bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Écouter la différence? Les nouvelles, la publicité et le service public en radiodiffusion
Authors: Bastien Frédérick C.
Published: April 2008

Je tiens à remercier André Blais qui a
dirigé le mémoire de maîtrise à
l'origine de cet article, ainsi qu'Anne–Marie Gingras et
Louis Massicotte qui l'ont évalué. Je remercie aussi
Angelo Élias pour avoir lu et commenté une version
antérieure de ce texte, de même que les évaluateurs
anonymes de la Revue. Je tiens à souligner que la
réalisation de cette recherche a bénéficié
de l'aide financière du Département de science
politique de l'Université de Montréal et du Fonds
québécois de la recherche sur la société et
la culture.
Civic Literacy and Turnout: A Reply to Milner
Authors: Pattie C. J. , Johnston R. J.
Published: April 2008

Henry Milner's response (2004) to our original
article (2003) is typically thorough and thoughtful, raising a number of
new (and testable) hypotheses in the process. He mounts a robust defence
of the civic literacy argument and takes us to task on two grounds.
First, he challenges our modeling strategy. Second, he mounts a defence
of aggregate level analysis of civic literacy, and points to the
limitations of individual–level models. In this brief reply, we
take up the challenges he sets.
Citizens
Authors: Tossutti Livianna
Published: April 2008

Citizens, Elisabeth Gidengil, André Blais, Neil
Nevitte and Richard Nadeau, Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 2004, pp. vii,
214.

Citizens is one volume in a series designed to evaluate the
democratic performance of the institutions and practices affecting public
decision-making in Canada. The Canadian Democratic Audit (CDA) is based on
the premise that declining levels of public confidence in those
institutions and anemic participation rates in political and community
life dictate the need for a performance review. In Citizens, the
state of democratic citizenship is evaluated according to levels of public
involvement in civic and political activities, the extent to which these
participatory opportunities represent social diversity, and the potential
for these activities to reflect the collective interests of all Canadians.
The volume also assesses reform proposals to improve public participation,
inclusiveness and responsiveness.
Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for
Grassroots Organizations
Authors: Johnson Juliet
Published: April 2008

Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for
Grassroots Organizations, Sarah L. Henderson, Ithaca: Cornell
University Press, 2003, pp. xii, 229.

In this well-researched and provocative book, Sarah Henderson asks to
what extent Western aid can facilitate the emergence of civil society in
countries where civil society is domestically weak. Through an in-depth
study of Western aid to Russian women's organizations, she argues
that foreign assistance has dramatically affected NGO development in
Russia, but not always in expected or positive ways. On the one hand, she
finds that external funding “made a tremendous difference in
improving and increasing the short-term financial viability,
organizational capacity, and networking skills among recipient
groups” (9). On the other, she argues that foreign aid contributed
to at least four pathological developments within the NGO community.
First, funded groups tended to copy the aid agencies' top-heavy and
bureaucratic organizational structures. Second, funded groups lacked
grassroots constituencies because they shifted their policy agendas to
reflect aid agencies' preferences rather than objective domestic
needs. Third, foreign aid encouraged the development of a “civic
elite” among the domestic NGO community, exacerbating the
differences between those groups that received funding and those that did
not. Finally, the competition for foreign aid dollars encouraged
uncooperative behaviour among funded Russian NGOs rather than bridge
building and information sharing. She argues that these problematic
unintended consequences were the result of avoidable mistakes in the
foreign aid process, and states bluntly that “NGO development is not
synonymous with civil society development, and the development of one does
not necessarily imply the advancement of the other” (11).
Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics
of Governance in China
Authors: Meyer Peggy Falkenheim
Published: April 2008

Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics
of Governance in China, Dali L. Yang, Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press, 2004, pp. xii, 414.

In the literature on Chinese politics one finds quite disparate views
of state capacity in China. Is the Chinese regime now “in the midst
of a deep and perhaps overwhelming crisis of governance” as
Shaoguang Wang argued in a recent issue of the Journal of
Democracy (14 [2003]: 36–42)? Those who adopt this
perspective trumpet the growing challenge that unemployment, income
inequality, peasant and worker discontent, lawlessness, crime, corruption
and environmental degradation pose in China and the state's inability
to deal effectively with these problems. Or has the “central
state” in China become “more capable and effective
generally” over the past decade as Dali Yang, author of the book
under review, argued in the same journal (Journal of Democracy,
14 [2003]: 43–50)?
The Reaction of Private Interests to the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
Authors: Schnietz Karen E.
Published: April 2008

