bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise for Improving Lower Limb Muscle Strength and Function in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jønsson Anette Bach , Krogh Søren , Lillelund Susanne , Aagaard Per , Kasch Helge , Nielsen Jørgen Feldbæk
Published: December 2024

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of low‐load (LL) blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) for improving lower limb muscle strength, muscle thickness and physical function in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). In a randomized sham‐controlled trial, 21 participants (age ≥ 18 years, SCI duration ≥ 1 year, knee extensor strength grade 2–4, ASIA A‐D) were randomized to either 45‐min LL‐BFRE (n = 11) or sham BFRE (n = 10) twice/week for 8 weeks. The exercise protocol consisted of four sets (30 × 15 × 15 × 15 repetitions) of unilateral seated leg extensions and leg curls at 30%–40% of 1RM performed with pneumatic cuffs applied proximally on the trained limb and inflated to 40% of total arterial occlusion pressure (BFRE) or non‐inflated (sham exercise). Maximal voluntary isometric quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, quadriceps muscle thickness, thigh circumference, and physical function were assessed at baseline, after 4 and 8 weeks of training and at 4‐week follow‐up. No significant between‐group differences were found between BFRE and sham exercise in quadriceps or hamstring muscle strength, 10‐m walking test, timed up & go, 6‐min walking test or the spinal cord independence measure. In contrast, a significant between‐group difference favoring BFRE was present for muscle thickness and thigh circumference from baseline to 4‐week follow‐up (0.76 cm (95% CI: 0.32; 1.20, p = 0.002) and 2.42 cm (0.05; 4.79, p = 0.05), respectively). In conclusion, there was no significant difference in the effect of LL‐BFRE and sham exercise on muscle strength and physical function in individuals with SCI. However, significant increases in muscle thickness and thigh circumference were observed in favor of BFRE.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03690700.
Colorism Among Black Women: A Review of Psychological Research From 2000 to 2023
Authors: Jones Martinque K. , Jean‐Ceide Cassandre , Regis Dionne R. , Zamora Melissa Briones , Barrera Natalia , Fox Madison , Wallace Gabrielle
Published: December 2024

Colorism is a form of discrimination targeting people with a darker skin tone. Like, racism and sexism, colorism is prevalent and negatively affects Black women but remains understudied. To direct future research on this topic, we completed a semi‐systematic review of empirical studies on colorism among Black women. Articles included for review met the following criteria: (a) published between 2000 and 2023, (b) analyzed empirical data, (c) psychologically focused on Black women's experiences with colorism, and (d) were composed of Black women participants. Qualifying sources (N = 53) were categorized into one of eight topic areas. We also analyzed sample characteristics, research methods, and publication trends across all the articles included in the review. Based upon our review, we highlight the strengths and limitations of the current scholarship focused on Black women's experiences with colorism and offer suggestions for future research.
Characterisation of the Novel HLA‐DPB1*1641:01 Allele by Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Bian Cheng , Wang Zi‐Hao , Wanyan Zhang‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Yang Zhao‐Qing
Published: December 2024

HLA‐DPB1*1641:01 differs from DPB1*02:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 668G>A in exon 4.
Identification of the Novel Allele HLA‐C*04:535 by Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Okumura Taiki , Suzuki Shingo , Ota Masao , Shiina Takashi , Umemura Takeji
Published: December 2024

The novel HLA‐C*04:535 allele differs from HLA‐C*04:01:01:01 by two substitutions in exon 3 and 3′UTR.
Characterisation of the Novel HLA‐B*51:409N Allele by Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Lion Julien , Bartczak Ségolène , Desoutter Judith , Guillaume Nicolas
Published: December 2024

HLA‐B*51:409N differs from the HLA‐B*51:01:01:01 by one nucleotide at position 923 in exon 3.
Quantification of Internal Disc Strain Under Dynamic Loading Via High-Frequency Ultrasound
Authors: Ghajar-Rahimi Elnaz , Sakhrani Diya D. , Kulkarni Radhika S. , Lim Shiyin , Dumerer Blythe , Labine Annie , Abbott Michael E. , O'Connell Grace D. , Goergen Craig J.
Published: December 2024

Measurement of internal intervertebral disc strain is paramount for understanding the underlying mechanisms of injury and validating computational models. Although advancements in noninvasive imaging and image processing have made it possible to quantify strain, they often rely on visual markers that alter tissue mechanics and are limited to static testing that is not reflective of physiologic loading conditions. The purpose of this study was to integrate high-frequency ultrasound and texture correlation to quantify disc strain during dynamic loading. We acquired ultrasound images of the posterior side of bovine discs in the transverse plane throughout 0–0.5 mm of assigned axial compression at 0.3–0.5 Hz. Internal Green-Lagrangian strains were quantified across time using direct deformation estimation (DDE), a texture correlation method. Median principal strain at maximal compression was 0.038±0.011 for E1 and −0.042±0.012 for E2. Strain distributions were heterogeneous throughout the discs, with higher strains noted near the disc endplates. This methodological report shows that high-frequency ultrasound can be a valuable tool for quantification of disc strain under dynamic loading conditions. Further work will be needed to determine if diseased or damaged discs reveal similar strain patterns, opening the possibility of clinical use in patients with disc disease.
The Bare Supervening Necessities of Theory Development in Sport Management
Authors: Mason Daniel S.
Published: December 2024

