bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reading Freud’s “the Dynamics of Transference” one Hundred Years Later
Authors: Almond Richard
Published: December 2011

Freud’s technical papers, “The Dynamics of Transference” in particular, established most of the basis for a century of clinical psychoanalytic work. A contemporary reading of that paper illustrates both the power of the original presentation and how far we have come. Close readings are given of crucial passages, including retranslations where Strachey’s English arguably distorts Freud’s language or intent. More broadly, Freud’s conclusions are examined to reveal correspondences with current thinking or its foreshadowing. Although Freud drove toward unifying conclusions, he at the same time described a disparate array of clinical phenomena. The paper’s central points are situated historically, both in Freud’s evolution and in the subsequent evolution toward the pluralistic clinical theory of today. Freud encountered many of the challenges we face, noting them in ways both clinically useful and fruitful for other theorists. The use of the paper’s central tenets is traced historically, showing how ideas that provide a radical, liberating, and facilitating guide for analysts can over time devolve into hackneyed rules. Finally, it is noted how transference phenomena are increasingly being discussed as a specific type of dyadic human experience. The task in the coming century is to develop theory and vocabulary for comprehending these phenomena and integrating them with Freud’s intrapsychic concepts.
Le Temple de la Restauration, analyse d’une dissidence néopentecôtiste au Cap-Vert
Authors: Plaideau Charlotte
Published: December 2011

Every day more believers leave the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, covered with shame and debts. The “theology of prosperity” is not infallible and the most fervent faithful can end up broke without God having, as promised, rewarded their generous donations. For these disillusioned believers, there is nothing left. There is no social security or institution to turn to for compensation. Their financial contributions, which were supposed to be “spontaneous”, have long since left Brazil to feed the accounts of the Mother-Church or to fund other opaque investments. In the micro-world of Cape Verde, these numerous deserters quickly make the tour of the islands and find no shortage of listeners. It is thus not surprising that this “demand” saw the development, three years ago, of a Church that specifically aims to “restore” the faith of these so-called “victims” of the Neo-Pentecostal and, by extension, Evangelical system: the “Restoration Temple”. To this end, the American-based Church bases its discourse on similarity and opposition: the cult is identical to the Universal Church in its emotionalism and theatricality and its striving towards “liberation”, but it is built on a virulent criticism of its theology of prosperity and its exclusiveness.
Review Article: The Deliverance of God
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: December 2011

Douglas Campbell’s recent work The Deliverance of God represents a major rereading of Paul’s letter to the Romans, especially its early chapters, and through this offers a broader reinterpretation of Pauline soteriology, deliberately set in dialogue with theological traditions, particularly those founded on forensic understandings of atonement. This article evaluates the key elements of Campbell’s argument, particularly (1) his depiction of Jewish soteriology (2) his suggestion that much of Rom. 1.18–3.20 utilizes the rhetorical device of ‘speech-in-character’, and therefore represents the opinion of Paul’s opponent rather than that of the apostle himself, and (3) his treatment of historical theology. The Deliverance of God is found to be stimulating and provocative at points, and to be a signiﬁcant contribution to the ﬁeld, but unconvincing in its major moves.
Early post-cardiac surgery delirium risk factors
Authors: Andrejaitiene J , Sirvinskas E
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the post-cardiac surgery delirium risk factors and to evaluate clinical outcomes. Data on 90 patients with postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups by evaluating the severity of the delirium: light and moderate delirium group (n=74) and severe delirium group (n=16). We found that the rate of early post-cardiac surgery delirium was low (4.17%). We have determined that post-cardiac surgery delirium prolonged the length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) by (8.4 (8.6)) and the hospital stay by (23.6 (13.0)) days. The patients had higher preoperative risk scores, their age was 71.5 (8.9) years, the body mass index was 28.8 (4.4) kg/m2, the majority were male (72.2%), and the left ventricular ejection fraction was 46.1(11.9) %. Statistical analysis by multivariable logistic regression has indicated that increasing the dose of fentanyl administered during surgery over 1.4 mg also increased the possibility of developing a severe delirium (OR=29.4, CI 4.1-210.3) and longer aortic clamping time could be independently associated with severe postoperative delirium (OR=8.0, CI 1.7-37.2). After surgery, new atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes amounted to 53.3% and, after distinguishing the delirium severity groups, AF developed in the patients belonging to the severe delirium groups statistically significantly more frequently, 81.8 vs 47.3, where p=0.01. Our data suggest that early post-cardiac surgery delirium is not a common complication, but it prolonged the length of stay at the ICU and in the hospital. The delirium risk factors, such as longer aortic clamping time, the dose of fentanyl and new atrial fibrillation episodes occurring after cardiac surgery, are associated statistically significantly with the development of severe post-cardiac surgery delirium.
Efficacy of low level laser therapy associated with exercises in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double-blind study
Authors: Alfredo Patrícia Pereira , Bjordal Jan Magnus , Dreyer Sílvia Helena , Meneses Sarah Rúbia Ferreira , Zaguetti Giovana , Ovanessian Vanessa , Fukuda Thiago Yukio , Junior Washington Steagall , Martins Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes , Casarotto Raquel Aparecida , Marques Amélia Pasqual
Published: December 2011

Objectives: To estimate the effects of low level laser therapy in combination with a programme of exercises on pain, functionality, range of motion, muscular strength and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

Design: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with sequential allocation of patients to different treatment groups.

