bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preface: Phys. Status Solidi C 1/2012
Authors: Wang Baoping , Milne Bill , Clavaguera‐Mora Gehan Amaratunga
Published: December 2011

The 8th International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC 2010) and NANOcarbon 2010 was held in Nanjing, China from Oct. 14–16 in 2010. This international conference was organized by Southeast University, the Engineering Department of the University of Cambridge, IEEE Electron Devices Society, the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics (China) and Jiangsu Vacuum Society of China.

IVESC 2010 included numerous sessions on the fundamentals of electron emission, cathode technology, and the applications of electron sources in vacuum electronic devices and vacuum microelectronic and other novel devices. IVESC provides a unique international forum for the presentation of achievements, breakthroughs and developments in electron source technology since electron sources form the heart of vacuum electron devices.

The aims of NANOcarbon 2010 were: 1. to establish an international forum for the discussion and promotion of the science and applications of nanomaterials, 2. to maintain awareness of the current developments in the field and 3. to encourage and foster collaborations and networks between researchers in both academia and industry from Europe, Asia and America. The symposium featured talks by distinguished speakers presenting the latest advances in the field, and contributed papers which had also been solicited including poster presentations. Topics covered had included nanomaterial synthesis, processing, characterization, properties and applications. The NANOcarbon 2010 Proceedings will thus provide an excellent opportunity for audience to read about the latest cutting edge research results in carbon nanotube, graphene and nanowire synthesis, development and applications.

The conference also reinforced the commitment of IVESC and NANOcarbon to promote international collaboration and facilitate the open exchange of state‐of‐the‐art and state‐of‐the‐practice research findings.
Modular Metal Chalcogenide Chemistry: Secondary Building Blocks as a Basis of the Silicate‐Type Framework Structure of CsLiU(PS4)2
Authors: Neuhausen Christine , Rocker Frank , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

The novel uranium thiophosphate CsLiU(PS4)2has been synthesized by reacting uranium metal, Cs2S, Li2S, S, and P2S5at 700 °C in an evacuated silica tube. The crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. CsLiU(PS4)2crystallizes in the rhombohedral space groupR$\bar{3}$c(a= 15.2797(7) Å;c= 28.778(2) Å,V= 5818.7(5) Å3,Z= 18). The structure ofCsLiU(PS4)2is a unique three‐dimensional U(PS4)22–framework with large tunnels with an approximate diameter of 6.6 Å running parallel to the crystallographiccaxis. The tunnels are filled with Cs+cations. The smaller Li+cations are located at tetrahedral sites at the periphery of the channels. In the structure of CsLiU(PS4)2the uranium atoms are coordinated by thiophosphate groups in a pseudotetrahedral fashion, and the PS4groups act as linear connectors. Topologically, CsLiU(PS4)2may be regarded a chalcogenide analogue of silicate frameworks, with the uranium atoms and PS4groups replacing silicon and oxygen atoms. Alternatively, CsLiU(PS4)2may be viewed as a coordination polymer, which is formed in salt melts by the solid state equivalent of the “self‐assembly” reactions in solution. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicated Curie–Weiss‐type behavior between 4 K and 300 K. Theμeffof 2.83 μBat 300 K is in agreement with an f2configuration of U4+.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization and Thermal Properties of a Novel Aza‐aromatic Base Adduct of Cadmium Thenoyltrifluoroacetonate: A precursor for Pure Phase Nano‐sized Cadmium(II) Oxide
Authors: Hanifehpour Younes , Mirtamizdoust Babak , Joo Sang Woo
Published: December 2011

A novel aza‐aromatic base adduct of cadmium(II) thenoyltrifluoroacetonate, [Cd(phen)(ttfa)2] (1), (phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline; ttfa = thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermal analysis as well as X‐ray crystallography. The single‐crystal structure of this complex shows that the coordination number of the Cd2+ ions are six with two nitrogen donor atoms from aza‐aromatic base ligands and four oxygen donors from two thenoyltrifluoroacetonate ligands. The supramolecular features in these complexes are directed by weak directional intermolecular interactions. The structure of the title complex was optimized by density functional theory calculations. Calculated structural parameters and IR spectra for the title complex are in agreement with the crystal structure. The CdO nanoparticles were obtained by thermolysis of 1 at 180 °C with oleic acid as a surfactant. The average size of the nanoparticles was estimated by the Scherrer equation with the diameter about 45 nm. The morphology and size of the prepared CdO samples were further observed using SEM.
CONVOLUTION OF FUNCTIONALS OF DISCRETE-TIME NORMAL MARTINGALES
Authors: HAN QI , WANG CAISHI , ZHOU YULAN
Published: December 2011

