bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of large scale atmospheric and cyclone variability on the sea-ice edge in the Labrador Sea
Authors: Romanski Joy , Williams James , Romanou Anastasia , Tremblay Bruno , Trotechaud Sandrine
Published: February 2023

We study the temporal variability of the wintertime Labrador Sea ice area.  The driving factors of these intraseasonal and interannual variations are related to large scale atmospheric variability and cyclone variability both of which can be characterized by the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index.  We observe negative trends in the maximum sea-ice area over the past 40 years, and a positive correlation between the AO index and Labrador Sea ice area.  Using satellite-derived daily ice area along with reanalysis-derived cyclones, turbulent flux, wind, humidity, air and sea temperature fields, we delve into the physical coupling mechanisms by which cyclones influence the position of the ice edge in the Labrador Sea throughout the winter.
A new time-dependent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation model for the trans-sonic/Alfvenic solar wind from 2.5Rs
Authors: Hayashi Keiji , Wu Chin-Chun , Liou Kan , Chen James
Published: February 2023

Our new magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation model of the solar corona and solar wind and its new capabilities are presented. This model covers the range of heliocentric distance from 2.5 solar radii (Rs) up to 1 AU and beyond. Starting the simulation from 2.5 Rs, our Sun-to-Earth MHD model can utilize straightforwardly the information on the coronal mass ejection (CME) and its associated magnetic flux rope at their earliest phase.This model is constructed by introducing the characteristic-based boundary treatment to our existing H3DMHD model [e.g. Wu+ (2015) JGR 121:1839]. The characteristic-based boundary treatment [e.g. Nakagawa+ (1987) A&Ap 197:354; Wu & Wang (1987) CMAME 64:267] can treat the temporal variations of MHD variables on the sub-sonic/Alfvenic boundary surface in a mathematically and physically consistent manner and enhances the computational robustness. In tailoring a set of characteristic equations for this new model, we assume that the coronal magnetic field is open to the interplanetary space and the solar coronal plasma is flowing outward everywhere at 2.5 Rs. Without the characteristic-based boundary treatment, we often fail to obtain the quasi-steady state of the solar corona and solar wind.This new model can introduce various types of the numerical perturbation mimicking the CME initiation to the quasi-steady state of the trans-sonic/Alfvenic solar wind. For example, an outward-moving and expanding CME structure can be introduced as the time-dependent boundary values by calculating the MHD variables of the CME structures on the 2.5-Rs intersection. In the present model, the characteristic-based boundary treatment is not used for the boundary grids the CME is passing through, for simplicity; although, it is possible to construct a new set of characteristic equations incorporating with the CME model.In this presentation, the details of the characteristic-based boundary treatment for the middle of the corona (hence, named CharM) are provided. The results of test simulations with various choices of parameters for the background steady trans-sonic/Alfvenic solar wind and the CME perturbations are compared to assess the dynamics of the CME evolution in the earliest period of the Sun-to-Earth disturbance propagation.
Tomographic retrievals of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic aerosol
Authors: Bourassa Adam , Zawada Daniel , Rieger Landon , Degenstein Doug
Published: February 2023

The 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano caused substantial impacts on the atmosphere, including a large increase of stratospheric aerosol at high altitudes and a massive injection of water vapor.  We show results from application of a two-dimensional tomographic retrieval of aerosol extinction profiles from limb scattered sunlight made by the NASA OMPS Limb Profiler instrument. The tomographic retrieval substantially improves the agreement in magnitude and vertical structure with coincident lidar and occultation observations compared to the standard retrieval. We also show a secondary effect of bias from uncertainty in assumed particle size distribution parameters that results in a systematic underestimation of the aerosol extinction in the altitude region of the peak of the volcanic aerosol layer.
Photocatalytic properties of libethenite Cu2PO4OH - olivenite Cu2PO4OH solid solution series
Authors: Waluś Edyta , Manecki Maciej
Published: February 2023

