bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nature And Purpose Of The Treatise
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The year was 1794. The renowned orientalist William Jones published his English translation of the MDh and made the Dharmasiistra tradition of India known to the rest of the world for the first time. This translation was not spurred simply by scholarly interest; it had also a practical purpose. In 1772 Warren Hastings, the British Governor General, had proposed a plan for the administration of justice in which the Hindu law based on Dharmasiistra was to play a key role. British judges needed access to the original legal texts of India to implement the British policy of “administering native law to the natives” (Rocher 1969). So was born what Lariviere (1989) has called a “well-intentioned misunderstanding.” What is the relationship between the provisions of the Dharmasiistras, such as the MDh, and real law administered by courts in India down the centuries? Lariviere (1997b, 98) presents three positions held by scholars since the time of Hastings: a) the Dharmasiistras are concerned with real law, b) they are merely pious wishes with no political sanction, and c) they are purely panditic commentaries with no relation to custom. Beyond the administration of law, the issues also relate to the link between Dharmasiistra and the social life in India through the centuries.
Chapter Four
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

After spending the first quarter of his life at his teacher’s, a twice-born man should marry a wife and spend the second quarter of his life at home. Except during a time of adversity, a Brahmin ought to sustain himself by following a livelihood that causes little or no harm* to creatures. 3He should gather wealth just sufficient for his subsistence through irreproachable activities that are specific to him, without fatiguing his body. Let him sustain himself by means of “true” and “immortal,” or by means of “mortal” and “fatal,” or even by means of “truth-cum-falsehood”; but under no circumstances by means of the “dog’s life.” Gleaning and picking should be considered the “true”; what is received unasked is the “immortal”; almsfood that is begged is the “mortal”; and agriculture, tradition says, is the “fatal.” 6Trade is the “truth-cum-falsehood,” and he may sustain himself even by that. Service is called the “dog’s life”; therefore, he should avoid it altogether.
Abdominal and Thoracic Injuries
Authors: Wells Kathryn M
Published: November 2023

Injuries to thoracic (chest) and abdominal organs due to child abuse are frequently underreported. However, it is known that chest and abdominal wounds that result from child abuse are the most lethal and children with these injuries often die before detection and treatment (Ludwig, 2001). Trauma to the thoracic area is less common than trauma to the abdominal organs. Although it is estimated that less than 1% of child abuse cases involve visceral injuries, when present, they have a 50% mortality rate (Cooper et al., 1988). Therefore, any child who is suspected to have sustained internal injury should immediately be taken for emergency treatment. These injuries require a high index of suspicion for detection. The high mortality rate with these injuries relates to the severity and nature of the injuries often sustained and the organs affected (they often bleed rapidly), delay in medical care, delay in the correct diagnosis because of incomplete or absent history for the injury, and the young and noncommunicative nature of the victim. Additionally, these injuries are further complicated by the following features: children who suffer these injuries rarely anticipate the blow and are therefore unable to protect themselves from it; the force covers a larger percentage of body area because of the child’s small size; symptoms may not be immediately present; there is usually a lack of a single imaging study or laboratory test for diagnosis; and there is often a delay in recognition of these injuries in children who present with other forms of abuse such as head injuries or multiple fractures.
Pediatric Condition Falsification
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

Pediatric condition falsification (PCF), more commonly known as Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy, is an abusive parenting disorder that has been identified by both medical and nonmedical professionals. The syndrome derives its original name from the eighteenth-century author Baron Karl Frederick von Munchausen, who wrote a book of wild, exaggerated tales of his life’s adventures. In 1951, the term “Munchausen’s syndrome” was used to describe adults who produced false medical histories and fabricated physical symptoms and laboratory findings, causing themselves needless medical tests and evaluations, sometimes even surgery. l Consequently, in 1977, Dr. Roy Meadow created the term “Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy” to describe a form of child abuse in which the parent or caregiver relates fictitious illnesses in a child by either inducing or fabricating signs or symptoms of the illnesses. As a result, the child is subjected to extensive medical tests and hospitalizations.
Violence in the Home
Authors: Wells Kathryn M , Brittain Charmaine R
Published: November 2023