Let M=(M)n∈ℕ be a discrete-time normal martingale satisfying some mild requirements. In this paper we show that through the full Wiener integral introduced by Wang et al. (‘An alternative approach to Privault’s discrete-time chaotic calculus’, J. Math. Anal. Appl.373 (2011), 643–654), one can define a multiplication-type operation on square integrable functionals of M, which we call the convolution. We examine algebraic and analytical properties of the convolution and, in particular, we prove that the convolution can be used to represent a certain family of conditional expectation operators associated with M. We also present an example of a discrete-time normal martingale to show that the corresponding convolution has an integral representation.
Effect of meal timing and glycaemic index on glucose control and insulin secretion in healthy volunteers
Authors: Morgan Linda M. , Shi Jiang-Wen , Hampton Shelagh M. , Frost Gary
Published: December 2011

Shiftworkers have a higher risk of CHD and type 2 diabetes. They consume a large proportion of their daily energy and carbohydrate intake in the late evening or night-time, a factor which could be linked to their increase in disease risk. We compared the metabolic effects of varying both dietary glycaemic index (GI) and the time at which most daily energy intake was consumed. We hypothesised that glucose control would be optimal with a low-GI diet, consumed predominantly early in the day. A total of six healthy lean volunteers consumed isoenergetic meals on four occasions, comprising either high- or low-GI foods, with 60 % energy consumed predominantly early (breakfast) or late (supper). Interstitial glucose was measured continuously for 20 h. Insulin, TAG and non-esterified fatty acids were measured for 2 h following every meal. Highest glucose values were observed when large 5021 kJ (1200 kcal) high-GI suppers were consumed. Glucose levels were also significantly higher in predominantly late high- v. low-GI meals (P < 0·01). Using an estimate of postprandial insulin sensitivity throughout the day, we demonstrate that this follows the same trend, with insulin sensitivity being significantly worse in high energy consumed in the evening meal pattern. Both meal timing and GI affected glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Avoidance of large, high-GI meals in the evening may be particularly beneficial in improving postprandial glucose profiles and may play a role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes; however, longer-term studies are needed to confirm this.
Precedent in International Courts: A Network Analysis of Case Citations by the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Lupu Yonatan , Voeten Erik
Published: December 2011

Why and how do international courts justify decisions with citations to their own case law? We argue that, like domestic review courts, international courts use precedent at least in part to convince ‘lower’ (domestic) courts of the legitimacy of judgements. Several empirical observations are consistent with this view, which are examined through a network analysis of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) citations. First, the Court cites precedent based on the legal issues in the case, not the country of origin. Second, the Court is more careful to embed judgements in its existing case law when the expected value of persuading domestic judges is highest. These findings contribute to a developing literature that suggests international and domestic review courts develop their authority in similar ways.
Pressed into Party Support? Media Influence on Partisan Attitudes during the 2005 UK General Election Campaign
Authors: Brandenburg Heinz , Van Egmond Marcel
Published: December 2011

This study reassesses the ability of the mass media to influence voter opinions directly. Combining data on media content with individuals’ assessments of British political parties during the 2005 general election campaign allows a test of newspapers’ persuasive influence in a way previously considered a ‘virtual impossibility’. Utilizing repeated measures from the 2005 BES campaign panel, multilevel regression analysis reveals significant impact of partisan slant not just on the evaluation of the party mentioned but also on evaluations of its competitor(s). The strongest evidence of direct media persuasion is provided by the finding that variation in slant over the campaign drives how undecided voters evaluate the incumbent government party, even when controlling for a newspaper's average partisan slant.
U–Pb zircon dating and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic evidence to support a juvenile origin of the ~ 634 Ma El Shalul granitic gneiss dome, Arabian–Nubian Shield
Authors: ALI K. , ANDRESEN A. , MANTON W. I. , STERN R. J. , OMAR S. A. , MAURICE A. E.
Published: December 2011

The calc-alkaline, gneissic El Shalul granite is the westernmost gneiss dome or core complex within the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Previous studies have indicated that it represents either a window into the underlying pre-Neoproterozoic Sahara metacraton or a melt derived from the metacraton. U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating of magmatic zircons from two samples of the variably foliated El Shalul pluton gives ages of 637 ± 5 Ma and 630 ± 6 Ma, excluding it from representing exhumed cratonic rocks. The ages are, however, indistinguishable from the age of the Um Ba'anib pluton, constituting the core of the Meatiq Gneiss Dome, as well as several other plutons in the Eastern Desert, indicating an important magmatic pulse in the Arabian–Nubian Shield in Late Cryogenian time. Major and trace element data indicate a within-plate setting. Bulk rock Nd-isotope and Hf-isotope data on zircons from the El Shalul pluton indicate derivation of the primary melt from a relatively juvenile source, either the lower crust of a mid-Neoproterozoic volcanic arc or as a result of fractionation of a mantle-derived mafic melt. Sm–Nd bulk rock isotopic data indicate a model age of c. 720 Ma for the protolith from which the melt was derived. Time-corrected Hf-isotope data obtained on the magmatic zircons indicate that the bulk of the source rock was extracted from the mantle around 810 Ma.
Enhancement in the electromagnetic beam-plasma instability due to ion streaming
Authors: SHUKLA NITIN , STOCKEM A. , FIÚZA F. , SILVA L. O.
Published: December 2011