This address explores how we can find theory in new spaces and apply it to our own, unique sporting contexts. It first examines how urban regime theory can inform research on the governance of intercollegiate athletics, then discusses how and why some theories in sport management emerge and are adopted while others are not. Borrowing from Winston’s model of technological diffusion, supervening necessities are what allow some prototypes to transform into inventions; in the social sphere of sport management, they are the drivers of new concepts that are adopted and employed as theories in the field. However, Winston notes that within the social sphere are brakes that serve to slow their emergence. In turn, theories develop in sport management under similar conflicting pressures. It is these contrary forces that slow the diffusion of new ideas in the sport management field.
“It’s Like at the Theater, You’re an Actor”: Physical Education Teachers’ Surface Acting During Critical Incidents Experienced in “Difficult” Contexts
Authors: Petiot Oriane , Kermarrec Gilles
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the surface acting strategy (i.e., dissonance between the emotions felt and those expressed) implemented by physical education teachers during critical incidents in “difficult” contexts. Method: Twenty-two physical education teachers told five critical incidents experienced throughout a school year (N = 110) and participated in an end-of-year interview. Data analysis and representation were conducted to identify and illustrate various enacted forms of surface acting. Results: The analysis revealed 70 emergences of surface acting out of the 110 critical incidents collected (63.6%). These 70 critical incidents included four enacted forms of surface acting, in which the valence of the emotional experience and type of dissonance intersected: (a) masking positive emotions, (b) amplifying positive emotions, (c) masking negative emotions, and (d) amplifying negative emotions. Four portrait vignettes are presented to illustrate each of these forms. Discussion/Conclusion: The results enrich the conceptualization of emotional labor in a situational approach and illuminate the daily challenges experienced by physical education teachers in “difficult” contexts.
Pathogen genomics in healthcare: overcoming barriers to proactive surveillance
Authors: Sundermann Alexander J. , Rosa Rossana , Harris Patrick N. A. , Snitkin Evan , Javaid Waleed , Moore Nicholas M. , Hayden Mary K. , Allen Krisandra , Rodino Kyle , Peacock Sharon J. , Abbo Lilian M. , Harrison Lee H.
Published: December 2024

Pathogen genomic surveillance in healthcare has the potential to enhance patient safety by detecting outbreaks earlier, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. Despite benefits, there are barriers to adoption, including cost, expertise, and lack of standardized methodologies and incentives. This commentary advocates for 1) investment from healthcare payors, public health, and regulatory bodies and 2) additional research on genomic surveillance for improving patient outcomes and reducing infections. Effective implementation will require strategic investment and cross-sector collaboration.
Co-occurrence of direct and indirect extracellular electron transfer mechanisms during electroactive respiration in a dissimilatory sulfate reducing bacterium
Authors: Hou Liyuan , Cortez Rebecca , Hagerman Michael , Hu Zhiqiang , Majumder Erica L.-W.
Published: December 2024

Understanding the extracellular electron transfer mechanisms of electroactive bacteria could help determine their potential in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and their microbial syntrophy with redox-active minerals in natural environments. However, the mechanisms of extracellular electron transfer to electrodes by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) remain underexplored. Here, we utilized double-chamber MFCs with carbon cloth electrodes to investigate the extracellular electron transfer mechanisms of
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Hildenborough (
Dv
H), a model SRB, under varying lactate and sulfate concentrations using different
Dv
H mutants. Our MFC setup indicated that
Dv
H can harvest electrons from lactate at the anode and transfer them to cathode, where
Dv
H could further utilize these electrons. Patterns in current production compared with variations of electron donor/acceptor ratios in the anode and cathode suggested that attachment of
Dv
H to the electrode and biofilm density were critical for effective electricity generation. Electron microscopy analysis of
Dv
H biofilms indicated
Dv
H utilized filaments that resemble pili to attach to electrodes and facilitate extracellular electron transfer from cell to cell and to the electrode. Proteomics profiling indicated that
Dv
H adapted to electroactive respiration by presenting more pili- and flagellar-related proteins. The mutant with a deletion of the major pilus-producing gene yielded less voltage and far less attachment to both anodic and catholic electrodes, suggesting the importance of pili in extracellular electron transfer. The mutant with a deficiency in biofilm formation, however, did not eliminate current production indicating the existence of indirect extracellular electron transfer. Untargeted metabolomics profiling showed flavin-based metabolites, potential electron shuttles.

