bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aphicide Ad Phytotoxicity Screening on Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Potted hibiscus were inoculated during Jul with aphids collected from hibiscus stock. Plants were held in a greenhouse until well populated with aphids. Pretreatment counts were made by summing all aphids on a 2-stem sample from each replicate pot. Sampled stems were tagged and plants subsequently sprayed to runoff with hand-held mist bottles. Each treatment was applied to 5 replicate pots. Applications were continued on a schedule of 2 per week for a total of 4 sprays. Evaluations of aphid numbers on tagged stems were made prior to each spray and 3 days following the final treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Plant Fertilizer Spikes for Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M.
Published: March 2022

Young plants at first cutback stage in 6-inch pots of Metro Mix 500 medium were placed in an enclosed greenhouse and inoculated with green peach aphids from a cultured colony in Apr. A concurrent melon aphid infestation was allowed to develop naturally during the trial period. After ca. 7 days, test fertilizer spikes (6g, 1% insecticide, 3-2-2 fert.) were inserted in the soil of each pot. There were 3 replicate pots per treatment. After 3 weeks, counts of all live aphids (both species pooled) were made for each pot.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Marigolds, 1986
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Payne Richard , Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse grown marigolds, 6-8 inches high, planted in 4 inch pots, were artificially infested with twospotted spider mites. The plants were evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a RCB design. The marigolds were sprayed until runoff with a Gilmore all-purpose hand sprayer and a surfactant was added to each treatment. Applications were made on 26 Jun, 30 Jun, 3 Jul and 8 Jul. Spider mite infestations were evaluated at 3-4 DAT. Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves per plant and counting the number of live spider mites per leaf. The leaves were chilled prior to examination.
Coffee Root Mealybug Control in Potted Palms, Hawah, 1984
Authors: Hara A. H. , Notley E.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Nov '84 on areca and neanthebella palm in Kapaau, Hawaii. Palms were grown under 80% polypropylene net shade in a 30:70 peat and volcanic cinder mix with a pH of 6.8. Severely infested palm: chosen for insecticide evaluation were arranged in a randomized complete block with 2 blocks and 4 pots per block. Pretreatment counts of mealybugs pes pot were taken on 19 Nov. Plants were watered on 27 Nov and drenched on 28 Nov. Six inch pots were drenched with 500 ml of insecticide solution and b inch pots with 700 ml of solution. Saucers were placed under each pot to ensure equal delivery and removed one day after treatment.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine, 1986
Authors: Cladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted on loblolly pines at the OSU Horticulture Research Nursery in Stillwater. Field grown pines, 6 to 7 ft tall, were treated on 1 Aug. Treatments were made with a Marco R-20 sprayer and the trees were sprayed until runoff at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity was 100°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 3 trees per replication. Larval infestations were evaluated by sampling 20 damaged terminals per tree at 12 and 24 days after treatment.
Cypermethrin Sprays for German Cockroach Control in Single-Family Dwellings, 1986
Authors: Wright Charles G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Field evaluations were conducted in single-family dwellings infested with at least 25 visible German cockroaches per kitchen to compare the efficacies of 2 concentrations of cypermethrin against a standard, chlorpyrifos. Visually-sighted German cockroaches were tallied, with flashlight illumination where necessary, in each kitchen prior to insecticide application. Items in cabinets were removed during the tally procedure to facilitate counting and to provide clear access for insecticide application. Counts were performed during Apr followed immediately by treatment with additional inspections and retreatments where living cockroaches were sighted at specified intervals. Cypermethrin (Demon) and chlorpyrifos (Dursban) sprays were applied according to label directions with a 3.8 liter, compressed air sprayer equipped with a “Multeejet™” nozzle using 1.4 kg/cm2 air pressure and pin stream spray pattern. Five replicates (single-family dwellings) were used per treatment. Other rooms were treated, but the number of cockroaches and quantity of spray applied were not recorded. Floor and wall surfaces of the kitchen were combined for the kitchen area (m2). Analyses were calculated on percentage reduction for each house using a general linear models procedure and the Waller-Duncan K-ratio t test for variables.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Ticks, 1986
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Say), and the southern cattle tick, B. microplus (Canestrini), in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Mission, TX, and the tropical horse tick, Anocentor nitens (Neumann), and the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard), in colony at Kerrville, TX, are placed onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are tested. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrations containing 25% active ingredient (AI), 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. The compounds not soluble in xylene are usually formulated (14.3% AI) in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettable powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% AI; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. Prior to treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, and weighed. For treatment, groups of ticks are placed into 20-25 ml of acaricide, which is stirred vigorously for 30 sec and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27 ± 1°C and > 80% RH for oviposition. After 2-3 weeks, the female ticks are discarded, and the eggs are weighed and held for another 4-5 weeks when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Other groups of 10 ticks, which are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, and pyrrolidinone (equivalent to the 1% concentration of AI) and handled as treated ticks, are used as treated controls. Effectiveness is determined by comparing the estimated reproduction (ER) of each group of treated ticks with that of the control ticks. First, ER is calculated as follows:
Evaluation of Dual-Card Pyrethroid-Organophosphate and Duo-Deckum Pyrethroid Ear Tags for Fly Control in China, 1985
Authors: Easton Emmett R. , AuYeung S. S.
