bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Graves’ Orbitopathy
Authors: Mourits Maarten P. , Gooris Peter J. J. , Bergsma J. Eelco
Published: December 2023

Surgical treatment for patients with Graves’ orbitopathy consists of orbital decompression, strabismus surgery and eyelid surgery. In this chapter, we will limit ourselves to orbital decompression (refer for strabismus surgery: Chap. 6 and for eyelid surgery: Chap. 22).

There are many different orbital decompression techniques, that all have the potency to improve visual functions and restore-in combination with strabismus and eyelid surgery-the premorbid appearance. In addition, they are relatively safe. This does not alter the fact that an orbital decompression, in the center of the face, is major surgery, that requires extensive training and experience of the surgeon. The concerns of the patient cannot be overestimated.
Orbital Cellulitis
Authors: Mourits Maarten P.
Published: December 2023

Orbital cellulitis is an inflammation of the preseptal (eyelid) or retroseptal orbit. Whereas the preseptal form is rather harmless, retroseptal cellulitis is both vision- and life-threatening. Orbital cellulitis is mostly seen as an infection that extends from the paranasal sinuses or may have spread from dermal infections. Orbital cellulitis can be diffuse or present as a subperiosteal empyema or, more rarely, as an orbital abscess. Extension of the inflammatory process can lead to intracranial involvement, such as cavernous sinus thrombosis. Antibiotic treatment will cure the disease in most cases, although sometimes, surgical drainage is required.
What’s in a Norm? What Normative Frameworks in Myanmar Reveal About Inclusivity
Authors: Palmiano Federer Julia
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces the peace and conflict landscape in Myanmar and existing normative frameworks around inclusion and exclusion in Myanmar politics. I argue that political flashpoints in Myanmar’s contemporary history have forged robust narratives around political inclusion and exclusion for the country’s main conflict parties—the ethnic armed organizations (EAG) and the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces). In particular, discourses around building national unity through ethnonationalism for the EAGs and building national unity through militarized statebuilding for the Tatmadaw reveal a common discourse around unity. “Unity” can thus be seen as a key normative framework in the Myanmar context. However, while unity can be seen as a moral and political touchstone between the negotiating parties, the clashing interpretations of the concept of unity and what constitutes national unity in Myanmar forms the heart of the decades-long conflict and risks reifying existing divisions between the main stakeholders.
Post-formation Behavior of Hattian Landslide Dam and Post-breaching Situation
Authors: Sattar Ahsan , Konagai Kazuo
Published: December 2023

The Hattain Bala landslide dam, formed by the 8th October 2005 earthquake, provided a rare opportunity to observe and quantify the changes in the body of the debris deposit after its formation. The authors described post-formation behaviors of the debris mass, breaching-inflicted changes of the debris mass, and upstream and downstream reaches in their referred publications. This paper summarizes the findings from the observations of the two referred papers and the comments on the situation of the landmass after almost a decade of post-breaching of landslide mass.
Assessing Landslide Hazard in the High City of Antananarivo, Madagascar (UNESCO Tentative Site)
Authors: Frodella William , Spizzichino Daniele , Lazzeri Giacomo , Margottini Claudio , Tofani Veronica , Casagli Nicola
Published: December 2023

Built on the hilltop of a granite ridge rising above the Ikopa River valley (the Analamanga Hill), the High City of Antananarivo (Madagascar) is renowned for its baroque-style palaces the Rova royal complex and gothic cathedrals dating back to the nineteenth Century, and therefore is part of the UNESCO Tentative List. Due to the frequent cyclonic heavy cyclonic rain, geological and geomorphological conditions, and a general lack of urban planning the study area is particularly prone to landslides (as shown by events of the winter of 2015, 2018 and 2019). As a first step towards understanding quantitative landslide risk, the geological, geomorphological, geotechnical features, as well as landslide phenomena were defined in an integrated landslide hazard assessment. Results show that the main factors affecting landslides are slope, lithology, creek-gully erosion and anthropogenic activities, while most of the landslide events are clearly triggered by heavy rainfall events. Thematic maps produced by this study are fundamental land-use management tools to be applied as a first step towards a geo-hydrological risk reduction strategy by the institutions and actors involved in the protection and conservation of the High City.
Rock Slope Instabilities Affecting the AlUla Archaeological Sites (KSA)
Authors: Gallego José Ignacio , Margottini Claudio , Perissé Valero Ingrid , Spizzichino Daniele , Beni Tommaso , Boldini Daniela , Bonometti Francesca , Casagli Nicola , Castellanza Riccardo , Crosta Giovanni Battista , Frattini Paolo , Frodella William , Gigli Giovanni , Lusini Edoardo , Rigamonti Serena , Rusconi Giulia , Vitrano Lorenzo
Published: December 2023

