bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate induces cell contraction via calcium‐independent/Rho‐dependent pathways in undifferentiated skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Formigli L. , Meacci E. , Vassalli M. , Nosi D. , Quercioli F. , Tiribilli B. , Tani A. , Squecco R. , Francini F. , Bruni P. , Orlandini S. Zecchi
Published: October 2003

We have previously shown that sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) can induce intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and cell contraction in C2C12 myoblasts and that the two phenomena are temporally unrelated. Although Ca2+‐independent mechanisms of cell contraction have been the focus of numerous studies on Ca2+ sensitization of smooth muscle, comparatively less studies have focused on the role that these mechanisms play in the regulation of skeletal muscle contractility. Phosphorylation and activation of myosin by Rho‐dependent kinase mediate most of Ca2+‐independent contractile responses. In the present study, we examined the potential role of Rho/Rho‐kinase cascade activation in S1P‐induced C2C12 cell contraction. First, we showed that depletion of Ca2+, by pre‐treatment with BAPTA, did not affect S1P‐induced myoblastic contractility, whereas it abolished S1P‐induced Ca2+ transients. These results correlated with the absence of troponin C and with the immature cytoskeletal organization of these cells. Experimental evidence demonstrating the involvement of Rho pathway in S1P‐stimulated myoblast contraction included: the activation/translocation of RhoA to the membrane in response to agonist‐stimulation in cells depleted of Ca2+ and the inhibition of dynamic changes of the actin cytoskeleton in cells where Rho functions had been inhibited either by overexpression of RhoGDI, a physiological inhibitor of GDP dissociation from Rho proteins, or by pretreatment with Y‐27632, a specific Rho kinase inhibitor. Contribution of protein kinase C in this cytoskeletal rearrangement was also evaluated. However, the pretreatment with Gö6976 or rottlerin, specific inhibitors of PKCα and PKCδ, respectively, failed to inhibit the agonist‐induced myoblastic contraction. Single particle tracking of G‐actin fluorescent probe was performed to statistically evaluate actin cytoskeletal dynamics in response to S1P. Stimulation with S1P was also able to increase the phosphorylation level of myosin light chain II. In conclusion, our results strongly suggest that Ca2+‐independent/Rho‐Rho kinase‐dependent pathways may exert an important role in S1P‐induced myoblastic cell contraction. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 1–11, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sialoadenectomy alters liver cell turn‐over and function in mice
Authors: Buira Irma , Poch Enric , Sánchez Olga , Fernández‐Varo Guillermo , Grau Montserrat , Tebar Francesc , Ramírez Ignasi , Soley Maria
Published: October 2003

In rodents, submandibular salivary glands accumulate a number of biologically active peptides, and release some of them to both saliva and the bloodstream. Surgical removal of these glands (sialoadenectomy) alters the ability of the liver to regenerate after partial hepatectomy. We show here that 5 weeks after surgery, the liver of sialoadenectomized mice contained 40% fewer hepatocytes than the liver of sham‐operated mice. We did not obtain evidence of necrotic cell death after surgery. In contrast, sialoadenectomy transiently increased apoptotic hepatocyte death, as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assay. DNA synthesis was determined in vivo by the incorporation of bromo‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) into hepatocyte nuclei. BrdU‐labeling progressively increased after sialoadenectomy. We conclude that sialoadenectomy induced a transient wave of apoptotic cell death followed by a rise in DNA synthesis but not by cell division. This reduced cell number but increased mean cell volume. In spite of these alterations in cellularity, the liver responded adequately to several stressful conditions, as judged by the lack of any differential effect of sialoadenectomy on liver glycogen and plasma glucose concentration after immobilization, aggressive encounter, or fasting. However, the liver of sialoadenectomized mice was more sensitive to the effect of a non‐lethal dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with d‐galactosamine, as shown by the enhanced rise in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities. All these results indicate that a submandibular salivary glands–liver axis is involved in the maintenance of liver structure in mice. A disturbance of this axis induces an adaptive response that preserves the metabolic function of the liver but renders it more sensitive to bacterial endotoxins. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 12–21, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prey transport in “palatine‐erecting” elapid snakes
Authors: Deufel Alexandra , Cundall David
Published: October 2003

Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphology and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding apparatus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in producing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erection can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato‐pterygoid bar with a movable palato‐pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally proposed to cause palatine erection are not required to produce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine‐erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato‐maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally integrated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate character sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358–375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host‐pathogens cross‐talk. Indigenous bacteria and probiotics also play the game
Authors: Freitas Miguel , Tavan Emmanuelle , Cayuela Chantal , Diop Laurent , Sapin Catherine , Trugnan Germain
Published: October 2003

