bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Animal Value and Right
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: August 2022

In Fellow Creatures, Christine Korsgaard seeks to show how a Kantian moral theory can provide a more satisfying account of our obligations toward other animals than Kant’s own theory affords. She argues that what grounds the injunction to treat rational agents as ends in themselves in Kant’s moral theory can warrant an extension to fellow animals—if you like, that the reasoning leading to the Formula of Humanity can be extended to a Formula of Animality. This paper argues that her reasoning lacks the conceptual resources to reach this conclusion, since it works entirely within the conceptual framework of the good and fails to appreciate the right’s distinctive conceptual connection to moral accountability. However, it also argues that placing central aspects of Korsgaard’s argument within an accountability-centered (second-personal) framework of the right does hold promise for reaching her conclusion.
Juridical Personality and the Role of Juridical Obligation
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: August 2022

This paper introduces the idea of juridical personality as an essential piece of Kant’s account of human moral agency. The problem is that natural human activities of production and reproduction make persons morally vulnerable to one another regardless of the quality of their willing. The solution lies in the acquisition of the moral powers to obligate others that can only be conferred by juridical institutions. Drawing on under-appreciated text in the Introduction of the Metaphysics of Morals and the first part of the Doctrine of Right it is argued that the juridical personality and its duties are the possibility condition of moral action across the board. Collateral benefits are an explication of the source of many human duties, juridical and ethical; an account of responsibility for the actual effects of duty-related actions; and a deeper understanding of the moral point of moral motivation.
The Social Conditions for Autonomy
Authors: Rivera-Castro Faviola
Published: August 2022

This paper explores the social conditions for autonomy in both Christine Korsgaard’s account of self-constitution and Kant’s ethics. It argues that despite Korsgaard’s Kantian commitments she appears to suggest that such conditions might be importantly different from those that Kant affirms. Most of the paper investigates why Kant maintains that membership in a church grounded on the moral religion of reason provides the right social setting for individual autonomy. Korsgaard, by contrast, appears to suggest that the best social scenario for constituting oneself successfully is a liberal society that welcomes the pluralism of conceptions of the good that results from the exercise of human reflective capacities. The difference between the two accounts turns on their respective approaches to pluralism. While Kant favors the unanimous acceptance of the true religion reason, Korsgaard appears to favor a broader pluralism of conceptions of the good life within the bounds set by morality.
Peasants Making History
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

This book appraises the role of peasants in the past. Historians and archaeologists, after disparaging and ignoring peasants, are treating them more positively, and this book is taking that view forwards. Using as its example the west midlands of England, this book examines peasant society, in relation to their social superiors (their lords), their neighbours, and their households and finds them making decisions and taking options to improve their lives. Peasants played an active role in the development of towns, both by migrating into urban settings, but also trading actively in urban markets. Industry in the countryside was not imposed on the rural population, but often the result of peasant enterprise and flexibility. If we examine peasant attitudes and mentalities we find them engaging in political life, making a major contribution to religion, recognizing the need to conserve the environment, and balancing the interests of individuals with those of the communities in which they lived. Many features of our world have medieval roots, and peasants played an important part in the development of the rural landscape, participation of ordinary people in government, parish church buildings, towns, and social welfare. The evidence to support this peasant-centred view has to be recovered by imaginative interpretation, and by using every type of source, including the testimony of archaeology and landscape. This work is intended to be accessible to a wide readership.
Introduction
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the theme of the book. Medieval peasants were under pressure, both social and environmental, but were able to make some choices and take advantage of some opportunities. The meaning of the word peasant is discussed, and peasant-centred approach is advocated. The book is concerned with peasants’ ideas and outlook, the conflicts in which they participated, the decisions that they made, and the actions that they took. The current state of knowledge is reviewed, emphasizing the growth in studies which give peasants a central role. Different traditions are outlined, and various specialisms which throw light on peasant history are identified, such as those dealing with demography, the economy, gender, law, religion, literature, and linguistics. Archaeology and landscape history have much to contribute. The region on which the book is focussed is introduced, and the range of sources outlined.
Peasant society
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

