bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical And Methodological Basis Of Modern Museum Design In Asian Countries
Authors:   Lecturer, Department Of Museology, The National Institute Of Arts And Design Named After Kamaliddin Behzad Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Jabborova Latofat
Published: January 2021

This article analyzes the factors of the development of modern museum design in the countries of China, Korea, Japan. The architectural work in the field of museum design and the fuctional status of the buildings created by them, as well as the planned bases have been studied.
Improved Professional Life for People with Intellectual Disabilities: An Induction Programme
Authors: Bahrawi Atef
Published: January 2021

This study aimed at identifying the effect of the training and orientation program in improving the quality of the professional lives of trainees with intellectual disabilities. The study was conducted on a sample of 21 Intellectual Disability Trainers. They were nominated for training in the King Faisal University Rehabilitation Project during the academic year 2019–20. The study tool was used to determine the quality of their professional lives while the training and preparation program measured the quality of the professional lives of the trainees with intellectual disabilities, prepared by the researcher, where the validity of the tool was calculated and proven. The Mann Whitney U Test was used for independent samples and the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for samples with common characteristics. Post the implementation of the training program, it was discovered that there was a significant improvement in the training and professional preparation skills of the members of the experimental group. The results recommended conducting studies on training and vocational training programs for girls with intellectual disabilities to further the research.
Problems and prospects of the "New Economy" as an institutional basis of international business in the conditions of globalization
Authors: PRODIUS Yuliia , LYKHASHCHENKO Kateryna , SHARKOVA Hanna
Published: January 2021

Introduction. The emergence of the term "New Economy" is associated with the development of modern electronic information technology, the formation of the information system of the Internet. The new economy is a systemic phenomenon that is gradually formed within the post-industrial period of economic development through the introduction of scientific and technological progress and innovative management methods, intellectualization of human capital, the use of advanced technologies and scientific and economic sectors of the national economy. The new economy is formed on the basis of the intellectualization of production and all economic life.
The purpose of the paper is the identification and study of the term “New Economy”, analysis of its advantages and disadvantages. Consideration of characteristics and priority directions in development, identification of the basis of the new economy. Describe the benefits of the new economy.
Result. The main characteristics of the new economy are knowledge. They are considered as a productive factor and a strategic resource. In a “new economy” a product is produced, wealth is the result of the application of knowledge, which is both a resource used to create goods and services, and an element of infrastructure. The new economy is a systemic phenomenon that is gradually formed within the post-industrial period of economic development through the introduction of scientific and technological progress and innovative management methods, intellectualization of human capital, the use of advanced technologies and knowledge-intensive industries.
Conclusion. The above features allow us to define the "New Economy" as a process of formation and development of the world economy, which is global in nature, subject to social progress and economic growth is achieved using a new factor of production – constantly updated knowledge (“knowledge economy”) includes the "knowledge economy" of its mechanism of knowledge production, infrastructure and resource potential.
Insurance company competitiveness management in the context of its marketing policy
Authors: SMOLIAK Viktor
Published: January 2021

Competition is an integral part of the insurance market in Ukraine. That is why it is a key factor in the strategy of the insurance company, and marketing policy is an integral part of it. The competition of insurance companies is aimed at expanding its insurance market share.
The purpose of the paper is development of theoretical foundations and practical recommendations for insurance company competitiveness management in the context of its marketing policy.
Currently, there is a significant reduction in the number of insurance companies at the insurance market in Ukraine. 79 insurance companies left the market from the beginning of 2018 to the third quarter of 2020. Competition encourages insurance companies to invent innovative insurance products, implement new marketing tools, and optimize cost structures. The author performed a cluster analysis of insurers in the field of two factors – the volume of assets and the amount of net earned premiums. Economic and mathematical methods were used to analyze the impact of sales costs (X) on the amount of net earned insurance premiums (Y). The high value of the correlation coefficient indicates a close linear relationship between the factor and the resulting indicator. The digitalization of the world economy has significant impact on the effective marketing activities. The main directions of development of insurance companies are the ability to remotely sell the insurance product on the website or via a mobile application, the correct choice of target audience for targeted advertising, the presence of the insurance company on social media and so on.
On the one hand, costs of marketing and advertising make it possible to increase the amount of net earned premiums of the insurance company, and on the other hand, the introduction of the latest tools for selling insurance products makes the insurer closer to its customer.
Features of civil liability for environmental offenses
Authors: KARTASHOV Mykyta
Published: January 2021

