bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directed Foliar Sprays of Forestry Herbicides for Loblolly Pine Release
Authors: Miller James H.
Published: August 2019

Six herbicides were compared as directed foliar sprays applied in May, July, and September on seven hardwood species and on loblolly pine. Equal-cost mixtures that met or exceeded minimum labeled rates were tested for Weedone 2,4- DP, Gadon 4, Garlon 3A, Arsenal Applicator Concentrate, Roundup, Escort, and Roundup + Escort. Test hardwoods were sweetgum, southern red oak, water oak, red maple, pignut hickory, dogwood, and yellow poplar. Crown volume reduction and rootstock reduction after one growing season were the main indicators of efficacy. Using directed sprays, yellow poplar was the easiest species to control, and pignut hickory was the most difficult. Control of sweetgum was most effective with Weedone, Arsenal, and Roundup. For control of oaks, the most effective applications were in July with Arsenal, Garlon 4 and 3A, and Roundup; but these and other hardwood species tended to refoliate 2 years after Arsenal treatment. Herbicide safety to loblolly pine was best with Arsenal and Escort, while injury was greatest with Roundup and Garlon 3A, which might have potential use in precommercial thinnings. South. J. Appl. For 14(4):199-206.
Establishment of Bottomland Oak Plantations on the Yazoo National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Authors: Allen James A.
Published: August 2019

Stocking, height and diameter growth, and invasion of both herbaceous and woody plant species are reported for 5 direct seeded and 5 planted seedling stands of bottomland oaks, all of which were between 4 and 8 years old. Stocking was generally higher in the planted seedling stands. Both height and diameter growth were substantially higher in the planted seedling stands. Low stocking and poor growth, especially for the direct seeded stands, was associated with medium-textured soils and a heavy cover of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) and goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Invasion of woody species was heavily dominated by light-seeded species, and was highest in stands close to mature trees. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):206-210.
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Management and Longleaf Pine Straw Production: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Roise Joseph P. , Chung Joosang , Lancia Richard
Published: August 2019

This paper contains an economic analysis of shelterwood management of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill) with markets for both timber and pine straw. It was found that extended rotations required for red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) habitat, while not optimal, are better when pine straw is also a market product than when considering timber alone. Rotation ages were fixed at 60, 80, 100, and 120 years to provide red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. A single thinning is included with variable timing and intensity. Intensive site treatments are also included to control litter, grasses, hardwood, and brown spot disease. An equation for pine straw yield as a function of basal area is presented. Pine straw may increase soil expectation value by more than 230% over that provided by timber alone. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):88-92.
Economics of Direct Seeding and Planting for Establishing Oak Stands on Old-Field Sites in the South
Authors: Bullard Steven , Hodges John D. , Johnson Robert L. , Straka Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

On old-field sites in the South, oak stands may be established by direct seeding of acorns, or by planting seedlings. Planting seedlings costs approximately 2 1/2 times the cost of direct seeding on a per acre basis, and based on our study of overall costs and returns, we conclude that in most cases the additional costs of planting are not justified by the additional benefits. Direct seeding is therefore an economically viable alternative to planting, although success with seeding requires careful selection of species/site combinations and proper seed handling and storage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):34-40.
Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for Forest Plot Location
Authors: Evans David L. , Carraway Ronald W. , Simmons George T.
Published: August 2019

A portable global positioning system (GPS) unit was tested against conventional field techniques for forest plot location. GPS accuracy tested against five benchmarks indicated that for open areas, the largest average displacement from true position was 17.7 ft. Three operators were instructed in the use of GPS for waypoint navigation. Nine plots were then located by each of the operators using either GPS or conventional field navigation. Mean speed and distance offset were determined for all plots as located by each navigation technique. Results indicated that the operator with the least amount of plot-location experience was able to locate plots faster with GPS than by conventional techniques. System portability, satellite availability, canopy interference with signals, and operator biases are cited as moderate encumbrances. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):67-70.
Prodiamine: A Herbicide for Pine and Hardwood Nurseries
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2019

Tolerance to applications of prodiamine was examined in field experiments with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)seedlings at nine southern nurseries in 1979 and at six nurseries in 1980. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha (7.1 oz ai/ac) was applied after sowing (preemergence) or 4 to 6 wk after sowing (postemergence). When applied just after sowing at 1.0 kg ai/ha (13.3 oz. ai/ac),a reduction in emergence was observed with loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine. Tolerance of various hardwoods was also examined. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was sensitive, and seedling production was reduced with both preemergence and early postemergence applications.Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and two species of oaks (Quercus alba L. and Q. nigra L./Q. phellos L.) tolerated rates as high as 1.0 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):142-146
The Potential Economic Effect of Lease Hunting on Forest Management in the Southeast
Authors: Marsinko Allan P. , Smathers Webb M. , Guynn David C. , Stuckey Gerald L.
Published: August 2019

