bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of the presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate on the grade group system's prognostic performance
Authors: Kato Masashi , Hirakawa Akihiro , Kobayashi Yumiko , Yamamoto Akiyuki , Ishida Ryo , Sano Tomoyasu , Kimura Tohru , Majima Tsuyoshi , Ishida Shohei , Funahashi Yasuhito , Sassa Naoto , Fujita Takashi , Matsukawa Yoshihisa , Yamamoto Tokunori , Hattori Ryohei , Gotoh Momokazu , Tsuzuki Toyonori
Published: April 2019

Background

Although the presence of intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC‐P) influences biochemical failure in radical prostatectomy patients, no data are available regarding the impact of its integration into the classification grade group system. Thus, the aim of this study was to enhance the utility of the grade group system by integrating the presence of IDC‐P.

Methods

This study was a retrospective evaluation of 1019 patients with prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy between 2005 and 2013 without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy. The data on age, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level at diagnosis, pathological T stage (pT), presence of Gleason pattern 5 (GP5), presence of IDC‐P, and surgical margin status were analyzed to predict PSA recurrence after prostatectomy.

Results

The median patient age was 67 (range, 45‐80) years and the median initial PSA level was 6.8 (range, 0.4‐82) ng/mL. The median follow‐up period was 82 (range, 0.7‐148) months. IDC‐P was detected in 157 patients (15.4%). Among these patients, the increase in the positive rate of IDC‐P correlated with tumor upgrading. The grade groups (GGs) were as follows: GG1 without IDC‐P, 16.0% (n = 163); GG2 without IDC‐P, 46.1% (n = 470); GG3 without IDC‐P, 15.7% (n = 160); GG4 without IDC‐P, 2.6% (n = 27); GG5 without IDC‐P, 4.1% (n = 42); any GG with IDC‐P, 15.4% [n = 157; GG 2 (n = 29); GG3 (n = 60); GG4 (n = 13); GG5 (n = 55)]. Any grade Group with IDC‐P showed significantly worse prognosis than any other group without IDC‐P (P < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, integration of the IDC‐P into the Grade Groups, the PSA level at diagnosis, and the surgical margin status were significant prognostic predictors (P < 0.0001, < 0.0001 and < 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions

Integrating the presence of IDC‐P into the grade group system will result in more accurate predictions of patient outcome.
The b‐ZIP transcription factor FgTfmI is required for the fungicide phenamacril tolerance and pathogenecity in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Liu Na , Wu Siqi , Dawood Dawood H , Tang Guangfei , Zhang Chengqi , Liang Jingting , Chen Yun , Ma Zhonghua
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of cereal crops worldwide mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum. Due to the unavailability of FHB‐resistant wheat cultivars, chemical fungicide application is currently the most effective approach for controlling FHB now. In the last few years, a novel cyanoacrylate fungicide, phenamacril, has been widely used in China for FHB disease management. In previous studies, we identified that myosin I (FgMyo1) is the target of phenamacril and is essential for mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis and fungal growth. However, the regulation of FgMYO1 gene expression is still largely unknown.

RESULTS

In this study, we identified a b‐ZIP transcription factor, FgTfmI, which regulates the mRNA expression of FgMYO1 upon phenamacril treatment. The FgTfmI directly binds to the promoter region of FgMYO1, and is required for the upregulation of FgMYO1 in response to phenamacril treatment. The deletion mutant of FgTFMI (ΔFgTfmI) displayed a slight growth defect, while it showed hypersensitivity to phenamacril, but not to other tested fungicides. FgTfmI also contributed to DON biosynthesis and the infection process in planta.

CONCLUSIONS

The transcription factor FgTfmI plays an important role in regulating transcription of the genes involved in phenamacril tolerance, DON biosynthesis and virulence in F. graminearum. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of Substrate and Post‐Deposition Annealing on Structural and Optical Properties of (ZnO)1−x(GaN)x Films
Authors: Olsen Vegard S. , Bazioti Calliope , Baldissera Gustavo , Azarov Alexander , Prytz Øystein , Persson Clas , Svensson Bengt G. , Kuznetsov Andrej Y. , Vines Lasse
Published: April 2019

The structural and optical properties of magnetron sputtered thin films of (ZnO)1−x(GaN)x deposited on zinc oxide, sapphire, and silicon oxide are studied as a function of strain accumulation and post‐deposition anneals at 600–800 °C. For the experimental conditions studied, we found that different amounts of tensile strain accumulated in the samples practically does not affect the strong bandbowing effect, that is, optical bandgap, observed in the as‐deposited alloys. In its turn, post‐deposition annealing results in a reduction of the tensile strain and dislocation density in the films, as measured by both X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, corroborating an increase in the crystal quality. In addition, the grain size is found to increase with annealing temperature, for example, mean values of 20 nm up to 50 nm were measured for the alloys with x = 0.15. Meanwhile, the full‐width at half maximum of the (0002) X‐ray diffraction reflection increases with annealing temperature, but with only a small increase in bandgap energies for the x = 0.15 sample. However, this observation was explained combining the experimental data and first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory, showing that the increase in the amount of Ga‐N bonds lowers the total energy of the system. As such, we conclude that the thermal treatments increase the Ga‐N ordering, resulting in several contributions or a widening of the diffraction peaks.
Steering Magnetic Skyrmions with Currents: A Nonequilibrium Green's Functions Approach
Authors: Viñas Boström Emil , Verdozzi Claudio
Published: April 2019

