bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rodzinne uwarunkowania przestępczości nieletnich w świetle kryminologicznych teorii nieformalnej kontroli społecznej
Authors: Kacprzak Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Social control as a set of means used in order to sustain social bonds and therefore to maintain social order, offers to criminology a category of special epistemological value, both in context of etiology of criminal behavior, and in the context of change of criminal behavior in the life course of the individual. Research and analyses indicate that bonds connecting the individual to his/her closest social environment can be – in both of the mentioned contexts – important or even determinant factors. That is why specialists in the criminological field, investigating the phenomenon of change of individual’s criminal behavior through life tend to turn their increasing attention towards informal relations of juvenile, as well as adult offenders and their functioning in small social groups, of which recognized as the most important is family. The aim of this article is to characterize some of the relations between youth criminality and their family life in the light of criminological theories of informal social control.
Methods to Analyze Likert-Type Data in Educational Technology Research
Authors: Chen Li-Ting , Liu Leping
Published: March 2021

Likert-type items are commonly used in education and related fields to measure attitudes and opinions. Yet there is no consensus on how to analyze data collected from these items. In this paper, we first synthesized literature on strategies for analyzing Likert-type data and provided computing tools for these strategies. Secondly, to examine the use and analysis of Likert-type data in the field of educational technology, we reviewed 424 articles that were published in the journal Educational Technology Research and Development between 2016 and 2020. Our review showed that about 50% of the articles reported Likert-type data. A total of 139 articles used Likert-type data as a dependent variable, among which 86% employed parametric methods to analyze the data. In addition, less than 1% of the 139 articles used an ordered probit/ logit model, transformation, or strategy for rescaling Likert-type data to interval data to perform statistical analysis. Finally, to empower educational technology researchers to handle Likert-type data effectively, we concluded the paper with our suggestions and insight regarding alternative strategies and methods.
Exploring Chinese students’ learning experience in CIC MOOC 2.0– A study with Chinese online communities
Authors: Zhang Qing , Tang Hengtao , Lockee Barbara , Jablokow Kathryn
Published: March 2021

This research explores Chinese students’ learning experience in the Creativity, Innovation, and Change (CIC) Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) 2.0 from the cultural, language, and communication perspectives. The CIC MOOC was the first course offered in both English and Chinese in Coursera. Data in this study were collected via online survey, interviews, QQ chat logs, and discussion threads in Guokr platform. Content analysis was performed to identify key themes from the collected data. Findings reveal that differences exist in Eastern and Western societies regarding power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and masculinity versus femininity. Communication patterns also vary in QQ and Guokr online communities. In addition, Chinese students reported that translation helped them understand the course topics better, and the online interest group motivated them to participate in course activities and complete the course. The conclusions shed light on the design of future MOOCs, advocating for translating course content into different languages and building small online communities to meet learners’ needs and improve their learning experiences.
Covid-19 Pandemisinde Toplum ve Sağlık Çalışanlarının Ruh Sağlığı ve Koruyucu Önlemler
Authors: İZCİ Filiz , KULACAOĞLU Filiz , BESTEPE Engin
Published: March 2021

Pandemi gibi tüm dünyayı etkileyen ölümlere neden olan salgınlarda, toplumun psikososyal, ekonomik ve fiziksel kayıplardan etkilenmesinin yanı sıra; topluma en önde ruhsal ve fiziksel hizmet sunan sağlık çalışanları en çok etkilenen grup olmaktadır. Küresel tehdit oluşturan bu tür salgınlar; toplumda endişe, depresyon, ölüm kaygısı, yakınlarını kaybetme endişesi, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlik gibi psikiyatrik belirtilere, salgın nedeniyle karantina uygulamalarının oluşturduğu psikososoyal ve ekonomik güçlüklere neden olmaktadır. Toplumun yanı sıra, tüm toplumu sosyoekonomik ve ruhsal yönden etkileyen pandemilerde; büyük ölçüde sosyal ve iş sorumluluğu yüklenen sağlık çalışanlarının ruhsal sağlığı da etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle yazımızda; 2020 yılında tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID-19 pandemisinin, toplum ve sağlık çalışanları üzerindeki ruhsal etkisini ve alınabilecek koruyucu önlemleri derlemeyi planladık.
Differentiation of the soil cover of the floodplain of the Middle-Amur Lowland in connection with the evolution of the relief forms
Authors: Roslikova V. I. , Matyushkina L. A.
Published: March 2021

The article is based on a long-term study of floodplain soils of the Amur River valley within the north-eastern part of the Middle-Amur Lowland. The results of field work on the soil-geomorphological profile across the Slavyansky Island, located 200 km from Khabarovsk down the Amur River, are discussed. The study analyzes the occurrence of the island's floodplain soils on riolkas[1] and their properties, with an emphasis on morphology and lithological and particle-size composition. The features of soil formation on riolkas of different genesis – alluvial and aeolian – are shown. On sandy and sandy-loam deposits of alluvial riolkas (“meadow-forest” ridges) poorly developed sod gley soils are formed. On heavy loam and clay alluvium of the “meadow“ ridges, annually flooded by river waters, sod-meadow gley soils develop under the woodreed grass stand. Sand deposits of high aeolian riolkas are characterized by a homogeneous fine-grained structure without interlayers, signs of organic matter and with a significant amount of mica. They describe poorly developed sod-forest soils under high-trunk oak forests. The formation of texture-differentiated soils on all types of riolkas was not revealed. When the floodplain reaches the position of the first terrace above the floodplain, the differences in the lithological composition and particle-size distribution, soil texture, height above the water edge and the nature of vegetation on the inherited riolkas provide a multidirectional evolution of soil formation. At the same time, the development is taking place in accordance with the zonal types of soils (sod-forest, brown-earth, texture-differentiated – soil with a bleached horizon (podbel)). The last are mainly formed on clay-loam alluvium, which can overlay not only alluvial, but also some aeolian riolkas.

