bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Permeation Study of Different Types of Myoglobin Layer‐by‐Layer Films and the Effect of Film Permeability on Their Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lu Haiyun , Hu Naifei
Published: July 2006

Three different types of myoglobin (Mb) layer‐by‐layer films were assembled respectively with TiO2 sol‐gel by vapor‐surface deposition, TiO2 nanoparticles, and poly(styrenesulfonate), designated as {SG‐TiO2/Mb}n, {NP‐TiO2/Mb}n, and {PSS/Mb}n. The permeability of the films was studied and compared by rotating disk voltammetry (RDV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with different electroactive probes, showing a general permeability sequence of {SG‐TiO2/Mb}n>{NP‐TiO2/Mb}n>{PSS/Mb}n. The electrochemical and electrocatalytic activity of Mb in these films were also investigated and compared by cyclic voltammetry (CV), RDV, and amperometry, indicating that among the three Mb films, {SG‐TiO2/Mb}n films demonstrated the highest maximum surface concentration of electroactive Mb and the best electrocatalytic performances toward reduction of H2O2. All these advantages could be attributed to the unique architecture and porous structure of {SG‐TiO2/Mb}n films, which could greatly facilitate the mass transport of small counterions and catalytic substrates within the films. The various influencing factors on the permeability, electrochemistry, and electrocatalysis of the Mb films were also investigated in detail.
p51/p63, a novel p53 homologue, potentiates p53 activity and is a human cancer gene therapy candidate
Authors: Kunisaki Reiko , Ikawa Shuntaro , Maeda Toyoki , Nakazaki Yukoh , Kurita Ryo , Harata Masamitsu , Shutoh Yukinobu , Bai Yuang Sung , Soda Yasushi , Tanabe Tsuyoshi , Dohi Taeko , Kato Rie , Ikawa Yoji , Asano Shigetaka , Tani Kenzaburo
Published: July 2006

Background

p51 (p73L/p63/p40/KET), a recently isolated novel p53 homologue, binds to p53‐responsive elements to upregulate some p53 target genes and has been suggested to share partially overlapping functions with p53. p51 may be a promising candidate target molecule for anti‐cancer therapy.

Methods

In this study, we adenovirally transduced p51A cDNA into human lung, gastric and pancreatic cancer cells and analyzed the intracellular function of p51 in anti‐oncogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

Results

Overexpression of p51A revealed an anti‐proliferative effect in vitro in all the cancer cells examined in this study. The anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent cell growth of EBC1 cells carrying mutations in both p51 and p53 was suppressed and significant apoptosis following adenoviral transduction with p51 and/or p53 was seen. This growth suppression was cooperatively enhanced by the combined infection with adenoviral vectors encoding both p51 and p53. Furthermore, p51 activated several, but not all, p53‐inducible genes, indicating that the mechanisms controlling p51‐ and p53‐mediated tumor suppression differed.

Conclusions

Our observations indicate that, although p51 exhibited reduced anti‐oncogenetic effects compared with p53, it cooperatively enhanced the anti‐tumor effects of p53. Our results suggest that p51 functions as a tumor suppressor in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and may be useful as a potential tool for cancer gene therapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of different atmospheric‐pressure interfaces for LC‐MS/MS determination of acrylamide in water at sub‐ppb levels
Authors: Marín José M. , Pozo Óscar J. , Sancho Juan V. , Pitarch Elena , López Francisco J. , Hernández Félix
Published: July 2006

A rapid, sensitive and selective method based on LC‐MS/MS has been developed for the direct determination of acrylamide residues in water in compliance with the current European Union (EU) 98/83 Drinking Water Directive. Given the high polarity of acrylamide, the application of a rapid on‐line solid phase extraction step, commonly used for preconcentrating low analyte levels, was not found to be completely satisfactory. Therefore, an alternative approach based on the use of direct large‐volume injection into the LC‐MS/MS system has been used. Three atmospheric‐pressure interfaces (ESI, APCI and Ion Sabre APCI) were checked to reach the required sensitivity (0.1 µg/l). All three interfaces were tested by analysis of six different water samples (surface water, groundwater, drinking water and three treated water samples) spiked at three concentration levels each (0.1, 1 and 10 µg/l). When using ESI, poor sensitivity and high matrix effects were observed. This situation improved when APCI was used as the interface because no matrix effect was found, although sensitivity was not completely satisfactory. The best results were obtained by interfacing the Ion Sabre APCI; its higher sensitivity for acrylamide (LOD 0.03 µg/l) and the absence of matrix effects recommended its selection. Using this approach, satisfactory recoveries (90–97%) and precision (<12%) were obtained for all water samples studied. Besides, the acquisition of two different MS/MS transitions allowed not only the quantification but also the confirmation of acrylamide in water at concentration levels around 0.1 µg/l. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model salad dressing emulsion stability as affected by the type of the lupin seed protein isolate
Authors: Papalamprou Evdoxia , Doxastakis Georgios , Kiosseoglou Vassilios
Published: July 2006

