bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wastewater reuse in the Eastern Caribbean: a case study
Authors: Peters Everson James
Published: October 2014

Wastewater reuse is now widely recognised as an important source of water supply in water-scarce countries and a solution to environmental problems associated with untreated wastewater discharge. In the Eastern Caribbean, competition for potable water between tourism and local domestic needs has seen a growth of desalination treatment plants. The need for water by the tourism sector peaks during the dry season when availability is at its minimum. While desalination has been utilised to meet growing demands, hotels and resorts are now required, in many cases, to treat wastewater to a high standard to meet environmental standards so that the coastal areas, on which these hotels and resorts depend, are protected. This paper discusses the potential of wastewater reuse in the main tourism-dependent islands in the Eastern Caribbean. The nexus between desalination and wastewater reuse allows the hotels and resorts sector to reduce the overall costs of water supply, overcome shortages in the dry season and meet stringent wastewater disposal requirements, as it was found that wastewater reuse can meet up to 38% of total needs. In many of the islands, there are suitable conditions for promoting wastewater reuse.
Sex-Related Differences of Acute Stroke Unit Care: Results from the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry
Authors: Arnao Valentina , Caso Valeria
Published: October 2014

Evaluation of: Gattringer T, Ferrari J, Knoflach M et al. Sex-related differences of acute stroke unit care results from an Austrian stroke unit registry. Stroke 45, 1632-1638 (2014). The authors analyzed data from 47,209 patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack from January 2005 to December 2012. In this study, epidemiological data, stroke type, diagnostics and clinical scores were analyzed for age-adjusted preclinical and clinical characteristics as well as quality of acute stroke care. Moreover, outcome at 3 months was included in a multivariate model corrected for demographic and clinical confounders. While there were no reported sex differences in stroke care and thrombolysis rates, males more often received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans. From follow-up data, a worse functional outcome was observed for females in univariate and multivariate analysis. In fact, females were less likely to be prescribed statins and more likely to receive antiplatelet therapy. As a stroke risk factor, a higher rate of atrial fibrillation was observed in females.
Ospemifene: A Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator for Treatment of Dyspareunia
Authors: Eder Scott Evan
Published: October 2014

Ospemifene is a novel, oral selective estrogen receptor modulator that has been approved in the USA for treatment of dyspareunia. The decline in estrogen during menopause creates vulvovaginal changes that can cause symptoms that adversely impact women psychosexually. Many women are reluctant to discuss painful sex and providers must proactively inquire about sexuality issues. Ospemifene has been shown to reverse changes associated with vulvovaginal atrophy and relieve symptoms of dyspareunia. Safety studies of treatment up to 52 weeks have shown ospemifene to be safe with no impact on endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma, venous thrombotic events or pelvic organ prolapse. Further studies are needed to evaluate its role in bone and breast health.
Reducing Stroke in Women with Risk Factor Management: Blood Pressure and Cholesterol
Authors: Baghshomali Sanam , Bushnell Cheryl
Published: October 2014

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in adults worldwide. Prevention focused on modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia, has shown them to be of significant importance in decreasing the risk of stroke. Multiple studies have brought to light the differences between men and women with regards to stroke and these risk factors. Women have a higher prevalence of stroke, mortality and disability and it has been shown that preventive and treatment options are not as comprehensive for women. Hence, it is of great necessity to evaluate and summarize the differences in gender and stroke risk factors in order to target disparities and optimize prevention, especially because women have a higher lifetime risk of stroke. The purpose of this review is to summarize sex differences in the prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. In addition, we will review the sex differences in stroke prevention effectiveness and adherence to blood pressure and cholesterol medications, and suggest future directions for research to reduce the burden of stroke in women.
Pathological Features and Prognosis of Lobular Carcinoma in Egyptian Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Azim Hamdy A , Malek Raafat A , Hatem A Azim
Published: October 2014