IMPORTANCE

We explored the application of
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
Hildenborough in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and investigated its potential extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism. We also conducted untargeted proteomics and metabolomics profiling, offering insights into how DvH adapts metabolically to different electron donors and acceptors. An understanding of the EET mechanism and metabolic flexibility of
Dv
H holds promise for future uses including bioremediation or enhancing efficacy in MFCs for wastewater treatment applications.
Handgrip strength, cardiometabolic risk and body composition in youth with type 1 diabetes: the Diactive-1 Cohort Study
Authors: Huerta-Uribe Nidia , Hormazábal-Aguayo Ignacio , Muñoz-Pardeza Jacinto , Chueca-Guindulain María J , Berrade-Zubiri Sara , Sesma Carlos Andrés , Sánchez Elisabet Burillo , Ezzatvar Yasmin , Yáñez-Sepúlveda Rodrigo , Izquierdo Mikel , García-Hermoso Antonio
Published: December 2024

Objective

This study aimed to explore the association between handgrip strength, cardiometabolic risk (CMR) and body composition in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

For this prospective cohort study, muscular fitness was assessed via handgrip test and relativised by weight, and body composition, evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in type 1 diabetes patients aged 6–18 years. CMR score included z-scores for total body fat, blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride-glucose index.

Results

Eighty-three patients were analysed at baseline and 1-year follow-up (44.6% females, mean age 12.77 years). Individuals with high handgrip strength tended to have lower CMR and body fat compared with those with low handgrip strength. Over a year, individuals with high handgrip strength showed reduced HbA1c, CMR and subcutaneous fat. Consistently meeting high handgrip strength criteria resulted in reductions in HbA1c levels, CMR score and subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with those who never complied or lost compliance during follow-up. Additionally, subjects classified with high handgrip strength both at baseline and follow-up had a lower likelihood of being classified with high CMR (OR=0.241, 95% CI 0.121 to 0.947, p=0.044).

Conclusions

High handgrip strength was associated with significant cardiometabolic and body composition benefits in youth with type 1 diabetes. This tool could be considered of potential clinical value for incorporating assessments like handgrip tests to monitor and address cardiometabolic health.
Field performance of two insulation covers for mine site reclamation in an Arctic climate
Authors: Larochelle Chloé G. , Bussière Bruno , Boulanger-Martel Vincent , Wilson G. Ward
Published: December 2024

Insulation covers can be used to reclaim mine sites in cold regions with continuous permafrost. These covers aim to maintain reactive wastes below a target temperature ( Ttarget ≤ 0 °C) to limit the oxidation reaction kinetics that can lead to acid mine drainage. This study focused on the thermo-hydrogeological behavior and performance of two insulation covers, analyzed using field data collected from experimental cells between 2012 and 2020. The performance of the covers was evaluated based on oxygen fluxes at the tailings–cover interface, which were calculated using the ground temperature and the properties of the reactive tailings. Mean annual oxygen fluxes varied between 0 and 29 mol/m2/year, depending on the cover and the value of Ttarget (0, −2, or −6 °C). The results showed that the hydrogeological properties of the materials influenced the tailings reactivity and the thermal behavior of the cover. In one of the covers, the presence of water (latent heat) contributed to limit the thaw depth, thereby maintaining lower ground temperatures at the tailings–cover interface.
Management zone delineation: Utilizing multiple data sources to minimize soil spatial variability in commercial potato fields under Prince Edward Island pedoclimatic conditions
Authors: Javed Bilal , Cambouris Athyna N. , Duchemin Marc , Ziadi Noura , Karam Antoine
Published: December 2024

Spatial variability in soil physicochemical properties within agricultural fields significantly influences crop management practices and results in uneven resource utilization, yield reduction, and environmental issues stemming from excessive fertilizer use. This study investigates the use of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), field elevation and tuber yield data obtained from yield monitors to delineate subfield regions and reduce variability across the field. Four commercial potato fields were selected in Kensington and Souris, Prince Edward Island: The Oyster Cove fields (OC 1 and OC 2) and the Black Pond fields (BP 1 and BP 2). In 2019, these fields underwent commercial soil proximal sensor (Veris 3100) operations to measure soil ECa at two different depths: shallow (0–30 cm, Ecads’) and deep (0–100 cm, ECa_D), as well as elevation. Soil samples (0.0–0.15 m) were collected from each field to measure soil physicochemical properties that can be used to delineate management zones (MZ). Study results revealed significant correlations between delineating, soil texture and soil chemical properties. The variance reduction indicated that three MZ were optimal for representing the spatial variability of soil physicochemical properties. Multiple comparisons revealed that higher values were obtained for most of the soil properties in MZ3 compared to MZ1. The significant between-zone differences in soil properties indicated that soil ECa and elevation data, along with tuber yield, can be used to develop MZ. Additionally, this approach is highly effective in capturing site-specific variability and can guide management practices, such as fertilization in potato fields.
A New Model-Based Integration Method with Controllable Numerical Damping for Structural Dynamic Problems
Authors: Ilunga Stephane Lavery , Chen Jin , Fu Bo
Published: December 2024