Published: March 2022

In a partial confinement dairy farm near Guangzhou in the Guangdong province of southern China, 30 non-lactating Holstein dairy animals were treated on 22 May with Ralston Purina's Dual-Gard insecticide impregnated ear tags (1/cow) containing 9.4% chlorpyrifos, 7.2% permethrin which were synergized with 2% piperonyl butoxide. A second herd in a separate enclosed unit was treated on the same date with Fearing Duo-Deckumc ear tags containing 5.02% permethrin which were synergized with 5.46% technical piperonyl butoxide. A third herd was used as an untreated control. Fly xmnts were made on a daily basis at 9:00 a.m. on the 3 separate herds. Animals were maintained in tie stalls during the day but released into exercise yards to spend the night. Anti-bacterial and spray treatments of dichlorvos insecticide were applied to the yards bi-weekly.
The Efficacy of Max-Con Insecticide Impregnated Ear Tags for the Control of Resistant Horn Fly Popula Tions on 3 Western South Dakota Ranches, 1986
Authors: Easton Emmett R.
Published: March 2022

High numbers of horn flies (200 side) on beef cattle treated with insecticidal ear tag:; containing synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (fenvalerate/permethrin) were reported in the Mission area (Todd County) in late 1985. In order to receive better control of this pest in western South Dakota during the 1986 fly season the Max-Con@ insecticide impregnated ear tag containing 7.0% cypermethrin, 5.09! chlorpyrifos and 3.5% piperonyl butoxide was tested on herds of 70 Black Angus beef cattle south of Colome (Tripp County) on the Cottonwood Range and Livestock Research Station in Jackson County and to a herd of white faced Herefords near Martin in Bennett County.
Free-Choice Comparisons of 3 Fly Baits, 1986
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Burg J. G. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Alfacron sugarbait (CGA 18809) was compared with Improved Golden Malrin® fly bait containing 1.0% methomyl and Hopkins Fly Bait Grits containing 1.0% Bomyl® in 30.5 × 30.5 × 30.5 cm aluminum collapsible cages. Four treatment cages were arranged around a central fly release cage, each connected by a 40.0-cm stockinette tube. Fly pupae (ca. 45 ml) were placed with water and sugar ad libitum in the center cage until most of the flies had emerged. At the start of each replication, water and sugar were removed from the center cage, a 9-cm diam petri dish with 30 g of bait or sugar was placed into each treatment cage, and the stockinette tubes leading to the treatment cages were opened simultaneously. The study was replicated 4 times with each treatment in a different cage position for a 4 × 4 Latin square design to isolate any cage position and time (replication) effects. The entire study was repeated twice (n = 8/bait). Total no. of flies/cage, dead flies/cage, and dead flies on the bait surface were recorded at 0.5, 7.5, and 24.5 h. Data were transformed for analysis (arcs Vp) and differences in % mortality (based on flies in all treatment cages), % flies per cage (based on flies in all treatment cages), and % flies on the bait (based on flies in each cage) were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's protected least significance difference (LSD) test.