Understanding and responding to child maltreatment requires an apprciation of the impact of family dynamics. Along with other factors, the presence of family violence in the home must be assessed for and addressed carefully and thoroughly to increase the children’s safety. Family violence—which may also be called domestic violence, intimate partner violence, spouse abuse, battering, or partner violence—is generally defined as the intentional infliction of harm or injury by one intimate partner to another (National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, 1998). Multiple studies have shown that severe physical violence against intimate partners is often accompanied by other forms of maltreatment (Graham-Bermann, 1998; Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy, & Sugarman, 1995; Tolman, 1989), so the definition of domestic violence should be expanded to include forms of emotional maltreatment and verbal and sexual abuse (Koss et al., 1994). Domestic violence usually continues over a long period of time and may become more frequent and severe over time. Anyone—regardless of age, gender, race, ethnicity, economic status, education, or religion—can be a victim of domestic violence. Most victims are females, but males can be abused by females, and a person can be abused by someone of the same gender. Women are more likely to be seriously injured by their partners than men. Intimate partner violence is associated with both short- and long-term problems, including physical injury and illness, psychological symptoms, economic costs, and death (National Research Council, 1996).
The Importance of the Tree of Life to Society
Authors: Yates Terry L , Salazar-Bravo Jorge , Dragoo Jerry W
Published: November 2023

Despite Darwin’s vision of the existence of a universal Tree of Life, assembly of the tree with a high degree of accuracy has proven challenging to say the least. Generations of systematists have worked on the problem and debated (or fought) about how to best approach a solution, or questioned if a solution was even possible. Much of the rest of the biological sciences and medicine either simply accepted decisions of systematists without question or discounted them entirely as lacking rigor and accuracy. Attempts at solving the problem met with only limited success and were generally limited to similarity comparisons of various kinds until the convergence of three important developments: (1) conceptual and methodological underpinnings of phylogenetic systematics, (2) development of genomics, and (3) rapid advances in information technology. Convergence of these three areas makes construction of a robust tree representing genealogical relationships of all known species possible for the first time. This, coupled with the fact that the current lack of a universal tree is severely hampering progress in many areas of science and limiting the ability of society to address many important problems and to capitalize on a host of opportunities, demands that we undertake this important project now and with conviction.
Algal Evolution and the Early Radiation of Green Plants
Authors: Delwiche Charles F , Andersen Robert A , Bhattacharya Debashish , Mishler Brent D , McCourt Richard M
Published: November 2023

Eukaryotes perform photosynthesis thanks to a specialized organelle that is derived from once free-living cyanobacteria (i.e., blue-green algae). In land plants and green algae this organelle is called the “chloroplast” in reference to its green pigmentation, and by analogy the photosynthetic organelles of groups with other pigmentation patterns have been called “rhodoplasts” (red algae), “chromoplasts” (brown algae), and so forth. This terminology is confused by the fact that the chloroplasts of land plants exist in a number of developmental forms that have sometimes been given names redundant with those of the different algal lineages (e.g., “chromoplast” for the carotenoid-rich form that gives color to some ripe fruit). For simplicity, and because these organelles seem to share a common ancestry (Delwiche et al. 1995), we use the term “plastid” to refer to all such organelles. The hallmark of the plastid is its reduced genome and concomitant complete dependence upon the nuclear genome of the host cell. Like mitochondria, the other clearly endosymbiotic organelle, plastids have genomes that are greatly reduced in size and complexity from those of their free-living cyanobacterial relatives (Glöckner et al. 2000).
From Bilateral Symmetry to Pentaradiality: The Phylogeny of Hemichordates and Echinoderms
Authors: Smith Andrew B , Peterson Kevin J , Wray Gregory , Littlewood D T J
Published: November 2023

Nested within the clade of bilaterally symmetrical animals, variously called the triploblasts or the bilaterians, lies a most unusual group. Although most bilaterians have a bilaterally symmetric body plan, with a clear anterior–posterior axis and in most cases a differentiated head region, the echinoderm adult is constructed on a pentaradiate plan and lacks an obvious anterior–posterior axis (e.g., figs. 22.1, 22.6, and 22.8). Yet echinoderms clearly start out life as bilateral organisms, and their peculiar body plan is a secondary modification that arises during the metamorphosis that transforms them from larva to adult. It is because echinoderms are so very different in appearance from their closest relatives, the hemichordates, that they provide a fascinating and important group for evolutionary and developmental studies. Based on their pattern of development, both echinoderms and their bilateral relatives the hemichordates clearly fall among the deuterostomes. Until comparatively recently, five major groups (Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Lophophorata, and Chaetognatha) were considered to be deuterostomes. However, molecular evidence now overwhelmingly suggests that only the echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates belong together (Adoutte et al. 2000, Cameron et al. 2000, Giribet et al. 2000, Peterson and Eernisse 2001, Winchell et al. 2002).
Chordate Phylogeny and Development
Authors: Rowe Timothy
Published: November 2023