 

[1]Riolkas are ancient, relatively high sand ridges (extended dunes) with plant cover found in Amur region (Russian Far East).
Morphological features of the soil cover of slope lands in the south of the Volga uplands within the urban landscapes of Volgograd
Authors: Gordienko O. A. , Ivantsova E. A.
Published: March 2021

The paper deals with morphological properties of agrogenically transformed chestnut soils of slope lands in the south of the Volga upland within the urban landscape of Volgograd. It is established that as a result of agrogenesis, erosion, land use change, as well as of agroforestry reclamation measures performed, both anthropogenic deeply transformed and postagrogenic soils have been formed. The greatest changes under the influence of agrogenesis are noted in morphological structure of profiles. Agrogenesis results in degradation of soils involved in active agricultural use due to intensified sheet and rill erosion. In eroded soils there is noticed a decrease in the thickness of agrohumic layer, formation of furrow bottom compaction and changes in structure. Their characteristic feature is the presence on the surface of a homogeneous agro-abraded horizon with lumpy structure, in the lower part of which secondary carbonates inherited from the carbonate horizon and resulted from deep plowing may occur. Soils slightly exposed and not exposed to erosion processes have an agrohumus horizon on the surface, which depending on soil tillage can have thickness from 19 to 36 cm. At present, the annual agricultural practices at the plot include mowing of weeds and disk plowing to 20 cm depth. Earlier moldboard plowing to 40 cm depth was performed. All agrogenically-modified soils are characterized by HCl reaction with carbonates from the surface. Carbonate accumulations in agrogenic soils, as a rule, have a segregated form that indicates rapid summer drying of the profile and short period of soil solutions migration. Upper boundary of accumulative-carbonate horizons of agrogenic soils on the average is at 42 cm depth. Such occurrence of carbonate horizons in general is typical both of natural non-eroded soils of dry-steppe zone and of soils involved in agricultural land use. Under forest plantations the original chestnut soils were transformed into turbated agrozems due to deep ameliorative cultivation preceded planting of woody and shrub vegetation. Soil preparation practices applied before tree species planting resulted in transformation of original chestnut soils into turbated agrozems, which is due to deep (up to 60 cm) soil reclamation. The forest belt, being a “barrier” between the field parts, contributed to the formation of a stratified small horizon (trait) of 10 cm thickness for more than 70 years due to the constant inflow of fine-grained soil and decay of leaf and herbaceous debris.
UNIVERSALITAS DAN LOKALITAS HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Siroj A. Malthuf
Published: March 2021

Islamic law has two dimensions at once, namely universality and locality. In contemporary Islamic legal thought, there are two trends that contain mutual attraction between the two to bring dimension of locality to the dimension of universality on one side, and vice versa on the other side. As a consequence, there will be two possibilities, absoluteness or relativization of Islamic law. The legal discourse increasingly gains its own intensity in recently in line with the development of science and the use of various approaches in the study of Islamic law. Islamic law that is universally used is called syari`ah. This syariah law is rules of Allah SWT that is produced from texts with qath’î quality either from the side of the existency or the meanings without human beings rasional (ra’y) intervention because those texts are not the object of Ijtihad. Meanwhile, local Islamic Law is called fiqh. It is the law which is produced from texts with zhannî quality and becomes an object of Ijtihad. Because Fiqh is the result of Ijtihad so that it is usual when there are many madzhabs on it. Therefore, this paper will put this issue in proportion to find common ground between the two trends of contemporary Islamic legal thought. So that, it will hopefully clear up us the limits of universality and locality dimension of Islamic law, a focus of this legal discourse.
URGENSI TARJÎH DALAM ISTINBÂTH HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Yaqin Ainol
Published: March 2021

Tarjîh  is a method tool of istinbâth in Islamic law. The method is formulated by ulama’ ushul to find a bright spot to set Islamic law among the opposite theorems. The existence of the method is very important in choosing strong/pure al-Qur’an texts and Hadits from some of the other Hadits related to the law problems. Therefore, the ulama’ ushul fiqh al-Hanafiyyah, al-Mâlikiyyah, al-Syâfi’iyyah, al-Hanâbilah dan al-Zhâhiriyyah construct steps to take to solve the dead end in ijtihad when they face some contradictory theorems. Al-Hanafiyyah takes four ways to deal with two or more contradictory al-Qur’an texts and Hadits. First, al-naskh (to clear, to cancel), second, al-tarjîh (to strengthen, to favor), third, al-jam’ wa al-tawfiq (to combine, to compromise) and the last is tasâquth al-dalilayn (to break and move to another theorems). While, methods used to deal with the contradictory theorems by al-Mâlikiyyah, al-Syâfî’iyyah, al-Hanâbilah dan al-Zhâhiriyyah is first, al-jam’ wa al-tawfiq bayn al muta’aridlayn bi wajh maqbul (collect and compromise the contradictory theorems from one side), second, al-tarjîh, the third, al-naskh and the last is tasâquth al-dalilayn. Tarjîh can be done by considering some sides, those are, a. Sanad side (The chain of Hadits reader), b. Matan side (Hadits text), c. Law contained in the law side (text or Hadits) and d. translation from other theorems.
DINAMIKA HUKUM ISLAM DI INDONESIA (STUDI ATAS FATWA WAHDAH ISLAMIYAH)
Authors: Mth Asmuni , Muntoha Muntoha , Syarif Ahmad Arif
Published: March 2021

