bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of salinity on vegetative growth and photosynthetic pigments of bitter almond rootstock
Authors: Badran Antar Mahmud , Savin Igor Yuryevich
Published: December 2019

Bitter almond rootstock is considered one of the most vital rootstocks for stone fruit species but it is classified as a plant sensitive to salinity. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of salt stress on vegetative growth and photosynthetic pigments of bitter almond rootstock as an attempt to sustain growth and increase its tolerance to high salt concentrations. However, the seeds were soaked in salt solution of NaCl as 1, 3, and 5 dsm-1 for 48 hours before stratification. After that, nuts were sown in perlite and treated with different saline solutions subsequently stratified at 6 ℃ for eight weeks. Sprouted seeds were cultivated in pots with a mixture of peat and perlite and treated only with the highest salt concentration 5 dsm-1. The treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Vegetative traits and photosynthetic pigments content were estimated. The results revealed that soaking and pre-treating seed of bitter almond rootstock by means of high salt concentration 5dsm-1 during the germination period and subsequently after planting produced stronger transplants that had hardening, adaptation and could avoid the hyperosmotic shock of salt stress after planting. It is obvious throughout; increment of stem diameter, plant height, total number of leaves\plant, fresh and dry weight of leaves, photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrate content of such transplants. While other coming seedlings from low salt concentrations were exposed to hyperosmotic shock and salt injury therefore inhibit growth rate of such plants, increased falling of leaves and finally reduced photosynthetic pigments content in the resulting seedlings.
Affect of growth regulators and irrigation on potato yield in unstable moistening regions
Authors: Zhevora Sergey Valentinovich
Published: December 2019

The article presents the results of studies (2014-2016) concerning the assessment of the use of growth regulators (Energia-M, Vigor Forte, Atonik Plus) in combination with irrigation in the field experiment during potato cultivation (Udacha variety). The study was conducted in the Ilek district of the Orenburg region, Krasnokholmskaya Agro-firm. The soil was residual meadow southern chernozem. According to the effectiveness of impact on potato yield in southern chernozem of the Orenburg region, the factors were as follows: irrigation provided yield increase from 40% (without fertilizers) to 65…66% (NPK + Regulators); mineral fertilizers provided yield increase from 41% (without irrigation) to 59% (with irrigation); growth regulators on optimal variants provided yield increase: Vigor Forte / Atonik (tubers + plants) - 12…13% for bogharic agriculture; 16…19% with irrigation to the corresponding mineral ground. The maximum yield of potatoes under irrigation was obtained on variants with 2-fold application of Atonic and Vigor Forte growth regulators (tubers + plants) - 44.2…44.5 t/ha, an increase to the mineral fertilizing (N100P120K100) - 17.9…18.6%. The optimum soil moisture was 70…75% FC in the irrigated area. This increased the payback of 1 kg NPK due to an increase in yield from 19.6 kg (mineral fertilizing, bogharic agriculture) to 55.6…67.2 kg of tubers (combination of NPK, irrigation and regulators). Water consumption decreased from 212 m3/t (mineral fertilizing) to 140…145 m3/t (combination of mineral fertilizers and plant growth regulators).
GGE biplot analysis of Line by tester for seed yield and its attributes in sunflower
Authors: Ahmed M A , Abdelsatar Mohamed Ali , Attia M A , Abeer A A
Published: December 2019

Nine genetically diverse sunflower promising lines in their economic trait were crossed using line by tester mating design in 2018 spring season, to estimate per se performance, combining ability, heterosis, gene action and heritability for earliness, yield and its attributes traits. The parents involved four sunflower CMS lines namely L1 (A3), L2 (A5), L3 (A9) and L4 (A13) (called hereafter “Lines” (as female parents) and five sunflower genotypes T1 (RF9), T2 (RF10), T3 (RF11), T4 (RF14) and T5 (RF1) as male parents (called hereafter “Tester”). In 2018 and 2019 summer season, the nine parents along with their 20 F1s seeds were evaluated at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Sohag Governorate, Egypt using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Mean squares due to parents (P), crosses (C), CMS lines (L), RF testers (T), P vs C and L x T were significant for all studied traits. A larger magnitude of non-additive gene action than additive was revealed by greater ratios (GCA/ SCA) than unity for all studied traits (except for days to 50% flowering). A5 and A13 of CMS lines and RF11 and RF14 of RF lines proved to be the best general combiners for seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes traits. Moreover, the best cross combinations A13 x RF11, A13 x RF1 and A5 x RF9 performed better than other developed hybrids in view of seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes, hence these F1 hybrids could further be used on commercial exploitation.
Quantitative determination of trypsin inhibitor as a breeding marker in maize varieties with different resistance to fungal diseases
Authors: Shekhvatova Galina Vladimirovna , Ashin Viktor Vasilievich , Sotchenko Elena Fedorovna
Published: December 2019