The paper focuses on the geomorphological processes and potential geo-hazards affecting the cultural heritage rock-cut sites of AlUla region. Its best-known site is Hegra, with more than 110 monumental tombs with elaborated façades carved directly into the sandstone rock. In addition, AlUla hosts a number of fascinating historical and archaeological sites such as its Old Town, surrounded by an ancient oasis, and Dadan, the capital of the Dadan and Lihyan kingdoms. The study is mainly aimed at investigating the local rock material, evaluating characteristics of rock masses, understanding rock degradation processes and characterizing the potential impact of slope instabilities on the conservation of cultural heritage.
Refugees’ Perception of Landslide Disasters: Insights from the Rohingya Camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
Authors: Kamal A. S. M. Maksud , Samm-A Anika , Ahmed Bayes , Sammonds Peter
Published: December 2023

The Kutupalong-Balukhali expansion Rohingya camp provides shelter to nearly one million refugees in a landslide-prone area. The Rohingyas seeking refuge in the camps deal with annual landslide events. This study looks into the existing risk perception of landslides in this shelter-seeking refugee community. Using a structured questionnaire, we conducted a face-to-face survey of 400 Rohingya people from six selected camps in March 2022. We collected information about refugees’ perceptions towards landslide disasters, exposure to hazardous events, mitigation measures, preparedness knowledge, and risk communication. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to find out the existing condition of the camps. A regression analysis (Proportional Odds Model) was applied to determine the perception of people at risk. We found that exposure to previous landslides, mitigation measure quality, and emergency managers’ roles were crucial in defining people’s risk perception compared to the demographic characteristics of the Rohingya population. A combination of integrated mitigation, preparedness, and inclusion of laypeople in the overall management process would reduce landslide disaster risk inside the camps.
Landslide Susceptibility Zonation Using GIS-Based Frequency Ratio Approach in the Kulon Progo Mountains Area, Indonesia
Authors: Erzagian Egy , Wilopo Wahyu , Fathani Teuku Faisal
Published: December 2023

Landslides cause many casualties, environmental damage, property losses, and psychological impacts. Landslides frequently occur in the Kulon Progo Mountains area of Indonesia and are especially triggered by high-intensity rainfall between November and March. Research on landslide susceptibility in the Kulon Progo Mountains area can be a relevant tool to prevent or reduce the risk of landslide potential. Therefore, this research aims to develop a landslide susceptibility map using the frequency ratio (FR) method. Controlling factors, namely, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, lineament density, distance from streams, distance from roads, land use, and rainfall, were combined with landslide data to develop a landslide susceptibility map by GIS software. Seven hundred and forty-four landslide data points were acquired from field surveys, Google Earth image interpretation, and the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of the Kulon Progo, Purworejo, and Magelang regencies. Landslide data were randomly selected for map modeling (80%) and validation (20%). The FR analysis shows that the research area can be classified into four landslide susceptibility zones based on the LSI value: low (LSI 4.05–7.85), moderate (LSI 7.86–9.85), high (LSI 9.86–12.81), and very high (LSI 12.82–19.46). The landslide susceptibility map was validated using the area under the curve (AUC) method, resulting in a success rate of 80.1% and a predictive rate of 81.3%.
Consequence: Frequency Matrix as a Tool to Assess Landslides Risk
Authors: Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: December 2023

Since F-N curves have been proposed, the use of consequences-frequency matrices (CFM) has been extensively used in several domains and in risk and hazard analysis. It represents a common framework for many applications, including project management and decision-making. CFM are diagrams which possess consequence and frequency classes on the axes. They permit to classify risks and hazards based on expert knowledge with limited quantitative data. In this paper, we propose to present the main characteristics of such tools. The semi-quantitative approaches are privileged, numbers must be attached to the limit of classes, in order to avoid erroneous uses. Comparison with F-N curve is addressed. It appears that giving probabilities to all classes is a way to introduce uncertainties and to get exceedance curves. The use of triangular probability distribution functions to describe the belonging to classes is a possibility coupled with a Bayesian approach. A short example is provided.
Do not Let Your Guard Down: Landslide Exposure and Local Awareness in Mexico
Authors: Garnica-Peña Ricardo J. , Alcántara-Ayala Irasema
Published: December 2023

The International Consortium on Landslides, through the Sendai Partnerships 2015–2025 and the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk, aims to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This involves various actions in which enhancing capacity building, knowledge transfer, and raising awareness are sought. One of the problems related to people’s awareness of landslide disaster risk is their biased perception when landslides do not often occur in areas highly susceptible to such hazards. This study analyzes the expansion of the urban area of a community located in an area highly exposed to landslides. This was performed by producing high-resolution images and field observations using drones from 2007 to 2023. The spatiotemporal analysis indicates that in the last decade, landslides have not occurred. Therefore, recommendations are made to enhance landslide disaster risk awareness in a sustained manner.
Proximity and Inequality in Academia
Authors: Ralfs Annika
Published: December 2023

