bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПРИМЈЕНА РАЗЛИЧИТИХ МЕТОДА ЗА ОДРЕЂИВАЊЕ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЈЕ АЛКОХОЛА У ОРГАНИЗМУ И КОМПАРАЦИЈА РЕЗУЛТАТА
Authors: Simurdić Ljiljana , Драгољић Мирјана , Матић Весна
Published: April 2019

Утврђивање концентрације алкохола у организму, ради одређивања стања и степена алкохолисаности, може се извршити на више начина. У пракси се најчешће примјењују методе алкотестирања издахнутог ваздуха на терену и анализе крви и урина у лабораторији, док се метода процјене на основу врсте и количине попијеног пића користи само у случајевима када, из одређених разлога, није извршено алкотестирање или није било могуће благовремено узимање крви и урина за лабораторијску анализу. Овај рад се бави поређењем резултата концентрација алкохола у организму утврђених примјеном различитих метода, а базиран је на експерименту у којем су кориштене три методе за утврђивање концентрације алкохола. Резултати експеримента обрађени су са аспекта тумачења концентрација алкохола добијених примјеном различитих метода, уочавања међусобног односа концентрација - слагања и одступања, идентификовање и тумачење фактора и околности који могу бити узрок неслагања, појаве и учесталости проблема у раду и препоруке за превазилажење истих. Циљ истраживања је процјена околности за примјену појединих метода на основу њихове поузданости, а сврха истраживања је унапрјеђење у области тумачења резултата различитих метода за утврђивање концентрације алкохола и одређивање степена алкохолисаности, као допринос доказном поступку.
READABILITY OF SCREEN PRINTED QR CODES DEPENDING ON THEIR DIMENSION, ENCODED CONTENT AND TYPE OF PRINTING SUBSTRATE USING SCREEN PRINTING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Pavlović Živko , Dedijer Sandra , Pál Magdolna , Tomić Ivana , Juriĉ Ivana
Published: April 2019

QR (Quick Response) code is a two-dimensional code consisting of white and black squares as information carriers.The main advantages of a two-dimensional or matrix code is the possibility of various and extensive content in thegiven area, wherein the amount of encoded data is limited to about 7000 numbers and about 1800 symbols. Theabove-mentioned codes have become an inevitable part of any industrial product. The aim of this experiment was totest readability of different QR codes printed with screen printing with different mesh tread densities (140 threads/cmand 180 threads/cm). The QR codes were prepared in six different dimensions (1 cm2, 1.3 cm2, 1.6 cm2, 1.9 cm2, 2.2cm2 and 2.5 cm2) with three different types of content (textual message-SMS with 160 characters, short URL and longURL) on seven different substrates (paper 170g/m2, self-adhesive paper, PVC foil, white and yellow cotton cloth/fabric,aluminium sheet and glass plate). During the experiment D65 light source was used as a simulation of daylight. Wehave used Neo Reader software for QR code reading on HTC Desire phone, using the 5-megapixel camera andpossibility of autofocus. The results show improved readability with QR codes printed with screen mesh of 140threads/cm and with the reduction of carried information, i.e. the number of characters that QR codes consist of. Also,the problem with readability decreases when using substrates such as aluminium sheet or glass plate.
Uticaj inulina na kvalitet i funkcionalne osobine hleba
Authors: Filipović Jelena , Filipović Vladimir , Nićetin Milica
Published: April 2019

Savremeni stav nutricionista je da su u obroku najviše zastupljeni proizvodi od žitai prehrambenih vlakana kako bi se postiglo održanje i poboljšanje ljudskog zdravlja,te su pekarski proizvodi pogodna namirnica za korekciju ishrane. Za izradu hleba sainulinom, korišćen je komercijalni proizvod inulin HPX proizvođača „ORAFTI Active FoodIngredients”, Belgija, koji je makromolekul sa više od 10 glukoznih jedinica. Različit udeoInulina HPX (5% i 10%) dodavan je u osnovne sirovine za izradu testa kao zamena zadeo brašna T-500. Ispitan je uticaj inulina na kvalitet, teksturu, boju i nutritivni sastavhleba. Konzumiranjem 250 g hleba sa 10% inulina HPX unosi se 27,5 g vlakana štozadovoljava dnevne potrebe u vlaknima, preporučene od svetske zdrastvene organizacijei nutricionista. Hleb sa 5% i 10% inulina ima smanjen sadržaj svarljivih ugljenih hidrata ismanjenu energetsku vrednost za 8,2% odnosno 14,5%. Hleb sa inulinom HPX predstavljanov proizvod dobrog tehnološkog i senzornog kvaliteta, izmenjenog nutritivnog sastava,sa funkcionalnim osobinama.
Study of adsorption of selected organic species from aqueous solution on nh4be ta zeolite
Authors: Sladojević Slavica , Penavin-Skundrić Jelena , Levi Zora , Rakanović Marina
Published: April 2019

