bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Script and Phonology in Lexical Representation
Authors: Brown Heather , Sharma N. K. , Kirsner Kim
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of script in lexical representation in bilinguals. The particular issue under investigation concerned the role of a script difference when the translations concerned are in all other respects identical. Does it provide a basis for the operation of unique functional entries in the lexicon, or is it, like case, treated as a pre-lexical attribute? The experiments contrasted the physically unrelated scripts used to depict Hindi and Urdu, North Indian languages which share a substantial vocabulary and which, with minor qualifications, are phonemically identical.

The experiments used repetition effects in lexical decision and memory for language of presentation procedures, respectively, to assess the representational status of items common to the Hindi and Urdu vocabularies. Experiment 1 demonstrated that transfer is virtually complete between Hindi and Urdu translations, suggesting that the role of script is akin to that of case, and quite unlike phonology in its impact on lexical definition. Experiment 2 showed that whereas memory for language of presentation is reliable in tests involving language pairs such as Hindi and English, performance on this task is poor when script alone provides the distinguishing feature.

Considered together, the results of the experiments are consistent with the proposition that when translations differ only with regard to script, a common lexical unit is involved in visual recognition and attribute retention. By implication, therefore, a morphophonemic distinction is a pre-requisite for the presence and use of distinct units for translations. The representational character of this interpretation was supported by the fact that complementary evidence was obtained from tasks involving qualitatively different retrieval processes.
Reasoning and Mental Representation
Authors: Wason P. C. , Green D. W.
Published: September 2011

Four experiments exploring the effects of the coherence of a mental representation of material on reasoning performance are presented. Each employs a simple task that allows most subjects at some stage to solve the problem. We postulate that the crucial factor influencing performance is a unified representation of the material. In Experiment 1 we use an authorization of a kind familiar in daily life, and in Experiments 2, 3 and 4 we use sentences describing simple objects in different ways. In each case performance was enhanced when the material could be given a unified representation.
Selective Attention and Priming: Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects of Ignored Primes
Authors: Tipper Steven P. , Cranston Margaret
Published: September 2011

The priming effects of ignored information have been studied in Stroop displays (Neill, 1977) and with spatially superimposed drawings (Tipper, in this issue); naming of probes related to ignored primes is delayed in these experiments (“negative priming”). This negative priming effect is confirmed in a list reading task in Experiment 1, which used partially superimposed letters, and Experiment 2, which used spatially separated letters. Furthermore, Lowe (1979) using Stroop colour words observed that changing the nature of the probe such that it did not require selection from a competing word reversed the priming effects of the ignored word from inhibition to facilitation. Experiment 3 confirmed this observation when subjects selected a red letter from a green letter. Two models are suggested to account for this result. In the first, negative priming is a product of the ignored prime and subsequent probe being encoded both as a stimulus to be ignored and one to be named (Allport, Tipper and Chmiel, in press; Lowe, in press). This dual encoding is ambiguous, requiring further processing before response can be output. The other model suggests that negative priming reflects inhibition of response to ignored information, slowing naming latencies to probe stimuli that require the same response. Experiment 4 attempts to differentiate between the models, and the latter inhibition view is preferred.
Constraints in the Performance of Bimanual Tasks and Their Expression in Unskilled and Skilled Subjects
Authors: Michael Peters
Published: September 2011

Unskilled and skilled subjects were asked to perform a variety of bimanual tapping tasks. Three major effects were seen. First, right-handers performed dual tasks better when the preferred hand took the “figure” and when the nonpreferred hand took the “ground” of the dual movement. This effect was not seen in left-handers. Second, subjects performed a simple slow/fast dual task better when they commenced the task with the fast rather than with the slow hand. This effect was seen in right- and lefthanders. Third, both unskilled and skilled subjects showed marked interdependence of movements such that performance of one hand was a function of movements in the other hand. The results are in agreement with a model that postulates the presence of a superordinate control mechanism that initiates action in subordinate control mechanisms, which in turn set the movement trajectories in the two hands. The results also show that attention is an important factor in the interaction between these two levels of control.
Word-Context Effects in Word Naming and Lexical Decision
Authors: de Groot Annette M. B.
Published: September 2011

Stanovich and West (1983; West and Stanovich, 1982) demonstrated that lexical decisions to target words preceded by incongruous sentence contexts are inhibited more by these contexts than are naming responses to the same target words. They argued that this difference between the two tasks was due to post-lexical processing at the message level that is effective only in the lexical-decision task. The operations of the mechanism thought to underlie this post-lexical effect also predict that, under certain circumstances, the processing of target words congruous with the sentence context should be facilitated more in lexical decision than in naming. The present naming study together with an earlier lexical-decision study tested and confirmed this prediction for word targets following word contexts. The stimulus-onset asynchrony of context word and target word was also varied. This manipulation clearly affected the magnitude of facilitation, indicating that context-induced attentional processing can facilitate lexical access in word-context studies.
Phonological Dyslexia and Dysgraphia in a Highly Literate Subject: A Developmental Case with Associated Deficits of Phonemic Processing and Awareness
Authors: Campbell Ruth , Butterworth Brian
Published: September 2011

This paper describes some aspects of reading and writing in a highly literate subject who has unusual difficulty in reading and spelling non-words. No cerebral trauma is indicated, and she performs at above average levels on standard tests of reading, spelling and cognitive ability. Only digit span is significantly impaired. Although auditory phoneme discrimination is normal, she performs poorly on aural tasks, like rhyme judgement and homophone matching, that require awareness of phonemic structure, and she is impaired at segmenting heard words into their component sounds.

