bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Lives, Corporate Women and Social Change
Authors: Helmers Sabine
Published: December 2004

Managing Lives, Corporate Women and Social Change, Sue J. M. Freeman. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990,. + 262 pp.
The Workplace Within: Psychodynamics of Organizational Life
Authors: Walck Christa L.
Published: December 2004

The Workplace Within: Psychodynamics of Organizational Life. Larry Hirschhorn. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1988. + 265 pp.
Manufacturing Against the Odds: Small‐Scale Producers in an Andean City
Authors: O'Connor Francis A.
Published: December 2004

Manufacturing Against the Odds: Small‐Scale Producers in an Andean City, Hans C. Buechler and Judith‐Maria Buechler. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992
Book Reviews
Authors: Applebaum Herbert , Simon Scott , Marshall Robert C.
Published: December 2004

Lilies of the Field: Marginal People Who Live for the Moment. Sophie Day. Evthymios Papataxiarchis, Michael Stewart, eds. Boulder, CO: Westvjew Press, 1999.

Other Modernities: Gendered Yearnings in China After Socialism. Lisa Rofel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Japanese Working Class Lives: An Ethnographic Study of Factory Workers. James E. Roberson. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Talking Academic Blues
Authors: McGuckin Eric
Published: December 2004

Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis. Cary Nelson. ed. Foreword by Barbara Ehrenreich. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
Panama's Poor: Victims, Agents, and Historymakers.
Authors: Mitchell William P.
Published: December 2004

Panama's Poor: Victims, Agents, and Historymakers. Gloria Rudolf. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1999.
The Last Harvest: The Genetic Gamble that Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture
Authors: Piper Jon K.
Published: December 2004

The Last Harvest: The Genetic Gamble that Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture. Paul Raeburn. Lincoln: Bison Books, University of Nebraska Press, 1995. Hardcover $21.60, paperback $10.80.
People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany
Authors: Drass Richard R.
Published: December 2004

People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany. Kristen J. Gremillion. ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997. $29.95 Paperback.
Rural Resistence to Globalization and Agricultural Change
Authors: Rhoads Russell
Published: December 2004

Progress, Hunger and Envy: Commercial Agriculture, Marketing and Social Transformation in the Venezuelan Andes, Monica Lindh de Montoya. Sweden: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, 1996.

The Force of Irony: Power in the Everyday Life of Mexican Tomato Workers, Gabriel Torres. New York: Berg, 1997.
Child Growth and Nutrition in Developing Countries: Priorities for Action
Authors: Gray Sandra
Published: December 2004

Child Growth and Nutrition in Developing Countries: Priorities for Action Per Pinstrup‐Andersen. David Pelletier. and Harold Alderman. eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua
Authors: Schroeder Michael J.
Published: December 2004

Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua Laura J. Enríquez. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Choctaws at the Crossroads: The Political Economy of Class and Culture in the Oklahoma Timber Region
Authors: Gelo Daniel J.
Published: December 2004

Choctaws at the Crossroads: The Political Economy of Class and Culture in the Oklahoma Timber Region. Sandra Faiman‐Silva. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
From Predator to Pet: Social Relationships of the Saami Reindeer‐Herding Dog
Authors: Anderson Myrdene
Published: December 2004

The Saami culture crystallizes around the image of the reindeer and the activities of reindeer herding and husbandry. Crucial to this livelihood, and to the hunting culture which preceded it, is the reindeer‐herding dog. This essential partner in herding and domestic chores is not trained but rather, like the child, matures with a unique constellation of traits. Saami women breed, cull, and distribute the dogs, and again shelter them in their retirement, but it is the dog's partner, likely an active male herder, whose reputation is bound up with that of the dog. The dog, with a known matriline, may be referred to a putative sire or even to an extensive canine clan. Actual dog‐dog relations shape interpersonal and working relationships, insofar as belligerent dog pairs preclude their partners' cooperation. In sum, Saami actively project their own prized autonomy and individuality onto these partners, and to a lesser extent onto the reindeer as well. In Saami society, these dogs are not pets, though they have become registered show commodities outside Lapland.
Making Experience Come Out of Right: Culture As Biography
Authors: Plath David W.
Published: December 2004

Culture is not external to the life of self but constitutive of it. This theme is elaborated by use of 3 examples. (1) Montaigne's Essays record 18 years of a self “consubstantial” with its writings. The example raises the question: Is self‐inscription a major element in many types of cultural activity? (2) The lives of Chang and Eng Bunker, the “Original Siamese Twins,” unseparated for 63 years, are used to ask the question: To what extent can biography be understood apart from biology, or one life understood apart from the lives around it? (3) In Inoue Yasushi's Chronicle of My Mother, a woman's self‐understanding of her biography differs radically from her personal history as construed by her children and grandchildren. Here the question is: To what extent is selfunderstanding “consubstantial” with the interpretations made by others. The general suggestion is that selfhood has to be examined, in cultural analysis, as a temporal phenomenon and not as a “structure” individuated and spaced‐out from the rest of culture. Culture then becomes a window‐of‐opportunity for the completing of self‐projects.
Dialogue And Shared Authority: Informants As Critics
Authors: Buckley Thomas
Published: December 2004

