bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomous intake selection optimisation model for a dual source drinking water treatment plant
Authors: Bertone E. , O'Halloran K. , Bartkow M. , Mann K.
Published: June 2017

The Mudgeeraba drinking water treatment plant, in Southeast Queensland, Australia, can withdraw raw water from two different reservoirs: the smaller Little Nerang dam (LND) by gravity, and the larger Advancetown Lake, through the use of pumps. Selecting the optimal intake is based on water quality and operators' experience; however, there is potential to optimise this process. In this study, a comprehensive hybrid (data-driven, chemical, and mathematical) intake optimisation model was developed, which firstly predicts the chemicals dosages, and then the total (chemicals and pumping) costs based on the water quality at different depths of the two reservoirs, thus identifying the cheapest option. A second data-driven, probabilistic model then forecasts the volume of the smaller LND 6 weeks ahead in order to minimise the depletion and spill risks. This is important in case the first model identifies this reservoir as the optimal intake solution, but this could lead in the long term to depletion and full reliance on the electricity-dependent Advancetown Lake. Both models were validated and proved to be accurate, and with the potential for substantial monetary savings for the water utility.
The investigation of paper mill industry wastewater treatment and activated sludge properties in a submerged membrane bioreactor
Authors: Erkan Hanife Sari , Engin Guleda Onkal
Published: June 2017

The paper mill industry produces high amounts of wastewater and, for this reason, stringent discharge limits are applied for sustainable reclamation and reuse of paper mill industry wastewater in many countries. Submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) systems can create new opportunities to eliminate dissolved substances present in paper mill wastewater including. In this study, a sMBR was operated for the treatment of paper mill industry wastewater at 35 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 40 d of sludge retention time (SRT). The chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies were found to be 98%, 92.99% and 96.36%. The results demonstrated that sMBR was a suitable treatment for the removal of organic matter and nutrients for treating paper mill wastewater except for the problem of calcium accumulation. During the experimental studies, it was noted that the inorganic fraction of the sludge increased as a result of calcium accumulation in the reactor and increased membrane fouling was observed on the membrane surface due to the calcification problem encountered. The properties of the sludge, such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP), relative hydrophobicity, zeta potential and floc size distribution were also monitored. According to the obtained results, the total EPS was found to be 43.93 mg/gMLSS and the average total SMP rejection by the membrane was determined as 66.2%.
Effect of permanent magnetic field on scale inhibition property of circulating water
Authors: Jiang Lili , Yao Xiayan , Yu Haitao , Hou Xingang , Zou Zongshu , Shen Fengman , Li Chuantong
Published: June 2017

Effect of a permanent magnet field on the scale inhibition property of circulating water was investigated. Orthogonal experiments of L16(45) were performed and analyzed using the range analysis method. The operating parameters included magnetic field intensity, initial concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+, magnetic treatment time, temperature, and flow velocity. Scale inhibition rate, hardness, relative variation in the proportion of free water molecules, electrical conductivity, and relative variation of molecular energy were chosen as the objectives. In addition, the morphology and the composition of CaCO3 and MgCO3 scale were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. The optimal conditions were initial concentration of 900 mg/L, magnetic field intensity of 0.5 T, temperature of 303 K, time of 54 h and flow velocity of 0.17 m/s. The nuclear magnetic resonance results demonstrated that the number of hydrogen bonds increased between water molecules and hydrated ions. The magnetic field can promote the increase in the number of hydrogen bonds, which can inhibit the formation of calcium and magnesium carbonate precipitation. Moreover, the ratio of calcite, aragonite and vaterite will be changed at different magnetic field intensities, and the aragonite ratio will reach the peak at the optimum conditions.
Prediction of biochemical oxygen demand at the upstream catchment of a reservoir using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
Authors: Chiu Yung-Chia , Chiang Chih-Wei , Lee Tsung-Yu
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study is to examine the potential of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to estimate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). To illustrate the applicability of ANFIS method, the upstream catchment of Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan is chosen as the case study area. The appropriate input variables used to develop the ANFIS models are determined based on the t-test. The results obtained by ANFIS are compared with those by multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Simulated results show that the identified ANFIS model is superior to the traditional MLR and nonlinear ANNs models in terms of the performance evaluated by the Pearson coefficient of correlation, the root mean square error, the mean absolute percentage, and the mean absolute error. These results indicate that ANFIS models are more suitable than ANNs or MLR models to predict the nonlinear relationship within the variables caused by the complexity of aquatic systems and to produce the best fit of the measured BOD concentrations. ANFIS can be seen as a powerful predictive alternative to traditional water quality modeling techniques and extended to other areas to improve the understanding of river pollution trends.
The role of Arthrobacter viscosus in the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions
Authors: Hlihor Raluca Maria , Roşca Mihaela , Tavares Teresa , Gavrilescu Maria
Published: June 2017

