bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Methods for Objective Evaluation of Fabric Pilling by Frequency Domain Image Processing
Authors: Palmer Stuart , Zhang Junmin , Wang Xungai
Published: April 2016

Fabric pilling is a serious problem for the apparel industry. Resistance to pilling is normally tested by simulated accelerated wear and manual assessment of degree of pilling based on a visual comparison of the sample to a set of test images. A number of automated systems based on image analysis have been developed. The authors propose new methods of image analysis based on the two-dimensional wavelet transform to objectively measure the pilling intensity in sample images. Initial work employed the detail coefficients of the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (2DDWT) as a measure of the pilling intensity of woven/knitted fabrics.

This method is shown to be robust to image translation and brightness variation. Using the approximation coefficients of the 2DDWT, the method is extended to non-woven pilling image sets. Wavelet texture analysis (WTA) combined with principal components analysis are shown to produce a richer texture description of pilling for analysis and classification. Finally, employing the two-dimensional dual-tree complex wavelet transform as the basis for the WTA feature vector is shown to produce good automated classification on a range of standard pilling image sets.
Improvement on Hydrophobicity of Synthetic Textiles by Plasma Treatment – A Review
Authors: Abo-Shosha M.H. , Nassar F.A. , Haggag K.M. , El-Sayed Z. , Hassabo A.G.
Published: April 2016

Condensates of stearic (St), palmitic (Pa) or myristic (My) acids with polyethylene glycols (PEG) 300, 400, 600, 2000 or 6000, are utilized as emulsifiers for kerosene ∓ in ∓ water pigment printing pastes. Pastes based on condensates of PEG 300 or 400 are unstable while the others are stable. Rheology of stable pastes, aside from those based on a commercial emulsifier, are of a non ∓ Newtonian, shear thinning ∓ thixotropic flow. The order of the flow properties of pastes enhanced are found. Cotton pigment prints using the nine pastes are sharp and of comparable handle, colour strength and color fastness to those based on a paste of either a commercial emulsifier or synthetic thickener (except for Pa∓6000). The pigment prints of 65/35 cotton/polyester are sharp only upon using pastes of commercial emulsifier, synthetic thickener, St∓600, St∓2000, St∓6000 and My∓2000. After 7 days of storing, all pastes are stable with increased apparent viscosities and induced color strength on both cotton and blended fabrics.
Synthesis and Dyeing Performance of Various Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Based Reactive Dyes
Authors: Patel Divyesh R. , Patel Naitik B. , Patel Keshav C.
Published: April 2016

This paper is concerned with the synthesis and evaluation of different novel bisazo reactive dyes derived from 2,5-Bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole by using various cyanurated coupling components. Their dyeing performance as reactive dyes has been assessed on silk, wool and cotton fibres. These dyes are found to give yellow to purple shades upon dyeing, with very good depth, levelness and brightness on the fibres. These dyes are characterized by infrared (IR) and 1H NMR spectral studies, visible absorption spectra and an elemental analysis. The percentage dyebath exhaustion and fixation are found to be very good and acceptable. The dyed fibres show moderate to very good light fastness, and good to excellent washing and rubbing fastness properties. The absorption characteristics of the dyes in different solvents have also been examined in detail.
Dyeing of Cotton, Silk and Wool with Bark Extract of Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam
Authors: Vankar Padma. S. , Shanker Rakhi , Wijayapala Samudrika
Published: April 2016

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (local name jackfruit) belongs to the family of Moraceae. It produces natural dye from the bark of the tree which has been shown as a prospective natural dye source for textiles. In the present study, innovative extraction of yellow colorants using ultrasound energy is shown. Dyeing with jackfruit bark extract has been shown to give good dyeing results. Pretreatment with 1 % metal mordant and 4 % of bark extract (owf) was found to be suitable and showed very good fastness properties for cotton, wool and silk dyed fabrics with hue colors ranging from light brown to greenish to brown. The dye uptake by cotton fabric ranged from 55-62%, 68-70% for silk and 59-73% for wool with different mordants. The effectiveness of metal mordant-artocarpus in better dye uptake appears to be an improved process resulting in good dye adherence and good fastness properties.
Identification of Natural Dyes in Selected Museum Textiles Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection (HPLC-PDA)
Authors: Abdel-Kareem Omar , Alawi Mahmoud A. , Mubarak Mohammad S.
Published: April 2016

