bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Much Should Managers Pay for Celebrity Endorsements?
Authors: Tien Han-Kuang
Published: March 2017

Firms that choose to include celebrity endorsements in their advertisements are required to pay large sums in advance for these appearances, even though there is no guarantee of future sales of the target product. As such, managers require a method to evaluate the monetary value of including celebrity endorsements in advertising. In this study employing two experimental designs, we provide a rigorous and predictable framework to measure the potential marginal contribution of celebrity endorsements, which can serve as an objective standard for managers when calculating celebrity appearance budgets. Implications for researchers and practitioners are also discussed.
Drying Temperature Effect on Total Phenols and Flavonoids Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Borassus aethiopum Mart Ripe Fruits’ Pulp
Authors: Tiho Tagouelbe , Yao Jean Claude N'guessan , Brou Casimir Yao , Adima Augustin Amissa
Published: March 2017

We assessed the total phenols content (TPC) by Folin-Ciocalteux method, total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) using ABTS radical cation of Borassus aethiopum Mart ripe fruits; uniquely its pulp was considered. Fresh and dried at 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80oC pulps were analyzed, through maceration and decoction, and distilled water (DW), aqueous acetone (DW+Aceto, DW/acetone, 30/70, v/v) and aqueous methanol (DW+Meth) prepared in the same way were used. Though 80oC product extracted through decoction delivered the highest extracts of TPC with DW, DW+Aceto and DW+Meth, 654.434, 780.066 and 729.934 mg GAE/g respectively; we could not retain it as the best. Very likely, the sugars were caramelizing and the derived product had an intense brown color. Whereas, at 70oC, TPCs were 447.866, 337.334 and 327.066 mg GAE/g, respectively, by decoction and in the same above solvents order. The best extract obtained with DW was statistically different from that of DW + Aceto and DW + Meth, which were not significantly different from each other, with Duncan least squares means comparison test in a confidence interval of 99%. The corresponding TFCs and AOAs were (59.34, 68.34, and 51.66 mg QE/g) and (0.4404, 0.52088, and 0.6524 µmol TE/g). The flour has a nice chocolate color. Except 60oC, an increase of the drying temperature leaded to a rising amount of TPC. Taking each factor, the extraction mode and drying temperature were main effects for extracts (p< 0.0001). The overall regression analysis showed significant correlation coefficient between TPC and AOA, with R2=0.8394.
Risk of Disability, Old-age and Death: Pension Sustainability in Colombia
Authors: Clavijo Sergio , Vera Alejandro , Malagón David , Clavijo Laura , Ríos Andrea , Cuéllar Ekaterina , Vera Nelson
Published: March 2017

This paper concludes that the sustainability of the public “pay-as-you-go” pension regime in Colombia (RPM) looks fragile and is threatened by massive transfers from the private “defined contributions” regime (RAIS) to the RPM. The fiscal deficit of the RPM could be rising from 140% of GDP (in NPV) to 228% of GDP during the next three decades on account of the migration of close to nine million retirees moving to the RPM. Pressure to the fiscal budget will increase towards 90% of GDP (in NPV) as a result of the pension shortfall, making it very difficult to comply with a fiscal target of 4% of GDP per year. In addition, the life annuities’ market is quite shallow in Colombia due to: i) the State guarantee of a pension equivalent to 100% of a legal-minimum-wage (1 LMW); which in turn is fully indexed to annual inflation; and ii) the risk of assuming longer periods of pension enjoyment via judicial sentences (elevating the current expectations of 20-25 year period of enjoyment). Limiting the pension guarantee to 50-75% of a LMW, allowing for life-annuities recalculation, and decreasing the cost-margin of insurance companies would help place the Colombian life annuities market in a more financially sustainable path.
The Effectiveness of Community Development and Environmental Protection Program in Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia: Policy, Institutional, and Implementation Review
Authors: Cahyandito Martha Fani
Published: March 2017

In all industries, inclusively oil and gas, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), including community development and environmental protection, have a significance role for the sustainability of company business. However, despite established government regulations and a large amount of company budget for the program, the big question that arises is whether these programs have been effectively addressed the social and environmental needs of surrounding communities, and whether the program succeeded in supporting the sound operation of oil and gas companies. This qualitative research is conducted by collecting data from the central and local governments in Indonesia, from oil and gas companies throughout Indonesia, as well as from communities near operating areas, through desk study, survey, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results showed that, in general, the community development and environmental protection program have been implemented. Unfortunately, the programs have not been yet fit to the societies socio-environmental condition, have not been yet answered all communities’ social, economic, environmental, and cultural issues, and have not been yet fully supported the sound operation of the company. This means that the programs have not been used effectively.
Doctor Hermann Strauss, Scientist and Physician, 1868-1944. His multiple activities and scientific
achievements, which came to an end in theTheresienstadt Ghetto – Micro and Macro Historical
Context. Workshops of Miriam Offer PhD (Western Galilee College, Israel) duringThe Second
European Meeting on Nazi Medicine.Transgressing borders (Prague, September 7-9, 2016).
Report
Authors: Ciesielska Maria
Published: March 2017

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« Je suis dans une phrase qui bouge » : les vertiges baroques d’Un mage en été d’Olivier Cadiot, mis en scène par Ludovic Lagarde
Authors: March Florence
Published: March 2017

