bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoreceptors of Bryozoan Larvae (Cheilostomata, Cellularioidea)
Authors: HUGHES ROY L. , WOOLLACOTT ROBERT M.
Published: May 2008

The ultrastructure of potential photoreceptors in larvae of Tricellaria occidentalis and four species of Bugula is described and compared with previously reported photoreceptors in larvae of Bugula neritina and Scrupocellaria bertholetti. A single sensory cell forms the functional unit of each photoreceptor. This cell is distinguished by a concentration of pigment vesicles in its apical part, a direct connection with the nervous system, and a large number of cilia that form the photoreceptoral organelle. These cilia have axonemes morphologically identical to those of motile cilia. The membranes of sensory cilia are unbeaded and qualitatively less osmophilic than those of the motile cilia of adjacent accessory and coronal cells. Three photoreceptor types are designated based on topological complexity: Type I, in which the sensory cell is flush with adjacent coronal cells and the photoreceptoral organelle is unprotected; Type II, in which the apical surface of the sensory cell is invaginated, forming a lumen containing the photoreceptoral organelle; and Type III, in which the sensory cell is at the base of an epidermal invagination and the photoreceptoral organelle is protected in a lumen formed by the sensory cell and accessory cells. There is a greater range of morphological variation among photoreceptors in larvae of Bugula spp. than between those of two species of the related genera Scrupocellaria and Tricellaria.
Note on Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Eilat, Israel
Authors: BROOD KRISTER
Published: May 2008

Five species of cyclostomatous Bryozoa are reported in an assemblage from the Red Sea at Eilat, Israel. Tuhulipora samuelsoni sp.n. is described. The fauna is closely related to known Indo‐Pacific faunas.
Zwei neue Coe/ogynopora‐Arten (Turbellaria, Proseriata) aus dem marinen Sublitoral
Authors: SOPOTT‐EHLERS BEATE
Published: May 2008

Coelogynopora sieinooecki sp.n. and C. hamulis sp.n., are described from sublittoral sediments of the North Sea. C. hamulis also occurs in an eulittoral lower beach slope.
Revision of the Genera Thyca, Stilifer, Scalenostoma, Mucronalia and Echineulima (Mollusca, Prosobranchia, Eulimidae)
Authors: WAREN ANDERS
Published: May 2008

All species that have been described of the genera mentioned in the title are listed and their systematic position given. The species of Stilifer (with 11 species, including S. inflatus sp.n. and 5. concavus sp.n.) are parasites of starfishes. Scalenostoma (3 species) are parasites of stone corals. Thyca (with 8 species) is removed from Capulidae, and included in Eulimidae. T. hawaiiensis sp.n. is described. The species of Thyca are parasites of starfishes. The species of Mucronalia (including M. trilineata sp.n.) are probably parasites of ophiuroids and Echineulima (with 4–6 species, including E. ponderi sp.n.) are parasites of echinoids. All species are figured, their characteristics are given and their host species and distributions are listed. Keys are given to the species of each genus, except Mucronalia. The genera Stilimella Laseron and Hyperlia Pilsbry are synonymized with Scalenostoma and the genera Kiramodulus Kuroda, Granulithyca Habe and Bessomia Berry are considered subgenera of Thyca.
Colony–Substratum Relations in Scrupocellariidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)
Authors: SILÉN LARS
Published: May 2008

In the Bryozoa in general the colony is attached by means of the primary zooid, the ancestrula, which is permanently cemented to the substratum. The attachment is brought about, in the marine bryozoans, by the larva everting its interior sac into a basal adhesive disc secreting a thin layer of hardening mucus. InScrupocellaria reptansno adhesive disc was found. The metamorphosing larva is fixed to the substratum by a column of loose, sticky secretion. This primary fixation is ephemeral and replaced by a secondary, permanent fixation by one pair of rootlets. Thus, the ancestrula body proper and the colony arising from it become permanently free from the substratum but anchored to it by rootlets, the primary pair and series of secondary rootlets. This unique and certainly secondarily evolved type of attachment is apparently realized in the Scrupocellariidae in general, to a more or less perfect degree. It appears as one of several possible models to meet efficiently with environmental disturbances.
Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria)
Authors: KARLING TOR G.
Published: May 2008

The revision deals with the anatomy and systematics of the known 38 species of Koinocystididae. The taxonomy within the family is revised, a key for the identification of live specimens is given and an attempt is made to reconstruct the phylogeny of genera and species on the basis of anatomical transformation series. New genera are Axiutelga. Brunetia, Getula. Groveia, Itaipusina, Legula ana Neoutelga. New species are Groveia unicornis, Itaipusa bispina, I. curvicirra, Neoutelga inermis, Rhinolasius dillonicus and Utelga pseudoheinckei from the N. American Pacific coast (the latter species also from European coasts) and Itaipusina graefei from the Elbe estuary. Acrumena massiliensis Brunet is transferred from Koinocystididae to Acrumenidae fam.n. Four species are considered to be species incertae sedis.
Descriptions of New Taxa of Eulimidae (Mollusca, Prosobranchia), with Notes on Some Previously Described Genera
Authors: WAREN ANDERS
Published: May 2008

