bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEEP PLOWED SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS: I. TILTH AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE CULTIVATED LAYER
Authors: BUCKLAND G. D. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

Micromorphological, chemical, mineralogical and physical properties of deep plowed and conventionally tilled soils were evaluated at five sites in east-central Alberta. Soil properties, as they relate to soil classification and seedbed tilth, were determined. Deep plowing resulted in the development of a unique soil fabric in Ap horizons which, relative to conventionally tilled soils, had characteristics tending towards higher salinity, sodicity, pH, clay, smectite and strength and lower exchange acidity, total C, total N, available moisture, stability and plasticity. Landscapes dominated by Solonetzic soils responded differently to deep plowing than landscapes where significant areas of Chernozemic soils were present [Formula: see text]. Solonetzic landscapes tended towards significantly higher salinity, sodicity and strength in Ap horizons than Chernozemic landscapes. Key words: Tilth, deep plowing, soil classification, reclamation
DEEP PLOWED SOLONETZIC AND CHERNOZEMIC SOILS: II. CROP RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: BUCKLAND G. D. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

Crop response to deep plowing was determined at five locations in east-central Alberta. Yield and growth characteristics of barley, wheat and oats were evaluated as they relate to units of soil classification. Crops grown on Solonetzic landscapes responded more favorably to deep plowing than crops grown on landscapes with significant amounts [Formula: see text] of Chernozemic soils. Where Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils were present in the same landscape, the relative yield increase of wheat and barley resulting from deep plowing followed the sequence BL.SS and BL.SO > SZ.BL > O.BL. Deep plowing of landscapes containing [Formula: see text] Chernozemic soils does not appear beneficial because of limited crop response. Yield response of wheat was greater during the drier year. Yield responses on deep plowed soils resulted from increased tillering and increased grain yield per single stem, both of which were associated with reduced moisture stress. Crop emergence was generally unrelated to soil physical conditions. Key words: Deep plowing, crop response, Solonetzic soil
THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOIL PHOSPHORUS ACROSS A NARROW ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
Authors: ROBERTS T. L. , STEWART J. W. B. , BETTANY J. R.
Published: March 2010

A sequential extraction procedure was used to determine phosphorus fractions (resin, bicarbonate, hydroxide, sonicated hydroxide, acid and acid-peroxide digest with separate organic and inorganic P determinations) in surface and subsurface horizons taken from the upper, mid- and lower slope positions of four catenas (representing Brown, Dark Brown and Black Chernozemic soils, and a Luvisolic soil) which encompass a narrow environmental gradient of climate (annual precipitation: 300–475 mm) and vegetation. Trends in the local distribution of organic and inorganic soil P between upper and lower slope positions in any one catena were similar to the regional distribution patterns across all soil zones. Concentration of organic P, in both the surface and subsurface horizons, increased from the upper to the lower slope positions and from the Brown to the Black soils, while inorganic P decreased. The largest single organic fraction (hydroxide extractable) accounted for up to 22 and 17% of the total P (surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). Acid extractable P dominated the inorganic fractions, accounting for 40–63% of the total P (surface and subsurface horizons, respectively). The distribution of organic P along the catenas and among the soil zones was related to the transformations of inorganic P caused by differences in weathering intensity between slope positions and across the Province. Key words: Catena, climo-toposequence, sequential P extraction
BREAKEVEN HAULING DISTANCES FOR BEEF FEEDLOT MANURE IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: FREEZE B. S. , SOMMERFELDT T. G.
Published: March 2010

The economics of hauling manure as a substitute for commercial fertilizer in the production of cultivated crops was investigated using a computer model that accommodates variables such as hauling distance, machinery complement, hauling speed, labor use, spreading time, and crop response. Machinery complement and labor requirements were defined and budgeted for three farm-feedlot scenarios, namely: a very large farm-feedlot (> 1000 head capacity), a large farm-feedlot (500–1000 head capacity), and a small farm-feedlot (< 500 head capacity). Results indicate that manure, valued for its N and P2O5 nutrient content, is generally an economical substitute for commercial fertilizer when hauled up to 15 km from feedlot sources. Large farm-feedlots, hauling manure less frequently and employing a farm tractor with front-end loader and single axle truck with a manure box, can haul manure up to 15 km and recover all costs. Small farm-feedlots employing a farm tractor with front-end loader and pull-type manure spreader can economically haul manure up to 15 km if non-cash costs and labor charges are disregarded. Alternatively, custom corral cleaners can be hired to haul manure up to 18 km in competition with commercial fertilizer on an N and P2O5 nutrient value basis. The yield benefits of manure increased the breakeven hauling distances dramatically for some crops. A need for more research to determine economic optimum manure application rates for various crops is identified. Key words: Fertilizer, feedlot manure, fertilizer economics, animal wastes
A MORPHOMETRIC SYSTEM FOR DESCRIBING THE MICROMORPHOLOGY OF ORGANIC SOILS AND ORGANIC LAYERS: FURTHER QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: FOX C. A.
Published: March 2010

