bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiative properties of clouds over a tropical Bolivian glacier: seasonal variations and relationship with regional atmospheric circulation
Authors: Sicart Jean Emmanuel , Espinoza Jhan Carlo , Quéno Louis , Medina Melissa
Published: November 2015

At low latitudes, strong seasonal changes in cloud cover and precipitation largely control the mass balance of glaciers. Measurements of shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes reaching Zongo glacier, Bolivia (16°S, 5060 m asl), were analysed from 2005 to 2013 to investigate cloud radiative properties. Cloud shortwave attenuation and longwave emission were greater in the wet summer season (DJF) than in the dry winter season (JJA) probably because most DJF clouds were low warm cumulus associated with local convection, whereas JJA clouds were frequently altostratus associated with extra‐tropical perturbations. Solar irradiance was high all year round and cloud radiative forcing on down‐welling fluxes was strongly negative, with monthly averages ranging from ‐60 to ‐110 W m−2 from the dry to the wet season, respectively. In the wet season, high extraterrestrial solar irradiance and low shortwave transmissivity caused very negative cloud forcing despite the high longwave emissivity of convective clouds. Reanalysis of wind and geopotential height anomalies and outgoing longwave radiation satellite data were used to characterize the regional atmospheric circulation causing thick cloud covers (10% thickest clouds) during the dry (JJA), transition (SON), and wet (DJF) seasons. Around 87% (80%) of cloud events in JJA (SON) occurred during the incursion of low‐level southern wind from southern South America to the Bolivian Andes, which caused 2–3 days of cold surge episodes in the Cordillera Real. Around 13% of cloudy days in JJA were associated with high‐level low‐pressure conditions over the Chilean coast around 45°S, including cut‐off lows. In SON, 20% of cloudy days were associated with summer conditions, characterized by an active Bolivian High and moist air advection from the Amazon basin. In the wet season, only 46% of thick cloud events were associated with low‐level southern wind incursions, the other events being associated with the South American Monsoon.
MIS 13–12 in Britain and the North Atlantic: understanding the palaeoclimatic context of the earliest Acheulean
Authors: Candy Ian , Schreve Danielle , White Tom S.
Published: November 2015

Research over the last two decades has revealed a rich record of Lower Palaeolithic occupation in Britain before 450 000 years. Acheulean industries (Mode II) first appear in the later part of the early Middle Pleistocene [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 19–13]. This paper reviews: (i) the age of the earliest Acheulean in Britain; (ii) the climates under which the earliest Acheulean industries occur, as recorded by the palaeoecological assemblages that are found at key archaeological sites; and (iii) the spatial and temporal pattern of regional climate change, i.e. the magnitude of glacial/interglacial cycles that occurred as a backdrop to the first arrival of Mode II archaeology in Britain. This review suggests that in Britain, the earliest Acheulean populations arrived during MIS 13 and that early occupation occurred under a range of climatic/environmental settings but frequently under post‐temperate late interglacial or interstadial‐type cool boreal environments. Furthermore, this review shows that the pattern of climate forcing in Western Europe during MIS 13–12 was not analogous to the interglacial cycles of the past 450 000 years as latitudinal climate gradients appear to have been less pronounced. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of these observations for understanding the arrival of the earliest Acheulean in Britain.
Screening anaphylactic components of MaiLuoNing injection by using rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cell membrane chromatography coupled with HPLC–ESI‐TOF‐MS
Authors: Han Shengli , Lv Yanni , Xue Wenjing , Cao Jiao , Cui Ronghua , Zhang Tao
Published: November 2015

MaiLuoNing injection is a traditional Chinese medicine that used clinically since the 1950s in China. However, anaphylactic reactions, through the potentiation of mast cell degranulation, have been reported. In the present study, a rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cell membrane chromatography coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization‐ion trap‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry method was established for screening, analyzing, and identifying the potential anaphylactic components of MaiLuoNing injection. Harpagoside, a potential degranulator of rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cells, was retained in rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cell membrane chromatography. We aimed to evaluate the retained components to determine which of those were capable of inducing degranulation of basophilic leukemia cells. A β‐hexosaminidase assay revealed that harpagoside can induce rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cell degranulation in a dose‐dependent manner. BLBA/c mice also exhibit passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in response to harpagoside. These results indicate that rat basophilic leukemia‐2H3 cell membrane chromatography coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry is effective in screening for the anaphylactic components of MaiLuoNing injection.
Photorefractivity of Perylene Bisimide‐Sensitized Poly(4‐(diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate)
Authors: Nguyen Tam Van , Giang Ha Ngoc , Kinashi Kenji , Sakai Wataru , Tsutsumi Naoto
Published: November 2015

A perylene bisimide derivative of N,N′‐diisopropylphenyl‐1,6,7,12‐tetrachloroperylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxyl bisimide (PBI) is synthesized and used as a sensitizer for a photorefractive (PR) polymer composite. Small amount (0.1 wt%) of PBI sensitizer gives the maximum PR performance of composite based on poly(4‐(diphenylamino)benzyl acrylate) (PDAA) (45 wt%), 2‐(4‐(azepan‐1‐yl)benzylidene)malononitrile (35 wt%), and (4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)methanol (24.9 wt%). High external diffraction efficiency of 49%, response time of 47 ms, and sensitivity of 28 cm2 J−1 are obtained under an applied electric field of 40 V μm−1 at writing beam of 532 nm. PBI sensitizer effectively forms a charge‐transfer complex with PDAA, which favors the generation of the charge carriers followed by the space‐charge formation. Furthermore, low PBI concentration contributes to low absorption coefficient at 532 nm, which leads to better PR performance.

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Mechanisms of body weight reduction and metabolic syndrome alleviation by tea
Authors: Yang Chung S. , Zhang Jinsong , Zhang Le , Huang Jinbao , Wang Yijun
Published: November 2015

Tea, a popular beverage made from leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis, has been shown to reduce body weight, alleviate metabolic syndrome, and prevent diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in animal models and humans. Such beneficial effects have generally been observed in most human studies when the level of tea consumption was three to four cups (600–900 mg tea catechins) or more per day. Green tea is more effective than black tea. In spite of numerous studies, the fundamental mechanisms for these actions still remain unclear. From a review of the literature, we propose that the two major mechanisms are: (i) decreasing absorption of lipids and proteins by tea constituents in the intestine, thus reducing calorie intake; and (ii) activating AMP‐activated protein kinase by tea polyphenols that are bioavailable in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues. The relative importance of these two mechanisms depends on the types of tea and diet consumed by individuals. The activated AMP‐activated protein kinase would decrease gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis and increase catabolism, leading to body weight reduction and metabolic syndrome alleviation. Other mechanisms and the health relevance of these beneficial effects of tea consumption remain to be further investigated.
Th17 cytokines differentiate obesity from obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes and promote TNFα production
Authors: Ip Blanche , Cilfone Nicholas A. , Belkina Anna C. , DeFuria Jason , Jagannathan‐Bogdan Madhumita , Zhu Min , Kuchibhatla Ramya , McDonnell Marie E. , Xiao Qiang , Kepler Thomas B. , Apovian Caroline M. , Lauffenburger Douglas A. , Nikolajczyk Barbara S.
Published: November 2015

Objective

T cell inflammation plays pivotal roles in obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The identification of dominant sources of T cell inflammation in humans remains a significant gap in understanding disease pathogenesis. It was hypothesized that cytokine profiles from circulating T cells identify T cell subsets and T cell cytokines that define T2DM‐associated inflammation.

Methods

Multiplex analyses were used to quantify T cell‐associated cytokines in αCD3/αCD28‐stimulated PBMCs, or B cell‐depleted PBMCs, from subjects with T2DM or BMI‐matched controls. Cytokine measurements were subjected to multivariate (principal component and partial least squares) analyses. Flow cytometry detected intracellular TNFα in multiple immune cell subsets in the presence/absence of antibodies that neutralize T cell cytokines.

Results

T cell cytokines were generally higher in T2DM samples, but Th17 cytokines are specifically important for classifying individuals correctly as T2DM. Multivariate analyses indicated that B cells support Th17 inflammation in T2DM but not control samples, while monocytes supported Th17 inflammation regardless of T2DM status. Partial least squares regression analysis indicated that both Th17 and Th1 cytokines impact %HbA1c.

Conclusions

Among various T cell subsets, Th17 cells are major contributors to inflammation and hyperglycemia and are uniquely supported by B cells in obesity‐associated T2DM.
Effect on thermal and combustion behaviors of montmorillonite intercalation nickel compounds in polypropylene/IFR system
Authors: Kong Qinghong , Zhang Hongkai , Zheng Lu , Wang De‐Yi , Zhang Junhao
Published: November 2015

A new montmorillonite intercalation nickel compound (MINC) was devised and synthesized. MINC was modified by cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide to obtain organic MINC (OMINC). The results of X‐ray diffraction show that the layer spacing was expanded by nickel compound and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, indicating that OMINC was prepared successfully. OMINC was further incorporated into polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system for preparing PP/IFR/OMINC nanocomposites via melt blending. In thermogravimetric analysis, PP/IFR/OMINC nanocomposites exhibit an enhanced thermal behavior and residue amount. Vertical burning test (UL‐94) and limited oxygen index results show that PP/IFR/OMINC nanocomposites have excellent flame retardance, i.e. the limited oxygen index value at 29.5 and UL‐94 V0 level for PP/IFR/4 wt% OMINC nanocomposites. According to cone calorimeter testing, the addition of OMINC brings an efficient reduction of flammability parameters, such as peak heat release rate, total heat release, and smoke production rate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of entomophthoralean fungi (Entomophthoromycota) of aphids in relation to developmental stages
Authors: Manfrino Romina G , Gutierrez Alejandra C , Rueda Páramo Manuel E , Salto César E , López Lastra Claudia C
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Transmission of fungal pathogens of aphids may be affected by the host developmental stage. Brassica and Lactuca sativa L. crops were sampled in Santa Fe, Argentina, to determine the prevalence of fungal‐diseased aphids and investigate the differences between developmental stages of aphids.

RESULTS

The fungal pathogens identified were Zoophthora radicans (Bref.) A. Batko, Pandora neoaphidis (Remaud. & Hennebert) Humber and Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu. Their prevalence on each crop was calculated. The numbers of infected aphids were significantly different between the different developmental stages on all crops except B. oleracea var. botrytis L.

CONCLUSIONS

The entomophthoralean fungi identified are important mortality factors of aphids on horticultural crops in Santa Fe. The numbers of infected nymphs and adults were significantly different, nymphs being the most affected developmental stage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Good Practices in Model‐Informed Drug Discovery and Development: Practice, Application, and Documentation
Authors:   EFPIA MID3 Workgroup, Marshall SF , Burghaus R , Cosson V , Cheung SYA , Chenel M , DellaPasqua O , Frey N , Hamrén B , Harnisch L , Ivanow F , Kerbusch T , Lippert J , Milligan PA , Rohou S , Staab A , Steimer JL , Tornøe C , Visser SAG
Published: November 2015

This document was developed to enable greater consistency in the practice, application, and documentation of Model‐Informed Drug Discovery and Development (MID3) across the pharmaceutical industry. A collection of “good practice” recommendations are assembled here in order to minimize the heterogeneity in both the quality and content of MID3 implementation and documentation. The three major objectives of this white paper are to: i) inform company decision makers how the strategic integration of MID3 can benefit R&D efficiency; ii) provide MID3 analysts with sufficient material to enhance the planning, rigor, and consistency of the application of MID3; and iii) provide regulatory authorities with substrate to develop MID3 related and/or MID3 enabled guidelines.
Addition of molybdenum into amorphous glass‐coated microwires usable as temperature sensors in biomedical applications
Authors: Hudak Radovan , Varga Rastislav , Polacek Irenej , Klein Peter , Skorvanek Ivan , Komanicky Vladimir , del. Real Rafael P. , Vazquez Manuel
Published: November 2015

Compared to other sensors, such as radio‐frequency identification sensors, microwires have a significant advantage due to their small dimensions and contact‐free reading. The most important advantage is that a microwire is considered to be a biocompatible material due to the glass‐coating insulator. This is particularly applicable in various titanium implants (dental, knee joint, replacement of damaged skull part, repair of the femur, etc.). The temperature dependence of the switching field can be employed to monitor inflammatory processes. In this contribution we present the influence of molybdenum (Mo) content on the magnetic properties and thermal treatment in order to obtain a strong variation of the switching field to temperature. We show that stress annealing of a FeMo9BCu microwire at 775 K under an applied axial stress of 309 MPa leads to the strongest variation in a temperature range from 300 to 315 K, which is highly desirable for biomedical applications.
Pseudo‐predictor feedback control of discrete‐time linear systems with a single input delay
Authors: Zhou Bin , Yang Xuefei , Lam James
Published: November 2015

This paper studies the problems of stabilization of discrete‐time linear systems with a single input delay. By developing the methodology of pseudo‐predictor feedback, which uses the (artificial) closed‐loop system dynamics to predict the future state, memoryless state feedback control laws are constructed to solve the problem. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system in terms of the stability of a class‐difference equations. It is also shown that the proposed controller achieves semi‐global stabilization of the system if its actuator is subject to either magnitude saturation or energy constraints under the condition that the open‐loop system is only polynomially unstable. Numerical examples have been worked out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structures, and Luminescent Properties of Three Alkaline Earth Metal‐based MOFs Assembled from 3‐(3‐Carboxyphenoxy) Phthalic Acid Ligand
Authors: Ye Run‐Ping , Yang Jin‐Xia , Zhang Xin , Yao Yuan‐Gen
Published: November 2015

Three two‐dimensional (2D) coordination complexes, namely [Ca2(HL)2(H2O)5]n·2nH2O (1), [Sr(HL)(H2O)3]n·nH2O (2), and [Ba(HL)(H2O)3]n·nH2O (3) [H3L = 3‐(3‐carboxy‐phenoxy) phthalic acid], were synthesized by using the ligand H3L and alkaline earth metals. Structural analysis reveals that the structures of complexes 1–3 can be described as 2D networks with the point (Schälfli) symbol for net: {312·414·52} topology. Additionally, the thermal stability and solid‐state luminescent properties of compounds 1–3 were investigated at room temperature. The quantum yield (QY) of compound 2 is 10.75 %, which is much higher than the QY of the free H3L ligand (QYH3L < 1 %).
Construction 1
Authors: Hore A.V. , Kehoe J.G. , McMullan R. , Penton M.R.
Published: November 2015

This book studies the principles and techniques of construction resource management, finance and costing, measurement and pricing. This range of topics is of practical use to students and practitioners studying and working in building construction, civil engineering, surveying, planning and development. The style of writing is kept simple and supported by a clear explanation, a structured layout, practical examples and diagrams. The highlighted definitions, checklists, and keyword summaries will also help students preparing for tests, examinations and assignments.
Natural History of Asymptomatic Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Time‐Dependent Changes in Calcification and Vascularity During Active Surveillance
Authors: Fukuoka Osamu , Sugitani Iwao , Ebina Aya , Toda Kazuhisa , Kawabata Kazuyoshi , Yamada Keiko
Published: November 2015

Background

Prospective trials of non‐surgical observation have shown progression rates of only 5–10 % in patients with asymptomatic papillary microcarcinoma (PMC). This study investigated time‐dependent changes in calcification patterns and tumor vascularity on ultrasonography (US) to clarify the natural course of PMC.

Methods

We examined calcification patterns and tumor vascularity for 480 lesions in 384 patients. Calcification patterns were classified as: (A) none; (B) micro; (C) macro; or (D) rim. Tumor vascularity was classified as rich or poor via color Doppler US.

Results

After a mean of 6.8 years of observation, 29 lesions (6.0 %) had increased in size. Mean age for initial calcification pattern was 52.1 years for A (n = 135), 54.2 years for B (n = 235), 56.3 years for C (n = 96), and 60.1 years for D (n = 14), and the incidence rates of tumor enlargement were 9.6, 5.5, 3.2, and 0 %, respectively. The cumulative rate of upgrade in calcification pattern was 51.8 % at 10 years. Lesions with initially rich vascularity (n = 70) had significantly higher rate of tumor enlargement than those with poor vascularity (n = 410); however, the majority of tumor (61.4 %) with initially rich vascularity had decreased their blood supply during the follow‐up. Multivariate analysis showed that strong calcification (C or D) and poor vascularity at last examination correlated significantly with non‐progressive disease.

Conclusions

PMCs in older patients showed significantly stronger calcification patterns and poorer vascularity. Both consolidation of calcification and loss of vascularity occurred in a time‐dependent manner during observation and were significant indicators for non‐progressive disease.
Rb-Sr Isotopic Dating and Metamorphism of a Suite of Migmatite and Granites from Sandmata Granulite Complex, Rajasthan: An Evidence of Mesoproterozoic Thermal Event
Authors: Basak Krishnapriya , Ghosh Subhasish
Published: November 2015

Sandmata Granulite complex (SGC) of Rajasthan of Western India is a multiply deformed, metamorphosed and migmatised granulite units representing a Mesoproterozoic collisional orogen. It consists of migmatised metapelites, calcsilicate granulites, pyroxene granulites and charnockitic intrusives at 1.7 Ga. The granulites mostly occur as dismembered, isolated enclaves in garnet bearing migmatites and quartzofeldspathic gneiss. Intrusion of small scale post-tectonic granite in granulite documents the last thermal activity in the area. At the eastern part of SGC, greenschist to lower amphibolite facies rocks of Manglawar Complex (MC) are exposed.

The P-T conditions of garnet formation during metamorphism in migmatite, leptynite and quartzo-feldspathic gneiss are 780-850°C and 7–8 kbar. Retrograded biotite forming reactions occur at much lower temperature of 500 to 600°C and pressure of 3.5-4.5 kbar.

The intrusive granite is weakly deformed, calc-alkaline to sub-alkaline, peraluminous in nature, having trace element signature of volcanic-arc to syn-collisional granite. The chondrite-normalised REE patterns indicate a garnet-free source. The whole-rock Rb-Sr age of 1715 ± 24 Ma deduced for the granite mark its emplacement age. Intrusive nature of granite suggests that the age of granulite metamorphism and migmatization should be >1715 Ma, which is much closer to the whole-rock Rb-Sr age of migmatite and quartzofeldspathic gneiss. The whole-rock Rb-Sr analysis of migmatite gives an age of 1735±150 Ma with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.704 which is interpreted as an age when the temperature of migmatization passed below the blocking temperature of Rb and Sr for biotite and plagioclase; an upper age limit of migmatization.

SGC represents a major 1.9-1.7 Ga Palaeoproterozoic, tectonothermal event. The granulite facies metamorphism is succeeded by 1.7 Ga migmatisation, intrusion of calc-alkaline granite and emplacement of charnockite protolith. The whole granulite complex is subsequently cooled and later exhumed, and became juxtaposed with MC during a late major orogeny.
Measurements of Net Subsurface Heat Flux in Snow and Ice Media in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica
Authors: Datt Prem , Gusain H. S. , Das R. K.
Published: November 2015

Sub-surface heat flux plays an important role in the energy balance of snow cover, glaciers and ice sheets, and varies with the density of snow/ice media. In this paper, we report experimental observations of the sub-surface heat flux conducted in different snow and ice media in Antarctica. Experiments were conducted on low density fresh snowpack, wind compacted high density snowpack, and blue ice area in east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, in a radius of 10 km from Indian research station Maitri (70°46'03.98" S and 11°41'40.72" E). Direct measurements of net subsurface heat flux were carried out using an experimental setup consisting of heat flux plates. Two heat flux plates along with two temperature sensors were placed horizontally inside the snowpack / ice sheet at a depth of approximately 10 cm from the surface during summer season between December 2011and February 2012. The mean diurnal net subsurface heat fluxes for low density snow (location 1), high density wind compacted snow (location 2), and blue ice area (location 3) observed were 7.36±9.39 W m-2, -0.12±7.6 W m-2 and 3.20±13.32 W m-2, respectively, during the measurements periods. The amplitudes of the mean diurnal variations of net sub-surface heat flux were 14.23 W m-2, 11.42 W m-2 and 18.55 W m-2 at location 1, location 2 and location 3, respectively. Mean net sub-surface heat flux was observed to be comparatively lower for wind compacted high density snow.
Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Machado Aryane Flauzino , Ferreira Paulo Henrique , Micheletti Jéssica Kirsch , de Almeida Aline Castilho , Lemes Ítalo Ribeiro , Vanderlei Franciele Marques , Netto Junior Jayme , Pastre Carlos Marcelo
Published: November 2015

Background

Cold water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in post-exercise recovery. However, the procedures involved in the technique may vary, particularly in terms of water temperature and immersion time, and the most effective approach remains unclear.

Objectives

The objective of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of CWI in muscle soreness management compared with passive recovery. We also aimed to identify which water temperature and immersion time provides the best results.

Methods

The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro [Physiotherapy Evidence Database], and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were searched up to January 2015. Only randomized controlled trials that compared CWI to passive recovery were included in this review. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean differences (MDs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Nine studies were included for review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that CWI has a more positive effect than passive recovery in terms of immediate (MD = 0.290, 95 % CI 0.037, 0.543; p = 0.025) and delayed effects (MD = 0.315, 95 % CI 0.048, 0.581; p = 0.021). Water temperature of between 10 and 15 °C demonstrated the best results for immediate (MD = 0.273, 95 % CI 0.107, 0.440; p = 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % CI 0.102, 0.532; p = 0.004). In terms of immersion time, immersion of between 10 and 15 min had the best results for immediate (MD = 0.227, 95 % 0.139, 0.314; p < 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % 0.102, 0.532, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The available evidence suggests that CWI can be slightly better than passive recovery in the management of muscle soreness. The results also demonstrated the presence of a dose–response relationship, indicating that CWI with a water temperature of between 11 and 15 °C and an immersion time of 11–15 min can provide the best results.
The experience of adolescent inpatient care and the anticipated transition to the community: Young people's perspectives
Authors: Gill Freya , Butler Stephen , Pistrang Nancy
Published: November 2015

This study explored adolescents' perspectives of inpatient mental health care, focussing on aspects of the inpatient environment they anticipated would help or hinder their transition back home. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 adolescent inpatients; transcripts were analysed thematically. Participants experienced inpatient treatment as offering a mix of benefits (e.g., supportive relationships) and drawbacks (e.g., living in a “fake world”). They anticipated the transition home as providing opportunities for personal growth and consolidation of new coping skills, but also posing challenges concerning re‐entering the “real world” after the experience of being “wrapped in cotton wool”. Self‐determination theory and attachment theory offer two potential frameworks for understanding these opportunities and challenges. Inpatient care has the potential to foster key mechanisms for adaptive development, creating a platform for developing positive future behaviours. Community teams should work closely with inpatient units to support the generalisation of the young person's newly acquired coping skills.
Dual Vector Biosensor Catheter Tip Positioning System: A 3-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Ramirez Chuck , Roy Layla , Foster Gary
Published: November 2015

Background: Vascular access is continually evolving in areas of clinical practice and new technology. Our vascular access team (VAT), like many others, has moved away from chest radiograph after peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) insertion to a catheter tip positioning system or tip locating device (TLD). Our VAT collected data over a 3-year period to assess any changes that resulted from the TLD implementation. The intent was to drill down into the PICC data over the 3 years and quantify any changes gained or lost from the previous practice of post-PICC insertion chest radiograph.

Methods: A share point database system that was already in place was updated to also incorporate key elements of the TLD. Initial time studies were also collected to validate average cycle time. The VAT was educated and validated on the TLD technology before implementation. Key stakeholders (ie, members of the radiology department, administration, hospitalist physicians, and the medical director) were communicated with and signed off on the project.

Results: Retrospective analysis from 2012–2014 revealed that 1079 PICCs had been inserted. Of those, 781 PICCs were placed successfully with the TLD with an accompanying reduction of 781 chest radiographs. Precycle time averaged 114 minutes compared with post-TLD, which averaged 37 minutes. No changes in deep vein thrombosis rate were identified.

Conclusions: Implementing the dual vector biosensor TLD improved our insertion cycle time by a mean of 77 minutes. The new cycle time provided increased procedure capacity for the VAT. Chest radiograph reduction of 72% was also realized with the TLD over the 3-year period.
Open- vs Closed-Tip Valved Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Midlines: Findings from a Vascular Access Database
Authors: Zerla Pietro Antonio , Canelli Antonio , Caravella Giuseppe , Gilardini Alessandra , De Luca Giuseppe , Parini Raffaella , Gianoli Marta
Published: November 2015

Today's patients are more complex in terms of comorbidities and other conditions requiring multiple, long-lasting therapies such as chemotherapy, total parenteral nutrition, blood transfusion or blood component infusions, and frequent blood sampling. The use of central venous catheters represents an important aspect of care for many patients. It is essential to inform health care workers of the risks associated with central venous catheters such as systemic and infectious complications, mechanical complications, and/or thrombotic complications. To maintain monitoring of our peripherally inserted central catheter team's activity, we developed and adopted a database in which all the data regarding each catheter are recorded. By doing that, we have improved catheter management, clinical efficiency, as well as achieved a cost reduction. We implanted 1416 vascular access devices in 1341 patients of both sexes (632 male and 709 female) for a total of 135,778 vascular access device-implant days between March 2010 and December 2013 for several indications. We have followed-up total complications and we correlated them with the need for catheter removal. The results were that open-tipped catheters resulted in both more complications and a greater need for removal.
Cripto: Expression, epigenetic regulation and potential diagnostic use in testicular germ cell tumors
Authors: Spiller Cassy M. , Gillis Ad J.M. , Burnet Guillaume , Stoop Hans , Koopman Peter , Bowles Josephine , Looijenga Leendert H.J.
Published: November 2015

Type II germ cell tumors arise after puberty from a germ cell that was incorrectly programmed during fetal life. Failure of testicular germ cells to properly differentiate can lead to the formation of germ cell neoplasia in situ of the testis; this precursor cell invariably gives rise to germ cell cancer after puberty. The Nodal co‐receptor Cripto is expressed transiently during normal germ cell development and is ectopically expressed in non‐seminomas that arise from germ cell neoplasia in situ, suggesting that its aberrant expression may underlie germ cell dysregulation and hence germ cell cancer. Here we investigated methylation of the Cripto promoter in mouse germ cells and human germ cell cancer and correlated this with the level of CRIPTO protein expression. We found hypomethylation of the CRIPTO promoter in undifferentiated fetal germ cells, embryonal carcinoma and seminomas, but hypermethylation in differentiated fetal germ cells and the differentiated types of non‐seminomas. CRIPTO protein was strongly expressed in germ cell neoplasia in situ along with embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor and seminomas. Further, cleaved CRIPTO was detected in media from seminoma and embryonal carcinoma cell lines, suggesting that cleaved CRIPTO may provide diagnostic indication of germ cell cancer. Accordingly, CRIPTO was detectable in serum from 6/15 patients with embryonal carcinoma, 5/15 patients with seminoma, 4/5 patients with germ cell neoplasia in situ cells only and in 1/15 control patients. These findings suggest that CRIPTO expression may be a useful serological marker for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes during germ cell cancer management.
Outcomes of Inpatient Rehabilitation in Patients With Simultaneous Bilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chu Samuel K. , Babu Ashwin N. , McCormick Zachary , Mathews Amy , Toledo Santiago , Oswald Matthew
Published: November 2015

Background

The number of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures performed in the United States is increasing each year, and the number of bilateral TKA procedures has also increased during the past 2 decades. However, few studies in the literature have investigated the rehabilitation outcomes of patients who undergo bilateral TKA. This study was performed to provide information on the benefits and role of inpatient rehabilitation for patients after bilateral TKA.

Objective

To investigate the functional outcomes, complications, and transfer rates of patients in the inpatient rehabilitation setting who undergo simultaneous bilateral TKA.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Freestanding inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Patients

Ninety‐four patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation hospital after simultaneous bilateral TKA from 2008‐2013.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of demographic, clinical, and functional data for patients admitted to inpatient rehabilitation after simultaneous bilateral TKA.

Main Outcome Measures

Length of stay, admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and FIM efficiency.

Results

The study included 27 male (28.7%) and 67 female (71.3%) patients aged 42.0‐86.9 years, with a mean of 65.6 ± 10.2 years. Mean length of time between surgery and admission to inpatient rehabilitation was 4.5 ± 3.3 days. Mean length of stay in rehabilitation was 11.7 ± 4.2 days. Mean admission and discharge FIM scores were 87.3 ± 11.7 and 113.4 ± 4.8, respectively, with a mean FIM gain of 26.1 ± 10.5. The mean FIM efficiency was 2.33 ± 0.84. Eight patients required transfer to an acute care hospital. Complications leading to transfer to acute care facilities included sepsis, cardiac arrhythmias, knee dislocation, and suspected small bowel obstruction. Eighty‐eight patients were discharged home, 4 patients were discharged to skilled nursing facilities, and 2 patients were transferred to an acute care hospital and did not return to the inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Conclusions

After undergoing simultaneous bilateral TKA, patients demonstrate functional gains when admitted to inpatient rehabilitation facilities based on FIM gains and FIM efficiency scores; 8.5% of patients in this cohort required transfer to an acute care facility as a result of complications during inpatient rehabilitation, and 93.6% of patients were discharged home.
The True History of the Conquest of New Spain
Authors: Díaz del Castillo Bernal
Published: November 2015

Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492–1584) was a foot soldier in the army of Mexico's conqueror Hernán Cortés, and participated in the campaigns that led to the fall of the Aztec empire in 1521. This 1928 translation of his journals derives from the 1904 edition by the Mexican historian Genaro García - the first edition based on the original manuscript. Written as a corrective to accounts that overemphasised Cortés' exploits, Díaz's epic focuses on the experiences of the common soldier. The most complete contemporary chronicle of the Mexican conquest, this important historical document is also a captivating adventure narrative that combines factual accuracy with many dramatic anecdotes. This volume focuses on the complex relationships that developed between the Spaniards and the Aztec emperor Montezuma on the army's arrival in Mexico. It contains chapters 82–136 and a key to the maps that appear at http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9781108017060.
The Works of Thomas Carlyle
Authors: Carlyle Thomas
Published: November 2015

Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) was one of the most influential authors of the nineteenth century. Eagerly studied at the highest level of intellectual society, his satirical essays and perceptive historical biographies caused him to be regarded for much of the Victorian period as a literary genius and eminent social philosopher. After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1814, he published his first scholarly work on German literature in 1824, before finding literary success with his history of the French Revolution in 1837. After falling from favour during the first part of the twentieth century, his work has more recently become the subject of scholarly re-examination. His introduction of German literature and philosophy into the British intellectual milieu profoundly influenced later philosophical ideas and literary studies. These volumes are reproduced from the 1896 Centenary Edition of his collected works. Volume 22 contains the second volume of his translations of German romances.
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Authors: Cappeller Carl
Published: November 2015

This one-volume Sanskrit–English dictionary, first published in 1891, is an English version of the seven-volume Sanskrit-Worterbuch, published at St Petersburg between 1852 and 1875, and contains about 50,000 entries. The aim of the editor, Carl Cappeller, was to provide a glossary for Sanskrit texts which were at the time becoming available in printed editions in Europe, particularly 'such works as are most appreciated and studied by every friend of Sanskrit literature'. He hoped that it would provide 'not only a handbook for the beginner in Sanskrit, who wants to have as many words as possible explained to him, but also to serve the purposes of the linguistic student, whose interest is limited to the old stock of words and their relations to other languages'. The dictionary has stood the test of time and is still consulted by students of Sanskrit.
Bracton’s Note Book
Authors: Bracton Henry de
Published: November 2015

Henry of Bracton (or Bratton) (c. 1210–1268) was a jurist who worked as a Justice of Assize in the south-west of England, and was the author of the first systematic discussion of English common law. The manuscripts which form Bracton's Note Book were discovered in the British Museum in 1884 by Vinogradoff, and were edited in three volumes in 1887 by Maitland. These volumes contain a collection of over 2,000 lawsuits from the thirteenth century, each with a description of how the law should be applied to the particular circumstances of each case. This is the first example of case law in English legal writing, and its usefulness as a record of legal precedent probably led to the creation of Year Rolls (official records of court cases) from 1268. Volume 3 contains the texts of Pleas in the Bench and before the King from 1224 to 1240.
England in the Seven Years' War
Authors: Corbett Julian Stafford
Published: November 2015

Sir Julian Corbett (1854–1922) was an eminent British naval historian who focused on the analysis of historic naval strategy. After graduating from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1876 Corbett practised as a barrister until 1882, when he turned to historical writing. He was appointed Lecturer in History to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1903, and was consulted on naval reforms during the First World War. These volumes, first published in 1907, contain Corbett's detailed analysis of naval warfare during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Focusing on the strategy of the British navy, Corbett recounts chronologically the major actions of the war, analysing in detail fleet movements and naval tactics in their political and diplomatic context. These volumes were the first scholarly work on this subject, and provide valuable information concerning the development of English naval strategy during this formative period. Volume 1 covers 1754–1759.
Chronological History of the West Indies
Authors: Southey Thomas
Published: November 2015

Thomas Southey (1777–1838) joined the navy at the age of twelve, saw action during the French Revolutionary Wars, and was first posted to the West Indies in early 1804. Promoted to captain in 1811 and later employed as a customs officer, he died on the voyage home from his last posting in Demerara. His only book, published in 1827, is dedicated to his older brother, Robert, a Romantic poet, who also wrote on historical subjects (his books on Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, and Brazil are also available in the Cambridge Library Collection). Thomas's three-volume work draws on extensive reading, with substantial passages quoted verbatim from his sources. He concludes that the history of the West Indies presents 'little more than a melancholy series of calamities and crimes', but commends the British government's efforts to put an end to slavery. Volume 3 covers the period from 1784 to 1816.
Mesmerismus
Authors: Mesmer Franz Anton
Published: November 2015

Early in his career, the German doctor Franz Mesmer (1734–1815) became fascinated by the concept that the invisible natural forces or 'magnetism' exerted by planets, minerals and animals (or humans) could produce physical effects including healing. His influential 'discoveries' were highly controversial, and Mesmer tried persistently but unsuccessfully to obtain scientific recognition for his theory of 'animal magnetism'. This book, published in 1814, was edited by Mesmer's friend J. C. Wolfart, also a medical doctor and a former sceptic. Its scope goes far beyond the mere question of healing individuals. Mesmer proposes a system that he claims would both improve the physical and mental health of individuals and promote the ethical ordering of society. Mesmer appeals to future leaders to develop his blueprint of a more 'natural' and balanced world order, based on his understanding of Enlightenment science and his observations of human physiology, psychology, education, government and justice.
Die Geschichte der Seele
Authors: Schubert Gotthilf Heinrich von
Published: November 2015

