bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological distress among cancer survivors during implementation of a nationwide Movement Control Order over the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wong Li Ping , Lai Lee Lee , See Mee Hoong , Alias Haridah , Danaee Mahmoud , Ting Chuo Yew , Tok Peter Seah Keng
Published: August 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the psychological distress and its associated factors among cancer survivors in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: An anonymous Internet-based study was conducted between 23 April and 26 June 2020. During the study period, the country underwent Phase 3 and Phase 4 of the Movement Control Order (MCO), Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO), and Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO). Psychological distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), which is a 14-item self-assessment scale for measuring distress (total HADS score (HADS-T)) with two subscales, namely anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D). Results: From a total of 631 responses received, the proportion of participants with abnormal anxiety and depression was 29.0% and 20.9%, respectively. Distress was reported in 23.0% of the respondents. A total of 16.45% had combined abnormal anxiety and depression. The highest HADS-A (6.10; 95% CI 5.64‒6.56), HADS-D (5.61; 95% CI 5.14‒6.08), and HADS-T (11.71; 95% CI 10.84‒12.58) scores were reported among respondents during Phase 4 of the MCO. Partial least squares-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) revealed that self-perceived health status, perceived susceptibility, and severity of COVID-19 have the greatest effect, leading to higher HADS-A, HADS-D, and HADS-T scores. Conclusion: Heightened psychological distress was evident in cancer survivors particularly during the enforcement of the MCO over COVID-19. Providing support to address cancer survivors’ psychological and emotional needs during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential.Implication for cancer survivors: Cancer survivors or their carers should be made aware of the high psychological risk during infectious disease outbreaks and seek timely support.
Genetic testing and serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing facility in Japan
Authors: Chong Yong , Tani Naoki , Ikematsu Hideyuki , Terazawa Nobuto , Nakashima Hitoshi , Shimono Nobuyuki , Akashi Koichi , Tanaka Yosuke
Published: August 2020

Background: The Pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has critically impacted the spread of infection within nursing facilities. We evaluated the usefulness of genetic and serological tests conducted during a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing facility in Japan.Methods: After the first identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a comprehensive, facility- and/or unit-wide PCR testing from nasopharyngeal swabs was repeatedly performed in a three-unit facility including 99 residents with dementia and 53 healthcare personnel. Additionally, PCR testing was conducted separately for residents and staff with fever of ≥37.5 oC. Facility-wide serological testing, including rapid kit testing and quantitative assay, was conducted twice over 1 month apart.Results: A total of 322 PCR and 257 antibody tests were performed. 37 (24.3%) of the 152 individuals (25/99 residents, 25.3%; 12/53 staff, 22.6%) were identified as PCR-positive. Seven residents died with a mortality of 7.1% (7/99). Among the 37 individuals, 10 (27.0%) were asymptomatic at the time of testing. PCR positivity was concentrated on one unit (Unit 1) (20/30 residents, 66.7%; 9/14 staff, 64.3%). The other units showed a limited spread of infection. In unit-wide and separate tests, PCR positivity detection was highly prevalent (22.9% and 44.4%, respectively) in Unit 1, compared with that in the other units. Serological testing identified two additional infected residents with a negative PCR result and showed that no staff was newly identified as infected.Conclusions: Thorough PCR testing, in combination with comprehensive and separate tests, is critical for managing COVID-19 outbreaks in nursing facilities, particularly, in units considered an epicenter. Serological testing is also beneficial for tracing contacts, confirming the number of infected individuals, and authorizing the termination of the outbreak.
Characterization of the Cytokinin Sensor TCSv2 in Arabidopsis and Tomato
Authors: Steiner Evyatar , Israeli Alon , Gupta Rupali , Shwartz Ido , Nir Ido , Leibman-Markus Meirav , Tal Lior , Farber Mika , Amsalem Ziva , Ori Naomi , Muller Bruno , Bar Maya
Published: August 2020

Background: Hormones are crucial to plant life and development. Being able to follow the plants hormonal response to various stimuli and throughout developmental processes is an important and increasingly widespread tool. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) has crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.Results: Here we describe a version of the CK sensor Two Component signaling Sensor (TCS), referred to as TCSv2. TCSv2 has a different arrangement of binding motifs when compared to previous TCS versions, resulting in increased sensitivity in some examined tissues. Here, we examine the CK responsiveness and distribution pattern of TCSv2 in arabidopsis and tomato. Conclusions: the increased sensitivity and reported expression pattern of TCSv2 make it an ideal TCS version to study CK response in particular hosts, such as tomato, and particular tissues, such as leaves and flowers.
Bacterial Infections after Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Shafiekhani Mojtaba , Shahriarirad Reza , parandvar Nahid , Kazemi Kourosh , Vazin Afsaneh
Published: August 2020