The present study has employed a high performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) to identify the dyestuffs in textile samples collected from the Coptic Museum in Cairo and the Museum of Jordanian Heritage. The results indicate that mixtures of organic dyes are used in dyeing these samples to produce different colours. The most dominantly identified colourants in samples collected from the Museum of Jordanian Heritage are laccaic acid, kermesic acid, munjistin and indigotin. The most dominantly identified dyestuffs are lac dye (Kerria lacca, Kerr), kermes (Kermes vermilio), madder (Rubia) species and indigoid dye source, either indigo (Indigofera species) or woad (Isatis tinctoria L.). These results confirm the historical information in the Museum of Jordanian Heritage in that the tested textile objects date back to the end of the 19th century or the beginning of the 20th century. The most dominantly identified colourants in samples collected from the Coptic Museum are alizarin, purpurin, and indigotin. The most dominantly identified dyestuffs are madder and indigotin. Based on this investigation, it is concluded that the tested dyed samples collected from the Coptic Museum belong to the 6-7th centuries. This conclusion is in agreement with the initial dating of samples according to the style of the decorations.
Influence of Crimping Process Parameters on Vascular Prostheses Mechanical Performances
Authors: Khlif H. , Abdessalem S. Ben
Published: April 2016

Textile prostheses made of polyethylene terephthalate fibers are commonly used to cure cardiovascular pathologies by replacing diseased arteries. Any failure of vascular surgery is not only expensive, but also unacceptable. Biocompatibility, biofunctionality and biodurability must be taken into consideration especially with the increasing life expectancy of the population. An outstanding development of vascular prostheses might be achieved by a better choice of biomaterials and an optimization of manufacturing processes, especially the crimping technique. Crimping is an "accordion"-pleat deformation, which gives the graft a radial resistance and a longitudinal compliance. It also improves the resistance of the prosthesis to kinking and external compression. The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of three thermofixing techniques used for vascular prosthesis crimping. This will help to find the crimping process that leads to the lowest reduction of the mechanical performances of the material. We have demonstrated that the heat-setting in saturated vapor introduces the best mechanical behavior of crimped woven tubes in comparison to heat-settings with dry heat and boiling water.
Intelligent Settings Using Artificial Intelligence at Auto-leveling Drawing Frame
Authors: Assad Farooq , Cherif C.
Published: April 2016

The optimization of a process requires exact knowledge of the process, which is knowledge of correlations and inter-dependence between the process-determining variables and the knowledge over the actual condition of the process. In a data rich knowledge poor process like spinning, where the exact relationships between machine, material, climate and quality are yet to be concluded objectively, this research focuses on the use of artificial neural networks as a tool to find out the correlations between decisive variables and to determine the optimum settings. Drawing frame is considered to be the last fault correction point in spinning preparation chain, therefore, its settings has a vital role to play towards yarn quality. Leveling action point is one of the important auto-leveling settings involving an automatic search function at Rieter drawing frame RSB-D40 and requiring a large amount of sliver. In this study, attempts were made to optimize the leveling action point. Optimization of draft settings is also within the scope of this article. The ANNs were used to achieve such objectives and they were found to be very helpful in identifying the optimum settings and hence decreasing material loss and improving sliver quality.
Determination of the Bending Modulus for Fabrics Using Simply Supported Beam Systems
Authors: Ghane M. , Ghahraman T. , Sheikhzadeh M. , Halabian A.M.
Published: April 2016

A fabric can be modeled as an elastic beam supported by simple supports subjected to its own weight. The maximum deflection in the middle can be measured accurately. Different types of fabrics are tested and the bending modulus of the fabrics is then calculated in both small and large deflection cases. In the case of large deflection, the finite element method is used to solve the governing differential equation. The difference between the values of the bending modulus obtained from the small and large deflection cases increases as the length of the bent fabric is increased. The reason is less accuracy of the small deflection equations in longer lengths of the beam. However, the results reveal that even in the longest length of the tested beam (fabric), the differences between the values of the bending modulus from small and large deflection cases are in an acceptable range. It can be concluded that the case of the small deflection can be used to calculate the bending modulus of the fabrics in a simply supported beam method with an acceptable accuracy.
Unconventional Natural Dyeing Using Microwave Heating with Cochineal as Natural Dyes
Authors: Elshemy N.S.
Published: April 2016

This research concerns making wool fabrics with dye extracted from cochineal using microwave heating. The result shows good fastness properties. To promote value addition in domestic processing and to boost rural income and employment in small-scale agroenterprises, it is necessary to promote non-polluting natural dyes, which involve inexpensive equipment and small-scale operations. The exploration of new flora can be environmentally and economically viable. Our aim is to show the feasibility of providing high-quality natural dyes extracted from insects, thus improving our environment and giving opportunities to the fabric industry to catch up with the current consumer trends towards more aesthetic fabrics and natural products.