Lords attempted to control their peasant tenants, maintaining holdings of fixed size, and supervising inheritance. Peasants found many ways of adjusting the amount of land that they held, especially by subletting. Against a backdrop of scarce land, up to 1349, and then a great drop in land values, tenants were manipulating the amount of land they held by inheritance strategies and the land market. Lords also claimed to control the unfree peasants (serfs), about a half of the total, by imposing restrictions and financial penalties on their serfs, but the serfs themselves undermined the system by breaking the rules and avoiding detection. Serfdom survived after 1500 but it had lost its teeth.
Peasants changing society
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how peasants changed their lives and created opportunities in a number of ways. They migrated across the region, often within short distances, but showing initiative and enterprise in their quest for land, employment, marriage—to better themselves. Their social mobility was limited, but a few were able to make significant improvements in their fortunes and became merchants and gentry. Some sank into poverty, though there were various mechanisms for relieving their condition. Everyone had to be involved in the village community, which strengthened in its functions around 1300, and adapted to threats to its cohesion after 1350.
Peasants and industry
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

Non-agricultural activities, especially industry, were widespread in the countryside, with some important foci of industrial production. Lords played a part in this, as did urban entrepreneurs, but peasants also took up industrial occupations. This was not just as individual artisans, like village smiths, but also as investors and traders such as country clothiers and dealers in manufactures such as pottery and iron tools and weapons. Some peasants took on basic tasks such as wood-cutting, spinning, and brewing to make ends meet, but some prosperous peasants combined their farming with fishing, food trades, building work, and a variety of crafts in a ‘dual economy’. Taking account of part-time work in crafts and trades, and the participation of women and young people, suggests that we should revise our assessment of the balance between agriculture and other sources of profit and employment.
Peasant outlook, values, perceptions, and attitudes
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: August 2022

The author of the poem Piers Plowman came from a non-elite rural background, knew peasants and had some understanding of their outlook. The poem therefore provides some insights into peasant values. Using a wide range of sources we can see that peasants respected the monarchy and the state, and had an ambition to take on roles in government. They carried out important administrative tasks at a basic level. They also managed parish churches and were active in the religious life of the parish. They had their own interests and objectives, most forcibly defined in their dealings with their lords, with whom they were prepared to co-operate. At the same time they opposed and modified aspects of lordship. Within their own communities they steered a balanced path between individuals exploiting natural resources and the need to conserve woods and pastures for the common good. Similarly selfish profit-seeking was modified to protect the vulnerable and elderly from destitution, and honest traders and debtors from exploitation.
New Constitutional Horizons
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S.
Published: August 2022

We live in a pluralist world of transnational law and governance. More than ever before, multiple legal systems and governing authorities at different levels—state, supranational, international—are recognized as applying to, and claiming authority over, the affairs of the same sets of individuals and institutions. Yet our constitutional theories in terms of our conceptual toolkit of law and legitimate authority fail to adequately capture this pluralist state of affairs. This book examines some of the key conceptual and theoretical puzzles which the contemporary state of transnational pluralism poses for our constitutional theories. It offers fresh perspectives on these questions by addressing the plurality of norms and authorities from the viewpoint of legality and legitimacy respectively, proposing novel solutions to how constitutional theory can be pluralized in the light of these perspectives. Our turbulent times are on a steady trajectory of ever-more pluralism of transnational law and governance to tackle the defining social and political problems of our age involving populism, pandemic, and climate change, and this book provides an essential intervention in debates on how to pluralize constitutional theory to understand and, perhaps more importantly, legitimize the tools to address these shared global problems.
Moving Beyond the Monist Manner in Theorizing Constitutional Plurality
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S.
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the identity of legal systems in the context of constitutional plurality. It examines the ways in which standard accounts of legal systems attempt to account for constitutional plurality through criteria of individuation of norms between legal systems. In particular, standard accounts such as Hart’s suffer from a problematic ‘monist manner’ in theorizing the identity of legal systems in that all the norms valid according to the system are included within the identity of the legal system. It examines alternative approaches, arguing that Raz’s purposes-based approach provides a more promosing basis for individuating legal systems. However it argues that Raz’s account is under-inclusive and it builds on this approach to defend criteria of individuation based on the political importance of legal systems. This approach is also relevant to Dworkin’s interpretivist account of law notwithstanding his claims to the contrary.
Constitutional Dualisms
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S.
Published: August 2022

