bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenie der Thysanoptera (Insecta) aus ontogenetischer Sicht
Authors: Moritz Gerald
Published: July 2010

Phylogeny of the Thysanoptera (Insecta) from the Ontogenetical Standpoint

The Thysanoptera constitute a monophyletic group on the basis of an analysis of 40 character states of different ontogenetic phases of species of European Thysanoptera families. In the result of some numerical methods, the Panchaetothripinae and Thripinae show a sister‐group relationship. The position of the Mero‐ and Aolothripidae within the monophyletic Terebrantian suborder is very difficult and should be a problem for the future.
On the Identity of the Enigmatic Leptocnema (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
Authors: Kury Adriano B.
Published: July 2010

Through the restudy of type material of Leptocnema sulphurea (PERTY, 1833), the monotypic genus Leptocnema KOCH, 1839 is removed from the Mitobatinae to the Progonyleptoidellinae. The species is fully described and illustrated, including male genital morphology.
Adinopsis klimaszewskii sp. n. from the Popa Falls in Northern Namibia. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae)
Authors: Uhlig Manfred
Published: July 2010

Adinopsis klimaszewskii sp. n. from the banks of the Kavango River at Popa Falls in the Caprivi strip in Northern Namibia is described and illustrated. Type locality: Namibia, Kavango, Popa Falls, 18°07′S/21°35′E.
Arten der Gattung Cryptocephalus Geoffroy aus der Fauna des südlichen und östlichen Afrika (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Schöller Matthias
Published: July 2010

Species of the Genus Cryptocephalus Geoffroy from the Fauna of Southern and Eastern Africa (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

Type specimens of seven species of Cryptocephalus are redescribed: C. dregii Suffrian, C. hereto Reineck, C. hildebrandti Harold, C. moseri Weise, C. nigricollis Weise, C. pauli Weise and C. usambaricus Weise. Lectotypes of C. dregii and C. moseri are designated. Faunistic data from the Africa expeditions of the Museum of Natural History Berlin and the Namibian National Insect Collection, State Museum Windhoek, Namibia, are added.
Pseudericthonius hesperidesi sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridea, Ischyroceridae) aus dem Sublitoral bei Livingston Island (Südshetlandinseln)
Authors: Rauschert Martin
Published: July 2010

Pseudericthonius hesperidesi sp. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridea, Ischyroceridae) from the Sublittoral of Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands)

Pseudericthonius hesperidesi is described as new species from the littoral of Livingston Island. The study is based on one amphipod collected during the Spanish Bentart 94 survey aboard the R.V.O. Hesperides.
An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Amphisbaenians (Reptilia: Squamata: Amphisbaenia) in the Zoological Museum, Berlin
Authors: Gans Carl , Bauer Aaron M. , Günther Rainer
Published: July 2010

The herpetological collection of the Zoological Museum of Berlin contains type specimens for 25 names of amphisbaenians. Of these 20 pertain to currently valid names, those for 23 are primary types initially deposited in the Museum, and those for 2 names were obtained by trade or exchange.
Neue Arten und weitere neue Synonyme in der Gattung Amara BONELLI, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Hieke Fritz
Published: July 2010

New Species und Further New Synonyms in the Genus Amara BONELLI, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Description of 22 new asian species (China, Nepal, Turkey, Libanon) of the genus Amara BON. and presentation of 20 new synonyms.
A New Species of Acupalpus from East Asia (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Kataev Boris M. , Jaeger Bernd
Published: July 2010

Acupalpus laferi sp.n. from East Asia is described (type locality: Russia: Maritime Province: Ussurijskij Nat. Res., 100 km N of Vladivostok).
Direct detection of non‐proton‐bearing 15N nuclei by long‐range couplings using polarization transfer
Authors: Klika Karel D.
Published: July 2010

The application of the QDEPT and QHSQC principles to long‐range interactions for the direct detection of non‐proton‐bearing 15N is proffered as a general solution together with multiselective polarization transfer and triple INEPT for overcoming convoluted responses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nützliche und nutzbare Spielräume: Bologna an der FH
Authors: Gros Leo , Horz Maren
Published: July 2010

Die Europa‐Fachhochschule Fresenius in Idstein hat einen sechs‐ und einen achtsemestrigen Bachelorstudiengang sowie einen zweisemestrigen Masterstudiengang entwickelt.
Die Formeln des Geschmacks
Authors: Krines Claudia , Hilz Hauke , Mlodzianowski Werner
Published: July 2010

Claudia Krines, Hauke Hilz, Werner Mlodzianowski

Molekulargastronomie ist ein Lifestyle‐Thema, das auf chemisches Grundwissen Appetit macht.