Eleven new genera and 17 species are described, with one exception parasites on echinoderms: Trochostilifer gen. n. with T. domus sp.n. (type species) (Philippines) on Stylocidaris efftuens, T. mortenseni sp.n. (New Caledonia) on Prionocidaris australis and T. slriatus (Hedley) on P. baculosa annulifera; Ophioarachnicola biformis gen. et sp.n. (Solomon Is.) on Ophio‐arachna incrassata; Hemiliostraca sloani sp.n. (Aldabra I.) on Ophiomyxa australis; Robil‐lardia solida sp.n. (Loyalty Is.), host unknown. Ersilia Monterosato is transferred from Lacunidae to Eulimidae, E. stancyki sp.n. (Florida) is a parasite of Ophiolepis elegans. Hyper‐mastus echinodisci sp.n. and H. sauliae sp.n. (both Borneo) are parasitic on Echinodiscus bisperforatus; Monogamus parasaleniae sp.n. (Tonga I.) on Parasalenia gratiosa. Scalari‐balcis gen.n. is erected for Mucronalia angulata Mandahl‐Barth. Concavibalcis scalaris gen. et sp.n. is described from the Philippines, host unknown. Echiuroidicola cicatricosa gen. et sp.n. (Malaysia) is a parasite on the echiuroid Ochetostoma erythrogrammon. Peasistilifer gen.n. (type species Mucronalia nitidula Pease) is erected for a group of holothurian parasites. Prostilifer gen.n. is erected for Eulima subpellucida Pease, parasitic on Pacific holo‐thurians. Paramegadenus scutellicola sp.n. (Pacific) is parasitic on Stellaster incei, P. incerta sp.n. on an Australian starfish. Asterolamia hians gen. et sp.n. is described from Astropecten indicus and A. cingulata from Craspidaster hesperus, both Pacific. Microstilifer gen.n. is erected for Stilifer auricula Hedley. Vitreobalcis gen.n. is erected for Apicalia holdsworthi H. Adams, a parasite of Mespilia globulus and V. laevis sp.n. (from Synaptula purpurea, Australia) is provisionally placed here. Luetzenia asthenosomae gen. et sp.n. (Australia) and L. toki Habe are both parasites on Asthenosoma.
Current Swedish Development Co‐operation Policy
Authors: Svedberg Peter
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Sverijs Samardete med U‐landema. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stockholm.

Review 6, 1973 and M. Radetzki, Aid and Development.

Income Distribution Policy in Developing Countries. A Case Study of Korea. By Irma Adelman and Sherman Robinson.

India – Population, Economy, Society. By Robert Cassen.

Commodity Conflict: The Political Economy of International Commodity Negotiations. By L. N. Rangarajan.

Oil Companies in the International System. By Louis Turner.

Europe and Africa: from Association to Partnership. By Carol Cosgrove Twitchett.

The Renegotiation of the Lomé Convention. A Collection of Papers.

Urbanization and Labor Markets in Developing Countries. By Stuart W. Sinclair.

The Gezira Scheme. An Illusion of Development. By Tony Barnett.

Malawi. The Politics of Despair. By T. David Williams.

Planning the Future of Saudi Arabia. By R. D. Crane.
Economic Development, Human Rights ‐ and the Omelette Thesis
Authors: Sieghart Paul
Published: May 2008

People Matter — Views on International Human Rights Policy. By Theo van Boven, collected and introduced by Hans Thoolen. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1982. 186pp.

Development, Human Rights and the Rule of Law: Report of a Conference held in The Hague, 27 April‐1 May 1981, convened by the International Commission of Jurists. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982. 237pp.
Basic Needs and Income Distribution: A Review of Some Recent Research
Authors: Addison Tony
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Basic Needs in Development Planning. By Michael Hopkins and Rolph Van Der Hoeven

Income Distribution and Development. By Arne Bigsten

Work, Income and Inequality: Payment Systems in the Third World. Edited by Frances Stewart
The International Debt Crisis
Authors: Mosley Paul
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Common Crisis (‘Second Brandt Report’). Brandt Commission. London: Pan, 1983. 174pp. £1.95.

Adjustment and Financing in the Developing World: The Role of the International Monetary Fund. Edited by Tony Killick. Washington, DC: IMF in association with the Overseas Development Institute, 1982. 232pp. £4.50 pb.

The Quest for Economic Stabilisation: The IMF and the Third World. Edited by Tony Killick. 320pp. £16.50 hb, £7.50 pb; and The IMF and Stabilisation: Developing Country Experiences. Edited by Tony Killick. 272pp. £15.00 hb, £6.95 pb. London: Heinemann Educational, 1984.

Development Financing: A Framework for International Financial Cooperation. Edited by S. El‐Shaikhly. London: Frances Pinter, 1982. £16.50.

International Reserves, Exchange Rates and Developing Country Finance. Edited by Norman C. Miller. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982. 161pp. £15.50.
New Themes in Urban Development
Authors: Gomes Melba , Crook Nigel
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

People, Poverty and Shelter: Problems of Self‐Help Housing in the Third World. Edited by R. J. Skinner and M. J. Rodell.

