formulations to construct aesthetic curves with user-defined criteria. In particular, we propose the closed-form analytic characterizations of polar log-aesthetic curves meeting user-defined criteria of curvature profiles and dynamics of polar tangential angles. We present numerical examples portraying the feasibility of rendering the logarithmic curvature graphs represented by a straight line. Our approach enables the seamless characterization of aesthetic curves in the polar co-ordinate system, which can model aesthetic shapes with desirable aesthetic curvature profiles.
Steps Towards Non-Smooth Multibody Dynamics
Authors: Pfeiffer Friedrich
Published: November 2021

Before the background of many thoughts about contact and impact behavior with and without friction in the past centuries a comprehensive theory appeared not before the second half of the last century, mainly connected with the names of Moreau in Montpellier and Panagiotopoulos in Thessaloniki. My former Institute has been part of this evolution focusing on non-smooth multibody dynamics and on large systems. The local development from simple impact to complex contact systems including all possible contact details will be subject of the paper, considering also the necessary mathematical evolution from classical multibody system theory with bilateral constraints and single-valued forces to non-smooth multibody system theory with unilateral constraints and set-valued forces. Paper will be illustrated by practical examples.
Mandatory dichotic integration of second-formant information: Contralateral sine bleats have predictable effects on consonant place judgments
Authors: Roberts Brian , Summers Robert J. , Bailey Peter J.
Published: November 2021

Speech-on-speech informational masking arises because the interferer disrupts target processing (e.g., capacity limitations) or corrupts it (e.g., intrusions into the target percept); the latter should produce predictable errors. Listeners identified the consonant in monaural buzz-excited three-formant analogues of approximant-vowel syllables, forming a place of articulation series (/w/-/l/-/j/). There were two 11-member series; the vowel was either high-front or low-back. Series members shared formant-amplitude contours, fundamental frequency, and F1+F3 frequency contours; they were distinguished solely by the F2 frequency contour before the steady portion. Targets were always presented in the left ear. For each series, F2 frequency and amplitude contours were also used to generate interferers with altered source properties—sine-wave analogues of F2 (sine bleats) matched to their buzz-excited counterparts. Accompanying each series member with a fixed mismatched sine bleat in the contralateral ear produced systematic and predictable effects on category judgments; these effects were usually largest for bleats involving the fastest rate or greatest extent of frequency change. Judgments of isolated sine bleats using the three place labels were often unsystematic or arbitrary. These results indicate that informational masking by interferers involved corruption of target processing as a result of mandatory dichotic integration of F2 information, despite the grouping cues disfavoring this integration.
Lef1 restricts ectopic crypt formation and tumor cell growth in intestinal adenomas
Authors: Heino Sarika , Fang Shentong , Lähde Marianne , Högström Jenny , Nassiri Sina , Campbell Andrew , Flanagan Dustin , Raven Alexander , Hodder Michael , Nasreddin Nadia , Xue Hai-Hui , Delorenzi Mauro , Leedham Simon , Petrova Tatiana V. , Sansom Owen , Alitalo Kari
Published: November 2021

Lef1 is induced in intestinal adenomas, in which it restricts ectopic crypt formation and tumor growth.
Deleting DNMT3A in CAR T cells prevents exhaustion and enhances antitumor activity
Authors: Prinzing Brooke , Zebley Caitlin C. , Petersen Christopher T. , Fan Yiping , Anido Alejandro Allo , Yi Zhongzhen , Nguyen Phuong , Houke Haley , Bell Matthew , Haydar Dalia , Brown Charmaine , Boi Shannon K. , Alli Shanta , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Riberdy Janice M. , Park Jeoungeun J. , Zhou Sheng , Velasquez Mireya Paulina , DeRenzo Chris , Lazzarotto Cicera R. , Tsai Shengdar Q. , Vogel Peter , Pruett-Miller Shondra M. , Langfitt Deanna M. , Gottschalk Stephen , Youngblood Ben , Krenciute Giedre
Published: November 2021

