bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheological characterization of dilute acid pretreated softwood
Authors: Wiman Magnus , Palmqvist Benny , Tornberg Eva , Lidén Gunnar
Published: December 2010

Large‐scale bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass will require high solids loading in the enzymatic hydrolysis step. However, slurries of pretreated lignocelluloses are complex fluids due to the fibrous nature, especially at high concentrations of water insoluble solids (WIS). A prerequisite for dealing with transport issues and for developing efficient full‐scale processes is a fundamental understanding of the flow properties of pretreated lignocellulose. A comprehensive rheological characterization of dilute acid pretreated spruce has been carried out in this study, accounting for the effects of WIS concentration, particle size distribution (PSD), and the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis. The rheology of pretreated spruce slurries was found to be strongly dependent on the WIS concentration. The storage modulus (G′LVR) and yield stress showed typical power‐law dependencies on volume fraction and WIS content. Milling of the pretreated material resulted in significantly higher yield stress and viscosity, likely due to narrower PSD, which suggests that the strength of the network of the coarsest fibers determines the rheology of these materials to a large extent. During enzymatic hydrolysis, yield stress and viscosity decreased dramatically, partly due to decreasing WIS content, but possibly also due to changes in fiber properties such as the chemical composition. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1031–1041. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing the medium perfusion rate in bone tissue engineering bioreactors
Authors: Grayson Warren L. , Marolt Darja , Bhumiratana Sarindr , Fröhlich Mirjam , Guo X. Edward , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana
Published: December 2010

There is a critical need to increase the size of bone grafts that can be cultured in vitro for use in regenerative medicine. Perfusion bioreactors have been used to improve the nutrient and gas transfer capabilities and reduce the size limitations inherent to static culture, as well as to modulate cellular responses by hydrodynamic shear. Our aim was to understand the effects of medium flow velocity on cellular phenotype and the formation of bone‐like tissues in three‐dimensional engineered constructs. We utilized custom‐designed perfusion bioreactors to culture bone constructs for 5 weeks using a wide range of superficial flow velocities (80, 400, 800, 1,200, and 1,800 µm/s), corresponding to estimated initial shear stresses ranging from 0.6 to 20 mPa. Increasing the flow velocity significantly affected cell morphology, cell–cell interactions, matrix production and composition, and the expression of osteogenic genes. Within the range studied, the flow velocities ranging from 400 to 800 µm/s yielded the best overall osteogenic responses. Using mathematical models, we determined that even at the lowest flow velocity (80 µm/s) the oxygen provided was sufficient to maintain viability of the cells within the construct. Yet it was clear that this flow velocity did not adequately support the development of bone‐like tissue. The complexity of the cellular responses found at different flow velocities underscores the need to use a range of evaluation parameters to determine the quality of engineered bone. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1159–1170. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards clinical proteomics analysis
Authors: Imai Kazuhiro , Koshiyama Akiyo , Nakata Katsunori
Published: December 2010

To understand accurate protein dynamics, a highly reproducible proteomics analytical method is required. The acquired thus knowledge will lead to the diagnosis, treatment and protection against diseases. This review deals with proteomics analysis from a view of sample pre‐treatment, sensitivity and reproducibility of the methods, including two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). and fluorogenic derivatization (FD)‐LC‐MS/MS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface Science Studies on Cobalt Fischer–Tropsch Catalysts
Authors: Wang Zhou‐jun , Yan Zhen , Liu Chang‐jun , Goodman D. W.
Published: December 2010

Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis has received considerable recent attention from academic and industrial researchers. Cobalt catalysts exhibit excellent activity/selectivity for FT; however its relative cost is high. Therefore the design of enhanced Co catalysts is economically attractive. To achieve this goal, the fundamental processes occurring on the surface of cobalt catalysts need to be better understood. Surface science studies, with the aid of model catalysts, can provide such crucial information. Numerous review articles concerning the details of technical FT catalysts are available, however very few of these specifically address cobalt model catalysts. In this review, we briefly summarize the literature regarding FT synthesis on various cobalt model catalysts, ranging from well‐defined single crystals to nanoparticles dispersed on planar oxide supports. Fundamental issues such as structure sensitivity, surface restructuring, olefin readsorption, promoter effects, particle size effects, and the oxidation of nanoparticles are addressed.
Preparation of Highly Hindered Polyenes with tert‐Butyl Groups in Internal Positions
Authors: Betz Markus , Hopf Henning , Ernst Ludger , Jones Peter G. , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: December 2010

The conjugated tetraenes 3 and 4 a–c have been prepared and shown to possess an orthogonal structure. This was not only demonstrated by their spectroscopic properties and X‐ray structural analysis of solid representatives (e.g., 4 a–c) but also by the resolution of these chiral compounds by GC and HPLC chromatography using various chiral selector systems. The chemical behavior of the typical tetraene 4 a has been studied using bromination, hydrogenation, epoxidation, and photo equilibration reactions.
Interfacial Impregnation Chemistry in the Synthesis of Nickel Catalysts Supported on Titania
Authors: Bourikas Kyriakos , Stavropoulos John , Garoufalis Christos S. , Kordulis Christos , Petsi Theano , Lycourghiotis Alexis
Published: December 2010