Urban Land and Shelter for the Poor. By Patrick McAuslan.

Women in the Cities of Asia. Edited by James T. Fawcett, Siew‐Ean Khoo and Peter C. Smith.

Spatial, Environmental and Resource Policy in the Developing Countries. Edited by Manas Chatterji, Peter Nijkamp, T. R. Lakshmanan, and C. R. Pathak.
Limits of Price Policy for Agriculture: Which Way for the World Bank?
Authors: Lipton Michael
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

World Development Report 1986. World Bank

Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. World Bank
Privatization and Public Enterprise Performance in Developing Countries
Authors: Cook Paul
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Adjusting Privatisation. By Christopher Adam, William Cavendish and Percy S. Mistry

Public Enterprises in Kenya. By Barbara Grosh
The Environment for Foreign Direct Investment and the Characteristics of Joint Ventures in China
Authors: Chen Jinghan
Published: May 2008

Since China opened up to the world in 1979, it has tried hard to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) to develop an export‐oriented economy. This study assesses the investment climate in China during the period 1979–1990 and analyses the characteristics of joint ventures, which have been the predominant form of FDI in China.
Biotechnology: Movers, Shakers, Winners, Losers
Authors: Farrington John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture: The Case of Maize. By Carliene Brenner

Agricultural Biotechnology: Opportunities for International Development. Edited by Gabrielle J. Persley

Biotechnology, Agriculture and Food

Biotechnology: Economic and Social Aspects. Edited by E.J. Da Silva, C. Ratledge and A. Sasson
Natural Resource Management in Pastoral Africa
Authors: Behnke Roy
Published: May 2008

Current research on rangeland ecology suggests that we have less to fear from pastoral land stewardship than was previously thought. On the one hand, the natural environments exploited by pastoralists are generally robust and resilient. And on the other hand, pastoral techniques of land management are not as dysfunctional as was once widely assumed. While regulation of pastoral activity may be necessary in specific circumstances, there no longer exists a broad scientific mandate to control or modify almost every aspect of pastoral land use in order to preserve the environment.
East Asian Miracles and Development Ideology
Authors: Killick Tony
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. By the World Bank

The Newly‐Industrialising Economies of East Asia. By Anis Chowdhury and Iyanatul Islam
Tokyo Story: Aid Sells Books
Authors: Hewitt Adrian P.
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership. By Alan Rix

Yen for Development: Japanese Foreign Aid and the Politics of Burden‐Sharing. Edited by Shafiqul Islam

The OECF Research Quarterly, 1993/1 No. 76

Japan's Foreign Aid: Power and Policy in a New Era. Edited by Bruce M. Koppel and Robert M. Orr, Jr. Boulder, CO
Adjustment in Africa
Authors: Mosley Paul , Weeks John
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and rhe Road Ahead. The World Bank

Adjustment in Africa: Lessons from Country Case Studies. Edited by Ishrat Husain and Rashid Faruqee
Stopping Immigration?
Authors: Harris Nigel
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:

The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration. By Peter Stalker

Migration and Development: New Partnerships for Co‐operation. By OECD

Aid in Place of Migration? (Selected contributions to an ILO‐UNHCR meeting). Edited by W.R. Böhning and M‐L. Schloeter‐Paredes