The paper considers the question of the peculiarities of the regulation of civil liability for environmental offenses. A significant step forward in strengthening the importance of the institution of legal liability for environmental offenses in Ukraine was enshrined in the Concept of National Environmental Policy until 2020, the principle of “environmental responsibility, which requires liability for any violations of environmental legislation”. This principle, according to the above concept, is included in the list of fundamental principles on which the national environmental policy in Ukraine should be based. The purpose of the study is to define the concept of legal liability for environmental offenses, to establish its features, types and relationships with other concepts, to clarify the content of environmental offenses and ways to prevent its commission. Legal liability for environmental offenses is an important legal institution to ensure law and order in the field of ecology, environmental safety, protection of human rights and freedoms, which has both general features of legal liability, developed by theory, and specific features due to the subject of regulation. Liability for environmental offenses arises only due to the existence of such an environmental offense, which is characterized by a number of features and a special composition, which includes such mandatory elements as object, subject, objective and subjective side. The absence of these elements excludes grounds for liability. At the level of the application of liability to offenders, the state must address the issue of preventing the commission of these offenses. The causes and conditions of committing specific crimes or administrative offenses must be established and ways to reduce their number must be established. Civil liability is an important means of restoring violated rights and compensation for damage caused by the offense. Thus, environmental liability is a new independent type of legal liability, which has not yet been enshrined in law, but has already received the support of many legal scholars and is currently a promising area for the development of the institution of liability.
The EFFECT OF SELF EFFICACY AND BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION ON INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Gunawan Lenny
Published: January 2021

With lesser number of entrepreneurs compared to the neighboring country and other developed countries. Indonesia tries to compete with other countries by increasing their number of entrepreneurs. The fact that the government trying to reduce unemployment, the government need to create more ways for the startup in Indonesia to increase. Recent studies by the government research team shows that the open unemployment rate in Indonesia is actually increasing among the University and Diploma graduates. Universitas Ciputra is one of the entrepreneur-based university in Indonesia that is trying to solve this problem. One way to increase the number of entrepreneurs in Indonesia is by understanding the entrepreneurial intention.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of self-efficacy and the big five personality traits towards entrepreneurial intention on International Business Management Students – International Class in Universitas Ciputra as a sample of this study. The data collected in this study is using a quantitative method by distributing a questionnaire to the samples, on a standard measurement using a 5- point Likert scale, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 program.

In this study, it has been found that among 6 variables presented: self- efficacy, conscientiousness, openness to experience, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Only two variables significantly influence entrepreneurial intention, which is self-efficacy and conscientiousness of the individuals. The results of this study are expected to help broaden the horizon of Entrepreneur-based universities in selecting the new enrolled batch.

Keywords: Self-efficacy, Big Five Personality Traits, Entrepreneurial Intention
The Current State of Mongolia’s Energy Sector and Prospects for Development with Entry Into the Russian and Nea Energy Markets
Authors: Batmunkh S. , Batkhuyag S. , Ochirbat P. , Enkhjargal K. , Bayar B. , Tumenjargal M.
Published: January 2021

The paper addresses research into the prospects for the development of Mongolia’s energy sector with its gradual entry into the international energy markets of neighboring countries through the involvement of local resource potential and the expansion of energy transmission and transportation systems. Rational use of rich primary natural energy resources (coal, solar energy, and nuclear energy), in combination with a favorable geographic location of the country, should contribute to the achievement of the crucial goals to transform Mongolia into an energy exporting-importing country, which is stipulated by the raw materials and energy strategy of the country for the next 15-30 years.
In this context, the research considers an integrated approach to the development of the energy system of Mongolia and highlights three hierarchical development levels of backbone transmission lines. The research outcomes are presented as a structure of Mongolia’s energy sector with internal and external functional connections.
The conclusion emphasizes the need to build a scientifically grounded rational network structure of the main backbone transmission lines, which will shape the Unified energy system with developed connections to the electric power systems of Russia and China, and through them, to the super grid of the NEA countries. This will allow Mongolia to occupy its place in a successfully developing energy and economic space of the region, which is beneficial not only for Mongolia but also for the NEA countries.
On The Establishment of the National Renewable Energy Center in Vietnam: a Technological and Economic Study of the Potential of Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Vu M.P. , Doan V.B. , Nguyen H.N.
Published: January 2021

Currently, the structure of Vietnam‘s energy sources is changing, with renewable energy sources starting to play an increasing role in meeting the electricity demand and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil energy sources. Vietnam's energy development strategy suggests building some renewable energy centers, of which Ninh Thuan is the first province to become the national renewable energy center. This is because of Ninh Thuan’s endowment as a province having the highest renewable energy potential in Vietnam. The development of a large renewable energy center allows power system planners to overcome the mismatch in timescales associated with expanding transmission power grid and renewable energy generation. Besides, the renewable energy center can facilitate large-scale renewable energy and storage projects. The province of Ninh Thuan, however, is located far from the main load centers of Vietnam, which is why the economic indicators need to be calculated and analyzed. This paper presents the results of an analysis of economic indicators of major renewable electricity sources in Ninh Thuan (onshore wind power, offshore wind power, and solar power) to provide scientific arguments for developing a renewable energy center in Vietnam.
Prospective Electric Power Cooperation among Northeast Asian Countries in the Context of Carbon Tax Sergei Podkovalnikov, Chudinova Lyudmila
Authors: Podkovalnikov S. , Chudinova L.
Published: January 2021

