bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progression of prostate cancer by synergy of AKT with genotropic and nongenotropic actions of the androgen receptor
Authors: Xin Li , Teitell Michael A. , Lawson Devon A. , Kwon Andrew , Mellinghoff Ingo K. , Witte Owen N.
Published: May 2006

Classic work by Huggins and Hodges demonstrated that human prostate cancer regresses dramatically during antihormonal therapy but recurs frequently with androgen independence. Perturbations in the androgen receptor (AR) and PTEN–AKT signaling axes are significantly correlated with the progression of prostate cancer. Genetic alterations of the AR cause receptor hypersensitivity, promiscuity, and androgen-independent receptor transactivation. Prostate cancers maintain an elevated AKT activity through the loss of PTEN function or the establishment of autocrine signaling by growth factors and cytokines. We used an
in vivo
prostate regeneration system to investigate the biological potency of the potential crosstalk between these two signal transduction pathways. We demonstrate a direct synergy between AKT and AR signaling that is sufficient to initiate and progress naïve adult murine prostatic epithelium to frank carcinoma and override the effect of androgen ablation. Both genotropic and nongenotropic signals mediated by AR are essential for this synergistic effect. However, phosphorylation of AR by AKT at Ser-213 and Ser-791 is not critical for this synergy. These results suggest that more efficient therapeutics for advanced prostate cancer may need to target simultaneously AR signaling and AKT or the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases that activate AKT.
Differences of cytosine methylation in parental lines and F1hybrids of Large White×Meishan crosses and their effects on F1performance
Authors: Cao-De Jiang , Chang-Yan Deng , Yuan-Zhu Xiong
Published: May 2006

In order to probe the effect of methylation on heterosis, the methylation-sensitive arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) technique was adopted to amplify pig genome DNA with 40 single arbitrary primers. The material involved parental lines and F1hybrids of Large White×Meishan crosses. Nineteen differentially methylated sites withRsaI+HpaII digestion and 14 differentially methylated sites withRsaI+MspII digestion between parental lines and the hybrid were found. All fragments detected in this study were grouped into four classes: (1) the same level of methylation in both parental lines and the hybrid; (2) the same level of methylation in one parent and the hybrid; (3) an increased level of methylation in the hybrid compared to the parents, and (4) a decreased level of methylation in the hybrid. Five sites had significant effects on seven traits (P<0.05). Sequence analysis showed that three sequences had a high-identity match in GenBank (greater than 87%) and two sequences had no match in the database. The percentage of G+C in three sequences was over 50, and the observed/expected CpG of all sequences was above 0.6. Furthermore, one sequence contained G/C boxes. This study demonstrated that the sites in CpG islands within a gene promoter were differentially methylated in the hybrid compared to parental lines; methylated sites contributed differentially to F1performance, showing that heterosis could benefit from either expression or repression of some genes.
Cropping systems for the Southern Great Plains of the United States as influenced by federal policy
Authors: Biermacher Jon T. , Epplin Francis M. , Keim Kent R.
Published: May 2006

The majority of cropland in the rain-fed region of the North Central District of Oklahoma in the US is seeded with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and most of it is in continuous wheat production. When annual crops are grown in monocultures, weed species and disease agents may become established and expensive to control. For many years prior to 1996, federal policy provided incentives for District producers to grow wheat and disincentives to diversify. In 1996, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act (Freedom to Farm Act) was instituted, followed by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) in 2002. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of FAIR and FSRIA programs on crop diversity in the North Central District of Oklahoma. The economics of three systems, monoculture continuous winter wheat, continuous soybean (Glycine max) and a soybean–winter wheat–soybean rotation, were compared using cash market prices (CASH), CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments (a yield-dependent subsidy) of the FAIR Act of 1996, and CASH plus the effective loan deficiency payments of the FSRIA of 2002. We found that the loan deficiency payment structure associated with FAIR provided a non-market incentive that favored soybean. However, under provisions of the 2002 FSRIA, the incentive for soybean was adjusted, resulting in greater expected returns for continuous wheat. Due to erratic weather, soybean may not be a good alternative for the region. Research is needed to identify crops that will fit in a rotation with wheat.
How civic is it? Success stories in locally focused agriculture in Maine
Authors: Ross Nancy J.
Published: May 2006