Tests of immediate memory confirm abnormal span and indicate a failure to use normal phonological coding in immediate recall. We argue that a deficit in phonological processing underlies impaired performance on tasks of reading, spelling and immediate memory.
Reading without Phonology?
Authors: Besner Derek , Dennis Ian , Davelaar Eileen
Published: September 2011

Responses to items such as brane are slower and/or more error prone than responses to items such as slint in lexical decision (is this string spelt like a real word?). The received view is that this “pseudohomophone” effect is attributable to phonological receding. Taft (1982) has challenged this view, offering instead a grapheme-grapheme account which assumes that graphemes that map onto a common phoneme develop the ability to activate each other without reference to phonological mediation.

Taft's grapheme-grapheme account is tested in two experiments. Experiment 1 shows that the presentation of a pseudohomophone facilitates the response to a subsequently presented word (e.g., groce–gross). Experiment 2 shows that nonword letter strings that are translatable into words by the application of putative grapheme-grapheme rules (e.g., gloce–gloss) produce no facilitation. These results are consistent with the notion of a phonological influence but inconsistent with the grapheme–grapheme account. Loci for this pseudohomophone priming effect are discussed.
Recognition of Vector Patterns under Transformations: Local and Global Determinants
Authors: Dodwell Peter , Caelli Terry
Published: September 2011

The extent to which combined local position and orientation information contributes to the recognition of patterns under transformation was investigated. Vector patterns, which consist of arrays of line segments composed according to specific rules, were presented in pairs. Discrimination performance was measured both as a function of the degree of local perturbation in one member of an otherwise identical pair, and in terms of a global rotation of one pattern with respect to the other. Differences were found between vector-pattern types on this task that point to a two-component process for pattern recognition under transformation. One component involves the comparison of local orientation/position information in the original pattern with that in its transform. The second component is global and is related to the degree to which the vector pattern is invariant under certain whole-field (1-parameter) transformations.
Disambiguating Ambiguous Figures by Selective Attention
Authors: Tsal Yehoshua , Kolbet Lori
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the formation of a given percept of an ambiguous figure results from focusing attention on a focal area that contains features significant for this percept but not for the alternative one. Two such focal areas were designated for the two competing interpretations of the bird/plane and duck/rabbit ambiguous figures. Detecting a letter following the figure was faster when the letter appeared in the focal area of the perceived interpretation than in the focal area of the alternative one. Furthermore, directing attention to a given focal area shortly before the presentation of the figure increased the likelihood of forming the corresponding interpretation rather than the alternative one. Results suggest that maintaining different interpretations of the same ambiguous figure is mediated by focusing attention on different parts of the figure.
Oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions of Notch in cancer: it’s NOTCH what you think
Authors: Lobry Camille , Oh Philmo , Aifantis Iannis
Published: September 2011

Notch signaling is often considered a model hematopoietic proto-oncogene because of its role as the main trigger of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Although its role in T-ALL is well characterized and further supported by a high frequency of activating NOTCH1 mutations in T-ALL patients, it still remains an open question whether the effects of Notch signaling are causative in other types of cancer, including solid tumors. Growing evidence supported by recent studies unexpectedly shows that Notch signaling can also have a potent tumor suppressor function in both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. We discuss the intriguing possibility that the pleiotropic functions of Notch can be tumor suppressive or oncogenic depending on the cellular context.
Hiding the road signs that lead to tumor immunity
Authors: Schaer David A. , Lesokhin Alexander M. , Wolchok Jedd D.
Published: September 2011

Tumors exploit many strategies to evade T cell–mediated destruction. For example, tumors can prevent T cell infiltration by modifying gene expression in the endothelial cells and pericytes that form their vasculature. New work showing that the T cell–attracting chemokine CCL2 can be posttranslationally modified in the tumor microenvironment adds another mechanism to the already formidable arsenal of immunoevasion tactics used by solid tumors.
Elevated intracellular Ca2+ reveals a functional membrane nucleotide pool in intact human red blood cells
Authors: Tiffert Teresa , Lew Virgilio L.
Published: September 2011

