bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infectious Disease Management through Point-of-Care Personalized Medicine Molecular Diagnostic Technologies
Authors: Bissonnette Luc , Bergeron Michel G.
Published: May 2012

Infectious disease management essentially consists in identifying the microbial cause(s) of an infection, initiating if necessary antimicrobial therapy against microbes, and controlling host reactions to infection. In clinical microbiology, the turnaround time of the diagnostic cycle (>24 hours) often leads to unnecessary suffering and deaths; approaches to relieve this burden include rapid diagnostic procedures and more efficient transmission or interpretation of molecular microbiology results. Although rapid nucleic acid-based diagnostic testing has demonstrated that it can impact on the transmission of hospital-acquired infections, we believe that such life-saving procedures should be performed closer to the patient, in dedicated 24/7 laboratories of healthcare institutions, or ideally at point of care. While personalized medicine generally aims at interrogating the genomic information of a patient, drug metabolism polymorphisms, for example, to guide drug choice and dosage, personalized medicine concepts are applicable in infectious diseases for the (rapid) identification of a disease-causing microbe and determination of its antimicrobial resistance profile, to guide an appropriate antimicrobial treatment for the proper management of the patient. The implementation of point-of-care testing for infectious diseases will require acceptance by medical authorities, new technological and communication platforms, as well as reimbursement practices such that time- and life-saving procedures become available to the largest number of patients.
Briacavatolides A–C, New Briaranes from the Taiwanese Octocoral Briareum excavatum
Authors: Yeh Tsun-Tai , Wang Shang-Kwei , Dai Chang-Feng , Duh Chang-Yih
Published: May 2012

In order to search for novel bioactive substances from marine organisms, we have investigated the organic extracts of the Taiwanese octocoral Briareum excavatum collected at Orchid Island. Three new briarane-type diterpenoids, briacavatolides A–C (1–3) as well as two known briaranes, briaexcavatolide U (4) and briaexcavatin L (5) were isolated from the acetone extract. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis and physical data. The anti-HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) activity of 1–5 and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines were evaluated.
Temperature Frequency Characteristics of Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) Polymer Coated Rayleigh Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Resonators for Gas-Phase Sensor Applications
Authors: Esmeryan Karekin D. , Avramov Ivan D. , Radeva Ekaterina I.
Published: May 2012

Temperature induced frequency shifts may compromise the sensor response of polymer coated acoustic wave gas-phase sensors operating in environments of variable temperature. To correct the sensor data with the temperature response of the sensor the latter must be known. This study presents and discusses temperature frequency characteristics (TFCs) of solid hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) polymer coated sensor resonators using the Rayleigh surface acoustic wave (RSAW) mode on ST-cut quartz. Using a RF-plasma polymerization process, RSAW sensor resonators optimized for maximum gas sensitivity have been coated with chemosensitive HMDSO films at 4 different thicknesses: 50, 100, 150 and 250 nm. Their TFCs have been measured over a (−100 to +110) °C temperature range and compared to the TFC of an uncoated device. An exponential 2,500 ppm downshift of the resonant frequency and a 40 K downshift of the sensor’s turn-over temperature (TOT) are observed when the HMDSO thickness increases from 0 to 250 nm. A partial temperature compensation effect caused by the film is also observed. A third order polynomial fit provides excellent agreement with the experimental TFC curve. The frequency downshift due to mass loading by the film, the TOT and the temperature coefficients are unambiguously related to each other.
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanowires by Thermal Oxidation of Zn Thin Films at Various Temperatures
Authors: Khanlary Mohammad Reza , Vahedi Vahid , Reyhani Ali
Published: May 2012

In this research high-quality zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires have been synthesized by thermal oxidation of metallic Zn thin films. Metallic Zn films with thicknesses of 250 nm have been deposited on a glass substrate by the PVD technique. The deposited zinc thin films were oxidized in air at various temperatures ranging between 450 °C to 650 °C. Surface morphology, structural and optical properties of the ZnO nanowires were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD analysis demonstrated that the ZnO nanowires has a wurtzite structure with orientation of (002), and the nanowires prepared at 600 °C has a better crystalline quality than samples prepared at other temperatures. SEM results indicate that by increasing the oxidation temperature, the dimensions of the ZnO nanowires increase. The optimum temperature for synthesizing high density, ZnO nanowires was determined to be 600 °C. EDX results revealed that only Zn and O are present in the samples, indicating a pure ZnO composition. The PL spectra of as-synthesized nanowires exhibited a strong UV emission and a relatively weak green emission.
Thermal and Optical Activation Mechanisms of Nanospring-Based Chemiresistors
Authors: Dobrokhotov Vladimir , Oakes Landon , Sowell Dewayne , Larin Alexander , Hall Jessica , Barzilov Alexander , Kengne Alex , Bakharev Pavel , Corti Giancarlo , Cantrell Timothy , Prakash Tej , Williams Joseph , Bergman Leah , Huso Jesse , McIlroy David
Published: May 2012