A survey was conducted of 1989 forest industry hunt lease programs in the southern United States. Average annual lease fees were $2.15/ac and respondents placed additional implicit values of $2.15/ac and $3.11/ac respectively for public relations and protection(access control, property damage, etc.) benefits. Contributions to net present value ranged from $22.37 for a conservative estimate of leasing alone to $96.64 for an estimate of all benefits when discounted at 6% over a 25-yr rotation. Interest in leasing by industry has increasedsince a similar survey was conducted in 1985. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):200-203
Fertilization of Established Southern Pine Stands: Effects of Single and Split Nitrogen Treatments
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Stearns-Smith Stephen C.
Published: August 2019

Data from six fertilizer trials established in semimature southern pine stands (five slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; one loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of single vs. split fertilizer treatments. Both fertilizer treatments supplied an elemental equivalent of 200 lb nitrogen (N)/ac and 50 lb phosphorus (P)/ac; however, the first treatment was delivered as a single dose, and the second treatment was a split N application (i.e., 50 lb N and 50 lb P/ac (initial); 150 lb N/ac (2 yr later). Cumulative responses of fertilized plots were still significantly greater than the controls in five trials after 8 yr and averaged 43% (15.7 ft²/ac) and 39% (607 ft³/ac) for basal area and stand volume growth, respectively. In general, no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of response were detected between the single and split N fertilizer treatments. This suggests that delaying a portion of the N application for 2 yr will not diminish the level of growth responses attained. Therefore, land managers have flexibility in using either application method when implementing midrotation fertilizer prescriptions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):135-138.
Productivity and Cost Changes in Southern Pulpwood Harvesting, 1979 to 1987
Authors: Cubbage Frederick , Carter Douglas
Published: August 2019

Analyses of southern pine pulpwood harvesting systems indicate that substantial increases in productivity and decreases in per unit costs occurred from 1979 to 1987. Average shortwood harvesting production increased from 34 cords per week in 1979 to 42 cords per week in 1987; average longwood system productivity increased from 191 cords per week in 1979 to 227 cords per week in 1987. Estimated shortwood average costs were $45.50 per cord in 1979 and increased to $48.90 per cord in constant 1988 (real) dollars. Average real longwood harvesting costs decreased from $34.00 per cord in 1979 to $26.50 per cord in 1987. Most productivity improvements and average cost declines overall were attributable to increased use of longwood harvesting systems. South. J. Appl. For. 18(2):83-90.
Characteristics of Workers' Compensation Injuries for Logging Operations in Louisiana: 1985-1990
Authors: Pine John C. , Marx Brian D. , de Hoop Cornelis F.
Published: August 2019

The number of reported workers' compensation injuries in logging operations in Louisiana has decreased at a time when the number of employees in logging has increased. Employees with less than 3 yr of employment accounted for 82% of all claims. The percentage of cases involving cuts and lacerations decreased from 1985 through 1990; however, sprains and strains increased, from 15% in 1985 to 28% in 1990, during this period. Back injuries accounted for 15% of injuries. Falls contributed to 13% of injuries. Falling trees were the major cause of fatalities. Truck drivers were 20% of the claimants. Workers who were struck by or against trees or logs resulted in a major cause of lost time injuries to employees, as well as in juries from the use of hand tools, which have decreased, from 25% in 1987 to 13% in 1990. The lower extremities are most vulnerable to injuries in logging operations. Workers' compensation injuries and cost continues to be a major concern for those involved in logging operations, even though the frequency and rate of cases decreased from 1985 to 1990. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 110-115.
Growth of Loblolly Pine Stands After the First Five Years of Uneven-Aged Silviculture Using Single-Tree Selection
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Shelton Michael G.
Published: August 2019

The effects of three levels of residual basal area (40, 60, and 80 ft2/ac), maximum dbh (12, 16, and 20 in.) and site index (< 81 ft, 81 to 90 ft, and >90 ft) on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands after 5 yr of uneven-aged silviculture were determined from plots located in south Arkansas and north Louisiana. Designated levels of basal area and maximum dbh were achieved by harvesting; a q factor of 1.2 (using 1 in. dbh classes) was imposed on all plots as closely as possible. Stand-level models were developed for annual per acre net volume growth (merchantable cubic feet, sawtimber cubic feet, and sawtimber board feet, Doyle rule) and annual per acre survivor growth, ingrowth, and mortality components of basal area growth. Growth for all volume measures increased with an increase in basal area. Site index did not significantly affect merchantable cubic-foot growth but had a positive effect on sawtimber growth in both cubic feet and board feet, Doyle. Increases in maximum dbh decreased merchantable and sawtimber cubic-foot growth but increased growth for board-foot volume, Doyle. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 128-132.
Pathogenicity to Loblolly Pines of Fungi Recovered from Trees Attacked by Southern Pine Beetles
Authors: Nevill R. J. , Kelley W. D. , Hess N. J. , Perry T. J.
Published: August 2019