Magnetic skyrmions, topologically protected vortex‐like configurations in spin textures, are of wide conceptual and practical appeal, notably in relation to the making of so‐called race‐track memory devices. Skyrmions can be created, steered, and destroyed with magnetic fields and/or (spin) currents. Here the authors focus on the latter mechanism, analyzed via a microscopic treatment of the skyrmion–current interaction. The system considered is an isolated skyrmion in a square‐lattice cluster, interacting with electron spins in a current‐carrying quantum wire. For the theoretical description, a quantum formulation of spin‐dependent currents via nonequilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) within the generalized Kadanoff–Baym ansatz (GKBA) is employed. This is combined with a treatment of skyrmions based on classical localized spins, with the skyrmion motion described via Ehrenfest dynamics. With the mixed quantum–classical scheme, the authors assess how time‐dependent currents can affect the skyrmion dynamics, and how this in turn depends on electron–electron and spin–orbit interactions in the wire. This study shows the usefulness of a quantum–classical treatment of skyrmion steering via currents, as a way for example to validate/extract an effective, classical‐only, description of skyrmion dynamics from a microscopic quantum modeling of the skyrmion–current interaction.
Tuning the Magnetic and Electronic Properties of Janus MoSSe Nanoribbon by Edge Modification: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Zheng Fangfang , Guo Wenyu , Sun Shoutian , Ye Xiang
Published: April 2019

The magnetic and electronic properties of Janus MoSSe nanoribbon (JMoSSeNR) passivated by different non‐metal atoms are investigated by first‐principle calculation method. The magnetic and electronic properties of JMoSSeNR exhibit strong dependence on edge modification. The results show that the bare zigzag JMoSSeNR (ZJMoSSeNR) is a ferromagnetic metal and possesses magnetic moment of 1.91 µB cell−1. Its spin density is found to distribute on both sides and concentrate on the edge S, Se, and Mo atoms. After edge modification, the spin charge on the edge of ZJMoSSeNR is redistributed, and the magnetic moment of passivated ZJMoSSeNR is significantly reduced. The spin charge of ZJMoSSeNR‐H‐O only concentrates on one side which is different from both sides’ situation of the bare one and ZJMoSSeNR‐H. For armchair JMoSSeNR (AJMoSSeNR), it is found that the bare AJMoSSeNR is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 0.46 eV. Edge modification can also improve the stability of AJMoSSeNR and affect the band gap, which makes AJMoSSeNR‐H and AJMoSSeNR‐H‐F transform to direct band gap semiconductor. Similar to ZJMoSSeNR, AJMoSSeNR‐H‐O is also relatively stable, and the band gap will increase to around 1.35 eV with the increasing width.
A maximum entropy approach to the interaction between small and large scales in two‐dimensional turbulence
Authors: Verkley Wim T. M. , Severijns Camiel A. , Zwaal Boudewijn A.
Published: April 2019

A numerical model of a fluid dynamical system is necessarily limited to scales of motion down to a given minimum length‐scale. All interactions with smaller scales have to be dealt with in some approximate way by methods that are called parametrizations. The problem can be studied particularly well in a system that is geophysically relevant yet relatively simple and therefore amenable to very high‐resolution modelling: two‐dimensional turbulence. By using spectral models with high and low spatial resolutions and concentrating on the energy and enstrophy and their time‐derivatives as functions of wavenumber, we study the process of interaction between small and large scales. We show that this interaction can be modelled quite well by representing the small scales by means of a probability density function that is based on the principle of maximum entropy and on constraints on their energy and enstrophy as well as their time‐derivatives. Two sets of constraints are discussed and assessed in terms of the performance of their corresponding parametrizations.
Multithreaded parallelization of the energy and analytic gradient in the fragment molecular orbital method
Authors: Mironov Vladimir , Alexeev Yuri , Fedorov Dmitri G.
Published: April 2019

The fragment molecular orbital method in GAMESS is parallelized in a multithreaded OpenMP implementation combined with the MPI version of the two‐level generalized distributed data interface. The energy and analytic gradient in gas phase and the polarizable continuum model of solvation are parallelized in this hybrid three‐level scheme, achieving a large memory footprint reduction and a high parallel efficiency on Intel Xeon Phi processors. The parallel efficiency is demonstrated on the Stampede2 and Theta supercomputers using up to 2048 nodes (262 144 threads).
Matrix projective cluster synchronization for arbitrarily coupled networks with different dimensional nodes via nonlinear control
Authors: Zhang Lili , Wang Yinhe , Wang Qingyun , Lei Youfa , Wang Fang
Published: April 2019

