bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Parenting of Children From Birth to 12 Years
Authors: Letourneau Nicole , Salmani Mahin , Duffett-Leger Linda
Published: August 2010

Maternal depression, especially in the early years of child development, affects parenting behaviors that have been repeatedly linked to poor outcomes in children. However, recurrent maternal depression may be a more potent predictor of parenting than depression that only occurs in the early years. Longitudinal population data were used to examine the influence of depression in the first 2 years postpartum alone or in combination with recurrent episodes of depression on self-reported parenting behaviors known to influence children’s development. Growth curve hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the relationships among depression in the early years, recurrent depression, and parenting during children’s first 12 years of life. Findings revealed that 63% of the depressed mothers reported recurrent episodes of depression. Self-reported parenting behaviors characterized by positive forms of discipline, firmness, and consistency were related to recurrent episodes of depression, whereas warmth and nurturant parenting behaviors were unaffected by recurrent episodes.
Intrasexual competition at work: Sex differences in the jealousy-evoking effect of rival characteristics in work settings
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , aan 't Goor Joel , Solano Alejandro C.
Published: August 2010

Sex differences in jealousy-evoking rival characteristics in the relationship with a supervisor at work were examined in a community sample of 188 individuals from Argentina. Among men, the rivals’ social dominance and communal attributes evoked the most jealousy, followed by physical dominance. Among women, the rival’s communal attributes evoked the most jealousy, followed by social dominance and physical attractiveness. For men physical dominance of the rival and for women physical attractiveness of the rival evoked relatively more jealousy, especially among those high in intrasexual competition and confronted with a same-sex supervisor. When confronted with an opposite-sex supervisor, social comparison orientation was associated with more jealousy in response to rivals with communal attributes.
Contributions of maternal adult attachment to socialization of coping
Authors: Abaied Jamie L. , Rudolph Karen D.
Published: August 2010

This research examined whether maternal adult attachment predicted coping suggestions mothers made to their children. A sample of 157 youth (M age = 12.42, SD = 1.20) and their maternal caregivers completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires in a two-wave longitudinal study. Results revealed that maternal insecure attachment predicted fewer engagement coping suggestions (orienting toward stress) and heightened disengagement coping suggestions (avoiding or denying stress) both concurrently and over time. These associations remained after adjusting for child, mother, and contextual characteristics. This study contributes to our understanding of the implications adult attachment has for parenting behavior, suggesting that insecure attachment undermines a parent’s ability to provide adaptive coping guidance to their children.
Transformational Learning Through Prior Learning Assessment
Authors: Stevens Karen , Gerber Dan , Hendra Rick
Published: August 2010

Upon graduation from University Without Walls (UWW), Robin said, “During first semester you told us that if we allowed it to, this experience [writing a prior learning portfolio] would change us. I was so angry with you for saying that because I liked who I was and didn’t want to change. But you were right. And I’m glad.” For the past 39 years the centerpiece of UWW, the adult education program at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, has been a prior experiential learning process. This process involves students’ writing and critically reflecting on past professional and, in some instances, personal experiences and awards them academic credit for this learning. The outcomes can be transformative for the learner, facilitating the development of a new sense of confidence and ability to make new meanings of experience. This, in turn, spurs the learner to make changes inside as well as outside the self.
Substantiated Best Practices in Transition: Fifteen Plus Years Later
Authors: Landmark Leena Jo , Song Ju  , Dalun Zhang
Published: August 2010

Since the transition movement in the 1980s, numerous transition practices have been developed. Kohler (1993) provided a comprehensive review and analysis of transition best practices and divided them into substantiated and implied practices based on the existence of empirical evidence. Since that review was published, the field of transition has changed. The purpose of this article is to provide an updated review of transition best practices since Kohler’s study. A total of 29 documents were collected that substantiated best transition practices. The resulting most- to least-substantiated practices were paid or unpaid work experience, employment preparation, family involvement, general education inclusion, social skills training, daily living skills training and self-determination skills training, and community or agency collaboration.
“Anything That Can Be a Danger to the Public”: Desire to Extend Registries Beyond Sex Offenses
Authors: Craun Sarah W. , Kernsmith Poco D. , Butler N.K.
Published: August 2010

Registries are no longer limited to sex offenders, as other types of registries, such as a dangerous dog registry and a gun offender registry, have appeared. This study investigated public perceptions about extending registries to other crimes and what types of registries are desired. Data were obtained from more than 700 Michigan residents using a random digit dialling telephone survey. More than half indicated wanting more public registries in addition to sex offender registries. Viewing the sex offender registry, supporting sex offender registries, and being convicted of a crime were factors affecting support for other registries. Respondents who desired additional registries reported most support for registries of those who committed crimes against people. Implications of extending registries to other types of crimes are considered.
Pharmacological Management of Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Tesoro Eljim P. , Brophy Gretchen M.
Published: August 2010