Model salad dressing emulsions of an oil volume fraction of 0.50 were prepared using two types of lupin seed protein isolate (LSPI) differing in the method applied for their isolation and their protein composition. The dressing stability against creaming and droplet coalescence were studied and correlated with data on oil droplet size, rheological characteristics and the amount of protein adsorption at the droplet surfaces. Model salad dressing emulsions containing the isolate, mainly composed of lupin globulins, exhibited higher stability and more pronounced rheological characteristics compared to those prepared with the isolate enriched in albumins or with the mixture of the two isolates. The lupin albumins appeared to displace the globulins from the droplet surfaces, following competitive adsorption from mixtures of the two types of the lupin isolates. The results are discussed in terms of droplet interaction and rearrangement as they are influenced by the presence of the adsorbed protein molecules and aggregates which appear to determine long‐term stability of the emulsion systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The reactivity of Ni(II) toward aspartic and glutamic monohydroxamates
Authors: Al‐Sogair Fawzia , Marafie Hayat M. , Shuaib Nadia M. , Youngo Hamido Ben , El‐Ezaby Mohamed S.
Published: July 2006

The formation of complexes of Ni(II) with aspartic and glutamic acid hydroxamates was determined by potentiometric methods at I = 0.15 M NaCl and T = 25°C. The equilibrium study of Ni(II) with ASX or GLX revealed that the predominant species formed in solution were (M:L:H+): (1:1:0), (1:1:1), (2:1:0), and (2:1:1) in the whole pH range (∼3–11). The formation of polymeric species was not observed. The octahedral structures were predicted in which the ligands act as tridentate ligands. The kinetics of complex formation between Ni(II) with ASX system as well as Ni(II) with GLX were also studied in a wide pH range. The observed rate constants for the Ni(II)‐hydroxamates were found to be dependent on the total concentration of hydroxamates at a given pH through the following relations: kobs = Y0 + Z(TASX) and kobs = Y0 + Z(TGLX) + W(TGLX)2. The trans effect of the hydroxyl group present in the reacting species of Ni(OH)+ as well as a ring closure resulted from ligand chelation are introduced as explanations for the rate constants obtained for the reactions of Ni(II) with ASX or GLX. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 540–552, 2006
Effects of Cellulose Whiskers on Properties of Soy Protein Thermoplastics
Authors: Wang Yixiang , Cao Xiaodong , Zhang Lina
Published: July 2006

Summary: Environmentally‐friendly SPI/cellulose whisker composites were successfully prepared using a colloidal suspension of cellulose whiskers, to reinforce soy protein isolate (SPI) plastics. The cellulose whiskers, having an average length of 1.2 µm and diameter of 90 nm, respectively, were prepared from cotton linter pulp by hydrolyzing with sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The effects of the whisker content on the morphology and properties of the glycerol‐plasticized SPI composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, water‐resistivity testing and tensile testing. The results indicated that, with the addition of 0 to 30 wt.‐% of cellulose whiskers, strong interactions occurred both between the whiskers and between the filler and the SPI matrix, reinforcing the composites and preserving their biodegradability. Both the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the SPI/cellulose whisker composites increased from 5.8 to 8.1 MPa and from 44.7 to 133.2 MPa, respectively, at a relative humidity of 43%, following an increase of the whisker content from 0 to 30 wt.‐%. Furthermore, the incorporation of the cellulose whiskers into the SPI matrix led to an improvement in the water resistance for the SPI‐based composites.

The tensile strength (▴), Young's modulus (•) and elongation at break (•) of SPI/cellulose whisker composites conditioned at 0% RH with various cellulose whisker contents.

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The tensile strength (▴), Young's modulus (•) and elongation at break (•) of SPI/cellulose whisker composites conditioned at 0% RH with various cellulose whisker contents.
Chain Conformations of Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) Pre and Post an Electrospinning Process
Authors: Minato Ken‐Ichi , Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: July 2006

Summary: In order to reveal mechanisms for the electrospinning of proteins, this study focuses on the polymer chain conformation, which is considered to be a critical factor for successful electrospinning. Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (PBLG) is employed and the relationships between the chain conformations of the pre‐spun PBLG molecules and the morphologies of the post‐spun PBLG fibers are investigated. By combining viscosity measurements, and circular dichroism and FT‐IR spectroscopies, chain conformations of the pre‐ and post‐spun PBLG are characterized. The chain conformations of the pre‐spun PBLG changes from an α‐helix to a random coil upon changing the solvent ratios of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and trifluoroacetic acid (CF3COOH) from 100:0 to 0:100. In an α‐helix conformation, the morphology of PBLG fibers is relatively thick, while that of the random coil is thin and homogenous. The mean fiber diameters decrease when the chain conformations change from an α‐helix to a random coil. FT‐IR spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that electrospinning predominantly induces an α‐helical conformation in post‐spun PBLG fibers, and more highly crystallized fibers are generated as the α‐helical content in the pre‐spun solution increases.