The interfacial chemistry of the impregnation step involved in the preparation of nickel catalysts supported on titania is presented. Several methodologies based on deposition data, pH measurements, potentiometric mass titrations, and microelectrophoresis have been used in conjunction with diffuse reflectance UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, simulations, and semiempirical quantum chemical calculations. Three mononuclear inner‐sphere complexes were formed at the compact layer of the “titania/electrolyte solution” interface: A monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above a terminal oxo group, a disubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex above two terminal adjacent oxo groups, and a disubstituted, nonhydrolyzed complex above one terminal and one bridging adjacent oxo groups. The monosubstituted, dihydrolyzed complex predominates. The contribution of the disubstituted configurations is also important at very low NiII surface concentration, but it decreases as the NiII surface concentration increases. In addition, bi‐ and trinuclear inner‐sphere complexes were formed. The receptor site involves one bridging and two terminal oxo groups in the first case and two bridging and three terminal oxo groups in the second case. The relative surface concentrations of these configurations increase initially with NiII surface concentration and then remain practically constant. The understanding of these interfacial processes at a molecular level is very important to shift the catalytic synthesis from an art to a science as well as to obtain strict control of the impregnation step and, to some extent, of the whole preparative sequence. This study is very relevant to the synthesis of submonolayer/monolayer nickel catalysts supported on TiO2 following equilibrium deposition filtration (otherwise called equilibrium adsorption).
Homoleptic Diphosphacyclobutadiene Complexes [M(η4‐P2C2R2)2]x− (M=Fe, Co; x=0, 1)
Authors: Wolf Robert , Ehlers Andreas W. , Khusniyarov Marat M. , Hartl František , de Bruin Bas , Long Gary J. , Grandjean Fernande , Schappacher Falko M. , Pöttgen Rainer , Slootweg J. Chris , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , Lammertsma Koop
Published: December 2010

The preparation and comprehensive characterization of a series of homoleptic sandwich complexes containing diphosphacyclobutadiene ligands are reported. Compounds [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Fe(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (K1), [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Co(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (K2), and [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Co(η4‐P2C2Ad2)2] (K3, Ad=adamantyl) were obtained from reactions of [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][M(η4‐C14H10)2] (M=Fe, Co) with tBuCP (1, 2), or with AdCP (3). Neutral sandwiches [M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] (4: M=Fe 5: M=Co) were obtained by oxidizing 1 and 2 with [Cp2Fe]PF6. Cyclic voltammetry and spectro‐electrochemistry indicate that the two [M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2]−/[M(η4‐P2C2tBu2)2] moieties can be reversibly interconverted by one electron oxidation and reduction, respectively. Complexes 1–5 were characterized by multinuclear NMR, EPR (1 and 5), UV/Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopies (1 and 4), mass spectrometry (4 and 5), and microanalysis (1–3). The molecular structures of 1–5 were determined by using X‐ray crystallography. Essentially D2d‐symmetric structures were found for all five complexes, which show the two 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene rings in a staggered orientation. Density functional theory calculations revealed the importance of covalent metal–ligand π bonding in 1–5. Possible oxidation state assignments for the metal ions are discussed.
Lineage‐based analysis of the development of the central complex of the drosophila brain
Authors: Pereanu Wayne , Younossi‐Hartenstein Amelia , Lovick Jennifer , Spindler Shana , Hartenstein Volker
Published: December 2010

Most neurons of the central complex belong to 10 secondary (larvally produced) lineages. In the late larva, undifferentiated axon tracts of these lineages form a primordium in which all of the compartments of the central complex can be recognized as discrete entities. Four posterior lineages (DPMm1, DPMpm1, DPMpm2, and CM4) generate the classes of small‐field neurons that interconnect the protocerebral bridge, fan‐shaped body, noduli, and ellipsoid body. Three lineages located in the anterior brain, DALv2, BAmv1, and DALcl2, form the large‐field neurons of the ellipsoid body and fan‐shaped body, respectively. These lineages provide an input channel from the optic tubercle and connect the central complex with adjacent anterior brain compartments. Three lineages in the posterior cortex, CM3, CP2, and DPMpl2, connect the posterior brain neuropil with specific layers of the fan‐shaped body. Even though all of the compartments of the central complex are prefigured in the late larval brain by the axon tracts of the above‐mentioned lineages, the neuropil differentiates during the first 2 days of the pupal period when terminal branches and synapses of secondary neurons are formed. During this phase the initially straight horizontal layers of the central complex bend in the frontal plane, which produces the characteristic shape of the fan‐shaped and ellipsoid body. Our analysis provides a comprehensive picture of the lineages that form the central complex, and will facilitate future studies that address the structure or function of the central complex at the single cell level. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:661–689, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐poor septa separate representations of digits in the ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus in monkeys and prosimian galagos
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Gharbawie Omar A. , Wong Peiyan , Kaas Jon H.
Published: December 2010

The architectonic features of the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) were visualized in coronal brain sections from two macaque monkeys, two owl monkeys, two squirrel monkeys, and three galagos that were processed for cytochrome oxidase, Nissl bodies, or the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2). The traditional ventroposterior medial (VPM) and ventroposterior lateral (VPL) subnuclei were easily identified, as well as the forelimb and hindlimb compartments of VPL, as they were separated by poorly staining, cell‐poor septa. Septa also separated other cell groups within VPM and VPL, specifically in the medial compartment of VPL representing the hand (hand VPL). In one squirrel monkey and one galago we demonstrated that these five groups of cells represent digits 1–5 in a mediolateral sequence by injecting tracers into the cortical representation of single digits, defined by microelectrode recordings, and relating concentrations of labeled neurons to specific cell groups in hand VPL. The results establish the existence of septa that isolate the representation of the five digits in VPL of primates and demonstrate that the isolated cell groups represent digits 1–5 in a mediolateral sequence. The present results show that the septa are especially prominent in brain sections processed for vGluT2, which is expressed in the synaptic terminals of excitatory neurons in most nuclei of the brainstem and thalamus. As vGluT2 is expressed in the synaptic terminations from dorsal columns and trigeminal brainstem nuclei, the effectiveness of vGluT2 preparations in revealing septa in VP likely reflects a lack of synapses using glutamate in the septa. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:738–758, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar cells of the ground squirrel retina
Authors: Puller Christian , Ondreka Katharina , Haverkamp Silke
Published: December 2010

