bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerasibacillus
Authors: Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Ce.ras.i.ba.cil'lus. L. neut. n.
cerasum
a cherry; L. masc. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
cerasibacillus
a cherry
Bacillus
, as the appearance of its sporangium is cherry‐like.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Cerasibacillus

Rod‐shaped,
Gram‐positive
bacterium, 0.8 µm in diameter and 2.5–5.0 µm in length, occurring as single rods, in pairs, or in short chains. Terminal
spherical endospores
are formed. Strictly aerobic. Growth occurs at 30–55 °C (optimal growth at 50 °C) and in the pH range 7.5–10 (optimum 8–9). Good growth occurs at low NaCl concentrations, but no growth is observed in TSB with 10% NaCl (assessed after 6 d incubation).
Catalase‐positive
, does not reduce nitrate, and negative for the Voges–Proskauer test and indole production (API strip).
Casein is not hydrolyzed
. Acid production from xylose has been observed. Peptidoglycan of the
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid type is present in the cell wall. The major cellular fatty acid is

C
15 iso

and
MK‐7
is the main menaquinone type.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.9–41.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Cerasibacillus quisquiliarum
Nakamura, Haruta, Ueno, Ishii, Yokota and Igarashi 2004b, 1067
VP
.
Filobacillus
Authors: Schlesner Heinz
Published: July 2015

Fi.lo.ba.cil'lus. L. neut. n.
filum
thread; L. n. bacillus rod; N.L. masc. n.
Filobacillus
a thread‐like rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Filobacillus

Rod‐shaped cells,
0
.
3–0
.
4
×
3–7
μ
m
. Spores are spherical and are located terminally. Sporangium is swollen. Motile by one laterally inserted flagellum. The cells
stain Gram‐negative
,
but the cell wall is of the Gram‐positive type
. KOH test negative. Colonies are white, smooth, and round with entire margins. Mesophilic. Optimum temperature for growth is between 30 °C and 38 °C. No growth at 42 °C.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Filobacillus milosensis
corrig. Schlesner, Lawson, Collins, Weiss, Wehmeyer, Völker, Thomm 2001, 430
VP
.
Gracilibacillus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Gra.ci.li.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.
gracilis
slender; L. masc. n.
bacillus
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Gracilibacillus
the slender bacillus/rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Gracilibacillus

Gram‐positive, spore‐forming rods (mostly thin) or filaments. Terminal ellipsoidal and/or spherical endospores. Motile. Halotolerant with growth occurring in 0–20% (w/v) NaCl. Strains produce acid from
D
‐glucose. Catalase‐positive. Starch and esculin are hydrolyzed. Tests for arginine dihydrolase, lysine, and ornithine decarboxylases and indole production are negative. The predominant cellular fatty acids are C
15:0 anteiso
, C
15:0 iso
, C
17:0 anteiso
, and C
16:0
. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinone type is MK‐7. The main cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and is directly cross‐linked (peptidoglycan type A1γ).
Gracilibacillus
can be distinguished from other closely related genera by 16S rRNA gene sequences.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.8–39.4.

Type species
:
Gracilibacillus halotolerans
Wainø, Tindall, Shumann and Ingvorsen 1999, 829
VP
.
Lentibacillus
Authors: Heyrman Jeroen , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Len.ti.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.
lentus
slow; L. dim. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Lentibacillus
slowly growing bacillus/rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Lentibacillus

Rod‐shaped cells, forming terminal endospores that swell the sporangia. Gram‐variable, motile or nonmotile. Colonies are white to cream‐colored, smooth and circular to slightly irregular. Catalase‐positive, oxidase variable, and urease‐negative. Unable to hydrolyze starch, tyrosine, or xanthine. No acid production from
D
‐melibiose, raffinose, or
L
‐rhamnose.
Moderately to extremely halophilic. The major fatty acid is C

15
:
0 anteiso

and branched saturated fatty acids account for 95%
total fatty acids
. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid at position 3 of the peptide subunit. The predominant menaquinone is MK‐7. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.0–44.0.

Type species
:
Lentibacillus salicampi
Yoon, Kang and Park 2002, 2047
VP
.
Marinococcus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: July 2015

Ma.ri.no.coc'cus. Gr. adj.marinomarine; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; N. L. masc. n.Marinococcusmarine coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Marinococcus

Gram‐positive, spherical cells, 1.0–1.2 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads, or clumps. Motile. The motile cells usually have one or two flagella. Non‐spore‐forming. Colonies are circular and smooth and may be either orange, yellowish orange or creamy white. Moderately halophilic. Growth occurs in media with 5 to 20% NaCl. Optimum temperature for growth is 28–37 °C. Chemo‐organotrophic. Metabolism respiratory. Strictly aerobic. Catalase‐positive. Acid may or may not be produced from sugars. The cell wall contains peptidoglycan ofmeso‐diaminopimelic acid type. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. Found in sea water, solar salterns, and saline soils.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 43.9–48.5.

Type species:Marinococcus halophilusHao, Kocur and Komagata 1985, 535VP(Effective publication: Hao, Kocur and Komagata 1984, 456.) (Planococcus halophilusNovitsky and Kushner 1976.).
Oceanobacillus
Authors: Heyrman Jeroen , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

O.ce.a.no.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.
okeanos
the ocean; L. dim. n.
bacillus
a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Oceanobacillus
the ocean bacillus (rod).