Study of the products of Islamic law in Indonesia is often partial and focused on mainstream mass organizations. In fact, the existence of small and local organization that influence the dynamics of Islamic law in Indonesia, such as Wahdah Islamiyah. In response to the problems of the people, especially in South Sulawesi, this organization has been often condemned heretic wing, spreaders heresy and other negative charges. In fact, the style and the formulation of laws formulated emphasizes maqashid al-shari'ah, thus seem more flexible, visible, and dynamic. This negative accusations, is more likely due to political pressure, of the substance of the factors defined legal fatwa. Seeing the dynamic thinking of Islamic laws of community organi zation of Wahdah Islamiyah in its way to formulate some Fatwa by interacting with social, economic, political, cultural, localized, national and global reality is to enforce human beings’ welfare without ignoring nash. The interaction with social reality forms a way of thinking of Wahdah Islamiyah which leads to moderation and inclusive characteristics.
MAKNA KERJA BAGI PENGUSAHA KECIL MUSLIM DI TENGAH PERKEMBANGAN BISNIS KULINER
Authors: Djakfar Muhammad
Published: March 2021

The emergence of small business enterprises has shown an inevitability to support economic power in a country, even in Indonesia. There are so many labors that are included in this small business enterprise so that their existence becomes stabilizer and dynamic maker, either in a stable or emergency condition of the country’s economy. This research is trying to understand the meaning of working to Moslem’s small business enterprises and to know their motives in developing their business and also their marketing management and their human resource construction that they have done. This research uses qualitative approach, phenomenology for exact. While the data taken from deep interview, participant observation, and documentation. The result shows that the motives of developing their business is because of spiritual factor and also hobby. The marketing strategy is done through advertising, joining the scientific forum, and opening new branches. The employees’ construction is done humanely and with good attitude, while the meaning of “working” to the workers is as a means of worship, economy, relationship, education, and da’wah.Copyright (c) 2016 by Al-Ihkam. All right reservedDOI: 10.19105/al-ihkam.v10i2.736
THE POLITICAL SCRIMMAGE OF THE RELIGIOUS COURT’S LAW AS THE JUDICIAL INSTITUTION IN THE REFORMATION ERA IN INDONESIA
Authors: Hariyanto Erie
Published: March 2021

Abstract:Religious court as one of the four court environments is a special court for Moslems with its special authority scope also, either about its matter or its justice seekers (justiciabel). During twice of law changing in the reformation era, the court authority in the religious court’s environment is widened, this is suitable with the law development and the society’s need of law, especially Moslems. Although it has been ten years that the law of religious court is legitimated (2006-2016) but there are still problems in the authority of the religious court in the reformation era, some of them are the material law factor, where there has been no material laws and specific judicial procedure in the religious court environment. The factor of law politic of the Supreme Court (MA) as the highest institution should have given more attention to religious courts by synchronize the law regulation about special authority had by the religious court, and the third factor is cultural law in society which waits for the professionalism and integrity of the religious court in taking the new responsibility mainly in solving the Islamic economy dispute Abstrak:Peradilan agama sebagai salah satu dari empat lingkungan peradilan, merupakan lembaga peradilan khusus yang ditujukan kepada umat Muslim dengan lingkup kewenangan yang khusus pula, baik mengenai perkaranya maupun para pencari keadilannya (justiciabel). Dalam dua kali perubahan undang-undang di era reformasi, kewenangan pengadilan di lingkungan peradilan agama semakin diperluas, hal ini sesuai dengan perkembangan hukum dan kebutuhan hukum masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat Muslim. Walaupun sudah sepuluh tahun undang-undang peradilan agama disahkan (2006– 2016), namun problematika kewenangan Pengadilan Agama di era reformasi masih saja ada di antaranya adalah faktor materi hukum belum ada hukum materiil dan acara khusus di lingkungan pengadilan agama, Faktor politik hukum Mahkamah Agung sebagai lembaga tertinggi semestinya memberikan perhatian yang lebih kepada peradilan agama yaitu dengan melakukan singkronisasi peraturan perundangan-undangan mengenai kewenangan khusus yang dimiliki peradilan agama, dan faktor ketiga budaya hukum masyarakat menunggu profesionalitas dan integritas lembaga peradilan agama dalam mengembangan amanah kewenangan baru utamanya dalam penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi Islam.
TRANSFORMATION OF MAQÂSHID Al-SYARÎ’AH (An Overview of the Development of Islamic Law in Indonesia)
Authors: . Absori , Azhari Aidul Fitriciada , Basri M. Mu’inudinillah , Muin Fatkhul
Published: March 2021

Abstract:This study is part of an effort to systematize the basic conception of the values of the sharia as the foundation in the life of nation and state life, where the orientation is to embody the essence of the religious life through the maqâshid al-syarî`ah. Islam as al-dîn has been providing the basics of life of Muslims through the al-Qur’an and as-Sunnah. Both of these contain guidance values of human life, including in running the sharia for Muslims. Sharia (syarî`ah) in perspective of terminology is "street". In an isthilâhî perspective, it is a way to get to God. The basic meaning of sharia itself should be realized in the basic understanding maqâshid al-syarî`ah, which can be interpreted within the scope of statehood, because the meaning contained are the values of universality of maqâshid al-syarî`ah. In the context of Indonesian, then maqâshid al-syarî`ah is part of the basic conception air Almighty God with the aim of creating prosperity for the people of Indonesia. In this study, the approach used is the doctrinal bases to study literature. This study is the strengthening of the maqâshid al-syarî`ah as the basis for the development of Islamic law.Abstrak:Kajian ini merupakan bagian dari upaya untuk sistematisasi konsep dasar dari nilai-nilai syari’ah sebagai pondasi dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan kehidupan bernegara, dimana orientasi tersebut adalah untuk mewujudkan hakikat kehidupan dalam beragama melalui maqâshid al-syarî`ah. Islam sebagai al-dîn telah memberikan dasar-dasar kehidupan umat Muslim melalui al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah. Kedua hal tersebut mengandung nilai-nilai tuntunan kehidupan umat manusia termasuk dalam menjalankan syariah bagi umat Muslim. Syari’ah dalam perspektif terminologi merupakan “jalan”. Sedangkan secara isthilâhî, ia dimaknai sebagai jalan untuk sampai kepada Allah SWT. Makna dasar dari syari’ah itu sendiri harus diwujudkan dalam pemahaman dasar maqâshid al-syarî’ah, di mana dapat dimaknai dalam cakupan kehidupan bernegara, karena makna yang terkandung adalah nilai-nilai universalitas dari maqâshid al-syarî`ah. Dalam konteks keindonesiaan, maka maqâshid al-syarî`ah merupakan bagian dari konsepsi dasar berketuhanan Yang Maha Esa dengan tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan bagi rakyat Indonesia. Dalam kajian ini, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan doktrinal dengan mendasarkan kepada kajian kepustakaan. Kajian ini merupakan penguatan maqâshid al-syarî`ah sebagai dasar pem-bangunan hukum Islam.
Islam Nusantara in Islamic Law Epistemology Perspective
Authors: Maimun Maimun
Published: March 2021

