bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A determination of the synthetic hyetograph parameters for flow capacity assessment concerning stormwater systems
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Karolina , Skotnicki Marcin
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of synthetic rainfall duration and location of rainfall intensity peak on the rate of the flood volume in surcharged storm sewers. The analyzed rainfalls had durations from 15 minutes to 180 minutes. It was assumed, that the rainfall peak location would change between the beginning and the end of the rainfall with increments of 10% of the rainfall duration. Outflow simulations were performed with the use of SWMM5.1.012 for three models of real urban catchments with surfaces from 1.6 km2 to 6.7 km2. An assessment of the influence of rainfall parameters was made on the basis of the flood volume rates. Short rainfalls with peaks located at the beginning of rainfall duration do not generate flooding. For other rainfalls it was found that for a specified rainfall duration the flood volume increases with the increase of time of the rainfall peak location. The maximum flood volume varied from 5% to 12% of the total runoff volume, depending on the catchment area, and is generated by the rainfall, whose intensity peak occurs right after the time corresponding to the flow time through the catchment.
Verification of the combined sewage system simulation model based on the example of the city of Głogów
Authors: Nowogoński Ireneusz , Ogiołda Ewa
Published: July 2018

Using SWMM 5.1 (Storm Water Management Model) software, a model of sewage system functioning in Głogów was developed. It was calibrated based on the results of field studies from the years 2011– 14, while the properness of its activity was verified for the results of measurements carried out during the period 1998–2000. The verification of the model showed acceptable discrepancies between the measured and simulated values of channel depth. Factors which caused differences were indicated and, on the basis of this, conclusions pertaining to further studies were formulated.
A simplified dimensioning method for high-efficiency retention tanks
Authors: Pochwat Kamil , Iličić Kristijan
Published: July 2018

The article presents the results of research on the development of a simplified dimensioning method for sewage retention tanks equipped with a high-efficiency hydraulic system. The need to develop a new method is associated with the outdated rainfall model by Błaszczyk, which is the most popular model in Poland. According to the research made by numerous scientific centres, this model underrates the values of the maximum intensity of critical rains. As a consequence, its use affects the design of sewage systems and related facilities with insufficient hydraulic capacity.
The possibilities of energy storage in bulk materials
Authors: Ratuszny Paweł
Published: July 2018

The increased demand for energy from renewable sources entails the development of storage systems. The purpose of these systems is to supply energy on demand during periods which may not be concurrent with the time of the most efficient production of this energy. Various systems are being developed for storing energy in various forms and over various lengths of time.This paper presents selected projects and the results of studies into thermal energy storage. The results of the present author's own research into the transport of thermal energy in granular beds are also presented. The curves of temperature distribution have been determined; they are essential for the design of the thermal storage of a granular bed. Such curves need to be determined for the given granular bed and for the conditions of its operation
The possibility of predicting the collision of trees with construction investments
Authors: Rosłon-Szeryńska Edyta , Łukaszkiewicz Jan , Fortuna-Antoszkiewicz Beata
Published: July 2018

The authors of this article propose that organic architecture is based on a broadly understood prediction of the impact a constructed building will have on the condition of adjacent trees. One of the key issues is deciding if a tree may be left near a constructed facility based on an assessment of the impact the structure will have on tree health and its survival chances. This article presents selected aspects of predicting collisions of buildings with trees based on tree growth prediction. This material presents a case study: predicting the collision of Betula pendula and Tilia cordata with a building development, erected closer than 2.5 m from their tree trunks.
Cost analysis of a rainwater harvesting system in Poland
Authors: Sakson Grażyna
Published: July 2018

Rainwater harvesting is an alternative water supply method that has become popular in recent years around the world. This is mainly due to financial reasons (reducing the cost of potable water and fees for rainwater discharge to the sewerage), but also because of environmental awareness. In Poland, rainwater harvesting systems are not often used because of their low financial viability determined by high system construction costs and the low prices of potable water. Earlier analysis conducted by the author showed that the payback period of investment outlays was from a dozen or so years for large buildings, to a few dozen for single-family houses. This situation may change after the introduction of common fees for discharging rainwater from impervious areas into sewerage, and fees for the reduction of natural retention on newly built-up areas, in accordance with new water regulations. This paper presents a cost analysis of rainwater harvesting systems for ten cities in Poland, with varying annual rainfall depth and various pricing for potable water. Analyses were carried out for a single-family house located in an area equipped with a municipal sewer system, and for a large building, located in an area equipped and not equipped with a municipal sewer system.
An innovative retention canal – a case study
Authors: Słyś Daniel
Published: July 2018

The publication presents the solution of an innovative retention canal, which is used as a part of the drainage network and constitutes an alternative to traditional retention reservoirs. A selected case study was described where various variants of the drainage system were analyzed. This example shows the main advantages of a retention canal solution.
Rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling as alternative water resources: a survey of public opinion
Authors: Stec Agnieszka
Published: July 2018