Apple, Cover Spray Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

An 11-year-old apple var. “Miller Spur Red Delicious“ orchard at the Clarksville Fruit Substation, Clarksville, AR, was used in this test. Asana and Pydrin were applied to 4-tree plots in a randomized complete block design with 2 replicates per treatment. Trees were sprayed to runoff, ca 2 gal/tree using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Spray dates were 29 Apr, 8, 20, 28 May, 20 Jun, 15 and 28 Jul. Drop counts were made on 20 Jun and damage counts of fruit in tree were made on 8 Aug.
Apple, First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Timing Experiment, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.4 acre plots of 16-year-old trees, with under-tree irrigation. Four applications of Diazinon 50WP at a rate of 2 lb (AI)/acre were made at weekly intervals with the first application (10 May) coinciding with Petal Fall (PF). Sprays were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. WALH populations were sampled by counting nymphs on 10 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from each of 8 trees in the central area of each plot. Pretreatment counts were made 1 d prior to spray application.
Pear, Effect of Calcium Chloride on Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. , Facteau T. J. , Mielke E. A.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied 31 Jul to 13-year old pear trees by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots were 4 single tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. PP populations were sampled 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. Nymphs were counted on 40 terminal leaves/treatment (10/tree). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope.
Peach, Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

At the Fruit Experiment Station in Clarksville, AR, a 7-year-old block of Red Haven was sprayed using a hydraulic sprayer (250 psi) with a handgun to runoff, ca. 2 gal/tree. Four replications of 1 tree plots were organized in a randomized complete block design. Asana and Pydrin were applied 14 and 28 May to coincide with the 2nd generation OFM emergence. Flagged terminal counts were recorded on 28 May and 3 Jun for damage assessment.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Strawberries, 1986
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were in a 7-yr-old strawberry planting at Moreland, OH. Each replicate consisted of 18 sq ft of strawberry row with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on 8 and 23 May, using a hand-held C02 sprayer at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 23 May, after insecticides had dried on foliage, random samples of 5 leaves per replicate were taken. These were taken to the laboratory and placed in ventilated plastic containers. Ten specimens of the appropriate insect pest species were added to each container. (Insects utilized in study were from an untreated alfalfa field or laboratory colony). Readings of insect mortality were taken 24 h after initial introduction to treated foliage.
Tenlined June Beetle Control on Almonds, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Rough D. , Barclay L. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on 20-yr-old ‘Nonpareil’ and ‘Merced’ almond trees in a commercial orchard near Manteca, CA. Five treatments were replicated 5 times in a completely randomized design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. The insecticide granules were evenly applied over 729 sq ft around each tree on 25 Apr. The materials were disced and watered in with 2 inches of water applied by sprinklers. Control was evaluated by counting all larvae in 4 1-sq ft by 2 ft deep soil samples around each tree on 12 Jun. A pre-treatment evaluation was made on 26 Apr. Only trees where larvae were found were included in the study.
Mite Control on Citrus in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Browning H. W.
Published: March 2022

Single tree treatments, spaced 16 × 22 ft, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in a 4 acre orchard of 2 year old ‘Henderson’ grapefruit located at the Hoblitzelle Research and Demonstration Farm, Mercedes, TX. A spray application was made on 20 May, however, mite populations declined to near zero following a heavy rainstorm that occurred one day following the spray application. A second application was made on 30 Jul after mite populations had recovered and stabilized. Trees were sprayed until runoff with a hand-held, piston-driven sprayer timed to deliver an amount equivalent to 110 gal/acre (1 gal/tree, 35 psi, 1 min/tree). Efficacy was evaluated by processing 5 leaves/tree through a mite brushing machine that deposited mites on a 5 in. detergent-coated glass disk. Motile mites were counted from ½ of the area of the glass disk using a 25 × stereo dissecting scope. Counts were taken on 1, 5, 13, 20, and 27 Aug and 10 Sep and 1 Oct. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant differences existed, means were separated with Duncans New Multiple Range Test.
