bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A testing‐domain‐dependent software reliability growth model for imperfect debugging environment and its evaluation of goodness‐of‐fit
Authors: Fujiwara Takaji , Yamada Shigeru
Published: October 2002

Many software reliability growth models which reflect various testing environments in the software development and operation/maintenance environment as a method for attaining a highly reliable software system have been proposed. These models assume a perfect debugging environment. That is, the detected faults are assumed to be corrected and removed certainly without introducing new faults. If we describe the software fault‐detection phenomenon more exactly, it is realistic to assume that new faults can be introduced by the debugging activities. In this paper, we propose a software reliability growth model based on the testing domain in the software system, which is isolated by the executed test cases in software testing. In particular, our model assumes an imperfect debugging environment in which new faults are introduced in the fault‐correction process, and is formulated as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Further, it is applied to fault‐detection data observed in actual development projects, the results of software reliability assessment are shown, and comparisons of goodness‐of‐fit with the existing software reliability growth model are performed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(1): 11–18, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10035
Incorporating prior knowledge in environmental sampling: ranked set sampling and other double sampling procedures
Authors: Mode Nicolle A. , Conquest Loveday L. , Marker David A.
Published: October 2002

Environmental sampling can be difficult and expensive to carry out. Those taking the samples would like to integrate their knowledge of the system of study or their judgment about the system into the sample selection process to decrease the number of necessary samples. However, mere convenience or non‐random sampling can severely limit statistical inference. Methods do exist that integrate prior knowledge into a random sampling procedure that allows for valid statistical inference. Double sampling methods use this extra information to select samples for measurement, thus reducing the number of necessary samples (in order to achieve a desired objective) and thereby reducing sampling costs. The level of prior information required can range from a linear relationship with a known auxiliary variable to simple ranking based on auxiliary information. We examine three types of double sampling methods (ranked set sampling, weighted double sampling and double sampling with ratio estimation), with accompanying examples from Oregon stream habitat data. All three methods can provide increased precision and/or lower sampling costs over simple random sampling. The appropriate double sampling method for the data and research situation depends upon the type of prior information available. The categories of prior information are summarized in a table and illustrated using the example data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response analysis on the stability of running vehicles
Authors: Maruyama Yoshihisa , Yamazaki Fumio
Published: October 2002

The seismometer network of the Japanese expressway system has been enhanced since the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Using earthquake information from the instruments, the expressways are closed if the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is larger than or equal to 80cm/s2. The aim of this regulation is to avoid secondary disasters, e.g. cars running into the collapsed sections. However, recent studies on earthquake damage have revealed that expressway structures are not seriously damaged under such‐level of earthquake motion. Hence, we may think of relaxing the regulation of expressway closure. But before doing this, it is necessary to examine the effects of shaking to automobiles since the drivers may encounter difficulties in controlling their vehicles and traffic accidents may occur. In this study, a vehicle was modelled with a six‐degree‐of‐freedom system and its responses were investigated with respect to PGA, peak ground velocity (PGV) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) seismic intensity using five ground motion records. It was observed that the response of the vehicle shows a larger amplitude for the record that has larger response spectrum in the long period range compared to other records. However, similar response amplitudes of the vehicle were observed for all the records with respect to the JMA seismic intensity. The response characteristics of the vehicle model may be very useful for decision‐making regarding the relaxation of the expressway closure under seismic motion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and application of 3‐D LSKUM based on entropy variables
Authors: Deshpande S. M. , Anandhanarayanan K. , Praveen C. , Ramesh V.
Published: October 2002

This paper describes the theory and application of a grid‐free kinetic upwind scheme known as LSKUM. The basic principle in LSKUM is the determination of derivatives occurring in the conservation laws using the least squares method. The grid‐free nature of the scheme is obtained because the least squares method can be used on an arbitrary distribution of nodes, i.e. the nodes need not form a structured/unstructured grid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new high‐order finite volume element method with spectral‐like resolution
Authors: Sarghini F. , Coppola G. , de Felice G.
Published: October 2002

In this work, a new high‐order finite volume element method with good spatial resolution characteristics is presented. The method is based on a functional representation of the unknowns based on the finite element method, a balance of physical quantities in weak formulation obtained by using the finite volume method, and an implicit reduction of some of the unknowns obtained by enforcing functional relations between some of them. Applications to hyperbolic and elliptic operators in 1D and 2D, as well as to Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flows are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical, general‐purpose, two‐state HLL Riemann solver for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Linde Timur
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we construct a general‐purpose Riemann solver for hyperbolic conservation laws that does not involve extensive characteristic analysis of governing equations but can nevertheless sharply resolve discontinuities. To achieve this goal, we revisit the class of two‐state HLL schemes and show that inexpensive, accurate solvers within this class can be designed using only geometric interpretations of the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions. We argue that the small cost and nearly uniform algorithmic complexity of resulting methods make them attractive for quick computations of practical, especially very complex, problems for which more accurate solvers are either not available or their development cost is not justified. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐market correlations and transmission of information
Authors: Darbar Salim M. , Deb Partha
Published: October 2002

