bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Kovac Ursa , Rozman Damjana
Published: June 2015

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex and widely prevalent liver disorder, traditionally characterised by pathological changes ranging from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Owing to the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome, NAFLD is the most frequent liver disorder in the Western world. It is considered to be a multifactorial state, leading not only to liver related mortality but also to increased cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the overall mortality. The natural course of NAFLD is highly variable and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Candidate gene and genome wide association studies together with other clinical data reveal the importance of genetic factors in susceptibility to NAFLD where polymorphisms in genes involved in the control of insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress are linked to the progression of liver damage. To date, polymorphisms in
PNPLPA3
, the patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene, remain the most consistent genetic association with NAFLD while a number of other genetic polymorphisms have been associated with the disease in case–control studies. It is now necessary to explore the molecular mechanism underlying associations between gene variants and pathogenesis of various stages of NAFLD.

Key Concepts

NAFLD is a complex disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors which interact to determine the disease phenotype and its progression.

The pathogenesis of NAFLD remains poorly understood. It is under debate if the development of simple steatosis and NASH is the result of two or multiple hits, or whether it is a more complex network phenomenon.

Susceptibility to and progression of NAFLD differ according to race, ethnicity, gender and lifestyle.

Several SNPs in the human genome associate with susceptibility to and progression of NAFLD.

The most consistently replicated genetic risk factor for NAFLD disease is the rs738409 polymorphism in the human
PNPLA3
, the patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing gene 3, also called adiponutrin.

Other SNPs in genes influencing lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix synthesis, degradation, apoptosis, and so on associate with NAFLD; however, they require conformation before being formally associated with NAFLD stages.
Collective Cell Migration in Neural Crest Development
Authors: Theveneau Eric , Andrieu Cyril
Published: June 2015

The migration of multiple cells as a cooperative unit known as collective cell migration is a common phenomenon in development, cancer and healing. Cooperation can be implemented by physical and/or chemical means and thus happens in epithelial as well as mesenchymal cell populations. Neural crest cells, a highly motile embryonic population, are a well‐known model for epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cell migration. Neural crest cells use various strategies to cooperate and migrate collectively which make them a good model for the study of collectiveness. Further, neural crest cells' interaction with other embryonic populations also relies on cell cooperation, thus providing a model for the study of cell cooperation during organogenesis.

Key Concepts

Neural crest cells are migratory multipotent stem cells.

Neural crest cells distribute according to cell–cell and cell–environment interactions.

Some neural crest cell populations migrate collectively.

Collectiveness is based on cell–cell cooperation via paracrine chemotaxis and cell–cell adhesion.

Collectiveness influences cell guidance.

Cooperation takes place at several orders of magnitude: among neural crest cells and between neural crest cells and adjacent cell populations.
Joseph Henry Woodger
Authors: Nicholson Daniel J , Gawne Richard
Published: June 2015

Joseph Henry Woodger (1894–1981) was one of the foremost theoretical biologists of the twentieth century. Starting out his career as an experimental embryologist and cytologist, Woodger became increasingly interested in the conceptual foundations of biology. Eventually, he abandoned all empirical research so that he could devote himself fully to studying the structure of biological theories. Perhaps his major accomplishment was the 500‐page treatise
Biological Principles: A Critical Study
(1929), which systematically investigated the epistemological basis of biological knowledge through an analysis of its central concepts. Today, he is mostly remembered for his audacious monograph
The Axiomatic Method in Biology
(1937), which remains the most ambitious attempt to reformulate the propositions of biology (especially genetics, embryology, and taxonomy) using the tools of symbolic logic and pure mathematics. Woodger is also known for establishing the Theoretical Biology Club, and for introducing the ‘Bauplan’ concept into Anglophone biology. The insect
Terpandrus Woodgeri
(Woodger's Gumleaf Katydid) is named in his honour.
Transposons in Eukaryotes (Part
A
): Structures, Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Wang Zhenxing , Kunze Reinhard
Published: June 2015

Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) segments which can mobilise from their original location and (re)insert into new positions in the genome. TEs occur in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Half of the human genome consists of TEs and large plant genomes are composed of more than 80% TEs. Prevailing among these are the retrotransposons (class I elements) that propagate through an RNA (ribonucleic acid) intermediate. DNA transposons, or class II elements, move as DNA by a cut‐and‐paste mechanism. The vast majority of transposon insertions into genes result in gene damage. It is therefore of ‘mutual interest’ of host cells and transposons to limit transpositions to very low frequencies. Eukaryotes normally keep transposons under control by epigenetic inactivation via transcriptional and post‐transcriptional gene silencing. However, in rare cases, transposon insertions also lead to altered gene regulation or to the development of novel cellular functions, a process termed ‘domestication’ of transposons. In genetic research, TEs are used as versatile tools for insertion mutagenesis and gene isolation.

