bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Results of a Group of Cloud Seeding Projects in Pacific Slope Watershed Areas
Authors: Elliott Robert D. , Strickler Robert F.
Published: August 2018

An analysis of a series of cloud seeding projects conducted in three different Pacific-slope watershed areas, each during several seasons, is presented. Seven separate project-seasons are involved in each of which identical seeding procedures were used. Silver iodide smoke generators were operated at ground level for a total of well over 10,000 generator-hours during these operations.

Snowpack and other official precipitation records are examined and target-to-control-area comparisons made in order to bring out the effects of the seeding and apply statistical tests thereto.

It is concluded that this evaluation procedure, as applied to the available data, is capable of discerning the effectiveness of cloud seeding in increasing precipitation over a period of several seasons, but is not capable of bringing into focus the many details of interest to the cloud seeder.
A Weather Singularity over the U. S. in October
Authors: Wahl Eberhard W.
Published: August 2018

A sudden increase in the probability of snow occurrence during the month of October at Denver, Colorado, had been reported. It is shown that this increase can be associated with the development of a widespread weather singularity occurring at that time of the year. The normal sea-level pressure-pattern changes derived from 40 years of data over the United States show the synoptic development of this singularity. This development leads to peculiarities in various weather elements at that time.
Rainfall and Stardust
Authors: Oliver Mildred B. , Oliver Vincent J.
Published: August 2018

Bowen's cosmic cloud-seeding hypothesis of rainfall singularities is examined using rainfall data from the African tropics. These data are presented for January and evaluated for the entire year. Some of the physical uncertainties remaining to be investigated are discussed.
Route Equivalent Winds
Authors: Crutcher Harold L.
Published: August 2018

Route equivalent winds are an important aid to long range planning by aviation interests. The recent publication of point wind statistics by the U. S. Navy, NAVAER 50-1C-526, provides a considerable amount of material which can be used to probe the use of one route against another. Where many routes are to be examined, then recourse to punched card data and electronic computing machines is desirable. Such cards and machines are available at the National Weather Records Center where the material for the Navy publication was prepared.

In many cases, though, one may wish to examine only a few routes. This paper shows how the point wind statistics as published in the NAVAER 50-1C-526 may be readily converted to route wind statistics.
Wind Variability as a Function of Time at Muroc, California
Authors: Singer Bernard M.
Published: August 2018

Records of 226 sets of triple theodolite balloon observations taken at Muroc, California, to heights of 38,000 feet have been analyzed to determined magnitudes of horizontal vector wind changes over time intervals from thirty minutes to five hours. The medians of magnitudes of velocity change vary from 2.0 mph over a time interval of 30 minutes to 6.4 mph over a time interval of five hours.

The effect of altitude upon time variability of these winds has been studied. The height interval from the surface to 38,000 feet was separated into four altitude zones and it was found that wind variability is greater near the surface than in the zone above it. From the second zone upward, wind variability increased with height.
Characteristics of Denver Hailstorms*
Authors: Beckwith W. Boynton
Published: August 2018

Utilizing a network of 40 reporting stations in Denver and vicinity, the area exposure to hailstorms and their climatology are presented. Frequency of occurrence of hailstones of various sizes are graphed on the basis of over 500 reports covering 162 hail days over a seven year period. Details of individual hailstorms as to speed, area of fall, size distribution and associated synoptic features are presented. Hail forecasting rules specifically applicable to the western zone of the hail belt are summarized.
The Use of Large Scale Parameters in Small Scale Diffusion Studies
Authors: Tank William G.
Published: August 2018

A method is set forth whereby gaseous diffusion in the low levels of the atmosphere can be calculated by Roberts' diffusion equation (modified to consider instantaneous volume sources) using only large scale synoptic parameters that are readily obtainable from the surface analysis and pibal reports. The three pertinent meteorological parameters utilized are: (1) the mean surface wind, (2) the angle between the surface wind vector and the surface isobars, and (3) the height of the gradient level.

Theoretical and observed dosage values are compared by means of dosage isopleth diagrams. Results show that the method yields quite satisfactory results, with regard to both dosage magnitude and distribution. The assumptions necessary for the application of the method and its limitations are mentioned and their relative importance discussed.
The Surface Chart as a Synoptic Aid to Tornado Forecasting *
Authors: Whiting R. M.
Published: August 2018

An attempt is made to relate the occurrence and the location of Tornado activity to areas of intense surface warm advection as indicated by the isobars and isotherms on the sea level chart. The degree of cross-isotherm flow is classified by the packing of the thermal field and the temperatures in it along with the strength and direction of flow as indicated by the isobars to determine short range forecasting patterns. The method presented is limited in that it is not applicable to all tornado situations and is offered as a supplementary technique which could serve to raise the confidence level of short range tornado forecasts based on upper air parameters.
Structure and Movement of a Dry Front
Authors: Fujita Tetsuya
Published: August 2018