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative therapy for acute and chronic end-stage liver disease in pediatrics. Nevertheless, bacterial infection post-transplant account for one of the most significant causes of mortality which requires attention, along with appropriate antibacterial treatment. Therefor this study was designed to provide a multifaceted overview of bacterial infections during a one-year experience in the biggest pediatrics LT center in Iran.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, records from all liver transplant pediatrics in Abu-Ali Sina hospital, Shiraz, Fars, Iran from April 2019 to February 2020 were assessed. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical data were extracted along with the administered therapeutic approach for the patient.Results: an incidence of 67.9% bacterial infection rate was observed, in which more than 64.06% of isolated pathogens were Gram-negative and 35.93% were gram-positive. The most isolated pathogens were E. coli sp. and pseudomonas sp. for gram negative, and enterococci and staph sp. for gram positive. Our study demonstrated that Intra-abdominal Surgical Site Infections (24.24%) was the most common site of infections in post LT pediatrics. According to the results of the sensitivity-resistance pattern of isolated pathogens, 24.39% of isolated gram-negative bacteria were Extensively drug resistant (XDR). Also, 30.43% of gram-positive bacteria were Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and 8.69% of them were methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed that the only risk factor for bacterial infections after LT is the length of stay in the ICU. The mortality rate in our study was 22%, which was significantly higher among the infection group (P = 0.008). Also, it was found that patients receiving colistin had a significantly shorter in length of stay in the ICU and hospital than those who did not receive colistin. There is no any significant difference between piperacillin-tazobactm versus meropenem as empirical treatment regarding clinical outcomes.Conclusion: a high rate of bacterial infection was detected among hospitalized pediatrics in the early period after LT. High antibacterial resistance of bacteria isolated from LT pediatrics is alarming. Furthermore, Replacement of piperacillin-tazobactam instead of carbapenems in empirical treatment should be considered.
Effectiveness and trend forecasting of tuberculosis diagnosis after the introduction of rapid molecular testing in a city in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Berra Thaís Zamboni , Gomes Dulce , Ramos Antônio Carlos Vieira , Alves Yan Mathias , Bruce Alexandre Tadashi Inomata , Arroyo Luiz Henrique , Santos Felipe Lima dos , Souza Ludmilla Leidianne Limirio , Crispim Juliane de Almeida , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre
Published: August 2020

Background

To evaluate the effectiveness of a rapid molecular test for the detection of tuberculosis and to predict the behaviour of the disease in a municipality of Brazil where tuberculosis is endemic.
Methods

An ecological study was carried out in Ribeirão Preto-SP on a population of tuberculosis cases notified between 2006 and 2017. Monthly tuberculosis incidence rates and the Average Monthly Percentage Change (AMPC) were calculated. In order to identify changes in the series, the breakpoint technique was performed; the rates were modelled and predictions of the incidence of tuberculosis until 2025 were made.
Results

AMPC showed a fall of 0.69% per month in tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (TB-HIV) co-infection, a fall of 0.01% per month in general and lung tuberculosis and a fall of 0.33% per month in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. With the breakpoint technique, general and pulmonary tuberculosis changed in structure in late 2007, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis and TB-HIV co-infection changed in structure after 2014, which is considered as the cut-off point. The IMA(3) models were adjusted for general and pulmonary tuberculosis and TB-HIV co-infection, and the AR(5) models for extrapulmonary TB, and predictions were performed.
Conclusions

It is necessary that the algorithms for the care of a person with tuberculosis are followed and the diagnostic means used correctly in order to break the chain of transmission of tuberculosis and reduce its indexes.
Nebulized ivermectin for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, a proof of concept, dose-ranging study in rats
Authors: Chaccour Carlos , Abizanda Gloria , Irigoyen-Barrio Ángel , Casellas Aina , Aldaz Azucena , Martínez-Galán Fernando , Hammann Felix , Gil Ana Gloria
Published: August 2020

Background: Ivermectin is a widely used antiparasitic drug with known efficacy against several single-strain RNA viruses. Recent data shows significant reduction of SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro by ivermectin concentrations not achievable with safe doses orally. Inhaled therapy has been used with success for other antiparasitics. Methods: An ethanol-based ivermectin formulation was administered once to 14 rats using a nebulizer capable of delivering particles with alveolar deposition. Rats were randomly assigned into three target dosing groups, lower dose (80-90 mg/kg), higher dose (110-140 mg/kg) or ethanol vehicle only. A toxicology profile including behavioral and weight monitoring, full blood count, biochemistry, necropsy and histological examination of the lungs was conducted. The pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in plasma and lungs was determined in all animals. Results: There were no relevant changes in behavior or body weight. There was a delayed elevation in muscle enzymes compatible with rhabdomyolysis, that was also seen in the control group and has been attributed to the ethanol dose which was up to 11 grams/kg in some animals. There were no histological anomalies in the lungs of any rat. Male animals received a higher ivermectin dose adjusted by adipose weight and reached higher plasma concentrations than females in the same dosing group (mean Cmax 86.2 ng/ml vs 26.2 ng/ml in the lower dose group and 152 ng/ml vs 51.8 ng/ml in the higher dose group). All subjects had detectable ivermectin concentrations in the lungs at seven days post intervention, up to 524.3 ng/g for high-dose male and 27.3 ng/g for low-dose females. Conclusion: nebulized ivermectin can reach pharmacodynamic concentrations in the lung tissue of rats, additional experiments are required to assess the safety of this formulation in larger animals.
Fabrication and Optical Properties of Er 2-x Yb x Zr 2 O 7 Transparent Ceramics
Authors: Deng Ting , Zhang Kuibao , Liu Kui , Zeng Jianjun , Chen Daimeng , Guo Haiyan
Published: August 2020