At the first level of detail of description of a thin section, qualitative information about the occurrence of the fabric zones (regions of distinct morphology) and their basic morphologic units (the various components) were recorded with symbols in a fabric description symbol. At a second level of detail of description, Level II, additional quantitative and qualitative micromorphological information can be included with coding into the fabric description symbol according to the following. general format:[Formula: see text]At Level II description, quantitative information on the areal proportions of the fabric zones and basic morphologic units are recorded with indices in the fabric unit; qualitative data on the kind of boundary relationships between adjacent fabric zones, and quantitative data on the areal occurrence of the fabric zones are recorded with the modifier expression; and both quantitative and qualitative information on the occurrence, morphology, and arrangement of specific features observed in the fabric zones are recorded with the fabric unit descriptor. Depending on the requirements of a study, more than one fabric unit descriptor can be written for each fabric zone that is delineated in a thin section. The procedure for writing fabric description symbols at a Level II detail of description of a thin section is presented and applied to the characterization of the micromorphology of an organic layer from a Typic Mesisol. Key words: Micromorphology, descriptive method, organic soils, characterization
COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED AND MEASURED HORIZONTAL Ksat VALUES
Authors: WANG C. , McKEAGUE J. A. , TOPP G. C.
Published: March 2010

Horizontal Ksat was estimated as one of eight classes according to guidelines based on soil morphology and then measured by a piezometer method in soils of the Ottawa area that differed widely in texture and structure. The Ksat class estimated by two observers was either the same as, or one class different from the measured class for 14 and 16 of 18 layers tested (average 83%). Measured horizontal Ksat exceeded vertical Ksat by a factor of 9 in some sandy layers with strata of relatively coarse material. Measured vertical Ksat exceeded horizontal Ksat by a factor of more than 3 in some layers having numerous more-or-less vertical earthworm channels. Horizontal Ksat of the layers measured ranged from 0.3 to 14 m∙day−1 and vertical Ksat values for those layers ranged from 0.1 to 27 m∙day−1. Guidelines for estimating horizontal Ksat were revised on the basis of results from this study to give more emphasis to stratification. The results support the view that adequate estimates of vertical and horizontal Ksat can be made rapidly from the observation of soil morphology if specific guidelines are followed. The guidelines are based on relationships between soil morphology and measured Ksat values. Key words: Horizontal Ksat, vertical Ksat, soil morphology
MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THREE GRAY LUVISOLS IN EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: SANTOS M. C. D. , MERMUT A. R. , ANDERSON D. W. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

Micromorphology of three Gray Luvisolic soils under Boreal Forests occurring on late Wisconsinan age glacial till were studied. Profiles 1 and 2 occurred on loam with 8–10% carbonates; Profile 3 on clay loam till with 58% carbonates. The presence of various fecal pellets shows the importance of soil fauna in the decomposition of litter and the formation of aggregates in organic horizons. Aggrotubules and fecal pellets in the lower part of the profiles testified to the presence of biological activity even at depth. Several types of banded fabrics and iron-manganese nodules were observed, and are thought to result from temporary saturated conditions of the Ae horizons. Ferri-argillans occur as both illuviation (due to lessivage) and in situ weathering cutans. The weakest ferriargillans were found in the thickest profile. The most birefringent ferriargillans with strong continuous orientation and the most abundant iron-manganese nodules were found in Profile 3 which had the thinnest solum. This indicates that high carbonate content reduces the depth of solum, but not intensity of soil-forming processes. Considerable amount of weathering of the primary minerals, particularly sand-sized micas and feldspars in the C horizons was attributed to ancient chemical weathering. Analyses indicated the physical breakdown of sand particles to silt in the Ae horizons. Neocalcitans were observable in the relatively thicker Profiles 1 and 2 and calcans were specific to Profile 3 with extremely calcareous, dominantly dolomitic parent material. Key words: Luvisols, Boreal Forest soil, micromorphology, nodules, cutans, faunal activity
THE EFFECT OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA APPLICATIONS ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
Authors: TOMASIEWICZ D. J. , HENRY J. L.
Published: March 2010