This is the fourth, revised and expanded 1850 edition of an influential two-volume work originally published in 1830 by the German scientist and philosopher Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert (1780–1860). Schubert studied theology and medicine, and taught natural history at Erlangen and Munich, specialising in botany, forestry and mineralogy. He also lectured on topics including animal magnetism, clairvoyance and dreams, and attempted to reconcile Enlightenment philosophy with Christian faith. This book presents Schubert's views on human nature as body, soul and spirit, and on humankind's place in the natural order. Volume 1 introduces Schubert's ideal of a harmonious balance between opposing forces, contrasting the animate and the inanimate and describing the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms and their interactions. It then focuses on human anatomy and physiology, and discusses the senses, heredity, sleep and death, and the differences between humans and other animals.
A Historical and Philosophical Sketch of the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in Northern and Western Africa, at the Close of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Leyden John
Published: November 2015

Although he had never set foot in Africa, Scottish poet and linguist John Leyden (1775–1811) decided to publish in 1799 this compilation on 'discoveries and settlements' there, drawing from the published works of explorers. His aim was 'to exhibit the progress of discoveries at this period in North and West Africa', giving descriptions of places such as Guinea, the Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone, as well as accounts of their people. He begins the work by discussing a meeting of the African Association on 9 June 1788, where a map depicted the interior of the continent as 'an extended blank'. Leyden attempts to provide information on those unknown areas by using the travel accounts of writers - including the Scots explorer Mungo Park - who had ventured into the African interior, to put together a narrative which makes this work a valuable collection of eighteenth-century accounts by European explorers in Africa.
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada
Authors: Jameson Anna
Published: November 2015

Anna Jameson (1794–1860) was an inspirational figure to a generation of young women writers and artists including Barbara Bodichon and Bessie Rayner Parkes. Her work was reviewed by leading figures such as Mary Shelley and Charles Kingsley, and even Thomas Carlyle, though less complimentary, referred to her as the 'celebrated Mrs Jamieson'. This book, first published in 1838, secured her growing reputation as a writer of history, literary criticism and travel literature, and has been popular ever since. Inspired by a journey made to support the career of her estranged husband, one of its key themes is the condition of women, which recurs regularly in Jameson's writing. In Volume 1, Jameson describes her difficulty adapting to the winter cold, her impressions of Ontario's landscape, peoples, and political system, and her reflections on literature, especially Goethe. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=jamean
Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada
Authors: Jameson Anna
Published: November 2015

Anna Jameson (1794–1860) was an inspirational figure to a generation of young women writers and artists including Barbara Bodichon and Bessie Rayner Parkes. Her work was reviewed by leading figures such as Mary Shelley and Charles Kingsley, and even Thomas Carlyle, though less complimentary, referred to her as the 'celebrated Mrs Jamieson'. This book, first published in 1838, secured her already growing reputation as a writer of history, literary criticism and travel literature, and has been popular ever since. Inspired by a journey made to support the career of her estranged husband, one of its key themes is the condition of women, which recurs regularly in Jameson's writing. Volume 3 centres on a journey up Lake Huron and describes Native American settlements, languages, customs, and beliefs, revealing her ambivalent feelings of both curiosity and revulsion. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=jamean
The History of the French Revolution
Authors: Thiers Adolphe
Published: November 2015

Marie-Louis-Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877) was a prominent figure in a turbulent period in French history. Described by Karl Marx as a 'monstrous gnome' and condemned by the left for suppressing the Paris Commune of 1871, he enjoyed a controversial political career, but it is for his epic Histoire de la Révolution Française that he is chiefly remembered today. It was first published in French in ten volumes between 1823 and 1827, and in 1838 Frederic Shoberl's English translation made it a staple of British bookshelves. Consolidated into five volumes and illustrated with an array of engravings, this edition presents readers with a history of events spanning more than a decade of revolution and war, and remains one of the most comprehensive accounts of the French Revolution. Volume 1 leads readers from the 'cringing assemblies' of Louis XIV to the storming of the Tuileries in August 1792.
Les deux Champollions, leur vie et leurs oeuvres
Authors: Champollion-Figeac Aimé
Published: November 2015

This biography of the Champollion brothers was published in Grenoble in 1887. Jean-François (1790–1832) was a child prodigy who had taught himself numerous ancient languages in his teenage years, despite not having received any formal education. Having become an assistant professor of history at Grenoble in his nineteenth year, Jean-François published a decipherment of the trilingual Rosetta Stone in 1824, thus offering the key to an understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphics and consequently of the civilisation of ancient Egypt. His older brother, Jacques-Joseph (1778–1867), although a less gifted scholar, supported Jean-François and kept his name and achievement before the public after his early death. Jacques-Joseph's son Aimé-Louis (1813–94), the author of this biographical account, followed in his father's footsteps, becoming the librarian of the Bibliothèque Royale and publishing works on palaeography. Based on original letters, this is the only near-contemporary biography of the pioneering Egyptologist.