bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lead poisoning in zoo‐dwelling primates
Authors: Zook B. C. , Sauer R. M. , Bush M. , Gray C. W.
Published: August 2005

Lead intoxication was diagnosed in 42 primates at the National Zoological Park. Diagnoses were made clinically by the observation of signs of encephalopathy and the finding of 200 μg lead or more/100 ml blood, or postmortem by the presence of renal acid‐fast intranuclear inclusion bodies and excess lead in liver specimens. Twenty‐five of the primates had signs or lesions of lead encephalopathy.

Lead poisoning was most common in the Cercopithecidae, and in the summer months. Lead encephalopathy was most frequent in juveniles. Leaded paint on the monkey cages was determined to be the source of poisoning. Blood studies revealed slight hypochromic anemia and immature and stippled erythrocytes. Postmortem lesions included acid‐fast intranuclear inclusions in renal tubular and other epithelial cells; metaphyseal bone changes (lead lines); necrosis of striated muscle fibers; and other lesions. Treatment of one monkey for encephalopathy was attempted and proved successful.
Acoustical communication among free‐ranging common Indian langurs (Presbytis entellus) in two different habitats of North India
Authors: Vogel C.
Published: August 2005

Acoustical signals of free‐ranging Presbytis entellus were analyzed with the aid of sonagrams. Tape‐recordings were from two ecologically‐different habitats in North India, the Kumaon Hills on the southern slope of the Himalayas and the plains habitat of Rajasthan. The acoustical quality and the spectrographic structure of the signals are described and their communicative functions within the social context discussed. We found significant differences in the acoustical repertoire of the langurs of the two habitats both in the tone quality and the spectrographical structure of single signals serving the same functions in both regions and in functional deviations of identically or similarly structured vocalizations. Some of these differences appear to be phylogenetic adaptations to the different environmental conditions of the habitats or to be related to special types of social organization in the two separate langur populations.
Infectious diseases of primates related to capture and transportation
Authors: Vickers James H.
Published: August 2005

Several field trips to India, Africa, Southeast Asia and South America were recently made to review and analyze disease problems related to capture and transportation of non‐human primates. Wild primates are often exposed to a variety of diseases as they come into contact with people and other animals prior to shipment. These include tuberculosis, measles, shigellosis and various simian viruses.

Even with the best trapping methods, extensive advance planning with cargo centers of various air terminals is necessary for proper handling of shipments. More and more frequently, airlines personnel fail to take even the most basic care of their live animal cargo.

Specific recommendations are made to improve overseas trapping, handling and transportation procedures to reduce infectious diseases in imported primates.
An ethogram for rhesus monkeys I. Antithetical contrasts in posture and movement
Authors: Sade Donald Stone
Published: August 2005

Antithetical postures and movements in social displays of rhesus monkeys distinguish five moods. Movement from a high to a low position in the midsagittal plane indicates threat. Emphasis on movement in the frontal plane indicates subordinance. Movement from a low to a high position in the midsagittal plane indicates non‐hostile, non‐fearful approach. Oblique movements indicate a querying mood. Playfulness is indicated by emphasis on rotatory movements in the transverse plane.
Social responses to abnormal infant monkeys
Authors: Berkson Gershon
Published: August 2005

Experimental modification of an individual's behavior can be used to evaluate the range of group social reactions to him. This principle is used in evaluating the degree to which macaque groups compensate for an infant's clumsiness, consequent on reduced visual acuity from an experimental cataract. Evidence is presented to support the following propositions: Defective infants are not killed by the group even in crowded conditions; compensatory care is given during the first year, primarily by the mother and to a certain extent by other animals in the group; isolation of the infant begins in the second year; social responses to the defective infant reflect normal social responses. Compensatory care of chronically defective individuals is a consequence of evolution of social behaviors adapted to nurture young individuals over a long period of dependence and to protect other group members during temporary periods of weakness.
Predation by a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Harding Robert S. O.
Published: August 2005

During 1970–1971, a troop of 49 olive baboons was observed in a partially protected area in Kenya, not far from the village of Gilgil. The baboons were seen to catch and eat 47 small animals, a rate of predation far higher than has been reported for any other nonhuman primate. Prey animals included hares, small antelope and the neonatal young of larger antelope. Adult male baboons caught and ate all but three of the prey animals. Adult females caught hares three times, but only once was a female able to keep and eat most of the animal she had caught. There was no significant seasonal variation in the occurrence of this behavior. The baboons appeared to search out prey deliberately and to come upon it by accident. No instances of cooperative hunting or voluntary sharing were seen. Both incidence and form of this predatory behavior may be influenced by learned, local tradition.
Night observations of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Vessey Stephen H.
Published: August 2005

