bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paratracheal air cysts: Prevalence and correlation with lung diseases using multi‐detector CT
Authors: Polat Ahmet Veysel , Elmali Muzaffer , Aydin Ramazan , Ozbay Adile , Celenk Cetin , Murat Naci
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of paratracheal air cysts (PACs), their correlation with different lung diseases and their connection with the trachea by chest multi detector computed tomography (MDCT).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed chest MDCT images of 8240 consecutive patients obtained from January 2010 to December 2011 with a 16‐detector multi‐detector CT scanner. PACs were assessed for prevalence, location, level, size and the presence of visible communication with the trachea. MDCT diagnoses were classified as normal, primary or metastatic malignancies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia and other lung diseases. We randomly selected 330 patients who had no visible PACs for the control group. We evaluated the associations between patients' demographic findings (age and sex), MDCT findings of lung and the presence of PACs. The findings of the PACs and control groups were compared. Statistical analysis used chi‐squared test and Mann–Whitney U‐test for evaluation.

Results

PACs were presented in 301 patients (4%); 204 men and 97 women, ranging in age from 14 to 91 years (median = 57 years). There was no significant difference in the presence of PACs by age (P > 0.05). Male subjects showed higher prevalence (P = 0.005). Fifty PACs (16.6%) showed communication with the trachea or main bronchus. Although the relation between COPD and PACs was statistically significant (P < 0.001), there was no relation between primary or metastatic malignancies, pneumonia and other lung diseases and PACs.

Conclusion

PACs are common in MDCT and should not be misdiagnosed as pneumomediastinum. It should be kept in mind that PACs may be associated with COPD.
New basic approach to treat non‐small cell lung cancer based on RNA‐interference
Authors: Makowiecki Christina , Nolte Andrea , Sutaj Besmire , Keller Timea , Avci‐Adali Meltem , Stoll Heidi , Schlensak Christian , Wendel Hans Peter , Walker Tobias
Published: July 2013

Background

To date the therapy for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with severe side effects, frustrating outcomes, and does not consider different tumor characteristics. The RNA‐interference (RNAi) pathway represents a potential new approach to treat NSCLC. With small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), it is possible to reduce the expression of proliferation‐dependent proteins in tumor cells, leading to their apoptosis. We propose that siRNAs could be adapted to the tumor type and may cause fewer side effects than current therapy.

Methods

Four NSCLC cell lines were cultured under standard conditions and transfected with three different concentrations of siRNAs targeted against the hypoxia‐inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF1α and HIF2α) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The expression was observed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blots. For the analysis of cell growth three days after transfection, the cell number was detected using a CASY cell counter system.

Results

The results of the silencing of the analyzed factors differ in each cell line. Cell growth was significantly reduced in all cell lines after transfection with HIF1α‐ and STAT3‐siRNA. The silencing of HIF2α resulted in a significant effect on cell growth in squamous, and large‐cell lung cancer.

Conclusions

This study shows that the knockdown and viability to siRNA transfection differ in each tumor type according to the used siRNA. This implies that the tumor types differ among themselves and should be treated differently. Therefore, the authors suggest a possible approach to a more personalized treatment of NSCLC.
Estimating individual animal movement from observation networks
Authors: Pedersen Martin W. , Weng Kevin C.
Published: July 2013

Observation network data comprise animal presences detected by observer stations at fixed spatial locations. Statistical analysis of these data is complicated by spatial bias in sampling and temporal variability in detection conditions. Advanced methods for analysis of these data are required but are currently underdeveloped.

We propose a state‐space model (SSM) for observation network data to estimate detailed movements of individual animals. The underlying movement model is an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process, which is stationary, and therefore has an inherent mechanism that models home range behaviour. An integral part of the approach is the detection function, which models the probability of logging animal presences. The detection function is also used to provide absence information when animals are undetected. Since the ability to detect an animal often depends on time‐varying external factors such as environmental conditions, we use covariate information about detection efficiency as control variables.

Via simulation, we found that movement estimation error scales log‐linearly with network sparsity. This result can be used to indicate the number of stations necessary to achieve a desired upper bound on estimation error. Furthermore, we found that the SSM outperforms existing techniques in terms of estimating detailed movements and that estimates are robust towards mis‐specification of the detection function. We also tested the importance of accounting for time‐varying detection conditions and found that the probability of making wrong conclusions decreases substantially when covariate information is exploited.

The model is used to estimate movements and home range of a humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) at Palmyra Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean. Here, detection conditions have a strong diel component, which is controlled for using detection efficiency information from a reference device.