Key Concepts

Transposons are evolutionary old components of almost all eukaryotic genomes.

Transposon contents in eukaryotic genomes vary from <1% to >85%.

By default, all transposons in a genome are epigenetically silenced by DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and histone modification.

Environmental stress (‘genome shock’) can lead to release of epigenetic silencing and reactivation of transposons.

Transposon insertions into genes are almost always deleterious, but in rare cases can result in novel gene regulation patterns.

Very rarely transposons were ‘domesticated’ to provide novel functions to the host.

Transposons can be applied as genetic tools for mutagenesis and gene isolation.
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Mattarozzi Monica , Careri Maria
Published: June 2015

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) technique enables analysis of emergent polar compounds without the need for derivatization reaction, while the introduction of high‐resolution mass analyzers in hybrid configurations makes possible to elucidate chemical structure, also without reference standards. Over the past 10 years, besides target analysis, the coupling of LC to high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has allowed screening of compounds expected to be in the environment, as well as nontarget screening of unknown compounds, such as transformation products (TPs) formed in the environment or during technical wastewater and sewage purification treatments. Nowadays, analytical chemists are trying to achieve real nontarget analysis of numerous unknowns in environmental samples for a comprehensive view of the true overall contamination present in samples, but it still remains a very challenging issue. The development of new software tools to extract relevant data, spectra libraries, and databases will be of great help to solve this issue, enhancing the success rate.

This article represents the second edition of a previous manuscript by Careri,2000 which was updated to take into account the huge progress in MS instrumentation and related methodologies and also advances in environmental analytical chemistry. In this overview, among the environmental applications of LC‐MS, current and innovative approaches for the analysis of selected classes of emerging pollutants, such as novel brominated flame retardants, nanomaterials, hormones and other endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceutical and personal care products in environmental samples are discussed.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organics in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Benner Bruce A.
Published: June 2015

Supercritical fluids (SFs) possess several physical properties that make them attractive substitutes for conventional liquid solvents in analytical‐scale extractions. Molecular diffusivities of SFs are typically a factor of 10 greater (10−4cm2s−1versus 10−5cm2s−1) and their viscosities are a factor of 10 lower (10−4N s m−2versus 10−3N s m−2) than liquid solvents. These properties improve the rate of mass transfer of solutes from the matrix surface to the bulk extractions fluid – a transfer believed to be the rate‐limiting step of most extractions. Under optimized conditions, the improvements in mass transfer can enable a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to be completed in <1 h compared to ≥12 h for extractions involving conventional solvent techniques, while generating little solvent waste compared with traditional extraction methods. Significant limitations in the efficiency of SFE due to differences in sample composition (matrix effect) have been discussed in the past 15 years and have reduced its impact on environmental analysis. The ability of SFE with CO2to simulate (in minutes) long‐term leeching of pollutant species from soils and sediments, however, has enabled researchers to predict the efficacy of bioremediation and may be SFE's most important contribution to environmental analytical chemistry. This review discusses the progress made over the past nearly 30 years in SFE as an alternative technique to liquid solvent extractions of environmental samples for the subsequent measurement of organic constituents.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Analysis of Crudes and Transportation Fuels
Authors: Alves Julio C.L. , Poppi Ronei J.
Published: June 2015

There is an ongoing need for improvement in the optimization of petroleum refining processes. To this end, the technological development of analytical instrumentation and data treatment have been explored using process analytical chemistry (PAC) tools, which allow real‐time on‐line or in‐line analysis faster and with lower cost than the standard reference methods. The use of near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods is an ideal fit for PAC tasks. This combination has provided good results in the analysis of crude oil and petroleum derivatives such as gasoline and diesel oil, for which many quality parameters can be adequately determined using process analyzers, providing information for process control by means of real‐time optimization (RTO) systems. The final quality control of gasoline and diesel oil, as well as their mixtures with biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, respectively, can also be adequately performed in the laboratory using NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods.
Thermal Field‐Flow Fractionation of Colloidal Suspensions
Authors: Eslahian Kyriakos A. , Maskos Michael
Published: June 2015

Thermal field‐flow fractionation (ThFFF) is a powerful method for analytical and semi‐preparative particle separations according to colloidal properties. State of the art in terms of experiment and theory are reviewed. Surfactant‐free ThFFF is introduced, allowing for determination of method‐independent Soret coefficients, whereas significant electrostatic and van der Waals interactions in the channel have to be accounted. In these conditions, superior sensitivity of ThFFF on particle surface properties is demonstrated, as well as crucial dependence of fractionation of the ionic strength of the carrier. Electrostatic submechanisms to thermophoresis of charged colloids are discussed. Specific salt‐dependent fractionation is investigated in solutions mixed from NaCl and NaOH. Simulations are in good agreement with experimental data, and observed sign inversion of thermophoresis is shown to arise from thermoelectric effects. Also, temperature dependence of model colloids is simulated to be governed by electrostatic forces.
Abatement of Polybrominated Molecules by Various Radiative Methods
Authors: Nadim Abdelouahab , Bouberka Zohra , Agguine Yassine , Eddarir Said , Maschke Ulrich
Published: June 2015