Recently, many control mechanisms have been put forward to realize the cluster synchronization of networks. However, these results are derived by making very conservative assumptions on the network's nodes and its outer coupling configuration matrix, which greatly limit these results' potential applications. This paper focuses on weakening these restrictive assumptions as much as possible and further proposes nonlinear controllers for our general networks to achieve matrix projective cluster synchronization (MPCS). One outstanding characteristic of our introduced network model is that the state dimensions of the nodes in different clusters are different, which extends the case that the network is composed of identical dimensional nodes. Another distinctive characteristic is that no other restrictions are imposed on our network's outer coupling matrix except for being bounded, namely, both the outer coupling matrix and its block matrices may be time varying and nonzero‐row‐sum. Besides, the exponential MPCS (EMPCS) and asymptotic MPCS (AMPCS) are defined to make a better description of the cluster synchronization phenomena in this paper. It is worth noted that these two definitions extend the existing ones about cluster synchronization. Furthermore, by means of rigorous theoretical analysis, some nonlinear control strategies are proposed for our network to realize EMPCS or AMPCS. At last, a proper numerical example along with two control patterns is presented to demonstrate the validity and effectivity of our results in this paper.
Prediction of the terminations and Miller planes of the tetragonal zirconia thin films as a gate dielectric layer in integrated‐circuit industry
Authors: Zhang Yan , Chen Hua‐Xin , Duan Li , Ni Lei , Fan Ji‐Bin , Wang Zhuo , Ji Vincent
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we investigate the structures and insulating characters of the tetragonal zirconia (t‐ZrO2) thin films with various possible terminations within the lower‐index Miller planes (001) and (100). It is found that, firstly, a shift towards higher energy region makes the valence band of the OO‐terminated thin films of the (001) Miller plane of t‐ZrO2 cross the Fermi level EF and thus are unusable as a gate dielectric oxide in integrated‐circuit (IC) industry because of large‐leakage current. Secondly, a new splitting state presented just below the bottom of conduction band, and the Fermi level EF drops between them, which imply that the Zr‐terminated thin films of the (001) Miller plane of t‐ZrO2 are also unusable as a gate dielectric oxide in IC industry because of large leakage current. Thirdly, the insulating character disappears completely for Zr + OO‐terminated thin films of the (001) Miller plane of t‐ZrO2 and thus is also unusable as a gate dielectric oxide in IC industry because of metal character. Fourthly, the insulating character is maintained for the ZrO2‐terminated thin films of the (100) Miller plane and thus is usable as a gate dielectric oxide in IC industry.
Targeted learning with daily EHR data
Authors: Sofrygin Oleg , Zhu Zheng , Schmittdiel Julie A. , Adams Alyce S. , Grant Richard W. , van der Laan Mark J. , Neugebauer Romain
Published: April 2019

Electronic health records (EHR) data provide a cost‐ and time‐effective opportunity to conduct cohort studies of the effects of multiple time‐point interventions in the diverse patient population found in real‐world clinical settings. Because the computational cost of analyzing EHR data at daily (or more granular) scale can be quite high, a pragmatic approach has been to partition the follow‐up into coarser intervals of pre‐specified length (eg, quarterly or monthly intervals). The feasibility and practical impact of analyzing EHR data at a granular scale has not been previously evaluated. We start filling these gaps by leveraging large‐scale EHR data from a diabetes study to develop a scalable targeted learning approach that allows analyses with small intervals. We then study the practical effects of selecting different coarsening intervals on inferences by reanalyzing data from the same large‐scale pool of patients. Specifically, we map daily EHR data into four analytic datasets using 90‐, 30‐, 15‐, and 5‐day intervals. We apply a semiparametric and doubly robust estimation approach, the longitudinal Targeted Minimum Loss‐Based Estimation (TMLE), to estimate the causal effects of four dynamic treatment rules with each dataset, and compare the resulting inferences. To overcome the computational challenges presented by the size of these data, we propose a novel TMLE implementation, the “long‐format TMLE,” and rely on the latest advances in scalable data‐adaptive machine‐learning software,xgboostandh2o, for estimation of the TMLE nuisance parameters.
Efficient Enantioselective Syntheses of Chiral Natural Products Facilitated by Ligand Design
Authors: Yang He , Tang Wenjun
Published: April 2019

The employment of enantioselective transition‐metal‐catalyzed transformations as key steps in asymmetric natural product syntheses have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their versatile synthetic utilities, mild conditions and high efficiency in chirality generation. The chiral catalysts or supporting ligands are believed to be crucial for the requisite reactivity and enantioselectivity. Therefore, the rational design of chiral ligands is at the heart of developing new asymmetric transition‐metal catalyzed reactions and provides an avenue to the asymmetric synthesis of natural products. Our group has been engaged in the development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed enantioselective cross‐coupling, cyclization and other related reactions and the application of these methodologies to natural product syntheses. In this account, we summarized our recent synthetic efforts towards the efficient total syntheses of several different types of natural products including terpenes, alkaloids and polyketides facilitated by the design of a series of versatile P‐chiral phosphorous ligands.
The multivariate mixture dynamics model: shifted dynamics and correlation skew
Authors: Brigo Damiano , Pisani Camilla , Rapisarda Francesco
Published: April 2019