Microflora‐born bacteria or probiotic strains are able to modulate host‐pathogens interactions in the gut. In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that species‐specific modulations of intestinal cell glycosylation may represent a simple, general and efficient mechanism to adapt the host defense toward pathogens.
Regulation of the ABA‐sensitive Arabidopsis potassium channel gene GORK in response to water stress
Authors: Becker D. , Hoth S. , Ache P. , Wenkel S. , Roelfsema M.R.G. , Meyerhoff O. , Hartung W. , Hedrich R.
Published: October 2003

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many stress‐related processes in plants. In this context ABA mediates the responsiveness of plants to environmental stresses such as drought, cold or salt. In response to water stress, ABA induces stomatal closure by activating Ca2+, K+ and anion channels in guard cells. To understand the signalling pathways that regulate these turgor control elements, we studied the transcriptional control of the K+ release channel gene GORK that is expressed in guard cells, roots and vascular tissue. GORK transcription was up‐regulated upon onset of drought, salt stress and cold. The wilting hormone ABA that integrates responses to these stimuli induced GORK expression in seedlings in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner and this induction was dependent on extracellular Ca2+. ABA‐responsive expression of GORK was impaired in the ABA‐insensitive mutants abi1‐1 and abi2‐1, indicating that these protein phosphatases are regulators of GORK expression. Application of ABA to suspension‐cultured cells for 2 min followed by a 4 h chase was sufficient to manifest transcriptional activation of the K+ channel gene. As predicted for a process involved in drought adaptation, only 12–24 h after the release of the stress hormone, GORK mRNA slowly decreased. In contrast to other tissues, GORK expression as well as K+
out channel activity in guard cells is ABA insensitive, allowing the plant to adjust stomatal movement and water status control separately.
The proximate determinants of sex ratio in C. elegans populations
Authors: CUTTER ASHER D. , AVILÉS LETICIA , WARD SAMUEL
Published: October 2003

The soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an example of a species in which self-fertilizing hermaphrodites predominate, but functional males continue to persist – allowing outcrossing to persevere at low levels. Hermaphrodites can produce male progeny as a consequence of sex chromosome non-disjunction or via outcrossing with males. Consequently, the genetics of sex determination coupled with the efficiency by which males find, inseminate and obtain fertilizations with hermaphrodites will influence the frequency at which males and outcrossing occurs in such populations. Behavioural and physiological traits with a heritable basis, as well as ecological characters, may influence male reproductive success and therefore sex ratio. Because sex ratio is tied to male reproductive success, sex ratio greatly affects outcrossing rates, patterns of genetic variation, and the ability of natural selection to act within populations. In this paper we explore the determinants of male frequency in C. elegans with a mathematical model and experimental data. We address the role of the genetic machinery of sex determination via sex chromosome non-disjunction on sex ratio and the influence of physiological components of C. elegans' life history that contribute to variation in sex ratio by way of male reproductive success. Finally, we discuss the short-term and long-term factors that are likely to affect sex ratio and breeding system evolution in species like C. elegans.
Cyclic bi-embeddings of Steiner triple systems on 31 points
Authors: Bennett G. K. , Grannell M. J. , Griggs T. S.
Published: October 2003

We investigate cyclic bi-embeddings in an orientable surface of Steiner triple systems on 31 points. Up to isomorphism, we show that there are precisely 2408 such embeddings. The relationship of these to solutions of Heffter's first difference problem is discussed and a procedure described which, under certain conditions, transforms one bi-embedding to another.
POPULAR UPRISINGS AND ARAB DEMOCRATIZATION
Authors: Sadiki Larbi
Published: October 2003

This paper proposes that domestic political conflict presents opportunities for positive change with long-term effects despite the “inherent plausibility” of its harmfulness. This position is tested using examples of Arab bread riots in the context of the wave of Arab democratizations over the past twenty years. Although generally guided and controlled, Arab political liberalizations (especially those of Sudan, Algeria, and Jordan) have their roots in pressure from below. Elsewhere (as in Tunisia and Egypt), similar pressure has helped consolidate—or, at least, place—political reform on the agenda of de-legitimized ruling elites. Democracy and democratization in the Arab Middle East have almost invariably meant a trend toward “parliamentarization” and “electoralization,” without yet presaging polyarchal rule. Between 1985 and 1996, the Arab world has experienced more than twenty pluralist or multiparty parliamentary elections, twice the number that took place in the entire preceding period since the early 1960s, when many Arab countries won independence from colonial rule. A focus on the khubz-iste (the quietist bread seeker who abandons quietism as soon as his livelihood is threatened by the state) and the hitiste (the quietist unemployed who becomes active in bread protests) provides a new perspective on democratization processes in Arab societies.
Anthropology, Family History, and the Concept of Strategy
Authors: Viazzo Pier Paolo , Lynch Katherine A.
Published: October 2003

