bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facilitators of and barriers to high-resolution anoscopy adherence among men who have sex with men: a qualitative study
Authors: Apaydin Kaan Z. , Nguyen Andy , Panther Lori , Shtasel Derri L. , Dale Sannisha K. , Borba Christina P. C. , Lathan Christopher S. , Mayer Kenneth , Keuroghlian Alex S.
Published: September 2018

Background
Anal cancer is a rare malignancy that disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-infected people. Anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) in upward of 90% of cases and is preceded by pre-cancerous changes in cells of the anal canal. High-resolution anoscopy (HRA) is used for the detection, treatment and continued monitoring of anal dysplasia. Practice guidelines regarding anal cancer prevention vary by jurisdiction and institution, and patient engagement is low for high-risk populations such as MSM. The purpose of this study is to characterise perceptions among MSM of barriers to and facilitators of their adherence to HRA follow-up recommendations. Methods: Surveys and in-person focus groups with MSM who were either adherent or non-adherent to HRA follow-up recommendations at a Federally Qualified Health Centre in Boston, MA, which specialises in sexual and gender minority care, were conducted. Facilitators of and barriers to follow-up were identified by deductive content analysis. Results: Focus group participants identified the following barriers to and facilitators of HRA follow up: (1) patient-level beliefs about HPV-related disease or HRA, ability to engage in care, internalised stigma and physical discomfort; (2) provider-level knowledge and expertise, communication skills and relationship-building with patient; and (3) systems-level societal stigma and healthcare system inefficiencies. Conclusions: Reinforcing facilitators of and reducing barriers to HRA follow up may improve adherence among MSM. This includes improvements to: patient education, provider training to increase knowledge and cultural sensitivity, public awareness about HPV-related anal cancer, physical discomfort associated with HRA and systems inefficiencies.
Evaluation of risks for two native mammal species from feral cat baiting in monsoonal tropical northern Australia
Authors: Heiniger Jaime , Cameron Skye F. , Gillespie Graeme
Published: September 2018

Context
Feral cats are a significant threat to native wildlife and broad-scale control is required to reduce their impacts. Two toxic baits developed for feral cats, Curiosity® and Hisstory®, have been designed to reduce the risk of baiting to certain non-target species. These baits involve encapsulating the toxin within a hard-shelled delivery vehicle (HSDV) and placing it within a meat attractant. Native animals that chew their food more thoroughly are predicted to avoid poisoning by eating around the HSDV. This prediction has not been tested on wild native mammals in the monsoonal wet–dry tropics of the Northern Territory.

Aim
The aim of this research was to determine whether northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) and northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) would take feral cat baits and ingest the HSDV under natural conditions on Groote Eylandt.

Methods
We hand-deployed 120 non-toxic baits with a HSDV that contained a biomarker, Rhodamine B, which stains animal whiskers when ingested. The species responsible for bait removal was determined with camera traps, and HSDV ingestion was measured by evaluating Rhodamine B in whiskers removed from animals trapped after baiting.

Key results
During field trials, 95% of baits were removed within 5 days. Using camera-trap images, we identified the species responsible for taking baits on 65 occasions. All 65 confirmed takes were by native species, with northern quolls taking 42 baits and northern brown bandicoots taking 17. No quolls and only one bandicoot ingested the HSDV.

Conclusion
The use of the HSDV reduces the potential for quolls and bandicoots to ingest a toxin when they consume feral cat baits. However, high bait uptake by non-target species may reduce the efficacy of cat baiting in some areas.

Implications
The present study highlighted that in the monsoonal wet–dry tropics, encapsulated baits are likely to minimise poisoning risk to certain native species that would otherwise eat meat baits. However, further research may be required to evaluate risks to other non-target species. Given the threat to biodiversity from feral cats, we see it as critical to continue testing Hisstory® and Curiosity® in live-baiting trials in northern Australia.
Insights into the seasonal adaptive mechanisms of Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) from transcriptomic analyses
Authors: Sun Hongji , Zuo Xianbo , Sun Long , Yan Peng , Zhang Fang , Xue Hui , Li En , Zhou Yongkang , Wu Rong , Wu Xiaobing
Published: September 2018