Au Festival d’Avignon de 2010, Ludovic Lagarde a présenté Un mage en été d’Olivier Cadiot, interprété par Laurent Poitrenaux. Ce spectacle se présente comme une synthèse de leur compagnonnage. Le mage fusionne les figures de l’écrivain, du metteur en scène et du comédien, cristallise la rencontre de la littérature et du théâtre. Le motif de la réincarnation et de la métamorphose qui parcourt le texte est une définition du phénomène théâtral selon Nietzsche, mais également une métaphore des différents états du texte de Cadiot qui témoignent du processus de transposition du livre au plateau. Seul en scène, le mage n’en est pas moins le vecteur d’une polyphonie qui interroge constamment l’identité du « je ». Il s’agira de voir comment les synergies baroques, l’écriture de Cadiot et la dramaturgie lagardienne participent de ce phénomène d’instabilité.
De l’acte de suivre à la critique du suivisme : les déambulations audioguidées d’Olivier Choinière
Authors: Ducharme Francis
Published: March 2017

Cet article s’intéresse à la relation de l’oeuvre scénique au spectateur dans les déambulations sonores Beauté intérieure, Vers solitaire (OUT) et Projet blanc d’Olivier Choinière. Dans cette forme de théâtre de rue, le participant porte des écouteurs qui lui transmettent un monologue. Différents moyens sont expérimentés pour le faire marcher selon un itinéraire précis. Un personnage audible semble suivre le marcheur et lui imposer son rythme (Beauté intérieure), ou encore c’est le spectateur qui doit marcher dans les pas d’un acteur (Vers solitaire [OUT]), voire de l’auteur lui-même (Projet blanc). L’action physique de suivre est rapprochée dans ce texte de la réflexion critique portée par les oeuvres sur l’esthétique dominante, que celle-ci concerne l’apparence corporelle (Beauté intérieure), la consommation touristique (Vers solitaire [OUT]) ou une pièce de la compagnie théâtrale montréalaise la mieux établie (Projet blanc).
Le solo-machine : incursion dans le travail scénique de Carole Nadeau
Authors: Guay Hervé
Published: March 2017

Cet article aborde le rôle de la machine au sein du solo théâtral à l’aide de deux spectacles de Carole Nadeau créés à dix ans d’intervalle : MeMyLee Miller (2000) et Le mobile (2010). L’auteur s’attache à ce qui distingue ce type de solo d’un « monologue » axé sur la parole et sur la « pure » présence de l’acteur dans la mise en place de ce régime scénique. L’article étudie le dialogisme humain-machine dans ses particularités performatives en portant attention à la manière dont le jeu de l’acteur et l’espace scénique sont transformés par les technologies retenues. Il est ainsi question d’observer comment cette interaction humain-machine influe sur la réception de ces solos, autrement dit « ce que la machine fait au solo », pour paraphraser le titre d’un essai célèbre de Nathalie Heinich.
Le théâtre du réel : une nouvelle vague flamande entre fiction et non-fiction
Authors: Wynants Nele
Published: March 2017

Il y a plus d’une vingtaine d’années, une génération d’artistes flamands ont redéfini les formes et les esthétiques et même revu les limites du théâtre occidental. Ces artistes expérimentaux, identifiés sur la scène internationale comme les figures de proue de la « vague flamande », occupent aujourd’hui des positions clés dans les maisons de théâtre et les compagnies internationales. Cet article remet en question cette notion d’une « vague » dominante et préfère distinguer différentes vagues et vaguelettes successives dans l’hétérogène scène théâtrale de Flandre. Une première partie de l’article repose sur la réception critique du théâtre flamand des années 1980. Une deuxième étudie les pratiques de certains jeunes créateurs flamands contemporains qui, tout comme leurs prédécesseurs influents, sont à la recherche d’un langage théâtral qui leur est propre. Ancrés dans la réalité historique, sociale et politique, les projets de Elly Van Eeghem, de Thomas Bellinck et des frères Ben Chikha tentent de nouer des rapports explicites avec cette réalité en privilégiant le dialogue entre fiction et non-fiction. Ainsi, cet article présente deux générations de créateurs de théâtre en Flandre dont l’esthétique et le rapport au réel diffèrent fondamentalement.
Another way of looking at the sky: Neutrino telescopes
Authors: Zúñiga Román Juan , Zornoza Gómez Juan de Dios , Hernández Rey Juan José
Published: March 2017

Neutrinos are weakly-interacting neutral particles, which makes them powerful sources of information about the most energetic processes in the universe, such as the origin of ultra-energetic cosmic rays or gamma-ray bursts. However, a price must be paid in order to detect them: gargantuan detectors at the bottom of the sea or under the Antarctic ice are required. The detection of the first high-energy cosmic neutrinos in 2013 by the IceCube observatory represented the start of so-called neutrino astronomy, a new way of observing the universe, which can play a key role in future discoveries. In this article, we describe how neutrino telescopes work, as well as the different initial configurations that made this new twenty-first century astronomy possible.
Nuevos retos la responsabilidad civil en la sociedad tecnológica: una realidad de la lectura en América Latina
Authors: Oyague Olenka Woolcoott
Published: March 2017