The presented approach enhances the toolbox for analysis of observation network data as collected by acoustic telemetry or potentially other aspiring methods such as camera trapping and mobile phone tagging. By explicitly modelling movement and observation processes, the model integrates all sources of uncertainty and provides a sound statistical basis for making well‐informed management decisions from imperfect information.
Ectopic hippocampal neurogenesis in adolescent male rats following alcohol dependence
Authors: McClain Justin A. , Morris Stephanie A. , Marshall S. Alexander , Nixon Kimberly
Published: July 2013

The adolescent hippocampus is highly vulnerable to alcohol‐induced damage, which could contribute to their increased susceptibility to alcohol use disorder. Altered adult hippocampal neurogenesis represents one potential mechanism by which alcohol (ethanol) affects hippocampal function. Based on the vulnerability of the adolescent hippocampus to alcohol‐induced damage, and prior reports of long‐term alcohol‐induced effects on adult neurogenesis, we predicted adverse effects on adult neurogenesis in the adolescent brain following abstinence from alcohol dependence. Thus, we examined neurogenesis in adolescent male rats during abstinence following a 4‐day binge model of alcohol dependence. Bromodeoxyuridine and Ki67 immunohistochemistry revealed a 2.2‐fold increase in subgranular zone cell proliferation after 7 days of abstinence. Increased proliferation was followed by a 75% increase in doublecortin expression and a 56% increase in surviving bromodeoxyuridine‐labeled cells 14 and 35 days post‐ethanol exposure, respectively. The majority of newborn cells in ethanol and control groups co‐localized with NeuN, indicating a neuronal phenotype and therefore a 1.6‐fold increase in hippocampal neurogenesis during abstinence. Although these results mirror the magnitude of reactive neurogenesis described in adult rat studies, ectopic bromodeoxyuridine and doublecortin positive cells were detected in the molecular layer and hilus of adolescent rats displaying severe withdrawal symptoms, an effect that has not been described in adults. The presence of ectopic neuroblasts suggests that a potential defect exists in the functional incorporation of new neurons into the existing hippocampal circuitry for a subset of rats. Age‐related differences in functional incorporation could contribute to the increased vulnerability of the adolescent hippocampus to ethanol.
A randomised study of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral ketamine for premedication in children
Authors: Jia J.‐E. , Chen J.‐Y. , Hu X. , Li W.‐X.
Published: July 2013

We studied the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine combined with oral ketamine for premedication in children. One hundred and sixty children aged between 2 and 6 years were randomly allocated to one of four groups: 1 μg.kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine with 3 mg.kg−1 oral ketamine (Group 1); 1 μg.kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine with 5 mg.kg−1 oral ketamine (Group 2); 2 μg.kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine with 3 mg.kg−1 oral ketamine (Group 3); and 2 μg.kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine with 5 mg.kg−1 oral ketamine (Group 4). Sedation levels 10, 20 and 30 min after premedication were evaluated using a 5‐point sedation scale. A 4‐point emotional state score was used to evaluate patients when they were separated from their parents and their response to intravenous cannulation or facemask application. Approximately 90% of patients readily accepted premedication and onset times of acceptable sedation were similar in all four groups. Patients in Group 4 were significantly more sedated than those in Group 1 after 30 min (p = 0.036). A significantly higher proportion of patients in Group 3 (84%) and Group 4 (87%) accepted intravenous cannulation compared with those in Group 1 (40%) and Group 2 (54%) (p = 0.001). We conclude that the administration of 2 μg.kg−1 intranasal dexmedetomidine and 3 mg.kg−1 oral ketamine was the optimal combination, with children being easily separated from their parent, accepting intravenous cannulation and without causing excessive side‐effects or postoperative complications.
Rabbit Tibial Periosteum and Saphenous Arteriovenous Vascular Bundle as an In Vivo Bioreactor to Construct Vascularized Tissue‐Engineered Bone: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Han Dong , Guan Xiaoyi , Wang Jian , Wei Jiao , Li Qingfeng
Published: July 2013

The aim of this project was to construct vascularized tissue‐engineered living bone with an autologous vascular network by means of a rabbit bioreactor in vivo. The key components of the in vivo bioreactor for bone formation were the vascularized tibial periosteum and the saphenous vascular bundle. Beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) scaffolds were implanted into the in vivo bioreactor (vascular pedicle implantation and vascularized periosteum encapsulation). At 4 weeks postsurgery, new bone formation was mainly “cartilage‐bone inducing” in the inner periosteum, and was primarily seen in the outer aspects of the scaffold with some amount in the middle part as well. Microvascular infusion showed that direct revascularization of β‐TCP was obtained by means of vascular implantation. Triple staining results showed a large amount of blue collagen fibers. Vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical staining displayed endothelial cells of new blood vessels in bone tissue. The bioreactor established in this study can be used to prepare tissue‐engineered bone with a vascular network.
Using Hidden Markov Models to Deal with Availability Bias on Line Transect Surveys
Authors: Borchers D. L. , Zucchini W. , Heide‐Jørgensen M. P. , Cañadas A. , Langrock R.
Published: July 2013