One-year-old and 15- to 18-yr-old loblolly pines were wound-inoculated with a single fungal species or a combination of two fungal species of stain fungi recovered from roots of trees attacked by southern pine beetles. Lesion length and extent of vertical occlusion produced in the seedlings and lesion length, width, and radial depth of sapwood occlusion produced in the trees were measured. Vertical lesions produced by inoculations with Leptographium terebrantis, either singly or paired with other fungi, were significantly longer than control inoculations with sterile malt extract agar. Single and combination inoculations with Ophiostoma ips produced significantly longer vertical lesions than the controls in the trees but not in the seedlings. Only single and combination inoculations which included L. terebrantis produced radial sapwood occlusion greater than the controls. South. J. Appl. For. 19(2):78-83.
Frost-Hardy Eucalyptus Grow Well in the Southeast
Authors: Hunt Ron , Zobel Bruce
Published: August 2019

Most species of the genus Eucalyptus that possess rapid growth and good form characteristics are too cold-sensitive for use in the southeastern coastal plain. In recent tests, however, several species, sources, and individuals within sources have demonstrated cold-hardiness combined with good form and growth. Such hardy eucalypts have potential for production of large volumes of hardwood fiber on sites accessible to wet-weather logging. Trees in the oldest plantings have survived over 150 nights of temperatures below freezing. The largest of these trees were 50 to 60 feet tall and 8 to 12 inches d.b.h. at age 4.5 years. The growth, survival, selected wood qualities, and future potential of eucalypts are discussed, based primarily on plantings at Bainbridge, Georgia. Four species (E. viminalis, E. nova-anglica, E. macarthurii, and E. camphora) have been selected as the most promising of those tested. Although other species such as E. rubida, E. dalrympleana, and E. nitens have grown more slowly, they do have good cold-hardiness and deserve further testing. Screening of additional species and seed sources continues. The best trees of the most hardy sources are being used as a genetic base for a tree improvement program.
A Simple Model for Predicting Annual Numbers of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations in East Texas
Authors: Kroll James C. , Reeves Hershel C.
Published: August 2019

Eleven climatic variables, recorded during the period 1966-76, were used to develop a multiple linear regression model for predicting potential number of southern pine beetle (SPB) infestations for east Texas. Four climatic variables were significantly (P < 0.05) related to numbers of SPB infestations. These were (1) mean temperature for February of current year, (2) total rainfall for previous summer, (3) total rainfall for previous fall, and (4) total rainfall for previous spring. The regression analysis accounted for 90.7 percent of the variation in yearly numbers of SPB infestations.
Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains
Authors: Shelton Michael G. , Wittwer Robert F.
Published: August 2019

Seed production of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) was monitored from 1965 to 1974 to determine the periodicity of seed crops in both woods-run stands and seed-production areas. One bumper and two good seed crops occurred during the 9-yr period. The two largest crops occurred in successive years, then seed production was low for 4 yr before another good crop occurred. Mean annual seed production ranged from 84,000/ac in the western Ouachitas to 167,000/ac in seed-production areas in the southern Ozarks. Certain stand-level variables significantly influenced seed production. Seed production was positively related to stand age and negatively related to pine and hardwood basal areas; although frequently significant, no consistent relationship occurred with stand elevation. Results indicate that shortleaf pine seed production will usually be adequate for natural regeneration within most of the study area. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):74-80.
Predicting Dominant Height from Plantation Age and the Diameter Distributions—Site-Prepared Loblolly Pine
Authors: Bailey R. L. , Martin Stacey W.
Published: August 2019

With over 1,300 observations from plots in mechanically site-prepared loblolly pine plantations, regression equations are fitted that predict average height of dominant and codominant trees (i.e., site index trees)from stand age and diameter distribution characteristics. The equations can be used to avoid measuring heights and thus reduce costs of volume inventories in loblolly pine plantations. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):148-150.
Open-Grown Crown Radius of Eleven Bottomland Hardwood Species: Prediction and Use in Assessing Stocking
Authors: Goelz J.C.G.
Published: August 2019

