bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropisetron ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Barzegar‐Fallah Anita , Alimoradi Houman , Asadi Firouzeh , Dehpour Ahmad Reza , Asgari Mojgan , Shafiei Massoumeh
Published: February 2015

It has been well established that oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. It has been shown that tropisetron exerts anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The current study was designed to investigate protective effects of tropisetron on early diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into six groups: (i) untreated diabetic (streptozotocin group); (ii) untreated control; (iii) diabetic rats treated with tropisetron (3 mg/kg); (iv) normal rats treated with tropisetron (3 mg/kg); (v) diabetic rats treated with granisetron (3 mg/kg); and (vi) normal rats treated with granisetron (3 mg/kg); rats began receiving treatment at the time of diabetes induction for 2 weeks. At the termination of the experiments, bodyweight, kidney index, urinary albumin excretion, and glomerular filtration rate were measured. The levels of oxidative stress markers and tumour necrosis factor‐α were also determined. Streptozotocin‐treated animals showed significant loss of bodyweight and renal enlargement and dysfunction. Diabetic rats also exhibited an increase in malondialdehyde along with a significant decrease in glutathione, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity. Furthermore, the diabetic animals demonstrated a significant rise in renal cortical, urinary tumour necrosis factor‐α, and urinary albumin excretion. Both granisetron and tropisetron decreased blood glucose in diabetic animals, but this decrease was not significant for granisetron. Treatment with tropisetron, but not granisetron, prevented increases in oxidative stress and tumour necrosis factor‐α, decreased urinary cytokine excretion and albuminuria, and improved renal morphological damage. In conclusion, the present study suggests that tropisetron may be a protective agent in early diabetic nephropathy, and its action is mediated, at least in part, by anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms that appear to be independent of the 5‐HT3 receptor.
Investigation of Postmortem Absorption and Redistribution After the Application of a Fentanyl Patch
Authors: Wu Alan H. B. , Hamilton Rebecca , Middleberg Robert , Kacinko Sherri , Kearney Thomas
Published: February 2015

Fentanyl deaths have increased with availability of transdermal patches. Interpretation of postmortem fentanyl levels may be complicated by postmortem redistribution and absorption of fentanyl from a patch. We applied an unused 100‐μg/h fentanyl patch onto the lower abdomen of a decedent with no premortem fentanyl exposure. Ocular fluid, blood, and urine were collected prior to placement, and the decedent was refrigerated for 23 h. Prior to the autopsy, urine, subcutaneous tissue under the patch, and samples from the same anatomic sites were obtained. We observed no fentanyl in any postpatch placement samples (LOD: 0.1 ng/mL for blood and vitreous fluid, 1.0 ng/mL urine, 2.0 ng/g for tissues). Although we observed no postmortem absorption of fentanyl, this was only a single case; therefore, we recommend that patches be removed after receipt of a cadaver before initiation of an autopsy, with the location of removed patch documented.
Dating of Iron Gall Ink Using the Dissolution‐Diffusion Method
Authors: Li Biao , Xie Peng
Published: February 2015

In many criminal and civil cases, some questioned documents are written with iron gall ink. Determining the date when an iron gall ink entry was written can be important to assess the authenticity of a document. A dissolution‐diffusion method was successfully employed to draw aging curves of iron gall ink entries stored in controlled conditions over 40 months. Calibration curves were created to indicate the relationship between the average dissolution‐diffusion rate of ink components and the age of ink entries stored under natural aging conditions. As preliminary findings of this study, the mixed solution of dimethyl formamide (DMF) and anhydrous ethanol was suitable to dissolve the dye of iron gall ink strokes made at different time. It was also determined that brands of iron gall inks, types of paper, and thickness of iron gall ink strokes had varying impacts on estimating the dates of iron gall ink strokes.
How Should Forensic Anthropologists Correct National Weather Service Temperature Data for Use in Estimating the Postmortem Interval?
Authors: Dabbs Gretchen R.
Published: February 2015

This study examines the correlation between site‐specific and retrospectively collected temperature data from the National Weather Service (NWS) over an extended time period. Using iButtonLink thermochrons (model DS1921G), hourly temperature readings were collected at 15 sites (1 validation; 14 experimental) from December 2010 to January 2012. Comparison between the site‐specific temperature data and data retrieved from an official reporter of NWS temperature data shows statistically significant differences between the two in 71.4% (10/14) of cases. The difference ranged between 0.04 and 2.81°C. Examination of both regression and simple adjustment of the mean difference over extended periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, & 9 months) suggests that on the timescale typical in forensic anthropology cases neither method of correction is consistent or reliable and that forensic anthropologists would be better suited using uncorrected NWS temperature data when the postmortem interval is extended.
Comparative analysis of boar seminal plasma proteome from different freezability ejaculates and identification of Fibronectin 1 as sperm freezability marker
Authors: Vilagran I. , Yeste M. , Sancho S. , Castillo J. , Oliva R. , Bonet S.
Published: February 2015

