bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple analytical algorithm for constructing the envelope of the projectile trajectories in midair
Authors: Chudinov Peter , Eltyshev Vladimir , Barykin Yuri
Published: November 2018

A classic problem of the motion of a projectile thrown at an angle to the horizon is studied. The air drag force is taken into account asthe quadratic resistance law.An analytic approach is used for the investigation. Simple analytical formulae are used for constructing the envelope of the family of the projectile trajectories. The equation of envelope is applied for the determination of the maximum range of flight. The motion of a baseball is presented as an example.
WHY MASS APPEARS GRAVITATIONAL
Authors: Ray McMahon Mr Casey
Published: November 2018

Einsteins theory of General relativity is a popular theory, but unfortunately it cannot account for all the observable gravity in the universe. This paper presents a new force predicted through the McMahon field theory (2010) [1], which is refered to in McMahon field theory (2010) [1] as Mahona (pronounced â€œMaa-naaâ€), which appears to be gravitational. In this paper, I draw upon the McMahon field theory (2010) [1], and use it to explain why mass appears gravitational, as well as the source of the excess gravity that General relativity cannot account for. I will do this in simplistic terms for the benefit of the reader. Thus with the understanding presented here, any vechicle utilising this new force called â€œMahonaâ€ shall have gravitational capability.
Non-Newtonian analysis of blood-flow
Authors: Gy Vincze
Published: November 2018

The flow of blood is a non-Newtonian phenomenon, best described by Bingham fluids. We have given the basic balance equations and criteria. Due to the huge variation of the vessel diameters and consequently the complete flow behaviours of the blood in the actual vessel, we describe the similarities of flows.
The magnetic field Influence on the absorption threshold of VOâ‚‚
Authors: Ben Chaib Abderrahim
Published: November 2018

The vanadium dioxide VOâ‚‚ is a material described as being intelligent because it can transit [1,2] from a reversible way of the semiconductor state to the metal state at a temperature Î¸t = 68Â°C. When we are at a temperature Î¸t < 68Â°C, this material is in the semiconductor state with a gap [3,4] approximately 0.7 ev. When Î¸t > 68Â°C, the vanadium dioxide becomes metal [14], there is an abrupt change of its structure and its optical properties [14,15] and electronic. We are interested in this study in the VOâ‚‚ semiconductor state [15] and, especially, in widening its gap by the application of a magnetic field B = Bz . By taking into account the spin of the electron of the band of conduction after having neglected the term of Coulomb interaction, we solved the SchrÃ¶dingerâ€™s equation in an exact way. Obtaining the levels of Landau [5,6,7] enables us to conclude the variation of the gap of Î”Eg = 1 2 â„Ï‰c, where Ï‰c is the frequency cyclotron Ï‰c = eB Î¼, with e: theelectron charge; Î¼: the reduced mass of the quasi particle (electron-hole); Ä§: the Planck's constant reduced, and B is the intensity of the applied magnetic field. We will simulate by Maple this variation according to B for fixed Î¼ on the one hand, and Î”Eg according to Î¼ for fixed B on the other hand.
Void pattern fluctuation in p-AgBr interactions at 400 GeV/c
Authors: Deb Argha
Published: November 2018

The event-by-event fluctuation of hadronic patterns is investigated by finding a measure of the non-hadronic regions, the voids, for the experimental data of p-AgBr interactions at 400 GeV/c considering the anisotropy of phase space. Two moments of the event-to-event fluctuation of voids,  and Sq have been calculated as defined by R. C. Hwa and Q. H. Zhang to quantify the dependence of the voids on the bin sizes. The results suggest that no quark-hadron phase transition of second order have taken place for p-AgBr interactions at 400 GeV/c. The result have been compared with the result of VENUS generated data.
Translocations In Space-Time and Simultaneous States of the Universe: Convergent Quantifications and Alternative Solutions from the Principles of Physics for the Challenges of â€œTime Travelâ€ and â€œParallel Universesâ€
Authors: Persinger Michael A
Published: November 2018

Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified SchrÃ¶dinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal.Â  The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planckâ€™s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect. Â Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.
Structural and Physical Properties Study of Some Phosphate Glasses Used for Radiation Shielding
Authors: Amer Taghreed Zaghloul
Published: November 2018

