bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dentin features in teeth after caries removal by three techniques (chemomechanical, mechanical with a smart bur, and air-abrasion): an in vitro study
Authors: Abdul-Kareem Mahmood Maha , Khairi Al-Hadithi Haraa , Mueen Hussein Hashim
Published: July 2024

Background

Different methods for removing dental carious lesions exist, including conventional rotary caries removal and new advanced technology like polymer-based burs, chemomechanical agents, air abrasion, and laser.

Objectives

This study shows the differences in features of dentin (smear layer, patency of dentinal tubules, surface irregularities, intertubular micro porosities, and exposed dentinal tubules) among different types of caries removal techniques.

Materials and Methods

An in vitro study was done on 60 primary molars with occlusal class I active caries. Teeth were divided into three groups according to a method of caries removal (G1: chemomechanical, G2: mechanical with a smart bur, and G3: air-abrasion). After complete caries excavation, the teeth were examined under a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) with the power of magnification 4,000x and 8,000x to show the morphological dentinal features with SEM microphotographs. Data obtained was analyzed using the SPSS program where Fisher exact, Kruskal–Wallis and multiple Wilcoxon sum rank tests were used. The level of significance is when the p-value is less than 0.05.

Results

Generally, SEM showed the highest ratio of score 1 of smear layer presence, surface irregularities, and microporosity in all groups in both magnifications. The patency of tubules showed the highest ratio of score 1 in G1, scores 2 in both G2 and G3 in magnification 4,000x, while 8,000x there was the highest ratio of its score 1 in G1 and G2 while the G3 has score 2 as the highest score. The exposed dentinal tubules showed the highest ratio in G1 in score 3, in G2 in score 2, and in G3 in score 1 in magnification 4,000x, while 8,000x there was the highest ratio of its score 2 in both G1 and G3 while the G3 has highest score 1. The study with magnification 4,000x showed a significant difference (S) among three groups in exposed dentinal tubules with a p-value (0.012), and there was S between chemomechanical and smart, chemomechanical and air-abrasions groups with a p-value (0.041, 0.001 subsequentially). Other dentin features showed non-significant differences (NS) among or between groups in both magnifications (4,000x, 8,000x).

Conclusions

All groups were effective in removing caries and can successfully treat young, scared or stressed patients. All methods of caries removal produce clinically parametric changes in the residual dentin.
Entre la Joya y la Perla del Pacífico. Zamacueca, cueca chilena y marinera limeña: cultura plebeya y transnacionalidad (1880-1920)
Authors: Ramos Rodillo Ignacio
Published: July 2024

Este artículo introduce problemas teóricos relacionados con la noción de cultura plebeya, en perspectiva transnacional, para reconstruir históricamente el desarrollo de músicas regionales entre 1880 y 1920. En detalle, la zamacueca y dos de sus géneros derivados, la cueca chilena y la marinera limeña, fenómenos de alcance continental implicados en procesos de nacionalización y modernización estructural y del campo musical. Todo esto, con el fin de ofrecer una historia binacional y comparativa, a partir específicamente de su presencia en cancioneros peruanos y chilenos hacia fines del siglo XIX y el primer tercio del XX.
Deja que los muertos entierren a sus muertos
Authors: Pino Luna Nayareth
Published: July 2024

Ensayo leído por Nayareth Pino Luna al recibir el Premio José Nuez Martín por su novela Mientras dormías, cantabas.
"Hubo una vez un hombre que perdió a su padre, este hombre debía emprender un viaje por el mar de Galilea o el mar Muerto, era uno de esos mares, estoy casi segura. Con el duelo pesándole en los tobillos se acercó al hombre que lideraba la embarcación y le dijo: temo que no puedo emprender este viaje contigo, mi padre acaba de morir, debo quedarme [...]"
Tapiwe Koyangtun 1825. ¿Autonomía o asimilación? Tres siglos de agencia Política Mapuche de Filip Escudero Quiroz-Aminao
Authors: Huaqui Hernández Marjorie
Published: July 2024

Reseña del libro Tapiwe Koyangtun 1825. ¿Autonomía o asimilación? Tres siglos de agencia Política Mapuche, de Filip Escudero Quiroz-Aminao, por Marjorie Huaqui Hernández.
Vidas y censuras. Letras chilenas e hispanoamericanas de Rodrigo Cánovas
Authors: Ríos Valdivia Alexis
Published: July 2024

Reseña del libro Vidas y censuras. Letras chilenas e hispanoamericanas, de Rodrigo Cánovas, por Alexis Ríos Valdivia.
yo espacializado y la apertura ficcional hacia subjetividades colectivizadas: una mirada a la narrativa bonaerense que inicia el siglo XXI
Authors: Libuy Paula
Published: July 2024

En las narrativas urbanas de la primera década del siglo XXI que refractan las existencias diversas de Buenos Aires, se suele utilizar la primera persona, voz narradora que, aunque materialmente es un yo, no es uno que escenifique la individualidad del narrador, al acceder a la polifonía de la colectividad que le habita con la descripción del espacio urbano. Este procedimiento estético tiene una interpretación sociopolítica que implica detenerse en el orden urbano neoliberal y su historia literaria. A través de la revisión de las novelas Las viudas de los jueves (2005) de Claudia Piñeiro, El año del desierto (2005) de Pedro Mairal y el cuento “Walter y el perro Dos Narices” (2007) de Juan Diego Incardona se explorará este yo espacializado que busca pensar a las colectividades del nuevo milenio.
Regulación convencional anticipada de la compensación económica y las facultades del juez de familia
Authors: Vidal Olivares Álvaro , Silva Álvarez Óscar
Published: July 2024

