bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective Familial Assessment in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Caforio Alida L.P. , Mahon Niall G. , Baig M. Kamran , Tona Francesco , Murphy Ross T. , Elliott Perry M. , McKenna William J.
Published: December 2006

Background—

In autoimmune disorders, circulating autoantibodies identify healthy relatives at risk years before clinical presentation. Healthy relatives of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) who have echocardiographic changes, including left ventricular enlargement or depressed fractional shortening at baseline, have increased medium-term risk for DCM development. Approximately one third of relatives have serum anti-heart autoantibodies (AHAs) at baseline; we intended to assess their potential role in predicting DCM development.

Methods and Results—

Baseline evaluation, including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and AHA, was performed in 592 asymptomatic relatives of 169 consecutive DCM patients (291 males and 301 females; mean age 36±16 years). Relatives were classified in accordance with published echocardiographic criteria; those who did not have DCM were followed up (median of 58 months). DCM among relatives was diagnosed by echocardiography at follow-up. Of the 592 individuals evaluated, 77% were assessed as normal, 4.4% as having DCM, and 19% as possibly affected on the basis of depressed fractional shortening without ventricular dilatation in 17 and left ventricular enlargement without systolic dysfunction in 94. Five-year follow-up of 311 relatives revealed that 26 had progressed (13 to DCM, 11 to left ventricular enlargement, and 2 to depressed fractional shortening). Relatives who developed DCM were more frequently AHA-positive than those who did not (69% versus 37%,
P
=0.02). Five-year probability of progression to DCM, among normal or possibly affected relatives, was higher in AHA-positive cases (
P
=0.03). By Cox regression, positive AHAs at baseline were independent predictors of progression (RR 2.26, CI 1 to 5.1,
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—

Among healthy relatives of DCM patients, AHAs are independent predictors of disease development within 5 years.
Preparing Teachers to Learn from Teaching
Authors: Hiebert James , Morris Anne K. , Berk Dawn , Jansen Amanda
Published: December 2006

The authors propose a framework for teacher preparation programs that aims to help prospective teachers learn how to teach from studying teaching. The framework is motivated by their interest in defining a set of competencies that provide a deliberate, systematic path to becoming an effective teacher over time. The framework is composed of four skills, rooted in the daily activity of teaching, that when deployed deliberately and systematically, constitute a process of creating and testing hypotheses about cause-effect relationships between teaching and learning during classroom lessons. In spite of the challenges of acquiring these skills, the authors argue that the framework outlines a more realistic and more promising set of beginning teacher competencies than those of traditional programs designed to produce graduates with expert teaching strategies.
The Varied Dimensions of Law, Policy, and Treatment of Convicted Sex Offenders
Authors: Senjo Scott R.
Published: December 2006

A seemingly endless struggle continues to exist over policy prescriptions for convicted sex offenders. The oversimplified answer is to enact more punitive measures, however futile they may be, to appease a misinformed populace. This review essay looks at three titles that examine the policy justifications for sex offenders and explain the expensive and irrational measures taken in both American and British society to try to gain some control over this class of criminal and mental health cases.
Alone in the Garden: How Gregor Mendel’s Inattention to Audience May Have Affected the Reception of His Theory of Inheritance in “Experiments in Plant Hybridization”
Authors: Wynn James
Published: December 2006

From a rhetorical perspective, Mendel’s work and its reception elicit two important questions: (a) why were Mendel’s arguments so compelling to 20th century biologists? And (b) why where they so roundly ignored by his contemporaries? The focus of this article is to examine the latter question while commenting on the former by employing several tactics for rhetorical analysis including historical, textual, and audience analyses. These analyses suggest that Mendel’s argument resembles 20th century biological arguments in its use of mathematical principles and formulae to both inform the design of experiments and support the law-like regularity of conclusions. These procedures, however, were not regarded by his audience of hybridists, botanists, cytologists, and naturalists as sufficiently persuasive or necessarily even legitimate. I will argue that had he taken a more rhetorical tact and considered the position of his audience on the legitimacy of the scope of his conclusions, his methods for making arguments, and his assumptions about heritable characters perhaps his arguments wouldn’t have fallen on deaf ears.
Pregnancy, Pimps, and “Clichèd Love Things”: Writing Through Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Weinstein Susan
Published: December 2006

This article examines the poetry, prose, and rap lyrics written by nine low-income, African American and Latino urban youths. The study is based on a 3-year research project using ethnographic methods including field observations, informal interviews, and collection of written artifacts. Part of a larger study of these youths’ writing practices, this article focuses on the ways that they use writing to negotiate gendered and sexual identities in complicated, sometimes conflicting, ways. The article is grounded in the field of new literacy studies, and the author argues that educators and other youth workers can find, in the writing of youths like those in the study, an entrèe into sometimes uncomfortable yet vitally important conversations about gender and sexuality. Through analysis of the writers’ texts and conversations, the author models ways of drawing useful insights from such texts.
Indigenous-Run Legal Services in Australia and Canada
Authors: Nielsen Marianne O.
Published: December 2006

Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the courts of both Australia and Canada. They face a number of special disadvantages in dealing with the courts that historically have led to the development of special legal services operated by Indigenous people. The kind of legal organization is not the same in these two countries because of differences in their organizational environments. These include demographics, economics, culture, law, politics, ecology, and technology. These factors provided both constraints and opportunities for the new organizations. Examples from two case studies are used: Native Counselling Services of Alberta, Canada, which provides Native Courtworkers and legal information services, and the Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement, Inc. of South Australia, which provides legal representation and legal information. The case studies indicate that Indigenous legal services organizations must still adapt and innovate by constructing new realities if they are to continue to provide desperately needed services for Indigenous peoples.
An Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Implementation and Impact of a Comprehensive Approach to Domestic Violence
Authors: Muftić Lisa R. , Bouffard Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2006

The primary goal of society's response to domestic violence is the protection of the victim from further abuse. Recently, the coordinated community response (CCR) has been developed as one example of an approach aimed at reaching this goal. Prior research has generally found support for the model, with male offenders recidivating at lower rates. The current study examines whether a comprehensive, community-based approach is capable of reducing recidivism rates among male and female offenders. Comparisons are made between 70 female and 131 male offenders. Specific attention is given to the intervention process, including differences in service or treatment component completion and recidivism by gender.
II.—On the Critical Point in the Consolidation of Granitic Rocks
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: December 2006

In carefully reviewing the various facts which I have been able to collect since the publication of my paper on the microscopical Structure of Crystals, I have been led to believe that many peculiarities in the structure of granitic rocks may be explained by a principle, which, as far as I am aware, has not hitherto attracted attention. It appears to me extremely probable that the critical point in the consolidation of granitic rocks is very closely connected with the critical temperature at which highly heated and compressed steam would condense into an equal volume of highly heated and expanded liquid water.

As I pointed out in the paper already mentioned, rocks melted under great pressure probably contain water either dissolved as a gas in a liquid, or in the state of a fused hydrate. On cooling down to a lower temperature, the crystallizing out of anhydrous minerals would almost necessarily set free this previously combined water. As long as the temperature was above the critical point it would necessarily remain more or less disseminated in the rock as highly compressed steam, but as soon as the temperature fell below the critical point, it would condense into highly expanded liquid water.
V.—On two new species recently described by Prof. von Lasaulx
Authors: Rudler F. W.
Published: December 2006

At the last meeting of the British Association, Dr. A. yon Lasaulx, who has recently been appointed Professor of Mineralogy in Breslau in succession to Professor Websky, exhibited two new minerals which he has described in the Neues Jahrbuch. A brief notice of these minerals may fitly find a place in the Mineralogical Magazine, although the original descriptions are too lengthy to be translated in extenso.
III.—On the Magnetic Constituents of Rocks and Minerals
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

All minerals are supposed to be either magnetic or diamagnetic, and in a large number, exact measurements have been made of the relative amount of magnetic three in each mineral. As was to be expected, the compounds of Iron and Nickel are, in the great majority of cases, the cause of the magnetism in mineral ; but there exists a large border land of slightly magnetic mineral substances, the cause of whose magnetism has never been very clearly shown. I do not intend, in this paper, to deal with those which are only faintly magnetic, but with those whose magnetism is quite distinct, such as Obsidian, Basalt, &c. The method used for testing the relative amount of magnetism in any specimen was as follows.
On a new form of Phosphorite
Authors: Gunn Henry Hamilton
Published: December 2006

In making an examination of some samples of Phosphorite, recently discovered in Southern Russia, I was much struck by the unusual appearance of the substance, and after a closer examination came to the conclusion that it was a new form of the mineral, and ought to be brought before the notice of this society, in order that its occurrence and physical structure might be recorded and discussed.

The mineral which forms the subject of this paper occurs in rounded masses, varying in size from 5 to 9 inches in diameter. The outer surface is smooth and presents an appearance highly suggestive of the form being due to the action of running water, but upon fracturing several of these balls I found in every instance that they were c6mposed of a number of fibres radiating from the centre, of small size, and of a blueish grey colour, having a hardness of about 4.
IV.—Further Notes on Mineral “growth”
Authors: Readwin T. A.
Published: December 2006

Mr. Readwin stated that since reading his former paper (Mill Mag., No. 5), he had visited the museums of Copenhagen, Stockholm, Christiania, Kongsberg, and London, in search of corroborative evidences of “Recent Mineral-growth at ordinary temperatures, under ordinary conditions,” and that he was satisfied that mineral “growth under ordinary conditions,” is not of unusual occurrence, .although, hitherto, neither generally observed, nor believed.

Mr. Readwin also stated that several of the specimens referred to in his former paper, some of which he took on his journey, exhibited changes and developments during his absence.

