bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion. Juridical Warfare: Limits and Possibilities
Authors: Jones Craig
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter places the US–Israel approach to targeting in international context and reflects on the limits, possibilities, and future of juridical warfare. It argues that while other NATO states employ military lawyers in targeting, notably in US-led military coalitions, they have generally taken a more restrictive interpretation of the laws of war than the United States or Israel. Juridification is an uneven process: not all states are equally invested in its language or practice. Drawing on the examples of Syria and Yemen, the chapter shows how juridification today (its presence and absence) is conditioned by the retreat of multilateralism. The chapter also reflects on controversies concerning lawfare and humanitarianism. In an era of ‘irresponsible politics’, it asks what the rehabilitation of war might mean for the revival of an antiwar politics (as opposed to single issue campaigns against drones or torture, for example) as was mobilized against the Vietnam War.
The history, goals, and application of conservation physiology
Authors: Madliger Christine L. , Love Oliver P. , Cooke Steven J. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: January 2021

Conservation physiology is a rapidly expanding, multi-disciplinary field that utilizes physiological tools, knowledge, and concepts to understand and solve conservation problems. Here we provide a consolidated overview of the scope and goals of conservation physiology, with a focus on animals. We outline the major avenues by which conservation physiology is contributing to the monitoring, management, and restoration of animal populations, and provide a summary of the tools currently available in the conservation physiology toolbox. Overall, we illustrate how a conservation physiology approach can provide sensitive biomarkers of environmental change, reveal the underlying mechanisms of conservation issues, and allow for proactive conservation strategies. In turn, conservation physiology can tackle diverse conservation issues ranging from monitoring environmental stress, predicting the impact of climate change, understanding disease dynamics, improving captive breeding, reducing human–wildlife conflict, and many others. The diversity of taxa, biological scales, and ecosystems that are highlighted illustrate the far-reaching nature of the discipline and allow readers to gain an appreciation of the purpose, value, and status of the field.
Applying conservation physiology in response to a devastating wildlife disease, white-nose syndrome in bats
Authors: Dzal Yvonne A. , Willis Craig K.R.
Published: January 2021

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal skin disease that has killed millions of bats since its introduction to North America around 2007. Despite rapid and unprecedented mortality of multiple bat species from WNS, some bats suffer little to no impact. While a conservation physiology approach has allowed for tremendous progress connecting WNS pathophysiology with population impacts, a fundamental question about the disease remains: why does a simple skin infection disrupt hibernation behaviour and energetics in some bats but not others? Here we review what is known about pathophysiological processes in hibernating bats with WNS, and connections between these processes and population impacts. We then outline how a conservation physiology approach has been useful for informing our understanding of resistance and tolerance mechanisms, and conclude by showing how conservation physiology could help with the design of mitigation strategies and treatments for WNS and other infectious diseases of wildlife.
Systemic ambiguity as a motivation in the emergence of logophoricity
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Butters Marielle
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 demonstrates that a systematic ambiguity within a domain may constitute a motivation in the emergence of a function. The functional domain discussed is the domain of reference. The systematic ambiguity at play is the coding of reference in clausal complements of verbs of saying. More specifically, the question is whether the participants in the complement clause are coreferential with the participant in the matrix clause or whether they are not coreferential. Some languages deploy pronouns in the complement clause to code disjoint reference and person, number, and gender agreement on the verb to code coreference (Polish). Other languages deploy pronouns in the complement clause to code coreference and nouns to code disjoint reference (English). The specific solution described in Chapter 4 are logophoric pronouns which code not only coreference with the subject of the matrix clause but also coreference with other arguments of the matrix clause. The Chapter describes how logophoric coding emerged from the de dicto reference markers.
The emergence of benefactive function in English
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Butters Marielle
Published: January 2021

Chapter 5 describes the emergence of benefactive function from the initial state that had emerged after the loss of the indirect object function in English. Old English used to have a dative case whose function was to code indirectly affected argument, whether positively, adversely, or in any other way – features of dative case that are still present in some IE languages. The linear order of constructions with the dative marked argument was mainly Verb- NP (dative) NP (accusative). Once the case marking in English collapsed as a result of phonological changes, the linear order V NP NP came to code benefactive function. The emergence of benefactive function in turn created a new initial state from which a malefactive function coded by the preposition ‘on’ began to emerge.
The emergence of a functional domain through language contact
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt , Butters Marielle
Published: January 2021

