bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative anti‐caries efficacy of 1100, 1700, 2200, and 2800 ppm fluoride ion in a sodium fluoride dentifrice over 1 year
Authors: Biesbrock Aaron R. , Gerlach Robert W. , Bollmer Bernard W. , Faller Robert V. , Jacobs Steve A. , Bartizek Robert D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract – There is limited evidence from clinical trials on the dose response of sodium fluoride dentifrices at concentrations above 1100 ppm fluoride ion, with respect to caries efficacy. This randomized, double‐blind study examined the anti‐caries effectiveness of sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 1700 ppm, 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride ion relative to an 1100 ppm fluoride ion control. A population of 5439 elementary schoolchildren, aged 6–15 years, was recruited from an urban central Ohio area with a low fluoride content water supply (<0.3 ppm). Subjects were examined by visual‐tactile and radiographic examination at baseline and after 1, 2, and 3 years of using the sodium fluoride dentifrices. Subjects were stratified according to gender, age and baseline DMFS scores derived from the visual‐tactile baseline examination and randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 0.243% sodium fluoride (1100 ppm fluoride ion), 0.376% sodium fluoride (1700 ppm fluoride ion), 0.486% sodium fluoride (2200 ppm fluoride ion), and 0.619% sodium fluoride (2800 ppm fluoride ion). All products were formulated with the same fluoride compatible silica abrasive. Results after 1 year provided evidence of a positive sodium fluoride dose response. Compared to the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment group, the 1700 ppm fluoride treatment group had an 11.0% reduction in DMFS that was not statistically significant, while the 2200 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride treatment groups showed statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of 18.6% and 20.4%, respectively. The reductions in caries delivered by the higher fluoride dentifrices were present across all tooth surface types, but were most pronounced for occlusal surfaces. Results at years 2 and 3 were confounded by a concurrent fluoride rinse program, which involved portions of the study population. While the trends for the higher fluoride dentifrices observed at year 1 remained at years 2 and 3, the difference observed between treatments were substantially less and failed to reach statistical significance (P<0.05). Collectively, the data demonstrate that the 2200 ppm and the 2800 ppm fluoride treatments delivered statistically significantly greater caries efficacy than the 1100 ppm fluoride treatment. This large‐scale clinical trial provides evidence of a positive statistically significant dose relationship between dental caries and sodium fluoride in a dentifrice at levels above 1100 ppm fluoride at year 1.
Trial for detecting carriers with major genes in a selected layer line
Authors: OCHIAI Ayako , ISHIDA Takafumi , OYAMA Kenji , MUKAI Fumio
Published: September 2010

Production traits of a Rhode Island Red layer line were analyzed to detect carrier animals with major genes that influenced a particular trait by applying the major gene index (MGI) approach. This method was used to examine the deviation of predicted breeding values between parents and offspring. Advantages of this method include its simplicity and time‐reducing, cost‐saving benefits compared with any other statistical approach for screening major genes. The layer line had been selected based on the desired gain index for 6 years at the National Livestock Breeding Center, Okazaki station. The line consisted of 125 sires and 2986 dams. Two economic traits as breeding objectives were studied – age at sexual maturity (ASM, days) and egg production efficiency (EP, %). The MGI detected nine sires and 23 dams as carriers with major genes for ASM, and five sires and 26 dams for EP. They were identified as important breeding stock, and pedigree information provided candidates possessing major genes with favorable effect at the founding of the selected layer line. It seems likely that the simple approach of the MGI could be a useful preliminary method for detecting carrier animals with major genes before applying molecular techniques on a sampled population to identify in more detail the existence of major genes and their carriers.
Direct enzyme immunoassay of fecal estrone derivatives in dairy cows
Authors: ISOBE Naoki , NAKAO Toshihiko
Published: September 2010

