bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population size estimates of pink river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) using mark-recapture methods on photo-identification
Authors: Gómez-Salazar Catalina , Whitehead Hal , Trujillo Fernando
Published: February 2014

Population size estimates of pink river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) are critical to assess the conservation status of this species and the impacts of increasing human stressors in freshwater ecosystems. Photo-identifications of Inia dolphins were collected between February 2007 and August 2009 in two locations of the Colombian Amazon and Orinoco river basins. Population sizes of Inia were obtained by using the closed (Petersen) mark-recapture model on photo-identifications. The total population size estimate for right/left side individuals was 129/71 Inia dolphins (CV=0.36/0.35) in the Amazon location and 125/58 Inia dolphins (CV=0.77/0.69) in the Orinoco location. The survey and analysis protocols were designed to try to meet mark-recapture assumptions. However, photo-identification was incomplete in both study areas, and there could be recruitment and unequal probabilities of capture due to preferences of individuals for certain areas. Further effort should be focused towards expanding the photo-identification catalogues and creating long-term monitoring programs.
AVALIAÇÃO FENOTÍPICA E GENOTÍPICA DO PERFIL DE RESISTÊNCIA DE AMOSTRAS DE Staphylococcus aureus ISOLADAS DE CULTURAS CLÍNICAS E DE VIGILÂNCIA DE UM HOSPITAL DE ENSINO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Almeida Lívia Cafundó , Pimenta-Rodrigues Marcus Vinicius , Moris Daniela Vanessa , Fortaleza Carlos M. Castelo Branco , Cunha Maria de Lourdes R.de Souza da
Published: February 2014

Staphylococcus aureuscan cause a variety of infections, especially nosocomial. Its importance lies in the combination of virulence, invasiveness and antibiotic resistance constituting therapeutic challenges. This study aimed to assess the genotype and phenotypic resistance profiles of samples of S. aureusisolated from hospitalized patients in a Brazilian teaching hospital. We evaluated 1078 samples obtained from surveillance cultures and clinical S.aureusin hospitalized patients. To assess the phenotypic resistance profile was used disk diffusion method according to CLSIcriteria, 2011. For the determination of genotypic resistance was the presence of the mecAgene by polymerase chain reaction -PCR. Of the 1078 samples tested phenotypically, it was observed that 75.1% of the samples were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA), and of these, 98.4% were resistant to oxacillin and 100%, cefoxitin. To determine genotype was performed for the PCR amplification of the mecAgene. Of the 443 samples tested for the mecA336 samples were positive (75.8%). Of these samples, 85.7% showed resistance phenotype oxacillin and cefoxitin 88.4%. Due to the high rate of MRSA, concludes the need for investment in research, rational use of antimicrobials and creation of reference laboratories for verification of antimicrobial resistance
Research Problems in Community College Mathematics Education: Testing the Boundaries of K-12 Research
Authors: Mesa Vilma , Wladis Claire , Watkins Laura
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this commentary is to articulate the need to investigate problems of mathematics instruction at community colleges. We briefly describe some features of this often-ignored institution and the current status of research. We also make an argument for how investigations of instruction in this setting can both advance our understanding of this particular context and give practitioners tools to deal with pressures from policymakers to show short-term results. This work is the result of a collaborative effort between community college practitioners and researchers, responding to the needs of their work in mathematics education.
L’engagement dans le mouvement des AA : un gage de bonheur
Authors: Kairouz Sylvia , Fortin Marilyn
Published: February 2014

Contexte : Le mouvement des Alcooliques Anonymes (AA) demeure la source d’aide la plus utilisée au monde en alcoolisme. Il propose un modèle de rémission basé sur les principes des 12 étapes et soutenu par une communauté d’entraide qui, au-delà de l’abstinence, vise la reconstruction de sa vie sans alcool et l’atteinte d’un bien-être. Peu d’études ont exploré la qualité de vie des membres abstinents au profit d’une littérature plus abondante concernant l’atteinte et le maintien de l’abstinence.

Objectif : Cette étude vise à évaluer un modèle de médiation mettant en relation l’engagement dans le mouvement des AA, tant dans le programme qu’au sein de la fraternité, et le niveau de bien-être psychologique des membres, tout en tenant compte de la qualité de l’expérience positive de l’abstinence.

Sélection des études et extraction des données : L’échantillon était composé de 168 membres AA de longue date, appelés « old-timers », avec un taux de réponse de 49 %. Un questionnaire autoadministré a permis d’évaluer l’engagement dans le mouvement, le niveau de bien-être psychologique ainsi que l’évaluation subjective de l’expérience d’abstinence.

Résultats : Les membres AA rapportent généralement un niveau élevé de bien-être psychologique, un engagement dans la fraternité et une adhésion aux principes des 12 étapes. La socialisation avec les membres a un effet significatif et important sur le sentiment de bonheur et de satisfaction dans la vie, alors que l’application des étapes de maintien tend à influencer positivement le degré de satisfaction dans la vie et le sens donné à la vie grâce à l’expérience positive de l’abstinence.