Parallel processing of an image projected onto the retina starts at the first synapse, the cone pedicle, and each cone feeds its light signal into a minimum of eight different bipolar cell types. Hence, the morphological classification of bipolar cells is a prerequisite for analyzing retinal circuitry. Here we applied common bipolar cell markers to the cone‐dominated ground squirrel retina, studied the labeling by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, and compared the resulting bipolar cell types with those of the mouse (rod dominated) and primate retina. Eight different cone bipolar cell types (three OFF and five ON) and one rod bipolar cell were distinguished. The major criteria for classifying the cells were their immunocytochemical identity, their dendritic branching pattern, and the shape and stratification level of their axons in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Immunostaining with antibodies against Gγ13, a marker for ON bipolar cells, made it possible to separate OFF and ON bipolars. Recoverin‐positive OFF bipolar cells partly overlapped with ON bipolar axon terminals at the ON/OFF border of the IPL. Antibodies against HCN4 labeled the S‐cone selective (bb) bipolar cell. The calcium‐binding protein CaB5 was expressed in two OFF and two ON cone bipolar cell types, and CD15 labeled a widefield ON cone bipolar cell comparable to the DB6 in primate. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:759–774, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Multidimensional Study of the Reaction CH2I+O2: Products and Atmospheric Implications
Authors: Gravestock Tom J. , Blitz Mark A. , Bloss William J. , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: December 2010

The CH2I+O2 reaction has been studied using laser flash photolysis followed by absorption spectroscopy, laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The rates of formation of IO and CH2O were found to be dependent upon the concentration of CH2I2 under pseudo‐first‐order conditions ([O2]≫[CH2I2]), demonstrating that IO and CH2O are not formed directly from the title reaction, in contrast to recent investigations by Enami et al.1, 2 It is proposed that the reaction proceeds via the formation of the peroxy radical species CH2IO2, which undergoes self‐reaction to form CH2IO, and which decomposes to CH2O+I, and that in laboratory systems IO is formed via the reaction I+CH2IO2. The absorption spectrum of a species assigned to CH2IO2 was observed in the range 310–400 nm with a maximum absorption at 327.2 nm of σ≥1.7×10−18 cm2 molecule−1. A modelling study enabled the room temperature rate coefficients for the CH2IO2+CH2IO2 self‐reaction and the I+CH2IO2 reaction to be confined within the ranges (6–12)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and (1–2)×10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. In the atmosphere, CH2IO2 will slowly react with other radicals to release iodine atoms, which can then form IO via reaction with ozone. Slow formation of IO means that lower concentrations are formed, which leads to a lower propensity to form particles as the precursor molecule OIO forms at a rate which is dependent on the square of the IO concentration.
Endocrine Control of Sodium Balance
Authors: Fray John
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Components of the Renin–Angiotensin System

Prorenin/Renin

Renin Gene Structure, Evolutionary Function, and Regulation

Biosynthesis and Chemiosmotic Activation

Tissue Distribution in Health and Disease

Kidney

Heart and Blood Vessels

Adrenal

Brain

Eye, Liver, and Intestine

Ovary, Uterus, Testis, and Sex Accessory and Subcutaneous Tissue

Submandibular Gland

Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Renal Hypertensive Rat

Growth Retardation

Relative Renin Plasma Levels and Suggestive Meaning

Angiotensinogen

Biochemical Properties

Tissue Expression and In Situ Regulation

Factors Regulating Release

Mechanism of Action and Physiological Effects

Summary and Challenges

Angiotensin I–Converting Enzyme

Molecular Structure and Regulation

Active Sites and Catalytic Properties

Tissue Distribution

Summary and Challenges

Angiotensin Peptides

Aldosterone

Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Secretion and Its Regulation

Angiotensin II

Potassium

Corticotropin and Other Proopiomelanocortin Peptides

Various Stimulators of Aldosterone Secretion

Various Inhibitors of Aldosterone Secretion

Cellular Actions

Disorders of Aldosterone Secretion

Systemic Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis

Regulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis

Integrative Regulation of Sodium Volume and Blood Pressure Homeostasis

Integrative Regulation of Sodium and Potassium Homeostasis

Integrative Regulation by Potassium and Hydrogen in Volume Homeostasis

Polyendocrinopathy Type III: Systemic Dysregulation of Sodium Volume Homeostasis

Primary and Pseudoprimary Aldosteronism

Secondary Aldosteronism: Renin Tumors and Edematous States

High‐Renin States and Low‐Renin Syndromes

Summary and Challenges: Defining Functions and Processing Strategies of Renin–Angiotensin System Molecules
Renal Actions of Vasopressin
Authors: Knepper Mark A. , Valtin Heinz , Sands Jeff M.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Vasopressin and the Urinary Concentrating and Diluting Mechanism

General Features of the Urinary Concentration and Dilution Process

Mechanism of Tubule Fluid Dilution

Mechanism of Tubule Fluid Concentration

Countercurrent Multiplication

Role of Vasopressin in Urinary Concentration and Dilution

Vasopressin Receptors

V1a and V1b Receptor Subtypes

V2 Receptors

Renal Localization

Regulation of Aquaporin Water Channels by Vasopressin

Aquaporin Structure

Localization of Aquaporins in the Kidney

Short‐ and Long‐Term Regulation of Water Permeability in the Collecting Duct

Short‐Term Regulation of Aquaporin‐2 by Vasopressin‐Induced Trafficking

Long‐Term Regulation of Water Transport Through Regulation of Aquaporin Protein Abundance

Role of Vasopressin in Pathophysiological Stales Associated with Abnormalities of Water Balance

The Vasopressin‐Regulated Urea Transporter

Physiological Evidence for a Vasopressin‐Regulated Urea Transporter

Molecular Cloning of Renal Urea Transporters

Short‐Term Regulation

Long‐Term Regulation

Regulation of Loop of Henle Function by Vasopressin

Thick Ascending Limb

Thin Ascending Limb

Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics by Vasopressin

Medullary Blood Flow

Glomerular Function
Endocrine Control of Acid‐Base Balance
Authors: Alpern Robert J.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Components of Renal Acid‐Base Regulation