Equations were prepared to predict crown radius for eleven species of open-grown bottomland hardwood trees. Crown radius was predicted as a function of diameter at breast height (dbh) and as a function of dbh, total height, and crown ratio. Equations were prepared for individual species and species groups. Pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) has the largest crowns over a broad range of dbh. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) has the smallest crowns for most levels of dbh. Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) has relatively small crowns for trees of small dbh, but crown radius is comparable to most species at the largest dbh. The crown radius predictions may be used to calculate crown competition factor. B-lines of stocking may be calculated that represent a stand of one species as well as a mixed-species stand of any particular species proportion. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):156-161.
Public Land-Use Professionals' Perceptions of Agroforestry Applications in the South
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian
Published: August 2019

Based on survey data from 218 southern public land-use professionals, it was found that: (1) the most frequently noted reason for the creation of observed southern agroforestry systems was economic gain; (2) almost two-thirds reported that they would consider recommending some form of agroforestry in appropriate situations; (3) the most commonly supplied reason for rejecting the agroforestry option was the perceived high level of uncertainty associated with this unproven land use; and (4) despite their modest expectations about the level of adoption of agroforestry systems over the next decade on private and public lands, they agreed rather strongly that extension services should make a determined effort to encourage southern landowners to adopt agroforestry systems when appropriate. In order to help landowners realize the value of agroforestry systems' degree of flexibility, multidisciplinary teams of land-use professionals should provide periodic updates regarding factors that may influence profitable switches in output mixes. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):162-168.
Growth Responses Following Herbicide Release of Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Lauer Dwight K. , Glover Glenn R.
Published: August 2019

The objective of this study was to identify effective herbicide treatments for the release of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods 7 yr after treatment. The study site was a hardwood-to-pine conversion area that had been chopped and burned. Treatments included two groups of herbicides: (1) imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron or glyphosate, and (2) glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Broadcast herbicide treatments were applied in September, 1985, during the second growing season. All treatments were effective in controlling hardwoods, with the least effective treatment decreasing hardwood basal area by 55% relative to the untreated check. The pine crop trees responded with increased diameter, height, basal area, and volume. The increase in total pine volume outside bark over the untreated check ranged from 163 to 640 ft3/ac (22% to 85%) and the increase in pine basal area ranged from 13 to 40 ft2/ac (27% to 83%). No treatment resulted in significant pine mortality. Although pine height growth was stunted the year following treatment, at age 9, mean height gains on treated plots ranged from 2.7 ft to 5.6 ft. Treatments containing imazapyr performed better than treatments with glyphosate alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac reduced hardwood basal area to 2 ft2/ac at age nine compared to 25 ft2/ac on the untreated check plots. There was, therefore, little room for improvement from additives, indicating that combinations with lower rates of imazapyr, comparable to today' s operational rates, may be more appropriate. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):177-181.
Sprouting by Pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) After Logging
Authors: Ewel Katherine C.
Published: August 2019

After logging, 17% of the stumps left in pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) swamps produced sprouts that persisted for several years. Significantly more sprouts were present on stumps with diameters <60 cm (perhaps left from younger trees) and shorter than 70 cm. Stumps in large openings and from trees cut in winter tended to have more sprouts than stumps left in thinned swamps and from trees cut during the summer. Sprout production provides a mechanism for rapid recovery of pondcypress and also ensures seed availability for subsequent regeneration after a swamp is clearcut. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):209-213
Genotypic Stability Effects on Predicted Family Responses to Silvicultural Treatments in Loblolly Pine
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Crook Robert P. , Lee Allen H.
Published: August 2019

The lack of rank change in growth characteristics when open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are planted on different sites in the Southeast has greatly simplified breeding for superior genotypes. Although family rank does not usually change, genotype by environment interactions (GxE) may be very important in operational deployment of families in regeneration programs. Using data from GxE trials and two site preparation-fertilization-herbicide trials, we estimated the growth that different families should achieve following application of these silvicultural practices. Better performing families tend to be most responsive to site changes (i.e. genetically unstable). Growth responses to silvicultural treatment will be overestimated if only the most responsive families are used in silvicultural research trials. Similarly, genetic gains will be overestimated if gain trials are planted on only the best sites or receive intensive culture. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):84-89.
Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting
Authors: Irwin Kris M. , Duryea Mary L. , Stone Earl L.
Published: August 2019