SEM images of the electrospun PBLG fibers ($\overline {DP}$ = 1 200) at DCM/TFA ratios of a) 100:0, b) 90:10, c) 80:20, and d) 0:100 (magnification: ×1 000, scale bars: 20 µm).

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SEM images of the electrospun PBLG fibers ($\overline {DP}$ = 1 200) at DCM/TFA ratios of a) 100:0, b) 90:10, c) 80:20, and d) 0:100 (magnification: ×1 000, scale bars: 20 µm).
Hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) Polymers for Gene Delivery
Authors: Veron Laurent , Ganée Arnaud , Ladavière Catherine , Delair Thierry
Published: July 2006

Summary: The efficiency of cationic polymers as transfectants is thought to be closely related to their DNA association/dissociation properties. An incomplete polymer‐DNA dissociation could explain the relatively low gene expression obtained with p(DMAEMA) polymers. Our approach was to synthesize a p(DMAEMA) analogue, p(DMAPEMA), bearing an hydrolyzable cationic group incorporated into the pendant chain with a view to improving transfection. The complexation of DNA with both polymers was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis, size and zeta potential measurements, as well as the dissociation of the polyplexes, after treatment by an anionic polymer, sodium hydroxide or heat. The transfection efficiencies of the polyplexes were evaluated with 293T and BHK21 cells in comparison with Exgen 500. P(DMAPEMA) polymers were able to complex DNA and to release it in a free intact form after an alkaline treatment or storage at 37 °C. Poly(aspartic acid) was unable to dissociate p(DMAPEMA) based polyplexes, in contrast to p(DMAEMA) ones. No transfection was obtained with p(DMAPEMA) with both cell lines. A slow hydrolysis under physiological conditions resulting in the absence of DNA unpacking or endosomal entrapment could explain these results. Better transfection results were obtained with polyplexes which were able to be dissociated by electrostatic interactions rather than ones which required the hydrolysis mechanism to release free DNA into cells.

Scheme of hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) polymer.

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Scheme of hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) polymer.
On the cotangent cohomology of rational surface singularities with almost reduced fundamental cycle
Authors: Stølen Gustavsen Trond
Published: July 2006

We prove dimension formulas for the cotangent spaces T 1 and T 2 for a class of rational surface singularities by calculating a correction term in the general dimension formulas. We get that it is zero if the dual graph of the rational surface singularity X does not contain a particular type of configurations, and this generalizes a result of Theo de Jong stating that the correction term c (X ) is zero for rational determinantal surface singularities. In particular our result implies that c (X ) is zero for Riemenschneiders quasi‐determinantal rational surface singularities, and this also generalizes results for quotient singularities. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Hausdorff‐like moment problem and the inversion of the Laplace transform
Authors: Dung Nguyen , Huy Nguyen Vu , Quan Pham Hoang , Trong Dang Duc
Published: July 2006

We consider the problem of finding u ∈ L 2(I ), I = (0, 1), satisfying

∫I u (x )x dx = μ k ,

where k = 0, 1, 2, …, (α k ) is a sequence of distinct real numbers greater than –1/2, and μ = (μ kl ) is a given bounded sequence of real numbers. This is an ill‐posed problem. We shall regularize the problem by finite moments and then, apply the result to reconstruct a function on (0, +∞) from a sequence of values of its Laplace transforms. Error estimates are given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Detecting and creating oscillations using multifractal methods
Authors: Seuret Stéphane
Published: July 2006

By comparing the Hausdorff multifractal spectrum with the large deviations spectrum of a given continuous functionf, we find sufficient conditions ensuring thatfpossesses oscillating singularities.

Using a similar approach, we study the nonlinear wavelet threshold operator which associates with any functionf= ∑j∑kdj,kψj,k∈L2(ℝ) the function seriesftwhose wavelet coefficients aredtj,k=dj,k1, for some fixed real numberγ> 0. This operator creates a context propitious to have oscillating singularities. As a consequence, we prove that the seriesftmay have a multifractal spectrum with a support larger than the one off.

