bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of quenched disorder on the kinetics and pathways of phase transition in a soft colloidal system
Authors: Ramesh Gadha , Santra Mantu , Singh Rakesh S.
Published: January 2025

Although impurities are unavoidable in real-world and experimental systems, most numerical studies on nucleation focus on pure (impurity-free) systems. As a result, the role of impurities in phase transitions remains poorly understood, especially for systems with complex free energy landscapes featuring one or more intermediate metastable phases. In this study, we employed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the effects of static impurities (quenched disorder) of varying length scales and surface morphologies on the crystal nucleation mechanism and kinetics in the Gaussian core model system—a representative model for soft colloidal systems. We first explored how the nucleation free energy barrier and critical cluster size are influenced by the fraction of randomly pinned (or, static) particles (fp) and the size (np) of the pinned region or cluster. Both the nucleation free energy barrier and critical cluster size increase sharply with increasing fp but decrease as np grows for a given fraction of pinned particles, eventually approaching the homogeneous nucleation limit. On examining the impact of impurity’s surface morphology on nucleation kinetics, we observed that the nucleation barrier significantly decreases with increasing the impurity (or, seed) size with crystalline surface morphologies with body-centered cubic showing the greatest facilitation. Interestingly, seeds with random surface roughness had little effect on nucleation kinetics. In addition, the polymorphic identity of particles in the final crystalline phase is influenced by both the seed’s surface morphology and system size. This study further provides crucial insights into the intricate relationship between surface-induced local structural fluctuations and the selection of the polymorphic identity in the final crystalline phase, which is essential for understanding and controlling crystallization processes in experiments.
Flow characteristics in heated trapezoidal channels: A finite element method study of Reynolds number and fin design influences
Authors: Benouaz Mohammed Riad , Kandouci Houssameddine , Alkhafaji Mohammed Ayad , Kaid Noureddine , Dikandé Alain M. , Menni Younes , Lorenzini Giulio , Chamkha Ali J.
Published: January 2025

This work investigates the effect of a number of perforated fin configurations on the convective flow characteristics within a heated trapezoidal channel. By improving the flow characteristics, pressure distribution, velocity profiles, and temperature patterns, it is intended to investigate optimum performance by using different geometrical fin designs. Numerical simulations are performed for solid and perforated fins with Reynolds numbers from 100 000 up to 200 000. Most importantly, the results highlight that perforations cause significant changes in flow behavior, such as the formation of distinct recirculation zones and dynamic pressure profile variations, which influence the thermal characteristics. This study identifies that optimization of perforated fin geometries is a key strategy to achieve high efficiency in thermal management systems for effective cooling of engineering applications.
Observation of topological edge states in photonic bilayer SSH lattice
Authors: Zhang Bin , Cheng Weizhao , Liu Weijie , Yan Wenchao , Chen Feng
Published: January 2025

We present experimental observations of topological edge states in photonic bilayer Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) lattices. Using the femtosecond laser direct writing technology, we establish two distinct types of nontrivial bilayer SSH lattices with varying interlayer couplings, allowing us to observe two different types of topological edge states. Interestingly, we find that these topological edge states can either remain within the bandgap or transition into gapless bound states in the continuum without hybridization under different interlayer couplings. Our work illustrates a scheme to investigate topology and bound states in the continuum physics in artificial systems, potentially opening up many possibilities in topology-driven photonic devices.
Effects of temperature on surface plasmon resonance in organic thin-film transistor
Authors: Wang Qing He , Deng Yu Heng , Ma Yuan Xiao , Liu Lu , Xu Jing Ping , Lai P. T.
Published: January 2025

Pentacene organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) adopting n-Si gate electrodes with a wide range of doping concentrations (1015–1020 cm−3) are fabricated to study the effects of the quantum-mechanical interaction between gate electrode and gate dielectric on the carrier mobility in the pentacene channel. At room temperature, significant carrier-mobility reduction is observed for the OTFTs with gate doping concentrations of 1.75 × 1018 and 4.19 × 1018 cm−3 due to enhanced remote phonon scattering resulting from the resonance between the surface plasmons of the gate electrode and the phonons of the HfLaON gate dielectric (from Hf-O and La-O bonds) and the silicate interlayer (from Si-O bond), respectively, namely the anti-screening effect (ASE). This ASE can be further supported by increasing the measurement temperature from room temperature to 40, 60, and 80 °C, under which the frequency of gate-electrode plasmon increases (due to higher electron thermal energy and also higher electron concentration produced by stronger ionization of dopants in the gate electrode) to enhance, weaken, or create the resonance, resulting in stronger ASE, reduced ASE, or ASE with another phonon mode in the gate dielectric, respectively, in the OTFT. These results can help address the issue of the temperature-dependent reliability of OTFTs operating under heating or at low temperatures.
Exploring cloud cavitation and cavitation vortex dynamics with partially averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence models
Authors: Sahu P. , Subbarao P. M. V. , Goyal R.
Published: January 2025