In conclusion, Mr. Readwin submitted an idea of Metal-growth more closely at home.
I.—On the Non-Meteoric Origin of the Masses of Metallic Iron in the Basalt of Disko in Greenland. Selected and translated from the original Danish paper of K. J. V. Steenstrup
Authors: Rohde J. G.
Published: December 2006

Scarcely in any case has the meteoric origin of any iron been more doubtful than that of the Greenland masses found by Professor Nordenskjòld in 1870, for although they contain about 2 per cent. of nickel, and, when etched, show the Widmanstätt’s figures, the fact that iron is imbedded in the basalt, on which the so-called meteorites were lying, bespeaks that the loose masses of iron originally belonged to the basalt.

“The Blue Rocks” (Danish, Blaafjeld, Greenland, Ovifak), on the southern coast of Disko, where the iron was found, are about 1800 feet high; the foot up to 600 or 700 feet is covered by loose stones forming a slant of 30 or 40° above which, in the almost perpendicular rock, 13 or 14 horizontal seams of trap are seen.
IV.—On Mineral growth, at ordinary temperatures, and under ordinary conditions
Authors: Readwin T. A.
Published: December 2006

“Plants live, and grow ; Animals live, grow, and move; Minerals, neither live, grow, nor move.”

For so long a time, has this been an article of almost universal belief, that any nonconformity therewith, is looked upon with more or less of grave suspicion.

In what follows, it is proposed to show that there is a rather more natural order in which the aphorism may appropriately run; namely :—

Minerals grow, Plants live and grow, Animals live, grow, and move at will. “The three kingdoms of nature,” as they are not at all inconveniently called, exist in close relationship; so very close, indeed, that some naturalists think they are not really apart from each other.
XVII. On the Magnetism of Rocks and Minerals,–I. Serpentine
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

In a former paper I pointed out that it was likely that some of the rocks and minerals at present classed as magnetic were so only by reason of intermixture of a silicate of iron having the formula of Fe 3 O4 2 Si O2, or Fe8 Si2 O8, and that when purified from the particles of this body by pulverization and magnetic sifting, they might be found to be either much less magnetic or even diamagnetic.
XIX. On the Celestine and Baryto-Celestine of Clifton
Authors: Collie J. N. , Stoddart W. W.
Published: December 2006

During this autumn I had the opportunity of examining several different batches of celestine which had been dug out of the foundations of houses in this neighbourhood. On analysing one specimen which I took to be blue celestine, barium was found to be present in considerable quantities ; I then made a more exact qualitative analysis but failed to detect calcium or any other metal. The mineral then obviously consists of a double sulphate of barium and strontium, and a mineral of that kind has been found by Thomson, and was called by him baryto-celestine. Baryto-celestine, so far as I can ascertain, has not, however, been previously found in the British Isles.
VII. On Youngite
Authors: Hannay J. B.
Published: December 2006

In No. V. of this Magazine (page 149) there appeared a paper on "Some new Minerals in the Collection of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow," in which I gave a description and analysis of a new Sulphide of Lead, Manganese, Iron, and Zinc, to which I gave the name of "Youngite." In a note to his abstract of the above paper for the Journal of the Chemical Society of January, 1878, Dr. Burghardt, expressed an opinion that the "Youngite" was only a mixture of Galena, Blende, Alabandite (Mn S), and Iron Pyrites; and consequently had no claim to be called a new mineral. Although my analyses agreed closely, and coincided with such a probable formula that there was little reason to doubt their accuracy, I am glad to be able to place the matter beyond dispute.
VII. Note on the mode of occurrence and localities of Abriachanite
Authors: Aitkin Thomas
Published: December 2006

The blue substance first came under my observation many years ago in one of the Slickensides, in the first quarry opened for the supply of Abriachan granite, and situated by the side of the road leading to Abriachan,-a somewhat isolated district amongst the hills overlooking Lock Ness.

It was then seen in purplish-blue spots, dotting here and there the surface of the rocks which had been exposed to considerable weathering, and over which water had poured freely.
V. Note on Christophite from St. Agnes
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

About a year since I received from our associate Mr. Alfred Davies, of St. Agnes, a dark-brown mineral which was supposed to consist largely of sulphide of tin. As it differed greatly in appearance from the socalled tin pyrites, I at once felt interested in the supposed new mineral, and commenced an analysis which I have lately been able to complete.

It is generally granular in appearance, dark-brown, translucent very slightly on thin edges, infusible B.B,, soluble more or less completely in aqua regia, &c.—in fact its properties differ but little from those of an ordinary dark variety of blende, except that with careful manipulation it yields a bead of tin when treated with reducing agents on charcoal.
IX. The History of a Remarkable Gem.–The “Maxwell-Stuart” Topaz
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

It is only within the last century that the Cingalese have become the most astute judges upon all matters relating to gems in their uncut or natural state. That this is so is proved by the number of remarkable stones which previously found their way to England, unrecognized as being of any value; amongst them is the stone in question. How it could have been passed over and treated by the merchants as of no value is a mystery, unless its great size contradicted the probability of its being a gem. Such, however, was the case ; it having been sent to England mixed with the ordinary pieces of inferior Rubies and Sapphires used by watchmakers. It was sold for a mere nominal sum, as a piece of Quartz, or Crystal, and passed into a private collection of minerals, the owner of which regarded it also as a specimen of Quartz.
XII.–Note on a Crystallised Slag isomorphous with Olivine
Authors: Arnold A. E. , Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

The crystals referred to were found in considerable quantity in the slags produced in Mr. Hollwaf's experiments on the reduction of metallic sulphides at Penistone, in July 1878.