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Oceanobacillus

Rod‐shaped cells, forming ellipsoidal subterminal or terminal endospores that swell the sporangia. Gram‐positive and motile by peritrichous flagella. Colonies are circular and white to beige. Obligatory aerobic or facultative anaerobic.
Facultative or obligatory alkaliphilic
and mesophilic.
Halotolerant or halophytic, optimal growth at NaCl concentrations 3–10
% (
w/v
)
and able to grow in concentrations up to 20
% (
w/v
). Catalase‐positive; oxidase‐variable. Negative for urease and indole production.
The major cellular fatty acid is C

15
:
0 anteiso

. The main menaquinone type is MK‐7.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.8–40.1.

Type species
:
Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Lu, Nogi and Takami 2002, 687
VP
(Effective publication: Lu, Nogi and Takami 2001, 296.).
Saccharococcus
Authors:   Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Sac.cha.ro.coc'cus. Gr. n.sakchârsugar; L. n.coccusa grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.Saccharococcusthe sugar coccus, a coccus isolated from beet sugar extraction.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Saccharococcus

Sphericalcells of 1–2 µm in diameter occurring in irregular clusters. Nonmotile, nonspore‐forming. Gram‐positive; the cell wall contains peptidoglycan with mesodiaminopimelic acid as diamino acid. Theichoic acids are not present. The cells are lysed by 100 µg/ml of egg white lysozyme. Aerobic and heterotrophic.Catalase and oxidase are produced. Thermophilicwith an optimal range of 68–70 °C and a maximum range of 75–78 °C. Acid, but no gas is produced from most mono‐ and disaccharides.L(+)Lactic acid is the main metabolite from the carbohydrate degradation.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 48.

Type species:Saccharococcus thermophilusNystrand, 1984a, 503VP(Effective publication: Nystrand, 1984b, 217.).
Tenuibacillus
Authors: Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Te.nu.i.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.
tenuis
slender, thin, slim; L. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Tenuibacillus
a slender rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Tenuibacillus

Gram‐positive, aerobic
, organotrophic rods of about 0.3–0.5 µm wide and 2.0–6.0 µm long. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Terminal spherical spores in a swollen sporangium are formed. NaCl is needed for growth. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Positive for catalase and oxidase; negative for phosphoesterase and cellulase. Produces H
2
S, but not NH
3
. Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer tests are negative.
meso
‐Diaminopimelic acid is the peptidoglycan component. Phylogenetically,
Tenuibacillus
belongs to the
Bacillaceae
and closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities are found with members of the genera
Filobacillus
and
Alkalibacillus
. Other moderate halophiles/halotolerants such as
Lentibacillus
,
Gracilibacillus
, and
Virgibacillus
are more distantly related phylogenetically. The major fatty acids are C
15:0 iso
, C
15:0 ante
, C
17:0 iso
, and C
16:0 iso
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36.5–37 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Tenuibacillus multivorans
Ren and Zhou 2005b, 98
VP
.
Thalassobacillus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , Mellado Encarnación , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Tha.las'so.ba.cil'lus. Gr. fem. n.
thalassa
sea; L. masc. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Thalassobacillus
rod from the sea.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Thalassobacillus

Gram‐positive rods forming ellipsoidal endospores exhibiting a central position. Motile. The catalase reaction is positive, whereas oxidase and urease are negative. Nitrate reduction to nitrite is positive. Members are moderately halophilic and do not grow in media without NaCl. Peptidoglycan type A1γ with
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid is found as major component of the cell wall. Major fatty acids are C
15:0 ante
, C
16:0 iso
, and C
15:0 iso
. MK‐7 is the predominant menaquinone. Based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, belongs phylogenetically to the family
Bacillaceae
in a separate lineage close to the genus
Halobacillus
; other genera that include moderately halophilic species, for example,
Virgibacillus
,
Lentibacillus
,
Gracilibacillus
, and
Pontibacillus
, etc., are more distantly related.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.4 (
T
m
, type strain of the type species).

Type species
:
Thalassobacillus devorans
Garcia, Gallego, Ventosa and Mellado 2005, 1793
VP
.
Virgibacillus
Authors: Heyrman Jeroen , Vos Paul De , Logan Niall
Published: July 2015

Vir.gi.ba.cil'lus. L. n.
virga
a green twig, transf., a branch in a family tree; L. dim. n.
bacillus
a small rod and also a genus of aerobic endospore‐forming bacteria; N.L. masc. n.
Virgibacillus
a branch of the genus
Bacillus
.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Virgibacillus

Motile, Gram‐positive rods, 0.3–0.8 µm × 2–8 µm in size. Occur singly, in pairs, chains or, especially in older cultures, filaments.
Bear spherical to ellipsoidal endospores that lie in terminal (sometimes subterminal or paracentral) positions in swollen sporangia
. Aerobic or weakly facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐positive. Colonies are of small to moderate diameter (0.5–5 mm after 2 d on marine agar or trypticase soy agar), circular and slightly irregular, smooth, glossy or sometimes matt, low convex, and slightly transparent to opaque; usually unpigmented or creamy to yellowish white, but one species produces a pink pigment on marine agar. In the API 20E strip and in conventional tests, the Voges–Proskauer reaction is negative, indole is not produced, nitrate reduction to nitrite is variable. Casein is hydrolyzed by all species, and esculin and gelatin are hydrolyzed, sometimes weakly, by most species. In the API 20E strip, urease and hydrogen sulfide are usually not produced, but a few strains give weak positive reactions for the latter; a few strains also give positive reactions for arginine dihydrolase, citrate utilization, and
o
‐nitrophenyl‐β‐
D
‐galactoside.
Growth is stimulated by 4–10% NaCl
. Growth may occur between 10 °C and 50 °C, with an optimum of about 28 °C or 37 °C.
For the species examined, raffinose can be used as sole carbon source
; no growth on
D
‐arabinose,
D
‐fructose, or
D
‐xylose. The major fatty acid is C
15:0 ante
. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol. Five phospholipids and one polar lipid of unknown structure are present in all species. The presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and other lipids varies. The main menaquinone type is MK‐7, with minor to trace amounts of MK‐6 and MK‐8. In the species examined, the cell wall contains peptidoglycan of the
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid type (Arahal et al., 1999; Claus and Berkeley, 1986). Inhabitants of soil and other, especially salty, environments; also isolated from food, water, and clinical specimens.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–43.