In recent research on the 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA), there has been no examination of the reaction of private actors to the RTAA. Did producer groups and investors in 1934 believe the Democratic RTAA was the solution to Republican protectionism, as institutional analyses of the RTAA claim, or did they realize the RTAA was no “magic bullet” against a return of protectionism, as skeptics argue? Archival data suggests that many producer groups believed the RTAA would result in durable liberalization, but that fewer understood the likely effects of its specific features. An event study of investor reaction to the RTAA reveals that export-dependent firms experienced a significant, positive stock return increase on news of the RTAA, while heavily tariff-protected firms experienced a significant stock decline, albeit several months later.
THE INTELLECTUAL LIVES OF MAU MAU DETAINEES
Authors: PETERSON DEREK R.
Published: April 2008

This article illuminates the creative intellectual and social projects in which Mau Mau detainees were engaged. It draws on the private papers of Gakaara wa Wanjau, a Gikuyu writer who during his eight years of detention composed several plays, wrote ethnography and poetry, and carried on an extensive correspondence with his family. Gakaara and other detainees were doing more than defending a Mau Mau ideology. They were opening up new ways of doing Gikuyu culture, holding wives and children accountable, and representing themselves to a British public that could, they hoped, be brought round to their side.
Dissertation Summary Remarks on Arza, Keeling, and Nuvolari: EHA Meetings in Toronto
Authors: MCCANTS ANNE E. C.
Published: April 2008

Alexander Gerschenkron was a man of many talents, and eclectic interests. He was one of our profession's most venerable scholars, but also, as the statistics on graduate education published in the most recent Clio Society newsletter attest, one of our profession's most venerable educators as well. What more fitting combination could there be in the named honoree for a dissertation prize, an academic exercise that serves as both the introduction to one's scholarly career in research, as well as the culmination of one's formal education. I hope that for the three nominees for this prize brought together today, this occasion marks as much a beginning in our profession as it does closure of their graduate educations.
Don't preverbal infants map words onto referents?
Authors: Gogate Lakshmi J.
Published: April 2008

Bloom provides a detailed account of children's word learning and comprehension. Yet, this book falls short of explaining the developmental process of word learning. The studies reviewed do not explain how infants begin to map words onto objects or the environment's facilitative role. Researchers must describe how several factors interact and explain the relative importance of each during the development of word learning.
Social attention need not equal social intention: From attention to intention in early word learning
Authors: Hirsh-Pasek Kathy , Hennon Elizabeth , Golinkoff Roberta M. , Pence Khara , Pulverman Rachel , Sootsman Jenny , Pruden Shannon , Maguire Mandy
Published: April 2008

Bloom's eloquent and comprehensive treatment of early word learning holds that social intention is foundational for language development. While we generally support his thesis, we call into question two of his proposals: (1) that attention to social information in the environment implies social intent, and (2) that infants are sensitive to social intent at the very beginnings of word learning.
Robots aren't the only physical models
Authors: Midford Peter E.
Published: April 2008

Webb compares robots to other behavior models in a novel space, but neglects significant portions of this space. The article's analysis of models would have been strengthened by including a broader coverage of physically embodied models and of models of social behavior. Nevertheless, Webb is correct to claim that robot construction will contribute to understanding behavior.
Living and learning
Authors: Pickering John
Published: April 2008

To be plausible, biorobots will need to build themselves. Such autopoietic systems will be autonomous, active learners whose functional architecture is a joint product of factors supplied by the designer and factors learned from encountering an environment. Creating such biorobots will require appropriate theories of cognition, learning, and evolution, all of which are available.
Modelling criteria: Not just for robots
Authors: Reeke George N.
Published: April 2008

Webb's scheme for classifying behavioral models is applicable to a wide range of theories and simulations, nonrobotic as well as robotic. It is suggested that a meta-analysis of existing models, characterized according to the proposed scheme, could identify regions of the seven-dimensional modelling space that are particularly likely to lead to new insights in understanding behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Cobble Dorothy Sue , Hattam Victoria
Published: April 2008

Studies of identity have proliferated over the last three decades; race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nationalism all have been explored at length. Writing now in 2006, we can look back on a substantial body of theoretical and empirical work that has forever changed conceptions of identity formation. Although divisions persist between scholars of identity and those writing labor and working-class history, many have called for greater intellectual exchange across the class-identity divide. We hope to further that exchange by bringing together essays on working-class subjectivities and sexualities in this thematic issue.
Apostasy, Fraud, and the Beginnings of Hebrew Printing in Cracow
Authors: Teter Magda , Fram Edward
Published: April 2008

One of the most unusual episodes in the annals of Hebrew printing involved the first Jewish printers in Poland—Samuel, Asher, and Elyakim Helicz—who began to print in Cracow or, more likely, in neighboring Kazimierz, in 1534.1 Within a year of opening their business, the brothers had produced five relatively short titles, all of which were first editions and four of which were the first Yiddish books ever printed. After about a year of work, the Helicz brothers gave up publishing only to return to the trade about three years later, when they published several classic—and more substantial—rabbinic works in quick succession. However, it was not Samuel, Asher, and Elyakim Helicz who returned to the Hebrew publishing business in Cracow in 1538 but rather Paul, Andreas, and Johannes Helicz, neochristiani.2
At the edge of Soviet state control
Authors: Estraikh Gennady
Published: April 2008

