bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanopore adaptive sampling: a tool for enrichment of low abundance species in metagenomic samples
Authors: Martin Samuel , Heavens Darren , Lan Yuxuan , Horsfield Samuel , Clark Matthew D , Leggett Richard M
Published: May 2021

Background

Adaptive sampling is a method of software-controlled enrichment unique to nanopore sequencing platforms recently implemented in Oxford Nanopore’s own control software. By examining the first few hundred bases of a DNA molecule as it passes through a pore, software can determine if the molecule is sufficiently interesting to sequence in its entirety. If not, the molecule is ejected from the pore by reversing the voltage across it, freeing the pore for a new molecule. User supplied sequences define the targets to be sequenced or ejected. Here we explore the potential of using adaptive sampling for enrichment of rarer species within metagenomic samples.

Results

We created a synthetic mock community consisting of seven bacterial species at different proportions ranging from 1.2% to 47% and used this as the basis for a series of enrichment and depletion experiments. To investigate the effect of DNA length on adaptive sampling efficiency, we created sequencing libraries with mean read lengths of 1.7 kbp, 4.7 kbp, 10.6 kbp, and 12.8 kbp and enriched or depleted for individual and multiple species over a series of sequencing runs. Across all experiments enrichment ranged from 1.67-fold for the most abundant species with the shortest read length to 13.87-fold for the least abundant species with the longest read length. Factoring in the reduction to sequence output associated with repeatedly rejecting molecules reduces the calculated efficiency of this enrichment to between 0.96-fold and 4.93-fold. We note that reducing ejections due to false negatives (approximately 36%) would significantly increase efficiency. We used the relationship between abundance, molecule length and enrichment factor to produce a mathematical model of enrichment based on molecule length and relative abundance, whose predictions correlated strongly with experimental data. A web application is provided to allow researchers to explore model predictions in advance of performing their own experiments.

Conclusions

Our data clearly demonstrates the benefit for enriching low abundant species in adaptive sampling metagenomic experiments, especially with longer molecules, and our mathematical model can be used to determine whether a given experimental DNA sample is suitable for adaptive sampling. Notably, repeated voltage reversals have no effect on pore stability.
Simple-to-use CRISPR-SpCas9/SaCas9/AsCas12a vector series for genome editing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Okada Satoshi , Doi Goro , Nakagawa Shitomi , Kusumoto Emiko , Ito Takashi
Published: May 2021

Genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas system has been implemented for various organisms and becomes increasingly popular even in the genetically tractable budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Since each CRISPR/Cas system recognizes only the sequences flanked by its unique protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), a certain single system often fails to target a region of interest due to the lack of PAM, thus necessitating the use of another system with a different PAM. Three CRISPR/Cas systems with distinct PAMs, namely SpCas9, SaCas9, and AsCas12a, have been successfully used in yeast genome editing and their combined use should expand the repertoire of editable targets. However, currently available plasmids for these systems were individually developed under different design principles, thus hampering their seamless use in the practice of genome editing. Here we report a series of Golden Gate Assembly-compatible backbone vectors designed under a unified principle to exploit the three CRISPR/Cas systems in yeast genome editing. We also created a software to assist the design of genome-editing plasmids for individual target sequences using the backbone vectors. Genome editing with these plasmids demonstrated practically sufficient efficiency in both insertion of gene fragments to essential genes and complete deletion of an open reading frame. The backbone vectors with the software would thus provide a versatile toolbox to facilitate the seamless use of SpCas9, SaCas9, and AsCas12a in various types of genome manipulation, especially those that are difficult to perform with conventional techniques in yeast genetics.
Mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations and their heterogeneity of response to inductions revealed by single-cell RNA-seq
Authors: Hou Wenhong , Duan Li , Huang Changyuan , Li Xingfu , Xu Xiao , Qin Pengfei , Hong Ni , Wang Daping , Jin Wenfei
Published: May 2021

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are promising cell source for regenerative medicine and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Comparing MSCs from different tissues at single cell level is fundamental for optimizing clinical applications. Here we analyzed single cell RNA-seq data of MSCs from 4 tissues, namely umbilical cord, bone marrow, synovial tissue and adipose tissue. We identified 3 major cell subpopulations, namely osteo-MSCs, chondro-MSCs, adipo/myo-MSCs, across all MSC samples. MSCs from umbilical cord exhibited the highest immunosuppression, potentially indicating it is the best immune modulator for autoimmune diseases. The differentiation potentials of MSC subpopulations, which are strongly associated with their subtypes and tissue sources, showed pronounced subpopulation differences. We found MSC subpopulations expanded and differentiated when their subtypes consist with induction directions, while the other subpopulations shrank. We identified the genes and transcription factors underlying each induction at single cell level and subpopulation level, providing better targets for improving induction efficiency.
Diverse DNA modification in marine prokaryotic and viral communities
Authors: Hiraoka Satoshi , Sumida Tomomi , Hirai Miho , Toyoda Atsushi , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Yokokawa Taichi , Nunoura Takuro
Published: May 2021