Conclusion : Les membres « old-timers » abstinents rapportent être heureux, satisfaits dans la vie et donner un sens à leur vie. La relation d’entraide qui se développe dans la fraternité et l’expérience de donner et de recevoir de l’aide contribuent de façon significative à ce bien-être psychologique.
Toutes les organisations ne sont pas égales quant au pouvoir décisionnel de leurs pairs aidants !
Authors: Komaroff Janina , Perreault Michel
Published: February 2014

Les pairs aidants peuvent être intégrés de différentes façons dans les organisations où ils interviennent. Dans cet article, cinq types de structure organisationnelle où l’on fait appel à des pairs aidants en toxicomanie et en santé mentale sont examinés : les groupes de soutien mutuel, les organisations d’entraide, les organisations autogérées par des pairs aidants, les partenariats avec des organismes de pairs aidants et, enfin, l’intégration des pairs aidants dans des organismes pour dispenser certains services. Cet article met en évidence les conditions qui favorisent l’autonomisation des pairs aidants dans ces différentes situations.
KARAKTERISTIKE PREDUZETNIČKOG AMBIJENTA BANJALUČKE REGIJE // CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE BANJA LUKA REGION
Authors: Macura Rajko , Tanjga Rade
Published: February 2014

U istraživanju su prezentovani stavovi preduzetnika vezani za poslovni ambijent u kojem djeluju, probleme i izazove sa kojima se susreću i koji otežavaju postizanje konkurentnosti na tržištu i potrebe, čije bi zadovoljenje omogućilo bolje profilisanje na tržištu. Analizom dobijenih podataka identifikovani su ključni faktori uspjeha preduzetničkih poduhvata, odnosno, prepreka koje ugrožavaju rad preduzetničkih firmi. Struktura uzorka odgovara strukturi preduzeća u BiH – mikro, mala, srednja i velika preduzeća. Anketiranje je obavljeno na uzorku od 142 pravna subjekta, koji uključuju inokosne preduzetničke radnje, ortačka društva, DOO i AD. Najviše firmi bavi se uslugama, što govori o nepovoljnoj strukturi naše privrede. Isto tako, kvalifikaciona struktura zaposlenih je nepovoljna. Najviše zaposlenih je sa KV i SSS stručnom spremom. Najviše firmi posluje isključivo na domaćem tržištu i koristi spoljne konsalting usluge, prvenstveno knjigovodstvene i pravne. Relativno mali broj anketiranih je pohađalo kurseve preduzetništva. Anketirani preduzetnici uglavnom imaju rođake ili prijatelje u okruženju koji se već bave preduzetništvom, što može ukazivati na uticaj okruženja na odluku o pokretanju vlastitog biznisa. Kada je u pitanju savjetodavna pomoć, poslodavci su najviše usmjereni na udruženja poslodavaca. Zabrinjava činjenica da anketirani po pravilu ne učestvuju u izradi propisa i podsticajnih mjera koje donose nadležna tijela. Kao ograničavajuće faktore, najviše preduzetnika identifikuje nedostatak podsticajnih mjera i finansijskih sredstava, neinformisanost preduzetnika, probleme pri registraciji, zastarjele tehnologije, visoke cijene kapitala, nedostatak stručnog osoblja, nelojalnu konkurencija, jaku konkurenciju i monopol velikih preduzeća, spore rokove naplate, čestu promjenu zakona i sl. Publikovanje rezultata istraživanja može značajno doprinijeti rješavanju ili ublažavanju problema koji otežavaju razvoj i promociju preduzetništva.
DOPRINOS INTERKULTURNOG MENADŽMENTA RAZVIJANJU TOLERANTNOSTI U MEĐUNARODNOM POSLOVANJU // CONTRIBUTION OF INTERCULTURAL MANAGEMENT TO DEVELOPING TOLERANCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Authors: Zakić Katarina , Milutinović Olivera
Published: February 2014

Od davnina su ljudi iz različitih krajeva sveta i sa različitih kontinenata trgovali.Njihov obim poslovanja zavisio je ponajviše od vremenskih uslova i bezbednostiputa. Vremena su se polako menjala, a sa njima su se stvarali i različiti usloviposlovanja. Period svetske ekonomije nakon II svetskog rata je obeležen velikimekonomskim usponima većine država. S obzirom na to da je došlo do stvaranjamultinacionalnih (transnacionalnih) kompanija, došlo je do višestrukog povećanjaprisustva kompanija iz različitih zemalja na teritoriji jedne države, kao i do povećanjabroja kompanija u kojima rade ljudi iz svih krajeva sveta. Usled nedostatkainformacija o tome kako druge nacije i kulture privređuju, javila se potreba zastvaranjem nove naučne discipline koja bi na odgovarajući način ukazala na to kakorazličite kulture posluju, a samim tim i utvrdila mogućnosti za optimalno poslovanje uuslovima sveopšte globalizacije. Interkulturni menadžment je nastao upravo sa idejomda se stvore uslovi za poštovanje različitosti uz uspešnu saradnju među narodima.Svrha ovog rada je da pokaže u kolikoj meri je ova naučna disciplina doprinelaboljem razumevanju među narodima, kao i da pokaže da se uz shvatanje važnostinacionalnih specifičnosti u oblasti poslovanja, podiže i nivo tolerantnosti međurazličitim narodima. Metodologija ovog rada se zasniva na istraživanjima Hofštejda(Hofstede), Švarca (Schwartz) i GLOBE projekta. Iako je glavna svrha interkulturnogmenadžmenta u trenutku njegovog nastanka bila da se bolje upoznaju druge nacije kako bi se povećao obim poslovanja, on je doveo do ostvarenja mnogo šireg cilja, a toje shvatanje potrebe da su svi narodi različiti i da se njihove kulturne specifičnostimoraju uvažavati ne samo sa stanovišta biznisa, već i kroz svakodnevni život.
USVAJANJE GENERIČKIH GLOBALNIH POSLOVNIH STRATEGIJA - MARKETING ASPEKT // ADOPTION OF GENERIC GLOBAL BUSINESS STRATEGIES – MARKETING ASPECT
Authors: Vrcelj Nikolina , Jurčić Ana , Zakić Katarina
Published: February 2014

