bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age-based and reproductive biology of the Pacific Longnose Parrotfish Hipposcarus longiceps from Guam
Authors: Taylor Brett M. , Cruz Eric
Published: November 2017

The Pacific longnose parrotfish Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes 1840) represents a prime fishery resource throughout much of the tropical Pacific. In this study, we sampled the species from the Guam commercial fishery market across five consecutive years to characterize reproductive and age-based demographic information imperative for informed fishery management. Compared with other parrotfishes, this species was found to be large-bodied, but has only a moderate life span of 10 + years. Hipposcarus longiceps was confirmed as a diandric protogynous hermaphrodite with highly sex-specific growth patterns and an overall mean asymptotic length of 434 mm fork length (FL). Females were estimated to reach median maturity at 329 mm FL (2.4 years) and have a median length at female-to-male sex change of 401 mm FL. Life-history trait values derived here were used to update previous models relating life history and vulnerability to overexploitation. We found that enhancement of just one species’ trait values improved model fits considerably, which strengthens the conclusion that life-history traits are a strong determinant of species’ vulnerability in the parrotfishes. This information is an imperative complement to other data sources facilitating formal stock assessment of a key fishery target.
Severe Mental Retardation Patient With a De Novo Chromosomal Deletion 5q14-22 Can Be a Carrier of a Rectal And Duodenal Cancer Associated With Over 200 Colorectal Polyps: A Case Report
Authors: Sonoda Hiromichi , Shimizu Tomoharu , Miyake Toru , Ohta Hiroyuki , Akabori Hiroya , Tani Masaji
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) caused by a de novo 5q chromosomal deletion is rare, and precise cytogenetic analysis using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays have been performed in a few cases.

Case presentation

We herein present the case of a 38-year-old man with advanced rectal and duodenal cancer, FAP, and severe mental retardation caused by a de novo chromosomal deletion at 5q14–22. He was referred to our outpatient clinic because of a positive fecal occult blood test result. He was found to have advanced rectal cancer, with over 200 colorectal polyps, and duodenal cancer. He underwent laparoscopic total proctocolectomy with definitive ileostomy followed by partial resection of the duodenum. Comparative genomic hybridization to characterize deleted genes identified a large 5q deletion expanding approximately 24.9 Mbp, including the APC gene.

Conclusion

Patients who harbor a chromosomal deletion involving 5q21 are at risk of developing rectal cancer and polyposis. Therefore, such patients need early cancer screening following the availability of genetic information.
MAPK inhibitors induce serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) secretion in BRAF V600E‐mutant colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Räsänen Kati , Dang Kien X. , Mustonen Harri , Ho Tho H. , Lintula Susanna , Koistinen Hannu , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Haglund Caj , Stenman Jakob
Published: November 2017

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a central role in colorectal cancers (CRC). In particular, BRAF V600E‐mutant tumors, which represent around 10% of CRCs, are refractory to current therapies. Overexpression and secretion of serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) are observed in around 50% of CRCs, and its serum level can be used as a biomarker for poor prognosis. Utilizing a recently developed extendable blocking probe assay, we analyzed the BRAF mutation status in a CRC patient cohort (N = 571) using tissue‐derived RNA as the starting material. From the same RNA samples, we measured the relative SPINK1 expression levels using a quantitative real‐time PCR method. Expression of mutant BRAF V600E correlated with poor prognosis, as did low expression of SPINK1 mRNA. Further, BRAF V600E correlated negatively with SPINK1 levels. In order to investigate the effect of MAPK pathway‐targeted therapies on SPINK1 secretion, we conducted in vitro studies using both wild‐type and V600E CRC cell lines. BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, and subsequent MAPK pathway inhibitors trametinib and SCH772984, significantly increased SPINK1 secretion in V600E CRC cell lines Colo205 and HT‐29 with a concomitant decrease in trypsin‐1 and ‐2 secretion. Notably, no SPINK1 increase or trypsin‐1 decrease was observed in BRAF wild‐type CRC cell line Caco‐2 in response to MAPK pathway inhibitors. In further mechanistic studies, we observed that only trametinib was able to diminish completely both MEK and ERK phosphorylation in the V600E CRC cells. Furthermore, the key regulator of integrated stress response, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF‐4), was downregulated both at mRNA and at protein level in response to trametinib treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that sustained inhibition of not only MAPK pathway activation, but also ATF‐4 and trypsin, might be beneficial in the therapy of BRAF V600E‐mutant CRC and that SPINK1 levels may serve as an indicator of therapy response.
Stem cell biomanufacturing under uncertainty: A case study in optimizing red blood cell production
Authors: Misener Ruth , Allenby Mark C. , Fuentes‐Garí María , Gupta Karan , Wiggins Thomas , Panoskaltsis Nicki , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N. , Mantalaris Athanasios
Published: November 2017

