bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial quality of hemodialysis water, a survey of six centers in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Braimoh Rotimi Williams , Mabayoje Monica Omolara , Amira Christiana Oluwatoyin , Bello Babawale Taslim
Published: August 2013

Patients with end‐stage kidney disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) are usually exposed to large volumes of dialysate, which is separated from patients' blood only by thin membrane of dialyzer. It is therefore essential to frequently monitor the quality of HD water to ensure that it meets the recommended standards. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of HD water in Lagos, Nigeria. Four sets of pre‐ and post‐treatment water samples, 20 mL each, were collected from six HD centers in Lagos and tested for microbial contamination using the molten Tryptic soy agar in accordance with Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and European Best Practice Guidelines (EBPG). Pyrogen tests were also conducted on pre‐ and post‐treatment samples using standard technique. Information on water treatment modalities, maintenance practices and quality control measures in each center were obtained using a questionnaire. All centers use treated water for HD purpose. None of the HD centers met EBPG/AAMI guidelines for microbial contaminants as the mean levels of Escherichia coli in both feed and treated water were 441.7 ± 87.90 and 168.5 ± 64.03, respectively. E. coli was the commonest organism isolated in both feed and treated water in all the centers. HD water quality is still a neglected problem in our environment and more efforts are required to ensure good water quality for HD purpose.
Safety analysis of intermittent hemodialysis in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Quader Mohammed A. , Kumar Dhiren , Shah Keyur B. , Fatani Yahya I. , Katlaps Gundars , Kasirajan Vigneshwar
Published: August 2013

Dialysis centers adopt a cautious approach when it comes to performing intermittent hemodialysis (HD) on patients with continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) because of the potential for volume flux‐related complications and absence of pulsatile blood pressure for monitoring. Many patients have to remain hospitalized because of the inability of the dialysis centers to accept them for outpatient dialysis. In this study, the effect of HD was observed in such patients. Between June 2009 and October 2012, 139 patients received LVADs, of which 10 patients (7%) required intermittent HD postoperatively. The mean age of the patients was 53 ± 14 years and 90% were men. A total of 281 dialysis sessions were administered amounting to 1025 hours of dialysis. The mean systolic blood pressure monitored with Doppler device was 97 ± 18 mmHg. Dialysis durations averaged 218 ± 18 minutes. Mean blood flow rate was 334 ± 38 cc/min, and 2.6 ± 1.1 L was ultrafiltrated during each session. Only 15 (5.3%) sessions were interrupted or terminated in six patients. The reasons for termination were symptomatic hypotension—6 (2.1%), asymptomatic hypotension—3 (1%), ventricular tachycardia—1 (0.36%), dialysis machine malfunction—2 (0.7%), low phosphorus—2 (0.7%), and abdominal cramps—1 (0.36%). Volume expansion was necessary on three occasions. Low‐flow device alarms were registered during two (0.71%) sessions. The results showed no serious adverse effects or deaths.
Interleukin‐21 mediates hepatitis B virus‐associated liver cirrhosis by activating hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Feng Guohua , Zhang Ji‐Yuan , Zeng Qing‐Lei , Yu Xi , Zhang Zheng , Lv Sa , Xu Xiangsheng , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: August 2013

Aim

Interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) is involved in effective primary hepatic immune response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and profibrotic function. However, the role of IL‐21 in HBV‐associated liver cirrhosis is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of IL‐21 in HBV‐associated liver cirrhosis and possible mechanisms.

Methods

The study subjects included 10 healthy controls and 30 patients with HBV‐associated liver cirrhosis that categorized into three subgroups based on Child–Pugh score (A, 13; B, 10; C, 7). The frequencies of IL‐21+CD4+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry, and the level of IL‐21 in plasma was measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay. The distribution of IL‐21+ cells in situ in liver was observed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the in vitro expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), apoptosis and proliferation markers of LX‐2 cells were examined by flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit‐8 kit. Finally, the collagen levels in the supernatant were measured by chemiluminescence.

Results

Increased peripheral number of IL‐21+CD4+ cells, elevated plasma level of IL‐21 and IL‐21+ cell accumulation in liver were observed in patients with HBV‐associated liver cirrhosis. In vitro administration of IL‐21 was accompanied with increased expression of α‐SMA, inhibited LX‐2 cells apoptosis and upregulated collagen production by LX‐2 cells.