Cavitation occurs due to low static pressures, which generally develop from high Reynolds number flow conditions. Cavitation can lead to the development of an unstable flow state. One such regime is cloud cavitation for flow over hydrofoil. Investigation of cavitation formation, its propagation mechanisms and mitigation are, thus, necessary for achieving a stable flow condition for hydrofoil. This paper investigates cavitation flow over hydrofoil numerically. The cost-effective and improved Partial Averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model is used. In PANS simulation, an implicit filter called fk is introduced and adjusted to represent the ratio of unresolved (ku) to resolved (k) turbulent kinetic energies. The simulations are performed for a range of filter parameters (1 ≤fk≤ 0.5) to resolve the turbulent flow. The study is conducted at an angle of attack of 3° and a cavitation number of 0.9, which facilitates the formation of cloud cavitation. This turbulence model eliminates turbulent viscosity overprediction in the cavity area near the trailing edge (TE) when the resolution parameter is lowered to fk = 0.5. Compared to experimental results, fk = 0.5 closely matches the maximum cavity length (1.87%) and time period (0.2%). Further, cavitation vortex dynamics is discussed, and it is observed that vortex starching (ω→·∇)V→, vortex dilation ω→(∇·V→), and baroclinic torque (∇ρm×∇pρm2) are the main factors that alter the vortical flow generated due to cavitation at hydrofoil suction surface and downstream of TE. Finally, dynamic mode decomposition is applied to the vorticity field to find the dominant coherent structures. Strouhal number of Mode 2 (0.124) is near to cloud shedding (0.121).
Research on low carbon dispatch technology for wind and solar grid connection in the Gobi Desert and barren land areas
Authors: Ma Yanhong , Lv QingQuan , Zhang Jianmei , Yang Chunxiang , Zhou Qiang
Published: January 2025

In response to the challenge of new energy consumption in the Gobi Desert and barren land areas, this paper introduces a low-carbon dispatch strategy for power systems that is based on hierarchical and incremental optimization. The strategy takes into account the effects of demand response, electrochemical energy storage stations, new energy units, and carbon trading mechanisms, with the goal of enhancing the grid’s capacity to consume new energy in these regions while also minimizing operational costs and carbon emissions. In particular, the upper-level model maximizes the grid’s potential for new energy consumption by refining the covariance between load forecasts and wind and solar predictions. Concurrently, the lower-level model harmonizes various peak-shaving resources and incorporates a tiered carbon trading cost, thus establishing a multi-objective “source-grid-load-storage” collaborative low-carbon scheduling framework. Simulation tests indicate that the proposed framework effectively diminishes wind and solar curtailment rates, bolsters the grid’s consumption capability for wind and solar power in the Gobi Desert and barren regions, and decreases both operational expenses and carbon outputs. Moreover, this study delves into the influence of carbon pricing on metrics such as wind and solar consumption rates, overall system costs, daily carbon emissions, and daily thermal power generation. It has been observed that as the price of carbon trading escalates, both the consumption rate of wind and solar power and the total system costs gradually rise, whereas daily thermal power production and carbon emissions steadily decline. This insight furnishes theoretical backing and practical direction for the integration of carbon trading schemes into power systems with substantial new energy components.
The effects of orifice shape on the dominant jet frequency in crossflow
Authors: Zhang Boyi , Jin Guoyong , Liu Haoran , Li Zhibing , Wang Kai , Xu Tianda , Ye Tiangui
Published: January 2025

The jet in crossflow describes a unique flow characteristic, which involves the injection of a fluid jet into a turbulent boundary layer. This flow structure is significant for applications in vibration reduction, noise suppression, and cooling and heat transfer. In this study, a numerical model for jet-in-crossflow was established using Large Eddy Simulation, and the accuracy of simulation results was validated by comparison with experimental data. On the basis of maintaining the same jet exit flow rate, the study investigated the differences in fundamental flow characteristics, wall pressure fluctuations, and flow noise among jet-in-crossflow cases with circular, square, and elliptical orifices. The distribution of sound sources for the three cases was identified using vortex sound theory. The study shows that the elliptical orifice case did not develop a jet blockage effect similar to the other cases. All three orifice cases generated counter-rotating vortex pairs, although the vortex core positions varied. For the circular and square orifices, the root mean square pressure along the lower edge of the orifice exhibited a symmetric distribution, while the elliptical orifice case showed no clear symmetry. In the downstream region, spanning 2–10 orifice diameters, a stable dominant frequency was observed for all three cases, which is attributed to vortex transport. The elliptical orifice demonstrated significant noise reduction performance, with a noise reduction of 3–8 dB, mainly concentrated in the downstream region up to 10 orifice diameters. Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and Dynamic Mode Decomposition, the relationship between vortex transport and wall pressure fluctuations for the three cases was explained. The analysis revealed the fundamental reason behind the noise reduction capabilities of the elliptical orifice and the vortex structures responsible for generating the dominant frequency.
Interpreting proper orthogonal decomposition modes extracted from partial cavity oscillation
Authors: Yin Tingyun , Pavesi Giorgio
Published: January 2025