The aim of this paper was to establish the optimum parameters for the biosorption of Pb(II) by dead and living Arthrobacter viscosus biomass from aqueous solution. It was found that at an initial pH of 4 and 26 °C, the dead biomass was able to remove 97% of 100 mg/L Pb(II), while the living biomass removed 96% of 100 mg/L Pb(II) at an initial pH of 6 and 28 ± 2 °C. The results were modeled using various kinetic and isotherm models so as to find out the mechanism of Pb(II) removal by A. viscosus. The modeling results indicated that Pb(II) biosorption by A. viscosus was based on a chemical reaction and that sorption occurred at the functional groups on the surface of the biomass. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX) analyses confirmed these findings. The suitability of living biomass as biosorbent in the form of a biofilm immobilized on star-shaped polyethylene supports was also demonstrated. The results suggest that the use of dead and living A. viscosus for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions is an effective alternative, considering that up to now it has only been used in the form of biofilms supported on different zeolites.
Long-Term Dose-Dependent Agalsidase Effects on Kidney Histology in Fabry Disease
Authors: Skrunes Rannveig , Tøndel Camilla , Leh Sabine , Larsen Kristin Kampevold , Houge Gunnar , Davidsen Einar Skulstad , Hollak Carla , van Kuilenburg André B.P. , Vaz Frédéric M. , Svarstad Einar
Published: June 2017

Background and objectives

Dose-dependent clearing of podocyte globotriaosylceramide has previously been shown in patients with classic Fabry disease treated with enzyme replacement. Our study evaluates the dose-dependent effects of agalsidase therapy in serial kidney biopsies of patients treated for up to 14 years.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Twenty patients with classic Fabry disease (12 men) started enzyme replacement therapy at a median age of 21 (range =7–62) years old. Agalsidase-α or -β was prescribed for a median of 9.4 (range =5–14) years. The lower fixed dose group received agalsidase 0.2 mg/kg every other week throughout the follow-up period. The higher dose group received a range of agalsidase doses (0.2–1.0 mg/kg every other week). Dose changes were made due to disease progression, suboptimal effect, or agalsidase-β shortage. Serial kidney biopsies were performed along with clinical assessment and biomarkers and scored according to recommendations from the International Study Group of Fabry Nephropathy.

Results

No statistical differences were found in baseline or final GFR or albuminuria. Kidney biopsies showed significant reduction of podocyte globotriaosylceramide in both the lower fixed dose group (−1.39 [SD=1.04]; P=0.004) and the higher dose group (−3.16 [SD=2.39]; P=0.002). Podocyte globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) reduction correlated with cumulative agalsidase dose (r=0.69; P=0.001). Arterial/arteriolar intima Gb3 cleared significantly in the higher dose group, all seven patients with baseline intimal Gb3 cleared the intima, one patient gained intimal Gb3 inclusions (P=0.03), and medial Gb3 did not change statistically in either group. Residual plasma globotriaosylsphingosine levels remained higher in the lower fixed dose group (20.1 nmol/L [SD=11.9]) compared with the higher dose group (10.4 nmol/L [SD=8.4]) and correlated with cumulative agalsidase dose in men (r=0.71; P=0.01).

Conclusions

Reduction of podocyte globotriaosylceramide was found in patients with classic Fabry disease treated with long-term agalsidase on different dosing regimens, correlating with cumulative dose. Limited clearing of arterial/arteriolar globotriaosylceramide raises concerns regarding long-term vascular effects of current therapy. Residual plasma globotriaosylsphingosine correlated with cumulative dose in men.
THE STABILITY OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN SYRUP OF COFFEE ARABICA (COFFEA ARABICA L.) EXTRACT WITH DECAFFEINATION PROCESS
Authors: Budiman Arif , Lutfhi Anggi , Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
Published: June 2017

Objective: This research aims to formulate syrup of coffee arabica extract with decaffeination process and stability test of caffein and chlorogenic acid in syrup of coffee arabica extract.Methods: An extraction was conducted by using ethanol 70% with soxhletation methods, and  decaffeination process (using liquid-liquid extraction with ratio of etanol and dicloromethan was 1:1).  Syrup formulations of coffee arabica extract was made with various concentrations of Na CMC (thickening agent) and sucralose (flavoring agent). The stability of syrup was evaluated through organoleptic, pH, viscosity, hedonic test, microbiological test and determinated concentration of caffeine and chlorogenic acid.Result: The result showed that the concentration of caffeine before and after decaffeination process were 3.377 + 0091% and 1.028 + 0.079%. While, chlorogenic acid were 4.159 + 0.163% and 3.019 + 0.138%. Microbiological test showed that no contamination in syrup of coffee arabica extract.  The concentration of caffeine in syrup of coffee arabica extract was 1.070 + 0.150% and chlorogenic acid was 4.432 + 1.98 %.Conclusion: The concentration of caffeine before and after formulation process were 3.019 + 0.138% and 4.432 + 1.986%.  The best formula of coffee arabica extract syrup was the formula that contains 5 mg/ml of coffee arabica extract, 1.5 mg/ml of Na CMC and 0.5 mg/ml of sucralose and  no contamination in syrup of coffee arabica extract. Caffeine content would decrease after the decaffeination process.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OFMALACCA FRUIT (PHYLLANTUS EMBLICA L.)ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND FRACTIONAGAINSTBACILLUS CEREUS FNCC0057 ANDSHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE ATCC13313
Authors: Milanda Tiana , Kusuma Arif Satria Wira , Shanmuganathan Kuganesh
Published: June 2017