Islam Nusantara is a symbol of geographical religious tendencies representing Indonesian context. This term has become popular since 2015 by congress momentum of NU in Jombang, an organization of ulama’, who are really experts in the field of islamic religion. However this arise discourse creats variance responses between pro and contra as the excess of the concept that estimated as deviative concept from the guidance of Prophet Muhammad, namely Islamic tendency by Arabic character. Therefore it appears a desire to examine this controversial concept epistemologically with the expectation to find a holistic conceptual foothold either axiomatic or historical, through the study of literature. There are two problems representing this study; First, how is the basic epistemology of Islam Nusantara and its sociological implication? Second, how is the epistemology of Islam Nusantara in the view of islamic law (usul fiqh)?. Based on these problems, it can be found some conclusion; first, this concept is a product of thought of Nahdlatul Ulama’ (NU)  based on their struggle value, ASWAJA and the islamization movement conducted by walisongo in Java. The implication of this pattern is moderation, tolerance, and awareness of nations plurality tendency that allow ‘al-Islamu Salihun Likulli Zaman wa Makan’ becomes really true.  Secondly, by looking at the historical fact and the way of messenger propaganda supported by normative foundation al-Quran and hadith, something that we called as Islam Nusantara is not wrong concept coming out of Islam, moreover in Islam itself also known a building of Islamic law epistemology (‘urf) giving special space on local culture to be a law as long as does not digress from axiomatic Islamic text.
Otentisitas Asuransi Syariah: Perspektif Hukum Islam dan UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perasuransian
Authors: Mucharom Rully Syahrul
Published: March 2021

Asuransi syariah (takâful) berdasar pada prinsip saling berbagi tanggung jawab. Berbagi tanggung jawab tersebut melalui premi yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing orang.  Dalam prinsip hukum Islam, asuransi merupakan konsep saling membantu antara satu orang dengan yang lainnya tanpa ghurûr dan maysir. Prinsip berbagi tanggung jawab dalam asuransi syariah merupakan tolong menolong dengan dasar-dasar sistem sebagaimana telah ditentukan dalam al-Qur’an dan hadits. Asuransi syariah di Indonesia diatur bersama-sama asuransi konvensional dalam Undang-undang No. 40 Tahun 2014 tentang perasuransian. Kondisi perundang-undangan tentang asuransi syariah yang diintegrasikan dengan asuransi konvensional merupakan kondisi yang tidak ideal mengingat perbedaan-perbedaan prinsipil di antara keduanya. Penerapan asuransi syariah (takâful) tidak semata-mata membutuhkan payung hukum tetapi juga aturan yang jelas dan khas. Selain membahas kedudukan asuransi syariah dalam Undang-undang No. 40 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perasuransian, kajian ini juga membahas asuransi dalam persepktif hukum Islam.(Sharia insurance (takâful) is based on the principle of sharing responsibility. It is done through premiums owned by each party. In the Islamic law principle, insurance constitutes the concept of mutual help between one person and another without ghurûr (deceiving) and maysir (gambling). The principle of sharing responsibility in the sharia insurance is helping each other on the basis of a system as defined in the Qur'an and hadith. Sharia insurance in Indonesia as well as conventional insurance are regulated in Law No. 40/2014 on insurance. The legislation of sharia insurance which is integrated with conventional insurance can be seen as a condition that is not ideal considering the principal differences between the two. The Implementation of sharia insurance (takâful) does not merely require a legal footing but also clear and specific rules. In addition to discussing the status of takâful in the Law No. 40/2014 on insurance, this paper also discusses the insurance in the perspective of Islamic law)
Perlindungan Hukum Anak dan Istri dalam Perkawinan Siri di Kecamatan Proppo Kabupaten Pamekasan
Authors: Supraptiningsih Umi
Published: March 2021

Dalam rangka untuk mempertahankan dan memenuhi kebutuhan dan kelangsungan  hidupnya,  perempuan  bersedia  untuk  menjadi  isteri  kedua  atau ketiga bahkan keempat dengan status perkawinan siri. Mereka sadar dan paham bahwa perkawinan yang dilakukan secara siri mempunyai konsekwensi dan resiko terhadap diri dan keturunannya. Perempuan hanyalah membutuhkan  jaminan  untuk kelangsungan hidupnya dan keturunannya. Peristiwa semacam ini sudah menjadi hal yang umum dan biasa terjadi pada masyarakat pedesaan di Kecamatan Proppo Kabupaten Pamekasan. Mereka   hanya memahami bahwa inilah kehidupan rumah tangga yang harus dilakukan untuk meneruskan kehidupan dan keberlangsungan keturunannya. Tanpa memikirkan bagaimana dengan hak-hak mereka serta keturunannya. Masa depan keturunannya yang tentunya sangat panjang sering terabaikan, karena mereka hanya memikirkan ketercukupan sesaat. Perlindungan   hukum   terhadap   anak   serta   perempuan   yang dipoligami dan dinikahi siri, tidak diperoleh baik perlindungan dalam bidang administrasi, perdata maupun pidana.(In order to maintain and meet the needs and survival, women are willing to become second or third wives even fourth series marital status. They are aware and understand that marriage is done siri have consequences and risks to themselves and their offspring. Women just need a guarantee of survival and offspring. The events of this kind have become commonplace and are common in rural communities in subdistrict Proppo  of Pamekasan. They just understand that this is the home life should be made to continue the life and the sustainability of the offspring. Without thinking about what their rights as well as their descendants. The future is certainly very long offspring often overlooked because they only think about the adequacy moment. Legal protection of children and women of polygamy and married siri, not gained both protection in the field of administrative, civil and criminal)
Genealogi Studi Hukum Islam di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Indonesia
Authors: Hefni Wildani
Published: March 2021

