bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Matter of Balance: Specialization, Task Variety, and Individual Learning in a Software Maintenance Environment
Authors: Narayanan Sriram , Balasubramanian Sridhar , Swaminathan Jayashankar M.
Published: August 2009

Specialization at work has been recognized as a key driver of learning and productivity since the days of Adam Smith. More recently, researchers have noted that exposure to task variety can enhance learning. We examine how exposure to specialization and variety jointly drive employee productivity in a real-life setting. We analyze a data set covering 88 individuals who worked on 5,711 maintenance tasks in an offshore software support services operation. We find that, as expected, specialization enhances productivity. However, exposure to variety has a nonlinear influence on productivity; i.e., “too much variety” can impede learning. We also find that achieving a proper balance between specialization and exposure to a variety leads to the highest productivity. We capture this balance using an adaptation of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index from the economics literature. In addition, we examine how the productivity of individuals in a workgroup is affected by member entry and exit, with the latter specified in terms of the degree of specialized experience and the degree of variety experience lost from the workgroup when a member exits. Our analysis reveals that the degree of variety experience lost has a greater impact on productivity than the degree of specialized experience that is lost.
Plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9: A Marker of LDL Apolipoprotein B-100 Catabolism?
Authors: Chan Dick C , Lambert Gilles , Barrett P Hugh R , Rye Kerry-Anne , Ooi Esther M M , Watts Gerald F
Published: August 2009

Background: Experimental studies suggest that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an important regulator of LDL metabolism because of its ability to facilitate degradation of the LDL receptor. We investigated the association between plasma PCSK9 concentration and LDL apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) metabolism in men with a wide range of body mass index values.

Methods: We used GC-MS to study the kinetics of LDL apo B-100 after intravenous administration of deuterated leucine and analyzed the data by compartmental modeling. The plasma PCSK9 concentration was measured by ELISA.

Results: Univariate regression analysis revealed the plasma PCSK9 concentration to be significantly and positively correlated with cholesterol (r = 0.543; P = 0.011), LDL cholesterol (r = 0.543; P = 0.011), apo B-100 (r = 0.548; P = 0.010), and LDL apo B-100 concentrations (r = 0.514; P = 0.023), and inversely correlated with the LDL apo B-100 fractional catabolic rate (FCR) (r = −0.456; P = 0.038). The association between plasma PCSK9 concentration and the LDL apo B-100 FCR remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, obesity, plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment score, and dietary energy; however, this association had borderline significance after adjusting for plasma lathosterol.

Conclusions: In men, variation in plasma PCSK9 concentration influences the catabolism of LDL apo B-100. This finding appears to be independent of obesity, insulin resistance, energy intake, and age.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sterritt David , McKim Kristi , Bould Mark , Provencher Ken , Tait R. Colin , Coyne Michael
Published: August 2009

Ghosts of Theatre and Cinema in the Brain, Mark Pizzato, (2006) New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 323 pp., ISBN 140397215X (hbk), $79.95

The Magic Lantern: An Autobiography, Ingmar Bergman (trans. Joan Tate), (2007) Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
303 pp., ISBN-13 9780226043821, ISBN-10 0226043827 (pbk), $18.00

The Films of Tod Browning, Bernd Herzogenrath (ed.), (2006) London: Black Dog Publishing, 238 pp., ISBN 101904772551X (pbk), 29.95

The Hollywood Horror Film, 19311941: Madness in a Social Landscape,
Reynold Humphries, (2006) Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 283 pp., ISBN 081085726X (pbk), $45.00

Abel Ferrara, Nicole Brenez (trans. Adrian Martin), (2007) Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 210 pp., ISBN 0252074114 (pbk), $19.95; ISBN 0252031547 (hbk), $50.00

The
Solaris Effect: Art and Artifice in Contemporary American Film, Steven Dillon, (2006) Austin: University of Texas Press, 265 pp., ISBN 0292713452 (pbk), 13.99

Screening Politics: The Politician in American Movies, Harry Keyishian, (2006) Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press,
199 pp., ISBN-13 9780810858824, ISBN-10: 0810858827 (pbk), $24.95

What Have They Built You To Do?: The Manchurian Candidate and Cold War America, Matthew Frye Jacobson and Gaspar Gonzlez, (2006) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 235 pp., ISBN 0816641250 (pbk),
$19.95

Hollywood: From Vietnam to Reagan and Beyond, Robin Wood, (expanded and revised edition), (2003) New York: Columbia University Press, 363 pp., ISBN-13 9780231129661, ISBN-10: 023112967X (pbk), 18.50

Hollywood: Politics and Society, Mark Wheeler,
(2006) London: British Film Institute, 188 pp., ISBN 184457136X (pbk), 16.99
Film Reviews
Authors: de Seife Ethan
Published: August 2009

