bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Australian endemic Drosophila III. The inornata species-group
Authors: Parsons PA , Bock IR
Published: June 2005

Amongst Australian non-baitable Dvosophila species, the inornata group of the subgenus Scaptodrosophila dominates in southern Australia. Distribution patterns correspond to the temperate zone flora so that, with one exception, the northerly limit of the group occurs in the southern Queensland upland forests. Amongst non-baitables only inornata-group species occur in south-west Western Australia and South Australia, while the species-group dominates in Victoria and Tasmania. In eastern Victoria and New South Wales other Scaptodrosophila species occur in increasing numbers towards the north, although the inornata group remains dominant.
Two species occur exclusively in south-west Western Australia, while one desiccation-resistant species is common on both sides of the Nullabor. Distribution and speciation patterns are discussed in relation to past climates.
Aspects of Host Finding by the Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus.
Authors: Sutherst RW , Dallwitz MJ , Utech KBW , Kerr JD
Published: June 2005

Experimental and theoretical studies on the rates of host finding by larvae of the cattle tick B. microplus are described. At stocking rates of about two beasts per hectare the cattle picked up between 30 and 70% of the larvae in a week, compared with 50 to 85% with five beasts per hectare. Each beast effectively picked up all the ticks from an area of 0.022-0.075 ha each day. The lower values were associated with lower minimum temperatures, a phenomenon which was attributed to reduced activity of the larvae.
A simplified model was developed to investigate the sensitivity of the host-finding component of the tick's life system to the parameters controlling the process. It was found that the total proportion of larvae finding a host could be expressed as a function of the product of the host-finding rate and the median duration of survival of the larvae. Pasture spelling for tick control was also considered in relation to the parameters of the model.
Photoperiod and some other factors affecting reproduction in female Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould) (Marsupialia : Dasyuridae) in captivity
Authors: Smith MJ , Bennett JH , Chesson CM
Published: June 2005

In central and southern Australia, S. crassicaudata is a widespread species which shows morphological and biochemical variation throughout its range. A laboratory colony was established from wild-caught animals from central, southern and south-eastern populations. The origin of wild-caught females or the parentage of laboratory-bred females did not affect their response to any of the investigated factors influencing reproduction. Very few females produced litters after they had reached 30 months of age.
The colony was maintained for nearly 10 years in one artificially illuminated room. The lighting schedule was usually 16L : 8D, but at approximately 6-monthly intervals the animals were subjected to 3 weeks of 8L : 16D. Significantly more litters were born in pairings that had experienced short days than in those continuously exposed to long days. Oestrous cycles ceased in the 8L : 16D periods and resumed at about 20-30 days after the onset of 16L : 8D in many females, although some took longer to come into oestrus. Two of 27 females did not come into oestrus within 88 days, and, of the 25 females that came into oestrus, five did not ovulate. Pathological conditions in the reproductive system were rare.
Most litters were born within the first 6 weeks of pairs being formed. Females which had produced one litter were more likely to produce a second litter when returned to the father of their first litter than when caged with a different male. When two females were caged with one male, one or occasionally both females produced a litter.
Breeding in response to onset of long days is not consistent with the opportunistic breeding of many desert animals.
Cutaneous oxygen uptake in three groups of aquatic snakes
Authors: Heatwole H , Seymore RS
Published: June 2005

Four species of sea snakes of the genus Hydrophis had high rates of cutaneous oxygen uptake (1.50-1.94 ml 100g-l h-l) whereas sea kraits (genus Laticauda) and a homalopsine colubrid, Cerberus rhynchops, normally had much lower values (0.45-0.74 ml 100g-l h-1). The amount of cutaneous oxygen uptake appeared to be correlated with the degree of aquatic adaptation. The four sea snakes are completely aquatic; the sea kraits emerge on land at least seasonally and in some cases daily; Cerberus is amphibious, living in tidal areas. In all species, activity resulted in increased cutaneous oxygen uptake.
A taxonomic appraisal of Eptesicus (Chiroptera : Mammalia) in Australia
Authors: McKean JL , Richards GC , Price WJ
Published: June 2005

Baculum shape and skull and body measurements were used to evaluate the forms of Eptesicus occurring in Australia. Four species, one of which comprised two subspecies, are recognized. An additional form, E. douglasi, was not intensively studied but is accepted as a full species. Names were available for all forms except one, which is described as E. sagittula, sp. nov.
A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Prospheres (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).
Authors: Levey B
Published: June 2005

The genus Prospheres Saunders is redescribed, and its relationships to other genera within the Polycestinae are discussed. A key is given to the genera of the Polyctesini, to which Prospheres and the closely related genus Euleptodema are transferred. A key is provided to the four species of Prospheres. Descriptions are given of each species, two of which, alternecostata and norfolkensis, are described as new. One new synonym is recognized, and lectotype designations are given, together with the data from other material examined. A few notes on the bionomics of P. aurantiopicta are given, and its probable larva described.
Metabolism, Respiration and Evaporative Water Loss in the Australian Hopping-Mouse Notomys Alexis (Rodentia: Muridae).
Authors: Withers PC , Lee AK , Martin RW
Published: June 2005

