bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal scapular correlates of plantigrade and acrobatic positional activities in Papio cynocephalus anubis and Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Kimes Kyle R. , Siegel Michael I. , Sadler Deborah L.
Published: February 2006

This study investigates several musculoskeletal scapular correlates of quadrupedal behavior in predominantly plantigrade, Papio cynocephalus anubis and acrobatic, less plantigrade, Macaca fascicularis. Positional behaviors differ in these two primates reflecting the amount of time spent emphasizing one or the other of these captive behavioral regimes. Stresses associated with particular patterns of behavior result in different scapular morphologies. Papio exhibits a significantly broader scapula with a more dorsoventrally curved blade accompanying an enlarged teres major muscle. The supraspinous fossa is wider in Papio, while the infraspinous/teres major attachment is wider in Macaca. Angular measurements reflect the breadth dimension of the various fossae. These results utilize two species of primates to extend a methodology developed in previous studies and to suggest that a predictable interdependence occurs between scapular dimensions and certain behavioral activities.
Movement patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Sex differences in juvenile development toward adult patterns
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Forthman Debra L. , Stillwell‐Barnes Robin , Westlund Bruce J. , Westlund Heather D.
Published: February 2006

Age‐sex differences in the sociospatial positioning of progressing baboon troops have been postulated as an important, protective aspect of baboon adaptation to a terrestrial existence. The protection theory is an ultimate hypothesis which can be disproven by showing that the postulated age‐sex positioning fails to occur. Alternatively, confidence in the protection theory can be increased if the postulated positioning persists across several troops despite significant opportunities for variation, and if progression order is shown to be linked to biological phenomena such as sex differences in physical maturation. Data from 73 individually identified, free‐ranging juveniles of both sexes were compared with previous findings. Small juveniles of several troops were more centrally located than large juveniles. Large juveniles males were more toward the front than were large juvenile females. As male walking infants and juveniles aged, a change in positioning (i.e., location) occurred: males were located increasingly toward the front of progressions. Comparable data from females suggest that the adult female pattern had begun to form among large juveniles. Data are consistent with an ultimate protection theory.
Trauma and trephination in a Peruvian mummy
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R. , Trinkaus Erik , Lemay Marjorie , Aufderheide Arthur C. , Reyman Theodore A. , Marrocco Guy R. , Shultes Richard E. , Coughlin Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2006

A multidisciplinary team participated in the examination of a colonial era Peruvian mummy. This young adult male had suffered multiple cranial and facial wounds and fractures and he died soon after trephination. Other pathologic findings were limited to the lungs, which showed anthracosilicosis and possible fibrosis. The observed pathology is linked to the two major health hazards of the early colonial era, physical trauma and silver mining. There was no evidence of any benign or malignant tumor, consistent with previous studies of ancient human remains. Such comparisons of ancient and modern mortality are intended to provide a historial perspective on the evolution and etiology of human disease, eventually on a population basis.
Dermatoglyphic features of myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Anderson Milton W. , Haug Peter J. , Critchfield Greg
Published: February 2006

An association reported between certain dermatoglyphic features and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese males is investigated using a sample of Caucasian males. The frequencies of each of the four Galtonian pattern types (arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, whorl) defined on each of the ten primary digital pattern areas, as well as several synthetic fields for the MI and control groups, are compared. Total and absolute finger ridge count for the same pattern areas in the two samples are similarly studied. No differences in the distributions of these features significant at the 0.01 level or less could be demonstrated between the MI and control samples. A search for combinations of features to correctly classify the individuals into the two groups was similarly inconclusive. Differences in sample size and racial homogeneity that may account for this failure to reproduce the results of the study of Japanese males are discussed. Finally, statistics describing the distributions of the dermatoglyphic features in the test and control samples are presented for comparison with future investigations.
Environmental noise and human prenatal growth
Authors: Schell Lawrence M.
Published: February 2006

To determine whether chronic exposure to relatively loud noise has demonstrable biological effects in humans, a study was conducted on the effect of mother's exposure to airport noise while pregnant, and of social and biological characteristics of the family upon birthweight and gestation length. The sample of births was drawn from a community located adjacent to an international airport in the U.S., where noise levels had been measured previously. Mother's noise exposure was based upon noise levels near her residence in the community while she was pregnant. Data from 115 births were used, these being from mothers whose noise exposure history was most complete throughtout the pregnancy. Using multivariate analysis to correct for family characteristics, the partial correlation coefficient for noise exposure and gestation length was negative, large, and significant in girls (r = −0.49, p < 0.001). In boys the partial correlation coefficient was also negative but was smaller and did not quite reach statistical significance. Partial correlations with birthweight were smaller in both boys and girls and not significant. These results agree best with previous studies that suggest that noise may be reduce prenatal growth. The size of the observed effects may be related to a conservative research design biased towards underestimation, as well as to the real effects of noise upon human prenatal growth.
Brain weight‐body weight relationships in 12 species of nonhuman primates
Authors: Bronson Roderick T.
Published: February 2006