The wide range of colored wastewater from industries in the aquatic environment poses a great threat to human and animal health and poses a great obstacle to the ecological ecosystem. Therefore, an effective, efficient, and environment-friendly treatment methods are being sought. Hydroxyl- phosphate and arsenate compounds have recently attracted attention for magnetic and photocatalytic applications in photoreactions with visible light.  They can be a promising alternative to TiO2, in which the photoabsorption spectrum is in the range of ultraviolet (UV) light owing to its large bandgap, which accounts for only 5% of the sunlight.Here, we present a detailed analysis of the properties of libethenite Cu2PO4OH - olivenite Cu2AsO4OH solid solution series, and their photocatalytic activities under visible light. Seven compounds of the solid solution series were successively synthesized by the wet chemical method at 70°C according to the results of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was thoroughly investigated for the degradation of methylene blue MB solutions under visible light and measurements by UV-vis spectroscopy.We demonstrated the useful photocatalytic activity of these complex structures for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible-light irradiation. The substitution effect of [PO4]3− anions by [AsO4]3− results in changes in the bonds of the OH group, which are the origin of the photocatalytic properties of this material, altering the bond length and geometry.  In addition, these substitutions affected the morphology of the precipitating solids, which changed the surface area of the material. This way the substitution of As with P in the solid solution series affected the photocatalytic properties The MB degradation efficiency after 6h declines from ~ 84 % for the Cu2AsO4OH and Cu2PO4OH down to ~81% for intermediate member.  The present work provides insights leading to a better understanding of the photocatalytic performance of Cu2PO4OH and Cu2AsO4OH. Thanks to these results it may be beneficial to prepare more efficient photocatalysts based on this material for sunlight photocatalysis, which will also be helpful in designing and preparing novel technologies.This research was funded by NCN research grant no. 2021/41/N/ST10/035
Burial and structural evolution of a deformed foreland basin: the south-western Pyrenees
Authors: Izquierdo Llavall Esther , Calvín Pablo , Toro Rosibeth , Pueyo Emilio , Casas Antonio , Larrasoaña Juan Cruz , Muñoz Ochando Isabel , Sierra Pablo , Orera Alodia
Published: February 2023

Deciphering the tectono-thermal evolution of deformed foreland basins is fundamental for understanding the kinematics of mountain building processes. In orogenic systems, tectonic loading during early compressional stages produces the formation of foreland basins that, as compression progresses, are folded, exhumed and incorporated into the forming fold-and-thrust belts. These exhumed foreland basins represent excellent candidates for studying the early-orogenic burial conditions and geometries. The Jaca Basin, in the south-western Pyrenees, represents the primary south Pyrenean foreland basin that was latter deformed, piggy-back thrusted and embedded into the south Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt. The basin displays a non-cylindrical geometry and it is filled by exceptionally preserved syn-orogenic sequences: early-middle Eocene turbidites that grade upwards to late Eocene marls and late Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene continental units. Debate exists on the timing of thrusting exhuming the basin, the geometry of basement thrusts and their link to syn-orogenic sedimentation and emerging cover structures. This debate sums up to the uncertainties on the basin thermal history, with previous paleo-thermal data being heterogeneously distributed and mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the basin.To reduce these uncertainties and contribute into the understanding of debated kinematic aspects, we carried out a combined structural and paleo-thermal study covering the eastern and central part of the deformed Jaca basin. Four sequential, seismic-based cross sections have been constructed whereas thermal and burial conditions along section traces have been constrained through Raman Spectroscopy on Carbonaceous Material (RSCM). Samples for RSCM have been collected from the Eocene turbidites and indicate maximum burial temperatures of ~200ºC at the base of the sedimentary sequence (northern part of the cross-sections) that decrease progressively to the south where younger turbidites crop-out. In the considered area, RSCM temperature estimates along specific cover thrusts indicate a westward increase of peak temperatures. Along-strike thermal variations are in line with seismic-based cross-sections that depict strong lateral changes in the geometry of the basement soling the Jaca basin. The top of the basement is at shallower positions in the central Jaca basin where the number of basement thrusts increases. Basement thrusts partly derive from the reactivation of inherited Permian-Triassic extensional faults and partition the eastern-central Jaca basin into two structural domains separated by a main, oblique basement ramp. From cross-sections and thermal estimates, this contribution allows reconstructing the tectono-thermal history of the Jaca basin from the early foreland basin stages to the advanced shortening stages both along its central and eastern segments.
The ESA Heliophysics Working Group: building cross-discipline bridges to better serve the European Heliophysics community
Authors: Taylor Matthew , Jiggins Piers , Luntama Juha-Pekka , Orr Astrid , Strømme Anja
Published: February 2023

Heliophysics, the science of understanding the Sun and its interaction with the Earth and the solar system, has a large and active international community, with significant expertise and heritage in the European Space Agency and Europe. Several ESA directorates have activities directly connected with this topic, including ongoing and/ or planned missions and instrumentation, comprising a ESA Heliophysics observatory or more musically, a Heliophysics Orchestra. More specifically in ESA: The Directorate of Science with mission such as Ulysses, SOHO, Cluster, Solar Orbiter, SMILE etc, as well as hosting the Heliophysics archive; The Directorate of Earth Observation with Swarm and other Earth Explorer missions, as well as the ongoing ESA-NASA Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere Science Working Group (EN-LoTIS-WG); The Directorate of Operations with the Vigil mission, the Distributed Space Weather Sensor System (D3S) and the Space Weather Service Network; The Directorate of Human and Robotic Exploration with many ISS and LOP-Gateway payloads and the Directorate of Technology, Engineering Quality with expertise in developing instrumentation and models for measuring and simulating environments throughout the heliosphere.An ESA Heliophysics Working group has been appointed by several ESA Directors, under the direction of the ESA Director General, to work on optimizing synergies across directorates, and to act as a focus for discussion, inside ESA, of the scientific interests of the Heliophysics community, including the European ground-based community and data archiving activities. 
Hydrological response to rewetting of drained peatlands – case study of three raised bogs in Norway
Authors: Stachowicz Marta , Osuch Paweł , Hansen Kjell Tore , Grygoruk Mateusz
Published: February 2023