Chemical modifications of DNA, including methylation, play an important role in prokaryotes and viruses. However, our knowledge of the modification systems in environmental microbial communities, typically dominated by members not yet cultured, is limited. Here, we conducted ‘metaepigenomic’ analyses by single-molecule real-time sequencing of marine microbial communities. In total, 233 and 163 metagenomic assembly genomes (MAGs) were constructed from diverse prokaryotes and viruses, respectively, and 220 modified motifs and 276 DNA methyltransferases (MTases) were identified. Most of the MTases were not associated with the defense mechanism. The MTase-motif correspondence found in the MAGs revealed 10 novel pairs, and experimentally confirmed the catalytic specificities of the MTases. We revealed novel alternative motifs in the methylation system that are highly conserved in Alphaproteobacteria, illuminating the co-evolutionary history of the methylation system and host genome. Our findings highlight diverse unexplored DNA modifications that potentially affect the ecology and evolution of prokaryotes and viruses.
The K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model Recapitulates Non-Severe and Severe COVID-19 in Response to Infectious Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
Authors: Dong Wenjuan , Mead Heather , Jaramillo Sierra , Barr Tasha , Kollath Daniel S. , Coyne Vanessa K. , Stone Nathan E. , Jones Ashley , Zhang Jianying , Li Aimin , Wang Li-Shu , Milanes-Yearsley Martha , Keim Paul S , Barker Bridget Marie , Caligiuri Michael , Yu Jianhua
Published: May 2021

A comprehensive analysis and characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 infection model that mimics non-severe and severe COVID-19 in humans is warranted for understating the virus and developing preventive and therapeutic agents. Here, we characterized the K18-hACE2 mouse model expressing human (h)ACE2 in mice, controlled by the human keratin 18 (K18) promoter, in epithelia, including airway epithelial cells where SARS-CoV-2 infections typically start. We found that intranasal inoculation with higher viral doses (2×103 and 2×104 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2 caused lethality of all mice and severe damage of various organs, including lungs, liver, and kidney, while lower doses (2×101 and 2×102 PFU) led to less severe tissue damage and some mice recovered from the infection. In this humanized hACE2 mouse model, SARS-CoV-2 infection damaged multiple tissues, with a dose-dependent effect in most tissues. Similar damage was observed in biopsy samples from COVID-19 patients. Finally, the mice that recovered after infection with a low dose of virus also survived rechallenge with a high dose of virus. Compared to other existing models, the K18-hACE2 model seems to be the most sensitive COVID-19 model reported to date. Our work expands the information available about this model to include analysis of multiple infectious doses and various tissues with comparison to human biopsy samples from COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the K18-hACE2 mouse model recapitulates both severe and non-severe COVID-19 in humans and can provide insight into disease progression and the efficacy of therapeutics for preventing or treating COVID-19.

Importance

The pandemic of COVID-19 has reached 112,589,814 cases and caused 2,493,795 deaths worldwide as of February 23, 2021, has raised an urgent need for development of novel drugs and therapeutics to prevent the spread and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. To achieve this goal, an animal model that recapitulates the features of human COVID-19 disease progress and pathogenesis is greatly needed. In this study, we have comprehensively characterized a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection using K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. We infected the mice with low and high doses of SARS-CoV-2 virus to study the pathogenesis and survival in response to different infection patterns. Moreover, we compared the pathogenesis of the K18-hACE2 transgenic mice with that of the COVID-19 patients to show that this model could be a useful tool for the development of anti-viral drugs and therapeutics.
Japanese Dermatological Association Guidelines: Outlines of Guidelines for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma 2020
Authors: Ansai Shin‐ichi , Umebayashi Yoshihiro , Katsumata Noriyuki , Kato Hiroshi , Kadono Takafumi , Takai Toshihiro , Namiki Takeshi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Soejima Toshinori , Koga Hiroshi , Sugaya Makoto ,   The Squamous Cell Carcinoma Guidelines Committee of the Japanese Skin Cancer Society
Published: May 2021

In consideration of the development of treatment options for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the Japanese Skin Cancer Society issued the first guidelines of SCC in 2007 and revised them in 2015. Here, we report the English version of the 2020 edition of the Japanese SCC guidelines. The first half of this article is an overview of SCC including actinic keratosis and Bowen’s disease, and the second half discusses three clinical questions: (i) treatment of actinic keratosis; (ii) determination of the resection margin of the primary lesion; and (iii) treatment of radically incurable cases, as contemporary problems encountered in treating SCC. In these evaluations, all processes were implemented according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, Evaluation system. Also, items of recommendation concerning each clinical question were determined by a multidisciplinary expert panel consisting of dermatologists, plastic/reconstructive surgeons, radiologists, and oncologists through a comprehensive literature search and systematic reviews.
Observation policy for sentinel node metastasis of melanoma: Comparative study with completion lymph node dissection in Japanese patients
Authors: Matsui Yu , Sasaki Jin , Takatsuka Sumiko , Takenouchi Tatsuya
Published: May 2021