The rapid increase in anhydrous ammonia use in Western Canada has created concerns about possible detrimental soil effects, particularly solubilization of organic matter. Anhydrous ammonia was injected at rates of 0.206, 0.416 and 0.834 g NH3-N into undisturbed soils taken in 20-cm-diameter cylinders. Both field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) moisture contents were used. Samples were taken at 0–2.5, 2.5–5.0, 5.0–7.5 and 7.5–10.0 cm from the injection point, 1 day after injection. For the 0.416 g NH3-N rate samples were also obtained 35 days after injection. Soluble organic carbon (SOC) was measured in a 1:15 soil:water extract. The SOC was closely related to the NH4+-N concentration (r2 = 0.79 to 0.99; P < 0.001). The SOC was increased by NH3 at all injection rates for samples within 2.5 cm of injection point, at the highest rate for the 2.5- to 5.0-cm zone but there were few effects in the 5.0- to 7.5-cm zone and none in the 7.5- to 10.0-cm zone. The solubilized C was 0.3–4.6%, 0.0–3.0% and 0.0–0.6% of the total C in the 0- to 2.5–cm, 2.5- to 5.0-cm and 5.0- to 7.5-cm zones, respectively. The 0- to 2.5-cm, 2.5- to 5.0-cm and 5.0- to 7.5-cm zones represent 4.3, 13.1 and 21.8%, respectively, of the total soil volume. Thus carbon solubilized is insignificant when expressed on a total soil basis. Key words: Anhydrous ammonia, soil organic C, soluble organic C, soil deterioration
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON MANGANESE AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS GROWN ON AN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: REID J. M. , RACZ G. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of soil temperature on the availability of manganese to wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Neepawa’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare ’Conquest’) from an organic soil was studied in a controlled environment growth chamber. Wheat and barley plants were grown in cylindrical pots placed in temperature-controlled water baths with soil (root) temperatures maintained at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C. Air temperatures were maintained at 20/13 °C for the day/night intervals, respectively. Aerial plant parts were harvested at the three- to four-leaf stage and at the boot stage. Dry matter yields of wheat and barley tended to be greatest at soil temperatures of 20 or 25 °C when harvested at the three- to four-leaf stage. In contrast, yields obtained at the boot stage were usually greatest at a soil temperature of 15 °C. Concentrations of manganese in shoots of wheat and barley at both stages of growth increased significantly when soil temperatures were increased from 10 to 25 °C.In a second study, MnSO4∙H2O was supplied to barley plants grown at the four different soil temperatures. The MnSO4 increased Mn concentrations in shoots harvested at the three- to four-leaf stage at all soil temperatures. In contrast, MnSO4 was ineffective in increasing Mn concentration in shoots harvested at the boot stage. In addition to the plant growth studies, soil samples were extracted with 0.005 M DTPA or 1.0 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) at the different temperatures. Extractable Mn increased with increasing soil temperature and amounts extracted closely reflected the increases in amounts of Mn utilized by the plants in the growth chamber studies. Key words: Soil temperature, manganese, organic soil, availability
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF MICROPENETROMETER DATA TO CHARACTERIZE SOIL STRUCTURE
Authors: GRANT C. D. , KAY B. D. , GROENEVELT P. H. , KIDD G. E. , THURTELL G. W.
Published: March 2010

A micropenetrometer with a diameter similar in magnitude to that of a root is capable of measuring variations in tip resistance over distances as small as 0.1 mm. Measurements at this scale offer the potential of characterizing zones of high resistance to penetration and the frequency of occurrence of zones of low resistance which could be exploited by a growing root. Spectral analysis provides a new approach to characterizing soil structure and has been applied to the micropenetrometer tip resistance profiles obtained from beds of aggregates. Nine different aggregate size ranges were considered; the aggregate diameters varied from less than 0.36 mm to 6.4–12.8 mm. The analyses indicate that larger aggregates are more resistant to penetration. In addition, comparison of variance spectra among several of the aggregate sizes reveals information on the structural make up of soil aggregates, namely that larger aggregates are made up of smaller "component" aggregates which offer higher resistance when they occur in large aggregates than when they occur individually in loose packing. The use of spectral analysis also appears to provide information on the spatial separation of zones of low resistance which correlate with aggregate size if the aggregate diameters are larger than 1.6 mm. Key words: Soil strength, soil resistance to penetration, micropenetrometer, aggregate size
SOIL AND SUBSOIL MOISTURE ACCUMULATION DUE TO DRYLAND AGRICULTURE IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: CHRISTIE H. W. , GRAVELAND D. N. , PALMER C. J.
Published: March 2010

Subsoil moisture accumulation due to cultivation and particularly summerfallowing is considered as an important causative agent of dryland salinity. However, few studies have been conducted to quantify the magnitude of this accumulation. The amount of additional moisture that had accumulated under cultivated land as compared to adjacent native prairie was determined at two sites in Southern Alberta. In comparison to noncultivated sites, a total of 74.0 cm of additional moisture was found under the cultivated area of a Dark Brown Chernozem and 36.2 cm under a Brown Chernozem to a depth of 6 m. Only relatively insignificant changes in salt content were found. Key words: Dryland salinity, soil moisture, soluble salts
Covariation of self‐ and other‐directed aggression among inpatient youth: continuity in the transition to treatment and shared risk factors
Authors: Boxer Paul
Published: March 2010