The present study was undertaken to develop a novel, practical and simple procedure for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay of fecal estrone derivatives (estrone, estrone sulfate and estrone glucuronide) in dairy cows. Fecal solution, prepared by mixing feces with borate buffer, was applied directly to wells without extraction, and incubated with anti‐estrone antibody and horseradish peroxidase‐labeled estrone. Estrone sulfate was used as the standard. The sensitivity of the assay was estimated as 0.15 ng/mL (0.6 ng/g). The intra‐assay and inter‐assay coefficients of variation were 5.3–8.1% and 13.4–15.7%, respectively. The recovery rate was 78–102%. Only 4 h were needed to complete an assay to measure fecal estrone derivative concentrations. A significant positive correlation was established between plasma estrone sulfate concentrations and fecal estrone sulfate equivalent concentrations. When fecal estrone sulfate equivalent concentrations were measured in pregnant dairy cows, a gradual increase from day 150 of pregnancy, and subsequent drastic increases from day 240 to calving date were observed. These results suggest that the direct enzyme immunoassay procedure developed in the present study is a practical and reliable method for measuring fecal estrone derivative concentrations.
Effects of grazing on deposition of chemical body components, energy retention and plasma hormones in steers
Authors: HATA Hiroshi , SUZUKI Keita , TOMIOKA Teruo , TANAKA Keiichi , MATSUNAGA Nobuyoshi , HIDARI Hisashi
Published: September 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grazing on the accretion of energy and chemical components in steers, using the comparative slaughter technique and taking into consideration the growth rate. Twelve Holstein steers aged 6 months and weighing 160 kg were divided into three treatment groups – an initial, grazing and control group. The initial group was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment. The grazing group was grazed on timothy pastures for 18 weeks. The control group was kept in a stable and offered concentrate and timothy hay in a proportion of 2:1 throughout the 18 weeks. The amount of ration offered to the control group was adjusted in order to obtain a growth rate similar to that of the grazing group. The grazing and control groups were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. The grazing and the control groups had similar growth rates of approximately 0.8 kg/day throughout the experimental period and similar final live weights of approximately 260 kg. The grazing group had lower fat and energy deposition rates than the control group (P < 0.05). Deposition rates of protein, fat, ash, moisture and energy were 130, 32, 30, 374 g/day and 4.4 MJ/day, respectively, in the grazing group and 117, 85, 32, 381 g/day and 6.2 MJ/day, respectively, in the control group. The net energy for growth was lower in the grazing group (7.7 MJ/kg) than in the control group (9.9 MJ/kg, P < 0.05). The grazing group had higher plasma concentrations in growth hormone and lower plasma concentrations in insulin and insulin‐like growth factor 1 than those in the control group (P < 0.05).
Nutritional restrictionin uteroprograms postnatal muscle development in lambs
Authors: TYGESEN Malin P. , HARRISON Adrian P.
Published: September 2010

The effect of nutritional programming during late gestation on evoked compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) during early postnatal life was examined. Lambs were born to ewes that were fed either an adequate or low nutrient supply during the last trimester of gestation. Lambs were born to either a ram with a high genetic potential for daily live weight gain, or a ram with a high genetic potential for both daily gain and lean content. CMAP signals were evoked by electrical stimulation and recordings were analyzed in terms of area, amplitude, width at 50% maximal height and both leading and trailing slopes. Significant effects of nutrient restriction during late gestation were measured for lamb birthweight, bodyweight at day 21 and growth rate (P < 0.001), as well as CMAP area, corrected peak and slope for Musculus longissimus dorsi at day 21 and as early as day 10 for Musculus biceps femoris. In conclusion, nutrient restriction during the last trimester of gestation influences evoked CMAP signal parameters postnatally in a muscle‐specific fashion, and muscle development may be related to paternal genetic background.
Antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities of immunoglobulin G in hyperimmunized cow's milk treated under various conditions
Authors: OHNUKI Hidetaka , OTANI Hajime
Published: September 2010

Skim milk and whey prepared from milk secreted by cows that had been injected with bacteria were kept under various conditions, and the antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the milk samples were investigated. More than 85% of the original antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities remained when the skim milk was heated at 63°C for 60 min or kept at a pH range of 4–10 for 24 h at 37°C. Both of the high abilities were maintained on pepsin treatment above pH 4 and intestinal proteinase treatments. Little antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities decreased upon storage of the powdered skim milk for 12 months at room temperature. In contrast, at least half, and more than 70% of their respective abilities, were lost upon incubation at pH 2 in the absence and presence of pepsin, respectively, for 1 h at 37°C. These results suggest that most of the biological activities of the Fab‐region and Fc‐region of bovine milk IgG can be maintained during processing or storage, and both of the inactivation degrees mainly depend on the stomach condition after oral ingestion of the IgG preparation.
Effect of ruminal protozoa on fecal microbiota in cattle using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism
Authors: OZUTSUMI Yuhei , SAKAMOTO Mitsuo , ITABASHI Hisao , BENNO Yoshimi
Published: September 2010

The effect of the presence of ruminal protozoa on the composition of fecal microbiota in cattle was investigated. Six castrated Holstein cattle (mean bodyweight 137 kg) were divided into two groups: three faunated and three unfaunated. The fecal bacterial composition of the faunated and unfaunated cattle was compared using a culture method and by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. Approximately 0.4 to 2.3% of the bacterial cells detected by microscopy formed colonies on medium 10. The major terminal restriction fragments were detected in the T‐RFLP profiles generated by Hha I and Msp I digestion in both the faunated and unfaunated cattle. In particular, the Bacteroides group, the Clostridium coccoides group and the Clostridium leptum subgroup might be the known bacterial groups that protozoa influence by Msp I digestion. From the dendrogram analysis by T‐RFLP patterns, the faunated and unfaunated cattle were divided into two clusters, I and II, respectively. These results suggest that absence of protozoa in the rumen changes the composition of fecal bacteria.
Effects of the essential oil cyclodextrin complexes on ruminal methane production in vitro
Authors: TATSUOKA Noriko , HARA Koji , MIKUNI Katsuhiko , HARA Kozo , HASHIMOTO Hitoshi , ITABASHI Hisao
Published: September 2010

