bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A preliminary evaluation of surface latent heat flux as an earthquake precursor
Authors: Zhang W. , Zhao J. , Wang W. , Ren H. , Chen L. , Yan G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The relationship between variations in surface latent heat flux (SLHF) and marine earthquakes has been a popular subject of recent seismological studies. So far, there are two key problems: how to identify the abnormal SLHF variations from complicated background signals, and how to ensure that the anomaly results from an earthquake. In this paper, we proposed four adjustable parameters for identification, classified the relationship and analyzed SLHF changes several months before six marine earthquakes by employing daily SLHF data. Additionally, we also quantitatively evaluate the long-term relationship between earthquakes and SLHF anomalies for the six study areas over a 20 yr period preceding each earthquake. The results suggest the following: (1) before the South Sandwich Islands, Papua, Samoa and Haiti earthquakes, the SLHF variations above their individual background levels have relatively low amplitudes and are difficult to be considered as precursory anomalies; (2) after removing the clustering effect, most of the anomalies prior to these six earthquakes are not temporally related to any earthquake in each study area in time sequence; (3) for each case, apart from Haiti, more than half of the studied earthquakes, which were moderate and even devastating earthquakes (larger than Mw = 5.3), had no precursory variations in SLHF; and (4) the correlation between SLHF and seismic activity depends largely on data accuracy and parameter settings. Before any application of SLHF data on earthquake prediction, we suggest that anomaly-identifying standards should be established based on long-term regional analysis to eliminate subjectivity. Furthermore, other factors that may result in SLHF variations should also be carefully considered.
Numerical modeling of rogue waves in coastal waters
Authors: Sergeeva A. , Slunyaev A. , Pelinovsky E. , Talipova T. , Doong D.-J.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The spatio-temporal evolution of rogue waves measured in Taiwanese coastal waters is reconstructed by means of numerical simulations; their lifetimes are estimated at up to 100 s. The reconstructed time series were measured at different locations (with dimensionless depths within the range kh = 1.3 ... 4.0, where k is the wavenumber and h is the depth), but all are surprisingly weakly nonlinear waves. The variable-coefficient approximate evolution equations, which take into account the shoaling effect, allow us to analyze the abnormal wave evolution in essentially non-uniform conditions of real coastal bathymetry. The reconstruction reveals an interesting peculiarity of the coastal rogue events: though the mean wave amplitudes get amplified as waves travel onshore, other rogue waves are likely to occur at deeper locations, but not closer to the coast (the shallowest simulated point is characterized by kh ≈ 0.7).
The location of lithospheric-scale transfer faults and their control on the Cu-Au deposits of New Guinea
Authors: White L. T. , Morse M. P. , Lister G. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The location of major Cu-Au deposits on the island of New Guinea are considered to be controlled by a series of transfer faults that strike N–S to NE–SW, perpendicular to the long axis of the island. The premise is that these faults dilate perpendicular to the regional stress field, forming conduits for metalliferous bearing fluids and gas to deposit. However, the data on which this idea was first proposed was often not presented, or when it was, is of poor quality or low resolution. We therefore present a review of the existing structural interpretations and compare these with several recently published geophysical datasets (gravity, magnetics and seismic tomography) to determine if the Cu-Au controlling transfer faults could be observed. These data were used to produce a new lineament map of New Guinea. A comparison of the lineaments with the location of major Cu-Au deposits indicates there is a link between the arc-normal structures and mineralization. However, it is only those deposits that are less than 4.5 million years old that could be associated with these structures. Gravity and seismic tomography data indicate that some of these structures could penetrate deep levels of the lithosphere, providing some support to the earlier idea that the arc-normal transfer faults act as conduits for the younger mineral deposits of New Guinea. The gravity data can also be used to infer the location of igneous intrusions at depth, which could have brought metal-bearing fluids and gases closer to the Earth's surface. These regions might be of interest for future exploration campaigns, particularly those areas that are crosscut by deep, vertical faults. However, new exploration models are needed to explain the location of the deposits that are older than 5 Ma.
Little Ice Age climate reconstruction from ensemble reanalysis of Alpine glacier fluctuations
Authors: Lüthi M. P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Mountain glaciers sample a combination of climate parameters – temperature, precipitation and radiation – by their rate of volume accumulation and loss. Flow dynamics acts as transfer function which maps volume changes to a length response of the glacier terminus. Long histories of terminus positions have been assembled for several glaciers in the Alps. Here I analyze terminus position histories from an ensemble of seven glaciers in the Alps with a macroscopic model of glacier dynamics to derive a history of glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) for the time span 400–2010 C.E. The resulting climatic reconstruction depends only on records of glacier variations. The reconstructed ELA history is similar to recent reconstructions of Alpine summer temperature and Atlantic Meridional Oscillation (AMO) index. Most reconstructed low-ELA periods coincide with large explosive volcano eruptions, hinting to mass balance reduction by volcanic radiative cooling. The glacier advances during the LIA, and the retreat after 1860 are thus explained by temperature and volcanic cooling alone.
How Low Can We Go?
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: October 2013

