bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymph node metastasis detection using artificial intelligence in T1 colorectal cancer: A comprehensive systematic review
Authors: Yao Xiaoyan , Zhou Zhiyong , Mao Shengxun , Cao Jiaqing , Li Huizi
Published: July 2024

We systematically reviewed the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). Thirteen studies with 8417 patients were included. AI demonstrated high potential in predicting LNM with sensitivity, specificity, and AUC ranging from 0.561 to 1.0, 0.45 to 1.0, and 0.717 to 1.0, respectively, reducing unnecessary surgeries by approximately 70%.
Survival benefit associated with screening of patients at elevated risk for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Kane William J. , Haden Kathleen R. , Martin Elizabeth N. , Shami Vanessa M. , Wang Andrew Y. , Strand Daniel S. , Adair Sara J. , Nagdas Sarbajeet , Tsung Allan , Zaydfudim Victor M. , Adams Reid B. , Bauer Todd W.
Published: July 2024

Background & Objectives

Screening for pancreatic cancer is recommended for individuals with a strong family history, certain genetic syndromes, or a neoplastic cyst of the pancreas. However, limited data supports a survival benefit attributable to screening these higher‐risk individuals.

Methods

All patients enrolled in screening at a High‐Risk Pancreatic Cancer Clinic (HRC) from July 2013 to June 2020 were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional database and compared to patients evaluated at a Surgical Oncology Clinic (SOC) at the same institution during the same period. Clinical outcomes of patients selected for surgical resection, particularly clinicopathologic stage and overall survival, were compared.

Results

Among 826 HRC patients followed for a median (IQR) of 2.3 (0.8–4.2) years, 128 were selected for surgical resection and compared to 402 SOC patients selected for resection. Overall survival was significantly longer among HRC patients (median survival: not reached vs. 2.6 years, p < 0.001). Among 31 HRC and 217 SOC patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the majority of HRC patients were diagnosed with stage 0 disease (carcinoma in situ), while the majority of SOC patients were diagnosed with stage II disease (p < 0.001). Overall survival after resection of invasive PDAC was also significantly longer among HRC patients compared to SOC patients (median survival 5.5 vs. 1.6 years, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Patients at increased risk for PDAC and followed with guideline‐based screening exhibited downstaging of disease and improved survival from PDAC in comparison to patients who were not screened.
Engaging the child–parent relationship to treat early trauma: The challenge and promise of scaling with fidelity
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F. , Ghosh Ippen Chandra
Published: July 2024

There is an urgent imperative to scale up access to effective, family‐focused mental health services for trauma‐exposed infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, who represent the most vulnerable and most underserved sector of the clinical child population. This article describes the process of scaling child–parent psychotherapy, an evidence‐based treatment currently used in 39 U.S. states and six countries, as an example of the promise and challenge of large‐scale implementation of relationship‐based treatments
Physical Inactivity and Sedentariness in Older Hearing Loss patients: Restoration With Hearing Aids
Authors: Han Sang‐Yoon , Seo Hee Won , Lee Seung Hwan , Chung Jae Ho
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Hearing loss causes numerous functional deficits. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the association between hearing loss and physical inactivity. This study aimed to evaluate the physical activity and sedentary behavior of hearing loss patients and their relation with the use of hearing aids.

Materials and Methods

We extracted participants over 60 years of age with information on hearing status and physical activities from the eighth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey conducted from 2019 to 2020. We classified them into four groups: a normal hearing group (≤25 dB), a mild hearing loss group (>25 dB and ≤40 dB), a moderate hearing loss group (>40 dB and ≤50 dB), and a non‐serviceable hearing group (>50 dB). Additionally, we extracted hearing aid users with hearing levels exceeding 50 dB.

Results

After adjusting other factors, the non‐serviceable hearing group walked less frequently than the moderate (p = 0.004) and mild hearing loss group (p < 0.001) and walked less and sat more than the normal hearing group (walking frequency: p < 0.001; walking time: p = 0.020; and sitting time: p = 0.034). Also, the hearing aid users walked more frequently (p = 0.003) and for longer (p = 0.045) than the non‐serviceable hearing group.

Conclusion

Hearing loss is associated with reduced walking and a sedentary lifestyle. The use of hearing aids is associated with improved physical activity. Appropriate interventions, including hearing aids, should be provided to hearing loss patients.

Level of Evidence

3 (individual cross‐sectional study) Laryngoscope, 134:5109–5115, 2024
The Influence of Mallet Mass and Velocity on the Fracture Patterns in Osteotomies
Authors: Goshtasbi Khodayar , Kim Daniel , Torabi Sina J. , Nguyen Theodore V. , Chung Brigitte A. , Hong Ellen M. , Vu John , Salas Jessica , Kim Justin S. , Wong Brian J.F.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Osteotomies are routinely incorporated in rhinoplasty, however, the influence of mass, velocity, kinetic energy (KE), and momentum (p) of the mallet on fracture patterns has not been studied.

Methods

An experimental sledge guillotine setup was designed simulating a mallet strike with adjustable height and mass and 2 mm‐thick Sawbone blocks. KE and p were calculated using KE = ½ mass × velocity2 and p = mass × velocity formulas. Fracture lengths and angles were measured.

Results

Ten groups with varying mallet masses and drop heights were tested with 10 bones per group. Fracture length positively correlated with KE (R = 0.542, p < 0.001) and p (R = 0.508, p < 0.001). Fracture angle also positively correlated with KE (R = 0.367, p < 0.001) and p (R = 0.329, p < 0.001). In groups with similar KE, osteotomies with higher p (heavier mallet with slower velocity) had greater fracture lengths (29.31 ± 0.68 vs. 27.68 ± 2.12 mm, p = 0.013) but similar fracture angles (p = 0.189). In groups with similar p, osteotomies with higher KE (lighter hammer with faster velocity) had significantly greater fracture lengths (28.28 ± 1.28 vs. 20.45 ± 12.20 mm, p = 0.041) and greater divergent fracture angles (3.13 ± 1.97° vs. 1.40 ± 1.36°, p = 0.031). Regression modeling of the relationship between KE and fracture lengths and angles demonstrated that cubic followed by logarithmic regression models had the best fits.

Conclusion

Osteotomy fracture patterns positively correlated with the mallet's KE more so than its p, suggesting that the mallet's velocity has an increased impact effect than its mass. Clinically, a heavier mallet with a lower velocity will likely generate a smaller fracture length and fracture angle, indicating a more controlled and ideal fracture.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 2024
My money—My problem: How fear‐of‐missing‐out appeals can hinder sustainable investment decisions
Authors: Meyer Jan‐Hinrich , Friederich Felix , Matute Jorge , Schwarz Michelle
Published: July 2024

Cryptocurrencies (cryptos) have detrimental environmental effects due to their massive energy consumption. While several green crypto coins have been launched, the mainstream—environmentally unfriendly coins—still lead the market. In this study, we explore if influencer marketing, specifically fear‐of‐missing‐out (FOMO) appeals, can contribute to promoting green crypto coin purchases to encourage sustainable investments. The results of five studies (two lab experiments using neurobiological sensors, two online experiments, and a discrete choice experiment) show that social media postings conveying FOMO appeals decrease (increase) green crypto (normal crypto) coin investments. The results further show that message congruence and emotional value perceptions mediate this effect. Finally, we demonstrate that the observed results hold when adding governance and regulatory crypto support as well as the crypto price path evolution to the choice. The results provide notable theoretical contributions and implications for policymakers concerned with fostering more sustainable consumption behavior in the crypto context.
Design of Co‐Cured Multi‐Component Thermosets with Enhanced Heat Resistance, Toughness, and Processability via a Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Song Shuang , Xu Xinyao , Lan Haoxiang , Gao Liang , Lin Jiaping , Du Lei , Wang Yuyuan
Published: July 2024

Designing heat‐resistant thermosets with excellent comprehensive performance has been a long‐standing challenge. Co‐curing of various high‐performance thermosets is an effective strategy, however, the traditional trial‐and‐error experiments have long research cycles for discovering new materials. Herein, a two‐step machine learning (ML) assisted approach is proposed to design heat‐resistant co‐cured resins composed of polyimide (PI) and silicon‐containing arylacetylene (PSA), that is, poly(silicon‐alkyne imide) (PSI). First, two ML prediction models are established to evaluate the processability of PIs and their compatibility with PSA. Then, another two ML models are developed to predict the thermal decomposition temperature and flexural strength of the co‐cured PSI resins. The optimal molecular structures and compositions of PSI resins are high‐throughput screened. The screened PSI resins are experimentally verified to exhibit enhanced heat resistance, toughness, and processability. The research framework established in this work can be generalized to the rational design of other advanced multi‐component polymeric materials.
YAP‐LAMB3 axis dictates cellular resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells to gemcitabine
Authors: Li Yecheng , Wang Xiaolong , Yu Hongpei , Cao Jinming , Xie Jiaming , Zhou Jinhong , Feng Zhenyu , Chen Wei
Published: July 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive tumors with poor prognosis and inadequate response to treatment, such as gemcitabine (Gem), the first‐line chemotherapeutic drug. Understanding the molecular determinants that control drug resistance to Gem is critical to predict potentially responsive patients and improve the benefits of Gem therapy. Emerging evidence suggests that certain developmental pathways, such as Hippo signaling, are aberrated and play important roles in Gem resistance in cancers. Although Hippo signaling has been reported to play a role in chemoresistance in cancers, it has not been clarified which specific target gene(s) functionally mediates the effect. In the present study, we found that YAP serves as a potent barrier for the cellular sensitivity of PDAC cells to Gem. We then identified and characterized laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3) as a bona fide target of YAP‐TEAD4 to amplify YAP signaling via a feedback loop. Such a YAP‐LAMB3 axis is critical to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition and mediate Gem resistance. Taken together, we uncovered that YAP‐LAMB3 axis is an important regulator of Gem, thus providing potential therapeutic targets for overcoming Gem resistance in PDAC.
UBE2D1 promotes glioblastoma proliferation by modulating p21 ubiquitination
Authors: Wang Yongfeng , Ma Qianquan , Li Haoyu , Huang Wei , You Jia , Liu Dian
Published: July 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) cells exhibit aberrant proliferative abilities and resistance to conventional therapies. However, the mechanisms underlying these malignant phenotypes are poorly understood. In this study, we identified ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2D1 (UBE2D1) as a crucial stimulator of GBM development. It is highly expressed in GBM and closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with GBM. UBE2D1 knockdown inhibits GBM cell growth and leads to G1 cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, UBCH5A binds to p21 at the protein level and induces the ubiquitination and degradation of p21. This negative regulation is mediated by STUB1. Our findings are the first to identify UBE2D1 as a key driver of GBM growth and provide a potential target for improving prognosis and therapy.
Soil arching evolution in GRPS embankments: Numerical spring‐based trapdoor tests
Authors: Zhang Ling , Deng Mengchao , Zhou Jie , Xu Zeyu , Zhou Shuai , Chen Yunhao
Published: July 2024

Soil arching is one of the main load transfer mechanisms of geosynthetic‐reinforced and pile‐supported (GRPS) embankments. This study established a numerical spring‐based trapdoor model that can consider the coupling effect between embankment filling, horizontal geosynthetic, piles, and soft soil between piles by the discrete element method (DEM). The effects of multiple factors on the deformation pattern, load transfer, and the settlement at the top surface of GRPS embankments were analyzed, such as soft soil stiffness, geosynthetic stiffness, fill height, and pile clear spacing. The multiple spring‐based trapdoor (MS‐TD) model effectively replicated the actual deformation of soft soil between piles in engineering practice by elucidating the nonuniform settlement of the fill on the trapdoor. Although the geosynthetic indirectly reduces the load transferred to the pile top by weakening the soil arching, it can directly increase the load transferred to the pile top by the membrane effect, thereby increasing the total load transferred to the pile top. The effect of the geosynthetic on reducing settlement decreases with the increase of soft soil stiffness, and the displacement reduction ratio at the top surface remains unchanged when it exceeds a certain value. In addition, the shape of the soil arch evolves rather than unchanged during the growth of pile clear spacing.
Impact of logistics capacity on duopoly competition: Implications for firms and consumers
Authors: Wang Zhongbin , Li Yongjian , Yao Song , Wang Jinting
Published: July 2024

Price promotion is an effective way to capture market share, as consumer sensitivity to price is universal. Yet, consumer satisfaction with services‐such as logistics‐plays a critical role. Deep price discounts can indeed spike demand, but they can also congest systems, thus prolonging delivery times and diminishing consumer satisfaction. Despite observed significant effects of logistics capacity on consumer and firm payoffs in logistics systems in recent years, economic and operational analysis of these effects remains under explored. This study theoretically examines the influence of logistics capacity on competition between two firms using a refined Hotelling model that incorporates system congestion via a BPR‐type congestion function. Our primary findings include: First, the possibility of multiple equilibria emerges with intermediate product values, fueled by either unilateral price reductions to seize greater market share or price increases to enhance marginal benefits. Moreover, a firm with superior logistics capacity may not always set higher prices at equilibrium. Second, we show that equilibrium pricing exhibits a non‐monotonic relationship with logistics capacity and market size. Lastly, we scrutinize firms' long‐term strategic reactions to changes in logistics capacity and the implications of marginal capacity costs, symmetric or otherwise. Our findings provide the following insights. We caution that the equilibrium pricing strategy is ambiguous when the product value is not extreme because both firms are more likely to engage in random price wars. Intriguingly, while augmenting logistics capacity might elevate service satisfaction, it could paradoxically reduce firm revenue or consumer surplus. Our analysis also indicates that higher marginal capacity costs could, counter intuitively, benefit firms or consumers.
A mesh‐in‐element method for the theory of porous media
Authors: Maike S. , Schröder J. , Bluhm J. , Ricken T.
Published: July 2024

While direct homogenisation approaches such as the FE method are subject to the assumption of scale separation, the mesh‐in‐element (MIEL) approach is based on an approach with strong scale coupling, which is based on a discretization with finite elements. In this contribution we propose a two‐scale MIEL scheme in the framework of the theory of porous media (TPM). This work is a further development of the MIEL method which is based on the works of the authors A. Ibrahimbegovic, R.L. Taylor, D. Markovic, H.G. Matthies, R. Niekamp (in alphabetical order); where we find the physical and mathematical as well as the software coupling implementation aspects of the multi‐scale modeling of heterogeneous structures with inelastic constitutive behaviour, see for example, [Eng Comput, 2005;22(5‐6):664‐683.] and [Eng Comput, 2009;26(1/2):6‐28.]. Within the scope of this contribution, the necessary theoretical foundations of TPM are provided and the special features of the algorithmic implementation in the context of the MIEL method are worked out. Their fusion is investigated in representative numerical examples to evaluate the characteristics of this approach and to determine its range of application.
Using Machine Learning for Endoscopic Detection of Low‐Grade Subglottic Stenosis: A Proof of Principle
Authors: Eitan Dana N. , Wolter Nikolaus E. , Scheffler Patrick
Published: July 2024

The current study trains, tests, and evaluates a deep learning algorithm to detect subglottic stenosis (SGS) on endoscopy. A retrospective review of patients undergoing microlaryngoscopy‐bronchoscopy was performed. A pretrained image classifier (Resnet50) was retrained and tested on 159 images of airways taken at the glottis, 106 normal‐sized airways, and 122 with SGS. Data augmentation was performed given the small sample size to prevent overfitting. Overall model accuracy was 73.3% (SD: 3.8). Precision and recall for stenosis were 77.3% (SD: 4.0) and 72.7 (SD: 4.0). F1 score for the detection of stenosis was 0.75 (SD: 0.04). Precision and recall for normal‐sized images were lower at 69% (SD: 4.35) and 74% (SD: 4), with an F1 score of 0.71 (SD: 0.04). This study demonstrates that an image classification algorithm can identify SGS on endoscopic images. Work is needed to improve diagnostic accuracy for eventual deployment of the algorithm into clinical care.
Biopolymer nanocomposite blends of poly(lactic acid) and polyhydroxybutyrate biopolymers reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils at low loading ratio
Authors: Aydemir Deniz , Gumus Havva , Altuntas Ertugrul , Yalçın Ömer Ümit , Özan Zeynep Eda
Published: July 2024

This study investigated the mechanical, morphological, thermal, rheological properties, and accelerated aging performance of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) blends with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) at low loading ratio. According to the obtained results, the addition of both PLA and CNFs were found to generally increase the mechanical properties of the biopolymer nanocomposites (BNCs). Morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that cellular structure occurred in all the BNCs with adding both PLA and CNFs. Thermal stability of the BNCs improved with PLA and CNFs. The addition of CNFs and PLA generally increased the isotherms including Tg, Tc, and Tm according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and it was found that the blends' crystallinity dropped because of a poor crystallinity of PLA. The addition of both PLA and CNFs provided an improvement on the rheological and viscoelastic properties of the neat PHB. XRD pattern of all the BNCs was found to be similar to the neat blends and the BNCs. In the accelerated weathering test, the adding PLA to neat PHB was found to provide more improvement than adding of CNFs.
Delamination bridging response of Z‐pins under mixed mode loading: The influence of carbon and Kevlar Z‐pins
Authors: Gong Bowen , Liao Yijian , Ge Yuzhong , Ouyang Wenting , Wang Huan , Nartey Martinson , Gao Xiang , Peng Hua‐Xin
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the effect of varying the type of Z‐pin on the delamination bridging performance of unidirectional composite laminates. Carbon and Kevlar Z‐pins were inserted in thick composite laminates using the pre‐hole insertion Z‐pinning process and their bridging performance characterized across the different mode‐mixity range. The bridging response indicated that Kevlar Z‐pin experienced load reduction driven by interfacial friction (Stage III), which was absent in the Carbon Z‐pin. When Mode II dominated the bridging crack, Kevlar Z‐pin showed partial pullout and fiber shear cracking, while the Carbon Z‐pin exhibited clean transverse fracture. Although the bridging load obtained by the Carbon Z‐pin was twice that of Kevlar Z‐pin, the Kevlar Z‐pin provided a higher interlaminar fracture energy. The superior bridging performance of Kevlar Z‐pin is correlated with the enhanced ductility. Moreover, the resin‐rich area was involved in deformation and provided the extra axial load of Z‐pin.

Highlights

The comparison of mixed‐mode bridging mechanism between Kevlar Z‐pin and Carbon Z‐pin.

Reveal the variation of multi‐directional load and energy consumption with mixed‐mode angle in thick laminates.

Detailed scanning electron microscope observation to understand failure characteristics of ductile Z‐pin.

Evidence that the extra axial load of Z‐pin provided by resin‐rich area.
Tuning thermal and structural properties of nano‐filled PDMS elastomer
Authors: Mandal Swaroop Kumar , Kumar Rahul , Rizwee Mumtaz , Kumar Deepak
Published: July 2024

Increasing the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a crucial issue for thermal applications. This paper focuses on enhancing PDMS's thermal and structural properties by incorporating nanocomposite into the PDMS matrix. An investigation of the impact of rGO‐CaCO3 nanocomposite on the thermal and structural properties of PDMS was performed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), the thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA), and thermal analyzer tests. It was observed that PDMS doped with rGO‐CaCO3 nanocomposite shows better thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and higher crystallinity. The thermal stability was enhanced significantly by adding a 5% rGO‐CaCO3 nanocomposite, and the initial and end degradation temperatures rose to 492°C and 605°C, respectively. The thermal conductivity of pure PDMS is approximately 0.17 W/mK, whereas a conductive elastomer filled with 5% rGO‐CaCO3 nanocomposite exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.44 W/mK at a temperature of 20°C. In contrast, the thermal diffusivity is enhanced from 0.13 mm2/s to 0.366 mm2/s. Additionally, the Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectrum at 1411 cm−1 becomes sharp and noisy, and an additional peak arises at 1398 cm−1, corresponding to the vibrational rocking of the CC bond and COC bond in CaCO3 and rGO.

Highlights

The manuscript focuses on the development of conductive elastomer by incorporating rGO‐CaCO3 doped and its effect on the morphology, structure, and thermal properties of PDMS.

The variation in peak intensity observed in XRD attributed to disparities in the crystalline structure of PDMS due to the inclusion of nanocomposite.

The thermal degradation range is observed to shift toward the upper end. The degradation temperature at the beginning and end of the process is observed to move to 492°C and 605°C, respectively, upon introducing a 5% rGO‐CaCO3 nanocomposite.

The addition of 5% rGO‐CaCO3 filled conductive elastomers shows a significant improvement of approximately 2.6 times in heat conductivity than bare PDMS.
Analysis of the effect of boric acid and compatibilizer addition to polylactic acid/basalt fiber composites
Authors: Dincer Ugur , Karsli Nevin Gamze , Sahin Tulin , Yilmaz Taner
Published: July 2024

The objective of this study is to improve the properties of polylactic acid (PLA), a biopolymer produced from renewable resources, without compromising its environmentally friendly “natural composite” properties. The aim was to expand the application range of PLA by making it suitable for the production of high performance composites. With this in mind, it was decided to use inorganic and environmentally friendly materials such as basalt fiber (BF) and boric acid (BA) as reinforcements. Adhesive wear and tensile tests were used to investigate the tribological and mechanical performance of the composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dimensional stability analysis (DSA) methods were used to investigate the thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was also used to investigate the morphological properties of the samples. In addition, a matrix modification process using Joncryl®, an epoxy‐based chain extender chemical, was applied to enhance the interfacial interaction between the composite components and improve the composite properties by improving the dispersion of reinforcing materials. As a result of the characterization tests, it was observed that a significant improvement in the properties of the material type containing 10 wt% BF, 0.25 wt% BA and 2 wt% Joncryl® was achieved. A 19% increase in tensile strength of this type of material was observed compared with unreinforced PLA, while the sharp peak increase in the coefficient of friction (COF) curve was shifted from 20 m to 60 m. As a result, it has been presented that environmentally friendly and inorganic materials such as BF and BA can be used to produce composite materials that will serve sectors where the need and use of high performance materials is intense, especially in the automotive, aerospace and aviation sectors.

Highlights

The properties of PLA matrix composites were improved by the simultaneous use of BF and BA and the addition of Joncryl®.

The structural properties of PLA, an environmentally friendly polymer, have been improved without compromising this characteristic.

PLA matrix natural composites with performance that can be used in the automotive, aerospace and aviation sectors have been developed.
Optimization‐Based Stable Balancing Weights Versus Propensity Score Weighting for Samples With High Covariate Imbalance
Authors: Wallace Stuart R. , Singh Sachinkumar B. , Blakney Rebekah , Rene Lexi , Johnston Stephen S.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

To compare the performance (covariate balance, effective sample size [ESS]) of stable balancing weights (SBW) versus propensity score weighting (PSW). Two applied cases were used to compare performance: (Case 1) extreme imbalance in baseline covariates between groups and (Case 2) substantial discrepancy in sample size between groups.

Methods

Using the Premier Healthcare Database, we selected patients who (Case 1) underwent a surgical procedure with one of two different bipolar forceps between January 2000 and June 2020, or (Case 2) a neurological procedure using one of two different nonabsorbable surgical sutures between January 2000 and March 2020. Average treatment effects on the treated (ATT) weights were generated based on selected covariates. SBW was implemented using two techniques: (1) “grid search” to find weights of minimum variance at the lowest target absolute standardized mean difference (SMD); (2) finding weights of minimum variance at prespecified SMD tolerance. PSW and SBW methods were compared on postweighting SMDs, the number of imbalanced covariates, and ESS of the ATT‐weighted control group.

Results

In both studies, improved covariate balance was achieved with both SBW techniques. All methods suffered from postweighting ESS that was lower than the unweighted control group's original sample size; however, SBW methods achieved higher ESS for the control groups. Sensitivity analyses using SBW to apply variable‐specific SMD thresholds increased ESS, outperforming PSW.

Conclusions

In this applied example, the optimization‐based SBW method provided ample flexibility with respect to prespecification of covariate balance goals and resulted in better postweighting covariate balance and larger ESS as compared with PSW.
Preparation and characterization of pyrimidine‐cored covalent organic frameworks for heavy metal removal
Authors: Wang Heping , Ma Qian , Wang Yunxia , Li Rui , Fu Jiahuan , Bai Qiuhong
Published: July 2024

In this work, two novel pyrimidine‐cored covalent organic frameworks TpTap‐COF and TpTan‐COF were synthesized for the first time and used for the adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. Both COFs are nanofiber clusters with preferable crystallinity and thermal stability. The impact parameters such as pH value, shaking time, initial concentration, and temperature were studied by batch adsorption experiments in the multi‐metal ions system. The adsorption of six metal ions onto COFs follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model, which is a chemical adsorption process that occurs on non‐uniform surfaces. The adsorption rate is determined by both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. Further research on the adsorption of copper ions onto COFs indicates the formation of metal complexes between O#N#N/O#O chelating sites in the COF skeleton and Cu ions through the sharing of lone pair electrons.
Across Madagascar, treeless grasslands characterised by erosion gullies are named after forest and trees
Authors: Joseph Grant S. , Randriatsara Fetraharimalala , Rakotoarivelo Andrinajoro R. , Rafidiarimanda Ando A. , Seymour Colleen L.
Published: July 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Debates about the impacts of human settlement on Madagascar's habitat have missed the Malagasy perspective. Using indigenous and local knowledge in the form of toponyms, we find many regions across today's treeless grasslands are named after forest/trees, suggesting they may be novel. Where observed habitat does not match toponyms, erosion is significantly more likely at landscape scales. This suggests rapid expansion of erosion following human removal and burning of endemic forest, savanna woodland, heathland and grass assemblages. Findings also provide a timely warning: current practices may be unsustainable and may impact not only biodiversity but also human wellbeing unless urgently addressed.

The debate surrounding the extent of Madagascar's treeless grasslands at human settlement is important because introduced disturbance can negatively impact the biodiversity and productivity of systems that evolved under different regimes. Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK), often overlooked, can provide information about past vegetation structure. To test whether clearance of forest and trees, frequent fires and pasture preparation have accelerated today's island‐wide erosion, we use vegetation toponyms and assess whether mismatches between these and current vegetation types are significantly more likely to be associated with erosion.

Using Malagasy and Imerina linguistic records spanning 150 years, we mapped forest‐related and grassland‐related extensive toponyms in current grassland and forest, respectively. We then assessed whether remotely‐sensed erosion was more likely when toponyms and current habitat did not match.

We found 316 sites in treeless grasslands, named after forest/clusters of trees, but no grassland‐named sites in forest. Globally, natural forest and grasslands both constrain erosion. Forest toponyms in grassland were significantly more likely to reflect erosion than sites in extant forest.

These findings concur with palaeoecological, geomorphological, molecular and rangeland palatability studies. Malagasy ILK, hitherto largely ignored as a source of information, strongly suggests vegetation clearance and human disturbance have exacerbated the degradation of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems through topsoil loss and siltation and selected fire‐adapted, less‐palatable grasslands. Malagasy ILK in the form of toponyms highlights the need to address the negative impacts of burning and land‐clearance practices (e.g., loss of biodiversity and ecological function, decreased agricultural productivity, collapsed fisheries), given island‐wide challenges to food security and conservation.
miRNA and leptin signaling in metabolic diseases and at extreme environments
Authors: Mondal Samrita , Rathor Richa , Singh Som Nath , Suryakumar Geetha
Published: July 2024

The burden of growing concern about the dysregulation of metabolic processes arises due to complex interplay between environment and nutrition that has great impact on genetics and epigenetics of an individual. Thereby, any abnormality at the level of food intake regulating hormones may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases in any age group due to malnutrition, overweight, changing lifestyle, and exposure to extreme environments such as heat stress (HS), cold stress, or high altitude (HA). Hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin regulate appetite and satiety to maintain energy homeostasis. Leptin, an adipokine and a pleiotropic hormone, play major role in regulating the food intake, energy gain and energy expenditure. Using in silico approach, we have identified the major genes (LEP, LEPR, JAK2, STAT3, NPY, POMC, IRS1, SOCS3) that play crucial role in leptin signaling pathway. Further, eight miRNAs (hsa‐miR‐204‐5p, hsa‐miR‐211‐5p, hsa‐miR‐30, hsa‐miR‐3163, hsa‐miR‐33a‐3p, hsa‐miR‐548, hsa‐miR‐561‐3p, hsa‐miR‐7856‐5p) from TargetScan 8.0 database were screened out that commonly target these genes. The role of these miRNAs should be explored as they might play vital role in regulating the appetite, energy metabolism, metabolic diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation), and to combat extreme environments. The miRNAs regulating leptin signaling and appetite may be useful for developing novel therapeutics for metabolic diseases.
Energy drink consumption among Israeli‐Arab adolescents: Gender differences in anxiety and well‐being
Authors: Nimri Lili , Mansour Bshara , Benhos Amir , Banna Abdallah , Nasrallah Elias , Sackran Marwan , Ahmad Ahlam Abu , Ardi Ziv , Horovitz Omer
Published: July 2024

Background

Israeli‐Arab adolescents are reported to consume higher amounts of fast food, sweets, and candies. This study examined possible associations among energy drink consumption, anxiety, and well‐being in Israeli‐Arab adolescents. We also investigated these associations concerning fast food consumption, physical activity, and hours of sleep per night.

Methods

A cross‐sectional exploratory study assessed adolescents’ energy drink consumption, nutritional and lifestyle habits, well‐being, and anxiety using self‐reported questionnaires. Adolescents aged 12–18 from several cities and villages in northern Israel were considered for the study. Anthropometric measurements—weight, height, and waist circumference—were also assessed.

Results

One hundred and fourteen adolescents (59 females) participated in the study. Gender and energy drink consumption were associated with psychological status. Energy drink consumers reported a lower well‐being index and a higher anxiety index than nonconsumers (73.02 ± 2.64 and 23 ± 1.56 vs. 79.37 ± 1.67 and 18.86 ± 1.41, respectively). Energy drink consumers ate significantly more fast food per week than nonconsumers (1.25 ± 0.07 vs. 1.03 ± 0.09). Additionally, hours of sleep per night were correlated with anxiety levels among energy drink consumers [rs = 0.352, p = 0.018]. These results differed between genders.

Conclusions

Our study shows complex associations between energy drink consumption and mental health indices. These associations can serve as a basis for further research into this topic.
Water penetrating radar: A fluvial scour study of antenna performance and data processing
Authors: Ruffell Alastair , O'Keefe Amy , Campbell Kris , Lydon Myra
Published: July 2024

Ground‐penetrating radar (syn. water‐penetrating radar, or WPR hereon) has been used previously in the detection and characterisation of riverine scour. This paper presents field data, equipment calibration and processing output results from a new generation of high dynamic range (HDR) radar systems. These provide a new and more sophisticated model of fluvial scour for the study site. The adaptability for deployment on water, wide bandwidth and good quality in raw and processed data, demonstrates the advantages of the system. Data processing and depth calibration are issues in the interpretation of WPR data, which are both discussed. WPR demonstrates the potential for surveying sedimentation where palaeoscour occurred and thus anticipated. This maybe in conjunction with other techniques or where aquatic vegetation, rocky substrates or methane gas bubble release preclude use of sonar.
Towards Implantable Artificial Muscles: Epoxy Based Bilayer Thermal Actuators with Ambient Activation Temperatures
Authors: Baker Benjamin C. , Kershaw Leo , Yang Ziqui , Garrad Martin , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: July 2024

The development of soft and biocompatible actuators is a current challenge in the fast‐growing field of soft robotics. A variety of shape‐memory and thermal actuators are currently being explored for application in these areas, especially to produce actuators that can operate at biocompatible temperatures for in vivo applications. Here we detail the synthesis of epoxy based materials, a class of materials not fully explored for soft actuators. By careful tuning of polymer composition by variation of monomer feed ratios, we show tuneable glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of these materials. Ambient temperature (30–60 °C) thermal actuators were then realised by casting of bilayers of epoxy resins with varying Tgs. Differences in thermal expansion when the Tg was reached lead to actuation in a specific direction. With optimisation, actuation in both the external‐heated and joule‐heated NiChrome‐epoxy actuators were able to occur at physiological temperatures (36–40 °C), previously unreported in the literature. For the joule‐heated NiChrome–epoxy actuators surface temperatures remained under 40 °C during actuation at low operating voltages (<2 V). Higher force and power output could be achieved in a repeatable fashion at higher driving voltages without loss of displacement, but also leading to higher surface temperatures. These materials and the actuation approach present an exciting opportunity to develop future implantable actuators to solve significant challenges related to quality of life and an ageing population.
[MTP−IL] as Mesoporous Heterogeneous Organocatalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Indeno [1,2‐b] Quinoxalin‐11‐Ylidenamine Derivatives: A Green, Sustainable, and Metal‐Free Protocol
Authors: Mustafa Atif , Zameer Nazia , Khan Nida , Siddiqui Zeba N.
Published: July 2024

Herein, we report a green, sustainable, and metal‐free, one‐pot three‐component protocol for the synthesis of indeno [1, 2‐b] quinoxalin‐11‐ylidenamine derivatives using a novel, effective, and recyclable mesoporous heterogeneous organocatalyst [MTP−IL]. [MTP−IL] was constructed by immobilizing an imidazolium‐cation‐based ionic liquid on a melamine−terephthalaldehyde covalent organic polymer and was thoroughly characterized using several analytical techniques. It displayed high thermochemical stability and catalytic efficacy, offering title compounds with 90–94 % yields in a short reaction time, and was recyclable for up to six cycles. The synthesized compounds were characterized through FTIR, 1H, and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and the molecular structure of N′‐(11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxalin‐11‐ylidene)benzohydrazide (7) was confirmed by the Single Crystal XRD (SCXRD) analysis. The key features of the present protocol are the use of ethanol as a green solvent, easy catalyst recovery, a simple work‐up procedure, and zero involvement of any metal.
Enhanced Physio‐Chemical Properties of PMMA/PS Polymer Blends by DC Glow Discharge Plasma Treated K2TI6O13for Electronic Applications
Authors: Humbe Shankar S. , Joshi Girish M. , Deshmukh R. R.
Published: July 2024

Ceramic filler modified polymer blends are more in demand due to their excellent compatibility, easy processing and cost‐effectiveness. In the present work, we modified Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/Polystyrene (PS) blends using solution blending with untreated (UT) and DC glow discharge plasma‐treated (air plasma treated‐APT) potassium hexatitanate (K2Ti6O13). Chemical bonding of virgin and modified blends was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Decreased structural defects and imperfections of KTO were confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Modified surface morphology and elemental analysis were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The quantification of particle size distribution has been determined by Zetasizer. Increased degree of crystallinity and decreased average crystallite size after plasma treatment were determined by X‐ray diffraction. Increased dielectric constant from ~22–200 and decreased loss up to 0.7 were analyzed by impedance analyzer. Lee's disc probe was deployed to confirm the optimized thermal conductivity of the modified blend system. By Differential Scanning Calorimetry, glass transition temperature of modified polymer blends was investigated. The change in surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by plasma exposure was confirmed by surface goniometer. However, the enhanced dielectric performance of modified PMMA/PS/KTO polymer blends may be suitable for flexible energy storage devices and gadgets.
Interfacial Engineering of Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Metal Oxides for Real‐Time Visualization of Oxygen Vacancy Dynamics
Authors: Jiang Lei , Cao Wenjun , Li Zijian , Wang Chunchang , Bi Hong
Published: July 2024

Oxygen vacancy (Vo), as one of the most common surface defects, significantly influence the physiochemical properties of metal oxides. However, it remains a challenge for existing techniques to visualize the evolution of Vo during redox process due to its heterogeneous distribution, small size, and dynamic nature. Herein, the real‐time monitoring of such microscopic interfacial events is reported by advantage of the high‐contrast fluorescence response of carbon dots (H‐CDs) to Vo. The green emissive H‐CDs possess a unique disc‐shaped structure and exceptional hydrophilicity, allowing their tight adhesion to the surfaces of Vo‐rich MgO by simple mixing. Subsequently, a water involved interfacial reaction occurred between H‐CDs and Vo, resulting in gradual quenching of the original green emission and simultaneously emergence of bright red fluorescence. Moreover, the spatiotemporal diffusion dynamics and reaction kinetics are investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, revealing the time‐dependent reorganization and structural heterogeneity at the interface. The finding provides a new toolbox for in situ imaging of Vo‐triggered phenomena at a microscopic level, which will be helpful in promoting the rational design of oxide materials.
Copper as an Electron Hunter for Enhancing Bi2O2CO3 Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion to Formate
Authors: Lu Jun , Ren Yanhan , Liang Jing , Zou Lie , Gao Yan , Li Fei , Gao Junfeng , Liu Jinxuan
Published: July 2024

Cu‐doped Bi2O2CO3 catalyst with copper (Cu) acting an electron hunter for conversion of carbon dioxide into formate is developed. The Cu‐Bi2O2CO3 catalyst with hollow microsphere structure extends the duration of CO2 retention on the catalyst, providing a greater number of active sites. It exhibits remarkable performance with conversion efficacy of 98.5% and current density of 800 mA cm−2 across a wide potential window (−0.8 to −1.3 V vs RHE). Density functional theory investigations reveal that the presence of copper (Cu) significantly enhances the charge density at the active sites and influences the local electronic structure of bismuth (Bi), thereby reducing the energy barrier associated with the transformation of *OCHO species into formate.
Liquid Metal Interlayer for Ultrastable Solid‐State Sodium Metal Battery
Authors: Gu Yifan , Tao Huachao , Yang Xuelin
Published: July 2024

Solid‐state sodium metal batteries have attracted wide attention due to their high energy density, remarkable safety, and abundant sodium resources. However, the growth of Na dendrites and poor interfacial contact between Na metal anode and Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NZSP) solid‐state electrolytes severely limit their practical application. Herein, a wettable liquid metal (GaIn) interlayer significantly reduces the interfacial resistance and avoids the formation of voids at the Na/NZSP interface. Moreover, the Ga4Na and NaIn alloys at the interface caused by the spontaneous reaction of GaIn with Na metal enhance the bond of NZSP with Na anode, which provides a continuous Na+ diffusion pathway and homogeneous Na+ flux to suppress Na dendrite growth. The symmetric cell can cycle stably for over 6500 h at 0.05 mA cm−2 and over 3000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2, with a critical current density of 0.8 mA cm−2 at 25 °C, and the interfacial resistance is significantly reduced to 21.6 Ω from 1095.1 Ω. The full cell coupled with NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 also shows outstanding cycling performance, maintaining 85.1% capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. This work demonstrates that the liquid metal interlayer has a large potential for the practical application of solid‐state metal batteries.
Electrocatalytic Valorization of Nitrate and Polyester Plastic for Simultaneous Production of Ammonia and Glycolic Acid
Authors: Wang Ziqiang , Song Jiale , Zhang Hugang , Deng Kai , Yu Hongjie , Xu You , Wang Hongjing , Wang Liang
Published: July 2024

Electrochemical upcycling of nitrate and polyester plastic into valuable products is an ideal solution to realize the resource utilization. Here, the co‐production of ammonia (NH3) and glycolic acid (GA) via electrochemical upcycling of nitrate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics over mesoporous Pd3Au film on Ni foam (mPd3Au/NF), which is synthesized by micelle‐assisted replacement method, is proposed. The mPd3Au/NF with well‐developed mesoporous structure provides abundant active sites and facilitated transfer channels and strong electronic effect. As such, the mPd3Au/NF exhibits high Faraday efficiencies of 97.28% and 95.32% at 0.9 V for the formation of NH3 and GA, respectively. Theoretical results indicate that the synergistic effect of Pd and Au can optimize adsorption energy of key intermediates *NOH and *OCH2‐CH2OH on active sites and increase bond energy of C─C band, thereby improving the activity and selectivity for the formation of NH3 and GA. This work proposes a promising strategy for the simultaneous conversation of nitrate and PET plastic into high‐value NH3 and GA.
Cu(II) and Ni(II) Phthalocyanine‐Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiencies Reaching 20.0%
Authors: Xia Jianxing , Labella Jorge , Demircioglu Perihan Kübra , Pérez‐Escribano Manuel , Calbo Joaquín , Asiri Abdullah M. , Ortí Enrique , Ince Mine , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Torres Tomás
Published: July 2024

Herein, Cu(II)Pcs and Ni(II)Pcs peripherally tetra‐functionalized with 5‐hexylthiophene (HT), 5‐hexyl‐2,2′‐bithiophene (HBT), and tertbutyl groups (TB) are readily synthesized and employed as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) in mixed‐ion perovskite ([FAPbI3]0.85[MAPbBr3]0.15) solar cells, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 20.0%. Remarkably, both the peripheral functionalization and the central metal are found to play a role in the performance. Through a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques, it is found that the simplest HTM, TB‐CuPc, is the best‐performing HTM primarily due to its higher hole mobility and a more appropriate highest‐occupied molecular orbital, whose enables efficient hole extraction without open‐circuit voltage (Voc)losses. This derivative leads to PCEs of 19.96%, which are among the highest values for Pc‐based HTMs. Importantly, devices incorporating these HTMs present significantly higher stability compared to those based on spiro‐OMeTAD. The results here presented pave the way for more realistic, efficient, and inexpensive photovoltaic devices using phthalocyanine derivatives.