Genealogi studi hukum Islam di lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam berlangsung dinamis dan transformatif. Pembentukan genealogi tersebut tidak bisa dilepaskan dari jaringan keilmuan yang terbentuk sejak berdirinya Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam. Jaringan keilmuan yang telah terbentuk kemudian memunculkan dua tipologi studi hukum Islam di lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam yaitu kontekstualisasi mazhabi dan rekonstruksi interpretatif. Genealogi ini berjalan dalam jejaring genealogis yang cair tanpa sekat sistem atau batasan formal-struktural dengan menggunakan pendekatan keilmuan sosial. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa hukum Islam tumbuh menyatu dengan realitas kehidupan masyarakat yang beragam sehingga diskursus hukum Islam secara dinamis memunculkan nuansa dan perspektif baru yang secara nasab merupakan anotasi dari karya lama dan tumbuh dalam kerangka keragaman, dinamis dan perubahan. (Genealogy of Islamic law studies among Islamic universities has become dynamic and transformative. The genealogy has been transformed since the scientific networks existed in state of Islamic university. These networks eventually form two typologies of Islamic law studies which are reconstruction of mazhab and interpretative reconstruction. The genealogical process exists without formal and structural borders while using interdisciplinary approach from social science. It proves that Islamic law has exprienced a dynamic process which is indicated by new perspectives, that rooted from old approaches and develops in the frame of three principles which are diversity, change and continuity)
Marriage Problems Because of Disgrace (Study of Book Fiqh Islam wa Adilâtuh and Kitâb al-Nikâh)
Authors: Hafidzi Anwar , Amalia Norwahdah Rezky
Published: March 2021

This study discusses the problems of marriage due to the disgrace suffered by one married couple. The purpose of this study was to find out the basis of jurisprudence for those who married because of disgrace, because they had sexually transmitted diseases. The method for this research is library research with descriptive analytic comparative approach, the book of Fiqh al-Islâm wa Adillâtuhby Wahbah al-Zuhaylî and the book of Banjar locality, South Kalimantan Kitab al-Nikâh by Sheikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari. The findings of this study indicate that according to Wahbah al-Zuhaylî, the marriage of a person who has a sexual disease is unlawful even though the desire has required marriage. Meanwhile, according to Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari only affirmed it, because according to him there is still a gap in maslahah in marriage and family. The academic position of the researcher is more in agreement with al-Banjari's opinion in formulating marriage rules. Comparison of this meeting gives the assumption that policy makers require each bride to check her health to a psychologically and health related hospital to achieve the purpose of marriage. (Penelitian ini membahas tentang problem-problem pernikahan dikarenakan aib yang diderita salah satu pasangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dasar fikih bagi mereka yang menikah karena aib pada diri, yaitu mengidap penyakit menular seksual. Metode yang digunakan adalah library research dengan pendekatan descriptive analytic comparative dalam tatanan telaah naskah kitab Fiqh al-Islâm wa Adillâtuh karya Wahbah al-Zuhaylî dan kitab lokal Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan Kitab al-Nikâh karya Syeikh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkab bahwa menurut Wahbah al-Zuhaylî, menikahnya seorang yang memiliki penyakit seksual adalah haram hukumnya meskipun hasrat sudah mewajibkan nikah. Sementara menurut Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari hanya memakruhkannya, dikarenakan melihat masih ada celah maslahah dalam membina rumah tangga. Posisi akademik peneliti lebih menyetujui pendapat al-Banjari dalam merumuskan aturan perkawinan. Perbandingan dari temuaan ini memberikan asumsi bahwa pemangku kebijakan mengharuskan pada setiap mempelai untuk memeriksakan dirinya ke instansi kesehatan terkait psikis dan kesehatannya agar tercapai tujuan dari pernikahan)
Maqâshid Revitalization in Global Era: Istidlâl Study from Text to Context
Authors: Tabrani Mukti
Published: March 2021

