bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGGUNAAN ALAT PERAGA MULTY BOARD UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA-FISIKA PADA SISWA KELAS VIII A DI SMP NEGERI 5 DEMAK TAHUN PELAJARAN 2008/2009
Authors: Pagunanto Pagunanto , Saefan Joko
Published: May 2018

Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yakni apakah penggunaan alatperaga Multy Board dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA Fisikapada materi cermin siswa kelas VIII A di SMP Negeri 5 Demak?Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPAfisika pada materi cermin siswa kelas VIII A di SMP Negeri 5Demak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yangdilaksanakan di kelas VIII A SMP Negeri 5 Demak pada semestergenap Tahun Pelajaran 2008 / 2009 yang terdiri dari 27 siswalaki-laki dan 16 siswa perempuan meliputi dua siklus. Hasil siklusdianalisis dengan cara mengolah nilai tes siswa sebelum dilakukantindakan dan setelah dilakukan tindakan melalui dua siklustersebut. Hasil belajar lebih meningkat, pada siklus pertama (1)dari 43 siswa yang tuntas belajar 33 siswa ( 76,74 % ), sedangpada siklus kedua (2) dari 43 siswa yang tuntas belajar mencapai39 siswa ( 90,70 % ) sehingga mengalami peningkatan dari sikluspertama (1) ke siklus kedua (2) sebesar 13,96 %. Berdasarkananalisis data disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan alat peraga ?óÔé¼?Ømultiboard?óÔé¼?Ø dalam pembelajaran IPA-Fisika dapat meningkatkanpemahaman konsep pembentukan bayangan pada cermin sehinggahasil belajarnyapun meningkat.
Keefektifan Model Pembelajaran Kontekstual dengan pendekatan open ended dalam aspek penalaran dan pemecahan masalah pada materi segitiga di kelas VII.
Authors: Sulianto Joko
Published: May 2018

AbstrakThe Education Unit Level Curriculum states that problem solving, reasoning is the goal of learning mathematics elementary, junior high school and vocational school in addition to goals related to understanding the concept, this is contrary to the conditions of teachers who assume that the final answer to these problems is the main goal in learning , the procedure less students in solving the problems noted by teachers as too oriented to the truth of the final answer. Such conditions require the learning of mathematics with emphasis on problem-solving process. This study is an experimental study to analyze the effectiveness of contextual learning with open-ended approach in reasoning and problem-solving aspect of the triangle of material in class VII. Issues that were examined: 1) Do students who get contextual learning with open-ended approach can achieve exhaustiveness learn?, 2) Does problem-solving skills of students who get contextual learning with open-ended approach is better than in students with learning expository method?, 3) Is the reasoning that students can reach the criterion was after getting contextual learning with open-ended approach?. The study population was all students in grade VII Kesatrian SMP 2 Semarang. The sample study was graders VIIa as an experimental class and grade students VIIE as a control class. The variables studied are the reasoning and problem-solving. Data obtained from the documentation, testing and observation. The data obtained were analyzed using average test, correlation, analysis dwifaktor, and t-test. Results showed that students can achieve exhaustiveness study with an average of 73.31, t value = 3.137 with p value = 0.003 <0.05 means that student learning outcomes are significantly> 65. Reasoning students showed 33.33% of students have demonstrated high reasoning, 38.88% students have a reasoning being, and 27% of students have low reasoning sig later than table value 0.000 <0.05 with a mean value of r = 0.745 reasoning and problem solving has ties are very strong at 74.5%. Problem-solving abilities of students with contextual learning and open ended approach is different from expository teaching classes, based on the t test with a test value 0.030 p value <0.05. Average problem solving abilities of students reached 73.3 while the control class 65, 83 meaning that the average problem solving abilities of students in a class of contextual learning with open-ended approach is better. Then seen from the test value v dwifaktor test value 0.178 means not different problem-solving skills of students seen from the top, the middle and bottom groups.Concluded that the contextual learning with open-ended approach in reasoning and problem-solving aspect of the triangle of material in class VII learn effectively and achieve completeness.Keywords: Effectiveness, contextual learning, open ended, reasoning, problem-solving.
Vessel Trajectories Outliers
Authors: Machado Tomas , Maia Rui , Santos Pedro , Ferreira João
Published: May 2018

In this work we describe our first steps towards our H2020 project MARISA [https://www.marisaproject.eu] participation, where we intent to develop a toolkit towards the identification of outliers in vessel trajectories based on electronic data regarding position and time. These outliers can correspond to illegal activities that could be related with illegal immigration, drugs trans-shipments among others. We developed process tools that based on any elec-tronic vessel position systems, like Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, it is possible to extract routes in an unsupervised approach. At the same time identify non-conformities based on AIS data signal lost and to identify situation when two or more vessels are approaching close to each other, called the rendezvous.
Constraint Systems from Traffic Scenarios for the Validation of Autonomous Driving (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Eggers Andreas , Stasch Matthias , Teige Tino , Bienmüller Tom , Brockmeyer Udo
Published: May 2018