The presence of water in a peatland determines its proper functioning and is a prerequisite for its provision of ecosystem services other than water retention. Since the majority of degraded peatlands were drained for agriculture through the construction of ditches, the most common first step in the restoration of drained peatlands is rewetting through drain-blocking. The aim of this study was to analyze the hydrological response of three independent drained raised bogs in Norway (Aurstadmåsan, Midtfjellmosen and Kaldvassmyra) to ditch-blocking. The hydrological response to rewetting as well as the drain-blocking efficiency were assessed based on groundwater level monitoring conducted from 2015 to 2021 as a BACI design (Before-After-Control-Impact). The data was retrieved from water level loggers installed in piezometers placed in several locations at each of the sites. Rewetting technique used in the study sites included blocking the ditches draining the mires with peat dams. In each of the sites points with increased mean groundwater levels after rewetting were observed. It was also found, that the differences in precipitation before and after rewetting had no significant effect on groundwater levels. Both in Aurstadmåsan and Midtfjellmosen most of the piezometers reported an increase in average groundwater levels after rewetting. In Kaldvassmyra, 3 out of 8 piezometers reported an increase in mean groundwater levels. Even though in all sites precipitation was very similar before and after performed rewetting actions, comparison in Kaldvassmyra shows that the period after the implementation of restoration measures was noticeably drier. This might have inhibited the rewetting role of the dams in that site, which shows in the results. Considering the data from all impact piezometers, the groundwater levels increased by an average of 0.062 m. The same value for control piezometers was -0.003 m. The influence range of the ditch-blocking was 12.7-24.8 m, with the average of 17.2 m. Obtained results show that ditch-blocking might be an effective tool in restoring the hydrological conditions of peatlands, although it might be limited by meteorological factors, such as low precipitation. Assessment of the success of restoration should be integrated with the analyses of other conditions, including changes in vegetation cover or gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O).
Discrepancy and linkage of Satellite-derived Land Surface Phenology with in-situ Observations from National Phenology Networks and PhenoCam Networks
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Ye Yongchang , Tran Khuong
Published: February 2023

Land surface phenology (LSP) has been increasingly retrieved from satellite observations over past two decades. It plays an important role in understanding atmosphere-vegetation carbon and energy exchanges. Although LSP has been frequently compared with in-situ observations in a simple way, their difference and comparability are poorly understood. We in this study investigated the scalability, consistency, and representativeness of in-situ observations of species-specific phenology from national phenology networks and PhenoCam networks and compared them with LSP from Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) at 500m pixels. Specifically, we investigated four methods (mean, median, 30th percentile, and minimum bias) to upscale in-situ observations collected from the Pan European Phenological database (PEP725, 9664 site-years) and the USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN, 3144 site-years) spanning 2013–2020. The up-scaled in-situ observations were compared with the VIIRS LSP to address the optimal method of upscaling. The comparison differences were analyzed by associating with land cover and land surface heterogeneity to reveal the fundamental impact factors. Further, interannual variations and long-term trends in the species-specific phenological timing in the PEP725 and USA-NPN observations were correlated to VIIRS LSP, which was to expose the similarity of phenological variations under the same or similar weather conditions. Moreover, the daily variations in species-specific plant development were extracted from PhenoCam observations in the USA. The daily PhenoCam observations were fused with temporal trajectories obtained from harmonized Landsat and Sentienal-2 (HLS) at 30m pixels, which bridged field observations with satellite time series. The fused HLS-PhenoCam time series were applied to identify the phenometrics at 30m pixels, which were then linked to VIIRS LSP. Finally, we discussed the scalability and comparability of in-situ phenology observations to the LPS from moderate satellite pixels. 
Displacement prediction of large slow-moving landslide by means of MT-InSAR and ABC-KELM methods
Authors: Zhou Chao , Gan Lulu , Cao Ying , Wang Yue , Motagh Mahdi , Hu Xie , Roessner Sigrid , Yin Kunlong
Published: February 2023