This study employs the two-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition approach to analyze the pressure, vapor fraction, and streamwise velocity flowfields of partial cavity oscillation. The interrelations among mode, energy ratio, temporal coefficient, and flowfield reconstruction are thoroughly examined, thereby augmenting comprehension of the cavitating flow mechanism and bubble dynamics. It is found that the first modes of the pressure, vapor fraction, and streamwise velocity flowfields contain 56.31%, 36.37%, and 31.81% energy, respectively; the decrease in energy ratio results in the variation of its temporal coefficient close to sinusoidal configurations. Moreover, the temporal coefficient of the first mode varies closely related to the flowfield-relevant variable. The first modes of the pressure, vapor fraction, and streamwise velocity flowfields are significantly different, but all have two highlighted structures closely related to the self-variable system. The strong nonlinearity and high dimensionality of the cavitation flowfield render precise reconstruction using a limited number of modes exceedingly challenging. The data approximate the original snapshot more closely when the flow field is reconstructed with a greater number of modes. Although the location with a relatively high root mean square reconstruction error is significantly different when the first nine modes are used for flowfield reconstruction, its order of magnitude is less than the self-variable system, and the order discrepancy is fixed, equal to 1.
Reduced sound velocity in PbZrO3 thin film during antiferroelectric to ferroelectric transition revealed by picosecond acoustics
Authors: Wang Shuai , Si Yangyang , Wang Wenjun , Li Yijie , Chen Zuhuang , He Feng
Published: January 2025

The antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric (AFE-FE) phase transition has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in high-strain transducers, thermal switching, and pulsed-power devices. To deepen our understanding of this transition and enable its functionalities, ultrafast dynamics, especially lattice dynamics of antiferroelectricity, are essential to be demonstrated. In this work, the picosecond acoustics technique is applied to measure the sound velocity of a high-quality PbZrO3 epitaxial thin film with a thickness of ∼110 nm, determining it to be 5879 ± 11 m/s. More importantly, our in situ measurements reveal a reduction in sound velocity of approximately 6% during the AFE-FE phase transition under an external electric field of ∼364 kV/cm at ambient conditions. This reduction can increase to about 12% with an elevated electric field of approximately 545 kV/cm. Additionally, we found that this field-induced ferroelectric phase is metastable and the recovery takes up to tens of hours at ambient conditions, indicating a memory effect of the field-induced state. These findings suggest that the AFE-FE phase transition in PbZrO3 thin films holds promise for applications in acoustic wave manipulation.
Photoluminescence, energy transfer, and quantum yield studies of CaF2:Tb3+–Ce3+: Latent fingerprints and anticounterfeit applications
Authors: Khupfu Kedukhro , Sangtam Watisenla , Wangkhem Ranjoy , Longchar Medemmeren , Ningthoujam Raghumani Singh , Shanta Singh Naorem
Published: January 2025

Ce3+ co-doped CaF2: Tb3+ nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using l-glutamic acid as a capping agent. When the concentration of a Ce3+ ion increases, peak broadening in the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern takes place, indicating strain developed in a lattice. The XRD pattern shows no extra peak for Ce3+ ions up to 13 at. % co-doped in CaF2:5 at. % Tb3+. However, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis shows an extra phase of an LnF3 hexagonal phase at even lower concentrations (<13 at. %). This is due to the charge imbalance between Ce3+ and Ca2+. Two main emission peaks at 488 and 541 nm of Tb3+ are observed through direct (377 nm) and indirect excitations (302 nm). Enhancement in the luminescence intensity of Tb3+ emission is observed when Ce3+ is incorporated in CaF2: Tb3+. This corresponds to the efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+. Under the excitation of 302 nm, the energy transfer efficiency reaches up to 86%. The decay lifetime of Ce3+ for Tb3+ co-doping with CaF2:5 at. % Ce3+ decreases from 24 to 11 ns with the increase of Tb3+ concentration (0–5 at. %), indicating energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+. The main interaction(s) of energy transfer is observed through a dipole–dipole interaction. The maximum quantum yield value for 2 at. % Tb3+ co-doped CaF2:5 at. % Ce3+ of ∼49% is observed. Energy transfer is confirmed by calculated radiative and non-radiative decay rate constants.
Compact high-precision Jones matrix metasurfaces for producing high-order vector vortex waves at microwave frequencies
Authors: Liu Qian , Liang Difei , Yao Xin , Chen Haiyan , Li Fengxia , Yin Liangjun , Xie Jianliang , Zhang Linbo
Published: January 2025

