bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las mujeres sostienen (más de) la mitad del cielo: examinando las motivaciones, los comportamientos y el capital social en un juego multijugador popular entre las jugadoras
Authors: Huang-Isherwood Ke M. , Kim Steffie S. Y. , Williams Dmitri , Bisberg Alexander J.
Published: December 2022

Este estudio combina datos encuestas y comportamientais para examinar las conexiones entre las motivaciones sociorrelacionales, los comportamientos de socialización y el capital social del juego. Las personas que participaron fueron jugadores estadounidenses (N = 1.027; 65 % mujeres) del un juego de fantasía popular entre las jugadoras. En consonancia con la teoría de los roles de género, las jugadoras participaron en mayores comportamientos de socialización. Además, siguiendo la teoría de los usos y gratificaciones y la teoría del capital social, las motivaciones de los sabelotodo y las socializadoras, así como los comportamientos de socialización, están positivamente asociados con el capital social. Confirmando parcialmente los roles de género y capital social, tanto el capital social puente como el vínculo fue mayor entre las jugadoras. Los resultados de este estudio ofrecen un matiz sobre la forma en que ciertos propósitos e incentivos del juego pueden predecir los resultados del capital social.
Las implicaciones de ser asocial en las redes sociales
Authors: Skoric Marko M. , Zhu Qinfeng
Published: December 2022

Los primeros estudios sobre redes sociales respaldaban visiones optimistas en relación con su impacto positivo en el desarrollo del capital social, y relacionaban su uso con la exposición a puntos de vista más diversos y a un mayor compromiso con la sociedad. Sin embargo, recientemente, los investigadores empezaron a analizar los comportamientos asociales que se pueden llevar a cabo en las redes sociales y a estudiar sus consecuencias sobre el desarrollo del capital social. En este ensayo, revisamos la literatura existente centrada en estudiar estas prácticas de evitación y desconexión selectiva y avanzamos en el concepto de ‘espacios digitales seguros’ -entornos online creados filtrando y eliminando post hoc a contactos en redes sociales-, con el objetivo de profundizar en el debate sobre sus consecuencias en las sociedades democráticas contemporáneas. Nuestros hallazgos apuntan al hecho de que los espacios digitales seguros pueden constituir un entorno fértil para la expresión cívica y política, especialmente para las minorías. Sin embargo, la creación de estos enclaves digitales puede también alejar aún más a las minorías del consenso político generalizado y podría llevar a una reducción de las oportunidades económicas y políticas de aquellos ciudadanos que están excluidos de los “espacios seguros”.
Four Approaches to Supposition
Authors: Eva Benjamin , Shear Ted , Fitelson Branden
Published: December 2022

Suppositions can be introduced in either the indicative or subjunctive mood. There are also two types of judgments that may be initiated by suppositions of either sort: qualitative (binary) judgments and quantitative (numerical) ones. The former are judgments about whether a given proposition is acceptable and the latter are about how acceptable it is. We systematically explicate the relationships between canonical representatives of each of the four available types of theories. For the qualitative accounts, our representative theories of indicative and subjunctive supposition are based on the belief change operations given by AGM revision and KM update respectively; for the quantitative ones, we consider those given by conditionalization and imaging. This choice is motivated by the familiar approach of understanding supposition as ‘provisional belief revision’ wherein one temporarily treats the supposition as true and forms judgments by making appropriate changes to their other opinions. To compare the numerical judgments recommended by the quantitative theories with the binary ones recommended by the qualitative accounts, we appeal to a suitably adapted version of the Lockean thesis. Ultimately, we establish a number of new results that we interpret as vindicating the often-repeated claim that conditionalization is a probabilistic version of revision, while imaging is a probabilistic version of update.
Power by Association
Authors: LaCroix Travis , O'Connor Cailin
Published: December 2022

We use tools from evolutionary game theory to examine how power might influence the cultural evolution of inequitable conventions between discernible groups (such as gender or racial groups) in a population of otherwise identical individuals. Similar extant models always assume that power is homogeneous across a social group. As such, these models fail to capture situations where individuals who are not themselves disempowered nonetheless end up disadvantaged in bargaining scenarios by dint of their social group membership. Our models show that even when most individuals in two discernible sub-groups are relevantly identical, powerful individuals can affect the social outcomes for their entire group under a range of conditions; this results in power by association for their in-group and a bargaining disadvantage for their out-group.
Really Boring Art
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas , Gibson John
Published: December 2022