In this essay, we consider family history as a common field of substantive and theoretical interest shaped by contacts among several disciplines. These disciplines obviously include social history and population studies, but also – and rather prominently – social anthropology. One major component of the growth of family history has been the increasing amount of attention that historians pay to topics such as marriage, kinship, and the family, which have long been of central significance in the anthropological investigation of social structure. On the other hand, anthropologists have become aware of the serious limitations of synchronic, present-oriented field research, and most of them now probably agree that historical analysis is essential if they are to understand social and cultural processes. This realization has gradually changed many anthropologists from reluctant consumers of historical work into active and often quite enthusiastic producers.
Hands and Minds: Clerical Work in the First “Information
Society”
Authors: Rosenhaft Eve
Published: October 2003

This article examines some aspects of the labour involved in generating, recording and transmitting information in eighteenth-century Europe. It centres on the study of a particular occupational group: the men involved in the day-to-day operations of the schemes for the marketing of life-contingent pensions which would develop into modern life insurance, a form of enterprise whose growth was deeply implicated in the emerging “information society”. The bulk of the work these men did was what we would now call clerical work: keeping and processing records and accounts, managing correspondence, preparing reports for publication. It was in the nature of the information regimes within which they worked and the kind of information they were handling, though, that the responsibilities and demands placed on them went beyond those associated with the mechanical function of recording and reproducing. This made for an occupational profile which was relatively fluid, and only gradually came to be distinguishable from other contemporary forms of middle-class employment, in terms of the disciplines peculiar to it and the hazards it incurred. Among the hazards were forms of mental and physical strain that accompanied rapid increases in the volume of data that had to be handled and in the speed of its circulation, as a direct consequence of its character as “information”. While the account focuses on the study of a particular kind of enterprise in a particular place, northwest Germany, it draws on comparative data for officers and staff in analogous forms of commercial and administrative employment in Britain. The article concludes with a consideration of how their occupational profile might fit into an extended account of the historical development of information work.
Regulation of mammary glucose uptake in goats: role of mammary gland supply, insulin, IGF-1 and synthetic capacity
Authors: NIELSEN METTE O. , MADSEN TORBEN G. , HEDEBOE ANNE MARIE
Published: October 2003

Variations in mammary glucose uptake were measured during the normal pregnancy-lactation cycle in dairy goats. In addition mammary glucose uptake was studied in response to somatotropin (ST) treatment in mid-lactation and acute increases in glucose concentration induced by sodium-propionate challenge in early lactation. Mammary glucose uptake was independent of arterial glucose, insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations during lactation and during acute increases in arterial glucose concentration. Glucose uptake in the lactating mammary gland of the goat must therefore be carried out by an insulin-independent carrier, possible GLUT1, and glucose supply is not a limiting factor for uptake under in vivo conditions. Extraction of glucose uptake changed markedly during the normal course of lactation, following the overall changes in milk yield. Concentrations of glucose in skimmed milk, believed to reflect intracellular glucose concentration, changed in opposite directions, resulting in decreasing ratios of arterialratioskimmed milk glucose concentration with progressing lactation. Thus, mammary synthetic capacity also involves a capacity for glucose uptake, which may be influenced by variations in glucose carrier numbers, as well as mammary metabolic activity (intracellular glucose concentration). In contrast to the situation during the normal course of lactation, ST stimulated milk yield, despite less efficient glucose extraction.
A political analysis of decentralisation: coopting the Tuareg threat in Mali
Authors: Seely Jennifer C.
Published: October 2003

The decentralisation programme in Mali received a boost when municipal elections were finally held in 1998–99. This programme, initiated in 1992, is notable for its scope and the degree of autonomy extended to rural and urban communes. Given Mali's history of failed attempts at decentralisation, the current administration's commitment to the programme suggests that political motives are driving the reform. The decentralisation effort began as an attempt to placate separatist Tuareg groups in the north of Mali, and was subsequently extended to include the rest of the country. I argue that the extent of the programme, as well as the relative zeal with which it has been carried out, are products of a political strategy of cooptation on the part of President Alpha Oumar Konaré. This political analysis of decentralisation serves as a supplement to policy analyses of decentralisation in general.
Bacterial symbiosis in Loripes lucinalis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) with comments on reproductive strategy
Authors: Johnson M.A. , Fernandez C.
Published: October 2003