One does not need the gift of clairvoyance to predict that in the near future autonomously driving cars will occupy a significant place in our everyday life. In fact, in designated and even public test-drive areas it is reality even now. Autonomous driving comes with the ambition to make road traffic safer, more efficient, more economic, and more comfortable -- and thus to "make the world a bit better". Recent accidents with automatic cars resulting in severe injuries and death, however, spark a debate on the safety validation of autonomous driving in general. The biggest challenge for autonomous driving to become a reality is thus most likely not the actual development of intelligent vehicles themselves but their rigorous validation that would justify the necessary level of confidence. It is common sense that classical test approaches are by far not feasible in this emerging area of autonomous driving as these would induce billions of kilometers of real-world driving in each release cycle. To cope with the tremendous complexity of traffic situations that a self-driving vehicle must deal with -- without doing any harm to any other traffic participants -- a promising approach to safety validation is virtual simulation, i.e.\ driving the huge amount of test kilometers in a virtual but realistic simulation environment. A particular interest here is in the validation of the behavior of the autonomous car in rather critical traffic scenarios.

In this position paper, we concentrate on one important aspect in virtual safety validation of autonomous driving, namely on the specification and concretization of critical traffic scenarios. This aspect gives rise to complex and challenging constraint systems to be solved, to which we believe the SC2 community may give essential contributions by their rich variety of diverse methods and techniques.
Herniação Meningoencefálica do Osso Temporal
Authors: Miranda Daniel , Pereira Sara , Ramos Rui , Pinto Afonso , Vilarinho Sérgio , Dias Luís
Published: May 2018

Introdução: As herniações meningoencefálicas do osso temporal correspondem à presença de parênquima encefálico e/ou meninges prolapsados através de um defeito ósseo temporal. Trata-se de uma condição rara, podendo ter consequências catastróficas para o paciente.Descrição de Caso: Doente de 69 anos, sexo feminino, com antecedentes pessoais de otite média crónica, submetida a cirurgia otológica, hipertensão arterial e neoplasia da mama. Admitida no serviço de urgência por convulsões tónico-clónico generalizadas secundárias a meningoencefalite com ponto de partida em foco infecioso otológico. A investigação imagiológica revelou a presença de uma herniação meningoencefálica, que foi corrigida cirurgicamente por equipa multidisciplinar de Otorrinolaringologia e Neurocirurgia.Discussão/Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico tem por objetivo a remoção de tecidos meningoencefálicos herniados, reparação do defeito ósseo e recuperação da audição. O tamanho e localização do defeito ósseo e da herniação meningoencefálica são fatores decisivos na escolha da via de abordagem cirúrgica.

Recebido: 13/04/2016 - Aceite: 30/04/2016
Correção Laparoscópica de Atresia Duodenal Associada a Pâncreas Anular
Authors: Barroso Catarina , Correia-Pinto Jorge
Published: May 2018

A atresia duodenal é a causa mais comum de obstrução intestinal congénita. Frequentemente associa-se a outras malformações, como o pâncreas anular. A abordagem laparoscópica, ainda que tecnicamente exigente, traz para o recém-nascido benefícios evidentes. Os autores reportam o caso de um recém-nascido com diagnóstico pré-natal de atresia duodenal proposto para laparoscopia, durante a qual foi constatada a existência de pâncreas anular, e realizada a duodeno-duodenostomia em diamante.

Recebido: 04/06/2016 - Aceite: 06/06/2016
Engenharia na Medicina
Authors: Santos José Paulo
Published: May 2018

Medicina, Ciência e Tecnologia Até ao século XIX, a medicina, tal como outras áreas do conhecimento, assentava essencialmente num saber empírico, resultante da experiência acumulada ao longo das várias gerações. [...]

Recebido: 27/05/2016 - Aceite: 30/05/2016
Atrésia Esofágica: Um Desafio desde o Diagnóstico Pré-natal ao Tratamento Cirúrgico
Authors: Trocado Vera , Barroso Catarina , Nogueira-Silva Cristina , Correia-Pinto Jorge
Published: May 2018

A atrésia esofágica é a anomalia congénita mais comum do desenvolvimento do esófago, caracterizando-se por uma disrupção da sua continuidade, com uma prevalência de cerca de 1 em cada 2500 a 4500 nados vivos. A abordagem desta condição, desde o seu diagnóstico no período pré-natal até ao tratamento cirúrgico no período neonatal, constitui um importante desafio, tanto para o obstetra como para o cirurgião pediátrico. No âmbito do diagnóstico pré-natal, a ecografia, a ressonância magnética, bem como a análise bioquímica do líquido amniótico poderão ser úteis. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito ao tratamento cirúrgico desta condição, dispomos hoje de técnicas cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas, associadas a menor número de sequelas musculoesqueléticas, menor dor no pós-operatório e a um melhor resultado estético final. Neste artigo, os autores fazem uma revisão do papel das diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico pré-natal disponíveis, bem como das diferentes abordagens para o tratamento cirúrgico.
Ensaios Clínicos: História e Atualidade
Authors: Salgado António Vasco
Published: May 2018