As breakthrough cellular therapy discoveries are translated into reliable, commercializable applications, effective stem cell biomanufacturing requires systematically developing and optimizing bioprocess design and operation. This article proposes a rigorous computational framework for stem cell biomanufacturing under uncertainty. Our mathematical tool kit incorporates: high‐fidelity modeling, single variate and multivariate sensitivity analysis, global topological superstructure optimization, and robust optimization. The advantages of the proposed bioprocess optimization framework using, as a case study, a dual hollow fiber bioreactor producing red blood cells from progenitor cells were quantitatively demonstrated. The optimization phase reduces the cost by a factor of 4, and the price of insuring process performance against uncertainty is approximately 15% over the nominal optimal solution. Mathematical modeling and optimization can guide decision making; the possible commercial impact of this cellular therapy using the disruptive technology paradigm was quantitatively evaluated. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 64: 3011–3022, 2018
Polygenic risk scores distinguish patients from non‐affected adult relatives and from normal controls in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder multi‐affected kindreds
Authors: Boies Sébastien , Mérette Chantal , Paccalet Thomas , Maziade Michel , Bureau Alexandre
Published: November 2017

Recent studies have used results on SNP association with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) to create polygenic risk scores (PRS) discriminating non‐familial unrelated patients from controls. Little is known about the role of PRS in densely affected multigenerational families. We tested PRS differences between affected SZ and BD family members from their non‐affected adult relatives (NAARs) in Eastern Quebec Kindreds and from controls. We examined 1227 subjects: from 17 SZ and BD kindreds, we studied 153 patients (57 SZ, 13 schizoaffective, and 83 BD) and 180 NAARs, and 894 unrelated controls from the Eastern Quebec population. PRS were derived from published case‐control association studies of SZ and BD. We also constructed a combined SZ and BD PRS by using SNPs from both SZ and BD PRS. SZ patients had higher SZ PRS than controls (p = 0.0039, R2 = 0.027) and BD patients had higher BD PRS than controls (p = 0.013, R2 = 0.027). Differences between affected subjects and NAARs and controls were significant with both SZ and BD PRS. Moreover, a combined SZ‐BD PRS was also significantly associated with SZ and BD when compared to NAARs (p = 0.0019, R2 = 0.010) and controls (p = 0.0025, R2 = 0.028), revealing a SZ‐BD commonality effect in PRS at the diagnosis level. The SZ and the BD PRS, however, showed a degree of specificity regarding thought disorder symptoms. Overall, our report would confirm the usefulness of PRS in capturing the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk of SZ and BD in densely affected families.
Osteology and Radiological Anatomy of the Thoracic Limbs of Temminck's Ground Pangolin (Smutsia temminckii)
Authors: Steyn Christine , Soley John T. , Crole Martina R.
Published: November 2017

Temminck's ground pangolin is the only pangolin present in South Africa. It is a myrmecophagous mammal with a bipedal gait. The thoracic limbs are used to break open ant nests, dig for food, and expand previously occupied burrows. This study describes the osteology and radiological anatomy of the thoracic limbs of this threatened species. Thoracic limbs from four Temminck's ground pangolins, which succumbed from electrocution or natural causes, were digitally radiographed in situ. The individual bones were then cleaned, described and digitally radiographed. The skeleton of the thoracic limbs revealed a similar number and arrangement of bones compared to that of domestic carnivores. The bones were robust and displayed numerous open epiphyseal lines. The latter provide an estimate of sexual maturity and should not be confused with fractures in injured ground pangolins. The scapula was broad and triangular‐shaped. The humerus displayed a massive medial epicondyle. The radius and ulna were similarly sized, and displayed a broad radial trochlea and large olecranon tuber, respectively. The manus was composed of seven carpal bones, five short metacarpal bones and five digits of which the three central digits were the best developed. The unguicular process of the distal phalanx was bifid and elongated. The osteological characteristics indicate that the thoracic limbs of Temminck's ground pangolin are specifically adapted for protraction and retraction, strong elbow extension, flexion of the carpus and digits as well as pronation and supination of the antebrachium, as opposed to weight‐bearing. These functions are likewise documented for other scratch‐digging species. Anat Rec, 301:624–635, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Higher Coronary Plaque Burden in Psoriatic Arthritis Is Independent of Metabolic Syndrome and Associated With Underlying Disease Severity
Authors: Szentpetery Agnes , Healy Gerard M. , Brady Darragh , Haroon Muhammad , Gallagher Phil , Redmond Ciaran E. , Fleming Hannah , Duignan John , Dodd Jonathan D. , FitzGerald Oliver
Published: November 2017

Objective

To examine the effect of metabolic syndrome and psoriatic disease–related variables on coronary plaque burden in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients.

Methods

Fifty PsA patients without symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD) (25 with metabolic syndrome and 25 without metabolic syndrome) and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched controls underwent 64‐slice coronary computed tomography angiography. Plaque localization, segment involvement score (SIS), segment stenosis score (SSS), and total plaque volume (TPV) were calculated. Plaques were classified as calcified, mixed, or noncalcified. Kruskal‐Wallis test, rank correlations, and linear regression analyses were used to study the relationship between PsA, metabolic syndrome, and plaque burden.