Variation in boar sperm freezability (i.e. capacity to withstand cryopreservation) between ejaculates is a limitation largely reported in the literature. Prediction of sperm freezability and classification of boar ejaculates into good (GFEs) and poor freezability ejaculates (PFEs) before cryopreservation takes place may increase the use of frozen‐thawed spermatozoa. While markers of boar sperm freezability have been found from sperm cell extracts, little attention has been paid to seminal plasma. On this basis, the present study compared the fresh seminal plasma proteome of 9 GFEs and 9 PFEs through two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The ejaculates were previously classified as GFE or PFE upon their sperm viability and progressive motility assessments at 30 and 240 min post thawing. From a total of 51 spots, four were found to significantly (p < 0.05) differ between GFEs and PFEs, and two were identified as fibronectin‐1 (FN1) and glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5). These two potential markers were further studied by western blot and correlation analysis between protein relative abundances in fresh seminal plasma and regression factors from principal component analyses (PCA) run using post‐thawing sperm quality parameters. Results confirmed that FN1 is a reliable marker of boar sperm freezability, because GFEs presented significantly (p < 0.05) higher FN1‐amounts than PFEs and FN1 was found to be correlated with the first PCA component at 240 min post thawing. In contrast, GPX5 was not validated as a boar sperm freezability marker. We can thus conclude that levels of FN1 in fresh seminal plasma from boar semen may be used as a sperm freezability marker, thereby facilitating the use of frozen‐thawed boar spermatozoa.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induced antimicrobial gene expression in the male reproductive tract of rat: evaluation of the potential of Defensin 21 to limit infection
Authors: Biswas B. , Bhushan S. , Rajesh A. , Suraj S. K. , Lu Y. , Meinhardt A. , Yenugu S.
Published: February 2015

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common pathogen in epididymitis, which represents a prevalent entity in male reproductive tract infections (RTI). Although current treatment regimens using antibiotics are satisfactory, development of antimicrobial resistance by the pathogen represents a challenge in the management of RTI. Hence, identification of antimicrobial peptides as alternatives to antibiotics has gained importance. We demonstrate that in a rat epididymo‐orchitis model induced with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain MTCC 729, the expression of defensins and defensin‐like Spag11 genes are induced in the epididymis and testes. The induction of antimicrobial gene expression is paralleled by phosphorylation of the NF‐kB subunit p65 and the inhibitor of NFkB (IkB‐alpha), decreased levels of histone deacetylase 1 and increased methylation of Histone 3, indicating the role of classical Toll‐like receptor mediated signaling and epigenetic regulation. Recombinant Defensin 21, when administered to UPEC‐infected rats, substantially reduced the bacterial load in the epididymis and testis and proved to be more effective than gentamycin. The ability of Defensin 21 to limit RTI provides support that antibacterial proteins of the male reproductive tract may be used as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treatment of this disease.
Routine Use of an Antenatal Infection Screen‐and‐Treat Program to Prevent Preterm Birth: Long‐Term Experience at a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Farr Alex , Kiss Herbert , Hagmann Michael , Marschalek Julian , Husslein Peter , Petricevic Ljubomir
Published: February 2015

Background

Vaginal infection in early pregnancy is associated with preterm birth. This study evaluates long‐term results after integrating an antenatal screen‐and‐treat program for asymptomatic vaginal infections into routine pregnancy care.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data of all women with singleton high‐risk pregnancies delivering at our tertiary referral center between 2005 and 2014. The intervention group included women who presented for a prenatal visit for a planned birth between 10 + 0 and 16 + 0 gestational weeks. Women were routinely screened for asymptomatic infections using Gram stain. In cases of bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis or trichomoniasis, women were treated according to our clinical protocol. The control group included women who did not undergo the program. Prenatal care was equal in both groups. Preterm birth served as the primary outcome variable.

Results

Of the 20,052 women with singleton pregnancies, 8,490 (42.3%) participated in the antenatal prevention program. The mean gestational age at birth was 38.8 ± 2.6 weeks and 37.5 ± 4.3 weeks in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The incidence of preterm birth was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (9.7% vs 22.3%; p < 0.001). Low‐birthweight neonates, stillbirths, and late miscarriages were less frequent in the intervention group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Long‐term results support the use of an antenatal infection screen‐and‐treat program to prevent preterm birth. If integrated into routine pregnancy care at a high‐risk obstetrical setting, this simple public health intervention could lead to a significant reduction in preterm birth, low infant birthweight, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
A generalized distance function for preferential choices
Authors: Berkowitsch Nicolas A. J. , Scheibehenne Benjamin , Rieskamp Jörg , Matthäus Max
Published: February 2015