Compact, high-precision Jones matrix metasurfaces, employing quasi-two-dimensional metasurfaces composed of a single-layer quasi-H-type patch, are presented for producing high-order vector vortex waves at microwave frequencies. The relationship between the spatial polarization mode of the vector waves described in the higher-order Poincaré (HOP) sphere and the higher-precision Jones matrix metasurface is established based on a derivation of the Jones matrix. The numerical results show that vector waves with spatial polarization mode orders of ±1 and ±2 can be accurately realized using compact, high-precision Jones matrix metasurfaces with orders of ±1 and ±2. In principle, Jones matrix metasurfaces can realize vector vortex waves of arbitrary order described in the HOP sphere. Two prototypes, namely, high-precision Jones matrix metasurfaces with orders of +1 and +2, are fabricated and experimentally investigated with various polarization morphologies. Good agreement is achieved between the simulations and the experimental results. These results will benefit the development of polarization multiplexing and help expand the applications of vector beams in the microwave range.
Aeolus 2.0's thermal rotating shallow water model: A new paradigm for simulating extreme heatwaves, westerly jet intensification, and more
Authors: Rostami Masoud , Petri Stefan , Fallah Bijan , Fazel-Rastgar Farahnaz
Published: January 2025

In this study, we demonstrate the dynamical core and applicability of Aeolus 2.0, a moist-convective thermal rotating shallow water model of intermediate complexity, along with its novel bulk aerodynamic and moist-convective schemes, in capturing the effects of increased radiative forcing on zonal winds and heatwaves. Simulations reveal seasonal patterns in zonal wind, temperature, and energy anomalies under increased radiative forcing during the summer solstice, winter solstice, and equinoxes. Increased radiative forcing enhances mid-latitudinal temperatures during the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere and the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, leading to increased zonal wind velocity in the affected hemisphere, especially in the subtropics, while decreasing it in the opposite hemisphere. This thermal forcing also reduces the zonal wind velocity of polar cyclones in the hemisphere experiencing increased radiative forcing. During the autumn equinox, zonal wind velocity diminishes in the Southern Hemisphere, while a similar reduction occurs in the Northern Hemisphere during the spring equinox. Heightened meridional gradients significantly influence the poleward displacement of atmospheric circulation, particularly during the summer (northward) and winter (southward) solstices. Poleward eddy heat fluxes persist across hemispheres, indicating a consistent response to external heating. Increased radiative forcing during the summer and winter solstices amplifies prolonged heatwaves across land and ocean, exceeding impacts observed during the spring and autumn equinoxes.
Observation of flexoelectric effect in PECVD silicon nitride
Authors: Nguyen B. H. , Wu C. , Czarnecki P. , Rochus V.
Published: January 2025

Flexoelectricity, a universal electromechanical coupling effect present in all dielectric materials, has garnered significant theoretical and experimental interest in recent years, particularly in ferroelectric perovskite oxides. However, nitride-based materials have received considerably less attention. In this Letter, we report the observation of direct flexoelectric effect in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride thin film with a thickness of 200 nm. From three-point bending tests, we determined the effective flexoelectric coefficient of Si3N4 to be 1.64±0.22  nC/m. Additionally, the measured flexoelectric-induced voltages are consistent with finite element computational models. This observation of the flexoelectric coupling effect could contribute to the development of silicon nitride-based micro-scale devices.
Pore-scale study of mineral reactions in the near-wellbore region for CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers
Authors: Wang Qigui , Li Chengyong , Li Yaqi , Zhu Runhua , Zhang Dongxu
Published: January 2025

In this study, the Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes (DBS) model based on the theory of microscopic continuous media is used to model the pore-scale reaction transport in rocks. This reaction transport is solved discretely using a coupled Multiphysics-field simulation software to investigate the dissolution reactions and the evolution of porous media during carbon sequestration. The DBS model elucidates the inherent nonlinear coupling of mineral-dissolution processes, offering insights into the intricate relationship among the seepage, solute transport, and reaction-fluid chemistry. The findings indicate the progressive dissolution of soluble minerals with time to form new seepage channels, subsequently reducing the dissolution rate within the original seepage channels. Additionally, the increased salinity of the formation water decreases the solution pH, affecting the chemistry of the reservoir minerals. Conversely, increased reservoir temperature, pressure, and injection rate promote calcite dissolution. Furthermore, the augmented pressure differential promotes the expansion of the reaction zone toward the midstream, accelerating the dissolution and reaction processes of the calcite nodes. Overall, these findings offer a theoretical foundation for future carbon capture and storage technologies.
Stimuli-responsive hydrogel dressing for wound healing
Authors: Zhang Wei , Hu Jun , Wu Hao , Lin Xiufei , Cai Limei
Published: January 2025