Seizures are serious complications seen in critically ill patients and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if the cause is not identified and treated quickly. Uncontrolled seizures can lead to status epilepticus (SE), which is considered a medical emergency. The first-line treatment of seizures is an intravenous (IV) benzodiazepine followed by anticonvulsant therapy. Refractory SE can evolve into a nonconvulsive state requiring IV anesthetics or induction of pharmacological coma. To prevent seizures and further complications in critically ill patients with acute neurological disease or injury, short-term seizure prophylaxis should be considered in certain patients.
Understanding Constraints on Nonprofit Leadership Tactics in Times of Recession
Authors: Never Brent
Published: August 2010

The impact of the global recession has served to increase resource pressures on voluntary organizations in many social service sectors, serving to constrain the choices that organizational leaders can make in the face of changing resource niches. Not all organizational leaders face the same set of viable choices in the face of both changing demands from funding bodies and highly dynamic resource niches. Drawing on theories of organizational change, it is possible to identify three key factors that will serve to limit the tactics that voluntary organizations can employ: niche-level dynamics, niche density, and the presence of organizational champions. These three factors are illustrated through an analysis of the effects of the economic recession in Northern Ireland on two subsectors: community development and youth-serving organizations. We conclude with a call for greater theoretical and empirical development of the resource niche as the appropriate unit of analysis.
Path Dependence, Critical Junctures, and Political Contestation
Authors: Ju Chang Bum , Tang Shui-Yan
Published: August 2010

The nonprofit sector has become an arena of increased political contestation. Rather than being shaped passively by global trends and broader power relationships among social classes and organizations, the nonprofit sector and the larger civil society have increasingly become forces shaping social and political developments. To account for how these forces unfold in different countries, one needs to go beyond social origins theory, the power-distributional account, and sociological institutionalism and draw on concepts from historical institutionalism that explicitly consider how dynamic interactions between institutional forces and long-term historical changes shape patterns of political contestation. By examining the developmental trajectories of environmental NGOs in South Korea, this article explains how political contestation—embedded within institutional and historical processes of critical junctures and path dependence—may shape developmental trajectories of the nonprofit sector.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: recent lessons from animal models
Authors: Ghoreishi M. , Dutz JP
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) may present as a clinically heterogeneous group of lupus-specific skin lesions that have common histopathological findings. Determination of the immunopathological sequence of events in this group of disorders has been challenging for dermatologists and immunologists but is vital for therapeutic targeting. We review animal models in which different aspects of immune alteration in CLE have been addressed. The MRL/lpr mouse develops spontaneous skin disease with some features of CLE. Study of this strain and related gene-manipulated strains has revealed roles for multiple cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and IL-21, in disease pathogenesis. A role for the growth factor colony stimulating factor 1 and the inflammatory protein high-mobility group box 1 has also been suggested. We discuss potential novel treatment options suggested by these models. Lupus (2010) 19, 1029—1035.
Dermatological manifestations of Hughes’ antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Authors: Frances C.
Published: August 2010

The dermatological manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) may be the presenting features of APS syndrome. They are extremely diverse and heterogeneous, ranging from minor signs to life-threatening conditions such as widespread cutaneous necrosis. Their clinical significance is highly variable. Livedo reticularis is strongly associated with the arterial and microangiopathic subtypes of APS. Scientific data are required to determine the optimum management of these patients, who might benefit from recently developed antithrombotic agents. Lupus (2010) 19, 1071—1077.
Photosensitivity, phototesting, and photoprotection in cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kuhn A. , Ruland V. , Bonsmann G.
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease involving well-defined skin lesions that can be categorized as acute CLE (ACLE), subacute CLE (SCLE), chronic CLE (CCLE), or intermittent CLE (ICLE). It is commonly accepted that ultraviolet (UV) exposure can induce and exacerbate skin lesions in patients with certain subtypes of CLE. Phototesting with UVA and UVB irradiation using a standardized protocol has proven to be a reliable model to study photosensitivity in CLE and to analyse the underlying pathomechanisms of the disease. In addition to UV-mediated induction of apoptosis, the molecular and cellular factors that may underlie the abnormal long-lasting photoreactivity in CLE include mediators of inflammation such as cytokines and chemokines, inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), and cellular adhesion molecules. The photosensitivity associated with CLE requires education of the patient about avoidance of excessive sun exposure, continuous photoprotection through physical measures such as protective clothing, and daily application of broad-spectrum sunscreens. Novel approaches to UV-protection, such as alpha-MSH or thymidine dinucleotides, might also have an impact on photosensitivity in patients with CLE. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about photosensitivity in patients with CLE, including an overview of standardized phototesting procedures, possible molecular pathomechanisms, and photoprotection. Lupus (2010) 19, 1036—1046.
Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kuhn A. , Ochsendorf F. , Bonsmann G.
Published: August 2010

In patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and mild skin involvement, local therapy consisting of topically applied pharmacological agents, e.g., topical/intralesional steroids, may be sufficient. Recent reports have also shown efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in patients with CLE, particularly on the face. Special attention receives consistent sun protection through photoresistant clothing and application of light-shielding substances with highly potent chemical or physical UVA- and UVB-protective filters. These substances should be applied in sufficient amount (ca. 2 mg/cm2) at least 20—30 minutes before sun exposure in order to avoid induction and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. The mainstay of treatment for disfiguring and widespread skin manifestations in patients with CLE, irrespective of the subtype of the disease, is antimalarial agents. Our understanding of the use of combinations of antimalarials and proper dosing according to the ideal bodyweight limits problems with toxicity. Further therapies, such as methotrexate, or retinoids, dapsone, mycophenolate mofetil, and thalidomide in selected cases, can be helpful for patients with resistant disease; however, side effects need to be taken into consideration. Recent advances in biotechnology resulted in the development of novel systemic agents, but randomized controlled trials are necessary for the approval of new therapeutic strategies in CLE. Lupus (2010) 19, 1125—1136.
Cutaneous lupus in infancy and childhood
Authors: Lee LA
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous lupus may occur in infancy as transient lesions associated with and probably caused by maternal autoantibodies, or later in childhood, associated with the endogenous development of autoimmunity. In this review, clinical findings, diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis of neonatal lupus are discussed, and the management of cutaneous lupus in children is detailed. Lupus (2010) 19, 1112—1117.
The interferon-α signature of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Obermoser G. , Pascual V.
Published: August 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic multisystem autoimmune disorder where interplay of environmental and genetic risk factors leads to progressive loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens over time, finally culminating in clinical disease. The heterogeneity of clinical manifestations and the disease’s unpredictable course characterized by flares and remissions are very likely a reflection of heterogeneity at the origin of disease, with a final common pathway leading to loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens. Impaired clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic material and production of autoantibodies have long been recognized as major pathogenic events in this disease. Over the past decade the type I interferon cytokine family has been postulated to play a central role in SLE pathogenesis, by promoting feedback loops progressively disrupting peripheral immune tolerance and driving disease activity. The identification of key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE will not only improve our understanding of this complex disease, but also help to identify novel targets for biological intervention. Lupus (2010) 19, 1012—1019.
Involvement of scalp and nails in lupus erythematosus
Authors: Trüeb RM
Published: August 2010

Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a systemic autoimmune disorder associated with polyclonal B-cell activation resulting in diverse patterns of autoantibody production and a heterogeneous clinical expression constituting a spectrum extending from limited cutaneous disease to life-threatening systemic manifestations. For daily clinical practice, the characteristics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) have been well defined in terms of morphology, and clinical and laboratory criteria are available for the classification as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The many different types of skin lesions encountered in patients with LE have been classified into those that are histologically specific for LE and those that are not. While LE non-specific skin lesions on their own do not enable a diagnosis of LE, they can be important reflections of underlying SLE disease activity. This also applies to the involvement of the scalp and nails. Finally, it must be kept in mind that LE patients may also develop drug-related, or other unrelated common disorders of the hair and nails that do not reflect LE disease activity. Lupus (2010) 19, 1078—1086.
Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud’s phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Richter JG , Sander O. , Schneider M. , Klein-Weigel P.
Published: August 2010

Skin discolorations and skin lesions due to vascular pathologies are common clinical features in systemic lupus erythematosus. A variety of clinical manifestations such as Raynaud’s phenomenon, acrocyanosis, livedo patterns, erythematous or violaceous macules and papules or necrosis are triggered by heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms such as vasospasm, vasculitis or thromboembolism. A standardized macro- and microvascular assessment is necessary to establish the correct diagnosis. We describe and illustrate common clinical features of vascular skin manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and present a diagnostic algorithm. Lupus (2010) 19, 1087—1095.
Importance of protocols for simulation studies in clinical drug development
Authors: Smith Mike K , Marshall Andrea
Published: August 2010

Clinical trial simulation studies can be used to assess the impact of many aspects of trial design, conduct, analysis and decision making on trial performance metrics. Simulation studies can play a vital role in improving the efficiency of the drug development process within the pharmaceutical industry, but only if they are well designed and conducted.