We develop estimators for line transect surveys of animals that are stochastically unavailable for detection while within detection range. The detection process is formulated as a hidden Markov model with a binary state‐dependent observation model that depends on both perpendicular and forward distances. This provides a parametric method of dealing with availability bias when estimates of availability process parameters are available even if series of availability events themselves are not. We apply the estimators to an aerial and a shipboard survey of whales, and investigate their properties by simulation. They are shown to be more general and more flexible than existing estimators based on parametric models of the availability process. We also find that methods using availability correction factors can be very biased when surveys are not close to being instantaneous, as can estimators that assume temporal independence in availability when there is temporal dependence.
Modeling Parasite Infection Dynamics when there Is Heterogeneity and Imperfect Detectability
Authors: Cui Na , Chen Yuguo , Small Dylan S.
Published: July 2013

Understanding the infection and recovery rate from parasitic infections is valuable for public health planning. Two challenges in modeling these rates are (1) infection status is only observed at discrete times even though infection and recovery take place in continuous time and (2) detectability of infection is imperfect. We address these issues through a Bayesian hierarchical model based on a random effects Weibull distribution. The model incorporates heterogeneity of the infection and recovery rate among individuals and allows for imperfect detectability. We estimate the model by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm with data augmentation. We present simulation studies and an application to an infection study about the parasite Giardia lamblia among children in Kenya.
Microarray gene expression profiling and analysis of bladder cancer supports the sub‐classification of T1 tumours into T1a and T1b stages
Authors: Descotes Françoise , Dessen Philippe , Bringuier Pierre Paul , Decaussin Myriam , Martin Pierre Marie , Adams Marjorie , Villers Arnauld , Lechevallier Eric , Rebillard Xavier , Rodriguez‐Lafrasse Claire , Devonec Marian , Paparel Philippe , Perrin Paul , Lazar Vladimir , Ruffion Alain
Published: July 2013

Objective

To try and identify a molecular signature for pathological staging and/or grading. through microarray analysis.

Patients and Methods

We performed a prospective multicentre study between September 2007 and May 2008 that included 108 bladder tumours (45 pTa, 35 pT1 and 28>pT1).

Microarray analysis was performed using Agilent Technologies Human Whole Genome 4 × 44K oligonucleotide microarrays (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). A ‘dual colour’ method was used vs a reference pool of tumours.

From the lists of genes provided by the Biometric Research Branch class comparison analyses, we validated the microarray results of 38 selected differentially expressed genes using reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR in another bladder tumour cohort (n = 95).

Results

The cluster ‘superficial vs invasive stage’ correctly classified 92.9% of invasive stages and 66.3% of superficial stages.

Among the superficial tumours, the cluster analysis showed that pT1b tumours were closer to invasive stages than pT1a tumours.

We also found molecular differences between low and high grade superficial tumours, but these differences were less well defined than the difference observed for staging.

Conclusions

We confirmed that the histopathological classification into subgroups pTa, pT1a and pT1b can be translated into a molecular signature with a continuous progression of deregulation (overexpression or repression of these genes) from superficial (pTa) to more invasive (pT1a then b) stages.
Simulating Regional Vegetation‐climate Dynamics for Middle America: Tropical Versus Temperate Applications
Authors: Snell Rebecca S. , Cowling Sharon A. , Smith Ben
Published: July 2013

Regional vegetation‐climate modelling studies have typically focused on boreal or temperate ecosystems in North America and Europe, almost completely overlooking tropical ecosystems. We present the first results of simulated regional vegetation‐climate dynamics in Middle America as simulated by the model, LPJ‐GUESS. The Kappa statistic indicated poor agreement, with a Kappa value of 0.301. When we modified the Kappa statistic by aggregating cell sizes and using generalized biomes, the Kappa value increased to 0.543, indicating a fair agreement. Total LAI simulated from LPJ‐GUESS was strongly correlated to remotely sensed LAI values (r = 0.75). Our simulations indicate that fire frequency was overestimated in tropical moist forests and underestimated in savannas. This underestimation of fire resulted in an over‐simulation of dry tropical forest at the expense of savanna. We highlight additional reasons for the initially poor representation of vegetation in Middle America, including factors such as non‐parameterized plant functional types (desert shrub, cacti, and other succulents), rugged topography, and an insufficient representation of soil.
Contact Between Adoptive and Birth Families: Perspectives From the Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project
Authors: Grotevant Harold D. , McRoy Ruth G. , Wrobel Gretchen M. , Ayers‐Lopez Susan
Published: July 2013

A growing number of adoptive families have contact with their children's birth relatives. The Minnesota/Texas Adoption Research Project is examining longitudinally the consequences of variations in contact arrangements for birth mothers, adoptive parents, and adopted children in domestic infant adoptions, and is studying the dynamics of relationships within these family systems. Individuals who had contact were more satisfied with their arrangements than those who did not have contact. Satisfaction with contact predicted more optimal adjustment among adopted adolescents and emerging adults. Adoption‐related communication predicted identity development among adopted adolescents and emerging adults. Birth mothers who were more satisfied with their contact arrangements, regardless of level of contact, had less unresolved grief 12–20 years after placement. Adoptive and birth relatives who engage in contact need flexibility, strong interpersonal skills, and commitment to the relationship. These skills can be learned, and they can be supported by others, through informal, psychoeducational, and therapeutic means.
Lipid accumulation product and insulin resistance in Iranian PCOS prevalence study
Authors: Hosseinpanah Farhad , Barzin Maryam , Erfani Hadi , Serahati Sara , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: July 2013

Objective

To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of lipid accumulation product (LAP) index as a marker of insulin resistance in a community‐based population with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), compared with healthy women.