The nocturnal distribution and behavior of individually marked Macaca mulatta were studied at the La Parguera, Puerto Rico, colony of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The new image intensifier was used successfully to identify 399 monkeys in 185 sleeping clusters. Monkeys moved into mangrove trees close to favorite feeding areas usually 35 minutes after sunset. The group condensed to less than one‐half the daytime spread, vocalizations increased and grooming ceased. Movements and vocalizations ceased several hours after sunset, although bursts of activity occurred throughout the night. Activity resumed 40 minutes before sunrise. Activity was higher during full moon, when I observed feeding, play and sexual behavior. Fights at night were twice as frequent during the breeding season. Monkeys slept in clusters of one to four, 58% of which were of two. Sixty‐three percent were composed of maternal relatives, 33% were mother‐infant pairs. Mature males clustered with non‐related males, slept alone or with females (in the breeding season). Yearlings slept with their mothers or with older siblings. Distribution of monkeys in a group at night reflects daytime associations.
Pilot experiments to test group tolerance to a stranger in wild Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Angst Walter
Published: August 2005

On the island of Peutjang, at the western tip of Java, three transplantation experiments with five individuals of Macaca fascicularis were carried out. In the first experiment, a subadult male was set free in the home range of the neighboring group. In the second experiment, an adult female was brought to the home range of a group separated from her own by several intervening groups. Both individuals found their own home ranges unharmed. In the third experiment, three individuals from an island 18 km away were transplanted to Peutjang. Thereafter, they were mostly found together, and they frequently associated with peripheral males of resident groups. During a month of observation they were not integrated into a resident group, but remained unharmed. The relationship of a group to its neighbors is considered as a fading‐out extension of the social network, rather than a territorial intolerance.
The incidence of agenesis and polygenesis in the primate dentition
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B. , Moore W. J.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of dental agenesis and polygenesis was demonstrated in 978 Old World monkeys, 390 great apes, 194 lesser apes and 5,000 humans of Caucasoid and Negroid stock. The frequency of agenesis was highest in the human sample, particularly in the Negroids, that of polygenesis was highest in the great apes. Within both groups, the polymorphism was commonest in the molar (predominantly third molar) region. Despite numerous difficulties in the interpretation of such data, on the basis of the differences between man, apes and monkeys, it is suggested that the high incidence of agenesis seen in man is a phylogenetic accompaniment of the shortening of the maxillomandibular skeleton, which is such a marked feature of human evolution.
The gait ofAustralopithecus
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G. , Burstein Albert H.
Published: August 2005

A biomechanical analysis of the pelvic and femoral samples available forAustralopithecusis presented. No feature of these samples was found to distinguish their gait pattern from that of modern man or to differ in the two presently recognized allomorphs ofAustralopithecus.Morphological differences betweenAustralopithecusand modern man appear to be the result of different degrees of encephalization rather than any difference in locomotor adaptation.
Skinfold thicknesses in a national probability sample of U.S. males and females aged 6 through 17 years
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Hamill Peter V. V. , Lemeshow Stanley
Published: August 2005

Cycles II and III of the Health Examination Survey included measurements of the skinfolds of over 14,000 individuals 6 through 17 years of age, statistically weighted to provide an accurate national probability sample. Analyses of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds of Negroes and whites are reported here, utilizing the median in preference to the mean. Females of either racial group have thicker skinfolds at all ages studied. Whites have greater median triceps thicknesses than Negroes of the same sex and age, but there are no differences between the two racial groups in the subscapular. Since, between all but one pair of adjacent ages in males, from 12 years on, the median triceps fold decreases, but the estimated cross‐sectional are of fat increases, it is strongly recommended that reductions in triceps thickness not be automatically interpreted as meaning a loss of subcutaneous fat. Since greater skewness is found in the subscapular distributions in whites, but not in the triceps, it is suggested that racial differences in triceps thickness at these ages occurs from the operation of hereditary factors, while differences in the subscapular skinfold arise from environmental causes.
Comparative study of anthropometric measurements of the same subjects in two different institutes
Authors: Kemper H. C. G. , Pieters J. J. L.
Published: August 2005

The objectivity of several anthropometric measurements were tested in two institutes on the same subjects.

