bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vota pro Salute Principis
Authors: Reynolds J. M.
Published: August 2013

The major source for the vows and sacrifices made annually on 3 January for the safety of a Roman emperor and his family, and on some other occasions in special circumstances, is in the Acta of the Arval Brothers which preserve, for a number of years in the first, second and third centuries A.D., accounts of these ceremonies as conducted by the Arvals, including the formulae of their prayers. There is literary evidence to show that similar ceremonies took place throughout the Empire, but for their form outside Rome nothing very detailed. Pliny reports their observance in his province in terms which reflect very summarily the general tenour of the prayers; and the Feriale Duranum, col. I lists the sacrifices to be made on the 3rd of January by a military unit in the early third century.
Exploring gender in prehistoric Italy
Authors: Whitehouse Ruth D.
Published: August 2013

INDAGINI SULL'IDENTITá DI GENERE NELL'ITALIA PREISTORICA

Gli studi sull'identitá di genere in archeologia, sviluppatisi in maniera significativa solo negli anni '90, non hanno ancora avuto un grande impatto sull'archeologia italiana. Questo articolo propone un'apertura a piu largo raggio sul tema. L'autore non si propone di dare alcuna interpretazione definitiva, ma fornisce invece un apparato critico sugli studi in materia esistenti e discute il potenziale di alcuni specifici approcci all'archeologia ed identita di genere nell'Italia preistorica. Viene presentata una ricognizione cronologica dell'Italia preistorica e protostorica, dall'Alto Paleolitico all'Età del Ferro, in cui vengono discussi alcuni tipi di informazioni promettenti per lo studio dell'identità di genere e vengono inoltre indicati possibili argomenti da svilupparsi in futuro. L'autore si auspica che studi archeologici che tengano in considerazione l'identità di genere possano contribuire ad una comprensione maggiore delle società del passato, in Italia cosi come altrove.
Frontinus, Pope Paul V and the Aqua Alsietina/Traiana confusion
Authors: Bruun Christer
Published: August 2013

FRONTINO, PAPA PAOLO V E LA CONFUSIONE TRA AQUA ALSIETINA E TRAIANA

L'iscrizione sulla Fontana dell'Acqua Paola del Gianicolo, a Roma, contiene un errore significativo. Secondo l'iscrizione, infatti, Papa Paolo V ristorò l'acquedotto augusteo dell'Aqua Alsietina, mentre in realtà i suoi ingegneri usarono l'Aqua Traiana per migliorare il rifornimento idrico della città (c. 1610). Questo errore non è semplicemente casuale. L'amministrazione papale era a conoscenza della presenza dell'Aqua Alsietina sulla sponda destra del Tevere dal trattato De aquae ductu urbis Romae di Frontino, ma non sapeva che i Romani avevano costruito anche un altro acquedotto sulla stessa sponda, poiché questo non veniva invece menzionato da Frontino. In questo articolo si sostiene che Frontino († c. 100 d.C.) doveva essere universalmente conosciuto tra gli ingegneri idraulici e gli amministratori delle risorse idriche in età rinascimentale e barocca (come Vitruvio tra gli architetti). La ‘riscoperta’ moderna dell'Aqua Traiana non avvenne che nel 1680 con Raffaele Fabretti, che fece uso di fonti antiche disponibili anche alla cancelleria di Paolo V, se solo fossero state condotte altre ricerche oltre Frontino. Furono necessari altri 150 anni prima che le conclusioni di Fabretti divennero generalmente note. Per la prima volta, inoltre, questo articolo prende in esame tutta l'evidenza antica e medievale in cui viene nominata l'Aqua Traiana.
Latin Inscriptions: Studies in Measurement and Making
Authors: Grasby R. D.
Published: August 2013

ISCRIZIONI LATINE: STUDI SULLA MISURAZIONE E LA REALIZZAZIONE

Questo articolo costituisce una continuazione ed una revisione della ricerca pubblicata in ‘A comparative study of five Latin inscriptions: measurement and making’, Papers of the British School at Rome 64 (1996). I cinque studi lì pubblicati hanno indicato la presenza di molte coincidenze nella composizione e nell'uso dei caratteri tra le iscrizioni formali di tardo primo e secondo secolo d.C., e hanno dimostrato come ogni aspetto della loro costruzione fosse regolato da un sofisticato sistema di misurazione. Lo scopo di questo secondo articolo, basato su iscrizioni di età repubblicana e di prima età imperiale — e che inoltre presenta i risultati di un sesto studio formale — è di determinare se si possano o meno identificare anche per questo periodo precedente simili principi nella composizione e nell'uso dei caratteri. Inoltre costituisce un'opportunità di aggiornare gli aspetti teorici degli studi precedenti e di dimostrare alcuni processi nell'uso dei caratteri nelle iscrizioni.
Pinturicchio and the pilgrims: devotion and the past at Santa Maria del Popolo
Authors: Dunlop Anne
Published: August 2013

PINTURICCHIO E I PELLEGRINI: LA DEVOZIONE E IL PASSATO A SANTA MARIA DEL POPOLO

Questo studio esamina le cappelle dei Cardinali Domenico e Girolamo Basso della Rovere in Santa Maria del Popolo a Roma, chiesa ricostruita sotto il pontificato di Papa Sixtus IV della Rovere negli anni Settanta del XV secolo. Le cappelle datano rispettivamente all'inizio e alla metà degli anni Ottanta del XV secolo, e sono attribuite all'artista umbro Pinturicchio, uno dei favoriti dellacuriadella Rovere. Gli studi precedenti delle cappelle si sono prevalentemente occupati dell'abilità dell'artista nel realizzare architetture fittizie e dell'uso esteso di grottesche, ma non si sono mai soffermati a lungo sulle scene devozionali all'interno di esse. Questo articolo riconsidera l'opera dei della Rovere nella ricostruzione della chiesa, inclusa la sua importanza come luogo di pellegrinaggio, per sostenere che la distinzione moderna tra immagini votive e architetture fittizie mal rappresenta l'idea del Quattrocento di dipinti ‘classici’ innovativi, mentre potrebbero entrambe derivare da bisogni ben precisi della Chiesa.
La Colonna di Traiano alla luce di recenti Indagini
Authors: Bruno Matthias , Bianchi Fulvia
Published: August 2013

RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF TRAJAN'S COLUMN

Whilst some maintenance work was being undertaken in the area of Trajan's Column, the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma, and specifically the architect Giangiacomo Martines, asked the authors to undertake new drawings and analysis of the excavations done by Giacomo Boni in 1906 along the northwestern side of the base of the column. The aim of this was to document the situation almost 100 years after the excavation had been carried out. This new work has allowed the identification of the possible construction sequence of the column, which right from the start seems to have been an integral part of the courtyard of the libraries, thus dismissing the hypothesis that the concrete foundations of the courtyard of the libraries were cut for the insertion of the foundations of the column. In addition, it is possible to reconstruct the way in which the travertine blocks of the solea were moved and installed, through an analysis of the holes of various types present in the travertine blocks, which to date have not been studied, even given the clear absence of holes intended for the insertion of the olivella.
Citizenship and community in southern Italy c. 1100–c. 1220
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: August 2013

CITTADINANZA E COMUNITÀ IN ITALIA MERIDIONALE TRA IL 1100 E 1220 CIRCA

Questo articolo analizza l'uso della parola ‘cittadino’ (civis) nei documenti cartacei dell'Italia meridionale dal tardo XI agli inizi del XIII secolo. Lo studio si focalizza su un campione di otto città, che vengono usate come case-studies per mostrare cosa il concetto di cittadinanza puo aver implicato nel mezzogiorno di epoca medievale. I dati a disposizione suggeriscono che in questa fase si afferma un uso emergente della parola civis, e contestualmente una crescente consapevolezza della nozione di cittadinanza. Questi sviluppi possono essere spiegati attraverso una serie di ragioni, primariamente concernenti più ampi cambiamenti nella vita urbana, nella identità civica e governativa. Comunque è evidente che il concetto di cittadinanza, come appare nel materiale documentario, rimase un concetto altamente flessibile in questo periodo, pieno di ambiguità. Questa conclusione sulla cittadinanza si adatta all'amorfo ordine sociale delle comunità urbane di epoca medievale.
Excavation in the Roman cemetery at Vagnari, in the territory of Gravina in Puglia, 2002
Authors: Small Alastair
Published: August 2013

SCAVI NELLA NECROPOLI ROMANA A VAGNARI, NEL TERRITORIO DI GRAVINA IN PUGLIA, 2002

Lo scavo del cimitero del villaggio romano di Vagnari in Apulia, iniziato nel 2002, è tuttora in corso. L'articolo propone la pubblicazione finale di diciassette inumazioni, scavate prevalentemente nel primo anno, databili nel complesso tra il I e il IV secolo d.C. Nella parte I Small discute le tipologie tombali, le pratiche funerarie, l'uso dei corredi funebri e i rituali funerari, e delinea paragoni con altre necropoli dell'Italia romana. Nella parte II Prowse analizza i resti scheletrici dal punto di vista dell'eta, del sesso e delle patologie. La parte III è un catalogo descrittivo delle deposizioni e dei corredi tombali, con resoconti specialistici sulla ceramica condotti da Kenrick, sul vetro da Giuliani, sulle lucerne da De Stefano, sulle monete da Abdy e sugli amuleti da Henig. Nella parte IV De Stefano discute la provenienza delle lucerne e la loro distribuzione in Italia e in particolar modo in Apulia. Il villaggio romano di Vagnari costituiva un centro economico di una proprietà imperiale, e lo scavo del cimitero è parte di un programma di studio in corso sul villaggio e il suo ambiente.
Franciscan and papal patronage at the Clarissan convent of San Cosimato in Trastevere, 1440–1560
Authors: Lowe Kate
Published: August 2013

IL PATROCINIO FRANCESCANO E PAPALE AL CONVENTO DELLE CLARISSE DI SAN COSIMATO A TRASTEVERE, 1440–1560

Questo articolo esamina gli aspetti relativi agli studi sul ruolo della donna nel patrocinio papale e francescano al convento delle Clarisse di San Cosimato a Roma durante il Rinascimento. Le monache erano trattate come dipendenti indigenti, e le varie strategie di patrocinio per loro erano formulate da rappresentanti maschili della chiesa. Una cruciale fonte di informazione è rappresentata dalla cronaca del convento scritta da Suor Orsola Formicini alia fine del XVI secolo. San Cosimato era fermamente collocato in una complessa rete di connessioni francescane, che andavano dall'individuale all'istituzionale, e che tutte esercitavano una qualche forma di patrocinio. Il patrocinio finanziario e sull'edificio esercitato da papa Sisto IV (lui stesso un francescano) e da papa Alessandro VI viene analizzato in dettaglio. Il fenomeno del patrocinio di due parenti di sesso femminile di questi papi, Franchetta della Rovere e Vannozza Catanei, è anche discusso.
Excavation and survey at Prati San Martino, Sutri
Authors: Gilkes Oliver , Martin Sally , Matheus Michael
Published: August 2013

