bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divisions of Homeownership: Housing Tenure and Social Change
Authors: Murie A
Published: October 2006

This paper is concerned with the way in which housing tenure categories are used in analysis of social change in Britain. The tendency to represent tenures as unchanging, homogeneous categories with exclusive attributes is discussed. It is argued that it is important to assess the ways in which dominant housing tenures have been changing and to highlight differentiation within tenures. This discussion is mainly pursued in relation to debates about homeownership. Reference is made to the need to appreciate various elements contributing to the growth of homeownership and various differences between homeowners in terms of accommodation, legal rights, material interest, security, and social class. In conclusion it is argued that polarised presentations of homogeneous tenures are an inadequate basis for discussion and that recognition of key divisions within tenures is important in developing an understanding of the relationship between housing and social change.
Shift-Share Analysis as a Linear Model
Authors: Knudsen D C , Barff R
Published: October 2006

Shift-share analysis continues to be popular among geographers, regional scientists, and planners despite widespread criticism of the method. In this paper, it is argued that insufficient attention has been paid to model-based approaches to shift—share analysis. It is shown that conventional shift—share and stochastic shift—share yield identical conclusions. Stochastic shift—share is easily extended dynamically and along the lines suggested by Arcelus. Thus, in the stochastic models several of the most persistent criticisms of the technique are addressed by allowing for testing of hypotheses, while preserving the practicality of the conventional accounting approach. It is suggested that stochastic shift—share should be used whenever practical.
Demographic Indices as Social Indicators
Authors: Anson J
Published: October 2006

A social indicator is derived from readily available demographic data: population age structures, mortality rates, sex ratios, and children—women ratios (fertility). It is suggested that an indicator based on just two of these variables can be as reliable a measure of the physical quality of life in a population as a multivariable indicator based directly on socioeconomic data. Unlike multivariable indicators, which are expensive to collect, the demographic data are readily available. Their use as social indicators would thus offer a simple, cheap, and effective means of monitoring the standard of living in small, geographically defined populations and in evaluating the effects of policy interventions. The analysis is based on Israeli towns, with use of data from the census of 1983.
The Empirical Analysis of Housing Careers: A Review and a General Statistical Modelling Framework
Authors: Pickles A R , Davies R B
Published: October 2006

It is argued that the notion of housing careers has an important potential role in integrating the diverse theoretical perspectives which characterise research into residential mobility and tenure choice. By the synthesis of concepts from a range of theoretical and empirical traditions, a statistical modelling framework is developed that treats housing careers as trajectories from a dynamic optimisation process. This framework is operationalised in a companion paper that reports an empirical study of housing careers in Cardiff.
An Analysis of Housing Careers in Cardiff
Authors: Davies R B , Pickles A R
Published: October 2006

Data on housing careers in Cardiff are analysed within the statistical modelling framework developed in a companion paper. Several simplifying assumptions were necessary to overcome complex statistical and computational problems but the results obtained appear to be robust. However, these results include some features which were unexpected and difficult to interpret.
The Farmed Landscape and the Occupancy Change Process
Authors: Marsden T K , Munton R J C
Published: October 2006

In this paper the relationships between change in farm occupancy and changes in the farmed landscape are examined by reporting on evidence collected from an in-depth resurvey of farm businesses in three study areas in lowland England (West Dorset, East Bedfordshire, and parts of the London Greenbelt). The significance of ‘occupancy events’ in affecting land management and landscape change is indicated. Changes in land area, tenure, business structure, and decisionmaking personnel are assessed as being significant occupancy events which can promote management and landscape alteration. This suggests the need for more sharply focused conservation policy and advice which is tailored to the specific needs of the farm business.
Industrial Change in Southern England: A Case Study of the Electronics and Electrical Engineering Industry in the Southampton City-Region
Authors: Mason C , Pinch S , Witt S
Published: October 2006

The electrical engineering and electronics industry is the largest manufacturing industry in the Southampton ‘city-region’, providing over 25% of all manufacturing jobs. This analysis, which is based on detailed case studies of nineteen companies which employed over 11 000 workers in 1987, reveals that recent changes in the industry in the city-region can best be understood by reference to the changing role of local establishments within the wider corporate geography of their parent groups. Despite the high degree of external ownership, the city-region contains various subsidiaries with important control functions and with responsibility for product innovation and development. In response to a range of market pressures there has been a progressive upgrading of the technological sophistication of the products made within the city-region. In some cases this technological enhancement has been accompanied by the relocation of mature products to peripheral areas of the United Kingdom or to the Far East. These changes have had an important impact upon the skill composition of the work force. Increases in scientific, technical, and management functions have been accompanied by absolute or relative declines in production, ancillary, and clerical jobs. These occupational and production changes have, particularly in the larger firms, been associated with new working patterns.
Interregional Gross Migration and Structural Changes in Local Industries
Authors: Matsukawa I
Published: October 2006