Aim: To illustrate the differences between invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas (ILCs and IDCs) in terms of baseline demographics, pathologic features and recurrence in Egyptian breast cancer patients. Patients & methods: Retrospective analysis of breast cancer patients diagnosed and treated between 2000 and 2008 was performed. Results: 176 (8.5%) and 1758 (85%) cases were diagnosed with ILC and IDC, respectively. Compared with IDC, ILC was less observed in patients under 35 years of age (3.4 vs 9.3%; p = 0.009), and was associated with more bilaterality (p = 0.001), advanced tumor stage (p = 0.027) and nodal involvement (p = 0.004). On the other hand, IDC was significantly associated with more luminal B-like phenotype (16.9 vs 8.1%; p < 0.001) and more HER2-enriched disease (11.5 vs 2.7%; p < 0.001). At a median follow-up time of 64 months, ILC histology was independently associated with better disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.36-0.93; p = 0.023). Bone and peritoneal relapses were more common in ILC, while lung relapses were more common in IDC. Conclusion: ILC has distinct biologic and prognostic features that may warrant different therapeutic approaches.
Polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme in hemodialysis patients-association with cardiovascular morbidity
Authors: Tosic Jelena , Djuric Zivka , Popovic Jovan , Buzadzic Ivana , Dimkovic Sinisa , Dimkovic Nada
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are the major concern in
dialysis patients and many risk factors are thought to be involved in its
pathogenesis. Apart from traditional and non-traditional risk factors, the
genetic susceptibility may be of importance, including renin-angiotensin
system gene polymorphism. The aim of this study was to analyse
renin-angiotensin system polymorphism in our group of hemodialysis patients
and to correlate the findings with cardiovascular morbidity. Material and
Methods. The study included 196 patients on regular hemodialysis on
polysulphone membrane three times per week for more than six months. Genetic
analysis was performed by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction
fragment length polymorphism method. Results. Out of 196 patients, 55% had
I/D genotype, 35% had D/D and 10% had I/I, including angiotensin-converting
enzyme polymorphism. It was shown that the patients with D allele genotype
developed a significantly higher incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy
and peripheral vascular disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme
polymorphism showed a significant association with the incidence of
cerebrovascular accident and hyperlipoproteinemia in our group of
hemodialysis patients. Conclusion. The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene
polymorphism is associated with the development of cerebrovascular accidents
and hyperlipoproteinemia. Allele D of this gene increases the risk for the
development of left ventricular hypertrophy and peripheral vascular disease
significantly in hemodialysis patients. A longer follow-up is needed to make
the definitive conclusion about the influence of angiotensin-converting
enzyme polymorphism on cardiovascular morbidity and its importance in
everyday clinical practice.
Articulation of sounds in Serbian language in patients who learned esophageal speech successfully
Authors: Vekic Maja , Veselinovic Mila , Mumovic Gordana , Mitrovic Slobodan
Published: October 2014

Introduction. Articulation of pronounced sounds during the training and
subsequent use of esophageal speech is very important because it contributes
significantly to intelligibility and aesthetics of spoken words and
sentences, as well as of speech and language itself. The aim of this research
was to determine the quality of articulation of sounds of Serbian language by
groups of sounds in patients who had learned esophageal speech successfully
as well as the effect of age and tooth loss on the quality of articulation.
Material and Methods. This retrospective - prospective study included 16
patients who had undergone total laryngectomy. Having completed the
rehabilitation of speech, these patient used esophageal voice and speech. The
quality of articulation was tested by the ?Global test of articulation.?
Results. Esophageal speech was rated with grade 5, 4 and 3 in 62.5%, 31.3%
and one patient, respectively. Serbian was the native language of all the
patients. The study included 30 sounds of Serbian language in 16 subjects
(480 total sounds). Only two patients (12.5%) articulated all sounds
properly, whereas 87.5% of them had incorrect articulation. Conclusion. The
articulation of affricates and fricatives, especially sound /h/ from the
group of the fricatives, was found to be the worst in the patients who had
successfully mastered esophageal speech. The age and the tooth loss of
patients who have mastered esophageal speech do not affect the articulation
of sounds in Serbian language.
Drug induced lung disease - amiodarone in focus
Authors: Vasic Nada , Milenkovic Branislava , Pesut Dragica , Stevic Ruza , Jovanovic Dragana
Published: October 2014

More than 380 medications are known to cause pulmonary toxicity. Selected
drugs that are important causes of pulmonary toxicity fall into the following
classes: cytotoxic, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, illicit
drugs, miscellaneous. The adverse reactions can involve the pulmonary
parenchyma, pleura, the airways, pulmonary vascular system, and mediastinum.
Drug-induced lung diseases have no pathognomonic clinical, laboratory,
physical, radiographic or histological findings. A drug-induced lung disease
is usually considered a diagnosis of exclusion of other diseases. The
diagnosis of drug-mediated pulmonary toxicity is usually made based on
clinical findings. In general, laboratory analyses do not help in
establishing the diagnosis. High-resolution computed tomography scanning is
more sensitive than chest radiography for defining radiographic
abnormalities. The treatment of drug-induced lung disease consists of
immediate discontinuation of the offending drug and appropriate management of
the pulmonary symptoms. Glucocorticoids have been associated with rapid
improvement in gas exchange and reversal of radiographic abnormalities.
Before starting any medication, patients should be educated about the
potential adverse effects of the drug. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent
used in the treatment of many types of tachyarrhythmia. Amiodarone-caused
pulmonary toxicity is a well-known side effect (complication) of this
medication. The incidence of amiodarone-induced lung disease is approximately
5-7%.
Ratio of Serum Levels of AGEs to Soluble Form of RAGE Is a Predictor of Endothelial Function
Authors: Kajikawa Masato , Nakashima Ayumu , Fujimura Noritaka , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Iwamoto Yumiko , Iwamoto Akimichi , Matsumoto Takeshi , Oda Nozomu , Hidaka Takayuki , Kihara Yasuki , Chayama Kazuaki , Goto Chikara , Aibara Yoshiki , Noma Kensuke , Takeuchi Masayoshi , Matsui Takanori , Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Higashi Yukihito
Published: October 2014

