bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perils of Prolonged Impaction of Oesophageal Foreign Bodies
Authors: Saha Saumitra , Bose Anandabrata
Published: June 2011

Ill-conceived effort at removal of impacted foreign bodies (FBs) in oesophagus vies with delay in removal as the causes of morbidity and mortality. Most oesophageal FBs are safely removed endoscopically when attempted early. However, large sharp FBs like dentures and meat bones can get deeply embedded in the wall with prolonged impaction or injudicious attempts at removal leading to life-threatening mediastinitis. Open surgery to access the oesophageal-impacted FB in such an event is hazardous. This report emphasizes the need for early site-specific surgical approaches that may be required, albeit rarely, for oesophageal-impacted FBs, where attempts at endoscopic removal have failed or complications have ensued.
Structured fault detection filters for LPV systems modeled in an LFR manner
Authors: Henry D.
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates the design of robust‡ fault detection and isolation filters for linear parameter‐varying systems modeled in a linear fractional representation fashion. The goal is to obtain structured fault detection filters with enhanced fault transmission H− gain and large H∞ nuisance attenuation. It is shown by means of the scaling matrices technique and the projection lemma that the synthesis of the residual structuring and the filter state‐space matrices can be performed simultaneously using linear matrix inequality optimization techniques. Computational aspects are discussed and it is shown that the proposed solution is structurally well defined. Closed‐loop time simulations demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psycho‐political Dynamics of the Bystander in Luis Puenzo's “The Official Story”
Authors: Hollander Nancy Caro
Published: June 2011

This article analyzes the psychopolitical dynamics of the bystander phenomenon in the context of Argentine state terror. It explores the population's adaptation to the military's Official Story through psychological defences that resulted in losses of individual and group identity. It depicts the factors that potentiate disengagement from a coercive power and its culture of fear. These themes are examined in Luis Puenzo's 1985 Academy‐award winning film, The Official Story, whose story portrays the psychological and ideological characteristics of the bystander and the capacity of the subject to emerge from self‐deception to tolerate the complex truths of psychic and social reality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vergleich der natürlichen und beschleunigten Alterung von Verklebungen für Luftdichtheitsschichten
Authors: Maas Anton , Gross Rolf
Published: June 2011

Der Beitrag beschreibt die Überprüfung des Verfahrens der beschleunigten Alterung zur Beurteilung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Klebeverbindungen für Luftdichtheitsschichten von Gebäuden. Die Messergebnisse der Versuche mit natürlich gealterten Rückstellproben werden den Ergebnissen nach einer künstlichen Alterung gegenüber gestellt, um die Eignung des zur Anwendung gekommenen Verfahrens zu belegen.

Comparison of naturally and accelerated aging of adhesive airtight joints. The article presents a verfication of using accelerated aging as a method for the assessment of the durability of adhesive joints in the airtightness layers in buildings. The results of experiments with naturally aged samples are compared to the results of an investigation of accelerated aging.
Hygrothermische Berechnung der Einsatzgrenzen unterschiedlicher Systeme bei der Aufdoppelung von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen
Authors: Krus Martin , Rösler Doris
Published: June 2011

Viele der an den Bestandsgebäuden eingesetzten Wärmedämmverbundsysteme (WDVS) sind zwar noch voll funktionsfähig, entsprechen aber bei weitem nicht mehr dem heutigen Dämmstandard. Ein Rückbau und Ersatz dieser Systeme ist meist weder ökonomisch noch ökologisch sinnvoll, weshalb als Alternative die WDVS “aufgedoppelt” werden. Das Ziel der folgend beschriebenen Untersuchungen besteht deshalb darin, festzustellen, ob hierbei aus feuchtetechnischer Sicht Probleme zu erwarten sind bzw. welche Kombinationen von Systemen als unkritisch einzustufen sind. Insgesamt werden elf Bauteilvarianten mit aufgedoppelten WDVS mit Hilfe eindimensionaler Berechnungen in Bezug auf ihr feuchtetechnisches Verhalten beurteilt. Dabei zeigen alle Varianten geringe mittlere Wassergehalte in den Dämmschichten, sodass keine wesentliche Absenkung des Dämmniveaus zu erwarten ist. Bei vier der untersuchten Varianten zeigen sich aber lokal zeitweise sehr hohe Wassergehalte, die zu Problemen durch Frost oder ablaufendes Kondenswasser führen können.