Aircraft observations taken in the course of three flights of the Tornado Research Airplane on 11 June 1956 were analyzed. These flights were made over the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains where a squall line was predicted. The analysis revealed the structure of a dry frontal surface which played an important role upon the development of the squall line.
Specifying Weather Conditions from the 700-mb Height and the Sea-Level Pressure Patterns
Authors: Lund Iver A.
Published: August 2018

The coefficient of rank correlation was computed between daily weather charts and “ideal” map types. This coefficient was used as a predictor to specify the ceiling height at a station. The effectiveness of this predictor was compared to that of a slightly different predictor which weighted the differences in rank. It was found that weighting the differences improved the predictor. A “weather index” was derived from a combination of three predictors which weighted the differences in rank and one predictor which gave the difference in pressure between two points. This index was used to obtain an estimate of the occurrence probability of several categories of ceiling height.
The Tornado as an Epidemiological Research Tool
Authors: Manos Nicholas E.
Published: August 2018

The hypothesis that tornadoes spread histoplasmosis, a lung disease resembling tuberculosis, is supported by evidence based on a priori reasoning, by data from past records, and by data collected from a study designed to test this hypothesis. The less severe but much more frequent wind and rain storms might also be spreading this disease, although this is difficult to demonstrate. It may be possible to use future tornadoes as a “natural laboratory” to study the spread of the causative fungus and learn something about its survival and growth requirements in nature.
Mesometeorology—the Link between Macroscale Atmospheric Motions and Local Weather1
Authors: Tepper Morris
Published: August 2018

Mesometeorology is the study of atmospheric motions of characteristic dimensions too small to make them readily identifiable on the macroscale synoptic maps in use today. Results of mesoanalysis reveal systems which have definite order, pattern, and chronological continuity, and with which most pertinent local weather seems to be associated. The role of mesometeorology in local weather forecasting is analyzed.

Nine senior meteorologists with considerable experience and stature in the field of forecasting participated in a forecasting experiment wherein three were given mesometeorological analyses and six were given the regular analyses available at a forecasting center. The results showed that the former group was able to identify and forecast the short-range significant variations in wind, temperature, and precipitation in time and place while the others in general could not.
RHI Radar Observation of a Funnel Cloud1
Authors: Smith Robert L.
Published: August 2018

On 15 October 1957, an RHI radar observation was made of a reported funnel cloud with the CPS-9 radar at Texas A. & M. College, College Station, Texas. The funnel was reported by the Weather Station at Bryan Air Force Base at the time the radar observation was made. The synoptic situation and radar observations are discussed. PPI scope pictures as well as RHI illustrations are presented.
A Study of Spore Dispersion by use of Silver-Iodide Particles
Authors: Lloyd Merle G. , O'Dell Clyde A. , Wells H. J.
Published: August 2018

Silver-iodide particles were used to simulate the movement of white-pine blister-rust spores on a white-pine plantation in northern Idaho where long-distance spread of the disease is suspected. It was hypothesized that cold drainage winds were carrying spores down to a relatively warm lake where convective currents carried the spores aloft. The spores were then distributed over the plantation when a favorable upper-air flow prevailed. Silver-iodide particles were released at the suspected source of infection and traced into the plantation.
Some Climate-Altitude Relationships in the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region
Authors: Dickson R. R.
Published: August 2018

The variation of certain climatic elements with elevation is examined for Tennessee-North Carolina portions of the Southern Appalachian region. Regression equations relating elevation to annual, January, and July mean temperatures and mean daily temperature ranges and to length of growing season are derived. Early growing-season data for 15 mountain-valley systems in western North Carolina are examined and regression lines developed relating length of growing season to elevation for valley and summit locations. These regression lines adjusted for departure of early data from long-term averages appear applicable to recent long-term data and present a useful means of refining the growing season-elevation relationship. Although a satisfactory precipitation-elevation relationship is unattainable due presumably to slope and exposure effects, an estimate is given of the mean annual snowfall-elevation relationship. Graphs are presented showing the variation of potential evapotranspiration with elevation based on computations for selected locations from 1075 ft to 6684 ft; results are believed representative of the entire area under consideration.
A Brief Description and Analysis of the Austin, Texas Tornado of 10 May 1959
Authors: Wagner N. K.
Published: August 2018

A number of meteorological measurements during the early stage of a relatively small tornado permitted the calculation of surface-pressure and wind-speed distributions employing the conservation of momentum and the cyclostrophic wind equation. Of particular interest is the cycloid trajectory of a small cubical building which allowed an estimation of the radial wind component within the tornado.
Wind and Turbulence Instrumentation for Air-Pollution Surveys 1
Authors: McCormick R. A.
Published: August 2018