Renal Acid Excretion

Glomerular Filtration

Urinary Buffers

Tubular H+/HCO3−Transport

Regulation by Peptide Hormones and Catecholamines

Signaling Intermediates

Angiotensin II

Adrenergic Catecholamines

Endothelin

Parathyroid Hormone

Dopamine

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

Insulin

Regulation by Steroid Hormones

Mineralocorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Regulation by Thyroid Hormone
Coping with Danger: The Neural Basis of Defensive Behavior and Fearful Feelings
Authors: Labar Kevin S. , Ledoux Joseph E.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Fear Conditioning

The Neural System Mediating Conditioned Fear Responses

Input Pathways

Output Pathways

Assessing Dangerous Environmental Contexts

Cortical Control of Fearful and Defensive Behavior

Fear Conditioning in Humans

Cellular Mechanisms Involved in Fear Conditioning

Electrophysiological Studies

Long‐Term Potentiation

Stress and Fear Circuits

From Evolutionary Reaction to Cognitive Coping

Defensive Behaviors and Fearful Feelings
Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications of Social Stress in Mammals
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M.
Published: December 2010

The sections in this article are:

Social Subordinance as an Environmental Stressor

Varieties of Hierarchical Ranking Systems among Mammals

What Is Stressful about Having a Particular Social Rank in a Hierarchy?

The Adrenocortical Axis

Cardiovascular Function and Disease

Reproductive Physiology

Females

Males

Immunity

Limits to the Importance of Rank

The Societal Context of Rank

The Personal Experience of Rank

Personality

Conclusions and Relevance to Humans
Saturated‐efferocytosis generates pro‐resolving CD11blow macrophages: Modulation by resolvins and glucocorticoids
Authors: Schif‐Zuck Sagie , Gross Nufar , Assi Simaan , Rostoker Ran , Serhan Charles N. , Ariel Amiram
Published: December 2010

During the resolution phase of inflammation, apoptotic leukocytes are efferocytosed by macrophages in a nonphlogistic fashion that results in diminished responses to bacterial moieties and production of anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Complement receptor 3 and pro‐resolving lipid mediators promote the engulfment of apoptotic leukocytes by macrophages. Here, we present evidence for the emergence of pro‐resolving, CD11blow macrophages in vivo during the resolution of murine peritonitis. These macrophages are distinct from the majority of peritoneal macrophages in terms of their functional protein expression profile, as well as pro‐resolving properties, such as apoptotic leukocyte engulfment, indifference to TLR ligands, and emigration to lymphoid organs. Notably, we also found macrophages convert from the CD11bhigh to the CD11blow phenotype upon interaction with apoptotic cells ex vivo. In addition, we found that the pro‐resolving lipid mediators resolvin E1 and D1, and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone regulated pro‐resolving macrophage functions in vivo. This regulation culminated in a novel pro‐resolving function, namely reducing the apoptotic leukocyte ingestion requirement for CD11blow macrophage generation. These new phenotype and molecular pathway markers define the new satiated macrophage. Thus, we suggest that satisfying efferocytosis generates CD11blow macrophages that are essential for complete nonphlogistic containment of inflammatory agents and the termination of acute inflammation.
Electrochemical and Structural Characterization of Tri‐ and Dithioether Copper Complexes
Authors: Martínez‐Alanis Paulina R. , Ugalde‐Saldívar Víctor M. , Castillo Ivan
Published: December 2010

Tri‐ and dithioethers tris(2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenylthiomethyl)amine (1), bis(2,4‐dimethylphenylthio)methane (2), and bis(2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenylthio)methane (3) were developed to evaluate their coordination properties toward Cu+. The thioethers associate weakly with Cu+ when ClO4– or PF6– are the counterions, while the reactions with CuI afford crystalline products in the case of nitrilotrithioether 1 and dithioether 2. The solid‐state structures of the complexes [(1)CuI]2 and [(2)(CuI)4(CH3CN)2]2·2THF·4CH3CN are characterized by the chelating‐bidentate coordination mode of 1 and the bridging nature of 2 spanning two Cu4I4 cuboidal clusters. Electrochemical studies of the thioether/Cu+ complexes revealed that the sulfur‐rich coordination environment results in high redox potentials for the Cu2+/Cu+ couple, which is close to the first oxidation potential of the ligands. Thus, chemical (Cu2+) or electrochemical oxidation of the thioethers resulted in oxidative decomposition of the ligands with concomitant reduction to Cu+, in agreement with the electrochemical results. Bulk electrolyses of the tri‐ and dithioethers 1–3 enabled us to confirm that the corresponding disulfides are the major oxidation products. The cathodic peak potentials for the Cu+/Cu0 couple of the complexes allowed us to determine the relative stability of the thioether/Cu+ complexes.
Supramolecular and Intramolecular Energy Transfer with Ruthenium–Anthracene Donor–Acceptor Couples: Salt Bridge versus Covalent Bond (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 35/2010)
Authors: Freys Jonathan C. , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: December 2010

The cover picture shows two energy‐transfer dyads that both comprise a ruthenium donor and an anthracene acceptor. The time constant (τ) associated with the energy transfer process is strongly dependent on the linkage between the donor and the acceptor: A salt bridge mediates energy transfer with τ = 153 ns, while a covalent p‐xylene linker makes energy transfer possible within less than 10 ns. Details are discussed in the article by J. C. Freys and O. S. Wenger on p. 5509 ff.
Refining of Roundup Ready® soya bean oil: Effect on the fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol profiles
Authors: Costa Joana , Amaral Joana S. , Mafra Isabel , Oliveira M. Beatriz P. P.
Published: December 2010