Results

Plaques were found in 76% of PsA patients versus 44% of controls (P = 0.001), and a higher proportion of patients with PsA had affected coronary vessels (P = 0.007). SIS, SSS, and TPV were greater in PsA patients than controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.001, and P ≤ 0.001, respectively). More PsA patients had mixed plaques, and mixed plaque volume was higher than in controls (P < 0.001). PsA patients with metabolic syndrome and those without metabolic syndrome had similar plaque burdens and types. SIS, SSS, and TPV did not show significant relationships with features of metabolic syndrome, but did significantly correlate with disease activity measures. TPV was associated with a diagnosis of PsA (B = 0.865, P = 0.008), but not with metabolic syndrome. Age, highest C‐reactive protein level, highest swollen joint count, disease duration, and plasma glucose level were independent predictors of higher plaque burden in PsA.

Conclusion

PsA is associated with accelerated coronary plaque formation, particularly mixed plaques, independent of metabolic disease. Psoriatic disease activity and severity may predict coronary plaque burden better than traditional risk factors.
A wikification prediction model based on the combination of latent, dyadic, and monadic features
Authors: Ferreira Raoni S. , Pimentel Maria da Graça , Cristo Marco
Published: November 2017

Considering repositories of web documents that are semantically linked and created in a collaborative fashion, as in the case of Wikipedia, a key problem faced by content providers is the placement of links in the articles. These links must support user navigation and provide a deeper semantic interpretation of the content. Current wikification methods exploit machine learning techniques to capture characteristics of the concepts and its associations. In previous work, we proposed a preliminary prediction model combining traditional predictors with a latent component which captures the concept graph topology by means of matrix factorization. In this work, we provide a detailed description of our method and a deeper comparison with a state‐of‐the‐art wikification method using a sample of Wikipedia and report a gain up to 13% in F1 score. We also provide a comprehensive analysis of the model performance showing the importance of the latent predictor component and the attributes derived from the associations between the concepts. Moreover, we include an analysis that allows us to conclude that the model is resilient to ambiguity without including a disambiguation phase. We finally report the positive impact of selecting training samples from specific content quality classes.
Robust Tracking Control and Stabilization of Underactuated Ships
Authors: Li Jia‐Wang
Published: November 2017

This paper addresses the problem of tracking control and stabilization for underactuated ships subjected to parametric modeling uncertainties. By designing a novel error state transformation scheme, some auxiliary variables are provided to be regarded as additional virtual control signals, while these variables can change their structures for different reference trajectories. Then, a robust control scheme is presented to achieve practical convergence of tracking errors and the ship's velocities to bounded neighborhoods of the origin. Simulation results are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Fluxtube dynamics in neutron star cores
Authors: Graber V.
Published: November 2017

Although the detailed structure of neutron stars remains unknown, their equilibrium temperatures lie well below the Fermi temperature of dense nuclear matter, suggesting that the nucleons in the stars' core form Cooper pairs and exhibit macroscopic quantum behavior. The presence of such condensates impacts on the neutron stars' large‐scale properties. Specifically, superconducting protons in the outer core (expected to show type‐IIproperties) alter the stars' magnetism, as the magnetic field is no longer locked to the charged plasma but instead confined to fluxtubes. The motion of these structures governs the dynamics of the core magnetic field. To examine whether field evolution could be driven on observable timescales, several mechanisms affecting the fluxtube distribution are addressed and characteristic timescales for realistic equations of state estimated. The results suggest that the corresponding timescales are not constant but vary for different densities inside the star, generally being shortest close to the crust–core interface.
Integration of a faculty's ongoing research into an undergraduate laboratory teaching class in developmental biology
Authors: Nam Sang‐Chul
Published: November 2017

Traditional developmental biology laboratory classes have utilized a number of different model organisms to allow students to be exposed to diverse biological phenomena in developing organisms. This traditional approach has mainly focused on the diverse morphological and anatomical descriptions of the developing organisms. However, modern developmental biology is focusing more on conserved genetic networks which are responsible for generating conserved body patterns in developing organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new pedagogical tool to educate undergraduate biology students in the laboratory class of developmental biology with the genetic principles which are responsible for generating and controlling the developing body patterns. A new undergraduate laboratory class for developmental biology was developed in order to offer students the opportunity to explore a wide range of experimental procedures, also incorporating the instructor's on‐going research. Thereby the course can serve as a bridge between research and education by combining both into a single theme. The course design involves a sequence of exercises which can be easily adapted to the faculty's ongoing research. This style of laboratory coursework could be a transitional form between a regular laboratory course and a discovery‐based laboratory course. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):141–150, 2018.
Sodium bicarbonate‐gelled chitosan beads as mechanically stable carriers for the covalent immobilization of enzymes
Authors: Wahba Marwa I.
Published: November 2017

