bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plastid atpA data provide improved support for deep relationships among ferns
Authors: Schuettpelz Eric , Korall Petra , Pryer Kathleen M.
Published: May 2010

DNA sequence data and phylogenetic approaches have contributed greatly to our understanding of fern relationships. Nonetheless, the datasets analyzed to date have not been sufficient to definitively resolve all parts of the global fern phylogeny; additional data and more extensive sampling are necessary. Here, we explore the phylogenetic utility of the plastid atpA gene. Using newly designed primers, we obtained atpA sequences for 52 fern and 6 outgroup taxa, and then evaluated the capabilities of atpA relative to four other molecular markers, as well as the contributions of atpA in combined analyses. The five single‐gene datasets differed markedly in the number of variable characters they possessed; and although the relationships resolved in analyses of these datasets were largely congruent, the robustness of the hypotheses varied considerably. The atpA dataset had more variable characters and resulted in a more robustly supported phylogeny than any of the other single gene datasets examined, suggesting that atpA will be exceptionally useful in more extensive studies of fern phylogeny and perhaps also in studies of other plant lineages. When the atpA data were analyzed in combination with the other four markers, an especially robust hypothesis of fern relationships emerged. With the addition of the atpA data, support increased substantially at several nodes; three nodes, which were not well‐supported previously, received both good posterior probability and good bootstrap support in the combined 5‐gene (> 6 kb) analyses.
Physeterostemon (Melastomataceae): a new genus and two new species from the Bahian Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: Goldenberg Renato , Amorim André M.
Published: May 2010

A new genus, Physeterostemon, with two new species, P. fiaschii and P. jardimii, is described from southern Bahian Atlantic forest of Brazil. The genus can be distinguished from all other Melastomataceae by its 6‐merous and diplostemonous flowers, toothed and persistent calyx, inferior ovary and dry, capsular fruits. The androecium consists of stamens that are slightly unequal in size with connectives that are unappendaged or minutely ventrally bituberculate and not prolonged below the thecae but dorsally and apically thickened; the anthers are oblong and rounded apically in ventral view, slightly projecting backwards over the connective in lateral view, but with a single ventral pore.
New names in Old WorldClinopodium—the transfer of the species ofMicromeriasect.PseudomelissatoClinopodium
Authors: Bräuchler Christian , Meimberg Harald , Heubl Günther
Published: May 2010

Micromeriahas recently been revealed polyphyletic by molecular analyses, with members of sect.Pseudomelissaplaced in close relationship toClinopodium vulgare. Morphological data suport transferring the section toClinopodium. A list of names underClinopodium(including 15 new combinations) is provided for the taxa hitherto included inMicromeriasect.Pseudomelissa. Three species names are typified.
The identity and typification of Guarea hoffmanniana C. DC. (Meliaceae)
Authors: Grayum Michael H.
Published: May 2010

Morphological evaluation of a previously overlooked isotype, together with an improved comprehension of its Costa Rican type locality, permit the definitive application of the long‐misunderstood name Guarea hoffmanniana C. DC. to the species known most recently as Guarea macropetala T. D. Penn. The former name is lectotypified on the newly found isotype, and the latter name is formally relegated to taxonomic synonymy. All collections examined for this study are cited.
Typification of names of taxa in Ornithogalum L. subg. Cathissa (Salisb.) Baker (Hyacinthaceae)
Authors: Martínez-Azorín Mario , Crespo Manuel B. , Spencer Mark
Published: May 2010

Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of Ornithogalum subg. Cathissa (Salisb.) Baker (≡ Cathissa Salisb.) are presented. This group includes three species described from the western Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (O. broteroi M. Laínz, O. concinnum Salisb., O. reverchonii Lange), with spicate to subspicate inflorescences and corolla segments lacking conspicuous green stripes on the reverse surface. The accepted taxa are listed with their synonyms and types are indicated for all the names involved, including the designation of a neotype for O. concinnum and a lectotype for O. reverchonii. Short diagnoses are provided for accepted taxa to facilitate identification.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Convolvulaceae
Authors: Staples George , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: May 2010

Lectotypes and neotypes are designated for 17 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier type statements are discussed.
Generalist flowers and phytophagous beetles in two tropical canopy trees: resources for multitudes
Authors: Ødegaard Frode , Frame Dawn
Published: May 2010