El artículo es el resultado parcial de un proyecto de investigación sobre "Los desafíos del derecho privado contemporánea en el contexto del debate constitucional y nuevos desarrollos en la economía" que se desarrolla en la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Abordar el reto de la responsabilidad civil en el desarrollo de la tecnología, a través de reflexiones sobre la necesaria adaptación del sistema tradicional de las normas a la innovación tecnológica y de mercado. En el primer capítulo es la evolución de la responsabilidad por la responsabilidad de la identificación de modelos, a continuación, hacer un análisis de la evolución del mercado y la tecnología con el fin de precisar las características del daño e indemnización dificultad. Con estas bases, el objetivo es la consideración adicional de la transformación y el nuevo concepto de responsabilidad civil en América Latina.
Mobilidade urbana: conflitos e contradições do direito à cidade
Authors: De Carvalho Claudio Oliveira , Brito Filipe Lima
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo propõe uma análise do Direito à Cidade no âmbito da mobilidade urbana das grandes e médias cidades brasileiras. Partiremos da premissa de que o ambiente urbano se revela enquanto palco da luta de classes, onde o poder público escamoteia os direitos e garantias fundamentais da classe trabalhadora, comprometendo, também, a locomoção democrática nas urbes. Tal posicionamento permitirá conjecturar sobre a influência do grande capital nos processos de urbanização e reestruturação urbana, que, a princípio, visam garantir o lucro nos mercados automobilístico e imobiliário em detrimento danecessária construção de um sistema de transportes que atenda a universalidade de maneira sustentável. Neste sentido, observaremos como o Plano Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, instituído pela lei 12.587, de 3 de janeiro de 2012, pretende amenizar a referida disputa, reclamando para o meio urbano um projeto favorável á classe trabalhadora e contrário às tendências hegemônicas. Pleiteamos, assim, contribuir para a construção dos estudos do direito à cidade no âmbito da mobilidade urbana, analisando a necessidade de uma reestruturação a partir da perspectiva universal e sustentável.
Desenvolvimento pelo incentivo à cultura: papel da arte e vicissitudes da utilização da Lei Rouanet
Authors: Nohara Irene Patrícia , Fireman Ana Luiza Azevedo
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo objetiva analisar a política de incentivo à cultura e as vicissitudes das distorções da aplicação da Lei Rouanet no Brasil para realização dos objetivos das políticas culturais. Partindo da análise do ponto de vista da antropologia, será defendido que a cultura possui conformação plural e complexa. Também será abordado, a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, do prisma de uma abordagem dialética, que a arte tem o potencial de desnaturalização de uma dada cultura, deslocando o universo significativo humano do cotidiano repetitivo a partir da revelação de uma realidade nova e plena de possibilidadestransformadoras, daí um aspecto que enfatiza sua relevância. Objetiva-se focar o papel da arte como capaz de apontar as contradições da realidade, resgatando a sensibilidade anestesiada pelo cotidiano. Diante da valorização das políticas de fomento à cultura, como forma de incentivar o desenvolvimento do País, serão desdobradas as vicissitudes do incentivo à cultura sob a ótica da Lei Rouanet, que, do prisma do mecenato, é influenciada pela dinâmica do mercado, sendo apontados então os limites do uso do incentivo para a realização dos objetivos da política cultural no Brasil bem como a reprodução da circunstância da indústria cultural. Espera-se apresentar um panorama estimulante à reflexão crítica acerca das insuficiências do atual modelo.
Plasmodium falciparum parasites deploy RhopH2 into the host erythrocyte to obtain nutrients, grow and replicate
Authors: Counihan Natalie A , Chisholm Scott A , Bullen Hayley E , Srivastava Anubhav , Sanders Paul R , Jonsdottir Thorey K , Weiss Greta E , Ghosh Sreejoyee , Crabb Brendan S , Creek Darren J , Gilson Paul R , de Koning-Ward Tania F
Published: March 2017

Plasmodium falciparum parasites, the causative agents of malaria, modify their host erythrocyte to render them permeable to supplementary nutrient uptake from the plasma and for removal of toxic waste. Here we investigate the contribution of the rhoptry protein RhopH2, in the formation of new permeability pathways (NPPs) in Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. We show RhopH2 interacts with RhopH1, RhopH3, the erythrocyte cytoskeleton and exported proteins involved in host cell remodeling. Knockdown of RhopH2 expression in cycle one leads to a depletion of essential vitamins and cofactors and decreased de novo synthesis of pyrimidines in cycle two. There is also a significant impact on parasite growth, replication and transition into cycle three. The uptake of solutes that use NPPs to enter erythrocytes is also reduced upon RhopH2 knockdown. These findings provide direct genetic support for the contribution of the RhopH complex in NPP activity and highlight the importance of NPPs to parasite survival.
Asymmetry of mandibular dentition is associated with dietary specialization in snail-eating snakes
Authors: Hoso Masaki
Published: March 2017

Background

In vertebrates, the left-and-right pairs of homologous organs are generally present in equal numbers. A remarkable exception is snail-eating snakes in the family Pareidae: almost all the pareid snakes have much more teeth on the right mandible than on the left for functional specialization in feeding on the dextral majority of land snails. Because the only exceptional species with symmetric dentition has been regarded as a slug-eater, the extent of dietary specialization on slugs could shape the degree of the lateral asymmetry of mandibular dentition (dentition asymmetry) even among snail eaters.

Methods

To test this, I compared the morphology and behavior of two sympatric species of Taiwanese snail-eating snakes,Pareas atayalandP. formosensis.