In this paper the impacts of structural changes in local industries on interregional gross migration in Japan for 1974–85 are empirically examined. Structural changes in local industries, which are represented by a simple index of local employment growth dispersion across sectors, induce interregional migration, as well as intraregional migration. The estimation results with pooled data support this hypothesis. The impacts of structural changes in local industries are different across gross migration flows (rural—urban, urban—rural, urban—urban, and rural—rural migration), as are the impacts of other determinants of migration such as earnings differentials, aggregate employment growth, national unemployment, distance, and age structure.
Intraurban Location Effects on Firm Performance: Some Evidence from the Leeds Engineering Sector
Authors: Dobson S , Gerrard B
Published: October 2006

In this paper the extent to which there are systematic intraurban location effects on firm performance is investigated. A very disaggregated approach is adopted, with a focus on firms in a single industry (engineering) in a single city (Leeds). With use of both ratio and regression analysis it is found that, on average, engineering firms located in the inner Leeds area have a lower level of profitability.
Regional Formation of High-Technology Service Industries: The Software Industry in Washington State
Authors: Haug P
Published: October 2006

The development of high-technology manufacturing concentrations has attracted extensive research, but few studies have provided evidence on the genesis of regional agglomerations of software industry. In this paper findings from a survey of 152 software firms in Washington State are presented. As in US industry data, the majority of these software companies are relatively small and new organizations within the State. Results on company location and formation decisions and on international activities show that the software industry has been generated primarily by local entrepreneurs and relies on US suppliers and customers. State government and academic research programs have not affected the growth of the software industry, but over time, industry expansion has produced leading US software corporations, such as the Microsoft Corporation.
Forecasting State and Local Population Growth with Limited Data: The Use of Employment—Migration Relationships and Trends in Vital Rates
Authors: Greenwood M J , Hunt G L
Published: October 2006

Long-term forecasts of state and local population are required for a variety of reasons, but frequently these forecasts or projections are not tied to economic activity, and the migration component of population change is commonly treated in an unsatisfactory fashion. In this paper, growth of state and local population is related to the area's net natural increase and to its net migration, which must be inferred because of lack of data. In turn, net migration is related to the growth of national employment and to the growth of regional civilian and military employment. The model is estimated for two regions, the El Paso, TX, standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) and the State of New Mexico. Several statistical problems arise because of the limited number of available time-series observations. Fully dynamic historical simulations track the population quite closely, in one case never differing from the actual value by more than 1.17% and in the other never differing by more than 1.36%.
Techniques for Modelling Population-Related Raster Databases
Authors: Martin D , Bracken I
Published: October 2006

In this paper the refinement and application of a technique for the generation of surface models of population and related information are examined. With use of this technique the efficient generation of geographically extensive, high-resolution surfaces is described. The resulting database facilitates a range of improved spatial analyses. Some of these are more flexible means of accomplishing conventional tasks, such as the computation of incidence rates and the estimation of population for nonstandard areal units. Additionally, surface concepts are able to support innovative techniques, such as the identification and characterization of discrete settlements. Applications are described which demonstrate the range of possible analyses.
Location Theory and Service Development Planning: Which Way Now?
Authors: Gore C G
Published: October 2006

In this paper, possible directions for research concerned with service-sector development in developing countries are given. Two avenues of work are suggested: (1) to analyse the assumptions about market structure which underlie World Bank adjustment programmes and, with that knowledge, to contribute to the design of alternatives to these programmes; and (2) to extend Sen's ‘entitlement approach’ to public service provision, including geographical accessibility as an integral part of the study of entitlements. In these two topics a sociospatial perspective is applied to critical development issues, but the analysis remains focused on the same objects of concern as central-place theory and location-allocation models—wholesaling and retailing activities. It is argued that service development planning needs to be wider in scope than this. By using an analysis by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, some broader directions are suggested.
Discounting the Economic Costs of Conservation and Compensation
Authors: Cullen R
Published: October 2006

Sites are scarce, depletable resources. Development at sites frequently involves losses of aesthetic, recreational, and spiritual qualities. Attempts to quantify these losses are increasingly made via nonmarket valuation techniques. Conservation of sites frequently involves foregoing alternative uses of the sites. The benefits which could potentially be provided by alternative uses of sites can be evaluated to provide estimates of the gross economic costs of conservation.