We exhibit an example of functionf∈L2(ℝ) such that the associated thresholded function seriesfteffectively possesses oscillating singularities which were not present in the initial functionf. This seriesftis a typical example of function with homogeneous non‐concave multifractal spectrum and which does not satisfy the classical multifractal formalisms. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complete 1H and 13C assignments of fluorinated analogs of dehydroepiandrosterone
Authors: Burgess Jason P. , Wintermute James S. , Thomas Brian F. , Kapetanovic Izet M.
Published: July 2006

The complete assignments of all 1H and 13C chemical shifts were made for the fluorinated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) analog fluasterone, 2, and two potential in vivo metabolites 3 and 4. The assignments were made using a combination of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques (1H, 13C, gDQCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC). Once the proton chemical shifts were assigned, the stereochemistry of the two hydroxylated analogs was determined using 2D ROESY experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate public affairs: necessary cost or value‐added asset?
Authors: Richards Don C.
Published: July 2006

This paper examines the valuation tools available to measure the financial contribution that public affairs activities add to the corporate bottom line. The paper begins with a consideration of the state of quantification in public affairs. Next, theoretical frameworks for broad classes of valuation methodologies are presented. Specific models applied by companies are also examined, outlining their advantages and limitations. The paper concludes with recommendations for implementing quantitative financial measures and opportunities for future research. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
MPs and web technologies: an untapped opportunity?
Authors: Jackson Nigel
Published: July 2006

MPs have not previously been assigned a major role in electoral campaigning, being considered only one element of a political party's ‘marketing’ tools for winning votes. Evidence now suggests that the relationship between MPs and their constituents is changing. The concept of ‘constituency service’ implies that individual MPs can have a much greater influence on local voters and so possibly buck national trends. At the same time the concept of the ‘permanent campaign’ is transforming political campaigning whereby the political elite needs ever‐greater control of the tools used to provide messages to voters. The internet is a potential battleground between MPs who want greater control of their own local campaigning and the party elite who want to ensure a consistent, coherent and controlled message.

The Internet is a new addition to the campaigning armoury, yet the focus so far has been on e‐government, e‐democracy and election campaigns. By concentrating on how and why MPs use their websites this paper considers whether MPs have fully understood and utilised this new medium.

Key questions include whether their websites are ‘sticky’, interactive and a means of creating a targeted message.

The findings of this detailed study of MPs' websites show that apart from a few pioneers, MPs have not progressed beyond using the Internet as ‘shovelware’ — the vast majority view their website as an electronic brochure and not a new form of two‐way communication. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
‘Family Businesses Distributing America's Beverage’: managing government relations in the National Beer Wholesalers Association
Authors: McGrath Conor
Published: July 2006

Over the past decade, America's National Beer Wholesalers Association (NBWA) has transformed itself from an organisation lacking much political influence into one of the most powerful interest groups on Capitol Hill. The NBWA has been described as “the toughest lobby you never heard of” (Birnbaum 1998: 148). Its strategy over this period provides an ideal case study of how to manage government relations within a trade association. It demonstrates the importance of establishing and implementing a measurable strategy, maximising the impact of a range of lobbying tools and leveraging the political environment to operate as effectively as possible. Senator Ben Nelson (Dem, Nebraska) has stated that, ‘NBWA is one of the most effective trade associations in Washington DC, with a staff that is savvy to the public relations and marketing strategies required to be influential on Capitol Hill’ (Nelson 2001). Indeed, the fact that the NBWA's government relations programme is so explicitly based upon marketing principles is unusual from a British perspective; even in the American context, the strategy is executed particularly effectively. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Intersection of 21st century technology with 20th century laws: a case study in proactive issues management
Authors: Toohey Brian C. , Dailida Matthew , Bartholomew Linda Curry
Published: July 2006

The intersection of a high‐tech product with 20th century laws that would have inadvertently restricted its use provides an interesting case study in issues management. The authors describe how using ‘high‐tech•high‐touch’ as a technique for public policy change, as well as employing other traditional issues management tools, enabled significant success in achieving the company's public policy goals. As a result of this proactive issues management approach, the high‐tech SegwayTM Human Transporter (HT), a low‐speed self‐balancing, electrically powered, two‐wheeled personal mobility device (Figure 1) is permitted to operate freely in a significant part of its potential market area. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Political strategies of large companies and their significance for the implementation of the European single electricity market: the examples of France and Germany
Authors: Schumann Diana , Widmaier Ulrich
Published: July 2006

Electricity supply in the European member states has been a closed national public sector service without competition for a long time. Currently, the European electricity industry is subject to radical change resulting from the European directive establishing common rules for the internal market in electricity, which came into force in 1997. This paper attempts to explain the varying forms of implementation of the internal electricity market in France and Germany. First, it clarifies the special characteristics of electricity supply and European electricity policy. Secondly, the paper shows the divergent sectoral arrangements of the French and German electricity industries. Thirdly, it points out that the different degrees of linkage between the public players and the electricity companies in France and Germany produce different political strategies which are followed by the companies at the European level, especially those strategies which seek direct influence on the European Commission. Finally, the paper reveals the significance of these strategies in Brussels in terms of the implementation of the single electricity market in both member states. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Passage to cyberactivism: how dynamics of activism change
Authors: Illia Laura
Published: July 2006