The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is an endemic and rare species in China, and is considered to be one of the most endangered vertebrates in the world. It is known to hibernate, an energy-saving strategy against cold temperatures and food deprivation. Changes in gene expression during hibernation remain largely unknown. To understand these complex seasonal adaptive mechanisms, we performed a comprehensive survey of differential gene expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney of hibernating and active Chinese alligators using RNA-Sequencing. In total, we identified 4780 genes differentially expressed between the active and hibernating periods. GO and KEGG pathway analysis indicated the likely role of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The upregulated DEGs in the active Chinese alligator, CSRP3, MYG and PCKGC, may maintain heart and skeletal muscle contraction, transport and storage of oxygen, and enhance the body’s metabolism, respectively. The upregulated DEGs in the dormant Chinese alligator, ADIPO, CIRBP and TMM27, may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose/lipid metabolism, protect cells against harmful effects of cold temperature and hypoxia, regulate amino acid transport and uptake, and stimulate the proliferation of islet cells and the secretion of insulin. These results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the seasonal adaptation required for hibernation in Chinese alligators, as well as effective information for other non-model organisms research.
Critical role for the Ly49 family of class I MHC receptors in adaptive natural killer cell responses
Authors: Wight Andrew , Mahmoud Ahmad Bakur , Scur Michal , Tu Megan M. , Rahim Mir Munir A. , Sad Subash , Makrigiannis Andrew P.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Finding that “innate” natural killer cells possessed T cell-like immune memory was an unprecedented discovery that rocked our understanding of the divide between innate and adaptive immunity. In this report we demonstrate that Ly49 receptors on natural killer cells, which engage the class I antigen-presenting platform on target cells, are critical components of adaptive natural killer cell memory. We also demonstrate the clinical potential of natural killer cell memory, using it to mediate a cancer vaccine against melanoma. These findings offer insights into how adaptive natural killer cell memory might function and what clinical applications this mysterious immune response might have.
VEGF-B is a potent antioxidant
Authors: Arjunan Pachiappan , Lin Xianchai , Tang Zhongshu , Du Yuxiang , Kumar Anil , Liu Lixian , Yin Xiangke , Huang Lijuan , Chen Wei , Chen Qishan , Ye Zhimin , Wang Shasha , Kuang Haiqing , Zhou Linbin , Xu Kai , Chen Xue , Zeng Haitao , Lu Weisi , Cao Yihai , Liu Yizhi , Zhao Chen , Li Xuri
Published: September 2018

Significance

Despite being discovered a long time ago, the functional properties of VEGF-B remain poorly understood. However, several clinical treatments use drugs that target VEGF-B and other VEGF family members. It is therefore crucial to gain deeper insights into the function of VEGF-B and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we found that VEGF-B has potent antioxidative functions, making it a VEGF family member to show such a property. We further identified a critical downstream effector of VEGF-B, Gpx1, through which it protects against retinal degeneration. In addition, being an otherwise “inert” molecule, as shown by previous studies, makes VEGF-B a promising molecule for clinical applications. Our findings suggest that VEGF-B could be a potent therapeutic agent against oxidative stress-related diseases.
Interferometric plasmonic imaging and detection of single exosomes
Authors: Yang Yuting , Shen Guangxia , Wang Hui , Li Hongxia , Zhang Ting , Tao Nongjian , Ding Xianting , Yu Hui
Published: September 2018

Significance

Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by cells that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. The RNA, DNA, and proteins in exosomes are reported to be critical biomarkers for precision diagnostics and therapeutics. Exosome analysis thus offers an approach to learn health conditions without tissue biopsy. Clinical application and fundamental study of exosomes require analytical tools capable of physical and biochemical characterization. The challenge in developing such tools lies in that conventional optical microscopy is not suitable for exosome analysis due to its limited sensitivity. In this paper, we report a plasmonic microscopy capable of imaging single exosomes and quantitative analysis of physical (size) and biochemical (interaction with antibody) information.
Use of scenario ensembles for deriving seismic risk
Authors: Robinson Tom R. , Rosser Nicholas J. , Densmore Alexander L. , Oven Katie J. , Shrestha Surya N. , Guragain Ramesh
Published: September 2018

Significance

High death tolls from recent earthquakes have highlighted the need to better identify ways to effectively reduce seismic risk. We address this need by developing a new earthquake scenario ensemble approach. We model impacts from multiple different earthquake scenarios, identifying impacts that are common to multiple scenarios. This method allows us to estimate whether particular impacts are specific to certain earthquakes or occur irrespective of the location or magnitude of the next earthquake. Our method provides contingency planners with critical information on the likelihood, and probable scale, of impacts in future earthquakes, especially in situations where robust information on the likelihood of future earthquakes is incomplete, allowing disaster risk-reduction efforts to focus on minimizing such effects and reducing seismic risk.
Desert ants possess distinct memories for food and nest odors
Authors: Huber Roman , Knaden Markus
Published: September 2018

Significance

Desert ants have been shown to use olfaction to pinpoint food and find their nest after far-reaching foraging runs. Here we show that the ants can learn new food and nest odors and that they posses two distinct memories for both contexts. While ants need several training trials to learn a nest odor, and forget about this odor shortly after training has stopped, they learn food odors after one trial, remember them over a lifetime, and can remember at least 14 different food odors. These different memory characteristics make sense, as food is unpredictable and ants might experience many different food items in consecutive foraging runs, while the nest odor will not dramatically change during an ant’s lifetime.
Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K HML-2 integration within
RASGRF2
is associated with intravenous drug abuse and modulates transcription in a cell-line model
Authors: Karamitros Timokratis , Hurst Tara , Marchi Emanuele , Karamichali Eirini , Georgopoulou Urania , Mentis Andreas , Riepsaame Joey , Lin Audrey , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Hatzakis Angelos , McLauchlan John , Katzourakis Aris , Magiorkinis Gkikas
Published: September 2018