Timing Lorsban Applications For California Red Scale Control, 1985
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 10 lingle-tree replicates and 5 treatments was conducted in a field of 11-year old Lisbon lemons at the University of California Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, CA, Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) were evaluated in mid-Apr, 1985 by examining in each plot, 75 9-inch twigs from the previous growth flush. Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Plots were assigned to blocks on the basis of pretreatment CRS density and the treatments were assigned randomly to each block. The 5 treatments were 5 different times for application of an identical amount of Lorsban 4E (% pt/100 gal applied by handguns from both ground and tower positions at ca. 520 psi, and ca. 20 gal/tree). Maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Lindcove Field Station were used to calculate degree days for CRS development (lower threshold = 53°F, no upper threshold) and pheromone traps were used to monitor male flight. Posttreatment samples were taken in mid-Oct, 1985 and in mid-Mar, 1986 by in situ examination in each plot of 75 9-inch twigs in Oct, 100 3-inch twigs in Mar, and 100 fruit in both posttreatment samples. Twigs were scored as infested or not infested with live CRS. Each fruit was scored as having 0, 1-10, or >10 live and/or dead CRS since fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with large numbers of live or dead scale. Therefore, counts of live and dead scale on fruit were used to assess how well the treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and being downgraded, while counts of live scale on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth.
California Red Scale Control on Lemons, 1985
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 10 single-tree replicates and 9 treatment! was conducted in a field of 15 ft tall lemons in a 20 x 24 ft planting at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station in Riverside, CA. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) in each plot were evaluated either in Mar or May by examining, in each plot, 75 randomly selected 9-in twigs from the previous growth flush. Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. The single tree plots were assigned to blocks on the basis of pretreatment twig counts and position in the field. The 9 treatments were randomly assigned to each of the 10 blocks. All treatments were applied by handguns from ground and tower positions at ca. 500 psi and ca. 17.5 gal/tree. The NR440 oil treatment was applied 14 May; the remaining treatment! were applied 10-11 Jun. Posttreatment samples were taken in late Sep 1985 and again in early Apr 1986 by in situ examination in each plot of 75 9-incl twigs in Sep, 100 3-in twigs in Apr, and 100 fruit in both posttreatment samples. Twigs were scored for presence or absence of live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or >10 live and/or dead CRS since fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with large numbers of live or dead scale. Therefore, counts of live and dead scale on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment prevented the crop from becoming infested and consequently downgraded, while counts of live scale on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1984
Authors: McVay John R.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature “Stuart” trees located at Rome, AL. Treatments were replicated 3 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a V2 acre plot with 3 core trees and 6 border trees. Applications were made to the inside half of border trees and all sides of core trees. Data were taken from the central core tree only. Pretreatment counts were made on 4 Sep. Foliar applications were made on 5 Sep using an FMC-9100 air-blast sprayer delivering 120 gal of finished spray per acre (10 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts were made 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Todd Kline S.
Published: March 2022

A commercial field of near mature cabbage in Genesee County, N.Y., was used for this test. The field had a severe infestation of DB in both varieties. Where the varieties were adjacent in the middle of the field, the grower left a 10- row (5 rows in each variety) unsprayed strip 35 ft long. On both sides of this unsprayed strip, cabbage was treated on 4 Sep using a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 80 psi. Each variety was treated with a different insecticide. On 9 Sep, 10 plants per treatment and variety were evaluated for number of DB larvae.
Celery, Beet Armyworm Control, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Celery seedlings were transplanted 19 Sep into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 beds and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Mar through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, two 83077 flat-fan nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following the treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 7 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage.
Efficacy of Dipel and Asana Against Lepidopterous Defoliators on Collards, 1987
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Olson S. M. , Snell J. M.
Published: March 2022

Collards were planted in greenhouse flats 9 Apr then transplanted to a field location 7 May. Experimental design was a randomized complete block arrangement with 4 replicates. Plot size was 1 row of 25 plants spaced 12 inches apart. Treatments were applied weekly from 15 May through 19 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer set to deliver 25 gal/acre at 30 psi. Efficacy was determined from periodic larval and pupal counts. On each sampling date, 3 randomly selected plants from each plot were cut at ground level, leaves were removed and examined individually in the field, and all lepidopterous larvae and pupae were recorded.
Insect Growth Regulators for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles in Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Superior' white potatoes were planted on 14 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 68 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 5 and 16 Jun. Percent plant defoliation was recorded on 15, 23, and 29 Jun. Numbers of CPB larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 15 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt./acre) were recorded on 5 Aug.
