bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in the Epidemiology of Infectious Myxomatosis of Rabbits
Authors: Marshall I. D. , Dyce A. L. , Poole W. E. , Fenner Frank
Published: May 2009

Field observations supplemented by laboratory tests were carried out on the occurrence of myxomatosis at two sites with contrasting environments near the northern limit of rabbit infestation in Australia, during the period May 1952 to April 1953.

In spite of the very low incidence of cases of myxomatosis observed in wild rabbits during that period great reductions in the rabbit population occurred.

Analysis of the results of serum surveys indicates that myxomatosis was present and caused minor unobserved epizootics during this period, The overlap in this area of rabbit breeding and active transmission of myxomatosis probably led to a high death rate in the sub-adult rabbit population.

In spite of continued reintroduction of fully virulent standard virus into the areas, all strains of virus recovered were somewhat attenuated. There was a suggestion that at Texas the degree of attenuation increased during the study period.

Sex ratios and data on reproduction are presented for the 1488 rabbits shot at the two areas. Recovery from myxomatosis appeared to have no adverse effect on the fecundity of the female rabbit.
The Development of a Stable Smallpox Vaccine
Authors: Collier L. H.
Published: May 2009

1. Requirements for a heat-stable smallpox vaccine are suggested.

2. Sheep lymph dried from the frozen state retains its potency at 22 and 37°C. better than aqueous, glycerinated or lanolinated suspensions of lymph. Dried crude lymph is not, however, sufficiently stable for use in tropical areas; it is also liable to vary in stability from batch to batch. No better results were obtained by prolonging secondary desiccation.

3. Phenol in low concentration is deleterious to vaccinia virus stored in the dried or liquid state at 22 and 37° C.

4. Dried vaccinia virus stored under nitrogen loses potency more rapidly than when sealedin vacuo, even when precautions are taken to rid the nitrogen of traces of oxygen and moisture.

5. A number of suspending media were examined for their preservative influence on purified vaccinia virus. None was effective in the liquid state, but all protected the virus against the lethal influence of freeze-drying. In the dried state, these media varied in their ability to protect the virus during storage at 22 or 37° C. The best results at both temperatures were obtained with virus freeze-dried in 5% peptone. This medium also protects the virus well at 45° C. Different types of peptone were equally effective.

6. Virus dried in 5% peptone still gave a full quota of successful primary vaccinations of children after storage for 12 months at 22° C., or for 4 months at 37° C.

7. Using partially purified sheep virus dried in 5% peptone, a vaccine can be produced which shows a high degree of resistance to heat, is relatively free from bacterial contamination, and is easy to reconstitute after prolonged storage. These results are highly reproducible.
The Structure of Fowl-Pox Inclusions (Bollinger Bodies)
Authors: Eaves G. , Flewett T. H.
Published: May 2009

The cytoplasmic inclusion bodies produced by fowl-pox virus in the chorioallantoic membrane of the egg consist of a mass of virus particles, frequently surrounding an apparently normal component of the cytoplasm. Finely granular or filamentous material is seen in the centre of the inclusion and round the more central virus particles into whose structure it appeared to be incorporated. The inner virus bodies consisted of a granular core surrounded by a single membrane. The outer virus bodies consisted of a cortical layer 20 mμ thick, enclosing a space in which lay a core with a granular centre.
The Effect of Heat on the Clotting of Plasma by Staphylococcal Coagulase and by Thrombin with Particular Reference to the Protective Action of Glycine
Authors: Gordon J. , Turner G. C.
Published: May 2009

1. Plasma heated to 56° C. for 4 min. is not clotted by staphylococcal coagulase or thrombin, but when heated in the presence of glycine remains sensitive to the action of these clotting agents.

2. With glycine, plasma no longer clots after heating at 62° C.
The Numbers of Pathogenic Bacilli in Faeces in Intestinal Diseases
Authors: Thomson Scott
Published: May 2009

1. Gastro-enteritis caused by certain varieties of Bact. coli is a highly infectious disease among babies, and it has been suspected that the infectivity is associated, partly at least, with the very large numbers of pathogens excreted in the faeces. Very large numbers were found in the faeces, but large numbers of pathogens were also found in dysentery, salmonella food-poisoning and in some cases of paratyphoid fever.

In cases of gastro-enteritis the dilution of faeces containing 5 to 50 pathogenic Bact. coli per ml. was usually 10−8; in Sonne dysentery and salmonella food-poisoning the corresponding dilution was 10−6. It is doubtful if even this difference can account for the differences in infectivity.

2. When normal Bact. coli outnumber pathogenic Bact. coli, shigellae or salmonellae by as little as 10: 1 it is difficult to identify the pathogens unless a selective culture medium can be used.

3. Ordinary nutrient broth is generally able to act as an enrichment medium for the isolation of pathogens from faeces.
The Role of Certain Varieties of Bacterium Coli in Gastro-Enteritis of Babies
Authors: Thomson Scott
Published: May 2009

1. In gastro-enteritis of babies caused by pathogenic varieties of Bact. coli the infection extends up the whole length of the small gut. Quantitative bacteriological examinations showed the contents of the upper intestine to harbour Bact. coli in numbers usually found only in faeces.

