bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MyIPM smartphone applications—tools to increase adoption of integrated pest management
Authors: Reay-Jones Francis P F , Schnabel Guido , Bryant Tim B , LaForest Joseph , Melanson Rebecca A , Acebes-Doria Angelita L , Blaauw Brett
Published: January 2025

Global agricultural productivity faces significant challenges due to pest-related crop losses, and while integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to mitigate pest risks, it is also inherently complex, which limits its implementation and adoption by farmers and pest management professionals. This article provides an overview of the MyIPM series of smartphone applications (apps), designed to facilitate IPM adoption by providing comprehensive pest management recommendations, covering diseases, arthropods, and weeds for multiple US commodities. Key features of the apps include high-resolution images for accurate pest identification, non-chemical integrated management information, detailed life cycle and epidemiology information, a pesticide search bar, and interactive tables allowing active ingredients and trade names to be sorted by multiple characteristics, including modes of action for easier implementation of resistance management tactics. The MyIPM apps complement traditional Extension outreach methods, offering portable access to a wealth of pest management information. In addition, the article highlights 3 practical examples—managing blossom blight and brown rot of peach caused by Monilinia sp.; addressing sugarcane aphids, Melanaphis sorghi (Theobald), in grain sorghum; and managing urban pests in Hawaii and postharvest quarantine of Hawaiian crops for export—demonstrating how the MyIPM apps streamline IPM decision-making for a diverse group of farmers and pest management professionals. Overall, the MyIPM series of apps provides a valuable tool for modern agriculture, offering users a wealth of IPM knowledge at their fingertips, and supporting the adoption of more sustainable and effective practices.
Host size overrides maternal effects on the development of a secondary hyperparasitoid wasp
Authors: Shi Xianhui , Gols Rieta , de Boer Jetske G , Harvey Jeffrey A
Published: January 2025

Unraveling the numerous factors that drive phenotypic variation in trait expression among animals has long presented a significant challenge. Whereas traits like growth and adult size are often heritable and are passed on from one generation to the next, these can be significantly affected by the quality and quantity of resources provided by one or both parents to their offspring. In many vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, parents raise their young until adult, providing food, shelter, and protection. On the other hand, in insects, there is often little or no parental care, and the young are left to fend for themselves. Despite that, some insects can enhance the growth of their offspring. In parasitoid wasps, for example, mothers inject biochemical factors, including venoms, teratocytes, and virus-like particles into the host that increase host quality by regulating the nutritional milieu. However, it is not known whether maternal size is positively correlated with host regulation. Here, we evaluate maternal and host size-related effects on the development of an asexually reproducing (= female only) secondary idiobiont ectoparasitoid, Gelis agilis on pre-pupae in cocoons of its host, the primary parasitoid, Cotesia glomerata. Females G. agilis from 2 adult size classes, “small” (mean 0.7 mg) or “large” (mean 1.2 mg), were allowed to parasitize cocoons of differing size along a continuum from ~1.2 mg to ~4.0 mg, and the body size and development time of their offspring were measured. In both body size classes of G. agilis mothers, there was a strong correlation between host size and offspring size. However, there was no effect of adult G. agilis size on this parameter: for a given host size, the size of G. agilis offspring did not differ between small and large mothers. Our results reveal that host quality is mostly pre-determined, irrespective of maternal size.
Comprehensive genome profiling for treatment decisions in patients with metastatic tumors: Real-World evidence Meta-Analysis and registry data implementation
Authors: Zerdes Ioannis , Filis Panagiotis , Fountoukidis Georgios , El-Naggar Ali Inan , Kalofonou Foteini , D’Alessio Antonio , Pouptsis Athanasios , Foukakis Theodoros , Pentheroudakis George , Ahlgren Johan , Smith Daniel , Valachis Antonios
Published: January 2025

Background

Although precision oncology has rapidly been developed in recent years, its real-world impact and challenges in healthcare implementation remain underexplored. Through a meta-analysis of real-world evidence (RWE), we aimed at investigating the applicability and clinical impact of comprehensive cancer genome profiling (CGP) in cancer patients with metastatic solid tumors.

Methods

We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for RWE studies on CGP and matched therapies in metastatic solid tumors (publication period: 2012—2023). Pooled proportions of actionable genomic alterations, patients treated with matched targeted therapies, treatment, and survival outcomes were calculated. Data from Swedish cancer registries were used as a case-study for nationwide CGP implementation.

Results

Out of the 7218 identified studies, 144 were included in our analysis. 59.8% of CGP-tested patients had actionable genomic alterations, with 15.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 13.4-18.2%) of them having received targeted therapy. Objective response was seen in 23.9% (95% CI 20.8-27.3%). Overall, CGP-guided treatment was correlated with prolonged progression-free survival (pooled Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.56-0.70; 18 studies) and overall survival (pooled HR = 0.60; 95% CI, 0.51-0.70; 21 studies) when compared to conventional treatment. Meta-regression time projections analyses showed that these rates will steadily increase by 2030.

