bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual percolation behaviors of electrical and thermal conductivity in metal-ceramic composites
Authors: Sun K. , Zhang Z. D. , Qian L. , Dang F. , Zhang X. H. , Fan R. H.
Published: February 2016

The thermal and electrical properties including the permittivity spectra in radio frequency region were investigated for copper/yttrium iron garnet (Cu/YIG) composites. Interestingly, the percolation behaviors in electrical and thermal conductivity were obtained due to the formation of copper particles' networks. Beyond the electrical percolation threshold, negative permittivity was observed and plasmon frequency was reduced by several orders of magnitude. With the increase in copper content, the thermal conductivity was gradually increased; meanwhile, the phonon scattering effect and thermal resistance get enhanced, so the rate of increase in thermal conductivity gradually slows down. Hopefully, Cu/YIG composites with tunable electrical and thermal properties have great potentials for electromagnetic interference shielding and electromagnetic wave attenuation.
Electron impact action spectroscopy of mass/charge selected macromolecular ions: Inner-shell excitation of ubiquitin protein
Authors: Ranković Miloš Lj. , Giuliani Alexandre , Milosavljević Aleksandar R.
Published: February 2016

We have performed inner-shell electron impact action spectroscopy of mass and charge selected macromolecular ions. For this purpose, we have coupled a focusing electron gun with a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. This experiment represents a proof of principle that an energy-tunable electron beam can be used in combination with radio frequency traps as an activation method in tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) and allows performing action spectroscopy. Electron impact MS2 spectra of multiply protonated ubiquitin protein ion have been recorded at incident electron energies around the carbon 1 s excitation. Both MS2 and single ionization energy dependence spectra are compared with literature data obtained using the soft X-ray activation conditions.
Dry-wet digital etching of Ge1−xSnx
Authors: Shang Colleen K. , Wang Vivian , Chen Robert , Gupta Suyog , Huang Yi-Chiau , Pao James J. , Huo Yijie , Sanchez Errol , Kim Yihwan , Kamins Theodore I. , Harris James S.
Published: February 2016

The development of a precise micromachining process for Ge1–xSnx has the potential to enable both the fabrication and optimization of Ge1−xSnx-based devices in photonics and microelectromechanical systems. We demonstrate a digital etching scheme for Ge0.922Sn0.078 based on a two-stage, highly selective CF4 plasma dry etch and HCl wet etch. Using X-Ray Reflectivity, we show consistent etch control as low as 1.5 nm per cycle, which is defined as one dry etch step followed by one wet etch step. The etch rate increases to 3.2 nm per cycle for a longer dry etch time due to physical sputtering contributions, accompanied by an increase in RMS surface roughness. By operating within a regime with minimal sputtering, we demonstrate that good digital etch depth control and surface quality can be achieved using this technique.
Site selective growth of heteroepitaxial diamond nanoislands containing single SiV centers
Authors: Arend Carsten , Appel Patrick , Becker Jonas Nils , Schmidt Marcel , Fischer Martin , Gsell Stefan , Schreck Matthias , Becher Christoph , Maletinsky Patrick , Neu Elke
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate the controlled preparation of heteroepitaxial diamond nano- and microstructures on silicon wafer based iridium films as hosts for single color centers. Our approach uses electron beam lithography followed by reactive ion etching to pattern the carbon layer formed by bias enhanced nucleation on the iridium surface. In the subsequent chemical vapor deposition process, the patterned areas evolve into regular arrays of (001) oriented diamond nano-islands with diameters of <500 nm and a height of ≈60 nm. In the islands, we identify single SiV color centers with narrow zero phonon lines down to 1 nm at room temperature.
Polarization field screening in thick (0001) InGaN/GaN single quantum well light-emitting diodes
Authors: Young N. G. , Farrell R. M. , Oh S. , Cantore M. , Wu F. , Nakamura S. , DenBaars S. P. , Weisbuch C. , Speck J. S.
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate through simulation that complete screening of polarization-induced electric fields in c-plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) is possible by equal n- and p-doping of 10 nm layers immediately adjacent to the QW at a level of 7 × 1019 cm−3. Single QW light-emitting diodes with varying QW thickness are grown using the simulated structure. Biased photoluminescence (PL) measurements show no wavelength shift, indicating complete screening of the polarization field. The behavior of PL peak intensity as a function of bias can be explained as a competition between radiative recombination and carrier escape through tunneling or thermionic emission.
Characterization of atomic force microscopy written conducting nanowires at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces
Authors: Boselli M. , Li D. , Liu W. , Fête A. , Gariglio S. , Triscone J.-M.
Published: February 2016