2. Bact. coli O 111, O 55, O 26, etc. are pathogens.

3. The syndrome of gastro-enteritis of babies associated with Bact. coli resembles cholera clinically, pathologically and bacteriologically.

4. There is a place in bacteriology for quantitative tests as distinct from qualitative tests.

I owe my thanks to many people: to Dr A. H. James for teaching me his methods of getting samples of duodenal juice; to Prof. A. G. Watkins, Dr P. T. Bray, Dr Emrys Harries, Dr S. Rosehill, Dr Bowen Owen and Dr W. R. Nash for allowing me access to their patients; to Dr T. E. Parry, Dr W. Mackay and Dr R. D. Gray for allowing me to attend and collect specimens from autopsies; it would be ungracious not to thank several ward sisters to whom I must have been a great nuisance. To my technician John Smith I am exceedingly indebted.
Enteric Fevers and Normal Salmonella Agglutinins in the Gold Coast
Authors: Hughes M. H.
Published: May 2009

Enteric fevers are common in the Gold Coast, where their incidence is increasing owing to insanitary urbanization. Children and migrant labourers form the bulk of the patients. Typhoid fever accounts for three-quarters of the cases, but paratyphoid A and paratyphoid C also occur. The Widal test has attained renewed importance in early diagnosis since the introduction of chloramphenicol, and gave a presumptive diagnosis within 24 hr. in two-thirds of the cases. ‘Normal’ agglutinin levels were determined in 200 sera sent for the Kahn test, and provide data for interpreting the Widal test in the Gold Coast. Low titre H agglutinins in the sera of normal people are thought to indicate past vaccination or infection, but low titre O agglutinins are probably unrelated to either. Agglutination of a Salm. typhi H suspension by normal sera suggests that one adult African in eight in the Gold Coast has suffered from typhoid fever.

I have to thank Lt. Col. H. J. Bensted, O.B.E., M.C., for kindly providing Standard agglutinating sera.

My thanks are also due to Messrs D. Gellatly, A.I.M.L.T., K. C. Lisle, E. S. Martinson and A. T. Nartey for their technical assistance at various times during the past 2½ years.

I am indebted to Dr George Watt, M.B.E., acting Chief Medical Officer, Gold Coast, for permission to publish this paper.
Factors Influencing the Agglutinability of Red Cells. Variation of the Red Cells of the Rabbit in Susceptibility to Agglutination by Homologous Iso-Antisera
Authors: Heard D. H.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

1. Rabbit cells show a marked variation in agglutination when reacting with apparently homologous iso-antisera.

2. This phenomenon has been investigated in two ways:

(a) Samples of apparently homologous antisera have been absorbed with (i) strongly agglutinating cells, (ii) poorly agglutinating cells. It was found that strongly agglutinating cells absorbed the antibody completely and rapidly from the serum, whilst poorly agglutinating cells, though they absorbed it completely, did so much more slowly. Also, when a serum which had been absorbed with poorly agglutinating cells until these no longer reacted with it was titrated against strongly agglutinating cells, these were still strongly agglutinated. This showed a source of serious error when investigating new sera by absorption techniques and when using weak antisera for grouping purposes.

(b) Poorly agglutinating cells were injected into rabbits, and the antisera so obtained were examined against strongly agglutinating cells and against the poorly agglutinating cell used as the antigen. The antibody response was poor; two out of eight rabbits developed an antibody, and strongly agglutinating cells reacted more strongly with these antisera than the poorly agglutinating cells which had been used as the antigen.

3. Three hypotheses for this variation in agglutination have been put forward and discussed:

(a) That the variation is due to cross reactions between numbers of closely related antigen-antibody systems. The results of the investigations 2 (a) and 2(b) suggest that this is unlikely.

(b) That the disposition of antigen sites on the surface of the red cell is a factor determining the agglutinability of the cell. It is considered that this might play a subsidiary role in the phenomenon as it is shown in the rabbit.

(c) That rabbit red cell agglutinability is mainly determined by the number of antigen sites on the cell available to the antibody. The experimental results can be explained on this hypothesis, and it is suggested that this may be the main factor accounting for the behaviour of rabbit red cells. It is pointed out that supporting evidence for this is afforded by measurements with radio iodinated antisera.
The Micro-Determination of Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Biological Materials
Authors: Baker P. R. W.
Published: May 2009

A micro-drying method is described, which is simple, rapid and reproducible. It has been shown to give results in reasonable agreement with the Karl Fischer method, and with the vapour-pressure method. The results on samples of low moisture content are, however, considerably higher than those by the so-called American standard method. The method has been in routine use for over 3 years.
On the Construction and use of Life-Tables from a Public Health point of view
Authors: Hayward T. E.
Published: May 2009

The time may be considered opportune for bringing forward this subject in that the near approach of the publication of the completely classified results of the census of 1901 will cause the attention of many Medical Officers of Health to be directed to the possibility and desirability of using the census data for working out Life-Tables for their respective districts, and doubtless the construction of many more local Life-Tables will be contemplated than was the case after the census of 1891.
Studies in Relation to Malaria. II.(Cont.)The Structure and Biology of Anopheles (Anopheles maculipennis)
Authors: Nuttall George H. F , Shipley Arthur E
Published: May 2009