Resting oxygen consumption and total evaporative water loss were determined for N. alexis at ambient temperatures of 20, 28 and 33 deg C in dry air. The minimum rate of oxygen consumption was 0.61 ml min-1 at 33 deg C, and minimum total evaporative water loss was 4.75% body mass day-1 at 28 deg C. Respiration frequency, tidal volume and respiratory minute volume were determined for N. alexis at ambient temperatures of 20, 28 and 33 deg C in air of low or high relative humidity. Minimum values were obtained at 28 deg C and low RH for respiratory minute volume and tidal volume, and at 28 deg C and high RH for respiratory frequency. Expired air temperature of N. alexis at these temperatures was lower than or similar to ambient for mice in air of low RH, but was higher than or similar to ambient at high RH. Respiratory evaporative water loss, calculated from the previous data, was greatest for mice in dry air at 33 deg C, and least in moist air at 33 deg C. Cutaneous evaporative water loss made up about 40-60% of the total evaporative water loss for mice in dry air. The rates of total evaporative water loss were clearly reflected in the manner of body temperature regulation at high ambient temperatures. Hopping-mice in moist air at 28 and 33 deg C became hyperthermic, whereas mice in dry air showed only slight increases in body temperature. The significance of these data to hopping-mice in the field was discussed.
The Distribution of the Stickfast Fleas, Echidnophaga Myrmecobii Rothschild and E. Perilis Jordan, on the Wild Rabbit, Oryctolagus Cuniculus (L.).
Authors: Shepherd RCH , Edmonds JW
Published: June 2005

Rabbits were examined for E. myrmecobii and E. perilis. Each skin was divided into several regions. E. myrmecobii were found on the head and body regions and E. perilis on the forepaws and hind feet, irrespective of the sex and age of the host. E. perilis were also found on the scrota1 region of breeding bucks. The numbers of each species of flea per rabbit built up through the summer and autumn months to peak in March. The seasonal patterns of increase and decrease were generally similar for each flea species. There were always more female than male fleas. The female : male ratios were lowest when flea numbers were high. Female E. myrmecobii were more commonly found on the head region of both male and female rabbits, whereas female E. perilis were more common on the hind feet of rabbits. Female rabbits were more heavily infested by both E. myrmecobii and E. perilis than were males.
Australian Endemic Drosophila VI. Species Collected by Sweeping in Rain Forests of Queensland and Northern New South Wales, with Descriptions of Four New Species.
Authors: Bock IR
Published: June 2005

A summary is presented of the results of Drosophila collections made in Queensland and northern New South Wales by generalized sweeping of rain forest foliage, leaf litter and flowers. The species collected by sweeping are largely different from those attracted to fruit or mushroom baits or found on forest fungi. Species diversities are highest in north Queensland, and most species are restricted to the rain forests of basaltic soils. Four new species are described and a new species-group, the zentae group, is established in the subgenus Hirtodrosophila.
Larval Reactions to Possible Resources in Three Species of Drosophila as Indicators of Ecological Diversity.
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: June 2005

Newly hatched larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Mg. and D. simulans Sturt. were attracted to and had very similar responses to acetic acid, ethyl acetate and lactic acid in the laboratory in Australia, while D. immigrans Sturt., in a different subgenus, was attracted less strongly. It is shown from a review of the literature that the ecology of the sibling species differs from that in D. immigrans by whatever criterion is selected, including larval responses, resources utilised, oviposition, nutritional requirements, temperatures tolerated and preferred, habitats occupied and parasitism. It is suggested that such comprehensive investigations at various taxonomic levels may provide information on evolutionary divergence in Drosophila, especially where larval studies can be incorporated.
Environmental Ethanol at Low Concentrations: Longevity and Development in the Sibling Species Drosophila Melanogaster and D. Simulans.
Authors: Parsons PA , Stanley SM , Spence GE
Published: June 2005

D. simulans adults show an increase in longevity when exposed to 0.5-3.0% atmospheric ethanol in the absence of other food. The offspring produced in atmospheric ethanol also developed best at 0.5-3.0%. D. melanogaster adults show longevity increases, when exposed to 0.5-9.0% ethanol, which always exceed D. simulans; these increases are maximal in the 0.5-3.0% range. Larvae of D. melanogaster developed at all concentrations of ethanol, and at 0.5% to the adult stage. For development times, both species show minima at similar low ethanol concentrations. Therefore both species show maximum fitness at low alcohol concentrations, but only D. melanogaster can utilize high concentrations. This parallels the field situation, since D. simulans coexists with D. melanogaster at low concentrations, while only the latter is found at high concentrations.
Blood parameters in natural populations of Trichosurus species (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae) II. Influence of habitat and population strategies of T. caninus and T. vulpecula
Authors: Barnett JL , How RA , Humphreys WF
Published: June 2005