El trabajo tiene por objeto examinar cómo se comporta la autonomía privada en materia de compensación económica, particularmente en relación con el principio de protección del cónyuge más débil, que rige en esta materia por aplicación del artículo 3 de la Ley de Matrimonio Civil (LMC). Se sabe que el acuerdo regulador de compensación económica puede alcanzarse tanto fuera del juicio –debiendo constar en escritura pública– como dentro de él –adoptando la forma de un avenimiento–. En uno y otro caso, siempre se requerirá de la aprobación del juez que conoce del juicio de divorcio, según dispone el artículo 63 de la LMC. Se trata, entonces, de una libertad de pacto tutelada jurisdiccionalmente. Nuestra opinión es que el trámite de aprobación de este acuerdo implica una revisión de fondo por parte del juez, quien está investido de facultades correctoras de su contenido, sí lo estima como insuficiente. Una conclusión como esta se construye sobre la calificación del acuerdo como negocio procesal y, además, a partir de la aplicación analógica –fundada en el principio de protección de cónyuge más débil– del artículo 31 de la LMC, que contempla los requisitos del acuerdo regulador en el caso de separación judicial de común acuerdo y que ordena al juez completarlo o corregirlo sí el convenio es incompleto o insuficiente. Para estos efectos, se propone un doble nivel de revisión judicial, así como la necesidad de protección no sólo al cónyuge beneficiario, sino también al obligado al pago de la compensación pactada.
РИЗОСФЕРА РАСТЕНИЙ КАК ИСТОЧНИК ДЛЯ ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ШТАММОВ ДЛЯ БЕЗОПАСНОЙ ДЕГРАДАЦИИ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ОТХОДОВ
Authors: Валидов Ш.З. , Новиков Ал.Вл.
Published: July 2024

Количество органического мусора, производимого городским населением, огромно. Для естественной утилизации этих отходов требуются время и большие площади. Мусорные полигоны и иловые поля загрязняют территории, отравляют грунтовые воды и выделяют газы, создающие дискомфорт населению, живущему вблизи мест складирования отходов. При этом значительная часть бытовых отходов представляет собой легко разлагаемую органику, произвольное гниение которой является не только источником неприятного запаха, но также и питанием для размножения патогенной микрофлоры. Поскольку содержимое мусора когдато контактировало с человеком, присутствие патогенных для человека видов микроорганизмов неизбежно. Переработка мусора является важной задачей в хозяйственной деятельности человека. Особенно важны технологии ускорения разложения органической компоненты мусора с помощью микроорганизмов. Биопрепараты на основе безопасных бактерий и грибов позволяют обрабатывать большие площади мусорных полигонов за счет способности микроорганизмов к размножению в субстрате до тех пор, пока в нем имеется нужное количество органического вещества. В процессе размножения эти внесенные микроорганизмы вытесняют патогенную микрофлору. Одним из перспективных источников выделения безопасных микроорганизмов, эффективно разлагающих бытовые отходы, может быть растение. Ризосфера растения является местом обитания большого и разнообразного набора микроорганизмов, обладающих спектром литических ферментов и способных к разложению различных органических соединений. Дополнительным преимуществом этих микроорганизмов может быть фитостимулирующий эффект, который может сохраняться в переработанном этими бактериями субстрате.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИЕМНИКОВ GPS TRIMBLE В ГЕОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ ПОСЛЕ СИСТЕМНОГО СОБЫТИЯ GPS WNRO
Authors: Шестопалов В.Л. , Дидикин О.В. , Шестопалов П.В.
Published: July 2024

Во время приема сигналов спутников GPS-приемники Trimble 5700, использующиеся Южным научным центром Российской академии наук в геодинамических исследованиях, периодически сталкиваются с системным событием, известным как GPS WNRO (GPS Week Number Rollover), которое происходит каждые 19,7 лет. Приемники вычисляют номер недели, используя 10-разрядный двоичный счетчик, начиная с момента запуска системы в январе 1980 г. После того, как показания счетчика достигают максимального значения, они обнуляются. В статье исследовано влияние эффекта GPS WNRO на суточные файлы показаний, полученные с помощью приемника Trimble 5700 на спутниковой геодинамической станции Геленджик. Для решения этой проблемы было создано программное обеспечение RINCOR, которое позволяет корректировать показания даты наблюдений. После этого файлы были проверены на соответствие формату RINEX 2.11 с использованием пакета GAMIT и получено решение геодинамической задачи в штатном режиме с использованием обработанных данных, включая период проявления эффекта GPS WNRO. Полученные результаты демонстрируют эффективность предложенного подхода и возможность использования приемников Trimble даже в условиях проявления эффекта GPS WNRO. Авторы выражают благодарность Д.Е. Зосимову за помощь при обработке данных измерений на геодинамической станции GPS Геленджик.
ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ МОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЛИСТА НЕКОТОРЫХ ВИДОВ РОДА RHODODENDRON L. В КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ЮЖНО-УРАЛЬСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА-ИНСТИТУТА (УФА)
Authors: Полякова Н.В.
Published: July 2024