Loripes lucinalis, a littoral bivalve harbouring endocellular sulphur-oxidizing bacteria within its gills, was studied between September 1991 and September 1992 at the Moulin Blanc beach (Brittany, France). The general macro-anatomy of the gill consists of bacteriocyte channels and cylinders made up of two cell types, namely bacteriocytes and intermediate cells. In addition to the usual assortment of cell organelles, the bacteriocytes contain bacterial cells, electron-dense inclusions and large granular bodies. The bacteria are numerous within the bacteriocyte zone, representing 55±8% of the gill cross-sectional surface area. Acid phosphatase activity is detectable within the gill tissue both in proximity to and within the bacterial cells. The electron-dense inclusions and large granular bodies also stain positively for acid phosphatase suggesting that these bodies represent different phases of endosymbiont digestion. Bacterial lysis may be an important means of providing L. lucinalis with its nutritional requirements. The granular bodies stain positively for acid polysaccharides and the percentage of the gill cross-sectional area occupied by lysed granular zones varied as a function of sampling period. The percentage of total body weight represented by the gill was significantly lower in March compared to September, October and January, all other months being intermediate. The decrease in gill percentages and the levels of gill lysis correspond remarkably well to gamete development.
Quantification of muscle condition using digital image analysis in Dicentrarchus labrax larvae, and relationship with survival
Authors: Catalán Ignacio A. , Olivar M. Pilar
Published: October 2003

Digital image analysis was applied to quantify the degradation of muscle in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Pisces: Moronidae) larvae. The measure obtained was the percentage muscle fibre separation (MFS). This measurement was compared to that obtained through classical scoring. The percentage MFS classified correctly a larger number of larvae from different feeding treatments (Fed, Starved and Delayed treatments) and paralleled nutritional condition, both by age and by size. It also yielded a significant correlation with the survival of the Starved larvae. The onset of the mass mortality of Starved larvae was used to define a critical value (Mmax) of 6% MFS which would severely handicap survival. We regard MFS as a useful contribution to the determination of condition in fish larvae. It is a relatively fast quantitative method, and its use would reduce the bias caused by discrete grading (scores) and by differences in individual expertise.
Eternal damnation and blessed ignorance: is the damnation of some incompatible with the salvation of any?
Authors: REITAN ERIC
Published: October 2003

Both Thomas Talbott and Friedrich Schleiermacher have argued, in somewhat different ways, that in the context of Christian theism the damnation of anyone would render it impossible to extend genuine blessedness to anyone else. I examine both Schleiermacher's and Talbott's version of this argument, which I call the ‘incompatibility argument', and respond to criticisms levelled by Jerry Walls and William Lane Craig. I argue that the argument is more powerful than its critics admit, and that it poses a potentially devastating challenge to what Thomas Talbott calls ‘moderately conservative theism', according to which the damned autonomously choose their own damnation by forever rejecting God's offer of salvation.
Expounding scripture and applying it to our use: Calvin's sermons on Ephesians
Authors: Zachman Randall C.
Published: October 2003

Recent scholarly attention to Calvin's commentaries on scripture still limits our attention to the works Calvin produced for future pastors, and neglects his efforts to teach and train ordinary Christians. The commentaries have as their audience future pastors, with the goal of revealing the mind of the author with lucid brevity. The sermons have as their audience ordinary Christians, with the goal of expounding the intention of the author, and of applying it to their use, so that they might retain it in their minds and hearts, and put it into practice in their lives. There are three steps Calvin consistently followed in each of his sermons on Ephesians. First, he sought to show the meaning and intention of Paul contained in the words of the epistle. Next, he pointed out that the meaning revealed in his exposition should be kept in mind, retained in memory, and imprinted on the hearts of the congregation. Third, Calvin sought to apply the doctrine of Paul to the use, edification, and instruction of the congregation, so that they might profit from the doctrine by putting it in practice in their lives.
When up is down and down is up: Body orientation, proximity,
and gestures as resources
Authors: ROTH WOLFF-MICHAEL , LAWLESS DANIEL V.
Published: October 2003

This article is concerned with understanding situations
in which speakers talk in the presence of scientific inscriptions
(lectures in science classes, public presentations). Drawing
on extensive video materials accumulated in middle and high
school science classrooms and university lectures, we develop
a framework for the resources speakers make available to their
audience for understanding what the talk is about. We distinguish
three situations according to the nature of reference to the
phenomenon talked about: (i) talk is about phenomenon but mediated
by reference to a two-dimensional (2-D) inscription; (ii) talk
is about phenomenon but mediated by reference to a
three-dimensional (3-D) inscription; and (iii) talk is directly
about phenomenon. Associated with these three situations are
different body orientations, distances from inscriptions, and
types of gestures. When speakers laminate talk characteristic
of two different types of situations, the orientation
“up” can become “down” and
“down” can become “up,” potentially
leading to confusing statements.
Single-shot spectral interferometry of femtosecond
laser-produced plasmas
Authors: REBIBO S. , GEINDRE J.-P. , AUDEBERT P. , GRILLON G. , CHAMBARET J.-P. , GAUTHIER J.-C.
Published: October 2003