Embora haja referências prévias na Bíblia, no Cânone de Medicina de Avicenna e na obra do médico-cirurgião francês Ambroise Parré datada de 1537, considera-se que o primeiro ensaio clínico da era moderna foi realizado por James Lind em 1747, quando foi descoberto o efeito terapêutico do consumo de citrinos no tratamento do escorbuto. Passados cerca de cem anos, em 1863, Austin Flint realizou o primeiro ensaio com um grupo placebo em doentes com reumatismo. Em 1943 surge pela primeira vez um estudo duplamente cego com aleatorização alternada em doentes com síndrome gripal. Três anos depois é realizado o primeiro ensaio com processo de aleatorização, tal como definido hoje em dia, com dupla ocultação em doentes com tuberculose, em que o efeito da estreptomicina foi comparado com tratamento de repouso apenas. Trata-se também do primeiro ensaio em que a avaliação dos “endpoints”, neste caso o resultado da radiografia do tórax foi avaliado, por médicos independentes, que desconheciam o braço a que pertenciam os doentes. Foi na segunda metade do século XX, sobretudo no rescaldo da II Guerra Mundial, que a maioria dos avanços de natureza ética na condução de ensaios clínicos foram realizados, tendo em vista a proteção dos indivíduos que participavam em ensaios clínicos. Em 1947 o código de Nuremberga estipula a necessidade de participação voluntária e da necessidade de existência de consentimento informado. Quase em simultâneo, em 1948, a Declaração dos Direitos Humanos, proíbe a participação de seres humanos em tratamentos considerados prejudiciais. [...]

Recebido: 10/08/2016 – Aceite: 22/08/2016
Vertigem como Manifestação Inaugural de Mieloma Múltiplo
Authors: Cardoso Luís , Ribeiro João Carlos , Amorim Margarida , Cruz Mário , Silva Luís
Published: May 2018

O mieloma múltiplo é uma neoplasia maligna de células B, caracterizada pela proliferação descontrolada e clonal de plasmócitos. O envolvimento intracraniano é incomum. A vertigem e o desequilíbrio são manifestações extremamente raras e habitualmente tardias de mieloma múltiplo com extensão intracraniana. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a apresentação de um raro caso de um doente com 55 anos com queixas de vertigem como manifestação inaugural de mieloma múltiplo da fossa posterior em estádio avançado, enfatizando os aspetos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticas efetuadas.

Recebido: 06/09/2017 - Aceite: 30/10/2017
The “tselostnyĭ analiz” (holistic analysis) of Zuckerman and Mazel
Authors: Zavlunov Daniil
Published: May 2018

This essay explores “tselostnyĭ analiz” (holistic analysis)—an analytical method developed in the Soviet Union between 1930 and 1980 by Viktor Zuckerman and Leo (Lev) Mazel. The goal of holistic analysis was to understand a musical work as a totality of its interrelated parts, and to do so simultaneously on all levels of structure, content, and context. In the resulting three-dimensional analysis, any one of its aspects would reciprocate with all others, together defining the whole. The method called for an embrace of all existing theoretical systems, brought to center stage the “softer” aspects of music theory, and integrated music theory and history. Both scholars aspired to comprehensive close readings of musical works, and, as both realized, came up short. In reformulating the methodology for holistic analysis in the 1960s, its creators restricted the very scope of the analytical endeavor, fundamentally transforming the original method itself. I use Mazel’s 1971 reading of Chopin’s A-major Prelude, op. 28, no. 7 to examine and critique the holistic method as preached and practiced since the 1960s.
Sergei Taneev’s Vertical-Shifting Counterpoint
Authors: Segall Christopher
Published: May 2018

In his 1909 treatisePodvizhnoi kontrapunkt strogogo pis’ma(Movable counterpoint in the strict style), Sergei Taneev reconceived invertible counterpoint as a type of “vertical-shifting” counterpoint, in which the voices move higher or lower in pitch but do not necessarily cross. The conditions on vertical shifting at all intervals operate according to the same mathematical principles; Taneev’s system allows these conditions to be efficiently calculated. This article introduces Taneev’s terminology and method in order to demonstrate how his work generalizes, refines, and extends the insights of prior theorists. I apply the method analytically to investigate shifts at uncommon intervals in one of Taneev’s fugues, and I extend the method to account for Taneev’s compositional use of counterpointalla riversa, or “reversible” counterpoint, in which the voices are flipped upside-down in melodic inversion.
Music and Other Sign Systems
Authors: Kutschke Beate
Published: May 2018

Past scholarship has often investigated what we mean when we say that music is ineffable; it has also explored issues surrounding whether music can—or cannot—be translated. In contrast, this article shifts the focus from music and its meaning to therelationship betweenmusic and other sign systems, including verbal language. One of its key hypotheses is that the dictum of music’s ineffability, though apparently describing the ‘nature’ of music, in fact only defines the relationship between music and verbal language. As I will argue, the apparent plausibility of the dictum of music’s ineffability is an effect of our (Western-cultural) habit of attributing primary status to verbal language in comparison with other sign systems. Consequently, in the final section of this article, I will investigate the relationship between music and other sign systems. This latter investigation is founded on the consideration of our world of meaning as an infinite spectrum of diverse sign systems, sign constellations, and sign procedures, each of them valuable in itself.
Elements of Style in Three Demo Recordings by Stevie Nicks
Authors: Hough Matthew T.
Published: May 2018