Based on the results of international multicenter randomized trials, completion lymph node dissection for patients with sentinel lymph node‐positive melanoma is no longer routinely recommended. However, clinicians should take into consideration racial and medical resource differences when applying this evidence to clinical practice in Japan. To evaluate the clinical validity of the observation policy of omitting completion lymph node dissection, we retrospectively surveyed patients with sentinel lymph node‐positive melanoma between 2002 and 2020 at Niigata Cancer Center Hospital. A total of 59 patients were categorized into the observation group (n = 19) and completion lymph node dissection group (n = 40). Newly developed anticancer agents, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy, were more commonly used in the observation group than in the completion lymph node dissection group as either adjuvant therapy (31.6% vs. 5.0%) or post‐recurrence therapy (100% vs. 34.8%). The median overall survival in the observation group (not reached) was significantly longer than that in the completion lymph node dissection group (95.0 months; p = 0.02), which was mainly attributed to the difference in post‐recurrence overall survival. There was no significant difference in recurrence‐free survival between the two groups (p = 0.63). Although the use of new anticancer agents leads to bias, this study demonstrates that observation without prompt completion lymph node dissection provides a favorable overall survival without increasing the risk of recurrence compared with completion lymph node dissection. The observation policy for patients with sentinel lymph node‐positive melanoma patients is considered to be clinically valid in real‐world medical practice.
Practical algorithm to inform clinical decision‐making in the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Luger Thomas , Adaskevich Uladzimir , Anfilova Maryna , Dou Xia , Murashkin Nikolay N. , Namazova‐Baranova Leyla , Nitochko Oleg , Reda Ashraf , Svyatenko Tetyana V. , Tamay Zeynep , Tawara Mohammad , Vishneva Elena A. , Vozianova Svitlana , Wang Hua , Zhao Zuotao
Published: May 2021

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing, inflammatory skin disorder associated with skin barrier dysfunction, the prevalence of which has increased dramatically in developing countries. In this article, we propose a treatment algorithm for patients with mild‐to‐moderate and severe atopic dermatitis flares in daily clinical practice. An international panel of 15 dermatology and allergy experts from eight countries was formed to develop a practical algorithm for the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis, with a particular focus on topical therapies. In cases of mild‐to‐moderate atopic dermatitis involving sensitive skin areas, the topical calcineurin inhibitor pimecrolimus should be applied twice daily at the first signs of atopic dermatitis. For other body locations, patients should apply a topical calcineurin inhibitor, either pimecrolimus or tacrolimus, twice daily at the first signs of atopic dermatitis, such as pruritus, or twice weekly in previously affected skin areas. Emollients should be used regularly. Patients experiencing acute atopic dermatitis flares in sensitive skin areas should apply a topical corticosteroid twice daily or alternate once‐daily topical corticosteroid/topical calcineurin inhibitor until symptoms improve. Following improvement, topical corticosteroid therapy should be discontinued and patients switched to a topical calcineurin inhibitor. Maintenance therapy should include the use of pimecrolimus once daily for sensitive areas and tacrolimus for other body locations. This treatment algorithm can help guide clinical decision‐making in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Gender Politics after Corbynism
Authors: Dean Jonathan , Maiguashca Bice
Published: May 2021

This article examines Corbynism's gender politics, and its relationship with feminism. We note that in the early years of the Corbyn period there were starkly opposed positions on the gender dynamics and feminist‐friendliness of the Corbyn project. This, in turn, reflected wider factional divisions, often mapping onto different articulations of the relationship between feminism, race/whiteness, and trans rights. We then describe how initial prospects for the cultivation of a more gender‐sensitive left politics were ultimately undermined by two key developments: first, a discursive terrain in which feminism increasingly became pitted against the Corbynite left; and second, a defensiveness within the Corbyn project that made it resistant to immanent critique. We conclude by arguing that the failure of pro‐Corbyn feminists to gain much traction must be contextualised within the dynamics of personalisation, instrumentalisation and polarisation that increasingly shape our political culture.
Obese societies: Reconceptualising the challenge for public health
Authors: Blue Stanley , Shove Elizabeth , Kelly Michael P.
Published: May 2021

The prevalence of obesity and related health problems has increased sharply in recent decades. Dominant medical, economic, psychological, and especially epidemiological accounts conceptualise these trends as outcomes of individuals’ lifestyles – whether freely chosen or determined by an array of obesogenic factors. As such, they rest on forms of methodological individualism, causal narratives, and a logic of substitution in which people are encouraged to set currently unhealthy ways of life aside. This article takes a different approach, viewing trends in obesity as consequences of the dynamic organisation of social practices across space and time. By combining theories of practice with emerging accounts of epigenetics, we explain how changing constellations of practices leave their marks on the body. We extend the concept of biohabitus to show how differences in health, well‐being, and body shape are passed on as relations between practices are reproduced and transformed over time. In the final section, we take stock of the practical implications of these ideas and conclude by making the case for extended forms of enquiry and policy intervention that put the organisation of practices front and centre.
Parading Staurothekes in Norman Sicily: Relics, Community, and the Conversion of the Other†
Authors: Rodríguez Viejo Jesús
Published: May 2021

This article explores the liturgical functions of cross‐shaped staurothekes, reliquaries of the True Cross, in twelfth‐century Sicily. These luxurious objects were once at the centre of the devotion of the growing Christian communities on an island undergoing dramatic social changes. This contribution examines the figuration of these crosses and the messages they conveyed to their audiences, focusing on documented processions as displays of public piety. To this end, the contents of two liturgical manuscripts from Palermo, evidence in contemporary pictorial arts and coinage, and the urban layout of the Norman capital will shed light on the reception of the symbol of the cross in the cosmopolitan, yet increasingly intolerant Sicilian kingdom.
Optimisation, validation and comparison of methods for aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese
Authors: Jakšić Sandra , Živkov Baloš Milica , Popov Nenad , Torović Ljilja , Krstović Saša
Published: May 2021

