bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antiparasitic, Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Potential of the Algerian Limonium Oleifolium Mill. Essential Oil and Organic Extracts
Authors: Mennai Imad , Lamera Esma , Slougui Nabila , Benaicha Brahim , Gasmi Salim , Samai Zakaria , Rahmouni Naima , Bensouici Chawki , C. G. A. Pinto Diana
Published: July 2021

This work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiparasitic, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of the aromatic plant Limonium oleifolium Mill. essential oil (EO) and organic extracts. L. oleifolium aerial parts essential oil was analyzed by GC‐FID and GC‐MS, and 46 constituents representing 98.25±1.12 % of the oil were identified. γ‐Muurolene (10.81±0.07 %), cis‐caryophyllene (7.71±0.06 %), o‐cymene (7.07±0.01 %) and α‐copaene (5.02±0.05 %) were the essential oil main compounds. The antioxidant activity of L. oleifolium EO and organic extracts (MeOH, CHCl3, AcOEt, BuOH) was explored using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, β‐carotene/linoleic acid, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric reducing power assays. The results showed that L. oleifolium EO exhibit antioxidant capacity (IC50=17.40±1.32 μg/mL for DPPH assay, IC50=29.82±1.08 μg/mL for β‐carotene assay, IC50=25.23±1.01 μg/mL for ABTS assay, IC50=9.11±0.08 μg/mL for CUPRAC assay and IC50=19.41±2.06 mg/mL for reducing power assay). Additionally, the EO showed significant activity against trophozoite form of Acanthamoeba castellanii (IC50=7.48±0.41 μg/mL) and promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50=19.36±1.06 μg/mL) and low cytotoxicity on murine macrophages (LC50 90.23±1.09 μg/mL), as well as good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results suggest that L. oleifolium essential oil is a valuable source of bioactive compounds presenting antioxidant, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, it is considered nontoxic.
PEGylated Oligothioetheramide Prodrugs Activated by Host Serum Proteases
Authors: Artim Christine M. , Kunala Manisha , O'Leary Meghan K. , Alabi Christopher A.
Published: July 2021

Due to the increasing prominence of antibiotic resistance, novel drug discovery and delivery approaches targeting bacteria are essential. In this work we evaluate a prodrug design to improve the cytotoxic profile of polycationic oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs), which are promising antimicrobials. Herein we chemically modify the oligoTEA, PDT‐4G, with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) and show that 1, 2, and 5 kDa PEGs mitigate cytotoxicity. As PEGylation reduces antibacterial activity, we evaluate two peptide linkers which, unlike oligoTEAs, are susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in serum. To gain insight into the prodrug reactivation, two linkers were tested, the 5‐residue peptide sequence LMPTG, and the dipeptide sequence VC‐PABC. In the presence of 20 % serum, prodrugs made with the VC‐PABC linker successfully inhibited bacterial growth. Overall, we observed reactivation of oligoTEAs facilitated by serum protease cleavage of the peptide linkers. This work opens the door to the future design of antimicrobial prodrugs with tunable release profiles.
Endoscopic sinus surgery for foreign body extraction in an adult patient
Authors: Cardella Arianna , Preti Andrea , Gera Roberto , Ottaviani Francesco , Mozzanica Francesco
Published: July 2021

Foreign bodies are an unusual indication for endoscopic sinus surgery. If outpatient extraction is not possible and acute sinusitis ensues, thorough exploration and extended surgical dissection should be considered to clear the nasal cavities.
A case of severe paraneoplastic itch resistant to antihistamines and responding to serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Werda Ines , Feki Jihene , Khemiri Souhir , Ben Kridis Wala , Khanfir Afef
Published: July 2021

This article covers an interesting topic. Paraneoplastic pruritus is rare but can be severe. It can sometimes be resistant to usual treatments. In our case, it was resistant to antihistamines but was relieved by inhibitors of serotonin scrapping.
Post‐COVID worsening of a Parkinson's disease patient
Authors: Boika Aliaksandr V. , Sialitski Mikhail M. , Chyzhyk Veranika A. , Ponomarev Vladimir V. , Fomina Elena G.
Published: July 2021

Worsening of clinical symptoms after COVID‐19 infection and misregulation of CD4 and CD8 T‐cell numbers may be revealed in PD patients. Immunological changes may be a source of clinical worsening of the patient.
Chronic kidney disease entertained from Lindsay's nails: A case report and literature review
Authors: Raja Saud Mohammed
Published: July 2021

The presence of Lindsay's nails in a patient with a risk factor for chronic kidney disease could be a valuable clue to an underlying long‐standing renal impairment, particularly when serum creatinine level is not at hand.
Successful treatment of critical coronavirus disease 2019 in a patient with lung cancer concomitant with pembrolizumab‐induced arthritis by methylprednisolone, baricitinib, and remdesivir
Authors: Oda Naohiro , Miyoshi Keiji , Morichika Daisuke , Beika Yuka , Taki Takahiro , Mitani Reo , Okada Toshiaki , Takata Ichiro
Published: July 2021