Many cognitive theories of judgement and decision making assume that choice options are evaluated relative to other available options. The extent to which the preference for one option is influenced by other available options will often depend on how similar the options are to each other, where similarity is assumed to be a decreasing function of the distance between options. We examine how the distance between preferential options that are described on multiple attributes can be determined. Previous distance functions do not take into account that attributes differ in their subjective importance, are limited to two attributes, or neglect the preferential relationship between the options. To measure the distance between preferential options it is necessary to take the subjective preferences of the decision maker into account. Accordingly, the multi‐attribute space that defines the relationship between options can be stretched or shrunk relative to the attention or importance that a person gives to different attributes describing the options. Here, we propose a generalized distance function for preferential choices that takes subjective attribute importance into account and allows for individual differences according to such subjective preferences. Using a hands‐on example, we illustrate the application of the function and compare it to previous distance measures. We conclude with a discussion of the suitability and limitations of the proposed distance function.
Targeting Influenza A Virus RNA Promoter
Authors: Bottini Angel , De Surya K. , Wu Bainan , Tang Changyan , Varani Gabriele , Pellecchia Maurizio
Published: February 2015

The emergence of drug‐resistant strains of influenza virus makes exploring new classes of inhibitors that target universally conserved viral targets a highly important goal. The influenza A viral genome is made up of eight single‐stranded RNA‐negative segments. The RNA promoter, consisting of the conserved sequences at the 3′ and 5′ end of each RNA genomic segment, is universally conserved among influenza A virus strains and in all segments. Previously, we reported on the identification and NMR structure of DPQ (6,7‐dimethoxy‐2‐(1‐piperazinyl)‐4‐quinazolinamine) (compound 1) in complex with the RNA promoter. Here, we report on additional screening and SAR studies with compound 1, including ex vivo anti‐influenza activity assays, resulted in improved cellular activity against influenza A virus in the micromolar range.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 6‐Alkylamino‐N‐phenylpyrazine‐2‐carboxamides
Authors: Servusova‐Vanaskova Barbora , Paterova Pavla , Garaj Vladimir , Mandikova Jana , Kunes Jiri , Naesens Lieve , Jílek Petr , Dolezal Martin , Zitko Jan
Published: February 2015

This work presents synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of nineteen 6‐alkylamino‐N–phenylpyrazine‐2‐carboxamides. Antimycobacterial activity was determined against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, M. kansasii and two strains of M. avium. Generally, the antimycobacterial activity increased with prolongation of simple alkyl chain and culminated in compounds with heptylamino substitution (3e, 4e) with MIC = 5–10 μm against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. On the contrary, derivatives with modified alkyl chain (containing e.g. terminal methoxy or hydroxy group) as well as phenylalkylamino derivatives were mainly inactive. The most active compounds (with hexyl to octylamino substitution) were evaluated for their in vitro activity against drug‐resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and possessed activity comparable to that of the reference drug isoniazid. None of the tested compounds were active against M. avium. Some derivatives exhibited activity against Gram‐positive bacteria including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (best MIC = 7.8 μm), while Gram‐negative strains as well as tested fungal strains were completely unsusceptible. Active compounds were tested for in vitro toxicity on various cell lines and in most cases were non‐toxic up to 100 μm.
Bioinformatics data mining approach indicates the expression of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP‐Seq)‐based hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α target genes in periplaque lesions of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi , Asahina Naohiro , Kitano Shouta , Kino Yoshihiro
Published: February 2015

Objectives

Hypoxia, a hallmark feature of chronic inflammation, plays a key role in the development of inflammatory demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Periplaque demyelinated lesions (PDL) of MS represent incompletely demyelinated lesions surrounding fully demyelinated plaques, characterized by low‐grade inflammation and tissue remodeling. At present, the precise molecular pathology of PDL remains unknown.

Methods

To study the role of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of PDL, we identified a comprehensive set of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP‐Seq)‐based hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) direct target genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by in silico next‐generation sequencing data analysis. We characterized HIF‐1α target signature in PDL of secondary progressive MS by analyzing a microarray dataset.

Results

We identified a total of 2291 hypoxia‐restricted HIF‐1α target genes. The set of 80 genes (15%) out of 549 upregulated genes in PDL, compared with normal appearing white matter, corresponded to ChIP‐Seq‐based HIF‐1α target genes. They showed a significant relationship with the molecular network composed of the semaphorin Sema6D, a key molecule involved in activation of antigen‐specific T cells by dendritic cells.

Conclusions

These results suggest a possible involvement of hypoxia in periplaque lesion formation in MS.
Malignancy in Noonan syndrome and related disorders
Authors: Smpokou P. , Zand D.J. , Rosenbaum K.N. , Summar M.L.
Published: February 2015

Noonan syndrome (NS) and related disorders, such as NS with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome), cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, and Costello syndrome, constitute an important group of developmental malformation syndromes with variable clinical and molecular features. Their underlying pathophysiologic mechanism involves dysregulation of the Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway, an essential mediator of developmental and growth processes in the prenatal and postnatal setting. Malignant tumor development is an important complication encountered in other RASopathies, such as neurofibromatosis type 1, but the neoplastic risks and incidence of malignant tumors are less clearly defined in NS and related disorders of the Noonan spectrum. Malignant tumor development remains an important complication variably seen in the RASopathies and, thus, a clear understanding of the underlying risks is essential for appropriate clinical care in this patient population. This review discusses previously published reports of malignancies in individuals with RASopathies of the Noonan spectrum.
The Role of the Two‐Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK‐1 in the Therapeutic Effects of Escitalopram in a Rat Model of Poststroke Depression
Authors: Lin Dai‐Hua , Zhang Xiang‐Rong , Ye Dong‐Qing , Xi Guang‐Jun , Hui Jiao‐Jie , Liu Shan‐Shan , Li Lin‐Jiang , Zhang Zhi‐Jun
Published: February 2015

Aim

Poststroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric complications after stroke. TREK‐1, a two‐pore‐domain potassium channel, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TREK‐1 plays a role in the therapeutic effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) escitalopram in a rat PSD model.