There is little question as to whether there is good boring art, though its existence raises a number of questions for both the philosophy of art and the philosophy of emotions. How can boredom ever be a desideratum of art? How can our standing commitments concerning the nature of aesthetic experience and artistic value accommodate the existence of boring art? How can being bored constitute an appropriate mode of engagement with a work of art as a work of art? More broadly, how can there be works of art whose very success requires the experience of boredom? Our goal in this paper is threefold. After offering a brief survey of kinds of boring art, we: i) derive a set of questions that we argue constitutes the philosophical problem of boring art; ii) elaborate an empirically informed theory of boredom that furnishes the philosophical problem with a deeper sense of the affect at the heart of the phenomenon; and iii) conclude by offering and defending a solution to the problem that explains why and how artworks might wish to make the experience of boredom key to their aesthetic and artistic success.
Nietzsche's Concept of Health
Authors: Dunkle Ian
Published: December 2022

Nietzsche assesses values, moralities, religions, cultures, and persons in terms of health. He argues that we should reject those that are unhealthy and develop healthier alternatives. But what is Nietzsche’s conception of health, and why should it carry such normative force? In this paper I argue for reading Nietzsche’s concept of health as the overall ability to meet the demands of one’s motivational landscape. I show that, unlike other interpretations, this reading accounts for his rejection of particular features of a prevailing, then as now, model of health; for his association of health with strength and with psychic unity; and for his claim that health is compatible with, and can even be enhanced by, functional impairments such as those from which he personally suffered. Throughout I draw connections to recent literature on health and disability.
What Immigrants Owe
Authors: Lovett Adam , Sharp Daniel
Published: December 2022

Unlike natural-born citizens, many immigrants have agreed to undertake political obligations. Many have sworn oaths of allegiance. Many, when they entered their adopted country, promised to obey the law. This paper is about these agreements. First, it’s about their validity. Do they actually confer political obligations? Second, it’s about their justifiability. Is it permissible to get immigrants to undertake such political obligations? Our answers are ‘usually yes’ and ‘probably not’ respectively. We first argue that these agreements give immigrants political obligations. We then argue that getting immigrants to undertake such obligations is morally wrong. This is because it makes immigrants’ political obligations more burdensome than those of natural-born citizens. We conclude that the practice of getting immigrants to undertake such obligations should be abolished.
A Forward-Looking Theory of Content
Authors: Buckner Cameron
Published: December 2022

In this essay, I provide a forward-looking naturalized theory of mental content designed to accommodate predictive processing approaches to the mind, which are growing in popularity in philosophy and cognitive science. The view is introduced by relating it to one of the most popular backward-looking teleosemantic theories of mental content, Fred Dretske’s informational teleosemantics. It is argued that such backward-looking views (which locate the grounds of mental content in the agent’s evolutionary or learning history) face a persistent tension between ascribing determinate contents and allowing for the possibility of misrepresentation. A way to address this tension is proposed by grounding content attributions in the agent’s own ability to detect when it has represented the world incorrectly through the assessment of prediction errors—which in turn allows the organism to more successfully represent those contents in the future. This opens up space for misrepresentation, but that space is constrained by the forward-directed epistemic capacities that the agent uses to evaluate and shape its own representational strategies. The payoff of the theory is illustrated by showing how it can be applied to interpretive disagreements over content ascriptions amongst scientists in comparative psychology and ethology. This theory thus provides a framework in which to make content attributions to representations posited by an exciting new family of predictive approaches to cognition, and in so doing addresses persistent tensions with the previous generation of naturalized theories of content.
Trusting on Another's Say-So
Authors: Paterson Grace
Published: December 2022

We frequently trust others—even strangers—based on little more than the good word of a third party. The purpose of this paper is to explain how such trust is possible by way of certain speech acts. I argue that the speech act of vouching is the primary mechanism at work in many of these cases and provide an account of vouching in comparison to the speech act of guaranteeing. On this account, guaranteeing and vouching both commit the speaker to certain actions conditional on undesirable events. However, while guaranteeing may generate reliance in someone or something by providing insurance against bad outcomes, vouching may generate trust in another agent by way of the vouching party manifesting their own trust in the party vouched for and enjoining the addressee to trust likewise.
Extending Similarity-Based Epistemology of Modality with Models
Authors: Wirling Ylwa Sjölin
Published: December 2022

Empiricist modal epistemologies can be attractive, but are often limited in the range of modal knowledge they manage to secure. In this paper, I argue that one such account—similarity-based modal empiricism—can be extended to also cover justification of many scientifically interesting possibility claims. Drawing on recent work on modelling in the philosophy of science, I suggest that scientific modelling is usefully seen as the creation and investigation of relevantly similar epistemic counterparts of real target systems. On the basis of experiential knowledge of what is actually the case with the models, one can draw justified conclusions about what is de re possible for the target systems.
Mental Filing Systems: A User's Guide
Authors: Clarke Henry
Published: December 2022