COVID‐19 in cancer patients on immunosuppressive agents for the treatment of immune‐related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors can rapidly deteriorate. The combination therapy with methylprednisolone, baricitinib, and remdesivir may be effective for critical COVID‐19, and further clinical trials are warranted.
Recurrent Kaposi sarcoma of the ear in an HIV‐negative patient: A case report with review of the literature. Is ear a predilection site for Kaposi sarcoma in HIV‐negatives?
Authors: Etesami Ifa , Kalantari Yasamin , Ghanadan Alireza , Rezayat Azadeh
Published: July 2021

While Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the head and neck is common in HIV‐positives, it is a rare presentation in HIV‐negatives. It is important to consider KS in the differential diagnosis of ear lesions in HIV‐negative patients.
The diagnostic challenge of abdominal tuberculosis in nonendemic countries: A case series from a tertiary hospital in Germany
Authors: Bertlich Maya , Paparoupa Maria , Weckauf Helgard , Wittig Andreas , Linnemüller Stephan , Schuppert Frank
Published: July 2021

Abdominal tuberculosis is a rare clinical condition in nonendemic countries and should be included as differential diagnosis by unspecific abdominal complaints, especially in patients with immigration background from high‐prevalence regions.
PROTOCOL: The effectiveness of social protection interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Thimmappa Latha , Saran Ashrita , D'Souza Sonia R. B. , V. Binil
Published: July 2021

This evidence and gap map will provide an overview of the existing systematic reviews and impact evaluations on the key outcome domains and interventions aimed at improving social protection among people living in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The specific objectives of this map are to: (1) Develop a clear framework of types of interventions and outcomes related to the effectiveness of interventions on social protection for people in LMICs. (2) Map available systematic reviews and primary studies on the effectiveness of interventions on social protection for people in LMICs. (3) Provide a structured and accessible collection of existing evidence and identifying gaps in the available evidence on social protection intervention, thereby helping to inform the research agendas of funders and other organisations.
Singlet Oxygen Oxidation of the Radical Cations of 8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and Its 9‐Methyl Analogue: Dynamics, Potential Energy Surface, and Products Mediated by C5‐O2‐Addition
Authors: Moe May Myat , Tsai Midas , Liu Jianbo
Published: July 2021

8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (OG) is the most common DNA lesion. Notably, OG becomes more susceptible to oxidative damage than the undamaged nucleoside, forming mutagenic products in vivo. Herein the reactions of singlet O2 with the radical cations of 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (OG.+) and 9‐methyl‐8‐oxoguanine (9MOG.+) were investigated using ion‐molecule scattering mass spectrometry, from which barrierless, exothermic O2‐addition products were detected for both reaction systems. Corroborated by static reaction potential energy surface constructed using multi‐reference CASPT2 theory and molecular dynamics simulated in the presence of the reactants′ kinetic and internal energies, the C5‐terminal O2‐addition was pinpointed as the most probable reaction pathway. By elucidating the reaction mechanism, kinetics and dynamics, and reaction products and energetics, this work constitutes the first report unraveling the synergetic damage of OG by ionizing radiation and singlet O2.
Hydraulic architecture and internal water storage of Japanese cypress using measurements of sap flow and water potential
Authors: Kamakura Mai , Tsuruta Kenji , Azuma Wakan A. , Kosugi Yoshiko
Published: July 2021

We studied the hydraulic architecture and internal water storage of a 60‐year‐old Japanese cypress tree (Chamaecyparis obtusa) by concurrent measurements of sap flow rates (u) and in situ water potential (Ψ) of the soil, stem, branches and leaves along the hydraulic system over a year. Distal organs such as lateral branches and leaves showed lower Ψ than that of stem throughout the year, and the lowest hydraulic conductance (K) was shown between the upper stem and lateral branches. Compared to water flow in the upper stem, latent heat flux (lE) began increasing at approximately 1 h earlier in the morning and ceased at 0.5–1 h earlier in the evening, coinciding with variations in solar radiation and vapour pressure deficits. We also observed a distinct time lag (~2 h) in u and Ψ between the basal and upper portions of the stem in the morning and evening. Although lE, u and Ψ peaked near noon in both the basal and upper portions of the stem, the two parameters exhibited different diurnal curves. These differences suggest that water stored in the stem and foliage is withdrawn in the morning, prior to water uptake from the soil, whereas differences in the evening point to recharge of it. Although the contribution of stem water storage was approximately 5% of daily transpiration, it is possible that hydraulic architecture of C. obtusa maintains the water transport efficiency on the outermost layer of the canopy where high transpiration demand.
Snowier winters extend autumn availability of high‐quality forage for caribou in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Richert J. C. , Leffler A. J. , Spalinger D. E. , Welker J. M.
Published: July 2021

Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) rely on the short Arctic growing season to restore body condition, support the demands of lactation, and prepare for the long arctic winter, making them susceptible to even small changes in forage availability or quality. Body condition in the summer and autumn is linked to winter survival rates and fecundity in cows, critical factors in the productivity of caribou populations. Climate change predictions of warmer and wetter northern winters suggest increased snowfall over Alaska's North Slope, which has recently been verified between 1995 and 2017. However, a comprehensive analysis of how deeper snow will affect caribou forage quality is absent across Alaska. In this study, we quantify how snow depth alters the quality and seasonality of caribou forage using a long‐term (24 yr) International Tundra Experiment snow depth manipulation to evaluate how winter climate change scenarios may affect tussock tundra systems in northern Alaska. Deeper snow in prior winters leads to increases in growing season leaf N and digestible protein (DP) in deciduous shrubs (Salix spp. and Betula spp.) and graminoids (Carex spp. and Eriophorum spp.), but not evergreen dwarf shrubs (Rhododendron spp. and Vaccinium spp.). Dry matter digestibility varied among species with small differences (<5%) associated with snow depth. Most striking was the discovery that deeper snow in the prior winter increased the duration of DP levels above the minimum threshold for protein gain in caribou by as much as 25 d in Salix pulchra and 6–9 d in Betula nana and Carex bigelowii in late summer and early autumn. Consequently, deeper winter snow may provide an extended window of opportunity for foraging and the accumulation of lean body mass and fat reserves which promote winter survival and successful calving the following spring and potentially improve the productivity of caribou in northern Alaska.
Comparing diazonium modified and unmodified activated carbon cloths for energy storage in supercapacitors
Authors: Subrata Arnold , Webster Richard D.
Published: July 2021

Activated carbon cloths (ACCs) were chemically modified with anthraquinone (AQ) groups and the resulting AQ‐modified ACCs were characterized and tested for their potential use in supercapacitors. At modest scan rates and current densities, AQ‐modified ACCs were found to store and release less charge than unmodified ACCs, under conditions where equivalent series resistance (ESR) is not minimized.
Long‐term anticholinergic, benzodiazepine and Z‐drug use in community‐dwelling older adults: What is the impact on cognitive and neuropsychological performance?
Authors: Dyer Adam H. , Laird Eamon , Hoey Leane , Hughes Catherine F. , McNulty Helene , Ward Mary , Strain J. J. , Molloy Anne M. , Cunningham Conal , McCarroll Kevin
Published: July 2021

Background

Long‐term use of anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and related drugs (or “Z‐drugs”) have been associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the relationship of these medications with cognitive function and domain‐specific neuropsychological performance in older adults without dementia, is unclear.

Methods

5135 older adults (74.0 ± 8.3 years; 67.4% female) without a diagnosis of dementia were recruited in Ireland to the Trinity‐Ulster‐Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study. Detailed cognitive and neuropsychological assessment was conducted using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).

Results

A total of 44% (2259 of 5153) used either a potential or definite anticholinergic medication. Overall, 9.7% (n = 500) used a definite anticholinergic medication. Regular benzodiazepine use was reported by 7% (n = 363), whilst 7.5% (n = 387) used a “Z‐drug”. Use of definite, but not potential anticholinergic medication was associated with poorer performance on all three assessments (β: −0.09; 95% CI: −0.14, −0.03, p = 0.002 for MMSE; β: −0.04; 95% CI: −0.06, −0.02; p < 0.001 for FAB; β: −4.15; 95% CI: −5.64, −2.66; p < 0.001 for RBANS) in addition to all domains of the RBANS. Regular benzodiazepine use was also associated with poorer neuropsychological test performance, especially in Immediate Memory (β: −4.98; 95% CI: −6.81, −3.15; p < 0.001) and Attention (β: −6.81; 95% CI: −8.60, −5.03; p < 0.001) RBANS domains.

Conclusions

Regular use of definite anticholinergic medications and benzodiazepines, but not potential anticholinergics or “Z‐drugs”, was associated with poorer overall and domain‐specific neuropsychological performance in older adults.
Alternative perspectives: Relations between belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception in bilingual children
Authors: Stegall‐Rodriguez Sarah E. , Weimer Amy A. , Rice Warnell Katherine
Published: July 2021

Representational theory of mind—the ability to represent others' mental states and understand that these beliefs can be different from one's own and reality—emerges in early childhood alongside other meta‐representational abilities, such as understanding that an image can be perceived in multiple ways. Limited research has suggested that individual differences in theory of mind and pictorial meta‐representation are correlated—pointing to domain‐general meta‐representation—but these links might be due to associated abilities such as inhibitory control. To assess this possibility, the present study examines the relationship between belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception in a low‐income sample of bilingual children (aged 4.5–8.5 years), as bilingualism has been linked to meta‐representational skills and executive function. Partialing out age and inhibitory control, belief reasoning and ambiguous figure perception were significantly correlated, suggesting that performance on these tasks involves a general meta‐representational capacity apart from common executive function demands.
Lead metal biosorption and isotherms studies by metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 bacterium
Authors: Hoyle‐Gardner Jada , Jones Winslow , Badisa Veera L. D. , Mwashote Benjamin , Ibeanusi Victor , Gaines Treasure , Lowenthal Hannah , Tucker Landon
Published: July 2021

