bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-junction ZnO Nanowires for Enhanced Surface Area and Light Trapping Solar Cells and Room Temperature Gas Sensing
Authors: Kevin M. , Ong W. L. , Ho G. W.
Published: November 2011

A maskless method of employing polymer growth inhibitor layers is used to modulate the conflicting parameters of density and alignment of multi-junction nanowires via large-scale low temperature chemical route. This low temperature chemical route is shown to synthesize multi-junction nanostructures without compromising the crystal quality at the interfaces. The final morphology of an optimized multi-junctions nanowire arrays can be demonstrated on various substrates due to substrate independence and low temperature processing. Here, we also follow-up on device demonstrations whereby p-n junction are created by exposure of secondary nanowires to ammonia plasma, converting them to p-type characteristics and also the density modulated multi-junction nanowires were tuned to infiltrate nanoparticles to create a hybrid hierarchically-structured nanowire/nanoparticles solar cell. The fabrication of hierarchically-structured nanowire/nanoparticles composites presents an advantageous structure, one that allow nanoparticles to provide large surface areas for the dye adsorption, whilst the nanowires can enhance the light harvesting, electron transport rate, and also the mechanical properties of the films. This work can be of great scientific and commercial interest since the technique employed is of low temperature (< 90 °C) and economical for large-scale solution processing, much valued in today’s flexible display and photovoltaic industries. In addition, ZnO nanostructures for gas sensing will be presented.
The FGF and FGFR Gene Family and Risk of Cleft Lip with or Without Cleft Palate
Authors: Wang Hong , Zhang Tianxiao , Wu Tao , Hetmanski Jacqueline B. , Ruczinski Ingo , Schwender Holger , Yee Liang Kung , Murray Tanda , Daniele Fallin M. , Redett Richard J. , Raymond Gerald V. , Jin Sheng-Chih , Wu Chou Yah-Huei , Kuo-Ting Chen Philip , Yeow Vincent , Chong Samuel S. , Cheah Felicia S.H. , Ha Jee Sun , Jabs Ethylin W. , Scott Alan F. , Beaty Terri H.
Published: November 2011

Background

Isolated, nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate is a common human congenital malformation with a complex and heterogeneous etiology. Genes coding for fibroblast growth factors and their receptors ( FGF/FGFR genes) are excellent candidate genes.

Methods

We tested single-nucleotide polymorphic markers in 10 FGF/FGFR genes (including FGFBP1, FGF2, FGF10, FGF18, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGF19, FGF4, FGF3, and FGF9) for genotypic effects, interactions with one another, and with common maternal environmental exposures in 221 Asian and 76 Maryland case-parent trios ascertained through a child with isolated, nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

Results

Both FGFR1 and FGF19 yielded evidence of linkage and association in the transmission disequilibrium test, confirming previous evidence. Haplotypes of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FGFR1 were nominally significant among Asian trios. Estimated odds ratios for individual single-nucleotide polymorphic markers and haplotypes of multiple markers in FGF19 ranged from 1.31 to 1.87. We also found suggestive evidence of maternal genotypic effects for markers in FGF2 and FGF10 among Asian trios. Tests for gene-environment (G x E) interaction between markers in FGFR2 and maternal smoking or multivitamin supplementation yielded significant evidence of G x E interaction separately. Tests of gene-gene (G x G) interaction using Cordell's method yielded significant evidence between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FGF9 and FGF18, which was confirmed in an independent sample of trios from an international consortium.

Conclusion

Our results suggest several genes in the FGF/FGFR family may influence risk for isolated, nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate through distinct biological mechanisms.
Changing Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Call for New Strategies Against the Increase in Chlamydia Infection in Sweden
Authors: Christenson Brith , P.E. Sylvan Staffan
Published: November 2011

This descriptive analysis of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is based on data regulated by the Swedish
Communicable Disease Act and consists of free testing and treatment, partner tracing and notification. Today, chlamydia
is the only STI that affects the general population in Sweden. In the past gonorrhoea and syphilis had an appreciable effect
on the general population. However, in the 1990s both of these diseases became rare. HIV has almost exclusively been
restricted to three subpopulations (men who have sex with men, injecting drug users and people from HIV endemic
countries). The Swedish strategy employed to reduce gonorrhoea and syphilis has been highly successful as demonstrated
by a substantial decrease in the incidence of gonorrhoea and syphilis in the mid-1990s. A recent slight increase in syphilis
and HIV might be due to the introduction of highly active antiviral therapy (HAART) that may have promoted
promiscuous behaviour. The present chlamydia strategy, which focuses on opportunistic screening, partner tracing and
condom use, has failed despite being one of the world's most all comprehensive plans. The number of chlamydia cases
more than doubled after 1998, and in 2007, the number was the highest ever recorded in Sweden. This noticeable increase
in chlamydia cases has important implications and suggests that greater attention should be given to transmission
dynamics, including the effects of screening programmes and acquired immunity. Complication and clearance rates after
asymptomatic chlamydia infection need to be established, but the most important goal is to encourage behavioural
changes in terms of fewer episodes of unprotected sexual intercourse and fewer sexual partners.
Prognosis of Surgical Treatment for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life Across Gender and Age Groups
Authors: Thornes Elisabeth , Ikonomou Nikolaos , Grotle Margreth
Published: November 2011

Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is a common condition and the most usual indication for spinal surgery in adult patients. The main objective of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and satisfaction among patients with a diagnosed lumbar spinal stenosis who were surgically treated, and whether these outcomes differed according to gender and age. Surgery was performed on 100 patients with clinical and radiological defined lumbar spinal stenosis. All patients completed questionnaires twice before surgery and at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively. Main outcomes were symptoms, physical function and patient satisfaction assessed by the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire and HRQoL by the Short Form 36 health survey (SF36). There were large improvements in all clinical outcomes and in the physical subscales of the SF36. A marked reduction of average 32.3% was seen in symptoms already at 6 weeks follow-up. Physical function had improved with an average of 29.8% at 1-year follow-up. There was no statistical significant effect of age and gender on symptoms and physical function. Patients more than 65 years were significantly less satisfied at the 1-year follow-up as compared to the younger patients (p=0.012). This study showed that the majority of patients improved significantly in symptoms, physical function and physical HRQoL after surgery for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis, regardless of age and gender. Age showed to be closely connected to satisfaction.
Comparative Effects of Microwave and Water Bath on the Packing Films of Milk
Authors: Tang Yali , Lu Lixin , Zhao Wei
Published: November 2011

Milk is heated by microwave or conventional water bath in our daily lives. To investigate the influence of heating modes on food package safety, the present work is designed to compare the changes to packaging materials of milk subjected to microwave treatment and water bath. The mechanical properties of milk package materials were compared, and the migration of harmful substances from the films was analyzed. The results showed that the microwave and water-bath treatments could both influence the mechanical properties of the film. For the heat-sealing strength, the susceptibility of the package materials from different manufacturers was varied. For the tensile strength, the changes were obvious after treatment. Both treatments could induce migration, but the amounts of migrating materials were within the limit permitted by the national standard.
Racial Differences in the Incidence of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Muntner Paul , Newsome Britt , Kramer Holly , Peralta Carmen A. , Kim Yongin , Jacobs David R. , Kiefe Catarina I. , Lewis Cora E.
Published: November 2011

Background and objectives

The incidence of ESRD is higher in African Americans than in whites, despite reports of a similar or lower prevalence of CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study compared the incidence of CKD among young African-American and white adults over 20 years of follow-up in the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Participants included 4119 adults, 18–30 years of age, with an estimated GFR (eGFR) ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at baseline. Incident CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and a ≥25% decline in eGFR at study visits conducted 10, 15, and 20 years after baseline.

Results

At baseline, the mean age of African Americans and whites was 24 and 26 years, respectively (P<0.001), and 56% and 53% of participants, respectively, were women (P=0.06). There were 43 incident cases of CKD during follow-up, 29 (1.4%) among African Americans and 14 (0.7%) among whites (P=0.02). The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for incident CKD comparing African Americans to whites was 2.56 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.35–5.05). After further adjustment for body mass index, systolic BP, fasting plasma glucose, and HDL cholesterol, the HR was 2.51 (95% CI, 1.25–5.05). After multivariable adjustment including albuminuria at year 10, the HR for CKD at year 15 or 20 was 1.12 (95% CI, 0.52–2.41).

Conclusions

In this study, the 20-year CKD incidence was higher among African Americans than whites, a difference that is explained in part by albuminuria.
Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus and Evolution of Glucose Parameters in Growth Hormone–Deficient Subjects During Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Luger Anton , Mattsson Anders F. , KoŁtowska-Häggström Maria , Thunander Maria , Góth Miklos , Verhelst Johan , Abs Roger
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes. The aim of the current study was to determine incidence of diabetes during GH replacement therapy (GHRT) and the effect of GHRT on fasting plasma glucose concentrations and HbA1c in adult patients with GH deficiency.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 5,143 GH-deficient patients (male 49.9%; mean age ± SD, 49 ± 13 years; BMI 29.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2) were analyzed. Mean observation period was 3.9 years (range 0.01–13). Total number of patient-years was 20,106. Observed number of cases (O) was compared with expected number of cases (E). Reference rates were from Sweden, three additional European regions, and one U.S. region.