Methods with controllable numerical damping are designed to regulate the oscillation rate within a system to prevent numerical instability and improve convergence during a simulation. Mitigating the numerical errors using numerical damping can ensure reliable and accurate results, however, there is still a lack of model-based methods that exhibit robust numerical damping capabilities. To address this gap, this paper proposes a new model-based integration method with controllable numerical damping, namely the dual-explicit method with controllable damping-[Formula: see text] (DEMCD-[Formula: see text]). The dual-explicit method is designed to inherit the spectral characteristics of the recently developed implicit Li–Yu method by matching its temporal discrete error equations. The numerical properties of the DEMCD-[Formula: see text] are investigated and several numerical examples are given to showcase the advantages of the DEMCD-[Formula: see text] over the Li–Yu method, the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] Bathe method, and other existing model-based methods such as the CR and the MKR-[Formula: see text] methods. Overall, the proposed DEMCD-[Formula: see text] method presents a promising solution to the issue of numerical damping encountered in model-based simulations.
Analysis of Local Characteristics of Track Dynamic Irregularity at the Girder End Regions in Kilometer-Level Span Bridge
Authors: Xiao Junhua , Dai Ming , Sun Siqi , Wan Hongyu , Tan Shehui , Han Ruifen
Published: December 2024

The girder end region is one of the weak points affecting operational stability and safety on kilometer-level railway bridges, featuring continuous track irregularities spanning over tens of meters, and often suffering from substandard ballast quality. Addressing the two issues, taking a kilometer-level span suspension bridge as a case, the local characteristics of dynamic track irregularities were analyzed at the girder end regions of long-span bridges. First, the distribution of track dynamic irregularities was analyzed based on the results from special tests conducted under extreme environmental temperatures. Then, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) method was introduced to dissect the intrinsic properties within the original signals, and the local characteristics of track dynamic irregularities with spatial wavelengths concentrated within 20[Formula: see text]m have been well revealed. Based on the principle of maximum entropy, these local fluctuation characteristics can be assessed through the standard deviation of track geometry deviations calculated in 10[Formula: see text]m unit sections. Ultimately, through fractal analysis, a negative correlation was identified between the fractal dimension and the stiffness of the ballast bed, and it was found that the ballast state on the approach bridge side is notably deteriorated, while that on the main bridge side remains in a great state. The findings can help assess the service condition of girder end structures based on dynamic detection results, providing a reference for the operation and maintenance of kilometer-level span railway bridges.
Damage Detection of an Asymmetrical Frame via Sparse Bayesian Learning with a PSO Algorithm
Authors: Hu Qin , Yan Qingzhe , Chen Han , Guan Yunhao
Published: December 2024

For civil engineering structures, structural damage usually occurs at limited positions in the preliminary stage of the structural failure. Compared with the numerous elements of the entire structure, the damaged elements are sparsely distributed in space. Based on this important prior information, this paper proposed to utilize a sparse Bayesian learning method to identify the damage to structures while considering the measurement noise and modeling error. The particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was first introduced to address the associated computational efficiency issue, and the optimization performances of PSO and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm in the process of model updating were compared, positive outcomes revealed that the PSO algorithm has the stronger searching ability and better robustness. To investigate the effectiveness and practicality of the sparse Bayesian learning with a PSO algorithm in structural damage detection, an asymmetrical frame in different scenarios (e.g. with single and multiple damages) was constructed in the laboratory. The encouraging results of the experimental case studies compellingly demonstrate that the presented methodology not only can detect the location and extent of structural damage with high precision and efficiency, but also can proficiently assess the posterior uncertainties associated with the damage detection results.
Assessment of Seismic Performance of Earthquake-Damaged RC Frame Structure Considering the Joint Effect of Maximum Drift and Post-Earthquake Residual Drift
Authors: Ma Juntao , Wang Guoxin , Yang Fujian
Published: December 2024

Evaluating the seismic performance of earthquake-damaged structures (EDSs) is a significant step in determining the appropriate measures for rehabilitating structures after an earthquake. However, the effect of the lengthening of the structural period on the vulnerability of EDS is rarely taken into account. Furthermore, the joint effect of the maximum inter-story drift ratio (MIDR) and maximum residual inter-story drift ratio (MRIDR) on the seismic performance of EDS has not been investigated in previous studies. This study intends to fill this research gap. In this paper, totally 70 earthquake-damaged structure models (EDSMs) with various MIDR levels are established to represent the EDSs with various damage states. By employing EDSM to compute the vulnerability of EDS, it is possible to save a substantial amount of time while ensuring the accuracy of the vulnerability assessment. A performance reduction index (PRI) is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the increase in the vulnerability of EDS. The contributions of the degradation of component properties and the lengthening of the structural period in the reduction in the seismic performance of EDS are estimated. The results show that the effect of the lengthening of the structure period on the seismic performance of EDS cannot be overlooked in the case of evaluating the vulnerability of EDS. The relationship between the PRI, MIDR, and MRIDR is determined by bivariate linear regression analysis. The reduction in the seismic performance with respect to four performance levels is accurately estimated by considering the joint effect of MIDR and MRIDR, emphasizing the need to consider both MIDR and MRIDR when evaluating the seismic performance of EDS.
A Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Method for Strand Structures Considering Tensile–Torsion–Bending Coupling Characteristics
Authors: Gong Liming , Yan Zhitao , Yang Xiaogang , Zeng Yujie , Aslam Ruby
Published: December 2024