The multi variate mixture dynamics model is a tractable, dynamical, arbitrage-free multivariate model characterized by transparency on the dependence structure, since closed form formulae for terminal correlations, average correlations and copula function are available. It also allows for complete decorrelation between assets and instantaneous variances. Each single asset is modelled according to a lognormal mixture dynamics model, and this univariate version is widely used in the industry due to its flexibility and accuracy. The same property holds for the multivariate process of all assets, whose density is a mixture of multivariate basic densities. This allows for consistency of single asset and index/portfolio smile. In this paper, we generalize the MVMD model by introducing shifted dynamics and we propose a definition of implied correlation under this model. We investigate whether the model is able to consistently reproduce the implied volatility of FX cross rates once the single components are calibrated to univariate shifted lognormal mixture dynamics models. We consider in particular the case of the Chinese Renminbi FX rate, showing that the shifted MVMD model correctly recovers the CNY/EUR smile given the EUR/USD smile and the USD/CNY smile, thus highlighting that the model can also work as an arbitrage free volatility smile extrapolation tool for cross currencies that may not be liquid or fully observable. We compare the performance of the shifted MVMD model in terms of implied correlation with those of the shifted simply correlated mixture dynamics model where the dynamics of the single assets are connected naively by introducing correlation among their Brownian motions. Finally, we introduce a model with uncertain volatilities and correlation. The Markovian projection of this model is a generalization of the shifted MVMD model.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Emotion Regulation Difficulties: A Systematic Review
Authors: Harvey Lauren J. , Hunt Caroline , White Fiona A.
Published: April 2019

While dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) appears efficacious in reducing suicidal and self-harming behaviour, it is unclear whether DBT reduces emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, a purported mechanism of change of treatment. This review aims to investigate and evaluate the current evidence to understand the effectiveness of DBT in improving ER difficulties. A qualitative synthesis of studies investigating the effectiveness of DBT on self-reported ER difficulties as measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) was performed, identifying eligible studies using PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Fourteen studies were identified. Current evidence indicates that DBT does not show consistent benefits relative to existing psychological treatments in improving ER difficulties. The literature is compromised by significant methodological limitations increasing risk of bias across study outcomes. Furthermore, high variability across DBT programs and a lack of investigation regarding adherence and participant engagement within interventions was observed. Further research is needed in order to conclude regarding the effectiveness of DBT in improving ER difficulties. Consistent use of active treatment conditions, greater standardisation of DBT-based interventions, in addition to further examination of participant engagement level in DBT-based interventions in the long term may assist understanding as to whether DBT improves ER difficulties.
Formation of pedestalled, relict lakes on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: MACDONALD GRANT J. , BANWELL ALISON F. , WILLIS IAN C. , MAYER DAVID P. , GOODSELL BECKY , MacAYEAL DOUGLAS R.
Published: April 2019

Surface debris covers much of the western portion of the McMurdo Ice Shelf and has a strong influence on the local surface albedo and energy balance. Differential ablation between debris-covered and debris-free areas creates an unusual heterogeneous surface of topographically low, high-ablation, and topographically raised (‘pedestalled’), low-ablation areas. Analysis of Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery from 1999 to 2018, alongside field observations from the 2016/2017 austral summer, shows that pedestalled relict lakes (‘pedestals’) form when an active surface meltwater lake that develops in the summer, freezes-over in winter, resulting in the lake-bottom debris being masked by a high-albedo, superimposed, ice surface. If this ice surface fails to melt during a subsequent melt season, it experiences reduced surface ablation relative to the surrounding debris-covered areas of the ice shelf. We propose that this differential ablation, and resultant hydrostatic and flexural readjustments of the ice shelf, causes the former supraglacial lake surface to become increasingly pedestalled above the lower topography of the surrounding ice shelf. Consequently, meltwater streams cannot flow onto these pedestalled features, and instead divert around them. We suggest that the development of pedestals has a significant influence on the surface-energy balance, hydrology and flexure of the ice shelf.
Differences in the sexual aposymbiotic phase of the reproductive cycles of Parmelina carporrhizans and P. quercina. Possible implications for their reproductive biology
Authors: ALORS D. , CENDÓN-FLÓREZ Y. , DIVAKAR P. K. , CRESPO A. , GONZÁLEZ.BENÍTEZ N. , MOLINA M. C.
Published: April 2019

Our knowledge of ontogenetic development and reproductive biology in lichen-forming fungi is rather poor. Here, we aim to advance our understanding of the reproductive biology of Parmelina carporrhizans and P. quercina for which mycobiont fungi of both species were cultured in aposymbiotic conditions from ascospores. For P. carporrhizans 48 hours were necessary for 98·6% of apothecia to eject spores, while for P. quercina 100% of apothecia ejected spores in the first 24 hours. In P. quercina, large apothecia ejected more spores than smaller ones. In both species the percentage of spores germinating seemed independent of apothecium size. The percentage germination was higher in P. carporrhizans (72·4%) than in P. quercina (14·3%). Moreover, P. carporrhizans was grown more successfully on culture media than P. quercina. These results suggest that these species have different reproductive strategies, given that P. carporrhizans expels larger spores and in greater numbers than P. quercina as well as having different nutritional requirements (since P. carporrhizans grew successfully in the selected media but P. quercina did not). These characteristics may explain the sympatric speciation of these species.
Chaenotheca biesboschii a new calicioid lichen from willow forests in the Netherlands
Authors: TIBELL Leif , TIBELL Sanja , VAN DER PLUIJM Arno
Published: April 2019