This study observed adsorption of selected organic species from the aqueoussolution, EDTA and H2C2O4, at 283, 293 and 303 K. The adsorbent used was syntheticzeolite NH4BETA, product of the American company Zeolyst International, with themole ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 = 25.00, for the purpose of examining its physical-chemicalcharacteristics and obtaining more thorough information on the adsorption capacityand active centers, as well as for its potential application in purificati on of wastewatersfrom the organic pollutants. Results proved that adsorption of the adsorbates, underthe same experimental conditions, was multi-layer physical, being stronger expressedwhen the adsorbate was oxalic acid, which is logical enough since its molecule is a lotsmaller and of a simpler structure compared to the big molecule of EDTA.
ИЗ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНОГ НАРОДНОГ ЖИВОТА
Authors: Глигорић Сњежана
Published: April 2019

Публикација Сава Пујића Водена кола на Требишњици представља истра-живање некадашњег система наводњавања земљишта у сливу Требишњи-це, али и воденог кола као погонског система, без обзира да ли је ријеч о наводњавању, напајању мрестилишта, мљевењу жита, или окретању раж-ња. Кроз седам поглавља читког, понекад поетичног текста, аутор се бави најразличитијим аспектима те појаве, истовремено се дотичући и других из привредног и друштвеног живота тога краја. Кроз своја и сјећања саговор-ника покушава да „оживи“ амбијент и сензибилитет времена у којем су во-дена кола доживјела пуни процват, на тај начин приближавајући данас нес-талу појаву савременом читаоцу. Текст почиње представљањем изворâ за проучавање, који, чини се, нису бројни и до њих није лако доћи: раније пу-бликације или књижевна дјела у којима се појава успутно спомиње, старе фотографије, информатори са терена, трошковник манастира и слично. Наставља се приказом локације и историјата, те описом система наводња-вања и начина на који функционише. Нарочито детаљно су описани дије-лови натапног система, уз коришћење и објашњавање локалне терминоло-гије. Наведени су најпознатији градитељи кола, приказан начин одржавања система, као и проблеми око регулације водотока. Онолико колико тема захтијева, појашњено је и тзв. натапно право, у којем је дио права и обавеза био регулисан правним нормама (градња и функционисање натапног сис-тема), док је значајан дио остао у домену обичајног права (право на навод-њавање и његова диоба, распоред коришћења и обавезе корисника). Четвр-то поглавље је посвећено лексици везаној за натапање, гдје се истиче спе-цифичност натапне терминологије на подручју Требиња, те закључује да највећи дио потиче из изворне лексике, допуњен у значајној мјери турциз-мима и романизмима.
О ОДУМИРАЊУ СЕЛА
Authors: Панић Горан
Published: April 2019

Дјело „Лакташка жупа – прошлост и садашњост“ аутора Живка Вујића за-служује пажњу читалачке публике из више разлога. Ово је изврсна књига за демографе, географе, историчаре, статистичаре и све оне које интересује прошлост и садашњост овог прелијепог краја. Књиге ове тематике су врло ријетке и као такве су драгоцјене. Управо због припрема и теренског рада које захтијева писање једног оваквог дјела, аутори се ријетко одлучују да приступе том послу. Вриједност дјела је много драгоцјених података о ста-новништву и његовом развоју у простору и времену. За похвалу је ауто-рова прецизност и озбиљан методолошки приступ, који поприма обиљежја научног рада.
ПРИСТУП ЗАШТИТИ НЕМАТЕРИЈАЛНОГ КУЛТУРНОГ НАСЉЕЂА
Authors: Глигорић Сњежана
Published: April 2019

Публикација Нематеријално културно насљеђе. Теоријски, методолошки и административни аспекти, ауторки: Ирене Медар Тањге, Јеленке Пан-дуревић и Драгице Панић Кашански представља резултат рада на научно-истраживачком пројекту Проучавање и заштита нематеријалне културне баштине Републике Српске, који је реализован у периоду од 2012–2016. године на Филолошком факултету Универзитета у Бањој Луци. Кроз девет поглавља, ауторке су представиле конкретна теренска истраживања одре-ђених елемената нематеријалног културног насљеђа, настојећи да на тим примјерима објасне сам појам, начин на који га третира Конвенција о очу-вању нематеријалног културног насљеђа, да прикажу неке аспекте својих теренских истраживања, методологије, обраде документације и инвентари-сања елемената нематеријалног културног насљеђа, као и одређене пробле-ме у идентификовању истих.
A draft genome and transcriptome of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) as resources for evolutionary, ecological, and molecular studies in milkweeds and Apocynaceae
Authors: Weitemier Kevin , Straub Shannon CK , Fishbein Mark , Bailey C Donovan , Cronn Richard C , Liston Aaron
Published: April 2019

Milkweeds (Asclepias) are used in wide-ranging studies including floral development, pollination biology, plant-insect interactions and co-evolution, secondary metabolite chemistry, and rapid diversification. We present a transcriptome and draft nuclear genome assembly of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. This reconstruction of the nuclear genome is augmented by linkage group information, adding to existing chloroplast and mitochondrial genomic resources for this member of the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae. The genome was sequenced to 80.4× depth and the draft assembly contains 54,266 scaffolds ≥1 kbp, with N50 = 3415 bp, representing 37% (156.6 Mbp) of the estimated 420 Mbp genome. A total of 14,474 protein-coding genes were identified based on transcript evidence, closely related proteins, and ab initio models, and 95% of genes were annotated. A large proportion of gene space is represented in the assembly, with 96.7% of Asclepias transcripts, 88.4% of transcripts from the related genus Calotropis, and 90.6% of proteins from Coffea mapping to the assembly. Scaffolds covering 75 Mbp of the Asclepias assembly formed eleven linkage groups. Comparisons of these groups with pseudochromosomes in Coffea found that six chromosomes show consistent stability in gene content, while one may have a long history of fragmentation and rearrangement. The progesterone 5β-reductase gene family, a key component of cardenolide production, is likely reduced in Asclepias relative to other Apocynaceae. The genome and transcriptome of common milkweed provide a rich resource for future studies of the ecology and evolution of a charismatic plant family.
Possibility of detecting cancer using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry profiling of cancer signature metabolome in blood
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: April 2019