Conclusions

Pooled analyses of RWE studies indicate that approximately one-fourth of the patients receiving CGP-matched treatment have an objective response. By utilizing meta-regression projections, our nationwide cancer registry case-study offers insights into the potential of precision oncology for patients with metastatic cancer and to inform future healthcare strategies.
An improved BISG for inferring race from surname and geolocation
Authors: Greengard Philip , Gelman Andrew
Published: January 2025

Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding (BISG) is a ubiquitous tool for predicting race and ethnicity using an individual’s geolocation and surname. Here we demonstrate that statistical dependence of surname and geolocation within racial/ethnic categories in the US results in biases for minority subpopulations, and we introduce a raking-based improvement. Our method augments the data used by BISG—distributions of race by geolocation and race by surname—with the distribution of surname by geolocation obtained from state voter files. We validate our algorithm on state voter registration lists that contain self-identified race/ethnicity.
Accommodating informative visit times for analysing irregular longitudinal data: a sensitivity analysis approach with balancing weights estimators
Authors: Yiu Sean , Su Li
Published: January 2025

Irregular longitudinal data with informative visit times arise when patients’ visits are partly driven by concurrent disease outcomes. However, existing methods such as inverse intensity weighting (IIW), often overlook or have not adequately assessed the influence of informative visit times on estimation and inference. Based on novel balancing weights estimators, we propose a new sensitivity analysis approach to addressing informative visit times within the IIW framework. The balancing weights are obtained by balancing observed history variable distributions over time and including a selection function with specified sensitivity parameters to characterize the additional influence of the concurrent outcome on the visit process. A calibration procedure is proposed to anchor the range of the sensitivity parameters to the amount of variation in the visit process that could be additionally explained by the concurrent outcome given the observed history and time. Simulations demonstrate that our balancing weights estimators outperform existing weighted estimators for robustness and efficiency. We provide an R Markdown tutorial of the proposed methods and apply them to analyse data from a clinic-based cohort of psoriatic arthritis.
A common law power to dissect: a medico-legal history
Authors: Shaw Joshua
Published: January 2025

Some jurists claimed there was a common law power to dissect the human body prior to and outside of the Anatomy Act 1832. That power formed part of the privileges of physicians, surgeons, and apothecaries, and, accordingly, the common law to the extent it recognized those privileges. It is best evidenced in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries—most authoritatively by the Court of Queen’s Bench in R v Price in 1884, the Québec Superior Court in Phillips v Montreal General Hospital in 1908, and the reasons of the inquiry into the conduct Dr William Ramsay Smith in 1903, but also in the comments of writers in law manuals until the mid-twentieth century. The existence of a common law power to dissect challenges narratives ordinarily told about the history of anatomy law specifically and the law of the dead generally. The power may also still exist if legislation in a jurisdiction has not displaced or substantially altered it. Through medico-legal history, the author argues that the medical lawyer can benefit from re-examining old doctrines. Heterodox elements in old doctrines suggest alternative possibilities for the law, allowing medical law’s histories to be retold.
Inferred Developmental Origins of Brain Tumors from Single Cell RNA-Sequencing Data
Authors: Wang Su , Curry Rachel Naomi , McDonald Malcolm F , Koh Hyun Yong , Erickson Anders W , Kleinman Claudia , Taylor Michael D , Rao Ganesh , Deneen Benjamin , Harmanci Arif O , Harmanci Akdes Serin
Published: January 2025

Background

The reactivation of neurodevelopmental programs in cancer highlights parallel biological processes that occur in both normal development and brain tumors. Achieving a deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors play a role in the progression of brain tumors is therefore crucial for identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) provides an opportunity to understand how developmental programs are dysregulated and reinitiated in brain tumors at single-cell resolution. The aim of this study is to identify developmental origins of brain tumors using scRNA-Seq data.

Methods

Here, we introduce COORS (Cell Of ORigin like CellS), a computational tool trained on developmental human brain single-cell datasets that annotates “developmental-like” cell states in brain tumors. COORS leverages cell type-specific multilayer perceptron models and incorporates a developmental cell type tree that reflects hierarchical relationships and models cell type probabilities.

Results

Applying COORS to various brain cancer datasets, including medulloblastoma (MB), glioma, and diffuse midline glioma (DMG), we identified developmental-like cells that represent putative cells of origin in these tumors. Our method provides both cell of origin classification and cell age regression, offering insights into the developmental cell types of tumor subgroups. COORS identified outer radial glia (oRG) developmental cells within IDHWT glioma cells whereas oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and neuronal-like cells in IDHMut. Interestingly, IDHMut subgroup cells that map to OPC show bimodal distributions, that are both early and late weeks in development. Furthermore, COORS offers a valuable resource by providing novel markers linked to developmental states within of MB, glioma and DMG tumor subgroups.