How seriously should we take the idea that the mind employs mental files? Goodman and Gray (2022) argue that mental filing—a thinker rationally treating her cognitive states as being about the same thing—can be explained without files. Instead, they argue that the standard commitments of mental file theory, as represented by Recanati’s indexical model, are better seen in terms of a relational representational feature of object representations, which in turn is based on the epistemic links a thinker bears to objects. This paper argues that this revision is misguided. Neither the representational property nor any basic role for epistemic links are needed for an adequate explanatory theory that makes use of the image of a mental filing system. A better alternative to the indexical model does posit files, albeit as causal-functional entities. This makes additional representational features redundant, and shows that epistemic links play a secondary role.
Lying, Deceptive Implicatures, and Commitment
Authors: Wiegmann Alex , Willemsen Pascale , Meibauer Jörg
Published: December 2022

Deceptive implicatures are a subtle communicative device for leading someone into a false belief. However, it is widely accepted that deceiving by means of deceptive implicature does not amount to lying. In this paper, we put this claim to the empirical test and present evidence that the traditional definition of lying might be too narrow to capture the folk concept of lying. Four hundred participants were presented with fourteen vignettes containing utterances that communicate conversational implicatures which the speaker believes to be false. We further collected several potential proxy measures of lying, to get a better understanding of when a deceptive implicature is considered a case of lying. The results indicate that most implicatures (ten out of fourteen) were evaluated as lies and that lie ratings were closely tracked by the degree to which speakers were considered to have committed themselves to the truth of the content conveyed by their deceptive implicatures.
Why Do Women Philosophy Students Drop Out of Philosophy? Some Evidence from the Classroom at the Bachelor’s Level
Authors: Herfeld Catherine , Müller Jan , von Allmen Kathrin
Published: December 2022

It is well known that there has been a steady and significant underrepresentation of women in philosophy on different professional levels. Numerous hypotheses explaining this underrepresentation have been suggested, but empirical analyses are not yet extensive. In particular, studies of the phenomenon in different countries are nonexistent. In this paper, we present findings from an exploratory study in which we analyze the interests, abilities, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and goals of bachelor’s students in a semester-long philosophy of science course at a major German university. We furthermore make the first attempt to compare women-only learning environments with mixed-gender learning environments. Our results suggest that while there are generally some gender differences regarding interests, abilities, beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and goals of students in the classroom, most of the hypotheses we explore to explain dropout rates by gender differences cannot be supported. We conclude that possible factors leading to the underrepresentation of women in philosophy in Germany might be found in the social and institutional environment within which philosophy is taught.
What Is Non-Naturalism?
Authors: Leary Stephanie
Published: December 2022

Metaethicists often specify non-naturalism in different ways: some take it to be about identity, while others take it to be about grounding. But few directly address the taxonomical question of what the best way to understand non-naturalism is. That’s the task of this paper. This isn’t a merely terminological question about how to use the term “non-naturalism”, but a substantive philosophical one about what metaphysical ideology we need to capture the pre-theoretical concerns of non-naturalists. I argue that, contrary to popular opinion, non-naturalism is best characterized not in terms of identity or grounding, but in terms of essence. First, I lay out some desiderata for a good characterization of non-naturalism: it should (i) speak to and elucidate the non-naturalist’s core pre-theoretical commitments, (ii) render non-naturalism a substantive, local claim about normativity, and (iii) provide the most general characterization of the view possible (iv) in a way that best fits the spirit of paradigm non-naturalist views. I then argue that identity characterizations fail to satisfy the former two desiderata, while grounding characterizations at best don’t satisfy the latter two. So, I propose a new essence characterization of non-naturalism and argue that it does a better job of satisfying all four desiderata. Moreover, I argue that this essence characterization has important implications for both metaethical and metaphysical theorizing.
Trope Mental Causation: Still Not Qua Mental
Authors: Zhang Wenjun
Published: December 2022

A popular solution to the causal exclusion problem in the non-reductive physicalist camp is the trope identity solution. But this solution is haunted by the “quausation problem” which charges that the trope only confers causal powers qua physical, not qua mental. Although proponents of the trope solution have responded to the problem by denying the existence of properties of tropes, I do not find their reply satisfactory. Rather, I believe they have missed the core presupposition behind the quausation problem. I will argue that the presupposition is the generalist notion of causation. Then, for the trope theorists to solve the quausation problem, they need to abandon the generalist notion and adopt the singularist notion of causation. However, making that move will lead them to a new quausation problem, rendering irreducible mental types causally irrelevant and mental causal explanations reducible. Either adopting a generalist notion or a singularist notion of causation, a quausation problem awaits the trope solution. Given this dilemma, my conclusion is that the trope identity solution cannot solve the exclusion problem in a non-reductive way. Moreover, the dilemma can be generalized, showing that token physicalism is a shaky position.
Yet Another Victim of Kripkenstein’s Monster: Dispositions, Meaning, and Privilege
Authors: Guardo Andrea
Published: December 2022