Foliar Insecticides for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota, 1987
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 6 May at the University of Minnesota Northwest Experimental Station, Crookston, and at the Red River Valley Potato Grower's Association Research Farm, Grand Forks, N. Dak. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 23 Jun with a CO2-powered hand sprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre. CPB populations were very high. Posttreatment counts were made 24 h later by counting all second- and third-instar larvae.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle—Trial 1, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Wiersma John , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted in early May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, Minn., using B-size Norchip certified seed. Plots were 4 40-inch rows × 35 ft with 6 ft of fallow between plots. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied over the top of the row within 4 days after planting and lightly incorporated. This location has very fine textured soil and had more than adequate moisture in 1986. Foliars were applied on 26 Jun, 10 and 28 Jul, and 12 Aug with a hand-held CO2 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Four applications of fungicide were made independent of insecticide applications. Larval counts were taken on 4 dates, as were defoliation estimations. The counts presented represent peak larval and defoliation numbers and late season defoliation levels. Yields were taken on the center 2 rows of each plot, graded as indicated, and weights were recorded.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on No-Till Transplanted Tomatoes, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Ohio 7870' tomato transplants were planted no-till in 25-ft rows on 20 May with a 2-row Holland transplanter equipped with a 2-inch-wide fluted coulter in front of each planter shoe. Plots consisted of a single treatment row buffered on each side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 64 inches, and the distance between plants within the row was 12 inches. Transplanting was made in overwintered wheat. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 9 and 23 Jun and 1, 7, and 21 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/10 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken on 12 Aug from a 10-ft section of row.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1987
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 24 Feb, 18 inches apart on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 25 Mar; 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 Apr; and 5, 11, and 19 May with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer operated at 40 psi and delivering 65-140 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew). Second applications were made each week for Dipel and ABG 6190 on 27 Mar; 3, 10, 17, and 24 Apr; and 1, 8, and 15 May. On 5 May, the numbers of thrips were counted in 10 flowers from each plot of selected treatments. On 21 May, the numbers of small (shorter 0.5 inch) and large (longer than 0.5 inch) leafminers were counted in a 1- minute visual search of each plot. On 20 May, the number of potato aphids was counted on the terminal leaflet of five leaves from each plot. Fruit were harvested on 26 May, and the number of undamaged fruit and the number of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (principally the southern armyworm S. eridania (Cramer)) were determined. Percentage data were transformed by the arcsine square root of (%)(0.01) prior to analysis but are presented in the original scale.
Spider Mite Control in Fresh Market Tomatoes, 1987
Authors: Teague T. G. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes were direct seeded in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 5 Aug on the Rio Farms Agricultural Research Farm in Monte Alto, Tex. Beginning on 20 Sep and continuing until 1 wk prior to testing, plants were oversprayed at weekly intervals with 0.10 lb (AI)/acre of Ambush. Because infestations were not uniform throughout the field, only areas infested with mites were selected for test plots. Plots were 10-15 ft long and 1 row wide and were separated by 2 untreated rows. Row spacing was 40 inches. The experiment was arranged in a completely random design with 4 replications. One application of the acaricides was made on 6 Nov using a backpack CO2-powered sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 70 psi through 2 TX-10 nozzles per row. Mite density was determined by counting total number of mites on 20 infested leaves/plot. Leaf samples were collected just prior to application and at 4, 7, 12, and 17 days following application. Data were analyzed using 1-way ANOVA with mean separation using LSD (P = 0.05).
Potato Leafhopper Control on Alfalfa, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test area was part of a 2-yr-old stand located near Beltsville, Md. Damage to the alfalfa was moderate. Plots were 20 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 3 Jul. Sprays were applied with a backpack COa boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plants were 14 inches tall at time of treatment. Leafhopper samples were made on 4, 8, and 10 Jul, with 10 random sweeps/plot.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was established on a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Beltsville. Precount weevil populations were heavy and averaged 150-200 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. One 180-degree sweep/plot was made on 1 and 5 May.