When mattering is defined as being able to disseminate ideas on a global scale, not all universities and researchers matter equally. Along with many other factors, geographical location can be a source of inequality in the science system, which is characterized by a persistent core–semi-periphery–periphery structure. Collaboration between high-, middle-, and low-income countries, frequently enabled by the mobility of individual scientists, is a strategy that researchers pursue in building their scientific capital. The circumstances of and barriers to scientific collaboration between researchers in high-, middle-, and low-income countries can be described drawing on the theoretical concept of proximity in its spatial and non-spatial dimensions. However, as will be argued with this critical narrative review, the concept of proximity can explain how rather than why researchers collaborate in a science system that shows a pronounced concentration of opportunities to build scientific capital in its core regions. Because the proximity literature scarcely touches on aspects of inequality and tends to be limited in its scope to the experiences of higher-income countries, this chapter aims to explore how the concept can be expanded by incorporating findings from research on inequality in global academia. This will provide a more comprehensive approach to understanding international research collaboration.
Derivative corrections to extremal black holes with moduli
Authors: Etheredge Muldrow , Heidenreich Ben
Published: December 2023

Abstract

We derive formulas for the leading mass, entropy, and long-range self-force corrections to extremal black holes due to higher-derivative operators. These formulas hold for black holes with arbitrary couplings to gauge fields and moduli, provided that the leading-order solutions are static, spherically-symmetric, extremal, and have nonzero horizon area. To use these formulas, both the leading-order black hole solution and the higher-derivative effective action must be known, but there is no need to solve the derivative-corrected equations of motion. We demonstrate that the mass, entropy and self-force corrections involve linearly-independent combinations of the higher-derivative couplings at any given point in the moduli space, and comment on their relations to various swampland conjectures.
Regulation potential of transcribed simple repeated sequences in developing neurons
Authors: Chung Tek Hong , Zhuravskaya Anna , Makeyev Eugene V.
Published: December 2023

Simple repeated sequences (SRSs), defined as tandem iterations of microsatellite- to satellite-sized DNA units, occupy a substantial part of the human genome. Some of these elements are known to be transcribed in the context of repeat expansion disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that the transcription of SRSs may also contribute to normal cellular functions. Here, we used genome-wide bioinformatics approaches to systematically examine SRS transcriptional activity in cells undergoing neuronal differentiation. We identified thousands of long noncoding RNAs containing >200-nucleotide-long SRSs (SRS-lncRNAs), with hundreds of these transcripts significantly upregulated in the neural lineage. We show that SRS-lncRNAs often originate from telomere-proximal regions and that they have a strong potential to form multivalent contacts with a wide range of RNA-binding proteins. Our analyses also uncovered a cluster of neurally upregulated SRS-lncRNAs encoded in a centromere-proximal part of chromosome 9, which underwent an evolutionarily recent segmental duplication. Using a newly established in vitro system for rapid neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells, we demonstrate that at least some of the bioinformatically predicted SRS-lncRNAs, including those encoded in the segmentally duplicated part of chromosome 9, indeed increase their expression in developing neurons to readily detectable levels. These and other lines of evidence suggest that many SRSs may be expressed in a cell type and developmental stage-specific manner, providing a valuable resource for further studies focused on the functional consequences of SRS-lncRNAs in the normal development of the human brain, as well as in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Videolaryngoskopie – Pro und Kontra
Authors: Götz Eva , Theiler Lorenz , Knapp Jürgen
Published: December 2023

Die Videolaryngoskopie hat sich in den letzten Jahren von der Back-up-Technik bei schwieriger direkter Laryngoskopie zum Standardverfahren für die endotracheale Intubation entwickelt. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt eine kurze Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft zu diesem Thema. Mögliche „Nachteile“ der Videolaryngoskopie, die in Diskussionen immer wieder vorgebracht werden, sollen kritisch betrachtet werden.
Electroactivity of the magnetotactic bacteria Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1
Authors: Fessler Mathias , Su Qingxian , Jensen Marlene Mark , Zhang Yifeng
Published: December 2023

Magnetotactic bacteria reside in sediments and stratified water columns. They are named after their ability to synthesize internal magnetic particles that allow them to align and swim along the Earth’s magnetic field lines. Here, we show that two magnetotactic species, Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1, are electroactive. Both M. magneticum and M. gryphiswaldense were able to generate current in microbial fuel cells with maximum power densities of 27 and 11 µW/m2, respectively. In the presence of the electron shuttle resazurin both species were able to reduce the crystalline iron oxide hematite (Fe2O3). In addition, M. magneticum could reduce poorly crystalline iron oxide (FeOOH). Our study adds M. magneticum and M. gryphiswaldense to the growing list of known electroactive bacteria, and implies that electroactivity might be common for bacteria within the Magnetospirillum genus.
Die Ausgeschlossenen? „Leistungsgerechtigkeit“ im inklusiven Sportunterricht
Authors: Giese Martin , Hoffmann Thomas
Published: December 2023

Der Beitrag möchte aus der Perspektive der „Ausgeschlossenen“ zeigen, inwiefern camouflierte Leistungs- und Fähigkeitsimperative in bildungstheoretische und fachdidaktische Grundannahmen innerhalb der Sportpädagogik eingewoben sind. Wir folgen dabei der These, dass die theoretische Modellierung dieser Grundannahmen im aktuellen sportpädagogischen Diskurs, für Menschen mit Behinderung exkludierend wirken bzw. Ungerechtigkeiten hervorbringen und die Anerkennung von Leistungsdiversität verhindern. Wir argumentieren, dass die bildungstheoretischen und fachdidaktischen Grundannahmen auf der Ebene der sportpädagogischen Theoriebildung einer Reformulierung bedürfen, um „Leistungsgerechtigkeit“ im inklusiven Sportunterricht zu fördern. Im ersten Teil des Beitrags wird dazu der Versuch einer theoretischen Annäherung an den Begriff „Leistungsgerechtigkeit“ unternommen und im zweiten Teil die Perspektive der Disability Studies und ihrer Kritik des (Dis‑)Ableism eingenommen, um eine theoretische Folie für die behinderten- und inklusionspädagogischen Analysen sportpädagogischer Modellierungen zu skizzieren. Diese Analysen identifizieren exkludierende Elemente in prominenten fachdidaktischen Konzeptionen und verdeutlichen, wie diese Modellierungen eine gerechte Leistungsbeurteilung konterkarieren. Abschließend geht es darum, Vorschläge zur Diskussion zu stellen, nach welchen Kriterien eine diversitätssensible Reformulierung sportpädagogischer Grundannahmen erfolgen kann, welche die Anerkennung von Leistungsdiversität im Rahmen eines inklusiven Sportunterrichts befördert.
Effectiveness of Additive Manufactured Titanium Implants in the Reconstruction of Large Cranial Defects: Case Series and Review of Literature
Authors: Chakranarayan Ashish , Kumari Pushpa , Nagori Shakil Ahmad , Sudhan Manoharan Dwark , Menon P. Suresh , Kapri Anita
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Replacement of lost soft and hard tissues of the human body has always been a daunting task across all surgical specialties. Reconstruction of a cranial deformity is challenging due to the functional and cosmetic requirements. A major constraint with large cranial bony deformity reconstruction is the nonavailability of graft of a specific shape and size.

Materials and Method

A total of four cases of large cranial defects which included three cases of unilateral and one case of midline residual deformity were reconstructed at our center using customized titanium implants. These implants were fabricated using additive manufacturing/3D printing technology utilizing computerized tomographic data.

Conclusion

The additively manufactured titanium implants appear to be a viable option in the reconstruction of large cranial defects.
An Integrated Computational Framework for the Neurobiology of Memory Based on the ACT-R Declarative Memory System
Authors: Stocco Andrea , Rice Patrick , Thomson Robert , Smith Briana , Morrison Don , Lebiere Christian
Published: December 2023

Memory is a complex process that spans multiple time-scales and stages, and, as expected, involves multiple brain regions. Traditionally, computational models of memory are either too abstract (Shiffrin & Steyvers, 1997) to be meaningfully connected to a biological substrate, or, when explicitly connected, are narrowly focused on one specific region and process (Blum & Abbott, 1996; Weber et al., 2017). By contrast, a comprehensive model of memory with a plausible neural interpretation would be extremely valuable to drive further research in memory function and dysfunction. In this paper, we attempt to fill in this gap by providing a detailed biological analysis of ACT-R’s declarative memory system. This system, developed over four decades, has evolved into a consistent framework that describes how memories are formed, retrieved, forgotten, mistaken, and merged. Building on existing mappings between some components and their biological counterpart, as well as the existing literature, this paper provides a comprehensive view of how the framework’s various computations map onto different brain regions, their network dynamics and functional connectivity, and biological structure. We also show that these mappings provide further insights and explanations for puzzling findings in the memory disorders literature. Finally, we outline the remaining gaps (such as the transition from episodic to semantic memory) and how they could be addressed by future research and modeling efforts.
Quantifying Mineral Dust Emissions on the Tibetan Plateau With a Modified Dust Source Map
Authors: Zhang Zhida , Liang Jiening , Ji Hongyu , Li Mengqi , Ding Jie , Tang Chenguang , Zhang Min , Yu Zeren , Cao Xianjie , Tian Pengfei , Ren Yan , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2023

The region surrounding the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is widely considered a primary global dust source, with mineral dust comprising a significant proportion of aerosols over the TP. Current research on TP dust has mainly focused on transport from the surrounding deserts, with little focus on dust emissions from the TP's interior. The erodibility factor used by the WRF‐Chem (ERODDEF) is 0 for the TP, so the model cannot simulate the dust emissions inside the plateau. Thus, we constructed a high‐resolution erodibility data set (ERODSDS) based on a reliable dust source distribution and intensity map. Based on the modified EROD map, the WRF‐Chem model was used to simulate dust emissions and direct radiative forcing on the TP in 2018. With the modified EROD map, WRF‐Chem can well simulate the temporal variation and spatial pattern of mineral dust on the plateau, which greatly improves the model's dust emissions simulation accuracy on the TP.
On the Energy Coupling From Magnetosonic Waves to High‐Frequency Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves: Statistical Analysis
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Ma Qianli
Published: December 2023

In the inner magnetosphere, fast magnetosonic waves (MS waves) are known to resonantly interact with ring current protons, causing these protons to gain energy preferentially in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. An anisotropic distribution of enhanced ring current protons is a necessary condition to excite electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves which are known to facilitate a rapid depletion of ultra‐relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. So, when a simultaneous observation of high‐frequency EMIC (HFEMIC) waves, anisotropic low‐energy protons, and MS waves was first reported, a chain of energy flow from MS waves to HFEMIC waves through proton heating was naturally proposed. In this study, we carry out a statistical analysis using Van Allen Probes data to provide deeper insights into this energy pathway. Our results show that the occurrence of HFEMIC waves exhibits good correlation with the enhanced flux and anisotropy of low‐energy protons, but the correlation between the low‐energy protons and the concurrent MS waves is rather poor. The latter result is given support by quasilinear diffusion analysis, indicating negligible momentum diffusion rates at sub‐keV energies, unless MS wave frequency gets very close to the proton cyclotron frequency (which constitutes only a small number of the cases). The fact that the first chain of the coupling is statistically inconclusive calls for an alternative explanation for the major source of the low‐energy anisotropic proton population in the inner magnetosphere.
What Are the Main Causes of Positive Subtropical Low Cloud Feedbacks in Climate Models?
Authors: Webb Mark J. , Lock Adrian P. , Ogura Tomoo
Published: December 2023

We investigate positive subtropical low cloud feedback mechanisms in climate models which have performed the CMIP6/CFMIP‐3 AMIP and AMIP uniform +4K experiments while saving CFMIP‐3 process diagnostics on model levels. Our analysis focuses on the trade cumulus/stratocumulus transition region between California and Hawaii, where positive low cloud feedbacks are present in the JJA season. We introduce a methodology to test various positive cloud feedback mechanisms proposed in the literature as the main causes of the low cloud responses in the models. Causal hypotheses are tested by comparing their predictions with the models' responses of clouds, cloud controlling factors, boundary layer depth and temperature/humidity tendencies to climate warming. Changes in boundary layer depth, relative humidity in the cloud layer, convective moistening rate and large‐scale humidity advection at the top of the boundary layer are shown to be crucial for identifying the main causes of the low cloud reductions in the models. For the cases examined, our approach narrows down the seven mechanisms considered to between one and three remaining candidates for each model. No single mechanism considered can explain the feedback in all of the models at the locations examined, but the surface latent heat flux/convective entrainment mechanism remains a candidate for BCC‐CSM2‐MR, IPSL‐CM6A‐LR, and MRI‐ESM2.0, while the surface upwelling longwave mechanism remains for CESM2, HadGEM3‐GC3.1‐LL, and MIROC6.
A New Hybrid Mass‐Flux/High‐Order Turbulence Closure for Ocean Vertical Mixing
Authors: Garanaik Amrapalli , Pereira Filipe S. , Smith Katherine , Robey Rachel , Li Qing , Pearson Brodie , Van Roekel Luke
Published: December 2023

While various parameterizations of vertical turbulent fluxes at different levels of complexity have been proposed, each has its own limitations. For example, simple first‐order closure schemes such as the K‐Profile Parameterization (KPP) lack energetic constraints; two‐equation models like directly solve an equation for the turbulent kinetic energy but do not account for non‐diffusive fluxes, and high‐order closures that include the high‐order transport terms are computationally expensive. To address these, we extend the Assumed‐Distribution Higher‐Order Closure (ADC) framework originally proposed for the atmospheric boundary layer and apply it to the ocean surface boundary layer. By assuming a probability distribution function relationship between the vertical velocity and tracers, all second‐order and higher‐order moments are exactly constructed and turbulence closure is achieved in the ADC scheme. In addition, this ADC parameterization has full energetic constraints and includes non‐diffusive fluxes without the computational cost of a full higher‐order closure scheme. We have tested the ADC scheme against a combination of large eddy simulation (LES), KPP, and for surface buoyancy‐driven convective mixing and found that the ADC scheme is robust with different vertical resolutions and compares well to the LES results.
Tectono‐Stratigraphic Insights on the Dynamics of a Complex Subduction Zone, Northern Peruvian Forearc
Authors: Lajo‐Yáñez J. A. , Flint S. S. , Huuse M. , Brunt R. L.
Published: December 2023

Two main types of subduction are recognized around the world: accretionary and erosive. The northern Peruvian margin is a well‐known example of a margin subjected to subduction erosion, but to date the along‐margin variability and temporal changes in subduction process and forearc basin evolution have not been characterized in detail. Interpretation of regional seismic lines and integration of oil‐industry wells and seafloor data captures the erosive nature of subduction underneath the forearc with only a minor accretionary component to the north. Episodes of uplift driven by plate coupling were followed by normal faulting/extensional collapse due to plate decoupling. This mechanism explains the dominance of normal faulting across the forearc until the Oligocene with a slight reactivation within the Miocene. The subduction history is complex and includes a reduction in plate convergence rate related to forearc crustal shortening, represented by large‐scale structures including the Peru fault (reactivated) and the Illescas fault‐propagation anticlines of the Northwest Peru transpressional system. This crustal deformation started in the Miocene. Integration with magnetic anomaly data indicates that activity of the present‐day transpressional system driven by tectonic escape of the Nazca Sliver toward the northeast, may explain the seismicity gap in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. An evolutionary model of the northern Peruvian margin shows how subduction zone geodynamics left its erosive fingerprint in the forearc basin configuration.
Impact of anthropogenic accumulation on phytoplankton community and harmful algal bloom in temporarily open/closed estuary
Authors: Kumar Ponnusamy Sathish , Gopal Dharani , Jha Dilip Kumar , Ratnam Krupa , Jayapal Santhanakumar , Pandey Vikas , Srinivas Venkatnarayanan , Rathinam Arthur James
Published: December 2023

Spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton community dynamics in a temporarily open/closed Swarnamukhi river estuary (SRE), located on the South East coast of India was investigated and correlated to that of the adjacent coastal waters. Understanding the seasonal variability of the phytoplankton community and influencing factors are essential to predicting their impact on fisheries as the river and coastal region serve as the main source of income for the local fishing communities. Downstream before the river meets the sea, an arm of the Buckingham Canal (BC), carrying anthropogenic inputs empties into the Swarnamukhi River (SR1). The impact of anthropogenic effects on the phytoplankton community at BC was compared to other estuarine stations SR2 (upstream), SR1 (downstream), SRM (river mouth) and coastal station (CS). In BC station, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Chaetoceros decipiens (2940 × 103 cells L−1) and Oscillatoria sp. (1619 × 103 cells L−1) were found during the southwest monsoon and winter monsoon, respectively. These HABs can be linked to the anthropogenic input of increased nutrients and trace metals. The HABs of Oscillatoria sp. were shown to be induced by elevated concentrations of nitrate (10.18 µM) and Ni (3.0 ppm) compared to ambient, while the HABs of C. decipiens were caused by elevated concentrations of silicate (50.35 µM), nitrite (2.1 µM), and phosphate (4.37 µM). Elevated nutrients and metal concentration from the aquaculture farms, and other anthropogenic inputs could be one of the prime reasons for the recorded bloom events at BC station. During this period, observed bloom species density was found low at other estuarine stations and absent at CS. The formation of bloom events during the closure of the river mouth could be a major threat to the coastal ecosystem when it opens. During the Osillatoria sp. bloom, both the Cu and Ni levels were higher at BC. The elevated concentration of nutrients and metals could potentially affect the coastal ecosystem and in turn fisheries sector in the tropical coastal ecosystem.
The urban heat island under extreme heat conditions: a case study of Hannover, Germany
Authors: Kabisch Nadja , Remahne Finja , Ilsemann Clara , Fricke Lukas
Published: December 2023

Global warming has resulted in higher frequencies of climate extremes, such as drought periods or heat waves. Heat waves are intensified in urban areas due to the urban heat island effect. Studies are inconclusive as to whether the urban heat island effect is intensified during heat waves. Using the city of Hannover, Germany, as a case study, we analysed the intensity of the urban heat island under unprecedented summer heat conditions in the years 2018, 2019 and 2020, which were among the hottest in Germany since weather records began. We compared the intensity of the urban heat island across these years with the non-heat year of 2017. Differences were analysed for various inner-city urban locations and an urban park, while accounting for their distinct land use and land cover characteristics. We identified the urban heat island effect across all years investigated in the study and also found a significant intensified urban heat island effect during the years of unprecedented heat, when night-time temperature minima are considered. The urban heat island was identified on a lower level, however, with maximum daily temperatures when compared to the non-heat year. The lowest intensity of the urban heat island was found for the urban park site, highlighting the need for more city-wide greening strategies, including tree-covered and open green spaces, to provide all residents with the cooling services of green spaces.
Changes of the bacterial composition in duodenal fluid from patients with liver cirrhosis and molecular bacterascites
Authors: Höppner Jim , Krohn Sandra , van den Munckhof Ellen H. A. , Kallies René , Herber Adam , Zeller Katharina , Tünnemann Jan , Matz-Soja Madlen , Chatzinotas Antonis , Böhm Stephan , Hoffmeister Albrecht , Berg Thomas , Engelmann Cornelius
Published: December 2023

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and compositional changes of intestinal microbiota are pathomechanistic factors in liver cirrhosis leading to bacterial translocation and infectious complications. We analyzed the quantity and composition of duodenal bacterial DNA (bactDNA) in relation to bactDNA in blood and ascites of patients with liver cirrhosis. Duodenal fluid and corresponding blood and ascites samples from 103 patients with liver cirrhosis were collected. Non-liver disease patients (n = 22) served as controls. BactDNA was quantified by 16S-rRNA gene-based PCR. T-RFLP and 16S-rRNA amplicon sequencing were used to analyze bacterial composition. Duodenal bacterial diversity in cirrhosis was distinct to controls showing significantly higher abundances of Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Veillonella. Patients with bactDNA positive ascites revealed reduced spectrum of core microbiota with Streptococcus as key player of duodenal community and higher prevalence of Granulicatella proving presence of cirrhosis related intestinal dysbiosis. Regarding duodenal fluid bactDNA quantification, no significant differences were found between patients with cirrhosis and controls. Additionally, percentage of subjects with detectable bactDNA in blood did not differ between patients and controls. This study evaluated the diversity of bacterial DNA in different body specimens with potential implications on understanding how intestinal bacterial translocation may affect infectious complications in cirrhosis.
Insight into the dynamics of heat and mass transfer in nanofluid flow with linear/nonlinear mixed convection, thermal radiation, and activation energy effects over the rotating disk
Authors: Kanwal Shumaila , Shah Syed Asif Ali , Bariq Abdul , Ali Bagh , Ragab Adham E. , Az-Zo’bi Emad A.
Published: December 2023

In this paper, we study linear and nonlinear mixed convection, activation energy, and heat radiation effects caused by nanoparticles. This study aims to improve the understanding of how nanofluids behave in the presence of rotating disks and develop more efficient and effective cooling technologies. The flow problem consisted of partial differential equations (PDE). It is challenging to calculate these equations as a result of these nonlinear PDEs. Consequently, we use appropriate similarities to transform them into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The bvp4c Matlab built-in technique is then used to resolve these ODEs. The velocities, temperature, and concentration outcomes with the various factors are examined graphically. Additionally, tables are employed to analyze the skin friction and Nusselt number values. It is analyzed that increasing the linear and linear mixed convection parameters enhances the velocity profiles of nanofluid. Enhancements in heat are analyzed by increasing nonlinear thermal radiation and enhancement in concentration is examined by increasing activation energy. Furthermore, as the variables for thermophoresis and Brownian motion are increased, the Nusselt number falls. The heat transfer rate is 27.16% for $$Rd=0.6$$

R
d
=
0.6

and 39.28% for $$Rd=1.4$$

R
d
=
1.4

. Thus, the heat transfer rate is enhanced 12.12%. This study’s practical applications include improving the behavior of fluids and the transfer of heat in rotating frameworks, which may affect energy systems, heat exchangers, and cooling advances in technology.
Convergent differentiation of multiciliated cells
Authors: Chae Shinhyeok , Park Tae Joo , Kwon Taejoon
Published: December 2023

Multiciliated cells (MCCs) are epithelial cells that control body fluid flow and contribute to the clearance of pathogenic microbes and other particles from the airways, egg transport in oviducts, and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the central nervous system. Although MCCs have shared functions to control fluid flow via coordinated motility of multiple ciliary structures, they are found in multiple mammalian tissues originating from distinct germ layers and differentiate via distinct developmental pathways. To understand the similarities and differences of MCCs in multiple tissues, we investigated single-cell transcriptome data of nasal epithelial cells, bronchial tubes, fallopian tubes, and ependymal cells in the subventricular zone from humans and mice by cross-species data integration. Expression of cilia-associated genes was indistinguishable between these MCCs, although cell populations had unique properties by the species and tissue, demonstrating that they share the same final differentiation status for ciliary functions. We further analyzed the final differentiation step of MCCs from their distinctive progenitors and confirmed their convergent gene set expression for ciliogenesis at the final step. These results may provide new insight into understanding ciliogenesis during the developmental process.
Different spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous quantitation of Vericiguat and its alkaline degradation product: a comparative study with greenness profile assessment
Authors: Mustafa Doaa M. , Magdy Nancy , El Azab Noha F.
Published: December 2023

Investigations concerning novel drugs and their induced degradation products are necessary for clinical research and quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. Four spectrophotometric techniques have been performed for simultaneous quantitation of Vericiguat (VER) and its alkali-induced degradation product (ADP) without prior separation. Method A is a dual wavelength method (DW) that estimates the absorbance difference at 314–328 nm, and 246–262 nm for VER and ADP; respectively. Method B uses a ratio difference method (RD) to estimate the ratio spectrum’s amplitude difference (DP318-342) and (DP284-292) for VER and ADP; respectively. Method C uses a first derivative ratio method (1DD) to estimate the peak ratio spectrum amplitude of the first derivative at 318 and 275 nm for VER and ADP; respectively. Method D uses the mean centering of the ratio spectra (MCR) to estimate amplitude values for VER and ADP at 337 and 292 nm; respectively. In a concentration range of 5.00–50.00 µg/mL for VER and 5.00–100.00 µg/mL for ADP, the methods were validated following ICH criteria and utilized to estimate VER in bulk and its dosage form. The methods’ greenness was assessed via three tools: the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and analytical greenness assessment (AGREE).
Impact of short-duration voltage variations on VSC-HVDC performance
Authors: Mostafa Reem A. , Emary Adel , Sayed A. , EL-Shimy M.
Published: December 2023

The growing load demand globally necessitates increasing the penetration of renewable energy sources into electrical grids as well as interconnecting grids from different countries and even continents through HVDC transmission systems. Since these applications rely on power electronics devices, several power quality issues arise, namely voltage sags and swells. This paper analyzes the response of a VSC-HVDC transmission system that interconnects two asynchronous AC grids to short-duration voltage variations like sag and swell by adjusting the voltage of the controllable AC source. The system is simulated with the help of MATLAB/Simulink. The study records the effect of the manipulated AC voltage on the active/reactive powers and AC/DC voltages at both converter stations to evaluate the system stability due to these prevalent power quality challenges. The obtained results reveal that the system hardly withstands voltage variation for a short period.
A comprehensive metabolite fingerprint of fibrostenosis in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Bos Simon , Lobatón Triana , De Vos Martine , Van Welden Sophie , Plekhova Vera , De Paepe Ellen , Vanhaecke Lynn , Laukens Debby
Published: December 2023