Elevated intracellular calcium generates rapid, profound, and irreversible changes in the nucleotide metabolism of human red blood cells (RBCs), triggered by the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the powerful plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA). In the absence of glycolytic substrates, Ca2+-induced nucleotide changes are thought to be determined by the interaction between PMCA ATPase, adenylate kinase, and AMP-deaminase enzymes, but the extent to which this three-enzyme system can account for the Ca2+-induced effects has not been investigated in detail before. Such a study requires the formulation of a model incorporating the known kinetics of the three-enzyme system and a direct comparison between its predictions and precise measurements of the Ca2+-induced nucleotide changes, a precision not available from earlier studies. Using state-of-the-art high-performance liquid chromatography, we measured the changes in the RBC contents of ATP, ADP, AMP, and IMP during the first 35 min after ionophore-induced pump-saturating Ca2+ loads in the absence of glycolytic substrates. Comparison between measured and model-predicted changes revealed that for good fits it was necessary to assume mean ATPase Vmax values much higher than those ever measured by PMCA-mediated Ca2+ extrusion. These results suggest that the local nucleotide concentrations generated by ATPase activity at the inner membrane surface differed substantially from those measured in bulk cell extracts, supporting previous evidence for the existence of a submembrane microdomain with a distinct nucleotide metabolism.
The Na conductance in the sarcolemma and the transverse tubular system membranes of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: DiFranco Marino , Vergara Julio L.
Published: September 2011

Na (and Li) currents and fluorescence transients were recorded simultaneously under voltage-clamp conditions from mouse flexor digitorum brevis fibers stained with the potentiometric dye di-8-ANEPPS to investigate the distribution of Na channels between the surface and transverse tubular system (TTS) membranes. In fibers rendered electrically passive, voltage pulses resulted in step-like fluorescence changes that were used to calibrate the dye response. The effects of Na channel activation on the TTS voltage were investigated using Li, instead of Na, because di-8-ANEPPS transients show anomalies in the presence of the latter. Na and Li inward currents (INa, ILi; using half of the physiological ion concentration) showed very steep voltage dependences, with no reversal for depolarizations beyond the calculated equilibrium potential, suggesting that most of the current originates from a noncontrolled membrane compartment. Maximum peak ILi was ∼30% smaller than for INa, suggesting a Li-blocking effect. ILi activation resulted in the appearance of overshoots in otherwise step-like di-8-ANEPPS transients. Overshoots had comparable durations and voltage dependence as those of ILi. Simultaneously measured maximal overshoot and peak ILi were 54 ± 5% and 773 ± 53 µA/cm2, respectively. Radial cable model simulations predicted the properties of ILi and di-8-ANEPPS transients when TTS access resistances of 10–20 Ωcm2, and TTS-to-surface Na permeability density ratios in the range of 40:60 to 70:30, were used. Formamide-based osmotic shock resulted in incomplete detubulation. However, results from a subpopulation of treated fibers (low capacitance) provide confirmatory evidence that a significant proportion of ILi, and the overshoot in the optical signals, arises from the TTS in normal fibers. The quantitative evaluation of the distribution of Na channels between the sarcolemma and the TTS membranes, as provided here, is crucial for the understanding of the radial and longitudinal propagation of the action potential, which ultimately govern the mechanical activation of muscle in normal and diseased conditions.
5-HT3 receptor ion size selectivity is a property of the transmembrane channel, not the cytoplasmic vestibule portals
Authors: McKinnon Nicole K. , Reeves David C. , Akabas Myles H.
Published: September 2011

5-HT3A receptors select among permeant ions based on size and charge. The membrane-associated (MA) helix lines the portals into the channel’s cytoplasmic vestibule in the 4-Å resolution structure of the homologous acetylcholine receptor. 5-HT3A MA helix residues are important determinants of single-channel conductance. It is unknown whether the portals into the cytoplasmic vestibule also determine the size selectivity of permeant ions. We sought to determine whether the portals form the size selectivity filter. Recently, we showed that channels functioned when the entire 5-HT3A M3–M4 loop was replaced by the heptapeptide M3–M4 loop sequence from GLIC, a bacterial Cys-loop neurotransmitter gated ion channel homologue from Gloebacter violaceus. We used homomeric 5-HT3A receptors with either a wild-type (WT) M3–M4 loop or the chimeric heptapeptide (5-HT3A–glvM3M4) loop, i.e., with or without portals. In Na+-containing buffer, the WT receptor current–voltage relationship was inwardly rectifying. In contrast, the 5-HT3A–glvM3M4 construct had a negative slope conductance region at voltages less than −80 mV. Glutamine substitution for the heptapeptide M3–M4 loop arginine eliminated the negative slope conductance region. We measured the relative permeabilities and conductances of a series of inorganic and organic cations ranging from 0.9 to 4.5 Å in radius (Li+, Na+, ammonium, methylammonium, ethanolammonium, 2-methylethanolammonium, dimethylammonium, diethanolammonium, tetramethylammonium, choline, tris [hydroxymethyl] aminomethane, and N-methyl-d-glucamine). Both constructs had measurable conductances with Li+, ammonium, and methylammonium (size range of 0.9–1.8-Å radius). Many of the organic cations >2.4 Å acted as competitive antagonists complicating measurement of conductance ratios. Analysis of the permeability ratios by excluded volume theory indicates that the minimal pore radius for 5-HT3A and 5-HT3–glvM3M4 receptors was similar, ∼5 Å. We infer that the 5-HT3A size selectivity filter is located in the transmembrane channel and not in the portals into the cytoplasmic vestibule. Thus, the determinants of size selectivity and conductance are located in physically distinct regions of the channel protein.
Threshold-like features in the magnetic response of iron-filled multi-walled carbon nanotube and polymer composite
Authors: Bhatia Ravi , Sameera I , Prasad V , Menon Reghu
Published: September 2011