Potato Leafhopper Control 1987
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs (A) and on the Pennsylvania State University farm at University Park (B). Forty- by forty-ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 5 replications. In Experiment A PLH densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net on 24 Jun, 6 days after the stubble spray. Foliar sprays were applied on 25 Jun. XRM-4996 was applied 1 Jul, but after sampling. Thereafter, PLH densities were sampled on 1, 8, 15, and 21 Jul. The latter date was 33 and 27 days from stubble and foliar sprays, respectively. Alfalfa height at time of foliar sprays was 6 to 8 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal/acre of water at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom with 80-degree flat-fan nozzles and 50-mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 75-sq-ft swaths taken from each plot after the last sampling date. Treatments in Experiment B were similarly applied. The only differences were that no stubble sprays were applied and XRM-4996 was applied as 2 separate treatments, once at foliar (3 Aug) and once at 10 days past foliar (13 Aug). PLH density was evaluated on 31 Jul before applying foliar sprays on 3 Aug and then on 6, 10, 17, and 24 Aug. Alfalfa yield was not determined due to very low PLH pressure.
Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Control in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Whitford Fred , Quisenberry Sharron
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Dean Lee Research Station near Alexandria on a 1-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa. A randomized block design was used with 11 treatments, each replicated 4 times. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 Sep to 20- × 20-ft plots with a C02 backpack sprayer using 4 brass 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7-ft boom. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 18.3 gal/acre at 42 psi. Plant height was 19.5 inches, and wind speed was less than 5 mph. A standard 15-inch-diam sweep net (10 sweeps/plot) was used to monitor adult threecornered alfalfa hopper population levels at pretreatment and at 3, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Furadan Soil Treatment VS. Furadan Soil Treatment Plus Sevin XLR for Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Roman Hector
Published: March 2022

A cooperative trial with Sigco Research was planted at a location near Crookston, Minn. Plots consisted of 6- to 15-inch rows 20 ft long. Treatments wer originally arranged in a randomized complete block. However, an error in treatments required comparison of 3 regimes replicated 8 times. The relative rigor of the comparisons, the paucity of data, and the fact the Furadan CR-10 had not been tested in Minnesota before 1987 encouraged us to publish the trial The Furadan CR-10 was planted on 10 Apr with the seed using a cone-type 6-row planter. Moisture was very short in these finely textured soils. Folia applications were made on 19 May when seed was approximately 30% germinated. The foliar was broadcast at 40 psi, using a hand-held COa sprayer applying 17 gal/acre.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Second-Generation Corn Borers, 1987
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in late-planted furrowirrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 45 ft long. The standard insecticide applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 2 suspended on 18-inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi under C02 pressure. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delvan 100/140, %-inch raindrop nozzles mounted on the high-clearance sprayer at tassel height between the rows. This system was calibrated to deliver 5,400 gal/acre on the 2 center rows (equivalent to a 0.2-inch irrigation). Chemicals were added to 200 gal of water in the main tank of the sprayer and agitated by recirculation and applied within 20 min of mixing. The treatments of CME 13406 and Dimilin were applied on 30 Jul, earlier than the other treatments to take advantage of presumed long residual activity. The remaining treatments were applied on 8 Aug, about 4 days after target date due to wet field conditions. The timing of applications was based on the Kansas State University southwestern corn borer (SWCB) and European corn borer (ECB) models and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. There were 12 hatched and 6 unhatched ECB egg masses and 14 hatched and 14 unhatched SWCB egg masses on 10 plants on 7 and 8 Aug. Corn borer evaluations were made 14-28 Sep by dissecting 10 corn plants in each plot (5 consecutive corn plants in each of the 2 center rows). The number of larvae of each species and the length of tunneling were recorded for each plant. Stalk rot associated with corn borer tunnels was evaluated using a rating scale of 0 to 4: 0, no visible stalk rot; 1, stalk rot present in one internode; 2, stalk rot in 2 internodes; 3, stalk rot found in 3 internodes; and 4, stalk rot in 4 or more internodes. Banks grass mites (BGM) (mostly adult females) were counted by visually searching every other leaf (one-half plant) of four plants in each plot on 18 Aug.