In this study, genetically modified (GM) soya bean seeds with the event known as Roundup Ready® were used for the production of soya bean oil and their fatty acid, phytosterol and tocopherol composition was characterised. Since these compounds can be partially lost during refining, this study also aimed at evaluating the compositional changes along the GM soya bean oil extraction and refining processes carried out industrially. During the refining process of crude soya bean oil, neutralisation was responsible for the major losses on phytosterols (15%). The greatest reduction of tocopherols was also caused by the neutralisation step (20%), while the deodorisation step caused minor losses (9%). Along the refining process, the decreases of total phytosterols and total tocopherols were 20 and 30%, respectively, which are lower than the losses reported in other studies, reflecting the industrial improvements in preserving beneficial health compounds in the refined oil. The results showed that the refined GM soya bean oil presented higher contents of phytosterols (313 mg/100 g) and tocopherols (931 mg/kg) comparing to other reports.
Multidentate Pyridyl‐Based Ligands in the Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Palladium Metallo‐Macrocycles
Authors: Brusilowskij Boris , Schalley Christoph A.
Published: December 2010

In the current study, a convenient way is presented to synthesize one ditopic and two tetratopic pyridine‐based ligands, which are then used to construct metallo‐supramolecular polygons. The tetratopic ligands offer two different metal‐binding sites, one central 2,2′‐bipyridine, which can act as a chelate ligand, and two separate pyridine rings, which mediate assembly formation. The three ligands differ with respect to their conformational flexibility. While a biphenyl core allows the ligand to adjust its conformation as needed, a bipyridine core strongly prefers a divergent arrangement of the additional pyridine binding sites, but can be fixed in a cisoid conformation by metal complexation to the bipyridine.Instead, a phenanthroline core already fixes the pyridinylethynyl substituents in a cisoid structure without any metal coordinated to it. Upon mixing each one of the ligands separately with the appropriate amount of dpppPdII triflate, discrete self‐assembled metallo‐macrocycles are formed which are characterized by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Mixing all three ligands simultaneously with the metal complex leads to the formation of a statistical dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) of all possible homo‐ and heterodimeric metallo‐supramolecular assemblies. This underlines the conformational differences between the three ligands not to impact significantly on the self‐assembly process.
A novel role of prostaglandin E2 in neuropathic pain
Authors: Kunori Shunji , Matsumura Shinji , Okuda‐Ashitaka Emiko , Katano Tayo , Audoly Laurent P , Urade Yoshihiro , Ito Seiji
Published: December 2010

Neuropathic pain produced by damage to or dysfunction of the nervous system is a common and severely disabling state that affects millions of people worldwide. Recent evidence indicates that activated microglia are key cellular intermediaries in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and that ATP serves as the mediator. However, the in vivo mechanism underlying the retention of activated microglia in the injured region has not yet been completely elucidated. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the principal proinflammatory prostanoid and plays versatile roles by acting via four PGE receptor subtypes, EP1‐EP4. In the present study, we investigated the role of PGE2 in spinal microglial activation in relation to neuropathic pain by using genetic and pharmacological methods. Mice deficient in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase‐1 impaired the activation of microglia and the NMDA‐nitric oxide (NO) cascade in spinal neurons in the dorsal horn and did not exhibit mechanical allodynia after peripheral nerve injury. The intrathecal injection of indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, ONO‐8713, a selective EP1 antagonist, or 7‐nitroindole, a neuronal NO synthase inhibitor, attenuated mechanical allodynia and the increase in activated microglia observed in the established neuropathic‐pain state. We further demonstrated that ATP‐induced microglial migration was blocked in vitro by PGE2 via EP2 and by S‐nitrosoglutathione, an NO donor. Taken together, the present study suggests that PGE2 participated in the maintenance of neuropathic pain in vivo not only by activating spinal neurons, but also by retaining microglia in the central terminals of primary afferent fibers via EP2 subtype and via EP1‐mediated NO production. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of TLR2 in nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain is essentially mediated through macrophages in peripheral inflammatory response
Authors: Shi Xiang Qun , Zekki Hakima , Zhang Ji
Published: December 2010

Activation of macrophages/microglia via toll‐like receptors (TLRs) plays an important role in inflammation and host defense against pathogens. Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns bind TLRs, thereby triggering NF‐κB signaling and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent data suggest that nonpathogenic molecules resulting from trauma can also trigger inflammation via TLRs. We sought to determine whether peripheral nerve injury could induce the expression of TLR2 on the site of injury‐damaged nerves and/or in the central nervous system and to investigate whether TLR2 is necessary for the development of nerve injury‐induced neuropathic pain. We observed a significant increase in TLR2, IκB‐α, and TNF‐α mRNAs in damaged nerves. Increased inflammation‐related molecules were found essentially on ED1+ macrophages. Expression of both IκB‐α and TNF‐α in peripheral injured nerves was reduced in TLR2 deficient mice where the recruitment of ED1+ cells is significantly impaired. Although after peripheral nerve injury, spinal microglia became highly activated showing an increase in Iba‐1 immunoreactivity and an enlargement of their cell bodies, neither TLR2 mRNA nor IκB‐α mRNA was detected in activated microglia. Nerve injury‐evoked spinal microglial activation was not significantly altered in TLR2 KO mice. Paw withdrawal threshold and latency in response to mechanical and heat stimuli, respectively, decreased shortly after nerve lesion in wild type mice. In TLR2 KO mice, nerve injury‐induced thermal hyperalgesia was completely abolished contrary to that seen in wild‐type mice, whereas mechanical allodynia was partially reduced. We suggest that TLR2 is necessary for the development of neuropathic pain and its contribution is more important in thermal hypersensitivity than that of mechanical allodynia. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesenchymal stem cells facilitate axon sorting, myelination, and functional recovery in paralyzed mice deficient in Schwann cell‐derived laminin
Authors: Carlson Karen B. , Singh Prabhjot , Feaster Moses M. , Ramnarain Anita , Pavlides Constantine , Chen Zu‐Lin , Yu Wei‐Ming , Feltri M. Laura , Strickland Sidney
Published: December 2010

