bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE PARTHENOGENETIC LIZARD CNEMIDOPHORUS TESSELATUS
Authors: Parker E Davis , Selander Robert K
Published: April 2021

The parthenogenetic lizard species Cnemidophorus tesselatus is composed of diploid populations formed by hybridization of the bisexual species C. tigris and C. septemvittatus, and of triploid populations derived from a cross between diploid tesselatus and a third bisexual species, C. sexlineatus. An analysis of allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 21 loci revealed that, primarily because of hybrid origin, individual heterozygosity in tesselatus is much higher (0.560 in diploids and 0.714 in triploids) than in the parental bisexual species (mean, 0.059). All triploid individuals apparently represent a single clone, but 12 diploid clones were identified on the basis of genotypic diversity occurring at six loci. From one to four clones were recorded in each population sampled. Three possible sources of clonal diversity in the diploid parthenogens were identified: mutation at three loci has produced three clones, each confined to a single locality; genotypic diversity at two loci apparently caused by multiple hybridization of the bisexual species accounts for four clones; and the remaining five clones apparently have arisen through recombination at three loci. The relatively limited clonal diversity of tesselatus suggests a recent origin. The evolutionary potential of tesselatus and of parthenogenetic forms in general may be less severely limited than has generally been supposed.
THE EFFECT OF OCHRE SUPPRESSION ON MEIOSIS AND ASCOSPORE FORMATION IN SACCHAROMYCES
Authors: Rothstein Rodney J , Esposito Rochelle E , Esposito Michael S
Published: April 2021

The effect of altered tyrosyl-tRNAs on the developmental process of sporulation was examined. Mutations in eight independent loci resulting in tyrosine-inserting nonsense suppressors were tested for their effects on sporulation. Different levels of inhibition were found ranging from SUP3-o, which caused the greatest reduction of sporulation (7-17% of wild type), to SUP11-o which caused no reduction in sporulation. Since the SUP3-o mutation exhibited the greatest effect, it was studied in detail. Although SUP3-o is a dominant nonsense suppressor, its effect on sporulation is recessive. Expression of the sporulation deficiency is dependent upon the stage of transfer from glucose growth medium (i.e., log, early stationary, etc.) to sporulation medium. SUP3-o/SUP3-o diploid cells transferred from log or early stationary phase are capable of sporulation, whereas cells transferred after early stationary phase (i.e., after adaptation to respiration) exhibit poor sporulative ability. Sporulation events were examined under restrictive conditions to observe those events completed by SUP3-o/SUP3-o diploids. The early events of sporulation occur in these cells. Later events are completed by progressively fewer cells. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred in approximately 40% of the cells, nuclear segregation occurred in 20%, and finally, only 2% formed asci. The fact that fewer late-sporulation events occur under restrictive conditions can be explained by increased efficiency of suppression.
ENZYME AND CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISMS IN JAPANESE NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Watanabe Takao K , Watanabe Taishu
Published: April 2021

Collections of D. melanogaster from Japanese populations were analyzed for enzyme and chromosomal polymorphisms. Allelic frequencies at the Adh and αGpd loci were compared with polymorphic inversion (In(2L)B, In(2R)C) frequencies in the second chromosome. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequencies of AdhS and In(2L)B, caused by linkage. On the other hand, inversion-free cage populations maintained in the laboratory for a long time showed considerably larger variation in the frequencies of these enzyme alleles, which seem very likely to be a consequence of random drift. Two fitness components of these enzyme and chromosomal variants were measured in two different environmental conditions; neither of the two loci showed heterozygote superiority in viability or productivity, while the inversion heterozygotes showed a superior productivity compared to the corresponding homozygotes in the fluctuating environment. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that polymorphic isozyme genes are maintained by random drift of neutral genes in natural populations, and that association with linked inversions is a historical accident.
ASSOCIATION OF CHROMOSOME LOSS WITH CENTROMERE-ADJACENT MITOTIC RECOMBINATION IN A YEAST DISOMIC HAPLOID
Authors: Campbell D A , Fogel S
Published: April 2021

Experiments designed to characterize the association between disomic chromosome loss and centromere-adjacent mitotic recombination were performed. Mitotic gene convertants were selected at two heteroallelic sites on the left arm of disomic chromosome III and tested for coincident chromosome loss. The principal results are: (1) Disomic chromosome loss is markedly enhanced (nearly 40-fold) over basal levels among mitotic gene convertants selected to arise close to the centromere; no such enhancement is observed among convertants selected to arise relatively far from the centromere. (2) Chromosome loss is primarily associated with proximal allele conversion at the centromere-adjacent site, and many of these convertants are reciprocally recombined in the adjacent proximal interval. (3) Partial aneuploid exceptions provisionally identified as carrying left arm telocentrics have been found. A testable model is proposed suggesting that centromere involvement in genetic recombination may precipitate segregational disfunction leading to mitotic chromosome loss.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF NULLOSOMY FOR A CHROMOSOMAL REGION AFFECTING CYCLIC AMP PHOSPHODIESTERASE ACTIVITY IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Kiger John A
Published: April 2021