SCAVO E RICOGNIZIONE A PRATI SAN MARTINO, SUTRI

Una ricerca documentaria ha suggerito l'esistenza di una stazione di pellegrinaggio alto medievale sulla via Cassia a sud di Sutri nelle vicinanze del Fontanile San Martino (vedi articolo di Matheus in questo volume). Una ricognizione archeologica dell'area è stata intrapresa nel tentativo di localizzare il sito di Borgo San Martino, che si suggerisce possa aver utilizzato i resti sostanziali di una villa romana a Prati San Martino. Due stagioni di scavo hanno messo in luce il fatto che il sito fosse stato fortemente danneggiato dall'aratura. Nessuna evidenza di un'occupazione alto medievale è stata rinvenuta, ma è stato possibile investigare una seguenza stratigrafica relativa al periodo classico, che va dall'alto impero al tardo antico.
The Tiber Valley Project
Authors: Patterson Helen , Millett Martin
Published: August 2013

IL PROGETTO ‘LA VALLE DEL TEVERE’

Questo articolo tratta gli obiettivi e struttura del nuovo progetto di ricerca della British School at Rome, il progetto ‘la Valle del Tevere’ e presenta alcuni dei primi risultati, anche se preliminari. L'obiettivo principale di questo progetto è di studiare il mutevole paesaggio della valle dal 1000 a.C. al 1300 d.C., indagando sull'impatto di crescita, successo e declinio di Roma sul suo entroterra e sui conseguenti effetti della città e flume sull'insediamento, economia e identità culturale. Questa iniziativa raduna molti studiosi con interessi di ricerca in questo campo ed in effetti include una serie di progetti connessi, ciascuno con i suoi specifici obiettivi di ricerca, ma allo stesso tempo parte di un progetto più ampio. La storia dell'insediamento è studiata tramite un riesame dei dati rilevati dai progetti britannici, in particolare quelli della ‘South Etruria Survey’, diretta da John Ward-Perkins, oltre ai dati pubblicati di progetti italiani. Allo stesso tempo, nuove ricerche sul campo sono in programma con l'intento di riempire le lacune esistenti. Due nuovi progetti iniziarono nel 1997 concentrandosi sul tema dell'urbanismo. Le ricognizioni a Falerii Novi e a Forum Novum hanno esaminato l'organizzazione interna delle citta tramite sistematiche ricognizioni in superficie e indagini geofisiche. I primi risultati chiaramente dimostrano il potenziale di questo approccio. Queste tecniche verranno applicate ad una gamma di centri urbani nella media valle del Tevere. La comprensione dell'interazione della città e della valle implica il mettere insieme l'informazione esistente relativa l'insediamento, le reti di comunicazione, l'economia e l'ambiente, oltre all'integrazione dei nuovi dati. Un elemento chiave del progetto è l'uso di un sistema GIS per l'integrazione ed analisi dei diversi livelli di informazione.
The Church of S. Maria Antiqua
Authors: Rushforth G. McN.
Published: August 2013

In explanation of the fact, which might at first sight cause surprise, that a paper which consists mainly of a description of paintings is not accompanied by reproductions of the pictures themselves, it is necessary to state that the photographs and other methods by which the appearance of the paintings has been, so far as possible, preserved being the property of the Italian authorities, cannot be published until the official account of the excavations has been issued. The present description must be regarded chiefly as a contribution to our knowledge of Byzantine iconography as it was understood and practised at Rome in the eighth century. It may be added that the damaged condition of all but a few of the pictures makes a careful description almost as valuable for iconographical purposes as reproduction, and that their interest consists rather in the choice and treatment of subjects than in their artistic character.
The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna.—III. (The Via Latina).—Section I.
Authors: Ashby T.
Published: August 2013

The Via Latina forms the third portion of the description of the Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna, of which two parts have already appeared in these Papers (Via Collatina, Via Praenestina, and Via Labicana, i. 125 sqq.; Via Salaria, Via Nomentana, and Via Tiburtina, iii. 1 sqq.). The general remarks made in the introductions apply, in. the main, to the present portion also: and the preliminary matter may, therefore, be comparatively brief. It is fortunate that Professor Tomassetti has dealt fully with the mediaeval topography of the Via Latina in La Via Latina nel Medio Evo(Rome, 1886, reprinted from the Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria). This indispensable work contains also a very large amount of information as to the classical period, and it will be necessary to cite it constantly in these pages.

The Via Latina originated (cf. Papers, i. 128) during the gradual establishment of the Latin League in the form in which it appears as. completed about 370 B.C. The dates of the various military operations given by Livy as occurring in Algido must not, naturally, be pressed; we can only say generally that the pass of Algidus was a position of considerable importance in the warfare against the Aequi in 465–389 B.C., and that the road must have gone at least so far—possibly further, inasmuch as Signia is said to have been founded by Tarquinius Superbus, and a fresh colony sent there in 495 B.C. Nor can we fix the date of the transformation of the Via Latina into a permanent military highway.
Sepulchral Relief of a Priest of Bellona
Authors: Strong Arthur
Published: August 2013

The relief of a priest of Bellona, reproduced on Plate XXVI., is to be seen on the top landing of the staircase of the Biblioteca Vallicelliana— the ancient library of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, which is now the seat of the Società Romana di Storia Patria. During the summer of 1917 when working almost daily in this library I repeatedly studied the interesting slab, and by the courtesy of the Assistant Librarian, Signor Cordella, was able to have it photographed, with a view to publication in the present volume of our Papers.