Diarrhea is a symptom of a disease, which is characterized by increased frequency of defecation (more than three times a day) with a more fluid of feces. In Ayurvedic medicine, the fruit of Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is often used as an antibacterial and antiviral against various infectious diseases. This study aims to determine:(i) the antibacterial  activities of ethanol extract and its fraction of Malacca fruit, and (ii) determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against diarrhea-causing bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus FNCC0057 and Shigella dysenteriae ATCC13313. The study was  conducted through several processes: (i) the determination of the plant and  preparation dried fruit, (ii) extraction of dried fruit, fractionated extract, antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract and its fractions, (iii) determination MIC and MBC from the most active fractions and (iv) phytochemical screening of fraction. The results showed that ethanol extract, water fraction and ethyl acetate  fraction of Malacca fruit has antibacterial activities against B. cereus FNCC0057 and S. dysenteriae ATCC13313, where the greatest activity was shown by the fraction of ethyl acetate. This fraction has MIC and MBC values of 0.187 - 0.375% (w/v) and and 0.09375 - 0.1875% (w/v) against B. cereus FNCC0057 and S. dysenteriae ATCC13313. The antibacterial activity of this fraction was probably derived from alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, saponin, monoterpene or sesquiterpene compounds.
A STUDY OF DRUG RELATED PROBLEM IN UROLOGIC PATIENTS: A COHORT PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Faizah Ana Khusnul , Diniya Raswita
Published: June 2017

Objective:Drug therapy problems (DRPs) are the clinical domain of the pharmaceutical care practitioner. The purpose of identifying drug therapy problems is to help patients on achieving their goals of therapy and realizing the best possible outcomes from drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the number of DRPs and to classifyDRPs that occurred in post-operative patients from urology surgery ward.Methods:A 3-month prospective study was conducted by considering62 hospitalized post-operative patients from urology surgery ward at the Teaching Hospital in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Clinical pharmacists were involved in medical rounds to identify DRPs.Results:From 37 patients, 81 DRPs were identified in this study. About 20 patients were considered to have more than one DRP. The most common identified DRPs were over-dosage (38%), drug use without indication (20%),improper drug (11%), drug interaction (10%), untreated indication(9%), adverse drug reaction (7%), failure to receive drug (4%) and sub-therapeutic drugs (1%). The clinical pharmacists were involved in doing dose adjustment, monitoring, evaluating drug discontinuation, doing drug substitution and, additional therapy, counseling to patients, increasing dose and referring to prescriber.Conclusion:The most identified DRPs were over-dosage, drug use without indication and improper drug. Clinical pharmacist’s intervention were required toidentify, prevent, resolve DRPs and assist patient on achieving their goals of therapy and improving their quality of life.
HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF TEN MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACT IN GLUCOSE INDUCED MICE
Authors: Muhtadi Ahmad , Irenka Yola , Ayu Wulan Chandra , Hendriani Rini , Zuhrotun Ade
Published: June 2017

Objective: To evaluate and compare the hypoglycemic activity of ten medicinal plantsextract that are used empirically to treat hyperglycemia in Indonesia, in order to determineplant with the most potential as a hypoglycemic agent.Methods: Activity test was conducted in Swiss Webster glucose induced mice with glucosetolerance test. The ethanolic extracts of Mangiferaindica L. leaves, Perseaamericana Mill.leaves, Acoruscalamus L. rhizome, Phyllanthusniruri L. herb, Syzigiumcumini (L.) skeelsbark, Zingiberofficinale Roscoe rhizome, Moringaoleifera Lam. leaves, TamarindusindicaL. seed, Momordicacharantia L. fruits and Azadirachtaindica A. juss leaves, which weregiven orally at the same dose of 300 mg/kg bw. The blood samples wereused for determination of glucose level examination using glucose meter and test strips (AccuChek).Results: The ethanolic extract of Mangiferaindica L. leaves has the best activity in reductionof blood glucose level in mice, followed by Zingiberofficinale Roscoe rhizome,Acoruscalamus L. rhizome, Tamarindusindica L. seed.,MomordicacharantiaL. fruit., Syzigiumcumini (L.) skeels bark, Phyllanthusniruri L. herb., Perseaamericana Mill. leaves, andAzadirachtaindica A. juss leaves.Conclusion: Results of the present study suggest the potential use of Mangiferaindica L.leaves extract in therapy of hyperglycemia.
PROFILE ASSESSMENT FOR HOSPITAL READMISSIONAMONG MALE PATIENTS OF ACUTE EXACERBATIONCHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASEAT SELECTED HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Dzakwan Nur Syafa Addina Binti , Hariadha Enti
Published: June 2017