The poor mechanical stability of chitosan has long impeded its industrial utilization as an immobilization carrier. In this study, the mechanical properties of chitosan beads were greatly improved through utilizing the slow rate of the sodium bicarbonate‐induced chitosan gelation and combining it with the chemical cross‐linking action of glutaraldehyde (GA). The GA‐treated sodium bicarbonate‐gelled chitosan beads exhibited much better mechanical properties and up to 2.45‐fold higher observed activity of the immobilized enzyme (β‐D‐galactosidase (β‐gal)) when compared to the GA‐treated sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP)‐gelled chitosan beads. The differences between the sodium bicarbonate‐gelled and the TPP‐gelled chitosan beads were proven visually and also via scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, the optimum pH, the optimum temperature, the apparent Km, and the apparent Vmax of the β‐gals immobilized onto the two aforementioned types of chitosan beads were determined and compared. A reusability study was also performed. This study proved the superiority of the sodium bicarbonate‐gelled chitosan beads as they retained 72.22 ± 4.57% of their initial observed activity during the 13th reusability cycle whereas the TPP‐gelled beads lost their activity during the first four reusability cycles, owing to their fragmentation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:347–361, 2018
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy simulating liver tumor
Authors: Anon Benjamin , Scotto Béatrice , Bacq Yannick
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare liver disease unique to pregnancy that can lead to acute liver failure. Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion for AFLP because only early diagnosis and prompt delivery improve maternal and fetal prognosis.
Fe/Fe3C Nanoparticles Embedded in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Multifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Catalysis and CO2 Reduction
Authors: Jia Jingchun , Yang Huijuan , Wang Genxiang , Huang Peng , Cai Pingwei , Wen Zhenhai
Published: November 2017

Hybrids of Fe/Fe3C embedded in N‐doped carbon nanotubes (Fe/Fe3C@NCNTs) are prepared by pyrolyzing mixtures of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and dicyandiamide. The systematic electrochemical study of Fe/Fe3C@NCNTs shows a decent catalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The sample of Fe/Fe3C@NCNTs at 750 °C exhibits a remarkably high activity with an onset potential of 1.47 V for the OER, and an onset potential of 0.96 V and half‐wave potential 0.88 V for the ORR, which inspired us to set up a rechargeable Zn‐air battery with such Fe/Fe3C@NCNT nanohybrids as the cathode materials, showing a maximum power density of 198 mW cm−2 and long‐term stability after 500 cycles. We also demonstrate that Fe/Fe3C@NCNTs present favorable electrocatalytic activity towards the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with a low onset potential and good selectivity. The major products are a mixture of H2 and CO gases that can be used for methanol production in the Fischer−Tropsch process.
Influence of droplet coalescence and breakup on the separation process in wave‐plate separators
Authors: Yuan Shuxia , Fan Yuguang , Li Jingming , Zhou Sanping , Cao Yinping
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the numerical simulation method regarding the coalescence and breakup of droplets occurring during the gas‐liquid separation process and their influence on the separation efficiency and pressure drop. The Euler‐Lagrange method was used, and the discrete phase was simulated as an unsteady process. The results of the study indicate that numerical simulation results show better agreement with the experiment results when the coalescence and breakup model is taken into account. During the unsteady process, it was concluded that the simulation can meet the accuracy requirements as long as the Courant number of droplets is less than 1/3. The coalescence increases the droplet diameter, which improves the separation efficiency and reduces the pressure drop, whereas the opposite effect occurs with the breakup. Compared with other factors, the influence of the surface tension on the coalescence and breakup is more apparent, and droplets with a lower surface tension may be prone to coalescing or breaking. The coalescence occurs with a lower separation velocity, whereas breakup becomes predominant with higher separation velocity. The present research provides valuable suggestions on choosing strategies to improve the separation efficiency. For droplets with small surface tension, the separation velocity is restricted to not resulting breakup, and the separation efficiency can be improved by changing the shapes and spaces of the wave plate. In contrast, for droplets with large surface tension, increasing the velocity is an effective way to improve the separation efficiency.
In situ epoxidation of waste soybean cooking oil for synthesis of biolubricant basestock: A process parameter optimization and comparison with RSM, ANN, and GA
Authors: Paul Atanu Kumar , Borugadda Venu Babu , Bhalerao Machhindra S. , Goud Vaibhav V.
Published: November 2017

In this work, the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as an alternative tool for modelling and predicting the optimum conversion of the unsaturated fatty acid to epoxide in comparison with the response surface methodology (RSM) was developed. In the present investigation, waste soybean cooking oil (WCO) as biolubricant basestock was prepared via structural modification of unsaturated fatty acids (in situ epoxidation). Optimization of the effect of process parameters on maximum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) was studied using RSM. Interaction among the process parameters, such as C=C bonds to H2O2 molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time was examined by ANOVA. The main focus of this study was to establish optimum OOC conditions using sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as a homogeneous acid catalyst. Optimum OOC of epoxidized waste soybean cooking oil (EWCO) was found to be 4.69 mass% under the experimental conditions of 60 °C temperature, 6 h reaction time, 1.5 g of catalyst loading, and 1:2 molar ratio of C=C bonds to H2O2. The resultant epoxide product was confirmed with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (at 844.82 cm−1) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (at δ 2.8 to δ 3.1 ppm) analysis. Significant physicochemical properties of the prepared lubricant basestock were evaluated at optimum conditions using standard methods. Further, ANN modelling and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization were carried out by using an identical dataset. The results of the study revealed that the chemically modified WCO derivatives also can act as a potential biolubricant basestock.
Anticancer Properties of Halogenated Pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidines with Decreased Toxicity via N5 Substitution
Authors: Cawrse Brian M. , Lapidus Rena S. , Cooper Brandon , Choi Eun Yong , Seley‐Radtke Katherine L.
Published: November 2017