The special configuration and elongated geometrical appearance of the helical strand give it properties of tensile–torsion–bending coupling as well as macroscopic geometrical nonlinearity. Simulating small-scale strands using solid elements in finite element software reproduces these properties but is time-consuming. Current methods of modeling large-scale strands using cable elements or beam elements can account for geometric nonlinearities, but often fail to adequately consider the tensile–torsion–bending coupling characteristics of the strand cross-section. This study presents a new finite element method for modeling strand structures. This analysis method adopts the rigid body rule to handle the geometric nonlinearity of strand structures, considering the tensile–torsion–bending coupling characteristics of the strand cross-section, while remaining acceptable in terms of analysis time. The analytical method can provide the strand structure’s displacement and the parameters of the tension–torsion–bending coupling characteristics of the strand element. The results obtained from the proposed analytical method were compared with those from numerical modeling and experimental testing, confirming the validity of the analytical method.
On the covariant coefficients of geodesic sprays on Finsler manifolds
Authors: Elgendi S. G. , Soleiman A. , Youssef Nabil L.
Published: December 2024

For a Finsler metric [Formula: see text], we introduce the notion of [Formula: see text]-covariant coefficients [Formula: see text] of the geodesic spray of [Formula: see text] (Definition 3.1). We study some geometric consequences concerning the objects [Formula: see text]. If the [Formula: see text]-covariant coefficients [Formula: see text] are written in the form [Formula: see text], for some smooth function [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text], positively 3-homogeneous in [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is called spray scalar or simply [Formula: see text]-scalar. We prove that if the [Formula: see text]-scalar exists, then it is of the form [Formula: see text] and this expression is unique up to a function of position only. We prove also that on a Finsler maifold [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-scalar [Formula: see text] exists if and only if [Formula: see text] is dually flat. Generally, the [Formula: see text] functions [Formula: see text] resulting from the [Formula: see text]-covariant coefficients do not form a linear connection. We find out that in the case of projectively flat metrics, the [Formula: see text] functions [Formula: see text] are coefficients of a linear connection. We introduce two new special Finsler spaces, namely, the [Formula: see text]-Berwald and the [Formula: see text]-Landsberg spaces and show that every [Formula: see text]-Berwald metric is [Formula: see text]-Landsbergian but the converse is not necessarily true. Also, we study the [Formula: see text]-covariant coefficients [Formula: see text] of projectively flat and dually flat spherically symmetric Finsler metrics and provide a solution of the “[Formula: see text]-unicorn” Landsberg problem. Finally, we give some examples of [Formula: see text]-Berwald and [Formula: see text]-Landsberg metrics and an example of [Formula: see text]-Landsberg metric which is not [Formula: see text]-Berwaldian.
Scapulothoracic Disorders: Anatomy, Kinematics, Clinical Assessment, and Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Cruz Isabela A. N. da , Fagundes Marília C. , Silva Lucas N. M. da , Araújo Flávia F. , Gonçalves Dâmaris V. C. , Schor Breno , Nico Marcelo A. C. , Rhodes Nicholas G. , Guimarães Júlio B. , Ormond Filho Alípio G.
Published: December 2024

Scapulothoracic disorders are complex conditions affecting shoulder stability and movement, and they are often overlooked but can substantially affect patients’ quality of life.
Effect of Vibration Assistance on the Surface Tribological Glazing Improving of Fixed Abrasive Pads
Authors: Tian Changliu , Wei Xiaiokun , Pang Minghua , Yao Yunlong , Wang Zhankui , Ma Lijie , Su Jianxiu
Published: December 2024

We sought to clarify the effect of vibration assistance on the tribological glazing evolution of fixed abrasive pads (FAP). W3–5 diamond FAP and quartz glass were selected as test samples due to their wide use in chemical and mechanical polishing. The tribological test was conducted on a reciprocating friction and wear machine under triethanolamine polishing solution conditions with different vibration parameters. Surface morphology and FAP hardness were observed and measured with white light interferometer, optical microscope, and shore hardness tester. Results showed that the tribological evolution time of fixed abrasive pads can be improved significantly by vibration assistance action, and glazing time is increased by about 30%. With increasing vibration frequency and amplitude, the improved performance is more obvious, and a rougher FAP surface is obtained because under vibration assistance conditions, a dynamic pressure scouring effect exists at the contact interface between FAP and workpiece, inhibiting the deposition effect of debris in pores of the FAP, and an erosion action is formed and at the FAP surface. Thus, the tribological glazing phenomena of FAP is improved, and a longer service life is obtained.
Deuterium Isotope Separation using LiCl–KCl–LiH–LiD Molten Salt
Authors: Nago Toranosuke , Norikawa Yutaro , Harada Kenji , Ueda Mikito , Matsushima Hisayoshi , Nohira Toshiyuki
Published: December 2024