Морфологические параметры листа, одного из наиболее важных органов жизнедеятельности растения, в условиях интродукции могут проявлять различную степень вариабельности, обусловленную климатическими или генетическими факторами. Многочисленные виды и сорта рода Rhododendron в настоящее время пользуются большой популярностью, и их введение в культуру в новых регионах становится актуальным и востребованным. Данная работа посвящена изучению изменчивости морфологических параметров листа 4 видов рода Rhododendron, наиболее устойчивых к условиям Республики Башкортостан: Rh. japonicum, Rh. luteum. Rh. schlippenbachii, Rh. smirnowii. Для оценки изменчивости листьев рододендронов использовали листья с пяти экземпляров каждого вида (по 50 шт. с куста). Измеряли длину, ширину, площадь, длину черешка листа, рассчитывали отношение ширины к длине листа. Степень изменчивости оценивали по шкале С.А. Мамаева для древесных растений. Средние значения показателей ширины, длины и размеров черешка соответствуют амплитуде изменчивости признаков, указанной в имеющихся литературных источниках. У всех изученных видов в целом отмечен средний уровень изменчивости, только у отдельных особей Rh. japonicum, Rh. luteum и Rh. smirnowii зафиксирован высокий уровень изменчивости некоторых параметров листа, что свидетельствует о лучшей адаптации данных видов к меняющимся условиям окружающей среды.
ВЛИЯНИЕ КОРМОВ С ПРОБИОТИКАМИ НА РОСТ, РАЗВИТИЕ И ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКИЕ РЕАКЦИИ КАРПА CYPRINUS CARPIO, СТЕРЛЯДИ ACIPENSER RUTHENUS И БЕСТЕРА HUSO HUSO Х ACIPENSER RUTHENUS
Authors: Пономарева Е.Н. , Григорьев В.А. , Гуляева А.В. , Мазанко М.С. , Празднова Е.В. , Чистяков В.А. , Рудой Д.В. , Брень А.Б. , Сорокина М.Н. , Иванов Ю.А.
Published: July 2024

Экспериментально изучено влияние пробиотических препаратов в составе корма на рост, развитие и поведенческие реакции молоди рыб разных видов: стерляди, гибрида белуги и стерляди, чешуйчатого карпа - в условиях установок с замкнутым водообеспечением. Корма, содержащие пробиотические добавки, способствовали интенсивному росту и высокой выживаемости рыб (до 100 %). В ходе эксперимента в группах «опыт» отмечен наибольший прирост массы по показателям абсолютного и среднесуточного прироста, что говорит об эффективности использования кормов. Кормовой коэффициент в варианте «опыт» для карпа оказался ниже по сравнению с контролем на 1.25 единицы, или на 21 %. Исследование двигательной активности молоди рыб после кормления экспериментальными кормами выявило положительные изменения в их поведении. Молодь из группы «опыт» лучше адаптировалась к новым условиям среды и проявляла более высокую устойчивость к стрессовым раздражителям. Таким образом, полученные результаты подчеркивают потенциальные преимущества использования пробиотиков в составе кормов для улучшения роста и здоровья молоди рыб.
О ВОЗМОЖНОЙ РОЛИ СТЕПНОГО СУРКА В ПРИРОДНЫХ ОЧАГАХ ЗООНОЗНЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ РОСТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Authors: Сидельников В.В. , Симонович Е.И. , Пичурина Н.Л. , Добровольский О.П. , Сидельников В.В. , Сокиркина Е.Н. , Панасюк Н.В.
Published: July 2024

На территории Ростовской области существуют природные очаги опасных зоонозов, активность которых поддерживается комплексом носителей. Роль байбака в циркуляции возбудителей этих инфекций не установлена. Цель исследования - изучение особенностей биологии байбака, сочлена природных экосистем на территории Ростовской области, как возможного носителя возбудителей опасных зоонозов. После реакклиматизации и восстановления численности и ареала этого ценного охотничьего вида сформировались благоприятные условия для вовлечения сурка в циркуляцию зоонозных патогенов на территории Ростовской области. В настоящее время байбак заселяет большинство территорий степной ландшафтной зоны области, кроме восточных районов. Существует вероятность участия байбака в циркуляции возбудителей природноочаговых инфекционных болезней в регионе. В зоне реакклиматизации байбака в Ростовской области возможно включение его в паразитарную систему с последующей активизацией эпизоотического процесса и формированием рисков инфицирования людей. В рамках осуществления зоолого-энтомологического, эпизоотологического мониторинга при обеспечении эпидемиологического надзора целесообразно наблюдение за байбаком.
The Contribution of Tanzania Safari Channel TV in Promoting Domestic Tourism in Ruaha National Park
Authors: Sanga Herry Titus , Mkoko Egbert , Britto Rajendran
Published: July 2024

The study focused on evaluating the contribution of Tanzania Safari Channel Television in promoting domestic tourism to Ruaha National Park. By tracking viewers' perceptions, the study aimed to understand how the channel's programs influence their decisions to visit the park. Additionally, it examined the channel's effectiveness in raising awareness about Ruaha National Park among domestic tourists in Iringa and across Tanzania. This comprehensive approach allowed the researchers to gauge not only the immediate impact of the channel's content but also its broader influence on tourism trends within the country.
The findings of the study revealed significant challenges faced by the Tanzania Safari Channel in its efforts to raise awareness about Ruaha National Park. The content produced by the channel, while informative, is not yet sufficiently compelling to persuade a large segment of the audience to visit the park. This shortfall in content effectiveness highlights a critical gap between the channel's potential and its current impact. Despite these challenges, the study acknowledges the channel's role as an informative and advisory tool. It serves as a valuable resource for viewers by providing concise and accurate information about the park, which is crucial for fostering an informed public.
The literature review within the study provides strategic recommendations for the Tanzania Safari Channel Television to enhance its content and increase its effectiveness in promoting Ruaha National Park. These recommendations include improving the quality and frequency of programming, incorporating more compelling storytelling techniques, and leveraging digital platforms to reach a wider audience. By implementing these suggestions, the channel can better harness its potential and position itself as one of the leading tourism promotional channels in the country. The study thus acts as a bridge, offering new insights and practical guidance to help the channel fulfil its mission of boosting domestic tourism and raising awareness about the natural and cultural treasures of the Park.
A Case Report on Peritoneal Tuberculosis in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: S R Ranjana , B S Sreelekshmy , Dharan Shaiju S , Dharman Dhanya
Published: July 2024

Background: Peritoneal tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most challenging forms of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Abdominal TB cases make up above 3% of all extra pulmonary TB as per the Index TB Guidelines. PTB is commonly due to reactivation of latent tuberculosis in the peritoneum. Numerous cases were still misdiagnosed due to nonspecific presentation. The golden standard for diagnosis is laparoscopic biopsy. Presenting signs and symptoms of PTB are unspecific such as ascites, abdominal pain and distension, fever, weight loss, diarrhea/constipation. Peritoneal tuberculosis is a significant cause of ascites in developing countries. The causative agent of peritoneal tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Case Presentation: In this case study, a 52 year old male had complaints of progressive abdominal distension and fever for 2 weeks. Patient underwent diagnostic paracentesis, upper and lower GI endoscopy, biopsy and gene xpert to confirm peritoneal tuberculosis. Patient with peritoneal TB have gradually progressive abdominal swelling due to ascites and abdominal pain.
Conclusion: Peritoneal tuberculosis should be considered in differential diagnosis.  Differential diagnosis, especially in the developing countries or under developed countries.  This case highlights the easy diagnosis of the condition other than the other case reports.
Identifying the Traditional and Existing Tree–Crop Combination of Agroforestry System in Southern Part of Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Kamesh  , Nema Sharad , Singh Brijendra Pratap
Published: July 2024

The present study was conducted in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh to identify the traditional and existing agroforestry practices used by farmers. The data were collected through survey of field visits and filled out of pre-prepared questionnaires in four blocks of Bastar district, namely Jagdalpur, Bastar, Tokapal and Bakawand. The survey revealed six different types of agroforestry system practices i.e., agrisilvihorticulture, agrisilviculture, silvihorticulture, agrisilvipastoral, silvihortipastoral, and agrisilvihortipastoral. Among these, 67% of farmers were practiced agrisilvihorticulture-type agroforestry systems. Farmers in Bastar were found to use 29 different tree crops, 17 horticultural crops, 20 vegetable crops, and 11 agricultural crops in their fields.
Oil Palm in India: Market Arrivals and Price Movements
Authors: Muneer Shaik , Pathak Hulas
Published: July 2024

Oil palm is native to West Africa. It is one of nine major oils traded in the global edible oil. The study focuses on the trends in oil palm arrivals and market prices in India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. There was a significant increase in annual oil palm arrivals from in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, with a percentage change of 92.43% and 84.83% respectively. This increase was statistically significant at a 10% level, R² values are 0.9243 and 0.8483 respectively. A linear trend analysis for prices of oil palm from 2010 to 2022 indicated a consistent rise in oil palm prices in both states, with Andhra Pradesh seeing an annual increase of 737.05 Rupees and Telangana 757.72 Rupees. The percentage change in prices was 59.18% and 66.08% respectively, with R² values of 0.5918 and 0.6608. Positive and significant correlation coefficient is observed in both the states. Seasonal variations in prices were also analyzed, highlighting that oil palm prices were typically drop after harvest it is influenced by peak harvesting periods and imports of crude oil from other countries. In Andhra Pradesh, the seasonal price index for oil palm Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFBs) was highest in May and April months, then decreased to a minimum level due to increase in the oil palm arrivals. Understanding these seasonal patterns is crucial for effective decision-making by farmers, traders, and policymakers.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Experimental Teaching Satisfaction Based on ISM-MICMAC
Authors: Xu Huaping , Zhang Decheng
Published: July 2024

The satisfaction with experimental teaching is of utmost importance for improving educational quality, promoting student development, and fostering the professional growth of teachers. Researching the factors influencing satisfaction with experimental teaching, as well as the hierarchical relationships and mechanisms of action among these factors, provides significant theoretical foundations and practical guidance for conducting scientific and targeted reforms in experimental teaching. Based on literature research and questionnaire surveys, fifteen factors affecting experimental teaching satisfaction were selected across five dimensions: teachers, curriculum, students, environment, and interaction. The Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used to reveal the hierarchical relationships among these factors, and the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) method was employed to validate the model’s scientific validity and assess the driving forces and dependencies of each factor. The research results indicate that self-efficacy, academic emotions, perceived course value, teacher-student interaction, and peer interaction are direct factors influencing experimental teaching satisfaction and exhibit a high level of interdependence. Teacher’s teaching competence, laboratory management, course content, course resources, and laboratory environment are deeper influencing factors with strong driving forces, positively impacting both the direct factors and intermediary factors such as teaching models and course assessment. Based on the analysis results, improvement strategies, and recommendations are proposed to enhance the quality of experimental teaching and the effectiveness of talent development.
Progressive Collapse and Post Impact Damage Assessment in a Regular Beam-Slab Building & Flat-Slab Building on the Intermediate Floor
Authors: Achpal Chinmay , Shekhawat R. S. , Gupta Trilok
Published: July 2024

Progressive collapse, where a localized member failure causes widespread structural collapse, has become a critical concern nowadays, due to its potential to cause significant financial losses and loss of human life. Triggers include natural disasters like earthquakes and floods, as well as accidents, attacks and explosions. Reinforced concrete flat slab structures, which are eminent for their architectural flexibility and have larger spans, are particularly susceptible to disproportionate collapse, due to the lack of floor beams, which can redistribute loads after a column failure, unlike moment frame buildings. This research examines how multi-story reinforced concrete flat slab buildings behave, under prescribed gravity load combinations, compared to conventional framed buildings. The effects of removing columns at specified locations from an intermediate floor of the multistorey building are also examined. However, this investigation covers both the column removal approaches to check a possibility of disproportionate collapse which are; static removal and dynamic instantaneous removal. Furthermore, the research also assesses the efficacy of perimeter beams, in minimising the risk of gradual collapse in flat slab structures, by scrutinising their ability to reduce joint displacement, chord rotation, and demand capacity ratio.
ETABS v18 was used to analyze all the 18 models. The findings revealed that buildings are more prone to progressive collapse when corner columns are removed, as opposed to edge and interior columns, due to higher Demand-Capacity Ratios (DCR) and joint displacement. In comparison to dynamic analysis, the static evaluation exhibited greater DCR values and vertical joint displacement. Furthermore, since they have a more efficient load redistribution mechanism, traditional framed structures performed better than flat slab models. The simulations additionally indicated that, adding edge perimeter beams, substantially lowered the possibility of progressive collapse in flat slab structures. Moreover, the tested flat slab building models, with and without perimeter beams showed no indications of progressive collapse, when specified columns were removed from the intermediate floors, since the DCR values of the crucial columns stayed within the permissible range of 2.0. In conclusion, structures built in compliance with IS 1893:2016 code and designed to withstand seismic loads demonstrate stronger resistance against significant damage, brought about by column failures.
A Study of Awareness and Student's Buying Behaviour towards Probiotic Dairy Products at Anand City, India
Authors: Chaudhari Anant , Gurjar M.D. , Kamani K.C. , Prajapati M.C. , Makwana A.K.
Published: July 2024

Probiotics are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, especially in an era of rising antibiotic resistance among harmful bacteria. A survey conducted among college students revealed that most respondents had a good understanding of probiotics, primarily gaining awareness from books and commercials. The majority of respondents were male (69%), aged 20-25 years and undergraduate students (71%), with about 50% coming from agricultural family backgrounds and a monthly family income of approximately ₹40,000 (37%). Most respondents were from rural areas and were aware of probiotic dairy products. Awareness sources included books, social media, and friends & family. Most respondents consumed probiotic dairy products weekly, favouring products such as lassi, buttermilk, ice cream and dahi, with a preference for the Amul brand. Only around 3% were dissatisfied with probiotic dairy products and 73% purchased them for their health and nutritional benefits. About half perceived these products to be more expensive than regular dairy products and 97% of aware respondents were satisfied and willing to recommend them to family and friends.
A fast convergence normalized least‐mean‐square type algorithm for adaptive filtering
Authors: Benallal A. , Arezki M.
Published: July 2013

A new adaptive algorithm with fast convergence and low complexity is presented. By using the calculation structure of the dual Kalman variables of the fast transversal filter algorithm and a simple decorrelating technique for the input signal, we obtain an algorithm that exhibits faster convergence speed and enhanced tracking ability compared with the normalized least‐mean‐square algorithm with similar computational complexity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cost of defeat: Capuchin groups travel further, faster and later after losing conflicts with neighbors
Authors: Crofoot Margaret C.
Published: July 2013

Although competition between social groups is central to hypotheses about the evolution of human social organization, competitive interactions among group‐mates are thought to play a more dominant role in shaping the behavior and ecology of other primate species. However, few studies have directly tested the impact of intergroup conflicts in non‐human primates. What is the cost of defeat? To address this question, the movements of six neighboring white‐faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) social groups living on Barro Colorado Island, Panama were tracked simultaneously using an Automated Radio Telemetry System (ARTS), for a period of six months. Groups moved 13% (441 m) further on days they lost interactions compared with days they won interactions. To cover these larger distances, they traveled faster, stopped less frequently, and remained active later in the evening. Defeat also caused groups to alter their patterns of space use. Losing groups had straighter travel paths than winning groups, larger net displacements and were more likely to change their sleeping site. These results demonstrate that losing groups pay increased travel costs and suggest that they forage in low‐quality areas. They provide some of the first direct evidence that intergroup conflicts have important energetic consequences for members of competitively unsuccessful primate social groups. A better understanding of how intergroup competition impacts patterns of individual fitness is thus needed to clarify the role that this group‐level process plays in shaping the evolution of human‐ and non‐human primate behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:79–85, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pectins from Aloe Vera: Extraction and production of gels for regenerative medicine
Authors: Gentilini Roberta , Bozzini Sabrina , Munarin Fabiola , Petrini Paola , Visai Livia , Tanzi Maria Cristina
Published: July 2013