Although this title might sound a little bit like a limbo contest, the intent of this column is to start some thinking about how low we can go with drinking water standards. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) currently has 91 drinking water standards, and a review of how all of the current standards are reported yields some insights on their potential downward trend.
Students' Mathematical Noticing
Authors: Lobato Joanne , Hohensee Charles , Rhodehamel Bohdan
Published: October 2013

Even in simple mathematical situations, there is an array of different mathematical features that students can attend to or notice. What students notice mathematically has consequences for their subsequent reasoning. By adapting work from both cognitive science and applied linguistics anthropology, we present a focusing framework, which treats noticing as a complex phenomenon that is distributed across individual cognition, social interactions, material resources, and normed practices. Specifically, this research demonstrates that different centers of focus emerged in two middle grades mathematics classes addressing the same content goals, which, in turn, were related conceptually to differences in student reasoning on subsequent interview tasks. Furthermore, differences in the discourse practices, features of the mathematical tasks, and the nature of the mathematical activity in the two classrooms were related to the different mathematical features that students appeared to notice.
Problem of Boil - off in LNG Supply Chain
Authors: Dobrota Đorđe , Lalić Branko , Komar Ivan
Published: October 2013

This paper examines the problem of evaporation of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) occurring at different places in the LNG supply chain. Evaporation losses in the LNG supply chain are one of the key factors for LNG safety, technical and economic assessment. LNG is stored and transported in tanks as a cryogenic liquid, i.e. as a liquid at a temperature below its boiling point at near atmospheric pressure. Due to heat entering the cryogenic tank during storage and transportation, a part of the LNG in the tank continuously evaporates creating a gas called Boil-Off Gas (BOG), which changes the quality of LNG over time. The general methods of handling and utilization of the Boil-Off Gas at different points in the LNG supply chain are presented. Attention is given to the issue of LNG energy content transferred during loading and unloading of LNG tankers, as well as to the Boil-Off Gas generated by evaporation of the cargo during maritime transport. The results presented in the paper have been derived from the scientifi research project 250 - 2502209 - 2366 „Management of Ship Power Systems under Fault Conditions and Failure“ supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia.
Nonradioactive Analysis of Dynamic Protein Palmitoylation
Authors: Martin Brent R.
Published: October 2013

Methods to study protein S‐palmitoylation dynamics have previously relied on metabolic labeling with [14C]palmitate, which requires additional safety precautions and long exposures. Nonradioactive alkynyl palmitate analogs have been developed for in‐gel fluorescence detection and affinity purification. Cells metabolically labeled with the commercially available analog 17‐octadynoic acid are lysed and then combined with azide‐linked reporter tags for efficient conjugation by copper‐catalyzed click chemistry in phosphate buffer. This approach has been demonstrated to label hundreds of endogenous palmitoylated proteins and is compatible with traditional pulse‐chase methods. This protocol describes the reagents and procedures for labeling and detection of dynamic palmitoylation in mammalian cells. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 73:14.15.1‐14.15.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic Quantitative Assays of Phagosomal Function
Authors: Podinovskaia Maria , VanderVen Brian C. , Yates Robin M. , Glennie Sarah , Fullerton Duncan , Mwandumba Henry C. , Russell David G.
Published: October 2013

Much of the activity of the macrophage as an effector cell is performed within its phagocytic compartment. This ranges from the degradation of tissue debris as part of its homeostatic function to the generation of the superoxide burst as part of its microbicidal response to infection. We have developed a range of real‐time readouts of phagosomal function that enable these activities to be rigorously quantified. This unit contains descriptions of several of these assays assessed by different methods of quantitation, including a fluorescence resonance emission transfer (FRET) assay for phagosome/lysosome fusion measured by spectrofluorometry, a fluorogenic assay for the superoxide burst measured by flow cytometry, and a fluorogenic assay for bulk proteolysis measured by confocal microscopy. These assays illustrate both the range of parameters that can be quantified and the flexibility of instrumentation that can be exploited for their quantitation. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 102:14.34.1‐14.34.14. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Practical Guide to Culturing Mouse and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Nemeth K. , Mayer B. , Sworder B.J. , Kuznetsov S.A. , Mezey E.
Published: October 2013

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, frequently also called MSCs) represent a cell population within the bone marrow, a subset of which contains multipotent stem cells. Their primary role is to produce and maintain both bone tissue and bone marrow microenvironment necessary for hematopoiesis. The latter is achieved by secreting a wide variety of different cytokines and growth factors, many of which also have a regulatory role in immune processes. BMSCs have recently been introduced into the field of immunobiology after their successful clinical use in GVHD was reported in 2004. Since then, numerous studies confirmed and expanded the knowledge on the immunosuppressive potential of BMSCs in various in vitro and in vivo models. Although the immunomodulatory capacity of BMSCs is well established, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the cytokines, chemokines, receptors, and molecular pathways that play a role in this effect. To study these cells and answer many of the questions, researchers must be able to reliably and reproducibly isolate, culture, and use these cells. Below a practical guide on how to culture and characterize mouse and human BMSCs, which can then be applied in various in vitro and in vivo assays, is provided. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 102:22F.12.1‐22F.12.13. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zonal flows and magnetic fields driven by large‐amplitude Rossby‐Alfvén‐Khantadze waves in the E‐layer ionosphere
Authors: Kaladze T. D. , Horton W. , Kahlon L. Z. , Pokhotelov O. , Onishchenko O.
Published: October 2013