(Natur‐)Wissenschaftler und eine Generation junger Wilder aus der neuen Haute Cuisine vertreten die Disziplin. Doch was sind ihre Grundlagen, Forschungsfelder und ‐aufgaben?
10. Frühjahrssymposium der Jungchemiker in Rostock
Authors: Flemming Anke
Published: July 2010

Die Jungchemiker kommen in die Jahre: Nach dem 10‐jährigen Jubiläum des Jungchemikerforums fand nun auch die wichtigste Tagung der GDCh‐Nachwuchsorganisation, das Frühjahrssymposium, zum zehnten Mal statt.
Ein Universalist fürs Spezielle
Authors: Hausberg Sascha , Wunderlich Steffen
Published: July 2010

Proteindesign und Molekülsimulationen am Rechner helfen, Strukturen zu verstehen, zu konstruieren und anzuwenden. Das Molecular Operating Environment berechnet und zeichnet Bausteine für die Bio‐ und Chemoinformatik und die medizinische Chemie.
Aus Pisa lernen? Ja, aber ...
Authors: Becker Hans‐Jürgen , Stäudel Lutz
Published: July 2010

Hans‐Jürgen Becker, Lutz Stäudel

Fachleute, Politiker und Öffentlichkeit streiten noch immer darüber, was aus dem mittelmäßigen Abschneiden deutscher Schüler bei internationalen Vergleichstests zu folgern ist. Allerdings reicht es nicht, nur Chemieunterricht zu verändern. Die Struktur des gesamten naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts sowie das Schulsystem selbst gehören auf den Prüfstand. Dabei dürfen weder Schüler noch Lehrer aus dem Blickfeld der Reformer geraten, und Lehrer brauchen eher mehr als weniger Gestaltungsfreiraum.
Säulen aus Segmenten
Authors: Lamotte Stefan
Published: July 2010

Stefan Lamotte

Eine aus Segmenten unterschiedlicher Selektivität aufgebaute HPLC‐Säule lässt sich so optimieren, dass sie ein Gemisch aus Arzneimittelwirkstoffen innerhalb von zwei Minuten trennt.
Analysen‐, Bio‐ und Labortechnik
Authors: Briel Katrin von , Schlosser Björn
Published: July 2010

Katrin von Briel, Björn Schlosser

Qualitäts‐ und Innovationsführerschaft erfordern Investitionen. Kostenführerschaft dagegen setzt auf schlanke Prozesse und Strukturen. Weitere Faktoren wie Preisgestaltung und Wissensmanagement führen Unternehmen zum Erfolg.
Zellbasierte Tests statt Tierversuche
Authors: O'Connell James , Abassi Yama , Xi Biao , Wang Xiaobo , Xu Xioa
Published: July 2010

James O'Connell, Yama Abassi, Biao Xi, Xiaobo Wang, Xiao Xu

Das Xcelligence‐System eignet sich für In‐vitro‐Tests von mikrobiellen Toxinen oder für In‐vitro‐Kardiotoxizitätstests von Arzneimittelkandidaten und kann so Tierversuche ersetzen.
Biotechnica mit neuer Struktur
Authors: Zbikowski Frauke , Hübenthal Anke
Published: July 2010

Vom 7. bis zum 9. Oktober findet in Hannover die Messe Biotechnica statt, zum ersten Mal seit 1991 wieder im Jahresrhythmus. Neu ist die Kooperation mit dem Kongress European Bio Perspectives.
GFP – Licht ins Dunkel der Zelle
Authors: Hauser Christina
Published: July 2010

Das grünfluoreszierende Protein (GFP) dient als genetisch integrierbare Sonde, beispielsweise zum Studium der Genexpression oder um Proteine in lebenden Zellen zu lokalisieren. Für die Entdeckung des GFP und dessen Weiterentwicklung zu einem Werkzeug für die Molekularbiologie erhielten die US‐Amerikaner Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie und Roger Y. Tsien den Nobelpreis für Chemie.
Pionier der Seltenen Erden
Authors: Löffler Gerd
Published: July 2010

Gerd Löffler

Vor 150 Jahren wurde der österreichische Chemiker Carl Auer von Welsbach geboren. Neben seinen großen Leistungen als Unternehmer und Erfinder gerät der Forscher manchmal in Vergessenheit.

Zu Unrecht, entdeckte er doch vier Elemente der Seltenen Erden. Auch der österreichischen Radioaktivitätsforschung bereitete er den Weg.
Lernen auf Distanz
Authors: Brauns Jan
Published: July 2010

Jan Brauns

Mitarbeiter in Labor und Produktion können ihr Wissen auch in Fernlehrgängen aktualisieren.
Forschung und Entwicklung für den Erfolg organisieren
Authors: Heyl. Andreas
Published: July 2010

Andreas Heyl

Unternehmen benötigen richtige Strukturen und einen konstanten Zufluss an gut ausgebildeten Berufsanfängern. Universitätsabsolventen prüfen die Profile von Eintrittsabteilungen und bleiben im Unternehmen, wenn das Arbeitsumfeld stimmt. Lonza bietet flache Hierarchien und viel Eigenverantwortung.
Modeling and computation of fretting wear of structures under sharp contact
Authors: Dhia Hachmi Ben , Torkhani Mohamed
Published: July 2010

This paper is concerned with the modeling and simulation of the evolution of fretting wear of interacting solids submitted to cyclic loading and possibly undergoing large mechanical transformations. A Lagrangian formalism of the virtual work principle integrating significant worn volumes from the interacting solids is given. An extension of the Archard's wear model to the large transformations framework is developed and explained. Variational large transformations Lagrangian hybrid contact wear formulations are then derived. Wear explicit and wear implicit solution methodologies are described. A delocalized Archard's law is introduced to bound the wear of a structure under a corner or an edge of contact. Further, we resort to the multimodel Arlequin framework to capture efficiently wear concentrations as well as significant material removal due to wear, while enhancing the modeling flexibility and reducing the simulation costs of wear of structures, particularly thin ones. Our global methodology is assessed by some didactic numerical tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a code of ethics for policy experts
Authors: Benveniste Guy
Published: July 2010