The relief was discovered in the year 1729 in the Vigna Mellini on Monte Mario which belonged at the time to the Fathers of the Roman Oratory. It is of a sepulchral character, and adorned a tomb situated between the second and third milestone of the ancient Via Triumphalis.
A Bronze Plaque in the Rosenheim Collection
Authors: Strong Arthur
Published: August 2013

The bronze plaque with bust portrait of Aristotle reproduced on Plate XXV. by kind permission of its present owner, Mr. Maurice Rosenheim, was once the property of the English College in Rome—the venerable institution whose history has recently been made the subject of an important and exhaustive monograph by His Eminence Cardinal Gasquet. An illustration of the plaque taken from the same photograph as the present plate, together with brief notes contributed by Dr. Ashby and myself, has already been given in His Eminence's book. Dr. Ashby's note appears in the earlier part of the book, which was already printed off when my own note, written after the re-discovery of the plaque, was sent in. The later account, therefore, could only be hurriedly inserted on the eve of publication, without time for a proof, and I gladly take this opportunity of amplifying and correcting it.
Praeneste: A Study for its Restoration
Authors: Bradshaw H. Chalton
Published: August 2013

This study forms part of my work as Rome Scholar in Architecture, 1913, and was undertaken in accordance with the Memorandum of the Faculty of Architecture of the British School at Rome.

In collecting and arranging material and in writing these notes I have been helped by my wife who, as holder of the Mary Ewart Travelling Studentship from Newnham College, Cambridge, has collaborated with me throughout. To her I owe many ideas and suggestions of archaeological importance in my scheme for restoration.

Further, I am greatly indebted to Mr. Ernest Prestwich, M.A., A.R.I.B.A. In 1911 Mr. Prestwich made a survey of the existing antiquities of Palestrina with a view to making a restoration. As he was unable to carry out this plan he very kindly put the material he had collected at my disposal. This has been very valuable to me throughout.
The so-called “Magazzini Repubblicani” near the Porta Romana at Ostia
Authors: Wilson Frederick H.
Published: August 2013

The building with which this study is concerned occupies the eastern half of Region ii, 2, just inside the city gate at Ostia. Two specific statements have been made concerning it, that it commenced as magazzini or horrea in the republican era, and that it was converted into baths in the late third century A.D.; these were the suggestions of the excavators, and have never yet been questioned. They are points of considerable importance, because this building would thus be the only example of republican horrea yet discovered in Ostia, and the conversion of horrea into baths or shops, which the theory implies, would be important for the economic history of Ostia, whether the reason for the change was the concentration of horrea elsewhere or merely the decline of the city. The second statement, too, would point to building activity in Ostia at a time when no other big building was being put up. This paper is an attempt to prove that at no time was the building used as horrea, and that the conversion to baths is to be placed not in the third, but in the late first, or very early second century A.D. Five main periods will be distinguished, of which the appended table gives a summary.
Caesar, the Senate and Italy
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: August 2013

The central and revolutionary period of Roman history runs from the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus to Augustus' seizure of sole power and establishment of a constitutional monarchy. Caesar's heir prevailed through the name of Caesar—‘puer qui omnia nomini debes’; and he perpetuated the name, as title, cult and system, to distant ages. Yet Augustus as Princeps did not invoke Caesar's rule to provide precedent and validity for his own. Quite the reverse. What rank and role in the transformation of the Roman State should therefore be assigned to the Dictatorship of Caesar—mere episode or cardinal moment and organic part?

The problem is large, the debate continuous and acute. During the last generation, opinions about Caesar's imperial policy and the shape which he intended to give to the Roman State have ranged to the widest extremes, roping in for parallel or contrast the figures of Sulla, Pompeius and Augustus.
Studies in the Social and Economic History of Ostia
Authors: Wilson Frederick H.
Published: August 2013

The first of these Studies was concerned chiefly with the history of Ostia during the period when the city was still growing and its prosperity increasing. Even so, during the period already considered, the prosperity of Ostia, though real, was to this extent artificial, in that it depended upon factors over which the citizens themselves had no control. Ostia was the port of Rome, and nothing else, and in consequence any lowering of the standard of living in, or reduction of imports into the capital city must have had immediate and marked repercussions upon her prosperity. She even lacked to a great extent those reserves of wealth which in other cities might be drawn upon to tide over bad times. The typical citizen of Ostia came to the city in the hope of making his fortune there; but when he had made it, he usually preferred to retire to some more pleasant town, such as Tibur, Tusculum, Velitrae, or Rome itself, where he could enjoy his leisure. Few families seem to have remained in the city for more than two, or, at the most, three generations. Whilst therefore fortunes were made in Ostia, wealth was not accumulated there.
Gildas: Some Textual Notes and Corrections
Authors: Davies W. H.
Published: August 2013

The Preface to the Penitential of Gildas has hitherto been found in only one MS., preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris ( = Lat. 3182). This MS. is a large parchment codex of the tenth—eleventh centuries, containing a collection of canons, decretals, penitential fragments, etc. taken from many sources, e.g. the Collectio Canonum Hibernensis, the Lex Salica, etc. After an extract on pp. 279–80 headed ‘Item synodus sapientia sic de decimis disputant’, the Gildasian preface follows on p. 280 with ‘Incipit prefacio Gildae de poenitentia’, concluding on p. 281 with ‘hue usque Gildas incipitnunc sinodus aquilonalis Britanniae’. Most editions of this penitential are reprints of F. Wasserschleben's text. Based on a collation by Dr. Knust, it is defective from the standpoint of readings and palaeographical information.