Background:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) is a commonlung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is both chronic and progressive. Acute Exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) is a suddenworsening of COPD symptoms that typically lasts for several days. AECOPDreadmission has been one of global concern and was the fifth leading cause of disease burden in Malaysia, both clinically and economically.Objective: This study is aimed to screen the factors are contributed to readmission among AECOPD male patients in selected hospital of Malaysia and associated medication cost.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used in this study, whereby data collections were based upon AECOPD Patient's Medical Record that was readmitted to the Male Medical ward from 1st January to 31st December 2015 and documented into the patient’s data collection form. The collected data were analysed by using software name Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 (SPSS 17.0).Results: Total sample population collected was 100 patients during the study period. Majority of patients aged from 50-79 years old (83%) and 74% of them were Malays. The 94% of them were associated with cigarette smoking and 93% were having concomitant disease of cardiovascular disorder& endocrine disorder. Out of 100 study population, 32% patients were readmitted back in more than one year since previous hospitalization, while 40% was readmitted back within less than thirty days. The longest day of hospitalization spent 12 days but majority (56%) spent less than five days of hospitalization. Combinations between Augmentin and Azithromycin were the common (45%) antibiotics prescribed among the study population. Significantly statistical difference (P < 0.05) are shown between cigarette smoking habits on different groups of age and between time readmission after discharge with medication adherence, while no significantly statistical difference (P > 0.05) between length of stay with medication cost during admission.Conclusion: The readmission factors were contributed among AECOPD in selected hospital were revealed highest among Malay aged between 50-79 years old, associated with cigarettes smoking and not adhere to medications. Medication cost during admission was not significantly increasing proportionally with length of stay.
ADHERENCE TO SECONDARY STROKE PREVENTION THERAPIES IN ISCHEMIC STROKE PATIENTS AT TEACHING HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL JAVA INDONESIA
Authors: Karuniawati Hidayah , Ikawati Zullies , Gofir Abdul
Published: June 2017

Objective: Patients who survive from the first stroke have risk factors to be recurrent. Based on American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and PERDOSSI (Indonesian Neurologist Association), medications which are prescribed to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke as secondary stroke prevention therapies include antiplatelet/anticoagulant as well as antihypertensive and lipid lowering agent. Patients’ adherence to the secondary stroke prevention therapies is important to reduce the recurrent stroke. Methods: This is a quantitative research and the data was collected retrospectively. The number of subjects of this study were 165 respondents. The participants were interviewed by researchers about their adherence to secondary stroke prevention by Modified Morisky Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8) questionnaire. Patients’ adherence was stated as low (MMAS-8 score < 6); moderate (MMAS-8 score = 6-7) and high (MMAS-8 = 8). This research was taken at a teaching hospital in Central Java Indonesia.Results: Of 165 participants, 48 participants (29%) were categorized to have low adherence, 43 participants (26%) had moderate adherence, and 74 participants (45%) had high adherence to secondary stroke prevention therapies. The reasons for not adhering to the medications were felt better (34.1%), forgetfulness (18.7%), boredom (16.5%), lack of family support (8.8%), lack of time (6.6%), felt worse (5.5%), concern about side effects (3.3%), preference to Complementary Alternative Medicines (3.3%), and cost (3.3%).Conclusion: The number of patients who has high adherence to secondary stroke prevention was 45% and the most common reason why participants did not adhere to therapy was because they felt better (34.1%).
SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS AMONG INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PATIENTS
Authors: Hamidy M Yulis , Fauzia Dina
Published: June 2017

Objective:Drug interaction is one factor that contributes to drug-related problems. The hospitalized patients in intensive care units (ICU) have a higher risk for developing drug interactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potency of significantdrug interactions in ICU patients.Methods:Drug-drug interactions from patient's medical records from ICU of Arifin Achmad General Hospital in Pekanbaru, Province of Riau, Indonesia at period July to December 2015 wereassessed. Drug Interaction Checker (Medscape) software was used to identify potential drug interactions.Results: This study included 28 ICU patients (mean age, 48 years) who had potency to drug interactions based on the software. Of these, 29% were male and 71% were female patients. The number of drugs that were given to patients was 3 to 13 drugs (average 7 drugs per patient). There were 122 potential drug-drug interactions found in this study, consisting of 43% potency of minor or non-significant, 52% potency of significant, 3% potency of serious, and 2% potency of contraindicated drug interactions. A total of 67% were pharmacodynamics and 33% were pharmacokinetics interactions. Dexamethasone, ketoprofen, ketorolac, furosemide, nifedipine, and enoxaparin were among drugs with highest frequency of potential drug interactions. Conclusion:Significant drug-drug interactions were prevalent in the ICU patients. This may be due to the complexity of the pharmacotherapies administered. The health professionals who provide care to these patients must be aware in order to identify and prevent possible drug events.
CABBAGELEAF EXTRACT(BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA ALBA) AS A HERBAL MEDICINE FOR LEUCORRHEA
Authors: Tjitraresmi Ami , Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Rusmiati Dewi
Published: June 2017