The magnetic properties of iron-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in polystyrene (Fe-MWNT/PS) have been investigated as a function of Fe-MWNT concentration (0.1–15 wt%) from 300 to 10 K. Electron microscopy studies indicate that Fe nanorods (aspect ratio ∼5) remain trapped at various lengths of MWNT and are thus, prevented from oxidation as well as aggregation. The magnetization versus applied field (M–H loop) data of 0.1 wt% of Fe-MWNTs in PS show an anomalous narrowing at low temperatures which is due to the significant contribution from shape anisotropy of Fe nanorods. The remanence shows a threshold feature at 1 wt%. The enhanced coercivity shows a maximum at 1 wt% due to the dominant dipolar interactions among Fe nanorods. Also the squareness ratio shows a maximum at 1 wt%.
Dynamic and rotatable exchange anisotropy in Fe/KNiF3/FeF2 trilayers
Authors: Widuch S , Stamps R L , Skrzypek D , Celinski Z
Published: September 2011

Results from ferromagnetic resonance experiments carried out on epitaxially grown Fe/KNiF3/FeF2 trilayers are presented. Exchange coupling between the KNiF3, a weak anisotropy antiferromagnet, and the Fe leads to shifts in the resonance field of the ferromagnet. The field shifts can be described by a temperature-dependent exchange anisotropy
.
depends on the orientation direction of the applied field relative to the magnetic anisotropy axis, and a non-monotonic dependence on KNiF3 thickness. Three thickness regimes appear that correspond to different values of exchange bias in each region. A qualitative understanding of the basis for these three thickness regimes due to spin canting at the interfaces is presented. Our results illustrate a method to tune the value of exchange anisotropy using a combination of different antiferromagnets.
Role of structural disorder in ferromagnetism of chromium-doped indium oxide
Authors: Hsu C Y
Published: September 2011

Structurally defective and highly crystallized chromium (Cr)-doped indium oxide samples are fabricated by rf sputtering. Both samples with 4% Cr doping show a very weak saturation magnetization of ∼0.05μB/Cr. The magnetization of the structurally defective Cr-doped films as low as 2.8% is significantly enhanced to ∼0.31μB/Cr (a six-fold increase), in contrast to only a two-fold increase in the magnetization of the highly crystallized samples. We use the bound magnetic polaron and charge-transfer free electron mediation models to explain the magnetization dependence on the ratio of lattice disorder-related electron concentration to Cr ion density.
Synthesis, structural and photocatalytic characteristics of nano-Cu2−x
Se
Authors: Ung Thi Dieu Thuy , Nguyen Quang Liem
Published: September 2011

Large-scale synthesis of Cu
2−x

Se nanocrystals (nano-Cu
2−x

Se) with uniform size was performed via a facile hydrothermal method at room temperature and at 120 °C. Nano-Cu
2−x

Se with different structures could be synthesized by changing the reaction/growth time, the Cu:Se molar ratios, and the initial concentration of the precursors. The synthesized nano-Cu
2-x
Se was characterized using various techniques, including x-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photocatalytic activity. Systematic studies showed that the reaction time played a key role in controlling the morphology and structure leading to significant influence on the photocatalytic activity of nano-Cu
2−x

Se. With increasing reaction/growth time, Cu
2−x

Se could transform gradually from a cubic to hexagonal structure and from nanoparticles to nanoplate/nanorod shapes. The photocatalytic characteristics were evaluated by the photo-decoloration of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. As-prepared nano-Cu
2−x

Se showed good photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, indicating potential applications in depollution technologies.
A Highly Conserved Effector in Fusarium oxysporum Is Required for Full Virulence on Arabidopsis
Authors: Thatcher Louise F. , Gardiner Donald M. , Kazan Kemal , Manners John M.
Published: September 2011

Secreted-in-xylem (SIX) proteins of the vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici are secreted during infection of tomato and function in virulence or avirulence. F. oxysporum formae speciales have specific host ranges but the roles of SIX proteins in diverse hosts are unknown. We identified homologs of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici SIX1, SIX4, SIX8, and SIX9 in the genome of Arabidopsis infecting isolate Fo5176. A SIX4 homolog (termed Fo5176-SIX4) differed from that of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol-SIX4) by only two amino acids, and its expression was induced during infection of Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing Fo5176-SIX4 had increased disease symptoms with Fo5176. Conversely, Fo5176-SIX4 gene knock-out mutants (Δsix4) had significantly reduced virulence on Arabidopsis, and this was associated with reduced fungal biomass and host jasmonate-mediated gene expression, the latter known to be essential for host symptom development. Full virulence was restored by complementation of Δsix4 mutants with either Fo5176-SIX4 or Fol-SIX4. Thus, Fo5176-SIX4 contributes quantitatively to virulence on Arabidopsis whereas, in tomato, Fol-SIX4 acts in host specificity as both an avirulence protein and a suppressor of other race-specific resistances. The strong sequence conservation for SIX4 in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo5176 suggests a recent common origin.
Effect of Application Frequency and Reduced Rates of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl on the Field Efficacy of Induced Resistance Against Bacterial Spot on Tomato
Authors: Huang Cheng-Hua , Vallad Gary E. , Zhang Shouan , Wen Amin , Balogh Botond , Figueiredo Jose Francisco L. , Behlau Franklin , Jones Jeffrey B. , Momol M. Timur , Olson Steve M.
Published: September 2011

Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a plant activator known to induce systemic acquired resistance, has demonstrated an ability to manage a number of plant diseases, including bacterial spot on tomato caused by four distinct Xanthomonas spp. The aim of this study was to evaluate application rate and frequency of ASM in order to optimize field efficacy against bacterial spot in Florida, while minimizing its impact on marketable yields. ASM was applied biweekly (once every 2 weeks) as a foliar spray at a constant concentration of 12.9, 64.5, and 129 μM throughout four field experiments during 2007–08. A standard copper program and an untreated control were also included. Overall, biweekly applications of ASM did not significantly reduce disease development or the final disease severity of bacterial spot compared with the copper-mancozeb standard or the untreated control. Only one experiment showed a significant reduction in the final disease severity on plants treated with ASM at 129 μM compared with the untreated control. Three additional field trials conducted during 2009–10 to evaluate the effects of weekly and biweekly applications of ASM at concentrations of 30.3 to 200 μM found that weekly applications provided significantly better disease control than biweekly applications. The tomato yields were not statistically improved with the use of ASM relative to the untreated control and standard copper program. Weekly ASM applications at rates as low as 75 μM (equivalent to 1.58 g a.i./ha in 100 liters of water or 0.21 oz. a.i./acre in 100 gallons of water) to 200 μM (equivalent to 4.20 g a.i./ha in 100 liters of water or 0.56 oz. a.i./acre in 100 gallons of water) were statistically equivalent in managing bacterial spot of tomato without significantly reducing yield compared with the untreated control.
First Report of Leaf Disease on Cinnamomum subavenium Caused by Colletotrichum fioriniae in China
Authors: Sun W. , Su Y. Y. , Cai L. , Sun W. , Sha W.
Published: September 2011

Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. (Lauraceae) is a subtropical arbor plant widely distributed in southwest China. It has a long history of cultivation and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, food flavors, and industrial materials. In August 2010, a serious leaf disease was observed on wild Cinnamomum subavenium growing in Gutianshan Nature Reserve, Zhejiang, China. Lesions were approximately 1.0 cm in diameter and the margin of the lesions was light to dark brown and the middle was gray to pale yellowish. Necrotic lesions were surface disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min and 70% ethanol for 3 min, and isolations were made from lesion edges onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Three plants were tested and a fungus was consistently isolated from lesions. Colonies of this fungus on PDA were at first gray becoming pinkish gray with age, with salmon pink conidial masses, and the reverse of the colony was pink. The growth rate was 10.82 to 11.95 mm per day (average = 11.58 ± 0.25, n = 6) on PDA at 25°C. Conidia were oblong or cylindrical with acute ends, occasionally guttulate, hyaline, 7.5 to 14.5 × 2.5 to 4.3 μm (average = 11.25 ± 0.5 × 3.4 ± 0.4, n = 30). These characteristics matched the description of Colletotrichum fioriniae (Marcelino & Gouli) R.G. Shivas & Y.P. Tan (2). DNA was extracted from one isolate and the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (1). The ITS sequence of the isolate (GenBank Accession No. JN208890) shared 100% identity to the holotype of C. fioriniae (Accession No. EF464594). The pathogenicity of C. fioriniae on Cinnamomum subavenium was confirmed through inoculation. Three freshly harvested, healthy leaves were washed under running tap water, immersed in 5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and 70% ethanol for 1 min, rinsed three times in sterilized water, and finally dried with sterilized tissue paper. Plant leaves were inoculated with a concentration of 2.5 × 106 spores/ml. Sterilized water was used for controls. All the leaves inoculated with C. fioriniae were symptomatic with round to elliptical lesions with a brown margin 14 days postinoculation. The fungus, reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissue, had the same morphological and cultural characteristics of C. fioriniae. Although C. gloeosporioides has been reported from several species in the genus Cinnamomum ( http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ ), to our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf disease on Cinnamomum subavenium caused by a Colletotrichum species.