The following collation has utilised, apparently for the first time, a newly-discovered MS. of the penitential, now in the Bibliothèque Municipale at Cambrai ( = No. 625, ff. 52–53). If the catalogue date, viz. saec. ix, is correct, then this MS. is earlier than Paris Lat. 3182.
Minos and Daidalos in Sicily
Authors: Dunbabin T. J.
Published: August 2013

My subject in this paper is the familiar one of the impact of civilised on uncivilised in the widest extension of Minoan and Mycenaean civilisation. In dealing with the earliest relations between the Aegean and Italy, I do not propose to discuss the parallels which have been drawn between the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age pottery of the two sides of the Adriatic. The unquestioned likenesses may be due to sharing a common heritage, and do not prove direct contact between the two areas.

Probably as early as the Middle Minoan I period, at the end of the third millennium, Minoan navigators occasionally reached Sicily. The earliest Cretan objects in the West are sporadic, and may have passed from hand to hand. But from the close of the Early Minoan period liparite is found regularly in Crete, and it is natural to suppose that the Cretans, went to the Lipari Islands to get it. It is suggested also that tin, which from the same period was increasingly used in alloying copper, was brought from the Western Mediterranean. On the other side, there are many Sicilian II swords and daggers which imitate L.M.I. types. Most of these cannot be so old as their prototypes. Though there are no weapons in Sicily which are certainly Minoan, it is clear that Minoan swords must have been imported, and served as models for a Siculan type which had a long currency.
C. Fonteius Capito and the Libri Tagetici
Authors: Weinstock Stefan
Published: August 2013

Lydus quotes a Capito three times, a Fonteius four times, Capito and Fonteius together twice, and adds that they were contemporaries of Varro and Sallust. He calls Capito a ἱερεύς, makes him an interpreter of the Etruscan Tages, and attributes a few oracles to him as well as some calendary matter. He calls Fonteius a ῾Ρωμαῖος, refers to his oracles, his interpretation of the Etruscan discipline and his work περὶ ἀγαλμάτων, and gives his ‘Tonitruale’ in Greek translation. Modern scholars identify Capito with the antiquarian Sinnius or the jurist Ateius Capito, and they assign Fonteius to the imperial period but leave him unidentified. There is nothing in the texts to support these suggestions. My conjecture is that we have to deal with one man, C. Fonteius Capito, who was ‘ad unguem factus homo, Antoni, non ut magis alter, amicus’ (Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 32 f.). Born c. 80, he became pontifex apparently after 44, when, with the help of Antony, Lepidus was elected pontifex maximus. He soon received another office from Antony—according to Groag that of a tribune—and went with him to the East. These facts emerge from an (unpublished) inscription from Cos, of c. 39, which calls him a ἱερεύς and records that, on his request, the rule of Antony was accepted on Cos.
A Seaside Villa in Tripolitania
Authors: Alcock Leslie
Published: August 2013

East of Sabratha the coast of the Mediterranean Sea is formed by a line of soft sandstone cliffs. These, which are scarcely more than twenty feet high, are divided by low headlands into shallow bays. Below the cliffs, the foreshore is sometimes of harder rocks, flat or weathered into sharp spines and pinnacles; sometimes of fine sand, equally ideal for bathing or for beaching boats. Inland run low sand-dunes, barren now except for the desert shrubs on which Arab boys graze their goats. But this coast was fertile once, for here and there one may find scatters of pottery, Hellenistic, Arretine, and Roman coarse wares; or lines of square-cut well-laid masonry, which mark the sites of Roman baths, mausolea and villas. One such group of buildings forms the subject of this paper.

The site (Fig. 1) was discovered by Mr. J. B. Ward Perkins, the Director of the Sabratha Expedition (1948), who noticed foundations cut into the rocks of the foreshore, and short stretches of wall protruding from the sand dunes above the cliffs: clear evidence that a villa had once stood there. It was not possible to spare either Arab labour or supervising staff for a full-scale excavation of the site, but it seemed worth-while to make some record of the buildings. Mr. N. de l'E. Thomas and I decided, therefore, to devote what spare time we had to investigating the villa and, when its importance had been recognized, we were aided by four Arab workers.
The Aqueduct of Aspendos
Authors: Perkins J. B. Ward
Published: August 2013

Among the many fine antiquities of the Roman period that are preserved in Pamphylia, none is more immediately impressive than the aqueduct of Aspendos. The upper town of Aspendos occupies an oval, flat-topped hill, some 50 acres in extent and river about 60 m. above the meadows on the right bank of the Köyürirmaǧi, the ancient river Eurymedon. The rock of which the hill is composed is a coarse, pebbly conglomerate, and despite its modest height the hill-top is sharply defined, with steeply scarped slopes on all four sides. The eastern part of the Pamphylian plain, unlike the level, terraced limestones of the Antalya district, consists of gently rolling quaternary formations. The foothills of the Isaurian mountains are not far distant to the east, and there is higer ground only a short way to the north. But the site of Aspendos was cut off from the former by the Eurymedon itself, and from the latter by the wide, shelving valley of one of its western tributaries; and although the site is not one of outstanding natural strength, it was the obvious choice for a settlement in a district which, in antiquity as today, commanded the lowest practicable crossing for all land-traffic between eastern and western Pamphylia.
Florentine families and Florentine diaries in the fourteenth century
Authors: Jones P. J.
Published: August 2013