Setting: Special Rehabilitation Services.

Subjects: Forty participants with knee osteoarthritis, 2–4 osteoarthritis degree, aged between 50 and 75 years and both genders.

Intervention: Participants were randomized into one of two groups: the laser group (low level laser therapy dose of 3 J and exercises) or placebo group (placebo laser and exercises).

Main measures: Pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS), functionality using the Lequesne questionnaire, range of motion with a universal goniometer, muscular strength using a dynamometer, and activity using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) questionnaire at three time points: (T1) baseline, (T2) after the end of laser therapy (three weeks) and (T3) the end of the exercises (11 weeks).

Results: When comparing groups, significant differences in the activity were also found ( P = 0.03). No other significant differences ( P > 0.05) were observed in other variables. In intragroup analysis, participants in the laser group had significant improvement, relative to baseline, on pain ( P = 0.001), range of motion ( P = 0.01), functionality ( P = 0.001) and activity ( P < 0.001). No significant improvement was seen in the placebo group.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that low level laser therapy when associated with exercises is effective in yielding pain relief, function and activity on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees.
Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale adapted for the mainland population of China
Authors: Guan Qiang , Han Hongjie , Li Yunxia , Zhao Lijuan , Jin Lingjing , Zhan Qing
Published: December 2011

Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of a Chinese Mandarin version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: A rehabilitation centre for adults.

Participants: Sixty-one elderly people living in the community.

Main outcome measure: Self-efficacy in balancing ability was assessed via a Mandarin Chinese version of the ABC Scale.

Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients for test–retest and inter-rater reliability of the Chinese Mandarin version of the ABC Scale were 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–0.99) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94–0.98), respectively. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of internal consistency was 0.94. In the Bland–Altman analysis the mean difference in the ABC test–retest scores was −1.81, and the 95% limits of agreement varied from −10.67 to 7.03. The evaluation of inter-rater reliability showed that the mean difference was −1.13, and the 95% limits of agreement varied from −9.55 to 7.30. The factor analysis method was adopted to assess the validity of the scaled activities and two factors contributed to total variance at 52.5% and 13.6%, respectively.

Conclusion: The Chinese Mandarin version of the ABC Scale is reliable and valid, and is suitable for assessments of balance confidence in aged people in mainland China.
Reproducibility, validity and responsiveness of the 200-metre fast walk test in patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Gremeaux V , Hannequin A , Laroche D , Deley G , Duclay J , Casillas JM
Published: December 2011

Objective:

To investigate the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the 200-metre fast walk test in patients with coronary artery disease engaged in a cardiac rehabilitation programme.

Design:

Descriptive study.

Setting:

Tertiary care hospital.

Subjects:

Thirty stable patients with coronary artery disease (51.9 ± 8.7 years), referred to the cardiac rehabilitation department after an acute coronary syndrome.

Intervention:

Not applicable.

Main measures:

Six-minute walk test distance, time to perform the 200-m fast walk test, peak power output of the graded maximal exercise test, before and after the programme; SF-36 quality of life questionnaire at baseline. Walk tests were performed twice at baseline to assess reliability.

Results:

The 200-m fast walk test was highly reliable (ICC = 0.97). It was significantly correlated with the graded maximal exercise test peak power and the 6-minute walk test at baseline ( r = −0.417; P < 0.05; and r = −0.566; P < 0.01, respectively) and after the training programme ( r = −0.460, P < 0.05; and r = −0.926; P < 0.01, respectively). At baseline, there was a strong correlation between the 200-m fast walk test time and the physical component score of the SF-36 ( r = −0.77; P < 0.01), but not between the 200-m fast walk test time and the SF-36 mental component score. Mean 200-m fast walk test time was significantly different between the patients performing ≤90 W ( n = 11) or ≥100 W ( n = 19) at the baseline graded maximal exercise test (121.7 ± 13.6 vs. 115.5 ± 10.1 seconds; P < 0.05). The responsiveness was strong with a standardized response mean at 1.11.