Evaluation of Molluscicides for Slug Control, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Four molluscicide treatments were evaluated for slug efficacy on a Hagerstown silt loam soil in Centre County, Pa. A radomized complete block design with 4 replications of 5 treatments was used. On 9 Jun a pretreatment damage assessment was taken and molluscicides were applied. Applications of liquid molluscicides were implemented using a backpack spray system adjusted to 30 psi and 26 gal/acre liquid output. Flat-fan nozzles (LF4, 80 degrees) were directed over each row to apply the chemical in a 7-inch band. Granular and bait formulations were applied by using the shake method. Corn plants averaged 3 leaves (4 inches high) at the time of application. The no-till field was covered by heavy mulch and some volunteer grasses. The study field was bordered by a windbreak on one end. Two pits, 4 inches diam by 6 inches deep, were dug in each plot using a golf course core. Each hole was then enclosed with 6- × 6-inch roof shingle, which was covered with aluminum foil to reflect the sun’s heat and maintain a moist shelter for the slugs. The pits were checked for slugs on the day of molluscicide applications and at 1 and 6 days posttreatment. On day 1 after molluscicide application, the number of dead slugs/3 m2 (1 m2 at 3 locations in the plot) was recorded for each plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for First-Generation European Corn Borer Control in Pennsylvania, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Yocum John
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments were evaluated during 1987 at the Southeastern Field Research Laboratory near Landisville for efficacy on first-brood (ECB). Corn plots were planted on 1 May at 24,000 plants/acre. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications of 8 treatments was used. Corn plots were 4 rows (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft. Chemical treatments were timed by sampling egg masses to determine the period of peak egg laying. Treatments were applied on 23 Jun, approximately 1 wk after peak egg deposition. Granular applications were applied in a 7-inch band over the row using Gandy® applicators mounted on a draw bar. Liquid applications were applied using a backpack sprayer adjusted to 30 psi and delivering 26 gal/acre through flat-fan nozzles (LFH, 80- degree). Plots were evaluated on 21 Jul by dissecting 20 consecutive plants/plot (from one of the center rows) and counting the number of surviving ECB larvae/plant. Yields were not taken in the trial because of uneven stand density, small differences in infestation level, and low numbers of ECB larvae/plant.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Rescue with Center Pivot Applications of Insecticides in South Dakota, 1986-1978
Authors: Gray M. E. , Hein G. L. , Ingemansen J. A. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

In 1986, a corn rootworm rescue trial was established at Armour. Dekalb 1100’ was planted on 4 May 86. Lorsban 4E (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was injected with a Northern chemigation unit into a Zimmatic low-pressure system on 26 Jun 87. In 1987, tests were conducted at Armour and Onida. At Armour, Lorsban 4E (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was injected 17 Jun 87 and compared to a planting time (28 Apr 87, ‘Dekalb 1100’) application of Counter 15G (1.0 lb [AI]/ acre). At Onida, corn (‘Pay Master 2990’) was planted on 12 May 87. Lorsban 4E (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was injected into a center pivot unit on 19 Jun 87 and contrasted with Furadan 15G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) delivered aerially with a fixed wing aircraft on 28 Jun 87. In late July of each year, rootworm injury was evaluated by randomly digging 10 root systems/treatment from each of 4 separate areas within a treated section of the pivot. Roots were rated on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no noticeable feeding damage; to 6, 3 nodes of roots pruned).
Control of Gray Garden Slugs in No-Tillage, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Salvaggio R. , Vinis L. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted into a thick soybean mulch located near Worton in Kent County, Md. Corn was seeded in 30-inch rows on 27 April. At time of treatment on 30 May, corn was at the 3- to 4-leaf stage and slug damage was severe, with 30- 40 slugs/sq ft. Plots were 4 rows by 25 ft replicated 4 times arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. The Mesurol bait was formulated with % lb of Mesurol 75W mixed into 100 lb of cracked corn with 1 qt of Coke used as a sticker. This bait was spread by hand shaker can at the rate of 20 lb of formulated bait/acre. Slugs were sampled with 1-sq-ft flat roofing shingles covered with aluminum foil. Two shingles were placed at random within the plot, and the number of slugs nesting beneath was recorded on 4 and 7 Jun.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. Experiment A was conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs in Centre County, Pa. Corn (‘Pioneer 3540’) was planted no-till on 18 May using a 6-row John Deere Max-Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 15 × 50 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications/treatment. Rows 1 and 6 were nontreated guard rows. Rows for harvest were standardized to 70 plants per 50-ft row. On 7 Aug 5 plants from each replication were evaluated for root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1—6 system with 6 being the most severe damage. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting 2 rows from each plot for shelled corn. Experiment B was conducted on the Sankey farm near Plain Grove in Lawrence County, Pa. Corn (‘Dekalb DK 524’) was planted no-till on 7 May using a 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5- × 20-ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications/treatment. Root damage ratings were evaluated 30 Jul taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Control in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Moss Teresa P. , Sagaral Ras G. , Beahn Mary M.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticidal treatments were examined to determine their efficacy in controlling primarily first-generation (second-generation also evaluated) European corn borer (ECB) in conventionally planted field corn grown on the Vernon Delano Farm in Richmond County, Va. 'Pioneer 3389' corn was planted on a 36-inch row spacing on 28 Apr. Materials were applied either as foliar sprays or granular applications on 9 Jun. Foliar spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer, using TeeJet AL8004 nozzels, at 32 psi that delivered 31.8 gal of finished formulation/acre. Granular insecticides were applied directly in the whorl by using a Spred-rite gravity flow granular applicator. Individual plots were 4 rows by 30 ft with 2-row borders and were arranged in a complete randomized block experimental design with 3 replications. Individual plots were evaluated 8 days after treatment and then periodically throughout the remainder of the growing season. All plants in 30 row-ft were inspected for the presence of ECB feeding damage, and 5 random plants/plot were split and observed for the presence of live ECB larvae on 22 Jun. Yield estimates were obtained by harvesting 1 of the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Midseason Control of Aphids in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

DPL 41' cotton was planted 12 May on a commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All seed was custom treated with Orthene 80S (6.4 oz [AI]/cwt) and Terraclor Super × fungicide (0.25 + 1.0 lb [AI]/ acre) was applied during planting. Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. All treatments were applied on 10 Jul. Aphid populations were estimated 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT) by randomly collecting 10 leaves (3rd fully developed terminal leaf)/plot, washing the insects from the leaves onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Effect on Heliothis Spp., Mites, and Aphids of Selected Treatments Initiated in June for Boll Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 12 May on a commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an in-furrow treatment of Temik, 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, and Terraclor Super × fungicide, 0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, at planting. Treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots, delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 23 and 30 Jun; 13, 17, 24, and 28 Jul; and 14 Aug. Treatment effects on Heliothis spp. and boll weevil were measured by sampling 50 squares/plot. Spider mite and aphid populations were estimated 8 Aug by randomly collecting 10 leaves (third fully developed terminal leaf) per plot, washing the insects from the leaves onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Yields were determined by picking the 4 center rows with a mechanical harvester on 21 Sep.
Chemical Control of Boll Weevil and Heliothis Spp. Larvae in Cotton, 1987
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M.J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for control of boll weevil and Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton was conducted at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Ala. Cotton was planted on 24 Apr in 40-inch rows. Six treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 8.2 gal/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 13, 17, 22, 27, and 31 Jul and 7, 17, and 21 Aug. Boll weevil damage was determined by examining 25 squares collected at random in each plot. Heliothis spp. damage and larval numbers were determined by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals from the middle 3 rows in each plot 2 to 3 days posttreatment. Yield data were taken by machine harvesting of 2 of the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Boll Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Griffin J. R. , Dacus Jeff , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Plots 8 rows × 50 ft, located on the Cotton Branch Station, Marianna, Ark., were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and separated by 4 fallow rows or 5-ft alleys. Foliar applications were made as squaring rates decreased and weevil infestations increased on 28 and 31 Jul and 3 Aug with a Spirit high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre. Infestation levels were compared by examining 100 squares/plot/date for weevil egg and feeding punctures. The same standard treatment, Guthion, was repeated as 4 separate treatments.
Bollworm Control, 1986
Authors: Langston W. C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Four individual tests were conducted to compare control of cotton bollworm (CBW) using the biological insecticides Dipel ES and DiBeta with the synthetic pyrethroid Ammo. 'G&P 3774' was planted 29 Apr and standard cultural practices were followed. Plots were 8 rows × 40 ft long, and randomized complete block designs with 4 replications were used. The insecticide applications were made on 1, 8, 15, and 22 Jul with a Hi-Boy sprayer to all 4 experiments. Other insects were controlled as needed with standard insecticides. On 14 and 21 Jul, 100 squares were examined in each plot, and the number of CBW larvae and damaged squares was determined. On 28 Jul and 1 and 7 Aug, 100 bolls/plot were examined and the number of CBW and damaged bolls was determined. Yield was measured by harvesting 2 rows/plot with a brush-type stripper.