Methods

The whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique was performed to assess the effect of escitalopram on recombinant TREK‐1 currents in HEK293 cells. The expression of TREK‐1 mRNA and protein was measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation was detected in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) in PSD rats after 3 weeks of escitalopram administration.

Results

Escitalopram reversibly inhibited TREK‐1 currents in a concentration‐dependent manner. Chronic treatment with escitalopram significantly reversed the reductions in weight gain, locomotor activity, and sucrose preference in PSD rats. The expressions of TREK‐1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in hippocampal CA1, CA3, DG, and PFC in PSD rats, with the exception of TREK‐1 mRNA in hippocampal CA1. NSC proliferation was significantly decreased in hippocampal DG of PSD rats. Escitalopram significantly reversed the regional increases of TREK‐1 expression and the reduction of hippocampal NSC proliferation in PSD rats.

Conclusion

TREK‐1 plays an important role in the therapeutic effects of the SSRI escitalopram in PSD model, making TREK‐1 an attractive candidate molecule for further understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of PSD.
Global Trends in the Status of Bird and Mammal Pollinators
Authors: Regan Eugenie C. , Santini Luca , Ingwall‐King Lisa , Hoffmann Michael , Rondinini Carlo , Symes Andy , Taylor Joseph , Butchart Stuart H.M.
Published: February 2015

Biodiversity is declining, with direct and indirect effects on ecosystem functions and services that are poorly quantified. Here, we develop the first global assessment of trends in pollinators, focusing on pollinating birds and mammals. A Red List Index for these species shows that, overall, pollinating bird and mammal species are deteriorating in status, with more species moving toward extinction than away from it. On average, 2.5 species per year have moved one Red List category toward extinction in recent decades, representing a substantial increase in the extinction risk across this set of species. This may be impacting the delivery of benefits that these species provide to people. We recommend that the index be expanded to include taxonomic groups that contribute more significantly to pollination, such as bees, wasps, and butterflies, thereby giving a more complete picture of the state of pollinating species worldwide.
Improving the Proficiency of Research Consent Administrators
Authors: Larson Elaine L. , Lally Rachel , Foe Gabriella , Joaquin Gabriela , Meyer Dodi D. , Cohn Elizabeth G.
Published: February 2015

Objective:

To describe the development and testing of a module to improve consent administrators’ skills when obtaining research consent from culturally and linguistically diverse and low literacy populations.

Design:

Development and psychometric testing of video module including community vignettes.

Methods:

Following initial content, face, and construct validity testing by experts, a field trial was conducted with pre‐ and postknowledge tests and satisfaction surveys completed by 112 consent administrators.

Results:

Mean score out of a possible 10 on pretest was 8.6 (±standard deviation [SD], 1.55) and on posttest was 9.1 (±SD, 1.2; paired t‐test 95% confidence interval of difference: –0.18 to –0.88; two‐tailed p = 0.003). The average years of experience with obtaining consent was 6.42 years (range: 0–35), but years of experience was not significantly associated with either pre‐ or posttest scores (p = 0.82 and 0.44, respectively). Most user evaluations were positive, although suggestions for improvements were made.

Conclusion:

Although pretest scores were relatively high, training needs of research consent administrators for consenting diverse and low literacy populations may be unmet. We urge that institutional review boards, researchers, policymakers, educators, and bioethicists address the training needs of research consent administrators and we offer this training module as one potential resource and adjunct to such training.
What Can We Learn from the Study of Mexican‐Origin Families in the United States?
Authors: Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: February 2015

Mexican‐origin families are a large and rapidly increasing subgroup of the U.S. population, but they remain underrepresented in family scholarship. This paper introduces a special section of four papers on Mexican‐origin families designed to contribute to the advancement of research on how cultural, family, and gender socialization processes unfold across key developmental periods and life transitions in this cultural context. Two longitudinal studies of Mexican‐origin families provided the data for these four papers: (a) The Juntos Project, an 8‐year longitudinal study of mothers, fathers, and adolescent sibling pairs in 246 Mexican‐origin families; and (b) The Supporting MAMI Project, a study following 204 adolescent mothers and their mother figures from the third trimester of pregnancy through their young children's 5th birthdays. In this introductory paper, we highlight four themes, including (a) differential acculturation and reciprocal socialization, (b) interdependence in families, (c) the intersection of culture and gender, and (d) methodological issues. We end with suggestions for future research.
Oral health under use of continuous positive airway pressure and interest in alternative therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a questionnaire‐based survey
Authors: Tsuda Hiroko , Moritsuchi Yasutaka , Higuchi Yoshinori , Tsuda Toru
Published: February 2015

Background

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered first‐line treatment for sleep apnoea patients, but there are few studies on oral health in patients with OSA who are using CPAP.