In many cases systematic differences are to be expected: 1. Girth measurements tend to differences in the same direction. 2. The comparability of skeletal measurements is often uncertain; some measurements tend to give lower, other ones higher figures. Biacromial diameter and radio‐ulnar epicondylar width do not reveal systematic differences. 3. Skinfold thicknesses measured do not reveal systematic differences.
Ischial tuberosities and ischial callosities
Authors: Rose M. D.
Published: August 2005

Ischial callosities are specialised regions of skin and subdermal tissue in the form of fibro‐fatty cushions with a tough, non‐slip surface, firmly bound to the underlying ischial tuberosity. They occur in primates of the families Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae. Ischial callosity usage helps animals to adopt stable sitting postures on the tops of branches, particularly during feeding, resting and sleeping. Callosity‐like areas in pongids are mainly epidermal specialisations and differ in their development and usage from true callosities. They are similar to the para‐callosity skin regions in some ground living cercopithecids. The ischial tuberosity in animals with true callosities has a flat surface which flares out from the lower end of the ischial body and which is devoid of muscle attachments. In animals without callosities the ischial tuberosity is not flared, has a curved surface, and acts as a site for muscle attachment. The ischial tuberosity is relatively broader in animals with callosities than in animals without callosities, although the absolute size of the specimens concerned must be taken into account. The combination of qualitative and quantitative features of fossil ischial tuberosities enables the presence or absence of callosities in these forms to be deduced. The recognition of these features in fossil material might be of use in the elucidation of the evolution of one type of primate arboreal adaptation.
A radiographic approach to Childhood illness in precolumbian inhabitants of Southern Peru
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Mendoza Daniel , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: August 2005

A total of 108 individuals from six different cultures found in the Department of Ica, Peru, were studied for the presence of Harris's Lines. Such lines or “bone scars” are formed due to cessation of bone growth due to episodes of starvation or illness and possibly other causes. These individuals covered a span of time of nearly 2,600 years. The individuals from mountain cultures had fewer lines and possibly a healthier childhood than those from coastal cultures. The modern population surveyed in this series still show a pattern of Harris's Lines similar to people from the Inca culture of 450 years ago.
Level of fatness and size attainment
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Clark Diane C. , Guire Kenneth E.
Published: August 2005

In a generally low‐income group of 4,888 White boys and girls, 740 obese children (above the 85th percentile for the triceps fatfold) stand systematically taller, by 0.64 Z scores, than 840 lean boys and girls (below the 15th percentile for fatness) a difference increasing to 1 S.D. at ages 11–12, suggesting a direct effect of the level of fatness on standing height and a cumulative fatness‐related difference in the annual rate of growth.
The language capability of Neanderthal man
Authors: Le May Marjorie
Published: August 2005

Considerable publicity has been given a recent article by Lieberman and Crelin ('71) which argues that Neanderthal man lacked the physical features necessary for speech. This present paper presents statistics on some modern men with normal speech who show physical features in common with Neanderthal man.

The brain of Neanderthal man was as large as, or larger than, that of modern man. The brain reflected by the endocranial cast of the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints skull resembles that of modern man in an area important for speech and thereby suggests Neanderthal man had the neural development necessary for language.
Metrical analysis of Fontéchevade II
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

The Fontéchevade II calotte is analyzed by principal coordinates on the basis of 12 measurements. It most closely resembles Classic Neandertals and the Steinheim cranium in shape, showing no special similarity to modern man.
Multivariate analysis of Gigantopithecus mandibles
Authors: Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

Multivariate analysis of measurements of the teeth and mandibles of Gigantopithecus species has been conducted, using several methods. Results indicate Gigantopithecus is an aberrant form, less related to australopithecines and gorillas than the latter are to each other. Gracile and robust australopithecines differ considerably more than do male and female gorillas.
Phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (Order primates, infraorder platyrrhini)
Authors: Perkins Edwin M.
Published: August 2005

The combined properties of a given cutaneous system, like other characters classically employed by systematic zoologists, are useful criteria in the assessment of primate taxonomy and phylogeny. From the synthesis of all available data, it is also concluded that (1) the results define a baseline regarding the normal histology and histochemistry of the skin of most genera and many species of New World monkeys; (2) intrageneric and intraspecific subtleties in cutaneous variation exist in primate integument; (3) single and multiple cutaneous traits contribute to the characterization and accurate identification of most levels of taxa within the primate hierarchy; (4) some traits, however, negate recent taxonomic practices, e.g., the familial position of Callimico; (5) basic cutaneous patterns confirm currently accepted concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny; and (6) the various cutaneous signatures of extant platyrrhines record a history of adaptive radiation in isolation, and suggest that the designation of at least two distinct families is warranted.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors: Multivariate analysis of measurements of the other teeth, the superior arch, head and face
Authors: Salmon Denise , Le Bot Pierre
Published: August 2005

The survey of a French male population allowed us to ascertain 75 propositi with one or two missing ULI, 59 propositi with one or two reduced ULI and 99 controls on whom measurements (mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters) of all teeth of the superior arch are available. Principal Component Analysis gave a first estimated principal component highly correlated with each of the dental measurements or arch measurements. This size factor was eliminated by observing the plane of the second and third principal components. Strikingly different clusters of MD diameters or BL diameters were observed for the controls, the propositi missing one or two of the ULI and the propositi with reduced ULI. For the controls, the arch length is correlated with the MD molar diameters and the MD incisor diameter, the arch width being isolated from the other measurements. For the propositi with missing ULI, among the dental measurements the MD and BL diameters cluster, the arch length is isolated as are the arch widths. For the propositi with reduced ULI, the arch length is closer to the dental measurements while the widths, especially the first one, are isolated.