Chemiresistors (conductometric sensor) were fabricated on the basis of novel nanomaterials—silica nanosprings ALD coated with ZnO. The effects of high temperature and UV illumination on the electronic and gas sensing properties of chemiresistors are reported. For the thermally activated chemiresistors, a discrimination mechanism was developed and an integrated sensor-array for simultaneous real-time resistance scans was built. The integrated sensor response was tested using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The distinguished electronic signatures of various chemical vapors were obtained at ppm level. It was found that the recovery rate at high temperature drastically increases upon UV illumination. The feasibility study of the activation method by UV illumination at room temperature was conducted.
Time-Domain Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Techniques Suitable for Solid-State Imaging Sensor Arrays
Authors: Li David Day-Uei , Ameer-Beg Simon , Arlt Jochen , Tyndall David , Walker Richard , Matthews Daniel R. , Visitkul Viput , Richardson Justin , Henderson Robert K.
Published: May 2012

We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 μm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.
NPSR1 Gene Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: ROBLEDO GEMA , GONZÁLEZ-GAY MIGUEL ANGEL , FERNÁNDEZ-GUTIÉRREZ BENJAMÍN , LAMAS JOSÉ RAMÓN , BALSA ALEJANDRO , PASCUAL-SALCEDO DORA , CASTAÑEDA SANTOS , BLANCO RICARDO , GONZÁLEZ-ALVARO ISIDORO , GARCÍA ANTONIO , RAYA ENRIQUE , GÓMEZ-VAQUERO CARMEN , DELGADO MARIO , MARTÍN JAVIER
Published: May 2012

Objective.

Neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in immune response and is associated with several inflammatory diseases. We investigated the possible contribution of several polymorphisms in the intronic region ofNPSR1to rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

Genotyping of 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was performed in a total of 1232 patients with RA and 983 healthy controls of Spanish white origin by real-time polymerase chain reaction technology, using the TaqMan 5′-allele discrimination assay.

Results.

One out of the 7 SNP analyzed (rs740347) was associated with RA [p after Bonferroni correction (pBNF) = 1.2 × 10−3, OR 0.73]. An association was also observed with rheumatoid factor-positive and shared epitope-positive RA (pBNF= 0.011, OR 0.73; pBNF= 0.037, OR 0.75, respectively).

Conclusion.

Our results show that variations in theNPSR1intronic region are associated with low risk in patients with RA, supporting other evidence that this locus represents a common genetic factor in inflammatory diseases.
Français vs English : histoire d'une rencontre avec penalty... et sans retour
Authors: Crosnier Elizabeth
Published: May 2012

Derrière ce titre énigmatique se dissimule une réalité peu amusante pour la plupart des scientifiques français touchés par le syndrome du « Publish or Perish ». Dans cet article, nous rappellerons tout d'abord la prépondérance de l'anglais au sein de la communauté de chercheurs. Puis nous dresserons le bilan de nos travaux sur le français et l'anglais scientifiques. À ce stade de notre étude contrastive sur l'écrit, nous ressentons la nécessité de présenter une synthèse et de rappeler quelques points essentiels. Enfin nous exposerons nos nouvelles orientations puisque, de nos jours, les productions en français sortent rarement de l’antre de leurs auteurs, qu'il s'agisse des publications ou des présentations orales. Ce phénomène nous conduit à en examiner les retombées, puis à explorer un aspect différent, notamment les relations entre l'écrit et l'oral à travers les productions des scientifiques anglophones.
Usefulness of the rK39-Immunochromatographic Test, Direct Agglutination Test, and Leishmanin Skin Test for Detecting Asymptomatic Leishmania Infection in Children in a New Visceral Leishmaniasis Focus in Amhara State, Ethiopia
Authors: Gadisa Endalamaw , Custodio Estefanía , Cañavate Carmen , Sordo Luis , Abebe Zelalem , Nieto Javier , Chicharro Carmen , Aseffa Abraham , Yamuah Lawrence , Engers Howard , Moreno Javier , Cruz Israel
Published: May 2012

In areas where visceral leishmaniasis is anthroponotic, asymptomatically infected patients may play a role in transmission. Additionally, the number of asymptomatic patients in a disease-endemic area will also provide information on transmission dynamics. Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts (Amhara State, Ethiopia) are now considered newly established areas to which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. In selected villages in these districts, we conducted a study to assess the usefulness of different approaches to estimate the asymptomatic infection rate. Of 605 participants, the rK39 immunochromatographic test was able to detect asymptomatic infection in 1.5% (9 of 605), direct agglutination test in 5.3% (32 of 605), and leishmanin skin test in 5.6% (33 of 589); the combined use of serologic methods and leishmanin skin test enabled detecting asymptomatic infection in 10.1% (61 of 605). We conclude that the best option to detect asymptomatic infection in this new visceral leishmaniasis–endemic focus is the combined use of the direct agglutination test and the leishmanin skin test.
A Controlled Study of Funding for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome as Resource Capacity Building in the Health System in Rwanda
Authors: Shepard Donald S. , Zeng Wu , Amico Peter , Rwiyereka Angelique K. , Avila-Figueroa Carlos
Published: May 2012