The purposes of Islamic law (Maqâshid syarî`ah) have become principal instruments for Muslim intellectual on producing or reproducing Islamic jurisprudence, to deal with everyday life of Muslim society. The purposes of Islamic law do not only enhance Islamic jurisprudence as a tool but also a spirit. In today’s globalization, maqâshid signify itself as practical necessity of Islamic jurisprudence for responding or challenging realities: from the text to the context. This paper attempts to describe istidlâl (extracting process of Islamic jurisprudence) on answering complexities of social issues and scrutinizing the classification of Maqâshid syarî`ah. This research found that maqâshid-based approach, that is, ingrained in the narrative of revelation, implicitly or explicitly, is needed to answer social problems. This approach could be classified as the necessary for expressing the illat (the underlying reason), explaining the wisdom and the purposes of syarî`ah: partially or communally, generally or specifically. This approach aims to introduce new perspectives of Maqâshid syarî`ah, such as hifz al-bi’ah (environmental preservation), hifz al-‘alm (cosmic protection), tolerance, human rights, and freedom, which are based on contextual relevance. (Maqâshid syarî`ah merupakan instrumen yang sangat penting bagi seorang mujtahid untuk memproduksi hukum Islam sebagai solusi persoalan kehidupan sehari-hari. Tanpa memahami fikih maqâshid, maka ajaran Islam hanya akan terkesan sebagai piranti tanpa ruh. Maqâshid mengindikasikan urgensi pembentukan hukum Islam sebagai tantangan dan jawaban bagi era globalisasi. Karenanya penting untuk merevitalisasi peran maqâshid dalam kajian istidlâl hukum dari teks ke konteks. Tulisan ini akan  menggali istidlâl atau proses untuk menyimpulkan dalil dari teks hukum Islam (al-Quran dan al-Sunnah) untuk menjawab persoalan-persoalan kehidupan, dan mengetahui klasifikasi dan dimensi maqâshid syari`ah dalam kerangka revitalisasi hukum Islam. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, persoalan dan tantangan kehidupan yang semakin kompleks dan berkembang, mesti bisa dijawab secara eksplisit maupun implisit melalui teks atau narasi wahyu dengan pendekatan berbasis maqâshid. Ia dapat diklasifikasikan dalam cakupan kepentingan yang sangat mendesak untuk  menampakkan illat,  menjelaskan hikmah dan tujuan syariah, baik secara parsial ataupun komunal, baik secara umum ataupun khusus, dalam segala sendi kehidupan dalam berbagai tema dalam hukum Islam. Sehingga timbul varian baru dalam koridor maqâshid yang bertajuk hifdz al-bi’ah, hifdz al-`alam, toleransi, HAM, dan kebebasan, yang berpijak pada maslahah yang bersifat kontekstual)
Diskursus Hudûd dalam Studi Hukum Islam (Melacak Evolusi Rumusan Hudûd)
Authors: Abdillah Junaidi
Published: March 2021

The formulation of hudûd law has been more synonymous with criminal and punishment forms. Such formulations and construct are recognized to distort the true concept of hudûd. It also implicates on the theoretical debate in Islamic penal law. The main goal of this paper is to explore and elaborate the hudûd discourse in the study of Islamic law. This paper is a library research with a hermeneutical approach. The data collection technique used in this research is a documentary study (historical) which is elective-eliminative historic in nature. The analysis methods used in the research are the general methodical elements such as interpretation and deductive-inductive also personal reflection. This paper produces several conclusions: (1) The discourse of hudûd penal in the Islamic criminal law studies has experienced a paradigm shift as a dynamic entity from time to time. And the stipulation of hudûd penal is an Islamic Juristic formulation (fuqahā’) and (2) As a product of ijtihad, stipulation of hudûd or its existence is open with criticism using contemporary epistemology. (Rumusan hudûd yang selama ini ada lebih identik dengan bentuk pidana dan hukuman. Rumusan dan konstruksi yang demikian diakui telah mendistorsikan konsep sebenarnya tentang konsepsi hudûd. Paper ini bertujuan mengupas serta mengelaborasi diskursus hudûd dalam studi hukum Islam. Disamping itu, tulisan ini juga melacak pergeseran- paradigma terkait konsepsi dan rumusan hudûd yang muncul sepanjang sejarah. Tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutika-tematis melalui studi dokumenter bersifat historis elektif-eliminatif.  Data akan dibandingkan, dianalisis serta disaring hingga tersisa satu teori yang paling relevan. Paper ini menyimpulkan bahwa diskursus hudûd dalam hukum Islam telah mengalami pergeseran paradigma (paradigm shift) dari waktu ke waktu. Dan, rumusan hudûd yang identik dengan bentuk-bentuk pidana (al-ꞌuqûbât al-muqaddarah) merupakan ijtihad para fuqahâ’ atas tradisi kenabian (Sunnah). Sebagai hasil ijtihad, rumusan hudûd yang ada merupakan ruang ilmu yang terbuka dengan kritik)
The Urgency to Incorporate the Islamic Concept of Rights into the International Human Rights Law Course in Indonesian Law Schools
Authors: Riyanto Sigit , Muhammadin Fajri Matahati
Published: March 2021