The economic costs likely to be imposed by protecting rock from quarrying at a site near Dunedin, New Zealand, are examined, and attempts are made to estimate compensation requirements. Protection of this site is expected to impose costs on the quarryowners and society at a distant time. The choice of discount rate is of overriding importance in estimating the magnitudes of these distant costs. In the case studied, ‘high’-magnitude discount rates appear to reduce the costs of conservation and ‘low’-magnitude discount rates increase those costs.
Skilled International Migration: An Analysis of the Geography of International Secondments within Large Accountancy Firms
Authors: Beaverstock J V
Published: October 2006

In this paper the issue of skilled transient movements (international secondments) within large multinational accountancy firms are considered. The principal arguments in the paper are that chartered accountants are involved in transient moves through global secondment programmes as a response to the corporate strategy of the firm and as a tool which enhances the career development of the individual.
The Cost of Improving the Quality of the Environment
Authors: Boyd R , Uri N D
Published: October 2006

The analysis in this paper is directed at comparing the relative effectiveness of two different methods of meeting the Bush Administration's goals outlined in the Clean Air Plan. The analytical vehicle used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of twelve producing sectors, thirteen consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income, a foreign sector, and a government. First, it is found that irrespective of what type of strategy is followed to improve environmental quality, both output and consumption decline as does household utility. Hence, there is a quantifiable trade-off between economic activity (economic growth) and the quality of the environment. Beyond this, the aggregate loss in production and economic welfare (measured by consumption expenditures and utility) is less under a policy which stresses reliance on alternative fuels (brought about by taxation) than through one that requires the installation of pollution-abatement devices (that is, regulation).
The Campeau Takeovers—The Arbitrage Economy in Action
Authors: Hallsworth A G
Published: October 2006

In the space of less than five years Robert Campeau, a Canadian property developer, rose to become the owner of the largest tranche of retail assets in the USA. Campeau acquired an empire ‘worth’ US$8 b before the bulk of that empire fell into Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In that time his dealings came to involve some of the most famous names in US retailing—and also Marks and Spencer plc of Britain. The mechanisms by which funding was put together in order to finance the Campeau takeovers exemplify the functioning of the arbitrage economy.
Spatial Interaction and Spatial Autocorrelation: A Cross-Product Approach
Authors: Getis A
Published: October 2006

A cross-product statistic is used to demonstrate that spatial interaction models are a special case of a general model of spatial autocorrelation. A series of traditional measures of spatial autocorrelation is shown to have a cross-product form. Several interaction models are shown to have a similar form. A general spatial statistic is developed which indicates that the relationship between the two types of models is particularly strong when the focus is on measurements from a single point.
Urban and Regional Dynamics—Towards an Integrated Approach
Authors: Pumain D , Haag G
Published: October 2006

The generic structure of an integrated approach for urban and regional dynamics is presented. Interurban and intraurban interactions of agents are considered. The decision strategies of the different groups' agents on the microlevel, given certain constraints, constitute the fundamental starting point of the analysis. The master equation formalism provides the framework for the derivation of an appropriate set of nonlinear dynamic equations on the macrolevel, describing the state of the spatial system. Phenomena of self-organisation and of bifurcation may occur in such open systems when they are maintained under conditions of an active environment. It is also outlined how the trend parameters of the system can be estimated by using empirical data.
Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Planning, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Authors: Parysek J J , Adamczak Z , Grobelny R
Published: October 2006

The spatial structure of the results of the 1990 presidential election in Poland—the first democratic election in the postwar period—is described. This is not a mere description of the voter turnout and the support for the particular candidates, but also includes definitions of multivariate election options in particular voivodeships. An attempt is also made to determine the effect of some factors on voter attitudes. In this way, the first political map of Poland has been drawn which will now be modified by political, social, and especially economic developments, and which will go into a second edition during the next parliamentary elections. In the study use was made of multivariate regression analysis and principal components analysis.
Research Policy and Review 35. The Booming Towns Studies: Methodological Issues
Authors: Green A E , Champion A G
Published: October 2006