Although other‐ and self‐directed aggression covary in very high‐risk youth, these forms of aggression infrequently are studied simultaneously. Understanding better their covariation is an important task for improving services to high‐risk youth. In this study, data from the clinical records of 476 youth admitted to secure inpatient treatment were analyzed to examine relations among self‐ and other‐directed aggression exhibit before and during inpatient treatment. Analyses tested the hypotheses that self‐ and other‐directed aggression would tend to covary and display continuity from pre‐treatment to in‐treatment. Also tested were the hypotheses that youth with histories of co‐occurring self‐ and other‐directed aggression would show the highest levels of aggression during treatment and the greatest degree of personal and contextual risk on entering treatment. These hypotheses were largely supported. Exploratory analyses revealed interesting discontinuities in aggression (aggression emitted only before or during treatment) with critical implications for research and practice with youth receiving clinical care, especially those in institutional placements. Aggr. Behav. 36:205–217, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Designing Polymers to Enable Nanoscale Thermomechanical Data Storage
Authors: Gotsmann B. , Knoll A. W. , Pratt R. , Frommer J. , Hedrick J. L. , Duerig U.
Published: March 2010

Nanomechanics has been slow in entering nanotechnology because of extreme conditions resulting from scaling. This is an issue in particular for polymers, although widely used in macroscale applications. Highly repetitive nanoscale deformation cycling in combination with excellent shape retention and thermal stability is demonstrated. While generic principles described are pertinent to a range of applications, this demonstration is made on the example of polymer media in high‐density data storage. The information, represented as indents, is written and erased using a heated tip. A high‐performance polymer with a flexible aryletherketone backbone is designed with phenylethynyl crosslink chemistry. After optimization of crosslink density and topology, unprecedented performance is achieved in all relevant metrics. Demonstrations of endurance and retention are performed at 1 Tb in−2 density, showing 108 write cycles using the same tip, 103 erase cycles and 3 × 105 read cycles of the media, and extrapolated to 10 years of retention at 85 °C.
Correlation Between Triplet–Triplet Annihilation and Electroluminescence Efficiency in Doped Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Luo Yichun , Aziz Hany
Published: March 2010

Triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) is studied in a wide range of fluorescent host:guest emitter systems used in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). Strong TTA is observed in host:guest systems in which the dopant has a limited charge‐trapping capability. On the other hand, systems in which the dopant can efficiently trap charges show insignificant TTA, an effect that is due, in part, to the efficient quenching of triplet excitons by the trapped charges. Fluorescent host:guest systems with the strongest TTA are found to give the highest OLED electroluminescence efficiency, a phenomenon attributed to the role of TTA in converting triplet excitons into additional singlet excitons, thus appreciably contributing to the light output of OLEDs. The results shed light on and give direct evidence for the phenomena behind the recently reported very high efficiencies attainable in fluorescent host:guest OLEDs with quantum efficiencies exceeding the classical 25% theoretical limit.
Mathematical simulation of calcimine deliming in the production of gelatin
Authors: Kolomazník Karel , Fürst Tomáš , Bařinová Michaela
Published: March 2010

Calcimine is a valuable by‐product originating during the processing of cured hide into leather. It is used as raw material in the production of gelatin and biodegradable sheets. For further usage, it is necessary to remove calcium hydroxide from calcimine by chemical deliming, which is, from the environmental protection point of view, the most important stage of the entire deliming process. In this article, a mathematical description of chemical deliming is proposed, based on the unreacted nucleus approach. Numerical solution of the model is found, concentration fields of the reacting chemicals described, and the evolution of the acido‐basic boundary inside calcimine shown. The model is used to justify a simplified way to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of the deliming agent. The model can also be used as a basis for optimization of the deliming process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Physical and psychological health of first and second generation Turkish immigrants in Germany
Authors: Kotwal Ashwin A.
Published: March 2010

Recent studies in Germany suggest that first generation Turkish immigrants have lower mortality rates compared to native Germans. Conversely, studies examining morbidity, though not national in scope, have demonstrated that first generation Turks may have poorer health than native Germans. Additionally, little is known about the health of the emerging second generation Turkish population in Germany. To evaluate the discrepancy between mortality and morbidity trends and contribute to a better understanding of second generation Turkish immigrant health, this paper uses a nationally‐representative dataset, including the 2005 German Gender and Generations Study (GGS) (n = 10,017) and the 2006 GGS Turkish supplement (n = 4,045), to assess three health outcomes: chronic illness, self‐assessed health, and feelings of emptiness. The paper investigates whether sex, age, socioeconomic status, emotional support, or duration of residence in Germany predict these dimensions of health. Results establish clear health status differences between Turks and native Germans. Surprisingly, both first and second generation Turks tend to have lower chronic illness rates and rate their health as better than Germans at younger ages, but the advantage diminishes among higher age strata for the first generation. Feelings of emptiness results generally indicate an increased susceptibility to psychological problems for both generations of Turks. Controlling for socioeconomic status and age reduces these health differences modestly, pointing to their likely role as mediators. The relatively higher risks for all three health outcomes among Turkish females of both generations compared to their German counterparts suggest that female Turkish immigrants and their female offspring may be particularly vulnerable. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of inbreeding depression on growth and fluctuating asymmetry in Turkish young males
Authors: Özener Bariş
Published: March 2010