OBJECTIVE

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their specific receptor, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), play an important role in atherosclerosis. Recently, a soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) has been identified in human serum. However, the role of sRAGE in cardiovascular disease is still controversial. There is no information on the association between simultaneous measurements of AGEs and sRAGE and vascular function. In this study, we evaluated the associations between serum levels of AGEs and sRAGE, ratio of AGEs to sRAGE, and vascular function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We measured serum levels of AGEs and sRAGE and assessed vascular function by measurement of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation in 110 subjects who underwent health examinations. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with vascular function.

RESULTS

Univariate regression analysis revealed that FMD correlated with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, smoking pack-years, nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation, serum levels of AGEs and sRAGE, and ratio of AGEs to sRAGE. Multivariate analysis revealed that the ratio of AGEs to sRAGE remained an independent predictor of FMD, while serum level of AGEs alone or sRAGE alone was not associated with FMD.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that sRAGE may have a counterregulatory mechanism that is activated to counteract the vasotoxic effect of the AGE–RAGE axis. The ratio of AGEs to sRAGE may be a new chemical biomarker of endothelial function.
Research Methods for Tribological Properties of Restorative and Preventive Coatings in Different Lubricating Media at Sliding Friction
Authors: Nikolov Mitko , Kangalov Plamen
Published: October 2014

A large part of machines (85–90 %) (Garkunov, 2003) lose their efciency due to wear of parts, which disrupts their normal interaction, causes additional loading, shocks and vibrations, leads to seizures and jams and to accidents in many cases. This paper presents research methods for tribological properties of restorative and preventive coatings in diferent lubricating media at sliding friction.
Spectral Stochastic Finite Element Method for Electromagnetic Problems with Random Geometry
Authors: Lehikoinen Antti
Published: October 2014

In electromagnetic problems, the problem geometry may not always be exactly known. One example of such a case is a rotating machine with random-wound windings. While spectral stochastic finite element methods have been used to solve statistical electromagnetic problems such as this, their use has been mainly limited to problems with uncertainties in material parameters only. This paper presents a simple method to solve both static and time-harmonic magnetic field problems with source currents in random positions. By using an indicator function, the geometric uncertainties are effectively reduced to material uncertainties, and the problem can be solved using the established spectral stochastic procedures. The proposed method is used to solve a demonstrative single-conductor problem, and the results are compared to the Monte Carlo method. Based on these simulations, the method appears to yield accurate mean values and variances both for the vector potential and current, converging close to the results obtained by time-consuming Monte Carlo analysis. However, further study may be needed to use the method for more complicated multi-conductor problems and to reduce the sensitivity of the method on the mesh used.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Studies: LTE BS vs. Aeronautical Radionavigation Services in 694-790 MHz Frequency Band
Authors: Stankevičius Evaldas , Oberauskas Šarūnas
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the sharing analysis of the 694–790 MHz frequency band for Mobile services IMT and Aeronautical radio-navigation services (ARNS) using SEAMCAT (established by CEPT) software based on the statistical simulation (Monte-Carlo) method. In 2012 the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) decided to allocate the 694–790 MHz frequency band (the so-called 700 MHz band) to mobile services IMT (excluding aeronautical mobile) after WRC-15 conference. But this agreement raises electromagnetic compatibility problems, which should be solved until WRC-15 [1]. This study was carried out in two phases: first applying theoretical analysis, then statistical Monte-Carlo simulations with SEAMCAT software tool in order to verify results obtained in theoretical approach. Analytical calculations shows that the required protection distances between ARNS stations and the MS base stations are 132 km. The obtained results from SEAMCAT simulations indicate that separation distance should be above 100 km. These results illustrate that the systems are not electromagnetically compatible. The possible mitigation technic could be antenna pattern correction.
300IR 5-Grass Pollen Sublingual Tablet Offers Relief from Nasal Symptoms in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Serrano Elie , Wahn Hans Ulrich , Didier Alain , Bachert Claus
Published: October 2014

Background

300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets have been approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) with or without conjunctivitis in adults and children >5 years with grass pollen allergy. This study was designed to review data on nasal symptoms with 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablets in adults and children.

Methods

We reviewed data from four double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Two groups of patients who received a daily dose of either placebo or 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablets starting 4 months before the expected start of the pollen season and continuing through the season were compared (analysis of covariance) for scores of sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, nasal congestion, total nasal symptom score (TNSS), and adult Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores.