It is imperative therefore that a protocol or simulation plan is developed, documenting how the simulation study is to be conducted, analysed and reported. This article emphasises the specific considerations necessary for designing good quality simulation studies. These include defining data generation processes, data analytic methods, decision criteria and also determining the presentation of results for all intended audiences.

With clinical trial simulations becoming a vital part of the drug development process, the protocol for clinical trial simulations may in future become part of the regulatory peer review process. More rigour in the planning and execution of simulation studies will ensure that the design, analysis and decision-making process for the subsequent clinical trial is based on credible evidence that can be independently verified.
Trade unions, politics and parties: is a new configuration possible?
Authors: Hyman Richard , Gumbrell-McCormick Rebecca
Published: August 2010

Trade unions are not merely economic (or ‘industrial relations’) actors: they are necessarily protagonists in the political arena. Regulating the labour market is a question of power resources. Yet if unions are inescapably both economic and political actors, the relationship between the two roles is complex and contradictory, and the priority assigned to each varies across countries and over time. Four factors seem of particular importance in explaining these distinctive patterns: ideology, opportunity structures, organizational capacity and contextual challenges. We explore these issues with reference to ten west European countries, and end by pointing to some of the ideational and practical reasons why unions must explicitly redefine their political identities.
Are individualistic attitudes killing collectivism?
Authors: Peetz David
Published: August 2010

This article addresses a core aspect of the question: ‘is the collectivism of labour in fundamental decline?’ It pays particular attention to attitudes towards collectivism using national and cross-national data on trends in dimensions of collectivism over periods of up to two decades. The data indicate that collective values and identities are today broadly as strong (or weak) as they were two or three decades ago. If individualization is the problem, then we should not look at individualization of attitudes but attempts by employers and governments to individualize the employment relationship. Union organizing strategies need to reinforce union values and build solidarities across groups which are more complex and heterogeneous than in the past.
Generation of Evidence in Simulation Runs: Interlinking With Models for Predicting Weather and Climate Change
Authors: Gramelsberger Gabriele
Published: August 2010

Meteorology has employed automatic computing machines since the early days of electronic computers. From the 1950s on, a large body of models used for “in silico” experiments (numerical simulation) has been built up, together with an international infrastructure of measuring, modeling, and testing. These outstanding developments— unique in science—led not only to an increasing standardization in developing and applying models but also to deepening the interlinking between modeling and generating evidence. The article explores needs and strategies for evaluating scientific results based on mass data output devices.
An Experimental Study of the Reputation Mechanism in a Business Game
Authors: Greco Marco , Branca Antonio Maurizio , Morena Gianfranco
Published: August 2010

Reputation enables different parties to establish a trusting and cooperative relationship, a key factor in integrative negotiations referred to as “win-win” negotiations. Thus, a good reputation mechanism can bring simulations closer to reality. In this study, the authors review the reputation mechanisms applied to the online business game WIN WIN MANAGER, where the players’ reputations are decided by their counterparts at the end of each negotiation. Then, the authors compare two reputation mechanisms and hypothesize that the best mechanism will be more positively correlated with the negotiation outcome, which is measured by a scoring algorithm. Using nonparametric statistics, it is highlighted that the reputation mechanism in earlier versions of the game seems to produce values unrelated to the score, whereas the new mechanism produces values significantly positively correlated with the score. Such results can be useful to scholars who conduct experiments on negotiation, as well as online markets in which users are allowed to negotiate with one another.
Improving Transfer of Learning: Relationship to Methods of Using Business Simulation
Authors: Mayer Brad W. , Dale Kathleen M. , Fraccastoro Katherine A. , Moss Gisele
Published: August 2010

This study investigates whether the processes associated with the use of business simulations can be structured to improve transfer of learning from the classroom environment to the workplace.The answer to this question is explored by investigating teaching methods used to introduce the simulation, the amount of time students spend on decisions, team decision-making characteristics, and student performance levels in the course. The results indicate that students have higher perceived transfer of learning when they learn the simulation by reading the student manual and from peers rather than from the instructor or from hands-on experience. Also, the results indicate that perceptions of time spent on strategic decisions, financial decisions, and student expectations of their final grade were related to perceived transfer of learning.
Working With Harold Guetzkow: Reflections From a Last Link in the Chain
Authors: Kille Kent J.
Published: August 2010