Necropsy data from a Primate Center were used in a study of the brain weight‐body weight relationships of 12 species of nonhuman primates. The sample sizes ranged from six Cercopithecus aethiops to 163 Macaca mulatta. By plotting mean brain‐mean body weight of each species on log‐log paper, it was shown that the straight line fitting the plots of all species had a slope of 0.72. Slopes for three species of the genus Macaca, and for six species of the family Cebidae, were 0.61 and 0.81 respectively. Coefficients of determination of the three lines were greater than 0.90. Two species of the family Cebiade, Saimiri sciureus and Aotus trivirgatus, had equivalent body weights, but the former had a 30% larger brain than the latter. The results suggest that brain‐body weight scaling characteristics of primate species can be studied effectively using necropsy data. Some statistically significant discrepancies between these and published data, however, show that more data are required to describe these characteristics with greater certainty.
The epidemiologic transition in a frontier town — Manti, Utah: 1849–1977
Authors: Levison Catherine Hofer , Hastings Donald W. , Harrison Jerry N.
Published: February 2006

Census reports and information in burial records of Manti, Utah from 1849 to July 1977 are examined in order to (1)document mortality trends and differentials by age, sex, cause‐of‐death, and seasonality as Manti passed from a frontier settlement to a rural agricultural community; and (2) ascertain whether the shifts in the cause‐of‐death structure follow those patterns outlined by Omran (1971, 1974, 1977) in his theory of the epidemiologic transition. Findings parallel patterns suggested by Omran. Major factors accounting for mortality reductions are (1) elimination of the population's dependence upon a contaminated water supply, and (2) adoption of medical advances as they became available.
On error due to graduation of scaling for anthropometry
Authors: Bairagi R. , Chowdhury M. K.
Published: February 2006

It is shown that the measurement error due to graduation of scaling for anthropometric variables usually follows a uniform distribution. The result is used to investigate to what extent graduation in anthropometric scales affects the short‐term intrasubject variance. It is seen that for commonly used graduations the effect is not to be considered substantial.
Reported versus measured adult statures
Authors: Himes John H. , Roche Alex F.
Published: February 2006

Reported and measured statures were obtained for 100 husband‐wife pairs. In addition, wives were asked to specify whether their husbands were tall, medium, or short. Correlations between reported and measured statures are high (0.84–0.97) and wives tend to overestimate their own measured stature by about 1 cm, and that of their husbands by about 1.3 cm. Wives correctly classify their husbands as tall, medium, or short in about 70% of the cases, using terciles of the stature distribution of American men as the standard. Reported statures may be useful proxies for measured statures for certain purposes. In the absence of measured or reported statures, a wife's categorization of her husband as tall, medium, or short may be satisfactory for some group studies.
Inheritance of digital arches in humans: Is the major gene fully penetrant?
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Majumder Partha P. , Mathew Susan , Satyanarayana M.
Published: February 2006

From the fingertip pattern analysis of 125 families with 376 children from Velanadu Brahmin and 100 families with 286 children from Telaganya Brahmin caste sects of Andhra Pradesh, India, the occurrence of an arch on at least one of the ten finger tips is shown to be aggregated in families. The mode of aggregation is in conformity with a major dominant gene with 0.28 chance of penetrance. This is to some extent contradictory to the result published from the analysis of a single Habbanite Jewish pedigree. Some implications of this discordant result are also discussed.
The identification of isolated maxillary molars
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Murray R. Daniel
Published: February 2006

A method of identifying isolated first and second maxillary molars based upon the relative degree of root trifurcation is presented. The derived discriminant function is successful in correctly identifying more than 95% of the cases studied.
Basicranial anatomy of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids from East and South Africa
Authors: Dean M. C. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

The results of a metrical analysis of the basicranium of 19 Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominid crania are presented. The sample includes crania attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus boisei, and robustus, and Homo erectus as well as crania whose attribution is still under discussion. These results confirm significant differences between the cranial base patterns of the “gracile” and “robust” australopithecines and the three crania attributed to Homo erectus have a pattern which resembles that of modern humans. None of the crania examined from East Africa sites have base patterns which resemble that of the “gracile” australopithecines. The crania KNM‐ER 407 and 732 have patterns which are compatible with them being smaller‐bodied females of Australopithecus boisei; KNM‐ER 1470 and 1813 have base patterns which most closely resemble that of Homo erectus. The cranial base pattern of KNM‐ER 1805 is compatible with its inclusion in either Australopithecus boisei or Homo. When account is taken of the immaturity of Taung, the evidence of its cranial base pattern suggests that if it had reached adulthood it would have resembled the “gracile” australopithecine crania from Sterkfontein and Makapansgat.
A study of microwear on chimpanzee molars: Implications for dental microwear analysis
Authors: Gordon Kathleen D.
Published: February 2006