Postoje različiti putevi koji vode ka globalizaciji, pa tako i brojne opcije zamenadžment kada kreće putem globalizacije. Izbor prave i odgovarajuće globalnestrategije je upravo jedan od najvažnijih izazova koji se stavlja pred svaki posao ilipreduzeće. U predmetnom radu dat je pregled globalnih strategija proizvoda,strategija globalne komunikacije, opcija za prilagođavanje generičke globalnestrategije, aspekti kreiranja generičkih globalnih strategija, te njihove prednosti inedostaci. // There are many different paths that lead to globalization, so as many options formanagement when moving through globalization. Choosing the right and appropriateglobal strategy is just one of the major challenges placed before any business orenterprise. Presented paper gives an overview of global product strategy, globalcommunication strategy, options for customizing the generic global strategies, aspectsof creating generic global strategies, and discusses their advantages anddisadvantages.
Fudbal kao koreografija
Authors: Klein Gabriele
Published: February 2014

Ovaj tekst nastoji da pronađe sličnost između fudbala i plesa. Pri tome nisu u središtu pažnje mnogostruki mogući metaforički odnosi između fudbala i plesa, kao kada se fi lmski isječci sa fudbalskih utakmica, koji se neprestano prikazuju uz muziku u pozadini, nazivaju „fudbalskim baletom“, kada Sambini navijači plešu, ili kada igrači plešu sa korner-zastavicama. Važnije je odgovoriti na pitanje koje strukturalne specifi čnosti posjeduju fudbal i ples.
Recent progress in single-photon and entangled-photon generation and applications
Authors: Takeuchi Shigeki
Published: February 2014

Quantum information science has recently attracted a lot of attention. Its applications include secure communication, quantum computation, quantum simulation, and quantum metrology. In these applications, photons are one of the most important physical quanta for their tolerance to decoherence. In this manuscript, we review the recent progress in single-photon/entangled-photon emitters and their applications: heralded single-photon sources using parametric downconversion and their application to quantum key distribution, highly indistinguishable heralded single-photon sources, fiber-coupled solid-state single-photon sources, and ultrabroadband-frequency entanglement generation.
Speed enhancement at Vdd = 0.4 V and random τpd variability reduction and analyisis of τpd variability of silicon on thin buried oxide circuits
Authors: Makiyama Hideki , Yamamoto Yoshiki , Shinohara Hirofumi , Iwamatsu Toshiaki , Oda Hidekazu , Sugii Nobuyuki , Ishibashi Koichiro , Yamaguchi Yasuo
Published: February 2014

Ring oscillator characteristics of silicon on thin buried oxide (SOTB) were investigated at V
dd down to 0.4 V. It was demonstrated that both the propagation delay (τpd) and energy-delay (ED) product of SOTB were smaller than those of bulk devices due to its steeper subthreshold swing. It was found that the τpd variability of SOTB is dominated by global variability because local variability is small due to the intrinsic channel. The origin of τpd variability was analyzed by taking the transistor dc characteristics into account. It was found that the τpd variability of SOTB is caused by the global drive current variability because the effect of resistance (or effective drain current I
eff) is much larger than that of capacitance with V
dd reduction. The τpd variability is mainly caused by the global drive-current variability and thus can be easily reduced by die-to-die substrate bias voltage control.
Long external cavity Si photonic wavelength tunable laser diode
Authors: Kita Tomohiro , Nemoto Keita , Yamada Hirohito
Published: February 2014

We fabricated wavelength-tunable laser diodes with external cavity consist of Si photonic wire waveguide ring resonators. About 51.5 nm wavelength tuning operation, which covers the entire L-band of the optical communication wavelength range, was obtained. The cavity length dependence of the spectral line width was verified to obtain narrower spectral linewidth. The observed spectral linewidth of 3.78 mm long cavity and 8.19 mm long cavity are 131.0 and 64.8 kHz, respectively. The advantage of long external cavity to design the narrow spectral linewidth Si photonic wavelength tunable laser diode was confirmed.
The implication of radiative forcing and feedback for meridional energy transport
Authors: Huang Yi , Zhang Minghong
Published: February 2014

The distributions of radiative forcing and feedback in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 abrupt4xCO2 and Historical experiments are diagnosed, with a focus on their effects on the zonal mean structure of the top‐of‐the‐atmosphere radiation anomalies and implications for the meridional energy transport. It is found that because the greenhouse gas longwave forcing peaks in the low latitudes, it reinforces the equator‐to‐pole net radiation gradient and accounts for the increase in the poleward energy transport in both hemispheres under global warming. The shortwave forcing by aerosol, ozone, etc. peaks in the Northern Hemisphere and instead implies an interhemispheric energy transport. Although the water vapor feedback also reinforces the equator‐to‐pole gradient of the net radiation, the temperature and albedo feedback act against it. The feedback tend to offset the zonal mean radiation anomaly caused by the forcing, although the overall feedback effect on the energy transport is rather uncertain, mainly due to the uncertainty in the cloud feedback.
Process modeling studies of physical mechanisms of the formation of an anticyclonic eddy in the central Red Sea
Authors: Chen Changsheng , Li Ruixiang , Pratt Larry , Limeburner Richard , Beardsley Robert C. , Bower Amy , Jiang Houshuo , Abualnaja Yasser , Xu Qichun , Lin Huichan , Liu Xuehai , Lan Jian , Kim Taewan
Published: February 2014