Population Migration and the Changing World Order. Edited by W.T.S. Gould and A.M. Findlay
Reference‐Free Damage Classification Based on Cluster Analysis
Authors: Sohn Hoon , Kim Seung Dae , Harries Kent
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials have been widely used for retrofitting civil infrastructure systems. The ultimate goal of this study was to develop an in‐site non‐destructive testing (NDT) technique that can continuously and autonomously inspect the bonding condition between a carbon FRP (CFRP) layer and a host reinforced concrete (RC) structure, when the CRFP layer is used for strengthening the RC structure. The uniqueness of this reference‐free NDT is two‐fold: First, features, which are sensitive to CFRP debonding but insensitive to operational and environmental variations of the structure, have been extracted only from current data without direct comparison with previously obtained baseline data. Second, damage classification is performed instantaneously without relying on predetermined decision boundaries. The extraction of the reference‐free features is accomplished based on the concept of time reversal acoustics, and the instantaneous decision‐making is achieved using cluster analysis. Monotonic and fatigue load tests of large‐scale CFRP‐strengthened RC beams are conducted to demonstrate the potential of the proposed reference‐free debonding monitoring technique. Based on the experimental studies, it has been shown that the proposed reference‐free NDT technique may minimize false alarms of debonding and unnecessary data interpretation by end users.
Modal Identification Study of Vincent Thomas Bridge Using Simulated Wind‐Induced Ambient Vibration Data
Authors: He Xianfei , Moaveni Babak , Conte Joel P. , Elgamal Ahmed , Masri Sami F.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  In this article, wind‐induced vibration response of Vincent Thomas Bridge, a suspension bridge located in San Pedro near Los Angeles, California, is simulated using a detailed three‐dimensional finite element model of the bridge and a state‐of‐the‐art stochastic wind excitation model. Based on the simulated wind‐induced vibration data, the modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes) of the bridge are identified using the data‐driven stochastic subspace identification method. The identified modal parameters are verified by the computed eigenproperties of the bridge model. Finally, effects of measurement noise on the system identification results are studied by adding zero‐mean Gaussian white noise processes to the simulated response data. Statistical properties of the identified modal parameters are investigated under an increasing level of measurement noise. The framework presented in this article will allow us to investigate the effects of various realistic damage scenarios in long‐span cable‐supported (suspension and cable‐stayed) bridges on changes in modal identification results. Such studies are required to develop robust and reliable vibration‐based structural health monitoring methods for this type of bridge, which is a long‐term research objective of the authors.
A Model‐free Method for Damage Locating and Quantifying in a Beam‐like Structure Based on Dynamic Distributed Strain Measurements
Authors: Li Suzhen , Wu Zhishen
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  A damage locating algorithm with no requirement for a detailed structural analytical model has been proposed in our previous research, named a modal macro‐strain vector (MMSV) method by directly using the modal parameters extracted from dynamic macro‐strain data recorded by a long‐gage fiber optic sensors array distributed throughout the full or some partial areas of beam‐like structures. This article is devoted to generalizing the originally proposed algorithm based on the correlation of modal parameters among the distributed fiber optic sensors to develop a method for both damage locating and quantifying. After a brief review of the distributed sensing techniques, the generalized method is proposed based on the originally proposed MMSV‐based algorithm. Numerical case studies are performed to locate and quantify damage under different designed cases to verify the effectiveness and universality of the method. Experimental investigations on a simple beam under hammer impulsive excitation at different locations with arbitrary amplitudes are then carried out to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. An innovative idea on data interpretation and feature extraction is described. On the basis of the experimental and numerical investigations, an integrated model‐free scheme for damage locating and quantifying is finally summarized for proposal.
Experimental Assessment of the Accuracy of GPS and RTS for the Determination of the Parameters of Oscillation of Major Structures
Authors: Psimoulis Panos A. , Stiros Stathis C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Based on experimental evidence we explore the possibility of using GPS and robotic total stations (RTS) for measurements of oscillations of relatively rigid structures (modal frequencies up to 3–4 Hz). Our strategy was to compare uni‐axial oscillations of known characteristics with simultaneous recordings of both GPS and RTS, and analyze obtained time series to determine amplitude and frequency of oscillations. The conclusion of this study is that GPS can record oscillations up to 4 Hz with a minimum amplitude of 5–10 mm with an accuracy of a few millimeters, and that RTS can record peaks of oscillations with submillimeters to a few millimeters accuracy, but at high frequencies some cycles were lost. Based on recordings of both the instruments frequencies of oscillations were also accurately determined, though noise seems to increase with increasing frequency. Spectral analysis was based on the least‐square‐based software which permits one to analyze discontinuous, short, and non‐equispaced time series. The latter derive either from GPS signal outages/imperfections and hardware/software imperfections, or from a non‐constant rate of sampling for RTS. The overall conclusion is that the adopted computational approaches permit us to overcome some main disadvantages of these instruments and to use conventional GPS and RTS instrumentation for a wide range of cases of structural monitoring, especially if displacements relative to an independent coordinate system are required.
SHORT REVIEWS AND NOTICES
Authors: Matthews Victoria
Published: May 2008

A CONCISE GUIDE TO THE FLOWERS OF BRITAIN and Europe. Oleg Polunin. xix + 107 pp., 192 plates of colour photographs. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York. 1987.

FLOWERS OF GREECE AND THE BALKANS, A field guide. Oleg Polunin. xv + 592 pp., 82 plates of colour photographs, several pages of line drawings. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York. 1987.

the englishman's flora. Geoffrey Grigson. 478 pp., 44 black and white woodcuts. Phoenix House, London. 1987.

bee orchids. Stephen Blackmore. ISBN 0 85263 745 4.

buttercups. Stephen Blackmore. ISBN 0 85263 763 2.

willows of the British isles. Theresa Brendall. ISBN 0 85263 765 9.

All 24 pp., illustrated in colour and black and white. Shire Publications Ltd., Princes Risborough. 1985.
HOLMSKIOLDIA SANGUINEA Labiatae, formerly Verbenaceae
Authors: Atkins Sandy
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation of the sub‐tropical Himalayan Holmskioldia sanguinea (Labiatae) are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
CONSERVATION IN NEPAL III: RARA NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Schilling Tony
Published: May 2008

Summary. The conservation status, geography, topography, accessibility and flora of the Rara National Park in western Nepal are discussed. The forest flora is described in more detail.
MEXIPEDIUM XEROPHYTICUM Orchidaceae
Authors: Chase Mark W.
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology, conservation status and cultivation of the Mexican endemic Mexipedium xerophyticum (Orchidaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description is provided.
EPIGENEIUM TRIFLORUM var. ORIENTALE Orchidaceae
Authors: Wood Jeffrey
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation of the Javan Epigeneium triflorum var. orientale (Orchidaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description and a diagnostic key to the three varieties are provided.
THE ORCHID PAINTINGS OF JOÃO BARBOSA RODRIGUES (1842–1909)
Authors: Cribb Phillip , Sprunger Samuel , de Brito Antonio Toscano
Published: May 2008