This study presents new aspects in photochemical degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2,3‐dibromopropylether) (TBBPA‐DBPE). The reaction kinetics were followed in particular by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as well as by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, and the byproducts of degradation were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). A good agreement was obtained from the results of different analytical methods in terms of the overall conversion of TBBPA‐DBPE and the corresponding rate. The obtained results show that the photodegradation of TBBPA‐DBPE can be described by pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. It is interesting to mention a strong presence of a large number of low molecular weight molecules, which proves the efficiency of the radiative treatment, as these products contain only a low amount of bromine.
Raman Spectroscopy in Food and Seawater Analysis
Authors: Sowoidnich Kay , Kronfeldt Heinz‐Detlef
Published: June 2015

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique providing chemically specific information by excitation of molecular vibrations within the sample. This article starts with an overview of advanced Raman spectroscopic techniques for fluorescence removal and signal enhancement, namely shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Specially developed state‐of‐the‐art microsystem diode lasers provide the basis for custom‐designed portable Raman instrumentation enabling investigations outside the common laboratory environment. Selected applications in the field of food analysis discussed here comprise meat spoilage detection and authentication of meat species. Conventional Raman spectroscopy and SERDS combined with multivariate data analysis have proven successful for the determination of microbial meat status and animal species. Furthermore, shifted excitation resonance Raman difference spectroscopy was capable of high‐sensitive detection of food colorants in liquids. Using target‐specific developed SERS substrates and a combination of SERS with SERDS, trace detection of water pollutants has been realized in the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This includes offshore measurements in real seawater at selected locations in the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea applying underwater Raman systems. These application examples highlight the large potential of Raman spectroscopy for fast, sensitive, and nondestructive in situ monitoring purposes.
Forensic Anthropology and Cognitive Bias
Authors: Nakhaeizadeh Sherry , Morgan Ruth M.
Published: June 2015

The effect of cognitive bias in forensic science is being empirically tested within a number of forensic domains. The presence and impact of cognitive interpretation issues within the domain of forensic anthropology have yet to be fully recognized in much of the published literature. However, the experimental studies that have been carried out to examine the effect of external manipulations on judgment and decision‐making in forensic anthropological methods have revealed a significant influence. Current empirical findings focus on the visual interpretation of skeletal remains and the degree to which biases may occur when conducting a biological profile. This article deals with the influence of cognitive bias in forensic anthropological methods, with special emphasis on non‐metric assessments. It highlights the degree to which cognitive biases can potentially influence the forensic anthropologists' judgments and interpretations. It also provides recommendations for the mitigation of this effect to ensure that the value of forensic anthropology continues to develop and aid forensic investigations.
Face Identification, Cross‐Race
Authors: Kehn Andre , Pica Emily , Gamblin Bradlee W.
Published: June 2015

The cross‐race effect (CRE) refers to the phenomenon in which own‐race faces are remembered better than other‐race faces. Although this effect has been examined for over 30 years, an adequate theoretical explanation has not yet been discerned. This article reviews the most prevalent theories trying to explain the CRE and differences in face processing for own‐ and other‐race faces. Specifically, we discuss perceptual expertise models, social‐cognitive models, and differences in configural processing for own‐ and other‐race faces.
Postpartum Psychosis
Authors: Friedman Susan H.
Published: June 2015

Postpartum psychosis (also known aspuerperal psychosis) may include the mother experiencing hallucinations, delusions, confusion, and mood swings. Worsening can occur rapidly and psychiatric hospital admission is often needed. Risks may include neglect of her infant, abuse, suicide, and infanticide. Depending on the circumstances and locale, mothers who commit infanticide may qualify for the insanity defense.
Suicide (Behavior)
Authors: McNally Matthew R. , Patton Christina L. , Fremouw William J.
Published: June 2015

Murder–suicide is the occurrence of suicide preceded by murder within a short period of time; typically 24 h to 1 week. It occurs rarely at an annual rate of approximately 0.1–0.3 per 100 000 individuals in the United States. In most murder–suicide events, the perpetrator is a male and the victim is female; the most common murder–suicide incidents involve a jealous male killing a current or former female romantic partner. Murder–suicide incidents involving strangers are rare. Although there is usually one perpetrator and one victim, there may be multiple victims. In countries that permit firearm ownership, firearms are the most common weapon used in murder–suicide incidents. The majority of murder–suicide incidents occur in the home of either the victim or the perpetrator. While murder–suicide is frequently described as a psychological phenomenon distinct from either homicide or suicide, it may be more similar to suicide than homicide. It has been suggested that the murder component of murder–suicide incidents occurs subsequent to the decision to die by suicide. Various classification systems have been used to group murder–suicide incidents by perceived motive, relationship to the victim(s), and other perpetrator or incident factors.
Avoiding the Predictable Surprise: Early Action Is the Key to Building a Climate‐Resilient Aviation Network
Authors: Burbidge Rachel
Published: June 2015

Impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, higher temperatures, and greater weather extremes, create operational, financial, and business risks for European aviation. However, these are risks that the sector can work to avoid by taking early, and cost‐effective, action. A growing but limited number of stakeholders are already implementing comprehensive resilience measures. Yet, a survey of European aviation organizations shows that although awareness is growing many stakeholders are still not acting, often due to a lack of information and guidance. Five key recommendations have been developed to promote cost‐effective climate resilience within the sector. These include local and network‐wide risk assessment, better use of MET information, and the implementation of “no‐regrets” or “win–win” measures that also address issues such as capacity. Overall, climate change is an issue of risk management and early action is the key to cost‐effective mitigation of those risks.
Coordinated Standoff Tracking of Moving Ground Targets Using MultipleUAVs
Authors: Oh Hyondong , Kim Seungkeun , Tsourdos Antonios
Published: June 2015

This chapter presents coordinated standoff tracking strategies to follow unknown moving ground vehicles using multiple UAVs equipped with an on‐board ground moving target indicator sensor. Various recent algorithms on standoff tracking such as vector field guidance, nonlinear model predictive control, and group target tracking are introduced along with relevant target estimation and sensor fusion techniques required to obtain target's movement accurately. To show the feasibility and benefits of the presented algorithms, numerical simulation results are presented using car trajectory data obtained from a realistic traffic simulator. Furthermore, advantages and disadvantages/limitations of each method are discussed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Radiative Forcing and Climate Change
Authors: Shine Keith P.
Published: June 2015

Aviation causes climate change as a result of its emissions of CO
2
, oxides of nitrogen, aerosols, and water vapor. One simple method of quantifying the climate impact of past emissions is radiative forcing. The radiative forcing due to changes in CO
2
is best characterized, but there are formidable difficulties in estimating the non‐CO
2
forcings – this is particularly the case for possible aviation‐induced changes in cloudiness (AIC). The most recent comprehensive assessment gave a best estimate of the 2005 total radiative forcing due to aviation of about 55–78 mW m
−2
depending on whether AIC was included or not, with an uncertainty of at least a factor of 2. The aviation CO
2
radiative forcing represents about 1.6% of the total CO
2
forcing from all human activities. It is estimated that, including the non‐CO
2
effects, aviation contributes between 1.3 and 14% of the total radiative forcing due to all human activities. Alternative methods for comparing the future impact of present‐day aviation emissions are presented – the perception of the relative importance of the non‐CO
2
emissions, relative to CO
2
, depends considerably on the chosen method and the parameters chosen within those methods.
Boron Hydrides and Nanostructured Boron Materials
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A. , Chakrabarti Amartya
Published: June 2015

Boranes are hydrides of boron in which B–H groups occupy the apices of electron‐deficient clusters. The term “electron deficient” arises from the fact that boron has more valence orbitals than it has valence electrons. The consequence of this imbalance is that the clusters are stabilized by extensive multi‐centered bondings. The relationships between cage structures and the number of cage electrons are discussed for boranes and their extension to heteroboranes, where one or more
BH
units are replaced by isolobal main group or transition metal moieties. General synthetic methods and reactivities of the heteroboranes are also discussed. On the other hand, boron nanomaterials are a new class of materials emerged over the past two decades due to immense development in the field of nanotechnology. These materials are very useful in diverse applications including electronics, energy, space, and biomedicine. A description of different boron and boron‐based nanomaterials along with their applications are included in this article.
Iron–Sulfur Models of Protein Active Sites
Authors: Perry Zachary , Martinez Baldemar , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: June 2015