The boost to activism to which the internet has largely contributed has been underlined by financial and image issues growing from hacker attacks and the online promotion of activist groups. Emergency corporate counteractions with regard to these cyber threats have not analysed this new phenomenon. The state of the research in this area has consistently remained at the period before the development and widespread use of the internet. Cyberactivism, therefore, is a cyber phenomenon without a clear meaning or a clear definition.

In order to understand cyberactivism, it is important to understand that it is much more than simply about hacking and activists' online promotion. It is a new phenomenon, growing out of activism but changing the pressure on corporations. With the internet, new dynamics of issue selection have been established and a different aggregation within groups has taken place. A new organisational set‐up among activist groups puts new pressure on corporations, which must develop new strategies concerning online rules. Cyber actions are originated by individuals triggering a spontaneous relationship between many users. The pressure is no longer the result of a long aggregation into association, but of an immediate and spontaneous network of relationships. Copyright © 2003 Henry Stewart Publications
Corporate restructurings: ripple effects on corporate philanthropy
Authors: Griffin Jennifer J.
Published: July 2006

Corporate restructurings, by their very nature, are inherently disrupting. With managerial discretion potentially curtailed, the ripple effects of restructurings are likely to be widespread and long‐lasting. This paper examines one ripple effect of corporate restructurings: the effects of donations from corporate philanthropic foundations after acquisitions. By extending the business strategy merger and acquisition (M&A) literature to include philanthropic activities and applying the corporate citizenship literature to an M&A context, the author creates a model and tests hypotheses. Simultaneous examination of the impacts of corporate citizenship and business strategy is warranted in today's research on corporate restructurings, since larger acquisitions are occurring more frequently, and acquisitions have the potential to adversely affect large numbers of individuals. As ever‐larger firms consolidate, with record‐breaking merger announcements, the potential for increased scrutiny by the media, shareholders, anti‐trust officials and salient stake‐holders is heightened. These findings, contrary to predictions, suggest that corporate philanthropy increases during the first year after an acquisition within the same industry. Moreover, the increase is sustained. Philanthropic donations continue to increase three years after acquisitions within the same industry. Implications for public affairs executives is examined. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Symbolism and the construction of political products: analysis of the political marketing strategies of peruvian President Alejandro Toledo
Authors: Patrón‐Galindo Pedro
Published: July 2006

This paper introduces a discussion on how to construct and systematise symbols constructions that serve to define the guidelines for political discourses, using rhetorical methodology. It analyses the political marketing strategies of current Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo and, more specifically, his efforts to recover popularity after one‐and‐a‐half years in office.

The fundamental hypothesis is that Toledo has not been able to construct a solid character (apart from being in opposition to Alberto Fujimori), who would be the protagonist in the ‘story’ of solving the real problems of the people, which, according to the opinion polls, are lack of employment, lack of opportunities, and lack of money for daily expenses. The rhetorical approach, based on Kenneth Burke's Dramatism Theory, is useful for understanding the construction of the political spectacle, the scene where all the marketing strategies and tools are applied. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Social networks and non‐market strategy
Authors: Mahon John F. , Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. , Lamertz Kai
Published: July 2006

To date, the field of non‐market strategy has little to offer in the way of an integrated perspective on the simultaneous management of strategic issues and corporate stakeholders. This paper employs social network analysis to make a number of theoretically grounded conjectures about the delicate relationships between stakeholder behaviour and issue evolution. It is found that social network analysis has the potential to enrich and integrate theoretical perspectives in the field of non‐market strategy, offering solutions to a set of previously unresolved puzzles. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Issue definition: the neglected foundation of effective issue management
Authors: Jaques Tony
Published: July 2006

Many issue management models proceed from issue scanning and identification directly to determining an objective, with insufficient attention to the important element of formally defining the issue. Proper definition is a vital foundation for effective issue management, and comprises a sound understanding of the issue itself, choosing exactly the right words to best position the issue and securing agreement on the definition. It also requires a full appreciation of the techniques used by other parties to try to redefine the issue to their competing agenda, and this paper identifies and categorises three such techniques. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Talking past each other: Journalists, readers and local newspaper reporting of general election campaigns in the UK
Authors: Franklin Bob
Published: July 2006

Drawing on an extensive database of local press reporting of the last four general elections (1987, 1992, 1997 and 2001), as well as contemporary interviews with journalists and editors, this paper argues that local press coverage of the constituency campaign has changed markedly since 1987, and in ways which may contribute to diminishing voter interest and participation in elections.