Recent investigations of dental microwear have shown that such analyses may ultimately provide valuable information about the diets of fossil species. However, no background information about intraspecific variability of microwear patterns has been available until now. This study presents the results of an SEM survey of microwear patterns found on occlusal enamel of chimpanzee molars. Methods of pattern analysis are described. Selected sites on the occlusal surface included shearing, grinding, and puncture‐crushing surfaces formed by both phases of the power stroke of mastication. The microwear patterns found in this sample of chimpanzees showed a high degree of regularity. However, certain parameters such as relative pit‐to‐striation frequencies, feature density, striation length, and pit diameter were significantly affected by facet type and molar position. Sex and age of individuals also influenced some microwear parameters, but due to the small sample size these findings are considered to be preliminary. These results show that microwear within a single species may vary because of factors that are due more to biomechanics than to diet. The study also supplies some metrical estimates of “normal” pattern variability due to functional and morphological influences. These estimates should provide a useful baseline for assessing the significance of microwear pattern differences that may be found between species of differing diets.
Dermatoglyphics of hyperactive males
Authors: Morgan Leslie Y. , Juberg Richard C. , Juberg Daland R. , Hardman Robert P.
Published: February 2006

In investigating the dermatoglyphics of hyperactive subjects, it was proposed that if similar hyperactives were sampled and significant differences were found from suitable controls, a genetic effect could be responsible. From two clinical populations, we ascertained 26 subjects in 24 sibships comprising the hyperactive study group. The control subjects came from an earlier study. Tables 2–9 contain summaries of the dermatoglyphic analyses of both subjects and controls. Data were grouped following a dermatoglyphic principle of complexity of pattern, specifically, and the number of triradii present. The scheme for reporting the results is: selection of the characteristic (pattern, ridge count); determination of the areas (digit, palm, sole); and comparison of the frequencies or counts in the two populations (hyperactives, controls). Among the 45 statistical tests, four achieved a 5% level of significance. Thus, with a seemingly homogeneous sample of hyperactive males and with criteria for comparisons, no characteristic dermatoglyphic features emerged. Considering the highly characteristic effects of chromosomal abnormality on dermatoglyphics as well as the features associated with an early intrauterine developmental disturbance, the lack of dermatoglyphic similarities in these hyperactive males reduces the likelihood of such a profound factor as a causal mechanism.
A comparative study of the chemical analysis of ribs and femurs in woodland populations
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Vlasak Sharon M. , Thometz Anne C. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: February 2006

Parallel chemical analyses of ribs and femurs from the Middle Woodland Gibson site and the Late Woodland Ledders site show that the elements most closely related to diet (strontium, zinc, magnesium) are found in identical proportions in the two bones. Elements associated with soil contamination (iron, aluminum, potassium, manganese) are found in a significantly higher proportion in the rib. The major elements calcium and sodium are found in lower levels in the ribs. Thus the rib is more sensitive to diagenetic processes that alter elemental proportions than is the femur. Conclusions concerning subgroupings by sex or site, derived from the diet‐related elements (Sr, Zn, Mg), were found to be essentially the same for the rib and the femur.
On Bennett's measure of sex dimorphism
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Majumder Partha P.
Published: February 2006

A modified measure of sex dimorphism for quantitative traits is suggested considering the regions of nonoverlap of the distributions of the trait in the two sex groups. Some inadequacies of an earlier measure that disregards the presence of members of the opposite sex group beyond the threshold value discriminating the two distributions are indicated.
Japanese tooth size: Past and present
Authors: Brace C. L. , Nagai Masafumi
Published: February 2006

Mesial‐distal and buccal‐lingual crown measurements were made on male and female samples of recent Japanese teeth from three locations, Fukuoka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, and for Hokkaido Ainu and Koreans. Similar data were collected for prehistoric Middle‐to‐Late Jomon Japanese and from Yayoi specimens representing the first agriculturalists to appear in Japan. From a tooth‐by‐tooth comparison of cross‐sectional areas, it was shown that the modern Japanese samples did not differ from one part of Japan to another. Korean tooth size also is not significantly different from Japanese, while Ainu have the smallest teeth recorded in Asia. The Yayoi who brought rice to Japan about 300 B.C. came in with teeth that were the same size as Chinese Neolithic teeth. They encountered a resident Jomon population whose teeth were 10% smaller. From tooth size measures alone, it is most economical to suggest that, if the rates of reduction observed elsewhere in the world applied in Japan, the recent Ainu would best be regarded as the direct descendants of the Jomon, while the modern Japanese are the results of in situ reduction from the incoming Yayoi. Other aspects of craniofacial morphology suggest that some Jomon was incorporated by the Yayoi. The modern Japanese, then, while predominantly derived from the Yayoi, would include a Jomon component.
Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Handler Jerome S. , Mutaw Robert J. , Lange Frederick W.
Published: February 2006

