bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the impact of unstructured play interventions to improve young children's physical, social, and emotional wellbeing
Authors: Lee Regina Lai Tong , Lane Shelly , Brown Graeme , Leung Cynthia , Kwok Stephen Wai Hang , Chan Sally Wai Chi
Published: May 2020

This review aimed to examine the effectiveness of unstructured play interventions on young children's physical, emotional and social wellbeing in various community settings. Eligibility criteria of articles included (1) studies which included young children aged three to seven years; (2) intervention studies which involved unstructured, free or loose parts play; (3) experimental or randomized controlled trial designs, with or without random allocation to groups; and (4) target variables of the study should include measurable physical, social or psychological constructs as modifiable outcomes. Electronic searches were conducted from June 2018 to March 2019 in ERIC, MEDLINE, PubMed, ProQuest, Sage Publications, Web of Science, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. Data were extracted from the included studies independently by using a pilot form. The study outcome measures of unstructured play in the eight selected articles were categorized into three aspects of children's physical health, social skills and emotional wellbeing. All studies reported positive impacts on children's physical activity level, social engagement and emotional wellbeing. We conclude that our review with identified impacts would assist future research directions and policy implementation in this promising field..
The first, holistic immunological model of COVID‐19: Implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures
Authors: Matricardi Paolo Maria , Dal Negro Roberto Walter , Nisini Roberto
Published: May 2020

The natural history of COVID‐19 caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is extremely variable, ranging from asymptomatic or mild infection, mainly in children, to multi‐organ failure, eventually fatal, mainly in the eldest. We propose here the first model explaining how the outcome of first, crucial 10‐15 days after infection, depends on the balance between the cumulative dose of viral exposure and the efficacy of the local innate immune response (natural IgA and IgM antibodies, mannose‐binding lectin). If SARS‐CoV‐2 runs the blockade of this innate immunity and spreads from the upper airways to the alveoli in the early phases of the infections, it can replicate with no local resistance, causing pneumonia and releasing high amounts of antigens. The delayed and strong adaptive immune response (high‐affinity IgM and IgG antibodies) that follows, causes severe inflammation and triggers mediator cascades (complement, coagulation, and cytokine storm), leading to complications often requiring intensive therapy and being, in some patients, fatal. Low‐moderate physical activity can still be recommended. However, extreme physical activity and oral breathing with hyperventilation during the incubation days and early stages of COVID‐19 facilitates re‐inhalation and early direct penetration of high numbers of own virus particles in the lower airways and the alveoli, without impacting on the airway’s mucosae covered by neutralizing antibodies ("viral auto‐inhalation" phenomenon). This allows the virus to bypass the efficient immune barrier of the upper airway mucosa in already infected, young, and otherwise healthy athletes. In conclusion, whether the virus or the adaptive immune response reaches the lungs first is a crucial factor deciding the fate of the patient. This “quantitative and time‐/sequence‐dependent” model has several implications for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of COVID‐19 at all ages.
Long‐term safety and efficacy of nalmefene in Japanese patients with alcohol dependence
Authors: Higuchi Susumu , Takahashi Masayoshi , Murai Yoshiyuki , Tsuneyoshi Kana , Nakamura Izuru , Meulien Didier , Miyata Hisatsugu
Published: May 2020

Aim

The safety and efficacy of nalmefene in Japanese patients with high or very high World Health Organization drinking risk level of alcohol dependence were assessed in a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 (lead‐in) study. Here, the long‐term safety and efficacy of nalmefene in an open‐label extension of the lead‐in study are presented.

Methods

Patients who completed the 24‐week lead‐in study were eligible for the extension study, where they were treated with nalmefene 20 mg as needed for 24 weeks. The long‐term safety and efficacy of nalmefene 20 mg during the total 48‐week period were evaluated. Treatment‐emergent adverse events during the study period were recorded and change from baseline in the number of heavy drinking days and total alcohol consumption were calculated.

Results

Overall, long‐term nalmefene 20 mg was well tolerated; the main treatment‐emergent adverse events reported in ≥5% of patients included nasopharyngitis (37.2%), nausea (36.5%), somnolence (21.2%), dizziness (16.8%), malaise (14.6%), and vomiting (12.4%). The number of heavy drinking days and total alcohol consumption decreased from baseline to 48 weeks (mixed model for repeated measures, least squares mean ± standard error, −15.09 ± 0.77 days/month and −53.20 ± 2.29 g/day, respectively) during the study.

Conclusion

This long‐term evaluation in Japanese patients with high or very high drinking risk levels of alcohol dependence indicated that nalmefene was safe, well tolerated, and efficacious.
Umbilical shapes predict future protrusion in pediatric umbilical hernias
Authors: Nakajima Yuta , Kondoh Shoji , Yuzuriha Shunsuke , Yasunaga Yoshichika
Published: May 2020

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence and early predictive factors of the development of protuberant umbilicus in pediatric umbilical hernia patients.