We investigate the Weibel instability in counter-propagating electron–ion plasmas with focus on the ion contribution, considering a realistic mass ratio. A generalized dispersion relation is derived from the relativistic theory by assuming an initially anisotropic temperature, which is represented by a waterbag distribution in momentum space, which shows an enhanced growth rate due to ion response. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations support the theoretical analysis, showing a further amplification of magnetic field on ion time scale. The effect of an initial anisotropic temperature is investigated showing that the growth rate is monotonously decreased if the transverse spread is increased. Nevertheless, the presence of ions generates that the instability can develop for significantly higher electron temperatures. Suppression of oblique mode is also explored by introducing a parallel velocity spread.
The equivalence of Joule dissipation and frictional heating in the collisional ionosphere
Authors: Strangeway Robert J.
Published: December 2011

We address what is meant by Joule dissipation in the context of the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. We first show that the ionospheric Ohm's law that includes the classical Pedersen and Hall conductivities can be extended to include other terms such as plasma inertia and pressure. Within the ionosphere the Pedersen and Hall conductivities usually dominate. We note, however, that this does not mean that the electric field causes the currents. We next investigate the role of friction in heating the different species within the plasma. The frictional electron‐ion collisional heating rate is proportional toj2, where jis the current density, and as such could be considered to be Ohmic in nature. The heating from electron‐neutral collisions can be recast to include a term that includesj2, but only part of the electron collisional heating is Ohmic in the sense that it depends on j2. We also show that the Joule dissipation in the neutral frame equals the total amount of frictional heating for all the fluids (electrons, ions, and neutrals) with additional terms to account for the rate at which work is done by pressure gradient forces, and the power used to accelerate the plasma. In general, these additional terms are small within the ionosphere, and most of the Joule dissipation in the neutral frame results in heating, mainly by initially increasing the ion fluid temperature relative to the neutrals, while the neutral atmosphere temperature increases with a much slower rate.
Annual and semiannual variations of thermospheric density: EOF analysis of CHAMP and GRACE data
Authors: Lei Jiuhou , Matsuo Tomoko , Dou Xiankang , Sutton Eric , Luan Xiaoli
Published: December 2011

In this paper, observations from CHAMP and GRACE during 2002–2010 are used to study the seasonal variations of thermospheric density by characterizing the dominant modes of thermospheric density variability as empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Our results showed that the first three EOFs captured most of the density variability, which can be as large as 98% of total density variability. Subsequently, the obtained mean field, first three EOFs and the corresponding amplitudes of three EOFs are applied to construct a thermospheric density model at 400 km to study seasonal variations of thermospheric density under geomagnetically quiet conditions. Thermospheric density shows strong latitudinal dependence in seasonal variation, although it usually has maxima near the equinoxes and minimum in the local winter at middle and high latitudes. Semiannual variations imbedded in the annual variations are seen at all latitudes; annual variations however become dominant in the southern hemisphere. Specifically, the observations show that the annual amplitude can reach as large as 40–50% of the annual mean at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere and it decreases gradually from the southern to northern hemisphere. The semiannual component to the annual mean is about 15–20% without significant latitudinal dependence. Additionally, the relative amplitudes of annual and semiannual variations in the MSISE00 density agree fairly well with the observations, albeit the MSISE00 gives an opposite solar activity dependence for the annual and semiannual variations compared with the positive F107 dependence seen in the observations.
Dust transport over Iraq and northwest Iran associated with winter Shamal: A case study
Authors: Abdi Vishkaee Farhad , Flamant Cyrille , Cuesta Juan , Oolman Larry , Flamant Pierre , Khalesifard Hamid R.
Published: December 2011

Dynamical processes leading to dust emission over Syria and Iraq, in response to a strong winter Shamal event as well as the subsequent transport of dust over Iraq and northwest Iran, are analyzed on the basis of a case study (22–23 February 2010) using a suite of ground‐based and spaceborne remote sensing platforms together with modeling tools. Surface measurements on 22 February show a sharp reduction in horizontal visibility over Iraq occurring shortly after the passage of a cold front (behind which the northwesterly Shamal winds were blowing) and that visibilities could be as low as 1 km on average for 1–2 days in the wake of the front. The impact of the southwesterly Kaus winds blowing ahead (east) of the Shamal winds on dust emission over Iraq is also highlighted. Unlike what is observed over Iraq, low near‐surface horizontal visibilities (<1 km) over northwest Iran are observed well after the passage of the cold front on 23 February, generally in the hours following sunrise. Ground‐based lidar measurements acquired in Zanjan show that, in the wake of the front, dust from Syria/Iraq was transported in an elevated 1 to 1.5 km thick plume separated from the surface during the night/morning of 23 February. After sunrise, strong turbulence in the developing convective boundary layer led to mixing of the dust into the boundary layer and in turn to a sharp reduction of the horizontal visibility in Zanjan. The timing of the reduction of surface horizontal visibility in other stations over northwest Iran (Tabriz, Qom, and Tehran) is consistent with the downward mixing of dust in the planetary boundary layer just after sunset, as evidenced in Zanjan. This study sheds new light on the processes responsible for dust emission and transport over Iraq and northwest Iran in connection with winter Shamal events. Enhanced knowledge of these processes is key for improving dust forecasts in this region.
Dust supply varies with sagebrush microsites and time since burning in experimental erosion events
Authors: Sankey Joel B. , Germino Matthew J. , Glenn Nancy F.
Published: December 2011