Because human inmmunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) receives more donor funding globally than that for all other diseases combined, some critics allege this support undermines general health care. This empirical study evaluates the impact of HIV/AIDS funding on the primary health care system in Rwanda. Using a quasi-experimental design, we randomly selected 25 rural health centers (HCs) that started comprehensive HIV/AIDS services from 2002 through 2006 as the intervention group. Matched HCs with no HIV/AIDS services formed the control group. The analysis compared growth in inputs and services between intervention and control HCs with a difference-in-difference analysis in a random-effects model. Intervention HCs performed better than control HCs in most services (seven of nine), although only one of these improvements (Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination) reached or approached statistical significance. In conclusion, this six-year controlled study found no adverse effects of the expansion of HIV/AIDS services on non-HIV services among rural health centers in Rwanda.
Effects of Temperature on Emergence and Seasonality of West Nile Virus in California
Authors: Hartley David M. , Barker Christopher M. , Le Menach Arnaud , Niu Tianchan , Gaff Holly D. , Reisen William K.
Published: May 2012

Temperature has played a critical role in the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus transmission throughout California from its introduction in 2003 through establishment by 2009. We compared two novel mechanistic measures of transmission risk, the temperature-dependent ratio of virus extrinsic incubation period to the mosquito gonotrophic period (BT), and the fundamental reproductive ratio (R0) based on a mathematical model, to analyze spatiotemporal patterns of receptivity to viral amplification. Maps of BT and R0 were created at 20-km scale and compared throughout California to seroconversions in sentinel chicken flocks at half-month intervals. Overall, estimates of BT and R0 agreed with intensity of transmission measured by the frequency of sentinel chicken seroconversions. Mechanistic measures such as these are important for understanding how temperature affects the spatiotemporal dynamics of West Nile virus transmission and for delineating risk estimates useful to inform vector control agency intervention decisions and communicate outbreak potential.
An Epidemic Outbreak of Canine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Colombia Caused by Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis
Authors: Vélez Iván D. , Carrillo Lina M. , López Liliana , Rodríguez Erwin , Robledo Sara M.
Published: May 2012

The largest recorded outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia's history occurred during 2005–2009 in soldiers of the Colombian Army, with ∼40,000 cases. This outbreak was caused by the influx of military personnel into the jungle with the mission of combat illicit crops and the guerrilla. The soldiers remain for long periods within the rainforest and are exposed to the bite of infected sand flies. During the military activities, soldiers work with dogs specially trained to detect landmines, and therefore, dogs are also exposed to the infected sand flies and show high incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This work describes an epidemic outbreak of canine CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis in Colombia, South America. The clinical features of the disease and the response to treatment with pentavalent antimonials observed in 72 guard dogs from the Colombian Army are described. A program for prevention and control of canine CL is also discussed.
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-1 Block 2 in Sites of Contrasting Altitudes and Malaria Endemicities in the Mount Cameroon Region
Authors: Wanji Samuel , Kengne-Ouafo Arnaud J. , Joan Eyong Ebanga E. , Kimbi Helen K. , Tendongfor Nicholas , Ndamukong-Nyanga Judith L. , Nana-Djeunga Hugues C. , Bourguinat Catherine , Sofeu-Feugaing David D. , Charvet Claude L.
Published: May 2012

The present study analyzed the relationship between the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and parasitologic/entomologic indices in the Mount Cameroon region by using merozoite surface protein 1 as a genetic marker. Blood samples were collected from asymptomatic children from three altitude zones (high, intermediate, and low). Parasitologic and entomologic indices were determined by microscopy and landing catch mosquito collection/circumsporozoite protein–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. A total of 142 randomly selected P. falciparum-positive blood samples were genotyped by using a nested polymerase chain reaction–based technique. K-1 polymerase chain reaction products were also sequenced. As opposed to high altitude, the highest malaria prevalence (70.65%) and entomologic inoculation rate (2.43 infective/bites/night) were recorded at a low altitude site. Seven (18.91%), 22 (36.66%), and 19 (42.22%) samples from high, intermediate, and low altitudes, respectively, contained multiclonal infections. A new K-1 polymorphism was identified. This study shows a positive non-linear association between low/intermediate altitude (high malaria transmission) and an increase in P. falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 block 2 polymorphisms.
Molecular Identification of Human Hookworm Infections in Economically Disadvantaged Communities in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Ngui Romano , Ching Lee Soo , Kai Tan Tiong , Roslan Muhammad Aidil , Lim Yvonne A. L.
Published: May 2012