Significance

The human genome is “littered” with remnants of ancient retrovirus infections that invaded the germ line of our ancestors. Only one of these may still be proliferating, named HERV-K HML-2 (HK2). Not all humans have the same HK2 viruses in their genomes. Here we show that one specific uncommon HK2, which lies close to a gene involved in dopaminergic activity in the brain, is more frequently found in drug addicts and thus is significantly associated with addiction. We experimentally show that HK2 can manipulate nearby genes. Our study provides strong evidence that uncommon HK2 can be responsible for unappreciated pathogenic burden, and thus underlines the health importance of exploring the phenotypic roles of young, insertionally polymorphic HK2 integrations in human populations.
Overcoming methodological challenges of eye tracking in the translation workplace
Authors: Teixeira Carlos S. C. , O'Brien Sharon
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the use of eye tracking in combination with other methods for collecting and analysing translation process data in the workplace. Building on O’Brien (2009) and Teixeira (2014), we account for recent advances in eye-tracking technology and cover expanded use cases in which we have tested our previous recommendations. The methodological discussion is illustrated with a case study whose aim was two-fold: to map the use of tools by translators in a translation company and to investigate the gaze behaviour of those translators on the graphical user interface of a specific translation tool from a cognitive ergonomics perspective. The chapter covers from general topics such as the aspects to be considered when selecting an eye tracker, finding suitable participants and configuring the eye-tracking software, to more specific topics such as how to synchronise logs across tools, how to segment the recordings and whether it is better to use data from one eye or from both eyes. Based on a concrete experiment and on the authors’ previous experiences with similar research scenarios, the chapter discusses what one can or cannot do with eye tracking in Translation Process Research in general, and the challenges related to the use of a mobile eye tracker in the workplace in particular. We present our approach for using eye tracking in such a scenario and suggest possibilities for analysing the data in a meaningful way.
Analysing variable relationships and time-course data in eye-tracking studies of translation processes and products
Authors: Doherty Stephen
Published: September 2018

Eye tracking has become a central research method in quantitative approaches in Translation Studies over the past decade. While the number of such studies is growing, methodological limitations have arisen in the application of eye tracking to the study of translation processes and their products. This chapter discusses two interrelated limitations of our current application of eye tracking: the analysis of the relationships between variables within eye tracking data, and the analysis of individuals and groups over time. Firstly, after a concise review of current applications of eye tracking in the discipline, I discuss the strengths and limitations of the traditional factorial designs used within Translation Studies. I then build upon previous arguments for the adoption of regression modeling in the future eye-tracking studies in our discipline, where I use simple in-discipline examples to show the advantages of regression modeling over factorial designs. I then extend this argument by presenting growth curve modeling as a means to analyse the rich time-course data found in eye-tracking studies of translation. Finally, I conclude by identifying the ways in which this approach can become more accessible to researchers in our discipline and by arguing that Translation Studies provides a unique and challenging testing ground for the cognitive and psychological sciences.
Mixed-methods research in interpreting studies
Authors: Han Chao
Published: September 2018

Interpreting Studies (IS) has emerged as an interdisciplinary enterprise, using a diverse array of research methods derived from
postpositivist and constructivist paradigms to investigate interpreting/translational phenomena. Mixed-methods research (MMR),
which should enable both Erklärung (explanation) and Verstehen (understanding), has for some
years been gaining momentum in IS (Hild 2015; Pöchhacker 2011). This article draws upon a collection of 312 empirical studies, sampled from 36 peer-reviewed T&I
journals (2004‒2014), to provide insight into the practice of MMR in IS. The focus is on rationales, MMR designs and associated
characteristics. Major findings are: (a) although over one third (36.2%, n = 113) of the empirical studies used
MMR designs, explicit justification for doing so was lacking; (b) the four prototypical MMR designs identified, accounting for
60.2% of the 113 MMR studies, were parallel, sequential, conversion and Survey (Qual & Quan); (c) the
prototype designs were innovatively combined by researchers, using addition, substitution, and embedment techniques, to form
complex MMR variants suitable for the specificities of different research questions. These findings are discussed in relation to
inference making and compared with MMR practice in cognate disciplines. Finally, the article provides a set of suggestions for
writing and publishing MMR studies in IS.
Interpreters as technologies of care and control?
Authors: Tipton Rebecca
Published: September 2018