In this study, transparent Er 2-x Yb x Zr 2 O 7 (x = 0-2.0) ceramics were successfully prepared
by vacuum sintering at 1850 °C for 6 h. The phase composition, microstructure evolution and optical transmittance of the transparent ceramics were investigated. The powders and ceramics demonstrate a single-phase defective fluorite structure. All the ceramics exhibit excellent optical performance and the highest transmittance can reach to 76% at 1100 nm when x=1.0. The upconversion and infrared emission under 980 nm exciting were measured and discussed as well. The Er 2-x Yb x Zr 2 O 7 (x=0-2.0) transparent ceramics exhibit efficient upconversion photoluminescence emission in the visible wavelength region at 524  nm, 541  nm, 650  nm and downconversion emission at 1525  nm, 1565 nm, 1646 nm.
Mathematical Model and Geometrical Design Method of Noncircular Face Gear with Intersecting Axes
Authors: Liu Dawei , Lv Zhenzhen , Zhao Guohao
Published: August 2020

In order to establish the design method of a noncircular face gear (NFG) with intersecting axes, the meshing theory of this gear is investigated based on the principle of space gear meshing. A generalized approach for designing closed pitch curve of the NFG with intersecting axes is proposed based on Fourier series. The mathematical model of the NFG generated by a shaper cutter is established. The fundamental design parameters of the gears are defined, with the principle for determining their values discussed. The results of simulation and experiment verify the feasibility of the novel transmission mechanism and the correctness of the mathematical model of NFG with intersecting axes.
Input-Output Types of Fifteen Modules on Discrete and Real Measurements for COVID-19
Authors: Zheng Jeffrey , Zhu Minghan
Published: August 2020

Fifteen modules in the MAS provide unique functions to support wider applications. It is important to describe this set of transformation schemes from input genomes and output results using visualable numbers to briefly explain the transformation mechanism involved in each module. In this paper, vectors, matrices and various measurements are described following each module. From a genomic sequence, there are two types of outputs for three groups: 1) groups A & B related to discrete measurements represented in either vectors or matrices; 2) groups C related real measurements linked to entropy indices restricted in a limited line segment or a certain square region as a hierarchical organization. The main transformations and projections are described. Sample distributions and genomic index maps are illustrated.
Visualizations of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes on Genomic Index Maps
Authors: Zheng Jeffrey , Zhu Minghan , Qiao Mu , Zhou Yang
Published: August 2020

In this paper, comprehensive cases are visualized by {C1, C2, C3, C4} four modules of the MAS. Four sets of SARS-CoV-2 genomes with 20, 128, 381 and 1337 cases were processed to be represented as a series of genomic index maps in four entropies: combinatorial, integrated, mean and topological entropies, respectively. Typical samples and explanations are described. Multiple levels of hierarchical representations are illustrated.
Why prepaid technologies are not a panacea for inclusive and sustainable rural water services in Tanzania?
Authors: Komakech Hans C. , Kwezi Lukas , Ali Mansoor
Published: August 2020

Poor sustainability of rural water schemes is a major problem in service delivery in sub-Saharan Africa. About half of the schemes fail one year after commissioning, mostly due to poor operation and maintenance. Many communities fail to collect and manage water revenue. Prepaid technologies are argued to remedy the poor water revenue management. However, it is not clear to what extent prepaid systems can contribute to the sustainability of rural water schemes. This paper assessed the performance of three different cases where prepaid technologies were used in Tanzania. Although the technologies used can simplify water revenue collection, they are not a panacea to deliver sustainable and equitable water services. The capital cost of the prepaid system is often paid for by donors, which is not being recovered, hence the notion of cost recovery is biased here. Also, a strong institutional capacity and knowledge is required alongside the technology. Therefore, the technology which is being promoted as better for improving cost recovery is, instead, causing a burden on water users.
Promoting equitable water distribution system from Melamchi Water Supply Project in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Ayadi D. P. , Rai A. , Pandey A.
Published: August 2020

