bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of post‐germination mobilization of cell wall polysaccharides and non‐cell wall carbohydrates in soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons
Authors: Gronwald John W , Jung Hans‐Joachim G , Litterer Lynn A , Somers David A
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: In previous research, we demonstrated that cell wall polysaccharide (CWP) levels of soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons are negatively correlated with the sum of seed oil and protein content. Although the results suggest that reducing cotyledon CWP levels would be desirable, it is not known whether CWP are mobilized during early seedling growth and, if so, to what extent mobilization contributes to seed reserves.

RESULTS: Ungerminated (dry) seeds contained equivalent amounts [approximately 20 mg (cotyledon pair)−1] of non‐cell wall carbohydrates (NCWC) and CWP. Galactose and arabinose accounted for 47% of total CWP in cotyledons of dry seeds. Measured 14 days after planting (DAP), the levels of NCWC and CWP were reduced 98% and 34%, respectively, in cotyledons of seedlings grown under a 16‐h photoperiod. Measured 14 DAP, greater than 85% of cotyledon cell wall galactose plus arabinose was mobilized. The transformation of the cotyledon to a photosynthetic organ was associated with restructuring of the cell wall involving increases in uronic acids, glucose and rhamnose.

CONCLUSION: CWP of soybean cotyledons are modified during early seedling growth due to mobilization and cell wall restructuring triggered by light. The amount of carbon mobilized makes only a small contribution to total cotyledon reserves. Published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of five spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives of raw pork
Authors: Shan Bin , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Brooks John D , Corke Harold
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find natural spice and herb extracts with antibacterial and antioxidant capacities that could be potentially used as natural preservatives in raw pork.

RESULTS: The inhibitory effects of cinnamon stick, oregano, clove, pomegranate peel and grape seed extracts on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica were evaluated in raw pork at room temperature (∼20 °C). The influences of these extracts on lipid oxidation in the meat were also investigated. The pH, colour parameters and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances) values were tested periodically. The results showed that all five natural extracts, especially clove, were effective against the bacteria. During storage the colour parameters of the extract‐treated pork samples changed slightly, in comparison with significant changes in the control. Treatments with these extracts increased the stability of raw pork against lipid oxidation. Clove was the most effective for retarding lipid oxidation and presented the highest antioxidant activity in raw pork.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the tested extracts, especially clove, have potential as natural preservatives to reduce numbers of pathogenic bacteria, colour degradation and lipid oxidation in raw pork. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Descriptive sensory analysis of light, medium, and dark colored kernels of black walnut cultivars
Authors: Warmund Michele R , Elmore Janelle R , Adhikari Koushik , McGraw Sherry
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Kernels of black walnut trees (Juglans nigra L.) are characterized by their unique fruity, woody, musty and sweet flavors. While most of the crop is produced from native trees, an increasing volume of kernels is harvested from grafted trees of improved cultivars. Cultivars produce nuts with desirable cracking qualities and have larger kernel size than those of native trees. However, kernel color of black walnuts can be variable due to time of harvest and hulling. The objective of this study was to evaluate flavor attributes of light, medium and dark colored kernels of Emma K, Kwik Krop, Sparks 127 and wild black walnut trees.

RESULTS: Eighteen flavor terms were used for descriptive analysis of walnut kernels. Floral/fruity and sweet flavors varied among wild and Sparks 127 kernels. Various flavor characteristics were affected by kernel color. Dark colored kernels had more intense burnt, musty/dusty, oily, woody, astringent, and sour flavors than light colored kernels.

CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that eliminating dark colored Emma K and Sparks 127 kernels by color sorting will likely limit acrid, rancid and bitter flavors in the marketplace, which may be perceived as unappealing by consumers. Light colored kernels are produced by shaking trees early in the harvest season and hulling fruits immediately after harvest. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Liquid chromatographic determination of benomyl in water samples after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
Authors: Farhadi Khalil , Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Matin Amir Abbas
Published: June 2009

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method combined with solvolysis reaction for extraction of the carbamate fungicide benomyl as carbendazim from water samples is described. The method is based on the extraction of benomyl from acidified sample solution and its conversion into carbendazim via solvolysis reaction with DMF as organic solvent. The proposed DLLME method was followed by HPLC with fluorimetric detection for determination of benomyl. The proposed method has good linearity (0.998) with wide linear dynamic range (0.01–25 mg/L) and low detection limit (0.0033 mg/L), making it suitable for benomyl determination in water samples.
In situ ethylation of organolead, organotin and organomercury species by bromomagnesium tetraethylborate prior to GC‐ICP‐MS analysis
Authors: Nsengimana Hermogène , Cukrowska Ewa M. , Dinsmore Andrew , Tessier Emmanuel , Amouroux David
Published: June 2009