In this study, lead (Pb) biosorption studies in aqueous solution were performed with metal‐resistant Bacillus strain MRS‐2 (ATCC 55674) bacterium which was previously isolated from wastewater plant. It showed minimum inhibition concentration of 300 ppm Pb on the nutrient agar plates. Pb biosorption using MRS‐2 bacteria was investigated under different parameters such as pH, temperature, biomass dosage, initial Pb concentration, contact time, and type of biomass by batch experiments. Pb concentration was analyzed through Inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. The rate of biosorption (Q) and Pb biosorption capacity (qe) were calculated for above mentioned parameters. It was observed that Pb precipitates by itself from the solution at pH 2 and 8 or above without bacteria and precipitation did not increase even in the presence of bacteria. The results showed that the highest biosorption rate and biosorption capacity (mg/g) were observed at pH 7, 25°C, 2‐h contact time with live bacteria. The highest biosorption rate was observed at 1.5 g/L biomass dose and 5 ppm initial Pb concentration, whereas the highest Pb biosorption capacity was observed at 0.25 g/L biomass dose and 12.5 ppm initial Pb concentration. It was observed that Pb biosorption by live bacteria occurred through adsorption on cell surface. In this study, the biosorption isotherm analysis favored the Langmuir isotherm model indicating monolayer biosorption. This Bacillus strain showed higher Pb biosorption capacity than most of the previously reported Bacillus strains. In conclusion, this study indicates that the Bacillus MRS‐2 strain can be used to remove Pb from industrial wastewaters in an ecofriendly approach.
Agency as Interspecies, Collective and Embedded Endeavour: Ponies and People in Northern England 1916–1950
Authors: Wadham Helen
Published: July 2021

Animals are increasingly acknowledged as historical agents. There are calls for more critical approaches that explore how this agency—often shared with humans—is embedded within wider relations of power. This paper responds by employing Critical Theory, particularly the ideas of Jurgen Habermas, to explore how interspecies agency is shaped and constrained by its broader socioeconomic context. Empirical illustrations are drawn from the experiences of Dales ponies and people in the early twentieth century, who found themselves navigating the growing commodification of their shared lifeworld. The findings suggest the outcome of this process of “colonisation” was not inevitable. Rather, just as the demise of the ponies seemed unstoppable, their shared communicative relations re‐emerged powerfully during the harsh winter of 1947. The paper asks what this means for our understanding of the apparently irrevocable decline of horsepower and how we might better understand horses’ own experiences of such events and processes.
Implementation of a perioperative‐enhanced recovery protocol in patients undergoing open gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Blumenthaler Alisa N. , Robinson Kristen A. , Kruse Brittany C. , Munder Kathryn , Ikoma Naruhiko , Mansfield Paul F. , Gottumukkala Vijaya , Kapoor Ravish , Badgwell Brian D.
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare surgical outcomes before and after implementation of an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) in gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Methods

We included patients who underwent open gastrectomy for gastric cancer before (January 2016 to September 2018) or after (October 2018 to September 2020) ERP implementation. The primary outcome was the postoperative length of stay (LOS). Secondary outcomes included 90‐day readmission rates and Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3 complications.

Results

One hundred patients underwent gastrectomy before (pre‐ERP group) and 52 underwent gastrectomy after (ERP group) protocol implementation. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were similar. The median (interquartile range) postoperative LOS was shorter in the ERP group (7.0 days [6.0–8.0] vs. 8.0 days [7.0–11.0]; p < 0.001). The ERP group had similar rates of readmission (33% vs. 24%; p = 0.34) and grade ≥ 3 complications (19% vs. 19%; p = 1.0) compared to the pre‐ERP group, but experienced lower rates of surgical wound complications (0% vs. 19%; p < 0.001). Rates of other complications were similar.

Conclusions

Implementation of an ERP in patients undergoing open gastrectomy for gastric cancer is feasible and safe and has the potential to decrease postoperative LOS without increasing complication rates.
Working in a Dutch nursing home during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Experiences and lessons learned
Authors: Rutten Johanna E.R. , Backhaus Ramona , PH Hamers Jan , Verbeek Hilde
Published: July 2021

Aims

To gain insight into how direct care staff in Dutch nursing homes experienced work during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

A qualitative study consisting of semi‐structured, face‐to‐face focus groups was conducted using “the active dialogue approach”.

Methods

Participants (n = 29) were care staff from four care teams at Dutch nursing homes. Teams were selected based on the number of COVID‐19 infections amongst residents. Data were analysed with conventional content analysis.

Results

Themes emerging from the data were the loss of (daily) working structure, interference between work and private life for direct care staff, the importance of social support by the team and a leader, and the effects on relationship‐centred care of the measures. Results offer concrete implications for similar situations in the future: psychological support on‐site; autonomy in daily work of care staff; an active role of a manger on the work floor and the importance of relationship‐centred care.
Stress management strategies and quality of life in undergraduate nursing and midwifery students in Poland: A pilot study
Authors: Kowalska Wiesława , Szwamel Katarzyna
Published: July 2021

Aim

To establish the level of the quality of life (QOL) and its determinants in nursing and midwifery students, evaluate stress management strategies and find the correlation between the frequency of specific strategies and the QOL.