The discourse between International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and Islam has been a longstanding one. However, not all IHRL courses in Indonesia include Islamic human rights as one of the taught chapters. This normative research explores the urgency to include Islamic human rights in the IHRL curriculum, and finds that it is indeed urgent to do so. There are two reasons found to include Islamic human rights in IHRL. First, as a counter towards the Eurocentric discourse of IHRL. Second, there are paradigmatic differences between IHRL and Islam which, if not understood, will make it difficult to fairly consider the discourse and analyze the derivative issues. There are two paradigmatic differences between IHRL and Islamic human rights, which are the epistemology and rights-obligation construction (Diskursus antara Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Internasional (HHAMI) dan Islam telah ada sejak lama dan hingga kini tidak habis-habis. Akan tetapi, ternyata tidak semua mata kuliah HHAMI yang diajarkan di fakultas-fakultas hukum Indonesia mencakupi HAM Islam sebagai salah satu pokok bahasan. Penelitian yang bersifat normatif ini akan mengkaji urgensi memasukkan konsep HAM Islam ke dalam kurikulum HHAMI, dan ditemukan bahwa hal tersebut memang memiliki urgensi. Ditemukan dua alasan utama untuk melakukan hal tersebut. Pertama, sebagai salah satu counter terhadap naratif Eurosentrisme dalam diskursus HHAMI. Kedua, ternyata ada beberapa perbedaan yang bersifat paradigmatic antara HHAMI dan Islam, yang apabila tidak dikenal maka akan sulit mendudukkan diskursus HHAMI dan Islam dengan akurat apalagi mengkaji isu-isu turunan dengan tepat. Perbedaan paradigmatic ini ada dua, yaitu pada tatanan epistemology serta konstruksi antara hak dan kewajiban)
Green Fatwas in Bahtsul Masāil: Nahdlatul Ulama's Response to the Discourse on the Environmental Crisis in Indonesia
Authors: Mufid Moh.
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article aims to discuss environmental issues in the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) tradition as a response to the phenomenon of the environmental crisis in Indonesia. This article answers the question of what is the social context that underlies the birth of the fatwas with ecological nuances among Nahdlatul Ulama? and how is the contribution of Nahdlatul Ulama in realizing eco-literacy among Nahdliyin? The results of the study indicate that the emergence of ecological fatwas or green fatwas was based on the concern of the Nahdlatul Ulama Executive Board as the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia who realized that the phenomenon of the environmental crisis in Indonesia was increasingly concerning. The idea to respond to this environmental crisis phenomenon has occurred since the 29th NU Congress in Cipasung, Tasikmalaya, West Java. The contribution of the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) through the Bahtsul Masail Institute in realizing an environmentally conscious society (eco-literacy) is by formulating ecological nuances from a fiqh perspective as a guide for Nahdliyin in interacting with its environment in a friendly and sustainable manner. In this context, Nahdliyin residents are obliged to fight for the values of environmental preservation (jihād bi'iyah) as a manifestation of the ethical-ecological responsibility of the khalīfah on earth. (Artikel ini bertujuan mendiskusikan respon Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) terhadap fenomena krisis lingkungan di Indonesia. Ia membidik konteks sosial yang melatari lahirnya fatwa-fatwa bernuansa ekologis di kalangan Nahdlatul Ulama serta konstribusinya dalam mewujudkan eco-literacy di kalangan Nahdliyin. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa lahirnya fatwa-fatwa ekologis atau green fatwas dilatari keprihatinan Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama yang menyadari bahwa fenomena krisis lingkungan di Indonesia semakin memprihatinkan. Gagasan untuk merespon terhadap fenomena krisis lingkungan ini telah muncul sejak Muktamar NU ke-29 di Cipasung, Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat. Konstribusi Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) melalui forum Bahtsul Masail dalam mewujudkan masyarakat yang sadar lingkungan (eco-literacy) adalah dengan merumuskan fatwa-fatwa bernuansa ekologis dalam perspektif fiqh sebagai panduan bagi Nahdliyin dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya secara ramah dan berkelanjutan. Dalam konteks ini, warga Nahdliyin diwajibkan memperjuangkan nilai-nilai pelestarian lingkungan hidup (jihād bi’iyah) sebagai manifestasi tanggungjawab etis-ekologis khalīfah di bumi)
Ighlāq al-Masājid Man’an lī intishār Fayrūs Corona Dirāsah Taḥlīlīyah fī Ḍaw’ Maqāṣid al-Sharī`ah
Authors: Zakariyah Habeebullah , Al-Marri Turki Obaid , Ghalia Bouhedda
Published: March 2021

Many Muslim countries prohibit mosques opening because social gathering is regarded as a high probable factor for Corona Virus infection. This paper discusses different opinions of some contemporary scholars on this issue from the Maqāṣidī perspective. It adopts an analytical method to explain the opinions. Findings show that contemporary scholars are of two group: The first group permits the mosques’ closure for realizing the divine objective concerning to life protection out of danger. The second thinks that the mosques’s closure amounts to suspension of congregational prayer as one of Islamic essential exterior rites. The findings illustrate that the life protection constitutes a necessary benefit because putting life in danger is a very serious harm. The life protection is more important than congregational prayer’s objective which complements the necessary objective of religious protection. Moreover, it shares the spirit with the principle saying that any means to achieving what is compulsory also becomes compulsory accordingly. Above all, prohibition of congregational prayer is just a momentary legal permit due to a necessity on its merit the research recommends that religious institution should make people aware to take all measures in stopping the spread of Covid-19 pandemic.أمرت كثير من الدول الإسلامية بإغلاق المساجد باعتبار أن التجمع فيها يمثل سببا محتملا لوقوع العدوى. تهدف الورقة إلى مناقشة آراء العلماء المعاصرين وأدلتهم تجاه هذه القضية وتحليلها في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة. استخدمت الورقة المنهج التحليلي في بيان آراء العلماء المعاصرين والموازنة بين المقاصد. أظهرت نتائج الورقة أن العلماء المعاصرين منقسمون إلى قسمين: فطائفة ترى جواز إغلاق المساجد؛ لأنه يحقق مقصود الشارع في حفظ النفوس من الهلاك، وطائفة أخرى ترى أن هذا الإغلاق تعطيل لشعيرة صلاة الجماعة التي هي شعيرة من شعائر الإسلام الظاهرة. كما أوضحت النتائج أن مصلحة حفظ النفس تمثل مقصدا ضروريا وفوات الأنفس ضرر لا يمكن جبره؛ وهو أقوى في مرتبته من مقصد الصلاة جماعة من حيث إنه في مرتبته مكمل لضروري حفظ الدين. وأن تعطيل الجماعة في الصلاة يمثل رخصة مؤقتة ولضرورة تقدر بقدرها، ولأنها شعار المسلمين، فهو مصلحة مكملة لضروري حفظ الدين، وعليه فالتعارض واقع بين مقصدين متفاوتين في المرتبة، وعليه، فالقول بفتوى غلق المساجد أرجح باعتبار تحقيق المناط؛ ولأنه يحقق مقاصد الشريعة العليا المتمثلة في حفظ الأنفس المعصومة من الهلاك في الجملة. وتوصي الورقة المؤسسات الدينية بالقيام بتوعية الناس بأهمية اتخاذ التدابير الاحترازية لمنع تفشي هذه الجائحة العالمية "كوفيد-19".
HAQÎQÎ- MAJÂZÎ (Teori dan Aplikasi Istinbâth Hukum Islam)
Authors: Mulyadi Achmad
Published: March 2021