References: (1) H. Prihastuti et al. Fungal Divers. 39:89, 2009. (2) R. G. Shivas and Y. P. Tan. Fungal Divers. 39:111, 2009.
A Rapid, Sensitive, and Cost-Efficient Assay to Estimate Viability of Potato Cyst Nematodes
Authors: van den Elsen Sven , Ave Maaike , Schoenmakers Niels , Landeweert Renske , Bakker Jaap , Helder Johannes
Published: September 2011

Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are quarantine organisms, and they belong to the economically most relevant pathogens of potato worldwide. Methodologies to assess the viability of their cysts, which can contain 200 to 500 eggs protected by the hardened cuticle of a dead female, are either time and labor intensive or lack robustness. We present a robust and cost-efficient viability assay based on loss of membrane integrity upon death. This assay uses trehalose, a disaccharide present at a high concentration in the perivitelline fluid of PCN eggs, as a viability marker. Although this assay can detect a single viable egg, the limit of detection for regular field samples was higher, ≈10 viable eggs, due to background signals produced by other soil components. On the basis of 30 nonviable PCN samples from The Netherlands, a threshold level was defined (ΔAtrehalose = 0.0094) below which the presence of >10 viable eggs is highly unlikely (true for ≈99.7% of the observations). This assay can easily be combined with a subsequent DNA-based species determination. The presence of trehalose is a general phenomenon among cyst nematodes; therefore, this method can probably be used for (for example) soybean, sugar beet, and cereal cyst nematodes as well.
The Role of Rain in Dispersal of the Primary Inoculum of Plasmopara viticola
Authors: Rossi Vittorio , Caffi Tito
Published: September 2011

Although primary infection of grapevines by Plasmopara viticola requires splash dispersal of inoculum from soil to leaves, little is known about the role of rain in primary inoculum dispersal. Distribution of rain splashes from soil to grapevine canopy was evaluated over 20 rain periods (0.2 to 64.2 mm of rain) with splash samplers placed within the canopy. Samplers at 40, 80, and 140 cm above the soil caught 4.4, 0.03, and 0.003 drops/cm2 of sampler area, respectively. Drops caught at 40 and 80 cm (1.5 cm in diameter) were larger than drops at 140 cm (1.3 cm). Leaf coverage by splashed drops, total drop number, and drop size increased with an increase in the maximum intensity of rain (mm/h) during any rain period. Any rainfall led to infection in potted grapevines placed outside on leaf litter containing oospores, if the litter contained germinated oospores at the time of rain; infection severity was unrelated to rain amount or intensity. Results from vineyards also indicate that any rain can carry P. viticola inoculum from soil to leaves and should be considered a splash event in disease prediction systems. Sampling for early disease detection should focus on the lower canopy, where the probability of splash impact is greatest.
Nurse‐led delivery of specialist supportive care for bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: CROWE M. , INDER M. , CARLYLE D. , WILSON L. , WHITEHEAD L. , PANCKHURST A. , O'BRIEN T. , FRAMPTON C. , JOYCE P.
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary

Bipolar disorder is a severe and recurrent mental disorder that has a long‐term impact on the patient's ability to function.

Specialist supportive care is a manualized psychotherapy that provides support and psycho‐education for self‐management.

This study provided specialist supportive care as an addition to usual care from community mental health services.

It is not feasible to provide specialist supportive care to patients with bipolar disorder while they are in mood episode and receiving usual care.

The aim of the study is (1) to assess the feasibility of delivering nurse‐led specialist supportive care as an adjunct to usual care in the clinical setting; (2) to examine the relationship between the delivery of specialist supportive care and improved self‐efficacy and functioning and reduced depressive symptoms. A randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of specialist supportive care as an adjunct to usual care was conducted in community mental health services at one site. Participants were randomized to either usual care or usual care and the adjunctive intervention. Self‐report measures of depression, general functioning and self‐efficacy were completed by participants in both groups at baseline and 9 months. The intervention was delivered parallel to usual treatment arrangements. While recruitment numbers were sufficient, a low rate of engagement meant we were unable to show significant differences in depressive symptoms or self‐efficacy between the usual care group and the specialist supportive care plus usual care group. This study demonstrated that it was difficult to engage patients with bipolar disorder in specialist supportive care when they were currently in a mood episode and under the care of community mental health services.
THE IMPACT OF FISCAL POLICY ON PROFITS
Authors: KATSIMI MARGARITA , SARANTIDES VASSILIS
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the impact of fiscal policy on profits using panel data for 18 high‐income OECD countries during the period 1975–1999. We estimate a profit equation allowing a consistent treatment of the government budget constraint, and we try to disentangle the effects of different spending and taxation items. As far as public spending is concerned, our results strongly suggest that capital expenditures are associated with higher profits, while expenditures on goods and services and in particular on wages and salaries deteriorate profits. In general, “productive” expenditures seem to increase profits while the effect of “unproductive” expenditures is insignificant. Transport and communication expenditures seem to have a positive impact on profits. On the revenue side, we find that both direct and indirect taxation has a negative impact on profits. (JEL E62, H32, H54)
DOES SOCIAL CAPITAL PROMOTE SAFETY ON THE ROADS?
Authors: NAGLER MATTHEW G.
Published: September 2011