Wound healing is a complex, variable, and time-dynamic repair process. Wounds can be classified as acute wounds or chronic wounds, and effective wound management is still a major challenge in clinical nursing settings. The wound microenvironment is collectively regulated by internal biomolecules, external drugs, and external sanitation. Traditional wound dressings (powders, bandages, sponges, etc.) often have poor therapeutic effects during wound healing and repair processes because they cannot respond to the dynamic wound microenvironment changes over the long-term. Stimulus-responsive biomaterials, which are activated by various factors intrinsic to the wound microenvironment or external influences, hold great promise for precise drug delivery and controlled release. Various stimulus-responsive hydrogels have been developed in recent years, exhibiting a range of “smart” properties, such as interacting with the wound, sensing wound conditions or environmental changes, and responding accordingly, thereby effectively promoting wound healing. This review discusses the latest advancements in stimulus-responsive hydrogels used in wound healing. We introduce the design scheme of stimulus-response hydrogels in detail based on the local wound biological/biochemical peculiarities (pH, reactive oxygen species glucose, and enzymes, etc.) and physical microenvironments (temperature, light, ultrasound, and electric fields, etc.). Furthermore, we explore several promising tissue-engineered constructs (nanofibers, scaffolds, microneedles, and microspheres). Finally, summarize stimulus-responsive wound dressings on the basis of active research challenges, current research progress, and development trends in the field.
Cavitation characteristics near the wall in the presence of an attached preset air bubble
Authors: Guo Yunji , Luo Haotian , Xiong Hangfan , Li Yanming , Deng Jiushuai , Wu Wangxia , Teng Honghui
Published: January 2025

This study experimentally investigates the dynamic behavior of a cavitation bubble near a solid wall in the presence of an attached preset air bubble, and the effect of boundary interactions on jet formation and collapse dynamics is emphasized. Since the dynamic characteristics of the cavitation bubble would be affected by both the solid wall and the free surface of the preset bubble, the effects of the dimensionless radius ratio (γr) and distance (γs) are systematically studied. It is found that the dynamic process of the cavitation bubble and the preset bubble is interacting, and the presence of the preset bubble can effectively weaken the influence of the solid wall on the collapse process. In addition, the local jets in the opposite direction may be induced within the two bubbles due to the strong interaction between them, and the strong and weak interaction criteria are given based on the existence of the local jet. Additionally, the rebound direction of the cavitation bubble is changed with different γs and γr; therefore, a synthetic direction factor (ζ) is introduced to illustrate the combined effect of both the preset bubble and the solid wall. Then, the distribution of different modes of the first rebound of the cavitation bubble is divided based on the value of ζ, and an overall phase diagram is provided. These basic understands of the relationship between bubble dynamic mode and different boundaries might offer potential strategies for reducing cavitation-induced damage and optimizing industrial applications.
The evolution of cooperation in spatial public goods game with tolerant punishment based on reputation threshold
Authors: Zhang Gui , Yao Yichao , Zeng Ziyan , Feng Minyu , Chica Manuel
Published: January 2025

Reputation and punishment are significant guidelines for regulating individual behavior in human society, and those with a good reputation are more likely to be imitated by others. In addition, society imposes varying degrees of punishment for behaviors that harm the interests of groups with different reputations. However, conventional pairwise interaction rules and the punishment mechanism overlook this aspect. Building on this observation, this paper enhances a spatial public goods game in two key ways: (1) We set a reputation threshold and use punishment to regulate the defection behavior of players in low-reputation groups while allowing defection behavior in high-reputation game groups. (2) Differently from pairwise interaction rules, we combine reputation and payoff as the fitness of individuals to ensure that players with both high payoff and reputation have a higher chance of being imitated. Through simulations, we find that a higher reputation threshold, combined with a stringent punishment environment, can substantially enhance the level of cooperation within the population. This mechanism provides deeper insight into the widespread phenomenon of cooperation that emerges among individuals.
Image segmentation with traveling waves in an exactly solvable recurrent neural network
Authors: Liboni Luisa H. B. , Budzinski Roberto C. , Busch Alexandra N. , Löwe Sindy , Keller Thomas A. , Welling Max , Muller Lyle E.
Published: January 2025

We study image segmentation using spatiotemporal dynamics in a recurrent neural network where the state of each unit is given by a complex number. We show that this network generates sophisticated spatiotemporal dynamics that can effectively divide an image into groups according to a scene’s structural characteristics. We then demonstrate a simple algorithm for object segmentation that generalizes across inputs ranging from simple geometric objects in grayscale images to natural images. Using an exact solution of the recurrent network’s dynamics, we present a precise description of the mechanism underlying object segmentation in the network dynamics, providing a clear mathematical interpretation of how the algorithm performs this task. Object segmentation across all images is accomplished with one recurrent neural network that has a single, fixed set of weights. This demonstrates the expressive potential of recurrent neural networks when constructed using a mathematical approach that brings together their structure, dynamics, and computation.
IC-GLI: a real-time, INS-centric GNSS-LiDAR-IMU localization system for intelligent vehicles
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Xudong , Zhang Wei , Zhao Fengkui
Published: January 2025

The integration of multiple sensors plays a vital role in achieving accurate vehicle positioning. However, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are susceptible to environmental effects, unlike inertial navigation system (INS), which remains unaffected by external factors. To enhance the precise positioning of intelligent vehicles in diverse environments and maximize the use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) data, this study presents a LIDAR, IMU, and GNSS-based positioning method centered around INS. The proposed method employs an IMU pre-integration model that includes the Earth’s rotation and utilizes a factor graph optimization framework to fuse the measurement data from LIDAR, IMU, and GNSS. By assigning appropriate weights to the residuals and dynamically adjusting the contributions of each sensor based on the prevailing environmental conditions, the optimal localization results are obtained through the solution of the maximum a posteriori estimate and the update of the INS state. Finally, the proposed system’s localization performance is validated using intelligent vehicles in the Robot Operating System framework. The results demonstrate that the system achieves high accuracy and robustness across various environments.
Capacitance dynamics in W-shaped silicon substrate MEMS double-touch mode pressure sensor
Authors: Rukshana Bi Gajula , Chhetri Biraj , Upreti Akriti , Jindal Sumit Kumar , Patil Hemprasad Yashwant
Published: January 2025