We use both a Fourier-transform-based analysis and time-retrieval
calculations to get time-resolved measurements of the reflectivity
and the phase shift of a chirped probe pulse interacting
with a fs-laser-produced plasma by spectral interferometry
in a single shot. We have devised a novel dual-quadrature
Mach–Zehnder configuration in which wavefront division
is used to obtain spatial fringes from the perturbed and
unperturbed probe simultaneously. We demonstrate the capability
of this technique with fully analyzed experimental data on the
interaction of a femtosecond laser with C3H6
and C samples, showing 35-fs time resolution.
A unified force control approach to autonomous underwater manipulation
Authors: Cui Yong , Sarkar Nilanjan
Published: October 2003

A unified force control scheme for an autonomous underwater robotic system is proposed in this paper. This robotic system is composed of a six degree-of-freedom autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a robotic arm that is mounted on the AUV. A unified force control approach, which combines impedance control with hybrid position/force control by means of fuzzy switching to perform autonomous underwater manipulation, is presented in this paper. This controller requires a dynamic model of the underwater

vehicle-manipulator system. However, it does not require any model of the environment and therefore will have the potential to be useful in underwater tasks where the environment is generally unknown. The proposed approach combines the advantages of impedance control with hybrid control so that both smooth contact transition and force trajectory tracking can be achieved. In the absence of any functional autonomous underwater vehicle-manipulator system that can be used to verify the proposed controller, extensive computer simulations are performed and the results are presented in the paper.
Kinematic calibration of the Gough Platform
Authors: Daney David
Published: October 2003

Kinematic calibration is essential to improve the accuracy of the manipulator. This paper presents a complete description of the Gough platform modeling and a unified scheme to identify its kinematic parameters. The interest of this formulation is that it may be applied whatever information is available on the state of the robot (measurement or constraints) without using the kinematics to obtain the basic system of constraint equations. Moreover, the scheme may be applied for all parallel robots. We propose to experiment and compare three methods of calibration, using either (or both) external measurement and internal redundant sensors. Finally, we show how to reduce the initial error in pose determination by 99% for the Hexapode 300, CMW's machining center, and validate the choice of a self-calibration method in an industrial context.
The effects of food or cover removal on spacing patterns and habitat use in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Cimino Luca , Lovari Sandro
Published: October 2003

The knowledge of the ability of a species to adapt to a human‐altered environment is important for developing wildlife management plans and, in turn, for conservation of the species. Radio‐tracking was used to examine the effects of partial food or cover removal (owing to agricultural changes) on the spacing patterns and habitat use of adult roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a mixed wood/agricultural Mediterranean area, during spring–summer 1996–97. For both sexes, there were no changes in home‐range and core‐area sizes, or in inter‐fix distances, after food (field ploughing) or cover (crop harvesting) removal. After food removal, both sexes shifted their home ranges and core areas, spending more time in woodland and less time in the ploughed field. This suggests a change in feeding habits. In addition, similar responses by males and females indicate that their energetic requirements are comparable during the territorial/reproductive period. After removal of cover, males neither shifted their home ranges and core areas, nor changed their habitat use, whereas females responded with significant shifts (by c. 90%) of the core area, and a significant decrease in the proportion of daytime spent in the harvested field. Thus, crop harvesting in this period (May/June) has different effects on the two sexes, with adult females being much less tolerant than males. Differential responses to cover removal were related to the different security requirements of the two sexes around the period of parturition.
Developmental data on a French sociolinguistic variable:
Post-consonantal word-final /R/
Authors: Chevrot Jean-Pierre , Beaud Laurence , Varga Renata
Published: October 2003

To begin, we review three theoretical problem areas in
the field of research into phonological variation in children.
Next, we present the results of a cross-sectional study of
two groups of children, aged 6 to 7 years and 10 to 12 years,
relating to the deletion of post-consonantal word-final /R/ in
French (production and judgments of acceptability). In an
experimental study, we then examine the mechanism involved in
the learning of words with a variable /R/. Finally, the
interpretation of the results within the framework of a
cognitive conception of variation leads us to four conclusions:
(i) children have a tendency to copy adult surface forms rather
than to encode a variable rule; (ii) orthography causes the late
encoding of certain variable /R/s; (iii) the establishment of
linguistic factors precedes that of social factors; and (iv)
age-related changes are not guided by the sociolinguistic value
that groups consciously attribute to the variables.
Major depression and the stress system: A life span perspective
Authors: MEYER STEPHANIE E. , CHROUSOS GEORGE P. , GOLD PHILIP W.
Published: October 2003