Conclusion

IL‐21 may contribute to the fibrogenesis of HBV‐associated liver cirrhosis by activating the hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, neutralization of IL‐21 could be a favorable new therapeutic strategy for liver cirrhosis treatment.
Pedagogy for Inter‐Religious Education
Authors: Carmody Brendan
Published: August 2013

Inter‐religious education has become a major concern as globalization proceeds. To develop a satisfactory model for it remains a challenge. This article proposes a paradigm based on the notion of self‐transcendence as articulated by the philosopher‐theologian, Bernard Lonergan. The approach provides a standpoint where the learner achieves a level of freedom by which he/she is enabled to decide responsibly what religious or non‐religious viewpoint to adopt.
Cooking quality characterisation of ‘spaghetti’ based on soft wheat flour enriched with oat flour
Authors: De Pilli Teresa , Derossi Antonio , Severini Carla
Published: August 2013

The cooking quality of pasta based on soft wheat flour and supplemented with three percentages of oat flour was studied. Results showed that oat flour modified deeply the cooking quality of spaghetti in comparison with samples based on only soft wheat flour. These effects were attributed to both starch‐lipid complex formation and presence of β‐glucans that weak gluten network. An increase in optimal cooking time with increase in oat percentages was observed (480 vs. 630 min). Samples enriched with oat flour showed a good‐quality cooking total organic matter (TOM values ranged from 1.4 to 2).
Comparative assessment of two extraction procedures for determination of bioactive compounds in some berries used for daily food consumption
Authors: Namiesnik Jacek , Vearasilp Kann , Leontowicz Hanna , Leontowicz Maria , Ham Kyung‐Sik , Kang Seong‐Gook , Park Yang‐Kyun , Arancibia‐Avila Patricia , Toledo Fernando , Gorinstein Shela
Published: August 2013

Two extractions with methanol and water were used to determine the antioxidant and binding properties of some berries as a supplement to food. Fluorometry, FTIR spectra and radical scavenging assays were used for characterisation of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols and tannins) and the levels of their antioxidant activities (AAs). The contents of bioactive compounds and AAs in water and methanol polyphenol extracts in gooseberries, blueberries and cranberries differed, but not always significantly. Water extracts of gooseberries showed the lowest amounts of polyphenols (mg GAE g−1), 6.24 ± 0.6, and flavonoids (mg CE g−1), 0.29 ± 0.01, and AAs (μMTE g−1) determined by DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and CUPRAC assays such as 6.05 ± 0.6, 8.07 ± 0.9, 18.70 ± 1.8 and 13.44 ± 1.2, respectively, in comparison with blueberries and cranberries. Polyphenol content highly correlated with antioxidant activity (R2 from 0.94 to 0.81). The quenching properties of berries were studied by the interaction of water and methanol polyphenol extracts with HSA by 3D fluorescence. In conclusion, the bioactivity of gooseberries was lower than in blueberries and cranberries. Gooseberries can be used as a new source for food consumption and supplementation based on their antioxidant and binding properties. 3D fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy can be applied as additional analytical tools for rapid estimation of the quality of different food products.
Effects of light exposure on chlorophyll, sugars and vitamin C content of fresh‐cut celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) petioles
Authors: Zhan Lijuan , Hu Jinqiang , Pang Lingyun , Li Yu , Shao Jianfeng
Published: August 2013

Effects of light exposure (24 μmol m−2 s−1) on fresh‐cut celery nutritional quality were evaluated during 8‐day storage at 7 °C using darkness as control. Light exposure preserved 47% chlorophyll a and 48% chlorophyll b contents more than darkness at the end of storage. Sucrose, reducing sugar and glucose contents in light‐stored petioles were 17%, 25% and 67% higher than those in dark‐stored petioles after 8‐day storage, respectively, thus resulting in higher total soluble solids content in light condition. Moreover, l‐ascorbic acid content increased at 2‐day storage in light condition and was 46% more than in darkness at the end of storage. The fresh weight loss significantly increased in all petioles, and this increase was markedly accelerated by light exposure with a maximum of 1.43% at the end of storage. Dry matter content was induced more by light exposure than by darkness at 2‐day storage.
Standardized assessment of complications in a contemporary series of European patients undergoing radical cystectomy
Authors: Roghmann Florian , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Braun Katharina , von Bodman Christian , Brock Marko , Noldus Joachim , Palisaar Jüri
Published: August 2013

Objectives

To examine postoperative complications in a contemporary series of patients after radical cystectomy using a standardized reporting system, and to identify readily available preoperative risk factors.

Methods

Using the modified Clavien–Dindo classification, we assessed the 90‐day postoperative clinical course of 535 bladder cancer patients who underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion (ileal conduit n = 349, ileal neobladder n = 186) between June 2003 and February 2012 at a single institution. All Martin criteria for standardized reporting of complications were met. Uni‐ and multivariable analyses for prediction of complications were carried out; covariates included body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, prior abdominal or pelvic surgery, localized tumor and urinary diversion type.

Results

The 90‐day rates for overall (Clavien–Dindo classification I‐V) and high‐grade complications (Clavien–Dindo classification III‐V), as well as mortality (Clavien–Dindo classification V), were 56.4, 18.7 and 3.9%, respectively. Infections (16.4%), bleeding (14.2%) and gastrointestinal complications (10.7%) were the most common adverse outcomes. Independent risk factors for overall complications were body mass index (odds ratio 1.08) and Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3 (odds ratio 1.93). Risk factors for high‐grade complications were Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3 (odds ratio 1.86), American Society of Anesthesiologists Score ≥3 (odds ratio 1.92) and body mass index (odds ratio 1.07, all P < 0.03).