In this paper the value of the Booming Towns approach to ranking local areas on the basis of their economic performance is assessed. More specifically, detailed methodological issues, such as the choice of appropriate areal units, the selection of indicator variables, and the manner of combining and ranking indicators to derive synthetic indices are discussed, with reference to possible alternative approaches.
Geographic Information Abstractions: Conceptual Clarity for Geographic Modeling
Authors: Nyerges T L
Published: October 2006

Just as we abstract our reality to make life intellectually manageable, we must create abstractions when we build models of geographic structure and process. Geographic information abstractions with aspects of theme, time, and space can be used to provide a comprehensive description of geographic reality in a geographic information system (GIS): In the context of geographic modeling a geographic information abstraction is defined as a simultaneous focus on important characteristics of geographic content, structure, and process while temporarily suppressing certain details—rather than elimination or deletion of detail. Geographic information abstractions can be used in a database design process to develop a more realistic description of reality in the form of a database model. The geographic information abstraction types are: classification, generalization, aggregation, and association. They are used to structure a descriptive GIS database model by using an example from urban transportation. The embedding of a practically adequate descriptive database model in explanatory and predictive models of urban change is discussed.
High-Technology Agglomeration and the Labor Market: The Case of Silicon Valley
Authors: Angel D P
Published: October 2006

In this paper the pattern of labor-market activity associated with major high-technology agglomerations within the USA are examined, drawing upon the results of a mailed questionnaire survey of firms in the semiconductor industry. The analysis is focused upon the cluster of specialized semiconductor firms in Silicon Valley, to determine the contribution of local labor-market processes to the growth and development of this high-technology production complex. Fluid employment relations and efficiencies in search and mobility within the local labor market provide Silicon Valley firms remarkable flexibility in meeting their labor demands and help to ensure a rapid circulation of knowledge and information within the production complex. The accelerated transfer of technological knowledge allows Silicon Valley firms to build cumulatively upon a common stock of technological successes and failures, contributing significantly to the innovative dynamism of the region.
Price Patterns in Competitively Clustered Markets
Authors: Fik T J
Published: October 2006

In this paper, numerical analyses of price competition in spatial markets are presented. How equilibrium conditions are affected by the geographic distribution of firms and their pricing behavior is illustrated. Simulated and empirical findings suggest that clustering of competitors in space tends to promote lower overall price levels. It is posited that competitive market clusters may be responsible for the adoption of lower price conjectures. In theory, this suggests that the spatial structure of a market can create context-specific price-reaction functions that are sensitive to the relative locations of firms and distance to nearest and next-nearest rivals. Point-pattern and nearest-neighbor analyses of store locations for rival food chains in a major metropolitan market show that rivals tend to cluster in space, and that chain outlets in competitive market clusters demonstrate a tendency to support lower prices.
Planning the Trajectories of Land and Development Rights Rents via Discrete Programming Models
Authors: Gordon P , Moore J E
Published: October 2006

The Koopmans and Beckmann assignment model approach to problems of urban economics has led to considerable discussion. In our recent papers some of the issues raised were reviewed and also extensions that resolve many of the dilemmas suggested by the original model were proposed. Most of the approaches surveyed in our previous paper make little use of the duality properties of the assignment model. In the present paper it is argued that, under certain circumstances, dual variables interpretable as site rents and other dual variables that suggest the values of transferable development rights (TDRs) appear with model solutions. This view enhances the importance of assignment models to city planners and sheds light on how planners can guide optimal development along with the implementation of TDR policies.
The Spatial Spread of the AIDS Epidemic in Ohio: Empirical Analyses Using the Expansion Method
Authors: Casetti E , Fan C C
Published: October 2006

The expansion methodology is applied to investigating the spatial spread of the AIDS epidemic in Ohio. To this effect, the spread of the epidemic is conceptualized as the parametric drift of mathematical relationships capable of representing the temporal dynamics of the cumulative count of AIDS cases. The results suggest a deceleration in the growth of AIDS in geographical environments characterized by population densities past a critical threshold.
Employment Effects of Environmental Policies in Greece
Authors: Lekakis J N
Published: October 2006

The international literature on the impact of environmental policies on employment has almost exclusively dealt with the experience of industrialized countries. Evidence from Greece, for the period 1983–87, suggests that environmental programs initiated by the government in an attempt to alleviate fundamental ecological imbalances and support the declining private sector were self-regulatory. This was based on deficit financing and has affected employment positively. Regarding qualitative aspects of generated employment, low-skill — low-wage workers have been favored, owing to the nature of environmental programs undertaken. This picture, however, is expected to reverse soon, calling for immediate action to sustain employment in this nonindustrialized country.
Optimum Location of Hierarchical Production Units with Respect to Price-Elastic Demand
Authors: Dökmeci V F
Published: October 2006