Determination of plant resistance to fungal pathogens is an important breeding component. Thus, the study of protein profiles from corn kernels (13 genotypes) revealed a constitutively pronounced 14 kDa protein, trypsin inhibitor (TI), which is present at a relatively high level of concentration in seven Aspergíllus flavus - resistant maize lines, but at low concentrations or is absent in six sensitive lines. The 14 kDa trypsin inhibitor (TI) also showed antifungal activity against other mycotoxicogenic species. In this regard, the task was to determine the content of TI in varieties of maize with known properties, resistance, or sensitivity to such fungal pathogens of maize as head smut, common smut, and Fusarium stalk rot. According to the data obtained, the content of TI varies in different varieties and can vary by 4 times. However, in disease-resistant varieties its content is increased, which may be the primary marker of resistance of the variety to fungal pathogens.
Вiotechnological approaches to reduce biogenic risks in crop production: potato case
Authors: Lenivko Svetlana Mikhailovna , Boyko Vladimir Ivanovich
Published: December 2019

The article presents an overview of the biogenic agro-ecological risks in crop production, to reduce which it is possible to use biotechnological approaches. Ways to reduce the negative impact of the two most common harmful objects, the сolorado potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) and phytophthoras ( Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary), which lead to significant losses of potato yield, are considered. It is shown that the currently used methods of plant cell engineering (somatic hybridization and microclonal reproduction) are environmentally sound biotechnological methods of controlling black eye rot potato. The need to develop genetically engineered methods is associated with an exacerbation of biogenic agroecological risks, the reduction of which is an important approach is a proactive introgressive breeding strategy based on cell engineering and molecular methods.
Food security and sustainable crops production with considering climate change in China
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Sun Wenli , Cheng Qi
Published: December 2019

Increase in the mean seasonal temperature can reduce the duration of many crops which may lead to final yield reduction. China needs to cope with the adverse effects of climate change by developing heat and drought resistant high yielding varieties and cultivars to ensure food security in China. Farmers should adapt to climate change strategies which integrate traditional experience and indigenous knowledge with scientific researches and government polices as key factors. Climate change will extend growing seasons for some crops and make shorter growing seasons for other crops in Northern part of China and will bring less reliable rains, soils that retain less water, the spread of dangerous pests and unwanted weeds. The catastrophic consequences of climate change can be avoided if all countries work and cooperate together towards significant reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.
Molecular identification of Ditylenchus destructor nematode with PCR Species-Specific primers in the Moscow region
Authors: Mahmoudi Niloufar , Naserzadeh Yousef , Pakina Elena N , Limantceva Liudmila A , Nejad Davoud Kartuli
Published: December 2019

Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most vital food and industrial crop and Ditylenchus destructor is an influential pathogenic potato nematode and is quarantine pest in many states and territories. As a result, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was optimized to identify Ditylenchus destructor reliably and rapidly. The species-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was used as the primer of the D. destructor ribosomal DNA gene. Some populations of this species from the Moscow region in the Russian Federation were investigated through species-specific primer PCR. New sequence from ITS-rRNA was deposited in the GenBank under accession number MN122076. The current molecular technique is more appropriate to distinguishing of nematode species, since it is practical, fast and precise.
Scientific support of production experiments in forest plantations of green zone in Nur-Sultan city
Authors: Kabanova Svetlana A , Kabanov Andrey N , Khasenov Ardak A , Danchenko Matvey A
Published: December 2019

Natural and climatic conditions of the green zone of Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan) are unfavorable for tree and shrub species due to low soil fertility, sharply continental climate and other factors. The purpose of the research was to choose an assortment of stable introducents for Nur-Sultan green zone. The monitoring of growth and condition of artificial plantations included the selection of an assortment of stable coniferous introducents. The objects of research were coniferous introducents, which were planted in 2011 as container annual seedlings and three-year-old seedlings with open root system. According to the results of observations of conservation, taxation indicators and condition of artificial plantations, it was revealed that for the soil and climatic conditions of the research region, Picea nigra and Picea sibirica turned out to be the most adapted. Quercus robur was also characterized by good growth, but in the first years after planting, it was significantly damaged by late spring frosts and rodent ingestion. Larix sibirica , despite the fact that most of its plants died in the first years after planting, has adapted to soil and climatic conditions now and grows well enough and has a satisfactory condition. The safety of introduced plants planted with annual seedlings with a closed and open root system was practically the same and at the age of 8 it was 62.6 and 64.9%, respectively. It was revealed that it is better to plant crops with older seedlings (3-4 years old), because cultivation of annual seedlings with closed root system requires large financial and labor investments due to prolonged manual care. Therefore, to create artificial plantations in the green zone of Nur-Sultan, Picea sibirica , Picea nigra and Quercus robur can be recommended. When growing them, it is necessary to carry out thorough agro-technical cares and protection from rodents.
Litter feed additive as source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria
Authors: Stepanova Anna M , Tarabukina Nadezhda P , Scryabina Marfa P , Neustroev Mikhail P , Parnikova Svetlana I
Published: December 2019