Hygric calculations of the application limits of different additional ETICS systems. A lot of exterior thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) on existing buildings are still performing well, but they do not comply with actual standards of energy saving. In most cases a dismantling and substitution of these systems is not reasonable from the economic and ecologic point of view. An alternative solution may be to apply an additional ETICS on top of the existing one. Hence the aim of the investigations is to assess which combinations will work well and which will cause hygric problems. For eleven different combinations the moisture balance has been investigated by one‐dimensional hygric calculations. All systems show low mean water contents, which will not result in a reduced insulation performance. But with four of these sys tems high local moisture contents have been observed, which may cause problems due to frost or draining condensate.
Ein einfaches Modell zur Vorhersage der Fassaden‐ und Grenzschichttemperatur
Authors: Pfafferott Jens , Fischer Martin , Strohmeyer Tobias , Wirth David
Published: June 2011

Die Fassadentemperatur selbst hat in Gebäuden mit einer bauphysikalisch guten Gebäudehülle nur einen geringfügigen Einfluss auf den Transmissionswärmestrom durch die Außenwand. Der Kühlbedarf kann aber in Gebäuden mit Fensterlüftung oder Fassadenlüftungsgeräten deutlich höher ausfallen als in der Planung prognostiziert, weil die Lufttemperatur in der Grenzschicht vor der Fassade um mehrere Kelvin höher liegt als die ungestörte Außenlufttemperatur. Monatsbilanzverfahren oder Programme zur thermischen Gebäudesimulation können in der Regel nur eine Außentemperatur für die Berechnung des Wärmeübergangs an der Gebäudehülle und des Lüftungswärmestroms verwenden. Eine Möglichkeit, den Grenzschichteffekt zu berücksichtigen, ist die Anpassung der ungestörten Außenlufttemperatur mit Hilfe eines einfachen Modells.

A simplified model to predict the temperature of the boundary layer of façades. The cooling energy demand of low‐energy buildings with a high‐quality building envelope is rather affected by solar and internal heat gains and the ventilation than by the heat transmission through the building envelope. Hence, the surface temperature of the façade has a small influence on the cooling energy demand. However, the higher air temperature in the boundary layer at the façade may increase the cooling load in buildings with window opening or façade integrated air‐handling units. Neither monthly energy calculation programs nor building simulation programs use different temperatures for the ambient air to calculate the heat transfer through the façade and for the boundary layer to calculate the heat flux by ventilation. This article presents a methodology how to adapt the ambient air temperature to the temperature of the boundary layer.
Ergebnisse einer Großstudie über Nutzeranforderungen an Wohngebäude
Authors: Völker Conrad , Beckmann Julia , Kornadt Oliver
Published: June 2011

Die Zufriedenheit mit dem Wohnumfeld ist von großer Bedeutung für das gesamte Wohlbefinden des Menschen. Zur Untersuchung der Nutzeranforderungen an Wohngebäude wurden 11 Kriterien des nutzerorientierten Bauens identifiziert. Die Wichtigkeit jedes einzelnen Kriteriums aus Sicht des Nutzers wurde anschließend in einer umfangreichen Befragung ermittelt. Zur Erhebung der Daten wurde eine so genannte Post Occupancy Evaluation durchgeführt. Die Repräsentativität der Studie mit insgesamt 1416 Teilnehmern konnte nachgewiesen werden. Aus den ermittelten Daten konnte eine Rangordnung der Kriterien abgeleitet werden. Des Weiteren wurden die Akzeptanz und Beeinträchtigung von Mängeln bezüglich dieser Kriterien sowie die Zufriedenheit der Nutzer abgefragt. Zur Erklärung der Zusammenhänge zwischen den erhobenen Konstrukten Wichtigkeit, Akzeptanz, Beeinträchtigung und Zufriedenheit wurde ein Erklärungsmodell aufgestellt. Dieses konnte mittels Korrelations‐ und Regressionsanalyse basierend auf den erhobenen Daten bestätigt werden.

Results from a large scale study on user requirements for residential buildings. In relation to human needs, 11 criteria defining user‐oriented construction were identified in a first study. The importance of each criterion from the perspective of the user was then investigated with a comprehensive survey. In order to collect the data, a post‐occupancy evaluation was conducted. The representativeness of the study with a total of 1,416 participants could be detected. From the data obtained, a hierarchy of the criteria was derived. Furthermore, the acceptance and impairment of deficiencies regarding these criteria as well as the satisfaction of the users were queried. To explain the relationship between the constructs importance, acceptance, impairment and satisfaction, an explanatory model has been constructed. By dint of correlation and regression analysis, the model was confirmed based on the data collected.
Auswirkungen der Neufassung von DIN 4109 auf die Nachweise des baulichen Schallschutzes anhand eines Vergleiches der Anforderungen und Nachweisverfahren
Authors: Bertz Christian
Published: June 2011

Auf Grundlage einer Masterarbeit an der Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin [1] beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit den zulässigen Anforderungen von E DIN 4109‐1 und stellt einen Vergleich zwischen den Anforderungen der noch gültigen DIN 4109:1989 und den neuen Vorschriften her. Dabei wird zusätzlich Bezug auf die neuen Rechenverfahren und deren Änderungen genommen.
Better Heuristics for Economic Search — Experimental and Simulation Evidence
Authors: Moon Philip , Martin Andrew
Published: June 2011

