bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructing the Pre-Trial Role of the Defence in French Criminal Procedure: An Adversarial Outsider in an Inquisitorial Process?
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline
Published: May 2015

This article outlines the construction of the role of the defence lawyer in French pre-trial criminal procedure and the factors which have both influenced and constrained its recent evolution. Beginning with an examination of the changing ways in which the pre-trial defence role is characterised by the text of the law and the official discourse surrounding it, the article then provides an empirically based account of the ways in which the defence avocat is perceived and accommodated by the key legal actors, namely the police and the judicial officers charged with the supervision of criminal investigations. A careful unpicking of the nature of their resistance to any effective defence role reveals fundamental weaknesses in the functioning of the current inquisitorial structure and, paradoxically, suggests that there is more rather than less room for the defence to play a role within French pre-trial criminal procedure.
Experimental parametric study on the temperature distribution of an underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system with grille diffusers
Authors: Zhang Kai , Zhang Xiaosong , Li Shuhong , Jin Xing
Published: May 2015

The underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system has attracted great attention from many researchers and designers due to its advantages of energy conservation and air quality enhancement. In a UFAD system, the conditioned air is directly delivered to the occupied zone, causing thermal stratification from the lower zone to the upper zone. This flow pattern provides better distribution of temperature and airflow than the overhead air conditioning system for its improved ventilation and indoor air quality at the breathing level. This paper focuses on a new and unconventional way of conditioning the interior zones in UFAD buildings by employing large-area grille diffusers in a full-scale experimental room. The influences of swirl diffusers and grille diffusers on the temperature distribution in the UFAD system are compared. The effects of supply air temperature, airflow rates, and number of diffusers on the performance of the UFAD system with grille diffusers are discussed in details. The results show that the large-area grille diffusers can create stratification comparable to the more traditional swirl diffusers and thus provide an alternative way of configuring a UFAD system.
Reducing Domestic Violence in the United States: Targeting the Misdemeanour Crime
Authors: Bronfman Lois Martin , Butzer David , Stipak Brian
Published: May 2015

In 1993, the Portland Police Bureau created a special unit, the Domestic Violence Reduction Unit (DVRU) to address an emerging area of public concern: domestic violence. Focusing on the misdemeanour domestic violence case, the mission of the unit is to reduce the overall level of domestic violence in the community through a programme which provides follow-up investigation, interagency coordination, community education and assistance to victims. The programme provides an example of law enforcement's efforts to move beyond arrest to interrupt the cycle of domestic violence crime by enhancing prosecution and by empowering victims. The formation of the unit was a direct result of 1) a philosophy of community policing policy which required consultation with community groups in establishing police priorities and strategies; and 2) changing legal and cultural perspectives on domestic violence crimes. This paper explores the development of the DVRU, its operation and its impact, and discusses its strengths and limitations after five years of experience.
Is My Stress Greater Than Yours? A Comparison of Policemen and Firemen
Authors: Alexander David A. , Walker Leslie G.
Published: May 2015

Previous research has suggested that police work is stressful both because of the nature of operational duties and because of the organisational climate in which police officers fulfil these duties. Few studies have compared, however, the views of police officers with those of other emergency personnel.

This paper compares large samples of policemen and firemen in relation to many aspects of their work, job satisfaction and several health indices.

The results confirm that police work and firefighting generate sources of stress for those involved in such work, but that policemen more commonly report health problems and identify such factors as shift work and long hours as being damaging to their personal life. Firemen, on the other hand, reported more job satisfaction than did the policemen.
Measuring Crime Dispersion
Authors: Chilvers Marilyn
Published: May 2015

Existing crime statistics generally either compare crime rates within regions over time, in order to identify a worsening or improvement in crime risk, or rank regions by crime rate in a specific time period, in order to compare communities on the relative risk of victimisation. Such comparisons, however, provide no information about the relative contribution made by particular geographical areas to the observed aggregate change in the state crime rate or to the total level of crime. This paper describes the development of graphical methods and summary indices which measure the spatial dispersion of crime risk and the spatial dispersion of a change in crime risk. Measures of crime dispersion such as those described in this paper could prove useful in choosing among alternative crime control strategies and in measuring the net effects of crime control strategies or policies. Furthermore, the tendency towards a progressive concentration of crime in certain neighbourhoods may be studied.
Reliability of Eyewitness Testimony: A Field Experimental Approach for a Real Crime
Authors: Itsukushima Yukio , Nomura Kouji , Usui Nobuo
Published: May 2015

To develop a method to assess the reliability of eyewitness testimony in a real criminal case, a field experimental or simulation method was introduced. In that case, an eyewitness witnessed a man at night who was in an escaping vehicle and identified him as a criminal from a photo-spread about two weeks later. The description of the eyewitness was detailed; however, there might be estimator variables that lower his performance of perception and memory. To clarify whether such testimony is trustworthy, a field experimental method was adopted. Results of the experiment showed that almost all subjects of the experiment could not only not recall the details of the events but also could not identify the target person. From these findings it is concluded that the testimony was not reliable enough to convict the suspect. In this paper the usefulness of a field experimental approach is stressed and it is suggested that guidelines such as PACE or recently issued US guidelines for treating eyewitness testimony should be used to prevent miscarriage of justice.
Women in Australasian Policing 1994–98: The Movement for Change
Authors: Tynan Melinda
Published: May 2015