Conclusions

Radical cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity; nevertheless, the majority of complications are minor. Charlson Comorbidity Index, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score and body mass index might help to identify patients at risk for high‐grade complications after radical cystectomy.
Sudanese and Somali Refugees in Canada: Social Support Needs and Preferences
Authors: Makwarimba Edward , Stewart Miriam , Simich Laura , Makumbe Knox , Shizha Edward , Anderson Sharon
Published: August 2013

The aim of the study was to identify the unique support needs and preferences of African refugees in Canada. In‐depth interviews were conducted with Sudanese and Somali refugees (n=68) living in two cities in central and western Canada. Refugees were interviewed individually to identify their support needs, current sources of support, available support programmes, barriers to access to support resources, and preferred support interventions. These refugees reported major support needs, depleted social networks, and barriers to accessing services and supports. They identified distinct preferences for support from peers from the same country of origin and professionals. Participants wanted group‐level support supplemented by one‐to‐one support. Transportation, child care, meals, and peers matched by language and gender were recommended to enhance accessibility to support programmes. These findings can inform the design of support intervention research and enhance the relevance and supportiveness of services and programmes for recent refugees.
Environmental factors determine DAP12 deficiency to either enhance or suppress immunopathogenic processes
Authors: Montalvo Vanessa , Quigley Laura , Vistica Barbara P. , Boelte Kimberly C. , Nugent Lindsey F. , Takai Toshiyuki , McVicar Daniel W. , Gery Igal
Published: August 2013

DNAX‐activation protein 12 (DAP12), a transmembrane adapter, plays a major role in transducing activation signals in natural killer cells and various myeloid cells. Quantitative RT‐PCR detected in normal mouse eyes considerable levels of DAP12 and multiple DAP12‐coupled receptors, in particular TREM‐1, Clec5a and SIRPb1. The role of DAP12 and its receptors in experimental autoimmune diseases has been controversial. Here, we analysed the effect of DAP12 deficiency on the capacity of mice to mount immunopathogenic cellular responses to the uveitogenic ocular antigen and interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein (IRBP), and to develop experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Surprisingly, sequential analysis of EAU in mice deficient in DAP12 in two different animal facilities at first revealed enhanced disease as compared with wild‐type mice, but when these mice were re‐derived into a second, cleaner, animal facility, the response of control mice was essentially unchanged, whereas the DAP12 null mice were markedly hyporesponsive relative to controls in the new facility. Accordingly, when stimulated in vitro with IRBP, lymphocytes from the DAP12‐deficient mice housed in the two facilities proliferated and produced opposite profiles of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, compared with their controls. These findings therefore demonstrate that the effects of DAP12 deficiency on development of autoimmune disease are dramatically affected by environmental factors.
Biological properties of dehydrated human amnion/chorion composite graft: implications for chronic wound healing
Authors: Koob Thomas J , Rennert Robert , Zabek Nicole , Massee Michelle , Lim Jeremy J , Temenoff Johnna S , Li William W , Gurtner Geoffrey
Published: August 2013

Human amnion/chorion tissue derived from the placenta is rich in cytokines and growth factors known to promote wound healing; however, preservation of the biological activities of therapeutic allografts during processing remains a challenge. In this study,PURION® (MiMedx, Marietta, GA) processed dehydrated human amnion/chorion tissue allografts (dHACM,EpiFix®, MiMedx) were evaluated for the presence of growth factors, interleukins (ILs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed on samples ofdHACMand showed quantifiable levels of the following growth factors: platelet‐derived growth factor‐AA (PDGF‐AA),PDGF‐BB, transforming growth factor α (TGFα),TGFβ1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), placental growth factor (PLGF) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (GCSF). TheELISAassays also confirmed the presence ofIL‐4, 6, 8 and 10, andTIMP1, 2 and 4. Moreover, the relative elution of growth factors into saline from the allograft ranged from 4% to 62%, indicating that there are bound and unbound fractions of these compounds within the allograft.dHACMretained biological activities that cause human dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. An in vivo mouse model showed thatdHACMwhen tested in a skin flap model caused mesenchymal progenitor cell recruitment to the site of implantation. The results from both the in vitro and in vivo experiments clearly established thatdHACMcontains one or more soluble factors capable of stimulatingMSCmigration and recruitment. In summary,PURION® processeddHACMretains its biological activities related to wound healing, including the potential to positively affect four distinct and pivotal physiological processes intimately involved in wound healing: cell proliferation, inflammation, metalloproteinase activity and recruitment of progenitor cells. This suggests a paracrine mechanism of action fordHACMwhen used for wound healing applications.
Designing Matrix Structures to FitMNCStrategy
Authors: Egelhoff William G. , Wolf Joachim , Adzic Mihael
Published: August 2013

