bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Class and Victorian Poetics
Authors: Boos Florence
Published: January 2006

In this essay, I consider three aspects of recent studies of working‐class class poetry: the tasks and rewards of its recovery, the complexities of critical attempts to interpret “non‐canonical” verse, and wider insights which have emerged from efforts to integrate such attempts into more traditional studies of nineteenth‐century literature. Recovery has been necessary because most working‐class poets could only hope to publish their work in broadside or periodical form, and few of their works have been reprinted. Accidents of preservation have further foreshortened our understanding of the range of working‐class poetry, which extended from Thomas Cooper's dignified epic verse to Isobel Chisholm's gypsy “curses” and Mary McPherson's Gaelic incantations. Interpretative studies of the range just mentioned have benefited from willingness to consider unfamiliar rhetorical models; search out historical antecedents of “simple” appeals to direct emotion; and admit that there might be more to poetry than has been dreamt of in our received interpretations and well‐worn critical commonplaces. Finally, integration of an appreciation of working‐class poetry into studies of Victorian literature reveals that much of the history of mid‐century poetry – reflected through lenses of “class”– may be read as an attempt to barricade middle‐class canons of taste against the inroads of working class artistry. More critical studies of that artistry might therefore help dismantle these barricades, and restore to all the period's poets a measure of the respect and attention they deserve. They might also help answer some intriguing generic as well as historical questions. Among these are: Why were poetry and personal memoirs the period's principal working‐class genres? And why did the role of working‐class poetry seem to recede as the century waned, even as universal working‐class literacy advanced?
‘Wild Originality’: the Romantic writings of Lady Caroline Lamb
Authors: March Rosemary
Published: January 2006

Lady Caroline Lamb (1785–1828), author of three Romantic novels, two long poems and several shorter lyrics was a Romantic sensation, and is probably still best known for her affair with Lord Byron. Unfortunately, Lamb the ‘Byron woman’, a figure remembered only as one of Byron's greatest ‘fans’, has subsumed Lamb the Romantic writer.
Confessional Literature, Vernacular Psychology, and the History of the Self in Middle English
Authors: Raskolnikov Masha
Published: January 2006

This essay reviews some of the recent critical writings on medieval confession and discusses their importance to the ongoing debates about the history and formation of the self as subject. Building on the evidence that the rise of annual, required confession led to the emergence of “confessional literature” (works using the tropes and methods of the confessional to structure narrative), the essay suggests that the ways of understanding the self made available through such works form a kind of “vernacular psychology”– that is, a practical, quotidian alternative to Aristotelian/philosophical or Galenic/medical modes of thinking about the self. “Vernacular psychology” describes this widespread set of medieval understandings of the self that were made public in a range of writings in English and Anglo‐Norman (only the former is considered here). Such understandings stressed the self's vulnerability to sin, conceived as something that both attacks the self from without and is generated from within, implying a range of relations between the “self” and the “world” that the large array of Middle English “confessional” writings offer in distinction to the Latin clerical tradition.
Linking Teaching and Research through Technology
Authors: Carson Christie
Published: January 2006

This article looks at the relationship between the availability of a wide range of primary materials online and new kinds of teaching in English Departments. New teaching approaches and new forms of writing, I argue, are essential to properly take advantage of the opportunities offered by digital technology. These new forms of teaching involve, on the one hand, showing students how primary research is conducted and, on the other, allowing students to participate in that research through the development of new scholarly digital resources. As a means of testing these theories I took on the post of Project Officer for C & IT for the English Subject Centre from March 2003 to May 2004. The paper describes the three primary outcomes of the fifteen‐month practical experiment I entered into to address these questions. My conclusion, as a result of this experimental work, is that digital technology provides an opportunity to develop complex interlinking scholarly dialogues that involved participants with a range of experience and expertise. This, I argue, is a positive move towards greater inclusivity and participation in the scholarly project.
An Age in Love with Wonders: The Philosophical Context of Renaissance Literature
Authors: Allan Neil
Published: January 2006

This article offers a sketch of certain currents of Renaissance philosophy, and of the ways in which they infuse the work of Christopher Marlowe and John Donne. It uncovers a striking disparity between Renaissance constructions of philosophy and science and those prevalent today. This dissonance represents a challenge to theories of knowledge and accounts of the historical conditions of the emergence of philosophical worldviews. The central question is that of how to articulate Renaissance thought from the standpoint of today's philosophical sensibility, and of how literature can contribute to this task. In their different ways, both philosophy and literature function as arenas in which the very structure of reality is contested, and the goal is to furnish a dialogue between the two which could contribute to the history of ideas.
E. M. Forster as Public Intellectual
Authors: Christie Stuart
Published: January 2006

