bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disability as a Public Health Issue: Findings and Reflections from the Massachusetts Survey of Secondary Conditions
Authors: Wilber Nancy , Mitra Monika , Walker Deborah Klein , Allen Deborah
Published: March 2003

In the last decade, the health status of individuals with disabilities has emerged as an explicit focus of public health attention, with consumers, policymakers, and researchers joining in defining and implementing an agenda in this area. With small federal grants from a few agencies, the field has begun to produce research findings, academic curricula, and model policies and interventions to promote health and prevent adverse outcomes among people with disabilities (Andresen, Lollar, and Meyers 2000; Lollar 1994; Pope 1992; Seekins, White, Ravesloot, et al. 1999; Simeonsson and McDevitt 1999; Tanenhaus, Meyers, and Harbison 2000). The development of the term secondary conditions and the inclusion of the chapter “Disability and Secondary Conditions” in Healthy People 2010 (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services 2000) reflect this progress toward recognizing disability as a national public health issue.

Public health researchers and practitioners have begun to recognize the dynamic nature of disability, promote the health of people with disabilities, and develop strategies to prevent secondary conditions among them. To understand the epidemiology of secondary conditions, the authors developed the Massachusetts Survey of Secondary Conditions, a longitudinal study of adults with major disabilities in = 656) based on a conceptual framework linking disability, mediating factors, and health outcomes. This paper reports baseline data on the number of secondary conditions experienced by survey respondents. Respondents experienced a mean of 5.3 of 17 secondary conditions. More numerous secondary conditions were associated with fair or poor general health and number of days unable to do routine activities. Factors amenable to public health interventions included difficulty with weight and exercise maintenance, tobacco and marijuana use, and experiencing assault. Disability should be a focus in all public health research, policy, and programs.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality: The Priority of Screening Frequency and Population Coverage
Authors: Colditz Graham A. , Hoaglin David C. , Berkey Catherine S.
Published: March 2003

In addition to the usual measures of screening‐test performance, it is important to consider testing frequency when evaluating a screening program. Data on which to base recommendations for the timing of screening tests are urgently needed. For example, in the cases of cervical and colon cancer, when the target is a precursor lesion, research indicates that less frequent screening may be appropriate. This finding may not apply, however, to screening for breast cancer by mammography, which requires currently recommended intervals for the early detection of malignancies. Resources now allocated to breast cancer might more effectively be applied to the construction of tests that would permit longer intervals between screenings. To achieve the National Cancer Institute's goal of reducing cancer mortality in the United States by the year 2000, it will be important to review the balance between population coverage and individual screening for each cancer and to emphasize prevention strategies that maximize population coverage while minimizing expenditures.
Impact of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act on Nursing Homes
Authors: Laliberte Linda , Mor Vincent , Berg Katherine , Intrator Orna , Calore Kathleen
Published: March 2003

The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA) of 1988 altered eligibility and coverage for skilled nursing facility (SNF) care and changed Medicaid eligibility rules for nursing‐home residents. Detailed data on the residents of a for‐profit nursing‐home chain and Medicare claims for a 1 percent sample of beneficiaries were used to examine the impact of the MCCA on nursing homes. The case mix of nursing‐home admissions was scrutinized, specifically for length of stay, discharge disposition, rate of hospitalization, and changes in payer source. Findings revealed that, although the proportion of Medicare‐financed nursing‐home care increased, as did the case‐mix severity of residents during the MCCA period, there was no corollary reduction in hospital use by nursing‐home residents.
Physician Responses to Global Physician Expenditure Budgets in Canada: A Common Property Perspective
Authors: Hurley Jeremiah , Lomas Jonathan , Goldsmith Laurie J.
Published: March 2003

Global expenditure budgets in the fee‐for‐service physician sector create management problems for both funders and physicians. Global expenditure cap policies must be designed, and appropriate institutional structures created, to mitigate perverse utilization incentives, manage collective utilization, and diffuse the internal professional and the funder–profession tensions created by a capped budget. Two Canadian provinces that adopted different approaches to the design of their physician expenditure cap policies experienced different outcomes in utilization growth. The outcomes, however, are the opposite to what one would predict based on an analysis of the incentive structures embodied in the two provinces' policies. An analytic framework developed for the study of common‐property resources is applied to the differing physician responses to global budgets across the two provinces. The insights offered by this framework can guide policy design for global physician budgets, and they indicate the critical importance of physician acceptance of such a policy.
The Collision of Economics and Politics in Medicaid Managed Care: Reflections on the Course of Reform in Maryland
Authors: Oliver Thomas R.
Published: March 2003