We investigate characteristics of cross‐market correlations using daily data from U.S. stock, bond,
money, and currency futures markets using a new multivariate GARCH model that permits direct hypothesis testing
on conditional correlations. We find evidence that arrival of information in a market affects subsequent
cross‐market conditional correlations in the sample period following the stock market crash of 1987, but
there is little evidence of such a relationship in the precrash period. In the postcrash period, we also find
evidence that the prime rate of interest affects daily correlations between futures returns. Furthermore, we
find that conditional correlations between currency futures and other markets decline steeply a few months
before the crash and revert to normal dynamics after the crash. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:1059–1082, 2002
An empirical examination of the relation between futures spreads volatility, volume, and open interest
Authors: Girma Paul Berhanu , Mougoué Mbodja
Published: October 2002

This study investigates the relation between petroleum futures spread variability, trading volume, and open
interest in an attempt to uncover the source(s) of variability in futures spreads. The study finds
that contemporaneous (lagged) volume and open interest provide significant explanation for futures
spreads volatility when entered separately. The study also shows that lagged volume and lagged open interest,
when entered in the conditional variance equation simultaneously, have greater effect on volatility and
substantially reduce the persistence of volatility. This finding seems to support the sequential information
arrival hypothesis of Copeland (1976). Finally, the findings of this study also suggest a degree of
market inefficiency in petroleum futures spreads. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:1083–1102, 2002
Breakpoint characterization of der(9) deletions in chronic myeloid leukemia patients
Authors: Storlazzi Clelia T. , Specchia Giorgina , Anelli Luisa , Albano Francesco , Pastore Domenico , Zagaria Antonella , Rocchi Mariano , Liso Vincenzo
Published: October 2002

Deletions adjacent to the 9/22 translocation breakpoint on the derivative chromosome 9 have recently been described in a substantial number of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases, but their extension has not been characterized in detail. Using FISH with an appropriate set of BAC/PAC probes, we have characterized the deletion in 10 CML cases, identified by screening 71 patients at diagnosis. Five patients showed a complex chromosome rearrangement and 3 of them were deleted. The size of the deletion was variable, ranging from few hundreds kb to 8 Mb. A minimally deleted region on both chromosomes 9 and 22 was identified and was found to contain the ASS gene on chromosome 9 and IGLL1 on chromosome 22. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A preliminary archaeological and environmental study of pre‐Columbian burial towers at Huachacalla, Bolivian Altiplano
Authors: Rossi Matti J. , Kesseli Risto , Liuha Petri , Meneses Jédu Sagárnaga , Bustamante Jonny
Published: October 2002

Chullpas are pre‐Columbian burial towers built by indigenous Aymaras on the Bolivian Altiplano. Bolivian chullpas date back to the Late Intermediate Period (A.D. 1000–1476) and the Late Horizon (A.D. 1476–1532). We recorded 228 chullpas among 84 sites in the Huachacalla region of west‐central Bolivia. In our study area, the chullpas are on debris flows and coarse alluvium in the proximal and medial segments of alluvial fans at the foot of two volcanoes. Grain‐size, element, and mineralogical analysis of chullpa wall material and local sediment revealed that the burial towers are composed of calcareous sand that is readily available in alluvial fan deposits near the sites. Our data suggest that the Aymaras considered environmental factors, such as drainage and stability of the soil, when they selected the locations of chullpas, whereas cultural factors played a significant role in chullpa architecture. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional neuroanatomy of sustained attention in schizophrenia: Contribution of parietal cortices
Authors: Ojeda Natalia , Ortuño Felipe , Arbizu Javier , López Pilar , Martí‐Climent Josep Maria , Peñuelas Ivan , Cervera‐Enguix Salvador
Published: October 2002

Deficits in sustained attention have been frequently described in schizophrenia. The neuroanatomical basis reported previously have included altered levels of activation in cingulate and prefrontal cortex, but the contribution of further regions remains unclear. We explored the full neuroanatomy underlying the sustained attentional deficits observed in naïve schizophrenics compared with controls. Participants included 10 controls and 11 patients. The experimental design included rest, auditory stimulation using clicks, and two counting tasks. Subjects were instructed to mentally count the clicks, and then to count forward at the same frequency they heard previously when listening to the clicks. Relative cerebral blood flow (relCBF) was measured by means of PET 15O‐water. Differences were observed between both groups at superior temporal cortex, superior parietal gyrus, and cerebellum during tasks requiring listening. During all counting conditions, additionally to supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPCF), precentral gyrus, cingulate, cerebellum, and inferior parietal (IP) gyrus, patients engaged other frontal structures including inferior, medial, and superior frontal areas. When counting with no auditory stimulation (C; requires components of working memory and time estimation), significant differences were observed in the level of activation of frontal and IP regions. Our naïve patients presented abnormal activation of auditory associative pathways. They failed to activate prefrontal and parietal regions at a similar level during tasks requiring increased cognitive effort, and they required a higher activation of inferior frontal regions to properly respond to cognitive demands. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:116–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterior belly of digastric muscle transfer: A useful technique in head and neck surgery
Authors: Tan Swee T.
Published: October 2002