From a transactional developmental perspective, the authors review findings from studies of
animals and humans regarding a proposed relation between stress system abnormalities and major
depression. The stress system has evolved to promote successful adaptation across the life span,
but disruptions in its functioning may increase the risk of pathological outcomes. Emphasis is
placed on the role of prenatal and early postnatal experience in contributing to individual
differences in postnatal stress reactivity, which may interact with cognitive and psychosocial
vulnerabilities to increase susceptibility to later onset of depression. Findings regarding cognitive,
psychosocial, and medical sequelae of depression are also reviewed, with a focus on the possible
mediating role of the stress system. The authors highlight the importance of multidisciplinary,
longitudinal studies in attempting to gain a deeper understanding of the complex developmental
processes involved in the onset and course of depression.
An Archaeology of the Senses: Perception and Cultural Expression in Ancient Mesoamerica
Authors: Houston Stephen , Taube Karl
Published: October 2003

The ancient Maya and other Mesoamerican peoples showed an intense interest in invoking the senses, especially hearing, sight, and smell. The senses were flagged by graphic devices of synaesthetic or cross-sensory intent; writing and speech scrolls triggered sound, sightlines the acts and consequences of seeing, and flowery ornament indicated both scent and soul essence. As conceived anciently, the senses were projective and procreative, involving the notion of unity and shared essence in material and incorporeal realms. Among the Maya, spaces could be injected with moral and hierarchical valuation through visual fields known as y-ichnal. The inner mind extended to encompass outer worlds, in strong parallel to concepts of monism. From such evidence arises the possibility of reconstructing the phenomenology of ancient Mesoamericans.
Liturgical chant bibliography 12
Authors: Paucker Günther Michael
Published: October 2003

Liturgical chant bibliography 12 maintains the traditional division into: (1) Editions
and facsimile editions, (2) Books and reprints, (3) Congress reports, (4) Chant journals, (5)
Collections of essays and dictionaries, (6) Articles in periodicals and Festschriften. Additions
to previous bibliographies, consisting mainly of reviews, follow the present introduction. A
significant publication in 2002 was without doubt the colour facsimile of the manuscript Paris,
Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds lat. 776 (12002), an eleventh-century gradual from
the Benedictine abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Gaillac near Albi. Although no staff lines are present, the music is notated carefully in diastematic notation. The availability of a facsimile of this famous manuscript will certainly be of value for the study of semiology and the transmission history of tropes, proses and prosulae. It also contains traces of the Gallican and Mozarabic chant repertories.
Optical properties affecting the radiant energy of an oak forest
Authors: Liakatas A , Proutsos N , Alexandris S
Published: October 2003

The amount of solar radiation absorbed, reflected or transmitted by vegetation depends on the radiation distribution and the canopy properties. This study of the optical properties of an oak forest under foliated and non‐foliated conditions is attempted in order to better understand radiation use and exchange. Canopy absorptivity, reflectivity and transmittivity to global solar and photosynthetically active radiation (S and PAR, respectively) are considered. To estimate the forest optical properties, radiation measurements above and below the canopy were taken in the middle of a 0.97 km2 natural, slightly sloped, 50‐year‐old, oak forest in the Northern Peloponese, Greece.

It was found that the greatest part of the incident S is absorbed by the foliated or non‐foliated canopy. In the first case, absorptivity is close to 0.7, with reflectivity and transmittivity sharing the remaining portion. Before leaf appearance, although reflectivity may be only a little lower, transmittivity is considerably higher, allowing more than 40% of the incoming radiation to reach the ground. PAR is absorbed to an even higher degree by the green elements of the canopy, allowing only a 5% radiation loss, via transmission, since canopy reflectivity is practically zero. The ground contribution to the canopy short‐wave radiation balance is small during the dense foliation period, but it becomes considerable during the leafless period. Especially when considering the balance in the PAR region, the ground has no effect. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Measuring Children's Social Functioning
Authors: John Karen
Published: October 2003

Despite agreement that children's social functioning may be the best indicator of current and future behavioural and emotional problems, its measurement is under-developed. Measures of social functioning and psychopathology remain entangled, although this may be less critical clinically than in research. Confusion in terminology and definition is highlighted and clarified by tracing diverse but converging areas of research. Current measurement needs and approaches are presented along with six measures—each suited to different assessment needs. It is suggested that the next generation of instrument developers make use of findings from studies of social competence and motivation, focusing not only on social skills and deficits but also on beliefs and goals that lead to adaptive and maladaptive functioning.
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING ABOUT CONSUMPTION
Authors: Allen Todd W. , Carroll Christopher D.
Published: October 2003