In August 1956, Nikita Khrushchev took part in a meeting with a delegation of Canadian communists. Discussing the wave of repression against Jewish intellectuals during the late 1940s and early 1950s, the Soviet leader mentioned that he had supported Stalin's decision not to give the Crimea to Jews because it would have created a springboard for attacks on the Soviet Union. Apart from being paranoid about the Soviet Jews' loyalty to the young state of Israel and its imperialist backers, Khrushchev had, as his remark revealed, another paranoia that was characteristic of the Kremlin decision-makers: distrust of the peripheries. Khrushchev and his advisors knew that their totalitarian regime was not such a monolith as it might appear in the eyes of foreign observers, especially because visitors were seldom allowed to travel to the outskirts of the Soviet empire and did not know that some areas had features of fiefdoms. The post-Soviet disintegration of the communist empire confirmed the Kremlin denizens' misgivings.
Authors: Jelen Sheila E.
Published: April 2008

In Gender and Jewish Difference, Lisa Lampert proposes that we consider a “hermeneutical woman” alongside the well-documented “hermeneutical Jew” that underpins literary constructions of Christian theology in patristic, medieval, and Renaissance texts (10). The “hermeneutical Jew,” a term coined by Jeremy Cohen, is the originary Christian—the Jew who brought the Christian to “the book” and all its exegetical possibilities but who is incapable of seeing the spirit beyond the letter of the law. The hermeneutical woman is, according to Lampert, the hermeneutical Jew's mate, so to speak; she is another major locus of symbolic projections of the Christian self onto the “other.” Both the hermeneutical Jew and the hermeneutical woman are, as Lampert puts it, “hermeneutically handicapped” (43); they read—the Jew because of his literal-mindedness, the woman because of her feeble-mindedness—with spiritual impediments. They are also, within medieval Christian fiction and drama, profoundly “embodied,” threatening the very foundations of Christian faith—conversion, incarnation, and transubstantiation. According to Lampert, these three tenets of faith, which exist on the border of the body and the spirit, represent ambiguous moments in Christian theology, and they are best captured by “the woman” and “the Jew,” who serve as figures of the spirit subsumed by the body, of transcendence gone awry.
Authors: Fram Edward
Published: April 2008

The biography of a well-chosen rabbinic figure tells much more than simply the life of an individual; it opens up diverse facets of Jewish life in a given time and place. It also sheds light on the histories of a number of communities because, alas, it was (and is) the lot of many a communal rabbi—even those of the first rank—to be kicked around from place to place.
Authors: Saposnik Arieh
Published: April 2008

A growing literature on the emergence of a Hebrew national culture in the Jewish Yishuv of Palestine has opened up new understandings of the construction of Jewish nationhood in the modern world and its place in the broader context of modern nationalism. Yaacov Shavit and Shoshana Sitton conceive their study of the Yishuv's festive culture primarily as a contribution to this literature, in which they point to two principal lacunae. First, they argue that much of the scholarship to date has overlooked or oversimplified what were in fact “complex links between the ceremonial tradition and the [new national] festivals” (xii). Indeed, the revolutionary self-image that was central to so much of Zionist thought has often excessively colored the historiographical picture, and scholars have at times too hastily accepted the notion that Zionist culture in Palestine was an unambiguously radical new departure, fundamentally at variance with traditional Jewish ways of life. In fact, revolutionary though it was, Zionist culture in Palestine grew out of an often intense (if ambivalent) dialogue with the Jewish past. Not infrequently, it is the very attempts by (some) Zionist cultural activists to shake free of that tradition's impact that most clearly reveal its lingering shadow.
Authors: Shneer David
Published: April 2008

The year 1926 was a very good year … if you were a Yiddish writer passionate about communism. By that year, the communist utopia had turned the corner economically and socially, making the Soviet Union increasingly attractive to those who believed in a revolutionary future. The Soviet Union in 1926 was also a great place to be a socialist Jew, as the state had lifted all prerevolutionary restrictions on Jews' movement, employment, education, and residence while providing financial and political support to a whole network of Jewish social, cultural, and political institutions. Yiddish writers who had left Russia after the devastation of world war, civil war, revolutionary war, and ideological war began to trickle back. They saw the Soviet Union as a place where a Yiddish writer had respect, could earn a living, and had the power of the state at his fingertips (yes, it was primarily men's fingertips doing the communist Yiddish writing).
Ethical Resource Distribution after Biological, Chemical, or
Radiological Terrorism
Authors: ISERSON KENNETH V. , PESIK NICKI
Published: April 2008