Species identification of human hookworm infections among eight communities in rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia was determined during 2009–2011. Fecal samples were examined by microscopy and subsequently, the internal transcribed spacer 2 and 28S ribosomal RNA region of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp. were sequenced. Overall, 9.1% (58 of 634) were identified positive by microscopy for hookworm infection, and 47 (81.0%) of 58 were successfully amplified and sequenced. Sequence comparison found that N. americanus (87.2%) was the most predominant hookworm identified, followed by Ancylostoma ceylanicum (23.4%). No A. duodenale infection was detected in this study. Detection of A. ceylanicum in humans highlighted the zoonotic transmission among humans living near dogs. Thus, implementation of effective control measures for hookworm infections in future should seriously consider this zoonotic implication.
Community-Based Control of Aedes aegypti By Using Mesocyclops in Southern Vietnam
Authors: Nam Vu Sinh , Yen Nguyen Thi , Duc Hoang Minh , Tu Tran Cong , Thang Vu Trong , Le Nguyen Hoang , San Le Hoang , Loan Luu Le , Huong Vu Thi Que , Khanh Ly Huynh Kim , Trang Huynh Thi Thuy , Lam Leonie Z. Y. , Kutcher Simon C. , Aaskov John G. , Jeffery Jason A. L. , Ryan Peter A. , Kay Brian H.
Published: May 2012

We previously reported a new community-based mosquito control strategy that resulted in elimination of Aedes aegypti (Linn.) in 40 of 46 communes in northern and central Vietnam, and with annual recurrent total costs (direct and indirect) of only $0.28–$0.89 international dollars per person. This control strategy was extended to four provinces in southern Vietnam in Long An and Hau Giang (2004–2007) and to Long An, Ben Tre, and Vinh Long (2005–2010). In a total of 14 communes with 124,743 residents, the mean ± SD of adult female Ae. aegypti was reduced from 0.93 ± 0.62 to 0.06 ± 0.09, and the reduction of immature Ae. aegypti averaged 98.8%. By the final survey, no adults could be collected in 6 of 14 communes, and one commune, Binh Thanh, also had no immature forms. Although the community-based programs also involved community education and clean-up campaigns, the prevalence of Mesocyclops in large water storage containers > 50 liters increased from 12.77 ± 8.39 to 75.69 ± 9.17% over periods of 15–45 months. At the conclusion of the study, no confirmed dengue cases were detected in four of the five communes for which diagnostic serologic analysis was performed. The rate of progress was faster in communes that were added in stages to the program but the reason for this finding was unclear. At the completion of the formal project, sustainability funds were set up to provide each commune with the financial means to ensure that community-based dengue control activities continued.
Enzootic Angiostrongyliasis in Guangzhou, China, 2008–2010
Authors: Yang Xiao , Qu Zhenyu , He Hualiang , Zheng Xiaoying , He Ai , Wu Yu , Liu Qian , Zhang Dongjing , Wu Zhongdao , Li Zhuoya , Zhan Ximei
Published: May 2012

This study was conducted to gain an understanding of the Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection status of rodent definitive host, snail intermediate host, and local residents in Guangzhou, China. A total of 430 rats were captured and 23 rats, from two species, were infected, with an average infection rate of 5.35%. A total of 795 Achatina fulica snails and 734 Pomacea canaliculata snails were collected. The average infection rates of these two species were 13.96% (111 of 795) and 1.50% (11 of 734), respectively. As for the seroprevalence of different occupations, the rate among the “general group” was significantly lower than the “occupational group.” From this survey, Guangzhou is implicated to be the natural focus of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Rattus norvegicus and Achatina fulica play important roles in spreading this nematode in Guangzhou. Residents who live in Guangzhou, especially those working in certain industries such as agriculture, food-making, and aquaculture, face a higher risk of infection.
Active Case Detection with Pooled Real-Time PCR to Eliminate Malaria in Trat Province, Thailand
Authors: Rogawski Elizabeth T. , Congpuong Kanungnit , Sudathip Prayuth , Satimai Wichai , Sug-aram Rungniran , Aruncharus Supannee , Darakapong Ampai , Kitchakarn Suravadee , Meshnick Steven R.
Published: May 2012

We conducted contact tracing and high-risk group screening using pooled real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to support malaria elimination in Thailand. PCR detected more Plasmodium infections than the local and expert microscopists. High-throughput pooling technique reduced costs and allowed prompt reporting of results.
Geographical Information Systems for Dengue Surveillance
Authors: Duncombe Jennifer , Clements Archie , Hu Wenbiao , Weinstein Philip , Ritchie Scott , Espino Fe Esperanza
Published: May 2012

This review provides details on the role of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in current dengue surveillance systems and focuses on the application of open access GIS technology to emphasize its importance in developing countries, where the dengue burden is greatest. It also advocates for increased international collaboration in transboundary disease surveillance to confront the emerging global challenge of dengue.
The Sensitivity of Schistosoma japonicum to Praziquantel: A Field Evaluation in Areas with Low Endemicity of China
Authors: Wang Wei , Dai Jian-Rong , Li Hong-Jun , Shen Xue-Hui , Liang You-Sheng
Published: May 2012

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the susceptibility of Schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel in low endemic foci of China. During the non-transmission period of schistosomiasis, a total of 43 of 1,242 subjects were identified as being infected with the parasite using parasitological stool examinations in two low-endemicity areas of China, with a prevalence rate of 3.46%. All stool-egg-positive subjects were treated with praziquantel in a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg for two successive days. Six weeks post-treatment, no S. japonicum eggs were detected in the 43 treated villagers. The results indicate that the current efficacy of praziquantel against S. japonicum seems satisfactory and has not changed over the past three decades in the low endemic areas of China. It is also suggested that no evidence of tolerance or resistance to praziquantel in S. japonicum is detected in areas with low endemicity in China.
Economic Cost of Dengue in Puerto Rico
Authors: Halasa Yara A. , Shepard Donald S. , Zeng Wu
Published: May 2012