Significant requirements in wind-instrumentation or -measurement techniques are briefly reviewed with respect to the operational or research function in which they are employed. It is concluded that sensing devices can be obtained or have been devised which are, in principle, satisfactory for the field investigation of most practical and many theoretical problems arising in air-pollution studies. However, devices for rapid output-data reduction, transformation, or manipulation in a form to be of greatest utility are badly needed, preferably as integral parts of the wind-instrumentation setup itself. Progress in developments in this direction is reported and future needs pointed out.
Air-Pollution Levels Associated with a 49-Hr Inversion at Detroit-Windsor
Authors: Munn R. E. , Katz Morris
Published: August 2018

During the period 27 to 29 December 1958, the Detroit-Windsor area experienced a prolonged inversion. Winds were light, visibility was poor, and air pollution levels were high. The circumstances surrounding the event are described on both the synoptic and the meso scales.

The broad features, a stationary ridge of high pressure and a light southeast gradient of stable air, fit the classical inversion picture. However, there are interesting small-scale details. In particular, a cooling at 300 ft on the morning of December 29th is described and is shown to be consistent with other available data including observations from a 100-ft tower at Lagoona Beach, Michigan.
Cloud Patterns as Seen from Altitudes of 250 to 850 Miles — Preliminary Results
Authors: Conover John H. , Sadler James C.
Published: August 2018

Time-lapse films of the earth from high-flying ballistic missiles have provided the meteorologist with the first synoptic detailed coverage of cloud patterns over large areas. Analysis of the film obtained on 24 August 1959 shows the cloud patterns over an area corresponding to one-twentieth of the earth's total surface.

Comparison of the rectified cloud positions with, the high- and low-level synoptic charts shows large-scale cloud patterns directly associated with high-level vortices and troughs as well as patterns associated with a quasi-stationary front and the intertropical convergence zone. Details suggesting low-level vortices, frontal waves, and a squall line appear, but they cannot be verified due to sparse surface observations. Other details, such as the effects of large and small islands, coastlines and rivers upon the pattern of vertical motion are indicated by the clouds.
Program Timer for Weather Broadcast Reception
Authors: Ives Ronald L.
Published: August 2018

Equipment for automatically turning on a range station weather receiver, including provision for a silent warmup interval, is here outlined, with circuit explanation, description of critical components and constructional techniques, operating directions, and a performance assay.
Radioactivity of Dry Particulate Matter in an Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Rosinski John , Stockham John
Published: August 2018

The total beta activity of dry atmospheric particles collected in Chicago, Illinois, ranged from 8973 pc per 100,000 ft3 of air in December 1958 to 177 pc per 100,000 ft3 in November 1959. From July to November 1959 the total beta activity decreased from 6990 to 399 pc per g of particles, and the strontium-90 activity from 229 to 16 pc per g. The activity of 1- to 10-micron particles was related to the cube of the particle diameter in the summer and to the fourth power in the winter. It is postulated that the activity resulted from rainsoaking during the particles' residence on the earth's surface. It was found that nonradioactive particles produced by urban activity dilute various size fractions of radioactive debris to different degrees.
Soviet Research in Radar Meteorology and Cloud Modification
Authors: Battan Louis J.
Published: August 2018

In 1959, the author published a summary of cloud physics research reported in the Soviet literature during the period 1948 to 1957. At that time the amount of material dealing with radar meteorology and cloud modification was small. During the last two years more information on these two subjects has become available. This article summarizes the new material.
Stratospheric Winds between Latitudes 30N and 60N
Authors: Frisby E. M. , Smith J. R.
Published: August 2018

Data for fifty high-altitude balloon flights made by Raven Industries, Inc. between January, 1957, and October, 1960, have been released for analysis. Raven flight altitudes and trajectories supplement those used by A. D. Belmont. They serve to confirm and in a few instances to modify his “meanwhile” conclusions, based on the data currently available.
On the Ratio of Evaporation to Precipitation1
Authors: McDonald James E.
Published: August 2018

The evaporation ratio ɛ is defined as the ratio of the evaporation actually occurring under natural conditions over a given area to the precipitation falling on that area. Data drawn from a variety of sources are used to obtain simple climatological estimates of ɛ. The mean value of ɛ over all the world's land surfaces is probably near 0.65, with individual continents ranging from 0.60 for North America to 0.87 for Australia. For the United States, ɛ averages about 0.73, with local ɛ values ranging from near 1.0 in the southwestern deserts to essentially zero in the Pacific Northwest coastal slopes and in portions of Maine. A chart depicting the generalized pattern of ɛ over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains is presented.
Observation of Severe Convective Activity in a Squall Line
Authors: McLean George S.
Published: August 2018

A Project Jet Stream flight into a jet-stream-squall-line situation over Texas on 23 April 1957 is described narratively. Severe turbulence, wet precipitation at −55C, hail and large variations in the wind direction and speed were observed. The latter indicate that strong outflow, associated with the major downdrafts, was superimposed on the mean flow. Vertical motions in excess of 1500 ft per min were measured within the convective clouds. Structure of the jet stream to the west and north of the squall line is described by the use of cross-sections.
The Campaign Against Windstorms in the Banana Plantations Near Santa Marta, Colombia, 1956–57
Authors: López Manuel E. , Howell Wallace E.
Published: August 2018