Surface drifters released in the central Red Sea during April 2010 detected a well‐defined anticyclonic eddy around 23°N. This eddy was ∼45–60 km in radius, with a swirl speed up to ∼0.5 m/s. The eddy feature was also evident in monthly averaged sea surface height fields and in current profiles measured on a cross‐isobath, shipboard CTD/ADCP survey around that region. The unstructured‐grid, Finite‐Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) was configured for the Red Sea and process studies were conducted to establish the conditions necessary for the eddy to form and to establish its robustness. The model was capable of reproducing the observed anticyclonic eddy with the same location and size. Diagnosis of model results suggests that the eddy can be formed in a Red Sea that is subject to seasonally varying buoyancy forcing, with no wind, but that its location and structure are significantly altered by wind forcing, initial distribution of water stratification and southward coastal flow from the upstream area. Momentum analysis indicates that the flow field of the eddy was in geostrophic balance, with the baroclinic pressure gradient forcing about the same order of magnitude as the surface pressure gradient forcing.
Quantitative measurements and modeling of industrial formaldehyde emissions in the Greater Houston area during campaigns in 2009 and 2011
Authors: Johansson John K. E. , Mellqvist Johan , Samuelsson Jerker , Offerle Brian , Moldanova Jana , Rappenglück Bernhard , Lefer Barry , Flynn James
Published: February 2014

A sensitive Mobile differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) system with real‐time evaluation capability and HCHO detection limit of 3 ppb over 100 m has been developed. The system was operated together with a Solar Occultation Flux system for large‐scale vertical flux measurements of HCHO, NO2, SO2, and VOCs in the Houston‐Galveston‐Brazoria area during two studies, in 2009 (Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursors campaign) and in 2011 (Air Quality Research Program study). Both in 2009 and 2011, HCHO plumes from five separate local sources in Texas City, Mont Belvieu, and Houston Ship Channel (HSC) were repeatedly detected using Mobile DOAS with emissions varying between 6 and 40 kg/h. In many cases significant alkene emissions were detected simultaneously with the HCHO plumes. Furthermore, in 2011 two additional sources were observed in Texas City and in HSC, with 10 kg/h and 31 kg/h HCHO, respectively. A plume chemistry model was applied to 13 cases to investigate whether the detected HCHO was emitted directly from the industries or was produced by photochemical degradation of VOCs. The model results showed that on average 90% of the detected HCHO was of primary origin and the photochemical production contributed more than 10% in only three cases. Based on the repeatability, it is likely that the most significant HCHO sources in the area are included in this study with an overall emission of 120 kg/h. On a regional scale, this emission is small compared to the secondary HCHO formed from oxidation of reactive VOCs emitted from the same industries, estimated to be an order of magnitude higher.
Aerosol optical properties observed by combined Raman‐elastic backscatter lidar in winter 2009 in Pearl River Delta, south China
Authors: Chen Zhenyi , Liu Wenqing , Heese Birgit , Althausen Dietrich , Baars Holger , Cheng Tianhai , Shu Xiaowen , Zhang Tianshu
Published: February 2014

We present combined Raman and elastic backscatter lidar observations in Zhongshan, PRD (Pearl River Delta), China, during two periods in 2009: one haze period and one moderate pollution period. During the haze period, high Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) (0.86 and 1.20 at 355 nm) and medium Ångström exponents (1.23 and 1.35 at 355 nm/532 nm) were observed. In the moderate pollution period, the corresponding parameters were comparatively lower with values of 0.83 and 0.74 at 355 nm for AOD and 1.108 and 0.98 at 355 nm/532 nm for Ångström exponent. The mean lidar ratios in the two periods were 64 ± 10 sr and 56 ± 9 sr, respectively, at 355 nm. The Ångström exponent was calculated for the extinction from the wavelength pair 355 nm/532 nm, with high values of around 1.35 for the haze event. The particle size distribution and single‐scattering albedo derived from Sun photometer measurements indicate the presence of rather small particles. The 3 day back trajectories from a Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model in the haze period indicate that the air masses in the lower layer were advected from the southeast coast of China, where incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels and straw burning are frequently found in Shanghai during the heating period in winter. In the moderate pollution period, the air mass passed through western China, indicating a combination of some pollution from South Asia in case of strong convection, local aerosol aging, and smoke from adjacent fire burning spots in the PRD region.
Future potential evapotranspiration changes and contribution analysis in Zhejiang Province, East China
Authors: Xu Yue‐Ping , Pan Suli , Fu Guangtao , Tian Ye , Zhang Xujie
Published: February 2014

Potential evapotranspiration is an important component of hydrological modeling. In this study, the objective is to project potential evapotranspiration in the future period 2011–2040 and understand their changes in Zhejiang Province, East China. The sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to five climatic variables (solar radiation, daily minimum and maximum air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) is analyzed based on observation data from 1955–2008 using a global sensitivity analysis method, Sobol's method. The changes in potential evapotranspiration during the future period are generated using one regional climate model, Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies, with two global climate models, ECHAM5 and Hadley Centre Coupled Model version 3, and their causes are analyzed based on sensitivity analysis results. Global sensitivity analysis results reveal substantial spatial‐temporal variations in the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to climatic variables and unignorable interactions among climatic variables. Rather similar spatial change patterns of annual mean potential evapotranspiration (PET) are generated for both general circulation models; however, seasonal or monthly changes are very different due to different spatial‐temporal changes in climatic variables. Different contributory sources to potential evapotranspiration changes are identified at different months and stations; the PET changes in 2011–2040 are mainly due to three climatic variables including solar radiation, relative humidity, and daily minimum temperature.
Global response of glacier runoff to twenty‐first century climate change
Authors: Bliss Andrew , Hock Regine , Radić Valentina
Published: February 2014