Significantly, journalists do not perceive themselves as the ‘cause’ of voter apathy, but their efforts to ‘lighten up’ election coverage and report local election issues, contrast starkly with readers' preference for more serious reporting of the national agenda. Journalists and readers appear to be talking past each other in the pages of the local press. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Corporate interests and public affairs: organised business–government relations in EU member states
Authors: Wilts Arnold , Quittkat Christine
Published: July 2006

The internationalisation of economic and political affairs changes the way in which business interests are brought to bear on public policy. This is a global phenomenon but can, in particular, be observed in Europe. The construction of the European Union, the development of the Single Market and the build‐up of the policy institutions to go with it, together change business–government relations profoundly. This paper answers the question of how organised business interests relate to government agencies and political institutions. By using the example of trade associations in the Netherlands and Germany, the paper shows that, despite the internationalisation of public affairs in Europe, the national political level remains strategically important for the representation of business interests. The paper thus argues that changes in European business–government relations are institutionally embedded at both the European and the national level. The implication for future research is that much of the dynamics of economic and political internationalisation materialises within the domestic arrangements of interest politics. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Emerging US public affairs practice: the 2000+ PA model
Authors: Fleisher Craig S.
Published: July 2006

Many larger US corporations are re‐assessing their participation in the public policy process and their entire approach to managing public affairs. This paper will attempt to synthesise much of what is happening to US corporate public affairs. It describes the forces driving the changes and addresses the ways corporations are responding to these forces. Finally, the paper offers an argument of the ‘New Public Affairs’ 2000 and beyond model as it will likely be practised in the USA, and perhaps elsewhere, at least early into this decade. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The rise and fall of spin: changes of fashion in the presentation of UK politics
Authors: Moloney Kevin
Published: July 2006

Spin is the current dominant form of political presentation in the UK. Politics and presentation are inseparable and before the 1980s, political presenters were less aggressive towards and more respectful of journalists as watchdogs of politics. Labour introduced spin as a defensive response to editorial hostility but since New Labour came to terms with Thatcherism, spin has been used for the offensive promotion of policy. Changes in journalism, particularly a blurring treatment of fact and opinion, were an incubatory environment for spin. Moreover, the term became part of lay language and its vocabulary is deployed as a scrutiny of politicians via ridicule and satire. Conceptually, ‘spin’ can be characterised as an exchange or contest between information and publicity, with contingencies influencing where any presentation lies on that continuum. Wherever it falls, spin demeans elected politicians and tends to reduce their status to celebrities. That reduction is a cost too high for privileging presentation over policy and ought to be reversed. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The internal‐external marketing orientation of a political party: social implications of political party marketing orientation
Authors: O'Cass Aron
Published: July 2006

This paper attempts to examine and define marketing's role and significance in the political arena and understand the social implications of political marketing more appropriately. A case study was undertaken to examine a major Australian political party's marketing orientation using key facets of the Kotler and Andreasen (1991) typology of internal versus external orientation and the Kohli and Jaworski (1990) market orientation perspective. An examination of this nature has previously not been undertaken in the area of political marketing to explore the social marketing issues from the marketer's perspective. The findings indicate significant issues for parties and marketing researchers to consider in relation to marketing and market orientation of political parties. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Television and party political dissent: intra‐party competition and the formation of news agendas
Authors: Stanyer James
Published: July 2006

This paper re‐examines the formation of political news agendas on British television. It argues that studies of news agenda formation in political communication have been overly focused on general election campaigns and the competition between the main political parties to set the news agenda. It suggests that such studies see political parties as either homogeneous or focus exclusively on the activities of communication elites and therefore miss another important aspect of the modern political communication process. Using the British party conferences as a case study, this paper argues that in order to capture the complexities of agenda formation outside election periods, political parties have to be seen as heterogeneous organisations, consisting of various ‘claim‐makers’. News agendas in certain situations have to be understood as the product of intra‐party competition between the leadership and dissenting voices. While this competition is imperfect, favouring resource rich party elites, on certain newsworthy issues broadcasting professionals act as a counterweight to leadership resource advantages, and help shape the outcome of intra‐party competition. In conclusion the paper suggests that dissenting actors within political parties, when newsworthy, can make a substantial contribution to the formation of television news agendas despite the resistance of party leaderships. Taking account of the communicative activity of these actors and of news values will provide further insights into the formation of political news agendas between general elections. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Think global, talk local: getting the party political message across in the age of the internet
Authors: Challen Colin
Published: July 2006

This paper seeks to test the view that the Internet will provide politicians and political parties with a means of directly communicating with electors, so circumnavigating the perceived bias of the mass media, and explores how the political use of the Internet will impact on campaigning, particularly at the local/personal level. The evidence surveyed shows that political use of the Internet is, despite the hype, still in its infancy, but that more extensive use will lead to changes in the style and mode of political communications. The Internet will eventually enable politicians and parties to address a mass audience in qualitative new ways, tailoring their message and information dissemination to individual and local concerns. But this will bring all the consequences of direct communication, such as increased workloads and the danger of atomising the political process. Politicians and parties may hanker for the days when the traditional mass media intervened in the process of political communications.