The separation of hydrogen isotopes is an important process in materials science, medicine, and nuclear energy. In this study, we attempted hydrogen isotope separation via electrolysis and H–D exchange reaction using LiCl–KCl–LiH–LiD molten salt at 673 K. In the molten-salt system, H and D exist as H− and D−, respectively, unlike that in the conventional aqueous solution. The diffusion coefficient of D− was determined by cyclic voltammetry in LiCl–KCl–LiD molten salt. Furthermore, H was enriched in the exhaust gas via both electrolysis and the H–D exchange reaction in molten LiCl–KCl containing equal quantities of LiH and LiD. D2 gas and H− are exchanged on a Pt-black catalyst in the molten salt.
Diversity in chemotherapy-induced cachexia
Authors: Novinger Leah J. , Weinzierl Natalia M. , Bonetto Andrea
Published: December 2024

Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that chronic administration of cytotoxic drugs (e.g., chemotherapy) may contribute to the occurrence of skeletal muscle wasting and weakness/fatigue (i.e., cachexia). Doxorubicin, folfiri, and cisplatin are known to promote cachexia by triggering common alterations such as skeletal muscle atrophy, protein breakdown, and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas each also possesses distinguishing features in terms of the activated molecular pathways. Similarly, commonalities exist between different cancer types including the development of muscle wasting early in treatment that can persist for years. The impact of treatment for gastrointestinal, head and neck, and nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) on the development of cachexia and survival outcomes is well documented. However, a disconnect occurs between preclinical studies on cachexia, which are often performed on younger mice, and clinical studies on cachexia, which are focused on patients over 60 yr old. Yet, several preclinical studies have examined the impact of age on chemotherapy-induced cachexia. Finally, sex differences have been identified in both preclinical and clinical studies focused on the onset of cachexia consequential to chemotherapy administration and raise the question of whether treatments for this condition should be based on sex specificities. In conclusion, although cancer cachexia has been widely studied for its impact on patients affected by various malignancies, the effects of chemotherapy on the development of cachexia are less explored. Here, we examine diversity in chemotherapy-induced cachexia with respect to specific types of chemotherapy regimens and cancer, and differences based on age and sex.
Anticancer Effect of Mycotoxins From Penicillium aurantiogriseum: Exploration of Natural Product Potential
Authors: Bouhoudan Assia , Bakkach Joaira , Khaddor Mustapha , Mourabit Nadira
Published: December 2024

Research into biologically natural substances with antitumor properties, known for their potential to induce fewer side effects and exhibit specificity toward cancerous cells, remains imperative. The pressing demand for novel agents in cancer therapy underscores the intensive investigation of natural products from microorganisms. Penicillium aurantiogriseum, frequently isolated from food and feed, emerges as a promising candidate against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This species harbors numerous mycotoxins that warrant extensive clinical study due to their potential in cancer treatment. Identifying mycotoxins with anticancer properties produced by P. aurantiogriseum could unveil novel therapeutic targets and enrich the pharmacological landscape. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilization of P. aurantiogriseum mycotoxins in cancer research and elucidates therapeutic agents’ advantages and limitations. P. aurantiogriseum produces at least 15 mycotoxins with potent anticancer effects mediated through diverse mechanisms, including enzyme inhibition (e.g., pseurotin), induction of apoptosis (e.g., auranthine, aurantiamides A, aurantiomides A‐C, penicillic acid, penitrem, verrucisidinol, acetate verrucosidinol, and chaetoglobosin A), and cell‐cycle arrest (e.g., anicequol, aurantiamine, and Taxol). Although certain mycotoxins, such as Taxol, Anacin, and Compactin, are used in commerce, many others remain relatively unexplored. The mycotoxins derived from P. aurantiogriseum hold considerable potential for cancer treatment, offering novel therapeutic avenues and enhancing current treatments through synergistic combinations and advanced delivery systems.
Effect of Temperature of 1.23% Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel on Enamel Microhardness of Permanent Teeth
Authors: Milani Shabnam , Shahrabi Mehdi , M-Abdi Nazanin
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of temperature of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on enamel microhardness of permanent teeth.

Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 36 surgically extracted impacted human third molars. The teeth were mounted in acrylic resin and mesiodistally sectioned into buccal and lingual halves by a high‐speed cutting saw. The buccal halves of the teeth were polished with silicone carbide abrasive paper and subjected to pH cycling (8 h of immersion in demineralizing agent and 16 h of immersion in remineralizing agent) for 10 days. Their primary enamel microhardness was subsequently measured by a Vickers microhardness tester. The specimens were then randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12) for application of 1.23% APF gel at 4, 25, and 37°C for 4 min. The specimens were then rinsed and incubated for 24 h. Their secondary enamel microhardness was subsequently measured, and the change in microhardness of the specimens was calculated and analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA; α = 0.05).

Results: The mean percentage of change in microhardness was −0.73% ± 16.8%, −5.28% ± 27.32%, and −7.27% ± 32.28% following the application of APF gel at 4, 25, and 37°C, respectively. The difference among the three groups was not significant regarding the percentage of change in microhardness (p  > 0.05).