RESULTS

Patients who developed diabetes (n = 523) were older; had higher BMI, waist circumference, triglyceride concentrations, and blood pressure; and had lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.0001) than those who did not develop diabetes. Diabetes incidence was 2.6 per 100 patient-years, equal in both sexes, and significantly increased compared with the Swedish reference (O/E = 6.02; P < 0.0001) as well as with the four other populations (O/E = 2.11–5.22). O/E increased with BMI and decreased with duration of GHRT (P < 0.0001). There was no significant association with GH dose (P = 0.74) or IGF-I SDS (P = 0.47). In subjects not developing diabetes, plasma glucose concentrations increased from 84.4 ± 0.9 mg/dL to 89.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL (0.70 mg/dL/year) and HbA1c increased from 4.74 ± 0.04% to 5.09 ± 0.13% (0.036%/year) after 6 years of GHRT.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes incidence appears to be increased in GH-deficient patients receiving GHRT and exhibiting an adverse risk profile at baseline. Therefore, glucose homeostasis parameters should be monitored carefully in these patients.
Management of Unsealed Gravel Roads
Authors: Huntington George , Ksaibati Khaled
Published: November 2011

This paper provides insights into the current state of the management of unsealed earth and aggregate roads, with a particular emphasis on rural counties of the American West. As part of an effort to develop a methodology for the management of unsealed roads, considerable information about unsealed roads management practices both in the United States and abroad was compiled. The results of two recent surveys also help describe the current state of roadway management by smaller agencies. Legal, accounting, technical, and financial barriers to improving unsealed roads management are discussed, along with ways these problems may be overcome.
Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Loci in Pistacia weinmannifolia (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Chen Shaotian , Wu Xiayu , Ji Yunheng , Yang Junbo
Published: November 2011

Fourteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from the genomic DNA of Pistacia weinmannifolia, using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing repeats (FIASCO) method, and screened on 12 individuals from each of two wild populations. The 14 polymorphic loci had an average of 4.1 alleles per locus varying from 1 to 9. The observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities across the two populations ranged from 0.000 to 0.933 and from 0.000 to 0.906, respectively. Tests for departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and genotypic linkage disequilibrium (LD) were conducted for each of the two populations separately. It was found that no locus significantly deviated from HWE proportions and no significant LD was detected between loci (p < 0.001). In the test of cross-species utility, we successfully amplified nine (64.2%) of 14 loci in P. chinensis and four (28.6%) in P. mexicana. The relatively high level of polymorphism for these markers will facilitate further studies of gene flow, population structure and evolutionary history of P. weinmannifolia and its congeners.
Llama-Derived Single Domain Antibodies Specific for Abrus Agglutinin
Authors: Goldman Ellen R. , Anderson George P. , Zabetakis Dan , Walper Scott , Liu Jinny L. , Bernstein Rachael , Calm Alena , Carney James P. , O’Brien Thomas W. , Walker Jennifer L. , Garber Eric A. E.
Published: November 2011

Llama derived single domain antibodies (sdAb), the recombinantly expressed variable heavy domains from the unique heavy-chain only antibodies of camelids, were isolated from a library derived from llamas immunized with a commercial abrin toxoid preparation. Abrin is a potent toxin similar to ricin in structure, sequence and mechanism of action. The selected sdAb were evaluated for their ability to bind to commercial abrin as well as abrax (a recombinant abrin A-chain), purified abrin fractions, Abrus agglutinin (a protein related to abrin but with lower toxicity), ricin, and unrelated proteins. Isolated sdAb were also evaluated for their ability to refold after heat denaturation and ability to be used in sandwich assays as both capture and reporter elements. The best binders were specific for the Abrus agglutinin, showing minimal binding to purified abrin fractions or unrelated proteins. These binders had sub nM affinities and regained most of their secondary structure after heating to 95 °C. They functioned well in sandwich assays. Through gel analysis and the behavior of anti-abrin monoclonal antibodies, we determined that the commercial toxoid preparation used for the original immunizations contained a high percentage of Abrus agglutinin, explaining the selection of Abrus agglutinin binders. Used in conjunction with anti-abrin monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, these reagents can fill a role to discriminate between the highly toxic abrin and the related, but much less toxic, Abrus agglutinin and distinguish between different crude preparations.
Who invented the dichotomous key? Richard Waller's watercolors of the herbs of Britain
Authors: Griffing Lawrence R.
Published: November 2011

On 27 March 1689, Richard Waller, Fellow and Secretary of the Royal Society presented his “Tables of the English Herbs reduced to such an order, as to find the name of them by their external figures and shapes” to his assembled colleagues at a meeting of the Royal Society. These tables were developed for the novice by being color images, composed in pencil and watercolor, of selected plants and their distinguishing characteristics. The botanical watercolors for the tables are now a Turning‐the‐Pages document online on the website of the Royal Society. However, for the past 320 years, the scientific context for the creation of these outstanding botanical watercolors has remained obscure. These tables were developed by Waller as an image‐based dichotomous key, pre‐dating by almost 100 years the text‐based dichotomous keys in the first edition of Flora Française (1778) by Jean Baptiste Lamarck, who is generally given priority for the development of the dichotomous key. How these large folio images were arranged to illustrate a dichotomous key is unknown, but an arrangement based on Waller's description is illustrated here as leaf‐ordering for the separate hierarchical clusters (tables). Although only 24 species of watercolored dicot herbs out of a total of 65 in the set of watercolors (the others being monocots) are used in these tables, they are a “proof of concept”, serving as models upon which a method is based, that of using a key composed of dichotomous choices for aiding identification.
Soil warming alters seed‐bank responses across the geographic range of freshwater Taxodium distichum (Cupressaceae) swamps
Authors: Middleton Beth A. , McKee Karen L.
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the Study: Climate warming is predicted to have far‐reaching effects on the distribution of species, but those effects may depend on the flexibility of regenerating species in responding to climate gradients. We conducted a study to determine whether the variation in the response of seed banks to temperature varied across the latitudinal range of Taxodium distichum swamps in North America.