Conclusion

Our work adds to our cumulative understanding of brain tumor heterogeneity and helps pave the way for tailored treatment strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Catana Leo
Published: January 2025

The Introduction explains the motivations for the present work, namely, to give modern readers access to an eighteenth-century text that was decisive to the methodology of history of philosophy as a philosophical discipline from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, in some cases even longer; Brucker’s Historia critica philosophiae (1742–1744). The Introduction thus explains his central methodological concepts, notably the concept ‘system of philosophy’, and the use of this methodological concept in his periodization of the world’s past philosophies. Moreover, the Introduction also explains how these methodological precepts were put into practice in the case of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. According to Brucker, Socrates developed a sound philosophical method, that is, a sceptical and non-sectarian method of philosophizing that should also serve as an ideal for the modern philosopher. The Introduction explains how Brucker arrived at this interpretation of Socrates by rejecting late ancient and Renaissance Platonist interpretations of Socrates and his method, and how he used Socrates as a proxy to engage in a contemporary theological debate that included Ralph Cudworth. Brucker’s interpretation of Socrates as a rational, sceptical philosopher became influential in subsequent histories of philosophies, and it has typically been treated as an objective an unbiased interpretation. The Introduction explains, however, that his interpretation was partly an outcome of a theological polemics and premised on Brucker’s theological position, imposing a filter through which Socrates has often been understood. Finally, the Introduction accounts for Brucker’s European outlook, his intended audience, and the guidelines governing the present translation.
A Diagnostic in Docility
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

Drawing on medical and rhetorical accounts of ingenuity from Erasmus and Quintilian (edited by Rabelais’s friend Guillaume Philandrier) and from his edition of Galen’s Ars parva, the Torchecul episode is a holistic diagnosis of the powers and unruliness of young Gargantua’s ingenium. Rabelais aligns the child’s autodidactic discovery of hygiene with his father’s realization that his son’s wit also needs discipline: words and enema testify to physiological workings requiring management. The five-year-old’s experimental find of the best arsewipe and his verbal pyrotechnics in narrating it to his father display the cognitive characteristics of a good ingenium in both medicine and rhetoric: he has a quick wit, acute sensory recollection, excellent memory, and promising logical powers of inference made manifest in copious lists, an impromptu proverb, pun, and invective, and in his attempt at modal syllogistic. Yet the child lacks judgement and misuses his recollections in improper chatter; he needs schooling.
Antitrust and Upstream Platform Power Plays
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

Large digital platform firms have been in the doghouse of antitrust decision-makers worldwide since the tail end of the last decade. Trustbusters agree, urgent intervention is needed. Interestingly, it is the plight of victimized suppliers—of merchants, app developers, publishers, labourers, and the like, who are upstream in the platform economy value chain—that has topped the policy agenda, prompting scrutiny of an almost unprecedented intensity. Amid such anxieties, this book asks a somewhat provocative question: are upstream platform power plays really ‘competition problems’, and ones for antitrust, at that? The apparently obvious answer—‘yes’—is deceptively simple. For one, it contradicts contemporary antitrust’s single-minded focus on consumers, which has all but erased supplier exploitation in the brick-and-mortar economy from the policy’s radar. For another, the wider antitrust community remains bitterly divided when it comes to judging platform practices. Plus, if any consensus could be had, it would almost certainly confirm the long-standing tenet that antitrust cannot be about supplier welfare, as such. These paradoxes call for a policy introspection—precisely what this book provides. The analysis offered here is altogether normative, theoretical, and practical. Normative because it engages in a supplier-mindful soul-searching exercise, which advances our understanding of antitrust’s foundations; theoretical as it sheds multidisciplinary insights on upstream effects in the platform economy and develops new frameworks for rationalizing them; practical since it takes a deep dive into the complex antitrust machinery while staying attuned to other available levers of public action.
Introduction
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter sketches out the book’s ambition to make sense of what antitrust decision-makers worldwide have been doing in recent years regarding the platform economy. Today, enforcers are united in declaring a state of emergency. A few big platform firms have essentially monopolized cyberspace and exploited their power with near-total impunity. Urgent intervention, we are told, is accordingly needed. Paradoxically, the wider antitrust community remains bitterly divided. More intriguingly, decision-makers have sounded the alarm bells while catering to an issue only a handful of scholars had initially called attention to explicitly, namely: ‘upstream’ effects—effects borne by merchants, app developers, publishers, labourers, and the like who are upstream in the value chain. Yet, contemporary antitrust has been single-mindedly focused on consumer welfare. Plus, consensus still has it that supplier welfare cannot be the policy’s lodestar. The current state of affairs therefore demands a deep policy introspection.
‘Competition, as Such’
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

Antitrust is in transition. The rise of powerful platforms has led many in the antitrust community to claim that a paradigm shift away from ‘consumer welfare’ is needed. Catering to victimized suppliers, we are told, requires a ‘more normative’ approach. And because consensus still has it that supplier welfare cannot be antitrust’s lodestar, the only alternative is to (re)direct the policy towards the protection of competition, as such. In the USA, those who champion the move vaunt this paradigm’s better legal pedigree. Likewise, in the EU, where the competitive process has, until recently at least, always been deemed paramount by the judicature. The problem, though, is that axiomatic accounts—what is currently on offer—surely cannot suffice because there is nothing self-evident about ‘competition’. This chapter, accordingly, provides a normative theory of the competitive process lodestar, which also explains why supplier anxieties would be directly catered to.
Free-Riding
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how antitrust decision-makers might rationalize allegations that powerful platforms ‘scrape’ the fruits of suppliers’ labour and ‘Sherlock’ them out of their valuable ideas to develop and/or feed in-house versions of the products in which these pieces of information are embodied. Stripped of their rhetorical enhancers, these claims are about turning the free-riding defence so successfully invoked to escape antitrust liability into a self-standing antitrust offence. The core argument made here is as follows: once examined for what they are—instances of free-riding—the only thing conspicuous with ‘scraping’ and ‘Sherlocking’ platforms is that they are in fact what competition regularly requires. Paradoxically, making them out as ‘competition problems’ is possible. The question is whether decision-makers should be conjuring the available theories of harm to this end, knowing that the latter will either be supported by ambiguous economics or be grounded in, at best, contentious ethics.
Antitrust’s Internal Quandaries
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

As of late, antitrust decision-makers have been primarily catering to calls from victimized suppliers in the platform economy. Drawing from Chapters 3–5, this chapter accordingly looks under the hood of the antitrust machinery, which is the book’s core focus. It deals with enforcement standards, the antitrust power radar, and remedies, showing how ‘looking up’ in the platform economy exacerbates key difficulties that have long been the source of occasional seize ups. The way forward, for decision-makers, is a matter of enforcement philosophy—of choosing between optimal, reasonable, and resolute enforcement. Each option has specific features the chapter explores. The choice between them, though, is ultimately a decision inevitably coloured by beliefs on both the nature of antitrust as a tool—is it more policy (sensu stricto) than law?—and the goal(s) it is aimed at.
Antitrust’s Interplays
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

After a journey into the thick of the antitrust machinery, this chapter addresses the higher-level issue of intervention, as such. When it comes to dealing with the plight of suppliers in the platform economy, one must keep in mind the pool of policy options. Antitrust decision-makers, it is accordingly argued, should be wary of their solipsistic tendencies while remaining attuned to the strategic potential of their instrument. To support this argument, the chapter begins with a theoretical discussion on interfacing antitrust with other levers of market supervision. Drawing from previous chapters, these insights are then tested through an analysis that brings IP and labour laws to the fore. Finally, mindful of regulatory initiatives currently being enacted or envisioned around the globe, the outlines of what platform regulation should look like are sketched.
Conclusion
Authors: von Moltke A.K.
Published: January 2025

This concluding chapter begins by recapping what the previous chapters uncover and by reformulating the three broad claims the book makes, which converge towards the idea of a Procrustean dilemma. First, the battle for antitrust’s soul should be waged, but not for conventional reasons. Contrary to what many argue, retiring the consumer welfare paradigm—desirable as that may be—is not a prerequisite for ‘looking up’. Second, upstream platform power plays are potential competition problems, but, as usual, the devil is in the detail. These practices can be formally rationalized under either of the only two coherent approaches to antitrust, but there are major caveats. Finally, antitrust is a solution, but not necessarily the right one, nor should the price of resolute enforcement invariably be paid. The chapter concludes with reflections on change and complexity in antitrust, as well as on platform capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Bashir Haroon
Published: January 2025

Does the Qur’ān support the abolition of slavery? If so, why had Muslim scholarship not actively proscribed slavery and concubinage up until the nineteenth century? If it was to be accepted that Islam promoted (or at least accepted) the abolition of slavery, why had Muslims regulated and permitted slavery for over a millennium previously? Or, stated more succinctly by Muḥammad ‘Abduh, ‘If religion eagerly anticipates the liberation of slaves, why have Muslims spent centuries enslaving the free?’ The debates that ensued from such introspection led to the development of ‘Islamic abolitionism’, an influential scholarly discourse which argued that Islam was antithetical to slavery. This interpretive formation developed a fully fledged hermeneutic in the nineteenth century, and Islamic abolitionists employed differing arguments and methods in their bids to reconcile the ideal of abolition with the religious tradition of Islam.
Slavery in Classical Exegesis
Authors: Bashir Haroon
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores traditional views on slavery within Quranic commentaries and exegetical literature to ascertain how slavery was conceptualized and interpreted. Understandings of slavery and emancipation across the tafsīr genre provide a fascinating insight into how classical exegetes viewed these practices. The commentaries that have been utilized within this chapter are generally classified as from among the ‘orthodox’ tradition which include the works of Ṭabarī (d. 923), Rāzī (d. 1210), Qurṭubī (d. 1273), Bayḍāwī (d. 1319), Ibn Kathīr (d. 1373), and the Jalālayn. These works have been described as the ‘unofficial Sunnī Canon’ of tafsīr. The primary question explored within this chapter addresses to what extent classical commentators promoted or contested the practice of slavery within Islam.
Jewish Political Allegories and Ottoman Imperial Power
Authors: Bashkin Orit
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how Jews celebrated imperial power in Ottoman Egypt. It argues that the Jewish commemorations of the defeat of Aḥmed Pasha (1524), the governor-general of Ottoman Egypt who rebelled against Süleyman, reflect a Jewish position which saw the restoration of Ottoman rule as an instance of divine salvation. Focusing on the representations of these events in Jewish religious texts read in synagogues and in a chronicle written by Egyptian Jewish historian Yosef Sambari (1640–1703), the chapter illustrates how these texts function as political allegories concerning state and provincial power understood through contemporary and Biblical lenses. The political theory embodied in these allegories focus on three conditions that allow Jews to thrive as protected imperial subjects: centralization, as a mechanism that limits the role of despotic governors; God’s guidance of the Sultan, as a mechanism that ensures justice; and Jewish mediation in the form of courtiers who were both pious and politically savvy.
“Blessed Assurance”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes Louis Armstrong’s punishing schedule of balancing his work with the Karnofsky family, his home life, and his occasionally attending school with more singing. He initially began singing when attending Mount Zion Baptist Church with his grandmother Josephine and great-grandmother Catherine. Dancing and singing with his friends was simply a source of great amusement, but Armstrong soon realized their fun could generate a profit after a fateful trip delivering coal for the Karnofsky family. For the rest of his career as both a vocalist and a trumpeter, Armstrong fell back on the lessons he learned in the vocal quartet he formed with friends. The chapter notes how Armstrong got arrested, which in hindsight was the best thing that ever happened to him.
“Descending the Sky Like a God”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks into Louis Armstrong’s work with Marable on the steamer Sidney in New Orleans. It highlights the growing musicality of Armstrong’s ability on trumpet.. Armstrong’s three seasons with Marable represented his conservatory years in every sense of the word. The chapter also considers the harrowing fights between Armstrong and his wife, Daisy, that eventually led to Daisy spending some days in jail and their subsequent separation after four years of marriage. With more free time during the day, Armstrong sometimes sought out local bands, like the Pilgrim Brass Band, to rehearse with to enhance his reading ability.
“Second Trumpet to No One”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter details how Miss Lil persuaded her husband, Louis Armstrong, not to stay on as the second trumpet to Joe Oliver. While Armstrong was initially doubtful of the decision, Oliver took the announcement with grace, despite it being the biggest blow Oliver ever received. Armstrong remained confident of his decision to leave Oliver 46 years later after a long career as one of the most influential and popular musicians of the 20th century. Armstrong spent the summer of 1924 with Powers’s Harmony Syncopators, which made his reputation as a cornetist in Chicago. Eventually, he would leave Chicago to try and make it in New York.
“I Know I Can Play and I Know I Can Sing”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores Louis Armstrong’s musicality as he became involved in some of the biggest selling recordings of African American music of the previous year. Armstrong’s recordings as a sideman made a big splash upon their release in early 1925. However, many musicians were confused by the identity of this new trumpeter since his name was not on the labels. Armstrong had always been a musical sponge, but New York exposed him to some new sounds that made their way into his burgeoning style, including the bands he heard at Roseland. The chapter then notes Lillian Hardin Armstrong’s determination to bring her husband back to Chicago after she found out about his uneasiness playing with Fletcher Henderson’s band.
“Just Keep on Blowing”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents Louis Armstrong as a bandleader. However, the issue arose that he did not have a great desire to lead a band and so he asked Earl Hines for direction. Meanwhile, Dave Peyton regularly dispensed general criticism of certain trends and behaviors he observed in the Black music scene in Chicago. The chapter then provides an overview of Armstrong’s life going on downhill after his mother died. It explains how the people who shaped Louis’s life and career were slipping away, as King Oliver moved away from Chicago, later passing away, and Lil grew more distant.
Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier
Authors: Walker Paul
Published: January 2025

This book, one of a series sponsored by the American Bach Society, presents J. S. Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier as it is currently understood by the scholarly community. Because a primary goal of the series is to reach out to nonspecialists, both musical notation and footnotes are avoided. The book situates Bach’s collection in its historical context, summarizes what is known about the different origins of Books I and II, describes at length what a fugue is and how it works, and explains Bach’s use of the term “well-tempered” and how it relates to the physics of music. The central chapter offers in-depth verbal analyses (with bar graphs to illustrate the fugues’ structure) of three preludes and fugues followed by brief summaries of all ninety-six component pieces. Concluding the work are two chapters detailing the collection’s enormous influence, up to the present day, on composers and teachers of counterpoint, as well as its performance and recording history. Also included is a brief essay on performance practice and the decision-making that lies behind it.
The Music
Authors: Walker Paul
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks closely at the music of The Well-Tempered Clavier. It begins with an overview of the preludes that identifies five types for those of Book I: those based on figuration patterns, those based on motivic work, those with full-blown melodies, studies in four-voice playing, and those based on non-keyboard styles. The preludes of Book II are, by contrast, grander, and are categorized by patterns of sectional repetition, especially binary form with two repeated halves. Fugal types (for both books) include those based on a single subject, those with a subject and one or two countersubjects, and those with multiple subjects presented consecutively. The chapter concludes with detailed descriptions of three preludes and fugues followed by paragraph-length summaries of all ninety-six component parts.
Natick
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the expansion of missionary efforts among the Indians, focusing on the establishment of the praying town at Natick. The New England Company was established in England to raise funds for missionary efforts in New England. Many sachems and powwows opposed John Eliot’s missionary work, perceiving it as a threat to their sovereignty. Massachusetts enacted a policy of allowing Indians to establish additional praying towns where they could learn Christianity and their land would be protected. The most important town established was Natick. Eliot attempted to establish biblical civil government among the Indians. He was slow to trust Indians with organizing their own churches, but after many Indians offered testimonies of their conversion, a church was finally established at Natick. The English town of Dedham launched a lawsuit against Natick over land, but the Massachusetts government ruled in favor of Natick.
Negotiations
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes how the war ground on, exhausting both sides, and finally leading to negotiations. The colonies took some hope from the death of Canonchet, and they moderated their hostility toward Indians by opening negotiations over captives and agreeing to arm praying Indians. With many Indians suffering from hunger and disease, the sachems agreed to negotiations over Mary Rowlandson’s release, even as they inflicted yet another bloody defeat on the English at Sudbury. Massachusetts finally secured Rowlandson’s release, while Connecticut entered into negotiations with Pessicus in the Connecticut Valley.
Algonquian Defeat
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the final English victory over the Algonquians and the fate the colonies dealt out to various Indians. The trial of Captain Tom Wuttasacomponom, a praying Indian leader, demonstrated how harsh Massachusetts could be toward Christian Indians who were compromised. The murder of Indian women and children by English soldiers on Hurtleberry Hill revealed how much hostility toward Christian Indians remains. Wampanoag resistance was crushed in Plymouth, and Philip was killed, essentially ending the war in lower New England. The colonies executed many Indian leaders and sold many others into slavery. Those Indians who remained in New England were enslaved, scattered, or subject to strict English control.
Locating the “Sonata” in Fanny Hensel’s Sonata o Fantasia
Authors: Kim Catrina S.
Published: January 2025

When Fanny Hensel wrote a piano and cello piece for her brother Paul (completed in the autumn of 1829), she titled it Sonata o Fantasia; these words can be seen in the surviving manuscript. However, in the published version, editor Christian Lambour opts to remove Hensel’s “Sonata o,” instead naming the chamber piece simply “Fantasia g-moll.” Lambour writes of the decision, “the rather loosely connected form [sic] sections of the two works suggests a designation as ‘fantasia and capriccio’; the term ‘sonata’ seems less appropriate.” This analytical essay chooses to take Hensel at her word and demonstrates how the composition can be seen as a slow introduction followed by a quicker-tempo piece that engages significantly with the formal norms of the eighteenth-century sonata.
Yamada Kōsaku’s Inno Meiji
Authors: Hynes-Tawa Liam
Published: January 2025

This essay demonstrates how one might analytically approach music written in a self-consciously hybridized musical language, in view of its diverse sources and its historical background. The essay uses as its central case study Inno Meiji, a one-movement orchestral work by the Japanese composer Yamada Kōsaku (1886–1965), written in 1921 in commemoration of the funeral of the Meiji emperor, Japan’s first modern monarch. It discusses how a great many of the piece’s features, both tonal and timbral, can be understood in the context of a very recently modernized Japan trying to figure out how to position itself on the world’s stage, including in its artistic products—composers like Yamada were in the midst of experimenting with ways to display both their Western-style erudition and their appreciation for Japan’s traditional culture, and they tried many different strategies, several of which can be found in this single piece.
Storytelling and Meter in clipping.’s “story 2”
Authors: Kulothparan Hanisha
Published: January 2025

clipping. is an American experimental hip-hop group from Los Angeles, California, consisting of rapper Daveed Diggs and producers William Hutson and Jonathan Snipes. Their 2014 debut album contains “story 2,” a song about an arsonist who tries to change his ways but his past comes to haunt him. The ordering of events in the song is different from how it might occur in real time, which is highlighted by the musical elements that help to tell the story. In this essay, the author discusses the intersection between flow and storytelling through the examination of form, meter, grouping, and syllabic stress. Drawing upon Bal’s theory of narratology, Lerdahl and Jackendoff’s preference rules, Duinker’s theory of segmentation, and Freytag’s plot structure pyramid, the essay argues that the ways in which musical characteristics interact with the lyrics highlight the storytelling aspects of the song.
Rinderpest
Authors: Clark Tannia , Rajasekhar Mallenshappa
Published: January 2025

Rinderpest is a viral disease that caused high mortality and morbidity in susceptible hoofed animals, particularly domestic cattle. Over an extended period, a coordinated global multisectoral effort resulted in rinderpest becoming the second infectious disease declared eradicated, on May 25, 2011. Although rinderpest caused disease in hoofed animals, its effects on public health in slowed economic development, poverty, malnutrition, and transboundary trade restrictions made rinderpest a high-impact livestock disease worth eradicating. This chapter provides an overview on the global rinderpest eradication effort and the current framework to maintain global freedom and includes rinderpest eradication case studies.
The Dominions of Giants
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the dynamism of large corporations in the twenty-first century. It explains that the dynamism of business behemoths is obscured by the very features that sustain their potency. The dynamism of large corporations is subtly self-limiting since the accumulation of successful initiatives can produce a debilitating sprawl that threatens the enterprise’s existence and dynamism. The chapter then introduces the notion of overextension, which dulls enterprise and contributes to justifiable perceptions of stagnation. It also looks into the distinctive features of large public company initiatives that have endured into the twenty-first century, before considering the interconnectedness of the features.
When the World Closed Its Doors
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

When the World Closed Its Doors tells the story of how nearly every country in the world shut its borders to respond to an external threat and explains how this global shock to the system ended up transforming state border policies around the world. It details the consequences of the Covid border restrictions—couples separated for years, children blocked from reuniting with their parents, container ship workers moving essential goods trapped at sea, pregnant citizens barred from returning home—and explains why governments used their harshest containment measures on those coming from outside. The book tells human stories to show the multiple impacts that states’ increasing restrictiveness has had—economic, demographic, social, and political. And the fallout continues: Covid taught governments that borders could be closed or heavily restricted for extended periods with strong public support and minimal disruption to the everyday lives of most of their people. The temptation to do so in future crises—from pandemics to terrorist attacks to flows of desperate asylum seekers—will be irresistible. This book is an effort to ensure that lessons are learned about what worked and what didn’t from this unprecedented closure of borders—and to highlight the enormous costs that were paid by millions of people whose lives straddle those borders.
The “Summer of Love”
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

This introductory chapter starts in a special place—Peace Arch Park along the western border of the United States and Canada. This was the only place in North America where families, friends, and couples could meet freely across a national border despite the severe travel restrictions imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. That rare breach in the world’s Covid border walls opens the larger story of how governments across the world closed their borders—despite little evidence of their effectiveness and long-standing international agreements not to do so. At the height of the restrictions, there were few countries in the world that were not affected by some sort of travel ban or restriction; some 220 countries and territories had imposed more than 70,000 different restrictions. The chapter introduces the argument that the expanded use of border restrictions has set a precedent and that, left unchecked, governments will do the same in future crises.
Epilogue
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

The Epilogue raises the question of how well the United States is prepared for the next pandemic, and whether it will again quickly resort to border closures and travel restrictions. It reviews the life and work of Dr. Martin Cetron, who for more than two decades was the director of the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine for the US Centers for Disease Control. In that position, he was the top government decision maker on all pandemic-related travel restrictions, including those imposed during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. But during Covid, he and his team were sidelined by the White House, which at first resisted what could have been temporary travel restrictions on Europe at the height of the outbreak, and then demanded a sweeping border closure to keep out migrants from Mexico. Dr. Cetron refused to sign the order to implement Title 42 but was overruled by the Trump administration. Cetron sees some progress in US pandemic preparedness, especially the development of early warning systems such as testing of airplane wastewater. But he fears the United States is even less prepared today than it was before Covid.
Cultural and Identity Issues in Practice
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Within helping relationships, there will always be differences and similarities that exist between the practitioners and the clients. This chapter introduces the reader to some of the ways to address these differences and similarities by focusing on key aspects of the helping relationship, such as the working alliance. There is a strong focus on ensuring that practitioners take the stance of “not knowing” in order to not make assumptions about their clients and to understand how issues of oppression and other cultural forces have had and continue to have an impact on the lives of their clients.
Jesus, the Temple, and the Chief Priests
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

In the Gospel accounts, Jesus predicts his death in Jerusalem. His statements point to an obvious fact: Jesus did die in Jerusalem, not Galilee. His judge was Pilate, not Herod Antipas. Pilate crucified him in Jerusalem. In his final week alive, Jesus engaged in activity at Jerusalem that some Roman authorities, including Pilate, classified as seditionist. He preached an incendiary message at the Temple precinct, a turbulent space. during Passover week, a time of peak crowd presence and intense emotions. He and his core followers engaged in confrontational, aggressive activity. Where, when, and how Jesus preached all contributed to his death by Pilate’s orders. But what exactly made Jesus’ conduct in his final Passover so seditious? What did his followers do that was so volatile? What traces do they leave in the Gospel narratives?
Pilate and Sedition
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

Roman judges had tremendous power. Their verdicts had serious consequences. But their petitioners could also be persuasive. They could exploit prior edicts and courtroom decisions to forge legal pathways attractive to judges. They could create situations that made it awkward for governors to rule against them. In Judaea, Roman magistrates like Pilate thought of the chief priests as experts in their compatriots’ behaviors. But as prefect of Judaea, Pilate had an agency of his own. He had to decide whether Jesus was guilty and deserved to die. We know he had Jesus crucified. But what was Pilate’s legal path to condemning Jesus? How did Roman prefects in Judaea identify criminal behavior, especially sedition? How did their relationship with the chief priests affect their understanding? What does Pilate’s pattern of violence as prefect tell us about his understanding of sedition?
Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The chapter starts with the definition of angular momentum in quantum mechanics. The energy levels and wavefunctions of the hydrogen atom are presented including spin-orbit coupling. The Hamiltonian operator for many-electron atoms is presented and atomic quantum numbers are discussed. Atomic selection rules are given along with examples. The effect of nuclear spin and hyperfine structure is introduced. The intensity of atomic lines and the basic equations for line strengths and lifetimes are given. The Stark and Zeeman effects in atomic spectroscopy are presented.
Rotational Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

This chapter starts with a discussion of classical rotation of rigid bodies and moments of inertia. Asymmetric, symmetric, and spherical tops are defined. Rotational energy levels of diatomic and linear molecules are derived, along with selection rules and spectra. Rotational energy levels of symmetric tops are derived including selection rules and spectra. Asymmetric tops are briefly discussed. The determination of molecular structure by rotational spectroscopy is discussed.
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The chapter begins with a presentation of harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, and the vibrational energy levels and wavefunctions for diatomic molecules. Selection rules and spectra are presented for vibration-rotation transitions of diatomic molecules. Classical and quantum mechanical vibrational motion of polyatomic molecules are presented. Internal, symmetry, and normal coordinates for vibrational motion are defined. Selection rules and vibration-rotation spectra of linear, symmetric top, spherical top, and asymmetric top molecules are presented. Line strengths for vibration-rotation transitions are defined. Fermi and Coriolis perturbations are discussed.
Light Scattering and the Raman Effect
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

A classical picture of light scattering and the Raman effect is presented, followed by the quantum mechanical version of Raman scattering. Rotational and vibration-rotation Raman spectra are discussed, along with selection rules. Rayleigh and Raman line strengths are derived.
Electronic Spectroscopy of Diatomics
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

The chapter begins with a discussion of molecular orbitals and labelling of electronic states. Vibrational structure of diatomic electronic transitions and the Franck-Condon principle are derived. Rotational structure of electronic transitions including selection rules are presented and illustrated with spectra. There is an extensive discussion of different types of parity. Rotational line strengths are derived.
Public reason
Authors: Moen Lars J.K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter marks the beginning of a less abstract and more practical part of the book. The chapter explains the scope of republican freedom by exploring Pettit’s idea of common interests as the interests citizens can avow in public because they are compatible with treating everyone as a free and equal member of society. Government interference involved in promoting these interests makes no citizen unfree. A key finding in this chapter is that Pettit employs a Rawlsian constructivist procedure for identifying the common interests, which leads him to a liberal conception of such interests that is particularly concerned with ensuring everyone’s ability to exercise the basic liberties. I show how promoting common interests, thus understood, is to promote pure negative freedom. A conflict between the institutional requirements of the two freedom concepts therefore cannot be due to their different positions on the scope dimensions.