Resting Position of the Imago.—Geographical Distribution of the Species.—Habitat.—Modes of Dissemination and Migratory Flights.—hibernation of the Imago.—Longevity.—Oviposition, and the Influence of Food thereon.—Parthenogenesis.—Numerical Proportion of Sexes.—Number of Generations during a season.—Food.—Influence of Heat, Cold, Light, Colour, and Sound.—Sense of Smell and Taste.
A Review of Current Theories Regarding Immunity (Continued)
Authors: Ritchie James
Published: May 2009

The question of the complexity of immune bodies and of complements can be best illustrated by bringing forward certain experiments of Ehrlich, who has always held to the multiplicity of both substances. These experiments have, like the former, to do with haemolysis.
The Measures taken to check the Diphtheria Outbreak of 1901 at Colchester
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

Finally I wish to draw particular attention to the following facts:—

1. The striking diminution in the case-mortality at the Mile End Hospital which followed the systematic use of antitoxin.

2. The subsidence of the epidemic during the season when diphtheria is commonly most prevalent.

3. The opening of the schools in September without any increase in the prevalence of the disease.

4. The persistence of diphtheria bacilli for long periods in certain of the convalescents and contacts.

5. The success of preventive measures based upon the belief that diphtheria is spread mainly by personal contact, and through the inter-mediation of healthy persons and other who by the means usually employed are not recognised to be suffering from the disease.
On the Bactericidal Effect exerted by Human Blood on certain species of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms and on the Antibactericidal Effects obtained by the addition to the blood in vitro of Dead Cultures of the Micro-Organisms in question
Authors: Wright A. E. , Windsor F. N.
Published: May 2009

The fact that the blood of ordinary laboratory animals exerts a very marked bactericidal effect upon the Bacillus typhosus and the Spirillum cholerae asiaticae, while it exerts little or no effect upon the Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pyogenes, has hardly received the attention which it would seem to merit in view of the circumstance that these facts involve the important problem as to whether the blood exerts its bactericidal action upon pathogenic organisms generally, or only upon certain species of such micro-organisms.
“Ankylostomiasis.” No. II
Authors: Boycott A. E. , Haldane J. S.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Volume III., p. 95 of this Journal) we gave an account of our observations on cases of ankylostomiasis in Cornish mines. The present paper will be devoted to a more general discussion of the disease from the point of view of its prevention, particularly in mines.
Hay Fever; Recent Investigations on its Cause, Prevention, and Treatment
Authors: Glegg R. Ashleigh
Published: May 2009

Hay Fever is a disease which on account of its peculiar interest has attracted the attention of the medical world ever since it was first accurately described by Bostock of London in 1819. To what extent the disease occurred before his time is difficult to determine; but from the fact that his observations were at once confirmed by a number of contemporary medical men it is probable that at the time of his writing it was not very uncommon. We have no exact knowledge of the existence of the disease in England prior to the nineteenth century, and indeed many authors hold that the chief etiological factors were not present in earlier times. It is my purpose in this paper to discuss the researches recently carried out by Prof. Dunbar at the State Institute of Public Health in Hamburg, which have very considerably increased our knowledge of the interesting malady, and have also narrowed the field for its future investigation.
An Investigation into the Conditions affecting the Occurrence of Typhoid Fever in Belfast
Authors: Smith J. Lorrain
Published: May 2009

For a considerable number of years, Belfast has suffered from a high typhoid fever death-rate, and the investigations embodied in the following pages were undertaken at the request of the Corporation, with the purpose of determining the sanitary measures required to prevent, as far as possible, the occurence of typhoid fever in the city.
A Note on the Natural Occurrence of Piroplasmosis in the Monkey (Cercopithecus)
Authors: Ross Philip H.
Published: May 2009

During the months of May and June last three batches of monkeys (Cercopithecus), making fourteen in all, were sent to me for experimental purposes. The first lot of four monkeys arrived on May 15th, and on taking their temperatures the following evening it was found that they all had fever varying from 103·8° to 106·4° F. Blood films were taken and examined the following day, but nothing was then found save a rather marked degree of polychromatophilia. That evening, May 17th, the temperature of one of the monkeys was found to be 110·4°, the animal was moribund, and died within two hours. An autopsy was made next morning, but nothing abnormal could be found. That afternoon, in examining a fresh blood preparation, a non-pigmented pear-shaped endocorpuscular body was found. This body was single, pear-shaped when first seen, and gradually changed its shape, becoming first oval and then again pear-shaped but with the thin end now at the opposite extremity. No protrusion of pseudopodia was observed.
Report of an Outbreak of Plague in Queensland during the first six months of 1904
Authors: Baxter-Tyrie C.C.
Published: May 2009