Feed additive was derived from poultry manure by microbiological synthesis. After a 10-day feeding poultry with probiotic strains of bacteria B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5, the litter does not contain potential enteropathogens and can be used as a raw material for feed additive. Based on the results of microbiological and biochemical studies the technology of feed additive (powder) with the use of extrusion was developed. Extrusion at a temperature of up to 120 °C for 5-6 seconds provides presence of beneficial bacteria and significantly high content of essential amino acids. According to the results of biochemical studies, litter feed additive contains 18 free amino acids. The total concentration of free amino acids in the feed additive (powder) is 406.3 mg/kg, which is 1.7 times higher than that in the litter without fermentation and extrusion. The experiments have shown that inclusion of 3.3% feed additive in the diet does not have negative effect on physiological state, viability and productivity of laying hens. Survival of birds in both groups was 100%. Additive application in the experimental group of chickens revealed absence of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms and microscopic fungi, presence of bifidobacteria and spore-forming aerobic Bacillus bacteria in powder, as well as predominance of beneficial micro flora and lack of potential enteropathogens (compared to control). It allows to conclude that feed additive obtained by microbiological synthesis from bird droppings possess probiotic properties. The results of biochemical study of egg production indicate that the use of food additives (to 3.3% of the basic diet) for laying hens significantly increases content of major micro and macro-elements in eggs, compared to the control. Therefore, the use of feed additive-powder (up to 3.3% of the basic diet) does not reduce egg quality. Thus, based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that the litter obtained from laying hens, after application of probiotic ‘Nord-Bakt’, further fermentation with strains Bacillus subtilis TNP-3 and Bacillus subtilis TNP-5, followed by extrusion can be used as a feed additive as a source of amino acids and beneficial bacteria.
Veterinary-sanitary inspection of cattle meat affected with benign tumor
Authors: Seregin Ivan G , Baranovich Evgeniya S , Nikitchenko Vladimir E , Nikitchenko Dmitry V , Rystsova Ekaterina O
Published: December 2019

The rate of benign tumor detection in slaughtered cattle was studied. Tumor pathology was detected on average in 0.04% of the studied livestock. Manifestations of various new growths in this animal species have specific features. Tumors are detected 2-3 times more often in cows and bulls than in young animals. The veterinary and sanitary characteristics of cattle meat affected with benign tumors were compared with those of animal meat without tumors. Affected meat had deviations in physical properties, chemical composition of meat affected with tumors, content of primary protein breakdown products, volatile fatty acids (+0.05 mg/KOH) and amino-ammonium nitrogen (+0.54 mg/%) compared with meat of healthy cattle. It was revealed that the samples of meat affected with tumors were highly contaminated with microorganisms (0.28…0.80×102), including coliforms and St. aureus . Pathogenic bacteria of the genera Salmonella , L. monocytogenes , Cl. perfringens etc. were not detected in the test samples. In meat affected with tumors, relative bioavailability decreased by 4.99…13.87% and safety - by 5.89…13.89% as compared to meat of healthy cattle. Based on the data obtained, proposals were developed on the most rational and safe use of meat from animals affected by benign tumors for food and feed.
Statistical analysis of current development of agriculture in Russian regions
Authors: Ivanov Nikolai I , Shevchenko Tatiana V , Gorbunov Vladimir S
Published: December 2019

Regional social and economic development is characterized by presence of wide imbalances in structure of industry specialization, which are largely due to spatial development of individual territories. As part of a statistical study of agro-industrial complex development in regions of Russia, uneven agricultural development of certain territories, their involvement, as well as degree of participation in single national economic complex of the country are reflected. At the level of statistical significance, two of the region’s most important in terms of accumulated agro-industrial potential are identified - Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. Based on the account of a wide range of socio-economic indicators, the subjects of the Russian Federation were ranked by integral indicator of development of agricultural sector and by urbanization level. The regions dominating for certain types of agricultural indicators were identified and their general dynamics over a long period of statistical observations were reflected. In the process of the research, a general conclusion is made step by step about development opportunities of agro-industrial complex in the regions in strategy for sustainable development of rural territories not only at the territorial level, but, more significantly, at the federal and local levels. In order to develop rural territories, among other things, it is necessary to create imperative social conditions that will preserve existing national economic potential and ensure fulfillment of not only production, but also demographic, cultural, historical and laborfunction in the village.
Text Creolization as the Way to Change the Text Perception
Authors: Vashunina Irina V. , Nistratov Alexander A. , Tarasov Evgeny F.
Published: December 2019