This is an account of the development of the First Conference of Australasian Women Police and some of the outcomes from that conference, including the development of the Australasian Council of Women and Policing, the Women in Policing Advisory Committee and The Whip, the Newsletter of Australasian Women Police. The account specifically addresses the period in which the conference concept was developed as a collaborative effort of women police from each of the nine police organisations throughout Australia and New Zealand, and also considers the longer term effects of the conference and other activities. It is hoped that this paper will provide some inspiration and ideas for women in police agencies in other parts of the world.
Differing Perspectives on a Police Force's Equal Opportunities Grievance Procedure: Viewpoints of Police Managers and Front-Line Personnel
Authors: Brown Jennifer , Gillick Michael
Published: May 2015

Comparable surveys of civilian staff and police personnel were conducted to evaluate the workings of a grievance procedure within a British metropolitan force. Differing assessments were found from the front-line workforce (n = 217), supervisors (n = 289) and complainants (n = 53) in terms of confidence in the process, beliefs about managers' competency in grievance handling and satisfaction with grievance resolution. These differences are discussed in light of the radical and liberal philosophies underlying equal opportunities policies. The percentages of women officers and their occupancy of senior rank are also discussed as outcomes of equality policies. Finally, suggestions are made for an integrated dispute resolution system combining local grievance handling with an overseeing, centralised unit.
Enter the ‘Polibation Officer’
Authors: Nash Mike
Published: May 2015

The rise of public protection to the top of the international law and order agenda in recent years has had a major impact upon criminal justice policy. The increasing focus of the concept of dangerousness upon a specific and narrow band of offenders has facilitated a punitive penal agenda which has served a useful political purpose in many countries. In the UK the public protection issue dominated the last years of John Major's Conservative Government and was used repeatedly by Home Secretary Michael Howard to create distance between the Government and the Opposition. The Labour Party, in not resisting the agenda, merely served to encourage its escalation, a situation only becoming challenged well over a year into office. This paper examines the effect of the public protection debate on agency practice and focuses on the police and probation services in particular. It considers a merging of aims and objectives between the two services within the public protection field, a merger which has severely challenged traditional ways of working and cherished values. The strength of the political climate, and the need to avoid being blamed for potential calamity, has meant that this developing merger has been relatively trouble-free and unopposed. To a certain extent it has perhaps gone further than even the Government intended and certainly leaves the door ajar for a considerably revamped probation service to emerge.
Quality and the Policing Function: A Management Perspective
Authors: Waters Ian
Published: May 2015

The 1990s have been punctuated with a series of debates, reports and inquiries into the policing function. The Conservative Government instigated far-reaching reforms of the police service which have impacted upon accountability and objectives. Prior to the Conservative Government reforms, the police service itself pre-empted externally imposed reform by launching the ‘Quality of Service’ (QOS) programme. This paper is based upon empirical research which focused on the origins, development and impact of the QOS programme. Interviews with, and a survey of, senior police officers revealed the perceived equal importance of ‘service’ and ‘force’ dimensions of policing. It is concluded that the service periodically balances the scales of ‘care and control’, and indeed that this lies at the heart of securing the efficacy and legitimacy of British policing.
The promises of quantitative text analysis in interest group research: A reply to Bunea and Ibenskas
Authors: Klüver Heike
Published: May 2015

Quantitative text analysis constitutes a promising new method that allows for measuring the policy positions and the lobbying success of interest groups by analyzing their submissions to legislative consultations ( Klüver, 2009 ). The use of quantitative text analysis allowed me to present a novel and unique research design which was the largest in scope at the time and resulted in important new insights regarding the determinants of lobbying success ( Klüver, 2009 , 2011 , 2013 ). In their recent article, Bunea and Ibenskas (2015) however question the usefulness of quantitative text analysis for studying interest groups and discuss several issues which in their view constitute important disadvantages of the technique. In this article I carefully discuss each of their arguments and show that none of their objections actually prevents scholars from successfully using quantitative text analysis to study interest groups in the European Union and beyond.
A Pilot Study of a Picture- and Audio-assisted Self-interviewing Method (PIASI) for the Study of Sensitive Questions on HIV in the Field
Authors: Aarnio Pauliina , Kulmala Teija
Published: May 2015

Self-interview methods such as audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) are used to improve the accuracy of interview data on sensitive topics in large trials. Small field studies on sensitive topics would benefit from methodological alternatives. In a study on male involvement in antenatal HIV testing in a largely illiterate population in Malawi, we piloted picture- and audio-assisted self-interviewing (PIASI). Out of 388 participants, 96 were randomized to answer six sensitive questions using PIASI after the face-to-face interview (FTF). Participants who responded by PIASI were more likely to express accepting attitudes toward childbearing by HIV-positive women than were FTF respondents. Most considered PIASI easy to use, and one in five preferred it to FTF. PIASI may offer a feasible, low-cost alternative to ACASI for small and simple studies on sensitive topics and in illiterate populations.
Design Matters
Authors: Watson Nicole , Wilkins Roger
Published: May 2015

Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) offers many attractive benefits over paper-and-pencil interviewing. There is, however, mixed evidence on the impact of CAPI on interview length, an important survey outcome in the context of length limits imposed by survey budgets and concerns over respondent burden. In this article, recent experimental and quasi-experimental evidence derived from a large, nationally representative household panel study is used to investigate CAPI’s impact on interview length. We find that effects very much depend on how CAPI is implemented, including the hardware and software adopted, the extent and nature of dependent data, and even interviewer workloads—a finding that helps explain the conflicting results from previous studies. Overall, our study leads us to the conclusion that, absent dependent data, CAPI is likely to increase interview lengths, but the potential reductions from dependent data are very large, such that even modest levels can lead to net reductions in interview lengths.
Outcomes and precautions of endoscopic submucosal dissection for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer
Authors: Inokuchi Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Maki , Kudo Kana , Yamada Hiroaki , Inoue Shuntaro , Nishimura Ken , Nakayama Norisuke , Motohashi Osamu
Published: May 2015

Objectives:

Since the development of techniques for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), the indication range of endoscopic resection (ER) has been extended in early gastric cancer (EGC) treatment. For undifferentiated-type EGC, tumors with an intramucosal depth of invasion, no ulceration and a diameter of 20 mm or less were included in the expanded indications for ER in the Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines 2010. Nonetheless, because of difficulty in detecting lesions that meet the criteria for ER, the number of endoscopically resected cases of undifferentiated-type EGC is less than that of differentiated-type EGC.

Methods:

We retrospectively investigated the outcomes of ESD in 38 patients with 40 lesions of EGC in which the dominant pathological type was confirmed to be undifferentiated (signet ring cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma) on histological examination of resected specimens.

Results:

Margin involvement and submucosal infiltration were common noncurative factors. Precise evaluation of the area and depth of lesions is a problem to be solved. Among a total of five patients with involved or uncertain horizontal margins, one of two patients who underwent additional surgery had residual cancer, and one of three patients who were observed had recurrence.

Conclusions:

Undifferentiated-type EGC with a positive horizontal margin may relapse after ESD. It is therefore essential to precisely evaluate the area of the lesion and to perform resection with an adequate safety margin to decrease the risk of recurrence.
Vote choice and legacies of violence: evidence from the 2014 Colombian presidential elections
Authors: Weintraub Michael , Vargas Juan F , Flores Thomas E.
Published: May 2015

Elections are regularly held in countries facing ongoing civil conflicts, including in India, Iraq, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Ukraine. Citizens frequently go to the polls having endured years of violence between armed groups and governments. A growing literature questions how violence conditions voters’ support for incumbents versus challengers, and for hawks versus doves. We analyze this relationship in the context of the 2014 presidential election in Colombia, an election defined by candidates’ positions on negotiations with the country’s largest insurgent group, the FARC. Our results show an inverted-U relationship between past insurgent violence and vote share for President Juan Manuel Santos, the pro-peace candidate: he performed better in communities with moderate levels of insurgent violence and poorly in communities with both very high and very low violence. We also find that areas where the FARC originally mounted attacks 50 years ago more strongly supported Santos. The article concludes by comparing these results with past studies of violence and vote choice in Israel, Turkey, and Spain.
Immunomodulation by lipid emulsions in pulmonary inflammation: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hecker Matthias , Linder Tomke , Ott Juliane , Walmrath Hans-Dieter , Lohmeyer Jürgen , Vadász István , Marsh Leigh M , Herold Susanne , Reichert Martin , Buchbinder Anja , Morty Rory Edward , Bausch Britta , Fischer Tobias , Schulz Richard , Grimminger Friedrich , Witzenrath Martin , Barnes Matt , Seeger Werner , Mayer Konstantin
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of mortality in intensive care units. As there is rising evidence about immuno-modulatory effects of lipid emulsions required for parenteral nutrition of ARDS patients, we sought to investigate whether infusion of conventional soybean oil (SO)-based or fish oil (FO)-based lipid emulsions rich in either n-6 or n-3 fatty acids, respectively, may influence subsequent pulmonary inflammation.

Methods

In a randomized controlled, single-blinded pilot study, forty-two volunteers received SO, FO, or normal saline for two days. Thereafter, volunteers inhaled pre-defined doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 8 or 24 h later. In the murine model of LPS-induced lung injury a possible involvement of resolvin E1 (RvE1) receptor ChemR23 was investigated. Wild-type and ChemR23 knockout mice were infused with both lipid emulsions and challenged with LPS intratracheally.