Short food supply chains (SFSCs) and civic agriculture are emerging as promising means to support small and medium-sized farms, revitalize rural communities and transform producer/consumer relationships. To find out more about SFSCs and civic agriculture in Maine and to examine factors that promote their success, this study interviewed 31 successful, locally focused Maine farmers and observed many of their market outlets. The study documented the nature and extent of each farm enterprise and each marketing outlet. Farmers were asked to describe their goals, their reasons for success, what they would do differently, and what major problems they had encountered. In the interviews, key factors found to support successful locally focused farming were civic involvement in local communities, production of high-quality products tailored to customer wants and needs, vision and planning pursued in a flexible and adaptive fashion, and personal relationships with customers that foster ongoing mutual education and provide marketing feedback to the farmers. Major challenges revolve around the need for farmland preservation policies, training and financial support for new farmers, working capital for new and experienced farmers, business planning assistance, and lack of infrastructure, such as meat slaughtering and grain milling facilities.
Lymphocyte recruitment into the aortic wall before and during development of atherosclerosis is partially L-selectin dependent
Authors: Galkina Elena , Kadl Alexandra , Sanders John , Varughese Danielle , Sarembock Ian J. , Ley Klaus
Published: May 2006

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of large arteries. Flow cytometry of aortic cell suspensions showed that B and T lymphocytes and some macrophages and dendritic cells are already present in the adventitia of normal/noninflamed mouse aortas. Adoptively transferred lymphocytes constitutively homed to the aorta and resided within the adventitia up to 7 d after transfer. Lymphocyte trafficking into normal/noninflamed or atherosclerosis-prone aortas was partially L-selectin dependent. Antigen-activated dendritic cells induced increased T lymphocyte proliferation within the aorta 72 h after adoptive transfer. During progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E–deficient mice, the total number of macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells, but not B cells, increased significantly. This alteration in immune cell composition was accompanied by the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in the adventitia of atherosclerotic aortas. These results demonstrate that lymphocytes already reside within the normal/noninflamed aorta before the onset atherosclerosis as a consequence of constitutive trafficking. Atherosclerosis induces the recruitment of macrophages and dendritic cells that support antigen presentation.
The impact of DM on MHC class II–restricted antigen presentation can be altered by manipulation of MHC–peptide kinetic stability
Authors: Lazarski Christopher A. , Chaves Francisco A. , Sant Andrea J.
Published: May 2006

DM edits the peptide repertoire presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), favoring presentation of some peptides over others. Despite considerable research by many laboratories, there is still significant uncertainty regarding the biochemical attributes of class II–peptide complexes that govern their susceptibility to DM editing. Here, using APCs that either do or do not express DM and a set of unrelated antigens, we found that the intrinsic kinetic stability of class II–peptide complexes is tightly correlated with the effects of DM editing within APCs. Furthermore, through the use of kinetic stability variants of three independent peptides, we demonstrate that increasing or decreasing the kinetic stability of class II–peptide complexes causes a corresponding alteration in DM editing. Finally, we show that the spontaneous kinetic stability of class II complexes correlates directly with the efficiency of presentation by DM+ APCs and the immunodominance of that class II–peptide complex during an immune response. Collectively, these results suggest that the pattern of DM editing in APCs can be intentionally changed by modifying class II–peptide interactions, leading to the desired hierarchy of presentation on APCs, thereby promoting recruitment of CD4 T cells specific for the preferred peptides during an immune response.
E proteins and Notch signaling cooperate to promote T cell lineage specification and commitment
Authors: Ikawa Tomokatsu , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Goldrath Ananda W. , Murre Cornelis
Published: May 2006

The helix-loop-helix protein, E47, is essential for both B- and T-lineage development. Here we demonstrate that in vitro E47 and Notch signaling act in concert to promote T cell development from fetal hematopoieitic progenitors and to restrain development into the natural killer and myeloid cell lineages. The expression of an ensemble of genes associated with Notch signaling is activated by E47, and additionally, Notch signaling and E47 act in parallel pathways to induce a T lineage–specific program of gene expression. Enforced expression of the intracellular domain of Notch rescues the developmental arrest at the T cell commitment stage in E2A-deficient fetal thymocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that regulation of Hes1 expression by Notch signaling and E47 is strikingly similar to that observed during Drosophila melanogaster sensory development. Based on these observations, we propose that in developing fetal thymocytes E47 acts to induce the expression of an ensemble of genes involved in Notch signaling, and that subsequently E47 acts in parallel with Notch signaling to promote T-lineage maturation.
Maintaining Food Safety: The Use of Cryogenic Refrigeration
Authors: Leeson Richard
Published: May 2006

The reason for the focus of new legislation on temperature control
is considered. The different methods of refrigeration – cryogenic
and mechanical – are described, with their relative advantages and
disadvantages. The concept of combining both methods is discussed. The
importance of the cold chain and in‐store control is emphasised.
Cryogenic in‐transit refrigeration systems and their advantages are
discussed. The environment‐friendliness of liquid nitrogen as a
refrigerant is explained.
EC Fish Hygiene Legislation: An Assessment of the Proposals
Authors: Maddock Sarah , Young James A.
Published: May 2006