Heuristic strategies for search for the most economic price of a good (including search cost) are experimentally generated, rigorously tested and their utility compared with previous work. Strategies are identified which significantly out‐perform previous rules or are more likely to be used in practice, both with and without detailed knowledge of the underlying price distribution. Some ‘expert strategies’ are also suggested.
The Development of a Process for Evaluating Marketing Sponsorships
Authors: O'Reilly Norm , Madill Judith
Published: June 2011

Despite the increasing resources being allocated from marketing budgets to sponsorship, effective evaluation is relatively rare, and sponsorship evaluation methods are often proprietary in nature. This paper reports on a research project designed to develop a process model for evaluating sponsorships. An initial version was conceived from agency theory, the evaluation literature, and sponsorship writings. This draft was then assessed by sponsorship experts during a series of 14 in‐depth interviews. Based on these analyses, a final version of the process model was proposed. The revised version was then adopted to evaluate—as a demonstrative example—a specific sponsorship. Results of this case and recommendations for future research and practice in sponsorship evaluation are presented. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presuccession Performance, CEO Succession, Top Management Team, and Change in a Firm's Internationalization: The Moderating Effect of CEO/Chairperson Dissimilarity
Authors: Liu Yunshi , Valenti M. Alix , Yu Hui‐Yun
Published: June 2011

Extending the literature on CEO succession, we found that a succession event together with a change in top management related positively to strategic change toward greater internationalization. In a study of 160 Taiwanese firms, we found relationships between firm performance, outside CEO appointment, change in firm's top management team (TMT), and the degree of a firm's internationalization. Moreover, the positive association between a post succession TMT structural change and degree of internationalization was observed only in those cases where dissimilarity between CEO and chairperson (with respect to educational degree and overseas education) was low. The implications of these findings for scholarship and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtue Ethics in Positive Organizational Scholarship: An Integrative Perspective
Authors: Bright David S. , Stansbury Jason , Alzola Miguel , Stavros Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2011

The movement of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) aims to understand the factors that contribute to a flourishing human condition. Theorists from this group regularly invoke virtue as a foundational concept, using it to anchor the meaning of “positive.” Yet virtue ethicists have raised concerns that this grounding is based in a superficial understanding of virtue. This paper proposes an integrative framework to bridge the two perspectives, connecting the notion of “positive deviance”—popularized in POS—to the idea of virtue as a mean between extremes as understood in the philosophy of virtue ethics. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Governance Indexes in the Governance‐Performance Relationship Literature: International Evidence
Authors: Bozec Richard , Bozec Yves
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study is threefold. First, we present a review of the international studies that have investigated the link between firm‐level governance scores and performance. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide a comprehensive review of this recent and growing literature. Second, we discuss potential methodological shortcomings of using governance indexes. Third, we propose directions for future research. Overall, a clear positive relation is found between governance ratings and performance in Europe and in emerging economies, whereas studies conducted in the US and Canada have generated mixed evidence. The empirical problems related to measurement, substitution between governance arrangements, endogeneity, and optimization across governance choices are discussed. Solutions are proposed to alleviate these concerns. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating Information Systems Research in Canada
Authors: Serenko Alexander , Jiao Changquan
Published: June 2011

This project reports on the state of Information Systems (IS) research in Canada by analyzing research output and impact of Canadian IS scholars appearing in the form of peer‐reviewed journal articles. Specifically, we (a) measured individual productivity and impact, (b) measured institutional productivity and impact, (c) listed journals in which these works have appeared, (d) identified the most influential articles, (e) developed a ranking of IS scholarly journals from a Canadian perspective, and (f) compared the obtained journal ranking with the global IS journal rankings. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the Canadian IS discipline exhibits signs of academic maturity. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceptions on corporate social responsibility: A study in capturing public confidence
Authors: Shauki Elvia
Published: June 2011

This study examines the perceptions and expectations of the stakeholders of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure practices in Indonesia based on CSR‐related items. Using survey data on CSR disclosures in Indonesia, this study applies factor analysis to identify relationships among nine CSR characteristics. The statistical results indicate that the relationship between CSR contents, incentives, format, public confidence, and impact on investment decisions is positively and directly related. Furthermore, incentives also influence investment decisions via CSR contents, formats, and changes in public confidence. However, there is no significant relationship between expectations, importance of CSR reporting, CSR reputation, and level of public confidence in both direct and mediating models. The results also show that there is significant difference in stakeholders' perceptions of CSR disclosures among gender, age, job category, and work tenure. These findings provide better insight for reports and regulators on the appropriateness of CSR and policy implications related to impact on investment decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Excited States of Warm Dense Matter
Authors: Norman G. E. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Stegailov V. V.
Published: June 2011