Type species
:
Virgibacillus pantothenticus
(Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx, Lebbe, Kersters, De Vos, Forsyth and Logan 1998, 105
VP
emend. Heyndrickx, Lebbe, Kersters, Hoste, De Wachter, De Vos, Forsyth and Logan 1999, 1089 (
Bacillus pantothenticus
Proom and Knight, 1950, 539.).
Brochothrix
Authors: Sneath Peter H. A.
Published: July 2015

Bro.cho.thr' ix. Gr. n.
brochos
a loop; Gr. n. thrix a
thread
; N.L. fem. n.
Brochothrix
loop(ed) thread.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Listeriaceae” / Brochothrix

Regular unbranched rods
, usually 0.6–0.75 µm in diameter and 1–2 µm in length.
Occur singly, in short chains, or in long filament‐like chains that fold into knotted masses
. In older cultures the rods may give rise to coccoid forms, which develop into rod forms when subcultured onto a suitable medium.
Capsules are not formed. Gram‐positive
, but some cells (both rod and coccoid forms) lose the ability to retain the Gram stain.
No endospores are produced. Nonmotile. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic
. After 24–48 h, colonies on nutrient agar are opaque, 0.75–1.00 mm in diameter, and convex with entire margin. In older cultures (>2 d) the edge of the colony often breaks up and the center may become raised to give a “fried‐egg” appearance.
Nonpigmented
. Nonhemolytic.

Optimum temperature 20–25°C; growth occurs within the range 0–30°C; over 30°C growth rarely occurs. Catalase is produced. Fermentative metabolism of glucose results in the production of
L

(+)‐
lactic acid and some other products. Methyl‐red‐positive
. Nitrate is not reduced. Indole‐negative. H
2
S‐negative. No growth at pH 3.9 or on acetate medium. Arginine not hydrolyzed. Acid but no gas is produced from a number of carbohydrates. Acetoin and acetate are the major end products of aerobic metabolism of glucose.
Usually Voges–Proskauer‐positive. Exogenous citrate and urea not utilized. Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are almost totally absent
. Organic growth factors are required. The cell wall contains a directly cross‐linked peptidoglycan based upon
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐DAP). Mycolic acids are not present. The long chain fatty acid composition is predominately of the straight chain saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl‐branched chain types. Menaquinones are the sole respiratory quinones.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–38 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Brochothrix thermosphacta
(McLean and Sulzbacher 1953) Sneath and Jones 1976, 103
AL
(
Microbacterium thermosphactum
McLean and Sulzbacher 1953, 432.).
Listeria
Authors: McLauchlin James , Rees Catherine E. D.
Published: July 2015

Lis.te'ri.a. N.L. fem. n.
Listeria
named after Lord Lister, English surgeon and pioneer of antisepsis.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Listeriaceae” / Listeria

Regular, short rods
, 0.4–0.5 × 1–2 µm with parallel sides and blunt ends. Usually occur singly or in short chains. In older or rough cultures, filaments of ≥6 µm in length may develop.
Gram‐positive
with even staining, but some cells, especially in older cultures, lose their ability to retain the Gram strain.
Not acid‐fast. Capsules not formed
. Do not form spores. All species
motile with peritrichous flagella when cultured <30°C. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic
. Colonies (24–48 h) are 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, round, translucent, low convex with a smooth surface and entire margin, non‐pigmented with a crystalline central appearance. May be sticky when removed from agar surfaces, usually emulsify easily, and may leave a slight impression on the agar surface after removal. Older cultures (3–7 d) are larger, 3–5 mm in diameter, have a more opaque appearance, sometimes with a sunken center: rough colonial forms may develop. In 0.25% (w/v) agar, 8% (w/v) gelatin and 1.0% (w/v) glucose semi‐solid medium, growth along the stab after 24 h at 37°C is followed by irregular, cloudy extensions into the medium. Growth spreads slowly through the entire medium. An umbrella‐like zone of maximal growth occurs 3–5 mm below the surface.
Temperature limits of growth <0 to 45°C; optimal growth at 30–37°C. Do not survive heating at 60°C for 30 min
. Growth occurs between pH 6 and pH 9. Growth occurs in nutrient broth supplemented with up to 10% (w/v) NaCl. Catalase‐positive, oxidase‐negative.

Cytochromes produced. Homofermentative anaerobic catabolism of glucose results in production of
L

(+)‐
lactic acid, acetic acid plus other end products. Acid but no gas produced from other sugars. Methyl‐red‐positive, Voges–Proskauer‐positive
. Exogenous citrate not utilized.
Organic growth factors are required
. Indole is not produced. Esculin and sodium hippurate are hydrolyzed. Urea is not hydrolyzed. Gelatin, casein, and milk are not hydrolyzed.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 36–42.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Listeria monocytogenes
Pirie 1940a.
Aneurinibacillus
Authors: Logan Niall A. , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

A.neu.ri.ni.ba.cil'lus. N.L. n.
aneurinum
thiamine; L. dim. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Aneurinibacillus
thiamine‐decomposing small rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Aneurinibacillus

Gram‐positive
, rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–1.0 µm by 2.0–6.0 µm, and motile by peritrichous flagella.
Ellipsoidal spores
, one per cell, are
borne centrally, paracentrally, and subterminally and may swell the sporangia. Strictly aerobic
, but one species is microaerophilic. Grow on routine media such as nutrient agar and trypticase soy agar. Decompose thiamine. Catalase‐positive, weakly positive or negative. Variable for nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of casein, gelatin, starch, and Tween 80. Urea is not hydrolyzed and indole is not produced.
Growth temperature range is from 20 to 65°C
. Growth occurs at pH 5.5 to 9.0. Growth occurs in the presence of 2–5% NaCl; some strains grow weakly at 7% NaCl.
Few carbohydrates are assimilated and acid is produced weakly, if at all, from them; amino acids and some organic acids are used as carbon sources
. The major cellular fatty acid components (ranges as percentages of total are given in parentheses) are C
15:0 iso
(41.9–66.8), C
17:0 iso
(1–23.8), C
16:0
(1.8–8.5), and C
16:0 iso
(0.5–6.6). The major quinone is menaquinone 7. A specific S‐layer protein is present.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42–47.

Type species
:
Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus
(
ex
Aoyama 1952) Heyndrickx, Lebbe, Vancanneyt, Kersters, De Vos, Logan, Forsyth, Nazli, Ali and Berkeley 1997, 815
VP
(
Bacillus aneurinolyticus
Shida, Takagi, Kadowaki, Yano, Abe, Udaka and Komagata 1994b, 146;
Aneurinibacillus aneurinolyticus
Shida, Takagi, Kadowaki and Komagata 1996a, 945).
Cohnella
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , busse Hans‐Jürgen , Tindall Brian J.
Published: July 2015

Cohn.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Cohnella
named after Ferdinand Cohn, a German microbiologist who first described the bacterial genus
Bacillus
in 1872.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Cohnella

Spore‐forming rods. Nonmotile
. Gram‐positive.
Aerobic
. Oxidase‐positive. Good growth after 24 h on complex media such as trypticase soy agar and nutrient agar at 25–30°C.
Thermotolerant
; good growth occurs at 55°C. The major menaquinone is MK‐7. The predominant polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyle‐thanolamine, and lysyl‐phosphatidylglycerol. In addition, two unknown phospholipids, and four unknown amino‐phospholipids are present. The main fatty acids are C
16:0 iso
, C
15:0 anteiso
, and C
16:0
. Fatty acids in minor amounts are C
14:0
, C
15:0
, C
17:0 iso
, C
17:1 iso
, and C
17:0 anteiso
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 57–59.

Type species
:
Cohnella thermotolerans
Kämpfer, Rosselló‐Mora, Falsen, Busse and Tindall 2006, 784
VP
.
Thermobacillus
Authors: Touzel Jean Pierre , Prensier Gérard
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.ba.cil'lus. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. dim. n.
bacillus
small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Thermobacillus
small thermophilic rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Thermobacillus

Cells straight rods with tapered ends
0.4–0.5 by 2.0–2.8 µm (Figure 1). Nonmotile. Ellipsoidal
endospores
are formed in swollen sporangia.
Aerobic
. Cells stain Gram‐negative although the phylogenetic position is Gram‐positive. Cell‐wall structure is clearly of the Gram‐positive type. Colonies are irregular, flat, with undulate margins. Catalase‐positive and oxidase‐ and urease‐negative. Growth occurs in the presence of 3% NaCl. Starch and esculin are hydrolyzed whereas gelatin and casein are not. Utilizes cellobiose, fructose, galactose, lactose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, trehalose, tributyrin, and xylose as sole carbon source for growth. Substrates which are not utilized are adonitol, casein, citrate, dextrin, dulcitol, erythritol, gelatin, inulin, salicin, sorbitol, and succinate. Nitrate is not reduced.
Thermophilic
. Grows optimally at 55°C; maximum temperature for growth is 63°C. Grows at pH 6.5–8.5; optimal pH is 7.8.
Carbon dioxide is required
. Produces large quantities of a xylan‐inducible xylanase in the culture medium. The menaquinone is MK 7. The major fatty acid is C
16:0 iso
. On the basis of 16S rRNA analysis, the genus
Thermobacillus
is closely related to members of the genus
Paenibacillus
(Ash, Priest and Collins, 1994).

Isolated from farm soil in the north of France.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 57.5.

Type species
:
Thermobacillus xylanilyticus
Touzel, O'Donohue, Debeire, Samain and Breton 2000, 319
VP
.
Caryophanon
Authors: Fritze Dagmar , Claus Dieter
Published: July 2015

Ca.ry.o'pha.non. Gr. n.
karyon
nut, kernel, nucleus; Gr. adj.
phaneros
bright, conspicuous; N.L. neut. n.
Caryophanon
that which has a conspicuous nucleus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Caryophanon

Slightly curved to straight
multicellular rods
(trichomes) with rounded or slightly tapered ends. Cell diameter is 1.0–3.5 µm and length is 4–20 µm or more. Several trichomes may form short chains. Asporogenous, nonbranching. Gram‐positive. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. After isolation in pure culture, the typical cell morphology may be preserved only in liquid media containing cow dung. Strictly aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic with presumed respiratory metabolism. Carbohydrates are not used as substrates. Acetate and other organic acids are the only major carbon sources used. Biotin is required and thiamine is stimulatory. Catalase‐positive; cytochrome oxidase‐negative; indole not produced. Found
associated with cattle dung. Not
known to be
pathogenic
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 41–46 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Caryophanon latum
Peshkoff 1939, 244
AL
.
Kurthia
Authors: Pukall Rüdiger , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: July 2015

Kurth'i.a. N.L. fem. gen. n.
Kurthia
named for H. Kurth, the German bacteriologist who described the type species.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Kurthia

In young cultures (12–24 h):
regular, unbranched rods
with rounded ends occurring in chains that are often parallel. The rods are ~0.6–1.2 µm in diameter and vary in length according to the stage of growth ~2–5 µm long; filaments (5–10 µm) may occur. Older cultures (3–7 d) of
some species are composed of coccoid cells
formed by fragmentation of the rods, but short rods may be the dominant forms in such cultures; one species does not form coccoid cells.
Does not form endospores
.
Marinibacillus
Authors: Heyrman Jeroen , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Ma.ri.ni.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.
marinus
of the sea; L. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Marinibacillus
rod of the sea.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Marinibacillus

Rod‐shaped,
Gram‐positive
(may be Gram‐variable in older cultures) bacterium, 0.8–1.6 µm in diameter and 2.0–7.0 µm in length. Endospores are round to ellipsoidal and are located centrally, terminally, or subterminally. The sporangia are not swollen or are only slightly swollen. Strains without the ability to form endospores have been isolated.

Cell wall peptidoglycan contains
L
‐lysine at position 3 of the peptide subunit

. Filaments present. Motile by single polar flagellum or peritrichous (degenerated) flagella. Obligately aerobic.
Strains require sea water or marine
agar for growth. The optimum NaCl concentration for growth varies between 1.2 and 3%, while growth in 10% NaCl is variable. Strains are
psychrophilic or psychrotolerant with growth at 1–4°C
; some strains may grow up to 39°C whereas others do not grow above 4–8°C. Catalase‐positive. No reduction of nitrate to gas is observed.
The predominant menaquinone is MK‐7
and the predominant fatty acids are C
15:0 iso
and C
15:0 ante
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.9–41.8.

Type species
:
Marinibacillus marinus
(Rüger and Richter 1979) Yoon, Weiss, Lee, Lee, Kang and Park 2001b, 2092
VP
(
Bacillus globisporus
subsp.
marinus
Rüger and Richter 1979, 196;
Bacillus marinus
Rüger 1983, 157 emend. Rüger, Fritze and Spröer 2000, 1310.).
Planococcus
Authors: Shivaji Sisinthy
Published: July 2015

Plan.o.coc'cus. Gr. n.
planos
wanderer; Gr. n.
coccus
a grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Planococcus
motile coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Planococcus

Cells coccoid
, 1.0–1.2 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, in groups of three, or as tetrads or clumps of cells. Gram‐positive to Gram‐variable.
Motile
. The cells have one or two flagella. Chemo‐organotrophic, respiratory metabolism.
Aerobic. Catalase‐positive. Lack endospores
. Colonies are circular, slightly convex, smooth, glistening, and
yellow‐orange in color
. Halotolerant; can tolerate 1–17% NaCl and are occasionally halophilic. Most strains are oxidase‐negative and hydrolyze gelatin but not starch. Do not reduce nitrate. Growth factors are usually not required. Either psychrophilic or mesophilic. Distributed in sea water, marine clams, fish, shrimp, prawns, cyanobacterial mats, freshwater ponds, sulfur springs, and glacial soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–48 (
T
m
, Bd).

Type species
:
Planococcus citreus
Migula 1894, 236
AL
.
Sporosarcina
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: July 2015

Spo.ro.sar.ci'na. Gr. n.
spora
a spore; L. fem. n.
sarcina
a package, bundle; N.L. fem. n.
Sporosarcina
a sporeforming package.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Sporosarcina

Endospore forming cocci or rods. Gram positive or variable
. Most species are motile.
Strict or facultative aerobes
. Catalase positive. Most species are also oxidase and urease positive. Nitrate reduction to nitrite is variable. Optimum growth temperature and pH are 20–30°C and 6.5–8, respectively. Many species grow at low temperatures <10°C. Many species are also halotolerant and grow at <3–15% NaCl. Cell wall peptidoglycan contains
L
‐lysine at position 3 of the peptide subunit and is the A4α type.

The principal menaquinone is MK‐7. Major fatty acid is C
15:0 ante

.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–46.5.

Type species
:
Sporosarcina ureae
(Beijerinck 1901) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 401
VP
(
Planosarcina ureae
Beijerinck 1901, 52.).
Ureibacillus
Authors: Fritze Dagmar , Vos Paul De
Published: July 2015

Ur.e.i.ba.cil'lus. N.L. n.
urea
urea; L. dim. n.
bacillus
a rod and also the name of a genus of aerobic endospore‐forming bacteria; N.L. masc. n.
Ureibacillus
a ureolytic aerobic bacillus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Ureibacillus

Gram‐stain‐negative, rod‐shaped, motile
bacterium, 0.5–0.7 µm in diameter and 1.0–6.0 µm in length.
Endospores
are
spherical
, subterminal or terminal in swollen sporangia. Aerobic. Cross‐linkage of the

peptidoglycan is of the
L
‐Lys‐
d
‐Asp type

. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phospolipids, and glycolipids of unknown composition are found as polar lipids. C
16:0 iso
is the major fatty acid component. The predominant menaquinones are either
MK‐7 or a mixture of MK‐8 and MK‐9
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.7–41.5.

Type species
:
Ureibacillus thermosphaericus
(Andersson et al., 1996) Fortina, Pukall, Schumann, Mora, Parini, Manachini and Stackebrandt 2001, 453
VP
(
Bacillus thermosphaericus
Andersson, Laukkanen, Nurmiaho‐Lassila, Rainey, Niemelä and Salkinoja‐Salonen 1996, 362.).
Macrococcus
Authors: Schleifer Karl‐Heinz
Published: July 2015

Ma.cro.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
macrus
large; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Macrococcus
a large coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Staphylococcaceae” / Macrococcus

Cells are
spherical
or
coccoid
, 0.74–2.5 µm in diameter, occurring mostly in pairs and tetrads or in irregular clusters. Nonmotile. Do not form endospores. Gram‐stain‐positive. Metabolism is mainly respiratory; growth is chemo‐organotrophic and only marginally facultatively anaerobic.
Catalase
‐ and
oxidase‐positive
. Resistant to bacitracin and lysozyme and susceptible to furazolidone. Do not produce acid from
D
‐cellobiose.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–45.

Type species
:
Macrococcus equipercicus
Kloos, Ballard, George, Webster, Hubner, Ludwig, Schleifer, Fiedler and Schubert 1998a, 873
VP
.
Salinicoccus
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: July 2015

Sa.li.ni.coc'cus. L. adj.
salinus
saline; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Salinicoccus
saline coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Staphylococcaceae” / Salinicoccus

Gram‐stain‐positive spherical cells, 0.5–2.5 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, tetrads, or clumps.
Nonmotile, nonspore‐forming
. Colonies are round, smooth, and form
pink‐red or orange, nondiffusible pigments. Strictly aerobic
. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive.
Moderately halophilic
. Optimal NaCl concentration for growth is 4–10%; growth occurs in media with 0–25% NaCl. Temperature range for growth is 4–49°C; optimal temperature is 30–37°C. pH range for growth is 6–11.5; optimal pH is 7–9.5.

The predominant lipoquinone is MK‐6. The cell wall contains murein of the
L
‐Lys–Gly
5
type

, which corresponds to the A3α type according to Schleifer and Kandler (1972).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45.6–51.2.

Type species
:
Salinicoccus roseus
Ventosa, Márquez, Ruiz‐Berraquero and Kocur 1990b, 320
VP
(Effective publication: Ventosa, Márquez, Ruiz‐Berraquero and Kocur 1990a, 32.).
Laceyella
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

La.cey.el'la. N.L. dim. fem. n.
Laceyella
named to honor John Lacey, an English microbiologist, for his contributions to the taxonomy of the genus
Thermoactinomyces
and actinomycetes.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Laceyella

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast chemo‐organotroph. Aerial and substrate mycelia are formed.
Aerial mycelium is white
. Yellow‐brown or grayish‐yellow soluble pigment may be produced.
Endospores produced on short or long sporophores. Thermophilic
. Wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid but no characteristic sugars.

The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9. The major fatty acids are C
15:0 iso

and C

15:
0 ante

. The phylogenetic nearest neighbor is the genus
Thermoactinomyces
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48–49.

Type species
:
Laceyella sacchari
(Waksman and Cork 1953) Yoon, Kim, Shin and Park 2005, 398
VP
(
Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus
Waksman and Corke 1953, 378;
Thermoactinomyces sacchari
Lacey 1 9 7 1a, 327;
Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus
Lacey and Cross 1 9 8 9, 2582.)
Mechercharimyces
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

Me.cher.cha.ri'my.ces. N.L. n.
Mecherchar
a marine lake located on Mechechar Island in the Republic of Palau, where the organisms were isolated; Gr. masc. n.
mukes
fungus; N.L. masc. n.
Mechercharimyces
a fungus of Mecherchar.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Mechercharimyces

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, chemo‐organotroph. Aerial and substrate mycelia are formed.
Aerial mycelium is abundant and white
. Well‐developed, branched and septate substrate mycelium is formed on marine agar 2216. Soluble pigments are not produced.
Endospores formed singly on short, unbranched sporophores. Mesophilic
. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid but no characteristic sugars.

The predominant menaquinone is MK‐9. The major fatty acid is C
15:0 iso

. The phylogenetically nearest neighbor is the genus
Seinonella
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45.

Type species
:
Mechercharimyces mesophilus
Matsuo, Katsuta, Matsuda, Shizuri, Yokota and Kasai 2 0 0 6, 2840
VP
.
Planifilum
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

Pla.ni.fi'lum. L. adj.
planus
flat; L.neut. n.
filum
a thread; N.L. neut. n.
Planifilum
a flat thread.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Planifilum

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive organism
which forms a substrate mycelium, but not an aerial mycelium on CYC, LB, and SY agars. Single endospores are borne on substrate hyphae. Thermophilic
. Casein and starch are degraded but not hypoxanthine or xanthine. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid but no diagnostic sugars.

The predominant menaquinone is MK‐7. The major fatty acids are C
17:0 iso
, C
17:0 ante
, and either C
15:0 iso

or C

16:
0 iso

. The phylogenetic nearest neighbor is the genus
Thermoactinomyces
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 58.7–60.3.

Type species
:
Planifilum fimeticola
Hatayama, Shoun, Ueda and Nakamura 2005b, 2104
VP
.
Shimazuella
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

Shi.maz ue'lla. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Shimazuella
of Shimazu, named after Akira Shimazu of Tokyo University for his contributions to prokaryotic taxonomy.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Shimazuella

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, mesophilic, chemorganotroph. Aerial and substrate mycelia are formed. Aerial mycelium is abundant and white. Well developed, branched and septate mycelium is formed on Bennett's and yeast extract‐malt extract agars. Soluble pigments are not produced.
Single endospores formed on both aerial and substrate mycelium with sizes ranging from 1.0–1.4 to 0.7–0.9 μm. Extensively branched sporophores are formed on aerial hyphae with sizes ranging from 0.3–0.6 μm in length. Spore surface spiny
. Grows at 20–50°C and optimally at 32°C. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid but no characteristic sugars. Predominant menaquinone is MK‐9. Major fatty acid is C
15:0 iso
. The phylogenetically nearest neighbor is the genus
Laceyella
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39.4.

Type species
:
Shimazuella kribbensis
Park, Dastagar, Lee, Yeo, Yoon and Kim 2007, 2663
VP
.
Thermoactinomyces
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Jones Amanda L.
Published: July 2015

Ther.mo.ac.ti.no.my'ces. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. n.
actis
,
actinos
a ray; Gr. n.
myces
fungus; N.L. masc. n.
Thermoactinomyces
heat (loving) ray fungus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Thermoactinomycetaceae” / Thermoactinomyces

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast chemo‐organotroph.
Aerial mycelium is abundant and white
. Well‐developed, branched and septate substrate mycelium is formed.
Endospores are sessile and produced singly on aerial and substrate hyphae or on unbranched short sporophores. Thermophilic
. Growth occurs at 55°C, but not at 30°C. Wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid but no characteristic sugars.

The predominant menaquinone is MK‐7. The major fatty acid is C
15:0 iso
; significant amounts of C
17:0 iso

are present. The phylogenetically nearest neighbor is the genus
Laceyella
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48.

Type species
:
Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
Tsiklinsky 1 8 9 9, 501
AL
. (
Thermoactinomyces albus
Orlowska 1 9 6 9, 25;
Thermoactinomyces candidus
Kurup, Barboriak, Fink and Lechevalier 1 9 7 5, 152.).
Gemella
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Falsen Enevold
Published: July 2015

Ge.mel'la. L. n.gemellusa twin; N.L. fem. n.Gemellaa little twin.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family II / Gemella

Ovoid in shape and arranged in pairs, tetrads, small clusters, and sometimes in short chains. Cells stain Gram‐positive, but some strains may decolorize readily and appear Gram‐negative. Nonmotile and nonsporeforming.No growth at 10 or 45°C or in broth containing 6.5% NaCl. Negative bileesculin reaction.Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Gas is not produced in MRS broth. Glucose and some other carbohydrates are fermented. Esculin, gelatin, and hippurate are not hydrolyzed.Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase is produced by most strains. Leucine aminopeptidase may or may not be produced. Nitrate is not reduced.Vancomycin‐sensitive.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 30–34.

Type species:Gemella haemolysans(Thjøtta and Bøe, 1938) Berger, 1960, 253AL(Neisseria haemolysansThjøtta and Bøe 1938, 531.).
Eremococcus
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

E.re.mo.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
eremos
lonely; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Eremococcus
a lonely or isolated coccus, referring to its distinct phylogenetic position.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Aerococcaceae” / Eremococcus

Cells are cocci
,
some of which may elongated
,
and occur singly
,
in pairs
,
and in short chains
. Gram‐stain‐positive and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.
Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative
.
No growth at 10
°
C or in 10
%
NaCl
.
Gas is not produced
.

Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose

.
Arginine dihydrolase and pyroglutamic acid arylamidase are produced
.
Hippurate is hydrolyzed but starch and gelatin are not hydrolyzed
. Nitrate is not reduced. Voges–Proskauer‐negative.

The cell‐wall murein is type
L
‐lysine direct

(
A1
α).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Eremococcus coleocola
Collins, Rodriguez Jovita, Lawson, Falsen and Foster 1999f, 1383.
Facklamia
Authors: Collins Matthew D. , Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

Fack.lam'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Facklamia
named after Richard R. Facklam, an American microbiologist.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Aerococcaceae” / Facklamia

Cells are ovoid, occurring in pairs, groups, or chains
. Gram‐stain‐positive and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.

Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative. No growth at 10 or 45°C. Gas is not produced. Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other sugars. Pyrrolidonylarylamidase and leucine aminopeptidase are produced

. Vancomycin‐sensitive.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–42 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Facklamia hominis
Collins, Falsen, Lemosy, Åkervall, Sjödén and Lawson 1997, 882
VP
.
Globicatella
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: July 2015

Glo.bi.ca.tel'la L. n.
globus
round body, sphere; L. fem. n.
catella
small chain; N.L. fem. n.
Globicatella
a short chain made up of spheres.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Aerococcaceae” / Globicatella

Cells are ovoid
,
occurring singly
,
in pairs or short chains
. Gram‐positive, but sometimes cells stain Gram‐negative. Nonmotile and nonsporeforming.
Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative
.
Grows in broth containing 6
.
5
%
NaCl
.
No growth at 10 or 45
°
C
.
Gas is not produced
.

Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other sugars

.
Pyroglutamic acid arylamidase is produced
.
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine aminopeptidase may or may not be produced
.
Arginine dihydolase and urease are not produced
. Pyruvate is not utilized.
Voges–Proskauer‐negative
.
Vancomycin‐sensitive
.

Cell‐wall murein is based on
L
‐Lysine

(
type Lys‐direct
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35.7–37 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Globicatella sanguinis
corrig. Collins, Aguirre, Facklam, Shallcross and Williams 1995, 418
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Aguirre, Facklam, Shallcross and Williams 1992, 436.).
Atopococcus
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

A.to.po.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
atopos
having no place, strange; Gr. n.
coccus
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Atopococcus
a strange coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Atopococcus

Cells are cocci that occur in pairs or short chains
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile and spores are not formed.
Aerobic and catalase‐negative
. Optimum growth temperature is 28–32 °C;
no growth above 32
°

C. Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other carbohydrates

. Pyroglutamic acid arylamidase is produced. Arginine dihydrolase is not produced. Urease‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. The major long‐chain fatty acids are the straight‐chain and monounsaturated types.

The cell wall murein contains
L
‐Lys, type A4

α (

l

‐
Lys
–

d

‐
Asp
). Isolated from moist, powdered tobacco.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46.0.

Type species
:
Atopococcus tabaci
Collins, Wiernik, Falsen, and Lawson 2005, 1695
VP
.
Carnobacterium
Authors: Hammes Walter P. , Hertel Christian
Published: July 2015

Car.no.bac.te'ri.um. L. gen. n.
carnis
of flesh; N.L. neut. n.
bacterium
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Carnobacterium
small rod from flesh.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Carnobacterium

Cells are
short to slender rods
, sometimes curved. Usually occurring singly or as pairs, sometimes short chains.

May or may not be motile. Nonsporeforming. Gram‐stain‐positive. Produces predominantly
L
(+)‐lactic acid

from glucose.
One species
(
Carnobacterium pleistocenium
)
produces no lactate
but ethanol, acetic acid, and CO
2
.
Gas production
from glucose
is variable
(dependent on substrate), frequently negative.
Facultatively anaerobic
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33–42.

Type species
:
Carnobacterium divergens
(Holzapfel and Gerber 1983) Collins, Farrow, Phillips, Feresu and Jones 1987, 315
VP
(
Lactobacillus divergens
Holzapfel and Gerber 1983, 530.).
Dolosigranulum
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: July 2015

Do.lo.si.gra'nu.lum. L. adj.
dolosus
crafty, deceitful; L neut. n.
granulum
a small grain; N.L. neut. n.
Dolosigranulum
a deceptive small grain.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Dolosigranulum

Cells are ovoid, occurring in pairs, tetrads, or groups
. Gram‐stain‐positive and nonmotile. Nonsporeforming. Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative.
Growth in 6
.
5
%
NaCl. No growth at 10 or 45
°
C. Negative bile‐esculin reaction. Gas is not produced in MRS broth. Acid is produced from d‐glucose and some other sugars. Pyrrolidonylarylamidase and leucine aminopeptidase are produced
. Alanine phenylalanine proline arylamidase and urease are negative.
Does not deaminate arginine. Vancomycin‐sensitive
. Pyruvate is not utilized. Voges–Proskauer‐negative.

Cell‐wall murein is based on
L
‐lysine

(
type Lys
–

d

‐
Asp
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dolosigranulum pigrum
Aguirre, Morrison, Cookson, Gay and Collins 1994, 370
VP
(Effective publication: Aguirre, Morrison, Cookson, Gay and Collins 1993, 610.)
Granulicatella
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

Gra.nu.li.ca.tel'la. L. neut. dim. n.granulumsmall grain; L. fem. dim. n.catellasmall chain; N.L. fem. dim. n.Granulicatellasmall chain of small grains.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Granulicatella

Cocci that occur as single cells, in pairs, or in short chains. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Nonsporeforming.Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. Acid but not gas is produced from glucose. No growth at 10 or 45°C. Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine arylamidase are produced. Alkaline phosphatase, α‐galactosidase, β‐galactosidase, and urease are not produced. Acetoin is not produced. Found as part of the normal oral flora of the human pharynx and the human urogenital and intestinal tracts.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 36–37.5.

Type species:Granulicatella adiacens(Bouvet, Grimont and Grimont 1989) Collins and Lawson, 2000, 367VP(Streptococcus adjacensBouvet, Grimont and Grimont 1989, 293;Abiotrophia adiacensKawamura, Hou, Sultana, Liu, Yamamoto and Ezaki 1995, 802.).
Isobaculum
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: July 2015

Iso.bac'u.lum. Gr. adj.
isos
alike, similar; L. neut. n.
baculum
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Isobaculum
the one like a stick or a rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Isobaculum

Cells are nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods; filaments may be observed
. Cells mainly stain Gram‐positive, but some cells may appear Gram‐negative.
Facultatively anaerobic and oxidase and catalase‐negative. Grows at 10
°
C but not at 45
°
C or in broth containing 6
.
5
%
NaCl. Gas is not produced in MRS broth
(De Man et al., 1960).
Acid is produced from

d

‐

glucose; acetate and
L

(+)
lactate are the end products of glucose metabolism. Arginine dihydrolase and pyrrolydonyl arylamidase are produced
. Pyruvate is not utilized.
Esculin is hydrolyzed but starch, gelatin, and urea are not hydrolyzed
. Nitrate is not reduced. Voges–Proskauer‐negative. Sensitive to vancomycin.

The cell‐wall murein is based on
L
‐lysine

(
type A3α
).
Long‐chain fatty acids are predominantly of the straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated types
. Respiratory menaquinones are absent.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Isobaculum melis
Collins, Hutson, Foster, Falsen and Weiss 2002, 209
VP
.
Paralactobacillus
Authors: Leisner Jørgen J. , Vancanneyt Marc
Published: July 2015

Pa.ra.lac.to.ba.cill'us. Gr. prep.
para
resembling; N.L. n.
Lactobacillus
a bacterial genus; N.L. masc. n.
Paralactobacillus
resembling the genus
Lactobacillus
.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / Lactobacillaceae / Paralactobacillus

Cells straight slender
rods. Nonmotile. Do not form spores. Gram‐positive
. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic. Grows slowly at 15°C but not at 45°C. Able to grow on acetate agar.
Catalase‐negative
, oxidase‐negative.
Homofermentative
.

d

‐

and
L
‐lactic acid produced from glucose

. Nitrate not reduced.
Ammonia not produced from arginine
. Esculin is hydrolyzed.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Paralactobacillus selangorensis
Leisner, Vancanneyt, Goris, Christensen and Rusul 2000, 23.