Methods

In this retrospective visual and chart review, patients younger than 3 months with umbilical hernias who initially visited Ina Central Hospital from April 2011 to March 2017 and were followed until they started to walk (at the age of 1 year) were evaluated. The umbilici of the patients at the age of 1 year were classified into two types based on their appearance: concave and protuberant umbilici. Single‐factor and logistic regression analyses of the association between the appearance of the umbilicus at the age of 1 year and various clinical data were performed.

Results

Of the 103 patients, 72% had concave umbilici, and 28% had protuberant umbilici. Single‐factor analysis showed significant differences in the umbilical shapes at the initial visit (P < 0.001) and straining habit (P < 0.001). The most ideal logistic regression model demonstrated that umbilici of the highly inflated balloon type (odds ratio, 27.00; 95% confidence interval odds ratio, 5.60–130.08) and crescent type (odds ratio, 14.34; 95% confidence interval odds ratio, 4.22–48.77) were more likely to develop into protuberant umbilici.

Conclusions

Umbilical shapes at the initial visit can be used to predict the future development of protuberant umbilici in pediatric patients with umbilical hernias.
High‐intensity swimming exercise reduces inflammatory pain in mice by activation of the endocannabinoid system
Authors: Ludtke Daniela D. , Siteneski Aline , Galassi Taynah de Oliveira , Buffon Alexandre Carlos , Cidral‐Filho Francisco José , Reed William R. , Salgado Afonso Shiguemi Inoue , dos Santos Adair R.S. , Martins Daniel F.
Published: May 2020

As exercise intervention solely for pain reduction is relatively new, the available research still leaves an incomplete picture of responsible mechanisms and pathways. Nonetheless, evidence indicates that exercise‐induced analgesia involves activation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system. The present study investigated the role of the eCB system on the antihyperalgesic effect of high‐intensity swimming exercise (HISE) in an animal model of peripheral persistent inflammation. Male Swiss mice were allocated to non‐exercised and exercised groups and subjected to subcutaneous intraplantar injection (i.pl.) of a single dose of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) to induce inflammatory pain. Cumulative HISE was performed once a day, and mechanical hyperalgesia and edema were evaluated 0.5 hour after HISE for seven consecutive days. To investigate the role of the eCB system on the antihyperalgesic effect of HISE, non‐exercised and exercised mice received intraperitoneal (ip), intrathecal (i.t.) or i.pl. injections of vehicle, AM281 (a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist) or AM630 (a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist) from the 3rd to 5th day after CFA injection. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 0.5 hour after HISE. In addition, the effect of the fatty acid amide hydrolase [FAAH] inhibitor or monoacylglycerol lipase [MAGL] inhibitor on the antihyperalgesic action of HISE was investigated. HISE reduced mechanical hyperalgesia with effects prevented by AM281 or AM630 pretreatment in all delivery routes tested. The inhibition of FAAH and MAGL prolonged the antihyperalgesic effect of HISE. These data demonstrate evidence for the role of the eCB system upon exercise‐induced analgesia in a murine model of inflammatory pain.
Ehrlichiosis infection mimicking thrombotic microangiopathy syndrome early after kidney transplantation
Authors: Hassan Waleed , Talwar Manish , Balaraman Vasanthi , Molnar Miklos Z.
Published: May 2020

Fever of unknown origin and the clinical picture of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) are diagnostic challenges in the early period after kidney transplantation. Here, we report a case of human monocytic ehrlichiosis in a renal allograft recipient who presented with fever and clinical picture of TMA in the first month post–kidney transplant. Despite broad coverage with multiple antimicrobial agents, fever and hematological abnormalities persisted for several days. A history of contact exposure and living in an endemic area raised clinical suspicion for human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), and empiric treatment with doxycycline was initiated. Definitive diagnosis of HME was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Human ehrlichiosis should be considered within the differential diagnosis in kidney transplant recipients with the clinical picture of TMA and fever of unknown origin. Furthermore, early treatment with doxycycline enhances rapid resolution of clinical and laboratory recovery.
Human papillomavirus in female adolescents and young adults after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation—Not a problem prior to coitarche
Authors: Bauer Dorothea , Tüchler Raffaela , Lawitschka Anita , Dörfler Daniela
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of HPV colonization in female adolescents and young adults after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Study design

In this prospective pilot study, we enrolled 18 girls and young women aged 12‐22 years cared for at the SCT (stem cell transplantation) Outpatient Clinic of the St. Anna children's hospital. Vaginal, buccal, and rectal HPV swabs were collected twice at intervals of 2‐6 months at the Outpatient Clinic for children's and adolescents' gynecology of the University Clinic for Gynecology Vienna.

Results

Overall, 3 (16.7%; 95% CL [≥0.0%; 33.9%]) of the 18 patients were vaginally HPV‐positive at least at one timepoint. Among these three, two patients belonged to the smaller sub‐group (3 patients) of patients after coitarche and one patient belonged to the larger one (15 patients) of patients prior to coitarche. In one of the three vaginally HPV‐positive patients, we also found HPV DNA rectally. Orally, HPV DNA could not be detected at all.