In pervasiveness of occurrence and multiplicity of function, iron–sulfur clusters rival biological prosthetic groups such as hemes and flavins. The development of iron–sulfur cluster chemistry paralleled the founding and maturation of the field of bioinorganic chemistry. Starting from the first spontaneous self‐assembly of the [Fe
4
S
4
(SR)
4
]
2−
cluster in 1972, and the identification of the protein‐bound Fe
4
S
4
in the same year, the study of iron–sulfur models of protein active sites has evolved into a unique field in which synthetic inorganic chemistry now resembles the total synthesis of natural products in organic chemistry. Some of the models had been built before the crystal structure of the protein was determined. Almost all the models successfully replicated the topology and the electronic properties of the protein active sites. In this article, the models are discussed in the order of their complexity, from single iron rubredoxin models to Fe
2
S
2
, Fe
3
S
4
, Fe
4
S
4
, and Fe
8
S
7
model compounds. In each section the form and function of the models will be compared to that of naturally occurring systems. Biomimetic synthetic reasoning can be split into two portions: structural and functional. Such relevant geometry and connectivity are discussed and synthetic routes to desired structures are outlined. As the major function of iron–sulfur proteins is electron transfer, and the oxidation state of the iron atom determines its reactivity, electrochemical and Mössbauer data are tabulated in detail. Some of the recent developments in site‐differentiated, peptide, and all‐ferrous Fe
4
S
4
clusters are reviewed. The challenge posed by iron–sulfur proteins has inspired new iron–sulfur cluster chemistry. No other metal–nonmetal combination has produced more structural types than the iron–sulfur system; the majority of them are yet to be found in biological systems. The limitations of the synthesis and control of these systems are discussed in terms of structural and functional similarities to the biological analogs.
GlmU fromMycobacterium tuberculosis– Structure, Function, and the Role of Metal Ions in Catalysis
Authors: Vithani Neha , Prakash Balaji
Published: June 2015

N‐Acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GlmU) forms a biological trimer. Each monomer has two independent domains that catalyze two independent enzymatic reactions. The C‐terminal domain catalyzes an acetyltransfer reaction:

The product of this reaction,N‐acetylglucosamine‐1‐phosphate (GlcNAc‐1‐P), is subsequently utilized by the N‐terminal domain to synthesize a sugar nucleotide,UDP‐GlcNAc. The reaction catalyzed by the N‐terminal domain, that is, the uridyltransfer reaction is

While the acetyltransfer reaction catalyzed by the C‐terminal domain is metal independent, the uridyltransfer reaction requires the binding of two Mg2+ions at the active site, for stabilizing the substrates and for catalysis. The coordination chemistry of Mn2+is similar to that of the Mg2+, and therefore Mn2+too can catalyze this reaction effectively. Besides, Co2+ions were also found to bind at the active site and catalyze the reaction.
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials
Authors: Yan Xiaodong , Chen Xiaobo
Published: June 2015

As a versatile material of photocatalytic properties, low cost, good biocompatibility, and high chemical stability, titanium dioxide (TiO
2
), especially at the nanometer scale, have been investigated extensively and intensively in applications from energy and environment to health. To date, various preparation methods have been developed to synthesize TiO
2
nanomaterials with well‐controlled shape (e.g., nanorod, nanowire, and nanotube) and desired properties. This article briefly introduces the up‐to‐date developments of TiO
2
nanomaterials. It focuses on their synthesis and also covers their properties, modifications, and applications.
Silicon‐Based Nanoparticles for Biosensing and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Martín‐Palma Raúl J. , Hernández‐Montelongo> Jacobo , Muñoz‐Noval Álvaro , Manso‐Silván Miguel , Torres‐Costa Vicente
Published: June 2015

Nanostructured porous silicon (nanoPS) has found a large number of applications in the broad fields of photonics and optoelectronics, triggered by the discovery of its photoluminescence in 1990. It is also an appealing biomaterial given its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioresorbability. Moreover, modifications can be made to these Si‐based nanoparticles to better suit their integration with biological systems, leading to such interesting properties as enhanced aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, or bio‐recognition. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the most remarkable applications of nanoPS in the broad fields of biosensing and biomedicine, including tumor imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
When do normative beliefs about aggression predict aggressive behavior? An application of I3 theory
Authors: Li Jian‐Bin , Nie Yan‐Gang , Boardley Ian D. , Dou Kai , Situ Qiao‐Min
Published: June 2015

I3 theory assumes that aggressive behavior is dependent on three orthogonal processes (i.e., Instigator, Impellance, and Inhibition). Previous studies showed that Impellance (trait aggressiveness, retaliation tendencies) better predicted aggression when Instigator was strong and Inhibition was weak. In the current study, we predicted that another Impellance (i.e., normative beliefs about aggression) might predict aggression when Instigator was absent and Inhibition was high (i.e., the perfect calm proposition). In two experiments, participants first completed the normative beliefs about aggression questionnaire. Two weeks later, participants' self‐control resources were manipulated either using the Stroop task (study 1, N = 148) or through an “e‐crossing” task (study 2, N = 180). Afterwards, with or without being provoked, participants played a game with an ostensible partner where they had a chance to aggress against them. Study 1 found that normative beliefs about aggression negatively and significantly predicted aggressive behavior only when provocation was absent and self‐control resources were not depleted. In Study 2, normative beliefs about aggression negatively predicted aggressive behavior at marginal significance level only in the “no‐provocation and no‐depletion” condition. In conclusion, the current study provides partial support for the perfect calm proposition and I3 theory. Aggr. Behav. 41:544–555, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steiglitz–McBride adaptive notch filter based on a variable‐step‐size LMS algorithm and its application to active noise control
Authors: Roopa S. , Narasimhan S. V. , Babloo B.
Published: June 2015