The effective and efficient supply of drinking water resources are key to its long-term use and access. In recent decades, the population of Kathmandu Valley has exploded owing to several factors. The water supply system here has also undergone remarkable changes and efforts have been made to enhance its equitable distribution. The major effort, of course, is the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP). As the project approaches completion of its first phase, we would like to point out several key issues for the water distribution system here and express our opinions on promoting equitable water distribution. For this we conducted a thorough literature review and found that improvement in the water distribution network and water tariff in the valley, along with promotion of alternative mitigation options, are the focal issues for promoting an equitable water distribution system in Kathmandu Valley.
O método de trabalho independente nos diálogos de coordenação de disciplinas
Authors: Mavungo Fernando Abel , Coutinho Francisco Ângelo
Published: August 2020

O artigo reflete sobre a pertinência de se pensar o método de trabalho independente nas escolas secundárias em Cabinda, partindo desde a coordenação de disciplina, nos planejamentos de unidades didáticas. O mesmo emerge do estudo desenvolvido por Mavungo (2014) que abordou sobre as valências desse método e das dificuldades metodológicas que envolvem o cotidiano dos professores dessas paragens. Neste artigo argumenta-se que, os contextos educativos predominados por abordagens tradicionalistas, a concepção dos métodos ativos no seio das coordenações de disciplinas propícia os diálogos formativos que consubstanciam a troca de experiências entre os professores, permitindo a ressignificação das suas praticas docentes. Suas conclusões apontam que, fomentar a independência e a criatividade cognitiva dos alunos, através do uso de métodos ativos é um imperativo ético que ajusta a escola aos vários desafios sociais que são enfrentados pelos alunos.
A paixão segundo G.H.: autor e leitor na alegria difícil da alteridade
Authors: Da Silva Aslan Bruno , De Oliveira Lima Samuel Anderson
Published: August 2020

Este artigo propõe uma leitura do romance A paixão segundo G.H., de Clarice Lispector, publicado em 1964. Trata-se, aqui, de uma leitura sobre alteridade, estabelecida pela relação autor-leitor e pela junção da literatura com o pensamento filosófico. Para tanto, buscaremos aporte na teoria existencialista de Jean-Paul Sartre, com sua obra O ser e o nada – ensaio de ontologia fenomenológica (2015b), e nas ideias sobre a questão do autor e do leitor, como elementos literários participantes do processo de escritura do texto literário, desenvolvidas por Antoine Compagnon em O demônio da teoria (2010). Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida no Mestrado em Literatura Comparada.
Role of Atypical Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors Pathways in the Pathogenesis of COPD
Authors: Nucera Francesco , Lo Bello Federica , Shen Sj S. , Ruggeri Paolo , Coppolino Irene , Di Stefano Antonino , Stellato Cristiana , Casolaro Vincenzo , Hansbro Phil M. , Adcock Ian M. , Caramori Gaetano
Published: August 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a heightened inflammatory response in the lung generally resulting from tobacco smoking-induced recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells and/or activation of lower airway structural cells. Several mediators can modulate activation and recruitment of these cells, particularly those belonging to the chemokines (conventional and atypical) family. There is emerging evidence for complex roles of atypical chemokines and their receptors (such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), antimicrobial peptides, receptor for advanced glycosylation end products (RAGE) or toll-like receptors (TLRs)) in the pathogenesis of COPD, both in the stable disease and during exacerbations. Modulators of these pathways represent potential novel therapies for COPD and many are now in preclinical development. Inhibition of only a single atypical chemokine or receptor may not block inflammatory processes because there is redundancy in this network. However, there are many animal studies that encourage studies for modulating the atypical chemokine network in COPD. Thus, few pharmaceutical companies maintain a significant interest in developing agents that target these molecules as potential antiinflammatory drugs. Antibody-based (biological) and small molecule drug (SMD)-based therapies targeting atypical chemokines and/or their receptors are mostly at the preclinical stage and their progression to clinical trials is eagerly awaited. These agents will most likely enhance our knowledge about the role of atypical chemokines in COPD pathophysiology and thereby improve COPD management.
The Emerging Role of COX-2, 15-LOX and PPARγ in Metabolic Diseases and Cancer: An Introduction to Novel Multi-target Directed Ligands (MTDLs)
Authors: Alaaeddine Rana A. , Elzahhar Perihan A. , AlZaim Ibrahim , Abou-Kheir Wassim , Belal Ahmed S.F. , El-Yazbi Ahmed F.
Published: August 2020