Conclusions

According to the data of this study, vaginal, buccal, and rectal HPV colonization seems to be of little relevance in girls and young women after HSCT prior to coitarche. As expected, a higher risk for vaginal HPV colonization could be shown by trend for patients after coitarche, but also for those having been treated with total body irradiation as a conditioning regimen and for those showing signs of vaginal hypoestrogenization—which has not been published so far.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption among adults in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar
Authors: Naznin Eva , Wynne Olivia , George Johnson , Hoque Mohammad Enamul , Milton Abul Hasnat , Bonevski Billie
Published: May 2020

Objective

To estimate the pooled prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption (STC) by gender and location in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar and to identify periodic changes in STC prevalence using data extracted from published studies.

Methods

We searched for a combination of keywords in electronic databases and used a standard form to extract data from each article. We undertook a meta‐analysis to estimate pooled prevalence and confidence intervals within these countries. To compare periodic changes in STC prevalence, we grouped studies into five‐year periods (2000–2004, 2005–2009, 2010–2014 and 2015–2019).

Results

The pooled estimates of STC prevalence were 25% (95% CI: 22–28%), 22% (95% CI: 15–28%) and 21% (95% CI: 14–28%) for Bangladesh, India and Myanmar, respectively. In pooled estimates across these countries, we found higher STC prevalence for men (30%; 95% CI: 24–35%) than women (16%; 95% CI: 10–23%) and for rural dwellings (24%; 95% CI: 18–31%) than urban dwellings (17%; 95% CI: 10–24%). We found significant decrease in STC in Bangladesh and India in the period 2010–2014 and 2015–2019, respectively. In Myanmar, STC prevalence increased significantly and substantially in 2010–2014, to levels higher than in Bangladesh and India.

Conclusions

The prevalence of STC in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar is highest in rural areas and among men. Public health prevention strategies are needed to maintain decrease in STC in Bangladesh and India, and to reverse the increased use in Myanmar.
The prevalence, diagnosis and surgical risk factors of spinal tuberculosis in children
Authors: Wang Mao‐Shui , Han Chao , Wang Jun‐Li , Liu Feng‐Lin
Published: May 2020

Objective

To date, the burden of childhood spinal TB in China has not been estimated, and current treatment is hindered by a lack of evidence. This study aimed to review our experience of childhood spinal TB.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of paediatric patients (≤15 years) admitted for spinal TB (confirmed or possible) at Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital from January 2006 to December 2019. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data were collected from medical records and analysed retrospectively.

Results

Seventy‐two patients were diagnosed with spinal TB. 45 were male (62.5%), and 27 female (37.5%), with a mean age of 8.42 ± 4.47 (SD) years. During this 14‐year period, the overall prevalence of spinal TB among childhood TB was 4.5%. T‐SPOT.TB, AFB smear, mycobacterial culture, TB RT‐PCR and biopsies were positive in 29.6%, 14.3%, 23.3%, 43.8% and 88.5% of assayed patients, respectively. The overall surgical rate of the studied patients was 40.3%. The requirement of surgery in childhood spinal TB was associated with pulmonary TB (OR = 4.000, 95% CI: 1.197, 13.367).

Conclusion

Spinal TB in children cannot be neglected. It remains a severe problem to public health, and more attention should be paid to initiating treatment early.
Predictive Modeling of Individual Human Cognition: Upper Bounds and a New Perspective on Performance
Authors: Riesterer Nicolas , Brand Daniel , Ragni Marco
Published: May 2020

Model evaluation is commonly performed by relying on aggregated data as well as relative metrics for model comparison and selection. In light of recent criticism about the prevailing perspectives on cognitive modeling, we investigate models for human syllogistic reasoning in terms of predictive accuracy on individual responses. By contrasting cognitive models with statistical baselines such as random guessing or the most frequently selected response option as well as data‐driven neural networks, we obtain information about the progress cognitive modeling could achieve for syllogistic reasoning to date, its remaining potential, and upper bounds of performance future models should strive to exceed. The methods presented in this article are not restricted to the domains of reasoning but generalize to other fields of behavioral research and can serve as useful additions to the modern modeler's toolbox.
Efficacy of early antiretroviral therapy 36 hours after HIV infection in one blood donor
Authors: Wang Lilin , Hong Wenxu , Zhu Weigang , Lu Liang , Yang Zhengrong , Zhao Fang , Xu Xiaoxuan , Xiong Wen , Wang Lunan , Zeng Jinfeng
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Discrepancies can occur with the use of clinical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnostic reagents for the HIV window period (WP; time from RNA to antibody detection by diagnostic or blood screening assays). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection can impact HIV‐specific antibodies, antigens, and DNA/RNA detection. In this study, an HIV WP blood donor who initiated ART was monitored, evaluating the immunological and nucleic acid testing (NAT) results for early ART and discussing the potential effects on blood safety.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a follow‐up study of a HIV WP donor detected 36 hours after high‐risk sexual behavior, who was subsequently treated with ART. Immunological and NAT methods were comparatively analyzed.

RESULTS

The 4th generation HIV serologic assays were positive at Day 11, and the 3rd generation domestic anti‐HIV assay was positive at Day 33. Individual donation (ID) NAT and minipool (MP) NAT of six samples were reactive, but 12‐sample MP‐NAT was nonreactive. ART resulted in a slow decline of HIV RNA, but HIV DNA was still detected on Day 757.