Extraction, purification, and gel preparation of Aloe Vera pectin and the evaluation of the biocompatibility of the pectin gels were studied, considering as end use as implantable materials for regenerative medicine. A. Vera was chosen as source of pectin, as this pectin was described to possess high molecular weight and a low degree of esterification. As the properties of pectins are strictly dependent upon the extraction methods in combination with the natural source, the extraction method was modified in order to optimize the yield of the final product, its purity, the duration of the process and the selection of non‐toxic chemical reagents. Changing the experimental conditions resulted in four different extraction processes and products with different physical and chemical characteristics. The optimal extraction resulted to be the process: with enzimatic deactivation by microwave and the use of sodium citrate as chelating agent the molecular weight of the pectin extracted was estimated to be 118 kDa and the 2.93% esterification degree. Cytocompatibility of pectin gels, prepared by ionotropic gelation, showing an improved cell adhesion if compared to commercial pectin. The results suggest that the extracted A. Vera pectins possess interesting properties to be exploited for the production of mechanically stable gels by ionotropic gelation and high rhamnose content matrices for application in regenerative medicine. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39760.
Statistics for microelectronics
Authors: Borgoni Riccardo , Deldossi Laura , Radaelli Luigi , Zappa Diego
Published: July 2013

This paper introduces a special issue entirely devoted to the topic ’Statistics for Microelectronics’. The relevance of the theme for this journal is due to both the primary role that microelectronics has in many business activities of the modern society and to the complexity of the production process of integrated circuits that are obtained by several different steps performed on a wafer (i.e., a thin silicon slice of a few inches of diameter). Advanced statistical methods are necessary to monitor and improve this process because the yield of this industrial manufacturing is typically tiny and requires a very high precision. After a brief review of the semiconductor manufacturing process, we point out how statistical methodologies can contribute to this. Finally, we introduce the papers that discuss some key aspects of this subject. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Characterization of Nitrosomonas europaea Cytochrome c‐552 Variants with Marked Differences in Electronic Structure
Authors: Can Mehmet , Krucinska Jolanta , Zoppellaro Giorgio , Andersen Niels H. , Wedekind Joseph E. , Hersleth Hans‐Petter , Andersson K. Kristoffer , Bren Kara L.
Published: July 2013

Nitrosomonas europaea cytochrome c‐552 (Ne c‐552) variants with the same His/Met axial ligand set but with different EPR spectra have been characterized structurally, to aid understanding of how molecular structure determines heme electronic structure. Visible light absorption, Raman, and resonance Raman spectroscopy of the protein crystals was performed along with structure determination. The structures solved are those of Ne c‐552, which displays a “HALS” (or highly anisotropic low‐spin) EPR spectrum, and of the deletion mutant Ne N64Δ, which has a rhombic EPR spectrum. Two X‐ray crystal structures of wild‐type Ne c‐552 are reported; one is of the protein isolated from N. europaea cells (Ne c‐552n, 2.35 Å resolution), and the other is of recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli (Ne c‐552r, 1.63 Å resolution). Ne N64Δ crystallized in two different space groups, and two structures are reported [monoclinic (2.1 Å resolution) and hexagonal (2.3 Å resolution)]. Comparison of the structures of the wild‐type and mutant proteins reveals that heme ruffling is increased in the mutant; increased ruffling is predicted to yield a more rhombic EPR spectrum. The 2.35 Å Ne c‐552n structure shows 18 molecules in the asymmetric unit; analysis of the structure is consistent with population of more than one axial Met configuration, as seen previously by NMR. Finally, the mutation was shown to yield a more hydrophobic heme pocket and to expel water molecules from near the axial Met. These structures reveal that heme pocket residue 64 plays multiple roles in regulating the axial ligand orientation and the interaction of water with the heme. These results support the hypothesis that more ruffled hemes lead to more rhombic EPR signals in cytochromes c with His/Met axial ligation.
Comparing oxidative and dilute acid wet explosion pretreatment of Cocksfoot grass at high dry matter concentration for cellulosic ethanol production
Authors: Njoku Stephen I. , Uellendahl Hinrich , Ahring Birgitte K.
Published: July 2013

The choice of a suitable pretreatment method and the adjustment of the pretreatment parameters for efficient conversion of biomass are crucial for a successful biorefinery concept. In this study, cocksfoot grass, a suitable lignocellulosic biomass with a potential for large‐scale production was investigated for cellulosic ethanol production. The biomass raw materials were pretreated using wet explosion (WEx) at 25% dry matter concentration with addition of oxygen or dilute sulfuric acid. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was significantly improved after pretreatment. The highest conversion into cellulose monomeric C6 sugars was achieved for WEx condition AC‐E (180°C, 15 min, and 0.2% sulfuric acid). For that condition, the highest ethanol yield of 197 g/kg DM (97% of theoretical maximum value) was achieved for SSF process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the highest concentration of hemicellulose C5 sugars was found for WEx pretreatment condition O2‐A (160°C, 15 min, and 6 bar O2) which means that the highest potential ethanol yield was found at this moderate pretreatment condition with oxygen added. Increasing the pretreatment temperature to 180–190°C with addition of oxygen or dilute sulfuric acid significantly degrades the solubilized hemicellulose sugars and thus, achieved the highest formation of by‐products.
Relay selection in underlay cognitive networks with fixed transmission power nodes
Authors: Hussain Syed Imtiaz , Abdallah Mohamed M. , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim , Qaraqe Khalid , Hasna Mazen
Published: July 2013