Methods

Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, LAP index and insulin resistance (IR) were compared in 134 PCOS subjects and 414 healthy women recruited from 1126 reproductive aged women (18–45 years), participants of the Iranian PCOS Prevalence Study. LAP was defined as [WC (cm)–58] ×TG (mmol/l)]. PCOS was diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria, and IR was defined using the homeostatic model assessment IR. LAP, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) were compared using the two‐tailed Spearman rank correlation test and analysing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for IR.

Results

Among the PCOS subjects, the mean ± SD age, BMI, WC and WHR were 32·2 ± 7·7 years, 26·8 ± 5·8 kg/m2, 85·2 ± 13·2 cm and 0·80 ± 0·06, respectively, and the median (IQ25–75) of LAP index was 34·03 (17·8–66·3). There was significant correlation between HOMA‐IR index and LAP in patients with PCOS (r = 0·41; P < 0·001). Also, ROC curves analysis revealed that the optimal cut‐off value for LAP to define the presence of IR was 34·1 (sensitivity: 75%; specificity: 58%). LAP showed the highest area under curve (AUC) (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Among PCOS subjects, LAP index has the strongest diagnostic accuracy for detection of IR in comparison with BMI, WC and WHR.
Genetic testing for inherited ocular disease: delivering on the promise at last?
Authors: Gillespie Rachel L , Hall Georgina , Black Graeme C
Published: July 2013

Genetic testing is of increasing clinical utility for diagnosing inherited eye disease. Clarifying a clinical diagnosis is important for accurate estimation of prognosis, facilitating genetic counselling and management of families, and in the future will direct gene‐specific therapeutic strategies. Often, precise diagnosis of genetic ophthalmic conditions is complicated by genetic heterogeneity, a difficulty that the so‐called ‘next‐generation sequencing’ technologies promise to overcome. Despite considerable counselling and ethical complexities, next‐generation sequencing offers to revolutionize clinical practice. This will necessitate considerable adjustment to standard practice but has the power to deliver a personalized approach to genomic medicine for many more patients and enhance the potential for preventing vision loss.
Postoperative haemorrhage in powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Andrew Nicholas , Selva Dinesh
Published: July 2013

Background

The rate of postoperative haemorrhage has been reported inconsistently in retrospective studies of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy but has not been evaluated prospectively with the powered endoscopic technique. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of postoperative haemorrhage in patients undergoing powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Design

A prospective, single‐surgeon, observational case series.

Participants

Cases 18 years old or more were included if they presented with radiologically confirmed primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Exclusion criteria included evidence of canalicular disease, ectropion or facial palsy, and previous surgery on the lacrimal drainage system. One hundred seventy‐four cases fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. The mean age of patients was 62.9 years, 65% were female.

Methods

Powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.

Main Outcome Measure

Postoperative haemorrhage. Significant haemorrhage was defined as that which necessitated packing, cautery, surgical intervention, a blood transfusion or delayed discharge.

Results

The rates of total and significant postoperative haemorrhage were 1.7% and 0.6%, respectively. Antithrombotic agents were ceased on a case‐by‐case basis according to physician recommendation. Aspirin was stopped in 4 of 16 patients taking this agent preoperatively, and warfarin was stopped in one of three patients.

Conclusion

Significant postoperative haemorrhage following endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is rare. Further studies are required to assess whether antithrombotic agents significantly increase the risk of bleeding. The decision to cease agents should be made on a case‐by‐case basis in consultation with a physician.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections to treat blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
Authors: Ababneh Osama H , Cetinkaya Altug , Kulwin Dwight R
Published: July 2013

Background

To evaluate efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injections after more than 10 consecutive years of treatment for benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm.

Design

Retrospective chart review at university‐affiliated hospital.

Participants

Study consisted of 64 patients treated with botulinum toxin A injections between October 2005 and May 2006.

Methods

Inclusion criteria included patients treated with at least one annual botulinum toxin‐A injection for more than 10 consecutive years. Data collected included diagnoses and patient characteristics, injection dates, doses administered at each visit, response scores, duration of effect, and adverse events.

Main Outcome Measures

Included changes in doses, response scores, duration of effects, and adverse events between the first and last botulinum toxin A injections.