This paper proposes a new Steiglitz–McBride (SM) adaptive notch filter (SM‐ANF) based on a robust variable‐step‐size least‐mean‐square algorithm and its application to active noise control (ANC). The proposed SM‐ANF not only has fast convergence but also has small misadjustment. The variable‐step‐size algorithm uses the sum of the squared cross correlation between the error signal and the delayed inputs corresponding to the adaptive weights. The cross correlation provides robustness to the broadband signal, which plays the role of noise. The proposed SM‐ANF is computationally simpler than the existing Newton/recursive least‐squares‐type ANF. The frequency response of the new SM‐ANF has a notch depth of about −25 dB (for each of the three frequencies considered) and has spectral flatness within 5 dB (peak to peak). This robust notch filter algorithm is used as an observation noise canceller for the secondary path estimation of an ANC system based on the SM method. The ANC with proposed SM‐ANF provides not only faster convergence but also an 11‐dB improvement in noise attenuation over the SM‐based ANC without such a SM‐ANF. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comments on ‘comparison of architectures and robustness of model reference adaptive controllers and L1‐adaptive controllers’
Authors: Ortega Romeo , Panteley Elena , Bobtsov Alexey
Published: June 2015

In a recent paper it is claimed that adding a filter at the plant input to a classical direct model reference adaptive control constitutes a ‘new architecture’ for adaptive control. The purpose of this note is to show that this claim is specious. Towards this end, we bring to the readers attention the some recent results where a rigorous mathematical analysis shows that the resulting control signal always converges to the output of a linear time‐invariant proportional plus integral (PI) controller, whose gains are independent of the plant parameters. Moreover, it is shown that if the PI controller does not stabilize the plant, the proposed controller will not stabilize it either, making unnecessary the addition of the adaptation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation Behavior of Al8Co17Cr17Cu8Fe17Ni33, Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15, and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 Compositionally Complex Alloys (High‐Entropy Alloys) at Elevated Temperatures in Air
Authors: Daoud Haneen M. , Manzoni Anna M. , Völkl Rainer , Wanderka Nelia , Glatzel Uwe
Published: June 2015

Oxidation behavior of the compositionally complex alloys (high‐entropy alloys) Al8Co17Cr17Cu8Fe17Ni33 (fcc‐alloy), Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15 (bcc‐alloy), and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 (reference‐alloy) at elevated temperatures in air is investigated. The microstructures of the oxide scales and the substrates are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. All oxidized alloys follow a parabolic kinetic law with low mass change per surface area at 800 °C. The Al8Cr17Co17Cu8Fe17Ni33 alloy follows sub‐parabolic kinetic law at 1 000 °C and exhibits good oxidation resistance at both tested temperatures (800 and 1 000 °C). Two alloys, Al23Co15Cr23Cu8Fe15Ni15 and Al17Co17Cr17Cu17Fe17Ni17 suffer from strong spallation at 1 000 °C.
Stretchable Supercapacitor with Adjustable Volumetric Capacitance Based on 3D Interdigital Electrodes
Authors: Li Fengwang , Chen Jitao , Wang Xusheng , Xue Mianqi , Chen G. F.
Published: June 2015

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based materials have shown good performance as electrodes in flexible energy storage devices owing to their physical properties, high specific surface area, and excellent electrical conductivity. Here, a novel road is reported for fabricating high‐performance supercapacitors based on 3D rGO electrodes and solid electrolyte multilayers via pressure spray printing and machine coating. These supercapacitors demonstrate high and adjustable volumetric capacitance, excellent flexibility, and stretchability. The results show that this commercial strategy has its essential merits such as low‐cost, inexpensive, and simple fabrication for large area production. These properties are in the favor of fabricating high‐performance supercapacitor to meet the practical energy demands in devices, especially flexible electronic devices. Furthermore, this novel 3D interdigital electrode concept can be widely applied to other energy devices for enhancing performances and to other micro devices for reducing cost.
Developing Biotemplated Data Storage: Room Temperature Biomineralization of L10CoPt Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Galloway Johanna M. , Talbot Jennifer E. , Critchley Kevin , Miles Jim J. , Bramble Jonathan P.
Published: June 2015