Accurate and reliable determination of aflatoxins in food is important for human health. There is no standard method for the determination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in cheese, a more complex matrix, compared with milk. In this research, we applied two analytical detection techniques (a standard accredited HPLC method for AFM1 in milk and a commercial ELISA method), with three extraction methods, on two different cheese matrices, with repeated tests and appropriate statistical analysis. The examined methods were sensitive, with detection limits from 10 to 25 ng/kg. The validation parameters were in accordance with current regulations and therefore could be successfully used for the determination of AFM1 in cheese.
The Recognition of Excessive blood loss At ChildbirTh (REACT) Study: a two‐phase exploratory, sequential mixed methods inquiry using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study
Authors: Hancock A , Weeks AD , Furber C , Campbell M , Lavender T
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To explore how childbirth‐related blood loss is evaluated and excessive bleeding recognised; and to develop and test a theory of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) diagnosis.

Design

Two‐phase, exploratory, sequential mixed methods design using focus groups, interviews and a pilot, randomised crossover study.

Setting

Two hospitals in North West England.

Sample

Women (following vaginal birth with and without PPH), birth partners, midwives and obstetricians.

Methods

Phase 1 (qualitative): 8 focus groups and 20 one‐to‐one, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 women, 5 birth partners, 11 obstetricians, 1 obstetric anaesthetist and 19 midwives (n = 51). Phase 2 (quantitative): 11 obstetricians and ten midwives (n = 21) completed two simulations of fast and slow blood loss using a high‐fidelity childbirth simulator.

Results

Responses to blood loss were described as automatic, intuitive reactions to the speed, nature and visibility of blood flow. Health professionals reported that quantifying volume was most useful after a PPH diagnosis, to validate intuitive decisions and guide ongoing management. During simulations, PPH treatment was initiated at volumes at or below 200 ml (fast mean blood loss 79.6 ml, SD 41.1; slow mean blood loss 62.6 ml, SD 27.7). All participants treated fast, visible blood loss, but only half treated slow blood loss, despite there being no difference in volumes (difference 18.2 ml, 95% CI −5.6 to 42.2 ml, P = 0.124).

Conclusions

Experience and intuition, rather than blood loss volume, inform recognition of excessive blood loss after birth. Women and birth partners want more information and open communication about blood loss. Further research exploring clinical decision‐making and how to support it is required.

Tweetable abstract

During a PPH, clinical decision‐making is intuitive with clinicians treating as soon as excessive loss is recognised.
Matricide, parricide, and filicide: Are major mental disorders or personality disorders involved? Assessment of criminal responsibility in Brazilian cases
Authors: Valença Alexandre Martins , Carvalho de Oliveira Gustavo , Telles Lisieux Elaine de Borba , da Silva Antonio Geraldo , da Silva Jorge Adelino Rodrigues , Barros Alcina Juliana Soares , Nardi Antonio Egidio
Published: May 2021

Violence committed by individuals with severe mental disorders has become a growing focus of interest among physicians, law enforcement officials, and the general population. Homicide involving relatives, specially parricide, matricide, and filicide, despite the relatively low incidence of these crimes, may be enigmatic, so forensic psychiatrist are frequently called on the courts to answer questions about insanity and criminal responsibility. The current study aims to describe Brazilian cases of parricide, matricide, and filicide associated with presence of major mental disorders and personality disorders, discussing the assessment of criminal responsibility in each case. The case series described were specifically related to people with mental illness, as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and borderline personality with comorbidity of drug abuse. Two of them were considered not guilty by reason of insanity, and the other one was considered partially criminally responsible, according to Brazilian Law and Forensic Psychiatric Reports of the cases. The justice determined compulsory psychiatric treatment for all of them. The question of criminal responsibility of individuals with mental disorders is challenging for criminal justice, psychiatry, and society. Adequate treatment is mandatory to prevent crimes involving mental disorders, as shown in literature. The verification of criminal responsibility is essential for persons’ adequate referral in any system of criminal law, thus protecting human rights and referring those who need psychiatric treatment.
Prehemodialysis hyponatremia and extracellular water: Is it simply too much water?
Authors: Chhabra Roohi , Davenport Andrew
Published: May 2021