We investigate cochineal as a natural dye using microwave irradiation under different factors such as dye extraction, the pH level of dye bath, dyeing time, dye concentration, microwave power level and mordants, and compare the results with those obtained using traditional heating. The dye extraction indicates that microwave heating is a more effective method than traditional heating. The kinetic parameters are examined to determine half-dyeing time (t½), dye affinity (Δµ°), dye rate constant (K) and heat content (ΔH).
Study of Bamboo and Cotton Blended Baby Diapers
Authors: Shanmugasundaram O.L. , Gowda R.V. Mahendra
Published: April 2016

Absorbent disposable products, such as diapers and sanitary napkins, are mostly one-time use items and designed to absorb and retain body fluids and solid waste. The present research work deals with the development and characterization of baby diapers made from four different fibrous compositions namely, pure bamboo, pure cotton, bamboo/cotton (70/30) and bamboo/cotton (50/50). Antibacterial activity tests have been carried out on baby diapers against S.aureus and E.coli. The strongest antibacterial activity in terms of reduction of the organism is found in diapers produced from pure bamboo fibre and the weakest antibacterial activity is found in cotton diapers. Superabsorbent polymer (SAP), namely, sodium polyacrylate is incorporated into the diapers to enhance their absorption capacity. The diapers are subjected to tests such as absorption capacity, liquid strike-through, acquisition time under load and diaper rewet under load to study their performance. Upon an analysis of the results, it is found that the performance of diapers produced from a bamboo/cotton (70/30) fibre blend is superior in comparison to the other ones.
Icotinib as initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases
Authors: Xu Jian‐ping , Liu Xiao‐yan , Yang Sheng , Zhang Chang‐gong , Wang Lin , Shi Yuan‐kai
Published: April 2016

Background

To evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of icotinib as initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with histologically or pathologically documented brain metastatic lung cancer were administered icotinib as initial treatment from 2011 to 2015 at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Chemotherapy response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and toxicity was evaluated according to National Cancer Institute‐Common Toxicity Criteria. Icotinib was administered three times per day at a dose of 125mg.

Results

The median overall and progression‐free survival rates were 15.2 (1.2–31.5 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.6–23.7 months) and 8.9 months (0.6–30.5 months, 95% CI 3.4–14.3 months), respectively. The overall response and disease control rates were 61.9% and 90.5%, respectively. Icotinib was well tolerated, and no grade 3/4 adverse events were observed. The most common grade 1/2 adverse events included acneiform eruptions (38.1%), diarrhea (19.0%), and stomatitis (9.5%).

Conclusion

Icotinib is effective and well tolerated as initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases.
Roles of hesC and gcm in echinoid larval mesenchyme cell development
Authors: Yamazaki Atsuko , Minokawa Takuya
Published: April 2016

To understand the roles of hesC and gcm during larval mesenchyme specification and differentiation in echinoids, we performed perturbation experiments for these genes in two distantly related euechinoids, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Scaphechinus mirabilis. The number of larval mesenchyme cells increased when the translation of hesC was inhibited, thereby suggesting that hesC has a general role in larval mesenchyme development. We confirmed previous results by demonstrating that gcm is involved in pigment cell differentiation. Simultaneous inhibition of the translation of hesC and gcm induced a significant increase in the number of skeletogenic cells, which suggests that gcm functions in skeletogenic fate repression. Based on these observations, we suggest that: (i) hesC participates in some general aspects of mesenchymal cell development; and (ii) gcm is involved in the mechanism responsible for the binary specification of skeletogenic and pigment cell fates.
Reduced protein bound uraemic toxins in vegetarian kidney failure patients treated by haemodiafiltration
Authors: Kandouz Sakina , Mohamed Ali Shendi , Zheng Yishan , Sandeman Susan , Davenport Andrew
Published: April 2016

Introduction Indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p cresyl sulfate (PCS) are protein bound toxins which accumulate with chronic kidney disease. Haemodiafiltration (HDF) increases middle molecule clearances and has been suggested to increase IS and PCS clearance. We therefore wished to establish whether higher convective clearances with HDF would reduce IS and PCS concentrations.

Methods We measured total plasma IS and PCS in a cohort of 138 CKD5d patients treated by On‐line HDF (Ol‐HDF), by high pressure liquid chromatography.

Findings Mean patient age was 64.6 ± 16.5 years, 60.1% male, 57.3% diabetic, median dialysis vintage 25.9 months (12.4–62.0). The mean ICS concentration was 79.8 ± 56.4 umol/L and PCS 140.3 ± 101.8 umol/L. On multivariate analysis, IS was associated with serum albumin (β 4.31,P < 0.001), and negatively with residual renal function (β‐4.1,P = 0.02) and vegetarian diet(β‐28.3, P = 0.048) and PCS negatively with log C reactive protein (β‐75.8, P < 0.001) and vegetarian diet (β‐109, P = 0.001). Vegetarian patients had lower IS and PCS levels (median 41.5 (24.2–71.9) vs. 78.1 (49.5–107.5) and PCS (41.6 (14.2–178.3) vs. 127.3 (77.4–205.6) µmol/L, respectively, P < 0.05. Vegetarian patients had lower preOl‐HDF serum urea, and phosphate (13.8 ±3.8 vs. 18.4 ± 5.2 mmol/L, and 1.33 ± 0.21 vs. 1.58 ± 0.45 mmol/L), and estimated urea nitrogen intake (1.25 ± 0.28 vs. 1.62 ± 0.5 g/kg/day), respectively, all P < 0.05.

Discussion Plasma IS and PCS concentrations were not lower with Ol‐HDF compared to previous studies in haemodialysis patients. However those eating a vegetarian diet had reduced IS and PCS concentrations. Although this could be due to differences in dietary protein intake, a vegetarian diet may also potentially reduce IS and PCS production by the intestinal microbiome.
Analysis of a government policy to address nursing shortage and nursing education quality
Authors: Abhicharttibutra K. , Kunaviktikul W. , Turale S. , Wichaikhum O.‐A. , Srisuphan W.
Published: April 2016

Background

A well‐educated, sufficient nursing workforce improves population health and standards of nursing care. Analysing workforce policies assists nurses to learn from the past and develop better future policies.

Aim

Describe policy‐making processes in the first Thai government plan to increase nursing capacity and improve nursing education quality.

Design

A qualitative study employing Longest's model to examine policy‐making processes.

Methods

Data were obtained from 28 in‐depth interviews with key informants, who had been committee members and former deans of nursing involved with the policy processes in the 1990s. Both qualitative and quantitative data were extracted from relevant documents, and content analysis employed with all data.

Findings

Three policy phases were identified. Policy formulation, where three streams of problems, politics and policy resulted in identification of nursing shortage, changes of government incumbents and needing to increase nurse production; Policy implementation included creating methods of implementation, appointing responsible people and committees, creating operational plans, producing more nurses and faculty development projects and Policy modification which incorporated implementing the first Thai international doctoral degree in English, a collaborative programme between universities.

Study limitations

Not all key informants could be accessed due to the passage of time. Findings are unique to Thailand but inform internationally of nurses’ abilities and need to be involved in policy.

Conclusion

Nurses were involved in all policy phases. While the policy produced positive developments in growing nursing capacity and education in the past, nursing shortages remained and are now acute in Thailand.

Implications for Nursing/Health Policy

Lessons learned from this policy analysis help explain why the nursing education and nursing shortage policy was legislated through the government agenda, and the active involvement of Thai nurses in this process. Nurses globally need to be at the policy‐making table to try to reduce nursing shortages, and enhance practice and education environments.
Weight and weight change and risk of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure – the HUNT Study
Authors: Janszky I. , Romundstad P. , Laugsand L. E. , Vatten L. J. , Mukamal K. J. , Mørkedal B.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To delineate the association of weight with cardiovascular health throughout adulthood.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based prospective cohort study of 26 097 community‐dwelling individuals who were followed for 11.4 years with measurements of cardiovascular risk factors and common chronic disorders. Body weight and height were directly measured at baseline in 1995–1997 as they had been 10 and 30 years prior to baseline. From these measurements, we estimated average body mass index (BMI) over time and calculated weight change.

Results

The association of average BMI with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) became weaker with adjustment for the most recent BMI measurement, whilst this adjustment had a more limited effect on associations with heart failure (HF) risk. For example, the multi‐adjusted hazard ratios for AMI in a comparison of individuals with average BMI until baseline ≥35 kg m−2 and between 18.5 and 22.4 kg m−2 decreased from 1.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.95] to 1.32 (0.73–2.40). The corresponding numbers for HF were 3.12 (1.85–5.27) and 2.95 (1.53–5.71), respectively. The associations between weight change and risk of AMI and HF were U‐shaped, with stable weight showing the lowest risk.

Conclusion

Sustained overweight or obesity over time is associated with increased risk of HF, even after adjustment for the most recent BMI. For AMI risk, the most recent BMI appears to be the most important. Weight change also increases risks for both outcomes beyond the effects of BMI. Our results suggest that a global epidemic of obesity is likely to increase the incidence of HF, even if BMI in middle age can be controlled.
Effect of dystocia on subsequent reproductive performance and functional longevity in Holstein cows
Authors: Ghavi Hossein‐Zadeh N.
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dystocia on the reproductive performance and functional longevity in Iranian Holsteins. Data consisted of 1 467 064 lactation records of 581 421 Holstein cows from 3083 herds which were collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran from April 1987 to February 2014. Reproduction traits in this study included interval from first to second calving, days open and days from first calving to first service. The generalized linear model was used for the statistical analysis of reproductive traits. Survival analysis was performed using the Weibull proportional hazards models to analyse the impact of dystocia on functional longevity. The incidence of dystocia had an adverse effect on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Therefore, reproductive traits deteriorated along with increase in dystocia score (p < 0.05). The culling risk was increased along with increase in the score of dystocia (p < 0.0001). The greatest culling risk was observed in primiparous cows, small herds and low‐yielding cows (p < 0.0001). Also, the lowest culling risk was found for cows calving at the youngest age (<27 months), and cows with age at first calving >33 months had the greatest risk (p < 0.0001). The results of current study indicated that dystocia had important negative effects on the reproductive performance and functional longevity in dairy cows, and it should be avoided as much as possible to provide a good perspective in the scope of economic and animal welfare issues in dairy herds.
Tracking of toddler fruit and vegetable preferences to intake and adiposity later in childhood
Authors: Fletcher Suzanne , Wright Charlotte , Jones Angela , Parkinson Kathryn , Adamson Ashley
Published: April 2016

This study examined whether toddlers' liking for fruit and vegetables (FV) predicts intake of FV later in childhood, how both relate to childhood adiposity and how these were moderated by factors in infancy. Children in the Gateshead Millennium Study were recruited at birth in 1999–2000. Feeding data collected in the first year were linked to data from a parental questionnaire completed for 456 children at age 2.5 years (30 m) and to anthropometry, skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance and 4‐day food diary data collected for 293 of these children at age 7 years. Aged 30 months, 50% of children were reported to like eight different vegetables and three fruits, but at 7 years, children ate a median of only 1.3 (range 0–7) portions of vegetables and 1.0 portion of fruit (0–4). Early appetite, feeding problems and food neophobia showed significant univariate associations with liking for FV aged 30 m, but the number of vegetables toddlers liked was the only independent predictor of vegetable consumption at age 7 years (odds ratio (OR) 1.28 p < 0.001). Liking for fruit aged 30 m also independently predicted fruit intake (OR = 1.31, p = 0.016), but these were also related to deprivation (OR = 2.69, p = 0.001) maternal education (OR = 1.28, p = 0.039) and female gender (OR = 1.8, p = 0.024). Children eating more FV at age 7 years had slightly lower body mass index and skinfolds. An early liking for FV predicted increased later intake, so increasing early exposure to FV could have long term beneficial consequences.
Body temperature regulation is associated with climatic and geographical variables but not wing pigmentation in two rubyspot damselflies (Odonata: Calopterygidae)
Authors: Rivas Miguel , Martínez‐Meyer Enrique , Muñoz Jesús , Córdoba‐Aguilar Alex
Published: April 2016

It has been proposed that wing pigmented spots function in temperature control in male calopterygids. Using two rubyspot species Hetaerina americana Fabricius and Hetaerina vulnerata Hagen in Selys, the present study investigated whether (i) wing spot size and colour‐modified aspect can predict temperature gain after a cooling event; (ii) wing spot size is related to the temperature needed to fly and how long it takes to initiate flight; and (iii) wing spot size is related to seasonality and altitude. The results obtained do not support any of these relationships. The results also indicate that H. vulnerata can achieve flight at 8 °C less than H. americana. The present study further investigates whether the species differ in their latitudinal and geographical distribution, and respond differently to bioclimatic variables. The results obtained provide support for this particular hypothesis, showing that H. vulnerata inhabits higher altitudes, and is able to tolerate colder environments compared with H. americana. Wing spots in the two Hetaerina species do not help in thermoregulation, although both species show different temperature control abilities. This difference in thermoregulatory ability may enable the species to colonize different environments and reduce interspecific competition.
Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases
Authors: Knight Ellie T. , Liu Jenny , Seymour Gregory J. , Faggion Clovis M. , Cullinan Mary P.
Published: April 2016

Plaque‐induced periodontal diseases occur in response to the accumulation of dental plaque. Disease manifestation and progression is determined by the nature of the immune response to the bacterial complexes in plaque. In general, predisposing factors for these periodontal diseases can be defined as those factors which retain or hinder the removal of plaque and, depending upon the nature of the immune response to this plaque, the disease will either remain stable and not progress or it may progress and result in chronic periodontitis. In contrast, modifying factors can be defined as those factors that alter the nature or course of the inflammatory lesion. These factors do not cause the disease but rather modify the chronic inflammatory response, which, in turn, is determined by the nature of the innate and adaptive immune responses and the local cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks. Chronic inflammation is characterized by vascular, cellular and repair responses within the tissues. This paper will focus on how common modifying factors, such as smoking, stress, hormonal changes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and HIV/AIDS, influence each of these responses, together with treatment implications. As treatment planning in periodontics requires an understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, it is important for all modifying factors to be taken into account. For some of these, such as smoking, stress and diabetic control, supportive health behavior advice within the dental setting should be an integral component for overall patient management.
Scaling and root planing vs. conservative surgery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Deas David E. , Moritz Alan J. , Sagun Ruben S. , Gruwell Scott F. , Powell Charles A.
Published: April 2016

A renewed interest in conservative surgical techniques has been fueled by new technology, changes in referral patterns to periodontists and a desire to achieve periodontal health in the least invasive, most cost‐efficient manner possible. Trends suggest that an increasing amount of periodontal care is being provided in the offices of general dentists. If true, it is likely that patients receiving care in these offices will be offered simpler surgical treatment modalities that do not require an extensive armamentarium. The purpose of this article was to review the effectiveness of six relatively simple surgical techniques – gingivectomy, flap debridement, modified Widman flap, excisional new attachment procedure, modified excisional new attachment procedure and laser‐assisted new attachment procedure – and to compare the results obtained using these procedures with the well‐known clinical benefits of scaling and root planing. The intent was to determine whether the benefits of surgical procedures in the hands of most general dentists extend beyond those of conventional nonsurgical therapy.
The tobacco‐using periodontal patient: role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management
Authors: Chaffee Benjamin W. , Couch Elizabeth T. , Ryder Mark I.
Published: April 2016

Although the prevalence of tobacco use has declined in some parts of the world, tobacco use remains a persistent and, in some cases, growing problem that will continue to be a fundamental challenge facing dental practitioners in the decades ahead. Dental practitioners have a unique opportunity and professional obligation to be a positive influence in reducing the economic and social burden inflicted by tobacco use on dental and general health. In this article, the current noninvasive, evidence‐based approaches are presented for dental practitioners to help patients avoid initiating tobacco use, to encourage and assist patients in ceasing tobacco use and to address tobacco‐induced damage to periodontal supporting tissues.
Reclaiming the Prison Boom: Considering Prison Proliferation in the Era of Mass Imprisonment
Authors: Eason John M.
Published: April 2016

While mass imprisonment is a central topic of investigation within the sociology of punishment, less is known about the prison boom – the period beginning in 1970 during which the number of US prison facilities tripled. Surprisingly, our understanding of prison impact on rural communities is minimal despite nearly 70 percent of the new facilities being constructed in rural areas. With little fanfare, prison proliferation has severely altered the physical, social, economic, and political landscape of rural America. With few exceptions, scholars fail to consider where and why prisons are built, and how these places are impacted economically, or local perceptions of these impacts. As the next steps for this research agenda have not been clearly defined, this paper serves two purposes: (i) to differentiate and redefine the contours of the prison boom from mass imprisonment and then (ii) to explore the causes and consequences of the prison boom in building a framework to conduct future research into these critical issues.
After Postnational Citizenship: Constructing the Boundaries of Inclusion in Neoliberal Contexts
Authors: Deckard Natalie Delia , Heslin Alison
Published: April 2016

Profound changes in global exchanges of goods, ideas, and labor in the 20th century required scholars to critically engage with notions of citizenship, belonging and inclusion. Scholars of globalization initially posited the development of a postnational citizenship, wherein rights are attached to individuals as human beings rather than as members of particular nation‐states. This article questions these theories in light of the evolution of neoliberalism in global markets and the worsening problems of the displaced and rightless. We show that, with the prioritization of market participation as a condition of full inclusion, personhood is not sufficient for belonging or claims‐making. We highlight the effects of the new ‘market citizenship’ on both migrant groups and native‐born minorities, whose inclusion is increasingly based on economic success rather than legal citizenship. We consider the literature on the ways that neoliberalism builds upon historical economic inequalities to distribute citizenship rights to those individuals deemed productive within the current economic system. Finally, we demonstrate that the current citizenship regime, while not anchored in the nation‐state, is very different from early formulations of postnational citizenship. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the Post‐Industrial Assembly Line: A Critical Appraisal of the Call Centre
Authors: Lloyd Anthony
Published: April 2016

As a relatively new form of service sector employment, call centres have been an important issue in the sociology of work for two decades. This article offers a critical review and appraisal of call centre literature, drawing upon an existing typology classifying call centre research in four categories: characteristics and organisational features; choices and strategies of management; the effect of work on employees; and the response of employees to working conditions. The article also explores recent developments that utilise call centres as a tool to investigate emerging social theories and other sociological concepts.
Beyond Denialism: Think Tank Approaches to Climate Change
Authors: Bonds Eric
Published: April 2016

Sociologists have done important research documenting the key role that think tanks play in the climate change denialism movement in the United States, which has sought to mislead the American public about the realities of global warming. Sociologists have not, however, assessed the full range of ways that think tanks are responding to – or planning for – global environmental change. This article proposes a typology of elite responses to global warming, which goes beyond denialism to include (i) limited climate mitigation, (ii) climate adaptation/privileged accommodation, and (iii) climate opportunism. Ultimately, this article provides insights on ways to build upon previous research in both environmental and political sociology to study the interface between elite‐driven policy, climate change, and capitalism.
Funding for Social Movements
Authors: Corrigall‐Brown Catherine
Published: April 2016

Funding is critical for social movements. Our understanding of the relationship between social movements and funders has been shaped by broader theories used to understand movement dynamics. This review examines our changing understanding of the role of funding for movements, paying particular attention to the relative costs and benefits of funding from different groups of actors, such as constituents, foundations, governments, and corporations. While these groups provide critical resources to movements, they can also potentially alter movements by channeling them into less contentious actions and more bureaucratized forms. I explore three current debates in the area of social movement funding. First, current work assesses the relationships of funding, particularly how the interactions between funders and funded groups shape the types of actions in which social movements can engage. Second, social movement funding is embedded within a larger context, and current work is attempting to better understand the role of this context by engaging in comparative research. Finally, debates surrounding the rising importance of corporate funding for movements focus on how these new streams of revenue could help (or hinder) social movement activities.
Leading Learning: Science Departments and the Chair
Authors: Melville Wayne , Campbell Todd , Jones Doug
Published: April 2016

In this article, we have considered the role of the chair in leading the learning necessary for a department to become effective in the teaching and learning of science from a reformed perspective. We conceptualize the phrase “leading learning” to mean the chair's constitution of influence, power, and authority to intentionally impact the conceptual, pedagogical, cultural, and political aspects of teachers’ work. The data for this article are based on our ongoing work with one science department, over the past nine years, and have been woven into a longitudinal narrative study of a chair who has led the learning of an effective department since 2000. In considering the data, we can reach two major conclusions. First, for a chair to lead learning is to build a professional commitment to a vision of science education, not a particular program. Second, in leading learning, chairs afford opportunities for teacher empowerment. This affordance, however, is only half the issue. It is commitment to a vision that drives a desire to take advantage of opportunities as they arise. In leading learning that reflects changes in the broader science education community, learning opportunities are opened beyond the department.
Rate discrimination at low pulse rates in normal-hearing and cochlear implant listeners: Influence of intracochlear stimulation site
Authors: Stahl Pierre , Macherey Olivier , Meunier Sabine , Roman Stéphane
Published: April 2016

Temporal pitch perception in cochlear implantees remains weaker than in normal hearing listeners and is usually limited to rates below about 300 pulses per second (pps). Recent studies have suggested that stimulating the apical part of the cochlea may improve the temporal coding of pitch by cochlear implants (CIs), compared to stimulating other sites. The present study focuses on rate discrimination at low pulse rates (ranging from 20 to 104 pps). Two experiments measured and compared pulse rate difference limens (DLs) at four fundamental frequencies (ranging from 20 to 104 Hz) in both CI and normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Experiment 1 measured DLs in users of the (Med-El CI, Innsbruck, Austria) device for two electrodes (one apical and one basal). In experiment 2, DLs for NH listeners were compared for unresolved harmonic complex tones filtered in two frequency regions (lower cut-off frequencies of 1200 and 3600 Hz, respectively) and for different bandwidths. Pulse rate discrimination performance was significantly better when stimulation was provided by the apical electrode in CI users and by the lower-frequency tone complexes in NH listeners. This set of data appears consistent with better temporal coding when stimulation originates from apical regions of the cochlea.
Using two-dimensional impedance maps to study weak scattering in sparse random media
Authors: Luchies Adam C. , Oelze Michael L.
Published: April 2016

Impedance maps (ZMs) have been proposed as a tool for modeling acoustic properties of tissue microstructure. Three-dimensional (3D) ZMs are constructed from a series of adjacent histological tissue slides that have been stained to emphasize acoustic impedance structures. The power spectrum of a 3DZM can be related to the ultrasound backscatter coefficient, which can be further reduced to a form factor. The goal of this study is to demonstrate the ability to estimate form factors using two-dimensional (2D) ZMs instead of 3DZMs, which have reduced computational and financial cost. The proposed method exploits the properties of isotropic media to estimate the correlation coefficient from slices before estimating the 3D volume power spectrum. Simulated sparse collections of objects were used to study the method by comparing the results obtained using 2DZMs to those predicted by theory. 2DZM analysis was conducted on normal rabbit liver histology and compared to 3DZM analysis of the same histology. The mean percent error between effective scatterer diameter estimates from 2DZMs and 3DZMs of rabbit liver histology was <10% when using three 2DZMs. The results suggest that 2DZMs are a feasible alternative to 3DZMs when estimating form factors for sparse collections of objects.
The effect of noise fluctuation and spectral bandwidth on gap detection
Authors: Hall Joseph W. , Buss Emily , Ozmeral Erol J. , Grose John H.
Published: April 2016

Experiment 1 investigated gap detection for random and low-fluctuation noise (LFN) markers as a function of bandwidth (25–1600 Hz), level [40 or 75 dB sound pressure level (SPL)], and center frequency (500–4000 Hz). Gap thresholds for random noise improved as bandwidth increased from 25 to 1600 Hz, but there were only minor effects related to center frequency and level. For narrow bandwidths, thresholds were lower for LFN than random markers; this difference extended to higher bandwidths at the higher center frequencies and was particularly large at high stimulus level. Effects of frequency and level were broadly consistent with the idea that peripheral filtering can increase fluctuation in the encoded LFN stimulus. Experiment 2 tested gap detection for 200-Hz-wide noise bands centered on 2000 Hz, using high-pass maskers to examine spread of excitation effects. Such effects were absent or minor for random noise markers and the 40-dB-SPL LFN markers. In contrast, some high-pass maskers substantially worsened performance for the 75-dB-SPL LFN markers. These results were consistent with an interpretation that relatively acute gap detection for the high-level LFN gap markers resulted from spread of excitation to higher-frequency auditory filters where the magnitude and phase characteristics of the LFN stimuli are better preserved.
Asymmetry in Determinants of Running Speed During Curved Sprinting
Authors: Ishimura Kazuhiro , Sakurai Shinji
Published: April 2016

This study investigates the potential asymmetries between inside and outside legs in determinants of curved running speed. To test these asymmetries, a deterministic model of curved running speed was constructed based on components of step length and frequency, including the distances and times of different step phases, takeoff speed and angle, velocities in different directions, and relative height of the runner’s center of gravity. Eighteen athletes sprinted 60 m on the curved path of a 400-m track; trials were recorded using a motion-capture system. The variables were calculated following the deterministic model. The average speeds were identical between the 2 sides; however, the step length and frequency were asymmetric. In straight sprinting, there is a trade-off relationship between the step length and frequency; however, such a trade-off relationship was not observed in each step of curved sprinting in this study. Asymmetric vertical velocity at takeoff resulted in an asymmetric flight distance and time. The runners changed the running direction significantly during the outside foot stance because of the asymmetric centripetal force. Moreover, the outside leg had a larger tangential force and shorter stance time. These asymmetries between legs indicated the outside leg plays an important role in curved sprinting.
Forty Years of BIRGing: New Perspectives on Cialdini’s Seminal Studies
Authors: Jensen Jonathan A. , Turner Brian A. , James Jeffrey , McEvoy Chad , Seifried Chad , Delia Elizabeth , Greenwell T. Christopher , Ross Stephen , Walsh Patrick
Published: April 2016

Published 4 decades ago, “Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football) Field Studies” (Cialdini et al., 1976) is the most influential study of sport consumer behavior. This article features re-creations of Studies 1 and 2, exactly 40 years after the original publication. The results of Study 1 were reproduced, with participants more than twice as likely to wear school-affiliated apparel after wins and 55% less likely after losses. The study also extends the BIRGing literature in its investigation of the influence of gender and the effect’s salience over time. Study 2’s results were not reproduced. However, study participants were significantly more likely to use first-person plural pronouns, providing further empirical evidence of BIRGing behaviors. This article makes a novel contribution to the sport consumer behavior literature by advancing the study of one of the field’s most foundational theories and serving as an impetus for future investigations of BIRGing motivations.
No More “Good” Intentions: Purchase Behaviors in Sponsorship
Authors: Zaharia Noni , Biscaia Rui , Gray Dianna , Stotlar David
Published: April 2016

The growth of sport sponsorship has led to an increase in the number of studies measuring sponsorship outcomes in different sport settings. Most studies, however, have focused on understanding the factors leading to purchase intentions. A more accurate assessment of sponsorship effectiveness would come through measuring actual purchase behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine a sport sponsorship model that included awareness, fit, attitude toward the sponsor, past purchases, purchase intentions, and actual purchases. Data were collected via longitudinal web surveys conducted with soccer fans from the United States. The results of a structural equation model provided evidence that the relationships among the analyzed sponsorship outcomes did not have a significant effect on actual purchase behaviors. The discussion includes questions about the impact of sponsorship variables such as awareness, fit, attitude toward the sponsor, purchase intentions, and past purchases on actual purchase behaviors.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: April 2016

This week’s articles describe a new target to reduce amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s disease, why PI3Kα inhibitors may treat sporadic venous malformations, and how a familial mutation in pyrin triggers autoinflammatory disease.
An arginine sensor for mTORC1
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: April 2016

Binding of arginine to CASTOR1 disrupts its binding to a complex that promotes mTORC1 activity.