Summary. Previously unpublished paintings of Brazilian orchids by Barbosa Rodrigues are to be restored and published as Iconographie des Orchidées du Brésil.
THE ORCHID PAINTINGS OF MARIANNE NORTH
Authors: Bell Sandra
Published: May 2008

Summary. The Marianne North Gallery at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew includes many orchid paintings. The orchids depicted in the paintings, and Marianne North's travels in search of them, are described.
THE MADAGASCAR ORCHID PROJECT Growing Orchids for Conservation
Authors: du Puy David J. , Bell Sandra
Published: May 2008

Summary. A collaborative project between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Pare de Tsimbazaza Botanical Garden to cultivate and propagate the endemic orchids of Madagascar is described.
MASCARENE ISLANDS – AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: Strahm Wendy
Published: May 2008

Summary. An introduction to the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean is provided, including an overview of the geography, origin, topography, population densities, state of the flora and climate.
HYOPHORBE LAGENICAULIS Palmae
Authors: Dransfield John
Published: May 2008

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Palmae), which is endemic to Round Island in the Mascarene Islands, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
CYLINDROCLINE COMMERSONII Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas
Published: May 2008

Summary. The taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of Cylindrocline commersonii (Compositae), which is endemic to Mauritius, are discussed; a full description of the species is provided.
ROSCOEA TUMJENSIS Zingiberaceae
Authors: Cowley Jill , Wilford Richard
Published: May 2008

Summary. Roscoea tumjensis (Zingiberaceae), an endemic of Nepal, is illustrated and its history, taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed; a full description is provided.
TRIDACTYLE TRUNCATILOBA Orchidaceae
Authors: la Croix Isobyl
Published: May 2008

Summary. Tridactyle truncatiloba (Orchidaceae), a native of Gabon and the Congo Republic, is illustrated and its taxonomy, distribution, ecology and cultivation requirements are discussed; a full description is provided.
TRANSITIVITY OF PREFERENCE PATTERNS AS SEEN BY PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Forty 5–7‐year‐old children were asked to predict the choice of a boy or girl between objects A and C, after they had been shown that the boy (girl) preferred A to B and B to C. The results show an almost complete absence of ability to perform the required transitive inference. The children's predictions were heavily influenced by their own preferences (‘egocentrism’) and by all kinds of irrelevant perceptual features of the situation. Furthermore, the children's own preferences were frequently nontransitive, i.e. of the type A > B, B > C, C > A (> = preferred to). The findings are interpreted within the theoretical framework of Piaget.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPT AND MEMORY; A PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACH
Authors: Björkman M. , Lundberg I. , Tärnblom S.
Published: May 2008

(1) It is suggested that psychophysics should extend its scope to include also a continuum of memory magnitudes. (2) The main problem of the paper is to investigate the intersubjective equation ś=c2sn2 where s denotes memory magnitude and s perceptual magnitude. (3) Certain generalizations of the method of ratio estimation and ratio production, which are necessary for determining the parameters of the intersubjective equation, are considered. (4) Three experiments are reported. In all three experiments n2 is somewhat larger than unity and shows very little variation from experiment to experiment. The other parameter c2 is consistently below unity. (5) The power function seems to be an adequate description of the relationship between memory and percept.
SCALES FOR SUBJECTIVE DISTANCE
Authors: Künnapas Theodor M.
Published: May 2008

By means of the method of ratio estimation, scale values were obtained for subjective distance. In three experiments different stimulus ranges of the objective distances were used. It was found: (1) Subjective distance is a power function of the objective distance. (2) The exponent of the function varies with the stimulus range. With increasing stimulus range the exponent has a tendency to decrease. It is conceivable that the change of the exponent may be explained by an adaptation of the subjective range to the stimulus range.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL RELATIONS IN VISUAL PERCEPTION OF LENGTH, AREA AND VOLUME
Authors: Ekman Gösta , Junge Kenneth
Published: May 2008

Ekman, G., and Junge, K. Psychophysical relations in visual perception of length, area and volume. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 1–10. — Subjective length, area and volume as functions of the corresponding stimulus variables were studied in three experiments. The exponents of the psychophysical power functions scattered around 1 for perception of ‘real’ space. For perspective drawings of cubes and spheres, however, the exponents were about 0.75. From a further analysis of the data it was tentatively concluded that perspective and shadow are insufficient cues to visual volume, and that the subjective scale reflects perception of area rather than volume, especially in the case of small stimuli.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. I. Introduction. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 11–20.—This is the first in a series of articles concerning the problem of how children acquire the concepts of conservation of substance and weight. The four alternative interpretations of nativism, maturation theory, learning theory and equilibration theory are discussed. It is concluded that nativism and maturation theory do not account for the known facts. An important issue is whether the concepts are established by external reinforcement (learning theory) or by a process of inner equilibration, as maintained by Piaget.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. III. Extinction of conservation of weight acquired ‘normally’ and by means of empirical controls on a balance. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 85–87.—11 children who had acquired conservation of weight by control on a balance, and 13 children who had acquired conservation prior to the study, were shown some instances of apparent non‐conservation. All the children in Group I easily gave up their concept of conservation and reverted to more primitive perceptual strategies. About half of the subjects in Group II resisted the attempt at extinction and interpreted the apparent non‐conservation as meaning that something had been added or taken away. The results are seen as consistent with the hypothesis that a concept of conservation acquired by means of external reinforcement does not have the functional properties of a normally acquired ‘logically necessary’ concept.
A CONTRADICTED HYPOTHESIS RELATED TO SZONDI'S THEORY: The Szondi Test as used on alcoholics
Authors: Ramfalk Carl W. , Rudhe Lennart
Published: May 2008