This study sought to examine the effects of inbreeding on physical development and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). A total 144 male high‐school students (mean age = 18.11 ± 0.52) whose parents are first cousins (F = 0.125) of low‐socioeconomic status and 146 male students (mean age = 18.08 ± 0.54) from the same school who do not have any consanguineous parents (F = 0) were observed in Ankara. In addition to the weight and height measurements of the individuals, eight bilateral traits (hand width, elbow width, wrist width, knee width, ankle width, foot width, ear length, and ear width) were measured. Whereas the inbred group has lower values in terms of weight and height, the difference in body mass index between the groups is not significant. Although the inbred group is more asymmetric in terms of the observed bilateral traits, the differences are below the significance level. However, the composite FA index shows that the inbred group is more asymmetric and the difference is significant (P < 0.05). Inbreeding depression has a negative effect on weight and height development, and a negative effect on developmental stability.Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption
Authors: AlQahtani S.J. , Hector M.P. , Liversidge H.M.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive evidence‐based atlas to estimate age using both tooth development and alveolar eruption for human individuals between 28 weeks in utero and 23 years. This was a cross‐sectional, retrospective study of archived material with the sample aged 2 years and older having a uniform age and sex distribution. Developing teeth from 72 prenatal and 104 postnatal skeletal remains of known age‐at‐death were examined from collections held at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (M 91, F 72, unknown sex 13). Data were also collected from dental radiographs of living individuals (M 264, F 264). Median stage for tooth development and eruption for all age categories was used to construct the atlas. Tooth development was determined according to Moorrees et al. (J Dent Res 42 (1963a) 490–502; Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963b) 205–213) and eruption was assessed relative to the alveolar bone level. Intraexaminer reproducibility calculated using Kappa on 150 teeth was 0.90 for 15 skeletal remains of age <2 years, and 0.81 from 605 teeth (50 radiographs). Age categories were monthly in the last trimester, 2 weeks perinatally, 3‐month intervals during the first year, and at every year thereafter. Results show that tooth formation is least variable in infancy and most variable after the age of 16 years for the development of the third molar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional significance of genetic variation underlying limb bone diaphyseal structure
Authors: Wallace Ian J. , Middleton Kevin M. , Lublinsky Svetlana , Kelly Scott A. , Judex Stefan , Garland Theodore , Demes Brigitte
Published: March 2010

Limb bone diaphyseal structure is frequently used to infer hominin activity levels from skeletal remains, an approach based on the well‐documented ability of bone to adjust to its loading environment during life. However, diaphyseal structure is also determined in part by genetic factors. This study investigates the possibility that genetic variation underlying diaphyseal structure is influenced by the activity levels of ancestral populations and might also have functional significance in an evolutionary context. We adopted an experimental evolution approach and tested for differences in femoral diaphyseal structure in 1‐week‐old mice from a line that had been artificially selected (45 generations) for high voluntary wheel running and non‐selected controls. As adults, selected mice are significantly more active on wheels and in home cages, and have thicker diaphyses. Structural differences at 1 week can be assumed to primarily reflect the effects of selective breeding rather than direct mechanical stimuli, given that the onset of locomotion in mice is shortly after Day 7. We hypothesized that if genetically determined diaphyseal structure reflects the activity patterns of members of a lineage, then selected animals will have relatively larger diaphyseal dimensions at 1 week compared to controls. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and suggest that limb bone cross sections may not always only reflect the activity levels of particular fossil individuals, but also convey an evolutionary signal providing information about hominin activity in the past. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:21–30, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new species of Pseudoloris (Omomyidae, Primates) from the middle Eocene of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Minwer‐Barakat Raef , Marigó Judit , Moyà‐Solà Salvador
Published: March 2010

In this article we describe a new species of Pseudoloris (Omomyidae, Primates) from the Robiacian (middle Eocene) locality of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). Pseudoloris pyrenaicus is characterized by its medium size, thickened paracristid, absence of a distinct paraconid, and well‐developed buccal cingulid in the lower molars, large hypoconulid in the M3, paraconule and hypocone reduced in the M1 and M2 and absent in the M3. The material from Sant Jaume de Frontanyà constitutes the most abundant sample of the genus Pseudoloris found until now in the Iberian Peninsula. Almost all the dental elements have been recovered, including those teeth hardly known for other species of the genus, such as lower and upper incisors. The new species shows intermediate features between Pseudoloris isabenae from Capella and Pseudoloris parvulus, present in different Spanish and French sites. Therefore, we consider that Pseudoloris pyrenaicus is an intermediate form between these two species. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:92–99, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation electroactive film of (n‐pyrrolyl)1,1‐methane dihydroxamic acid and its derivative containing complexing cavities preformed by entwining ligands on metallic centers
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed Hossein
Published: March 2010