The paper addresses the prospects for power grid formation in Northeast Asia in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon dioxide tax is implemented as a tool to quantitatively engage environmental issues in the study. A survey of the studies on the prospective NEA power grid has been done. The research employs a methodology and a mathematical model for the optimization of power system expansion and economic dispatching of power plants. Environmentally friendly scenarios of the NEA power grid were built and studied.
Knowledge Mapping of Energy Systems Research in 1970-2020
Authors: Mikheev A.
Published: January 2021

This study presents a brief bibliometric
overview of large scientific literature data related to
issues of energy systems research from 1970 to 2020 in
the Scopus database. The six periods depending on
different publication activity rates were analyzed to
observe the evolution of research topics of energy
systems. VOSviewer software was used to construct
scientific knowledge maps and to discover valuable
main topics for each period. Proposed visualization of
the energy knowledge domain can be considered as a
necessary step for a holistic understanding of complex
development pathways towards the future sustainable
energy systems.
Model of a Creative Man in Modern Economy: Experience of Creation
Authors: Lozina O. I. , Rogozhnikova V. N. , Tutov L. A.
Published: January 2021

This article is an experience of creating a model of a creative man in the economy. Economics is a creative activity, because the essence of Economics is the constant creation of new things: new technologies, products, services, institutions, and the economic reality itself. Creativity is also one of the most important characteristics of the age of uncertainty – creative work is opposed to mechanical work that robots can perform, and needs special protection in the world of algorithms and opportunistic behavior; creativity is impossible without freedom, which depends on a variety of individual and institutional factors; creativity is expressed in the creation of new technologies that radically change the world and people. Thus, creativity is a factor of unpredictability, novelty in human behavior, so for a modern economy focused on the analysis of this behavior, the problem of creativity is particularly acute.

The purpose of the work is to create a model of a creative person in the economy. The paper uses comparative analysis, systematic and interdisciplinary approaches, and a historical approach.
AN EXTENDED COPRAS MODEL FOR MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE GROUP DECISION MAKING BASED ON SINGLE-VALUED NEUTROSOPHIC 2-TUPLE LINGUISTIC ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Wei Guiwu , Wu Jiang , Guo Yanfeng , Wang Jie , Wei Cun
Published: January 2021

In this article, we develop the COPRAS model to solve the multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) under single-valued neutrosophic 2-tuple linguistic sets (SVN2TLSs). Firstly, we introduce the relevant knowledge about SVN2TLSs in a nutshell, such as the definition, the operation laws, a few of fused operators and so on. Then, combine the traditional COPRAS model with SVN2TLNs, and structure as well as elucidate the computing steps of the SVN2TLNCOPRAS pattern. Furthermore, in this article, we propose a method for determining attribute weights in different situations relying on the maximizing deviation method with SVN2TLNs. Last but not least, a numerical example about assessing the safety of construction project has been designed. And for further demonstrating the advantage of the new designed method, we also select a number of existed methods to have comparisons.
Search for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Scorpius X-1 in LIGO O2 Data
Authors: Zhang Yuanhao , Papa Maria Alessandra , Krishnan Badri , Watts Anna L.
Published: January 2021

We present the results of a search in LIGO O2 public data for continuous gravitational waves from the neutron star in the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1. We search for signals with ≈ constant frequency in the range 40–180 Hz. Thanks to the efficiency of our search pipeline we can use a long coherence time and achieve unprecedented sensitivity, significantly improving on existing results. This is the first search that has been able to probe gravitational wave amplitudes that could balance the accretion torque at the neutron star radius. Our search excludes emission at this level between 67.5 and 131.5 Hz, for an inclination angle 44° ± 6° derived from radio observations, and assuming that the spin axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane. If the torque arm is ≈26 km—a conservative estimate of the Alfvén radius—our results are more constraining than the indirect limit across the band. This allows us to exclude certain mass–radius combinations and to place upper limits on the strength of the star’s magnetic field with a different probe than ever used before. We also correct a mistake that appears in the literature in the equation that gives the gravitational wave amplitude at the torque balance and we re-interpret the associated latest LIGO/Virgo results in light of this.
Distribution of wild bee (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) and hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) communities within farms undergoing ecological transition
Authors: Noel Grégoire , Bonnet Julie , Everaerts Sylvain , Danel Anouk , Calderan Alix , de Liedekerke Alexis , de Montpellier d'Annevoie Clotilde , Francis Frédéric , Serteyn Laurent
Published: January 2021

In Havelange (Belgium), two farms are experiencing an ecological transition. We aimed to evaluate the impact of their agricultural activities on insect pollinator communities. This article depicts the situation at the very early stage of the farm transition. This study supports the fact that the maintenance of farm-level natural habitats provides environmental benefits, such as the conservation of two important pollinator communities: wild bees and hoverflies.