This article investigates aspects of intercultural communication in institutional interaction with refugees in Britain following the 1956 Hungarian uprising. Their arrival, against a backdrop of Cold War politics and the ongoing Suez crisis, constituted Britain’s first test as a signatory to the 1951 UN Convention on the Status of Refugees. While accounts of displaced persons in 20th century Britain mention communication problems, the impact of interpreters on the early phases of refugee reception can be better understood only through systematic research into their lived experiences and those of their interlocutors: this should include social attitudes and recruitment practices. The use of non-professional interpreters in the period concerned is examined in relation to the metaphor of the interpreter as a technology of care and control, which also serves as a broader critique of post-war refugee treatment in Britain. Contributing to the growing body of interpreting scholarship that explores the sociology of agents and structures in the translation process, the article focuses primarily on the actors concerned with translatorial activity in the many reception camps set up at that time. Artefacts from the National Archives and accounts from the field help identify institutional approaches to mass population displacement, and related discourses about (and by) interpreters.
The headset as an interactional resource in a video relay interpreting (VRI) setting
Authors: Warnicke Camilla , Plejert Charlotta
Published: September 2018

Video relay interpreting (VRI) enables communication between a signed language user, remotely connected to an interpreter by videophone, and an interlocutor in spoken contact with the interpreter by telephone. Both users of the service are physically separated from each other and from the interpreter, who is in a studio. Essential technical components of the system include such items as videophones, telephones, computers, software, and a headset. This article explores how the interpreter orients towards the headset, turning it into an interactional resource. Examples of how this is done are identified in extracts from a corpus of VRI conversations between users of Swedish Sign Language (SSL) and spoken Swedish. Ethical approval and all participants’ consent were obtained. Three practices were identified: pointing towards the headset, orienting towards it in other ways (positioning, gesturing, direction of gaze), and holding it. All these practices have concrete pragmatic implications for the various steps in communication, such as establishing reference, repairs, and turn allocation. Enhancing VRI interpreters’ awareness of how equipment like a headset helps to organize the interaction is important, with a view to ensuring that the available technology is used to best effect for purposes of communication.
Texture evolution in stainless steel processed by selective laser melting and annealing
Authors: Fergani O. , Brotan V. , Bambach M. , Pérez-Prado M. T.
Published: September 2018

This work analyses the texture and microstructure gradients emerging in a 316L stainless steel processed by selective laser melting, using an island scan strategy, followed by annealing. Laser processing leads to the alignment of different crystallographic directions with the build direction at the mid and top layers, as well as to gradual structural coarsening. Annealing triggers discontinuous recrystallisation at highly strained regions, such as grain boundaries and laser track centre lines, resulting in the onset of new texture gradients. The development of the mentioned texture gradients is rationalised based on a competition between thermal gradient-driven growth and epitaxial growth.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Agility amid uncertainties: evidence from 2009 A/H1N1 pandemics in Singapore and Taiwan
Authors: Lai Allen Yu-Hung
Published: September 2018

Despite the emphasis placed on agility in uncertain situations such as extreme events, no comparative data exist to look into the determinants that drive agility. For crisis response managers, the failure to develop agility threatens organizations’ survival amid uncertainties. This paper investigates the development of agility and explains the emergence of agility against the fight of influenza A/H1N1 pandemics in Singapore and Taiwan in 2009. This paper further provides empirically grounded evidence to identify prerequisites for agility development in response to public health crises in East Asia.
COOMET Supplementary comparison L-S18 (project: 673/UA-a/15)
Authors: Kniel K , Wedmann A , Stein M , Kupko V S , Makarevich V B , Lysenko V
Published: September 2018

In 2016 this comparison was initialised to validate the CMC entries of the national metrology institutes (NMI) of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. The German NMI, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), was identified as the pilot laboratory, responsible for planning, organizing and analysing the comparison. Moreover, the calibration values of PTB were used as reference values for this comparison because the PTB is the only participant in the presented comparison who has successfully participated in the latest international comparison on gears EURAMET.L-S24. All participants were asked to measure three different gear standards specialized for profile, helix and pitch measurements.