In the Republic of Panamá, phytophagous beetles were collected by hand and beating from superficially similar generalist blossoms of Nectandra umbrosa (Lauraceae) and Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae), two phylogenetically distant Neotropical canopy trees. Beetles were sorted into three functional groups (guilds): general flower visitors, species developing in buds, and seed predators. Out of a total of 1,564 collected specimens belonging to 177 beetle species, 55 species or 31% were identifiable to specific epithet. These small‐ to medium‐sized beetles belonged to four families: Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Brentidae, and Curculionidae. A total of 723 beetles representing 121 species, and 841 beetles representing 121 species were recorded from N. umbrosa and T. guianensis, respectively. Of the beetles collected, 65 species were common to both trees, which equates to a similarity index value of 0.46 (Jaccard) or 0.34 (Sørensen). With respect to functional groups, there was no significant difference in the number of beetle species between the two tree species. Overall, beetle abundance patterns on flowers of the two trees are similar in terms of phytophagous beetle subfamily dominance. There are differences however, significantly more leaf beetles (Cryptocephalinae, Eumolpinae, Galerucinae) were collected per hour on T. guianensis than on N. umbrosa. Moreover, among beetles shared between the two tree species, Baridinae weevils showed a tendency to be more abundant on N. umbrosa. Nearly three‐quarters of the flower feeders (72%) were shared between the two trees. The large overlap in beetle species between the two plant species suggests that the fauna is fairly general in terms of host use. We discuss the possible significance of our results to phytophagous beetle and host plant evolution. The combined effects of large species numbers, high abundance and broad diet breadth across generalist flowers of tropical canopy trees suggests that small‐ to medium‐sized beetles play a crucial role in maintenance of species biodiversity and forest ecosystem function.
Generic level phylogeny of Thalictroideae (Ranunculaceae) — implications for the taxonomic status of Paropyrum and petal evolution
Authors: Wang Wei , Chen Zhi-Duan
Published: May 2010

The subfamily Thalictroideae, which is clearly defined by its chromosome characters, contains nine or ten genera. Here we use sequences of chloroplast rbcL and matK genes as well as non‐coding trnL‐F and nuclear ITS regions to reconstruct the generic level phylogeny of this subfamily. Our data recognize three major groups within Thalictroideae: (1) Thalictrum, Leptopyrum, Paropyrum, and Paraquilegia; (2) Urophysa, Semiaquilegia, and Aquilegia; and (3) Dichocarpum, Enemion, and Isopyrum. Isopyrum anemonoides, the sole species of Paropyrum, and Paraquilegia form a clade sister to Leptopyrum; together they make up the first group. Isopyrum manshuricum and I. thalictroides form another clade within the third group. Isopyrum anemonoides is sister to the monophyletic Paraquilegia. Our data suggest that Isopyrum is polyphyletic and support the segregate genus Paropyrum. Reconstruction of petal evolution suggests a secondary loss of petals in Enemion and Thalictrum, in contrast with the view that apetalous taxa are the most primitive. Petals with longer stalks in Dichocarpum are shown to be derivative, refuting the viewpoint that this type is a primitive condition. The flat petals in Paraquilegia may be derived from the tubular‐type petals in Paropyrum and Leptopyrum, and spurred petals are thought to have originated from a single ancestor.
The genus Colchicum L. redefined to include Androcymbium Willd. based on molecular evidence
Authors: Manning John , Forest Felix , Vinnersten Annika
Published: May 2010

A recent molecular analysis of the Colchicaceae has revealed that the genus Androcymbium is paraphyletic in relation to Colchicum and that the genus Merendera is polyphyletic. The implications of these results on the monophyly of the genera in this alliance are discussed. Two independent lineages within the paraphyletic Androcymbium are characterised by enlarged and brightly or contrastingly coloured bracts, which conceal the flowers. The tepals in these species are always cucullate. In the remaining lineages the flowers are more prominent and the tepals are mostly flat. No morphological characters can be identified that serve to diagnose the lineages in Androcymbium that are retrieved by the molecular analysis, and the only practical option is to include all species of Androcymbium within an expanded circumscription of Colchicum. The genus Colchicum in this expanded sense is defined by its short‐stemmed or acaulescent habit, androecial nectaries, and 2–4porate pollen. The necessary synonomy and new combinations are made.
Species limits of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes and the implications for species boundaries in Solanum sect. Petota
Authors: Spooner David M. , Fajardo Diego , Bryan Glenn J.
Published: May 2010

Solanum berthaultii and S. tarijense are two wild potato (sect. Petota) species distributed from Bolivia to northern Argentina. All authors have accepted them as good species since their publication in 1944, but they have been hypothesized to hybridize extensively with each other and with other species, despite their classification into different series and superseries by some authors. This study is a molecular counterpart (AFLPs, plastid DNA restriction site data, survey of a plastid DNA deletion) to a prior morphological study of these two species. AFLP data show weak support for separate species status for some accessions, but with many exceptions. In agreement with the morphological results we place S. tarijense into synonymy of S. berthaultii, and use herbarium specimen data for a taxonomic treatment to include a description, synonymy, and mapping of all accessions. We show similar taxonomic problems in sect. Petota and suggest that there will be a continuing trend of reduction of names in wild potatoes.
Multi‐marker phylogeny of three evergreen oaks reveals vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: de Heredia Unai López , Jiménez Pilar , Collada Carmen , Simeone Marco C. , Bellarosa Rosanna , Schirone Bartolomeo , Cervera María T. , Gil Luis
Published: May 2010