Windstorms do great damage in banana plantations near the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia. These plantations, which owe their location to the rainfall maximum caused by convergence in the trade winds as they flow around the mountain massif, suffer most damage from the few most violent tempests and relatively little from the frequent milder squalls, offering the prospect that even slight mitigation of severe storms would be economically rewarding. Most damage was found to be triggered by easterly waves and similar large-scale disturbances, though the windstorms themselves remained purely local. Cloud seeding to attempt reduction of windstorm intensity was undertaken during the 1956 and 1957 seasons on the hypothesis that stimulation of showers early in the diurnal build-up of instability would dissipate some of the instability and reduce insolation at the ground, thus diminishing the intensity of later convective overturning. Comparison of damages during these seeded seasons with those of preceding and subsequent seasons showed a marked reduction in the ratio of severe windstorms to mild ones during the campaign and a reduction perhaps as much 39 per cent in damages, worth several million dollars annually.
The Effect of the Time Constant of Radiosonde Sensors on the Measurement of Temperature and Humidity Discontinuities in the Atmosphere
Authors: Wagner N. K.
Published: August 2018

The time constant of the sensing elements prevents the radiosonde from indicating the exact height, thickness and gradient of temperature and humidity discontinuity layers in the atmosphere. The error in the indicated value of these layer parameters is derived as a function of layer thickness and time constant. The importance of the assumptions and the ability to determine accurately the time constant of the temperature and humidity sensors are briefly discussed. It is concluded that significant improvement in the accuracy of these layer parameters could be obtained by correcting this source of error.
Streamline Neoprene Balloons
Authors: Sharenow M.
Published: August 2018

The theory of the motion of streamline neoprene balloons is developed in a manner analogous to that of spherical balloons. Ideally, expansible streamline balloons will accelerate continuously to burst if they do not reach the critical Reynolds number. In the case of the balloons investigated, this is reached somewhere near 50,000 ft, with a sharp drop in ascent rate occurring. The ascent rate up to this altitude falls short of the theoretically computed rate because of balloon deformation and deviation from ideal shape.

Comparison is made between two types of balloons. The most recent one, fabricated by a new method known as the gel-adhered process, is lighter in weight and simpler to inflate and handle than the older type which is assembled by a cementing process. The two types provide approximately equivalent performance when inflated with the same volume of gas. In practice, a smaller volume of gas is used to inflate the newer type, with an accompanying increase in bursting altitude and decrease in ascent rate.
An Empirical Method of Forecasting Radiation Fog and Clear-Sky Minimum Temperatures at Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Belhouse H. C.
Published: August 2018

Cases of night-time cooling under “clear sky” conditions are examined in particular at a seacoast location during the season of radiation fog. A prediction system is developed and incorporated into a working chart which has a twofold purpose as follows:to give the forecaster objective estimates of(a) the minimum temperature,(b) the mean pattern of temperature fall, and(c) the earliest and latest times of fog occurrence;to provide, by its use under all “clear sky” conditions, records of the expected and actual cooling curves at night along with hourly visibility, cloud cover and surface wind, in order that(a) the system itself may be further refined, and(b) the forecaster may have an hourly history of conditions on previous critical nights.

The approach is completely empirical and is based primarily on the sunset values, either forecast or actual, of both temperature and dewpoint. Other important factors such as surface wind and stability receive consideration only to the degree that their inhibiting effects are reflected by the basic data. As more case histories are accumulated, it should be possible to formulate correction factors for these effects.
Low Precipitation Observational Bias at Cooperative Climatological Stations1
Authors: Dale Robert F. , Shaw Robert H.
Published: August 2018