In 2001, Harold Guetzkow reached out to Kent Kille, a scholar beginning his academic career, and subsequently helped inspire and support a project that culminated in the publication of the edited volume The UN Secretary-General and Moral Authority: Ethics and Religion in International Leadership. This article recounts the project, which would turn out to be the final research engagement by Guetzkow at the end of a long and storied academic career, and presents impressions from the author of Guetzkow’s ongoing search for knowledge, his supportive mentoring role, and his conscientious commitment to the place of ethics in global affairs.
Learning in Single-Versus Multiplayer Games: The More the Merrier?
Authors: Harteveld Casper , Bekebrede Geertje
Published: August 2010

From the observations of successful entertainment games, it is hypothesized that implementing a single-player option may require a different approach from that in a multiplayer option, in terms of game design. To find out whether this could be true and to understand what the specific approaches could entail for educational games, three separate yet related investigations were conducted to examine single- versus multiplayer games: an investigation of two educational games designed and evaluated by the authors, a theoretical investigation from a game and learning perspective, and an empirical investigation of 23 case studies. From these three investigations, it turned out that a “single-player approach” is data intensive, has formal rules, and uses direct transfer and individual learning. On the other hand, a “multiplayer approach” is less straightforward. From a game perspective, it can be characterized as process intensive and having social rules. When related to learning, however, it could be positioned on any dimension. This exploration shows that the approaches differ to a large extent and that designers have to find a fit between what option they choose and approach they take.
Changes in Dispositional Empathy in American College Students Over Time: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Konrath Sara H. , O'Brien Edward H. , Hsing Courtney
Published: August 2010

The current study examines changes over time in a commonly used measure of dispositional empathy. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 72 samples of American college students who completed at least one of the four subscales (Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, Fantasy, and Personal Distress) of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) between 1979 and 2009 (total N = 13,737). Overall, the authors found changes in the most prototypically empathic subscales of the IRI: Empathic Concern was most sharply dropping, followed by Perspective Taking. The IRI Fantasy and Personal Distress subscales exhibited no changes over time. Additional analyses found that the declines in Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern are relatively recent phenomena and are most pronounced in samples from after 2000.
The Psychological Effects of Foreign-Language Restaurant Signs on Potential Diners
Authors: Magnini Vincent P. , Miller Todd , Kim BeomCheol (Peter)
Published: August 2010

Some ethnic restaurants display exterior signage written only in their native tongues. Therefore, this research examines the psychological effects of foreign-language signs on potential diners. More specifically, psychological influences of restaurant signs’ language are explored in the following three laboratory experiments: Study 1, a Mexican restaurant sign manipulation (Spanish vs. English script) on a non-Hispanic sample; Study 2, a Korean restaurant sign manipulation (Korean vs. English script) on a non-Asian sample; and Study 3, a Korean restaurant sign manipulation (Korean vs. English script) on a Korean-American sample. In each of these three experiments, the authors found that a restaurant sign’s language has statistically significant effects on potential diner’s perceptions of the restaurant’s brand personality. On the other hand, a sign’s language does not appear to influence perceptions of anticipated food authenticity or perceptions of the restaurant’s target marketing efforts. Based on these research findings, the article concludes with a presentation of managerial and research implications.
Finite element analysis of sandwich panels subjected to shock tube blast loadings
Authors: Tan Ping , Lee Bin , Tsangalis Christos
Published: August 2010

Sandwich panels with a cellular core are being widely considered for blast mitigation applications, including armor systems, because of their capability to carry transverse loads with minimal weight penalty and absorb plastic energy. In this study, several finite element models are generated and used in simulating the performance of sandwich circular panels against shock tube blast loadings. A comparison of the numerical results for aluminum and Kevlar sandwich circular panels and their corresponding monolithic solid circular plates having similar mass shows that under the shock tube blast loadings considered in this study, the peak values of the transmitted overpressure, particle acceleration, and deflection of the back face measured from gauges are less for the sandwich circular panels than for the monolithic solid circular plates. The findings are consistent with those reported by other researchers. A parametric study is conducted in investigating the influence of sandwich panel material property, configuration and mass distribution, on the sandwich performance against shock tube blast loadings. It is revealed that the peak values of transmitted overpressure, particle acceleration, and deflection of the back face are dependent on these parameters.
A comparison between Thai residents and non-residents in their motivations, performance evaluations, and overall satisfaction with a domestic festival
Authors: McDowall Siriporn
Published: August 2010