Cancer cells exhibit myriad characteristics that differentiate them from normal cells; for example, cell surface markers, morphology, cellular metabolism, gene expression, and migratory tendency. Amongst the characteristics, cancer cell metabolism is the least appreciated but is increasingly recognized as a critical hallmark of cancer both from the treatment and diagnostic point of view. Specifically, studies have shown that cancer cells exhibit different metabolism from normal cells, which suggests that profiling the metabolome of cancer cells could inform both cancer diagnostic and treatment. However, few diagnostic tools in development are based on profiling cancer metabolism for either screening or diagnostic applications. This situation is further exacerbated by the fact that cancer remains difficult to detect using blood biopsy even though circulating tumour cells in blood have been isolated and concentrated. Hence, it would be a significant advance for cancer screening and diagnosis if different types of cancer could be differentiated by their unique metabolome signature in blood samples. Screening conducted using blood samples offers advantages of simplicity, ease of use and accessibility compared to tissue biopsy currently used in identifying the type and stage of cancer. To this end, possibility exists in detecting early stage cancer through profiling unique cancer metabolome present in blood. Specifically, different types of cancer might exhibit differentiated metabolic profile where an ensemble of metabolites are secreted extracellularly into the blood. Profiling such secreted metabolites using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) might provide clues to the type of cancer and its clinical stage. The approach, however, could potentially suffer from high background noise as the secreted metabolites might be from normal cells exhibiting differential responses to changes in nutritional or environmental conditions. Hence, systematic analysis of the secreted metabolome of different cancer cells would help correlate unique metabolome signatures in blood plasma with different cancer types, and thus, provide the basis for a diagnostic tool able to discriminate between normal physiological metabolism and that of specific types of cancer. Further, modern pattern recognition algorithms should provide analytical help in discriminating between adnormal metabolism arising from metabolic disease and those due to cancer. Results obtained from profiling cancer secreted metabolome could be further augmented with confirmatory tests such as antibody-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collectively, blood provides the most accessible medium for cancer detection and use of LC-MS augmented with pattern recognition algorithms might provide a platform for profiling secreted cancer metabolome unique to individual cancer types; thereby, enabling early screening of cancer.
Challenges and Environmental Impacts of Biomass Energy in South Asia
Authors: Devanshu Agnihotri , Mamta Sagar , Brijendra Singh
Published: April 2019

Plants utilise solar energy to synthesise food during photosynthesis as it provides biomaterials needed for generation of bio-energy. A byproduct of natural and biological sources can be used as a source of bioenergetics; it is a good replacement for carbon energy or fossil fuel. In this article, a variety of biomasses, its impacts on the environment and challenges in production are discussed coherently. This study focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of Biomass-derived fuels and its utilisation in Asia. Production of Sugarcane, Palm oil and Sorghum is compared among all Asian countries. Current research on palm oil effluents revealed that oil palm was a more energy friendly crop and oil palm cultivation under current practices posed no risk to the environment. Comparative reports on consumption of fuels and Biomass trade have been discussed Introduction of four fuel and fifth fuel strategy ensure reliability and security of energy supply which includes petroleum, natural gas, hydropower and coal to reduce consumption of petroleum. In Malaysia, Petroleum dependence has been drastically reduced from 98% in 1980 to 8% in 1999. Recently, fifth fuel renewable energy is introduced by government which provide an alternative to the other sources of energy. Biomass fuels are a sustainable, efficient and viable source of energy. It can be generated from a waste material which also provides an efficient way of waste management. Countries with high agricultural resources can look forward to biomass energy production. In the coming years, biomass energy will be a small but significant part of the energy. This may be beneficial in increasing the economy of a country. Biomass energy can be achieved with a high success rate with the help of advanced technology, effective government policies, and international trade.
Impact Study of Institutional Food Supplementation on Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children
Authors: Mounika D. , Kasturiba B.
Published: April 2019

Aims: To assess the Nutritional status of urban and semi-urban pre-school children of Dharwad, at baseline and after institutional supplementation.  

Study Design:  Nutritional status of the pre-school children was assessed based on anthropometry and clinical examination.  Urban pre-school children were treated as control and semi-urban pre-school children were supplemented with institutional food for three months (experimental). Nutritional status were measured before and after institutional food supplementation.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The experiment was conducted between July 2017 and July 2018. 

Methodology: A sample size of 100 pre-school children (3-6 years) were selected, out of which, 50 children from urban and another 50 children from semi-urban school were randomly selected from Dharwad district. Nutritional status of the pre-school children was assessed based on anthropometry and clinical examination. Nutritional status were measured before and after institutional food supplementation, in both schools.