The proposed EC legislation dealing with hygiene in the fish
industry is reviewed, the reaction of industry to the proposals examined
and the wider policy implications analysed. The EC proposals for fish
hygiene, now in their fourth revision, will apply to all sectors of the
fish industry from the point of port markets onwards; they will not now
apply to the catching sector. The detailed measures specified are
intended to ensure adequacy of hygiene standards throughout the
marketing chain, including imports. The requirements for the monitoring
and control of standards are dealt with. The proposals are considered to
be significant to all industry sectors, although their precise impact
will necessarily be varied. Much uncertainty still surrounds the exact
implications of their adoption. It would seem desirable that further
consultation takes place to ensure adoption of an appropriate and
coherent programme from the outset.
New Technological Approaches to Reducing Uniformity in Processed Foods
Authors: Lightbody Malcolm S.
Published: May 2006

There is evidence to indicate that uniformity of appearance,
texture and taste of some manufactured food products can be judged by
consumers as unattractive and, in some cases, as a sign of excessive
processing. It is argued that consumers′ perception of “homemade
quality” is the measuring stick when judging manufactured foods
and we should start to explore the opportunities which may be based on
the merits of reducing uniformity in products by briefly considering
consumer needs and market driving forces.
In‐line Measurement of Product Quality for Process Control
Authors: McFarlane Ian
Published: May 2006

There is increasing use of in‐line sensors in food manufacturing
processes, to monitor product quality and thus keep products within
specification at all stages of processing. For example, non‐contact
sensors are used to measure moisture content and other aspects of
composition, and also to measure physical properties such as bulk
density, colour and particle size. A classification is introduced for
sensor requirements, and factors affecting sensor calibration, upkeep
and reliability are discussed.
The Role of the Department of Health in the Microbiological Safety of Food
Authors: Jacob Michael , Billingham V.S. , Rubery Eileen
Published: May 2006

The various authorities concerned with food safety and the
arrangements for detection and withdrawal of food which is hazardous to
health are discussed. Suspect food can be removed from sale and from
catering establishments rapidly thanks to the warning system organised
by the Department of Health.
Fish Oil
Authors: Kinderlerer Judth L.
Published: May 2006

Fish oil may have a great contribution to make towards the
prevention of various diseases. Some recent research is indicated.
Justifications for Compulsory Minimum Standards
Authors: Bowbrick Peter
Published: May 2006

The case for compulsory minimum standards in those cases where the
consumer cannot readily assess the quality before purchase is examined.
The most common justifications are reduction in search, reduction in
risk for the consumer and monopoly profits for producers. The factors
relevant to an appraisal are identified. It is shown that generalised
conclusions are not possible because of the wide range of market
conditions. It would appear likely that in many markets minimum
standards which remove dangerous or useless items are cost effective,
though basic consumer protection legislation does this for most
products. They are also appropriate where costs are public rather than
private. Increased levels of minimum standards are progressively less
cost‐effective. Labelling can often be a superior alternative.
Price and Cost Characteristics of Differentiated Animal Feeds
Authors: Ness Mitchell R. , Walker Stephen
Published: May 2006

The results of qualitative and quantitative research into
differentiation of compounds feeds are presented. The aim of the
qualitative research is to define the compound feeds as product
attributes in the context of marketing mix elements in order to
understand product differentiation amongst products. The framework of
the qualitative research is employed in the quantitative research where
price and cost data for feed products are collected and related to the
product attributes. Quantitative analysis is employed to identify some
characteristics of products. Compound feeds can be defined as a set of
product/service attributes. Both prices and costs can be related to
these. The quantitative analysis reveals that whilst there is
significant variation in the prices and costs of compounds in the same
product category, the relative variation is greater for some product
groups than others and that these categories form natural product
groups.
Compositional Requirements for UHT Milk in EC Member States
Authors: Pappas Christophoros P.
Published: May 2006

In recent years the consumption of ultra‐high temperature (UHT)
milk has increased steadily throughout the countries of the European
Community (EC). The legislation concerning the composition and
manufacture of UHT milk in each EC member state (except Spain and
Portugal) is studied.
Green Consumerism and the Food Industry: Early Signs of Big Changes to Come
Authors: Adams Richard
Published: May 2006

There is a rising tide of ethical consumerism, encouraged by
economic affluence but also by an awareness of personal and global
issues. Green consumerism is the strongest manifestation of this trend
to date but there is evidence that other social issues, beyond the
environment, are subjects of public concern. The food industry is
already on the receiving end of serious questioning about various
aspects of its social purpose and environmental sustainability. This
article examines these issues in more detail.
Packaging in an EC Context
Authors: Ridge Stephen R.
Published: May 2006

The introduction of EEC directives relating to packaging radically
changes the way packaging will be controlled throughout the EEC.
Migration testing is costly and difficult to achieve. Due diligence
through the supplier chain is discussed to indicate how the chain will
work to ensure conformity with the directives. Difficulty of
enforcement, given the high cost, is discussed with a recommendation
that in‐factory enforcement has to be the way forward.
The Future Role of the European Consumer
Authors: Saunders Barbara
Published: May 2006