Terdapat suatu adagium para ulama bahwa nas-nas terbatas dan problem sosial senantiasa terjadi. Persoalannya adalah bagaimana teks syar'i yang terbatas tersebut dapat menyelesaikan persoalan masyarakat yang berkembang. Salah satu yang harus dilakukan adalah berijtihad atau ber-istinbâth baik dengan menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan, pendekatan makna (konteks) maupun pendekatan singkronistik. Tulisan ini secara deskriptif analitis berusaha mengelaborasi metode istinbâth hukum Islam dengan mengkaji konsep Haqîqî-Majâzi. Kalangan ulama berbeda pendapat dalam penggunaan konsep keduanya, apakah suatu kata dapat digunakan dengan dua makna sekaligus atau tidak. Perbedaan tersebut disebabkan oleh sifat ungkapan majâzi yang tidak transparan. Akibat dari perdebatan tersebut mengakibatkan terjadinya perbedaan hasil istinbâth hukum.
SENGKETA KEWENANGAN PENGADILAN DALAM PERKARA WARIS AKIBAT ADANYA PILIHAN HUKUM
Authors: Susylawati Eka
Published: March 2021

Hukum waris sebagai  bagian dari hukum perdata, memberikan kebebasan  kepada pihak-pihak yang bersengketa untuk memilih hukum waris apakah yang dirasa cocok dan adil. Salah satu aturan yang mengatur perihal pilihan hukum dalam bidang hukum waris adalah  Penjelasan Umum Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1989, yang menyatakan bahwa pihak-pihak sebelum berperkara dapat mempertimbangkan untuk memilih hukum apa yang akan dipergunakan, apakah hukum waris Islam, adat atau Barat. Persoalannya, hukum waris Islam menurut Undang-Undang tersebut menjadi kewenangan pengadilan agama, dan hukum waris adat/Barat menjadi kewenangan pengadilan negeri. Sengketa kewenangan dapat terjadi jika dalam suatu sengketa waris terdapat pihak yang memilih hukum waris Islam dan sebagian yang lain memilih hukum waris adat/ Barat.
KASUS-KASUS KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA DAN PENYELESAIAN YURIDISNYA DI PAMEKASAN
Authors: Musawamah Musawamah
Published: March 2021

Artikel ini disarikan dari laporan penelitian[1] yang dilakukan di Pengadilan Negeri Pamekasan dengan 3 fokus penelitian, meliputi bentuk kasus-kasus KDRT, penyebab terjadinya kasus-kasus KDRT, dan penyelesaian yuridis kasus-kasus KDRT. Melalui pendekatan hukum normatif dengan jenis penelitian explorative ex-post facto atas produk putusan kasus-kasus KDRT diperoleh temuan, yaitu: (1) bentuk kasus-kasus KDRT berupa kekerasan fisik dan penelantaran rumah tangga yang dilakukan suami kepada istrinya; (2) penyebab terjadinya kasus-kasus KDRT adalah problema relasi suami istri. Suami belum dapat memosisikan istrinya sebagai “mitra” hidupnya, bahkan suami merasa sebagai pihak yang dominan/superior dan sebaliknya istri dianggap sebagai pihak yang inferior; (3) Penyelesaian yuridis kasus-kasus KDRT menunjukkan ketidaknetralan hakim karena hanya memperhatikan kepentingan terdakwa/pelaku. Hakim belum memiliki perspektif jender yang memadai, bahkan masih mengukuhkan, melanggengkan, dan membenarkan budaya patriarki/dominasi suami atas istri.
KEBERHASILAN RU`YAT AL- HILÂL (Problematika antara Egoisme Fiqh dan Keberpihakan Ilmu Astronomi)
Authors: Mulyadi Achmad
Published: March 2021

Keberhasilan ru`yat al-hilâl pada awal Syawwâl 1427 H di Pantai Gebang Bangkalan merupakan fenomena baru yang mengundang polemik dan sangat kontroversial. Kontroversi ini terjadi karena sebagian ilmu hisâb menganggapnya mungkin dilihat (imkân al-ru`yah), sementara sebagian yang lain tidak memungkinkannya (ghayr imkân al-ru`yah), apalagi tidak dilengkapi data-data akurat secara astronomis. Bagaimanakah fiqh memandangnya dan ilmu astronomis menganalisisnya? Tulisan ini akan mengelaborasi keberhasilan ru`yat al-hilâl tersebut menurut perspektif keduanya. Dalam perspektif fiqh, keberhasilan ru`yat al-hilâl dapat diterima selama  perukyat bersedia disumpah. Sedangkan dalam perspektif ilmu astronomi, fenomena alam, terutama posisi dan gerakan benda-benda langit, dapat diukur dan dianalisis dengan derajat kecermatan yang memuaskan. Karenanya, ilmu ini dapat dijadikan sebagai pedoman dalam penentuan awal bulan Qamariyah. Polemik antara keduanya akan terus berlangsung selama tidak ada "kearifan" dari keduanya  menuju penyatuan.
PERADILAN SATU ATAP SEBAGAI PERWUJUDAN KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN YANG MERDEKA
Authors: Supraptiningsih Umi
Published: March 2021

Pasal 1 UU No. 4 Tahun 2004 menyatakan bahwa “kekuasaan Kehakiman adalah kekuasaan Negara yang merdeka untuk menyelenggarakan peradilan guna menegakkan hukum dan keadilan berdasarkan Pancasila demi terselenggaranya Negara Hukum Republik Indonesia”. Maksud dari kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka adalah kekuasaan kehakiman yang tidak dicampuri oleh kekuasaan eksekutif atau kekuasaan ekstrayudisial  dalam melaksanakan fungsi peradilan. Untuk menciptakan kekuasaan kehakiman dalam posisi “independen” tersebut, maka harus ada korelasi antara fungsi yudikatif/peradilan dan proses demokrasi, dimana pembentukan dan jaminan independensi atau kebebasan kekuasaan kehakiman seharusnya diciptakan secara aktif oleh semua sarjana hukum, polisi, kejaksaan dan penegak hukum lainnya. Dengan mewujudkan sistem satu atap (one roof  system) diharapkan apa yang menjadi cita-cita hukum (rechtsidee) untuk mewujudkan kekuasaan kehakiman yang merdeka (independent) dalam rangka  penegakan hukum dan keadilan demi terselenggaranya Negara Hukum Republik Indonesia.