Emerging evidence supports an intertwining framework for the involvement of different
inflammatory pathways in a common pathological background for a number of disorders. Of importance
are pathways involving arachidonic acid metabolism by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and
15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Both enzyme activities and their products are implicated in a range of
pathophysiological processes encompassing metabolic impairment leading to adipose inflammation
and the subsequent vascular and neurological disorders, in addition to various pro- and antitumorigenic
effects. A further layer of complexity is encountered by the disparate, and often reciprocal,
modulatory effect COX-2 and 15-LOX activities and metabolites exert on each other or on
other cellular targets, the most prominent of which is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
gamma (PPARγ). Thus, effective therapeutic intervention with such multifaceted disorders requires
the simultaneous modulation of more than one target. Here, we describe the role of COX-2,
15-LOX, and PPARγ in cancer and complications of metabolic disorders, highlight the value of
designing multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) modifying their activity, and summarizing the
available literature regarding the rationale and feasibility of design and synthesis of these ligands
together with their known biological effects. We speculate on the potential impact of MTDLs in
these disorders as well as emphasize the need for structured future effort to translate these early
results facilitating the adoption of these, and similar, molecules in clinical research.
The Emergence of Human Pathogenic Coronaviruses: Lectins as Antivirals for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Sohrab Sayed S. , Suhail Mohd. , Kamal Mohammad A. , Ahmad Fahim , Azhar Esam I.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are common viruses and known to be associated with
respiratory diseases, including pneumonia. Currently, seven human coronaviruses have been identified and
known to cause upper and lower respiratory infections as well as nosocomial viral infections in humans. The bats,
palm civets, and camels are identified as the reservoir of human coronaviruses. In 2002-2003, the emergence of
SARS-CoV resulted in an outbreak and led towards the more awareness and importance of scientific research and
medical urgency.

Methods:

The recently identified SARS-CoV-2 was identified from the seafood market of the city Wuhan, China,
in December 2019 and caused a global pandemic. This virus has now spread to more than 213 countries. This is
the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus after SARS and MERS-CoV. The coronaviruses have RNA as
genetic material and are known to have frequent recombination and mutations in their genome, which lead to the
emergence and re-emergence of new virus strains and isolates with novel properties and extended hosts. The
genetic mutations and suitable environmental conditions result in the emergence and re-emergence of pathogenic
coronaviruses and cause a serious issue to human health and the economy globally. Lectins are the ubiquitous
group of proteins that bind to glycosylated molecules.

Conclusion:

The plant lectins are known to have significant antiviral activities against coronaviruses. Additionally,
the plant lectins can be used as potential therapeutics against bacteria, fungus, yeast, and protozoa. In this
review, we have discussed the current status of human pathogenic coronavirus emergence and the use of plant
lectins as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.
Advancements in Polymer and Lipid-based Nanotherapeutics for Cancer Drug Targeting
Authors: Jahangir Mohammed Asadullah , Taleuzzaman Mohamad , Kala Chandra , Gilani Sadaf Jamal
Published: August 2020

Cancer is a global disease. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide, according to the health
report. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occurs in low- and middle-income countries. According to the
WHO, in 2015 8.8 million deaths were reported due to cancer worldwide. The conventional system of medicine
was used since a long for the management of the disease, but it comes with the drawback of low safety, less efficacy
and non-targeting of cancer cells. Nanotherapeutics has become the most exploited drug targeting system
based on the safety and efficacy this system provides over the conventional system. This review summarizes an
advanced design consideration in anticancer therapy, recent advancements in the nanocarrier-based advanced
drug targeting, challenges and limitations related to nanoparticles-based therapy in cancer and its future perspective.
The review also lists the on-going clinical trials in the last five years on nano-based therapy for different
types of cancer. The data for this article was obtained by an extensive literature review of related published scientific
contents from the WHO’s website, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, clinicaltrials.gov and other relevant scientific
archiving services. The safety and efficacy that nanoparticles provide, and the current research strongly support
their application in cancer drug targeting. However, their presence in the market is still limited. Nanotherapeutics
in cancer drug targeting needs extensive research in association with pharmaceutical industries. Nano-targeting
based therapies are the future of pharmaceutical designing for the diagnosis, management and prevention of different
forms of cancer.
Recent Achievements in Nucleophilic Decarboxylative Addition Reactions
Authors: Melnykov Serhii , Sukach Volodymyr , Vovk Mykhailo
Published: August 2020

Decarboxylative addition reactions are well known as an effective approach to
C–C bonds formation due to the availability of starting reagents, ease of handling, and low
environmental impact. This approach clearly demonstrated its potential for the synthesis
of the variety of acyclic and heterocyclic compounds, including optically active ones. The
significant amount of articles devoted to this topic published in recent years proves the
importance of this approach in modern organic synthesis. In this review, the recent
achievements in decarboxylative addition to C=C, C=N, and C=O bonds have been summarized
and discussed over the last 6 years.
Serum Endocan, Neuron-Specific Enolase and Ischemia-Modified Albumin Levels in Newborns with Partial Blood Exchange Transfusion
Authors: Yarci Erbu , Tayman Cuneyt , Cakir Ufuk , Serkant Utku
Published: August 2020

Background::

Hyperviscosity of blood secondary to polycythemia results in increased resistance
to blood flow and decrease in delivery of oxygen.

Objective::

To evaluate whether serum endocan, NSE and IMA levels can be compared in terms of
endothelial injury/ dysfunction and neuronal damage in term neonates with polycythemia who underwent
PET.