Intestinal fibrostenosis in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) is a common and untreatable comorbidity that is notoriously difficult to monitor. We aimed to find metabolites associated with the presence of fibrostenosis in patients with CD using targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses of serum and primary cell cultures using hyphenated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Targeted metabolomics revealed 11 discriminating metabolites in serum, which were enriched within the arginine and proline metabolism pathway. Based on untargeted metabolomics and discriminant analysis, 166 components showed a high predictive value. In addition, human intestinal fibroblasts isolated from stenotic tissue were characterized by differential levels of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids, which are proposed as an energy source through beta-oxidation, when oxidative phosphorylation is insufficient. Another energy providing pathway in such situations is anaerobic glycolysis, a theory supported by increased expression of hexokinase 2 and solute carrier family 16 member 1 in stenotic fibroblasts. Of interest, four (unannotated) metabolic components showed a negative correlation with hexokinase 2 gene expression. Together, this study provides a discriminative metabolic fingerprint in the serum and in intestinal fibroblasts of stenotic and non-stenotic patients with CD suggestive for increased production of building blocks for collagen synthesis and increased glycolysis.
Nanoplastics prepared with uniformly distributed metal-tags: a novel approach to quantify size distribution and particle number concentration of polydisperse nanoplastics by single particle ICP-MS
Authors: Smith Casey , Brown Stephanie , Malone Nathan , Bevers Shaun , Ranville James , Fairbrother D. Howard
Published: December 2023

Top-down fabrication method to prepare metal-tagged nanoplastics with irregular shapes and diverse sizes for lab-based studies using spICP-MS.
A hydrolyzed casein diet promotes Ngn3 controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation to increase gastrointestinal motility in mice
Authors: Liu Siqiang , Zhu Haining , Ren Yuting , Fan Wenlu , Wu Haiqin , Wu Huipeng , Huang Zan , Zhu Weiyun
Published: December 2023

Feeding hydrolyzed casein as the solo protein source to mice increased serum ghrelin levels and duodenal X/A cell numbers, possibly by influencing the abundance of A. muciniphila, thereby modulating Ngn3 to control EEC differentiation.
Red gum-capped gold nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of bromocresol purple in water
Authors: Zahran Moustafa , Azzem Magdi Abdel , El-Attar Mona
Published: December 2023

Red gum-capped gold nanoparticles showed higher catalytic activity for the electrochemical oxidation of bromocresol purple dye.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbon fuels
Authors: Hu Dou-dou , Guo Rui-tang , Yan Ji-song , Guo Sheng-hui , Pan Wei-guo
Published: December 2023

In this review, the recent progress on PEC reduction of CO2 based on MOF materials is summarized. In addition, the challenges and future wave surrounding the development of robust PEC CO2 systems based on MOF materials are discussed.
Construction of a phosphorus-based integrated electrode for efficient and durable seawater splitting at a large current density
Authors: Xia Jiajing , Zhang Lujia , Wang Yizhou , Hao Weiju
Published: December 2023

An ultra-efficient and super-stable Ru@P–NF self-supporting electrode was fabricated via a one-step mild soaking method.
Catalyst-free photoarylation reactions promoted by visible light
Authors: Braga Felipe C. , Martins Guilherme M. , Franco Marcelo S. , Belli Luiz P. A. , de Oliveira Kleber T. , de Assis Francisco F.
Published: December 2023

This review presents significant and selected examples of organic synthesis methods that use visible-light-promoted photoarylation reactions without the need for additional photocatalysts.
A structure–dynamics relationship enables prediction of the water hydrogen bond exchange activation energy from experimental data
Authors: Piskulich Zeke A. , Laage Damien , Thompson Ward H.
Published: December 2023

Relationships between water dynamics and structure are exploited to determine the hydrogen-bond exchange activation energy from experimental data.
Selective grafting of phosphorus onto Ti3C2Tx MXene enables a two-proton process and enhanced charge storage
Authors: Li Hao , Fan Ke , Xiong Pei , Zhou Hanmo , Lin Zezhou , Tao Keyu , Liu Tiancheng , Guo Xuyun , Zhu Ye , Zhuang Lyuchao , Han Wei , Yang Chen , Liu Yan , Meng-Jung Li Molly , Fu Mingwang , Wang John , Huang Haitao
Published: December 2023

Phosphorus atoms are selectively doped onto Ti3C2Tx MXene, leading to solely P–O doped species, which serve as new active sites to enable two-proton bonding/debonding process to boost charge storage ability of MXene.
Crystalline oxygen-bridged carbon nitride from self-assembled supramolecular intermediate for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution
Authors: Huang Guangzheng , Xiao Bowen , Bao Liyan , Wang Dengke , Luo Yannan , Yan Shicheng , Gao Honglin
Published: December 2023

Crystalline O-bridging carbon nitride is constructed via a self-assembled heptazine-based supramolecular intermediate, of which the HER is approximately 23.2 times than that of pristine BCN, and the AQE is achieved at 13.2% at 420 nm.