A unique seventeenth–nineteenth century slave cemetery population from Newton plantation, Barbados, allows examination of craniodental characters in relation to ethnohistorical data. Age‐at‐death estimates suggest life expectancy at birth of 29 years and low infant mortality; historical demography, however, suggests life expectancy of 20 years and very high infant mortality. Tooth decay, bilateral tooth loss, periodontal disease, root hypercementosis, and severe enamel hypoplasia are high in frequency. The teeth yield evidence of such cultural practices as pipe‐smoking and incisor mutilation. Several skeletal features reflect periodic near‐starvation. Directional and fluctuating dental asymmetry, relative tooth size, and hypoplasia distribution suggest slaves experienced considerable weaning trauma; metabolic stress at this time exceeded that of prenatal and immediate postnatal periods. Odontometrics and dental and cranial nonmetric traits indicate that modern Blacks are intermediate between the ancestral slaves and modern Whites but more similar to the latter, suggesting effects of environmental covariance exceed those of genetic admixture. Nonmetric trait distributions show nonrandom patterns according to area of burial in the cemetery, a possible result of family segregation.
Compilation and comparison of averages for standing height at late childhood ages on United States boys of several ethnic groups studied between 1875 and 1980
Authors: Meredith Howard V.
Published: February 2006

Averages for standing height are brought together at late childhood ages on boys of different ethnic groups studied in the United States during the last 100 years. More than 80 averages are assembed at each of two ages (9 years and 11 years). Among the groups represented are boys having the following ancestries: Afro‐Black, Amerind, Chinese, Japanese, Eskimo, Mexican, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Finnish, German, Italian, British, and Dutch. Suffice to cite examples of findings on boys age 11 years. United States Black boys studied during the period 1967–1978 were taller than those studied during 1886–1898 by 11.4 cm, or 8.6%. Average standing heights in the 1930s were near 134 cm for Pueblo boys; near 139 cm for boys whose progenitors were Navajo, Mexican, or Polish; and near 142 cm for boys of Finnish ancestry. In the 1950s, average standing heights were near 140 cm, 144 cm, and 146 cm, respectively, on United States boys of Japanese, Italian, and Dutch ancestries. Afro‐Black and Amerind similarities and dissimilarities in the 1960s are illustrated by averages near 140 cm on Black and Chippewa groups in Pennsylvania and Minnesota, and near 144 cm on Black and Blackfeet groups in Ohio and Montana. In some instances, averages are compared for upper and lower socioeconomic subgroups, and for urban and rural subgroups.
The relationship between organ weights and body weights, facial dimensions, and dental dimensions in a population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Gest T. R. , Siegel M. I.
Published: February 2006

Questions concerned with the relationship between organ weights and body weight on an intraspecific level are best answered by using a sample of animals collected in the wild from a single locale during a single season. The organ weights and body weights for this study were obtained from the necropsy reports prepared in the field (Athi Plain, Kenya) by H. C. McGill, Jr. on 36 adult animals (18 males and 18 females). Dental and facial measurements were taken by M.I. Siegel.

In order to avoid erroneous results produced by statistical treatment of combined sex samples of sexually dimorphic species, data on the sexes were analyzed separately. Means and standard deviations are reported for selected organ weights and body dimensions (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, brain, and pancreas weights, crown–rump length, crown–heel length, head circumference, chest circumference, and body weight). All of the above measures were significantly (p<0.05) different between the sexes. Logarithms of these measures were significantly correlated with the logarithm of body weight in males for heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal weights, crown–heel length, and head and chest circumference, and in females for crown–heel length, heart, liver, and kidney weights. Partial correlational analysis, removing the effects of body size (weight), showed mostly negative correlational relationships between dental and visceral dimensions. Most of the correlations between facial and visceral dimensions were negative. Allometric equations were calculated for the dental, facial, and visceral dimensions versus body weight, and are compared with prior published results.
Lack of prominent compensatory polycythemia in traditional native andeans living at 4,200 meters
Authors: Garruto R. M. , Dutt J. S.
Published: February 2006

Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) were measured in 303 male Quechua children and adults, aged 6 to 57 years, living a lifestyle as traditional pastoralists and horticulturalists at a mean altitude of 4,200 m in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Values for RBC, [Hb], and Hct increased with age from middle childhood to young adulthood. However, among adults there was no significant association between age and any of these three parameters. Overall, there was approximately a 10–12% increase in the RBC, [Hb], and Hct above sea‐level norms for all age groups. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) showed a slight but significant increase with age in children and adolescents, but the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) did not. We conclude that the study of highland Quechua Indians, living a traditional lifestyle as pastoralists and horticulturalists, does not support the long‐held belief that altitude hypoxia provokes a dramatic compensatory polycythemia in healthy Andeans.
Allometry and heterochrony in the African apes
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: February 2006