An upward bias exists in probabilities of 0 or trace weekly total precipitation since small amounts often occur undetected and are recorded as 0 or trace at climatological stations where observations are made only once a day. Exact evaluation and correction of this bias is difficult, but individual estimates of 1-week P(0,T) for substations in the north-central region of the United States can be multiplied by a factor of 0.8 to reduce them to more reasonable values. Although the opportunity for low precipitation bias decreases with increasing length of period, significant bias still persists in the 2- and 3-week estimates in the western part of the north-central region during the winter season. Since the probability of measurable precipitation is 1–P(0,T), the P(0,T) bias is carried into the precipitation probabilities, but compensating biases in the gamma-distribution parameter estimates apparently contain most of the bias in the 0.01 to 0.09-inch interval.
Effect of hole geometry on the thermal stress analysis of perforated composite plate under uniform heat flux
Authors: Jafari Mohammad , Jafari Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The presence of holes in composite plates subjected to a uniform heat flux induces thermal stresses. Hole geometry is one of the important parameters in the stress distribution in perforated composite plates. In this study, using the two-dimensional thermoelastic theory, and on the basis of the Lekhnitskii' complex variable technique in steady-state condition, stress distribution around holes with different shapes in an infinite composite plate under uniform heat flux is investigated. Using a conformal mapping function, the thermal stress analysis of an infinite plate with a circular hole under a uniform heat flux is developed to analyze the plate containing a noncircular hole. The perforated composite plate is under a uniform heat flux at infinity and Neumann boundary conditions and thermal-insulated condition at the edge of the hole are considered. The rotation angle of the hole, fiber angle, the flux angle, and bluntness are important parameters investigated in the present study. In addition, the optimal values of the effective parameters to achieve the lowest thermal stress around different holes have been reported for several different materials. The obtained results show that these parameters have a significant effect on the stress and displacement distributions around the rectangular hole.
A Democratic Ideal for High Schools
Authors: Kertes Ferdinand
Published: August 2018

The author enters a strong plea for a secondary education recognizing diverse kinds of ability. He warns against an attempt at stratification of pupils according to imaginary grades of mental capacity. He regards determinism as a mask for aristocracy. This article deserves thoughtful perusal by every educator.
A 3-3-3-3 Curriculum
Authors: Page Fred J.
Published: August 2018

The plan of splitting the six elementary grades into two departments of three years each, is here proposed. Even for the small rural school Mr. Page advocates at least one teacher to three grades, and supports his thesis with a number of reasons.
Sheboygan Makes Handicapped Happy
Authors: Zufelt Olga S.
Published: August 2018

Unfortunate—yes, but fortunate, too, in the happy hours which come to them in the classroom where their infirmities are largely forgotten. Read Mrs. Zufelt's fascinating account of her work. What are the schools of your city doing for the physically handicapped?
Music Teaching by a Non-Musician
Authors: Bowman Florence Nettleship
Published: August 2018

A teacher tells how she has overcome her dread of the music period and has made a virtue of necessity. Other teachers who regard music as a bugbear may find Miss Bowman's ideas helpful.
Chizzle Wizzle
Authors: Perkins Everett V.
Published: August 2018

A variety of extra-curricular activities and an abundance of school spirit are provided in Cony High School by a yearly event having an odd name and happy traditions.
Why Physical Education?
Authors: Rogers James Edward
Published: August 2018

“The public schools are responsible for physical literacy as well as mental literacy,” declares the writer. Health and character are leading objectives in the type of physical education here advocated. Modern conditions necessitate playgrounds and other substitutes for the bucksaw and its kindred implements for bodily development.
Changing Goals in Teaching
Authors: Emery James Newell
Published: August 2018

“Unless the teacher has a certain amount of breadth of vision, of background herself, or more than a cursory knowledge of subject matter and maintains her pupils' interest in the subject she is teaching, her work is bound to fail.”
Teaching in the Small Town
Authors: Jordan R. H.
Published: August 2018

What a young teacher does after school hours has an important bearing on her success or failure.
Let's Say What We Mean
Authors: Clark Ridgley C.
Published: August 2018

The writer takes up five expressions commonly used in discussions of education, which are ambiguous or misleading.
Legal Proof
Authors: Muldoon M. W.
Published: August 2018

Awarded Third Prize in the Journal of Education's Second Annual Short Story Contest
A Land of Continuous Education
Authors: Cox Philip W. L.
Published: August 2018

Nor is it mere coincidence that in Scandinavia social and economic stability are achieved with a minimum of governmental control.
Straitjackets for Teachers
Authors: Englund David
Published: August 2018

The nationwide nazi-mania of loyalty oath legislation meets vigorous opposition from Massachusetts educators–who are greeted with boos and hisses.
Every Pupil a Columbus
Authors: Overn A. V.
Published: August 2018

One of the best incentives to learning is the joy of discovery. This principle can be applied at all levels.
The Unreality of College Life
Authors: Culp V. H.
Published: August 2018

“The collegiate spheroid comes close to the earth twice during the year… during football season and at commencement.”
We Stopped Our Clocks
Authors: Wright L. C.
Published: August 2018

… and in other ways tested what our high school pupils would do if “put on their own.” Results were amazing.
Pepper Relish
Authors: Rich Frank M
Published: August 2018

A sheaf of out-of-the-groove devices that will help to make activity programs not only progressive but practical and economical
Rapid acclimation of the cortisol stress response in adult turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri
Authors: Henderson Dallas W , Small Brian C
Published: August 2018

The turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an increasingly popular model species for comparative vertebrate research, and the basic physiology including responses to stressful stimuli are of primary interest. We exposed adult killifish to a single or repeated periods of acute confinement followed by analysis of tissue cortisol and plasma cortisol concentrations. Individuals were also sampled for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH), mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR), and glucocorticoid receptor ( GR) in the brain to examine the effects of repeated stress events on constitutive expression of these important stress axis components. Following a single 30-minute confinement stress, male plasma cortisol significantly differed from baseline ( p = 0.04). Both male and female whole-body cortisol were significantly increased ( p = 0.004 and p = 0.04, respectively) at 15 and 30 minutes poststress. Despite obvious dimorphic behavior and morphology, cortisol concentrations did not differ between the sexes. Exposure to daily repeated confinement for one week altered the cortisol response in both sexes. Time 0, 15, and 60 minutes poststress cortisol concentrations were depressed in repeatedly stressed males ( p ≤ 0.05), and times 0, 30 and 120 minutes poststress cortisol concentrations were depressed in repeatedly stressed females ( p ≤ 0.05). Constitutive expression of CRH, MR, and GR mRNA in the brain following one week of repeated stress events did not differ among treatments or sexes. This study introduces the first description of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis activity in this important model species. Reduced cortisol production in repeatedly stressed adult killifish suggests acclimation to repeated stressors. Furthermore, acclimation was rapid, and plasma cortisol concentrations altered significantly in as little as one week.
Curbing Negativity: Influence of Providing Justifications About Control Over User-Generated Comments on Social Media
Authors: Shin Soo Yun , Dai Yue (Nancy) , Beyea David , Prchal Benjamin , Makki Taj W. , Schlafhauser Katherine , Van Der Heide Brandon
Published: August 2018

Social media present prime opportunities for commercial brands to promote their products. Some user-generated comments, however, hamper brands’ promotion efforts with fake claims. The literature on warranting theory suggests that if a company controls the dissemination of user-generated comments of its products, it may backfire against the company by reducing the warranting value of favorable comments. The current study proposes that a company’s justification for their information control behavior can restore the warranting value of user-generated comments. Drawing upon the literature on fairness theory and mindlessness, the study investigated the effectiveness of two types of justifications varying in their legitimacy. Results from a web-based experiment ( N = 221) with four conditions (no evidence of dissemination control vs. no justification vs. placebic justification vs. real justification) confirm that when a company offers a legitimate justification for deleting users’ comments, it mitigates negative evaluations that may result from the company’s information control behavior.
We Are the People and You Are Fake News: A Social Identity Approach to Populist Citizens’ False Consensus and Hostile Media Perceptions
Authors: Schulz Anne , Wirth Werner , Müller Philipp
Published: August 2018

This study aims to investigate the relationships between citizens’ populist attitudes, perceptions of public opinion, and perceptions of mainstream news media. Relying on social identity theory as an explanatory framework, this article argues that populist citizens assume that public opinion is congruent with their own opinion and that mainstream media reporting is hostile toward their own views. To date, only anecdotal evidence suggests that both assumptions are true. The relationships are investigated in a cross-sectional survey with samples drawn from four Western European countries ( N = 3,354). Multigroup regression analysis supports our hypotheses: False consensus and hostile media perceptions can clearly be linked to populist attitudes in all four regions under investigation. Moreover, our findings show a gap between hostile media perceptions and congruent public opinion perceptions, which increases with increasing populist attitudes to the point that the persuasive press inference mechanism is annulled.
Space heating operation of combination boilers in the UK: The case for addressing real-world boiler performance
Authors: Bennett George , Elwell Cliff , Oreszczyn Tadj
Published: August 2018

Residential space and water heating account for 23% of UK final energy demand and combination gas boilers are the dominant technology. Performance gap issues in gas boiler systems have been reported, with previous studies unable to isolate or quantify root causes for performance issues, hampered by indirect and coarse measurement methods. Utilising high-frequency data, through state-of-the-art boiler diagnostics from 221 UK combination boilers, assumptions in efficiency standards are challenged. Total heating energy consumption and number of hot water tappings are in line with national expectations but the observed cycling behaviour of boilers gives cause for concern due to links with lower performance and higher emissions. Most combi-boilers appear oversized for space heating and despite available modulation are unable to prevent rapid on–off cycling. Per day, half of combi boilers studied average more than 50 starts and 70% of starts average less than 10 min during space heating operation. Cycling contradicts assumptions in efficiency testing standards, which assume steady state operation, weighted by full and part power measurements. Addressing oversizing and excessive boiler cycling provides an opportunity to quickly and significantly reduce emissions associated with heating, at low cost through the ongoing replacement of millions of boilers.

