bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beating Siblings into Submission
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

By pairing dominant and subordinate blue-foot chicks from different broods and observing their interactions, we proved that social experience with its sibling induces in each chick a stable dominant or subordinate personality; that chicks also tend to attack smaller individuals and yield to larger individuals; and that respect for personality trumps respect for relative size. By fostering junior brown booby hatchlings into blue-foot nests with an older and larger chick, we confirmed that junior brown boobies are “desperados” who cannot be trained into subordination—they relentlessly attack and overwhelm larger individuals because they have no other path to survival. This suggests that in a species that can sometimes raise two chicks, susceptibility to subordination is an evolved ability that often enables juniors to survive and fledge alongside a powerful rival, and that the lethal, unconditional violence of brown booby seniors is an evolved response to their siblings’ uncontrollability.
To Kill or Not to Kill
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

Researchers have struggled to identify the mechanisms by which nestling birds calibrate their sibling aggression so that aggression is used only when effective and sibs starve only when necessary. Questionable experiments on egrets and herons appeared to show that chicks increase attacking not when underfed, but when the brood is large and when parents feed chicks from mouth to mouth rather than dumping food on the floor for retrieval. However, experimental underfeeding of blue-foots and three other species increased sibling aggression, and removing individuals from blue-foot broods failed to reduce aggression. Further, although brown pelican and cattle egret chicks feed initially from the nest floor and subsequently from their parents’ mouths, sibling aggression does not increase over that transition. Overall, the evidence shows that senior chicks increase their attacking as they mature, as their rate of ingestion declines, and when their siblings rebel.
Are Parents Okay with Sibling Bullying?
Authors: Drummond Hugh
Published: August 2023

According to inclusive fitness theory, blue-foot parents should sometimes enter into conflict with their senior chicks over food allocation between chicks and the killing of junior chicks, but extensive observation revealed no clear examples of such parent–offspring conflict. Seniors exercise this selfish control of their siblings with restraint, and parents do not restrain seniors’ aggressive dominance, privileged feeding, or siblicidal harassment of juniors. We looked for signs that fundamental parent–offspring conflict has been resolved by the evolution of subtle parental strategies to defend the interests of juniors. There was no clear evidence of mothers influencing sibling conflict by differentially supplying their first and second eggs with hormones or yolk, by fine-tuning the age difference between siblings, or by controlling the hatching order of female and male chicks. Parents and seniors may have coevolved to entrust control of juniors’ feeding and survival to seniors because their conflict of interests is minor.
Sources
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an account of the textual and archaeological evidence for Archaic Athens. After a brief narrative setting out the history of topographical and archaeological study of Athens and Attica, including the writings of various travelers, it sets out the nature of the surviving epigraphic corpus, which is dominated by private rather than public inscriptions, and then gives an account both of surviving ancient literature from Archaic Athens and of the later sources discussing Archaic Athens, drawing attention to the selectivity of these writers and the fact that they themselves were working from sources that were certainly little richer, and were in other ways somewhat poorer, than those available to us.
An Ambition That Resists Marginalization
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

This chapter moves further into the theoretical framework to explore the facets of the marginalization of Black women. By exploring the dynamic of stereotypes that have long attempted to define and limit opportunities for Black women while shaping perceptions of potential voters, media, and political parties about Black women candidates. This limits the political strength and advancement of Black women, and influences how Black female political and social networks resist and respond to those tactics. The socialization of Black women prompts them to carve out spaces of power via organizations and community service. The resources Black women receive from the organizations and service they engage in bolster their chances for candidate emergence and being elected because they provide support, access to potential donors, and recruitment by community members. The use of these spaces cultivated by Black women are consistent with the how marginalized groups more broadly cultivate resources.
Conclusion
Authors: Dowe Pearl K. Ford
Published: August 2023