Some effects of languages contact on the emergence of functions have been described in the previous literature. The emergence of a functional domain and not merely a function has not been described so far. The chapter first proposes a methodology for the study of emergence of functions through language contact. It then demonstrates that the functional domain can emerge through incorporation of the method of coding functions from other languages. The domain in question is that of coding a type of tense distinctions whereby each marker associates the time of the event with a specific time or a specific event previously mentioned in discourse. This type of tense system is radically different from the tense systems as known in Indo-European languages.
Part I Introduction
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Part I aims to clarify when and how the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles co-exist: complementing, enriching, and in some cases contradicting each other. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of regulation: a curative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. A curative model of nature characterized the early stages of environment policy and shaped the polluter-pays principle. This model was practicable only if accompanied by a preventive policy intended to limit environmental damage. The emergence of increasingly unpredictable risks is at present causing the authorities to base their policy on a third, anticipatory model that gave rise to the precautionary principle. The three principles examined in the first part of this book correspond to the three models described in this introduction.
Environmental Directing Principles versus Free Trade
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the conflict between the precautionary principle and free trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains that the said conflict illustrates the role that environmental principles can play in modifying a debate with major legal as well as societal implications. It stresses the odd twists and tangled hierarchies characteristic of post-modern law which may be encountered in disputes involving trade and the environment.
Introduction
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of policing and the institution now known as ‘police’. In many of its early understandings, policing was a system to enable the well-being of individuals and the growth and welfare of the community. This book traces the manner in which the enforcers and helpers developed into the institutions now termed ‘police’, polizei, polizia, policia, politsiya, or any one of the other linguistic forms. The word ‘police’ has its origin in the Classical Greek politeia, a word that also provided the root for ‘policy’ and that concerned all matters affecting the survival and welfare of the city—the polis. This raises two assumptions that need to be considered at the outset: first, that the police institution alone is responsible for policing, and, second, that it is easy to set a date for the founding of the institution. The chapter then presents a brief history of the English police.
International Policing, Wartime, and Innovations
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the impact of the First World War on police development. During this period, there was a gradual increase in the introduction of women police, often just to fill the gaps filled by men but occasionally, and especially in Britain, to relieve men of the task of having to police women and children. The war also encouraged the use of some technological innovations such as motor vehicles and radio. In the United States, some forces stressed mechanization and the need to train policemen as professionals. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were moves to bring police institutions together to deal with international threats and problems, but in the interwar period, different national attitudes tended to split such links. Equally, such attitudes impacted upon the way that the police of different states dealt with similar problems. The chapter then considers international policing.
The Science of Animal Welfare
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian
Published: January 2021

This book is intended as a guide for anyone who is interested in animals and how their welfare can be assessed scientifically. It addresses the question of why, despite growing public interest in how animals are treated, it has proved so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition of what ‘animal welfare’ is and it then provides an answer. A definition of animal welfare as ‘health and animals having what they want’ can be easily understood by scientists and non-scientists alike, expresses in simple words what underlies many existing definitions and shows what evidence we need to collect to improve animal welfare in practice. Above all, it puts an animal’s own point of view at the heart of the assessment of its welfare. The book shows how ‘health and what animals want’ also helps us to make sense of the long and often confusing list of welfare measurements that are now in use, such as ‘stress’ and ‘feel-good hormones’, expressive sounds and gestures, natural behaviour, cognitive bias and stereotypies. Animal sentience (conscious feelings of pleasure and suffering) are discussed in the context of our current knowledge of human and animal consciousness. Finally, the book highlights some key ideas in the relationship between animal welfare science and animal ethics and shows how closely the well-being of humans and that of animals are linked together.
What Animals Want
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian
Published: January 2021