Halogenated pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidine analogues have shown antiproliferative activity in recent studies, with cell accumulation occurring in the G2/M stage without apoptosis. However, the mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of these compounds has yet to be determined. To investigate the PK profile of these compounds, a series of halogenated pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidine compounds was synthesized and first tested for activity in various cancer cell lines followed by a mouse model. EC50 values ranged from 0.014 to 14.5 μm, and maximum tolerated doses (MTD) in mice were between 5 and 10 mg kg−1. This indicates a wide variance in activity and toxicity that necessitates further study. To decrease toxicity, a second series of compounds was synthesized with N5‐alkyl substitutions in an effort to slow the rate of metabolism, which was thought to be leading to the toxicity. The N‐substituted compounds demonstrated comparable cell line activity (EC50 values between 0.83–7.3 μm) with significantly decreased toxicity (MTD=40 mg kg−1). Finally, the PK profile of the active N5‐substituted compound shows a plasma half‐life of 32.7 minutes, and rapid conversion into the parent unsubstituted analogue. Together, these data indicate that halogenated pyrrolo[3,2‐d]pyrimidines present a promising lead into potent antiproliferative agents with tunable activity and toxicity, and rapid metabolism.
A Synthetic MUC1 Anticancer Vaccine Containing Mannose Ligands for Targeting Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Glaffig Markus , Stergiou Natascha , Hartmann Sebastian , Schmitt Edgar , Kunz Horst
Published: November 2017

A MUC1 anticancer vaccine equipped with covalently linked divalent mannose ligands was found to improve the antigen uptake and presentation by targeting mannose‐receptor‐positive macrophages and dendritic cells. It induced much stronger specific IgG immune responses in mice than the non‐mannosylated reference vaccine. Mannose coupling also led to increased numbers of macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4+ T cells in the local lymph organs. Comparison of di‐ and tetravalent mannose ligands revealed an increased binding of the tetravalent version, suggesting that higher valency improves binding to the mannose receptor. The mannose‐coupled vaccine and the non‐mannosylated reference vaccine induced IgG antibodies that exhibited similar binding to human breast tumor cells.
Average‐atom model calculations of dense‐plasma opacities: Review and potential applications to white‐dwarf stars
Authors: Piron R. , Blenski T.
Published: November 2017

Methods using average‐atom models in order to calculate dense‐plasma opacities and conductivities are reviewed. Dense plasmas at moderate temperatures, of interest in white‐dwarf modelling, are considered. Due to their relative simplicity of implementation, compared to more detailed models (detailed‐level accounting, detailed configuration accounting, etc.), average‐atom models are a privileged framework for the application of the most involved dense‐plasma statistical modelling. Moreover, the average‐atom models are well suited to the calculation of some thermodynamic properties, such as the equation of state. They can also be used in order to estimate broadband radiative properties of dense plasmas. After an introduction to the opacity issue in the modelling of white dwarfs, we make a short review of average‐atom models. We then address the methods of calculating the opacity starting from the average‐atom model, see some of their limitations, and briefly discuss some problems that remain open, such as the modelling of fluctuations, or the accounting for channel mixing and collective phenomena in the photoabsorption.
Ephemeral kettle hole water and sediment temporal and spatial dynamics within an agricultural catchment
Authors: Kayler Zachary E. , Badrian Maria , Frackowski Adam , Rieckh Helene , Nitzsche Kai Nils , Kalettka Thomas , Merz Christoph , Gessler Arthur
Published: November 2017

Kettle holes are glacially created ponds that form within landscape depressions and are numerous across young moraine landscapes. Kettle hole water budgets are based primarily on winter precipitation, and therefore, undergo pronounced short‐term changes in water level fluctuations. Little is known about kettle hole sediment biogeochemistry in NE Germany, especially with regards to hydroperiod. Our objective for this study was to link the abiotic influences demarked by the evaporative isotopic signal from kettle hole water and solute chemistry to sediment organic matter turnover imprinted in the sediment δ13C and δ15N isotopic values. From the 20 kettle holes we sampled, 19 of these completely dried out, but on different dates. This dynamic was partially explained by longitudinal and elevational changes over the catchment area illustrating regional controls of kettle hole water balance. At the scale of an individual kettle hole, we estimated evaporation explained up to 38% of water volume loss. The changes in water levels were weakly related to differences in surface sediment elemental N and C concentrations between kettle hole edge and centre positions. These dynamics were primarily driven by redox conditions, Ca2+, and several nutrient concentrations (dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved P, and ammonium) in the water column. Although we did not detect differences in the surface sediment δ13C and δ15N values, the δ15N signature in relation to the C:N ratio highlights the advanced decomposition state of surface sediment OM in temporarily water filled kettle holes.
Incorporation of a Redox‐Active Bis(guanidine) in Low‐Dimensional Tin and Lead Iodide Structures
Authors: Herrmann Hendrik , Walter Petra , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: November 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hans‐Jörg Himmel at Heidelberg University, Germany. The cover image shows a new tin iodide material with embedded redox‐active guanidine units that protect the tin atoms from being oxidized, like an umbrella against a sudden downpour.
“Saved by the Bell”: Near SUDEP during intracranial EEG monitoring
Authors: Ba‐Armah Duaa M. , Donner Elizabeth J. , Ochi Ayako , Go Cristina , McCoy Bláthnaid , Snead Carter , Drake James , Jones Kevin C.
Published: November 2017