Landslide displacement prediction is an essential component in landslide early warning system. The displacement prediction based on in-suit monitoring performs excellently but is expensive, which limited its promotion in less-developing regions. In this study, we propose a cost-effective landslide displacement prediction method with the combination of Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) technique and Artificial Bee Colony and Kernel-based Extreme Learning Machine (ABC-KELM). Two large slow-moving landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, namely Shuping landslide and Muyubao landslide, are selected as study cases. We first extract the surface displacement sequences of both landslides through the MT-InSAR and the spaceborne Copernicus Sentinel-1 SAR imagery. The original displacement sequences are decomposed into trend terms, periodic terms, and noise using wavelet analysis. The modelling inputs of trend and periodic displacements are determined by analyzing the relationship between their influencing factors and deformation. The trend and periodic displacement are respectively predicted using ABC-KELM, and summing both predicted displacement to get total displacement. By comparing the displacement obtained by the Global Positioning System in both landslides, we find the MT-InSAR can monitor landslide displacement accurately. Prediction results demonstrate that the ABC algorithm can effectively optimize the parameters of the KELM. ABC-KELM outperforms the commonly used algorithms of extreme learning machine and support vector machine. Its root mean square error, relation coefficient, and mean absolute percentage error is 5.460, 0.022, and 0.990, respectively. Our proposed method is cost-effective in landslide displacement prediction, which can be recommended in susceptible regions.
Teaching Sustainable Development through indoor and outdoor activities
Authors: Chitu Anca
Published: February 2023

The poster refers to the curriculum of the subject “Education for sustainable development”, an optional subject for high school, that I designed for a time budget of 1 hour/week, with a duration of a school year. The aims of this curriculum are: the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach to some topical issues related to globalization, sustainable development and global citizenship; preparing high school students to understand the impact of problems that manifest themselves at the global level on individual and group development; the involvement of young people in the development and implementation of projects for development and in the promotion of appropriate behavior for sustainable development.General skills are:The use of concepts specific to the discipline of Geography, Biology, Geology, Mathematics for the organization of knowledge and explanation of some facts, events, processes from real life;
Applying the acquisitions specific to the Geography, Biology, Geology, Mathematics, Arts, ICT discipline in solving some problem situations, as well as in analyzing the personal contribution to sustainable development;
Cooperating with others in solving theoretical and practical problems, within different groups;
The manifestation of an active and responsible social behavior, appropriate to a changing world;
Participation in decision-making and solving community problems;
At the end of this curriculum, team of students develop a project for local sustainable development using the components and stages of a project (design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, follow-up elements), developing and running/simulating the running of an project, elaboration of the project sheet, implementation of the proposed project/simulation of the implementation of the proposed project, evaluation of the proposed project.
Geological overview of the Oceanographer Transform Fault
Authors: Unger Moreno Katharina A. , Devey Colin W. , Rüpke Lars , Beniest Anouk , Hansteen Thor H. , Grevemeyer Ingo
Published: February 2023

Recent studies on oceanic transform faults, one of the three fundamental types of plate boundaries, has suggested that they may not be purely conservative features and that the crust formed adjacent to them (on the "inside corners" of the ridge-transform intersection) may differ in structure and composition significantly from outside-corner crust. Here we present a geological map of the Oceanographer Transform (Atlantic Ocean, southwest of the Azores) created by combining an interpretation of multibeam bathymetry, rock sampling and seafloor visual observations. We find that outside- and inside-corner crust at the ridge transform intersection have distinctive morphologies and petrography: the outside corner shows rough seafloor, from which only pillow basalts are recovered, extending all the way to the fracture zone. The inside corners, in contrast, are characterized by both rough, basaltic seafloor and regions that are much smoother, from which serpentinized peridotite are often recovered. The width of the inside-corner region showing this variable morphology, bathymetry and petrography seems to vary over time from 10 to 25 km. In two places, oceanic core complex crust is recognized close to the transform in this inside-corner region. We emphasize that plate production at the inside corner appears to occur via a variety of magmatic and amagmatic processes.
Using Julia for the next generation of HPC software for geodynamic modelling
Authors: de Montserrat Navarro Albert , Kaus Boris , Räss Ludovic , Utkin Ivan , Tackley Paul
Published: February 2023