CONCLUSION

After ART, ID‐NAT was more sensitive than MP‐NAT or serologic detection; however, HIV DNA detection was more sensitive, with DNA but not RNA persistently detectable.
Comprehensive analysis of hepatitis B virus infections in blood donors in southern China that are surface antigen positive but nucleic acid testing negative
Authors: Ye Xianlin , Li Tong , Zhang Ruohao , Liu Heng , Zeng Jinfeng , Hong Wenxu , Lu Liang , Zhu Weigang , Li Shilin , Xu Min , Wu Shaobo , Chen Limin
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major concerns for the safety of blood transfusion in high‐prevalent countries such as in China. Prior studies outside of China have shown hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) false‐reactive rate of 0.02% to 0.04%. Similarly, false‐negative HBsAg and HBV DNA results may occur in infected donors. Our study analyzed HBsAg enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐reactive but NAT‐negative donations in Shenzhen Blood Center, China.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

HBsAg ELISA‐positive/NAT‐negative plasma samples identified from screening 101,025 donations during 2017‐2018 were analyzed by molecular and serologic tests including neutralization, chemiluminescence immunoassays, and various HBV DNA amplification assays. Molecular characterizations of HBsAg‐positive/NAT‐negative samples were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and nested PCR amplification of the basic core and precore promotor regions (295 base pairs) and HBsAg (S) region (496 base pairs).

RESULTS

Screening of 101,025 eligible blood donations identified 157 (0.16%, 95% confidence interval, 0.13%‐0.18%) HBsAg ELISA‐positive/NAT‐negative plasma samples; of those, 71 (45.2%) were HBsAg confirmed positive by further HBsAg testing and DNA positive by molecular tests with increased sensitivity. Of the 71, all but one was antibody to hepatitis B core antigen reactive without antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen, yielding one recent (window‐period) HBV infection. Of the remaining donations, 80 (51%) were not considered as HBV‐infected donors, and 6 (3.8%) were interpreted as indeterminate since HBsAg results were discordant with unconfirmed HBV DNA results. In the 71 confirmed positives, HBsAg levels ranged from 0.05 to 400 IU/mL and HBV DNA from 6 to 2654 IU/mL; however, the correlation between the two was weak (R2 = 0.24).

CONCLUSION

Fewer than half of HBsAg ELISA‐positive/NAT‐negative samples were confirmed as HBsAg positive. Our study demonstrates that in highly HBV‐endemic countries, assays with high sensitivity and specificity may be required.
Oncostatin M upregulates Livin to promote keratinocyte proliferation and survival via ERK and STAT3 signalling pathways
Authors: Wang Hao , Lei Lei , Hu Jinsong , Li Yazhuo
Published: May 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What controls the proliferation and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of psoriasis?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The pathogenesis psoriasis involves abnormal homeostasis of keratinocytes, with hyperproliferation and decreasing apoptosis. An inhibitor of apoptosis protein family molecule, Livin, is highly expressed in psoriasis vulgaris lesional skin tissue. Expression of Livin was upregulated at transcription and protein levels after stimulation with oncostatin M (OSM). OSM promoted the survival of HaCaT cells in oxidative stress conditions. Expression of Livin and proliferation of HaCaT cells stimulated by OSM was regulated through ERK and STAT3 signalling pathways. This study might provide new insights into targeted therapy for psoriasis.

Psoriasis is an immune‐mediated chronic inflammatory disease. Abnormal homeostasis of keratinocytes, with hyperproliferation and decreasing apoptosis, is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Here, we report that an inhibitor of apoptosis protein family molecule, Livin, is highly expressed in psoriasis vulgaris lesional skin tissue at transcription and protein levels. Importantly, the expression level of Livin is related to the severity of psoriasis. The aim of the study was to investigate the regulation and functions of Livin in keratinocytes stimulated by the pro‐inflammatory cytokine oncostatin M (OSM). The expression of Livin in HaCaT cells at mRNA and protein levels was measured by real‐time PCR and Western blotting after OSM stimulation. The cell proliferation was measured by a 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine incorporation assay. Cell death was induced by the exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stress model, detected by 7‐amino‐actinomycin D staining and analysed by flow cytometry. Livin was overexpressed by a lentiviral transduction system to validate the roles of OSM and Livin in HaCaT cells. Specific inhibitors of ERK (U0126) and STAT3 (cryptotanshinone) were applied to investigate the signalling pathways involved in the regulation of Livin expression by OSM. The expression of Livin was upregulated after stimulation with OSM. OSM promoted the proliferation and survival of HaCaT cells. The expression of Livin and the proliferation of HaCaT cells induced by OSM were regulated through the ERK and STAT3 signalling pathways. We conclude that OSM promotes HaCaT cell proliferation and survival in conditions of oxidative stress.
Influence of Fluid Film Boundary Migration on Dynamic Coefficients of Journal Bearings and Behavior of Rotor System
Authors: Chen Changmin , Jing Jianping , Cong Jiqing , Dai Zezeng , Cheng Jianhua
Published: May 2020