Body weight and six blood parameters were determined in T. caninus and T. vulpecula from their preferred and peripheral habitats. Habitat had a large effect on T. caninus. Of the seven parameters measured, six (body weight, red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and plasma protein and lipid concentrations) were higher in the population from the peripheral habitat than in that from the preferred habitat. Only body weight was different in T. vulpecula, being higher in the peripheral than in the preferred habitat population. There were differences between T. caninus and T. vulpecula in four of the measured parameters (body weight, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count) irrespective of habitat, whereas plasma lipid concentration was the same in T. caninus from peripheral habitat and T. vulpecula, but differed in T. caninus between habitats. Four parameters showed significant seasonal variation in preferred-habitat T. caninus, three in peripheral-habitat T. caninus and one in T. vulpecula. However, the pattern of seasonal change in peripheral-habitat T. caninus was more similar to that in T. vulpecula than to that in preferred-habitat T. caninus, suggesting a physiological shift in peripheral-habitat T. caninus towards that of the more r-selected T. vulpecula. No differences were found between resident and dispersing T. caninus. T. caninus which had lost a pouch young and failed to maintain another in the same year had lower haematocrit and plasma lipid concentration than females in other reproductive states. It is suggested that the measurement of physiological responsiveness of populations may aid the understanding of adaptive strategies.
Australian Endemic Drosophila. VII. Lord Howe Island, With Description of a New Species of the Coracina Group.
Authors: Parsons PA , Bock IR
Published: June 2005

The Drosophila fauna of Lord Howe I. is depauperate compared with that of equivalent mainland latitudes, consisting only of the two cosmopolitan species D. immigrans and D. simulans, the widespread species D. serrata, and a new species of the subgenus Scaptodrosophila here described as D. howensis. The last species belongs to the coracina species-group, all members of which are attracted to baits. The coracina group is widespread in Australia, and holds particular promise for future genetic and evolutionary studies. Species of this group, unlike most members of the subgenus Scaptodrosophila, are amenable to laboratory culture by special techniques.
Anatomy of the Stomach in Three Species of Potoroinae (Marsupialia: Macropodidae).
Authors: Langer P
Published: June 2005

Stomachs of Potorous tridactylus, Bettongia lesueur and Aepyprymnus rufescens were dissected in situ.
The general organization in all three species is very similar. The oesophagus opens into the tubiform
fore stomach near its caudal end. The sacciform fore stomach region lies to the left of the abdomen;
in adult animals it contains about 75% of the total gastric volume. Taeniae, haustra, and semilunar
folds differentiate the wall of the sacciform fore stomach, but are absent from the tubiform fore stomach.
Aborally the tubiform fore stomach is followed by the hind stomach, which is lined with fundic and
pyloric glands. Both fore stomach regions are covered with cardiac mucosa. The potoroine stomach
is different from the macropodine type, which has a small sacciform fore stomach and a long tubiform
fore stomach, both with taeniae, haustra, and semilunar folds. The differences of the gastric anatomy
in relation to differences in food and in biotopes are discussed, as well as the possible evolution of
both types of macropodid stomachs.
Studies on the Epidermis of Temnocephala. V. Further Observations on the Ultrastructure of the Epidermis of Temnocephala Novae-Zealandiae, Including Notes on the Glycocalyx.
Authors: Williams JB
Published: June 2005

Additional information on the fine structure of the epidermis of Temnocephala novae-zealandiae is presented, including a description of modes of discharge of secretion at the epidermal surface. A thin, homogeneous coat or glycocalyx is applied to the apical plasmalemma. Delicate filaments of the coating material extend between microvilli. On the tentacular surfaces filamentous extensions of the glycocalyx penetrate the extraneous film of rhabdite origin. The glycocalyx materials are evidently formed as Golgi-organized epidermal secretory products; they are transported to the apical and basal plasmalemmata by clear vesicles or (more probably) microchannels. The system of microchannels is extensively developed in the ventral epithelium of the disc. Dumbbell-shaped dense bodies are scattered through the epidermis; many are closely applied to the clear vesicles or microchannels. The temnocephalid epidermis is, therefore, characterized by a fringe of microvilli with associated filamentous extensions of the glycocalyx, together with a system of microchannels of vesicles and associated dense bodies. These features are probably functionally related to the stability of extraneous films derived from parenchymal gland secretions, and their adhesion to the epidermal surface. [AS]
Influence of Water Speed on Tadpoles of Ranidella signifera and R. riparia (Anura:Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Odendaal FJ , Bull CM
Published: June 2005

Ranidella riparia is restricted to the Flinders Ranges of South Australia. and has a distribution largely allopatric to that of the morphologically similar species, R. signifera. The distributions of these two species overlap in the lower Flinders Ranges. In an experimental water flow, tadpoles of R. riparia were less often moved by the water current than those of R. signifera, and the difference increased with increasing water speed. In the Flinders Ranges most of the breeding habitat for frogs is in fast flowing creeks. The likelihood that tadpoles of R. signifera would be swept away in these creeks may be a factor restricting its distribution in this area.
Some Aspects of the Biology of the Eucalypt-Mining Sawfly Phylacteophaga Froggatti Riek (Hymenoptera: Pergidae).
Authors: Farrell GS , New TR
Published: June 2005

Larvae of Phylacteophaga froggatti mine the upper surface of leaves of Eucalyptus spp., and all early
stages are passed inside the leaf. There are four feeding instars in the male and five in the female,
followed by a non-feeding prepupa in both sexes. Larval stages are figured, and the life history and
impact of Phylacteophaga on Eucalyptus are briefly discussed. Notes are given on the biology of two
wasp parasites of Phylacteophaga: Bracon sp. (Braconidae) and Cirrospilus sp. (Eulophidae), which is
also a hyperparasite on Bracon.
Development of the Adrenal Gland in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus Eugenii (Desmarest) (Marsupialia: Macropodidae).
Authors: Call RN , Catling PC , Janssens PA
Published: June 2005

The adrenal of the male tammar wallaby first appears at day 21 of embryogenesis as a nodule of
tissue lying close to the anterior pole of the kidney. The nodule consists of adrenocortical tissue in
that its cells contain an active 3 beta ol-steroid dehydrogenase from about day 22 of embryogenesis. From
day 22 of embryogenesis until at least day 20 of pouch life a sympathetic nerve plexus is adpressed
to the medial side of the adrenal. Cells migrate from the plexus through pores in the capsule of the
gland and intermingle with the cortical cells. By day 7 of pouch life some of the invading cells display
a chromaffin reaction and by day 60 have formed a distinct medulla. The cortex shows the beginnings
of zonation by day 60 of pouch life but the three adult zones are not seen until day 200.
Parasitism of the Light Brown Apple Moth, Epiphyas Postvittana (Walker), by Its Larval Ectoparasite, Goniozus Jacintae Farrugia (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), in Natural Populations in Victoria.
Authors: Danthanarayana W
Published: June 2005

Host-parasitoid relationships of Epiphyas postvittana (Tortricidae) and its larval ectoparasite, Goniozus jacintae were studied for 16 generations in an apple orchard and for 10 generations in a pear orchard between 1971 and 1977. G. jacintae is arrhenotokous and parthenogenetic, with unmated females producing males. It is a multiple parasitoid laying from one to seven eggs per host larva in the field, with a mean of 1.8. Parasitism is restricted to caterpillar instars III-VI, instar IV being predominantly parasitized. The life cycles of the host and the parasitoid are well synchronized, the former having three generations a year. Parasitized host larvae are found during most months of the year; numbers are maximum from October to March, when the host larvae are also in peak numbers. E. postvittana is polyphagous, occurring both on fruit trees and on dicotyledenous weed hosts in the undergrowth. G. jacintae was found in both these situations and its occurrence was related to the presence of the host larvae rather than to any association with flora or microclimate. In general, the degree of parasitism of host generations ranged from 0 to 8.3%. The impact of G. jacintae as a mortality factor of E. postvittana was insignificant. The host-parasitoid relationship was of the delayed density-dependent type.
Arthropod Ground Strata Composition of the Cotton Ecosystem in South-Eastern Queensland, and the Effect of Some Control Strategies.
Authors: Bishop AL , Blood PRB
Published: June 2005

A record is provided of 23 arthropod species inhabiting the ground strata of cotton fields in south-eastern Queensland. The Coleoptera were the most diverse group (14 species) and Labidura riparia truncata Kirby, and Nala lividipes (Dufour) (both Labiduridae : Dermaptera) were the most abundant species caught in pitfall traps. Changes in the ecosystem in response to different pest control strategies were considered; broad-spectrum insecticide use resulted in the suppression of most species. Resurgence of L. riparia was evident in fields treated with DDT-toxaphene. Possible resurgence of four other species was observed after the removal of insecticide pressure. Several of these species may be of importance because of their predatory function.
An Ecological Study of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Adh) Polymorphism of Drosophila Melanogaster.
Authors: Mckenzie JA
Published: June 2005

Fluctuations in the numbers of adults of Drosophila melanogaster Mg. in the cellar of a vineyard in Victoria, Australia, were monitored for 5 years. Numbers fluctuated cyclically, from 50 at the end of winter to 100 000 immediately after harvest. Movement within the cellar system was restricted, especially in winter, leading to subpopulations being formed. Overwintering individuals were in a non-breeding quiescent state. These ecological conditions provide considerable potential for random processes. However, such effects did not seem of importance in the maintenance of the Adh polymorphism since concurrent samples in different areas of the cellar had similar gene frequencies, and similar genotypic distributions were observed from year to year in the cellar system as a whole. The relevance of ecological data in distinguishing between random and selective effects acting on enzyme polymorphism in natural populations is emphasised.
Australian Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae): New Species From Cape York Peninsula, a Discussion of Species Complexes and Key to Species.
Authors: Drew RAI , Hancock DL , Romig MC
Published: June 2005

Fourteen new species of Dacus are described from Cape York Peninsula, northern Queensland: D.
(Dacus) bellulus, D. (Pacifodacus) salamander, D. (Bactrocera) absconditus, D. (B.) aeroginosus, D. (B.)
antigone, D. (B.) aurantiacus, D. (B.) erubescentis, D. (B.) fuliginus, D. (B.) humilis, D. (B.) peninsularis,
D. (B.) perkinsi, D. (B.) romigae, D. (B.) rufofusculus, D. (B.) russeolus. In addition, closely related
species are assigned to species complexes and a key provided for the 78 recorded Australian species.
Population Parameters of Two Congeneric Possums, Trichosurus spp., in Norh Eastern New South Wales
Authors: How RA
Published: June 2005

In adjacent areas in north-eastern New South Wales, T. vulpecula occurs in the open forest and woodland
and T. caninus occurs in the closed and tall open forest; both species are found in the pine
plantation. T. vulpecula has a single breeding season in autumn when all females 1 y old and older
reproduce. The young become independent around 175 days old and disperse at up to 2 y old. Mortality
is low (15%) among dependent young but considerably higher among independent dispersing
individuals. T. caninus also has a single autumn breeding season. The young become independent
around 240 days old but disperse after 18-26 months, females moving before males. Mortality is high
(56%) among dependent young but less so among subadults. An adult sex ratio of parity is the result
of a higher survival among subadult males than females offsetting the reverse in adults. Some 2-y-old
and all 3-y-old females reproduce but a few older females fail to breed in certain years. There is
evidence that the high mortality of dependent young and failure of older females to breed is associated
with offspring of previous years remaining in the population. Adult males and females appear to form
a pair-bond. Population parameters of T. vulpecula described from other areas show considerable variation;
this flexibility in population strategy explains the species' success in occupying a diversity of
habitats and rapidly colonizing new areas.
The Significance of Pollen in the Diet of the New Holland Honeyeater, Phylidonyris Novaehollandiae (Aves : Meliphagidae).
Authors: Paton DC
Published: June 2005

New Holland honeyeaters obtain negligible nutriment from pollen. Three lines of evidence show that
the contents of pollen grains are not extracted during passage through the birds. Firstly, the proportion
of empty pollen grains in faecal samples did not differ from that in samples of pollen dusted off the
facial feathers of wild birds. Secondly, the proportion of empty pollen grains in samples taken at successive
points along the alimentary canal from oesophagus to cloaca did not change in the 10 birds
examined. Finally the condition of pollen fed to caged birds did not change with passage through
the birds. Quantities of pollen ingested by honeyeaters are small, around 300,000 pollen grains or 15
mg of pollen per day. Even if fully digested this uould provide only a small proportion of the birds'
protein requirements and a negligible amount of energy. Pollen is probably collected accidentally while
the birds collect nectar from flowers.
A Review of the Australian Genra of the Mygalomorph Spider Subfamily Diplurinae (Dipluridae:Chelicerata)
Authors: Raven RJ
Published: June 2005

All of the Australian diplurine genera are reviewed and diagnosed. A new genus, Xamiatus, its typespecies,
Xamiatus rubrifrons, sp. nov., and three other new species, X. bulburin, X. kia, and X. magnificus,
are described. Aname pallida Koch, 1873, Chenistonia maculata Hogg, 1901 and Dolichosternum attenuacum
Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918, all type-species of their respective genera, are redescribed or discussed.
Aname is considered the senior subjective synonym of Chenistonia. Dekana Hogg, 1902, Sungenia Rainbow
& Pulleine, 1918 and Dolichosternum. The Anamini Raven, 1980 are synonymized with the
Dolichosternini Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 and are redefined to include only Aname and Teyl Main,
1975. The remaining Australian Diplurinae are left in the Diplurini until more is known of related
genera. Relationships within the Australian Diplurinae and with other diplurid and ctenizid groups
are discussed. The significance of the absence of the maxillary serrula in all of the Australian Diplurinae
except Ixamatus Simon, 1887 and Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 is discussed. The tarsal organ
of Kiama Main & Mascord, 1971 is intermediate between the elevated organ of Ixamatus and the low
organ of Aname, Teyl and Stanwellia. Troglodiplura Main, 1969 is an essentially fossil genus and is
therefore only keyed and diagnosed.
Brains of Australian Chiroptera I. Encephalization and Macromorphology
Authors: Stephan H , Nelson JE
Published: June 2005

Data on brain weights and body weights of 87 individuals representing 20 species of Australian Chiroptera
were analysed. The allometric equation: log brain weight = 1.655 + 0.684 log body weight,
which was derived from data on the vespertilionid species except Tylonycteris spp.. was used to calculate
indices of encephalization for Australian Chiroptera. Vespertilionidae and Molossidae have the lowest
indices; those of Emballonuridae, Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae are slightly higher, that of
Macroderma gigas is distinctly higher, and the highest are found in the Pteropodidae. Accompanying
this scale of increasing encephalization are increases in hemisphere length, cover of the mesencephalic
tectum, and cerebral and cerebellar fissuration. All of the aerial insectivore and foliage-gleaning species
belong to the less encephalized Chiroptera, whereas all fruit eaters (alone or combined with other trophic
roles) are highly encephalized. The intermediately encephalized Macroderma is a combined carnivore
and foliage-gleaning species.
Revision of Australian Cleradini (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: Malipatil MB
Published: June 2005