The comparison was registered as the supplementary comparison COOMET.L-S18. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL WG-MRA, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Comparison measurement, gears, profile, helix, pitch, measurement uncertainty, CMC claims

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Youth and social navigation in Zimbabwe’s informal economy: ‘Don’t end up on the wrong side’
Authors: Oosterom Marjoke A
Published: September 2018

This article draws on qualitative case study research in Murewa, a rural district town in Zimbabwe, to extend the use of the concept of ‘social navigation’ from conflict-affected settings to repressive regime contexts. Through the concept of ‘the everyday’, it analyses how youth experience political violence and repression, and the tactics they use to access paid work and secure self-employment. The findings show that youth accept existing forms of political violence and repression as normal, and that the historical construction of politicized youth matters for how they understand their room for manoeuvre within it. Since partisan actors control many of the economic opportunities, social navigation is about the need to assess the political affiliation of actors that offer any economic opportunity, and the potential implications of being associated with a particular ‘side’ in the political landscape. Contrary to dominant discourses that portray youth as violent, this study shows that many will avoid relationships through which they risk being mobilized into violence.
Protein Intake and Functional Integrity in Aging: The Framingham Heart Study Offspring
Authors: Hruby Adela , Sahni Shivani , Bolster Douglas , Jacques Paul F
Published: September 2018

Background

Higher protein intake is linked to maintenance of muscle mass and strength, but few studies have related protein to physical function and disability in aging.

Methods

In participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring, we examined associations between protein intake (g/d), estimated from food frequency questionnaires, and maintenance of functional integrity, as a functional integrity score based on responses to 17 questions from Katz Activities of Daily Living, Nagi, and Rosow-Breslau questionnaires, repeated up to five times (1991/1995–2011/2014) over 23 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risk of incident loss of functional integrity (functional integrity score ≤ 15th percentile).

Results

In 2,917 participants (age 54.5 [9.8] years), baseline protein intake was 77.2 (15.6) g/d. The functional integrity score (baseline, mean 98.9, range 82.4–100.0) was associated with objective performance (gait speed, grip strength) and lower odds of falls, fractures, and frailty. Across follow-up, there were 731 incident cases of loss of functional integrity. In fully adjusted models, participants in the highest category of protein intake (median 92.2 g/d) had 30% lower risk of loss of functional integrity (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.70 [0.52, 0.95], p trend = .03), versus those with the lowest intake (median 64.4 g/d). However, sex-stratified analyses indicated the association was driven by the association in women alone (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.49 [0.32, 0.74], p trend = .002) and was nonsignificant in men (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.14 [0.70, 1.86], p trend = .59).

Conclusions

Higher protein intake was beneficially associated with maintenance of physical function in middle-aged, high-functioning U.S. adults over the span of two decades. This association was particularly evident in women.
Two Decades of the Impact of Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease
Authors: Woods Gregory M , Fox Samantha , Flies Andrew S , Tovar Cesar D , Jones Menna , Hamede Rodrigo , Pemberton David , Lyons A Bruce , Bettiol Silvana S
Published: September 2018

The Tasmanian devil, a marsupial carnivore, has been restricted to the island state of Tasmania since its extinction on the Australian mainland about 3000 years ago. In the past two decades, this species has experienced severe population decline due to the emergence of devil facial tumor disease (DFTD), a transmissible cancer. During these 20 years, scientists have puzzled over the immunological and evolutionary responses by the Tasmanian devil to this transmissible cancer. Targeted strategies in population management and disease control have been developed as well as comparative processes to identify variation in tumor and host genetics. A multi-disciplinary approach with multi-institutional teams has produced considerable advances over the last decade. This has led to a greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and genomic classification of this cancer. New and promising developments in the Tasmanian devil’s story include evidence that most immunized, and some wild devils, can produce an immune response to DFTD. Furthermore, epidemiology combined with genomic studies suggest a rapid evolution to the disease and that DFTD will become an endemic disease. Since 1998 there have been more than 350 publications, distributed over 37 Web of Science categories. A unique endemic island species has become an international curiosity that is in the spotlight of integrative and comparative biology research.
Using genetics to understand the causal influence of higher BMI on depression
Authors: Tyrrell Jessica , Mulugeta Anwar , Wood Andrew R , Zhou Ang , Beaumont Robin N , Tuke Marcus A , Jones Samuel E , Ruth Katherine S , Yaghootkar Hanieh , Sharp Seth , Thompson William D , Ji Yingjie , Harrison Jamie , Freathy Rachel M , Murray Anna , Weedon Michael N , Lewis Cathryn , Frayling Timothy M , Hyppönen Elina
Published: September 2018

Background

Depression is more common in obese than non-obese individuals, especially in women, but the causal relationship between obesity and depression is complex and uncertain. Previous studies have used genetic variants associated with BMI to provide evidence that higher body mass index (BMI) causes depression, but have not tested whether this relationship is driven by the metabolic consequences of BMI nor for differences between men and women.

Methods

We performed a Mendelian randomization study using 48 791 individuals with depression and 291 995 controls in the UK Biobank, to test for causal effects of higher BMI on depression (defined using self-report and Hospital Episode data). We used two genetic instruments, both representing higher BMI, but one with and one without its adverse metabolic consequences, in an attempt to ‘uncouple’ the psychological component of obesity from the metabolic consequences. We further tested causal relationships in men and women separately, and using subsets of BMI variants from known physiological pathways.

