bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of NOx concentration at ppb level in high-purity gases based on chemiluminescence method
Authors: Zhang Meng , Peng Zhi-Min , Yang Qian-Suo , Ding Yan-Jun , Du Yan-Jun ,   School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China,   School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China,   Key Laboratory for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Published: March 2022

High-purity gases are widely used in semiconductor device manufacturing and fuel cell industries. However, the impurities have a significant influence on the processing accuracy directly. Thus, it is particularly necessary to carry out the concentration diagnosis of key trace impurity gases. In this work, an integrated system for the simultaneous detection of trace NO/NOx is designed based on the chemiluminescence spectrum theory and the catalytic conversion mechanism of nitrogen oxides. The test experiments reveal that the measurement system has the advantages of high linearity (R2 = 0.99967), high sensitivity, low detection limit (~25 ppt), and easy operation. Subsequently, the measurement method for NOx with different high-purity gases are established considering the quenching effects of different background gases on fluorescence and phosphorescent. The detection system is then used to measure the ppb-level NOx impurities in four commonly used high-purity gases (Ar, O2, CO2, N2) in the laboratory. The results show that the NO impurity in CO2 gas is the highest, approximately 9 ppb,but relatively low, 0–4 ppb, in the other high-purity gases. The NO2 impurities in all four high-purity gases are very low (< 6 ppb). Finally, the NOx impurity content values in high-purity gases are evaluated and analyzed based on the gas preparation and purification approach. The aim of the work is to provide a reliable diagnostic approach and data basis of the impurity composition for the fuel cell, semiconductor and other cutting-edge technological fields.
Application of EDTA/SnO2 double-layer composite electron transport layer to perovskite solar cells
Authors: Sun Meng-Jie , He Zhi-Qun , Zheng Yi-Fan , Shao Yu-Chuan ,   School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China,   Key Laboratory of Materials for High-Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China,   Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
Published: March 2022

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cell devices have received wide attention because of their high efficiency, and interface problem is one of the key problems in the preparation of perovskite solar cells. An efficient double-layered ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)/SnO2 composite structure, the ultrathin EDTA layer in contact with ITO electrode and an SnO2 layer interfaced with the perovskite, is developed as an electron-transport layer (ETL) in the preparation of perovskite solar cells. It is interesting that the surface morphology of the top SnO2 side of the composite ETL can be finely adjusted by tuning the underneath EDTA layer. These control the nucleation process in crystallization of the perovskite layer and adjust carrier extraction process between the electron transport and perovskite layers. High performance perovskite solar cells having a certified power conversion efficiency of 20.2% with negligible hysteresis are achieved.
Analysis of design principles of the experiments on the National Ignition Facility since 2010
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ma Ji-Rui , Fan Jin-Yan , Zhang Jie ,   Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,   Key laboratory for Scientific Computing (MOE), School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,   Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,   Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Published: March 2022

Since completion of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in 2010, more than 1030 experiments were carried out to achieve ignition. Though the experiments were unsuccessful in the first 8 years, the NIF has improved the experimental designs and achieved fusion yields from 55kJ, 170kJ to 1.35MJ since 2019, approaching to the ignition milestone. The designs are based on the experimental database, which has been widely used for optimization design, yield prediction, corrected simulation, etc. However, so far the published experimental data is very limited. Also, it is difficult to obtain a completion data matrix for analyzing and understanding the experimental designs of NIF experiments at each stage and to know how the NIF sets strategic priorities for each phase.

In this paper, we proposed an optimization method, which combines the PMM algorithm and trust region algorithm, to restore the missing NIF experimental data. Based on the completed data, the design principles of experiments on the NIF were analyzed, and the hot spot pressure was predicted by machine learning algorithms. The results may be helpful for the designs of laser fusion ignition experiments in China.
Persistent cell migration emerges from a coupling between protrusion dynamics and polarized trafficking
Authors: Vaidžiulytė Kotryna , Macé Anne-Sophie , Battistella Aude , Beng William , Schauer Kristine , Coppey Mathieu
Published: March 2022

Migrating cells present a variety of paths, from random to highly directional ones. While random movement can be explained by basal intrinsic activity, persistent movement requires stable polarization. Here, we quantitatively address emergence of persistent migration in (hTERT)–immortalizedRPE1 (retinal pigment epithelial) cells over long timescales. By live cell imaging and dynamic micropatterning, we demonstrate that the Nucleus-Golgi axis aligns with direction of migration leading to efficient cell movement. We show that polarized trafficking is directed toward protrusions with a 20-min delay, and that migration becomes random after disrupting internal cell organization. Eventually, we prove that localized optogenetic Cdc42 activation orients the Nucleus-Golgi axis. Our work suggests that polarized trafficking stabilizes the protrusive activity of the cell, while protrusive activity orients this polarity axis, leading to persistent cell migration. Using a minimal physical model, we show that this feedback is sufficient to recapitulate the quantitative properties of cell migration in the timescale of hours.
Taller height and risk of coronary heart disease and cancer: A within-sibship Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Howe Laurence J , Brumpton Ben , Rasheed Humaira , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Davey Smith George , Davies Neil M
Published: March 2022

Background:

Taller people have a lower risk of coronary heart disease but a higher risk of many cancers. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies in unrelated individuals (population MR) have suggested that these relationships are potentially causal. However, population MR studies are sensitive to demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and familial (indirect genetic) effects.