Plague was introduced into Queensland from Sydney in 1900, and every subsequent year has been marked by an outbreak in Brisbane. In both towns the authorities are unsparing in their efforts to eradicate the factors contributing to its maintenance, but in both places the infection of the rats and their haunts is so extensive that the disease may now be looked upon as endemic in the two cities. The probabilities are, however, that the pest will be harder to eradicate in Sydney, where the buildings are substantially built, and not as in Brisbane light structures of wood which more easily lend themselves to treatment and are comparatively temporary in their character.
On the Action of Complement as Agglutinin
Authors: Muir Robert , Browning Carl H.
Published: May 2009

In the course of our experiments on haemolytic sera we have met with the following phenomenon which appears of some interest. It consists in the agglutination of the corpuscles of an animal by its own complement through the medium of the corresponding immune-body derived from another animal, and was observed first in the case of ox's corpuscles, the immune-body used being obtained from the rabbit. The fundamental fact is that if a certain amount of immune-body and ox's complement be added to ox's corpuscles, scarcely any lysis of the corpuscles occurs but they become agglutinated into large masses which cannot be dissociated by shaking. The immune-serum from the rabbit contains some agglutinin, but the degree of agglutination produced by this is quite trifling compared with that seen when complement also is added. There is thus no doubt that the agglutination phenomenon depends on the cooperation of two substances in a manner comparable to what obtains in lysis. The following are the chief facts regarding the conditions of occurrence of the agglutination and the nature of the agglutinating substance in the ox's serum.
Observations on the Bacteriology of Paratyphoid Fever and on the Reactions of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Sera
Authors: Boycott A. E.
Published: May 2009

1. Three fully-established, and two probable, cases of infection with B. paratyphosus B producing a typhoid-like illness have been found in a series of 176 cases of typhoid.

2. Preliminary culture in a fluid medium containing dulcite is of great assistance in isolating paratyphoid organisms from mixtures such as faeces.

3. The diagnosis of paratyphoid fever can generally be made from the agglutinative reactions of the serum.

4. Absorption tests are necessary for the positive or negative diagnosis of mixed infections.

5. The structure of the agglutinated masses of paratyphoid and Gaertner bacilli varies with homologous and heterologus sera, and is of diagnostic import.

6. Gaertner and paratyphoid agglutinins are more thermostabile than typhoid agglutinin by 5°–10° C.

7. The agglutinations of paratyphoid, hog-cholera and Gaertner bacilli with a series of typhiod sera are described, and the circumstances which influence the presence and amount of these secondary agglutinins discussed.
Domestic Infection in relation to Epidemic Diarrhoea
Authors: Newsholme Arthur
Published: May 2009

For some years past a careful record has been kept of the method of feeding, not only of all children dying of epidemic diarrhoea, but also of all babies under one year of age in the houses of the working classes, which are visited year by year in the course of routine house-to-house inspections by the sanitary inspectors in my department. It is impossible to ask the necessary questions at every house, but in most houses information has been given without difficulty, and it may be taken as certain that the 1259 babies living in 10,308 houses who are classified in the first four columns of Table I belong approximately to the same social stratum as the 121 babies dying from diarrhoea who are classified in the four last columins of the same table.
Human Trypanosomiasis and Spirochaetosis in Portuguese South-West Africa, with suggestions for Preventing their Spread in the Colony
Authors: Wellman F. C.
Published: May 2009

The origin and object of the following paper can be explained in a few words. In April, 1904, the writer published a series of 280 blood examinations (to which were added about 150 more) of natives of southern Angola (Portuguese West Africa) without recording a single instance of the presence either of trypanosomes or of spirochaetes in the circulation. Quite recently in the course of an investigation of the endemic malaria of the same district, 513 examinations made among the same people and with the same technique revealed 3 individuals harbouring trypanosomes and 4 showing spirochaetes in their blood. These observations, together with the fact that a year or so ago the natives reported no cases of Tick Fever, while recently statements are made by them that the Tick Fever of the upper Zambezi has reached Angola, and also the fact that Sleeping Sickness is reported to be advancing southward through the province, have led me strongly to suspect that these diseases have lately begun to spread markedly in my part of the colony, and that one or both of them may not inconceivably assume in the near future epidemic proportions.
On a New Porcelain Filter
Authors: Bulloch W. , Craw J. A.
Published: May 2009

The use of earthenware as a filtering material for the purification of water is probably of very ancient origin, but the modern modification, the porcelain filter, according to Gautier (1890), is due to Nadaud de Buffon (1861). Earthenware filters in general serve the useful purpose of aërating the water and retaining suspended matter and are therefore valuable in rendering boiled and rain water clear and palatable. The first application of bacteriological methods of examination by pupils of Robert Koch showed, however, that the great majority of these and other water filters gave no protection against disease organisms. Hesse (1885–6) found that clays and asbestos retained micro-organisms to a marked extent, and, although Plagge (1886) confirmed this observation he demonstrated that but few filters prevented the direct transmission of bacteria and that even the best after a few days contaminated the filtrates indirectly. This indirect contamination Plagge attributed to the growth of micro-organisms within the filter mass and so pronounced is its influence that porcelain filters after being a few days in action give filtrates richer in germs than the original water. Schäfer (1893) states that porcelain filters do not allow organisms to grow through them when the water filtered is of such a character that the organisms cannot multiply in it. He points out that the waters usually filtered for domestic purposes do not allow B. typhosus and V. cholerae to grow, and that in such cases porcelain filters are efficient. Unfortunately, however, drinking waters do occur in which these organisms can multiply, and then indirect contamination is inevitable if the filter be allowed to act more than a few days without sterilisation.
Note on some Cases of Food-poisoning
Authors: MacConkey Alfred T.
Published: May 2009