Ramfalk, C. W., and Rudhe, L. A contradicted hypothesis related to Szondi's theory. The Szondi Test as used on alcoholics. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 100–104.—(1) The Szondi test was applied to 18 alcoholics, 18 total abstainers, and 18 ‘normals’. (2) According to the definition of consistency proposed in this study there is no consistent relation at the 1 per cent level of significance between any two selections of photographs made by alcoholics. (3) The results contradict theoretical claims based on Szondi's technique.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. V. Practice in conflict situations without external reinforcement. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 156–160.—Thirteen 5–6‐year‐old children with no initial concept of conservation of substance were given three practice sessions in situations involving repeated cognitive conflict and no external reinforcement. The conflict was induced by simultaneous deformation of an object and additions to or subtractions from another or the same object. The children initially thought that the amount of substance changes with every deformation of an object, and this perceived change repeatedly was in the opposite direction of the perceived change following a simultaneous addition or subtraction. The data seem consistent with a theory of acquisition based on cognitive conflict and internal equilibration, and inconsistent with a theory of external reinforcement.
GENETIC AND SOCIAL CAUSES OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN MICE
Authors: Lagerspetz Kirsti
Published: May 2008

Lagerspetz, Kirsti. Genetic and social causes of aggressive behaviour in mice. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 167—‐173.—Significant differences in the aggressiveness of mice selected for aggressiveness and non‐aggressiveness have been found to occur in the 2nd and 3rd generation of selective breeding. In Sa, motor activity scores were significantly higher in mice of the aggressive than of the non‐aggressive strain. Defecation and ambulation scores obtained both in a standardized open‐field test and in connection with the aggression measurements showed that the S3 descendants of the aggressive mice were emotionally less reactive than the members of the 3rd non‐aggressive generation. Defeats tend to decrease, victories to increase the level of aggressiveness in mice, but the aggression scores tend to return to the original level after the termination of the experiments.
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON SCALES OF GUSTATORY INTENSITY
Authors: Ekman Gösta
Published: May 2008

Ekman, G. Methodological note on scales of gustatory intensity. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 185–100.—The subjective salt intensity of seven concentrations of sodium chloride in water was measured by the method of ratio estimation and by three variants of the method of magnitude estimation. The four scales thus constructed were not in agreement. The magnitude scales varied systematically with the stimulus used as standard. The average magnitude scale was in good agreement with the scale constructed by the method of ratio estimation. A combined scale was constructed from all the data. This scale is a power function of stimulus concentration. The exponent of the function is 1.59. The function includes an additive constant, which may indicate either the lack of an absolute zero point of the scale, or the presence of a basic sensation without external stimulation.
THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF SUBSTANCE AND WEIGHT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

Smedslund, J. The acquisition of conservation of substance and weight in children. VI. Practice on continuous vs. discontinuous material in problem situations without external reinforcement. Scand. J. Psychol., 1961, 2, 203–210. — Tests of conservation and addition/subtraction (+/—) with continuous and discontinuous material were given to 154 children between 4;9 and 7;3. With any material, +/ ‐ seems to be acquired before conservation of substance. Both +/‐ and conservation appear to be acquired earlier with discontinuous than with continuous material. The practice sessions involved no known external reinforcement. A number of acquisitions of conservation of substance were observed, and they were more frequent after practice on discontinuous than on continuous material.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO INFUSIONS OF A MIXTURE OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Järpe Gundla
Published: May 2008

Frankenhaeuser, M. & Järpe, G. Psychophysiological reactions to infusions of a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 21–29.—Psychophysiological reactions to a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline (average dose 6.99 + 6.99 μg/min.) given as a continuous intravenous drip for periods of about 40 min. were studied in 11 subjects. Control data were obtained from placebo infusions. The catecholamine infusions produced marked subjective and overt symptoms as well as changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These reactions were—on the whole—similar to those produced by infusions of adrenaline only. Time experience was also affected by the catecholamines in that more was retained of the previously perceived time intervals.
EMPIRICAL TEST OF A MODEL RELATING MAGNITUDE AND CATEGORY SCALES
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

Eisler, H. Empirical test of a model relating magnitude and category scales. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 88–96.—The function K =αlog(φ+ q/k) +β seems to describe the relation between category scale values K and subjective magnitudes φ. The additive constant q/k is obtained from the Sds of the magnitude estimates.