Methods:

In this study, we performed within-sibship MR analyses using 78,988 siblings, a design robust against demography and indirect genetic effects of parents. For comparison, we also applied population MR and estimated associations with measured height.

Results:

Within-sibship MR estimated that 1 SD taller height lowers the odds of coronary heart disease by 14% (95% CI: 3–23%) but increases the odds of cancer by 18% (95% CI: 3–34%), highly consistent with population MR and height-disease association estimates. There was some evidence that taller height reduces systolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which may mediate some of the protective effects of taller height on coronary heart disease risk.

Conclusions:

For the first time, we have demonstrated that the purported effects of height on adulthood disease risk are unlikely to be explained by demographic or familial factors, and so likely reflect an individual-level causal effect. Disentangling the mechanisms via which height affects disease risk may improve the understanding of the etiologies of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis.

Funding:

This project was conducted by researchers at the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/1) and also supported by a Norwegian Research Council Grant number 295989.
Hyperphosphatemia increases inflammation to exacerbate anemia and skeletal muscle wasting independently of FGF23-FGFR4 signaling
Authors: Czaya Brian , Heitman Kylie , Campos Isaac , Yanucil Christopher , Kentrup Dominik , Westbrook David , Gutierrez Orlando , Babitt Jodie L , Jung Grace , Salusky Isidro B , Hanudel Mark , Faul Christian
Published: March 2022

Elevations in plasma phosphate concentrations (hyperphosphatemia) occur in chronic kidney disease (CKD), in certain genetic disorders, and following the intake of a phosphate-rich diet. Whether hyperphosphatemia and/or associated changes in metabolic regulators, including elevations of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) directly contribute to specific complications of CKD is uncertain. Here, we report that similar to patients with CKD, mice with adenine-induced CKD develop inflammation, anemia, and skeletal muscle wasting. These complications are also observed in mice fed high phosphate diet even without CKD. Ablation of pathologic FGF23-FGFR4 signaling did not protect mice on an increased phosphate diet or mice with adenine-induced CKD from these sequelae. However, low phosphate diet ameliorated anemia and skeletal muscle wasting in a genetic mouse model of CKD. Our mechanistic in vitro studies indicate that phosphate elevations induce inflammatory signaling and increase hepcidin expression in hepatocytes, a potential causative link between hyperphosphatemia, anemia, and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Our study suggests that high phosphate intake, as caused by the consumption of processed food, may have harmful effects irrespective of pre-existing kidney injury, supporting not only the clinical utility of treating hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients but also arguing for limiting phosphate intake in healthy individuals.
Mapping circuit dynamics during function and dysfunction
Authors: Gorur-Shandilya Srinivas , Cronin Elizabeth M , Schneider Anna C , Haddad Sara Ann , Rosenbaum Philipp , Bucher Dirk , Nadim Farzan , Marder Eve
Published: March 2022

Neural circuits can generate many spike patterns, but only some are functional. The study of how circuits generate and maintain functional dynamics is hindered by a poverty of description of circuit dynamics across functional and dysfunctional states. For example, although the regular oscillation of a central pattern generator is well characterized by its frequency and the phase relationships between its neurons, these metrics are ineffective descriptors of the irregular and aperiodic dynamics that circuits can generate under perturbation or in disease states. By recording the circuit dynamics of the well-studied pyloric circuit in Cancer borealis, we used statistical features of spike times from neurons in the circuit to visualize the spike patterns generated by this circuit under a variety of conditions. This approach captures both the variability of functional rhythms and the diversity of atypical dynamics in a single map. Clusters in the map identify qualitatively different spike patterns hinting at different dynamic states in the circuit. State probability and the statistics of the transitions between states varied with environmental perturbations, removal of descending neuromodulatory inputs, and the addition of exogenous neuromodulators. This analysis reveals strong mechanistically interpretable links between complex changes in the collective behavior of a neural circuit and specific experimental manipulations, and can constrain hypotheses of how circuits generate functional dynamics despite variability in circuit architecture and environmental perturbations.
The mRNA and miRNA profiles of goat bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by Pasteurella multocida strains of serotype A and D
Authors: An Qi , Chen Si , Zhang Luyin , Zhang Zhenxing , Cheng Yiwen , Wu Haotian , Liu Ang , Chen Zhen , Li Bin , Chen Jie , Zheng Yiying , Man Churiga , Wang Fengyang , Chen Qiaoling , Du Li
Published: March 2022

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is a zoonotic bacterium that predominantly colonizes the respiratory tract and lungs of a variety of farmed and wild animals, and causes severe respiratory disease. To investigate the characteristics of the host immune response induced by P. multocida strains of serotype A and D, high-throughput mRNA-Seq and miRNA-Seq were performed to analyze the changes in goat bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by these two serotypes of P. multocida for 4 h. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to validate the randomly selected genes and miRNAs. The results revealed 204 and 117 differentially expressed mRNAs (|log2(Fold-change)| ≥ 1, p-value < 0.05) in the P. multocida serotype A and D stimulated groups, respectively. Meanwhile, the number of differentially expressed miRNAs (|log2(Fold-change)| > 0.1, p-value < 0.05) were 269 and 290, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed 13 GO terms (p-value < 0.05) and four KEGG pathways (p-value < 0.05) associated with immunity. In the serotype A-stimulated group, the immune-related pathways were the GABAergic synapse and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, while in the serotype D-stimulated group, the immune-related pathways were the phagosome and B cell receptor signaling pathways. Based on the predicted results of TargetScan and miRanda, the differentially expressed mRNA–miRNA network of immune-related GO terms and KEGG pathways was constructed. According to the cell morphological changes and the significant immune-related KEGG pathways, it was speculated that the P. multocida serotype D strain-stimulated goat bronchial epithelial cells may induce a cellular immune response earlier than serotype A-stimulated cells. Our study provides valuable insight into the host immune response mechanism induced by P. multocida strains of serotype A and D.
Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae:Hyalinobatrachium) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes
Authors: Guayasamin Juan M. , Brunner Rebecca M. , Valencia-Aguilar Anyelet , Franco-Mena Daniela , Ringler Eva , Medina Armijos Anderson , Morochz Carlos , Bustamante Lucas , Maynard Ross J. , Culebras Jaime
Published: March 2022

Background

The Tropical Andes is the world’s most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae:Hyalinobatrachium) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes.

Methods

We employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis thatHyalinobatrachium mashpisp. nov andH. nounssp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genusHyalinobatrachium. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call ofH. mashpisp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners.

Results

Based on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genusHyalinobatrachium. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (i.e., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (i.e., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (i.e., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrectedpdistance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6–4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call ofH. mashpisp. nov. is acoustically distinct.

Discussion

Our findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that bothH. mashpisp. nov. andH. nounssp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes—further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures—especially in northwestern Ecuador.
Metabolic adjustment and regulation of gene expression are essential for increased resistance to severe water deficit and resilience post-stress in soybean
Authors: Alves da Silva Adinan , Oliveira Silva Cíntia , do Rosario Rosa Vanessa , Silva Santos Michel Filiphy , Naomi Kuki Kacilda , Dal-Bianco Maximiller , Delmond Bueno Rafael , Alves de Oliveira Juraci , Santos Brito Danielle , Costa Alan Carlos , Ribeiro Cleberson
Published: March 2022

Background

Soybean is the main oilseed crop grown in the world; however, drought stress affects its growth and physiology, reducing its yield. The objective of this study was to characterize the physiological, metabolic, and genetic aspects that determine differential resistance to water deficit in soybean genotypes.

Methods

Three soybean genotypes were used in this study, two lineages (L11644 and L13241), and one cultivar (EMBRAPA 48-C48). Plants were grown in pots containing 8 kg of a mixture of soil and sand (2:1) in a greenhouse under sunlight. Soil moisture in the pots was maintained at field capacity until the plants reached the stage of development V4 (third fully expanded leaf). At this time, plants were subjected to three water treatments: Well-Watered (WW) (plants kept under daily irrigation); Water Deficit (WD) (withholding irrigation until plants reached the leaf water potential at predawn of −1.5 ± 0.2 MPa); Rewatered (RW) (plants rehydrated for three days after reached the water deficit). The WW and WD water treatments were evaluated on the eighth day for genotypes L11644 and C48, and on the tenth day for L13241, after interruption of irrigation. For the three genotypes, the treatment RW was evaluated after three days of resumption of irrigation. Physiological, metabolic and gene expression analyses were performed.

Results

Water deficit inhibited growth and gas exchange in all genotypes. The accumulation of osmolytes and the concentrations of chlorophylls and abscisic acid (ABA) were higher in L13241 under stress. The metabolic adjustment of lineages in response to WD occurred in order to accumulate amino acids, carbohydrates, and polyamines in leaves. The expression of genes involved in drought resistance responses was more strongly induced in L13241. In general, rehydration provided recovery of plants to similar conditions of control treatment. Although the C48 and L11644 genotypes have shown some tolerance and resilience responses to severe water deficit, greater efficiency was observed in the L13241 genotype through adjustments in morphological, physiological, genetic and metabolic characteristics that are combined in the same plant. This study contributes to the advancement in the knowledge about the resistance to drought in cultivated plants and provides bases for the genetic improvement of the soybean culture.
Análises da governança turística com base nas visões de ex-ministros do turismo do Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Josefa Laize Soares , Silva Juarez Velozo da , Tomazzoni Edegar Luís , Panosso Netto Alexandre
Published: March 2022

Com as estruturas administrativas influenciadas pela crise da governabilidade, na década de 1970, e a ascensão do neoliberalismo (1980-1990), emergiram novas reflexões e debates no campo do turismo. A literatura indica que o conceito de governança, caracterizado por descentralização de poder, gestão democrática e participativa, passou a caracterizar a inovação nas possibilidades de desenvolvimento das destinações turísticas. Contudo, identificam-se lacunas e questionam-se ações dos atores envolvidos nos processos de estruturação das políticas públicas. Partindo de uma perspectiva macro para micro, que considera diferentes escalões em administração, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a governança turística com base nas visões de ex-ministros do turismo do Brasil, no recorte temporal anterior e posterior à criação do Ministério do Turismo (MTur). Assim, fundamenta-se nos seguintes eixos teóricos: transição e continuidade, comunicação e gestão participativa de destinos turísticos. Os processos metodológicos compreendem entrevistas estruturadas, direcionadas a 13 ex-ministros e ao membro catedrático do Conselho Nacional do Turismo (CNT). A análise das evidências empíricas é subsidiada pela Análise de Conteúdo do tipo categórica, proposta por Bardin (2011). Os resultados mostram que a reavaliação do papel das instituições pode determinar o caminho para formas eficientes de desenvolvimento no domínio do turismo, embora se tenha constatado que as transições de cargos entre ministros se deram de forma tranquila.
The Microglial membrane receptor TREM2 mediates exosome secretion to promote phagocytosis of amyloid‐β by microglia
Authors: Huang Si , Liao Xiaoli , Wu Junyong , Zhang Xiaojie , Li Yamin , Xiang Daxiong , Luo Shilin
Published: March 2022

Considerable evidence links the microglial transmembrane receptor TREM2 to the progression of Alzheimer's disease through its involvement in Aβ phagocytosis by microglia. While previous studies have mainly focused on the phagocytic regulation of microglia itself, the antigen presentation of microglial exosomes in the process of immunity has been less investigated. Here, we identified TREM2 expressed on the membrane of microglial exosomes and found that it controlled exosome secretion without affecting exosome size. Microglial exosomes bind to Aβ in a TREM2‐dependent manner, which changes the inflammatory environment around Aβ and promotes microglia to phagocytose Aβ. These findings delineate a novel exosome‐mediated mechanism of microglial cell–Aβ crosstalk that facilitates Aβ clearance under either physiological or pathological conditions in the central nervous system.
Engineering of Viscosupplement Biomaterials for Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Gonçalves Cristiana , Carvalho Duarte Nuno , Silva Tiago H. , Reis Rui L. , Oliveira J. Miguel
Published: March 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease that causes severe pain and functional limitation, especially during locomotion. It is the most common arthritis type that damages the surface of articular cartilage until the underlying bone. In the past decade, the scientific community has made a considerable effort to improve or discover therapeutical products used as a form of conservative treatment capable of restoring the damaged articular tissue, avoiding, as far as possible, the use of surgical practices. The most common and direct nonoperative application available for OA treatment is the viscosupplementation (VS) procedure that demonstrates a safe, effective method and is less painful for the patients. The most recent works dealing with the design, development, and validation of viscosupplement products in preclinical and clinical trials for OA treatment are overviewed herein. In general, despite the development of new products, hyaluronic acid continues to be among the most reported intra‐articular viscosupplement products used in clinical trials, typically used as an isolated product or conjugated with other biologicals or drugs, such as platelet‐rich plasma and corticosteroids (CS). However, this issue is still demanding innovation. Approaches comprising new biomaterials as VS products, with intrinsic bioactivity, economical, and environmental friendliness, are required.
Biofabrication of an Esophageal Tissue Construct from a Polymer Blend Using 3D Extrusion‐Based Printing
Authors: Farhat Wissam , Ayollo Dmitry , Arakelian Lousineh , Thierry Briac , Mazari-Arrighi Elsa , Caputo Valentino , Faivre Lionel , Cattan Pierre , Larghero Jérôme , Chatelain Francois , Fuchs Alexandra
Published: March 2022

Many tissue engineering approaches are being explored to offer solutions for diseased esophageal tissue and its repair. However, classical techniques in tissue engineering are not capable of recapitulating the structural and functional parameters of native esophagi. Esophageal 3D bioprinting is yet an emerging field but holds great promise in meeting this challenge. Herein, the use of extrusion‐based 3D printing is examined to generate esophageal substitutes from a polymer blend‐based formulation. The fabricated 3D esophageal structures are printed at a very high speed without collapse and without the use of supporting material. In vitro analysis reveals that the printed material enables cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration into the deeper zones. Moreover, the designed construct is suturable to the native esophagus and exhibits no leakage while offering mechanical properties similar to that of the native tissue. Overall, these biochemical and biomechanical features make the reported artificial esophagus a promising solution for the repair of damaged esophagi.
Selective Hydrogenation of Naphthalene to Decalin Over Surface‐Engineered α‐MoC Based on Synergy between Pd Doping and Mo Vacancy Generation
Authors: Ma Yufei , Liu Jianbin , Chen Meng , Yang Qun , Chen Hedong , Guan Guoqing , Qin Yanlin , Wang Tiejun
Published: March 2022