The article presents the findings of the psycholinguistic experiments based on the semantic differential technique. The experiments’ objective was to identify the effect of illustration on a verbal text perception. We compared the respondents’ assessment of verbal texts and illustrated texts (with illustrations in major and minor color schemes). The data analysis reveals seven factors: Assessment , Naturalness , Strength , Imagery , Romanticism , Dynamism , Commonality . We identified the illustrations parameters affecting the assessment of creolized texts: adding any illustration, the illustration color scheme matching the verbal text content, the color scheme naturalness, the illustration color scheme matching the text emotional and semantic dominant, the use of minor color scheme. The most pragmatic potential was identified in the parameter “(non)matching the color scheme with the semantic dominant of the text” (it is important for the assessment of five out of seven factors). We found that both conformity ( Strength factor assessment) and inconsistency (for Dynamism , Imagery , Romance , Evaluation factors assessment) can be significant. The text creolization increases its Imagery and changes Romanticism factors. The color scheme matching the image content increases the text Naturalness assessment, and an unnatural color scheme decreases it. There was a decrease in Assessment if a minor color scheme was used.
Correlation between Understanding of Lexical Units and Mental Images Represented by Them (Theoretical-Experimental Research)
Authors: Matveev Mikhail O.
Published: December 2019

This theoretical and experimental research paper focuses on the effect of both perception and memory images on word meaning of the image-verbalizing lexical unit. The research is aimed at solving the problem of speech act processing. Using such notions as perception, memory and representation images pave the way for better understanding of the non-verbal basis of thinking during analysis of thought verbalization, thus, setting the problem of dependence of understanding the same lexical unit that exteriorizes different mental images. To prove the hypothesis that there is a link between understanding and mental images verbalized by the same lexical unit, the authors conducted an experiment. Such a verification can be performed only using psychosemantic methods. Psychosemantic methods provide the researcher with the material for analysis of everyday consciousness, thus shedding light on the in-depth evaluation criteria of the objects in question. The basis for effective use of experimental psychosemantic methods was laid by a simple mathematical model of an individual consciousness called semantic space. The overall conclusion of this research is the following: characteristics of mental images lexical unit depend on the following factors: the type of the text, the type of formed mental images and also on the type of graphic images provided to respondents.
Discourse Marker well and Functional Approach to its Translation into Russian in Film Subtitling and Dubbing
Authors: Bliudneva Aleksandra A.
Published: December 2019

The article is concerned with pragmatic functions of the discourse marker well in film dialogues and the means of its functional translation into Russian in subtitles and dubbing. A number of linguistic and extralinguistic parameters are used for a thorough contextual analysis of each occurrence of well in 11 feature films made between 1997 and 2017. The analysis results in identifying the following textual: floor-gaining, arranging topic shifts, indicating dialogue frames, contraposition, justification, clarification, repair and quotation - and interpersonal functions of well: prompting, hesitation, evasion, emphasis and humility. The article continues with a qualitative and quantitative account of translation decisions for the discourse marker well in subtitles and dubbing. For every textual and interpersonal function of well, we establish functional equivalents and assess the proportion of marker omission and the proportion of functional losses. Finally, the subtitled and dubbed versions are compared in terms of the proportion of marker omission and the proportion of functional losses. The conclusion is drawn on the apparent correlation between the degree of functional equivalence achieved in translation of well, on the one hand, and technical and textual constraints of both subtitling and dubbing, on the other.
Poetry of A. Bakkuev: the Evolution of Creative Consciousness
Authors: Kerimova Rauzat A.
Published: December 2019

This paper first discusses the poetry of Artur Bakkuev. A.I.Bakkuev is one of the modern Balkar writers, whose poetry develops along the lines of the Karachay-Balkarian classical tradition. The genre originality in his literary laboratory is represented by philosophical, religious, civil, landscape, love lyrics. As part of the study, an analysis of his creative path is carried out: from the inception of the activity to the professional “maturity”. The author also examines the problem of the evolution of the writer’s self-consciousness formed in the context of historical and cultural processes at the junction of the XX-XXI centuries. The purpose of this work is to identify the individuality and the definition of poetic and stylistic features that characterize the artist’s originality in contemporary realities. The author reveals the transformation of the genre-style system, as well as the changes that have occurred in the semantics of the poetic text in the context of the evolution of creative consciousness. Comparative, descriptive and textual methods of analysis were used in the work.
Yone Noguchi’s Impersonation in “The American Diary of a Japanese Girl”
Authors: Wong Elaine
Published: December 2019

The first Japanese person known to write and publish an American novel, Yone Noguchi disguises as a Japanese female diarist to counter the orientalist representations of Japanese cultural and feminine images in early twentieth-century United States. His impersonation in “The American Diary of a Japanese Girl”, however, results in a conflicting androgynous voice in which the male competes with the female, as well as in a number of contradictions that compromise characterization and plot development. Situating Noguchi in cultural and historical contexts, this essay examines his identity and reception as a translingual writer of English, and the contradictions found in the novel.
Frontierwhorlroamer: Eugene Jolas’s Cosmopoetics
Authors: Spyra Ania
Published: December 2019