Mossbauer Effect (ME) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopes are used to study the structure of some iron-sodium phosphate glasses containing strontium, with composition [(70-x) mol% P2O5. x mol% SrO, 15 mol% Fe2O3.15 mol% Na2O, where x= 3, 6,9,12 and 15]. These glasses can have many interesting applications especially as gamma ray attenuators.The amorphous nature and the glassy state character of these glasses can be confirmed from comparing the experimental and empirical values of both their density and molar volume. It was found that, as SrO was gradually increased the density increased while the molar volume decreased which may be due to the gradual decrease of the number of oxygen ion density in the glass networks.The micro-hardness and magnetic susceptibility are also increased, which can be attributed to the gradual migration of iron from glass network modifier (GNM) to glass network former (GNF) positions, as confirmed by IR and ME results. IR and ME analysis indicated that both ferric and ferrous have tetrahedral and octahedral symmetry respectively and acting as GNF and GNM at different SrO contents. The gradual replacement of P2O5 by SrO force the iron to transfer from GNM to GNF.The gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficient increased with the gradual increase of Sr2+ as heavy metal, while the HVL decreased.Â  On the other hand the attenuation coefficient decreased with the increase of gamma-ray photon energy. So, these glasses can be used as transparent shielding materials for low gamma-ray energies and to capsulate the radio-active wastes, while the sample containing 15 mol% SrO, exhibits the highest attenuation coefficient.Â Â
Excitonic quasimolecules containing of two quantum dots
Authors: Pokutnyi Sergey I. , Salejda Wlodzimierz
Published: November 2018

The possibility of occurrence of the excitonicÂ  quasimolecule formed of spatially separated electrons and holes in a nanosystem that consistsÂ  ofÂ  CuO quantum dots synthesized in a silicate glass matrix. It is shown that the major contribution to the excitonic quasimolecule binding energy is made by the energy of the exchange interaction of electrons with holes and this contribution is much more substantial than the contribution of the energy of Coulomb interaction between the electrons and holes.
The interference of two-dimensional superconducting induced current in vector potential A field
Authors: Li Yuanjie , Jia Wenchuan
Published: November 2018

If a two-dimensional superconducting mental surface is passed through by two infinite straight magnetic flux which is shielded by superconductivity, and it was supposed that the change rate of flux was not equal to zero at the beginning, which would induce two opposite and equal currents on the two-dimensional superconducting mental surface. In this situation, when the change rate of flux changed to zero, and both magnetic fluxes remain constant, new physical interference effect would appear. In this paper, the interference streamline distribution on two dimensional superconducting mental surface are calculated and simulated. We named the new interference phenomenon L-J effect, it is considered as a two-dimensional A-B effect.
Influence of Changes of Land Cover Types on The Surface Temperature Distribution for Al- Najaf City Using Remote Sensing Data.
Authors: AL-Khakani Ebtihal Taqi
Published: November 2018

This study has been carried out to assesses the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) and changes of land cover (LC) for a part of Najaf Governorate, by using Landsat TM/ETM+ data over the period from1990 to 2009. Landsat TM/ETM+ images have been acquired for deriving the land use/land cover (LULC) maps and land surface temperatures (LST) for two different dates afterwards analysis their temporal and spatial variations. (LST) maps have been derived from thermal infrared (TIR) bands of Landsat TM/ETM+ data according to Planckâ€™s function. Satellite images for 1990, and 2009 have been classified into four classes (building up, vegetation, bare land, and water bodies) based on the supervised classification by using Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) have been calculated from both the original image in order to extract a particular (LC) for study area. The results of study showed that built-up area increased from 22.1% to 41.8 % between 1990 and 2009, while vegetations, bare land and water bodies decreased from 57.5% to 39.9% , 16.9% to 15.3% , and 3.5% to 3% respectively , due to urbanization that resulted from growing of urban population and economic evolution, . In general the negative correlation between LST and NDVI confirm that the reduction in vegetarian cover to built-up would lead to increase in (LST). Whereas the positive correlation between LST and NDBI implying that the increasing built-up land can increase (LST). The results indicated that the stronger negative correlations between LST and NDVI (R2=0.918) was in 2009 year , and the stronger positive correlation between LST and NDBI (R2=0.909) was in 2009. The results showed that the maximum temperature in study area increased from 32 áµ’C in 1990 to 37áµ’C in 1990 .This research has been confirmed the strong influence of changes in (LC) on (LST).
X-RAY FLOURESCENCE (XRF) ANALYSIS OF ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLES FROM A MAGNETIC INTRUSIVE ROCK IN OBA AKOKO, NIGERIA.
Authors: E.B Faweya, , G.E Adesakin, , O Faweya
Published: November 2018

Nigerians had witnessed constant crash in the price of crude oil in the international market in the last couple of years to date. Therefore, Nigerians government is making concerted efforts to diversify Nigerian economy by shifting focus to other sources of mineral resources apart from petroleum. Aside from Ajaokuta iron and steel company, Oba Akoko a town in Ondo State Nigeria, has a magnetic intrusive rock which is likely one of the available mineral resources government is going to consider.
A perpetuum mobile of second kind is possible
Authors: Jaik Kalev
Published: November 2018

Â Great and important discoveries befall there seldom, but this one is just such a discovery. The discovery is in physics which disproves the validness of the second law of thermodynamics and several others up to now conceptions of the physics, and can open a new and inexhaustible energy resource for the mankind --- the low temperature thermal energy of the environment. In short is my discovery such that against the principles of the up to now physics and the second law of thermodynamics is a perpetuum mobile of the second kind possible, and entropy is not irreversible.
Calculation of the atomic properties of excited states for B-atom using Hartree â€“ Fock approximation
Authors: Hussein Wasan Ali , J.AL-Sharaa Mayada
Published: November 2018