‘In the name of God, amen. The notebook of Guido Filippi dell'Antella, in which he will set down certain memorials (ricordanze), beginning on the Kalends of March, in the year Mcclxxxxviii.’ These words form the perfunctory but typical heading of one of the first in a long and miscellaneous series of private memoirs which survive in such numbers from so many different families as to make it probable they were kept by every man of business or distinction in later medieval Florence. Every variety of information is contained in them, from business accounts and details of estate management to records of taxation, births, marriages and deaths, family feuds, and the dry record in certain instances of successful vendetta. Not all were simply domestic chronicles : the history of Florence, even at its most democratic, remains in large measure the history of its principal families, whose diaries therefore may be purely political. Even so, business and financial memoranda are normally present if not predominant in ricordanze, and for this reason they may represent the earliest and most simple type of book-keeping.
Urban Change in Early Medieval Italy: The Example of Pavia
Authors: Bullough D. A.
Published: August 2013

Prefatory Note.—My interest in Pavia goes back at least to 1951 when I was elected Rome Scholar in Medieval Studies. I began seriously to collect material for the history of the city in the early Middle Ages in the winter and spring of 1953 when I enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Collegio Ghislieri, thanks to the efforts made on my behalf by the late Hugh Last, to whose memory this article is dedicated. The published proceedings of the Reichenau and Spoleto congresses on ‘The early medieval town’ in the 1950s clearly underlined the need for detailed studies of particular towns; but the lack of adequate archaeological evidence discouraged me from attempting such a study of early medieval Pavia. In 1964, however, Dr. A. Peroni, Director of the Museo Civico invited me to read a supplementary paper on this topic to the Convegno di Studio sul Centro Storico di Pavia held in the Università degli Studi at Pavia on July 4th and 5th of that year. The present article is an amplified and corrected version of that paper: I have made no substantial alterations to my account of the ‘urbanistica’ of early medieval Pavia—written for an audience of architects and art-historians as well as of historians—but have dealt more fully with the social history of the city in this period. Professor Richard Krautheimer read a draft of the revised version and made some pointed and helpful comments. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Peroni, not merely for the invitation to present the original paper but also for supplying illustrations and answering queries at a time when he and his staff were engaged in helping to repair the ravages of the Florence floods.
A Late Fifteenth-Century Division Register of the College of Cardinals
Authors: Antonovics A. V.
Published: August 2013

How much revenue did the College of Cardinals receive as a corporate financial organisation in the late fifteenth century? What was the share of individual cardinals from the corporate sources of the College?

These are questions to which as yet no answer has been given, though materials long known to historians of papal finance exist towards answering them. The most important of these records are the division registers of the College of Cardinals contained in the series of Vatican Cameral documents entitled ‘Obligationes et Solutiones.’ Only one such register (vol. 80 in the series) survives for the late fifteenth century, while a fuller number are extant for the earlier period, notably three under Eugenius IV forming a continuous series for the pontificate. These earlier volumes, some rather different in character, deserve closer study in themselves and will be used here merely for general comparisons.

While numerous sections of vol. 80 have been studied and printed the register has rarely been considered as a whole or for what its main original purpose was, namely to record the cardinals' shares in the service taxes.
Documents on Frederick IV of Sicily's Intervention in Malta: 1372
Authors: Sturch W. D. , Bresc H.
Published: August 2013

The documents published below relate to an exceptional event in Sicilian and Maltese history: the presence on Malta to suppress a rebellion, which was actually led by the royal captain, of a Sicilian king supported by a foreign fleet, that of the Genoese. These documents were known to Gian Luca Barberi, who used information from them in his Capibrevi at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and to the great Maltese historian Gianfrancesco Abela, who was the first to make known a number of these documents concerning the Sicilian monarch's visit to Malta. Abela also knew, from another source, of the attack on the island by Genoese galleys under the command of Tommaso Morchio, but his interpretation of these events was inspired by a monarchical loyalism which led him to ignore the real implications of the documents of 1372 and to construct the hypothesis of a royal visit to Malta designed to restore a situation provoked by a Genoese invasion of the island.

Roberto Valentini seems to have been the first to discern the core of the truth. He understood that the enfeoffments and collations made by Frederick IV between 10 and 14 November 1372 were the price paid for the support of certain families in the reconquest of Malta and Gozo.
The Circus Flaminius
Authors: Wiseman T. P.
Published: August 2013

Ever since Professor Gatti's epoch-making paper in 1960, the Circus Flaminius and its buildings have been the subject of intensive argument. The problems involved are many and complex; this paper is an attempt to make sense of them by concentrating in the first instance on the implications of the ancient evidence, both as to the nature of the Circus itself (Section I) and on the history of its development and the buildings within it (II). There follows a discussion of Gatti's theory about the position of the Circus and of Professor Marchetti Longhi's objections to it (III), and a critical consideration of some of the ideas advanced on the basis of Gatti's position (IV), in particular Dr. Coarelli's identification of the temple of Bellona (V). A brief conclusion (VI) sums up what I believe the combined evidence implies.
The Surviving Remains of the Leonine Wall. Part II: The Passetto
Authors: Gibson Sheila , Ward-Perkins Bryan
Published: August 2013

LE MURA LEONIANE II: IL PASSETTO

Le mura leoniane furono costruite intorno alla zona vaticana dopo il sacheggio di S. Pietro da parte dei Saraceni nel 846. Lunghi tratti di queste mura sono ancora conservati. In un primo articolo (Gibson and Ward-Perkins, 1979) gli autori hanno descritto in modo dettagliato il tratto ora racchiuso nei giardini vaticano. In questo articolo forniscono una descrizione ed una documentazione grafica e fotografica della parte che nel sec. XV era inglobata nel ‘Passetto’, che porta da Castel S. Angelo ai palazzi pontifici. Lungo il Passetto, della costruzione originale del nono secolo sono ancora in piedi vari tratti di cortina, quattro torri ed una latrina; il tutto costruito in laterizi di rimpiego coll'uso occasionale di filari in grandi blocchi di tufo. In un secondo momento, databile dalla tecnica muraria, che sembra quella del sec. XII, fu aggiunto alla costruzione originale un rialzamento con un'arcata aperta verso l'interno della città vaticana. Nella parte conclusiva del articolo le mura leoniane vengono confrontate con quelle tardo romane di Roma: un confronto che dimostra sia la loro derivazione stilistica da quelle romane, che la grandezza minore e la tecnica molto inferiore della costruzione leoniana.
L'Ager Veientanus in Età Repubblicana
Authors: Liverani Paolo
Published: August 2013

THE AGER VEIENTANUS IN THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD

The article examines the population of the territory of Veii in the republican period. While the Roman conquest does not seem to have radically changed the Etruscan settlement pattern, perhaps leaving some of the former inhabitants on their lands, a much more serious break is detectable in the second century B.C., when there seems to have been a major economic and demographic crisis. This is not an isolated phenomenon, but one common to the territory along the Tiber, the west of Latium and the neighbourhood of Rome; it must be due to the upheavals initiated by the second Punic war and the unbalance caused in the region by the enormous political, demographic and economic growth of Rome. The late-republican territory of Veii looks like a depressed area, and shows no traces of the villa system of agricultural exploitation until the Augustan period.
Pigs, Plebeians andPotentes: Rome's Economic Hinterland,c.350–600A.D.
Authors: Barnish S. J. B.
Published: August 2013

MAIALI, PLEBEI E ‘POTENTES’: L'ENTROTERRA ECONOMICO DI ROMA CA. NEL 350–600 d.C.

Questo articolo mette in relazione la villa lucana di San Giovanni di Ruoti, scavata di recente, ed altri siti dell'Italia meridionale, con i cambiamenti nella popolazione romana e nelle necessità alimentari nel V e VI secolo d.C. L'aumento o la diminuzione della prosperità nella regione sono legate anche alla commutazione monetaria delle tasse, e allo sviluppo dell'economia mediterranea nel suo insieme. Si sostiene che il commercio e la produzione locale dipendevano dagli scambi extra-regionali ma allo stesso tempo erano in concorrenza con loro. Questo rapporto è strettamente connesso al declino dell'autorità centrale nel regno ostrogoto e negli stati contemporanei, e alla restaurazione di Giustiniano dell'impero romano a occidente. Questo evento si dimostrò disastroso in egual misura per le economie regionali e per quelle mediterranee.
Roman Amphorae and the Ager Falernus under the Empire
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: August 2013

ANFORE ROMANE E AGER FALERNUS SOTTO L'IMPERO

L'articolo illustra alcune forme di anfore fino ad ora sconosciute trovate nell'Ager Falernus in siti provvisti di fornaci. La loro identificazione è particolarmente importante, in quanto sembrano postdatare l'anfora forma Dressel 2–4, il tipico contenitore commerciale di vino del primo periodo imperiale prodotto in questa zona. Se le nuove anfore erano destinate al trasporto del vino dagli inizi del secondo secolo d.C. in poi, ciò costituirebbe una valida evidenza archeologica a sostegno dell'impressione ricavata dalle fonti di una produzione ed esportazione continua del vino falerno fino agli inizi del quarto secolo almeno.
The Caudine Forks: Topography and Illusion
Authors: Horsfall Nicholas
Published: August 2013

LE FORCHE CAUDINE: TOPOGRAFIA E ILLUSIONE

Il sito della sconfitta romana alle Forche Caudine non viene messo seriamente in dubbio; il dubbio semmai viene dalla lettura del resoconto di Livio. La sua descrizione delle mosse tattiche non trova corrispondenza nelle caratteristiche del terreno. Livio racconta un tipo di battaglia molto diverso, essenzialmente un agguato, posto in una stretta valle montuosa. E' evidente che il resoconto di Livio non indica un'analisi in prima persona ma ha il carattere di una formula, contiene numerosi particolari calcolati per minimizzare la sconfitta romana ed è forse influenzato da dettagli copiati dalle desscrizioni delle campagne di Alessandro.
Textiles and their painted imitations in early medieval Rome
Authors: Osborne John
Published: August 2013

TESSUTI E LE LORO IMITAZIONI DIPINTE NELLA ROMA ALTO MEDIEVALE

L'articolo esamina il fenomeno dell'imitazione dei tendaggi, o vela, che furono dipinti sui plinti delle mura delle chiese a Roma durante l'alto medioevo. La ricomparsa di questa pratica, che ha precedenti in epoca classica, avvenuta a Roma intorno al 700 d.C., è collegata con la contemporanea diffusione di idee artistiche e liturgiche provenienti da Bisanzio, così come al fiorire di commerci legati ai tessuti che potrebbero essere stati utilizzati come modelli per tali copie dipinte. Vari siti della Roma medievale sono qui analizzati, compresi S. Maria Antiqua, S. Clemente, S. Crisogono, e S. Saba; viene inoltre formulato un modello che tenga conto dei cambiamenti delle forme e dei motivi decorativi dei vela durante l'ottavo, il nono e il decimo secolo.
Continuitists, catastrophists, and the towns of post-Roman northern Italy
Authors: Ward-Perkins Bryan
Published: August 2013