I present evidence that social capital reduces traffic accidents and related death and injury, using data from a 10‐year panel of 48 U.S. states. The econometric challenge is to distinguish the causal effects of social capital from bias resulting from its correlation with unobservable characteristics by state that influence road risks. I accomplish this by employing snow depth as an instrument, and by restricting attention to summertime accidents. My results show that social capital has a statistically significant and sizable negative effect on crashes, traffic fatalities, serious traffic injuries, and pedestrian fatalities that holds up across a range of specifications. (JEL R41, I18, Z13)
Coat color dilution in mice because of inactivation of the melanoma antigen MART‐1
Authors: Aydin Iraz T. , Hummler Edith , Smit Nico P. M. , Beermann Friedrich
Published: September 2011

Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART‐1) is a melanoma‐specific antigen, which has been thoroughly studied in the context of immunotherapy against malignant melanoma and which is found only in the pigment cell lineage. However, its exact function and involvement in pigmentation is not clearly understood. Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 has been shown to interact with the melanosomal proteins Pmel17 and OA1. To understand the function of MART‐1 in pigmentation, we developed a new knockout mouse model. Mice deficient in MART‐1 are viable, but loss of MART‐1 leads to a coat color phenotype, with a reduction in total melanin content of the skin and hair. Lack of MART‐1 did not affect localization of melanocyte‐specific proteins nor maturation of Pmel17. Melanosomes of hair follicle melanocytes in MART‐1 knockout mice displayed morphological abnormalities, which were exclusive to stage III and IV melanosomes. In conclusion, our results suggest that MART‐1 is a pigmentation gene that is required for melanosome biogenesis and/or maintenance.
Microstructure Optimization Designs for Anode-Supported Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Shi Junxiang , Xue Xingjian
Published: September 2011

Suitable porous electrode design may play a significant role in the performance enhancement of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this paper a genetic algorithm optimization method is employed to design electrodes based on a 2D planar SOFC model development. The objective is to find suitable porosities and particle sizes distributions for both anode and cathode electrodes so that the cell performance can be maximized. The results indicate that the optimized heterogeneous morphology may better improve SOFC performance than the homogeneous counterpart, particularly under relatively high current density conditions. The optimization results are dependent on the operating conditions. The effects of inlet mass flow rates and fuel compositions are investigated. The proposed approach provides a systematical method for electrode microstructure designs of high performance SOFCs.
Natural Coordinates in the Optimal Control of Multibody Systems
Authors: Betsch Peter , Siebert Ralf , Sänger Nicolas
Published: September 2011

The formulation of multibody dynamics in terms of natural coordinates (NCs) leads to equations of motion in the form of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). A characteristic feature of the natural coordinates approach is a constant mass matrix. The DAEs make possible (i) the systematic assembly of open-loop and closed-loop multibody systems, (ii) the design of state-of-the-art structure-preserving integrators such as energy-momentum or symplectic-momentum schemes, and (iii) the direct link to nonlinear finite element methods. However, the use of NCs in the optimal control of multibody systems presents two major challenges. First, the consistent application of actuating joint-forces becomes an issue since conjugate joint-coordinates are not directly available. Second, numerical methods for optimal control with index-3 DAEs are still in their infancy. The talk will address the two aforementioned issues. In particular, a new energy-momentum consistent method for the optimal control of multibody systems in terms of NCs will be presented.
Unified Treatment of the Kinematic Interface Between a Sphere and Omnidirectional Wheel Actuators
Authors: Weiss A. , Langlois R. G. , Hayes M. J. D.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a general approach to the kinematics of an orientation motion platform utilizing a sphere actuated by omnidirectional wheels. The number and type of the omnidirectional wheels, as well as their position and orientation relative to the sphere are arbitrary, provided they are distinct. In this paper, the general kinematics are presented and illustrated by sample configurations with a range of omnidirectional wheel types and quantities. Moreover, no-slip conditions are identified, and the resulting expressions and their implications on the design of such a mechanical system are demonstrated by means of several benchmark examples.
Quotient Kinematics
Machines: Concept, Analysis, and Synthesis
Authors: Wu Yuanqing , Wang Hong , Li Zexiang
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a geometric analysis and synthesis theory for quotient kinematics machines (QKMs). Given a desired motion type described by a subgroup G of the special Euclidean group SE(3), QKM refers to a left-and-right hand system that realizes G through the coordinated motion of two mechanism modules, one synthesizing a subgroup H of G, and the other a complement of H in G, denoted by G/H. In the past, QKMs were often categorized into hybrid kinematics machines (HKMs) and were treated on a case-by-case basis. We show that QKMs do have a unique and well-defined kinematic structure that permits a unified and systematic treatment of their synthesis and design. We also study the properties of G/H as a novel motion type for parallel kinematics machine (PKM) synthesis. Another contribution of the paper is to model five-axis machines by SE(3)/R(o,z) (where R(o,z) represents the spindle symmetry) and give a complete classification of five-axis QKMs using the same geometric framework.
Enhancing the Aggressive Intensity of a Cavitating Jet by Means of the Nozzle Outlet Geometry
Authors: Soyama H.
Published: September 2011