Following the long-standing paradigm in HPC, computational geodynamic codes have been typically written in high-level statically typed and compiled languages, namely C/C++ and Fortran. The low productivity rates of these languages led to the so-called two-language problem, where dynamic languages such as Python or MATLAB are used for prototyping purposes, before porting the algorithms to high-performance languages. The Julia programming language aims at bridging the productivity and advantages of such dynamic languages without sacrificing the performance provided by static languages. The high performance of Julia, combined with high-productivity rates and other powerful tools, such as advanced meta-programming (i.e. code generation), make Julia a suitable candidate for the next generation of HPC-ready scientific software.We introduce the open-source and Julia-written package JustRelax.jl (https://github.com/PTsolvers/JustRelax.jl) as a way forward for the next generation of geodynamic codes. JustRelax.jl is a production-ready API for a collection of highly-efficient numerical solvers (Stokes equations, diffusion, etc.) based on the embarrassingly parallel pseudo-transient method. We rely on ParallelStencil.jl (https://github.com/omlins/ParallelStencil.jl), which leverages the advanced meta-programming capabilities of Julia to generate efficient computational kernels agnostic to the back-end system (i.e. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)). Using ImplicitGlobalGrid.jl (https://github.com/eth-cscs/ImplicitGlobalGrid.jl) to handle the MPI and CUDA-aware MPI communication, these computational kernels run seamlessly in local shared-memory workstations and distributed memory and multi-GPU HPC systems with little effort for the front-end user.Efficient computation of the (local) physical properties of different materials is another key feature required in geodynamic codes, for which we employ GeoParams.jl (https://github.com/JuliaGeodynamics/GeoParams.jl). This package provides lightweight, optimised, and reproducible computation of different material properties (e.g. advanced rheological laws, density, seismic velocity, etc.), amongst other available features. GeoParams.jl is also carefully designed to support CPU and GPU devices, and be fully compatible with other external packages, such as ParallelStencil.jl and existing auto-differentiation packages.We finally show high-resolution examples of geodynamic models run on multi-GPU HPC systems employing the presented open-source Julia tools.
The potential and pitfalls of climate change mitigation of large-scale forestation actions in drylands
Authors: Yakir Dan , Rohatyn Shani , Rotenberg Eyal , Carmel Yohay
Published: February 2023

In two recent studies, we examined the climate change mitigation potential of forestation in drylands. First, at the global scale, we find (using remote sensing and available flux and met data) that there is 448 Mha suitable for forestation in these regions. Still, only about 251 Mha of this will contribute to climate change mitigation. This is because, in the remaining lands, the large albedo warming effect would overwhelm the cooling effects of the potential carbon sequestration in this century. Second, in a local high-resolution measurement campaign across a sharp 190 km climatic gradient in Israel, we find large changes in the climate mitigation potential: The “break-even time” of the cumulative cooling carbon sequestration vs. the warming effects of changes in the surface radiation balance varied between about 30 and 130 years when considering the short-wave albedo effects. However, in this study, we also measured the effects of long-wave radiation suppression (associated with forest surface cooling), which increased the break-even time range to about 40 to 200 years. The results indicated first that the climate mitigation potential of forestation in the vast dry lands is limited (1-3% of global emissions this century, and up to 19% if reforestation and restoration approaches are included and low emission scenarios are considered). Second, to exploit this potential, “smart forestation” must be limited to the lands where the break-even time is favorable.    
Projected changes of surface evaporation in the North American Monsoon region.
Authors: Shamir Eylon , Mendoza Fierro Lourdes , Mohsenzadeh Karim Sahar , Chang Hsin-I , Castro Christopher
Published: February 2023

Several pan evaporation studies in the North American Monsson region reported a recent decreasing trend in surface evaporation albeit a clear warming trend. These studies highlights the need to consider both the surface energy and aerodynamic fluxes when assessing the impact of future climate change on evaporation.  In our study, we assessed the future projected changes in surface evaporation by using the daily Penman Pan evaporation equation with daily surface fluxes (i.e. minimum and maximum daily temperature, specific humidity, wind speed, incoming shortwave radiation, and pressure) from six dynamically downscaled projections of the NA-CORDEX.  These CMIP5 RCP8.5 projections are from three GCMs (i.e. HadGEM2-ES, MPI-ESM-LR, and GFDL-ESM2M) each was downscaled to ~25 km by two RCMs (i.e.  WRF and regCM4). All the simulated surface evaporation projections showed a statistically significant increase when  2020-2039 and 2040-2059 were compared to 1986-2005.  The six projections regional spatial average of the surface evaporation in 2020-2039 and 2040-2059 were projected to increase by 5.5%  and 8%, respectively.  This increase is spatially distributed and southern Mexico and Southwest Texas are expected to experience the highest increase of 16% and 24% for the two projection periods, respectively. In our presentation we assess the contribution of the aerodynamic and radiation components to the projected surface evaporation increase and discuss the possible control factors that impact the spatial distribution of these projected changes.  