Nuclear (AFLPs and ITSs) and chloroplast DNA markers (cpDNA) were analysed in Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. in order to detect vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean Basin populations. Clustering methods, i.e., parsimony, minimum spanning network, UPGMA and PCO, were used to obtain robust phylogenies. The Mantel test was used to check the geographic structure of the populations. Nuclear markers’ based phylogenies showed high bootstrap values at basal nodes of clusters indicative of species. Within species, Q. suber and Q. ilex showed three and two groups respectively with strong geographic structure for cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. In contrast, Q. coccifera had overlapping cpDNA lineages and nuclear markers did not show any group with strong geographic structure. Taxonomic assignation of the species was well‐supported by our data. Ongoing allopatric speciation was inferred for Q. suber and Q. ilex derived from Pliocene vicariant events. Quercus coccifera showed a more homogeneous genetic pattern in the Western Mediterranean.
Response-to-Intervention: Separating the Rhetoric of Self-Congratulation from the Reality of Specific Learning Disability Identification
Authors: Kavale Kenneth A. , Kauffman James M. , Bachmeier Randy J. , LeFever Gretchen B.
Published: May 2010

The policies underlying the specific learning disability (SLD) regulations in the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are analyzed. The analysis focuses on the Response-to-Intervention (RTI) provision (“if the child responds to scientific, research-based intervention”) as a diagnostic model, revealing that it is conceptually flawed, practically inadequate, and politically rather than scientifically motivated. It is argued that RTI is best described as a model for providing remedial reading (prereferral) services for students experiencing early reading failure. To achieve a reliable and valid diagnosis of SLD under IDEA, it is argued that a comprehensive psychometric assessment is required. With a model that combines RTI and cognitive assessments, it is possible to provide an identification process that closely aligns with the best current conceptualizations of SLD.
The Impact of Explicit, Self-Regulatory Reading Comprehension Strategy Instruction on the Reading-Specific Self-Efficacy, Attributions, and Affect of Students with Reading Disabilities
Authors: Nelson Jason M. , Manset-Williamson Genevieve
Published: May 2010

We compared a reading intervention that consisted of explicit, self-regulatory strategy instruction to a strategy intervention that was less explicit to determine the impact on the reading-specific self-efficacy, attributions, and affect of students with reading disabilities (RD). Participants included 20 students with RD who were entering grades 4–8. The interventions were delivered on a one-to-one basis over five weeks, four days per week, for one hour per day. Those receiving the explicit, self-regulatory strategy intervention showed greater gains in their attributions to incorrect strategy usage for reading failure than participants in the less explicit intervention. Group differences approached statistical significance on the reading self-efficacy measure, with the less explicit intervention showing higher reading self-efficacy at posttest than the explicit, self-regulatory intervention. The possibility of miscalibrated reading self-efficacy and reading skill in students with RD is discussed.
Introduction to the Special Series: Mathematics and Learning Disabilities
Authors: Bryant Brian R. , Bryant Diane Pedrotty
Published: May 2010

Increased attention is being paid to students who demonstrate difficulty in learning and applying mathematics concepts. The purpose of this special series was to address issues related to students and mathematics learning disabilities (LD). We identify Response to Intervention (RtI) as it relates to early mathematics instruction and a multi-tiered service delivery system. Further, because RtI has focused primarily on young children and the prevention of LD, we present information about older students who have been identified as having mathematics LD and provide strategies for helping them access the general education curriculum. Six papers on various mathematics topics, grade levels, and service delivery will be provided in this special series. Authors report findings on research efforts and offer implications for practice.
Responsiveness to Intervention and the Identification of Specific Learning Disability: A Critique and Alternative Proposal
Authors: Kavale Kenneth A. , Holdnack James A. , Mostert Mark P.
Published: May 2010

Responsiveness to intervention (RTI) is being proposed as an alternative model for making decisions about the presence or absence of specific learning disability. We argue that many questions about RTI remain unanswered, and that radical changes in the proposed regulations are not warranted at this time. Since many fundamental issues related to RTI have not been resolved, a better strategy may be to more rigorously implement existing identification criteria (e.g., discrepancy and psychological processing deficits) in a structured psychometric framework. Suggestions for how to modify present procedures are provided.
Vocabulary Intervention for Kindergarten Students: Comparing Extended Instruction to Embedded Instruction and Incidental Exposure
Authors: Coyne Michael D. , McCoach D. Betsy , Kapp Sharon
Published: May 2010

The purpose of the two studies reported in this article was to evaluate the effectiveness of extended vocabulary instruction during storybook reading with kindergarten students within a small-group intervention setting. Extended vocabulary instruction is characterized by explicit teaching that includes both contextual and definitional information, multiple exposures to target words in varied contexts, and experiences that promote deep processing of word meanings. In Study One, we compared extended instruction of target words to incidental exposure. In Study Two, we compared extended instruction to embedded instruction (i.e., providing simple definitions within the context of the story). Our findings indicated that extended instruction resulted in greater word learning than either incidental exposure or embedded instruction. Moreover, students maintained much of their understanding of word meanings six to eight weeks after instruction. Implications are discussed in relation to a tri-level approach to vocabulary instruction and intervention for kindergarten students at risk for language and reading disabilities.
Effects of Self-Determination Interventions on the Academic Skills of Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Konrad Moira , Fowler Catherine H. , Walker Allison R. , Test David W. , Wood Wendy M.
Published: May 2010