This study examined the effects of supplemental nitrogen (N) applied to slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii [Engelm.]) seedlings in a north central Florida nursery. Treatments were applied during a 4 wk period during November and December, 1989, as follows: control (no fall fertilization—current nursery practice); low N (one application of NH4NO3 at 57 kg N/ha); and high N (three applications at the same rate). At time of lifting and outplanting, there were no significant morphological differences among the treatments, but foliar N concentration increased significantly in accord with treatment. Field performance was evaluated at five site-prepared locations. First-year survival of high N and low N treatments were 15 and 12% greater, respectively, than unfertilized seedlings. First-year heights of the high and low N treatments were 15 and 7% greater, respectively, than the control. South. J. Appl. For. 22(2):111-116.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Phenology in Eastern North Carolina and Virginia: Implications for Effective Timing of Insecticide Applications
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: August 2019

Phenology was monitored throughout the year for each generation of Rhyacionia frustrana in eastern North Carolina and Virginia. Male moths caught in pheromone-baited traps indicated that three generations occur annually in this region. Generally, the first generation adult emergence began in mid-March, the second in early June, and the third in mid-July. The mean thermal requirements to complete one R. frustrana generation was 579.8 degree-days (°C), but varied somewhat by generation and location. A simple spray technique is reviewed and new data are presented to predict spray dates using trap catch data and degree-day summations. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):30-38.
Comparison of Optical Dendrometers for Prediction of Standing Tree Volume
Authors: Parker Robert C. , Matney Thomas G.
Published: August 2019

Enhanced sets of compatible stem profile equations were used with data collected from felled and standing pine trees to calculate tree volumes to various top merchantability limits. Standing trees were measured with the Criterion 400 Laser, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism. These measurements were used to compare accuracies of the optical dendrometers for the measurement of tree dbh and height and the prediction of tree volume from stem profile equations. The Criterion 400 Laser was more accurate for dbh and total height measurement than was the Tele-Relaskop or the Wheeler Pentaprism, but the accuracy differences are not significantly different in a practical sense. Mean percent differences in dbh measurement translated, in absolute units, to -0.05, +0.20, and -0.34 in. of the mean tree dbh for the Criterion 400, Tele-Relaskop, and Wheeler Pentaprism instruments, respectively. Mean percent differences in total height measurement translated, in absolute units, to 0.5, 1.6, and 1.7 ft, respectively, of the average tree height and were not practically different. The combined measurement data for dbh and dob16, indicated the Tele-Relaskop would produce more reliable volume results than the other instruments if the dendrometer measurements were used with form class volumes. Profile equations developed with felled-tree data produced the most consistent estimates of merchantable height and cubic foot volume to specified merchantable top limits. In general, the Criterion 400 produced the smallest mean differences in standing tree measurements and profile equation predictions of merchantable height and cubic foot volume. However, the Tele-Relaskop produced the most consistent tree measurement and profile prediction trends. The Wheeler Pentaprism was the least accurate of the three dendrometers. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):100-107.
A Shelterwood—Burn Technique for Regenerating Productive Upland Oak Sites in the Piedmont Region
Authors: Brose Patrick H. , Van Lear David H. , Keyser Patrick D.
Published: August 2019

Regenerating oak stands on productive upland sites is widely recognized by foresters as a major problem in hardwood management. Recent research indicates that oak regeneration is more resistant to surface fires than its primary competitors on these sites if burning occurs 3 to 5 yr after a partial overstory harvest. This combination of cutting followed by fire (shelterwood-burn technique) mimics natural disturbances that have occurred in eastern North America for millennia and appears to be a viable approach to regenerating oaks on productive upland sites. This paper presents silvicultural guidelines for applying the shelterwood-burn technique on productive upland sites and discusses its benefits for private landowners and resource professionals. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):158-163.
The Legal Environment for Forestry Prescribed Burning in the South: Regulatory Programs and Voluntary Guidelines
Authors: Haines Terry K. , Cleaves David A.
Published: August 2019

Southern states vary widely in their approaches to regulation and liability protection for prescribed burning. Most state air quality laws exempt prescribed burning from many open burning rules; however, monetary penalties are established for the rules that do apply. Forest protection laws address escaped fire and require permits or notification in all but two states. So-called "certified burner" laws have been passed in six states to limit liability for experienced burners who attend training courses and adhere to applicable air quality and forest protection laws and regulations. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):170-174.
An Individual-Tree Growth and Yield Prediction System for Even-Aged Natural Shortleaf Pine Forests
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Hitch Kenneth L. , Huebschmann Michael M. , Murphy Paul A.
Published: August 2019