This paper reports results from a survey of households in Poland concerning the use of alternative sources of water. Research showed that respondents were not too inclined to replace water from the water supply with greywater and rainwater. They would be afraid of using both greywater (79%) and rainwater (60%) in their household. The biggest concern was the use of alternative sources of water for doing laundry - more than 50% of respondents identified this issue in both cases. Only 43% of respondents would like to install a greywater recycling system and much more -78% a rainwater harvesting system. For the vast majority of respondents (80%) a subsidy would be an incentive for using these systems in their household.
Urban drought
Authors: Szalińska Wiwiana , Otop Irena , Tokarczyk Tamara
Published: July 2018

Drought is recognized as one of the most complex natural hazards that have a large negative impact on society, economic sectors and the environment. Drought events affect freshwater resources and can become a great threat to urban water supply systems. According to climate change projections with an increase of air temperature and duration of dry periods, cities may experience a serious water shortage in the future that can limit sustainable urban development. Water-related consequences in urban areas can concern various socio-economic sectors as well as urban ecosystems. This paper focuses on drought in urban areas as an event of below-average natural water availability that can result in difficulties in meeting the water needs of socio-economic sectors and ecosystems particularly vulnerable to drought. Drought vulnerable sectors were identified within the local context of the City of Wroclaw area. Long-term analyses of meteorological and hydrological indicators were performed in order to estimate the drought hazard in Wrocław. A combination of water shortage hazard and the vulnerability of water users were the basis to assess local drought risks. Reducing the drought risk requires coherent actions from both city and water managers. The paper presents a set of recommendable measures to avoid potential water shortages and to cope with impacts of drought in the Wroclaw area.
A soundscape analysis for selected parks in Bydgoszcz
Authors: Sztubecka Małgorzata
Published: July 2018

Areas that are considered human-friendly are green spaces. The existing urban parks are designed to fulfill the role of relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. However, in many cases, these are historic places, which at the time didn't have much of an impact on external factors. Sustainable development issues are related to the quality of life and the usage of the environment and its resources by present and future generations. Noise and noise protection is an issue that is part of sustainable development. The inadequate implementation of the principles of sustainable development and non-inclusion of noise can noticeably lead to negative effects now and in the future. The aim of the paper is to analyze the soundscapes of two Bydgoszcz parks located in the city center. The values of the equivalent sound level for these areas were obtained from the existing Bydgoszcz acoustic plan. Subsequently, the resulting distribution of noise was compared with the results of subjective perception of sounds by visitors. On this basis, conclusions can be drawn regarding the ways of shaping such areas while taking into account the perception of visitors.
The effectiveness of the mechanical treatment of municipal waste using the example of a selected installation
Authors: Wiśniewska Marta , Lelicińska-Serafn Krystyna
Published: July 2018

The mechanical treatment of waste using specialized equipment allows the separation of significant amounts of secondary raw materials. To a large extent, the effectiveness of such a process depends on the quality of the input – one efficiency value is achieved during the segregation of mixed municipal waste, and the other one – during preprocessing of waste from separate collection. The work analysed the data on mechanical processing in a mechanical-biological treatment plant for municipal waste. The mechanical part of the installation is equipped with optical-electronic and electromagnetice separators, as well as manual sorting cabins. Results were obtained to compare the efficiency of the separation of secondary raw materials and energy fractions for further use, as well as the amount of undersieve fraction requiring biological stabilization and ballast waste, which are directed to landfilling.
Housing and transportation system alignment-based on green concept
Authors: Khairunnisa Imamah , Wunas Shirly
Published: July 2018

Land use and transportation system are the main components of the city space structure formation. Settlements as the biggest land allocation in the region play an important role in the availability of human resources and the largest generation of the city. Various problems arise along with the development of urban residential settlements, generally, occur in middle-scale cities to the larger cities i.e. development of middle-class house to elite-class that formed into gate. That fact was one of the causes of transport system problems, non-integrated in the transport system in housing area cannot be avoided. Therefore, this paper explains: 1) current condition of the house built by the developer (gated house) and the self-help house, 2) transportation systems that support the residential area, and 3) concept which supports housing and transportation system alignment in the context of green concept.
Analysis of the visual safety perception and the clarity of traffic signs and road markings in the presence of road lighting in straight and curved road
Authors: Setyaningsih Endah , Suryo Putranto Leksmono , Soegijanto  , Nugroho Soelami F.X.
Published: July 2018

The presence of road lighting helps a car driver to identify nearby cars. The availability of road lighting can also reduce the occurrence of security disturbances however it has not been considered as the cause of accident. A study was conducted to analyze the visual perception of car drivers toward the road lighting. The research was conducted on Cikampek and Cipularang freeways which include straight and curved road sections. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires as the measurements instrument by asking the participants to watch the video footage of the freeway. The results show that the car drivers feel safer and more clarity in identifying the traffic signs and road marking in the presence of road lighting. Furthermore, yellowish road lighting provides more visual safety perception than white lighting which opposed with other previous studies. This result was obtained from the existing condition in the questionnaires without any control variable.
Ro – Ro Ferry safety: do the passengers aware the safety aspects during voyage?
Authors: Arif Priadi Antoni , Purnama Sita Lili , Selasdini Vidia , Sawitri Wulandari Retno
Published: July 2018

Beginning of 2017, the society had been shocked by the ship accident which occurred at Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta which had caused the death of dozens passengers on board who died are likely to be caused by panic and do not know what should to do. The objective of research is to gather the information related to the safety knowledge of Ro-Ro ferry passengers during voyage at sea. The gap analysis method is applied to find the differences between perception and expectation of Ro-Ro ferry passenger towards safety aspects. The result indicated that there is gap for all variables which can be categorized into three groups. The results give the important point for developing further approach to avoid similar incident in the. Further research on the detail approach need to be carried out which focus on the effective way in increasing the safety awareness of Ro-Ro ferry passenger.
Safety inspection on level crossing JPL 727 km 537+453 Patak-Pathukan Road, Sleman, Yogyakarta
Authors: Dian Setiawan M , Sari Mayang , Mahmudah Noor
Published: July 2018

Level crossing (LC) safety inspection between a highway and a railroad on Pirak-Pathukan Road, Sleman, Yogyakarta is necessary because this LC is located near various community centers, has high traffic volume, intersects with railway double tracks, and intersecting angle that is not perpendicular. This study aims to evaluate LC technical condition, analyse delay time and vehicles queue length, and evaluate pavement structure condition. The research results indicate: 1) LC technical conditions do not meet the requirements of Regulation of Director General of Land Transport No. 770 Year 2005; 2) The longest duration of LC gate closure occurred on Sunday at 15:05, that is 360 seconds, the highest traffic flow occurred on Monday (from the South side) that is equal to 1443 skr/day, and the longest delay time occurs on Sunday at 15:05, that is 498 seconds; 3) The value of pavement condition index (PCI) is 82% very good.
Characterization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) as a road pavement material (National Road Waru, Sidoarjo)
Authors: Widayanti Ari , Ria A. A. Soemitro , Jaya Ekaputri Januarti , Suprayitno Hitapria
Published: July 2018

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is a dredging pavement material using Cold Milling Machine. The application of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement is increased year by year. Due to the increasing application of RAP year by year which implicates environment condition, especially in damaging natural resources, the research on material used in RAP needs to be conducted, so RAP can be optimally utilized. To achieve optimal performance, data of RAP characteristics reviewed from microstructural analysis is necessary. The objective of this research is to obtain the characteristics of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. The method used was literary study based on previous research. Material tests used were XRF, SEM and FTIR. The object of study was RAP material taken from national road Waru Sidoarjo. The major compositions of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement obtained were Kaolin, Lithium, Tetraborate, Dextrin. SEM graphics showed the morphological and surface texture of RAP. FTIR graphic presented the functional group of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement showing O-H C-O acid in the peak of graphic. From XRD result, the major compounds of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement obtained were Calcium, Sodium, Aluminum, Silicate.
Congestion cost analysis of Condongcatur signalized intersection Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta using PTV. Vissim 9
Authors: Muchlisin  , Yusup Muhamad , Mahmudah Noor
Published: July 2018

The congestion cost is one of the most important consideration when congestion happens. One of the most frequent congestion is in the intersection. And one of the intersections in Yogyakarta Special Region is Condongcatur signalized intersection, Sleman. This study aims to analyze the congestion cost of intersection by using PYV. Vissim 9 as a traffic microsimulation model. For the congestion costs, the author uses Tzedzakis, 1998 approach. The results show that in the existing condition, the average delay is 103.72 determining Vehicle Operating Cost (BOK), Existing Speed is 70 km/H for primary road and 60 km /H for secondary road, travel time value is KB : Rp. 4.970, KR: Rp. 1.925, and SM : Rp. 315. Therefore, the total congestion cost is Rp. 5.663.790, -/hour.
Estimated travel time between the city (Case study: Waru Street-Mojokerto)
Authors: Budi S. Waloejo , Meru Utomo Dadang , Ninditarari Salsabila W
Published: July 2018

The area in Surabaya and Mojokerto is an industrial area that is increasing quite rapidly. Based on City Mojokerto in Figures Year 2016. From an industrial estate is a change of land use from agriculture or ponds into settlements and / or industries. The occurrence of congestion along this road because of the capacity that is not sufficient to accommodate the number of vehicles passing. The purpose of this research is to know the model of land use interaction, knowing the network performance and know the travel time to be passed. And analyze what components affect the calculation of travel time. Necessary data. The existing land layout along the road and the average traffic calculation data on the road in the study area. To know the travel time must be known in advance the capacity of the road that can be accommodated along the road. After the capacity is known the service performance becomes the main factor in determining road network performance. This research uses regression analysis for land use modeling.
Clustering ferry ports class-I based on the ferry ro-ro tonnages and main dimensions
Authors: Asri Syamsul , Mustafa Wahyuddin , Rizal Firmansyah Mohammad , Fachruddin Lage Farianto
Published: July 2018

Capacity constraint of port for Ferry Port Class I is not clearly stated in the Indonesian National Order of Port Affairs. It only said that ferry ship to be serviced is ships with more than 1000 gross tonnages (GTs). The word more than 1000 GTs is unclear as there are ships with up to 12500 GTs to be serviced in this port. This research introduces cluster of Ferry Port Class I. Ship main dimension and tonnage of sample ships is being used as a basis for the port clustering. The result shows that Ferry Port Class I should be divided into three main Ferry Port Classes I (Class IA, Class IB and Class IC). This new cluster of Ferry Port Class I can be used as a reference in updating the rules regarding ferry port class and as a reference in the design of ferry port main facilities.
Method for initial assessment of unit costs of public city transport means operation
Authors: Landowski Bogdan , Muślewski łukasz , Pająk Michał , Polishchuk Oleh
Published: July 2018

The study deals with the problems connected with modeling and simulation of technical objects operation processes carried out within a certain class of complex technical systems. The analyzed system is a city bus transport system. The study presents a method for assessment of unit costs involved in a technical object’s being in selected operational states. One of the subsets of data to be used for modeling the process of a technical object operational state changes, includes data concerning the costs borne by the system when the object is in the analyzed operational states. In order to determine this data, it is often necessary to modify the system of costs registration used in a given operation system. Since it is a very expensive and log process, a method of initial assessment of indispensable data has been proposed, on the basis of a costs registration method and simulation of the operation process. The study also includes basic assumptions of the operation process model, being an important element of the developed method. The assumptions of the operation model have been formulated on the basis of identification of a real operation system of city bus transport system and experimental tests carried out in system.
Use of biogas to power diesel engines with common rail fuel systems
Authors: Wierzbicki Sławomir , Śmieja Michał
Published: July 2018

The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.
An analysis of the active safety of a passenger car body during car use
Authors: Gonera Jarosław , Napiórkowski Jerzy
Published: July 2018

Passenger car bodies made nowadays are most often self-bearing constructions. This is the reason why a change in the parameters of a car body during its use also affects other sets of component parts, which are attached to it. While a passenger car is driven, the car body is exposed to various factors which can cause sudden damage or gradual wear of the car’s technical condition. This paper contains an analysis of the influence of changes in the geometry of a car body on changes in the geometry of wheels. The study was carried out on C-segment cars produced by the same manufacturer. While making an assessment of the car body’s geometry, the location of base points on the floor pan and the upper parts of the car bodywork, within the motor chamber, etc. was assayed. All vehicles were constructed on the same floor pan. Measurements were performed with a Gysmeter made by the company Gys and supported by Autorobot Datasheet software, while the geometry of wheels was measured with a computerised laser device Autoboss A-860. Camber, castor and steering axis inclination were some of the wheel geometry parameters measured in our study.
Modelling of the grain materials ’shredding process for the purposes of the beater shredders’ designing
Authors: Bochat Andrzej , Zastempowski Marcin
Published: July 2018

Within the frames of the study's performance, the modeling attempt of the gran materials' shredding with the beater shredder was taken up. Modelling was conducted for two constructions of working shredder's assemblies, that is for a classical and a new one, developed by the study's authors. The classical construction is characterised by the fact, that it has beaters assembled to the rotor of a cuboid shape. However, the new construction, has beaters in the shape of a circular section. It results from the conducted shredding process' analysis, that the shape of the beaters has a crucial impact on the shredding output's increase at simultaneous decrease of the process' energy consumption. The developed kinematics and energy consumption models of the shredding process may be used at the phase of the beater shredders' designing for grain materials.
Diagnostics in ballast water management
Authors: Bielski Marcin , Wachowicz Jacek , Bielski Ryszard , Adamczyk Arkadiusz , Jantanata Hendra
Published: July 2018

Diagnostics in ballast water management is the main remedy to protect against the threat of spreading invasive species that can be carried in ships' ballast tanks. This phenomenon is getting better known and understood. New and more effective methods of preventing threats related to this are being developed. Procedures are created to ensure environmental safety in the face of ever-increasing transport by sea. The article characterizes both the background of the problem, basic diagnostic medics used in ballast water management, as well as procedures and basic techniques used to ensure the safety of the natural environment..
Traceable calibration of automatic weighing instruments operating in dynamic mode
Authors: Sarnecki Rafał , Wiśniewski Wojciech , Ślusarski Wiktor , Wiłkojć Piotr
Published: July 2018

This article describes calibration method of automatic weighing instruments for measuring vehicles in motion. These measuring instruments in future will be widely used to determine the axle loads, if applicable the axle-group and vehicle mass of road vehicles when the vehicles are weighed in motion. For several years, some activities have been carried out on the weight control system that determines the mass of vehicles moving at higher speeds, called HS-WIM. The implementation of such systems will affect both the improvement of road safety and indirectly limit the number of road users moving by overloaded vehicles.
Material combination to mitigation of behind armour debris after shaped charge jet attack
Authors: Szudrowicz Marek
Published: July 2018

When a shaped charge jet perforates the steel armour plate, the residual jet is accompanied by a much wider cloud of behind armour debris (BAD) generated by stress wave interactions. BAD plays an important role in the evaluation of survivability of vehicle crew and components in a vehicle. The Behind Armor Debris (BAD) cloud caused by shaped charge jet impact was investigated. In order to simulate different configuration of material to mitigation of debris cloud the thickness of ceramics target tiles, glass and aramid laminate liners in contact with the armour plates was varied.
Theory and practice of vibration analysis in electronic packages
Authors: Kovtun Igor , Boiko Juliy , Petrashchuk Svitlana , Kałaczyński Tomasz
Published: July 2018

The paper represents theoretical and experimental vibration analysis of electronic packages. The research objectives are bearing parts, such as printed circuit boards, walls of the cases and electronic components, in enclosed electronic packages subjected to vibration during their operation. The theoretical model of the oscillation system representing electronic package installed on the support subjected to vibration is described. Vibration transmission from the shaker to the tested electronic package is explained as the complex problem to solve. The experimental measurement verified significant difference in amplitudes of vibrations transmitted inside the package and incident to. The elements of plate bending theory is used for main boards, case walls and other planar rectangular structures considered as equivalent homogeneous plates, in order to estimate their natural frequencies and forms of free cross oscillations and hence to identify their possible resonances with purpose to avoid them in operation. The significant attention was paid to the experimental research of dynamic characteristics, representing results in form of Chladni figures and amplitude frequency responses.
The comparison of vibro-acoustic impact of chainsaws with electric and combustion drives
Authors: Rukat Wojciech , Barczewski Roman , Jakubek Bartosz , WrÓbel Mateusz
Published: July 2018

Chainsaws generate high level vibrations and noise during work. No matter what type of the drive (electric, combustion) they exceed the per-missible levels defined for a standard eight-hour working day. The intensity of a vibro-acoustic impact on chainsaw operators depends on many factors. One of them is the type of the drive. This is due to significant differences in saw design (inter alia characteristics of the drive, rotational speeds - quasi-constant for an electric drive and variable for a combustion one). For chain-saws of the same or similar power and different types of the drive the levels of vibrations and noise may vary. The paper compares the noise levels and frequency weighted vibration accelerations for different types of the drive. The tests were performed with the same interchangeable cutting set (guide bar, cutting chain). The repeatability of the cutting process was ensured. The test results may be helpful when choosing the tool.
Evaluation of the technical condition of road transport means
Authors: Tylicki Henryk
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the methodology for determining the procedures of the condition and fault location test, using logical relations (0,1) between diagnostic parameters and technical conditions of the means of transport in the form of a binary observation matrix, determination of the status control and fault location test and use of diagnostic information received during use of means of transport. Implementation of the proposals included in the study should increase the efficiency of diagnosing means of transport, and thus contribute to activities that rationalize their exploitation.
Human anisakiasis in Italy: a retrospective epidemiological study over two decades
Authors: Guardone Lisa , Armani Andrea , Nucera Daniele , Costanzo Francesco , Mattiucci Simonetta , Bruschi Fabrizio
Published: July 2018

A retrospective analysis on human anisakiasis in Italy since its first description in 1996 was performed by conducting a literature search. Inclusion criteria based on the presence of a larva and on parasite identification were applied. Epidemiological data and clinical features were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the source of infection. In total, 73 cases were included in the analysis, while 34 were excluded. Cases were reported from eight Italian regions, most frequently Abruzzo, Apulia and Latium. The parasite was detected by endoscopy (51.4%) or laparotomy (48.6%). The site of infection was intestinal (42.5%), gastric (43.8%), oesophageal (1.4%) or ectopic (12.3%). Most of the parasites (71.0%) were identified as Anisakis sp. or A. simplex (s.l.). However, when molecular methods were used (21 cases), A. pegreffii was always identified. In most of the patients (65.7%), the source of infection was raw or undercooked anchovies, followed by “anchovies or sardines” (15.1%), generic “raw seafood” (15.1%), and sardines (1.4%). In only 2 cases (2.7%), the source was not available. This is the first systematic analysis of Italian cases of anisakiasis. The main conclusions derived from the results are: i) attention should be given to the history, in particular when raw marinated anchovies, proven to be the main source of human anisakiasis in Italy, are consumed; ii) in order to assess correct epidemiological data, a confirmed and specific etiological identification should always be sought.
Update ESC-Leitlinie 2017: Duale Antiplättchentherapie
Authors: Massberg Steffen , Polzin Amin
Published: July 2018

Was ist neu?

Risikostratifizierung der Dualen Plättcheninhibition (DAPT) Die neuen Leitlinien befassen sich mit grundlegenden Empfehlungen zu Form und Dauer der DAPT. Die Individualisierung der Therapie liegt deutlich im Fokus. Dabei wird geraten, mithilfe von Expertenteams bzw. Scores das individuelle Ischämie- bzw. Blutungsrisiko des jeweiligen Patienten einzuschätzen. In Abhängigkeit davon wird die Dauer einer DAPT festgelegt. Dabei wird hervorgehoben, dass die Entscheidung über die DAPT-Dauer dynamisch ist und in regelmäßigen Abständen reevaluiert werden sollte.

Duale Plättchenhemmung nach elektiver koronarer Stentimplantation Aufgrund der durch die neuen Stenttechnologien deutlich seltener auftretenden Stentthrombosen ist erstmals die Dauer der DAPT unabhängig vom Stenttyp (Bare-metal- oder Drug-eluting-Stent). Dabei ist eine Dauer von einem Monat bis zu 36 Monaten möglich. Damit hat sich die Sicht der DAPT von einer stentbezogenen auf eine systemische Behandlungsstrategie gewandelt.

Duale Plättchenhemmung im Rahmen eines akuten Koronarsyndroms In diesem Kontext wurden auch die Empfehlungen zur DAPT angepasst bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom (ACS), die konservativ behandelt werden (inklusive Patienten mit Myokardinfarkt bei nicht okkludierten Koronararterien) und bei denjenigen, die mit einer Bypassoperation versorgt werden. In beiden Gruppen wird eine konsequente DAPT empfohlen. Deren Dauer richtet sich ebenfalls nach dem individuellen Blutungsrisiko des jeweiligen Patienten. Hinsichtlich des Starts einer DAPT bei Patienten mit Nicht-ST-Strecken-Hebungsinfarkt wird nun geraten, das Loading mit einem P2Y12-Hemmer (Ticagrelor oder Clopidogrel) bereits bei Diagnose durchzuführen, sofern eine Koronarangiografie angedacht ist.

Duale Plättchenhemmung bei Patienten mit Indikation zur dauerhaften Antikoagulation Ebenfalls gibt es Neuerungen der Empfehlungen zu Patienten mit Koronarintervention und zusätzlicher Indikation einer dauerhaften effektiven Antikoagulation bei Vorhofflimmern. Die Guidelines positionieren sich dahingehend, dass die Vorteile von oralen Nicht-Vitamin-K-Antikoagulanzien (NOAK) gegenüber Marcumar auch bei diesen Patienten Bestand haben könnten. Daher sei ein NOAK anstatt von Marcumar in Erwägung zu ziehen. Auch wird empfohlen, die Dauer der DAPT in Kombination mit oraler Antikoagulation (Triple-Therapie) in Abhängigkeit vom individuellen Ischämie- und Blutungsrisiko zu wählen. Dabei wird nun auch die Möglichkeit eingeräumt, eine Triple-Therapie lediglich periinterventionell anzuwenden und bereits bei Krankenhausentlassung auf ein duales Regime mit oraler Antikoagulation und einem Thrombozytenfunktionshemmer (Aspirin oder Clopidogrel) zu wechseln.
Interventionelle Bronchoskopie: was ist möglich und was ist sinnvoll?
Authors: Sarmand Nilab , Gompelmann Daniela
Published: July 2018

Was ist neu?

Interventionelle Techniken bei Atemwegsstenosen Zu den interventionellen Techniken bei Atemwegsstenosen gehören nach wie vor die Ballondilatation, Kryotherapie, Lasertherapie, Argon-Plasma-Koagulation, Brachytherapie, fotodynamische Therapie und Stentimplantation. Die Auswahl der Therapieform wird in Abhängigkeit von Ausweitung und Entität des Tumors indiziert.

Endoskopische Lungenvolumenreduktion bei COPD Die endoskopische Lungenvolumenreduktion mittels Ventilimplantation oder Coilimplanation ist mittlerweile fester Bestandteil der COPD-Leitlinie. Endoskopische Thermoablation (BTVA) und polymerische Lungenvolumenreduktion (PLVR) sind weitere Therapieoptionen bei ausgewählten Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Lungenemphysem.

Targeted Lung Denervation (TLD) Die TLD befindet sich für Patienten mit COPD und therapierefraktärem Asthma bronchiale in klinischer Untersuchung.

Thermoplastie bei Asthma bronchiale Die Thermoplastie ist das einzige etablierte endoskopische Verfahren bei therapierefraktärem Asthma bronchiale.

Kryospray-Therapie bei chronischer Bronchitis Für Patienten mit chronischer Bronchitis steht die Kryospray-Therapie zur Verfügung, deren Effektivität und Sicherheit ebenfalls im Rahmen von Studien überprüft wird.
Iodine-Promoted C(sp
2)–H Thiolation of Maleimides with Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Thiols
Authors: Zhao Sheng-Yin , Tan Hong-Ru , Wang Lun , Zhu Jia-Nan , Yang Zhen-Hua
Published: July 2018

Iodine-promoted C(sp
2)–H methylthiolation of maleimides using DMSO as synthon has been developed to afford 3-methylthiomaleimides in moderate yields under metal-free conditions. In addition, 3-thiomaleimides were synthesized from maleimides and thiols in the presence of iodine and triethylamine. The methods are simple and efficient for the formation of C–S bond.
In vitro Effects of Aprosulate sodium, a Novel Anticoagulant, On Platelet Activation: Possible Mechanism for Antiplatelet Action
Authors: Sugidachi Atsuhiro , Breiter Norbert , Ogawa Taketoshi , Asai Fumitoshi , Koike Hiroyuki
Published: July 2018

Aprosulate sodium, a bis-lactobionic acid amide derivative, is a novel synthetic polyanion with potent anticoagulant activities. In the present study, the effects of aprosulate on platelet aggregation were investigated in a plasma-free system. Aprosulate inhibited thrombin (0.03-0.3 U/ml)-induced aggregation in rat washed platelets in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 0.38 Μg/ml. In contrast, aprosulate, at up to 10 Μg/ml, did not affect collagen (1 Μg/ml) - or ADP (3 ΜM)-induced aggregation. In fura 2-loaded platelets, aprosulate (1-10 Μg/ml) inhibited intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by thrombin, but not that by ADP. Protamine, a highly basic protein, abolished aprosulate-mediated inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, suggesting that the observed inhibition is primarily due to the negative charge contained on the aprosulate molecule. In human platelets, aprosulate inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation, but failed to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by SFLLRN, a synthetic tethered ligand of a thrombin receptor. Antiplatelet profiles of aprosulate were largely similar to those of heparin, although heparin inhibited both thrombin- and collagen-induced aggregation. These in vitro studies indicate that aprosulate is capable of inhibiting thrombin-induced platelet activation and that this effect is independent of its anticoagulant activity. These results suggest that the polyanionic feature of aprosulate plays an essential role in promoting its antiplatelet activities, and that a plausible mechanism to explain the observed inhibition conferred by this agent, would be one which involves blocking the platelet-thrombin interaction.
Transfusion Requirements Are Correlated with the Degree of Proteolysis of von Willebrand Factor during Orthotopic Liver Transplantation
Authors: Lattuada A , Mannucci P M , Chen C , Legnani C , Palareti G
Published: July 2018

During orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) excessive bleeding is the main cause of death and graft failure. The acute bleeding tendency that accompanies OLT, particularly during the anhepatic period and after reperfusion of the graft, is due to the depletion or functional abnormalities of several hemostasis components caused by the enhanced activity of enzymes such as plasmin, trypsin and leukocyte proteases. We surmised that enhanced proteolysis might also cause abnormalities of von Willebrand factor (vWF), and that these abnormalities are implicated in the bleeding tendency that develops during OLT. Therefore, the pattern of vWF proteolysis was studied with 16 patients with chronic liver disease, in serial blood samples obtained before OLT, during the anhepatic stage, after graft reperfusion and at the end of the surgical procedure. vWF became markedly degraded during the anhepatic and reperfusion stages, as shown by the partial loss of high molecular weight multimers, the relative decrease of the intact 225 kD subunit and the increase of the native proteolytic fragments of 176 and 140 kD. Novel proteolytic fragments also became detectable. Using monoclonal antibody epitope mapping, it could be demonstrated that some of the proteolytic fragments corresponded in apparent molecular mass to those produced in vitro by incubating purified vWF with plasmin or elastase, but other fragments could not be attributed to these proteases. During the anhepatic and reperfusion stages there was a significant correlation between the degree of vWF degradation and the total amount of blood components transfused to replace blood losses. To evaluate whether or not vWF degradation could be controlled by the administration of a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor such as aprotinin, 5 patients were given a bolus dose of 500,000 U before surgery followed by 100,000 U/h during surgery, 5 were given a 2,000,000 U bolus followed by 500,000 U/h, and no aprotinin was given to the remaining 6 patients. There were no differences in the patterns or degrees of vWF degradation between patients treated with aprotinin or not. In conclusion, there is a marked degradation of a key hemostasis protein during OLT. These alterations may be of clinical significance, because they are correlated with the transfusion requirements.
Dissociation of Antithrombotic Effect and Bleeding Time Prolongation in Rabbits by Inhibiting Tissue Factor Function
Authors: Himber Jacques , Kirchhofer Daniel , Riederer Markus , Tschopp Thomas B , Steiner Beat , Roux Sébastien P
Published: July 2018

Inhibition of the tissue factor/factor Vila (TF/F. Vila) complex attenuates thrombosis in different animal models of arterial thrombosis. However, it remains unclear to what extent the antithrombotic effects are associated with changes in hemostatic functions and how this compares with inhibition of thrombin, an enzyme acting at a later stage in the coagulation cascade. The antithrombotic and the antihemostatic effects of a monoclonal anti-TF antibody (AP-1) were compared in a model of arterial thrombosis to those of a direct thrombin inhibitor (napsagatran) and heparin. In anesthetized rabbits transient arterial thrombi were induced by mechanical damage to the subendothelium of a moderately stenosed carotid artery. Recurrent formation and dis lodgement of thrombi resulted in cyclic flow variations (CFVs) which were monitored over 2 hours. Rabbits received intravenously either a placebo (control), a monoclonal anti-rabbit TF antibody (AP-1, 05 mg/kg as an i.v. bolus repeated every 15 min, a specific low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor (napsagatran, 3 fxg/kg/min) or heparin (3 and 13 fig/kg/min). The effect of the inhibitors on the hemostatic system was studied in a separate set of rabbits by measuring template bleeding times (BT) in the ear arterioles, marginal ear vein and the nail cuticle of the foreleg. AP-1 and napsagatran showed a similar antithrombotic activity (78% and 80% abolition of the CFVs, respectively), whereas either low or high dose heparin was poorly effective (43 % and 40% inhibition of CFVs, respectively). At these antithrombotic doses and even at 4-fold higher dosage, AP-1 did not significantly alter the BT, whereas napsagatran and heparin prolonged the ear vessels and cuticle BT in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that in contrast to direct thrombin inhibition, the blockade of the TF/F. Vila function did not result in a concomitant prolongation of the bleeding time. Thus, dissociation of antithrombotic and antihemostatic effects indicates that inhibition of the coagulation system at its initial stage represents a promising approach for the development of new anticoagulants.
Haemophilia B in Female Twins Caused by a Point Mutation in one Factor IX Gene and Nonrandom Inactivation Patterns of the X-Chromosomes
Authors: Schröder Winnie , Wulff Karin , Wollina Karin , Herrmann Falko H
Published: July 2018

Haemophilia B is a X-linked recessive bleeding disorder with an incidence of 1:25,000-30,000 male birth. Usually female carriers are clinically normal. Phenotypic expression of the disease in female carriers is extremely rare.

We describe cytogenetically inconspicuous female identical twins both with factor IX levels below 2%, prolonged bleeding after venipuncture as well as haematomas after intramuscular injections. The father, suffering from a severe haemophilia B, is deceased. By sequencing one point mutation was characterized in heterozygote condition in the factor EX gene of the probands at nt 17678. This mutation leads to the substitution cystein 88 to tyrosine in the growth factor domain of the factor IX. Investigation of the X-chromosomal inactivation by comparison of methylation patterns of genomic DNA at locus DXS255 after digestion with Pst I and Pst I +Hha I and hybridisation with the probe M27β indicated a nonrandom pattern of X-chromosomal inactivation in the twins. In both girls, only the paternal X-chromosome was the active one leading to the phenotypic expression of haemophilia in the female carriers.
Elevating Endogenous Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) Levels Improves Endothelial Function and Ameliorates Atherosclerosis in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient (LDL-R−/−) Mice
Authors: Feuerborn Renata , Besser Manuela , Potì Francesco , Burkhardt Ralph , Weißen-Plenz Gabriele , Ceglarek Uta , Simoni Manuela , Proia Richard , Freise Hendrik , Nofer Jerzy-Roch
Published: July 2018

Background Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingolipid and a constituent of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) exerting several atheroprotective effects in vitro. However, the few studies addressing anti-atherogenic effects of S1P in vivo have led to disparate results. We here examined atherosclerosis development in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R)-deficient (LDL-R−/−) mice with elevated endogenous S1P levels.

Methods and Results Sub-lethally irradiated LDL-R−/− mice were transplanted with bone marrow deficient in sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2), which led to the elevation of S1P concentrations in erythrocytes, plasma and HDL by approximately 1.5- to 2.0-fold in SphK2−/−/LDL-R−/− mice. Afterwards, mice were fed a Western diet for 14 weeks. Elevation of endogenous S1P significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation by approximately half without affecting the plasma lipid profile. Furthermore, the macrophage content of atherosclerotic lesions and lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity were reduced in SphK2−/−/LDL-R−/− mice. Studies using intra-vital microscopy revealed that endogenous S1P lowered leukocyte adhesion to capillary wall and decreased endothelial permeability to fluorescently labelled LDL. Moreover, SphK2−/−/LDL-R−/− mice displayed decreased levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in atherosclerotic lesions and in plasma. Studies in vitro demonstrated reduced monocyte adhesion and transport across an endothelial layer exposed to increasing S1P concentrations, murine plasma enriched in S1P or plasma obtained from SphK2-deficient animals. In addition, decreased permeability to fluorescence-labelled dextran beads or LDL was observed in S1P-treated endothelial cells.

Conclusion We conclude that raising endogenous S1P levels exerts anti-atherogenic effects in LDL-R−/− mice that are mediated by favourable modulation of endothelial function.
Successful Treatment of Left Ventricular Perforation Occurring After Insertion of an Impella Device
Authors: Glazier James J. , Kaki Amir , Baciewicz Frank
Published: July 2018

The Impella device is a miniaturized ventricular assist device that is being increasingly used to increase the safety and efficacy of high-risk coronary interventions and to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. The device has a miniaturized rotary pump mounted on a 9F catheter with a pigtail conformation. The pump draws blood from the left ventricular cavity and expels it into the ascending aorta and systemic circulation. We report a patient who, following insertion of an Impella device, developed angiographically documented left ventricular perforation with marked hemodynamic instability. Our successful management of this patient is described and potential mechanisms responsible for the perforation are discussed.