Advances in science and technology have exposed society to risks of unprecedented magnitude, which sometimes must be faced on very short notice, as in the field of nuclear power. Those developments have greatly increased the significance of the opinions of policy experts. When adversaries are pitted against one another on such issues, the risk that policy experts may lose legitimacy in the eyes of the public is very high. At such times, the concern grows that the experts' views may be influenced by pressure from their principals or by conflicts of personal interest. One step that could reduce the risk of a loss of legitimacy for policy experts is to develop a code of ethics, which would include such issues as defining the responsibility of the expert, identifying unacceptable conflicts of interest, determining the expert's obligations regarding secrecy and disclosure, and developing standards for the process of decision‐making in emergencies.
Markets and politics in France's declining regions
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: July 2010

France has adopted an explicit policy of countering the decline of its old industrial areas, by encouraging a process of reindustrialization in those regions. The French experience illustrates the challenge that such an approach encounters, including dificulties arising out of policies of the European Community, the efforts of the government to achieve national growth targets, the locational preferences of potential “replacement” industries, and political and financial constraints on regional governments when they assume an entrepreneurial role. In the end, the effect of government intervention proves complex. Although the principal effort is directed at cushioning the pressures of market forces, the net result of public policy is often to transmit such forces more directly than in the past.
The changing role of social experiments in policy analysis
Authors: Greenberg David H. , Robins Philip K.
Published: July 2010

Since 1968 more than thirty‐five social policy experiments have been conducted in the United States. During this period through 1976 these experiments were generally long‐term, large‐scale tests of major new programs; thereafter, experiments became markedly more modest in scope. Although hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on the earlier programs, the experiments probably had only a negligible impact on policies. This result stemmed from a variety of factors: Social testing actually tends to exert a conservative influence on policymaking; and the time required to complete experiments and interpret results is often incompatible with the needs of policy makers. In addition, test results are often not effectively communicated to Congress, the administration and the public, and even when the results are conveyed, policy makers are frequently skeptical about the soundness of the methodologies employed. If recent experimental programs are to exert more influence on policymaking, program oficials will need to address these dificulties.
Natural gas deregulatin: The need for further reform
Authors: Broadman Harry G.
Published: July 2010

Like attempts at achieving effective regulation of economic activity where it is warranted, deregulation can entail hidden complexities and produce unintended outcomes. The principle that deregulation begets “second order” effects that may necessitate further regulatory reform is epitomized in the case of natural gas. This article shows how the partial deregulation of natural gas wellhead markets under the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978 caused a variety of distortions to emerge in other segments of the industry. Because the distortions are mutually reinforcing, no single policy, such as immediate decontrol of “old” gas or subjecting pipeline companies to common carrier obligations, will solve all of them; rather an integrated program of regulatory reform is required. The article concludes by outlining such a program and commenting on how its implementation through administrative and legislative actions should be carried out in order to reduce the need for further reform in the future.
The narrative structure of policy analysis
Authors: Kaplan Thomas J.
Published: July 2010

This paper holds that the prior development of clear external criteria or principles is not always a useful avenue to the resolution of policy dilemmas, and that external criteria are sometimes as likely to emerge from proposed resolutions to policy issues as they are to govern those resolutions. In the absence of external criteria, stories meeting certain characteristics (truth, richness, consistency, congruency, and unity) can integrate necessary considerations, explain the development of current dilemmas, and point the way to resolutions. Not all policy analyses need to be in the narrative form‐some analyses appropriately make tenseless arguments for particular principles. However, these principles invariably allow for many possible actions, and only a narrative can explain which particular course of action is desirable and why.
Effects of malonic acid treatment on crystal structure, melting behavior, morphology, and mechanical properties of isotactic poly(propylene)/wollastonite composites
Authors: Li Lin , Dou Qiang
Published: July 2010

Wollastonite is treated with a new surface modifier (malonic acid). The influence of malonic acid treatment on the crystallization and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/wollastonite composites has been studied. The results of differential scanning calorimetry, wide angle X‐ray diffractometry, and polarized light microscopy prove that malonic acid‐treated wollastonite increases the relative content of β‐crystal form of PP. The scanning electron microscopy shows that malonic acid‐treated wollastonite has better compatibility with PP matrix than the untreated wollastonite. Higher β‐phase contents, smaller spherulite sizes, and better compatibility with PP matrix of the composites containing malonic acid‐treated wollastonite result in improved impact strength and tensile strength, but lower flexural modulus. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that malonic acid reacts with the Ca2+ of wollastonite to form the calcium malonate, which acts as an effective β‐nucleating agent. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Calculation of the molecular weight distribution of crosslinked polymer chains using the theory of branching processes
Authors: Vojta Vladimír , Dušek Karel
Published: July 2010

A numerical method for calculation of the weight‐fraction distribution resulting from random crosslinking of polydisperse primary chains is suggested. The method is based on the numerical inverse Laplace transform of the weight‐fraction generating function given by the theory of branching processes. The applicability of the method was demonstrated using the Schulz‐Zimm type distribution of primary chains. A good agreement was obtained by comparing the results with those following from the kinetic theory of crosslinking for the most probable distribution of primary chains at low degrees of crosslinking.
Polymers as Catalysts
Authors: Sherrington David C.
Published: July 2010