Planetary‐scale waves and vortices in the weakly ionized ionospheric E layer are dominated by the Hall conductivity that couples the Rossby and Alfvén dynamics giving rise to what are called Rossby‐Alfvén‐Khantadze electromagnetic structures. At finite amplitudes we show that the nonlinearities in the dynamics generate sheared zonal‐flow velocities and zonal magnetic field fluctuations. The zonal‐flow mechanism is based on the parametric excitation of the zonal variations through three‐wave mode coupling in the planetary‐scale waves. The coupled dynamics of the nonlinear 3‐D incompressible flows and the magnetic field fluctuations are derived and used to derive the structure and growth rates for the zonal flows and zonal magnetic fields. Large‐amplitude planetary waves are shown to drive up magnetic fluctuations up to 100 nT.
Intraspinal Transplantation of Mouse and Human Neural Precursor Cells
Authors: Weinger Jason G. , Chen Lu , Coleman Ronald , Leang Ronika , Plaisted Warren C. , Loring Jeanne F. , Lane Thomas E.
Published: October 2013

This unit describes the preparation and transplantation of human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) and mouse neural precursor cells (mNPCs) into the thoracic region of the mouse spinal cord. The techniques in this unit also describe how to prepare the mouse for surgery by performing a laminectomy to expose the spinal cord for transplantation. NPCs genetically labeled with eGFP transplanted into the spinal cord of a mouse following viral‐mediated demyelination can efficiently be detected via eGFP expression. Transplantation of these cells into the spinal cord is an efficacious way to determine their effects in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and spinal cord injury. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 26:2D.16.1‐2D.16.16. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Carbon‐Based Yolk–Shell Materials for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Galeano Carolina , Baldizzone Claudio , Bongard Hans , Spliethoff Bernd , Weidenthaler Claudia , Meier Josef C. , Mayrhofer Karl J. J. , Schüth Ferdi
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of yolk–shell catalysts, consisting of platinum or gold–platinum cores and graphitic carbon shells, and their electrocatalytic stabilities are described. Different encapsulation pathways for the metal nanoparticles are explored and optimized. Electrochemical studies of the optimized AuPt, @C catalyst revealed a high stability of the encapsulated metal particles. However, in order to reach full activity, several thousand potential cycles are required. After the electrochemical surface area is fully developed, the catalysts show exceptionally high stability, with almost no degradation over approximately 30 000 potential cycles between 0.4 and 1.4 VRHE.
IL‐13 but not IL‐4 signaling via IL‐4Rα protects mice from papilloma formation during DMBA/TPA two‐step skin carcinogenesis
Authors: Rothe Michael , Quarcoo David , Chashchina Anna A. , Bozrova Svetlana V. , Qin Zhihai , Nedospasov Sergei A. , Blankenstein Thomas , Kammertoens Thomas , Drutskaya Marina S.
Published: October 2013

Interleukin 4 (IL‐4) was shown to be tumor‐promoting in full carcinogenesis studies using 3‐methylcholanthrene (MCA). Because heretofore the role of IL‐4 in DMBA/TPA (9,10‐dimethyl‐1,2‐benz‐anthracene/12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate) two‐stage carcinogenesis was not studied, we performed such experiments using either IL‐4−/− or IL‐4Rα−/− mice. We found that IL‐4Rα−/− but not IL‐4−/− mice have enhanced papilloma formation, suggesting that IL‐13 may be involved. Indeed, IL‐13−/− mice developed more papillomas after exposure to DMBA/TPA than their heterozygous IL‐13‐competent littermate controls. However, when tested in a full carcinogenesis experiment, exposure of mice to 25 μg of MCA, both IL‐13−/− and IL‐13+/− mice led to the same incidence of tumors. While IL‐4 enhances MCA carcinogenesis, it does not play a measurable role in our DMBA/TPA carcinogenesis experiments. Conversely, IL‐13 does not affect MCA carcinogenesis but protects mice from DMBA/TPA carcinogenesis. One possible explanation is that IL‐4 and IL‐13, although they share a common IL‐4Rα chain, regulate signaling in target cells differently by employing distinct JAK/STAT‐mediated signaling pathways downstream of IL‐13 or IL‐4 receptor complexes, resulting in different inflammatory transcriptional programs. Taken together, our results indicate that the course of DMBA/TPA‐ and MCA‐induced carcinogenesis is affected differently by IL‐4 versus IL‐13‐mediated inflammatory cascades.
A performance evaluation of mobility management and multihop supplying partner strategies for 3D streaming systems over thin mobile devices
Authors: Maamar Haifa Raja , Boukerche Azzedine , Petriu Emil
Published: October 2013