Given the importance of both academic and self-determination skills for students with disabilities, it is important to identify efficient ways to deliver instruction in these essential areas. This literature review synthesizes intervention research that has examined the effects of self-determination interventions on academic skills for students with learning disabilities (LD) and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our findings revealed that self-management interventions were most often studied, followed by interventions that combined self-management with one or more other self-determination components. Effects ranged from very weak to very strong. Effects were strongest when (a) interventions that combined self-management with goal setting were used to increase students' productivity, and (b) goal-setting interventions were used to improve math skills. Most of the studies included in the review were of high quality; however, some areas could be improved.
Effects of a Peer-Mediated Program on Reading Skill Acquisition for Two-Way Bilingual First-Grade Classrooms
Authors: Calhoon Mary Beth , Otaiba Stephanie Al , Cihak David , King Amber , Avalos Annalise
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a supplemental peer-mediated reading program on reading achievement of first graders ( N = 76) in a two-way bilingual immersion (TWBI) program. Nearly 80% of students were Hispanic; of these, 24 were identified as English language learners (ELLs). Classrooms were randomly assigned to peer-assisted learning strategies (PALS) or contrast condition. PALS students participated in a 30-hour peer-mediated early literacy intervention that was conducted three times a week. Results showed statistically significant differences, with large effect sizes favoring PALS on phoneme segmentation fluency, nonsense word fluency, and oral reading fluency. Additionally, disaggregated results analyzed by subgroups (ELLs and English proficient) revealed a differential pattern in response to intervention. Implications of findings in relation to research and practice are discussed.
Preliminary Evaluations of Techniques for Collecting and Culturing Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Pollen1
Authors: Faucette Deaton F. , Emery Donald A.
Published: May 2010

The effects of time and method of pollen sampling, method and duration of pollen maintenance, media and plant genotype on peanut pollen germination and tube growth were observed. It was concluded that flower and anther sampling contributed much variability to pollen germination but the optimum times for pollen collection were from 3 a.m. to 8 a.m. Eastern Daylight Saving time during the summer months in Raleigh, N. C. Pollen maintained at 8 C germinated better and produced longer tubes than did pollen stored at room temperature. Desiccation of pollen for periods up to 6 days was found necessary if pollen was to be maintained more than 1 day. A 15% sucrose medium was found to maximize pollen germination. Attempts to differentiate parental and hybrid plant genotypes by pollen tube growth were not successful as flower to flower and plant pollen variability was too high to permit comparisons.
Change in Grade of Farmers' Stock Peanuts Stored in the Southwest
Authors: Person Nat K.
Published: May 2010

The effects of storage time on the extent and cause of grade reductions of farmers' stock Spanish peanuts harvested in the Southwest are discussed in this paper. This study was based on 184 randomly selected lots of farmers' stock peanuts sampled from 31 buying points throughout the Southwest area. Results of this research indicate that there was a significant decrease in the grade (sound mature kernels plus sound splits) with storage time and that this decrease occurred within the first 5 days of storage. The grade decreased from an initial average value of 71.3 to 70.3 after the 5-day storage period. There was a continuing decrease in grade with increased storage time; however, the change after the first 5 days of storage was not found to be significant. Decrease in grade results in an annual loss of approximately 2.26 million dollars in the Southwest peanut producing area.

The principal cause for this reduction was determined to be the shift of the weight ratio of hulls and kernels during storage while only a small part of the grade loss was due to kernel shrinkage. The method of drying and grading had a significant influence on the decrease in grade. Mechanically dried peanuts lost 1.8 percentage points in grade during a 90-day storage preiod compared to only 0.3 percentage points for field-dried peanuts.
Effects of Restoring Peanut Moisture with Aeration Before Shelling
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Person Jack L.
Published: May 2010

Moisture was restored to peanuts with aeration at controlled relative humidities before shelling. Restoring peanut moisture from 5 to 8 percent wet basis did not significantly affect milling quality. Elevating peanut moisture to levels that benefited milling quality caused profuse mold contamination of the peanuts. Germination decreased as peanut moisture content (m.c.) increased. Remoisturization caused only small changes in most food quality parameters
Carbon-14 Distribution in Peanut Fruit Parts During Maturation Following 14CO Treatment of Intact Plants1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Sanders Timothy H.
Published: May 2010

Effects of sampling date and developmental stage on the distribution of radioactivity within the crude ethanol, lipid, and starch fractions from fruit, seed coat, and seed of peanut were investigated. Major differences were found between the first and fourth feeding dates in the amount of 14C-labeled photo-synthate translocated to individual peanut fruit parts. Maximum levels of radioactivity in the pericarp, seed coat, and seed were attained at progressively later developmental stages as the respective part became the dominant metabolic sink. Within the fruit, maximum radioactivity in starch was reached during early maturity (stage 3) and total radioactivity generally decreased with successive feeding dates. Thus the level of photosynthate being translocated to a given fruit decreases as more fruit develop on the plant. Observed relationships between level of radioactivity and specific activity of fruit-part components were interpreted as indicating that metabolic reserves are built up in the fruit and seed coat during early maturation and utilized later during seed development and maturation when the level of available translocated photosynthate has diminished.
Inheritance of Branching Pattern in Arachis hypogaea L.1
Authors: Wynne J. C.
Published: May 2010