Wind erosion and large dust plumes are an increasingly important attribute in cold‐desert rangelands, particularly as wildfire increases. Fire reduces vegetation, which increases erosivity. Whether sediment supply increases after fire has not been determined in this environment. We asked how sediment supply varied among sites burned 2‐months to 5‐years previously, in comparison to unburned sagebrush steppe, across 500 km of southern Idaho, USA. We measured potential dust emissions (PM10, particles <10μm diameter) in response to step changes in friction velocity (u*), with a field‐based wind tunnel analog (PI‐SWERL, Portable In Situ Wind Erosion Laboratory). We evaluated how emissions, sediment supply, and a proxy of erodibility varied among the microsite soil patterning in these sites (shrub islands and interspaces). Emissions were three orders of magnitude greater on burned compared to unburned surfaces, especially where shrubs had existed and sites burned more recently. Greater emission rates were due to greater sediment supply, whereas the proxy of erodibility did not vary among the surfaces for dry conditions that prevail during large wind erosion events (near −150 MPa at the surface). Wetter surface conditions, similar to those after precipitation or snowmelt, resulted in less dust emission on a recently burned site. Dust supply increases in initial postfire years especially on microsites that previously had shrubs. Abundance of shrubs is responsive to management practices that affect prefire vegetation, and grazing‐induced increases in shrubs might, for example, render a site more vulnerable to dust emissions following fire.
Mdm2 associates with Ras effector NORE1 to induce the degradation of oncoprotein HIPK1
Authors: Lee Deresa , Park Sang‐Joon , Sung Ki Sa , Park Jikyoung , Lee Sean Bong , Park Sang‐Yoon , Lee Hyo Jeong , Ahn Jang‐Won , Choi So Jung , Lee Seok‐Geun , Kim Sung‐Hoon , Kim Duk‐Hwan , Kim Jhingook , Kim Yongsok , Choi Cheol Yong
Published: December 2011

The Ras effector NORE1 is frequently silenced in primary adenocarcinomas, although the significance of this silencing for tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that NORE1 induces polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of oncoprotein HIPK1 by facilitating its interaction with the Mdm2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Endogenous HIPK1 is stabilized in Nore1‐deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and depletion of HIPK1 in NORE1‐silenced lung adenocarcinoma cells inhibits anchorage‐independent cell growth and tumour formation in nude mice. These findings indicate that the control of HIPK1 stability by Mdm2–NORE1 has a major effect on cell behaviour, and epigenetic inactivation of NORE1 enables adenocarcinoma formation in vivo through HIPK1 stabilization.
Maximum asymmetry in strain induced mechanical instability of graphene: Compression versus tension
Authors: Zhang Yu , Liu Feng
Published: December 2011

We demonstrate that graphene, as the thinnest possible solid membrane of only one atomic layer thick, exhibits the maximum asymmetry in tensile versus compressive strain induced mechanical instability. Using continuum mechanics analysis and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that for graphene nanoribbons (sheets) with a typical length (size) of ∼100 nm, the critical compressive strain for buckling instability is only ∼10−4%, while the critical tensile strain for fracture is ∼2%, a four orders of magnitude difference. Such a large asymmetry implies that practically, strain engineering of graphene devices is only viable with application of tensile strain but difficult with compressive strain.
GP Networks as enablers of quality of care: implementing a practice engagement framework in a General Practice Network
Authors: Pearce Christopher , Shearer Marianne , Gardner Karina , Kelly Jill , Xu Tony Baixian
Published: December 2011

This paper describes how the Melbourne East General Practice Network supports general practice to enable quality of care, it describes the challenges and enablers of change, and the evidence of practice capacity building and improved quality of care. Primary care is well known as a place where quality, relatively inexpensive medical care occurs. General practice is made up of multiple small sites with fragmented systems and a funding system that challenges a whole-of-practice approach to clinical care. General Practice Networks support GPs to synthesise complexity and crystallise solutions that enhance general practice beyond current capacity. Through a culture of change management, GP Networks create the link between the practice and the big picture of the whole health system and reduce the isolation of general practice. They distribute information (evidence-based learning and resources) and provide individualised support, responding to practice need and capacity.
Acute fasting decreases the expression of GLUT1 and glucose utilisation involved in mouse oocyte maturation and cumulus cell expansion
Authors: Han Yingying , Yan Jun , Zhou Jinlian , Teng Zhen , Bian Fenghua , Guo Meng , Mao Guankun , Li Junxia , Wang Jianwei , Zhang Meijia , Xia Guoliang
Published: December 2011