In situations with limited medical resources, be they personnel,
equipment, or time (and it always boils down to a lack of time),
clinicians use “triage” to determine which patients receive
treatment. What type of treatment a patient receives depends on the
triage “lottery” rules in place. Although these rules for
sorting patients and distributing resources are standardized for most
situations, they must be somewhat altered after overwhelming,
nonstandard (i.e., biological, chemical, and radiological)
disasters.
JASPER PACKLEMERTON, VICTORIAN FREAK
Authors: Hager Kelly
Published: April 2008

ONE OF THEOED'S DEFINITIONSof the word “freak” is that of a freak of nature, “a monstrosity, an abnormally developed individual of any species; a living curiosity exhibited in a show.” The freak of nature I wish to focus on in this essay is marriage, and specifically, marriage as it is “exhibited” in Dickens's novelThe Old Curiosity Shop(1840–41). To refer to marriage in a Victorian novel as a freak of nature is perhaps surprising. To refer to the sacred institution as freakish in a Dickens novel may seem to border on heresy. After all, Dickens is the self-appointed novelist of hearth and home, the creator of conservative domestic plots that celebrate marriage as the institution that establishes closure for the novel and for the society it represents. Despite this apparent conservatism and despite our vague sense that most marriages in Dickens are as happy as David and Agnes's, Esther and Allen Woodcourt's, Biddy and Joe's, it is in fact the case that in all his novels, fromThe Pickwick PaperstoOur Mutual Friend, Dickens is fascinated–in a multiplicity of ways both large and small, in a manner that is alternately comic, tragic, melodramatic, ironic–with marriage's discontents. In fact, the disintegration of the institution is one of the things that Dickens makes fictions from, giving the failure of marriage a surprisingly high degree of visibility and presenting the breaking of the matrimonial bond with remarkable clarity and persistence. Dickens novels are full of wives who leave their husbands (Edith Dombey, Lady Dedlock, Louisa Gradgrind), breach of promise suits (inPickwickandOur Mutual Friendmost famously) and characters who try to find legal ways of escaping their marriages (Stephen Blackpool, Betsey Trotwood,Nickleby's Madame Mantalini). This essay, then, is an analysis of how Dickens undermines the institution early in his career, and of how the comic and grotesque display of the body, the sprawling, teeming physical surfaces ofThe Old Curiosity Shop, both conceal and reveal a story of marital skepticism.
Beyond symptom control: Research in psychosocial and existential
issues in palliative care
Authors: BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: April 2008

Stresa, a small town on the shores of the Lago Maggiore, about one
hour north of Milan, Italy, was the site of the Third Research Forum of
the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). From June 3
through 6, 2004, researchers from all across Europe, as well as
investigators from North America, Australia, Japan, and Israel,
gathered to review the state of palliative care research and set an
agenda for the future. The setting was bucolic and tranquil; the
official language was English; the accents were diverse; the
accommodations were grand; the ambiance was intimate and insouciant;
the dinners were elegant; the dress was stylish; the organization was
impeccable; and the scholarship was of the highest level. All this,
perhaps, was to be expected of an EAPC event, hosted by an Executive
Scientific Committee and Research Committee headed by Franco De Conno
of the Instituto di Tumori of Milano, Italy, and his colleagues. What
was unexpected, however, was the prominence of research on
psychosocial, existential, and spiritual aspects of palliative care at
this critically important, international, palliative care research
forum. Clearly, 2004 marks an important milestone for the entry of
research in psychosocial and existential issues into the mainstream of
academic palliative care. Palliative and Supportive Care,
having just successfully completed its inaugural year of publication in
2003, is now extraordinarily and uniquely well placed to be the
preeminent international palliative care journal for research in the
psychosocial, existential, and spiritual aspects of palliative care.
In the depths of human circumstance
Authors: FRIEDMAN MICHAEL
Published: April 2008

Is the value of community service measured in time or in effect? Is
leadership the governing of people during an event or helping those in
need, inspiring them to follow your lead. Through my experiences, I have
concluded that in both situations it is the latter. I may be unable to
fill out the sheets of community service and of leadership positions
I've held in high school. But I am at no loss of providing invaluable
services, of inspiring others to follow my lead and providing an
invaluable service to the community.
RI(GH)TES OF INTIMACY AT DOCAPESCA: Race versus Racism at a Fish
Market in Portugal
Authors: Fikes Kesha
Published: April 2008

This essay observes how race adds value to market exchanges at a
fisheries facility in Lisbon, Portugal. I examine scenarios that primarily
involved interactions between Portuguese men who sold fish and Cape
Verdean immigrant women who purchased it. The scenarios show how race is
crystallized in interaction and how differently raced actors co-utilize
race to accomplish different ends. When vendors initiated difference
recognition for the purpose of promoting a sale, the value of race in that
moment was not independent of how Cape Verdean women chose to ratify it. I
show how racial knowledge could be mediated through its commodity status,
as Cape Verdean women's responses codetermined the political contents
of Portuguese men's racial ascriptions. Importantly, the argument is
not that subjects independently engaged in the reproduction of their
privileged or marginal social status. Rather, the dialectic condition of
interaction involved paired forms of engagement that produced difference.
An examination of this context helps illuminate when and how race
recognition, in public, is identified as neutral or politically
charged.
Study of Detergent‐Mediated Liberation of Hepatitis B Virus‐like Particles from S. cerevisiae Homogenate: Identifying a Framework for the Design of Future‐Generation Lipoprotein Vaccine Processes
Authors: Kee Gaik Sui , Pujar Narahari S. , J. Titchener‐Hooker Nigel
Published: April 2008

Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are expressed intracellularly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the recovery process involves the use of a detergent, which facilitates the release of VLP from host cell components. The detergent‐mediated liberation of VLPs is a critical step in primary recovery and is responsible for setting the backdrop for subsequent purification in terms of product yield and characteristics of the process stream. In this paper the use of Triton X‐100 detergent for the recovery of lipid envelope VLPs, using the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as the VLP model, was investigated. To develop a framework that can be adopted in process design for future generation VLP vaccine candidates, the impact of Triton X‐100 was characterized via different response factors: (i) recovery and activity of the HBsAg; (ii) level of protein and lipid contamination from the host cell; and (iii) indirect impact on the performance of an ultrafiltration step following primary recovery. Our studies identified that an increase in detergent concentration favors recovery of HBsAg only to a specific threshold, 0.5% v/v Triton X‐100. Further increase in detergent results in delipidation of HBsAg leading to loss in antigenic activity. The level of contamination due to host protein and lipid co‐liberation is in proportion with the amount of detergent employed. Greater membrane resistance during ultrafiltration was observed for samples generated using higher concentrations of detergent due to the increase in membrane fouling by the contaminants. Based on this study, Triton X‐100 concentrations in the range of 0.2–0.5% v/v appears to be most suitable for recovery of native HBsAg. Choosing between 0.2–0.5% v/v would involve identifying a suitable tradeoff between desired product yield and the level of contamination that can be tolerated by downstream operations.
China: Emissions pattern of the world leader in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement production
Authors: Gregg Jay S. , Andres Robert J. , Marland Gregg
Published: April 2008

Release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacture is the primary anthropogenic driver of climate change. Our best estimate is that China became the largest national source of CO2 emissions during 2006. Previously, the United States (US) had occupied that position. However, the annual emission rate in the US has remained relatively stable between 2001–2006 while the emission rate in China has more than doubled, apparently eclipsing that of the US in late 2006. Here we present the seasonal and spatial pattern of CO2 emissions in China, as well as the sectoral breakdown of emissions. Though our best point estimate places China in the lead position in terms of CO2 emissions, we qualify this statement in a discussion of the uncertainty in the underlying data (3–5% for the US; 15–20% for China). Finally, we comment briefly on the implications of China's new position with respect to international agreements to mitigate climate change.
Ozone diurnal variations and mean profiles in the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and stratosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED
Authors: Huang Frank T. , Mayr Hans G. , Russell James M. , Mlynczak Martin G. , Reber Carl A.
Published: April 2008

Ozone measurements from SABER on the TIMED satellite form a unique data set. They provide global information over the range of local solar times, from the lower stratosphere into the lower thermosphere, from the beginning of 2002, by one instrument. On the basis of zonal means of these data, we present new results from 20 to 100 km in altitude and from 48°S to 48°N in latitude, of ozone diurnal variations over 24 h in local solar time and over an annual cycle. While some of the results are new for the stratosphere, such comprehensive results for the mesosphere and lower thermosphere have not been available before. The diurnal variations generally become increasingly significant from the upper stratosphere into the lower thermosphere and provide information on the photochemistry of ozone and effects of transport over a diurnal cycle. Over most altitudes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), our estimates show the expected decrease in ozone after sunrise, with smaller variations during the day, and the increase near sunset. Outside of a small altitude near 80 km, the nighttime mixing ratios are generally larger than the daytime values. The diurnal variations themselves appear to exhibit variations over an annual cycle, including semiannual and annual variations. We compare the SABER results with data obtained about 10 years earlier by the MLS instrument on UARS, and with results by others based on data from HRDI on UARS, from the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME), from selected space shuttle experiments, and from ground‐based measurements. From the middle mesosphere to higher altitudes, departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (non‐LTE) can be significant, and the uncertainties can be larger than those at lower altitudes.
An empirical ocean color algorithm for estimating the contribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter to total light absorption in optically complex waters
Authors: Bélanger Simon , Babin Marcel , Larouche Pierre
Published: April 2008