The hydrology of many important river systems in the world is influenced by the presence of glaciers in their upper reaches. We assess the global‐scale response of glacier runoff to climate change, where glacier runoff is defined as all melt and rain water that runs off the glacierized area without refreezing. With an elevation‐dependent glacier mass balance model, we project monthly glacier runoff for all mountain glaciers and ice caps outside Antarctica until 2100 using temperature and precipitation scenarios from 14 global climate models. We aggregate results for 18 glacierized regions. Despite continuous glacier net mass loss in all regions, trends in annual glacier runoff differ significantly among regions depending on the balance between increased glacier melt and reduction in glacier storage as glaciers shrink. While most regions show significant negative runoff trends, some regions exhibit steady increases in runoff (Canadian and Russian Arctic), or increases followed by decreases (Svalbard and Iceland). Annual glacier runoff is dominated by melt in most regions, but rain is a major contributor in the monsoon‐affected regions of Asia and maritime regions such as New Zealand and Iceland. Annual net glacier mass loss dominates total glacier melt especially in some high‐latitude regions, while seasonal melt is dominant in wetter climate regimes. Our results highlight the variety of glacier runoff responses to climate change and the need to include glacier net mass loss in assessments of future hydrological change.
All‐sky imaging of meteor trails at 55.25 MHz with the first station of the Long Wavelength Array
Authors: Helmboldt J. F. , Ellingson S. W. , Hartman J. M. , Lazio T. J. W. , Taylor G. B. , Wilson T. L. , Wolfe C. N.
Published: February 2014

A new capability for high‐sensitivity, all‐sky monitoring of VHF meteor trail reflections with the first station of the Long Wavelength Array, or “LWA1,” is described. LWA1 is a ∼100 m diameter HF/VHF array of 256 crossed‐dipole antennas with a unique transient buffer mode that allows it to monitor for meteor trails via all‐sky imaging with the same sensitivity as a single‐dish antenna in diameter. To demonstrate this capability, we have used a 2 h observing run conducted in August 2012 aimed at detecting and characterizing meteor trail reflections of analog TV transmissions at 55.25 MHz. The analysis techniques described here allowed for a detection rate of ∼9500 trails per hour, including the detection of two meteor streams with radiants in the Aries/Perseus and Aquila/Hercules regions that were not previously reported in the literature. In addition, we have found a population of relatively long‐duration (∼1 to a few minutes), typically faint trails. These trails have implied horizontal speeds of 15–130 m s−1, with a typical speed of ∼30 m s−1. We have also used high‐resolution time series of the brightest trails to characterize decay times over a relatively large geographical area (10°×7° in longitude and latitude) and on short (∼5 min) time scales. Potential enhancements that could be enabled by the addition of more LWA stations are discussed.
Crustal and basin evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea: From Caledonian orogeny to continental breakup
Authors: Gernigon L. , Brönner M. , Roberts D. , Olesen O. , Nasuti A. , Yamasaki T.
Published: February 2014

A new generation of aeromagnetic data documents the post‐Caledonide rift evolution of the southwestern Barents Sea (SWBS) from the Norwegian mainland up to the continent‐ocean transition. We propose a geological and tectonic scenario of the SWBS in which the Caledonian nappes and thrust sheets, well‐constrained onshore, swing from a NE‐SW trend onshore Norway to NW‐SE/NNW‐SSE across the SWBS platform area. On the Finnmark and Bjarmeland platforms, the dominant inherited magnetic basement pattern may also reflect the regional and post‐Caledonian development of the late Paleozoic basins. Farther west, the pre‐breakup rift system is characterized by the Loppa and Stappen Highs, which are interpreted as a series of rigid continental blocks (ribbons) poorly thinned as compared to the adjacent grabens and sag basins. As part of the complex western rift system, the Bjørnøya Basin is interpreted as a propagating system of highly thinned crust, which aborted in late Mesozoic time. This thick Cretaceous sag basin is underlain by a deep‐seated high‐density body, interpreted as exhumed high‐grade metamorphic lower crust. The abortion of this propagating basin coincides with a migration and complete reorganization of the crustal extension toward a second necking zone defined at the level of the western volcanic sheared margin and proto‐breakup axis. The abortion of the Bjørnøya Basin may be partly explained by its trend oblique to the regional, inherited, structural grain, revealed by the new aeromagnetic compilation, and by the onset of further weakening later sustained by the onset of magmatism to the west.
Sensitivity of watershed attributes to spatial resolution and interpolation method of LiDAR DEMs in three distinct landscapes
Authors: Goulden T. , Hopkinson C. , Jamieson R. , Sterling S.
Published: February 2014