Results

In volunteers receiving lipid emulsions, the fatty acid profile in the plasma and in isolated neutrophils and monocytes was significantly changed. Adhesion of isolated monocytes to endothelial cells was enhanced after infusion of SO and reduced by FO, however, no difference of infusion on an array of surface adhesion molecules was detected. In neutrophils and monocytes, LPS-elicited generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in the SO and decreased in the FO group. LPS inhalation in volunteers evoked an increase in neutrophils in BAL fluids, which decreased faster in the FO group. While TNF-α in the BAL was increased in the SO group, IL-8 decreased faster in the FO group. In the murine model of lung injury, effects of FO similar to the volunteer group observed in wild-type mice were abrogated in ChemR23 knockout mice.

Conclusions

After infusion of conventional lipid emulsions, leukocytes exhibited increased adhesive and pro-inflammatory features. In contrast, FO-based lipid emulsions reduced monocyte adhesion, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and neutrophil recruitment into the alveolar space possibly mediated by ChemR23-signaling. Lipid emulsions thus exert differential effects in human volunteers and micein vivo.

Trial registration

DRKS00006131at the German Clinical Trial Registry, 2014/05/14
Three-dimensional spheroid cell culture of umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells leads to enhanced paracrine induction of wound healing
Authors: Santos Jorge M , Camões Sérgio P , Filipe Elysse , Cipriano Madalena , Barcia Rita N , Filipe Mariana , Teixeira Mariana , Simões Sandra , Gaspar Manuela , Mosqueira Diogo , Nascimento Diana S , Pinto-do-Ó Perpétua , Cruz Pedro , Cruz Helder , Castro Matilde , Miranda Joana P
Published: May 2015

Introduction

The secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stromal cells has gained increased interest given the benefits it may bring to the treatment of a variety of traumatic injuries such as skin wounds. Herein, we report on a three-dimensional culture-based method to improve the paracrine activity of a specific population of umbilical cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UCX®) towards the application of conditioned medium for the treatment of cutaneous wounds.

Methods

A UCX® three-dimensional culture model was developed and characterized with respect to spheroid formation, cell phenotype and cell viability. The secretion by UCX® spheroids of extracellular matrix proteins and trophic factors involved in the wound-healing process was analysed. The skin regenerative potential of UCX® three-dimensional culture-derived conditioned medium (CM3D) was also assessed in vitro and in vivo against UCX® two-dimensional culture-derived conditioned medium (CM2D) using scratch and tubulogenesis assays and a rat wound splinting model, respectively.

Results

UCX® spheroids kept in our three-dimensional system remained viable and multipotent and secreted considerable amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor A, which was undetected in two-dimensional cultures, and higher amounts of matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 and interleukin-6, when compared to CM2D. Furthermore, CM3D significantly enhanced elastin production and migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. In turn, tubulogenesis assays revealed increased capillary maturation in the presence of CM3D, as seen by a significant increase in capillary thickness and length when compared to CM2D, and increased branching points and capillary number when compared to basal medium. Finally, CM3D-treated wounds presented signs of faster and better resolution when compared to untreated and CM2D-treated wounds in vivo. Although CM2D proved to be beneficial, CM3D-treated wounds revealed a completely regenerated tissue by day 14 after excisions, with a more mature vascular system already showing glands and hair follicles.

Conclusions

This work unravels an important alternative to the use of cells in the final formulation of advanced therapy medicinal products by providing a proof of concept that a reproducible system for the production of UCX®-conditioned medium can be used to prime a secretome for eventual clinical applications.
Systematic construction of common channel hopping rendezvous strategies in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Guerra Erik Ortiz , Reguera Vitalio Alfonso , Souza Richard D , Fernández Evelio G , Pellenz Marcelo E
Published: May 2015

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have emerged as a promising paradigm that can solve the shortage of spectrum resources, providing the ability to adapt and opportunistically exploit the spectrum holes. The rendezvous process allows cognitive users to find a common channel and establish a communication link. In this paper, we focus on the design of fast blind rendezvous algorithms to guarantee that every node should be able to rendezvous in all common available channels. We follow a systematic approach by first proposing a role-based algorithm that ensures maximum rendezvous diversity and then extending it to a common strategy through the use of multiples radios. Both proposals guarantee rendezvous under symmetric and asymmetric models. Simulation results show that our proposals outperform other recently developed rendezvous protocols with similar approaches in terms of expected time to rendezvous and maximum time to rendezvous.
Assessment of the current Canadian rhinology workforce
Authors: Smith Kristine A , Sommer Doron D , Grondin Sean , Rotenberg Brian , Tewfik Marc A , Kilty Shaun , Wright Erin , Janjua Arif , Lee John , Diamond Chris , Rudmik Luke
Published: May 2015

Background

The Canadian Rhinologic workforce and future needs are not well defined. The objective of this study was to define the current demographics and practice patterns of the Canadian Rhinologic workforce. Outcomes from this study can be used to perform rhinologic workforce needs assessments.

Methods

A national survey was administered to all Canadian otolaryngologists who were identified to have a clinical practice composed of >50% rhinology.