The effects of including essential oil cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on ruminal methane and hydrogen production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and protozoa were studied in vitro. The essential oil CD complexes used in the present study were both αCD and βCD with cineol, eucalyptus, menthol, peppermint, thyme and wasabi. Diluted rumen fluid (60 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 h with the essential oil CD complex (1–40 mg as oil). Eucalyptus‐αCD reduced methane production by 40% with 10 mg as oil along with decreasing the protozoal number and increasing total VFA and proportion of propionic acid. Both wasabi‐αCD and wasabi‐βCD reduced methane production by 85% and 97%, respectively, with 10 mg as oil, though they increased hydrogen production notably. The protozoal number was unchanged by wasabi‐βCD and decreased to 50% by wasabi‐αCD. Propionic acid was increased by both wasabi‐αCD and wasabi‐βCD. The other essential oil‐CD showed no significant effect on reducing methane production. The combined use of 20 mM of fumaric acid with wasabi‐αCD (1 mg as oil) caused about a 50% depression of methane production compared to the control without increasing hydrogen production. Fumaric acid was more effective than malic acid in reducing methane production. The addition of eucalyptus‐αCD, wasabi‐αCD or wasabi‐βCD together with organic acid to rumen fluid turned out to be effective for reducing methane production with no increase in hydrogen production.
Mean retention time of digesta in the different segments of the equine hindgut
Authors: MIYAJI Makoto , UEDA Koichiro , NAKATSUJI Hiroki , TOMIOKA Teruo , KOBAYASHI Yasuo , HATA Hiroshi , KONDO Seiji
Published: September 2010

Six Thoroughbred horses were used to determine the mean retention time (MRT) of digesta in the different segments of the hindgut. The horses were fed timothy hay or silage in equal amounts (1.6% bodyweight [BW]/day) every 3 h/day. Hay or silage labeled with the rare earth elements cerium, dysprosium, neodymium, ytterbium, lanthanum, samarium and praseodymium, were fed to the horses 36, 30, 24, 18, 12, 6 and 3 h before slaughter, respectively. Just after slaughter, digesta samples in the different segments were collected and determined for the contents of the rare earth elements. Using these data, a method to calculate the MRT in the different segments was proposed. There were no significant differences between diets in the MRT of each segment. The averaged MRT of hay and silage in the cecum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon and small colon was 2.9, 3.1, 5.9, 1.0, 4.0, and 4.0 h, respectively. The dry matter weight of the digesta was related to the MRT in the right ventral colon (r = 0.94,P = 0.005), left ventral colon (r = 0.87,P = 0.03), left dorsal colon (r = 0.98,P < 0.001) and right dorsal colon (r = 0.95,P = 0.004), but it was not related to the MRT in the cecum and small colon.
Analysis of 46‐kDa protein in the perivitelline membrane of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: SASANAMI Tomohiro , OHTSUKI Mamoru , DOI Yukio , TANAKA Ryota , FUJISHIMA Atsushi , MORI Makoto
Published: September 2010

The extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte before ovulation is called the perivitelline membrane (PL) in avian species. The PL is constructed with two major glycoproteins, ZPC and ZP1, which are synthesized in the ovarian granulosa cells and the liver, respectively. Although the properties of the major components in the PL have been examined, knowledge about the nature of its minor constituents is lacking. In this study we focused on PL protein, which migrates at 46‐kDa in the gel of SDS‐PAGE. N‐terminal sequence analysis demonstrated that the 46‐kDa protein is the C‐terminal fragment of ZP1. Analysis of lysylendopeptidase digests or cyanogens bromide‐degraded fragments of ZP1 confirmed this postulate. Western blot analysis using antiserum against 46‐kDa protein indicated the absence of 46‐kDa protein in the serum. Moreover, small immunoreactive bands, thought to be cleaved fragments of ZP1, were detected in the PL lysate by western blot analysis using antiserum against the N‐terminal peptide of ZP1. These results indicated that the N‐terminal proteolytic processing of ZP1 might take place after the arrival of ZP1 at the ovary, and the resulting product, 46‐kDa protein, is incorporated into the PL.
Effects of short period frequent milking on milk yield and udder health in Turkish Saanen goats
Authors: KOYUNCU Emrah , PALA Akin
Published: September 2010

The major purpose of this study was to investigate whether increasing milking frequency for a short period (21 days) increases milk yield and milk components and improves udder health throughout lactation in Turkish Saanen goats. Two groups were formed (control,n = 14, treatment,n = 14); balanced by parity, bodyweight and birth type to make them homogenous. Feeding and management practices were the same for both groups. The treatment group was milked four times a day (4×) for 21 days after weaning whereas the control group was milked twice a day (2×). All the animals were milked twice daily thereafter. The pyronin methyl green stain method was used to estimate the somatic cell count (SCC), which is an indication of udder health. This method provided a count that excluded RNA and background noise while including cells with DNA. Repeated measures analyses indicated that overall differences between the 2× and 4× groups were significant for the morning, evening and total test day milk yields, in that values for the 4× group were increased 14.7, 8.8 and 12.1%, respectively. Differences between the groups for SCC were not significant. The results of this study indicate that increasing milking frequency to 4×, even for a short time (21 days), increases overall milk yield throughout lactation in dairy goats.
Trollopian Form: An Introduction
Authors: Goodlad Lauren M. E.
Published: September 2010