Over two years (2018-2019), by using nets and coloured pan-traps, we collected 6301 bee and hoverfly specimens amongst contrasting habitats within two farmsteads undergoing ecological transition in Havelange (Belgium). We reported 101 bee species and morphospecies from 15 genera within six families and 31 hoverfly species and morphospecies from 18 genera. This list reinforces the national pollinator database by providing new distribution data for extinction-threatened species, such asAndrena schenckiMorawitz 1866,Bombus campestris(Panzer 1801),Eucera longicornis(L.) andHalictus maculatusSmith 1848 or for data deficient species, such asA. semilaevisPérez 1903,A. fulvata(Müller 1766),A. trimmerana(Kirby 1802) andHylaeus brevicornisNylander 1852.
Morphological and molecular identification of Diaporthe species in south-western China, with description of eight new species
Authors: Sun Wenxiu , Huang Shengting , Xia Jiwen , Zhang Xiuguo , Li Zhuang
Published: January 2021

Diaporthe species have often been reported as plant pathogens, endophytes and saprophytes, commonly isolated from a wide range of infected plant hosts. In the present study, twenty strains obtained from leaf spots of twelve host plants in Yunnan Province of China were isolated. Based on a combination of morphology, culture characteristics and multilocus sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF), β-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CAL), and histone (HIS) genes, these strains were identified as eight new species: Diaporthe camelliae-sinensis, D. grandiflori, D. heliconiae, D. heterostemmatis, D. litchii, D. lutescens, D. melastomatis, D. pungensis and two previously described species, D. subclavata and D. tectonendophytica. This study showed high species diversity of Diaporthe in tropical rain forests and its hosts in south-western China.
What’s on the menu? A presumed attack of Andean bear on a Mountain tapir at the Puracé National Natural Park, Colombia
Authors: Pisso-Florez Gustavo Adolfo , Gómez-Lora Ignacio , Vela-Vargas I. Mauricio , Pizo Héctor , Bedoya Dorado Isaac , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E.
Published: January 2021

Two iconic and charismatic species that inhabit the northern Andes of South America are the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) and the Mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque). Both species can be found sympatrically in several areas of Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. Despite their overlap in distribution, little is known about interactions between both species, with few reported cases of Andean bear attacks on the Mountain tapir. Here, we report a possible attack by an Andean bear on a Mountain tapir in the northern part of Puracé National Natural Park, Colombia based on strong wounds and marks on a tapir’s back and rump. The wounds match typical attack patterns generated by Andean bears and corroborates previous camera traps records of bears attacking tapirs in this locality.
Socijalna integracija mladih u riziku od ispadanja iz sustava obrazovanja: rezultati slovenskog programa Projektno učenje mladih odraslih
Authors: Poštrak Miloslav , Žalec Natalija , Berc Gordana
Published: January 2021

SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK OF DROPPING OUT OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM: RESULTS OF THE SLOVENIAN PROGRAMME PROJECT LEARNING FOR YOUNG ADULTS In order to understand the phenomenon of dropping out of the education system, it is important to direct scientific and professional interest on understanding the lifestyle of these young persons from their perspective. The concept of social vulnerability of the youth is useful for that purpose, as it explores risk factors in various life circumstances of young persons, based on which approaches and programmes focused on prevention of dropping out, solving the problems of droputs and unemployed young persons are developed. The programme Project Learning for Young Adults combines both approaches and is based on an individualised, holistic and structured way of working with vulerable young persons. It consists of three levels of project activities: elective, individual and interest based with the aim of developing working habits, team work, self-confidence and career interests in order to reintegrate young adults in the education system and promote their entering the labour market and social inclusion. The programme has been active for 25 years in the Republic of Slovenia and it has included over 1,370 young adults. It has been financed by the European Social Fund. Key words: vulnerable youth, drop-out, NEET population, project learning for young adults.
Historicisme et lutte de classes chez José Carlos Mariátegui
Authors: Leblanc Jean-Ganesh
Published: January 2021