Capacitive pressure sensors (CPSs) have gained significant attention due to their superior sensitivity and linearity compared to piezoresistive alternatives. This paper presents a detailed analysis of a novel W-shaped silicon substrate micro electromechanical system double touch mode CPS with a flexible circular diaphragm. The innovative W-shaped substrate design increases the touch area with the substrate, enhancing the sensor’s linearity and sensitivity. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the sensor’s capacitive response, incorporating the deflection pattern of the circular diaphragm based on small deflection theory to improve linearity. The analytical model of capacitance, capacitive sensitivity, and mechanical sensitivity is verified through MATLAB simulations, while COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to validate the diaphragm deflection. Compared to earlier models, the capacitance shows significant improvement, reaching 14.7 pF with a sensitivity of 3.0 aF Pa−1 and a resolution 3.33 Pa over a pressure range of 0–2 MPa. The maximum center deflection observed in COMSOL simulations was 2.60 μm, while MATLAB calculations yielded a slightly lower value of 2.518 μm. Both results are consistent with small deflection theory, as they are less than one-fifth of the diaphragm’s thickness. This study contributes to the advancement of CPSs for various applications, including medical, automotive, aviation, and industrial fields.
Real-time tool wear monitoring and multi-step forward prediction based on multi-information fusion
Authors: Bao Saixiyalatu , Chao Bao , Zhang Chaoyong , Li Yong , Li Jingliang
Published: January 2025

Accurate diagnosis of tool wear is essential for enhancing both product quality and production efficiency. However, most existing diagnostic methods for tool wear fail to integrate both monitoring and prediction, with the majority of prediction approaches focusing on short-term prediction, often leading to significant cumulative errors. This study proposes a real-time tool wear monitoring and multi-step forward tool wear prediction (MFTWP) method based on multi-information fusion. First, an automated data acquisition platform is established to collect milling tool wear images and multi-information. Second, the segmenting objects by locations v2 model is trained to segment the wear area, and the maximum flank wear width of the milling tool is obtained to provide labeled data for monitoring and prediction models. Simultaneously, multi-domain features from the multi-sensor data are extracted, followed by fusion and post-processing. Kernel principal component analysis is then applied to extract the most representative and interpretable input features for the monitoring model. Subsequently, the Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks monitoring model is constructed to establish the relationship between multi-sensor features and real-time tool wear values. The output sequence is used as input to the Transformer prediction model to determine the tool wear sequence for future time steps. Following this, a MFTWP pattern is proposed, along with a real-time correction strategy to address the issue of cumulative errors. Finally, A large number of experiments are conducted, demonstrating the outstanding performance and real-time efficiency of the proposed method.
Model for the X-point radiator height and its energetic coupling to the plasma edge
Authors: Stroth U , Bernert M , Lunt T , Pan O , Wolfrum E ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: January 2025

The physics governing the height of the X-point radiator (XPR) and the influence of the related radiation losses on the edge temperature profiles is studied with a reduced power balance model, which is an extension of a model developed to study XPR access. For ASDEX Upgrade parameters with a heating power of 10  MW, the model reproduces that the X-point radiator can be moved from the X-point up to 14  cm into the confined plasma, dissipating up to 70% of the heating power. The key parameter is the neutral density in the X-point region. A reduction of the edge kinetic pressure gradient of about 50% is found which could explain the suppression of edge localized modes observed in experiment. The calculated edge temperature response is consistent with experimental data.
An extrapolation method for polarisability assessments of ion-based optical clocks
Authors: Barrett M D , Arnold K J
Published: January 2025

We present a numerical method for extrapolating polarisability measurements to dc as sometimes done in the assessment of blackbody radiation shifts for ion-based optical clocks. The method explicitly accounts for the frequency dependence of relevant atomic transitions without introducing an ad hoc modelling function. It incorporates a priori atomic structure calculations, which allows measurements to be augmented by calculations if there is insufficient data to make a purely measurement based estimate. The method also provides indicators of inconsistencies between theory and experiment or inadequacies of the data for making an extrapolation. We apply the method to Al+, Lu+, and Yb+ for the purposes of illustration.
Interaction mechanism of dislocations with Bi/hBN nanoparticles in free-cutting steels: molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Li Guangyuan , Wang Fazhan , Chen Zhanwen , Fan Yuan , Li Pan , Liu Menghui , Jiang Kai
Published: January 2025