The cases which from the subject of the following note occurred in the district of Dr Chas. Jackson, M.O.H., of Fulham, and I am greatly indebted to him for so kindly furnishing me with their histories and with samples of the patients' serum.
Herpetomonas Parasites in Fleas
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: May 2009

In the light of the controversy which is beginning to be waged in connection with Schaudinn's researches into the life-history of Halteridium noctuae, and especially in view of the papers by Prof. Ross which have been appearing in this Journal, the accompanying illustrations are likely to be of interest. They represent forms of parasite which I have found in the alimentary tract of the flea, Pulex cleopatrae Roths. and possibly other species, when searching for a cycle of development for Haemogregarina balfouri Laveran in that insect which, along with mites, infests the Sudan jerboa (Jaculus gordoni). The illustrations were prepared by Mr Richard Muir from drawings which I made in Khartoum.
Bacillus Dysenteriae Of Flexner in Relation to Asylum Dysentery
Authors: Aveline H. T. S. , Boycott A. E. , Macdonald W. F.
Published: May 2009

1. B. dysenteriae of Flexner has been found in the stools of 17 out 19 cases of asylum dysentery; no evidence of the presence of the Shiga type was obtained.

2. In 18 cases examined one week to 14 months after an attack of dysentery, B. dysenteriae was found only once (3 weeks).

3. No evidence has been obtained of the presence of B. dysenteriae the faeces of ward contacts (26 cases) with either normal or diarrhoeic stools.

4. The fermentative reactions of B. dysenteriae of Flexner towards maltose and cane-sugar are variable.
On the Toxin Production of the Diphtheria Bacillus
Authors: MacConkey Alfred
Published: May 2009

Everyone who has been occupied with the weekly production of diphtheria toxin in quantity has been struck with the great variations which may and usually do occur in the strength of the toxin from week to week. It is indeed extraordinary as Madsen remarks (1908, p. 83) that a bacillus should for a long time give good and fairly constant results when grown in one laboratory and yet fail to do so when grown in another laboratory in a medium prepared with the greatest care according to the formula used in the first laboratory. That it is notmerely a question of medium is shown by the following experiment.A batch of bouillon was made up and inoculated in the usual way. Then half the flasks were placed in one of the two hot rooms we have here, and the other half in the other hot room. After nine days' incubation the cultures were treated as usual. Both lots were tested on the same day and it was found that while the M.L.D. of the one half was 1/150 c.cm., that of the other was 1/50 c.cm. Many and varied have been the procedures suggested for growing the diphtheria bacillus so as to obtain a highly potent filtrate and most of them have been tried in this laboratory but none can be depended upon to give a constant result. When discussing this point Dean (1907, pp. 467–468) gives the M.L.D. of a large number of toxins prepared under his direction, but they are notgiven in order as they were prepared and so one cannot get an idea as to how one batch differed from the next. I have not come across any such series in the literature of this subject and so it seemed that it would be of interest to put on record a two years' series of results in theorder in which they were obtained—more especially as a study of thisseries gave more food for thought than was anticipated.
The Relation of Concentration of Food Supply to the Generation-time of Bacteria
Authors: Penfold W. J. , Norris Dorothy
Published: May 2009

1. The generation-time of B. typhosus in 1% peptone at 37°C. is 40 minutes.

2. The rate of growth of B. typhosus is greatly influenced by the concentration of peptone in nutrient medium when the peptone is below 0·4%.

3. Below 0·2% the generation-time is inversely proportional to the concentration of peptone used.

4. The addition of 0·175% of glucose to a medium containing only 0·1% of peptone lowers the generation-time by about 50% With 1·0% peptone this effect is less marked.
Notes on some Tropical Diseases of Palestine
Authors: Masterman E. W. G.
Published: May 2009

Jerusalem is the resort of so many tourists and pilgrims who chiefly visit the country in the healthy spring season and see little of the conditions in which the poor of the land live, that it may be difficult for them to realize that it is a city where malaria is exceedingly rife and where the most elementary sanitary regulations are utterly neglected.There is no proper public water supply, no sewers worth the name, vaccination is not enforced even when small-pox is epidemic and there is no attempt to isolate those suffering from infectious diseases. This state of things is undoubtedly largely due to remissness and ignorance on the part of the Turkish Government, but the situation is made very complicated and difficult on account of the “ Capitulations ” by which all foreign subjects are practically independent of the Local Authority "and accept no orders except through their own Consuls.
First Report of the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service
Authors: Lien-Teh Wu , Tuck G. L.
Published: May 2009

Immediately following on the International Plague Conference held in Mukden in April, 1911, the Chinese Government, anxious to carry out the recommendations of the Conference, instituted the North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service. The chief of these recommendations were briefly:

(a) Systematic investigations should be made as to whether epizootic plague occurs among Tarbagans and other rodents, and, if such exists, an accurate investigation should be made of the nature of the infection.