Peripheral nerve function depends on a regulated process of axon and Schwann cell development. Schwann cells interact with peripheral neurons to sort and ensheath individual axons. Ablation of laminin γ1 in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) arrests Schwann cell development prior to radial sorting of axons. Peripheral nerves of laminin‐deficient animals are disorganized and hypomyelinated. In this study, sciatic nerves of laminin‐deficient mice were treated with syngenic murine adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs). ADSCs expressed laminin in vitro and in vivo following transplant into mutant sciatic nerves. ADSC‐treatment of mutant nerves caused endogenous Schwann cells to differentiate past the point of developmental arrest to sort and myelinate axons. This was shown by (1) functional, (2) ultrastructural, and (3) immunohistochemical analysis. Treatment of laminin‐deficient nerves with either soluble laminin or the immortalized laminin‐expressing cell line 3T3/L1 did not overcome endogenous Schwann cell developmental arrest. In summary, these results indicate that (1) laminin‐deficient Schwann cells can be rescued, (2) a cell‐based approach is beneficial in comparison with soluble protein treatment, and (3) mesenchymal stem cells modify sciatic nerve function via trophic effects rather than transdifferentiation in this system. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mikrosynthese von 35S‐markiertem Aneurin hoher spezifischer Aktivität
Authors: Würsch J.
Published: December 2010

Aneurine‐35S of high specific activity has been prepared following an industrial procedure based on the synthesis of Todd & Bergel. Starting from 3,0 mmoles of H235S of the specific activity 40,3 mc/mmole, 216 mg of aneurine chloride hydrochloride monohydrate corresponding to a chemical yield of 40,5% based on H235S has been obtained. It was pure as shown by paper chromatography and had a calculated specific activity of 110 μc/mg or 39,1 mc/mmole immediately after synthesis.
Abbau von 3‐O‐Acetyl‐desarogenin und 3‐Dehydro‐11‐O‐acetyl‐sarmentogenin. Über Bestandteile der Nebennierenrinde und verwandte Stoffe, 97. Mitteilung
Authors: Lardon A. , Euw J. V.
Published: December 2010

Die Überführung von 11‐Dehydro‐sarmentogenin in das bekannte 3β,21‐Diacetoxy‐5β‐pregnandion‐(11,20) und den bekannten 3β‐Acetoxy‐11‐keto‐5β‐ätiansäure‐methylester wird beschrieben, ferner die Überführung von 3‐De‐hydro‐sarmentogenin in den bekannten 11α‐Acetoxy‐3‐keto‐5β‐ätiansäure‐methylester. Die letztere Reaktionsfolge gab bisher unbefriedigende Ausbeuten.
Synthése de quelques aldéhydes p,p′‐polyméthylène‐dibenzoïques
Authors: Jaunin R. , Baer T.
Published: December 2010

p,p′‐Polymethylene‐dibenzaldehydes (I, n = 6, 8, 9, 10) have been prepared by Kröhnke's method from the appropriate chloromethyl derivatives. Alternatively p,p′‐hexamethylene‐dibenzaldehyde (I, n = 6) has also been obtained by the LiAlH4 reduction of the corresponding bis‐(N‐methylanilide).
Reduktionen mit LiAlH4 in der Isatin‐Reihe. 3. Mitteilung. Zur Darstellung von N‐Methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐indolin
Authors: Giovannini E. , Lorenz Th.
Published: December 2010

Die Reduktion von N‐Methylisatin (I), N‐Methyldioxindol (V), N‐Formylindoxyl (VI) und N‐Methyl‐β‐isatoxim (VII) mit LiAlH4 führte unter den angewandten Versuchsbedingungen jeweils zu N‐Methylindol (III) und den Leukoverbindungen von Farbstoffen der Indigoreihe, aber nicht zu N‐Methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐indolin (II); letzteres wurde durch direkte Methylierung von 3‐Hydroxy‐indolin dargestellt. Die Reduktion von N‐Formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐indoxyl (X) mit LiAlH4 führte zu N,2,2‐Trimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐indolin (XI).
Syntheseversuche in der Emetin‐Reihe. 1. Mitteilung. 2‐Oxo‐hydrobenzo[a]chinolizine
Authors: Brossi A. , Lindlar H. , Walter M. , Schnider O.
Published: December 2010

2‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4,6,7‐hexahydro‐11bH‐benzo[a]quinolizines unsubstituted in ring C (XXX, XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII) and the homologues which are alkylated in 3‐position (V and analogues) were synthesized from 1‐carbalkoxy‐methyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐isoquinolines (VI, VII, VIII, and IX).
Zur Kenntnis der Pseudojononsynthese nach Kimel & Sax
Authors: Saucy G. , Chopard‐Dit‐Jean L. H. , Guex W. , Ryser G. , Isler O.
Published: December 2010

In the synthesis of pseudoionone by pyrolysis of dehydro‐linalyl‐acetoacetate (Kimel & Sax, US‐Pat. 2 661 368) an isomeric ketone is formed, the structure of which has been elucidated by degradation to d,l‐puleganic acid.
Voacangarin, ein neues Alkaloid aus Voacanga africana Stapf
Authors: Stauffacher D. , Seebeck E.
Published: December 2010

Aus Voacanga africana Stapf konnte ein neues Alkaloid, das Voacangarin, C22H28O4N2, isoliert werden. Es werden Abbaureaktionen beschrieben, welche beweisen, dass das Voacangarin ein Hydroxy‐carbomethyoxy‐ibogain ist, dem die Strukturformel I zukommt.
Sur la séparation des terres rares à l'aide de l'acide éthylènediamine‐tétraacétique. VI. Le système NH4[Gd‐édta]  NH4[Y‐édta]  H2O à 0°
Authors: Brunisholz G. , Randin M.
Published: December 2010

Two stable solid phases appear in the system NH4[Gd‐EDTA]  NH4[Y‐EDTA]  H2O at 0°C: the gadolinium‐rich octahydrate NH4[(Gd, Y)‐EDTA], 8H2O (= phase α) and the yttrium‐rich hexahydrate NH4[(Y, Gd)‐EDTA], 6H2O (= phase η). An important miscibility gap exists between the two phases.
Zur Kenntnis des Kohlenstoffringes. 75. Mitteilung. Über den nichtklassischen Verlauf der Acetolyse von Cyclodecyl‐[1‐D]‐p‐toluolsulfonat
Authors: Prelog V. , Borčić S.
Published: December 2010