The article identifies and discusses the criteria by which consumer
organisations (in particular the Consumers in the European Community
Group) judge the use of food additives: safety, necessity, alternatives,
cost, benefits, available information, possible harmful effects, and
consumer redress. The author also summarises the issues consumer groups
are likely to be concerned with in future: representation, review and
enforcement.
Community Colour Controls
Authors: Hardinge Joy
Published: May 2006

A history is presented, including comprehensive tables, of EC
legislation controlling the use of 65 substances used as food colours in
EC countries since 1962. EC countries vary in their permitted conditions
of use – the need for a more consistant approach is discussed. The
relevance and benefits of the proposed consolidated EC directive are
outlined with particular reference to the present problems of regulating
those foodstuffs which are also used as sources of natural colours and
of quantitatively expressing the pigment content of such natural
extracts.
An Historic Library Conserved: The Leighton Library,
Dunblane
Authors: Willis Gordon
Published: May 2006

The history of an early Scottish library, founded on the collection
of Bishop Robert Leighton, is outlined. Its decline and the subsequent
efforts to restore it are explained; the cataloguing of the stock,
conservation of books and restoration of the building are discussed and
the work of the Appeal Fund described.
Romanian Library Development: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Mowat Ian R.M.
Published: May 2006

A visit to Bucharest in the wake of the recent Romanian revolution is
described. The state of libraries and librarianship in Romania during the
Ceausescu era are considered and the impact of the revolution on library
buildings, stock and staff discussed. The present and future situations of
libraries, librarians and librarianship in Romania are examined and the need
for foreign aid, especially the support of Unesco, from western countries is
urged.
Thomas Hardy 1840/1990: A Brief Review
Authors: James Stuart
Published: May 2006

The 150th anniversary of Thomas Hardy′s birth is briefly noted and a
number of recent publications on the author and his work are noted in the
context of his corpus of critical material on him.
Public Libraries: Focusing on the 1990s
Authors: Woods L.B. , Greenstreet Jennifer , Lee Janet , Hogan Donna , Rickman Travis
Published: May 2006

The literature is reviewed to show likely future trends of public
library services in the USA. The role of libraries, the nature of users,
library buildings and charges for library services are all examined and
general conclusions drawn.
Library Planning with Special Reference to Developing
Countries
Authors: Odini Cephas
Published: May 2006

The definition and nature of planning are discussed and related
more specifically to the need for and problems of planning library and
information services, especially in developing countries. The need for a
dynamic as opposed to static planning process is stressed.
Compacts: The Emerging Issues
Authors: Fuller Alison
Published: May 2006

Data collected from a preliminary evaluation of the
Compacts Initiative are assessed. Interviews were
conducted with a range of people involved in the
scheme in five case study projects. Four key issues
are discussed which draw out some of the tensions
and debates in the early phase of this Initiative and
which are of interest to Compacts participants and
those associated with education training and
industry links. These issues and the areas of
practice to which they relate will influence the way
Compacts is judged over the next few years.
The 1988 Act: Accountability and Control: An FE Perspective
Authors: Davies David W.
Published: May 2006

A range of recent measures taken by the
Government has forced educators in the FE
sector to re‐examine their values, purposes
and practices. The 1988 Act was an attempt
to incorporate two forms of accountability
which were to be laid on the further
education service. One related to public and
state control of education and training policy
and the other gave expression to the policy
preferences of the Government for a
consumerist and market‐led delivery of
educational services.
Developing Industry‐based Projects in Hospitality management
Authors: Smyth S.R. , McKenna M.A.
Published: May 2006

The quality of management is an important factor in relation to the
economic growth of a country and although a number of organisations in
Great Britain excel in performance criteria regarding quality and
reliability, unfortunately many do not. One of the most recent
initiatives to rectify this situation has been the Enterprise in Higher
Education scheme. This article focuses on the implementation of aims of
the scheme in the area of hospitality management and describes a project
undertaken by undergraduate students from the University of Ulster on
behalf of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. The work was carried out
on a small group basis and the article evaluates this medium as a
learning process.
BTEC: Sounding from the “Central Engine Room”
Authors: Fisher Roy
Published: May 2006

BTEC courses have not always been accorded the status for which the
Business and Technician Education Council would have hoped. Aspects of
the climate into which the precursor BEC courses were introduced are
outlined before a presentation of a selection of views on BTEC recently
expressed by employers – the “central engine room”
which BEC′s First Policy Statement identified as the target for its
courses. The relationship between BTEC National and A levels is
highlighted as a critical comparison. Some traditionalist employers are
not impressed by the educationally “progressive” aspects of
BTEC, but many have now gained a considerable respect for the courses.
Contextualising Standards: Making Competence‐based Systems Work In and For an Organisation
Authors: Fletcher Shirley
Published: May 2006