Polymers have been widely used as catalysts or catalyst supports and the various applications can be categorised conveniently into four groups (a) catalysis by soluble linear polymers, (b) catalysis by ion exchange resins, (c) polymer‐supported ‘homogeneous’ metal complex catalysts and (d) polymer‐supported phase transfer catalysts. A brief review of each of these is given, with citation of some of the more recent and important examples which illustrate some of the basic principles involved.
Structural Differences Between Similar Commercial Grades of Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Acetate
Authors: Dunn Alexander S. , Naravane Shreeang R.
Published: July 2010

The properties of ostensibly similar grades of polyvinyl alcohol‐acetate are often found to be drastically different: for example, the viscosity of a polyvinyl acetate latex prepared using polyvinyl alcohol in the emulsifier system was reduced by half when a different sample of polyvinyl alcohol was used, yet the polyvinyl alcohols appeared to be identical in most respects. However, when the { 1 H } −13C n.m.r. spectra were obtained under identical conditions it was found that the ratio of the intensities of the methine and methylene resonances differed. This is attributable to a difference in the extent of short‐chain non‐hydrolysable branching.
Colloidal Reinforcement: The Influence of Bound Polymer
Authors: Kendall Kevin , Sherliker Frank R.
Published: July 2010

The reinforcement of rubbers by colloidal filler particles has often been associated with the presence of ‘bound polymer’, that polymer which cannot be removed by solvent extraction from the filled material. This paper demonstrates to the contrary that, for filled polyethylene, bound polymer is observed but reinforcement is not. Indeed, the bound polymer appears to embrittle the filled material. A new model of the filler‐polymer interface is proposed to account for these results. It is suggested that there are two interfaces in a filled polymer; one between filler and bound polymer, and a second interface between bound polymer and soluble polymer. This second interface appears to be weak in the case of filled polyethylene and causes failure some 2.8 nm from the true filler surface. The model explains why cross‐linking the polyethylene, or increasing its molecular weight, overcomes the embrittlement problem.
Second Virial Coefficients for Solutions of Polystyrene Mixtures Obtained With Low‐Angle Laser Light Scattering
Authors: Welzen Theo L.
Published: July 2010

Low‐angle laser light scattering measurements were performed on practically binary mixtures of standard polystyrenes dissolved in toluene. Second virial coefficients A2 were obtained as a function of the composition of the mixed polymer. No solid evidence was found for the existence of maxima in A2 vs composition. Existing theories predict a maximum. The possible existence of minima such as reported by Suzuki5 could not be confirmed with the present system.
UV‐induced refractive index modulation of photoreactive polymers bearing N‐acylcarbazole groups
Authors: Griesser T. , Wolfberger A. , Edler M. , Belzik M. , Jakopic G. , Trimmel G. , Kern W.
Published: July 2010

In this study, we report on the synthesis and characterization of photoreactive polymers bearing N‐acetylcarbazole and N‐formylcarbazole groups, respectively. These polymers were easily accessible by polymer analogous acylation of commercially available poly‐(2‐vinylcarbazole). While poly(1‐(2‐vinyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)ethanone) (poly‐1) undergoes a partial photochemical Fries rearrangement, poly(2‐vinyl‐9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbaldehyde) (poly‐2) decarbonylates smoothly when exposed to UV irradiation. The difference in reactivity between the two acylated polymers is because of the lower stability of the formyl radical, which is formed in the first stage of this photoreaction. Ellipsometric measurements of thin films showed that the photo‐Fries rearrangement in poly‐1 causes a change in refractive index by Δn = +0.01 at 650 nm. UV illumination of poly‐2 results in a change of the refractive index by Δn = +0.03 at 650 nm, which can be explained by the high yield of the photodecarbonylation of the N‐formylcarbazole groups. Refractive index patterns can be easily realized using lithographic techniques as demonstrated by optical microscopy using a phase contrast set‐up for visualization. Patterned films of poly‐1 and poly‐2 with feature sizes of about 5 μm were obtained with a mask aligner. Photoreactive polymers bearing N‐acylcarbazole groups are of potential interest for optical applications such as waveguides, optical switches, and data storage devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Dendronized copolymers functionalized with crown ethers and their reversible modification through host–guest interaction
Authors: Xiong Xingquan , Chen Yongming , Feng Shu , Wang Wei
Published: July 2010

Crown ether‐functionalized dendronized copolymers with an alternating structure were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of styrene derivatives pendent with Percec‐type polyether dendron of two generations and maleimide pendent with dibenzo[24]crown‐8 (24C8). Novel dendronized copolymers bearing tremendous host molecular cavities have been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, static light scattering (SLS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Host–guest interactions between 24C8 units dispersed along the dendronized copolymers and organic ammonium salts of pyrene, anthracene, and phenol have been explored. These molecular recognition processes can be monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. These results showed that the supramolecular polymer systems are acid–base controllable, demonstrating that dendronized copolymers may be modified reversibly via host–guest interaction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Sulfonated polybenzimidazoles: Proton conduction and acid–base crosslinking
Authors: Thomas Owen D. , Peckham Timothy J. , Thanganathan Uma , Yang Yunsong , Holdcroft Steven
Published: July 2010