Results

Specimens collected in the same locality showed that the dentition asymmetry ofP. formosensiswas significantly smaller than that ofP. atayal. Congruent to its weak asymmetry,P. formosensisshowed a strong preference of slugs to snails in the feeding experiment.

Discussion

The dietary specialization ofP. formosensison slugs would contribute to niche partitioning from the sympatric congenerP. atayal. This study suggests that the diverse variation in the dentition asymmetry of pareid snakes is the result of their dietary specialization and divergence.
Factors responsible for the limited inland extent of sand deposits on Leyte Island during 2013 Typhoon Haiyan
Authors: Watanabe M. , Bricker J. D. , Goto K. , Imamura F.
Published: March 2017

Previous geological studies suggest that the maximum inland extent of storm‐induced sand deposits is shorter, but their thickness is larger, than those of tsunami‐induced sand deposits. However, factors that determine the maximum extent and thickness of storm deposits are still uncertain. We conducted numerical simulations of storm surge, waves, and sediment transport during Typhoon Haiyan in order to understand the distribution and sedimentary processes responsible for storm deposits. Numerical results showed that wave‐induced currents slightly offshore were strong, but attenuated rapidly in the inland direction after wave breaking. Therefore, sediments were not transported far inland by waves and storm surge. Consequently, the maximum inland extent of storm deposits was remarkably shorter than the inland extent of inundation. We also revealed that vegetation (roughness coefficient) and typhoon intensity greatly affect the calculation of maximum extent and thickness distribution of storm deposits. As the duration of wave impact on a coast is relatively long during a storm (hours, compared to minutes for a tsunami), sediments are repeatedly supplied by multiple waves. Therefore, storm deposits tend to be thicker than tsunami deposits, and multiple layers can form in the internal sedimentary structure of the deposits. We infer that limitation of the sand deposit to within only a short distance inland from the shoreline and multiple layers found in a deposit can be used as appropriate identification proxies for storm deposits.
On the effect of topography and wind on warm water inflow—An idealized study of the southern Weddell Sea continental shelf system
Authors: Daae K. , Hattermann T. , Darelius E. , Fer I.
Published: March 2017

An idealized eddy‐resolving numerical model, with topographic features common to the southern Weddell Sea, is constructed to study mechanisms through which warm deep water enters a wide continental shelf with a trough. The open ocean, represented by a 1700 m deep channel, is connected to a 400 m deep shelf with a continental slope. The shelf is narrow (50 km) in the east but widens to 300 km at the center of the model domain. Over the narrow shelf, the slope front is balanced by wind‐driven Ekman downwelling and counteracting eddy overturning, favoring on‐shelf transport of warm water in summer scenarios when fresher surface water is present. Over the wide shelf, the Ekman downwelling ceases, and the mesoscale eddies relax the front. Inflow of warm water is sensitive to along‐shelf salinity gradients and is most efficient when denser water over the wide shelf favors up‐slope eddy transport along isopycnals of the V‐shaped slope front. Inflow along the eastern side of the trough cannot penetrate the sill region due to potential vorticity constraints, while along the western trough flank, eddy‐induced inflow crosses the sill and reaches the ice front. The warm inflow into the trough is sensitive to the density of the outflowing dense shelf water. For weaker winds, absence of the dense water outflow leads to a reversal of the trough circulation and a strong inflow of warm water, while for stronger winds, baroclinic effects become less important and the inflow is similar to experiments including dense water outflow.
Impacts of water level on metabolism and transient storage in vegetated lowland rivers: Insights from a mesocosm study
Authors: Kurz Marie J. , Drummond Jennifer D. , Martí Eugènia , Zarnetske Jay P. , Lee‐Cullin Joseph , Klaar Megan J. , Folegot Silvia , Keller Toralf , Ward Adam S. , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Datry Thibault , Hannah David M. , Krause Stefan
Published: March 2017

Transient storage zones for water represent potential hot spots for metabolic activity in streams. In lowland rivers, the high abundance of submerged vegetation can increase water transient storage, bioreactive surface areas, and, ultimately, in‐stream metabolic activity. Changes in flow resulting from climatic and anthropogenic factors that influence the presence of aquatic vegetation can also, thereby, impact in‐stream metabolism and nutrient cycling. We investigated the effects of water column depth on aquatic vegetation cover and its implications on water transient storage and associated metabolic activity in stream mesocosms (n = 8) that represent typical conditions of lowland streams. Continuous injections of metabolically reactive (resazurin‐resorufin) tracers were conducted and used to quantify hydraulic transport and whole‐mesocosm aerobic respiration. Acetate, a labile carbon source, was added during a second stage of the tracer injection to investigate metabolic responses. We observed both higher vegetation coverage and resazurin uptake velocity, used as a proxy of mesocosm respiration, with increasing water column depth. The acetate injection had a slight, positive effect on metabolic activity. A hydrodynamic model estimated the water transport and retention characteristics and first‐order reactivity for three mesocosms. These results suggest that both the vegetated surface water and sediments contribute to metabolically active transient storage within the mesocosms, with vegetation having a greater influence on ecosystem respiration. Our findings suggest that climate and external factors that affect flow and submerged vegetation of lowland rivers will result in changes in stream respiration dynamics and that submerged vegetation is a particularly important and sensitive location for stream respiration.
Framework for improvement by vertical enhancement: A simple approach to improve representation of low and high‐level clouds in large‐scale models
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham , Larson Vincent E.
Published: March 2017