This chapter opens the second part of the book on constitutional pluralism as a normative theory of legitimate authority. It provides an overview of the different ways in which the value of constitutionalism has been understood which are presented as a series of ‘constitutional dualisms’ which involve some of the key distinctions and interpretations of the value of constitutionalism as a normative theory of legitimate authority. Understanding these different distinctions and interpretations as good faith disagreement about what constitutionalism qua legitimate authority requires provides a further ‘circumstance of constitutional pluralism’; a disagreement which must be acknowledged and addressed in order to make progress on understanding on how the concept of constitutionalism can contribute to our understanding of legitimate authority.
What’s Wrong with Constitutionalism? Between Cacophony and Coercion
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S.
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers a variety of critiques of the idea of constitutionalism as a form of normative theory of legitimate authority. The first of these critiques—the cacophony critique—argues that the ‘definitional conundrums’ which beset the concept of constitutionalism question its utility as a form of normative theorizing and can lead to potentially illegitimate outcomes. The second critique—the illegitimacy critique—argues, relatedly, that constitutionalism can serve to delegitimize rather than legitimize authority due to its tendency towards constitutional entrenchment and judicial supremacy which can violate democratic values; a critique which is exacerbated at the transnational level in the form of ‘new constitutionalism’.
What’s Wrong with Transnational Constitutionalism? Dealing with the No Demos Thesis
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac S.
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on a specific form of critique which has been levelled at the idea of transnational constitutionalism or ‘constitutionalism beyond the state’ more generally in terms of the ‘no demos’ thesis. This common critique argues that it is problematic to apply the state-based concept of constitutionalism to non-state transnational contexts in the light of the lack of a demos at the transnational level. The chapter interrogates the ‘no demos’ thesis identifying concerns about idealization in normative theory as the primary worry associated with this critique. It examines the question of idealization in normative theory, concluding that it is not problematic provided that the purposes of the normative theory are clearly specified, the level of generalization in the theory conforms to those purposes and the theory stays within certain moral parameters. The no demos thesis, while alerting us to the problems with idealization in normative theorizing, is therefore not an insurmountable obstacle to theorizing transnational constitutionalism.
The grammar of body-part expressions in Iskonawa
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto , Montoya Jaime , Ticona Juana , Carhuachín Luz , Reyes Yessica , Quispe-Collantes Roxana , Paz José , Torres Aarón
Published: August 2022

The chapter offers a study of the grammar of body-part expressions in Iskonawa, an obsolescing Pano language in the Ucayali Region (Peru) with only five native speakers. Body-part terms in Iskonawa may be either morphologically simple or complex words (including nominalizations), or compounds. There are three different constructions which are directly linked to body-part expressions in Iskonawa: possessive constructions, body-part prefixation, and body-part noun incorporation. This chapter argues that body-part prefixation is not as productive on verbs as it is on nouns or adjectives, in contrast to what has been claimed for other Pano languages. Incorporation of body-part nouns into the verb, rather than verbal body-part prefixation, is the preferred construction for expressing events related to body parts. Despite its productivity, body-part noun incorporation in Iskonawa has not been previously discussed in the literature.
The Idea of the Shakespearian Actor
Authors: Potter Lois
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 analyses The Idea of the Shakespearean Actor as it evolved over time. The term has usually meant a leading tragedian, or heroic actor (it rarely applied to women, though Sarah Siddons was an exception). Garrick’s versatility inspired questions about the identification between actors and their characters, and in the John Philip Kemble era the increasing size of the only two theatres permitted by the Licensing Act of 1747 to perform spoken drama resulted in larger-than-life acting, offstage and on. The end of the theatrical duopoly was in 1843. The actor-stereotype of the nineteenth century, constantly quoting Shakespeare and living in another world, became old-fashioned by 1900 with the rise of naturalistic theatre. It has been argued that Donald Wolfit and Laurence Olivier were the last actors to embody something like ‘cosmic grandeur’. Many directors now insist that Shakespeare can best be performed naturalistically, and that he is not necessarily different from other dramatists, but there remains a mixture of nostalgia and ridicule in attitudes to the grand tragic manner.
Text
Authors: Potter Lois
Published: August 2022

The words of a Shakespeare play, in the anglophone world, are usually sacrosanct, but Chapter 4 shows that the meaning of a text can be changed in other ways. Theatre practitioners often have strong feelings about scholarly editions, but they are themselves involved in the process, since all performances are to some extent editions of a play. The most obvious example of performance editing is cutting, whether for theatrical convenience or ideological reasons (expurgation, removal of offensive language). Actors and directors often make radical changes to a text without actually changing its words, redistributing, and repunctuating lines or changing the context in which they are spoken. Also without changing the words, they may experiment with early modern pronunciation. Only in this century has there been an attempt to perform the plays in modernized texts, where the words themselves are changed.
Against Dispositional Essentialism
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues against the ‘dispositionalist’ property-driven approaches to natural modality, according to which universals are identical with, or essentially dependent upon, dispositions. It is argued that these approaches clash with the explanatory aims of the property-driven account. The alternative and underexplored view proposed is that universals are qualities which ground laws, which in turn help to ground the dispositions of things. Grounding is an asymmetric (non-causal) relationship of ontological priority, such that grounding entities generate that which they ground as a matter of metaphysical necessity. According to this grounding theory, universals stand in ‘Leibnizian’ second-order relationships of dispositional directedness. The important distinction between occurrent and dispositional predication is also discussed.
Dissolving the Problem of Latent Dispositions
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: August 2022