Results

Data for 266 children (one pediatric trial) and 1036 adults (three trials) were analyzed. Compared with the placebo groups, mean TNSS in the 300IR groups was lower by 22% in children and 19–36% in adults. Among the four nasal symptoms, the lowest scores relative to placebo were for nasal congestion in children (31%) and adults (43%). Mean adult RQLQ scores were 21–31% lower in the 300IR group than in the placebo group.

Conclusion

Allergen immunotherapy with 300IR 5-grass pollen sublingual tablets was consistently associated with AR symptom relief in adults and children and provided a clinically meaningful improvement in quality of life.
Application of a species distribution model to identify and manage bear den habitat in central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Hodder Dexter P. , Johnson Chris J. , Rea Roy V. , Zedrosser Andreas
Published: October 2014

Several mammals have adapted to harsh winter conditions by adopting hibernation strategies that enable them to survive periods of unfavourable environmental conditions. At northern latitudes, black and brown bears can be in a state of hibernation for up to seven months. As a result of this prolonged occupation of one small space, bears can be vulnerable to environmental and human caused disturbances. In this study, we developed a predictive model that identifies potential den habitat for black bears that can assist with management planning for industrial land development activities. We identified 40 dens (17 excavated in soil and 23 natural rock cavities) and used fine‐scale information to determine how dens were positioned in forest stands. We found that bears denned in areas on mid to upper slope positions and that soil dens were located mainly in clay‐loam soil complexes while rock cavity dens were either caves or cavities in boulder piles. Den location was distant from portions of the study area with relatively high road density. We then used resource selection functions to predict where bear dens might be located on the landscape. When applied to the GIS data, the averaged coefficients suggested that 3.1% of the study area had a high suitability ranking as den habitat while 9.1%, 14.6%, and 73.2% had mid, low, and limited suitability, respectively. In our study area, habitat for den sites is reasonably predictable and should be considered during the planning of industrial activities.
Influence of shrub canopies on growth rate and pre‐hibernation mass of juvenile arctic ground squirrels
Authors: Wheeler H. C. , Hik D. S.
Published: October 2014

The wide‐spread encroachment of canopy‐forming shrubs into northern and alpine tundra communities is likely to alter many plant—animal interactions, with direct and indirect impacts on herbivore populations. Specifically, shrub encroachment may impact habitat quality for herbivores by changing predation risk as a result of reduced visibility. We investigated the association between visibility and growth of juvenile arctic ground squirrels Urocitellus parryii across an alpine tundra ecotone with varying shrub cover. Marked individuals were weighed throughout the period following emergence from natal burrows in early summer until just prior to hibernation. Both males and females showed a positive association between habitat‐specific visibility and post‐emergence growth rate. There was a positive relationship between post‐emergence juvenile growth rate and pre‐hibernation mass for females but not males. As shrubs increase, ground squirrel populations may be adversely affected by reductions in habitat‐scale visibility.
DNA Modifications: Function and Applications in Normal and Disease States
Authors: Liyanage Vichithra , Jarmasz Jessica , Murugeshan Nanditha , Del Bigio Marc , Rastegar Mojgan , Davie James
Published: October 2014

Epigenetics refers to a variety of processes that have heritable effects on gene expression programs without changes in DNA sequence. Key players in epigenetic control are chemical modifications to DNA, histone, and non-histone chromosomal proteins, which establish a complex regulatory network that controls genome function. Methylation of DNA at the fifth position of cytosine in CpG dinucleotides (5-methylcytosine, 5mC), which is carried out by DNA methyltransferases, is commonly associated with gene silencing. However, high resolution mapping of DNA methylation has revealed that 5mC is enriched in exonic nucleosomes and at intron-exon junctions, suggesting a role of DNA methylation in the relationship between elongation and RNA splicing. Recent studies have increased our knowledge of another modification of DNA, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is a product of the ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins converting 5mC to 5hmC. In this review, we will highlight current studies on the role of 5mC and 5hmC in regulating gene expression (using some aspects of brain development as examples). Further the roles of these modifications in detection of pathological states (type 2 diabetes, Rett syndrome, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and teratogen exposure) will be discussed.
Molecular Characteristics and Biochemical Functions of VpPR10s from Vitis pseudoreticulata Associated with Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Wang Lan , Wei Jinyu , Zou Ying , Xu Keyao , Wang Yuejin , Cui Lu , Xu Yan
Published: October 2014