The recent advances in technology and mobile computing led to the rapid growth of networked 3D streaming applications. The emerging services can involve augmented reality, virtual environment walkthrough, multiplayer gaming just to mention a few. Because of the limited network bandwidth of the client‐server approach, research works are now turning toward mobile ad hoc networks‐based streaming, where the resources of each peer are used during the streaming service. Peer‐to‐peer technologies are considering the solution to adapt for scalable applications. Yet, supplying partner selection and 3D data delivery are still significant challenges to face because of the dynamic wireless environment that causes link breakages, high packet loss, an adverse impact on the quality of the 3D media, and a low user satisfaction. In this paper, we propose a supplying partner selection technique coupled with a content delivery technique for peer‐to‐peer 3D streaming over thin mobile devices. Our proposed protocol, which we refer to as MULTIPLY, considers multihop suppliers in order to alleviate the load on the server and uses the signal strength measurement to analyze the wireless link when sending back the 3D data. Given the high dynamicity of the network due to the mobility of the users, the streaming can be greatly affected. We therefore study the impact of the mobility on MULTIPLY. The performance evaluation of our protocol obtained using an extensive set of simulation experiments is then reported. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broad Spectrum of Hepatocyte Inclusions in Humans, Animals, and Experimental Models
Authors: Strnad Pavel , Nuraldeen Renwar , Guldiken Nurdan , Hartmann Daniel , Mahajan Vineet , Denk Helmut , Haybaeck Johannes
Published: October 2013

We focus on hepatic inclusions, which are defined as intracellular aggregates of stainable substances. They represent established hallmarks of their respective human disorders, but unlike aggregates found in neurodegenerative disorders are often not well studied. Hepatic inclusions can be subdivided into primary liver aggregates and aggregates found in multiple tissues. The former ones consist of inclusions found in endoplasmic reticulum storage diseases such as α 1‐antitrypsin aggregates or ground‐glass hepatocytes, p62‐containing (Mallory‐Denk bodies and intracellular hyaline bodies) and porphyrin‐containing inclusions. p62‐containing aggregates are not restricted to the liver but are found in multiple other disorders such as Parkinson or Alzheimer disease. Inclusions such as pale bodies or intracellular hyaline bodies are typical for malignant disorders while others (ground‐glass hepatocytes and α1‐antitrypsin aggregates) are predominantly seen in non‐neoplastic tissues. The inclusions, which are not restricted to the liver, are often due to a systemic viral infection, but also due to disruption of glycogen metabolism or systemic inclusion‐forming diseases such as polyglutamine disorders or sarcoidosis. Despite their heterogeneity, inclusions share several pathogenic principles such as an imbalance between protein damage/misfolding on one side and repair/degradation on the other side. This is why hepatic aggregates represent a valuable tool to study the aggregation process in general and to improve our understanding of inclusions found in multiple human disorders. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol3:1393‐1436, 2013.
Unified theory and state‐variable implementation of critical‐monotonic all‐pole filters
Authors: Topisirović Dragan , Litovski Vančo , Andrejević Stošović Miona
Published: October 2013

The subject of synthesis of critical‐monotonic low‐pass amplitude characteristics will be revisited. Several new contributions will be given in order to: facilitate the choice of the proper transfer function, to allow cataloguing the transfer functions, to simplify the circuit synthesis procedure, and to perform synthesis in the form of a state‐variable continuous time active filter. Four main criteria for transfer function synthesis will be implemented: maximally flat at the origin, maximum slope at the band‐edge, maximal asymptotic attenuation, and minimal amplitude distortion in the pass‐band. For every criterion, a class of filters will be generated and the coefficients of the transfer functions will be calculated and published for the first time (with one exception). Properties of the classes so generated will be quantitatively compared for the first time. The state‐variable structure will be advised as the one with the simplest synthesis procedure. The procedure will be explained and the design process will be exemplified. Statistical tolerance analysis will be performed for the example solutions in order to complete the information for comparison. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dysregulation of the axonal trafficking of nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial mRNA alters neuronal mitochondrial activity and mouse behavior
Authors: Kar Amar N. , Sun Ching‐Yu , Reichard Kathryn , Gervasi Noreen M. , Pickel James , Nakazawa Kazu , Gioio Anthony E. , Kaplan Barry B.
Published: October 2013

Local translation of nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial mRNAs is essential for mitochondrial activity, yet there is little insight into the role that axonal trafficking of these transcripts play in neuronal function and behavior. Previously, we identified a 38 nucleotide stem‐loop structure (zipcode) in the 3' untranslated region of the Cytochrome C oxidase IV (COXIV) mRNA that directs the transport of a reporter mRNA to the axon of superior cervical ganglion neurons (SCG). Overexpression of a chimeric reporter mRNA with the COXIV zipcode competed with the axonal trafficking of endogenous COXIV mRNA, and led to attenuated axon growth in SCG neurons. Here, we show that exogenous expression of the COXIV zipcode in cultured SCG neurons also results in the reduction of local ATP levels and increases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the axon. We took advantage of this “competition” phenotype to investigate the in vivo significance of axonal transport of COXIV mRNA. Toward this end, we generated transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent reporter fused to COXIV zipcode under a forebrain‐specific promoter. Immunohistological analyses and RT‐PCR analyses of RNA from the transgenic mouse brain showed expression of the reporter in the deep layer neurons in the pre‐frontal and frontal cortex. Consistent with the in vitro studies, we observed increased ROS levels in neurons of these transgenic animals. A battery of behavioral tests on transgenic mice expressing the COXIV zipcode revealed an “anxiety‐like” behavioral phenotype, suggesting an important role for axonal trafficking of nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial mRNAs in neuronal physiology and animal behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. *Develop Neurobiol 74: 333–350, 2014
The holy grail in genetic toxicology: Follow‐up approaches for positive results in the Ames assay
Authors: Aardema Marilyn J.
Published: October 2013