The genetics of the branching pattern on the cotyledonary laterals of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was studied through scoring F1 and F2 generation progenies from crosses among four lines of Virginia, Valencia, and Spanish types. With one exception, these lines traced directly to gene centers in South America. When results were expressed as the ratio of reproductive branches to total branches (R/R+V), the F2 from crosses of Virginia × Valencia gave a continuous distribution with the median near that of a Spanish type. Spanish × Virginia crosses gave a continuous distribution in the F2 with the median equivalent to the Virginia parent. These results suggested that Spanish varieties may have originated from hybridization of Virginia and Valencia types. The presence, or absence, of inflorescences in the mainstem leaf axils of F2 plants was scored for one cross. The results suggested the presence of two sets of duplicate loci with epistasis among the alleles.
Pod Breakdown Resistance in Peanuts1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Garren K. H. , van Schaik P. H.
Published: May 2010

During 19 69–73, 13 commonly grown Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, 15 plant introductions. and two breeding lines were evaluated under field conditions for resistance to the pod breakdown fungi Pythium myriotylum and Rhizoctonia solani. Four cultivars—Early Runner. Florunner, Florigiant, and NC 17—having related pedigrees were consistently more resistant to infection by these two fungi. P.I. 341880 and P.I. 341885 and Florida breeding line F439–16–6 showed similar resistance to infection. Cultivars most susceptible to pod breakdown were NC 5, Va. 56R, Ga. 119–20 and Va. 72R. P.I. 343410 and a selection from P.I. 319178 were extremely susceptible to pod breakdown. Resistance to pod breakdown seems to have been derived from a cross between a small, white-seeded Spanish-type peanut and Dixie Giant, a large-seeded Virginia-type peanut. All resistant cultivars are related to this cross, whereas the susceptible cultivars lack these parental types in the pedigrees.
Genesis of α-Arachin Synthesis in the Developing Peanut Seed
Authors: Neucere N. J. , Yatsu L. Y. , Harris James A.
Published: May 2010

An integrated ultrastructural and immunochemical study of storage protein synthesis was followed on early stages of developing peanut embryos. Whereas it was reported that storage proteins are not present in very immature embryos, e.g. prior to the formation of storage vacuoles or during cytokinesis, we detected α-arachin (the major storage protein) in the smallest embryos feasible to collect—embryos 0.5 to 1 mm long. These embryos contained meristematic cells 10 to 20 μ in diameter which showed the normal complement of organelles; however, no storage vacuoles were observed in these cells. Heavy synthesis of α-arachin coincided with the microscopic observation of protein granules in storage vacuoles of cells in embryos that were about 10 mm long.
Combining Ability Estimates in Arachis Hypogaea L. III. F2 Generation of Intra- and Intersubspecific Crosses1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Rawlings J. O. , Emery D. A.
Published: May 2010

A hybridization program was initiated to investigate the breeding potential of crosses among diverse peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines. Fifteen crosses in F2 generation generated by crossing six peanut lines representing Valencia, Virginia, and Spanish botanical varieties in diallel without reciprocals were used to estimate combining ability in drilled and space-planted tests.

Estimates of both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were significant for percent extra large kernels, percent sound mature kernels, kernels/kg, pod length, and yield measured in the drilled test. The GCA estimates were also significant for all characters measured in the space-planted test, while estimates of SCA were significant for five of the six characters. Estimates of GCA were of greater magnitude than SCA estimates for all characters except one.

A Spanish line, C2, had the highest GCA effects for yield and sound mature kernels in both drilled and space-planted tests.

Although most F2 cross means, especially for the intersubspecific crosses, were less than the midparent value, the presence of transgressive segregants indicated an opportunity for breeding improvement. The depression of F2 means probably resulted from recombination of genes responsible for adaptation of the parental lines.

Comparison of results from the space-planted and drilled tests indicates that data from space-planted tests can provide useful information on the performance of crosses in early generation.
Effects of Herbicides, a Nematicide and Rhizobium Inoculant on Yield, Chemical Composition and Nodulation of Starr Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Walker Milton E. , Minton Norman A. , Dowler Clyde C.
Published: May 2010

Most peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields of the Southern Coastal Plain are treated with either vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2, 6-dinitro-p-toluidine) or a combination of these two herbicides to control certain weeds. The nematicide DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) is also used in some fields. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of vernolate, benefin, DBCP, and Rhizobium sp. on nodulation, yield, quality, and chemical composition of ‘Starr’ peanuts. The application of herbicides, nematicide, and inoculant had no significant effect on yield, sound mature kernels, or ether extract of ‘Starr’ peanuts. The N content of the leaf and seed and the number of nodules were not affected by the treatments. Nematode infestation was low and did not affect yield. In the greenhouse studies, the application of lime, herbicides, or fertilizer did not affect certain morphological characteristics of the plant or N content of the peanut leaves. Nitrogen fertilization increased the weight of the peanut foliage.
Evaluation of Early Generation Testing in Peanuts1
Authors: Wynne J. C.
Published: May 2010

Six lines representing three botanical varieties, and crosses made in diallel among the six lines were grown at two locations to determine the value of early generation testing in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.).