Das durch Acetolyse von Cyclodecyl‐[1‐D]‐p‐toluolsulfonat erhaltene trans‐Cyclodecen wurde systematisch bis zur Adipinsäure abgebaut und in den Abbau‐Produkten das Deuterium bestimmt. Die auf diese. Weise gefundene Deuterium‐Verteilung zeigt, dass ein beträchtlicher Teil der Eliminierung nichtklassisch, d.h. unter 1,5 bzw. 1,6‐Hydrid‐Verschiebung stattfindet.
Synthese der Racemate von Muscaron, Muscarin und epi‐Muscarin (Trennung der racemischen Muscarin‐Isomeren). 7. Mitteilung über Muscarin
Authors: Eugster C. H. , Häfliger F. , Denss R. , Girod E.
Published: December 2010

Die Reduktion des 2‐Methyl‐5‐dimethylaminomethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐furan‐3‐ons wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Aus den Reduktionsprodukten wurden die Norbasen von d,l‐Muscarin, d,l‐epi‐Muscarin und d,l‐Muscaron isoliert.
Isotopie‐Effekte bei der peroxydatischen Formiatoxydation durch Leberkatalase
Authors: Frei Eva , Aebi H.
Published: December 2010

The coupled oxidation of H14COONa and D14COONa by catalase has been studied using notatin + glucose (and SH‐compounds) as an H2O2‐generating system.
Untersuchungen der optischen Rotationsdispersion. XV. Anwendung auf Steroid‐Ketole und herzwirksame Aglykone. Glykoside und Aglykone, 186. Mitteilung
Authors: Djerassi C. , Halpern O. , Halpern V. , Schindler O. , Tamm Ch.
Published: December 2010

Mit Hilfe von optischen Rotationsdispersionskurven lassen sich bei Cardenolid‐Derivaten wie in andern Steroid‐Klassen zusätzliche Carbonylfunktionen ohne Schwierigkeiten erfassen. Bei den Bufadienolid‐Derivaten ist dies erst möglich, wenn der α‐Pyronring in hydrierter Form vorliegt.

Die Rotationsdispersionskurve von 1‐Keto‐steroiden zeigt einen aussergewöhnlichen Verlauf. Dies wird durch weitere entsprechende Cardenolid‐Derivate sowie durch Modellverbindungen illustriert.

Die Abhängigkeit der Rotationsdispersion von Cardenoliden mit einer α‐Ketol‐Gruppierung in 11,12‐Stellung sowohl von der Stereochemie dieser Gruppe selbst als auch von der des Ringgerüstes wird unter Heranziehung geeigneter Modelle (Ätiansäuren, Gallensäuren, Sapogenine) untersucht und diskutiert. Zum Vergleich wird die Rotationsdispersion einiger D‐Homo‐steroide mit einer α‐Ketol‐Gruppierung in 17α, 17a‐Stellung sowie weitere Steroid‐Derivate mit einer solchen in 4,5‐, 5,6‐, 16,17‐ und 17,20‐Stellung bestimmt und diskutiert.
Programmgesteuerter Gas‐Chromatograph zur präparativen Trennung von Gemischen organischer Verbindungen. Teil II
Authors: Kováts E. , Simon W. , Heilbronner E.
Published: December 2010

The following characteristics of the automatic gas chromatograph for preparative purposes previously described have been investigated : (a) the dependance of the separation efficiency on temperature, type of stationary phase, retention volume, flow rate of the carrier gas and amount of sample and the conditions prevailing during preparative gas chromatography, (b) the separation of two component mixtures with and without overlapping peaks in their gas chromatogram.
Umwandlung von Cardenoliden durch Mikroorganismen: I. 12β‐Hydroxylierung von Digitoxigenin. 1. Mitteilung über Reaktionen mit Mikroorganismen
Authors: Gubler Alice , Tamm Ch.
Published: December 2010

Digitoxigenin (I) wurde auf mikrobiologischem Wege (mit Fusarium Zini (Bolley)) durch Einführung einer Hydroxylgruppe in die 12β‐Stellung in Digoxigenin (VII) übergeführt. Der gleiche Mikroorganismus vermochte 3‐De‐hydro‐digitoxigenin (X) in 3‐epi‐Digitoxigenin (XII), 3‐Dehydro‐digoxigenin (XI) und 3‐epi‐Digoxigenin (XIV) umzuwandeln. XI und XIV sind neue Stoffe. Zum Konstitutionsbeweis wurde XI durch katalytische Oxydation mit O2, und Pt aus Digoxigenin (VII) hergestellt. NaBH4,‐Reduktion von XI ergab 3‐epi‐Digoxigenin (XIV).
Bathochromic displacements and other steric effects in electronic spectra
Authors: Forbes W. F.
Published: December 2010

A recently proposed unified theory of steric effects in the electronic spectra of organic compounds is criticised on the grounds that steric effects of that type normally fall into at least two distinct patterns. It is proposed that these two types of steric effects can be better understood by being treated independently. A brief survey of the relevant data is given.
Zur Kenntnis der Sulfen‐ und Selenensäuren und ihrer Derivate. 6. Mitteilung. Synthese von Anthrachinon‐1,5‐disulfensäure
Authors: Jenny W.
Published: December 2010

Die Synthese einer zweiten analysenreinen, beständigen Sulfensäure, der Anthrachinon‐1,5‐disulfensäure, wird beschrieben. Die optischen Eigenschaften des Anions dieser Säure werden untersucht.
Infrarot‐Spektren von Cyclanen und Cyclanonen. IV. Infrarot‐Spektren von Cyclanen
Authors: Billeter E. , Günthard Hs. H.
Published: December 2010