The following new genera and species are described: Arcleda, gen. nov. (type-species Clerada ferruginea
Horvath, 1909), A. fusca, sp. nov. and A. magna, sp. nov.; Austroclerada, gen. nov. (type-species A.
neboissi, sp. nov.), A. victoriensis, sp. nov.; Laticlerada, gen. nov. (type-species Clerada laticollis Horvath,
1909). L. monteithi, sp. nov., L. naumanni. sp. nov., L. cairnsensis, sp. nov.; Neoclerada, gen. nov.
(type-species N. westraliensis. sp. nov.), N. insulicola, sp. nov.; Paramahisa. gen. nov. (type-species
Clerada rufangula Bergroth, 1895). P. cantrelli, sp. nov., P. exigua, sp. nov., P. queenslandensis, sp.
nov., P. leai, sp. nov.. P. bicolorata, sp. nov., P. pallida, sp. nov., P. trimaculata, sp. nov. The following
new combinations are made: Clerada setulosa Horvath, 1909 to Paramahisa: Clerada nidicola Bergroth,
1914, to Laticlerada; Cleradafulvicornis Horvath, 1914, and Clerada hirsuta Usinger, 1942, to Harmostica
Bergroth. In addition to those listed above the following species have been redescribed: Clerada
apicicornis Signoret, 1863; C, noctua Distant, 1901. C. bipunctata Horvath, 1909. Mahisa ceromatica
Distant, 1906, and Harmostica ornata (Distant. 1903). A lectotype has been designated for Laticlerada
nidicola. Keys to genera and species and a brief discussion on the general distribution of the Australian
Cleradini are provided.
The Oak Leaf-Miner, Phyllonorycter Messaniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Melbourne.
Authors: New TR
Published: June 2005

Aspects of the life-cycle, host-plant relationships and mortality factors of Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.), a recently introduced pest of ornamental oaks (Quercus spp.) and some other trees in Australia, are described and discussed from observations in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1977--78. There were 3 generations a year, and breeding took place throughout the year. There were marked shifts in food-plant preference in autumn and spring. Leaf-mine areas increased during the late summer generation, and mine densities increased on some hosts in summer. Parasitism by a complex of 8 chalcidoids, only 2 of which were common (Achrysocharoides sp. and a possible species of Sympiesis) averaged about 20% throughout the year. Seasonal variation in parasitism and other mortality factors are described in relation to the moth's rapid colonisation in Australia.
Sex Differences in Seasonal Changes of Brown Adipose Tissue and Activity of the Australian Vespertilionid Bat Eptesicus vulturnus
Authors: Tidemann CR
Published: June 2005

Information on seasonal changes in activity, body weight and brown adipose tissue weight was collected from a wild population of a small Australian vespertilionid, Eptesicus vulturnus. Both sexes, but especially females, became less active during the colder months of the year. Males maintained body weight and brown adipose tissue weight during winter, as do non-hibernating mammals. Females lost brown adipose tissue and body weight during winter, as do hibernators. The relationship between the sex differences in overwintering behaviour and the reproductive cycle is discussed.
Habitat Effects on Organ Weights, Longevity and Reproduction in the Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby)
Authors: Barnett JL , How R.A. , Humphreys WF
Published: June 2005

Fifty-seven mountain brushtail possums. Trichosurus caninus (Ogilby), were killed and examined from a population in north-eastern New South Wales; 34 were from preferred habitat and 23 from peripheral habitat. Maximum age attained was 17 y for females and 12 y for males. Body, kidney, spleen and male liver weights were greater (P<0.05) in peripheral habitat, and female adrenal glands were heavier (P< 0.05) in preferred habitat. The mean number of corpora lutea per year of reproductive life was greater in peripheral-habitat females (1.56 � 0.13 SE) than in preferred-habitat females (1.18 � 0.11; P<0.05). Adult sex ratio was parity in both habitats but themean annual sex ratio of pouch young was 2.5:1 male : female in preferred habitat and 0.7:1 in peripheral habitat. The phenotypic distri-bution of transferrin differed between habitats. The data suggest that T. caninus in preferred and peripheral habitats were sufficiently distinctive in morphological, demographic, behavioural and genetic characters to be considered distinct subpopulations.
New and Poorly Known Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) from Australia, especially Tasmania
Authors: Hynes HBN
Published: June 2005

In the genus Newmanoperla the name exigua is reinstated for the Western Australian species, and a new species is described from Tasmania. The nymph of the wingless Leptoperla cacuminis from Mt Kosciusko is described. In Riekoperla a new species from Tasmania and a subspecies from King I. are described. The Tasmanian endemic Cardioperla is extensively revised, ten species with seven new specific names being recognized. In Dinotoperla a new species from both sides of Bass Strait is described, as are the unknown males of two Tasmanian species. In Trinotoperla two new species close to T. zwicki are described. For all the Tasmanian species the nymphs are comparatively described, and it is shown that in each of the genera Cardioperla, Riekoperla and Neboissoperla there is a Tasmanian species of which adults have not yet been collected.
Population Dynamics of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes Terminifera (Walker) in Central Western New South Wales. Ii. Factors Influencing Natality and Survival.
Authors: Farrow RA
Published: June 2005

Unrealized natality and mortalities at successive development stages were measured during synchronized breeding by populations of the Australian plague locust. Studies were made over a 3-y period, covering nine generations, on small plots situated in pastures derived originally from savannah woodland in central western New South Wales. Variations in natality and mortalities were influenced more by variation in soil moisture, primarily through its effect on pasture conditions, than by the effects of natural enemies; these variations were closely correlated with seasonal rainfall. Unidentified losses, independent of known variables, were recorded in the hopper stage and were highest in the hatchling. Such losses invariably exceeded 60% even under the most favourable conditions encountered in the field during the study period. The quantitative relationships established in this study between the plague locust and its natural enemies and other environmental factors suggest that prospects for the biological control of this pest by either native or introduced species are poor.
Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 2. Urea and Water Metabolism in Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii; Two Wallabies From Divergent Habitats.
Authors: Dellow DW , Hume ID
Published: June 2005

