bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation of Children with Intellectual Disability: Challenges in Social Skills Training in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Shakeel , Bano Abida
Published: May 2021

Intellectual disability among children is on the rise with no proper social skills training facilities around the province – Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Special education institutions have been established to rehabilitate differently abled children; however, their focus is more on children's literacy with a physical disability. Resultantly, children with intellectual disabilities constitute a 'minority group' within the province's differently abled population. Consequently, children with intellectual disabilities remain excluded. The qualitative study aims to examine the quality of the state-sponsored special education institutions, emphasizing on social/life skill training services for children with intellectual disabilities. Based on a total of 25 individual interviews and observations from five selected districts, it is argued that despite the growing number of children with intellectual disabilities, the services are limited to physiotherapy services only. Speech therapies and social skills training are almost non-existent in the public sector special education institutes. Lack of a clear government policy and sufficient funding results in scarce resources, including trained staff, coupled with poor social welfare and special education services, which intensifies the problem. Engaging empowerment theory of Julian Rappaport (1977), the study recommends providing all essential services to children with ID for enabling and living an empowered life.
Biological versus Feminists Perspectives on Girls' Underperformance in STEM Subjects in Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Raza , Ullah Hazir , Bilal Muhammad
Published: May 2021

This article outlines the biological essentialists’ versus feminists’ explanations of girls’ underperformance in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Historically, except in the contexts of some developed countries, boys dominated girls in STEM subjects. Biological essentialists associate girls’ underperformance in STEM with the innate differences between men and women, whereas feminists attribute it to social factors. The issue, however, is not so easily solved and there is an ongoing debate between biological essentialists and feminists. This article, thus, engages in a comparative analysis of the two approaches, their underlying principles and the empirical evidences they use to substantiate their stance. The analysis of both approaches enables the authors to better decipher the connection between gender and education performance. This article explains that social rather than biological factors influence girls’ performance in STEM subjects. The article concludes that girls’ underperformance in STEM subjects' results from sociocultural factors.
Jirga and Dispensation of Social Welfare Services: A Case Study of Mohmand Tribal District, Pakistan
Authors: Alam Fakhre , Ahmad Shakeel , Bano Abida
Published: May 2021

This paper examines Jirga's role in providing social welfare to marginalized (poor and orphans) and persons with disabilities in Tribal Districts of Pakistan. In Pakistan's tribal districts, due to lack of written laws and deficiencies in formal social welfare structure, Jirga has also got a contour of informal welfare institutions for rendering services to society's downtrodden poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities. This research uses a case study approach and engages qualitative methods for data collection and data analysis. A total of 23 qualitative in-depth individual interviews and focused group discussions are used, while data is analysed thematically. The study investigates "whether Jirga provides social protection to the poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities in selected case study." The findings reveal that due to absence of efficient and responsive formal social welfare system, vulnerable segments of tribal districts mostly depend on Jirga's indigenous welfare practices for their social protection. Jirga is cost-effective, sympathetic, inclusive, and cares for the needs of vulnerable segments in the selected case.  However, Jirga's benevolent role and its efficiency have been somewhat affected by colonial legacies, militancy, etc. The welfare being provided to poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities by Jirga has also been significantly reduced.
Colonization and Decolonization of the Indian Subcontinent: A Colonial Discourse Analysis of 'A God in Every Stone'
Authors: Inam Ullah  , Andama Gul , Nawaz Abid
Published: May 2021