The concluding chapter summarizes the rich data presented. By reporting firsthand experiences of Black women, especially Black women who have run for public office, the book has advanced our understanding of candidate emergence, demonstrated how political socialization and community influence and engender ambition, and shown the extent to which those communities provide resources for Black women to run and to win public political office. Despite their impressive levels of participation, Black women still face many challenges in implementing their own and their community’s policy preferences. As well as enumerating these, this chapter also raises questions that still need to be addressed about Black women seeking office.
A Temple Consumed by Fire
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers Radegund’s life as Chlothar’s queen. It interprets a story in Baudonivia’s Life of Radegund, in which the queen destroys a pagan shrine, as an allegory for the opposition she faced from the Frankish warrior elite. The chapter explains Radegund’s patronage of ecclesiastical leaders as an effort to create a base of support in the absence of family or local connections. The ability of Merovingian queens to collect tax revenues and to access the royal treasury is established, before the chapter turns to the personal relationship between Chlothar and his wife. Though her hagiographers were not keen to admit it, Radegund likely desired a child, at the very least because the birth of a male child might secure her position at court. If Radegund wished to understand this desire within a Christian framework, ample biblical examples existed to provide her with a rationale. The chapter describes how Radegund integrated her pursuit of sanctity, including fledgling acts of asceticism, with her status as a queen, and highlights some earlier examples that might have served as precedent (including her mother-in-law, Chlothild). The chapter concludes by discussing the event that ended Radegund’s marriage—her husband’s decision to murder her brother. The sources are sapped for every available clue they might hold about this murder, which has proved challenging to understand because of a lack of information. A close reading of Venantius Fortunatus’s poetry results in the possible identification of the name of Radegund’s brother, hitherto undetected.
They Will Be as Bears and Wolves
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Radegund’s political involvement during the reigns of Chlothar’s sons: Charibert, Sigibert, Chilperic, and Guntram (described in a later text as a generation of ‘bears and wolves’). It is suggested that she actively opposed Charibert’s marriage to a woman who lived under religious vows, because she wanted the Merovingian episcopate to uphold such vows as irrevocable. The surprising deaths of the king and his wife, not long after their excommunication, may well have enhanced Radegund’s standing in the kingdom (and increased support for her position concerning the irrevocability of religious vows). Charibert’s successor, Sigibert, is the likely architect of a policy that saw politically useful women related to Charibert swept away into monasteries, an unforeseen consequence of Radegund’s efforts. Sigibert and his wife, Brunhild, proved useful allies for Radegund, and they helped her obtain a fragment of the True Cross from Constantinople for her convent. This constructive relationship ended with Sigibert’s assassination. Radegund was not able to establish a similar rapport with Chilperic, who in fact put her convent in jeopardy during his military campaigns. The chapter concludes by comparing Radegund to two other queens, Brunhild and Fredegund, who also managed to maintain political influence after the deaths of their husbands, but only through the use, or at least the threat, of violence. Radegund, in contrast, avoided such an approach (shared by the powerful men of her day), and still succeeded in exerting enough influence to preserve her convent and to see it adorned with the True Cross.
The Lord Knows His Own
Authors: Dailey E. T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses Radegund’s acquisition of a fragment of the True Cross from Constantinople: her motivation, the political context, the controversy in Poitiers, and the significance of this relic for her convent. Radegund seems to have been inspired in her decision to seek out a fragment of the Cross by the legendary account of the Roman empress Helena, which she likely encountered in Rufinus of Aquileia’s rendition into Latin of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesaria. She may also have been inspired by this text to use as a model its depiction of Helena as a grand empress and an ascetic saint. Radegund had already attempted to acquire relics from the East, and in particular Jerusalem, in a difficult passage in Baudonivia’s hagiography that receives a new interpretation here. When the relics of the Cross arrived as a gift from Constantinople, the bishop of Poitiers, Maroveus, refused to install them in the convent, a decision explained by reference to the legend of Helena recorded in Rufinus. The chapter concludes by discussing the chronology for the adoption of the Rule of Caesarius by Radegund for her convent, a chronology that has hitherto proved difficult to reconstruct.
Reds in Blue
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This book examines Soviet participation in UNESCO from when the country joined the UN agency in 1954 until the eve of détente in 1967, providing the first analysis of the Soviet reception of the idea of world governance through noncommunist international organizations. Situating the USSR’s involvement in UNESCO in longer Soviet and Russian internationalist traditions, it tells the story of how the country went from boycotting UNESCO under Josef Stalin to embracing the organization in the years after his death. By doing so, it demonstrates that the Soviet decision to join UNESCO and other noncommunist international organizations in the post-Stalin period amounted to a recognition of the UN system as the legitimate venue for world governance. A result of the converging premises of the UN and the USSR as enlightenment projects for a better world, this endorsement of the UN made the world body a staple in the Soviet internationalist repertoire, enabling Soviet citizens to experiment with utopian visions of world governance, world civic duty, and international community. Soviet white-collar professionals worked for world governance as international civil servants in the UNESCO Secretariat. Members of the Soviet intelligentsia contributed to the international communities made by UNESCO gatherings and collaborative projects. Last, Soviet readers joined international reading publics engendered by UN print culture, creatively engaging with UN ideas as a result. Taken together, these Soviet citizens of the world used the UN to strive for a better future, practicing the dream of one world amid the realities of the Cold War.
Introduction
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