L’œuvre du Péruvien José Carlos Mariátegui place au cœur de ses analyses les catégories de praxis et de lutte des classes. Pour ce faire, il intègre de manière originale un marxisme de tradition historiciste. Cet article revient dans un premier temps sur les questions qui traversent ce courant, pour ensuite opérer une revue de la réception du terme historicisme dans les textes de Mariátegui. Dans un troisième temps, il propose de relire sa proposition stratégique révolutionnaire à l’aune d’une mobilisation des catégories de tradition, de mythe et d’histoire.
Design and Evaluation of a Combined (Humidification-Dehumidification) System to Extract Fresh Water from the Air in the Arid Area
Authors: Hannun Rafid M. , Radhi Hazim E. , Hussein Hashim
Published: January 2021

Surface cooling water harvesting from air represents an alternative way to provide new potable water sources. In this study, an Extracting Water Machine (EWM) is fabricated, which is a device that can convert water vapor directly into usable and even drinkable water. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity, chemical quality, and power consumption of condensed water, particularly in areas where the relative humidity is less than 30 %, with an abundance of non-fresh water (i.e., wells, marshes, and others). Three operating strategies were proposed during February, March, April, and May; the experiments were conducted every hour on a particular day of each month for each test using actual climate data of Nasiriya, Iraq in 2020. In the first test, the device operated in dehumidification mode and the ambient air passed directly to the surface of the cooling coil; it has found that the daily condensed water and energy consumption for the four consecutive months under consideration were (16.82, 4.58, 3.93, 4.23) L/day and (0.525, 1.86, 2.175, 2.13) kWh/L, respectively. In the second test, the device also operated on the dry mode, and the air passed through the evaporative cooler and then to the evaporator coil. The results were (36.418, 26.01, 20.895, 19.2) L/day and (0.530, 0.443, 0.550, 0.555) kWh/L respectively. In the last one, the device was run on the cooling mode using an evaporative cooler. The obtained water amounts were (31.93, 38.53, 31.03, 32.29) L/day with (0.530, 0.443, 0.550, 0.555) kWh/L energy consumption for February, March, April, and May. The results indicate the second and third tests are useful under the prevailing climatic conditions. Analysis carried out on the obtained water revealed that some parameters including total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were within the World Health Organization standard for drinking water.
Line Commutated Converter Response during Total and Partial De-Blocking of a Bipolar MTDC System
Authors: Oni Oluwafemi E. , Swanson Andrew G. , Sarma Rudiren
Published: January 2021

This paper focuses on the fault blocking analysis and operational issues associated with MTDC systems incorporated in an AC network. The dynamic modelling of a line-commutated converter based bipolar multi-terminal direct current (LCC MTDC) system are shown, and the dynamic response of the converter during a DC converter fault is discussed. The converter controller design for both rectifiers and the inverters system was modelled for a realistic active power and extinction angle (γ) control with consideration to the VI characteristics of all the converter stations. An overall power controller was modelled for both converter pole. Two operational scenarios of converter fault were simulated using PSCAD EMTDC. The converter firing angle and extinction angle, as well as the voltage-dependent current order limiter, was monitored and plotted on a graph. Results show that the MTDC link became unstable during the full deblocking stage with a continuous occurrence of commutation failure. Furthermore, the results presented in this paper show that during partial converter de-blocking showed a favourable performance, as the power system remains stable and commutation failure of the MTDC system is prevented.
Thermal improvement in 3D embedded modules using copper bar vias
Authors: Kakade Manoj , Dowling Richard , Bora Mumtaz , Tubbs Jake , Maghawri Ahmed
Published: January 2021

The combination of increased I/O density, reduced footprint, and multi-die capability within a single platform makes embedded die an attractive solution. The benefits of embedding active die include miniaturization, improved electrical & thermal performance, heterogeneous integration, and an opportunity for cost reduction.

Currently vertical integration is happening in power management chips with embedded components integrated into modules. Heat dissipation in integrated 3D high efficiency power modules is challenging when die is embedded inside the substrate. Heat dissipation affects efficiency and electro-migration of the packaged structures.

Copper bar vias can be replaced for circular vias in the substrate design for thermal improvement. The thermal improvement is simulated using Ansys FEM (Finite Element Method) tools.
Construction Kit of RF-Blocks in Package Technologies
Authors: Hopsch Fabian , Trieb Robert , Heinig Andy
Published: January 2021

Advanced packages are necessary to cope with the requirements of 5G and radar technologies with 60 GHz and beyond. For proper RF design with rising package technology requirements demands for usage of predefined structures with predefined layout elements, manufactured and measured elements. This paper deals with an approach to have such elements available to build advanced types of packages in shorter time compared to classical approaches. The approach is a general approach but it is demonstrated with an advanced two-level package-on-package technology with a leading edge IC technology. It is also used explain the build-up of a construction kit of RF-blocks from the design phase of test structures up to measurement of such structures, qualification and model building. From the test structure more general structures can be derived and used in the design of future 5G applications. This enables better time-to-market, reduces cost and provides higher design validation in terms of first time right.
Electromigration in Power Devices
Authors: Zhuang Hao , Bauer Robert , Dinkel Markus
Published: January 2021