Results

42 surgeons participated in the survey (65% response rate). The mean age was 46 (SD 10.1) years and the average age of planned retirement was 66 (SD 4.0). Eighty three percent of respondents had completed a rhinology fellowship and 17% practiced exclusively rhinology. Thirty three percent hold advanced degrees. Forty two percent of surgeons felt their access to operative time was insufficient. Six percent of surgeons reported not having access to image guided surgery. Fourteen percent felt that there were too many practicing rhinologists in Canada while 17% believed there were too few practicing rhinologists. Seventeen percent have advised their residents to pursue other fields due to a perceived lack of future jobs. Overall, 66% of respondents were satisfied with their income, and 83% were satisfied with their careers.

Conclusions

This study has demonstrated that there is a perceived mismatch between the current supply of Rhinology labor and the capacity to treat patients in a timely manner. Outcomes from this study will begin to improve Rhinologic workforce planning in Canada and reduce the gap between patient demand and access to high quality care.
2D and 3D frequency-domain elastic wave modeling in complex media with a parallel iterative solver
Authors: Li Yang , Métivier Ludovic , Brossier Romain , Han Bo , Virieux Jean
Published: May 2015

Full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration rely on an efficient forward-modeling approach. Current 3D large-scale frequency-domain implementations of these techniques mostly extract the desired frequency component from the time-domain wavefields through discrete Fourier transform. However, instead of conducting the time-marching steps for each seismic source, in which the time step is limited by the stability condition, performing the wave modeling directly in the frequency domain using an iterative linear solver may reduce the entire computational complexity. For 2D and 3D frequency-domain elastic wave modeling, a parallel iterative solver based on a conjugate gradient acceleration of the symmetric Kaczmarz row-projection method, named the conjugate-gradient-accelerated component-averaged row projections (CARP-CG) method, shows interesting convergence properties. The parallelization is realized through row-block division and component averaging operations. Convergence is achieved systematically even when different physical factors such as the space-dependent Poisson’s ratio, free-surface condition, and seismic attenuation are incorporated in the wave modeling. We determined that the scalability of CARP-CG was satisfactory, especially for large-scale applications, using up to several hundred computational cores. We found a potential improvement in computational complexity compared to time-domain modeling through numerical experiments. Finally, we achieved a convergence at 5 Hz in a 3D heterogeneous model, involving fast-slow-fast layers resembling waveguide geometries, with up to several hundred million unknowns, in fewer than 10 h on fewer than 200 cores. All of these results make CARP-CG a potential candidate of the forward modeling engine for seismic imaging on challenging models.
Psychological coping and recurrent major adverse cardiac events following acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Messerli-Bürgy Nadine , Molloy Gerard J. , Poole Lydia , Wikman Anna , Kaski Juan Carlos , Steptoe Andrew
Published: May 2015

Background

Depressed mood and stress are associated with recurrent adverse outcomes following acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but the impact of psychological coping style has not been evaluated in detail.

Aims

We tested the relationship between task-oriented coping and event-free survival following ACS.

Method

We followed 158 patients with ACS for an average of 59.8 months for major adverse cardiac outcomes. Psychological coping was assessed with the Coping Inventory of Stressful Situations.

Results

Compared with patients in the lower half of the distribution, those reporting higher task-oriented coping had a reduced hazard of adverse cardiac events (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.28, 95% CI 0.11–0.68, P=0.005) independently of demographic, clinical and behavioural covariates. The combination of low task-oriented coping and high depressive symptoms showed a strong association with adverse outcomes (HR = 6.25, 95% CI 1.88–20.82, P=0.003).

Conclusions

The tendency to cope using task-oriented strategies may promote event-free survival following ACS.
Pit Bull Promises
Authors: Weaver Harlan
Published: May 2015

This article addresses the problems and promises arising from the intersections among racialization, intimacy, and kinship in contemporary discourses about pit bulls. Beginning with an examination of how contemporary pit bull advocacy efforts draw from and contribute to racisms as well as white, heteronormative kinship formations, I turn to ethnographic fieldwork conducted in an animal shelter to describe alternative and promisingly queer affective attachments rooted in how the dogs themselves relate to both humans and other dogs. The “intimacy without relatedness” and “relatedness without kinship” involved in shelter dogs' worlds help me articulate how the provisional contacts and inhuman intimacies of an animal shelter can contribute to a larger queer and inhuman politics.
DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 promotes and maintains plant epidermal differentiation
Authors: Galletti Roberta , Johnson Kim L. , Scofield Simon , San-Bento Rita , Watt Andrea M. , Murray James A. H. , Ingram Gwyneth C.
Published: May 2015

During plant epidermal development, many cell types are generated from protodermal cells, a process requiring complex co-ordination of cell division, growth, endoreduplication and the acquisition of differentiated cellular morphologies. Here we show that the Arabidopsis phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL 1 (DEK1) promotes the differentiated epidermal state. Plants with reduced DEK1 activity produce cotyledon epidermis with protodermal characteristics, despite showing normal growth and endoreduplication. Furthermore, in non-embryonic tissues (true leaves, sepals), DEK1 is required for epidermis differentiation maintenance. We show that the HD-ZIP IV family of epidermis-specific differentiation-promoting transcription factors are key, albeit indirect, targets of DEK1 activity. We propose a model in which DEK1 influences HD-ZIP IV gene expression, and thus epidermis differentiation, by promoting cell adhesion and communication in the epidermis.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Film Morphology of Planar Heterojunction Mixed Halide Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3−xClx Solar Cells Based on Compact ZnO
Authors: Zhang Shude , Li Xiaomin , Gao Xiangdong , Lei Lei , Ding Xukun , Gao Qianqian
Published: May 2015