Conclusion: Increasing the temperature of 1.23% APF gel from 4 to 25°C and 37°C did not cause a significant change in enamel microhardness of permanent teeth.
Energy Stress–Induced circEPB41(2) Promotes Lipogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Yang Yang , Luo Jingjing , Wang Zhongyu , Liu Kaiyue , Feng Keyi , Wang Fang , Mei Yide
Published: December 2024

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms regulating cancer metabolism could help identify potential therapeutic targets. Here, we identified circEPB41(2) as a metabolically regulated circular RNA that mediates lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). circEPB41(2) was induced in response to glucose deprivation via HNRNPA1-dependent alternative splicing. Upregulation of circEPB41(2) led to enhanced lipogenic gene expression that promoted lipogenesis. Mechanistically, circEPB41(2) cooperated with the N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO to decrease the mRNA stability of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 6, thereby increasing histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation and histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation levels to activate lipogenic gene expression. Silencing of circEPB41(2) inhibited both in vitro proliferation of HCC cells and in vivo growth of tumor xenografts. Clinically, circEPB41(2) was elevated in HCC, and high circEPB41(2) expression was associated with poor patient prognosis. Overall, this study reveals that circEPB41(2) is an important regulator of lipid metabolic reprogramming and indicates that targeting the circEPB41(2)–FTO–sirtuin 6 axis could represent a promising anticancer strategy for treating HCC.

Significance: circEPB41(2) is induced by glucose deprivation and mediates epigenetic alterations to drive lipogenesis and tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma, suggesting circEPB41(2) could be a potential therapeutic target in liver cancer.
MHC Hammer Decodes HLA Disruption in Tumors
Authors: Sears Timothy , Carter Hannah
Published: December 2024

Tumors utilize various mechanisms of HLA disruption in order to evade immunosurveillance. Previous computational tools have interrogated specific aspects of this process, yet a holistic picture of HLA LOH, transcriptomic suppression, and alternative splicing has remained challenging. In a recent Nature Genetics study, Puttick and colleagues introduced MHC Hammer, a robust computational toolkit designed to dissect the complexities of HLA disruptions that mediate immune evasion in cancer. By analyzing comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic data across several large cancer cohorts, the study highlights the prevalence of HLA disruptions, particularly alternative splicing events, across various tumor types and identifies HLA LOH as an important immune evasion mechanism during metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
Where Should the Cancer Control Interventions Target: A Geospatial Hotspot Analysis for Major Cancer Mortality 2018 to 2022 in the United States
Authors: Luo Chongliang , Khan Saira , Jin Liyan , James Aimee S. , Colditz Graham A. , Drake Bettina F.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Identifying changes in geographic disparities of cancer mortality reveals locations where cancer prevention and control efforts should be focused/targeted. We use recent cancer surveillance data to demonstrate the geographic disparity of major cancer mortality rates in the United States and its shift compared with previous data.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study used the 2018 to 2022 county-level mortality rates of colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancers from the Centers for Disease Control mortality data. Counties with suppressed death counts were imputed by spatial regression models. Getis–Ord Gi* statistics were used to evaluate the spatial clustering of county mortality. Identified hotspot counties were visualized and compared with literature for hotspot pattern change.

Results:

A total of 3,108 US mainland counties were included. Cancer mortality rates were significantly higher in 244 counties for colorectal, 456 for lung, 147 for breast, and 180 for prostate cancers. Hotspot areas were central Appalachia (colorectal and lung cancers), Lower Mississippi Delta (colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers), Midwest (colorectal and lung cancers), north Michigan/Wisconsin (lung and prostate cancers), north Florida (lung cancer), and the West (prostate cancer).

Conclusions:

West central Appalachia and Lower Mississippi Delta continue to be hotspots for major cancer types, whereas previously identified eastern North Carolina/Virginia hotspots shrunk, east Oklahoma and North Florida emerged as new hotspots for lung cancer, and several hotspots emerged in the West for prostate cancer.

Impact:

This study updated the analyses for geospatial disparity in major cancer mortality since 2018, illustrating recent changes in the disparity pattern and pinpointing areas that cancer prevention and control efforts should target.
Significant Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Outcomes by Race/Ethnicity and Sociodemographic Factors
Authors: Patel Shyam , Khalili Mandana , Singal Amit G. , Pinheiro Paulo S. , Jones Patricia D. , Kim Rebecca G. , Kode Vishwajit , Thiemann Anna , Zhang Wei , Cheung Ramsey , Wong Robert J.
Published: December 2024

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities. We evaluated the impact of income and geography on racial/ethnic disparities across the HCC care cascade in the United States.

Methods:

Using NCI registry data spanning 2000 to 2020, adults with HCC were evaluated to determine race/ethnicity-specific differences in tumor stage at diagnosis, delays and gaps in treatment, and survival. Adjusted regression models evaluated predictors of HCC outcomes.

Results:

Among 112,389 adults with HCC, cohort characteristics were as follows: 49.8% non-Hispanic White (NHW), 12.0% African American(AA), 20.5% Hispanic, 16.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 1.1% American Indian/Alaska Native. Compared with NHW patients, AA patients had lower odds of localized-stage HCC at diagnosis [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.84], lower odds of HCC treatment receipt (aOR, 0.77), greater odds of treatment delays (aOR, 1.12), and significantly greater risk of death [adjusted hazards ratio (aHR), 1.10]. Compared with NHW patients from large metro areas, AA patients from large metro areas had 8% higher mortality risk (aHR, 1.08), whereas AA patients from small–medium metro areas had 17% higher mortality risk (aHR, 1.17; all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Among a population-based cohort of US adults with HCC, significant race/ethnicity-specific disparities across the HCC care continuum were observed. Lower household income and more rural geography among racial/ethnic minorities are also associated with disparities in HCC outcomes, particularly among AA patients.