In the power semiconductor industry, there is continuous development towards higher maximum current capability of devices while device dimensions shrink. This leads to an increase in current density which the devices have to handle, and raises the question if electromigration (EM) is a critical issue here. Generally, an EM failure can be described by the Black’s equation with temperature and current density as the main influencing factors. Normally, the current that the power packages need to handle lies in the range of 100 A. However, it should be noted that power devices exhibit asymmetric sizes of drain and source contacts. This may lead to higher current density at the source leads (area ratio drain/source: ~8x for QFN 5×6). Nevertheless, the source lead area is still much larger than that of the flip chip bumps (i.e., 28 times larger compared to a 100 μm micro-bump). This typically enhances the safety of the power device with respect to EM. However, with regard to future development towards higher maximum current capability, we intended to investigate further on the EM of power devices.

In the present work, we focused on the PQFN 5×6 package to study the EM behavior of a power device soldered on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). We employed the highest current (120 A) and temperature (150 °C) that the stress test system could handle to study EM in accelerated mode. First fails occurred after ~1200 h, which was much earlier than expected from previous flip-chip investigations. In addition, we found separation gaps in the solder joint between drain contact and PCB, which experienced the lowest current density in the whole test. Contradictorily, we observed only minor solder degradation at the source interface, regardless of the higher current density there. Nevertheless, the separating metal interfaces still correlated well with the current direction. Thermal simulations revealed that due to the self-heating of the device by the high current applied, both the drain and source leads were exposed to much higher temperatures (Tmax = 168 °C) than the PCB board which was kept under temperature control at 150 °C. This temperature difference resulted in a thermal gradient between the device and PCB which, in turn, triggered thermal migration (TM) in addition to EM. As TM for the drain contact occurred in the same direction as EM, it enhanced the degradation effect and therefore led to a shorter time-to-failure at the drain. In contrast to this, such an enhanced effect did not occur at the source side. As a result, we observed higher solder degradation at the drain side, which we did confirm by switching the current direction in the test.

To minimize the TM effect, a special EM test vehicle, which used a Cu plate instead of the MOSFET chip, was designed and fabricated. Thermal simulation verified that the device operated at similar temperatures as the PCB board. Using this setup, it was possible to study EM in an accelerated mode and, thus, investigate the pure EM behavior of the power device.
Ultra-low Residue Flux Applications in RF Front-End Packages
Authors: Hu Leo , Lim Sze Pei
Published: January 2021

With the leap into the 5G era, the demand for improvements in the performance of mobile phones is on the rise. This is also true for the quantity of radio frequency (RF) front-end integrated circuits (ICs), especially for RF switches and low noise amplifiers (LNA). It is well-known that improvements in performance depend on the combination of new design, package technology, and choice of materials. Ultra-low residue (ULR) flux is an innovative, truly no-clean, flip-chip bonding material. By using ULR flux, the typical water-wash cleaning process can be removed and, in some instances, package reliability can be improved as well. This simplified assembly process will help to reduce total packaging costs. This paper will discuss the application of ULR fluxes on land grid arrays (LGAs) and quad-flat no-leads/dual-flat no-leads (QFN/DFN) packages for RF front-end ICs, as well as the reflow process. The solder joint strength and reliability study will be shared as well.
A novel approach to mitigate stress induced defects at metal-dielectric interface in Redistribution layers for 3D IC stacking
Authors: Kumar Amit , Chacon Jose , Gelzinis Peter , Morris Julio , Velaga Ankineedu
Published: January 2021

The reliability of a redistribution layers in 3D IC is dependent on how well the different shape and size of metal connection with varying density are connected at the different metallization levels. The widely different coefficient of thermal expansion of metal (Cu ~16.5 × 10−6 m/mK) and dielectric (SiO2 ~ 3 × 10−6 m/mK) often leads to defects, such as cracking at the metal-dielectric interface. In this work, we present a manufacturing level friendly process modification to the conventional approach to present an almost crack free metal-dielectric interface for subsequent processing in the RDL fabrication. After the copper electroplating and chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), we use a cap layer to protect the top layer and anneal the metal. Finally, we repeat the CMP to remove the cap layer before sending the wafers for subsequent processing.
Evaluating thermoset resin substrates for 3D mechatronic integrated devices and packaging
Authors: Häußler Felix , Shen Shengxia , Petillon Simon , Weser Sascha , Haybat Mehmet , Eberhardt Wolfgang , Zimmermann André , Franke Jörg
Published: January 2021