Competitiveness among destinations, the rising cost of marketing, and the need to maintain market share, inspire the event management of the Tenth-Month Merit-Making Festival (TMMF) to use the festival as a tourist destination and to focus on attendees’ wants and needs. The TMMF is a religious celebration which has existed in Nakhon Si Thammarat (NT), a province in southern Thailand for more than a hundred years. Despite the longevity and significance of the TMMF, there is no systematic record of the festival’s attendees. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare residents’ and non-residents’ information sources, motivations, performance evaluations, and overall satisfaction with the festival. There were 243 residents and 80 non-residents participating in the study. The results revealed that friends and family were their best information sources. Arts and crafts were top attractions for both groups. Factors affecting residents’ overall satisfaction were different from those of non-residents.
Digital cameras and photo taking behaviour on the Great Barrier Reef — marketing opportunities for Reef tour operators
Authors: Prideaux Bruce , Coghlan Alexandra
Published: August 2010

Photography is an important element of the tourist experience and provides both a method of later reliving the experiences of the journey as well as sharing elements of the journey with others. In the digital age photography has taken on a new dimension with the ability of people to enhance images as well as share them with others via new media such as the internet, Facebook, YouTube, MySpace and blogs. This paper reports on research undertaken into the taking of photographs of the Great Barrier Reef and finds that respondents rate the need for good photographic images as a high priority, are likely to use digital cameras in preference to other photographic devices, that there is a small but significant market for commercial photos and offering digital photo opportunities can provide the operator with a powerful and free marketing tool.
Global Economic Crisis and Developing Countries
Authors: Pitigala Nihal
Published: August 2010

After a remarkable increase in the previous decade, world trade has been experiencing a dramatic fall in recent months. Vertical production chains have become a ‘propagation mechanism’ for these dramatic shifts. This article is based on recent research on vertical production chains and its determinants (Pitigala 2008) and highlights the implications of the global financial crisis on vertical production chains, with reference to the South Asia region. The results suggest that traditional policy barriers such as tariffs appear to have become less important for vertical trade; instead political risk, infrastructure and finance are more strongly associated with the growth of vertical specialization. The extent of vertical production chains and the weakening of the financial markets that support them explain the rapid contraction during the ongoing crisis. The effects may be long lasting as producers are forced to reconstruct not just weak, but broken links in their supply chains.
Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Income in SAARC Countries
Authors: Chary Swaroop R. , Bohara Alok K.
Published: August 2010

With global warming and the extreme climate changes in the world, controlling emissions has now become an area of focus for most countries. Although the Kyoto protocol (ratified by over 170 countries) does not require the reduction of emissions by the major SAARC countries, they intend to benefit from technology transfers and proceeds from sale of their carbon credits earned due to reduced emissions so long as there is no impact on their growth objectives. We evaluate the causal relationships between income, energy consumption and carbon emissions in the four major SAARC countries and conclude that emissions are caused (in the Granger sense) by income and energy consumption together. Our analysis suggests that these countries should step up their efforts on reducing emissions and consider reducing energy consumption as a serious environmental policy without having to negatively impact their income growth.
Restrictive Rules of Origin and Their Circumvention
Authors: Jha Sejut
Published: August 2010

This study is placed in the context of the emerging concerns regarding Rules of Origin (RoO) in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). The first set of RoO for India, embedded in the text of the India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISLFTA), is analyzed with respect to its design and implementation issues. The first finding is high restrictive score of ISLFTA RoO on a comparative scale with RoO of other world FTAs. Absence of supplementary rules in their design seems to be the culprit, though such absence makes them procedurally simple. The effect of such restrictiveness on businesses is commented upon. The second issue is the circumvention of RoO norms in case of copper exports from Sri Lanka. This shows how problematic the issue of enforcement of RoO is, especially in a developing country perspective. A re-look into policy issues regarding both design and implementation of RoO is suggested.
Money Supply and Exchange Rate Variations in Sri Lanka in the Independent Float Regime—A Time Domain Study
Authors: Maitra Biswajit
Published: August 2010

The monetary model of exchange rate determination holds that cheap monetary policy of the home country leads to depreciation of the national currency. The study attempts to enquire if the rupee/dollar exchange rate variation as observed in the period of independent float regime in Sri Lanka had any link with the domestic money supply. The study of cointegration testifies that exchange rate and M2 money supply are cointegrated at level. Causality from the VEC model reveals that seven and nine month lagged money supplies cause depreciation of exchange rate. The intervention analysis through the impulse response functions and variance decomposition shows that in the forecast periods ahead there is an increasing role of money supply in the variation of exchange rate.
Review Article: Mapping of children’s health and development data on population level using the classification system ICF-CY
Authors: Ståhl Ylva , Granlund Mats , Gäre-Andersson Boel , Enskär Karin
Published: August 2010

