bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ГИДРОЭКСПЛОЗИВНЫЕ РУДЫ КОМСОМОЛЬСКОГО КОЛЧЕДАННОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ, "Наука Юга России"
Authors: Богуш И.А. , Кафтанатий А.Б. , Кафтанатий Е.Б. , Рябов Г.В.
Published: January 2020

Кластогенная форма колчеданных руд широко распространена в районах развития медноколчеданных и колчеданно-полиметаллических месторождений России и мира. Результаты минералогического картирования крупного южноуральского медноколчеданного месторождения Комсомольское позволили описать новую форму гидротермально-осадочного рудогенеза - гидроэксплозивную. На примере этого объекта объясняется механизм кластогенного образования залежи. Изучение текстурно-структурных особенностей руд дало качественную информацию об условиях рудообразования и подтверждает выделение основных фациальных и текстурно-структурных групп. Группы отчетливо отличаются друг от друга минеральными особенностями, текстурами, структурами и способами локализации рудного вещества в рамках единого гидротермально-осадочного рудогенеза. Подчеркнуто прикладное значение, генетическое разнообразие рудокластов и их роль в развитии основ теории гидротермально-осадочного рудообразования. Гидроэксплозивный режим осадочного рудонакопления связан с геологическими условиями проявления рудогенной структуры субмаринного эндогенного источника. Кластогенная неоднородность руд подтверждается их минералогическими и минералофизическими показателями. Формирование тела кластогенных руд сопровождало чередование осадочного процесса с периодическим наложением гидроэксплозий (вскипания) рудогенных флюидов. Этот процесс автоматически проявляется при превышении давлением рудного флюида давления столба океанской воды. При резком скачке роста давления рудных флюидов возникает предпосылка к флюидоэксплозии (гидро-эксплозии) путем вскипания и взрыва газовой фазы. При дискретном пульсационном (прерывисто-непрерывном) режиме гидротермальной деятельности фронт и очаги эксплозии флюидов располагаются в верхней части растущего колчеданного тела. Только при таком размещении очагов эксплозии возможно дробление и кластеризация слабо литифицированных колчеданных руд. По мере роста рудного тела фронт перемещается в сторону кровли, и разброс рудных обломков происходит как по вертикали, так и по латерали. Синрудный механизм образования рудокластитов определен как эксплозивно-гидротермальный, связанный с зонами вскипания растворов, дезинтеграции пород и руд. В работе рассмотрены основные вопросы гидроэксплозивного (флюидоэксплозивного) механизма образования кластогенных колчеданных руд в рамках гидротермально-осадочного рудогенеза.
ДИНАМИКА НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПТИЦ КРЫМА ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ ГИДРОМЕЛИОРАЦИИ. СООБЩЕНИЕ 1. ЛИМАННО-ОСТРОВНОЙ КОМПЛЕКС, "Наука Юга России"
Authors: Костин С.Ю.
Published: January 2020

Представлены результаты анализа влияния гидромелиорации на 28 гнездящихся видов птиц лиманно-островного комплекса лимнофилов. Коренные преобразования фауны и населения птиц равнинного Крыма произошли во второй половине XX века в процессе формирования ирригационной сети Северо-Крымского канала. Восемь видов увеличили численность и область распространения в Крыму, из которых пять (Phalacrocorax carbo, Pehcanus onocrotalus, Ciconia ciconia, Numenius arquata, Remis pandelinus) появились на гнездовании. Смена гидрологического режима слабо отразилась на популяциях четырех малочисленных видов уток (Anas acuta, A. strepera, A. clypeata, Mergus serrator) и трех эвритопных видов куликов (Vanellus vanellus, Charadrius dubius, Haematopus ostralegus). Водохозяйственная деятельность привела к исчезновению колоний Limosa limosa и резкому сокращению гнездовой численности Motacilla feldegg. Переувлажнение прибрежных солончаков стало причиной уменьшения численности Charadrius alexandrinus. Трансформация околоводных биотопов вследствие ирригации незначительно повлияла на численность и распределение колоний чайковых ихтиофагов, тогда как динамика численности и распределение других трофических групп этой систематической группы определялись кормовыми условиями окружающих аквально-территориальных комплексов, ходом сукцессионных смен растительности, а также расширением площади островных систем, образовавшихся в результате затопления балочных понижений мезорельефа.
Анализ биологических форм на основе согласованных коэффициентов эллиптического преобразования Фурье, "Наука Юга России"
Authors: Лях А. М.
Published: January 2020

Нормированные коэффициенты эллиптического преобразования Фурье используют в качестве числовых описателей форм биологических объектов. При помощи многомерного статистического анализа коэффициентов выясняют меру сходства и различия форм, выделяют группы похожих форм, исследуют изменчивость форм. Однако коэффициенты после нормирования содержат данные о контуре объекта, которые не связаны с формой. Поэтому их анализ приводит к неверным выводам. Для того, чтобы исключить из коэффициентов посторонний шум, их необходимо согласовать. Для этого следует выбрать контур-образец и согласовать с ним характеристики остальных контуров: расположение сторон, положение точки начала и направление обхода контуров. Согласовать контуры помогают: вращение на 180°, изменение направления обхода, перемещение точки начала контура в противоположную часть, зеркальное отражение контура. Для того, чтобы определить, что контуры согласованы, достаточно сопоставить знаки всех идентичных компонент первых и первого компонента вторых гармоник. Если знаки совпадают, контуры согласованы. Применение метода главных компонент к несогласованным и согласованным коэффициентам контуров 454 прикрепительных крючков моногеней показало, что картины распределения форм в двух случаях отличаются. Во втором случае лучше проявилась структура множества форм. Таким образом, согласованность коэффициентов существенно влияет на результат анализа форм.
Динамика населения птиц Крыма под влиянием гидромелиорации. Сообщение 2. Плавневый комплекс, "Наука Юга России"
Authors: Костин С.Ю.
Published: January 2020

Представлены результаты анализа влияния гидромелиорации на 39 гнездящихся видов птиц плавневого комплекса. Первые ирригационные системы, сооруженные в XIX веке в низовьях крупных рек и в Присивашье, обусловили появление на гнездовании 14 видов. Интенсификация землепользования в первой половине XX века привела к опустыниванию северных районов Крыма и обеднению плавневого орнитокомплекса. Процесс динамичного формирования плавневых фитоценозов, которые в своем развитии прошли 5 этапов, начался во второй половине XX века по мере расширения ирригационной сети Северо-Крымского канала. Начиная с 1970 г. за 25 лет орнитокомплекс тростниковых сообществ пополнился 18 видами, а их суммарная гнездовая численность увеличилась в 10 раз. На современном этапе плавневый комплекс птиц Крыма насчитывает 39 видов, из которых 22 ранее здесь не гнездились. Со второй половины 1990-х гг. показатели обилия видов этой группы лимнофилов имеют негативный тренд, а после 2014 г. в связи с прекращением подачи воды по Северо-Крымскому каналу начался процесс восстановления аридных ландшафтов и угасания крымских популяций водно-болотных видов птиц.
ВКЛАД МОДЕЛИ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ НА МОРСКИХ СВИНКАХ В ПОНИМАНИЕ ПАТОГЕНЕЗА ИНФЕКЦИИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: МакМаррей Дэвид Н.
Published: January 2020

Экспериментальные модели туберкулеза (ТБ) на животных очень важны для получения новых знаний о взаимоотношениях между патогеном и хозяином и позволили получить важнейшие доклинические данные об эффективности новых противотуберкулезных лекарств и вакцин. Уже более 50 лет модель, основанная на инфицировании морских свинок очень низкой дозой вирулентных микобактерий через респираторный тракт, признается биологически адекватной для моделирования ТБ легких у человека. В данном обзоре обсуждается разработка и применение в лаборатории автора модели ТБ на морских свинках для изучения патогенеза инфекции и эффективности вакцинации. Приводятся данные об особенностях «рациональной» модели ТБ и характеристиках системы, позволяющих доставить всего несколько микобактерий непосредственно в альвеолярное пространство. Получение иммунологических реагентов для работы на морских свинках, включающих цитокины и антитела к ним, позволило выявить роль этих белков в ответе на инфекцию, в том числе в культурах инфицированных макрофагов разных типов. Микроскопия лазерных срезов позволила установить цитокиновый профиль первичных и вторичных гранулем, образующихся в легких морских свинок после первичного заражения и заражения на фоне вакцинации. Было также установлено, что даже умеренный хронический недостаток белка в рационе снижает резистентность хозяина и защитный эффект вакцины BCG, что имеет прямое отношение к вакцинации в недоедающих популяциях человека. Мы показали, что фактор некроза опухоли-альфа (ФНО- ) играет как положительную, так и отрицательную роль во взаимодействии патоген-хозяин при ТБ. Кроме того, оказалось, что нейтрофилы морских свинок могут помогать макрофагам хозяина контролировать инфекцию в том случае, если макрофаги поглощают инфицированные нейтрофилы, вошедшие в фазу апоптоза. В целом, более 50 лет работы с этой моделью позволили выявить много новых характеристик патогенеза ТБ. Важнее всего, что установление и частичная аннотация генома морской свинки, а также разработка новых реагентов и методов позволяют модели ТБ на морских свинках и впредь играть важную роль для понимания патогенеза ТБ.
ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ МИКОБАКТЕРИЙ МЕТОДОМ МИКРОСКОПИИ ПРЕПАРАТОВ, ОКРАШЕННЫХ ПО ЦИЛЮ-НИЛЬСЕНУ Часть 2. Микроскопическое исследование препаратов, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Севастьянова Е.В. , Ларионова Е.Е. , Андриевская И.Ю.
Published: January 2020

Изложен метод выявления микобактерий (МБ) с помощью микроскопического исследования препаратов, окрашенных по Цилю-Нильсену. Описаны техника и порядок микроскопического исследования, а также морфологические особенности МБ, обнаруживаемых в нативном диагностическом материале и в выросшей культуре. Представлены примеры видов под микроскопом культур микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ) и нетуберкулезных микобактерий (НТМБ), выросших на жидкой и плотной питательных средах. Проведен анализ возможных ошибок при выполнении процедуры микроскопического исследования мазков.
ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ, ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА У ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ И МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Ароян Анна Робертовна
Published: January 2020

Для туберкулезной инфекции значимыми являются дошкольный и начальный школьный возраст. Многие исследователи, детские фтизиатры отмечают наибольший процент инфицированных МБТ и заболевших туберкулезом (ТБ) детей именно в этих возрастных группах, что связано с расширением контактов у детей этого возраста. В статье приводятся результаты ретроспективного исследования 609 детей Омской области в возрасте от 4 до 11 лет, больных ТБ и проходивших стационарный курс лечения в период с 2001 по 2018 г. Выделены эпидемиологические, иммунологические и клинические проявления ТБ для последующего совершенствования диагностических и профилактических мероприятий.
Rational Design and Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Multinary Cu‐In‐Zn‐S Semiconductor Nanocrystals with Tailored Nanostructures
Authors: Liu Zhenyang , Guan Zhongyuan , Li Xu , Tang Aiwei , Teng Feng
Published: January 2020

Multinary copper chalcogenide semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have achieved increased attention due to their lessened toxicity and compositional versatility as well as their outstanding optical properties and optoelectronic applications in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells. Herein, the synthesis of highly luminescent multinary Cu‐In‐Zn‐S semiconductor NCs with tailored nanostructures, which exhibit the best absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of 90%, is presented. The tailored nanostructures are realized through the variation of the dosage and injection speed of Zn precursors, which determine the balance between Zn2+ cation diffusion and ZnS shelling reaction. The depth profile measured using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the gradient distribution of Zn elements from core to surface in the samples synthesized using higher feeding amounts of Zn precursors in a one‐pot method, which favors the formation of a soft core/shell structure. Time‐resolved spectroscopic studies confirm that the inward diffusion of Zn2+ and overcoating of a ZnS shell could reduce the number of intrinsic internal or surface defects, finally inducing a near‐unity radiative decay of excitons in single recombination pathway. As a demonstration, the highly luminescent multinary Cu‐In‐Zn‐S semiconductor NCs are incorporated into LEDs and a white light‐emitting diode is accessed through a two‐component strategy.
Prompting Splash Impact on Superamphiphobic Surfaces by Imposing a Viscous Part
Authors: Yu Fanfei , Lin Shiji , Yang Jinlong , Fan Yue , Wang Dehui , Chen Longquan , Deng Xu
Published: January 2020

It is widely acknowledged that splash impact can be suppressed by increasing the viscosity of the impinging drop. In this work, however, by imposing a highly viscous drop to a low‐viscosity drop, it is demonstrated that the splash of the low‐viscosity part of this Janus drop on superamphiphobic surfaces can be significantly promoted. The underlying mechanism is that the viscous stress exerted by the low‐viscosity component drives the viscous component moving in the opposite direction, enhancing the spreading of the low‐viscosity side and thereby its rim instability. The threshold velocity, above which splashing occurs, can be tuned by varying the viscosity ratio of the Janus drop. Moreover, the impact of the Janus drop can be employed to verify the mechanism of splash.
Water‐saving cultivation plus super rice hybrid genotype improves water productivity and yield
Authors: Chen Zongkui , Yang Xiaolong , Song Weizhou , Khan Aziz , Najeeb Ullah , Li Ping , Cao Cougui
Published: January 2020

Labor shortage, low water availability, and poor land use practice cause serious threats to rice (Oryza sativa L.) production around the world. Semiarid cultivation is a classical strategy for achieving high water productivity (WP) with lower labor inputs. However, it remains largely unknown whether the application of “super” or drought‐resistant hybrid rice could achieve higher economic benefits (WP and yield) under semiarid cultivation. This study attempted to combine three irrigation management systems (semiarid rice cultivation, traditional flood irrigation, and dryland cultivation) with two cultivars (Yangliangyou 6, YLY6, a super hybrid rice genotype; Hanyou 113, HY113, a drought‐resistant rice genotype), and evaluate their effects on the water‐saving ability and yield (the economic benefits). The two genotypes showed no significant differences in grain yield under the semiarid and flood irrigation, and both had a greater WP (13.8–51.8%) under semiarid cultivation than under flood irrigation. YLY6 produced more panicles (P < .05), more spikelets per panicle (P < .05), and higher grain yield (P < .01) than HY113. Semiarid cultivation plus YLY6 showed higher stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate (P < .05), resulting in higher biomass accumulation, grain yield, and WP compared with those under other treatments. YLY6 under semiarid cultivation had greater stem water content and leaf water potential, and thus showed improvement of leaf gas exchange characteristics. In conclusion, super hybrid rice has the potential to achieve greater WP and higher grain yield under semiarid irrigation, and this combination may be introduced for sustainable rice production.
Value of Incorporating ENSO Forecast in Crop Insurance Programs
Authors: Yi Fujin , Zhou Mengfei , Zhang Yu Yvette
Published: January 2020

Agricultural production is substantially affected by the variations in global weather patterns, particularly by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Thus, incorporating the forecast of imminent ENSO phases can enhance the effectiveness of crop insurance and mitigate the adverse impacts of weather on agriculture. Given the probabilistic nature of the ENSO phase forecast, we employ a Bayesian framework to estimate the value of ENSO information on various aspects of crop insurance. Our results indicate potential benefits of ENSO forecast to insurance rate setting and policy selection. At the same time, we caution against overoptimism in this assessment as economic benefits may diminish as the accuracy of ENSO forecast decreases. Simulations and numerical experiments demonstrate the practical usefulness of the proposed method for various stakeholders of the US crop insurance industry. Implications to various crop insurance policies are also discussed.
The Impact of Energy Sector on Overshooting of Agricultural Prices
Authors: Asgari Mahdi , Saghaian Sayed H. , Reed Michael R.
Published: January 2020

The Federal Reserve shifted monetary policy from early 2016 by gradually increasing nominal interest rates until very recently (July 2019). A decline in commodity prices is expected in response to a contractionary policy. According to the overshooting hypothesis, agricultural prices could decrease more than their long‐run equilibrium levels (i.e., overshoot) in the short run. This research contributes to the overshooting literature by including the energy sector in the overshooting model. The theoretical results show that flexible energy prices share the burden of the shock with other flexible prices and, thus, agricultural prices and the exchange rate overshoot but less than the results of prior studies. The empirical results confirm the theoretical expectation that agricultural commodities adjust faster than manufacturing prices, but energy prices reduce the extent to which agricultural prices overshoot. This adjustment behavior has implications for income stability and financial viability of farmers.
Pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone for elderly patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: A study of the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP‐164 study)
Authors: Lee Ho Sup , Kim Kihyun , Kim Seok Jin , Lee Je‐Jung , Kim Inho , Kim Jin Seok , Eom Hyeon‐Seok , Yoon Dok Hyun , Suh Cheolwon , Shin Ho‐Jin , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Kim Min Kyoung , Lim Sung‐Nam , Choi Chul Won , Kang Hye Jin , Yoon Sung‐Soo , Min Chang‐Ki ,   the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP)
Published: January 2020

Patients with transplant‐ineligible relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) have a short life expectancy, especially when they have failed both the proteasome inhibitor and immunomodulator therapies. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (PCd) in elderly patients with RRMM. This phase 2 clinical trial recruited 55 elderly patients with RRMM. The patients underwent a 28‐day treatment cycle: pomalidomide (4 mg/day on days 1‐21, administered orally) and cyclophosphamide (400 mg/day on days 1, 8, and 15; administered orally) plus dexamethasone. The median (range) age of the patients was 73.3 (64‐86) years, and 8 (14.5%) patients who were ≥ 80 years old. Eight (14.5%) and 31 (56.4%) patients exhibited stage III (revised international staging system) and frail status (simplified frailty scale), respectively. The overall response rate (ORR) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) of PCd therapy were 58.2% and 72.7%, respectively. The median PFS and median overall survival (OS) were 6.90 months (95% CI, 4.7‐9.0) and 18.48 months (95% CI, 9.4‐27.6), respectively. The incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 non‐hematological toxicities was 70.8%. In particular, the incidence rate of primary infection was 45.4%, including 21.8% for pneumonia, 9.0% for sepsis, and 14.6% for febrile neutropenia. In conclusion, PCd is an effective regimen for elderly patients with RRMM who had failed both bortezomib and lenalidomide treatments, but in whom the treatment‐associated infection is the main cause of morbidity and mortality.
The impact of Lactococcus lactis (probiotic nasal rinse) co‐culture on growth of patient‐derived strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Skinner Daniel , Lim Dong Jin , Mclemore John G. , Koch Connor G , Zhang Shaoyan , Swords William E. , Hunter Ryan , Crossman David K , Crowley Michael R. , Grayson Jessica W. , Rowe Steven M. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: January 2020

Background

The Lactococcus strain of bacteria has been introduced as a probiotic nasal rinse for alleged salubrious effects on the sinonasal bacterial microbiome. However, data regarding interactions with pathogenic bacteria within the sinuses are lacking. The purpose of this study is to assess the interaction between L. lactis and patient‐derived Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Methods

Commercially available probiotic suspension containing L. lactis W136 was grown in an anaerobic chamber and colonies were isolated. Colonies were co‐cultured with patient‐derived P. aeruginosa strains in the presence of porcine gastric mucin (mimicking human mucus) for 72 hours. P. aeruginosa cultures without L. lactis served as controls. Colony forming units (CFUs) were compared.

Results

Six P. aeruginosa isolates collected from 5 CRS patients (3 isolates from cystic fibrosis [CF], 1 mucoid strain) and laboratory strain PAO1 were co‐cultured with L. lactis. There was no statistical difference in CFUs of 5 P. aeruginosa isolates grown with L. lactis compared to CFUs without presence of L. lactis. CFU counts were much higher when the mucoid strain was co‐cultured with L. lactis (CFU+L.lactis = 1.9 × 108 ± 1.44 × 107, CFU–L.lactis = 1.3 × 108 ± 8.9 × 106, p = 0.01, n = 7). L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 P. aeruginosa strain (CFU+L.lactis = 2.15 × 108 ± 2.9 × 107, CFU–L.lactis = 3.95 × 108 ± 4.8 × 106, p = 0.03, n = 7).

Conclusion

L. lactis suppressed the growth of 1 patient P. aeruginosa isolate and induced growth of another (a mucoid strain) in in vitro co‐culture setting in the presence of mucin. Further experiments are required to assess the underlying interactions between L. lactis and P. aeruginosa.
Synthesis of P123‐Templated and DVB‐Cross‐linked Meso‐macroporous Poly (ionic liquids) with High‐Performance Alkylation
Authors: Sha Xiao , Sheng Xiaoli , Zhou Yuming , Wang Beibei , Zhu Zhiying , Liao Qiang , Liu Yonghui
Published: January 2020

Meso‐macroporous poly (ionic liquids) (MPILs) were successfully synthesized through a novel strategy with P123 (PEO20PPO70PEO20) as the pore‐forming agent and divinylbenzene as crosslinker. Then effects of reaction temperature and the molar ratio of ionic liquid to divinylbenzene (IL to DVB) were systematically investigated together with the morphology and structure of MPILs. It was found the MPILs owned a meso‐macroporous channel‐like structure, large surface area (up to 732 m2/g), large pore volume (1.42 cm3/g) and high thermal stability. Meanwhile, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface of MPILs could be fabricated by adjusting the reaction temperature and especially the IL to DVB molar ratio. In the probe reaction of alkylation of styrene and o‐xylene, a 100% conversion of styrene and 96.4% PXE yield was acquired, and this is more expert than common commercial liquid acid catalyst. This work might develop a novel way for synthesizing porous heterogeneous polymer catalysts in the future and owning a promising future applied in other acidic catalytic reactions.
A catalytic system with high efficiency and recyclability based on Suzuki and Heck reaction in aqueous admicellar medium
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhu Ji‐Hua , Hou Fei , Quan Zheng‐Jun , Wang Xi‐Cun
Published: January 2020

A recyclable and non‐phosphine solid palladium (II) catalyst was prepared and characterized by HR‐MS, FT‐IR, XPS, EDS, TGA, SEM, TEM and ICP. The Pd‐catalyst exhibited high‐performance catalytic activity in Suzuki and Heck C‐C coupling reactions in an environmentally benign water medium. Further, the Pd‐catalyst (Z4) can be reused for 15 times with little decrease of activity through simple and efficient recovery. In addition, the turn‐over number (TON) of Pd‐ catalyst can reach 380 at room temperature. These results proved that the Pd‐catalyst has a stable structure and can be recycled many times, making the process sustainable.
New biocomposite obtained using poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) and microfibrillated cellulose
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Sciancalepore Corrado , Messori Massimo , Bondioli Federica
Published: January 2020

This research evaluates the effects of filler content and silanization on thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH)‐based composites. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was obtained by a mechanical treatment of high‐pressure homogenization, starting from oat hull fiber, a byproduct of the agri‐food sector. MFC reinforced PHBH composites were prepared by melt compounding. SEM and FT‐IR analysis showed a good dispersion of the filler in the polymeric matrix, denoting the effectiveness of the surface silanization process. The thermal stability of PHBH composites remains substantially unchanged, and the glass transition temperature marginally increases with the increase of the filler content. Furthermore, silanized MFC shows slightly reinforcing mechanical effects on PHBH composites, such as the increase of 10% of the Young modulus with an increase of the maximum tensile stress as well. This finding has an economical interest since the results showed that MFC, deriving from a byproduct, can be successfully used as filler, decreasing the cost of the bio‐based compound leaving substantially unaltered its mechanical and thermal properties. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48953.
rac‐ and meso‐Cyclohexanoids: Their α‐, β‐glycosidases, antibacterial, antifungal activities, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Karakılıç Emel , Baran Şule , Öğütçü Hatice , Akdemir Atilla , Baran Arif
Published: January 2020

An efficient and versatile synthesis method has been postulated for hydroxymethylated rac‐ and meso‐cyclohexanoid derivatives. The synthesis of these stereoisomers was achieved easily with traditional methods using hexahydroisobenzofuran 6, prepared from commercially available cis‐hydrophthalic anhydride. The study, involving diastereoselective epoxidation and cis‐hydroxylation, was conducted to obtain epoxy‐, cis‐, and trans‐diol‐furans 7, 8, and 9. After sulfamic acid‐catalyzed ring‐opening reaction of the epoxide and furan rings, rac‐ and meso‐tetraacetates 14, 15, and 16 were afforded. Hydrolysis of acetate groups with ammonia in absolute methanol yielded the desired tetrols rac‐17, meso‐18, and meso‐19. All structures, after purification by chromatographic methods and elucidation by spectral techniques, were screened against α‐ and β‐glucosidases. Compounds 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, and 19 were also evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity against some selected synthesized compounds with varying degrees of inhibitory effects on the growth of different pathogenic microorganisms by the well‐diffusion method. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae α‐glucosidase molecular modeling studies were performed for all rac‐ and meso‐compounds 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, and 19.
Next‐generation polymerized human hemoglobins in hepatic bioreactor simulations
Authors: Cuddington Clayton , Moses Savannah , Belcher Donald , Ramesh Niral , Palmer Andre
Published: January 2020

Hepatic hollow fiber (HF) bioreactors can be used to provide temporary support to patients experiencing liver failure. Before being connected to the patient's circulation, cells in the bioreactor must be exposed to a range of physiological O2 concentrations as observed in the liver sinusoid to ensure proper performance. This zonation in cellular oxygenation promotes differences in hepatocyte phenotype and may better approximate the performance of a real liver within the bioreactor. Polymerized human hemoglobin (PolyhHb) locked in the tense quaternary state (T‐state) has the potential to both supply and regulate O2 transport to cultured hepatocytes in the bioreactor due to its low O2 affinity. In this study, T‐state PolyhHb production and purification processes were optimized to minimize the concentration of low‐molecular‐weight PolyhHb species in solution. Deconvolution of size‐exclusion chromatography spectra was performed to calculate the distribution of polymeric Hb species in the final product. Fluid flow and mass transport within a single fiber of a hepatic HF bioreactor was computationally modeled with finite element methods to simulate the effects of employing T‐state PolyhHb to facilitate O2 transport in a hepatic bioreactor system. Optimal bioreactor performance was defined as having a combined hypoxic and hyperoxic volume fraction in the extracapillary space of less than 0.05 where multiple zones were observed. The Damköhler number and Sherwood number had strong inverse relationships at each cell density and fiber thickness combination. These results suggest that targeting a specific Damköhler number may be beneficial for optimal hepatic HF bioreactor operation.
Consider the impact of small decisions on your campus safety office
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: January 2020

Decision‐making, even when difficult, is essential to the role of effective campus safety leadership. And while you can know ahead of time that some of these choices possess significantly greater implications, often with the added tension of time constraints, other decisions may not seem to carry the same weight in the day‐to‐day progress of our teams. I've personally opted for one solution over another, only to realize that time amplified the effects of my decision for my office.
Study finds highest rates of campus sexual assault belong to student‐athletes
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2020

Since 2014, student‐athletes have been disciplined for sexual misconduct and assault at a rate three times higher than their peers in the general student population, according to data collected by the USA Today network. Football players were disciplined for sexual misconduct and assault the most frequently of all athletes.
Macro and Micro Algae in Pollution Control and Biofuel Production – A Review
Authors: Jalilian Neda , Najafpour Ghasem D. , Khajouei Mohammad
Published: January 2020

Microalgae are biological sources with an extensive range of biotechnological applications, e.g., for bioremediation of industrial and municipal wastes. Microalgae are used to monitor environmental toxicants like pesticides, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals and in the final stage of wastewater treatment when organic pollution should be removed. CO2 capturing is also important due to the environmental issues. Macro/microalgae cultures, depending on their growth stages and life cycles, have great potential for CO2 fixation. They are a dominant group of microorganisms for biological treatments with regards to their substantial biosorption ability to deactivate toxic heavy metals. Actual carbon biofixation can be employed in the direction of environmental sustainability and economic facility. Besides, algae are sustainable feedstock to produce a wide range of biofuels by applying thermochemical or biological conversion methods.
microRNA‐665 is down‐regulated in gastric cancer and inhibits proliferation, invasion, and EMT by targeting PPP2R2A
Authors: Zhang Mingjuan , Wang Su , Yi Aiwen , Qiao Yongsheng
Published: January 2020

Recently, microRNA‐665 (miR‐665) has been reported to function as both tumour suppressor and oncogene in several cancer types, including gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and lung cancer. However, the biological function of miR‐665 and its precise mechanisms in gastric cancer (GC) have not been well clarified. The aim of this study was to study the roles of miR‐665/PPP2R2A axis in GC. The levels of PPP2R2A and miR‐665 were detected by quantitative PCR assay in GC tissues and cell lines. Moreover, the biological roles of miR‐665 and PPP2R2A in GC cells were assessed by cell proliferation, invasion, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mRNA and protein levels of PPP2R2A were determined by using quantitative PCR and Western blotting assays. Luciferase assays were used to confirm that PPP2R2A was one target of miR‐665. In this study, the miR‐665 level was dramatically reduced in GC tissues and cell lines, and the PPP2R2A expression was significantly enhanced. What is more, the PPP2R2A expression was negatively related to the miR‐665 level in GC tissues. Furthermore, up‐regulation of miR‐665 obviously restrained GC cells proliferation, invasion, and EMT. We confirmed that miR‐665 could directly target PPP2R2A by luciferase reporter assay. Besides, knockdown of PPP2R2A also could markedly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and EMT of GC cells. Finally, overexpression of miR‐665 in GC cells partially reversed the promoted effects of PPP2R2A up‐regulation. Overexpression of miR‐665 restrained GC cells proliferation, invasion and EMT via regulation of PPP2R2A.

Significance of the study

 miR‐665 has been reported to function as oncogene or tumour suppressor in different cancers. However, the precise roles of miR‐665 in GC have not been elucidated. Our study for the first time demonstrated that miR‐665 level was significantly down‐regulated in GC. Additionally, miR‐665 overexpression inhibited cell growth, invasion, and EMT of GC. Moreover, our data suggested a significant negative correlation between miR‐665 and PPP2R2A expression in GC. MiR‐665 suppressed GC cell proliferation, invasion, and EMT by directly targeting PPP2R2A, which suggested important roles for miR‐665/PPP2R2A axis in the GC pathogenesis and its potential application in cancer therapy.
Interactions of Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticles with High Energy Sites on Multi‐Faceted Rutile TiO2 Photoanodes
Authors: Ballestas‐Barrientos Alfonso , Li Xiaobo , Yick Samuel , Yuen Alexander , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: January 2020

The front cover artwork for Issue 02/2020 is provided by researchers from the Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability at The University of Sydney (Australia). The image depicts the use of electron microscopy to study the plasmonic enhancement in the photoelectrochemical activity of rutile TiO2 photoanodes using silver nanoparticles deposited on active grain boundaries. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201901043.
Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook
Authors: Or Tyler , Gourley Storm W. D. , Kaliyappan Karthikeyan , Yu Aiping , Chen Zhongwei
Published: January 2020

Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.
Structural Diversity of F‐Element Monophthalocyanine Complexes
Authors: Zhou Wen , McKearney Declan , Leznoff Daniel B.
Published: January 2020

The preparation and structural characterization of a series of lanthanide and uranium(IV) phthalocyanine halide complexes were achieved by reaction of the corresponding metal halide with Li2Pc. A preliminary survey of their reactivity includes ring reduction of Li(THF)4[PcUCl3] with KC8 leading to the first structurally characterized Pc4− actinide complex, hydrolysis of PcDyCl(DMSO) to PcDyOH(H2O)3 and preparation of a unique trimeric triangular Li(PcDy)3(OH)4(H2O) cluster.
Structuring Metal–Organic Framework Materials into Hierarchically Porous Composites through One‐Pot Fabrication Strategy
Authors: Chen Congcong , Zhu He , Li Bo‐Geng , Zhu Shiping
Published: January 2020

Controlled synthesis of metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based materials with multiple levels of porous structures across different length scales is of great interest in various applications but it still remains challenging. Most of the current strategies are time consuming and labor intensive, and not readily scaled‐up. In this work, we introduce a straightforward one‐pot fabrication strategy to prepare a robust and flexible hierarchically macro‐meso‐micro porous HKUST‐1/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite through solvent evaporation, in which MOF crystallization and polymer precipitation are combined together. The effect of the MOF precursor and the polymer initial amount on the morphology of the final composite was thoroughly studied. The interaction between the MOF and the polymer during the evaporation process is the key factor, which would limit the mobility of the polymer chains and cause instability in the MOF growth, thus endowing the composite with a hierarchically macro‐meso‐micro porous structure. This “all‐in‐one” porous structure could enhance the mass transport property of molecules within the composite. The obtained HKUST‐1/PVDF composite showed an enhanced CO2 adsorption rate constant of 0.821 min−1 (298 K, 1 bar), which was 3.5 times higher than that of the pristine MOF. In addition, the composite showed an equivalent gas adsorption capacity under all tested pressures and greatly improved water stability.
The Effect of Gadolinium Doping in [13C6,2H7]Glucose Formulations on 13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at 3.35 T
Authors: Harris Talia , Gamliel Ayelet , Nardi‐Schreiber Atara , Sosna Jacob , Gomori J. Moshe , Katz‐Brull Rachel
Published: January 2020

The promise of hyperpolarized glucose as a non‐radioactive imaging agent capable of reporting on multiple metabolic routes has led to recent advances in its dissolution‐DNP (dDNP) driven polarization using UV‐light induced radicals and trityl radicals at high field (6.7 T) and 1.1 K. However, most preclinical dDNP polarizers operate at the field of 3.35 T and 1.4–1.5 K. Minute amounts of Gd3+ complexes have shown large improvements in solid‐state polarization, which can be translated to improved hyperpolarization in solution. However, this Gd3+ effect seems to depend on magnetic field strength, metal ion concentration, and sample formulation. The effect of varying Gd3+ concentrations at 3.35 T has been described for 13C‐labeled pyruvic acid and acetate. However, it has not been studied for other compounds at this field. The results presented here suggest that Gd3+ doping can lead to various concentration and temperature dependent effects on the polarization of [13C6,2H7]glucose, not necessarily similar to the effects observed in pyruvic acid or acetate in size or direction. The maximal polarization for [13C6,2H7]glucose appears to be at a Gd3+ concentration of 2 mM, when irradiating for more than 2 h at the negative maximum of the DNP intensity profile. Surprisingly, for shorter irradiation times, higher polarization levels were determined at 1.50 K compared to 1.45 K, at a [Gd3+]=1.3 mM. This was explained by the build‐up time constant and maximum at these temperatures.
Evolutionary Algorithm‐based Crystal Structure Prediction for Gold(I) Fluoride
Authors: Eklund Kim , Kuklin Mikhail S. , Kraus Florian , Karttunen Antti J.
Published: January 2020

Solid gold(I) fluoride remains as an unsynthesized and uncharacterized compound. We have performed a search for potential gold(I) fluoride crystal structures using USPEX evolutionary algorithm and dispersion‐corrected hybrid density functional methods. Over 4000 AuF crystal structures have been investigated. Behavior of the AuF crystal structures under pressure was studied up to 25 GPa, and we also evaluated the thermodynamic stability of the hypothetical AuF crystal structures with respect to AuF3, AuF5, and Au3F8. Mixed‐valence compound Au3[AuF4] with Au atoms in various formal oxidation states emerged as the thermodynamically most stable AuF species.
Binge eating and binge‐eating disorder in Black women: A systematic review
Authors: Goode Rachel W. , Cowell Mariah M. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Cooper‐Lewter Courtney , Forte Alexandria , Olayia Oona‐Ifé , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: January 2020

Objective

Although several effective behavioral treatments for binge‐eating disorder (BED) exist, there are racial disparities in treatment access, with African–Americans and/or Black individuals having some of the lowest rates of access to care. Little is known about the experience and treatment of binge eating (BE) and BED among Black women.

Method

This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, synthesizes information related to BE and BED in Black women.

Results

A total of N = 38 studies met our eligibility criteria. We did not identify any systematic risk of bias across studies. The majority of included studies used cross‐sectional survey methodology, and relied on interview (EDE) and self‐report measures (particularly the Binge Eating Scale, BES) for the assessment of BE. Outcomes were inconsistently measured across trials, and there are limited data on the results of evidence‐based treatments for BE/BED in Black women.

Discussion

Although Black women have similar or higher rates of BE than White women, most research on BE and BED has focused on White women, with Black individuals underrepresented in clinical trials. Future research should examine evidence‐based treatments to prevent and treat BED in this population.

Objetivo

Aunque existen varios tratamientos conductuales que son efectivos para el Trastorno de Atracones (BED, por sus siglas en inglés), existen disparidades raciales en el acceso a tratamiento, con individuos Afroamericanos y/o personas de color teniendo algunas de las tasas más bajas de acceso al cuidado de la salud. Se sabe muy poco acerca de la experiencia y tratamiento del comer en atracones (BE, por sus siglas en inglés) y BED entre mujeres afroamericanas y/o de color.

Método

Esta revisión sistemática, realizada bajo lineamientos de las guías PRISMA, sintetiza información relacionada con BE y BED en mujeres afroamericanas y/o de color.

Resultados

Un total de N = 38 estudios cumplieron con nuestros criterios de elegibilidad. No identificamos ningún riesgo sistemático de sesgo entre los estudios. La mayoría de los estudios incluidos utilizaron una metodología de encuesta transversal y se basaron en la entrevista (EDE) y las medidas de autoinforme (en particular, la Binge Eating Scale, BES) para la evaluación de BE. Los resultados se midieron de manera inconsistente entre los ensayos, y hay datos limitados sobre los resultados de los tratamientos basados en la evidencia para BE/BED en mujeres afroamericanas y/o de color.

Discusión

Aunque las mujeres afroamericanas y/o de color tienen tasas similares o más altas de BE que las mujeres blancas, la mayoría de las investigaciones sobre BE y BED se han centrado en las mujeres blancas, con individuos afroamericanos y/o de color subrepresentados en ensayos clínicos. La investigación futura debería examinar los tratamientos basados en la evidencia para prevenir y tratar el BED en esta población.
Disentangling chronic regeneration failure in endangered woodland ecosystems
Authors: Bennett Ami , Duncan David H. , Rumpff Libby , Vesk Peter A.
Published: January 2020

Ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems requires the facilitation of natural regeneration by plants, often augmented by large‐scale active revegetation. The success of such projects is highly variable. Risk factors may be readily identifiable in a general sense, but it is rarely clear how they play out individually, or in combination. We addressed this problem with a field experiment on the survival of, and browsing damage to, 1275 hand‐planted buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) seedlings in a nationally endangered, semi‐arid woodland community. Buloke seedlings were planted in 17 sites representing four landscape contexts and with three levels of protection from kangaroo and lagomorph browsing. We censused seedlings and measured herbivore activity four times during the first 400 d post‐planting and fitted models of mortality and browse hazard to these data using survival analysis. Increasing lagomorph activity was associated with higher mortality risk, while kangaroo activity was not. Seedling survival was lowest for each treatment within extant buloke woodland, and the highest survival rates for guarded seedlings were in locations favored by lagomorphs. Damage from browsing was nearly ubiquitous after one year for surviving unguarded seedlings, despite moderate browser activity. On average, unguarded seedlings showed a decline in height, whereas fully guarded seedlings grew 2.3 cm across the survey period. This study demonstrates buloke seedlings should be protected from browsers, even with browsers maintained at moderate to low density, and the location that maximizes survival, and possibly growth rates, is adjacent to dunes. Further work will test this heuristic in an analysis of cost‐effective revegetation strategies for this endangered community.
Demography of snowshoe hare population cycles
Authors: Oli Madan K. , Krebs Charles J. , Kenney Alice J. , Boonstra Rudy , Boutin Stan , Hines James E.
Published: January 2020

Cyclic fluctuations in abundance exhibited by some mammalian populations in northern habitats (“population cycles”) are key processes in the functioning of many boreal and tundra ecosystems. Understanding population cycles, essentially demographic processes, necessitates discerning the demographic mechanisms that underlie numerical changes. Using mark–recapture data spanning five population cycles (1977–2017), we examined demographic mechanisms underlying the 9–10‐yr cycles exhibited by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanusErxleben) in southwestern Yukon, Canada. Snowshoe hare populations always decreased during winter and increased during summer; the balance between winter declines and summer increases characterized the four, multiyear cyclic phases: increase, peak, decline, and low. Little or no recruitment occurred during winter, but summer recruitment varied markedly across the four phases with the highest and lowest recruitment observed during the increase and decline phase, respectively. Population crashes during the decline were triggered by a substantial decline in winter survival and by a lack of subsequent summer recruitment. In contrast, initiation of the increase phase was triggered by a twofold increase in summer recruitment abetted secondarily by improvements in subsequent winter survival. We show that differences in peak density across cycles are explained by differences in overall population growth rate, amount of time available for population growth to occur, and starting population density. Demographic mechanisms underlying snowshoe hare population cycles were consistent across cycles in our study site but we do not yet know if similar demographic processes underlie population cycles in other northern snowshoe hare populations.