Observational hemodialysis (HD) studies report an association between hyponatremia and increased mortality. As volume overload is also associated with mortality, we wished to determine whether hyponatremia is linked to increased extracellular water (ECW). We measured ECW, total body water (TBW) and body composition predialysis with multifrequency bioimpedance, arm strength with pinch gauge and hand grip strength (PS, HGS), standard biochemistry profiles, comorbidity and clinical frailty scores (CFS). We reviewed 324 patients, 195 (60.2%) male, mean age 62.3 ± 15.6 years. Thirty‐eight (11.7%) patients were hyponatremic (sodium ≤135 mmol/L), ECW/height2 was not different, but ECW/TBW (0.409 ± 0.016 vs. 0.402 ± 0.016, p < 0.01), C reactive protein (CRP) (9(4–6) vs. 5(2–12) g/L, p < 0.05), CFS (5(4–6) vs. 4(3–6), p < 0.05) were higher in hyponatremic patients, whereas appendicular lean mass index (8.6 ± 1.7 vs. 9.4 ± 1.8 kg/m2, p < 0.01), serum albumin (36.3 ± 5.5 vs. 38.8 ± 5.0 g/L, p < 0.01) and PS (3.7(2.7–4.7) vs. 4.7 (3.2–6.5) kg, p < 0.05)) were lower. Both serum sodium, and serum sodium after adjustment for glucose were associated with serum creatinine (β 4.26, (95% confidence limits [CL] 1.9–6.7), β 3.98 (CL 1.6–6.4), both p = 0.001, respectively) and negatively with CRP (β −0.76, [CL] ‐1.5 to −0.5), β −0.72 (CL −1.44 to −0.12), p = 0.036, p = 0.046, respectively) in a multivariable model. Hyponatremic HD patients did not simply have an increased ECW, as the increased ECW/TBW and ECW/ICW ratios were more likely secondary to loss of muscle mass and strength, associated with increased CRP and reduced albumin, suggesting that hyponatremia is associated with inflammation, loss of muscle mass and increasing frailty.
Developing and evaluating language‐based machine learning algorithms for inferring applicant personality in video interviews
Authors: Hickman Louis , Saef Rachel , Ng Vincent , Woo Sang Eun , Tay Louis , Bosch Nigel
Published: May 2021

Organisations are increasingly relying on people analytics to aid human resources decision‐making. One application involves using machine learning to automatically infer applicant characteristics from employment interview responses. However, management research has provided scant validity evidence to guide organisations' decisions about whether and how best to implement these algorithmic approaches. To address this gap, we use closed vocabulary text mining on mock video interviews to train and test machine learning algorithms for predicting interviewee's self‐reported (automatic personality recognition) and interviewer‐rated personality traits (automatic personality perception). We use 10‐fold cross‐validation to test the algorithms' accuracy for predicting Big Five personality traits across both rating sources. The cross‐validated accuracy for predicting self‐reports was lower than large‐scale investigations using language in social media posts as predictors. The cross‐validated accuracy for predicting interviewer ratings of personality was more than double that found for predicting self‐reports. We discuss implications for future research and practice.
Molecular interaction between pectin and catechin/procyanidin in simulative juice model: Insights from spectroscopic, morphology, and antioxidant activity
Authors: Liang Tisong , Jiao Shunshan , Jing Pu
Published: May 2021

The interactions between polysaccharides and phenolics in foods affect their physicochemical properties and bioactivity. Pectin and catechin/procyanidin present in plants ubiquitously and attracting more attentions for the potential health benefits. This work investigates the interactions between high methoxyl pectin and catechin/procyanidin in a simulative juice model using multiple microscopic and spectroscopic approaches and their influences on the antioxidant activity of phenolics were evaluated in the Caco‐2 cells model. The results showed that pectin with either of phenolic compunds exhibited lower transmittance, zeta potential, viscosity, and larger particle size than it alone. The morphology of pectin complexes with either of phenolics under experimental conditions (pH = 3.5) was observed. The ΔH° (−6.821 kJ mol−1) and ΔS° (6.357×10–2 kJ mol–1) indicated that pectin interacts with procyanidin via electrostatic interaction, whereas hydrophobic interaction was the dominant drive force between pectin and catechin (ΔH° = 1.422 kJ mol−1; ΔS° = 13.048 × 10–2 kJ mol–1). The antioxidant activities of catechin/procyanidin decreased while binding with pectin based on indexes of glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde.

Practical Application

The findings of this work indicated that the physicochemical property of pectin and the antioxidant activity of catechin/procyanidin were influenced by the interactions between pectin and catechin/procyanidin in a simulative food system. This study provides insights into the molecular interactions between pectin and phenolics in a simulative food system.
Protective effect againstd‐gal‐induced aging mice and components of polypeptides and polyphenols in defatted walnut kernel during simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Tian Wenhui , Wu Beiyi , Sun Liping , Zhuang Yongliang
Published: May 2021

Defatted walnut kernel with pellicle (WKP) is an industrial byproduct during walnut oil extraction, which is rich in protein and polyphenols. WKP was hydrolyzed by simulated gastrointestinal digestion to obtain WKP hydrolysates (WKPHs). Results showed the protein recovery and hydrolysis degree of WKPH were 82.15 and 10.36%. The total phenol contents in WKP and WKPH were 4.90 and 40.70 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. The antiaging activity of WKPH was evaluated using ad‐gal‐induced aging mouse model. Results showed that WKPHs could recover the activities of SOD and T‐AOC and the content of MDA in tissues and serum of the aging mice. The histological morphology of liver and kidney sections and the immunohistochemistry of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 in liver were observed. WKPH could effectively protect the tissue structure of the liver and kidney and reduce the inflammatory expression of liver in aging mice. The polypeptides and polyphenols in WKPH were further analyzed. Fifty polypeptides were identified and 12 of these peptides had Leu‐Arg at the C‐terminal. Forty‐two polyphenols were detected, and most phenolic compounds belonged to ellagitannins. This study provided a theoretical basis for the improved processing and high‐value utilization of walnut byproducts.