Miniaturization efforts and increasing demands regarding reliability of mechatronic systems require new materials and processes for the 3D mechatronic integrated devices (3D-MID) technology. Currently, in the area of 3D-MID mostly thermoplastic materials are in use in the industry, which are metallized using the LPKF-LDS® process. This paper is supposed to demonstrate the eligibility of thermoset resins as a new material class for 3D-MID applications and as a packaging option for silicon chips which are currently encapsulated using transfer molding of thermosets. The reliability of the conductor tracks made using a LDS-additive free process as well as the adhesion forces are investigated. Different laser parameters for structuring of two different substrate materials are compared. For reliability testing a thermal shock test is applied. Furthermore, the adhesion is tested using Hot-Pin-Pull testing. The conductor tracks surpass 2000 cycles thermo-mechanical load without showing strong deterioration of the track resistivity. The incorporated approach enables electrically reliable functionalization of packaged dummy chips including vias for connection to terminals on the chips. The results of the tested injection moldable thermoset resins are comparable to state-of-the-art 3D-MID thermoplastic substrates and thus, suited as circuit carrier material in electronic packaging.
Optimization of High-Speed Electrolytic Plating of Copper Pillar to Achieve a Flat Top Morphology and Height Uniformity
Authors: Ikumoto Raihei , Itakura Yuki , Tachibana Shinji , Yamamoto Hisamitsu
Published: January 2021

Cu plating bath for high-speed electrodeposition of Cu pillar was designed in consideration of a flat top morphology of pillar and a pillar height uniformity. An ideal polarization curve was assumed for the flat top morphology. To obtain the ideal polarization curve, an effect of organic additive concentration and solution agitation on the polarization curve were investigated. The basic bath components were optimized considering a Wagner number to improve pillar height uniformity. To confirm the pillar top morphology and the pillar height uniformity, a 300 mm diameter wafer was plated with Cu at 20 A/dm2. As a result, improved pillar top morphology and pillar height uniformity were obtained. The optimized plating bath was applied to the plating of large-size panel of 415 × 510 mm.
Optical Data Link Module for Data Transmission in Smart Catheters
Authors: Li Jian , Henneken Vincent , Louwerse Marcus , Dekker Ronald
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate a stand-alone optical data link module (ODLM) that fits in the limited space budget of smart imaging catheters. The module is based on an extension of the Flex-to-Rigid (F2R) technology platform for miniaturized system integration. The ODLM is a silicon-based interposer that comprises a commercially available Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL), which has its electrical contacts and laser emitting spot on the same surface. With the flexible interconnects, the ODLM reroutes the flip-chipped VCSEL electrical contacts to the side that is perpendicular to the surface of the VCSEL. This enables the ODLM to be mounted on a flex-PCB and fit into the limited space in the distal tip of the smart catheter. An optical fiber that runs in parallel to the catheter shaft is inserted into the through-silicon hole (TSH) of the ODLM and self-aligned to the VCSEL for optical data transmission. The design of the ODLM and the F2R technology platform are introduced, and an ODLM demonstrator is fabricated and presented.
Wire Bonding: The Ultrasonic Bonding Mechanism
Authors: Levine Lee
Published: January 2021

Wire bonding is a welding process. During both ball and wedge bonding, wire and bond pad are massively deformed between the bond tool and the anvil of the bond pad or substrate. The dominant variables affecting deformation are ultrasonic energy, temperature, bond force and bond time. Deformation exposes new surface material that is clean and has not been exposed to atmospheric contamination and oxidation. As the new wire and bond pad surfaces mix, they form diffusion couples that grow and transform into the intermetallic weld nugget. The initial mixing is not at equilibrium in that it does not initially form the compounds described by the equilibrium phase diagram, but temperature and time very quickly allows diffusion to relax the initial mixture into the equilibrium phase diagram compounds. This paper will discuss the mechanisms behind the formation of ball and wedge bonds.
Gate Driver Design in a 1 μm SiC CMOS Process for Heterogeneous Integration Inside SiC Power Module
Authors: Abbasi Affan , Faruque Asif , Roy Sajib , Murphree Robert , Erlbacher Tobias , Mantooth Alan
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the design and implementation of a gate driver in SiC CMOS process is presented for heterogeneous integration (HI) inside the commercial SiC power module. The output stage of the gate driver circuit includes four-pull up (QP 1,2,3,4) and four-pull down (QN 1,2,3,4) transistors to vary current drive strength. The output stages are driven by tri-state buffer chains that are controlled by comparator based control circuits. The driver is tested over temperature up to 300°C. At higher temperatures, the peak drive current (under full strength with no external load) increases with the output swing remaining the same. Variation of the driver’s output pull-up and pull-down stage at higher load capacitance is also discussed in this paper. The driver circuit layout is optimized to utilize the maximum die area allowed by the process. The gate driver layout is 4.8mm × 4.8mm. The bond pads and layout orientation are configured for flip-chip packaging but can also be used for wire-bonding.
Factors associated with time to sputum culture conversion of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients in Klaipeda, Lithuania in 2016-2019: a cohort study
Authors: Diktanas Saulius , Korotych Oleksandr , Sereda Yuliia , Gozalov Ogtay , Rubcova Olga , Achar Jay
Published: January 2021