In this work allometry and heterochrony are integrated in an analysis of ontogenic and interspecific morphological patterns in the African apes. The relationship between the interspecific differences in adult morphology and the differences in underlying patterns of growth allometries, body weight growth rates, and developmental chronologies is investigated. Results indicate that rate hypermorphosis, or the extension of ancestral allometries into new size/shape ranges with no increase in the duration of ontogeny, underlies many of the interspecific differences in form among the African apes. In addition, the need for further clarification of the processes of heterochrony is stressed by distinguishing between rate and timing differences. These distinctions and processes are illustrated and discussed using the morphological data on the African apes.
Changing occlusal variation in Pima Amerinds
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Potter Rosario H. Yap , Dahlberg Albert A.
Published: February 2006

Occlusal variables and arch measurements have been recorded on 341 Pima Amerinds pertaining to two samples, one of older individuals raised on traditional diets, the other of younger individuals raised on refined commercial foods that are typical of modern urbanized people. Permanent dental occlusion is significantly more variable from defined ideals in the younger sample, despite their fewer deformities resulting from progressive aging. The youths had relatively narrower palates, correlating with a general trend among industrialized populations and also among experimental animals fed soft diets. Relative rate of deciduous tooth loss and replacement did not correlate with any occlusal variable.
Tooth loss and tooth retention in a multitribal group of Bantu‐speaking South African blacks: A study on 500 dry mandibles
Authors: Tal Haim , Tau Shemuel
Published: February 2006

Tooth loss and tooth retention in adult South African Bantu‐speaking Negroes were studied from data derived from 500 dry mandibles. The tribe, sex, and stated age of the specimens were available. Mandibles were equally distributed over the third to seventh decade of life. The presence of dental units was recorded and analysed within and between decade age groups. The mandibles carried a total of 5,459 dental units. Between the third and fourth decades of life and between the sixth and seventh decades, the reduction of the frequency of dental units was mild and statistically not significant. It was, however, severe and significant between the fourth and fifth, and the fifth and sixth decades. In the third‐decade group, most teeth were found in the anterior region with a tendency to diminish in number posteriorly. After the third decade there was a definite persistence of first premolars and canines with significant tendency toward loss of teeth anterior and posterior to them. Only the incisors and third molars showed significant reduction in number from the third to the fourth decade. The reduction of all teeth was statistically significant later, until the sixth decade of life. Although there was loss of teeth from the sixth to the seventh decade, it was not significant for any of the homologous dental units. There is a possibility that some dietary differences existed between the older subjects (50–70 years old) and the younger ones (20–49 years old) which may have had some influence on the results.
Ecological distinctions between sympatric species of Saguinus and Sciurus
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Sussman Robert W.
Published: February 2006

Tamarins are small New World monkeys that have been described as “squirrellike.” Squirrels, along with bats and birds, are the taxa most likely to utilize resources similar to those used by primates in the tropical forest canopy. In this paper we compare differences in ecology, diet, locomotion, and habitat utilization between sympatric populations of tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and tree squirrels (Sciurus granatensis) in Panama. Data presented indicate that although there is some degree of resource overlap, patterns of habitat utilization differ significantly. Rather than being “squirrellike,” the Panamanian tamarin exhibits a pattern of locomotor and feeding behavior consistent with that found in other arboreal primates.
Kin groups and trait groups: Population structure and epidemic disease selection
Authors: Fix Alan G.
Published: February 2006

A Monte Carlo simulation based on the population structure of a small‐scale human population, the Semai Senoi of Malaysia, has been developed to study the combined effects of group, kin, and individual selection. The population structure resembles D.S. Wilson's structured deme model in that local breeding populations (Semai settlements) are subdivided into trait groups (hamlets) that may be kin‐structured and are not themselves demes. Additionally, settlement breeding populations are connected by two‐dimensional stepping‐stone migration approaching 30% per generation. Group and kin‐structured group selection occur among hamlets the survivors of which then disperse to breed within the settlement population. Genetic drift is modeled by the process of hamlet formation; individual selection as a deterministic process, and stepping‐stone migration as either random or kin‐structured migrant groups.

The mechanism for group selection is epidemics of infectious disease that can wipe out small hamlets particularly if most adults become sick and social life collapses. Genetic resistance to a disease is an individual attribute; however, hamlet groups with several resistant adults are less likely to disintegrate and experience high social mortality. A specific human gene, hemoglobin E, which confers resistance to malaria, is studied as an example of the process.