It is essentially the story of a Man from Babel who seeks, through linguistic, psychological and philosophical struggles, an occidental unity within himself and the world around him; who believes finally that the Occident is One, and that the Columbian reality represents the hope for a new dynamic synthesis of races and languages. Eugene Jolas, Synopsis for an Autobiography [1] The article analyzes Eugene Jolas’ two multilingual poems “Frontier-Poem” (1935) and “America Mystica” (1937) in the transnational context of European Union and hemispheric conceptualizations of the Americas to show how Jolas worked towards a new paradigm and terminology to name the transnational identities created through mass migrations and unstable boundaries of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. With poetic sensibility forged at the confluence of the utilitarian jargon of journalism and the irrepressible plurality of the collective unconscious, Jolas’s cosmopoetics offered the universal language of Atlantica, which, paradoxically, was to be both all-inclusive (consisting of essences of all idioms in the world) and universally spoken. Only such a language promised literary expression for the “frontierwhorlroamer”, whose poetics grew out of linguistic mixtures of transcontinental wandering.
Nationalism and Monolingualism: the “Language Wars” and the Resurgence of Israeli Multilingualism
Authors: Weininger Melissa
Published: December 2019

With the establishment of a Jewish settlement in Palestine in the early 20th century, and a Hebrew culture with it, furious debates arose among Jewish writers about the future of Jewish literary multilingualism. Until this period, the idea that Jewish monolingualism was a preferred mode of cultural existence or that a writer would have to choose between the two primary languages of European Jewish cultural production was a relatively new one. Polylingualism had been characteristic of Jewish culture and literary production for millennia. But in modernity, Jewish nationalist movements, particularly Zionism, demanded a monolingual Jewish culture united around one language. Nonetheless, polylingual Jewish culture has persisted, and despite the state of Israel’s insistence on Hebrew as the national language, Israeli multilingualism has surged in recent years. This article surveys a number of recent developments in translingual, transcultural, and transnational Israeli literary and cultural forms
Reading Translingual Literary Text in Polycultural Audience
Authors: Kulieva Sheker A.
Published: December 2019

This article offers a technique for working with translingual literature in a multilingual audience. The object of analysis - Russophon text - is considered as a meeting place for languages and cultures, the elements of which can be explicated in the presence of the necessary background knowledge. The author cites as an example a joint reading with the students of the novel cycle of the famous Kazakhstan writer A. Zhaksylykov - a multi-level artistic whole that can be deciphered adequately only within the framework of the translingual approach. The purpose of the article is to help specialists choose a methodology for interpreting the text in which the analysis could become productive.
Understandings of Impoliteness in the Greek Context
Authors: Tzanne Angeliki , Sifianou Maria
Published: December 2019

Interest in non-academic ways of understanding of im/politeness has so far been evident primarily in analyses of the sequential development of real-life interactions. However, understandings of im/politeness can be found in other sources such as related articles in on-line newspapers and their ensuing comments. The main aim of this paper is to contribute to this rather neglected area in im/politeness research, thus placing emphasis on the underexplored societal rather than individual level of im/politeness. The data to be investigated comes from two on-line articles and the comments they received. The articles appeared in a popular Greek free press on-line newspaper, LIFO, in 2014 and 2017 and were written by the same journalist. Both articles and ensuing comments express lay understandings of impoliteness and are discussed in the paper in terms of van Dijk’s (1998, 2006a, b) ideological discourse analysis and ‘ideological square’ that revolves around positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation. In exploring understandings of impoliteness in this context, we identified two emerging social identities, those of ‘polite’ and ‘impolite citizen’, dynamically co-constructed as binary opposites by the journalist and posters involved. Despite the fact that on-line newspaper articles and their accompanying comments reflect stereotypical thinking, they also depict pervasive views and are worth exploring because they concern the societal level of im/politeness.
Divine impoliteness: How Arabs negotiate Islamic moral order on Twitter
Authors: Zidjaly Najma Al
Published: December 2019

In this paper, I examine impoliteness-oriented discourse on Arabic Twitter as a resource for the negotiation of Islamic moral order. I do so by highlighting the responses Arabs post in reaction to a tweet which attacks Islamic cultural face. As the triggering act poses an indirect request to change an authoritative Islamic practice deemed immoral by the instigator of the tweet, sundry responses were generated to repair the damaged collective face through keeping intact or arguing against the questionable moral order. The main strategy I identify as a response to the professed face-attack is divine (im)politeness, intertextually referencing religious texts in favor of (or against) the existing (im)moral order. The rites of moral aggression also draw upon questions, provocation, personal attacks and projection of Islamic behavior onto unaddressed third parties (e.g., Christians and Hindus). The findings capture one moment of a historic shift in Islamic moral order and the role that impoliteness plays in digital Arabic contexts.
Introduction to Politeness and Impoliteness Research in Global Contexts
Authors: Locher Miriam A , Larina Tatiana V
Published: December 2019

Im/politeness research has been a solid and growing research field in sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis during the last four decades. The scientific interest in this topic is not accidental and may be explained by the general pragmatic turn of modern interdisciplinary linguistic studies which are not focused on language as an abstract system, but on its functioning in various contexts and types of interaction. Knowledge of the strategies and politeness mechanisms used in various social and cultural contexts promotes mutual understanding in communication. In this introduction to the special issue on im/politeness in global contexts we will briefly position the topic of im/politeness research, and highlight advancements in im/politeness theory, method and data. We then turn to a brief synopsis of each individual paper and highlight the theoretical and methodological contributions and innovations proposed by our authors. We end with a discussion of the results and a brief outlook on future research.
Indexical and Sequential Properties of Criticisms in Initial Interactions: Implications for Examining (Im) Politeness across Cultures
Authors: Haugh Michael , Chang Wei-Lin Melody
Published: December 2019

Cross-cultural studies of (im)politeness have tended to focus on identifying differences in linguistic behaviour by which speech acts are delivered, which are then explained as motivated by underlying cultural differences. In this paper, we argue that this approach unnecessarily backgrounds emic or cultural members’ understandings of (im)politeness. Through a comparative analysis of criticisms in initial interactions amongst Taiwanese speakers of Mandarin Chinese and amongst Australian speakers of English, we draw attention to the way in which similarities in the locally situated ways in which criticisms are delivered and responded to (i.e. their sequential properties) can mask differences in the culturally relevant meanings of criticisms (i.e. their indexical properties) in the respective languages. We conclude that cross-cultural studies of (im)politeness should not only focus on differences in the forms or strategies by which speech acts are accomplished, but remain alert to the possibility that what is ostensibly the same speech act, may in fact be interpreted in different ways by members of different cultural groups.
Indirectness in the Age of Globalization: A Social Network Analysis
Authors: Terkourafi Marina
Published: December 2019

Indirectness has traditionally been viewed as commensurate with politeness and attributed to the speaker’s wish to avoid imposition and/or otherwise strategically manipulate the addressee. Despite these theoretical predictions, a number of studies have documented the solidarity-building and identity-constituting functions of indirectness. Bringing these studies together, Terkourafi 2014 proposed an expanded view of the functions of indirect speech, which crucially emphasizes the role of the addressee and the importance of network ties. This article focuses on what happens when such network ties become loosened, as a result of processes of urbanization and globalization. Drawing on examples from African American English and Chinese, it is argued that these processes produce a need for increased explicitness, which drives speakers (and listeners) away from indirectness. This claim is further supported diachronically, by changes in British English politeness that coincide with the rise of the individual Self. These empirical findings have implications for im/politeness theorizing and theory-building more generally, calling attention to how the socio-historical context of our research necessarily influences the theories we end up building.
Politeness Pressure on Grammar: The Case of First and Second Person Pronouns and Address Terms in Korean
Authors: Rhee Seongha
Published: December 2019

Grammar is constantly emergent as an aggregate whole of discourse tendencies that are present in language use between interlocutors, hence the notion ‘emergent grammar’ (Hopper 1987). These tendencies are formed by diverse discursive needs, including the need to signal politeness, which is assumed to be universal (Brown and Levinson 1987). This need is particularly important in Korean, in which politeness is highly grammaticalized, i.e., the politeness marking is not only a pragmatic but grammatical issue. The two areas where the speaker’s decision is most clearly visible are the choice of sentence-enders, modulated up to six levels, and the choice of personal reference, e.g., pronouns and address terms. This study is a diachronic investigation of the personal reference system in Korean, exploring the effect of pressure of politeness. Despite the high level of grammaticalization of politeness marking, the personal reference system is a highly unstable paradigm, i.e., it has not undergone a high level of ‘paradigmaticization’ (Lehmann 1995 [1982]). Since personal reference terms are highly variable, the speakers often avoid using them for fear of the addressee perceiving that the choice is of insufficient honorification or that the very act of using reference terms is impolite when they could be omitted. Furthermore, personal reference terms with the [+Honorific] feature constantly deteriorate through frequent use. Therefore, a look into Korean reference terms shows that [+Honorific] terms are constantly innovated to upgrade the diminishing honorification effect and the first-person reference terms are constantly innovated to strengthen the [+Humiliative] meaning.
“Pedagogical” Agression in Russian Everyday Communication
Authors: Bragina Natalia Georgievna , Sharonov Igor Alekseevich
Published: December 2019