We now have many different ways of finding out what animals want, from offering them simple choice tests to operant conditioning and using how closely they choose to position themselves with respect to each other and to features of their environment. Animals can vote with their feet, their paws or their beaks, and, if provided with the right equipment, they can push switches, pull levers or use touch screens to indicate what they want. We can even find out how much they want something by seeing if they will ‘work’ to get what they want when it is made more difficult for them to obtain it. Recent developments have included cognitive or judgement tests and other more indirect ways of ‘asking’ animals what they want.
Introduction
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to ambitious and modest frameworks for interpreting Kant’s justification of ethics. Ambitious approaches try to give us a reason to be moral, or to refute the moral skeptic, whereas modest approaches merely try to make our experience of morality intelligible. One of the goals of the present book is to defend a version of the modest interpretation, but with the caveat that Kant still employs a variety of argumentative methods. Four are highlighted: the skeptical method, the experimental method, the polemic method, and the phenomenological method. After proving a vignette of each, this chapter provides a sketch of the book’s aims and ambitions.
Moral Sensibility
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: January 2021

This chapter forms the next main thesis of the present study: the synthetic path of the second Critique is broader in scope, since Kant seeks to reveal a necessary connection between our consciousness of the moral law and our capacity to feel pleasure and displeasure. The chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off by providing a close reading of Kant’s theory of moral sensibility in the Critique of Practical Reason. Two important results follow. First, it is argued that debates over the role of moral feeling in Kant’s moral psychology have failed to acknowledge Kant’s emphasis on the first-personal character of feeling as a feature of our common experience of morality. Second, these debates have failed to connect Kant’s theory of moral sensibility to his project of justification, which the present chapter aims to remedy.
Mīmāṃsā and the Mitākṣarā School of Jurisprudence
Authors: Fleming Christopher T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces the development of the concept of ownership in Sanskrit hermeneutical (Mīṃāṃsā) and jurisprudential (Dharmaśāstra) texts from approximately the first millennium CE to approximately the fifteenth century CE. The chapter draws attention to two linked trends in Indian jurisprudential history: (1) the development of a philosophical concept of ownership that occurred in the Sanskrit hermeneutical tradition centuries before the earliest logicians (Naiyāyikas); and (2) the recalibration and redeployment of several arguments concerning this Mīmāṃsā-derived concept by medieval Dharmaśāstra commentators who self-consciously framed their approaches to the jurisprudence of inheritance as further refinements of Vijñāneśvara’s Ṛjumitākṣarā (eleventh to twelfth centuries CE). The core legal and philosophical ideas analyzed are ownership-by-birth (janmasvatva) and ownership as an extra-śāstric (laukika) phenomenon respectively.
Conclusion
Authors: Fleming Christopher T.
Published: January 2021

By roughly 1825 (the date of the publication of Sir Thomas Strange’s Elements of Hindu Law), the courts of the Bengal, Bombay, and Madras Presidencies enforced Colebrooke’s system of schools of Hindu personal law with the assistance of native Paṇḍitas.1 This system involved enormous variation. A Hindu family who moved from one region to another would remain under the jurisdiction of the school of law of their place of origin. Furthermore, the various schools of Hindu law were enforced differently in the Bengal, Bombay, and Madras Presidencies....
Africa, the International Criminal Court, and Human Rights
Authors: Nault Derrick M.
Published: January 2021

Chapter Five discusses the operations of The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC), which aims ‘to end impunity’ by punishing perpetrators of the gravest crimes known to humankind—crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. Despite its promise, the court has been criticized for its overemphasis on African situations. This chapter assesses African criticisms of the ICC and their accuracy, suggesting that, although they are not always without merit, the court exists as it does today due to African requests for assistance as well as the early and ongoing support of African member states. The chapter also considers the past, present, and possible future impact of the ICC on human rights and international justice in Africa, suggesting that notable progress is being made in both inter-related areas. Finally, it argues that, as with previous eras, Africans have exerted an important yet largely unrecognized influence on human rights in recent times, in this case vis-à-vis the ICC.
Introduction
Authors: and Davies
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses why it is time to re-think how we value and address our health in a complex and interdependent world. As the final pages of this book were being drafted, the COVID-19 pandemic had already claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people around the world. At the time of writing, the first wave has receded in some countries and lockdowns begin to ease, livelihoods of whole nations have been left in the balance and economic and societal progress has been halted or even reversed. The dependency of the global economy upon the health of its citizens has been laid bare by COVID-19. The prosperity and happiness of communities and nations has been devastated by illness, and the fragility of society has been clearly revealed. Worse still, the glaring inequalities in lived experiences have translated into shocking differences in survival rates among different communities.
The social drivers of health
Authors: and Davies
Published: January 2021