This essay offers historical and theoretical context for the emergence of E. M. Forster as a public intellectual before, during, and after the Second World War. Moving well beyond the traditional domain of belles lettres, Forster's “public” capacity in print journalism and radio presented a new and significant model, mandate, and agency for modernist writers. Even as his audience grew, Forster resisted top‐down attempts to place controls over his public work (such as that on behalf of the British Broadcasting Corporation) consistent with his attempts to protect personal privacy. The very fact that by the end of Forster's career arts and media were considered as not only public but subject to the judgment of opinion in the public “sphere” or domain, suggests the great extent to which his career as writer successfully negotiated the transition in post‐war modernism from private (artistic) to public (popular) entitlements.
Thermal unfolding of smooth muscle and nonmuscle tropomyosin α‐homodimers with alternatively spliced exons
Authors: Kremneva Elena , Nikolaeva Olga , Maytum Robin , Arutyunyan Alexander M. , Kleimenov Sergei Yu. , Geeves Michael A. , Levitsky Dmitrii I.
Published: January 2006

We used differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and circular dichroism (CD) to investigate thermal unfolding of recombinant fibroblast isoforms of α‐tropomyosin (Tm) in comparison with that of smooth muscle Tm. These two nonmuscle Tm isoforms 5a and 5b differ internally only by exons 6b/6a, and they both differ from smooth muscle Tm by the N‐terminal exon 1b which replaces the muscle‐specific exons 1a and 2a. We show that the presence of exon 1b dramatically decreases the measurable calorimetric enthalpy of the thermal unfolding of Tm observed with DSC, although it has no influence on the α‐helix content of Tm or on the end‐to‐end interaction between Tm dimers. The results suggest that a significant part of the molecule of fibroblast Tm (but not smooth muscle Tm) unfolds noncooperatively, with the enthalpy no longer visible in the cooperative thermal transitions measured. On the other hand, both DSC and CD studies show that replacement of muscle exons 1a and 2a by nonmuscle exon 1b not only increases the thermal stability of the N‐terminal part of Tm, but also significantly stabilizes Tm by shifting the major thermal transition of Tm to higher temperature. Replacement of exon 6b by exon 6a leads to additional increase in the α‐Tm thermal stability. Thus, our data show for the first time a significant difference in the thermal unfolding between muscle and nonmuscle α‐Tm isoforms, and indicate that replacement of alternatively spliced exons alters the stability of the entire Tm molecule.
Impact of the native‐state stability of human lysozyme variants on protein secretion by Pichia pastoris
Authors: Kumita Janet R. , Johnson Russell J. K. , Alcocer Marcos J. C. , Dumoulin Mireille , Holmqvist Fredrik , McCammon Margaret G. , Robinson Carol V. , Archer David B. , Dobson Christopher M.
Published: January 2006

We report the secreted expression by Pichia pastoris of two human lysozyme variants F57I and W64R, associated with systemic amyloid disease, and describe their characterization by biophysical methods. Both variants have a substantially decreased thermostability compared with wild‐type human lysozyme, a finding that suggests an explanation for their increased propensity to form fibrillar aggregates and generate disease. The secreted yields of the F57I and W64R variants from P. pastoris are 200‐ and 30‐fold lower, respectively, than that of wild‐type human lysozyme. More comprehensive analysis of the secretion levels of 10 lysozyme variants shows that the low yields of these secreted proteins, under controlled conditions, can be directly correlated with a reduction in the thermostability of their native states. Analysis of mRNA levels in this selection of variants suggests that the lower levels of secretion are due to post‐transcriptional processes, and that the reduction in secreted protein is a result of degradation of partially folded or misfolded protein via the yeast quality control system. Importantly, our results show that the human disease‐associated mutations do not have levels of expression that are out of line with destabilizing mutations at other sites. These findings indicate that a complex interplay between reduced native‐state stability, lower secretion levels, and protein aggregation propensity influences the types of mutation that give rise to familial forms of amyloid disease.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR RAPID ISOLATION OF SALMONELLA AGAINST PROTEUS IN CHICKEN CARCASSES
Authors: CUI SHENGHUI , ZHENG JIE , MENG JIANGHONG
Published: January 2006

An improved method was developed for the rapid isolation and identification of Salmonella in chicken carcasses. Considering the heavy presence of Proteus mirabilis in the poultry‐production environment, we investigated combinations of selective bacterial growth media that promote the growth of Salmonella but inhibit that of P. mirabilis. The improved method was evaluated using standard methods described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA/FSIS). A total of 44 chicken carcasses were analyzed for Salmonella using the three methods. The FDA/BAM method showed a poor sensitivity and specificity, especially when the tetrathionate (TT) broth was applied. The improved method offered an excellent specificity (>95%) and shortened the time of isolation and identification from 4 to 5 days to less than 3 days, consequently reducing the costs.
Generalization of the Schott energy in electrodynamic radiation theory
Authors: Heras José A. , O’Connell R. F.
Published: January 2006

We discuss the origin of the Schott energy in the Abraham-Lorentz version of electrodynamic radiation theory and how it can be used to explain some apparent paradoxes. We also derive the generalization of this quantity for the Ford-O’Connell equation, which has the merit of being derived exactly from a microscopic Hamiltonian for an electron with structure and has been shown to be free of the problems associated with the Abraham-Lorentz theory. We emphasize that the instantaneous power supplied by the applied force not only gives rise to radiation (acceleration fields), but it can change the kinetic energy of the electron and change the Schott energy of the velocity fields. The important role played by boundary conditions is noted.
Syringe thermodynamics: The many uses of a glass syringe
Authors: Jackson David P. , Laws Priscilla W.
Published: January 2006