To estimate the depth‐integrated rate of photochemical processes involving chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in coastal waters, the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient must be known from UV to green. At 307 sites sampled in various coastal marine environments, the ratio between CDOM and the total absorption coefficient ([aCDOM/at]) at 412 nm was found to vary over a wide range, from 0.20 to 0.95. An empirical algorithm was developed to retrieve [aCDOM/at](412) from satellite remote sensing reflectance. The absolute uncertainty on the [aCDOM/at] retrieval was 0.14. As exemplified with the data from the Baltic and North Seas, the algorithm provides a means to distinguish the contribution of CDOM to the absorption coefficient of colored detrital material (i.e., CDM = CDOM + nonalgal particles) at the regional scale. The implications of the variability in the magnitude and spectral shape of [aCDOM/at] for the assessment of depth‐integrated production of any photoproducts involving CDOM photolysis are discussed in details. We applied the algorithm to a Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐View Sensor (SeaWiFS) image of the Southeastern Beaufort Sea where terrestrial inputs are abundant. The spatial variability in the [aCDOM/at] reaches as much as threefold over the continental shelf and beyond. These results clearly show that it is necessary to account for the spatial variability of [aCDOM/at] when quantifying CDOM‐related photochemical processes in the ocean.
Os isotope chemostratigraphy applied to organic‐rich marine sediments from the Eocene‐Oligocene transition on the West African margin (ODP Site 959)
Authors: Ravizza Greg , Paquay Francois
Published: April 2008

The known temporal relationship between the benthic foraminiferal δ18O record and the marine Os isotope record is used to reinterpret the absolute chronology and paleoceanographic context of an episode of organic carbon burial on the West African margin Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959. Although organic‐rich sediments require significant corrections for in situ decay of 187Re to 187Os, these results demonstrate the utility of the marine Os isotope record for chemostratigraphic correlation of organic‐rich sediments that are devoid of age diagnostic microfossils with pelagic carbonate sequences. Revision of the ODP Site 959 chronology shifts the age assignment of an interval of biosiliceous, organic‐rich sediment deposition from the Oligocene to the late Eocene and earliest Oligocene, likely culminating with the first major glaciation of the Oligocene (Oi1). We speculate that enhanced organic carbon burial over much of the West African margin may have contributed to drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide before and during the Oi1 event and suggest that Os isotope chemostratigraphy provides a valuable tool for further exploring this possibility.
Moment analysis for spatiotemporal fractional dispersion
Authors: Zhang Yong , Benson David A. , Baeumer Boris
Published: April 2008

The evolution of the first five nonnegative integer‐order spatial moments (corresponding to the mass, mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) are investigated systematically for spatiotemporal nonlocal, fractional dispersion. Three commonly used fractional‐order transport equations, including the time fractional advection‐dispersion equation (Time‐FADE), the fractal mobile‐immobile (MIM) equation, and the fully fractional advection‐dispersion equation (FFADE), are considered. Analytical solutions verify our numerical results and reveal the anomalous evolution of the moments. Following Adams and Gelhar's (1992) work on the classical ADE, we find that a simultaneous analysis of all moments is critical in discriminating between different nonlocal models. The evolution of dispersion among the subdiffusive to superdiffusive rates is then further explored numerically by a non‐Markovian random walk particle‐tracking method that can be used for any heterogeneous boundary or initial value problem in three dimensions. Both the analytical and the numerical results also show the similarity (at the early time) and the difference (at the late time) of moment growth for solutes in different phases (mobile versus total) described by the MIM models. Further simulations of the 1‐D bromide snapshots measured at the MADE experiments, using all three models with parameters fitted by the observed zeroth to fourth moments, indicate that (1) both the time and space nonlocality strongly affect the solute transport at the MADE site, (2) all five spatial moments should be considered in transport model selection and calibration because those up to the variance cannot effectively discriminate between nonlocal models, and (3) the log concentration should be used when evaluating the plume leading edge and the effects of space nonlocality.
Interplanetary magnetic field control of fast azimuthal flows in the nightside high‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Grocott A. , Milan S. E. , Yeoman T. K.
Published: April 2008

SuperDARN radar data from both hemispheres for the interval January 1999 to November 2006 have been inspected for evidence of high‐speed azimuthal flows in the nightside high‐latitude ionosphere. In the northern hemisphere, 88% of the westward directed fast flows occurred during IMF BY negative intervals and 83% of the eastward flows occurred during IMF BY positive intervals. In the southern hemisphere 82% of the westward flows occurred during IMF BY positive intervals and 74% of the eastward flows occurred during IMF BY negative intervals. ∼74% of these fast flows occurred when the IMF was within the 30° < ∣θ∣ < 100° clock angle range and the AE index was below 150 nT. These results support the hypothesis that highly dynamic magnetospheric activitycan be associated with predominantly northward, but BY‐dominated IMF driving conditions and subsequent non‐substorm reconnection in a twisted magnetotail.
The Yellow Agouti Mutation Alters Some But Not All Responses to Diet and Exercise
Authors: Chiu Sally , Fisler Janis S. , Espinal Glenda M. , Havel Peter J. , Stern Judith S. , Warden Craig H.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Effects of ectopic expression of the agouti signaling protein were studied on responses to diet restriction and exercise in C57BL/6J (B6) mice and obese B6 mice congenic for the yellow agouti mutation [B6.Cg‐Ay (Ay)].