Conclusion:

The 200-m fast walk test is a reliable, valid and responsive high-intensity walk test in patients with coronary artery disease after an acute coronary syndrome. It can thus give additional information to that given by the 6-minute walk test and the graded maximal exercise test.
Challenges faced by older adults with vision loss: a qualitative study with implications for rehabilitation
Authors: Cimarolli Verena R , Boerner Kathrin , Brennan-Ing Mark , Reinhardt Joann P , Horowitz Amy
Published: December 2011

Objective:

To provide an in-depth assessment of challenges faced by older adults with recent vision loss and to determine changes in the nature of these challenges over time for the purpose of informing the design of vision rehabilitation services.

Design:

Longitudinal, qualitative study with three time points.

Setting:

Vision rehabilitation agency.

Subjects:

Three hundred and sixty-four older adults aged 65 with significant vision impairment due to age-related macular degeneration.

Interventions:

In-person interviews conducted at baseline, one year and two years and coded using a qualitative analytical approach.

Main measures:

Open-ended questions assessing challenges faced due to vision loss in functional, social and psychological life domains.

Results:

Almost all participants reported a wide variety of challenges across all three domains with the most variety in the functional domain. Over a two-year period, functional challenges (e.g. using transportation) increased, social challenges (e.g. recognizing people) remained stable, and psychological challenges (e.g. negative affect) decreased overall.

Conclusions:

Although functional challenges are predominant, social and psychological challenges are quite common and need to be addressed in vision rehabilitation. Rehabilitation planning should also consider that vision-related challenges can change over time.
A lifestyle intervention as supplement to a physical activity programme in rehabilitation after stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lund A , Michelet M , Sandvik L , Wyller TB , Sveen U
Published: December 2011

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle group intervention on well-being, occupation and social participation.

Design: A randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Senior centres in the community.

Subjects: Of 204 stroke survivors screened, 99 (49%) were randomized three months after stroke whereby 86 (87%) participants (mean (SD) age 77.0 (7.1) years) completed all assessments (39 in the intervention group and 47 in the control group).

Intervention: A lifestyle course in combination with physical activity (intervention group) compared with physical activity alone (control group). Both programmes were held once a week for nine months.

Main outcome measure: The Short Form Questionnaire (SF-36), addressing well-being and social participation. Assessments were performed at baseline and at nine months follow-up.

Results: We found no statistically significant differences between the groups at the nine months follow-up in the SF-36. Adjusted mean differences in change scores in the eight subscales of SF-36 were; ‘mental health’ (+1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) –4.0, +7.6), ‘vitality’ (−3.0, 95% CI −9.6, +3.6), ‘bodily pain’ (+3.3, 95% CI −7.8, +14.4), ‘general health’ (−1.6, 95% CI −8.4, +5.1), ‘social functioning’ (−2.5, 95% CI −12.8, +7.8), ‘physical functioning’ (+1.0, 95% CI −6.7, +8.6), ‘role physical’ (−7.1, 95% CI −22.7, +8.4), ‘role emotional’ (+11.8, 95% CI −4.4, +28.0).

Conclusions: Improvements were seen in both groups, but no statistically significant differences were found in the intervention group compared to controls. An intervention comprising regular group-based activity with peers may be sufficient in the long-term rehabilitation after stroke.
The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre
Authors: Fekete Liz
Published: December 2011

Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the Norwegian massacre, was motivated by a belief in a Muslim conspiracy to take over Europe. Extreme and aberrant his actions were, but, explains the author, elements of this conspiracy theory are held and circulated in Europe today across a broad political spectrum, with internet-focused counter-jihadist activists at one end and neoconservative and cultural conservative columnists, commentators and politicians at the other. The political fallout from the circulation of these ideas ranges from test cases over free speech in the courts to agitation on the ground from defence leagues, anti-minaret campaigners and stop Islamisation groups. Although the conspiracy draws on older forms of racism, it also incorporates new frameworks: the clash of civilisations, Islamofascism, the new anti-Semitism and Eurabia. This Muslim conspiracy bears many of the hallmarks of the ‘Jewish conspiracy theory’, yet, ironically, its adherents, some of whom were formerly linked to anti-Semitic traditions, have now, because of their fear of Islam and Arab countries, become staunch defenders of Israel and Zionism.
White masks/Muslim names: immigrants and name-changing in Sweden
Authors: Khosravi Shahram
Published: December 2011

Names carry strong ethnic and religious connotations and reveal an individual’s affiliation to a specific group. When a religious or ethnic group is stigmatised, the relationship between names and social stigma becomes explicit. For Muslims, names and veils are the two most conspicuous signifiers of their stigmatised identity. Some believe that covering their Muslim identity with Swedish-sounding or ‘neutral’ European names will facilitate their individual integration into society. Based on empirical findings, examining application forms for name-changing and interviews with name-changers, this article offers an exploratory analysis of the reasons, expectations and effects of surname-changing among immigrants with Muslim names. It examines the extent to which the changes reflect the impact of social disadvantage and anti-Muslim sentiment in Sweden.
Local compliance, stress concentrations and strength in orthotropic materials
Authors: Rhee Juhun , Cho Hee-Keun , Marr David J , Rowlands Robert E
Published: December 2011

Reducing tensile stress concentrations at geometric discontinuities in composites by altering the neighboring structural compliance, and the possible influence on strength, are investigated. Compared with the reduction in stress concentration, results show that increases in strength when introducing auxiliary holes can be appreciable in highly orthotropic natural composites such as wood but minimal in man-made aerospace-type structural composites. Although stress concentration might be a measure of structural integrity, assuming that a specific value of a stress concentration factor necessarily leads to failure can be erroneous. A scheme for optimizing size and location of auxiliary holes to minimize stress concentrations is included.
Immune function and brain abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations
Authors: Kozora E , Filley CM , Zhang L , Brown MS , Miller DE , Arciniegas DB , Pelzman JL , West SG
Published: December 2011

Objective: This study examined the relationship between immune, cognitive and neuroimaging assessments in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without histories of overt neuropsychiatric (NP) disorders.

Methods: In total, 84 subjects with nonNPSLE and 37 healthy controls completed neuropsychological testing from the American College of Rheumatology SLE battery. Serum autoantibody and cytokine measures, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were collected on a subset of subjects.

Results: NonNPSLE subjects had lower scores on measures of visual/complex attention, visuomotor speed and verbal memory compared with controls. No clinically significant differences between nonNPSLE patients and controls were found on serum measures of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, beta 2-glycoproteins, or pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)). Higher scores on a global cognitive impairment index and a memory impairment index were correlated with lower IFN-alpha. Few associations between immune functions and neuroimaging parameters were found.

Conclusions: Results indicated that nonNPSLE patients demonstrated cognitive impairment but not immune differences compared with controls. In these subjects, who were relatively young and with mild disease, no relationship between cognitive dysfunction, immune parameters, or previously documented neuroimaging abnormalities were noted. Immune measures acquired from cerebrospinal fluid instead of serum may yield stronger associations.
The last word on the so-called ‘Rowell’s syndrome’?
Authors: Antiga E , Caproni M , Bonciani D , Bonciolini V , Fabbri P
Published: December 2011

To date, 71 patients having the so-called ‘Rowell’s syndrome’ (RS) have been reported in the literature. However, most of them did not show all the clinical and serological features first described by Rowell and co-workers in 1963. Moreover, since then, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) has been identified and the diagnostic criteria as well as the clinical features of erythema multiforme (EM) defined. Accordingly several authors have questioned the existence of RS over the past years. In the present paper, the main clinical, histopathological and immunopathological features of both SCLE and EM are described and all of the cases of RS reported in the literature are also reviewed in depth. A real association between discoid LE and EM was present only in a minority of cases and could be considered a mere coincidence. As for other associations, e.g. those between CLE and lichen planus or psoriasis, the coexistence of CLE and EM does not justify the framing of a separate syndrome as suggested by Rowell et al.
Analytical determination of characteristic frequencies and equivalent circuit parameters of a piezoelectric bimorph
Authors: Al-Ashtari Waleed , Hunstig Matthias , Hemsel Tobias , Sextro Walter
Published: December 2011

Piezoelectric structures are nowadays used in many different applications. A better understanding of the influence of material properties and geometrical design on the performance of these structures helps to develop piezoelectric structures specifically designed for their application. Different equivalent circuits have been introduced in the literature to investigate the behaviour of piezoelectric transducers. The model parameters are usually determined from measurements covering the characteristic frequencies of the piezoelectric transducer. This article introduces an analytical technique for calculating the mechanical and electrical equivalent system parameters and characteristic frequencies based on material properties and geometry for a cantilever bimorph structure. The model is validated by measurements using a cantilever bimorph and fits the experimental results better than previous models. The model gives a full set of piezoelectric transducer parameters and is therefore well suited for further theoretical investigations of piezoelectric transducers for different applications. The results also show that even small manufacturing tolerances have a considerable effect on the system parameters and characteristic frequencies. This might lead to intolerable deviations, especially in dynamic applications and should be avoided by careful design and production.
Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Pancreas in a Patient With Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Díaz Delissa Díaz , Ibarrola Carolina , Sanz Ramón Goméz , Hurtado Bladimir Pérez , Tabares Johny Salazar , Ruizdelgado Francisco Colina
Published: December 2011

A rare case of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm in a patient with tuberous sclerosis complex is described. The patient was a 31-year-old man who had multiple congenital subependymal nodules, bilateral cortical tubers, and seizures of difficult control. A 2.3 cm × 2 cm well-delimitated solid tumor in the tail of the pancreas was discovered during a monitoring abdominal computed tomography. A distal pancreatectomy was performed. Histologically, the tumor was formed by uniform cells with moderated cytoplasm arranged in a combined trabecular and nested pattern. The nuclear features were bland, and mitosis was infrequent. There was no vascular invasion. Immunoreactivity for cytokeratine AE1/AE3, chromogranin A, and synaptophysin confirmed the neuroendocrine nature of this neoplasia. Pancreatic hormones were negatives. One of the 5 lymph nodes isolated from the peripancreatic adipose tissue was positive for metastases. Small series and case reports have documented that in tuberous sclerosis many endocrine system alterations might occur, affecting the function of the pituitary, parathyroid, and other neuroendocrine tissue, including islet cells of the pancreas. However, the true association of these pathological conditions remains uncertain. As far as we know, there are 10 cases reported of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in a setting of tuberous sclerosis complex, in which 2 cases resulted in malignant, nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Vibration of woven fiber laminated composite plates in hygrothermal environment
Authors: Rath MK , Sahu SK
Published: December 2011

The present study deals with both experimental and numerical investigation on the free vibration behavior of laminated composite plates subjected to varying temperature and moisture. A simple laminated plate model is developed for the vibration of composite plates subjected to hygrothermal loading. A computer program based on finite element method in the MATLAB environment is developed to perform all necessary computations. The woven fiber glass/epoxy specimens were hygrothermally conditioned in a humidity cabinet where the conditions were maintained at temperatures of 300–425 K and relative humidity ranging from 0% to 1.0% for moisture concentrations. Quantitative results are presented to show the effects of geometry, material and lamination parameters of woven fiber laminate on the free vibration of composite plates for different temperature and moisture concentrations. The numerical and experimental results show that there is reduction in natural frequency in Hz with the increase in temperature and moisture concentration for laminates with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions with different aspect ratio and side-to-thickness ratios.
Adaptive backstepping control with estimation for the vibration isolation of buildings
Authors: Hacioglu Yuksel , Yagiz Nurkan
Published: December 2011

A new adaptive backstepping controller with estimation for uncertain systems is presented in this study. The uncertainties are due to an unknown control coefficient and unknown or uncertain terms included in the system equations. The backstepping control technique is preferred because it has a systematic design procedure and guarantees the stability of the system, since it is based on Lyapunov’s direct method. The proposed controller is used for the vibration isolation of a nine-story building model with an active tuned mass damper installed on the top floor. The results indicate that the proposed controller effectively suppresses the vibrations of the building.
Vibrations of hemi-spherical shells of revolution with eccentricity from a three-dimensional theory
Authors: Kang Jae-Hoon
Published: December 2011

A three-dimensional (3-D) method of analysis is presented for determining the free vibration frequencies of hemi-spherical shells of revolution with eccentricity having uniform thickness. Unlike conventional shell theories, which are mathematically two-dimensional, the present method is based upon the 3-D dynamic equations of elasticity. Displacement components ur, uθ, and uz in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions, respectively, are taken to be periodic in θ and in time, and algebraic polynomials in the r and z directions. Potential (strain) and kinetic energies of the shells of revolution are formulated, and the Ritz method is used to solve the eigenvalue problem, thus yielding upper bound values of the frequencies by minimizing the frequencies. As the degree of the polynomials is increased, frequencies converge to the exact values. Convergence to three or four-digit exactitude is demonstrated for the first five frequencies of the shells of revolution. Numerical results are presented for a variety of hemi-spherical shells of revolution with eccentricity.
Linking CSR strategy and brand image
Authors: Popoli Paolo
Published: December 2011

What is the link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy and brand equity in local and global markets? Starting from the idea that brand image is the synthesis of a firm’s relationship competences, this thesis asserts that the way in which CSR transfers to brand image differs in local and global brands. In particular, while a local brand can take a selective and partial approach in the formulation of CSR strategy, a global brand strategy should be defined from a multidimensional and multi-stakeholder perspective. In summary, this paper will demonstrate that the formulation of CSR strategy for a global brand cannot be accomplished by a ‘glocal’ or differentiated approach, but must give equal weight to all possible dimensions of CSR, defining an integrated CSR strategy that does not change in the various countries where the company operates.
Towards an epistemology of consumer culture theory
Authors: Askegaard Søren , Linnet Jeppe Trolle
Published: December 2011

This paper argues for an epistemological positioning of Consumer Culture Theory (CCT) research beyond the lived experience of consumers. CCT, it is argued, brought sociocultural context to consumer research, not least through the introduction of existential phenomenology as a paradigm for CCT studies. However, it is time to expand the contextualization of lived consumer experiences with another contextualization, this time the one of systemic and structuring influences of market and social systems that is not necessarily felt or experienced by consumers in their daily lives, and therefore not necessarily discursively expressed. There is a need to take into consideration the context of context. We therefore suggest an epistemology for CCT that explicitly connects the structuring of macro-social explanatory frameworks with the phenomenology of lived experiences, thereby inscribing the micro-social context accounted for by the consumer in a larger socio-historical context based on the researcher’s theoretical insights.
Marketing theory as history
Authors: Wooliscroft Ben
Published: December 2011

Whether or not an understanding of the history of marketing practice will aid the development of current marketing theory requires consideration of the nature of progress in marketing theory. I submit that marketing is a historically situated discipline and the study of the history of marketing practice and theory is necessary to further theory development.
Marketing thought and the further development of marketing theory
Authors: Shapiro Stanley J.
Published: December 2011

This introduction first explains why it was considered necessary to examine the extent to which the past history of marketing thought could contribute to the future development of marketing theory. It then discusses why each of the contributors was selected, reveals the nature of the invitation extended and briefly indicates the range of topics examined.
International Law as an Extralegal Defense Strategy in West Germany’s Stammheim Terror Trial
Authors: Passmore Leith
Published: December 2011

The trial of the core members of the terrorist group the Red Army Faction (RAF) provided the backdrop to what was the final crescendo of the most tumultuous period in West German history. The trial began in May 1975, with the verdict in Spring 1977 giving way to the “German Autumn,” a violent few months that climaxed with a kidnapping, a hijacking and the prison deaths of the RAF leaders. The defense strategy for the trial was to frustrate the process and ignore the charges in favor of using the proceedings to present the RAF cause and RAF identity. This article outlines how the extralegal use of the high-profile case as a platform to communicate with an audience beyond the courtroom was grounded in an instrumentalization of international legal conventions on “political prisoners” and “prisoners of war” as hooks for the RAF’s rhetoric of anti-fascism and anti-imperialism.
Law, Literature, and the “Situation” of Immigration
Authors: Hebard Andrew
Published: December 2011

In American immigration cases, the courts have simultaneously imagined different kinds of situations in which immigrants are regulated: situations where the plenary power doctrine suspends the ordinary operation of the law and situations where everyday legal norms are operative. Focusing on the exclusionary era between 1882 and 1905, this article demonstrates how legal discourse imagines and describes the situations in which particular kinds of administrative action are to occur. These situations were fraught with an ambivalent tension between the extraordinary and the ordinary that corresponded to popular literary conventions in the late nineteenth century. Genres like naturalism and the western similarly demarcated ordinary and extraordinary situations, and the law’s composite sense of situation simultaneously drew upon and disseminated narrative conventions that existed in a wider cultural milieu. These correlations can inform our understanding of the connection between sovereignty and administrative discretion.
Perceptions des barrières à la stratégie de formation des médecins généralistes à la chirurgie essentielle pour l’offre de soins obstétricaux et chirurgicaux d’urgence au Burkina Faso
Authors: Traoré Abdoulaye , Bocoum Fadima , Sennen Hounton , Méda Nicolas , Diagbouga et Serge P.
Published: December 2011

Résumé

Réduire de 75% les ratios de la mortalité maternelle d’ici à 2015 est l’un des défis majeurs des pays pauvres dans le cadre des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement. Au Burkina Faso, on estime que 60% des femmes accouchent toujours sans assistance médicale, et que 480 d’entre elles meurent pour 100 000 naissances vivantes. Pour relever ce défi le pays a initié depuis 1992 une stratégie dite des « médecins formés à la chirurgie essentielle », pour officier dans les hôpitaux de district.

Douze ans après, l’Organisation Ouest Africaine de la Santé et le Centre Muraz ont promu une évaluation de cette stratégie, avec un volet qualitatif devant analyser les perceptions qu’ont les concernés de ses facteurs limitants. Plusieurs profils d’informateurs ont été interrogés à cet effet. La stratégie s’est avérée une option adaptée au contexte. Toutefois, sa viabilité est mise à épreuve du fait que la formation ne soit pas diplômante, avec des avantages incitatifs. Les médecins formés, qui sont aussi les « Chefs de District », s’investissaient plus dans les tâches managériales que dans les activités cliniques.

Ainsi, bien qu’elle soit une réponse alternative efficace au déficit des spécialistes, la stratégie pourrait aussi être efficiente si la formation était labellisée. A défaut, un nouveau profil de chef de district pourrait être envisagé, en y excluant la condition d’être formé à la chirurgie essentielle. L’augmentation des effectifs des Attachés de Santé en Chirurgie, formés en 2 ans, et qui sont actuellement les principaux acteurs des interventions chirurgicales dans les hôpitaux de district, est déjà une alternative à portée de main. Le recyclage et le suivi des médecins formés, mais aussi le suivi du matériel (approvisionnement et maintenance) seraient également des dispositions de renforcement des acquis.
MST1 mutations in autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by defective naive T-cell survival
Authors: Nehme Nadine T. , Schmid Jana Pachlopnik , Debeurme Franck , André-Schmutz Isabelle , Lim Annick , Nitschke Patrick , Rieux-Laucat Frédéric , Lutz Patrick , Picard Capucine , Mahlaoui Nizar , Fischer Alain , de Saint Basile Geneviève
Published: December 2011

The molecular mechanisms that underlie T-cell quiescence are poorly understood. In the present study, we report a primary immunodeficiency phenotype associated with MST1 deficiency and primarily characterized by a progressive loss of naive T cells. The in vivo consequences include recurrent bacterial and viral infections and autoimmune manifestations. MST1-deficient T cells poorly expressed the transcription factor FOXO1, the IL-7 receptor, and BCL2. Conversely, FAS expression and the FAS-mediating apoptotic pathway were up-regulated. These abnormalities suggest that increased cell death of naive and proliferating T cells is the main mechanism underlying this novel immunodeficiency. Our results characterize a new mechanism in primary T-cell immunodeficiencies and highlight a role of the MST1/FOXO1 pathway in controlling the death of human naive T cells.
Jetset: selecting the optimal microarray probe set to represent a gene
Authors: Li Qiyuan , Birkbak Nicolai J , Gyorffy Balazs , Szallasi Zoltan , Eklund Aron C
Published: December 2011

Background

Interpretation of gene expression microarrays requires a mapping from probe set to gene. On many Affymetrix gene expression microarrays, a given gene may be detected by multiple probe sets, which may deliver inconsistent or even contradictory measurements. Therefore, obtaining an unambiguous expression estimate of a pre-specified gene can be a nontrivial but essential task.

Results

We developed scoring methods to assess each probe set for specificity, splice isoform coverage, and robustness against transcript degradation. We used these scores to select a single representative probe set for each gene, thus creating a simple one-to-one mapping between gene and probe set. To test this method, we evaluated concordance between protein measurements and gene expression values, and between sets of genes whose expression is known to be correlated. For both test cases, we identified genes that were nominally detected by multiple probe sets, and we found that the probe set chosen by our method showed stronger concordance.

Conclusions

This method provides a simple, unambiguous mapping to allow assessment of the expression levels of specific genes of interest.
Phylogenetically informed logic relationships improve detection of biological network organization
Authors: Cui Jike , DeLuca Todd F , Jung Jae-Yoon , Wall Dennis P
Published: December 2011

Background

A "phylogenetic profile" refers to the presence or absence of a gene across a set of organisms, and it has been proven valuable for understanding gene functional relationships and network organization. Despite this success, few studies have attempted to search beyond just pairwise relationships among genes. Here we search for logic relationships involving three genes, and explore its potential application in gene network analyses.

Results

Taking advantage of a phylogenetic matrix constructed from the large orthologs database Roundup, we invented a method to create balanced profiles for individual triplets of genes that guarantee equal weight on the different phylogenetic scenarios of coevolution between genes. When we applied this idea to LAPP, the method to search for logic triplets of genes, the balanced profiles resulted in significant performance improvement and the discovery of hundreds of thousands more putative triplets than unadjusted profiles. We found that logic triplets detected biological network organization and identified key proteins and their functions, ranging from neighbouring proteins in local pathways, to well separated proteins in the whole pathway, and to the interactions among different pathways at the system level. Finally, our case study suggested that the directionality in a logic relationship and the profile of a triplet could disclose the connectivity between the triplet and surrounding networks.

Conclusion

Balanced profiles are superior to the raw profiles employed by traditional methods of phylogenetic profiling in searching for high order gene sets. Gene triplets can provide valuable information in detection of biological network organization and identification of key genes at different levels of cellular interaction.
A potential role of the JNK pathway in hyperoxia-induced cell death, myofibroblast transdifferentiation and TGF-β1-mediated injury in the developing murine lung
Authors: Li Zhang , Choo-Wing Rayman , Sun Huanxing , Sureshbabu Angara , Sakurai Reiko , Rehan Virender K , Bhandari Vineet
Published: December 2011

Background

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been implicated in hyperoxia-induced cell death and impaired alveolarization in the developing lung. In addition, the c-JunNH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has been shown to have a role for TGF-β1-mediated effects. We hypothesized that the JNK pathway is an important regulator of hyperoxia-induced pulmonary responses in the developing murine lung.

Results

We used cultured human lung epithelial cells, fetal rat lung fibroblasts and a neonatal TGF-β1 transgenic mouse model. We demonstrate that hyperoxia inhibits cell proliferation, activates cell death mediators and causes cell death, and promotes myofibroblast transdifferentiation, in a dose-dependent manner. Except for fibroblast proliferation, the effects were mediated via the JNK pathway. In addition, since we observed increased expression of TGF-β1 by epithelial cells on exposure to hyperoxia, we used a TGF-β1 transgenic mouse model to determine the role of JNK activation in TGF-β1 induced effects on lung development and on exposure to hyperoxia. We noted that, in this model, inhibition of JNK signaling significantly improved the spontaneously impaired alveolarization in room air and decreased mortality on exposure to hyperoxia.

Conclusions

When viewed in combination, these studies demonstrate that hyperoxia-induced cell death, myofibroblast transdifferentiation, TGF-β1- and hyperoxia-mediated pulmonary responses are mediated, at least in part, via signaling through the JNK pathway.
RNA-Seq reveals genotype-specific molecular responses to water deficit in eucalyptus
Authors: Villar Emilie , Klopp Christophe , Noirot Céline , Novaes Evandro , Kirst Matias , Plomion Christophe , Gion Jean-Marc
Published: December 2011

Background

In a context of climate change, phenotypic plasticity provides long-lived species, such as trees, with the means to adapt to environmental variations occurring within a single generation. In eucalyptus plantations, water availability is a key factor limiting productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of eucalyptus to water shortage remain unclear. In this study, we compared the molecular responses of two commercial eucalyptus hybrids during the dry season. Both hybrids differ in productivity when grown under water deficit.

Results

Pyrosequencing of RNA extracted from shoot apices provided extensive transcriptome coverage - a catalog of 129,993 unigenes (49,748 contigs and 80,245 singletons) was generated from 398 million base pairs, or 1.14 million reads. The pyrosequencing data enriched considerably existing Eucalyptus EST collections, adding 36,985 unigenes not previously represented. Digital analysis of read abundance in 14,460 contigs identified 1,280 that were differentially expressed between the two genotypes, 155 contigs showing differential expression between treatments (irrigated vs. non irrigated conditions during the dry season), and 274 contigs with significant genotype-by-treatment interaction. The more productive genotype displayed a larger set of genes responding to water stress. Moreover, stress signal transduction seemed to involve different pathways in the two genotypes, suggesting that water shortage induces distinct cellular stress cascades. Similarly, the response of functional proteins also varied widely between genotypes: the most productive genotype decreased expression of genes related to photosystem, transport and secondary metabolism, whereas genes related to primary metabolism and cell organisation were over-expressed.

Conclusions

For the most productive genotype, the ability to express a broader set of genes in response to water availability appears to be a key characteristic in the maintenance of biomass growth during the dry season. Its strategy may involve a decrease of photosynthetic activity during the dry season associated with resources reallocation through major changes in the expression of primary metabolism associated genes. Further efforts will be needed to assess the adaptive nature of the genes highlighted in this study.
Functional characterization of TRICHOMELESS2, a new single-repeat R3 MYB transcription factor in the regulation of trichome patterning in Arabidopsis
Authors: Gan Lijun , Xia Kai , Chen Jin-Gui , Wang Shucai
Published: December 2011

Background

Single-repeat R3 MYB transcription factors (single-repeat MYBs) play important roles in controlling trichome patterning in Arabidopsis. It was proposed that single-repeat MYBs negatively regulate trichome formation by competing with GLABRA1 (GL1) for binding GLABRA3/ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (GL3/EGL3), thus inhibiting the formation of activator complex TTG1(TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1)-GL3/EGL3-GL1 that is required for the activation of GLABRA2 (GL2), whose product is a positive regulator of trichome formation. Previously we identified a novel single-repeat MYB transcription factor, TRICHOMELESS1 (TCL1), which negatively regulates trichome formation on the inflorescence stems and pedicels by directly suppressing the expression of GL1.

Results

We analyzed here the role of TRICHOMELESS2 (TCL2), a previously-uncharacterized single-repeat MYB transcription factor in trichome patterning in Arabidopsis. We showed that TCL2 is closely related to TCL1, and like TCL1 and other single-repeat MYBs, TCL2 interacts with GL3. Overexpression of TCL2 conferred glabrous phenotype while knockdown of TCL2 via RNAi induced ectopic trichome formation on the inflorescence stems and pedicels, a phenotype that was previously observed in tcl1 mutants. These results suggested that TCL2 may have overlapping function with TCL1 in controlling trichome formation on inflorescences. On the other hand, although the transcription of TCL2, like TCL1, is not controlled by the activator complex formed by GL1 and GL3, and TCL2 and TCL1 proteins are more than 80% identical at the amino acid level, the expression of TCL2 under the control of TCL1 promoter only partially recovered the mutant phenotype of tcl1, implying that TCL2 and TCL1 are not fully functional equivalent.

Conclusions

TCL2 function redundantly with TCL1 in controlling trichome formation on inflorescences, but they are not fully functional equivalent. Transcription of TCL2 is not controlled by activator complex formed by GL1 and GL3, but MIR156 controlled SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. However, SPLs might require co-activators to regulate the expression of their target genes, including TCL1, TRY and possibly, TCL2.