Practical Application

Defatted walnut kernel with pellicle was hydrolyzed by simulated gastrointestinal digestion to obtain its hydrolysates. The hydrolysates have good antiaging activity in vivo. Fifty polypeptides were identified and 12 of these peptides had Leu‐Arg at the C‐terminal. Forty‐two polyphenols were detected, and most phenolic compounds belonged to ellagitannins. This study could provide a theoretical basis for high‐value utilization of walnut byproducts.
Identifying loci under selection via explicit demographic models
Authors: Luqman Hirzi , Widmer Alex , Fior Simone , Wegmann Daniel
Published: May 2021

Adaptive genetic variation is a function of both selective and neutral forces. To accurately identify adaptive loci, it is thus critical to account for demographic history. Theory suggests that signatures of selection can be inferred using the coalescent, following the premise that genealogies of selected loci deviate from neutral expectations. Here, we build on this theory to develop an analytical framework to identify loci under selection via explicit demographic models (LSD). Under this framework, signatures of selection are inferred through deviations in demographic parameters, rather than through summary statistics directly, and demographic history is accounted for explicitly. Leveraging the property of demographic models to incorporate directionality, we show that LSD can provide information on the environment in which selection acts on a population. This can prove useful in elucidating the selective processes underlying local adaptation, by characterizing genetic trade‐offs and extending the concepts of antagonistic pleiotropy and conditional neutrality from ecological theory to practical application in genomic data. We implement LSD via approximate Bayesian computation and demonstrate, via simulations, that LSD (a) has high power to identify selected loci across a large range of demographic‐selection regimes, (b) outperforms commonly applied genome‐scan methods under complex demographies and (c) accurately infers the directionality of selection for identified candidates. Using the same simulations, we further characterize the behaviour of isolation‐with‐migration models conducive to the study of local adaptation under regimes of selection. Finally, we demonstrate an application of LSD by detecting loci and characterizing genetic trade‐offs underlying flower colour inAntirrhinum majus.
Delayed solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis from a benign meningothelial meningioma six years after surgical resection of an intracranial tumor
Authors: Jung Jae Wan , Park Chul
Published: May 2021

Meningiomas are common intracranial neoplasms with benign features, and extracranial metastases are very rare. There have been no previous reports of solitary mediastinal lymph node metastasis from benign meningiomas without pulmonary lesions. Here, we present a case of an 82‐year‐old female who visited our department for mediastinal lymphadenopathy with a history of meningioma treated with total surgical resection six years prior. Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration of the left lower paratracheal lymph node revealed a benign meningothelial meningioma. In patients with a history of meningioma, extracranial metastasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy.
Melting curve analysis for detection and identification of ghost parasitoids in host carcasses a month after host death
Authors: Paula Débora P. , Andow David A.
Published: May 2021

Incidence of parasitism is often underestimated because ‘ghost’ parasitoids (dead unemerged parasitoids or those that have emerged leaving the host carcasses) are difficult to detect and identify. This study demonstrates that the use of melting curve analysis (MCA) of host carcasses can detect and identify DNA of ghost parasitoids even a month after host death.

The coccinellid hosts Cycloneda sanguinea, Eriopis connexa, Harmonia axyridis and Hippodamia convergens were sampled from cole crops in 2017 and 2018 in the Midwest of Brazil, and reared and observed daily for parasitoid emergence. Dead coccinellids were held for 30 days after death before storage and only host carcasses with parasitoid emergence observed were analysed. Species‐specific primers were designed for the identification of the parasitoid species that emerged during host rearing: Dinocampus coccinellae, Homalotylus mirabilis, Ho. terminalis, Strongygaster triangulifera and Phalacrotophora sp. The melting temperatures (Tm) of their amplicons were used as positive controls in MCA post‐amplification in qPCR.

Detection of parasitoid DNA in host carcasses was possible for D. coccinellae, Ho. mirabilis and Phalacrotophora sp. with a limit of detection (LOD) for all the parasitoids <1 pg of DNA, except for Phalacroptopthora sp. (LOD = 1.9 ng). Parasitoids were detected in 31 out of 70 host carcasses (44.3%) with detection ranging from 0% to 71%, depending on the parasitoid species.

Synthesis and applications. This work demonstrates that MCA could be used to detect and rapidly identify the DNA of some parasitoid species (e.g. Ho. mirabilis, D. coccinellae and Phalacrotophora sp.) in host carcasses up to a month after parasitoid emergence with high sensitivity and specificity. MCA can be used on any field‐collected host and, for some parasitoid species, it should lead to more accurate estimates of the incidence of parasitism. Our approach can be easily adapted and applied to study other parasitoid–host interactions.
The lure of the Lüer connector: Non‐Lüer connectors in regional anaesthesia
Authors: Wiepking F. S. S. , Van Zundert A. A. J.
Published: May 2021