Dengue, endemic in Puerto Rico, reached a record high in 2010. To inform policy makers, we derived annual economic cost. We assessed direct and indirect costs of hospitalized and ambulatory dengue illness in 2010 dollars through surveillance data and interviews with 100 laboratory-confirmed dengue patients treated in 2008–2010. We corrected for underreporting by using setting-specific expansion factors. Work absenteeism because of a dengue episode exceeded the absenteeism for an episode of influenza or acute otitis media. From 2002 to 2010, the aggregate annual cost of dengue illness averaged $38.7 million, of which 70% was for adults (age 15+ years). Hospitalized patients accounted for 63% of the cost of dengue illness, and fatal cases represented an additional 17%. Households funded 48% of dengue illness cost, the government funded 24%, insurance funded 22%, and employers funded 7%. Including dengue surveillance and vector control activities, the overall annual cost of dengue was $46.45 million ($12.47 per capita).
Increased Expression of Regulatory T Cells and Down-Regulatory Molecules in Lepromatous Leprosy
Authors: Palermo Maria L. , Pagliari Carla , Trindade Maria Angela B. , Yamashitafuji Tania M. , Duarte Alberto José S. , Cacere Camila R. , Benard Gil
Published: May 2012

T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in the mechanism of host's failure to control pathogen dissemination in severe forms of different chronic granulomatous diseases, but their role in leprosy has not yet been elucidated; 28 newly diagnosed patients (16 patients with lepromatous leprosy and 12 patients with tuberculoid leprosy) and 6 healthy Mycobacterium leprae-exposed individuals (contacts) were studied. Tregs were quantified by flow cytometry (CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro with a M. leprae antigenic preparation and phytohemagglutinin as well as in skin lesions by immunohistochemistry. The lymphoproliferative (LPR), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses of the in vitro-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the in situ expression of IL-10, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) were also determined. We show that M. leprae antigens induced significantly lower LPR but significantly higher Treg numbers in lepromatous than tuberculoid patients and contacts. Mitogen-induced LPR and Treg frequencies were not significantly different among the three groups. Tregs were also more frequent in situ in lepromatous patients, and this finding was paralleled by increased expression of the antiinflammatory molecules IL-10 and CTLA-4 but not TGF-β. In lepromatous patients, Tregs were intermingled with vacuolized hystiocyte infiltrates all over the lesion, whereas in tuberculoid patients, Tregs were rare. Our results suggest that Tregs are present in increased numbers, and they may have a pathogenic role in leprosy patients harboring uncontrolled bacillary multiplication but not in those individuals capable of limiting M. leprae growth.
Trophoblastic Diseases
Authors: Varga Gino , Honemeyer Ulrich , Maeda Kazuo
Published: May 2012

Trophoblastic diseases are mainly hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma, where the latter is usually the sequela of molar pregnancy and malignant systemic disease with general metastases destructing various tissues and organs till she die. High level urinary hCG, real-time B-mode and color Doppler imaging detect hydatidiform mole in early gestation, postmolar persistent trophoblastic disease is diagnosed by urinary hCG, and treated by prophylactic chemotherapy against choriocarcinoma. Uterine choriocarcinoma and its metastases are diagnosed by hCG and B-mode, color and power Doppler and 3D images detecting rich tumor blood flow. Most choriocarcinoma was effectively treated by primary chemotherapy with methotrexate, etoposide, etc. Until complete remission where hCG is lower than the cut-off level. Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) and epitheloid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) were low in hCG level and high in human placental lactogen (hPL), and show rich tumor blood flow in color Doppler ultrsound. Nongestational choriocarcinoma is rare and usually chemotherapy resistant.

How to cite this article

Maeda K, Kurjak A, Varga G, Honemeyer U. Trophoblastic Diseases. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):27-42.
Fetal Anatomical Survey during Second Trimester Screening Examination
Authors: Pintucci Armando , Pinto Vincenzo , Cagno Luca Di , Rossi Angela Cristina , D'Addario Vincenzo
Published: May 2012

Screening for fetal malformations is one of the main aims of ultrasonography during pregnancy. In most cases fetal anomalies occur as an unexpected event in not at risk patients: For this reason the only way to rule out congenital malformations is to screen every pregnant patient with a systematic evaluation of the fetal anatomy. The ultrasonic screening of fetal malformations has to be based on a single examination that has to be planned at a gestational age which is advanced enough to visualize most fetal anomalies and early enough to plan further diagnostic tests and allow the termination of pregnancy in the case of severe malformation. The gestational age that constitutes the best compromise between the need of an early diagnosis and the natural history of most congenital malformations is the period ranging from 19 to 21 weeks of gestation. This ultrasonic examination is known as ‘fetal anomaly scan’ or ‘fetal morphology scan’. Some scientific societies suggest guidelines for the optimal performance of such examination. In this paper the minimal standards for an accurate ‘fetal morphology scan’ will be described.