Theories of dispositions face the difficult question of how dispositions can exist while being in a latent, unmanifested state. Realists typically maintain that latent dispositions are actual or occurrent features of concrete entities, but such dispositions are also characterized as potentialities for their possible manifestations. This creates a puzzle, because it seems that latent dispositions have a dual existence. Many dispositionalist property-driven theorists have attempted to solve the puzzle; this chapter argues that none of those responses is entirely successful. In contrast, the problem dissolves as soon as we accept Modal Platonism. On this view, latent dispositions are actual in the sense that they are grounded in occurrent quality instantiations of universals, but these instantiations also bestow potentiality due to the relationships of dispositional directedness in which Platonic universals stand.
Determinable Laws
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: August 2022

Some theories of natural modality find it difficult to provide a satisfactory account of functional laws, such as Newton’s law of universal gravitation. It is argued that in order to provide a satisfactory theory of functional laws, the property-driven approach must find a place in its ontology for determinable universals (such as ‘being a mass’). With determinables in play, a property-driven theorist can account for functional laws in terms of (internal) relationships between determinable universals. D. M. Armstrong once provided an account of determinable laws which is structurally similar to this; but Armstrong’s commitment to the Aristotelian conception of universals again creates difficulties. It is argued that the Platonic framework can overcome these problems.
Extending Modal Platonism
Authors: Tugby Matthew
Published: August 2022

This chapter locates the Platonic theory of natural modality within the broader project of explaining all modal facts in terms of second-order relationships between properties. Drawing on the work of Michael Jubien, it is argued that a property-driven approach to possibility and necessity is preferable to the previously dominant ‘possible-worlds’ theories. The chapter then explores some of the second-order relations that are needed if Modal Platonism is to be regarded as a comprehensive theory of modality. It is argued that if properties are to do the work that possible worlds can do, then a commitment to Platonism is inevitable, since it provides resources for accounting for unrealized possibilities. The discussion focuses on possibilities involving ‘alien’ properties, which play an important role in scientific theory. The chapter concludes by raising further questions that will need to be addressed if Modal Platonism is to provide a complete account of modality.
Vocatives
Authors: Corr Alice
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the internal and external syntax of vocatives, which, despite their status as nominal elements, have traditionally been classified as ‘extra-clausal’ items operative outside the grammar. It argues that the grammatically constrained behaviours exhibited by (Ibero-)Romance vocatives not only call into question the attribution of ‘deviance’ to utterance-oriented nominal constituents, but that by approaching these facts from another angle, viz. the TMT framework, their ‘deviance’ is predicted by a grammar of reference whose structure builds meaning from description to extension. Applying and extending Sheehan & Hinzen’s (2011) phasal template, the chapter demonstrates how TMT principles can account for the empirical facts of Ibero-Romance and the particular extensional semantics of utterance-oriented nominal constituents.
Models for Enforcing Age Discrimination Law
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a theoretical framing and critique of the individual enforcement model adopted by domestic models of age discrimination law. It introduces models of naming, blaming, and claiming and the pyramid of disputes to explore the stages of individual enforcement. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature and empirical legal research, the chapter illustrates how reliance on individual enforcement is fundamentally flawed for addressing age discrimination at work. Building on doctrinal analysis of the law in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the chapter argues that national models of age discrimination law primarily rely on individual enforcement for the prevention and redress of age discrimination at work. While there is provision—at least in theory—for alternative forms of enforcement, via statutory agencies, collective action, and positive duties, the weight of enforcement has fallen on individuals.
Hearing and Judgment
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: August 2022