Results

Thirty‐two of 64 patients (mean age at first injection, 57.2 ± 12.4 years; 25 women) met the inclusion criteria. The mean duration of follow up was 14.1 ± 3.1 years (range 10–20 years; mean total visits 44.4 ± 19). A higher mean injection dose per visit was administered during the last year compared with the first year (26.8 ± 10.3 vs. 22.5 ± 7.5 units, respectively) (P = 0.003). The mean durations of effect during the first and last years were 12.4 ± 7.1 and 14.6 ± 7.0 weeks, respectively (P = 0.076). There were no significant differences between genders or between benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm subgroups. The most common adverse events were ptosis, lagophthalmos and dry eye.

Conclusions

Botulinum toxin A is an effective, safe, long‐term treatment for patients with benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Sustained treatment efficacy required higher doses; however, fewer adverse reactions developed.
Microbiological diversity of peri‐implantitis biofilm by Sanger sequencing
Authors: da Silva Ennyo S. C. , Feres Magda , Figueiredo Luciene C. , Shibli Jamil A. , Ramiro Fernanda S. , Faveri Marcelo
Published: July 2013

Background and objective

To examine the microbial diversity associated with implants with or without peri‐implantitis and to identify differences between the bacterial communities in these clinical conditions.

Material and methods

Twenty subjects were assigned to a Control group consisting of subjects with healthy implants and a Test group consisting of subjects with peri‐implantitis sites, as well as a healthy implant site (n = 10/group). In the Test group, subgingival biofilm samples were taken from the deepest sites of the diseased implant. In both groups, samples were collected from one site around a healthy implant. DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced, and the phylotypes were identified by comparison with known 16S rRNA sequences.

Results

The phylogenetic identity of 1387 16S rRNA gene clones was determined. Healthy implants demonstrated higher proportions of Actinomyces, Atopobium, Gemella, Kingella and Rothia and lower levels of Campylobacter, Desulfobulbus, Dialister, Eubacterium, Filifactor, Mitsukella, Porphyromonas and Pseudoramibacter (Mann–Whitney U‐test; P < 0.05). Fusobacterium nucleatum, Dialister invisus, Streptococcus sp. human oral taxon (HOT) 064, Filifactor alocis and Mitsuokella sp. HOT 131 presented a higher mean proportion, while Veillonella dispar, Actinomyces meyeri, Granulicatella adiacens showed lower mean proportions in the peri‐implantitis sites when compared with healthy implants in both the Control and Test groups (Mann–Whitney U‐test; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Marked differences were observed in the composition of the subgingival biofilm between healthy and diseased implants. The biofilm associated with peri‐implantitis harbored more pathogenic bacterial species from the orange complex and other “unusual” putative pathogens, such as F. alocis, D. invisus and Mitsuokella sp. HOT 131.
Implant periapical lesion – a review and a case report with histological evaluation
Authors: Qu Chunna , Meng Huanxin , Han Jie
Published: July 2013

Objective

Information of implant periapical lesion(IPL) is insufficient by now. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible causes of IPL and to find out the proper treatment protocol.

Material and methods

A systematic literature search was carried out (up to June 2012) using relevant search terms in PUBMED. And a case of IPL with histological evaluation is reported.

Results

The IPL is accompanied by the radiolucency around the apex of the implant and usually presents symptoms of red, pain, tenderness, swelling, or fistulous tract. It may occur due to infection, overheating, poor bone quality of the implant site, etc. Debridement is considered as the crucial procedure of the treatment, and the prognosis is normally good when assessed by clinical parameters and radiograph.

Conclusion

The causes of IPL seem to be multifactorial. Most of the cases are connected with pre‐existing infection. Elimination of the infection is the only consensus of the treatment protocols.
Tropisetron attenuates amyloid‐beta‐induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in rats
Authors: Rahimian Reza , Fakhfouri Gohar , Ejtemaei Mehr Shahram , Ghia Jean‐Eric , Genazzani Armando A. , Payandemehr Borna , Dehpour Ahmad Reza , Mousavizadeh Kazem , Lim Dmitry
Published: July 2013

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder featured by deposition of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the hippocampus and associated cortices and progressive cognitive decline. Tropisetron, a selective 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist, is conventionally used to counteract chemotherapy‐induced emesis. Recent investigations describe antiphlogistic properties for tropisetron. It has been shown that tropisetron protects against rat embolic stroke. We investigated protective properties of tropisetron in a beta‐amyloid (Aβ) rat model of AD and possible involvement of 5‐HT3 receptors.

Material and methods

Aβ (1–42) was injected into the hippocampus of male rats. Animals were treated intracerebroventricularly with tropisetron, mCPBG (selective 5‐HT3 receptor agonist) or mCPBG plus tropisetron on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Seven days following Aβ administration, inflammatory markers (TNF‐α, COX‐2, iNOS and NF‐κB), apoptotic markers (caspase 3 cytochrome c release) and calcineurin phosphatase activity were assessed in hippocampus.