The British Raj in the Indian subcontinent has been an area of academic and scholarly inquiries. The period has deeply impacted the indigenous culture and political system. Studies have highlighted a plethora of political, military and economic reasons accounting for the establishment and collapse of the Empire. However, Kamila Shamie’s novel A God in Every Stone (2014) adds another dimension to the subject, which is not power rather the colonial discourses which settled and unsettled the Empire in India. The study examines that how the colonial discourses helped the colonizers in the establishment of Empire in the subcontinent. The study contends that it is not the military might but the colonial discourses which helped the Empire take its roots. Ironically the same discourses also resulted into anticolonial resistance and the final collapse of the Empire due to its being endlessly split and anxiously repetitive in nature. The study is based on Shamsie’s novel. The analysis is developed round Homi K. Bhaba’s theory of "Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse”. The study, unlike the common perception, concludes that it was not military might alone, but the colonial discourses which settled and unsettled the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent.
Constitution of Afghanistan: An Analysis of Educational and Linguistic Provisions
Authors: Khan Asghar , Ahmad Ayaz , Gul Asma
Published: May 2021

The paper analyses the Constitution of 2004 of Afghanistan in the context of Education and Linguistics. It aims to determine the extent of concentration and focus given to the educational and linguistics promotion in the new constitution. The paper also attempts to unearth the features of the language landscape of Afghanistan. It investigates why language and education have become an existential problem in Afghanistan. It also explores how the new constitution ensures the provision of education and language. The article has reviewed the secondary data, mostly the analytical review of the current constitution of Afghanistan in the light of the comparative study of the other related documents and old constitutions. The new constitution provides sufficient evidence of the attention given to education and linguistics promotion. Comparative analyses of the articles of the Constitution of Afghanistan 2004, with the supportive study of other related facts and documents, reveals that the current constitution is better than the previous constitutions in acknowledging the language and education-related issues in post-conflict Afghanistan. The current constitution promotes and preserves linguistic plurality of Afghanistan. Keeping in view state's universal education mandate, it not only provides free education but also makes education mandatory for all of its citizens.
Macroeconomic Policies and Social Inclusion in the Developing World
Authors: Batool Zakia , Bhatti Arshad Ali
Published: May 2021

Many in the developing world face social exclusion and discrimination, preventing them from actively participating in society itself. Sound macroeconomic policies with a focus on stabilizing the price level and social outcomes can help to achieve social justice for marginalized people. This study empirically examines the impact of macroeconomic policies on social inclusion, considering specifically the coordination among them in promoting that social inclusion. It deals primarily with pure non-income dimensions of social inclusion such as education, and health, etc. Using annual panel data of 51 developing countries for the period 1995-2017 this study employs state-of-the-art panel data estimation methods – pooled estimation, fixed-effect, and random-effect models. To check for robustness and to handle the problem of endogeneity, the 2SLS technique has also been used. This study argues that a well-designed macroeconomic policy framework can do much more than just achieve economic goals. Results suggest that fiscal and monetary policy, through resource mobilization, can play a significant and positive role in promoting social inclusion. However, these fiscal and monetary policy actions are not independent; thus, a policy mix is required to achieve the target of an inclusive society.
Ethnic Diversity and Federation of Pakistan: A Societal Perspective
Authors: Khan Tariq Anwar , Khan Adil , Mehsud Muhammad Imran
Published: May 2021

This paper aims to identify the factors responsible for reluctance of centre to decentralise power and imitation of the same trend in provinces while dealing with minority ethno-lingual identities. The paper explores questions: what is the nature of federalism in Pakistan? How federal question is dealt in the three constitutions of the republic? How differently ethnic groups responded to various federal arrangements orchestrated by the managers of the state over the years? Objectives of the study are to develop an understanding into the challenges posed to federalism in Pakistan and to develop a more inclusive approach for addressing the federal question. The discussion generated in this study is based upon qualitative analysis of existing published literature in the form of books, research articles, reports, and official documents. The narrative upon which the federation of Pakistan has been constructed is self-contradictory. The paper not only exposes the contradictions of this narrative but also includes societal perspective on the ethnic diversity and federation of Pakistan. It has been concluded that the crisis generated by over-centralisation of the state could only be resolved by ensuring the fundamental federal values like decentralization, provincial autonomy, and devolution within the provinces to the grass root level.
Visual Metaphors in Pakistani Television Commercials: Its Role in Shaping Female Consumer’s Perceptions about Brand Image and its Consumption
Authors: Batool Sumeera , Iftikhar Moneeba , Mashal Arfa
Published: May 2021