This chapter critically analyses the hearing and judgment stage of the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. Focusing on empirical case studies of enforcement in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, it draws on qualitative and quantitative content analysis of Australian case law and UK tribunal decisions on age discrimination in employment; statistics from tribunals and courts; qualitative expert interviews; and a survey of advocates, to consider doctrinal and jurisdictional hurdles to individual enforcement. It interrogates who is able to pursue a claim to hearing and judgment, and the issues that arise in advancing a claim to court. The chapter shows that age discrimination complaints are significantly less likely than all claims to be successful at hearing, and more likely to be withdrawn. It argues that barriers to claiming in a court or tribunal are disproportionately affecting women, young people, and claims that do not relate to dismissal. The chapter maps how the costs of claiming, barriers to success, and fear of adverse costs orders have undermined the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. It offers targeted reforms to address these barriers, focusing on the burden of proof, intersectionality, and the objective justification of direct age discrimination.
Agency Enforcement
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: August 2022

This chapter critically analyses the role of statutory agencies in moving beyond the individual enforcement of age discrimination law. Drawing on a theoretical model grounded in reflexive law and regulatory theory, and doctrinal analysis of the law in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the chapter argues that strong agency enforcement depends on three requirements: adequate legal powers to escalate enforcement and support individual claimants; sufficient resourcing to exercise those powers effectively; and the strategic exercise of powers in practice, to maximize impact and effectiveness in the area of age equality. The chapter puts forward reforms to achieve these ends. It argues that age must become a renewed priority for statutory agencies, recognizing that age compounds and amplifies other forms of inequality, and that failing to address age discrimination has consequences for all other protected grounds.
Collective Enforcement
Authors: Blackham Alysia
Published: August 2022

Collective approaches are important complements to individual enforcement, and offer significant advantages over the individual enforcement model. This chapter considers the extent to which collective enforcement is viable in the context of age discrimination law, drawing on developments in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The chapter critically examines contradictions and tensions in the collective enforcement of individual discrimination rights. It argues that collective action and individual rights can be complementary and mutually supportive. While there are tensions between individual and collective mechanisms, these can be navigated and worked through. The chapter argues that collective enforcement of age discrimination law is currently limited: joint, group and representative claims mechanisms are under-developed and under-utilized; trade unions rarely prioritize age equality; and there is limited social and non-governmental activity in this space. The chapter argues that there is a need to support collective action in this area, and for trade unions to prioritize support for age discrimination complaints.
Introducing Einstein's Relativity
Authors: d'Inverno Ray , Vickers James
Published: August 2022

The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a sound mathematical introduction to Einstein’s theory of relativity, both special relativity and general relativity, as well as an understanding of the physical insights needed to explore the subject and the principles that guided Einstein in his search for the general theory of relativity. A feature of the book is that it has the numerous illustrative diagrams and exercises (of varying degrees of difficulty) which help the reader develop insight and confidence in using the mathematics. The book starts out by introducing special relativity and then the mathematics required for the rest of the book is carefully introduced. The principles underlying general relativity are introduced and it is shown how these lead to the basic field equations. These are then discussed and solved in some simple but physically important situations. The final three sections deal with the major applications of the theory and cover the topics of black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. These sections further develop the theory but also relate the theoretical predictions to current observations. These include the recent observation of gravitational waves by LIGO, evidence for supermassive black holes at the centre of most galaxies and the detailed observations of the cosmic microwave background that provide the evidence for modern cosmology.
Frege on Language, Logic, and Psychology
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

Eva Picardi has been one of the most influential Italian analytic philosophers of her generation. She taught for forty years at the University of Bologna, raising three generations of students. The present volume is a collection of Picardi’s papers on Frege’s philosophy of logic, language, and psychology. Together, these papers provide a close look at the milieu within which Frege operated and serve to highlight the relevance of his work for contemporary debates, particularly in the philosophy of language. One strand in her work on Frege concerns understanding and contextualizing Frege’s anti-psychologism. Picardi’s contention is that it is much more motivated by semantic considerations than by adherence to Kantian transcendentalism. Furthermore, her deep knowledge of German and the fact that she was a native speaker of Italian put her in a privileged position to reconstruct the intricacies of Frege’s relationship with other logicians of his time, both in Germany, such as Kerry and Sigwart, and in Italy, such as Peano and his school. Picardi’s work in this regard is all the more significant nowadays, as these two dimensions of philosophy—the historical and the theoretical—are typically perceived as separate, if not even in competition with one another, particularly within analytic philosophy itself. Reading Picardi’s work, in contrast, cannot but show that they complement and enrich one another. Such a methodological lesson is the most original and impactful element in Picardi’s legacy and something deeply dear to her heart and constitutive of her identity as a scholar.
The Logic of Frege’s Contemporaries
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the relationship between Frege’s logic and the logics developed by some of his contemporaries, namely, Benno Erdmann, Benno Kerry, and Christoph Sigwart, all of whom Frege accuses of permitting ‘a pernicious intrusion of psychology into logic’. Adherence to psychologism, for Frege, blurs important distinctions such as the one between sense (Sinn) and representation (Vorstellung), or between justification and subjective conviction. This chapter takes a preliminary look at the psychologistic works which Frege can be presumed to have read or regarding which he can be shown to have evinced some interest. An account is given of what Frege meant by ‘psychologism’, followed by a discussion of what Frege might have considered positive features of certain claims and arguments put forward by psychologistic authors.
Sigwart, Husserl, and Frege on Truth and Logic, or Is Psychologism Still a Threat?
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