The (N‐pyrrolyl)1,1‐methane dihydroxamic acid have been synthesized from its N‐substituted ester group derivative, then chemically polymerized in the presence of oxidants such as ammonium persulphate and Iron(III) perchlorate for hydroxamic acid and ester groups derivatives, respectively. This compound and its ester group derivative was successfully electropolymerized by a cyclic voltammetry method. New functionalized polypyrrole films containing transition metal complexes have been prepared and studied. The strategy is based on the three‐dimensional template effect of a metal center (CuII, NiII, CrIII, FeIII) able to entwine two and three end functionalized chelating ligand before or after polymerization. The used ligand consists of a methyl dihydroxamic acid bearing one pyrrole nuclei. The rigidity of the polymer matrix is sufficient to allow demetalation of the template center (by CN− or SCN−) without collapse of the three‐dimensional structure. Such property is related to the expected complex topology of the material prepared. The organic backbone certainly contains interlocking rings and various network substructures. The polymer matrix thus keeps a little memory of the templating metal used for building it. Fe(III) ion turned out to be the most convenient template during the polymer electrosynthesis and seemed to lead to the most structured network. The various complexes obtained using electrochemical synthesis method display electrochemical properties analogous to those of the corresponding catenate in solution. All complexes in low oxidation states are remarkably stabilized by the entwined and entangled system. The conductivity of these polymers and it metal complexes were measured using four‐probe method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of novel poly 2‐vinylpyridine‐mixed metal complexes and studying their effect as antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, part 2
Authors: Mazrouaa A. M. , Badawi A. M. , Noaman E. , Youssif M. A. , Mansour N. A.
Published: March 2010

The poly2‐vinylpyridine and cationic polymer‐mixed metal complexes (P2VPMC) have been prepared and characterized by analytical measurement such as: molecular weight, elemental analysis, IR‐spectroscopy, NMR‐spectroscopy, XRD, and UV. The degree of N‐alkylation of poly vinyl pyridine (P‐2VP) was 10% determined by chlorine content according to elemental microanalysis. Through ICP instrument the complexation between P‐2VPC and the mixed metal chlorides was proven. The structure of the samples was characterized using X‐ray diffraction. It was found that the complexes have amorphous properties. The antitumor activity of this compound was examined in vitro on cell lines. The results reflect pronounced cytotoxicity of P‐2VPMC against animal experimental EAC cells line, and human, HeLa, HCT116 and Hep‐G2, cell lines. Antitumor activity of the novel compound as applied on mice bearing Ehrlich solid carcinoma, revealed delays tumor growth compared with untreated animals and decreases tumor volume. The antitumor activity of the P2VPMC might be due to its ability to pass through the membrane and interact with, DNA causing cross‐linking action which might be the key factor for great antitumor activity of the P2VPMC compound. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of binary copolymers of methyl methacrylate with glycidyl methacrylate and 2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate as carriers for cellulase
Authors: El‐Ghaffar M. A. Abd , Atia K. S. , Hashem M. S.
Published: March 2010

Cellulase was immobilized directly on methyl methacrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA‐co‐GMA) and methyl methacrylate‐2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA‐co‐HEMA) by covalent attachment and crosslinking methods. The properties of the immobilized cellulase were investigated and compared with those of the free one. For the assays carried out through crosslinking method at 25°C and pH 7, the retained activities were found to be 91.92% and 74.63%, respectively, for MMA‐co‐GMA and MMA‐co‐HEMA crosslinked with 0.1% of 1‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(2‐morpholino‐ethyl) carbodiimide metho‐p‐toluenesulfonate (CMCT), respectively. The immobilized cellulase had better stability and higher retained activities with respect to pH, temperature, and storage stability than the free one. In the repeated use experiments, the immobilized cellulase using (MMA‐co‐GMA)‐CMCT (0.1%) and (MMA‐co‐HEMA)‐CMCT (0.1%) did not change after 10 and eight times of repeated use and maintained 67% and 62% from their original activities after 25 times, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
In situ crosslinking of hyperbranched polyglycerol in casting solutions and its effect on the structure and properties of porous PVDF membranes
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Hong , Xu You‐Yi , Zhu Bao‐Ku
Published: March 2010

Porous membranes were prepared via phase inversion process from casting solutions composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride), hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), and N,N‐dimethylacetamide. To seek a stable presence of HPG in the resulting membranes, it was crosslinked in the casting solutions using 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride as the crosslinking agent. The membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, surface and bulk chemical compositions, water contact angle, porosity, water flux, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption experiments. The effects of HPG content and crosslinking degree on the membrane structure and properties were investigated. The increasing of crosslinking degree resulted in a significant improvement in HPG stability in the membrane matrix, and a remarkable enrichment of the crosslinked HPG at the separation surface was observed when the membrane was shaken in water at a relatively high temperature (60°C). This enrichment led to a decrease in the value of water contact angle and an improvement in fouling‐resistance. To optimize the membrane performance, a small amount of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as an additive, and it was found that the addition of PVP led to a considerable increase in water flux. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies on the cure kinetics and networks properties of neat and polydimethylsioxane modified tetrafunctional epoxy resins
Authors: Hsieh Tar‐Hwa , Ho Tsung‐Han , Ho Ko‐Shan , Chen Ho‐Ruei , Li Po‐Hsing , Yang Shin‐Shiao , Ye Shi‐Hao , Chang Yu‐Chen
Published: March 2010