Objective:This study was aimed to examine antifungal activity of cabbage leaf extracts against Candida albicans, determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), analyzed the comparative value of the extracts with ketoconazole and studied the fastest contact time to eliminate Candida albicans. Methods: The extraction of fresh cabbage leaf was done using the maceration method. The antifungal activity test and its comparative analysis against ketokonazole were assessed using the agar diffusion method. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using solid medium. While the fastest contact time test was performed using turbidimetric method.Results: Based on its inhibitory diameter, cabbage leaf extracts gave potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The MIC concentrations of testing extracts were various ranged from 1.50 to 1.75%w/v. In a comparative analysis of the extracts with ketoconazole, showed that ketoconazole gave greater antifungal activity than the extract at the same concentration. Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 2.5% gave the fastest contact time (2.5 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans, while Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 0.4% gave the longest contact time (15 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans.Conclusion:Cabbage leaf extract has a potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and prospective to be developed as a topical herbal medicine for treating candidiasis.
CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANCE AMONG CLINICAL ISOLATES FROM ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARIs) PATIENTS AT COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS IN TASIKMALAYA, INDONESIA
Authors: Ramdhani Danni , Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Mustarichie Resmi , Febriana Elin , Sediana Dede , Afifi Mokhamad
Published: June 2017

Objective:Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are acute infections of any part of the respiratory tract and related structures including middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and pleural cavity. This study was to determine the resistance in isolates of the pathogen of the patients with acute respiratory infections in clinics in Tasikmalaya against antibiotic ciprofloxacin and effectiveness of this antibiotic.Methods: Isolates were obtained fromswabs cavity of 332 patients with acute respiratory infections. Ciprofloxacin resistance against pathogenic isolates of diseased patients ARIs was determined by using paper disk diffusion method.Results:The patient isolates shows that it is resistance to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin with the percentage of 19.81%.Conclusion:Ciprofloxacin level of antibiotic resistance being mediated resistance. Routine surveillance and education to health professionals and patients is very important to overcome the problem.
IN VITRO AND IN SILICO EVALUATION OF XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF QUERCETIN CONTAINED IN SONCHUS ARVENSIS LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: Hendriani Rini , Nursamsiar Nursamsiar , Tjitraresmi Ami
Published: June 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the inhibiting effects of quercetin contained in Sonchusarvensis leaf extract on the activity of xanthine oxidase, an essential enzyme for uric acid synthesis.Methods: Activity test was conducted in vitro by measuring the activity of xanthine oxidase using UV spectrophotometry and in silico by determining the interaction of quercetin and allopurinol (as comparation drug) with xanthine oxidase enzyme in terms of hydrogen bonds and binding free energy. Docking simulations were performed by Autodock4.2 package.Results: The active fraction, using the solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, tested the inhibitory activity of the xanthine oxidase enzyme in vitro obtained respectively IC50 of 263.19, 16.20 and 141.80 μg/ml. Isolates with highest activity identified as quercetin. The xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitory activity insilico by molecular docking showed quercetin has free energy binding ˗7.71 kcal/mol, more negative than that of allopurinol ˗5.63 kcal/mol.Conclusion: This shows the affinity of quercetin stronger than that of allopurinol; so that it can be predicted that quercetin was more potential to inhibit xanthine oxidase enzyme activity. Thus the extract of the S. arvensis leaves containing the active compound quercetin was a potential use as antihyperuricemia.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TAUCO ETHANOL EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi , Megantara Sandra , Indriyati Wiwiek , Zuchrotun Ade
Published: June 2017

Objective: To investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane from tauco.Methods: Two types of tauco was extracted using soxhletation methods, followed by fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction methods and phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activity test was carried out using DPPH with Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reference. Modified method of Farnsworth was applied for phytochemical screening.Results: It was found that extracts of ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction containing flavonoids, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids whereas the water fraction and a fraction of n-hexane only contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids. The IC50 value for the ethanol extract, water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of two taucos in a row were 1192.71 ppm, 1746.01 ppm, 722.38 ppm, 1845.45 ppm and 1190,15 ppm, 1740.30, 710.46, for tauco A and B respectively.Conclusion: It was unexpected that tauco ethanol extract and fractions showed much weaker antioxidant activity than vitamin C, which had the IC50 value of 4.41 ppm.
IN SILICO STUDY OF CRYO-EM STRUCTURES OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX OF CHIKUNGUNYA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC AGENT
Authors: Subroto Toto , Nuwarda Rina Fajri , Baroroh Umi , Nafisah Zuhrotun , Lidya Bevi , Yusuf Muhammad
Published: June 2017

Objective: Despite the availability of the commercial rapid tests of chikungunya, the difference of pathogen’s genotypes amongst different countries has created some causes for concern. It is found that the sensitivity of the current chikungunya rapid tests on Asian strain was only 20.5%, as compared to 90.3% when tested on the African phylogroup. Therefore, the development of diagnostics that is specific for the current strain circulating in the country is important to be done. The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of antigen-antibody complex can be used as an insightful structural basis to the development of the tailored antibody for diagnostics purposes. However, cryo-EM structures usually were resolved in low resolution, thus some sterical clashes between residues are expected. This work aims to refine the cryo-EM structures of E1 E2 of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in complex with antibody using molecular mechanics method, to calculate the binding energy of antigen-antibody complex, and to compare it with the experimental results.Methods: Thecryo-EM structures were refined in vacuoby short minimization scheme using AMBER 14. The binding energies were calculated using Firedock and MM/GBSA methods.Results:The results showed that the direct calculation of binding energies of cryo-EM structures reflected high repulsive forces. While the calculation on the refined structured showed lower binding energies. Visual inspections on the complex structures also indicated that the refined structures showed better interactions.Conclusion:As a conclusion, the refinement of cryo-EM structures should be useful to gain more insight into the binding mode of interactions between antigenic protein and antibody, at the atomic level.
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF RED PIPER BETEL LEAF (PIPER CROCATUM RUIZ & PAV.) ETHANOL EXTRACTS TO LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS AND L. BIFIDUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Tjitraresmi Ami , Susanti Gita
Published: June 2017

Objective: This study was performed to determine the antibacterial concentration of red Piper betle leaf ethanolic extract that is safe for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bifidus as normal flora of the vagina.Methods: The phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of red P. betle leaf was performed using standard procedures. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using macrodilution method and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) done using the streak plate method. Evaluation of its antibacterial effect to vaginal normal flora growth inhibition was conducted using a plate count method with varying extract concentrations as follows: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v. L. acidophilus FNCC-0051 and L. bifidus FNCC-0210 were used as tested normal flora vaginal bacteria.Results: The phytochemical analysis of the red P. betle leaf extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, steroids, saponin, and polyphenolic compounds. The MIC and MBC concentrations of testing extracts against both Lactobacillus ranged from 0.625% w/v to 1.25% w/v. The results showed that the extract at 0.2% w/v was the minimum concentration to maintain the presence of Lactobacillus approaching the amount of normal flora in the vaginal ecosystem that is 73-75%. At a concentration of 0.2% w/v, it was obtained L. acidophilus survival of 78.43% while L. bifidus amounted to 76.39%.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the red P. betle leaf ethanolic extract is a potential antibacterial and safe for normal flora of the vagina.
SUB-CLONING OF GENES ENCODINGCYTHOCHROME P450 MONOOXYGENASE (CYP71AVI) INTOEXPRESSION VECTOR IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Wicaksono Imam Adi , Lestari Tresna , Ulfa Evi Umayah , Riani Catur , Elfahmi Elfahmi
Published: June 2017

Objective: Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AVI) is a key enzyme involved in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway.In this research, sub-cloning gene encoding CYP71AVI into pETDUET1 vector in Escherichia coli has been done and then the expression products characterized with SDS-PAGE.Methods: Gene construction started with sub-cloning of cyp71avi gene from pJexpress401_cyp into pETDUET1 through restriction site NdeI and XhoI to get pETDUET1_cyp. Overproduction of CYP71AVI at temperature 37 °C has conducted by IPTG induction.Results: Confirmation of the recombinant vector pETDUET1_cyp was done by migration, restriction site and sequencing analysis. The result of pETDUET1_cyp restriction analysis with XhoI restriction enzyme showed one DNA band with experimental size 6585 bp.The CYP71AVI protein has been produced and characterized with SDS-PAGE method. Based on experimental calculation from SDS-PAGE analysis obtained molecular weight of CYP71AVI band was 57.55 kDa.Conclusion: Construction of gene encoding CYP71AVI into pETDUET1 as the co-expression vector in Escherichia colihas been succesfully and confirmed by migration, restriction site and sequencing analysis. The result of overproduction showed protein bands on SDS-PAGE analysis indicated as CYP71AVI.
EFFECTS OF PHARMACIST COUNSELING ON COMPLIANCE AND INR SCORE ON OUTPATIENTS RECEIVING WARFARIN AT DR. HASAN SADIKIN BANDUNG HOSPITAL WEST JAVA, INDONESIA
Authors: Putriana Norisca Aliza , Lestari Keri , Barliana Melisa Intan , Hartini Sri
Published: June 2017

Objective:Warfarin is a derivate of coumarin, which is usually prescribed as an oral anti-coagulant for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disorders. The aim of presents research is analysis the influence of pharmacist counseling on complience and INR score recovery on warfarin management.Methods:Design in this research used mixed method, combination ofqualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative data were used for completingquantitative data. Qualitative method used a content analysis with interview.Quantitative method used a quasi experimental method with control groups, pre test, and post test design. Data were analysed by wilcoxon test and mann whitney test at significance levelP ≤ 0,05 and multivariate analysis covariate.Results:Data were collected from 80 patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease (42.5 %), Atrial Fibrilation (17.5 %), Deep Vein Thrombosis (10%), Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease (10%), Prosthetic Heart (7.5%), other (22.5%). The numbers of patients whose International Normalized Ratio (INR) was in the therapeutic range for each indication were not statistically different between before and after receiving counseling (P >0.05), Patients' behavior compliance of warfarin therapy had increased after receiving the counseling service (P <0.05). The result of presents research is pharmacist counseling affected  behavior compliance before and after counseling(P <0.05), but not for INR (P >0.05).Conclusion:Pharmacist counseling can improve behavior compliance, but not improve INR target. The effect of warfarin to every individual not only affected by behavior compliance, but several factors could influence effect of warfarin is clinical factors, non clinical factors, and genetic factors. Clinical factors that wereinfluenced were age, gender, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability in patiens.
THE EXISTENCE OF GENE DNA POLYMERASE MUTATION FROM POSITIVE HEPATITIS B SAMPLES IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Authors: Rostinawati Tina Rostinawati , Retnoningrum Debbie Sofie , Pratiwi Desi
Published: June 2017

Objective: To complete mutation existence in reverse transcriptase domain of the viral Polymerase.Methods: The study was done by amplification step of viral polymerase gene fragment, agarose gel electrophoresis, PCR product purification with GFX column kit, sequencing and sequencing result analysis. The samples were derived from Clinical Laboratory in Bandung Indonesia.Results: The result showed mutations in DNA fragment encoding for RT domain viral polymerase in sample 6, 7 and 8. There were mutations leading to amino acid substitution L526S in sample 6, D551E in sample 7 and D552E in sample 8.Conclusion: D551E and D552E substitution occurred in YMDD motif RT DNA polymerase that produced YMDE mutant. L526S, D551E and D552E were estimated as antivirus-resistance mutants that have never been reported before.
THE STUDY OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AT THE CENTRAL JAVA HOSPITAL
Authors: Sari Ika Puspita , Nuryastuti Titik , Wahyono Djoko
Published: June 2017

Objective: Multidrug-resistance (MDR) is defined as an acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. MDR can be caused by several factors, including the misuse of antibiotics.  Resistance to antibiotics still poses a global challenge, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify patterns of MDR in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Central Java Hospital, during the period of January 2014 to December 2015.Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive retrospective design. The research population comprised of 225 patients. Patient inclusion criteria were neonatal patients treated in NICU ward with infection diagnosis. All patients had culture and sensitivity examinations on their bloods. The culture and sensitivity examinations were performed by microbiology clinicians.Results: The most common infection type was sepsis (60%). The most common bacteria found in the blood specimen of patients in the NICU ward was Gram-negative bacteria with a 72% rate, the other was Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria which infected patients include; Klebsiellapneumoniaessppneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bulkholderiacepacia, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Enterobactercloacae ssp cloacae, Serratiamarcescens, Staphylococcus haemolyticusand Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research result showed that 97.8% MDR cases were reported in the NICU ward. Antibiotics which were still potent for all bacteria found in NICU patients were tigecycline, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (for Gram-negative bacteria) and tigecycline, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, moxifloksacin and vancomycin (for Gram-positive bacteria).Conclusion: A high percentage of MDR occurred in NICU patients. Sepsis is the most common diagnosis in NICU patients. The usage of third generation antibiotics should be limited and regulated systematically.
DUCK EGGWHITE POTENTIAL IN TREATING SUBACUTE LEAD POISONING
Authors: Mustika Aulia Andi , Andriyanto Andriyanto , Sutardi Lina Noviyanti , Margarita Meilisa L
Published: June 2017

Objectives: The aim of this research is to study duck eggwhite potential in treating subacute lead poisoning.Methods: The potential of duck egg white was evaluated from the red blood cell profile and the clinical signs that emerged. The research used thirtymale rats which were divided into 6 groups and 5 replications (i.e. rats as control, rats dministrated only with lead, rats administrated with leadand antidote). Each of the four treatment groups were given one antidote (i.e. EDTA, 50% egg white, 75% egg white, and 100% egg white). Leadforce feeding was conducted for 15 days, followed by the administration of the antidote for the same duration of 15 days, and concluded with bloodsampling at the end of each treatment.Results: There was no significant effect on haemoglobin but lead decreased total red blood cells (p<0.05) in subacute lead poisoning. Rats that weregiven 75% and 100% duck egg white as an antidote showed an increase in total red blood cell counts in addition to a faster recovery.Conclusion: High concentration of duck egg white had shown positive results as an antidote for subacute lead poisoning.
THE POTENTIALS OF HONEY IN MANAGING BREAST CANCER WOUNDS: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Praptiwi Atlastieka
Published: June 2017

Objective:This review aimed to explore recent published literature, research and practice in managing breast cancer wounds with a specific focus on the potential values of honey in managing the wounds.Methods:Ten databases were searched (CINAHL, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Wiley Interscience, Science Direct, Blackwell Synergy, Liebert Online, Internurse, and Gale Cengage) using the search terms ‘fungating wound’ OR ‘malignant wound’, ‘breast cancer wounds’ AND ‘honey’ AND ‘Indonesia’. The search was limited from period of 2006 to 2016, to English and Indonesian language, and only full text articles were included. Reference lists of relevant articles were also hand searched.Results: The search identified twelve articles that met the search criteria. An article published before 2006 was also included on the basis of its relevance. All articles were written in English. Publications have indicated that a malignant wound represents a cluster of symptoms such as malodor, heavy exudate, pain, bleeding, and various psychosocial issues.In order to stabilize and prevent wound deterioration, the physical and bioactive properties of honey may have potentials to be applied as a single treatment in primary wound dressings to manage offensive odor and heavy exudate. Conclusion: Further research to study native Indonesian honeys’ properties will be beneficial to assist with practice decisions.
IN VIVO TEST OF ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY FROM DICHLOROMETHANE-ETHYL ACETATE-METHANOL FRACTIONS OF MUNDU’S BARK(GARCINIA DULCIS (ROXB.) IN SWISS WEBSTER MICE
Authors: Rahayu Mamik Ponco , Harmastuti Nuraini , Pamudji Gunawan , R Dimas Klodengan , Supargiyono Supargiyono , Wijayant Mahardika Agus
Published: June 2017

Objective:Genus Garcinia is well-known having rich xanthone compound contents and several of those are having biological activity as antimalarial. The aims of this research wereto determine in vivoantiplasmodialactivityof dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-methanol fractions of Mundu’s bark (Garciniadulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) especially fraction Vagainst Plasmodium bergheiand to determineeffective dose.Methods: Making fraction V from ethyl acetate extractsof Mundu’s bark with vacuum column chromatographymethod was applied using dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-methanol. The product was monitored by thin layer chromatography using silica gel GF-254 and a mobile phase of chloroform: ethyl acetate (6:4).The same profiles from eluent composed fraction 18 and 19 were categorized as fraction V.Those were tested in each of groups animals with a doseof 12.5; 25; 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. Antimalarial activityassessments have been performed with the in vivoPlasmodium bergheitest. Plasmodial activity was obtained by calculating percentage of parasitaemia, parasitaemia inhibition and ED50 determination. ED50value determined based on the relationship between dose and the percentage of parasite growth inhibition by probit analysis.Results: In this research, Antiplasmodial activity of fraction V from Mundu’s bark displayed in dose of 50 mg/kg bw and 100 mg/kg bw with inhibition parasite growth by values of 47.255% and 12.761%, respectively.Conclusion: According to the research, fraction V of Mundu’s bark (Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz) had the most potential antiplasmodial activity by in vivo test for male Swiss-Webster mice. The value of ED50 was reached by 47.424 mg/kg bw. Keywords: Mundu’s bark, Antiplasmodial activity, ED50.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF CEFTAZIDIME-LEVOFLOXACIN AND CEFOTAXIME-ERYTHROMYCIN AS EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTIC COMBINATIONS IN RESPIRATORY INFECTION-INDUCED SEPSIS
Authors: Destiani Dika P , Milanda Tiana , Susilawati Susilawati , Suwantika Auliya A , Pradipta Ivan S , Halimah Eli , Diantini Ajeng , Sumiwi Sri A , Muhtadi Ahmad , Subarnas Anas , Lestari Keri , Abdulah Rizky
Published: June 2017

Objective:Pharmacoeconomics has become an important consideration in the selection of therapies, including in patients with sepsis caused by respiratory infection. The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective antibiotic combination for respiratory infection-induced sepsis at a public hospital in Bandung, Indonesia.Methods:This retrospective observational study was conducted at one ofpublic hospitals in Bandung. Two interventions were analyzed: (I1) ceftazidime-levofloxacin  and (I2) cefotaxime-erythromycin; and compared to the major treatment (I0, the use of other antibiotic combinations). Data were collected from the medical records of inpatients with respiratory infection-induced sepsis from 2010 until 2012. Healthcare perspective was applied by considering only direct medical costs, which were calculated from variable (drug, administrative andtreatment cost) and fixed cost (hospitalization).Results:Comparing with I0, net cost per life saved was calculated to be $3,350 (I1)and $1,589 (12). Number of patients survived was considered to be the most significant parameter on affecting the calculation of net cost per life saved.Conclusion:I2 was more cost effective than I1, compared to I0.
POTENT ANTIBACTERIAL OF GEL KAWANG FRUITS (Litocarpus celebicus, (Miq) Rehder) ETHANOL EXTRACT ORIGIN FROM PAPUA INDONESIA
Authors: Mita Soraya Ratnawulan , Kusuma Sri Agung Fitri , Insiyah Nuraini
Published: June 2017

Objective: Kawang fruit (Lithocarpus celebicus (Miq.) Rehder) is native plant of Digul-Bouven, Papua, Indonesia have flavonoids which has antibacterial activity. Antiseptic is a substance used to inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms that live on the surface of the body. Their resistance to antiseptics on the market, it needed a new antiseptic-based natural ingredients that are relatively safer. The purpose of this study to make an antiseptic gel with extract ethanol of kawang fruit and determine its effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29 213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.Methods: extraction, phytochemical screening, testing activities with the agar diffusion method, determination Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), antiseptic gel formulation, and test preparation gel. The test results showed the kawang fruit has activity against bacteria with value MIC and MBC on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 is 5% (b/b) and 10% (b/b), and on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922  is 10% and 20%.The extraction is formulated in the form of a gel with a concentration of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Formulations made using 2% HPMC.Results: The test results show the effectiveness of antiseptic gel extracts have inhibitory better on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 than Escherichia coli ATCC 25922.Conclusion: Antiseptic gel preparation of kawang fruit ethanol extract at a concentration of 5% have shown their antibacterial effectivity. Its inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 was better than Escherichia coli ATCC 25 922.