Acute fasting impairs meiotic resumption and glucose consumption in mouse cumulus cell and oocyte complexes (COCs). This study examines the effects of acute fasting on the regulation of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression and glucose consumption in oocyte maturation. Our results indicate that the restriction of glucose utilisation by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) mimicked the inhibitory effects of acute fasting on oocyte meiotic resumption and cumulus cell expansion, effects that were rescued by high glucose concentrations in the culture medium. GLUT1 protein levels were higher in cumulus cells compared with oocytes, and GLUT1 expression in COCs increased with FSH treatment in vitro. However, under acute fasting conditions, GLUT1 expression in COCs decreased and the response to FSH disappeared. Exposure to high glucose conditions (27.5 mM and 55 mM), significantly increased both glucose consumption and GLUT1 levels in COCs. Inhibition of GLUT1 function using an anti-GLUT1 antibody significantly inhibited FSH-induced oocyte meiotic resumption. Taken together, these results suggest that acute fasting decreases GLUT1 expression and glucose utilisation, inhibiting the processes of oocyte maturation and cumulus cell expansion.
A national study of pain in the bleeding disorders community: a description of haemophilia pain
Authors: WITKOP M. , LAMBING A. , DIVINE G. , KACHALSKY E. , RUSHLOW D. , DINNEN J.
Published: December 2011

Summary.  The National Pain Study was a prospective, computer‐based, descriptive survey of the pain experience of persons with a bleeding disorder conducted in the United States over a 28 month period from 2007 to 2009. The aim of this study was to (i) determine the language used by patients to describe and differentiate acute and persistent pain, (ii) describe pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies utilized to control pain, (iii) assess the perceived effectiveness of current pain management on quality of life and, (iv) to determine who provides pain management to this population. One thousand, one hundred and four surveys were received. Only the responses of the 764 respondents who reported having hemophilia A or B were evaluated for this paper. Thirty nine percent of participants reported their pain was not well treated. The average acute pain score associated with a bleed reported was 5.97/10 while the average persistent pain score reported was 4.22/10. The most frequently reported word descriptors for acute pain were: throbbing, aching, sharp, tender and miserable. The most frequently reported word descriptors for persistent pain were aching, nagging, tiring, sharp, and tender. The most frequently reported pain strategies for acute and persistent pain included factor, rest, ice, elevation, and compression. Alcohol and illicit drugs were reportedly used to manage both acute pain as well as persistent pain. Primarily, short‐acting opioids and acetaminophen were reported to treat both acute and persistent pain. Hematologists and primary care providers provide the majority of pain management for persons with hemophilia (PWH). Quality of life (QOL) scores were lowest in the domains of pain, energy/fatigue and physical problems indicating disruption of QOL. This substantiates under‐recognition and under‐treatment of pain in the hemophilia population when combined with the 39% of respondents who felt their pain was not well treated and literature in the general pain population of wide spread under‐treatment of pain. Recommendations: The NPS is an initial step in recognizing the prevalence and description of pain in PWH. HTC providers should educate themselves in pain management techniques to better serve this population. Further research is necessary to develop specific pain management guidelines for the bleeding disorders population that include multimodal holistic treatment plans.
Working at the microscope: analysis of the activities involved in diagnostic pathology
Authors: Randell Rebecca , Ruddle Roy A , Quirke Phil , Thomas Rhys G , Treanor Darren
Published: December 2011

Randell R, Ruddle R A, Quirke P, Thomas R G & Treanor D (2012) Histopathology 60, 504–510 Working at the microscope: analysis of the activities involved in diagnostic pathology

Aims:  To study the current work practice of histopathologists to inform the design of digital microscopy systems.

Methods and results:  Four gastrointestinal histopathologists were video‐recorded as they undertook their routine work. Analysis of the video data shows a range of activities beyond viewing slides involved in reporting a case. There is much overlapping of activities, supported by the ‘eyes free’ nature of the pathologists’ interaction with the microscope. The order and timing of activities varies according to consultant.

Conclusions:  In order to support the work of pathologists adequately, digital microscopy systems need to provide support for a range of activities beyond viewing slides. Digital microscopy systems should support multitasking, while also providing flexibility so that pathologists can adapt their use of the technology to their own working patterns.
Factors influencing the implementation of the guideline Triage in emergency departments: a qualitative study
Authors: Janssen Maaike AP , van Achterberg Theo , Adriaansen Marian JM , Kampshoff Caroline S , Schalk Donna MJ , Mintjes‐de Groot Joke
Published: December 2011

Aims and objectives.  The objectives are: (1) to identify factors that influence the implementation of the guideline Triage in emergency departments [2004] in emergency departments in the Netherlands, and (2) to develop tailored implementation strategies for implementation of this guideline.