The article is devoted to speakers’ responses to inappropriate communicative behavior in Russian everyday communication. The analytic part of the article presents a short review of both classical and modern works on (im)politeness theories, which show that communicative strategies in response to the wrong communicative behavior in a particular context have not been investigated and described sufficiently in modern Politeness theories, investigating face-aggravating communication. The aim of this work is to describe a strategy that we define as “pedagogical aggression”, which manifests itself in a variation of impolite answers whose purpose is to “punish” the interlocutor for a communicative error. This strategy is in contrast to what we call “empathy” strategy since - instead of trying to neutralize the interlocutor’s error - “pedagogical aggression” emphasizes it by “teaching” the addressee to be more considerate in adhering to norms. The material for the research was collected in the Russian National Corpus and analysed by drawing on discourse analysis, pragmatics and (im)politeness theories. The study showed that “pedagogical aggression” is realized in three face-aggravating communicative tactics: (1) a pseudo-question (rhetorical question or a question to the assumptions of an interlocutor), 2) mocking citations from interlocutor’s speech, 3) rhymed pseudo-answers. The last tactic was given special attention in the study. We grouped the pseudo-answers in four types corresponding to typical discourse situation. This tactic is based on an unspoken rule, according to which it is permissible to point out in a playful way a communicative error made by the interlocutor. In response to an inappropriate question with this or that interrogative pronoun (where, who, why, etc.), the speaker can allow himself or herself to “punish” the interlocutor with a pseudo-answer, so that he or she will be more careful, more attentive and will not repeat such mistakes. The considered tactic of rhymed pseudo-response is rooted in language with the help of formulaic phrases. The research contributes to (im)politeness theory and the study of communicative interaction.
É possível falar de uma estética platônica?
Authors: Buarque Luisa
Published: January 2020

Considerando o termo ‘estética’ no sentido moderno de estudo filosófico do belo e da criação artística, pretendemos investigar em que medida é possível dar uma resposta positiva e em que medida é possível dar uma resposta negativa à questão acima. Ainda que a estética tenha nascido apenas no século XVIII, muitos enxergam em Platão – sobretudo nas discussões travadas na República acerca da pintura, da poesia e da mímesis em geral, assim como do seu papel na cidade ideal – um possível germe do que mais tarde viria a se tornar “estética”. Gostaríamos aqui de mostrar que, nas colocações sobre a mímesis encontradas na República, se há alguma estética, ela está muito mais a serviço das intenções pedagógicas do diálogo como um todo; submete-se, portanto, ao objetivo educativo de formação moral dos jovens. Há, entretanto, a nosso ver, no esquema genealógico do Timeu e na noção platônica do demiurgo, fortes traços de uma estética muito peculiar, que coloca a criação artística como modelo e fundamento da geração do cosmos, de modo que, ainda que não analise explicitamente a produção artística, ela revela muito de sua essência e é capaz de fundamentar boa parte do que se viria a desenvolver posteriormente sob o título de “estética”.
Sobre a estética de Aristóteles
Authors: Santoro Fernando
Published: January 2020

A reflexão de Aristóteles sobre as artes poéticas e musicais, concentrada nas suas Poética e Política, segue uma reflexão sobre o sentido ético e pedagógico proveniente das discussões platônicas, sobretudo na República. Neste sentido, Aristóteles analisa os aspectos noéticos do mito, estéticos do prazer e patéticos das emoções. Mas, contrariamente ao Sócrates da República que expulsa os poetas (sobretudo o cômico e o trágico) da cidade justa, Aristóteles elogia o valor ético da obra artística, pois o mito da poesia aproxima-se da verdade pela verossimilhança, o prazer favorece a educação e as emoções purificam a alma.
The younger
generation's magazines in the eyes of the communist ideologues
Authors: Gabrič Aleš
Published: January 2020

The contribution analyses the increasing criticism, voiced by the younger generation of Slovenian intellectuals from the first post-war years until the end of the 1950s. The critical attitude towards the pressing social issues started developing in the beginning of the 1950s, as Mladinska revija – the first post-war literary magazine, published between 1946 and 1951 – was still subject to thorough scrutiny by the authorities. In the period of its successor – the Beseda magazine between 1951 and 1957 – certain more radical debates or critiques of the existing situation were already published. This publication stopped coming out in 1957. However, contrary to what the authorities had expected, a similar circle of the associates of this magazine's successor, the Revija 57 magazine (published in 1957 and 1958), was even more critical of the situation in the state. This contribution thus follows two parallel processes: on the one hand the increasingly critical attitude of the younger-generation intellectuals towards the authorities; and on the other hand the mounting pressure that the authorities exerted against magazines that published critical texts. At first the publications were merely the focus of political disapproval, followed by the abolishment of subsidies and thus consequently the cancellation of the magazines; while towards the end of the 1950s we can already come across a judicial process against an author of socially-critical articles. The leading politicians at the end of the period under consideration already saw the younger generation of intellectuals as the (cultural) opposition.
The language tribunal debate in 1982
Authors: Zajc Marko
Published: January 2020