Positive results in the Ames/E. coli bacterial mutagenicity assay create a significant hurdle for the development of new products/drugs and as a result, most companies drop mutagenic ingredients from further development. One important consequence of this is that the understanding of the human relevance of chemicals that are positive in the Ames assay is not increasing at the pace seen with ingredients that are positive in the other in vitro genotoxicity assays. Recent advances in defining thresholds for mutagenic carcinogens, along with new assays for measuring mutagenicity in vivo suggests it is time to direct more attention to the holy grail of clearly defining practical approaches to address positive results in the Ames assay. To stimulate further discussion and research in this area, a review of the most current thinking on approaches for dealing with Ames positive results is provided along with some suggestions for the way forward. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:617–620, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intentional salt clogging: a novel concept for long‐term CO2 sealing
Authors: Wasch Laura J. , Wollenweber Jens , Tambach Tim J.
Published: October 2013

Well abandonment in the context of CO2 storage operations demands a mitigation strategy for CO2 leakage along the wellbore. To prevent possible CO2 transport toward the surface and to protect the wellbore material from contact with acid brine, we propose forming a salt seal around the wellbore at reservoir level, after CO2 injection into a depleted gas field. The mechanism of water evaporation into dry gas and subsequent salting‐out of the dissolved halite is a well‐known issue in hydrocarbon production. We propose alternating injection of brine and CO2 to facilitate intentional salt clogging of the reservoir. Salt clogging was studied with TOUGH2, simu‐lating multiple cycles of brine and CO2 injection. We developed two near‐well reservoir models – a homogeneous 2D model and a more complex heterogeneous 2D model – using certain characteristics of the K12‐B depleted gas field. The homogeneous 2D model yields a 50‐cm thick salt bank around the well and complete permeability impairment after eight cycles of brine‐CO2 injection. Addition of vertical permeability heterogeneities causes variation in the lateral extent of salt precipitation and hence vertical discontinuities in the salt bank. A carefully designed injection strategy – with more injection cycles and lower injection rates – improves the vertical sealing. Predictions of the amount of required clogging for effective sealing would benefit from more accurate porosity‐permeability relationships and insights in the long‐term stability of the salt bank regarding re‐dissolution. We conclude that alternating brine‐CO2 injection could be a promising method for intentional salt‐clogging of the near‐wellbore area. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Intensity of in‐lake processes in floodplain lakes within the Bug River zone of fluvial activity
Authors: Dawidek Jarosław , Ferencz Beata
Published: October 2013

The paper presents a new approach to calculating the erosion and deposition values of floodplain lake basins, the erosion–deposition index (EDI). The EDI is a sum of the basin geometry indices (BGIs), which can be calculated for a separate cross section of the lake. The distribution of processes within the basin was investigated in two selected floodplain lakes with the use of BGIs. Field research was carried out in the Bug River valley from 1 November 2006 to 31 October 2011. The highest erosion was observed in the lakes located close to the parent river. Deposition processes were observed in lakes with high inflow of groundwater. The results showed that EDI values of 48 out of the 71 floodplain lakes ranged from −0.2 to 0.2. Spatial distribution of erosion and deposition processes within the lake basins resulted from a velocity of water inflowing or flowing through the basin. This was observed especially in contrafluent–confluent lake. Inflow of rivers water via upstream crevasse occurred later than via downstream one, but energy of flowing water was higher, which favoured erosion of this part of the lake basin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Journey of Metal‐metal Bonding beyond Cotton's Quadruple Bonds
Authors: Hua Shao‐An , Tsai Yi‐Chou , Peng Shie‐Ming
Published: October 2013

Whereas the study of the Cotton's quadruple bonding between two metal atoms has been mature, exploration of bonding, potential applications and reactivity in linear oligonuclear metal complexes and quintuple bonded dinuclear compounds is currently underway. Stabilized by four long‐chain organic ligands containing various numbers (3‐13) of nitrogen donors, many metal string complexes featuring a linear metal framework have been recognized. These novel linear oligonuclear metal complexes not only have interesting metal‐metal bonding, but also display potential applications as metal wires for electron conductance. In the relatively young metal‐to‐metal quintuple bonding, the thus far structurally characterized examples are limited to univalent chromium and molybdenum ions supported by sterically encumbered bidentate ligands. These low‐coordinate quintuple bonded dinuclear compounds display ultrashort metal‐metal bond lengths, and interesting reactivity towards inorganic small molecules and unsaturated organics, including complexation, reductive cleavage, and cycloaddition.
[4+2] vs [3+2] Annulations in the Nickel‐ and Cobalt‐Catalyzed Reaction of ortho‐Haloimines with Alkynes: Differential Reactivity towards the Synthesis of Isoquinolines and Aminoindenes
Authors: Mannathan Subramaniyan , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: October 2013