• Methods: The soil was collected in a long‐term research network and heated experimentally to three current‐day spring normal soil temperatures (average maximum daily spring normal soil temperatures during May in Illinois, Arkansas, and Louisiana, USA, respectively: 22°, 25°, and 29°C). A “normal” is the mean temperature calculated over a 30‐yr interval (1971–2000). Seed‐bank density and biomass responses were examined in relation to latitude and difference in the soil temperature of the experiment and the spring normal.

• Key Results: Using first‐ and second‐order regression analysis, we determined that the variation in total germination density was lowest mid‐range and in experimental soil temperatures similar to the spring normal. For some dominant species, the variance in germination density was higher in the northern (Cephalanthus occidentalis) or the southern part of the network (Saururus cernuus and Polygonum pensylvanicum). Overall, the variance of total biomass (root, shoot, whole plant) was higher if the experimental soil temperature was warmer than the spring normal.

• Conclusions: Our results suggest that the regeneration of some populations of swamp species may have more flexibility to respond to climate warming than others.
Larval development of Etropus longimanus (Paralichthyidae) and Symphurus trewavasae (Cynoglossidae) off the Buenos Aires coast, Argentina
Authors: Derisio Carla , Betti Paola , Martin Diaz de Astarloa Juan , Machinandiarena Laura
Published: November 2011

The larval development of Etropus longimanus and Symphurus trewavasae (Pleuronectiformes) off the Buenos Aires coast was described. Both species have an elongated body; however, as the total length of Etropus longimanus larvae increased, their body became deeper. In Symphurus trewavasae the intestine was noticeably coiled. In E. longimanus the notochord flexion started at 3.9 mm and was completed at 5.0 mm standard length (SL). Vertebral formation began in larvae with a 4.6 mm SL and the definitive number of vertebrae (34-39) was observed in larvae of 4.8 mm SL. The dorsal fin had two elongated rays and the pelvic fins had only one. In Symphurus trewavasae the notochord flexion began at 5.9 mm and was completed at 8.0 mm SL. Migration of the right eye was completed in the metamorphic stage at 10.5 mm SL. Vertebral column ossification finished in flexion larvae of 6-7 mm SL, with a total number of 48-50 vertebrae. Four elongated rays of similar length were observed on the dorsal fin.
Correlates of Home Smoking Bans among Mexican-Americans
Authors: Martinez-Donate Ana P. , Hovell Melbourne F. , Hofstetter C. Richard , González-Pérez Guillermo J. , Adams Marc A. , Kotay Anu
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study examines the individual and environmental correlates of home smoking bans among a population-based sample of Mexican-Americans.

Design.

A telephone survey on tobacco use and home policies was conducted using stratified, random sampling of listed phone numbers.

Setting.

Surveys were completed by telephone in San Diego, California.

Subjects.

The sample consisted of San Diego adult residents of Mexican descent (N=1,103).

Measures.

The interview included questions on home rules regarding smoking in the household and a number of potential correlates, based on the Behavioral Ecological Model (BEM). This model emphasizes the influence of family, social, and cultural factors on health behaviors.

Results.

Overall, 90.6% of all respondents reported a ban on smoking in the home. Multivariate analyses indicated that home bans on smoking are more likely among individuals that do not smoke, live with children, are more acculturated to U.S. society, report greater aversion to ETS, and/or report more social pressure against indoor smoking. In contrast, smoking bans are less likely among Mexican Americans who live with smokers.

Conclusions.

Individual and environmental factors play a protective role by increasing the likelihood of smoking bans in the home of Mexican-descent individuals. These factors should be considered for the design of interventions to sustain and promote the adoption of smoking bans in the home among this and other populations.
From “among Girl Friends” to “among Mothers”—Baseline Research Adjusts a Health Promoting Intervention in Nicaragua
Authors: Peña Rodolfo , Quintanilla Margarita , Navarro Katty , Martinez Jessica , Castillo Vilma , Pérez Wilton , Källestål Carina
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

The objective of this study is to show how baseline findings can redefine the design of an intervention.

Design.

A baseline cross-sectional study.

Setting.

The study area was a suburban community near the Nicaraguan capital, Managua.

Subjects.

A sample of 612 girls aged 10 to 14 years was selected, and 592 (97%) participated in the study.

Measures.

Using individual interviews, data were collected on sociodemographics; self-esteem and life prospects; gender; sexuality and human reproduction; knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; violence; and networking.

Analysis.

Frequency tables.

Results.

A high proportion (87.5%) of the girls lived with their mothers, and only 59% had their fathers living with the family. In 51% of the sample, the mothers made the decisions at home. For the majority of the girls, their mothers were their referent persons when they wanted to talk about sexuality and pregnancies, whereas only a few girls said they would talk with friends.

