bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints Faced by the Members in Functioning of Self Help Groups in Punjab District
Authors: Singh Shikha , Kaur Sukhjeet
Published: March 2019

In Punjab the concept of SHGs has gained a huge popularity. Many institutions such as government organizations, non-government organizations, farmers clubs, health workers and banks are using this approach to empower women socially, economically and politically. SHG have brought tremendous change in the life of women at grass root level. But it requires a lot more efforts on part of the government, NGOs as well as banking sector to promote SHGs in the state. In spite of the speeding number of SHGs, the full potential of SHGs remains unexploited due to some challenges faced by the members of SHGs. Therefore the present study was planned to know the challenges faced by the members of SHGs in Punjab in proper functioning of the groups. The findings of this study revealed that lack of training opportunities were found to be the most serious problem perceived by the members of self-help groups. It was followed by lack guidance and support from promoting agencies and limited opportunities for income generating activities. There is need to overcome these hurdles by providing appropriate training and guidance for smooth functioning of self-help groups.
Sonographic Features Predictive of Thyroid Nodule Malignancy in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Rebecca Owoyomi Oluwatoyin , Mopelola Asaleye Christianah , Oluwole Komolafe Akinwumi
Published: March 2019

Aims: To determine the ultrasound malignancy score (UMS) and identify the ultrasound (US) features of thyroid nodule (TN) associated with malignancy, in our study population, using fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as the gold standard.

Study Design: A prospective observational study.

Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Radiology and Morbid Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile Ife, Nigeria, between June 2016 and May 2017.

Methodology: We studied 110 thyroid nodules in 110 adult subjects (97males and 13males). Neck ultrasound scan (USS) to evaluate and score 7 sonographic features of the nodules for their malignant potential as well as simultaneous Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (USG-FNAC) was done. The findings were compared and data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.

Results: USG-FNAC findings showed that of the 110 thyroid nodules studied, 107(97.3%) were benign while 3(2.7%) were malignant. Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that at sensitivity and specificity of 66.7% and 88.8% respectively giving UMS of 4.5. All the 3 nodules that were malignant on USG-FNAC had micro calcification and irregular margins on ultrasound (p=0.05).

Conclusion: Using USG-FNAC as the gold standard, thyroid nodules with UMS of 4.5 are likely to be malignant. Ill-defined margins and micro calcifications on ultrasound are suggestive of malignancy in thyroid nodules.
Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Infected Wounds of Patients Attending Berekum Holy Family Hospital in Ghana
Authors: Dadzie Isaac , Quansah Nicholas , Dadzie Emmanuel Kingsley
Published: March 2019

Background: Wound management and care after an infection has been known to present a major concern to healthcare professionals. Its association with increased trauma, discomfort and financial burden to patients bring to bear the need for aggressive intervention. This study sought to investigate the bacterial profile and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of infected wounds in patients who reported to Berekum Holy Family Municipal Hospital in Ghana.

Methodology: A total of 150 consenting patients with wound infections of diverse aetiologies were recruited. Wound swabs were aseptically obtained, macroscopically analyzed, gram stained and cultured on differential media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique.

Results: The prevalence of wound infection was 84.67% with cellulitis (35.43%) accounting for the most cause. Gram-negative bacilli (84.5%) were the most isolated bacteria with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28%) being the most predominant pathogen isolated. Polymicrobial infections were identified in 33 (19.64%) of the infected wounds with Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Proteus mirabilis being the most common association (36.4%). The isolated gram-negative organisms were absolutely susceptible (97%-100%) to amikacin. Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin exhibited moderate to higher susceptibility. Gentamicin exhibited maximal susceptibility against the gram-positive organisms with tetracycline being the most resistant antibiotic against the isolated organisms.

Conclusion: With the increased detection of bacterial pathogens causing wound infections and their susceptibility to the tested antibiotics, we recommend that patients with wound infections should immediately report cases to health facilities for early intervention.
Two JAMA studies delve into helping drug users with harm reduction
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2024

As harm reduction – with its varied definitions – becomes more mainstream, establishment medical journals are providing information to help clinicians. In the November 18 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), one article focuses on how to tell patients who have opioid use disorder (OUD) about harm reduction and another provides an overview of different strategies to achieve this.
Only half of psychiatric facilities offer MOUD: Study
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2024

In “Availability of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in U.S. Psychiatric Hospitals,” Shawn M. Cohen, M.D., and colleagues expose the inadequacy of methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone in psychiatric hospitals. The study, published as a research letter in JAMA Network Open this month, consisted of a cross‐sectional analysis of facility‐level responses to the 2022 National Substance Use and Mental Health Services Survey. The study sample included all facilities in the U.S. that self‐reported their facility type as a psychiatric hospital and reported their availability of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD).
AlCrCuFeNi3 Dual‐Phase High‐Entropy Alloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting in Situ Alloying: Alloying Degree, Microstructure, and Strength
Authors: Liang Zhenkui , Chen Xin , Wang Chunxue , Wu Jianhui , Sun Tao , Feng Xiaomei , Shen Yifu , Huang Guoqiang
Published: November 2024