To further understand the mechanical properties of free-cutting steels, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the interaction mechanisms between dislocation slip along close-packed planes and nano-inclusion particles (Bi/h-BN) within single-crystal iron (Fe). By colliding dislocations at varying slip velocities with nanometer-scale particles of different sizes and compositions, we concluded that particle diameter plays a decisive role not only in determining the dislocation cutting mode but also in influencing the dislocation’s shear stress response. These indicate that: Larger particles significantly enhance the strengthening effect on the matrix. Additionally, higher dislocation slip velocities result in stronger particle interaction feedback and greater particle damage, contributing to increased matrix deformation. h-BN particles, owing to their much higher hardness compared to Bi, exhibited superior resistance to deformation, requiring higher dislocation shear stress to pass these obstacles.
Propagation of the polarized light along an optical fiber via Rodrigues formula and Lorentzian screw motion
Authors: Özdemir Zehra , Perçin Şirin Gonca , Ceyhan Hazal
Published: January 2025

In this study, we investigate the propagation of polarized light along an optical fiber with the help of screw motion and Clifford's algebra of hyperbolic split dual quaternion in

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,

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. The importance of this study is that hyperbolic screw motion allows to us characterize four types of polarization states of polarized light waves in an optical fiber. These are elliptical polarization ((E)-polarization), circular polarization ((C)-polarization), Lorentzian circular polarization ((LC)-polarization), and linear polarization ((L)-polarization). In addition, we determine the parametric equations of the four types of trajectories drawn by the end-points of the polarization vector while propagating in space that are called elliptical-Rytov curves (E

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), circular-Rytov curves (C

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), hyperbolic-Rytov curves (H

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) and linear-Rytov curves (L

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). Moreover, we visualize the polarization states and the related Rytov curves via mathematical programs. Furthermore, we use the four Stokes parameters and their matrix formulas to explain polarization states in

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Two types of Heisenberg supermagnetic models with the cubic constraint
Authors: Guo Jiafeng , Su Huajie , Yan Zhaowen
Published: January 2025

This paper is concerned with the construction of two types of generalized Heisenberg supermagnetic models with the constraint S^3=S, including inhomogeneous Heisenberg supermagnet model in (1+1)-dimensional and the $(2+1)$-dimensional Heisenberg supermagnet model. Furthermore, by means of the gauge transformation, we investigate the gauge equivalent counterparts, which are (1+1)-dimensional inhomogeneous nonlinear Schr"odinger equation and (2+1)-dimensional super nonlinear Schr"odinger equation, respectively.
A pure quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ basis measurement and quantum entanglement exchange
Authors: Liu Bai , Zhang Jun , Qiu ShuPin , Zhang Mingwu
Published: January 2025

At present, most of the Quantum Secret Sharing (QSS) protocols are more or less designed with the incorporation of classical secret sharing schemes. With the increasing maturity of quantum technology, Quantum Secret Sharing (QSS) protocols based on pure quantum mechanics are becoming more important. Classical secret sharing schemes cannot achieve absolute security, and their involvement can compromise the security of QSS protocols.This paper proposes a quantum secret sharing scheme based on GHZ basis measurement and quantum entanglement exchange. In this protocol,the secret sender stores the secret information using Pauli operations. Participants obtain their shares by measuring the product state sequentially. Finally, participants complete the secret reconstruction through quantum entanglement exchange and other related quantum operations. In addition, the particles held by participants in the protocol do not contain any secret information. Each participant’s particles are in a state of maximum entanglement, and no participant can deduce the particle information of other participants through their own particles. At the same time, the protocol is based on pure quantum mechanics and does not involve classical schemes, which avoids the problem of reduced security of the protocol. Security analysis indicates that the protocol is not vulnerable to retransmission interception and collusion attacks. Moreover, it is capable of detecting and terminating the protocol promptly when faced with attacks from dishonest participants.
Dynamics of zebrafish locomotion are independent of spatial size
Authors: Wang Zhen , Gao Jian , Long Yong-shang , Lv Huaping , Wang Qun
Published: January 2025

Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized as a laboratory animal species to study various biological processes, both normal and pathological. It is crucial to comprehend the dynamics of zebrafish locomotion and put forth realistic models since their locomotion characteristics are employed as feedback indicators in diverse experiments. In this study, we conducted experimental research on the locomotion of zebrafish across various spatial sizes, focusing on the analysis of motion step size and motion direction. The results indicated that the motion step exhibits long-range correlations, the motion direction shows unbiased randomness, and the data characteristics are not influenced by spatial size. The dynamic mechanisms are complicated dynamical processes rather than fractional Brownian or Lévy processes motion. Based on the experimental results, we proposed a model for describing the movement of zebrafish in a circular container. Our findings shed light on the locomotion characteristics of zebrafish, and have the potential to benefit both the biological outcomes of animal tests and the welfare of the subjects.
Electronic structure and coexisting topological states in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of MnBi2Te4 quantum wires
Authors: Li Jian , Yin Zhu-Cai , Li Qing-Xu , Zhu Jia-Ji
Published: January 2025