The development of a system of equations that model the growth and development of even-aged natural shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pine forests is described. The growth prediction system is a distance-independent individual-tree simulator containing equations that predict basal-area growth, survival, total and merchantable heights, and total and merchantable volumes for shortleaf pine trees. These equations were combined into a computer simulation program that predicts future states of shortleaf pine stands from initial stand descriptions. Comparisons of observed and predicted ending stand conditions in shortleaf pine research plots indicate the simulator makes acceptable forecasts of final stand attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):203-211.
Loblolly Pine Stand Early Development Under Reserve-Tree Silvicultural Systems in East Texas
Authors: Messina Michael G. , Jenkins Jeffrey
Published: August 2019

Even-aged reproduction methods retaining reserve trees that persist through the development of the succeeding rotation have been poorly studied in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), yet have potential for satisfying a variety of landowner objectives. Two research sites were established in the East Texas Pineywoods region to examine the development of the regeneration component under five residual basal area densities (0, 10, 20, and 40 ft2/ac with natural regeneration on Site I; 0 and 30 ft2/ac with both natural regeneration and planting on Site II). After 7 yr on Site I and 5 yr on Site II, all reserve-tree methods allowed the development of a sufficient number of trees for producing a new generation beneath the residual overstory. However, suppression of the understory pines was evident, and varied in direct proportion to the basal area of the residual overstory. Volume growth of the residual overstory trees was low on an areal basis due to the death of several large residuals. A trenching experiment showed that the largest effect of the residual overstory on understory development was due to light attenuation rather than competition for soil resources. Advantages offered by reserve-tree methods for loblolly pine have to be assessed in view of the suppressed development of the regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):11-16.
Modeling Response to Thinning in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L.
Published: August 2019

Data from a thinning study established in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations at different locations in the southeastern United States were used to develop response models for basal area and survival following thinning. The nonlinear regression models predict total cumulative response as a function of stand and site conditions at time of thinning, thinning intensity, and elapsed time since thinning. Variables expressing thinning intensity that were significant predictors of response included before and after thinning basal areas and number of trees. The models suggest that initially after thinning, volume response declines briefly then gradually increases toward the unthinned control. Managers can use the equations presented here to evaluate the effect of alternative thinning regimes on stand development. The response equations can also be combined with baseline models for unthinned stands to predict basal area and number of trees following thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):17-22.
Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2019

Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.
Impacts of Mechanical Tree Felling on Development of Water Tupelo Regeneration in the Mobile Delta, Alabama
Authors: Gardiner Emile S. , Russell D. Ramsey , Hodges John D. , Fristoe T. Conner
Published: August 2019

Two water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) stands in the Mobile Delta of Alabama were selected to test the hypothesis that mechanized felling does not reduce establishment and growth of natural water tupelo regeneration relative to traditional tree felling with chainsaws. To test the hypothesis, we established six, 2 ac treatment plots in each of two blocks on each of two sites, and randomly assigned plots to either mechanical tree felling with a tracked, swing feller or chainsaw felling. Each site was clearcut in Fall, 1992, and merchantable boles were removed by helicopter. Establishment and growth of regeneration was assessed prior to harvest and annually for 3 yr after harvest in five, 0.01 ac measurement plots located in each treatment plot. Stand harvesting promoted establishment of water tupelo seedlings such that 3 yr after treatment we recorded over 270/ac on each site regardless of felling method. Seedling height increased at a steady rate and averaged about 39 in. tall after three growing seasons. Woody competition also responded to the harvest, outnumbering water tupelo seedlings 3 yr after treatment by as much as seven to one on Site 2. Water tupelo stump sprouts developing from chainsaw felling grew well and averaged about 13.5 ft tall after three growing seasons. However, mechanical felling reduced water tupelo stump sprouting by 50% leading to a lower density of sprout clumps in mechanically felled plots (P = 0.0253). Our results indicated that mechanical felling techniques used in this study may adversely impact regeneration of water tupelo swamps where coppice is a desirable form of reproduction. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):65-69.
Early Field Growth of Loblolly Pine Rooted Cuttings and Seedlings
Authors: Frampton John , Li Bailian , Goldfarb Barry
Published: August 2019

Early growth and fusiform rust resistance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) rooted cuttings and seedlings from the same nine full-sib families established on two sites (Nassau Co., FL and Monroe Co., AL) were compared. Although site effects on growth were large, height, diameter and volume growth of the rooted cuttings and seedlings did not differ through the first six growing seasons in the field (with the exception of first year height growth at the Florida site). Fusiform rust (caused by Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme [Cumm.] Burds. et Snow) incidence at age 6 yr was significantly lower in the rooted cuttings than the seedlings at both the Florida site (15.6 versus 22.3 %, respectively) and the Alabama site (46. 0 versus 51.0%, respectively). In addition, correlations of full-sib family performance between (1) rooted cuttings and seedlings and (2) rooted cuttings and seedling progeny test data were positive, statistically significant and moderate to high for both growth traits and fusiform rust incidence. Thus, families or individual trees selected from seedling genetic tests in existing tree improvement programs should also perform well as rooted cuttings. These results and those from similar studies indicate that field performance of loblolly pine rooted cuttings derived from seedling hedges should not be a concern. Large-scale propagation using rooted cuttings will deliver predicted gains from the selection and deployment of elite full-sib families and clones. In addition, the use of rooted cutting planting stock may offer a further reduction in fusiform rust incidence. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2):98-105.
Testing the Accuracy of Growth and Yield Models for Southern Hardwood Forests
Authors: Rauscher H. Michael , Young Michael J. , Webb Charles D. , Robison Daniel J.
Published: August 2019

The accuracy of ten growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian upland hardwood forests and southern bottomland forests was evaluated. In technical applications, accuracy is the composite of both bias (average error) and precision. Results indicate that GHAT, NATPIS, and a locally calibrated version of NETWIGS may be regarded as being operationally valid growth and yield models for Southern Appalachian yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and mixed oak (Quercus spp.) forests that fall within the range of characteristics of the test data set. No publicly available growth and yield models specifically developed for southern bottomland hardwood forests exist. Four general models that contain most of the applicable species to predict growth of these forests were tested. SETWIGS was found to be the most accurate of the four models tested and is recommended for use if the reported level of accuracy is acceptable and the target stand characteristics fall within the range of our test data set. Results indicate that the growth and density dynamics of dense, young stands of both upland and bottomland hardwoods were poorly predicted by the models. Models predicted basal area and density changes in yellow-poplar stands more accurately than mixed hardwoods. Predictions for upland hardwoods were more accurate than those for bottomland hardwoods. Model accuracy uniformly decreases with increasing length of the projection period. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):176-185.
Hard Mast Production Before and After the Chestnut Blight
Authors: Diamond Seth J. , Giles Robert H. , Kirkpatrick Roy L. , Griffin Gary J.
Published: August 2019

We estimated hard mast production of a Southern Appalachian forest for two 10 yr intervals: one before and one, 35 yr after, the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) (Murr.) Barr, had killed all mature chestnut trees. The basal area of hard mast-producing trees in the postblight forest was 28% less than in the preblight forest. The estimate of hard mast output was 34% less after the chestnut blight. Postblight production was less than preblight production for 8 of 10 yr. During 5 of these years, postblight production was only 5-27% of preblight production. Annual preblight mast production was relatively stable, whereas annual postblight production fluctuated substantially. Our findings suggest that the loss of mature chestnuts (Castanea dentata) markedly reduced the Southern Appalachian forest's carrying capacity for certain wildlife species. South. J. Appl. For 24(4):196-201.
Utilization of Waste Materials to Promote Hardwood Tree Growth
Authors: Thornton Frank C. , Bock Bert R. , Behel A. David , Houston Allan , Tyler Don D.
Published: August 2019

Land application of wastes can increase the growth of crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various waste products on the growth of trees. Two sites, one in northeast Alabama growing sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and the other in west Tennessee growing cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), were studied. At the Alabama site, 3 yr of replicated field plots were evaluated to assess the influence of scrubber gypsum, wood ash, and containerboard sludge on the growth of sycamore on a Decatur soil. Compared to the control treatment, a mulch application of scrubber gypsum at a rate of 672 Mg/ha improved the volume response of sycamore after 3 yr. There was no volume response to liming, whether agricultural lime or wood ash was used, and sycamore did not respond to nitrogen (N) in the containerboard sludge treatment. Further investigations into the use of scrubber gypsum applied at high rates as a mulch in combination with weed control appear warranted from these studies. On a Memphis-Loring soil at the Tennessee site, organic N amendments, whether swine waste or sewage, were superior to ammonium nitrate in terms of volume response of cottonwood. Averaged across the three application rates, swine effluent increased volume growth of cottonwood by nearly 18% relative to comparable N additions from ammonium nitrate whereas municipal sewage sludge increased volume growth by almost 4% compared to ammonium nitrate treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):230-237.
A Survey of Animal-Powered Logging in Alabama
Authors: Toms Christopher W. , Dubois Mark R. , Bliss John C. , Wilhoit John H. , Rummer Robert B.
Published: August 2019

