bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diachronicity
Authors: Vierkant Tillmann
Published: October 2022

This chapter connects moral and epistemic agency. It discusses Levy’s account of moral agency, which puts the direct control of explicit beliefs centre stage. According to Levy, this control plays a unique role in unifying moral agents diachronically. However, Levy is not clear on which of the two forms of epistemic agency discussed in the book he has in mind. The chapter then suggests that the best way to make sense of the special direct control that Levy suggests is to understand it as a form of intentional mind-directed tinkering. The chapter then goes on to explore mindshaping accounts by McGeer and Tumulty that could be used to supplement Levy’s account.
Fittingness
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach , Howard Christopher
Published: October 2022

The chapter introduces and characterizes the notion of fittingness. It charts the history of the relation and its relevance to contemporary debates in normative and metanormative philosophy and proceeds to survey issues to do with fittingness covered in the volume’s chapters, including the nature and epistemology of fittingness, the relations between fittingness and reasons, the normativity of fittingness, fittingness and value theory, and the role of fittingness in theorizing about responsibility. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of issues to do with fittingness that aren’t covered extensively by the volume’s chapters in order to indicate avenues for further research.
Against the Fundamentality of Fit
Authors: Hurka Thomas
Published: October 2022

This chapter gives three arguments against the view, defended in the last century by A. C. Ewing and more recently by several philosophers, that ‘fitting’ is the fundamental ethical concept, underlying both evaluative concepts like ‘good’ and deontic ones like ‘ought’. The first argument says evaluative and deontic concepts differ too much, and in too important ways, for a common grounding in ‘fitting’ to be possible. The second examines the relation between the concept of fittingness and the non-ethical properties that make something fitting; it argues that in neither the deontic nor the evaluative context is this relation consistent with fittingness being fundamental. The third argument says that no gradable concept like ‘fitting’ (or ‘normative reason’ or ‘ought other things equal’) can be the basic deontic concept; that must be the entirely non-gradable ‘ought (simply or period)’. The chapter develops its arguments with frequent references to earlier discussions of these issues by Sidgwick, Prichard, Moore, Ross, Broad, and Ewing.
What Is Evaluable for Fit?
Authors: Na’aman Oded
Published: October 2022

Our beliefs, intentions, desires, regrets, and fears are evaluable for fit—they can succeed or fail to be fitting responses to the objects they are about. Can our headaches and heartrates be evaluable for fit? The common view says ‘no’. This chapter argues: sometimes, yes. First, it claims that when a racing heart accompanies fear it seems to have the typical characteristics of fit-evaluable items. Then, it suggests that suspicion of this initial impression is explained by the assumption that whether an item is ever fit-evaluable is determined by the type of item it is. Fear is the type of thing that can be fit-evaluable, a racing heart is not. The chapter then proposes an alternative whereby the same type of item can be fit-evaluable on one occasion but not on another. What explains the difference, it is argued, is that only in the former occasion the item is explained by the agent’s narrative as an element of a fit-evaluable response.
In Defence of the Right Kind of Reason
Authors: Howard Christopher , Leary Stephanie
Published: October 2022

For a long time, the normativity literature took for granted that ‘right-kind reasons’ for attitudes are authoritatively normative reasons. However, in the last several years, this view has come under attack. One argument against the authoritative normativity of right-kind reasons claims that right-kind reasons are facts that contribute to the constitutive correctness of the responses they purportedly favour; hence, since constitutive correctness lacks authoritative normativity, so too do right-kind reasons. And according to a recent argument from Barry Maguire (2018), right-kind reasons for attitudes aren’t reasons at all and hence a fortiori aren’t authoritative reasons. This chapter argues that these recent arguments against the authoritative normativity of right-kind reasons fail. It also argues that the intuitive data suggests that right-kind reasons are authoritative. Thus, the authoritative normativity of right-kind reasons is defended. Since right-kind reasons are facts that contribute to an attitude’s fittingness, the chapter’s defence doubles as a defence of the authoritative normativity of fit.
Blame’s Commitment to Its Own Fittingness
Authors: Achs Rachel
Published: October 2022

When we blame, we respond to someone’s wrongdoing. Yet remarkably diverse ways of responding to wrongdoing might be counted as examples of blame. Public calling out, private seething, and even sadly deciding to stop relying on a friend can all arguably be instances of blame—but the first is an action, the second an emotional response, and the third a decision. Do such diverse forms of blame have anything significant enough in common to warrant theorizing about blame as such? This chapter argues that blame always involves an element of ‘reflexive endorsement’: a self-referential commitment to its own fittingness directly on the basis of someone’s wrongdoing. Reflexive endorsement accounts for blame’s directedness (at a person, for his wrong) and explains why blame can feel particularly self-righteous. This commitment also imputes unique fittingness conditions to blame, and thus provides reason to think of blame as meaningfully unified.
Can Quantum Mechanics Solve the Hard Problem of Consciousness?
Authors: Hiley Basil J. , Pylkkänen Paavo
Published: October 2022