Glass syringes have precision fit low-friction pistons and are relatively inexpensive, which makes them an ideal tool for studying the thermal behavior of gases. The glass syringe is used to construct a thermometer, a miniature hydraulic press, and a working heat engine. Concepts illuminated by these experiments include temperature, pressure, the ideal gas law, work, internal energy, and the first law of thermodynamics.
Reducing the gender gap in the physics classroom
Authors: Lorenzo Mercedes , Crouch Catherine H. , Mazur Eric
Published: January 2006

We investigate if the gender gap in conceptual understanding in an introductory university physics course can be reduced by using interactive engagement methods that promote in-class interaction, reduce competition, foster collaboration, and emphasize conceptual understanding. To this end we analyzed data from the introductory calculus-based physics course for non-majors at Harvard University taught traditionally or using different degrees of interactive engagement. Our results show that teaching with certain interactive strategies not only yields significantly increased understanding for both males and females, but also reduces the gender gap. In the most interactively taught courses, the pre-instruction gender gap was gone by the end of the semester.
Ion Distributions near a Liquid-Liquid Interface
Authors: Luo Guangming , Malkova Sarka , Yoon Jaesung , Schultz David G. , Lin Binhua , Meron Mati , Benjamin Ilan , Vanýsek Petr , Schlossman Mark L.
Published: January 2006

Mean field theories of ion distributions, such as the Gouy-Chapman theory that describes the distribution near a charged planar surface, ignore the molecular-scale structure in the liquid solution. The predictions of the Gouy-Chapman theory vary substantially from our x-ray reflectivity measurements of the interface between two electrolyte solutions. Molecular dynamics simulations, which include the liquid structure, were used to calculate the potential of mean force on a single ion. We used this potential of mean force in a generalized Poisson-Boltzmann equation to predict the full ion distributions. These distributions agree with our measurements without any adjustable parameters.
Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Virus Infection: a Molecular Approach
Authors: Nainan Omana V. , Xia Guoliang , Vaughan Gilberto , Margolis Harold S.
Published: January 2006

Current serologic tests provide the foundation for diagnosis of hepatitis A and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Recent advances in methods to identify and characterize nucleic acid markers of viral infections have provided the foundation for the field of molecular epidemiology and increased our knowledge of the molecular biology and epidemiology of HAV. Although HAV is primarily shed in feces, there is a strong viremic phase during infection which has allowed easy access to virus isolates and the use of molecular markers to determine their genetic relatedness. Molecular epidemiologic studies have provided new information on the types and extent of HAV infection and transmission in the United States. In addition, these new diagnostic methods have provided tools for the rapid detection of food-borne HAV transmission and identification of the potential source of the food contamination.
Molecular Mimicry, Bystander Activation, or Viral Persistence: Infections and Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Fujinami Robert S. , von Herrath Matthias G. , Christen Urs , Whitton J. Lindsay
Published: January 2006

Virus infections and autoimmune disease have long been linked. These infections often precede the occurrence of inflammation in the target organ. Several mechanisms often used to explain the association of autoimmunity and virus infection are molecular mimicry, bystander activation (with or without epitope spreading), and viral persistance. These mechanisms have been used separately or in various combinations to account for the immunopathology observed at the site of infection and/or sites of autoimmune disease, such as the brain, heart, and pancreas. These mechanisms are discussed in the context of multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and diabetes, three immune-medicated diseases often linked with virus infections.
STATIONARY STATE ENTANGLEMENT AND TOTAL CORRELATION OF TWO QUBITS OR QUTRITS
Authors: LI SHANG-BIN , XU JING-BO
Published: January 2006

We investigate the mutual information and entanglement of stationary states of two locally driven qubits under the influence of collective dephasing. It is shown that both the mutual information and the entanglement of two qubits in the stationary state exhibit damped oscillation with the scaled action time γT of the local external driving field. It means that we can control both the entanglement and total correlation of the stationary state of two qubits by adjusting the action time of the driving field. We also consider the influence of collective dephasing on the entanglement of two qutrits and obtain the sufficient condition that the stationary state is entangled.
GRAVITY DRIVEN GRANULAR STEADY STATE FLOWS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL HOPPERS AND SILOS
Authors: TO KIWING
Published: January 2006

Recent experimental works of mono-disperse particles flowing in two-dimensional hoppers and silos under gravity are reviewed. Three steady flow states, namely, dilute flow, dense flow and jammed flow, have been observed. The transitions between these steady flow states can be triggered as the particle inflow rate or the exit size is changed. It is found that the transition between the dilute flow and the dense flow states is hysteristic while that between the dense flow and the jammed states is stochastic. Although all these transitions are initiated near the exit, experimental data for the flow rate at the dilute-to-dense transition depends on the system size (width) of the silo, showing the global nature of the dilute-to-dense transition. On the other hand, the statistics (number of particles flowing through the hopper or silo before jamming) measured in dense-to-jammed transition implies a Markovian jamming process. Using the probability of arch formation at the exit, the exit size dependence of the jamming probability can be analyzed by treating the arch as the trajectory of a random walker.
PL SPECTRA AND QUANTUM CONFINEMENT ANALYSIS OFGeNANOSTRUCTURE IN RAPID OXIDATION OFSiGeSUBSTRATE
Authors: HUANG WEIQI , LIU SHIRONG
Published: January 2006

The investigation on the oxidation behavior of Si1-xGexalloys (x=0.05, 0.15 and 0.25) is carried out. It is found for the first time that on the oxide film a germanium nano-cap with a thickness of 1.8~2.8 nm and a few Ge nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 5.5 nm to 10 nm are formed by rapid oxidation of Si1-xGexsubstrate. A new scanning method on the decline cross-section of the multiple layer sample is adapted to measure the layer thickness and the composition. Some new peaks in photoluminescence (PL) spectra are discovered, which could be related to the nano-cap and the nanoparticles of germanium. A suitable model and several new calculating formulas with the unrestricted Hartree–Fock–Roothaan (UHFR) method and quantum confinement analysis are proposed to interpret the PL spectra and the nano-structure mechanism in the oxide.
REFLECTION EFFECTS OF SPHERICAL SHOCK WAVE
Authors: YANG YANNAN , ZHAO NING , NI XIAOWU
Published: January 2006

The shock wave is reflected when it meets the boundary, and the boundary suffers an impulsive force simultaneously. The interaction between shock wave and boundary surface is related with their shapes. Many researches focused on the problems that a planar or a spherical shock wave is reflected by plate surface in the past. Recently, some researchers indicated that the interaction effect of spherical shock wave with a parabolic surface may be used for propulsion technique. But detailed work was not reported. In this paper, by using the numerical method, we study the interaction effect between a spherical shock wave and the parabolic surface. The propagation of reflected shock wave and the impulsive force that the parabolic surface sustains are computed.
PHYSICALLY RELATED COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Authors: GAO BO , WU ZI-NIU
Published: January 2006

In this paper we apply the unified coordinate system developed by Hui and his co-workers to the steady compressible flow computation in such a way that the grid is generated physically and automatically. At the beginning of computation one only needs to build a narrow layer of grids near the left boundary. It is demonstrated that by continuously injecting layers of grid in the inflow boundary, the grid will gradually fill up the entire flow domain.
UNIFORMLY HIGH-ORDER PDE SOLVERS BY RECOVERING THE LOST BOUNDARY PHYSICS
Authors: CAI Q.-D. , WU J.-Z.
Published: January 2006

In numerically solving a physical problem governed by partial differential equations with proper boundary condition, central-kind difference schemes can yield high-order accuracy in the interior of the computational domain. But near the boundary the stencil structure is limited to only upwind-kind schemes. This has led to a reduction of the accuracy that in turn pollutes the entire interior solution as a long-standing critical obstacle in developing high-order accuracy numerical PDE solvers. The root of this difficulty lies in the ignorance of the use of (discrete) PDE at boundary, which is essentially an ignorance of the key role of the boundary physics in the determination of the solution. In this paper we recover the boundary physics by applying the original PDE all the way to the boundary along with the original boundary condition, which can yield uniformly high-order discretisation.
THEORETICAL ANALYSES ON FLAPPING MOTION OF SUBMERGED TURBULENT PLANE JETS
Authors: SUN JIAN-HONG , ZHAO LI-QING , HSU CHIN-TSAU
Published: January 2006

Although the flapping oscillatory motion is organized, its effect on the mean flows of turbulent plane jets is similar to the effect of turbulence. Therefore, the close relation for the stress due to flapping-induced velocity components is assumed to be similar to the relation for the turbulent Reynolds stress, and the similarity theory applicable for mean flows of turbulent plane jets is extended to that of unstable flapping turbulent plane jets. The results show the effect of flapping motion on mean flows can be regarded as two folds: one is to enhance the mixing by flapping-induced Reynolds stress and the other is to modify the effective advection. The results from similarity analyses are in good agreement with the experimental data.
GHOST FLUID METHOD APPLIED TO COMPRESSIBLE MULTI-PHASE FLOWS
Authors: LIU T. G. , XIE W. F. , KHOO B. C.
Published: January 2006

In this work, we show that the Ghost Fluid Method (GFM) has actually zero-order accuracy if the gas-liquid interface is not in normal motion initially. The modified GFM (MGFM) is found to overcome this problem well. Examples are given to support the present analysis and conclusions obtained, and the MGFM is then applied to simulate compressible fluid-structure interaction.
AN EFFICIENT MOVING GRID ALGORITHM FOR LARGE DEFORMATION
Authors: QIN N. , LIU X. , XIA H.
Published: January 2006

A simple and efficient moving grid technique is proposed for computing unsteady flow problems with geometrical deformation, relative body movement or shape changes due to aerodynamic optimisation and fluid-structure interaction. A Delaunay graph of the solution domain is first generated, which can be moved easily during the geometric dynamic deformation, even for very large distortion. A one to one mapping between the Delaunay graph and the computational grid is maintained during the movement. The new computational grid after the dynamic movement can be generated efficiently through the mapping while maintaining the primary qualities of the grid. While most dynamic grid deformation techniques are iterative based on the spring analogy, the present method is non-iterative and much more efficient. On the other hand, in comparison with dynamic grid techniques based on transfinite interpolation for structured grids, it offers both geometric and cell topology flexibility, which is crucial for many unsteady flow problems involving geometric deformation and relative motions. Comparison with the popular spring analogy method for a wing-body combination is demonstrated regarding their efficiency and grid quality.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSFER IN A POROUS MEDIUM
Authors: XU YOUSHENG , LIU YANG , HUANG GUOXIANG
Published: January 2006

The fluid flow and heat transfer in porous media has wide applications in oil industry and air conditioning system. In this study the momentum and energy transport processes in a porous medium are numerically simulated. The Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equations and energy equation are solved using single lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM). As a first attempt, a benchmark problem is studied, i.e., momentum and energy transfer in a rectangular enclosure with differentially heated vertical walls. The effect of permeability on the critical Rayleigh numbers, the temperature distribution and flow field is discussed.
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES IN CHANNEL FLOWS
Authors: LI ZHANG , TANG DENGBIN , GUO LINLIN
Published: January 2006

The generation and the development of turbulent coherent structures in channel flows are investigated by using numerical simulation of Navier-Stokes equation and the theoretic model of turbulent coherent structures built up by the flow stability theories. The three-dimensional coupling compact difference scheme with high accuracy and resolution developed can be applied to the calculative region including points near the boundary. The results computed show nonlinear evolution process and characteristics of Reynolds stress, stream-wise vortices and span-wise vorticities, especially the nonlinear interactions between different coherent structures.
FLOW CONTROL AND MECHANISM FOR SLENDER BODY AT HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK
Authors: MING XIAO , GU YUNSONG
Published: January 2006

The wind tunnel experiments for high angle of attack aerodynamics were designed from the inspiration of understanding the mechanism and development of an innovative flow control technique. The side force, varying with the different rolling angle, is featured by bi-stable situation, and can be easily switched by a tiny disturbance. A miniature strake is attached to the nose tip of the model. When the strake is stationary, the direction of the side force can be controlled. When the nose tip strake, as an unsteady control means, is swung the flow pattern could be controlled. The results obtained from dynamic measurements of section side force indicate that when the strake swing at lower frequency the side force can follow the cadence of the swinging strake. With increasing frequency, the magnitude of the side force decreases. At still high frequency, the side force diminishes to zero. The side forces could be also changed proportionally. Based on the experimental factors, the mechanism of the asymmetry is discussed.
BEHAVIOR OF OSCILLATING BUBBLES NEAR ELASTIC MEMBRANES: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY
Authors: ONG GEOK PEI , KHOO BOO CHEONG , TURANGAN CARY , KLASEBOER EVERT , FONG SIEW WAN
Published: January 2006

Experimental observations and numerical simulations (based on the boundary element method) concerning an oscillating bubble near a flexible (thin) membrane are presented in this paper. The bubbles are created using an underwater electrical spark discharge. It is shown that the presence of a membrane can have a profound influence on the behavior of a bubble.
ACTIVE CONTROL OF BOUNDARY LAYER USING A NEURAL NETWORK AND A FLAPPING ACTUATOR
Authors: QIU JINHAO , OKA TAKAHIRO
Published: January 2006

This study deals with the active control of T-S (Tollmien-Schlichting) wave in a two-dimensional boundary layer over a flat plate using a neural network and a flapping actuator. The flapping actuator consists of a thin aluminum plate and a piezoelectric element bonded together. Microphones were used as sensors to measure the pressure fluctuation in the boundary layer. A neural network was used to control the piezoelectric actuator based on the pressure signals from the sensors. The experimental results shows that the T-S wave in the boundary layer can be successfully suppressed even when its phase, amplitude and frequency change with time.
BREAKUP OF OIL FILM WITH HOLES ON QUIESCENT WATER SURFACE
Authors: ZHONG H. J. , YUAN H. J. , LEE C. B.
Published: January 2006

We experimentally investigate the breakup process of a circular oil film with a hole on water surface using PIV and flow visualization. The hole moves to the bound of the oil slick driven by surface tension, and then the slick breaks into smaller drops. Typical flow maps and velocity fields are given. It is shown that a pair of vortices forms at initial stage, the position of the vortices varies as the hole approaches the bound of the slick. Satellite drops arise when breakup occurs and the size of the satellite drops depend on the shape of the slick.
A FRAMEWORK OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF OPEN FLOWS
Authors: XIE XILIN
Published: January 2006

A novel framework of experimental studies on spatial dynamics of open flows has been put forward. The equivalence between global relations that bridge the relations in the momentum sense between two arbitrary points in a flow field and the NSE in the temporal Fourier series form has been proved mathematically. Furthermore, the global relations in the energy sense can be deduced.
NONLINEAR LOW FREQUENCY WATER WAVES IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Authors: PENG H. W. , WANG D. J. , LEE C. B.
Published: January 2006

The experiment was carried out to study the low frequency surface waves due to the horizontal high frequency excitation. The feature of the phenomenon was that the big amplitude axisymmetric surface wave frequency was typically about 1/50 of the excitation frequency. The viscous effect of water was neglected as a first approximation in the earlier papers on this subject. In contrast, we found the viscosity was important to achieve the low frequency water wave with the cooperation of hundreds of "finger" waves. Photographs were taken with stroboscopic lighting and thereafter relevant quantitative results were obtained based on the measurements with Polytec Scanning Vibrometer PSV 400.
A NEWTON-MULTIGRID METHOD FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SLIDER AIR BEARING
Authors: DU HEJUN , LI QIANG , ONG JOR HUAT , SHU CHANG
Published: January 2006

In this paper, a Newton-Multigrid method is presented to solve the numerical simulation of the slider air bearing. For each fixed attitude in the specified grid, the Newton method is used to achieve the pressure distribution of the slider by solving the generalized Reynolds equations discretized by the least square finite difference (LSFD) method. Between the different sizes of grids, full approximation multigrid method is used to accelerate the convergence rate by eliminating the dominating low frequency error mode in the late stages of convergence. From the case study of the slider air bearing, it shows that the Newton-Multigrid method is accurate and efficient for the numerical simulation problem.
SOLVING BURGERS EQUATION BY A MESHLESS METHOD
Authors: SHI B. J. , SHU D. W. , SONG S. J. , ZHANG Y. M.
Published: January 2006

Burgers equation is a fundamental partial differential equation of second order to describe the integrated process of convection-diffusion in physics. It occurs in various areas of applied mathematics and physics, such as modeling of turbulence, boundary layer behavior, shock wave formation, and mass transport. The convective and diffusive terms in Navier-Stokes equation are included in Burgers equation while the pressure term is neglected. A least-square point collocation meshless formula is proposed to discretize the Burgers equation. To verify the present meshless approach, the distributions of velocity for Burgers equation under different Reynolds numbers are investigated. Numerical results show that the proposed approach presents a good simulation of shock wave for Burgers equation with large Reynolds number.
METHOD OF ENERGY TRANSFER
Authors: ALHUSSAN KHALED
Published: January 2006

The aim of this paper is to show numerically the semi-ideal way of transferring energy in the non-steady supersonic mechanism. Energy can be transferred between two fluids in semi-ideal process if the two fluids are brought together for a direct contact. This paper shows the energy transfer between two fluids via the direct fluid-fluid interaction in a non-steady supersonic flow. This was shown by using two fluids one with higher energy than the other. Results including contour plots of static pressure, static temperature, and total pressure and velocity vectors show the structure of flow of the energy-transfer-mechanism in a supersonic flow.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR FINDING THE EXACT SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
Authors: ZHAO XIQIANG , TANG DENGBIN , SHU CHANG
Published: January 2006

In this paper, based on the idea of the homogeneous balance method, the special truncated expansion method is improved. The Burgers-KdV equation is discussed and its many exact solutions are obtained with the computerized symbolic computation system Mathematica. Our method can be applied to finding exact solutions for other nonlinear partial differential equations too.
CORRELATION METHODS OF RAYLEIGH-BÉNARD CONVECTION IN A FLUID LAYER WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL PARTICLES
Authors: DAI CHUANSHAN
Published: January 2006

Two new methods for correlating experimental data of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a fluid layer dispersed with phase-change-material particles have been proposed. Instead of the conventional arithmetic mean temperature method, two new methods for evaluating the intensity of convection in a horizontal fluid layer with strongly temperature-dependent specific heat were given. One method is by introducing a modified Stefan number in a Nu-Ra correlation or using the integrally averaged specific heat across the layer for calculating the Rayleigh number. The other method is by using the supercriticality (Ra/Rac) as an intensity parameter, in which the critical Rayleigh number Rac can be calculated by using the linear stability theory. Two models of non-dimensionalized apparent specific heat functions with respect to temperature were introduced. Results show that the two proposed methods are more rational comparing with the convectional 1/2-height rule method.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF TRAVELING WAVE DIELECTROPHORESIS USING A MESHLESS FINITE DIFFERENCE SCHEME
Authors: DU H. J. , CHEN D. F. , LI W. H. , SHU C.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents a numerical solution for the four-phase traveling dielectrophoresis (DEP) using a novel meshless method - weighted least square finite difference (LSFD) scheme. The exact boundary condition and nonuniform point distribution were used in the calculation. Numerical results including the electrical potential, electrical field, traveling DEP forces and particle behavior are presented. Although the LSFD scheme was originally proposed in solving incompressible viscous flow, it is further demonstrated in this paper that the method is also well suited for solving all kinds of DEP problems in which extremely high gradient of electric field exists in the computational domain, e.g. edges of the electrodes. The LSFD method enables the computational ease of free point/mesh distribution in these areas and hence save the computational efforts.
MODELING OF A MEMBRANE FOR NONLINEARLY ELASTIC INCOMPRESSIBLE MATERIALS VIA GAMMA-CONVERGENCE
Authors: TRABELSI KARIM
Published: January 2006

In this paper, we derive nonlinearly elastic membrane plate models for hyperelastic incompressible materials using Γ-convergence arguments. We obtain an integral representation of the limit two-dimensional internal energy owing to a result of singular functionals relaxation due to Ben Belgacem [6].
Insulin-facilitated increase of muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise involves a MAP kinase pathway
Authors: Fluckey James D. , Knox Micheal , Smith Latasha , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E. , Gaddy Dana , Tesch Per A. , Peterson Charlotte A.
Published: January 2006

Recent studies have implicated the mTOR-signaling pathway as a primary component for muscle growth in mammals. The purpose of this investigation was to examine signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats (male, 6 mo old) were assigned to either resistance exercise or control groups. Resistance exercise was accomplished in operantly conditioned animals using a specially designed flywheel apparatus. Rats performed two sessions of resistance exercise, separated by 48 h, each consisting of 2 sets of 25 repetitions. Sixteen hours after the second session, animals were killed, and soleus muscles were examined for rates of protein synthesis with and without insulin and/or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) and/or PD-098059 (PD; MEK kinase inhibitor). Results of this study demonstrated that rates of synthesis were higher ( P < 0.05) with insulin after exercise compared with without insulin, or to control muscles, regardless of insulin. Rapamycin lowered ( P < 0.05) rates of synthesis in controls, with or without insulin, and after exercise without insulin. However, insulin was able to overcome the inhibition of rapamycin after exercise ( P < 0.05). PD had no effect on protein synthesis in control rats, but the addition of PD to exercised muscle resulted in lower ( P < 0.05) rates of synthesis, and this inhibition was not rescued by insulin. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the inhibitors used in the present study were selective and effective for preventing activation of specific signaling proteins. Together, these results suggest that the insulin-facilitated increase of muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise requires multiple signaling pathways.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade Increases Renal Cyp2c23 Expression and Slows the Progression of Renal Damage in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Elmarakby Ahmed A. , Quigley Jeffrey E. , Pollock David M. , Imig John D.
Published: January 2006

We hypothesized that the downregulation of Cyp2c by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α contributes to hypertension and renal injury in salt-sensitive angiotensin hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-salt diet (8% NaCl), and osmotic minipumps were implanted to deliver angiotensin II for 14 days. Rats were divided into 3 groups: high salt, angiotensin high salt, and angiotensin high salt administered the TNF-α blocker, etanercept. Arterial pressure increased from 94±5 to 148±7 mm Hg during week 1 in the angiotensin high-salt group, whereas etanercept slowed blood pressure elevation during the first week in the treated group (90±2 to 109±6 mm Hg). After 2 weeks, arterial pressure increased to 156±11 mm Hg in the angiotensin high-salt group and 141±6 mm Hg in the etanercept-treated group. Albuminuria and proteinuria were significantly elevated in angiotensin high-salt rats and were reduced in the etanercept-treated rats. Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 excretion significantly increased in the angiotensin high-salt group (275±47 versus 81±19 ng/day) and was decreased in the etanercept-treated group (153±31 ng/day). Angiotensin high-salt rats also had a significant increase in renal monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and this was again attenuated by etanercept treatment. Renal expression of Cyp2c23 decreased, whereas renal epoxide hydrolase expression increased in angiotensin high-salt rats. Etanercept treatment increased Cyp2c23 expression and lowered epoxide hydrolase expression. These data suggest that TNF-α contributes to downregulation of Cyp2c23, blood pressure regulation, and renal injury in angiotensin high-salt hypertension.
Ghummakkads, a woman's place, and the LTC-walas
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay
Published: January 2006

This article seeks to re-think the perspective within South Asian studies that speaks of the fixity of home and belonging in the Indian context. Accumulated scholarly wisdom frequently points to the singularity and transparency of ideas of attachment to ‘native places’ and ‘ancestral villages’. Through a consideration of a range of material, the paper explores how specific but far more complex ideas of home and belonging circulate in Indian society. The material analysed includes Hindi travel literature and fictional material, official developmental discourse, PWD reports, scholarly writing, Bollywood cinema, and the rules regarding travel perks for government service
The changing sociopolitical profile of local political elites (mukhias) in Bihar
Authors: Pankaj Ashok Kumar , Singh Mahendra Prasad
Published: January 2006

This article seeks to examine the changing sociopolitical profile of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) representatives in Bihar. It argues (a) that the political assertion of the upper backward caste-Yadavas, Koeris and Kurmis-in Bihar dates back to the pre-Mandal period; (b) that the OBCs are not a homogeneous sociopolitical community, since they comprise both dominant and deprived castes; and (c) that the upper castes, despite losing political ground at the level of the Vidhan Sabha and Lok Sabha, have been able to retain their foothold at the grassroots level as demonstrated by their substantial representation in the PRI elections of 2001. This has significant implications for political economy in a period of democratic devolution and decentralised development. More importantly, it explains the violence-ridden politics of the state: besides social and economic disparities there is considerable mismatch between political dominance in the upper tiers and at the grassroots levels of Indian society.
Late 20th-Century Persistence and Decline of the Female Homemaker in Germany and the United States
Authors: Grunow Daniela , Hofmeister Heather , Buchholz Sandra
Published: January 2006

The article compares changes in West German and American women's mid-career job exits and re-entries and introduces an innovative event-history model to compare mobility across three decades using 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts from the German Life History Study and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women. Processes by which transitions through parenthood and marriage impact women's labour market participation vary by country and cohort, evidence that changing gender relations, norms and institutions provide unique options and restrictions for women's family and career trajectories. Homemaking is in decline in both countries, but event-history models show that this decline is due to different life course dynamics in each country: women's job attachment has increased throughout the family cycle in the US, while German women still exit the labour market, but at motherhood rather than marriage, and for shorter durations. Employment interruptions have become more penalizing for women in both countries.
The Frontier and Royal Power in Medieval Spain
Authors: Rodríguez-Picavea Enrique
Published: January 2006

The article reflects on the historical concept of frontier and our present idea of it. It focuses on the importance of the frontier in the dynamics of the feudal system in the Iberian peninsula and explores the role played by the crown. The hypothesis here is that the configuration of a coherent socio-political space spans differing yet chronologically juxtaposed phases. Four phases in the process of delimiting the political space are distinguished—military, socio-economic, cultural and political-administrative. New elements combine with the existing ones until a new entity takes shape: the political-administrative system, which is analysed here. In analysing this evolutionary process, an ensemble of Arab historiographic sources, Christian chronicles and fueros and secondary sources, has been used.
Understanding the Growth in Emerging Stock Markets
Authors: El-Wassal Kamal A.
Published: January 2006

This article investigates the relationship between stock market growth and economic growth, financial liberalisation policies, foreign portfolio investment and country risk in 40 emerging economies between the period 1980–2000. Two Stages Least Squares combined with Fixed Effect technique are employed. The results suggest that economic growth, financial liberalisation policies and foreign portfolio investments were the leading factors of the emerging stock markets growth. This seems to validate the demand-following hypothesis suggesting that economic growth has indeed activated stock markets in these countries. In addition, the findings imply that stock markets development and expansion is a multifaceted process.
Missing Data in Multiple Item Scales: A Monte Carlo Analysis of Missing Data Techniques
Authors: Roth Philip L. , Switzer Fred S. , Switzer Deborah M.
Published: January 2006

Researchers in many fields use multiple item scales to measure important variables such as attitudes and personality traits, but find that some respondents failed to complete certain items. Past missing data research focuses on missing entire instruments, and is of limited help because there are few variables to help impute missing scores and the variables are often not highly related to each other. Multiple item scales offer the unique opportunity to impute missing values from other correlated items designed to measure the same construct. A Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to compare several missing data techniques. The techniques included listwise deletion, regression imputation, hot-deck imputation, and two forms of mean substitution. Results suggest that regression imputation and substituting the mean response of a person to other items on a scale are very promising approaches. Furthermore, the imputation techniques often outperformed listwise deletion.
The Criterion of Greek Language and Context: A response to Stanley E. Porter
Authors: Bird Michael
Published: January 2006

This essay examines Stanley E. Porter's proposed new criterion of authenticity, the criterion of Greek language and context. This criterion attempts to recover the Greek words of Jesus embedded in the Gospels. Porter presents a robust case for a multilingual Palestinian environment and highlights the value of language tools for historical-Jesus study. Despite this, Porter's proposed new criterion is questionable for several reasons. (1) The character of the Jesus tradition is not conducive to a recovery of the purported Greek words of Jesus; (2) the extent that Greek was spoken in Galilee remains debatable; (3) Porter risks the fallacy of moving from the general to the particular; (4) the Greek-speaking background of Jesus’ dialogue partners does not require that conversations transpired in Greek; and (5) Porter remains dependent upon additional criteria to establish the authenticity of a given logion or pericope.
The Criterion of Greek Language and its Context: A Further Response
Authors: Porter Stanley
Published: January 2006

This essay responds to Michael Bird's critique of my criterion of Greek language and its context, put forward especially in my The Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research: Previous Discussion and New Proposals(JSNTSup, 191; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000), pp. 126-80. I clarify the nature of the criterion by noting that Bird several times seems not to clearly understand that it tries to establish probability criteria for proposing that Jesus may have spoken Greek on particular occasions.