A series of soluble, benzimidazole‐based polymers containing sulfonic acid groups (SuPBI) has been synthesized. SuPBI membranes resist extensive swelling in water but are poor proton conductors. When blended with high ion exchange capacity (IEC) sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), a polymer that has high proton conductivity but poor mechanical integrity, ionic crosslinks form reducing the extent of swelling. The effect of sulfonation of PBI on crosslinking in these blends was gauged through comparison with nonsulfonated analogs. Sulfonic acid groups present in SuPBI compensate for acid groups involved in crosslinking, thereby increasing IEC and proton conductivity of the membrane. When water uptake and proton conductivity were compared to the IEC of blends containing either sulfonated or nonsulfonated PBI, no noticeable distinction between PBI types could be made. Comparisons were also made between these blends and pure SPEEK membranes of similar IEC. Blend membranes exhibit slightly lower maximum proton conductivity than pure SPEEK membranes (60 vs. 75 mS cm−1) but had significantly enhanced dimensional stability upon immersion in water, especially at elevated temperature (80 °C). Elevated temperature measurements in humid environments show increased proton conductivity of the SuPBI membranes when compared with SPEEK‐only membranes of similar IEC (c.f. 55 for the blend vs. 42 mS cm−1 for SPEEK at 80 °C, 90% relative humidity). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3640–3650, 2010
Sequential conversion of orthogonally functionalized diblock copolymers based on pentafluorophenyl esters
Authors: Nilles Katja , Theato Patrick
Published: July 2010

Statistic and block copolymers exhibiting activated ester side groups were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in the presence of cumyl dithiobenzoate, benzyl dithiobenzoate, and 4‐cyano‐4‐((thiobenzoyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid as chain transfer agents. Pentafluorophenyl methacrylate and pentafluorophenyl 4‐vinylbenzoate were used to enable a sequential functionalization of the obtained copolymers by conversion of the activated esters with different amines. 1H NMR spectroscopy, 19F NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy showed the successful step‐by‐step conversion of the different activated esters by aniline followed by aliphatic amines, thereby realizing a sequential functionalization of block copolymers with just one specific reactive group. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3683–3692, 2010
A description of heterosexual couples' sexual adjustment to androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Walker Lauren M. , Robinson John W.
Published: July 2010

Objective: It is estimated that 600 000 men are currently living in North America with castrate levels of testosterone as a result of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to explore how patients and their partners adjust to changes associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).

Methods: Eighteen couples were interviewed regarding their adjustment to ADT side effects.

Results: Three distinct patterns of adjustment were observed. One group of couples had assumed sex to be impossible after commencing ADT, and quickly accepted the loss of sex in exchange for a life extending treatment (four couples). Another group was found to be struggling to either maintain satisfying sex or adapt to the loss of their sexual relationship (five couples). The third group had struggled, but found that they were satisfied with their sexual outcome (nine couples). A subset of these couples successfully adjusted to changes in the man's sexual function and found satisfying ways to be sexually active (five couples).

Conclusions: The finding that some couples are able to enjoy satisfying sex, despite castrate levels of testosterone, raised questions about how patients are prepared to undergo ADT and how they are managed. It is possible that both the couples who gave up on sex because they believed that satisfying sex was impossible, and the couples who continued to struggle to adjust, may have faired better if they had known how other couples are able to maintain satisfying sex while the man is androgen‐deprived. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution structure of the FCS zinc finger domain of the human polycomb group protein L(3)mbt‐like 2
Authors: Lechtenberg Bernhard C. , Allen Mark D. , Rutherford Trevor J. , Freund Stefan M. V. , Bycroft Mark
Published: July 2010

Polycomb group proteins are epigenetic regulators that maintain patterns of gene expression over multiple rounds of cell division. Many of these proteins, including polyhomeotic and the MBT repeat containing proteins SCM and dSfmbt, contain an atypical C2C2 zinc finger with a characteristic phenylalanine–cysteine–serine sequence motif. The reoccurrence of this so‐called FCS zinc finger in a variety of polycomb group proteins suggests that it has an important regulatory function. We have determined the solution structure of the FCS zinc finger of the human dSfmbt homologue L(3)mbt‐like 2 (L3MBTL2). The structure consists of a β‐hairpin followed by an α‐helix. The zinc ligands are situated in the β‐hairpin and at the N‐terminus of the α‐helix an arrangement typical of the treble clef class of zinc fingers. The structure is consistent with the proposal that FCS zinc fingers bind to regulatory RNAs.
The importance of surface loops for stabilizing an eightfold βα barrel protein
Authors: Urfer Roman , Kirschner Kasper
Published: July 2010

An important step in understanding how a protein folds is to determine those regions of the sequence that are critical to both its stability and its folding pathway. We chose phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase from Escherichia coli, which is a monomeric representative of the (βα)8 barrel family of proteins, to construct a variant that carries an internal tandem duplication of the fifth βα module. This (βα)9 variant was enzymically active and therefore must have a wild‐type (βα)8 core. It had a choice a priori to fold to three different folding frames, which are distinguished by carrying the duplicated segment as an insert into one out of three different loops. Steady‐state kinetic constants, the fluorescence properties of a crucial tryptophan residue, and limited proteolysis showed that the stable (βα)9 variant carries the insertion between β‐strand 5 and α‐helix 5. This preference can be explained by the important role of loops between α helices and β strands in stabilizing the structure of the enzyme.
Spontaneous degradation of polypeptides at aspartyl and asparaginyl residues: Effects of the solvent dielectric
Authors: Brennan Todd V. , Clarke Steven
Published: July 2010