DNMT3A deletion preserves CAR T cell functionality during prolonged stimulation.
Unraveling Fe(II)-Oxidizing Mechanisms in a Facultative Fe(II) Oxidizer, Sideroxydans lithotrophicus Strain ES-1, via Culturing, Transcriptomics, and Reverse Transcription-Quantitative PCR
Authors: Zhou Nanqing , Keffer Jessica L. , Polson Shawn W. , Chan Clara S.
Published: November 2021

Neutrophilic FeOB are increasingly observed in various environments, but knowledge of their ecophysiology and Fe(II) oxidation mechanisms is still relatively limited.Sideroxydansisolates are widely observed in aquifers, wetlands, and sediments, and genome analysis suggests metabolic flexibility contributes to their success. The type strain ES-1 is unusual among neutrophilic FeOB isolates as it can grow on either Fe(II) or a non-Fe(II) substrate, thiosulfate.
A Superefficient Ochratoxin A Hydrolase with Promising Potential for Industrial Applications
Authors: Luo Han , Wang Gan , Chen Nan , Fang Zemin , Xiao Yazhong , Zhang Min , Gerelt Khishigjargal , Qian Yingying , Lai Ren , Zhou Yu
Published: November 2021

Ochratoxin A (OTA) can result in various toxicological effects and widely contaminates agro-products and feedstuffs. OTA detoxifications by microbial strains and bio-enzymes are significant to food safety.
Ex VivoandIn VivoCD46 Receptor Utilization by Species D Human Adenovirus Serotype 26 (HAdV26)
Authors: Hemsath Jack R. , Liaci A. Manuel , Rubin Jeffrey D. , Parrett Brian J. , Lu Shao-Chia , Nguyen Tien V. , Turner Mallory A. , Chen Christopher Y. , Cupelli Karolina , Reddy Vijay S. , Stehle Thilo , Liszewski M. Kathryn , Atkinson John P. , Barry Michael A.
Published: November 2021

The human species D Ad26 is being investigated as a low-seroprevalence vector for oncolytic virotherapy and gene-based vaccination against HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. However, there is debate in the literature about its tropism and receptor utilization, which directly influence its efficiency for certain applications. This work was aimed at determining which receptor(s) this virus uses for infection and its role in virus biology, vaccine efficacy, and, importantly, vaccine safety.
Akt Plays Differential Roles during the Life Cycles of Acute and Persistent Murine Norovirus Strains in Macrophages
Authors: Owusu Irene A. , Passalacqua Karla D. , Mirabelli Carmen , Lu Jia , Young Vivienne L. , Hosmillo Myra , Quaye Osbourne , Goodfellow Ian , Ward Vernon K. , Wobus Christiane E.
Published: November 2021

Human noroviruses (HNoV) are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, resulting in high annual economic burden and morbidity, yet there are no small-animal models supporting productive HNoV infection or robust culture systems producing cell culture-derived virus stocks. As a result, research on drug discovery and vaccine development against norovirus infection has been challenging, and no targeted antivirals or vaccines against HNoV are approved.
Alterations of the Human Lung and Gut Microbiomes in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas and Distant Metastasis
Authors: Lu Hui , Gao Na L. , Tong Fan , Wang Jiaojiao , Li Huanhuan , Zhang Ruiguang , Ma Hong , Yang Nong , Zhang Yongchang , Wang Ye , Liang Zhiwen , Zeng Hao , Chen Wei-Hua , Dong Xiaorong
Published: November 2021

Our survey on gut and sputum microbiota revealed that both were significantly disturbed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with distant metastasis (DM) while only the sputum microbiota was associated with non-DM NSCLC. The lung microbiota could therefore have a stronger association with (and thus may contribute more to) disease development than the gut microbiota.
Impact of Electrolyzed Water on the Microbial Spoilage Profile of Piedmontese Steak Tartare
Authors: Botta C. , Coisson J. D. , Ferrocino I. , Colasanto A. , Pessione A. , Cocolin L. , Arlorio M. , Rantsiou K.
Published: November 2021