In metasemantics, semantic dispositionalism is the view that what makes it the case that, given the value of the relevant parameters, a certain linguistic expression refers to what it does are the speakers’ dispositions. In the literature, there is something like a consensus that the fate of dispositionalism hinges on the status of three arguments, first put forward by Saul Kripke—or at least usually ascribed to him. This paper discusses a different, and strangely neglected, anti-dispositionalist argument, which develops some remarks first put forward by Paul Boghossian and Anandi Hattiangadi and revolves around the idea that semantic dispositionalists have no way to justify their privileging certain dispositions, the ones they take to be reference-determining, over all the others. After some background (Section 1) and a first presentation of the argument (Section 2), I discuss three ways a dispositionalist might try to answer it and find them all wanting (Section 3).
The Many, the Few, and the Nature of Value
Authors: Muñoz Daniel
Published: December 2022

John Taurek argues that, in a choice between saving the many or the few, the numbers should not count. Some object that this view clashes with the transitivity of ‘better than’; others insist the clash can be avoided. I defend a middle ground: Taurek cannot have transitivity, but that doesn’t doom his view, given a suitable conception of value. I then formalize and explore two conceptions: one context-sensitive, one multidimensional.
Subjunctive Hypocrisy
Authors: Isserow Jessica
Published: December 2022

It is commonly thought that agents lack the standing to blame in cases where their blame would be hypocritical. Jack for instance, would seem to lack the standing to blame Gerald for being rude to their local barista if he has himself been rude to baristas in the past. Recently, it has been suggested that Jack need not even have displayed any such rudeness in order for his blame to qualify as hypocritical; it would suffice if he too would have been rude to the barista, were he in Gerald’s situation. The latter is an instance of subjunctive hypocritical blame; Jack’s blame is hypocritical not because he has committed the wrong in question, but because he would do so under particular circumstances. Many philosophers endorse a kind of symmetry between ordinary and subjunctive hypocritical blame; they maintain that Jack lacks the standing to blame Gerald if his blame would be hypocritical in either the ordinary or the subjunctive sense. However, I believe that they are mistaken to do so. I argue for an asymmetry between ordinary and subjunctive hypocritical blame: only the former should be taken to compromise an agent’s standing.
Leibniz on Possibilia, Creation, and the Reality of Essences
Authors: Myrdal Peter , Repo Arto , Myrdal Peter , Viljanen Valtteri
Published: December 2022

This paper reconsiders Leibniz’s conception of the nature of possible things and offers a novel interpretation of the actualization of possible substances. This requires analyzing a largely neglected notion, the reality of individual essences. Thus far scholars have tended to construe essences as representational items in God’s intellect. We acknowledge that finite essences have being in the divine intellect but insist that they are also grounded in the infinite essence of God, as limitations of it. Indeed, we show that it is critical to understand that this dependence on God’s essence is prior to the dependence on God through divine ideas. Here it is crucial to distinguish questions concerning the ontological status of essences from questions concerning their reality. This yields a fresh view of Leibniz’s theory of creation, which takes seriously his claim that the same thing is first a mere possibility but after creation an actually existent substance.
Optimizing Online Collaborative Learning
Authors: Yu Chien , Walsh Joseph , Boone Jeanie
Published: December 2022

Research shows that successful collaborative learning only occurs when group members systematically activate and sustain their cognition, motivation, behavior, and emotions toward the attainment of their goals. In order to better help online instructors and instructional designers in developing online collaborative learning activities to their instruction, the purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of collaborative learning in online teaching and learning, to examine current online collaborative learning based on a review of scholarly publications, and the trends on issues and challenges pertinent to online collaborative learning. The study discusses some challenges of online collaborative learning as well as strategies for facilitating effective collaborative learning in distance education.
Collaborative Learning in the Online Environment
Authors: Rakitskaya Elena
Published: December 2022