The introduction provides an overview of how the book explores Soviet participation in UNESCO during the 1950s and 1960s. It argues that the UN method of world governance extended to members of the Soviet educated class a means of imagining and working for a better world. Situating Soviet engagement with UNESCO in a longer history of experimentation by the Russian and Soviet intelligentsia with noncommunist visions of world governance, world civic duty, and international community, it shows that both the USSR and the UN agency were enlightenment projects with utopian agendas to change mindsets. In addition to highlighting this theoretical convergence, it puts the existing historical literatures on the two internationalist institutions into conversation with each other to illustrate that the commonalities in how the UN and Soviet projects played out in practice shaped the Soviet experience of everyday world governance in the world body.
Dual Power in World Governance
Authors: Porter Louis Howard
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the deterioration in relations between the USSR and UNESCO from the organization’s founding at the end of the Second World War until Stalin’s death, illustrating how the Soviet boycott of the agency in these years allowed the West to shape its bureaucracy and activities. The chapter explains the reasons for this boycott, telling the history of UNESCO as it became an object of the USSR’s anticosmopolitan campaign while entangling itself in Cold War crises by assisting Western postwar reconstruction efforts; supporting UN operations during the Korean War; and collaborating with the American Red Scare in UN secretariats. The chapter also examines how the Soviet state at this time embarked on its own peace movement, which, while framed in opposition to UNESCO, had similar utopian aspirations, making the UN agency seem at once strange and familiar to Soviet participants once the country joined it in 1954.
Vinyl
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the emergence and rise of vinyl records as the dominant format for distributing music over three decades and the rise of the record label as the dominant corporate entity in the music business. It starts with the Columbia versus RCA format war, which resulted in the 12-inch long-playing record (“LP”) and the 45-rpm 7-inch (“the 45”), and it explains how the LP’s superior sound quality combined with postwar flight to the suburbs ushered in the “hi-fi” era of consumer electronics. The chapter describes how vinyl caused music recordings to expand, through a growing number of distribution channels, from small independent specialty retail items to mass-market consumer products. It examines artists’ discovery of the LP as a creative canvas for longer-form recordings, and it discusses the lack of copyright protection for recording artists until the early 1970s. The chapter also covers the vinyl revival of the 2010s.
War, Work, and Want
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The book explains why migration to the United States, Europe, and Asia tripled after 1973. Today, global migration is at a historic high of over 280 million people. Mass migration has transformed international and domestic politics. Such migration is not only unprecedented; it was—at least in the global north—unexpected and unwanted. Publics across Europe, North America, and Asia oppose immigration, and events in the early 1970s should have led to a decline in migration. Instead, global migration tripled. The book asks why. It argues that economic and geopolitical changes unleashed by the OPEC oil crisis led to an unanticipated surge in global migration. Economically, the quadrupling of oil prices halved growth rates in the West, they never recovered, and wages have stagnated for five decades. In response, consumers rebuilt their standard of living on the back of cheap migrant labor. At the same time, OPEC flooded the Middle East and Russia with oil money, destabilizing Iran, ushering in the Iranian Revolution, contributing to Moscow’s 1979 decision to invade Afghanistan, and leading to the two Gulf Wars. In the non-oil-producing states, Egypt and Syria, OPEC-induced inflation put the last nail in the coffin of import substitution industrialization (using tariffs to industrialize), forced a turn to neoliberalism, and led to inequality, mass protests, terrorism (Egypt), and civil war (Syria). These simultaneous economic and geopolitical developments, all set in motion by the OPEC oil crisis, resulted in 115 million migrants that few in the global north expected or wanted.
Prussians, Jews, Pan-Arabs, and Islamists
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The 1967 Six-Day War was an essential precondition to the 1973 quadrupling of oil prices. But it also led to mass expulsion, the transformation of Palestinians into laborers, and the reconfiguration of Middle Eastern politics. The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) caused the flight or expulsion of some 400,000 Arabs. The goal was to rid the newly occupied territories of as many Arabs as possible. One million still remained: The IDF entered a partnership with Israel’s General Federation of Labour, the Histadrut: the army would supply Histadrut factories with cheap Palestinian labor, supporting an economic boom. At the same time, Israel’s victory put the last nail in the coffin of Nasserism and created space for political Islam as a new basis of Egyptian (and broader Arab) identity. Fury over Israel’s annexations further strengthened Arab states’ resolve to leverage oil against Western governments and Western consumers. They did, and it changed the global economy forever.
Black Gold
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The chapter examines post-1973 migration to the Middle East, above all Saudi Arabia. The flooding of the Middle East with oil money after the OPEC-induced oil shock led to massive labor demand. It was strongest in Saudi Arabia, a country of fear and fascination for the West. The chapter provides a political history of Saudi Arabia, exploring the pact between the monarchy—the House of Saud—and Wahhabi clerics. The king welcomed both low-skilled Arab workers and Islamist intellectuals, hoping that nurturing Egyptian political Islam would undermine pan-Arabism across the Middle East, while employing Islamists in Saudi media, universities, and bureaucracy would provide a counterweight to hardline Wahhabi clerics. The strategy backfired: Egyptian political Islamists encouraged domestic criticism of the Saudis as corrupt and materialist Western patsies. The result was an intensification of Wahhabi restrictions.
Oil’s Curses
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The sudden influx of petrodollars into Iran provided a massive financial boost to the shah’s modernization program, but it unleashed forces he struggled to control, leading to his downfall. Modernization brought large numbers of low-skilled, rural, pious migrants into the cities just as oil-driven inflation exacerbated urban inequality, which led to mass protests that toppled the shah. The creation of an Islamic Republic with Ayatollah Khomeini as its leader infuriated Iraq’s Saddam Hussein and encouraged his attack on Iran. The eight-year conflict generated almost 2.4 million refugees, the largest refugee population in the world in the 1980s after Afghanistan. That war would not have happened without the Iranian Revolution, and the Iranian Revolution would not have occurred without the post-1973 oil price surge.
The Taliban, 9/11, and the Second Iraq War
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The refugee camps of northern Pakistan were the breeding ground for the Taliban and al-Qaeda, including Osama bin Laden himself. Before the Taliban hosted bin Laden, American optimism about the prospects of a gas pipeline through Afghanistan led to American indulgence of the movement. 9/11 ended that, and it became the excuse for the American invasion of Iraq in 2003; the main reason was oil. The US attacked Iraq not because it posed an immediate threat—it did not—but because it might pose a future danger, because it could not defend itself, and because it had oil. The disastrous American occupation led to al-Qaeda in Iraq, a murderous campaign against Shiite Muslims, and massive internecine violence. Millions of refugees fled the chaos and terror, including, by 2010, 1 million Iraqi refugees in Syria, and they wished to stay. Then, for the second time, their world collapsed.
What We Eat I
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