Conclusion.

The mother is the most important significant other, and thus, according to the theory of reasoned action, she would be the most important person to influence the girl. Careful investigations into which groups are forming the norms are essential for an effective intervention program in order to change behavior and enhance self-esteem.
Determinants of Activity-Friendly Neighborhoods for Children: Results from the Space Study
Authors: de Vries Sanne I. , Bakker Ingrid , van Mechelen Willem , Hopman-Rock Marijke
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the association between children's physical activity and factors of the built environment.

Design.

Cross-sectional study.

Setting.

Ten neighborhoods in six cities in the Netherlands.

Subjects.

Four hundred twenty-two children (age range, 6–11 years; 49% male).

Measures.

Physical activity diary, neighborhood observations, and anthropometric measures.

Analysis.

Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses.

Results.

According to univariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and highest level of maternal education, physical activity (≥ 3 metabolic equivalents) was significantly (p < .05) associated with the proportion of green space, with the residential density, with the general impression of activity-friendliness of the neighborhood, and with the frequency of certain types of residences (e.g., terraced houses), sports fields, water, dog waste, heavy traffic, and safe walking and cycling conditions (e.g., cycle tracks and 30-km speed zones) in the neighborhood. According to adjusted multivariate analyses, physical activity was best predicted by the frequency of parallel parking spaces in the neighborhood and by the general impression of activity-friendliness of the neighborhood (R2 = 0.193).

Conclusions.

Children's physical activity is associated with certain modifiable factors of the built environment. Longitudinal studies should examine whether there is a causal relationship.
Ensemble forecasting with a stochastic convective parametrization based on equilibrium statistics
Authors: Groenemeijer P. , Craig G. C.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The stochastic Plant-Craig scheme for deep convection was implemented in the COSMO mesoscale model and used for ensemble forecasting. Ensembles consisting of 100 48 h forecasts at 7 km horizontal resolution were generated for a 2000 × 2000 km domain covering central Europe. Forecasts were made for seven case studies and characterized by different large-scale meteorological environments. Each 100 member ensemble consisted of 10 groups of 10 members, with each group driven by boundary and initial conditions from a selected member from the global ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System. The precipitation variability within and among these groups of members was computed, and it was found that the relative contribution to the ensemble variance introduced by the stochastic convection scheme was substantial, amounting to as much as 76% of the total variance in the ensemble in one of the studied cases. The impact of the scheme was not confined to the grid scale, and typically contributed 25–50% of the total variance even after the precipitation fields had been smoothed to a resolution of 35 km. The variability of precipitation introduced by the scheme was approximately proportional to the total amount of convection that occurred, while the variability due to large-scale conditions changed from case to case, being highest in cases exhibiting strong mid-tropospheric flow and pronounced meso- to synoptic scale vorticity extrema. The stochastic scheme was thus found to be an important source of variability in precipitation cases of weak large-scale flow lacking strong vorticity extrema, but high convective activity.
Recent global CO2 flux inferred from atmospheric CO2 observations and its regional analyses
Authors: Deng F. , Chen J. M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The net surface exchange of CO2 for the years 2002–2007 is inferred from 12 181 atmospheric CO2 concentration data with a time-dependent Bayesian synthesis inversion scheme. Monthly CO2 fluxes are optimized for 30 regions of the North America and 20 regions for the rest of the globe. Although there have been many previous multiyear inversion studies, the reliability of atmospheric inversion techniques has not yet been systematically evaluated for quantifying regional interannual variability in the carbon cycle. In this study, the global interannual variability of the CO2 flux is found to be dominated by terrestrial ecosystems, particularly by tropical land, and the variations of regional terrestrial carbon fluxes are closely related to climate variations. These interannual variations are mostly caused by abnormal meteorological conditions in a few months in the year or part of a growing season and cannot be well represented using annual means, suggesting that we should pay attention to finer temporal climate variations in ecosystem modeling. We find that, excluding fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans absorb an average of 3.63 ± 0.49 and 1.94 ± 0.41 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The terrestrial uptake is mainly in northern land while the tropical and southern lands contribute 0.62 ± 0.47, and 0.67 ± 0.34 Pg C yr−1 to the sink, respectively. In North America, terrestrial ecosystems absorb 0.89 ± 0.18 Pg C yr−1 on average with a strong flux density found in the south-east of the continent.
Tracing the transport of colored dissolved organic matter in water masses of the Southern Beaufort Sea: relationship with hydrographic characteristics
Authors: Matsuoka A. , Bricaud A. , Benner R. , Para J. , Sempéré R. , Prieur L. , Bélanger S. , Babin M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Light absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (aCDOM(λ)) plays an important role in the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean, contributing to the recent decline in sea ice, as well as in biogeochemical processes. We investigated aCDOM(λ) in the Southern Beaufort Sea where a significant amount of CDOM is delivered by the Mackenzie River. In the surface layer, aCDOM(440) showed a strong and negative correlation with salinity, indicating strong river influence and conservative transport in the river plume. Below the mixed layer, a weak but positive correlation between aCDOM(440) and salinity was observed above the upper halocline, resulting from the effect of removal of CDOM due to brine rejection and lateral intrusion of Pacific summer waters into these layers. In contrast, the relationship was negative in the upper and the lower haloclines, suggesting these waters originated from Arctic coastal waters. DOC concentrations in the surface layer were strongly correlated with aCDOM(440) (r2= 0.97), suggesting that this value can be estimated in this area, using aCDOM(440) that is retrieved using satellite ocean color data. Implications for estimation of DOC concentrations in surface waters using ocean color remote sensing are discussed.
A novel laboratory technique demonstrating the influences of RHD zygosity and the RhCcEe phenotype on erythrocyte D antigen expression
Authors: McGann Patrick T. , Despotovic Jenny M. , Howard Thad A. , Ware Russell E.
Published: November 2011