Husserl attributes to Christoph Sigwart’s Logik the dubious merit of having contributed more than any other work of the time to fostering a psychologistic approach to logic. Husserl terms the brand of sceptical relativism which informs Sigwart’s approach to logic ‘Anthropologism’. He contends that to the psychologistic philosopher only a relativistic notion of truth is available: truth is made to rest on subjective certainty and no room is left for the idea that there are ideal truths which might transcend our apprehension of them. Along similar lines, in the first volume of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik of 1893, Gottlob Frege had criticized Benno Erdmann’s Logic: idealism and solipsism are, according to Frege’s diagnosis, the inevitable consequences of all philosophical approaches to logic which tend to obliterate the gap between being true and being held true. In his opinion, an instance of such a strategy was the attempt, on the part of psychologistic logicians, to explain the meaning and epistemological status of logical laws by appealing to the psychological processes which go on in the head of ‘normal’ representatives of the species homo sapiens at a given stage of its evolution. The main aim of this chapter is to better understand the motivations for this anti-psychologistic trend. The first few sections of this chapter concentrate on Husserl’s criticism of Sigwart, while the later sections speculate on what Frege might have objected to in Sigwart’s conception of a judgement and its content.
Frege, Peano, and Russell on the Primitive Ideas of Logic
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a close comparison between the different conceptions of logic to be found in the work of the founders of mathematical logic—viz. Gottlob Frege, Giuseppe Peano, and Bertrand Russell. Drawing from their correspondence with one another between 1890 and 1914, the chapter focuses on their respective accounts of the primitive notions of logic and on the role of definitions. It is shown that Frege’s conception is superior to those of the other two logicians. Furthermore, it is argued that it is intimately intertwined with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s, especially with respect to the role of elucidations in logic.
A Note on Dummett and Frege on Sense Identity
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

This chapter engages with Michael Dummett’s work on Frege’s notion of sense identity and the role of the context principle. It is argued that sense identity plays a crucial role in the justification of Frege’s foundational programme. Two features of this programme made it desirable to have stringent criteria for sense identity. The first is the claim that deductive reasoning and pure conceptual thought unaided by intuition can enlarge our knowledge; the second is the thesis that arithmetical propositions are analytic, if they can be shown to be derivable from purely logical axioms by means of definitions of arithmetical concepts and rules of a purely logical nature. Special emphasis is given to Frege’s idea that arithmetical propositions are contained in logical axioms as plants are contained in a seed and not as bricks are contained in a house. If this is correct, then what needs explaining is (a) the mechanism of deductive inference—that is, the peculiar mode of containment of the conclusion in the premises of a deductive argument, in such a way as to account for its validity and fruitfulness; and (b) the status of definitions.
Michael Dummett’s Interpretation of Frege’s Context Principle
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