(b) A general improvement in the sanitary condition of cities and villages, especially with regard to overcrowding, is desirable.

(c) Education of the public by lectures and the issue of pamphlets and handbills, explaining preventive measures in simple language.

(d) The need for isolation of pneumonic-plague patients being urgent, permanent hospitals should be available.

(e) Hospital accommodation for suspected cases of plague should be provided.

(f) Contact quarantine stations should be constructed.
Complement Action in regard to Surface Tension
Authors: Schmidt Hans
Published: May 2009

In recent years immunity reactions have come to be regarded more particularly from the physico-chemical standpoint. Many of the phenomena occurring in immunity reactions are shown to be of the nature of colloidal chemical processes, and the laws which govern such processes have been found to hold, at least partially, for reactions occurring in sera, which belong to the class of colloidal protein solutions. Thus the application to immunity reactions, of such conceptions as viscosity and surface tension, has afforded a more reasonable explanation of these reactions. In the following paper special reference will be made to the surface tension, changes of which play an important part in all immunity reactions.
The Detection of Anthrax Spores in East India Wool and in Yarn manufactured therefrom.
Authors: Sutherland P. L.
Published: May 2009

The following investigation was undertaken during November and December 1911 with the object of determining the source of infection in a series of cases of anthrax which occurred in the same yarn mill. The investigation resulted in proving that anthrax spores were present in a variety of East India wool and in the yarn manufactured therefrom.
The Effects of Nitrogen-peroxide on the Constituents of Flour in Relation to the Commercial Practice of bleaching Flour with that Reagent
Authors: Moore Benjamin , Wilson John T.
Published: May 2009

The process of subjecting flour to the whitening action of dilute nitrous fumes has grown so extensively during the past ten or twelve years, that it is estimated that more than half of the enormous amount of flour utilised for making bread and for other purposes is now bleached or tinted by this method. Yet none of this bleached or artificially whitened flour is sold to the public as such specifically, or marked by any distinctive label, to show that it has passed through a chemical process.
Notes on some Tropical Diseases in Palestine
Authors: Masterman E. W. G.
Published: May 2009

Until recently there has been a general impression among a large proportion of the local medical faculty in Jerusalem that enteric fever was very uncommon and that typhus fever was practically unknown. As we are now basing our diagnosis of malaria increasingly upon the discovery of malarial parasites in the blood, we find that while on the one hand many of the most severe malarial infections, especially those with subtertian parasites, have little or no pyrexia, on the other hand, many cases which we should have called “ remittent malaria” or “malignant malaria” or “typho-malaria” in years gone by, are proving to be of other origin. A case of remittent pyrexia which does not yield in three, or at the outside five, days to efficient dosing with quinine is not in our experience a pure malarial infection.
On the Protective and Curative Properties of certain Foodstuffs against Polyneuritis induced in Birds by a Diet of Polished Rice
Authors: Cooper E. A.
Published: May 2009

1. Pigeons fed on daily rations of polished rice equal to 1/20th their initial body-weight develop symptoms of polyneuritis in about three weeks and usually lose considerably in weight.

2. The efficacies of various ox-tissues for preventing polyneuritis have been determined, and the tissues arranged according to their anti-neuritic powers are in the following descending order: liver, cardiac-muscle, cerebrum, cerebellum, voluntary muscle, and (cows') milk.

3. Alcoholic extracts of the excreta of a hen fed on unpolished grain and of the faeces of a rabbit fed on bread and cabbage cured polyneuritis in pigeons. The whole content of anti-neuritic substances present in the dietary was therefore not absorbed or else some amount is synthesised by the bacteria of which the faeces consisted to a considerable extent. No conclusions can consequently be drawn as to the actual distribution of the active substances in the animal body, until the extent to which the various tissues are absorbed from the alimentary canal of birds has been determined.

4. Nuts (husked filberts) are very efficient in preventing polyneuritis, being even superior to lentils and husked barley. Cheddar cheese, on the other hand, even in considerable amount, has no preventive effect.

5. Malt extract taken from two different samples readily cured polyneuritis in pigeons. A third sample however even in large doses had no curative action.

6. For the prevention of beri-beri egg-yolk, heart-muscle, liver, nuts, barley, and lentils can be recommended as suitable foodstuffs with which to supplement the polished rice diet. As meat (voluntary muscle) has been frequently found to be ineffective in preventing epidemics of beri-beri, its replacement by heart and liver in mixed diets would be a considerable improvement, because, not only are these tissues when suitably prepared as nutritious as voluntary muscle, but they also contain the anti-neuritic substances in much higher concentration.
Note on the Colour-Preference of Flies
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: May 2009