The standard approach to modeling consumption/saving problems is to assume that the decisionmaker is solving a dynamic stochastic optimization problem. However, under realistic descriptions of utility and uncertainty, the optimal consumption/saving decision is so difficult that only recently have economists managed to find solutions, using numerical methods that require previously infeasible amounts of computation. Yet, empirical evidence suggests that household behavior conforms fairly well with the prescriptions of the optimal solution, raising the question of how average households can solve problems that economists, until recently, could not. This paper examines whether consumers might be able to find a reasonably good rule-of-thumb approximation to optimal behavior by trial-and-error methods, as Milton Friedman proposed long ago. We find that such individual learning methods can reliably identify reasonably good rules of thumb only if the consumer is able to spend absurdly large amounts of time searching for a good rule.
The stratigraphy of a life. An archaeological dialogue with Leo Klejn
Authors: Immonen Visa
Published: October 2003

Few archaeologists can claim to have written more than 300 articles in three different languages, let alone on topics as diverse as the philosophy of archaeology, the Ukrainian Eneolithic and the anatomy of the Iliad. Still fewer to have convinced Stalin, to have been convicted for homosexuality, and to have written a half-million copy bestseller about his years in prison. Only one archaeologist has. Despite all this, he is still poorly understood. At 76, Leo Klejn is still active. And still eager to have his voice heard.
The modest violet. Response to ‘The Burkitt affair revisited’
Authors: Shepherd Nick
Published: October 2003

Buried deep in the Goodwin Collection are five passport-style photographs of the man himself, memorable for their informality and their eccentricity. In the first photograph Goodwin looks directly at the camera, the sober academic. In the second, mouth ajar, he looks up to the heavens. In the third, in a different jacket, he gazes off into the distance, wistful as a pre-Raphaelite virgin. Pencilled on the back, in Goodwin's handwriting, is the word ‘Soulful’. A fourth image has him grinning at the camera. In a final photograph he looks to the floor. Pencilled on the back is the caption ‘The Modest Violet’.
Colonial vindications. More on the history of South African prehistoric research
Authors: Schlanger Nathan
Published: October 2003

Together with the welcome insights they have brought to the matters at hand, the archaeological dialogues here engaged have certainly made me appreciate where my claims could be modified and my arguments amplified. Since I have already been taxed with a questionable insistence on setting the record straight, and with a penchant for academically coup de poing-ing my way through the archaeological establishment and its established historiography, I may as well persevere and thank the commentators for helping me grasp the following key point: what has been motivating a substantial part of my investigations, I can now better specify, is a growing unease with the well-established paradigm of ‘colonial vindication’. This is not, let me hasten to add, a reference to the genuine injustice done to those indigenous populations whose pasts have been expropriated and denigrated by the colonizing powers (i.e. Trigger's sense of ‘colonial archaeology’). Likewise, there is obviously no denying that the globalization of archaeology in the colonial and post-colonial eras has entailed considerable intellectual and institutional struggles, alongside innumerable power games, financial calculations and scientific compromises – and here Shepherd is surely right to give as example the ‘cradle of humanity’, a shifting zone whose ideological, diplomatic and economic potential Smuts had already fully sized in the 1930s (cf. Schlanger 2002b, 205–6). Rather, what I wish here to open to scrutiny is this apparently long-standing notion that South African archaeology has been systematically ‘done down’, ‘passed over’ and ‘badly used’ (Shepherd's terms) by the metropole – making it quite evident that its history, if not its ethos, should be primarily geared towards securing due recognition and redress.
A pilot study of PTSD symptoms among Kalahari Bushmen
Authors: McCall George J. , Resick Patricia A.
Published: October 2003

This study reflects an attempt to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a radically nonwestern culture, that of the Kalahari Bushmen, the Ju/'hoansi. After translating DSM‐IV PTSD symptoms into their difficult and click‐laden language, potential participants were nominated by village elders who were aware of domestic violence and symptoms during the preceding year. Ten men and 10 women, identified as meeting Criteria A, E, and F, were interviewed regarding their symptoms. Thirty‐five percent of the sample met the criteria for PTSD for incidents occurring within the past year. All participants met the reexperiencing and arousal criteria but many otherwise distressed participants did not meet the avoidance criterion for PTSD. These results compare closely with PTSD assessments in other non‐Western societies, while providing some empirical support of two new ideas about how the avoidance behaviors in such societies might be reconciled with information‐processing theories of PTSD.
GLUT‐1 deficiency without epilepsy—an exceptional case
Authors: Overweg‐Plandsoen W. C. G. , Groener J. E. M. , Wang D. , Onkenhout W. , Brouwer O. F. , Bakker H. D. , De Vivo D. C.
Published: October 2003

The GLUT‐1 deficiency is a metabolic disorder caused by a defect in glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier as a result of a defect in the glucose‐transport protein. Patients present with epileptic seizures, delayed development, ataxia and hypotonia, and in many cases acquired microcephaly. In most patients, treatment with a ketogenic diet proved to be successful in controlling the epilepsy. We report a 9‐year‐old boy with retardation and ataxia, but without epilepsy, caused by GLUT‐1 deficiency, proven biochemically and by DNA analysis. Treatment with a medium‐chain triglyceride ketogenic diet had a beneficial effect.
Role of convection in winter mixed layer formation in the Gulf of Maine, February 1987
Authors: Mupparapu Prashant , Brown Wendell S.
Published: October 2003