Objective

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral symptoms and interest in alternative treatments such as oral appliance (OA) therapy in CPAP users.

Methods

A questionnaire was used to ascertain oral health including denture use, oral symptoms at present and since the start of CPAP, and interest in OA therapy. Relevant demographic and clinical data were collected from medical records.

Results

The 744 participants who completed the questionnaire had following characteristics (mean ± standard deviation): age (55.1 ± 12.9 years); apnoea–hypopnoea index (40.9 ± 23.2/h); body mass index (27.9 ± 5.2 kg/m2) and length of CPAP usage (49.1 ± 30.7 months); halitosis (30.4%); and gingival bleeding (27.5%). Nearly half (44.6%) complained of dry mouth since beginning CPAP therapy. Patients with diabetes were older (57.8 ± 11.9 vs. 54.2 ± 12.8 years), had a higher rate of denture use (28.3 vs. 19.0%), more dental clinic visits (71.4 vs. 58.7%) and more oral symptoms (50.0 vs. 38.2%) than non‐diabetes patients (p < 0.05). Thirty‐eight per cent of subjects were interested in OA therapy.

Conclusions

This study exhibited that almost 40% of CPAP users had oral symptoms. In particular, OSA patients with diabetes may be at high risk of oral disease.
Groundwater age, brine migration, and large‐scale solute transport in the Alberta Basin, Canada
Authors: Gupta I. , Wilson A. M. , Rostron B. J.
Published: February 2015

There is a great contrast in geochemical and hydrogeologic estimates of the residence times of pore fluids in sedimentary basins. This contrast is particularly evident in the Alberta Basin, Canada, which has served as the study area for important studies of long‐term fluid flow and transport. To address these differences, we developed two‐dimensional simulations of groundwater age, constrained by both hydrogeologic and geochemical observations, to estimate the residence time of fluids and the amount and timing of flushing by meteoric waters in the Alberta Basin. Results suggest that old, residual brines have been retained in the deepest parts of the basin since their formation ca. 400 Ma, but significant dilution by younger waters has reduced the age of these pore waters to no more than approximately 200 My. Shallower formations have been flushed extensively by fresh, young waters. Loss of brines and dilution of older pore waters occurred primarily after the uplift of the Rockies with the introduction of the gravity‐driven flow regime. Despite these large changes in flow regime, solute exchange between deep saline aquifers and the overlying vigorous freshwater flow system was found to be consistent with long‐term dispersive mixing across subhorizontal concentration gradients rather than by direct flushing. Sensitivity studies using an analytic solution supported the use of 100 m for transverse dispersivity in large‐scale numerical models. These simulations confirm that the age and origin of brines are in many cases poor indicators of long‐term solute transport rates in sedimentary basins, but the geochemical indicators that are used to determine the origin of brines can provide useful constraints for calculating groundwater age and are far more commonly available than isotopic groundwater age tracers.
Survey on awareness and perceptions of bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw in dental hygienists in Seoul
Authors: Mah Y‐J , Kang G‐Y , Kim S‐J
Published: February 2015

We investigated awareness in dental hygienists of bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in patients with osteoporosis and cancer and assessed the situation in systemic history investigations to broaden the scope of the dental hygienists' BRONJ awareness as a basis for contributing to preventing this disease. The study was carried out through a survey; 217 dental hygienists responded to the survey. They worked at 12 university and general hospitals, 10 dental hospitals and 35 dental clinics, for a total of 57 institutions in Seoul. The survey consisted of 37 questions: general characteristics (J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65: 2007; 369), systemic history investigations (Ruggiero et al. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62: 2004; 527) and awareness of BRONJ (Park et al. J Korean Dent Assoc 49: 2011; 389). Among them, 79.7% were aware of BRONJ. Recognition was highest among those from 25 to 35 years old (P < 0.05). In terms of work experience, those with 5–10 years experience showed the highest awareness (P < 0.05). In terms of institutions type, dental clinics showed lower awareness than general and dental hospitals (P < 0.05). It was found that 55.3% of the dental hygienists had been educated about BRONJ. Those aged 25–35 years were the most educated. In terms of institutions, dental clinic staff were the least educated. The degree of understanding about BRONJ was analysed with the average score of 6.14 points. According to these results, dental hygienists working in university hospitals and general hospitals had more opportunity to receive training than those working in dental clinics. Thus, it is considered that the development of professional training programs about BRONJ for all dental hygienists is necessary.
Differential impact of maternal and paternal ethnicity on the pattern of fat distribution in infants at age 3 months
Authors: Kramer C. K. , Hamilton J. K. , Ye C. , Hanley A. J. , Connelly P. W , Sermer M. , Zinman B. , Retnakaran R.
Published: February 2015

Background

As ethnicity is typically recorded as a single demographic variable in clinical studies, little is known about the relative impact of maternal vs. paternal ethnicity on fat distribution.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a differential impact of maternal and paternal ethnicity on infant adiposity.

Methods

Three hundred fifty‐five infants underwent anthropometric assessment at age 3 months, including skin‐fold thickness (SFT) measurement at subscapular, suprailiac and triceps. Maternal (M) and paternal (P) ethnicity were classified as white (M = 241, P = 252), Asian (M = 50, P = 42) or other (M = 64, P = 61).

Results

Infants with either Asian mother (compared with white) or Asian father (compared with white) had increased subscapular, suprailiac and triceps SFT (all P < 0.05). On logistic regression analysis, however, only maternal Asian ethnicity (compared with white) independently predicted the likelihood of an infant being in the highest tertile for SFT at subscapular (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72, 95% confidence interval 1.17–6.34, P = 0.02), suprailiac (OR = 3.56, 1.51–8.42, P = 0.004) and triceps (OR = 3.26, 1.40–7.55, P = 0.005). In contrast, paternal Asian ethnicity was independently associated with sum of SFT only (OR = 2.46, 1.02–5.97, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Maternal and paternal Asian ethnicity have differential effects on infant fat distribution. Future clinical studies on obesity and fat composition should consider the distinct contributions of both parents to the ethnic classification of participants.
An Interview with Jae C. Lee
Authors: Fisher Nicholas I. , van Zwet Willem R.
Published: February 2015

Jae Chang Lee was born in Chang‐Nyoung, South Korea, on 9 August, 1942. After high school, he attended Seoul National University during a period of military dictatorship. As a leader of the student protest movement, he was forced to flee the country. He completed undergraduate and graduate studies at Ohio State University (PhD 1972) in USA and then joined the faculty at Moravian College in Pennsylvania. He returned permanently to South Korea in 1981 to a faculty position at Korea University. He has held visiting positions at the US National Bureau of Standards, the US Naval Coastal Systems Center, Ohio State University, Temple University, the University of Wollongong and Chuo University. Professional contributions include President of International Statistical Institute, Organiser of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) Congress in Seoul in 2001, President of the International Association for Statistical Computing and of the Korean Statistical Society (KSS), Editor, Journal of the Korean Statistical Society and Co‐Editor, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis. Honours include ISI Methorst Award, Distinguished Service Award (KSS), Presidential Award for Statistical Contribution and Order of Service Merit from the Korean Government, Certificate of Distinguished Contribution from the Japanese Society of Computational Statistics and elected member, Korean Academy of Science and Technology. The interview was conducted during 23–27 April 2013, at Jae C's country home in Pocheon City.
Interaction between Connexin 43 and nitric oxide synthase in mice heart mitochondria
Authors: Kirca Mücella , Kleinbongard Petra , Soetkamp Daniel , Heger Jacqueline , Csonka Csaba , Ferdinandy Péter , Schulz Rainer
Published: February 2015

Connexin 43 (Cx43), which is highly expressed in the heart and especially in cardiomyocytes, interferes with the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. Conversely, Cx43 gene expression is down‐regulated by nitric oxide derived from the inducible NOS. Thus, a complex interplay between Cx43 and NOS expression appears to exist. As cardiac mitochondria are supposed to contain a NOS, we now investigated the expression of NOS isoforms and the nitric oxide production rate in isolated mitochondria of wild‐type and Cx43‐deficient (Cx43Cre‐ER(T)/fl) mice hearts. Mitochondria were isolated from hearts using differential centrifugation and purified via Percoll gradient ultracentrifugation. Isolated mitochondria were stained with an antibody against the mitochondrial marker protein adenine‐nucleotide‐translocator (ANT) in combination with either a neuronal NOS (nNOS) or an inducible NOS (iNOS) antibody and analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The nitric oxide formation was quantified in purified mitochondria using the oxyhaemoglobin assay. Co‐localization of predominantly nNOS (nNOS: 93 ± 4.1%; iNOS: 24.6 ± 7.5%) with ANT was detected in isolated mitochondria of wild‐type mice. In contrast, iNOS expression was increased in Cx43Cre‐ER(T)/fl mitochondria (iNOS: 90.7 ± 3.2%; nNOS: 53.8 ± 17.5%). The mitochondrial nitric oxide formation was reduced in Cx43Cre‐ER(T)/fl mitochondria (0.14 ± 0.02 nmol/min./mg protein) in comparison to wild‐type mitochondria (0.24 ± 0.02 nmol/min./mg). These are the first data demonstrating, that a reduced mitochondrial Cx43 content is associated with a switch of the mitochondrial NOS isoform and the respective mitochondrial rate of nitric oxide formation.
Topical acne treatments in Europe and the issue of antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Leccia M.T. , Auffret N. , Poli F. , Claudel J.‐P. , Corvec S. , Dreno B.
Published: February 2015

Acne vulgaris(acne) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland, characterized by follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive colonization byPropionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) as well as immune reactions and inflammation. Despite an armamentarium of topical treatments available including benzoyl peroxide, retinoids and azelaic acid, topical antibiotics in monotherapies, especially erythromycin and clindamycin, are still used in Europe to treat acne. This intensive use led to antimicrobial‐resistantP. acnesand staphylococci strains becoming one of the main health issues worldwide. This is an update on the current topical acne treatments available in Europe, their mechanism of action, their potential to induce antimicrobial resistance and their clinical efficacy and safety.
Local perception of floods in the Czech Republic and recent changes in state flood management strategies
Authors: Vávra J. , Lapka M. , Cudlínová E. , Dvořáková‐Líšková Z.
Published: February 2015

A shift from flood protection to flood risk management is occurring in many Western countries, but less is known about the social perception of floods and flood management changes in Central and Eastern Europe. The objective of this paper is to study the social perception of selected water‐related issues and to find possible compatibilities with existing flood management. A sociological survey was conducted within a local population living in flood plains in South Bohemia (N = 89). The results are discussed in relation to changes in Czech flood management governmental policies over the last 15 years. We conclude that the local population accepts floods as regular events, expects their increased frequency and prefers natural measures of flood mitigation. Czech flood management governmental policies are moving from flood defence and hard structural measures (e.g. dams) to flood risk management and more natural solutions (polders, free spill, etc.). However, there is still a strong legacy of a top‐down approach in governmental policies that hinders full incorporation of local perceptions into flood management.
The Antibacterial Effect of Flower Pollen on Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Ground Pork
Authors: Joo Myoung‐Jae , Jung HwaBin , Kim Sun‐ho , Yoon Won Byong
Published: February 2015

This study was conducted to confirm the synergistic inactivation effect of flower pollen when applied with heat treatment to Escherichia coli O157:H7. The reduction of the number of E. coli O157:H7 was monitored during heat treatment at 55, 57.5, 60, 62.5 and 65C. The D‐values in the culture were D55 = 10.03 ± 0.59, D57.5 = 3.84 ± 0.05, D60 = 2.76 ± 0.19, D62.5 = 1.31 ± 0.20 and D65 = 1.04 ± 0.01 min, respectively, which were reduced to D55 = 3.13 ± 0.12, D57.5 = 3.02 ± 0.14, D60 = 1.80 ± 0.05, D62.5 = 1.11 ± 0.03 and D65 = 0.79 ± 0.01 min with the addition of pollen (80 mg/mL). The z‐value without addition of pollen was 10.24C, which increased to 15.11C with addition of pollen. The D‐values in ground pork were D55 = 5.59 ± 0.11, D57.5 = 2.58 ± 0.05, D60 = 2.07 ± 0.19, D62.5 = 1.30 ± 0.03 and D65 = 0.87 ± 0.02 min. When treated with the addition of pollen (150 mg/mL), the D‐values decreased to D55 = 1.87 ± 0.05, D57.5 = 1.56 ± 0.02, D60 = 1.11 ± 0.01, D62.5 = 0.73 ± 0.01 and D65 = 0.50 ± 0.00 min. The z‐value increased from 13.05C to 16.86C.

Practical Applications

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying flower pollen as a natural antimicrobial additive to improve the effect of heat treatment at the time of the sterilization of a meat product. Flower pollen might be provided by cultivating plant resources. It implies that the cost of flower pollen could be dramatically reduced and the cost reduction with suitable degree of antimicrobial activity gives a great benefit to the users in the processed food industries.
Clarifying the morphology of the ostium primum defect
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Mohun Timothy J. , Brown Nigel A.
Published: February 2015

The ‘ostium primum’ defect is still frequently considered to be the consequence of deficient atrial septation, although the key feature is a common atrioventricular junction. The bridging leaflets of the common atrioventricular valve, which are joined to each other, are depressed distal to the atrioventricular junction, and fused to the crest of the muscular ventricular septum, which is bowed in the concave direction towards the ventricular apex. As a result, shunting across the defect occurs between the atrial chambers. These observations suggest that the basic deficiency in the ‘ostium primum’ defect is best understood as a product of defective atrioventricular septation, rather than an atrial septal defect. We have now encountered four examples of ‘ostium primum’ defects in mouse embryos that support this view. These were identified from a large number of mouse embryo hearts collected from a normal, outbred mouse colony and analysed by episcopic microscopy as part of an ongoing study of normal mouse cardiac development. The abnormal hearts were identified from embryos collected at embryonic days 15.5, 16.5 and 18.5 (two cases). We have analysed the features of the abnormal hearts, and compared the findings with those obtained in the large number of normally developed embryos. Our data show that the key feature of normal atrioventricular septation is the ventral growth through the right pulmonary ridge of a protrusion from the dorsal pharyngeal mesenchyme, confirming previous findings. This protrusion, known as the vestibular spine, or the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion, reinforces the closure of the primary atrial foramen, and muscularises along with the mesenchymal cap of the primary atrial septum to form the ventro‐caudal buttress of the oval foramen, identified by some as the ‘canal septum’. Detailed analysis of the four abnormal hearts suggests that in each case there has been failure of growth of the vestibular spine, with the result that the common atrioventricular junction found earlier during normal development now persists during cardiac development. Failure of separation of the common junction also accounts for the trifoliate arrangement of the left atrioventricular valve in the abnormal hearts. Analysis of the episcopic datasets also permits recognition of the location of the atrioventricular conduction axis. Comparison of the location of this tract in the normal and abnormal hearts shows that there is no separate formation of a ventricular component of the ‘canal septum’ as part of normal development. We conclude that it is abnormal formation of the primary atrial septum that is the cause of so‐called ‘secundum’ atrial septal defects, whereas it is the failure to produce a second contribution to atrial septation (via growth of the vestibular spine) that results in the ‘ostium primum’ defect.
Human articular chondrocytes express functional leukotriene B4 receptors
Authors: Hansen Ann Kristin , Indrevik Jill‐Tove , Figenschau Yngve , Martinez‐Zubiaurre Inigo , Sveinbjörnsson Baldur
Published: February 2015