The meatpacking and meat-processing industry once provided good jobs; from the 1970s, firms, responding to consumers’ desire for cheap meat, replaced them with poorly paid and insecure positions. In the mid-twentieth century, the sector provided well-paid, unionized jobs with good benefits, sustaining middle-class incomes for working-class families. In response to post-1973 inflation and escalating meat prices, firms turned (back) to a low-wage strategy. They abandoned the union-rich midwestern cities (above all Chicago) for the union-poor countryside and the South. They closed unionized plants and reopened them with non-union workers. They introduced de-skilling techniques and deployed intimidation, including the mob, to shut unions down and to block organization efforts. From 1981, wages fell 40%. It was, as that well-known supporter of union radicalism, Business Week, put it in 1983, “The Slaughter of Meatpacking Wages.”
What We Eat II
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

Meat companies’ profit margins are meager, a few pennies per pound, because wholesale buyers followed the meat industry’s strategy of mergers, corporate concentration, and union decimation. The supermarkets and fast-food companies consolidated, magnified their bargaining power, and turned meat companies (and the agricultural industry) into price takers. The meat industry responded by hammering wages, which made up half of their costs, further, driving them down as much as 50% by the early 1980s. Whereas meatpacking wages were approximately 15% higher than the American manufacturing average in the 1960s and 1970s, by 2002 they were 25% lower. Today, there are 530,000 workers in the meat industry. The industry looks much as it did in the first two decades of the twentieth century: dominated by migrant laborers. Their wages are derisory, and the conditions in which they work are appalling—toiling long hours in dangerous conditions, suffering frequent injuries and occasional death to provide consumers with vast quantities of cheap meat.
Where We Live II
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

While construction unions are stronger in Europe than in the US, firms in northern Europe exploited a posting directive that allowed them to employ EU nationals from poorer parts of Europe at home-country wages, thus circumventing northern European unions. Posting was used throughout the European construction sector, and as a result workers were paid little, denied benefits, and were overcharged to live in cramped quarters. But these measures alone were not enough: as ever when profit margins increase on the back of cheap labor, it is never cheap enough. To avoid even miserly social security contributions of the sort required in countries such as Cyprus, and to drive real wages still lower, firms resort to the irregular employment of foreign workers, and it is widespread across the sector. Swiss, Portuguese, and Italian companies employ informal laborers to an unusually high degree.
What We Wear
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