This study investigates scaling relationships of watershed area and stream networks delineated from LiDAR DEMs. The delineations are tested against spatial resolution, including 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 m, and interpolation method, including Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Moving Average (MA), Universal Kriging (UK), Natural Neighbor (NN), and Triangular Irregular Networks (TIN). Study sites include Mosquito Creek, Scotty Creek, and Thomas Brook, representing landscapes with high, low, and moderate change in elevation, respectively. Results show scale‐dependent irregularities in watershed area due to spatial resolution at Thomas Brook and Mosquito Creek. The highest sensitivity of watershed area to spatial resolution occurred at Scotty Creek, due to high incidence of LiDAR sensor measurement error and subtle changes in elevation. Length of drainage networks did not show a scaling relationship with spatial resolution, due to algorithmic complications of the stream initiation threshold. Stream lengths of main channels at Thomas Brook and Mosquito Creek displayed systematic increases in length with increasing spatial resolution, described through an average fractal dimension of 1.059. The scaling relationship between stream length and DEM resolution allows estimation of stream lengths from low‐resolution DEMs in the absence of high‐resolution DEMs. Single stream validation at Thomas Brook showed the 1 m DEM produced the lowest length error and highest spatial accuracy, at 3.7% and 71.3%, respectively. Single stream validation at Mosquito Creek showed the 25 m DEM produced the lowest length error, and the 1 m DEM the highest spatial accuracy, at 0.6% and 61.0%, respectively.
Time‐lapse borehole radar for monitoring rainfall infiltration through podosol horizons in a sandy vadose zone
Authors: Strobach Elmar , Harris B. D. , Dupuis J. C. , Kepic A. W.
Published: February 2014

The shallow aquifer on the Gnangara Mound, north of Perth, Western Australia, is recharged by winter rainfall. Water infiltrates through a sandy Podosol where cemented accumulation (B‐) horizons are common. They are water retentive and may impede recharge. To observe wetting fronts and the influence of soil horizons on unsaturated flow, we deployed time‐lapse borehole radar techniques sensitive to soil moisture variations during an annual recharge cycle. Zero‐offset crosswell profiling (ZOP) and vertical radar profiling (VRP) measurements were performed at six sites on a monthly basis before, during, and after annual rainfall in 2011. Water content profiles are derived from ZOP logs acquired in closely spaced wells. Sites with small separation between wells present potential repeatability and accuracy difficulties. Such problems could be lessened by (i) ZOP saturated zone velocity matching of time‐lapse curves, and (ii) matching of ZOP and VRP results. The moisture contents for the baseline condition and subsequent observations are computed using the Topp relationship. Time‐lapse moisture curves reveal characteristic vadose zone infiltration regimes. Examples are (I) full recharge potential after 200 mm rainfall, (II) delayed wetting and impeded recharge, and (III) no recharge below 7 m depth. Seasonal infiltration trends derived from long‐term time‐lapse neutron logging at several sites are shown to be comparable with infiltration trends recovered from time‐lapse crosswell radar measurements. However, radar measurements sample a larger volume of earth while being safer to deploy than the neutron method which employs a radioactive source. For the regime (III) site, where time‐lapse radar indicates no net recharge or zero flux to the water table, a simple water balance provides an evapotranspiration value of 620 mm for the study period. This value compares favorably to previous studies at similar test sites in the region. Our six field examples demonstrate application of time‐lapse borehole radar for characterizing rainfall infiltration.
High Performance Organic Transistors Using Small Molecule Semiconductors and High Permittivity Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: McCall Keri L. , Rutter Simon R. , Bone Elizabeth L. , Forrest Neil D. , Bissett James S. , Jones Julie D. E. , Simms Michael J. , Page Aaron J. , Fisher Raymond , Brown Beverley A. , Ogier Simon D.
Published: February 2014

High mobility organic semiconductor formulations with excellent uniformity across large area substrates are prepared via the use of formulations containing small molecule and high permittivity semiconducting oligomers. The use of these high‐k (k > 3.3) oligomers allows control of the wetting via the manipulation of the surface energy of the substrate being coated. Organic thin film transistors results with mobilities of up to 5 cm2 V‐1 s‐1, standard deviation <10 %, on/off ratios of 109 are presented.
A High‐Energy Li‐Ion Battery Using a Silicon‐Based Anode and a Nano‐Structured Layered Composite Cathode
Authors: Chae Changju , Noh Hyung‐Joo , Lee Jung Kyoo , Scrosati Bruno , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: February 2014

High capacity electrodes based on a Si composite anode and a layered composite oxide cathode, Ni‐rich Li[Ni0.75Co0.1Mn0.15]O2, are evaluated and combined to fabricate a high energy lithium ion battery. The Si composite anode, Si/C‐IWGS (internally wired with graphene sheets), is prepared by a scalable sol–gel process. The Si/C‐IWGS anode delivers a high capacity of >800 mAh g−1 with an excellent cycling stability of up to 200 cycles, mainly due to the small amount of graphene (∼6 wt%). The cathode (Li[Ni0.75Co0.1Mn0.15]O2) is structurally optimized (Ni‐rich core and a Ni‐depleted shell with a continuous concentration gradient between the core and shell, i.e., a full concentration gradient, FCG, cathode) so as to deliver a high capacity (>200 mAh g−1) with excellent stability at high voltage (∼4.3 V). A novel lithium ion battery system based on the Si/C‐IWGS anode and FCG cathode successfully demonstrates a high energy density (240 Wh kg−1 at least) as well as an unprecedented excellent cycling stability of up to 750 cycles between 2.7 and 4.2 V at 1C. As a result, the novel battery system is an attractive candidate for energy storage applications demanding a high energy density and long cycle life.
Three Dimensional Chiral Metamaterial Nanospirals in the Visible Range by Vertically Compensated Focused Ion Beam Induced‐Deposition
Authors: Esposito Marco , Tasco Vittorianna , Todisco Francesco , Benedetti Alessio , Sanvitto Daniele , Passaseo Adriana
Published: February 2014