Fruit length, percentage sound mature kernels, and percentage fancy size pods of the crosses bulked and measured in F5 generation were correlated with similar measures in F2 generation. F2 generation cross means for yield were not correlated with F5 cross means. Estimates of general combining ability were significant and of greater magnitude than specific combining ability estimates for both F2 and F5 generations for all traits except yield.

The average performance of a parental line in crosses in the F2 generation was correlated with its average performance in crosses in the F5 generation for yield, fruit length, sound mature kernels, and fancy size pods.

The highest yielding line from nine of the 15 crosses selected using a modified pedigree method equalled or exceeded the yield of the high parent for that cross. Yields of the highest yielding selections, however, were not correlated with the yield of either the F2 or F5 generations of the crosses grown in bulk.

Early generation testing in peanuts of crosses between lines representing different botanical varieties appears to be a useful breeding procedure for traits such as fruit length, sound mature kernels, or fancy size pods but has limited value in selecting for yield.
Peanut Foliar Fungicides: Relationships Between Leafspot Control and Kernel Quality
Authors: Hammond J. M. , Backman P. A. , Lyle J. A.
Published: May 2010

The effectiveness of foliar fungicides for control of peanut leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deight, was evaluated from 1971–1974. Benomyl, chlorothalonil, triphenyl-tin-hydroxide and copper hydroxide were applied at recommended rates by conventional ground sprayer at 14-day intervals. Leaf-spot severity was rated by determining percent defoliation and infection. All fungicide-treated plots had less defoliation and infection than the untreated control plots. Kernel quality was determined using Federal-State Inspection Service procedures. Plots sprayed with chlorothalonil had better quality kernels than those from any other fungicide treatment. However, kernels harvested from the untreated control plots had significantly better quality than those from the chlorothalonil-treatment. Kernels harvested from the benomyl and copper hydroxide treatments were slightly inferior in quality than the chlorothalonil treatment. Kernels from the triphenyl-tin-hydroxide treated plots were significantly inferior in quality than those from plots treated with other fungicides. These data indicate that while kernel quality is not related to leafspot control, certain foliar fungicides adversely affect peanut kernel quality probably by altering the ecology of the geocarposphere.
Severity of Sclerotinia Blight of Peanuts as Detected By Infrared Aerial Photography1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Powell N. L. , Cobb P. R.
Published: May 2010

The severity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as detected on aerial infrared photography was correlated with actual yield losses in the field. Peanut pod losses in the soil increased as disease severity became more pronounced as determined by imagery interpretation. In areas of fields on the imagery interpreted to be slightly, moderately and severely infected with S. sclerotiorum, pod losses due to infection were 2, 5 and 7 times greater, respectively, than normally expected losses in nondiseased areas (ca. 300 kg/ha). Sclerotial populations were 10 times greater in soil from severely infested areas on the field than from slightly and noninfested areas.
Genetic Variability And Heritability For An Intercultivar Cross Of Peanuts1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Rawlings J. O.
Published: May 2010

Genetic variances for yield and several fruit traits for the F5 and F6 generations of an intercultivar peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cross were estimated by maximum likelihood procedures from a nested mating design. Estimates of additive and additive by environmental variances were significant for yield and the fruit traits for the cross between the two Virginia (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaes) cultivars. Estimates of additive by additive variance were essentially zero for all traits; however, estimates of additive by additive by environmental variances were larger than their associated standard deviations for all traits except yield.

Narrow sense estimates of heritability over reciprocal crosses and environments ranged from 0.54 for yield to 0.89 for fruit length. Progress from selection in late generations should be expected for this peanut cross.
Effect of Blending Plant Materials on Protein Quality. I. Peanut and Citrus Seed Proteins1
Authors: Ory Robert L. , Conkerton Edith J. , Sekul Antonio A.
Published: May 2010

Oilseeds are receiving much attention as sources of edible protein, even though some are generally low in certain essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, tryptophane, and/or isoleucine. One of the best ways for correcting the amino acid balance is to blend two or more oilseed proteins. Defatted peanut flour (low in methionine) and a citrus seed flour reportedly high in methionine were blended and evaluated chemically for protein solubility, amino acid composition, gel electrophoretic protein patterns and methionine and available lysine levels. Solubility of peanut proteins is much higher than that of citrus seed proteins, precluding the use of blends in preparation of protein co-isolates for some types of beverages. Because of their properties, these blends would probably find better use in cloudy, fruit-flavored, or milk-type beverages or in solid food items such as meat extenders, bakery goods, dry soup, or gravy mixes.
Effects of 2,4-DB on Yield and Pod Development in Peanuts
Authors: Ketchersid M. L. , Boswell T. E. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2010

The herbicide 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid] was not readily absorbed by peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaves, was not accumlated in the nut at harvest and was very slowly metabolized to 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). In contrast, pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) readily absorbed the 2,4-DB and rapidly converted it to 2,4-D. The 2,4-D was subsequently translocated to the apical regions of the pigweed and resulted in severely reduced growth or death.

Applications of 0.9 kg/ha of 2,4-DB between maximum pegging and early pod (fruit) enlargement reduced yield and affected quality and pod size. Repeated applications of 0.45 kg/ha of 2,4-DB did not adversely affect the peanut. An analytical procedure sensitive to 0.1 ppm of 2,4-D and 0.2 ppm of 2,4-DB is described for analysis of fresh plant forage and nuts.
A Method of Screening Peanut Genotypes for Resistance To Cercospora Leafspot1
Authors: Melouk H. A. , Banks D. J.
Published: May 2010

A detached leaf technique was developed for screening peanut genotypes for resistance to leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola. Compound leaves of four cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and four wild peanut genotypes were used in this study. Individual leaf petioles, each supported by a foam plug, were immersed in Hoagland's solution in 1 × 14 cm test tubes. Leaves were inoculated with C. arachidicola by misting both surfaces with a conidial suspension (2 × 104 conidia/ml) using a DeVilbiss atomizer (No. 152). Test tubes with innoculated leaves were placed in racks in a clear polyethylene chamber on a greenhouse bench. Temperatures in the chamber averaged 26 ± 2 C and 31 ± 2 C during night and day, respectively. Relative humidity was maintained between 80 and 90% by hanging wicks of cheesecloth with their bases in water on both sides of the chamber. Lesions appeared on leaves of susceptible peanuts 8 to 10 days after inoculation and leaflet defoliation started 18 to 21 days after inoculation. This screening technique is reproducible, and requires a minimum of leaf tissue, space, and fungal inoculum.
Genotype-Environment Interaction Effects in Peanut Variety Evaluation1
Authors: Tai Peter Y. P. , Hammons Ray O.
Published: May 2010

Data of both early-and late-maturity groups from the Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) variety trails under irrigated and non-irrigated management at two locations in 1975 and 1976 were used to estimate the magnitude of the variety x environment interaction of pod yield, %TSMK, %OK, %DK, %TK, %ELK, %Fancy and g/100 seed. Irrigation treatments caused marked responses of varieties and interaction effects for some of these traits. Both first-and second-order interactions varied under different treatments and for different traits. The significant varieties x locations x years interaction in most traits examined indicated that the varieties x years interaction varied with location. The relatively small values for varieties x location and for varieties x years indicate that there were no consistent location or year effects on differential varietal response for most of those traits during this period of testing. However, results indicate that the variety component significantly exceeded the first-and the second-order interactions and suggest that the varietal effect would be consistently present, especially for pod yield and size factors (g/100 seed, %Fancy and %ELK).
Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens enhance HCV replication in mammalian cells
Authors: Bahgat Mahmoud Mohamed , El-Far Mohamed Abd-Elhafez , Mesalam Ahmed Atef , Ismaeil Amany Abd-Elghany , Ibrahim Ahmed Atef , Gewaid Hossam Eid , Maghraby Amany Sayed , Ali Mohamed Ahmed , Abd-Elshafy Dina Nadeem
Published: May 2010

Background: This work demonstrates successful propagation of HCV in HepG2 and human blood cells as well as viral shedding into their culture media. The influence of Schistosoma mansoni crude soluble egg antigens (SEA) on the rate of viral propagation in both mammalian cells was also monitored. Methodology: HepG2 cells were inoculated with HCV viremic human sera and some wells were exposed to HCV infection in presence of SEA. Cells were harvested for RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. HepG2 media was collected for HCV ELISA. Blood samples from HCV-infected humans were cultured in the presence and absence of SEA. Media were collected at different time points post culturing and subjected to HCV ELISA. Results: The ELISA concentration of HCV antigens were generally higher in media of infected HepG2 cells compared to media of control cells at all time intervals post infection. Western blots showed reactivity to immunogenic peptides of different molecular weights in lysate of infected HepG2 cells that were not evidenced in uninfected cells. In presence of SEA, RT-PCR results revealed earlier detection of viral RNA in infected HepG2 cells compared to in absence of such bilharzial antigen. Also, ELISA results revealed higher levels of detected HCV antigens in media of both infected HepG2 and blood cells cocultured with S. mansoni SEA compared to that of cultured infected cells in absence of the parasite antigens. Conclusion: HepG2 cells as well as whole blood cultures maintain HCV replication. Furthermore, SEA has the potential to enhance HCV propagation.
Ruptured hydatid cyst presenting as pneumothorax
Authors: Fatimi Saulat H , Sajjad Nida , Muzaffar Marium , Hanif Hashim M
Published: May 2010