This paper is an edited version of the one presented to 'On Message: A Conference on Political Communication and Marketing sponsored by the Political Studies Association Media and Politics Group, Loughborough University, September 2000. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The theoretical foundations of public affairs and political strategy: where do we go from here?
Authors: Meznar Martin
Published: July 2006

This paper argues that two of the obstacles facing the field are (1) the lack of a truly international perspective and (2) lack of coherence among studies. These obstacles are not necessarily the result of a lack of scholarship. Rather, the first is due to an ethnocentric bias on the part of western researchers and the second is due to the lack of an agreed taxonomy for business/government relations (BGR). The paper describes the characteristics of good classification systems (taxonomies) and suggests possible ways in which taxonomies could be developed. The paper concludes by arguing that the field should have multiple competing and complementary classification systems in order to promote rich and rigorous research. Such classification systems will allow researchers to build on the findings of previous work. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Public affairs, issue management and political strategy: methodological issues that count — a different view
Authors: Hillman Amy J.
Published: July 2006

In the preceding article, Doug Schuler makes two challenges to scholars in the areas of public affairs, issues management and corporate political strategies to advance the state of empirical knowledge: (1) to make use of more sophisticated methodology, and (2) to adopt a grand theory to guide our empirical efforts. This paper is a commentary on these challenges. In it, I agree that our field of inquiry requires additional sophistication in methods, measures and statistical tools. However, I disagree that a grand theory would aid us in advancing our field. Instead, I propose that advancement is more likely to occur with the acceptance of a common dependent variable to guide our efforts. I propose that until we agree why we study what we do, we will have difficulty building a coherent stream of knowledge that speaks to the managerial audience. I advocate adopting firm performance as our ultimate dependent variable and defining our area of inquiry as ‘What makes some firms outperform others in the nonmarket environment?’ and ultimately, ‘How does non‐market performance affect overall firm performance?’ Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Managing business political activities in the USA: bridging between theory and practice — another look
Authors: Fleisher Craig S.
Published: July 2006

This paper provides a review and reflection of Gerry Keim's fine paper on managing US business political activities (BPA). It begins by setting the larger context in which BPA is both practised and studied. It critiques the concept of market‐based competition and extends it by suggesting that non‐market competition can take on a myriad of forms dependent on strategy and structural considerations, among other things. It also provides some sober reminders about the nature of difficulties encountered between academics and practitioners in bridging the gaps of understanding between these constituencies. It also looks at the nature of ‘buyers’ and ‘sellers’ in the public policy marketplace and expands upon the nature of the products being exchanged. Lastly, the paper reviews the nature of strategy and competitive advantage in the non‐market environment and recommends a practitioner focus on innovation and the acquiring of the resources needed for institutionalizing it in their public affairs and BPA efforts for achieving non‐market success. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Influence of Fe‐MMT on crosslinking and thermal degradation in silicone rubber/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Kong Qinghong , Hu Yuan , Song Lei , Wang Yinling , Chen Zuyao , Fan Weicheng
Published: July 2006

In this article, silicone rubber (SR)/clay nanocomposites were synthesized by a melt‐intercalation process using synthetic Fe‐montmorillonite (Fe‐MMT) and natural Na‐MMT which were modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). This study has been designed to determine if the presence of structural iron in the matrix can result in radical trapping and then enhance thermal stability, affect the crosslinking degree and elongation. The SR/clay nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exfoliated and intercalated nanocomposites were obtained. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical performance were applied to test the properties of the SR/clay nanocomposites. The presence of iron significantly increased the onset temperature of thermal degradation in SR/Fe‐MMT nanocomposites. The thermal stability, gel fraction and mechanical property of SR/Fe‐MMT were different from the SR/Na‐MMT nanocomposites. So the iron not only in thermal degradation but in the vulcanization process acted as an antioxidant and radicals trap. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC‐MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries
Authors: Adams Michael , Wiedenmann Matthias , Tittel Gerolf , Bauer Rudolf
Published: July 2006

