bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of cues of quantity visible and preference on drinking by alcoholic and non‐alcoholic subjects
Authors: Brown Robert A. , Williams Robert J.
Published: July 2011

When a glass (150 ml) of a preferred/non‐preferred orange drink was visible alcoholic subjects drank less than non‐alcoholics. When a glass+jug (900 ml) was visible the alcoholics drank significantly more than the non‐alcoholics. The cues of quantity visible and preference had an additive effect on the alcoholics' consumption. The experiment was modelled on a study by Nisbett (1968 a) concerned with cues controlling food intake in obese and non‐obese subjects. An analogy was drawn between overeating by the obese and overdrinking by alcoholics.
Personality and extinction of a conditioned electrodermal response
Authors: Hemming J. H.
Published: July 2011

This study investigated personality differences in extinction of a conditioned EDR. The subjects were selected on the basis of EPI neuroticism and impulsivity scores. Subjects with scores on, or near, the sample means were excluded.

Fifty‐one subjects underwent an aversive discrimination conditioning procedure. The reinforcement was 75 per cent, the UCS was 100 dB white noise for 1 sec, while the CS was one of five different coloured lights of 2 sec duration. The UCS was presented at CS termination. Subjects were informed of the CS‐UCS contingency before the acquisition phase and informed of the onset of the extinction phase.

Subjects high on impulsivity showed significantly (P < 0·01) greater extinction of the discrimination than subjects low on impulsivity.
Shyness as a dimension of personality
Authors: Crazier W. R.
Published: July 2011

Examination of a number of major studies of personality questionnaires reveals the existence of a shyness factor which is related to but separable from both introversion and neuroticism, and which loads on items referring to feeling uncomfortable and self‐conscious, and keeping in the background in certain kinds of social situations. The fears that are generally expressed about social situations — of being negatively evaluated and of being socially inadequate — are reflected in subjects' descriptions of the causes of shyness, and these findings suggest a model of shyness in terms of individual differences in susceptibility to threat.
Illegitimate group membership and inter‐group differentiation
Authors: Breakwell G. M.
Published: July 2011

Those who gain membership of a group by deceit, evading the norms, rules or laws which mark the group boundary, are illegitimate group members. The impact of illegitimate membership upon the tendency to engage in inter‐group differentiation was examined. It was predicted that subjects experiencing incompatibility between the internal and the external criteria of group membership, generated by their illegal entry, would in their attempts at resolution, engage in a redefinition of group structures and inter‐group relations ‐ evidenced primarily in the accentuation of discrimination against the outgroup on all dimensions of differentiation available even when these dimensions are irrelevant to the original groupings. These predictions were confirmed.
The effects of location, experiences with the civil disturbances and religion on death anxiety and manifest anxiety in a sample of Northern Ireland university students
Authors: Mercer G. William , Bunting Brendan , Snook Suzi
Published: July 2011

A total of 315 Northern Ireland university students were compared to 302 Republic of Ireland university students in terms of death anxiety, manifest anxiety, and perception of dangerousness of aspects of their environment and attitudes toward the civil disturbances in Northern Ireland. Also using these variables in the Northern Ireland sample, Protestants were compared to Catholics, those having had experiences with the disturbances were compared to those not having had such experiences, and those living in nominally dangerous areas of Belfast were compared to those living in nominally safer areas of Belfast. Students living in Northern Ireland had higher death anxiety and stronger fears than students living in the Republic. Those having had experiences with the civil violence had higher manifest anxiety and stronger fears than those not having had such experiences. Persons living in safe environments thought the disturbances to be more serious than those living in more dangerous environments, a result which is discussed in terms of the media and cognitive dissonance. Finally, an argument is made that the influence of religious denomination is an overemphasized variable in the understanding of the civil disturbances.
Politics and values in Britain: A test of Rokeach's two‐value model
Authors: Cochrane Raymond , Billig Michael , Hogg Michael
Published: July 2011

The present study was designed to test Rokeach's two‐value model of political ideology, which predicts that socialists, conservatives, communists and fascists can be differentiated according to their value for freedom and equality. The Rokeach Value Survey was administered to a sample of British respondents in working class and middle class neighbourhoods, as well as being given to members of Conservative, Labour, Communist and National Front political parties. The results of both the politically active supporters, as well as non‐active supporters of the four parties, failed to uphold Rokeach's model. Whereas there was a distinction between left‐wing party supporters (Labour and Communist) and right‐wing (Conservative and National Front) on the value for equality, there were not the predicted differences for freedom. Supporters of all four parties rated freedom highly. These results are discussed in terms of the need to distinguish between the various ideological concepts of freedom. Other differences between the parties, not predicted on the two‐value model, were also found.
Individuals and groups in social psychology*
Authors: Tajfel Henri
Published: July 2011