Fabrication and characterization of chiral metallic nanospirals for application as metamaterials in the visible and near infrared range are described. The structures consist of platinum helicoidal three‐dimensional nanostructures realized by focused ion beam induced‐deposition, where the interaction with incident light can be controlled as a function of light circular polarization state and spectral region, showing a circular dichroism across a wide range of optical wavelengths. An accurate size control and nanometer resolution on the fabrication of the chiral structures are achieved by exploring substrate surface charge effects on substrates with different electrical properties and by studying and implementing an accurate scanning procedure for the nanostructure growth that allows compensation of the proximity and charge effects. Optical measurements carried out on the nanospiral arrays using a high spatial resolution setup show a transmittance difference of the right‐ and left‐circular polarized light near to 40%.
Are Binary Copper Sulfides/Selenides Really New and Promising Thermoelectric Materials?
Authors: Dennler Gilles , Chmielowski Radoslaw , Jacob Stéphane , Capet Frédéric , Roussel Pascal , Zastrow Sebastian , Nielsch Kornelius , Opahle Ingo , Madsen Georg K. H.
Published: February 2014

Copper sulfides and copper selenides have recently been reported as new and promising low‐cost and environmentally friendly thermoelectric materials. Here, it is shown that these materials have actually been studied for more than 190 years and the absence of commercial thermoelectric modules based on them stems from some major intrinsic issues related to these chalcogenides. Further development of these semiconductors will require addressing and solving these problems before large scale utilization can be considered.
Genetic influences on the development of grip strength in adolescence
Authors: Isen Joshua , McGue Matt , Iacono William
Published: February 2014

Enhanced physical strength is a secondary sex characteristic in males. Sexual dimorphism in physical strength far exceeds sex differences in stature or total body mass, suggesting a legacy of intense sexual selection. Upper‐body strength is a particularly promising marker of intrasexual competitiveness in young men. Consequently, it is assumed that sex‐influenced gene expression contributes to the development of physical strength. It is unclear, however, whether the underlying sources of individual differences in strength development are comparable across sex. We obtained three measurements of hand‐grip strength (HGS) over a six‐year period spanning adolescence in male and female same‐sex twins (N = 2,513). Biometrical latent growth models were used to partition the HGS variance at age 11 (intercept) and its growth over time (slope) into genetic and environmental components. Results demonstrated that variance around the intercept was highly heritable in both males and females (88% and 79%, respectively). In males, variance around the slope exceeded that of the intercept, while the reverse held for females. Additive genetic effects accounted for most (80%) of the variance around the slope in males, but were of less importance in females (heritability = 28%). Absolute genetic variance around the slope was nearly nine‐fold higher in males. This striking disparity suggests that the developmental processes shaping HGS growth are different between the sexes. We propose that this might account for the sex‐specific pattern of associations between HGS and external measures (e.g., digit ratio and physical aggression) typically reported in the literature. Our results underscore the role of endogenous androgenic influences in the development of physical strength. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:189–200, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese – die neue Generation
Authors: Nestl Bettina M. , Hammer Stephan C. , Nebel Bernd A. , Hauer Bernhard
Published: February 2014

Die Verwendung von Enzymen als Katalysatoren zur Synthese neuartiger Verbindungen ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend in den Fokus gerückt. Entsprechend hohe Erwartungen werden an die Entdeckung und Identifizierung neuer Biokatalysatoren für die organische Synthese gestellt. Dies spiegelt sich auch in der Komplexität der adressierten Reaktionen wider. Der Anwendungsbereich von Biokatalysatoren umfasst die Synthese wichtiger Zwischenprodukte für die pharmazeutische und chemische Industrie sowie die Entwicklung neuer enzymatischer Techniken und Prozesse. Enzyme sind ein wichtiger Teil des Spektrums an Katalysatoren, die der Synthesechemie zur Verfügung stehen. Die Vorteile und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der neuesten und höchst vielversprechenden Generation von Biokatalysatoren – Reduktasen, Transaminasen, Ammoniak‐Lyasen, Epoxidhydrolasen und Dehalogenasen – werden hier vorgestellt und anhand der Synthese von Schlüsselmolekülen beispielhaft diskutiert.
Metallfreie Hydrierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit molekularem Wasserstoff
Authors: Paradies Jan
Published: February 2014

Die metallfreie Aktivierung von Wasserstoff durch frustrierte Lewis‐Paare (FLPs) ist eine wertvolle Methode für die Hydrierung von polarisierten ungesättigten Molekülen, angefangen von Iminen, Enaminen und Silylenolethern bis hin zu Heterocyclen. Eine der wichtigsten Anwendungen von Hydrierungsmethoden ist jedoch die Umwandlung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen in Alkane oder Alkene. Trotz der rasanten Entwicklung der FLP‐Chemie erwiesen sich solche Reaktionen als große Herausforderung. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird ein Überblick über die grundlegenden FLP‐Konzepte, die Herausforderung bei der Hydrierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen und erste Lösungen zu dieser zentralen Umwandlung gegeben.
Full‐Spectrum Photonic Pigments with Non‐iridescent Structural Colors through Colloidal Assembly
Authors: Park Jin‐Gyu , Kim Shin‐Hyun , Magkiriadou Sofia , Choi Tae Min , Kim Young‐Seok , Manoharan Vinothan N.
Published: February 2014