Results: Results revealed that, at baseline nutritional status were higher in urban pre-school children compare to semi-urban pre-school children, but after supplementing with the institutional food, significant improvement in anthropometric measurements were observed in semi-urban group and they were on par with the urban children in terms of nutritional status.

Conclusion: The weight for age is an indicator of current nutritional status, whereas height for age is an indicator of past nutritional status, so height improvement was observed in urban group and weight improvement was observed in semi-urban group.  Finally concluded that food intervention can go long way in changing the current malnutrition scenario.
Digital and Palmar Dermatoglyphic Patterns of Medical Students of Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
Authors: Adenowo T. K. , Dare B. J.
Published: April 2019

Dermatoglyphic traits are genetically determined and most importantly remain constant before birth until death. These traits reflect prenatal developmental stability. Dermatoglyphic features of medical students of Bingham University, Nigeria who are to proceed into clinical classes were studied to know the patterns of dermatoglyphic distributions among the male and female medical students. A total number of Sixty Two (62) medical students comprising twenty seven (27) male and thirty five (35) female students were employed for this study. Finger and palm prints were obtained according to the methods of Cummins using ink. The printink was uniformly smeared on the palmer and finger surfaces to obtain complete print of the finger tips and the palmer surfaces. Dermatoglyphic parameters were analysed with the aid of magnifying lens (X 20), the finger ridge counts (FRC), total finger ridge counts (TFRC), absolute finger ridge counts (AFRC) in male students were significantly higher than in female medical students. However, insignificant differences were noticed in palmer tri-radial angles measured (<ATD, <DAT, <ADT) and other palmer parameters such as a-b ridge counts, a-b distances and the degrees of transversality of the palmer ridges were relatively the same as shown by the main line index. Ulnar loop patterns followed by whorl patterns were found to be dominantly distributed in both male and female medical students, however, ulnar loops and spiral whorls were more prevalent (P<0.05) in male compared with female medical students. Arches were noticed to be distributed more in percentage among the female students. Therefore, in this cross-sectional descriptive study, dermatoglyphic features of presumably normal male and female individuals were found to be of great importance in basic data documentation especially in this part of the Nigeria.
Role of Transformational Leadership and Philosophical Mindset in Teachers
Authors: Maryam Ezzati, , Jafar Pashaei, , Hossein Ashrafi, Mohammad , Mirmahmood Seyyed Valilou,
Published: April 2019

The subject of this article achieved by combining "transformational Leadership" and "Philosophical mindset", two important and affective issues in educational management and curriculum areas and its application in education teachers' performance. Transformational Leadership (management) theory offered by Burns (1978) in order to explain the behavior of group of Leaders and managers that connecting powerful motivational mutual relations with followers. Philosophical mindset is the way of thinking of correct function which has three dimensions: Comprehensiveness, penetration and flexibility, that offered by Philip, J. Smith (2016).

Methods: In this paper we examine the philosophical spirit in the transformational leadership and philosophical mindset with functional wisdom features, attention to self actualization, future favorable theoretical and practical prospects according to the present (here and now), reasonable daubt, curiosity, wide visibility, tolerance, seeking progress and unity of the personality.

Findings: Application of transformational Leadership and philosophical mindset in education teachers leads to improve correct, logical and creative scientifically thinking in them and eventually transfer these concepts to students.

Results: This type of application relate the immediate issues to distant targets, intelligent rational behavior, avoid accelerated decisions, attention to the levels of psychological needs, logical and positive communication with students, attention to solving the problems, and logical distance from Clear definition of doing duties and having desirable work ethic.
Ionic Hydrogels with Biomimetic 4D‐Printed Mechanical Gradients: Models for Soft‐Bodied Aquatic Organisms
Authors: McCracken Joselle M. , Rauzan Brittany M. , Kjellman Jacob C. E. , Su Hanxiao , Rogers Simon A. , Nuzzo Ralph G.
Published: April 2019

Direct‐ink writing (DIW), a rapidly growing and advancing form of additive manufacturing, provides capacities for on‐demand tailoring of materials to meet specific requirements for final designs. The penultimate challenge faced with the increasing demand of customization is to extend beyond modification of shape to create 4D structures, dynamic 3D structures that can respond to stimuli in the local environment. Patterning material gradients is foundational for assembly of 4D structures, however, there remains a general need for useful materials chemistries to generate gray scale gradients via DIW. Here, presented is a simple materials assembly paradigm using DIW to pattern ionotropic gradients in hydrogels. Using structures that architecturally mimic sea‐jelly organisms, the capabilities of spatial patterning are highlighted as exemplified by selectively programming the valency of the ion‐binding agents. Spatial gradients, when combined with geometry, allow for programming the flexibility and movement of iron oxide nanoparticle–loaded ionotropic hydrogels to generate 4D‐printed structures that actuate in the presence of local magnetic fields. This work highlights approaches to 4D design complexity that exploits 3D‐printed gray‐scale/gradient mechanics.
Controlled Microstructural Architectures Based on Smart Fabrication Strategies
Authors: Ding Haibo , Zhang Qiming , Gu Hongcheng , Liu Xiaojiang , Sun Litao , Gu Min , Gu Zhongze
Published: April 2019