Design

Diagnostic survey.

Methods

The study was conducted in June 2019. Two hundred thirty‐four undergraduate students were examined with the use of Mini‐Cope Inventory of Stress Management Measurement (Mini‐Cope) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument Brief Form.

Results

The average QOL of the respondents was found as good (4.06 ± 0.73). The students graded their QOL in the social relationship domain the highest (15.98 ± 2.97) and the lowest in the physical health domain (14.38 ± 2.75). The QOL was influenced by material status and the source of income. In stressful situations, the respondents most commonly used Active Coping (2.09 ± 0.57) and Seeking Emotional Support (2.09 ± 0.77) strategies. The latter correlated most positively with the QOL in social relationship (r = .514, p < .001) and environmental (r = .387, p < .001) domains.
Study on the improvement of dispersibility and orientation control of fluorocarbon‐modified single‐walled carbon nanotubes in a fluorinated polymer matrix
Authors: Hayasaki Takuto , Yamada Yuna , Kai Xu , Almarasy Ahmed A. , Akasaka Shuichi , Fujimori Atsuhiro
Published: July 2021

A technique for improving the dispersibility of fluorocarbon‐modified, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in fluorinated polymers was investigated. Furthermore, we aimed to achieve uniaxial orientation of SWCNT aggregates via a simple high‐temperature drawing method to yield fluoropolymer‐based nanocomposites containing uniform dispersed SWCNTs. Highly water‐repellent SWCNTs were mixed with phase‐separable fluorinated polymers by the chemical modification of their surfaces with fluorocarbons. Introducing a fluorinated phosphonic acid surfactant with a high‐sublimation temperature as the third component to improve dispersibility in the polymer matrix resulted in an innovative improvement. The uniform dispersed SWCNTs in the matrix improved the crystallinity, crystallization temperature, and mechanical characteristics of the composites. The high‐temperature uniaxial orientation of the composite material reduced differences in the physical properties in the polymer due to differences in the initial dispersibility. This effect was expected since the drawing process promoted the deagglomeration of SWCNTs in the matrix. However, optimal physical properties were observed in SWCNT‐oriented composite samples with an excellent initial dispersion.
Medium‐term absorption kinetics and thermal stability analysis of hybrid fiber metal laminate and experimental investigations on its physical and tensile properties
Authors: M Saravana Kumar , M Vasumathi , S Rashia Begum , Pulikkalparambil Harikrishnan , Siengchin Suchart , Pruncu Catalin I.
Published: July 2021

Fiber metal laminates (FML) are promising material candidates in several applications such as aerospace, marine, and construction industries due to their high strength, impact resistance, corrosion resistance, and fatigue properties. However, these materials have a negative impact on the environment due to their higher carbon footprint. This problem could be overcome by hybridizing carbon material with natural biodegradable materials. It is assumed that the higher moisture absorption and lower thermal properties of such materials may affect the long‐term stability of the FML. Hence, an attempt is made in this work to evaluate their stability potential by investigating the influence of the addition of natural jute fiber in carbon reinforced aluminum laminate (CARALL) on FML and report their physical effect of stacking sequence on dynamic, mechanical, and thermal properties. In addition, the medium‐term absorption kinetics of jute fiber hybridized CARALL, that is, carbon‐jute reinforced aluminum laminate (CAJRALL) were performed. The results show that the tensile load bearing capacity of all the immersed laminates decreases at the end of 2 weeks of immersion. Further, CAJRALL was found to possess moderate thermal stability by yielding fewer thermal residues on burning. Finally, the outcome of dynamic mechanical analysis of the hybridized FML reveals that they are capable of storing relatively higher elastic and viscous energies under dynamic conditions with increased damping capability when compared to CARALL. From this study, it is worth to point out that hybridization of CARALL with jute fiber plays a pivotal role in improving environmental friendliness with a lower impact on the overall material properties.
Thermally Stable and Low‐Sensitive Aluminized Explosives with Improved Detonation Performance
Authors: He Songwei , Tan Kaiyuan , Song Qingguan , He Guansong , Cao Wei
Published: July 2021

Two new types of aluminized explosives TATB/HMX/Al and LLM‐105/Al were formulated and compared with the formerly reported TATB/Al explosives in terms of thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance. Firstly, the heat of the explosion was measured and two formulations were selected as the investigated samples. Next the thermal stability was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and thermal cook‐off tests. Then the impact and friction sensitivity were measured, and finally the detonation performance was characterized by cylinder tests and particle velocity measurements of the detonation reaction zone. From the calorimetric data, the new types of explosives increase the heat of the explosion significantly. In terms of thermal stability, LLM‐105/Al=65/30 is more stable than TATB/HMX/Al=50/15/30, but both of them are inferior to TATB/Al=70/25. The impact sensitivity of the two new explosives is higher than that of TATB/Al=70/25, and all of the samples are insensitive to friction. For detonation performance, both of the two new samples are superior to TATB/Al=70/25, and LLM‐105/Al=65/30 exhibits the best performance that it has the highest Gurney energy, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure. Conclusions about how to use those aluminized explosives to generate optimal effects are drawn.
Comparing the physical activity of stroke survivors in high‐income countries and low to middle‐income countries
Authors: Jayawardana Krishni S. , Crowfoot Gary , Janssen Heidi , Nayak Pradeepa , Solomon John M. , English Coralie K.
Published: July 2021

Background

Low physical activity levels in people with stroke may contribute to higher risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Differences in economic status, culture and the built environment may influence the applicability of interventions developed in high income countries (HIC) for stroke survivors in low to middle‐income countries (LMIC).