An analytical method for simultaneous in situ ethylation, of organolead, organotin and organomercury compounds in aqueous samples was developed using a new derivatisation agent, bromomagnesium tetraethylborate (BrMgEt4B). The determination of lead, tin and mercury compounds was done by species‐specific isotope dilution, derivatisation and GC–inductively coupled plasma MS (GC‐ICP‐MS) or by GC‐MS. The recovery and accuracy of the derivatisation were evaluated. The effect of pH and the relative quantity of derivatisation agent were studied.
Testing the impact of a promotional video on destination image change: application of China as a tourism destination
Authors: Shani Amir , Chen Po‐Ju , Wang Youcheng , Hua Nan
Published: June 2009

This study empirically examines the potential effects of a promotional video on the image change of China as a travel destination. The analysis is based on an experimental study conducted among young, international short‐term employees in the USA. Despite positive changes in almost all the destination attributes as a result of watching the promotional video, the structure of the image constructs remains fairly stable, providing critical insights on the potential role of publicity campaigns in affecting destination images. Results of the study reveal that China's image consists of mixed and often contrasting representations, especially the polarity of modernisation and progress versus nature and history. It was found that the dominant factor affecting the respondents' behavioural intentions was the cultural and nature tourism dimension. Although other image dimensions exhibit influence as well, findings of this study suggest that perceived value should be a strategic focus in promoting China as a desirable travel destination, in addition to culture and nature tourism. This paper ends with conclusions and implications for both research on destination image and destination marketing in China. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for continuous improvement in supplier selection in agile supply chains
Authors: Wu Chong , Barnes David
Published: June 2009

This paper presents and tests a model designed to provide feedback and continuous improvement during the process of supplier selection in agile supply chains (ASCs). In ASCs suppliers typically need to be changed or added to frequently in response to dynamic market conditions. The model seeks to capitalise on the increased application of the supplier section process by applying principles of continuous improvement and organisational learning. Its aim is to support organisational decision‐makers in their efforts to optimise the performance of the supply chain by ensuring that only the most appropriate suppliers are selected at all times. The model was tested by application within two simulation groups of MBA and masters level international management students who have significant business experience. The results of a questionnaire, used to assess the efficacy of the model, showed that the participants found the model was likely to have significant benefits when used in practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of knowledge management in supply chain management: A study in Malaysian manufacturing companies
Authors: Sambasivan Murali , Loke Siew‐Phaik , Abidin‐Mohamed Zainal
Published: June 2009

This research deals with two important aspects of Knowledge Management (KM) within the context of Supply chain Management (SCM): Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Application. Supply Chain Learning (SCL) and Applied Supply Chain Process Knowledge (Applied SCPK) are used as proxies for Knowledge Acquisition and Application. This study aims to test the relationship between Applied SCPK, SCL, and Organization Performance. This study also looks at the effect of Environment Knowledge as a moderating variable. About 1608 questionnaires were distributed to all the manufacturing firms in Malaysia. Path Analysis and ANOVA were used to study the various relationships. Results indicate existence of strong relationships between the variables. The combined effect of SCL and Applied SCPK on Organization Performance is more significant than looking at the effects separately. Furthermore, Environment Knowledge is found to have moderating effect on the relationship between Applied SCPK and Organization Performance. This paper demonstrates the application of KM in SCM and shows the effect on Organization Performance. This may guide supply chain managers to create an environment conducive to acquisition and application of knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer‐Peptide Block Copolymers – An Overview and Assessment of Synthesis Methods
Authors: Robson Marsden Hana , Kros Alexander
Published: June 2009

Incorporating peptide blocks into block copolymers opens up new realms of bioactive or smart materials. Because there are such a variety of peptides, polymers, and hybrid architectures that can be imagined, there are many different routes available for the synthesis of these chimera molecules. This review summarizes the contemporary strategies in combining synthesis techniques to create well‐defined peptide‐polymer hybrids that retain the vital aspects of each disparate block. Living polymerization can be united with the molecular‐level control afforded by peptide blocks to yield block copolymers that not only have precisely defined primary structures, but that also interact with other (bio)molecules in a well defined manner.

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Functions of bounded variation and polarization
Authors: Alberico Angela , Ferone Adele , Volpicelli Roberta
Published: June 2009

It is known that, ifuis a real valued function on ℝNof bounded variation, then its total variation decreases under polarization. In this paper we identify the difference between the total variation ofuand that one of its polaruΠ(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrospray: From ions in solution to ions in the gas phase, what we know now
Authors: Kebarle Paul , Verkerk Udo H.
Published: June 2009

There is an advantage for users of electrospray and nanospray mass spectrometry to have an understanding of the processes involved in the conversion of the ions present in the solution to ions in the gas phase. The following processes are considered: Creation of charge droplets at the capillary tip; Electrical potentials required and possibility of gas discharges; Evolution of charged droplets, due to solvent evaporation and Coulomb explosions, to very small droplets that are the precursors of the gas phase ions; Production of gas phase ions from these droplets via the Ion Evaporation and Charge residue models; Analytical uses of ESIMS of small ions, qualitative and quantitative analysis; Effects of the ESI mechanism on the analysis of proteins and protein complexes; Determination of stability constants of protein complexes; Role of additives such as ammonium acetate on the observed mass spectra. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:898–917, 2009
Effect of vitrification on mitochondrial distribution and membrane potential in mouse two pronuclear (2‐PN) embryos
Authors: Zhao Xue‐Ming , Fu Xiang‐Wei , Hou Yun‐Peng , Yan Chang‐Liang , Suo Lun , Wang Yan‐Ping , Zhu Hua‐Bin , Dinnyés Andras , Zhu Shi‐En
Published: June 2009