Chordata, our own lineage (fig. 23.1), belongs to the successively more inclusive clades Deuterostomata, Bilateria, Metazoa, and so forth. The organization of chordates is distinctively different from that of its metazoan relatives, and much of this distinction is conferred by unique mechanisms of development (Slack 1983, Schaeffer 1987). Throughout chordate history, modulation and elaboration of developmental systems are persistent themes underlying diversification. Only by understanding how ontogeny itself evolved can we fully apprehend chordate history, diversity, and our own unique place in the Tree of Life. My goal here is to present a contemporary overview of chordate history by summarizing current views on relationships among the major chordate clades in light of a blossoming understanding of molecular, genetic, and developmental evolution, and a wave of exciting new discoveries from deep in the fossil record. Chordates comprise a clade of approximately 56,000 named living species that includes humans and other animals with a notochord—the embryological precursor of the vertebral column. Chordate history can now be traced across at least a half billion years of geological time, and twice that by some estimates (Wray et al. 1996, Ayala et al.
Gnathostome Fishes
Authors: Stiassny M L J , Wiley E O , Johnson G D , Carvalho M R de
Published: November 2023

Gnathostomata are a species-rich assemblage that, with the exclusion of the Petromyzontiformes (lampreys, 45 spp.), represents all living members of Vertebrata. Gnathostomes are most notably characterized by the possession of endoskeletal jaws primitively formed of dorsal palatoquadrate and ventral Meckelian cartilages articulating at a mandibular joint. Our task here is to provide a review of a large (paraphyletic) subset of gnathostome diversity—an artificial grouping often referred to as the “jawed fishes”: chondrichthyans, “piscine sarcopterygians,” and actinopterygians. We treat all living jawed vertebrates with the exclusion of most Sarcopterygii—the tetrapods—since they are discussed in other chapters. After a review of the chondrichthyans or cartilaginous fishes and a brief summary of the so-called “piscine sarcopterygians,” we focus our contribution on the largest and most diverse of the three groups, the Actinopterygii, or rayfin fishes. As a guide to the chapter, figure 24.1 presents, in broad summary, our understanding of the interrelationships among extant gnathostome lineages and indicates their past and present numbers (with counts of nominal families indicated by column width through time). Much of the stratigraphic information for osteichthyans is from Patterson (1993, 1994), and that for chondrichthyans is mostly from Cappetta et al. (1993).
Building the Mammalian Sector of the Tree of Life: Combining Different Data and a Discussion of Divergence Times for Placental Mammals
Authors: O’Leary Maureen A , Allard Marc , Novacek Michael J , Meng Jin , Gatesy John
Published: November 2023

Mammals are species that comprise a clade formed by the common ancestor of marsupials, monotremes, and placentals and all of its living and extinct descendants. The oldest fossils that form part of Mammalia (specifically the “crown clade”; see below) are diminutive forms known as multituberculates (Rougier et al.1996, McKenna and Bell 1997, Luo et al. 2002: fig. 1) and members of a clade referred to as Australosphenida (Luo et al. 2002; see also Flynn et al.1999, Rauhut et al. 2002), both of which date to the Middle Jurassic period. Mammals inhabit all land masses of the world (Nowak 1999) and have invaded such a wide range of habitats that they currently can be found living in the air and the sea, on land and within it. To exploit these habitats different mammalian taxa have evolved into the largest animals ever to have inhabited the earth (the blue whale), some of the most intelligent forms of life based on the ratio of brain size to body size (e.g., humans and chimpanzees), and forms possessing such extraordinary behaviors as the ability to echolocate (e.g., certain bats) as a means of understanding their surroundings (Nowak 1999).
Immeasurable Progress on the Tree of Life
Authors: Donoghue Michael J
Published: November 2023

In listening to the Assembling the Tree of Life (ATOL) symposium in New York, and in reading the manuscripts for this volume, I was overwhelmed by the enormous progress that we have made, over such a short time, on what Darwin so aptly called “the great Tree of Life.” The word “immeasurable”—in the dictionary sense of “indefinitely extensive”— seems to apply perfectly to this situation. But what about the other, more literal, meaning of the word immeasurable? Is phylogenetic progress also “incapable of being measured”? This is the question I want to address. My sense is that there are many facets of “progress” that matter to us and that we would like to be able to measure. For some of these we can devise proper metrics, and we might even be able to provide concrete numbers. For others, as I’ll argue, we aren’t even entirely sure what we’d like to measure, and we’re still a long way from being able to quantify how we are doing.
Summer Florescence: The Sea Around Us
Authors: Lytle Mark Hamilton
Published: November 2023

For Rachel Carson, 1941 Should have Ended in Triumph. Under the Sea-Wind came out in November to glowing reviews from literary and scientific readers. In the book Carson married her dream of being a writer with her love of the sea. But circumstances once again conspired to rob her of success. This time the source was not personal but a world torn by war. On December 7, one month after the book was published, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. As war fever swept the nation, Mary Scott Skinker captured the feelings of many Americans when she wrote to Carson two days later, “THE WORLD tonight IS DEPRESSING, and thoughts of friends in danger serve but to increase a sense of despair over the inevitable period of years we must face before we know anything resembling peace and securitY:’1
From Babel to Dragomans
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