The experiments were carried out with ordinary Bessemer plant. Upon running the molten mass from the ladle into one of the ingot moulds the slag ran in a thick stream of perfect continuity, falling without noise a distance of some feet into the liquid portion below. The crystals occurred lining cavities in the partially cooled slag from which a portion of the molten material had been withdrawn.
XVII.–The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

Jameson tells us that it took him six weeks to survey Orkney geologically, and that the journey was the most uninteresting he ever made ; his journal, indeed, is little more than a record of disappointments. Jameson's statement, so far from concealing, disclosed an indubitable fact, that to relieve the tedium of the hammer through weeks of wandering, some impulse,—some attraction of a different nature must be associated with it. Jameson himself showed that such attraction was present with him, though he seems to have put a restraint upon himself as regards the alluding to it.
XIX.–On a Probably dimorphous form of Tin; and on some Crystals found associated with it
Authors: Trechmann C. O.
Published: December 2006

The behaviour of tin under varying circumstances has frequently attracted the attention of chemists, and several authors have concluded that it is capable of assuming at least two different crystallographic forms, only one of which, however, has been thoroughly investigated. Since Miller described the beautiful pyramidal crystals of tin obtained by galvanic deposition from a solution of its protochloride, the anomalous appearance of those obtained in the dry way has often been remarked upon. Brooke obtained octagonal needles on slowly cooling molten tin and pouring off the fluid part. Pajot in a similar manner obtained rhombic prisms. Stolba obtained quadratic plates, whilst Breithaupt saw tin crystals, from Cornish smelting furnaces, which had the form of short hexagonal prisms (Miller considered them to be Cu Sn2). Lastly Rammelsberg inferred from the varying specific gravity that a not yet determined dimorphic form existed.
XXII–On Serpentinous Minerals from the Saas Thal and from Scotland
Authors: Marshall-Hall  , Heddle
Published: December 2006

In a letter to Dr. Heddle, Capt. Marshall Hall writes—" On the next page I give you, in complement of my last letter, the analysis of a serpentine from the Saas Thal. For the specimen I am indebted to M. Henri de Saussure. It will be interesting to compare it on the spot, and study it in its relations to the accompanying rocks and minerals.

Whether the stone is fairly serpentine with so much iron is perhaps to be questioned ; I send the analysis as that of a "reputed " serpentine, and I send it to you as you have been doing serpentines, ... . as it is possible that additional data may be of use to you.
VIII. On some Cornish Tin-Stones and Tin-Capels
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: December 2006

In my former paper (Min. Mag., vol. IV, page 1) the different modes of occurrence of oxide of tin in Cornwall were briefly described, and the characters both macroscopic and microscopic of the ordinary tin-stones and tin-capels were illustrated in considerable detail. I have now to describe the peculiar varieties of “wood-tin” or Cornish tin-ore, which are certainly characteristic of many of the Cornish deposits, although their occurrence is not limited to Cornwall as was at one time supposed.

The chemical composition of Cornish wood-tin differs very little from that of ordinary Cassiterite, as was shown long ago by Klaproth.
XV. The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

Notwithstanding the very considerable extent of shore-line which the deepest-seated rock exposes to the ocean, it exhibits extremely few illustrations of either cliff, or rocky shore.

The rocks which do occur are found to be of an altitude which is altogether trifling,—very much more so than even the great durability of the material of which they are composed would warrant us in expecting. Indeed, from the fact of the shore-line being at right-angles to the strike of the strata, and from these strata being at so high an angle of tilt, we should expect to meet with an almost continuous line of cliff. Instead of this, we find long points of land, of hummocky or undulating contour, running far out into the sea,—a profuse sprinkling of cliffless islets, which resemble in every particular the hummocks of the land,—and long sinuous stretches of water thrusting themselves up into what resemble land-valleys, very much more than sea-bays.
XVI. On the Chemical Composition of Epidote from Quenast
Authors: l'abbé Renard M.
Published: December 2006

This Epidote is found in the well-known quarries of quartziferous diorite at Quenast.

Without entering into any details regarding its crystalline form, it will suffice to mention that it here occurs in bacillary prisms, often elongated in the direction of the orthoaxis, and almost always macled parallel to the cleavage plane . It also occurs frequently in lamellar, fibrous and radiated masses of a pale green color, at times greyish or straw-colored ; these groups of crystals, which frequently occupy the geodes of the matrix, are capable of furnishing the mineral in a state of great purity, and well suited for chemical analysis.
The Geognosy and Mineralogy of Scotland
Authors: Heddle
Published: December 2006

A Very few dykes of the "greenstone type " are to be seen in the lower gneiss.