The excited states of the warm dense matter (WDM) are considered. The main attention is paid to the so called structured warm dense matter (SWDM). The SWDM has partly (or fully) ionized plasma properties as well as crystal ones. The methods for WDM creation is described shortly. We give situations where SWDM demonstrates crystal or plasma features. The finite temperature density functional theory approach is deployed for description of the fcc LiF crystal in a two‐temperature warm dense matter state with hot electrons and cold lattice that is formed after ultrafast energy deposition. The lattice stability and the interatomic bonding at elevated electronic temperatures are studied. The methods of molecular dynamics and collisional‐radiative kinetics are used to investigate the plasma properties of WDM (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐Temperature Warm Dense Matter Produced by Ultrashort Extreme Vacuum Ultraviolet‐Free Electron Laser (EUV‐FEL) Pulse
Authors: Inogamov N. A. , Faenov A. Ya. , Zhakhovsky V. V. , Pikuz T. A. , Skobelev I. Yu. , Petrov Yu. V. , Khokhlov V. A. , Shepelev V. V. , Anisimov S. I. , Fortov V. E. , Fukuda Y. , Kando M. , Kawachi T. , Nagasono M. , Ohashi H. , Yabashi M. , Tono K. , Senda Y. , Togashi T. , Ishikawa T.
Published: June 2011

Ultrashort X‐ray laser pulse acts onto electron subsystem of dielectrics such as LiF and transfers matter into a two‐temperature state with hot electrons excited by the pulse from valence to conduction band. Because of the small heat conduction, the hydrodynamic motion proceeds in adiabatic regime keeping the radiation attenuation depth Datt as the only scale of the spatial heat distribution. Hydrodynamic motion qualitatively changes with absorbed energy increase. At low fluences F ∼ 10mJ/cm2 a spallative removal of LiF remaining in solid state takes place. This is a reason for the low ablation threshold. The paper presents new experimental findings supporting this conclusion. For the first time these findings are obtained using ultrashort extreme vacuum ultraviolet‐free electron laser (EUV‐FEL). In the case of high fluence, also achieved in our experiments at EUV‐FEL, material removal happens as result of outflow of matter transferred into the gaseous state. This explains the slow growth of the amount of ablated mass with significant fluence increase (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Warm Dense Matter Generation and DD Synthesis at Vacuum Discharge with Deuterium‐Loaded Pd Anode
Authors: Kurilenkov Yu. K. , Tarakanov V. P. , Guskov S. Yu. , Karpukhin V. T. , Valyano V. E.
Published: June 2011

The energetic ions and DD neutrons from microfusion at the interelectrode space of a low energy nanosecond vacuum discharge with deuterium‐loaded Pd anode has been demonstrated recently. To understand better the physics of fusion processes the detailed PIC simulation of the discharge experimental conditions have been developed using a fully electrodynamic code KARAT. The dynamics of main charge particle species was recon‐structed in time and interelectrode space. The principal role of a virtual cathode (VC) and the corresponding single and double potential well formed in the interelectrode space are recognised. The calculated depth φ of the quasistationary potential well (PW) of the VC is about 50‐60 kV, and the D+ ions being trapped by this well accelerate up to energy values needed to provide collisional DD nuclear synthesis. Both experiment and PIC simulations illustrate very favourable scaling of the fusion power density at decreasing of VC radius (∼φ2/r4VC) for the chosen inertial electrostatic confinement fusion scheme based on miniature nanosecond vacuum discharge. Meanwhile, the initial stage of discharge is understood still poorly. When voltage is applied, the electron beam extracted from cathode starts to interact with the surface of deuterium‐ loaded Pd anode. This early stage of discharge manifests sometime the peaks registered by photomultipliers which are similar to neutron ones from time‐of‐flight measure under the study of collisional DD synthesis at the further stages of discharge. The detailed study of Pd anode surface morphology have been performed and recognized, in particular, the number of various pores and craters of different sizes. We remark that besides of rather usual craters (due to electron beams – anode interaction) some of the craters on the Pd anode surface may correspond to anode ectons (explosive centres) and consider their possible nature. Specifics of warm dense matter (WDM) generated at different stage of discharge is discussed. The data obtained are compared with recent results on initiation of DD reactions by electron beams at deuterium ‐loaded Pd foils and correspondent data on their surface morphology (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of Laser‐Generated Ion Beams
Authors: Steinke S. , Schnürer M. , Sokollik T. , Andreev A.A. , Nickles P.V. , Henig A. , Hörlein R. , Kiefer D. , Jung D. , Schreiber J. , Tajima T. , Hegelich M. , Habs D. , Sandner W.
Published: June 2011

In this paper the route towards the current optimum of laser generated ion beams by subsequently changing the important parameters such as target thickness, laser pulse contrast, angle of incidence and laser pulse polarization is sketched. Beginning with parameters of isothermal target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), we reached the regime where the plasma expansion can be described adiabatically and results in a symmetric ion acceleration. Further we demonstrated a way to phase match the accelerating electron population with the ions, namely coherent acceleration of ions by laser pulses (CAIL), which finally lead to radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) if the laser polarization was changed from linear to circular. These findings of ion acceleration with transparent solid targets are additionally supported by analyzing the optical properties of the transmitted laser pulse (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Kinetics of Photon Radiation off an e–e+‐Plasma Created from the Vacuum in a Strong Laser Field
Authors: Blaschke D. B. , Röpke G. , Schmidt S. M. , Smolyansky S. A. , Tarakanov A. V.
Published: June 2011