Contemporary dialogic theory in anthropology offers a substantial critique of ethnographic method. The notions of “co‐authorship” and of “ethnographic authority” are central to this critique. While contributive, however, these notions also polarize debate, obscuring variations in the history of anthropology and reducing the complexity of the ethnographic situation. When faced, such complexity constitutes an impasse to dialogue. The paper suggests that the route out of this impasse lies in recognizing the limits of the co‐authorial stance and the inevitability of a degree of “ethnographic authority. ” Doing so, it is argued, opens the possibility of sharing theoretical and methodological authority with (particularly literate) informants, rather than fruitlessly trying to abdicate it. The approach is illustrated through incidents that occurred during the author's fieldwork among the Yurok Indians in northwestern California.
Humanistic Conservation: A Proposed Alliance Between Anthropology and Environmentalists
Authors: Crespi Muriel , Greenberg Adolph
Published: December 2004

This article is a preliminary attempt to address an imperative. We begin with case materials describing past conservation impacts on local peoples and a review of the literature dealing with Man and the Biosphere (MAB) and other conservation programs worldwide. We conclude our discussion with a suggestion that recent developments in ecological anthropology, particularly, the advent of processual models, can provide the basis for an important rapprochement among the imperatives underlying natural resource policies, the rights of local populations to traditional resources, and the potential for continued voluntary cultural diversity. These approaches along with the anthropological outreach to environmentalists, whether in agencies or among traditional resource users, will benefit local peoples, anthropology, and the continued efforts to protect the world biome.
Roles: A Strategy To Avoid Information Overload
Authors: Richards Cara E.
Published: December 2004

Materialists have delineated technological and environmental factors that constrain human choices. This article suggests a known and tested mental factor, information processing, that serves a similar purpose and consequently also plays a role in organizing behavior. The limitations and the methods used for circumventing those limitations provide a framework for human interaction. Combining the interplay of mental and technoenvironmental constraints increases our ability to explain human behavior.
Perceptions of Mental Disorders in the Context of Social Change: Correlates and Implications for Socio‐Medical Behavior
Authors: Fosu Gabriel B.
Published: December 2004

Using data from a sample survey undertaken in 1982, this study examines the perceptions and attitudes of 1000 women in Accra toward mental disorders. The majority of the women in the sample perceive the causes of mental disorders to be stress‐related, though some serious mental disorders are still thought to be of supernatural origin. The implications of such perceptions for an effective integration of mental health care into primary health services are discussed.
Determinants of Infant Mortality in Rural Nepal
Authors: Sharma Khim , Subedi Janardan
Published: December 2004

Infant Mortality in Nepal is among the highest in the world. Since the 1950s a number of studies have examined the causes of infant mortality in Nepal. This study attempts to identify the causes of infant mortality using a comprehensive approach. In other words, this study incorporates biological, socio‐economic, behavioral, psychological, environmental, and health care factors to provide a thorough understanding of the underlying causes of infant mortality.

Data for the study was collected in the Fall of 1987 and were based on interviews with 621 mothers who gave birth between April 15,1984 and April 14,1986 in twenty‐six randomly selected villages in Deokhari Valley, Western Nepal.

The results indicate that biological factors are the intermediate or proximate variables through which all other variables operate to affect infant mortality. The study concludes by stressing the need for a comprehensive approach in health care services that emphasize both the curative as well as preventive aspects.
Institutional Pluralism: The Incomplete Differentiation of Health Care in Nepal
Authors: Subedi Janardan , Subedi Sree
Published: December 2004

Prior research on the presence of medical pluralism and factors affecting utilization patterns within such societies/systems have been able to provide only variable oriented explanations. This paper draws on differentiation theory to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the context of medical pluralism in the developing countries. For the purpose, the South Asian country of Nepal is selected as a basic example. It is inferred that the arguments/theory presented in the paper will be applicable to other third world societies which have medical pluralism as well. This paper suggests that differentiation in these third world societies has not resulted in the formation of a single formal health care complex as in most developed countries. For example, in Nepal three overlapping and competing health care systems (folk, traditional, modern) have evolved producing a pattern we call “incomplete differentiation” in which there are no clearly demarcated boundaries separating the responsibilities of each health care system. Furthermore, in this incompletely differentiated system, modern medicine faces stiff competition with the folk/traditional health care systems over cultural legitimation.
Some Symbolic Dimensions of Andean Materia Medica
Authors: Oths Kathryn S.
Published: December 2004

Therapeutic healing symbols should be recognized as being embedded in and arising from a cultural context, which both specialists and nonspecialists then draw upon in treating the sick. The symbolic aspects of material features of medical systems have been discussed in reference to biomedicine, but little discussion has been devoted to these symbolic dimensions of traditional medical systems. Ethnographic data from an Andean hamlet in Northern Peru provides evidence that the symbolic content of remedies is rooted in the collective experience of the people and can be shared across all types of healing encounters. The three symbolic qualities of materia medica identified are blackness, topicality and liquidity, [index words: symbolic healing, ethnomedicine, medical anthropology, Peru, Andes]
“Identical” Designs On Three Bora Artifacts
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: December 2004