In a state with a very large, highly mechanized timber harvesting industry, animal-powered logging still occupies a niche in Alabama as a small-scale harvesting alternative. This article summarizes the results from a study that examined the extent of animal logging in Alabama. We investigated this topic by asking who is logging with animals, where are they working, what equipment are they using, and what do they see as the future of animal-powered logging in Alabama. To answer these questions, we conducted a telephone survey of 33 owner-operators of horse and/or mule logging operations and on-site semi-structured interviews with a subsample of survey participants. Horse and mule loggers in Alabama work mostly on nonindustrial privately owned forests. The average animal logging operation consists of three people, two animals, and a side-loading truck. Most animal loggers find their niche in Alabama's logging industry by working on small tracts, tracts with low timber volumes, and harvests that use selective thinnings. With 90% of the animal loggers in Alabama over age 40, and with 27 loggers having retired in the past 5 yr, the number of animal loggers in Alabama is expected to decline, or, at best, hold steady, over the next 10 to 20 yr. As the average area of a nonindustrial privately owned forested tract in the Southeast continues to decrease, particularly along the urban fringe, the demand for small-scale harvesting systems, including systems using animals and farm tractor-sized implements to skid logs, may increase. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):17–24.
Prescribed Burning in the South: Trends, Purpose, and Barriers
Authors: Haines T.K. , Busby R.L. , Cleaves D.A.
Published: August 2019

The results of a survey of fire management officials concerning historical and projected prescribed burning activity in the South is reported. Prescribed burning programs on USDA Forest Service and private and state-owned lands are described in terms of area burned by ownership and state, intended resource benefits, barriers to expanded burning, and optimum burning area needed to achieve resource management goals. More than 4.1 million ac/yr of pine-type forest were burned between 1985 and 1994, about 6.5% of the area in pine-type forest per year. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):149–153.
Financially Optimal Thinning and Final Harvest Schedules for Loblolly Pine Plantations on Nonindustrial Private Forestland in East Texas
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Huang Ching-Hsun
Published: August 2019

A quantitative analysis of the profitability of managing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in relation to the length of rotation and the timing, frequency, and intensity of thinning(s) was conducted to determine financially optimal schedules for nonindustrial private forest landowners in Texas. The results indicate that as site index increases from 50 to 90, rotation length decreases from age 59 to 38; as real alternative rate of return (ARR) increases from 2.5 to 15.0%, rotation length decreases from age 38 to 21. The timing of first thinning varies from age 11 for landowners with a 15.0% ARR on site index 90 land to age 47 for landowners with a 2.5% ARR on site index 60 land. The frequency of thinning for optimal schedules is highly related to landowners' site index and ARR. Landowners with low and medium ARR on site index 90 land should conduct thinnings up to three times to maximize profits; landowners with low ARR on site index 50 or 60 land should conduct one thinning only. The intensity of thinning tends to increase (from 20 to 35% basal area removal) as landowners' ARR increases. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):13–17.
Growth of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Related to Forest Floor Consumption by Prescribed Fire in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Elliott Katherine J. , Vose James M. , Clinton Barton D.
Published: August 2019

Chainsaw felling, burning, and planting of eastern white pine (Pinus strobusL.) have been prescribed on degraded pine/hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachians to improve overstory composition and productivity. The desired future condition of the overstory is a productive pine/hardwood mixture, with white pine, which is resistant to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), as the dominant pine. We evaluated the growth of white pine planted after fell-and-burn treatments through eight growing seasons after planting on three sites that differed in their fire characteristics and carbon and nitrogen losses. The three sites (JE, JW, and DD) differed in heat penetration and forest floor consumption. Although very little consumption of the Oe+Oa humus layer occurred during burning, consumption of the Oi litter layer was 94%, 94%, and 63% at JE, JW, and DD, respectively. Corresponding to the forest floor layer consumption (Oi and Oe+Oa combined), 46% of forest floor N was lost at JE, 45% of forest floor N was lost at JW, and less than 0.1% of the forest floor N was lost at DD. Biomass and density of woody competitor species were not significantly related to white pine size or growth. By the eighth growing season, no differences in white pine size or growth were detected between JE and JW, but DD had significantly smaller white pine trees. The size difference between DD and the other two sites was attributed to the replanting of seedlings at DD in 1992. However, relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly higher on DD in 1998 than the other two sites. Eight growing seasons after planting, white pine growth was negatively related to percent Oi layer consumed on the JE and JW sites. We also found significant relationships between white pine RGR and percent Oi consumed using data from all three sites. Although fire severity had a long-term effect on pine growth, fire severity was considered low overall on these sites because there were limited losses from the forest floor Oe+Oa layer. However, white pine increment and RGR were significantly related to percent forest floor Oi mass and N loss. This loss of site N capital could have a significant negative effect on growth of planted white pine over the long term. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):18–25.