The cure kinetics of tetrafunctional epoxy resins with three different backbone structures and their modification by polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry with dynamic approach. The development of epoxy networks was characterized by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Results showed that all the epoxy resins obeyed the autocatalytic reaction mechanism with a reaction order of about 3. Epoxy resin with softer aliphatic backbone demonstrated a higher cure reactivity and stronger tendency towards autocatalysis, as well as lower crosslinking density. The PDMS‐modified epoxy resins showed higher early cure reactivity and a lower crosslinking density due to the plasticization and restriction effect of the dispersed PDMS phase, respectively. Based on cure kinetics and dynamic viscoelastic results, the αm was found to be an effective precursor for describing the developing of epoxy networks during the course of cure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Manganese stearate initiated photo‐oxidative and thermo‐oxidative degradation of LDPE, LLDPE and their blends
Authors: Roy Prasun Kumar , Singh Priyanka , Kumar Devendra , Rajagopal Chitra
Published: March 2010

This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of a representative pro‐oxidant (manganese stearate) on the degradation behavior of 70 ± 5 μ thickness films of LDPE, LLDPE and their blends. Films were prepared by film blowing technique in the presence of varying quantities of manganese stearate (0.5–1% w/w) and subsequently subjected to accelerated degradative tests: xenon arc exposure and air‐oven exposure (at 70°C). The physico–chemical changes induced as a result of aging were followed by monitoring the mechanical properties (Tensile strength and Elongation at break), carbonyl index (CI), morphology (SEM), melt flow index (MFI), oxygen content (Elemental analysis), and DSC crystallinity. The results indicate that the degradative effect of pro‐oxidant is more pronounced in LDPE than LLDPE and blends, due to the presence of larger number of weak branches in the former. The degradation was also found to be proportional to the concentration of the pro‐oxidant. Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa iso‐conversion technique was used to determine the kinetic parameters of degradation, which were used to determine the effect of the pro‐oxidant on the theoretical lifetime of the polymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Characteristics of cotton fabrics treated with epichlorohydrin and chitosan
Authors: Lee Shin‐Hee , Kim Min‐Ji , Park Heungsup
Published: March 2010

Cotton fabrics treated with a crosslinking agent, epicholorohydrin, in the presence of chitosan (CEC) provide many possible reactive sites for reactive dyes and antimicrobial properties of the grafted chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics occurred simultaneously in the mercerization bath. ECH is expected to react with hydroxyl groups in cellulose and chitosan or with amino groups in chitosan to form alcohol crosslinking by the Belfast process. The fixed chitosan content in the CEC was calculated by the nitrogen percentage of an Elemental Analyzer. The color strength (K/S) of the reactive dyes of the treated cotton fabrics did not significantly change with an increase of chitosan; however, the degree of swelling of the treated cotton fabrics decreased with an increase of chitosan and ECH. These performances were retained through 20 washing and tumble drying cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphological and ecological responses to a conservation translocation of powan (Coregonus lavaretus) in Scotland
Authors: Etheridge E. C. , Bean C. W. , Maitland P. S. , Adams C. E.
Published: March 2010

The establishment of refuge populations has become a common management tool for threatened fish species in recent years, yet the effects of translocation are not fully understood in a conservation context.

This paper examines the hypothesis that phenotypic changes have occurred during the formation of two refuge populations of the nationally rare powan (a freshwater fish species) which were established in Loch Sloy and Carron Valley Reservoir in Scotland.

Significant differences in head morphology, size and growth between the founder and refuge populations and between the two refuge populations were demonstrated. These changes are probably due to a combination of founder effects, intense selection and phenotypic plasticity. These changes can undermine the rationale behind the establishment of refuge populations.

The results call into question the usefulness of translocation as a conservation measure; however, there are times when this is the only viable management option available. The future of translocation and the validity of establishing refuge populations for powan conservation are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaking T cell tolerance against self type II collagen in HLA–DR4–transgenic mice and development of autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Batsalova Tsvetelina , Dzhambazov Balik , Merky Patrick , Bäcklund Alexandra , Bäcklund Johan
Published: March 2010

Objective

To establish a new animal model in DRB1*0401 (DR4)–transgenic mice in which T cell tolerance to self type II collagen (CII) can be broken and allow for the development of autoimmune arthritis, to investigate the role of posttranslational modifications of the CII259–273 epitope in the induction and breaking of tolerance of DR4‐restricted T cells, and to characterize DR4‐restricted T cell recognition of the immunodominant CII259–273 epitope.