Metal‐catalyzed annulation reactions to synthesize carbo‐ and heterocycles have been an attractive field of research for many years. The development of new cyclization reactions utilizing readily available less expensive metal catalyst is one of the important tasks. In this regard, this review summerizes and discusses about nickel‐ and cobalt‐catalyzed [4+2] and [3+2] annulation reactions of ortho‐halo substituted imines and alkynes. Nickel complexes under suitable reaction conditions underwent [4+2] annulation to form six‐membered isoquinoline (salts) derivatives. However, cobalt complexes afforded aminoindenes via [3+2] annulation reactions. Both reactions proceed through a five membered metallacycle. The regioselective insertion of alkyne containing keto or ester groups into the metallacycle further demonstrates the difference in selectivity of these metal complexes.
Intravenous lobular capillary hemangioma occurring in the cephalic vein of a 39‐year‐old adult
Authors: Ahn Sung Eun , Park Ji Seon , Ryu Kyung Nam , Jin Wook , Park So Young
Published: October 2013

Intravenous lobular capillary hemangiomas are extremely uncommon and mostly occur in the veins of the neck and upper extremities. Here, we report the clinical and sonographic features of an intravenous lobular capillary hemangioma localized in the right cephalic vein, and we discuss its pathologic findings and differential diagnoses. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:375–378, 2014
One‐Pot Synthesis of New 1,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles Bearing 2,2‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)ethenyl Groups via The Ugi Four‐Component Condensation Reaction Catalyzed by MgBr2·2Et2O
Authors: Safa Kazem D. , Shokri Tohid , Abbasi Hassan , Teimuri‐Mofrad Reza
Published: October 2013

A simple one‐pot Ugi four‐component condensation reaction has been developed for the synthesis of tetrazoles bearing 2,2‐bis(trimethylsilyl)ethenyl groups from the synthesized 4‐[2,2‐bis(trimethylsilyl) ethenyl]benzaldehyde (1), various amines, isocyanides, and trimethylsilylazide at room temperature, without solvent, and in the presence of catalytic amounts of MgBr2·2Et2O as catalyst.
Synthesis and Characterization of the New Heterocycle 5‐(4‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐on‐5′‐yl)‐1H‐tetrazole and Some Ionic Nitrogen‐Rich Derivatives
Authors: Fischer Niko , Hüll Katharina , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: October 2013

A new heterocycle consisting of a tetrazole ring attached to an amino‐triazolone ring, namely 5‐(4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐on‐5′‐yl)‐1H‐tetrazole (3) as well as its ammonium (2), hydroxylammonium (3), and sodium salt (4), is introduced. Its ammonium salt (2) is formed starting from tetrazole‐5‐carboxamide oxime (1), which is reacted with diaminourea (carbonyldihydrazide) in aqueous media. All compounds 2, 3, 4, 5 were structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermal behavior was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, and the sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge were determined. Furthermore, several detonation parameters were calculated with the program EXPLO5 to determine the potential use of these compounds as highly energetic materials.
Three‐dimensional hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysms: influence of size and morphology
Authors: Schnell Susanne , Ansari Sameer A. , Vakil Parmede , Wasielewski Marie , Carr Maria L. , Hurley Michael C. , Bendok Bernard R. , Batjer Hunt , Carroll Timothy J. , Carr James , Markl Michael
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To use four‐dimensional (4D)‐flow MRI for the comprehensive in vivo analysis of hemodynamics and its relationship to size and morphology of different intracranial aneurysms (IA). We hypothesize that different IA groups, defined by size and morphology, exhibit different velocity fields, wall shear stress, and vorticity.

Materials and Methods

The 4D‐flow MRI (spatial resolution = 0.99–1.8 × 0.78–1.46 × 1.2–1.4 mm3, temporal resolution = 44–48 ms) was performed in 19 IAs (18 patients, age = 55.4 ± 13.8 years) with saccular (n = 16) and fusiform (n = 3) morphology and different sizes ranging from small (n = 8; largest dimension = 6.2 ± 0.4 mm) to large and giant (n = 11; 25 ± 7 mm). Analysis included quantification of volumetric spatial–temporal velocity distribution, vorticity, and wall shear stress (WSS) along the aneurysm's 3D surface.

Results

The 4D‐flow MRI revealed distinct hemodynamic patterns for large/giant saccular aneurysms (Group 1), small saccular aneurysms (Group 2), and large/giant fusiform aneurysms (Group 3). Saccular IA (Groups 1, 2) demonstrated significantly higher peak velocities (P < 0.002) and WSS (P < 0.001) compared with fusiform aneurysms. Although intra‐aneurysmal 3D velocity distributions were similar for Group 1 and 2, vorticity and WSS was significantly (P < 0.001) different (increased in Group 1 by 54%) indicating a relationship between IA size and hemodynamics. Group 3 showed reduced velocities (P < 0.001) and WSS (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The 4D‐flow MRI demonstrated the influence of lesion size and morphology on aneurysm hemodynamics suggesting the potential of 4D‐flow MRI to assist in the classification of individual aneurysms. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:120–131. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid isotropic resolution cartilage assessment using radial alternating repetition time balanced steady‐state free‐precession imaging
Authors: Al saleh Habib , Hernandez Larry , Lee Kenneth S. , Rosas Humberto G. , Block Walter F. , Kijowski Richard
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To compare a balanced steady‐state free‐precession sequence with a radial k‐space trajectory and alternating repetition time fat suppression (Radial‐ATR) with other currently used fat‐suppressed 3D sequences for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee joint at 3.0T.