Controlled microstructural architectures—artificially designed microstructures and nanostructures with controlled properties—have been extensively used in scientific research and practical applications. Advanced fabrication strategies are always desired to satisfy the increasing demands for specific architecture designs. This review highlights the recent progress in bottom‐up methods based on self‐assembly and top‐down methods by using two‐photon polymerization. As an emerging additive manufacturing technology, two‐photon polymerization has shown the enormous potential of being a general fabrication method for controlled microstructural architectures due to its unique advantage in direct laser writing of 3D microstructures with high resolution. This review also covers some remaining challenges for controlled microstructural architectures, along with future outlooks.
Hyperbolic Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Huo Pengcheng , Zhang Si , Liang Yuzhang , Lu Yanqing , Xu Ting
Published: April 2019

Recent advances in nanofabrication and characterization technologies have spurred many breakthroughs in the field of optical metamaterials and metasurfaces that provide novel ways of manipulating light interaction in a well controllable manner. Among these artificial nanostructured materials, 3D bulk hyperbolic metamaterials and 2D planar hyperbolic metasurfaces exhibit ultra‐anisotropic electromagnetic responses and lead to dramatic changes for the light propagation behaviors. Here, the dispersions and realizations of hyperbolic media are first briefly discussed. Then, the recent achievements of various optical applications based on hyperbolic metamaterials and metasurfaces, including beam manipulation, super‐resolution imaging, spontaneous and thermal emission engineering, ultrasensitive optical sensing, and broadband optical absorption are reviewed. This review provides an overview and vision for the future of hyperbolic media and their potential impact on the development of novel nanophotonic devices and systems.
Liquid–Solid Interfacial Assemblies of Soft Materials for Functional Freestanding Layered Membrane–Based Devices toward Electrochemical Energy Systems
Authors: Li Dongwei , Liang Kang , Cheng Wenlong , Li Changming , Zhao Dongyuan , Kong Biao
Published: April 2019

Freestanding layered membrane–based devices have broad applications in highly efficient energy‐storage/conversion systems. The liquid–solid interface is considered as a unique yet versatile interface for constructing such layered membrane–based devices. In this review, the authors outline recent developments in the fabrication of soft materials to functionalize layered devices from the aspect of liquid–solid interfacial assembly and engineering arts. Seven liquid–solid interfacial assembly strategies, including flow‐directed, superlattice, solvent‐casting, evaporation‐induced, dip‐coating, spinning, and electrospinning assemblies, are comprehensively highlighted with a focus on their synthetic pathways, formation mechanisms, and interface engineering strategies. Meanwhile, recent representative works on layered membrane–based devices for electrochemical energy applications are presented. Finally, challenges and opportunities of this research area are highlighted in order to stimulate future developments. This review not only offers comprehensive and practical approaches to assemble liquid–solid interfaces with soft materials for various important layered electrochemical energy devices but also sheds lights on fundamental insights by thoughtful discussions on performance enhancement mechanisms of these electrochemical energy systems.
Phenyl Disulfide Additive for Solution‐Mediated Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Li–CO2 Batteries
Authors: Pipes Robert , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: April 2019

Phenyl disulfide (PDS) is employed as an electrolyte additive in lithium–carbon dioxide (Li–CO2) batteries to allow for a solution‐mediated carbon dioxide reduction pathway. Thiophenolate anions, generated via electrochemical reduction of PDS, act as CO2 capture agents by forming the adduct S‐phenyl carbonothioate (SPC−) in solution. A mechanism of SPC−‐mediated CO2 capture and utilization is proposed and supported via carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Reversible formation and decomposition of lithium carbonate and amorphous carbon during cycling, facilitated by the solution‐mediated pathway, are demonstrated with an array of characterization techniques. Li–CO2 batteries employing the PDS additive show vastly improved capacity, energy efficiency, and cycle life. The enhanced Li–CO2 battery performance offered by the proposed solution‐mediated reaction pathway offers a compelling step forward in the pursuit of reversible CO2 utilization.
Chemistry of Layered Pnictogens: Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth
Authors: Sturala Jiri , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin
Published: April 2019

Materials with few layers have been subjected to extensive research for the last few decades owing to their remarkable properties as for example catalysts, optical and electrical devices, or sensors. The properties and electronic structure of these materials can be tailored by the introduction of substituents. In the case of more reactive species, the modification also can improve stability, which is also an important factor with respect to device fabrication. This review focuses on monoelemental layered materials of Group 15 elements (pnictogens) and in particular their modification, leading to better ambient stability and/or different properties by covalent and non‐covalent modifications. The future modification and application of pnictogens are outlined.
Mitochondria‐Targeting, Intracellular Delivery of Native Proteins Using Biodegradable Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Yuan Peiyan , Mao Xin , Wu Xiaofeng , Liew Si Si , Li Lin , Yao Shao Q.
Published: April 2019