The paper proposes that quantum theory implies a radically new notion of matter which has not been properly understood before David Bohm’s groundbreaking work. Bohm proposed that the fundamental particles of physics (such as electrons) are not merely pushed around mechanically by classical forces but are also able to respond to information. Information is thus assumed to be an objective commodity which can exist independently of the human mind and which actively guides or instructs physical processes. This notion of active information also applies in computational, biological and psychological phenomena, thus helping us to understand how the mental and the physical sides of reality are related. It may even help us to understand the nature of conscious experience. The latter part of the paper considers the deeper mathematical and physical background of quantum theory and suggests that we need to revise our basic assumptions about quantum objects, such as the role of the wave function.
Housing
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

Chapter 1 is concerned with problems that arise for system-involved families in finding safe, clean, and affordable housing. The chapter considers housing as both concrete shelter but also as the family’s psychological and emotional home. The chapter connects the problem of housing instability to escalating costs in many rental markets, to multiple forms of discrimination, and to the threat of eviction and homelessness. For many families the problems of poverty and housing instability operate in tandem: Poverty increases risk of eviction, and eviction can also deepen poverty and amplify its effects. The chapter reviews the impact of housing conditions and housing instability and homelessness on children’s academic performance, behavioral and emotional functioning, and physical health. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of housing challenges in the lives of families caught up in the child welfare system.
Racism
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter is focused on the effects of racism in the lives of system-involved families. The chapter reviews the concepts of systemic, interpersonal, and internalized racism and examines their effects in multiple domains: housing discrimination and segregation, lending practices, access to medical care, school funding and student discipline, and the juvenile justice system. The impact of these multiple forms of racism on health and mortality are considered in detail. Downstream effects of poor health, early death, and loss on parenting and child development are assessed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how excess mortality in non-White, particularly African American, communities has skewed the composition of the US electorate with predictable consequences for national and state elections. These political outcomes have likely had effects on legislation and policy related to criminal justice and a variety of social safety net programs that impact Black communities.
Social Connectedness and Support
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins with a review of the importance of social connection as both a biological necessity and a source of multiple forms of concrete support. The importance of a sensitive, readily available attachment figure to the developing child and the importance of families being embedded in extended networks of social support are discussed. These networks can function as a critical protective factor for many families who are otherwise confronting multiple ecological adversities. When a family struggles with extreme poverty, though, sustaining such ties becomes very difficult. Lacking the resources that allow them to reciprocate, such families face increasing disconnection and isolation. The chapter reviews a variety of problems of social context that contribute to declines in the richness and resilience of families’ and communities’ social connectedness. Finally, the chapter discusses the ways in which issues of social connectedness are central to understanding and supporting children and youth in the foster care system.
Kohut’s Concept of Self
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the evolution of Heinz Kohut’s ideas away from Freud’s tripartite and fragmented model of psychic structure and Kohut’s development of a holistic psychology of self. Kohut argues that a self’s continuity across a life span points to nuclear understanding of self, as opposed to an agglomeration of selves states or internalized objects. This chapter elaborates further on Kohut’s idea of a virtual self giving rise developmentally to a nuclear self. His use of the term nuclear self presents a model of understanding development and experience as paradoxically enduring and yet continually morphing. In Kohut’s formulation of self, human suffering is born of self fragmentation rather than thwarted drive energies. Clinical and historical examples are provided to examine Kohut’s ideas of self when seen in distress and in health.
Sexualization and Self Soothing
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Heinz Kohut’s idea of sexualization as a form of self soothing, as opposed to Freud’s idea of an instinct and drive motivating all sexual behavior. Sexuality of course exists, and nothing in Kohut’s work argues against the significance of libidinal energies. However, much of what is called sexuality really consists of activities that serve to soothe the self. Frantic masturbation and fetishisms, for example, lack empathic and loving relationship with the other. One complicating aspect of understanding sexualization is its often fluid relationship with sexuality. Early trauma is especially significant for those drawn to sexualization. This chapter discusses treatment implications and approaches based on Kohut’s formulations and approaches.
Kohut’s Dreams
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides a close study of Heinz Kohut’s idea of the self-state dream. Dreams have long been of great interest in psychoanalysis. Freud’s theory that distinguished the latent thoughts from the manifest content and privileges the unconscious dimension of dreams has dominated thinking in the field. Although he never wrote a paper or book about dreams, Kohut’s ideas about self-state dreams represent something new to psychoanalytic dream theory. His theory of self-state dreams interprets dreams within a vocabulary of self, noting the dream itself and its relation to self experience. The chapter elaborates the categories of self-state dreams and includes a link to an appendix and a database of all dreams mentioned in Kohut’s writings, along with the dreams of patients whose analysts were in supervision with Kohut and a few other dreams Kohut analyzes in literature and history.
Further Thoughts on Therapeutic Action
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