Consumer demand for ever-cheaper clothes, particularly fast-fashion “designer” labels, has led to massive migration dependence and extensive labor exploitation in textile and apparel supply chains. The textile and garment industry once provided good jobs. This ended in 1973. The quadrupling of oil prices threw the US economy into recession. Over two years, some 300,000 textile and apparel jobs vanished; by 1996, 900,000 jobs had disappeared. The cause was consumers’ search for lower prices, which set two processes in motion. Production shifted to Asia and, later, to Africa. Except for India and China, these countries ran out of domestic workers willing to work for miserly wages and turned to migrants. Retailers demanding quick delivery and ever-changing products led to subcontracting, where human trafficking is rampant. In the West, the industry that remained followed the same model, relying on exploited migrant workers.
Back to the Future
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: August 2023

In the early 2020s, the global economy and geopolitics look much like they did in the 1970s: Russia invaded a sovereign country, Europe faces an oil embargo, inflation is high, and real wages are falling. The chapter reviews the book’s argument—that in the fifty years since the OPEC oil crisis, war, work, and want resulted in a tripling of global migration, which by all expectations should have ended—and reflects on the choices society faces today. Consumers can tolerate an erosion of their standards of living and accept a dismal future that recalls the gloomy prognoses of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Or they can, as in the 1980s, seek to recapture their standard of living through further downward pressure on wages. The second scenario is more likely. If so, the trends identified in this book—labor exploitation, falling real wages, reliance on cheap migrant labor, and human trafficking—will continue.
Introduction
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Donation-based online crowdfunding is a rapidly growing practice where campaigners take advantage of online social networks to raise funds. These campaigns are for a wide range of needs including basic needs like housing, medical care, and education. While soliciting financial support from the wider public is hardly a new phenomenon, the online and socially networked features of crowdfunding create new opportunities for benefits for campaigners. At the same time, this practice raises ethical, political, and practical concerns for all involved. This introduction briefly discusses the practice and scope of crowdfunding and then gives an outline of the content and central argument of the book.
Crowdfrauding
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Many giving practices have tried to establish the genuineness of need and separate the poor into deserving and undeserving groups. This inspection of those in need may be justified in preventing fraud by those not requiring support or misrepresenting their needs; however, it can also lead to problematic invasions of privacy and require those in need to perform their deservingness to potential donors. The practice of crowdfunding has included examples of fraud ranging from high-profile cases that received viral media attention and massive public support to unsophisticated and largely unsuccessful attempts to mislead the public. While overt fraud in crowdfunding is likely rare, campaigners are required to prove their trustworthiness to the public in order to overcome concerns that they may mislead potential donors. This requires campaigners to reveal a great deal of sensitive information to the public with implications for the privacy and dignity of the recipient.
Crowdfunding as a mediated practice
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Crowdfunding platforms are well aware of many of the critiques of this practice, particularly the concern that crowdfunding disadvantages racialized minorities and other groups and exacerbates existing social inequities. Partially in response to these concerns, GoFundMe in particular has become more active in publicly criticizing failures by the US government to address social needs and promoting campaigns for Black Lives Matters, groups addressing anti-Asian hate, and LGTBQ support groups, among others. These and other initiatives have shifted crowdfunding from primarily a form of direct giving to a more institutionally mediated, indirect giving practice. While no doubt well-intentioned, this turn in crowdfunding also repeats some of the historical concerns with indirect giving through philanthropic intermediaries. Moreover, it cannot alone solve the ethical, political, and practical shortcomings of crowdfunding.
Conclusion: Making crowdfunding more appealing
Authors: Snyder Jeremy
Published: August 2023