Methods::

38 symptomatic polycythemic newborns having PET and 38 healthy newborns were included
in the study. Blood samples for endocan, NSE and IMA were taken at only postnatal 24
hours of age in the control group and in polycytemia group just before PET, at 24 and 72 hours after
PET.

Results::

The polycythemia group had higher serum endocan(1073,4 ± 644,8 vs. 378,8 ±
95,9ng/ml; p<0.05), IMA(1,32 ± 0,34 vs.0,601 ± 0,095absorbance unit; p<0.05) and NSE(44,7 ±
4,3 vs. 26,91 ± 7,12μg/l; p<0.05) levels than control group before the PET procedure. At 24 hours
after PET, IMA(0,656 ± 0,07 vs. 0,601 ± 0,095absorbance unit; p<0.05) and endocan(510,9 ±
228,6 vs. 378,8 ± 95,9ng/ml; p<0.05) levels were closer to the control group, being still statistically
significant higher. NSE levels decreased to control group levels having no difference between the
PET and control groups at 24 hours after PET (28,98 ± 6,5 vs. 26,91 ± 7,12μg/l; p>0.05). At 72
hours after PET the polycythemia and control groups did not differ statistically for IMA, endocan
and NSE levels (p>0.05).

Conclusion::

Serum endocan and IMA levels can be used as a biomarker for endothelial damage/
dysfunction and tissue hypoxia in infants with symptomatic polycytemia.
Research Progress of Herbal Medicines on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Consideration Based on Toxicology
Authors: Wang Shuting , Li Wanfang , Yang Jianbo , Yang Zengyan , Yang Cuiping , Jin Hongtao
Published: August 2020

:

The clinical application of herbal medicines is increasing, but there is still a lack of comprehensive safety data and in-depth research into mechanisms of action. The composition of herbal medicines is complex, with each herb containing a variety of chemical components. Each of these components may affect the activity of metabolizing enzymes, which may lead to herb-drug interactions. It has been reported that the combined use of herbs and drugs can produce some unexpected interactions. Therefore, this study reviews the progress of research on safety issues caused by the effects of herbs on metabolizing enzymes with reference to six categories of drugs, including antithrombotic drugs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diabetic drugs, statins lipid-lowering drugs, immunosuppressants, and antineoplastic drugs. Understanding the effects of herbs on the activity of metabolizing enzymes could help avoid the toxicity and adverse drug reactions resulting from the co-administration of herbs and drugs, and help doctors to reduce the risk of prescription incompatibility.
Nanosuspension as an Efficient Carrier for Improved Ocular Permeation of Voriconazole
Authors: Qin Tang , Dai Zhu , Xu Xiaodi , Zhang Zilin , You Xiangyu , Sun Hongmei , Liu Mingxing , Zhu Hongda
Published: August 2020

Background:

The present limitations related to the ocular administration of antifungal drugs
for the treatment of fungal keratitis include poor ocular bioavailability, limited retention time, and low
ocular tissue penetration.

Methods:

This study aimed to prepare a novel ophthalmic voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension based
on Eudragit RS 100. Pharmasolve® was explored as a corneal permeation enhancer in voriconazole
ophthalmic formulation using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Briefly, 1% voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension
was prepared using the quasi-emulsion solvent evaporation process.

Results:

Characterizations of the voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension by Zetasizer Nano ZS and
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) showed a uniform spherical shape without any agglomeration.
The well-discreted nanoparticle with a size of 138 ± 1.3 nm was achieved with high entrapment
efficiency (98.6 ± 2.5%) and positive zeta potential in the range of 22.5-31.2mV, indicating excellent
physical stability.

Discussion:

Voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension containing the penetration enhancer displayed good
permeability both in vitro and in vivo compared with the commercial voriconazole injection. The
voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension exhibited good antifungal activity, significantly inhibiting the
growth of Candida albicans at a lower concentration of voriconazole (2.5μg/mL, p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the voriconazole-loaded nanosuspension containing Pharmasolve® can be
used as an effective ophthalmic formulation for the topical ocular delivery of voriconazole.
Robotic Surgery in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Crippa Jacopo , Carvello Michele , Kotze Paulo Gustavo , Spinelli Antonino
Published: August 2020

Background:

Surgery is considered a cornerstone of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
treatment. In the last years, robotic surgery has seen an increase in adoption rates for both benign
and malignant diseases.

Objective:

This work aims to review the current applications of robotic surgery in IBD.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Minimally-invasive techniques have been applied to the treatment of
IBD for more than 20 years. Investments in surgical digital and robotic platforms are increasingly
arising, with an estimate of getting doubled within the next 5 years. Robotic surgery represents the
newest technology available to reduce the impact of surgery on patients affected by IBD, and may
theoretically be even more effective than other minimally-invasive techniques given the lower rate
of conversion to open surgery as compared to laparoscopy according to many large retrospective series.
Data on robotic surgery applied to IBD are still scarce and initial experiences in high-volume
centers from retrospective series suggested that robotic surgery may achieve similar results when
compared to laparoscopy. A new wave of robotics incorporating artificial intelligence is awaited to
empower the capability of IBD surgeon in terms of intraoperative decision-making beyond technical
skill enhancement.
Feasibility of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for COVID-19: A Mini Review
Authors: Li Jingwen , Wang Xinyi , Li Na , Jiang Ying , Huang Heqing , Wang Tao , Lin Zhicheng , Xiong Nian
Published: August 2020

Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 carry the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which
involves multiple systems and organs with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as the most
common complication, largely due to cytokine storms or dysregulated immunity. As such, there are
many severe patients with complications such as cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), who have a high fatality
rate. Neither specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs nor vaccines exist currently. Current treatment relies
mainly on self-recovery through patients' immune function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a
kind of multipotent tissue stem cells, which have powerful anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory
functions, inhibiting the cytokine storms. In addition, MSCs have a strong ability to repair tissue damage
and reduce the risk of severe complications such as acute lung injury and ARDS, and hopefully,
reduce the fatality rate in these patients. There are several clinical types of research completed for
treating COVID-19 with MSCs, all reporting restoration of T cells and clinical safety. Here we discuss
the clinical prospect and conclude the therapeutic effects and potential mechanism for MSCs in treating
COVID-19.
Effect of AnnexinA Group Translocated in Extracellular Vesicles on Tumorigenesis
Authors: Wu Qionghui , Wei Haidong , Meng Wenbo , Xie Xiaodong , Zhang Zhenchang , Su Gang
Published: August 2020

Annexin, a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, can affect tumor
cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, as well as tumor
neovascularization in different ways. Recent studies have shown that annexin exists not
only as an intracellular protein in tumor cells, but also in different ways to be secret
outside the cell as a “cross-talk” tool for tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, thus
playing an important role in the development of tumors, such as participating in
epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulating immune cell behavior, promoting
neovascularization and so on. The mechanism of annexin secretion in the form of
extracellular vesicles and its specific role is still unclear. This paper summarizes the
main role of annexin secreted into the extracellular space in the form of extracellular
vesicles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance and analyzes its possible mechanism.
Recent Developments in the Principles, Modification and Application Prospects of Functionalized Ethosomes for Topical Delivery
Authors: Lu Jianying , Guo Teng , Fan Yunlong , Li Zhe , He Zehui , Yin Shuo , Feng Nianping
Published: August 2020

Transdermal drug delivery helps to circumvent the first-pass effect of drugs and to avoid
drug-induced gastrointestinal tract irritation, compared with oral administration. With the extensive
application of ethosomes in transdermal delivery, the shortages of them have been noticed continuously.
Due to the high concentration of volatile ethanol in ethosomes, there are problems of drug leakage, system
instability, and ethosome-induced skin irritation. Thus, there is a growing interest in the development
of new generations of ethosomal systems. Functionalized ethosomes have the advantages of increased
stability, improved transdermal performances, an extended prolonged drug release profile and
site-specific delivery, due to their functional materials. To comprehensively understand this novel carrier,
this review summarizes the properties of functionalized ethosomes, their mechanism through the
skin and their modifications with different materials, validating their potential as promising transdermal
drug delivery carriers. Although functionalized ethosomes have presented a greater role for enhanced
topical delivery, challenges regarding their design and future perspectives are also discussed.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated Drug Delivery in Tumor-Targeted Therapy
Authors: Xie Mengying , Tao Lei , Zhang Ziqi , Wang Wei
Published: August 2020

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) possess unique properties that make them potential carriers
for cancer therapy. MSCs have been documented to have low immunogenicity, positive safety in clinical
trials, and the ability to selectively perform homing to inflammation and tumor sites. This review
aims to introduce tumor tropism mechanism and effects of MSCs on tumor cells, and give an overview
of MSCs in delivering gene therapeutic agents, oncolytic viruses and chemotherapeutics, as well as the
application of MSCs-derived exosomes in tumor-targeted therapy.
Haptoglobin Polymorphisms and Fucosylation Change: Possible Influence of Variation on the Identified Lung Cancer-relevant Biomarkers
Authors: Boonyapranai Kongsak , Ounjaijean Sakaewan , Kulprachakarn Kanokwan , Potpromanee Laddawan , Chen Miles Chih-Ming , Tsai Hsien-Yu , Chen Shui Tien
Published: August 2020

Background:

Haptoglobin (Hp), an acute-phase protein, is known as a potential diagnostic
biomarker in human diseases. Two alleles of Hp (Hp1
and Hp2
) exist in humans allowing three
phenotypes (Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2), which influence the biophysical and biological properties
of Hp.