One of the most dynamic areas of health policy is the transition of Medicaid programs to managed care and market competition. Maryland has been a leader in this trend, initiating three different systems of managed care for the Medicaid population during the 1990s as it searched for an ideal plan. The Maryland experience illustrates the complex new demands that policy makers are facing. Health plans are expected not only to deliver budgetary savings, but also to improve the quality of their services and guarantee a place for safety‐net providers in their delivery systems. As a result, there is a sizable gap between the original savings projected for the new Maryland system and its actual capacity for cost containment. The apparent collision between economic assumptions and political realities, however, may point the way to a constructive synthesis—a form of managed care that balances economy with important community, professional, and personal values.
The Changing Landscape of Health Care Financing and Delivery: How Are Rural Communities and Providers Responding?
Authors: Mueller Keith J. , Coburn Andy , Cordes Sam , Crittenden Robert , Hart J. Patrick , Myers Wayne
Published: March 2003

Rural communities have not kept pace with the recent dramatic changes in health care financing and organization. However, the Medicare provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 will require rural providers to participate in the new systems. Case studies revealed the degree of readiness for change in six rural communities and charted their progress along a continuum, as reflected in three sets of activities: the development of networking; the creation of new strategies for managing patient care; and the adoption of new methods for contracting with health insurers. Some communities had constructed highly integrated systems, whereas others were just beginning to change their billing practices; a few were signing contracts for capitated care, in contrast to those that were resisting discounts in current fee structures. These six rural areas still have considerable ground to cover before their health care organization and financing reach the levels achieved by urban communities.
Patients, Families, and Organ Donation: Who Should Decide?
Authors: May Thomas , Aulisio Mark P. , DeVita Michael A.
Published: March 2003

Although 69 to 75 percent of U.S. adults say they would be willing to become organ donors, half of the families that are asked to consider donating the organs of a deceased family member refuse to consent. This discrepancy is most noticeable when the refusal of a family conflicts with the known wishes of a patient. It is the practice of nearly all organ procurement organizations in the United States not to procure organs or tissue when families refuse, even if the patient's wishes have been documented. Recently, the Center for Organ Recovery and Education (CORE) adopted a controversial policy of acting on the documented wishes of individuals to donate, independent of family consent. An examination of the moral and political issues raised by this policy lead to the conclusion that the CORE policy is not only justified, but morally required.
Managing Patient Trust in Managed Care
Authors: Davies Huw T.O. , Rundall Thomas G.
Published: March 2003

Patient trust has been identified as an important element in the patient‐physician relationship. However, common features of managed care, such as risk‐sharing, utilization review, and limitations on benefits, may erode the traditionally high trust that patients have in their physicians. High trust is not always justified; rather, an optimal level of trust arises from the level of interdependence between patients and physicians. This analysis of the interrelationship between patient‐physician trust and some of the key facets of managed care has important implications for managed care. A return to high levels of trust may be impracticable, and new strategies for balancing trust‐building efforts by caregivers with checking mechanisms accessible to patients are recommended.
Partnership Synergy: A Practical Framework for Studying and Strengthening the Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Lasker Roz D. , Weiss Elisa S. , Miller Rebecca
Published: March 2003

The substantial interest and investment in health partnerships in the United States is based on the assumption that collaboration is more effective in achieving health and health system goals than efforts carried out by single agents. A clear conceptualization of the mechanism that accounts for the collaborative advantage, and a way to measure it are needed to test this assumption and to strengthen the capacity of partnerships to realize the full potential of collaboration. The mechanism that gives collaboration its unique advantage is synergy. A framework for operationalizing and assessing partnership synergy, and for identifying its likely determinants, can be used to address critical policy, evaluation, and management issues related to collaboration.
Lessons from the Unexpected: The Importance of Data Infrastructure, Conceptual Models, and Serendipity in Health Services Research
Authors: Mechanic David
Published: March 2003

In examining the importance of data systems, conceptual models, and serendipity in understanding health services, the case is made for a vigorous and responsive data infrastructure and more emphasis on conceptual development. Particularly important is the development of data systems that can keep pace with changes in health care organization and patterns of care. Three examples—from managed care, deinstitutionalization, and physician remuneration—demonstrate the need to empirically examine seemingly obvious assumptions about health patterns and trends, and the lessons to be learned when assumptions are proved incorrect. Major future challenges include incorporating patient preferences into outcomes research, meaningful communication about treatment options and health plan choices, and understanding how organizational culture and norms affect decision processes.
Intentional Agency and the Metarepresentation Hypothesis
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: March 2003