How to cite this article

D'Addario V, Pinto V, Di Cagno L, Pintucci A, Rossi AC. Fetal Anatomical Survey during Second Trimester Screening Examination. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):43-54.
Pathology of the Fetal Neck
Authors: Zvanca Mona , Andrei Cristian , Vladareanu Radu
Published: May 2012

Fetal neck is the site of important pathological changes, related to genetic, cardiovascular, lymphatic, endocrine systems.

Among the main neck pathology are fetal hygroma, goiter, teratoma/sarcoma, hemangioma/lymphangioma. Posterior anomalies of the fetal neural tube, such as occipital myelomeningocele or iniencephaly may also be included in this area.

Fetal hygroma is the main pathology, probably related to abnormal development of the lymphatic drainage system. There is a large spectrum of the disease, from enlarged nuchal translucency to generalized edema. Enlarged nuchal translucency is often associated with aneuploidy, particularly trisomy 21 and Turner syndrome (monosomy X). However, the pathophysiology is different for the two aneuploidies. On the diagnostic side, cystic hygromas consist of large single or multilocular fluid-filled cavities, which are usually easily identified during first trimester ultrasound examination. About one-third of euploid fetuses with first trimester septated cystic hygromas have major structural anomalies. In contrast, structural anomalies are detected in only 4 to 10% of euploid fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency.

Enlargement of fetal thyroid gland is accompanied by increased or decreased level of thyroid hormones (hyper or hypothyroidism), but the thyroid function may also be normal. The physiopathology of fetal and neonatal goiter is complex. Causes of fetal goiter include inborn errors of thyroid hormone production, transplacental passage of maternal antibodies, maternal ingestion of antithyroid drugs and other goitrogens, thyroid tumors. Detection of the fetal goiter is facilitated by the associated maternal history, present in most of the cases. By definition, goiter means enlargement of the thyroid gland above the 95th centile of the normal range. Reliable and objective data about fetal thyroid function involves an invasive testing.

Teratomas are large mixed tumors arising from the neck region. Teratomas are cystic, semicystic or solid tumors. They develop from all three germ cell layers. Cervical teratomas are detected antenatally in most cases, as they are large size tumors.

Hemangiomas and lymphangiomas are tumors derived from the endothelial tissue of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They may develop anywhere in the body, but in the antenatal life and the first years they show a predisposition for the head, neck and axillar area.

Regarding the occipital encephalocele and iniencephaly, even though they represent major anomalies that affect he cervical and cephalic area, from a developmental point of view they are part of the neural tube defects spectrum and should be considered as such especially from a prognosis point of view.

How to cite this article

Vladareanu R, Zvanca M, Andrei C. Pathology of the Fetal Neck. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):55-65.
Sonographic Assessment of the Umbilical Cord
Authors: Raio Luigi , Cromi Antonella , Giocolano Alessandra , Naro Edoardo Di
Published: May 2012

The umbilical cord is not an inert structure, suspended between the fetus and placenta, but it plays an active role and it is involved in several processes afflicting the feto-placental unit.

Its study has to be regarding not only its morphology and morphometry, and the impendance of blood flow by Doppler waveform analysis, but it includes also an analysis of the coiling type and the amount of the Wharton Jelly. The umbilical cord has been considered like an important and huge source of informations, useful to assess the well-being of the fetus and the outcome of pregnancy.

The standardization of ultrasound techniques is the first step to speak the same language and make the study of this structure a fundamental part of well-being fetus assessment.

This article is carefully focused on morphologic, morphometric and functional ultrasound examination of umbilical cord and suggests that any anomaly detected should provide an indication for an intense fetal follow-up, useful for early helpful therapy, preventing serious complication for the pregnancy.

How to cite this article

Di Naro E, Raio L, Cromi A Giocolano A. Sonographic Assessment of the Umbilical Cord. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):66-75.
Liver Vascularity and Function in Fetuses with Trisomy 21
Authors: Zvanca Mona , Vladareanu Radu
Published: May 2012

Among the clinical forms of Down syndrome there is a wide spectrum, which includes variable degrees of hematological anomalies. The characteristic type of leukemia for these children is acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), which has an incidence 500 times higher in children with Down syndrome compared to normal pediatric population. Between 4 and 10% of the newborns with Down syndrome will develop a proliferative anomaly of the megakaryoblastic progenitors, named transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD). Trisomy 21 AMKL presents a series of characteristics which separate it from any other leukemia type within a normal karyotype context.

The anomalies of the hematopoietic system in fetuses with Down syndrome may be suspected either by hematological tests—invasive, only for selected cases, or by ultrasound. Assessing the fetal liver size and investigating the blood flow through the hepatic artery may offer information about hepatic function and hematopoiesis in fetal life.

There are a few studies that have tried to offer an insight on this subject, mainly data on normal growth curves of fetal liver and association beween liver hemodynamics and different pathological situations. Also, there are suggestions about a link between the blood flow in the hepatic artery and fetal aneuploidies and structural malformations.