Whitbread plc′s cellar service function has overcome the obstacles
which many organisations feel that the NVQ system presents. Criticisms
about ″bureaucracy″ are often, and perhaps justifiably, made because
employers are only shown the administrative side of the NVQ system. For
large organisations which employ people in many different roles, the
thought of dealing with perhaps 20 different industry lead bodies to
implement 20 different quality assurance systems is understandably
daunting. However, it is possible to have one common system throughout
the organisation, regardless of the number of occupational roles
involved. It is possible to contextualise and operationalise the system
to meet an organisation′s requirements
Enterprising Concrete and Sewage
Authors: Hughes Dave , Matthew Bob
Published: May 2006

Some of the developments in teaching and learning aimed at
combining technical education and personal skills training are
described. A typical exercise from a student‐centred learning module is
described and related to the more conventional timetable and
communication skills courses. The learning material has been developed
in collaboration with industrial partners.
″You Are Not Studying Alone″: Introducing Experiential Learning into the Teaching of Organizational Behaviour
Authors: Hogan Christine
Published: May 2006

Describes an experiential learning approach to teaching a
first‐year organizational behaviour course, using an innovative
“study buddy” system, and assessed by interactive workshop
reports, case study and examination. Concludes that the approach is
highly appropriate for organizational behaviour studies adding to the
students′ array of learning strategies. It has also proved particularly
valuable to foreign students.
How Interactive Video Can Help to Improve Training Logistics
Authors: Jones Stephen
Published: May 2006

Describes interactive video (IV) as a training tool which combines
the benefits of full motion video image with
“interactivity”, the learner controlling progress and
selecting options. Discusses its potential applications and presents two
specific case scenarios from Tetra Pak (a liquid food packaging
machinery company) and Bradford & Bingley (building society). Argues
that IV is more effective when integrated with other training methods.
Warns against unrealistic expectations of what technology‐based training
can achieve; the potential of IV is most likely to be developed through
relatively small but genuinely effective applications.
Human Resource Management in High‐and Medium‐Technology Companies
Authors: Yuen Edith C.
Published: May 2006

The results of a survey on personnel practices
and the way different members of an organisation
perceive the personnel function are reported. The
article focuses on the manufacturing sector,
comparing personnel practices in high‐ and
medium‐technology companies. The relative
importance which personnel superiors, line
managers and personnel managers attached to the
various personnel activities is also explored. The
survey was conducted in Singapore in 1988 and
included 58 medium‐technology and 22 high‐technology
firms. The sample of 80 firms included
60 MNCs of non‐Singaporean origin.
The Union Membership of Nurses: Another Look
Authors: Beaumont Phillip B. , Elliott Jerome
Published: May 2006

The results are details of a survey into membership
and recruitment of student nurses in training
schools and hospitals into the main nursing unions
– the RCN, COHSE and NUPE.
Parties and Factions in Trade Unions
Authors: Blackwell Richard
Published: May 2006

Political change in the Bakers, Food and Allied
Workers Union during 1960‐80 is examined and
the role of “parties” (legitimate and permanent
groups) and “factions” (non‐legitimate and
transient groups) in unions is discussed. Whether
the presence of specifically “party competition”
may be used to distinguish democratic unions from
non‐democratic ones is questioned, demonstrating
that factions may attain legitimacy, supposedly the
key distinguishing attribute of parties. Secondly,
it is argued that electoral outcomes and group
fortunes may be crucially affected by autonomous
shifts in membership goals rather than determined
by the relative organising ability of elite group
leaders (as is usually assumed). The spread of
compulsory secret ballots may stimulate greater
efforts to influence elections but also engender
less stable groupings. Finally, no necessary
connection is detected between the citizen as
voter and the trade unionist as voter.
Behavioural Analysis of Grievances: Conflict Sources, Complexity and Transformation
Authors: Salipante Paul F. , Bouwen René
Published: May 2006

To date, grievance research has made little use
of behavioural concepts developed in the literature
on organisational conflict. Such concepts form the
basis for a model of grievance behaviour that
relates the sources of grievances to grievance
actions and outcomes. Sources of grievance
conflict are explored by analysing interviews with
Belgian and American employees concerning their
complaints in the workplace. As an alternative to
the limiting substantive classifications traditionally
used, a categorisation of grievances is presented
that corresponds to grievants′ own formulations
of the causes of conflict. Applying this
categorisation scheme to the interview data
revealed that most grievances have multiple
sources and that a grievant typically distorts public
statements concerning the sources of the
grievance. Behavioural analysis of grievances can
benefit researcher and practitioner by providing
insight into the organisational function of conflict
and into employees′ most basic beliefs about their
organisation′s values.
Job Evaluation: Trade Union and Staff Association Representatives′ Perspectives
Authors: Ghobadian Abby
Published: May 2006