We theoretically investigate the electronic structure of cylindrical magnetic topological insulator quantum wires in MnBi2Te4. Our study reveals the emergence of topological surface states in the ferromagnetic phase, characterized by spin-polarized subbands resulting from intrinsic magnetization. In the antiferromagnetic phase, we identify the coexistence of three distinct types of topological states, encompassing both surface states and central states.
Improvement of cellular pattern organization and clarity through centrifugal force
Authors: Mehanna Lauren E , Boyd James D , Remus-Williams Shelley , Racca Nicole M , Spraggins Dawson P , Grady Martha E , Berron Brad J
Published: January 2025

Rapid and strategic cell placement is necessary for high throughput tissue fabrication. Current adhesive cell patterning systems rely on fluidic shear flow to remove cells outside of the patterned regions, but limitations in washing complexity and uniformity prevent adhesive patterns from being widely applied. Centrifugation is commonly used to study the adhesive strength of cells to various substrates; however, the approach has not been applied to selective cell adhesion systems to create highly organized cell patterns. This study shows centrifugation as a promising method to wash cellular patterns after selective binding of cells to the surface has taken place. After patterning H9C2 cells using biotin-streptavidin as a model adhesive patterning system and washing with centrifugation, there is a significant number of cells removed outside of the patterned areas of the substrate compared to the initial seeding, while there is not a significant number removed from the desired patterned areas. This method is effective in patterning multiple size and linear structures from line widths of 50–200 μm without compromising immediate cell viability below 80%. We also test this procedure on a variety of tube-forming cell lines (MPCs, HUVECs) on various tissue-like surface materials (collagen 1 and Matrigel) with no significant differences in their respective tube formation metrics when the cells were seeded directly on their unconjugated surface versus patterned and washed through centrifugation. This result demonstrates that our patterning and centrifugation system can be adapted to a variety of cell types and substrates to create patterns tailored to many biological applications.
Enhancing water purification with light-activated strontium-doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Mokrani Nourelhouda , Temam Elhachmi Guettaf , Ben Temam Hachemi , Barkat Hadjer , Althamthami Mohammed
Published: January 2025

In the ever-evolving landscape of modern science, semiconducting oxides have emerged as indispensable materials, driving innovation across a myriad of fields. Among these, zinc oxide (ZnO) stands out for its versatility in various applications. This study delves into the realm of enhancing ZnO’s thin films through strontium (Sr) doping, employing the SILAR method to achieve this modification while meticulously examining its effects on structural, morphological, and optical properties. Through meticulous analysis, Sr doping has been found to induce significant changes in ZnO’s crystalline structure, retaining the wurtzite phase while reducing crystallite size. Morphological assessments via SEM reveal pronounced alterations, notably mitigating agglomeration and modifying surface characteristics. Optical studies demonstrate a gradual increase in the optical band-gap values of ZnO:Sr thin films with escalating Sr concentrations, implying heightened light absorption capacities. Crucially, practical assessments of photocatalytic performance against organic dyes (methylene blue and rose bangale), conducted under sunlight irradiation across varied pH conditions, unveil substantial enhancements. Particularly noteworthy is the exceptional efficiency of Sr-coupled ZnO thin films in basic pH environments, achieving up to 97.60% degradation of target pollutants. These findings underscore the transformative potential of Sr doping in bolstering the photocatalytic activity of ZnO thin films.
Technical validation of the Zeto wireless, dry electrode EEG system
Authors: Nadasdy Zoltan , Fogarty Adam S , Fisher Robert S , Primiani Christopher T , Graber Kevin D
Published: January 2025

Objective. Clinical adoption of innovative EEG technology is contingent on the non-inferiority of the new devices relative to conventional ones. We present the four key results from testing the signal quality of Zeto’s WR 19 EEG system against a conventional EEG system conducted on patients in a clinical setting. Methods. We performed 30 min simultaneous recordings using the Zeto WR 19 (zEEG) and a conventional clinical EEG system (cEEG) in a cohort of 15 patients. We compared the signal quality between the two EEG systems by computing time domain statistics, waveform correlation, spectral density, signal-to-noise ratio and signal stability. Results. All statistical comparisons resulted in signal quality non-inferior relative to cEEG. (i) Time domain statistics, including the Hjorth parameters, showed equivalence between the two systems, except for a significant reduction of sensitivity to electric noise in zEEG relative to cEEG. (ii) The point-by-point waveform correlation between the two systems was acceptable (r > 0.6; P < 0.001). (iii) Each of the 15 datasets showed a high spectral correlation (r > 0.99; P < 0.001) and overlapping spectral density across all electrode positions, indicating no systematic signal distortion. (iv) The mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the zEEG system exceeded that of the cEEG by 4.82 dB, equivalent to a 16% improvement. (v) The signal stability was maintained through the recordings. Conclusion. In terms of signal quality, the zEEG system is non-inferior to conventional clinical EEG systems with respect to all relevant technical parameters that determine EEG readability and interpretability. Zeto’s WR 19 wireless dry electrode system has signal quality in the clinical EEG space at least equivalent to traditional cEEG recordings.