This article examines demo recordings of three songs by Stevie Nicks in terms of compositional style and in relation to conventions of rock harmony. Sections from two of Nicks’ unreleased solo demo recordings are compared to publicly released versions of the same songs, revealing distinctive stylistic elements and their subsequent normalization. Compositional applications for rock music based on structural and contrapuntal techniques found in these demo recordings are also presented.
Meter Metrics
Authors: Gotham Mark
Published: May 2018

“Consideration of a metric context is indispensable for a complete understanding of rhythm” (".fn_cite_pages($toussaint_2013, "16")."). In order to discuss the nature of a rhythm or its compositional development, it is necessary to account for the metrical context(s) in which it appears. In music that moves among a variety of metrical structures, it is also necessary to account for the relationships that exist between those meters. This article provides a detailed characterization of those relationships. What is more, the relationships introduced here may be discussed independently of any rhythmic parallel, illuminating purely metrical aspects of temporal organization, and thus offering an altogether new analytical perspective on repertoires in which metric change is an important compositional parameter. This study identifies a variety of metrical relationships, defines them (mathematically where appropriate), and assesses them for perceptual and musical significance, including the rarity of their occurrence. The focus is on “mixed” metrical structures that systematically use more than one type of duration on the same level, such as both “short” and “long” beats (which may or may not correspond to 2- and 3-unit groupings). “Simple” meters (with only one type of beat) are also discussed for the sake of completeness and because all are used together in the relevant repertoires (which include much twentieth-century Western music, some popular musics, and “world” musics including the Balkan Aksak style). The breadth of this potential application is a principal asset of the theoretical apparatus presented.
Composing Declamation
Authors: Lau Wing
Published: May 2018

This article offers a new perspective on the function and expressive effect of notated meter changes in Brahms songs—a topic that has gone largely unexplored in current scholarship on rhythm and meter. A close analysis of the notated meter changes in Brahms’s “Während des Regens,” op. 58, no. 2, “Mein Herz ist schwer,” op. 94, no. 3, and “Das Mädchen,” op. 95, no. 1, reveals how much his careful attention to the notated meter reflects his sensitivity to the pacing of music and words. Drawing upon poetic prosody and metric analysis, this article shows how this pervasive but underexamined aspect of Brahms’s songwriting style relates to both the sound and sense of the poems he sets.
Imagined, Supplemental Sound in Nineteenth-Century Piano Music
Authors: Robb Hamish J.
Published: May 2018

In this article, I argue that real sound (as made by performers), bodily engagement, and imagined, supplemental sound function in a mutually influential, tripartite relationship in musical embodiment. Embodiment studies give little attention to different types of imagined sound and sonic filtering. Yet our different bodily engagements with physical sound lead us to “hear” sound differently. My conception of imagined, supplemental sound includes not just the internal mimicking of sounds actually heard while listening to or performing music, but the supplemental sounds we “perform” internally (even when engaged in a sounding performance) in order to make sense of real sounds and render performances personally meaningful. I argue that our bodily engagements—as shaped by the real sounds performers make—in turn shape our imagined, supplemental sounds and/or filtered sounds.

This article divides into two parts. In part 1 I outline some of the basic mechanisms of musical embodiment, such as imagining the actions needed to produce sounds, and attributing intentionality to sonic forms in order to conceive of musical “objects” or “bodies” moving through “musical space.” I illustrate how specific performance nuances can shape such bodily engagements, and in turn shape one’s imagined, supplemental sounds. In part 2—the heart of the article—I present evidence, from the nineteenth century to today, that imagining supplemental sound is a necessary part of performing and listening to piano music. My focus is on a particular kind of imagined, supplemental sound (fluid, connective sound) experienced in a particular “mode of embodiment,” in which we experience a melody as a continuous path. Imagined sounds, like bodily exertions, are shaped not only by compositional features, but also by common techniques of illusion pianists use in various musical contexts, as I demonstrate through detailed analyses of recorded excerpts. I argue that our imagined sounds profoundly affect our musical experience and sense of embodied agency—our most basic sources of musical meaning. I thus argue that imagined sounds must be considered vital parts of the musical “object” we discuss, analyze and theorize.
Prelude on a Partimento
Authors: Byros Vasili
Published: May 2018

This article examines a hypothetical compositional and pedagogical use of the Langloz manuscript, a collection of German partimenti, during the time of J. S. Bach. The partimento is reconceptualized as a bridge to free composition, by aligning it with what Bach and his Thuringian and Hamburgian neighbors (including Werckmeister, Walther, Niedt, and Mattheson) calledinventiones: materials for free composition that are subject to substantial development, involving processes of elaboration, variation, extension, and expansion. My argument is borne out by a historically informed practical demonstration: my own composition of a Prelude in D minor, which broadly derives from the partimento-prelude numbered 48 in the manuscript. The transformation of a simple thoroughbass into a fully worked-out composition pivots on two species of invention and their development, one structural, the other stylistic: 1) a genre-specific structuring principle that is coded into the partimento; for the prelude genre, this concerns long-range scale-harmonizations spanning 1–4 octaves; the principle recurs in several preludes ofThe Langloz Manuscriptand ofThe Well-Tempered Clavier; and 2) the subject (thema) of a composition, which results from novel combinations of musical topics (Manieren), and the constructive imitation of other composers’ uses of styles and genres (locus exemplorum).
Teaching and Learning Undergraduate Music Theory at the Keyboard
Authors: Callahan Michael
Published: May 2018