The global proportion of successful treatment outcomes of Multidrug-Resistant/Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) remains unacceptably low. Time to culture conversion is important in making treatment-related decisions and is used as an interim predictor of pulmonary MDR/RR-TB treatment success. No previous studies have been conducted to assess determinants of time to culture conversion for MDR/RR-TB patients in Lithuania. Secondary analysis of data of culture-positive MDR/RR-TB patients, treated in Republican Klaipeda Hospital between 1st July 2016 and 1st July 2019 was performed. Culture conversion was defined as two consecutive negative cultures on solid media submitted at least 30 days apart. Factors associated with culture conversion were estimated by crude and multivariable Cox regression accounting for competing risks. In total, 115 consecutive patients starting treatment were included in the study. Of them, the majority was male (86/115; 74.8%) with a mean age of 48 (standard deviation (SD) ±12) years and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) negative (105/115; 91.3%). Nearly two-thirds (72/115; 62.6%) had XDR (extensive drug resistance) or MDR/RR-TB with additional resistance to second-line injectables or fluoroquinolones. Of 115 culture-positive patients at baseline, 103 (89.6%) patients achieved culture conversion during 12 months of treatment. The median time to culture conversion was 1.1 months (interquartile range: 0.9-1.8). Patients aged ≥60 years compared with <40 years [adjusted hazard ration (aHR): 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.86], smokers (aHR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.2-0.73), patients with positive sputum smear microscopy at baseline (aHR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25-0.63), cavities on initial chest X-ray (aHR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35-0.88) and resistance to at least one fluoroquinolone drug (aHR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.84) were slower to culture convert. In conclusion, we recommend providing additional counseling, treatment adherence interventions and scale up the use of new and repurposed TB drugs to patient groups at risk of worse interim treatment outcome: patients aged 60 and above, with resistance to fluoroquinolones, smear–positive, smokers, or with signs of extensive disease evident on initial chest radiography.
Factors associated with culture conversion among adults treated for pulmonary extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis during 2018-2019 in the Russian Federation: an observational cohort study
Authors: Russkikh Anastasiia , Korotych Oleksandr , Sereda Yuliia , Samoilova Anastasia , Achar Jay , Yedilbayev Askar , Dara Masoud , Vasilyeva Irina
Published: January 2021

Treatment outcomes for Multidrug/Rifampicin-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) remain poor across the globe and in the Russian Federation. Treatment of XDR-TB is challenging for programmes and patients often resulting in low success rates and onward transmission of drug-resistant strains. Analysis of factors affecting culture conversion rate among XDR-TB patients may serve as a basis for optimization of treatment regimens. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using health records from 54 patients with pulmonary XDR-TB treated at a tertiary level facility in the Russian Federation. The study population included adult patients with culture-positive pulmonary XDR-TB who started treatment between 1 January 2018-30 June 2019. Culture conversion was defined as two consecutive negative cultures, collected at least 30 days apart. The date of sputum culture conversion was taken from the first of two consecutive negative sputum cultures fulfilling these criteria. We measured time to culture conversion using cumulative incidence functions accounting for competing risks and applied binary cause-specific Cox regressions to assess associated factors. Sputum culture conversion was recorded for 43 (79.6%) patients. Median time to culture conversion adjusted for competing risk of loss to follow up was 4 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 2–5]. The number of patients who had culture converted by treatment months 2, 4, and 6 were 12 (22%), 29 (54%) and 38 (70%) respectively. In unadjusted analysis, positive baseline sputum smear microscopy [hazard ratio (HR): 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18-0.66; p=0.001), hepatitis C (HR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.89; p=0.023], and human immunodeficiency virus (HR: 0.30 95%, CI: 0.09-0.97; p=0.045), and receipt of fewer than 4 effective drugs in the treatment regimen (HR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.60; p=0.009) were associated with delayed culture conversion. When compared to their combined use, patients receiving regimens with bedaquiline only (HR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.49; p=0.003) or linezolid only (HR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.06-0.69; p=0.010) were less likely to achieve timely culture conversion. Factors delaying sputum culture conversion should be considered in the management of patients with XDR-TB and considered by clinicians for regimen design and treatment strategies. Our study outlines the importance of simultaneous inclusion of bedaquiline and linezolid in treatment regimens for patients with XDR-TB to reduce time to sputum conversion and increase treatment success.