Purpose

To compare physical activity levels of stroke survivors in HIC and LMIC and to explore the influence of lower limb impairment on physical activity levels.

Methods and Materials

An exploratory secondary analysis of observational data on physical activity levels of stroke survivors from Australia (HIC) and India (LMIC). Physical activity variables (step count, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) were measured by accelerometery. Comparisons of physical activity levels between (a) Australian and Indian stroke survivors and (b) participants with and without lower limb impairments were performed using independent t‐tests or Mann‐Whitney U tests.

Results

There were no significant differences in physical activity levels between (i) Australian and Indian stroke survivors (step count mean difference 201 steps [−1375 to 974], LPA mean difference −24 min [−22 to 69], MVPA mean difference 2 min [−8 to 3]), and (ii) stroke survivors with and without lower limb impairments in either country.

Conclusion

Stroke survivors were highly inactive in both countries. Despite differences in economic status, cultural influences and the built environment, the physical activity of stroke survivors in Australia and India did not differ. People with and without lower limb impairment also had similar physical activity levels.
Measurement of changes in torsional stiffness of press‐formed paperboard packages induced by heat load utilizing a developed measuring device
Authors: Tanninen Panu , Leminen Ville , Matthews Sami , Niini Arvo , Varis Juha
Published: July 2021

The press‐forming process and the effects of parameter variation on the forming process have attracted great interest lately. The dimensional accuracy of the formed trays and the rigidity and stability of the packages are crucial factors for functionality in packaging lines, especially in fast operating machinery. The torsional stiffness of trays must be at a sufficient level to ensure the functionality in subsequent processes and logistics. The objective of this study was to develop and build a device for measuring the torsional stiffness of whole tray packages, to verify its functionality and to investigate the effect of heat load transferred to paperboard material on the torsional stiffness of the formed trays. The operation of the novel torsional stiffness tester was confirmed, and the tester was found to be suitable for measuring the thermal response of the sample materials and the effect of the fibre direction. Thus, the analysed material does not need to have a homogeneous stiffness property since the differences are noticeable in the measurement results. In addition, the results indicate that tray blanks should be die cut in the machine direction of the paperboard. The torsional stiffness of the tray packages increases, and the outer dimensions decrease as a function of the heat input. The first feature is desirable for packaging functionality and the second feature can be compensated by competent packaging design. To conclude, the use of higher mould temperatures is recommendable if the integrity of the package material is not compromised.
A “double fistula” with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease
Authors: El Haj Chehade Ahel , Raphael Ibrahim , Brown Brent , Abdo Tony
Published: July 2021

Key message

We present a patient with a history of cavitary mycobacterial lung infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who developed two connected fistulas post thoracentesis, an alveolo‐pleural and a pleuro‐cutaneous fistula, leading to continuous air leak from a stoma on his back.
Untangling soil‐weather drivers of daily N2O emissions and fertilizer management mitigation strategies in no‐till corn
Authors: Bastos Leonardo M. , Rice Charles W. , Tomlinson Peter J. , Mengel David
Published: July 2021

Fertilizer N management can mitigate N2O emissions but complex soil‐weather conditions modulate the mitigation potential. Conditional inference tree (CIT) is a machine learning method able to untangle complex interactions while providing an interpretable model. The goals of this study were (a) to assess the effect of N fertilizer on N2O emissions, and to use CIT to identify (b) the main soil‐weather drivers of daily N2O hot moments and (c) fertilizer management options to mitigate them. The study was conducted in 2 yr in no‐till corn (Zea mays L.) with seven combinations of N source and placement tested. Daily N2O emissions were measured with vented chambers, and soil temperature and water‐filled pore space (WFPS) were measured near the chambers on the same days of gas sampling. Overall, 2013 was drier with lower N2O emissions than 2014. Cumulative N2O losses differed across treatments and years, with broadcast emitting more in 2014 than in 2013, and only subsurface‐banded fertilizer with a nitrification inhibitor (NI) consistently abated N2O losses. The main hot moment conditions were within ∼80 d of fertilizer application when soil temperature >15 °C and WFPS >57%. Under these conditions, NI abated losses by 50% compared with fertilizer alone. The machine learning approach used here could be used in larger datasets to elucidate environment‐specific drivers of N2O hot moments and potential fertilizer mitigation practices under different soil, weather, and management conditions.
Notch Signaling in the Dynamics of Perivascular Stem Cells and their Niches
Authors: Pagella Pierfrancesco , Vargas Roditi Laura , Stadlinger Bernd , Moor Andreas E. , Mitsiadis Thimios A.
Published: July 2021