There are some localities at which the gueiss seems itself to have furnished the material of the dyke, if not to pass into it by insensible gradation.

One is a dyke seen in the vicinity of Badnaternag, on the north shore
of Loch Assynt. Here the dyke runs along the strike of the rock.
On the Crystalline Form of Meneghinite
Authors: Miers H. A.
Published: December 2006

A complete description of this mineral was given in Poggendorf's Annalen, vol. 132 (1867), p. 372, by Prof. vom Rath, who ascribed it to the oblique system with the elements, a : b : c=·361639 : 1 : ·116825 ; β=87°40′18″.

This paper gives a full account of the appearance and properties of the Meneghinite from Scrravezza, and of its association with Quartz, Galena, Blends, Chalybite, Copper Pyrites, Iron Pyrites, Calcite, and Albite; the results of the analysis also accord fairly with the previous determinations of Bechi and Hofmann, which give for the formula Pb4 Sb2 S7 or 4Pb S + Sb2 S3.
The Mineral Albertite, Strathpeffer, Ross-shire
Authors: Morrison W.
Published: December 2006

This body is a hydrocarbon which has been classed under the Asphalt group ; but, unlike Asphalt, it does not melt at 100°C., nor is it at all soluble to the extent Asphalt is in such solvents as ether, oil of turpentine, benzol or carbon disulphide. When heated in a closed tube it shows incipient melting after intumescing, but, at the same time, it decomposes into its constituent gases. This chemical change takes place at 300°C. In the above solvents about 5 per cent. of bitumen is obtained. Carbon disulphide softens the mass throughout to a pasty consistence.
Notes on a Picrite (Paleopicrite) and other Rocks from Gipps Land, and a Serpentine from Tasmania
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: December 2006

The rocks whose microscopic structure it described in this paper were collected by my friend, M. G. Stuart, Esq., during a tour in Australia, under the kind auspices of A. W. Howitt, Esq., F.G.S.,the well-known geologist, who has so largely added to our knowledge of one of the most interesting districts of that continent. Some of them have been already noticed by that gentleman, but as the volumes in which his descriptions are published are not very accessible to English readers, and as two of them are rocks to which I have devoted special attention, I have ventured to bring them to the notice of our Society.
On the Physical and Geometrical Properties of Graphite
Authors: Sjögren Hj.
Published: December 2006

E. D. Clarke was the first mineralogist by whom crystallised graphite was observed and examined. As early as 1821, he described some graphite crystals from the mines at Borrowdale, in Cumberland. Clarke designated graphite by the name of " carburet of iron" or "plumbago," and stated its form to be that of an oblique four sided prism, the obtuse angle of which was found by measurement with the contact goniometer (" the common goniometer ") to be 118°.
Notes on a Recent Discovery of "Connellite"
Authors: Semmons W.
Published: December 2006

The gradual decline in the production of copper from the mines of Cornwall and the consequent diminution of their number renders any discovery of a rare copper mineral an object of interest to all mineralogists.

Owing to the exhaustion of all the upper deposits, those products of decomposition—the beautiful arseniates and phosphates, &c. which adorn the cases of our national collection and those of private collections—are getting more and more scarce, and perhaps in the near future, so far as Cornwall is concerned, we shall have to rely for illustrations entirely on its past productions.
On Monazite from Cornwall, and Connellite
Authors: Miers II. A.
Published: December 2006

A specimen of crystallised quartz and albite has recently been acquired for the British Museum which has a few isolated crystals of this rare mineral dispersed upon it. Conclusive evidence that the specimen comes from Cornwall is supplied both by the appearance of the quartz and albite and by the presence of the clay-slate with which they are associated.

The mineral monazite or Turnerite has hitherto been discovered in few localities and never in the British Isles. Anatase, however, is mentioned in Greg and Lettsom (Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 363) as occurring at Tintagel and near Liskeard in Cornwall ; and it is just possible that crystals of monazite may have been mistaken for anatase.
Analysis of a Sample of Strontianite from Strontian, Argyllshire
Authors: Ivison Macadam W.
Published: December 2006

The samples to which this note refers were freshly cut from the quarries at Strontian. The mass differs much in quality, but is largely made up of the usual acicular groups. The colour of the mass as received varied, according to the composition, from a slight green shade where Strontianite predominated, to the more pure white of barium and calcium compounds.

The analyses were made from various portions, No. 1 being the selected Strontianite, No. 2 the more white portion of the mass.
Some Occurrences of Actinolite in Scotland
Authors: Peyton W. W.
Published: December 2006

In this Paper the author directs attention to some localities in Scotland where the aetinolite forms of hornblende are to be found.

In Aberdeenshire the actinolite occurs as sheaf-like groups, irregularly distributed through a felspathic base ; also as slender crystals, extending sometimes to the length of eighteen inches, in a dioritic rock. On the hill of Heshgarnich, in Perthshire, this variety of hornblende occurs in nests, also in fan- or sheaf-like bundles of a black colour ; and on the north side of the hill it is found in blade-like forms distributed through a glistening micaceous schist.
Observations on the Preparation of Mineral and Rock Sections for the Microscope
Authors: Ady John Ernest
Published: December 2006

During the past few years the study of the minute structure of minerals and rocks has received the attention of so many able geologists, that microscopical mineralogy and petrography may now be regarded as a fairly established means for the identification and diagnosis of inorganic species. As a special instance, I may point to Heddle's researches on Amazonstone, where the discrepancy of its chemical constitution from normal orthoclase, and its aberrant crystalline form, are accounted for under the microscope, with polarised light, by minute structural peculiarities which support the view that it is composed, not of orthoclase and albite, as has been supposed, but of orthoclase and a paragenetic constituent, allied to, if not identical with, oligoclase.
On some New Localities for the Mineral Diatomite, with Notes on the Chemical Composition of the Specimens exhibited
Authors: Macadam W. Ivison
Published: December 2006

In my previous papers on this subject I have detailed various localities in which the mineral Diatomite has been found. Since the dates on which my papers were read various other localities have been discovered for the mineral, and I now beg to lay the details before the Society. The new samples are four in number, and are from—

1.—Golspie, Sutherlandshire.

2.—Loeh Osabhat, Tolsta, Lewes.

3.—Auchnerran, Aberdeenshire.

4.—Presswhin, Aberdeenshire.

A fifth sample of a nodular mass from the Diatomite of Loch Kinnord, Aberdeenshire, has been analysed, and the results are included in this paper.
Francolite, a Variety of Apatite from Levant Mine, St. Just, Cornwall
Authors: Solly R. H.
Published: December 2006

The three varieties of apatite at present known to occur in Cornwall are the sea-green limpid crystals from St. Michael's Mount and other places, the dirty-white, semi-opaque, hexagonal prisms associated with axinite from Botallack Head, and the thin hexagonal plates, described and analysed by Prof. Maskelyne and Dr. Flight as coming from a new locality, now known, however, to have been obtained by the late Mr. Tailing from Fowey Consols, and previously noted from this mine by Greg and Lettsom. To these must now be added a new variety which was lately brought to me as chalybite from the deep workings of Levant Mine, St. Just. The specimens are closely analogous to those analysed by Dr. Flight, but differ slightly in chemical composition and mode of occurrence.
On the Analysis of a Sample of Talc Used in Paper-making
Authors: Macadam W. Ivison
Published: December 2006

The mineral to which this notice refers is obtained from New Jersey. It is very largely employed for paper-making in place of China clay (Kaolin), and gives, amongst other advantages, a much more pure effluent, fully ninety per cent. being retained in the paper. From its fibrous nature it appears to attach itself to the smaller paper particles and retain these also. The very high and beautifully smooth glaze of the American papers is largely due to the use of this substance.

The mineral is of a highly fibrous character, almost pure white, perfectly insoluble in water, is greasy to the touch, and readily broken down in the fingers.
Note on the Occurrence of Bismutite in the Transvaal
Authors: Louis Henry
Published: December 2006

This mineral occurs plentifully, though finely disseminated, in the veins of auriferous quartz in the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal. These veins are often capped by a "gossan" of brown hvematite, crystalline, amorphous, or at times pseudomorphous after iron pyrites; a good deal of similar brown hæmatite occurs also throughout the veins themselves. The Bismutite is disseminated irregularly through the veins, and also occurs in small pockets in the ferruginous gossan; it is from the latter source that the mineral was obtained for the subjoined description and analysis.

It is amorphous, pulverulent; colour greenish yellow to lemon-yellow, more rarely brownish yellow; opaque (feebly translucent, with waxy lustre under the microscope); its hardness appears to be about 8, but cannot well be determined on account of its pulverulent character. Specific gravity 6.86.
On the Use of the Gnomonic Projection; with a Projection of the Forms of Red Silver Ore
Authors: Miers H. A.
Published: December 2006

If the planes of a crystal be replaced by lines drawn perpendicular to them through a point the intersection of the sheaf of lines so formed with the plane of the paper is the Gnomonic Projection of the crystal; each face being represented by a point and each zone by a line joining two such points. This projection, which has been frequently used and fully described, has generally been employed to represent the symmetrical disposition of the faces, the plane of the figure being a plane of symmetry.

But the practical value of the projection is best seen when it is used either as a graphic representation of the forms of a mineral, or as a method of drawing a perspective figure of any part of a crystal.
On a Meteoric Iron (containing Crystallised Chromite) found about the year 1880 in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, U.S.A.
Authors: Fletcher L.
Published: December 2006

Single fragment of iron, having an estimated weight of eleven pounds, was found about the year 1880 on or near the top of Alleghany Mountain, 3 miles north of White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, not far from the eastern border of West Virginia, U.S.A. ; this corresponds to longitude 80° 20' W. of Greenwich, latitude 37° 51' N. The finder and his official agent, thinking it a piece of rich iron ore, searched unsuccessfully for a vein : the specimen itself was taken to a country smith's shop, heated and cut with a cold chisel; the pieces were distributed as specimens of iron ore. Some time afterwards, two of them, weighing respectively 63 oz. and 31 oz., were given by the agent to Mr. Matthew A. Miller, Civil Engineer, of Richmond, Virginia ; convinced of their meteoric origin, he immediately tried to recover the pieces already distributed, but after travelling several hundred miles was forced to the conclusion that they were irrecoverably lost. From Mr. Miller the two pieces were acquired for the British Museum.
On the Discovery of Leucite in Australia
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: December 2006

The mineral Leucite has for so long a period been considered as one of the most remarkable examples of limited distribution both in space and time, that the discovery in Australia of a rock largely composed of this mineral, by Mr. T. W. Edgeworth David, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, is one that appears deserving of being at once placed upon record.

Leucite-crystals, under the head of "white garnet," or "white schorls," appear to have been known from a very early period ; and, indeed, the fine examples from Somma could scarcely fail to attract the attention of the older mineralogists. Subsequently it was found that the mineral occurs in other parts of Italy, and especially the neighbourhood of Rome, as well as at the Laacher See and the Kaiserstuhl.
On the Occurrence of Rutile-needles in Clays
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: December 2006

The discovery by my friend, Mr. Dick, of zircon, rutile, tourmaline, cyanite, &c., in the Hampstead and other sands, and also the necessities of a work in which I am engaged, have induced me within the last few weeks to turn my attention in a somewhat systematic manner to the sedimentary rocks, and especially to the clays. At present I have examined only eight or nine samples of clays, but I have already come across a fact which I trust will be thought of sufficient interest to justify this communication. In examining the clays the method I adopt differs from that followed by Thurach in his classic investigations, " Ueber das vorkommen mikroskopischer Zirkone und Titan-Mineralien in den Gesteinen, only in one respect. I examine the washings which are removed by his process.
On the supposed fall of a Meteoric Stone at Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, France, in September 1810
Authors: Fletcher L.
Published: December 2006

In a list of the known falls of meteorites published by Meunier in 1884, is a record of the fall of a meteoric stone at Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, France, in September 1810, and as authority is quoted the catalogue of the meteorites of the Muséum d'histoire Naturelle at Paris. No stone of that name is mentioned in the printed list of the Paris collection published in 1882, but according to a later manuscript five grams were in the Museum in the year 1885. The authenticity of the fall is accepted in the lists since published at Vienna and at Harvard College. No representative of the fall, however, appears in any other list of the better known meteorite collections, and it seemed that only the fragment at Paris had escaped destruction. Lately, however, on receiving from Professor Lewis a manuscript list of the meteorites under his charge, I was agreeably surprised to find that a piece weighing no less than 60 grams of a Chartres stone was in the Cambridge collection. The specimen and its label were sent to me for inspection, and they suffice in my opinion to prove that the Chartres fall of September 1810 is mythical, and owes its origin to a simple error of memory.
On the identity of Bruiachite and Fluor
Authors: Forster Heddle M.
Published: December 2006

Several years ago Dr. Thomas Aitken, of Inverness, put into my hands a mineral which he thought to be new, with the request that I would analyse it.

He stated that the mineral occurred in veins in the conglomerate of the Old Red Sandstone, near Loch Bhruithaich, in Inverness-shire ; that it had been found by and given to him by the head gamekeeper on the Lovat property, and that similar pieces had been given to Mr. Wallace.

The specimens which he put in my hands, and others which he showed me, consisted of one side of a vein-plug, and were formed of alternate bands of foliated flesh-coloured baryte, with narrower ones of the substance in question.
On the Relations between the Gliding Planes and the Solution Planes of Augite
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: December 2006

None of the mineralogical problems of the present day are of greater importance than those which deal with the nature and causes of the modifications which crystallised bodies undergo as a consequence of changes in their environment. It is above all things necessary that we should clearly discriminate in every case between the characters of minerals which are original and essential, and those which are accidental and secondary, and which result from the action of various mechanical and chemical forces upon crystals, subsequently to their formation. No fact is more certain than that crystallized minerals, without losing their identity, may have their chemical composition altered within certain (often very wide) limits; and that, as the result of chemical action or mechanical strains, profound changes may take place in all their optical and other physical properties.
Notes on Crystallites
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: December 2006

The work of tile late Hermann Vogelsang, and the subsequent researches of O. Lehmann and other observers, have done much to show that a careful study of the rudimentary forms of crystallisation may prove as valuable to the mineralogist as that of embryology has already been to the comparative anatomist.