Employee representatives′ perceptions of job
evaluation are explored and the impact of job
evaluation on the collective bargaining procedure,
pay differentials, motivation and performance is
considered. In conclusion, an assessment of the
advantages and disadvantages of job evaluation is
given.
WHY ISN′T WORK FUN?
Authors: Line Maurice B.
Published: May 2006

Fun, humour, is an essential element of
enjoyment and a distinctively human
attribute. Many factors are listed that
contribute to people′s general enjoyment of
life and satisfaction with work. The art of
management is to a large extent concerned
with “being human”. Advice is given on the
diagnosis of barriers to job satisfaction and
ways of making work more enjoyable.
CONSERVATION IN WALES: SOME CO‐OPERATIVE INITIATIVES
Authors: Rawsthorne Lawrence
Published: May 2006

This article surveys co‐operative initiatives in
the conservation of library materials and
disaster control planning in Wales. It traces
the roles of the National Library of Wales
and LISC (Wales) in promoting the subject
and describes the conferences and open days
held to educate and encourage the Welsh
library community. Conservation projects
that have received grants from the Wolfson
Foundation and the Mellon Foundation are
examined as is the current status of the
Newsplan project in Wales.
STAFF DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARIANS: THE CASE OF THE ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NIGERIA
Authors: Antwi I.K. , Nwali L.O.
Published: May 2006

A brief historical background of Abubakar
Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU) and its
library is given. This article then provides a
brief overview of the concept of staff
development and discusses in detail the
various staff development efforts of
librarians by ATBU Library, Bauchi. These
include staff orientation, staff meetings, in‐service
training, academic library staff
seminars and representation on Schools
Boards of Studies. Other relevant activities
include professional activities, library use
instructions, sabbatical leave, personnel
training and outreach as well as library
research. Finally, the article advocates that
staff development should also aim at staff
retention through the provision of incentives
for staff.
BUDGETING IN REAL LIFE: SOME EXPERIENCES IN LOCAL
GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL CONTROL OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Authors: Catcheside Paul
Published: May 2006

The past, present and future of budgeting and financial control in
British public libraries are discussed, with particular reference to the
problem of expenditure cuts. The possibilities of zero‐base budgeting
and PPBS are considered.
BUDGETING IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: THE POLYTECHNIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Brophy Peter
Published: May 2006

The management of the budgeting process in UK polytechnic libraries
is described, with particular reference to recent changes in the
organisation and governance of polytechnics and major colleges. Issues
addressed include: the funding process; policy considerations in
determining library budgets; the allocation of book funds; staffing and
equipment budgets; the use of income; the operation of virement and
carry‐forward provisions.
LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS UNDER ECONOMIC RECOVERY PROGRAMME IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: Obiagwu Marcel C.
Published: May 2006

The objectives and strategy of the Economic Recovery Programme
(ERP) or Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the West African
economy are examined, focusing on the disastrous effects on library
materials acquisitions. The causes of foreign exchange scarcity and
reasons for the poor performance of libraries in acquisitions under the
ERP/SAP are explored. A strategy for sustaining acquisitions in austere
times is suggested, concluding with a warning against the
marginalisation of education and the library service.
Teaching Managers Leadership
Authors: Preston Joanne C. , Chappell Karen E.
Published: May 2006

The effectiveness of three training methods in teaching managers
leadership principles are examined. Forty‐two male and female
Introductory Psychology students were randomly assigned to one of three
conditions: computer‐based training (CBT), computer‐based training with
videotaped vignettes (CBTV), or group‐based workshop training with
videotaped vignettes (GBW). The dependent variables of conceptual and
applied knowledge assessed the training effectiveness.
Pre‐test/post‐test scores evaluated conceptual knowledge while an
assessment centre technique using the dimensions of delegation,
management control, influencing, and sensitivity on Ss answers
to a problem‐solving question measured the pre‐test/post‐test scores in
applied knowledge. The results demonstrated that organisations could
choose leadership training based on cost‐effectiveness considerations
without having to sacrifice training results. Further confirmatory
research is needed.
The Political Economy of the Regulation School and the Flexible Specialisation Scenario
Authors: Teague Paul
Published: May 2006

There have been a number of attempts to develop the Keynesian prescription of demand management to current neo‐liberal economic strategies. The arguments presented by the “French” regulation school and the “American” flexible specialisation scenario are examined to determine whether they are sufficiently coherent and robust to represent a new political economy model to challenge neo‐liberalism. The two models are analysed separately: the main hypotheses and points are outlined and the validity of the main criticisms against each is examined. It is concluded that neither represents a fully fledged political economy model but that some of the ideas developed by either may influence policy on a pragmatic andad hocbasis.
Combination Monetary Feedback Rule Affects Output
Authors: Chen Chien‐Hsun
Published: May 2006