Herein, the Co‐free, low‐cost dual‐phase AlCrCuFeNi3 high‐entropy alloy (HEA) is successfully developed by in situ alloying induced by selective laser melting (SLM) technique from an initial mixture of Ni and AlCrCuFeNi alloy powders. The effect of process parameters on the microstructure and strength of the SLMed AlCrCuFeNi3 HEA is investigated. It is found that the degree of in situ alloying strongly depends on the laser power. Low laser power leads to insufficient in situ alloying, and a large amount of incompletely diffused Ni and body‐centered cubic (BCC) AlCrCuFeNi alloy powder blocks remain, forming the eutectic structure with alternating face‐centered cubic and BCC phases. With the increase in laser power, the degree of in situ alloying increases, resulting in a decrease in the number of BCC phases as well as the yield strength of the SLMed AlCrCuFeNi3 HEA. The highest yield strength of the SLMed AlCrCuFeNi3 HEA is obtained at low laser power (200 W–600 mm s−1), reaching 689.02 ± 17.54 MPa.
Combining Micro and Macro Relative Density: An Experimental and Computational Study on Hierarchical Porous 3D‐Printed Polylactic Acid Structures
Authors: Koltsakidis Savvas , Tsongas Konstantinos , Tzetzis Dimitrios
Published: November 2024

Polymer foams and cellular solids have gained significant interest due to their enhanced properties. This study introduces a novel approach by employing foamed fused filament fabrication printing of cellular solids. A composite polylactic acid filament containing chemical blowing agents is used to create structures with varying micro relative density, which is examined through scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing, with comparisons made to a Mori Tanaka analytical model and representative volume elements investigation. Two different types of cellular solid structures, specifically body‐centered cubic and Gyroid triple periodic minimal surface structures, have been created with different thicknesses and printed at various temperatures. This is done to attain a range of micro‐ and macroporosity, leading to samples with equal total relative densities. Compression tests, coupled with finite element analysis, provide insights into the influence of each type of porosity. The fabricated specimens exhibit compressive strengths ranging from 1.07 to 79.14 MPa and elastic moduli ranging from 0.064 to 3.35 GPa. The findings suggest that porous structures relying on macroporosity exhibit higher compressive strength, while those relying on microporosity demonstrate more appealing energy absorption properties, particularly under stresses approaching the plateau region.
Highly Efficient Amorphous Polymer‐Based Ultralong Phosphorescence Enabled by Intense Repulsive Interactions
Authors: Yan Shuanma , Guan Yiyan , Zhou Xiang , Mei Chenglin , Mao Huiling , Ma Huili , An Zhongfu , Shi Huifang , Huang Wei
Published: November 2024

Amorphous polymer‐based materials combining high optical transparency, mechanical flexibility, and the potential for low‐cost scalability and processing, are attractive in the vibrant field of ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP). However, developing amorphous polymer‐based UOP materials with high quantum efficiency (ФP) remains a formidable challenge because the inherently loose polymer networks lead to the violent non‐radiative transition and quenching processes of triplet excitons. Herein, a series of amorphous polymer‐based UOP materials are fabricated by doping organic phosphors (SA, DA, and TA) composed of triphenylamine units modified with different numbers of carboxyl groups into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. These experimental and computational results indicate that the resulting polymer films (SA/PVA, DA/PVA, and TA/PVA) exhibit the gradually enhanced UOP, which is attributed to the increased intermolecular hydrogen‐bonded interactions, enabling incremental repulsive interactions between the isolated chromophores and PVA matrix, resulting in the reduced dissipation of triplet excitons through a non‐radiative transition. Remarkably, TA/PVA has an optimal ФP of up to 77.5%, which is a record ФP among the reported heavy‐atom‐free amorphous polymer‐based UOP materials. Given the bright afterglow emission and solution‐processable properties, the promise of transparent, flexible, and large‐area paints for display and illumination are demonstrated. This study will provide a design strategy to enhance the quantum efficiency of amorphous phosphorescent materials, showing great promise in flexible electronics.
Gold‐Assisted Exfoliation of Large‐Area Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: From Interface Properties to Device Applications
Authors: Panasci Salvatore Ethan , Schilirò Emanuela , Roccaforte Fabrizio , Giannazzo Filippo
Published: November 2024

Semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS2, are currently regarded as key‐enabling materials for sub‐1 nm channel transistors, beyond‐complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electronic and optoelectronic devices and sensors. Owing to this wide application potential, several bottom‐up and top‐down synthesis approaches for these materials have been explored so far. Despite the huge progresses in scalable deposition methods (such as chemical vapor deposition, metal–organic chemical vapor deposition), exfoliated layers from bulk crystals still represent the benchmark for record electronic properties of TMDs. Among exfoliation approaches, metal‐assisted mechanical exfoliation emerges as the most effective method to separate large‐area (mm2 to cm2) single‐crystalline monolayer membranes of TMDs (and many other 2D materials) from the parent bulk crystals. This paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in this field, from current understanding of MoS2 exfoliation mechanisms on Au (considered as a model system), to the main device applications of as‐exfoliated and transferred large‐area MoS2 membranes (including Au/MoS2/Au memristors, MoS2 photodetectors, and field‐effect transistors). Perspectives of this method in the realization of arrays of 2D heterojunction devices, including Moirè superlattice devices, and open challenges for its widespread application are finally discussed.
Programmable Mechanochromic Time Integrators
Authors: van Niekerk Ryno , Martens Constantinus M. , Flapper Jitte , Esteves A. Catarina C. , Schenning Albert P. H. J.
Published: November 2024