Background

Permanent loss of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (MMBFN) may result from an inadvertent injury or an intentional sacrifice during tumor resection. This may occur in isolation or as a part of total facial nerve palsy. The loss of the MMBFN results in paralysis of the depressors of the ipsilateral lower lip with troublesome cosmetic and functional deficits.

Method

A series of 14 patients with permanent loss of the MMBFN during resection of head and neck tumors were treated with the anterior belly of digastric muscle transfer (ABDMT). The loss of the MMBFN occurred in isolation in five patients and formed a part of total facial nerve palsy in nine. Immediate reconstruction was performed on nine patients, and it was done as a secondary procedure in the remainder. Two patients in the latter group had prior facial reanimation, although the paralyzed lower lip was not reconstructed.

Results

The average follow‐up period was 23.2 (range, 3–48) months. Satisfactory results were achieved in all of the patients, although revision of the ABDMT was required in one patient.

Conclusions

ABDMT is a simple and reliable reconstructive technique for restoring the depressor function of the lower lip resulting from MMBFN palsy. It is the treatment of choice during primary extirpative surgery for head and neck tumors when the MMBFN requires sacrifice for tumor clearance or is inadvertently injured. The reconstructive options for MMBFN palsy, particularly in the absence of the anterior belly of digastric muscle, are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of mammographic densities and their determinants in women from Japan and Hawaii
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Nagata Chisato , Shimizu Hiroyuki , Kashiki Yoshitomo
Published: October 2002

Breast cancer incidence increases considerably in women who migrate from Japan to the United States. Based on the hypothesis that mammographic density in healthy mammograms reflects differences in breast cancer risk, we compared mammographic density in 3 groups of women at different levels of risk: Caucasian and Japanese women in Hawaii and Japanese women in Japan. In a cross‐sectional design, pre‐ and postmenopausal women without a history of breast cancer and with a mammogram free of suspicious lesions were recruited in mammography clinics and completed a self‐administered questionnaire. Cranio‐caudal mammograms were scanned into a computer and the densities measured using a computer‐assisted method. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and multiple linear regression. Breast size among women of Japanese ancestry was similar in Hawaii and Japan but 50% smaller than that among Caucasian women. Dense areas were smallest among women in Japan, intermediate among Japanese women in Hawaii and largest among Caucasian women. Percent densities were greater in Japanese women than Caucasian women because of the larger breast sizes in Caucasians. However, percent densities were significantly higher among Japanese women in Hawaii than in Japan. These results indicate that the size of the total breast differs primarily by ethnicity and the size of the dense areas differs mainly by place of residence. Therefore, when comparing ethnic groups with distinct physical proportions, the absolute size of the dense areas appears to be a better measure of breast cancer risk than the relative density. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marker enzyme assesment in the liver of cyprinus carpio (L.) exposed to 2,4‐D and azinphosmethyl
Authors: Özcan Oruç Elif , Üner Nevin
Published: October 2002

The potential utility of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation as indicators of exposure to 2,4‐D and azinphosmethyl together with the toxic effects of these compounds in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio were evaluated. Biochemical parameters were recorded spectrophotometrically in fish liver, which were exposed to a single dose of 2,4‐D and azinphosmehtyl (1/3 LC50), and their mixture at 1:1 ratio for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The most sensitive parameter was glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity, which significantly increased with experimental exposures. Glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity did not change after 24 and 48 h while there was an elevation after 72 h in all exposure groups. The activity decreased only when these were applied in combination at 96 h. Superoxide dismutase activity increased after azinphosmethyl exposure for 48 and 96 h. 2,4‐D decreased the activity after 24 h while the activity remained at the same level with control after 48 h. An elevation was found between 72 and 96 h. Mixture treatment did not changed the activity. Glutathione reductase and catalase enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde levels remained constant in all the treatment groups compared with controls. These results suggest that induction of GST activity may be used as biomarker for the assesment of water pollution in C. carpio. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:182–188, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10040
How does the USA PATRIOT Act affect international business?
Authors: McCartney‐Smith Enger , Tanner Neil Boyden
Published: October 2002

Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act to combat terrorist money laundering. But the law isn't confined just

to banks, say the attorney authors of this article. Many types of U.S. companies can be affected. However, many

companies—both domestic and foreign—are reluctant to reveal security breaches or questionable

transactions, fearing public disclosure. Are these fears justified? And what about the USA PATRIOT Act's

expansion of the federal government's power to investigate foreign businesses? © 2002 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of membrane glucocorticoid receptor levels with glucocorticoid‐induced apoptotic competence using mutant leukemic and lymphoma cells lines
Authors: Gametchu Bahiru , Watson Cheryl S.
Published: October 2002

We have studied the presence and functional implications of membrane glucocorticoid receptor (mGR) in several wild type (WT) and mutant mouse lymphoid cell lines (nuclear transfer decrease, NT−; nuclear transfer increase, NTi; and receptorless, R−). Direct fluorescent antibody staining revealed large aggregates of mGR‐specific fluorescing antigens in the plasma membrane of the WT and mGR‐enriched (mGR++) S‐49 cells. While R− cells totally lacked mGR, this receptor level was low in NT− and NTi groups. FACS analysis corroborated these results, showing a ∼4–10‐fold difference between the highest mGR levels (mGR++) and the R− and NTi cells. Membrane extracts were analyzed for mGR by immunoblotting. Multiple receptor forms, ranging in Mr from 94,000 to > 200,000, were observed in the WT cells, while only smaller peptides (85,000–94,000) were found in NT− cells. No detectable immunoreactive bands were identified in either membrane or cytosol immunoprecipitates of NTi and R− cell groups. Within 48 h post dexamethasone exposure > 98% of WT and mGR++ S‐49 cells underwent apoptosis, compared to 0–30% in the mutant cells, albeit the total receptor number is two to three times higher in NTi compared to WT. These results suggest a better correlation between the quantity and quality of mGRs (rather than total cellular GRs) and the ability of glucocorticoids (GCs) to lyse lymphoid cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 133–146, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional regulation of Smad2 is required for enhancement of TGFβ/Smad signaling by TGFβ inducible early gene
Authors: Johnsen Steven A. , Subramaniam Malayannan , Katagiri Takenobu , Janknecht Ralf , Spelsberg Thomas C.
Published: October 2002

TGFβ inducible early gene (TIEG) is a novel Krüppel‐like transcriptional repressor that was recently shown to increase the activity of the TGFβ/Smad signal transduction pathway by relieving negative feedback through repression of the inhibitory Smad7. Interestingly, while Smad7 is required for maximal enhancement of TGFβ/Smad signaling, we observe that TIEG is still capable of increasing Smad pathway activity in the absence of Smad7. Furthermore, while Smad7 is known to block both TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, we observe that TIEG specifically enhances only the TGFβ pathway. Similarly, while both TIEG and the related Krüppel‐like factor, FKLF2, repress Smad7 transcription, only TIEG is capable of enhancing Smad signaling. In order to identify additional regulatory targets of TIEG important for this enhancement of the Smad pathway activity, we performed microarray analysis and identified Smad2 as a TIEG target gene. We now show evidence that TIEG increases transcription of the Smad2 gene but not the Smad3 or Smad4 genes. Furthermore, while the TGFβ/Smad pathway remains intact in Smad2 null cells, TIEG enhancement of Smad signaling is dramatically reduced. Thus we propose a new model whereby TIEG enhances Smad signaling by a dual mechanism involving both the repression of the inhibitory Smad7 as well as the activation of Smad2. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 233–241, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DFT and Ab initio direct dynamics studies on the hydrogen abstraction reactions of chlorine atoms with CH4−nFn (n = 1–3)
Authors: Xiao Jing‐Fa , Li Ze‐Sheng , Liu Jing‐Yao , Sheng Li , Sun Chia‐Chung
Published: October 2002

A direct dynamics study is carried out for the hydrogen abstraction reactions Cl + CH4−nFn (n = 1–3) in the temperature range of 200–1000 K. The minimum energy paths (MEPs) of these reactions are calculated at the BH&H‐LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level, and the energies along the MEPs are further refined at the QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(2df,2p) and QCISD(T)/6‐311+G(d,p) (single‐point) level. The rate constants obtained by using the improved canonical variational transition state theory incorporating small‐curvature tunneling correction (ICVT/SCT) are in good agreement with the available experimental results. It is shown that the vibrational adiabatic potential energy curves for these reactions have two barriers, a situation similar to the analogous reactions CH3X+Cl (X=Cl, Br). The theoretical results show that for the title reactions the variational effect should not be neglected over the whole considered temperature range, while the small‐curvature tunneling effect is only important in the lower temperature range. The effects of fluorine substitution on the rate of this kind of reactions are also examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1456–1465, 2002
Using patient‐focused research in evaluating treatment outcome in private practice
Authors: Asay Ted P. , Lambert Michael J. , Gregersen Ann T. , Goates Melissa K.
Published: October 2002

The increasing emphasis on therapist accountability and empirical demonstration of psychotherapeutic treatment effectiveness points to the need for practicing therapists to integrate treatment evaluation methods into routine clinical practice. Unfortunately, most private practitioners have little involvement in carrying out evaluation procedures. In this study we demonstrate how patient‐focused research was used to track the progress and outcome of patients seen by a clinical psychologist in private practice. Twenty‐nine adults and 40 children/adolescents were evaluated on a weekly basis to assess the number of sessions required to reach improvement (reliable change) and recovery (clinically significant change). Dose‐response survival analysis results indicated that 50% of adults reached clinically significant change in 54 sessions, and 50% of youth met the same standard in 14 sessions. These results were compared with outcome in large‐scale studies. Implications of this study for integrating treatment evaluation methods into clinical practice are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1213–1225, 2002.
What kind of research can we realistically expect from the practitioner?
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios K. , Goldfried Marvin R. , Castonguay Louis G. , Lambert Michael J. , Stiles William B. , Nestoros Joannis N.
Published: October 2002

This article attempts to revitalize the scientist‐practitioner model of psychotherapy by focusing on the research component of the model. Specifically, it takes a realistic look at the types of research that can be conducted by clinicians in an effort to motivate them to engage regularly in clinical research. Towards this end, five experienced scientist‐practitioners explore the advantages, disadvantages, and potential of practitioner‐initiated research. The problems and solutions for such research are discussed, and recommendations are offered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1241–1264, 2002.
Reflections on community psychology in Australia: An introduction
Authors: Bishop Brian J. , D'Rozario Pam
Published: October 2002

Sarason (2000) argued that we are often surprised by events because of the failure to appreciate ongoing change around us. He called for the need for community psychology to develop “barometers of change,” or ways of recognizing change and its likely impact. Extreme examples of this are the events of September 11th, 2001, and subsequent reactions. This highlighted the need for a nation to be aware of its impacts on other nations and peoples, and also be conscious of the perceptions of foreigners. On a less dramatic and painful level, we would argue that a scientific discipline needs the reflections of outsiders to maintain its sense of purposeful development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between microbubble contrast–enhanced color doppler sonography and immunostaining for Kupffer cells in assessing the histopathologic grade of hepatocellular carcinoma: Preliminary results
Authors: Kitamura Hiroshi , Kawasaki Seiji , Nakajima Kosei , Ota Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2002

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the histopathologic grades of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) on the basis of the presence of Kupffer cells, using color Doppler sonography with the liver‐specific microbubble contrast agent Levovist.

Methods

Color Doppler sonograms generated by stimulated acoustic emission were obtained 7 minutes after intravenous injection of 5 ml of Levovist (300 mg/dl) in patients with histopathologically confirmed HCCs. CT scans were also obtained and evaluated, and hematoxylin and eosin staining for morphologic examination and immunostaining (anti‐CD68) for detecting Kupffer cells were performed for confirmation of the sonographic findings.

Results

Eighteen tumors had a defect in the color Doppler signal (color void) that corresponded with the baseline gray‐scale image of the tumor. On histopathologic examination, these 18 tumors were all found to be either poorly or moderately differentiated HCCs with either a marked reduction in the number of or the absence of Kupffer cells. The remaining 2 tumors showed color signals. Histopathologic examination of these 2 tumors disclosed well‐differentiated components within the tumors, with Kupffer cells in the tumor tissue.

Conclusions

Color Doppler sonography using a liver‐specific microbubble ultrasound contrast agent appears to reflect the histopathologic features of HCCs and may thus be useful for differentiating liver tumors and determining a treatment strategy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:465–471, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10099
Prognostic and predictive value of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer
Authors: Masood Shahla , Bui Marilyn M.
Published: October 2002

Assessment of HER2/neu oncogene has been used as both a prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer. However, the choice of the best method to assess the status of HER2/neu oncogene in breast cancer tissue remains controversial. A variety of techniques are available to detect HER2/neu gene amplification and overexpression. Tissue‐based detection methods by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) offers a clear advantage over other approaches. FISH is a costly and relatively difficult assay and yet appears to be a better predictor of response to Herceptin® (Trastuzumab) therapy and patient outcome. IHC is less expensive and is easier to perform; however, it suffers from a high rate of false negativity and positivity as well as inter‐observer variability among pathologists. Suggestions have been made to use IHC as a screening procedure followed by confirmation by FISH in selected cases. Considering the importance of an accurate assessment of HER2/neu oncogene in selecting therapy, a better alternative may be to use FISH as the primary testing for HER2/neu oncogene. Herceptin® therapy is associated with several side effects and is expensive. Thus, in the long term, it may be more cost‐effective to use the FISH procedure and reduce the possibility of under‐treatment or over‐treatment of breast cancer patients. In addition, assessment of HER2/neu oncogene on every newly diagnosed early breast carcinoma may not be necessary. Metastatic lesions, when they occur, can be sampled by fine needle aspiration biopsy or core needle biopsy for assessment of HER2/Neu status. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:102–108, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Archimedean ϕ ‐tolerance graphs
Authors: Golumbic Martin Charles , Jamison Robert E. , Trenk Ann N.
Published: October 2002

Let ϕ be a symmetric binary function, positive valued on positive arguments. A graph G = (V,E) is a ϕ‐tolerance graph if each vertex υ ∈ V can be assigned a closed interval Iυ and a positive tolerance tυ so that xy ∈ E ⇔ | Ix ∩ Iy|≥ ϕ (tx,ty). An Archimedean function has the property of tending to infinity whenever one of its arguments tends to infinity. Generalizing a known result of [15] for trees, we prove that every graph in a large class (which includes all chordless suns and cacti and the complete bipartite graphs K2,k) is a ϕ‐tolerance graph for all Archimedean functions ϕ. This property does not hold for most graphs. Next, we present the result that every graph G can be represented as a ϕG‐tolerance graph for some Archimedean polynomial ϕG. Finally, we prove that there is a „universal”︁ Archimedean function ϕ * such that every graph G is a ϕ*‐tolerance graph. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 179–194, 2002
Synthesis of 3H‐, 14C‐, and stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine
Authors: Janssen G. M. , Thijssen Jos B. A. , Verluyten Willy L. M.
Published: October 2002

Reminyl® is a newly approved drug, used in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. The active compound, galantamine, was initially isolated from the bulbs of certain Narcissus species, but is at the moment also produced synthetically. In the process leading to the final approval, the synthesis of tritium‐, carbon‐14‐ and stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine for pharmacokinetic studies was required.

Racemic (±)‐1‐bromonarwedine, a compound available as intermediate from the commercial synthesis, was transformed to racemic 1‐bromo‐galantamine. Catalytic bromo‐tritium exchange, followed by HPLC purification and resolution afforded tritium‐labelled galantamine. The [14C]‐label was introduced on the nitrogen as well as on the oxygen‐methyl position. This was achieved by N‐ and O‐demethylation of galantamine and reaction of the thoroughly purified intermediate with [14C]‐methyl iodide. Stable‐isotope‐labelled galantamine was obtained likewise by 13CD3OD‐methylation of O‐demethylated galantamine under Mitsunobu conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a 13C labeled N‐cyclopropylamine tetrahydropyridine derivative
Authors: Kuttab Simon , Mabic Stephan
Published: October 2002

The synthesis of 1‐(2‐13C)‐cyclopropyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (8) is reported. Attempts were first made to prepare labeled cyclopropylamine via a cyclopropanation/Curtius rearrangement sequence, but the yields were too modest to be suitable for the synthesis of a labeled compound. The preparation of 8 was achieved via cyclopropanation of the N‐formyl tetrahydropyridine derivative 21 using the Grignard reagent of ethyl bromide and Ti(O‐iPr)4 as a catalyst. The synthesis proceeded in high yield (82%). The method has a wide potential for the synthesis of other cyclopropyl ring labeled and substituted cyclopropyl ring labeled tetrahydropyridine dervatives which can be used in Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Cyt P450 enzymes mechanistic studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of lateral line organs in leptocephali of the freshwater eel Anguilla japonica (Teleostei, Anguilliformes)
Authors: Okamura Akihiro , Oka Hideo P. , Yamada Yoshiaki , Utoh Tomoko , Mikawa Naomi , Horie Noriyuki , Tanaka Satoru
Published: October 2002

A study of the ontogeny of the lateral line system in leptocephali of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica reveals the existence of three morphologically different types of lateral line organs. Type I is a novel sensory organ with hair cells bearing a single kinocilium, lacking stereocilia, distributed mainly on the head of larvae, and morphologically different from typical superficial neuromasts of the lateral line system. Its developmental sequence suggests that it may be a presumptive canal neuromast. Type II is an ordinary superficial neuromast, common in other teleost larvae, which includes presumptive canal neuromasts that first appear on the trunk and accessory superficial neuromasts that later appear on the head and trunk. Type III is a very unusual neuromast located just behind the orbit, close to the otic vesicle, with radially oriented hair cells, suggesting that these serve as multiple axes of sensitivity for mechanical stimuli. The behavior of larval eels suggests that the radially oriented neuromasts may act as the sole mechanosensory organ until the ordinary superficial neuromasts develop. The finding that larval eels possess a well‐developed mechanosensory system suggests the possibility that they are also capable of perceiving weak environmental mechanical stimuli, like other teleost larvae. J. Morphol. 254:81–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic imaging approach to molecular imaging of prostate cancer
Authors: Kurhanewicz John , Swanson Mark G. , Nelson Sarah J. , Vigneron Daniel B.
Published: October 2002

Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) provides a noninvasive method of detecting small molecular markers (historically the metabolites choline and citrate) within the cytosol and extracellular spaces of the prostate, and is performed in conjunction with high‐resolution anatomic imaging. Recent studies in pre‐prostatectomy patients have indicated that the metabolic information provided by MRSI combined with the anatomical information provided by MRI can significantly improve the assessment of cancer location and extent within the prostate, extracapsular spread, and cancer aggressiveness. Additionally, pre‐ and post‐therapy studies have demonstrated the potential of MRI/MRSI to provide a direct measure of the presence and spatial extent of prostate cancer after therapy, a measure of the time course of response, and information concerning the mechanism of therapeutic response. In addition to detecting metabolic biomarkers of disease behavior and therapeutic response, MRI/MRSI guidance can improve tissue selection for ex vivo analysis. High‐resolution magic angle spinning (1H HR‐MAS) spectroscopy provides a full chemical analysis of MRI/MRSI‐targeted tissues prior to pathologic and immunohistochemical analyses of the same tissue. Preliminary 1H HR‐MAS spectroscopy studies have already identified unique spectral patterns for healthy glandular and stromal tissues and prostate cancer, determined the composition of the composite in vivo choline peak, and identified the polyamine spermine as a new metabolic marker of prostate cancer. The addition of imaging sequences that provide other functional information within the same exam (dynamic contrast uptake imaging and diffusion‐weighted imaging) have also demonstrated the potential to further increase the accuracy of prostate cancer detection and characterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:451–463. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular imaging of gene expression and protein function in vivo with PET and SPECT
Authors: Sharma Vijay , Luker Gary D. , Piwnica‐Worms David
Published: October 2002

Molecular imaging is broadly defined as the characterization and measurement of biological processes in living animals, model systems, and humans at the cellular and molecular level using remote imaging detectors. One underlying premise of molecular imaging is that this emerging field is not defined by the imaging technologies that underpin acquisition of the final image per se, but rather is driven by the underlying biological questions. In practice, the choice of imaging modality and probe is usually reduced to choosing between high spatial resolution and high sensitivity to address a given biological system. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) inherently use image‐enhancing agents (radiopharmaceuticals) that are synthesized at sufficiently high specific activity to enable use of tracer concentrations of the compound (picomolar to nanomolar) for detecting molecular signals while providing the desired levels of image contrast. The tracer technologies strategically provide high sensitivity for imaging small‐capacity molecular systems in vivo (receptors, enzymes, transporters) at a cost of lower spatial resolution than other technologies. We review several significant PET and SPECT advances in imaging receptors (somatostatin receptor subtypes, neurotensin receptor subtypes, αvβ3 integrin), enzymes (hexokinase, thymidine kinase), transporters (MDR1 P‐glycoprotein, sodium‐iodide symporter), and permeation peptides (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) Tat conjugates), as well as innovative reporter gene constructs (herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase, somatostatin receptor subtype 2, cytosine deaminase) for imaging gene promoter activation and repression, signal transduction pathways, and protein‐protein interactions in vivo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:336–351. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of integral equation time‐domain scattering computations for three‐dimensional scattering; similarities and differences between electrodynamic and elastodynamic computations
Authors: Walker S. P. , Bluck M. J. , Chatzis I.
Published: October 2002

Time‐domain integral equation analyses are prone to instabilities, in a range of applications areas including acoustics, electrodynamics and elastodynamics, and a variety of retrospective averaging schemes have been proposed to improve matters. In this paper, we investigate stability behaviour, in parallel, in electrodynamic and elastodynamic cases. It is observed empirically that the tendency to instability is increased as the treatment becomes more nearly explicit. The timestepping procedure is recast in a recursive matrix formulation, and it is shown that it is the eigenvalues of this large matrix which determine the long‐term stability behaviour. This treatment is then extended to cover general averaging schemes, allowing the likely effectiveness of such schemes to be assessed. Simple modelling rules, which for all practical purposes will ensure stability, are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and vibrational study of hydrazinium hexafluorosilicate
Authors: Ouasri A. , Rhandour A. , Dhamelincourt M.‐C. , Dhamelincourt P. , Mazzah A.
Published: October 2002

Solid hydrazinium hexafluorosilicate (N2H6SiF6) belongs to the orthorhombic system with a Pbca space group (a = 7.603, b = 7.594, c = 8.543 Å). An assignment of the infrared and Raman bands of this compound was made based both on literature data and on factor group analysis. The formation of N—HF hydrogen bonds contributes considerably to the crystal cohesion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman microspectroscopic study on low‐pH‐induced DNA structural transitions in the presence of magnesium ions
Authors: Muntean C. M. , Puppels G. J. , Greve J. , Segers‐Nolten G. M. J. , Cinta‐Pinzaru S.
Published: October 2002

Low‐pH‐induced DNA structural changes were investigated in the pH range 6.8–2.10 by Raman microspectroscopy. Measurements were carried out on calf thymus DNA in the presence of low concentrations of Mg2+ ions. Vibrational spectra are presented in the wavenumber region 500–1650 cm−1. Large changes in the Raman spectra of calf‐thymus DNA were observed on lowering the pH value. These are due to protonation and unstacking of the DNA bases during DNA melting and also to changes in the DNA backbone conformation. The intensities of the Raman bands of guanine (681 cm−1), adenine (728 cm−1), thymine (752 cm−1) and cytosine (785 cm−1), typical of the C2′‐endo‐anti conformation of B‐DNA, are discussed. The B‐form marker near 835 cm−1 and the base vibrations in the higher wavenumber region (1200–1680 cm−1) are analysed. Effects of low pH value upon the protonation mechanism of opening AT and changing the protonation of GC base pairs in DNA are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential for increasing the amounts of bioavailable zinc in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) through plant breeding
Authors: House William A , Welch Ross M , Beebe Steven , Cheng Z
Published: October 2002

A whole‐body radioassay procedure was used to assess the bioavailability to rats of zinc (Zn) in seeds of 18 genotypes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) that were grown hydroponically. Dry beans that were labelled intrinsically with 65Zn were added to test meals fed to rats that were marginally Zn‐deficient. The amount of Zn in the seeds varied between genotypes and ranged from 26.7 to 62.4 µg g−1 (from 0.41 to 0.95 µmol g−1) dry weight (DW). Similarly, the amount of iron (Fe) in the beans varied nearly twofold (from 52.3 to 96.3 µg g−1 DW), and Zn and Fe concentrations were positively correlated. Concentrations of myo‐inositolhexaphosphate (IP6) plus myo‐inositolpentaphosphate (IP5) varied from 18.1 to 27.3 µmol g−1 DW. Cultivars with white‐coloured seeds contained relatively small amounts of tannins varying from 0.12 to 0.16 mg g−1 DW (determined as catechin equivalents) compared to those with coloured seed coats (up to 2.58 mg g−1 DW). All rats readily ate the test meals so that Zn intake varied directly with seed‐Zn concentration. As indicated by 65Zn absorption, the bioavailability to rats of Zn in the seeds varied between genotypes and ranged from about 78 to 95% of the total Zn in the seeds. The bioavailability of Zn to marginally Zn‐deficient rats was not affected markedly by either IP5 + IP6 or tannin in the dry beans. These results demonstrate that the concentration of Zn in dry beans can be increased through traditional plant‐breeding techniques and that this may result in significant increases in the amount of bioavailable Zn in the beans. Increasing the amount of Zn in beans may contribute significantly to improving the Zn status of individuals dependent on beans as a staple food.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Gel‐forming properties of surimi produced from bigeye snapper, Priacanthus tayenus and P macracanthus, stored in ice
Authors: Benjakul Soottawat , Visessanguan Wonnop , Riebroy Siriporn , Ishizaki Shoichiro , Tanaka Munihiko
Published: October 2002

The influence of iced storage of two species of bigeye snapper, Priacanthus tayenus and P macracanthus, on the gel‐forming ability of the resulting surimi was investigated. Upon iced storage, whole fish underwent deterioration faster than beheaded/eviscerated fish. Total volatile base and trimethylamine contents of whole fish were higher than those of beheaded/eviscerated fish, particularly after 9 days of storage (P < 0.05). P macracanthus muscle was more susceptible to proteolytic degradation than P tayenus muscle. Ca2+‐ATPase activity decreased as the storage time increased (P < 0.05), indicating the denaturation of myosin. A marked decrease in Ca2+‐ATPase activity was found in whole fish kept for more than 6 days in ice (P < 0.05). Breaking force and deformation of surimi gels from both species decreased, with a concomitant decrease in whiteness, as the storage time increased (P < 0.05). Beheading and evisceration of fish retarded the deterioration. However, the gel‐forming ability of surimi produced from both species decreased continuously throughout iced storage (P < 0.05), probably owing to the denaturation and degradation of myofibrillar proteins.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The preparation and physical characterisation of modified soybean polysaccharides
Authors: Fang Jianmin , Fowler Paul , Tomkinson Jeremy , Hill Callum A S
Published: October 2002

A novel and facile method for modification of soybean polysaccharides was applied. This involved a swelling water‐solvent exchange technique. A series of stearoylated soybean polysaccharides was prepared under homogeneous reaction conditions in an N,N‐dimethylformamide/lithium chloride system by reaction with stearoyl chloride using 4‐dimethylaminopyridine as catalyst and triethylamine as acid acceptor. At a reaction temperature of 80 °C and time of 30 min, approximately 1 mol of the soybean polysaccharides, when reacted with 3 mol of reagent, resulted in an 85% yield. The products were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the modified soybean polysaccharides had improved thermal stability and enhanced solubility in organic solvents compared with their unmodified counterparts.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry