bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compreensão do Distúrbio Psicossomático a Partir da Vivência de Médicos
Authors: Pereira Alves Vera Lucia , Espinha Tatiana Gomez
Published: October 2015

Com o objetivo de conhecer a vivência de médicos no atendimento de pacientes por eles considerados psicossomáticos, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de perspectiva fenomenológica em que quatro profissionais foram entrevistados. Como resultado, os médicos não referiram formação teórico-prática sobre o tema, mas apontaram para um conhecimento construído a partir de suas experiências clínicas, em função de como entendem: a formação do sintoma; a caracterização destes pacientes e as doenças consideradas psicossomáticas e o tratamento vislumbrado. Estes médicos refletiram o mesmo mosaico conceitual encontrado entre os estudos científicos de psicossomática os quais revelam a temática atravessada pelo raciocínio determinista do modelo biomédico. Conclui-se que novos modelos são necessários tanto no campo da medicina como da psicossomática.
Suspense and Authority amid Biblical Hebrew Front Dislocation
Authors: Korchin Paul
Published: October 2015

This study investigates front dislocation in Biblical Hebrew from a cognitive–semiotic perspective, employing evidence from Structure Building Framework theory to explain how the syntagm's formal components trigger psychological dynamics that yield rhetorical impacts. By momentarily suspending full alignment between linguistic code and message, front dislocation leverages ambiguity between expression and meaning, placing the listener into an acutely amplified state of expectation and bolstering the authority of the speaker over the communication event.
The Construction of Judean Diasporic Identity in Ezra–Nehemiah
Authors: Knoppers Gary N.
Published: October 2015

This essay explores how Ezra–Nehemiah partially inverts the traditional paradigm of exile found in other biblical writings. When one community is formed at some distance from another in antiquity, the derivative community normally appears as a dependent community (or colony). Yet, in Ezra–Nehemiah the homeland repeatedly experiences renewal through initiatives undertaken by diaspora Judeans. Particular attention is given to how the vertical alliances forged within the Achaemenid administration by two diaspora leaders—Ezra and Nehemiah—are deployed to benefit Yehud. The commendation of Ezra and Nehemiah raises fascinating issues about developing notions of Judean ethnicity and identity in a world dominated by imperial interests.
La formación profesional del enfermero: ʻestado del arteʼ
Authors: Chrizostimo Miriam Marinho , Brandão André Augusto Pereira
Published: October 2015

Cuando se reflexiona sobre el tema de esta investigación,  la formación profesional del enfermero, se comprende que ésta ocurre dentro de la relación enseñanza-aprendizaje, formal o informal.  Los propósitos, los procedimientos y los mecanismos de esta relación están siempre basados en alguna teoría, aunque raramente el soporte teórico sea identificado con claridad por los actores sociales allí involucrados: el profesor y el estudiante, el educador y el educando.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es mapear y discutir la producción académica en dos áreas (educación y salud) del saber. Para lograr este objetivo, en el año 2011, se busca en las investigaciones consideradas estado del arte o estado del conocimiento que poseen carácter bibliográfico y apunta un método que inventaría y describe la producción académica y científica sobre el tema que se busca investigar.

De esta forma, los resultados están en 26 producciones científicas que expresan la educación en enfermería que ha evolucionado a través del tiempo, aunque lentamente, transitando de una educación menos directiva hacia una más reflexiva.

Además en la discusión la concepción de la enfermería en el contexto de la educación y la formación profesional de enfermería están asociadas a la práctica social de la enfermería y puede justificar la distribución entre las publicaciones que se refieren a la educación superior y a la educación profesional.

Así en la conclusión el estado del arte mostró el predominio del tema sobre el punto de vista de la formación profesional en enfermería, contemplando la enseñanza superior y la formación continua sin tener el enfoque del compromiso social.
El uso de Twitter en los XVII y XVIII Encuentros Internacionales de Investigación en Cuidados
Authors: Ovalle-Perandones María-Antonia , Navas-Martín Miguel-Ángel
Published: October 2015

El objeto de este artículo es proponer una hoja de ruta para analizar el uso de la red social Twitter durante los días en los que se celebra un congreso. La principal motivación se fundamenta en la poca práctica de realizar esta tarea en el contexto español, sí es habitual hacerlo en congresos internacionales, con especial énfasis en el campo de los encuentros en ciencias de la salud. Con la tecnología propia de Opileak se monitorizaron todos los mensajes difundidos en la red social Twitter, durante los cuatro días del Encuentro Internacional de Investigación en Cuidados y que son organizados por la unidad Investén del Instituto de Salud Carlos III. El proceso se realizó tras haber finalizado las conferencias celebradas en los años 2013 y 2014, contando cada una con su propio hashtag: #inves13 e #inves14. Los resultados demuestran que los usuarios tienden a retuitear más con el paso del tiempo que a emitir tuits originales; los días centrales del congreso también lo son en cuanto a la actividad en la red social; los usuarios toman diferentes roles siendo algunos buenos informadores y otros estando bien informados; las palabras que utilizan son un reconocimiento a las ciudades donde se celebran los encuentros, a la temática del encuentro y a su carácter internacional. La organización de cualquier encuentro debe realizar este tipo de análisis para descubrir el impacto del evento en un canal de comunicación 2.0
La réappropriation du paysage africain dans L’Esclave de Félix Couchoro (1929)
Authors: Riesz János
Published: October 2015

Nous avons essayé de montrer comment, dans L’Esclave de Félix Couchoro, le paysage ouest-africain est « africanisé » et « humanisé ». Ce processus, qui correspond au programme littéraire présenté dans la préface, est réalisé par diverses scènes et formulations du roman. Ceci devient particulièrement clair à travers une compa-raison avec un roman colonial de l’époque, La Soudanaise et son amant (1925) de Jean Francis-Boeuf.
« White Writing », « Dark Continent » : les enjeux de la représentation du paysage dans la littérature sud-africaine
Authors: Rogez Mathilde
Published: October 2015

Les enjeux de la représentation d’un paysage que l’on voudrait national sont cruciaux quand la nation, la « communauté imaginée » de Benedict Anderson, se cherche encore, comme en Afrique du Sud après l’apartheid. La transition n’est pas que politique ou institutionnelle : c’est toute une culture qu’il faut modifier, qu’il s’agisse d’un hymne national auquel toute la « nation arc-en-ciel » s’identifie, ou de portraits du pays dessinés par les écrivains. Cet article rappelle donc les enjeux de cette question et dresse un panorama du paysage sud-africain dans la littérature du pays, en en repérant les topoï et la manière dont les auteurs noirs, blancs ou métis interrogent les modes de représentation picturale du pays et les traditions littéraires qui leur sont associées.
La savane vierge et sauvage dans les romans d’aventures écologiques pour enfants : l’imaginaire du paysage édénique au service d’une critique du colonialisme ?
Authors: Malanda Élodie
Published: October 2015

Le topos du paysage subsaharien vierge et sauvage a été véhiculé par une longue tradition littéraire européenne. Alors qu’il a donné lieu à des fantasmes de conquête à l’époque coloniale, l’imaginaire d’un paysage africain originel est aujourd’hui repris dans la littérature de jeunesse, à travers les romans d’aventures qui mettent en scène des héros protégeant les animaux sauvages contre les menaces humaines. Dans cet article, il sera montré en quelle mesure le topos paysager de la nature africaine édénique sert, dans ces romans d’aventures écologiques, de point de départ à une critique indirecte du colonialisme, et en quelle mesure cette critique est limitée.
Les représentations de la nature et la construction d’un nouvel ethos d’« auteur africain » dans Les Bouts de bois de Dieu d’Ousmane Sembène
Authors: Sela Tal
Published: October 2015

L’article examine les aspects argumentatifs de la mise en discours littéraire du paysage africain. Portant sur le roman africain des années 1950-1960, il s’intéresse au lien qui rattache l’image de l’Afrique à celle de son auteur. Il constate d’abord que si l’auteur de l’oeuvre littéraire livre une certaine vision du paysage africain, celle-ci peut infléchir en retour l’image qu’il donne de lui en tant qu’auteur. Il soutient ensuite que les représentations de la nature, qui sont constitutives du paysage et, plus généralement, de l’image littéraire de l’Afrique, peuvent être manipulées par l’écrivain qui s’efforce de reconstruire l’ethos de l’« auteur africain » tel qu’il a été imposé par les chantres de la Négritude. À partir d’une analyse des Bouts de bois de Dieu d’Ousmane Sembène, il montre finalement comment, par son discours, l’auteur peut se repositionner, d’abord, dans le champ littéraire français puis, plus généralement, dans l’espace social. Pour redéfinir ainsi sa double identité d’écrivain et d’Africain, l’auteur est amené à inventer une stratégie de détournement : transformer son ethos préalable à l’intérieur des possibles du discours.
Accès aux services sociaux et de santé en français : l’expérience des Franco-Manitobains
Authors: de Moissac Danielle , Giasson Florette , Roch-Gagné Margaux
Published: October 2015

Des progrès considérables sont constatés dans l’offre de services et la formation de professionnels dans le domaine des services sociaux et de santé en français au Manitoba depuis les 30 dernières années. L’objectif de cette recherche est de mieux connaître la perception des usagers quant aux services couramment disponibles et aux barrières réduisant l’accès à ces services. L’obtention de services en français est importante pour la population francophone, particulièrement pour les aînés et les immigrants. En moyenne, 50 % des répondants disent demander des services en français, mais seulement 25 % affirment les recevoir. La pénurie de professionnels pouvant offrir des services en français est considérée comme la barrière principale à l’accès. L’offre active est essentielle et facilite la prestation des services dans la langue de choix de la clientèle.
L’attraction organisationnelle et les valeurs des jeunes : le cas du personnel infirmier en milieu hospitalier
Authors: Bouchard Pier , Vézina Sylvain
Published: October 2015

La prestation de services de santé de qualité aux communautés francophones soulève la question de la disponibilité des ressources humaines, des jeunes professionnels en particulier. Ainsi, les gestionnaires des établissements de santé doivent élaborer des stratégies de recrutement/rétention qui tiennent compte des aspirations et des valeurs des jeunes. À cet égard, nous présentons ici les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès d’infirmières et de gestionnaires d’un important établissement de santé francophone du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ces résultats nous amènent à proposer des pistes d’action susceptibles de favoriser l’engagement des jeunes professionnels qui deviendront les ambassadeurs de services de santé en français de qualité.
Snf1/AMPK promotes the formation of Kog1/Raptor-bodies to increase the activation threshold of TORC1 in budding yeast
Authors: Hughes Hallett James E , Luo Xiangxia , Capaldi Andrew P
Published: October 2015