This conclusion summarizes the benefits of and ethical, political, and practical concerns with donation-based crowdfunding as it is generally practiced. Following from this summary, nine values should guide the practice of crowdfunding: benefit, choice, solidarity, privacy, dignity, equity, social justice, non-maleficence, and accountability. The author uses these values to suggest ways that crowdfunding donors, campaigners, recipients, platforms, and policy makers can act to realize the benefits of crowdfunding while dampening some of its many problems. Using crowdfunding as a tool among people in existing relationships and in the service of mutual aid is much more likely to promote these values insofar as campaigners can draw attention to the root causes of their needs, protect privacy and dignity, and motivate and coordinate collective actions to address these problems.
Empire and Whig Moralism
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the years from 1714 through 1760, which encompasses the growth of Britain’s transatlantic empire. It provides a description of the political mandates embraced by Whig partisans, which shaped popular perceptions of the moral virtues upon which the kingdom depended, such as sensibility, reasonableness, and utility. This whiggish moralism dominated the comparative analyses of a new generation of religious geographers and encyclopedists. They described how different religious expressions conformed to or violated regnant standards of reasonableness and sociability, which included respect for the religious liberty of others. Inflected by interests in the slave trade, their comments on the religious practices of western Africa stand out as exceptions in this respect: nearly void of moral commendation. Whig moralism also framed the observations of travelers who commented on the various religious communities they encountered.
The Law of Loyalty
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

This monograph elucidates common legal principles underlying the use of juridical powers. It addresses both public law and private law, and examines both the common law and the civil law. It aims to provide a theory of how Western law regulates the situations in which we hold legal powers, not for ourselves, but for and on behalf of others. It does this by elucidating the justificatory principles that are attracted in those situations. These principles include that other-regarding powers can only properly be used for the purposes for which they were granted; that they should not be used when the holder is in a conflict of self-interest and duty, or a conflict of duty and duty; and that the holder is presumptively accountable for any profits extracted from the other-regarding role. These principles stand behind the detailed legal rules that govern these relationships in multiple legal systems and in multiple public and private settings. In private law this includes the powers of trustees, corporate directors, agents, and mandataries; in public law it includes all powers held for public purposes, whether they be held by the Prime Minister, by a police officer, or by a judge.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: August 2023

This short chapter sets out the ambitions of Part II of the book, which is on private law, and explains the logic of its division into three sub-parts. Part II.A (Chapters 3–6) addresses the core cases of private law administration: relationships in which one person has legal powers over the assets of another person and holds those powers for and on behalf of the other person. Part II.B (Chapter 7) addresses the widening reach of private administration, including borderline cases which have been recognized as relationships of administration in some but not all legal systems. Part III.C (Chapter 8) addresses how private administration is supervised and enforced in law. Chapter 2 concludes with an overview of how relationships of private administration are constituted and terminated. Termination is important because it is a feature of all relationships of administration that the administrator does not hold their legal powers for their own benefit; it follows that the powers can always be taken away.
How Screen Stories Can Contribute to the Formation of Just Persons
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: August 2023

The capacity of screen stories to lead to moral formation is viewer- and occasion-specific. This chapter distinguishes between moral understanding, formation, and commitment. It accepts Noël Carroll’s notion (clarificationism) that screen stories can evoke the viewer’s own capacities for moral discernment through criterial prefocusing. It rejects Carroll’s idea that such fictions cannot teach us anything new. Fictions can foster moral formation by enhancement, by (1) enabling us to imagine more acutely, more vividly; (2) by depicting a situation in such a way that the depiction suggests its moral significance; and (3) by overcoming resistance to acknowledging the injustice of certain situations or events. Fictions can foster moral formation and discernment through enhancement plus quasi-transference, the transference of beliefs to similar situations in the actual world. In relation to justice, fictions work primarily through empathy for those treated unjustly and indignation at their treatment.
On Reflecting on Reflections
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that film and media scholarship, including teaching, conferences, and mentoring, remove barriers to moral reflection on screen stories, facilitating both socially situated and individual reflection over long periods of time. After a discussion of moral intuitionism (or moral foundations theory), the chapter argues that scholarly work can expand reflection by eliciting a questioning, elaboration, and/or revision of our initial intuitions. Its longitudinally transformative capacities distinguish this manner of close attention to screen stories from the evaluative work of movie reviews and the discourses of fandom. The chapter further argues that screen media scholarship acts as a transactive memory system that updates and reorients moral understandings of our world as it changes, and that its ability to extend “reflection upon reflections” is key to its radical potential; this makes it a system worth defending.
So Metal
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

Iron is one of the most ubiquitous elements on Earth, one that plays well with other elements. Since the dawn of Life, organisms have played a delicate balancing act, using iron in metabolic reactions but needing protection from the damage it can cause. Human iron metabolism reflects this razor’s edge—needing iron to carry oxygen throughout the body, but carefully sequestering it to prevent oxidative stress. This chapter traces the deep evolutionary roots of iron to explain its metabolism in humans—its absorption, storage, transport throughout the body, and excretion. This chapter introduces iron-related illnesses—iron deficiency anemia, hereditary hemochromatosis, and anemia of chronic illness—from an evolutionary medicine perspective, demonstrating how evolution has made humankind vulnerable to disruptions in iron metabolism.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D.
Published: August 2023