Grapes are one of the world’s oldest and most important fruit crops. They are of high economic value in many countries, but the susceptibility of the dominant winegrape species Vitis vinifera to fungal disease is a significant problem. The Chinese wild grape species are a rich source of disease-resistance genes and these can be used to discover how disease resistance in V. vinifera grapevines might be enhanced. Pathogenesis-related (PR) 10 proteins are involved in the disease-response. Here, we use the genomic DNA of the Chinese wild species Vitis pseudoreticulata accession “Baihe-35-1” as the template to design specific primers based on VvPR10s sequences. We used overlap extension PCR to obtain the sequences: VpPR10.4, VpPR10.6, VpPR10.7 and VpPR10.9. The coding sequences of the VpPR10s were then cloned into the pGEX-4T-1 vector. The purified proteins VpPR10.4, VpPR10.6, VpPR10.7 and VpPR10.9 were used to analyse nuclease activity. Meanwhile, functional analysis of VpPR10s under different biotic and abiotic stresses was carried out to further clarify the disease-resistance mechanisms of the Chinese wild grapevine VpPR10 genes. The analysis of protein structure indicates that VpPR10.4 and VpPR10.7 had the P-loop domain and the Bet v 1 motif, which are a consistent feature of plant PR10. However, there was no P-loop domain or Bet v 1 motif in VpPR10.9 and we could not find the Bet v 1 motif in VpPR10.6. The results of the nuclease activity assay and of the functional analyses of VpPR10s under different biotic and abiotic stresses also confirm that VpPR10.4 and VpPR10.7 proteins have marked RNase, DNase, anti-fungal activities and respond to abiotic stresses. The VpPR10.6 and VpPR10.9 proteins do not have these activities and functions.
Application of Various NDT Methods for the Evaluation of Building Steel Structures for Reuse
Authors: Fujita Masanori , Masuda Tomoya
Published: October 2014

The reuse system proposed by the authors is an overall business system for realizing a cyclic reuse flow through the processes of design, fabrication, construction, maintenance, demolition and storage. The reuse system is one of the methods to reduce the environmental burden in the field of building steel structures. These buildings are assumed to be demolished within approximately 30 years or more for physical, architectural, economic and social reasons in Japan. In this paper, focusing on building steel structures used for plants, warehouses and offices without fire protection, the performance of steel structural members for reuse is evaluated by a non-destructive test. First, performance evaluation procedures for a non-destructive test, such as mechanical properties, chemical compositions, dimension and degradation, are shown. Tensile strengths are estimated using Vickers hardness measured by a portable ultrasonic hardness tester, and chemical compositions are measured by a portable optical emission spectrometer. The weldability of steel structural members is estimated by carbon equivalent and weld crack sensitivity composition using chemical compositions. Finally, the material grade of structural members of the building steel structure for reuse is estimated based on the proposed procedures.
Non-Vegetated Playa Morphodynamics Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery in a Semi-Arid Endorheic Basin: Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
Authors: Li Jiaguang , Menenti Massimo , Mousivand Alijafar , Luthi Stefan
Published: October 2014

Playas in endorheic basins are of environmental value and highly scientific because of their natural habitats of a wide variety of species and indicators for climatic changes and tectonic activities within continents. Remote sensing, due to its capability of acquiring repetitive data with synoptic coverage, provides a unique tool to monitor and collect spatial information about playas. Most studies have concentrated on evaporite mineral distribution using remote sensing techniques but research about grain size distribution and geomorphologic changes in playas has been rarely reported. We analysed playa morphodynamics using Landsat time series data in a semi-arid endorheic basin, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia. The spectral libraries explaining the relationship between surface reflectance and surficial materials are extracted from the Landsat image on 11 November 2012, the collected samples in the area and the precipitation data. Such spectral libraries are then applied to the classification of the other Landsat images from 1985–2011 using maximum likelihood classifier. Four types of surficial materials on the playa are identified: salty surface, silt-rich surface, clay-rich surface and pure salt. The silt-rich surface is related to crevasse splays and river banks while the clay-rich surface is associated with floodplain and channel depressions. The classification results show that the silt-rich surface tends to have a positive relationship with annual precipitation, whereas the salty surface negatively correlates with annual precipitation and there is no correlation between clay-rich surface and annual precipitation. Salty surfaces seem to consist primarily of clay due to their similar characteristics in response to precipitation changes. The classification results also show the development of a crevasse splay and avulsions. The results demonstrate the potential of Landsat imagery to determine the grain size and sedimentary facies distribution on playas in endorheic basins.
An Integrated Model for Robust Multisensor Data Fusion
Authors: Shen Bo , Liu Yun , Fu Jun-Song
Published: October 2014

This paper presents an integrated model aimed at obtaining robust and reliable results in decision level multisensor data fusion applications. The proposed model is based on the connection of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and an extreme learning machine. It includes three main improvement aspects: a mass constructing algorithm to build reasonable basic belief assignments (BBAs); an evidence synthesis method to get a comprehensive BBA for an information source from several mass functions or experts; and a new way to make high-precision decisions based on an extreme learning machine (ELM). Compared to some universal classification methods, the proposed one can be directly applied in multisensor data fusion applications, but not only for conventional classifications. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model is able to yield robust and reliable results in multisensor data fusion problems. In addition, this paper also draws some meaningful conclusions, which have significant implications for future studies.
A Novel Wearable Electronic Nose for Healthcare Based on Flexible Printed Chemical Sensor Array
Authors: Lorwongtragool Panida , Sowade Enrico , Watthanawisuth Natthapol , Baumann Reinhard , Kerdcharoen Teerakiat
Published: October 2014