Results

Seven days following Aβ inoculation, control animals displayed dramatic increase in TNF‐α, COX‐2, iNOS, NF‐κB, active caspase 3, cytochrome c release and calcineurin phosphatase activity in the hippocampus. Tropisetron significantly diminished the elevated levels of these markers and reversed the cognitive deficit. Interestingly, tropisetron was also found to be a potent inhibitor of calcineurin phosphatase activity. The selective 5‐HT3 receptor agonist mCPBG, when co‐administered with tropisetron, completely reversed the procognitive and anti‐apoptotic properties of tropisetron while it could only partially counteract the anti‐inflammatory effects. mCPBG alone significantly aggravated Aβ‐induced injury.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that tropisetron protects against Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity in vivo through both 5‐HT3 receptor‐dependent and independent pathways.
A taxonomic re‐evaluation reveals that Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. cinnamomi var. parvispora are separate species
Authors: Scanu B. , Hunter G. C. , Linaldeddu B. T. , Franceschini A. , Maddau L. , Jung T. , Denman S.
Published: July 2013

Between 2008 and 2011, severe dieback associated with root and collar rot was reported on Arbutus unedo in several sites in Sardinia, Italy. Isolations from infected tissues and rhizosphere soil samples consistently yielded a Phytophthora species. It was initially identified as Phytophthora cinnamomi var. parvispora Kröber and Marwitz by comparing morphological features with the original description and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with those present in GenBank. A multigene phylogeny based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear (ITS and β‐tubulin) and two mitochondrial (cox1 and cox2) gene regions combined with extensive morphological and physiological properties of these isolates, including the ex‐type culture of P. cinnamomi var. parvispora, demonstrates that this taxon is unique and it is redesignated here as Phytophthora parvispora sp. nov. Although morphologically similar to P. cinnamomi, P. parvispora differs by its smaller‐sized sporangia, chlamydospores, oogonia and oospores, higher oospore wall index, single‐celled antheridia, higher minimum and maximum temperatures for growth and faster growth at optimum temperature. In the phylogeny, P. parvispora falls within Phytophthora ITS clade 7a, grouped in a well‐supported clade sister to P. cinnamomi. In pathogenicity tests, P. parvispora and P. cinnamomi were equally aggressive towards A. unedo seedlings. The possible geographic origin of P. parvispora is also discussed.
Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms: review and research needs
Authors: Ameloot N. , Graber E. R. , Verheijen F. G. A. , De Neve S.
Published: July 2013

The stability of biochar in soils is the cornerstone of the burgeoning worldwide interest in the potential of the pyrolysis/biochar platform for carbon (C) sequestration. While biochar is more recalcitrant in soil than the original organic feedstock, an increasing number of studies report greater C‐mineralization in soils amended with biochar than in unamended soils. Soil organisms are believed to play a central role in this process. In this review, the variety of interactions that occur between soil micro‐, meso‐ and macroorganisms and biochar stability are assessed. In addition, different factors reported to influence biochar stability, such as biochar physico‐chemical characteristics, soil type, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and agricultural management practices are evaluated. A meta‐analysis of data in the literature revealed that biochar‐C mineralization rates decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar‐C content and time. Enhanced release of CO2 after biochar addition to soil may result from (i) priming of native SOC pools, (ii) biodegradation of biochar components from direct or indirect stimulation of soil organisms by biochar or (iii) abiotic release of biochar‐C (from carbonates or chemi‐sorbed CO2). Observed biphasic mineralization rates suggest rapid mineralization of labile biochar compounds by microorganisms, with stable aromatic components decomposed at a slower rate. Comparatively little information is available on the impact of soil fauna on biochar stability in soil, although they may decrease biochar particle size and enhance its dispersion in the soil. Elucidating the impacts of soil fauna directly and indirectly on biochar stability is a top research priority.
High‐dose rapamycin blocks mossy fiber sprouting but not seizures in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Heng Kathleen , Haney Megan M. , Buckmaster Paul S.
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The role of granule cell axon (mossy fiber) sprouting in temporal lobe epileptogenesis is unclear and controversial. Rapamycin suppresses mossy fiber sprouting, but its reported effects on seizure frequency are mixed. The present study used high‐dose rapamycin to more completely block mossy fiber sprouting and to measure the effect on seizure frequency.

Methods

Mice were treated with pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus. Beginning 24 h later and continuing for 2 months, vehicle or rapamycin (10 mg/kg/day) was administered. Starting 1 month after status epilepticus, mice were monitored by video 9 h per day, every day, for 1 month to measure the frequency of spontaneous motor seizures. At the end of seizure monitoring, a subset of mice was prepared for anatomic analysis. Mossy fiber sprouting was measured as the proportion of the granule cell layer and molecular layer that displayed black labeling in Timm‐stained sections.

Key Findings

Extensive mossy fiber sprouting developed in mice that experienced status epilepticus and were treated with vehicle. In rapamycin‐treated mice, mossy fiber sprouting was blocked almost to the level of naive controls. Seizure frequency was similar in vehicle‐treated and rapamycin‐treated mice.