SUDEP is the sudden unexpected death of a person with epilepsy, when no structural or toxicological cause of death can be found. The majority of witnessed cases are reported to be preceded by a convulsive seizure and postictal hypoventilation. Here, we report an 8‐year‐old girl with drug‐resistant focal seizures secondary to a focal cortical dysplasia type IIb. While undergoing invasive intracranial monitoring with subdural and depth electrodes, she had a clinical apnea event recorded on video, followed by bradycardia, which required resuscitation. Her intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) during the event showed diffuse slowing and attenuation of cortical activity, with bradycardia that responded to positive pressure ventilation with oxygen. This near SUDEP event was not preceded by either an electroclinical or electrographic seizure. This is the first report of a witnessed, near‐SUDEP event during intracranial monitoring. It emphasizes the fact that near‐SUDEP can occur without a preceding seizure.
Calibration of silicone rubber rods as passive samplers for pesticides at two different flow velocities: Modeling of sampling rates under water boundary layer and polymer control
Authors: Martin Alexis , Margoum Christelle , Jolivet Antoine , Assoumani Azziz , El Moujahid Bachir , Randon Jérôme , Coquery Marina
Published: November 2017

There is a need to determine time-weighted average concentrations of polar contaminants such as pesticides by passive sampling in environmental waters. Calibration data for silicone rubber-based passive samplers are lacking for this class of compounds. The calibration data, sampling rate (Rs), and partition coefficient between silicone rubber and water (Ksw) were precisely determined for 23 pesticides and 13 candidate performance reference compounds (PRCs) in a laboratory calibration system over 14 d for 2 water flow velocities, 5 and 20 cm s−1. The results showed that an in situ exposure duration of 7 d left a silicone rubber rod passive sampler configuration in the linear or curvilinear uptake period for 19 of the pesticides studied. A change in the transport mechanism from polymer control to water boundary layer control was observed for pesticides with a log Ksw of approximately 3.3. The PRC candidates were not fully relevant to correct the impact of water flow velocity on Rs. We therefore propose an alternative method based on an overall resistance to mass transfer model to adjust Rs from laboratory experiments to in situ hydrodynamic conditions. We estimated diffusion coefficients (Ds) and thickness of water boundary layer (δw) as adjustable model parameters. Log Ds values ranged from −12.13 to −10.07 m2 s−1. The estimated δw value showed a power function correlation with water flow velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1208–1218. © 2017 SETAC
Mechanical properties, corrosion, and biocompatibility of Mg‐Zr‐Sr‐Dy alloys for biodegradable implant applications
Authors: Ding Yunfei , Lin Jixing , Wen Cuie , Zhang Dongmei , Li Yuncang
Published: November 2017

This study investigates the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility of magnesium (Mg)‐based Mg1Zr2SrxDy (x = 0, 1, 1.63, 2.08 wt %) alloys for biodegradable implant applications. The corrosion behavior of the Mg‐based alloys has been evaluated in simulated body fluid using an electrochemical technique and hydrogen evolution. The biocompatibility of the Mg‐based alloys has been assessed using SaSO2 cells. Results indicate that the addition of Dy to Mg‐Zr‐Sr alloy showed a positive impact on the corrosion behavior and significantly decreased the degradation rates of the alloys. The degradation rate of Mg1Zr2Sr1.0Dy decreased from 17.61 to 12.50 mm year−1 of Mg1Zr2Sr2.08Dy based on the hydrogen evolution. The ultimate compressive strength decreased from 270.90 MPa for Mg1Zr2Sr1Dy to 236.71 MPa for Mg1Zr2Sr2.08Dy. An increase in the addition of Dy to the Mg‐based alloys resulted in an increase in the volume fraction of the Mg2Dy phase, which mitigated the galvanic effect between the Mg17Sr2 phase and the Mg matrix, and led to an increase in the corrosion resistance of the base alloy. The biocompatibility of the Mg‐based alloys was enhanced with decreasing corrosion rates. Mg1Zr2Sr2.08Dy exhibited the lowest corrosion rate and the highest biocompatibility compared with the other Mg‐based alloys. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2425–2434, 2018.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Azeloprazole Sodium, a Novel Proton Pump Inhibitor, in Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Authors: Toda Ryoko , Shiramoto Masanari , Komai Emi , Yoshii Kazuyoshi , Hirayama Masamichi , Kawabata Yoshihiro
Published: November 2017