In the course of our investigations on the biology of flies, during the year 1912, a certain number of experiments were performed in order to ascertain whether house-flies possess any colour preference. In the case of mosquitoes, Nuttall (1901) has shown that these insects have a very well-defined preference for certain colours. When a number of boxes, lined with different coloured materials, were placed in a tent containing mosquitoes, the latter occurred most frequently on navy-blue, and, in descending order, on dark red, brown, scarlet, black, slate-grey, dark green, violet, leaf-green, blue, pearl-grey, pale green, light blue, ochre, white, orange, and yellow. Very few insects indeed were found to rest on the last seven colours.
The Influence of Ocean Spindrift and Blown Spary on the Chlorine Content of Inland Ground Waters
Authors: Barr William
Published: May 2009

In works on Public Health and Water Analysis, it is a common observation that the amount of chlorine in inland surface waters near the seaboard is considerably higher than what obtains in samples from more inland parts.
The Phosphoric Oxide Content of Maize Flour
Authors: McCrae J.
Published: May 2009

In 1909, in a paper published from the Federated Malay States Institute for Medical Research, Fraser and Stanton in discussing the etiology of beri-beri found that polyneuritis could be produced in fowls by a diet of polished white rice and that the fowls remained healthy if, in addition to the polished rice, they received a sufficient quantity of rice polishings or a quantity of an alcoholic extract (evaporated at a temperature of 52° C.) of whole rice. They established the fact that the essential cause of beri-beri was to be sought for in a nutritive defect, and they endeavoured to determine by chemical methods precise differences between rices capable of causing polyneuritis in fowls and rices which did not cause the disease. Their experiments had shown conclusively that highly polished rice gave rise to the disease but whole rice did not and that the disease could be cured by adding rice polishings to the diet. The chemical examination showed that, whereas whole rice contains about 0·469 per cent, of phosphoric oxide, polished white rice contains only about 0·277 per cent, and the polishings contain about 4·2 per cent.
Studies on the Effect exerted by Shaking on Serum
Authors: Schmidt Hans
Published: May 2009

Owing to the difficulty of satisfactorily explaining many facts in serological work, there has been a tendency in the last few years to consider serological phenomena more and more from a physico-chemical point of view.
The Influence of the Age of the Parent on the Vitality of the Child—a First Study
Authors: Ewart R. J
Published: May 2009

The subject I propose to discuss in the present and subsequent papers is of importance in two ways. Popular traditions have frequently implied that the age at which a parent begets offspring is not without influence upon the characters of the latter, the prevailing belief being humorously portrayed in the late W. S. Gilbert's ballad “The Precocious Baby.” Again, recent thinkers, notably Professor Karl Pearson, have asserted that elder born children differ markedly in liability to certain diseases from their younger brethren. Were this view to be accepted it would be relevant to enquire whether the difference might not be a function of the age of the parents at the time of birth of the offspring or at least whether such difference might not play a part in bringing about this result. Assuming that any such effect could be demonstrated, it is plain that a valuable stimulus would be given to the study of physiological changes in the reproductive system within the fertile period. These are the immediately interesting aspects of the subject, but with them I am less directly concerned than withcertain secondary consequences.
The Supply of Non-tuberculous Dairy Stock
Authors: Mackintosh James , Pennington S. , Williams R. Stenhouse
Published: May 2009

The object of this paper is to draw attention to the need of a further supply of sound dairy stock. Three main arguments in favour of this proposal have occupied our minds: (1) that the loss to the dairy industry through tuberculosis in cattle amounts to a considerable sum each year, (2) that there is serious loss in human lives due to bovine tuberculosis, (3) that, owing to their dearth in the country, there should be sufficient demand for sound dairy stock to place a farm devoted to the rearing of such cattle on a sound financial basis. The last part of this paper deals with a proposal to carry out this scheme.
The Wassermann and Luetin Reactions in Leprosy
Authors: Fletcher William
Published: May 2009

1. One hundred lepers were examined by Browning, Cruickshank and McKenzie's modification of the Wassermann reaction with positive results in 22 cases. The amount of complement deviated was in some cases exceptionally large.

2. In a control group of 110 non-leprous persons there were 11 positive reactions.

3. In only one of the lepers was there visible evidence of former venereal disease but 33 of the lepers admitted that they had suffered from syphilis or from chancres, and of these 33, 13 reacted positively, while only nine of the remaining 66 gave positive reactions.

4. In the control group, 21 admitted former syphilitic infection and, of these, eight reacted positively; among the remaining 89, who denied syphilis, there were three positive reactions.

5. There were 12 positive reactions among 44 cases of tubercular leprosy and 10 positive reactions among 56 cases of the anaesthetic type.

6. The average duration of the disease, among the 22 lepers who reacted positively, was four years and eight months, as compared with an average of three years and eight months for the 78 patients who reacted negatively; but among the latter there were many old-standing cases.

7. Seventeen of the 22 positive cases were in an advanced stage of leprosy and in some of them the disease was progressing; but among those lepers who reacted negatively there were also many advanced and progressing cases.

8. Serum from the lesions in 10 of the lepers who reacted positively was examined by dark-ground illumination, but in no case was the Treponema pallidum found.