Urea and water metabolism were studied in the red-necked pademelon Thylogale thetis. and tammar wallaby Mucropus eugenii fed diets of chopped lucerne hay and fresh grass Phalaris aquatica ad libitum. On both diets T. thetis consumed more nitrogen (P<0.05), plasma urea levels were higher (P<0.05) and urea entry rate was greater (P<0.05) than in M. eugenii. Urea excretion rate was greater (P<0.05) in T. thetis than in M. eugenii on the lucerne diet, and urea degradation rate was greater (P<0.05) in T. thetis on the Phalaris diet. The proportion of urea synthesized that was recycled to and degraded in the digestive tract was similar (52-56%) in both species on both diets. T. thetis consumed more water (feed and drinking water) (P<0.05), and water turnover time was less (P<0.05) and turnover rate greater (P<0.05) than in M. eugenii, on both diets. At least on diets of adequate nitrogen and digestible energy content, it appears that differences in nitrogen metabolism between T. thetis and M. eugenii are not attributable to differences in gut microbial activity; rather, the results of this and other studies suggest that M. eugenii has a greater urine-concentrating ability and lower maintenance requirements than T. thetis.
Acetic Acid Vapour as a Resource and Stress in Drosophila
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: June 2005

Acetic acid is utilized as a resource, to a threshold concentration where it becomes a metabolic stress, in Drosophila species of subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora that are normally collected by attraction to fermented-fruit baits. This is expected since ethanol is metabolized to acetic acid via acetaldehyde. There is a tendency among tropical species in these subgenera to have lower threshold concentrations for both ethanol and acetic acid than do temperate species. A similar trend is likely among populations within D. melanogaster. D. (Dorsilopha) busckii, however, hardly utilizes acetic acid, which may be a reflection of the dependence of this species upon vegetables and other resources that are quite exotic by comparison with other species attracted to fermented-fruit baits. In two species of subgenus Scaptodrosophila, D. inornata and D, hibisci, that are not attracted to fermented-fruit baits, acetic acid and ethanol are used to low levels (or not at all); the process of energy acquisition has yet to be explored in these species.
Variation in External Morphology of the Glans Penis of Australian Native Rodents
Authors: Morrissey BL , Breed WG
Published: June 2005

In a scanning electron microscopical study of the surface of the glans penis from some Australian rodents, it was found that most species had a long, thick structure with small dorsally projecting spines. In Pseudomys apodemoides, P. delicatulus and P. novaehollandiae the glans was smaller and thinner, with longer spines, and had a prominent bacular mound. The most divergent penes were found in Notomys alexis, N. fuscus and N. mitchelli, in which the glans was small, with very large spines, and tapered to a narrow tip. By contrast, in N. cervinus and N. longicaudatus the glans was more cylindrical and had a prominent bacular mound. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Population Dynamics of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes Terminifera (Walker) in Central Western New South Wales Iii. Analysis of Population Processes.
Authors: Farrow RA
Published: June 2005

An analysis of population processes in the Australian plague locust showed that the key factor determining local population fluctuations was net migration. The density-disturbing effects of migration were over-compensated by the delayed effects of natural enemies on immature survival. There was no evidence that the amplitude of fluctuations was controlled at any stage by density-dependent processes, even at the highest densities encountered. Gregarization, although density-dependent and leading to daytime emigration: rarely stabilized population peaks because swarming populations remained relatively static. Densities never reached the carrying capacity of the habitats, even locally, because of the frequency of emigration at night. Local population extinctions due to emigration and low productivity were compensated by eventual immigration at night in favourable weather. In neither situation was the size of night migration shown to be density-dependent, although a spurious effect was detected. Variations in natality and survival had little influence on local population trends but, when synchronized over large areas by unusually favourable weather, influenced the course of large-scale fluctuations. Regional populations were more stable than local ones, due to spatial and temporal differences in reproductive success in a heterogeneous environment, and to peripheral emigration losses. Variations in the synoptic circulation and rainfall at the times of migration and reproduction cause stochastic processes to exert a major control of regional population fluctuations in the Australian plague locust.
Gonadal Cycles of Wild Budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciormes: Platycercidae)
Authors: Pohl-Apel G , Sossinka R , Wyndham E
Published: June 2005

Non-breeding wild budgerigars from semiarid and arid regions of Australia had small testes with the seminiferious epithelium consisting of two or three layers of spermatogonia, or small and undeveloped ovarian follicles. During breeding testes increased in size by 30-40 times, and gonads passed through spermatogenic or oogenic cycles similar to those in birds that breed in non-arid regions of the world.
Systematics of the Australian Mygalomorph Spider Genus Ixamatus Simon (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Chelicerata
Authors: Raven RJ
Published: June 2005