Three Monkeys/ maymun (2008) Turkey Director Nuri Bilge Ceylan Screenplay Ebru Ceylan, Ercan Kesal, Nuri Bilge Ceylan Producer Zeynep zbatur Director of Photography Gkhan Tiryaki Editor Ayhan Ergrsel, Bora Gksingl, Nuri Bilge Ceylan Art Director
Ebru Ceylan With Yavuz Bingl (Eyp), Hatice Aslan (Hacer), Ahmet Rifat Sungar (Ismail), Ercan Kesal (Servet), Cafer Kse (Bayram), Grkan Aydin (The Child) Runtime 109 minutes
Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Resistivity of Several Ceramic and Silicone-Type Coatings
Authors: Strauss Simon W. , Richards Lloyd E. , Moore Dwight G.
Published: August 2009

The electrical resistivity of sheet mica, a ground coat porcelain enamel, two alkali-free ceramic coatings, a silicone varnish, and a coating consisting of a silicone varnish mixed with ground mica was measured in the temperature range 100 to 500 C and at an applied direct current potential of 200 v. A plot of the logarithm of the resistivity versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature for each of these materials showed that marked deviations from the Rasch-Hinrichsen law occurred only with silicone and silicone-mica coatings. The electrical resistivity of all coatings tested was found to be independent of coating thickness and of duration of aging at 200 C. The measured resistivities in ohm-cm of the materials when tested at 400 C were (a) silicone-mica coating, 1400 × 108, (b) mica, 320 × 108, (c) silicone varnish coating, 280 × 108, (d) alkali-free ceramic coating, 1.6 × 108, and (e) ground coat enamel, 0.0025 × 108.
Introduction
Authors: Schofield L. B.
Published: August 2009

Subcommittee IV on Liquid Insulation of ASTM Committee D-9 always has been very active in the development of test methods and the evaluation of test results to be used as criteria of service-ability of new and used oils. In recent years, Subcommittee IV under the chairmanship of E. A. Snyder has sponsored a series of symposia concerning somewhat controversial discussions of the properties and performance of insulating liquids and the significance of various methods of test. Early in 1944, and prior to the first symposium of the current series, an extensive questionnaire was sent out to 92 of the larger utilities to establish just which tests were made by the different companies as criteria of serviceability for transformer oils in service. A comprehensive report on the questionnaire results was printed in ASTM Proceedings, Vol. 45, p. 302 (1945), and later published in the form of a reprint. The first symposium generally relating to the correlation of tests with the performance of insulating liquids was held in October, 1946, in Atlantic City. Four papers were the basis for a discussion of the possible significance of the Steam Emulsion Test, the Interfacial Tension Test, and analysis of Dielectric Strength Test data by statistical methods. Later, two other symposia were held in June, 1947, at Atlantic City, and March, 1949, at Washington, D. C, which included discussions of the merits of Oxidation Inhibitors in Transformer Oils, Power Factor Testing of Insulating Oils, Performance Characteristics of Askarels, Oil Testing and Maintenance Procedures used by one large utility, and the Results of Simulated Service Aging Tests on an Inhibited Oil. The first two symposia were published in ASTM Bulletins No. 146, May, 1947, pages 90 to 100 and No. 149, December, 1947, pages 58 to 94. Both of these symposia also were printed in separate pamphlet form. The third symposium was printed as Special Technical Publication No. 95.
Evaluation of Mineral Transformer Oil During Service. Part III: An Examination of Selected Transformers
Authors: Call R. G. , Clark Frank M. , Mcconnell T. A.
Published: August 2009

This paper deals with the data on selected transformers which have been removed from service and inspected for their general condition. The oil characteristics of each of these transformers have been described in Part II of this series, a paper prepared by one of the present authors and constituting a general survey of the oil problem. Among the general conclusions drawn from the analysis of Part II were the following: 1. Of the new oil (quality) tests, those for neutralization number and pressure oxidation appear best suited as a gage for the continued usability of an oil during transformer operation. 2. The change in the neutralization value of an oil and the change in the pressure sludge value are suggested as tests which show promise in the evaluation of the continued usability of an oil in transformer service. The object of this paper is to reexamine these conclusions on the basis of additional data obtained from the examination of the transformers which have been removed from the general testing program.
ASTM Views on Engineering Education
Authors: LaQue F. L.
Published: August 2009

While the title of this talk is the one that was assigned, it is unlikely that there is anything that could be identified as representing any over-all ASTM view on engineering education. After all, ASTM is made up of over 10,000 members. It is likely, therefore, that there are over 10,000 views on engineering education within the ASTM membership. Under the circumstances, all that can be done by this speaker is to present his own views and hope that they will prove to be tolerable to a majority of the members of the ASTM and of some help to those charged with the responsibility of plotting the future course of engineering education. At the outset, it is necessary to deal with some basic considerations. These include an appreciation that the person being educated is at least as important as the educational process to which he is to be subjected. It is necessary, therefore, that any over-all scheme of education be adaptable to the abilities and the interests of each student. These abilities and interests will encompass a broad spectrum from a prime interest in almost pure science at one end to a complete preoccupation with the practical aspects of engineering at the other. More or less in parallel with this is the concept that engineering education itself must cover a similar spectrum extending from the fundamental sciences at one end to practical training at the other. The reference to spectra here is a deliberate attempt to emphasize that there is a gradual shading from one aspect to another rather than a series of steps. If well defined steps or boundaries existed, it would be much easier to plan educational programs to suit sharply defined interests and needs.
Education in Materials from an Educator's Viewpoint
Authors: Alexander W. T.
Published: August 2009

I am very happy to have the privilege of presenting a brief discussion of education in the field of materials from the point of view of an educator. It is my intention to present a somewhat general point of view regarding an approach to the problem. I believe there will be a great deal of difficulty in adopting the points of view of those who advocate the teaching of the properties of materials as a science, because, throughout our experience, the area of education in materials has traditionally been of a very practical nature, and all of the vested interests in a particular curriculum in our universities are active here in the extreme. Furthermore, one can argue here with more validity than in many areas that, while an engineer must know the theories of thermodynamics, for example, he must from the very beginning of his engineering career have some knowledge of the external or useful characteristics of the materials with which he must deal. Consequently, there are few fields in which the employer's opinion of a young engineer can be influenced for better or for worse much more quickly than in the use or misuse of the various materials which the young engineer has available.
Measuring Road Surface Slipperiness
Authors: Dillard Jack H. , Mahone David C.
Published: August 2009

Twenty-one agencies cooperated in comparative tests with trailers, stopping-distance vehicles, and portable testers on five specially prepared surfaces ranging in coefficient of friction (C/F) from extremely low to relatively high. Several secondary experiments were conducted to determine the effects of such variables as water film thickness, changes in load of vehicles, operator experience, etc. The test data were statistically analyzed to determine significant differences between and within groupe of machines. The analysis revealed the following: 1. Many types of trailers are capable of determining accurately the C/F resulting from a steady-state skid. There was good agreement among trailers that included three different types of force measuring systems. 2. The refinement of certain techniques or equipment or both could bring the results of the Tappahannock study even closer. Two of these factors are trace interpretation and attainment of desired speed during testing. 3. Size of passenger vehicle, from compact car to bus, does not widely influence the ability of the vehicle to stop during an emergency skid if all vehicles utilize the same general type of tire tread and a similar rubber composition. The ability of various size vehicles to stop when utilizing their normal type of tire was not established in the Tappahannock study and is a question needing further research. 4. The technique and equipment used in making stopping distance tests should be standardized because of the wide divergence of results obtainable. 5. The slope of the regression line which compares the British portable tester and the stopping distance method of measuring the C/F is steeper for this study than was the regression line for a similar study held in Virginia in 1960. (Possible explanations for this are included in the text.) 6. The British portable testers do not differ from each other in the values which they give to any practical significant degree. This is best shown in the variance components analysis of the secondary experiment, Machine-Operator-Site Variables (Latin Square). 7. In the same analysis it was also found that the operator differences and, generally, the experimental error, were negligible. 8. In the secondary experiment, Experienced Versus Nonexperienced Operators, it was found that with little instruction a new operator can obtain valid data with the British portable testers. 9. When the British (natural) rubber sliders are used on the British portable testers lower readings are recorded than when American E-17 X276O (synthetic) rubber is used. 10. The newly developed PSU-PDH dragtester paralleled the values of the vehicular machines across all sites better than did the other portable testers. 11. Both the NCSA bicycle wheel and the dragtester give what is believed to be a more realistic value on Site I than do the British portable testers.
The Strength of Wrought Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Miller R. F. , Heger J. J.
Published: August 2009

This report is a graphical presentation of published information on the strength of wrought steels at elevated temperatures. Tensile, creep, and rupture properties of the standard commercial grades are shown, together with the sources from which the data were obtained. The report is divided into two sections, the first being on plain carbon and alloy steels containing molybdenum and up to 3 per cent chromium; the second section is devoted to ferritic and austenitic steels containing more than 5 per cent chromium. The applicable A. S. T. M. Standards are given for each steel and the complete list of all A. S. T. M. Standards appearing in the Report and the titles of same are on p. 109.
Technical Problems Associated with Diesel Fuels in Railroad Operations
Authors: Seniff R. W.
Published: August 2009