The results of the simulations show that high genetic variance among hamlet groups may be generated by moderate degrees of kin‐structuring. This strong microdifferentiation provides the potential for group selection. The effect of group selection in this case is rapid increase in gene frequencies among the total set of populations. In fact, group selection in concert with individual selection produced a faster rate of gene frequency increase among a set of 25 populations than the rate within a single unstructured population subject to deterministic individual selection. Such rapid evolution with plausible rates of extinction, individual selection, and migration and a population structure realistic in its general form, has implications for specific human polymorphisms such as hemoglobin variants and for the more general problem of the tempo of evolution as well.
Reduced tooth size in 45,X (Turner syndrome) females
Authors: Townsend Grant , Jensen Birgit Leth , Alvesalo Lassi
Published: February 2006

Mean values and variances of deciduous and permanent tooth dimensions were compared between 121 45,X (Turner syndrome) females and 171 control subjects to clarify the role of the X chromosome on dental development. Although deciduous molars tended to be smaller than normal in 45,X females, there was no evidence of a reduction in tooth size for deciduous anterior teeth. In the permanent dentition, all mesiodistal dimensions were significantly smaller in 45,X females but only some of the buccolingual dimensions were smaller. The findings for deciduous tooth‐size may reflect a sampling effect related to the extremely high frequency of spontaneous abortion in 45,X individuals. Results for permanent teeth are consistent with the concept of a decrease in enamel thickness in 45,X females.
Further hominids from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Koobi Fora, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C.
Published: February 2006

Fifty‐eight new fossil hominids from Plio‐Pleistocene sediments east of Lake Turkana, Kenya, are described. They include cranial, mandibular, dental, and postcranial parts. Some are illustrated.
Immunoglobulin allotypes in Jewish populations living in Israel and the United States
Authors: Stevenson J. C. , Schanfield M. S. , Sandler S. G.
Published: February 2006

The ongoing interest in the interrelationships of Jewish populations justifies inclusion of the immunoglobulin allotypes in an ethnohistorical analysis. A total of 2,184 serum specimens obtained from unrelated Israeli Jewish and self‐identified Milwaukee, WI, Jewish blood donors were classified as Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Asiatic, or North African and tested for G1m (a, x, z, and f), G3m (b0, b1, b3, b5, g), A2m (1 and 2), and Km (1). Selected sera were also tested for G3m (s, t, c3, c5). The estimated maximum likelihood Gm‐Am haplotype frequencies were used in a heterogeneity chi‐square analysis. The results indicate that there is less heterogeneity within Jewish populations from Europe, Middle East, and North Africa than in corresponding non‐Jewish populations representing the same geographical areas.

In order to avoid the hazards of a univariate focus, previously published data were incorporated into two additional analyses: 15 populations with information on 16 genetic loci and 24 populations with information on five genetic loci. Both sets of data were analyzed using principal‐components and cluster analysis. In both sets of analyses, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews, Jewish populations grouped together. These analyses support the belief that Jewish populations appear to be derived from a common gene pool, and there has been some genetic drift and minimal gene flow with surrounding populations.
Genetic variation in North Amerindian populations: The geography of gene frequencies
Authors: Suarez Brian K. , Crouse Jill D. , O'rourke Dennis H.
Published: February 2006

Ten‐level synthetic gene frequency maps derived from a principal component analysis of seven polymorphic loci are displayed for a large sample of North Amerindian populations. These maps are useful for assessing population affinities over broad geographical regions and perhaps, as others have argued, for inferring recent migrations. The influence of European admixture is investigated by deleting highly admixed populations and regenerating the maps. In broad outline the resultant geographic patterning, while appearing more homogeneous, preserves many features of the maps that include the highly admixed samples—especially with respect to the Eskimo/non‐Eskimo dichotomy. Further, in an effort to evaluate how varying the number of display levels affects patterning as well as interpretation, the maps were replotted at 5 and 20 levels. The 5‐level maps are found to accentuate differences between the full data set and the less admixed data set, while the 20‐level maps tend to obscure these differences.
Haematology and erythrocyte metabolism in man at high altitude: An Aymara‐Quechua comparison
Authors: Arnaud J. , Gutierrez N. , Tellez W. , Vergnes H.
Published: February 2006

In the course of haematological and biological investigations among Aymara and Quechua populations in Bolivia, an anthropological study of the erythrocytary respiratory function was carried out on the two groups at two altitudes: 3,600 m and 450 m.

A difference in the intensity of the biological variations of the two populations is observed at high altitude.

In the Quechuas, as in any lowland native, the adaptative phenomena are totally and quickly reversible.

In the Aymaras, we detected the existence of more marked haematological and biochemical characters: moderate polycythemia, hyperhaemoglobinemia, microcytosis, metabolical hyperactivity with accumulation of 2–3 di‐phosphoglycerate and ATP, and methaemoglobinemia with a drop in the activity of the methaemoglobin reductases. The Aymaras preserve some of those characters (methaemoglobinemia excepted) when they settle in lowlands.
Implementation of Rao's one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using SAS
Authors: Schneiderman Emet D. , Kowalski Charles J.
Published: February 2006

Longitudinal data are frequently treated with the classic analysis of variance and regression models. However, these models assume independence of observations. Hoel (1964) demonstrated that the use of least‐squares methods on intercorrelated serial observations results in the rejection of the null hypothesis much too frequently. Although appropriate models for analyzing longitudinal data have been available for quite some time, they have remained inaccessible due to cumbersome matrix manipulations. We implement Rao's (1959) one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using the programming capability and matrix language of SAS, which involves testing the goodness‐of‐fit and calculation of confidence bands for polynomial growth curves fit to data at equally spaced time points. Confidence intervals for the parameters themselves are also computed. The method and program (presented in the Appendix) are illustrated with examples involving mandibular ramus height in 12 young male rhesus monkeys. The data set, which spans a 4 year period (yearly observations), is fit adequately by quadratic equation. The data spanning a 2 year period (half‐year observations) are fit adequately by the linear equation. These examples illustrate the considerable widening of confidence bands that occurs when polynomial equations having more terms than are needed to meet the goodness‐of‐fit requirement are considered.
A study of some genetic characteristics of the Fur and Baggara tribes of the Sudan
Authors: Bayoumi R. A. , Taha T. S. M. , Saha N.
Published: February 2006

The average inbreeding coefficients of the highly consanguineous Fur and Baggara tribes of Western Sudan were 0.04167 and 0.04450, respectively. Two hundred ninety‐eight subjects from the two tribes were tested for polymorphism of hemoglobins, seven red cell enzymes, and four serum proteins. The Baggara showed a higher gene frequency of HbS and TfD and lower gene frequency of GdA and PC compared to the Fur. Both tribes showed a log gene frequency of PGM1 and high frequency of G6PD deficiency when compared to other Sudanese tribes. In spite of the high degree of inbreeding, no significant deviation from the Hardy‐Weinburg equilibrium was observed in either tribe. The effects of inbreeding seem to be offset by mixing between the two tribes on Gabal Marra Plateau. The flow of the sickle gene from the Baggara into the Fur and other Sudanese tribes is discussed.
A revised method of age determination using the os pubis, with a review and tests of accuracy of other current methods of pubic symphyseal aging
Authors: Meindl Richard S. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Mensforth Robert P. , Walker Robert A.
Published: February 2006

All current standardized methods of age determination using the os pubis were tested by blind assessment of a skeletal sample with documented ages (from the Todd collection; N = 96). No demographic data (sex, age, race, age composition) were known to the assessors prior to completion of the test. Results showed the Todd method to be more reliable than more recent component techniques and that all systems tended to underage. Therefore, modifications were made of the Todd system to eliminate this and other deficiencies, and a second test using a new sample was conducted (N = 109). The age distribution determined by the revised Todd method did not significantly differ from the actual age distribution of the second sample. Error due to race was nonsignificant. Biological stages of pubic metamorphosis are described and possible evolutionary specializations of the hominid symphysis are discussed. Revised standards for age determination are presented.
Prenatal stress and increased fluctuating asymmetry in the parietal bones of neonatal rats
Authors: Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. , Gest Thomas R.
Published: February 2006

Recent studies have reported increased fluctuating dental and long bone asymmetry in neonates as a function of prenatal stress. The present study was designed to assess the effects of prenatal stress on a third calcium‐dependent system, membranous bone. Pregnant rats were exposed to cold, heat, or noise from conception through parturition. Bilateral parietal bone lengths were measured in the term neonates. Levels of fluctuating asymmetry were found to be significantly increased (p < .001) in all three stressed groups compared to unstressed controls. Results support the concept of a generalized stress response, and suggestions are offered for human osteological application.
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: III. Bone loss
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean
Published: February 2006

It is well established that aging of the human skeleton includes the loss of bone mass or density, but little comparative information on age‐related osteopenia in other primates is available. In order to determine whether bone loss occurs in normally locomoting nonhuman primates, radiographs of 139 rhesus monkey skeletons from the Cayo Santiago collection were examined, and measures of percent cortical bone (PCT) at the midshaft of second metacarpals, humeri, and femora were calculated. An age‐related osteo‐penia was observed in the metacarpal of adult female macaques, although much individual variation was present. This variability could not be explained by reproductive history (number of offspring), matrilineal affiliation, or degree of osteoarthrosis. However, in a subsample of 15 animals, females who had given birth in the three months prior to death showed lower PCTs than those who had not conceived in the previous mating season. In adult males, PCT did not vary significantly with age, but males that weighed less and those with no/little osteoarthrosis showed lower PCTs than heavier or more arthritic animals, respectively. The multifactorial nature of the variation in PCT observed here suggests that similar processes of bone behavior are involved in the skeletal aging of both humans and rhesus monkeys.
Long bone lengths and gestational age distributions of post‐contact period Arikara Indian perinatal infant skeletons
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Jantz Richard L.
Published: February 2006

Prenatal growth is adversely affected by poor socioeconomic conditions where disease and chronic undernutrition prevail. Premature and small‐for‐gestational‐age births occur at higher frequency.