The article deals with a public debate on the institute of Jezikovno razsodišče (Linguistic Tribunal) after the Cankarjev dom incident that occurred on 22 March 1982. The first public pan-Yugoslavian debate about the nature of the Slovenian nationalism in 1980s merged the problem with the use of the Slovenian language and that of the position of immigrants who had come to the Socialist Republic of Slovenia from other Yugoslavian republics into a dangerous blend of linguistic, cultural, economic and political disagreement.
Expropriation of feudal property in the interwar period
Authors: Huzjan Vladimir
Published: January 2020

Prior to the agricultural reform, the free and royal town of Varaždin owned 1.228 jutros of arable land. The agricultural reform divided 1.038 jutros, the army claimed 100 jutros for its needs, whereas only 90 jutros were left under the ownership of the Town. Previous to the agricultural reform, in the war year of 1917, money received from the lease of the land made up more than 5 percent of the town income. However, having entered the new state union and due to the introduction of the agricultural reform as well as new and higher taxes in 1923, the land lease revenue made up barely 0,2 percent of the town budget. A buyer could enter expropriated land of the Town of Varaždin into the land register only when reimbursement had been payed off, and he also had to build a house there within the next three years. Farmers obtained the land on a temporary one-year lease. Having taken everything into consideration, the agricultural reform failed to increase prosperity, on the contrary, it brought along direct financial losses for the Town of Varaždin. Namely, in March 1939, during a Municipal Council sitting members commented that the Town of Varaždin ceased to be the administration centre of the northern Croatia due to the loss of financial directive and county jurisdiction, whereas it also lost significant financial income due to the seizure of large amounts of land for the agricultural reform. For the purpose of illustration, it would be interesting to see where the properties owned by the Town of Varaždin were located; however, due to the large number of cadastral parcels, its drawing is beyond the scope of this paper.
Regarding the seniorate possession of the Stari grad, Rudolf II Habsburg gave it to count Toma Erdödy and his heirs who managed the property up to the first half of the 20th century. As opposed to the property belonging to the Town of Varaždin, in this case, the number of cadastral parcels is smaller and therefore it was be possible to make an illustration depicting the surface it occupied in the area of the Town of Varaždin. The seniorate possession belonging to the counts of Erdödy was smaller than the then Town of Varaždin and consisted of 1.091 jutros of land. After the agrarian reform had been conducted, 825 cadastral jutros remained. Moreover, the process caused conflicts within the Erdödy family and short time after they vanished from Varaždin.
Ethics of work and discipline in transition
Authors: Petrungaro Stefano
Published: January 2020

The article examines the development of the work discipline and the ethics of work in the shipyard Uljanik in Pula considering the period from the 1980s up to now. Combining oral sources, archival documents, and factory’s magazines, one first conclusion is that in the framework of the self-management system labour discipline was certainly not severe, but neither absent. It was rather in the first half of the 1990s that work discipline vanished, before to be reinstated, in quite new forms, from the second half of the 1990s onwards. Secondly, the article shows how the workers-managers relations worsened in the post-socialist years. This caused a profound emotional detachment by the workers from their work and the factory. In the absence of the older ethics of work, and of a mutual respect between workers and managers (both directors and foremen), what seems to have remained for managing work and the workers is only contemporary labour discipline.
INCREASED CAPACITY OF YOUTH THROUGH COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN THE VILLAGE OF BANDUNG REGENCY WARNASARI PANGALENGAN
Authors: Komala Elly , Susila Tresnawati Yanti , Mardiani Winne , Rabathy Qisthy
Published: December 2019

One of the large and important sector contribution in realizing the goals of national economic development is Youth. Youth have the ability to participate spur national economic growth. The development of small and medium enterprise sector that is managed by the Youth, especially in the village of Warnasari Pangalengan Bandung regency, West Java province. Warnasari village is actually located on a strategic area adjacent to the tourist potential Cileunca. Mountain air and natural beauty which is owned Warnasari, contributed to the development of the tourism sector. It can make Pangalengan Warnasari area as a tourism area.One community empowerment is very important to do in the village Warnasari is to prepare everything, both human resources and infrastructure to manage the natural resources that exist in order to boost the tourism potential there. Communication skills are also needed in relation -menjalin business development, marketing, promotion, etc. - also in the development and empowerment of self - personal branding / self empowering. Target outcomes of the implementation of this program is the creation of skills in verbal communication and non-verbal in both partners, The method used in the implementation of this program, covering namely; training and simulation. In addition to setting method, the team also determined the procedure, step - step. executive team is an expert in the field of environment Pasundan University Bandung, which is experienced in implementing development programs, especially in the field of communications. The most important thing in communication skills is understanding how to communicate in interaction, in this case the communication skills verbal and non-verbal is essential. Communication skills training people to participate actively in the interaction around it's precisely accurate. And indirectly Communication skills have become the main weapon which is powerful for people to be able to develop the tourism potential in the village Warnasari.