A study of Drosophila nullosomic for chromomere 3D4 shows that this region of the genome is necessary for male fertility, normal female fertility and normal oogenesis. Males nullosomic for 3D4 lack normal, motile sperm. Females nullosomic for this region exert a maternal influence on their progeny which results in a diversity of imaginal defects. The observation that chromomere 3D4 is the most probable locus for a chromosomal region which affects cAMP phosphodiesterase activity, and which may contain a structural gene for the enzyme, prompts the hypothesis that the diverse physiological effects caused by nullosomy for 3D4 are the result of an aberrant cAMP metabolism.
GENETIC PARAMETERS OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, ACTIVITY AND GROWTH IN MICE
Authors: Dunnington E A , White J M , Vinson W E
Published: April 2021

Heritabilities (h  2) of, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among, serum cholesterol (SC), levels of physical activity, growth, and body moisture content were estimated from data on 466 sire-son pairs of random-bred, ICR albino mice. Heritability estimates of SC and body moisture content were 0.31 ± 0.07 and 0.29 ± 0.11, respectively. Estimates of h  2 for activity measured by standard exercise wheels at 28, 49 and 70 days of age were 0.31 ± 0.17, 0.50 ± 0.11 and 0.27 ± 0.14 and for weight at 21, 44 and 67 days of age, were 0.11 ± 0.09, 0.33 ± 0.09 and 0.42 ± 0.08, respectively. The estimates of h  2 for weight gain ranged from 0.22 ± 0.07 to 0.27 ± 0.08. Significant negative phenotypic correlations occurred between activity and rate of body weight gain. A negative genetic correlation of -0.70 ± 0.11 between SC and body moisture implied that SC and percent body fat are positively correlated. Genetic correlations among SC values and activity scores and between SC values and body weight gains were near zero.
GENETIC ANALYSES OF "PARANOIAC" MUTANTS OF PARAMECIUM TETRAURELIA
Authors: Van Houten Judith , Chang Sheng-Yung , Kung Ching
Published: April 2021

Six mutants of Paramecium tetraurelia with curious "Paranoiac" phenotypes have been isolated and examined. Instead of the normal transient avoiding reactions in Na+ solutions, these mutants show "violent avoidances"—backing continuously for 10 to over 60 sec. This behavior corresponds to prolonged membrane excitation.—Genetic analyses establish five genic loci at which mutations give the "Paranoiac" phenotype. Close linkage between two of these genes occurs. Allelic variants are found for two of the genes. In one case, the two alleles determine very different behavioral phenotypes ("Paranoiac" and "fast-2"). These results show that the mechanism(s) which shuts off excitation in the wild-type membrane is (are) complex, but in the future may be fruitfully pursued in mutants which are defective.
GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOME NEW COLOR MUTANTS IN THE GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS
Authors: Kajishima Takao
Published: April 2021

The genotypes of three color mutants in goldfish: a depigmentation character of larval melanophores, albinism and a recessive-transparent character, were analyzed by crossing experiments. The depigmentation character in the common goldfish is controlled by two dominant multiple genes, Dp 1 and Dp2, and only fish with double recessive alleles dp1dp1 dp2dp2 can retain larval melanophores throughout life. Albinism is also controlled by double autosomal genes, p and c. The genotype of an albino fish is represented by pp cc; the non-albino fish is PP CC. Fish with either a pp CC or pp Cc genotype are albino when scored at the time of melanosome differentiation in the pigment retina, but after the time of skin melanophore differentiation, they change to the nonalbino type under the control of the C gene. The recessive-transparent character is controlled by a single autosomal gene, g. The mechanisms of gene expression of these characters were proposed as a result of observation and/or experimental data on the differentiation processes of their phenotypes, and the genotypes of these color mutant goldfish were considered in relation to the "gene duplication hypothesis in the Cyprinidae."
STATISTICAL STUDIES ON PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM IN NATURAL POPULATIONS I. DISTRIBUTION OF SINGLE LOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY
Authors: Fuerst Paul A , Chakraborty Ranajit , Nei Masatoshi
Published: April 2021