 
AR-tracks: A new comprehensive global catalog of atmospheric rivers
Authors: Vallejo-Bernal Sara M. , Braun Tobias , Marwan Norbert , Kurths Jürgen
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are filaments of extensive water vapor transport in the lower troposphere. They play a crucial role in the global water cycle and are a main source of fresh water for the mid-latitudes. However, very intense and persistent ARs are important triggers of heavy rainfall events and have been associated with natural and economical damage. Further motivated by their high impacts, in the last decade occurrences of ARs have been intensively studied, detection algorithms have been developed, and multiple AR catalogs have been produced. As a common approach, the detection of ARs is based on localizing anomalous atmospheric transport of moisture, usually by setting an absolute threshold on vertically integrated vapor transport (IVT) and/or vertically integrated water vapor (IWV) fields. Behind this methodology, there is the implicit assumption of stationary atmospheric moisture levels, which is not necessarily true for long periods under the context of a warming atmosphere. Also, these thresholds have proven to vary regionally which results in often excluded low-level ARs.Here, we introduce AR-tracks, a global, high-resolution catalog of atmospheric rivers that we have developed based on the Image-Processing-based Atmospheric River Tracking (IPART) algorithm, using IVT estimates of the ERA5 reanalysis data set. As opposed to conventional detection methods, IPART calculates anomalies of the IVT field at the synoptical spatiotemporal scale of ARs and is, therefore, free from magnitude thresholds and stationarity assumptions. The resulting catalog displays a list of AR events, with a spatial resolution of 0.75° x 0.75° and a temporal resolution of 6 hours, covering the period between 1979 and 2019. For each AR, we provide common parameters such as the time and location of the landfall, the respective IVT value, the area, the width, and the length of the AR. Moreover, we also track the contour and the axis of each AR, the position of the centroid, and the proportion of the AR that is located over ocean and land, and over the different continents.To show the potential of this new catalog, we study the spatiotemporal variability of European ARs between 1979-2019, analyzing the robustness of our results for distinct parameter choices in the definition of AR-tracks. We also use a novel power spectral measure to identify periodic cycles in the occurrence of European ARs, revealing spatially heterogeneous seasonal and multi-annual periodicities. Finally, we discuss the role of land-falling ARs as a trigger of heavy precipitation events in the regional domain.With the extensive data we provide in this new catalog, we aim at contributing to the further understanding of the role of ARs in global climate dynamics, as long-lived ARs having cross-continent tracks can be reliably traced through their tropical/subtropical origins to high-latitude landfall, and novel topics such as inland penetration of ARs can be studied.
Stratigraphy and depositional environment of Neogene diatom-rich sediments (Bahía Inglesa Formation) at Quebrada Tiburón, northern-central Chile
Authors: Bouhdayad Fatima , Freire Tiago , Auer Gerald , Carballeira Rafael , Herwartz Daniel , Scheidt Stephanie , Leicher Niklas , Wennrich Volker , Roper Richard Albert , Gerdes Axel , Petersen Jassin , Nielsen Sven , Rivadeneira Marcelo , Grunert Patrick
Published: February 2023

Reduced landward moisture transport due to the cold upwelled surface waters of the Humboldt Current System (HCS) is one of the primary triggers of hyperarid conditions in the Atacama Desert. Marine sediments exposed along the coastline of northern Chile provide a unique archive of land-ocean coupling between coastal upwelling related HCS and paleoclimate in the Atacama Desert during the Neogene. Here we aim to establish a refined stratigraphic framework for the emplacement of diatom-rich deposits of the Bahía Inglesa Formation at Quebrada Tiburón (27°S).The marine sediments exposed at Quebrada Tiburón lie transgressively above the pre-Cenozoic basement. A c. 9m-thick succession of laminated diatomaceous muds is intercalated with sandy deposits. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and test morphology reveal a shift from trochospiral and planospiral (predominantly epifaunal) to serial (infaunal) morphotypes between sands and diatomaceous muds, respectively. Together with plankton assemblages dominated by diatoms and Globigerina bulloides, the diatomaceous muds reflect a highly productive coastal upwelling regime and low oxic, eutrophic conditions at the seafloor. However, occasional layers of bioturbation within the diatomaceous succession also imply phases of relaxed upwelling conditions. The new stratigraphic framework will thus allow the assessment of Neogene upwelling behavior and variability off Chile on orbital time scales.Preliminary results based on calcareous nannoplankton, diatoms and planktonic foraminifera indicate a stratigraphic range from the upper Miocene (Messinian) to the lower Pliocene for the diatomaceous muds. Evidence from the δ18O of the benthic foraminifera Uvigerina peregrina further ties the upper part of the succession to an uppermost Zanclean age < 3.9 Ma. In a next step, the stratigraphic framework will be further improved by new data from magnetostratigraphy, Sr isotopes, and tephrochronology.This study contributes to CRC 1211 “Earth-Evolution at the dry limit”, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
Micro- to nanostructural analysis of deformation along the Muddy Mt. thrust, Nevada, U.S.A.
Authors: White Joseph Clancy , Merrithew Samuel Luke , Phillips Noah John
Published: February 2023