The target of rapamycin complex I (TORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism in eukaryotes. Previous studies have shown that nitrogen and amino acid signals activate TORC1 via the small GTPases, Gtr1/2. However, little is known about the way that other nutrient signals are transmitted to TORC1. Here we report that glucose starvation triggers disassembly of TORC1, and movement of the key TORC1 component Kog1/Raptor to a single body near the edge of the vacuole. These events are driven by Snf1/AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Kog1 at Ser 491/494 and two nearby prion-like motifs. Kog1-bodies then serve to increase the threshold for TORC1 activation in cells that have been starved for a significant period of time. Together, our data show that Kog1-bodies create hysteresis (memory) in the TORC1 pathway and help ensure that cells remain committed to a quiescent state under suboptimal conditions. We suggest that other protein bodies formed in starvation conditions have a similar function.
A mutation uncouples the tubulin conformational and GTPase cycles, revealing allosteric control of microtubule dynamics
Authors: Geyer Elisabeth A , Burns Alexander , Lalonde Beth A , Ye Xuecheng , Piedra Felipe-Andres , Huffaker Tim C , Rice Luke M
Published: October 2015

Microtubule dynamic instability depends on the GTPase activity of the polymerizing αβ-tubulin subunits, which cycle through at least three distinct conformations as they move into and out of microtubules. How this conformational cycle contributes to microtubule growing, shrinking, and switching remains unknown. Here, we report that a buried mutation in αβ-tubulin yields microtubules with dramatically reduced shrinking rate and catastrophe frequency. The mutation causes these effects by suppressing a conformational change that normally occurs in response to GTP hydrolysis in the lattice, without detectably changing the conformation of unpolymerized αβ-tubulin. Thus, the mutation weakens the coupling between the conformational and GTPase cycles of αβ-tubulin. By showing that the mutation predominantly affects post-GTPase conformational and dynamic properties of microtubules, our data reveal that the strength of the allosteric response to GDP in the lattice dictates the frequency of catastrophe and the severity of rapid shrinking.
MICA sounding rocket observations of conductivity‐gradient‐generated auroral ionospheric responses: Small‐scale structure with large‐scale drivers
Authors: Lynch K. A. , Hampton D. L. , Zettergren M. , Bekkeng T. A. , Conde M. , Fernandes P. A. , Horak P. , Lessard M. , Miceli R. , Michell R. , Moen J. , Nicolls M. , Powell S. P. , Samara M.
Published: October 2015

A detailed, in situ study of field‐aligned current (FAC) structure in a transient, substorm expansion phase auroral arc is conducted using electric field, magnetometer, and electron density measurements from the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Alfvén Resonator (MICA) sounding rocket, launched from Poker Flat, AK. These data are supplemented with larger‐scale, contextual measurements from a heterogeneous collection of ground‐based instruments including the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar and nearby scanning doppler imagers and filtered all‐sky cameras. An electrostatic ionospheric modeling case study of this event is also constructed by using available data (neutral winds, electron precipitation, and electric fields) to constrain model initial and boundary conditions. MICA magnetometer data are converted into FAC measurements using a sheet current approximation and show an up‐down current pair, with small‐scale current density and Poynting flux structures in the downward current channel. Model results are able to roughly recreate only the large‐scale features of the field‐aligned currents, suggesting that observed small‐scale structures may be due to ionospheric feedback processes not encapsulated by the electrostatic model. The model is also used to assess the contributions of various processes to total FAC and suggests that both conductance gradients and neutral dynamos may contribute significantly to FACs in a narrow region where the current transitions from upward to downward. Comparison of Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar versus in situ electric field estimates illustrates the high sensitivity of FAC estimates to measurement resolution.
Contrasted geographical distribution of N2 fixation rates and nifH phylotypes in the Coral and Solomon Seas (southwestern Pacific) during austral winter conditions
Authors: Bonnet Sophie , Rodier Martine , Turk‐Kubo Kendra A. , Germineaud Cyril , Menkes Christophe , Ganachaud Alexandre , Cravatte Sophie , Raimbault Patrick , Campbell Ellen , Quéroué Fabien , Sarthou Géraldine , Desnues Anne , Maes Christophe , Eldin Gerard
Published: October 2015

Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation and the distribution of diazotrophic phylotypes were investigated during two cruises in the Coral Sea and the Solomon Sea (southwestern Pacific) during austral winter conditions. N2 fixation rates were measurable at every station, but integrated (0–150 m) rates were an order of magnitude higher in the Solomon Sea (30 to 5449 µmol N m−2 d−1) compared to those measured in the Coral Sea (2 to 109 µmol N m−2 d−1). Rates measured in the Solomon Sea were in the upper range (100–1000 µmol N m−2 d−1) or higher than rates compiled in the global MARine Ecosystem biomass DATa database, indicating that this region has some of the highest N2 fixation rates reported in the global ocean. While unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria from group A (UCYN‐A1 and UCYN‐A2) and the proteobacteria γ‐24774A11 dominated in the Coral Sea and were correlated with N2 fixation rates (p < 0.05), Trichodesmium and UCYN‐B dominated in the Solomon Sea and were correlated (p < 0.05) with N2 fixation rates. UCYN‐A were totally absent in the Solomon Sea. The biogeographical distribution of diazotrophs is discussed within the context of patterns in measured environmental parameters.
Nutrient cycling in the Atlantic basin: The evolution of nitrate isotope signatures in water masses
Authors: Tuerena R. E. , Ganeshram R. S. , Geibert W. , Fallick A. E. , Dougans J. , Tait A. , Henley S. F. , Woodward E. M. S.
Published: October 2015

A basin‐wide transect of nitrate isotopes (δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3), across the UK GEOTRACES 40°S transect in the South Atlantic is presented. This data set is used to investigate Atlantic nutrient cycling and the communication pathways of nitrogen cycling processes in the global ocean. Intermediate waters formed in the subantarctic are enriched in δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 from partial utilization of nitrate by phytoplankton and distant denitrification processes, transporting heavy isotope signatures to the subtropical Atlantic. Water mass modification through the Atlantic is investigated by comparing data from 40°S (South Atlantic) and 30°N (North Atlantic). This reveals that nitrate in the upper intermediate waters is regenerated as it transits through the subtropical Atlantic, as evidenced by decreases in δ18ONO3. We document diazotrophy‐producing high N:P particle ratios (18–21:1) for remineralization, which is further confirmed by a decrease in δ15NNO3 through the subtropical Atlantic. These modifications influence the isotopic signatures of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) which is subsequently exported from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean. This study reveals the dominance of recycling processes and diazotrophy on nitrate cycling in the Atlantic. These processes provide a source of low δ15NNO3 to the Southern Ocean via the NADW, to counteract enrichment in δ15NNO3 from water column denitrification in the Indo/Pacific basins. We hence identify the Southern Ocean as a key hub through which denitrification and N2 fixation communicate in the ocean through deepwater masses. Therefore, the balancing of the oceanic N budget and isotopic signatures require time scales of oceanic mixing.
Global deep ocean oxygenation by enhanced ventilation in the Southern Ocean under long‐term global warming
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Abe‐Ouchi A. , Shigemitsu M. , Oka A. , Takahashi K. , Ohgaito R. , Yamanaka Y.
Published: October 2015

Global warming is expected to decrease ocean oxygen concentrations by less solubility of surface ocean and change in ocean circulation. The associated expansion of the oxygen minimum zone would have adverse impacts on marine organisms and ocean biogeochemical cycles. Oxygen reduction is expected to persist for a thousand years or more, even after atmospheric carbon dioxide stops rising. However, long‐term changes in ocean oxygen and circulation are still unclear. Here we simulate multimillennium changes in ocean circulation and oxygen under doubling and quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide, using a fully coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model and an offline biogeochemical model. In the first 500 years, global oxygen concentration decreases, consistent with previous studies. Thereafter, however, the oxygen concentration in the deep ocean globally recovers and overshoots at the end of the simulations, despite surface oxygen decrease and weaker Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. This is because, after the initial cessation, the recovery and overshooting of deep ocean convection in the Weddell Sea enhance ventilation and supply oxygen‐rich surface waters to deep ocean. Another contributor to deep ocean oxygenation is seawater warming, which reduces the export production and shifts the organic matter remineralization to the upper water column. Our results indicate that the change in ocean circulation in the Southern Ocean potentially drives millennial‐scale oxygenation in deep ocean, which is opposite to the centennial‐scale global oxygen reduction and general expectation.
Oligocene‐Miocene magnetostratigraphy and magnetic anisotropy of the Baxbulak section from the Pamir‐Tian Shan convergence zone
Authors: Tang Zihua , Dong Xinxin , Wang Xu , Ding Zhongli
Published: October 2015

As the northernmost part of the Indo‐Eurasian collision belt, the Pamir‐Tian Shan convergence zone (PTCZ) is a strategic location for understanding intracontinental deformation. Here we present a magnetostratigraphic investigation of a continuous section from the Baxbulak region, to better constrain regional tectonic history. Rock magnetic analyses indicate that hematite and magnetite are the main carriers of characteristic remanent magnetization. The resulting polarity sequence allows a distinct correlation to the geomagnetic polarity time scale, showing that the section spans the interval of 29.1–20.7 Ma. Rock magnetic results further suggest that paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic minerals dominantly contribute to anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of the sequence. Thus, the AMS would indicate the preferred orientations of the mineral grains that are sensitive to tectonic strain. At around 26 Ma, the grouped principal minimum perpendicular to the bedding diverts to a girdle distribution in a N‐S direction, demonstrating the overprint of tectonic fabric to previous weakly deformed sedimentary fabric. This would be interpreted as a marked increase in tectonic strain, consistent with various evidence from the Pamir and the neighboring basin that show the Pamir began to migrate northward. Moreover, the coincident changes in distribution of AMS principal axes, in both direction and magnitude, are comparable to the regional counterclockwise rotations observed from paleomagnetic data, likely related to orogenesis.
On the collocation of the cusp aurora and the GPS phase scintillation: A statistical study
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Moen Jøran I. , Miloch Wojciech J.
Published: October 2015

The climatology map of the GPS phase scintillation identifies two regions of high scintillation occurrences: around magnetic noon and around magnetic midnight. The scintillation occurrence rate is higher around noon, while the scintillation level is stronger around magnetic midnight. This paper focuses on the dayside scintillation region. In order to resolve the role of the cusp auroral processes in the production of irregularities, we put the GPS phase scintillation in the context of the observed auroral morphology. Results show that the occurrence rate of the GPS phase scintillation is highest inside the auroral cusp, regardless of the scintillation strength and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). On average, the scintillation occurrence rate in the cusp region is about 5 times as high as in the region immediately poleward of it. The scintillation occurrence rate is higher when the IMF Bz is negative. When partitioning the scintillation data by the IMF By, the distribution of the scintillation occurrence rate around magnetic noon is similar to that of the poleward moving auroral form (PMAF): there is a higher occurrence rate at earlier (later) magnetic local time when the IMF By is positive (negative). This indicates that the irregularities which give rise to scintillations follow the IMF By‐controlled east‐west motion of the aurora and plasma. Furthermore, the scintillation occurrence rate is higher when IMF By is positive when the cusp is shifted toward the post noon sector where it may get easier access to the higher density plasma. This suggests that the combined auroral activities (e.g., PMAF) and the density of the intake solar EUV ionized plasma are crucial for the production of scintillations.
Energetic particles, tangential discontinuities, and solar flux tubes
Authors: Neugebauer M. , Giacalone J.
Published: October 2015

This study examines the probable sources of sharp changes in the flux of energetic particles (EPs) in the solar wind. Data acquired by the ACE Low Energy Magnetic Spectrometer sensors during 1999 were used to identify EP boundaries that were not located at interplanetary shocks or caused by intermittent connection to the Earth's bow shock. It was found that at least 68%, and probably 80%, of such boundaries occur at significant changes in the plasma and magnetic field in the solar wind. Those changes are consistent with crossing preexisting tangential discontinuities or flux tube boundaries rather than by local MHD turbulence or time‐dependent bursts of acceleration. Because some of the EP boundaries would not have been detected by Borovsky's (2008) analysis of flux tube boundaries, it is concluded that such boundaries in the solar wind are at least 30% more prevalent than previously suggested. The result can also be used to explain some observations of localized variations in EP flux both ahead of and behind the interplanetary shocks where particle acceleration occurred without requiring local acceleration.
Lidar observations of thermospheric Na layers up to 170 km with a descending tidal phase at Lijiang (26.7°N, 100.0°E), China
Authors: Gao Qi , Chu Xinzhao , Xue Xianghui , Dou Xiankang , Chen Tingdi , Chen Jinsong
Published: October 2015

We report the first lidar observations of thermospheric Na layers up to 170 km at Lijiang (geomagnetic 21.6°N, 171.8°E), China, in March, April, and December 2012. The Na densities inside the layers are low, ranging from ~1 to ~6 cm−3 at altitudes of 130–170 km, about 3 orders of magnitude lower than the Na peak density in the mesopause region. All of these layers exhibit an apparent downward phase progression with a descending rate of 11–12 km/h or ~3 m/s, consistent with the vertical phase speed of semidiurnal tides around 140 km. We have identified at least 12 events from the total 37 nights of lidar observations with four shown in this report, giving an occurrence frequency of ~33% over Lijiang. These thermospheric layer events correspond to strong to moderate equatorial fountain effects, bolstering our hypothesis that the deposit of metallic ions from the equatorial region to low latitudes via the fountain effect provides the Na+ ions in the thermosphere over Lijiang. Adopting the theory by Chu et al. (2011) and the hypothesis by Tsuda et al. (2015), we further hypothesize that the thermospheric Na layers are formed through the neutralization of the tidal‐wind‐shear‐converged Na+ layers via direct electron‐Na+ recombination Na+ + e− → Na + hν. An envelope calculation using reasonable ion and electron densities shows good consistency with the observations.
Decadal variability in seawater pH in the West Pacific: Evidence from coral δ11B records
Authors: Wei Gangjian , Wang Zhibing , Ke Ting , Liu Ying , Deng Wenfeng , Chen Xuefei , Xu Jifeng , Zeng Ti , Xie Luhua
Published: October 2015

Long‐term seawater pH records are essential for evaluating the rates of ocean acidification (OA) driven by anthropogenic emissions. Widespread, natural decadal variability in seawater pH superimposes on the long‐term anthropogenic variations, likely influencing the OA rates estimated from the pH records. Here, we report a record of annual seawater pH estimated using the δ11B proxy over the past 159 years reconstructed from a Porites coral collected to the east of Hainan Island in the northern South China Sea (SCS). By coupling this time series with previously reported long‐term seawater pH records in the West Pacific, the decadal variability in seawater pH records and its possible driving mechanisms were investigated. The results indicate that large decadal variability in seawater pH has occurred off eastern Hainan Island over the past 159 years, in agreement with previous records. The Qiongdong upwelling system, which controls nutrient supplies, regulates surface water productivity, and is driven by the East Asian summer monsoon, is the primary control of this decadal variability, while terrestrial inputs appear not influence significantly. Meanwhile the impacts of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) systems on seawater pH off eastern Hainan Island is likely limited. In contrast, the PDO is the main factor to influence the decadal seawater pH variability offshore the East Australia, while the mechanism controlling the decadal seawater pH variability in Guam is not clear yet. Meanwhile, The rate of decrease in seawater pH estimated from coral records are significantly different in different regions and over different time spans, which may reflect a combination of natural decadal variability in seawater pH and long‐term variations. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms driving natural variability in seawater pH is important for improving estimates of ocean acidification rates driven by anthropogenic emissions.
Adaptive robust attitude control for UAVs – Design and experimental validation
Authors: Chriette Abdelhamid , Plestan Franck , Castañeda Herman , Pal Madhumita , Guillo Mario , Odelga Marcin , Rajappa Sujit , Chandra Rohit
Published: October 2015

The main contribution of the paper is to propose a scheme of attitude controller for a class of unmanned aerial vehicles based on an adaptive version of the super‐twisting algorithm. This controller is based on a very recent second‐order sliding mode controller, which is robust in spite of uncertainties and perturbations, ensures finite time convergence, reduces the chattering, increases the accuracy, and does not require time derivative of the sliding variable. A very important feature of the controller is its adaptive gain, which allows to design the controller without knowing bounds of the uncertainties and perturbations. This controller is validated by experimental results. Comparisons versus PID‐based controller are made in order to evaluate the robustness of the closed‐loop system when similar perturbations are acting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Validity of Axisymmetric Assumption for Modeling an Industrial Scale Electroslag Remelting Process
Authors: Karimi‐Sibaki Ebrahim , Kharicha Abdellah , Bohacek Jan , Wu Menghuai , Ludwig Andreas
Published: October 2015

A full 3D simulation of an industrial scale electroslag remelting (ESR) process (ϕ 750 mm ingot) is performed, and results are verified by experiment. A typical non‐axis symmetry flow pattern and temperature field in the slag region is demonstrated. A statistical analysis of the turbulent flow in the slag and melt pool is performed to quantitatively characterize the transient behavior of the flow. By comparing the 3D calculation with a 2D axis‐symmetrical calculation, we find that the predicted shape of melt pool (profile of the solidifying mushy zone of the ingot) are quite similar, leading to the conclusion that a 2D calculation is sufficient to solve the melt pool profile of the ingot.
Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functional Materials from Atomic‐/Molecular‐Level Manipulation to Macroscopic Action
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Li Junbai , Fei Jinbo , Ji Qingmin , Hill Jonathan P.
Published: October 2015

Objects in all dimensions are subject to translational dynamism and dynamic mutual interactions, and the ability to exert control over these events is one of the keys to the synthesis of functional materials. For the development of materials with truly dynamic functionalities, a paradigm shift from “nanotechnology” to “nanoarchitectonics” is proposed, with the aim of design and preparation of functional materials through dynamic harmonization of atomic‐/molecular‐level manipulation and control, chemical nanofabrication, self‐organization, and field‐controlled organization. Here, various examples of dynamic functional materials are presented from the atom/molecular‐level to macroscopic dimensions. These systems, including atomic switches, molecular machines, molecular shuttles, motional crystals, metal–organic frameworks, layered assemblies, gels, supramolecular assemblies of biomaterials, DNA origami, hollow silica capsules, and mesoporous materials, are described according to their various dynamic functions, which include short‐term plasticity, long‐term potentiation, molecular manipulation, switchable catalysis, self‐healing properties, supramolecular chirality, morphological control, drug storage and release, light‐harvesting, mechanochemical transduction, molecular tuning molecular recognition, hand‐operated nanotechnology.
Fabrication and Doping Methods for Silicon Nano‐ and Micropillar Arrays for Solar‐Cell Applications: A Review
Authors: Elbersen Rick , Vijselaar Wouter , Tiggelaar Roald M. , Gardeniers Han , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: October 2015

Silicon is one of the main components of commercial solar cells and is used in many other solar‐light‐harvesting devices. The overall efficiency of these devices can be increased by the use of structured surfaces that contain nanometer‐ to micrometer‐sized pillars with radial p/n junctions. High densities of such structures greatly enhance the light‐absorbing properties of the device, whereas the 3D p/n junction geometry shortens the diffusion length of minority carriers and diminishes recombination. Due to the vast silicon nano‐ and microfabrication toolbox that exists nowadays, many versatile methods for the preparation of such highly structured samples are available. Furthermore, the formation of p/n junctions on structured surfaces is possible by a variety of doping techniques, in large part transferred from microelectronic circuit technology. The right choice of doping method, to achieve good control of junction depth and doping level, can contribute to an improvement of the overall efficiency that can be obtained in devices for energy applications. A review of the state‐of‐the‐art of the fabrication and doping of silicon micro and nanopillars is presented here, as well as of the analysis of the properties and geometry of thus‐formed 3D‐structured p/n junctions.
One‐Step Exfoliation and Hydroxylation of Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Optical Limiting Performance
Authors: Zhao Gang , Zhang Fang , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng , Wang Zhengping , Xu Xinguang
Published: October 2015

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) nanosheets are attracting increased attention because of their excellent optical properties. Inspired by the natural exfoliation of seaside rocks, we propose a “chemical weathering” concept for fabricating h‐BN nanosheets from their bulk counterparts. We experimentally demonstrate that chemical weathering‐assisted exfoliation is a simple and efficient method for preparing h‐BN nanosheets. These nanolayers have a high solubility in water because of the hydroxylation of h‐BN (OH‐BNNS). Interestingly, the as‐prepared OH‐BNNSs exhibit excellent optical limiting properties with fascinating two‐photon absorption. It is a new and advanced optical material in the application of sensitive optical components, and shield human eyes from laser‐induced damage.
Safety‐Reinforced Poly(Propylene Carbonate)‐Based All‐Solid‐State Polymer Electrolyte for Ambient‐Temperature Solid Polymer Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Zhao Jianghui , Yue Liping , Wang Qingfu , Chai Jingchao , Liu Zhihong , Zhou Xinhong , Li Hong , Guo Yuguo , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan
Published: October 2015

An integrated preparation of safety‐reinforced poly(propylene carbonate)‐based all‐solid polymer electrolyte is shown to be applicable to ambient‐temperature solid polymer lithium batteries. In contrast to pristine poly(ethylene oxide) solid polymer electrolyte, this solid polymer electrolyte exhibits higher ionic conductivity, wider electrochemical window, better mechanical strength, and superior rate performance at 20 °C. Moreover, lithium iron phosphate/lithium cell using such solid polymer electrolyte can charge and discharge even at 120 °C. It is also noted that the solid‐state soft‐package lithium cells assembled with this solid polymer electrolyte can still power a red light‐emitting diode lamp without suffering from internal short‐circuit failures even after cutting off one part of the battery. Considering the aspects mentioned above, the solid polymer electrolyte is eligible for practical lithium battery applications with improved reliability and safety. Just as important, a new perspective that the degree of amorphous state of polymer is also as critical as its low glass transition temperature for the exploration of room temperature solid polymer electrolyte is illustrated. In all, this study opens up a kind of new avenue that could be a milestone to the development of high‐voltage and ambient‐temperature all‐solid‐state polymer electrolytes.
High‐Energy, High‐Rate, Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Synergetic Effect of Hollow TiO2‐Webbed Carbon Nanotubes and a Dual Functional Carbon‐Paper Interlayer
Authors: Hwang Jang‐Yeon , Kim Hee Min , Lee Sang‐Kyu , Lee Joo‐Hyeong , Abouimrane Ali , Khaleel Mohammad Ahmed , Belharouak Ilias , Manthiram Arumugam , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: October 2015

A novel nanocomposite cathode consisting of sulfur and hollow‐mesoporous titania (HMT) embedded within carbon nanotubes (CNT), which is designated as S‐HMT@CNT, has been obtained by encapsulating elemental sulfur into the pores of hollow‐mesoporous, spherical TiO2 particles that are connected via CNT. A carbon‐paper interlayer, referred to as dual functional porous carbon wall (DF‐PCW), has been obtained by filling the voids in TiO2 spheres with carbon and then etching the TiO2 template with a chemical process. The DF‐PCW interlayer provides a medium for scavenging the lithium polysulfides and suppressing them from diffusing to the anode side when it is inserted between the sulfur cathode and the separator. Lithium–sulfur cells fabricated with the thus prepared S‐HMT@CNT cathode and the DF‐PCW interlayer exhibit superior performance due to the containment of sulfur in TiO2 and improved lithium–ion and electron transports. The Li–S cells display high capacity with excellent capacity retention at rates as high as 1C, 2C, and 5C rates.
Mosaic deletion of 20pter due to rescue by somatic recombination
Authors: Martin Megan M. , Vanzo Rena J. , Sdano Mallory R. , Baxter Adrianne L. , South Sarah T.
Published: October 2015

We report on a unique case of a mosaic 20pter‐p13 deletion due to a somatic repair event identified by allele differentiating single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) probes on chromosomal microarray. Small terminal deletions of 20p have been reported in a few individuals and appear to result in a variable phenotype. This patient was a 24‐month‐old female who presented with failure to thrive and speech delay. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) performed on peripheral blood showed a 1.6 Mb deletion involving the terminus of 20p (20pter‐20p13). This deletion appeared mosaic by CMA and this suspicion was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Additionally, the deletion interval at 20p was directly adjacent to 15 Mb of mosaic copy‐neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The pattern of SNP probes was highly suggestive of a somatic repair event that resulted in rescue of the deleted region using the non‐deleted homologue as a template. Structural mosaicism is rare and most often believed to be due to a postzygotic mechanism. This case demonstrates the additional utility of allele patterns to help distinguish mechanisms and in this case identified the possibility of either a post‐zygotic repair of a germline deletion or a post‐zygotic deletion with somatic recombination repair in a single step. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Porous Molybdenum‐Based Hybrid Catalysts for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Tang Yu‐Jia , Gao Min‐Rui , Liu Chun‐Hui , Li Shun‐Li , Jiang Hai‐Long , Lan Ya‐Qian , Han Min , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: October 2015

We have synthesized a porous Mo‐based composite obtained from a polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic framework and graphene oxide (POMOFs/GO) using a simple one‐pot method. The MoO2@PC‐RGO hybrid material derived from the POMOFs/GO composite is prepared at a relatively low carbonization temperature, which presents a superior activity for the hydrogen‐evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media owing to the synergistic effects among highly dispersive MoO2 particles, phosphorus‐doped porous carbon, and RGO substrates. MoO2@PC‐RGO exhibits a very positive onset potential close to that of 20 % Pt/C, low Tafel slope of 41 mV dec−1, high exchange current density of 4.8×10−4 A cm−2, and remarkable long‐term cycle stability. It is one of the best high‐performance catalysts among the reported nonprecious metal catalysts for HER to date.
Spontane Bildung von RNA‐Strängen, Peptidyl‐RNA und Cofaktoren
Authors: Jauker Mario , Griesser Helmut , Richert Clemens
Published: October 2015