Underlay cognitive networks operate simultaneously with primary networks satisfying stringent interference constraints, which reduces their transmission power and coverage area. To reach remote destinations, secondary sources use relaying techniques. Selecting the best relay among the available ones is a well known technique. Recently, selective cooperation is investigated in cognitive networks where the secondary nodes can adapt their transmission power to always satisfy the interference threshold. In this paper, we investigate a situation where the secondary nodes have a fixed transmission power and may violate the interference threshold. We present two relay selection schemes; the first one excludes the relays not satisfying the interference constraint and then picks up a relay from the remaining ones that can provide the maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). The other scheme uses a quotient of the relay link SNR and the interference from the relay to the primary user and optimizes it to maximise the relay link SNR. We derive closed form expressions for outage probability, bit error rate, channel capacity and diversity of the system for both schemes by using tight approximations. We also study mutual effects of interference. Simulation results confirm the analytical results and reveal that the relay selection is feasible at low SNRs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Tides of Anti‐Science
Authors: Weissmann Gerald
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health by Ivan Illich

The End of Medicine by Rick J. Carlson
Science: East and West
Authors: Needham Joseph
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Secret of Western Domination by Kurt Mendelssohn
Power Politics
Authors: Metzger Norman
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Oil Resources: Who Gets What How? by Kenneth W. Dam

The Accidental Hazards of Nuclear Power Plants by Richard E. Webb
Star Wars
Authors: Aveni Anthony F.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Megaliths, Myths and Men: An Introduction to Astroarchaeology by Peter Lancaster Brown
Darwin Examined
Authors: Gould Stephen Jay
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Collected Papers of Charles Darwin Edited by Paul H. Barrett

To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin by Robert Colp, Jr.
The Glory and the Power
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States by Harriet Zuckerman
All In the Family
Authors: Jacoby Russell
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

R. D. laing: The Philosophy and Politics of Psychotherapy by Andrew Collier
According to Hoyle
Authors: Krupp E.C.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

On Stonehenge by Fred Hoyle
Catching the Flu
Authors: Salk Jonas
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Influenza: The Last Great Plague by W.I.B. Beveridge
Dig He Must
Authors: Muscarella Oscar White
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer by Jeannette Mirsky
On the Eighth Day…
Authors: Hotchkiss Rollin
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Ultimate Experiment: Man‐Made Evolution by Nicholas Wade

Biohazard by Michael Rogers

Improving on Nature: The Brave New World of Genetic Engineering by Robert Cooke

Who Should Play God? The Artificial Creation of Life and What It Means for the Future of the Human Race by Ted Howard and Jeremy Rifkin

Playing God: Genetic Engineering and the Manipulation of Life by June Goodfield

Recombinant Molecules: Impact on Science and Society edited by Roland F. Beers, Jr. and Edward G. Bassett
The Nuclear Future: Wrong Questions, Wrong Answers
Authors: Lovins Amory B.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Economic and Environmental Impacts of a U.S. Nuclear Moratorium, 1985–2010 by the Institute for Energy Analysis
Context in Context
Authors: KAYE KENNETH
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

THE ECOLOGY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIMENTS BY NATURE AND DESIGN by Urie Bronfenbrennre
Ethics, A to Z
Authors: HUNTER THOMAS H.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOETHICS by Warren T. Reich
Testing Testing
Authors: Kaye Kenneth
Published: July 2013

Bias in Mental Testing by Arthur R. Jensen
Passing It On
Authors: Mundinger Paul
Published: July 2013

The Evolution of Culture in Animals by John Tyler Bonner
Looking for Lies
Authors: Hollien Harry
Published: July 2013

A Tremor in the Blood by David Thoreson Lykken
On the Shoulders of Giants
Authors: Judson Horace Freeland
Published: July 2013

THE NEWTONIAN REVOLUTION: With Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas by I. Bernard Cohen

NEVER AT REST: A Biography of Isaac Newton by Richards. Westfall
Trauma of Two Cities
Authors: Freedman Lawrence R.
Published: July 2013

HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings Edited by the Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
A Kingdom in Clay
Authors: GELB IGNACE J.
Published: July 2013

THE ARCHIVES OF EBLA: An Empire Inscribed In Clay by Giovanni Pettinato
Blood Types
Authors: BECK WILLIAM S.
Published: July 2013

ATLAS OF BLOOD CELLS: Function and Pathology by D. Zucker‐Franklin, M.P. Greaves, C.E. Grossi, and A.M. Marmont

BLOOD: Atlas and Sourcebook of Hematology by Carola T. Kapff and James H. Jandl
The Stones Speak
Authors: Hawkins Gerald S.
Published: July 2013

MONUMENTA BRITANNICA by John Aubrey

MEGALITHIC SCIENCE by Douglas C. Heggie

MEGALITHOMANIA by John Michell

TIME STANDS STILL by Keith Critchlow
The Neglected Sense
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: July 2013

TACTUAL PERCEPTION: A Sourcebook edited by William Schiff and Emerson Foulke
Shoot the Moon
Authors: Burrows William E.
Published: July 2013