This paper sketches a distinction between organisms that represent their world and those that do not. It uses this distinction to focus upon the idea that within the class of representational systems there has been a key cognitive innovation, the development of metarepresentational capacities. The idea is that a set of abilities is present in adult humans, developing humans and the great apes, and these abilities require metarepresentational capacities. So perhaps the capacity to metarepresent distinguishes intentional agents like us from less fancy agents. This paper sceptically discusses two key cases for the metarepresentational hypothesis: imitation and the ‘theory‐theory’ of social intelligence.
Boghossian, Miller and Lewis on Dispositional Theories of Meaning
Authors: McManus Denis
Published: March 2003

Paul Boghossian has pointed out a ’circularity problem’ for dispositionalist theories of meaning: as a result of the holistic character of belief fixation, one cannot identify someone’s meaning such and such with facts of the form S is disposed to utter P under conditions C, without C involving the semantic and intentional notions that such a theory was to explain. Alex Miller has recently suggested an ’ultra‐sophisticated dispositionalism’ (modelled on David Lewis’s well known version of functionlism) and has argued that this version of dispositionalism escapes Boghossian’s ’circularity problem’. Miller argues, nonetheless, that another of Boghossian’s criticisms of dispositionalism, ’the infinity problem’ still applies to this ’ultra‐sophisticated dispositionalism’: C will still draw upon a potential infinity of mediating background clusters of belief. The present paper argues that the feature that ’the infinity problem’ presents as problematic is a feature of a host of familiar explanations. Our fundamental difficulty in this area is not our inability to understand how a more general model can be applied to a particular domain (the intentional understood as dispositional) but our failure to understand that general model itself (dispositional explanation).
Précis of The Number Sense
Authors: Dehaene Stanislas
Published: March 2003

‘Number sense’ is a short‐hand for our ability to quickly understand, approximate, and manipulate numerical quantities. My hypothesis is that number sense rests on cerebral circuits that have evolved specifically for the purpose of representing basic arithmetic knowledge. Four lines of evidence suggesting that number sense constitutes a domain‐specific, biologically‐determined ability are reviewed: the presence of evolutionary precursors of arithmetic in animals; the early emergence of arithmetic competence in infants independently of other abilities, including language; the existence of a homology between the animal, infant, and human adult abilities for number processing; and the existence of a dedicated cerebral substrate. In adults of all cultures, lesions to the inferior parietal region can specifically impair number sense while leaving the knowledge of other cognitive domains intact. Furthermore, this region is demonstrably activated during number processing. I postulate that higher–level cultural devel‐opments in arithmetic emerge through the establishment of linkages between this core analogical representation (the ‘number line’ ) and other verbal and visual representations of number notations. The neural and cognitive organization of those representations can explain why some mathematical concepts are intuitive, while others are so difficult to grasp. Thus, the ultimate foundations of mathematics rests on core representations that have been internalized in our brains through evolution.
The Transparency of Experience
Authors: Martin M.G.F.
Published: March 2003

A common objection to sense–datum theories of perception is that they cannot give an adequate account of the fact that introspection indicates that our sensory experiences are directed on, or are about, the mind–independent entities in the world around us, that our sense experience is transparent to the world. In this paper I argue that the main force of this claim is to point out an explanatory challenge to sensedatum theories. In the first part of the paper I explore the form of explanation that an intentional theory of perception can offer of this fact, and I contrast this with an alternative picture labelled naïve realism which can also accommodate and explain the fact of transparency. In the second part of the paper I explore the connection between sensory experience and sensory imagining, arguing that various features of sensory imagining support the hypothesis that in visualising a tree one imagines seeing a tree. In the final part of the paper I argue that the conclusion concerning sensory imagination presents an explanatory challenge for intentional theories of perception which parallels the challenge to sense–datum theories.
The Eucharist before Nature and Culture
Authors: Oliver Simon
Published: March 2003

This article examines the claim by Bruno Latour that the modern division between the realms of nature and culture is in collapse. Following Latour, the division of nature and culture is located within a “modern constitution” which also includes the bracketing of God and a non‐theological ontology. Technology is examined as a means of overcoming the chaotic collapse of the dualism of nature and culture. Particular reference is made to the work of Donna Haraway. However, it is argued that technology, in being mimetic, is not able to re‐configure the relationship between nature and culture. Instead, through a comparison of the theologies of John Calvin and St. Thomas Aquinas, nature and culture are seen to be reconfigured in a non‐mimetic understanding of the Eucharist in which the natural and cultural elements of the Church's liturgy reach their telos through participation in the divine life.
The Eschatological Body: Gender, Transformation, and God
Authors: Coakley Sarah
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the obsession with the “body” that has been such a marked feature of late‐twentieth‐century Western culture, and argues that it hides a profound eschatological longing. By throwing into contrast the work of the contemporary secular feminist Judith Butler and that of the fourth‐century church father Gregory of Nyssa, an ironic set of thematic continuities between them is highlighted. Despite their great differences in metaphysical commitment, both authors seek to upend gender binaries and to envisage a labile “body” capable of creative gender transformations. It is argued finally that Gregory's more explicit eschatological horizon satisfies a latent longing for the divine in Butler's complex (and much disputed) work.
The Politics of Forgiveness: A Theological Exploration of King Lear
Authors: Hughes John
Published: March 2003