In this paper were studied some atomic properties for Boron atom and like ions such as ( C+1 and N+2) for different excited states( where nequal (3,4,5). This system consists of five â€“electron : two electron each in(1S,2S-Level) with same quantum number except spin component ,where the first electron with spin up (Î±)and the other â€“down(Î²) and the Fifth electron puts in(n S-Level)with spin up(Î±).using Hartree â€“Fock approximation in position spaceand electron density at the nucleus Ï(0)Â  have been calculated for these states of the same atom .
Detection of Transient 1.42 GHz (Hydrogen Line) Bursts From the Human Brain-Body During Specific Angular Velocities
Authors: A. Koren Stanley , A. Persinger Michael
Published: November 2018

Basic physical principles should be reflected at the macro- and micro-levels. The 1.42 GHz neutral hydrogen lineis a primary signature of the universe but has also been measured over large bodies of water. Pursuant to ourcalculations indicating that the human brain contained sufficient proton-electron pairs to be conducive to photon fluxdensities of ~10-13 to 10-11 WÂ·m-2 for this phenomenon, we designed an experiment to measure the 1.42 GHz emission.When human subjects who were sitting within a very shielded chamber moved towards and away at angular velocities ofabout 4 m per s to within 21 cm of a sensitive Yagi antenna-sensor system connected to a RF field strength analyzerhighly reliable discrete (~250 ms) bursts were detected for the hydrogen line. Static positions near the antenna did notproduce this configuration. Quantification indicated that angular momentum of each electron within the peripheral extent ofthe moment of inertia of the moving mass (the subjectâ€™s head) multiplied by the hydrogen line frequency would have beenequivalent to ~10-12 WÂ·m-2. If this universal frequency is generated by specific angular momentum of the human head with respect to the coccyx (fulcrum), then the potential interaction between cerebral electromagnetic phenomena and moreuniversal energies might be re-evaluated.
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENT TRAFFIC NOISE POLLUTION IN UVWIE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA.
Authors: E1 Esi Oghenevovwero
Published: November 2018

The assessment of environmental traffic noise pollution in Uvwie local government area of Delta State, Nigeria was carriedout using a well calibrated portable digital sound level meter (Model CEL-231). The sound level meter is an instrumentused for measuring the exposure level of noise in the field. The measurement was done three times/day (Morning session9am â€“ 10am, afternoon session 1pm â€“ 2pm and Evening session 4pm â€“ 5pm) and readings were taken. The mean resultsmeasured from the studied area ranged from 74.61dB (A) in the evening to 76.92dB (A) in the afternoon with meanaverage of 76.66dB (A).The obtained mean values of traffic noise when compared with the permissible level for road trafficnoise of 65 decibels dB (A) in commercial area during the Day time, it was observed that the obtained mean level resultsexceeded the permissible standard limit. These high values can be attributed to poor maintenance of the vehicles,indiscriminate usage of pressure horns and present of heavy duty truck that load petroleum product and cargo containersfrom the Warri refinery and Warri port (Nigeria Port Authority) respectively. This study revealed that immediate healthimplication may not be observed at the present level, but long term health effects are probable in the nearest future.
Effect of the structural changes on the mechanical properties of the sintered films
Authors: Jain Garima
Published: November 2018

Polycrystalline films of tin telluride were prepared by sintering technique. The structural investigation of the films with different thicknesses enables to determine lattice parameter, crystallite size and strain existing in the films. The XRD traces showed that strain was tensile in nature. The crystallite size increases with thickness while strain decreases. Higher the value of tensile strain, larger is the lattice constant. The optical energy gap shows a descending nature with increasing strain and so with the lattice constant. Such an attempt made to delve into interdependence of basic physical quantities helps to explore the properties of SnTe and utilize it as an alternative to heavy metal chalcogenides in various technological applications. Â
Effect of Spray Directions on the Crystal Growth of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide One-dimensional nanostructured Thin Films
Authors: Bandara Ajith , Okuya Masayuki , Shimomura Masaru , Murakami Kenji , M.G. Rajapakse Rajapakse
Published: November 2018

In this study the novel spray pyrolysis technique, known as rotational, pulsed and atomized spray deposition method was used to fabricate vertically aligned and well separated FTO One-dimensional nanostructures on glass substrate. It was confirmed that spraying at low angle to the substrate is mandatory for the crystal growth of vertically aligned nanorods. The preferential orientation of nanorods crystallites along the (101) direction and prepared nanorods thin film showed an excellent transparency of 84.8% and a low resistance of 26.7 Î©/sq.
Earth's journey
Authors: Van Zanten Leonard
Published: November 2018

In the beginning the earth was flat and no one was to prove that it was round, but with the advent in science this is now quite obvious. Â But no less obvious will be the fact that the earth has its seasons due to a rotation of precession rather than the fixed immovable position that current science has given it.Â  And that in a manner of speaking the earth, like unto the moon orbiting the earth, also appears to have a single period of rotation for each orbital period that it makes around the sun.The earth thus for each single orbit around the sun makes one full turn of precession which gives it its seasons.Â  That turn of precession then comes short of that one full turn of orbit by about 20 minutes.Â  And it is by those 20 minutes each year that the earth appears to have a precession lasting 26.000 years; the axis of the earth pointing to the star called Polaris and by one half thereof (13.000 years) graduating towards the star called Vega.It however is not a precession, but rather a "regression," even as the seasons do not come about by a fixed axis but rather by a precessional axis.Â Â Â
Quantitative Conditions and Convergent Operations That Are Compatible With the Universe as a Persistent Generator of Successive Simulations
Authors: Persinger Michael A , Koren Stanley A
Published: November 2018

Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â  Â Â The capacity for computer-like simulations to be generated by massive information processing from electron-spin potentials supports Bostromâ€™s hypothesis that matter and human cognition might reflect simulations. Quantitative analyses of the basic assumptions indicate the universe may display properties of a simulation where photons behave as pixels and gravitons control the structural organization. The Lorentz solution for the square of the light and entanglement velocities converges with the duration of a single electron orbit that ultimately defines properties of matter. The approximately one trillion potential states within the same space with respect to the final epoch of the universe indicate that a different simulation, each with intrinsic properties, has been and will be generated as a type of tractrix defined by Â±2 to 3 days (total duration 5 to 6 days). It may define the causal limits within a simulation. Because of the intrinsic role of photons as the pixel unit, phenomena within which flux densities are enhanced, such as human cognition (particularly dreaming) and the cerebral regions associated with those functions, create the conditions for entanglement or excess correlations between contiguous simulations. The consistent quantitative convergence of operations indicates potential validity for this approach. The emergent solutions offer alternative explanations for the limits of predictions for multivariate phenomena that could be coupled to more distal simulations.
Study of the Absorptance of Si-gratings and of arrays of SiO2-filled trenches on Si-grating substrate
Authors: Ghmari Faouzi , Mezni Ilhem
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study the radiative properties of two model structures. The first model (A-1) is a rectangular grating of silicon (Si). The second one (A-2) is obtained from A-1 by filling their trenches by SiO2. These patterned wafers are characterized by three geometrical parameters, the period d, the filling factorand the thickness h. To derive and compute the radiative properties we use a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. Our attention is focused on the absorptance of these structures when they are illuminated by a monochromatic plane wave. We investigate the effect of the filling factor on the absorptance versus the direction of the incident wave. At specific angles of incidence the effect of the period is also studied. Besides, the influence of the thickness h on the absorptance is included throughout this work. At the wavelengthÂ = 632,8nm, we especially show that we can identify several perfect absorber model structures characterized by specific parameters and by accurate angle of incidence. We show that this will be done in both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization cases.
Band Gap Optimization of CdTeSe Thin-Film Solar Cells
Authors: Meng Sean , Yan Yanfa
Published: November 2018

Device modeling and simulation studies of a CdTeSe thin film solar cell have been carried out. A variety of band-gap profiles, including ungraded, front graded, back graded, and double graded profiles of the CdTeSe absorber layer are examined and their performance characteristics have been analyzed. The calculation reveals that single junction cells with band-gap at the optimum value of 1.38 eV exhibit the maximum performance; alloys of CdTe and CdSe with a ratio of 1:1 forming CdTe0.5Se0.5 achieve the band-gap of 1.38 eV due to the bowing effect. The benefits of the band-gap grading are evaluated when the minimum band-gap is set at the optimum band-gap of 1.38 eV. It is shown that only few graded band-gap profiles exhibit an increase in efficiency, while most of graded profiles reduce performances.
The Geometry of Space and Its Application to Theory of General Relativity, Derivation of Field Equations
Authors: Yaremenko Nikolay Ivanovich
Published: November 2018

In this paper we study the geometry of Â space and applications of this space to general theory of relativity. In Â space we obtained analog Ricci - Jacobi identity;Â  the geodesic lines equation have been researched; we introduced analog of Darboux theory in case of Â space, so it was shown theÂ  tensor Â can be presented as the sum of two tensors symmetrical and antisymmetrical with property Â We discussed some partial cases gravitational and electromagnetic interaction, and their connection to geometry structure; we considered stronger electromagnetic field in Â space. We derived the general field equations (electromagnetic and gravitational) from the variation principle.
Metallographic study of Sn-Bi-Sb-In alloy prepared by rapid solidification
Authors: Mahlab Sara Mosaad , Kamal Mustafa , Mohamed Abd el-raouf
Published: November 2018

Sn70-X at.% -Bi15 at.% -Sb15 at.%- Inx at.%Â  alloy ribbons were produced using melt-spinning technique.The surfaces were characterized with Optical Microscopy. Also, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The results contribute to the understanding of the microstructure evolution in alloys of this type prepared by melt spinning technique. Microscopy can give information concerning a materialâ€™s composition, previous treatment and properties. Particular features of interest are grain size, phases present, Chemical homogeneity, distribution of phases and, elongated structures formed by melt spinning technique.
Effect of 3.0 wt% Indium doping on ethanol sensing properties of nanocrystalline Bi2O3
Authors: Kapse Dr. S D
Published: November 2018

Nanocrystalline powders of pure and 3.0 wt% indium doped Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) were prepared by ethyl alcohol mediated decomposition route. The prepared samples were then characterized in order to investigate the structural, electrical and reducing gas sensing properties of pure and In doped Bismuth oxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the material structure and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to depict the crystallite microstructure. Bismuth oxide based thick films were expose to study the conductance response of different reducing gases such as like liquefied petroleumÂ  (LPG), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ethanol gas (C2H5OH) etc. The sensor exhibited various sensing responses to these gases at different operating temperatures. From result it is found that 3.0 wt% In-doped Bi2O3 shows the maximum response to 50 ppm ethanol at 260 0C also fast response and good recovery are the main features of investigated sensors.
GEOPHYSICAL AND WATER QUALITY INDEX SURVEYS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY AROUND UGBOR DUMPSITE IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA, WEST AFRICA.
Authors: Idehen Osabuohien
Published: November 2018

This study takes a look into groundwater quality at Ugbor Dumpsite area using water quality index (WQI), 2-Dimensional (2-D) geophysical resistivity tomography and vertical electric sounding (VES).The geophysical resistivity methods employed revealed the depth to aquifer, the geoelectric layers being made up of lateritic topsoil, clayed sand and sand. Along the trasverse line in the third geoelectric layer of lateral distance of 76 m to 100 m is a very low resistivity of 0.9 to 13 m from a depth range o f about 3 to 25 m beneath the surface- indicating contamination. Water samples were collected and analyzed at the same site during the raining season and during the dry season. The value of water quality index during the raining season was 115.92 and during the dry season was 147.43. Since values at both seasons were more than 100, it implies that the water is contaminated to some extent and therefore poor for drinking purpose. The Water Quality Index was established from important analyses of biological and physico-chemical parameters with significant health importance. These values computed for dumpsite area at Ugbor were mostly contributed by the seasonal variations in the concentrations of some parameters, such as, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, nitrates, calcium,Â  phosphates, zinc, which showed significant differences (P<0.01 and P<0.05) in seasonal variation.
Structural and optical properties of Tin Oxide and Indium doped SnO2 thin films deposited by thermal evaporation technique
Authors: Noaman Sura Ali , Kadhim Rashid Owaid , Hussain Saleem Azara
Published: November 2018

Tin Oxide and Indium doped Tin Oxide (SnO2:In) thin films were deposited on glass and SiliconÂ  substratesÂ  byÂ  thermal evaporation technique.Â  X-ray diffraction pattern of Â pure SnO2 and SnO2:In thin films annealed at 650oC and the results showedÂ  that the structure have tetragonal phase with preferred orientation in (110) plane. AFM studies showed an inhibition of grain growth with increase in indium concentration. SEM studies of pureÂ  SnO2 and Â Indium doped tin oxide (SnO2:In) ) thin films showed that the films with regular distribution of particles and they have spherical shape.Â  Optical properties such asÂ  Transmission , optical band-gap have been measured and calculated.
On the stability of a nonic functional equation in quasi-normed spaces
Authors: Kim Soo Hwan
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we extend normed spaces to quasi-normed spacesÂ and prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of a nonic functional equation:$$\aligned&f(x+5y) - 9f(x+4y) + 36f(x+3y) - 84f(x+2y) + 126f(x+y) - 126f(x)\\&\qquad + 84f(x-y)-36f(x-2y)+9f(x-3y)-f(x-4y) = 9 ! f(y),\endaligned$$where $9 ! = 362880$ in quasi-normed spaces.
Properties of Copper nitride thin films deposited using a pulsed hollow cathode discharge
Authors: Metwaly Khaled Hussein , Saudy Ali Hassan , El-Akshar Farouk Fahmy
Published: November 2018

Copper nitride (Cu3N) thin films were deposited on a glass substrates using pulsed hollow cathode discharge (PHCD). The deposition was performed at 4kV charging voltage, and nitrogen gas pressure of 10-2 torr. The structure of the thin films was identified by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The XRD measurements indicated that the thin films have a nanocrystalline nature and exhibit orientation at (111) phase of Cu3N. The grain size of the nanocrystalline films ranged from 41 nm to 80 nm. The optical band gaps were measured using UVâ€“Visâ€“NIR spectrophotometer and Touc's equation.Â  The optical band gaps of the films decreased from 2.55 eV to 2.25 eV by increasing the number of deposition shots from 20 to 80 shots. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image indicates that the film have facetted surface morphology packed particles.Â
Study on anisotropies and momentum densities in AlN, GaN and InN by positron annihilation
Authors: Amrane N. , Benkraouda M. , Qamhieh N. , T. Mahmoud Saleh
Published: November 2018

The independent particle model (IPM) coupled with empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) was used to compute the thermalized positron charge densities in specific family of binary tetrahedrally coordinated crystals of formula ANB8-N. Initial results show a clear asymmetrical positron charge distribution relative to the bond center. It is observed that the positron density is maximum in the open interstices and is excluded not only, from the ion cores but also to a considerable degree from the valence bonds. Electron-positron momentum densities are calculated for the (001,110) planes. The results are used to analyze the positron effects in AlN, GaN and InN compounds. Our computational technique provides the theoretical means of interpreting the k-space densities obtained experimentally using the twodimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (2D-ACAR).
The effect of Tin additionon on Structural and magnetic properties of the stannoferrite Li0.5+0.5XFe2.5-1.5XSnXO4
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Hassan , Abbas Yehia
Published: November 2018

The physical properties of ferrites are verysensitive to microstructure, which in turn critically dependson the manufacturing process.Nanocrystalline Lithium Stannoferrite system Li0.5+0.5XFe2.5-1.5XSnXO4,X= (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) fine particles were successfully prepared by double sintering ceramic technique at pre-sintering temperature of 500oC for 3 h andthepre-sintered material was crushed and sintered finally in air at 1000oC.The structural and microstructural evolutions of the nanophase have been studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld method.The refinement results showed that the nanocrystalline ferrite has a two phases of ordered and disordered phases for polymorphous lithium Stannoferrite.The particle size of as obtained samples were found to be ~20 nm through TEM that increases up to ~ 85 nmand isdependent on the annealing temperature. TEM micrograph reveals that the grains of sample are spherical in shape. (TEM) analysis confirmed the X-ray results.The particle size of stannic substituted lithium ferrite fine particle obtained from the XRD using Scherrer equation.Magneticmeasurements obtained from lake shoreâ€™s vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), saturation magnetization ofordered LiFe5O8 was found to be (57.829 emu/g) which was lower than disordered LiFe5O8(62.848 emu/g).Theinterplay between superexchange interactions of Fe3+ ions at A and B sublattices gives rise to ferrimagnetic ordering of magnetic moments,with a high Curie-Weiss temperature (TCW ~ 900 K).
Magnetic Solution
Authors: Goodman James W
Published: November 2018

While deriving the magnetic energy solution an explanation of mass and an explanation of charge were found. Also areason for failure to find a magnetic monopole was given.It was found that all known particles can be accounted for by calculating the mass using a formula given in this solution.Also many new particles were found. The spherical harmonics were generated giving the known orbitals. Spin wasproposed to be a magnetic dipole.The mass of the electron was found to be related to the fine structure constant by 13.6*2*137*137=510,516.8ev where511Kev is accepted. The reason that the electron does not enter the nucleus was found.
Superconducting String Theory (Gravity explanation)
Authors: Felipe Sergio PÃ©rez
Published: November 2018

TheÂ â€˜Theory of Everythingâ€™Â is aÂ hypotheticalÂ theory of physics that explains and connects all known physical phenomena into one. After study, I have reached to a solution that describes the origin ofÂ gravitational forceÂ and can be postulated as angular pieceÂ of this theory. It erase gravity as one of the fundamental forces of nature unifying it with strong nuclear force.
Influence of rapid solidification and lithium additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum based alloys
Authors: Shalaby Rizk Mostafa , Kamal Mustafa , Waqlan Adel. Saleh
Published: November 2018

A series of aluminum-lithium or lightweight alloys containing up to 5 wt. % lithium was rapidly solidified from melt by chillblockmelt-spun technique. The resultant ribbons were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and deferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The results showed that the structures of all melt-spunribbons were completely composed of two distinct phasesâ€™ aluminum rich phase and intermetallic compound (IMC) Al9.8-Li1.1phase. It is also found that melting point, solidus and liquidus temperatures of the lightweight alloys are lowered asthe Li content is increased. Additionally, elastic moduli, internal friction, thermal diffusivity and hardness measurements ofmelt-spun ribbons were examined by using dynamic resonance method and Vickers indenter for one applied load of 25grams of force for 5, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 99 seconds. Results interpreted in terms of the phase changes occurring in thealloy system. With the addition of Li, the Al rich phase is finer in grain size, and intermetallic compound is more uniformlydistributed. As a result, Young's modulus and micro-hardness of Lightweight are increased when Li is added into the Alalloy. The aim of the research planned in this work was to design the A1-Li family of alloys contribute to their increasinglybroad application in aeronautics, as an alternative for the aluminum alloys, which have been used so far.
Multibody Energy States With exact electron-electron interactions
Authors: Goodman James W
Published: November 2018

Â In a class on quantum mechanics in 1964 at LSU a question was asked whether the potential energies of a multibody could be added up to give the energy state. It was stated that Vanagas was somewhat successful in using 2 body states. In 1971 two hypotheses were made using current Hilbert Space applied to the multibody SchrÃ¶dingerâ€™s EquationÂ  and the wave functions derived. The ground states of atoms with atomic number Z=2-20 were calculated and agreed with Hartree-Fox iterations. The success was due to the exact electron-electron interactions.
Studies on Raman Spectra of Cu2+ Ion Doped B2O3-K2O-ZnO-BaO Glasses
Authors: Ravangave L.S. , Devde G.N.
Published: November 2018

Glasses with compositions 59B2O3-10K2O-(30-x)ZnO-xBaO-1CuO were prepared using melt quenching technique. The effect of BaO content in present glass system doped with copper ion in place of ZnO has been studied with respect to structural properties. Raman spectroscopy is an experimental technique appropriate for providing information about Â the structure, local arrangement of the atoms in the present glasses. The Raman spectra of glasses were recorded at room temperature in the range 200-1800 cm-1 using a He-Ne excitation source having wavelength 632.81 nm. The Raman peaks appeared around 760 cm-1 assigned symmetric breathing vibrations of six-membered ring with both BO3 triangle and BO4 tetrahedral. The intensity of these peaks is slightly varied with the addition of BaO content while the broadness is found to be larger at 30 mol% of BaO than 30 mol% ZnO. This indicates that certain BO4 units could be preferentially converted while those in ring groups could be stabilized. Raman studies it is concluded that present glasses are composed of [BO4] and [BO3] units in metaborate, orthoborate, diborate groups.
Sound as a transverse wave
Authors: Canero Armando TomÃ¡s
Published: November 2018

This paper presents sound propagation based on a transverse wave model which does not collide with the interpretation of physical events based on the longitudinal wave model, but responds to the correspondence principle and allows interpreting a significant number of scientific experiments that do not follow the longitudinal wave model. Among the problems that are solved are: the interpretation of the location of nodes and antinodes in a Kundt tube of classical mechanics, the traslation of phonons in the vacuum interparticle of quantum mechanics and gravitational waves in relativistic mechanics.
Gravity
Authors: Goodman Jim
Published: November 2018

Considering two balls of Z protons each near each other the residual electric potential V is calculated. Also the gravitational potential is calculated. The Gravitational constant is the same for both. Thus the electric field creates gravity. This calculation is possible because the multibody energy states are known exactly. The relativistic correction of 2 has been found from the Klein-Gordon Equation solution. This finding is an important step in reducing known forces to one field. Recall the electric field is generated by motion in the magnetic field of atoms of a magnetic dipole.Â  The mass is a function of the length of the magnetic dipole.
Mass Increase with Speed Explained as a Relativistic Doppler Effect
Authors: SANDU Constantin , BRASOVEANU Dan
Published: November 2018

In this paper the authors show that the â€˜mechanismâ€™ of mass increase is simple and  can be explained by the wave feature of body micro-comps.

From this point of view, the mass increase with speed perceived by a fixed observer is a Doppler relativistic effect.
An Explanation for the Equality between Inertia and Gravitational Mass
Authors: SANDU Constantin , BRASOVEANU Dan
Published: November 2018

The mechanism causing the equality of inertia and gravitational mass of a body, which was demonstrated experimentally by Eotvos in 1909 is still unexplained although this equality is the basis of Einsteinâ€™s General Theory of Relativity (GTR).

Using consequences of GTR, this paper explains why the inertia mass is equally to the gravitational mass.

The two masses are equal because the â€˜mechanismâ€™ that produces the inertia â€˜forceâ€™ of a body is the same with the 'mechanism' that produces the gravitational â€˜forceâ€™ of the same body.
Influence of Alloying Additives on The Adhesive Properties of Steels: Atomic Level Simulation
Authors: AlMotasem Ahmed Tamer
Published: November 2018

In the present work we report atomistic molecular dynamics simulation results on adhesion force between self-mated iron/iron, iron/vanadium, iron-cementite and iron/titanium surfaces has been determined and we found that iron/cementite surface exhibits lower adhesive force than that of iron/iron surface. The results showed that adhesion, quantified by the work of adhesion, decreased as the vanadium content increased and highest reduction was obtained for 10 at.% vanadium and  7.5 at.% for titanium. Furthermore, the variation of adhesion force with temperature was studied in the temperature range between 300-700 K and we found that the adhesive force generally is lowered at higher temperature.
Introduction to The Spiral Dynamics and The Spiral Coriolis Force
Authors: Fabbri Italo Mario
Published: November 2018

The spiral dynamics of a point-like body of mass m in spiral differential geometry are introduced. New ideal motions have been studied, the uniform spiral motion and the uniform spiral-polar motion. The analysis is proposed by comparing the ideal spiral motions with the ideal circular motions. The theoretical forces acting on a point-like body of mass m moving in spiral frames were analyzed. The spiral and polar components of the Coriolis forces were compared.
Deterministic Mechanism of Irreversibility
Authors: Somsikov Vyacheslav Michailovich
Published: November 2018

The analytical review of the papers devoted to the deterministic mechanism of irreversibility (DMI) is presented. The history of solving of the irreversibility problem is briefly described. It is shown, how the DMI was found basing on the motion equation for a structured body. The structured body was given by a set of potentially interacting material points. The taking into account of the body’s structure led to the possibility of describing dissipative processes. This possibility caused by the transformation of the body’s motion energy into internal energy. It is shown, that the condition of holonomic constraints, which used for obtaining of the canonical formalisms of classical mechanics, is excluding the DMI in Hamiltonian systems. The concepts of D-entropy and evolutionary non-linearity are discussed. The connection between thermodynamics and the laws of classical mechanics is shown. Extended forms of the Lagrange, Hamilton, Liouville, and Schrödinger equations, which describe dissipative processes, are presented.
Security in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Singh Barinder Paul , Arora Anish , Kumar Ashish
Published: November 2018

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology that shows great promise for various futuristic applications both for mass public and military. The sensing technology combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of security threats. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks. We identify the security threats, review proposed security mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. We also discuss the holistic view of security for ensuring layered and robust security in wireless sensor networks.
Evaluation of Toyserkan City's Water Contamination, due to The Existence of Radon, and Estimation of The Annual Effective Dose
Authors: Samadi Hamid Reza
Published: November 2018

The gas of 222Rn is one of the natural radioactivesources which is the decay product of 226Ra from 238U decay chain. Based on the latest information presented bythe United Nations Scientific committee in the field of the effects of atomic radiations, the respiration of Radon and its daughters (Plutonium, Bismuth and Lead), are one of the most important factors in human radiation inhalation, since Radon and its daughters account for approximately 1.2 msv of the total of 2.4 msv (mili Sievert) annual effective dose of natural radioactive sources produced. The fluctuation in the levels of Radon resolved in water, due to the hazards caused by the emitted radiations, is considerable; because studies show that long-term exposure to Radon increases the chances of lung cancer. The amount of radon in underground waters is more than that of surface waters. If water is exposed to free air, especially when itâ€™s mixed as well, a considerable amount of its radon content is released. In this paper, Radon concentration (Bq/L) in waters of the wells and springs located in Toyserkan, is measured using Lucas chamber technique by means of a light weighted and transportable machine namely PRASSI (SFLENAmod5s). The results showed that the radon density in four measured samples in the waters of this region exceed 10 Bq/L, the allowable amount determined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). For the cases where the concentration is high, is it proposed that drinkable water be preserved in open pools or at least waterfalls be used in order to agitate the water to release itsradon content. It is better to install a system for settling and exposing the water to air so that Radon and its decay products are dispersed and the contamination problem is solved.
Determining The Minimum Distance Between Centers of Two Parallel Tunnels to Apply The Law of Super Position in Order to Calculate Subsidence by Using The Software FLAC 3D
Authors: Samadi Hamid Reza , Samadi Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2018

Due to the development of cities as well as rapid population growth, urban traffic is increasing nowadays. Hence, to improve traffic flow, underground structures such as metro, especially in metropolises, are inevitable. This paper is a research on the twin tunnels Of Isfahan's metro between Shariaty station and Azadi station from the North towards the South. In this study, simultaneous drilling of subway's twin tunnels is simulated by means of Finite Difference Method (FDM) and FLAC 3D software. Moreover, the lowest distance between two tunnels is determined in a way that the Law of Super Position could be utilized to manually calculate the amount of surface subsidence, resulted by drilling two tunnels, by employing the results of the analysis of single tunnels without using simultaneous examination and simulation. In this paper, this distance is called "effective distance". For this purpose, first, the optimum dimensions of the model is chosen and then, five models with optimum dimensions will be analyzed separately, each of which in three steps. The results of analyses shows that the proportions (L/D) greater than or equal 2.80, the Law of Super Position can be applied for prediction of surface subsidence, caused by twin tunnels' construction
Synthesis, Characterization and Phase Transition Studies on Some N-(4-Butyloxy Benzylidene)-4-Alkoxy Anilines, 4O.Om Compounds - A Dilatometric Study
Authors: Pisipati Venkata , Saraswathi M. , Latha D. Madhavi , Pardhasaradhi P. , Prasad P. V. Datta
Published: November 2018

Dilatometric studies are carried out on the synthesized N-(4-butyloxy benzylidene)-4-alkoxy anilines, 4O.Om compounds with the m = 3 to 7 and 9. Characterization of these compounds is done using the polarizing microscope attached with a hot stage. The differential scanning calorimeter is employed to find out the transition temperatures as well as the heats of transitions. All the compounds exhibit nematic phase with varying thermal ranges with the clearing temperatures are above 100 OC as unlike the case of the well known N-(4-butyloxy benzylidene)-4-alkyl anilines, 4O.m compounds which exhibit rich poymorphysim and the clearing temperatures are well below 100 OC. As expected the isotropic to nematic transition exhibited first order nature and the results are discussed with the body of the data available in literature.