A one-step deposition method was adopted to form the organic–inorganic mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx) on compact ZnO in order to study the effect of annealing temperature on perovskite film morphology and photovoltaic performance of solar cells. In contrast to the reported results, the perovskite begins to decompose at a pretty low temperature of 70 °C. Through careful temperature modulation, we achieved a fairly high efficiency of 9.28%.
Formation of Professional Competence of Students of Technical Specialties in the Graphic Preparation
Authors: Тен  , Ten M.
Published: May 2015

This article reveals the essence of the problems of development of spatial imagination is a fundamental factor in the professional competence of a specialist engineer associated with low spatial imagination on the one hand and the lack of an integrated approach to solving this problem. Existing solutions in the system of higher technical education do not reflect a systemic vision of the development of spatial imagination of students as a priority direction of development of the creative qualities of students. The authors focus their research attention on solving the problem of the development of spatial thinking, aims to improve achievement in the study of graphic disciplines. Scientifically developed model of the development of spatial imagination in the system of higher technical education on the basis of current knowledge about the psychological characteristics of a person, we have not identified. The problem of development of spatial imagination in teaching descriptive geometry in higher technical educational institutions remains open to theoretical interpretation and experimental study. We believe the lack of integration with modern scientific data, the lack of a systematic vision for tackling the development of spatial imagination leads to the fact that students of technical universities face serious difficulties in the learning process, are unable to develop professional competence. Presents revealed the way to solve pedagogical problems in the conditions of intensification of educational process at the Department of descriptive geometry, as it is graphic activity contributes to the development of spatial imagination with the use of rational methods of teaching. The solution is based on pedagogical modeling, in which developed interactive educational content a teacher of descriptive geometry, which is the practical embodiment of the modern development of pedagogy in the development of skills and creative abilities of students. In interactive educational content includes methods of influencing students to enhance perceptions of educational information with the individualization of the educational trajectory: a channel on YouTube, sites, teachers, e-scientists allowances made in the format of lectures.
The truth about peanut allergy
Authors: Patience Sara
Published: May 2015

Once clear on the advice around peanut consumption, nurses can confidently advise pregnant women and mothers weaning babies, says Sara Patience
Mid-term clinical results of a modern convertible total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Wagener M. L. , de Vos M. J. , Hannink G. , van der Pluijm M. , Verdonschot N. , Eygendaal D.
Published: May 2015

Unlinked, linked and convertible total elbow arthroplasties (TEAs) are currently available. This study is the first to report the clinical results of the convertible Latitude TEA. This was a retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of 63 patients (69 primary TEAs) with a mean age of 60 years (23 to 87). Between 2006 and 2008 a total of 19 men and 50 women underwent surgery. The mean follow-up was 43 months (8 to 84). The range of movement, function and pain all improved six months post-operatively and either continued to improve slightly or reached a plateau thereafter. The complication rate is similar to that reported for other TEA systems. No loosening was seen. Remarkable is the disengagement of the radial head component in 13 TEAs (31%) with a radial head component implanted.

Implantation of both the linked and the unlinked versions of the Latitude TEA results in improvement of function and decreased pain, and shows high patient satisfaction at mid-term follow-up.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:681–8.
Septic single-stage knee arthrodesis after failed total knee arthroplasty using a cemented coupled nail
Authors: Hawi N. , Kendoff D. , Citak M. , Gehrke T. , Haasper C.
Published: May 2015