D antigen is the most immunogenic and clinically relevant antigen within the complex Rh blood group system. Variability of D antigen expression was first described decades ago but has rarely been investigated quantitatively, particularly in the context of RHD zygosity along with RhCcEe serological phenotype. With IRB approval, 107 deidentified blood samples were analyzed. Rh phenotypes were determined serologically by saline technique using monoclonal antibodies against D, C, c, E, and e antigens. RHD zygosity was determined using both PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms and quantitative real‐time PCR techniques. A novel and robust method was developed for quantitation of erythrocyte D antigen sites using calibrated microspheres and flow cytometry, allowing correlation of D antigen density with RHD zygosity and expression of Rh CcEe antigens. Subjects homozygous for RHD expressed nearly twice the number of D antigen sites compared with RHD hemizygotes (33,560 ± 8,222 for DD versus 17,720 ± 4,471 for Dd, P < 0.0001). Expression of c or E antigens was associated with significantly increased erythrocyte D antigen expression, whereas presence of C or e antigens reduced expression. These data and this novel quantitation method will be important for future studies investigating the clinical relevance of D antigen variability. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening of cell‐penetrating peptides using mRNA display
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hun , Song Hyun Seok , Lee Sun‐Gu , Park Tae Hyun , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: November 2011

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are attractive vectors for in vivo and in vitro cellular uptake. Their use is, however, limited by insufficient understanding of their preference for a target cell. Here, a new CPP screening method is presented that uses mRNA display. After incubating the target cell lines, such as human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) and HeLa cells, with an mRNA display library for 3 h at 37°C, the CPP‐mRNA nucleotide conjugates were harvested. These were amplified with PCR and subsequently sequenced. The screened CPPs for each cell line were identified after four rounds of selection. Among them, two peptides, MAMPGEPRRANVMAHKLEPASLQLR NSCA (CPPK) and MAPQRDTVGGRTTPPSWGPAKAQLRNSCA (CPPL) were selected, and the FITC‐labeled peptides were evaluated for their ability to penetrate cells. The screened CPPs were superior to polyarginine (R11), which is widely used as a standard peptide and shows good cell penetration efficiency. Our method can be applied to other target cells for which CPPs have not yet been elucidated.
Self‐directed student research through analysis of microarray datasets: A computer‐based functional genomics practical class for masters‐level students
Authors: Grenville‐Briggs Laura J. , Stansfield Ian
Published: November 2011

This report describes a linked series of Masters‐level computer practical workshops. They comprise an advanced functional genomics investigation, based upon analysis of a microarray dataset probing yeast DNA damage responses. The workshops require the students to analyse highly complex transcriptomics datasets, and were designed to stimulate active learning through experience of current research methods in bioinformatics and functional genomics. They seek to closely mimic a realistic research environment, and require the students first to propose research hypotheses, then test those hypotheses using specific sections of the microarray dataset. The complexity of the microarray data provides students with the freedom to propose their own unique hypotheses, tested using appropriate sections of the microarray data. This research latitude was highly regarded by students and is a strength of this practical. In addition, the focus on DNA damage by radiation and mutagenic chemicals allows them to place their results in a human medical context, and successfully sparks broad interest in the subject material. In evaluation, 79% of students scored the practical workshops on a five‐point scale as 4 or 5 (totally effective) for student learning. More broadly, the general use of microarray data as a “student research playground” is also discussed. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 440–447, 2011
A New Fluorescent PET Probe for Hydrogen Peroxide and its Use in Enzymatic Assays for L‐Lactate and D‐Glucose
Authors: Groegel Dominik B. M. , Link Martin , Duerkop Axel , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: November 2011