Background.  Guideline dissemination is no guarantee for guideline implementation. In 2004 the guideline Triage in Emergency Departments was disseminated in Dutch hospitals. Guideline revision was scheduled in 2008. Prior to the revision, factors which influenced the implementation of the guideline [2004] were studied to be addressed at the implementation of the revised guideline.

Methods.  This is an exploratory study using a qualitative design including: a questionnaire sent to all emergency departments in the Netherlands (n = 108): four focus group interviews, including nurses and ward managers and in‐depth interviews with ward managers and doctors. Based on the results, tailored implementation strategies and activities were suggested which target the identified influencing factors.

Results.  Various factors at individual, social context and organisational level were identified as influencing the implementation of the 2004 version of the guideline, namely: level of knowledge; insight and skills; work preferences; motivation and/or commitment; support; informed doctors; preliminary work and arrangements for implementation; description of tasks and responsibilities; workload and resources. Ward managers, nurses and doctors mentioned similar as well as different factors. Consequently, tailored implementation strategies and activities related to education, maintenance of change, motivation and consensus‐building, information, organisation and facilitation were suggested.

Conclusion.  Nurses, ward managers and doctors broadly indicated similar influencing factors, although the importance of these factors differed for the different groups. For nurses, resistance and lack of resources are most important, ward managers mentioned culture and doctors the availability of doctors at the emergency department.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Insight into the barriers for implementation and tailoring implementation strategies to these barriers improves the implementation.
Do medical certificates of stillbirth provide accurate and useful information regarding the cause of death?
Authors: Cockerill Ruth , Whitworth Melissa K. , Heazell Alexander E. P.
Published: December 2011

Cockerill R, Whitworth MK, Heazell AEP. Do medical certificates of stillbirth provide accurate and useful information regarding the cause of death? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 117–123.

Stillbirth affects one in 200 pregnancies in the UK. Understanding the causes of stillbirth is essential to reducing perinatal mortality. Stillbirth certificates represent a potential source of data on perinatal mortality. We aimed to assess whether the information on stillbirth certificates used in the UK is accurate.

A retrospective cross‐sectional audit of stillbirth certificates issued in a geographical region of the UK in 2009 was undertaken. Data were recorded from the stillbirth certificate and health records. The cause of death was classified using the ReCoDe system. Two hundred and thirteen stillbirth certificates were issued for stillbirths (feticides for fetal anomaly were excluded). Agreement for the primary factor associated with the stillbirth was fair (Kappa = 0.286). This contrasts with the gestation of stillbirth, which was almost complete agreement (Kappa = 0.883). The majority of stillbirths (58.7%) were classified on the certificate as ‘unknown cause’. A proportion of 9.4% of stillbirths were classified as congenital anomaly and 8.0% as placental abruption. Only 0.5% of stillbirth certificates cited fetal growth restriction as a relevant condition contributing to death. A total of 49.6% of ‘unexplained’ stillbirths were associated with fetal growth restriction on review. Errors were present in 77.9% of certificates, including missing co‐morbidities (55.9%) and the wrong cause of death (40.4%).

The cause(s) of death is (are) not recorded accurately on the UK medical certificate of stillbirth, and the majority of certificates contain one or more errors. Training is required to improve understanding of the causes of stillbirth and completion of medical certificates. Data recorded directly from medical certificate of stillbirths are not sufficiently reliable for descriptive studies of causation and epidemiology.
Emergency reversal of pentasaccharide anticoagulants: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Elmer J. , Wittels K. A.
Published: December 2011

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review of the literature to answer the question: Has administration of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) or prothombin complex concentrate (PCC) or activated PCC (aPCC) been demonstrated to be effective in reversing pendasaccharide anticoagulants (PSAs)?

Background: Fondaparinux and idraparinux are ultra‐short, synthetic PSAs. Typical anticoagulation reversal with either vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma or protamine sulphate does not reverse PSAs. Mechanistically, it is plausible that rFVIIa, PCC and aPCC may be effective reversal agents for PSAs. However, the available data are limited.

Materials/Methods: We conducted a systematic review of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library without date or language limitations designed to answer the question: Has administration of rFVIIa, PCC or aPCC been demonstrated to be effective in reversing PSAs? The quality of the included studies was assessed based on standard methodologies. Relevant information was synthesised and reported.

Results: After an initial literature search, 197 abstracts were identified, of which 14 articles were reviewed in their entirety. Ultimately, five studies were identified that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although the literature is limited, the best available data support the use of rFVIIa for serious bleeding in patients anticoagulated with PSAs.