Mitochondria are key organelles in mammalian cells whose dysfunction is linked to various diseases. Drugs targeting mitochondrial proteins provide a highly promising strategy for potential therapeutics. Methods for the delivery of small‐molecule drugs to the mitochondria are available, but these are not suitable for macromolecules, such as proteins. Herein, we report the delivery of native proteins and antibodies to the mitochondria using biodegradable silica nanoparticles (BS–NPs). The modification of the nanoparticle surface with triphenylphosphonium (TPP) and cell‐penetrating poly(disulfide)s (CPD) facilitated their rapid intracellular uptake with minimal endolysosomal trapping, providing sufficient time for effective mitochondrial localization followed by glutathione‐triggered biodegradation and of native, functional proteins into the mitochondria.
β‐Selective Aroylation of Activated Alkenes by Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Lei Zhen , Banerjee Arghya , Kusevska Elena , Rizzo Eric , Liu Peng , Ngai Ming‐Yu
Published: April 2019

Late‐stage synthesis of α,β‐unsaturated aryl ketones remains an unmet challenge in organic synthesis. Reported herein is a photocatalytic non‐chain‐radical aroyl chlorination of alkenes by a 1,3‐chlorine atom shift to form β‐chloroketones as masked enones that liberate the desired enones upon workup. This strategy suppresses side reactions of the enone products. The reaction tolerates a wide array of functional groups and complex molecules including derivatives of peptides, sugars, natural products, nucleosides, and marketed drugs. Notably, addition of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐pyridine enhances the quantum yield and efficiency of the cross‐coupling reaction. Experimental and computational studies suggest a mechanism involving PCET, formation and reaction of an α‐chloro‐α‐hydroxy benzyl radical, and 1,3‐chlorine atom shift.
Optical Multiplexed Bioassays for Improved Biomedical Diagnostics
Authors: Fan Yong , Wang Shangfeng , Zhang Fan
Published: April 2019

Conventional analytical methods based on the detection of a single disease marker may not be sufficiently accurate because the progression of disease generally involves multiple chemicals and biomolecules. The drive for simultaneous analysis of multiple targets, which plays a key role in both basic biomedical research and clinical applications, demands the development of multiplexed bioassays with high‐throughput. In this minireview, we summarize the recent progress in optical multiplexed analytical techniques for improving biomedical diagnostics, in which fluorescence and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with distinctive optical features are chosen as the main readout signals. Focusing on multiplexed strategies in the biomedical field, a selection of recent contributions from biosensing of multiple analytes and multicolor cellular tracking to in vivo multiplexed bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, we frame the future challenges and opportunities for multiplexed bioanalysis.
Peptide‐Directed DNA‐Templated Protein Labelling for The Assembly of a Pseudo‐IgM
Authors: Nielsen Thorbjørn B. , Thomsen Rasmus P. , Mortensen Michael R. , Kjems Jørgen , Nielsen Per Franklin , Nielsen Thomas E. , Kodal Anne Louise B. , Cló Emiliano , Gothelf Kurt V.
Published: April 2019

The development of methods for conjugation of DNA to proteins is of high relevance for the integration of protein function and DNA structures. Here, we demonstrate that protein‐binding peptides can direct a DNA‐templated reaction, selectively furnishing DNA–protein conjugates with one DNA label. Quantitative conversion of oligonucleotides is achieved at low stoichiometries and the reaction can be performed in complex biological matrixes, such as cell lysates. Further, we have used a star‐like pentameric DNA nanostructure to assemble five DNA–Rituximab conjugates, made by our reported method, into a pseudo‐IgM antibody structure that was subsequently characterized by negative‐stain transmission electron microscopy (nsTEM) analysis.
Valence‐to‐Core X‐ray Emission Spectroscopy as a Probe of O−O Bond Activation in Cu2O2 Complexes
Authors: Cutsail George E. , Gagnon Nicole L. , Spaeth Andrew D. , Tolman William B. , DeBeer Serena
Published: April 2019

Valence‐to‐Core (VtC) X‐ray emission spectroscopy (XES) was used to directly detect the presence of an O−O bond in a complex comprising the [CuII2(μ‐η2:η2‐O2)]2+ core relative to its isomer with a cleaved O−O bond having a [CuIII2(μ‐O)2]2+ unit. The experimental studies are complemented by DFT calculations, which show that the unique VtC XES feature of the [CuII2(μ‐η2:η2‐O2)]2+ core corresponds to the copper stabilized in‐plane 2p π peroxo molecular orbital. These calculations illustrate the sensitivity of VtC XES for probing the extent of O−O bond activation in μ‐η2:η2‐O2 species and highlight the potential of this method for time‐resolved studies of reaction mechanisms.
Scalable Biosynthesis of the Seaweed Neurochemical, Kainic Acid
Authors: Chekan Jonathan R. , McKinnie Shaun M. K. , Moore Malia L. , Poplawski Shane G. , Michael Todd P. , Moore Bradley S.
Published: April 2019

Kainic acid, the flagship member of the kainoid family of natural neurochemicals, is a widely used neuropharmacological agent that helped unravel the key role of ionotropic glutamate receptors, including the kainate receptor, in the central nervous system. Worldwide shortages of this seaweed natural product in the year 2000 prompted numerous chemical syntheses, including scalable preparations with as few as six‐steps. Herein we report the discovery and characterization of the concise two‐enzyme biosynthetic pathway to kainic acid from l‐glutamic acid and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate in red macroalgae and show that the biosynthetic genes are co‐clustered in genomes of Digenea simplex and Palmaria palmata. Moreover, we applied a key biosynthetic α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase enzyme in a biotransformation methodology to efficiently construct kainic acid on the gram scale. This study establishes both the feasibility of mining seaweed genomes for their biotechnological prowess.
Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis of a Single MOF‐Derived Composite Nanoparticle on the Tip of a Nanoelectrode
Authors: Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Wilde Patrick , Quast Thomas , Masa Justus , Andronescu Corina , Chen Yen‐Ting , Muhler Martin , Fischer Roland A. , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