Low and high clouds of shallow extent, especially stratocumulus and even more so for high‐level cirrus clouds that reside where vertical resolution is particularly coarse, are poorly represented in large‐scale models such as global climate models and weather forecasting models. This adversely affects, among others, estimation of cloud feedbacks for climate prediction and weather forecasts. Here we address vertical resolution as a reason for the failure of these models to adequately represent shallow clouds. We introduce a new methodology, the Framework for Improvement by Vertical Enhancement (FIVE). FIVE computes selected processes on a one‐dimensional vertical grid with local high resolution in the boundary layer and near the tropopause. In addition to the host model, variables on the locally high‐resolution grid are predicted in parallel so that high‐resolution information is retained. By exchanging tendencies with one another, the host model and high‐resolution field are always synchronized. The methodology is demonstrated for drizzling stratocumulus capped by a sharp inversion. First, FIVE is applied to a single‐column model to identify the cause of biases associated with computing an assigned process at low resolution. Second, a two‐dimensional regional model coupled with FIVE is shown to produce results comparable to those performed with high vertical resolution. FIVE is thus expected to represent low clouds more realistically and hence reduce the low‐cloud bias in large‐scale models. Finally, we propose a number of methods that will be developed and tested to further optimize FIVE.
Decoding Modern Hospitals: An Architectural History
Authors: Adams Annmarie
Published: March 2017

The various currents in post‐Second World War hospital architecture have shared one central aim: to ‘normalise’ the healthcare environment. Rather than looking obviously like hospitals, these buildings have gone from resembling office blocks, to shopping malls, to techno‐utopias, to zoned campuses with a distinct local feel and a focus on sustainability.

Professor Annmarie Adams, of Montreal's McGill University, refers to examples across North America and Europe to illustrate the different ways architects have found of putting the patient experience at the heart of their hospital design strategy.
Environmentally Smart Design: Designing for Social Wellbeing Across the City and in the Workplace
Authors: McGregor Alisdair , Aguilar Ann Marie , Lockhart Victoria
Published: March 2017

Sustainable need not mean more expensive. Health problems caused by sedentary lifestyles, pollution and injuries from road accidents come at great financial cost — not just for individuals, but also for employers and indeed national governments. Built environments designed to keep people active and away from harm are thus economically beneficial, too. Alisdair McGregor, Ann Marie Aguilar and Victoria Lockhart of Arup cite some of the company's recent schemes in New York and London that have successfully encouraged cycling, strolling and other healthy behaviours, while also avoiding contributing to climate change.
Healthy Patient Rooms in Hospitals: Emotional Wellbeing Naturally
Authors: Leydecker Sylvia
Published: March 2017

Interior design can both support healthcare staff's working practices and help patients to relax and recover. A holistic approach is crucial: structural, visual, haptic and acoustic aspects each have their part to play. Cologne‐based interior architect Sylvia Leydecker is a specialist in this field. Here, she describes two recent projects by her practice, 100% interior, where a sense of closeness to nature (inside and out) combines with cutting‐edge technology and environmental awareness to ensure a positive environment for patients and their families, as well as for those attending to them.
Architects as First Responders: Portable Healthcare Architecture in a Climate‐Altered World
Authors: Verderber Stephen
Published: March 2017

In both developed and developing countries, medical emergencies caused by the effects of climate change, earthquakes, war or terrorism can wreak havoc with healthcare infrastructure. Where hospitals are lacking, or existing ones are overburdened or put out of action, prefabricated transportable solutions are indispensable for rebuilding afflicted communities. Stephen Verderber – a current Professor at the University of Toronto and former Professor in the Graduate Program in Architecture + Health at Clemson University in South Carolina – gives examples of the types of systems that exist, and highlights key considerations to be taken into account by those involved in their design.
A Sense of Coherence: Supporting the Healing Process
Authors: Boscherini Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Can patient recovery be actively aided by a well‐designed hospital setting? The evidence is that it can. Drawing on sociologist Aaron Antonovsky's concept of salutogenesis, architect, industrial and interior designer Giuseppe Boscherini argues that an environment which balances calming reassurance with constructive stimulation can help instil the positive mindset that people need in order to overcome illness. Referring to buildings by practices he has worked for, and a student project he has led, he shows how light, sound, texture and colour can all contribute to health‐giving architecture.
Feasibility of Cathode Surface Coating Technology for High‐Energy Lithium‐ion and Beyond‐Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Kalluri Sujith , Yoon Moonsu , Jo Minki , Liu Hua Kun , Dou Shi Xue , Cho Jaephil , Guo Zaiping
Published: March 2017

Cathode material degradation during cycling is one of the key obstacles to upgrading lithium‐ion and beyond‐lithium‐ion batteries for high‐energy and varied‐temperature applications. Herein, we highlight recent progress in material surface‐coating as the foremost solution to resist the surface phase‐transitions and cracking in cathode particles in mono‐valent (Li, Na, K) and multi‐valent (Mg, Ca, Al) ion batteries under high‐voltage and varied‐temperature conditions. Importantly, we shed light on the future of materials surface‐coating technology with possible research directions. In this regard, we provide our viewpoint on a novel hybrid surface‐coating strategy, which has been successfully evaluated in LiCoO2‐based‐Li‐ion cells under adverse conditions with industrial specifications for customer‐demanding applications. The proposed coating strategy includes a first surface‐coating of the as‐prepared cathode powders (by sol–gel) and then an ultra‐thin ceramic‐oxide coating on their electrodes (by atomic‐layer deposition). What makes it appealing for industry applications is that such a coating strategy can effectively maintain the integrity of materials under electro‐mechanical stress, at the cathode particle and electrode‐ levels. Furthermore, it leads to improved energy‐density and voltage retention at 4.55 V and 45 °C with highly loaded electrodes (≈24 mg.cm−2). Finally, the development of this coating technology for beyond‐lithium‐ion batteries could be a major research challenge, but one that is viable.
Enantioselective Chloro‐O‐cyclization of Unsaturated N‐Tosylcarbamates
Authors: Yang Hui , Fan Guo‐Tao , Zhou Ling , Chen Jie
Published: March 2017

An enantioselective chloro‐O‐cyclization of unsaturated N‐tosylcarbamates has been developed for the first time using a Cinchona‐derived quaternary ammonium salt as the catalyst, the desired enantioenriched chloromethyldioxolanimines were prepared with excellent regioselectivities and high enantioselectivities.

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A Biocatalytic Route to Highly Enantioenriched β‐Hydroxydioxinones
Authors: Betori Rick C. , Miller Eric R. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: March 2017

A novel biocatalytic system to access a wide variety of β‐hydroxydioxinones from β‐ketodioxinones employing commercial engineered ketoreductases has been developed. This practical system provides a remarkably straightforward solution to limitations in accessing certain chemical scaffolds common in β‐hydroxydioxinones that are of great interest due to their diversification capabilities. A few highlights of this system are that it is high yielding, highly enantioselective, and chromatography‐free. We have demonstrated both a wide substrate scope and a high degree of scalability.

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Ethynyl‐Linked Donor‐π‐Acceptor Boron Dipyrromethenes for Panchromatic Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Wen‐Jing , Kinoshita Takumi , Ng Dennis K. P.
Published: March 2017

Two boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives were prepared as functional materials for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These compounds consist of a donor‐π‐acceptor skeleton in which an electron donor and an electron acceptor/anchoring group are introduced to the opposite C2 and C6 positions of a BODIPY core via an ethynyl linker (compounds DN1 and DN2). The molecular structure of one of the key intermediates (compound 8) was determined by x‐ray diffraction analysis. Both compounds exhibited panchromatic absorptions in the UV/Vis region. The results of electrochemical studies revealed that the HOMO and LUMO levels of these compounds were suitable for the construction of DSSCs consisting of a TiO2 electrode and an electrolyte based on an I3−/I− redox couple. The optimized structures, frontier molecular orbitals, and absorption spectra of both sensitizers were calculated using density functional theory. A DSSC prepared using the benzothiadiazole‐containing analogue DN2 exhibited a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 3.41 %.
Homozygous mutations in VAMP1 cause a presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Salpietro Vincenzo , Lin Weichun , Delle Vedove Andrea , Storbeck Markus , Liu Yun , Efthymiou Stephanie , Manole Andreea , Wiethoff Sarah , Ye Qiaohong , Saggar Anand , McElreavey Kenneth , Krishnakumar Shyam S. ,   SYNAPS Study Group, Pitt Matthew , Bello Oscar D. , Rothman James E. , Basel‐Vanagaite Lina , Hubshman Monika Weisz , Aharoni Sharon , Manzur Adnan Y. , Wirth Brunhilde , Houlden Henry
Published: March 2017

We report 2 families with undiagnosed recessive presynaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). Whole exome or genome sequencing identified segregating homozygous variants in VAMP1: c.51_64delAGGTGGGGGTCCCC in a Kuwaiti family and c.146G>C in an Israeli family. VAMP1 is crucial for vesicle fusion at presynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Electrodiagnostic examination showed severely low compound muscle action potentials and presynaptic impairment. We assessed the effect of the nonsense mutation on mRNA levels and evaluated the NMJ transmission in VAMP1lew/lew mice, observing neurophysiological features of presynaptic impairment, similar to the patients. Taken together, our findings highlight VAMP1 homozygous mutations as a cause of presynaptic CMS. Ann Neurol 2017;81:597–603
The neurology of acutely failing respiratory mechanics
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M.
Published: March 2017

Forces involved in breathing—which effectively pull in air—are the diaphragmatic, intercostal, spine, and neck muscles. Equally important is the bulbar musculature maintaining the architecture of a patent airway conduit and abdominal wall and internal intercostal muscles providing cough. Acute injury along a neural trajectory from brainstem to muscle will impair the coordinated interaction between these muscle groups. Acutely failing respiratory mechanics can be caused by central and peripheral lesions. In central lesions, the key lesion is in the nucleus ambiguus innervating the dilator muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx, but abnormal respiratory mechanics rarely coincide with abnormalities of the respiratory pattern generator. In peripheral lesions, diaphragmatic weakness is a main element, but in many neuromuscular disorders mechanical upper airway obstruction from oropharyngeal weakness contributes equally to an increased respiratory load. The neurology of breathing involves changes in respiratory drive, rhythm, mechanics, and dynamics. This review focuses on the fundamentals of abnormal respiratory mechanics in acute neurologic conditions, bedside judgment, interpretation of additional laboratory tests, and initial stabilization, with practical solutions provided. Many of these respiratory signs are relevant to neurologists, who in acute situations may see these patients first. Ann Neurol 2017;81:485–494
The immune response of the human brain to abdominal surgery
Authors: Forsberg Anton , Cervenka Simon , Jonsson Fagerlund Malin , Rasmussen Lars S. , Zetterberg Henrik , Erlandsson Harris Helena , Stridh Pernilla , Christensson Eva , Granström Anna , Schening Anna , Dymmel Karin , Knave Nina , Terrando Niccolò , Maze Mervyn , Borg Jacqueline , Varrone Andrea , Halldin Christer , Blennow Kaj , Farde Lars , Eriksson Lars I.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Surgery launches a systemic inflammatory reaction that reaches the brain and associates with immune activation and cognitive decline. Although preclinical studies have in part described this systemic‐to‐brain signaling pathway, we lack information on how these changes appear in humans. This study examines the short‐ and long‐term impact of abdominal surgery on the human brain immune system by positron emission tomography (PET) in relation to blood immune reactivity, plasma inflammatory biomarkers, and cognitive function.