Contemporary psychotherapy is concerned with the way the therapist’s subjectivity influences the therapeutic process. This chapter argues that Heinz Kohut prefigures the current discourse. Empathic immersion comes from within the intersubjective field and is limited by the historicity of the analyst’s organizing principles. Ideas around mutuality are grounded in Kohut’s insights. Kohut suggests mutuality and connection are central to experiencing of self, rather than autonomy, isolation, and gendered hierarchy as in drive theory. The chapter explores ideas of mutuality, including field theory, the psychoanalytic concept of the third and leading and trailing edges. Kohut’s idea of self transcends the notion of gender. This de-gendered self enables patients to define an authentic identity outside of binary choices. The chapter explores how Kohut prefigured basic outlines of the contemporary psychoanalytic understanding of negative selfobject interactions between mother and child, post-traumatic stress disorder, and trauma.
Kohut’s Spirituality
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

Heinz Kohut’s emphasis on empathy and mutuality emerged organically from his spiritual commitments. He was not traditionally religious, but spiritual themes lie embedded in his scientific secularism. This chapter explores how Kohut locates empathy and introspection in mystical traditions. Embedded in Kohut’s writing is the directive not just to empathize but also to “love thy neighbor as thyself.” Kohut believed religious symbols nourished the human heart and psyche and were connected with the human need to idealize others. Kohut thought religion could be a positive force in culture. The chapter discusses Kohut’s ideas regarding wisdom, humor, and acceptance of transience as at the core of a healthy sense of self. His thoughts regarding mortality culminate in Kohut’s important idea of Tragic Man, in contrast to Freud’s Guilty Man. Kohut’s spirituality has far-reaching relevance in contemporary psychoanalysis, where more patients are seeking out a spiritual dimension to psychoanalytic treatment.
Sex (a thousand tiny sexes, a trillion tiny Jesuses)
Authors: Moore Stephen D.
Published: October 2022

Queer theory’s standard origin story centers on Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, together with Eve Sedgwick and Teresa de Lauretis. This chapter proceeds down a less-traveled road yet to be explored in biblical studies. Deleuze and Guattari’s iconoclastic theory of desire is its point of departure, yielding a concept of the gendered body that is neither discursive (à la Foucault) nor performative (à la Butler) but virtual; a concept of sexuality that overflows the human/nonhuman binary containers no less than the heterosexual/homosexual containers; and an alternative version of queer theory’s “antisocial thesis” that precedes Lee Edelman’s by more than thirty years, namely, Guy Hocquenghem’s Deleuzoguattarian version. Deleuze’s own engagement with Hocquenghem also fuels this chapter. How might Deleuze and Guattari’s hyperqueer theory translate into biblical reading? Addressing this question through an extended analysis of the Gospel of Mark is the main business of the chapter.
Receptive and expressive experiences
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

In this chapter distinctions are made between receptive experiences and expressive ones. Receptive experiences are those whereby we observe and sense something, whereas expressive experiences refer to our acts of actively creating something. Both aspects are expectedly interconnected and involve sensory engagement and meaning-making as we associate the experiences to our own memories, emotions, and life story narrative. The ways that both of these aspects work together with implications for significant positive health outcomes are discussed. Relevant descriptions are provided of human body, brain, and sensory systems, and how they all relate to our experiences of viewing artistic works as well as creating them.
The prepared warrior
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