This examines the first of Bavinck’s principia, revelation. The chapter argues that in his theological methodology, Bavinck envisioned Scripture as the foundation of this Trinitarian theology even while his conception of revelation maintained a Trinitarian structure. It demonstrates this ‘triniformity’ by considering Bavinck’s doctrine of Scripture. The chapter opens its exploration of revelation by considering how Bavinck understood all revelation to be chiefly oriented toward revealing the Triune God, and, thus, is Christologically determined and triune in shape. Second, it will turn to Bavinck’s explanation of the missions of the Son and the Spirit as communicative in nature; looking at how revelation of the Trinity, for Bavinck, is not less than words but also more than merely words. Third, and finally, the chapter will focus on the incarnation and Pentecost as the pinnacle of Trinitarian revelation; demonstrating the inter-connection, for Bavinck, in missions ad extra and processions ad intra.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the second of Bavinck’s principia, confession. The chapter argues that for Bavinck, ecclesiastical confession holds a ministerial authority over his theological methodology. The chapter begins by looking at the way Bavinck envisioned the relationship of confessional formulae and Scripture. Following from this, the chapter examines Bavinck’s own work in historical theological retrieval in the Dutch Reformed tradition. This section focuses on Bavinck’s editing of the Synopsis purioris theologiae. Finally, the chapter investigates how Bavinck interacted with broader Christian tradition when constructing his Trinitarian theology. The place of ecclesiastical confession in Bavinck’s theological methodology is the driving concern of this chapter.
Trinity and Retrieval
Authors: Clausing Cameron D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter investigates the last of Herman Bavinck’s principia, Christian consciousness. This chapter argues in this chapter that the understanding of the particularity of the theologian’s time and place allowed Bavinck to view all theological constructions as provisional and open to future development. The chapter opens by considering the philosophical and theological conditions that developed in post-Kantian modern Europe bringing the chapter back to historicism, organicism, and Wissenschaft. It shows how Bavinck employed these concepts to construct an idea of theological development connecting these to creeds and confession specifically. Next the chapter explores the nineteenth-century conceptions of the Trinity and the use of the language of ‘personality’ by thinkers like Hegel and Schleiermacher. It demonstrates how historicism influenced Trinitarian thinking and, in Bavinck’s estimation, depersonalized it. Finally, this chapter applies what has been investigated with regard to Bavinck’s theological methodology to his construction of Trinitarian theology. What this chapter shows is that Bavinck believed that even a doctrine as historically stable as the Trinity needed to grow and develop to address the questions raised by one’s contemporary cultural and philosophical context.
On Muslim Democracy
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

In recent years, “Muslim democracy” has increased in popularity as an orientation for religiously inspired movements and parties seeking to unmoor themselves from traditional Islamist aspirations and find a permanent place within pluralist democratic systems. Yet there has been little scholarship on the ideological and doctrinal transformations involved in the move from Islamism to Muslim democracy. This collected volume gathers ten essays by Tunisian philosopher and political leader Rached Ghannouchi on themes related to freedom, democracy, and pluralism in Islam. It also includes a lengthy philosophical-theological dialogue between Ghannouchi and American political theorist and scholar of Islam Andrew F. March (who also provides a critical introduction). The book explores Ghannouchi’s thought on these topics as it developed from the decade before Tunisia’s 2011 revolution through the drafting and adoption of a democratic constitution in 2014.
From Islamic Democracy to Muslim Democracy
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This introduction begins with the current political crisis in Tunisia since the suspension of parliament and assumption of autocratic powers by President Kais Saied on July 25, 2021. It then introduces the Tunisian democratic transition, with a particular focus on the role of the Islamist Ennahda Party in helping to author a constitution for a pluralist, democratic order with no special status for the Islamic shariʿa in the legal system. This paved the way for the 2016 declaration that Ennahda had “left political Islam” and adopted the ideology of “Muslim democracy.” The chapter provides a brief account of Ghannouchi’s prior theory of a legitimate democratic Islamic state, as elaborated in his Public Freedoms in the Islamic State, followed by an outline of concepts and commitments behind the idea of “Muslim democracy.” It concludes with three paradigms for thinking about Muslim democracy as an ideology.
Basic Freedoms in Islam
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