The realization of conducting nanostructures at the interface between LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 is an important step towards the realization of devices and the investigation of exotic physical regimes. We present here a detailed study of the conducting nanowires realized using the atomic force microscopy writing technique. By comparing experiments with numerical simulations, we show that these wires reproduce the ideal case of nanoconducting channels defined in an insulating background very well and that the tip bias is a powerful knob to modulate the size of these structures. We also discuss the role of the air humidity that is found to be a crucial parameter to set the size of the tip-sample effective interaction area.
Hydrogen atom density in narrow-gap microwave hydrogen plasma determined by calorimetry
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Ohmi Hiromasa , Kakiuchi Hiroaki , Yasutake Kiyoshi
Published: February 2016

The density of hydrogen (H) atoms in the narrow-gap microwave hydrogen plasma generated under high-pressure conditions is expected to be very high because of the high input power density of the order of 104 W/cm3. For measuring the H atom density in such a high-pressure and high-density plasma, power-balance calorimetry is suited since a sufficient signal to noise ratio is expected. In this study, H atom density in the narrow-gap microwave hydrogen plasma has been determined by the power-balance calorimetry. The effective input power to the plasma is balanced with the sum of the powers related to the out-going energy per unit time from the plasma region via heat conduction, outflow of high-energy particles, and radiation. These powers can be estimated by simple temperature measurements using thermocouples and optical emission spectroscopy. From the power-balance data, the dissociation fraction of H2 molecules is determined, and the obtained maximum H atom density is (1.3 ± 0.2) × 1018 cm−3. It is found that the H atom density increases monotonically with increasing the energy invested per one H2 molecule within a constant plasma volume.
Photocurrent response of B12As2 crystals to blue light, and its temperature- dependent electrical characterizations
Authors: Gul R. , Cui Y. , Bolotnikov A. E. , Camarda G. S. , Egarievwe S. U. , Hossain A. , Roy U. N. , Yang G. , Edgar J. H. , Nwagwu U. , James R. B.
Published: February 2016

With the global shortage of 3He gas, researchers worldwide are looking for alternative materials for detecting neutrons. Among the candidate materials, semiconductors are attractive because of their light weight and ease in handling. Currently, we are looking into the suitability of boron arsenide (B12As2) for this specific application. As the first step in evaluating the material qualitatively, the photo-response of B12As2 bulk crystals to light with different wavelengths was examined. The crystals showed photocurrent response to a band of 407- and 470- nm blue light. The maximum measured photoresponsivity and the photocurrent density at 0.7 V for 470 nm blue light at room temperature were 0.25 A ⋅ W−1 and 2.47 mA ⋅ cm−2, respectively. In addition to photo current measurements, the electrical properties as a function of temperature (range: 50-320 K) were measured. Reliable data were obtained for the low-temperature I-V characteristics, the temperature dependence of dark current and its density, and the resistivity variations with temperature in B12As2 bulk crystals. The experiments showed an exponential dependence on temperature for the dark current, current density, and resistivity; these three electrical parameters, respectively, had a variation of a few nA to μA, 1-100 μA ⋅ cm−2 and 7.6x105-7.7x103 Ω ⋅ cm, for temperature increasing from 50 K to 320 K. The results from this study reported the first photoresponse and demonstrated that B12As2 is a potential candidate for thermal-neutron detectors.
Biological cell manipulation by magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Gertz Frederick , Khitun Alexander
Published: February 2016

We report a manipulation of biological cells (erythrocytes) by magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in the presence of a magnetic field. The experiment was accomplished on the top of a micro-electromagnet consisting of two magnetic field generating contours. An electric current flowing through the contour(s) produces a non-uniform magnetic field, which is about 1.4 mT/μm in strength at 100 mA current in the vicinity of the current-carrying wire. In responses to the magnetic field, magnetic nanoparticles move towards the systems energy minima. In turn, magnetic nanoparticles drag biological cells in the same direction. We present experimental data showing cell manipulation through the control of electric current. This technique allows us to capture and move cells located in the vicinity (10-20 microns) of the current-carrying wires. One of the most interesting results shows a periodic motion of erythrocytes between the two conducting contours, whose frequency is controlled by an electric circuit. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of non-destructive cell manipulation by magnetic nanoparticles with micrometer-scale precision.
Thermo-sensitive spin valve based on layered artificial ferrimagnet
Authors: Svalov A. V. , Kurlyandskaya G. V. , Vas'kovskiy V. O.
Published: February 2016

In this work, the temperature and magnetic field dependences of magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of Gd-Co/Co/Cu/Co spin valves were comparatively analyzed. It was observed that the Gd-Co/Co bilayer structure exhibited macroscopic ferrimagnetic behavior. It was shown that the temperature dependence of magnetization of Gd-Co/Co layered artificial ferrimagnet could be the basis for the creation of a thermo-sensitive spin valve.
High thrust-to-power ratio micro-cathode arc thruster
Authors: Lukas Joseph , Teel George , Kolbeck Jonathan , Keidar Michael
Published: February 2016

The Micro-Cathode Arc Thruster (μCAT) is an electric propulsion device that ablates solid cathode material, through an electrical vacuum arc discharge, to create plasma and ultimately produce thrust in the μN to mN range. About 90% of the arc discharge current is conducted by electrons, which go toward heating the anode and contribute very little to thrust, with only the remaining 10% going toward thrust in the form of ion current. A preliminary set of experiments were conducted to show that, at the same power level, thrust may increase by utilizing an ablative anode. It was shown that ablative anode particles were found on a collection plate, compared to no particles from a non-ablative anode, while another experiment showed an increase in ion-to-arc current by approximately 40% at low frequencies compared to the non-ablative anode. Utilizing anode ablation leads to an increase in thrust-to-power ratio in the case of the μCAT.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from ethyne in the presence of NaCl in a smog chamber
Authors: Ge Shuangshuang , Xu Yongfu , Jia Long
Published: February 2016

Environmental context Ethyne is the lightest of the non-methane hydrocarbons, whose oxidation product, glyoxal, is an important precursor of secondary organic aerosol. This study explores the effects of relative humidity on the formation of secondary organic aerosol under irradiation in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sodium chloride. Results show that relative humidity can enhance aerosol formation, which provides evidence of the contribution of ethyne to organic particles. Abstract The heterogeneous photochemical oxidation of ethyne was investigated under different relative humidity (RH) conditions in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sodium chloride in a self-made indoor smog chamber. The purpose was to study the influence of RH on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from C2H2. Through the experiments, we found that SOA was rarely formed at <22% RH in the presence of NaCl seed particles, and that SOA began to be formed at ≥29% RH in the presence of NaCl, which shows the importance of RH in the formation of SOA. The yield of SOA (YSOA) from C2H2 was 0.2% at 51% RH, and increased by a factor of 17.5 as RH reached 83%. The SOA yield increased with increasing RH. The geometric mean diameter of the particles increased by a factor of 1.17, 1.22, 1.28 and 1.51 at a RH of 51, 63, 74 and 83% respectively at the end of the experiment, indicating that the growth of the particle size also increased with increasing RH. Analysis of the SOA with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry indicated that the particles generated from C2H2 contained the functional groups –OH, C=O, C–O–C and C–C–OH, for whose absorption peaks increase with increasing RH.
Soil microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus as affected by frequent drying–rewetting
Authors: Chen Hao , Lai Lu , Zhao Xiaorong , Li Guitong , Lin Qimei
Published: February 2016

Drying and rewetting (DRW) events are very common in arable land. However, it is not clear how the frequency of DRW stress history influences soil carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) dynamics under field conditions. In this study, an arable loam calcareous soil was treated with simulated farming practices that included wheat straw and nitrogen incorporation and three DRW cycles at intervals of 14 days during a 90-day experimental period of incubation at 25°C. The DRW events significantly increased cumulative CO2-C evolution, but the increase rate of cumulative CO2-C evolution declined with increasing DRW cycles. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and P (MBP) decreased by 9–55% and 9–29%, respectively, following each DRW event, but recovered to the level before DRW treatment within 7 days. Frequent drying and rewetting caused significant increases in both extractable organic C and NaHCO3-extractable P, by 10–112% and 10–18%, respectively. The fluctuation of the tested parameters became less with increasing frequency of DRW cycles. Changes in microbial biomass, either MBC or MBP, were poorly correlated with those of extractable organic C and NaHCO3-extractable P. Overall, frequent DRW cycles had much stronger and longer lasting impact on soil biomass P dynamics than biomass C. These findings may imply certain links among soil moisture, microbial activity and nutrient bioavailability that are important in water and nutrient management.
Balance between short and long isoforms of cFLIP regulates Fas-mediated apoptosis in vivo
Authors: Ram Daniel R. , Ilyukha Vladimir , Volkova Tatyana , Buzdin Anton , Tai Albert , Smirnova Irina , Poltorak Alexander
Published: February 2016

Significance

To our knowledge, this article is the first report explaining how cFLIP, an inhibitor of apoptosis, regulates apoptosis in vivo. Although the antiapoptotic role of cFLIP was proposed based on in vitro studies and the early embryonic lethality of cFLIP-deficient mice, the specific role of cFLIP
L
(long) and cFLIP
R
(short) isoforms is poorly understood. In this study, we describe a previously unidentified allele of caspase 8- and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (
Cflar
) (encoding cFLIP) that makes mice of MSM strain resistant to Fas-mediated lethality. The mutant allele affects the ratio of cFLIP
L
:cFLIP
R
, leading to high levels of long FLIP in MSM. As a result, the abundant cFLIP
L
forms enzymatically active heterodimers with caspase 8 (CASP8) in MSMs, which prevents formation of proapoptotic CASP8 p10/p20 and cleaves receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), thus setting up a higher threshold for CD95-mediated apoptosis and RIP1-mediated necroptosis.
A survey of the current situation of Achang
Authors: Shunqing Xiong
Published: February 2016

Achang is a cluster of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken by Achang people distributed in the China-Myanmar border area. In China, Achang can be divided into three mutually unintelligible languages, those of Longchuan, Lianghe and Luxi counties. Longchuan is distinct, the other two are more similar. In Myanmar, the Longchuan language is also spoken, as well as a fourth Achang language.
Discovering endangered Tibetic varieties in the easternmost Tibetosphere
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Wangmo Sonam
Published: February 2016

Dartsendo (Dar-rtse-mdo in Written Tibetan), generally known as Kangding, is a town in the easternmost Tibetosphere, located in Ganzi (dKar-mdzes) Prefecture, Sichuan, China. This town has played an important role for the tea-horse trade since the Ming Dynasty, and is inhabited by both Tibetan and Han Chinese. Under these circumstances, extensive language contact has existed for a long time. Dartsendo Tibetan is the Minyag Rabgang vernacular of Khams Tibetan, and it was once considered as a lingua franca-like variety in the Minyag Rabgang area. However, Dartsendo Tibetan is currently facing extinction. This paper will discuss: (1) the historical background and language situation in Dartsendo, (2) the current language situation of Tibetic languages spoken in the centre of the Town, and 3) the process of endangerment of the local variety. Based on these descriptions, this paper will also propose a method for identifying endangered varieties in the Tibetic languages.
Reproducing formulas for generalized translation invariant systems on locally compact abelian groups
Authors: Jakobsen Mads , Lemvig Jakob
Published: February 2016

In this paper we connect the well-established discrete frame theory of generalized shift invariant systems to a continuous frame theory. To do so, we letΓj\Gamma _{\!j},j∈Jj \in J, be a countable family of closed, co-compact subgroups of a second countable locally compact abelian groupGGand study systems of the form<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="union Underscript j element-of upper J Endscripts left-brace g Subscript j comma p Baseline left-parenthesis dot negative gamma right-parenthesis right-brace Subscript gamma element-of normal upper Gamma Sub Subscript j Subscript comma p element-of upper P Sub Subscript j Subscript">⋃j∈J{gj,p(⋅−γ)}γ∈Γj,p∈Pj\bigcup _{j \in J}\{ g_{j,p}(\cdot - \gamma )\}_{\gamma \in \Gamma _{\!j}, p \in P_j}with generatorsgj,pg_{j,p}inL2(G)L^2(G)and with eachPjP_jbeing a countable or an uncountable index set. We refer to systems of this form as generalized translation invariant (GTI) systems. Many of the familiar transforms, e.g., the wavelet, shearlet and Gabor transform, both their discrete and continuous variants, are GTI systems. Under a technicalα\alphalocal integrability condition (α\alpha-LIC) we characterize when GTI systems constitute tight and dual frames that yield reproducing formulas forL2(G)L^2(G). This generalizes results on generalized shift invariant systems, where eachPjP_jis assumed to be countable and eachΓj\Gamma _{\!j}is a uniform lattice inGG, to the case of uncountably many generators and (not necessarily discrete) closed, co-compact subgroups. Furthermore, even in the case of uniform latticesΓj\Gamma _{\! j}, our characterizations improve known results since the class of GTI systems satisfying theα\alpha-LIC is strictly larger than the class of GTI systems satisfying the previously used local integrability condition. As an application of our characterization results, we obtain new characterizations of translation invariant continuous frames and Gabor frames forL2(G)L^2(G). In addition, we will see that the admissibility conditions for the continuous and discrete wavelet and Gabor transform inL2(Rn)L^2(\mathbb {R}^n)are special cases of the same general characterizing equations.
RCC1-dependent activation of Ran accelerates cell cycle and DNA repair, inhibiting DNA damage–induced cell senescence
Authors: Cekan Pavol , Hasegawa Keisuke , Pan Yu , Tubman Emily , Odde David , Chen Jin-Qiu , Herrmann Michelle A. , Kumar Sheetal , Kalab Petr
Published: February 2016

The coordination of cell cycle progression with the repair of DNA damage supports the genomic integrity of dividing cells. The function of many factors involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and the cell cycle depends on their Ran GTPase–regulated nuclear–cytoplasmic transport (NCT). The loading of Ran with GTP, which is mediated by RCC1, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ran, is critical for NCT activity. However, the role of RCC1 or Ran⋅GTP in promoting cell proliferation or DDR is not clear. We show that RCC1 overexpression in normal cells increased cellular Ran⋅GTP levels and accelerated the cell cycle and DNA damage repair. As a result, normal cells overexpressing RCC1 evaded DNA damage–induced cell cycle arrest and senescence, mimicking colorectal carcinoma cells with high endogenous RCC1 levels. The RCC1-induced inhibition of senescence required Ran and exportin 1 and involved the activation of importin β–dependent nuclear import of 53BP1, a large NCT cargo. Our results indicate that changes in the activity of the Ran⋅GTP–regulated NCT modulate the rate of the cell cycle and the efficiency of DNA repair. Through the essential role of RCC1 in regulation of cellular Ran⋅GTP levels and NCT, RCC1 expression enables the proliferation of cells that sustain DNA damage.
Canonical variate regression
Authors: Luo Chongliang , Liu Jin , Dey Dipak K. , Chen Kun
Published: February 2016

In many fields, multi-view datasets, measuring multiple distinct but interrelated sets of characteristics on the same set of subjects, together with data on certain outcomes or phenotypes, are routinely collected. The objective in such a problem is often two-fold: both to explore the association structures of multiple sets of measurements and to develop a parsimonious model for predicting the future outcomes. We study a unified canonical variate regression framework to tackle the two problems simultaneously. The proposed criterion integrates multiple canonical correlation analysis with predictive modeling, balancing between the association strength of the canonical variates and their joint predictive power on the outcomes. Moreover, the proposed criterion seeks multiple sets of canonical variates simultaneously to enable the examination of their joint effects on the outcomes, and is able to handle multivariate and non-Gaussian outcomes. An efficient algorithm based on variable splitting and Lagrangian multipliers is proposed. Simulation studies show the superior performance of the proposed approach. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in an $F_2$ intercross mice study and an alcohol dependence study.
Sleep Hygiene
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 further discusses sleep hygiene, reviews progress, modifications that can be made to the processes, and sleep hygiene issues that may remain
Bedtime Intervention
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 7 discusses bedtime intervention, reviews progress that has been made, and suggests modifications to improve efficacy. Strategies to address remaining bedtime issues are also presented.
Interventions for Nightmares and Sleep Terrors
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 11 outlines further interventions for nightmares and sleep terrors, including modifications that can be made to treatments and reviews of progress.
Reducing Bedwetting
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 13 explores strategies to reduce bedwetting, and suggests a number of intervention options, with steps to perform each. Medical treatments for bedwetting are also discussed.
Night Waking
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 discusses night waking and potential interventions (graduated extinction, sleep restriction, and scheduled awakening), intervention selection, and common obstacles that may be faced.
Overview
Authors: Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 1 presents an overview of the treatment program, and explores what posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is, what prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE-A) entails, emotional processing theory, and outlines the treatment program's structure.
Setting the Stage for Treatment
Authors: Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 3 discusses confidentiality and privacy in the therapy sessions. Parental involvement is considered, along with planning for crises and identifying any other hurdles to participating in therapy.
Specialty Competencies in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Authors: Finch, Jr. Alfred J. , Lochman John E. , Nelson, III W. Michael , Roberts Michael C.
Published: February 2016

This online resource provides a comprehensive demonstration of the competencies involved in this specialty, extending far beyond the scope of the age of its identified patient population. It offers an evidence-based best practices model of intervention informed by an integration of multiple professional competencies from a range of other specialty areas.
Bacterial Vaginosis and Pregnancy Outcome in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Afolabi Bosede B. , Moses Olusanjo E. , Oduyebo Oyinlola O.
Published: February 2016

Background.  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in the normal vaginal flora and a malodorous discharge when symptomatic. In pregnancy, BV has been associated with adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and low birth weight. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associations of BV and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH).

Methods.  We conducted a prospective observational study with high vaginal swabs obtained from consecutive newly registered antenatal women between 14 and 36 weeks gestation. The women were monitored until delivery, and their pregnancy outcome and demographic data were obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.

Results.  Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed by Nugent score in 64 of 246 women, giving a prevalence rate of 26%. Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with preterm delivery (risk ratio [RR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–4.98), low birth weight (RR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.29–7.94), and premature rupture of membranes (RR, 6.75; 95% CI, 3.11–14.67). The association between BV and miscarriage (<28 weeks gestation) and neonatal admission for various morbidities was not statistically significant.

Conclusions.  The prevalence rate of BV among pregnant women in LUTH is high and is significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Routine screening and treatment of women preconceptually may enable interventions to prevent these adverse outcomes.
The Impact of National Policy on Work–Family Experiences
Authors: den Dulk Laure , Peper Bram
Published: February 2016

Work–life scholars emphasize the need for cross-national studies in order to understand the variety of ways in which people experience the work–life interface across the world. Within this chapter an overview is given of national work–family policies present in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and the changes in policy that occurred across time. This is followed by a review of research that examines the impact of national policies on work–family outcomes. Research on this topic is increasing but scarce. Research to date suggests that policies are beneficial for the general contentment of working parents with the way they are able to combine work and family life, but are less effective in reducing experienced work–family conflict or time pressure.
Advancing Work–Family Research and Practice
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Eby Lillian T.
Published: February 2016

In this final chapter we offer a summation of some of the major themes contained in this volume with regard to future research needs, including a discussion of work–family theory building, the role of gender in the work–family interface, the diversity of the modern family, family supportive organizational policies and practices, and work-family intervention research. We move beyond summation and review by offering specific new ideas for moving work–family scholarship forward. In doing so we highlight the importance of investing in work–family initiatives that enrich employee lives as well as those that benefit families, organizations, and society at large.
Information Structure in Modern Greek
Authors: Skopeteas Stavros
Published: February 2016

This chapter deals with the prosodic and syntactic reflexes of information structure in Modern Greek. The relevant properties of this language are: (a) the word order is sensitive to information structure, such that topics and foci target positions in the left periphery and background information is right dislocated; (b) the intonational nucleus depends on the focus domain and is realized through pitch accents; and (b) definite complements must be doubled through co-referent clitic pronouns if they are not accented, which depends on information structure. This chapter introduces these phenomena and outlines their interaction for the expression of information structural notions.
Business Model Design
Authors: Amit Raphael , Zott Christoph
Published: February 2016

The rapidly changing economic landscape, coupled with transformational advances in information and communication technologies, presents many challenges to managers of large and small enterprises alike. They need to adopt a holistic approach to continuously renew and innovate their organizations’ capabilities, their product and service mix, their product-market strategies, their activity systems, and more. In response to such challenges, two perspectives have emerged in the strategic management literature in the last two decades: the dynamic capabilities paradigm and the business model perspective. With few exceptions, these viewpoints have been kept separate. In this chapter, we explore the rich links between these two perspectives and suggest that business model design, when viewed through a process lens, is in fact a dynamic capability. Our contribution is to elaborate on the mechanisms of this capability.
Rural Society in Crisis
Authors: Boswell Laird
Published: February 2016

Much of Europe’s population still worked the land during the interwar years and peasants formed a crucial political and social constituency. Agriculture was vital to economic development, and the peasantry was central to social stability. The Great War had a major impact on European rural society and opened up the path to land reform and to a greater involvement of the peasantry in politics. In the early 1930s the Depression resulted in a slow decline of the agricultural sector and spurred states to intervene in support of markets and producers. Peasants played an important role in the growth of Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, and in some other parts of the Continent those who worked the land backed Communist parties. In the Soviet Union, Stalin embarked on an unprecedented attempt to collectivize rural society and eradicate the peasantry. While Stalin emerged victorious, he encountered strong peasant resistance.
Nation States, Minorities, and Refugees, 1914–1923
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: February 2016

The First World War quintessentially defined the future of ‘minorities’ on the Continent of Europe. Even before representatives met at Versailles, a number of determined national movements had engaged in bloody campaigns bent on independence or unification with their ethnic kin. Still larger numbers of ‘small peoples’ endeavoured to integrate themselves into the norms and cultures of their home states. Likewise, governments of the era were often compelled to make peace with the demographic, political, and economic realities that “national” minority populations. The arrival of refugees and migrants represented a test for provincial communities and administrations seeking to settle the meaning of integration and national belonging. The opportunity to deport, resettle, or even liquidate populations provided a tool for states seeking to resolve national questions in a capricious manner. Even with the creation of the League of Nations, minorities in Europe regularly suffered at the hands of majoritarian governments.
Occasionalism
Authors: Rudolph Ulrich
Published: February 2016

This chapter charts the development of the theory of occasionalism within the Islamic tradition until the fifth/eleventh century. Occasionalism emphasizes God’s absolute power by negating natural causality and attributing every causal effect in the world immediately to Him. It is often assumed to be a distinctive, if not exclusive, feature of Sunnīkalāmas opposed to Muʿtazilism, Shīʿism, and Islamic philosophy. The chapter begins with the question of how the foundations of the occasionalist theory were prepared in the evolving Muʿtazilī discussions of the third/ninth and early fourth/tenth century. It then considers the role of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the completion and final formulation of the theory before turning to later developments originating with some Ashʿarī theologians of the late fourth/tenth and the fifth/eleventh century. It also looks at the seventeenth chapter ofTahāfut al-falāsifa, in which Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) discusses occasionalism and the problematic of causality.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidtke Sabine
Published: February 2016

This book explores the history of Islamic theology, with particular emphasis on the doctrinal thought of all the various intellectual strands of Islam that were concerned with theological issues—including groups such as the Ismāʿīlīs and philosophers. It also discusses the inter-communal exchanges between Muslim, Christian, and Jewish thinkers over the course of the centuries to show how the theological thought of Jews and Christians intertwined with that of Muslims, and how Muslim theological thinking was influenced by Christian methodologies of speculative reasoning and doctrinal concepts. The rest of the book considers the impact of political and social history on Islamic theology. This introduction provides an overview of the foundations of Islamic theology and the advances that have been made in the scholarly study of Islamic theology.
Early Studies in Roman Britain
Authors: Hingley Richard
Published: February 2016

This chapter provides a summary of changing interpretation of Roman Britain between 1586 and 1906. It commences with the interpretation of the history of the Roman province outlined by William Camden in his seminal account Britannia. It provides an exploration of two myths of origin that had a powerful role in England in the centuries following Camden: the idea that civilization in the lowlands commenced with the Roman Conquest and the contrasting idea that the Roman population of Britain were incomers from Italy and the Mediterranean. The chapter provides a summary of the way that the increasing knowledge of pre-Roman and Roman Britain was drawn upon by Francis Haverfield to produce his account of the Romanization of Roman Britain (1906). This influential idea of the civilizing of lowland Britons in Roman times created a tradition of archaeological research that dominated much of the twentieth century.
Romano-British Archaeology in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Wilson Pete
Published: February 2016

This chapter traces the development of Romano-British archaeology and examines the professional and academic frameworks within which practitioners operate in the early twenty-first century. In addition, the impacts of challenges, such as that posed by unrecorded metal detecting and financial austerity, are considered, along with potential opportunities, including the continuing rise of community archaeology and media interest in the Roman period.
Roman Britain since Haverfield
Authors: Millett Martin
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews the history of research on Roman Britain from the early twentieth century down to the first decade of the twenty-first century. It discusses changes in the scope and character of research activities with a particular emphasis on the historical context and the personal and professional connections between those involved in the subject. This involves looking at the links between teachers and their students as well as the networks created by joint participation in fieldwork. This analysis includes a summary of the networks connecting the contributors to this Handbook. The principal figures active in the study of Roman Britain are discussed and key publications on the subject evaluated in the context of changing patterns of research.
The Textual and Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Hurst Henry
Published: February 2016

This chapter challenges the traditional view that we have little written documentation for Roman Britain by outlining the mass of written evidence found within Britain, much of it discovered or published since the 1980s, and it looks at examples relating to different sectors of society. Texts are seen as artefacts, and so their study should not just be about their content, but also about how they might have functioned in a society which was mainly illiterate. The integration of textual and archaeological information has sometimes been misjudged, but ultimately 'histories' and 'archaeologies' of Roman Britain have the same target. If different disciplinary requirements in analysis are respected, information can be synthesized to good effect. Histories and archaeologies of Roman Britain need to take more account of the body of writing we have now, rather than that which existed a generation or more ago.
Multiculturalism on Hadrian’s Wall
Authors: Nesbitt Claire
Published: February 2016

This chapter considers notions of multiculturalism in the frontier zone of Hadrian’s Wall. Beginning with a consideration of what we understand by multiculturalism when applied to the past, the chapter examines how identities were constructed, adopted, and projected in the frontier zone. Ways of understanding identity through materiality are investigated, and case studies reveal the ways in which individuals projected their identity in life and in death. The chapter considers how concepts of otherness can be seen to influence the reaction of individuals and groups in terms of consciously exhibiting their identity in a multicultural space. Military identities are considered together with how these overlap with the complex identities of people in a frontier zone.
Status and Burial
Authors: Pearce John
Published: February 2016

This chapter presents the burial of the dead as a key arena, like public and domestic space, for articulating status relationships. In mortuary rites distinctions of rank and resources were asserted through scale, materials, and symbolic resonance. With the benefit of new evidence for cremation process and from inhumation graves with good preservation of organic materials, this differentiation can be explored through the ritual sequence, including the laying out of the corpse and its treatment on the pyre, as well as in containers for the dead and in the number, variety and allusive properties of grave goods. In their generic character and their individual ‘biographies’ the latter linked burial to other occasions, ceremonial or convivial, when hierarchical relationships were manifested and reproduced. Combining evidence from inscriptions and sculpture and the in situ remains of markers also reveals differentiation among the dead in a form enduring long beyond the funeral.
Art in Roman Britain
Authors: Croxford Ben
Published: February 2016

The art of Roman Britain has often been sidelined or even denigrated, largely as a result of modern sensibilities concerning quality. Focusing on the moment of creation alone overlooks the longevity of objects, and the multiple and even conflicting potential interpretations by contemporary and later observers. How accurately any given art object may have been read is a problematic issue and one that continues today; there is a false confidence in the simplicity of this task for modern observers, even on the most basic level of subject. The varied assemblage from Roman Britain should provide more than illustrations of the deities that might have been worshipped, or the apparent failings of its makers and users in terms of competency or aesthetics. Its eventual deposition is also more complex than simple disposal of redundant objects or destruction of hated idols. The art of Roman Britain still has much to offer.
‘By Small Things Revealed’
Authors: Millett Martin
Published: February 2016

The study of rural settlement in Roman Britain is undergoing a period of re-evaluation and change. In the past, work has focused on the individual study sites, especially villas. Now there is an increasing interest in the exploitation of whole landscapes, with an emphasis on the people who lived in them and the ways that they exploited the resources available to them. These trends are reviewed, and a case study is presented based on the author’s fieldwork in East Yorkshire. Given that the bulk of the population of Roman Britain lived in the countryside, emphasis is placed on understanding the active role of these people in creating the culture of Roman Britain.
Rural Transformation in the Urbanized Landscape
Authors: Pitts Martin
Published: February 2016

The impact of cities in the urbanized landscape of Roman Britain has long been debated. Were towns and colonies catalysts for rural economic growth or merely islands of colonial culture that served as administrative centres for the collection of tax and rent? Considering recent quantitative studies of artefactual and skeletal evidence, this chapter addresses the relationship between town and country through the lenses of consumption and social inequality. The results suggest consistent and pronounced disparities between the communities of major urban centres and the rest of the populace, in terms of access to commodities, market integration, diet, health, and general quality of life. For the first two centuries after the Claudian conquest, Britain’s first major cities stood apart, benefiting from flows of tribute that did not stimulate or depend on a reciprocal flow of goods to the countryside.
The Exploitation of Animals in Roman Britain
Authors: Maltby Mark
Published: February 2016

Concentrating mainly on the zooarchaeological data, this chapter reviews the evidence for the exploitation of animals in Roman Britain. The review focuses initially on domestic mammals and their exploitation, with particular attention being paid to the species that contributed the most to the diet—cattle, pig, and sheep. This discussion is followed by a shorter summary of the evidence for the exploitation of other mammals, birds, and fish. The relative importance of the different species for their meat and other commodities is outlined, and reasons for variations in species abundance, mortality patterns, butchery methods, and the stature of domestic stock are discussed. Chronological, regional, settlement, and cultural factors all need to be taken into account when considering the complexities of human–animal relationships in Roman Britain.
Coinage and the Economy
Authors: Walton Philippa , Moorhead Sam
Published: February 2016

This chapter attempts to convey some of the complexity surrounding the study of coinage and the economy in Roman Britain. Using the wealth of new data provided by the Portable Antiquities Scheme, it explores the potential role(s) of coinage in Romano-British society and re-evaluates current theories of monetization over the 400 hundred years of Roman rule. In doing so, it challenges the applicability of a prevailing ‘evolutionist’ model, which situates monetization as one aspect of a wider process of acculturation or Romanization and suggests new ways of interpreting numismatic data.
Economy and Power in Late Roman Britain
Authors: Gerrard James
Published: February 2016

This chapter reviews the relationship between power and economics in fourth-century Britain. It argues that the Roman past has often been intuitively understood as rational and that its economics can be easily characterized as ‘proto-capitalist’. The Roman period was, however, both complex and irrational. Agricultural production was the powerhouse of the economy and provided the foundations of both power and status during the late Roman period. The focus on the agricultural economy allows the structures of power – tax, tribute and surplus extraction – and their transformation to be studied. During the fifth century the imperial superstructure collapsed, but the continued local control of agricultural resources provides a mechanism for how the late Roman world was transformed into early medieval societies.
Potential Obstacles to Treatment Success in Adults
Authors: Boswell James F. , Constantino Michael J. , Anderson Lisa M.
Published: February 2016

Identifying client characteristics that influence negative psychotherapy outcomes is vitally important. This chapter reviews baseline client characteristics that have demonstrated direct relationships with unsuccessful treatment outcomes, as well as client traits that have functioned as moderators of specific treatment effects and process-outcome associations. Throughout this chapter client characteristics are defined as preexisting individual differences or traits that clients bring into the therapy context. Identifying client baseline characteristics that influence, directly or indirectlyc, negative outcomes is vitally important. This review divides such client characteristics into the following categories: demographic variables, expectancies, mental health variables, intra-psychic traits, and interpersonal traits. Implications of reviewed research findings for psychotherapy practice are discussed.
Enhancing Positive Adaptation, Well-being, and Psychosocial Functioning in Children by Promoting Positive Parenting
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail H. , Gliske Kate
Published: February 2016

This chapter provides an overview of prevention and treatment interventions to promote positive parenting as a way to enhance children’s psychosocial functioning. Decades of research on parenting have shed light on its role in children’s development, and in particular, the influence of parenting on risk of (or protection from) children’s behavior difficulties. We begin with an empirical and conceptual rationale for parenting as a crucial influence on children’s healthy development and functioning. We discuss the mediating role of parenting in the relationship of contextual stressors to child adjustment. We review four key parent training interventions to improve parenting among populations at risk, with a focus on three broadly disseminated programs with strong bodies of empirical evidence for their efficacy and effectiveness. We conclude by discussing the accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities for parent training programs with regard to research and clinical practice.