Impact:

Our study shows that lower income and less urban/more rural geography among racial/ethnic minorities are also associated with disparities in HCC outcomes, particularly among AA patients with HCC. This contextualizes the complex relationship between sociodemographic factors and HCC outcomes through an intersectional lens.
Preclinical Evaluation of an Anchored Immunotherapy Strategy with Aluminum Hydroxide–Tethered IL-12 in Dogs with Advanced Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Passos Barbosa Matheus Moreno , Kamerer Rebecca L. , Schmit Joanna , Lopez Angel J. , Uyehara Rachel , Tighe Robert , Battula Sailaja , Kaufman Howard L. , Fan Timothy M.
Published: December 2024

Melanoma is an aggressive cancer in dogs involving skin and mucosa similar to humans. Anchored immunotherapeutics offer a novel approach to increase intratumoral retention of therapeutic payloads while decreasing systemic exposure, and this strategy can be critically evaluated through a comparative oncology approach. JEN-101 is an anchored canine IL-12 tethered to aluminum hydroxide administered by local injection. A phase I study was conducted to determine the tolerability, activity, and immune responses of JEN-101 in dogs with advanced melanoma. A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was used to evaluate intratumoral injection of JEN-101 at 1, 3, 10, or 20 μg/kg every 3 weeks for four cycles. A second course was allowable in the absence of disease progression or toxicity. Peripheral blood, serum, and tumor biopsies were collected at baseline and at prespecified timepoints for pharmacokinetic and immune analyses, which included serum cytokine assay, IHC, and gene expression assessment. JEN-101 was well tolerated with adverse events being fever, lethargy, and isolated elevated liver enzymes. Five dogs experienced grade 3 events, and no grade 4 events were observed. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a trend toward dose-related maximum serum concentration within 8 hours of injection. Responding dogs demonstrated increased systemic IFN-γ and IL-10 AUC levels and local recruitment of CD3+ T cells. Increased proinflammatory and antigen-processing gene expression was identified in responding lesions. JEN-101 was well tolerated with evidence of biological and therapeutic activities. Anchored IL-12 immunotherapy merits further investigation in dogs with melanoma, and our approach represents an immunocompetent model to inform human clinical trials.
Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential and its Association with Treatment Outcomes and Adverse Events in Patients with Solid Tumors
Authors: Krishnan Tharani , Solar Vasconcelos Joao Paulo , Titmuss Emma , Vanner Robert J. , Schaeffer David F. , Karsan Aly , Lim Howard , Ho Cheryl , Gill Sharlene , Yip Stephen , Chia Stephen K. , Kennecke Hagen F. , Jonker Derek J. , Chen Eric X. , Renouf Daniel J. , O’Callaghan Chris J. , Loree Jonathan M.
Published: December 2024

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is the clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells from somatic mutations. It is a common incidental finding in cell-free DNA (cfDNA). We investigated the incidence of CHIP in cfDNA from patients with solid tumors and explored its association with treatment outcomes and adverse events. We reviewed cfDNA results from a local prospective solid tumor cohort (PREDiCT-l) and two randomized trials: Canadian Cancer Trials Group CO.26 [durvalumab + tremelimumab (D + T) or best supportive care in metastatic colorectal cancer] and Canadian Cancer Trials Group PA.7 (gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel ± D + T in metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma). CHIP+ was defined as any mutation in DNMT3A, TET2, or ASXL1 with a variant allele frequency ≥2%. Presumed germline variants (variant allele frequency >40%) were removed. The first line of treatment after cfDNA was reviewed for grade ≥3 and dose-limiting toxicities. The prevalence of CHIP in the 465 included patients was 10% to 30%, and it was more common as age increased (P = 0.003). DNMT3A was the gene most frequently mutated in all cohorts. Patients with CHIP in PA.7 treated with immunotherapy showed an improved progression-free survival versus CHIP− [HR = 0.55 (0.28–1.07); P = 0.079, P-interaction = 0.098 (multivariable)]. However, patients with CHIP treated with chemotherapy in PREDiCT-l showed a trend toward worse progression-free survival [HR = 1.82 (0.98–3.38); P = 0.059]. There was no difference in adverse event rates between CHIP ± groups for those treated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. CHIP is common in patients with solid tumors. Although not appearing to affect rates of adverse events, CHIP may affect outcomes from immunotherapy or chemotherapy.

Significance:

Liquid biopsy is increasingly being used in oncology for tumor molecular characterization. CHIP is a common incidental finding in cfDNA, and its prevalence increases with age. This study builds on growing evidence of common CHIP variants in patients with solid tumors. The results suggest a possible clinical impact of CHIP on treatment outcomes from immunotherapy or chemotherapy. This may have implications for treatment selection for patients with solid tumors.