A wooden mask and a gourd rattle were among the artifacts collected in a Peruvian Bora community in 1982. In order to preserve the design, the vendor of the mask had his wife copy the design on a new gourd rattle in my presence. The designs on all three objects were said to be "identical.” However, examination of the designs suggests that they are quite dissimilar, at least in a western sense. Several points of interest arise. First, the mask was the master from which the new gourd was copied, not the original gourd. Second, the dissimilarity of the designs on the three artifacts indicates that "identical" means something quite different to my Bora informant than to this anthropologist. Third, Bora art is a living tradition which can still be studied in the field.
Material Culture and Anthropology
Authors: Kryder‐Reid Elizabeth
Published: December 2004

Barrie Reynolds and Margaret A. Stott. editors 1987 Material Anthropology: Contemporary Approaches to Material Culture. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. 242 pp., 52 illustrations, $26.50 (hard cover), 113.25 (paper).
Under Scrutiny: Computers In Collections Management
Authors: Butler Patrick H.
Published: December 2004

D. Andrew Roberts. editor 1988 Collections Management for Museums: Proceedings of an International Conference Held In Cambridge, England. 26‐29 September 1987, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Museum Documentation Association. 237 pp., hardbound. 31 pounds (British)
This Exhibition is Anchored in History, Saturated with Dignity.
Authors: Garfield Donald
Published: December 2004

The Way to Independence: Memories of. Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840‐1920. The Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN. Curatcd by Carolyn Gilman .
The Challenge of Native American Art and Material Culture
Authors: Parezo Nancy J.
Published: December 2004

Vast quantities of published and archival information on Native American/First Nation visual arts, crafts, and material culture exist. Researchers must be knowledgeable about numerous disciplines if they are is to perform a minimally adequate job when working on specific research problems. Professional works appear under the aegis of several disciplines such as anthropology, Native American studies, art history, history, economics, geography, American studies, folklore, and regional studies. In addition, articles are found in semi‐professional and popular journals and in difficult‐to‐find exhibition catalogues. Scholars find it difficult to locate relevant sources due to the sheer number of references and their scattered nature. In this brief paper I analyze this increasingly serious problem from the researcher's point of view by discussing the central tasks involved in conducting research, especially with regard to available bibliographic and reference sources. Examples will be drawn from my own experience in constructing an annotated bibliography for Southwest Native American arts, crafts, and material culture. It is hoped that the suggested strategies will assist future studies with library research.
Book Reviews
Authors: Adams Monni
Published: December 2004

Dorothy K. Washburn. Style, Classification and Ethnicity: Design Categories on Bakuba Raffia Cloth (1990). Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 80, 3. 157 pp. 112 B/W photographs, computer designs, bibliography, map, table, appendices, index. $20 (paper). The American Philosophical Society, 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106.
Exhibition Reviews
Authors: Wilson Thomas H.
Published: December 2004

Mexico: Splendors of Thirty Centuries, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (10/10/90 to 1/13/91), the San Antonio Museum of Art (4/6/91 to 8/4/91), and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (10/6/91 to 12/29/91).
The Sculpture of Indonesia; Court Arts of Indonesia
Authors: Bronson Bennet
Published: December 2004

The Sculpture of Indonesia. National Gallery of Art, Washington (July 1‐November 4, 1990); Houston Museum of Fine Arts (December 9, 1990‐March 17, 1991); Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (April 21‐August 18, 1991); Asian Art Museum of San Francisco (September 28, 1991‐January 5, 1992).

Court Arts of Indonesia. Asia Society, New York (September 19‐December 16, 1990); Dallas Museum of Art (February 10‐April 7, 1991); Sadder Gallery, Washington (May 19‐September 2, 1991); Los Angeles County Natural History Museum (October 9, 1991‐January 5, 1992).
History Curator ship (1991)
Authors: Yerkovich Sally
Published: December 2004

Gaynor Kavanagh History Curatorship. Leicester Museum Studies Series. Smithsonian Institution. March 1991. xv. 183pp. $29.95 (hardcover).
Iaia rocks the sixties: The painting revolution at the institute of American Indian arts
Authors: Mithlo Nancy Marie
Published: December 2004

Iaia rocks the sixties: The painting revolution at the institute of American Indian arts. February 2. September 30 2001, Institute of American Indian Arts Museum, Santa Fe, New Mexico
Titelbild: Palladium‐katalysierte enantioselektive Dominoreaktion zur effizienten Synthese von Vitamin E (Angew. Chem. 2/2005)
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Sommer Konrad M. , Zinngrebe Julia , Stecker Florian
Published: December 2004

Eine Dominoreaktion besteht aus mehreren nacheinander ablaufenden Transformationen, in denen unter Bindungsknüpfung oder Fragmentierung die jeweils nachfolgende Reaktion an im vorhergehenden Schritt gebildeten Funktionen erfolgt. L. F. Tietze et al. wenden dieses Konzept bei der auf S. 262 ff. beschriebenen Synthese von Vitamin E an. Sie schildern ein enantioselektives, Palladium‐katalysiertes Verfahren, mit dem das chirale Chroman‐Gerüst mit 96 % ee aufgebaut und zugleich ein Teil der Seitenkette eingeführt werden kann.
A QM/MM Study of the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Terminal Aliphatic n‐Alkenes with OsO4⋅(DHQD)2PYDZ: Enantioselectivity as a Function of Chain Length
Authors: Drudis‐Solé Galí , Ujaque Gregori , Maseras Feliu , Lledós Agustí
Published: December 2004