This famous passage from the Book of Genesis expresses the recognition of a distinctive feature of the Middle Eastern region as contrasted with the two other regions of ancient civilisation in the old world. China had substantially one classical language, one script, one civilisation; ancient India likewise, with relatively minor variations. The Middle East had many different unrelated civilisations and many languages which, from the earliest times, created problems of communication. The problem was apparently still unresolved by the time of the New Testament, and there again we have a reference to the situation created by the Tower of Babel, which was, when necessary, solved by what in Christian parlance is called ‘the miracle of tongues’. Let me quote another passage: ‘And how hear we every man in our own tongue, wherein we were born? Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocra, in Pontus etc... we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God’ (Acts 2: 8–11). And again ‘In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues’ (Mark 16:17). And again ‘If any man speak in an unknown tongue, let it be by two, or at the most by three, and that by course; and let one interpret’ (1 Corinthians 14:27).
Iran in History
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In attempting to attain some perspective on Iran in history, I begin, as I think one must, with the Arab-Islamic conquests in the seventh century—that series of epoch-making events following the advent of Islam, the mission of the Prophet Muhammad and the carrying of his message to vast areas east and west from Arabia, and the incorporation of many lands, from the Atlantic and the Pyrenees to the borders of India and China and beyond, into the new Arab-Islamic empire. These events have been variously seen in Iran: by some as a blessing, the advent of the true faith, the end of the age of ignorance and heathenism; by others as a humiliating national defeat, the conquest and subjugation of the country by foreign invaders. Both perceptions are of course valid, depending on one’s angle of vision.
Orientalist Notes on the Soviet– United Arab Republic Treaty of 27 May 1971
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In 27 May 1971, a treaty of “Friendship and Cooperation” between Russia, at that time known as the Soviet Union, and Egypt, at that time known as the United Arab Republic, was signed in Cairo by Presidents Nikolai Podgorny and Anwar Sadat.1 The treaty was drafted, signed, and ratified in two languages, Arabic and Russian, both texts being valid. The two signatory governments both published official but nonbinding English translations. Both English versions use British spelling, but otherwise differ on a number of points, some of which may be significant.2 The practice of drawing up international agreements in more than one language is common, though, in order to forestall misunderstandings and difficulties, it is often agreed that one text, sometimes in a language other than those of the contracting parties, will be binding.
Islamic Revolution
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In revolutions, even more than in other forms of political activity, there is an element of theater. This is evidenced by the almost universal use of such words as drama, stage, scene, role, even actor, in speaking of revolutionary events. Revolutionaries are, of course, conscious of this dramatic element. Some indeed, Karl Marx among them, have even used such unkind words as farce and burlesque to describe certain revolutionary activities. We do not hear these words applied to the revolution in Iran.
The Enemies of God
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Recent events in parts of the Muslim world have revived memories of the Islamic revolution in Iran, and aroused fears that more such revolutions may be in preparation and new Islamic fundamentalist regimes about to emerge, with similar consequences both at home and abroad. Western observers in particular recall with alarm what they saw as the ferocity of the Iranian revolution, when large numbers of people were summarily arrested, tried in batches, and executed, sometimes within hours. Many were deeply shocked by this method of dealing with political opponents by execution, which in various parts of the Western world had been abandoned centuries, or at least decades, ago.
Did You Say “American Imperialism”?
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

In February 1991, as the defeated and shattered forces of Saddam Hussein were fleeing back into Iraq, the military commanders and political leaders of the victorious coalition faced a number of choices. One of these was to pursue and destroy Saddam’s Republican Guard, the main prop of the regime. This, some argued at the time, could be done quickly and would enable the Iraqi people and perhaps even much of the Iraqi army to rise against Saddam and overthrow the regime. Others, more cautious, believed that to achieve any real change it would be necessary to advance on Baghdad, occupy the capital, and preside over the installing of a friendly regime. Opponents of this policy argued that such a regime would require continuing support—a military presence, at least for a while, and an ambassador with vice-regal authority. This, they said, would be the imperial method, as used by the British and French, and more recently, in a much harsher form, by the Russians and the Chinese. But the imperial way was not the way of the Americans, who lacked the desire—and some would add the skills—for such a policy.
Mideast States
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

For as far back as living memory can reach, and a while further, the countries of the Middle East were disputed between rival, more developed outside powers. There were times—before the rise of Rome, and again after the fall of Rome—when Middle Eastern powers competed for the domination of the known world. But those times are long past, and for many centuries the countries of the Mideast have, variously, enjoyed and endured the attention of outside powers—first the commercial and diplomatic rivalries of mercantilist European states, then the successive clashes of the British, French and Russian empires, of the Allies and the Axis, and most recently, of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. In both peace and war the governments and sometimes the peoples of the Mideast were the object of intensive efforts by outside powers to win their hearts and minds so as to gain access to their communications and resources. And now the picture has changed completely.
Revisiting the Paradox of Modern Turkey
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

We live in an age of historical revisionism. In England, young historians are busy chipping away at Winston Churchill, trying to topple him from his pedestal and expose him as a man of many weaknesses and errors. Surely there must be some part of truth in this—Churchill was a man and not a god, and like other men he had his weaknesses and made his mistakes. But for the men and women of my generation, who fought and won a great war under Churchill’s leadership, saving their country and, incidentally, the world from the most odious tyranny known to human history, nothing can belie his achievement or diminish the respect—or should I say reverence—in which we held him and still hold him.
A Time for Toppling
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Among the many arguments that have been adduced for not taking action against the present regime in Iraq, two have received special emphasis. The first is that the governments and peoples of the Middle East attach far greater importance to the Arab-Israeli conflict than to Iraq or any other problem in the region, and that therefore one should begin by solving that. The second is that even a successful attempt at regime change in Iraq would have a dangerous destabilizing effect on the rest of the region, and could lead to general conflict and chaos.
The Ottoman Archives
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The Ottoman archives of Istanbul have for long been one of the great unknowns of historical scholarship. For many years the general reluctance of Turkish officialdom to allow any questing foreigner to sail the un-charted backwaters of Turkish administration—a reluctance based on well-founded suspicions of Western intentions towards Turkey—was sufficient to exclude Western scholarship from all but the most cursory examination of the Turkish records. Historians were compelled—or rather permitted—to write the history of Europe without any reference to the documents of what was for long one of the greatest of European Great Powers, and even to write the history of Turkey and the Turkish provinces without reference to Turkish documents of any kind.
Pilgrimage of Love
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

This book engages one of the liveliest theological debates at the turn of the twenty-first century: the significance of the doctrine of the Trinity to the Christian concept of God and to its life of faith. Juergen Moltmann's social trinitarian theology constitutes the most substantial Protestant contribution to this debate. In this book, Joy McDougall offers a reading of Moltmann's major theological writings over the past thirty years from his first major book, The Theology of Hope, to the present, tracing the development of Moltmann's doctrine of the Trinity and its implications for ethics broadly understood.
Introduction The Return of the Trinitarian God of Love
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

What constitutes the distinctively Christian understanding of God? If we take the scriptures and ecumenical creeds as a reliable witness of the consensus reached among the earliest Christian communities, this question might appear to be easily answered: “God is love” and “God is Trinity.” Indeed, in the early church these two truths of the Christian faith were intrinsic to one another. The doctrine of the Trinity symbolized the divine economy of love —the history of God’s creative, redeeming, and sanctifying presence as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. It provided believers with what Nicholas Lash calls the “ ‘summary grammar’ “ for their profession of faith in the God who is love.
Social Skills Training: A Treatment Manual
Authors: LeCroy Craig Winston
Published: November 2023

Social skills training (SST) is being increasingly used as a treatment method in working with children and adolescents. Teaching young people social skills is a direct method of influencing how that young person is likely to interact with others in the future. The goal is to teach people the skills needed to sustain social interactions that will lead to positive outcomes. The strategy of social skills training is straightforward: identify the skills needed and select a method to teach those skills (LeCroy, 2002). This structured training approach is characterized by learning skills through practice. Their are various methods for the practice to occur. Typically, young people are taught skills through the use of role play practice with feedback from group members and the group leader. However, skills can also be learned through observing models, reviewing video tapes, reading stories that model the skills, playing games that emphasize the skills, and many other methods.
Multiple Family Groups to Reduce Youth Behavioral Difficulties
Authors: Franco Lydia Maria , Dean-Assael Kara Marie
Published: November 2023

Mary McKernan McKay, PhD, LCSW Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) continue to be the most common reason for referral to child mental health care in community clinics (Frick, 1998; Kazdin, 1995). Estimates of childhood conduct problems suggest that 5% to 10% of children, ages 8 to 16 years, have persistent oppositional or aggressive behavioral problems (Rowel, Maughan, Pickles, Costello, & Angold, 2002). In urban, low-income communities, prevalence rates for youth externalizing behavioral difficulties range from 24% to 40% which is more than four times the national estimates and makes this a significant mental health problem facing these communities (GormanSmith, Tolan, Henry, & Florsheim, 2000). ODD and CD are of great concern because of their high degree of impairment and poor developmental trajectory in children (Applegate, Lahey, Hart, Biederman, Hynd, Barkley, Joseph, et al., 1997; Lahey, Pelham, Stein, Loney, Trapani, & Nugent, in press).
Why the Battle Was Won, But the War Was Lost
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

From her earliest organizational studies of communes to her ground-breaking 1977 book Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books) to her strategic guides to becoming a “Change Master” and helping corporate giants “Learn to Dance,” Harvard Business School Professor Rosa Beth Moss Kantar has been one of the premier strategists in organizational innovation and change. She was one of the first to show how a place could be made for the entrepreneurial spirit to thrive in industrial-era corporations-a respective which led, indirectly if not directly, to the climate which allowed Epsilon to thrive at Autocue.
Challenging the Catch-22 Inside Ourselves
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

Underlying the design of the learning laboratories at Autocue Epsilon were well established on principles and practices of “action science”---a 30-year-old set of theories about the relationship between attitudes, beliefs, talk, action, and the innate “theories of the world” which people hold within themselves. Chief among the developers of action science is Chris Argy is, co-author (with Donald Scion) of Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective, (1978, Reading: MA: Addison-Wesley) and (with Robert Putnam and Diana McLain Smith) of Action Science (1985, San Francisco: Josser-Bass). Chris was also an advisor to the Autocue Epsilon project who, significantly, dropped out of his advisor role when the team opted not to challenge the assumptions of AutoCAD‘s senior management right at the beginning.
A Reader‘s Guide for using the Learning History in Organizations and Classrooms
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

This document was created to help individuals and teams learn from other people‘s experience. In fact, it was originally developed as a response to the dilemmas of traditional measurement, assessment, and evaluation approaches for capturing, reflecting upon and diffusing learning initiatives.1 We knew that conventional assessments “killed” learning in at least three different ways.
The Making of an Author
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

Bankim was born on 13 Āsar 1245 Bengali San era (June 26, 1838) in a respected Brahmin family which had been living for several generations in the village of Katalpara (Kā˘FItālpādFIā), some twenty-five miles north of present-day Kolkata. Bankim was the fourth of five children, who included two elder brothers and a sister, and a younger brother.17 The Cattopadhyay family had been exposed to significant westernising influences. In January 1838, the year in which Bankim was born, his father, Jadabcandra, had been appointed deputy collector in the Bengal Civil Service (a division of the Indian Civil Service), to the district of Medinipur (Midnapur) in southern Bengal proper. Thus, in several respects he had been westernised, through a knowledge of English and conformity to British ways. Bankim was to display and increase this influence by attending English-teaching schools. But he also had ready access, which he nurtured, to the roots of his ancestral Hindu religion. The religious influences of his upbringing seem to have been quite eclectic. Prominent among these were S´ākta, that is, Goddess-orientated, and VaiFIsnFI ava (in particular Krishnaorientated) influences. His great-great-great paternal grandfather, Gangananda Cattopadhyay, ran a FItol, a traditional-style school for boys that inculcated Sanskrit-based learning. His father had married Durgasundari-debi, the daughter of a well-known pundit or expert in traditional Sanskrit scholarship, Bhabanicaran Bidyabhusan, who collected and passed on to Bankim a library of Sanskrit works. Bankim was to read avidly from this library.
The Making of a Text
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

Sir William Wilson Hunter, in his celebrated Annals of Rural Bengal (first published in 1860), writes as follows: Tigers and wild elephants were not the most cruel enemies of the peasant. The English found Bengal in the hands of banditti, and the names of successful leaders of the last century, such as Strong-fisted Khan [note: Zabbar-dast Khan], to be found in every native history, tell a story of rapine and oppression not difficult to read Bands of cashiered soldiers, the dregs of the Mussulman armies, roamed about, plundering as they went. . . . Lawlessness breeds lawlessness, and the miserable peasantry, stripped of their hoard for the winter, were forced to become plunderers in turn. Early in 1771 . [t]hey formed themselves into bands of so-called houseless devotees [note: Sanyassis], and roved about the country in armies fifty thousand strong. “A set of lawless banditti,” wrote the Council in 1773, “known under the name of Sanyasis or Faquirs, have long infested these countries; and, under pretence of religious pilgrimage, have been accustomed to traverse the chief part of Bengal, begging, stealing, and plundering “. In the years subsequent to the famine, their ranks were swollen by a crowd of starving peasants . and the cold weather of 1772 brought them down upon the harvest fields of Lower Bengal, burning, plundering, ravaging The collectors called out the military; but after a temporary success our Sepoys “were at length totally defeated, and Captain Thomas (their leader), with almost the whole party, cut off” On 31st March 1773, Warren Hastings plainly acknowledges that the commander who had succeeded Captain Thomas “unhappily underwent the same fate”.
The Future in the Past: History in the Making
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