The Notch signaling pathway is a fundamental regulator of cell fate determination in homeostasis and regeneration. In this work, we aimed to determine how Notch signaling mediates the interactions between perivascular stem cells and their niches in human dental mesenchymal tissues, both in homeostatic and regenerative conditions. By single cell RNA sequencing analysis, we showed that perivascular cells across the dental pulp and periodontal human tissues all express NOTCH3, and that these cells are important for the response to traumatic injuries in vivo in a transgenic mouse model. We further showed that the behavior of perivascular NOTCH3-expressing stem cells could be modulated by cellular and molecular cues deriving from their microenvironments. Taken together, the present studies, reinforced by single-cell analysis, reveal the pivotal importance of Notch signaling in the crosstalk between perivascular stem cells and their niches in tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
Association between awakening cortisol levels and cardiovascular performance in sugarcane rural workers
Authors: Souza‐Talarico Juliana Nery , Santos Sheila , Trevisan Zanetta Dirce Maria , Marcourakis Tania , de Paula Santos Ubiratan
Published: July 2021

Sudden deaths without known causes have been reported among rural workers in the last decade, especially in low and middle‐income countries. The current study aimed to analyse the association between awakening cortisol response and cardiovascular performance in rural workers before and after the harvesting period. Fifty‐four rural male workers and 48 residents were included (non‐rural workers) from a sugarcane production area in São Paulo, Brazil. Morning salivary cortisol were analysed before and 7 months after the beginning of burnt sugarcane harvesting. Cardiovascular performance (blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate HR) was evaluated using the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT). Our findings revealed a negative association between CAR and cardiovascular performance in rural workers at the harvesting period. Specifically, morning cortisol levels significantly increased after seven months of intense harvesting activity, allied to improvements in physical performance, systolic blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to a cardiopulmonary task. No association was observed in the resident group. Altogether, these findings suggest that, at least in the short‐term, rural workers presented an adaptive response to the physical demands of sugarcane harvesting work. Longitudinal studies are essential to investigate the long‐term effects of harvesting activity on rural workers' health.
Epitaxial nucleation, modulated structure of molecular aggregation, and enhanced thermal degradation temperature of poly(ethylene adipate): Effects of the naturally occurring uracil as a nucleator
Authors: Yang Yubin , Zhu Zhe , Xie Zhanghua , Liu Fude , Yin Jing , Sun Xiaoyu , Jia Chunfeng , Yang Jinjun
Published: July 2021

We fabricated a novel bio‐composite using the poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA) and naturally occurring uracil (URA), in which the URA with the full biocompatibility and degradability acted as a nucleator (NA). A distinct enhancement was found in the crystallizability, melt‐crystallization temperature (Tc), and crystallization rate of the PEA upon incorporation of the URA, an indicative of a good NA of the URA. The underlying nucleation mechanism of the PEA is the epitaxial nucleation, attributed to the extremely good matching between the crystal lattice of the PEA and URA. The H‐bond interaction exists between the carbonyl/ester segment of the PEA crystalline phase and URA. With loading of the URA, both the carbonyl and ester fell behind the CH2 in the segmental reorganization in the crystallization process of the PEA. The PEA/1%URA showed an enhancement in the Td in the TG measurement (i.e. increased stability in thermal degradation), mainly attributed to the flame retardance effect of the URA.
Coparenting Interventions and Shared Physical Custody: Insights and Challenges
Authors: Darwiche Joëlle , Nunes Cindy Eira , El Ghaziri Nahema , Imesch Camille , Bessero Séverine
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on the issue of shared physical custody (SPC) in the broader context of coparenting interventions. To identify if and how these interventions address the issue of SPC, we provide a systematic overview of the currently available types of coparenting interventions after marital dissolution. To be selected, the interventions had to be published in peer-reviewed journals, target separated or divorced parents, integrate work on coparenting, and include a custody focus within the intervention curriculum or as a targeted outcome. Finally, they had to be subject to empirical evaluation.

As a second step, using a case study, we investigate how the issue of SPC may be addressed before divorce, during couple therapy. We describe the therapy sessions to highlight the factors that may protect or undermine the development of a cooperative coparenting relationship while separating, and eventually create a positive shared-custody scenario after divorce. We also analyse the couple’s progress regarding individual symptomatology and coparenting satisfaction based on self-reported questionnaires and on the quality of their observed coparenting interactions.