The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of proton pump inhibitors differ among cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 genotypes. Therefore, we developed azeloprazole sodium (Z‐215), a novel proton pump inhibitor, whose metabolism is not affected by CYP2C19 activity in vitro. However, the PK and PD of azeloprazole sodium have not been evaluated in Japanese subjects. We conducted an open‐label, crossover study in healthy Japanese male volunteers to evaluate the plasma concentration and intragastric pH with respect to CYP2C19 genotype after repeated administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg azeloprazole sodium and 10 and 20 mg rabeprazole sodium (rabeprazole). The plasma concentration profile of azeloprazole sodium was similar among genotypes, whereas that of rabeprazole differed. The 24‐hour intragastric pH ≥ 4 holding time ratio (pH ≥ 4 HTR) of azeloprazole sodium was similar among genotypes. The pH ≥ 4 HTR was 52.5%–60.3%, 55.1%–65.8%, and 69.4%–77.1% after administration of 10, 20, and 40 mg azeloprazole sodium, respectively, and 59.2%–72.3% and 64.4%–91.2% after administration of 10 and 20 mg rabeprazole, respectively, on the fifth day of dosing. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC), and pH ≥ 4 HTR of azeloprazole sodium were proportional to dose. The Cmax, AUC, and pH ≥ 4 HTR on day 5 were slightly higher following administration of 20 mg azeloprazole sodium before comparison with after a meal. No serious adverse events were observed. These results suggest that azeloprazole sodium is useful for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease in all CYP2C19 genotypes.
Circulating myomiRs: a new class of biomarkers to monitor skeletal muscle in physiology and medicine
Authors: Siracusa Julien , Koulmann Nathalie , Banzet Sébastien
Published: November 2017

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non‐coding RNAs that target mRNAs and are consequently involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Some miRNAs are ubiquitously expressed in tissue, while others are tissue‐specific or tissue‐enriched. miRNAs can be released by cells and are found in various biofluids, including serum and plasma. Thus, measuring miRNAs in the circulation may provide information on the originating tissue or cells. MyomiRs are described as striated muscle‐specific or muscle‐enriched miRNAs. Their circulating levels can be measured and have been proposed to be new biomarkers of physiological and pathological muscle processes. The aims of this review are to summarize the current knowledge of circulating myomiRs, to identify the types of information they can provide about skeletal muscle, and to determine how to apply that information in the fields of research and medicine.
Preferential crystallization for the purification of similar hydrophobic polyphenols
Authors: Silva Marcelo , Vieira Briana , Ottens Marcel
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Preferential crystallization is a common technique used in the purification of enantiomers, proving that crystallization may also be applied to the purification of very similar molecules by seeding the solution with the desired compound. Nonetheless, its application to other organic molecules is less widely documented in the literature. Knowing that chemically related polyphenols are generally co‐produced by fermentation and their purification can be too expensive for their market value, this technique may contribute to developing a downstream process with less expensive steps. The goal of this work is to show the applicability of the preferential crystallization concept to the purification of similar polyphenols – naringenin and trans‐resveratrol – with either single or coupled crystallizers.

RESULTS

After developing the required crystallization kinetic models, an experiment using two coupled vessels was devised, where a 63% yield of naringenin and 44% yield of trans‐resveratrol was obtained, with ≥98% purity in both cases. When the vessels were working independently, 81% of pure trans‐resveratrol (started 60% pure) and 70% of pure naringenin (started 68% pure) were recovered.

CONCLUSION

The experiments performed show the possibility of separately purifying two similar molecules (from 60% to roughly 100%) with promising yields, despite their similar solubility. This method, which can be significantly improved, might provide an economically attractive way for the production of low added value products. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A rapid T1 mapping method for assessment of murine kidney viability using dynamic manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jiang Kai , Tang Hui , Mishra Prasanna K. , Macura Slobodan I. , Lerman Lilach O.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Dynamic manganese‐enhanced MRI (MEMRI) allows assessment of tissue viability by tracing manganese uptake. We aimed to develop a rapid T1 mapping method for dynamic MEMRI to facilitate assessments of murine kidney viability.

Methods

A multi‐slice saturation recovery fast spin echo (MSRFSE) was developed, validated, and subsequently applied in dynamic MEMRI at 16.4T on ischemic mouse kidneys after 4 weeks of unilateral renal artery stenosis (RAS). Baseline T1 values and post‐contrast R1 (1/T1) changes were measured in cortex (CO), outer (OSOM), inner (ISOM) strips of outer medulla, and inner medulla (IM).