Materials and Methods

Radial‐ATR, fast spin‐echo (FSE‐Cube), gradient recall‐echo acquired in the steady‐state (GRASS), and spoiled gradient recall‐echo (SPGR) sequences with similar voxel volumes and identical scan times were performed at 3.0T on both knee joints of five volunteers. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for all sequences using a double acquisition method and compared using Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon tests. Radial‐ATR sequences with 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm isotropic resolution were also performed on the knee joints of seven volunteers and three patients with osteoarthritis.

Results

Average SNR values for cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow were 54.7, 153.3, and 12.9, respectively, for Radial ATR, 30.8, 44.1, and 1.9, respectively, for FSE‐Cube, 13.3, 46.9, and 3.3, respectively, for GRASS, and 19.1, 8.1, and 2.1, respectively, for SPGR. Average CNR values between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow were 98.6 and 41.8, respectively, for VIPR‐ATR, 13.4 and 28.8, respectively, for FSE‐Cube, 33.6 and 10.0, respectively, for GRASS, and 11.0 and 16.9, respectively, for SPGR. Radial‐ATR had significantly higher (P < 0.001) cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow SNR and significantly higher (P < 0.01) CNR between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow than FSE‐Cube, GRASS, and SPGR. Radial‐ATR provided excellent visualization of articular cartilage at high isotropic resolution with no image degradation due to off‐resonance banding artifacts.

Conclusion

Radial‐ATR had superior SNR efficiency to other fat‐suppressed 3D cartilage imaging sequences and produced high isotropic resolution images of the knee joint which could be used for evaluating articular cartilage at 3.0T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:796–803. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional effects of sequence variations in the E6 and E2 genes of human papillomavirus 16 European and Asian variants
Authors: Hang Dong , Gao Lei , Sun Min , Liu Ying , Ke Yang
Published: October 2013

Sequence variations within the genome of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 have been reported in different ethnic populations, with some evidence suggesting that non‐European variants may confer higher oncogenic potential. HPV16 European (EUR) and Asian (As) variants were identified previously as two major variants in cervical cancer from Anyang, China. The evolutionary analysis of these variants revealed that several important sequence variations in the E6 and E2 genes were under positive selection pressure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of these variations on E6 and E2 functions regarding p53 degradation and transcription regulation of the long control region (LCR). By Western blot analysis, a similar ability to degrade p53 was observed among EUR E6, As E6, EUR E6‐L83V and As E6‐E113D. A rare variation, EUR E6‐R10G, was found to shorten the half‐life of p53 more efficiently than the other variations. Unlike EUR E2 acting as a transcriptional activator or a repressor at different concentrations, As E2 showed a dose‐dependent repression of LCR activity, about twofold stronger than EUR E2 in the luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, the site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that E232K, which is a linked variation in the hinge region of As E2, was responsible for its enhanced repression ability. Collectively, these data indicate the altered functions of HPV16 E6 and E2 by certain variations, which may influence the potential of viral carcinogenesis. J. Med. Virol. 86:618–626, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Modular Approach Towards Fluorescent pH and Ascorbic Acid Probes Based on Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Gallas Katharina , Knall Astrid‐Caroline , Scheicher Sylvia R. , Fast David E. , Saf Robert , Slugovc Christian
Published: October 2013

Copolymerization represents a modular synthetic strategy toward optochemical sensors by disassembling small molecule probes and recombining them to screen various fluorophore‐quencher combinations, instead of synthesizing individual sensor molecules. To demonstrate this, a polymerizable, fluorescent 1,6,7,12‐tetrachloroperylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(dicarboximide) derivative with a norbornene ester side chain is prepared and copolymerized with a tertiary‐amine‐bearing monomer, as well as an oligo‐glycol‐bearing monomer, via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). In this manner, water‐soluble optical pH sensor polymers (with apparent pka values of 6.4–7) are obtained. The effect of the macromolecular architecture on the sensing performance is evaluated, whereby a diblock copolymer structure made of an oligoglycol segment and a segment containing the secondary amine and the fluorescent moiety is identified as being most favorable for pH sensing. Similarly, profluorescent polymers are obtained by employing nitroxides instead of secondary amines, which allows detection of ascorbic acid (with a detection limit of 0.1 × 10−3m) in water.

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Rare sequence variants in ANO3 and GNAL in a primary torsion dystonia series and controls
Authors: Zech Michael , Gross Nadine , Jochim Angela , Castrop Florian , Kaffe Maria , Dresel Christian , Lichtner Peter , Peters Annette , Gieger Christian , Meitinger Thomas , Haslinger Bernhard , Winkelmann Juliane
Published: October 2013

Background

Rare autosomal‐dominant mutations in ANO3 and GNAL have been recently shown to represent novel genetic factors underlying primary torsion dystonia (PTD) with predominantly craniocervical involvement.