Research Methods and Procedures: Adult male Ay mice were either kept sedentary or exercised on a running wheel and fed ad libitum or diet restricted until weight matched to ad libitum‐fed B6 control mice. Body composition, plasma lipids, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. mRNA levels for leptin, adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 were measured in a visceral (epididymal) and a subcutaneous (femoral) fat depot by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: Correlations among traits exhibited one of three patterns: similar lines for B6 and Ay mice, different slopes for B6 and Ay mice, and/or different intercepts for B6 and Ay mice. Correlations involving plasma leptin, mesenteric and epididymal adipose weights, or low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were most likely to have different slopes and/or intercepts in B6 and Ay mice. mRNA levels for leptin, Acrp30, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, and lipoprotein lipase in epididymal adipose tissue were not correlated with corresponding levels in femoral adipose tissue.

Discussion: The agouti protein interferes with leptin signaling at melanocortin receptors in the hypothalamus of Ay mice. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the melanocortin portion of the leptin‐signaling pathway mediates effects primarily on certain fat depots and on some, but not all, components of cholesterol homeostasis.
Ucp3 Expression during Weight Gain and Loss, Cold Exposure, and Fasting in the Collared Lemming
Authors: Blaylock Matthew L. , Wang Ruixue , Shan Dan , Nagy Tim R.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the gene sequence and tissue distribution of uncoupling protein 3 (Ucp3) in the collared lemming, we quantified mRNA expression of Ucp3 under known states of altered energy expenditure (photoperiod‐induced weight gain and loss, cold exposure, and fasting) and measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption to assess possible functional changes in energy expenditure.

Research Methods and Procedures: The Ucp3 gene sequence information was obtained using the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. Northern blots were used to determine mRNA expression levels. Respirometry was used to measure oxygen consumption rates in isolated mitochondria.

Results: The lemming Ucp3 gene has a 97% sequence similarity with other published Ucp3 sequences at the amino acid level. Ucp3 mRNA is expressed in muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue of collared lemmings. Long‐photoperiod lemmings have a higher expression of Ucp3 mRNA than short‐photoperiod lemmings (p < 0.001) in both muscle and brown adipose tissue. Transferring lemmings from long to short photoperiods (inducing weight gain) significantly decreased Ucp3 mRNA expression (p < 0.01), whereas transferring lemmings from short to long photoperiods (inducing weight loss) significantly increased Ucp3 expression (p < 0.001). Muscle Ucp3 mRNA expression was significantly decreased by 10 days of mild (10 °C) cold exposure (p < 0.001). Muscle Ucp3 mRNA expression was significantly increased by fasting (p < 0.01) and was correlated to plasma free fatty acid levels (r = 0.7). Photoperiod transfer did not alter mitochondrial coupling.

Discussion: These data suggest that UCP3 may not be involved in energy expenditure in the collared lemming.
Appearance vs. Health Reasons for Seeking Treatment Among Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: April 2008

Objectives: This study examined reasons for seeking treatment reported by obese patients diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED).

Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 248 adults (58 men and 190 women) who met DSM criteria for BED. Participants were recruited through advertisements for treatment studies looking for persons who wanted to “stop binge eating and lose weight.” Patients’ reasons for seeking treatment were examined with respect to demography (gender and age), obesity (BMI and age of onset), features of eating disorders, and associated psychological functioning (depression and self‐esteem).

Results: Of the 248 participants, 64% reported health concerns and 36% reported appearance concerns as their primary reason for seeking treatment. Reasons for seeking treatment did not differ significantly by gender. Patients seeking treatment because of appearance‐related reasons had lower BMIs than those reporting health‐related reasons (34.8 vs. 38.5, respectively), but they reported greater body dissatisfaction, more features of eating disorders, and lower self‐esteem.

Discussion: Reasons that prompt treatment seeking among obese individuals with BED reflect meaningful patient characteristics and, therefore, warrant assessment and consideration during treatment planning. Further research is needed to determine whether reasons for treatment seeking among different obese patient groups affect treatment outcomes.
Muscle Type‐Dependent Responses to Insulin in Intramyocellular Triglyceride Turnover in Obese Rats
Authors: Guo ZengKui , Zhou Lianzhen
Published: April 2008

Objective: To understand the role of hyperinsulinemia in intramyocellular (imc) triglyceride (TG) accumulation and in regulating imcTG turnover.

Research Methods and Procedures: imcTG was first prelabeled by continuous infusion of [U‐14C]glycerol (pulse), and then the rate of label loss from the prelabeled imcTG pool (turnover) in gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and soleus muscle of awake, high‐fat‐fed obese rats during the subsequent hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp experiments (chase) was determined.