Music making at the keyboard can be of significant value to students learning music theory and aural skills, but an instructor must clear several logistical hurdles in order to integrate it fully into an undergraduate curriculum and capitalize on its aural, visual, and tactile advantages. Most music majors have only modest technical facility at the keyboard, and opportunities for individual coaching and assessment are often constrained by large class sizes, one-piano classrooms, and limited contact hours. This article describes a classroom-tested solution to these challenges in which students work outside of class at keyboards linked toSmartMusicsoftware, record snapshots of their work, and submit them online for immediate and detailed feedback. The software supports novel and interactive learning formats that give even non-keyboardists access to activities such as guided improvisation, play-along, echoing, sing-and-play, transposition, and fill-in-the-blanks. In addition to sharing samples of student work, the article also substantiates the effectiveness of this curricular intervention with qualitative and quantitative data collected during a formal impact study with 37 second-year undergraduates during fall 2013. Following research methodologies common in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, students participated confidentially in interviews, surveys, and practice journals that documented their experiences with this learning format. The results show powerful positive impacts on how, what, and how well students learned in the music theory course; to their attitudes about music theory; and to their ability to apply what they learned to their musical endeavors outside the theory classroom. Thus, this study offers both a practical method and a strong justification for placing hands-on music making at the center of students’ engagement with music theory.
Listeners’ Bodies in Music Analysis
Authors: Kozak Mariusz
Published: May 2018

In this article I demonstrate how listeners understand musical processes with their bodies, and how their gestures can be used to build analytical models. Specifically, I draw on the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to argue that situated, active listeners project their motor intentional gestures inside music, where they reconstitute the very nature of musical space and its objects according to their own unique perspective. Rather than passively reflecting gestures of performers, these listeners use their own bodily states to create the structure and meaning of music. I illustrate how those states can be mobilized for analysis by taking quantifiable features of gestures—acceleration and temporal profiles—as models of musical structure, and by using those models as a basis for analytical narratives. I focus on three pieces—Olga Neuwirth’sVampyrotheone, Elliott Carter’sASKO Concerto, and Thomas Adès’sLiving Toys—in which motion-capture studies revealed the different roles of listeners’ gestures in organizing musical experience.
The Evolution of Chopin’s Sonata Forms
Authors: Aziz Andrew I.
Published: May 2018

This study examines the evolving use of sonata form by Chopin, with specific focus on the ways that formal innovations in his early sonatas (opp. 4 and 8) and piano concertos (opp. 11 and 21) anticipate formal patterns in his late piano sonatas (Nos. 2 and 3) and the Cello Sonata; in particular, I excavate Chopin’s application of the second theme group (S) as a primary form-defining unit. In doing so, I investigate additional sonata forms by Chopin and Schubert, introduce a new formal function called “resetting of the formal compass” (RFC), and reconsider a recent debate between Hepokoski/Darcy and Wingfield, providing evidence for the resurgence of early Classical conventions in the heart of the Romantic era.
Structural Levels in South Indian Music
Authors: Schachter Michael
Published: May 2018

In the present study, I propose a theory of structural levels in Karnatak music, the classical music of South India. In the characteristic patterns of melodic ornamentation and phrase construction that contribute to the identity of a raga, as well as in formal approaches to composition and improvisation, Karnatak musical practice involves sophisticated elaborations of simple voice-leading strands that themselves elaborate a normative background structure. My theory draws on precedents in Indian musical scholarship, firsthand accounts of practitioners, and close analysis of performances (including those of T. M. Krishna, Bombay Jayashree, Lalgudi Jayaraman, Ranganayaki Rajagopalan, and Karaikudi S. Subramanian) and compositions (including those by Tyagaraja, Muthuswamy Dikshitar, and Papanasam Sivan).
Voice-Leading Transformation and Generative Theories of Tonal Structure
Authors: Yust Jason
Published: May 2018

Numerous generative approaches to explaining tonal structure and/or Schenker’s theories have been proposed since Babbitt noted a resemblance between Schenker’s analytical method and Chomskian generative grammars in 1965. One of the more challenging features of Schenker’s theory to replicate in a generative system is the interaction of counterpoint and hierarchy. Many theorists, such as Lerdahl and Jackendoff, skirt the problem by developing non-contrapuntal systems, meaning ones that do not allow for layers with conflicting hierarchical descriptions.