The chapter is based on the qualitative research conducted in a Canadian post-secondary institution. The researcher applied an exploratory case study methodology and a semi-structured interview approach. The participants were students who studied in fully online classes, instructors who delivered online courses, and instructional designers of the online courses. They answered sets of questions about the relevance of interpersonal relationships among online classmates to learning. The respondents also discussed how those relationships could be initiated, developed, and cultivated in an online course by means of instructional design and the implementation of facilitation strategies and techniques. This chapter examines how instructional designers and instructors can design and foster a collaborative learning environment. The research topic is beneficial to adult education instructors, instructional designers, faculty, higher education administrators, educational technologists, students, and scholars who are interested in researching course design for collaborative online learning.
Riding the Digital Wave of Change in Academia
Authors: Penland Jennifer L. , Filkins Ted
Published: December 2022

Will digital instruction be the wave of teaching and learning in institutions of higher education? Will this new way of delivery continue to evolve into more collaborative and interactive assessments vs. traditional testing? Are we willing to be disrupted and challenged in academia? We (educators) know that education, especially institutions of higher learning, has been the great equalizer for many decades and continues to be an evolving landscape of creativity and visionary concepts, through virtual and augmented realities; thus, the metaverse emerges. Soon it will be as omnipresent as TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook (now Meta). As technology advances to bring us new immersive and imaginary worlds, how we educate children and prepare teachers must also advance to meet these new opportunities. To leverage the potential of the metaverse as a 3D, global, interconnected, immersive, and real-time online space, we need new ways to connect the physical world with augmented and virtual reality (VR) experiences.
The New Literacies, Understanding by Design, and the COVID-era Reality of Elementary Classrooms
Authors: Wulff Renee R.
Published: December 2022

As educators and leaders in the field continue to grapple with discontinuity in learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is time to reimagine what the elementary literacy block could look like for students to better meet their individualized learning needs. By addressing instructional design through the Understanding by Design framework, educators will be able to implement new literacy practices more successfully into the classroom alongside research-based interventions and practices like the workshop model and explicit phonics-based instruction.
Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Implement Learner-Generated Digital Media (LGDM) Projects to Promote STEM-Related Disciplines for Secondary Students
Authors: Reyna Jorge
Published: December 2022

Learner-generated digital media (LGDM) projects have been used extensively in secondary and higher education in the last decade. However, the methodology used to design, implement, and evaluate LGDM projects has been inconsistent. Challenges for teachers include planning the learning task; allocating marks and creating rubrics; providing feedback; and training students in the digital media principles needed to communicate effectively in the digital space. These are design rules around layout, colour theory, typography, images, and basic video principles which should be part of the curriculum. This chapter introduces some theoretical models to help pre-service teachers develop digital media literacies and systematically design, implement, and evaluate LGDM projects in the classroom. It also provides the tools to scaffold student learning via digital media content creation. The author discusses best practices for implementing digital media assignments, with an emphasis on STEM education.
Adapting Learning Materials for the Digital Age
Authors: Goldberg Elizabeth R. , Lannoye-Hall Claire
Published: December 2022

Pivoting to emergency remote learning (ERL) during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the ingenuity and perseverance of teacher educators. As a hallmark of the shift to ERL, teacher educators provided authentic and meaningful science learning experiences for students and teachers despite facing incredible struggles. This chapter focuses on the affordances and challenges of developing, disseminating, and reimagining online classroom materials, resources, and experiential learning. The three sections of this chapter include creative solutions to utilize physical resources through repurposing household items and distributing science kits, adapting physical resources to the digital world, and capitalizing on existing online infrastructure such as live animal cameras and videos. The examples shared in this chapter are intended to provide teacher educators inspiration and pathways to implement engaging and high-quality virtual science learning experiences for in-service and pre-service teachers, with the intention that such practices be leveraged during ERL and beyond.
Reimagining Teacher Education
Authors: Cataldo Kevin , Harrienger Samantha
Published: December 2022

With the outbreak of COVID-19, the world shifted. Educators adapted their lessons to online environments which was tiresome. Teachers were not trained to modify their pedagogies to keep up with the consistent progression of technology and transition from in-person to online instruction. Using Twine's (2016) and Price-Dennis and Sealey-Ruiz's (2021) conceptualization of racial literacy (RL) and Ladson-Billings's (1994, 1995, 2001, 2021) theory of culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP), this chapter invites teachers and teacher educators to explore the questions: What are RL and CRP? What does it mean to be a racially literate and culturally relevant teacher and teacher educator in the virtual age? What do RL and CRP pedagogical practices in virtual and in-person contexts look like? The authors will do so by revisiting RL and CRP. Finally, this chapter urges teachers and teacher educators to examine practices and take steps towards creating racially and culturally relevant spaces in virtual and traditional classrooms.
Does Online Learning Differentiate Learning Styles of Turkish Teacher Candidates?
Authors: Bezen Sevim , Demirkasımoğlu Nihan
Published: December 2022