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent chemoattractant associated with the development of osteoarthritis (OA), while its receptors BLT1 and BLT2 have been found in synovium and subchondral bone. In this study, we have investigated whether these receptors are also expressed by human cartilage cells and their potential effects on cartilage cells. The expression of LTB4 receptors in native tissue and cultured cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electron microscopy. The functional significance of the LTB4 receptor expression was studied by Western blotting, using phospho‐specific antibodies in the presence or absence of receptor antagonists. In further studies, the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and metalloproteinases by LTB4‐stimulated chondrocytes was measured by multiplex protein assays. The effects of LTB4 in cartilage signature gene expression in cultured cells were assessed by quantitative PCR, whereas the LTB4‐promoted matrix synthesis was determined using 3D pellet cultures. Both receptors were present in cultured chondrocytes, as was confirmed by immunolabelling and PCR. The relative quantification by PCR demonstrated a higher expression of the receptors in cells from healthy joints compared with OA cases. The stimulation of cultured chondrocytes with LTB4 resulted in a phosphorylation of downstream transcription factor Erk 1/2, which was reduced after blocking BLT1 signalling. No alteration in the secretion of cytokine and metalloproteinases was recorded after challenging cultured cells with LTB4; likewise, cartilage matrix gene expression and 3D tissue synthesis were unaffected. Chondrocytes express BLT1 and BLT2 receptors, and LTB4 activates the downstream Erk 1/2 pathway by engaging the high‐affinity receptor BLT1. However, any putative role in cartilage biology could not be revealed, and remains to be clarified.
Epidermal growth factor is a potential biomarker for poor cetuximab response in tongue cancer cells
Authors: Ansell Anna , Jedlinski Adam , Johansson Ann‐Charlotte , Roberg Karin
Published: February 2015

Background

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is frequently associated with aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which contributes to tumor growth. Here, the functional importance of EGFR ligands in relation to proliferation and sensitivity to the EGFR‐targeted therapy cetuximab was investigated in three tongue cancer cell lines.

Methods

The influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), amphiregulin (AR), and epiregulin (EPR) on tumor cell proliferation and cetuximab response was evaluated by the addition of recombinant human (rh) proteins or by siRNA‐mediated downregulation of the endogenous ligand production. The expression, activation and cellular distribution of EGFR were assessed by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry.

Results

EGF downregulation suppressed the proliferation of all investigated tumor cell lines, whereas the response to an increased level of EGF differed between EGFR‐overexpressing and EGFR‐non‐overexpressing cell lines. Furthermore, tumor cells consistently displayed increased cetuximab resistance upon the addition of rhEGF, whereas EGF silencing was associated with an improved cetuximab response. The data regarding AR and EPR were inconclusive.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the amount of EGF is a determinant of the tumor cell proliferation rate and the response to cetuximab treatment in tongue cancer. Thus, EGF is a potential predictive biomarker of poor cetuximab response and a possible treatment target.
Do Personality Traits Moderate Relations Between Psychologically Controlling Parenting and Problem Behavior in Adolescents?
Authors: Mabbe Elien , Soenens Bart , Vansteenkiste Maarten , Van Leeuwen Karla
Published: February 2015

This research examined whether and how adolescents' personality traits moderate associations between psychologically controlling parenting and problem behaviors. On the basis of self‐determination theory, we also examined the mediating role of psychological need frustration in the effects of psychologically controlling parenting. A cross‐sectional study in two samples (N = 423 and 292; Mage = 12.43 and 15.74 years) was conducted. While in Sample 1 both mothers and adolescents provided reports of parenting and problem behavior, Sample 2 relied on adolescent‐reported parenting and mother‐reported problem behavior. Psychologically controlling parenting was related to internalizing and externalizing problems in both samples. Little systematic evidence was obtained for the moderating role of personality, with the exception of a moderating effect of Agreeableness. In both samples, psychological control was unrelated to externalizing problems among adolescents high on Agreeableness. Analyses of Sample 2 showed that associations between psychological control and problem behavior were mediated by psychological need frustration. Adolescent personality plays a modest role as a moderator of associations between psychologically controlling parenting and problem behavior. Frustration of adolescents' basic and universal psychological needs can account for the undermining effects of psychologically controlling parenting. Directions for future research are discussed.