Practical application: Lessons learned from this research regarding the detrimental performance issues seen in gas combi boilers are directly applicable to the topics of boiler specification for building service engineers and installers, such as guidelines in CIBSE Guide A, 1 CE54 Whole house boiler sizing method 2 and legislation set out in BoilerPlus from the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Plant size ratio, radiator hydraulic layout and controls can all contribute to the rapid cycling seen in the data and can all be influenced by building service professionals. Boiler modulation range is also crucial and manufacturers need to be aware of the benefits of extending modulation in new products.
The Borderlands of Belief: Phil Rickman’s Merrily Watkins Mysteries
Authors: Schrock Chad
Published: August 2018

Merrily Watkins is a highly unconventional Anglican priest and exorcist, and her eponymous mystery series represents the church she serves as hopelessly out of touch culturally and morally. Such distance from conventional Christianity manifests a sensibility increasingly called postsecular: distaste for the power moves of organized religion alongside acknowledgement that the ongoing contemporary quest for and experience of transcendent meaning disproves triumphalist secularization. The series prioritizes Christianity within this anti-dogmatic religious landscape because of Christianity’s stable systems of symbol and ritual and its cruciform ethics of humility and faithfulness uniquely appropriate to approach the most important mysteries in the world.
Promoting Team-Based Exercise Among African American Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Piacentine Linda B. , Robinson Karen M. , Waltke Leslie J. , Tjoe Judy A. , Ng Alexander V.
Published: August 2018

Physical activity benefits the health and well-being of breast cancer survivors (BCS). Yet, many African American survivors do not routinely exercise and have increased risk of poor outcomes. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to identify motivational factors compelling African American BCS to participate in a 14-week team walking program and to intend to continue exercise after the intervention concluded. Focus groups were held with participants ( n = 12) before and after training. Content analysis discovered themes before the intervention: Not wanting to go at it alone, exercise not a life or treatment priority, cancer treatment affected activity, advocates to exercise, and can exercise really help? Four themes postintervention themes included: In the same boat, changed mind-set, improved weight and activity, and overcoming barriers. Physical data verified improvements. Results suggest that a team-based exercise training program may assist in overcoming a sedentary behavior tendency and subsequently improve health among survivors.
Lidocaine/Phenylephrine Nasal Spray versus Nebulization Prior to Nasoendoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Goh Liang Chye , Arvin Balachandran , Zulkiflee Abu Bakar , Prepageran Narayanan
Published: August 2018

Objective

To objectively compare the nasal decongestion potency of lidocaine/phenylephrine when delivered with a nasal nebulizer and a nasal spray before a rigid nasoendoscopic examination.

Study Design

Open‐label randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Multicenter study.

Methods

This prospective clinical trial involved 106 participants with untreated chronic rhinitis. Fifty‐three participants had 400 μL of lidocaine/phenylephrine administered into the right nostril with a nasal nebulizer, while the remaining 53 participants had 400 μL administered with a nasal spray. The control was the left nostril. Nasal resistance at 150‐Pa fixed pressure was evaluated with an active anterior rhinomanometry at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes postintervention. Pain score was assessed subjectively by applying pressure to the inferior turbinate 30 minutes after intervention.

Results

There was an overall reduction in nasal resistance of the right nostril when lidocaine/phenylephrine was administered with the nasal nebulizer in comparison with the nasal spray. However, a statistically significant difference in nasal resistance was seen only at 5 minutes (P =. 047), 15 minutes (P =. 016), and 30 minutes (P =. 036). The examining endoscopist further supported the degree of nasal decongestion via subjective assessment of the nasal cavity (P =. 001). Pain scores obtained after the intervention showed a significant decrease in pain threshold when the nasal nebulizer was used instead of the nasal spray (P =. 040).

Conclusions

This study suggests that the delivery of lidocaine/phenylephrine to the nasal cavity by the nasal nebulizer provides better decongestive and analgesic potency as compared with the delivery by nasal sprays.
Bundled Payments in Otolaryngology: Early Lessons from Arkansas
Authors: Rathi Vinay K. , Metson Ralph , Varvares Mark A. , Naunheim Matthew R. , Gray Stacey T.
Published: August 2018

The Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) of 2015 established value‐based reimbursement as the new norm in health care. As part of this shift, public and private insurers have adopted bundled payments in an effort to improve quality and control cost. Arkansas recently implemented an otolaryngology‐specific bundled payment, which reimburses episodes of care involving adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. In this mandatory model, otolaryngologists have the potential for shared savings or losses based on spending relative to risk‐adjusted historical benchmarks and performance on quality metrics. The initiative has resulted in reduced health care costs and rates of postoperative antibiotic prescription and secondary bleeding. However, this experiment also illustrates potential pitfalls with bundled payments, such as emphasis of quality metrics lacking clinical relevance and incentive for increased service volume. The Arkansas initiative offers important lessons for otolaryngologists as ongoing reform under MACRA brings episode‐based care to the forefront of our field.
Determination of the cut-off point of the Functional Independence Measure as a predictor of adverse events in patients with acute stroke
Authors: Kurokawa Noriko , Kai Chiho , Hokotachi Yoko , Hasegawa Mari , Amagai Teruyoshi
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study was performed to determine the cut-off point of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to discriminate patients with acute stroke who develop adverse events during their stay in a stroke care unit (SCU).