Determination of the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of nanomaterials by means of macroelectrode techniques is compromised by ensemble and film effects. Here, a unique “particle on a stick” approach is used to grow a single metal–organic framework (MOF; ZIF‐67) nanoparticle on a nanoelectrode surface which is pyrolyzed to generate a cobalt/nitrogen‐doped carbon (CoN/C) composite nanoparticle that exhibits very high catalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a current density of up to 230 mA cm−2 at 1.77 V (vs. RHE), and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 29.7 s−1 at 540 mV overpotential. Identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL‐TEM) analysis substantiates the “self‐sacrificial” template nature of the MOF, while post‐electrocatalysis studies reveal agglomeration of Co centers within the CoN/C composite during the OER. “Single‐entity” electrochemical analysis allows for deriving the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and furnishes insight into the transient behavior of the electrocatalyst under reaction conditions.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Alkyl Fluorides: Hydrogenation of Fluorinated Olefins
Authors: Ponra Sudipta , Yang Jianping , Kerdphon Sutthichat , Andersson Pher G.
Published: April 2019

The development of new general methods for the synthesis of chiral fluorine‐containing molecules is important for several scientific disciplines. We herein disclose a straightforward method for the preparation of chiral organofluorine molecules that is based on the iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of trisubstituted alkenyl fluorides. This catalytic asymmetric process enables the synthesis of chiral fluorine molecules with or without carbonyl substitution. Owing to the tunable steric and electronic properties of the azabicyclo thiazole‐phosphine iridium catalyst, this stereoselective reaction could be optimized and was found to be compatible with various aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic systems with a variety of functional groups, providing the highly desirable products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
Organic Photodynamic Nanoinhibitor for Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jiang Yuyan , Li Jingchao , Zeng Ziling , Xie Chen , Lyu Yan , Pu Kanyi
Published: April 2019

Despite its great potential in cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) often exacerbates hypoxia and subsequently compromises its therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this issue, an organic photodynamic nanoinhibitor (OPNi) has been synthesized that has the additional ability to counteract carbonic anhydrase IX (CA‐IX), a molecular target in the hypoxia‐mediated signalling cascade. OPNi is composed of a metabolizable semiconducting polymer as the photosensitizer and a CA‐IX antagonist conjugated amphiphilic polymer as the matrix. This molecular structure allows OPNi not only to selectively bind CA‐IX positive cancer cells to facilitate its tumor accumulation but also to regulate the CA‐IX‐related pathway. The integration of CA‐IX inhibition into the targeted PDT process eventually has a synergistic effect, leading to superior antitumor efficacy over that of PDT alone, as well as the reduced probability of hypoxia‐induced cancer metastasis. This study thus proposes a molecular strategy to devise simple yet amplified photosensitizers to conquer the pitfalls of traditional PDT.
Induced Fit of C2H2 in a Flexible MOF Through Cooperative Action of Open Metal Sites
Authors: Zeng Heng , Xie Mo , Huang Yong‐Liang , Zhao Yifang , Xie Xiao‐Jing , Bai Jian‐Ping , Wan Meng‐Yan , Krishna Rajamani , Lu Weigang , Li Dan
Published: April 2019

Porous materials that can undergo pore‐structure adjustment to better accommodate specific molecules are ideal for separation and purification. Here, we report a stable microporous metal‐organic framework, JNU‐1, featuring one‐dimensional diamond‐shaped channels with a high density of open metal sites arranged on the surface for the cooperative binding of acetylene. Together with its framework flexibility and appropriate pore geometry, JNU‐1 exhibits an induced‐fit behavior for acetylene. The specific binding sites and continuous framework adaptation upon increased acetylene pressure are validated by molecular modeling and in situ X‐ray diffraction study. This unique induced‐fit behavior endows JNU‐1 with an unprecedented increase in the acetylene binding affinity (adsorption enthalpy: up to 47.6 kJ mol−1 at ca. 2.0 mmol g−1 loading).
The extinction risk of New Zealand chondrichthyans
Authors: Finucci Brittany , Duffy Clinton A.J. , Francis Malcolm P. , Gibson Claudine , Kyne Peter M.
Published: April 2019

The national extinction risk of 103 New Zealand chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras), ~10% of the global chondrichthyan fauna, was evaluated for the first time using the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species Categories and Criteria. Across 32 families, 103 species were assessed.

New Zealand holds a high degree of species endemism (20%) with deepwater species dominating the fauna (77%). Sharks were the most speciose group with 68 species (66%), followed by 24 rays (23%), and 11 chimaeras (10%).

Most species were assessed as Least Concern (60%, 62 species) or Data Deficient (32%, 33 species), with four (3.8%) species listed as Near Threatened and four (3.8%) in a threatened category (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered). Threatened species are all oceanic pelagic, of which two are only visitors to New Zealand waters, and their status the result of broader regional declines.