The model was empirically confirmed for the loudness and softness of white noise scaled by the methods of magnitude estimation and category rating.
PROBLEM SOLVING AND THE AWARENESS OF THE MISSING PART
Authors: RAaheim Kjell
Published: May 2008

Raaheim, K. Problem solving and the awareness of the missing part. Scand. J. Psychol., 1962, 3, 129–131.—When university students were asked to solve the so‐called Pea Problem, with the added instruction of first looking for the missing instrumental part, solutions were not more frequent than without this addition, although the latter may have led to a greater awareness of the reason for choosing the correct line of attack.
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO AUTOKINESIS
Authors: Moustgaard Ib Kristian
Published: May 2008

Analysis has shown that autokinesis constitutes a complex group of phenomena. Certain autokinetic movements (‘paradoxical’, i.e. experienced displacement without movement or vice versa) could not be adequately recorded by the ‘tracing method’, very often employed, or by other forms of purely physical registration. Autokinesis ought to be divided into a ‘free’ type (which may be ‘paradoxical’) and a ‘restricted’ type (always ‘non‐paradoxical’). ‘Free’ movements were experienced either in a plane perpendicular to the line of vision or as ‘ad‐ab’ movements. ‘Restricted’ movements were described as either ‘swinging’ or ‘undulating’.
HOW PROTHETIC IS THE CONTINUUM OF SMELL?: A further comment on the relation between magnitude and category scales
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

The relation K=αlog(ψ+q/k) +β between category scale K and magnitude scale ψ found in previous experiments on loudness and softness of white noise was confirmed for smell data, too. The small increase in variability (SDs) of judgments with magnitude for smell as compared with loudness and softness suggests the substitution of the prothetic‐metathetic dichotomy with a quantifiable feature, protheticness, with metathetic continua as the limiting case.
PROCESS — A BIOLOGICAL FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W.
Published: May 2008

The study of behavior events as processes allows psychology to become part of the family of biological sciences. According to this view no act of behaving can be considered instantaneous but must be regarded as part of a process over time. Thus perception does not have a separate origin from functions generally referred to personality but generates in the individual as defined by his adaptive experience and ideally becomes more and more isolated and independent (stimulus‐proximal). The concepts of structure and stimulus are discussed together with the problem of determination. The adaptation of experimental strategy to this process model is illustrated by results from the field of psychopathology.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PREDICTIVE JUDGMENTS IN A TRAFFIC SITUATION
Authors: Björkman Mats
Published: May 2008

Observers seated in a car were required to predict where they would meet an oncoming car (Exp. I). Meeting point predictions were found to be systematically biased in the direction of the midpoint between cars. The error was proportional to the distance between midpoint and meeting point. A reduction in the errors occurred when the observers were allowed to check their predictions (Exp. II). Perfect agreement was found to hold between subjective midpoint judgments (Exp. III) and meeting point predictions, the former showing a small but obvious regression toward the meeting point.
AN ATTEMPT AT EXPERIMENTAL MODIFICATION OF HYPNOTIZABILITY THROUGH REPEATED INDIVIDUALIZED HYPNOTIC EXPERIENCE
Authors: ÅS Arvid , Hilgard Ernest R. , Weitzenhoffer André M.
Published: May 2008

In an initial attempt to investigate whether the level of hypnotic susceptibility can be experimentally modified, ten subjects of moderate susceptibility were given individualized hypnotic experience in 4–10 sessions and tested with objective hypnosis scales before and after the experience. Some quantitative and qualitative results are presented. They indicate that in most individuals routinely measured hypnotizability can be changed for the better within a certain range, but that dramatic changes as a rule will not take place.
THE CONCEPT OF CORRELATION IN ADULTS
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

In the first of two experiments on the concept of correlation in adult subjects, the subjects' frequency estimates and inferences of relationship were studied relative to five different 2 × 2 distributions, each presented in a fixed sequence. In experiment II, the subjects' spontaneous strategies in subdividing and analyzing one 2 × 2 distribution were studied in a free situation. It is concluded that adult subjects with no statistical training apparently have no adequate concept of correlation (based on the ratio of the two pairs of diagonal frequencies), and that, in so far as they reason statistically at all, they tend to depend exclusively on the frequency of ++ cases in judging relationship. The need for studies involving ordinal scale and fully quantified variates is stressed.
ATTEMPTS AT MUSCLE CONTROL WITH VISUAL AND AUDITORY IMPULSES AS AUXILIARY STIMULI
Authors: Carlsöö Sven , Edfeldt ÅKe W.
Published: May 2008

The report covers two EMG‐experiments designed to show that the results of motor learning based principally on proprioceptive stimulation are less favorable than the corresponding results when visual and/or auditive auxiliary stimulation operate together with proprioception, even when the motor task is as delicate as the one appearing in the main experiment, i.e. single motor unit activity. The second experiment gives grounds for a conclusion that these results seem to hold for more normal working criteria, too.
ON HOMOGENEITY OF STATES AND TRANSFER IN LEARNING TO CATEGORIZE
Authors: Björkman Mats , Qvarsell Birgitta
Published: May 2008

Two groups of subjects (A and B) were first trained on samples of states with different homogeneity and then tested on common samples. It was found that B learned faster with the more homogeneous samples of items. This group also performed better in terms of transfer. Both groups did better than the control group (C) on the test series. A fourth group (D) had items which, according to Weber's law, would appear less similar than those of the control group. As was to be expected, C performed better than D. The outcome may be interpreted in terms of categorization. When states leading to the same event become more homogeneous, categorization of the input information is easier, and both learning and transfer facilitated.
A NOTE ON INTEROCULAR TRANSFER AND THE COLOUR OF VISUAL AFTER‐IMAGES
Authors: Wright J. M. von
Published: May 2008

Following monocular fixation of a red stimulus figure on a grey background, a projection field having the same colour as the stimulus figure was viewed either with (a) the stimulated eye, or (b) the non‐stimulated eye. In case (a) the after‐image appeared grey on a red background, but in case (b) green or blue, on a red background. In the latter case the brightness and to some extent the hue of the after‐image varied when the amount of light coming to the originally stimulated eye varied. The data are in agreement with the assumption that after‐images are primarily retinal.
PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONCRETE TRANSITIVITY OF WEIGHT IN EIGHT‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: Smedslund Jan
Published: May 2008

The effects of empirical control vs. no empirical control, and of fixed vs. free procedure on the acquisition of transitivity of weight was studied. The fixed procedure involved practice on the sequence A > B, B > C, A > C, whereas the free procedure merely required the children to order triads of objects according to weight. Around thirty per cent of the subjects acquired transitivity, but none of the experimental variables had any effect. It is concluded that empirical control is unimportant. The lack of effect of free vs. fixed procedure is contrary to some earlier findings with younger children, who profited only from a free procedure.
A GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IN PSYCHO‐PHYSICS: DERIVATION AND EMPIRICAL TEST
Authors: Eisler Hannes
Published: May 2008

By a reasoning similar to Fechner's a general psychophysical differential equation is developed. Its integration allows the calculation of intrasubjective relations, provided the Weber functions of the two pertinent variables are known. The method is empirically validated for the relation between category and magnitude scales and for the similarity function. Theoretical implications are discussed.
STUDIES IN PREDICTIVE BEHAVIOR: Explorations into predictive judgments based on functional learning and defined by estimation, categorization, and choice
Authors: Bjorkman Mats
Published: May 2008

A model for functional learning with a subjective regression which intervenes between stimuli and predictive responses was used. The subject had to predict motion time of a ball rolling down a chute. The estimation experiments showed that (1) the relation between predicted and objective time, is biased in the direction of tpred=t2, (2) training does not increase the veridicality. In the categorization experiments (1) learning occurred more rapidly with homogeneous categories, (2) transfer was facilitated after training on heterogeneous categories, (3) learning occurred without reinforcement by observation. In a choice experiment two simultaneous processes were studied, functional and probability learning.
ON THE VALIDITY OF THE RORSCHACH TEST
Authors: Holley J. W. , Fröbärj G. , Ekberg Kersti
Published: May 2008

Rorschach protocols of 20 persons (normals, depressives, and schizophrenics) were analysed, using the inverted, or Q, method of factoring. Three factors emerged from the analysis and corresponded to the three psychiatric categories. Groups of items, allegedly measuring the isolated factors, were applied to a second population of 42 persons resulting in validity values of an encouraging magnitude. Finally, published protocols are cited, together with a list of discriminating items and a score matrix based on such items, so that further verification can be made by the reader.
DETERIORATION OF MENTAL AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS IN HYPERBARIC AIR
Authors: Adolfson John
Published: May 2008

The effects of hyperbaric air on manual dexterity and arithmetic calculation capacity were studied in 15 subjects at ambient pressures of 4, 7, 10, and 13 ata at rest, and at 4, 7, and 10 ata during exercise (300 kpm/min). A significant reduction of the performance in both tests was observed at 10 and 13 ata at rest. During exercise in manual dexterity the reduction was significant at 4, 7 and 10 ata and in arithmetic calculation capacity at 7 and 10 ata. At 13 ata (at rest) a number of marked behavioural symptoms were observed, including changes in mood, impairment of consciousness, disturbance of perception, and deterioration of motor functions. These changes were readily reversible as soon as the pressure was lowered.
THURSTONIAN METHODS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF LEARNING
Authors: Sjöberg Lennart
Published: May 2008

A distinction is discussed between manifest and latent concepts on the one hand and observable and unobservable psychological processes (of which learning is one) on the other. Previous attempts at measurement by Hull and Björkman are briefly reviewed. An analysis is presented of improved performance in terms of the latent variables of the Law of Comparative Judgment. Finally, the author's method for successive intervals scaling is applied to some paired associate learning data.
STAGES IN CONCEPT FORMATION
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar , Kvale Steinar
Published: May 2008

In a replication and extension of previous studies of concept formation, complex geometrical patterns were used to signal luck and bad luck at a wheel of fortune. Learning the concept in this setting meant learning the difference between ‘good.’ and ‘bad.’ patterns. Once more, a ‘pre‐functional’ stage of concept formation was identified. This stage has been observed (and replicated) only under a narrow range of conditions. Thus, it was not found when the reward schedule went contrary to expectations. The most important novel finding is a clearly detrimental effect of a pre‐experimental request to verbalize the difference upon post‐experimental sorting of pregnant verbal descriptions of ‘good.’ and ‘bad.’ geometrical patterns.