A new species of Chaenotheca, C. biesboschii, has been found in the freshwater tidal area of the Biesbosch in the Netherlands, a national park well known for harbouring several rare and threatened mosses and lichens. A phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region revealed some strongly supported infrageneric clades in Chaenotheca which were given informal names, and some were assigned provisional names in anticipation of generic recognition. The analysis also showed that the new species differed in the sequenced region from other European Chaenotheca species. Chaenotheca biesboschii might be mistaken for C. gracillima but, in addition to a considerable difference in the ITS region, it also differs from this species in morphology. It is also similar to C. servitii but again differs in morphology. Chaenotheca biesboschii inhabits decorticated wood in the oldest stages of forest development of abandoned willow coppices. In 2016 and 2017 a fairly large population was found in an area comprising several square kilometres. In the Biesbosch area, extensive woodlands have developed only since the 1950s and therefore C. biesboschii might have been recently established in the area, possibly following climatic warming. The new species is characterized by having an immersed, glaucous green thallus; apothecia 0·9–1·4 mm high; capitulum on the lower side when young with a ring-like thickening covered by a yellow pruina; when mature with a rusty brown pruina on the capitulum and upper part of stalk; spherical spores, 3·5–5·5 µm diam., ornamented by irregular cracks, medium brown; photobiont Stichococcus. A key to the European species of Chaenotheca is provided.
No combination of morphological, ecological or chemical characters can reliably diagnose species in theParmelia saxatilisaggregate in Scotland
Authors: CORSIE Eleanor I. , HARROLD Paul , YAHR Rebecca
Published: April 2019

TheParmelia saxatilisaggregate is comprised of three species in Europe, proposed to differ in morphological, distributional or chemical characters. In this study, we sampled nearly 200 thalli from five sites across a steep ecological gradient in Scotland to investigate the distribution of the species in the aggregate, and we characterized all specimens by morphological, chemical and ITS sequence variation. In our sample, 191 specimens were identified to species using ITS. We confirm that a PCR length assay can be used for separation ofP. saxatiliss. str. fromP. ernstiaeandP. serranabecause across our sample,P. saxatiliss. str. consistently includes a group I intronc. 200 bp. Using sequences for specimen identification, we test previously proposed characters to diagnose specimens and use multivariate analysis to identify the most consistent features which may be used for identification among species. First, we test lobe morphology, presence and amount of pruina, distribution of isidia, lobe tip colour, and chemistry. Second, we use classification trees that quantify the contributions of 1) morphological and chemical factors, and 2) morphological and ecological factors, toa prioriITS-barcoded specimens.Parmelia saxatiliss. str.,P. ernstiaeandP. serranaall occur across the sampled gradient but differ in the frequency of occurrence, withP. saxatiliss. str. more frequent in the relatively drier east, andP. ernstiaemore frequent in the wetter west.Parmelia serranawas collected around a third as often as the other two species, but more frequently on tree branches than expected. For all the morphological characters examined, all the species show some overlap and no morphological features are diagnostic, though trends are apparent by species. The classification tree approach holds promise for discovering the most meaningful variation for field workers to approach correct identifications. Chemical variation using TLC is perhaps the best way to distinguish most specimens but, even here, overlap in chemosyndromes exists among the species.
The reformed Nowell Codex and the Beowulf manuscript
Authors: Kiernan Kevin
Published: April 2019

Lichfield Cathedral had a scriptorium and library in the early eleventh century. As a non-monastic establishment run by bishops and secular canons, Lichfield was not dissolved during the Reformation and undoubtedly kept some of its books. In 1563, Laurence Nowell, Dean of Lichfield Cathedral, subscribed the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, the main tenets of the Anglican Church. That year, someone wrote Laurence Nowell and the momentous date 1563 on the first page of the codex. The damage to the beginning and end of the codex suggests that a Reformer, deeming them unsuitable on religious grounds, excised the surviving texts from their original contexts. For a Reformer, the Life of St Christopher supported the Papist superstition of invoking and venerating saints, while Judith unduly showcased a non-canonical story from the Apocrypha. In this light, the Reformers unintentionally saved Beowulf and the rest of the Nowell Codex because they disapproved of them.
Ambyrne wind, amberlice and byre in the DOE Online
Authors: Korhammer Michael
Published: April 2019

This article, which builds on an older publication of the author’s, argues on the basis of nautical, linguistic and logical evidence that some widely accepted opinions on the meaning of the Old English words in the title cannot be upheld any further.
Jean XXII et l'expulsion des juifs du Comtat Venaissin
Authors: Theis Valérie
Published: April 2019