The best discriminant measurements are the diameters of the first premolars and the canine, the first arch width and the arch length. Among controls, the arch is narrowed and shorter for the propositi with absence and wider for the propositi with reduction. Teeth measurements are always smaller in propositi.
Size and shape of the hominoid distal femur: Fourier analysis
Authors: Lestrel Pete E. , Kimbel William H. , Prior Fred W. , Fleischmann Marianne L.
Published: August 2005

A quantitative description of the shape of the distal femur is provided by Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis also facilitates the separation of the size and shape components which allows the removal of the distorting effect of size. Hence, comparisons between the hominoid groups can be based solely on shape.

A sample of 91 hominoid distal femora from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was used to make comparisons based on size and shape as well as shape only.

It is suggested that unless the effect of size is minimized or removed, generally not possible with the traditional metrical approach, measures of biological distance will be distorted.
Probable malignancy in a Sadlermiut Eskimo mandible
Authors: Cassidy Claire M.
Published: August 2005

The mandible of a Sadlermiut Eskimo woman, age at death 28 to 30 years, displays numerous well‐formed foramina concentrated bilaterally around the mental foramina. Differential diagnosis identifies this lesion with highest probability as a metastatic cancerous lesion; of less likelihood are sarcoma, hyperparathyroidism, hemangioma, and osteomyelitis. The specimen deserves attention because identification of malignancy in paleopathological material is uncommon and difficult, and because malignancies in aboriginal Eskimo populations are reputed to have been rare or absent.
Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf‐monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos)
Authors: Fleagle John G.
Published: August 2005

Sympatric Malaysian leaf‐monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.
Stress and the etiology of osteoarthritis
Authors: Jurmain Robert D.
Published: August 2005

Although degenerative joint disease is an old and exceedingly common problem, clinical investigators have not reached a consensus regarding the etiology of this disease. Comparative osteological analysis of the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow joints of 798 individuals from four human skeletal populations (Black and White Americans, Pueblo Indians, and Alaskan Eskimos) indicates that age of onset, frequency, and location of degenerative changes are directly related to the nature and degree of environmentally associated stress, as reflected by the variable life styles of the populations sampled. Eskimos have the earliest onset and most severe involvement for all four joints studied, the right side is usually more affected than the left, and Blacks are more frequently involved than Whites in the knee, shoulder, and elbow. Functional stress, when constant and severe in nature, becomes the primary focus of degenerative disease, but other background contributing agents such as age, sex, and hormonal influence must not be ignored.
Chromosomes of lemuriformes. II. Chromosome polymorphism in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812)
Authors: Hamilton Andrew E. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Chu Ernest H. Y.
Published: August 2005

Two previously unreported diploid numbers, 2N = 50 and 2N = 51, from five individual Lemur fulvus collaris are described. In both chromosome complements, the nombre fondamental is 64. The 2N = 50 complement is composed of 7 pairs of bi‐armed chromosomes, 17 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with small short arms, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. The 2N = 51 complement is identical with these exceptions: Only one member equivalent to bi‐armed pair 6 of L. f. collaris (2N = 50) is present, and two extra acrocentrics are found in the 2N = 51 complement. G‐banding analyses suggest that these chromosomes are a heteromorphic pair of the Robertsonian type. This conclusion is supported by evidence from studies of meiotic pairing relationships of the three chromosomes and the complements of hybrids resulting from interspecific matings. Comparison of the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 complements with a published 2N = 48 complement suggests that these new karyotypes do not provide a lineal link between the 2N = 52 and 2N = 48 karyotypes (Rumpler, Y., and R. Albignac 1969 C. R. Soc. Biol., 163: 1989‐1992).
Analysis of developmental processes possibly related to human dental sexual dimorphism in permanent and deciduous canines
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Moss‐Salentijn Letty
Published: August 2005

Analysis of published odontometric data on human dental sexual dimorphism indicates that this characteristic is most clearly expressed by the canine teeth. Review of the several processes involved in coronal odontogenesis suggests that such dimorphism is related to an absolutely longer period of amelogenesis for both deciduous and permanent dentitions.
Defective enamel histology of prehistoric teeth from illinois
Authors: Rose Jerome C.
Published: August 2005

Histological enamel defects have been used as indicators of childhood morbidity and nutritional inadequacy. However, the usefulness of these defects has been hampered by a lack of clear criteria for differentiating normal and defective enamel. This report demonstrates that the criteria of abnormal prism structure can accurately differentiate defective enamel (i.e., pathological bands) from normal enamel. In addition, pathological bands can be divided into three distinct subtypes: distorted structure bands, black spot pathological bands, and structureless pathological bands.

It has been assumed that the patterning of pathological bands and enamel hypoplasia is the same for all populations. Comparisons between populations show that each population has its own unique pattern. It has also been assumed that striae of Retzius, pathological bands, and enamel hypoplasias represent three grades of severity of the same phenomenon. Correlations between these three features demonstrate instead that this patterning is possibly influenced by the morphology of the teeth.
Functional implications of primate enamel thickness
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Gantt David G.
Published: August 2005

Recent evolutionary interpretations of Hominoidea have postulated functional relationships between tooth form, diet and masticatory biomechanics. A major consideration is the durability of the tooth under certain dietary conditions. Teeth with low cusps and thicker enamel are able to withstand heavy mastication of abrasive food bolus for a longer period. When comparisons are made between species of higher primates the variables of tooth size, cusp morphology, and enamel thickness appear to be related but until now no systematic analysis has been made to determine the functional relevance of several dental dimensions.

This study provides data gained from comparisons of dentition of nine species of primates. Histological sections were made of the post canine teeth and 21 dimensions were compared. The relevant dimensions identified serve to withstand dental wear. The distribution of thicker enamel corresponded to the observed wear planes.

Humans had thicker enamel than pongids while the macaque had the thinnest. These preliminary results tend to support theories which explain low, thick, enameled cusps in hominids.
Immunoglobulin (Gm) allotypes in a sample of Canadian Ashkenazic jews
Authors: Field L. Leigh , Lowden J. Alexander , Ray Ajit K.
Published: August 2005

Gm typing on the serum specimens of 507 Ashkenazic Jews (predominantly of Polish‐Russian ancestry) from Toronto, Canada has established the presence of haplotypes Gm3;5, Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1,17;5, and the absence of haplotypes Gm1;13,15,16, Gm1;5,6, and Gm1;5,6,24 which have been found in other Jewish peoples. It is suggested that Ashkenazic populations have lower frequencies of haplotype Gm1,17;5 than non‐European Jewish populations, and that some eastern European Jewish populations have acquired the Gm1;13,15,16 haplotype through gene flow from Central Asia. Thus Jewish populations show differences in the Gm system; many of the differences may be in the direction of similarities to neighbouring non‐Jewish populations.
Genetic variation in transferrin alleles of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Devor Eric J.
Published: August 2005

The rhesus macaque displays an extensive polymorphism at the transferrin locus. A principal components analysis describes the variance and covariance of alleles at the transferrin locus in eight widely dispersed sample populations. Using an eigenvectorial representation of the covariance matrix and systematically approximated geographical locations the distribution of populations and transferrin alleles is compared. Alleles with high variance prove to be the determining factor in the placement of populations in a “genetic map” and provide a means for interpreting the low congruence of genetics and geography found.
Developmental abnormalities of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians
Authors: Sciulli Paul W.
Published: August 2005

The frequencies of developmental abnormalities in size, shape, number of teeth, and enamel formation are presented for a sample of 389 prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians from the following cultural complexes: Glacial Kame, Adena, Ohio Hopewell, Cole, Fort Ancient, and Erie (Whittlesey Focus). In addition, the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is determined for each tooth and for individuals of these groups.

Tests of association indicate complexes with Late Diffuse economic adaptations (Glacial Kame, Adena, Hopewell) exhibit significantly higher frequencies of numerical abnormalities of M3 and M3 enamel pearls, while Late Focal complexes (Cole, Fort Ancient, Erie) exhibit a higher frequency of severe, general linear enamel hypoplasia. The magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is, however, generally the same in the Late Diffuse and Late Focal groups.

The occurrence of two rare abnormalities with large genetic components, essentially limited to one Hopewell and one Adena mound, raises the possibility that the individuals interred in these mounds are biologically related. Since it is widely held that mound burials represent a status class of the population, it is likely that the Late Diffuse sample is biased in favor of a number of highly select population segments each of which contains biologically related individuals. Accordingly, the lower frequency of severe, general linear enamel hypoplasia in Late Diffuse groups is hypothesized as the result of the more advantageous circumstances expected for high status individuals, and the higher frequencies of numerical abnormalities of M3 and M3 enamel pearls are hypothesized primarily as the result of mitigated selection on masticatory complex integration, and/or a biased sample.

Comparisons with the deciduous dentition show the permanent teeth exhibit higher frequencies of developmental abnormalities. This result is explicable in terms of the more favorable developmental environment of the primary teeth, or a stronger developmental canalization.
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in pre‐Columbian Chileans
Authors: Munizaga Juan , Allison Marvin J. , Paredes Claudio
Published: August 2005

Two cases of gallbladder disease found in Chilean mummies are presented. The cholesterol gallstones in these cases produced in one individual a localized peritonitis and in the other a probable duct obstruction. No cases of this disease have been seen in Peruvian mummies while in Chile it seems quite common, suggesting some environmental factor in the etiology.
Analysis of the hominoid os coxae by Cartesian coordinates
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: August 2005

This study is based upon 48 3‐dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. The fossils include Sts 14, SK 3155, MLD 7, and MLD 25. The comparative sample consists of 42Homo sapiens, 27Pan troglodytes, 29Gorilla gorillaand 29Pongo pygmaeus. The coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. The coordinates are rotated and translated so that all bones are in a standard position. The coordinates are then standardized for each specimen by dividing all coordinates by the pooled standard deviation of X, Y, and Z coordinates. These data are treated to standard statistical analyses including analysis of variance, Penrose size and shape statistics, principal coordinates and components, and canonical variates analysis. The data are then further altered by using some specimen as a standard and rotating each specimen until the total squared distance between its coordinates and those of the standard are minimized. The same statistics are applied to these “best fit” data. The results show a high degree of agreement between the methods. The hominid os coxae are fundamentally different from the other hominoids and the fossil hominids share the basic hominid configuration but with some unique differences.
Estimation of age from the pubic symphysis by means of multiple regression analysis
Authors: Hanihara Kazuro , Suzuki Takao
Published: August 2005

This study has been carried out to assess the age from the pubic symphysial surface employing a multiple regression analysis and a quantification theory model I analysis. Using partial regression coefficients and/or normalized scores obtained from the analyses, ages of skeletal remains can be quantitatively estimated with a fairly high reliability. The use of this method is, however, limited to the samples between 18 and 38 years of age, because age changes in the symphysial surface show large variations after about 40 years. The reliability of this method was also examined.
Aging in the lumbar spine. III. L5
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances
Published: August 2005

The fifth lumbar vertebra, like the other units of the lumbar spine, shows a significant trend toward lowering and broadening of the body with age. In most individuals the pedicles of L5 arise from the lateral surface of the body, rather than posteriorly as in the other lumbar vertebrae, and the increase in body breadth is very often associated with the formation of reinforcing columns of bone between the bases of the pedicles and osteophytes bordering the inferior endplate. In L5 midbody breadth shows a greater gain than endplate breadths, so “flaring” is decreased with age, a change that is statistically significant in Black males and White females. This vertebra shows no significant change in endplate biconcavity or posterior wedging with age.
Changes in somatotypes of European males between 17 and 24 years
Authors: Carter J. E. Lindsay , Pařízková Jana
Published: August 2005

In order to examine the possible changes in somatotype of young males, 14 boys who had been somatotyped annually from 11 to 18 years by the Heath‐Carter anthropometric rating method were re‐somatotyped at 24 years. The analysis focused on years 17, 18 and 24. Discriminant analysis, somatotype dispersion indices and distances, and the I‐index were used to analyze the data. The findings showed a significant shift in somatotype from ectomorphmesomorph towards endo‐mesomorphy between 17 and 24 years. This shift was greater than that observed by Zuk ('58), and was in the same direction. It is hypothesized that the somatotypes of males become more endo‐mesomorphic from 17 years to the mid‐twenties.
Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in neandertals
Authors: Smith Fred H.
Published: August 2005

An unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal‐oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%.

Possible explanations for the presence of the H‐O trait and its unusually high incidence in Neandertals are examined. It is concluded that this feature is probably a genetic trait which either (1) might be selected for in Neandertals as a part of a massive masticatory apparatus, or (2) represents a discrete cranial trait without functional significance that simply reflects the high incidence of certain genes in Neandertal gene pools.
An ethmoid exposure (os planum) in the orbit of Indri indri (Primates, Lemuriformes)
Authors: Cartmill M. , Gingerich P. D.
Published: August 2005

In 6 of 17 skulls of Indri indri retaining distinct sutures in the medial orbital wall, a small separate bony element intervenes between the frontal and the maxillolacrimal suture. This element is demonstrably continuous with the ethmoid on one such skull. The occurrence of an ethmoid exposure in the orbit of Indri suggests that this trait is not a simple function of orbital size and convergence. Since such an exposure is found in non‐cheirogaleine lemuriforms, its distribution provides no support for the hypothesis that lorises and galagos are derived from cheirogaleines.
Cherokee admixture and its estimation by the gene identity method: A critique
Authors: Korey Kenneth A.
Published: August 2005

A previous application to a Cherokee hybrid population of two methods for measuring admixture proportions by use of gene identity probabilities was examined. The results suggest that neither procedure has been correctly applied, and that underlying statistical difficulties limit their reliability.
Masses, centers‐of‐gravity, and moments‐of‐inertia of the body segments of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Vilensky Joel A.
Published: August 2005

Segmental parameters (mass, center‐of‐gravity, and moment‐of‐inertia) are necessary for biomechanical analyses of a species' locomotor behavior. Seven male and eight female adult rhesus monkey cadavers were dismembered in order to determine segmental parameters. Mean values for the segment masses and moments‐of‐inertia are presented for males and females, separately and together. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the sexes for these parameters. Regression equations for predicting segment masses and moments‐of‐inertia were developed for the sexes separately and pooled. For most segments the male and female equations did not differ significantly in slope or y‐intercept. The center‐of‐gravity for each segment is presented as a mean percentage of the distance between the proximal and distal joint centers. The regression equations and center‐of‐gravity locations presented here permit biomechanical investigations of rhesus monkey locomotion without the necessity of subsequent sacrifice.

The segmental parameter values determined for the rhesus monkey are compared with available data for other primate and mammalian species and the biomechanical and adaptive implications of such comparisons are discussed.
Paleopathologic evidence for the evolution of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klepinger Linda L.
Published: August 2005

A human skeleton recovered from a Sicilian archaeological site and dating from the Hellenistic period (330–210 B.C.) presents a pathological pattern suggesting a transition between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis may have recently evolved out of ankylosing spondylitis.
Relationships between non‐metric skeletal traits and cranial size and shape
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. , Twichell Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

A long‐standing controversy exists about the comparative utility of metric and non‐metric traits as biological indicators in population studies. We hypothesize that the underlying scale which determines the presence or absence of a cranial non‐metric trait is an expression of general and/or local size variation in the cranium. Therefore metric and non‐metric traits will share a common developmental determination. The hypothesis implies that the underlying scale of a non‐metric trait will be correlated with measures of cranial size and shape. Forty‐eight cranial metric and twenty‐five cranial non‐metric traits were scored on the left side of adult male crania from four North American Indian populations. New threshold traits were generated for each non‐metric trait by dichotomizing discriminant scores produced by discriminant function analysis. The discriminant analysis was performed using metric traits to discriminate between groups formed by non‐metric trait presence or absence. Every non‐metric trait tested was significantly correlated with its threshold trait in at least one population. The correlations were of moderate to high levels depending on the trait and population sample studied. This implies that metric and non‐metric traits share a moderate to high degree of developmental determination. The cause of these correlations may lie in the common effects that growth and development of the soft tissue and functional spaces of the cranium exert on both metric and non‐metric traits.
Further observations on absence of palmar triradius d in normal people
Authors: Sharma P. Dash
Published: August 2005

Palmar triradius d has been reported in one caucasoid and two mongoloid populations.
Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers
Authors: Susman Randall L.
Published: August 2005

Comparisons of hominoid metacarpals and phalanges reveal differences, many of which are closely linked to locomotor hand postures. The African apes display features of the metacarpals and phalanges which distinguish them from the other Hominoidea. These features are most evident in digits III and IV. The orangutan hand is demonstrably less well adapted to knuckle‐walking and is distinctive in its adaptation to power and hook grasping of vertical and horizontal supports, respectively. Orangutan fingers possess a “double‐locking” mechanism (Napier, '60), and a slight ulnad shift in the axis of the hand which results in lengthened phalanges of ray IV. Hylobatid apes are more like orangutans in their finger morphology than any of the other Hominoidea, but exhibit unique features of their own. These include elongate phalanges of fingers II‐V. Human metacarpals II‐V form two sets composed of II‐III, and IV‐V. The heads of both metacarpals II and III are characterized by axial torsion. This reflects the enhanced manipulatory role of the third finger in humans. Human distal phalanges are unique in the development of pronounced apical tufts.