Results

Higher BMI was strongly associated with higher odds of depression, especially in women. Mendelian randomization provided evidence that higher BMI partly causes depression. Using a 73-variant BMI genetic risk score, a genetically determined one standard deviation (1 SD) higher BMI (4.9 kg/m2) was associated with higher odds of depression in all individuals [odds ratio (OR): 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.28, P = 0.00007) and women only (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.39, P = 0.0001). Meta-analysis with 45 591 depression cases and 97 647 controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) strengthened the statistical confidence of the findings in all individuals. Similar effect size estimates were obtained using different Mendelian randomization methods, although not all reached P < 0.05. Using a metabolically favourable adiposity genetic risk score, and meta-analysing data from the UK biobank and PGC, a genetically determined 1 SD higher BMI (4.9 kg/m2) was associated with higher odds of depression in all individuals (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.50], P = 0.010), but with weaker statistical confidence.

Conclusions

Higher BMI, with and without its adverse metabolic consequences, is likely to have a causal role in determining the likelihood of an individual developing depression.
A multi-level mixed element scheme of the two-dimensional Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem
Authors: Xi Yingxia , Ji Xia , Zhang Shuo
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we present a multi-level mixed element scheme for the Helmholtz transmission eigenvalue problem on polygonal domains that are not necessarily able to be covered by rectangular grids. We first construct an equivalent linear mixed formulation of the transmission eigenvalue problem and then discretize it with Lagrangian finite elements of low regularities. The proposed scheme admits a natural nested discretization, based on which we construct a multi-level scheme. Optimal convergence rate and optimal computational cost can be obtained with the scheme.
A single synonymous mutation determines the phosphorylation and stability of the nascent protein
Authors: Karakostis Konstantinos , Vadivel Gnanasundram Sivakumar , López Ignacio , Thermou Aikaterini , Wang Lixiao , Nylander Karin , Olivares-Illana Vanesa , Fåhraeus Robin
Published: September 2018

p53 is an intrinsically disordered protein with a large number of post-translational modifications and interacting partners. The hierarchical order and subcellular location of these events are still poorly understood. The activation of p53 during the DNA damage response (DDR) requires a switch in the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 from a negative to a positive regulator of p53. This is mediated by the ATM kinase that regulates the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA facilitating an increase in p53 synthesis. Here we show that the binding of MDM2 to the p53 mRNA brings ATM to the p53 polysome where it phosphorylates the nascent p53 at serine 15 and prevents MDM2-mediated degradation of p53. A single synonymous mutation in p53 codon 22 (L22L) prevents the phosphorylation of the nascent p53 protein and the stabilization of p53 following genotoxic stress. The ATM trafficking from the nucleus to the p53 polysome is mediated by MDM2, which requires its interaction with the ribosomal proteins RPL5 and RPL11. These results show how the ATM kinase phosphorylates the p53 protein while it is being synthesized and offer a novel mechanism whereby a single synonymous mutation controls the stability and activity of the encoded protein.
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Immunocompromised Children Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in the United States, 2011–2015
Authors: Collins Jennifer P , Campbell Angela P , Openo Kyle , Farley Monica M , Cummings Charisse Nitura , Kirley Pam Daily , Herlihy Rachel , Yousey-Hindes Kimberly , Monroe Maya L , Ladisky Macey , Lynfield Ruth , Baumbach Joan , Spina Nancy , Bennett Nancy , Billing Laurie , Thomas Ann , Schaffner William , Price Andrea , Garg Shikha , Anderson Evan J
Published: September 2018

Background

Existing data on the clinical features and outcomes of immunocompromised children with influenza are limited.

Methods

Data from the 2011–2012 through 2014–2015 influenza seasons were collected as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET). We compared clinical features and outcomes between immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised children (<18 years old) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed community-acquired influenza. Immunocompromised children were defined as those for whom ≥1 of the following applies: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, stem cell or solid organ transplantation, nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy, immunoglobulin deficiency, complement deficiency, asplenia, and/or another rare condition. The primary outcomes were intensive care admission, duration of hospitalization, and in-hospital death.

Results

Among 5262 hospitalized children, 242 (4.6%) were immunocompromised; receipt of nonsteroidal immunosuppressive therapy (60%), cancer (39%), and solid organ transplantation (14%) were most common. Immunocompromised children were older than the nonimmunocompromised children (median, 8.8 vs 2.8 years, respectively; P < .001), more likely to have another comorbidity (58% vs 49%, respectively; P = .007), and more likely to have received an influenza vaccination (58% vs 39%, respectively; P < .001) and early antiviral treatment (35% vs 27%, respectively; P = .013). In multivariable analyses, immunocompromised children were less likely to receive intensive care (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.31 [0.20–0.49]) and had a slightly longer duration of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio of hospital discharge [95% confidence interval], 0.89 [0.80–0.99]). Death was uncommon in both groups.