SPACE by James A. Michener

JPL AND THE AMERICAN SPACE PROGRAM by Clayton R. Koppes
Snowflakes, Coastlines, and Clouds
Authors: Engel Peter
Published: July 2013

THE FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF NATURE by Benoit B. Mandelbrot
Deserts and Our Discontent
Authors: Saarinen Thomas F.
Published: July 2013

THE NEGEV The Challenge of a Desert by Michael Evenari, Leslie Shanan, and Naphtali Tadmor
Alive, But Not Well
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: July 2013

THE ABORIGINAL TASMANIANS by Lyndall Ryan
Companion Guides to the Universe
Authors: Engel Peter
Published: July 2013

TIMESCALE An Atlas of the Fourth Dimension by Nigel Calder

POWERS OF TEN About the Relative Size of Things in the Universe by Philip Morrison and Phylis Morrison
Take Nine Waring‐Blended Pigs…
Authors: Monmaney Terence
Published: July 2013

THE BEST OF THE JOURNAL OF IRREPRODUCIBLE RESULTS “Improbable Investigations & Unfounded Findings” edited by George H. Scherr
BEDSIDE MANNERS
Authors: Hellerstein David
Published: July 2013

THE SILENT WORLD OF DOCTOR AND PATIENT by Jay Katz
SURVIVAL OF THE FAITHFUL
Authors: Tiger Lionel
Published: July 2013

THE BIOLOGY OF RELIGION by Vernon Reynolds and Ralph Tanner
SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
Authors: Powers Thomas
Published: July 2013

THE BUTTON The Pentagon's Strategic Command and Control System by Daniel Ford
FIELDS OF FOLLY
Authors: MacFadyen J. Tevere
Published: July 2013

ALTERED HARVEST: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply by Jack Doyle Viking
MATHEMATICS AND THE MAYA COLLAPSE
Authors: Sharer Robert J.
Published: July 2013

THE DYNAMICS OF APOCALYPSE: A Systems Simulation of the Classic Maya Collapse by John W. G. Lowe
‘I AM BECOME QUITE A GAUCHO’
Authors: Judson Horace Freeland
Published: July 2013

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN: Volume 1, 1821–1836: Edited by Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney Smith

A CALENDAR OF THE CORRESPONDENCE OF CHARLES DARWIN, 1821–1882: Edited by Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney Smith
PULSE OF THE CITY
Authors: Sclar Elliot D. , Aries Nancy
Published: July 2013

THE CITY SHAPED Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History by Spiro Kostof

EDGE CITY Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau
THIS LITTLE PANCREAS WENT TO MARKET
Authors: Appelo Tim
Published: July 2013

SELL YOURSELF TO SCIENCE The Complete Guide to Selling Your Organs, Body Fluids, Bodily Functions and Being a Human Guinea Pig by Jim Hogshire

SPARE PARTS Organ Replacement in American Society by Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey
ON THE MAKE
Authors: Basalla George
Published: July 2013

THE EVOLUTION OF USEFUL THINGS How Everyday Artifacts—from Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers—Came to Be as They Are by Henry Petroski Alfred A. Knopf

FORKS, PHONOGRAPHS, AND HOT AIR BALLOONS A Field Guide to Inventive Thinking by Robert J. Weber
THE DEATH OF A HERO
Authors: Burce Amy
Published: July 2013

THE APOTHEOSIS OF CAPTAIN COOK European Mythmaking in the Pacific by Gananath Obeyesekere
Women Who Run with Physicists
Authors: FINKBEINER ANN. K.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

A Matter of Choices: Memoirs of a Female Physicist by Fay Ajzenberg‐Selove

Goeppert‐Mayer poured her a stiff whiskey and told her that being a woman physicist was hard; being a married woman physicist was nearly impossible.

Why are there so few women in physics? The answer seems circular: because more women are not already in physics.
Bushed
Authors: BERREBY DAVID
Published: July 2013

Nurturing Doubt: From Mennonite Missionary to Anthropologist IN THE ARGENTINE CHACO by Elmer S. Miller

Saudades do Brasil: A Photographic Memoir by Claude Lévi‐Strauss

After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist by Clifford Geertz

The Innocent Anthropologist: Notes from a Mud Hut by Nigel Barley
Doubts About Doubts About Science
Authors: HORGAN JOHN
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Fire in the Mind: Science, Faith, and the Search for Order by George Johnson
The Power of HIV‐Positive Thinking
Authors: HEGINBOTHAM STANLEY J.
Published: July 2013

Impure Science: aids, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge by Steven Epstein
The Odd Couple
Authors: WERTHEIM MARGARET
Published: July 2013

Belief in God in an Age of Science by John Polkinghorne

God, Faith and the New Millennium: Christian Belief in an Age of Science by Keith Ward

Duet or Duel? Theology and Science in a Postmodern World by J. Wentzel van Huyssteen
Culture Vultures
Authors: AUNGER ROBERT
Published: July 2013

The Meme Machine by Susan Blackmore
Interface‐off
Authors: LANIER JARON
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Machine Beauty: Elegance and the Heart of Technology by David Gelernter

The Invisible Computer by Donald A. Norman

Affective Computing by Rosalind W. Picard
This Is the Way the World Ended
Authors: ZIMMERMAN ROBERT
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The end of the Dinosaurs: Chicxulub Crater and Mass Extinctions by Charles Frankel

Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction by Vituent Courtill