From a therapeutic perspective, this chapter aims to deepen our understanding of the challenges and opportunities of coparenting during and after separation and its intertwinement with the issue of SPC.
Alternating Homes – A New Family Form – The Family Sociology Perspective
Authors: Thomson Elizabeth , Turunen Jani
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, we identify structural features of families with shared physical custody that differ from those of nuclear families or those of families where one parent has sole physical custody, and discuss the implications for family and kin relationships. We pay particular attention to the ways in which shared physical custody alters the gendered nature of parenting and kinship. We argue that the structural features of shared physical custody create distinct contexts for parent-child and sibling relationships and produce differences in shared understandings of obligations between family members. The unique context for relationships and obligations together constitute a new family form. Our analysis generates an agenda for future research on the nature and consequences of shared physical custody.
Independence of algebraic monodromy groups in compatible systems
Authors: Amadio Guidi Federico
Published: July 2021

In this paper we develop a general method to prove independence of algebraic monodromy groups in compatible systems of representations, and we apply it to deduce independence results for compatible systems both in automorphic and in positive characteristic settings. In the abstract case, we prove an independence result for compatible systems of Lie-irreducible representations, from which we deduce an independence result for compatible systems admitting what we call a Lie-irreducible decomposition. In the case of geometric compatible systems of Galois representations arising from certain classes of automorphic forms, we prove the existence of a Lie-irreducible decomposition. From this we deduce an independence result. We conclude with the case of compatible systems of Galois representations over global function fields, for which we prove the existence of a Lie-irreducible decomposition, and we deduce an independence result. From this we also deduce an independence result for compatible systems of lisse sheaves on normal varieties over finite fields.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of mitochondrial fission factor
Authors: Takeichi Yukina , Miyazawa Takashi , Sakamoto Shohei , Hanada Yuki , Wang Lixiang , Gotoh Kazuhito , Uchida Keiichiro , Katsuhara Shunsuke , Sakamoto Ryuichi , Ishihara Takaya , Masuda Keiji , Ishihara Naotada , Nomura Masatoshi , Ogawa Yoshihiro
Published: July 2021

Aims/hypothesis

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles continuously undergoing fission and fusion, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, to adapt to nutritional demands. Evidence suggests that impaired mitochondrial dynamics leads to metabolic abnormalities such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) phenotypes. However, how mitochondrial dynamics are involved in the development of NASH is poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role of mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) in the development of NASH.

Methods

We created mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of MFF (MffLiKO). MffLiKO mice fed normal chow diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) were evaluated for metabolic variables and their livers were examined by histological analysis. To elucidate the mechanism of development of NASH, we examined the expression of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and lipid metabolism, and the secretion of triacylglycerol (TG) using the liver and primary hepatocytes isolated from MffLiKO and control mice.

Results

MffLiKO mice showed aberrant mitochondrial morphologies with no obvious NASH phenotypes during NCD, while they developed full-blown NASH phenotypes in response to HFD. Expression of genes related to ER stress was markedly upregulated in the liver from MffLiKO mice. In addition, expression of genes related to hepatic TG secretion was downregulated, with reduced hepatic TG secretion in MffLiKO mice in vivo and in primary cultures of MFF-deficient hepatocytes in vitro. Furthermore, thapsigargin-induced ER stress suppressed TG secretion in primary hepatocytes isolated from control mice.

Conclusions/interpretation

We demonstrated that ablation of MFF in liver provoked ER stress and reduced hepatic TG secretion in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, MffLiKO mice were more susceptible to HFD-induced NASH phenotype than control mice, partly because of ER stress-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes and suppression of TG secretion from hepatocytes. This study provides evidence for the role of mitochondrial fission in the development of NASH.

Graphical abstract
Brain volume in chronic ketamine users — relationship to sub-threshold psychotic symptoms and relevance to schizophrenia
Authors: Chesters Robert A. , Pepper Fiona , Morgan Celia , Cooper Jonathan D. , Howes Oliver D. , Vernon Anthony C. , Stone James M.
Published: July 2021

Rationale

Ketamine may model aspects of schizophrenia arising through NMDA receptor activity deficits. Although acute ketamine can induce effects resembling both positive and negative psychotic symptoms, chronic use may be a closer model of idiopathic psychosis.

Objectives

We tested the hypotheses that ketamine users had lower brain volumes, as measured using MRI, and greater sub-threshold psychotic symptoms relative to a poly-drug user control group.

Methods

Ketamine users (n = 17) and poly-drug using controls (n = 19) were included in the study. All underwent volumetric MRI imaging and measurement of sub-threshold psychotic symptoms using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State (CAARMS). Freesurfer was used to analyse differences in regional brain volume, cortical surface area and thickness between ketamine users and controls. The relationship between CAARMS ratings and brain volume was also investigated in ketamine users.

Results

Ketamine users were found to have significantly lower grey matter volumes of the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, cerebellum and total cortex (FDR p < 0.05; Cohen’s d = 0.36–0.75). Within the cortex, ketamine users had significantly lower grey matter volumes within the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices (Cohen’s d 0.7–1.31; FDR p < 0.05). They also had significantly higher sub-threshold psychotic symptoms (p < 0.05). Frequency of ketamine use showed an inverse correlation with cerebellar volume (p < 0.001), but there was no relationship between regional brain volumes and sub-threshold psychotic symptoms.

Conclusions

Chronic ketamine use may cause lower grey matter volumes as well as inducing sub-threshold psychotic symptoms, although these likely arise through distinct mechanisms.