Methods

All consecutive patients with stroke admitted to a single institute from January to March 2015 were enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to their average daily energy intake in the SCU: ≥66% or <66% of the target (high- and low-energy group, respectively). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the cut-off point of the FIM to predict adverse events in patients with acute stroke.

Results

The length of stay in the SCU was significantly longer and the serum C-reactive protein level (CRP) was significantly higher in the low- than high-energy group (7 vs. 4 days and 2.15 vs. 0.20 mg/dL, respectively). The total FIM score cut-off value was 63 points.

Conclusions

An energy intake of <66% of the target was associated with a significantly longer stay in the SCU and a higher CRP level. A total FIM score cut-off value of 63 points is useful to discriminate patients with adverse events among those with acute stroke.
Developing a Toolkit to Improve Transportation Safety on Indian Reservations
Authors: Nazneen Sahima , Terrill Trenna L. , Ksaibati Khaled
Published: August 2018

Indian reservations hold the highest rate of crashes that lead to fatal and incapacitating injuries across the United States. Limited resources, absence of coordination across jurisdictions, and limited crash data make it difficult for tribes to reduce the number of these fatal and serious crashes. A safety toolkit was developed in this work to identify the high-risk crash locations and determine low-cost safety improvement countermeasures. The toolkit serves as a guideline and provides information, field examples, and resources in key topic areas to lead the effort to improve safety via the use of a five-step methodology. These five steps are, namely, compile data and crash data analysis, Level I field evaluation, combined ranking, Level II field evaluation to identify countermeasures, and benefit–cost analysis. The objective of the toolkit is to assist tribes to reduce the number of fatal and serious crashes, and provides flexibility for the tribes to utilize the methodology compatible with the onsite data, preferences of the tribes, and other factors to meet demands. The methodology described was successfully implemented on the Wind River Indian Reservation, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate Tribe, and the Yankton Sioux Tribe and showed great success in identifying high-crash locations.
Sur le terrain de l’océanographie politique : carnets de terrain, ethnographie multi-sites et modes de gouvernement de la Mer au croisement des sciences sociales et des sciences de la nature
Authors: Danto Anatole , Mazé Camille , Ragueneau Olivier
Published: August 2018

This article presents a part of the ‘Field notebooks’ of the members of the International Multidisciplinary Thematic Network (RTPi) of CNRS ApoliMer (political anthropology of the sea), which focuses on the form of government of the sea, at the crossroads of the social sciences policy and natural sciences. Throughout the text, some of the ethnographic materials from the team’s fieldwork surveys are used to describe how ApoliMer tracks governance on marine and coastal lands in an interdisciplinary manner. This article is also an opportunity to expose the genesis and evolution of the RTPi, through the various ‘seasons’ of research that has marked its existence since its birth in 2013–2014.
Otitis and meningoencephalitis associated with infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum) in commercial broiler chickens
Authors: Crispo Manuela , Sentíes-Cué C. Gabriel , Cooper George L. , Mountainspring Grace , Corsiglia Charles , Bickford Arthur A. , Stoute Simone T.
Published: August 2018

Infectious coryza, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, is an acute respiratory disease of poultry that can result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. In March 2017, the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health and Food Safety laboratory system encountered an unusual clinical and pathologic presentation of infectious coryza in 6 live, 29-d-old, commercial broiler chickens that were submitted for diagnostic investigation. Antemortem evaluation revealed severe neurologic signs, including disorientation, torticollis, and opisthotonos. Swollen head–like syndrome and sinusitis were also present. Histologically, severe sinusitis, cranial osteomyelitis, otitis media and interna, and meningoencephalitis were noted, explaining the clinical signs described. A. paragallinarum was readily isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract, brain, and cranial bones. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was also detected by PCR, and IBV was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Based on sequencing analysis, the IBV appeared 99% homologous to strain CA1737. A synergistic effect between A. paragallinarum and IBV, resulting in exacerbation of clinical signs and increased mortality, may have occurred in this case. A. paragallinarum should be considered among the possible causes of neurologic signs in chickens. Appropriate media should be used for bacterial isolation, and the role of additional contributing factors and/or complicating agents should be investigated in cases of infectious coryza.
Female Voices in the News: Structural Conditions of Gender Representations in Norwegian Newspapers
Authors: Sjøvaag Helle , Pedersen Truls André
Published: August 2018

The article presents a hybrid analysis combining manual content analysis of 9,131 sources in 5,544 news stories across 75 publications, with computational gender recognition producing 551,102 names from 320,228 articles across 125 newspapers. The article investigates the significance of structural features for the presence of women in the news. Results show female sources are only equal to men as ordinary citizens and children, and only in lifestyle content. Among the structural features examined, only local distribution and a circulation less than 5,000 exhibit improvements in female representation. Ownership, distribution frequency, market position, and direct press support had little or no effect.