9. The luetin test was applied to 21 lepers, with negative results in every instance; 13 of these cases gave positive and eight gave negative Wassermann reactions. The test was also applied to a control group of non-leprous persons selected because they were likely to be latent syphilitics. In this group there were 11 positive luetin reactions.
A Contribution to the Study of Amboceptors and Receptors. Third Communication on Heterologous Immunity to Malignant Mouse Tumours
Authors: Tsurumi M.
Published: May 2009

By using watery extracts of mouse tumours and guinea-pig kidney, and alcoholic goat erythrocyte extract, it has been shown that mouse tumour, guinea-pig kidney and goat erythrocyte antisera contain complement fixing antibodies for all three extracts, although the reaction is most evident when the homologous antigens are employed.

Goat erythrocyte antiserum agglutinates goat blood corpuscles strongly while guinea-pig kidney and mouse tumour sera do not contain haemagglutinin at all. Haemagglutination is therefore not to be regarded as a prelude to haemolysis; the antibodies for both processes can exist independently of one another. It has thus been seen that mouse tumour, guinea-pig kidney and goat erythrocytes have in common the property of producing, when inoculated into the rabbit, besides haemolytic amboceptors, complement fixing antibodies, but receptors for goat haemagglutinins cannot be found in either guinea-pig kidney or mouse tumours.

For his advice and assistance in carrying out this work I desire to thank Dr Schütze.
Trypanosomiasis in Northern Uganda
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: May 2009

In January, 1914, Dr J. H. Reford, Uganda Medical Staff, reported the discovery, in the blood of a dog belonging to a European missionary, of a trypanosome showing marked morphological resemblance to the human parasite, the so-called Trypanosome rhodesiense. The dog had made a single journey through the morsitans belt south of Masindi. It died after a short and severe illness characterised by marked emaciation and keratitis. Dr Reford recognised a certain number of trypanosomes in which the nucleus was displaced posteriorly, and also sundry irregular, more or less rounded-off forms. Miss Robertson, who had just completed a tour in this same fly belt, examined some of Dr Reford's slides and expressed her agreement with his view as to the affinities of the organism to the Rhodesian trypanosome. As she had not met with any trypanosomes of the gambiense-brucei group during her experiments in the same district, Miss Robertson, in a report to the Principal Medical Officer dated 20th January, 1914, laid considerable stress on the importance of the find and discussed at some length the pros and cons of the arrival of the dreaded South African organism in this already overburdened Protectorate.
Bacteriological Aspects of the Meningococcus Carrier Problem
Authors: Eastwood A.
Published: May 2009

During the year 1915, Drs F. Griffith, W. M. Scott and I have been investigating the meningococcus in the Board's Pathological Laboratory with the object of providing information which may be of service to the Board, particularly with reference to the carrier problem.
A Study of Meningococci occurring in the Spinal Fluid and of Similar Organisms in the Naso-pharynx
Authors: Scott W. M.
Published: May 2009

(1) The maximum period during which meningococci may be isolated from the naso-pharynx of convalescents exceeds three months.

(2) Meningococci were isolated from the naso-pharynx and proved identical with those isolated from the spinal fluid of the same patient in seven cases.

(3) In two of these cases the type of meningococcus found in the naso-pharynx at first resembled exactly that found in the spinal canal of the same patient, and later was persistently replaced by a meningococcus differing markedly in serological reactions from the spinal strain.

(4) Micro-organisms indistinguishable from meningococci by microscopical and cultural methods (including fermentation tests) were found in the naso-pharynx in 22% of 138 individuals, non-contacts, from an urban population (Lambeth out-patients).

(5) With 63% of these organisms the serological tests confirmed their identity with or close relationship to meningococci; they agglutinated specifically with anti-meningococcus serum and exhibited a tendency to fall into the same serological groups as the spinal strains.

(6) Their agglutinating properties were not, in general, so strongly marked with the sera used as those of the known pathogenic strains but they showed definite absorption of the specific agglutinm. They appeared to differ from the majority of the spinal strains not in the quality but in the quantitative intensity of their specific affinities: some spinal strains, however, resembled them in this.

(7) Thus, in 13·7% of the 138 non-contacts micro-organisms were found in the naso-pharynx indistinguishable by any test from strains of meningococci known to have caused meningitis: these are regarded by the writer as meningococci and the individuals harbouring them as meningococcus-carriers.
Transmission of Pulmonary and Septicaemic Plague among Marmots
Authors: Lien-Teh Wu , Eberson Frederick
Published: May 2009

1. 52·6% of marmots placed in contact with marmots infected with plague by inhalation developed pulmonary plague and died within 4–6 days.

2. Marmots suffering from pneumonic plague are infective at an early stage of the disease and the animals which such marmots infect acquire plague after a short incubative period.

3. Pulmonary plague can be readily transmitted to the small marmot (Spermophilus citellus Linn.), and these animals, when suffering from pulmonary plague, are in turn capable of transmitting the same type of plague through the respiratory passages.

4. Septicaemic plague can be developed in marmots very easily as a result of respiratory infection and also by direct subcutaneous inoculation with small amounts of culture.

5. The marmot can acquire plague by way of the alimentary tract and spread the disease by feeding on plague-infected carcases. The histological appearances observed in the lesions of these cases are characteristic.