The position of fluid film in journal bearing will change while the journal moving in bearing, which can be named fluid film boundary migration (FFBM). It is usually ignored in the calculation of linear dynamic coefficients. While, the errors brought by this neglection was not ever investigated in detail. In this paper, the influence of FFBM on bearing dynamic coefficients and rotor system dynamic behaviors are investigated. A new perturbation-based model is proposed to take the FFBM into account by modifying the boundary conditions of governing equations. It is then verified by the experimental results and analytical results from previous research. Furthermore, the effects of FFBM on stiffness and damping in two typical journal bearings are investigated. The result indicates that the FFBM has a significant influence on dynamic coefficients of full circular journal bearing but little impact on journal bearing with axial grooves. Moreover, it affects the stiffness and damping more significantly in the cases of large length-to-diameter ratios or small eccentricity ratios in full circle bearing. Finally, the dynamical behavior of a rotor-bearing system with considering the FFBM is also investigated. The result shows that the FFBM of oil film has remarkable influences on the instability threshold and imbalance responses of the rotor system, which should not be ignored. The conclusions obtained in this research are expected to be helpful for the design of full circular journal bearings or rotor-bearing systems.
Modular Vibration Control Unit Formed by an Electromagnetic Proof-Mass Transducer and Sweeping Resistive–Inductive Shunt
Authors: Turco Emanuele , Gardonio Paolo , Petrella Roberto , Dal Bo Loris
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a vibration control unit formed by an electromagnetic proof-mass transducer connected to a sweeping resistive–inductive (RL)-shunt, which can be used to control broadband flexural vibrations of thin structures. The shunt is composed of a resistor and an inductor in series, whose values vary harmonically in time. The design and practical implementation of an electromagnetic transducer and harmonically varying shunt is first discussed. The unit is then tested on a thin-walled cylinder exposed to a broadband disturbance, considering two operation modes: fixed and sweeping RL-shunts. The former mode sets the unit to control the resonant response of a target flexural mode of the cylinder. The latter mode sets the unit to control the resonant responses of multiple modes of the cylinder with natural frequencies confined in a target frequency band. The study demonstrates the practical feasibility of a unit, which sweeps the natural frequency and the damping ratio of the transducer between 36 Hz and 187 Hz and between 4% and 60%. Also, it shows the unit generates broadband control of the flexural vibration of a cylinder, with reductions of the peak responses of the natural modes resonating in frequency band of the sweep comprised between 2 and 13 dB.
Efficient Virtual Tribomechadynamics by Means of Joint Modes for Detailed Investigation of Complex Local Stick and Slip Behavior Inside a Joint
Authors: Pichler Florian , Witteveen Wolgang , Koller Lukas
Published: May 2020

In the last years, the numerical and experimental research effort on joint nonlinearities and tribomechadynamics has increased. Thereby, local sticking and slipping effects as well as the influence of friction caused damping on the global dynamics are of interest. Conventional computational approaches like model order reduction techniques or the finite element method lead either to insufficient result quality or a high computational burden. For the efficient numerical consideration of jointed structures in combination with model order reduction, joint modes based on trial vector derivatives have been presented. These joint modes enable accurate computation of local nonlinear contact and friction forces together with efficient time integration even for high fidelity finite element models. This article describes the application of joint modes for efficient virtual tribomechadynamics. Therefore, a generic structure including a bolted joint is used. It is investigated if these joint modes reproduce local friction stress, and sticking/slipping areas comparable to the nonlinear finite element method within reasonable computational times. Moreover, global damping effects are studied at different preload levels and related to local sticking/slipping behavior. The numerical studies confirm that joint modes lead to accurate results with low computation effort and hence allow an efficient and detailed virtual investigation of complex joints. In addition, this publication shows that the consideration of tangential stiffness for the computation of joint modes remarkably increases the local result quality.
Quasinormal modes in kink excitations and kink–antikink interactions: a toy model
Authors: Campos João G. F. , Mohammadi Azadeh
Published: May 2020

We study excitations and collisions of kinks in a scalar field theory where the potential has two minima with $$Z_2$$Z2 symmetry. The field potential is designed to create a square well potential in the stability equation of the kink excitations. The stability equation is analogous to the Schrödinger equation, and therefore we use quantum mechanics techniques to study the system. We modify the square well potential continuously, which allows the excitation to tunnel and consequently turns the normal modes of the kink into quasinormal modes. We study the effect of this transition, leading to energy leak, on isolated kink excitations. Finally, we investigate kink–antikink collisions and the resulting scaling and fractal structure of the resonance windows considering both normal and quasinormal modes and compare the results.
Erratum to: Cottingham formula and nucleon polarisabilities
Authors: Gasser J. , Hoferichter M. , Leutwyler H. , Rusetsky A.
Published: May 2020