This study aims to determine the learning styles of Turkish teacher candidates before and during the online learning process and whether this varies according to gender. The research was designed through the descriptive survey model. The study group of the research consists of 500 teacher candidates. The Grasha-Riechmann learning style scale was used as a data collection tool in the study. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and an independent sample t-test. As a result of the research, it was determined that Turkish teacher candidates preferred the dependent learning style at the lowest level both before the online learning process and during the online learning process. It has also been determined that they use moderately independent, collaborative, competitive, participant, and avoidant styles. Lastly, Turkish teacher candidates' learning styles differ according to gender before and during the online learning process.
C-Suite Bias, Firm Characteristics, and Capital Structure Decisions of Quoted Industrial Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Fagbemi Temitope Olamide , Kolawole Maryam Ayobami , Adigbole Ezekiel A. , Abogun Segun
Published: December 2022

Most people exaggerate their own skills and accomplishments, which can have disastrous results. The C-suite has a tremendous impact on business choices, as decisions made in the workplace can be skewed by unconscious prejudice, and this bias can have negative consequences. Therefore, this study explores C-suite bias, firm characteristics, and capital structure decisions of quoted industrial goods firms in Nigeria. Data from 2002 to 2020 was used in an ex-post-facto research design while pooled OLS was used for analyses. The study found that C-suite tenure had a favourable influence on capital structure, suggesting that the duration during which C-suite executives govern their firms' affairs has a beneficial effect on the capital structure decisions. Therefore, the study advances that corporations should enable C-suite members to serve for a longer period of time; because the longer they remain at the helm of the company's affairs, the better their capital structure decisions.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy for synchronous metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Is there enough evidence?
Authors: Katsimperis Stamatios , Tzelves Lazaros , Bellos Themistoklis , Pikramenos Konstantinos , Manolitsis Ioannis , Tsikopoulos Ioannis , Mitsogiannis Iraklis
Published: December 2022

Objective: To assess the role of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for synchronous metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma patients in the Systemic Therapy era and beyond regarding the Overall Survival, the optimal sequence between Systemic Therapy and Cytoreductive Nephrectomy and prognostic factors. Methods: The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Bibliographic search was performed in Medline (PubMed), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library-Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Studies included were those indexed from 2005 in an attempt to limit those conducted in the cytokine era. Risk of bias assessment was performed by two authors (K.S and T.L) using the Cochrane Collaborative Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials, the Cochrane Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for nonrandomized studies. Results: Cytoreductive nephrectomy was associated with improved overall survival in all but one of the observational studies. While in all of these studies the unvariable analysis showed improved overall survival in favor of the cytoreductive nephrectomy group in some studies the subgroup analysis showed no benefit. Regarding the optimal sequence, deferred cytoreductive nephrectomy demonstrated better results in more studies than upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy but a advantage was not clearly certain. In the analysis of possible prognostic factors for overall survival with cytoreductive nephrectomy, most common prognostic factors found were age (in 8 studies), tumor histology (in 7 studies), number of metastasis (in 6 studies), and T stage. Conclusions: Cytoreductive nephrectomy can still play an important role in wisely selected patients, although the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the new immunotherapy era needs to be defined.
Terrain analysis of west-central Baffin Island, N.W.T.
Authors: Sim V W
Published: December 2022

Air-photograph interpretation and field work done in 1961 have been combined to provide a descriptive appraisal of terrain conditions in an area of west-central Baffin Island represented on the 1:500,000 Foxe Basin North map sheet. Geomorphic features and surface
conditions have been mapped and are described in the text, which is illustrated by two large maps (Maps 1 and 2) at a scale of 1:500,000. The area is divided into five physiographic regions, each of which is described in some detail. The final subsection gives an outline of the extent of postglacial
marine submergence and some of the research problems associated with the analysis of subsequent emergence of the land.
The physical basis of the orchard industry of British Columbia
Authors: Krueger R R
Published: December 2022

Since the mid-1800' s commercial orchards have been established in a number of valleys in British Columbia. Of all the districts where fruit trees were planted, only the Okanagan Valley has become a major orchard region, and only in the southern part of the
Okanagan Valley have soft fruits been planted extensively. A number of physical characteristics have made the Okanagan suitable for the growth of the orchard industry. The climate and soils gave early promise that not only apples but also soft fruits including peaches and apricots would thrive.
Broad terraces at some height above the valley floor provided orchard sites with excellent air drainage. The very dry climate made disease easier to control, and the large amount of summer sunshine and heat concentration helped to increase the size and heighten the color of the fruit. The presence
of numerous creeks draining from the surrounding uplands made the irrigation problem easy to solve. A properly regulated water supply led to high orchard yields. The Okanagan Valley also presents a number of physical handicaps for the orchard industry. Since 1900, orchards have suffered serious
low-temperature injury in one out of every seven winters. ln addition, a number of crop losses have occurred because of frost damage suffered by blossoms in the spring. ln recent years orcharding has been declining in all the districts north of Kelowna because the frequent tree and crop losses have
made the industry submarginal. This paper presents an orchard-soil-capability classification for the Okanagan Valley. The acreage of good orchard soils is relatively small. Of the 23 ,000 irrigated acres suitable for orcharding in the Okanagan, only some 5 ,000 are suitable for all tree crops. The
largest continuous area of the best soil for all crops is provided by the Penticton silt loam around the southern end of Okanagan Lake. The Summerland-Penticton-Naramata area also has the best climatic conditions for all the tree crops. Unfortunately, orchards are often planted where climate and
soil are unfavorable. Okanagan orchardists have a number of economic problems- the high cost of land, the high cost of operation (including irrigation), the distance of markets coupled with constantly rising transportation costs, and the rising cost of orchard and marketing operations in the face of
declining prices. Much credit for the moderate success of the Okanagan orchard industry must go to the central marketing agency, B.C. Tree Fruits, which has assisted immeasurably in stabilizing fruit prices and obtaining the maximum returns for growers in both poor and bumper-crop years. If orchards
in the future are planted only in t he best orchard land, and if the economic problems can be solved, the Okanagan is likely to remain an important Canadian orchard region.
Agricultural land use in the Fort Vermilion-La Crête area of Alberta
Authors: Lovering J H
Published: December 2022

The F ort Vermilion-La Crête area, north of the 58th parallel. is part of the northernmost extension of the agricultural fringe of the Canadian Prairies. This paper describes the area's land use and discusses its relationship to relevant physical. economic
and ethnie factors that have combined to produce a cash-crop and livestock economy. Problems and trends are compared with those of the Whitemouth Valley, Manitoba, another part of the fringe area. The comparison indicates that accurate generalizations about agriculture in the fringe area, as a
whole, are not possible and that the two areas are tending toward agricultural specialization.
A preliminary map of continentality for Canada
Authors: MacKay D K , Cook F A
Published: December 2022

Formulae for the computation of continentality indices are discussed, and the formula k = 1.6A/ sin ø-14 (J ohansson, 1931) is chosen as the basis for an index of continentality for Canada. A map has been constructed to show the areal variation of this phenomenon
and to indicate the influence of various factors on it. One of the most important climatic factors affecting continentality is the westerly circulatory system. The values for stations on Canada's west coast, for example, are considerably lower than those for stations on Canada's east coast, and the
east and west coasts of inland waterbodies show similar characteristics.
A method of measuring water discharge in turbulent streams
Authors: Ostrem G
Published: December 2022

The Norwegian, R . Sognen, developed a simple method of measuring water discharge in turbulent rivers that bas special applications in glaciological and geomorphological research. ln 1963 it was used for the first time in Canada when, in the North-central Baffin
Island Survey of the Geographical Branch, the Lewis River was studied at the northeast corner of the Barnes Ice Cap. It consists in a sudden injection of salt brine into the river and downstream measurement of changes that occur in electrical conductivity as the salt wave passes. This paper is a
detailed presentation of the theory and procedures of the method. A list of necessary field equipment is appended.
lce crystals from an ice-cored moraine on Baffin Island, N.W.T.
Authors: Ostrem G
Published: December 2022

This paper, which is based on field work carried out in northcentral Baffin Island by the Geographical Branch in 1962 and 1963, explains the methodology of a technique for the study of ice-cored moraines. Ice crystals from such a moraine were examined in detail
to ascertain whether they came from buried glacier ice or from ice formed in another way. Thin sections were photographed both in white transmitted light and in polarized light. Sorne were photographed in color. Crystal size was measured on full-scale prints, and crystal orientation in a Rigsby-type
universal stage. The striking difference in crystal size between the buried ice and the glacier ice at the margin of the ice cap suggests that the former is not an old deposit of the latter. The paper also explains digging and sampling methods and laboratory analysis.
A Clinical Audit of Diuretic Use in a Cohort of Patients with Decompensated Chronic Liver Disease in South India
Authors: Sanglodkar Uday , Jain Mayank , Venkataraman Jayanthi
Published: December 2022

Background and Aim:

Diuretic doses for the optimal management of ascites may be influenced by the patient profile and conditions. We undertook this study to map the usage of common diuretics, alone or in combination, for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis and to determine the prevalence of adverse effects with the administered regimens and factors that predict the need for paracentesis while on diuretics.

Methods:

This prospective study was done in an outpatient clinic among patients with known liver cirrhosis, irrespective of etiology, belonging to Child-Pugh Class B or C, with mild to moderate ascites and no dyselectrolemia on diuretics. The primary outcome of the study was the need for paracentesis. The type and dose of diuretic at this instance were noted.

Results:

A total of 200 patients (168 male), predominantly from southern Indian states, formed the study group. The median model for endstage liver disease score was 18 and 70% of cases required paracentesis within 3 months. The single diuretic agent was used in 18% of cases while combination of two diuretics was used in 82%. Spironolactone was the most common single agent used (26, 72.2%). The combination of furosemide and spironolactone was the most common diuretic combination used (89.6%, 147 cases). One hundred and thirty patients (65%) reported the adverse effects to diuretics. Renal dysfunction and electrolyte disturbances were the most common adverse effects. Adverse effects to diuretic use and frequency of large volume paracentesis were significantly more common in patients taking furosemide 40 mg and spironolactone 100 mg per day.

Conclusions:

Indian patients with decompensated chronic liver disease do not appear to tolerate the high doses of diuretics and 65% of them develop diuretic-related adverse effects. There is a need to formulate the guidelines for the optimal management of ascites in decompensated chronic liver disease in the Indian setting.
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis A, and Pneumococcal Immunization Status in Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Jain Mayank , Sanglodkar Uday , Venkataraman Jayanthi
Published: December 2022

Background and Aims:

Immunization against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and pneumococcus has been recommended in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. This questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine the rates of vaccination against these organisms in a cohort of patients with liver disease in India.

Methods:

We included all patients who were willing for the study and had been seen by a gastroenterologist/hepatologist at least once. Patients offering incomplete information were excluded from the study. Serological tests for confirmation of immunological response were not done. Details of counseling and vaccination status for hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and pneumococcal infection were noted.

Results:

A total of 305 patients (272 males, 89%) formed the study cohort. The median age was 60 years (range 27–76 years) and the median duration of liver disease was 12 months (1–120 months). The median model of end stage liver disease (MELD) was 14 (range 7–35). Only 37 (12.1%) patients reported that they had been counseled for vaccination against these infections. The rates of vaccination were very low (<10%).

Conclusion:

Very dismal vaccination rates were noted in Indian patients with liver cirrhosis.
Can Virechana nasya and Vairechanika dhoomapana manage chronic sinusitis? An experience
Authors: Kesavan Neethu , Thrijil Krishnan E. M , Vaghela D. B.
Published: December 2022

Chronic sinusitis is a highly prevalent disease with a large social and economic burden. The pathophysiology of sinusitis is multifactorial. Environmental pollutants play a role in the inflammatory component of the disease process. When sinusitis persists for more than 12 weeks that can be considered chronic sinusitis. The main symptoms include nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, heaviness of the head, and dull headache. The symptoms of chronic sinusitis have proximity to that of Dushta pratishyaya in Ayurveda. A 32-year-old male patient has approached the outpatient department of Shalakya tantra with chief complaints of severe headache associated with heaviness of the head, postnasal dripping, nasal obstruction more toward evening, and mild hyposmia in the past 2 weeks. The symptoms were recurring for the past 3 years. He was managed with internal medicines, Shirovirechana nasya (~medication through the nose for cleansing), and Dhoomapana (~therapeutic smoking). After the treatment of 1 month, he got significant relief. Follow-up was done after 3 months and there was no recurrence of the symptoms inferring that Ayurveda treatment modalities are useful in the management of chronic sinusitis.
Management of Parkinson's disease through Ayurvedic approach
Authors: Dharmani Geetika , Bhardwaj Deepika
Published: December 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disease with insidious onset and slow progression. It is a neurologic condition that causes motor manifestations, namely, bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, flexed posture, and nonmotor symptoms such as depression and dementia. PD can be correlated with Kampavata in Ayurveda based on similar symptomatology. The modern treatment provides some symptomatic relief but no proven means of slowing progression have yet been found. This present case is of a 72-year-old male patient who presented with complaints of tremors in both hands, and difficulty in speech and movement for 11 months which was increasing progressively and was hindering his routine activities. He was administered Kapikachhu and Ashwagandha for 60 days with follow-up after every 20 days. In every follow-up, the patient reported significant relief in his symptoms and after two months, he was able to perform his routine activities without any help. Kapikachhu and Ashwagandha are two easily available, noncontroversial Ayurvedic herbs, which can be used in the management of PD.