Objective:

This work aimed to investigate the variation of serum level and fucosylation change
among Hp phenotypes in patients with lung cancer compared to healthy donors.

Methods:

44 patients with lung cancer and 26 healthy blood donors who lived in the Northern-Thailand
region were investigated by the glycoproteomic procedure.

Results:

The phenotypic distribution of the Hp (Hp1-1:Hp2-1:Hp2-2) in healthy donors was
0.04:0.38:0.58, while the patient group was 0.09:0.52:0.39. The Hp1
allele frequency of patients
with lung cancer (0.34) was higher than the healthy donor (0.23). Glycoprotein blotting technique
represented that the level of serum Hp and its fucosylation were significantly higher among lung
cancer patients compared to those of the healthy donors. However, a downward trend in the fucosylation
level from Hp1-1 to Hp2-1, Hp2-2, was seen in the patient group, but varying in the serum
Hp level. An N-linked glycan was enzymatically released from discrete Hp multimers of Hp2-1
and Hp2-2 samples. Analysis of glycan profiling by MALDI-TOF-MS showed that reduction of
the fucosylated glycan was associated with the size of Hp multimers, resulting in the lower level of
fucosylation in Hp2-1 and Hp2-2, respectively.

Conclusion:

Our finding demonstrates that the Hp phenotype is a dependent risk factor for lung
cancer and should be incorporated into further clinical and biochemical investigations of diseases,
including lung cancer.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran
Authors: Movaghar Nahid T. , Mojarrad Saber , Shahraki Hadi R. , Nazari Mohammadreza , Hadadi Mahtab , Motamedifar Mohammad
Published: August 2020

Background:

Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such
as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency
Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular
carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information,
this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients
in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection
control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern
Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV,
and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis,
were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18.

Results:

Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female.
The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV
infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly
younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017].

Conclusion:

It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD
patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher
than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended
in HD centers.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Does Being Unemployed Matter? Insights from the GSCAD Registry
Authors: Daoulah Amin , Al-Faifi Salem M. , Hurley William T. , Alasmari Abdulaziz , Ocheltree Mohammed , Abushanab Rami H. , Hussein Hisham , Emam Ahmed A. , Grewal Vikram , Jafary Zainab M. , Hersi Ahmad S. , Devol Edward B. , Alsheikh-Ali Alawi A. , Haneef Ali A. , Lotfi Amir , G-SCAD investigators
Published: August 2020

Background:

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has emerged as an important
cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and sudden cardiac death. Physical or emotional
stressors are the most commonly reported triggers for SCAD. Unemployment has been identified
as a source of emotional stress and is linked to poor mental and physical health.

Objective:

To examine the association between employment status and in-hospital and follow-up
adverse cardiovascular events in patients with SCAD.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective, multi-center, observational study of patients undergoing
coronary angiography for ACS between January 2011 and December 2017. The total number of patients
enrolled was 198,000. Patients were diagnosed with SCAD based on angiographic and intravascular
imaging modalities whenever available. There were 83 patients identified with SCAD
from 30 medical centers in 4 Arab gulf countries. In-hospital (myocardial infarction, percutaneous
intervention, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, cardiogenic shock, death, internal cardioverter/
defibrillator placement, dissection extension) and follow-up (myocardial infarction, de novo
SCAD, death, spontaneous superior mesenteric artery dissection) cardiac events were compared
among those who were employed and those who were not.

Results:

The median age of patients in the study was 44 (37- 55) years. There were 42 (50.6%) female
patients, and 41 (49.4) male patients. Of the cohort, 50 (60%) of the patients were employed
and the remaining 33 (40%) were unemployed. 66% of all men were employed and 76% of all women
were unemployed. After adjusting for gender unemployment was associated with worse in-
-hospital and follow-up cardiac events (adjusted OR 7.1, [1.3, 37.9]), p = 0.021.

Conclusion:

Adverse cardiovascular events were significantly worse for patients with SCAD who
were unemployed.
Fluid-fluid Levels in Musculoskeletal Tumor Imaging
Authors: Tsukamoto Shinji , Errani Costantino , Facchini Fabio , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis , Mavrogenis Andreas F.
Published: August 2020

Fluid-fluid levels result from the separation of two fluids of differing densities within a
cavernous space with the boundary between the two layers running in a horizontal plane at 90 degrees
to the direction of gravity. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive imaging modality
to identify fluid-fluid levels. Although the most common bone lesions containing fluid-fluid levels
are aneurysmal bone cyst and telangiectatic osteosarcoma, fluid-fluid levels can be observed in
a wide variety of bone and soft tissue lesions. Therefore, fluid-fluid levels cannot be considered diagnostic
of any particular type of tumor and the diagnosis should be made on the basis of other clinical,
radiological and pathological findings. This article summarizes the pathophysiology and imaging
characteristics of fluid-fluid levels and discusses the differential diagnosis of tumors with this
imaging sign.