‘CONTINUISTI’, CATASTROFISTI E LA CITTÀ DELL'ITALIA SETTENTRIONALE POST-ROMANA

Negli ultimi quindici anni si è sviluppato un vivace dibattito sulla natura delle città nell'Italia settentrionale post-Romana. Tale discussione ha avuto luogo poichè resti di questo periodo rinvenuti in recenti scavi urbani si sono rivelati sistematicamente poco appariscenti. In questo articolo l'autore discute i principali articoli e libri — elencati e brevemente descritti in bibliografia — che hanno contribuito al dibattito. In particolare viene evidenziato che, sebbene gli studiosi tendono a giungere a conclusioni molto diverse su quanto ‘urbanizzate’ le città post-romane fossero, di fatto hanno molto in comune per quanto riguarda i dati specifici in discussione. L'autore ipotizza che la differenza nelle conclusioni raggiunte dagli studiosi è dovuta in gran parte alle diverse aspettative su cosa una ‘città’ dovrebbe essere. Tale divergenza è stata incoraggiata dalla natura molto diversa dell'evidenza materiale e dei testi scritti e dalle differenze in aspettativa tra romanisti e medievisti, tra autori italiani e britannici e tra storici ed archeologi. Le città dell'Italia post-romana si sono rivelate un vivace campo di battaglia nel più ampio dibattito sulla natura della ‘Dark Age’.
A Topographical Study of the Battle of Ausculum
Authors: Salmon E. T.
Published: August 2013

Pyrrhus, after the campaign of 280 B.C., spent the winter in Tarentum, whence in the spring of the following year he made an advance into Apulia and captured a number of towns. Shortly, however, he found his path blocked by a substantial Roman force stationed on the territory of the obscure town of Ausculum. Obscure though this town might be, it was of strategic importance. Two roads crossed there—the Via Aurelia Aeclanensis (leading from Aeclanum to Herdoniae) and the Via Herculia (leading from Aequum Tuticum to Venusia). It is still possible to describe the town as controlling one of the three southern entrances into Apulia.

It has been suggested that Pyrrhus' object in this Apulian invasion was to capture Venusia, the recently founded, prodigiously strong Latin colony. To the present writer, this seems most improbable. The venture would have taken a good deal of time and effort, and it would certainly have cost many lives which Pyrrhus could spare but ill. This is especially true if the town was by then provided with a wall, as Beloch thinks. It seems more probable that Pyrrhus had another plan in mind. In the preceding year he had advanced into Latium, at least as far as Anagnia, and possibly even as far as Praeneste, his purpose being, not to besiege Rome, but to try to provoke by his presence a general defection of Rome's allies in that region. Unfortunately for Pyrrhus, those Latian allies were bound too tightly to Rome, and no movement followed.
The Date of the Mosaics of the Rotunda at Thessaloniki
Authors: Vickers Michael
Published: August 2013

In a recent important article on the mosaics of the basilica of St. Demetrius at Thessaloniki, R. S. Cormack proposes a list of churches in the city with mosaics ‘for which a late fifth century date must be considered.’ The list comprises the Acheiropoietos basilica, the first phase of the basilica of St. Demetrius, and Hosios David. The purpose of this article is to show that the mosaics of the second phase of the Rotunda (now known as the church of St. George) should be included in Cormack's list.

The first thing to note about the Rotunda mosaics is that there has been less than unanimity concerning the date of their construction. Volbach, Lazarev and Cormack, amongst others, follow Dyggve and Torp in dating the mosaics to c. 400 or slightly earlier; Diehl and Dalton dated them to the fifth century, Weigand to the sixth and Holtzinger to the seventh or eighth century, all on largely stylistic grounds. What are obviously needed are some objective dating criteria, and these are to be found, not so much in the mosaics themselves, but rather in the building fabric and the furniture of the converted Rotunda. The conversion of the Rotunda, incidentally, consisted of the blocking of an opaion in the cupola and the addition of an ambulatory, a monumental entrance to the south, an apse to the east (Plate XXIII) and various subsidiary buildings to east and west. The mosaics were placed in the cupola and in the niches which connected the main body of the Rotunda with the ambulatory.
Gene therapy for therapeutic angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Hammer Alexandra , Steiner Sabine
Published: August 2013

Background: Beyond pharmacological, endovascular and surgical treatment strategies for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), therapeutic angiogenesis has been advocated to relieve symptoms and support limb salvage, in particular in patients with critical limb ischemia. We aimed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of gene therapy in PAD. Patients and methods: A systematic search of electronic databases was performed to identify RCTs studying local administration of pro-angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, FGF, HGF, Del-1, HIF-1alpha) using plasmid or viral gene transfer by intra-arterial or intra-muscular injections. Outcomes of interest comprised all-cause mortality, amputations, ulcer healing, walking distance and ankle-brachial index. If feasible, standard meta-analysis should be performed with subgroup analysis for claudicants and patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). Results: The systematic search yielded 12 RCTs for analysis from 1163 citations. In total, 1494 patients (29 % females) were included with the majority suffering from CLI (64 %). Various endpoints were improved by single studies, but none by a majority of studies. Meta-analysis showed neither a significant benefit nor harm for gene therapy when synthesizing data for all-cause mortality (OR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.62 - 1.26) amputations (OR 0.64, 95 % CI 0.31 - 1.31) or ulcer healing (OR 1.79, 95 % CI 0.8 - 4.01). No differences were seen between patients with intermittent claudication or CLI. Conclusions: Despite promising results in single studies, no clear benefit could be identified for gene therapy in PAD patients, irrespective of disease severity.