This goes to the heart of Bankim’s rationale for writing A¯ nandama FIth . We have seen that Bankim was at pains to dismiss any claim to historicity of the narrative. It was not meant to be docufiction, a factual account dressed up in the garb of a novel. By dispensing with historicity, Bankim created space for historicality—the scope to hypothesize a historical trajectory out of actual events of the past. The Sannyasi Rebellion thus became a nebulous backdrop for the reconstruction of a recommended future. The useful beauty of modernity’s stress on the contingency of history, as Kaviraj notes, is that it shows to the discerning eye not only how the world came to be what it is but perhaps more important, how close at times it came to being something else, how “it was possible to change the past in the future, simply by making it the past of a different present” (UC : 109).
Part I: Chapters 1–18
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

It is summer one day in 1770 in the village of Padacinha, and the sun beats down fiercely. The village is full of homes, but there is no one about. There are rows of shops in the bazaar and lines of makeshift stalls in the marketplace, there are hundreds of mud houses in every quarter, with brick buildings of varying sizes in between, yet today everything is silent. The shops are closed, and no one knows where the shopkeepers have fled. It’s the day for the local market, but the place is empty. The beggars are supposed to come out today, but none are about.
Part III: Chapters 1–12
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

By God’s grace, the year 1770 came to an end. Having despatched over a third of Bengal’s population (exactly how many millions no one knows) to Death’s domain, that ghastly year itself fell prey to time. But in 1771, God was very favourable. There was copious rainfall; the earth produced abundant crops, and those who had survived could eat their fill. But many, emaciated from fasting or lack of food, were quite unable to cope with a full stomach, and many died from this very condition. The earth produced abundant crops, but it was empty of people.
Part II: Chapters 1–8
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

This whole chapter is an addition of the fifth edition (see the notice to the fifth edition). “Her father was a Brahmin . . .tol”: tāhār pitā adhyāpak brāhmaṇ chilen. He was the traditional village schoolmaster.
The Complex Relationships of Genetics, Groups, and Health What It Means for Public Health
Authors: Clayton Ellen Wright
Published: November 2023

Genetics offers real opportunities for public health actors. Increased understanding of genetics will illuminate some of the factors that affect disease and, in many cases, will lead to more effective treatments. The recognition that phenylketonuria was caused by a metabolic defect that led to the accumulation of toxic levels of phenyl alanine, an elevation that could largely be averted by adopting a low-phenylalanine diet, is an early example. Some cases of what was thought to be sudden infant death syndrome, a diagnosis used when no etiology is known, now appear to have been caused by metabolic defects in fatty acid oxidation and sodium channel defects. One of the tasks that has already been undertaken by the public health sector is to ensure that genomic information is incorporated into clinical care when the robust ness of findings and their clinical utility have been well defined. The focus of this paper is on the problems that arise when public health entities move beyond making sure that genetic tests are used appropriately to intervening directly into people’s lives on the basis of genetic information to improve health. Examples outside genetics illustrate some of the issues presented when one thinks about health in terms of providing services to populations. Many public health interventions, such as provision of clean water and efficient sewer systems, are directed at the entire population. Even such general interventions can be controversial, as the ongoing debate about fluoridation of public water supplies demonstrates.
The Road to Richmond
Authors: Labunski Richard
Published: November 2023

The Drought that Plagued Richmond in the days leading up to the con vention may have been devastating to local farmers, but it made travel easier. With so little rain, rivers and creeks could be crossed on horse back. The city had few bridges, and if heavy rainfall had preceded the convention, some delegates would not have made it to the opening ses sions. From the hills overlooking the city, local residents could see clouds of dust as hundreds of horses made their way along parched roads lead ing to town. On horseback and in carriages, some of the most important political figures of the founding period, along with hundreds of specta tors who wanted to hear the debate, made their way to the state capital.
The Election
Authors: Labunski Richard
Published: November 2023

During the Long Carriage Ride between New York and Virginia, James Madison had time to think about all that had been accomplished since the end of the War for Independence. He had been a witness and par ticipant at the most important events leading to the birth of a new gov ernment. Now he needed to look ahead to the country’s future and his own. A year earlier, he had reluctantly agreed to return to Virginia to stand for election to the ratifying convention, arriving in Orange County only one day before the March 24 election, which he won easily but ad mitted later he could have lost had he not appeared. This time, with so much at stake, he planned to arrive home just after Christmas, five weeks before voters would choose between him and James Monroe for repre sentative in the new Congress.
Madison Introduces the Bill of Rights
Authors: Labunski Richard
Published: November 2023