The dried ripe fruits of Barbary wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L. are widely used in China for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Previous investigations reported to have found atropine in Barbary wolfberries from India. These results have been questioned. Since then, however, there has been a discussion on whether the berries are suitable for human consumption. In order to determine the content of atropine, we have analysed eight samples of berries from China and Thailand for traces of atropine, using highly selective and sensitive HPLC‐MS methods. Atropine was found in all examined samples in concentrations of maximally 19 ppb (w/w). Therefore, the content is far below toxic levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of fetal DNA levels in maternal plasma with Doppler status in pathological pregnancies
Authors: Smid Maddalena , Galbiati Silvia , Lojacono Andrea , Valsecchi Luca , Platto Chiara , Cavoretto Paolo , Calza Stefano , Ferrari Augusto , Ferrari Maurizio , Cremonesi Laura
Published: July 2006

Objectives

To evaluate whether intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as seen in preeclampsia is associated with high levels of fetal DNA in maternal circulation, and whether fetal DNA is related to altered uterine and/or umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry.

Methods

Fetal DNA quantification was performed by real‐time PCR on SRY sequences in 64 male‐bearing pregnant women with IUGR and/or preeclampsia and 89 controls.

Results

Fetal DNA content was significantly elevated in IUGR pregnancies similar to preeclampsia and correlated with altered umbilical Doppler velocimetry, while no correlation was found with uterine Doppler status.

Conclusion

Increased fetal DNA levels in maternal plasma may be a sign of placental or fetal pathology even in the presence of normal uterine Doppler velocimetry, allowing a more precise diagnostic evaluation. The finding that elevated fetal DNA in IUGR pregnancies correlates with abnormal umbilical Doppler velocimetry suggests that fetal DNA release is associated more with fetal chronic hypoxia than with fetal size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome in conjunction with prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Craig Wendy Y. , Haddow James E. , Palomaki Glenn E. , Kelley Richard I. , Kratz Lisa E. , Shackleton Cedric H. L. , Marcos Josep , Stephen Tint G. , MacRae Andrew R , Nowaczyk Malgorzata J. , Kloza Edward M. , Irons Mira B. , Roberson Marie
Published: July 2006

Background

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare hereditary disorder of cholesterol metabolism. We examine the feasibility of identifying SLOS as a part of a routine prenatal screening and evaluate diagnostic testing in maternal urine (or serum), in addition to amniotic fluid.

Methods

Our SLOS risk algorithm utilized three Down syndrome screening markers (estimated 62% detection rate; 0.3% screen‐positive rate). Fifteen North American prenatal screening programs implemented this algorithm.

Results

SLOS risk was assigned to 1 079 301 pregnancies; 3083 were screen‐positive (0.29%). Explanations were found for 1174, including 914 existing fetal deaths. Among the remaining pregnancies, 739 were screen‐positive only for SLOS; 1170 were also screen‐positive for other fetal disorders. Five of six SLOS pregnancies (83%) were screen‐positive. All six had sonographic findings, were biochemically confirmed, and were terminated. Maternal urine steroid measurements were confirmatory in four cases tested. Second‐trimester prevalence among Caucasians was 1 in 101 000 (1 in 130 000 overall; no cases in other racial groups). Among 739 pregnancies screen‐positive only for SLOS, two cases were identified; another 69 had major fetal abnormalities.

Conclusions

Although SLOS occurred less often than previously reported, many other major abnormalities were detected. Implementing the algorithm as an adjunct to Down syndrome screening may be feasible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic characterisation of circulating fetal cells allows non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Saker Ali , Benachi Alexandra , Bonnefont Jean Paul , Munnich Arnold , Dumez Yves , Lacour Bernard , Paterlini‐Brechot Patrizia
Published: July 2006

Objectives

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease due to mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The purpose of this study was to develop a molecular method to characterise both paternal and maternal CFTR alleles in DNA from circulating fetal cells (CFCs) isolated by ISET (isolation by size of epithelial tumour/trophoblastic cells).

Methods

The molecular protocol was defined by developing the F508del mutation analysis and addressing it both to single trophoblastic cells, isolated by ISET and identified by short tandem repeats (STR) genotyping, and to pooled trophoblastic genomes, thus avoiding the risk of allele drop out (ADO). This protocol was validated in 100 leucocytes from F508del carriers and subsequently blindly applied to the blood (5 mL) of 12 pregnant women, at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation, whose offspring had a 1/4 risk of CF. Ten couples were carriers of F508del mutation, while two were carriers of unknown CFTR mutations.

Results

Results showed that one fetus was affected, seven were heterozygous carriers of a CFTR mutation, and four were healthy homozygotes. These findings were consistent with those obtained by chorionic villus sampling (CVS).

Conclusion

Our data show that the ISET‐CF approach affords reliable prenatal diagnosis (PND) of cystic fibrosis and is potentially applicable to pregnant women at risk of having an affected child, thus avoiding the risk of iatrogenic miscarriage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.