Wie sich die heutige biochemische Maschinerie aus einfachen Vorläufern entwickelte, ist eine ungelöste Frage. Wir zeigen nun, dass Ribonukleotide und Aminosäuren in Abwesenheit von Enzymen zu Peptidyl‐RNAs kondensieren, und zwar unter Bedingungen, die auch spontanes genetisches Kopieren induzieren. Es treten templatfreie Bildung von RNA‐Strängen, die genetische Information codieren können, die Bildung von Peptidyl‐RNAs und die Bildung der Cofaktoren NAD+, FAD und ATP unter den gleichen Bedingungen auf. In den Peptidyl‐RNAs sind die Peptidketten über eine Phosphorsäureamidgruppe an ein Ribonukleotid gebunden. Peptidyl‐RNAs mit langen Peptidketten lassen sich aus einem Pool selektieren, wenn eine lipophile Phase angeboten wird, die das Innere von Membranen simuliert. Freie Peptide lassen sich aus Peptidyl‐RNA durch Ansäuern freisetzen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Schlüsselmoleküle der Genetik, der Katalyse und des Metabolismus unter denselben Bedingungen entstehen können, ohne dass es mineralische Oberflächen, Enzyme oder eine chemische Voraktivierung bräuchte.
Redesign of a Fluorogenic Labeling System To Improve Surface Charge, Brightness, and Binding Kinetics for Imaging the Functional Localization of Bromodomains
Authors: Hori Yuichiro , Hirayama Shinya , Sato Motoki , Kikuchi Kazuya
Published: October 2015

Protein labeling with fluorogenic probes is a powerful method for the imaging of cellular proteins. The labeling time and fluorescence contrast of the fluorogenic probes are critical factors for the precise spatiotemporal imaging of protein dynamics in living cells. To address these issues, we took mutational and chemical approaches to increase the labeling kinetics and fluorescence intensity of fluorogenic PYP‐tag probes. Because of charge‐reversal mutations in PYP‐tag and probe redesign, the labeling reaction was accelerated by a factor of 18 in vitro, and intracellular proteins were detected with an incubation period of only 1 min. The brightness of the probe both in vitro and in living cells was enhanced by the mutant tag. Furthermore, we applied this system to the imaging analysis of bromodomains. The labeled mutant tag successfully detected the localization of bromodomains to acetylhistone and the disruption of the bromodomain–acetylhistone interaction by a bromodomain inhibitor.
An Epitope‐Specific Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Based on an Antibody Scaffold
Authors: Luo Xiaozhou , Liu Tao , Wang Ying , Jia Haiqun , Zhang Yuhan , Caballero Dawna , Du Juanjuan , Wang Rongsheng E. , Wang Danling , Schultz Peter G. , Wang Feng
Published: October 2015

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. We have generated an epitope‐specific RSV vaccine by grafting a neutralizing epitope (F‐epitope) in its native conformation into an immunoglobulin scaffold. The resulting antibody fusion exhibited strong binding affinity to Motavizumab, an RSV neutralizing antibody, and effectively induced potent neutralizing antibodies in mice. This work illustrates the potential of the immunoglobulin molecule as a scaffold to present conformationally constrained B‐cell epitopes.
Investigation of the mechanical properties of a photocatalytic pseudo‐paint
Authors: Dianatdar Afshin , Jamshidi Masoud
Published: October 2015

Photocatalytic oxidative paints (e.g., a paint containing nano‐TiO2) are used to break down volatile organic compounds to CO2 by photooxidation reactions. In this research, a photocatalytic oxidative pseudo‐paint was made with acrylic–styrene copolymer latex, TiO2 pigment, calcium carbonate extender, and TiO2 nanoparticles as a photocatalyst. To investigate the effects of the pigment, extender, and nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of the samples and their relationship to their photocatalytic activity, different contents of the particles were dispersed in the paint formulation. The tensile strengths (TSs) of the samples were measured as the mechanical properties. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy analysis. We found that up to 3% nano‐TiO2 enhanced the mechanical properties of the pigmented resin, whereas beyond this, TS decreased. In samples containing 3% nanoparticles, the incorporation of 15% TiO2 pigment caused optimized mechanical properties, and beyond that, TS decreased because of particle agglomeration. In the absence of nanoparticles, the samples showed improvements in the mechanical properties with up to a 40% loading of pigment. The results reveal that the samples containing nano‐TiO2 and pigment showed the same trend for the mechanical and photocatalytic properties before the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC). However, when the extender was incorporated or TiO2 particles were loaded beyond CPVC, the mechanical and photocatalytic properties correlation was compromised, and they were not directly correlated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42885.
Effect of chain‐extender modification on the structure and properties of thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers
Authors: John Johnson V. , Kim Kang Ryul , Baek Seung Tae , Yoon Ju Ho , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il
Published: October 2015

The effect of the modulation of a bulky chain extender (CE), 4,8‐bis(hydroxymethyl)tricyclo[5.2.1.0(2,6)]decane (TCDO) or hydroquinone bis(hydroxyethyl)ether (HBHEE), on the properties of poly(ether ester) elastomers was investigated. The incorporation of various amounts of TCDO or HBHEE greatly changed the hard‐segment (HS) structure and microphase separation behavior; this resulted in a variation of the physical properties, especially for samples with high HS compositions. TCDO and HBHEE were used as minor CEs together with 1,4‐butanediol as the major CE for the synthesis of poly(ether ester) elastomers based on the transesterification of dimethyl 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate with poly(tetramethylene ether glycol). On the basis of the amount of the minor CE incorporated, samples ranging from an elastomer to thermoplastic. The prepared samples were characterized by various spectroscopic, thermal, and mechanical analyses. The poly(ether ester) elastomers formed honeycomb‐structured porous films and microfibers (0.3–1.3 μm in diameter) through the application of a breath figures technique and electrospinning, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42888.