Matrix structures and network designs are the primary organizational alternatives available toMNCsto implement increasingly complex multidimensional strategies. Despite a growing interest in matrix structures amongMNCmanagers, theory about how to design and fit the different types of matrix structure toMNCstrategy is largely absent from the scholarly literature. To address this gap, the present study develops an information‐processing model of strategy‐structure fit forMNCmatrix structures. It does this by modifying and extending logic already established for fitting elementary structures toMNCstrategy. Hypotheses based on the model are empirically supported, using a sample of 57GermanMNCswith matrix structures. Multivariate discriminant analysis further reveals that an important element of strategy—the technological similarity of products in anMNC—is still missing from the literature and proposed model.
HRM effectiveness as a moderator of the relationships between abusive supervision and technology work overload and job outcomes for technology end users
Authors: Harris Kenneth J. , Lambert Alysa , Harris Ranida B.
Published: August 2013

Based on conservation of resources theory, this study examined the impact of two stressors: abusive supervision, an interpersonal stressor; and technology work overload, a contextual stressor, on job strain and perceived organizational support. These linkages have not been previously examined, but are of importance for managing employees who complete work on their computers. In a sample of 219 technology end users from a wide range of jobs and industries, we found that both of the stressors we examined had negative impacts on desired outcome variables. Additionally, we found that human resource management effectiveness moderated these relationships. These findings have important implications for theory and application which are discussed. Limitations and directions for future are also offered.
Importance of race, gender, and personality in predicting academic performance
Authors: Steele‐Johnson Debra , Leas Keith
Published: August 2013

Substantial research has demonstrated that African American students tend to perform more poorly than their White counterparts in terms of academic performance (e.g., Bali & Alvarez). However, this knowledge has proven insufficient in highlighting a clear path for countering this gap in academic achievement. The present study (n = 719) provides evidence that race (African Americans and Whites) interacts with personality in predicting academic performance (i.e., grade point average) in a college setting and that the pattern of effects differs for men and women. Agreeableness reduced race effects for women, and extraversion and openness reduced race effects for men. Our results suggest new avenues for educators and policymakers to consider when attempting to reduce this performance gap.
Refugia in Patagonian fjords and the eastern Andes during the Last Glacial Maximum revealed by huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) phylogeographical patterns and genetic diversity
Authors: Marín Juan C. , Varas Valeria , Vila Alejandro R. , López Rodrigo , Orozco‐terWengel Pablo , Corti Paulo
Published: August 2013

Aim

Our aim was to determine the combined impacts of Pleistocene climatic oscillations and glacial periods with recognized biogeographical barriers on the evolutionary history of huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus).

Location

Southern Chile and Argentina's Andean forest, and Patagonian fjords.

Methods

We examined the phylogeography of huemul using 772 bp of the mitochondrial DNA control region sequence from 275 samples (29 locations) collected throughout the distributional range of the species. We grouped samples into clusters based on Bayesian genetic and spatial structure analyses and reconstructed the species' phylogeographical and demographic history.

Results

We observed 63 haplotypes that grouped into three clusters (Central Chile, North Patagonia and South Patagonia). All but five haplotypes in North and South Patagonia were distributed locally. Bayesian skyline plots showed that population sizes remained fairly constant until an increase during and after the Last Glacial Maximum. Genetic diversity was generally low, except in three populations in the eastern Andes and on Wellington Island (Patagonian fjords).

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that the biogeographical separation of huemul into phylogeographical groups has been heavily influenced by Pleistocene glacial stages, and more recently by habitat fragmentation and isolation. This provides the first evidence that the region west of the Cordilleran ice field was a refugium for at least one species of large mammal during the Pleistocene in southern South America. These results have direct implications for the conservation and management of this endangered deer species.
New developments in our understanding of psoriatic arthritis and their impact on the diagnosis and clinical management of the disease
Authors: Boehncke W.H. , Kirby B. , FitzGerald O. , van de Kerkhof P.C.M.
Published: August 2013

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a spondyloarthritis with a comorbid association with psoriasis. Without appropriate treatment it can be progressive, severe, deforming and destructive. It has long been recognized that subsets of PsA patients exist, characterized by different patterns of joint involvement. Associations between development of PsA and certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been established. Evidence now suggests that progression of PsA is also genetically determined. The presence of one allele (HLA‐B*27) has been associated with a distinct phenotype characterized by early joint involvement, whereas development of musculoskeletal symptoms is much slower in patients with another allele, C*06. Dermatologists need to consider what these differences in genotypes and phenotypes mean for clinical practice. Delay in the diagnosis of PsA is a significant contributor to poor patient outcomes, but there is evidence that PsA is underdiagnosed among psoriasis patients attending dermatology clinics. Dermatologists need to identify PsA symptoms among their psoriasis patients and refer for rheumatological assessment where appropriate. Treatment should address all aspects of the disease, including skin, nail and joint symptoms as well as physical functioning and quality of life. The existence of distinct phenotypic and genetic PsA subsets means dermatologists need to consider which drugs are likely to be most efficacious in which patient populations. Stratification of PsA according to susceptibility genes may in future help identify patients requiring more aggressive treatment to prevent progression. Biologic therapies show efficacy in PsA, but the patient populations of clinical trials are not always representative of patients treated with biologics in clinical practice.
Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease
Authors: Bounfour T. , Bouaziz J.‐D. , Bézier M. , Cordoliani F. , Saussine A. , Petit A. , Juillard C. , Bagot M. , Rybojad M.
Published: August 2013