This erratum corrects some misprints appearing in the article. They do not affect any of the results.
Inhibitory Effect of Flavonoid Extract of Lotus Leaf on Alcohol-Induced Gastric Injury by Antioxidant Capacity in Mice
Authors: Chen Yi , Li Qin , Kuang Zhiping , Zhao Xin , Yi Ruokun , He Xiaowei , Feng Guangjing
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of flavonoid extract of lotus leaf (FELL) in vitro and in mice with gastric injury and elucidate the inhibitory effect of FELL on alcohol-induced gastric injury by antioxidant capacity. Gastric juice volume and acid value were measured in the established alcohol-induced acute gastric injury model in mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining demonstrated the morphological changes in the gastric mucosa. FELL improved the alcohol-induced gastric lesions. Serological testing results showed that FELL significantly increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and nitric oxide (NO) and significantly reduced the levels of MDA and MPO in mice with gastric injury. Besides, FELL significantly reduced the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot results proved that FELL upregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gastric tissue of mice with gastric injury. Five compounds, including kaempferitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, phloridzin, and quercetin, were detected in FELL using high-performance liquid chromatography. Thus, FELL has an inhibitory effect on experimental alcohol-induced gastric injury because of the antioxidant capacity of the five compounds. Its effect increases as the FELL concentration increases, which is close to that of ranitidine. FELL, which is an active substance, provides a good gastroprotective effect.
Activation of Inward Rectifier K+ Channel 2.1 by PDGF‐BB in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Protein Kinase A
Authors: Tang Chengchun , Wang Dong , Luo Erfei , Yan Gaoliang , Liu Bo , Hou Jiantong , Qiao Yong
Published: May 2020

Platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) can induce the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We used patch clamp methods to study the effects of PDGF‐BB on inward rectifier K+ channel 2.1 (Kir2.1) channels in rat thoracic aorta VSMCs (RASMCs). PDGF‐BB (25 ng/mL) increased Kir2.x currents (−11.81 ± 2.47 pA/pF, P < 0.05 vs. CON, n = 10). Ba2+(50 μM) decreased Kir2.x currents (−2.13 ± 0.23 pA/pF, P < 0.05 vs. CON, n = 10), which were promoted by PDGF‐BB (−6.98 ± 1.03 pA/pF). PDGF‐BB specifically activates Kir2.1 but not Kir2.2 and Kir2.3 channels in HEK‐293 cells. The PDGF‐BB‐induced stimulation of Kir2.1 currents was blocked by the PDGF‐BB receptor β (PDGF‐BBRβ) inhibitor AG1295 and was not affected by the PDGF‐BBRα inhibitor AG1296. The PDGF‐BB‐induced stimulation of Kir2.1 currents was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp‐8‐CPT‐cAMPs; however, the antagonist of protein kinase B (GSK690693) had marginal effects on current activity. The PDGF‐BB‐induced stimulation of Kir2.1 currents was enhanced by forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase (AC) activator, and was blocked by the AC inhibitor SQ22536. We conclude that PDGF‐BB increases Kir2.1 currents via PDGF‐BBRβ through activation of cAMP‐PKA signaling in RASMCs.
Meta-Analysis of Failure of Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Rodríguez Jhon Jairo , Higuita-Gutiérrez Luis Felipe , Carrillo Garcia Edwar Arturo , Castaño Betancur Esneider , Luna Londoño Mauricio , Restrepo Vargas Sara
Published: May 2020

Prehospital care is essential for airway preservation in pediatric patients who require early endotracheal intubation to improve oxygenation and prevent aspiration. However, high frequencies of failure of endotracheal intubation have been reported for this age group. We aimed to analyze the frequency of failure of endotracheal intubation in pediatric patients within a prehospital context and compare it with adult patients. Thus, a systematic revision of literature with a meta-analysis was performed using a study search and selection strategy ensuring extensiveness, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Meta-analyses were performed for odds ratio, DerSimonian and Laird’s Q test was used to assess heterogeneity, and Egger and Begg’s test was used to assess publication bias. Overall, 17 papers and 8772 patients were included, and the main cause of prehospital care was assessed to be trauma. Failed endotracheal intubation frequency was 0.4%–52.6% in pediatric patients. The most frequent complication was with esophageal intubation. Forest plot suggests that risk of failure during intubation of pediatric patients is 3.54 fold higher than that observed for adults. It was concluded that airway management in pediatric patients within a prehospital context is a challenge for prehospital care providers because it entails clear physiological and anatomical differences and a low frequency of exposure to this kind of events as opposed to adults. These differences support a widely higher risk of failure of intubation, suggesting the necessity of consistently trained prehospital care providers to ensure proficiency in technique as well as availability of the required equipment.
Whole‐Body Vibration for Individuals with Reconstructed Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Systematic Review
Authors: Seixas Adérito , Sañudo Borja , Sá-Caputo Danúbia , Taiar Redha , Bernardo-Filho Mário
Published: May 2020

Background. ACL ruptures are a prevalent condition, affecting daily living activities, associated with high financial burden. Objective. To assess the effect of whole‐body vibration (WBV) in the rehabilitation of patients with reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament. Methodology. An electronic search in Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PEDro databases was conducted and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans that analysed the effects of WBV in patients with ACL injury subjected to reconstruction surgery, published in English, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, or French were included. Records were identified through database search and reference screening by two reviewers, which independently examined titles and abstracts and irrelevant studies were excluded based in eligibility criteria. Relevant full texts were analysed for eligibility, and all relevant studies were included in the systematic review. Results. Ten studies were included in the systematic review with a mean methodological quality score of 6. Results demonstrate positive effects of WBV in relevant outcomes such as knee function, electromyographic activity, balance, and muscle strength. Conclusions. WBV demonstrated a positive effect in strength, balance, electromyographic activity, and knee function.
Patient Characteristics Related to Blood Loss in High Tibial Osteotomy in Novel Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Authors: Zhu Jia-Wang , Chen De-Sheng , Wang Tong-Fu , Xie Yang
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the study was to identify patient characteristics related to blood loss following high tibial osteotomy (HTO). We evaluated 48 patients undergoing HTO from August 2018 to August 2019. The data of 48 patients were collected, including gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, history of aspirin, and pre‐postoperative hematocrit (Hct). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors related to blood loss in HTO. The mean age of patients was 56.6 ± 10.2 years, including 22 males and 26 females. The mean BMI was 28.5 ± 4.2 kg/m2, and the mean blood loss volume was 383.3 ± 181.3 mL, 13 patients with smoking (27.1%), 15 patients with alcohol consumption (31.3%), 23 patients with hypertension (47.9%), 10 patients with diabetes mellitus (20.8%), and 12 patients with history of aspirin (25.0%). Multiple linear regression model suggested alcohol consumption and BMI were associated with blood loss in HTO, R2 = 0.451, F(9, 38) = 3.462 (P < 0.05). Our study indicates that alcohol consumption and BMI are important risk factors related to blood loss in HTO.
Microfluidic Flexible Substrate Integrated Microstrip Antenna Sensor for Sensing of Moisture Content in Lubricating Oil
Authors: Zhu Lin , Li Wei , Han Xueyun , Peng Yufeng
Published: May 2020

In this paper, a flexible microstrip patch antenna sensor is proposed for monitoring of the moisture content of lubricating oil. The sensor identifies liquids having different effective dielectric constants by detecting changes in the resonance frequency. The proposed antenna comprises a radiation patch, a metal ground plane, and a PDMS substrate with microchannels. The microchannels are etched on the PDMS substrate. When the relative permittivity of the microfluidic channel is 1.8∼12.5, the operating frequency of the proposed antenna changes from 2.230 to 2.116 GHz, and the amplitude of the reflection coefficient is greater than −26.3 dB. The simulation and measurement results show that the proposed sensor can monitor the lubricating oil with different moisture contents, which can cause frequency separation of at least 20 MHz and achieve a good linear response. Therefore, the proposed sensor has the feasibility of monitoring the quality of lubricating oil.
Quantity and Extension in Suárez and Descartes
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M.
Published: May 2020

This paper compares the development of the notion of continuous quantity in the work of Francisco Suárez and René Descartes. The discussion begins with a consideration of Suárez’s rejection of the view – common to ‘realists’ such as Thomas Aquinas and ‘nominalists’ such as William of Ockham – that quantity is inseparable from the extension of material integral parts. Crucial here is Suárez’s view that quantified extension exhibits a kind of impenetrability that distinguishes it from other kinds of extension. This view sheds considerable light on initially obscure remarks on impenetrability in Descartes’ late correspondence with Henry More. Though Descartes differs from Suárez and other major scholastic figures in his understanding of the relation of quantity to material substance, he nonetheless requires in the end some version of the Suárezian distinction between quantified and unquantified extension.
Supplementary characterisation of Bursaphelenchus leoni Baujard, 1980 (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in Pinus massoniana from Zhejiang Province, China, with proposal of B. borealis Korentchenko, 1980 as a junior synonym
Authors: Li Hongmei , Gu Jianfeng , Fang Yiwu , Guo Kai , Schönfeld Ute , Braasch Helen
Published: May 2020

Bursaphelenchus leoni is redescribed, using morphology, morphometrics and molecular data, based on a population isolated from dead Pinus massoniana in Zhejiang Province, China. It is characterised by a lateral field with three lines, a 12-15 μm long stylet with small basal swellings, excretory pore located one body diam. posterior to nerve ring, spicules mitten-shaped, dorsally and ventrally arcuate, with lamina smoothly tapering towards broadly rounded distal tip without hook-like process in the Chinese population, condylus broadly rounded with a small dorsally bent hook, rostrum triangle or conical with finely rounded tip. The bursal flap is long, spade-like with posterior margin truncate or irregular. A 2-3 μm long vulval flap is present. The female tail is long and conical (c′ = 5.3-6.9), with the terminus finely rounded, or occasionally pointed. The Zhejiang population of B. leoni is close to B. eidmanni and B. silvestris, which all belong to the leoni-group sensu Braasch et al. (2009). Comparison with the description of B. borealis led to the conclusion that B. leoni and B. borealis are conspecific, the latter being regarded as a junior synonym of the former.
Atonement and Martyrdom in the Gospel of John
Authors: Ripley Jason
Published: May 2020