Significance

These findings suggest that mossy fiber sprouting is not necessary for epileptogenesis in the mouse pilocarpine model. They also reveal that rapamycin does not have antiseizure or antiepileptogenic effects in this model.
Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype is defined by Ca2+‐dependent transcription factors
Authors: Kudryavtseva Olga , Aalkjær Christian , Matchkov Vladimir V.
Published: July 2013

Ca2+ is an important second messenger in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, VSMCs exercise tight control of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by expressing a wide repertoire of Ca2+ channels and transporters. The presence of several pathways for Ca2+ influx and efflux provides many possibilities for controlling [Ca2+]i in a spatial and temporal manner. Intracellular Ca2+ has a dual role in VSMCs; first, it is necessary for VSMC contraction; and, second, it can activate multiple transcription factors. These factors are cAMP response element‐binding protein, nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes, and serum response factor. Furthermore, it was recently reported that the C‐terminus of voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ calcium channels can regulate transcription in VSMCs. Transcription regulation in VSMCs modulates the expression patterns of genes, including genes coding for contractile and cytoskeleton proteins, and those promoting proliferation and cell growth. Depending on their gene expression, VSMCs can exist in different functional states or phenotypes. The majority of healthy VSMCs show a contractile phenotype, characterized by high contractile ability and a low proliferative rate. However, VSMCs can undergo phenotypic modulation with different physiological and pathological stimuli, whereby they start to proliferate, migrate, and synthesize excessive extracellular matrix. These events are associated with injury repair and angiogenesis, but also with the development of cardiovascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. This review discusses the currently known Ca2+‐dependent transcription factors in VSMCs, their regulation by Ca2+ signalling, and their role in the VSMC phenotype.
Fatigue crack growth testing at negative stress ratios: discussion on the comparability of testing results
Authors: Benz C. , Sander M.
Published: July 2013

It is an accepted fact in fatigue community that compressive loads contribute to fatigue crack growth. Evidences range from fatigue crack growth under fully compressive loads to effects of compressive underloads to negative stress ratio loading. Because the crack closes under compression and the crack flanks transmit compressive stresses, the loading situation is completely different to those of tensile loading. The present paper addresses the comparability of crack growth testing procedures at negative stress ratios. It reveals that compressive loading at the crack tip differs in different specimens for an equal maximum stress intensity factor Kmax and negative stress ratio R. Furthermore, the crack length can significantly influence the loading conditions at the crack tip for tension–compression loading. Depending on the specimen type and crack length, a negative force ratio may lead to a change of algebraic sign of the stresses at the crack tip or not. As a consequence, the comparability of available literature results for R ≤ 0 tests is not ensured. Proposals to improve the comparability of tension–compression crack growth testing will be given.
Staged spawning migration in Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus): effects of temperature, stock size and maturity
Authors: Olafsdottir Anna H. , Rose George A.
Published: July 2013

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the largest commercial fish stock in Icelandic waters and also an important forage fish. Every winter pre‐spawning capelin migrate 500–1000 km from their offshore (>200 m bottom depth) northern feeding areas (67–71°N) to inshore (<200 m bottom depth) southern spawning areas (63–65°N). The major migration route is east of Iceland. The route consists of both offshore and inshore phases. The migration begins offshore as capelin skirt the shelf edge north of 65°N, then abruptly veer inshore between latitudes 64° and 65°N. Hydro‐acoustic data from 1992–2007 demonstrated that the timing of the offshore phase migration varied by as much as 1 month, from 22 December to 21 January. A combination of larger spawning stock and colder feeding ground temperatures (August–December) resulted in earlier offshore migration. The timing of the inshore migration phase was not dependent on the offshore migration timing, and never began prior to the first week of February. Many cohorts arrived at latitudes 64–65°N in early January but staged offshore at latitudes 63.8–65.8°N until early February. The longest observed delay in the staging area was 5 weeks. Timing of the inshore migration was controlled by gonad maturity, with migration beginning when roe content attained 12–14%. Staging limited the time capelin spent on the continental shelf before spawning to 3 weeks. We suggest that offshore staging evolved to minimize temporal overlap with predatory gadoids, especially Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
Impact of sea level rise on the 10 insular biodiversity hotspots
Authors: Bellard Céline , Leclerc Camille , Courchamp Franck
Published: July 2013

Aim

Despite considerable attention to climate change, no global assessment of the consequences of sea level rise is available for insular ecosystems. Yet, over 180,000 islands world‐wide contain 20% of the world's biodiversity. We investigated the consequences of sea level rise for the 10 insular biodiversity hotspots world‐wide and their endemic species. This assessment is crucial to identify areas with the highest risk of inundation and the number of endemic species at risk of potential extinction.

Location

Ten insular biodiversity hotspots including the Caribbean islands, the Japanese islands, the Philippines, the East Melanesian islands, Polynesia‐Micronesia, Sundaland, Wallacea, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands (i.e. 4447 islands).

Methods

We investigated four scenarios of projected sea level rise (1, 2, 3 and 6 m) on these islands. For each scenario, we assessed the number of islands that would be entirely and partially submerged by overlying precise digital elevation model and island data. We estimated the number of endemic species for each taxon (i.e. plants, birds, reptiles, mammals, amphibians and fishes) potentially affected by insular habitat submersion using the endemic–area relationship.

Results

Between 6 and 19% of the 4447 islands would be entirely submerged under considered scenarios (1–6 m of sea level rise). Three hotspots displayed the most significant loss of insular habitat: the Caribbean islands, the Philippines and Sundaland, representing a potential threat for 300 endemic species.

Main conclusions

With the current estimates of global sea level rise of at least 1 m by 2100, large parts of ecosystems of low‐lying islands are at high risk of becoming submerged, leading to significant habitat loss world‐wide. Therefore, the threat posed by sea level rise requires specific policies that prioritize insular biota on islands at risk as a result of near future sea level rise.
Life Satisfaction and Longevity: Longitudinal Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel
Authors: Guven Cahit , Saloumidis Rudy
Published: July 2013

We investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and mortality using the German Socio-Economic Panel, which allows us to follow around 15,000 people for more than two decades. Seventeen per cent of the respondents surveyed in 1984 died between 1984 and 2007. After controlling for initial health conditions, we find that people’s life satisfaction at the beginning of the survey is deeply linked to their life expectancy: a ten per cent increase in life satisfaction is connected to a four per cent decline in the probability of death in the period studied. The relationship between life satisfaction and mortality is stronger for the married and the men but life satisfaction does not matter for the women. We find some suggestive evidence that links between life satisfaction and mortality could be operating via accidents and mental health. Finally, we show that the life satisfaction measured in 1984 extends to the rest of life: people who were happier in 1984 more frequently experienced high levels of happiness in the rest of their lives. These results suggest that life satisfaction is a powerful risk-factor for later mortality and is more predictive of mortality than a host of other variables.
Migraine Genetics – A Review: Part I
Authors: Silberstein Stephen , Dodick David
Published: July 2013

Significant progress in molecular genetics has advanced our understanding of the genetic basis of migraine. The fundamentals of molecular genetics, and the recent advances in the field, are important for clinicians to understand, as they provide a foundation for critical appraisal of the literature, unprecedented insights into the pathogenesis of the disorder, and reveal promising treatment targets for future drug development. This paper provides a primer of molecular genetics and will be followed by a companion paper on the genetic advances in migraine, the methodology of genome wide association studies, and the potential clinical implications.
Biomarkers Associated With Migraine and Their Potential Role in Migraine Management
Authors: Durham Paul , Papapetropoulos Spyros
Published: July 2013

Objective

The focus of this review is to review potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers associated with migraine.

Background

Migraine headache is a common disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Although well‐accepted diagnostic criteria exist for migraine, it is still a complex disorder that remains both underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. The causes of migraine are likely a mix of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that, together with the individual's life history, translate into the observed clinical heterogeneity. Inherent clinical heterogeneity is an obstacle in developing more effective treatments. The lack of appropriate biomarkers is also an impediment to developing more effective therapeutic/preventive approaches. Ultimately, biomarkers may facilitate the goal of individualized medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other types of headache.

Methods

A comprehensive review was conducted of PubMed citations containing the key word “marker” OR “biomarker” combined with “migraine” OR “headache.” Other key words included “serum,” “saliva,” “cerebrospinal fluid,” “genes,” “blood,” and “inflammation.” The only restriction was English‐language publication. The abstracts of all articles meeting these criteria were reviewed, and full text was retrieved and examined for relevant references.

Results

Data from human studies have begun to identify genetic mutations/polymorphisms and altered levels of specific proinflammatory and neuromodulatory molecules that strongly correlate with migraine as well as symptom severity. Results from a smaller number of studies have identified parameters, such as the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), which are significantly associated with response to specific treatments for acute migraine attacks and prophylaxis. Epigenetic mechanisms may also be involved in the development of migraine, and understanding environmentally induced genetic changes associated with this disease may eventually guide the development of therapies capable of reversing these pathophysiological changes in gene function.

Conclusions

The understanding of the etiology of migraine is incomplete. Although the identification and validation of biomarkers has greatly advanced diagnostic precision and measures of therapeutic efficacy in other diseases, there are no currently accepted biomarkers for chronic or episodic migraine. However, the continued investigation and identification of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular biomarkers is likely to facilitate the goal of individualizing medicine by enabling clinicians to more accurately diagnose and treat migraine and other headache disorders.
Headache and Sleep
Authors: Freedom Thomas , Evans Randolph W.
Published: July 2013

Many patients with headache disorders have coexisting sleep difficulties. As both conditions are relatively common, they could potentially be present simultaneously, even if unrelated. However, there is evidence that a comorbid association between headache and sleep disorders exists.