This essay seeks to reflect upon forgiveness as a social and political practice, drawing upon an exploration of the politics of King Lear. It is argued that neither the conservative nor the radical perspective triumphs within the play, but rather both share the same materialist presuppositions which prevent them from engaging in forgiveness, and bring about their destruction. Forgiveness is the solution to this deadlock hinted at within the play itself. Such forgiveness requires a theological horizon and, drawing upon recent debates concerning the self‐interest and reciprocity of Christian charity, such an horizon can liberate forgiveness from its misconstruals as apolitical, anti‐social and life‐denying.
The Difference Of Theology and Some Philosophies of Nothing
Authors: Cunningham Conor
Published: March 2003

This article argues that theology thinks differently than philosophy because it is able to think an ontological difference and differences. Theology is able to do this, I argue, because of a trinitarian understanding of creation. A trinitarian understanding of creation does not rest upon any dualism which could domesticate difference. For example, according to Aquinas, creation is not a change. Consequently, there is no dualism of before and after. This means that God does not look to some external register from which to understand what difference is (as is the case with the Neoplatonist One, who can ‘create’ only one effect, and must do so necessarily). God creates difference qua difference, from divine unity. Furthermore, I argue that all knowledge is related to difference. For this reason, knowledge is itself an eschatological anticipation of the beatific vision.
From ‘embrace and change’ to ‘engage and change’: trade union renewal and new management strategies in the UK automotive industry?
Authors: Stewart Paul , Wass Victoria
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on the relationship between the introduction of new management techniques (NMTs), trade union responses and employee attitudes in the automotive industry in the UK. In contrast to a prevailing pessimistic prognosis for the survival of traditional industrial relations in the ‘new management’ environment, unions remain as an independent and dissenting force. Paradoxically, one of the significant features driving union recovery has been the opportunities presented by the very nature of NMTs themselves which, among other things, have opened the possibility for increased local autonomy.
New technology, the labour process and employment relations in the provincial newspaper industry
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: March 2003

This article examines the question, using ’mobilisation theory’ of whether the NUJ can regain its former position of influence within provincial newspapers, particularly with the new statutory mechanisms to gain union recognition. It concludes that there is some potential for this but that this will not be an easy task.
Technicians, clients, and professional authority: structured interactions and identity formation in technical work
Authors: Darr Asaf , Scarselletta Mario
Published: March 2003

This ethnographic study of technicians in action supplements a structural analysis of technical labour by delineating the distinct occupational identities of different technicians through their framed interactions with their clients and professionals with whom they work. We suggest that educational reform predicated on a structural conception of technicians will fail to redress the impending technical skill shortages.
Employee empowerment in manufacturing: a study of organisations in the UK
Authors: Psoinos Anna , Smithson Steve
Published: March 2003

Based on a postal survey and interviews, this paper analyses employee empowerment in the UK manufacturing industry, including how it is pursued and perceived, and the key factors that determine success. Success seems to depend on far‐reaching changes in procedures, hierarchies and reward structures. This need to mobilise individual agents and structure reconfirms the agency‐structure duality.
A Phenomenal, Dispositional Account of Belief
Authors: Schwitzgebel Eric
Published: March 2003

This paper describes and defends in detail a novel account of belief, an account inspired by Ryle’s dispositional characterization of belief, but emphasizing irreducibly phenomenal and cognitive dispositions as well as behavioral dispositions. Potential externalist and functionalist objections are considered, as well as concerns motivated by the inevitably ceteris paribus nature of the relevant dispositional attributions. It is argued that a dispositional account of belief is particularly well‐suited to handle what might be called “in‐between” cases of believing—cases in which it is neither quite right to describe a person as having a particular belief nor quite right to describe her as lacking it.
Non‐Linearities in Electricity Demand and Temperature: Parametric Versus Non‐Parametric Methods
Authors: Henley Andrew , Peirson John
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the relationship between outside air temperature and the residential demand for space heating energy. These non‐linearities are investigated empirically using high frequency panel data for a sample of UK households, and both parametric and non‐parametric methods for identifying non‐linearities are examined. The econometric evidence finds support for important non‐linearities across the range of observed temperatures and points to limitations in the use of parametric functional forms.
A Simple Measure of β‐Convergence
Authors: Boyle G. E. , McCarthy T. G.
Published: March 2003