The infrared spectra of the n‐membered cyclanes (n = 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18) have been investigated over the frequency range 1600 to 650 cm−1 at temperatures between − 180° and + 100° C in liquid and solid state and for comparison in solid state pressed in KBr. Furthermore the spectra of the liquids at temperatures about 20° C above the melting points and those of thin crystalline films have been observed in the rocksalt region.
Synthese des d,l‐7‐Methyltocols (η‐Tocopherol)
Authors: Pendse H. K. , Karrer P.
Published: December 2010

Aus Methylhydrochinon, Phytol und Ameisensäure als Kondensationsmittel wurde ein Monomethyltocol hergestellt, aus dem sich ein gut kristallisiertes Allophanat und ein ebenfalls gut kristallisiertes p‐Nitrophenylurethan darstellen liessen. Beim thermischen Abbau gab dieses Methyltocol 2,5‐Dimethylhydrochinon, wodurch bewiesen wird, dass es sich um 7‐Methyltocol handelt. Damit in Übereinstimmung steht sein Verhalten bei der Nitrosierung und Kupplung mit diazotiertem o‐Dianisidin.
Nitration de l'acide nitro‐2‐bromo‐4‐benzoïque
Authors: Goldstein Henri , Mohanna Siavache
Published: December 2010

La nitration de l'acide nitro‐2‐bromo‐4‐benzoïque conduit à l'acide dinitro‐2,5‐bromo‐4‐benzoïque avec formation secondaire d'isomère 2,3.
Lanatosid E, ein neues genuines Glykosid aus der Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 40. Mitteilung über Herzglykoside
Authors: Angliker E. , Barfuss F. , Renz J.
Published: December 2010

Aus Herzglykosidfraktionen der Digitalis lanata Ehrh. konnte das Lanatosid E isoliert und charakterisiert werden. Durch verschiedene Abbaureaktionen konnte gezeigt werden, dass das mit den bekannten Lanatosiden isomorph kristallisierende Glykosid das 16‐Formyl‐lanatosid B darstellt.
Farbige Schutzgruppen für die Synthese von Polypeptiden
Authors: Schwyzer R. , Sieber P. , Zatskó K.
Published: December 2010

p‐Phenylazo‐benzyloxy‐carbonylchlorid (PZ‐Chlorid) und p‐(p′‐Methoxyphenylazo)‐benzyloxy‐carbonylchlorid (MZ‐Chlorid) sind ausgezeichnet kristallisierte, stabile Verbindungen, welche sich mit Aminogruppen von Aminosäuren und Peptiden zu organgelben Derivaten umsetzen lassen. Wie die klassische Carbobenzoxygruppe (Z‐) lassen sich die PZ‐ und MZ‐Gruppen durch Hydrierung oder mit HBr in Eisessig leicht wieder spalten. Deshalb und weil Chromatogramme und multiplikative Verteilungen leicht kolorimetrisch ausgewertet werden können, dürften diese neuen Schutzgruppen für die Synthese und Isolierung von Polypeptiden grosse Vorteile bieten.
Synthesen in der Lumiflavin‐Reihe III
Authors: Hemmerich P.
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of lumiflavines bearing functional substituents in 9 position is described.
Löslichkeitsprodukte von Metalloxyden und ‐Hydroxyden. 2. Mitteilung. Das Löslichkeitsprodukt des Thallium(III)‐oxydes
Authors: Schindler P.
Published: December 2010

The solubility equilibrium of thallium(III) oxide at 25° has been investigated by determining [Tl3+] and [H+] in solutions in contact with the solid phase. [Tl3+] and [H+] have been measured by EMF‐method at the constant ionic strength 3M.

The precipitation reaction attains a steady state after about 200 hours while the dissolving reaction needs only a few hours.

The steady state of both reactions can be expressed by the equationwithSince in 3MNaClO4.

Biedermann's measurements of the hydrolysis of Tl3+are discussed with respect to the stability of soluble hydrolysis products.
Untersuchungen über das Schicksal von Antioxydantien im Tierkörper. I. Zum Verhalten der tertiären Butylgruppe
Authors: Bernhard Karl , Thommen Hans
Published: December 2010

Wir haben eine in der Carboxylgruppe 14C‐signierte α‐Phenylisobuttersäure hergestellt und an Ratten peroral verabreicht. Sie wird nicht abgebaut, vielmehr grösstenteils im Harn wieder ausgeschieden und nur geringfügig in der Leber zurückgehalten. Der Befund wird im Hinblick auf das Verhalten von Antioxydantien mit tertiärer Butylgruppe im Tierkörper diskutiert.
Über N‐Amino‐α‐pyridone
Authors: Hoegerle K.
Published: December 2010

Durch Umsatz von Chloramin mit methylsubstituierten 2‐Pyridonen sowie mit 2‐Chinolon und 4‐Methyl‐2‐thiazolon wurden die N‐Aminoderivate dieser Verbindungen erhalten. Diese wurden durch ihr chemisches und optisches Verhalten charakterisiert.
Über Pyrid[2,1‐b][1,3,4]oxdiazolone‐(2)
Authors: Hoegerle K.
Published: December 2010

Umsatz von 1‐Aminopyridonen‐(2) mit Phosgen ergab ein neues mesoionisches Ringsystem, das Pyrid[2,1‐‐b][1,3,4]oxdiazolon‐(2), dessen chemisches und physikalisches Verhalten untersucht und mit jenem des bekannten Ringsystems Pyrid[1,2‐b][1,2,4]oxdiazolon‐(2) verglichen wurde. Beide Verbindungstypen ergeben beim Umsatz mit Alkoholen und Aminen unter geeigneten Bedingungen unter Öffnung des Oxdiazolonringes Urethane und Harnstoffderivate.
Zur Struktur von Hypoglycin A
Authors: Renner U. , Jöhl A. , Stoll W. G.
Published: December 2010

Picrolonate, hydrogenation and ninhydrin‐degradation of hypoglycin A are described. The main product of the hydrolysis of hypoglycin A is β‐isobutyryl‐alanine.