How to cite this article

Zvanca M, Vladareanu R. Liver Vascularity and Function in Fetuses with Trisomy 21. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):97-103.
Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding in Nonpregnant Patients in Reproductive Age
Authors: Wilson Bailey , Plavsic Sanja Kupesic
Published: May 2012

Abnormal uterine bleeding is defined as any alteration in the volume, pattern or duration of menstrual blood flow. Abnormal uterine bleeding can be due to a number of organic and dysfunctional causes. This article presents different case scenarios of nonpregnant reproductive age patients presenting with abnormal genital tract bleeding. These cases will allow the reader to identify differential diagnoses related to each scenario and to understand ultrasound findings typical for nonpregnant patients presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding. The role of B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding is described. Standard treatment methods are also listed for each case.

How to cite this article

Wilson B, Plavsic SK. Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding in Nonpregnant Patients in Reproductive Age. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(1):112-120.
KANET Test: Experience of Zagreb Group
Authors: Tikvica Ana , Miskovic Berivoj , Predojevic Maja , Ivankovic Davor
Published: May 2012

A new scoring system for the assessment of fetal neurological status, Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopmental test (KANET), has been recently published in several journals. Test is based on prenatal assessment of fetal behavior by three-dimensional/fourdimensional (3D/4D) sonography. Assessment of fetal behavior gave a promising opportunity to understand the hidden function of the developmental pathway of the fetal central nervous system. This new test has been proposed by the Zagreb group based on the several years of research. In this review we present the most significant results of the Zagreb group which led to construction of KANET test, basic presumptions of the KANET, and our published results on KANET.

How to cite this article

Miskovic B, Predojevic M, Stanojevic M, Tikvica A, Kurjak A, Ivankovic D, Vasilj O. KANET Test: Experience of Zagreb Group. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):166-170.
Advances in the Study of Fetal Development: From Descriptive to Dynamic Embryology
Authors: Shiota Kohei
Published: May 2012

Remarkable advances in medical imaging are facilitating the morphological study of early human prenatal development as well as the clinical assessment of normal and abnormal development during gestation. Classical descriptive embryology has been transformed into dynamic embryology and the interaction between basic embryology and clinical medicine is becoming more and more intimate. This paper describes an overview of the advances in the study of human embryonic and fetal development with special emphasis on the recent progress in embryo imaging.

How to cite this article

Shiota K. Advances in the Study of Fetal Development–From Descriptive to Dynamic Embryology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):171-178.
Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity?
Authors: Stanojevic Milan
Published: May 2012

During the 9 months between conception and birth, the fetal brain is transformed from instructions in genes to a complex, highly differentiated organ. The human central nervous system (CNS) changes from a microscopic band of embryonic neuroblasts to a 350 gm mass with more than 109 interconnected highly differentiated neurons in the cortex alone. How this extraordinary growth results in sensomotor, cognitive, affective and behavioral development is still unexplored. The development of voluntary, cognitive and purposive activity from fetal to neonatal period is to analyze the developmental transformations of the brain expressed by development of movement patterns from prenatal through postnatal period. As the development of the brain is unique and continuing process throughout the gestation and after birth, it is expected that there is also continuity of fetal to neonatal movements which are the best functional indicator of developmental processes of the brain. Concerning the complexity, voluntary control and stereotype, there are at least four groups of movements: Reflexes, fixed action patterns, rhythmic motor patterns, and directed movements. Substantial indications suggest that spontaneous activity is a more sensitive indicator of brain dysfunction than reactivity to sensory stimuli in reflex testing. It was proved that assessment of general movements in high-risk newborns has significantly higher predictive value for later neurological development than neurological examination.

Nutritional stress at critical times during fetal development can have persistent and potentially irreversible effects on organ function. Impaired intrauterine growth and development may antecede insufficient postnatal growth. Thus, it may be a marker of impaired central nervous system integrity because of adverse intrauterine conditions. Unfavorable intrauterine environment can affect adversely fetal growth. There is an association between postnatal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome.

Concerning the continuity from fetus to neonate in terms of neurobehavior, it could be concluded that fetus and neonate are the same persons in different environment. While in the womb, fetus is protected from the gravity which is not so important for its neurodevelopment, postnatally the neonate is exposed to the gravity during the labor and from the first moments of autonomous life. Development of motor control is highly dependent on antigravity forces enabling erect posture of infant or young child. These environmental differences should be kept on mind during prenatal as well as postnatal assessment.

How to cite this article

Stanojevic M. Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):189-196.
Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain in Nonpregnant Reproductive Age Patients
Authors: Zafar Nadah
Published: May 2012

In an emergency setting pelvic ultrasound is the tool of choice for the evaluation of the patients presenting with acute pelvic pain. It has a high sensitivity and specificity for detection of pelvic pathology, low cost, widespread availability and lack of ionizing radiation. This article presents a variety of case scenarios regarding the nonpregnant female of reproductive age presenting with acute pelvic and lower abdominal pain. By using illustrative images, the reader will be able to differentiate between the most common causes of abdominal and/or pelvic pain and identify typical B-mode and color Doppler ultrasound findings and CT images that require immediate treatment, while minimizing the performance of unnecessary additional imaging and invasive procedures.

How to cite this article

Zafar N, Kupesic Plavsic S. Role of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain in Nonpregnant Reproductive Age Patients. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):207-217.
Effect of Three Different Mouthrinses on Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations with Two Adhesive Systems after Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide
Authors: Kimyai Soodabeh , Oskoee Siavash Savadi , Ajami Amir Ahmad , Bahari Mahmoud , Kahnamoui Mehdi Abed , Rikhtegaran Sahand , Ghaffarian Rahim
Published: May 2012

Aim

The aim was to evaluate the effects of Oral-B (OB), Listerine (LN) and Rembrandt Plus (RM) mouthrinses on microleakage of composite resin restorations bonded with two adhesive systems after bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 Cl V cavities were prepared on human premolars. The occlusal and gingival margins were placed 1 mm occlusal to and apical to CEJ respectively. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups based on the adhesive system used: Excite (EX) and Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) groups. After composite resin restoration of cavities, thermocycling and bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 2 hours daily for 14 days, the teeth in each adhesive group were further subdivided into three subgroups and were immersed for 12 hours in the three OB, RM and LN mouthrinses. The teeth were then placed in 2% basic fuschin for 24 hours. After dissecting the teeth, microleakage was evaluated under a stereomicroscope at 16×. Data was analyzed with multifactor ANOVA and Bonferroni test at p < 0.05.

Results

Microleakage with EX was significantly higher than that with CSE (p = 0.009). Microleakage at gingival margins was significantly higher than that at occlusal margins (p = 0.15). Microleakage with OB was higher than that with LN (p = 0.02). However, there were no significant differences in microleakage between LN and RM (p = 1) and between RM and OB (p = 0.15). In addition, with the EX adhesive system, microleakage with OB was higher than that with LN and RM (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

In the present study, microleakage of composite resin restorations was influenced by the type of the adhesive system, mouthrinse type and the location of the cavity margin.

Clinical significance

Use of some mouthrinses, such as OB after bleaching can increase postrestoration microleakage of resin composite restorations bonded with etch-and-rinse adhesive systems.

How to cite this article

Ajami AA, Bahari M, Oskoee SS, Kimyai S, Kahnamoui MA, Rikhtegaran S, Ghaffarian R. Effect of Three Different Mouthrinses on Microleakage of Composite Resin Restorations with Two Adhesive Systems after Bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1):16-22.
Alliance of Oral Hygiene Practices and Abrasion among Urban and Rural Residents of Central India
Authors: Deshpande Neeraj , Yadav Naveen S , Saxena Vrinda , Reddy Raghavendra , Kovvuru Suresh Kumar
Published: May 2012

Objectives

To attain alliance between the oral hygiene practices with prevalence of tooth abrasion among urban and rural adult population of Central India. To plan dental care services in inaccessible areas and to suggest appropriate remedial measures to prevent this avertable and self-inflicted injury of teeth in this cross-sectional study.

Materials and methods

A sum of 1045 adult residents both from Urban (529) and rural (516) parts of Bhopal district (Central India) was selected on a random basis. The multistage sampling technique was adopted to ascertain the sample size. In urban area the study population consisted of 240 males, 289 females and 201 males and 315 females in rural area respectively. All residents above 18 years of age from the Bhopal district were included in cross-sectional study. Assessment form comprises of questionnaire and general information on oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and medical history. Abrasion was assessed using diagnostic criteria recommended by Smith and Knight (modified). Chi- square test was used to test associations between categorical variables at 5% level of significance. Regression analysis attempted to define for risk factors causing abrasion. Literature on the prevalence of abrasion is very sparse, so attempt is made to correlate the etiological factors and recommend to prevent tooth wear.

Results

Investigation of this cross-sectional study was aggregate of 1045 residences. Result shows high prevalence of abrasion 70.2%. Higher prevalence concomitant with diffident habits related to oral hygiene maintenance was recorded more among rural (76.9%) when compared to urban dwellers (63.7%). Presence of abrasion verifies statistical significance in relation to age, ruralurban difference and variations in habit of oral hygiene care. Stated in the present study, avertable and self-inflicted is toothabrasion, recurrently resulted by the reprehensible brushing method and common use of indigenous material for the maintenance of oral hygiene.

Conclusion

Shows significant liaisons with the presence of abrasions in relation to Urban and rural dwelling, age, material used and mode of brushing and duration of brushing. Indigenous and course material causes high amount of enamel wear and with the advancement in age abrasion tend to increase. Prevalence of abrasion does not show any gender predilection. Cultural believes, lifestyle and transition reflects in deviating presence of abrasion in populations.

How to cite this article

Yadav NS, Saxena V, Reddy R, Deshpande N, Deshpande A, Kovvuru SK. Alliance of Oral Hygiene Practices and Abrasion Among Urban and Rural Residents of Central India. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1): 55-60.