A novel wearable electronic nose for armpit odor analysis is proposed by using a low-cost chemical sensor array integrated in a ZigBee wireless communication system. We report the development of a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polymer sensor array based on inkjet printing technology. With this technique both composite-like layer and actual composite film of CNTs/polymer were prepared as sensing layers for the chemical sensor array. The sensor array can response to a variety of complex odors and is installed in a prototype of wearable e-nose for monitoring the axillary odor released from human body. The wearable e-nose allows the classification of different armpit odors and the amount of the volatiles released as a function of level of skin hygiene upon different activities.
Microsatellite primers in Parietaria judaica (Urticaceae) to assess genetic diversity and structure in urban landscapes
Authors: Bossu Angèle , Bertaudière‐Montès Valérie , Dubut Vincent , Manel Stéphanie
Published: October 2014

• Premise of the study: Urbanization is one of the main factors contributing to loss of genetic diversity, as the resulting landscape fragmentation and habitat loss induce species isolation. However, studies of genetic structure and diversity in urbanized landscapes are still rare. We characterized microsatellite primers for Parietaria judaica to study this environment.

• Methods and Results: Eleven microsatellite loci from P. judaica, an urban plant, were isolated using shotgun pyrosequencing, and the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened in 20 individuals of P. judaica. The loci were tested on 166 individuals from three populations in different cities. The number of alleles ranged from two to 19, and expected and observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.019 to 0.912 and 0.019 to 0.448, respectively.

• Conclusions: The markers amplified well in the species and will be useful for examining genetic diversity and population genetic structure in this urban plant.
Preparation of samples for leaf architecture studies, a method for mounting cleared leaves
Authors: Vasco Alejandra , Thadeo Marcela , Conover Margaret , Daly Douglas C.
Published: October 2014

• Premise of the study: Several recent waves of interest in leaf architecture have shown an expanding range of approaches and applications across a number of disciplines. Despite this increased interest, examination of existing archives of cleared and mounted leaves shows that current methods for mounting, in particular, yield unsatisfactory results and deterioration of samples over relatively short periods. Although techniques for clearing and staining leaves are numerous, published techniques for mounting leaves are scarce.

• Methods and Results: Here we present a complete protocol and recommendations for clearing, staining, and imaging leaves, and, most importantly, a method to permanently mount cleared leaves.

• Conclusions: The mounting protocol is faster than other methods, inexpensive, and straightforward; moreover, it yields clear and permanent samples that can easily be imaged, scanned, and stored. Specimens mounted with this method preserve well, with leaves that were mounted more than 35 years ago showing no signs of bubbling or discoloration.
Oxidative phenylamination of 5-substituted 1-hydroxynaphthalenes to N-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone monoimines by air and light “on water”
Authors: Benites Julio , Meléndez Juan , Estela Cynthia , Ríos David , Espinoza Luis , Brito Iván , Valderrama Jaime A
Published: October 2014

A number of N-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone monoimines 6–10 were prepared by on-water oxidative phenylamination of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (1) and 5-acetylamino-1-hydroxynaphthalene (5) with oxygen-substituted phenylamines under aerobic conditions and either solar or green LED radiation, in the presence of rose bengal as singlet oxygen sensitizer. As compared to the conventional oxidative phenylamination procedures, this novel synthetic method offers the advantage of aerobic conditions “on water” instead of hazardous oxidant reagents currently employed in aqueous alcoholic media.
Multiplicité et unité communautaire à Paris
Authors: Lyon-Caen Nicolas , Marraud Mathieu
Published: October 2014

L’espace politique que constitue la ville d’Ancien Régime est peu étudié comme globalité, et comme réseau institutionnel. Cet article veut démontrer que l’étude des parcours de notabilité dans Paris révèle encore aux XVII e et XVIII e siècles une unité d’action et de recrutement social. Bourgeoisie et communautés territoriales ou professionnelles sont articulées entre elles grâce à plusieurs lieux de pouvoir – corps marchands, juridiction consulaire, municipalité, paroisses – au sein desquels évoluent les mêmes individus. Cette circulation, qu’on peut décrire comme un système, construit ses propres hiérarchies en même temps qu’elle cherche à se qualifier publiquement dans la sphère monarchique elle-même.
Culture politique et identité dans les villes cantabriques à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Díaz de Durana Ortiz de Urbina José Ramón , Dacosta Martínez Arsenio , Menjot Denis
Published: October 2014

Les villes de la côte cantabrique connurent d’importants changements à la fin du Moyen Âge, entre l’avènement de la dynastie Trastamare et le tout début du XVI e siècle. En nous fondant sur les chartes de privilèges et une abondante documentation municipale, judiciaire et seigneuriale, nous analyserons leur évolution politique à partir de l’entrée dans la juridiction seigneuriale d’une partie d’entre elles et la répartition du pouvoir entre les différents lignages. Nous préciserons également les conséquences sur les gouvernements urbains ainsi que les conflits politiques qui eurent lieu pendant la période, objet de notre étude. Nous porterons une attention toute particulière à la culture et aux discours politiques des protagonistes des conflits, sans oublier les principaux éléments constitutifs des modèles d’identité politique urbaine dans cet espace.
Conceptrice et concepteur de formations à la demande : apprentissages en situation de travail et conséquences sur les dynamiques identitaires
Authors: Clottu Régine
Published: October 2014

Des formateurs d’enseignants sont appelés à analyser des demandes de formation dans le contexte de la formation continue des enseignants, alors que leur activité habituelle consiste à donner des cours et des séminaires. Nous cherchons à mieux comprendre quels sont les apprentissages en situation de travail, plus précisément la nature de ces apprentissages, les transformations dans les pratiques, ainsi que les éléments individuels et situationnels qui semblent déterminants dans les changements observés. Cet article présente quelques éléments de deux études de cas portant sur les pratiques d’une formatrice conceptrice 2 et d’un formateur concepteur 3 tous les deux débutants alors qu’ils sont engagés dans un travail de conception à la suite d’une demande de formation formulée par un collectif de professionnels. Les résultats montrent que de forts enjeux identitaires sont liés à l’entrée dans ce travail de conception.
« J'vous jure que j'ai entendu »
Authors: Ogilvie Bertrand
Published: October 2014

Résumé Le populaire dans l’art : feuilleton théorique.
Author/Authority
Authors: Sanghvi Minita
Published: October 2014

This chapter provides an essential building block for this book, as it elucidates the philosophical foundations of the interpretivist and positivist paradigms that beget the qualitative and quantitative methodologies. It examines the historical beginnings of qualitative research and focuses on the following issues: a) location of the researcher and its effects on authorship, b) power dynamics with native researchers, c) researching sensitive topics, d) balance of power, and e) citation practices in interpretive inquiry. The aim of this chapter is to help situate the author to be more reflexive about his or her research.
Analysing Blogs in Market Research
Authors: Keat Leng Ho
Published: October 2014

There are many research methods available to market researchers. The most common methods are the use of survey questionnaires and interviews. However, these methods are dependent on respondents' ability to recall their experiences accurately. The use of diaries in market research has been argued to be a more valid research method. Respondents record their experiences almost immediately after an event, and the data is thus subjected to less distortion. In addition, diaries generate a regular stream of undirected data in chronological order, which allows for deeper insights into consumption patterns and changes in attitudes or behaviours. More recently, the development of blogs or electronic diaries opens new possibilities for researchers interested in the use of diaries as a research method. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the use of blogs as a market research tool. The chapter first reviews the arguments for using blogs in market research. This is followed by an examination of two case studies using blogs in market research and a discussion on how blogs can be used effectively in such studies.
Business Education Management Models
Authors: Trevino-Martinez Salvador
Published: October 2014

Business schools operate in highly dynamic internal and external environments. This chapter approaches schools of business management systems as integrated networks that emerge as responses to the demands poised by diverse constituencies. Integrated networks operate efficiently when considerations such as business cycle patterns, information exchange and cooperation, critical processes, and organizational designs are believed to be about the influence of internal and external factors. It is concluded that integrated networks help to explain the ways in which schools of business may achieve their mandate of providing quality educational results while managing the increasing environmental pressures bestowed upon them by internal and external educational environment. It is also concluded that since there is no one best management model for academic institutions, to adopt a continuous screening of the business school environment becomes a central element behind its ability to thrive in a competitive environment.
The Emerging Corporate University System
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ayub
Published: October 2014

This chapter discusses the role of corporate universities in the field of higher education and the impact of the same on conventional or traditional universities and their corresponding business schools. This chapter also proposes some strategic actions for the traditional universities to pursue in order to maintain competitive advantage over the emerging corporate universities. Some of these strategic actions include promoting and developing strong long-term and multipurpose strategic alliances with the industry, government institutions, and community development groups. Collaborative strategies are better than competitive behavior in terms of long-term benefits and costs associated with each of these strategies. Moreover, being in the forefront of learning innovation and knowledge management combined with the provision of high quality education and trainings through innovative, diverse, and flexible academic and training programs will help the traditional universities to remain the main supplier of knowledge in times to come.
Teaching Business and Cyber Ethics to University Students
Authors: Al-Qaimari Ghassan
Published: October 2014

This chapter looks at the gap that exists in university curricula worldwide in teaching Business and IT students ethical values and suggests that education can bridge the gap between ethics and professionalism. The chapter ends by proposing the contents of a course on ethics for Business and IT students that has been tried and tested and can be incorporated into university curricula in order to increase student awareness of ethical issues in the Business and IT-related fields.
Internationalization and Strategic Alliances
Authors: Bank Diana
Published: October 2014

This chapter presents the internationalization processes of universities, in particular that of business schools, in their search for expanding the offerings and experiences presented to their students, who have become ever more demanding in terms of quality and quantity of choices. In this context, strategies for internationalization include online education, academic research links, the formation of campuses abroad, as well as strategic alliances in exchange and dual degree programs. The aim of this process of internationalization is to form well-prepared students for future work in an ever-changing, competitive, and international workplace where foreign languages and experience outside one's home country have become the norm.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Kitimbo Irene
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the meaning of lessons learned and use of the concept for organizational innovation and change. This literature review situates lessons learned within the broader field of organizational learning, especially experiential learning, where the source of learning is either personal experience or the experience of others. The chapter begins with a review and definition of key concepts. This is followed by a discussion of organizational learning theories for guidance on the concept of lessons learned. Next, the lessons learning process is explored and various methods for conducting lessons learned are reviewed. The chapter continues with a discussion on the prevalence and effectiveness of lessons learned processes. Finally, challenges to conducting effective lessons learned and possible solutions or success factors for effective lessons learned are presented.
Learning Lessons for Organizational Learning, Process Improvement, and Innovation
Authors: McIntyre Susan G.
Published: October 2014

The lessons learned process provides a methodology for groups and organizations of any size to become better at what they do. Its beauty is in its simplicity and versatility. It can be used by individuals, small- or medium-sized teams, and any-sized corporations. What makes it differ from other process improvement or evaluation methods is the focus on the capturing and analysis of lessons by the very people who experienced the learning situations and those people who will benefit from future adaptations. As such, the lessons learned process is linked to organizational learning and, at its very best, will inspire innovational changes that lead to excellence. This chapter defines and scopes lessons learned; describes the basic methodology, applications, and types; and provides anecdotal examples of three scales of the process.
Essential Stages of the Lessons Learned Process
Authors: Paul Perry
Published: October 2014

There are numerous models of learning and knowledge management processes but few—if any—of pure lessons learned process. The aim of this chapter is to examine the essential elements of an effective lessons learned process based on the concepts and principles provided in the models presented. The goal is to present a usable model for general application in the development of an evidence-based lessons learned process for organizations of various complexities.
A Model for Evidence-Based Learning through Lesson-Learning Systems
Authors: Milton Nicholas John
Published: October 2014

A model for evidence-based learning is presented, consisting of a series of steps: observation, insight, learning, action assignment, validation, and change. This model is applied at a number of different scales within the oil sector. Firstly, team learning uses After Action Reviews to learn within project teams. Discussions take place within the team, and any changes are to team processes. A more complex form of learning is learning from one project to another, using facilitated lessons-identification meetings. Lessons are collected, actions are assigned, and changes made to organizational processes. Finally, in analyses of major incidents, an investigation team is tasked with collecting observations, insights, learnings, and even recommendations for action. The same workflow and the same development process can be seen for lessons, but the degree of rigor and the attention to governance varies.
Moving the Ball Down the Field
Authors: Reid Mark , Ashcraft Dan
Published: October 2014

The US Air Force's (USAF) Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) has an effective approach to turning observations of problems into accomplished actions and mission improvements. This common-sense approach relies on 1) motivated buy-in and participation from the Chief Stakeholder (i.e., CEO, Commander, the Boss); 2) a standard assessment framework; 3) experienced, enduring, corporate memory-equipped assessors; 4) Chief Stakeholder's confidence in his assessors; 5) mid-managers empowered to fix their own problems; 6) access for the assessors to the Chief Stakeholder; and 7) an empowered ramrod to enforce the process and ensure follow-through. This chapter relates the steps of PACAF's process, which Headquarters (HQ) US Air Force called in 2012 “the Air Force's Best Practice at turning observations into progress” and illustrates these steps with PACAF's very positive experiences.
The Role of Organizational Culture in the Success of Changing Behaviour
Authors: Nicholls Ian , Paul Perry
Published: October 2014

Success in meeting the goals of an organization, whether they be business, bureaucratic, administrative, or operational, often depends on the ability of that organization to learn from experience and effect appropriate positive changes as quickly as possible. Some are successful, while others fail. This chapter examines the realities of organizational cultures and describes both roadblocks and facilitators to productive change. In a competitive environment, properly considered change in procedures can often mean continued survival. This requires a collective yet well led effort to pursue the objective of continuous improvement and adaptation. What are the detractors and facilitators in today's world?