Although the hydrogenation of aromatics is important for the processing of fossil fuels and biofuels, it typically requires costly (e.g., noble metal‐based) catalysts and exhibits unsatisfactory selectivity. Herein, flake‐like nanocrystalline molybdenum carbide (α‐MoC) is surface‐engineered via Pd doping, and the synergy between the in‐situ generated Mo vacancies and doped Pd species is shown to promote the selective hydrogenation of naphthalene to decalin. Experimental and theoretical evidence reveal that this enhanced performance is due to the optimization of naphthalene adsorption energy and the establishment of a unique surface structure due to (i) surface environment modulation, (ii) the adjustment of electron density around Mo atoms, and (iii) the change in the strength of Mo‐H bonding caused by d‐band center optimization. Benefiting from the unique surface structure, the obtained optimum 0.5% Pd‐α‐MoC catalyst exhibits excellent performance. The developed strategy is successfully used to fabricate other noble metal (Pt, Ru)‐doped α‐MoC catalysts, thus holding promise as a universal method for the rational design of high‐performance metal carbide‐based hydrogenation catalysts.
Novel Concept of Separator Design: Efficient Ions Transport Modulator Enabled by Dual‐Interface Engineering Toward Ultra‐Stable Zn Metal Anodes
Authors: Liang Yongchang , Ma Dingtao , Zhao Ning , Wang Yanyi , Yang Ming , Ruan Jianbin , Yang Guanghui , Mi Hongwei , He Chuanxin , Zhang Peixin
Published: March 2022

Sluggish transport kinetics and rapid dendrite growth are considered the main obstacles that impair the performance of Zn metal batteries. This work has developed a unique strategy of dual‐interface engineering (DIE) to design the separator as efficient ions transport modulator. The dual function of spontaneous polarization effect and high zincophilicity of BaTiO3 (BTO) is revealed by combining the theoretical and experimental studies. Benefiting from the decoration of BTO on glass fiber and well filling of the surface interspace, the DIE‐modified separator can not only effectively capture and accelerate Zn2+ transport between the fiber–electrolyte interface, but also redistribute the ions transport into homogenization in the separator–anode interface. Therefore, the modified Zn anodes perform highly reversible Zn plating/stripping with ultrahigh cumulative capacity even up to 9500 mAh cm−2 at the high current density of 10 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the modified Zn‐MnO2 battery can retain a specific capacity of 108 mAh g−1 after 1800 cycles at 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the capacity retention of the battery also can be improved from 37.5% up to 115% at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles. Such a novel concept for separator engineering provides a new perspective to enable ultra‐stable Zn metal anodes and high‐performance Zn metal batteries.
H‐Dimeric Nanospheres of Amphipathic Squaraine Dye with an 81.2% Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wang Yigang , Xia Guomin , Tan Manman , Wang Mingda , Li Yingzhong , Wang Hongming
Published: March 2022

Understanding and implementing the ordered supramolecular assembly in organic photothermal materials is challenging, yet significant, for photothermal performance enhancement. Herein, an amphipathic squaraine dye (PSQ) with a poly (ethylene glycol) chain attached as a hydrophilic anchor is synthesized. In aqueous solution, PSQ spontaneously self‐assembles into uniform nanospheres (PSQ‐NSs) with well‐defined H‐dimeric substructures. Molecular dynamics simulations are conducted to illustrate the self‐assembly process. Reorganization energy calculations show that nonradiative decay is accelerated by H‐dimeric PSQ low‐frequency out‐of‐plane vibrational modes, which enables a rapid dissipation of excited‐state energy to heat. As such, the resultant H‐dimeric PSQ‐NSs exhibit ultrahigh photothermal conversion efficiency (81.2%) under laser irradiation (0.3 W cm−2, 808 nm) in water. In vitro and in vivo evaluations confirm their high stability, biocompatibility, tumor accumulation, and efficient tumor inhibition in photothermal therapy. It is expected that the self‐assembling H‐dimers will become a unique platform for the precise designing of small‐molecule PTAs for future clinical PTT applications.
Mechanically Resilient Graphene Assembly Microspheres with Interlocked N‐Doped Graphene Nanostructures Grown In Situ for Highly Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Kim Young Hwan , Lee Geon‐Woo , Choi Yeon Jun , Choi Hun Seok , Kim Kwang‐Bum
Published: March 2022

Li metal is considered the most attractive anode material for high‐energy Li batteries. However, the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites and severe volume changes during Li plating and stripping inhibit the practical application of Li metal anodes. Herein, a synergistic strategy is developed not only to suppress Li dendrite growth but also to withstand repeated volume changes during long‐term cycling. Specifically, mechanically resilient graphene assembly microspheres with interlocked Ni/N‐doped lithiophilic graphene nanostructures grown in situ are developed as stable 3D graphene hosts for Li‐metal anodes. Importantly, the approach provides a novel strategy to control radial distribution of lithiophilic Ni nanocatalysts in the graphene assembly. These 3D graphene hosts can repeatedly guide the uniform deposition of Li owing to the high lithiophilicity of Ni nanocatalysts and the N‐doped graphene nanostructures. Furthermore, graphene nanoshell forms in situ between the graphene layers in the inner part of the graphene assembly, creating strong contacts between rGO layers and providing the 3D graphene host with high structural integrity. Notably, the approach emphasizes mechanical resilience of the 3D graphene host, which retains its initial morphology after repeated Li plating/stripping cycles. Consequently, the 3D graphene host maintains a highly stable coulombic efficiency of 99% over 500 cycles.
Multifunctional Wearable Thermoelectrics for Personal Thermal Management
Authors: Li Lei , Liu Wei‐Di , Liu Qingfeng , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: March 2022

With the ever‐increasing demand for wearable electronics and energy‐saving technologies, self‐powered thermoelectric personal thermal management (PTM) has attracted extensive research interest. In this review, the unique characteristics of thermoelectric PTM comparing with other technologies are first highlighted, and the key parameters and fundamental functions of thermoelectric PTM are systematically summarized. Then, the advances in thermoelectric PTM are overviewed from the material design to the wearable device design viewpoints. Finally, the key challenges and future research directions of thermoelectric PTM, where both high‐performance flexible materials and proper device designs are in urgent need, are pointed out. This review will deliver a systematic understanding and guideline for thermoelectric PTM.
3D Bioprinting of Heterogeneous Constructs Providing Tissue‐Specific Microenvironment Based on Host–Guest Modulated Dynamic Hydrogel Bioink for Osteochondral Regeneration
Authors: Dai Wenli , Zhang Liwen , Yu Yingjie , Yan Wenqiang , Zhao Fenyuan , Fan Yifei , Cao Chenxi , Cai Qing , Hu Xiaoqing , Ao Yingfang
Published: March 2022

3D bioprinting is a promising strategy to develop heterogeneous constructs that mimic osteochondral tissue. However, conventional bioprinted hydrogels suffer from intrinsically weak mechanical strength, limited cell adaptability, and no sustained release of biochemical drugs, restraining their use as bioinks to emulate native osteochondral extracellular matrix. Herein, a novel host–guest modulated dynamic hydrogel is developed for 3D bioprinting heterogeneous cell‐laden constructs for osteochondral regeneration. Apart from gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), this bioink consists of dopamine‐functionalized GelMA and acrylate β‐cyclodextrin and is crosslinked by host–guest interaction to develop the dynamic network for obtaining promoted cell adaptability, enhanced cell adhesion, reinforced mechanical strength, and tunable modulus. Moreover, based on the sustained drug release provided by the cavity of β‐cyclodextrin, a heterogeneous construct is constructed by employing kartogenin (a chondrogenic factor) into the upper zone with lower Young's modulus and melatonin (an osteogenic factor) into the bottom zone with higher modulus to mimic the osteochondral microenvironment. With the favorable regeneration results in vitro and in vivo, a broad application of this bioink in 3D bioprinting for tissues engineering is expected.
Structures, Properties, and Device Applications for [1]Benzothieno[3,2‐b]Benzothiophene Derivatives
Authors: Xie Pengshan , Liu Tianjiao , Sun Jia , Yang Junliang
Published: March 2022

[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (BTBT), with two benzene rings as the outermost rings, is referred to as diacene‐fused ladder‐type π‐conjugated thienothiophenes. During the last three decades, derivatives based on BTBT core have been extensively studied due to their tremendous application prospects in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and organic optoelectronic devices. In order to further advance the development of organic electronics, new materials are constantly being synthesized and new methods are constantly evolving. This review mainly focuses on the crystal and electronic structures of BTBT derivatives, the soluble and thermal properties, the fabrication methods, as well as the strategies for performance improvement and optoelectronic applications including OFETs, photodetectors, synaptic devices, and organic light‐emitting transistors. As one of the most promising organic materials, the insight into BTBT‐based molecules will accelerate their potential application and provide important reference value for the development toward commercialized and industrialized organic semiconducting products.
A Multifunctional Composite Hydrogel That Rescues the ROS Microenvironment and Guides the Immune Response for Repair of Osteoporotic Bone Defects
Authors: Chen Qixin , Li Jiaying , Han Feng , Meng Qingchen , Wang Huan , Wei Qiang , Li Zexi , Li Feifei , Xie En , Qin Xiaoyan , Chen Song , Wang Weishan , Liu Chaoyong , Li Bin , Han Fengxuan
Published: March 2022

Bone repair in patients with osteoporosis remains a big challenge because their injury sites are often accompanied by an abnormal level of inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is previously visualized, represented by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the bone defects. In this study, the H2O2 in osteoporosis animals is further visualized, and it is found that the expression of H2O2 is markedly higher than that in normal animals. Subsequently, a composite hydrogel containing manganese dioxide (MnO2)‐coated calcium phosphate microspheres loaded with fibroblast activating protein inhibitor (FAPi) is prepared. Among them, MnO2 is designed to act as an advanced army to eliminate H2O2 and generate oxygen, and constant release of FAPi is used to regulate the immune response and bone formation. In vitro experiments show that the hydrogels effectively reduce intracellular ROS, guide macrophages toward M2 polarization, and alleviate inflammation. Furthermore, the hydrogels enhance the osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Animal experiments demonstrate that the hydrogels can eliminate ROS, regulate macrophages, and promote repair of osteoporotic bone defects. Together, the findings from this study imply that the multi‐pronged approach holds great promise to promote the repair of osteoporotic bone defects by rescuing the ROS microenvironment and guiding the immune response.
Are Liquid Metals Bulk Conductors?
Authors: Sanchez‐Botero Lina , Shah Dylan S. , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: March 2022

Stretchable electronics have potential in wide‐reaching applications including wearables, personal health monitoring, and soft robotics. Many recent advances in stretchable electronics leverage liquid metals, particularly eutectic gallium‐indium (EGaIn). A variety of EGaIn electromechanical behaviors have been reported, ranging from bulk conductor responses to effectively strain‐insensitive responses. However, numerous measurement techniques have been used throughout the literature, making it difficult to directly compare the various proposed formulations. Here, the electromechanical responses of EGaIn found in the literature is reviewed and pure EGaIn is investigated using three electrical resistance measurement techniques: four point probe, two point probe, and Wheatstone bridge. The results indicate substantial differences in measured electromechanical behavior between the three methods, which can largely be accounted for by correcting for a fixed offset corresponding to the resistances of various parts of the measurement circuits. Yet, even accounting for several of these sources of experimental error, the average relative change in resistance of EGaIn is found to be lower than that predicted by the commonly used bulk conductor assumption, referred to as Pouillet's law. Building upon recent theories proposed in the literature, possible explanations for the discrepancies are discussed. Finally, suggestions are provided on experimental design to enable reproducible and interpretable research.
Microfluidic Printheads for Highly Switchable Multimaterial 3D Printing of Soft Materials
Authors: Hassan Islam , Selvaganapathy P. Ravi
Published: March 2022

Extrusion‐based 3D printing uses multiple printing nozzles to produce multimaterial combinations. It requires complex alignment and accuracy control as well as an effective start‐stop procedure to print intermittently, which has so far proven difficult to achieve. A recently developed simpler approach is to sequence the multimaterial inks through a single nozzle that will avoid both of these requirements. Although it has been successfully demonstrated for viscoelastic inks, adapting it to more widely available viscous inks is still a challenge. Here, a dynamically controllable multimaterial single‐nozzle 3D printing printhead is demonstrated that is capable of printing both viscous and viscoelastic materials. It uses pneumatically pulsed injection of multiple viscous inks into a central nozzle for printing. It is shown through simulations and experiments that a crucial but narrow range active reverse pressure in static reservoir(s) is essential to provide accurate switching in viscous inks, which is unlike viscoelastic inks that have a wider operating range and do not require a backflow control. Using this approach, high frequency and fast switching between four different viscous materials for pixelated printing of different materials which can be used to embed different functional properties in a variety of 2D and 3D shapes using commercially available polymers are demonstrated.
Molding 2D Exciton Flux toward Room Temperature Excitonic Devices
Authors: Qi Pengfei , Dai Yuchen , Luo Yang , Tao Guangyi , Qian Wenqi , Zhang Zeliang , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Tian Hao , Lin Lie , Liu Weiwei , Fang Zheyu
Published: March 2022

Devices operating with excitons have promising prospects for overcoming the dilemma of response time and integration in current generation of electron‐ or/and photon‐based elements and devices. In combination with the advantages of emerging twistronics and valleytronics, the atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors open up new opportunities for pursuing practical excitonic devices, where the strong exciton binding energy enables operating exciton at room temperature. The essential and foremost step toward exciton devices is the control of spatiotemporal exciton flux, which is density‐dependent and affected by the complex many‐body interactions. It can be effectively controlled by the strain, electric field, electron‐doping, and local dielectric environment. Intriguingly, exotic phenomena such as exciton condensation, electron‐hole liquid, exciton Hall effects, and exciton halo effects can be occurred in 2D exciton system, providing new possibilities for excitonic devices. Up to now, the proof‐of‐principle of room temperature exciton devices, including excitonic switching and transistor, exciton guides, and excitonic nanolaser, have been realized. Here the authors review the recent advances in molding 2D exciton flux from basic principle, manipulation, exotic phenomena to promising applications and discuss the opportunities and challenges in pushing the frontiers of room temperature excitonic devices.
Multicomponent Synthesis of Biologically Relevant S‐Diarylmethane Dithiocarbamates Using p‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Kumar Parida Sushanta , Kumar Hota Sudhir , Jaiswal Sonal , Singh Priyanka , Murarka Sandip
Published: March 2022

A metal and base‐free, operationally simple, and scalable multicomponent approach towards the synthesis of S‐diarylmethane dithiocarbamates is reported. A range of structurally and electronically diverse p‐quinone methides are shown to react with a variety of amines, and carbon disulfide to furnish corresponding dithiocarbamates in good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Furthermore, p‐QMs embedded with aliphatic substituents are well accommodated. Importantly, these readily accessible compounds demonstrated promising anti‐proliferative activity in the low micromolar ranges in lung adenocarcinoma cells, reiterating the importance of the developed methodology.

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Boosting the Ni‐Catalyzed Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of Anisole Using Scrap Catalytic Converters
Authors: Zuliani Alessio , Kikhtyanin Oleg , Cova Camilla Maria , Rodriguez‐Padron Daily , Kubička David , Luque Rafael
Published: March 2022

The large availability and renewable nature of lignin makes its upgrading to bioproducts of particular interest for sustainable development. The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of anisole specifically represents a model reaction for the conversion of lignin to biofuels through the removal of the aromatic carbon‐oxygen bonds. To date, a range of Ni‐based catalysts have been reported as highly active systems for the HDO of anisole. However, there has been a substantial lack of consideration given to the environmental characteristics of these catalytic systems, in contrast with the scope of the sustainable production of biofuels. Herein, Ni‐based SiO2 catalysts are prepared by a solventless and highly efficient mechanochemistry approach, having a considerably lower environmental impact as compared to standard impregnation methods. Importantly, scrap catalytic converters (SCATs) are employed as co‐catalysts, proving the possibility of enhancing the catalytic HDO of anisole, with a scarcely exploited waste material. The results demonstrate that the combined use of Ni/SiO2 as catalysts and Ni/SCATs as co‐catalysts remarkably boosts the rate of the conversion of anisole up to more than 50% by achieving an almost complete conversion of anisole in only 40 min instead of at 200 °C and 4 MPa H2.
Strain Engineering of Energy Storage Performance in Relaxor Ferroelectric Thin Film Capacitors
Authors: Xu Shiqi , Shi Xiaoming , Pan Hao , Gao Rongzhen , Wang Jing , Lin Yuanhua , Huang Houbing
Published: March 2022

Dielectric energy storage capacitors are receiving a great deal of attention owing to their high energy density and fast charging–discharging speed. The current energy storage density of dielectrics is relatively low and cannot meet the requirements of miniaturization of pulsed power equipment. Therefore, increasing the energy storage density of dielectrics has become a research hotspot. Herein, using phase‐field simulations to design polymorphic nanodomains, the strain engineering of energy storage performance of binary and ternary solid solution relaxor ferroelectric films is investigated. The results show that the energy storage performance of the ternary film is better than that of the binary film due to the polymorphic nanodomains. In addition, as the film in‐plane strain is modified from −2% to 2%, the energy density is improved by 80%, and the efficiency also increases from 52% to 77%. This work proves the remarkable energy storage performance of polymorphic films and provides a theoretical basis to optimize the energy‐storage performance of ferroelectric thin‐film capacitors by adjusting the misfit strain.
A Low Power‐consumption and Transient Nonvolatile Memory Based on Highly Dense All‐Inorganic Perovskite Films
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Hassan Muhammad , Khan Qasim , Wang Haifei , Zhou Guigang , Zubair Muhammad , Xu Xiuru , Peng Zhengchun
Published: March 2022

Inorganic perovskite‐based memory devices have attracted tremendous attention due to their higher level of stability, more feasible synthesis conditions and better performance, as compared to organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite‐based devices. However, better film morphology is an essential issue for the performance of these devices. Here, the all‐inorganic halide perovskite cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) films are successfully fabricated via a unique solution processable deposition method at ambient conditions. These films possess satisfactory surface morphology with high crystallinity. These are utilized for reproducible resistive switching layers in the gold/CsPbBr3/indium tin oxide/Glass memory applications. A series of resistive switching layers (i.e., CsPbBr3) with varied thicknesses in the range of 200–500 nm are precisely tailored. The resistive switching responses and retention properties of CsPbBr3 based‐memory devices exhibit long‐term retention (exceeding 10000 s), high on/off ratio (up to 10000), low power consumption (set voltage at 0.25V), and good reproducibility. A model for the formation of filaments in the CsPbBr3 layer is proposed to describe the resistive switching mechanism. Furthermore, the devices exhibit excellent transient behavior, which is beneficial for the security of data storage. These characteristics reveal that cesium lead halide based memristor is promising to be utilized as the next‐generation smart memory device.