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if essential health and development data of all children in Sweden in the Child Health Service (CHS) and School Health Service (SHS) can be linked to the classification system International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health — Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Method: Lists of essential health terms, compiled by professionals from CHS and SHS, expected to be used in the national standardised records form the basis for the analysis in this study. The essential health terms have been linked to the codes of ICF-CY by using linking rules and a verification procedure. Results: After exclusion of terms not directly describing children’s health, a majority of the health terms could be linked into the ICF-CY with a high proportion of terms in body functions and a lower proportion in activity/participation and environment respectively. Some health terms had broad description and were linked to several ICF-CY codes. The precision of the health terms was at a medium level of detail. Conclusion: ICF-CY can be useful as a tool for documenting child health. It provides not only a code useful for statistical purposes but also a language useful for the CHS and SHS in their work on individual as well as population levels. It was noted that the health terms used by services mainly focused on health related to body function. This indicates that more focus is needed on health data related to child’s functioning in everyday life situations.
The impact of Finnish tobacco legislation on restaurant workers’ exposure to tobacco smoke at work
Authors: Reijula Jere P. , Reijula Kari E.
Published: August 2010

Aims: To evaluate the impact of Finnish tobacco legislation concerning restaurants, questionnaire surveys were carried out four times between 1999 and 2007. Their purpose was to assess the effects of the legislation on employees’ exposure to tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants in Finland before the total prohibition of smoking. Methods: National questionnaire surveys on reported exposure to tobacco smoke among restaurant workers were conducted in 1999, 2001, 2003, and in the spring of 2007 just before the total smoking ban. Results: The data show that smoking is more common among restaurant workers than in the Finnish population in general. Reported exposure to tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants declined slowly after the launch of the renewed Tobacco Act. Between 1999 and 2007, it decreased from 73% to 43% among waiters who were exposed for over four hours per work shift and from 93% to 67% among bartenders. At the same time, non-exposed waiters increased from 15% to 39% and bartenders from 5% to 10%. The number of daily smoked cigarettes, however, remained the same among restaurant workers during the seven-year follow-up. Conclusions: We conclude that the reform of the Finnish tobacco legislation in 2000, which did not totally prohibit smoking in restaurants, decreased the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke but was not sufficiently effective in protecting restaurant workers from occupational exposure to tobacco smoke.
Does patients’ choice of health centre doctor depend on the organization? A comparative study of four municipalities with different forms of service provision in Finland
Authors: Laamanen Ritva , Simonsen-Rehn Nina , Suominen Sakari , Brommels Mats
Published: August 2010

Aims: The aim of the study was to examine the use of physician services and the willingness to choose an health centre (HC) doctor rather than an alternative (i.e. private, occupational healthcare, other doctor) by the working age population in four municipalities in Finland. In a Southern municipality primary health care was contracted out to a non-profit organization whereas Eastern, Western and South-Western municipalities mainly provided services themselves. Methods: A mail survey of a random sample of the 15—64-age population was conducted in 2002 (n = 2,000, response rate 62%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as bi- and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the respondents, 69% had visited an HC doctor during the past year, and of these, more than 40% had also visited another doctor outside the HC. The willingness to choose an HC doctor varied from 40% to 54% and was highest in the Southern municipality. When significantly associated variables — age, working status, perceived stress in life situation, access to an appointment, perceived interpersonal quality, and visits to doctors — were controlled for, the willingness to choose an HC doctor was, compared with the Southern municipality, less popular only in the Western municipality. Conclusions: The tendency to choose an HC doctor rather than an alternative was quite low, probably reflecting lack of attractiveness of HC to patients. However, contracting out service production did not additionally decrease patients’ willingness to choose an HC doctor. More attention should be paid to improving access, interpersonal quality and continuity of care.
Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of insulin detemir compared with neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes using a basal-bolus regimen in Sweden
Authors: Valentine William J. , Aagren Mark , Haglund Mattias , Ericsson Åsa , Gschwend Manuela H.
Published: August 2010