Once regarded as a minor Victorian novelist, Anthony Trollope has in recent decades become a focus of significant attention. Trollope's enhanced profile in the field of Victorian studies has doubtless much to do with the interest in liberalism after more than twenty years of neo‐liberal economic and cultural ascendancy. Yet while Trollope’s reputation as the novelist par excellence of Victorian liberalism is relevant to the papers collected here, their special motive is to explore his distinctiveness as a practitioner of form. This introduction provides contexts for the three papers that follow, exploring the premise that Trollope's formal innovativeness has been too long overlooked.
Trollope’s Chapters
Authors: Dames Nicholas
Published: September 2010

The unit of the chapter – so fundamental to nineteenth‐century prose narrative, yet so thoroughly ignored in accounts of the form of novels – is fundamental to Anthony Trollope’s work. The chapter stems from the textual practices of antiquity and of medieval biblical transmission, ultimately finding a home in the novel form. Chapters are key to Trollope’s understanding of readerly experience, in that they both license and manage the occasional inattention of the reader, while tacitly permitting an interplay between reading and not‐reading; they are also key to his understanding of the temporality of personal experience, which is based on the bounded unit known as the “episode.”
Trollope, Seriality, and the ‘Dullness’ of Form
Authors: Dever Carolyn
Published: September 2010

Trollope’s serial fiction satirizes literary tropes and conventions in order to produce a sense of historical veracity. In the Barsetshire series, Trollope uses undeveloped or ‘embryo’ plots in order to build narrative suspense within highly conventional plots. Within plots so conventional that conclusions are foregone, Trollope engineers excitement by offering multiple paths toward the foregone conclusion.
John Thelwall and the Politics of Sympathy
Authors: Fairclough Mary
Published: September 2010

John Thelwall's diverse achievements in the fields of literature, science and politics have been read as the reason for his omission from the Romantic literary canon. But Thelwall’s scientific research arms him with a unique understanding of the connections between these disciplines, which upset the very notion of canonicity. Thelwall’s model of sympathy, developed in hisEssay Towards a Definition of Animal Vitality(1791) offers a physiological understanding of the term which he applies to radical effect in his literary and political works. For Thelwall, sympathy is the physical force through which one organ of the body is inextricably connected with the rest. This physical model radicalises the sentimental tropes Thelwall employs inThe Peripatetic(1793), where benevolence is figured as an instinctive impulse. In Thelwall’s political lectures, sympathy is an index of solidarity, but its rational, material basis offers a riposte to charges that Thelwall seeks to exploit the unruly energies of his audience. Thelwall figures sympathy instead as the medium for his political ideal, the diffusion of information and ideas.
Progressivism and Modernism in South Asian Fiction: 1930–1970
Authors: Singh Amardeep
Published: September 2010

This essay aims to periodize South Asian literary modernism in fiction, noting its several identifiable phases and arguing that its stylistic peak occurred after independence, in the era of the ‘New Story’ movement of the 1960s. Earlier phases in South Asian modernism included the Bengal Renaissance, as well as the Progressive Writers’ Movement, which began in the early 1930s. The strides made by the Progressive Writers clearly nourished the emergence of the New Story movement in the 1950s, and a number of authors might well be located in both or can be seen transitioning from the social realism of the Progressive Writers era to a more introspective and experimentalist mode beginning in the late 1950s. The goal here is to develop a non‐exclusive analytic for studying the Progressive Writers’ and New Story movements as species of transnational modernism without foreclosing their links to other literary movements, both within India and abroad.
‘Our Scene is Alter’d’: Adaptations and Re‐Workings of Hamlet for Young People
Authors: Rokison Abigail
Published: September 2010

This article explores film, prose and dramatic adaptations and re‐workings of Hamlet for young adult audiences.
The Art of Theatre in Nineteenth‐Century America: George L. Fox, Pantomime and Artaud
Authors: Saxon Theresa
Published: September 2010

This article argues that, through specific stagings orchestrated in the pantomimist’s art, George Lafayette Fox demonstrates a consciousness of staging and of theatricality that presages the blatant theatricalities of twentieth‐century theatre and theatre theory. The Theatre and Its Double is essential to assessing theatre’s response to theatricality, specifically in its awareness of non‐verbal strategies. My discussion of pantomime founds itself on a critical engagement with the concept of a total theatre, of gestures, physicality, movement and the performance of a theatrical ‘language’ beyond words. I argue that the theatrical language of Fox’s pantomime exhibits dramatic dimensions that appealed to the edgy rebellious urges of their audiences, the performances of the white‐face clown articulating an awareness of cultural anxieties, responding to and participating in the formation of the social response to political agenda and debate. Pantomime, with its glory in excess, its incipient display of anti‐establishmentarianism, its fluidity and emphasis on show, contributed to the development of American theatre as a dynamic form. Providing a concrete space with its ‘concrete language, intended for the senses and independent of speech,’ (Artaud, p.37), Fox’s gestural theatre can shed additional light on theoretical approaches to mime.
The Not‐Forgotten Empire: Images of Persia in English Renaissance Writing
Authors: Grogan Jane
Published: September 2010

This essay argues that the image of Persia is a familiar, largely positive and particularly compelling one for English Renaissance readers and writers. It surveys the range of sources of information available, and the kinds of uses to which they were put. Challenging the weight of recent scholarship on the Ottomans which presents them writ large as the representatives of the ‘East’ for English audiences and readers, I hope to show that the distinctiveness of Persia in the English imagination is an important counter‐weight to this sense of Eastern difference predicated on conceptions of Ottoman threat.
Tennyson at 200: The Bicentenary of the Victorian Laureate
Authors: Morton John
Published: September 2010

2009 saw the 200th anniversary of the birth of Alfred Tennyson, the most famous poet in the world in the Victorian period and Victoria’s Laureate. This article will detail the publications, events and media response which commemorated this bicentenary. Considering writers as diverse as Christopher Ricks, Mick Imlah, Robert Douglas‐Fairhurst, Adam Foulds and Angela Leighton, as well as popular culture, current affairs and journalism, it will also provide an assessment (by its nature introductory) of Tennyson’s significance to the world ‘two hundred years after’.
The Citrus‐Derived Flavonoid Naringenin Exerts Uterotrophic Effects in Female Mice at Human Relevant Doses
Authors: Breinholt Vibeke Miller , Svendsen Gitte Winkel , Dragsted Lars Ove , Hossaini Alireza
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Gavage administration of the citrus flavonoid naringenin, 3′,4,5,7‐tetrahydroxyflavanon for 4 consecutive days, to immature female mice (postnatal day 17–20) at 4 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. significantly increased uterine weights 3 and 4 times, respectively. Analysis of uterine oestrogen receptor α revealed that naringenin significantly increased the cytosolic concentration of oestrogen receptor α, whereas in nuclei the oestrogen receptor α concentration was significantly decreased as compared to the solvent control. This was in contrast to the positive control 17β‐oestradiolacetate which acted as a true oestrogen by increasing the concentration of both total and nuclear oestrogen receptor α. Both naringenin and 17β‐oestradiolacetate, however, significantly, induced nuclear oestrogen receptor α in the liver, suggesting a tissue specific effect of naringenin on oestrogen receptor α distribution. In order to investigate the tissue levels at which the uterotrophic effect was observed, the distribution of an oral dose of tritiated naringenin (4 mg/kg) was investigated in 3‐week‐old female mice. The radioactivity content (ng naringenin equivalents/g tissue) was found to be highest in the gastrointestinal‐tract, followed by the kidneys and liver. Uterus and ovaries were also found to contain relatively high and approximately equal amounts of naringenin. The concentration of naringenin in uterus and ovaries was found to be ten times higher as compared to the mammary tissue. The urinary excretion of more than 25% of the administered dose, within 8 hr after dosing indicated that naringenin is absorbed extensively in mice. The plasma concentration of 0.5 μM found in the present study is similar to the peak plasma concentration of naringenin (0.6 μM) observed in man following ingestion of 400–760 ml of orange juice (Erlund et al. 2001). This could be taken to suggests that ingestion of orange juice and other citrus fruits and juices may give rise to sufficiently high tissue levels of naringenin in man to exert a biological effect.
Reduced Blood Platelet Sensitivity to Aspirin in Coronary Artery Disease: Are Dyslipidaemia and Inflammatory States Possible Factors Predisposing to Sub‐optimal Platelet Response to Aspirin?
Authors: Markuszewski Leszek , Rosiak Marcin , Golanski Jacek , Rysz Jacek , Spychalska Magdalena , Watala Cezary
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The study was designed to assess blood platelet sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid and its associations with dyslipidaemia and inflammation in coronary artery disease patients. Platelet non‐responsiveness to aspirin is associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events. Several environmental and hereditary factors are reportedly involved in sub‐optimal acetylsalicylic acid response. Forty‐five coronary artery disease patients and 45 non‐coronary artery disease controls received acetylsalicylic acid at a daily dose of 75–150 mg. Controls were examined twice: on the day of entering the study and 10 days later. Urinary 11‐dehydrothromboxane B2 was assessed as the marker of platelet thromboxane generation. Aggregation was studied in platelet‐rich plasma using turbidimetric aggregometry with collagen and arachidonic acid. Fifty to seventy percent of coronary artery disease patients showed an extent of collagen‐induced aggregation above the upper quartile of the reference range compared with 8–15% in controls (P<0.003). For arachidonic acid‐activated aggregation these proportions were 45–50% in coronary artery disease versus 7% in controls (P<0.007). In coronary artery disease patients, the acetylsalicylic acid‐mediated platelet inhibition positively correlated with increased triglycerides (in arachidonic acid‐stimulated platelets, r=0.30, P=0.0018), total cholesterol (r=0.33, P<0.0001 in coll and arachidonic acid‐activated platelets) and elevated serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) (r=0.27, P=0.0024). In coronary artery disease patients urine 11‐dehydrothromboxane B2 concentrations were significantly increased compared to controls after 10 day acetylsalicylic acid intake (563; 313–728 pg/mg creatinine versus 321; 246–488 pg/mg creatinine, P=0.04). The incidence of suboptimal acetylsalicylic acid response incidence was more common in patients with coronary artery disease. Acetylsalicylic acid inhibition of blood platelet reactivity and thromboxane generation was less effective in these patients. Dyslipidaemia and chronic inflammatory states may promote suboptimal acetylsalicylic acid response in coronary artery disease patients.
Effects of the Local Anaesthetic Ropivacaine on Vascular Reactivity in the Mouse Perfused Mesenteric Arteries
Authors: Timponi Clarisse F. , Oliveira Nilton E. , Arruda Roberia M. P. , Meyrelles Silvana S. , Vasquez Elisardo C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Previous clinical and experimental studies have indicated that ropivacaine, a local anaesthetic agent, exerts vasoconstrictor effects. In this study, the contractile effects of ropivacaine were investigated in vitro on mesenteric arteriolar beds obtained from 22 adult male C57BL/6J mice. The mesenteric arteriolar bed was perfused at constant rate (2 ml/min.) with oxygenated physiological salt solution using a roller pump. First we studied the effects of ropivacaine (3.2×10−4 to 2.2×10−2 mol/l) on the perfusion pressure and observed a dose‐dependent pressor response, reaching a maximal increase of 26.0±3.7 mmHg. In a second study, we observed that after the mechanical removal of the endothelium ropivacaine‐induced contractile responses were significantly reduced to a maximal of 13.5±0.7 mmHg. In a third set of experiments, we observed that under the effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (0.01 μmol/l) the ropivacaine‐induced pressor response was significantly reduced to a maximal increase of 17.5±0.4 mmHg. This is the first evidence that this long‐acting local anesthetic causes vasoconstriction in the perfused mesenteric arteriolar bed and that, at least in part, this effect is mediated by the endothelium since the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin reduced the ropivacaine‐induced vasoconstriction to approximately 50%.
In vitroCharacterization of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Responses in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Cystitis in the Rat
Authors: Giglio Daniel , Aronsson Patrik , Eriksson Leif , Tobin Gunnar
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis in the rat, detrusor function is impaired and the expression and effects of muscarinic receptors altered. Whether or not the neuronal transmission may be affected by cystitis was presently investigated. Responses of urinary strip preparations from control and cyclophosphamide‐pretreated rats to electrical field stimulation and to agonists were assessed in the absence and presence of muscarinic, adrenergic and purinergic receptor antagonists. Generally, atropine reduced contractions, but in contrast to controls, it also reduced responses to low electrical field stimulation intensity (1–5 Hz) in inflamed preparations. In both types, purinoceptor desensitization with α,β‐methylene adenosine‐5’‐triphosphate (α,β‐meATP) caused further reductions at low frequencies (<10 Hz). The muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine, 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine (4‐DAMP) (‘M1/M3/M5‐selective’), methoctramine (‘M2‐selective’) and pirenzepine (‘M1‐selective’) antagonized the tonic component of the electrical field stimulation‐evoked contractile response more potently than the phasic component. 4‐DAMP inhibited the tonic contractions in controls more potently than methoctramine and pirenzepine. In inflamed preparations, the muscarinic receptor antagonism on the phasic component of the electrical field stimulation‐evoked contraction was decreased and the pirenzepine and 4‐DAMP antagonism on the tonic component was much less efficient than in controls. In contrast to controls, methoctramine increased – instead of decreased – the tonic responses at high frequencies. While contractions to carbachol and ATP were the same in inflamed and in control strips when related to a reference potassium response, isoprenaline‐induced relaxations were smaller in inflamed strips. Thus, in cystitis substantial changes of the efferent functional responses occur. While postjunctional β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxations are reduced, effects by prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be increased.
The Dark Side of Ecstasy: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms after Exposure to 3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Authors: Karlsen Sunniva Nyberg , Spigset Olav , Slørdal Lars
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a known neurotoxin in animals. This review discusses the history, pattern of use, pharmacology, acute and long‐term effects of MDMA. Emphasis is given to the concern that MDMA may induce long‐term cognitive and psychiatric effects. MDMA is an illegal substance, and investigations of the effects of exposure in human beings have limitations and weaknesses. There are numerous studies suggesting a correlation between MDMA exposure and psychopathology, and that the psychotropic effects may be long‐lasting or permanent. However, it is not possible to conclude that there is a causal relationship between exposure and the increased psychopathology observed in MDMA users. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether MDMA causes persistent cognitive impairment and/or psychiatric symptoms in human beings.
Late Insights into Early Origins of Disease
Authors: Grandjean Philippe
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Burgeoning research into early functional programming has opened a new perspective of developmental origins of disease and organ dysfunction. In examining the roots of this emerging paradigm, it appears that crucial observations were made already 25 years ago. Clear examples include the discoveries of foetal alcohol syndrome, cancer in daughters whose mothers had used diethylstilboestrol during pregnancy, and neurotoxicity of lead and methylmercury. However, this research was often considered controversial, scientific conclusions were cautiously hedged, and stakeholders demanded replication in excess. Recognition of the new paradigm was therefore delayed, preventive interventions even further so. In hindsight, and in light of the precautionary principle, the adverse effects incurred on public health and the environment would call for responsible judgment to balance reasonable scientific scepticism against the risks associated with inaction. The traditional scientific scrutiny whether confidence limits include the possibility of no effect must be modified to allow consideration of the likelihood of worst‐case scenarios. Additional emphasis should be placed on the question: what could be known, given our study opportunities and methodologies? Our late insights into the early disease origins may then benefit science and prevention.
Assessing Developmental Toxicant Exposures via Biomonitoring
Authors: Needham Larry L. , Calafat Antonia M. , Barr Dana B.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Most of the developmental effects that populations experience are believed to be linked with their exposure scenario and/or their susceptibility to these exposures. In environmental public health, most studies have focused on exposures to environmental chemicals but certainly other environmental factors and susceptibility factors must be considered. Our laboratory assesses exposure to environmental chemicals by measuring the chemical, its metabolite(s) or chemical adduct(s) in a biological matrix taken from members of the populations of interest (via biomonitoring). To help interpret data from the many uses of biomonitoring and for other purposes in public health, we have determined, and made public, data on the concentrations of environmental chemicals in the general population of the USA. Exposures at critical time periods of development to many of these chemicals have been linked with adverse developmental effects. In this paper, we examine this linkage using several chemicals as examples and providing biomonitoring information for these chemicals in the US population as a whole but also at various life stages.
Exploiting Gene‐Environment Interaction to Detect Adverse Health Effects of Environmental Chemicals on the Next Generation
Authors: Kishi Reiko , Sata Fumihiro , Yoshioka Eiji , Ban Susumu , Sasaki Seiko , Konishi Kanae , Washino Noriaki
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  There is increasing evidence from epidemiological studies that genetic susceptibilities may modify the teratogenic effects of toxic chemicals. However, in contrast to tobacco smoke, few epidemiological studies have addressed environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in regard to genetic susceptibility. Recent studies, including the Hokkaido Study of Environments and Children's Health, have investigated the impacts of both environmental and genetic factors on children's development. Several xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes have been reported to confer genetic susceptibility to low birth weight. These genes seem to be influenced functionally by maternal smoking during pregnancy, itself a significant risk factor. In our study, we found that birth weight was significantly lower among infants born to smoking women having the specific AHR, CYP1A1, GSTM1, CYP2E1 and NQO1 genotypes. When combinations of these genotypes were considered, birth weight was even lower. On the other hand, congenital anomalies such as hypospadias seemed to be caused by environmental factors in conjunction with genetic predisposition as suggested by linkage in several case–control studies reported to low birth weight. We have found an association between maternal CYP1A1 genotype or low birth weight and the risk of hypospadias irrespective of smoking. At the same time, birth weight was negatively correlated with maternal blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Further studies should elucidate the impact of genetic factors on adverse effects of exposures to dioxin‐related chemicals.
A Synthetic Analogue of 20‐HETE, 5,14‐HEDGE, Reverses Endotoxin‐Induced Hypotension via Increased 20‐HETE Levels Associated with Decreased iNOS Protein Expression and Vasodilator Prostanoid Production in Rats
Authors: Cuez Tuba , Korkmaz Belma , Buharalioglu C. Kemal , Sahan‐Firat Seyhan , Falck John , Malik Kafait U. , Tunctan Bahar
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is responsible for endotoxin (ET)‐induced hypotension and vascular hyporeactivity and plays a major contributory role in the multiorgan failure. Endotoxic shock is also associated with an increase in vasodilator prostanoids as well as a decrease in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and cytochrome P450 4A protein expression, and production of a vasoconstrictor arachidonic acid product, 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20‐HETE). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a synthetic analogue of 20‐HETE,N‐[20‐hydroxyeicosa‐5(Z),14(Z)‐dienoyl]glycine (5,14‐HEDGE), on the ET‐induced changes in eNOS, iNOS and heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) expression as well as 20‐HETE and vasodilator prostanoid (6‐keto‐PGF1αand PGE2) production. ET‐induced fall in blood pressure and rise in heart rate were associated with an increase in iNOS protein expression and a decrease in eNOS protein expression in heart, thoracic aorta, kidney and superior mesenteric artery. ET did not change hsp90 protein expression in the tissues. ET‐induced changes in eNOS and iNOS protein expression were associated with increased 6‐keto‐PGF1αand PGE2levels and a decrease in 20‐HETE levels, in the serum and kidney. These effects of ET on the iNOS protein expression and 6‐keto‐PGF1α, PGE2and 20‐HETE levels were prevented by 5,14‐HEDGE. Furthermore, a competitive antagonist of vasoconstrictor effects of 20‐HETE, 20‐hydroxyeicosa‐6(Z),15(Z)‐dienoic acid, prevented the effects of 5,14‐HEDGE on the ET‐induced changes in systemic and renal levels of these prostanoids and 20‐HETE. These data are consistent with the view that an increase in systemic and renal 20‐HETE levels associated with a decrease in iNOS protein expression and vasodilator prostanoid production contributes to the effect of 5,14‐HEDGE to prevent the hypotension during rat endotoxemia.
THE ECOLOGY OF THE LARGER FUNGI: CONSTANCY AND FREQUENCY OF FUNGAL SPECIES IN RELATION TO CERTAIN VEGETATION COMMUNITIES, PARTICULARLY OAK AND BEECH
Authors: WILKINS W. H. , ELLIS E. M. , HARLEY J. L.
Published: September 2010

The paper is an investigation into the ecological distribution of the larger fungi with the object of determining the relationship between fungi and vegetation with particular reference to oak woods and beech woods.

Previous literature is briefly summarized.

The experimental method is described.

Results of observations over a period of 5 years on five different vegetation communities are presented from the respective standpoints of (a) constancy of species, and (6) frequency of individuals.

The fungus floras associated with oak woods and beech woods have been dealt with in greater detail and lists of characteristic species have been given for each of the two communities.

An attempt has been made to show the relation between fungal species and ecological types of oak woods and beech woods.

The results have been briefly discussed and suggestions for future work have been put forward.
The Penetration of 3:5‐Dinitro‐0‐Cresol Into Leaves
Authors: Fogg G. E.
Published: September 2010

A study of the penetration of 3:5‐dinitro‐0‐cresol from spray solutions or suspensions into leaves of Sinapis arvensis L. shows that entry through the stomata is unimportant. Lethal amounts may enter from aqueous solution by simple diffusion of the undissociated phenol through the epidermis, which behaves as a homogeneous lipide membrane. The effect of the structure of the epidermal surface on the rate of diffusion is discussed. Lethal amounts may also enter Sinapis from a dry surface deposit by gaseous diffusion through the stomata or by diffusive penetration of the epidermis following sublimation. Movement of the substance within a plant is slight and appears to be mainly by diffusion. The selective action of 3:5‐dinitro‐0‐cresol as a weed‐killer is discussed in the light of these results.
Soil Conditions and the Take‐All Disease of Wheat
Authors: Garrett S. D. , Mann Harold H.
Published: September 2010

In a field experiment on the control of take‐all at the Woburn Experimental Station, winter wheat was followed by two consecutive crops of spring‐sown barley. Samples of the barley crop were taken from the forty‐eight plots of the experiment in 1945 and 1946, for estimation of root Disease Rating, and grain yields were also recorded. A comparison of six autumn treatments of the stubble has shown that treatments affecting the available nitrogen content of the soil exercised a predominant effect upon incidence of take‐all in the following crop. Two effects of nitrogen applied in autumn have been distinguished: (1) an immediate effect, in assisting survival of Ophiobolus graminis in infected root and stubble residues; (2) a deferred effect, in promoting disease escape of the following crop. The ploughing in of straw in autumn was found to increase the incidence of take‐all, presumably because the adverse deferred effect of decomposing straw in locking up available nitrogen and withholding it from the following crop. outweighed its beneficial immediate effect in helping to starve out O. graminis, by depriving the fungus of nitrogen. The autumn growth of undersown trefoil (Medicago lupulina) on the stubble land seenled to be entirely beneficial; active growth of the legume appeared to assist in starving out O. graminis, and nitrogen was released by decomposition of the trefoil in the soil after spring ploughing in time to benefit the barley crop immediately following.
What's “Up”? A Critical Look at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology1
Authors: Moffett Mark W.
Published: September 2010

The lack of recent critiques about terminology has led to the frequent misuse or confusingly varied use of the words that are more or less specific to the field of terrestrial canopy biology, I provide definitions forca170 terms and subterms, with translations into four languages. Rather than limit coverage to tree crowns, I define canopy biology as the study of life within any aboveground parts of all plant communities, temperate and tropical. This broadened perspective enables ecologists to consider the entire range of challenges faced by organisms living in aboveground plant life, from just above the rhizosphere to the outer limits of plant growth into the atmosphere. Further, this redefinition may reduce the potential for anthropocentric biases in interpreting life on trees or other plants; encourage the use of alternative ecosystems for hypotheses that may be difficult to address in treetops; and promote more general conceptual thinking about life on vegetation, most notably the importance of scaling in ecology. Among the salient points in terminology: the concept of “stratification” has been criticized in part because strata have been defined many ways, but a flexible application of the word is central to its utility; the source of nutrients is pivotal in distinguishing epiphytes from parasites, rather than the more general issue of an organism's effects on its host; “hemiepiphyte,” as currently used, confounds two radically different life cycle strategies, suggesting a new term, “nomadic vine,” to describe the strategy typical of many aroids; there is a confusion in the literature caused by varied applications of the word “climb;” locomotor terms may have to be modified as more becomes known about forces underlying limb kinematics; and studies of leaping and falling organisms tend to overemphasize arbitrary distinctions between gliding and parachuting to the detriment of the more critical issue of capacity for “controlled descent.”