This chapter flags some of the traditional social drivers of health and discusses several emerging ones. The conditions into which we are born set off a chain of complex, interlinked responses to the world around us that combine to influence our entire life course. These include housing conditions, schooling, the education levels of our parents, employment opportunities, and availability of healthcare. They are traditionally thought of as difficult to change or resist, but we think of them as drivers, things that can be changed if the will is there. Social drivers contribute to health inequalities. The most deprived groups experience the poorest health outcomes, with shorter life expectancy and more years of life lived in ill health, and this situation has worsened over the past few decades. The key challenge is how to address these drivers and the inequalities they cause in our ever-changing, fast-paced world.
The commercial drivers of health
Authors: and Davies
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the food, alcohol, and tobacco industries serve as commercial drivers for ill health, and describes examples of legislation aimed at shifting the dial towards better outcomes for all. Companies, especially multinationals, influence our health in a number of ways, ranging from their effect on the physical environment to their influence on government policy and the marketing strategies they use to promote their products in search of profit. The increasing reach and power of multinationals across all industry sectors in recent years has led to an increase in the extent to which they shape our environments and health behaviours, and this relationship is only becoming more intertwined. Alongside governments and multinationals, ‘new power’—the combination of social movements, social media, and purpose—is already re-shaping the world around us, empowering citizens and giving us cause for optimism.
Shared values, shared health, shared prosperity
Authors: and Davies
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the relationship between commerce and health, some of the choices involved, and the impacts they have on total health. Public health specialists and policymakers have only recently begun to explore the complex relationship between commerce and health, what it has been in the past, what it is now, and importantly what it could look like as we re-build society post COVID-19. The role that work and employers play in our individual, family, and collective health, security, and prosperity has developed over time, and the dependence of companies on the health of their workforce, and their vulnerability when employees are ill, has changed too. The private sector can contribute to health in its immediate community, and nationally through the products it promotes, the working conditions for its employees, and the causes it supports.
Orazio Romano’s Porcaria
Authors: Celati Marta
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a thorough critical study of Orazio Romano’s poem Porcaria, a not very well-known text on Stefano Porcari’s conspiracy against Pope Nicholas V, in 1453. The comprehensive analysis of this work provides a complete reconstruction of the history of the text, based on the examination of the only manuscript copy of the poem still extant, and a thorough investigation of the wide-ranging classical sources used by the author in his work: in particular Vergil, Lucan, Statius, Sallust, Livy, and Claudian. The intertextual analysis points out the complex and multifunctional process of imitation performed by Orazio Romano in the creation of his sophisticated poem: a practice that affects both stylistic and thematic elements and is also aimed at creating a complex dimension of exemplarity. Moreover, the chapter analyses the political perspective of the text, which proves to be closely connected with the system of cultural politics developed by Nicholas V in the same years. Orazio Romano’s poem, in fact, is informed by a secular dimension in dealing with the issue of the conspiracy against the pope. Nicholas V himself emerges in the Porcaria as the figure of a papal prince, whose power is legitimized by an ennobling connection with the classical tradition. Classical symbols, values, and exemplars play a prominent function in bestowing authority on a new kind of papal government typical of the Renaissance age, which assumes the traits of a secular principality.
The Conspiracy Against the Prince
Authors: Celati Marta
Published: January 2021

The chapter offers a comparative study that traces the evolution of fifteenth-century conspiracy literature, illustrating its distinctive features, narrative approaches, and political perspectives. The analysis focuses on the multiform operation of recasting classical models, which matches and, at the same time, underpins the ideological viewpoint in these texts. Specific attention is also paid to the multifunctional role of history in this literature, as it exploits historical narrative, historiographical techniques, and principles, in order to construct a historical memory that conveys a precise political message. This message coincides with the condemnation of the conspiracy as an attack against the state and the ‘prince’, who is now the dominant figure in the political discourse. The key elements that frame this political outlook in the texts are: the function of the author–narrator (as a poet, letter writer, historian, witness); the speeches delivered by historical characters; the stress on the exceptionality of the historical event; the portraits of the conspirators; the representation of the common people; the image of the revenge against the plotters; and the uneasy balance between clemency and vengeance in the ruler’s reaction to the conspiracy. Through the interplay of these components the texts reflect, and contribute to, the development of a theory of statecraft that is informed by a blossoming notion of political realism and plays a crucial role in the definition of a new model of state. Significantly this strand of political thought also emerged in mirrors for princes, which display many elements in common with works on plots.
Applying the Analogies: Permission and Risk; Benefit Production and Harm Avoidance
Authors: Vitale Vince R.
Published: January 2021

Using an ethical framework constructed out of the two variables of whether an agent causes, permits, or risks horrendous evils, and whether she does so in order to bestow pure benefit or in order to avert greater harm, some of the major theodicies in contemporary philosophy of religion are categorized. This chapter identifies theodicies that depict God as permitting horrendous evil for pure benefit, risking horrendous evil for pure benefit, and permitting horrendous evil for the aversion of greater harm. Each theodicy is summarized and an evaluation is made as to whether it is structurally promising with respect to horrendous evils, where structural promise denotes that God is ethically in the clear on the assumption that the explanatory story told by the theodicy is true. The conclusion drawn is that the theodicies depicting God as permitting horrendous evils for pure benefit are structurally deficient; they do not depict God as ethically perfect even if they are true. Structural promise is identified in theodicies that depict God as risking horrendous evil for pure benefit and permitting horrendous evil for the aversion of harm. In the next chapter the plausibility of these structurally promising approaches is considered.
Introduction to the case studies
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter introduces the case studies. It describes the rationale for studying cases, our case selection, and the structure of the case study chapters. The case studies offer an opportunity to examine the conditions under which international organizations establish international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) in more detail, take into account alternative configurations of conditions for IPI establishment, and trace the processes of strategic democratic legitimation. In addition, the cases include some of the rare cases of empowerment, in which IPIs increase their authority over time. The case selection aims at a diverse set of cases representing positive and negative cases of IPI establishment, a variety of world regions and historical periods, and stark variation across the conditions of parliamentarization.
The Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines two Eurasian international organizations in comparison, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the more recent Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), a project of more advanced economic integration. It starts with the puzzling observation that the CIS established an IPI, whereas the EAEU did not, in spite of higher authority. The CIS International Parliamentary Assembly is best explained by international diffusion, as an attempt to strengthen the international legitimacy of newly independent states. By contrast, international diffusion backfired in the EAEU case. The adoption of the European Parliament model in the Russian proposal for a Eurasian Parliament was opposed by the smaller member states, who feared that it would put EAEU on a track towards a general-purpose international organization, which would undermine their sovereignty in a Russia-dominated political union.
The Andean Community
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses international parliamentarization in the Andean region. Andean integration has seen, first, the creation of the Andean Pact without an international parliamentary institution (IPI) in 1969, followed by the establishment of the Andean Parliament in 1979 and a slight IPI empowerment in conjunction with the foundation of the Andean Community in 1996. The Andean Parliament was created in the context of democratization in the region and a shift of the Andean Pact from a task-specific to a general-purpose organization. Whereas the conditions of parliamentarization continued to be favourable during the reform process leading to the Andean Community, none of them improved strongly enough to give a boost to parliamentary empowerment. Rather, institutional entrepreneurship was able to secure modest authority gains.
Mercosur
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the evolution of the parliamentary dimension in Mercosur, from its modest beginnings with the Joint Parliamentary Commission to the establishment of the consultative Mercosur Parliament (Parlasur) in 2005. The context for the establishment and empowerment of an international parliamentary institution was favourable in Mercosur. Specifically, the chapter argues that the organization’s initial parliamentarization reflects the combination of international diffusion from the EU and the democratization of member states, while the transition to Parlasur is best explained by a combination of diffusion from the European Union and the financial crisis in the region that occurred around the turn of the century.
The North American Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a case study of the NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA is a case of ‘non-parliamentarization’ in a democratic, albeit task-specific organization with low authority, and narrow scope created after a momentous governance success—the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union—in a regional environment without relevant examples of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs). NAFTA illustrates that, absent of certain organizational characteristics that make IPIs a convincing strategy, even intense contestation focuses on other concerns—NAFTA’s narrow trade policy priorities in this case. The analysis also shows that democracy alone does not suffice to trigger the creation of IPIs.
The Economic Community of West African States
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the international parliamentarization of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). ECOWAS was founded in 1975 without an international parliamentary institution (IPI). An IPI was only created in 1993 in the context of general treaty reform. In particular, the democratization process in the region, the promotion of pan-African community building and the example of other successful regional organizations motivated the initiative for an ECOWAS Parliament. Moreover, the ECOWAS Parliament represents an attempt by elites to strengthen the links between the international organization and the citizens. However, the ECOWAS Parliament took until 2001 to become operational and did not have legislative functions until 2017.
The East African Community
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

The East African Community (EAC) was established in 1967, abolished ten years later, and re-established in 1999. In both cases, it included an international parliamentary institution, the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA). EALA is remarkable for its far-reaching legislative competencies. The EALA is best explained by a combination of diffusion and purpose. The chapter argues that the EAC builds on colonial institutions for the East African region, which were oriented towards establishing a federation and had always featured a legislative assembly. Member states followed this organizational template in both 1967 and 1999. Democratization, while not a cause of EALA itself, is shown to play a role in strengthening EALA in the 1999 treaty.
The Rise of International Parliaments
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua
Published: January 2021

This chapter concludes the book and presents its key findings and takeaways. It reiterates the argument of strategic legitimation in international organizations: that governments establish international parliamentary institutions to pay tribute to global norms of democratic governance and legitimate international organizations that have become both more powerful and contested. It further summarizes the key empirical results of the book and highlights that the rise of international parliaments originates in the combination and interplay of two different constellations and processes: supranational regional integration (combining region-building purpose with high international authority) and international diffusion. The chapter goes on to assess the case study evidence on the legitimacy benefit of ‘recognition’ that international parliamentarization provides to states and their international organizations. Finally, it discusses the implications of the analysis for the study of institutional design, comparative regionalism, and global, cosmopolitan democracy.
Unifying nominal and verbal inflection
Authors: Ackema Peter , Neeleman Ad
Published: January 2021

Taking a page from the RoN agenda which seeks to attribute fundamentally identical syntax to nouns and verbs, Ackema and Neeleman, in their chapter ‘Unifying nominal and verbal syntax: Agreement and feature realization’ pursue the parallel syntax of nominal and verbal projections by considering agreement phenomena. Some apparent agreement phenomena within the NP behave differently in some respects from verbal agreement, an observation that has led to a view that sees it as a distinct phenomenon, labeled concord. The authors defend two claims. First, concord is not itself an instance of agreement. Rather, following Norris (2014), it consists of the spell-out of features of an XP on terminals contained in that XP. These features can be present on XP because they are inherited from one or more heads contained in XP. These heads may have these features because they partake in agreement, or because they are inherent to the head. Second, neither agreement nor concord is unique to the category of the phrase in which it is found. Following the agenda set in Remarks, the authors argue that both agreement and concord occur in nominal as well as verbal domains. They show that various instances of apparently unusual agreement in TP, such as agreement in which adverbs are targets, are better analysed as cases of concord, and conclude that the general syntax of agreement and concord does not need to refer to nominal or verbal status. <236>
Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ
Authors: Ahdout Odelia , Kastner Itamar
Published: January 2021

Tackling directly the structure of nominalizations, Ahdout and Kastner, in their chapter ‘Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ’, examine a set of interactions between syntax, morphological marking, and nominalization in Modern Hebrew, where one kind of morphological marking is associated with a number of distinct morphosyntactic patterns. They report a difference between two main groups of niXYaZ verbs – syntactically active/unergative and syntactically nonactive: unaccusative and passive (. The authors then offer a distinct syntactic representation for each group, and show, on the basis of 415 verbs, that despite sharing morphological marking, the two groups correspond to distinct nominalization patterns: Verbs of the nonactive group, mostly passives, fail to produce a nominalization, while active-unergative verbs nominalize rather freely. Although the difference in structure of niXYaZ active vs. nonactive verbs may potentially account for the gaps in nominalization, they propose that the incongruence of passives with a nominalized form is not syntactic, but rather stems from pragmatic effects, to do with the markedness of niXYaZ when contrasted with the alternant morphologically active form, XaYaZ. The markedness of the niXYaZ forms, according to Ahdout and Kastner, translates to a dispreference of speakers toward using this form, opting instead for the nonmarked form, XaYaZ. Crucially, and unlike passive verbs, the same option is not available for active/unergative verbs in niXYaZ, as they do not substantiate a transitivity alternation with a XaYaZ form. As such, no competition with XaYaZ exists, and nominalization is enabled. Thus, the chapter identifies the involvement of both grammatical factors and extragrammatical factors in the process of nominalization.
Categorization and nominalization in zero nominals
Authors: Iordăchioaia Gianina
Published: January 2021

In ‘Categorization and nominalization in zero-derived nouns’ Iordăchioaia discusses a type of nominalization generally neglected in the generative literature after Chomsky (1970), namely zero-derived nouns (ZNs). While overtly suffixed nominals are taken to systematically nominalize verbal constructions with argument structure, ZNs are considered to represent quite lexicalized uses corresponding to Grimshaw’s (1990) result or simple event nominals. In current syntactic models of word formation like DM or XSM, the implication is that ZNs are simple categorizations of roots as nouns in specific syntactic contexts and cannot instantiate real nominalizations of verbal structure. One important argument that Borer (2013) brings in support of this hypothesis is the alleged inability of ZNs to realize verbal argument structure. Iordăchioaia shows that, depending on the ontological type of the root that the base verb is built on, ZNs may in fact realize argument structure and receive compositional deverbal readings of the kind that nominalizations with overt suffixes resent. Building on Beavers and Koontz-Garboden’s (2020) distinction between property concept and result roots, she argues that ZNs corresponding to verbs built on the two types of root exhibit a contrast in their potential to realize argument structure. She then compares ZNs derived from change of state verbs (which are built on result roots) with ZNs derived from psych verbs (which are built on property concept roots) and shows by means of corpus data that the former often instantiate inchoative or causative change of state readings with which they realize argument structure. By contrast, the apparent semantic arguments of psych ZNs are not structural, as they involve idiosyncratic prepositional realizations, similarly to underived psych nouns. <269>
Where are thematic roles?
Authors: Roeper Tom
Published: January 2021

In ‘Where are thematic roles? Building the micro-syntax of implicit arguments in nominalizations’, Roeper attempts an approach to capture implicit arguments in a fashion that is closely linked to the projection of verbs. Roeper argues for clitic-like projections that accompany the verb, particularly evident in nominalizations: These separate the lexical Argument-theta projections of the verb from the conditions for projecting Maximal Projections which enter into syntactic operations, while the larger pattern of subject, object, and control behavior remains consistent across the syntax and the lexicon. Roeper argues that bare nominalizations (e.g. a look, a glance, a comment) all carry argument structure capable of motivating syntactic binding. Moreover, argument projections into the Possessive of nominalizations show predictable sensitivity to passive morphemes (-ed, -able) buried inside nominalizations. They allow only an object projection in nominalized Possessives precisely as they do in verbal structures. The theory of Theta-role projection must allow projection of an AGENT to Subject in little v, Subject in TP, and Subject in Possessives, and if acquisition is efficient, it should all follow automatically from UG. Roeper then argues that impersonal passives that appear in a subset of languages call for both special syntax and a special vision of possible integration into discourse structure. <206>
The Cancer Problem
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This book offers the first medical, cultural, and social history of cancer in nineteenth-century Britain. The Cancer Problem begins by looking at a community of doctors and patients who lived and worked in the streets surrounding The Middlesex Hospital in London. It follows in their footsteps as they walked the labyrinthine lanes and passages that branched off Tottenham Court Road; then, through seven chapters, its focus expands to successively include the rivers, lakes, and forests of England, the mountains, poverty, and hunger of the four nations of the British Isles, the reluctant and resistant inhabitants of the British Empire, and the networks of scientists and doctors spread across Europe and North America. It argues that it was in the nineteenth century that cancer acquired the unique emotional, symbolic, and politicized status it maintains today. Through an interrogation of the construction, deployment, and emotional consequences of the disease’s incurability, this book reframes our conceptualization of the relationship between medicine and modern life and reshapes our understanding of chronic and incurable maladies, both past and present.
Counting and Mapping Cancer
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the practice of collecting cancer statistics and examines the meanings and implications of the nascent idea of the ‘cancer epidemic’ in the mid-nineteenth century. In response to the supposed increasing incidence of cancer, some medical men sought strategies beyond the clinic to elucidate the evasive malady. The continued therapeutic futility with respect to cancer provoked a diversification of investigative efforts, and elements of the medical community refocused on the disease’s causes, prevention, transmission, and potential communication. This chapter explores the ways in which practitioners interested in cancer—little-known characters like Alfred Haviland, Charles H. Moore, and Charles E. Green—mapped cancer incidence, understood the disease to be produced by rural environs, and conceptualized the disease spatially and according to scale.
Making Cancer Modern
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses and assesses the medical practitioners and social commentators who searched for an explanation for the new ‘cancer epidemic’ in Victorian Britain. While Chapters 5 and 6 looked at medical men who, using a range of techniques and technologies, attempted to decode the aetiology of cancer and explain and arrest its expansion, the limited success of these efforts prompted some observers to suggest that perhaps the origin of malignancy could be found in the very fabric of modern society. If it was not latent in the landscape, nor a waxing and waning infectious disease, then maybe cancer’s increasing incidence was a sign of some change in the bodies and lifestyles of the nation and its inhabitants.
Always a Winning Strategy? Wage Moderation’s Conditional Impact on Growth Outcomes
Authors: Johnston Alison
Published: January 2021

Wages and wage bargaining institutions are foundational components of comparative capitalism research. Supply-side comparative capitalism research has often assumed that wage moderation—facilitated through highly coordinated wage-setting institutions—produces beneficial growth outcomes. This supposition stems from the logic that restrained unit labor cost growth causes firms to increase employment and output. However, through its demand-side perspective, new growth model literature questions the virtues of wage moderation, because the restraint of wages can be detrimental to growth via its suppression of domestic consumption. This chapter empirically tests under what conditions will wage moderation produce economic growth. Using a first-difference, distributive lag panel analysis of eighteen OECD countries from 1970 to 2015, its findings largely resonate with predictions within the growth model literature. In the presence of wage restraint, countries with larger export shares and highly coordinated wage-setting institutions realize higher growth and lower unemployment than countries with smaller export shares and uncoordinated wage-setting institutions. In contrast, wage inflation produces better growth outcomes for countries with uncoordinated wage-setting, relative to those with highly coordinated wage-setting institutions. These results suggest that wage restraint is not a winning strategy for all growth models. Rather, wage moderation is associated with better growth (and unemployment) outcomes only for countries with export-led growth strategies.
Non-deviant Causation
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

The problem of deviant causation has long vexed causalist accounts of action. This chapter argues that an account of non-deviant causation can be developed by leveraging insights from the author’s account of control. In order to understand what happens when non-deviant causation happens, it develops the notion of a comprehensive set of circumstances. This is a set of circumstances that is derived by building a causal model that includes an agent, a plan, and the agent’s location in a particular situation. What is special about the model is that it gets the causal parameters of the particular situation right. Non-deviant causation then turns out to be the normal production of behavior that is, for the agent, normal given the plan and across the comprehensive set of circumstances. After developing this account, this chapter discusses a range of problem cases for it, examines an alternative account due to Wayne Wu, and discusses how the account fares against some complaints drawn from relevant literature.
Varietals of Control’s Exercise
Authors: Shepherd Joshua
Published: January 2021

This chapter first offers a clear explication of control’s exercise. It then briefly discusses control over omissions, before turning to a discussion of different varietals of control. So, in particular, voluntary control is central to several debates in philosophy. No acceptable account exists. This chapter extends the account of control to offer an explication of voluntary control. It then discusses this account in light of Alfred Mele’s recent work on direct control. Finally, this chapter offers an explication of a notion that is important to many who think and write about free will. This is the notion of what is “up to” an agent. The explication turns on the notion of voluntary control.
Democratic Design
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: January 2021

The twenty-first century poses serious challenges to democratic ideals and institutions. Democratic Design argues that to respond effectively—to remake and renew democracy––democrats need to think and work in new ways, using a new and versatile toolkit of concepts and practices. Drawing together, and moving beyond, the best of existing theories and models, the author builds, defends, and illustrates the democratic design framework—a new set of tools for politicians, reformers, and observers to explore creative and hybrid forms of democracy. The book encourages idealism and practicality, demanding special attention to the history and politics of diverse countries and contexts. Bringing theory and practice into close conversation, the chapter fuses insights of design thinking and the future of politics and government, showing how a comprehensive and robust approach to rethinking democratic governance is both feasible and essential.