The Muddy Mt. thrust, Nevada, U.S.A, is an iconic contractual fault juxtaposing Paleozoic carbonates onto the autochthonous Mesozoic Aztec sandstone.  The minimum thickness of the thrust sheet is estimated at 4-5 km.  In contrast to many thrusts that exhibit shale-carbonate interfaces, the Muddy Mt. thrust has a mineralogically simple bimaterial interface defined by the carbonate-silicate interface.  The deformation associated with the thrust exists as a variable cataclastic zone on the order of 10-100m. Previous work has documented the extensive evidence of brittle deformation at a range of scales.  Questions at hand during such studies have included the systematic variation in fracture intensity; the contribution of fluid pressure, if any, to the thrust mechanics; the nature of deformation and permeability changes in the footwall porous sandstone and measurement of temperature transients along discrete slip surfaces.Structures within the deformation zone, and along the thrust interface provide evidence of both seismic and interseismic displacements.  The latter comprise simple fracture, brecciation, shattered dolomite, extensive and cyclic cataclasis and fragment reduction producing tectonic foliation with evidence of cannibalized fragment, gouge injection, discrete slip surfaces and, notably, intracrystalline (plastic) deformation of carbonate aggregates.  Given that macroscopic structures, such as those listed, ultimately depend on atom-to-grain scale processes, this contribution examines the fine-scale textural attributes of aggregates proximal to the thrust interface that in many cases have grain/particle sizes sizes less than a micrometre.  The objective is to extract micromechanical behaviour that can be relevant to the displacement record of crustal-scale faults.  The microstructures and microfabrics of the interface rocks have been examined by analytical STEM, EBSD of samples prepared by focussed ion-beam techniques, with longer range elemental variations determined by mXRF.
Improving shape-dependent snow fall speed relationships using different particle size parameters
Authors: Kuhn Thomas , Eliasson Salomon , Vázquez-Martín Sandra
Published: February 2023

Meteorological forecast models, notably snowfall predictions, require accurate knowledge of the properties of snow particles, such as their size, cross-sectional area, mass, shape, and fall speed. Therefore, measurements of individual snow particles’ fall speed and their cross-sectional area, from which a size parameter and area ratio can be derived, provide very useful datasets. We have compiled such a dataset from measurements with the Dual Ice Crystal Imager (D-ICI) in Kiruna during several winter seasons from 2014 to 2019. Using that data, we have previously studied shape-dependent relationships between fall speed and particle size, cross-sectional area, and particle mass. While we had used maximum dimension as the size parameter, we have found that it seems unsuitable for certain shapes like columnar particles. Here, we investigate which particle size parameter should be used depending on the shape or if one size parameter is suitable for all shapes. With a more suitable particle size parameter, we aim to improve the relationships between fall speed and particle size and mass.
Lexcube: An Interactive Earth Science Data Cube Visualization
Authors: Söchting Maximilian , Mahecha Miguel D. , Montero Loaiza David , Scheuermann Gerik
Published: February 2023

A variety of Earth system data streams are being captured and derived from remote sensing observations and modelling approaches. Since the spatial and temporal resolutions of these datasets continuously rise, global and local insights become more difficult to obtain and only specialists are able to effectively access and explore the data.Here we present the Leipzig Explorer of Earth Data Cubes (lexcube.org), the first fully interactive viewer for large Earth system data cubes, enabling the exploration and visualization of terabytes of data through space and time. Lexcube runs in the web browser and on many modern devices, including phones and tablets, works with a weak network connection and requires no coding skills. It can also be used to support field research by displaying the current geolocation of the user device in the visualization, allowing to compare past Earth system data to the current real-world situation in the field. Currently, lexcube.org allows to explore the Earth System Data Cube with 73 parameters from various domains, the ECMWF CAMS global reanalysis of atmospheric composition EAC4 and a data set of 97 different spectral indices from the national park Hainich in Germany. As of January 2023, lexcube.org has seen over 2,500 users who have generated over 145,000 API requests since its release in May 2022. Utilizing the open-source library xarray, Lexcube is capable of browsing any supported gridded data set in space and time, integrating into the existing data cube open-source ecosystem. Lexcube itself will be released in 2023 as an accessible, easy-to-use open-source package.
Simulation and assessment of compound flooding in coastal cities under climate change
Authors: Sun Qinke , Fang Jiayi , Liu Min
Published: February 2023

Low-lying coastal areas are highly vulnerable to flood hazards, especially under the influence of global warming, and the possibility of compound floods is often much greater than that of individual floods. Understanding the probability of these compound events and the processes that drive them is essential for mitigating the impacts of coastal high-risk areas. Here we use a new simplified physical solver SFINCS model (Super-Fast INundation of CoastS), to computationally efficiently calculate compound floods in coastal areas due to fluvial, pluvial and storm surge driven processes. At the same time, a variety of climate scenarios are considered for the prediction of potential future compound flood patterns. We demonstrated in our application case in Shanghai, China, that the model can simulate a combination of fluvial, pluvial, and storm surge driven floods well. Our results show that the combined effects of future climate change on coastal compound flood hazards will significantly increase the extent of flood hazards, obviously increasing the level of risk at low-risk areas and requiring an integrated response to the consequences of future compound floods. This research has important implications for the assessment of compound flood risk in coastal areas and for climate-resilient flood management.
Iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretion formation: New insights from southern Utah, USA
Authors: Potter-McIntyre Sally
Published: February 2023

Iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions are cemented mineral masses formed via authigenic cements in sedimentary rocks at any time during diagenesis (syndepositional, burial, and late-stage). These features are common in porous and permeable sandstone and even present on Mars in at least two different locations and formations. One notable study area for the spherules is within the Navajo Sandstone in the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument (GSENM) in southern Utah. Diagenetic concretions, particularly iron (oxyhydr)oxide mineralogies, are thought to form via a two-fluid mixing model where one fluid has the reactants in solution, then another fluid meets and mixes with the reactant-bearing fluid, and the concretions precipitate. These two fluids could be a reducing fluid that mobilizes iron as Fe2+ and then mixes with an oxidizing fluid to precipitate iron oxyhydr(oxide), but an acidic fluid could mobilize iron as Fe3+ and then interact with a neutral fluid for the same result.  Another proposed model for iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions calls for calcium carbonate precursor concretions and mobilization of iron by acidic fluids. The acidic, iron-bearing fluid then dissolves the carbonate concretion, which buffers the solution enough to precipitate iron oxyhydr(oxide) in the same morphology as the original calcite concretion. Our research shows that in GSENM, iron concretions and calcite concretions are present within the same stratigraphic horizon and in close proximity. Another field observation is the presence of calcite concretions in clusters along paleo water tables, rather than dispersed in a self-organized spacing within three dimensions like the iron features. Also present within the region are concretions with manganese oxide phases and the iron concretions tend to include manganese oxide, but not calcite. Calcite concretions do commonly contain some iron (oxyhydr)oxides, particularly as rims around grains. In the Entrada Sandstone, also in southern Utah, iron concretions are precipitated from fluid brought in with an igneous intrusion that mobilized the iron within the host rock. Structures in the area acted as baffles keeping the fluid stagnant and iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions are only present between the igneous dike and the nearest baffle. Calcite concretions in the area are dispersed throughout the host rock (both within and outside of the baffles), suggested that mineral precipitation rates control concretion formation and that iron (oxyhydr)oxide concretions need a longer period of fluid stagnation for formation than do calcite concretions. Understanding the complex formation mechanisms can help to unravel the history of diagenetic fluids of varying chemistries and therefore, the habitability of subsurface environments on both Earth and Mars.
Functional traits associated with multiple abiotic stress tolerance strategies in woody plants of the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Pavanetto Nicola , Carmona Carlos P. , Niinemets Ülo , Laanisto Lauri , Puglielli Giacomo
Published: February 2023

Climate change is altering abiotic stress regimes, and thus woody plants performance, at every scale. Functional traits have become a staple for understanding species' resistance to abiotic stressors. However, we still miss consensus on the set of traits defining general woody plant adaptations to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses. We used a dataset of 779 woody species from the Northern Hemisphere to link the key traits defining the global spectrum of plant form and function (GSPFF) with two dimensions summarizing tolerance syndromes to drought, shade, cold and waterlogging. We evaluated these trait-tolerance relationships using generalized additive models at the plant functional type level (PFT, deciduous and evergreen angiosperms, and evergreen gymnosperms). Drought-tolerant angiosperms showed greater specific stem density and seed mass (SSD-SM), and lower specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content (SLA-LN), compared to the cold/waterlogging tolerant species. Shade-tolerant angiosperms displayed greater SSD-SM and lower SLA-LN compared to intolerant angiosperms. For evergreen gymnosperms, the shade-drought trade-off was the key tolerance strategic axis of differentiation in trait variations. Independently of PFT, specialized tolerance strategies towards considered stressors were associated with different positioning in the GSPFF, and thus to contrasting trait combinations, marking the existence of pervasive functional constraints over polytolerance in woody plants. However, the trait combinations underlying different stress tolerance strategies mostly differed between angiosperms and gymnosperms, suggesting contrasting trait-tolerance relationships only at a broad taxonomic level.
Carbon disulphide in the spotlight: UV-dependent production and consumption processes in seawater and their impact on oceanic emissions
Authors: Lennartz Sinikka , Simon Heike , Booge Dennis , Zhou Li , Dittmar Thorsten , Marandino Christa
Published: February 2023

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is one of the most important precursors for atmospheric carbonyl sulphide (OCS), a climate relevant trace gas that can serve as a proxy to quantify terrestrial gross primary production. Currently, limited understanding of the production and consumption processes of CS2 in seawater preclude quantifying its marine emissions, which pose major uncertainties in the atmospheric budget of both OCS and CS2. Here we present controlled incubation experiments with natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) from three different oceanic locations, with and without UV light treatment. We show for the first time that in addition to its photochemical production, CS2 is also naturally degraded by UV light. CS2 is also produced in the dark: while the mechanism of this light independent production process is currently unknown, we show that dark production rates scale with the amount of organic sulphur present in DOM. Our results help to disentangle production and consumption processes of CS2 in seawater, in order to facilitate the interpretation of field measurements and ultimately enable modelling approaches.