We propose a simple measure of β‐convergence which is not subject to Galton's fallacy. We illustrate our measure with OECD data for the period 1950–1988. We find evidence of β‐convergence but only in the presence of σ‐convergence.
Workers or Employers: Who is Shaping Wage Inequality?
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute
Published: March 2003

An extensive micro data set matching firms, establishments and their employees, is used to study the determinants of earnings inequality in Portugal and its evolution from 1983 to 1992, with the Theil index, its decomposition, and the decomposition of its change as tools of analysis. The relevance of both worker and employer attributes in shaping earnings inequality and its trend is quantified. The impact of the firm on wage inequality in a European country is compared to the situation in the USA, and the results suggest that a more regulated and centralized European bargaining system might reduce the scope for firm action. A profile of an economy undergoing modernization, where rising labour market inequality signalled the lack of an adequate labour force, can be drawn, with the minimum wage having nonetheless a certain narrowing effect on the earnings distribution.
Maternal Labour Supply and Child Nutrition in West Africa
Authors: Glick Peter , Sahn David E.
Published: March 2003

It is widely recognized that women in developing countries have dual roles as generators of household income and as primary caregivers to their children. Many policies directed at reducing poverty or malnutrition involve one or the other of these roles. Programs to reduce child malnutrition, for example, typically target mothers as caregivers. However, because of the time constraints women face, there are potential conflicts between women's different activities about which policy makers are rarely informed. Nutrition interventions have not usually considered the barriers to participation in such programs facing mothers who, either by choice or necessity, have entered the labour force (Leslie, 1988; Engle, 1994). Similarly, policies directed at improving female employment opportunities typically ignore women's important role in household activities related to children's healthy development.

 In this paper we address a potentially important implication of women's multiple roles and the time constraints they face: that female labour force participation, by reducing the time available for household activities related to child development, may place young children at nutritional risk.
Estimating the Demand for Housing, Land, and Neighbourhood Characteristics
Authors: Cheshire Paul , Sheppard Stephen
Published: March 2003

This paper provides estimates of the structure of demand for individual housing and neighbourhood characteristics and for land in two British cities. We estimate a hedonic price function, and from this obtain the implicit prices of house attributes. These prices are used to estimate a demand system for each city. These perform well, and enable us to calculate price and income elasticities for each of the non‐dichotomous characteristics and for land. To counteract criticisms of demand estimates derived within the hedonic framework a method is developed for selecting an appropriate set of instrumental variables. Estimates derived from this method, however, differ only slightly from those obtained using the conventional techniques. Several features of these estimates provide insights into the unusual characteristics of the British housing market, the effects of constraints imposed by land use planning, and the effects of changing income distribution on the structure of demand.
Diagnostics for IV Regressions
Authors: Hashem Pesaran M. , Taylor Larry W.
Published: March 2003

The use of residuals from the structural equations in a simultaneous‐ equations model can lead to misleading measures of association and to invalid diagnostic statistics for heterosedasticity and functional form misspecifications. In an important paper, Pagan and Hall (1983) suggest a few principals upon which asymptotically valid tests can be constructed, while the issue of appropriate measures of goodness‐of‐fit for IV regressions is addressed in Pesaran and Smith (1994). This paper is concerned with the optimal construction of diagnostics for IV regression, and examines the finite‐sample properties of several tests for functional form misspecifications and heteroscedasticity.
Transitions From School to Work and the Early Labour Market Experience
Authors: Bratberg Espen , Nilsen Oivind Anti
Published: March 2003

We consider transitions from school to work and the early market experience. The duration of post‐school unemployment, wages, and job duration are estimated simultaneously. We find that individuals with higher levels ofschooling get jobs more quickly and have longer employment durations. Apprentices have shorter unemployment periods and stay longer in their jobs than others at the same educational level. Females have shorter unemployment periods and lower wages, and also stay in the first job longer. The unemployment duration and the accepted wage affect job duration positively, but the estimated covariance terms suggest unobserved factors working in the opposite direction.
SEALED SILVER IN IRON AGE CISJORDAN AND THE ‘INVENTION’ OF COINAGE
Authors: THOMPSON CHRISTINE M.
Published: March 2003

Summary.Recent finds of hoarded silver in Cisjordan present new material for the consideration of the conceptual history of coined metals. When the fundamental concepts associated with coinage are abstracted from the various objects that express them, it is possible to see that a kind of coined metal existed in Cisjordan and other parts of the Near East prior to the traditional ‘invention’ of coinage by the Lydians and Greeksc.600 BC.1Both hoards and written sources indicate that seals affixed to precious metals at times qualified them in a numismatic sense by guaranteeing weights set to standards as well as controlled composition. What has been characterized as the ‘invention’ of coinage was rather an adaptation of these same principal concepts. The frequency and size of silver hoards from Cisjordan point to a proliferation in the ‘monetary’ use of silver in that region during the Iron Age and suggest a relationship to the overwhelming preference for silver coinages among the Greeks.
Experiencing Texture and Transformation in the British Neolithic
Authors: Cummings Vicki
Published: March 2003