It is, indeed, difficult to form any clear conception of the manner in which a crystallite originated, nor can we go further back in the history of its development than a stage in which a number of atoms have been grouped in an arrangement about which there is yet no certainty, thus forming molecules grouped in some manner about which we are equally uncertain. We can but imagine that there is some inherent property in molecules which causes them, under given conditions, to group themselves in an orderly manner and to assume a form which may, when more fully developed, be referred to one of the recognlsed crystallographic systems.
Devitrification of cracked and brecciated Obsidian
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: December 2006

In examining a specimen of the rhyolitic lava-flow of the Rocehe Rosse, Lipari, in the collection of the Royal College of Science, London, I was struck by tile fact that the areas of pure black glass visible upon the fractured surface were each bordered by a band of spherulitic matter, the convex surfaces of the spherulites being directed inwards towards tile glassy area. The specimen, collected by Prof. J. W. Judd, F.R.S., evidently comes from a portion of the flow which has become breceiated during movement of the viscid mass; intermingling of glassy and hemicrystalline matter has occurred, and an approach to the structure of the well-known "Piperno" of Naples has resulted. But the irregular little lumps of obsidian have not received their spherulitic crust from any chilling effect that they may have had upon the surrounding groundmass; the spherulites belong to the glass-fragments themselves, and are not deposited upon their surfaces.
The Optical Indicatrix and the Transmission of Light in Crystals
Authors: Fletcher L.
Published: December 2006

Fresnel's representation of the laws of transmission of rays of light in biaxal crystals, by reference to the surface distinguished by his nsane, has long been regarded as one of the greatest achievements in the domain of Physical Science. In his memoir on Double Refraction, Fresnel proceeded as follows :—

1. He assumed that the transmission of a ray of light is effected by means of an elastic ether vibrating transversely to its direction.

To the ether is thus assigned a property not belonging to a perfectly fluid body in a state of rest : perfect fluidity of a body at rest involves incapacity of resistance to mere change of shape, and it is to such distortional resistance that transverse vibrations must be due.
Analysis of Aragonite from Shetland
Authors: Thomson J. Stuart
Published: December 2006

Few, if any, analyses of British aragonites have been published; that which I now submit was executed upon a specimen forwarded to me by Professor Heddle, who has supplied me with the following notes of its occurrence.

It was obtained by him at Sobul Hill, in Unst, Shetland.

The west side of the hill of Sobul is pitted for the extent of nearly a mile with quarry holes, opened in a search for chromite.
Notes on the Micro-chemical Analysis of Rock-making Minerals
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: December 2006

All petrologists who have worked much with the microscope must have felt the want of a system of micro-chemical analysis ar once simple and reliable. Having devoted some time to the study of micro-chemical reactions, I think it may save the time and labour of students who propose to take up the subject if I give them the result of the experience I have gained up to date.
Fergusonite from Ceylon
Authors: Prior G. T.
Published: December 2006

In the appendix to the paper on the new mineral, baddeleyite, in the last number of the Magazine, Mr. Fletcher proves the identity of that mineral with the brazilite of Husssk, and explains the deviation in specific gravity and the original incorrect determination of the chemical composition of the Brazilian mineral by the supposition that the crystallographic measurements were made on the true mineral, while the specific gravity determination and chemical analysis were made on another, a tantalo-niobate of yttrium associated with it.
On the “Skin” of Agates
Authors: Heddle  , Thomson J. Stuart
Published: December 2006

I believe that the green ' Skin' of Agates will prove to be celadonite and not delessite, as has been generally supposed." This is an extract from a paper by one of us, which was published in 1879 in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Quarrying for agates upon a large scale having been carried out for several weeks during a succession of years on the shore of Forfarshire, an unusual supply of tile soft coating which frequently invests them was obtained.
Oceurrence of Mispickel in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright
Authors: Dudgeon P.
Published: December 2006

Having heard that a vein of what was supposed to be mispickel had been found about 6 miles north of Newton Stewart, in company with Professor Heddle I visited the place a week or two since. We found the vein had been opened in two places and some of the mineral had been taken out. It proved to be mispickel. The vein runs pretty nearly north and south: it occurs at tho junction of the granite and silurian rocks, commencing about half-a-mile south of the Murray monument, crossing the Palnure Burn, running nearly due south for more than a mile, and then heading to the eastward, where, at about three-quarters of a mile further on, another opening has been made in which is found ehalcopyrite associated with mispickel. The vein, where it has been opened close to the Palnure Burn, is about 7 inches wide, and contains only mispickel.
Minerals from Swaziland: Niobates and titanates of the rare earths, chemically allied to Euxenite and Fergusonite; Cassiterite, Monazite, etc. The “Æschynite” from Hitterö
Authors: Prior G. T.
Published: December 2006

The specimens described in this note were collected by Mr. Sydney Ryan, Managing Director of the Ryan Tin Mines, and were presented by him to the British Museum through Mr. John Ballot, who brought them to England.

They were found in the stanniferous gravels of the Embabaan district in Swaziland, S. Africa. Their probable source is the granite-gneiss which forms the base of the rock-series in that district.
Communications from the Oxford Mineralogical Laboratory. Mineralogical Notes: Zinc-Blende; Galena; Pyrites; Lead
Authors: Miers H. A. , Hartley E. G. J.
Published: December 2006

A Specimen in the University Museum consists of black tetrahedral blende, exhibiting perfect metallic lustre; indeed, the brilliant steely cleavage surfaces of the mineral and its metallic tarnish raised a doubt whether it could really be blende; but in very thin fragments viewed by transmitted light it is seen to be brown in colour.