In this 2005 lecture, Ghannouchi defends the value of human freedom from an Islamic perspective. Ghannouchi argues that mankind’s status as God’s vicegerent (caliph) on earth requires our exercise of reason and freedom. All obligations imposed on mankind by God, beginning with bearing witness to God and His Messenger, require the exercise of freedom. This lecture defends multiple conceptions of freedom, beyond freedom from external coercion. Obedience to God renders humans freer than disobedience because it is through religious practice that we learn to control the self and its appetites, and to channel our will toward purposes of ultimate human value. Yet this “positive” conception of freedom nonetheless requires public freedoms and rights to allow humans the space to exercise their moral personality on their own, without coercion or domination.
When Is Islam the Solution?
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

Ghannouchi revisits the classical Islamist slogan of the twentieth century, “Islam is the solution,” in this essay. He takes note of the rise of an Islamist alternative to the modern secular dictatorships that succeeded colonial occupation of Muslim lands. To a certain extent, the question of democratization in the Muslim world is the question of the inclusion and participation of Islamist parties in political systems, given the grassroots support for these movements. At the same time, Islamists must recognize that popular support is never simply a matter of religious appeal but also involves other historical and political criteria. Islamist groups should thus not be overconfident that they represent a permanent association in the minds of the people with Islam and morality itself; rather, they will always be judged based on a wide scale of political values and outcomes.
The Problems of Contemporary Islamist Discourse
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This essay address some of the problematic aspects of contemporary Islamist discourse, specifically the discourse of the centrist (wasati) school of thought in the Islamist movement. Ghannouchi makes a number of critical observations, including that the wasati Islamist discourse tends to be dominated by the national interests of the governments into which foreign occupiers divided the Islamic world. This constrains the development of a transnational Islamic (ummatic) approach to political solidarity. He also argues that it is a discourse in which the doctrinal, moral, and educational element of political life is exaggerated, at times harshly and without nuance, at the expense of social and political components. Finally, it is a discourse that often overemphasizes the Islamic shariʿa as a penal system, divesting Islam of its social content (justice, unity, and shura).
Secularism and the Relation Between Religion and the State from the Perspective of the Ennahda Party
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This lecture was delivered during the constitution-drafting period after the revolution in Tunisia. For Ghannouchi, secularism is not necessarily a philosophy that came to confront and fight idealist and religious worldviews, but rather one that appeared, evolved, and crystallized in the West not as a philosophy or theory of existence, but primarily as a set of procedural solutions to problems that had been posed in the European context. Ghannouchi turns, as he frequently does, to the Sahifa of Medina to argue that while Islam does not need European secularism, it always recognized the distinction (not separation) between that which is political and that which is religious. He argues that a modern system in which equal rights and liberties are guaranteed is supported by religion, but that this does not warrant excluding religion from the public sphere and from any moral influence on the state.
The Implications and Requirements of a Post-Revolutionary Constitution
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached , March Andrew F.
Published: August 2023

This important lecture addresses the challenges of drafting a constitution in post-revolutionary Tunisia. Ghannouchi discusses the most contentious issues arising from a constitution drafted together with a number of secular parties, including the lack of inclusion of any reference to the Islamic shariʿa, the mixed presidential-parliamentary system, the question of gender complementarity, and human rights. Ghannouchi justifies all of these compromises as required by the need for a widespread agreement on the basic rules of politics in a pluralist society—that is, that the constitution should be for the whole country, reflecting all shades of the political, ideological, and social spectrum. It should be a constitution in which citizens of all inclinations can see themselves, and not just a bare majority. Once again, Ghannouchi leans heavily on the example of the Sahifa of Medina to justify this privileging of pluralism and consultation.
Ethics in the Hebrew Bible and Beyond
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

Offering close exegesis of specific passages from the Hebrew Bible and a discussion of the interpretation and appropriation of these ancient texts by post-biblical Jewish writers and by other creative contributors from outside the Jewish tradition, this study explores topics in religious ethics, social justice, political ethics, reproductive ethics, economic ethics, and issues in ecology, gender and sexuality, killing and dying, and reproductive ethics. Certain goals inform all the chapters: the interest in tracing recurring themes concerning the definition of the good, and the various ways in which Jewish thinkers rely on the more ancient material and appropriate it; the links between areas in ethics explored, for example, between gender and reproductive ethics, or war-views and attitudes to political ethics and environmental ethics. Each essay, however, is a self-contained study as well. The author has carved out particular biblical texts or themes in order to explore them in depth with special interest in the meanings and messages that pertain to ancient Israelite writers’ varied presentation of matters in ethics.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

The author reviews in brief major interests of the volume underscoring questions about human beings’ capacity to make ethical choices and about the ethics of God. The chapter concludes with comments on aspirational ethics.