The Neolithic period saw the introduction of new material culture into Britain, including monuments, pottery and polished stone axes. Over recent years, the uses and meanings of these objects and places have been considered in depth, with emphasis now firmly placed upon their social role and symbolic value. However, a growing interest in a multi–sensual archaeology has highlighted the paucity of information concerning the role of texture in the experience of Neolithic material culture. This paper will examine the evidence for the use of texture in the archaeological record. I will suggest that texture may have been a fundamental part of the experience of objects and monuments, and may have imparted meanings and messages to those who came into contact with them. In particular, the transformation of differing textures may have been a crucial metaphor in the Neolithic.
Growth of Hong Kong Before and After its Reversion to China: The China Factor
Authors: Sung Yun‐Wing , Wong Kar‐Yiu
Published: March 2003

The paper focuses on the Hong Kong economy and attempts to measure the contribution of Hong Kong’s integration with mainland China to its GDP growth rate. Two linkages have received particular attention, namely, Hong Kong’s foreign direct investment (FDI) in China and immigrants from China. While the former is assumed to stimulate capital investment in Hong Kong but at the same time to reduce human capital formation (owing to a shrinkage of its domestic manufacturing sector), the latter is assumed to further reduce Hong Kong’s average human capital because immigrants tend to be less educated. By making some assumptions about the future trajectories of Hong Kong direct investment in China and Chinese immigrants into Hong Kong after its reversion to China, the paper offers some predictions about Hong Kong’s future economic growth.
Weakness of Will
Authors: Buss Sarah
Published: March 2003

My chief aim is to explain how someone can act freely against her own best judgment. But I also have a second aim: to defend a conception of practical rationality according to which someone cannot do something freely if she believes it would be better to do something else. These aims may appear incompatible. But I argue that practical reason has the capacity to undermine itself in such a way that it produces reasons for behaving irrationally. Weakness of will is possible because it is possible to conclude that one has sufficient reason to reject the verdicts of one's own reason.
Reinflating Truth as an Explanatory Concept
Authors: Hershfield Jeffrey , Soles Deborah Hansen
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Despite his protests, there have been numerous efforts to enroll Davidson in the deflationist program. Michael Williams has recently continued this enterprise, arguing that a truth‐theoretic Davidsonian approach to meaning can be harnessed to a deflationary approach to truth. It is our contention that Williams’ attempt is unsuccessful.
Building Bridges: Preparing Children for Secondary School
Authors: Sellman Edward
Published: March 2003

This paper firstly outlines some of the problems children can experience as a result of transferring from primary to secondary school. It then goes on to describe an initiative by the West Midlands Quaker Peace Education Project, Blessed William Howard Roman Catholic School in Stafford and its feeder schools to coordinate a secondary school preparation project. This involved special training for all primary pupils about to enter the school and a group of sixth formers.
Tutors’ and Students’ Learning or Why do Schools have Tutors?
Authors: Lodge Caroline
Published: March 2003

This article explores some evidence about tutoring as an effective strategy to support young people’s learning. It is argued that the central goal of the tutor is to provide support for students’ learning. How the activities, relationships and skills of the tutor contribute to the achievement of this goal is then explored. The author emphasizes the tutor’s unique position in the school and how it can contribute to learning for students as individuals and in groups.
Connexions: The Role of the Personal Adviser in Schools
Authors: Watts A. G.
Published: March 2003

The Personal Adviser is a new role within schools. It is an integral part of the new Connexions Service, which is being implemented throughout England in tranches, the first starting in April 2001. This article examines the origins of the role, the confusion that has surrounded its initial development, and some of the issues that it will have to confront. The paper draws on experience gained in some of the Connexions pilot schemes during 2000/1.
Discrimination, Equality and Social Inclusion
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: March 2003

Although laws against discrimination have conventionally been justified and articulated according to various conceptions of equality, tensions between different notions of equality undermine the coherence of these explanations. The aim of social inclusion is proposed as part of an alternative justification for discrimination laws. As well as exploring the meaning and implications of the policy of social inclusion for discrimination laws, the extent to which the law already embodies this idea is assessed with particular reference to the scope of anti‐discrimination laws, proof of discrimination, justification defences, and positive discrimination. It is concluded that the goal of social inclusion has the potential to provide a vital ingredient in a more coherent, though not uncritical, account of the aims of anti‐discrimination legislation.
Justice and Prudence: Principles of Order in the Platonic City
Authors: Pickstock Catherine
Published: March 2003