The economics of diesel fuels is not primarily a subject for discussion in ASTM. Nevertheless, it is wise to remember during this discussion that the railroads want the lowest net cost per horsepower hour at the drawbar. All their technical problems revolve around that basic objective. The remainder of the discussion will be confined strictly to technical problems—which are really economic ones—in the hope that necessity will lead to the correct answers. So far as cetane number is concerned, it appears that railroad diesels have no serious objection to numbers down to 40 and have no particular preference for numbers above 50. There was a time a few years ago when practically all railroads specified a minimum of 50 cetane, and some still do. To maintain this minimum appears to be more difficult technically for some refineries than for others. To reduce it increases the technical problems of the user. He must watch his engine maintenance and performance and the fuel in storage much more closely, or take a chance with trouble where lower cetane number fuel is used. This situation probably does not stem directly from lower cetane number, but rather from the fact that most fuels having the lower numbers are not too uniform in other characteristics—stability in storage or at the injector, cleanliness, wax, and water cloud, for example—nor is enough known about their so-called compatibility characteristic. Since it appears easier technically for some refiners to produce lower than 50 cetane fuel, it should logically follow that a portion of this “ease” should be passed on to the user in order to establish some incentive—technical or otherwise—for him to use it. If there is no inducement for him to use the lower cetane fuels, then certainly he should not use them.
A Pycnometer Test Procedure for Determining Asphalt Content of Paving Mixture
Authors: Steele G. W. , Hudson S. B.
Published: August 2009

Current methods of determining asphalt content of bituminous paving mixtures are not entirely satisfactory since they may contain relatively large experimental error. In addition, some of the test methods are not adaptable to mixtures containing large aggregate particles (black base), and others may be more time consuming or expensive than is desirable for quality assurance testing. A method of determining asphalt content is needed that will have the following features: - Precision equal to or better than current methods. - Answers available in time for reasonably prompt corrective action to be taken. - Tests performed with economically replaceable equipment without the use of expensive solvents. - Accept specimens of sufficient size to — allow testing of mixtures containing aggregate up to 2″ and — minimize variations in asphalt content due to the effect of inherent variation in aggregate gradation. This paper describes an attempt to develop such a method, based on the procedures of ASTM D-2041-67T. The sample of about 6000 grams weight is contained in a large pycnometer, filled with water plus a wetting agent. Asphalt content is determined by weight/volume relationship with the aid of charts in approximately 20 minutes. Results are compared to those obtained by use of nuclear, centrifuge and reflux equipment at two levels of asphalt content. Two operators are used in this designed experiment. The test data are analyzed by the use of statistical techniques.
Critique of the Rock Material Field Classification Procedure
Authors: Moore John S.
Published: August 2009

The Soil Conservation Service uses the Rock Material Field Classification Procedure (TR-71) to classify rock and assess rock performance for engineering purposes. The classification process consists of identifying the rock units at the site of investigation and describing the rock in terms of its rock material, rock mass, and hydrogeologic properties. The performance assessment is the selection of performance objectives according to the engineering use of the rock. Objectives include erosion resistance, excavation characteristics, construction quality, water transmission, and rock mass stability. The rock is then classified according to criteria in the appropriate performance assessment tables. The procedure uses established methods and tests developed in some widely accepted rock mass classifications, particularly the Unified Rock Classification System (URCS). The URCS is included in its entirety in Appendix I of TR-71 as a convenient reference, since it is a major part of three of the five performance assessment tables. The prominent attributes of the procedure include: (1) rock can be classified according to its intended use, (2) terms are nontechnical and unambiguous, (3) classification elements are based on observable and measurable field conditions, 4) significant properties can be quickly tested in the field, (5) the need for additional evaluation can be recognized, and (6) a rock mass can be assigned to groups with similar behavior. The main caveats of the procedure include: (1) some of the criteria in the performance assessment tables are empirical, (2) the procedure is new and not widely accepted, and (3) the classification elements are not weighted.
Surface-Damage Threshold Measurements for Several Laser Glasses
Authors: Swain J. E.
Published: August 2009

The surface-damage threshold of several laser glasses has been determined for the traveling wave case. (The condition of the surface was found to be the most significant factor in determining the value of the threshold.) Chemical etching of the surfaces was found to increase the threshold value by a factor of 2. The combination of surface polishing with barnsite plus on-pitch and chemical etching increased the threshold value by a factor of 10.
Damage-Threshold Testing of Laser Glass at Owens-Illinois
Authors: Lee H. A.
Published: August 2009

Damage threshold may be defined on the basis of changes in the physical appearance, or on the basis of degradation in the laser performance. Some evidence is presented to indicate that the two may not always be synonymous and that output degradation should be considered. Melting in platinum versus melting in ceramic refractories is discussed. The damage resistance of laser glass should be a function of Young's modulus for some types of damage. Young's modulus data for commercial laser glasses are presented. Work presently in progress at Owens-Illinois, Inc., on the production and testing of damage-resistant laser glass is discussed.
Laser Damage in Optical Glasses
Authors: Davit J.
Published: August 2009

After a brief review of the work which has been done at the Division of Optical Applications during the past five years on laser glass damage, we concentrate particularly on the unsolved current problems: filamentary damage in glasses, internal fractures due to inclusions other than platinum inclusions, and the phenomenon of glass fatigue. The first experimental results obtained on the filamentary damage are presented.
Diagnostics and Evidence of Pre-catastrophic Damage in Transparent Solids
Authors: Edwards David F. , Harker Y. D. , Masso Jon D. , She C. Y.
Published: August 2009

Light-scattering techniques have been used to observe precatastrophic laser-produced damage in α-quartz. The detailed Raman spectrum has been measured for a quartz sample before and after irradiation by an intense laser pulse. For sample regions where no macroscopic damage was visible the linewidth of the 128-cm−1 Raman line was increased by about 20 percent relative to that for unradiated regions. A static stress, comparable to that produced by the intense laser pulse, was applied to an undamaged sample and the Raman Une positions, linewidths, and intensities were observed to change with applied stress. These changes can be predicted based on a simple anharmonic potential model.
‘The other kind of coming out’
Authors: Zimman Lal
Published: August 2009

This article demonstrates the importance of considering transgender speakers apart from gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, even where there is significant overlap in the linguistic practices of these groups. Through an analysis of transgender coming out narratives, it is shown that previous accounts of this genre, which have focused on gays and lesbians, do not extend to the entire LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community. Coming out as transgender differs from coming out as gay or lesbian primarily in that there are two distinct ways a person can come out as transgender: before and after a change in gender role. The dissimilarity of coming out before such a transition and afterwards presents a challenge to previous characterizations both of coming out and the narratives that result from this practice. Ultimately, the coming out narrative genre reveals itself as a venue for making sense of stigmatized identities in community-specific ways.
A TRβ-selective agonist confers resistance to diet-induced obesity
Authors: Amorim Beatriz S , Ueta Cintia B , Freitas Beatriz C G , Nassif Renata J , Gouveia Cecília Helena de Azevedo , Christoffolete Marcelo A , Moriscot Anselmo S , Lancelloti Carmen Lucia , Llimona Flávia , Barbeiro Hermes Vieira , Possolo de Souza Heraldo , Catanozi Sergio , Passarelli Marisa , Aoki Marcelo S , Bianco Antonio C , Ribeiro Miriam O
Published: August 2009

Thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ also listed as THRB on the MGI Database)-selective agonists activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, while only minimally affecting cardiac activity or lean body mass. Here, we tested the hypothesis that daily administration of the TRβ agonist GC-24 prevents the metabolic alterations associated with a hypercaloric diet. Rats were placed on a high-fat diet and after a month exhibited increased body weight (BW) and adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, increased plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids and interleukin-6. While GC-24 administration to these animals did not affect food ingestion or modified the progression of BW gain, it did increase energy expenditure, eliminating the increase in adiposity without causing cardiac hypertrophy. Fasting hyperglycemia remained unchanged, but treatment with GC-24 improved glucose tolerance by increasing insulin sensitivity, and also normalized plasma triglyceride levels. Plasma cholesterol levels were only partially normalized and liver cholesterol content remained high in the GC-24-treated animals. Gene expression in liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue was only minimally affected by treatment with GC-24, with the main target being BAT. In conclusion, during high-fat feeding treatment with the TRβ-selective agonist, GC-24 only partially improves metabolic control probably as a result of accelerating the resting metabolic rate.
CLEAN SWEEP AT PENZANCE/ST. IVES AND LYME REGIS.
Authors: BATY R J
Published: August 2009

South West Water has spent £900 million since 1989 to ensure that all its 134 designated bathing beaches meet the EU bathing water standard. The company's Clean Sweep coastal clean-up programme covers 33 sites along a coastline of which 70% is subject to environmental protection. This paper focuses on the planning, design and construction of two innovative schemes to provide first-time sewage treatment at Penzance and St Ives in Cornwall and at Lyme Regis in Dorset.
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF THE JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION STATIONS.
Authors: PAOLETTI R
Published: August 2009

The Jubilee Line Extension has set a new benchmark for underground railway station design. It has done away with labyrinthine tunnels, confusing layouts and formless areas with palliative decorations and replaced them with bold, generous, user-friendly spaces where signs are virtually unnecessary. The change was primarily achieved by appointing leading teams of architects on each of the eleven stations, giving them a free rein to challenge engineering preconceptions. This paper describes London Underground's brief to the architects and then provides examples of their various approaches at Bermondsey, Westminster, London Bridge, Waterloo, North Greenwich, Canada Water and Canary Wharf stations.
Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways to Treat Neurological Disorders Associated with Protein Misfolding
Authors: Galleguillos Danny , Matus Soledad , Valenzuela Vicente , Valdes Pamela , Martinez Alexis , Nassif Melissa , Torres Mauricio , Martinez Gabriela , Hetz Claudio
Published: August 2009

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Prion-related
Disorders, Huntington’s Disease and several other neurodegenerative disorders share a common
neuropathology, primarily featuring the presence of abnormal protein inclusions containing specific
misfolded proteins. Recent evidence indicates that alteration in organelle function is a common
pathological feature of protein misfolding disorders. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential
compartment for protein folding, maturation, and secretion. Signs of ER stress have been extensively
described in most experimental models of neurological disorders and more recently in the brains of human
patients affected with neurodegenerative conditions. ER stress is caused by functional disturbances, which
result in the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins at the ER lumen. To cope with ER stress, cells
activate an integrated signaling response termed the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), which aims to
reestablish homeostasis through transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in protein folding, quality
control and degradation pathways. Small molecules with chaperone-like activity have been shown to
alleviate ER stress and decrease protein misfolding in experimental disease settings. In this chapter we
overview the role of ER stress in pathological conditions such as protein misfolding disorders and spinal
cord injury, and discuss possible pharmacological strategies to target the UPR with therapeutic benefits.
Magnetic Field of Vertically Installed Conductors
Authors: Memari A.R.
Published: August 2009

In this chapter, vertically arranged conductors are investigated. The total
unmitigated magnetic field contributed by the three phases is calculated. The mitigating
loop voltage is calculated. This calculation reveals the fact that there will be no
mitigation when the auxiliary loop is installed symmetrically with respect to the Y-axis.
The capability of the developed approach is well illustrated once the loop’s geometrical
position is changed. The fluxes induced by the three phases of the power line are well
capable of producing mitigating loop voltage. Consequently, this voltage results in
achieving the mitigating magnetic field, Subsequently, the mitigated magnetic field is
calculated.
Inpatient Management of Eating Disorders in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bermudez Ovidio , Gallivan Heather , Jahraus Joel , Lesser Julie , Meier Marcia , Parkin Christopher
Published: August 2009

In Brief

Individuals with both eating disorders and type 1 diabetes (ED-DMT1) who are medically or psychiatrically unstable may require inpatient treatment to stabilize glucose control and establish regular eating patterns. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical issues and strategies relevant to the treatment of ED-DMT1 within the inpatient setting.
Predictors of Perceived Risk of the Development of Diabetes
Authors: Gallivan Joanne , Brown Clarice , Greenberg Rachel , Clark Charles M.
Published: August 2009

Objective. To describe predictors of perceived risk for the development of diabetes.

Research design and methods. In 2006, the National Diabetes Education Program conducted a telephone survey of the U.S. population ≥ 45 years of age. The sample size for this study was 1,389 people who reported no previous diagnosis of diabetes. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent variables associated with the perception of risk for diabetes among people without a diagnosis of diabetes.

Results. More than half (55%) of the U.S. population aged ≥ 45 years had one or more risk factors for diabetes, yet only about one-fourth (23%) felt they were at risk for the disease. In the multivariate analyses, feeling at risk for diabetes is associated with a younger age (45-64 vs. ≥ 65 years; odds ratio[OR] 2.50; 95% CI 1.56-4.01); being of a race or ethnicity other than white, African American, or Hispanic/Latino compared to non-Hispanic whites (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.19-4.31); being obese (OR 3.23; 95% CI 1.90-5.50); having a family history of diabetes (OR 5.53; 95% CI 3.55-8.60); and having had a diagnosis of pre-diabetes (OR 5.80; 95% CI 3.31-10.16). African Americans are significantly less likely to feel at risk for diabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites (OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.29-0.96).

Conclusions. Based on these findings, special attention needs to be placed on reaching older adults and African Americans who report significantly lower levels of self-perceived risk of diabetes. An emphasis on increased susceptibility due to a family history of diabetes, obesity, and a diagnosis of pre-diabetes appear to be meaningful cues to increasing perceived risk.
Relationships between qualifications of a forest district manager and economic conditions on the one hand and the operating result of a forest district on the other
Authors: Radecki Andrzej
Published: August 2009

Relacje między kwalifikacjami nadleśniczego i warunkami gospodarczymi a wynikiem działalności nadleśnictwa
Kames's Naturalist Aesthetics and the Case of Tragedy
Authors: Zuckert Rachel
Published: August 2009

In this essay, I discuss Kames' aesthetic theory, as presented in his essay, ‘Our Attachment to Objects of Distress’ (concerning the problem of tragedy), and in Elements of Criticism. I argue that Kames' (non-)response to the problem of tragedy – that we find tragedies painful (not pleasing), yet are ‘attracted to them through the workings of the “blind instinct” of sympathy’ – is intended to call the standard formulation of the problem of tragedy (‘why do we find such painful things pleasing?’) into question. This standard formulation, on Kames' view, mistakenly assumes that we cannot be attracted to anything but pleasure, whereas tragedy (among other phenomena) shows that human nature is considerably more complex than this. I argue, further, that Kames' treatment of tragedy exemplifies the character of his aesthetics more broadly: aesthetic values are explained by reference to general laws governing human nature (we are attracted to this sort of thing, averse to that, etc.) – or explanatory naturalism. But Kames also argues that we can, upon reflection, judge that this instinct and this exercise of it is good (as in the case of tragedy, which is, Kames argues, morally educative because it strengthens our sympathy), by contrast to other cases where instincts may not achieve their ends. Thus Kames also proposes a normative aesthetic naturalism, according to which we should educate our instinctual affective responses so that they will be appropriate to their objects and beneficial for the human goods that they are meant to promote.
Protein Turnover in Mycobacterial Proteomics
Authors: Rao Prahlad  K. , Li Qingbo
Published: August 2009

Understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the primary challenges in current tuberculosis research. Investigation of mycobacterial biology using the systems biology approach has deciphered much information with regard to the bacilli and tuberculosis pathogenesis. The modulation of its environment and the ability to enter a dormant phase are the hallmarks of M. tuberculosis. Until now, proteome studies have been able to understand much about the role of various proteins, mostly in growing M. tuberculosis cells. It has been difficult to study dormant M. tuberculosis by conventional proteomic techniques with very few proteins being found to be differentially expressed. Discrepancy between proteome and transcriptome studies lead to the conclusion that a certain aspect of the mycobacterial proteome is not being explored. Analysis of protein turnover may be the answer to this dilemma. This review, while giving a gist of the proteome response of mycobacteria to various stresses, analyzes the data obtained from abundance studies versus data from protein turnover studies in M. tuberculosis. This review brings forth the point that protein turnover analysis is capable of discerning more subtle changes in protein synthesis, degradation, and secretion activities. Thus, turnover studies could be incorporated to provide a more in-depth view into the proteome, especially in dormant or persistent cells. Turnover analysis might prove helpful in drug discovery and a better understanding of the dynamic nature of the proteome of mycobacteria.
Sensing a Changing World
Authors: Ligtenberg Arend , Kooistra Lammert
Published: August 2009

The workshop “Sensing a Changing World” was held in Wageningen, The Netherlands, from November 19–21, 2008. The main goal of the workshop was to explore and discuss recent developments in sensors and (wireless) sensor networks for monitoring environmental processes and human spatial behavior in a changing world. The challenge is then to develop concepts and applications that can provide timely and on-demand knowledge to end-users in different domains over a range of different spatial and temporal scales. During this workshop over 50 participants, representing 15 countries, presented and discussed their recent research. The workshop provided a broad overview of state-of-the-art research in a broad range of application fields: oceanography, air quality, biodiversity and vegetation, health, tourism, water management, and agriculture. In addition the workshop identified the future research challenges. One of the outcomes of the workshop was a special issue in the journal Sensors with contributions presented at the workshop. This editorial of the special issue aims to provide an overview of the discussions held during the workshop. It highlights the ideas of the authors and participants of the workshop about directions of future research for further development of sensor-webs for “sensing” spatial phenomena. The “big” question was are we already able to sense a changing world? And if the answer is positive, then what are we going to sense and for what?
An Analysis of the Motivators and Inhibitors Affecting Association Meeting Attendance for Generation X and Baby Boomers
Authors: Fjelstul Jill , Severt Kimberly , Breiter Deborah
Published: August 2009

The objective of the study was to compare the similarities and differences between the inhibitors and motivators of Generation X and Baby Boomers in regard to conference attendance. Specifically, conference attendance motivators and inhibitors were explored and reported. The results
will be useful to association managers and conference planners as they design programs for their members to best meet their professional needs.
Successful Aging with HIV: A Brief Overview for Nursing
Authors: Vance David E. , Childs Gwendolyn , Moneyham Linda , McKie-Bell Peggy
Published: August 2009

Adults age 50 and older with HIV represent approximately 20% to 25% of the entire HIV population in the United States. This unique clinical population is expected to grow; therefore, understanding how to facilitate successful aging in this population is needed. Issues that can negatively affect successful aging with HIV have been identified, and include social isolation, suicidal ideation, HIV-related stigma, cognitive decline, sarcopenia, HIV-medication toxicity, osteoporosis, and fatigue. This brief overview provides nurses with specific insights for practice, intervention, and research.
Optical Quality One Month After Verisyse and Veriflex Phakic IOL Implantation and Zeiss MEL 80 LASIK for Myopia From 5.00 to 16.50 Diopters
Authors: Vilaseca Meritxell , Padilla Adenay , Pujol Jaume , Ondategui Juan C. , Artal Pablo , Güell Jose L.
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the eye's optical quality after phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and LASIK for moderate to high myopia.

Methods:

The retinal image quality of 45 patients was evaluated after undergoing one of three surgical procedures (9 patients with Verisyse IOL [AMO] implants, 11 patients with Veriflex IOL [AMO] implants, and 25 patients who underwent LASIK). Patients were aged <40 years, had at least 5.00 diopters of myopia, and had preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity better than 20/30. The eye's optical quality was measured using the Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS, Visiometrics S.L.), which is an instrument based on the double-pass technique. Measurements were performed before surgery and 1 day and 1 month after surgery.

Results:

Optical quality worsened noticeably 1 day after surgery with the Verisyse IOL with a 50% to 60% loss, most likely due to the large incision and the presence of sutures in most eyes. The LASIK technique and Veriflex IOL implant did not cause as remarkable a decrease in optical quality (20% to 25% loss). One month after surgery, the optical quality of patients with IOL implants was high, although some surgically induced astigmatism remained, especially in the Verisyse patients. Conversely, LASIK patients had slightly lower optical quality, with optical parameters that represented 90% of their initial value.

Conclusions:

Verisyse and Veriflex phakic IOL implantation and LASIK are both safe and effective in correcting moderate to high myopia, but they involve different processes of optical quality recovery. One day after surgery, the Verisyse IOL implantation significantly reduced the eye's optical quality, mainly due to the larger incision required and the higher number of sutures used. This reduction was not as remarkable with the other two techniques. However, 1 month after surgery, patients with IOL implants recovered more optical quality than LASIK patients. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:689–698.]
Arcuate Keratotomy for High Postoperative Keratoplasty Astigmatism Performed With the IntraLase Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Buzzonetti Luca , Petrocelli Gianni , Laborante Antonio , Mazzilli Emilio , Gaspari Mario , Valente Paola
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the refractive and keratometric effect of arcuate keratotomy performed using the IntraLase femtosecond laser (Abbott Medical Optics) in patients with high postoperative keratoplasty astigmatism.

Methods:

Nine eyes of nine patients (mean age 45±7.5 years; mean spherical equivalent refraction −2.50±3.60 diopters [D]) who had undergone a penetrating keratoplasty were considered. The subjective refraction was measured, and corneal thickness and keratometric parameters were calculated by the Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte). All uncomplicated surgeries were performed with the IntraLase femtosecond laser. Paired 70° arc length incisions were performed at 80% depth of the corneal thickness. The mean optical zone was 5.9 mm. The side cut was 90°. All incisions were performed in the graft itself. Mean change in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refractive and keratometric astigmatism, and spherical equivalent refraction was evaluated. Follow-up was 3 months. Refractive and keratometric data were analyzed using vector analysis as described by Alpins. A paired Student
t
test was used to compare preoperative and 3-month postoperative data. A
P
value <.05 was considered significant.

Results:

Mean preoperative BSCVA was 20/30, increasing to 20/25 postoperatively (
P
>.05). The mean refractive astigmatism decreased by 6.00 D (
P
<.05), whereas the mean keratometric value decreased by 4.60 D (
P
<.05). The mean spherical equivalent refraction did not change significantly. The surgical vectors in the refractive and keratometric analysis were calculated, showing good predictability.

Conclusions:

Arcuate keratotomy performed with the IntraLase femtosecond laser could be an effective, safe, and relatively predictable treatment of high postoperative keratoplasty astigmatism. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:709–714.]
Role of Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Applanation Tonometry Measurements
Authors: Kwon Tae-Hyun , Ghaboussi Jamshid , Pecknold David A. , Hashash Youssef M.A.
Published: August 2009

Purpose:

To demonstrate the importance of material properties of the cornea in intraocular pressure (IOP) readings via standard Goldmann applanation tonometry.

Methods:

A realistic finite element model of the cornea was developed for the simulation of Goldmann applanation tonometry. A virtual cornea population was generated by randomly sampling material properties, central corneal thickness (CCT), and IOP for comparison with 181 clinical cases. The effect of material properties and CCT on IOP prediction in the virtual population was determined via computational simulation.

Results:

The results show that corneal biomechanical properties (as characterized in this study by the stiffness parameter E
init
) are as important as the CCT in influencing measured (Goldmann) IOP.

Conclusions:

This study supports the contention that the observed large scatter in standard correlations of clinical measurements of IOP versus CCT can be largely accounted for by plausible individual variations in corneal biomechanical stiffness properties.
Volume‐of‐fluid‐based model for multiphase flow in high‐pressure trickle‐bed reactor: Optimization of numerical parameters
Authors: Lopes Rodrigo J. G. , Quinta‐Ferreira Rosa M.
Published: August 2009

Aiming to understand the effect of various parameters such as liquid velocity, surface tension, and wetting phenomena, a Volume‐of‐Fluid (VOF) model was developed to simulate the multiphase flow in high‐pressure trickle‐bed reactor (TBR). As the accuracy of the simulation is largely dependent on mesh density, different mesh sizes were compared for the hydrodynamic validation of the multiphase flow model. Several model solution parameters comprising different time steps, convergence criteria and discretization schemes were examined to establish model parametric independency results. High‐order differencing schemes were found to agree better with the experimental data from the literature given that its formulation includes inherently the minimization of artificial numerical dissipation. The optimum values for the numerical solution parameters were then used to evaluate the hydrodynamic predictions at high‐pressure demonstrating the significant influence of the gas flow rate mainly on liquid holdup rather than on two‐phase pressure drop and exhibiting hysteresis in both hydrodynamic parameters. Afterwards, the VOF model was applied to evaluate successive radial planes of liquid volume fraction at different packed bed cross‐sections. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009