We present a new probe for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (HP). It is based on the yellow fluorophore 4‐amino‐1,8‐napththalimide, coupled to p‐anisidine (as a redox‐active group) to form a probe that is based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The preparation of the probe (which we refer to as “HP Green”) was accomplished in four steps with good yield. Its fluorescence is independent of pH in the physiological range and quenched by a PET process that occurs between the p‐anisidine redox moiety and the naphthalimide luminophore. If the p‐anisidine group is oxidized by HP, PET is suppressed and fluorescence intensity is strongly increased. Addition of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enhances the oxidation of HP Green and further improves the detection limit of HP. The use of HRP and HP Green enables the determination of HP concentration in a range of 0.1 to 5 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 64 nM (16 pmol per well in microtiter plates). HP Green and HRP also enable sensitive enzymatic assays of oxidase substrates in a kinetic format, as shown for L‐lactate and D‐glucose. L‐Lactate concentration can be rapidly determined between 0.5 and 10 μM after 6 minutes of incubation at 30 °C, with an LOD of 164 nm (41 pmol per well). This LOD is more than sixfold lower than that of the best commercial assays for lactate. The detection range for D‐glucose is 2 to 30 μm, and the LOD is 644 nM (161 pmol per well). These are among the lowest concentrations detectable for oxidase‐based assays. The hexanoic acid moiety in HP Green may be further used to immobilize the probe in order to obtain sensor layers for continuous assays.
Functionalized Boranes for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Pathak Biswarup , Pradhan Kalpataru , Hussain Tanveer , Ahuja Rajeev , Jena Purusottam
Published: November 2011

Using density functional theory, the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange‐correlation potential and Møller–Plesset perturbation theory we study the hydrogen uptake of Li‐ and Mg‐doped boranes. Specifically, we calculate the structures and binding energies of hydrogen molecules sequentially attached to LiB6H7, LiB12H13, Li2B6H6, Li2B12H12, MgB6H6, and MgB12H12. Up to three H2 molecules can be bound quasi‐molecularly to each of the metal cations with binding energies per H2 molecule ranging between 0.07 eV and 0.27 eV. The corresponding gravimetric densities lie in the range of 3.49 to 12 wt %, not counting the H atoms bound chemically to the B atoms.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Benzils by Oxidative Coupling Using Selenium Dioxide and p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate
Authors: Rohman Md. Rumum , Kharkongor Icydora , Rajbangshi Mantu , Mecadon Hormi , Laloo Badaker M. , Sahu Priti R. , Kharbangar Iadeishisha , Myrboh Bekington
Published: November 2011

The oxidative coupling of the α‐carbon atom of aromatic ketones with unactivated arenes in the presence of selenium dioxide and p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate is described. A number of unsymmetrical benzils have been prepared in good yields (38–75 %) with high regioselectivity. The generality and functional tolerance of this new protocol is demonstrated. The mechanistic pathway for the oxidative coupling reaction is also described. The reaction displays superiority in terms of minimization of steps with the C–C bond formation promoted by SeO2 and pTsOH·H2O. This method is advantageous as the reactants used as the solvent can be recovered.
A cointegrated commodity pricing model
Authors: Nakajima Katsushi , Ohashi Kazuhiko
Published: November 2011

We propose a commodity pricing model that extends the Gibson–Schwartz two‐factor model to incorporate the effect of linear relations among commodity spot prices, and provide a condition under which such linear relations represent cointegration. We derive futures and call option prices for the proposed model, and indicate that, unlike in Duan and Pliska (2004), the linear relations among commodity prices should affect commodity derivative prices, even when the volatilities of commodity returns are constant. Using crude oil and heating oil market data, we estimate the model and apply the results to the hedging of long‐term futures using short‐term ones.
Sialadenoma papilliferum of the parotid gland: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Loehn Bridget , Sutton Collin , Jastram‐Belcher Jennifer , Harton Anthony , Anderson Dwayne , R Walvekar Rohan
Published: November 2011

Sialadenoma papilliferum is a rare benign salivary gland tumor. We present an unusual case of sialadenoma papilliferum of the parotid gland, discuss clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and review of the literature. A 65‐year‐old male smoker presented with a large, exophytic, fungating, painless mass in the tail parotid for 8 years. The tumor developed an exophytic component 2 years before presentation. The patient subsequently underwent superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation. Initial pathological analysis suggested a variant of Warthin's tumor. The pathology underwent extensive internal and external review. Final diagnosis was consistent with sialadenoma papilliferum. We present the fourth reported case of sialadenoma papilliferum within the parotid gland and only the second that has presented with breach of the overlying skin. The clinical presentation may mimic an advanced parotid malignancy. However, facial nerve preservation and good surgical outcomes can be obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Improvement in survival during the past 4 decades among patients with anterior skull base cancer
Authors: Gil Ziv , Fliss Dan M. , Cavel Oren , Shah Jatin P. , Kraus Dennis H.
Published: November 2011

Background

The aims of this study were to determine the trends in survival of patients with anterior skull base cancer over several decades and to identify time‐related changes in the demographic and clinical characteristics of this population.

Methods

In all, 282 patients who underwent craniofacial resection at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center and Tel Aviv Medical Center were studied. Patients were categorized in accord with the period of surgery: early (1973–1984, n = 34), intermediate (1985–1996, n = 72), and later (1997–2008, n = 176).