We have investigated the spontaneous degradation of aspartate and asparagine residues via succinimide intermediates in model peptides in organic co‐solvents. We find that the rate of deamidation at asparagine residues is markedly reduced in solvents of low dielectric strength. Theoretical considerations suggest that this decrease in rate is due to the destabilization of the deprotonated peptide bond nitrogen anion that is the postulated attacking species in succinimide formation. This result suggests that asparagine residues in regions with low dielectric constants, such as the interior of a protein or in a membrane bilayer, are protected from this type of degradation reaction. On the other hand, we found little or no effect on the rate of succinimide‐mediated isomerization of aspartate residues when subjected to the same changes in dielectric constant. In this case, the destabilization of the attacking peptide bond nitrogen anion may be balanced by increased protonation of the aspartyl side chain carboxyl group, a reaction that results in a superior leaving group. Consequently, any protein structure or conformation that would increase the protonation of an aspartate side chain carboxyl group can be expected to render that residue more labile. These results may help explain why particular aspartate residues have been found to degrade in proteins at rates comparable to those of asparagine residues, even though aspartyl‐containing peptides degrade more slowly than corresponding asparaginyl‐containing peptides in aqueous solutions.
Frequency analysis of infrared absorption and vibrational circular dichroism of proteins in D2O solution
Authors: Pancoska Petr , Wang Lijiang , Keiderling Timothy A.
Published: July 2010

The IR absorption frequencies as derived from second derivatives of the Fourier transform IR spectra of the amide I' bands of globular proteins in D2O are compared to those obtained from band fitting of the vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra. The two sets of frequencies are in very good agreement, yielding consistent ranges where amide I' VCD and IR features occur. Use of VCD to complement the IR allows one to add sign information to the frequency information so that features occurring in the overlapping frequency ranges that might arise from different secondary structures can be better discriminated. From this comparison, it is clear that correlation just of the frequency of a given IR transition to secondary structure can lead to a nonunique solution. Different sign patterns were identified for correlated groups of globular proteins in restricted frequency ranges that have been previously assigned to defined secondary structural elements. Hence, different secondary structural elements must contribute band components to a given frequency range.
Bacterial expression and photoaffinity labeling of a pheromone binding protein
Authors: Prestwich Glenn D.
Published: July 2010

The first high‐level production of a binding‐active odorant binding protein is described. The expression cassette polymerase chain reaction was used to generate a DNA fragment encoding the pheromone binding protein (PBP) of the male moth Antheraea polyphemus. Transformation of Escherichia coli cells with a vector containing this construct generated clones which, when induced with isopropyl β‐d‐thiogalactopyranoside, produced the 14‐kDa PBP in both the soluble fraction and in inclusion bodies. Purification of the soluble recombinant PBP by preparative isoelectric focusing and gel filtration gave >95% homogeneous protein, which was immunoreactive with an anti‐PBP antiserum and exhibited specific, pheromone‐displaceable covalent modification by the photoaffinity label [3H]6E, 11Z‐hexadecadienyl diazoacetate. Recombinant PBP was indistinguishable from the insect‐derived PBP, as determined by both native and denaturing gel electrophoresis, immunoreactivity, and photoaffinity labeling properties. Moreover, the insoluble inclusion body protein could be solubilized, refolded, and purified by the same procedures to give a recombinant PBP indistinguishable from the soluble PBP. Proton NMR spectra of the soluble and refolded protein provide further evidence that they possess the same folded structure.
Mapping the surface properties of macromolecules
Authors: Chapman Michael S.
Published: July 2010

Methods are presented for the rapid computation of schematic projections of the surfaces of macromolecules, similar to the “roadmaps” used to illustrate the surfaces of viruses (Rossmann, M.G. & Palmenberg, A.C., 1988, Virology 164, 373–382). Several types of projections are described, extending the application of “roadmaps” to the external surfaces of all macromolecules and their interior binding pockets and pores. The surface projections, showing the positions of residues, can be colored, shaded, contoured, and annotated to show physical, sequence, or functional properties such as surface topology, hydrophobicity, or sequence conservation, for example. The automated procedures are useful for surveys of the surface features of proteins sharing similar functional properties.
Prediction of the three‐dimensional structures of the biotinylated domain from yeast pyruvate carboxylase and of the lipoylated H‐protein from the pea leaf glycine cleavage system: A new automated method for the prediction of protein tertiary structure
Authors: Brocklehurst Simon M. , Perham Richard N.
Published: July 2010

A new, automated, knowledge‐based method for the construction of three‐dimensional models of proteins is described. Geometric restraints on target structures are calculated from a consideration of homologous template structures and the wider knowledge base of unrelated protein structures. Three‐dimensional structures are calculated from initial partly folded states by high‐temperature molecular dynamics simulations followed by slow cooling of the system (simulated annealing) using nonphysical potentials. Three‐dimensional models for the biotinylated domain from the pyruvate carboxylase of yeast and the lipoylated H‐protein from the glycine cleavage system of pea leaf were constructed, based on the known structures of two lipoylated domains of 2‐oxo acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes. Despite their weak sequence similarity, the three proteins are predicted to have similar three‐dimensional structures, representative of a new protein module. Implications for the mechanisms of posttranslational modification of these proteins and their catalytic function are discussed.
Modeling the structure of pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin by homology to other X‐ray structures
Authors: Wampler John E. , Bradley Elizabeth A. , Adams MICHAEL W.W. , Stewart David E.
Published: July 2010

The three‐dimensional structure of rubredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, has been modeled from the X‐ray crystal structures of three homologous proteins from Clostridium pasteurianum, Desulfovibrio gigas, and Desulfovibrio vulgaris. All three homology models are similar. When comparing the positions of all heavy atoms and essential hydrogen atoms to the recently solved crystal structure (Day, M.W., et al., 1992, Protein Sci. 1, 1494–1507) of the same protein, the homology models differ from the X‐ray structure by 2.09 Å root mean square (RMS). The X‐ray and the zinc‐substituted NMR structures (Blake, P.R., et al., 1992b, Protein Sci. 1, 1508–1521) show a similar level of difference (2.05 Å RMS). On average, the homology models are closer to the X‐ray structure than to the NMR structures (2.09 vs. 2.42 Å RMS).
Investigation of the backbone dynamics of the igg‐binding domain of streptococcal protein g by heteronuclear two‐dimensional 1H‐15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Barchi Joseph J. , Grasberger Bruce , Gronenborn Angela M. , Clore G. Marius
Published: July 2010

The backbone dynamics of the immunoglobulin‐binding domain (Bl) of streptococcal protein G, uniformly labeled with 15N, have been investigated by two‐dimensional inverse detected heteronuclear 1H‐15N NMR spectroscopy at 500 and 600 MHz. 15N T1, T2, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement data were obtained for all 55 backbone NH vectors of the B1 domain at both field strengths. The overall correlation time obtained from an analysis of the T1/T2 ratios was 3.3 ns at 26 °C. Overall, the B1 domain is a relatively rigid protein, consistent with the fact that over 95% of the residues participate in secondary structure, comprising a four‐stranded sheet arranged in a ‐1, +3x, ‐1 topology, on top of which lies a single helix. Residues in the turns and loops connecting the elements of secondary structure tend to exhibit a higher degree of mobility on the picosecond time scale, as manifested by lower values of the overall order parameter. A number of residues at the ends of the secondary structure elements display two distinct internal motions that are faster than the overall rotational correlation time: one is fast (<20 ps) and lies in the extreme narrowing limit, whereas the other is one to two orders of magnitude slower (1‐3 ns) and lies outside the extreme narrowing limit. the slower motion can be explained by large‐amplitude (20‐40°) jumps in the n‐h vectors between states with well‐defined orientations that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. in addition, residues in the helix and in the outer β‐strands (particularly β‐strand 2) display a small degree of chemical exchange line broadening, possibly due to a minor rotational motion of the helix relative to the sheet that curls around it.
Structural analysis and localization of the carbohydrate moieties of a soluble human interferonγreceptor produced in baculovirus‐infected insect cells
Authors: Manneberg Michael , Friedlein Arno , Kurth Holger , Lahm Hans‐Werner , Fountoulakis Michael
Published: July 2010

A soluble form of the human interferon γ receptor that is required for the identification of interferonγantagonists was expressed in baculovirus‐infected insect cells. The protein carried N‐linked carbohydrate and showed a heterogeneity on denaturing polyacrylamide gels. We investigated the utilization of the potential sites for N‐linked glycosylation and the structure of the carbohydrate moieties of this soluble receptor. Amino acid sequence analysis and ion spray mass spectrometry revealed that of the five potential sites for N‐linked glycosylation, Asn” and Asn69 were always utilized, whereas Asn62 and Asn162 were utilized in approximately one‐third of the protein population. Asn223 was never found to be glycosylated. The soluble receptor was treated with N‐glycosidase F and the oligosaccharides released were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, which showed that the protein carried six types of short carbohydrate chains. The predominant species was a hexasaccharide of molecular mass 1,039, containing a fucose subunit linked to the proximal N‐acetylglucosamine residue.
“Frozen” dynamic dimer model for transmembrane signaling in bacterial chemotaxis receptors
Authors: Kim Sung‐Hou
Published: July 2010

The crystal structures of the ligand binding domain of a bacterial aspartate receptor suggest a simple mechanism for transmembrane signaling by the dimer of the receptor. On ligand binding, one domain rotates with respect to the other, and this rotational motion is proposed to be transmitted through the membrane to the cytoplasmic domains of the receptor.
cAMP‐dependent protein kinase: Crystallographic insights into substrate recognition and phosphotransfer
Authors: Madhusudan  , Trafny Elzbieta A. , Xuong Nguyen‐Huu , Adams Joseph A. , Eyck Lynn F.Ten , Taylor Susan S. , Sowadski Janusz M.
Published: July 2010