Conclusions: Limited data support the use of rFVIIa as a reversal agent for serious bleeding in patients who are anticoagulated with PSAs. The optimal dose, role for concomitant use of platelets or antifibrinolytic agents and exact indications for reversal remain to be determined. Such investigations are urgently needed as use of PSAs increases.
Transvesical natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy with kidney morcellation: a proof of concept study
Authors: Lima Estevao , Branco Frederico , Parente Joana , Autorino Riccardo , Correia‐Pinto Jorge
Published: December 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Until now, the transvaginal approach has been the only method of removing larger specimens from the abdominal cavity using natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. There has been no means of extracting larger specimens in men and the means are restricted even in women, particularly in young women.

The present study shows that the difficulty of large specimen retrieval can be overcome, irrespective of the diameter of the chosen port, through natural orifices using morcellation.

OBJECTIVE

To show, in a porcine model, the feasibility of a complete transvesical natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) nephrectomy with kidney extraction after morcellation through the same port.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Transvesical nephrectomy and morcellation were performed in six pigs at Minho University, Braga, Portugal after institutional review board approval.

The transvesical port and the cystotomy were created under the guidance of a ureteroscope, while the remaining steps were done under the guidance of an operating telescope.

Dissection of the renal vessels and kidney was performed using dissection grasping forceps and a vessel sealing system (LigaSure™; Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA) and morcellation was done using a Piranha™ morcellator (Richard Wolf, Knittlingen, Germany).

RESULTS

There were no complications related to the creation of transvesical access.

The image provided by the telescope was superior to that of the ureteroscope, especially underwater. Morcellation was quick and effective, with the support of a fixing needle through the abdominal wall, designed to fix the kidney, after laceration of a bowel loop occurred in the first experiment.

It was found that technical improvements are needed to ensure safety of NOTES morcellation.

CONCLUSIONS

Kidney morcellation after nephrectomy, using a natural orifice exclusively, is feasible.

Despite technical limitations, this proof of concept study can be regarded as a potential step towards the application of NOTES in urology.
Importance of cosmesis to patients undergoing renal surgery: a comparison of laparoendoscopic single‐site (LESS), laparoscopic and open surgery
Authors: Olweny Ephrem O. , Mir Saad A. , Best Sara L. , Park Samuel K. , Donnally III Chester , Cadeddu Jeffrey A. , Tracy Chad R.
Published: December 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence  4

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Studies in other surgical populations have found that scarring is a relatively unimportant preoperative patient consideration when compared with surgical cure and safety, but that younger age was a significant factor influencing preference for ‘scarless’ surgery.

The present study corroborates the findings of previous series, among patients who were contemplating kidney surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate patient attitudes towards cosmesis relative to other considerations, before and after undergoing laparoendoscopic single‐site surgery (LESS) vs laparoscopic/robot‐assisted vs open kidney surgery.

METHODS

Participants were provided with a survey querying demographic information, surgical history and importance of scarring relative to other surgical outcomes and considerations.

The relative importance of each outcome was recorded on a nine‐level ranking scale, ranging from 1 (most important) to 9 (least important).

The median scores for each outcome were compared before and after surgery using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, and by surgical approach using the Kruskal–Wallis test.

The importance of scarring was further analysed according to age (≤50 vs >50 years), surgical indication (oncological vs non‐oncological), gender, and proportion of patients who had undergone previous abdominal surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 90 patients completed surveys before surgery, of whom 65 (72.2%) also completed surveys after surgery.

‘Surgeon reputation’ and ‘no complications’ were the most important considerations before surgery (median scores 2 and 3, respectively) and after surgery (median scores of 2 for both).

‘Size/number of scars’ was the least important consideration before surgery (median score 8) and the second least important consideration after surgery (median score 7).

The median score for ‘size/number of scars’ was significantly higher for the LESS cohort before surgery (laparoscopic/robot‐assisted vs LESS vs open surgery: 8.5 vs 6 vs 9; P = 0.003), but was nonsignificant after surgery (laparoscopic/robotic vs LESS vs open surgery: 7 vs 6.5 vs 7.5; P = 0.83).

The median score for ‘size/number of scars’ before surgery was significantly higher for younger patients (P = 0.05) and those with non‐oncological surgical indications (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in this outcome for these sub‐groups after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

For most patients contemplating urological surgery, cosmesis is of less concern than surgeon reputation and avoidance of surgical complications.