Ixamatus is revised, and now includes eight species, six of which are new: I, barina, sp. nov., I. caldera, sp. nov., I. candidus, sp, nov., I. fischeri, sp, nov., I. musgravei, sp. nov., and I. webbae, sp. nov.; the remaining two species, I. varius and I. broomi, are diagnosed. Ixamatus is found in montane rainforest and heath from northern Queensland to northern New South Wales. The ascopulate or thinly scopulate tarsi, the absence of a second row of teeth on the posterior tarsal claws of some species, the presence of an elevated tarsal organ, the highly pustulose cuticle, and the occurrence of a maxillary serrula together make Ixamatus an evolutionary enigma. The relationships of the genus are confused by conflicting apomorphies and plesiomorphies.
Cutaneous Water Loss at Rest and Exercise in Two Species of Marsupials
Authors: Bell CJ , Baudinette RV , Nicol SC
Published: June 2005

The relative roles of heat storage, evaporative, and non-evaporative heat loss were examined in the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, and the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, during exercise. Rates of water conductance across the skin were also measured at rest and while running at two ambient temperatures. Evaporative heat loss from the general body surface in S. harrisii is a minor contribution to the overall heat balance, and sweat gland function is not apparent. T. vulpecula relies more on heat loss mediated by cutaneous evaporation than from respiratory routes, but changes in cutaneous blood flow are more important than glandular activity in augmenting this response. These results and earlier reports in the literature suggest that the occurrence and function of cutaneous evaporation varies among marsupial species.
Body Weight, Sex Ratio and Seasonal Reproductive Changes in the Indian Mole Rat, Bandicota bengalensis in the Punjab
Authors: Kaur P , Guraya SS
Published: June 2005

A study has been made of seasonal changes in the body weights of males and females, and of ovarian and uterine weights, in the Indian mole rat, Bandicota bengalensis, between July 1976 and June 1978, from areas surrounding Ludhiana (30�56'N.,75�52'E.). An attempt has been made to correlate them and peaks in reproductive activity with environmental factors such as daylength, temperature, rainfall and availability of food. During both years of study, the percentage of males was 45.2. The body, ovary and uterus were lighter during winter, and then gained weight, with peaks during April and August-September. Males were generally heavier than females. On the whole, 34.7% of females were either pregnant or lactating. The breeding season extended from mid-February to mid-October. Two peaks in breeding activity (April and August-September), with a decline during June, were separated by a period of reproductive inactivity from November to mid-February. The average litter size was 8.88 (range 5-13). Embryos occurred with almost the same frequency in the left and right uterine horns. The pre-implantation mortality was 9.6% and post-implantation mortality 4.8%; thus the total prenatal mortality was 13.7%. The percentage of embryos found resorbing was 4.1. The results have been discussed in the light of the literature on the reproductive biology of rodents in this region.
Revision of World Cleradini (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), With a Cladistic Analysis of Relationships Within the Tribe.
Authors: Malipatil MB
Published: June 2005

Additional descriptions are given of: Panchaea St�l, 1865 (type-species: P. depressa St�l, 1865), Navarrus Distant, 1901 [type-species: N. phaeophilus (Walker, 1872)], Pholeolygaeus garnhami (Miller, 1957), Dyakana Distant, 1906 [type-species: D, dissimilis (Walker, 1872)], Pactye St�l, 1865 (type-species: P. ciconia St�l, 1867), Dendezia Scudder, 1963 (type-species: D. nitida Scudder, 1963), Kanadyana Scudder, 1963 (type-species: K. dolora Scudder, l963), and Reclada White, 1878 (type-species: R. moesta White, 1878). Henricodohrnia elegans Breddin, 1901 is transferred to Pactye. New genus Parapactye is described to accommodate Henricodohrnia africanus Scudder, 1962. A cladistic analysis of relationships of the genera and species of the tribe Cleradini is presented. A key to world genera and a checklist of genera and species of Cleradini are given.
Body Weight: its Relationship to Tissue Composition, Segmental Distribution of Mass, and Motor Function III.* The Didelphidae of French Guyana
Authors: Grand TI
Published: June 2005

Two sets of anatomical data are presented for six marsupial genera from French Guyana: tissue (skin, muscle, bone) and organ (alimentary tract, brain, eyes) proportions, and segmental distribution of mass (head, tail, thighs, etc.). As a percentage of total weight, skin is about equal in all genera, but the percentage of muscle is low in Caluromys and Didelphis (32%) and exceptionally high in Metachirus (45%); the percentage of viscera is low in Marmosa (6%) and high in Caluromys (10%). Philander, Caluromys, and Marmosa are similar in the segmental distribution of weight: large head, moderately sized thighs, and heavy, prehensile tail. Caluromys and Philander differ in the percentage of total muscle, size of the eyes, and weight of the alimentary tract. Only Monodelphis and Metachirus strongly diverge from the group, and Metachirus possesses many characteristics of high-speed terrestrial cursors such as Dolichotis and Lepus: high percentage of muscle in the body; muscular arms and thighs; elongated and lightened feet; and heavy lumbar extensor muscles. Basically, however, the Didelphidae remain small, prehensile-tailed, scampering and climbing omnivores with only moderate hindlimb dominance. They have not differentiated structurally as much as the prosimians in comparable niches in West Africa or Madagascar. Certain forces have acted conservatively upon body size and locomotor tissues.