Does the Gospel of John portray Jesus’ death as an atoning sacrifice? This paper offers a new approach to the revelation vs. sacrifice impasse in scholarship, arguing that Jesus’ atoning death in John should be understood with reference to the non-cultic atoning deaths of the Jewish martyrdom traditions. After critically engaging scholarship, I contextualize John within post-biblical debates regarding sacrificial martyrdom, focusing on the competing reconfigurations of non-cultic atonement in the Maccabean literature. I subsequently show how Jesus’ atoning martyrdom reveals his anti-violent way of the cross as the true martyrdom and atoning sacrifice accepted by God, thereby resolving key tensions within Johannine scholarship. I then demonstrate how this vision of atonement addresses John’s understanding of sin as ignorance and addresses an audience itself facing threats of martyrdom (John 16:2). I conclude with some reflections on how John’s vision of atonement critically differs from later theological theories, particularly penal substitution.
Paul’s Map and Territory: Rethinking the Work of the Apostle in Light of Ancient Cartography
Authors: Smith Eric
Published: May 2020

Paul had a clear understanding of how his calling and his work mapped onto geography. In contexts where he felt that others were encroaching on his territory, as in Galatians and 2 Corinthians, Paul could be very angry and defensive. Likewise, when Paul was writing to people in territories that he did not consider part of his purview, such as in Romans, he was deferential and submissive. In all three cases—in Galatians and 2 Corinthians when Paul was being defensive about his territory, and in Romans when he was being deferential—Paul used a particular word, κλίµα, to designate geography—a word he never used in any other context. This article puts this observation in conversation with ancient mapping, which relied on “process descriptions” of space and place rather than “state descriptions.” That is, ancient cartography privileged the process of movement or travel, and in contrast to most modern mapping, ancient maps didn’t usually make use of any external system of reference. One particular map, the Peutinger Map, helps illustrate this phenomenon. Understanding how ancient maps organized space, we can begin to understand Paul’s notions of territory and the way they determined which places he felt compelled to visit. By knowing something about Paul’s maps and geographies, we can make sense of his language in Romans 15, where territory played a pivotal role in his self-understanding as an apostle and in his trajectory across the Roman world, “from Jerusalem and as far around as Illyricum,” but also onward to Spain and to the end of the world.
Goldingay on God: Addressing the Distinction between Biblical and Dogmatic Theology
Authors: Duby Steven J.
Published: May 2020

In modern descriptions of biblical theology, attempts to distinguish it from dogmatic or systematic theology have often focused on the latter’s use of extrabiblical or “philosophical” concepts and categories in expounding Christian doctrine. In his recent volume entitled Biblical Theology: The God of the Christian Scriptures, John Goldingay initially affirms this method of distinguishing between the disciplines, but his subsequent treatment of the Bible’s teaching about God affords an excellent opportunity to discuss whether this approach to the distinction is in fact practicable. Through an appreciative engagement of Goldingay’s work, this essay will discuss (1) the need for an alternative way of distinguishing biblical theology from dogmatic theology and (2) how Goldingay’s treatment of scriptural teaching on God in particular might help to address perceived tensions between the Bible’s portrayal of God and classical accounts of God that are frequently viewed with suspicion in modern biblical scholarship.
A Note on a Note
Authors: Saitô Yoshio
Published: May 2020

The so-called ‘Leiden Manuscript’, the collection of Turkic and Mongolic glossaries titled Kitāb Majmūʿ Turjumān Turkī wa-ʿAjamī wa-Muğalī wa-Fārsī, has a yet undeciphered inscription on f. 75b. In this article, the author identifies the script of the inscription as a type of Coptic cursive numerals called ḥurūf al-zimām, which was primarily in use in Egypt for accounting purposes. The consecutive numbers and multiples of 10 and 100 in the inscription may indicate that they were written for practicing numerical letters by someone who had nothing to do with the creation or the copying of the manuscript. The use of zimām numerals in the inscription indicates that the manuscript may have existed in Egypt, and this strengthens the theory advanced by M.Th. Houtsma that the manuscript was created there. Yemen is another possible place of origin of the manuscript due to the close relationship of the Rasūlid dynasty with the Mamlūk sultanate and the fact that some documents with zimām numerals have been found there.
The Chamberlain’s Sessions
Authors: Seidensticker Tilman
Published: May 2020

This article is devoted to thirteen Arabic audience certificates (samāʿāt) that originate in Baghdad in the time from Rabīʿ I 486/April 1093 to Ṣafar 501/September–October 1107. The analysis presents the attending master, the chamberlain Ibn al-ʿAllāf (died 505/1111), and provides an overview of the heterogenous composition of the seven reading circles represented in the certificates. It scrutinizes the change of seating position in pairs of sessions and examines the three certificates that were copied to the Gotha manuscript from another manuscript of the same work by the 4th/10th century author al-Ḫarāʾiṭī. Furthermore, the identity and social position of the readers and writers are clarified as far as possible using external sources, and the way that partial attendance is dealt with by the writer and the attending master is elucidated. An index of names makes the persons mentioned in the texts as well as the biographical information presented in the article accessible. The edition of the Arabic text of all thirteen certificates attempts to make their structure visible by means of layout (indentation, coloured script).