In order to enhance the aggressive intensity of a cavitating jet for practical applications, the effect of the geometry of the nozzle through which the jet is driven on the aggressive intensity was investigated. The nozzle under test was cylindrical and consisted of a plate and a cap with a hole bored through it. The aggressive intensity of the jet was estimated by the erosion suffered by pure aluminum test specimens. The parameters varied were the bore diameter, D, and length, L, the standoff distance, the nozzle throat diameter, d, and the upstream and downstream pressures of the nozzle. The mass loss at the optimum standoff distance, where the mass loss was at a relative maximum, was found for each bore diameter and length, and then the optimum bore diameter and length were obtained. The optimum ratio of d : D : L was shown to be 1 : 8 : 8, and this was the optimum for both d =1 mm and d =2 mm. It was also the optimum ratio for upstream pressures of 15 MPa and 30 MPa, and downstream pressures of 0.1 MPa and 0.42 MPa.
The two-piston problem revisited: Generalization from reversible to irreversible expansion
Authors: Anacleto Joaquim , Anacleto Joaquim Alberto C. , Ferreira J. M.
Published: September 2011

We discuss the adiabatic two-piston problem for an ideal gas confined between two pistons of equal mass and extend recent work based on the reversible approximation. More realistic equations that account for the roles of the gas temperature and particle mass are applied to extend the analysis of the expansion of the gas from reversible to irreversible behavior to the limit of free expansion. The evolution of quantities, such as temperature, piston speed, adiabatic reversibility coefficients, and entropy, is obtained, and differences between the irreversible and the reversible solutions are investigated.
Student understanding of the angular momentum of classical particles
Authors: Close Hunter G. , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: September 2011

Students in introductory calculus-based physics were asked about the angular momentum of a particle traveling in a straight line. The tendency to state that the angular momentum is identically zero was widespread, and few students applied l = r × p correctly. The common errors reflect a tendency to conflate angular momentum with angular velocity or with linear momentum. Many students assume that linear and angular momentum are jointly conserved, an error that appears to be linked to their thinking about energy. A tutorial was developed to help students recognize that linear momentum and angular momentum are separately conserved. The results suggest that helping students understand why angular momentum is attributed to a particle moving in a straight line may be more effective in helping them to apply the concept than instructing them only on its correct use. In addition to providing insights into student learning of the concept of angular momentum, we illustrate how students’ own ideas can be the basis for more effective instruction.
The refractive anamorphic viewer of J.-F. Niceron: Reconstructing a 17th century optical toy
Authors: Hunt James L. , Sharp John
Published: September 2011

We have analyzed and reconstructed the refractive anamorphic viewer described by J.-F. Niceron in his book, La Perspective Curieuse, which created a sensation in 17th century intellectual circles. We deduced the morphology of one of the polyprisms that he described, and constructed the refractive element in the apparatus. The optical elements of the apparatus were simulated using a ray tracing program to determine the parameters of the viewer so that a working replica could be constructed. The analysis is a good example of the use of mathematics and physics in a problem of art history.
Composition of physical quantities in one dimension: Group-theoretic differentiable functions
Authors: Zaldívar F. , del Río-Correa J. L. , García-Martínez E. , Fernández-Guasti M.
Published: September 2011

We show that any group-theoretic differentiable operation in an open interval of real numbers is isomorphic to the usual addition of real numbers. Given the composition law, it is possible to establish the transformation relation. Alternatively, given a transformation, it is possible to obtain the composition relation in terms of the new variable. We show that some well known cases such as entropy and the relativistic addition of parallel velocities are included in this general framework. The composition rules for a wide variety of phenomena ranging from electrical circuits to thermodynamic systems are treated in a unified way.
Kramers–Kronig, Bode, and the meaning of zero
Authors: Bechhoefer John
Published: September 2011

The implications of causality are captured by the Kramers–Kronig relations between the real and imaginary parts of a linear response function. In 1937, Bode derived a similar relation between the magnitude (response gain) and the phase. Although the Kramers–Kronig relations are an equality, the Bode’s relation is effectively an inequality. This difference is explained using elementary examples and is traced back to delays in the flow of information within the system formed by the physical object and the measurement apparatus.
Why is surface tension a force parallel to the interface?
Authors: Marchand Antonin , Weijs Joost H. , Snoeijer Jacco H. , Andreotti Bruno
Published: September 2011

A paperclip can float on water. Drops of mercury do not spread on a surface. These capillary phenomena are macroscopic manifestations of molecular interactions and can be explained in terms of surface tension. We address several conceptual questions that are often encountered when teaching capillarity and provide a perspective that reconciles the macroscopic viewpoints from thermodynamics and fluid mechanics and the microscopic perspective from statistical physics.
Simple approach to relativistic spin dynamics
Authors: Rębilas Krzysztof
Published: September 2011

Spin dynamics is considered from the point of view of relativistic classical mechanics. It is shown that the assumptions of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi theory may be used to obtain an intuitive and convenient equation of motion. The advantage of this approach is that the presence of Thomas precession is automatically and manifestly demonstrated. An easy and unambiguous way to achieve the original Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation is also proposed.