New York City desperately wanted to be the permanent capital of the new nation. The city had been the home of the Confederation Congress since 1784, and New Yorkers understood that the prestige, access to gov ernment officials, and financial benefits that came to the capital would be of great value to the whole state. The city’s recovery from seven years of British occupation during the Revolutionary War, when it suffered several major fires and lost half of its population and commerce, was helped significantly by the presence of the federal government. NewYork was determined to make members of Congress feel welcome when they arrived in April and May of 1789 to form the new government.
Penalty Box: Crime, Victimization, and Punishment in the
Deregulated Workplace
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Crime has always been part of the messy struggle for control of the workplace. The modern regime of labor by formally free and equal contract partners arose to dominance in the nineteenth century against a background of labor relations that looked far more like miniature monarchies with a master and his servants including slavery, indentured servitude, and merchants. In such settings, the power to govern work meant the power to define disobedience as crime and respond with sanctions, often physical. Discipline wielded by managers had an undeniably penal element that included ﬂogging, confinement, and loss of pay.
Renaissance
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: November 2023

By its very nature, a society predicated on pluralism invites multiple stake holders to engage in public endeavors. With respect to social welfare, the governmental sector, the voluntary sector, and the for-profit sector have all been involved in addressing the extensive needs of citizens. History has witnessed the rise, consolidation, and fall of structural interests that have, at various times, dominated American social welfare. For most of the twentieth century, the liberal paradigm of social policy, the welfare state, prevailed, providing an effective and accountable response to the needs of citizens. Since the 1980s, however, welfare liberalism has been under assault by conservatives who have slowed, then reversed, the liberal vector in social policy. The Right has employed multiple strategies with respect to the welfare state: proposing faith-based services as an alternative to public social programs, co-opting established programs like Medicare, and reducing vital revenues through tax cuts.
Visualizing Agrippina
Authors: Ginsburg Judith
Published: November 2023

The Representations of Agrippina in the visual sources are conspicuously different from those we have examined in the literary tradition, Gone is the ruthless power-seeker, the wicked stepmother, the seducer turned poisoner of husbands, the mother who commits incest with her son, These constructs are now replaced by much more flattering ones, the products of the culture of the imperial dynasty itself, its supporters, or those wishing to obtain its favour. But the hostile tradition of the literary sources, as we will see, continues to leave its mark on even the most respected scholars as they confront the Agrippina of coins, sculpture, and cameos. My purpose here is to offer a survey of the images of Agrippina found in the visual media and to ask what we might make of them when they are placed in their historical context.
Infant Memory Development:New Questions, New Answers
Authors: Hayne Harlene
Published: November 2023

Do you remember your wedding day? The birth of your first child? What about where you left your keys when you came home from the supermarket earlier today or what you need to do tomorrow at work? These everyday memory tasks are universally familiar to adults. In order to function effectively in the world, we frequently reflect on events that have happened in the past (retrospective memory) and plan for events that we know will happen in the future (prospective memory). The fundamental question for memory researchers is, how do these memory skills emerge during the course of human development? That is, do infants or young children think about the past and plan for the future? What memory skills do infants possess at birth and what skills emerge over the course of development? As Piaget articulated decades ago, the way in which we evaluate empirical “facts” in psychology is heavily influenced by our current, theoretical views of the phenomena that we study.
In the Language of Multiple Memory Systems:Defining and Describing Developments in Long-Term Declarative Memory
Authors: Bauer Patricia J , Deboer, Tracy , Lukowski Angela F
Published: November 2023

Memory is a fundamental cognitive capacity. Without it, we would live only for the moment. Although we might do well to heed advice to “live for today,” appreciation of today is significantly enhanced by the ability to remember yesterday and to anticipate tomorrow. Memory permits these functions by allowing us to store and reflect upon previous experience and use it to guide present as well as future behavior. The continuity afforded by memory is readily apparent as soon as children develop the capacity to use language to share mental experiences. The status of the capacity before language has been a source of active debate. The perspective that infants and preverbal children lack the capacity for storage and retrieval of accessible memory representations is well represented in the traditional (e.g., Piaget, 1952) as well as the contemporary (e.g., K. Nelson & Ross, 1980; Pillemer, 1998; Pillemer & White, 1989) literature. The perspective in this chapter is that the capacity begins to develop well before language and undergoes significant age-related change before first memories are expressed verbally. We develop this perspective by addressing each of the questions posed to contributors to this volume.
Child Of War
Authors: Cohen Robert
Published: November 2023

Nothing in the political background of Mario Savio’s family even hinted that he would emerge as a radical. Mario was born on December 8, 1942, the eldest son in a working-class Italian American family in New York City. Neither his father, Joseph, who had immigrated from Sicily in 1928, nor his mother, Dora, whose family came from northern Italy, was on the left politically. For the first three years of his life Mario’s household was headed by an Italian Fascist, his maternal grandfather, Armando, while Joseph was serving in the U.S. Army during World War II.