Multivariate analysis of metacarpal III and proximal III yields variables that array the extant apes along an arboreal‐terrestrial axis, from hylobatid apes to male gorillas. The positions of taxa on this discriminant concur with observations on the locomotion of free‐ranging apes.
Population genetic data on properdin factor B (Bf) in Northern Germany
Authors: Püschel K. , Schmidt M. , Söder R. , Brinkmann B.
Published: August 2005

Properdin factor B phenotypes were determined in 1,112 unrelated individuals and in 151 mother/child combinations from Northern Germany. Gene frequencies were: F = 0.1960, S = 0.7905, F1 = 0.0072, S1 = 0.0063. The data of the mother/child combinations are in full accordance with the postulated gene model.
Application of the likelihood ratio test to age estimation using the infant and child temporal bone
Authors: Weaver David S.
Published: August 2005

Several developmental changes in the skull of infants and children are well documented and have been used in the estimation of age at death of infants and children. This paper will present a feature of the infant and child temporal bone, the development of the tympanic plate (floor) of the external auditory meatus, which has recently proven useful in age estimation.

Through the use of the Likelihood Ratio Test (Sprott, '73), a six‐stage developmental sequence for the tympanic plate has been evaluated. Analysis of the tympanic plate developmental sequence has produced the following age categories: fetal, newborn, six months, one to two and one‐half years.

A general discussion of the basis and potential applications of the Likelihood Ratio Test for analysis of stages and other ordinal data is offered.
Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones
Authors: Jungers William L. , Minns R. J.
Published: August 2005

Computerized transverse axial scanning (computed tomography) is a relatively new radiographic technique designed to recover precise cross‐sectional images (tomograms) of 3‐dimensional objects. This highly sensitive process permits tissues of similar density to be separated and displayed unambiguously. These special features are, therefore, ideal for analyzing the cross‐sectional geometry of intact fossil long bones, even when they are highly mineralized and their medullary cavities are occluded by matrix. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method in assessing the complex relationship between fossil structure and probable function, geometrical and biomechanical properties of midshaft tomograms of femora and tibiae have been analyzed for a comparative primate sample consisting of Megaladapis edwardsi (an extinct giant prosimian from Madagascar), Indri indri (the largest extant prosimian), and Homo sapiens.
The effects of induced prenatal hypothyroidism on lamb mandibular third primary molars
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. , Rose Jerome C.
Published: August 2005

Intrauterine thyroidectomies were performed on nine lambs on or about the ninety‐sixth postconception day. Seven other control and shamoperated lambs, and the cretin lambs were sacrificed immediately after birth. The mandibles were removed and sectioned at the midline. The right side molars were removed by dissection and caliper measured. The distal cusps of the third primary molars were sectioned, dehydrated, and embedded in Bio‐plastic. A slow speed diamond saw was used to section the plastic blocks and the embedded teeth. Subsequent grinding and polishing produced high quality 75 μm sections of the lamb molar cusps. No significant differences in tooth size or enamel thickness existed. Microscopic examinations show that parts of the cretin enamel were poorly calcified, an observation that was correlated to the intrauterine thyroidectomies. The data suggest that hypothyroidism alters ameloblastic activity during the secretory phase of enamel formation.
On the adaptive pattern of “Ramapithecus”
Authors: Greenfield Leonard Owen
Published: August 2005

A reconstruction of the adaptive pattern of the Miocene hominoid “Ramapithecus,” supported by comparative data and morphological comparisons, is presented. It is based upon the completely known dentition, inferior portion of the face, and on the paleoecology and geographic distribution of “Ramapithecus” bearing deposits.

The known adaptive and morphological patterns of the “Ramapithecus” species are almost indistinguishable from those of the contemporary species of Sivapithecus, which has taxonomic priority. The “Ramapithecus” species are therefore referred to Sivapithecus, a dryopithecine genus which apparently radiated throughout Eurasia and Africa during the Middle Miocene.
Telemetered electromyography of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis in Pan troglodytes and implications for interpretation of the O. H. 7 hand
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Stern Jr. Jack T.
Published: August 2005

The importance of knuckle‐walking in the locomotor repertoire of African apes raises the possibility that the long digital flexors may be specially adapted more to meet the demands of ground quadrupedalism than those of suspension. To investigate this possibility, the activities of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus were studied by means of telemetered electromyography in three chimpanzees. Results clearly indicate that the fasciculi of these muscles to digits bearing weight in knuckle‐walking are not called upon to contract in quadrupedal postures or in slow and moderately fast quadrupedal locomotion except to help clear the fingers from the ground as the forelimb begins its recovery stroke. At the most rapid speeds, a slight to moderate level of activity sometimes occurs in the latter half of stance phase. The long digital flexors display maximum and sustained activity during suspension. It is concluded that any role for these muscles in maintenance of stability at the metacarpophalangeal joints during knuckle‐walking must be predominantly passive. Prominent markings for insertions of these muscles in a fossil hand (such as O.H. 7) suggest use of the forelimb in suspensory climbing behaviors.