In this chapter, the author provides an overview of how the art and science of creative well-being can be integrated into everyday life. The author discusses how we can manage our well-being and tackle the future, including the uncertainties, adversities, and challenges that are bound to come our way as part of life. Self-expression and creativity is in our hands, both literally and metaphorically. As we emerge from the pandemic and its impacts, being reflective and responsive to stress and adversity will be essential. Akin to any other skill, creative well-being practices can also be learned. The author also discusses personalized practices, including reflective and contemplative approaches and the role of creative expression in biopsychosocial/sexual/spiritual well-being.
The Currency–Slavery–Warfare Complex
Authors: Weisweiler John
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the major themes of the collection Debt in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East. It surveys the arguments of David Graeber’s 2011 monograph Debt: The First 5,000 Years and situates them in the wider context of the author’s oeuvre. It examines the implications of his anthropological theory of value and makes a case that it has the potential to widen the field of vision of ancient historians. Unlike the currently dominant paradigm of new institutional economics, which tends to see the market as the natural and efficient resource allocation mechanism, it directs attention to the processes by which some fields of life were subjected to quantitative logics and others were not. The chapter concludes by exploring to what extent the studies assembled in this volume corroborate or modify the picture of ancient economic history presented in Debt. It suggests that Graeber’s concept of a “military–coinage–slavery” complex provides a useful analytic for understanding the ways in which the expansion of state power, the creation of new commodity markets, and the emergence of new forms of rationality reinforced each other in different ancient societies.
Research Design in Interview Studies
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 on research design maintains a focus on the two main positions and describes certain well-tested ways of designing interview studies. Research using qualitative interviewing does not happen by chance but is designed by researchers. What sets research interviews apart from everyday conversations is the much greater extent to which they are planned and reflected on in advance—and subsequently analyzed. Four common steps in a research process are described: preparation, interviewing, analysis, and reporting. It is argued that different design questions arise from different interests in knowledge production, and interviews can be used in particular for purposes of discovery, construction, and understanding aspects of our social and personal worlds.
The Roots of Political Conflict
Authors: Wagner Regina L. , Shafer Byron E.
Published: October 2022

The Preface introduces the notion of partisan alignments, central to everything that follows. Partisan alignments are the manner by which social cleavages are linked to policy preferences and transmitted to the political parties. For this, the great social cleavages are social class, racial background, religious denomination, and sex. Their alignments are pursued in the four major domains of policy conflict across the postwar period, namely social welfare, civil rights, cultural values, and national security. The chapter also introduces the measures for these alignments and the way they are presented. And it closes with a summary of each of the chapters to come.
Sons of God in the Scriptures of Israel
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

There are many images for God in the Scriptures of Israel. Among them we find God pictured as both “Father” and “Mother.” “Father” speaks of God’s governance, and also of God’s care and commitment. “Mother” speaks of God’s nurturing and sustaining. Israel is God’s child—alas, not always an obedient child—and faithful Israelites are children of God or sons of God. Over time the special privilege and status of Israel as son of God becomes focused on and in the Davidic king. The Davidic king is still subject to the Sinaii covenant, and if he disobeys it, he will be punished: but in contrast the house of Saul, God will not ever forsake the house of David.
The Synoptics and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

In all three synoptic gospels Jesus is declared by God to be “Son of God” at his baptism in terms that link his offering to the Aqedah (or “Binding”) of Isaac and imply Jesus’ willingness to be “bound” upon the altar of the cross. Jesus is subsequently tempted (or tested) in the wilderness, his forty days of temptation being at once a recapitulation of Israel’s forty-year period of trial in the wilderness and a reversal of the fall of Adam. The three specific temptations described in Matthew and Luke are not messianic, but are all essentially about what it means for Jesus to be “the Son of God.”
Conclusion
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: October 2022

This concluding chapter reviews the main arguments in the preceding chapters about ritual power, discursive power, institutional power, identity power, and political power. It suggests again that these are mechanisms enacted in rather ordinary practices. These consist of telling stories, organizing worship services, making decisions about who does what, listening to sermons, and praying, as well as practices that may have larger implications such as staging protests and deciding on responses to a national crisis. In these ways religion exercises power. However, religion’s power is also constrained, especially by the multiplicity of institutional structures, the multiplicity of political arrangements, the separation of church and state, and the multiplicity of religious diversities.
The West and the Unraveling of the Economic World Order
Authors: Gathii James T. , Puig Sergio
Published: October 2022

The disenchantment with the current international economic order is real, and it is not new; the problems lie deep. We need an inclusive and legitimate way to eliminate the inequities built within the global economic order. Resolving these structural issues will require unprecedented reforms that make international economic law more equitable and democratic and address its racist origins. For that reason, this chapter departs from the proposal in David Sloss’s introduction to this book to the extent it is predicated on preserving “a rules-based international order that is consistent with liberal, democratic values.” The chapter proposes instead a deeper engagement with the legacies of colonial dispossession and postcolonial exploitation of the Global South that lie at the heart of the current global economic order. That deeper engagement can provide a foundation for a more profound and progressive transformation of international economic law.
Autonomous Weapons
Authors: Jenks Chris
Published: October 2022