The effectiveness of combination monetary feedback rule and fiscal
policy under rational expectations is examined. The fiscal policy takes
into account not only a progressive tax structure but also government
expenditure. The model consists of IS and LM relationships and a Lucas
supply function. The model is solved analytically. Both the progressive
tax structure and the combination monetary feedback provide an automatic
but not immediate adjustment to reduce the expectation error. Therefore
the behaviour of real output is influenced not only by the disturbance
terms but also by the policy parameters of the progressive tax structure
and the combination monetary feedback rule.
Grounds for concern: landsliding in Great Britain
Authors: Jones David K.C.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the 1984 study review by the Department of the
Environment of existing knowledge regarding landslipping in Great
Britain. Reviews the background to the study and presents some of the
general results. Concludes that knowledge of landslide distribution,
character and significance remain surprisingly poor, that old (ancient)
landslides are much more widely distributed in the landscape than
previously thought, and that such old features present an important
potential threat to buildings and structures because they can be
reactivated if disturbed. Suggests that heightened perception of
landslide hazard will lead to greater consideration of ground stability
prior to developments, including increased use of various types of
survey techniques that exist, and delimit areas of actual and potential
instability.
Thatch surveys
Authors: Dodson Jack
Published: May 2006

Discusses the thatching industry, looking at the main thatch
materials together with their characteristics, to provide a brief
analysis of how thatch works, in particular its water resistance.
Outlines the basic items to look for when compiling an up‐to‐date report
on any particular thatch. Provides a glossary of thatching terms.
Suggests that each thatched roof should be assessed on its merits, and
advice sought from either the local Master Thatcher′s Association, or a
fully experienced and reputable thatcher.
Structural surveys: managing the “ability gap”
Authors: Barrett Peter
Published: May 2006

Gives the results of a survey in which the principal determinants
of the ability levels of individual construction professionals were
identified. Highlights variations in the results between different
disciplines and describes the alternative possible organizational
reactions to assist those of lower ability. Explores the wider
implications of these reactions.
″Continual Improvement″ for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Pettersson Michael
Published: May 2006

Continual improvement for competitive advantage is not the primary
policy of organisations, either in theory or practice. A deductive
rationale is presented for the emerging need to make “continual
improvement for competitive advantage” the primary policy of any
organisation. This is based on the inexorable acceleration of technical
change and the Darwinian selective pressures of competition. Giving
primacy to continual improvement naturally gives a different slant to
company policies, strategies and objectives by subordinating them.
Systematic continual improvement policy generates particular emphasis on
people, planning, performance measures and procedures. Inductive study
reaches similar conclusions but lacks the cogency of a rational
framework. A continual improvement policy is a touchstone for the choice
and use of planning and operational practices. A game plan for continual
improvement is illustrated that integrates the planning, operation and
evaluation of performance for the whole operation, its divisions and
their personnel. The self‐assessment questionnaire technique offers a
quick insight into an organisation′s preparedness for gaining
competitive advantage through continual improvement.
Data Validation
Authors: Fielden Mark
Published: May 2006

Four stages of data validation are discussed by operators as they
input data, validating them against their own experience; by an
integrated database once the data are input; by systems auditors,
continually identifying errors and arranging for them to be rectified;
and by managers conducting regular analyses of data accuracy. The
resulting data accuracy can reduce waste and improve customer
satisfaction and can thereby help a business become more competitive.
Effective Boards of Directors: An Overview
Authors: Alkhafaji Abbass F.
Published: May 2006

Today′s boards of directors are facing increasing changes regarding
their accountability for the actions of their companies, and what are
seen by society to be their functions. Examples of different types of
board structure and methods of their composition are examined. The
advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. It is concluded that
the organisation of the board depends on its goals and objectives; each
will require a different format. However, the use of committees,
particularly the audit, board audit and nominating committee styles, is
considered to increase the effectiveness of boards of directors.
New Developments in Microprocessors and Microsystems
Authors: Suri Mohammad A. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Microcomputer systems which are the most
relevant to today′s manager are the prime focus.
New developments during the last 18 months are
given priority. Microprocessors used in recent
microcomputer systems in relation to the RISC and
CISC technologies are discussed. Networking and
standardisation, two major areas of development,
are described, along with the hardware, software
and peripherals of microsystems. Finally, the
application to managers is analysed.
Designing Documents with Desktop Publishing
Authors: Corbitt T.D.
Published: May 2006

Desktop publishing and how it can be used to
produce documents are described: document
design including the intended market, planning and
designing the page. The principles of design are
reviewed together with the use of multiple
columns, margins and house style. How text and
graphics are prepared and incorporated into a
document and how the final document should be
produced are further described.
Communications Revolution and its Impact on Managing Organisations Effectively
Authors: Bredehoft John E. , Kleiner Brian
Published: May 2006

Technological advances in the last 40 years are
widely used in business communications today.
The “communications revolution” has affected the
speed of business communications, the distance
from which information can be obtained, and the
amount of information being used. These effects
influence company decision making, organisation,
and control processes in a variety of ways.
Rethinking American Export Strategy
Authors: Sutherland Norman R.
Published: May 2006

The current low value of the dollar is viewed by
many manufacturers as an impediment to
exporting to the United States, yet it can be
turned into an advantage. Although the dollar′s
decline made imported products more expensive
– it also resulted in decreasing the cost of
establishing and running a foreign‐owned US sales
office. Not only is it shown why and how
manufacturers should establish their own US
company, but also a new concept is introduced
which can further reduce their costs by up to 75
per cent, through the advent of time and cost
sharing with other exporters. Such savings can
be used to: (a) reduce manufacturers′ US prices;
(b) create an offshore profit at a lower tax rate;
or a combination of both.
The online document ordering network for libraries in the
Federal Republic of Germany: The role of the National Library of
Economics
Authors: Seusing Ekkehart
Published: May 2006

Describes the task of the National Library of Economics and the
Serial Database, a union list of serials in Germany providing an online
document ordering module. Types of user, subject requests and date and
country of publications are presented and discussed. Concludes that the
overall performance of the service is favourable.
FOUDRE – Electronic access to documents in the French
academic community
Authors: Deschamps Christine
Published: May 2006

Describes a new system being tested in France for interlending.
Uses Microsoft Windows graphic software to scan the document, store it
send it on and invoice costs. Includes initial evaluation of pilot phase
and concludes that, if successful, FOUDRE will complete the range of
document access facilities available in French academic libraries.
National Stereotypes and Product Evaluations in a Socialist
Country
Authors: Papadopoulos Nicolas , Heslop Louise A. , Beracs Jozsef
Published: May 2006

This article reports on a study of Hungarian consumer attitudes
towards foreign and domestic products and their origin countries. Factor
analysis of the findings indicates some consistency in the way consumers
structure their assessment of foreign origins. The structure differs
somewhat when respondents evaluate their own country and products.
Implications for marketing and research are drawn.
Perceptions of Ethical Problems in International Marketing
Authors: Mayo Michael A. , Marks Lawrence J. , Ryans John K.
Published: May 2006

U.S. international marketing practitioners identified the most
difficult ethical problems they have encountered in foreign trade. These
ethical problems were rated as occurring infrequently and having a
moderate impact on a firm′s overseas competitiveness. Conversely, the
respondents saw ethical problems as likely to tarnish the firm′s
domestic image and to generate much concern for top management. This
suggests such problems may have a stronger negative impact upon a firm′s
domestic public image but may not be a major factor inhibiting its
international trade. The strategic alternatives to, and management
implications of, avoiding markets which may pose ethical problems are
discussed.
Customer Service Strategies in Financial Retailing
Authors: Mon Wong Su , Perry Chad
Published: May 2006

This article aims to help bankers and managers of financial
institutions to understand the importance of customer service. It shows
that poor customer service is a cancer and that service quality is now
more important than the “4Ps” of the marketing mix. Four
steps of a customer service strategy are outlined: establish commitment
to the key components of customer service; identify relative importance
of service components to customers; identify market segments by service
requirements; design customer service policies.
Management of Financial Services Marketing: Issues and
Perceptions
Authors: Easingwood Christopher , Arnott David C.
Published: May 2006

The aim is to identify those areas of marketing in the financial
services sector that deserve to be given priority attention. A number of
marketing areas are identified and assessed on their scope for
improvement, the ease with which they can be changed and also on the
sensitivity of the performance of the organisation to an improvement in
the area. The perspective is that of senior financial services marketing
managers. The managers picked out pricing policy as one factor deserving
to be given the highest priority. Improvements here are possible and, in
addition, will show up in better company performance. Two other factors
considered to be worth priority attention are the customer interface and
marketing influence, although both are thought to be more difficult to
change than pricing policy. Improvements in the new product development
strategy area, whilst likely to produce significant improvements in
company performance, were the hardest of all to achieve.
A Benefit Segmentation of the Financial Planning Market
Authors: Soutar Geoffrey N. , McNeil Margaret M.
Published: May 2006

The financial planning industry has demonstrated significant growth
in Australia through the 1980s. A benefit segmentation study of the
financial planning market in Perth, Western Australia, is examined. A
telephone survey was conducted on a random sample of 400 respondents
drawn from the metropolitan telephone book. Four underlying benefit
dimensions which are sought when making investment decisions are
identified. Respondents are then segmented based on their pattern of
responses over these dimensions. Three segments are identified –
disinterested investors, demanding investors and security seekers. While
the Perth marketplace could be segmented using investment benefits,
attempts to profile these segments in terms of demographic
characteristics and investment activity are inconclusive.