Background

Treating dermatomyositis (DM) with isolated skin involvement is difficult and inconsistently performed. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are recommended for corticoresistant or corticodependant DM, but only a few cases of IVIg use in DM with isolated skin involvement have been reported.

Design

We performed a retrospective monocentric study of 27 patients who were treated with IVIg for severe DM skin lesions (no or minor muscle involvement) after failure of photoprotection and at least one line of treatment.

Results

Nineteen patients (70%) exhibited a major response, four patients exhibited a partial response and four patients exhibited no response, including two patients with grade 3 side effects (headaches). The mean number of IVIg courses was 4.8 (range 1–15). Ten patients (53%) relapsed, with a median time of 6.2 months after the last IVIg course. Six of these patients were successfully treated with a new IVIg course. Muscle disease developed in six patients.

Conclusion

IVIg may be an effective and safe treatment for DM with isolated skin involvement. Relapse occurred frequently, but treatment with a new course of IVIg was successful. Controlled studies are required to confirm these results.
Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee
Authors: Claes Steven , Vereecke Evie , Maes Michael , Victor Jan , Verdonk Peter , Bellemans Johan
Published: August 2013

In 1879, the French surgeon Segond described the existence of a ‘pearly, resistant, fibrous band’ at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee, attached to the eponymous Segond fracture. To date, the enigma surrounding this anatomical structure is reflected in confusing names such as ‘(mid‐third) lateral capsular ligament’, ‘capsulo‐osseous layer of the iliotibial band’ or ‘anterolateral ligament’, and no clear anatomical description has yet been provided. In this study, the presence and characteristics of Segond's ‘pearly band’, hereafter termed anterolateral ligament (ALL), was investigated in 41 unpaired, human cadaveric knees. The femoral and tibial attachment of the ALL, its course and its relationship with nearby anatomical structures were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. In all but one of 41 cadaveric knees (97%), the ALL was found as a well‐defined ligamentous structure, clearly distinguishable from the anterolateral joint capsule. The origin of the ALL was situated at the prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle, slightly anterior to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament, although connecting fibers between the two structures were observed. The ALL showed an oblique course to the anterolateral aspect of the proximal tibia, with firm attachments to the lateral meniscus, thus enveloping the inferior lateral geniculate artery and vein. Its insertion on the anterolateral tibia was grossly located midway between Gerdy's tubercle and the tip of the fibular head, definitely separate from the iliotibial band (ITB). The ALL was found to be a distinct ligamentous structure at the anterolateral aspect of the human knee with consistent origin and insertion site features. By providing a detailed anatomical characterization of the ALL, this study clarifies the long‐standing enigma surrounding the existence of a ligamentous structure connecting the femur with the anterolateral tibia. Given its structure and anatomic location, the ALL is hypothesized to control internal tibial rotation and thus to affect the pivot shift phenomenon, although further studies are needed to investigate its biomechanical function.
The P2X7 receptor–inflammasome complex has a role in modulating the inflammatory response in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Baldini C. , Rossi C. , Ferro F. , Santini E. , Seccia V. , Donati V. , Solini A.
Published: August 2013

Objective

Innate and adaptive immunity may contribute to gland dysfunction in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)–NLRP3 inflammasome complex modulates the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18. The presence of P2X7R in salivary glands suggests an interesting scenario for the initiation and amplification of the innate immune response in pSS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the role of the P2X7R–NLRP3 inflammasome in pSS.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty‐one consecutive patients with pSS according to the American–European Consensus Group criteria and 15 patients with sicca syndrome (i.e. without Sjögren's syndrome, non‐SS) were enrolled in this study, together with six control (CTL) subjects. Expression of the P2X7R‐NLRP3 platform and IL‐18 was determined by real‐time PCR and western blotting in gland specimens and peripheral lymphomonocytes; data were related to patients\x92 clinical, serological and histopathological characteristics. The presence of IL‐18 was determined in gland and saliva samples.

Results

P2X7R expression was significantly higher in salivary glands from individuals with pSS than in those from non‐SS and CTL subjects. Accordingly, the gene expression levels of the inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC and caspase‐1 were significantly higher in pSS gland specimens, and this was paralleled by an increased expression of mature IL‐18 in pSS saliva samples. The expression of both the P2X7R and the inflammasome components was a marker of disease‐related glandular involvement, being increased in patients with anti‐Ro/SSA positivity and correlated with focus score.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest an involvement of the P2X7R–inflammasome–caspase‐1–IL‐18 axis in the development of pSS exocrinopathy. This finding provides the basis for studying the complex mechanisms underlying pSS, as well as for developing novel potential therapeutic strategies.
Endozoochorous seed dispersal and germination strategies of Serengeti plants
Authors: Anderson T. Michael , Schütz Martin , Risch Anita C.
Published: August 2013

Questions

How do rates of endozoochory change across gradients of environmental variation, grazing intensity and herbivore body size? Is there evidence that plants experience a trade‐off in successful germination in dung vs soil, and if so, are opposing strategies associated with traits indicative of evolutionary grazing history?

Location

Serengeti National Park, Tanzania and a greenhouse in Birmensdorf, Switzerland.

Methods

We compared rates of seedling emergence from the dung of six grazing herbivore species and soil collected across an environmental gradient in the Serengeti; we experimentally exposed both dung and soil to smoke to test for the effects of breaking seed dormancy. We analysed overlap in plant composition of seedlings germinated from dung and soil and asked whether species found in dung (but not soil) or soil (but not dung) differed in traits that are associated with evolutionary grazing history, such as leaf height and seed head height.

Results

Spatially, dung samples collected in the heavily grazed Serengeti plains contained more seeds than more northern sites. Median seedling emergence from dung varied among herbivores: hartebeest and wildebeest had the most, topi and zebra had intermediate numbers and Thomson's and Grant's gazelle the fewest, with Grant's gazelle dung being composed almost entirely of herbaceous dicots. Smoke failed to induce a germination response when applied to dung, but the composition of plant species germinating in ‘dung only’ or ‘soil only’ was surprisingly distinct. Moreover, seed head heights and leaf heights were shorter for plant species that germinated from dung compared to those that germinated from soil. Finally, the abundance of seeds germinating in dung and soil showed opposite patterns across the transition from short‐grass, historically grazed sites in the south to tall‐grass, fire‐prone sites in to the north.

Conclusions

Together, our results suggest that some Serengeti plant species may be specialized to disperse via the dung of large herbivores. Consequently, endozoochory may be an important, and thus far overlooked, ecological process in Serengeti and in tropical savannas dominated by large herbivores more generally.
Genetic and ecological consequences of interactions between three banksias in mediterranean‐type shrubland
Authors: He Tianhua , Lamont Byron B.
Published: August 2013

Questions

Recent research has revealed that genotypic diversity may have a similar role to species diversity in understanding competitive relations and ecological functioning of a community. Despite theoretical advancement in how competition and co‐existence influence the pattern of genetic diversity between interacting species/genotypes, this topic has received little empirical attention. The key question is how the distribution of a given species/genotype is influenced by inter‐specific interactions.

Location

A sclerophyll shrubland (kwongan) at Beekeepers Nature Reserve, 300 km north of Perth, Western Australia.

Methods

We examined whether there are any genetic or ecological consequences arising from the interspersion of three Banksia species. We investigated patterns of local abundance, mortality after environmental stress (viz. severe drought) and microsatellite allelic richness for populations of the three co‐occurring banksias distributed on the crests and slopes of a mosaic of sand dunes.

Results

Local abundance of the fire‐killed Banksia hookeriana was positively correlated with that of the lignotuberous resprouter B. attenuata, which has similar shrub morphology, but negatively with that of the less similar clonal resprouter, B. candolleana. In contrast, population allelic richness of B. attenuata and B. hookeriana were negatively correlated, while allelic richness of B. candolleana and the other two banksias were uncorrelated. Positive correlation between local abundance of B. attenuata and B. hookeriana was likely a consequence of a similar response to the same environmental resources, while B. candolleana has greater environmental tolerances than the other banksias but a slower dispersal rate as it rarely produces seedlings. Negative correlation in allelic richness between the ecologically similar B. attenuata and B. hookeriana was likely the result of competition for niche space at the genotype level. While local exclusion of inferior genotypes might occur by competition, exclusion of entire species is avoided and stable co‐existence is achieved.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that mechanisms of co‐existence and isolation among plant species may operate at several genetic scales, and that subtle genotypic variation is of potential importance in maintaining co‐existence among ecologically matched species.
From Female Accomplishment To Botanical Science: Mary Delany's “Paper Mosaicks”
Authors: Babilas Dorota
Published: August 2013

Mary Delany (1700–1788, nee Granville, I voto Pendarves) was an English gentlewoman of many talents. She wrote and illustrated a novella; she designed gardens, furniture and textiles; she left an impressive body of work in different artistic and decorative media. Most importantly, she invented an entirely new art form of “paper mosaicks” (i.e. botanical collages), producing nearly a thousand cut‐out images of various flowers, now kept at the British Museum. Mrs Delany's extensive correspondence and autobiographical writings were published posthumously and have ever remained an important source of insights on women's history of the 18th century. Highly regarded by her contemporaries, Mrs Delany's legacy was often dismissed by later critics who perceived her works as examples of mere fashionable accomplishments, ladylike pastimes of no artistic significance. In the article, I would like to draw the readers' attention to the great skill and exceptional accuracy with which the mosaicks were executed, pointing to Mrs Delany's substantial botanical knowledge and her awareness of scientific debates of her times, especially those regarding Linnaeus's botanical taxonomy.
Robust Forecast Methods and Monitoring during Structural Change
Authors: Eklund Jana , Kapetanios George , Price Simon
Published: August 2013

We examine how to forecast after a recent break, introducing a new approach, monitoring for change and then combining forecasts from a model using the full sample and another using post‐break data. We compare this to some robust techniques: rolling regressions, forecast averaging over all possible windows and exponentially weighted forecasts. We examine relative efficacy withMonteCarlo experiments given single deterministic or multiple stochastic location shifts, and for manyUKandUSmacroeconomic series. No single method is uniformly superior. Monitoring brings only small improvements, so robust methods are preferred.
Adaptive introgression in animals: examples and comparison to new mutation and standing variation as sources of adaptive variation
Authors: Hedrick Philip W.
Published: August 2013

Adaptive genetic variation has been thought to originate primarily from either new mutation or standing variation. Another potential source of adaptive variation is adaptive variants from other (donor) species that are introgressed into the (recipient) species, termed adaptive introgression. Here, the various attributes of these three potential sources of adaptive variation are compared. For example, the rate of adaptive change is generally thought to be faster from standing variation, slower from mutation and potentially intermediate from adaptive introgression. Additionally, the higher initial frequency of adaptive variation from standing variation and lower initial frequency from mutation might result in a higher probability of fixation of the adaptive variants for standing variation. Adaptive variation from introgression might have higher initial frequency than new adaptive mutations but lower than that from standing variation, again making the impact of adaptive introgression variation potentially intermediate. Adaptive introgressive variants might have multiple changes within a gene and affect multiple loci, an advantage also potentially found for adaptive standing variation but not for new adaptive mutants. The processes that might produce a common variant in two taxa, convergence, trans‐species polymorphism from incomplete lineage sorting or from balancing selection and adaptive introgression, are also compared. Finally, potential examples of adaptive introgression in animals, including balancing selection for multiple alleles for major histocompatibility complex (MHC), S and csd genes, pesticide resistance in mice, black colour in wolves and white colour in coyotes, Neanderthal or Denisovan ancestry in humans, mimicry genes in Heliconius butterflies, beak traits in Darwin's finches, yellow skin in chickens and non‐native ancestry in an endangered native salamander, are examined.
Chronic treatment with otilonium bromide induces changes in L‐type Ca2+channel, tachykinins, and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat colon muscle coat
Authors: Traini C. , Cipriani G. , Evangelista S. , Santicioli P. , Faussone‐Pellegrini M.‐S. , Vannucchi M.‐G.
Published: August 2013

Background

Otilonium bromide (OB) is a quaternary ammonium derivative used for the treatment of intestinal hypermotility and is endowed with neurokinin2 receptor (NK2r) antagonist and Ca2+channel blocker properties. Therefore, the possibility that OB might play a role in the neurokinin receptor/Substance‐P/nitric oxide (NKr/SP/NO) circuit was investigated after chronic exposition to the drug.

Methods

Rats were treated with OB 2–20 mg kg−1 for 10 and 30 days. In the proximal colon, the expression and distribution of muscle NOsynthase 1 (NOS1), NK1r, NK2r, SP and Cav 1.2 subunit (for L‐type Ca2+channel) and the spontaneous activity and stimulated responses to NK1r and NK2r agonists were investigated.

Key Results

Immunohistochemistry showed a redistribution of NK1r and L‐type Ca2+channel in muscle cells with no change of NK2r at 30 days, a significant increase in muscle NOS1 expression at 10 days and a significant decrease in the SP content early in the ganglia and later in the intramuscular nerve fibers. Functional studies showed no change in spontaneous activity but a significant increase in maximal contraction induced by NK1r agonist.

Conclusions & Inferences

Chronic exposition to OB significantly affects the NKr/SP/NO circuit. The progressive decrease in SP‐expression might be the consequence of the persistent presence of OB, the increase of NOS1 expression in muscle cells at 10 days in an attempt to guarantee an adequate NO production, and, at 30 days, the redistribution of the L‐type Ca2+channel and NK1r as a sign to compensate the drug channel block by re‐cycling both of them. The physiological data suggest NK1r hypersensitivity.
Current UK practice of pediatric supraglottic airway devices – a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Bradley Anthony E.D. , White Michelle C. , Engelhardt Thomas , Bayley Guy , Beringer Richard M.
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Over half of general anesthetics in the UK involve supraglottic airway devices (SADs). The National Audit Project 4 undertaken by the Royal College of Anaesthetists demonstrated that aspiration was the most frequent complication relating to SAD use. SADs designed to reduce this risk (second‐generation devices) are increasingly recommended in both adults and children. As well as routine use, SADs are recommended for use in cases of ‘difficult airway’. This survey assessed current usage of SADs in routine practice and difficult airways. Sixteen questions, approved by the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) survey committee, were distributed to all its members.

Results

Two hundred and forty‐four members responded. Eighty‐eight percent preferentially use first‐generation rather than second‐generation devices. The most important design feature was the availability of a complete range of sizes (84%). Seventy‐seven percent felt that randomized controlled trials assessing SAD safety in children are needed. In cases of failed intubation, classically shaped SADs are preferred (79%). Three percent of responders intubate via an SAD routinely. Eighteen percent have employed this technique in an emergency. Thirty‐six percent of responders have found an SAD to function poorly.

Conclusion

Pediatric anesthesiologists appear slow to embrace second‐generation SADs. The role of SADs in the management of difficult airways is widely accepted. Research currently has little influence over the choice of which SAD to use, which is more likely determined by personal choice and departmental preference. There is a risk that some SADs are unsafe.
Comparison of heart rate variability response in children undergoing elective endotracheal intubation with and without neuromuscular blockade: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Janda Matthias , Bajorat Jörn , Kudlik Christiana , Pohl Birgit , Schubert Agnes , Nöldge‐Schomburg Gabriele , Hofmockel Rainer
Published: August 2013

Background

The routine use of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBD) for endotracheal intubation in children is the subject of much controversy. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) can reveal information about the functional state of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Aim

The purpose of this study was to determine if HRV elucidates differences in the sympathovagal balance of children undergoing elective endo‐tracheal intubation with and without neuromuscular blockade (NMB).

Methods

In this prospective study, 38 children (2–6 years) scheduled for adenotonsillectomy were randomized into two groups to receive fentanyl 2 μg·kg−1 and propofol 4 mg·kg−1, with either mivacurium 0.25 mg·kg−1 (NMB group) or saline solution (NoNMB group) for anesthesia induction. The same experienced, blinded anesthesiologist performed endotracheal intubation. Heart rate variability, RR intervals, ECG as well as an electroencephalogram were recorded with HRV and BIS XP monitors, respectively. Heart rate variability was analyzed in the frequency domain.

Results

There was no significant difference in HRV changes immediately after mivacurium administration compared with an administration of saline. The groups were comparable for the bispectral index value (NMB 35 [33–41] vs NoNMB 34 [32–42]) during endotracheal intubation. Changes in both the low‐frequency power and the low‐/high‐frequency ratio immediately after endotracheal intubation compared with the unstimulated state before laryngoscopy were significantly higher without NMB (P = 0.015 and P = 0.006, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference with respect to the high‐frequency power.

Conclusions

The stress response during endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients represented by the frequency domain analysis of HRV was found to be higher without NMB. When mivacurium was added to a propofol–fent‐anyl induction regimen, the ANS alterations during endotracheal intubation decreased significantly.
An Open‐Label Pilot Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Heated Lidocaine/Tetracaine Patch for the Treatment of Pain Associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Nalamachu Srinivas , Nalamasu Rohit , Jenkins Julie , Marriott Thomas
Published: August 2013

Objectives

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist that is characterized by pain, paresthesias, weakness, and loss of dexterity. This pilot study was conducted to evaluate the heated lidocaine/tetracaine patch (HLT patch) as a conservative treatment for pain of CTS.

Methods

Twenty adult patients (mean age = 44 ± 12 years) with pain secondary to unilateral CTS and electrodiagnostic evidence of mild‐to‐moderate CTS enrolled in this open‐label study. Patients were treated with a single HLT patch placed over the junction of forearm and wrist on the palmar aspect of the wrist twice daily (morning and evening at 12‐hour intervals) for 2 hours. At baseline and during the 2‐week study, patients graded their pain intensity with an 11‐point numerical rating scale (0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable pain). Pain interference with general activity, work, and sleep was evaluated with a similar 0‐to‐10‐point scale.

Results

Fifteen patients completed the 14‐day treatment period. Mean average pain intensity score decreased from 5.1 ± 1.5 at baseline to 2.5 ± 1.6 at end of study in the per‐protocol population (P < 0.001). Two‐thirds of the patients demonstrated clinically meaningful pain relief (≥ 30% reduction in average pain score), with 40% of the patients reaching this threshold by the third treatment day. Similar improvements were observed for pain interference scores. The HLT patch was generally well tolerated.

Conclusion

The HLT patch resulted in clinically meaningful reduction in pain intensity in the majority of patients with mild‐to‐moderate CTS and may represent a targeted nonsurgical treatment for pain associated with CTS.