Aims: To evaluate the long-term clinical and economic outcomes associated with insulin detemir and neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin in combination with mealtime insulin aspart in patients with type 1 diabetes in Sweden, based on data from a two-year, multi-national, open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Methods: Insulin detemir was associated with significant improvements in glycaemic control after 24 months (HbA1c 7.36% versus 7.58%, mean difference -0.22%, p = 0.022) and major hypoglycaemic events (69% risk reduction, p = 0.001) versus NPH. Patients treated with detemir gained less weight (1.7 versus 2.7 kg, P = 0.024). Based on these findings, a published and validated computer model (IMS CORE Diabetes Model) was used to estimate life-expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy and both direct medical costs and indirect costs. Results: Basal-bolus therapy with insulin detemir was projected to improve life expectancy by 0.14 years (15.02 ± 0.19 versus 14.88 ± 0.18 years) and quality-adjusted life expectancy by 0.53 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) versus NPH (8.35 ± 0.11 versus 7.82 ± 0.10 QALYs). Improvements in QALYs were driven by avoided or delayed diabetes-related complications and fewer hypoglycaemic events. Direct medical costs over patient lifetimes were SEK 26,144 higher in the insulin detemir arm (SEK 995,025 ± 19,580 versus 968,881 ± 19,769), leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of SEK 49,757 per QALY gained. Capturing indirect costs led to insulin detemir being cost saving over patient lifetimes, by SEK 80,113, compared to NPH (SEK 2,959,909 ± 64,727 versus 3,040,022 ± 62,317). Conclusions: Compared with NPH, insulin detemir is likely to be cost-effective from a healthcare payer perspective and dominant from a societal perspective in patients with type 1 diabetes in Sweden.
Ambulatory Surgery Center Market Share and Rates of Outpatient Surgery in the Elderly
Authors: Hollenbeck Brent K. , Hollingsworth John M. , Dunn Rodney L. , Zaojun Ye  , Birkmeyer John D.
Published: August 2010

Relative to outpatient surgery in hospital settings, ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) are more efficient and associated with a lower cost per case. However, these facilities may also spur higher overall procedure utilization and thus lead to greater overall health care costs. The authors used the State Ambulatory Surgery Database from the State of Florida to identify Medicare-aged patients undergoing 4 common ambulatory procedures in 2006, including knee arthroscopy, cystoscopy, cataract removal, and colonoscopy. Hospital service areas (HSAs) were characterized according to ASC market share, that is, the proportion of residents undergoing outpatient surgery in these facilities. The authors then examined relationships between ASC market share and rates of each procedure. Age-adjusted rates of ambulatory surgery ranged from 190.5 cases per 1000 to 320.8 cases per 1000 in HSAs with low and high ASC market shares, respectively ( P < .01). For all 4 procedures, adjusted rates of procedures were significantly higher in HSAs with the highest ASC market share. The greatest difference, both in relative and absolute terms, was observed for patients undergoing cystoscopy. In areas of high ASC market share, the age-adjusted rate of cystoscopy was nearly 3-fold higher than in areas with low ASC market share (34.5 vs 11.9 per 1000 population; P < .01). The presence of an ASC is associated with higher utilization of common outpatient procedures in the elderly. Whether ASCs are meeting unmet clinical demand or spurring overutilization is not clear.
Guidelines for the Management of Obstructive Hydrocephalus From Suprasellar-Prepontine Arachnoid Cysts Using Endoscopic Third Ventriculocystocisternostomy
Authors: Mattox Austin , Choi Jonathan D. , Leith-Gray Linda , Grant Gerald A. , Adamson D. Cory
Published: August 2010

Intracranial endoscopy has emerged as an innovative surgical tool for various intracranial procedures, but its use remains limited to neurosurgeons trained in this minimally invasive technique. Complex, skull base arachnoid cysts represent one entity that is challenging to treat because of adjacent critical neurovascular structures; however, the advent of intracranial endoscopic techniques has revolutionized treatment. Arachnoid cysts located in the suprasellar-prepontine skull base region can cause obstructive hydrocephalus or symptomatic mass effect and require urgent decompression. These patients may present with nonfocal symptoms that can quickly lead to a life-threatening condition if not accurately diagnosed and treated. The authors present a summary of the world literature of suprasellar-prepontine arachnoid cysts (SPACs) to ascertain clinical presentations and provide class III evidentiary treatment guidelines for this uniquely challenging type of arachnoid cyst. Urgent endoscopic third ventriculostomy results in normalization of intracranial pressure, return of normal CSF flow, and relief of symptoms.
Establishing Causality Using Longitudinal Hierarchical Linear Modeling: An Illustration Predicting Achievement From Self-Control
Authors: Duckworth Angela Lee , Tsukayama Eli , May Henry
Published: August 2010

The predictive validity of personality for important life outcomes is well established, but conventional longitudinal analyses cannot rule out the possibility that unmeasured third-variable confounds fully account for the observed relationships. Longitudinal hierarchical linear models (HLM) with time-varying covariates allow each subject to serve as his or her own control, thus eliminating between-individual confounds. HLM also allow the directionality of the causal relationship to be tested by reversing time-lagged predictor and outcome variables. We illustrate these techniques through a series of models that demonstrate that within-individual changes in self-control over time predict subsequent changes in GPA but not vice-versa. The evidence supporting a causal role for self-control was not moderated by IQ, gender, ethnicity, or income. Further analyses rule out one time-varying confound: self-esteem. The analytic approach taken in this study provides the strongest evidence to date for the causal role of self-control in determining achievement.