In a recent paper, Taylor & Brown have argued that, although research in social psychology needs to take into account the social context of social behaviour, the theories should aim at the explanation of individual behaviour. The present paper argues against this view as it applies to some important issues in social psychology. First, it is contended that the ‘individualistic’ bias of research in social psychology derives from the nature of the theories dominating the discipline. Second, a theory of inter‐group behaviour is briefly outlined in order to show that its structure and aims are different in some important ways from the individualistic theories. The bias of these theories which is due to their assumption that social behaviour takes place inside homogeneous and unstructured social systems is illustrated using as examples the theory of belief similarity in prejudice and equity theory.
Memory for medical information
Authors: Ley Philip
Published: July 2011

The frequency with which patients fail to recall advice presented by their doctors is described. The amount forgotten is shown to be a linear function of the amount presented, to be correlated with the patient's medical knowledge, anxiety level and possibly age, but not with intelligence.

It is probable that instructions and advice are more often forgotten than other information, and that this is the result of their low perceived importance, and their being presented late in the series of statements presented ‐ there being (a) a primacy effect in recall of medical information, and (b a tendency for statements perceived as more important to be better recalled.

Experiments to control the content and amount of forgetting are described. Control of content can be obtained by use of the primacy and importance effects, while control of amount forgotten can be achieved by use of (a) simpler language, (b) explicit categorization, (c) repetition, and (d) concrete‐specific rather than general‐abstract advice statements.
Attribution tendencies of popular and unpopular children
Authors: Aydin Orhan , Markova Ivana
Published: July 2011

Forty‐one popular and 36 unpopular 8–10 year old children were presented with 11 ambiguous pictures, five of them with ongoing actions and six with completed actions with a negative outcome. The pictures were designed to investigate a child's tendency to attribute positive or negative intentions, and personal or impersonal causality, respectively. Subjects were asked to make up stories about each of the pictures, and in a second session were given a questionnaire with multiple choice answers, related to each of the pictures. The following results were obtained:

(1)Popular children attributed more impersonal causes to negative outcomes in both stories and questionnaires (F = 16.27, F = 14.35, respectively, P <0.001), and more positive intentions (F = 15.59, F = 24.52 respectively, P <0.001). There was no effect of sex, but a main effect of age (F = 3.15, P <0.05) showing an increasing tendency with age to attribute negative intentions to uncompleted actions when using the questionnaire method.

(2)A high correlation between intention scores and causality scores demonstrates that attribution of positive intentions and impersonal causality on the one hand, and of negative intentions and personal causality on the other hand, are expressions of the same general attributional tendency.
Studying friendship: Experimental and role‐playing techniques in testing hypotheses about acquaintance
Authors: McCarthy Barry , Duck Steve
Published: July 2011

A theoretically interesting development in recent work on acquaintance is the finding that duration of relationship is related to responses to attitudinal agreement/disagreement (McCarthy & Duck, 1976, 1977). These studies, however, employed variants of the bogus stranger technique in which real interactions with partners did not occur, raising doubts about the generalizability of the findings. Two studies were therefore conducted in which pairs of same‐sex friends engaged in face‐to‐face discussions, in an attempt to increase mundane realism: in Study 1 subjects expressed their true opinions on a given issue, whilst their partner (who was enlisted as a confederate) either agreed or disagreed; in Study 2 both partners role‐played the encounter. The results of the two studies were highly dissimilar; previous findings were generally replicated in the experiment but not in the role play, in which few significant effects were observed. Findings were discussed in relation to ethical issues in research on personal relationships, and in terms of the potential contributions of both experimental and role‐playing techniques to development in the understanding of acquaintance.
Mental imagery, human memory, and the effects of closed head injury
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: July 2011

Several recent experiments suggest that mental imagery is relevant to an explanation of memory impairment resulting from neurological damage. This study compared a group of patients with recent closed head injuries with a control group of orthopaedic patients in their recall of concrete and abstract words. The head‐injured subjects demonstrated a specific deficit in the recall of concrete material, which was interpreted as an impairment in the use of mental imagery as a form of elaborative encoding in long‐term memory. It is suggested that the understanding of clinical conditions would be assisted by the application of the procedures and theoretical interests of experimental psychology.
The Revised Kendrick Battery: Clinical studies
Authors: Kendrick Don C. , Gibson Andrew J. , Moyes Isabel C. A.
Published: July 2011

The former Kendrick Battery ‐ the Synonym Learning Test (SLT) and the Digit Copying Test (DCT) ‐ has been revised. The new version comprises the Object Learning Test (OLT) and the DCT. The discrepancy between Mill Hill and WAIS Verbasl IQs as a diagnostic sign has been eliminated. The Revised Battery has been shown to discriminate between elderly dementing and non‐dementing subjects, and also between normal, depressed, and dementing elderly subjects. Utilizing test‐retest data it has been found possible to discriminate absolutely between dementing and non‐dementing subjects. The reliabilities and validities of the Battery have been ascertained by examining a broad spectrum of elderly subjects: normal, depressed, dementing and institutionalized.
Interactive effects of sex and timing in self‐disclosure
Authors: Mill Dorothy , Duck Steve , La Gaipa John
Published: July 2011

Previous research on self‐disclosure (SD) identifies timing of disclosure as a factor in its attractiveness and indicates that the appropriateness of disclosure is partly defined by social norms relating to discloser's sex. In a 2×2×2 design the present study examined interactive effects of target (subject) sex, discloser (confederate) sex and timing of disclosure as influences on the interpersonal judgements made about a self‐disclosing other. Factor analysis revealed the presence of two main factors (likeability of discloser; discloser's mental stability) which nonetheless behaved in relatively independent ways under the conditions of the present study. No main or interaction effects were found on the liking factor, but stability ratings were influenced by target sex, timing of disclosure, and target sex × timing interactions. Whilst previous research received some support from this study, the present conceptualization of the role of SD in ratings of mental stability and of liking was found to be inadequate. Results also suggest that a simple sex‐norm interpretation of SD's appropriateness, whilst largely correct, needs to be refined in a number of respects that are clarified by the observation of interactive effects of timing and sex of partners.
Changes in non‐verbal behaviour during embarrassment
Authors: Edelmann Robert J. , Hampson Sarah E.
Published: July 2011

Embarrassment was induced experimentally in a videotaped interview by a failure of meshing (an interviewer revealed something unexpected about himself which was designed to embarrass the interviewee). After the interview the interviewees' self‐assessments of their emotions at three points during the interview were obtained. Fifteen of the 22 subjects reported embarrassment at the interviewer's revelation. The level of eye‐contact for these subjects decreased significantly at this point in the interview relative to the preceding and subsequent levels, whereas body motion and speech disturbances increased. The seven non‐embarrassed subjects showed a significant increase in eye‐contact at this point but no change in body motion or speech disturbances. Whilst this experiment provides a methodology for studying embarrassment the part played by the non‐verbal correlates in the communication of embarrassment requires further investigation.
A note on role playing
Authors: Mixon Don
Published: July 2011

Contrary to the impression given by Peter Bull (1978) role playing methods can be used to create scenes in which spontaneous emotions and attitudes are aroused.
Do schizophrenics use linguistic rules in speech recall?
Authors: Straube Eckart , Barth Ute , König Brigitte
Published: July 2011

Varying degrees of organization of verbal material were presented to determine their use in sentence reproduction by acute and chronic schizophrenic subjects, a psychiatric (alcoholic) control group, and a healthy control group. The material consisted of six‐word sentences presented over earphones, with background noise of differing intensity. The main result was that schizophrenics use verbal organization as effectively as healthy and psychiatric controls when reproducing the sentences. The noise distraction influenced performance of all groups similarly. Results suggest that performance of schizophrenics is facilitated by structured material (semantic and syntactic organization). The results do not suggest that either the linguistic repertoire or the application of linguistic rules is specifically affected in schizophrenia. The flatter performance slope of schizophrenics with increasing contextual constraints, found by some researchers, is explained by the unspecific effect of task difficulty.
Anxiety as state and trait following survived myocardial infarction
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: July 2011

Measures of state anxiety (visual analogue scales) and trait anxiety (the Neuroticism scale of the EPI) were examined in 120 survivors of acute MI and in a further 40 persons admitted to coronary care with chest pain but failing to attract a diagnosis of MI. Results indicated that state anxiety responses to coronary care admission were modulated by a neurotic predisposition, for both groups of patients. Those patients aware that they had sustained a MI were higher on measures of state anxiety than those whose discharge from coronary care was accompanied by the information that their chest pain had not signalled a heart attack, but trait anxiety failed to distinguish the two groups. Among those who had sustained a MI, women reported greater state anxiety than men but were not significantly higher on the measure of trait anxiety. It was suggested that the former difference might be explained by sex‐role related tendencies in the reporting of emotional states.

The finding that a neurotic predisposition appeared to modulate state anxiety responses to MI was discussed in terms of the possible role of liaison psychology services to coronary care units. In this respect it was suggested that an awareness of psychological responses to past crises may sensitize coronary care medical staff to those patients most at risk of an adverse emotional response to the present crisis (MI), and so facilitate rapid referral to liaison psychology services for intervention.
Covariation of two‐flash threshold and autonomic arousal for high and low scorers on a measure of psychoticism
Authors: Robinson Thomas N. , Zahn Theodore P.
Published: July 2011

This study tested the covariation hypothesis of nervous typological theory that normals scoring high arid low on a psychoticism measure would show the same covariation patterns for psychophysical and autonomic nervous system measures at the low range of arousal as that found for comparisons of normal and psychiatrically sick individuals. Using scores from the latest forms of the Eysenck psychoticism and neuroticism scales, a group of male college students were divided into high P, high N and low N groups. Use of the constant stimuli method for presentation of two‐flash threshold (TFT) stimuli provided estimates of not only threshold but response criterion and sensory sensitivity scores as well. At the low range of arousal, high P subjects showed a covariation pattern opposite to that of both low P groups for threshold and skin conductance, heart rate and spontaneous response scores. Response criterion and sensory sensitivity measures showed similar but weaker trends in the same direction. These results were viewed as providing only limited support for the covariation hypothesis since only a few of the correlations reached acceptable significance levels.
Dimensions of aggression: The perception of aggressive episodes
Authors: Forgas Joseph P. , Brown L. B. , Menyhart John
Published: July 2011

The perception of real‐life aggressive episodes was studied, in order to (a) represent the cognitive dimensions used by judges to differentiate between such episodes, (b) to evaluate the perceived differences between different categories of episodes, and (c) to assess the effects of the judges' age, sex and attitudes on their cognitive representation of aggressive episodes. Judgements of 22 aggressive episodes selected from a free‐response pilot study were analysed by Carroll & Chang's (1970) INDSCAL procedure, and differences between categories of episodes and groups of judges were evaluated by multiple discriminant analyses. Results indicated that (a) four cognitive dimensions, probability of occurrence, justifiability, emotional provocation, and control, defined the psychological map for aggressive episodes; (b) domestic against public, drunken and non‐drunken, criminal against non‐criminal episodes were significantly differentiated in this perceptual space; (c) the judges' age, sex and Machiavellism scores were related to their perception of such episodes. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of implicit perceptions of aggression and crime in the criminal justice system. Specifically, it is suggested that similar techniques could be used to (a) gauge popular perceptions of crime as an input to the legislative process, and (b) for the study of perceptions of aggressive episodes by such crucial groups in the criminal justice system as policemen, judges, jury members, victims and offenders.
The effects of speech style and social class background on social judgements of speakers
Authors: Ryan Ellen Bouchard , Sebastian Richard J.
Published: July 2011

Male speakers of either standard or Spanish‐accented English were presented to 80 undergraduates as individuals with either lower‐class or middle‐class backgrounds. The students rated each speaker on status, solidarity, stereotype, and speech characteristics and also made social distance judgements. For all measures, a significant interaction reflected the fact that lower‐class accented speakers were perceived much less favourably than the corresponding lower‐class standard speakers while the differences associated with speech styles among middle‐class speakers were smaller. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions listeners presumably make about accented speakers’ social class and beliefs.
Changes in behaviour ratings of a national sample of children
Authors: Ghodsian M. , Fogelman K. , Lambert L. , Tibbenham A.
Published: July 2011

The constancy of ratings of behaviour made at home and school between the ages of 7–11, 11–16 and 7–16 is examined. There were moderate correlations between ratings at the different ages (0·31‐0·48) but the majority of children in the ‘deviant’ (top 13 per cent) group at one age had moved out of that group by a later follow‐up (4, 5 or 9 years later). Certain characteristics (social class, sex, family size and birth order) of children with different patterns of ratings at the three ages are also examined.
Psychophysiological differentiation between psychopathic and schizophrenic abnormal offenders*
Authors: Hinten John , O'Neill Michael , Hamilton Sheila , Burke Myles
Published: July 2011

This paper is a follow‐up of research by Schalling (1978), Mednick (1975), Mednick & Hutchings (1978), Venables (1975) and a pilot study on the psychophysiological response characteristics of maximum security patients, Hinton & O'Neill (1976, 1978). In line with hypotheses, patients rated as ‘disoriented’ by nurses and diagnosed ‘schizophrenic’, tended to have increased spontaneous electrodermal fluctuations and reduced orienting response recovery time relative to non‐‘disoriented’ and diagnosed ‘psychopaths’. Also low rate spontaneous fluctuation in skin resistance plus long skin resistance ORt/2 differentiated ‘high public risk’ psychopaths from ‘low risk’ domestic offenders.
A social skills group with mentally retarded subjects
Authors: Holley Sheila
Published: July 2011

The importance of social effectiveness in securing personal needs, and of social competence training in rehabilitation programmes for psychiatric and mentally retarded patients, have been frequently stated.

The need to improve further the social effectiveness, especially communication skills, of the mentally retarded prior to discharge from hospital has been particularly stressed. However, the focus of communication training has been on linguistic and arithmetic skills, while little attention has been paid to non‐verbal skills, this despite the fact that their importance in communication has been widely demonstrated. It is suggested here that improvement in basic interaction skills, including non‐verbal components, will improve communication and increase the social effectiveness of the mentally retarded in the community outside the hospital.

An attempt was made to improve mentally retarded subjects' basic interaction skills by means of a social skills training group. There was significant improvement in target behaviours after training and some improvement was maintained at 8 weeks follow‐up. The study suggests that such training groups might effectively improve the communication skills of mentally retarded subjects.
A gloss on attribution theory
Authors: Semin Gün R.
Published: July 2011

This paper consists of a critical examination of specific assumptions made by attribution theory about everyday epistemology. The first and main stipulation discussed concerns the model of man contained in attribution theory which is derived from a model of a statistician or a raw data processor. It is argued that this model poses considerable difficulty in explaining how everyday life is interpreted and understood, since it disregards the social context in which interpretation and understanding takes place. Further, it is argued that the model imputes assumptions of rationality to everyday life similar to those of a rational statistician. With this assumption attribution theory verges on ideology in its interpretation of everyday explanations of events. Finally, two further themes are addressed. The former, the twofold cause classification of explanation into situational and dispositional, is critically assessed. The latter concerns a serious shortcoming of attribution theory, namely its lack in specifying the conditions under which attributions are made in everyday life and those under which no attribution is made. In the concluding section the implications of these criticisms are then discussed.
Cue utilization in the perception of dominance
Authors: van de Sande J. P.
Published: July 2011

Persons engaged in videotaped dyadic conversations were rated on dominance by 40 judges, and 13 behavioural variables related to speech and gaze behaviour were systematically observed.

Principal component analysis showed that the variance in judges’ ratings of dominance could for a large part (71 per cent) be explained from the variance in behaviour.

Most strongly associated with dominance judgement were variables related to speech duration. Gaze behaviour seemed to be associated with dominance impression if seen in relation to speech behaviour. Several implications of the findings are discussed.
Estimating the outcome of a pregnancy test: Women's judgements in foresight and hindsight
Authors: Pennington D. C. , Rutter D. R. , McKenna Kay , Morley I. E.
Published: July 2011

Previous research on judgement under uncertainty has suggested that, when we know the outcome of some event, we perceive that outcome as more likely than when we do not have outcome knowledge. That is, in comparison with judgements made in foresight, judgements made in hindsight are biased in the direction of the outcome the judge believes to have happened. While the effect appears to be robust in the laboratory, it has very seldom been tested in real life. This experiment therefore went outside the laboratory, and examined women's estimates of the outcome of a pregnancy test. It was predicted that those who knew the result of their test (hindsight) would perceive that outcome as more likely than those asked to make the estimate before they knew the result (foresight). The prediction was supported only for women whose result was positive and, furthermore, the positive group made consistently higher estimates than the negative group, both in hindsight and foresight. The findings were therefore less marked and more complex than in previous laboratory research, and support the argument that experiments and materials must be constructed with salience for the subjects. The findings are interpreted in the light of Tversky & Kahneman's (1974) work on heuristic rules of thinking.
A critical comment on ‘The social ecology of intelligence in the British Isles’
Authors: Kirby Andrew
Published: July 2011

This brief paper raises some doubts concerning Lynn's recent discussions of the social ecology of intelligence. Particular attention is paid to the spatial scale at which the data are presented, and the problems that this raises for statistical analysis. Data on educational attainment at county scale are presented, to show the loss of information involved in regional analyses.
Becoming a lone parent: A cognitive interactionist approach to appraising and coping during a crisis
Authors: Beattie Susan , Viney Linda L.
Published: July 2011

The utility of a cognitive interactionist approach to crisis, specifically that of becoming a lone parent through marital breakdown, was examined. The Lone Parenthood Scales, which provided information about positive and negative appraisals of the event and possible coping strategies, were administered to 101 members of Parents Without Partners. MANCOVA established two separate and systematic relationships between these multiple independent and dependent variables. One pattern of experience which emerged was of adaptive adjustment: positive appraisals of mobilization of personal resources, increased self‐esteem and better relationships with the children were associated with coping by resignation to the situation and accepting help from others. The other was of passive self‐preoccupation: negative appraisals of more emotional conflict and increased pressure from others were associated with no particular coping strategies but with renunciation of an active, positive approach to problems. Positive appraisals were found to be different for men and women, but the perceived instrumentality of the decision to separate proved to be relevant for negative appraisals.
Experimental effects of a cognitive therapy technique in depressed patients
Authors: Blackburn I. M. , Bonham K. G.
Published: July 2011

Five single‐case experiments were conducted to study the effect of a cognitive therapy technique on depressed mood. The effect on mood and psychophysiological variables of coping with an unhappy thought in two different ways, ‘involvement’ and ‘distancing’, was compared with thinking a happy thought. It was found that ‘distancing’ had a significantly alleviating effect on mood and that, of the five psychophysiological measures, the corrugator supercilii EMG and heart rate differentiated to some extent. Heart rate, corrugator EMG and mood were all significantly correlated. The results are discussed within the framework of cognitive theories of depression.
How leukaemia affects a child's schooling
Authors: Eiser Christine
Published: July 2011

A questionnaire was sent to the teachers of 38 children being treated for leukaemia and also to the teachers of 19 siblings. The questionnaire was concerned with the child's attendance rate, the teacher's perceptions of the child and thirdly with his attainments and behaviour. Those with leukaemia had a poorer attendance record (41.5 per cent absences) than their siblings (15.6 per cent). Teachers reported special difficulties in teaching the leukaemic child, and had modified expectations regarding him. Children's attainments were comparable to other members of the class, although tending to be somewhat poorer. Teachers did not report any differences in attainments between siblings and other members of the class. The data indicate that closer liaison between school and hospital would be advantageous to teachers.
The consistency issue in personality psychology revisited — with special reference to aggression
Authors: Olweus Dan
Published: July 2011

A considerable body of evidence is presented showing a substantial degree of longitudinal as well as cross‐situational consistency in the motive area of aggression. These data demonstrate that the influential conclusions with regard to consistency drawn by Mischel in his evaluative review (1968, 1969) are not supported by existing empirical evidence in the field of aggression. The consistency found makes it both defensible and natural to assume the ‘existence’ of some kind of relatively stable, individual‐differentiating aggressive reaction tendencies within the individuals, however conceptualized. Furthermore, on the basis of a conceptual analysis, it is shown why low correlations have often been found between self‐report data (S data) and rating data (R data), on one hand, and objectively recorded behaviour (T data), on the other. It is argued that the reasons are often to be found in a conceptual mismatch as well as in psychometric insufficiences of T data. This analysis has broad implications for personality measurement in laboratory settings in general.
Person perception and jurors' decisions
Authors: Sealy A. P. , Wain C. M.
Published: July 2011

In an experiment on simulated juries subjects were asked to record their impressions of the major participants in the trial. 134 subjects heard a taped reconstruction of a case of theft, based on the court transcript, 224 subjects heard a case of rape. Their impressions, recorded on an adjectival scale, were factor analysed. There was considerable stability in the factors that emerged across trials and across target figures. One factor only correlated with verdicts in the case of theft, namely seeing the defendant as untrustworthy correlated with convicting him. In the rape case impressions of the defendants were largely uncorrelated with verdict, although impressions of the victim were highly correlated with verdict. The results are interpreted in terms of the simultaneous operation of the principles of consistency, salience and post‐decision dissonance.
Environmental distraction and interpersonal judgements
Authors: Siegel Judith M. , Steele Claude M.
Published: July 2011

Two studies tested whether environmental distraction (primarily noise) would cause people to make ill‐considered judgements of others. The first study showed that distracted subjects made more extreme judgements of a target person and, while continuing to be extreme, changed those judgements across repeated administrations of the questionnaire. The possibility of future interaction with the target person did not affect this pattern of judgements. A second study replicated these findings and ruled out several possible artifactual explanations of the first study's results. The results of the studies are discussed in relation to several models of environmental effects, but seemed most consistent with the idea that distraction and noise interfere with information integration.
Attributions for delinquent behaviour: Impact of consensus and consistency information
Authors: Cann Arnie , Calhoun Lawrence G. , Selby James W.
Published: July 2011

Male and female subjects made judgements concerning the delinquent behaviours of a male stimulus person. A video‐taped interview with the youth was presented along with a ‘clinic folder’ containing information about the consensus and the consistency of his behaviours. An interaction between these information dimensions was predicted. The results revealed three‐way interactions (consensusœconsistencyœsex of observer) on some items, but simple main effects on other items. The results were discussed in terms of the focus of attention created by the various items. When the focus was on the actor, consistency information dominated. A focus on the environment led to reliance on the consensus variations. Directing attention to both causal factors produced the interaction.
A comparison of social skills training and contingent attention to improve behavioural deficits of chronic psychiatric patients
Authors: Matson Johnny L. , Zeiss Antonette M. , Zeiss Robert A. , Bowman Wesley
Published: July 2011

Twelve chronic psychiatric patients were treated with either social skills training or contingent attention to improve behavioural assets or deficits noted on the ward by independently trained raters blind to experimental conditions. Treatment was applied across groups using a multiple‐baseline format. Inspection of the data revealed that clinically significant improvements in socially appropriate assets and deficits observed on the ward resulted with social skills training but no substantiative change accrued due to the contingent attention. The behaviours selected for treatment were those which staff were most willing to reinforce. This variable may account, in part at least, for the generalization of treatment effects to the natural environment with persons who received social skills training.
Psychoticism and thought disorder in psychiatric patients
Authors: Griffith John H. , Frith C. D. , Eysenck Sybil B. G.
Published: July 2011

Schizophrenic patients, whether thought‐disordered or not, were found to perform worse than other patients when sorting schematic faces, but not when sorting equivalent abstract material. This information‐processing deficit was found to be related to self‐rated psychoticism scores as well as to factor scores on the factor of schizophrenia derived from the analysis of psychiatrists' ratings of the patients on a large number of symptoms.
Post‐hypnotic amnesia: Seeing is not remembering
Authors: McConkey Kevin M. , Sheehan Peter W. , Cross Darryl G.
Published: July 2011

Prior to the administration of the reversibility cue to cancel a suggestion for post‐hypnotic amnesia, subjects were exposed to a videotape playback of the events of the hypnotic session in the presence of an independent experimenter. The specific application of this method (the Experiential Analysis Technique) was designed to maximally cue subjects to recall and report on amnesic events. Performance of highly susceptible subjects who viewed the videotape indicated that amnesic subjects commented on fewer items, stopped the videotape less, and verbalized less than did non‐amnesic subjects. The cued recall of the amnesic group was also often item‐specific rather than general, and allowed one to distinguish between the impact of behavioural and experiential events. For some subjects, amnesia clearly could not be completely broken by the presentation of maximal cueing.
Attitudes to female roles, aspects of menstruation and complaining of menstrual symptoms
Authors: Slade Pauline , Jenner F. A.
Published: July 2011

Attitudes to female social roles may be relevant to menstrual and premenstrual symptoms. Rejection of femininity is reported to be associated with disturbances of menstruation and levels of symptomatology (Menninger, 1939; Fortin et al., 1958; Berry & McGuire, 1972), but more feminine (Gough, 1975) and traditional women (Paige, 1973) are also said to suffer more than other groups. The interpretation of studies is difficult, though, since different concepts and measures are used.
Social facilitation effects: Mere enhancement of dominant responses?
Authors: Manstead A. S. R. , Semin G. R.
Published: July 2011

Five experimental studies of social facilitation are reported. These were conducted as part of a project which set out to investigate cognitive aspects of social facilitation effects by examining the impact of cognitive factors on drive (and therefore task performance) under conditions of audience presence. The first two studies failed to obtain evidence that cognitive factors mediate audience effects but, more surprisingly, failed also to find evidence of social facilitation effects per se. Three further studies, each using a different experimental task, also produced no evidence at all of these supposedly well‐established effects. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies which also suggest that enhancement of dominant responses is not a reliable consequence of audience presence. An attentional model of facilitation/inhibition effects is tentatively outlined as a means of reconciling the present findings with the undisputed fact that audience presence, along with other factors, can both improve and impair task performance.
Are authoritarians extraverted?
Authors: Ray J. J.
Published: July 2011

In spite of much past criticism, Eysenck & Wilson (1978) restate Eysenck's earlier theory concerning the structure of social attitudes with only minor changes. A third dimension of ‘economic conservatism’ has been added and psychoticism as well as extraversion has been implicated in the explanation of tough‐mindedness. Good evidence for the proposed relationship between extraversion and tough‐mindedness still, however, seems to be lacking.

Eysenck (1954), of course, proposes his tough‐mindedness dimension as a ‘pure’ measure of authoritarianism — unlike the Rightist authoritarianism of the F scale. Extraversion, then, is supposed to make both Rightists and Leftists authoritarian. One trouble in testing this theory, however, is the general rejection of Eysenck's own ‘T’ scale (see, for example, Christie, 1956). Since Eysenck & Wilson (1978) identify as measuring ‘tough‐mindedness’ items which are almost entirely concerned with religion and morality, this is perhaps understandable.

Inadequacies in Eysenck's empirical work do not however amount to a disproof of his theory and it is this theory that the present paper sets out to test in a hopefully more rigorous way.
A note on behavioural treatment in the rehabilitation of myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Fielding Richard
Published: July 2011

Ten patients, diagnosed as suffering acute myocardial infarction were allocated to an Experimental (behavioural counselling with relaxation training) group, or a Control (waiting list) group. Measures of electromyogram activity, covert and self‐rated anxiety, serum enzymes, length of illness and outcome were made. Experimental subjects had 12 weekly sessions of counselling on a variety of topics relating to psychological adaptation to the illness, plus relaxation training.

The results show a significant reduction in muscle tension in experimental subjects after training. Significant changes were also found respecting covert anxiety. Self‐rated anxiety and SGOT levels were related. More experimental than control subjects returned to work.
A comparison of the differential effects of stimulus complexity and response competition on schizophrenics
Authors: Hirt Michael , Genshaft Judy
Published: July 2011

The performance of hospitalized schizophrenics, subdivided on a paranoid/non‐paranoid dimension, was compared to hospitalized controls on tasks intended to separate the effects of response competition and stimulus complexity. The data tended to provide consistent support for stimulus complexity explanations of performance deficits among schizophrenics, rather than explanations based upon response competition.
A very short version of the Minnesota Aphasia Test
Authors: Powell Graham E. , Bailey Stella , Clark Elizabeth
Published: July 2011

A very short version of the Minnesota Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia Test is described. It is standardized on 86 aphasics and reduces the original 43 subtests to just four; takes less than 15 minutes to give; correlates by over 0$$9 with the total full test; and misclassified only 13 per cent of subjects. These four subtests are identifying objects named serially (A4), oral reading of words (B8), naming pictures (C13) and written spelling (D6). This extensive shortening is made feasible by the high degree of redundancy in the original full version. The test is designed to detect asphasia in general, and not to partition aphasics typologically, for which the full Minnesota is required.
Levels of measured hopelessness in the general population
Authors: Greene Sheila M.
Published: July 2011

Beck's Hopelessness scale was administered to a sample of 400 randomly selected adults in order to derive norms for the scale for the general population. The mean HS score was 4·45 with a standard deviation of 3·9, approximately one standard deviation lower than the reported means for clinical groups. The relationship between HS scores and the demographic variables, sex, age, socio‐economic status and marital status, was also examined.
Base‐line muscle tensions and motoric responding of schizophrenics
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: July 2011

Schizophrenics with high or low levels of frontalis muscle tensions while at rest (base‐line) were instructed to respond (button‐press) at different rates, allowed to respond at any rate they preferred, and reinforced for responding under different schedules of reinforcement. Information about response–reinforcement relationships was provided for each reinforcement schedule. High and low levels of base‐line muscle tensions were associated with high and low rates of preferred and reinforced responding, respectively. Response rates also varied with different contingencies of reinforcement. Further, the data permit the following tentative conclusions: (a) under certain contingencies, responding may vary more with base‐line muscle tensions than with the contingency of reinforcement, and (b) instructed rates of responding may not be correlated consistently with base‐line muscle tensions.
Shaping and generalization procedures in the EMG‐biofeedback treatment of tension headaches
Authors: Carrobles J. A. I. , Cardona A. , Santacreu J.
Published: July 2011

The effectiveness of frontalis electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback in the treatment of chronic tension headaches using shaping and generalization procedures, was examined. Following remission, that took place early in the experiment (as a consequence of recording incidence), nine subjects from a sample of 40 patients suffering from chronic tension headaches were randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions: five to a ‘frontalis EMG‐biofeedback’ group, and four to a control condition designated ‘high expectations of cure’. Frontalis EMG headache frequency and duration, personality variables, psychosomatic complaints and medication intake were recorded. Following treatment, results indicated that biofeedback was significantly superior to the control condition in reducing headache. Subjects in the biofeedback group achieved a high degree of control over EMG responses under different stress conditions. Progress was maintained at 10 month follow‐up.
Conditional probabilities and the grid test for schizophrenic thought disorder
Authors: Allon Richard , Stewart M. F. , Lancee W. J. , Brawley Peter
Published: July 2011

The grid test for schizophrenic thought disorder was administered to a sample of 149 psychiatric patients. This sample was drawn from a population with a known base rate of schizophrenia and an estimated base rate of thought disorder, thus allowing for the calculation of population specific cutting scores for the grid test.

The grid test, using these data along with others from previous grid test studies, was then analysed for diagnostic efficiency using conditional probability formulae.

The conclusion reached is that the grid test for schizophrenic thought disorder is unsatisfactory as a diagnostic instrument.
Sex differences in the reporting of symptoms of depression in the general population
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: July 2011

The notion of sex differences in depression is well documented in the clinical literature. The origin of such differences is rather less well understood, though some recent opinion has it that sex differences represent no more than measurement artifact based on social influences on the reporting of emotional symptoms. The present study examined sex differences in the reporting of depressive symptoms in a random sample of a general population. Differences in prevalence were found to exist in the expected direction. Moreover, it was found that sex differences held as prominently for somatic symptoms of depression as for emotional or affective symptoms. This latter point is contrary to predictions which can be made on the basis of the ‘artifact’ theory of sex differences in depression, and leads to the conclusion that such differences represent a real clinical phenomenon.