Health service professionals do not have perfect vigilance. There will always be the possibility that a serious untoward incident can occur due to crossover injections of medication being administered via the wrong route. The universality of the Lüer connector made it very easy to connect several medical devices for different therapeutic uses. Although this was considered a bonus, it also showed the downside as a string of incidents, leading to permanent harm and even death, occurred, warranting actions to prevent the chance of misconnections and wrong‐route injections. The International Organisation for Standardisation introduced specific ISO 80 369 connectors for use in different medical systems, with the ISO 80369‐6 series of standards specifically designed to improve safety in regional anaesthesia. Human error can never be completely eliminated, but the risk of a patient inadvertently suffering from an inadvertent wrong‐route injection can be reduced through the use of new ‘fit and no‐fit’ technology. This article focuses on the universality of the Lüer connector and the introduction of the newly engineered non‐Lüer connectors, for specific use in medical systems.
Reasons for physician‐related variability in end‐of‐life decision‐making in intensive care
Authors: Nordenskjöld Syrous Alma , Malmgren Johan , Odenstedt Hergès Helena , Olausson Sepideh , Kock‐Redfors Maria , Ågård Anders , Block Linda
Published: May 2021

Background

There is increasing evidence that the individual physician is the main factor influencing variability in end‐of‐life decision‐making in intensive care units. End‐of‐life decisions are complex and should be adapted to each patient. Physician‐related variability is problematic as it may result in unequal assessments that affect patient outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate factors contributing to physician‐related variability in end‐of‐life decision‐making.

Method

This is a qualitative substudy of a previously conducted study. In‐depth thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with 19 critical care specialists from five different Swedish intensive care units was performed. Interviews took place between 1 February 2017 and 31 May 2017.

Results

Factors influencing physician‐related variability consisted of different assessment of patient preferences, as well as intensivists' personality and values. Personality was expressed mainly through pace and determination in the decision‐making process. Personal prejudices appeared in decisions, but few respondents had personally witnessed this. Avoidance of criticism and conflicts as well as individual strategies for emotional coping were other factors that influenced physician‐related variability. Many respondents feared criticism for making their assessments, and the challenging nature of end‐of‐life decision‐making lead to avoidance as well as emotional stress.

Conclusion

Variability in end‐of‐life decision‐making is an important topic that needs further investigation. It is imperative that such variability be acknowledged and addressed in a more formal and transparent manner. The ethical issues faced by intensivists have recently been compounded by the devastating impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, demonstrating in profound terms the importance of the topic.
Glycemic lability index and mortality in critically ill patients—A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Hanna Michel , Balintescu Anca , Glassford Neil , Lipcsey Miklos , Eastwood Glenn , Oldner Anders , Bellomo Rinaldo , Mårtensson Johan
Published: May 2021

Background

Emerging evidence indicates a relationship between glycemic variability during intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. We assessed whether mean glucose, hypoglycemia occurrence, or premorbid glycemic control modified this relationship.

Methods

In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, we included adult patients admitted to five ICUs in Australia and Sweden with available preadmission glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and three or more glucose readings. We calculated the glycemic lability index (GLI), a measure of glycemic variability, and the time‐weighted average blood glucose (TWA‐BG) from all glucose readings. We used logistic regression analysis with adjustment for hypoglycemia and admission characteristics to assess the independent association of GLI (above vs. below cohort median) and TWA‐BG (above vs. below cohort median) with hospital mortality.

Results

Among 2305 patients, 859 (37%) had diabetes, median GLI was 40 [mmol/L]2/h/week, median TWA‐BG was 8.2 mmol/L, 171 (7%) developed hypoglycemia, and 371 (16%) died. The adjusted odds ratio for death was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.19‐2.15; P = .002) for GLI above versus below median and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.80‐1.41; P = .67) for TWA‐BG above versus below median. The relationship between GLI and mortality was not modified by TWA‐BG (P [interaction] = 0.66), a history of diabetes (P [interaction] = 0.89) or by HbA1c ≥52 mmol/mol (vs. <52 mmol/mol) (P [interaction] = 0.29).

Conclusion

In adult patients admitted to an ICU in Sweden and Australia, a high GLI was associated with increased hospital mortality irrespective of the level of mean glycemia, hypoglycemia occurrence, or premorbid glycemic control. These findings support the assessment of interventions to reduce glycemic variability during critical illness.
Difference in postoperative opioid consumption after spinal versus general anaesthesia for ankle fracture surgery—A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lehto Pasi M. , Vakkala Merja A. , Alahuhta Seppo , Liisanantti Janne H. , Kortekangas Tero H. J. , Hiltunen Kaisu , Nyman Emma‐Sofia , Kaakinen Timo I.
Published: May 2021

Background

Surgical treatment of ankle fracture is associated with significant pain and high postoperative opioid consumption. The anaesthesia method may affect early postoperative pain. The main objective of the study was to compare postoperative opioid consumption after ankle‐fracture surgery between patients treated with spinal anaesthesia and general anaesthesia.

Methods

We reviewed retrospectively the files of 586 adult patients with surgically treated ankle fracture in the years 2014 through 2016. The primary outcome was opioid consumption during the first 48 postoperative hours. Secondary outcomes were maximal pain scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting, the length of stay in the post‐anaesthesia care unit, and opioid use in different time periods up to 48 h postoperatively. Propensity score matching was used to mitigate confounding variables.