Surveying the literature, the frequency distribution of single-locus heterozygosity among protein loci was examined in 95 vertebrate and 34 invertebrate species with the aim of testing the validity of the mutation-drift hypothesis. This distribution did not differ significantly from that expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis for any of the species examined when tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic. The agreement between the observed interlocus variance of heterozygosity and its theoretical expectation was also satisfactory. There was an indication that variation in the mutation rate among loci inflates the interlocus variance of heterozygosity. The variance of heterozygosity for a homologous locus among different species was also studied. This variance generally agreed with the theoretical value very well, though in some groups of Drosophila species there was a significant discrepancy. The observed relationship between average heterozygosity and the proportion of polymorphic loci was in good agreement with the theoretical relationship. It was concluded that, with respect to the pattern of distribution of heterozygosity, the majority of data on protein polymorphisms are consistent with the mutation-drift hypothesis. After examining alternative possible explanations involving selection, it was concluded that the present data cannot be explained adequately without considering a large effect of random genetic drift, whether there is selection or not.
GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ADH REGION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: O'Donnell Janis , Mandel Howard C , Krauss Marc , Sofer William
Published: April 2021

Eighteen Adh-negative mutations were selected with 1-pentyn-3-ol after feeding of formaldehyde. Twelve of the 18 were shown by cytological and genetic analysis to be deletions. Cytological examination of the deletions allowed us to localize the Adh gene to a region including bands 35B3-5 on the left arm of chromosome 2. The deletions were also used to order known visible loci located near Adh.—The vital loci near Adh were also investigated. A total of 109 lethal mutations were generated with EMS and 33 of these, localized within a region defined by the overlap of two of the deletions, were found to belong to 13 complementation groups. If one includes three other loci known to belong there (el, Adh and Sco), a total of 16 complementation groups have been identified in the region close to Adh.
THE EVOLUTION OF EPISTASIS AND THE ADVANTAGE OF RECOMBINATION IN POPULATIONS OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4
Authors: Malmberg Russell L
Published: April 2021

Experiments reported here test two hypotheses about the evolution of recombination: first, the Fisher-Muller concept that sexual organisms respond to selection more rapidly than do asexual ones, and second, that epistasis is more likely to evolve in the absence of recombination. Populations of bacteriophage T4 were selected by the drug proflavine in discrete generations and the change in mean population fitness was monitored. Three separate selection series yielded results supporting the Fisher-Muller hypothesis. The amount of epistasis evolved was measured by partitioning the T4 map into regions and comparing the sum of the proflavine resistances of each region with the resistance of the whole. Significantly more interactions were found in phage isolated from the populations with lower total recombination than in those from populations with higher recombination. The degree to which these experiments fit preconceived notions about natural selection suggests that microorganisms may be advantageously used in other population genetics experiments.
Arthroscopic acetabular labral reconstruction: a review
Authors: Maldonado David R , Glein Rachel M , Domb Benjamin G
Published: April 2021

The function and importance of the acetabular labrum in hip biomechanics have been determined. A labral tear is one of the most common findings in the hip preservation field, commonly associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. It has been established that the restoration of labral anatomy and function are key factors to improve patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) and psychometric tools following arthroscopic hip arthroscopy in the context of FAI syndrome. Labral repair or refixation is currently the gold-standard surgical option when facing labral tears, with clinical mid to long-term data supporting its use. Labral selective debridement has proven to be a valid alternative in selective patients. Acetabular labral reconstruction has risen as an alternative to labral excision or resection when repair is not an option due to labral tissue deficiency. Restoring the labral sealing mechanism is the goal behind the acetabular labral reconstruction. It has been proven that labral reconstruction leads to superior PROMs when compared with resection. This review presents an analysis of the indications, techniques, and outcomes for arthroscopic acetabular labral reconstruction.
Tumor-Treating Fields for the treatment of glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Regev Ohad , Merkin Vladimir , Blumenthal Deborah T , Melamed Israel , Kaisman-Elbaz Tehila
Published: April 2021

Background

Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) is an emerging treatment modality for glioblastoma (GBM). Studies have shown a good safety profile alongside improved efficacy in newly diagnosed GBM (ndGBM), while a less clear effect was shown for recurrent GBM (rGBM). Despite regulatory support, sectors of the neuro-oncology community have been reluctant to accept it as part of the standard treatment protocol. To establish an objective understanding of TTFields’ mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and economical implications, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. Twenty studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria, incorporating 1636 patients (542 ndGBM and 1094 rGBM), and 11 558 patients (6403 ndGBM and 5155 rGBM) analyzed for the clinical outcomes and safety endpoints, respectively.

Results

This study demonstrated improved clinical efficacy and a good safety profile of TTFields. For ndGBM, pooled median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 21.7 (95%CI = 19.6-23.8) and 7.2 (95%CI = 6.1-8.2) months, respectively. For rGBM, pooled median OS and PFS were 10.3 (95%CI = 8.3-12.8) and 5.7 (95%CI = 2.8-10) months, respectively. Compliance of ≥75% was associated with an improved OS and the predominant adverse events were dermatologic, with a pooled prevalence of 38.4% (95%CI = 32.3-44.9). Preclinical studies demonstrated TTFields’ diverse molecular mechanism of action, its potential synergistic efficacy, and suggest possible benefits for certain populations.

Conclusions

This study supports the use of TTFields for GBM, alongside the standard-of-care treatment protocol, and provides a practical summary, discussing the current clinical and preclinical aspects of the treatment and their implication on the disease course.
Paper Trails
Authors: Blevins Cameron
Published: April 2021

Paper Trails presents a new history of the American state and its efforts to conquer, occupy, and integrate the western United States between the 1860s and early 1900s. The success of this project depended on an unassuming government institution: the US Post. As millions of settlers rushed into remote corners of the region, they relied on the mail to stay connected to the wider world. Letters and newspapers, magazines and pamphlets, petitions and money orders, all traveled across the most expansive communications network on earth. Paper Trails maps the year-by-year spread of this infrastructure using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices, revealing a new and unfamiliar picture of the federal government in the West. Despite its size, the US Post was both nimble and ephemeral, rapidly spinning out its infrastructure to distant places before melting away at a moment’s notice. The administration of this network bore little resemblance to the civil service bureaucracies typically associated with government institutions today. Instead, the US Post grafted public mail service onto the private operations of thousands of local businesses, contracting with stagecoach companies to carry bags of mail and paying local merchants to distribute letters from their stores. The postal network’s sprawling geography and localized operations force a reconsideration of the American state, its history, and the ways in which it exercised power. This book tells the story of one of the most dramatic reorganizations of people, land, and resources in American history and the underlying spatial circuitry that wove this project together.
Conclusion
Authors: Blevins Cameron
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter offers an overview of the US Post and the wider federal government from the early 1900s to the present. Both the US Post and the American state became more centralized and bureaucratic during the 20th century, but elements of the agency model and the challenges of American geography have continued to shape governance through the present. Today, the federal government’s “indirect” workforce outnumbers its “direct” workforce of salaried employees, while the US Postal Service’s ongoing fiscal crisis has seen the re-emergence of elements of the 19th-century postal network and its localized, semi-privatized workforce. The book concludes with lessons that the 19th-century postal system holds for understanding the kind of structural power wielded by technology companies and other large-scale forces that shape American society today.
The Anticlaudianus as Virgilian Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents evidence that the plot of Alan of Lille’s Anticlaudianus is modeled on the allegorical interpretation of Virgil’s Aeneid. Specifically, it argues that the first six books of the Anticlaudianus are modeled on allegorizations of the Aeneid’s sixth book, while books 7, 8, and 9 of the Anticlaudianus are modeled on the allegorical interpretation of the entire Aeneid. The sorts of allegorical interpretations of the Aeneid available to scholars in the twelfth century are reconstructed with the help of Servius’s, Fulgentius’s, and Bernard Silvestris’s allegorizing comments on the Aeneid. Most of the evidence depends on similarities of plot points. However, verbal reminiscences from key moments in the “literal” Aeneid also serve to orient the reader in the allegorical Aeneid.
Activism, Wolf Packs, and SCG
Authors: Anand Anita Indira
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores shareholder activism carried out by “wolf packs.” Just as a blockholder with a sizable percentage of the corporation’s equity can significantly influence a firm’s governance, a wolf pack is a group of investors that attacks a target corporation in tandem under the leadership of a single, sophisticated activist, collectively acquiring enough equity to form a de facto block. The chapter then looks at the formation of wolf packs and conflicting theories that attempt to explain their behavior. It also focuses on their ability to acquire considerable power in a corporation, considering the challenges that presents to legal regimes, particularly in proxy contests and other change-of-control transactions. Changes of control, especially in cases of hostile takeovers, are controversial because they often necessitate a consideration of strategic objectives different from those of the target company’s board prior to the takeover.
“All for the Front”: Free Labor, Prisoners, and Deportees
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

During the war, the Soviet state created a labor system that was unique among the combatant nations and unprecedented in its own history. The evacuation of industry to sparsely populated eastern towns demanded a new labor force. All able-bodied civilians became subject to a labor draft. The state sent millions of free workers to work on distant sites, enrolled youth in vocational schools, deployed exiled national groups in a “Labor Army,” and employed prisoners in Gulag camps in industry and construction. Women, peasants, and teenagers became major sources of new labor. Mobilized workers became the foundation of the war effort, but they also posed the state’s greatest domestic challenge: to provide services traditionally performed by the family. The provision of clothing, food, shelter, cleaning, and repair—jobs assumed by women for no remuneration—fell to the industrial enterprises. Pressure to produce and persistent shortages created appalling living conditions. Many mobilized workers fled. In the prison camps and Labor Army, starvation and illness decimated the labor force.
Coercion Constrained: The Wartime Labor Laws
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

In June 1940 the legal status of Soviet workers changed dramatically. Absenteeism and unauthorized job-changing became criminal offenses. Six months after the German invasion, the severity of the penalties escalated: workers in defense sectors who left their jobs were branded “labor deserters” and subject to long prison terms. More than seven million workers were convicted for absenteeism or illegal quitting. Yet coercion had its limits. Despite the draconian penalties, millions of vocational trainees and workers defied the law and fled, prompted by painful working and living conditions. Authorities showed themselves either unable or unwilling to enforce the law, thus weakening the threat of punishment. Barely half of those who fled were convicted, and of these only 40 percent were ever found and made to serve a sentence. Collective farms welcomed the return of mobilized workers. Coercion proved ineffective in practice.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The Red Army broke the back of the Wehrmacht, liberated Auschwitz and other camps, and freed millions from occupation. Its strength, however, was determined by civilians on the home front. The greatest victory of the twentieth century depended on their efforts. The Stalinist state reached the height of its powers during the war, manifesting a greater ability to mobilize its people than any other combatant nation. The evacuation and rebuilding of the industrial base, mass mobilization of workers, food allocation under starvation conditions, aversion of a public health disaster, and reconstruction of the liberated territories were the result of unprecedented organizational efforts. Strict discipline and repression played a role. Yet, without the support of the vast majority of people, the achievements on the home front would not have been possible. The war has now become central to a new Russian national identity. The victory of the Soviet people against fascism, however, is also part of an ongoing international struggle against virulent nationalism, race hatred, anti-Semitism, and exploitation.
Puccini's La Bohème
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: April 2021

La bohème is one of the most frequently performed operas in the world. But how did it come to be so adored? Drawing on an extremely broad range of sources, Alexandra Wilson traces the opera’s rise to global fame. Although the work has been subjected to many hostile critiques, it swiftly achieved popular success through stage performances, recordings, and filmed versions. Wilson demonstrates how La bohème acquired even greater cultural influence as its music and dramatic themes began to be incorporated into pop songs, film soundtracks, musicals, and more. In this cultural history of Puccini’s opera, Wilson offers a fresh reading of a familiar work. La bohème was strikingly modern for the 1890s, she argues, in its approach to musical and dramatic realism and in flouting many of the conventions of the Italian operatic tradition. Considering the work within the context of the aesthetic, social, and political debates of its time, Wilson explores Puccini’s treatment of themes including gender, poverty, and nostalgia. She pays particular attention to La bohème’s representation of Paris, arguing that the opera was not only influenced by romantic mythologies surrounding the city but also helped shape them. Wilson concludes with a consideration of the many and varied approaches directors have taken to the staging of Puccini’s opera, including some that have reinvented the opera for a new age. This book is essential reading for anyone who has seen La bohème and wants to know more about its music, drama, and cultural contexts.
La bohème reimagined
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the various ways in which directors have staged La bohème, and analyses what such productions have to tell us about perceptions of the opera in various historical periods and in various different cultures. It considers the politics of operatic updating and Regietheater, and the economic factors that sometimes condition conservative approaches to staging. The chapter analyses some extremely successful, long-running traditional productions as well as wide range of updated productions. It considers the new meanings that might be brought to the opera through productions that shift the action to eras and places drastically different from those stipulated by Puccini and his librettists.
Tocqueville’s Religious Terror
Authors: Frank Jason
Published: April 2021

One of the central ironies of Alexis de Tocqueville’s political thought was that the democratic era that promised to bring conscious human agency to an equal mankind, freeing human beings from their bondage to tradition and their submission to the sacred, actually threatened them with unprecedented forms of domination. Tocqueville’s sense of “religious terror” is engendered from the spectacle of everyone being “driven willy-nilly along the same road” and having “joined the common cause, some despite themselves, others unwittingly, like blind instruments in the hands of God.” “Religious terror” is both a symptom and a diagnosis of his concern with the deflated status of individual agency in democratic contexts, and with the related eclipse of the political by the social question. This chapter explores this dimension of Tocqueville’s thought and its relation to his denial of such agency to any collective actor, to deny heroism, and its associated grandeur, to the popular will.
Illness, Transformation, and Resilience
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers the question of whether and how one may find wellness and happiness within an experience of illness and argues for why this is indeed the case. The chapter also considers how human beings rely on narratives, which we ourselves construct and live by, to understand and make meaning of illness. Furthermore, the chapter considers how changing one’s habits of thinking, acting, and feeling may help assuage the emotional pain linked to living with a chronic illness and help ameliorate practical problems-in-living. The chapter also introduces the concept of ultimate concerns, as well as the author’s categories of vital, relational, vocational, and mortal concerns. The concept of resilience frames the chapter, including what may help strengthen one’s capacity for living with resilience.
Piano
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

Tudor switched from the organ to the piano in his late teens. His approach to the new instrument, whose nature he regarded as percussion, centered on harnessing its mechanism of escapement, which resulted in the control of all parameters as a function of precise timing of attack and release. This proved especially well-suited to the pointillistic works being written by composers on both sides of the Atlantic. But close examination reveals that the relationship between Tudor and the composers around him, which gave birth to new methods of chance operations, indeterminacy, or graphic scores, was actually led by the pianist’s exploration of his instrument, many times at the bewilderment of others as to what captivated his attention. At the core of Tudor’s singular realizations was a focus on the physical bias of the score given to him, which he referred to as “material.” As the degree of indeterminacy in the composer’s materials increased throughout the 1950s, Tudor would more and more shift his attention to another kind of material involved in the realization of music: the physical nature of instruments, including his own self, which composers had already begun regarding as such.
Conclusion
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

This conclusion briefly restates the argument of the book and considers the broader implications of studying Homeric formularity and agency through embodied action. It places in juxtaposition the kinetic reflexes of the hero and the aesthetic reflexes of the poet, in an attempt to open up new ways of reading literature through and within the body. The result is a book that thinks in new terms about epic repetition and the actions of Homeric characters within the constraints of oral poetry. I end the conclusion by suggesting that gesture’s quiet capacity to act on its own accord and to exhibit its own form of autonomy leads to novel possibilities for our consideration of Homeric character and agency.
Shrimp Fisheries
Authors: Bauer Raymond T.
Published: April 2021

Shrimp are a much desired and nutritious food product with a high economic value: capture-biomass ratio. The most important shrimp fisheries take place in marine habitats and are dominated by estuary-dependent “warm-water” species of penaeid and sergestid shrimps. Fishing with otter and beam trawls accounts for the major part of shrimp production, as these gears target species that form large schools over relatively level open ocean bottoms. Bycatch and discard of nontarget species are a particular problem of shrimp trawling, which disrupts bottom communities and removes juveniles of ecologically and commercially important finfish. The destructive effect of heavy trawls on the open soft-bottom habitats of most important species is not as severe as in other fisheries, given the rapid recovery of soft-bottom communities. Management of shrimp fisheries to prevent both growth and recruitment overfishing is based on models incorporating variables such as measures of growth, mortality, and climatic factors. Fishing efforts can be controlled by limiting access (e.g., number of fishers, vessels) and regulating seasonal closures of fishing grounds. Although there are signs of overfishing in some shrimp populations, the short life cycle (one to two years) with the rapid growth of major shrimp species makes them relatively resilient to overfishing. Conflicts between aquaculture and shrimp fisheries include economic competition and the biological impacts of shrimp aquaculture on natural shrimp populations. Protection and restoration of coastal wetlands, which serve as shrimp nurseries, are vital to the future of shrimp fisheries.
Marine Ornamental Decapods—Collection, Culture, and Conservation
Authors: Calado Ricardo
Published: April 2021

Marine ornamental decapods are among the most popular invertebrates traded in the global marine aquarium industry. With the exception of the Dendrobranchiata, nearly all other major groups of decapods have at least one species traded as ornamental, the majority being caridean and stenopodidean shrimp, as well as hermit and brachyuran crabs. Found and collected in the wild from tropical coral reefs and coastal lagoons, the aquaculture of marine ornamental decapods is yet to achieve a scale that alleviates the fishing pressure affecting natural populations. Most cultivation efforts have targeted cleaner and boxing shrimp within the genera Lysmata and Stenopus, respectively. While these species are some of the most highly traded, research on their captive culture has been mainly driven by their market value rather than conservation purposes. This is likely the reason why the aquaculture of other species that are also heavily collected, such as hermit and brachyuran crabs, is yet to properly be addressed. This chapter provides an overview of the most emblematic marine ornamental decapod species currently traded for marine aquaria, including their distinctive features, as well as their collection, packing, and shipping techniques. The state of the art of marine ornamental decapod aquaculture is critically revised, with an emphasis on broodstock husbandry and maturation, larviculture, and grow-out to commercial size. Commonly employed systems for stocking breeding pairs, raising larvae, or growing juveniles are detailed, underscoring recirculated systems operating with synthetic seawater due to their potential use in coastal or inland facilities. The main bottlenecks impairing the successful breeding of these organisms are critically addressed, namely the lack of maturation diets customized to secure the nutritional needs of target species, which consequently impairs the production of high-quality larvae for cultivation. The main constraints for larviculture are also highlighted, with special emphasis on the lack of suitable live prey and the ability of several decapod species to delay metamorphosis under suboptimal larval diets. Issues on grow-out, such as poor growth performances and cannibalism, are discussed from a commercial perspective, as well as mitigation actions (e.g., use of live prey and complex shelters). There is a strong need for science-based conservation policies, where accurate data reporting and traceability along the supply chain must be implemented to promote a sustainable use of these resources. Though pricey and popular, marine ornamental decapods are no longer poorly studied when compared to a few years ago. Nonetheless, some key issues still need the attention of researchers, commercial breeders and hobbyists to ensure that these remarkable organisms can continue to be admired in the wild and in aquarium displays.
Marine Crustaceans as Bioindicators: Amphipods as Case Study
Authors: Navarro-Barranco Carlos , Ros Macarena , Tierno de Figueroa José M. , Guerra-García José M.
Published: April 2021