Post‐contact Arikara Indian populations of South Dakota experienced a rapidly changing and disruptive environment that included deterioration of the subsistence base and increased morbidity. This research tests resulting fetal growth effects through comparative analysis of two perinatal infant samples of the early (A. D. 1600–1733) and the late (A. D. 1760–1835) post‐contact period. Perinatal infants recovered from late cemeteries include a higher percentage of smaller skeletons, as determined using long bone diaphyseal lengths, than is documented for the earlier time period. This contrast shows that it is possible to detect fetal growth differences in samples of archaeological context.
On aspects of skull form in African apes and orangutans, with implications for hominoid evolution
Authors: Shea Brian T.
Published: February 2006

The study of hominoid phylogeny is currently in a state of controversy and debate due to the discovery of new fossil material and reanalysis of the morphology of extant apes. An important key to the resolution of these debates lies in attaining a fuller understanding of the morphological differences in skull form between the African and Asian great apes. In this paper I have analyzed aspects of facial morphology and internal cranial anatomy in the great apes. Results from this study and previous ones suggest that Pongo is characterized by a marked dorsal deflection of the face relative to the basicranium. Many aspects of circumorbital, midfacial, palatal, and mandibular morphology in Pongo may be related to this airorynchous condition. This hypothesis, is supported by Enlow's work on form and pattern in the primate and mammalian skull. The position of the face in known Sivapithecus appears to be similar to that seen in Pongo. AlthoughPongo may be specialized in its marked degree of airorynchy, it seems likely that an important derived feature linking African apes and hominids is a ventral rotation of the splanchnocranium on the neurocranium. The appearance of marked supraorbital tori and ethmofrontal sinuses are probably correlated developments. Additional implications of this work for debates about hominoid phylogeny are discussed.
Comparison of distance matrices in studies of population structure and genetic microdifferentiation: Quadratic assignment
Authors: Dow Malcolm M. , Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2006

Questions concerning the relative effects of various evolutionary forces in molding the genetic variability exhibited by groups of human populations have typically been investigated by comparing a variety of genetic and cultural/historical “distance” matrices. A major methodological difficulty has been the lack of formal testing procedures with which to assess the degree of confirmation or disconfirmation of an estimated measure of relationship between such matrices. In this paper, we examine a very flexible matrix combinatorial procedure which generates statistical significance levels for correlational measures of pattern similarity between distance matrices. A recent generalization of the basic procedure to the three‐matrix case allowsquestions concerning which of two matrices best fits a third matrix to be formally tested. Applications of these hypothesis testing and inference procedures to two separate sets of genetic, geographic, and cultural distance matrices illustrates their potential for finally solving a long‐standing problem in anthropological genetics.
Application of the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test to seasonal phenomena may be inappropriate
Authors: McCullough John M.
Published: February 2006

The Kolmogorov‐Smirnov one‐sample test is sometimes used to test seasonality in births or other annually cyclic phenomena. However, it is shown that the maximum deviation from expected (D) may differ by a factor of almost two if the cycle is initiated in different months. Thus, different results are possible from the same data. Unless there is a logical initiation point in a cycle, it is probably better to use other nonparametric statistical tests.
A family study of dermatoglyphic traits in India: Resolution of genetic and uterine environmental effects for palmar pattern ridge counts
Authors: Borecki I. B. , Malhotra K. C. , Mathew S. , Vijayakumar M. , Poosha D. V. R. , Rao D. C.
Published: February 2006

The inheritance of palmar pattern ridge counts for individual palmar areas, combined distal areas, and all ten areas combined was investigated in families belonging to two strictly endogamous Brahmin castes of peninsular India. Ridge count phenotypes were obtained by the method proposed by Malhotra et al. (1981a), however, zero observations (indicating patterns not circumscribed by triradii) were excluded from analysis. Path analytic methods were applied in order to determine the relative influences of polygenes, intrauterine environment, and residual environment. The proportion of genetic variation was, in general, consistently greater in one population than the other, and significant intrauterine environmental effects were detected for the population with lower heritabilities. The results of this investigation suggest that a simple polygenic model may not be sufficient to explain the inheritance of ridge counts in the interdigital IV configurational area. Distal pattern ridge counts do not appear to be influenced by more or less uterine environmental effects than all areas considered together. The proportion of genetic variation for the total palmar pattern ridge count was 52% in both populations.