Results

Patients operated after 1996 had higher rates of comorbidity, dural and pterygopalatine invasion, and multicompartmental involvement than those operated before 1996 (p ≤ .001). There was a significant improvement in 5‐year overall and disease‐specific survival, from 55% and 57%, respectively, for patients operated before 1996, to 66% and 70%, respectively, for those operated after 1996 (p = .02 and p = .006, respectively). On multivariate analysis, surgery after 1996 was an independent predictor of outcome (HR, 0.39, p < .001).

Conclusions

The survival of patients with anterior skull base cancer is improving. Surgery after 1996 is an independent prognostic factor for an improved outcome. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Stereotactic body radiation therapy for locally recurrent, previously irradiated nonsquamous cell cancers of the head and neck
Authors: Vargo John A. , Wegner Rodney E. , Heron Dwight E. , Ferris Robert L. , Rwigema Jean‐Claude M. , Quinn Annette , Gigliotti Patricia , Ohr James , Kubicek Greg J. , Burton Steven
Published: November 2011

Background

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a promising salvage strategy for patients with recurrent, previously irradiated head and neck cancer; however, data are limited predominantly to squamous cell carcinomas. Herein, we report the efficacy of SBRT in recurrent, nonsquamous cell cancers of the head and neck (NSCHNs).

Methods

In all, 34 patients with pathologically proven NSCHN were reirradiated with SBRT to a median dose of 40 Gy in 5 fractions (interquartile range, 30–44 Gy). Toxicity and quality of life were followed prospectively.

Results

Median follow‐up was 10 months (absolute range, 0–55 months). The 6‐month/1‐year local control rate was 77/59%, with a 6‐month/1‐year overall survival of 76/59%. Local control was significantly improved for tumors <25 mL (p = .030). Acute/late grade 3 toxicity was 15/6%, with no grade 4–5 toxicity.

Conclusions

SBRT for previously irradiated, locally recurrent NSCHN provides promising local control, especially for tumors <25 mL, with minimal toxicity. The optimal dose for larger tumors remains to be defined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Enhanced production of α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii in solid state fermentation by response surface methodology and its evaluation in the hydrolysis of raw potato starch
Authors: Soni Sanjeev Kumar , Goyal Nidhi , Gupta Jugal Kishore , Soni Raman
Published: November 2011

This is an attempt to lower the cost of starch hydrolysis by the discovery of new generation α‐amylase. A natural isolate of Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii was capable of producing appreciable amounts of raw potato starch digesting α‐amylase in solid state fermentation of wheat bran. The enzyme productivity has been substantially enhanced by supplementing various nutrients and statistically studying their interactions by response surface methodology. A central composite design for amylase production system elucidated a wheat bran‐based medium supplemented with soybean meal, threonine, and B‐complex vitamins predicting a yield of 521 391 U/g dry solids. The enzyme preparation could effectively digest 5–15% suspension of insoluble potato starch in 6 h revealing the dextrose equivalent of 32–44. The supplementation of a glucoamylase preparation, thereafter, brought about complete saccharification. The yield achieved in the statistically optimized amylase system may be one of the best to date and its capability in directly liquefying raw potato starch granules makes this study novel.
The water that cannot be stopped: Southern Paiute perspectives on the Colorado River and the operations of Glen Canyon Dam
Authors: Austin Diane , Drye Brenda
Published: November 2011

Construction and operation of water infrastructure, such as dams, historically has been carried out with little attention paid to mitigating the impacts of such activities on the livelihoods and values of those for whom the water being managed. Enhanced awareness of the need to take into account a wide range of interests, as well as social, cultural, and ecological impacts of water projects, has prompted efforts to include such interests in decision processes. Glen Canyon Dam, located on the Colorado River upstream from Grand Canyon National Park, in the U.S. state of Arizona, has become the center of a complex adaptive management program which aims to recognize both locally specific and broader interests in the water that flows through the dam. A part of this effort has focused on integrating the concerns and values of Native Americans with historic and ongoing ties to the area affected by the dam. The experience of two Southern Paiute tribes, as participants in this effort, foregrounds the challenges and possibilities of changing the ways in which non-market values of water are conceptualized and, by extension, how water resources are defined and managed.
Post-surgical tympanostomy tube follow up with audiology: experience at the Freeman Hospital
Authors: Davies-Husband C R , Harker C , Davison T , Yates P D
Published: November 2011

Background:

Tympanostomy tube (grommet) insertion is a common procedure, with little guidance in the current literature regarding post-operative surveillance. Our institution implemented a protocol to follow up post-surgical grommet patients via audiology at six weeks.

Methods:

A retrospective audit of all patients less than 16 years old who had undergone grommet insertion during a three-month period.

Results:

A total of 149 patients had grommets inserted. Exclusion criteria left a cohort of 123 individuals; 82 (67 per cent) were followed up by audiology. Of these, 13 (11 per cent) did not attend follow up, and were discharged; 53 (43 per cent) were discharged from audiology with normal thresholds; and 16 (13 per cent) were referred back to a consultant. Therefore, the overall reduction in patients followed up by an otolaryngologist was 54 per cent.

Conclusion:

We recommend a six-week follow up with audiology following grommet insertion, allowing for referral back to ENT services in the event of related complications.