bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative bacteriology of experimentally incised skin wounds in horses
Authors: HACKETT R. P. , DIMOCK BARBARA A. , BENTINCK‐SMITH J.
Published: April 2010

Six incised wounds were created on the lateral cervical areas of each of six horses and tissue samples were taken 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h later from each wound for quantitative assessment of wound contamination. All wounds were sutured and primary healing occurred in 34 out of 36 wounds. In no wound did bacterial counts exceed the critical level of 105 organisms/g of tissue.

Par incision, on provoqua sur chacun de six chevaux, six blessures de la partie latérale de l'encolure. Des prélèvements histologiques furent ensuite effectués au moment de la blessure puis 4, 12, 24, 36 et 48 heures plus tard pour apprécier quantitativement la contamination. Toutes ces blessures furent suturées et l'on obtint une cicatrisation par première intention dans 34 des 36 cas. Le niveau critique de 105 microorganismes par gramme des tissus ne fut dépasse en aucun cas.

Sechs Schnittwunden wurden an der Halsseite von sechs Pferden angelegt und 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 und 48 Stunden später wurden Gewebsproben zur quantitativen Beurteilung der Wundkontamination entnommen. Alle Wunden wurden genäht; bei 34 von 36 Wunden stellte sich eine Heilung per primam ein. In keiner Wunde überschritt die Bakterienzahl die kritische Grenze von 105 Organismen pro Gramm Gewebe.
Pre‐race testing and its role in equine medication control
Authors: TOBIN T.
Published: April 2010

In general, blood is the only material on which a practical pre‐race testing scheme can be based. Blood testing is not as sensitive as urine testing and detects only about 66 per cent of the drugs detectable in urine. Therefore, pre‐race blood testing is always performed in conjunction with post race urine testing. Because blood is easily and rapidly drawn, the use of blood samples in all post race testing schemes is recommended. Pre‐race testing is also a relatively expensive proposition, but it is the only method which actually prevents the running of an illegally medicated horse.

Résumè

Le sang est le seul matériel sur lequel on peut fonder un plan de détection du dopage antérieur à la course. Son examen n'est pas aussi sensible que celui de l'urine et ne permet de déceler que 66% environ des substances identifiables dans celle‐ci. En conséquence, l'examen du sang avant la course est toujours effectué en conjonction avec une analyse d'urine recueillie après la course. Parce que le sang peut être facilement et rapidement préléve, il est souhaitable d'inclure son étude dans toutes les méthodes d'examen postérieures à la course. L'examen du sang avant la course est une méthode onéreuse, mais semble être le seul moyen de pouvoir exclure de la compétition un cheval drogué.

In der Regel ist Blut das einzige Material, das eine praktikable Durchführung von Dopingkontrollen vor den Rennen (= pre‐race testing) erlaubt. Die Blutanalysen erweisen sich als weniger ergiebig als Harnanalysen. Es wird damit gerechnet, dass im Blut nur etwa 66% der Substanzen nachgewiesen werden können, die man im Harn findet. Deshalb wird die Blutkontrolle vor dem Rennen immer zussammen mit einer Urinanalyse nach dem Rennen vorgenommen. Weil sich Blut leicht und rasch entnehmen lässt, wird der Gebrauch von Blutproben für alle Testprogramme empfohlen, die die Kontrolle der pferde vor den Rennen vorsehen. Obwohl derartige Kontrollen verhältnismässig teuer zu stehen kommen, sind sie doch das einzige Mittel, den Einsatz illegal behandelter Pferde im Rennen zu verhindern.
A review of research on equine locomotion and biomechanics
Authors: LEACH D. H. , DAGG ANNE I.
Published: April 2010

A review of the literature about equine locomotion and biomechanics is presented to summarise available knowledge and provide perspective to current and proposed research programmes. It is evident that much past research has failed to provide sufficient information on basic principles of these two disciplines and that information is now required before progress can be made on more applied research topics. However, useful contributions have been made in gait typology, analysis of racetrack surface and design and limb kinetics, kinematics and coordination.

En partant d'un passage en revue de la littérature concernant la locomotion équine et la biomécanique, on fait le point des connaissances et l'on ouvre des perspectives sur les recherches en cours ou projetées. Il est évident que pour la plupart les recherches passées n'ont pas réussi à fournir des informations suffisantes sur les principes fondamentaux de ces deux disciplines; cette information est aujourd'hui nécessaire pour permettre une recherche élaborée. Cependant des contributions utiles ont été apportées dans la typologie des allures, dans l'etude et le profilage des pistes, dans la cinétique, la cinématique et la coordination des membres.

Eine Literaturübersicht über die Fortbewegung und die Biomechanik des Pferdes soll das zur Verfügung stehende Wissen zusammenfassen und eine Grundlage bilden zur Beurteilung gegenwärtiger und vorgeschlagener Forschungsprogrammen. Es ist evident, dass ein grosser Teil der früheren Anstrengungen nur ungenügende Informationen über die grundlegenden Prinzipien der beiden Disziplinen geliefert hat. Bevor man Fortschritte auf angewandtem Forschungsgebiet erwarten kann, muss die fehlende Information erarbeitet werden. Immerhin stellen nützliche Beiträge zu einer Typologie der Gänge, zur Beschaffenheit von Rennbahnoberflächen, zur Rennbahnplanung und zur Kinetik, der Kinematik und Koordination der Gliedmassen schon zur Verfügung.
Traumatic patella fractures in the horse
Authors: DIK K.J. , NEMETH F.
Published: April 2010

Six cases of patella fractures are reported. Three horses presented an avulsion fracture of the medial patellar angle. For a precise diagnosis of this fracture a radiographic skyline view was indispensable; lateral views were not diagnostic. One of these horses recovered after three months' rest but radiographically the fracture remained visible. One horse with a comminuted fracture recovered after five months' rest. A case with a contaminated longitudinal patella fracture was destroyed. The sixth horse had a chip fracture of the dorsomedial part of the patella. The outcome of this case is unknown.

Six cas de fractures de la rotule sont décrits. Trois chevaux offraient une fracture avec avulsion de l'angle rotulien médian. Pour obtenir un diagnostic précis de cette fracture, une vue aérienne se révèla indispensable, les vues latérales n'apportent pas d'information. L'un de ces chevaux fut guéri après un repos de trois mois, mais la fracture demeurait visible radiographiquement. Un cheval atteint d'une fracture comminutive fut guéri après un repose de cinq mois. Un individu présentant une fracture longitudinale infectée fut abattu. Le sixième cheval avait une fracture parcellaire de la partie dorso médiale de la rotule et son devenir est resté inconnu.

Es wird über sechs Fälle von Patellarfrakturen berichtet. Drei Pferde zeigten eine Avulsionsfraktur des medialen Patellarwinkels. Für eine präzise Diagnose dieser Fraktur erwies sich eine spezielle tangentiale Röntgenaufnahme (Skylineview) als unerlässlich; laterale Ansichten waren diagnostisch unbrauchbar. Eines dieser Pferde erholte sich nach drei Monaten Ruhe, aber der Bruch liess sich im Röntgen immer noch nachweisen. Ein Pferd mit einem Trümmerbruch erholte sich nach fünf Monaten Ruhe. Ein Fall mit einer kontaminierten, longitudinalen Kniescheibenfraktur wurde getötet. Das sechste Pferd litt an einer Splitterfraktur am dorsomedialen Rand der Patella. Das Resultat ist in diesem Fall nicht bekannt.
Staphylococcus hyicus in skin lesions of horses
Authors: DEVRIESE L. A. , VLAMINCK KATHLEEN , NUYTTEN J. , De KEERSMAECKER Ph.
Published: April 2010

Staphylococcus hyicus (subspecies hyicus) was isolated as the only pathogenic organism from two independent cases of dermatitis of the lower parts of the limbs (grease heel) in horses. The organism was recovered together with other pathogenic staphylococci from similar conditions in two other horses of different origins. These conditions were characterised by epidermolysis, alopecia and crust formation. They responded quickly to antibiotic treatment. The organism was also isolated from a long standing case of “summer eczema” which healed without antibiotic treatment, and from a horse with dermatophilosis (streptotrichosis, Dermatophilus congolensis infection). Experimentally, Staph hyicus caused epidermolysis, exudation and inflammation in the superficial layers of the skin.

Staphylococcus hyicus a été isolé et considéré comme l'unique agent pathogène, cause de deux cas distincts de dermatite de la partie inférieure des membranes chez le cheval (Mal de Blanc). On trouva cet agent avec d'autres staphylocoques pathogènes, chez deux autres chevaux. Les lésions comportaient une épidermolyse, une alopécie, des croûtes; elles cédèrent promptement à un traitement antibiotique.

On isola également cet organisme d'un animal atteint “d'eczéma d‘été” qui guérit sous antibiotique; et d'un cheval atteint de Dermatophylose (Streptotricose, infection a Dermatophilus congolensis).

Expérimentalement, Staph hyicus provoqua une épidermolyse, des exsudations et l'inflammation des couches superficielles de la peau.

Staphylococcus hyicus (subsp hyicus) wurde als einziger pathogener Keim aus unabhängigen Fällen von Dermatitis der Gliedmassenenden (Mauken) bei Pferden isoliert. Der Keim wurde zusammen mit anderen pathogenen Staphylokokken aus vergleichbaren Veränderungen von zwei weiteren Pferden anderer Herkunft isoliert. Die Veränderungen bestanden in Epidermolysis, Alopezie und Krustenbildung. Sie sprachen gut auf antibiotische Behandlung an.

Auch von einem hartnäckigen Fall von Sommerekzem konnte der Erreger isoliert werden — die Abheilung erfolgte ohne antibiotische Therapie — und von einem Pferd mit Dermatophilose (Streptotrichosis; Dermatophilus congolensis Infektion).

Experimentell vermochte Staph hyicus Epidermolyse, Exsudation und Entzündung in den oberflächlichen Schichten der Haut hervorzurufen.
Use of an autogenous cancellous bone graft in the treatment of subchondral bone cysts in the medial femoral condyle of the horse
Authors: KOLD S. E. , HICKMAN J.
Published: April 2010

The clinical features, diagnosis and radiological findings of eight cases of a subchondral bone cyst involving the medial condyle of the femur are described. Surgical treatment, which comprised performing an arthrotomy of the femorotibial joint, curetting and packing the cystic cavity with an autogenous cancellous bone graft, is described.

On décrit les caratères cliniques, le diagnostic et les observations radiographiques de huit cas de kystes sous chondraux du condyl médial (interne) du fémur. Le traitement chirurgical est décrit: il implique une arthrotomie femoro tibiale, le curettage puis le remplissage de la cavité kystique avec un greffon osseux autogène.

Die klinischen Erscheinungen, die Diagnose und die radiologischen Befunde von acht Fällen mit subchondralen Knochenzysten am medialen Condylus des Femurs werden beschrieben. Die chirurgische Behandlung bestand in einer Arthrotomie des Femoro‐Tibialgelenks, Curettage und Auffüllen dur Zystenhöhle mit autogenem Spongiosamaterial.
Leptospiral infection in horses in Northern Ireland: Serological and microbiological findings
Authors: ELLIS W. A. , O'BRIEN J. J. , CASSELLS J. A. , MONTGOMERY J.
Published: April 2010

Thirteen strains of pathogenic leptospires were isolated from 12 of 91 horses; seven strains belonged to the Australis serogroup (serotype bratislava) with three, two and one strains belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis (serotype hardjo) and Autumnalis serogroups respectively.

Using leptospires isolated from horses and others representing the known parasitic Leptospira serogroups, a sample of 650 mares' sera was tested for agglutinating antibodies. Antibodies were found in 89.1 per cent of sera. The predominant reaction was to serotype bratislava, strain S/1334/79, isolated in this study, antibodies to which were detected in 81.8 per cent of sera.

It is suggested that serotype bratislava may be adapted to, and maintained by, the horse population in Northern Ireland.

On a isolé 13 souches de leptospiroses pathogènes sur 12 individus d'une population de 91 chevaux; sept souches appartenaient au sérogroupe Australis (serotype bratislava); trois souches appartenaient au sérogroupe Icterohaemorrhagiae, deux au sérogroupe Hebdomadis (sérotype hardjo) et un au sérogroupe Autumnalis.

En utilisant des leptospires isolés sur des chevaux et d'autres représentant les sérogroupes connus de leptospires parasites, on a testé 650 juments et recherché des anticorps agglutinants. Des anticorps furent trouvés dans 89.1 pour cent des sérums. La réaction dominante fut celle avec le sérotype bratislava souche s/1334/79 isolée au cours de cette étude (81.8 pour cent des juments).

On avance l'idée que le serotype bratislava peut s'être adaptéà la population équine d'Irlande du Nord et peut s'y maintenir.

Dreizehn pathogene Leptospirenstämme wurden aus zwölf von 91 untersuchten Pferden isoliert. Sieben Stämme gehörten zur Australis‐Serogruppe (Serotyp Bratislava) — drei, zwei und ein Stamm zu Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis (Serotyp Hardjo), beziehungsweise Autumnalis.

Die Pferdeisolate und andere Repräsentanten der pathogenen Leptospiren‐Serogruppen wurden zur Untersuchung von 650 Stutenseren verwendet. Agglutinierende Antikörper konnten in 89.1 prozent der Seren festgestellt werden. Die häufigste Reaktion erfolgt gegen den Serotyp Bratislava S/1334/79, isoliert im Laufe dieser Arbeit) mit 81.8 prozent positiver Seren.

Es wird vermutet, dass der Serotyp Bratislava sich in Nord‐Irland ans Pferd adaptiert hat und dass er über das Pferd erhalten bleibt.
Observational study of “urine testing” in the horse and donkey stallion
Authors: LINDSAY FLORA E. F. , BURTON F. L.
Published: April 2010

Although “urine testing” is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ complex. The significance and probable function of these events in urine testing is discussed.

L'odeur de l'urine a la réputation de permettre à l'étalon d'identifier le statut génital de la jument. Pourtant la littérature ne comporte aucune étude de ce comportement du mâle. Une étude de comportement sur ce sujet a porté sur deux étalons et sur un baudet. On décrit l'anatomie naso‐palatine. On observe des mouvements de la tête, de l'encolure, des lèvres, de la machoire et de la langue, des modifications du pénis et des sécrétions nasales. Une endoscopie nasale précisa que les glandes sécrétoires du complexe vomero‐nasal sont responsables de la sócrétion nasale. La signification fonctionnelle de ces aspects du comportement est discutée.

Obleich behauptet wird, ein Hengst vermöge den sexuellen Status einer Stute durch Beschnuppern des Urins festzustellen, lässt sich dieses Verhalten des Hengstes durch keinerlei publizierte Studien untermauern. Das Verhalten zweier Pferde — und eines Eselhengstes nach Beschnuppern artgleichen Harns wurde untersucht. Es wird eine Beschreibung der dabei entscheidenden Anatomie von Nase und Gaumen geliefert. Beobachtet wurden während des Versuchs: Bewegungen von Kopf, Lippen, Hals, Kiefer und Zunge, Nasenausfluss und Veränderungen am Penis. Eine endoskopische Untersuchung de Nase zeigte auf, dass der Ursprung der nasalen Sekrete in den sekretorischen Drüsen des vomeronasalen Organkomplex‘ zu suchen ist. Die Signifikanz und mögliche Funktion dieser Vorgönge beim “Untersuchen” von Stutenharn wird diskutiert.
Survey of 79 referral colic cases
Authors: PARRY B. W.
Published: April 2010

The clinical, surgical and/or necropsy diagnosis of 79 horses admitted to a referral clinic for evaluation of colic are reported. Twenty‐one horses were presented with conditions amenable to medical treatment and all were subsequently discharged. Exploratory laparotomies were performed on 44 horses during the present study, in some cases as a diagnostic procedure preceding euthanasia. In general, in surgical cases the mortality rate was highest for problems involving the small intestine, followed by those affecting the large colon and then the small colon. Postoperative sequelae included peritonitis, infarction, visceral rupture and acute circulatory failure. Colitis, visceral rupture and thromboembolic infarction generally had a fatal result. The overall recovery rate (for 79 horses) was about 50 per cent.

Les diagnostics cliniques, chirurgicaux ou nécropsiques concernant 79 chevaux atteints de coliques sont passés en revue. Vingt‐et‐un chevaux furent atteints d'une affection compatible avec un traitement médical et tous furent guéris. Des laparotomies exploratrices furent faites sur 44 chevaux, quelquefois à des fins diagnostiques précédant l'euthanasie. En général dans les cas chirurgicaux, le taux de mortalité fut supérieur pour les situations impliquánt l'intestin grèle, ensuite pour celles impliquant le colon replié puis le colon flottant. Les séquelles post opératoires regroupèrent des péritonites, des infarctus, des ruptures viscérales et des insuffisances circulatoires aigues. Les entérocolites, les ruptures viscérales et les infarctus thrombo emboliques comportaient une issue fatale. Au total 50 pour cent des chevaux furent sauvés (sur 79).

Die klinischen, chirurgischen und/oder autoptischen Diagnosen von 79 Pferden werden besprochen, die an eine Klinik wegen Kolik überwiesen worden waren. 21 Pferde konnten medizinisch betreut und alle entlassen werden. 44 Pferde hatten sich einer Laparotomie zu unterziehen, in einigen Fällen als diagnostische Massnahme vor der Euthanasie. In der Regel erwies sich in chirurgischen Fällen die Mortalität bei Dünndarmproblemen am höchsten, gefolgt von Affektionen des grossen Colons und dann kleinen Colons. Post‐operative Folgen umfassten Peritonitis, Infarkte, Eingeweiderupturen und akute zirkulatorische Zusammenbrüche. Colitis, Eingeweiderupturen und thromboembolische Infarkte endeten im allgemeinen ungünstig. Die Erholungsquote betrug für 78 Pferde ungefähr 50%.
Review of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy and its possible application to horses
Authors: AUER J. A. , BURCH G. E. , HALL P.
Published: April 2010

The relevant literature on electrostimulation in general, and pulsing electromagnetic fields in particular, is reviewed. DC current influences cell behaviour by affecting transmembrane ion transport, which is often under enzymatic control. Pulsing electromagnetic fields influence cell functions through adsorption of ions or dipole formation at the cell membrane. Invasive and non‐invasive DC current stimulation is compared to pulsing electromagnetic fields. The mode of application of pulsing electromagnetic fields to the equine limb and suggested treatment times are briefly discussed. Two case reports are used to illustrate the effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields in equine fracture treatment.

On passe en revue la bibliographie qui traite de l'électro‐stimulation et des champs électromagnétiques. Le courant influence le comportement cellulaire, modifiant le transport des ions au travers des membranes, lequel est souvent sous contrôle enzymatique. Les champs électromagnétiques pulsés influencent les fonctions cellulaires par absorption d'ions et formation de dipôles sur les membranes cellulaires. La stimulation agressive ou non agressive par le courant électrique DC est comparée à l'action des champs magnétiques pulsés. On discute de la technique d'emploi des champs magnétiques pulsés sur les membres de chevaux sans omettre la durée des traitements. Deux cas cliniques sont utilisés pour illustrer les effets des champs électromagnétiques pulsés dans le traitement des fractures chez le cheval.

Die einschlägige Literatur über Elektrostimulation im allgemeinen und über pulsierende elektro‐magnetische Felder im besonderen wird in einer Uebersicht besprochen. Gleichstrom beeinflusst die Zelle, indem der Ionentransport durch die Membran — oft under enzymatischer Kontrolle — verändert wird. Pulsierende elektromagnetische Felder beeinflussen die Zellfunktionen durch die Anlagerung von Ionen oder durch Dipol‐Bildungen an den Zellmembran. Invasive und nicht‐invasive Gleichstromstimulation wird mit pulsierenden, elektromagnetischen Feldern verglichen. Die Art der Applikation derartiger Felder an Gliedmassen von Pferden und die vorgeschlagenen Behandlungszeiten werden kurz besprochen. Zwei Fall‐Beschreibungen werden zur Illustration der Wirkung pulsierender elektromagnetischer Felder in der Frakturbehandlung benützt.
Effects of environmental control on pulmonary function of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: THOMSON JILL R. , McPHERSON E. A.
Published: April 2010

The effects of environmental control on horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed by clinical examination and pulmonary function tests, ie, maximum change in intrathoracic pressure, tidal volume, minute volume, non‐elastic work of breathing, dynamic compliance, inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and arterial blood gas analysis. A controlled environment (ie, bedding horses on shredded paper and feeding a complete cubed diet) caused symptomatic COPD affected horses to become asymptomatic within four to 24 days (mean ± sd 8.4 ± 4.8 days). When asymptomatic, their pulmonary function values did not differ significantly from those of normal horses, which indicates that the pathophysiological changes occurring in equine COPD are reversible. The time taken for horses to become asymptomatic correlated significantly with age, duration of illness and severity of disease as adjudged by the non‐elastic work of breathing.
Some reflections on positive results from medication control tests in the USA
Authors: TOBIN T. , COMBIE JOAN
Published: April 2010

This article describes 3 of the drugs responsible for positive tests in American racing in recent years: fentanyl, apomorphine and reserpine. Experimental work is described in which the effect of administration was measured objectively against step counting; other aspects of locomotor stimulation and clinical responses are discussed. The supposed tonic effects of “pangamic acid” are considered and attention is drawn to the view of the US Food and Drug Administration that the substance does not exist.
Pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid in horses
Authors: LÖSCHER W. , JAESCHKE G. , KELLER H.
Published: April 2010

The pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid were studied in 29 horses after intravenous (iv), subcutaneous, intramuscular (im) and oral administration. Following iv injection of 5 and 10 g ascorbic acid, respectively, a biphasic decline of ascorbic acid serum levels was found, indicating that the vitamin distributes in the body according to a two‐compartment open model. The apparent volume of distribution (average value for Vd(ss)= 0.6 litre/kg) was approximately equivalent to the volume of total body water. The terminal half‐life of the biexponential serum level‐time curve (t1/2β) varied between 5 and 17 h. Both distribution and elimination were found to be positively correlated with the iv dose administered. Following subcutaneous and im injection, the average bioavailability of ascorbic acid amounted to 82 and 61 per cent, respectively. However, both routes of administration gave rise to marked local irritation. Following oral administration, the systemic availability of ascorbic acid was very poor. Serum levels in most experiments were not increased above the endogenous pre‐administration values of the vitamin. Thus, in horses iv injection appears to be the only satisfactory route of administration of ascorbic acid if supplementation is required.
Muscle perfusion in the horse
Authors: WEAVER B. M. Q. , LUNN C. E. M. , STADDON G. E.
Published: April 2010

Muscle perfusion was studied in conscious and anaesthetised horses by monitoring the clearance of a locally injected bolus of saline containing radioactive xenon (133Xe). The mean of all the measurements made from the brachiocephalicus and semimembranosus muscles in conscious subjects was 1.29 ml/min/100 g while in anaesthetised subjects it was 0.40 ml/min/100 g. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the clinical occurrence of post anaesthetic myositis.
Immunocytochemical distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse
Authors: KITAMURA N. , YAMADA J. , CALINGASAN N. Y. , YAMASHITA T.
Published: April 2010

Endocrine cells immunoreactive for somatostatin, gastrin, glicentin, glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and neurotensin were identified immunocytochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the horse. Somatostatin‐, glicentin‐and glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were very numerous in the cardiac and fundic regions of the stomach, whereas most gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were confined to the pyloric region. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells also were detected in all portions of the small intestine while gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were confined exclusively to the upper portion and glicentin‐immunoreactive cells were limited to the lower portions of the small intestine. Secretin‐, cholecystokinin‐ and motilin‐immunoreactive cells were observed only in the duodenum, while neurotensin‐immunoreactive cells were confined primarily to the ileum. In the large intestine, somatostatin‐ and glicentin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the colon and rectum. The preferential location of endocrine cells provides additional information for future studies on the physiological roles of gastrointestinal peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse.
3‐methylindole as a model of equine obstructive lung disease
Authors: BREEZE R. G. , BROWN C. M. , TURK M. A. M.
Published: April 2010

3‐methylindole was administered orally and intravenously to horses and ponies in order to determine the ability of this chemical to provide a model of equine pulmonary disease. Both routes produced a severe and sometimes fatal pulmonary disease, characterised by bronchiolitis. Clinical signs developed 48 to 72 h after dosing and were most severe between Days 4 and 10 post dosing. Intravenous administration of 3‐methylindole produced lung injury more rapidly and at a lower dose rate than the oral route. It is suggested that the respiratory condition induced by this chemical could become a method for standardisation of lung function techniques and interpretation in equine obstructive pulmonary disease.
Perilla ketone toxicity: A chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease
Authors: BREEZE R. G. , LAEGREID W. W. , BAYLY W. M. , WILSON B. J.
Published: April 2010

Perilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstruction in bronchial or bronchiolar lumina. It is assumed that perilla ketone toxicity in ponies produces a restrictive disease without a significant obstructive component.
Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in conscious laterally recumbent ponies
Authors: RUGH K. S. , GARNER H. E. , HATFIELD D. G. , HERROLD D.
Published: April 2010

Six adult ponies were trained calmly to assume and maintain left lateral recumbency without the use of sedative or immobilising agents. During a 30 min recumbent period, pHa, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (Pao2andPacO2) and heart and respiratory rates were monitored at regular intervals to evaluate ventilatory response. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences found between mean control and recumbent or final standing values. When light‐weight ponies were compared to heavyweight ponies, only meanPao2at 10 mins recumbency was different. This information supports the hypothesis that ventilation impairment during the first 30 mins of equine general anaesthesia is primarily drug‐mediated, rather than initiated by recumbencyper se.
Blood metabolite profiles of broodmares and foals
Authors: ROGERS PAULA A. , FAHEY G. C. , ALBERT W. W.
Published: April 2010

Serum amino acid profiles and other serum characteristics of broodmares and their foals were studied. Compared with mares, foals had significantly higher concentrations of serum leucine, threonine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline and tyrosine, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine and phosphorus. Foals had significantly less serum histidine, glycine, cystine, taurine, protein and urea nitrogen. Lysine and/or methionine supplementation of pregnant and lactating broodmare diets was conducted. Changes in serum amino acid profiles caused by dietary amino acid supplementation were then quantified. Changes in concentrations of 19 amino acids as well as of ammonia occurred from the first bleeding period (12 weeks prepartum) to the second bleeding period (seven weeks prepartum) in mares supplemented with methionine. When blood samples were collected at 2 h intervals post feeding, after a preliminary rise, a large decrease in serum amino acid levels occurred over a 19 h post feeding period.
Leucocyte counts in the healthy English Thoroughbred in training
Authors: ALLEN B. V. , KANE CHRISTINE E. , POWELL D. G.
Published: April 2010

Total and differential leucocyte counts have been determined by electronic counting techniques in 474, two‐to four‐year‐old healthy Thoroughbreds in training. The ranges of values observed (particularly those for neutrophils and lymphocytes) were narrower than previously described. Absolute and percentage lymphocyte values were significantly decreased with advancing age causing a relative increase in percentage neutrophils. The fall in absolute lymphocyte numbers was the main cause for a significant decrease in total leucocytes with age. Frequency plots for each variable showed that, with the exception of the eosinophil count, data from other leucocyte cell types following either a normal or lognormal distribution.
Studies on equine prematurity 2: Post natal adrenocortical activity in relation to plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and catecholamine levels in term and premature foals
Authors: SILVER MARIAN , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DUDAN FRANCOISE E. , FOWDEN ABIGAIL L. , KNOX JEAN , CASH R. S. G. , ROSSDALE P. D.
Published: April 2010

Adrenocortical and medullary function was investigated during the immediate post natal period in premature and full term foals. High plasma cortisol concentrations were characteristic of the term foals in the first 2 h after birth and these were accompanied by significant arteriovenous differences in plasma cortisol across the umbilical circulation at birth, indicating enhanced adrenal activity before delivery. No such arteriovenous differences were detected in the premature group and post natal changes in plasma cortisol were minimal. The apparent inability of the premature foal adrenal to secrete cortisol was not due to the lack of endogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) because high levels of this hormone were found immediately after birth in both groups of foals. Tests on the sensitivity of the foal adrenal to exogenous ACTH1–24(0.125 mg intramuscularly [im]) showed that a maximum response to this hormone could be elicited in term foals on the day of birth. Subsequently basal cortisol levels and the response of the adrenal to ACTH1–24declined. By contrast, only a slight response was observed following the same dose of ACTH1–24in the premature group. Exposure to Depot ACTH1–24over 24 h enhanced the basal secretion of cortisol in both premature and term foals but no consistent response to the same ACTH test dose could be elicited in the former.

A wide range of total plasma catecholamine concentrations was observed in both groups of newborn foals. The highest values were seen in acidotic animals and there was a significant inverse relationship between blood pH and total plasma catecholamine level at delivery. The pattern of catecholamine release after birth was similar in both groups of foals although more adrenaline was found in the term group. There was a significant correlation between plasma cortisol concentration and the adrenaline level both at birth and 1 h later. The low plasma cortisol concentrations and the apparent lack of available adrenaline in the premature foals at birth emphasise the inadvisability of inducing parturition in the mare before the foetus has undergone full maturation and is ‘ready for birth’.
Studies on equine prematurity 4: Effect of salt and water loss on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in the newborn foal
Authors: PIPKIN FIONA BROUGHTON , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , WALLACE C. P. , ROSSDALE P. D.
Published: April 2010

Plasma renin substrate concentration was measured in 18, four‐day‐old pony foals after the administration of the natriuretic agent frusemide. Thirteen foals had been delivered spontaneously; labour had been induced in the remaining five mares. Plasma aldosterone concentration was measured in 12 of the spontaneously delivered foals. Renin substrate concentration had risen sharply within 15 mins (P<0.005) and peaked at 1 h. The response was consistently greater in the induced foals. Serum sodium concentration fell rapidly in the induced foals (P<0.002 by 60 mins) but was better maintained in the spontaneous group. Individual serum potassium concentrations varied widely and were higher in both the induced group and smaller (30 kg or less) spontaneous foals. Plasma renin substrate concentration was positively correlated with plasma potassium in both groups (P<0.05, P<0.001 respectively). Plasma aldosterone rose significantly within 30 mins (P<0.025) and did not stabilise during the experiment. Plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated with renin substrate concentration in both lighter (P<0.005) and heavier (P<0.05) spontaneously delivered foals. It is suggested that maturation of renal sodium and potassium handling occurs late in gestation in the foal and is in part related to body mass. ‘Premature’ delivery following induced labour is associated with a more rapid loss of sodium when challenged with frusemide, even though the response of the renin‐angiotensin system may be exaggerated.
Haemostatic mechanisms of the newborn foal: Reduced platelet responsiveness
Authors: CLEMMONS R. M. , DORSEY‐LEE M. R. , GORMAN N. T. , STURTEVANT F. C.
Published: April 2010

Whole blood platelet counts, coagulation profiles and in vitro platelet function tests were monitored in newborn foals during the first week of life. Platelet counts, mean platelet volumes and thrombin‐induced malondialdehyde production were not different from adult mares. Prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were slightly, but not significantly, longer for neonatal blood samples than for mare samples. Platelet aggregation responses to serotonin, arachidonic acid or adrenaline did not change during the study. On the other hand, adenosine diphosphate‐induced aggregation and collagen‐induced aggregation increased progressively over the first week of life. Adrenaline exposure diminished adenosine diphosphate‐induced aggregation only during the first 12 h of life. The results of this study indicate that the haemostatic mechanisms of equine neonates are immature at birth and that, during the maturation period, the equine neonate may be at risk of platelet‐associated haemorrhagic disorders.
Drug disposition in the neonatal animal, with particular reference to the foal
Authors: BAGGOT J. D. , SHORT C. R.
Published: April 2010

Differences between neonatal and adult animals in their response to drugs can usually be attributed to altered disposition (ie, distribution, metabolism and excretion) processes during the neonatal period. These alterations affect the plasma concentrations as well as the concentrations of drug attained at the receptor site. Some characteristics of the neonatal period include greater absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, lower extent of plasma protein binding, increased apparent volume of distribution of drugs that distribute in extracellular fluid or total body water, increased permeability of the ‘blood‐brain’ barrier and slower elimination of many drugs. The hepatic microsomal oxidative reactions and glucuronide conjugation are deficient metabolic pathways for a varying period of time, usually up to six weeks after birth or even longer in some species. Decreased metabolism can affect the duration of action of lipid‐soluble drugs. Functional immaturity of the kidneys decreases the renal excretion of polar drugs and drug metabolites. Overall renal function appears to reach maturity within two weeks after birth in ruminant species and pigs, while maturation may take at least four weeks in other species of domestic animals. Considerable physiological and biochemical development takes place during the first five days after birth with maturation continuing more slowly over the succeeding five weeks. The time it takes for any process to reach functional maturity depends on the process in question and varies with the species of animal. The absorption, disposition and pharmacological response to drugs during the first 24 h after birth may be unique to that time and, because of lack of information, are impossible to predict.

The meagre evidence available suggests that processes responsible for metabolism and excretion of drugs develop comparatively rapidly in the foal. At present, however, there are no definitive pharmacokinetic or metabolic studies in the literature which can lead to firm recommendations on dosage regimens or serve as a basis for predicting the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs during the neonatal period in the horse. However, there has been a recent surge of interest in drug dosage in foals and this review of the available literature and presentation of concepts may serve as a useful guideline.
Ampicillin trihydrate in foals: Serum concentrations and clearance after a single oral dose
Authors: BROWN M. P. , GRONWALL R. , KROLL W. R. , BEAL CAROLYN
Published: April 2010

Five foals from two to three days old were given a single oral dose of ampicillin trihydrate (20 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]). Serum ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24 h period. The study was repeated in the same foals at 16 to 21 days old. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration at two to three days old was 5.0 μg/ml at 1 h after treatment; the mean peak serum concentration at 16 to 21 days old was 2.7 μg/ml at 2 h. The concentrations steadily declined and ampicillin was not detected in the serum from any of the foals by 24 h. Serum clearance averaged 17.7 ml/min/kg at two to three days and 35.8 ml/min/kg at 16 to 21 days.
Aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital torticollis and head scoliosis in the equine foetus
Authors: VANDEPLASSCHE M. , SIMOENS P. , BOUTERS R. , De VOS N. , VERSCHOOTEN F.
Published: April 2010

In 214 cases of severe dystocia in mares, of which 141 (66 per cent) were Draught horses, deviation of the head and neck, with or without torticollis, malformed head and limbs were found to be the cause of dystocia. No evidence of a genetic lethal factor was found and torticollis was often combined with scoliosis of the head and, frequently, with malformation of one or more limbs. This is considered evidence of a common aetiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome of malformation. The malformations were found to be associated with an increased incidence of caudal and, particularly, transverse presentations. These findings are presented as evidence to support the hypothesis that, during the second half of pregnancy, the narrow tip of the uterine horns provides only limited space for the developing cranial half of the foetus. The surprisingly rapid and complete anatomical and functional recovery of severe malformations of the bones of the neck, head and limbs of surviving foals, born by caesarian section, is taken as further evidence that these malformations have no genetic basis, but originate from unfavourable intrauterine conditions.
Determination of red blood cell potassium content in horses with diarrhoea: A practical approach for therapy
Authors: MUYLLE E. , NUYTTEN J. , VAN DEN HENDE C. , DEPREZ P. , VLAMINCK K. , OYAERT W.
Published: April 2010

The concentration of potassium in the red blood cells in 15 horses with severe diarrhoea was determined. The red blood cell potassium content (RBCK+) was low compared with levels obtained in normal horses. The decrease in the RBCK+ was used to evaluate the total body potassium deficit. This calculated amount was administered orally, following each RBCK+ determination. In those horses which recovered, RBCK+ content returned to normal levels.

During treatment, refilling of the red blood cells with potassium occurred only gradually as long as the diarrhoea persisted. In each case, oral loading with the calculated dose resulted in an improvement of the general condition and no side effects were observed. The importance of using RBCK+ levels as a diagnostic and therapeutic parameter is discussed.
Relationship between potassium administration, hyperkalaemia and the electrocardiogram: An experimental study
Authors: EPSTEIN V.
Published: April 2010

Hyperkalaemia affected the equine myocardium. The minimum plasma potassium concentration required to induce electrocardiographic changes was 6.2 mmol/litre and severe cardiotoxic effects were observed at levels of 8.0 to 10.1 mmol/litre in this experimental situation.

The most consistent sign of hyperkalaemia was broadening and flattening of the P wave, which was generally associated with a change in T waves in the chest lead from negative to positive. The more pronounced the hyperkalaemia, the less pronounced the P wave and the more peaked positive the T wave. Severe hyperkalaemia was associated with various arrhythmias invariably associated with the presence of broad flat or absent P waves and upright T waves in chest leads.

Caution against extrapolation from the experimental to the clinical situation must be exercised because of many complex interacting factors. Hyperkalaemia is difficult to induce experimentally and, unless associated with disease, is unlikely to occur in the horse.
Distal splint bone fractures in the horse: An experimental and clinical study
Authors: VERSCHOOTEN F. , GASTHUYS F. , De MOOR A.
Published: April 2010

An experimental and clinical study to investigate the aetiology of distal splint bone fractures is described. In vitro, extension of the fetlock did not appear to alter the position of the distal ends of the splint bones, although tension in the interosseous tendons increased. Flexion of the fetlock resulted in slight outward displacement of the distal ends of the splint bones. It is suggested that concurrent desmitis of the suspensory ligament can cause movement of the ends of the splint bones thus predisposing to a fatigue fracture.

In a clinical study of 87 horses, 114 splint bone fractures were identified. In at least 70 per cent of horses, suspensory desmitis was present. Follow up information was available in 24 horses in which more than 80 per cent of the fractures healed spontaneously. Non‐union fractures were not painful and did not cause lameness.
Selection of an aminoglycoside antibiotic for administration to horses
Authors: BAGGOT J. D. , LOVE DARIA N. , ROSE R. J. , RAUS R.
Published: April 2010

The serum concentrations of the aminoglycosides neomycin, kanamycin and streptomycin were determined after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration. These values were then related to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of a number of equine pathogenic bacteria to determine the duration of therapeutic serum concentrations of the aminoglycosides in the horse. Pharmacokinetic analysis of the data using neomycin as the example revealed a mean (± sd) peak serum concentration of 23.2 ± 10.2 μg/ml present at 30 mins, and at 8 h the serum concentration was 2.8 ± 0.8 μg/ml. From the pharmacological analysis of concentration‐time data it was shown that neomycin was very rapidly absorbed from the im injection site, with an absorption half‐time of 0.16 ± 0.05 and was well absorbed (systemic availability was 73.7 ± 26.9 per cent). A peak tissue level, which represented 40 per cent of the amount of drug in the body, was obtained at 32 mins after injection of the drug. At 8 h, the fractions of the dose in the central and peripheral compartments of the model were 1.5 per cent and 2.5 per cent respectively, and 96 per cent was the cumulative amount eliminated up to that time. Based on the MIC values of the majority of isolates of Corynebacterium equi, and only a few isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus equi, one would expect a serum concentration of more than 2 μg neomycin/ml up to 8 h following im dosage (10 mg/kg) to be therapeutically effective.
Arthrodesis of the pastern joint in the horse
Authors: STEENHAUT M. , VERSCHOOTEN F. , DE MOOR A.
Published: April 2010

Arthrodesis of the pastern joint was performed in six horses with a history of acute trauma and in 10 horses with a history of chronic lameness of one to six months duration. Five surgical techniques were employed: curettage of the joint, lag screw compression and immobilisation in a plaster cast curettage, compression using a T plate and immobilisation; drilling, lag screw compression and immobilisation; lag screw compression and immobilisation; and curettage and immobilisation. Pre‐ and postoperative clinical course are described together with significant radiographical findings. The best results were achieved by luxating the joint to curette the articular cartilage, followed by fixation and compression with either lag screws or a T plate and immobilisation in a plaster cast.
Sixteen fractures of the shoulder region in the horse
Authors: DYSON SUE
Published: April 2010

The clinical and radiological features of fractures of the shoulder region in 16 horses are described. High quality radiographic views were essential for an accurate diagnosis. This sometimes necessitated general anaesthesia. The limitations of radiography are discussed. Nine horses had articular fractures of the supraglenoid tuberosity and eight of these were destroyed because of persistent lameness. The possibility of surgical removal of the fracture fragment(s) is discussed and the importance of early diagnosis emphasised. Seven other fractures of the shoulder region are described. The clinical outcome depended upon the location and nature of the fracture.
Larval cyathostomiasis (immature trichonema‐induced enteropathy): A report of 15 clinical cases
Authors: GILES C. J. , URQUHART K. A. , LONGSTAFFE J. A.
Published: April 2010

Clinical and laboratory findings are recorded from a series of 15 cases (aged one to 16 years) of sudden‐onset chronic diarrhoea with weight loss, progressing in many cases to emaciation and death, associated with the emergence of fourth stage cyathostome (trichoneme) larvae in large numbers through the colonic and caecal mucosae. Apart from a single incident in mid‐October, disease only occurred in winter and spring (January to May). Characteristic features included hypoalbuminaemia, increased α and β plasma globulin levels and neutrophilia without left shift. Faecal egg counts were frequently negative and eosinophilia and anaemia were not features. Horses treated in the early stages responded well to larvicidal doses of fenbendazole (60 mg/kg bodyweight) but in cases where this therapy was delayed for weeks or months the prognosis was poor.