Treatment with EW prior to grinding did not result in an effective intervention to prolong the shelf life of Piedmontese steak tartare. Our RNA-based approach clearly highlighted a microbiota that changed markedly between production runs but little during the first shelf life stages. Under these conditions, an early metataxonomic profiling might provide the best prediction of the microbiological fate of each batch of the product.
Antimicrobial Resistance in
Enterococcus
Spp. Isolated from a Beef Processing Plant and Retail Ground Beef
Authors: Holman Devin B. , Klima Cassidy L. , Gzyl Katherine E. , Zaheer Rahat , Service Cara , Jones Tineke H. , McAllister Tim A.
Published: November 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious challenge facing the agricultural industry. Understanding the flow of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through the beef fabrication process and into ground beef is an important step in identifying intervention points for reducing AMR.
The protoliths of central Himalayan eclogites
Authors: Zhang Guibin , Wang Jiaxing , Webb A. Alexander G. , Zhang Lifei , Liu Shuaiqi , Fu Bin , Wu Chenguang , Wang Shuzhen
Published: November 2021

Eclogites represent the highest pressure conditions yet observed from rocks thrust to the surface in the central Himalaya. A detailed investigation of the protolith nature of these eclogites is needed to better understand pre-Himalayan geological history. Retrogressed eclogites were collected from Thongmön (Dingri County) and Riwu (Dinggye County), central Himalaya, China. We investigated the bulk rock major and trace elements, Sr-Nd isotopes, zircon geochronology, and Hf-O isotopes. These retrogressed eclogites experienced five stages of metamorphic evolution from prograde amphibolite-facies to peak eclogite-facies, and high pressure granulites-facies, granulites-facies then final amphibolite-facies overprinting during exhumation. Geochemically, they are subalkaline basalts with high FeO contents and a tholeiitic affinity; trace elements show similarities with enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts. Bulk rocks have a wide range of εNd(t) values from −0.24 to +7.08, and an unusually wide range of initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.705961–0.821182. Zircon relict magmatic cores from both Thongmön and Riwu eclogites yield a consistent protolith age of ca. 1850 Ma, with enriched heavy rare earth element patterns and significant negative Eu anomalies. These relict cores have oxygen isotopes signatures of δ18O = 5.8–8.1‰, εHf(t) values of –4.85 to +9.59, and two-stage model ages (TDM2) of 1.91–2.81 Ga. Metamorphic overgrowth zircons yield much younger ages of ca. 14 Ma. Integration of all of the above data suggests that the protolith of these central Himalayan retrogressed eclogites might be Proterozoic continental flood basalts of the North Indian Plate, generated under a post-collisional extension setting during the assembly of the Columbia Supercontinent. Occurrence of both Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic rocks and ca. 1.85 Ga rocks in the regional crystalline rocks may reflect either unrecognized sub-horizontal Main Central Thrust exposure(s) or exhumation of a deeply cut part of the Greater Himalayan Crystalline complex. In combination with previous reports of Late Cretaceous, Neoproterozoic, and similar but younger Paleoproterozoic protolith, it is clear that the central Himalayan eclogites originate from multiple sources of protolith.
Lithium neurotoxicity with electroencephalogram changes
Authors: Tan Hui Jan , Lim Kuan Yee , Rajah Rathika , Ng Chen Fei
Published: November 2021

Lithium is a medication with a variety of medical usage for various diseases including bipolar mood disorder. As the therapeutic window of lithium is narrow, its usage is commonly associated with toxicity. Lithium toxicity affects multiple systems especially the central nervous system, leading to neuropsychiatric complications. Haemodialysis is an effective method for lithium removal especially in severe lithium toxicity such as neurotoxicity with electroencephalogram changes. We describe a case of lithium neurotoxicity with electroencephalographic abnormalities which was reversed following haemodialysis.
Determinants of the adoption of injury risk reduction programmes in athletics (track and field): an online survey of 7715 French athletes
Authors: Ruffault Alexis , Sorg Marine , Martin Simon , Hanon Christine , Jacquet Lison , Verhagen Evert , Edouard Pascal
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To identify individual characteristics associated with the adoption of injury risk reduction programmes (IRRP) and to investigate the variations in sociocognitive determinants (ie, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions) of IRRP adoption in athletics (track and field) athletes.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey sent to athletes licensed with the French Federation of Athletics to investigate their habits and sociocognitive determinants of IRRP adoption. Sociodemographic characteristics, sports practice and history of previous injuries were also recorded. Logistic regression analyses and group comparisons were performed.

Results

The final sample was composed of 7715 athletes. From the multivariable analysis, competing at the highest level was positively associated with IRRP adoption (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.66; 99.9% CI 1.39 to 1.99 and AOR=1.48; 99.9% CI 1.22 to 1.80) and presenting a low number of past injuries was negatively associated with IRRP adoption (AOR=0.48; 99.9% CI 0.35 to 0.65 and AOR=0.61; 99.9% CI 0.44 to 0.84), both during their lifetime and the current season, respectively. These results were supported by higher scores of sociocognitive determinants among athletes who reported IRRP adoption compared with other athletes.

Conclusion

Some characteristics of athletes seem to be associated with IRRP adoption either positively (competing at the highest level) or negatively (presenting a lower number of past injuries), whereas all the sociocognitive determinants tested appear to be linked to IRRP adoption. Since many athlete characteristics are difficult or impossible to change, IRRP promotion may be enhanced by targeting athletes’ beliefs and intentions to adopt an IRRP.
Acute respiratory illness and return to sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’
Authors: Snyders Carolette , Pyne David B , Sewry Nicola , Hull James H , Kaulback Kelly , Schwellnus Martin
Published: November 2021

Objective

To determine the days until return to sport (RTS) after acute respiratory illness (ARill), frequency of time loss after ARill resulting in >1 day lost from training/competition, and symptom duration (days) of ARill in athletes.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, January 1990–July 2020.

Eligibility criteria

Original research articles published in English on athletes/military recruits (15–65 years) with symptoms/diagnosis of an ARill and reporting any of the following: days until RTS after ARill, frequency (%) of time loss >1 day after ARill or symptom duration (days) of ARill.

Results

767 articles were identified; 54 were included (n=31 065 athletes). 4 studies reported days until RTS (range: 0–8.5 days). Frequency (%) of time loss >1 day after ARill was 20.4% (95% CI 15.3% to 25.4%). The mean symptom duration for all ARill was 7.1 days (95% CI 6.2 to 8.0). Results were similar between subgroups: pathological classification (acute respiratory infection (ARinf) vs undiagnosed ARill), anatomical classification (upper vs general ARill) or diagnostic method of ARinf (symptoms, physical examination, special investigations identifying pathogens).

Conclusions

In 80% of ARill in athletes, no days were lost from training/competition. The mean duration of ARill symptoms in athletes was 7 days. Outcomes were not influenced by pathological or anatomical classification of ARill, or in ARinf diagnosed by various methods. Current data are limited, and future studies with standardised approaches to definitions, diagnostic methods and classifications of ARill are needed to obtain detailed clinical, laboratory and specific pathogen data to inform RTS.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020160479.
Delivery of healthcare provider’s lifestyle advice and lifestyle behavioural change in adults who were overweight or obese in pre-diabetes management in the USA: NHANES (2013–2018)
Authors: Davis-Ajami Mary Lynn , Lu Zhiqiang Kevin , Wu Jun
Published: November 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine the association between delivery of healthcare provider’s advice about lifestyle management and lifestyle behavioural change in pre-diabetes management in adults who were overweight or obese.

Design

This cross-sectional study included adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 and reporting pre-diabetes in USA. Outcomes included the prevalence of receiving provider’s advice on lifestyle management and patterns of practicing lifestyle change. The association between delivery of provider’s advice and lifestyle-related behavioural change in pre-diabetes management was examined.

Setting

US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018).

Participants

A total of 1039 adults with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 reported pre-diabetes.

Results

Of eligible adults with pre-diabetes, 76.8% received provider’s advice about lifestyle change. The advice group showed higher proportions of ongoing lifestyle change than no advice group, including weight reduction/control (80.1% vs 70.9%, p=0.018), exercise (70.9% vs 60.9%, p=0.013) and diet modifications (83.8% vs 61.8%, p<0.001). After adjustment, those receiving provider’s advice were more likely to increase exercise (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.38) and modify diet (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.82 to 4.96).

Conclusion

Over 75% of US adults who were overweight or obese and reported pre-diabetes received healthcare provider’s advice about reducing the risk of diabetes through lifestyle change. Provider’s advice increased the likelihood of lifestyle-related behavioural change to exercise and diet.
Dysregulation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxin A4in bronchiectasis
Authors: Bedi Pallavi , Ziegler Kerstin , Whitfield Phil D , Davidson Donald , Rossi Adriano Giorgio , Hill Adam T
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Bronchiectasis is characterised by excessive neutrophilic inflammation. Lipid mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes have crucial roles in the inflammatory response. Further characterisation of these lipids and understanding the interplay of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory lipid mediators could lead to the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies for bronchiectasis.

Aim

The aim of our study was to characterise the lipids obtained from serum and airways in patients with bronchiectasis in the stable state.

Methods

Six healthy volunteers, 10 patients with mild bronchiectasis, 15 with moderate bronchiectasis and 9 with severe bronchiectasis were recruited. All participants had 60 mL of blood taken and underwent a bronchoscopy while in the stable state. Lipidomics was done on serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).

Results

In the stable state, in serum there were significantly higher levels of prostaglandin E2(PGE2), 15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (15-HETE) and leukotriene B4(LTB4) in patients with moderate–severe disease compared with healthy volunteers. There was a significantly lower level of lipoxin A4(LXA4) in severe bronchiectasis.

In BALF, there were significantly higher levels of PGE2, 5-HETE, 15-HETE, 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and LTB4in moderate–severe patients compared with healthy volunteers.

In the stable state, there was a negative correlation of PGE2and LTB4with % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and a positive correlation with antibiotic courses.

LXA4improved blood and airway neutrophil phagocytosis and bacterial killing in patients with bronchiectasis. Additionally LXA4reduced neutrophil activation and degranulation.

Conclusion

There is a dysregulation of lipid mediators in bronchiectasis with excess proinflammatory lipids. LXA4improves the function of reprogrammed neutrophils. The therapeutic efficacy of LXA4in bronchiectasis warrants further studies.
Straw cigarette branding: misleading descriptors and a new Marlboro man
Authors: Grilo Graziele , Welding Kevin , Szklo André Salem , Cohen Joanna E , Clegg Smith Katherine
Published: November 2021

Background

Straw cigarettes are hand-rolled tobacco in a corn straw, common in Brazil and believed to be less harmful by consumers. Traditionally consumed in rural areas and by men, a recent increase in use among young people in urban areas was observed. This study assessed marketing appeals of straw cigarette packaging in Brazil.

Methods

Following a systematic protocol, unique straw cigarette packs were purchased in 2013, 2016 and 2019 from three cities: Manaus, Salvador and São Paulo. Packs were double-coded for the absence/presence of marketing appeals (ie, luxury/quality, masculinity, classic/timeless, flavours and less harm).

Results

The number of unique straw cigarette packs purchased as part of the overall sample increased in the most recent collection: 2.3% (n=3), 1.3% (n=2) and 15.5% (n=27) in 2013, 2016 and 2019, respectively. Across the years, all packs presented luxury/quality elements (eg, images of crests); 93.8% (n=30) included the word ‘artisanal’. Masculine appeal (eg, images of men) was present on 56.3% (n=18) of packs. Almost half had classic/timeless elements, including the words ‘tradition’/‘original’. In 2019, 59.3% (n=16) of the packs were flavoured compared with none in previous years. Over a quarter of all packs presented a less harm appeal (eg, ‘smooth’).

Conclusion

We identified an increase in availability of unique straw cigarette packs, strong branding and use of misleading descriptors on the packs. The adoption of plain packaging and the implementation of Brazil’s additive ban could help to reduce the appeal of straw cigarettes and curb the current increase in use among youth.