Au début des années 1320, les populations juives du Comtat Venaissin ont été expulsées de ce territoire par le pape Jean XXII qui en était le souverain. Cet épisode, souvent rapproché par les historiens de la politique du roi de France vis-à-vis des juifs, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’études rendant compte de manière satisfaisante de son déroulement et des raisons qui avaient pu pousser la papauté à rompre avec la doctrine de la protection nécessaire des juifs, qui prévalait depuis l’émission de la bulleSicut Judeis. Même si Carlo Ginzburg lui a accordé une place dansLe Sabbat des sorcières, l’historiographie a longtemps été dominée par l’idée que la protection pontificale n’avait pas fait défaut aux juifs, contrastant avec l’attitude des souverains laïcs. Des sources comptables inédites permettent de remettre en question cette vision des choses, de préciser la datation de l’expulsion et le déroulement des opérations de vente forcée des biens des juifs. Elles donnent aussi l’occasion de proposer une interprétation du revirement de la politique pontificale qui se tienne à distance d’une histoire idéalisée des rapports entre les juifs et les chrétiens et d’une histoire de la montée en puissance des mentalités persécutrices, pour replacer l’épisode dans le cadre du développement des structures étatiques et des arts de gouverner.
Méditations mathématiques
Authors: Damme Stéphane Van
Published: April 2019

Dans quelle mesure les savants ont-ils utilisé les sciences pour poursuivre une bonne vie au XVIIesiècle? Comment articuler révolution scientifique et questionnement éthique? Ce sont les questions que formule l’historien des sciences Matthew Jones dans son ouvrageThe good life in the scientific revolution. Son projet s’inscrit d’abord dans les prolongements des recherches sur une histoire sociale de la vérité qui a encouragé de nombreux historiens depuis deux décennies à déchiffrer les normes morales qui garantissent l’usage et la production des énoncés scientifiques. La civilité, la politesse, l’honneur ont donné lieu à des recherches précises qui ont permis de souligner le contexte culturel et social qui entoure les pratiques de l’innovation scientifique à l’âge classique. Ensuite, il approfondit ces interrogations en se demandant comment la pratique mathématique est considérée comme une mise en jeu, et non comme le reflet, de ces normes morales. Cet article se propose de discuter des apports de ce livre en examinant d’abord les trois formes d’expérimentation d’une morale mathématique menées par Descartes, Pascal et Leibniz. L’article montre ensuite comment Matthew Jones puise dans les travaux de Pierre Hadot sa conception des exercices mathématiques comme exercices spirituels. Dans un troisième temps, l’article étudie dans quelle mesure le livre illustre un retour de la question morale en histoire des sciences anglophone depuis une vingtaine d’années alors que l’épistémologie classique à la française s’est toujours tenue à distance de ce questionnement. On montrera comment ces approches ouvrent des pistes de réflexion pour les historiens pour mieux saisir les relations entre sciences et religion à l’époque moderne.
Enhancement of posterior brain functional networks in bilingual older adults
Authors: de Frutos-Lucas Jaisalmer , López-Sanz David , Cuesta Pablo , Bruña Ricardo , de la Fuente Sofía , Serrano Noelia , López María Eugenia , Delgado-Losada María Luisa , López-Higes Ramón , Marcos Alberto , Maestú Fernando
Published: April 2019

Bilingualism has been said to improve cognition and even delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This research aimed to investigate whether bilingualism leaves a neurophysiological trace even when people are highly educated. We expected bilinguals to present better preserved brain functional networks, which could be a trace of higher cognitive reserve. With this purpose, we conducted a magnetoencephalographic study with a group of healthy older adults. We estimated functional connectivity using phase-locking value and found five clusters in parieto-occipital regions in which bilinguals exhibited greater functional connectivity than monolinguals. These clusters included brain regions typically implicated in language processing. Furthermore, these functional changes correlated with caudate volumes (a key region in language shifting and control) in the bilingual sample. Interestingly, decreased Functional Connectivity between posterior brain regions had already been identified as an indicator of aging/preclinical AD but, according to our study, bilingualism seems to exert the opposite effect.
How do bilinguals switch between languages in different interactional contexts? A comparison between voluntary and mandatory language switching
Authors: Jevtović Mina , Duñabeitia Jon Andoni , de Bruin Angela
Published: April 2019

How bilinguals switch between languages depends on the context. In a voluntary context, bilinguals are free to decide when to switch, whereas in a cued context they are instructed when to switch. While using two languages may be more costly than using one in cued switching ('mixing cost'), recent evidence suggests that voluntarily using two languages may be less effortful than using one ('mixing benefit'). Direct comparisons between mandatory and voluntary switching, however, are needed to better understand the effects of the interactional context on bilingual language control. The current study compared mandatory and voluntary switching within the same task, thus keeping the overall task characteristics the same. We observed overall slower mandatory responses and larger mandatory than voluntary mixing and switching effects. Thus, using two languages is more costly in a mandatory than voluntary context, showing that the interactional context can affect the effort needed to control two languages.
The Sensitivity of Satellite Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence to Meteorological Drought
Authors: Jiao Wenzhe , Chang Qing , Wang Lixin
Published: April 2019

Solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) could provide information on plant physiological response to water stress (e.g., drought). There are growing interests to study the effect of drought on SIF. However, to what extent SIF responds to drought and how the responses vary under different precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration conditions are not clear. In this regard, we evaluated the relationship between satellite‐based SIF product and four commonly used meteorological drought indices (Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index, Standardized Precipitation Index, Temperature Condition Index, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) under diverse climate regions in the continental United States. The four drought indices were used because they estimate meteorological drought conditions based on either single or combined meteorological factors such as precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, representing different perspectives of drought. The relationship between SIF and meteorological drought varied spatially and differed for different ecosystem types. The high sensitivity occurred in dry areas characterized by a high mean annual growing season temperature and low vegetation productivity. Through random forest regression analyses, we found that temperature, gross primary production, precipitation, and land cover are the major factors affecting the relationships between SIF and meteorological drought indices. Taken together, satellite SIF is highly sensitive to meteorological drought, but the high sensitivity is constrained to dry regions.
Natural Analogue Constraints on Europa's Non‐ice Surface Material
Authors: Fox‐Powell Mark G. , Osinski Gordon R. , Applin Daniel , Stromberg Jessica M. , Gázquez Fernando , Cloutis Ed , Allender Elyse , Cousins Claire R.
Published: April 2019

Non‐icy material on the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is hypothesized to have originated from its subsurface ocean and thus provide a record of ocean composition and habitability. The nature of this material is debated, but observations suggest that it comprises hydrated sulfate and chloride salts. Analogue spectroscopic studies have previously focused on single‐phase salts under controlled laboratory conditions. We investigated natural salts from perennially cold (<0 °C) hypersaline springs and characterized their reflectance properties at 100, 253, and 293 K. Despite similar major ion chemistry, these springs form mineralogically diverse deposits, which when measured at 100 K closely match reflectance spectra from Europa. In the most sulfate‐rich samples, we find that spectral features predicted from laboratory salts are obscured. Our data are consistent with sulfate‐dominated europan non‐icy material and further show that the emplacement of endogenic sulfates on Europa's surface would not preclude a chloride‐dominated ocean.
Long‐Term Measurements Show Little Evidence for Large Increases in Total U.S. Methane Emissions Over the Past Decade
Authors: Lan Xin , Tans Pieter , Sweeney Colm , Andrews Arlyn , Dlugokencky Edward , Schwietzke Stefan , Kofler Jonathan , McKain Kathryn , Thoning Kirk , Crotwell Molly , Montzka Stephen , Miller Benjamin R. , Biraud Sébastien C.
Published: April 2019

Recent studies show conflicting estimates of trends in methane (CH4) emissions from oil and natural gas (ONG) operations in the United States. We analyze atmospheric CH4measurements from 20 North American sites in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network and determined trends for 2006–2015. Using CH4vertical gradients as an indicator of regional surface emissions, we find no significant increase in emissions at most sites and modest increases at three sites heavily influenced by ONG activities. Our estimated increases in North American ONG CH4emissions (on average approximately 3.4 ± 1.4 %/year for 2006–2015, ±σ) are much smaller than estimates from some previous studies and below our detection threshold for total emissions increases at the east coast sites that are sensitive to U.S. outflows. We also find an increasing trend in ethane/methane emission ratios, which has resulted in major overestimation of oil and gas emissions trends in some previous studies.
A Simplified Model for the Baroclinic and Barotropic Ocean Response to Moving Tropical Cyclones: 2. Model and Simulations
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Monzikova Anna , Combot Clément , Chapron Bertrand , Reul Nicolas
Published: April 2019

A simplified analytical model is developed to describe the baroclinic and barotropic ocean response to moving tropical cyclones (TCs) and their associated pycnocline erosions. The model builds on classical mixed‐layer (ML) models and linear models of ocean response to transient events. As suggested, disturbances of the upper ocean stratification caused by the ML development shall not strongly impact the dynamics of baroclinic modes. Accordingly, the baroclinic response can be estimated using the prestorm ocean stratification condition. To the contrary, the ML is strongly coupled with these interior motions, through the TC‐induced upwelling response that affects the entrainment velocity. The ML temperature is then strongly dependent on the local temperature gradient in the upper layer. The model is represented by a set of analytical relationships providing rapid calculations for the ocean response to TC, given a prescribed wind velocity field traveling over an ocean with arbitrary stratification. Compared to satellite observations, simulations demonstrate the model ability to quantitatively reproduce the observed shape and magnitudes of the sea surface height and the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Remarkably, the model is robust and efficient for a wide range of variability of TC characteristics (max wind speed, radius, shape of wind profile, and translation velocity), parameters of the ocean stratification, and Coriolis parameter. Simulations provide solid evidences about the key role of TC‐induced upwelling in the ML cooling and formation of SST wake. Cross‐track advection by wind‐driven currents, though small compared with TC translation velocity, can significantly contribute to broaden the shape and offset of the SST wake. Given its effectiveness and low computational burden, the proposed model can be introduced as a computational module into atmospheric numerical models of TC‐coupled evolution with the ocean, through the resulting local changes of surface enthalpy fluxes.
Suspended Sediments in Chilean Rivers Reveal Low Postseismic Erosion After the Maule Earthquake (Mw 8.8) During a Severe Drought
Authors: Tolorza Violeta , Mohr C. H. , Carretier S. , Serey A. , Sepúlveda S. A. , Tapia J. , Pinto L.
Published: April 2019