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of vitrification on mitochondrial distribution, membrane potential (Δψ) and microtubule distribution in mouse 2‐PN embryos, as well as to document the relationship between mitochondrial distribution and developmental ability of those embryos. Mitochondrial distribution was examined by fluorescence microscopy technology. Results indicated that: (1) The rate of mitochondrial ring formation around pronuclei in vitrified 2‐PN embryos was significantly lower than in fresh ones (67.3 ± 3.0% vs. 84.9 ± 3.1%) (P < 0.05). (2) Blastocyst development rate of vitrified 2‐PN embryos without mitochondrial rings (61.7 ± 4.5%) was significantly lower than that of vitrified embryos with mitochondrial rings (82.1 ± 2.8%). (3) Following staining by 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethyl‐imidacarbo‐cyanine iodide (JC‐1), most red‐colored mitochondria (high Δψ) were distributed peripherally around pronuclei and along cell membranes of fresh 2‐PN embryos. Conversely, red‐colored mitochondria were greatly diminished in vitrified embryos, with green mitochondria (low Δψ) evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The proportion of fresh 2‐PN embryos with obvious aggregation of high Δψ mitochondria (84.2 ± 2.2%) was significantly higher than that of vitrified embryos (26.7 ± 3.0%) (P < 0.05). (4) The proportion of fresh embryos with microtubules distributed around pronuclei (83.5 ± 3.4%) was similar to that of vitrified embryos (74.7 ± 2.5%). In conclusion, vitrification affected mitochondrial distribution and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in mouse 2‐PN embryos, events which may affect subsequent developmental viability of such embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1056–1063, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WITHDRAWN; Impaired spermatogenesis in mice overexpressing stem cell protein Piwil2 (Mili)
Authors: Lee Jae Ho , De Rooij Dirk G. , Schweyer Stephan , Meinhardt Andreas , Müller Christian , Engel Wolfgang , Nayernia Karim
Published: June 2009

Notice of withdrawal: The following article from Molecular Reproduction and Development, "Impaired spermatogenesis in mice overexpressing stem cell protein Piwil2 (Mili)" by Lee JH, De Rooij DG, Schweyer S, Meinhardt A, M�ller C, Engel W, Nayernia K, published online on 23 Jun 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been withdrawn from publication by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief Gary M. Wessel, and Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of prostaglandin synthesis in ovaries of sexually‐mature zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Lister Andrea L. , Van Der Kraak Glen J.
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the regulation of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the ovaries of sexually‐mature zebrafish (Danio rerio). We examined the ovarian expression of genes within the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway, and the ovarian levels of 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17α,20β‐P), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and PGF2α in spawning and nonspawning fish during the ovulatory cycle. Real‐time RT‐PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cpla2) and cyclooxygenases (COX)‐2 (ptgs2) in ovarian fragments and in isolated full‐grown follicles of spawning fish were highest at 6:00 when ovulation was expected to occur. In nonspawning fish, cpla2 expression levels declined over time while ptgs2 expression displayed the same temporal pattern as in spawning fish. Elevated levels of 17α,20β‐P in the spawning fish occurred at 3:30, but there were no changes in the nonspawning fish. In other studies conducted to investigate the hormonal regulation of AA pathway genes, fish exposed via the water for 24 or 96 hr to 17α,20β‐P or E2 exhibited reduced ovarian expression levels of COX‐1 (ptgs1) and PG E synthase‐2 (ptgsl), and E2 reduced the expression of cpla2. Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (100 IU) led to increased expression levels of cpla2 and ptgs2 at 2 and 18 hr post‐treatment, but consistently reduced ptgs1 and ptgsl expression. In these fish, ovarian levels of 17α,20β‐P were elevated at all time points and PGF2α levels in the hCG‐treated group were significantly higher than the control fish at 18 hr. Collectively, these in vivo results suggest that gonadotropins and steroids are involved in the regulation of the AA pathway in ovarian follicles of zebrafish. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1064–1075, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Element‐local level set method for three‐dimensional dynamic crack growth
Authors: Duan Qinglin , Song Jeong‐Hoon , Menouillard Thomas , Belytschko Ted
Published: June 2009

An approximate level set method for three‐dimensional crack propagation is presented. In this method, the discontinuity surface in each cracked element is defined by element‐local level sets (ELLSs). The local level sets are generated by a fitting procedure that meets the fracture directionality and its continuity with the adjacent element crack surfaces in a least‐square sense. A simple iterative procedure is introduced to improve the consistency of the generated element crack surface with those of the adjacent cracked elements. The discrete discontinuity is treated by the phantom node method which is a simplified version of the extended finite element method (XFEM). The ELLS method and the phantom node technology are combined for the solution of dynamic fracture problems. Numerical examples for three‐dimensional dynamic
crack propagation are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved subspace selection algorithm for meshless collocation methods
Authors: Ling Leevan , Schaback Robert
Published: June 2009

Choosing data points is a common problem for researchers who employ various meshless methods for solving partial differential equations. On the one hand, high accuracy is always desired; on the other, ill‐conditioning problems of the resultant matrices, which may lead to unstable algorithms, prevent some researchers from using meshless methods. For example, the optimal placements of source points in the method of fundamental solutions or of the centers in the radial basis functions method are always unclear. Intuitively, such optimal locations will depend on many factors: the partial differential equations, the domain, the trial basis used (i.e. the employed method itself 1pt), the computational precisions, some user‐defined parameters, and so on. Such complexity makes the hope of having an optimal centers placement unpromising. In this paper, we provide a data‐dependent algorithm that adaptively selects centers based on all the other variables. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) for epidemiologic studies of hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Lo Re Vincent , Haynes Kevin , Forde Kimberly A. , Localio A. Russell , Schinnar Rita , Lewis James D.
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Before using computerized databases to study hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology, the validity of the diagnosis must be assessed. We determined the accuracy of HCV diagnostic codes within The Health Improvement Network (THIN), an electronic database containing medical record data from general medical practices in the United Kingdom.

Methods

Patients with initial diagnostic codes for HCV infection and nonspecific viral hepatitis between 2000 and 2007 in the THIN database were identified. Questionnaires were mailed to general practitioners caring for a random sample of 150 of these patients (75 with an HCV code; 75 with a nonspecific viral hepatitis code) to collect information on HCV and other hepatitis diagnoses. We determined the positive predictive value of the database's HCV diagnostic codes and its ability to identify the date of a new HCV diagnosis.

Results

Usable surveys were returned for 146 (97%) patients. Among 74 patients with an HCV code and questionnaire data, HCV was confirmed in 64 (positive predictive value, 86%; 95%CI, 77–93%). In 40 (63%), the first recorded diagnosis in THIN was within 30 days of the date reported in the questionnaire (median difference, 11 days; interquartile range, 0–362 days). Among 72 patients with a nonspecific viral hepatitis code, 16 (22%) had HCV, but manual review of the database's electronic records correctly identified 12/16 (75%).

Conclusions

In THIN, the HCV‐specific diagnostic codes are highly predictive of HCV infection. After manual review, few patients with a nonspecific viral hepatitis code were misclassified as having HCV infection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital abnormalities of 88 children born to mothers who attempted suicide with phenobarbital during pregnany: the use of a disaster epidemiological model for the evaluation of drug teratogenicity
Authors: Timmermann Gábor , Ács Nándor , Bánhidy Ferenc , Czeizel Andrew E.
Published: June 2009

Objective

To study the effect of large doses of phenobarbital used for a suicide attempt during pregnancy for fetuses to estimate the teratogenic potential of phenobarbital.

Design and setting

Comparative analysis of exposed children and their unexposed sibs born to pregnant patients who attempted suicide during pregnancy and admitted to the toxicological inpatient clinic, Budapest, 1960–1993.

Study participants

Of 1044 self‐poisoned pregnant women, 88 used phenobarbital for suicide attempt and delivered newborn babies.

Main outcome measures

Structural birth detects, i.e., congenital abnormalities (CAs).

Results

Doses ranged between 400 and 3000 mg of phenobarbital in 88 pregnant women who attempted suicide with this drug during pregnancy and later delivered live‐born babies. Twelve (13.6%) of 88 exposed children and eight (10.3%) of 78 sibs were affected with CAs (odds ratios (OR) with 95%CI: 1.4, 0.6–3.5). Of 88 exposed children, 34 were born to mothers who attempted suicide with phenobarbital between the 3rd and 12th postconceptional weeks, the critical period of most CAs; 3 had CAs (diaphragmatic defect, multiple CA, undescended testis), but only diaphragmatic defect might be associated with phenobarbital used for suicide attempt.

Conclusions

The use of phenobarbital once but extremely large doses in non‐epileptic pregnant women does not seem to pose a significant risk for CAs. Our experiences show the feasibility and benefits of the disaster epidemiological self‐poisoning model for estimating human teratogenic risks of drug exposure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time trends in the use of anti‐hypertensive medications: results from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Delaney Joseph A. C. , McClelland Robyn L. , Furberg Curt D. , Cooper Richard , Shea Steven , Burke Gregory , Psaty Bruce M.
Published: June 2009

Background

Previous reports have suggested that new evidence of the comparative effectiveness of different medication classes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) does not always alter treatment decisions for first‐line anti‐hypertensive therapy.

Objectives

To evaluate the association of RCT evidence in December 2002 from the Anti‐hypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) on use of anti‐hypertensive medications in a multi‐ethnic cohort.

Methods

The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study, a prospective cohort study of 6814 adults from four ethnic groups, had four separate assessments of drug use. Users of anti‐hypertensive medications at baseline were excluded. We evaluated temporal changes in the medication class reported by new users of anti‐hypertensive medications.

Results

After the exclusion of anti‐hypertensive drug users at baseline, 32% of new users of anti‐hypertensive drugs seen at exam 2 were prescribed a diuretic. The publication of ALLHAT was associated with a subsequent increase in the proportion of new users taking diuretics at exam 3 compared with exam 2 (relative risk (RR): 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.59). After the report from ALLHAT, the proportion of users of diuretics seen at exam 3 rose to 44% (starting in 2004) and 39% in exam 4 (starting in 2005). This increase in the proportion of diuretic use among new users of anti‐hypertensive medications declined slightly but could still be detected at exam 4 as compared to exam 2 (RR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.04–1.57).

Conclusions

The randomized trial evidence from the ALLHAT study was temporally associated with a moderate increase in diuretic use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocardiographic monitoring for QT prolongation in patients treated with ziprasidone—A claims database approach
Authors: Lin Yeong‐Liang , Wu Ya‐Chi , Tsai Guei‐Feng
Published: June 2009

Purpose

Drug‐induced cardiac arrhythmia is a major safety concern for drugs with a potential to prolong the QT interval. The purpose of the study is to examine whether timely electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring has been performed for patients treated with ziprasidone.

Methods

Out‐patient pharmacy claims data abstracted from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database were used to identify patients treated with ziprasidone. Based on the dataset sorted by the encrypted patient identifier and by date, the rates of ECG performed before and during treatment were examined. The intervals between treatment beginning and ECG examination during therapy were calculated.

Results

Among 4789 patients ever treated with zipasidone, 229 (4.8%) had ECG performed before treatment. Among 2052 patients treated with a longer duration of ziprasidone, 394 (19.2%) had ECG performed during treatment. They included 64 (3.1%) patients who had it performed within the first 30 days of treatment, 124 (6.0%) within 60 days and 178 (8.7%) within 90 days. The mean interval was 157.4 days (95% confidence interval (CI), 143.0–171.8) between treatment beginning and the first on‐therapy ECG examination and was 210.4 days (95%CI, 178.6–242.2) between treatment beginning and the second ECG.

Conclusions

Low rates of ECG examination before and during therapy were noted among patients treated with ziprasidone. It took significant length of time to perform ECG monitoring after treatment was started. Although the patients studied had few risk factors for cardiac arrhythmia, ECG monitoring for patients using ziprasdione could be improved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiretroviral induced adverse drug reactions in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus positive patients
Authors: Khalili Hossein , Dashti‐Khavidaki Simin , Mohraz Minoo , Etghani Atefeh , Almasi Farahnaz
Published: June 2009

Purpose

To our knowledge, there is no report regarding antiretroviral induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Iranian patients who infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We have evaluated the frequency of antiretroviral therapy (ART) induced ADRs in this population and assessed some risk factors of these reactions.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study that was performed in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Research Center during years 2005–2007. Adult patients who infected with HIV and newly started on ART were included in this study and followed laboratory and clinically for the development of any ADRs for at least 6 months.

Results

During this study 87.6% of patients showed at least one ADR. Prevalence of ADRs based on affected organ was: gastrointestinal (GI) (63.7%), hematological (32.6%), neurological (30%), cutaneous (22%), musculoskeletal (21.3%), hepatic (20%), metabolic (18.6%), and renal (2.6%) adverse effects.

Conclusions

The most important results of this study were finding of hematological ADRs as the most common cause of ART interruption, supporting the hypersensitivity nature of antiretroviral induced hepatotoxicity especially cholestasis and new finding of the significant positive correlation between hepatitis C virus co‐infection and the occurrence of ART induced skin reactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperbranched–linear–hyperbranched ABA‐type block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) and polyglycerol
Authors: Wurm Frederik , Kemmer‐Jonas Ulrike , Frey Holger
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Until recently, hyperbranched polymers were thought to be ill‐defined materials that were not useful as building blocks for well‐defined complex polymer architectures. It is a current challenge to develop strategies that offer rapid access to well‐defined hyperbranched block copolymers.

RESULTS: A convenient three‐step protocol for the synthesis of double‐hydrophilic hyperbranched–linear–hyperbranched ABA‐type triblock copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (hbPG) is presented. The Bola‐type polymers exhibiting an aliphatic polyether structure were prepared from a linear (lin) linPG‐b‐PEO‐b‐linPG precursor triblock. The materials exhibit low polydispersities (Mw/Mn) in the range 1.19–1.45. The molecular weights of the block copolymers range from 6300 to 26 200 g mol−1, varying in the length of both the linear PEO chain as well as the hbPG segments. Detailed characterization of the thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry demonstrates nanophase segregation of the blocks.

CONCLUSION: The first example of well‐defined ABA hyperbranched–linear–hyperbranched triblock copolymers with PEO middle block and hbPG A‐blocks is presented. The biocompatible nature of the aliphatic polyether blocks renders these materials interesting for biomedical purposes. These new materials are also intriguing with respect to their supramolecular order and biomineralization properties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Brückenschlag mit Physik. Mineralische Bindemittelsysteme als Hochleistungsmaterialien
Authors: Nestle Nikolaus , Kutschera Michael , Nicoleau Luc , Leitl Michael , Bräu Michael
Published: June 2009

Projekte wie Brücken über Meeresarme oder viele hundert Meter hohe Wolkenkratzer benötigen optimierte Baustoffe mit maßgeschneiderten Eigenschaften. Diese werden nicht zuletzt durch intensive physikalische Forschung an mineralischen Bindern erreicht. Der Artikel stellt einige bildgebende und spektroskopische Messtechniken vor, die tiefe Einblicke in ihre Materialeigenschaften ermöglichen. Zu den so gewonnenen neuen Erkenntnissen zählt die Rolle von Ionen‐Korrelationskräften zwischen elektrisch gleich geladenen Oberflächen von Calcium‐Silikat‐Partikeln. Diese sind entscheidend für die Festigkeit des verbreiteten Portlandzements.
Im Schatten eines Moleküls. Extinktionsmessung an einzelnen Quantensystemen
Authors: Gerhardt Ilja , Wrigge Gert
Published: June 2009

Das Phänomen ist alltäglich: Licht durchläuft ein optisches Medium und wird dabei abgeschwächt. Der Effekt heißt Extinktion. Zu dieser “Auslöschung” tragen zwei Mechanismen bei: Streuung und Absorption. Dabei ist besonders die Frage interessant, welchen “Schatten” einzelne Quantensysteme wie Atome oder Moleküle werfen. Inzwischen gelingt es, experimentell in diesen Größenbereich vorzudringen. Die Streuung am System ist dabei entscheidend: Die destruktive Interferenz zwischen einfallendem und gestreutem Licht kann das einfallende Licht in Ausbreitungsrichtung sogar vollständig auslöschen. Ob auch im Experiment ein einzelnes Atom zu dieser vollständigen Auslöschung fähig ist, gehört zu den noch offenen Fragen. Das Forschungsgebiet hat zudem für die Quanteninformationsverarbeitung Bedeutung. Diese benötigt eine möglichst effiziente Kopplung eines Lichtfeldes an ein einzelnes Quantensystem.
Neues Radon‐Isotop entdeckt
Authors: Schweikhard Lutz , Neidherr Dennis , Blaum Klaus
Published: June 2009

Mit Penning‐Ionenfallen lassen sich kurzlebige Radionuklide speichern und ihre Massen mit höchster Genauigkeit bestimmen. Die präzisen Massenwerte gehen in Kernstruktur‐Untersuchungen und Tests der fundamentalen Wechselwirkungen sowie in die Modelle der stellaren Nukleosynthese ein. Kürzlich gelang es der internationalen ISOLTRAP‐Kollaboration mit Mitgliedern der Universitäten Greifswald und Mainz sowie des Max‐Planck‐Instituts für Kernphysik in Heidelberg und des Helmholtzzentrums für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt (GSI), das Isotop 229Rn mit einer “punktgenauen” massenspektrometrischen Messung zu entdecken.
Im Alleingang mit der Theorie
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: June 2009

Sein Vater will nur auf Französisch mit seinen Kindern sprechen, damit sie die Sprache lernen. “Da ich mich aber auf Französisch nicht ausdrücken konnte, war es besser, stumm zu bleiben”, erinnert sich der Gesuchte. “So wurde ich zu einem sehr frühen Zeitpunkt sehr schweigsam.” Tatsächlich entwickelt er sich zu einem schweigsamen, aber sehr erfolgreichen Physiker.
Gestärkte Saucen
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: June 2009

Die klassische Art, Saucen mit Kartoffel‐, Mais‐ oder Weizenstärke zu binden, ist nach wie vor sehr effektiv. Schon die Zugabe einer kleinen Menge davon ergibt nach dem Erwärmen auf etwa 70 °C eine wundersam eingedickte Sauce – dank der molekularen Struktur von Stärkemolekülen. Vor allem das hochverzweigte Amylopektin erweist sich dabei als Saucenbinder besonders relevant.
Proteomics analysis of two mice hepatocarcinoma ascites syngeneic cell lines with high and low lymph node metastasis rates provide potential protein markers for tumor malignancy attributes to lymphatic metastasis
Authors: Sun Ming‐Zhong , Liu Shuqing , Tang Jianwu , Wang Zhiqiang , Gong Xiaolin , Sun Chengrong , Greenaway Frederic
Published: June 2009

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is recognized as an important factor involved in the tumor malignancy progression. Our previous study has indicated that the hepatocarcinoma cell line with 75% of LNM (Hca‐F)‐cell‐induced neoplasia and the hepatocarcinoma cell line with 25% of LNM‐induced neoplasia are accompanied with high (75%) and low (25%) incidences of LNM. In the current study, 62 and 54 protein spots were observed up‐regulated and down‐regulated in Hca‐F cell relative to the hepatocarcinoma cell line with 25% of LNM by 2‐D DIGE. Totally, 113 unique proteins were identified by HPLC‐nano ESI‐MS/MS analysis. The expression levels of Annexin A7, Ulch3, and ER protein 29 were validated by Western blotting analyses. The abnormally regulated proteins were categorized and annotated by protein analysis through evolutionary relationships analysis with the aid of the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery tool. Seventeen gene candidates concordantly expressed both at mRNA and protein levels. By making a challenge, we detected expression levels of Annexin A7 in primary gastric cancer (GC) and primary GC cancer tissues with LNMs by immunohistochemisty. Higher ratio of positive and strong expressions Annexin A7 in GC might correlate with the tumor progression. The repression of Annexin A7 inhibits the mobility and invasion abilities of Hca‐F cell, increases the apoptosis rate of Hca‐F cell. Current study narrows and provides certain specific protein candidates potentially playing important roles in LNM‐associated cancers.
Systems approach to explore components and interactions in the presynapse
Authors: Abul‐Husn Noura S. , Bushlin Ittai , Morón José A. , Jenkins Sherry L. , Dolios Georgia , Wang Rong , Iyengar Ravi , Ma'ayan Avi , Devi Lakshmi A.
Published: June 2009

The application of proteomic techniques to neuroscientific research provides an opportunity for a greater understanding of nervous system structure and function. As increasing amounts of neuroproteomic data become available, it is necessary to formulate methods to integrate these data in a meaningful way to obtain a more comprehensive picture of neuronal subcompartments. Furthermore, computational methods can be used to make biologically relevant predictions from large proteomic data sets. Here, we applied an integrated proteomics and systems biology approach to characterize the presynaptic (PRE) nerve terminal. For this, we carried out proteomic analyses of presynaptically enriched fractions, and generated a PRE literature‐based protein–protein interaction network. We combined these with other proteomic analyses to generate a core list of 117 PRE proteins, and used graph theory‐inspired algorithms to predict 92 additional components and a PRE complex containing 17 proteins. Some of these predictions were validated experimentally, indicating that the computational analyses can identify novel proteins and complexes in a subcellular compartment. We conclude that the combination of techniques (proteomics, data integration, and computational analyses) used in this study are useful in obtaining a comprehensive understanding of functional components, especially low‐abundance entities and/or interactions in the PRE nerve terminal.
Effect of phosphorylated hsp27 on proliferation of human endothelial and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Trott Deborah , McManus Ciara A. , Martin Jody L. , Brennan Bryony , Dunn Michael J. , Rose Marlene L.
Published: June 2009

Recent studies have suggested a protective role of hsp27 against atherosclerosis and transplant graft vasculopathy. Here we have investigated the effects of over‐expression of wild‐type hsp27 and its phosphorylation mimics on proliferation of human endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). ECs and SMCs cultured from human blood vessels or cells lines (human microvascular endothelial cell line and human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit SMC) were infected with adenovirus containing DNA from wild‐type hsp27, hyper‐phosphorylated hsp27 mimic (3D hsp27), hypo‐phosphorylated hsp27 mimic (3A hsp27) or anti‐sense hsp27, and proliferation measured over the next 5 days. Protein extracts from infected cells were subjected to proteomic analysis using 2‐D DIGE. Over‐expression of 3D hsp27 and anti‐sense hsp27 but not 3A hsp27 mimic caused significant inhibition of proliferation of ECs and SMCs. Proteomic analysis focussed on proteins that were significantly down‐regulated by the 3D hsp27 mutant. The cell cycling proteins stathmin, cofilin and ubiquitination enzymes fullfilled these criteria. 1‐D Western blots of infected human microvascular endothelial cell line and human telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit SMC confirmed down‐regulation of stathmin, cofilin and ubiquitination enzymes by 3D hsp27. The phosphorylation status of hsp27 is an important regulator of proliferation of human vascular ECs and SMCs; possibly contributing to cardiovascular protection.
Controlled Amine Functionalization and Hydrophilicity of a Poly(lactic acid) Fabric
Authors: Dai Xiujuan J. , Plessis Johan du , Kyratzis I. Louis , Maurdev George , Huson Mickey G. , Coombs Chris
Published: June 2009

The surface of PLA fabric has been successfully modified by pulsed plasma polymerization of heptylamine (PPHA) giving increased hydrophilicity and achieving a sufficient level of primary amine functionality (3.5%) for practical application in biotechnology. This is the first report that the density of primary amine (–NH2) in PPHA, quantified by chemical derivatization, can be controlled by selection of pulsed plasma conditions. The duty cycle and the average RF power were the key parameters for achieving both a higher density of primary amine and increased hydrophilicity.

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Structure, Chemical and Physical Behavior of Aluminum Hydride
Authors: Kempa Paul Bernd , Thome Volker , Herrmann Michael
Published: June 2009

The literature concerning the structure and stabilization of Aluminum hydride (AlH3) was reviewed, and a detailed characterization of a stabilized sample was performed.

The main disadvantage for the application of AlH3as an ingredient in propellants is its sensitivity towards oxidation and hydration. Stabilization by additives or a coating is required to ensure the safe handling of AlH3. Different stabilization concepts have already been described in the literature and are summarized here.