This article tackles the counterpoint problem by first proposing a dynamic model for tonal hierarchy, which matches the usage of basic Schenkerian symbols (slurs and beams), and differs from the representational model used by Lerdahl and Jackendoff and others. I then summarize Schenker’s argument for a contrapuntal theory of tonal structure and show that this implies a relativity of contrapuntal voices to structural level which necessitates a theory of voice-leading transformation. This concept of voice-leading transformation marks a crucial turning point in Schenker’s analytical practice leading directly to his theory of levels, and is fundamental to understanding his late theory. The article also operationalizes the idea of voice-leading transformations within a generative system, and illustrates it with short analyses of themes from Bach’sPartitasand an extended analysis of the Menuetto from Beethoven’s Op. 21 Piano Sonata. In the latter analysis the concept of voice-leading transformation facilitates the discovery of an exceptional feature in the deep middleground of the piece.
AnalysisandPerformance, orwissen, können, kennen
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: May 2018

To counter the view that types of musical analysis not immediately relevant to performers are irrelevant to “music as performance,” this essay suggests that music exists in various states, and that changes between such states constitute transformations. Score-based analysis of musical structure and study of musical performance contribute to the understanding of music in this broad sense; analysis and performance dialogue productively when their distinctions as well as their correspondences are valued and interrogated. Analysis and performance exhibit multiple ways of knowing:wissen(knowing that),können(knowing how), andkennen(knowing, as in knowing a person). These ways of knowing are shown at play in a rehearsal of Shende’sThrow Down or Shut Up!.
Talking Back
Authors: Steinbeck Paul
Published: May 2018

Many music scholars, particularly in jazz studies, have investigated performers’ real-time sonic interactions with one another. Very few, though, have asked how musicians interact with their audiences. The following article examines a performance that demands this kind of analysis: a 1976 concert in which saxophonist Roscoe Mitchell is confronted by an audibly hostile audience.
Pitch Properties of the Pedal Harp, with an Interactive Guide
Authors: Gotham Mark R. H. , Gunn Iain A. D.
Published: May 2018

This article is aimed at two groups of readers. First, we present an interactive guide to pitch on the pedal harp for anyone wishing to teach or learn about harp pedaling and its associated pitch possibilities. We originally created this in response to a pedagogical need for such a resource in the teaching of composition and orchestration.

Secondly, for composers and theorists seeking a more comprehensive understanding of what can be done on this unique instrument, we present a range of empirical-theoretical observations about the properties and prevalence of pitch structures on the pedal harp and the routes among them. This is particularly relevant to those interested in extended-tonal and atonal repertoires. A concluding section discusses prospective theoretical developments and analytical applications.
Swā hwæt?
Authors: Buzzoni Marina
Published: May 2018

Under the most common interpretation, Old Englishhwæt, the very first word of the epic poemBeowulf,is to be considered as an interjection (e.g.Lo!). After discussing two theoretical positions that depart from this traditional assumption, i.e. the exclamative hypothesis (Walkden 2013) and the pragmatic marker hypothesis (Brinton 1996, 2017), this study aims at taking into consideration the hermeneutical and translational implications of the aforementioned theories. It will also be claimed that a virtuous synthesis of the two positions is not impossible; therefore, new translations of ancient texts are called for, in which such synthesis can be pursued.
sīþ, wræcsīþ: Literal or Figurative?
Authors: Sipione Concetta
Published: May 2018

The Old English poem The Wife’s Lament is an extremely conventional and, at the same time, original text. It portrays a female character suffering for the absence of her loved one, through the framework of the so-called ‘elegiac’ style and a mainly heroic vocabulary. The traditional exile theme is, thus, interwoven with the uncommon motif of love sickness. While this appraisal of the poem is the most widely accepted one, disagreement still remains about the translation of some keywords, strictly related to the exile theme, such as sīþ or wræcsīþ. The aim of this paper is to examine diverging readings and glosses of the above mentioned ‘exilic/elegiac’ keywords, and to show that an accurate translation should not neglect a thorough appraisal of the text in its complexity and the association with related literary patterns and imagery in other poetic and prose texts.
Ramalan Timur Kuran Tentang Masa Depan Ekonomi Islam: Sebuah Respons
Authors: Ubaidillah Ahmad
Published: May 2018

Many fundamentalist religious movements have economic agenda. The movements emerge to reconstruct the economic system in accordance with the provisions of their respective religions. Therefore, we often hear Christian economics, Buddhist Socialism, Hindu economics, or Islamic economics. The main agenda of economic fundamentalist movements look different from conventional economics (Capitalism and Socialism). Every economic agenda that they propose has different philosophical characteristics and heritage and unique discourse. In this paper, author tries to elaborate Timur Kuran’s ideas, a pioneer of the school of critical alternatives in the tradition of Islamic economic thought, on future of Islamic economics Islam which is considered a manifestation of the economic doctrine of the fundamentalist Islamic group. Why is the future of Islamic economics addressed pessimistic by Kuran and what offer is given by Kuran to give response to Islamism’s Islamic economics are some questions that will be answered in the following discussion. In this study, the writer also will respond Kuran’s predictions about the future of the Islamic economics. The analytical method used in this study is taxonomic analysis, which is not only a general analysis, but also a specific domain that is very useful to describe the phenomenon or problem that is to be the target of the research. In this analysis, the domains are selected to be studied in depth is the focus of study that needs to be tracked each other's internal structures in more detail and depth. Overall, this technique uses "approach of non-contrasts between elements". This technique begins by focusing on specific domains, then dividing the domain into sub- domains as well the more specific and detailed parts. The results of research shows that the economic reforms in the name of Islam today is a myth, and could not survive in the long term. Islam will lose power and sonorous sound of the economic policy. Islam will be abandoned, and humans will switch to the source of moral ideals and the other spiritual
Implementasi Qawa’id Al-Fiqh Pada Prinsip-Prinsip Ekonomi Syariah
Authors: Fageh Achmad
Published: May 2018

To assess and find a sharia law on contemporary issues, including economic activity, it is absolutely required ushul fiqh. Supposing, ushul fiqh is the production process to produce a product of jurisprudence by means of operational standards qawa'id fiqhiyyah. A law of fiqih can not be removed from the proposition/source (the text of the al-Quran and Hadith) without going through the ushul fiqh and qawa'id fiqhiyyah. Not all qawa'id fiqhiyyah can accommodate interests in activities mu'amalah instead. Only a few of qawa'id is associated with transactions of mu'amalah instead. Thus, as the increased complexity of a trade and needs, it is of course necessary to study qa'idah even more, with reference to the methods outlined in ushul fiqh
Pertumbuhan Lembaga Reksadana Syariah Di Indonesia
Authors: Zakariya Mukhamad
Published: May 2018

The development of capital markets in Indonesia is encouraging. It brings a positive impact on the development of the investment system in accordance with the basic principles of sharia, in the capital markets sector in Indonesia, or better known by the term Islamic capital market. Islamic capital market is developed with the aim of accommodating the needs of Muslims in Indonesia that performs investment in capital market products in accordance with the basic principles of sharia. As we know that Indonesia is a country with a predominantly Islamic population makes Indonesia has a potential market for Islamic products. The problems of this study are the factors that influence the growth and development of Sharia Mutual Funds in Indonesia until 2014. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that affect the growth and development of Sharia Mutual Fund in Indonesia, in particular on the list of Sharia Mutual Funds issued by OJK (Financial Services Authority) to 2014. This research is a qualitative research that does not test the hypothesis, but is intended to gain a deeper understanding of the various variables describing the past circumstances or phenomenon is happening today. The data used in this research is secondary data. This research is conducted by analyzing data collected by the author, which is derived from the issuer's financial statements, related websites, journals of sharia economic, sharia economic papers and other related sources. The analysis technique used by the author in this study is descriptive-qualitative method, a method that is done by collecting data, compiling and interpreting the results in order to obtain a clear picture of the growth and development of Sharia Mutual Funds in Indonesia until 2014. The results of this study shows that the main factor affecting the growth and development of Sharia Mutual Fund in Indonesia is the active role of government, both in terms of regulation or other supports, affecting various aspects, such as the development of product innovation.
MENELUSURI METODOLOGI EKONOMI ISLAM ABDEL-RAHMAN YOUSRI AHMED
Authors: Ubaidillah Ahmad
Published: May 2018

In recent years, we have witnessed a high interest in the study of methodology in the field of Islamic economics. Works in the form of books, journals, or articles on methodologies have developed rapidly over the past two decades. People’s interest binding up in Islamic economics in the field of methodology is caused by several factors, among which there are those who think that the economy is not going well. Poverty still exists. Unemployment is growing along with high inflation and hardly any reliable solution to the depression of the local economy, even the regional financial crisis. Another reason for the revival of interest in the field of economic methodology is that economists, in their efforts to instill a positivistic paradigm of natural science into economics, tend to break the science of philosophy that raises ethical and moral issues relating to human goals and behavior. This paper will attempt to answer the question: what is the Islamic economic methodology offered by Abdel-Rahman Yousri Ahmed and what should the Islamic economic exponents do in the formulation of Islamic economics theory? This type of research is qualitative with the approach of figure thinking. The data collection technique is done by reading the works of Abdel-Rahman Yousri Ahmed and some supporting writings of the research. The result of study shows that the commitment to make the theory of Islamic economics must be realized into the form of blend between Sharia rules and Islamic values ​​into postulates or axioms. The resolving of various problems, the process of economic analysis, and the formulation of rules that explain Islamic economics, should be based on the postulates or the axioms. The empirical experience of Islamic economics is a mandatory requirement for formulating empirical theory. Islamic economics scientific theory consists of three main elements: definition or terminology, postulates (axioms or assumptions), and hypotheses. From an Islamic perspective, definitions and postulates which are composed and made in accordance with Islamic and Shari’a values, should be ensured to show the character of the Islamic hypothesis that culminates in the theoretical work. The historical experience of Islamic economics in the past will greatly help modern Islamic economics. The Islamic economics applicability depends heavily on using correct methodology in formulating theory.
MANAJEMEN PEMBIAYAAN BANK SYARIAH: SEBUAH PERKENALAN
Authors: Chadziq Achmad Lubabul
Published: May 2018