Results

Validation studies showed strong agreement between MSRFSE and an established saturation recovery Look‐Locker method. Baseline T1 (s) increased in the stenotic kidney CO (2.10 [1.95–2.56] vs. 1.88 [1.81–2.00], P = 0.0317) and OSOM (2.17 [2.05–2.33] vs. 1.96 [1.87–2.00], P = 0.0075) but remained unchanged in ISOM and IM. This method allowed a temporal resolution of 1.43 min in dynamic MEMRI. Mn2+ uptake and retention decreased in stenotic kidneys, particularly in the OSOM (ΔR1: 0.48 [0.38–0.56] vs. 0.64 [0.61–0.69] s−1, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Dynamic MEMRI by MSRFSE detected decreased cellular viability and discerned the regional responses to RAS. This technique may provide a valuable tool for noninvasive evaluation of renal viability. Magn Reson Med 80:190–199, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Cognitive impairment and quality of life in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Fujino Haruo , Shingaki Honoka , Suwazono Shugo , Ueda Yukihiko , Wada Chizu , Nakayama Takahiro , Takahashi Masanori P. , Imura Osamu , Matsumura Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2017

Introduction

This study sought to clarify whether specific cognitive abilities are impaired in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) as well as to investigate the relationships among quality of life (QoL), cognitive function, and psychological factors.

Methods

Sixty patients with DM1 were evaluated on cognitive functioning (abstract reasoning, attention/working memory, executive function, processing speed, and visuoconstructive ability), apathy, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and QoL. QoL was assessed by 2 domains of the Muscular Dystrophy Quality of Life Scale (Psychosocial Relationships and Physical Functioning and Health).

Results

More than half of the patients exhibited cognitive impairment in attention/working memory, executive function, processing speed, and visuoconstructive ability. The Psychosocial Relationships factor was associated with processing speed, attention/working memory, and apathy, whereas depression and fatigue were associated with 2 QoL domains.

Discussion

Our study identified specific cognitive impairments in DM1. Specific cognitive functions and psychological factors may be potential contributors to QoL. Muscle Nerve 57: 742–748, 2018
Study of the medieval domestic cats from Novgorod with reference to cats from medieval Tver (Russia; 10–14 centuries)
Authors: Zinoviev A.V.
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of cats in the medieval Russian cities of Novgorod and Tver (Russia). Based on the unique osteological collection of 251 feline bones from layers of 10–14 centuries AD, research revealed the prevalence of the “classical” slightly dolichocephalic animals of a smaller size compared to modern domestic cats. Larger specimens are rare, most likely representing wild cats or castrates.
Long‐term evidence that a pediatric oncology mentorship program for young investigators is feasible and beneficial in the cooperative group setting: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Esbenshade Adam J. , Pierson Christopher R. , Thompson Amanda L. , Reed Damon , Gupta Abha , Levy Adam , Kahalley Lisa S. , Harker‐Murray Paul , Schore Reuven , Muscal Jodi A. , Embry Leanne , Maloney Kelly , Horton Terzah , Zweidler‐Mckay Patrick , Dhall Girish
Published: November 2017

Background

Mentorship of junior faculty is an integral component of career development. The Children's Oncology Group (COG) Young Investigator (YI) Committee designed a mentorship program in 2004 whose purpose was to pair YIs (faculty ≤10 years of first academic appointment) with a senior mentor to assist with career development and involvement in COG research activities. This study reports on the committee's ability to achieve these goals.

Procedure

An online survey was sent to YIs who were registered with the program from 2004 to2015, assessing three major domains: (1) overall experience with the mentor pairing, (2) satisfaction with the program, and (3) academic accomplishments of the mentees.

Results

The response rate was 64% (110/171). Overall, YIs rated the success of their mentorship pairing as 7.2 out of 10 (median) (25th, 75th quartile 3.6, 9.6). The direct effects of the mentorship program included 70% YIs reporting a positive effect on their career, 40% reporting any grant or manuscript resulting from the pairing, 47% forming a new research collaboration, and 43% receiving appointment to a COG committee. Respondents reported success in COG with 38% authoring a manuscript on behalf of COG and 65% reporting a leadership position including seven current or past COG discipline chairs and 20 study chairs. Finally, 74% of respondents said they would consider serving as mentors in the program in the future.

Conclusion

The COG YI mentorship program has been well received by the majority of the participants and has helped to identify and train many current leaders in COG.
Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the transesterification of PC/PMMA blends
Authors: Yang Mingtao , Wei Liangqiang , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: November 2017

An ultrasound‐assisted transesterification process was fabricated in the miscible polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends to implement in situ compatibilization of PC/PMMA. The effects of sonication time and ultrasonic power on the transesterification process were systematically investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed that ultrasonic oscillation could initiate the transesterification in PC/PMMA blends which heating treatment could hardly initiate. And a higher ultrasonic power and longer sonication time were beneficial to the transesterification process. The 1H‐NMR analysis, molecular weight distribution analysis, and gel content calculation indicated that the transesterification process rather than the degradation of PMMA was more favored under sonication. Compared with PMMA, PC was much more prone to break under the application of ultrasonic oscillation. Considering the synergetic effect of polymer degradation and the diffusion of free radical into phase interfaces under ultrasonic oscillation, a potential mechanism of the transesterification process within PC/PMMA blends was proposed at last. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1508–1515, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers