bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to organochlorine compounds of population groups in Croatia
Authors: Krauthacker Blanka , Reiner Elsa
Published: July 2002

Summarizes and discusses published data on the exposure to organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH isomers, HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). Presents the levels of organochlorine compounds found in human blood serum (general population and occupationally exposed subjects) and human milk. Also presents the calculated intake of organochlorine compounds by breast‐fed infants and their mothers. Observes no marked difference between levels of organochlorine compounds in population groups from Croatia and those reported from most European countries.
Managing pollution efforts: how to turn pollution into profits
Authors: Denton D. Keith
Published: July 2002

Discusses the importance of environment as it affects organizations in terms of cost containment, dealing with new regulations or reacting to unexpected problems. Looks at the possibilities of “cashing in” on the public’s concern for the environment and views the environment as a means by which to gain competitive advantage in the 1990s. Proposes that pollution management is more than controlling cost; it can be a revenue generator. Concludes that some managers are “out of touch” and that their employees have a better grasp of reality. Emphasizes again that the potential for environmental profit extends far beyond customer appeal.
Defining operating environmental strategies: programmes and plans within Italian industries
Authors: Azzone Giovanni , Bianchi Raffaella , Mauri Renato , Noci Giuliano
Published: July 2002

Over the last decades, public opinion, governments and regulators have forced executives of both large and small corporations to improve their environmental performance and, for this reason, to consider the environment as a significant competitive priority. The objective of the paper is twofold, to: design an effective taxonomy of operating environmental strategies; and develop an empirical investigation aimed at testing whether the identified environmental strategies correspond to real strategic behaviours of companies.
Improving conditions of work and life in a rural district in the Mekong Delta area in Vietnam
Authors: Kawakami Tsuyoshi , That Khai Ton
Published: July 2002

Describes a research project into emerging health risks to farmers in the Mekong Delta. It is a joint effort between Vietnam and Japan. Subjects include workload studies of rice harvesting, canal maintenance and time‐budget among local farmers. Seminars are then conducted, and improvements formulated and implemented.
Some highlights of environmental health programmes in the Western Pacific
Authors: Phoon Wai‐On
Published: July 2002

Describes environmental health improvements in Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Many of such improvements were implemented with the collaboration of United Nations agencies or international donor partners. Describes the WHO Healthy Cities and Healthy Island programmes.
Experiments on the influence of laser light on some biological elements of the natural environment
Authors: Dobrowolski J.W. , Wachalewski T. , Smyk B. , Rózyckl E. , Barabasz W.
Published: July 2002

Studies the effects of exposure to light of the laser diode Melles Griot (λ= 670nm), He‐Ne laser (λ= 632.8nm) and argon laser (λ= 514nm) on selected soil micro‐organisms, fungi that destroy old manuscripts, pictures, stone, etc. and on humification and mineralization of soil samples. Also studies exposure effects on seed growth and biomass production of a few species of cultivated plants and onChlorellacells and animal spermatozoa. Finds significant changes in comparison to control material (including results of the preliminary measurement of bio‐photon emission). Suggests a fruitful direction for studies on the synergistic effects of Se, laser and white light, as well as on the optimal level of exposure of living material to laser light. Concludes that the data obtained seem to be useful both for land reclamation and for the protection of the indoor environment against toxicogenic moulds and bacteria.
Current research‐Ergonomics
Authors: Kogi Kazutaka , Kawakami Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2002

Cites twenty references from the literature on the application of ergonomic principles in Asia and the pacific rim countries, regarding workplace and equipment design with the objective of improving on employee occupational health and safety. Lists a number of examples applicable to sugar refining, the handling of heavy metals, optical equipment, the textile industry, rice farming and agriculture, and the number of hours worked.
Research and the development of the technologies of the Information Society applied to the environment
Authors: Karamitsos Fotis
Published: July 2002

This article mainly aims at presenting the research and development of technologies of the Information Society applied to the environment, in the framework of the European Union (EU) policies and action plans. First of all, the link between telematics and environment is explained: although these two fields may seem contradictory, they finally prove to be complementary. Telematics can contribute to a better environmental management and protection. Besides this, the market and employment in Europe in the case of the above two mentioned fields is presented, together with the EU policies towards this direction. The Telematics Application Programme’s main topics are also given in more detail. Last, the reflection task for the 5th RTD Programme (1998‐2002) is presented and described.
User requirements and functional specification in REMSSBOT
Authors: Gallo Paolo , Viarengo Luca
Published: July 2002

The User Analysis phase of the project, which consists of the user needs and requirements investigation and the functional specification for each of the participating regions, was one of the most important activities of the project. The article presents the procedures followed during this phase and describes the user needs and requirements for the REMSSBOT project, together with the partners involved in the project and their current IT situations.
REMSSBOT technical implementation
Authors: Galle Maarten
Published: July 2002

REMSSBOT overcomes the technical problems that arise when you need to access regional environmental data that are located at several data providers that have different technical infrastructures. The user can search for data defining a who, what, where and when selection. The result of this selection can be information about the data, a reference to those data or access to those data in a structured format. REMSSBOT is an Object Oriented toolkit implemented in Visual Wave and in Forté. The used technology is based on CORBA 2.0 for communication and is multi‐platform. User interfaces are in Windows and WEB browser. REMSSBOT can be used as a toolkit for implementation in other regions.
The Attica region REMSSBOT demonstrator
Authors: Bourka Athena
Published: July 2002

The article gives an overall presentation of the demonstrator implemented, in the framework of the REMSSBOT project, in Attica. The application site is the Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works of Greece and fields of application are the domains of air pollution, water quality and solid waste. The objectives of the demonstrator are examined, under the specific Greek conditions in environmental information management, together with the users and data providers involved. The functionality of the demonstrator is also presented, including the technical and physical environment, as well as the information made available through the system. Last, the expected benefits of the demonstrator and the future prospectives are outlined.
Integrated water management and remote data access, possibilities of a system based on telematics
Authors: Niesing Hugo
Published: July 2002

The article is focused on the integrated water management and remote data access that is accomplished through REMSSBOT in the Scheldt region. The general Scheldt environmental situation is presented, together with the objectives of the REMSSBOT system in this specific application area. The demonstrator functionality, including navigation facilities and retrieval of the provided information, are described. The use and importance of the Catalogue of Data Sources is also outlined. Finally, the current application of REMSSBOT in environmental management, performed by the different institutions in the Scheldt region, is defined.
Recent trends and developments: reuse of wastewater in agriculture
Authors: Abu‐Zeid Khaled M.
Published: July 2002

Many countries all over the world are facing water shortages. As population increases, water is being perceived as a very valuable resource. Every effort is exerted to use water more efficiently and to make use of every drop of water to ensure the well being of future generations. New trends are developed and practiced in the area of water resources use and water saving. These trends vary from one country to another according to the degree of water scarcity, economic situations, and other factors. Developing non‐conventional water resources is an example of the recent trends in developing new water resources and water savings. Unlike rainfall, rivers, and groundwater which are considered conventional freshwater resources, the non‐conventional water resources include sea water desalination, agriculture wastewater reuse, and municipal wastewater reuse. This paper deals with the reuse of agriculture, municipal, and industrial wastewater as a new trend in developing additional water resources. Special interest is given to municipal wastewater, its characteristics and necessary treatment. Environmental and human health considerations for wastewater reuse, especially in agriculture, are also discussed. Possible consequences of wastewater reuse are introduced. Examples of wastewater reuse practices in some countries are also mentioned.
An Atlantic shoreline ecosystem recovering from Chernobyl (?) Gamma‐radioactivity: Isle of Barra, Western Isles, Scotland
Authors: Pyatt F.B. , Gilbertson D.D.
Published: July 2002

This paper compares the gamma‐radioactivity values determined in an intertidal ecosystem on the Atlantic island of Barra in the Western Isles of Scotland in 1989 and 1994. Distinct differences in the accumulation values in different trophic levels were detected on each occasion, but, in the intervening five years between surveys, there have also been marked reductions in the gamma counts in many different organisms of each trophic level. Gamma‐radioactivity has continued to move through the sandy soils of the machair coastal dunes system, and hence away from the rooting zone of the vegetation. The decreasing gamma‐radioactivities noted point to a shoreline ecosystem that is recovering from the input of Chernobyl fallout.
Radon exhalation rate from some fertilizers, clay and potatoes in Egypt
Authors: Maged A.F. , Saad E.A.
Published: July 2002

Large amounts of uranium, radium and radium products are redistributed throughout the environment owing to the use of phosphate fertilizers. Potential radiological impacts resulting from direct exposure, inhalation and ingestion of foods grown with fertilizers are discussed. This paper describes a simple method to measure exhalation rate of 222RN from phosphate fertilizers, clay and potatoes in a laboratory and in a more economical way. Three Egyptian factories of phosphate fertilizers were selected in this study (Assuit, Abu Zaable and Kafr El Ziat).
Chemically assisted primary treatment of municipal wastewater
Authors: Younis S.S. , Al Mansi N.M. , Fouad S.H.
Published: July 2002

The objective of this work is studying the use of chemicals to enhance primary treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants, thereby reducing the cost of the secondary treatment stage. Jar tests using chemicals, polymers and sea water have been conducted to determine the best performing chemicals, alone and in combinations. The process performance parameters studied were pH, type and dosage of coagulant, mixing intensity, detention time, settling time and addition of coagulant aid. The efficiency of the process has been measured as percentage removals in COD, TSS, turbidity, settleable matter and removals of heavy metals. The results proved the improvement of removal efficiencies.
Weak and strong sustainability indicators and regional environmental resources
Authors: Getzner Michael
Published: July 2002

Weak sustainability indicators often suffer from their unrealistic and inadequate assumption of substitutability between natural capital and man‐made capital. Defining sustainable development in these terms is almost trivial; measurement problems as well as methodological and sociological issues may be considered as major flaws of operationalizing weak sustainability indicators. On the other hand, strong sustainability indicators rely on physical measures. This ecological economics approach concedes that the economy is embedded in matter and energy flows ultimately limited by solar energy input and the Earth’s capability to produce renewable resources and to cope with emissions of all kinds. Drawing on the example of regional environmental resources, ground‐water in Austria, some thoughts on strong regional sustainability indicators are presented.
Computational challenges of modelling interactions between aerosol and gas phase processes in large‐scale air pollution models
Authors: Carmichael Gregory R. , Sandu Adrian , Song Chul H. , He Shan , Phadnis Mahesh J. , Daescu Dacian , Damian‐Iordache Valeriu , Potra Florian A.
Published: July 2002

Discusses computational challenges in air quality modelling (as viewed by the authors). The focus of the paper will be on Di, the “current” state‐of‐affairs. Owing to limitation of space the discussion will focus on only a few aspects of air quality modelling: i.e. chemical integration, sensitivity analysis and computational framework, with particular emphasis on aerosol issues.
Information investment in supply chain management
Authors: Prasad Sameer , Tata Jasmine
Published: July 2002

Organizations have been investing heavily in building information links with their suppliers and buyers in order to reduce costs, lead times and quality problems, and improve on time customized delivery. At present, many of these firms are unsure of the degree to which this investment is necessary. A dynamic model is presented which builds on the impact of the evolving interactions of competitors’ activities and the learning which emanates over time. This dynamic model can be used by organizations to determine the level of expenditure necessary to remain competitive. In addition, this model brings out the fact that the systems’ learning will always lead to greater automation in the management of materials; however, the cost would vary according to the interplay of these two factors. This model should also help logistics managers design more effective information systems for their supply chains.
An object‐based process planning and scheduling model in a product design environment
Authors: Tam Samson , Lee W.B. , Chung Walter W.C. , Lau Henry C.W.
Published: July 2002

A typical product design project involves a number of activities, and each activity requires human resources support. These activities and resources must be properly planned and scheduled in order to achieve optimum project time and cost. This paper proposes a process planning and scheduling (PPAS) system which is based on the concept of process planning typically used for the planning of production activities. Object technology (OT) is chosen as the platform for the development of the PPAS model for its specific characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism etc. Presents the concept of the PPAS system, discusses its relationship with reference to product design, and proposes the use of object technology as a platform for building the PPAS.
Improving competitiveness of ready‐to‐assemble manufacturers through information technology
Authors: Bramorski Tom , Madan Manu , Motwani Jaideep , Sundarraj R.P.
Published: July 2002

Price has traditionally been the order‐winning criterion for ready‐to‐assemble (RTA) products such as furniture, bicycles, kit models, etc. In order to be able to compete in today’s demanding RTA market, manufacturers must increasingly emphasize quality, not price, as the order‐winning criterion. On the other hand, the order winners for external customers are time‐based – speed of delivery and flexibility. In this paper, we discuss the dimensions of RTA products’ quality. In addition, we discuss changes in business processes, information flow and information technology necessary to effectively improve the competitiveness of RTA manufacturers.
Performance evaluation of a Web‐based information system for laboratories and service centres
Authors: Fung R.Y.K. , Pereira A.C. , Yeung W.H.R.
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces a generic performance measurement methodology for identifying and dimensioning the user requirements of laboratory information systems with a view to evaluating and improving their overall user satisfaction. The dynamic Web‐based laboratory information system (known as IntraMEL) for the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories (MEL) in the City University of Hong Kong is used as a case study for formulating, testing and implementing the methodology. The proposed model takes an analytical approach to assess the performance of an information system using psychometric concepts. Through the experience gained from applying the methodology on IntraMEL, a set of performance evaluation guidelines can be established. These evaluation guidelines will be applicable to the information systems in other laboratories and service centres.
Development of virtual cellular manufacturing systems for SMEs
Authors: Subash Babu A. , Nandurkar K.N. , Thomas Austin
Published: July 2002

The concept of virtual cellular manufacturing systems (VCMS) is finding acceptance among researchers and practitioners as an extension to group technology. This paper is related to a research work which resulted in designing and developing VCMS, which by virtue of its abilities proves to be attractive to manufacturing organisations fitting into the category of SMEs. VCMS consists of enterprise modeller (EM), cell design manager (CDM), cell operation manager (COM), simulator (SIM), performance evaluator (PE) and report generator (REP). The “cell design manager” is a very important constituent of the VCMS, as this module helps to generate a number of cell configurations using different algorithms. A new algorithm styled as “Better alternative to ROC (BETROC)”, which possesses many distinct features to generate a number of alternative solutions, has been developed and reported in this paper.
Information technology in managing global supply chains
Authors: Motwani Jaideep , Madan Manu , Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2002

As organizations strive to become more competitive in today’s challenging business environment, global supply chain management (GSCM) infused by information technology (IT) is being offered as a paradigm to achieve dramatic improvements in cost and time. This study examines the critical role played by IT to improve GSCM practices. The paper starts by classifying all the IT related articles dealing with GSCM into four research streams. Next, a practical IT framework that organizations can use for achieving a true GSCM is presented. This is followed by examples of corporations that provide IT solutions for GSCM and of corporations that have benefited from using IT in their GSCM efforts. Finally, conclusions and implications for IT‐related issues pertaining to GSCM are suggested.
Conceptual simulation model for strategic decision evaluation in project management
Authors: Doloi Hemanta , Jaafari Ali
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on a conceptual methodology for an integrated simulation model dubbed as dynamic simulation modelling system (DSMS) for proactive and optimal decision making within a project management framework. Due to the uncertainties in project environment, the technical and operational functionality of a facility needs to be assessed during development and operation phases of the project. The simulation model is used for optimising the investment decisionsvis‐à‐visevaluation of functionalities on project facilities in early stages of the project. Project life cycle objective functions (LCOFs) are employed as a set of decision criteria throughout the project’s life. The discussion is being extended on the need for setting up an integrated and user‐friendly model to encompass the processes in the entire life cycle of the project. Details of the system are described and a hypothetical case study is used to demonstrate its capabilities. Possible extensions are then outlined. The C++ programming language in association with the object‐oriented database management system is used to achieve the aforementioned objectives.
The strategic use of computerised information systems by a micro enterprise
Authors: Roberts Martyn , Wood Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper is a case study of the use of information systems (IS) by a micro enterprise. In particular, it attempts to answer the question: can micro enterprises use IS strategically? It examines the distinguishing characteristics of micro enterprises and the use of IS in micro enterprises. It gives a brief history and description of the micro enterprise in question (Lanzarote First) and then analyses the use of IS from two angles: functionality and benefits. Importantly, the strategic benefits of the various IS are differentiated from other efficiency and effectiveness benefits. The case also tests the use of an IS planning methodology. The case illustrates that a micro enterprise can use IS strategically and, because of the absence of certain factors which are present in large organisations, the impact of IS may be even greater.
Shaping Up for the Information Revolution
Authors: Sheldon David
Published: July 2002

For ten years, since Vice‐President Al Gore coined the phrase “the
information highway”, people have been predicting the eventual arrival of
an information age in which all the information in the world would be
available to the consumer, in the comfort of his or her own home, at the
touch of a button. With the rapid convergence of computing and
telecommunications technologies over the last decade, the information
revolution has arrived sooner than anyone had expected. While the first
information highway applications are to be put to the test this summer,
other applications are already being predicted that will change the very
nature of commerce. The eventual impact of this revolution will not only
change the way we do business, but the way we live, for ever. Explains
how the new applications will affect all parts of the supply chain from
customer service to distribution and how the different technologies are
being brought together to create the information highway.
Knowledge‐based Manufacturing:
Authors: Foxlow Tim
Published: July 2002

New knowledge‐based manufacturing software, incorporating artificial
intelligence techniques, offers benefits to companies whose products are
complex, highly varied or made‐to‐order. These are precisely the areas
where conventional MRP II (manufacturing resource planning) systems are
widely perceived as having failed. To exploit recovery from recession,
manufacturers are increasingly concerned to diversify and vary their
products to meet customers′ exact needs; therefore they will need to
consider knowledge‐based systems.
Manufacturing flexibility in a build‐to‐order environment
Authors: Miller Ian
Published: July 2002

Leyland trucks is the largest British‐owned commercial vehicle
manufacturer producing rigid and tractor vehicles over 6 tonnes GVW.
Describes the flexibility required in supplier delivery, assembly
capacity and labour utilization in a build‐to‐order environment while
ensuring the quality of the product.
University of Central England‐Rover partnership
Authors: Ziarati Reza , Griffiths John , Bennett Matthew , Payne Phil
Published: July 2002

Describes the “educational partnership” between the University of Central England and the Rover Group. Outlines the background and explains the nature of the developing links between the two. Identifies the precise benefits accruing to both sides as a result of the partnership. Finally, provides a detailed synopsis of a project sponsored by Rover in 1993, as an example.
Electronically developed theory and procedure for distribution channel management via electronic data interchange linkage
Authors: Ricks James E.
Published: July 2002

Considers the growing importance of automatic data collection (ADC) and electronic data interchange (EDI) in logistics and distribution, and the need for an additional paradigm. ADC and EDI require additional conceptual consideration in logistics pedagogy. The utilization of the Internet to acquire knowledge globally is a new and progressive way to advance business logistics. Presents some theoretical hypotheses and procedural guidelines for improved logistical linkages.
Logistics benchmarking as a competitive strategy: some insights
Authors: Bagchi Prabir K.
Published: July 2002

As companies strive to create better value for their customers in today’s competitive marketplace, managers are beginning to realize the important role logistics plays. As they seek new ways to compete, one technique that has made headlines in the management community is benchmarking. Discusses the use of benchmarking in logistics in a few companies. Highlights the processes used, the obstacles faced and the gains made in these companies. Also analyses ways in which these obstacles were overcome. Based on these case studies, presents a generalized benchmarking process model, and identifies and discusses the steps involved. Finally, provides practical suggestions for successful implementation of a benchmarking project.
The use of computerized information systems to gain strategic competitive advantage: the case of a start‐up manufacturing company
Authors: Roberts Martyn , Wood Michael
Published: July 2002

Looks at the use of computerized information systems by a start‐up manufacturing company in the south of England. Describes the company ‐ Solent Technical Mouldings Ltd ‐ decided that these information systems would play a major role in assisting its entry into an industry where there were already many established companies. Later, information systems were a key factor in ensuring the company’s survival and growth. Outlines the information systems strategy adopted, and some of the benefits which followed. Draws some tentative lessons for other organizations in a similar position.
The internal service department ‐ justifying your existence
Authors: Wilson Aubrey
Published: July 2002

As the outsourcing of services continues, the threat to internal service departments intensifies. Historically these departments have stood apart from the mainstream activities of the business and have been reactive in their client relationship. The new ethos demands a change in attitude and activities which accord with their clients’ new and evolving needs. The post‐reformed internal service department must have as its objectives the provision of a more responsive and flexible service, which in turn demands an understanding of business dynamics and pressures. The feature shows how this can be achieved.
Introducing the concept of information supply chains: the Buddy project
Authors: Walsh Patrick , Koumpis Adamantios
Published: July 2002

The European Community ESPRIT Project Buddy addresses the needs of industrial organisations to reduce information processing time, improve added and residual value of information, and reduce processing and distribution costs and “leadtimes”. It deals with the information supply‐chain as an important entity, whose performance and optimisation very significantly affect the efficiency and performance of industrial enterprises. A conceptual modelling and simulation environment is proposed for analysing information supply‐chain management strategies, policies and decisions. A decomposable, “autonomous agents” approach is adopted to specify information supply chain models. Models in turn are defined in terms of their constituent information supply chain “agents” (e.g. suppliers, buyers, distributors, etc). This includes their structural relationships, interaction “protocols” and co‐ordination policies.
A study on marketing channel satisfaction in international markets
Authors: Kim Yongkyu
Published: July 2002

When an international firm enters an overseas market, international distribution channel structure is very important. Distribution channel structures decisions are made by examining the company’s degree of commitment and risk, and are not only difficult to change but initial wrong decisions may lead to poor results. Therefore, channel satisfaction is higher when channel structure is appropriate for the foreign market. Examines factors leading to a firm’s satisfaction with international marketing channels. Builds on existing studies about consumer satisfaction and distribution channel structures. As theoretical background, a transaction cost factor and the discrepancy model is used to examine the determinants of satisfaction. Findings from a survey of Korean electronic export corporations show that a firm’s relative performance and control variables provide significant explanations for channel satisfaction, and the channel structure variable is supported by null hypothesis.
Logistics outsourcing in grocery distribution: a European perspective
Authors: Paché Gilles
Published: July 2002

Deals with food retailers’ logistics strategies and, more specifically, with the nature of collaboration between retailers and contractors (or third party service providers). According to extensive previous research on the topic, own account distribution has been partly abandoned in favour of contract distribution with, in Europe, the implementation of inter‐organizational relationships based on partnership. The objective of this paper is to discuss this subject by trying to make a clear distinction between myth and reality. The chosen field for investigation is the French grocery distribution sector, for which the non‐cooperative approach remains the dominant model in the logistical channel. Presents some findings of a research study conducted on purchasing and logistics managers from the main companies in this sector.
The politics and ethics of career progression in IS: a systems perspective
Authors: Standing Craig , Standing Susan
Published: July 2002

Organizational politicsExamines the role of politics in the internal promotion of information systems IS professionals. Most studies take a management perspective when looking at the skills required of employees. Takes an employee perspective. Taking a systems perspective has a number of benefits when examining career progression since the important factors are so interwoven and deal greatly with softer perceptions. A systems view relies on providing multiple representations of reality. The main difference from previous studies is the emphasis on career progression given to the role of politics by IS practitioners.
Case study: business process reengineering in an international company
Authors: Wong Bo K. , Li Wilson X.
Published: July 2002

Discusses a successful business process reengineering project that involved purchasing, receiving and accounts payable departments in an international firm in the USA. These three departments’ business processes, workflows and functions are described and analyzed. Methods for improving the existing workflows by developing an auto vouchering system and an electronic data interchange system are suggested. The cost and benefit analysis is applied to evaluate these methods. Implications and recommendations for the top management are discussed, including the insights of the cross‐functional design among departments, the empowerment of employees, the improvement of morale in the departments, the formulation of new policies and procedures for the new system, and the establishment of a separate database system for reference.
Understanding “IS business value”: derivation of dimensions
Authors: Cronk Marguerite C. , Fitzgerald Edmond P.
Published: July 2002

The ever increasing expenditure on information systems (IS) has been accompanied by an increasing demand to measure the business value of the investment. There has been much debate in the literature over appropriate measures to determine this value. Of the many evaluation methods that have been proposed by researchers, only the various forms of cost‐benefit analysis have gained wide acceptance among practitioners. However, before appropriate measures can be devised, a clear definition of what is to be measured and an understanding of the dimensions of “IS business value” are necessary. The aims of this research paper, therefore, are first to highlight the complexity of the “IS business value” picture and second to bring some clarity to the complex problem of determination of “IS business value”. These aims are addressed by first defining the construct of interest and, second, by deriving its dimensions. It is posited that an “IS business value” evaluation methodology should include measures for each of these dimensions in order to tap all the aspects of value contribution.
The ISSUE methodology for quantifying benefits from information systems
Authors: Giaglis George M. , Mylonopoulos Nikolaos , Doukidis Georgios I.
Published: July 2002

The assessment of information systems (IS) benefits is an important practical problem in IS investment appraisal. After briefly reviewing the nature of IS benefits, we argue that an incremental measurement approach can help an organisation obtain quantitative estimates of expected IS impacts on business performance. Such an approach should start from quantifiable benefits directly attributable to the information system and then gradually consider more intangible and indirect effects. We suggest that Business Process Simulation can be an effective technique in applying this approach and we present a methodology that incorporates incremental, iterative business process modelling and simulation into five practical steps. To illustrate this approach, we present a case of measuring the potential improvements in inventory management introduced by electronic data interchange and discuss issues of feasibility and directions for further research and development.
A graphical method for assessing knowledge‐based systems investments
Authors: Clark Jeffrey A. , Soliman Fawzy
Published: July 2002

Suggests that businesses need a method specifically designed to assess the value of knowledge‐based system (KBS) investments. Explains the inadequacies of current valuation methods when they are applied to KBS investment decisions. Proposes a graphical valuation method which adapts the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to overcome these inadequacies and help business executives make informed KBS investment decisions. Presents an example of the method’s application to a KBS at a large multinational sales and manufacturing company.
Information systems and other capital investments: evaluation practices compared
Authors: Ballantine Joan A. , Stray Stephanie
Published: July 2002

Reports on the findings of two surveys which examined the way organisations evaluate information systems/technology and other capital of investments. The issues addressed include the following: the extent of evaluation; the extent to which evaluation depends on organisational factors, such as project cost and level of organisational turnover; the existence of formal procedures of evaluation; the financial and other criteria used to evaluate investments, and their importance; and the problems organisations face when evaluating both types of investment. In addressing the above issues the study serves two objectives: first, the findings provide valuable insights regarding the way both types of investments are evaluated, which is currently lacking in both the information systems and the accounting and finance literature, and second, the findings enable confirmation or refutation of some of the popular myths which exist in the information systems literature that such investments are different, are therefore evaluated in a “different” way and present “different” problems when compared to other types of organisational investment.
Research note: integrating business and network simulation models for IT investment evaluation
Authors: Giaglis G.M. , Paul R.J. , O’Keefe R.M.
Published: July 2002

Although the inherent interrelationships between business processes (BP) and the underlying information technology (IT) infrastructure imply that the design of these two organisational facets should be performed in parallel, this does not seem to be the case in practice. For example, simulation is being extensively used in both the BP and IT domains, albeit in a disjointed fashion. In this paper, we investigate the potential of integrating different simulation models to facilitate concurrent engineering of business processes and information technology and to support the process of investment evaluation. Drawing on the findings of an example case, we identify a number of pertinent issues and articulate future research directions towards the integration of simulation usage in the business domain.
Technology management of IT in construction: a driver or an enabler?
Authors: Aouad Ghassan , Kagioglou Michail , Cooper Rachel , Hinks John , Sexton Martin
Published: July 2002

The 1970s and 1980s have witnessed the development of many technological advances in the construction industry. At the same time, IT has been perceived as a driver for many of the construction business and operational processes. The 1990s have seen a technological shift in the construction sector from IT driven solutions to IT enabling ones. The industry, however, has become frustrated with the failing of IT as many companies have invested in the wrong technologies without addressing business needs. This is now being rectified by developing IT systems that support business processes taking into account process, people and cultural needs. This paper describes how IT systems are being developed within a major EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) funded research project in order to help the construction industry develop feasible technological IT solutions. This is achieved by considering the co‐maturation of processes and IT within the context of process improvement.
EDI in foreign trade: a perspective on change and international harmonisation
Authors: Mulligan Robert M.
Published: July 2002

If EDI is to succeed to a similar degree as paper‐based systems then international harmonisation and standardisation must be achieved across all functional groups (banking, transport, insurance, customs) and industry sectors on message standard and structures. UN/EDIFACT is now the dominant body producing generic EDI messages for use in international trade. All functional areas have Message Development Groups but the main areas of success to date lie in deep sea transport, forwarding and customs functions. Message development needs to proceed rapidly in all functions before integrated EDI systems can be offered. In recognition of this, UN procedures are now in place to harmonise such message formats across all trade regions (ITIGG/IHG), industry sectors (MIST/IHG) and transport modes (MIST/ITIGG). The negotiability of the electronic Bill of Lading is also an issue which will be tested across industry sectors by Bolero Operations Ltd launch programme early in 1999.
Environmental information systems based on enterprise resource planning
Authors: Lambert A.J.D. , Jansen M.H. , Splinter M.A.M.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the consequences of the integration of environmental information within enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. The state‐of‐the art of dedicated environmental information systems is briefly discussed. Essentials and peculiarities of environmental information are highlighted. The role of environmental management systems and their relationship with other dedicated management systems is positioned within this field. The need for information following from this is compared with the information available in current ERP systems. The common features of both information systems are discussed and the importance of physical relationships within them is demonstrated. A physical approach is argued as the very base of future extended ERP systems. An outline of the special character of physical information is presented for this purpose. Subsequently, some restrictions connected to the current approach in ERP are analysed. This results in a number of recommendations. The most crucial aspects are the integration of the process and discrete manufacturing orientation by applying a multiple‐input multiple‐output approach to all processes, and a similar consideration of co‐products, by‐products, wastes and emissions.
Practical experience with quality improvement in small companies
Authors: Neerland Henning , Kvalfors Thor
Published: July 2002

Over the past few years, SINTEF Industrial Management has carried out several network projects on quality improvement for small‐ and medium‐size enterprises (SMEs). The projects have been conducted according to the standardised SINTEF Quality Improvement Programme (QIP). The main activities of the programme are initial education, planning and organisation of company projects, the reactive problem solving process, company‐wide work unit analysis and initiation of a continuous improvement process. This paper focuses on the improvement section of the programme, especially the activities related to the Reactive Problem Solving Conference (RPSC). The article gives an argument for using RSPC and problem solving as early as possible in the programme to increase interest in and understanding of the quality improvement process. An example of a problem‐solving process in a SME is described, showing how relatively simple activities are used to improve the production process.
Intelligent dynamic scheduling system: the application of genetic algorithms
Authors: Jahangirian M. , Conroy G.V.
Published: July 2002

Learning machine scheduling strategies are addressed while concentrating on the dynamic nature of real systems. A framework is proposed consisting of two modules: intelligent simulation (IS) and incremental learning. A simulation technique is basically exploited to mirror the manufacturing system. The knowledge base incorporated within the simulation environment enables the IS to behave intelligently as well as to evaluate the knowledge base (KB). A genetic algorithm drives the learning module. Its ingredients are tailored to tackle such a problem with a huge search space. A set of decision rules is identified as a chromosome. The rule set’s fitness is related to the scheduling performance measure and is scaled. A crossover and three kinds of mutations together with a steady‐state replacement technique are designed to discover the (near) best rule set. The whole framework is designed to work in an automated way. A series of test results on a basic model show that the proposed system learns, adapts itself to the dominating dynamic patterns, and converges to the optimum solution.
Development of integrated design for disassembly and recycling in concurrent engineering
Authors: Chen Ke‐Zhang
Published: July 2002

The extremely high and ever‐increasing annual disposal rates of solid waste have caused a big problem for environmental protection in the world. Unlike the first environmental revolution in the 1970s, which was aimed at cleaning up hazardous waste from contaminated sites and natural resources, the second revolution is addressing waste reduction at the source. The solution of these problems cannot rely only on legislation and must be supported by effective methods. This goal can be achieved through the design of products that promote disassembly, reusing and recycling. In order to design environmentally friendly products in concurrent engineering, this paper applies axiomatic design to develop the integrated design guidelines with Axiom 1 (independence axiom) for generating acceptable designs and an evaluation score with Axiom 2 (information axiom) for determining better or the best design from the acceptable designs.
An audit tool for determining flexibility requirements in a manufacturing facility
Authors: Das Sanchoy K. , Patel Prashant
Published: July 2002

Two key questions in flexible manufacturing systems design are “Why and where is flexibility needed?” and “What type of flexibility is needed?” We present an auditing tool to support managers in their efforts to answer these questions. The objective of this audit is to estimate the needed flexibility by linking it to the uncertainty experienced in the company’s manufacturing operations. The premise of this approach is that the need for flexibility is triggered by some recurring operational change in the company’s environment. Introduces two distinct classes of flexibility‐related changes on the basis of their source: external and internal. The flexibility audit consists of a structured questionnaire that is designed to identify and prioritize the changes being experienced by the facility. Subsequently prioritizes and links the changes to different flexibility types. Reports the results of the audit in three easy to read tables. Expects the audit to be the first step in any flexible manufacturing design (FMD) effort. Presents a case study.
Client server‐based distributed architecture for concurrent design of DCS networks: a case study
Authors: Mahalik N.G.P.C. , Lee S.K.
Published: July 2002

Traditional network management tools (NMT) are centralised in nature, as a result of which they are not flexible enough when large control network (e.g. SCADA network) design is desired for. In this paper conventional NMTs have been segmented into components with unified and dedicated functions. Each component has been configured as a client with regard to a central database (i.e. server). The components co‐operate with other components. The work includes the design of flexible NMTs in terms of advanced software architecture for the management of control networks. Three software components (Installation, Configuration and Testing) based on CS architecture and object‐oriented philosophy have been developed. The components are realised with LON™ (Local Operating Network) platform; a proprietary fieldbus system from Echelon, Microsoft’s Visual Basic‐4 platform and Microsoft’s Windows98 operating system. LON Component Architecture Object Server (LCAOS) serves as the network kernel in this design. The configurable components can be used concurrently for the design of control networks.
QFD: an interactive algorithm for the prioritization of product’s technical design characteristics
Authors: Franceschini Fiorenzo , Rossetto Sergio
Published: July 2002

The paper is concerned with the problem of the “prioritization” of technical design characteristics of a product. An interactive algorithm has been developed with the aim to better support the engineering design process by means of quality function deployment (QFD). The algorithm tries to soften customer approach to QFD in those situations in which customers are not able to give a “significant” evaluation of the relative importance of their requirements. The method allows determining a ranking order of design characteristics without the artificial conversion of symbols contained in the relationship matrix, and without the use of explicit information concerning the relative degree of importance of customer requirements. A simple numerical application is also provided.