Knee arthrodesis is a potential salvage procedure for limb preservation after failure of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to infection. In this study, we evaluated the outcome of single-stage knee arthrodesis using an intramedullary cemented coupled nail without bone-on-bone fusion after failed and infected TKA with extensor mechanism deficiency. Between 2002 and 2012, 27 patients (ten female, 17 male; mean age 68.8 years; 52 to 87) were treated with septic single-stage exchange. Mean follow-up duration was 67.1months (24 to 143, n = 27) (minimum follow-up 24 months) and for patients with a minimum follow-up of five years 104.9 (65 to 143,; n = 13). A subjective patient evaluation (Short Form (SF)-36) was obtained, in addition to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The mean VAS score was 1.44 (SD 1.48). At final follow-up, four patients had recurrent infections after arthrodesis (14.8%). Of these, three patients were treated with a one-stage arthrodesis nail exchange; one of the three patients had an aseptic loosening with a third single-stage exchange, and one patient underwent knee amputation for uncontrolled sepsis at 108 months. All patients, including the amputee, indicated that they would choose arthrodesis again. Data indicate that a single-stage knee arthrodesis offers an acceptable salvage procedure after failed and infected TKA.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:649–53.
General versus spinal anaesthesia for patients aged 70 years and older with a fracture of the hip
Authors: Basques B. A. , Bohl D. D. , Golinvaux N. S. , Samuel A. M. , Grauer J. G.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the operating time, length of stay (LOS), adverse events and rate of re-admission for elderly patients with a fracture of the hip treated using either general or spinal anaesthesia. Patients aged ≥ 70 years who underwent surgery for a fracture of the hip between 2010 and 2012 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database. Of the 9842 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 7253 (73.7%) were treated with general anaesthesia and 2589 (26.3%) with spinal anaesthesia. On propensity-adjusted multivariate analysis, general anaesthesia was associated with slightly increased operating time (+5 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) +4 to +6, p < 0.001) and post-operative time in the operating room (+5 minutes, 95% CI +2 to +8, p < 0.001) compared with spinal anaesthesia. General anaesthesia was associated with a shorter LOS (hazard ratio (HR) 1.28, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.34, p < 0.001). Any adverse event (odds ratio (OR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.32, p < 0.001), thromboembolic events (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.89, p = 0.003), any minor adverse event (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.32, p < 0.001), and blood transfusion (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.49, p < 0.001) were associated with general anaesthesia. General anaesthesia was associated with decreased rates of urinary tract infection (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.87, p < 0.001). There was no clear overall advantage of one type of anaesthesia over the other, and surgeons should be aware of the specific risks and benefits associated with each type.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:689–95.
The use of patient-reported outcomes after routine arthroplasty
Authors: Rolfson O. , Malchau H.
Published: May 2015

The limitations and benefits of patient-reported outcome measures, in defining the merits of arthroplasty surgery, are discussed.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:578–81.
Teachers’ experiences with formative assessment in primary art education
Authors: Ní Bhroin Máire
Published: May 2015

This article examines the experiences of six teachers who participated in an action research project using formative assessment (FA) in their teaching of art with pupils from 4 to 12 years of age. It emanates from a larger study conducted in Ireland from June 2011 to February 2013 investigating various aspects of FA in primary art education. Data relating to the teachers’ experiences in this qualitative study include pupils’ artworks, transcripts of interviews with the teachers and their answers to follow-up e-mails a year after completion of the project. Analysis of data revealed that teachers believed the use of FA in art education considerably enhanced teaching and learning in a number of ways. However, there were also challenges to implementing FA successfully. These findings have significant pedagogical implications for primary art education.
Accommodating visual art in a high-stakes public examination
Authors: Stapleton Hazel
Published: May 2015

This article discusses issues relating to the assessment of visual art in the Irish Leaving Certificate Examination, which is a high-stakes terminal examination for school leavers taken at the end of their secondary education. There is an expectation from stakeholders, which includes the students themselves, their parents and the users of the results that in a state-run examination every subject examined, be it mathematics or visual art, will conform to the basic principles of validity, reliability and freedom from bias. In order to achieve these aims for visual art as a subject, two conditions must be ensured: first, the assessment technique used must be a valid and reliable reporting mechanism for student achievement; and second the assessment of learning in art must be capable of standing up to equal rigour of inspection in its processes and techniques as do other subjects. The challenges of finding a model that is both ‘art fair’ and ‘assessment fair’ are identified along with some insightful research findings.
Wissen und Geschlecht
Authors: Maxim Stephanie
Published: May 2015

Die Forderung nach einem bewussten Umgang mit Geschlecht in der Schule scheint in ein unlösbares Dilemma verstrickt: Wie kann man den Erfahrungen nachgehen, die in der Schule mit den Praktiken der Zweigeschlechtlichkeit gemacht werden, ohne dieses binäre Einordnungsschema unkritisch zu reproduzieren? Diese Studie wirft die Frage auf, inwieweit in der feministischen Schulkritik ein Verständnis von Erfahrung dominiert, das von der Idee der Präsenz aus gedacht wird. In eingehender Auseinandersetzung mit feministischen, psychoanalytischen und dekonstruktiven Ansätzen skizziert sie, wie sich diese Problematik verschiebt, wenn man Geschlecht als ein Dasein begreift, das die Struktur der Präsenz notwendigerweise übersteigt.
Entgrenzte Stadt
Authors: Pohl Thomas
Published: May 2015

Der aktuelle Übergang von der Industrie- zur Wissensgesellschaft geht mit räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilisierungen von Arbeit, Freizeit, Konsum und Mobilität einher. Dieser tiefgreifende gesellschaftliche Umbruch zeigt sich nicht nur in der individuellen Alltagsgestaltung der betroffenen Menschen, sondern führt auch zu einer Überformung des Rhythmus unserer Städte, in denen die Ursachen und Konsequenzen der Auflösung kollektiver Zeitstrukturen besonders deutlich erkennbar sind. Die sozialgeographische Studie zeigt am Beispiel der Metropole Hamburg, welche Folgen diese Entwicklung für Städte und ihre Bewohner hat.
Wittgenstein als Moralist
Authors: Gessmann Martin
Published: May 2015