We consider the one‐photon annihilation mechanism in a electron ‐ positron quasiparticle plasma (EPP) created from the vacuum in a strong subcritical laser field due to the dynamical Schwinger mechanism. On the basis of a kinetic theory approach we show that the secondary photons have a radiation spectrum proportional to 1/k (flicker noise). This effect is very small for EPP excitations in the optical spectrum but can reach quite observable values in the γ ‐ray region (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effective Generation of Collimated Ion Beams by Relativistic Laser Pulse Using 2D Microstructured Foils: 3D PIC Simulations
Authors: Sidorov I. A. , Savelev A. B. , Romanovsky M. Yu. , Bychenkov V. Yu. , Brantov A. V. , Romanov D. V.
Published: June 2011

High power laser systems allow us to obtain collimated laser beams by irradiating thin foils with short intense laser pulses. In this work we performed several numerical simulations to study influence of target structure on ion beam acceleration efficiency. New target design was proposed to enhance ion acceleration mechanisms. For numerical simulations we used Mandor2 package: 3D Particle‐in‐cell code designed for analysis of interactions between short powerful laser pulses and plasma.

The target proposed in the work was a disc (diameter 15 μ m, width 3 μ m) with 6 symmetrical holes in it (diameter 3 μ m). This target was irradiated by a laser pulse with the following properties: intensity 1019 W/cm2, pulse duration 200 fs, wavelength 1 μ m, focal spot size 10 μ m. For comparison similar simulations were performed for a solid target. Comparisons showed that the target with holes produced more energetic ion beams than the solid one (maximum energy 10 MeV for target with holes vs. 4 MeV for solid one). However the number of accelerated protons was 2 times lower in case of the target with holes.

The mechanism of ion acceleration from such targets was also investigated in this work. It was discovered that the ion beam consists of several streams, each originating from the particular hole in the target. We assumed the following mechanism of formation of such streams: after the laser‐plasma interaction, hot electrons appear, which then flow to the hole area, creating an uncompensated negative electric charge. This charge attracts ions, which focus in the center of the hole. Focused ions are then accelerated via TNSA mechanism, forming observed streams.

A possibility of ion acceleration by longitudinal components of a Gaussian laser pulse is also investigated in this work. The optimal configuration for acceleration by longitudinal fields is shown to match the optimal configuration of the proposed target (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling of Kα X‐Ray Yield From a Foil Under the Vacuum Heating of Hot Electrons by a Femtosecond Laser Pulse
Authors: Kostenko O. F. , Andreev N. E.
Published: June 2011

Enhancement of characteristic x‐ray yield from a metal foil, coated with spherical clusters, irradiated by a p ‐polarized Gaussian femtosecond laser beam, is investigated depending on the cluster size, laser pulse intensity and the foil thickness. Simulations were carried out both for the hot electrons, accelerated in accordance with the Brunel model of vacuum heating, and for corresponding Maxwellian distribution of hot electrons. Existence of an interval of cluster sizes with respect to the laser wavelength, in which the number of emitted photons from the foil with clustered surface exceeds one from the polished foil, and increase of Kα yield with growth of the laser field angle of incidence is most pronounced, is shown (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of the Radiation Generated by an Electron Driven by a Relativistically Intense Laser Field
Authors: Galkin A.L. , Kalashnikov M.P. , Korobkin V.V. , Romanovsky M.Yu. , Shiryaev O.B. , Trofimov V.A.
Published: June 2011

The electron dynamics and radiation emission in the field of a relativistically intense laser pulse is studied. The electron motions induced by a focused laser beam are described on the basis of the Newton equation with the Lorentz force. The radiation emitted by the electron comprises a set of electromagnetic pulses having durations much shorter than the optical cycle. For a femtosecond driving laser pulse with duration of several optical cycles, durations of pulses emitted by the accelerated electron belong to the zeptosecond range. The spectral width of radiation emitted by the electron depends on durations of emitted pulses. The electron emits a modulated spectrum in the case of the linearly polarized driving pulse (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CarbFix: a CCS pilot project imitating and accelerating natural CO2 sequestration
Authors: Aradóttir Edda S.P. , Sigurdardóttir Hólmfrídur , Sigfússon Bergur , Gunnlaugsson Einar
Published: June 2011

CarbFix, a combined industrial‐academic pilot program, was developed in order to assess the feasibility of in situ CO2 mineral sequestration in basaltic rocks. Unique to CarbFix is its connection to the Hellisheidi geothermal power plant, allowing for capture of otherwise emitted CO2 in addition to CO2 transport and mineral sequestration.

Extensive research has been conducted in order to characterize physical properties of the pilot injection site in Hellisheidi. Tracer tests have been carried out and continuous well‐logging confirmed separation of the target formation from shallower groundwater systems. Alteration mineralogy in natural analogs has been mapped out in order to predict which minerals are likely to precipitate upon CO2 injection. In addition to carbonates, these include clays, zeolites, and poorly crystalline hydroxides. Some of the secondary minerals will compete with carbonates for cations dissolved from the rock matrix.

Numerical modeling plays an important role in the CarbFix project as it provides tools to predict and optimize long‐term management of the injection site as well as to quantify the amount of CO2 that can be mineralized. A reactive transport model has been developed and numerical simulations of the pilot CO2 injection are ongoing. Extensive monitoring provides the basis for testing, validating, and calibrating reactive transport models.

It is anticipated that the results of CarbFix will be used to optimize the in situ carbon mineralization process, enabling it in basalt and ultramafic rock formations throughout the world. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
GIS‐evaluation of two slope‐calculation methods regarding their suitability in slope analysis using high‐precision LiDAR digital elevation models
Authors: Ashraf M. Irfan , Zhao Zhengyong , Bourque Charles P.‐A. , Meng Fan‐Rui
Published: June 2011

Slope is a metric that is essential to describe surface hydrological processes, including overland flow, soil erosion, and sediment transport. Most commercial GIS have built‐in functions to calculate the slope from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) by means of average neighbourhood methods that are appropriate for coarse‐resolution DEMs. Emergence of high‐resolution DEMs from LiDAR data creates a need to re‐assess the suitability of existing algorithms for calculating slope in hydrological applications.

In this study, we investigate the properties of two different slope‐calculation methods: an average‐neighbourhood‐slope (ANS) and a downhill‐slope (DHS) method. Conceptually, the DHS method provides a more intuitive description of surface water‐flow characteristics in an uneven terrain. DEMs of five different types were used to evaluate the methods, namely a 1‐m and 10‐m resolution DEM interpolated from irregular elevation point‐data generated with conventional photogrammetric techniques, and a 1‐m, 5‐m, and 10‐m resolution DEM derived from LiDAR data. The slopes calculated were summarized for the entire watershed, along mapped streams, and within pre‐defined ‘stream buffers’. Slopes generated for the entire watershed with 1‐m resolution LiDAR DEM indicated that the ANS method on an average produced smaller slopes than the DHS method (0·64°). A similar trend was observed in stream buffers, with greatest slope differences (ΔS) between methods within 20‐m buffers, when the 1‐m LiDAR‐based DEM was used (ΔS = 1·12°). In contrast, the ANS‐calculated slopes along mapped streams were generally larger than those calculated with the DHS method for LiDAR‐based DEMs (ΔS = 0·81°). The results from this study signal the need for caution when estimating slopes along streams from high‐accuracy, LiDAR‐generated DEMs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment strategy for early hepatocellular carcinomas: Comparison of radiofrequency ablation with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and surgical resection
Authors: Tashiro Hirotaka , Aikata Hiroshi , Waki Koji , Amano Hironobu , Oshita Akihiko , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Tanimoto Yoshisato , Kuroda Shintaro , Tazawa Hirofumi , Chayama Kazuaki , Asahara Toshimasa , Ohdan Hideki
Published: June 2011

Background

The preferred choice between surgical treatment and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of small resectable hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) has become a subject for debate.

Methods

We compared the results of hepatic resection (n = 199) with those of RFA (n = 87), of which 69 patients were treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization followed by RFA, for 286 patients with 3 or fewer nodules, none of which exceeded 3 cm in diameter at Hiroshima University Hospital.

Results

In subgroup analysis of single HCC with tumor size exceeding 2 cm in Child‐Pugh class A, the disease‐free survival time was significantly longer in the surgical resection group than in the RFA group (P = 0.048). In the subgroups of a single and multiple HCC with tumor size ≤2 cm in Child‐Pugh class A, the overall and disease‐free survival rates were almost the same for the surgical resection and RFA groups (P = 0.46 and 0.58, respectively, in single HCC, and P = 0.98 and 0.98, respectively, in multiple HCC).

Conclusion

Surgical resection may provide better long‐term disease‐free survival than RFA in the subgroup of a single HCC exceeding 2 cm of Child‐Pugh class A. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;104:3–9. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paroxysmal dyskinesias
Authors: Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: June 2011

Paroxysmal movement disorders are a relatively rare and heterogenous group of conditions manifesting as episodic dyskinesia lasting a brief duration. Three forms are clearly recognized, namely, paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), nonkinisegenic (PNKD), and exercise induced (PED). There have been major advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the genetics of these disorders, leading to better clinical definitions based on genotype–phenotype correlations in the familial idiopathic forms. PKD is genetically heterogenous, but there is linkage to chromosome 16 in a number of families. PNKD is due to mutations of theMR‐1gene. PED is genetically heterogenous, but a number of familial and sporadic cases may be due toGLUT‐1gene mutations. TheGLUT1gene–related form of PED may respond to a ketogenic diet. Potassium and calcium channel mutations underlie the 2 main forms of episodic ataxia (EA1 and EA2), whereas benign torticollis of infancy may also be a calcium channel disorder. © 2011MovementDisorder Society
The use of medications with anticholinergic properties and risk factors for their use in hospitalised elderly patients
Authors: Wawruch Martin , Macugova Agata , Kostkova Lenka , Luha Jan , Dukat Andrej , Murin Jan , Drobna Veronika , Wilton Lynda , Kuzelova Magdalena
Published: June 2011

Purpose

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the use of drugs with anticholinergic properties in elderly patients and to identify risk factors that increase the patient's chance of being given such medications.

Methods

The study was performed on a sample of 1636 patients aged ≥65 years hospitalised during the period between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2009 in three municipal hospitals. To evaluate the factors influencing the use of anticholinergic medications, we compared two groups—users and non‐users of such drugs—in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as well as comorbid conditions. The most important risk factors were identified using the binary logistic regression model.

Results

Hospitalisation led to a significant increase in the prevalence of anticholinergic medication users, when comparing their occurrence at the time of hospital admission and discharge (10.5% and 14.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). A significantly higher total number of prescribed drugs were found in the group of users compared with non‐users, at both hospital admission (7.2 ± 3.5 vs 5.7 ± 3.1; p < 0.001) and discharge (8.7 ± 3.1 vs 7.5 ± 2.9; p < 0.001). Immobilisation, urinary incontinence and retention, constipation, gastroduodenal ulcer disease as well as neurologic and psychiatric comorbidities (depression, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy) appeared as the most important risk factors of using anticholinergic medications.

Conclusions

Physicians should be aware of the greater risk of adverse anticholinergic effects of drugs in certain therapeutic classes in the elderly. In patients with risk factors mentioned previously, special attention should be paid to active identification of anticholinergic effects of medications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Framework for integrating sustainability into remediation projects
Authors: Holland Karin S. , Lewis Raymond E. , Tipton Karina , Karnis Stella , Dona Carol , Petrovskis Erik , Bull Louis P. , Taege Deborah , Hook Christopher
Published: June 2011

The US Sustainable Remediation Forum (SURF) created this Framework to enable sustainability parameters to be integrated and balanced throughout the remediation project life cycle, while ensuring long‐term protection of human health and the environment and achieving public and regulatory acceptance. Parameters are considerations, impacts, or stressors of environmental, social, and economic importance. Because remediation project phases are not stand‐alone entities but interconnected components of the wider remediation system, the Framework provides a systematic, process‐based approach in which sustainability is integrated holistically and iteratively within the wider remediation system. By focusing stakeholders on the preferred end use or future use of a site at the beginning of a remediation project, the Framework helps stakeholders form a disciplined planning strategy. Specifically, the Framework is designed to help remediation practitioners (1) perform a tiered sustainability evaluation, (2) update the conceptual site model based on the results of the sustainability evaluation, (3) identify and implement sustainability impact measures, and (4) balance sustainability and other considerations during the remediation decision‐making process. The result is a process that encourages communication among different stakeholders and allows remediation practitioners to achieve regulatory goals and maximize the integration of sustainability parameters during the remediation process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guidance for performing footprint analyses and life‐cycle assessments for the remediation industry
Authors: Favara Paul J. , Krieger Todd M. , Boughton Bob , Fisher Angela S. , Bhargava Mohit
Published: June 2011

The US Sustainable Remediation Forum (SURF) proposes a nine‐step process for conducting and documenting a footprint analysis and life‐cycle assessment (LCA) for remediation projects. This guidance is designed to assist remediation practitioners in evaluating the impacts resulting from potential remediation activities so that preventable impacts can be mitigated. Each of the nine steps is flexible and scalable to a full range of remediation projects and to the tools used by remediation practitioners for quantifying environmental metrics. Two fictional case studies are presented to demonstrate how the guidance can be implemented for a range of evaluations and tools. Case‐study findings show that greater insight into a study is achieved when the nine steps are followed and additional opportunities are provided to minimize remediation project footprints and create improved sustainable remediation solutions. This guidance promotes a consistent and repeatable process in which all pertinent information is provided in a transparent manner to allow stakeholders to comprehend the intricacies and tradeoffs inherent in a footprint analysis or LCA. For these reasons, SURF recommends that this guidance be used when a footprint analysis or LCA is completed for a remediation project. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metrics for integrating sustainability evaluations into remediation projects
Authors: Butler Paul Brandt , Larsen‐Hallock Lorraine , Lewis Raymond , Glenn Christopher , Armstead Robert
Published: June 2011

The US Sustainable Remediation Forum (SURF) created a compilation of metrics (Metrics Toolbox) in response to a need for a broad set of metrics that could be used to assess and monitor the effectiveness of remedies in achieving sustainability goals. Metrics are the key impacts, outcomes, or burdens that are to be assessed or balanced to determine the influences and impacts of a remedial action. Metrics can reflect any of the three aspects of sustainability (i.e., environmental, social, or economic) or a combination of these aspects. Regardless, metrics represent the most critical sustainable outcomes from the perspective of the key stakeholders. The Metrics Toolbox is hosted online at www.sustainableremediation.org/library/guidance‐tools‐and‐other‐resources. By selecting metrics from the Metrics Toolbox as a starting point and considering a potentially wider suite of metrics in remedial program decisions, appropriate assessments can be made. Qualitative and quantitative metrics are tabulated for each remedial phase: remedial investigation, remedy selection, remedial design, remedial construction, operation and maintenance, and closure. Attributes for each metric are described so that remediation practitioners and key stakeholders can view the universe of metrics available and select the most relevant, site‐specific metrics for a particular site. For this reason, SURF recommends that remediation practitioners consider the metrics compiled in the Metrics Toolbox as a companion to the sustainable remediation framework published elsewhere in this journal and other sustainability evaluations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Web‐based automated remediation performance monitoring and visualization of contaminant mass flux and discharge
Authors: Kram Mark L. , Airhart Steve , Tyler Daniel , Dindal Amy , Barton Andrew , McKernan John L. , Gustafson Gregg
Published: June 2011

Environmental monitoring, data processing, and reporting methods are expensive, labor‐ and resource‐intensive, time‐consuming, and often inaccurate. An innovative project management platform was developed for integrating environmental monitoring sensors, telemetry, geographical information systems, models, and geostatistical algorithms for automatically generating contour maps and time‐stamped renderings of sensor attributes and multivariate analyses. More specifically, algorithms converting sensor‐derived head and solute concentration values allow for automated monitoring of mass flux and discharge to evaluate groundwater remediation system performance and contaminant discharges from aquifers to surface‐water receptors. Life‐cycle costs and carbon footprints were reduced due to the elimination of energy and labor expenditures associated with transportation, data collection, laboratory efforts, report generation, and information dissemination. A brief summary of two demonstrations of this sensor‐based water resources management application is presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a waterjet system for direct delivery of granular iron and activated carbon to remediate contaminated aqueous sediments
Authors: Risley Gavin H. R. , Elmore Andrew Curtis , Burken Joel G. , Galecki Grzegorz
Published: June 2011

While the techniques and technologies associated with contaminated sediment remediation are relatively mature, there are several issues associated with these practices that make them unattractive. The inability of currently used mechanical mixing implements to place amendments in aqueous environments and their intrusive behavior toward benthic communities are just two examples of a necessity for an improved delivery method. Waterjets may be a viable option for placement of particulate remediation amendments, such as activated carbon and granular iron, at depth. A custom waterjet nozzle and injection system has been fabricated by the authors to examine this delivery concept. The developed injection system's performance was tested by characterizing the waterjet‐delivered amendment (activated carbon and granular iron) distributions in a surrogate sediment. The delivered amendment distributions followed similar patterns for a range of injection times and a variety of amendments. The injection depths, however, were dependent upon the type of amendment being injected. These findings have led to a better understanding of what occurs during an amendment injection, which can be used for a more controlled placement of remediation amendments using this technique in the future. The laboratory results indicate that the subject waterjet system may have the potential for field‐scale applications, especially for granular iron delivery, as the authors were able to place between 60 and 70 wt percent into a surrogate sediment bed along the path of injection. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nature, frequency, and cost of environmental remediation at onshore oil and gas exploration and production sites
Authors: Connor John A. , Molofsky Lisa J. , Paquette Shawn M. , Hinchee Robert E. , Desai Shilpi P. , Connor Miriam K.
Published: June 2011

This article quantifies the nature, frequency, and cost of environmental remediation activities for onshore oil and gas operations, as determined from over 4,100 environmental remediation cases in Texas, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado. For the purpose of this article, “remediation'' refers to cleanup efforts that entail longer‐term site characterization, monitoring, and remedial action beyond the initial spill cleanup or emergency response stage. In addition, data are also presented regarding short‐term spill cleanup activities in two of the four states. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remediation, land use, and risk at Rocky Flats, and a comparison with Hanford
Authors: Abbotts John
Published: June 2011

US Department of Energy (US DOE) responsibilities for its former national atomic weapons complex include remediation of the Rocky Flats facility near Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the site's primary mission shifted from “production'' of plutonium components for atomic weapons to cleanup of extensive radioactive and chemical contamination representing the legacy of production activities. Remediation was governed by the agreements between the US DOE as the responsible party and the US Environmental Protection Agency and the state of Colorado as joint regulators. In 1995, the Rocky Flats Future Use Working Group issued its final report, recommending among other features that long‐term cleanup reduce contamination levels to background. This article describes the circumstances that led the US DOE to complete the Rocky Flats cleanup more quickly and makes comparisons to the situation at the US DOE's Hanford site. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.