Methods

We used high‐resolution melting to screen all exons of ANO3 and GNAL for rare sequence variants in a population of 342 German individuals with mainly sporadic PTD and 376 general population controls.

Results

We identified 2 novel missense variants in ANO3 (p.Ile833Val and p.Gly973Arg) and 1 novel missense variant in GNAL (p.Val146Met) in three different nonfamilial cases. Variant carriers presented with adult‐onset dystonia involving the neck and/or face. In controls, 3 rare ANO3 missense variants (p.Tyr235Cys, p.Asn256Ser, and p.Pro893Leu) but no rare nonsynonymous GNAL variants were present.

Conclusions

GNAL variants seem to be a rare cause of PTD in our mainly sporadic German sample. Low frequency missense variants in ANO3 occur in both cases and controls, warranting further assessment of this gene in PTD pathogenesis. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Application of PINS radiofrequency pulses to reduce power deposition in RARE/turbo spin echo imaging of the human head
Authors: Norris David G. , Boyacioğlu Rasim , Schulz Jenni , Barth Markus , Koopmans Peter J.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To explore the use of PINS radiofrequency (RF) pulses to reduce RF power deposition in multiband/simultaneous multislice imaging with the RARE/turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence at 3T and 7T.

Methods

A PINS‐TSE sequence was implemented and combined with blipped CAIPI to improve the reconstruction of superposed slices. Whole brain imaging of healthy volunteers was performed at both 3T and 7T using a 32‐channel coil for signal reception.

Results

A considerable reduction in power deposition was achieved compared with a standard sequence of the manufacturer. At 3T, the reduction in specific absorption rate (SAR) made short pulse repetition times (TRs) possible, however, in order to obtain a good T2 contrast, it is advisable to maintain TR while extending the echo train length. At 7T, whole brain coverage with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 × 2 mm3 was achieved in an acquisition time of 150 s. Furthermore, it could be shown that pulse sequences that use PINS pulses do not suffer from having additional magnetization transfer contrast.

Conclusion

PINS RF pulses combined with multiband imaging reduce SAR sufficiently to enable routine TSE imaging at 7T within clinically acceptable acquisition times. In general, the combination of multiband imaging with PINS RF pulses represents a method to reduce total RF power deposition. Magn Reson Med 71:44–49, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ZnO nanoparticles dispersed poly(aniline‐co‐o‐anthranilic acid) composites: Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and Ni(II)
Authors: Haldorai Yuvaraj , Sivakumar K. , Shim Jae‐Jin
Published: October 2013

In this report, poly(aniline‐co‐anthranilic acid)/zinc oxide (poly(ANI‐co‐ANA)/ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared by in‐situ chemical oxidative polymerization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the resulting pure copolymer and nanocomposite. TEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 15–25 nm were dispersed in the copolymer matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the nanocomposite had a higher decomposition temperature than the pure copolymer. The conductivity measurements showed the resulting nanocomposite possessed higher conductivity as compared to the pure copolymer. Photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution using as‐synthesized nanocomposite under UV‐light irradiation was studied. The reduction patterns of Cr(VI) and Ni(II) were better fitted to first‐order kinetic model. The nanocomposite was also applied as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue dye. The result revealed substantial degradation of the dye (∼82%) under UV‐light illumination. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:839–846, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Do ICF Core Sets for Low Back Pain Include Patients' Self‐Reported Activity Limitations because of Back Problems?
Authors: Lygren Hildegunn , Strand Liv Inger , Anderson Bodil , Magnussen Liv Heide
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate content validity of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for low back pain (LBP), by examining whether common activities reported as difficult to perform are included in the Core Sets.

Methods

A cross‐sectional design was used. Ninety‐eight patients with long‐lasting back pain (>3 months) between 18 and 65 years of age were consecutively recruited from a Multidisciplinary Outpatient Spine Clinic. Difficulties with daily life and work task activities because of back pain were examined by asking the patients two questions: 1) can you specify activities that are difficult to perform because of your back pain? and 2) are there specific work tasks that you are unable to do because of your back pain? Two raters independently classified the written responses according to the ICF Core Sets' component Activities and Participation.

Results

Activities and work tasks were linked to 15 of 29 categories (52%) in the Comprehensive Core Set, and 9 of 12 (75%) in the Brief Core Set, and the initial agreement between the two raters in coding the answers according to the Core Sets was (83%, k = 0.80) and (93%, k = 0.9), respectively, before consensus was reached.

Conclusions

The Comprehensive Core Set for LBP to a large degree contains daily life and work‐related activities frequently reported as difficult to perform by patients with long‐lasting LBP. The categories, however, are very broad and do not provide specified descriptions of the most frequently reported activity limitations such as sitting, standing and walking. The Brief Core Set does not include categories for frequently reported activities such as pulling/pushing and leisure/recreation activities. ICF Core Sets for LBP seem suitable for obtaining a gross overview of the patients' functional limitations, but do not give sufficient information from a therapeutic point of view. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.