The two main functions of banking are fund raising and channeling of funds. Distribution of funds in conventional banks with those contained in Islamic banks has an essential difference, both in terms of names, contracts, and transactions. In the conventional banking, channeling of this fund is known as credit while in sharia banking called as defrayal. Unlike the definition of credit that requires the debtor to repay the loan by giving interest to the bank, the defrayal based on sharia principles, the loan repayment with profit sharing is based on the agreement between the bank and the debtor. For example, defrayal with the principle of sale and purchase which is intended to buy goods, while those who use the principle of lease is intended to obtain services. The profit-sharing principle is used for cooperative efforts aimed at obtaining goods and services at once. Financing is a very important activity because with the financing, it will be obtained the main source of income and become a supporting case of the bank business continuity. Conversely, the management of bank which is not good will cause problems and cessation of business bank. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good sharia-financing management so that the distribution or financing to the customer can be effective and efficient in accordance with the objectives of the company and Islamic sharia itself. In this paper, author tries to explain how the concept of sharia financing management itself so that it is expected, both writer, colleague, student, and the public can better understand the management of Islamic finance.
Complicated intra-abdominal infection at multidisciplinary hospital: economics of real practice of antimicrobial treatment
Authors: Gomon Y. M. , Kolbin A. S. , Balykina Y. E. , Arepiyeva M. A. , Sidorenko S. V. , Strizheletskiy V. V. , Ivanov I. G. , Lobzin Y. V.
Published: May 2018

Aim: To assess economic efficiency of complicated intra-abdomibal infections treatment in real practice compared to alternative scenario (treatment with carbapenem Ertapanem) taking in to account E. coli resistance. Methods: Cost-effectiveness analysis were performed. Mathematic modelling was done to assess prognosis of bacterial resistance. Results: Cost of 1 case of complicated intra-abdomibal infections in real practice is 83048,08 rub compared to 91706,06 rub according to alternative strategy. Cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that real practice of treatment intra-abdomibal infections dominated alternative scenario: less effectiveness lead to lower cost. Additional effectiveness (1,95%) demand additionally 443316,97 rub. Taking into account dynamic of E. Coli resistance ICER during 2011-2015 period decreased up to 40%. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial agents is important criteria which should be used to estimate economic effectiveness of any medical strategy.
Pharmacy reimbursement and pharmacoeconomic aspects of therapy of bronchial asthma
Authors: Leshchenko I.V.
Published: May 2018

Bronchial asthma (BA) is an urgent public health problem. Treatment of asthma is based on the level of disease control. The change in the structure of basic therapy and the replacement of inhalers are the main causes of exacerbations of asthma and an increase in material costs. «Symbicort Maintenance And Reliever Therapy» (SMART) promote effective control of asthma: providing monitoring and decrease future risk of exacerbation. Improving control of asthma will reduce the steroid load, to reduce the number of hospitalizations and the number of ambulance calls.
Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of treatment of gastric cancer with ramucirumab in second line
Authors: Serpik V.G. , Yagudina R.I.
Published: May 2018

We provided a pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the treatment of gastric cancer in the second line of therapy with ramucirumab, using the relative value analysis method. Ramucirumab is the only anti-angiogenic drug registered for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. In comparison with the standard regimens of the second line of chemotherapy for gastric cancer, the use of the ramucirumab has a statistically significant advantage, increasing the median overall survival by 30%. Ramucirumab (Cyramza) cost of treating per one patient is 1 761 564 RUB. From the perspective of relative value analysis the cost of an additional unit of effectiveness of ramucirumab is comparable or even lower than the same criteria of other antitumor drugs of monoclonal antibodies already included in the national EDL. Consequently, ramucirumab can be characterized as an acceptable technology. The budget impact analysis showed that providing patients with advanced gastric cancer with the ramucirumab is characterized by a lower burden on the drug support budget for oncological patients than bevacizumab, trastuzumab and cetuximab in the therapy of the oncology nosologies, at the their approval date. According to the results of the budget impact analysis on the drug supply of ramucirumab, 200 patients will additionally require 329.19 million rubles, which is only 0.64% of the budget for the treatment of cancer in 2016.
Ecologías de aprendizaje en la Era Digital: desafíos para la Educación Superior
Authors: González-Sanmamed Mercedes , Sangrà Albert , Souto-Seijo Alba , Estévez Blanco Iris
Published: May 2018

La inmersión de la sociedad en la era digital ha influido de manera decisiva en las formas de comportarse de las personas, en el ámbito del trabajo, de la economía, del entretenimiento y de la enseñanza. La educación superior está sufriendo una gran transformación debido al desarrollo tecnológico en el que estamos sumergidos, y esos continuos cambios han evidenciado la necesidad de mantenernos actualizados de forma permanente, adoptando así la idea de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. Cada persona tiene un abanico de posibilidades, amplio y diverso para formarse y para aprender, lo que exige a los individuos tomar cada vez más el control de su propio proceso de aprendizaje. El concepto de ecologías de aprendizaje proporciona un marco de análisis para saber cómo aprendemos, y qué contextos y/o elementos empleamos para formarnos, con el fin de proporcionarnos nuevas oportunidades de aprendizaje. Ser conscientes de los elementos y/o contextos que configuran nuestras ecologías de aprendizaje puede ser una estrategia muy útil que nos ayude a actualizarnos de forma autodirigida y efectiva. Esto nos ha llevado a realizar un estudio bibliográfico dirigido a identificar algunos de los aspectos que caracterizan las nuevas formas en que aprendemos, lo cual nos permitirá comprender el papel que debe jugar la universidad en la sociedad actual.