Conclusions

Immunocompromised children hospitalized with influenza received intensive care less frequently but had a longer hospitalization duration than nonimmunocompromised children. Vaccination and early antiviral use could be improved substantially. Data are needed to determine whether immunocompromised children are more commonly admitted with milder influenza severity than are nonimmunocompromised children.
‘I Am a New Zealand Citizen Now—This Is My Home’: Refugee Citizenship and Belonging in a Post-colonizing Country
Authors: Kale Amber , Kindon Sara , Stupples Polly
Published: September 2018

In this article, we explore how a collaborative painting project with former refugee and host-society participants highlighted tensions regarding legal versus everyday citizenship in New Zealand, while also providing opportunities for strengthened social bridging and enhanced senses of belonging. Through a series of five painting workshops, participants explored how concepts of home, belonging and public visibility were imagined, normalized and contested within everyday practices of inclusion and exclusion. This process enabled individuals to connect through common emotions and experiences, and extend their social networks, generating a sincere sense of welcome and support within the group. Fostering such empathy was a key step towards enhancing integration for newcomers. Yet, participants also acknowledged that refugee resettlement does not occur in a space free from history and power and that, to develop a more inclusive understanding of everyday citizenship in New Zealand, post-colonial and current immigration conversations ought to be pursued simultaneously.
Jesuits, Conversos, and Alumbrados in the Iberian World
Authors: Pastore  Stefania
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the first Spanish Jesuits and in particular on the ambiguous relationship between orthodoxy and heresy that characterized the first phase of their long story in the Iberian world. Special attention is given to the Jesuits’ attitude toward heretical and ethnical minorities such as alumbrados, Erasmians, Protestants, conversos, and moriscos. Most of the first Spanish Jesuits had strong connections to those minorities. When the Society of Jesus developed into the champion of the Counter Reformation, these links became problematic. The chapter highlights the points of contiguity between the Jesuits and those minorities, as well as how the latter’s cultural and religious heritage influenced the Jesuit spirituality. Conversely, it also focuses on how the Jesuits distanced themselves from them, trying to convert them through missions, confessions, and rhetoric and, in some cases, with the help of the Spanish Inquisition. The controversial theory of the limpieza de sangre is of course a seminal issue of this chapter.
Radio Afghanistan Archive Project
Authors: Sakata Hiromi Lorraine , Sercombe Laurel , Vallier John
Published: September 2018

The repatriation of sound and video recordings is one of the ethnomusicology archivist’s most sacrosanct functions. From reviving forgotten traditions to inspiring new ones, recordings have the potential to make a broad array of meaningful impacts once returned to their places of origin. Beyond repatriating recordings, what should archives do to benefit the countries, cultures, and traditions that have made ethnomusicology’s very existence possible? Should ethnomusicologists and archivists work to build the capacity of archives in the developing world? Should they make it a priority to help these archives preserve and provide access to the collections they possess? With this chapter the authors explore these questions while describing a project that has enabled archivists at Radio Afghanistan to preserve and provide wider access to some 8,500 hours of traditional music recordings.
Reflections on Reconnections
Authors: Reed Daniel B.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores intersections of human and archival modes of memory in moments of archival repatriation. It recounts two repatriation experiences involving materials from the Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music (ATM)—one in which the author traveled to West Africa to repatriate media recorded in 1934 (around which this chapter is centered), and a second involving Assiniboine sisters from Saskatchewan rediscovering a lost song in the ATM’s listening library (with which the chapter concludes). Human and archival histories are mutually informative; as such, moments when people bring the two modes together also can become moments of new memory creation. The chapter argues that repatriation, understood as a meeting point of human and archival memory, can be deeply meaningful because archives are extensions of humanity. When the two modes of memory, archival and human, are brought into conversation, the result can be powerful, augmenting the potency and value of each.
Bali 1928 Music Recordings and 1930s Films
Authors: Herbst Edward
Published: September 2018

Bali 1928 is a restoration and repatriation project involving the first published recordings of music in Bali and related film footage and photographs from the 1930s, and a collaboration with Indonesians in all facets of vision, planning, and implementation. Dialogic research among centenarian and younger performers, composers and indigenous scholars has repatriated their knowledge and memories, rekindled by long-lost aural and visual resources. The project has published a series of five CD and DVD volumes in Indonesia by STIKOM Bali and CDs in the United States by Arbiter Records, with dissemination through emerging media and the Internet, and grass-roots repatriation to the genealogical and cultural descendants of the 1928 and 1930s artists and organizations. Extensive research has overcome anonymity, so common with archival materials, which deprives descendants of their unique identities, local epistemologies, and techniques, marginalizing and homogenizing a diverse heritage so that entrenched hegemonies prevail and dominate discourse, authority, and power.
Subsidies and the Environment
Authors: Kask Ulla
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the WTO agricultural support disciplines and their impact on subsidies that can lead to water overuse or pollution and harm the environment. As the WTO is about trade, the agricultural subsidies are classified according to the degree to which they distort trade, and not according to their impact on the environment. The chapter shows that there is nevertheless some overlap between trade-distorting and environmentally harmful subsidies. Therefore, while limiting trade-distorting support, some of the most environmentally harmful subsidies find themselves also limited. Within those limits however, WTO members are free to pursue different economic, social, and environmental objectives. Depending on the relative importance of each objective, the immediate policy priorities among the members differ. This chapter also shows that while members enjoy significant policy space to pursue their environmental objectives, such space can also be used in a way that may harm the environment.
The Judicial Branch in Israel
Authors: Hofnung Menachem , Wattad Mohammed S.
Published: September 2018

The contemporary perception of Israel’s judiciary as an independent branch does not coincide with Israel’s first government’s perception after establishing the first Supreme Court. To a great extent the executive branch deemed the court its long arm. Until the mid-1950s judges were appointed by the government, and questions of conflicts of interest and political affiliation—in the wide sense of the term—were not compelling. However, since the 1990s the court’s power of judicial review and the legitimacy of its decisions have become issues of heated public debate. Consequently the process of appointing justices to the court has become subject to very strict public and political scrutiny. This chapter asks whether the Israeli judiciary truly constitutes a third independent branch of government. This is relevant considering the continuous attempts to change the existing balance of power, aiming to limit the court’s capacity to apply universal judicial doctrines and legal standards to executive and legislative decisions.
Israel and the Jewish Diaspora
Authors: Sucharov Mira
Published: September 2018

The Israel-Diaspora relationship is characterized by mutual identity construction. Israel depends on the Diaspora for material and ideational support; some corners of the Diaspora draw on Israel to underwrite its ongoing project of identity construction and maintenance, while others see the State of Israel as a safe haven in the face of anti-Semitism. Twenty-first-century Diaspora Jewish politics is animated by increasingly intense debates over Zionism, the relationship between Israel and the Palestinians, the question of evolving attachment to Israel (and the meaning of the concept of attachment itself), and the place of Israel in collective Jewish consciousness through donor-supported programs such as Birthright. The Israel lobby, particularly in the United States, provides a stark institutional manifestation of many of these dynamics, with respective foreign policies toward Israel serving as flashpoints for various Jewish electoral and identity debates.
The Military in Israeli Politics
Authors: Peri Yoram
Published: September 2018

Fifty years of occupation of the Palestinian territories, changes in the nature of warfare, demographic developments, and transformation of the civilian value system have all resulted in deepening the gap between civilian society and the military in Israel over the past two decades. The military is well aware of the impact of these factors and of the Israel Defense Forces’ (IDF’s) deteriorating status in society. Indeed, the chief of the general staff has even portrayed these issues as more serious than the external threats posed by Israel’s enemies. Thus, the military has implemented a series of mechanisms aimed at reducing the gap, dealing with the expectations of civilian groups, reconstructing the military structure and normative code, and even introducing a new model of conscription, all in order to renew its contract with civilian society. What will be the repercussions of these steps, and what are the various scenarios for future developments in civil-military relations in Israel?
Civil Society and Israeli Democracy
Authors: Yishai Yael
Published: September 2018

The underlying question addressed by this chapter is about the role of civil society in Israel in promoting or inhibiting democratic consolidation. The answer is based on three parameters: (a) mobilization, meaning the volume and substance of public participation; (b) integration, relating to civil society’s contribution to bridging social rifts; and (c) confrontation, regarding the antagonistic role of civil society. The reflection of these parameters in contemporary Israeli politics reveals a modest contribution to democracy. Mobilization is broad, but it is more ritualistic than real. Civil society does not play a significant role in enhancing tolerance and mutual respect. Challenging of the authorities is limited. It is the “bad” civil society, allied with the government coalition and mainstream ideology, that gains visibility, significance, and influence in public life.
Prayer, Meditation, and Retreat
Authors: Bruun Mette Birkedal
Published: September 2018

A penchant for retreat permeates baroque devotion. Prayer is key, and withdrawal from the world corroborates sincere prayer. Some believers retreat to the cloister for an existence of permanent absorption, but believers are generally enjoined to retreat for a few days annually to follow a devotional program, or for moments of prayer across the day. While verbal prayer is seen as a basic expression of devotion, mental prayer is generally deemed more efficacious, demanding as it does the believer’s full attention. Chapels, chambers, and gardens are privileged sites of devout absorption; prayer books, rosaries, and devotional images sustain the inward turn; manuals teach the practice; and written and drawn portraits show those who master it. This chapter presents the ideal of devotional retreat in prayer as well as some of its spatial, spiritual, corporeal, and material corollaries.