Results: Post‐absorptive basal fractional imcTG turnover rate in soleus was 0.010 ± 0.001/min, significantly lower than that in gastrocnemius (0.026 ± 0.002/min, p < 0.001) or tibialis anterior (0.030 ± 0.002/min, p < 0.0001), a pattern reciprocal to their imcTG pool size. Insulin infusion at 25 pmol/kg per minute resulted in pathophysiological hyperinsulinemia (5‐fold increase over the baseline value). This caused an increase in imcTG turnover by 3‐fold in soleus (0.029 ± 0.006/min, p = 0.002) but a decrease in gastrocnemius (0.012 ± 0.003/min, p = 0.001) and in tibialis anterior (0.0064 ± 0.001/min, p < 0.0001). Pathophysiological hyperinsulinemia suppressed hormone‐sensitive lipase activity in heart (p = 0.01) and mesenteric fat (p = 0.05) but not in skeletal muscle (p > 0.05). The pool size of imcTG was not affected by hyperinsulinemia.

Discussion: The results demonstrated muscle‐type dependence in the response of imcTG turnover to hyperinsulinemia in the obesity model. The reciprocal insulin effects on imcTG turnover in oxidative vs. oxidative‐glycolytic muscle indicated a possibility that oxidative muscle contributes more to insulin resistance under hyperinsulinemia if imcTG‐fatty acid oxidation is a function of turnover. imcTG turnover does not seem to regulate imcTG pool size acutely.
Correlates of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Overweight and Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rejeski W. Jack , Lang Wei , Neiberg Rebecca H. , van Dorsten Brent , Foster Gary D. , Maciejewski Matthew L. , Rubin Richard , Williamson David F. ,   Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: April 2008

Objective: This paper describes and examines conceptually relevant correlates of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in overweight or obese persons with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design and Procedures: The investigation was a cross‐sectional study of 5145 overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes between the ages of 45 and 74 years. Analyses examined the relationship that demographic characteristics, disease burden, and cardiovascular fitness had with HRQL: the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II.

Results: Means for the SF‐36 physical component summary (PCS) scores, the mental component summary scores, and the BDI‐II were as follows: 47.0, 54.0, and 5.7. Less desirable PCS scores were related to several comorbidities, insulin use, physical complaints, a high BMI, low metabolic equivalent (MET) capacity, and lower education. Interactions between categories of obesity and MET capacity revealed that greater BMI was related to lower PCS scores when individuals had lower MET capacities yet was absent for those individuals who had higher MET capacities. In addition, although greater BMI was associated with more severe depressive symptomatology, this association was the most dramatic for those with class III obesity who had low MET capacity.

Discussion: Although participants in Look AHEAD had a favorable profile on the SF‐36 and the BDI‐II at baseline, lower PCS scores were related to disease severity and the presence of other comorbidities. More important, although the temporal ordering of associations cannot be determined in a cross‐sectional design, the interactions between obesity class and MET capacity suggest that the adverse effect of BMI on PCS and BDI‐II scores may be buffered by higher MET capacities.
Modifiable Environmental and Behavioral Determinants of Overweight among Children and Adolescents: Report of a Workshop
Authors: Johnson‐Taylor Wendy L. , Everhart James E.
Published: April 2008

The number of children at risk for overweight and the number of overweight children are increasing and have become a serious public health concern. Interventions that could be applied at the population level have not been proven effective. The development of effective strategies is thought to be hampered by the lack of understanding of which behavioral and environmental factors need to be modified. On June 14 and 15, 2004, the NIH held a meeting of experts to discuss the issue of modifiable determinants of obesity in children and adolescents. Included were presentations on interventions among children that have been proven effective, dietary and physical activity behavioral determinants, physical, social, and family environmental determinants, and the quality of measures of determinants and correlates of overweight.
Prevalence of Overweight among Baltimore City Schoolchildren and its Associations with Nutrition and Physical Activity
Authors: Jehn Megan L. , Gittelsohn Joel , Treuth Margarita S. , Caballero Benjamin
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine the prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight in schoolchildren from Baltimore City.

Research Methods and Procedures: Ten schools within city limits were randomly selected from each tertile of income, using eligibility for free school lunch as a proxy. A total of 209 third grade students from eight public schools in Baltimore City were surveyed in May 2000. Anthropometric data including height, weight, subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, and percentage body weight from bioelectrical impedance were collected. Nutrition‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed using a validated questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire.

Results: Based on International Obesity Taskforce reference values for BMI‐for‐age, 20.7% of girls and 17.2% of boys were overweight (BMI > 95th percentile) and 15.3% of girls and 14.1% of boys were at‐risk‐for‐overweight (BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles). The prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight did not vary by self‐reported physical activity levels or by nutrition‐related knowledge and behaviors.

Discussion: The high prevalence of overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight in this sample of inner‐city children from Baltimore City highlights a need for targeted preventive and treatment interventions.