The dihydroxylation of terminal aliphatic n‐alkenes catalyzed by OsO4⋅(DHQD)2PYDZ ((DHQD)2PYDZ=bis(dihydroquinidine)pyridazine) has been computationally studied by the hybrid QM/MM IMOMM(Becke3LYP:MM3) method. The cases of propene, 1‐butene, 1‐pentene, 1‐hexene, 1‐heptene, 1‐octene, 1‐nonene, and 1‐decene have been considered. A systematic treatment for the large number of possible conformations of the longer chain alkenes has been defined and applied, leading to the selection of approximately 1700 conformations to be computed. The IMOMM calculations of the transition states formed between these conformations and the catalyst generate enantiomeric excesses that closely resemble the experimental data of related systems, specifically in the preference for the R isomer and in its dependence on the chain length of the substrate. The selectivity increases sharply with the elongation of the short‐chain alkenes until a ceiling value is reached, with further elongations having little effect on the enantiomeric excess (ee). These results are rationalized through the partitioning of the total energy of selected conformers, a process that leads to the identification of the most relevant regions of the catalyst and the characterization of the interactions critical for selectivity.
Synthetic and Theoretical Study of the Incorporation of Metal Halides in [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)]
Authors: García‐Castro María , Gracia José , Martín Avelino , Mena Miguel , Poblet Josep‐M. , Sarasa José Pedro , Yélamos Carlos
Published: December 2004

The capacity of the imido‐nitrido organometallic ligand [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)] (1) to entrap main group metal halides MXn has been investigated. Treatment of 1 with metal halides in toluene or dichloromethane afforded several soluble adducts [MXn(L)] (L=1) in good yields. The reaction of 1 with one equivalent of Group 1 and 13 monohalides MX afforded single cube‐type complexes [XM{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}] (M=Li, X=Br (2), I (3); M=Na, X=I (4); M=In, X=I (5); M=Tl, X=I (6)). Analogous treatment of 1 with Group 2 and 14 dihalides MX2 gave the corresponding adducts [I2M{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}] (M=Mg (7), Ca (8), Sr (9)) and [Cl2M{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}] (M=Sn (10), Pb (11)). The treatment of 1 with SnI2 or the reaction of 10 with MeI at 60 °C afforded two azametallocubane units linked by two bridging iodine atoms [{ISn(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}2(μ‐I)2] (12). Indium triiodide reacted with 1 in toluene to form the adduct [I3In(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)] (13). Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to study these processes and evaluate the influence of the solvent. X‐ray crystal structure determinations have been performed for complexes 10, 12, and 13.
An Expedient Synthesis of the Repeating Unit of the Acidic Polysaccharide of the Bacteriolytic Complex of Lysoamidase
Authors: Litjens Remy E. J. N. , den Heeten René , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A.
Published: December 2004

The first synthesis of the trisaccharide repeating unit of the acidic polysaccharide of the bacteriolytic complex of lysoamidase is presented. The construction is based on a linear glycosylation strategy that starts from the reducing end and employs thio‐ and selenoglycosides in a highly stereoselective manner by a single set of activation conditions. The thus‐formed trisaccharide is selectively deprotected and oxidised, after which a final deprotection step furnishes the desired repeating unit.
Estimating the optimal external‐beam radiotherapy utilization rate for genitourinary malignancies
Authors: Delaney Geoff , Jacob Susannah , Barton Michael
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Benchmark radiotherapy utilization rates for genitourinary malignancies are largely unknown, despite the finding that genitourinary cancers comprise approximately 19% of all registered malignancies in Australia.

METHODS

To develop an evidence‐based benchmark of the optimal proportion of patients with genitourinary malignancies who should receive at least one course of radiotherapy at some time during their illness, the authors studied treatment guidelines and treatment reviews regarding genitourinary malignancies. Optimal radiotherapy utilization trees were constructed to show the clinical attributes that indicated possible benefit from radiotherapy based on evidence. Epidemiologic incidence data for each of these clinical attributes were obtained to calculate the optimal proportion of all patients with genitourinary cancer for whom radiotherapy was considered appropriate.

RESULTS

The proportion of patients with genitourinary malignancies for whom radiotherapy was indicated at some point in their illness, according to the best available evidence, was estimated to be 27% of patients with renal cancer, 58% of patients with bladder cancer, 60% of patients with prostate cancer, and 49% of patients with testicular cancer. The occurrence of ureteric and penile cancers among patients was too rare, and, therefore, these patients were not included in the current study.

CONCLUSIONS

There was a large discrepancy between actual radiotherapy utilization and the evidence‐based optimal rate. The authors recommended strategies to implement the evidence‐based guidelines. Evidence‐based benchmarks for radiotherapy utilization rates such as the ones described in the current study were important in the evaluation of the appropriate use of radiotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Mammographic screening reduces risk of breast carcinoma recurrence
Authors: Immonen‐Räihä Pirjo , Kauhava Lea , Parvinen Ilmo , Holli Kaija , Kronqvist Pauliina , Pylkkänen Liisa , Helenius Hans , Kaljonen Anne , Räsänen Osmo , Klemi Pekka J.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

The current report is a long‐term evaluation of breast carcinoma recurrence, factors predicting recurrence, and postrecurrence prognosis in relation to patients' use of service screening, which has been provided in Turku, Finland, since 1987 for women ages 40–74 years.

METHODS

The current study included 527 invasive breast carcinomas: 418 in the screening group (which included screen‐detected and interval malignancies) and 109 in the nonscreening group (which included breast carcinomas detected before initial screening and those detected in patients who chose not to undergo screening). These breast carcinomas were diagnosed among women ages 40–74 years between 1987 and 1993, with follow‐up extending until the end of 2001.

RESULTS

In the screening group, the risk of recurrence was only approximately half of the corresponding risk in the nonscreening group (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39–0.83; P = 0.003). Five years after the primary diagnosis, 16% of patients in the screening group and 28% of patients in the nonscreening group (P = 0.001) had experienced recurrence; 10 years after diagnosis, the corresponding rates were 21% and 34%, respectively (P = 0.001). Postrecurrence prognosis was comparable for both detection groups (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.70–1.94; P = 0.551), with approximately half of all patients dying of disease 5 years after recurrence. Detection of breast carcinoma via a method other than mammographic screening was associated with a high risk of recurrence on univariate analysis. On Cox multivariate analysis, risk factors for recurrence included lobular histologic type (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.44–3.48; P < 0.001), poor histologic grade (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.20–3.39; P = 0.008), and large tumor size (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07–2.37; P = 0.021).

CONCLUSIONS

Long‐term data from a population‐based program demonstrated that mammographic screening reduced patients' risk of breast carcinoma recurrence. Specifically, the risk for patients with screen‐detected disease was only approximately half of the risk for patients with non‐screen‐detected disease. Nonetheless, postrecurrence prognosis was comparable for patients in both detection groups. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Loss of function of p16 gene and prognosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tanaka Ryota , Wang Daye , Morishita Yukio , Inadome Yukinori , Minami Yuko , Iijima Tatsuo , Fukai Shimao , Goya Tomoyuki , Noguchi Masayuki
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Stepwise progression of peripheral‐type lung adenocarcinoma was characterized morphologically and was related to prognosis. Expression of the tumor suppressor gene p16 in pulmonary adenocarcinoma decreased, mainly as a result of aberrant methylation of the CpG islands of the promoter region.

METHODS

Aberrant methylation status of the p16 promoter region, the expression of its product, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 9p21 were examined in surgically resected lung specimens from 57 patients (28 males and 29 females) with peripheral‐type lung adenocarcinoma measuring ≤ 2 cm in diameter.

RESULTS

Aberrant methylation of the p16 promoter region, negative p16 protein expression, and LOH of the 9p21 region were detected in 40.4%, 50.9%, and 40.4% of tumor samples, respectively. The alterations of the p16 gene were associated with poor prognosis, and in particular the prognosis of patients with aberrant p16 methylation was significantly worse than that of patients without aberrant methylation. These alterations also were associated with morphologic classification into bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) and non‐BAC adenocarcinoma. Both aberrant methylation and LOH of 9p21 were associated with negative protein expression, but the former was correlated more closely with loss of function than was the latter. Cases with both alterations were completely negative for expression of the p16 gene product.

CONCLUSIONS

Aberrant methylation of the promoter region of the p16 gene and loss of expression of its product were in accord with the multistep progression of peripheral‐type lung adenocarcinoma, and these alterations were associated closely with poor prognosis of the disease. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
The “microscopic” revolution in breast carcinoma
Authors: Cristofanilli Massimo
Published: December 2004

The detection of microscopic disease in bone marrow and peripheral blood has demonstrated prognostic value in patients with breast carcinoma. Future research should address how this information will change current practice.

See also pages 884–91.
Quantifying the complexity of chaos in multibasin multidimensional dynamics of molecular systems
Authors: Nerukh Dmitry , Karvounis George , Glen Robert C.
Published: December 2004

The simulated classical dynamics of a small molecule exhibiting self‐organizing behavior via a fast transition between two states is analyzed by calculation of the statistical complexity of the system. It is shown that the complexity of molecular descriptors such as atom coordinates and dihedral angles have different values before and after the transition. This provides a new tool to identify metastable states during molecular self‐organization. The highly concerted collective motion of the molecule is revealed. Low‐dimensional subspaces dynamics is found sensitive to the processes in the whole, high‐dimensional phase space of the system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 40‐46, 2004
Nuclear morphometry as a biomarker for bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia: Correlation with genetic damage and cancer development
Authors: Guillaud Martial , le Riche Jean C. , Dawe Chris , Korbelik Jagoda , Coldman Andy , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Park In‐Won , Gazdar Adi , Lam Stephen , MacAulay Calum E.
Published: December 2004

Background

Bronchial carcinomas are preceded by epithelial morphologic changes. The variation in interpretation of these grades of intraepithelial neoplasia makes it difficult to determine its natural history and utility of histopathology as a surrogate endpoint biomarker. The objective of this study was to quantitate morphologic changes of intraepitherlial neoplasia and validate its utility through correlation with histopathology, allelic loss, and cancer development.

Methods

Quantitative nuclear morphometry was performed on 47 normal bronchial biopsies and 28 invasive cancer to generate a morphometry index (MI) that was applied to 1,096 bronchial biopsies from 230 volunteers who were current smokers (≥25 pack‐years) and 30 patients who had cancer. In a subset of 631 biopsies, MI was correlated with frequency of loss of heterozygosity at nine chromosomal regions (14 polymorphic markers).

Results

A significant correlation was found between MI and allelic loss in six of nine chromosomal regions. As part of patient long‐term follow‐up, 12 sites that progressed to cancer were identified and had significantly increased MIs relative to nonprogressing sites. Significant overlap in the MIs was found between most grades of intraepithelial neoplasia.

Conclusions

In chemoprevention trials, nuclear morphometry can supplement histopathology as a Surrogate Endpont Biomarker (SEB) because it is quantitative, collelates well with genetic damage, and may predict cancer development. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antimicrobial peptides: Resistant‐proof antibiotics of the new millennium
Authors: Ding Jeak Ling , Ho Bow
Published: December 2004

This review encompasses an update on the worldwide research activities made towards developing antimicrobials against the persistent threats from multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative infection. The lethality of endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide and its conserved bioactive moiety, lipid A, is discussed. We include documentation of our own research efforts towards the development of novel endotoxin antagonists and antimicrobials such as Sushi peptides, derived from the horseshoe crab Factor C, which show great promise for future prophylactic/therapeutic applications. The mechanism of microbicidal action of the Sushi peptides is postulated. In addition to Sushi peptides, we also present other approaches we have undertaken, such as screening for anti‐endotoxic peptides from a phage‐display library; a computational approach towards rational design of anti‐endotoxic and antimicrobial peptides; and finally, a novel alternative that is best analogized by the ancient Chinese medical practice of using “poison to kill poison,” which, in modern parlance, entails the innovative application of nonendotoxic Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide/lipid A as a competitor to antagonize the endotoxicity of LPS, and hence, the display of antimicrobial properties. Drug Dev. Res. 62:317–335, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of neural genes using Xenopus DNA microarrays
Authors: Shin Yongchol , Kitayama Atsushi , Koide Tetsuya , Peiffer Daniel A. , Mochii Makoto , Liao Arnold , Ueno Naoto , Cho Ken W.Y.
Published: December 2004

To isolate novel genes regulating neural induction, we used a DNA microarray approach. As neural induction is thought to occur by means of the inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, BMP signaling was inhibited in ectodermal cells by overexpression of a dominant‐negative receptor. RNAs were isolated from control animal cap explants and from dominant‐negative BMP receptor expressing animal caps and subjected to a microarray experiment using newly generated high‐density Xenopus DNA microarray chips representing over 17,000 unigenes. We have identified 77 genes that are induced in animal caps after inhibition of BMP signaling, and all of these genes were subjected to whole‐mount in situ hybridization analysis. Thirty‐two genes showed specific expression in neural tissues. Of the 32, 14 genes have never been linked to neural induction. Two genes that are highly induced by BMP inhibition are inhibitors of Wnt signaling, suggesting that a key step in neural induction is to produce Wnt antagonists to promote anterior neural plate development. Our current analysis also proves that a microarray approach is useful in identifying novel candidate factors involved in neural induction and patterning. Developmental Dynamics 232:432–444, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of basement membrane remodeling and epithelial branching morphogenesis in embryonic lung by Rho and cytoskeletal tension
Authors: Moore Kimberly A. , Polte Tom , Huang Sui , Shi Bin , Alsberg Eben , Sunday Mary E. , Ingber Donald E.
Published: December 2004

Local alterations in the mechanical compliance of the basement membrane that alter the level of isometric tension in the cell have been postulated to influence tissue morphogenesis. To explore whether cell tension contributes to tissue pattern formation in vivo, we modulated cytoskeletal force generation in embryonic mouse lung (embryonic days 12–14) rudiments using inhibitors of Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK), myosin light chain kinase, myosin ATPase, and microfilament integrity, or a Rho stimulator (cytotoxic necrotizing factor‐1). Tension inhibition resulted in loss of normal differentials in basement membrane thickness, inhibition of new terminal bud formation, and disorganization of epithelial growth patterns as well as disruption of capillary blood vessels. In contrast, increasing cell tension through Rho activation, as confirmed by quantitation of myosin light chain phosphorylation and immunohistocytochemical analysis of actin organization, accelerated lung branching and increase capillary elongation. These data suggest that changes in cytoskeletal tension mediated by Rho signaling through ROCK may play an important role in the establishment of the spatial differentials in cell growth and extracellular matrix remodeling that drive embryonic lung development. Developmental Dynamics 232:268–281, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of a spatial distribution of IP3 receptors in the Ca2+ dynamics of the Xenopus embryo at the mid‐blastula transition stage
Authors: Díaz José , Pastor Nina , Martínez‐Mekler Gustavo
Published: December 2004