A bioindicator species can be defined as “an organism that provides information on the environmental conditions of its habitat by its presence or absence, and its behavior.” In this sense, crustaceans present many biological and ecological characteristics that make them particularly useful as bioindicators (e.g., widespread distribution in different habitats and geographical areas, key role in community functioning, great diversity of life history strategies). Within Crustacea, the order Amphipoda has been considered an especially relevant and suitable group due to its direct development and its special sensibility to disturbances, among other reasons. Crustaceans can be used in biomonitoring studies in a wide variety of habitats (e.g., both soft- and hard-bottom substrata from intertidal to deep environments) and for different types of environmental stressors. An extensive amount of literature has reported the sensitivity of crustacean species to heavy metal contamination, sewage and desalination discharges, or engineering and aquaculture activities, among others. Special emphasis has been placed on the role of crustaceans in the most used indexes (e.g., AMBI, BENTIX, BOPA) developed to establish the environmental quality of European coastal and marine areas. Crustaceans are one of the groups with a higher contribution to those indexes, although their presence is not necessarily indicative of low environmental disturbances. Within amphipods, the importance of the family Caprellidae as a monitoring tool in environmental programs (e.g., trace metal or tributyltin pollution) is highlighted. Alien crustaceans can also play a pivotal role as bioindicators of anthropogenic pressures, and their likely influence on the accuracy of ecological assessment programs should be taken into account. Finally, there is an increasing need to improve our scarce taxonomic knowledge in many crustacean groups since that information is vital for the correct development of monitoring tools. Studies dealing with the species’ ecological and biological traits are also encouraged in order to understand the potential application of these species as bioindicators.
Management and Handling of Commercial Crustaceans
Authors: Powell Adam , Barrento Sara , Cowing Daniel M.
Published: April 2021

Current crustacean production (~14 Mt) and value (up to USD60 billion) is significant and likely to increase further during the twenty-first century. Satisfactory management and handling of live crustaceans are important to safeguard the value, security, safety, and sustainability of wild-caught and aquaculture-sourced fisheries and increasingly to foster improved welfare and public perception of both industries. Decapod crustaceans are frequently transported live and internationally over long distances and experience anthropogenic stressors from point of capture to point of sale. Physical handling, emersion in air, and temperature fluctuations are key examples of stressors, which elicit progressive behavioral, physiological, and immunological stress responses in crustaceans. Stress responses are initiated to return the individual to a state of homeostasis; if these fail, then physiological collapse, a loss of vitality, and death will likely occur. There are several ways to mitigate the impact of stressors, reduce associated stress responses, and thus maintain quantity (survival, weight) and quality (vitality, sensorial perception) of live crustaceans. These include improved fishing techniques, better handling and operating procedures, and the introduction of proven equipment and facilities during the supply chain. The action of stressors and the effectiveness of potential mitigating strategies have been studied intensively via behavioral analysis and hemolymph sampling to ascertain changes in metabolites and the immune system. Finally, improved handling and management include global and ethical considerations, supported by relevant research, which may be achieved by adopting best practices and standards and by ensuring welfare and disease regulations.
Block by Block
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter continues where Chapter 5 left off. It examines how childhood theory of mind develops, looking for, and finding, the features of theory development: It unfolds in a progression of steps; it can manifest different sequences depending on children’s life circumstances; more advanced understandings are not only facilitated by but also constrained by children’s earlier understandings. Theory of mind is a complex edifice of ideas about people’s mental lives. Like any complex construction project, it must proceed in steps, over time. Profoundly deaf children of hearing parents, and those children’s theory-of-mind delays, nicely and intriguingly help illustrate all this.
Commitment
Authors: Mitchell Neil J.
Published: April 2021

Sometimes principals delegate in order to control themselves rather than others. The incentive is to deliver on a commitment to themselves or to a valued audience. A football player finds an agent to look after his money for the protracted period when no longer playing. Or governments delegate to central bankers in order to commit to a sound economic policy for the long term, protecting against the temptation of spending for short-term electoral gains. More surprising at the international level, governments commit to human rights treaties and agencies, ostensibly giving up repression when dealing with opponents, dissenters, and critical journalists. While third-party or “fire-alarm” monitoring of these commitments by civil society organizations provides some added robustness to this delegation device, as the real-world application to human rights makes clear, fire alarms can be tampered with in a way unanticipated in principal-agent models.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Neil J.
Published: April 2021

This chapter explains how the modified logic of delegation differs from the standard account in the treatment of the main parties to the relationship. The principal is a more untrustworthy and at times unresponsive figure in her relationship with the agents. The agent, likely a professional agent, is more complicated than portrayed. Professional responsibility is a mechanism to overcome the trust gap in a delegation relationship, according to principal-agent theorists. But overlooked are the side effects of professionalism, where the loyalties it fosters create tenacious control problems. It has a pronounced form in the church and the army, but other security and police forces may find punishing and controlling rogue agents a complicated process. While the boundaries to delegation are uncertain and some may choose not to delegate as much as they should, blame is one task that will be delegated.
Bill of Rights
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines the Colorado Bill of Rights. It focuses on situations in which Colorado rights have significance independent of the federal Bill of Rights. This occurs when a Colorado provision has no federal counterpart or is interpreted to limit state government more strictly than its federal equivalent. An important provision protects privacy against government searches and seizures somewhat more than the federal Fourth Amendment. Others provide protection against retroactive civil laws and provide for condemnation of easements to serve mining and agriculture interests. Explicit provisions protect property rights of alien residents and require owners’ consent to municipal annexations. The chapter also explains Colorado’s unique path to constitutional protection of equal protection of the laws.
Judicial Department
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses Article VI of the Colorado Constitution, which explains the judicial department and its powers. All aspects of trial and appellate judgeships are defined. Section 3 requires the supreme court to give advisory opinions “upon important questions upon solemn occasions when required by the governor, the senate, or the house of representatives.” Sections 20 and 24 establish the system for filling vacancies in the courts. Judicial nominating commissions choose candidates from whom the governor appoints judges to two-year terms. Section 25 provides for elections on whether to retain judges after two years for full terms or after expiration of a full teem. Section 23 sets rules for retirement or removal of judges.
Home Rule Cities and Towns
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter explains Article XX of the Colorado Constitution, which establishes the right of home rule for cities and towns. Added in 1902, The article created the City and County of Denver, invested it with broad home rule powers and Colorado’s first initiative and veto referendum provisions, and authorized other cities to adopt home rule charters. A 1912 citizens’ initiative revised Section 6 to make home rule powers more specific and available to more municipalities. The 1970 addition of Section 16 authorized home rule for counties. Sections 10 through 13 were added in 1998 to establish the City and County of Broomfield. with powers and structure similar to Denver. The article’s terms leave much to judicial interpretation. Hotly contested issues have included oil and gas regulation, eminent domain powers, rent control, and gun control.
Great Outdoors Colorado
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores Article XXVII of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Great Outdoors Colorado.” The article was added in 1992 to earmark all state lottery proceeds for wildlife, parks, and outdoor recreation. It was adopted in reaction to legislative allocations of lottery proceeds to other purposes. Section 1 established and defined the program. Section 2 created the Great Outdoors Trust Fund with detailed rules for its revenues. Section 3 allocates lottery proceeds among the Trust Fund, the Division of Parks and Recreation, and the Conservation Trust Fund. Section 5(1) vests exclusive control of the Trust Fund in the State Board of the Great Outdoors Colorado Trust Fund, established and defined by Section 6.
Ted Cruz Crashes the Party
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2021

Mitt Romney’s defeat in 2012 stunned the GOP establishment. Their shock showed how out of touch the party was with its own base. The Republican National Committee commissioned a study to identify the party’s barriers to growth, which found that single women and young voters were turned off by Republican positions on abortion, gay rights, and climate change, while Hispanics were repelled by opposition to immigration reform. At the same time, the report gently raised the threat to the party from the power of the (unnamed) Koch network, stating that “centralized authority in the hands of a few people is dangerous.” The GOP donor class of billionaires and multimillionaires favored ideological purity over incremental progress, and could outspend and outorganize the party when they found the right, uncompromising candidates. House and Senate GOP leaders were steadily losing control of their caucuses, and no one understood how much damage could be inflicted on the party by someone willing to savage colleagues to further themselves. Thanks to newly elected Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, a political firebrand out for himself no matter the cost, they were about to find out. Senator Marco Rubio, a darling of the party’s establishment, saw his attempts to craft an immigration reform bill destroyed by Cruz—who described undocumented immigrants as “undocumented Democrats.” Cruz then engineered a disastrous government shutdown and became one of the most reviled members of the Senate, even as he gained the admiration of social conservatives and became a role model for their children.