The vast majority of extant autonomous weapons are large, expensive, defensive, and anti-materiel in nature. However, anti-personnel and offensive autonomous weapons are now in limited use, and more states and increasingly nonstate actors have access to some form of this technology. This chapter explores high-end autonomous weapons, available only to First World militaries, and commercially available systems, which anyone with access to the internet can potentially weaponize. The chapter considers the impact of both categories of autonomous weapons on three different subsets of international law regulating the use of force: the jus ad bellum, the jus in bello, and laws regulating exports of weapons technologies. This chapter suggests that the effect autonomous weapons will have on jus in bello is likely to be mixed, but autonomous weapons will pose significant challenges for jus ad bellum and export control regimes, likely weakening them or lessening their effectiveness.
Anti-Bribery Law
Authors: Stephan Paul B.
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes the rise of transborder anti-bribery law in this century against the background of its twentieth-century origins. It focuses on the role of a hegemon, namely, the United States, and the impact of its conduct on other rich-world states. The chapter explores the political economy of transborder anti-bribery law. It considers why states regulate behavior that, as a first-order matter, harms foreigners while enriching domestic firms. It rebuts arguments that altruism and a cosmopolitan sense of justice motivate states. Rather, this regulation, like the earlier anti-cartel actions, can best be explained as an effort to save the system of global markets, international business and investment, and transnational private ordering from itself. States have come to embrace these efforts, but have not sought to enforce them through international law. This approach instead puts the onus on powerful states acting as norm entrepreneurs to promote the rule of domestic law internationally. On balance, the development of anti-bribery law during this century suggests a process of evolutionary adaptation, not revolutionary change and disruption. That transborder anti-bribery efforts have prospered during this period of unrest may indicate something about the resilience of global capitalism, but is not proof of the durability of the liberal international order that existed at the end of the twentieth century.
The International Criminal Law of the Future
Authors: Sadat Leila N.
Published: October 2022

This chapter draws upon past developments and current trends of international criminal law (ICL) to posit what the future might hold for the discipline. The chapter first tracks the exponential expansion of ICL in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, detailing and critiquing developments from Nuremberg to the post–9/11 erosion of international norms in the name of “fighting terrorism.” This narrative reveals a paradoxical element of ICL: “lesser” transnational crimes are met with robust interstate cooperation and at times troublingly little regard for defendant’s rights, whereas the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole, the “core crimes” of genocide, crimes against humanity, and serious war crimes, are often relatively weakly enforced and are typically tried in courts which are highly protective of the human rights of the accused. The chapter then evaluates the track record of ICL over the past thirty years, noting that the results are mixed. While ICL has expanded during this period, particularly with the establishment of the International Criminal Court, this has generated a backlash from powerful global actors. The chapter then traces five broad themes typifying modern ICL, both positive and negative for the field. It concludes with a prediction that ICL will become increasingly robust, although the exact form it will coalesce into remains unclear. Much hinges on the evolving stances of several permanent members of the Security Council, as well as national and regional efforts.
Constitutional Essentials
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

This work examines closely the constitution-centered proposition on political legitimacy, offered by John Rawls in Political Liberalism in response to the problem posed for government by consent by facts of deep-lying disagreement among citizens. An answer, Rawls thought, could lie in the possibility of a framework law for a society’s politics—a “constitution,” including a bill of rights—that all, despite other disagreements, could find reason to accept. The work offers explication of the thought behind Rawls’s proposal, while also placing it in relation to a duality of functions—–“regulatory” and “justificatory”—for which lawyers in constitutional-democratic societies typically look to their countries’ bodies of constitutional law. Conflicts in practical implications from these functional attributions, the work suggests, can help explain the persistence of debates in constitutional-democratic venues over topics ranging from choices between “legal” and “political”—or between “written” and “unwritten”—constitutions, to thinness versus thickness in formulations of constitutional principles and guarantees, the place of constitutional fidelity among liberal political virtues, activism versus restraint in the conduct of judicial constitutional review, original-meaning versus moral-reading approaches to constitutional interpretation, and extension of constitutional substantive guarantees beyond negative restraints on the government to take in affirmative state obligations for satisfaction of the basic material needs of citizens, and for protection of them against oppression from nongovernmental social powers. The book also looks into whether some later-arriving work from Rawls signifies modification of the procedurally dependent basis for political justification than it finds in the first edition of Political Liberalism.
Legitimacy: Procedural Compliance or Ethical Attitude?
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

In an added introduction for a 1996 second edition of Political Liberalism, John Rawls tabled an “idea of legitimacy based on reciprocity” to accompany and supplement—arguably to modify—the prior proposed “liberal principle of legitimacy” that has so far stood at the focus of this book’s discussions. Chapter 7 asks whether Rawls meant by the new formulation to displace a public procedural test (of constitutional compliance, institutionally refereed) for the justifiability of acts of political coercion in a democracy by a subjective test of motivation by a spirit of reciprocity based in regard for reasonable disagreement among free and equal citizens. The chapter sorts through various ways of avoiding the inference of such a stark shift of grounds by Rawls. These include (among other ways) a suggestion that the public procedural criterion continues to apply to the lawmaking acts and policies of citizens acting collectively through their governmental agents, while subjective reciprocity applies to the political actions citizens severally take as voters, agitators, and so on. They include also a suggestion (left open by this chapter) that reciprocity is satisfied by sincere belief that the act or policy under consideration has passed, or predictably would pass, the public test of refereed constitutional compliance with a legitimation-worthy constitution currently in force.
Liberal Tolerance to Liberal Collapse?
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

Liberal democracies currently face internal threats from illiberal ideas and incitements, some of them gathering steam under shelter of basic-liberties guarantees indispensable, in a Rawlsian view, from any liberally justification-worthy body of constitutional law. This chapter takes up suggestions that the resultant bafflements are owing not only to a chronic liberal attraction to the idea of a “private sphere” mainly off limits to governmental intrusion but as well to a turn in the defense of liberal principles (represented by work of John Rawls) from a “comprehensive” to a “political” justificatory strategy. Chapter 14 suggests in response that the problem’s root in liberalism runs deeper than any “private sphere” ideology, assuming traces of that might remain even in the thought of Rawls as set forth in Chapter 13, or in any retraction from liberal dogmatics. It stems rather from a paradox of tolerance that is native to any possible liberalism, “comprehensive” or “political” as the case may be. It calls forth from Rawls, just as it has widely done from liberals over the years, a make-do response: to tolerate on principle, but not beyond the point of endangerment of the regime itself of toleration.
Voicing Whiteness
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: October 2022

Technological developments in mass media production and distribution fueled the spread of white collective identification into the twentieth century. Radio gave amplified voice to white identity and expanded the range of this imagined community. Television would soon follow. This chapter traces these developments and their respective impact on the articulation and transmission of white consciousness.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Weinrib Ernest J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the connection between corrective justice and distributive justice. These are categorically different structural ideas that cannot directly be integrated into a single overarching structure. Nonetheless, they participate in a distinctive kind of unity that consists in a conceptual sequence in which each stage presupposes and complements the preceding one. Thematic is the reciprocal independence of all persons, which is grounded in Kant’s notion of innate right. Innate right persists throughout the sequence, underlying the relationships of both private law and public law, and surfacing in contemporary jurisprudence as human dignity. By making the exclusivity of ownership legally effective, the state creates the possibility of threats to the independence of those whose action is confined to what is unowned by others. Subjection to another’s will is then not identical with injustice under corrective justice, and being able to make one’s way as an independent person cannot be assured by private law alone. Through arrangements of distributive justice (such as workers’ compensation, social insurance, provision of a social minimum, and automobile compensation systems), the state legislates to address this state-created consequence of the system of rights.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in the Netherlands
Authors: Sluysmans Jacques , Triet Nikky van
Published: October 2022

The contribution gives an overview of the procedural requirements for administrative limits to property rights in the Netherlands. The Dutch constitution states expropriation may only take place in the public interest and if compensation has been ensured in advance. Property may only be taken through expropriation in accordance with the rules laid down in the Expropriation Act of 1851. This Act will be replaced by the Environment and Planning Act in 2022. The (by far) most common ground for expropriation is expropriation aimed at the development of an urban plan or environment plan (or a comparable decision regarding zoning). The actual expropriation cannot take place until there is an irrevocable urban or environment plan. Property rights are further ensured by the strict procedure that needs to be followed in case of such a plan to guarantee participation and due process in urban planning.
Public and Private Sovereign Powers in Liberal Models of Property Protection
Authors: Marique Yseult
Published: October 2022

This chapter compares the protection of private property from direct and indirect expropriation in three liberal systems: Belgium, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Focusing on these liberal systems, the chapter highlights how deeply expropriation lies at the crossroads between different areas of public law (eg constitutional law, fundamental law, and general administrative law); private law (eg property as a right); and mixed fields (eg environment and planning law). Despite an overall system protecting property rights against administrative arbitrariness at a rather similar level, many technical compromises and concrete solutions are reached via different routes, highlighting variations in preferences in liberal systems to curtail administrative powers: Belgium provides fragmented answers as it relies heavily on judge-made law in addition to its federalised system, whereas the Netherlands sequences the administrative process, compartmentalising it in fairly watertight stages where environmental plans and expropriation are kept separate, and Sweden addresses issues pertaining to expropriation topic by topic.
Procedural Safeguards of Property Rights in Southern Europe
Authors: Magaldi Nuria
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents a cross-cutting comparative analysis of how property rights may be restricted through expropriation in three legal systems in Southern Europe (Italy, Portugal, and Spain). In particular, the research is focused on the crucial role that the administrative expropriation procedure plays when a public authority decides to deprive a party of his or her property rights. By conducting this analysis, the author identifies the judicial remedies and procedural safeguards (including those established at constitutional level) which are foreseen in the three legal systems selected, drawing some conclusions on the differences and similarities amongst them.
Establishing Physalis as a Solanaceae model system enables genetic reevaluation of the inflated calyx syndrome
Authors: He Jia , Alonge Michael , Ramakrishnan Srividya , Benoit Matthias , Soyk Sebastian , Reem Nathan T , Hendelman Anat , Van Eck Joyce , Schatz Michael C , Lippman Zachary B
Published: October 2022

The highly diverse Solanaceae family contains several widely studied models and crop species. Fully exploring, appreciating, and exploiting this diversity requires additional model systems. Particularly promising are orphan fruit crops in the genus Physalis, which occupy a key evolutionary position in the Solanaceae and capture understudied variation in traits such as inflorescence complexity, fruit ripening and metabolites, disease and insect resistance, self-compatibility, and most notable, the striking inflated calyx syndrome (ICS), an evolutionary novelty found across angiosperms where sepals grow exceptionally large to encapsulate fruits in a protective husk. We recently developed transformation and genome editing in Physalis grisea (groundcherry). However, to systematically explore and unlock the potential of this and related Physalis as genetic systems, high-quality genome assemblies are needed. Here, we present chromosome-scale references for P. grisea and its close relative Physalis pruinosa and use these resources to study natural and engineered variations in floral traits. We first rapidly identified a natural structural variant in a bHLH gene that causes petal color variation. Further, and against expectations, we found that CRISPR–Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of 11 MADS-box genes, including purported essential regulators of ICS, had no effect on inflation. In a forward genetics screen, we identified huskless, which lacks ICS due to mutation of an AP2-like gene that causes sepals and petals to merge into a single whorl of mixed identity. These resources and findings elevate Physalis to a new Solanaceae model system and establish a paradigm in the search for factors driving ICS.
BPL3 binds the long non-coding RNA nalncFL7 to suppress FORKED-LIKE7 and modulate HAI1-mediated MPK3/6 dephosphorylation in plant immunity
Authors: Ai Gan , Li Tianli , Zhu Hai , Dong Xiaohua , Fu Xiaowei , Xia Chuyan , Pan Weiye , Jing Maofeng , Shen Danyu , Xia Ai , Tyler Brett M , Dou Daolong
Published: October 2022

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) participate in a diverse set of biological processes in plants, but their functions and underlying mechanisms in plant–pathogen interactions are largely unknown. We previously showed that Arabidopsis thaliana BPA1-LIKE PROTEIN3 (BPL3) belongs to a conserved plant RBP family and negatively regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death under biotic stress. In this study, we demonstrate that BPL3 suppresses FORKED-LIKE7 (FL7) transcript accumulation and raises levels of the cis-natural antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of FL7 (nalncFL7). FL7 positively regulated plant immunity to Phytophthora capsici while nalncFL7 negatively regulated resistance. We also showed that BPL3 directly binds to and stabilizes nalncFL7. Moreover, nalncFL7 suppressed accumulation of FL7 transcripts. Furthermore, FL7 interacted with HIGHLY ABA-INDUCED PP2C1 (HAI1), a type 2C protein phosphatase, and inhibited HAI1 phosphatase activity. By suppressing HAI1 activity, FL7 increased the phosphorylation levels of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MPK3) and MPK6, thus enhancing immunity responses. BPL3 and FL7 are conserved in all plant species tested, but the BPL3–nalncFL7–FL7 cascade was specific to the Brassicaceae. Thus, we identified a conserved BPL3–nalncFL7–FL7 cascade that coordinates plant immunity.
Seiberg–Witten theory and monstrous moonshine
Authors: Mizoguchi Shun’ya
Published: October 2022

We study the relation between the instanton expansion of the Seiberg–Witten (SW) prepotential for D = 4, ${\cal N}=2$SU(2) SUSY gauge theory for Nf = 0 and 1 and the monstrous moonshine. By utilizing a newly developed simple method to obtain the SW prepotential, it is shown that the coefficients of the expansion of q = e2πiτ in terms of $A^2=\frac{\Lambda ^2}{16 a^2}$ (Nf = 0) or $\frac{\Lambda ^2}{32a^2}$ (Nf = 1) are all integer-coefficient polynomials of the moonshine coefficients of the modular j-function. A relationship between the Alday–Gaiotto–Tachikawa (AGT) c = 25 Liouville conformal field theory (CFT) and the c = 24 vertex operator algebra CFT of the moonshine module is also suggested.
Estimating food demand and the impact of market shocks on food expenditures: The case for the Philippines and missing price data
Authors: Valera Harold Glenn , Mayorga Joaquin , Pede Valerien O , Mishra Ashok K
Published: October 2022

This study uses the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System to estimate food demand among Filipino households. Our study uses the recently released 2018 Family Income and Expenditure Survey and the Stone-Lewbel price index in the absence of price data on food groups. Results show that demand for rice with respect to prices and expenditures is relatively inelastic compared with that for other food groups. The income elasticity for rice is inelastic (0.26), slightly higher than the income elasticity for sugar. Demand for rice is generally less elastic for higher-income Filipinos and families residing in urban areas than for their counterparts. The findings reveal that, in the short term, a 15 per cent decrease in income or a 20 per cent increase in rice prices induces families to spend more of their income on rice at the expense of other cereals, meat, fish, and other food groups. Income and rice price shocks have differential impacts on low-income and high-income Filipino families. Policymakers may be able to moderate the food price impacts of market shocks through targeted interventions and programs that improve the accessibility to and availability of quality agri-fishery products.
Altered Patterns of Brain Glucose Metabolism Involve More Extensive and Discrete Cortical Areas in Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia Patients Compared to Responder Patients and Controls: Results From a Head-to-Head 2-[18F]-FDG-PET Study
Authors: Iasevoli Felice , D’Ambrosio Luigi , Ciccarelli Mariateresa , Barone Annarita , Gaudieri Valeria , Cocozza Sirio , Pontillo Giuseppe , Brunetti Arturo , Cuocolo Alberto , de Bartolomeis Andrea , Pappatà Sabina
Published: October 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects almost 30% of patients with schizophrenia and has been considered a different phenotype of the disease. In vivo characterization of brain metabolic patterns associated with treatment response could contribute to elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of TRS. Here, we used 2-[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to provide the first head-to-head comparative analysis of cerebral glucose metabolism in TRS patients compared to schizophrenia responder patients (nTRS), and controls. Additionally, we investigated, for the first time, the differences between clozapine responders (Clz-R) and non-responders (Clz-nR).

Study Design

53 participants underwent FDG-PET studies (41 patients and 12 controls). Response to conventional antipsychotics and to clozapine was evaluated using a standardized prospective procedure based on PANSS score changes. Maps of relative brain glucose metabolism were processed for voxel-based analysis using Statistical Parametric Mapping software.

Study Results

Restricted areas of significant bilateral relative hypometabolism in the superior frontal gyrus characterized TRS compared to nTRS. Moreover, reduced parietal and frontal metabolism was associated with high PANSS disorganization factor scores in TRS (P < .001 voxel level uncorrected, P < .05 cluster level FWE-corrected). Only TRS compared to controls showed significant bilateral prefrontal relative hypometabolism, more extensive in CLZ-nR than in CLZ-R (P < .05 voxel level FWE-corrected). Relative significant hypermetabolism was observed in the temporo-occipital regions in TRS compared to nTRS and controls.

Conclusions

These data indicate that, in TRS patients, altered metabolism involved discrete brain regions not found affected in nTRS, possibly indicating a more severe disrupted functional brain network associated with disorganization symptoms.
Ultra-short objective alertness assessment: an adaptive duration version of the 3 minute PVT (PVT-BA) accurately tracks changes in psychomotor vigilance induced by sleep restriction
Authors: Basner Mathias
Published: October 2022

Study Objectives

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used and sensitive assay of the cognitive deficits associated with sleep loss and circadian misalignment. As even shorter versions of the PVT are often considered too long, I developed and validated an adaptive duration version of the 3 min PVT (PVT-BA).

Methods

The PVT-BA algorithm was trained on data from 31 subjects participating in a total sleep deprivation protocol and validated in 43 subjects undergoing 5 days of partial sleep restriction under controlled laboratory conditions. With each subject response, the algorithm updated the odds of the test being high, medium or low performance based on lapses plus false starts on the full 3 min PVT-B.

Results

With a decision threshold of 99.619%, PVT-BA classified 95.1% of training data tests correctly without incorrect classifications across two performance categories (i.e. high as low or low as high) and resulted in an average test duration of 1 min 43 s with a minimum duration of 16.4 s. Agreement corrected for chance between PVT-B and PVT-BA was “almost perfect” for both the training (kappa = 0.92) and validation data (kappa = 0.85). Across the three performance categories and data sets, sensitivity averaged 92.2% (range 74.9–100%) and specificity averaged 96.0% (range 88.3–99.2%).

Conclusions

PVT-BA is an accurate adaptive version of PVT-B and, to my knowledge, the shortest version to date that maintains key properties of the standard 10 min duration PVT. PVT-BA will facilitate the use of the PVT in settings in which it was previously considered impractical.