In this study, a model is designed to determine the optimum location of a hierarchical production system on a nonhomogeneous plane. The main objective of the study is to consider explicitly the ways in which alternative spatial pricing policies will affect location choice. The maximum-profit location is obtained by balancing price, demand, production cost, and transportation cost of interdependent production units. A stepwise heuristic approach is used for the solution. The solution procedure starts with the choice of the number of plants for each level of the hierarchy. The optimum set of markets is determined by the use of a minimum-distance criterion, and the demand of each market is calculated with respect to a chosen uniform price. Then the optimum location of plants is determined for each market. This procedure is repeated by using different uniform prices and by changing the number of plants until the maximum profit for the whole system is obtained.
The Long-Term Trend toward Increased Dispersion in the Distributions of City Sizes
Authors: Roehner B M
Published: October 2006

City-size distributions follow a Pareto distribution, a property which is also known as the rank-size rule. Yet very different Pareto powers, α, are to be observed, ranging from 0.5 to 2. In this paper two complementary models are proposed to relate observed values of α to basic economic phenomena. In the first, the interdependence between cities and their economic environment is analysed. It is therefore a spatial model in which production, transportation, and land productivities are the pertinent variables. In the second model the economic evolution taking place inside cities is analysed. This involves the population of major occupation groups as significant variables.

Historical data are presented showing that improved communication networks and economic progress result in decreasing values of α. Both models account for this long-term evolution. It is known, however, that in some areas the distribution of city sizes does not follow the rank-size rule. It is shown that a better understanding of such distributions can be obtained from a spatial decomposition of city-size distributions.
Analysis of Urban-Rural Population Dynamics for China
Authors: Shen J
Published: October 2006

The multiregional demography approach is used in an analysis of the urban—rural population dynamics of China. Multiregional population-accounts and methods of estimation of demographic rates are developed on the basis of the multiregional population-accounts concept. An accounts-based urban—rural population projection model is established and used to project the population of China from 1988 to 2087.
Europe 1992 and Strategic Change in the International Automobile Industry
Authors: Dicken P
Published: October 2006

Western Europe is the world's largest automobile market and also the major region of automobile production. Until 1986, with the arrival of Nissan, the automobile industry in the region was shared between a mixture of US transnational producers and indigenous European producers, some of which also operate plants outside Europe. It is an industry in which, although a substantial degree of corporate integration has occurred, the impact of historical circumstances is still evident in its current locational structure. The creation of a Single European Market after 1992 will remove at least some of the internal barriers to full transnational integration by the European-based automobile producers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the strategies of the three major groups of volume automobile producers in Europe in the context of the changing European situation. A basic question to be posed is whether the Single European Market is likely to stimulate major strategic changes amongst automobile manufacturers or whether we are more likely to see a continuation of existing strategies. The potential implications of the recent political upheavals in Eastern Europe add further complexity to the situation.
Liberalisation and Consolidation: The Single European Market and the Remaking of European Financial Capital
Authors: Leyshon A , Thrift N J
Published: October 2006

The European Community's attempts to restructure the European financial services sector, as part of the Single European Market programme, are examined. These attempts are seen to embody impulses towards the liberalisation and consolidation of the sector which are often at odds. The authors examine the state regulation of money and financial institutions, consider the chief tendencies towards liberalisation and the opposing tendencies towards consolidation, and speculate on the outcome of the programme, especially on the struggle between finance and financial capital models of state regulation of money and finance.
International Investments and the European Challenge
Authors: de Smidt M
Published: October 2006

The complicated pattern of foreign direct investments (FDI) is analyzed for the Single European Market. There are huge FDI flows from the USA and Japan. The Japanese are newcomers: they already made financial transactions through Luxembourg and are building up their logistic operations in the Netherlands. A new division of labor is presented, which includes the United Kingdom as a prime host country for reasons of language and low labor costs. Ireland, Catalonia, and some East German Lander may be the exception to the rule that investments are made in the core regions. A shift was seen in FDI during the 1960s to the Pacific Rim, the USA being a prime host country for FDI during the 1970s.
The Continental Integration of the North American Automobile Industry: From the Auto Pact to the FTA and beyond
Authors: Holmes J
Published: October 2006

The continental integration of the US and Canadian automobile industries quickly followed the negotiation of a sectorial managed trade agreement—the Auto Pact—in 1965. Thus the recent Canada—US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) will likely have less short-term impact on restructuring in the auto industry than it will in most other industries. The paper begins with an analysis of the significant restructuring that occurred within the North American auto industry during the 1980s in response to the globalization of production and dramatic changes in competitive conditions. The future prospects of the industry as it enters the 1990s are examined with regard to three issues: the likely impact of the implementation of the automotive-industry provisions of the FTA; the consolidation of the significant auto-manufacturing presence in North America established by Japanese automakers during the 1980s; and the fact that, with or without the negotiation of a North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it appears likely that Mexico during the 1990s will become fully integrated into a truly North American automotive industry.
Recent Canadian Direct Investment in the United States: An Empirical Perspective from Western New York
Authors: MacPherson A D , McConnell J E
Published: October 2006

The scale, sectoral composition, and regional economic impact of recent Canadian direct investment in Western New York are examined. Empirical perspectives on the role of the Canada—United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) are presented, notably with regard to Western New York's growing absorption of Canadian industrial capital. Data from a postal survey of Canadian investors are described. The results suggest that the FTA has not been a strategic factor in recent investment patterns. Instead, the data reveal an important role for locational and market considerations, few of which pertain to official regulations of bilateral commerce. Some of the empirical results suggest an economic synergy between southern Ontario and Western New York. Specifically, both regions appear to have captured significant commercial benefits from recent cross-border investment. The paper concludes with a brief research agenda for future geographical work on the economic impact of more liberal investment relations between the two countries.
Interurban Migration and the Dynamics of a System of Cities: 1. The Stochastic Framework with an Application to the French Urban System
Authors: Haag G , Munz M , Pumain D , Sanders L , Saint-Julien Th
Published: October 2006

A stochastic framework for the modelling of interurban migration is presented. The model is an extension of a recently developed master-equation approach to interregional migration. The population dynamics of the French urban system, described by a set of 78 cities, is investigated within the period 1954–82. The importance of synergy effects (self-reinforcing collective effects) as well as socioeconomic macrovariables for the understanding of urban dynamics becomes obvious. A forecasting of urban dynamics (relative urban population, growth rates of the cities) for a closer period, year 2002, by using two different kinds of scenarios, confirm this result and give further insight into the nested structure of urban systems.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant 1970–88: 1. Creation, Transfer, and Capture of ‘Value’ within the Built Environment
Authors: Badcock B A
Published: October 2006

The circulation of capital within the built environment, as first formalised by Harvey in 1978, is treated empirically via an analysis of residential capital formation and the transfer of value within the Adelaide Metropolitan Area, in the period 1970–88. Operational concepts of value ‘creation’, ‘transfer’, and ‘capture’ are defined before estimates of housing investment and its redistribution through the medium of the urban property market are derived. These are imputed for eight subregions of Adelaide. It is suggested that the chief beneficiaries from the ‘capture’ of value during the past two decades have been the Inner Adelaide suburbs and homeowners; hence the implication of Adelaide's ‘heart transplant’.

Harvey's ‘framework for analysis’ and more particularly his account of the timing and patterning of (dis)investment within the built environment are then evaluated in light of Adelaide's experience between 1970 and 1988. It is decided that urban investment trends and patterns cannot be properly understood without giving much greater deference to fiscal and monetary policy together with the state's urban development programme than Harvey is prepared to in his analysis.
Strategies for Solving Large Location-Allocation Problems by Heuristic Methods
Authors: Densham P J , Rushton G
Published: October 2006

Solution techniques for location-allocation problems usually are not a part of microcomputer-based geoprocessing systems because of the large volumes of data to process and store and the complexity of algorithms. In this paper, it is shown that processing costs for the most accurate, heuristic, location-allocation algorithm can be drastically reduced by exploiting the spatial structure of location-allocation problems. The strategies used, preprocessing interpoint distance data as both candidate and demand strings, and use of them to update an allocation table, allow the solution of large problems (3000 nodes) in a microcomputer-based, interactive decisionmaking environment. Moreover, these strategies yield solution times which increase approximately linearly with problem size. Tests on four network problems validate these claims.
Adelaide's Heart Transplant, 1970–88: 2. The ‘Transfer’ of Value within the Housing Market
Authors: Badcock B A
Published: October 2006

Regression analysis is used to examine the interaction of a number of processes that are thought to be responsible for the geographical transfer of value within the built environment. These are derived from an account by Smith of the restructuring of urban space. The ‘transfer’ of value is imputed from the differential movement of house prices between 1970 and 1988 for geographical submarkets within the Adelaide Metropolitan Area.

Although the interpretation of the regression models is complicated, the evidence for a tilting of the ‘value transfer’ gradient from an inner-outer bias, to an outer—inner bias, can be statistically inferred from the processes of restructuring that have redirected capital flows within the built environment of Australian cities such as Adelaide, Sydney, and Melbourne in the course of the last two decades. Thus the uneven capital formation that characterises urban restructuring and is ultimately capitalised into real changes in house prices is a significant source of the added wealth that is accumulated from homeownership. By this means it is possible to bridge the two ‘islands’ of theory: Smith's account of urban restructuring and Saunders's concern with the sources of wealth accumulation within the housing market.
Space-Time Interactions in Multiregion Disease Modelling
Authors: Thomas R W
Published: October 2006

In this paper, some methods for representing space and time consistently within a deterministic version of the recurrent epidemic model are examined. First, a general framework for transforming a model for a single community into a multiregion counterpart where the frequency of contact between susceptibles and infectives is some inverse function of distance is described. Different spatial interaction representations of the accessibility of the regional populations to one another are shown to induce variations in the temporal behaviour of the disease model which are conditional on whether the specification allows for a single infectivity rate or a set of regionally variable rates. The second of these specifications is shown to induce lead and lag times between the simulated regional disease-incidence and the average study-area cycle. In the central section of this paper, the relationship between these temporal effects and the accessibility of the region which is the source of the simulated epidemic is analysed. Last, the assumption of a static equilibrium is relaxed to allow for the combined effects of population distribution and regional accessibility on the consistency of the alternative specifications to be assessed.
Property-Led Urban Regeneration: Panacea or Placebo?
Authors: Turok I
Published: October 2006

In recent years urban policy has come to rely increasingly on private-sector property development to provide the driving force. Popular opinion is sharply divided about the value of this approach. In this paper, an examination is made of five ways in which property could contribute to urban economic regeneration: through the direct employment effects of construction-related activity; by accommodating the expansion of indigenous firms; by attracting inward investment; by revitalising run-down neighbourhoods; and by initiating area-wide economic restructuring. Appropriate property development can have positive economic effects but it has to be part of a more holistic approach that embodies concerns for people living in deprived areas and for the underlying condition of the local economy. Unrestrained market-led development may have detrimental consequences for the economic fabric of cities and for the quality of life of their residents.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Statistical Thermodynamical Approaches to Modeling Spatial Interaction Dynamics
Authors: Slater P B
Published: October 2006

Spatial interaction modeling can be embedded in the framework of statistical thermodynamics. This has been shown in part by Wilson and by Erlander, in particular. However, to complete the embedding, it is necessary to ask the dynamic question of how a migratory population evolves over time from one (observed) distribution at time t0 to another (observed) distribution at time t1, rather than just the question of how many people who started in one area at t0 ended in another at t1—with no regard to the intermediate locations of the migrants. The manner in which such evolutionary processes are addressed in the context of equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics serves as a basis for extending the spatial interaction model of human movement.
Optimum Producer-Service Location
Authors: Lentnek B , MacPherson A , Phillips D
Published: October 2006

Presented in this paper is a formal economic model that identifies the optimal intraurban location for a producer-service vendor that caters to the technical needs of spatially dispersed clients in the manufacturing sector. Two major components are incorporated into the model. The first of these describes the oft-cited externalization process among industrial firms, where in-house service provision is selectively abandoned in favor of out-sourcing. The second component describes a vendor location process based on profit maximization, where buyers and sellers are optimally located relative to one another. Normative modeling propositions are then compared with current empirical streams in the literature on producer-service location, the role of manufacturing demand, and the process of selective vertical disintegration among industrial firms. The paper is concluded with a brief research agenda for modeling the intraurban locational behavior of specialist firms in the producer services.
The Pattern of Counterurbanization in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1977–85
Authors: Kanaroglou P S , Braun G O
Published: October 2006

Counterurbanization in developed countries has been one of the main foci of migration research in recent years. The existence of the phenomenon in the Federal Republic of Germany has been debated. In this paper, net migration data, disaggregated by age, are utilized to examine the existence of metropolitan turnaround in the FRG for the period 1978–85. These data are provided at the county level (328 Kreise) which is more detailed than other spatial aggregation levels utilized in previous studies. In addition, use is made of two yearly migration matrices for 1977 and 1983 at the regional planning area level.

In this paper, the coexistence of suburbanization and counterurbanization for the 1978–85 time period is demonstrated. Young adults, 18–25 years of age, gravitated towards the urban cores of metropolitan areas and smaller urban areas. All the other age-groups moved mainly towards the outer suburbs of metropolitan areas, the suburbs of second-tier cities, and the rural counties. The two migration matrices indicate that counterurbanization at the level of regional planning areas was not present in 1977 but started in 1978 and it was present in 1983. At the same spatial level, evidence of a net gain of metropolitan areas from second-tier cities and rural areas is also provided for 1977. This pattern was reversed for the 1978–85 period.
‘Real’ Regulation: The Administrative State
Authors: Clark G L
Published: October 2006

Papers included in this special issue of Environment and Planning A share a commitment to understanding regulation as a social practice. In general, they suggest that the ‘real’ significance of regulation is only made apparent in distinct geographical and economic contexts. Although different in subject matter these papers are about how regulation is institutionally organized, and the origins of regulation in theory and in the exigencies of past and present circumstances. Here, the logic behind this kind of analytical commitment is explicated through a discussion of the notion of ‘real’ regulation in the US context. Emphasis is on the administrative practices of the modern state, eschewing idealism for an appreciation of the significance of institutional cultures of regulation. These arguments are briefly illustrated by reference to the administrative mechanisms used to regulate labor-management relations and corporations' pension obligations in particular. The preoccupation in this paper is with the formalities of regulation. As such, the paper is a manifesto for a way of studying regulation in the spatial sciences which builds upon related literature in administrative law.
Structural Constraints and Pluralist Contradictions in Hazardous Waste Regulation
Authors: Lake R W , Disch L
Published: October 2006

Local community opposition constitutes the single greatest hurdle to the siting of hazardous waste facilities in the United States. Conventional explanations of its causes focus on questions of risk and equity; that is, on outcomes of facility siting. In this focus it is assumed that hazardous waste management is synonymous with facility siting, when siting is in fact only one of many possible answers to the management problem. Rather than ask why local communities oppose facility sitings, it is asked how the waste management problem gets defined as a siting problem in the first place, and how public participation in the siting process is postponed until it is defined around a specific location. The analysis shifts the focus from siting outcomes to the fundamental structure of hazardous waste regulatory policy. A strong claim is asserted: that the basic assumptions of hazardous waste regulation define the hazardous waste problem as a locational problem confronting the state, rather than an investment problem for capital, and that local opposition to hazardous waste facility siting is a reaction against these basic assumptions. Local opposition to facility siting is explained in terms of the structural constraints that dispose the state to define management problems as siting problems and to arbitrate the siting disputes by means of interest-group conflict. This explanation, in turn, helps to clarify the conceptual and practical relationship between state structure and political process by disclosing the ways that pluralist democracy helps the state to manage politics in a way that sustains the basic assumptions that structure its relation to capital.
Some Spatial Aspects of Regulatory and Technological Change in Telecommunication Industries
Authors: Cooke P
Published: October 2006

This paper makes a contribution to the analysis of regulatory change, an aspect of the broader theoretical debate initiated by the ‘regulation school’ of economic theorists and others. Unlike much of that debate this paper is focused on an empirical field—telecommunications deregulation—and on questions of market strategy rather than those purely of production. After an analysis of the nature and rationale for regulation there is a focus upon the political and economic processes leading to deregulation in the telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom and USA. Attention is directed to ‘natural monopoly’ and ‘public service’ rationales for regulation and the importance of spatial issues is noted. The deregulatory climate and its effects upon computing and communication are then traced out and it is shown how corporate activity is tending towards ‘quasi-regulation’ to reduce competitive and market-based uncertainties.
Antitrust Regulation and the Restructuring of Grocery Retailing in Britain and the USA
Authors: Wrigley N
Published: October 2006

In this paper it is demonstrated how disparities which emerged between British and US grocery retailing in the 1980s—in corporate concentration, power relations, profitability, return on capital employed, and in geographical structure—owe a considerable amount to the differential nature of the regulatory environments in which the industries operated. In particular, the author focuses upon antitrust (competition) legislation and its differential interpretation and enforcement in the two countries. Following a survey of that legislation, the regulatory experience of grocery retailing in the postwar period is considered in detail. The hostility of the US regulatory environment to the development of big capital in retailing throughout much of the period is contrasted with the benign regulatory environment experienced by UK grocery retailers. Finally, the implications of this differential regulatory experience during a more recent period of nonenforcement and regulatory convergence are considered.