Cosmesis may be a more important preoperative consideration for younger patients and those with benign conditions, which warrants further investigation.
Perceived physical competence and body image as predictors of perceived peer acceptance in adolescents
Authors: Lyu Minjeong , Gill Diane
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among perceived physical competence, body image, and peer acceptance. Body image was considered as a possible mediator of the relationships between perceived physical competence and peer acceptance. Adolescents (N = 838) completed questionnaires. Direct and indirect effects of perceived physical competence and body image on perceived peer acceptance were explored using structural equation modelling. Gender differences were found and the structural mediation model was a reasonable fit to the data; the pattern of relationships in the model was different for adolescent males and females.
Extending self‐leadership research to the East: Measurement equivalence of the Chinese and English versions of the MSLQ
Authors: Ho Jessie , Nesbit Paul L. , Jepsen Denise , Demirian Soseh
Published: December 2011

In response to calls regarding the applicability of self‐leadership measurement in Eastern (collectivistic) and Western (individualistic) cultures, this study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the modified self‐leadership questionnaire (MSLQ). The sample consisted of 395 Chinese students and 241 Australian students. Results revealed that the modified self‐leadership questionnaire exhibited a satisfactory condition of psychometric properties across cultures. A series of multi‐sample confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated the cross‐cultural similarity of an 11‐factor model across the Chinese and Australian samples. The modified self‐leadership questionnaire was also found to possess measurement invariance, suggesting that it is appropriate for cross‐cultural research assessing differences of self‐leadership behaviour across Chinese and Western cultures. Implications for future research are also discussed.
Testing the impact of job‐related variables on a utility judgment training criterion beyond background and affective reaction variables*
Authors: Blau Gary , Gibson Greg , Bentley Melissa , Chapman Susan
Published: December 2011

We tested the incremental impact of a job‐related set of variables for explaining a utility judgment training effectiveness variable, that is, course completion skill preparedness, beyond background and course‐related variables. Our respondents were two different emergency medical service samples, 415 basics and 742 paramedics, from the 2008 US Longitudinal Emergency Medical Technician Attributes and Demographic Study. Extending earlier research into the training of US emergency medical services staff, we developed scales for measuring two course‐related affective reaction variables, quality of course materials and quality of lead instructor. We found for both samples that the quality of course materials and quality of lead instructor variables each significantly explained course completion skill preparedness variance beyond controlled‐for background variables. We also found that the set of job‐related variables explained further, additional variance and that job satisfaction was positively related to course completion skill preparedness for both samples. The limitations of the study and future research ideas are discussed.
The relationship between cultural values and learning preference: the impact of acculturation experiences upon East Asians
Authors: Chuang Szu‐Fang
Published: December 2011

Globalization and technology advancement are creating more biculturalism at workplaces and learning settings. However, little is known about acculturation experience and its influence on a person's cultural values and learning preference. The research reported in this study investigates the impact of acculturation experiences upon the relationship between cultural values and learning preference of 292 Far East Asians (from Confucian‐influenced societies) and Asian Americans. Different preferences for learning methods and different levels of traditional cultural values were found between these two groups of adult learners. Acculturation experience was identified as the influential factor for the differences. However, they all still retain their traditional cultural values in various degrees regardless of the length of time the individual had been exposed to the acculturation experience. The impact of cultural values on an adult's learning preference is an area of concern in cross‐cultural training and development.
The relationship between job dissatisfaction and training transfer
Authors: Jodlbauer Susanne , Selenko Eva , Batinic Bernad , Stiglbauer Barbara
Published: December 2011

The high rates of training transfer failure that prevail still puzzle practitioners as well as researchers. The central aim of the present study is to analyze the relatively under‐researched role of job dissatisfaction in the training transfer process. Specifically, we expect that job dissatisfaction would have a negative effect on transfer but that this effect would be buffered by the expectation of positive transfer consequences and motivation to transfer. To test these hypotheses, 220 participants in different training programs completed an online questionnaire 1 year after training. The results support our assumptions. They reveal that job dissatisfaction has a detrimental effect on training transfer, but that motivation to transfer and the expectation of positive transfer consequences have a buffering effect. The more motivated a person is towards transfer, the less negative is the effect of job dissatisfaction on actual transfer, but only if a person expects positive outcomes from transfer, such as acknowledgment or rewards. The findings are discussed in relation to existing training transfer models, as well as models of job (dis)satisfaction.
Autonomic responses to stress in Black versus Caucasian Africans: The SABPA Study
Authors: Reimann Manja , Hamer Mark , Schlaich Markus , Malan Nicolaas T. , Rüdiger Heinz , Ziemssen Tjalf , Malan Leoné
Published: December 2011

Underlying mechanisms of increased pressor responses to stress in Blacks are poorly understood. Cardiovascular regulation of normotensive Black (n = 43) and Caucasian (n = 90) Africans was studied during a cold pressor and color‐word conflict test. Autonomic evaluation was performed by spectral analysis. Higher diastolic pressor and heart rate responses to the cold pressor test were observed in Black compared to Caucasian Africans. Autonomic efferent outflow to stress was comparable between groups. Transient downregulation of baroreflex during stress was evident in Blacks but not in Caucasians. Greater diastolic pressor responses were related to a higher cardiac reactivity, a baroreflex desensitization, and higher stress perception in Black Africans. Thus, increased stress perception may facilitate cardiac and diastolic hyperreactivity, indirectly affecting baroreflex function in Black Africans.