Methods

DR4‐transgenic mice expressing either the entire human CII protein (HuCII) or only the immunodominant T cell epitope of heterologous CII (MMC) in joint cartilage were established on different genetic backgrounds, and susceptibility to collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was tested.

Results

HuCII mice displayed stronger T cell tolerance to heterologous CII than did MMC mice. On the B10 background, arthritis developed only in MMC mice with a defective oxidative burst. However, MMC mice on the C3H background were susceptible to arthritis also with a functional oxidative burst. Significant recall responses in tolerized mice were detected only against the nonglycosylated CII259–273 epitope. Recognition of the CII259–273 epitope was heterogeneous, but the majority of T cells in DR4 mice specifically recognized the nonglycosylated side chain of lysine at position 264.

Conclusion

It is possible to break tolerance to self CII and induce arthritis in DR4 mice. However, arthritis susceptibility is tightly controlled by the genetic background and by the source of the transgenic element for expressing the heterologous CII peptide as a self CII protein in the joint. In contrast to CIA in Aq‐expressing mice, the nonglycosylated CII259–273 epitope is clearly immunodominant in both tolerized and nontolerized DR4 mice.
Angiogenesis and the persistence of inflammation in a rat model of proliferative synovitis
Authors: Ashraf Sadaf , Mapp Paul I. , Walsh David A.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To determine whether blood vessel growth at the onset of resolving synovitis leads to its subsequent persistence and whether inhibiting this angiogenesis at the onset of persistent inflammation leads to its subsequent resolution.

Methods

Inflammation and angiogenesis were induced by injection of 0.03% carrageenan and/or 6 pmoles of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) into rat knees. A brief treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitor PPI‐2458 (5 mg/kg orally on alternate days) was administered 1 day before and up to 3 days after synovitis induction. Controls comprised naive and vehicle‐treated rats. Synovial angiogenesis was measured using the endothelial cell proliferation index, and inflammation was determined by measuring joint swelling and macrophage percentage area. Data are presented as the geometric mean (95% confidence interval).

Results

Intraarticular injection of 0.03% carrageenan into rat knees produced acute synovitis, which was not associated with synovial angiogenesis and which resolved within 29 days. Injection of FGF‐2 (6 pmoles) induced synovial angiogenesis without significant synovitis. Stimulation of angiogenesis with FGF‐2 at the time of carrageenan injection was followed by synovitis that persisted for 29 days. Persistence of carrageenan/FGF‐2–induced synovitis was prevented by systemic administration of 3 doses of the angiogenesis inhibitor PPI‐2458 during the acute phase.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that conversion of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation may be due to the stimulation of angiogenesis, and brief antiangiogenic treatment during the acute phase of synovitis may prevent its subsequent progression. Clinical studies will be needed to determine whether brief antiangiogenic treatment may reduce the burden of inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis by facilitating the resolution of early synovitis.
A functional model of the digital extensor mechanism: Demonstrating biomechanics with hair bands
Authors: Cloud Beth A. , Youdas James W. , Hellyer Nathan J. , Krause David A.
Published: March 2010

The action of muscles about joints can be explained through analysis of their spatial relationship. A functional model of these relationships can be valuable in learning and understanding the muscular action about a joint. A model can be particularly helpful when examining complex actions across multiple joints such as in the digital extensor mechanism of the hand. A functional model using two hair bands representing the components of the digital extensor mechanism is described. Through superimposition of the model over one's digit, the combined actions of metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and interphalangeal joint extension are clearly demonstrated. The model provides a conceptual demonstration to enhance understanding of this unique combination of muscle actions about multiple joints. Anat Sci Educ, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Retaining knowledge for document management: Category‐tree integration by exploiting category relationships and hierarchical structures
Authors: Yang Christopher C. , Lin Jianfeng , Wei Chih‐Ping
Published: March 2010

The category‐tree document‐classification structure is widely used by enterprises and information providers to organize, archive, and access documents for effective knowledge management. However, category trees from various sources use different hierarchical structures, which usually make mappings between categories in different category trees difficult. In this work, we propose a category‐tree integration technique. We develop a method to learn the relationships between any two categories and develop operations such as mapping, splitting, and insertion for this integration. According to the parent‐child relationship of the integrating categories, the developed decision rules use integration operations to integrate categories from the source category tree with those from the master category tree. A unified category tree can accumulate knowledge from multiple resources without forfeiting the knowledge in individual category trees. Experiments have been conducted to measure the performance of the integration operations and the accuracy of the integrated category trees. The proposed category‐tree integration technique achieves greater than 80% integration accuracy, and the insert operation is the most frequently utilized, followed by map and split. The insert operation achieves 77% of F1 while the map and split operations achieves 86% and 29% of F1, respectively.