Patients with echinococcus infection are mostly asymptomatic. The documented rates of simple pneumothorax in patients with pulmonary hydatidosis ranged from 2.4% - 6.2%. We report a case of a forty-year-old male patient who was referred to our hospital for management of recurrent pneumothorax. A video assisted thoracoscope (VATS) was first introduced which showed a large amount of pus in the pleural cavity and a perforated hydatid cyst. The VATS was converted to an open thoracotomy and decortication was done with removal of the ruptured hydatid. The patient made an unremarkable recovery and was discharged after one week with empyema tubes. The empyema tubes were gradually removed over a period of six weeks. An extraordinary number of management options for pulmonary hydatid disease have been offered. This case report highlights surgical treatment as the management opti
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogens in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Kashef Nasim , Djavid Gholamreza Esmaeeli , Shahbazi Sahba
Published: May 2010

Background: Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens has increased worldwide. Knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogens in specific geographical locations is an important factor for choosing an appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment. The aim of this study was to provide information regarding local resistance patterns of urinary pathogens to the commonly used antibiotics in Tehran, Iran. Methodology: Urine samples collected and submitted to two pathobiology laboratories in Tehran were identified by conventional methods over a period of three years (December 2006 to May 2009). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by the standard disk diffusion technique in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Of the total 13,333 mid-stream urine samples collected from suspected cases of urinary tract infection, 840 (6.3%) were positive for pathogenic bacteria. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common isolate (68.8%) followed by Proteus spp. (12.4%), and Klebsiella spp. (9.6%). E. coli isolates were mostly susceptible to nitrofurantoin (71.3%), followed by ciprofloxacin (68.1%); however, only 38.2% of E. coli isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: Nitrofurantoin may be considered as a first-line empiric antibacterial agent for urinary tract infections in outpatients in Tehran, Iran.
Haemophilus influenzae serotype e meningitis in an adult
Authors: Ulu Kılıç Ayşegül , Altay Fatma Aybala , Gürbüz Yunus , Nar Otgun Selin , Şencan Irfan
Published: May 2010

The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease has declined significantly in countries with routine infant Hib immunization. Accordingly, infections caused by other H. influenzae serotypes or by encapsulated H. influenzae strains are of growing interest. H. influenzae serotype e (Hie) is a rare cause of infection. Invasive Hie infections reported in adults are generally in individuals who had previous underlying conditions, in contrast to infections in childhood. We present the first report of Hie meningitis in Turkey. It is of interest that meningitis due to this organism occured as a complication of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, which to our knowledge has never been documented. Further identification of H. influenzae strains isolated from patients with invasive disease, especially those with predisposing factors and/or who have been vaccinated, is essential.
Antibodies toPorphyromonas gingivalisAre Associated with Anticitrullinated Protein Antibodies in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Relatives
Authors: HITCHON CAROL A. , CHANDAD FATIHA , FERUCCI ELIZABETH D. , WILLEMZE ANNEMIEK , IOAN-FACSINAY ANDREEA , van der WOUDE DIANE , MARKLAND JANET , ROBINSON DAVID , ELIAS BRENDA , NEWKIRK MARIANNA , TOES RENE M. , HUIZINGA TOM W.J. , EL-GABALAWY HANI S.
Published: May 2010

Objective.

Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are relatively specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and predate disease. The oral pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalismay play a role in breaking immune tolerance to citrullinated antigens. We studied a cohort of patients with RA and their relatives looking for associations between anti-P. gingivalisantibodies and ACPA.

Methods.

Patients with RA (n = 82) and their relatives (n = 205) from a North American Native (NAN) population were studied, along with 47 NAN and 60 non-NAN controls. IgM and IgA rheumatoid factor (RF) were tested by nephelometry and ELISA. Second-generation anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP2) isotypes and IgG anti-P. gingivalislipopolysaccharides were tested by ELISA. HLA-DRB1 typing was performed by sequencing. Oral hygiene and smoking habits were assessed by questionnaires.

Results.

Autoantibody frequency in patients with RA and relatives: ACPA 91% vs 19%, respectively; IgM RF 82% vs 17%; IgA RF 48% vs 22%. Anti-P. gingivalislevels were higher in patients with RA compared to relatives and controls (p = 0.005) and higher in ACPA-positive patients with RA than in ACPA-negative patients with RA (p = 0.04) and relatives (p < 0.001), but comparable in RF-positive and RF-negative patients and relatives. Poor oral hygiene and smoking were prevalent, but with no clear association with autoantibodies. Relatives with 2 shared-epitope alleles were more likely to be ACPA-positive (OR 2.5, p = 0.02).

Conclusion.

In a genetically predisposed population of NAN patients with RA and their relatives, anti-P. gingivalisantibodies were associated with ACPA. These findings suggest that immune responses toP. gingivalismay be involved in breaking immune tolerance to citrullinated antigens.