This essay seeks to question a certain imbalance in many existing accounts of Plato's dialogues. This imbalance involves a tendency to place too much emphasis upon a dualism between matter and spirit, soul and body. Although the author by no means denies the presence of such dualistic elements, she wishes to qualify them with reference to those aspects of Plato's dialogues which appear to place a stress upon the importance of multiplicity, myth, ritual, society, history, mimesis and time. Such instances of mediation, it will be argued, are just as central to an understanding of Plato's philosophy as instances where the body and/or instances of multiplicity appear to be deprioritised in favour of the soul and the unity of the intelligible realm. These issues will be explored with particular reference to Plato's examination of the nature of justice in the city and its relationship with the philosopher‐guardians exercise of phronesis. What is the relationship between dikaiosyne and phronesis? In order to answer this question, several further questions will be raised: What, for Plato, is a city? What is philosophy? And why, in the Laws, does the Athenian describe the city as “the true tragedy”?
The Pollbooks of Sandwich, Kent, 1831–68
Authors: Andrews F. W. G.
Published: March 2003

Where a run of pollbooks exists it is possible, by transcribing the material into a computer data‐base, to trace the voting history of individual voters over the entire period of their psephological history. Sandwich was eventually disenfranchised in 1881 for gross corruption, which had a long history in the borough, and the analysis indicates—though it can never prove—which groups of voters were most likely to have been influenced by cash considerations. A further consideration of those voters who split their votes suggests which party might have been the principal beneficiary of this relatively unusual voting choice.
The British Popular Press and the Early Cold War
Authors: Shaw Tony
Published: March 2003

Britain's role during the early years of the cold war has come under intense scrutiny in the past decade. As a result, it is now known that London rather than Washington played the leading part in forcing the pace towards confrontation with the Soviet Union in the late 1940s. However, relatively little is known still about the British public's reaction to this policy. By examining arguably the chief public opinion former during this period, the ‘popular’ press, this paper hopes to shed new light on the roots and development of cold war values in Britain. The attitudes of the main newspapers to certain key events overseas between 1945 and 1949 are outlined, as is the relationship between Attlee's Labour government and the press in relation to foreign affairs. Ultimately, the chief purpose of the article is to assess the part played by the ‘popular’ press in the emergence, or orchestration, of a cold war ‘consensus’ in Britain by the beginning of the 1950s.
Translation And The Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist
Authors: Hannoum Abdelmajid
Published: March 2003

Despite the increasing interest in translation in the last two decades, there has been no investigation of the translation of historiography and its transformation from one language to another. This article takes as a case study the translation into French of Ibn Khaldûn, the fourteenth–century North African historian. It considers specifically the translation done by William de Slane in the context of the colonization of Algeria. The Histoire des Berbères, the French narrative of Ibn Khaldûn that relates to the history of Arabs and Berbers in the Maghreb, has become since then the source of French knowledge of North Africa. It is upon that French narrative that colonial and post–colonial historians have constructed their knowledge of North Africa, of Arabs, and of Berbers. The article shows how a portion of the writing of Ibn Khaldûn was translated and transformed in the process in such a way as to become a French narrative with colonial categories specific to the nineteenth century. Using a semiotic approach and analyzing both the French text and its original, the article shows how colonialism introduced what Castoriadis calls an “imaginary” by transforming local knowledge and converting it into colonial knowledge. In showing this the essay reveals that not only is translation not the transmission of a message from one language to another, it is indeed the production of a new text. For translation is itself the product of an imaginary, a creation–in Ricoeur's words, a “restructuring of semantic fields.”
Racial Disparity in Sentencing: Reflections on the Hood Study
Authors: Von Hirsch Andrew , Roberts Julian V.
Published: March 2003

This article analyses Roger Hood’s 1992 study of race and sentencing, which found evidence of possible racial discrimination in certain Crown Courts. Examining recent criticisms of the validity of these findings, it is suggested that an adequate threshold of significance was used in the study; that the exclusion of certain status variables did not invalidate the study’s findings; and that the choice of which sentencing variables to control for is ultimately a normative matter. Next, the article considers what steps – other than alleviating discrimination – would be needed to reduce racial imbalance in the prisons. It is argued that little is likely to be gained by seeking to make ‘social adversity’ a basis for sentencing mitigation; and that policies before the sentencing stage would need to be altered instead – for example, those relating to drug‐law enforcement.
Organising Plastic Fraud: Enterprise Criminals and the Side‐Stepping of Fraud Prevention
Authors: Levi Michael
Published: March 2003