Periodic calcium activity correlates temporally with the onset of gene expression in the embryo, suggesting a causal relation between these two events. Calcium transients are elicited by the action of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) through the activation of phospholipase C. In this work, we present a reaction–diffusion model that extends our previous results on the generation of calcium oscillations for a single and two coupled blastomere cells to a meridian of the Xenopus embryo at the mid‐blastula transition. In the model, all cells are subject to the same amount of FGF and contain the same concentration of intracellular components, except for the amount of IP3 receptors (IP3R). A bell‐shaped distribution of IP3R produces the correct shape of the calcium transients experimentally observed in the Xenopus blastula at stage 8 (mid‐blastula transition stage). The model is also capable of predicting period and amplitude values close to the experimental values. In our model, calcium transients induce spatially localized ERK periodic transients that could activate specific nuclear genes, allowing for the regional differentiation of the cells in the zone under the influence of the calcium signal. Developmental Dynamics 232:301–312, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐cadherin is not essential for limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis
Authors: Luo Yang , Kostetskii Igor , Radice Glenn L.
Published: December 2004

The cell adhesion molecule N‐cadherin is implicated in many morphogenetic processes, including mesenchyme condensation during limb development. To further understand N‐cadherin function, we characterized a new N‐cadherin allele containing the lacZ reporter gene under the regulation of the mouse N‐cadherin promoter. The reporter gene recapitulates the expression pattern of the N‐cadherin gene, including expression in heart, neural tube, and somites. In addition, strong expression was observed in areas of active cellular condensation, a prerequisite for chondrogenic differentiation, including the developing mandible, vertebrae, and limbs. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that limb buds can form in N‐cadherin–null embryos expressing a cardiac‐specific cadherin transgene, however, these partially rescued embryos do not survive long enough to observe limb development. To overcome the embryonic lethality, we used an organ culture system to examine limb development ex vivo. We demonstrate that N‐cadherin–deficient limb buds were capable of mesenchymal condensation and chondrogenesis, resulting in skeletal structures. In contrast to previous studies in chicken using N‐cadherin–perturbing antibodies, our organ culture studies with mouse tissue demonstrate that N‐cadherin is not essential for limb mesenchymal chondrogenesis. We postulate that another cell adhesion molecule, possibly cadherin‐11, is responsible for chondrogenesis in the N‐cadherin–deficient limb. Developmental Dynamics 232:336–344, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of a novel zebrafish zinc finger gene, gli2b, is affected in Hedgehog and Notch signaling related mutants during embryonic development
Authors: Ke Zhiyuan , Emelyanov Alexander , Lim Simon Eng Seng , Korzh Vladimir , Gong Zhiyuan
Published: December 2004

Gli zinc‐finger proteins are known as downstream mediators of the evolutionary conserved Hedgehog pathway. In zebrafish, gli2 functions differently from Gli2 in mammals. This difference could be due to the gli2 duplication in teleosts evolution and partial redundancy between two duplicated genes. Here, we report a novel zebrafish gli2‐like cDNA. Its structure, genetic location, and distinct expression pattern in the central nervous system suggested that this gene might represent a second gli2 of teleosts, and we named it gli2b. gli2b was expressed in the neural keel, excluding the forebrain–midbrain boundary, while gli2 expression complemented this pattern. After 24 hours postfertilization, several specific domains of gli2b expression were observed in the lateral and medial hindbrain and hypothalamus. In mutants affecting the Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways, gli2b expression was either disrupted or extended in different regions. Developmental Dynamics 232:479–486, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct tissue‐specificity of three zebrafish ext1 genes encoding proteoglycan modifying enzymes and their relationship to somitic Sonic hedgehog signaling
Authors: Siekmann Arndt F. , Brand Michael
Published: December 2004

Proteins of the EXT (Exostosin) 1 family are known for their role in human disease. Mutations in EXT1 cause hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), benign outgrowths of the bones, and therefore were classed as tumor suppressors. More recently, their role during embryonic development of Drosophila and mouse was addressed, revealing important functions of EXT1 genes in major signaling pathways. Here, we report the isolation of three zebrafish members of the EXT1 family, which we named ext1a, ext1b, and ext1c, respectively. They are expressed in restricted temporal and spatial domains during development. Both ext1a and ext1b are provided maternally and expressed during gastrulation: ext1a in the neurectoderm and ext1b in the embryonic midline and in the involuting mesendoderm of the germ ring. During somitogenesis stages, transcripts of all three ext genes can be found in the somitic mesoderm. Furthermore, ext1a is expressed in the dorsal neural tube. These expression domains become more pronounced at 24 hr postfertilization (hpf). At 48 hpf, ext1 genes are present in the brain, while somitic expression ceases. Zebrafish have three members of the EXT1 family, in contrast to only one EXT1 gene in mammals or Xenopus, consistent with the occurrence of partial genome duplications in the teleost lineage. Our expression analysis reveals that the three ext genes have distinct expression patterns, reflecting functional divergence after duplication. In addition, expression of ext1a and ext1c responds to elevated and reduced levels of Sonic hedgehog (shh) signaling in the somites, whereas expression of ext1b does not. This suggests a differential relationship between the shh pathway and individual ext gene function in zebrafish. Developmental Dynamics 232:498–505, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualizing morphogenesis in transgenic zebrafish embryos using BODIPY TR methyl ester dye as a vital counterstain for GFP
Authors: Cooper Mark S. , Szeto Daniel P. , Sommers‐Herivel Greg , Topczewski Jacek , Solnica‐Krezel Lila , Kang Hee‐Chol , Johnson Iain , Kimelman David
Published: December 2004

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) technology is rapidly advancing the study of morphogenesis, by allowing researchers to specifically focus on a subset of labeled cells within the living embryo. However, when imaging GFP‐labeled cells using confocal microscopy, it is often essential to simultaneously visualize all of the cells in the embryo using dual‐channel fluorescence to provide an embryological context for the cells expressing GFP. Although various counterstains are available, part of their fluorescence overlaps with the GFP emission spectra, making it difficult to clearly identify the cells expressing GFP. In this study, we report that a new fluorophore, BODIPY TR methyl ester dye, serves as a versatile vital counterstain for visualizing the cellular dynamics of morphogenesis within living GFP transgenic zebrafish embryos. The fluorescence of this photostable synthetic dye is spectrally separate from GFP fluorescence, allowing dual‐channel, three‐dimensional (3D) and four‐dimensional (4D) confocal image data sets of living specimens to be easily acquired. These image data sets can be rendered subsequently into uniquely informative 3D and 4D visualizations using computer‐assisted visualization software. We discuss a variety of immediate and potential applications of BODIPY TR methyl ester dye as a vital visualization counterstain for GFP in transgenic zebrafish embryos. Developmental Dynamics 232:359–368, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for β‐thalassaemia: the Sardinian experience
Authors: Monni Giovanni , Cau Giuseppina , Usai Valeria , Perra Graziella , Lai Rosalba , Ibba Giuseppe , Faà Valeria , Incani Federica , Rosatelli Maria Cristina
Published: December 2004

Objectives

To report the experiences on preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in couples at risk for ß‐thalassaemia in Sardinia.

Methods

23 couples at risk for ß‐thalassaemia were included in the PGD programme with a total of 42 cycles performed. Among these, 11 couples were fertile, while the remaining 12 had associated fertility problems. In vitro Fertilization (IVF), PGD and prenatal genetic molecular confirmation protocols and results are reported.

Results

All the patients followed the protocol of ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo biopsy and genetic analysis. A total of 272 oocytes were fertilized in the regular way, and embryo biopsy was performed on 202 embryos. Out of these 202 embryos, 192 (95%) were successful. The genetic diagnosis was performed on 150 embryos (78.1%). Ninety‐eight were identified as unaffected and 75 were transferred in 31 cycles. In the infertile patient group, two biochemical pregnancies (11.1% per transfer), in the fertile patient group, four clinical pregnancies, two twin and two singleton pregnancies (30.8% per transfer), were obtained. The genetic molecular results were confirmed in all pregnancies by first‐trimester chorionic villus sampling (CVS).

Conclusion

Our study shows that PGD for ß‐thalassaemia is an available procedure for couples who wish to avoid termination of pregnancy, except in cases where the IVF cycle efficiency is very poor. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia
Authors: Pérez‐Cerdá C. , Pérez B. , Merinero B. , Desviat L. R. , Pombo P. Rodríguez , Ugarte M.
Published: December 2004

In this report we summarize our experience in prenatal diagnosis of propionic acidemia (PA) since 1987. Overall, we have investigated 25 pregnancies at risk from 19 unrelated families. Until genetic structure of the genes involved in PA was elucidated, prenatal diagnosis has been successfully performed by means of metabolite quantitation and/or enzymatic assays in foetal issue. Today, direct propionyl‐CoA carboxylase activity assay in combination with molecular analysis in chorion villi can be regarded as a fast and reliable method of choice for prenatal diagnosis of this organic acidemia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal heart scanning in the first trimester
Authors: Carvalho Julene S.
Published: December 2004

The detailed study of the fetal cardiac anatomy in the first trimester of pregnancy by means of ultrasound, transvaginally or transabdominally, is feasible and remains a safe procedure provided thermal and mechanical indices are taken into account. Optimal time for successful imaging of the four chambers and great arteries in early gestation appears to be between 13 to 14 weeks. In experienced hands, first‐trimester fetal echocardiography is accurate in detecting major structural cardiac abnormalities and yields a high negative predictive value. Thus, in a clinical setting, it can be offered to families considered to be ‘at risk’ of cardiac defects (e.g. those with previous family history or when fetal nuchal translucency is increased) and can be a powerful tool to reassure families regarding normality of major cardiac structures and connections. However, the early detection of an important structural abnormality (chromosomally normal or not) may be associated with a high termination rate if this is an acceptable option. The high prevalence of associated chromosomal and extracardiac abnormalities for many of the high‐risk families, who may benefit from this approach, cannot be ignored. Therefore, fetal heart scanning in the first trimester should be performed in conjunction with detailed first‐trimester obstetric scanning. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.