Moored hourly observations of temperature and salinity from the Wilkinson Basin in the western Gulf of Maine, augmented with gulf‐wide hydrography surveys, document the winter mixed layer evolution between 4 and 18 February, 1987. Wind stresses and air‐sea heat fluxes were estimated from the Gulf of Maine (44005) National Data Buoy Center buoy winds and temperatures using bulk formulae. During the study period, a pair of strong cooling episodes due to offshore (southeastward) winds bracketed an even stronger cooling event due to a strong northeasterly storm. The 0–165 m water column cooled during the study period. Heat budgets based on the observations show that local air‐sea heat loss could only explain cooling in the upper 35–60 m of the Wilkinson water column. Lateral advection must have caused the deeper cooling. The Price, Weller and Pinkel [PWP] one‐dimensional bulk mixed layer model [Price et al., 1986], forced with observed surface fluxes, exhibited a mixed layer that deepened from about 60 m to 120 m during the initial stages of the nor'easter in general accordance with observation. Diagnostic PWP model experiments showed that convective overturning was required to produce the observed mixed layer depth of 120 m. Direct wind mixing alone could deepen the model mixed layer to only about 80 m. However, the model property profiles produced by a 10‐day PWP model run differed significantly from observations, which reflected advection effects. Observed hydrographic property distributions combined with horizontal velocity estimates from a Dartmouth linear, three‐dimensional, finite‐element circulation model of the Gulf (FUNDY5) help to explain differences between the PWP model and observations in terms of lateral advection in the upper 65 m. The observed cooling between 65 m and 165 m must be related to advection.
Detection of Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic sequence boundaries on the Atlantic coastal plain using core log integration of magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma ray measurements at Ancora, New Jersey
Authors: Lanci L. , Kent D. V. , Miller K. G.
Published: October 2003

Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and natural gamma ray (NGR) were measured on middle Miocene to Cenomanian coastal plain strata from a continuously cored (356 m total depth; 86% recovery) borehole at Ancora, New Jersey (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 174AX). These measurements were integrated with lithologic descriptions and a downhole NGR log. A simple linear model explains most of the variation of the downhole NGR and the core MS as a consequence of the previously described lithologic variation. Spectral NGR at selected levels shows that NGR activity is mostly due to 40K associated with glauconite and mud, sediment components that also tend to give high MS values. Abrupt deviations from the average values of NGR activity and MS determined by the linear model can be interpreted as due to singular lithologies. For example, an anomalous level with high NGR but not a parallel increase in MS was found at the Navesink/Mount Laurel formation contact and can be attributed to high uranium concentration in phosphorite. Most (27 of 33) of the sequence boundaries independently identified at the Ancora site have sufficient lithological contrasts to be expressed in the NGR and/or MS logs.
Comparison of morphological dating models for cumulative reverse fault scarps
Authors: Carretier S. , Lucazeau F. , Ritz J.‐F. , Philip H.
Published: October 2003

Degradation morphology of scarps can be used to estimate the age of an episode of uplift: linear diffusion models for slope degradation provide analytical solutions relying on simplified geometry and kinematics. In this paper, we evaluate to what extent such models can be applied to date cumulative reverse fault scarps by comparing their predicted degradation coefficients with those of a more realistic numerical model. Two analytical models with increasing complexity have been considered; the CU and IU models represent the morphological evolution of a single vertical fault at a constant rate of uplift and that of a vertical fault shifting incrementally, respectively. Synthetic data are generated by a numerical model accounting for reverse faulting, linear diffusion, and gravity‐controlled collapse. We show that for cumulative reverse faulting without folding, approximated models neglecting fault dip and gravitational collapse lead to valid estimates of the degradation coefficient in a lot of cases because gravitational collapse and reverse faulting are competitive geomorphic processes. We provide estimates of the shifts expected on the degradation coefficient according to neglected processes.
Electron precipitation coincident with ELF/VLF wave bursts
Authors: Walt M. , Voss H. D. , Pickett J.
Published: October 2003

On 15 October 1999, charged particle and plasma wave detectors on the Polar satellite observed an enhancement in precipitating energetic electrons coincident with an ELF/VLF electromagnetic emission. Assuming that the electromagnetic wave was field aligned and scattered trapped electrons by first‐order cyclotron resonance near the equatorial plane, the resulting pitch angle distribution of precipitating electrons was calculated. For reasonable values of the cold plasma density and the wave intensity at the equatorial plane, the calculated precipitation agrees with measurements for an equatorial interaction region approximately 1000 km in length.