L10cobalt platinum can be used to record data at approximately sixfold higher densities than it is possible to on existing hard disks. Currently, fabricating L10CoPt requires high temperatures (≈500 °C) and expensive equipment. One ecological alternative is to exploit biomolecules that template nanomaterials at ambient temperatures. Here, it is demonstrated that a dual affinity peptide (DAP) can be used to biotemplate L10CoPt onto a surface at room temperature from an aqueous solution. One part of the peptide nucleates and controls the growth of CoPt nanoparticles from solution, and the other part binds to SiO2. A native silicon oxide surface is functionalized with a high loading of the DAP using microcontact printing. The DAP biotemplates a monolayer of uniformly sized and shaped nanoparticles when immobilized on the silicon surface. X‐ray diffraction shows that the biotemplated nanoparticles have the L10CoPt crystal structure, and magnetic measurements reveal stable, multiparticle zones of interaction, similar to those seen in perpendicular recording media. This is the first time that the L10phase of CoPt has been formed without high temperature/vacuum treatment (e.g., annealing or sputtering) and offers a significant advancement toward developing environmentally friendly, biotemplated materials for use in data storage.
Are immigrants in Canada over‐represented in riskier jobs relative to Canadian‐born labor market participants?
Authors: Tiagi Raaj
Published: June 2015

Background

This paper uses new data to examine the gap in injury and fatality rates between immigrant men and women and their Canadian‐born counterparts.

Methods

Data from the 2011 National Household Survey and the Association of Workers′ Compensation Boards of Canada were used to determine the difference in occupational and industry injury and fatality rates between various arrival cohorts of immigrants and those Canadian born.

Results

For both men and women, there is no significant difference in occupational injury and fatality rates between various arrival cohorts of immigrants and Canadian‐born workers. However, industry injury and fatality rates are lower for the most recent arrival cohorts of immigrants relative to Canadian‐born workers.

Conclusions

Although immigrants face many hurdles and challenges in their resettlement process in Canada, given the evidence from the paper, they are not likely to be at higher risk for work‐related injuries relative to those Canadian‐born. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:933–942, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moving research to practice through partnership: A case study in Asphalt Paving
Authors: Chang Charlotte , Nixon Laura , Baker Robin
Published: June 2015

Background

Multi‐stakeholder partnerships play a critical role in dissemination and implementation in health and safety. To better document and understand construction partnerships that have successfully scaled up effective interventions to protect workers, this case study focused on the collaborative processes of the Asphalt Paving Partnership. In the 1990s, this partnership developed, evaluated, disseminated, and achieved near universal, voluntary adoption of paver engineering controls to reduce exposure to asphalt fumes.

Methods

We used in‐depth interviews (n = 15) and document review in the case study.

Results

We describe contextual factors that both facilitated and challenged the formation of the collaboration, central themes and group processes, and research to practice (r2p) outcomes.

Conclusions

The Asphalt Paving Partnership offers insight into how multi‐stakeholder partnerships in construction can draw upon the strengths of diverse members to improve the dissemination and adoption of health and safety innovations and build a collaborative infrastructure to sustain momentum over time. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:824–837, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene oxide/poly(vinyl imidazole) nanocomposite: an effective support for preparation of highly loaded heterogeneous copper catalyst
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Safaie Niloofar , Hosseini Seyed Hassan , Bennett Craig
Published: June 2015

A heterogeneous polymeric catalyst was synthesized by immobilization of copper ions in a graphene oxide/poly(vinyl imidazole) nanocomposite. This catalyst has proven to be highly active in a practical protocol for click synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole via one‐pot three‐component cycloaddition of halides, terminal alkynes and sodium azide. The reaction was carried out in water medium and good to excellent yields of products were obtained using only 1.0 mol% of catalyst. The catalyst can be readily recovered and reused eight times under the described reaction conditions without significant loss of activity. The reaction also proceeded well with only 0.002 mol% of catalyst, which shows the high activity of the resulting copper‐loaded nanocomposite. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The thermoregulated ligand–palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes in water
Authors: Hao Yuanping , Jiang Jingyang , Wang Yanhua , Jin Zilin
Published: June 2015

The carbonylative Sonogashira coupling of aryl iodides with terminal alkynes was studied by using thermoregulated ligand–palladium as an efficient and reusable catalyst at 80 °C in water. The corresponding alkynone products were obtained in good to excellent yields under 1 atm of carbon monoxide. The isolation of the products was readily achieved by extraction with ethyl acetate, and the catalyst recovered in water can be reused and recycled up to four times without significant loss in catalytic activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogel swelling properties: comparison between conventional and nanocomposite hydrogels for water shutoff treatment
Authors: Mohammadi Shabnam , Vafaie Sefti Mohsen , Baghban Salehi Mahsa , Mousavi Moghadam Asefe , Rajaee Samira , Naderi Hasan
Published: June 2015

One of the unique properties of hydrogels is the dramatically change in their volume and shape. In this research, conventional hydrogels (composed of sulfonated polyacrylamide and Cr(OAc)3as copolymer and crosslinker, respectively) were investigatedversusnanocomposite (NC) hydrogels for the purpose of achieving suitable composition with ability of high amount of equilibrium swelling ratio and low amount of salt sensitivity factor (f). The results showed that high ratio of Cr(OAc)3/copolymer (>0.39) and high concentration of copolymer (>27 000 ppm) were suitable areas for conventional hydrogels because of minimumffactor with still low ability of gel swelling. However, the results of NC hydrogels with composition of copolymer concentrations of 23 750 to 30 000 ppm, Cr(OAc)3/copolymer ratio of 0.28 and nano Na‐MMT concentrations of 500 to 800 ppm represented a significantly high amount of swelling and low amount offfactor. Coreflooding tests were applied to investigate the effect of polymer gel swelling in porous media for water shutoff treatment. The values of the residual resistance factor of water/oil for samples with high and low swelling ratio were 32.34 and 7.08, respectively, confirming the ability of the polymer gel with high swelling ratio in reducing the relative permeability of water/oil in porous media. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobile technologies and the spatiotemporal configurations of institutional practice
Authors: Shklovski Irina , Troshynski Emily , Dourish Paul
Published: June 2015

One of the most significant contemporary technological trends is institutional adoption and use of mobile and location‐based systems and services. We argue that the notion of “location” as it manifests itself in location‐based systems is being produced as an object of exchange. Here we are specifically concerned with what happens to institutional roles, power relationships, and decision‐making processes when a particular type of information—that of spatiotemporal location of people—is made into a technologically tradable object through the use of location‐based systems. We examine the introduction ofGPS(Global Positioning Systems) technologies by theCalifornia criminal justice system and the institution of parole for monitoring the movements of parolees, with consequences both for the everyday lives of these parolees and the work practices of their parole officers. We document the ways in which broad adoption of location‐based and mobile technologies has the capacity to radically reconfigure the spatiotemporal arrangement of institutional processes. The presence of digital location traces creates new forms of institutional accountability, facilitates a shift in the understood relation between location and action, and necessitates new models of interpretation and sense making in practice.
Seeing is believing (or at least changing your mind): The influence of visibility and task complexity on preference changes in computer‐supported team decision making
Authors: Osatuyi Babajide , Hiltz Starr Roxanne , Passerini Katia
Published: June 2015

This article describes an experimental study that examines the extent to which a group decision support system (GDSS), which allows team members to view other members' preference ratings, can encourage changes in individual preferences. We studied 22, four‐person teams performing 2 hidden profile tasks—simple and complex—in a controlled setting. Transparency of the interactions, achieved through the visibility of ratings, influenced changes in participants' preferences as measured before, during and after the team discussion. Visibility of team scores could then offer an effective way to reach consensus, despite individual incumbent preferences. Changes between individuals' initial preferences and team preferences were found to be larger for members working on a complex task compared to a simple task, as were changes between individuals' prediscussion and postdiscussion preferences. Although prior studies established that the initial preferences of individual team members are rather sticky, this study reveals that individuals adjusted their initial preferences to reach a team consensus, as well as modified their preferences after team discussions. Despite the mixed earlier research results on the impact of GDSS on efficient decision making, findings from this study suggest that in complex decision‐making contexts, GDSS tools can be effective in enabling consensus building in groups.
Is Cinderella resurging? The impact of consumers' underdog disposition on brand preferences: Underdog brand biography and brand status as moderators
Authors: Kao Danny Tengti
Published: June 2015

This research attempts to explore the moderating roles of underdog brand biography and brand status in the impact of consumers' underdog disposition on brand preferences. A total of 218 on‐the‐job graduate students were randomly assigned to a 2 (explicitness of underdog brand biography: implicit vs. explicit) × 2 (brand status: emerging brands vs. established brands) factorial design. Results show that consumers with strong underdog disposition are likely to generate stronger brand preferences for established brands accompanied with explicit underdog brand biographies than emerging brands accompanied with explicit underdog brand biographies; in contrast, consumers with strong underdog disposition are likely to engender no differential brand preferences for emerging brands accompanied with implicit underdog brand biographies over established brands accompanied with implicit underdog brand biographies. Moreover, consumers with a weak underdog disposition are likely to engender stronger brand preferences for established brands than emerging brands, regardless of the explicitness of underdog brand biography. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary cilia found on HeLa and other cancer cells
Authors: Kowal Tia J. , Falk Matthias M.
Published: June 2015

For many years now, researchers have known of a sensory appendage on the surface of most differentiated cell types called primary cilium. Primary cilia are both chemo‐ and mechano‐sensory in function and have an obvious role in cell cycle control. Because of this, it has been thought that primary cilia are not found on rapidly proliferating cells, for example, cancer cells. Here we report using immunofluorescent staining for the ciliary protein Arl13b that primary cilia are frequently found on HeLa (human epithelial adenocarcinoma) and other cancer cell lines such as MG63 (human osteosarcoma) commonly used for cell culture studies and that the ciliated population is significantly higher (ave. 28.6% and 46.5%, respectively in starved and 15.7–18.6% in un‐starved cells) than previously anticipated. Our finding impacts the current perception of primary cilia formed in highly proliferative cells.