The study examines how willing fraudsters confront the ‘barriers to entry’caused by financing, obtaining credit and other cards, using them, re‐selling goods and avoiding arrest. This analysis then is used to explain how such frauds can be committed by, at one extreme, lone thief/merchant fraudsters to, at the other extreme, international counterfeiting and distribution syndicates. On the basis of interviews with fraudsters and with card fraud investigators, the study reviews how fraudsters learn their business, how the organisation of fraud prevention affects both their techniques and their organisation, and how fraudsters connect up to stolen property markets. Finally, it examines the likely impact of technological developments upon the extent and organisation of plastic fraud, concluding that the Internet will lead to faster fraud transmission but that there will be some inhibiting effect on the non‐computerate and on those who are not able or willing to travel overseas to defraud.
Prison(er) Education
Authors: Reuss Anne
Published: March 2003

‘Helping those serving long sentences to ‘do’ imprisonment’was the advice given to prison educational practitioners at a recent conference on dispersal prisons. Prisoners on any education courses certainly have an opportunity to ‘do’ something whilst serving those sentences. Education, moreover, presents people in prison with many challenges in the midst of the chaos of the prison. But what kind of education? This paper posits that prison education policy, too, is in its own kind of chaos – presenting the Prison Service with the dilemma of whether to drive practitioners into the teeth of ‘correctional models’or one favouring individual prisoner empowerment. Looking at the implications of these choices within the prison and beyond release for the prisoner, the article ‘breaks the silence’ in the UK on prison education.
Programmes for Violent Men: Recent Developments in the UK
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan B. , Dobash Russell P.
Published: March 2003

The results are presented of a telephone survey of British therapeutic and educational programmes specifically for men who are violent towards women partners. The following issues are considered: the organisational status of projects, funding, systems of referral, resistance to the creation of programmes, relationship with women's refuge organisations and theoretical and ideological orientations. The findings suggest some resistance has been experienced, most importantly from probation officers and women's groups. The programmes are predominantly cognitive‐behavioural in orientation and around half of all projects take men as part of a court order. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the recent encouraging evaluation of two pro‐feminist and cognitive‐behavioural criminal justice programmes.
Domestic Violence Programmes: Reflections on the Shift from Independent to Statutory Provision
Authors: Eadie Tina , Knight Charlotte
Published: March 2003

After years of ignoring the problem of domestic violence, criminal justice agencies are now becoming more actively involved in the issue. In the National Probation Service (NPS) this is taking the form of running groupwork programmes for men convicted of offences against women partners or ex‐partners. While the 1990s saw the development of practitioner‐led programmes linked to local multi‐agency initiatives, the service is now looking to incorporate domestic violence into its national strategy of Pathfinder Crime Reduction Programmes. This article reviews these developments and, drawing on a study of two local initiatives working with male perpetrators in the Midlands, highlights tensions around values, resourcing, and issues of power and control in the centralising of this particular area of offending behaviour work. It underlines the importance of open and ongoing dialogue between agencies working primarily with perpetrators or victims of domestic violence in order to ensure that women's safety is not compromised and concludes that the Home Office Probation Unit responsible for accrediting programmes faces a difficult task in relation to those addressing domestic violence.
Death Penalty Resistance in the US
Authors: Lilly J. Robert
Published: March 2003

In recent years popular support for the death penalty in the US has begun to wane. This article discusses some of the reasons for this development including evidence that innocent individuals have been put to death. Other reasons involve legal debates about executing the mentally retarded, racial disparity and LWOP (Life Without Parole) as an alternative.
The Impact of Technological Change on Work and Wages
Authors: Brown Clair , Campbell Benjamin A.
Published: March 2003

This review begins with a discussion of how technology affects wage structures. The literature reviewed is divided into two segments—studies of the impact of technological change on wages (and growing inequality), productivity, and employment and studies of the interrelationship of technology, human resource systems, and labor productivity. We conclude with suggestions for future research topics. Overall, we find that technological change accounts for only part of the changing wage structure in the United States, whereas changes in institutional forces that affect the creation of industry rents and the distribution of rents are also an important factor.
Losing Credibility: The Stabilization Blues
Authors: Guidotti Pablo E. , Végh Carlos A.
Published: March 2003

In exchange rate‐based stabilization programs, credibility often follows a distinct time pattern. At first it rises as the highly visible nominal anchor provides a sense of stability and hopes run high for a permanent solution to fiscal problems. Later, as the domestic currency appreciates in real terms and the fiscal problems are not fully resolved, the credibility of the program falls, sometimes precipitously. This paper develops a political‐economy model that focuses on the evolution of credibility over time, and is consistent with the pattern just described. Inflation inertia and costly budget negotiations play a key role.