Results

Total opioid consumption 48 h postoperatively was significantly lower after spinal anaesthesia (propensity score‐matched population: effect size −13.7 milligrams; 95% CI −18.8 to −8.5; P < .001). The highest pain score on the numerical rating scale in the post‐anaesthesia care unit was significantly higher after general anaesthesia (propensity score‐matched population: effect size 3.7 points; 95% CI 3.2‐4.2; P < .001). A total of 60 patients had postoperative nausea and vomiting in the post‐anaesthesia care unit, 53 (88.3%) of whom had general anaesthesia (P = .001).

Conclusions

Patients with surgically treated ankle fracture whose operation was performed under general anaesthesia used significantly more opioids in the first 48 h postoperatively, predominantly in the post‐anaesthesia care unit, compared with patients given spinal anaesthesia.
Ischaemic vascular disease and long‐term mortality in emergency abdominal surgical patients: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Tvarnø Casper D. , Lohse Nicolai , Møller Morten H. , Møller Ann M. , Vester‐Andersen Morten
Published: May 2021

Background

Emergency abdominal surgery carries a high mortality, as patients are often frail with significant comorbidity. We aimed to evaluate the association between co‐existing ischaemic vascular disease (IVD) and long‐term mortality in patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery.

Methods

We included adult emergency abdominal surgical patients operated on 13 Danish hospitals between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010. Appendectomies were excluded. Data were retrieved from the National Patient Registry (NPR) and the Danish Anaesthesia Database. Preoperative IVD status was retrieved from NPR. We used crude and adjusted Cox regression analysis. The primary outcome was mortality within eight years. The secondary outcome was mortality within 30 days.

Results

We included 4864 patients, of which 2584 (53.7%) died within 8 years. Some 20.9% (1019/4864) had preoperative IVD. The adjusted association between preoperative IVD and mortality within 8 years was hazard ratio (HR) 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00‐1.20; P = .045). At 30 days, this association was HR 0.97 (95% CI, 0.84‐1.13).

Conclusion

In adult major emergency abdominal surgical patients, preoperative IVD was prevalent and associated with a 10% relative increase in long‐term mortality, but not in short‐term mortality.
Twenty‐four‐hour fluid administration in emergency department patients with suspected infection: A multicenter, prospective, observational study
Authors: Jessen Marie K. , Andersen Lars W. , Thomsen Marie‐Louise H. , Jensen Marie E. , Kirk Mathilde E. , Kildegaard Sofie , Petersen Poul , Mohey Rajesh , Madsen Anders H. , Perner Anders , Kølsen Petersen Jens Aage , Kirkegaard Hans
Published: May 2021

Background

To describe 24‐hour fluid administration in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected infection.

Methods

A prospective, multicenter, observational study conducted in three Danish hospitals, January 20 to March 2, 2020. We included consecutive adult ED patients with suspected infection (drawing of blood culture and/or intravenous antibiotic administration within 6 hours of admission). Oral and intravenous fluids were registered for 24 hours. Primary outcome: 24‐hour total fluid volume. We used linear regression to investigate patient and disease characteristics' effect on 24‐hour fluids and to estimate the proportion of the variance in fluid administration explained by potential predictors.

Results

734 patients had 24‐hour fluids available: 387 patients had simple infection, 339 sepsis, eight septic shock. Mean total 24‐hour fluid volumes were 3656 mL (standard deviation [SD]:1675), 3762 mL (SD: 1839), and 6080 mL (SD: 3978) for the groups, respectively. Fluid volumes varied markedly. Increasing age (mean difference [MD]: 60‐79 years: −470 mL [95% CI: −789, −150], +80 years; −974 mL [95% CI: −1307, −640]), do‐not‐resuscitate orders (MD: −466 mL [95% CI: −797, −135]), and preexisting atrial fibrillation (MD: −367 mL [95% CI: −661, −72) were associated with less fluid. Systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (MD: 1182 mL [95% CI: 820, 1543]), mean arterial pressure < 65 mmHg (MD: 1317 mL [95% CI: 770, 1864]), lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L (MD: 655 mL [95% CI: 306, 1005]), heart rate > 120 min (MD: 566 [95% CI: 169, 962]), low (MD: 1963 mL [95% CI: 813, 3112]) and high temperature (MD: 489 mL [95% CI: 234, 742]), SOFA score > 5 (MD: 1005 mL [95% CI: 501, 510]), and new‐onset atrial fibrillation (MD: 498 mL [95% CI: 30, 965]) were associated with more fluid. Clinical variables explained 37% of fluid variation among patients.

Conclusions

Patients with simple infection and sepsis received equal fluid volumes. Fluid volumes varied markedly, a variation that was partly explained by clinical characteristics.
The labour surplus and COVID‐19: the outlook for Chinese migrant low‐skilled workers
Authors: Wang Jenny Jing
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the disruption to global supply chains caused by COVID‐19 and how such disruptions will affect the participation of Chinese businesses in those chains. The focus is on the post‐COVID‐19 outlook for migrant workers working in the hospitality and garment industries. It is argued that managers within global supply chains will use accounting processes to maintain profitability by cutting costs. Moreover, within corporate supply chains, wages will be driven down in an increasingly competitive labour market, especially for low‐skilled workers. The findings show that COVID‐19 will have an adverse effect on wages and employment and raise performance expectations.