Dieses Buch wirft ein vollkommen neues Licht auf das Denken Wittgensteins und auf die Entwicklung der Philosophie im 20. Jahrhundert. Bisher wurde Wittgensteins Philosophie immer aus dem Ringen mit ihrer Wissenschaftlichkeit verstanden. Logik und Positivismus sowie die Abkehr von deren Idealen strukturieren demnach das Werk. Fasst man den Ansatz weiter und sieht eine praktische Lebenshaltung als vorrangig an, so erscheint Wittgensteins Denken als ein moralisches Aufbäumen gegen die Wiener Dekadenz, indem er ultimative Weltmaßstäbe fordert. Das spektakuläre Scheitern des Projekts kann als beispielhaft dafür gelten, wie Philosophie im 20. Jahrhundert zuerst nur noch als Literatur möglich erscheint, dann aber wegweisende Grundlage für eine Bild- und Filmtheorie wird und zuletzt den Ausblick zu einer Verbindung mit den Neurowissenschaften eröffnet.
Ägyptische heilige Orte III: Der Manzala-See bei Port Said und der Heilige der Fischer. Konstruktionen, Inszenierungen und Landschaften der Heiligen im Nildelta: Abû al-Wafâ`
Authors: Stauth Georg
Published: May 2015

In dieser dreiteiligen Reihe zu heiligen Orten in Ägypten beschäftigt sich der dritte Band mit einem Heiligen der Fischer am Manzala-See südlich der Mittelmeer-Nährung zwischen Damietta und Port Said. Georg Stauths Studie zu den Armuts- und Überlebenslagen der Seefischer zeichnet die Rolle ihres Sufi-Heiligen Abû al-Wafâ` im Wandel der Zeit nach: vom Suez-Kanalkrieg zur Boomzeit des Freihandels in Port Said bis zur Massenfischerei heute - mit Ausflügen in die Pharaonenzeit, die Zeit der Mamelucken und Kreuzzüge und in die Nasserzeit. Gezeigt wird, wie sich eine Fischerfamilie - abhängig von der Natur, ihrer Schönheit und ihrer Gewalt - ihren Heiligen erträumt, seinen Schrein baut, erhält und pflegt. Die Naturzyklen prägen die Einsamkeit des Seelebens und bestimmen über die Wechselhaftigkeit des ›frommen‹ Umgangs mit dem Konstrukt des Heiligen. Wie bei den vorhergehenden Bänden stattet Axel Krause die Studie mit einer reichen dokumentarischen Bebilderung aus.
Architekturen des Zuschauens
Authors: Bredella Nathalie
Published: May 2015

Bei der Rezeption von Filmen im Kinosaal kommen zwei ontologisch unterschiedliche Räume ins Spiel: der reale Raum des Kinos und die imaginären Räume auf der Leinwand. In Backstage-Filmen wird dieses Verhältnis selbst thematisch. Diese Studie lenkt den Blick auf die filmischen und architektonischen Mittel, mit denen Stage- und Backstage-Räume konstruiert und zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Für die Architektur- und Medientheorien, die die Differenz zwischen imaginären bzw. virtuellen und realen Räumen einebnen, stellt die Architektur des Zuschauens eine Herausforderung dar.
Die Abhängigkeit der Sozialwissenschaften von ihren Medien
Authors: Ziegaus Sebastian
Published: May 2015

Die Sozialforschung ist seit ihren Anfängen von technischen Medien geprägt - doch erst seit Kurzem wird die Aufmerksamkeit der Sozialforscher auf diesen bislang blinden Fleck der Wissenschaftstheorie gelenkt. Sebastian Ziegaus geht einen Schritt weiter: Er analysiert das Zusammenspiel technischer und nicht-technischer Medien der Sozialforschung und lässt so erstmals die medialen und kommunikativen Bedingungen der verschiedenen Spielarten der Sozialforschung deutlich hervortreten. Er zeigt die Vorzüge, die es mit sich bringt, wenn Forscher und die von ihnen untersuchten Personen und Systeme als Kommunikatoren betrachtet und behandelt werden, die miteinander kommunizieren. Ein innovativer Ansatz, der Perspektiven für eine zeitgemäße Sozialforschung im 21. Jahrhundert aufzeigt.
Die Wissenskultur der Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Authors: Burren Susanne
Published: May 2015

Betriebswirtschaftliches Expertenwissen ist heute allgegenwärtig - über seine disziplinäre Basis ist jedoch kaum etwas bekannt. Am schweizerischen Fallbeispiel liefert Susanne Burren eine Pionierarbeit zur Wissenschaftssoziologie der betriebswirtschaftlichen Disziplin. Sie schildert den Aufstieg der Betriebswirtschaftslehre zu einem der größten universitären Studienfächer und untersucht deren Denk- und Deutungstraditionen. Aus historischer wie auch aus gegenwartsanalytischer Perspektive werden die Strukturmerkmale einer Wissenskultur im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaftlichkeit und Praxisorientierung beleuchtet.