Mechanochromic polymers are receiving much attention for monitoring the structural performance of materials. Current mechanochromic polymers however do not offer simultaneous detection of the duration and degree of strain while retaining memory of the strain history. Here a structurally colored polymer coating is reported that can indicate, quantify, and memorize strain over time. The mechanochromic polymers are fabricated by a simple and scalable bar coating process. The coating consists of chemically and optically distinct cholesteric liquid crystal droplets. Upon strain, the droplets deform causing an eye‐discernible reflective color change through a diffusion‐based compositional ripening process. The response depends on both the degree and duration of strain and can be easily adjusted by the concentration of droplets in the coating. The programmable mechanochromic time integrator offers simultaneous and sensitive detection of strain over a wide range while exhibiting memorability. The user‐interactive interface allows people to visually perceive the strain history of materials and introduces a novel mechanochromic material for monitoring the structural performance of materials ultimately enhancing both safety and performance.
Perfect Ultraviolet Absorbers via Disordered Polarizonic Metasurfaces for Multiband Camouflage and Stealth Technologies
Authors: Assad Mhd Adel , Elbahri Mady
Published: November 2024

Achieving multiband camouflage through the integration of ultraviolet (UV) absorption, visible light camouflage, and infrared signature modulation has long posed a challenge in material science. Leveraging the polarizonic concept, the study demonstrates, for the first time, the broadband camouflage system that adheres to the golden rule by achieving near‐perfect UV absorption (99.96%) across the UV‐A, UV‐B, and UV‐C ranges. This system is also visibly colored to blend with its environment and leaves no thermal signature in the IR. Traditionally, earth‐abundant metals, such as iron, are not considered viable for plasmonic color applications due to their high optical losses and oxidation susceptibility that degrade their optical properties. However, contrary to conventional assumptions, the study introduces a sustainable color palette derived from transparent and grey earth‐abundant materials, offering novel approaches to color, stealth, and energy‐harvesting metasurface‐driven technologies. The simple, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly co‐sputtering fabrication method highlights the impact of the polarizonic concept and its novel dipolar image interference phenomena on flexible substrates therefore passivating the way for scalable and sustainable solutions in next‐generation camouflage systems with potential applications in UV‐protective coatings, photolithography, and anti‐counterfeiting technologies.
Recent Progress and Opportunities of Wearable Non‐Invasive Epidermal Sensors for Skin Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Xu Jin , Huang Ye , Zhao Zhihui , Wang Duojia , Yang Chao , Zhang Kewei
Published: November 2024

With deteriorating environment and increased stress in modern life, skin diseases have become the fourth leading cause of nonfatal and chronic diseases. An early diagnosis might improve the chances of a successful treatment. Wearable epidermal sensors have been emerged as new non‐invasive tools for clinical practice and research in dermatology, which can act as a complement to the otherwise mostly visual and tactile judgments. This review discusses the recent progress and opportunities of wearable epidermal sensors for skin disease diagnosis. The configuration, material choice, and fundamental platforms of wearable epidermal sensors are first summarized. Then, their emerging application in monitoring skin diseases is demonstrated by detecting skin hardness, skin hydration, and biomakers. With the advances highlighted here and the ongoing research efforts, the continuous breakthrough in wearable epidermal sensors and their attractive application in skin disease management is foreseeable in the future.
Metabolically‐Driven Active Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glucuronic Acid to Glioblastoma: Application to MRI‐Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy
Authors: Caro Carlos , Paez‐Muñoz José M. , Pernía Leal Manuel , Carayol Marta , Feijoo‐Cuaresma Mónica , García‐Martín María L.
Published: November 2024

Glioblastoma continues to pose a major global health challenge due to its incurable nature. The need for new strategies to combat this devastating tumor is therefore paramount. Nanotechnology offers unique opportunities to develop innovative and more effective therapeutic approaches. However, most nanosystems developed to treat glioblastomas, especially those based on metallic nanoparticles (NPs), have proven unsuccessful due to their inability to efficiently target these tumors, which are particularly inaccessible due to the restrictions imposed by the blood‐brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Here, an innovative strategy is presented to efficiently target metallic NPs to glioblastomas through glucose transporters (GLUT) overexpressed on the endothelial cells of glioblastoma microvasculature, particularly GLUT1. Specifically, Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are functionalized with glucuronic acid to promote GLUT‐mediated transcytosis which is drastically boosted by inducing mild hypoglycemia. This metabolically‐driven active targeting strategy has yielded unprecedented efficacy in targeting metallic NPs to glioblastomas. Moreover, these IONPs, designed to act as magnetic hyperthermia (MH) mediators, are used to conduct a proof‐of‐concept preclinical study on MRI‐tracked MH therapy following intravenous administration, resulting in significant tumor growth delay. These findings demonstrate unparalleled efficiency in glioblastoma targeting and lay the ground for developing alternative therapeutic strategies to combat glioblastoma.
Hardware‐Feasible and Efficient N‐Type Organic Neuromorphic Signal Recognition via Reservoir Computing
Authors: Liu Riping , He Yifei , Zhu Xiuyuan , Duan Jiayao , Liu Chuan , Xie Zhuang , McCulloch Iain , Yue Wan
Published: November 2024

Organic electrochemical synaptic transistors (OESTs), inspired by the biological nervous system, have garnered increasing attention due to their multifunctional applications in neuromorphic computing. However, the practical implementation of OESTs for signal recognition—particularly those utilizing n‐type organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs)—still faces significant challenges at the hardware level. Here, a state‐of‐the‐art small‐molecule n‐type OEST integrated within a physically simple and hardware feasible reservoir‐computing (RC) framework for practical temporal signal recognition is presented. This integration is achieved by leveraging the adjustable synaptic properties of the n‐OEST, which exhibits tunable nonlinear short‐term memory, transitioning from volatility to nonvolatility, and demonstrating adaptive temporal specificity. Additionally, the nonvolatile OEST offers 256 conductance levels and a wide dynamic range (≈147) in long‐term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD), surpassing previously reported n‐OESTs. By combining volatile n‐OESTs as reservoirs with a single‐layer perceptron readout composed of nonvolatile n‐OEST networks, this physical RC system achieves substantial recognition accuracy for both handwritten‐digit images (94.9%) and spoken digit (90.7%), along with ultrahigh weight efficiency. Furthermore, this system demonstrates outstanding accuracy (98.0%) by grouped RC in practical sleep monitoring, specifically in snoring recognition. Here, a reliable pathway for OMIEC‐driven computing is presented to advance bioinspired hardware‐based neuromorphic computing in the physical world.
Hydrogel Fibers‐Based Biointerfacing
Authors: Chen Xingmei , Feng Yinghui , Zhang Pei , Ni Zhipeng , Xue Yu , Liu Ji
Published: November 2024

The unique 1D structure of fibers offers intriguing attributes, including a high length‐to‐diameter ratio, miniatured size, light‐weight, and flexibility, making them suitable for various biomedical applications, such as health monitoring, disease treatment, and minimally invasive surgeries. However, traditional fiber devices, typically composed of rigid, dry, and non‐living materials, are intrinsically different from the soft, wet, and living essence of biological tissues, thereby posing grand challenges for long‐term, reliable, and seamless interfacing with biological systems. Hydrogel fibers have recently emerged as a promising candidate, in light of their similarity to biological tissues in mechanical, chemical and biological aspects, as well as distinct fiber geometry. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent progress in hydrogel fibers‐based biointerfacing technology is provided. It thoroughly summarizes the manufacturing strategy and functional design, especially for hydrogel fibers with distinct optical and electron conductive performance, as well as responsiveness to triggers including thermal, magnetic field and ultrasonic wave, etc. Such unique attributes enable various biomedical applications, which are also examined in detail. Future challenges and potential directions, including biosafety, long‐term reliability, sterilization, multi‐modalities integration and intelligent therapeutic systems, are raised. This review will serve as a valuable resource for further advancement and implementation as next‐generation biointerfacing technology.
Development of an Inhalable DNA Tetrahedron MicroRNA Sponge
Authors: Yao Lan , Zhang Geru , Wang Yun , Liu Zhiqiang , Liang Jiale , Sun Jiafei , Li Songhang , Tian Taoran , Lin Yunfeng
Published: November 2024

In designing aerosolized drugs, the challenge lies in achieving optimal penetration and retention. Existing delivery systems prioritize larger particles for prolonged intrapulmonary retention, compromising penetration speed. Conversely, smaller nanoparticles face rapid clearance and limited retention. RNA sponges featuring multiple microRNA binding sites exhibit promising potential for gene expression regulation. However, the complex structure of the frequently utilized cyclic RNA sponge impedes rapid penetration and cellular uptake, restricting its application. This study proposes an innovative approach using a compact tetrahedral framework of nucleic acid to construct an inhalable microRNA sponge. Distinguished by its simplified structure, this microRNA sponge ensures effective microRNA inhibition, rapid tissue penetration, and prolonged residency through prompt endocytosis. Validated in acute lung inflammation models, the approach demonstrates swift restoration of local immune homeostasis. This design addresses the critical need for aerosol vehicles that balance efficient penetration and sustained retention, offering a promising solution for effective gene expression regulation.
Precision Microfluidic Control of Neuronal Ensembles in Cultured Cortical Networks
Authors: Murota Hakuba , Yamamoto Hideaki , Monma Nobuaki , Sato Shigeo , Hirano‐Iwata Ayumi
Published: November 2024

In vitro neuronal culture is an important research platform in cellular and network neuroscience. However, neurons cultured on a homogeneous scaffold form dense, randomly connected networks and display excessively synchronized activity; this phenomenon has limited their applications in network‐level studies, such as studies of neuronal ensembles, or coordinated activity by a group of neurons. Herein, polydimethylsiloxane‐based microfluidic devices are developed to create small neuronal networks exhibiting a hierarchically modular structure resembling the connectivity observed in the mammalian cortex. The strength of intermodular coupling is manipulated by varying the width and height of the microchannels that connect the modules. Neuronal activity recording via calcium imaging shows that the spontaneous activity in networks with smaller microchannels (2.2–5.5 µm2) has lower synchrony and exhibits a threefold variety of neuronal ensembles. Optogenetic stimulation demonstrates that a reduction in intermodular coupling enriches evoked neuronal activity patterns and that repeated stimulation induces plasticity in neuronal ensembles in these networks. These findings suggest that cell engineering technologies based on microfluidic devices enable in vitro reconstruction of the intricate dynamics of neuronal ensembles, thus providing a robust platform for studying neuronal ensembles in a well‐defined physicochemical environment.
Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of NiCo‐Layered Double Hydroxides: Optimal Synthesis Conditions and Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Li Rui‐Yu , Shen Xin‐Yuan , Li Jia , Zhao De‐Peng , Zhao Rong‐Da , Wu Fu‐Fa
Published: November 2024

In the quest for high‐performance supercapacitor electrode materials, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing transition metals, particularly nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides (NiCo‐LDH), have garnered significant attention due to their distinctive structural and electrochemical properties. In this study, five different temperatures, five distinct reaction times, and four varied Ni:Co ratios to determine the optimal reaction conditions are established. Utilizing these parameters, NiCo‐LDH via a one‐step hydrothermal method is synthesized. Under optimal conditions the specific capacitance reaches 400.2 C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The assembled supercapacitor has a high energy density of 51.59 µWh cm−2 at a power density of 1.125 mW cm−2. After 10 000 cycles, the capacity retention is 70%, indicating good cycling stability and demonstrating potential for application in supercapacitors. These tests provide theoretical and data‐based support for subsequent experiments and present new opportunities for advancing energy storage and conversion technologies.
An Extended Phenotype of PPP1R13L Cardiocutaneous Syndrome
Authors: Coudert Alicia , Thevenon Julien , Testard Quentin , Satre Véronique , Harbuz Radu , Bouvagnet Patrice , Rabattu Pierre‐Yves , Coutton Charles , Le Tanno Pauline
Published: November 2024

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a rare disease in children and a leading cause of heart failure. There are numerous causes of DCM including genetic causes leading to isolated or syndromic presentations, with a wide variety of implicated genes. Among them, PPP1R13L is associated with a recessive syndrome leading to cardiac anomalies with skin, teeth, and hair abnormalities. Fifteen patients have been described so far. We report a patient born to unrelated parents with early‐onset and progressive DCM, skin appendage anomalies, and an anorectal anomaly. Her late brother shared the same phenotype. Exome sequencing revealed biallelic loss‐of‐function (LoF) variants of PPP1R13L in the proband, also present in her affected brother. To our knowledge, anorectal anomalies had never been previously described in PPP1R13L mutated individuals. As exome sequencing did not identify any other candidate variant to explain this malformation, this feature may expand the phenotype of PPP1R13L LoF disorder.
Transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling reveals altered responses to diesel emissions in Alzheimer's disease both in vitro and in population‐based data
Authors: Saveleva Liudmila , Cervena Tereza , Mengoni Claudia , Sima Michal , Krejcik Zdenek , Vrbova Kristyna , Sikorova Jitka , Mussalo Laura , de Crom Tosca O. E. , Šímová Zuzana , Ivanova Mariia , Shahbaz Muhammad Ali , Penttilä Elina , Löppönen Heikki , Koivisto Anne M. , Ikram M. Arfan , Jalava Pasi I , Malm Tarja , Chew Sweelin , Vojtisek‐Lom Michal , Topinka Jan , Giugno Rosalba , Rössner Pavel , Kanninen Katja M.
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Studies have correlated living close to major roads with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, the mechanisms responsible for this link remain unclear.

METHODS

We exposed olfactory mucosa (OM) cells of healthy individuals and AD patients to diesel emissions (DE). Cytotoxicity of exposure was assessed, mRNA, miRNA expression, and DNA methylation analyses were performed. The discovered altered pathways were validated using data from the human population‐based Rotterdam Study.

RESULTS

DE exposure resulted in an almost four‐fold higher response in AD OM cells, indicating increased susceptibility to DE effects. Methylation analysis detected different DNA methylation patterns, revealing new exposure targets. Findings were validated by analyzing data from the Rotterdam Study cohort and demonstrated a key role of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 signaling in responses to air pollutants.

DISCUSSION

This study identifies air pollution exposure biomarkers and pinpoints key pathways activated by exposure. The data suggest that AD individuals may face heightened risks due to impaired cellular defenses.

Highlights

Healthy and AD olfactory cells respond differently to DE exposure.

AD cells are highly susceptible to DE exposure.

The NRF2 oxidative stress response is highly activated upon air pollution exposure.

DE‐exposed AD cells activate the unfolded protein response pathway.

Key findings are also confirmed in a population‐based study.
Self‐adaptive Coordination Evolution Mediated Pore‐Space‐Partition in Metal–Organic Frameworks for Boosting SF6/N2 Separation
Authors: Ruan Heng‐Yu , Wu Xue‐Qian , Liao Cai‐Lian , Wang Meidi , Wu Ya‐Pan , Hai Guangtong , Zhao Xiang , Li Dong‐Sheng
Published: November 2024

The controllable and precise structural regulation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on isoreticular chemistry is an effective strategy for creating functional material platforms, such as efficient porous adsorbents. Herein, for the first time, mediated by an unprecedented self‐adaptive coordination evolution (SACE) on pseudo‐D2h‐symmetric [M4(μ3‐O)2(COO)6] (M=Mn/Fe) clusters, two pore space partitioned MOFs (CTGU‐47‐Mn/Fe, CTGU=China Three Gorges University) have been successfully constructed. Owing to the more confined adsorption space and dense binding sites produced by pore space partitioning (PSP), the CTGU‐47‐Mn/Fe exhibit significantly enhanced performance in the capture or recovery SF6 (greenhouse/electronic specialty gas) from SF6/N2 mixture compared to their non‐partitioned homologous structures (CTGU‐46‐Mn/Fe) with adsorption selectivity increased from 37/72 to 634/157 (v/v, 10/90, 100 kPa). The theoretical calculations also elucidated that the implementation of PSP within CTGU‐47‐Mn/Fe leads to dramatically strengthened binding affinity for SF6 over N2 through extra multiple F⋅⋅⋅H interactions. This study represents a valuable advance in crystal engineering field: the SACE of polynuclear metal clusters is expected to be useful in the structural regulation of MOFs and the fabrication of advanced porous adsorbents.
Self‐Assembled Bent Perylenediimides
Authors: Wang Rui , Qian Baiyang , Xu Yuchuan , Zhao Di , Chen Qiqi , Wei Yifei , Zhang Cankun , Liang WanZhen , Jiang Yun‐Bao , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Lin Jianbin
Published: November 2024

The properties of π‐functional materials are predominantly influenced by both their molecular structures and interactions between π‐systems. Recent advancements have focused on modifying the geometry or topology of π‐molecules from planar to nonplanar conformations to tailor molecular properties. However, the interactions among nonplanar π‐molecules remain largely unexplored, likely due to the significant reduction in contact surfaces arising from their curved structures. Herein, we investigated the electro‐optical properties and π‐stacking behaviors of a series of bent perylenediimides (B‐PDIs) with gradual changes in bending angles, achieved by altering the lengths of linear alkyl chains connecting the two nitrogen positions of each PDI. Curvature‐dependent self‐assembly of these bent PDIs is observed, which is primarily driven by dipole‐dipole interactions rather than dispersion forces. More importantly, fine‐tuning intermolecular coupling through bending enables excited‐state symmetry‐breaking charge separation in [n]B‐PDIs (n = 16, 12) in the crystalline solid state.
Regulation of Coordination Environment Over Cu Sites: Triggering the Efficient Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx Using NH3 as Reductant
Authors: Zhao Jiao , Li Zhifang , Yang Ruichao , Zhang Zhen , Liu Changyu , Cui Jinxing , Ma Yuanyuan , Yang Changlong
Published: November 2024

The design of the controlled coordination environment over Cu sites for selective catalytic reduction of NOx using NH3 as reductant (NH3‐SCR) is still challenging. A series of dispersed Cu catalysts with different coordination environments were prepared by metal‐template/metal‐ion exchanged method and random grafting method. Meanwhile, their NH3‐SCR catalytic performance was explored. The catalyst C/T9‐M, prepared through metal‐template/metal‐ion exchanged method, achieved relatively good activity with the NOx conversion of ~100% in the temperature region of 250°C°C–400°C. It was ascribed to C/T9‐M containing a higher amount of the isolated Cu2+ and without occurring the direct oxidation of NH3 to NO at high temperature. On the contrary, C/T9‐R synthesized using random grafting method demonstrated more outstanding NH3‐SCR performance with the NOx conversion of ~100% in the temperature region of 200°C°C–350°C due to more [Cu(OH)]+. Our experimental results confirmed that the active [Cu(OH)]+ was capable of facilitating the low‐temperature activity for NH3‐SCR and the isolated Cu2+ facilitates NOx conversion under high temperature. In addition, compared with the C/T9‐R catalyst, the C/T9‐M catalyst had less Cu loading, which laterally proved that controlling the coordination environment of Cu sites could effectively improve the NH3‐SCR performance under high temperature. What's more, C/T9‐M had more glorious the resistance of H2O and SO2 than C/T9‐R. This work furnishes reformatory pathway for the invention of noticeable NH3‐SCR catalysts. It is expedient for academic and practical applications in the future.
Disulfide‐Functionalized Polyurethanes Serve as UV‐Curable One‐Component Adhesives
Authors: Liu Ziqiang , Ju Changzheng , Li Peilin , Yan Zhi‐Chao , Zhang Zhen
Published: November 2024

One‐component polyurethane (PU) adhesives typically cure through the reaction between –NCO functional groups and moisture in ambient air, requiring moisture‐free storage. In this study, we present a novel one‐component polyurethane adhesive that cures via UV irradiation and is resistant to moisture during storage. The polyurethanes were synthesized by polymerizing diisocyanate, polytetramethylene ether glycol, and bis(hydroxymethyl)‐1,2‐dithiolane. The incorporated dithiolane moieties, inherently photo‐responsive, enable efficient cross‐linking under UV light without the need for external photo‐initiators or light absorbers. Rheological analysis of both uncured and cured polyurethanes confirmed their suitability for adhesive applications. The 4,4′‐methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate)‐derived polyurethane exhibited the highest tensile strength, with stress at a break of 3.49 ± 0.24 MPa and an elongation of 74.38% ± 7.47%. This polyurethane served as an adhesive and achieved robust bonding performance on various transparent plastic sheets, with a bonding strength of up to 5.88 ± 0.49 MPa on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate.
PBT‐Based Fluorescent Copolyesters With Wide Gamut Fluorescence and Excellent Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ma Le‐Le , Du Ming‐Xuan , Xiao Yao‐Nan , Wu Shao‐Hua , Liu Jia‐Jian , Li Chun‐Cheng
Published: November 2024

Recently, non‐traditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL) polymers containing ester groups have gained widely attention due to their potential in fluorescence materials application. As a common engineering plastic, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) possesses traditional luminescent center benzene ring and non‐traditional luminescent center carbonyl group on the molecular chain, yet the fluorescence characteristics of PBT have rarely been reported. Herein, a series of PBT‐based copolyesters PBTxAy were prepared by a two‐step melt polycondensation in this work. By introducing flexible aliphatic diacid into PBT chain, PBTxAy copolyesters exhibited unexpected fluorescence properties under the excitation of 350 nm UV lamp. Besides, the fluorescence emission wavelength of PBTxAy copolyesters could be tunable from 439 to 468 nm by changing the chemical structure. Consequently, this study provides a facial and economical approach to prepare PBT‐based fluorescent copolyesters, which exist a great potential as fluorescent engineering plastic in the future.
Light‐Induced Transformations of Donor‐Donor Diazo Compounds Derived from N‐Sulfonylhydrazones
Authors: Yamini Pokhriyal , Junaid Mohammad , Yadagiri Dongari
Published: November 2024

The donor‐donor carbene chemistry field is underdeveloped and often relies on harsh reaction conditions, utilizing either thermal or oxidative process with or without transition‐metal catalysts. In this review, we discussed the synthesis and transformation of donor‐donor diazo compounds from N‐sulfonylhydrazones in the presence of light and base. The N‐sulfonylhydrazones are easily accessible from the corresponding carbonyl compounds and sulfonyl hydrazides through condensation. The in situ generated N‐sulfonyl anion in the presence of base would undergo the N−S bond cleavage with the aid of light to generate the donor‐donor diazo compounds. The donor‐donor diazo compounds showed various reactivity in the presence of light for the C−C and C−X bond formation, cyclopropanation reactions, and synthesis of nitrogen, oxygen‐containing heterocyclic compounds, which all are discussed under metal‐free conditions.
Exploring the Heterogeneity of Self‐Injurious Behaviors in Autistic Youth: Patterns, Predictors, and Implications for Intervention
Authors: Ferguson Emily F. , Spackman Emily , Cai Ru Ying , Hardan Antonio Y. , Uljarević Mirko
Published: November 2024

Self‐injurious behaviors (SIB) encompass a heterogeneous set of self‐inflicted aggressive behaviors that are highly prevalent in autistic youth. Existing research on SIB in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been limited by significant methodological and conceptual inconsistencies. Thus, the current study leveraged item‐level data capturing the severity of unique SIB topographies to further understanding of factors associated with distinct SIB in a sample of 582 autistic youth (Mage = 12.12, SDage = 3.68; range: 3–19 years; 13% females). Results suggest variation in severity endorsements for specific SIB topographies amongst autistic youth, such that 30%–50% of caregivers endorsed slight to very serious concern regarding the SIB topographies of bites nails/skin/fingers, scratches self, hits head/face/neck, bangs head against things, and picks skin. Generalized additive models demonstrated distinct patterns of associations between each SIB topography and dysregulation, sensory hypersensitivity, age, sex, IQ, and language level. Findings underscore the importance of exploring SIB as a multifaceted construct to capture unique correlates of distinct SIB that vary in severity and functional impact, which is critical for the development of effective interventions. This study represents an important step towards more individualized characterization of SIB and support for diverse presentations of these behaviors in autistic youth.
Comparison of dU/dQ, Voltage Decay, and Float Currents via Temperature Ramps and Steps in Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Azzam Mohamed , Ehrensberger Moritz , Endisch Christian , Sauer Dirk‐Uwe , Lewerenz Meinert
Published: November 2024

In this study, the effect of temperature changes on the voltage decay and current behavior of lithium‐ion cells is investigated, focusing on a comparison between open‐circuit voltage (OCV) measurements and float current
measurements. Using our self‐developed advanced Floater system, the voltage decay rates
from OCV and float current measurements for three different cell types are assessed. Temperature ramps and steps, ranging from 5 °C to 50 °C, are applied to capture the impact of entropic effects and aging mechanisms. Both methods effectively capture aging dynamics, showing strong agreement between ramp and step measurements. Deviations arise only in cases of strong entropy effects due to differences in measurement strategies. The findings confirm that float currents do not introduce additional aging beyond that captured by OCV measurements. The relationship between OCV and float current is governed by differential capacity
, which varies with cell voltage and temperature. Furthermore, strong deviations from classical differential voltage analysis but high agreement with local pulse measurements are observed, especially at low depths of discharge. This can be explained by the hysteresis effect of graphite. These findings highlight the benefits of high‐precision float current measurements in aging studies, particularly in contrast to simpler OCV methods.
Synthetic biology‐enhanced microalgae for biofuel production: a perspective
Authors: Makepa Denzel Christopher , Chihobo Chido Hermes
Published: November 2024

The development of microalgae‐based biofuels has emerged as a promising solution to address the pressing global challenges of climate change, resource scarcity, and the need for renewable energy sources. Microalgae possess unique capabilities that make them an attractive feedstock for biofuel production, including their ability to capture and sequester carbon dioxide, their efficient use of water and land resources, and the potential for them to utilize waste streams as nutrient sources. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the environmental and economic implications of microalgae‐derived fuels, highlighting the key benefits and remaining challenges. The integration of synthetic biology to enhance microalgae strains, optimize cultivation and processing, and diversify revenue streams is explored as a means to address the economic barriers to large‐scale commercialization. As research and development in this field continue to progress, the future prospects of microalgae‐based biofuels are discussed, underscoring their potential to reshape the global energy landscape towards a more sustainable and economically viable future.
Representations of schooling and childhood during the COVID‐19 pandemic in England
Authors: Bacon Kate , Frankel Sam
Published: November 2024

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, questions abounded about how best to support children during the ‘new normal’ where homes, often instead of schools, were identified as the usual sites of learning. Educational research has explored the impact of COVID‐19 on schools, education and learning, and childhood studies research has shown the impact on children's rights and paid attention to how constructs of childhood have shaped government responses. In this paper, we bring these fields together through exploring constructions of childhood alongside those of schooling. We systematically analyse the representations of schooling and childhood in 72 BBC news articles published on 1 June—the day that primary schools started to reopen in England. Our findings show that the dominant ‘frames’ of reporting centred around risk and fear. COVID‐19 risks exist to health and safety, to children's education and to childhood more generally. The news media portrayed schooling as synonymous with learning, children as passive and childhood as a time of both happiness and ‘loss’. We argue that these normative discourses exploit children as symbols of hope, conceal alternative ways of thinking about learning and are restrictive and unreflective of children's agency and real‐life experiences. In the aftermath of the pandemic, academics and policymakers need to continue to debate and explore the nature of learning and children's perspectives on school in order to critically examine the current system of schooling.
Smoothed Estimation on Optimal Treatment Regime Under Semisupervised Setting in Randomized Trials
Authors: Jiao Xiaoqi , Peng Mengjiao , Zhou Yong
Published: November 2024

A treatment regime refers to the process of assigning the most suitable treatment to a patient based on their observed information. However, prevailing research on treatment regimes predominantly relies on labeled data, which may lead to the omission of valuable information contained within unlabeled data, such as historical records and healthcare databases. Current semisupervised works for deriving optimal treatment regimes either rely on model assumptions or struggle with high computational burdens for even moderate‐dimensional covariates. To address this concern, we propose a semisupervised framework that operates within a model‐free context to estimate the optimal treatment regime by leveraging the abundant unlabeled data. Our proposed approach encompasses three key steps. First, we employ a single‐index model to achieve dimension reduction, followed by kernel regression to impute the missing outcomes in the unlabeled data. Second, we propose various forms of semisupervised value functions based on the imputed values, incorporating both labeled and unlabeled data components. Lastly, the optimal treatment regimes are derived by maximizing the semisupervised value functions. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimators proposed in our framework. Furthermore, we introduce a perturbation resampling procedure to estimate the asymptotic variance. Simulations confirm the advantageous properties of incorporating unlabeled data in the estimation for optimal treatment regimes. A practical data example is also provided to illustrate the application of our methodology. This work is rooted in the framework of randomized trials, with additional discussions extending to observational studies.
In Situ Study on Biodegradation Differences Between Dissolved Phenanthrene and Methylphenanthrene Using First Derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrometry With Double Scans
Authors: Li Mengshuo , Chen Jingjing , Zhu Yaxian , Zhang Yong
Published: November 2024

A rapid and highly sensitive first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry with double scans was successfully optimized for the simultaneous determination of dissolved phenanthrene (Phe), 1‐methylphenanthrene (1‐MP), and 3‐methylphenanthrene (3‐MP) and their metabolites such as 1‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoic acid (1H2NA) and salicylic acid (SA) in the biodegradation processes of Phe, 1‐MP, and 3‐MP by Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6‐1. Δλ of 55 and 109 nm were selected for Phe, 1‐MP, 3‐MP, 1H2NA, and SA, respectively. The intensities of the first derivative synchronous fluorescence detected at λex of 289, 292, 291, 354, and 312 nm for Phe, 1‐MP, 3‐MP, 1H2NA, and SA varied linearly with the concentrations of them in the ranges of 0.20 × 10−7–44.89 × 10−7, 0.20 × 10−7–13.04 × 10−7, 0.20 × 10−7–13.04 × 10−7, 0.22 × 10−7–76.30 × 10−7, and 0.11 × 10−7–52.00 × 10−7 mol/L. The limits of detection were 0.11 × 10−9, 0.30 × 10−9, 0.27 × 10−9, 0.33 × 10−9, and 2.90 × 10−9 mol/L for Phe, 1‐MP, 3‐MP, 1H2NA, and SA, respectively, with RSD less than 2%. The method was successfully applied in situ to detect the instantaneous concentrations of the PAHs and their metabolites, especially SA, during their biodegradation processes under simulated conditions in the lab. The results demonstrated that the upper metabolic pathways of 1‐MP and 3‐MP by US6‐1 were distinctly different from that of Phe owing to steric hindrance of the methyl group.