The investigation of the AlH3sample shows an effective stabilization mechanism, which enables safe handling. It is concluded that this has been achieved by a protective coating with aluminum‐hydroxide clusters.
Folding in solution of the C‐catalytic protein fragment of angiotensin‐converting enzyme
Authors: Vamvakas Sotirios‐Spyridon M. , Leondiadis Leondios , Pairas George , Manessi‐Zoupa Evy , Spyroulias Georgios A. , Cordopatis Paul
Published: June 2009

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) is a key molecule of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system which is responsible for the control of blood pressure. For over 30 years it has become the target for fighting off hypertension. Many inhibitors of the enzyme have been synthesized and used widely in medicine despite the lack of ACE structure. The last 5 years the crystal structure of ACE separate domains has been revealed, but in order to understand how the enzyme works it is necessary to study its structure in solution. We present here the cloning, overexpression inEscherichia coli, purification and structural study of the Ala959to Ser1066region (ACE_C) that corresponds to the C‐catalytic domain of human somatic angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme. ACE_C was purified under denatured conditions and the yield was 6 mg/l of culture. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy indicated that 1,1,1‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) is necessary for the correct folding of the protein fragment. The described procedure can be used for the production of an isotopically labelled ACE959–1066protein fragment in order to study its structure in solution by NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative life cycle assessment of single‐use fibre drums versus reusable steel drums
Authors: Raugei Marco , Fullana‐i‐Palmer Pere , Puig Rita , Torres Alejo
Published: June 2009

This paper deals with a comparative analysis of two different packaging and transport scenarios, which exemplifies the implications of choosing between single‐use and reusable packaging. In particular, transport of a batch of chemicals by means of disposable fibre drums versus reusable steel drums is investigated from a life cycle perspective, and the associated environmental impact in terms of global warming potential, acidification potential, gross energy requirement and solid waste generation is assessed. Results prove beyond reasonable doubt that even in the case of durable packaging containers requiring the use of comparatively energy‐intensive materials for their production, the reuse scenario is characterized by lower environmental impact indicators across the board, and as such is the most advisable and environmentally sound option. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exponential H∞ filter design for stochastic time‐varying delay systems with Markovian jumping parameters
Authors: Ma Li , Da Feipeng
Published: June 2009

In this paper, the exponential H∞ filter design problem is investigated for a general class of stochastic time‐varying delay system with Markovian jumping parameters. The stochastic uncertainties appear in both the dynamic and the measurement equations and the state delay is assumed to be time‐varying. Attention is focused on the design of mean‐square exponentially stable and Markovian jump filter such that the filtering error systems are mean‐square exponentially stable and the estimation error satisfies a given H∞ performance. By introducing some slack matrix variables, delay‐dependent sufficient conditions for the solvability of the above problem are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In addition, the decay rate can be a given positive value without any other constraints. When the proposed LMIs are feasible, an explicit expression of the desired H∞ filter can be given. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform random sampling of planar graphs in linear time
Authors: Fusy Éric
Published: June 2009

This article introduces new algorithms for the uniform random generation of labelled planar graphs. Its principles rely on Boltzmann samplers, as recently developed by Duchon, Flajolet, Louchard, and Schaeffer. It combines the Boltzmann framework, a suitable use of rejection, a new combinatorial bijection found by Fusy, Poulalhon, and Schaeffer, as well as a precise analytic description of the generating functions counting planar graphs, which was recently obtained by Giménez and Noy. This gives rise to an extremely efficient algorithm for the random generation of planar graphs. There is a preprocessing step of some fixed small cost; and the expected time complexity of generation is quadratic for exact‐size uniform sampling and linear for uniform approximate‐size sampling. This greatly improves on the best previously known time complexity for exact‐size uniform sampling of planar graphs with n vertices, which was a little over O(n7). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Success factors for globally distributed projects
Authors: Zopf Siegfried
Published: June 2009

The report presents the essence of experience from hundreds of development projects distributed over locations in eight countries with different languages and culture. The report distinguishes between distributed projects within the own organisation and cooperation with other companies and also the extent of outsourcing. The role of a beach‐head in the head quarters is described. One success factor is professional project management based on a well‐defined development process. The report highlights the software engineering practices that have special importance in distributed projects. Practical tips will be given for how to deal with soft facts as esteem and team building in global projects. It is explained how to avoid falling into traps in communication between different cultures in foreign languages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product line requirements engineering in the context of process aspects in organizations with various domains
Authors: Poth Alexander
Published: June 2009

Software product lines are used today in many domains. The obvious conclusion is that product lines are a useful concept. This article describes practical experiences gained with the adaptation of product line processes and methods in projects in the automotive, finance, and telecommunication domain. It discusses generic topics and also gives a brief introduction into selected specific topics. The focus is on requirements management and engineering for product lines. The observations are consolidated in a reference model for consulting services in the product line context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lightweight SPI assessments: what is the real cost?
Authors: McCaffery Fergal , Coleman Gerry
Published: June 2009

In this article, we describe the implementation of an assessment method that was developed to assess software processes within small to medium‐sized Irish software organisations that have little or no experience of software process improvement (SPI) programmes. We discuss the actual overheads associated with performing software process assessments based upon our experiences of performing assessments in three small to medium‐sized (SMEs) software development companies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.