These results are in stark contrast to other recent regional assessments in Europe and the Arabian Sea and adjacent areas, where up to half of species were listed in a threatened category. However, given New Zealand's extensive deepwater fishing effort and rapid collapses of deepwater chondrichthyan fisheries elsewhere, it is possible that New Zealand populations of many deepwater species are the remnants of previously reduced populations that are now at a low, yet stable level. Ongoing species‐level catch monitoring will be required to ensure these species do not become threatened.

Recommendations for future research and conservation efforts include resolving taxonomic uncertainties, understanding habitat use, and increasing regional collaborations to better understand the effects of fishing on wider‐ranging species.
Pedro Ramón y Cajal: The Legacy of a Neurohistologist, a Medical Doctor, and a Pathologist
Authors: Ramón y Cajal Santiago , de Carlos Juan A.
Published: April 2019

The work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal is difficult to understand without knowing the personalities of Justo, his father, and his brother Pedro. His father practically forced the two brothers to study medicine. Thanks to that, Santiago was able to combine his artistic talent with histology and wonderfully describe cerebral architecture. Pedro was a faithful brother and above all a friend of Santiago, and they worked together for years. Pedro was able to demonstrate the theories of his brother in nonmammalian amniotes, concluding that the basic elements of the nervous system are common to these animals and he provided images that served Santiago to formulate the theory of dynamic polarization. Pedro, who decided to remain in the shadow of his brother, was a very complete doctor, pathologist and gynecologist, who made interesting contributions in all these fields and above all was a great humanist who left an important personal and scientific legacy. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists. Anat Rec, 303:1189–1202, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Identification of dehydroxy isoquine and isotebuquine as promising antileishmanial agents
Authors: Romero Angel H. , Rodríguez Noris , López Simón E. , Oviedo Henry
Published: April 2019

Traditional antimalarial drugs based on 4‐aminoquinolines have exhibited good antiproliferative activities against Leishmania parasites; however, their clinical use is currently limited. To identify new 4‐aminoquinolines to combat American cutaneous leishmaniasis, we carried out a full in vitro evaluation of a series of dehydroxy isoquines and isotebuquines against two Leishmania parasites such as Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania mexicana. First, the antiproliferative activity of the quinolines was studied against the promastigote forms of L. braziliensis and L. mexicana parasites, finding that five of them exhibited good antileishmanial responses with micromolar IC50 values ranging from 3.84 to 10 μM. A structure‐activity relationship analysis gave evidence that a piperidine or a morpholine attached as N‐alkyamino terminal substituent as well as the inclusion of an extra phenyl ring attached at the aniline ring of the isotebuquine core constitute important pharmacophores to generate the most active derivatives, with antileishmanial responses by far superior to those found for the reference drug, glucantime. All compounds showed a relatively low toxicity on human dermis fibroblasts, with CC50 ranging from 69 to >250 μM. The five most active compounds displayed moderate to good antileishmanial activity against the intracellular amastigote form of L. braziliensis, compared to the reference drug. In particular, compound 2j was identified as the most potent agent against antimony‐resistant amastigotes of L. braziliensis with acceptable biological response and selectivity, emerging as a promising candidate for further in vivo antileishmanial evaluation. Diverse mechanism‐of‐action studies and molecular docking simulations were performed for the most active 4‐aminoquinoline.
Recent Advances in the Z/E Isomers of Tetraphenylethene Derivatives: Stereoselective Synthesis, AIE Mechanism, Photophysical Properties, and Application as Chemical Probes
Authors: Xie Yujun , Li Zhen
Published: April 2019

Focused research on the Z/E isomers of tetraphenylethene (TPE) derivatives is scarce in comparison with the thousands of luminogens with AIE properties (AIEgens) that have been synthesized based on the TPE moiety. The similar chemical and physical properties of the Z/E isomers make them difficult to separate by using conventional chromatographic techniques. However, they can be isolated by introducing polar groups and the pure isomers exhibit very different photophysical properties, mechanochromism, and host–guest coordination, as well as assisting in deciphering the AIE mechanism. In this Minireview, we present an overview of the disagreement regarding the AIE mechanism between the restriction of intramolecular vibration and photoinduced Z/E isomerization. Then, we discuss the development of (Z)‐/(E)‐TPE derivatives, their use in host–guest detection, and their mechanoluminescence properties, with a focus on their photophysical characteristics. Finally, we explore the stereoselective synthesis of pure (Z)‐/(E)‐TPE derivatives.
Robust H∞ control for a class of quasi‐linear uncertain stochastic time‐varying delayed systems
Authors: Zhang Tianliang , Sun Pengxiang , Deng Feiqi , Zhang Weihai
Published: April 2019

This paper studies the H∞ control for a class of quasi‐linear uncertain stochastic time‐varying delayed systems. Firstly, by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) method, a sufficient condition is obtained for the robustly stochastic stability. Secondly, the robust H∞ state feedback controller is designed, such that the considered system is not only internally stochastically stabilizable but also satisfies the robust H∞ performance. The desired robust H∞ controller is obtained via solving some LMIs. Finally, one example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.