We address the question of whether all large‐magnitude earthquakes produce an erosion peak in the subaerial components of fluvial catchments. We evaluate the sediment flux response to the Maule earthquake in the Chilean Andes (Mw 8.8) using daily suspended sediment records from 31 river gauges. The catchments cover drainage areas of 350 to around 10,000 km2, including a wide range of topographic slopes and vegetation cover of the Andean western flank. We compare the 3‐ to 8‐year postseismic record of sediment flux to each of the following preseismic periods: (1) all preseismic data, (2) a 3‐year period prior to the seismic event, and (3) the driest preseismic periods, as drought conditions prevailed in the postseismic period. Following the earthquake, no increases in suspended sediment flux were observed for moderate to high percentiles of the streamflow distribution (mean, median, and ≥75th percentile). However, more than half of the examined stations showed increased sediment flux during baseflow. By using a Random Forest approach, we evaluate the contributions of seismic intensities, peak ground accelerations, co‐seismic landslides, hydroclimatic conditions, topography, lithology, and land cover to explain the observed changes in suspended sediment concentration and fluxes. We find that the best predictors are hillslope gradient, low‐vegetation cover, and changes in streamflow discharge. This finding suggests a combined first‐order control of topography, land cover, and hydrology on the catchment‐wide erosion response. We infer a reduced sediment connectivity due to the postseismic drought, which increased the residence time of sediment detached and remobilized following the Maule earthquake.
Deviation of Boron Concentration From Predictions Using Salinity in Coastal Environments
Authors: Lee Kitack , Lee Chang‐Ho , Lee Ju‐Hyeon , Han In‐Seong , Kim Miok
Published: April 2019

To test whether the established B/Cl ratio (0.2414 mg·kg–1·‰–1) derived for the open ocean is applicable to coastal systems globally, we measured the B concentration and salinity of seawater samples (n = 245) collected from the coastal waters of the Yellow, East China, and East Seas. We also measured the B concentration of freshwater samples (n = 10) from six rivers discharging into these seas and analyzed along with the B concentrations of other rivers globally, obtained from literatures. Our results show that the supply of riverine B (2–6 μmol B/kg) did not discernably alter the B/Cl ratio in most estuarine systems. The impact of this riverine B input on the interconversion between total alkalinity ([HCO3–] + 2[CO32–] + [B (OH)4–] + others) and carbonate alkalinity ([HCO3–] + 2[CO32–]) is less than a few micromoles per kilogram for most estuarine and coastal systems, although exceptions in the Baltic Sea do occur.
Chronic stress triggers divergent dendritic alterations in immature neurons of the adult hippocampus, depending on their ultimate terminal fields
Authors: Dioli Chrysoula , Patrício Patrícia , Sousa Nuno , Kokras Nikolaos , Dalla Christina , Guerreiro Sara , Santos-Silva Miguel A. , Rego Ana Cristina , Pinto Luísa , Ferreiro Elisabete , Sotiropoulos Ioannis
Published: April 2019

Chronic stress, a suggested precipitant of brain pathologies, such as depression and Alzheimer’s disease, is known to impact on brain plasticity by causing neuronal remodeling as well as neurogenesis suppression in the adult hippocampus. Although many studies show that stressful conditions reduce the number of newborn neurons in the adult dentate gyrus (DG), little is known about whether and how stress impacts on dendritic development and structural maturation of these newborn neurons. We, herein, demonstrate that chronic stress impacts differentially on doublecortin (DCX)-positive immature neurons in distinct phases of maturation. Specifically, the density of the DCX-positive immature neurons whose dendritic tree reaches the inner molecular layer (IML) of DG is reduced in stressed animals, whereas their dendritic complexity is increased. On the contrary, no change on the density of DCX-positive neurons whose dendritic tree extends to the medial/outer molecular layer (M/OML) of the DG is found under stress conditions, whereas the dendritic complexity of these cells is diminished. In addition, DCX+ cells displayed a more complex and longer arbor in the dendritic compartments located in the granular cell layer of the DG under stress conditions; on the contrary, their dendritic segments localized into the M/OML were shorter and less complex. These findings suggest that the neuroplastic effects of chronic stress on dendritic maturation and complexity of DCX+ immature neurons vary based on the different maturation stage of DCX-positive cells and the different DG sublayer, highlighting the complex and dynamic stress-driven neuroplasticity of immature neurons in the adult hippocampus.
Water quality improvements offset the climatic debt for stream macroinvertebrates over twenty years
Authors: Vaughan Ian P. , Gotelli Nicholas J.
Published: April 2019

Many species are accumulating climatic debt as they fail to keep pace with increasing global temperatures. In theory, concomitant decreases in other stressors (e.g. pollution, fragmentation) could offset some warming effects, paying climatic debt with accrued environmental credit. This process may be occurring in many western European rivers. We fit a Markov chain model to ~20,000 macroinvertebrate samples from England and Wales, and demonstrate that despite large temperature increases 1991–2011, macroinvertebrate communities remained close to their predicted equilibrium with environmental conditions. Using a novel analysis of multiple stressors, an accumulated climatic debt of 0.64 (±0.13 standard error) °C of warming was paid by a water-quality credit equivalent to 0.89 (±0.04)°C of cooling. Although there is finite scope for mitigating additional climate warming in this way, water quality improvements appear to have offset recent temperature increases, and the concept of environmental credit may be a useful tool for communicating climate offsetting.