The crystal structure of ternary and binary substrate complexes of the catalytic subunit of CAMP‐dependent protein kinase has been refined at 2.2 and 2.25 Å resolution, respectively. The ternary complex contains ADP and a 20‐residue substrate peptide, whereas the binary complex contains the phosphorylated substrate peptide. These 2 structures were refined to crystallographic R‐factors of 17.5 and 18.1%, respectively. In the ternary complex, the hydroxyl oxygen OG of the serine at the P‐site is 2.7 Å from the OD1 atom of Asp 166. This is the first crystallographic evidence showing the direct interaction of this invariant carboxylate with a peptide substrate, and supports the predicted role of Asp 166 as a catalytic base and as an agent to position the serine ‐OH for nucleophilic attack. A comparison of the substrate and inhibitor ternary complexes places the hydroxyl oxygen of the serine 2.7 Å from the γ‐phosphate of ATP and supports a direct in‐line mechanism for phosphotransfer. In the binary complex, the phosphate on the Ser interacts directly with the 6N of Lys 168, another conserved residue. In the ternary complex containing ATP and the inhibitor peptide, Lys 168 interacts electrostatically with the γ‐phosphate of ATP (Zheng J, Knighton DR, Ten Eyck LF, Karlsson R, Xuong NH, Taylor SS, Sowadski JM, 1993, Biochemistry 32:2154‐2161). Thus, Lys 168 remains closely associated with the phosphate in both complexes. A comparison of this binary complex structure with the recently solved structure of the ternary complex containing ATP and inhibitor peptide also reveals that the phosphate atom traverses a distance of about 1.5 Å following nucleophilic attack by serine and transfer to the peptide. No major conformational changes of active site residues are seen when the substrate and product complexes are compared, although the binary complex with the phosphopeptide reveals localized changes in conformation in the region corresponding to the glycine‐rich loop. The high B‐factors for this loop support the conclusion that this structural motif is a highly mobile segment of the protein.
Sculpting proteins interactively: Continual energy minimization embedded in a graphical modeling system
Authors: Surles Mark C. , Richardson Jane S. , Richardson David C. , Brooks Frederick P.
Published: July 2010

We describe a new paradigm for modeling proteins in interactive computer graphics systems — continual maintenance of a physically valid representation, combined with direct user control and visualization. This is achieved by a fast algorithm for energy minimization, capable of real‐time performance on all atoms of a small protein, plus graphically specified user tugs. The modeling system, called Sculpt, rigidly constrains bond lengths, bond angles, and planar groups (similar to existing interactive modeling programs), while it applies elastic restraints to minimize the potential energy due to torsions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals and electrostatic4 interactions (similar to existing batch minimization programs), and user‐specified springs. The graphical interface can show bad and/or favorable contacts, and individual energy terms can be turned on or off to determine their effects and interactions.

Sculpt finds a local minimum of the total energy that satisfies all the constraints using an augmented Lagrange‐multiplier method; calculation time increases only linearly with the number of atoms because the matrix of constraint gradients is sparse and banded. On a 100‐MHz MIPS R4000 processor (Silicon Graphics Indigo), Sculpt achieves 11 updates per second on a 20‐residue fragment and 2 updates per second on an 80‐residue protein, using all atoms except non‐H‐bonding hydrogens, and without electrostatic interactions. Applications of Sculpt are described: to reverse the direction of bundle packing in a designed 4‐helix bundle protein, to fold up a 2‐stranded β‐ribbon into an approximate β‐barrel, and to design the sequence and conformation of a 30‐residue peptide that mimics one partner of a protein subunit interaction.

Computer models that are both interactive and physically realistic (within the limitations of a given force field) have 2 significant advantages: (1) they make feasible the modeling of very large changes (such as needed for de novo design), and (2) they help the user understand how different energy terms interact to stabilize a given conformation. The Sculpt paradigm combines many of the best features of interactive graphical modeling, energy minimization, and actual physical models, and we propose it as an especially productive way to use current and future increases in computer speed.
β‐Sheet and associated turn signatures in vibrational Raman optical activity spectra of proteins
Authors: Wen Z. Q. , Hecht L. , Barron L. D.
Published: July 2010

We have measured the aqueous solution vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of concanavalin A, α‐chymotrypsin, and β‐lactoglobulin, all of which are rich in β‐sheet, together with that of the model β‐turn peptide L‐pro‐L‐leu‐gly‐NH2. Possible ROA signatures of antiparallel β‐sheet include a strong sharp positive band at ∼ 1,313 cm” associated with backbone amide III CαH and NH deformations, and an amide I couplet, negative at low wavenumber and positive at high, centered at ∼1,658 cm−1. Negative ROA bands in the range ∼1,340‐1,380 cm−1, which might originate in glycine CH2 deformations, appear to be characteristic of β‐turns. Our results provide further evidence that ROA is a more incisive probe of protein conformation than conventional vibrational spectroscopy, infrared, or Raman, because only those few vibrational coordinates within a given normal mode that sample the skeletal chirality directly contribute to the corresponding ROA band intensity.
Enlarged representative set of protein structures
Authors: Hobohm Uwe , Sander Chris
Published: July 2010

TO reduce redundancy in the Protein Data Bank of 3D protein structures, which is caused by many homologous proteins in the data bank, we have selected a representative set of structures. The selection algorithm was designed to (1) select as many nonhomologous structures as possible, and (2) to select structures of good quality. The representative set may reduce time and effort in statistical analyses.