Methods

Eight males undergoing prostatectomy under general anesthesia were included. Prior to surgery (baseline), at postoperative days 3 to 4, and after 3 months, patients were examined using [11C]PBR28 brain PET imaging to assess brain immune cell activation. Concurrently, systemic inflammatory biomarkers, ex vivo blood tests on immunoreactivity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, and cognitive function were assessed.

Results

Patients showed a global downregulation of gray matter [11C]PBR28 binding of 26 ± 26% (mean ± standard deviation) at 3 to 4 days postoperatively compared to baseline (p = 0.023), recovering or even increasing after 3 months. LPS‐induced release of the proinflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor‐α in blood displayed a reduction (41 ± 39%) on the 3rd to 4th postoperative day, corresponding to changes in [11C]PBR28 distribution volume. Change in Stroop Color‐Word Test performance between postoperative days 3 to 4 and 3 months correlated to change in [11C]PBR28 binding (p = 0.027).

Interpretation

This study translates preclinical data on changes in the brain immune system after surgery to humans, and suggests an interplay between the human brain and the inflammatory response of the peripheral innate immune system. These findings may be related to postsurgical impairments of cognitive function. Ann Neurol 2017;81:572–582
The Borderline between Reactivity and Pre‐reactivity of Binary Mixtures of Gaseous Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols
Authors: Evangelisti Luca , Spada Lorenzo , Li Weixing , Vazart Fanny , Barone Vincenzo , Caminati Walther
Published: March 2017

By mixing primary and secondary alcohols with carboxylic acids just before the supersonic expansion within pulsed Fourier transform microwave experiments, only the rotational spectrum of the ester was observed. However, when formic acid was mixed with tertiary alcohols, adducts were formed and their rotational spectra could be easily measured. Quantum mechanical calculations were performed to interpret the experimental evidence.
Reagent‐ and Metal‐Free Anodic C−C Cross‐Coupling of Aniline Derivatives
Authors: Schulz Lara , Enders Mathias , Elsler Bernd , Schollmeyer Dieter , Dyballa Katrin M. , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: March 2017

The dehydrogenative cross‐coupling of aniline derivatives to 2,2′‐diaminobiaryls is reported. The oxidation is carried out electrochemically, which avoids the use of metals and reagents. A large variety of biphenyldiamines were thus prepared. The best results were obtained when glassy carbon was used as the anode material. The electrosynthetic reaction is easily performed in an undivided cell at slightly elevated temperature. In addition, common amine protecting groups based on carboxylic acids were employed that can be selectively removed under mild conditions after the cross‐coupling, which provides quick and efficient access to important building blocks featuring free amine moieties.
Insight of electrical behavior in ferroelectric‐semiconductor polymer nanocomposite films of PVDF/ZnSe and PVDF/Cu:ZnSe
Authors: Bhagavathula S. DIwakar , Kokkarachedu Varaprasad , Acuna David Quezada , Koduri Ramam , Veluri Swaminadham , Reddy Venu
Published: March 2017

Nanocomposite thin films (NCTF) of low‐dimensional ZnSe and copper doped ZnSe integrated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer were developed via simple solution casting method. Herein, ZnSe and Cu:ZnSe nanoparticles were synthesized through the chemical reduction technique. The obtained low‐dimensional nanoparticles and NCTFs were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, and FTIR analysis. Room temperature dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics of PVDF/ZnSe flexible NCTF exhibited superior dielectric and ferroelectric behavior with a high coercive field of 15.6 V. Whereas, the dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics were greatly diminished in the PVDF/Cu:ZnSe flexible NCTF was due to the conducting behavior of copper ions at the interface of the polymer network. These results indicated that the PVDF/ZnSe flexible NCTF will be a potential candidate for advanced electrical applications and device fabrication. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44983.
Design for low‐temperature microwave‐assisted crystallization of ceramic thin films
Authors: Nakamura Nathan , Seepaul Jason , Kadane Joseph B. , Reeja‐Jayan B.
Published: March 2017

We designed experiments to determine optimized values for input parameters such as temperature, solution concentration, and power input for synthesizing ceramic materials, specifically titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films using microwave radiation, which permits crystallization of these films at significantly lower temperatures (150‐160 °C) compared to conventional techniques (>450 °C). The advantage of using lower temperatures is both reduced energy requirements, and in expanding the set of substrates (e.g., plastics) on which the thin film materials can be deposited. Low temperature crystallization permits ceramic thin film materials to be directly grown on delicate plastic substrates (which melt at temperatures over 200°C) and thus would have important applications in the emerging flexible electronics industry.

Using a linear regression with quadratic terms, we found estimated optimal settings for the reaction parameters. When tried experimentally, these optimal settings produced better results (% coverage with film) than any of the data used in estimation. This approach allows fine tuning of the input parameters and can lead to reliable synthesis of films in a low‐temperature environment. It may also be an important step in understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying the growth of these films in the presence of electromagnetic fields like microwave radiation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image, Volume 11, Issue 2
Authors: Ge Shijian , Champagne Pascale , Plaxton William C. , Leite Gustavo B. , Marazzi Francesca
Published: March 2017

The cover image, by Shijian Ge et al., is based on the Review Microalgal cultivation with waste streams and metabolic constraints to triacylglycerides accumulation for biofuel production, DOI: 10.1002/bbb.1726.

image
Untersuchung zur Rissentwicklung im Massenbeton
Authors: Strieder Emanuel , Hilber Raimund , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: March 2017

Im erhärtenden Beton treten temperaturbedingt Dehnungen und/oder Spannungen auf, während sich die Materialeigenschaften Steifigkeit, Festigkeiten etc. verändern. Da sich sowohl der Widerstand als auch die Einwirkungen zeitlich verändern, kann mit Zeitverlaufsberechnungen die Rissbildung untersucht werden. In einem Forschungsprojekt zur Ressourcenoptimierung beim Bau von Stahlbetonschutzbauwerken im Wasserbau wurden der Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Bindemitteln auf die Rissbildung und die zu deren Begrenzung erforderliche Mindestbewehrung erarbeitet [1]. In diesem Beitrag wird das hierzu verwendete ABAQUS Finite‐Elemente‐Modell detailliert beschrieben. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Bindemittel auf die Rissbildung und die Auswirkungen einer Nachbehandlung des Betons durch längere Ausschalfristen werden numerisch untersucht.
Durchstanzexperimente an Plattenvierteln
Authors: Bocklenberg Lennart , Winkler Karsten , Mark Peter
Published: March 2017

Die Beschreibung des Durchstanzverhaltens von dicken Stahlbetonplatten stellt Ingenieure seit Jahrzehnten vor große Herausforderungen. Der komplexe räumliche Spannungszustand im Bereich der Decken‐Stützenverbindung, welcher zudem von einem Maßstabseffekt überlagert wird, führt zu uneinheitlichen, teils widersprüchlichen Vorstellungen des Tragverhaltens. Gleichzeitig können maßstäbliche experimentelle Untersuchungen aufgrund hoher Prüflasten und Eigengewichte nur an vergleichsweise dünnen Platten durchgeführt werden.

Ein an der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum entwickeltes Versuchskonzept soll nun erstmals Experimente an dicken Platten erlauben. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Lagerung entwickelt, welche die Nutzung von Bauteilsymmetrien im Versuch ermöglicht. Angewendet auf einen doppelt symmetrischen Deckenausschnitt kann so ein Plattenviertel anstelle einer ganzen Stahlbetonplatte geprüft werden.

Im Beitrag wird die Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts präsentiert. Zwei Anschlussvarianten reduzieren ungewollte Versteifungseffekte im Anschlussbereich zwischen Versuchskörper und Symmetrielagerung, die in einem ersten prototypischen Durchstanzversuch zu einer Überschätzung der Tragfähigkeit führten. Zur experimentellen Absicherung des Konzepts wurde eine Versuchsreihe, bestehend aus einer ganzen Stahlbetonplatte sowie zwei korrespondierenden Plattenvierteln, getestet. Beide Versuchsarten führen zu nahezu identischen Ergebnissen, was auch rechnerisch gezeigt wird.
Datenbank für querkraftbeanspruchte Stahlfaserbetonbauteile
Authors: Heek Peter , Look Katharina , Minelli Fausto , Mark Peter , Plizzari Giovanni
Published: March 2017

Der Einsatz von Makrofasern aus Stahl gewinnt seit der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung der Richtlinie „Stahlfaserbeton” des Deutschen Ausschusses für Stahlbeton (DAfStb) auch in tragenden Betonkonstruktionen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Insbesondere beim Nachweis ausreichender Querkrafttragfähigkeit erweist sich die Fasertragwirkung als günstig, da eine Querkraftbewehrung auch bei Balken rechnerisch vollständig durch Fasern gebildet sein kann – Bügel also entfallen. Haupteinflussparameter ist die Nachrisszugfestigkeit, die aufgrund vielfältiger interagierender Einflussparameter hohen Streuungen unterliegt und nach Ansätzen der DAfStb‐Richtlinie bzw. den Modellen des Model Codes 2010 deutlich unterschiedlich einfließt. Der Beitrag vergleicht die Prognosegenauigkeiten rechnerischer Querkrafttragfähigkeiten, indem rechnerische Bruchlasten experimentellen Daten von Schubversuchen aus der Literatur gegenübergestellt werden. Die aufgebaute Schubdatenbank umfasst dabei über 250 Versuche mit praxistypischen Konfigurationen, d. h., dass Querschnittsgeometrie, Längs‐ und Bügelbewehrungsgehalt, Nachrisszugfestigkeit des Stahlfaserbetons sowie Betondruckfestigkeit variable Parameter sind.