In discussing Frege’s context principle Michael Dummett often employed the contrast between a thin and a robust notion of reference, on the one hand, and between an idle and an operative conception of that notion, on the other. Is the contrast between idle and operative only a different formulation of the contrast between thin and robust? It is argued that the thin vs. robust contrast covers a family of different cases and does not provide a clear-cut criterion of application. The positive suggestion is that only a notion of reference governed by the principle of compositionality counts as operative, and might have satisfied the Grundgesetze’s logical demands. However, in the Grundgesetze Frege also appeals to a sophisticated version of the context principle in order to prove that the new names generated by the abstraction operator are referential. The coexistence of these two principles creates a tension in the structure of Frege’s argument. On the other hand, in the Grundlagen, where for the first and only time the context principle is formulated, no semantic theory comparable to the one present in the Grundgesetze is in the offing, and this is why the Grundlagen lends itself to a variety of interpretations, ranging from moderate Platonism to tolerant reductionism.
Davidson and Frege on the Unity of the Proposition
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the connection between truth and predication on the one hand, and between predication and the unity of the proposition on the other. The second part of the chapter focuses on the question of whether Frege’s metaphor of unsaturatedness of the sense of the predicate expression helps in explaining the unity of the proposition. It is argued that while appeal to unsaturatedness as such is of little help, Frege’s conception contains many valuable insights. A more promising approach to the problem of the unity of the proposition should concentrate on Frege’s Context Principle and on its bearing on the compositionality of linguistic meaning.
Was Frege a Proto-Inferentialist?
Authors: Picardi Eva
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at the relevance of Frege’s ideas for current debates between inferentialists and representationalists about meaning, with special attention given to the dispute between Paul Boghossian and Tim Williamson on the meaning of logical constants. It is shown that Williamson’s ideas oppose suggestions first put forward by Dummett, and later developed by Robert Brandom and Boghossian, concerning the meaning of pejoratives. Williamson’s account draws substantially on Frege’s remarks on tone and colouring, thus indirectly joining forces with Jerry Fodor in the anti-inferentialist camp. The question is then posed as to how Frege’s views can lend themselves to such different interpretations and this is then used as a foil to highlight the different conceptions that inferentialists and representationalists have of analyticity, synonymy, and definition.
Introduction
Authors: Breathnach Ciara
Published: August 2022

This chapter outlines the parameters of the study and discusses the importance of original inquests to the study of Irish medico-legal history. By locating the study in the current historiography and the source materials in the wider context of agency and subject voices, it makes a case for using coronial court records as a way of exploring the lives of people who otherwise leave a faint impression on the historical record. It explains how the book is structured and the rationale for using a mixed-methods approach to the study of inquests and cause of death.
Sudden and Accidental Deaths in Domestic Settings
Authors: Breathnach Ciara
Published: August 2022

The first part of this chapter directs attention towards living conditions and standards, and the range of socio-economic conditions that can be discerned from the inquest case studies. It then provides a flavour of the medical cause of deaths occurring in domestic settings, for example from cardiac syncope and lung disease. The second part examines accidental, or indeed, preventable deaths. It concludes with a section on child neglect in domestic settings.
Deaths Outside
Authors: Breathnach Ciara
Published: August 2022

Outside the front door people were exposed to a different range of risks, from road traffic accidents to drowning and workplace accidents. This chapter groups together deaths according to these three overarching causes and begins by discussing the deaths of people knocked down on the streets, and what patterns in city life can be discerned from them. It discusses some non-fatal cases and their outcome in the courts to exemplify the power dynamics that were at play on the streetscapes.
Conclusion
Authors: Breathnach Ciara
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides a summary of overall findings; it reiterates that those who came before Dr Byrne’s court were unquestionably the most vulnerable, forgotten, rarely documented citizens—they existed on the margins and common to several cases was their evasion of biopower surveillance for the life course prior to their inquests. Until recently, the history of the City of Dublin coroner’s court has been obscured by its own seamless blending into the fabric of metropolitan life and indeed other important research agendas in history of medicine, legal, urban, and social history. It was part of a close-knit and vital surveillance network that was often resisted by the city’s residents. Although sometimes the deaths coming before Dr Byrne’s court were extremely violent and the evidence it gathered was integral to the criminal cases that followed, its normal cadence was of a more mundane nature.
Preparing for War
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: August 2022

The 1949 Geneva Conventions are the most important rules for armed conflict ever formulated. They continue to shape contemporary debates about regulating warfare. But their history is often misunderstood. For many observers, the drafters behind these treaties were primarily motivated by liberal humanitarian principles and the shock of the atrocities of the Second World War. This book tells a different story. It shows how the final text of the Conventions, far from being an unabashedly liberal blueprint, was the outcome of a series of political struggles among the drafters. It also concerned a great deal more than simply recognizing the shortcomings of international law as revealed by the experience of war. This book, based upon meticulous archival research and critical legal methodologies, argues that a better way to understand the politics and ideas of the Conventions’ drafters is to see them less as passive characters responding to past events than as active protagonists trying to shape the future of warfare. In many different ways, they tried to define the contours of future battlefields by deciding who deserved protection and what counted as a legitimate target. Outlawing illegal conduct in wartime did as much to outline the silhouette of humanized war as to establish the legality of waging war itself. Although they did not seek war as such, drafters prepared for it by means of weaving a new legal safety net in the event that their worst fear should materialize—a specter still haunting us today.
Preparing for the Worst
Authors: van Dijk Boyd
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 poses various questions about how the Conventions’ enforcement mechanisms came into being. How should one respond to violations of these treaties? To what extent should reprisals be allowed under humanitarian law so as to force parties to adhere to their principles? What about criminal repression? And what could be expected from Protecting Powers and the ICRC, given that the doctrine of neutrality came under increased scrutiny in the years following the Second World War? These key questions remained a legal battleground for years. The role of the state and the boundaries of its sovereignty in relation to outside inspectors was especially contentious. These questions foreshadowed contemporary problems. Today, many speak the language of Geneva yet continue to struggle with its dilemma of how to ensure compliance on the battlefield.
Education and Asceticism in Late-Antique Gaza
Authors: Champion Michael W.
Published: August 2022

The chapter introduces Dorotheus of Gaza, explores his conceptualization of education, and situates his form of ascetic education in relation to earlier ascetic traditions and educational norms and practices from the schools of rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine. It highlights the role of affectivity in Dorotheus’ thought and sets out Dorotheus’ pervasive notion, congruent with late-antique philosophy, that education is transformative rather than merely informative. Dorotheus’ Instructions provide a fascinating window into education in the monasteries around Gaza in the sixth century. The chapter contextualizes his educational project, including by intervening in debates about how best to characterize ascetic education in relation to classical education and wider changes in late-antique society. It outlines a cultural theory of education which enables a rich account of how education can be involved in, and act as a laboratory for, cultural reproduction, reconfiguration, and transformation.
Illocutionary effects
Authors: Koev Todor
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks into the illocutionary effects on the root clause that parentheticals may have. There are two main views on where illocutionary force comes from. One view is that illocutionary force is directly encoded in the syntax in the form of an operator. An alternative view is that it is determined by general pragmatic principles that do not require any linguistic marking. The chapter argues that sentences with (pure or impure) parentheticals provide a strong argument in favor of the former, the operator approach. Specifically, the principle of Illocutionary Independence, which states that parentheticals carry their own illocutionary forces and act directly on the context, is posited. This principle lays the groundwork for understanding the properties of parenthetical meaning in general. It is also pointed out that there are certain polarity effects that arise in parentheticals with propositional arguments and that are absent in non-parenthetical constructions.
Word tone is epiphenomenal
Authors: McPherson Laura
Published: August 2022

A common distinction in tonal typology, going back to Pike (1948), is between so-called syllable-tone and word-tone languages. However, word tone has seen varied use in the literature, applied to what has also been called “pitch accent,” as well as famous cases like Mende or Kukuya, where a fixed set of melodies maps automatically across words of any length. Drawing on primary data from Poko (Skou, Papua New Guinea), I describe a novel case of what could be seen as word tone but argue that it is in fact epiphenomenal, the result of strict markedness constraints on tonal configurations. Modulating the strictness of markedness and faithfulness yields the full range of tone systems, from canonically syllable tone to canonically word tone. I suggest that continued use of the term “word tone” does more harm than good in the effort of understanding tonal typology.
Tone and stress as agents of cross-dialectal variation
Authors: Zec Draga , Zsiga Elizabeth
Published: August 2022

The focus of this chapter is on hybrid prosodic systems, those that subsume both tone and stress, with the goal of investigating the dimensions of cross-dialectal variation in prosodic systems of this type. The case at point is the set of Štokavian dialects of Serbian whose prosody is characterized by the interactions of tone and stress, which vary considerably across regional idioms. The chapter shows that this broad variation can be attributed either to the agency of the metrical component, or to the agency of the tonal component, thus giving rise to two distinct dialectal continua, one stress-based and the other tone-based. That is, the two components act as independent agents of the prosodic system, each shaping it within the bounds of its specific phonological organization. The two dialectal continua are analyzed in terms of stratal Optimality Theory with stress-based interactions belonging to the lexical, and tone-based interactions to the postlexical stratum of the grammar.
Durham Weather and Climate since 1841
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: August 2022

Weather records have been kept at Durham University Observatory in north-east England for almost 180 years—one of the longest single-site meteorological records in western Europe and the longest in northern England. This book celebrates and publishes the long Durham record, describes and explains the annual pattern of weather, and places the Durham records within the context of long-term climate change in north-east England. Statistics and expert analyses are accompanied by many contemporary local accounts and photographs, including events as varied as the enormous flooding on the Tyne and the Wear rivers in November 1771, skating on the Wear in the bitter cold of February 1895, a metre of snow in the blizzard of February 1941, Durham’s hottest-ever day in July 2019, and its wettest winter in 2021.