Structurally colored materials could potentially replace dyes and pigments in many applications, but it is challenging to fabricate structural colors that mimic the appearance of absorbing pigments. We demonstrate the microfluidic fabrication of “photonic pigments” consisting of microcapsules containing dense amorphous packings of core–shell colloidal particles. These microcapsules show non‐iridescent structural colors that are independent of viewing angle, a critical requirement for applications such as displays or coatings. We show that the design of the microcapsules facilitates the suppression of incoherent and multiple scattering, enabling the fabrication of photonic pigments with colors spanning the visible spectrum. Our findings should provide new insights into the design and synthesis of materials with structural colors.
Ein photochromer Agonist für μ‐Opioidrezeptoren
Authors: Schönberger Matthias , Trauner Dirk
Published: February 2014

Opioidrezeptoren (ORs) sind im Gehirn, im Rückenmark und im Verdauungstrakt weit verbreitet und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Nozizeption. Alle bekannten ORs sind G‐Protein‐gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) der Familie A. Ein weiteres wichtiges Mitglied dieser großen Proteinfamilie, Rhodopsin, wird durch Licht über eine cis/trans‐Isomerisierung eines kovalent gebundenen Chromophors, nämlich Retinal, aktiviert. Wir zeigen nun, wie ein OR mit einem synthetischen Azobenzol‐Photoschalter kombiniert werden kann und somit lichtempfindlich wird. Unsere Arbeit erweitert den Anwendungsbereich der Photopharmakologie und umreißt eine generelle Strategie, mit der GPCRs der Familie A, die einen Großteil wichtiger Wirkstofftargets ausmachen, in Photorezeptoren umgewandelt werden können.
N‐Terminal Protein Modification by Substrate‐Activated Reverse Proteolysis
Authors: Liebscher Sandra , Schöpfel Michael , Aumüller Tobias , Sharkhuukhen Ariunkhur , Pech Andreas , Höss Eva , Parthier Christoph , Jahreis Günther , Stubbs Milton T. , Bordusa Frank
Published: February 2014

Although site‐specific incorporation of artificial functionalities into proteins is an important tool in both basic and applied research, it can be a major challenge to protein chemists. Enzymatic protein modification is an attractive goal due to the inherent regio‐ and stereoselectivity of enzymes, yet their specificity remains a problem. As a result of the intrinsic reversibility of enzymatic reactions, proteinases can in principle catalyze ligation reactions. While this makes them attractive tools for site‐specific protein bioconjugation, competing hydrolysis reactions limits their general use. Here we describe the design and application of a highly specific trypsin variant for the selective modification of N‐terminal residues of diverse proteins with various reagents. The modification proceeds quantitatively under native (aqueous) conditions. We show that the variant has a disordered zymogen‐like activation domain, effectively suppressing the hydrolysis reaction, which is converted to an active conformation in the presence of appropriate substrates.
Perovskite as Light Harvester: A Game Changer in Photovoltaics
Authors: Kazim Samrana , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Grätzel Michael , Ahmad Shahzada
Published: February 2014

It is not often that the scientific community is blessed with a material, which brings enormous hopes and receives special attention. When it does, it expands at a rapid pace and its every dimension creates curiosity. One such material is perovskite, which has triggered the development of new device architectures in energy conversion. Perovskites are of great interest in photovoltaic devices due to their panchromatic light absorption and ambipolar behavior. Power conversion efficiencies have been doubled in less than a year and over 15 % is being now measured in labs. Every digit increment in efficiency is being celebrated widely in the scientific community and is being discussed in industry. Here we provide a summary on the use of perovskite for inexpensive solar cells fabrication. It will not be unrealistic to speculate that one day perovskite‐based solar cells can match the capability and capacity of existing technologies.
Monitoring and Quantifying the Passive Transport of Molecules Through Patch–Clamp Suspended Real and Model Cell Membranes
Authors: Messina Pierluca , Lemaître Frédéric , Huet François , Ngo Kieu An , Vivier Vincent , Labbé Eric , Buriez Olivier , Amatore Christian
Published: February 2014

Transport of active molecules across biological membranes is a central issue for the success of many pharmaceutical strategies. Herein, we combine the patch–clamp principle with amperometric detection for monitoring fluxes of redox‐tagged molecular species across a suspended membrane patched from a macrophage. Solvent‐ and protein‐free lipid bilayers (DPhPC, DOPC, DOPG) patched from single‐wall GUV have been thoroughly investigated and the corresponding fluxes measurements quantified. The quality of the patches and their proper sealing were successfully characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This procedure appears versatile and perfectly adequate to allow the investigation of transport and quantification of the transport properties through direct measurement of the coefficients of partition and diffusion of the compound in the membrane, thus offering insight on such important biological and pharmacological issues.
Probing the CH⋅⋅⋅π Weak Hydrogen Bond in Anesthetic Binding: The Sevoflurane–Benzene Cluster
Authors: Seifert Nathan A. , Zaleski Daniel P. , Pérez Cristóbal , Neill Justin L. , Pate Brooks H. , Vallejo‐López Montserrat , Lesarri Alberto , Cocinero Emilio J. , Castaño Fernando , Kleiner Isabelle
Published: February 2014

Cooperativity between weak hydrogen bonds can be revealed in molecular clusters isolated in the gas phase. Here we examine the structure, internal dynamics, and origin of the weak intermolecular forces between sevoflurane and a benzene molecule, using multi‐isotopic broadband rotational spectra. This heterodimer is held together by a primary CH⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bond, assisted by multiple weak CH⋅⋅⋅F interactions. The multiple nonbonding forces hinder the internal rotation of benzene around the isopropyl CH bond in sevoflurane, producing detectable quantum tunneling effects in the rotational spectrum.