The consumers have many choices in buying products around the world, which makes tough competition among the brands. To make the brand stand out in the market, visuals metaphors have become mandatory tools that the advertisers use. Therefore, this study aims to find the role of visual metaphors of Pakistani Television Commercials (TVCs) in shaping the perceptions of female consumers regarding brand image and its consumption as television audience. The study followed the theory of visual rhetoric and brand equity, which gives the building block in understanding the relationship of visual metaphors with consumer’s perception about brand image. The qualitative method is used to scrutinize the in-depth perception by using focus group as a tool of data collection. The population of the study is female youth and 96 students participated as respondents. Results reveal that after watching TVCs, there is significant inclination and affirmative change in consumer’s perception about buying the product among youngsters. It also shows that using visual metaphors benefit significantly in distinction of a brand from its competitors. The conclusive findings will help the advertisers to know the effectiveness of visual metaphors of TVCs in changing consumer’s perception about the brand image and their buying pattern.
The Determinants of Intra-Party Elections in Pakistan: A Study of Major Political Parties
Authors: Ullah Shaukat , Mahmood Amna , Khan Surat
Published: May 2021

The article covers the need and importance of intra-party elections in Pakistan. It is an essential mode to observe internal democracy in a political party and a gateway to promote ordinary members from bottom to top in leadership position. Intra-party democracy played key role in the production of new leadership from the grass-roots level. The intra-party democracy is significant for the stability of a political system. It also engaged the party members to defend and explain the party policies in the right way. Hence, intra-party democracy provides a leading role to all registered members to participate directly or indirectly in the process of decision making. In Pakistan, political parties and state politics revolve around personalities and some monastic families. Even mainstream political parties of Pakistan avoided intra-party elections and leading leadership comes from the top through direct nomination. In this way all the portfolios within the parties are conformed. This paper further explores that what are the challenges faced by a real and authentic intra-party elections in Pakistani political parties and why political parties avoided an intra-party election. The study concludes that in practice the grass-roots members of political parties are ignored in all crucial decisions making within the party.
Women and Sufism in South Asia: A Survey of Historical Trends
Authors: Khan Saad , Bano Abida
Published: May 2021

The historical evidence suggests that women and men have been considered equal in the path of Tasawuff (Sufism). However, there are few studies that documents and analyse women's presence in South Asian Sufism. This "hagiographical silence" (historically) about Sufi women in South Asia raises questions and needs scholarly attention to address the gaps in the literature. The article explores some of the trends present and related to women and Sufism in South Asia in the existing literature. Drawing on historical sources (secondary material) and employing thematic analysis, the article examines significant trends in women and Sufism in South Asia. These multiple trends include lack of historical evidence, less documentation about Sufi women, paradoxical imagination about women, and gendered roles, all of which point out to the specific context and history of South Asian Sufi culture. The paper problematizes the assumption that Sufism (in general) has been open, inclusive, and accommodative to women and issues of gender. This study also analyses the data and the historical context of how women have been imagined and treated within South Asian Sufism. However, this research is not constructing any generalization and is presenting the analysis within a specific historical and cultural context–South Asia.
Dynamics of Public Policy on Economic Activity: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Shafique Saima , Ali M. Mansoor , Shah Anwar-ul Mujahid , Zubair Seema
Published: May 2021

The unanticipated domestic and international changes in conjunction with policy discretion become reason for shocks to overall economy that affect overall economic growth. Based on methodology by Blanchard and Perotti (2002) the study used timing of fiscal decisions in a Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) to map dynamics of shocks due to tax revenue, government expenditures and aggregate output in Pakistan. When tax decisions precede expenditure decision, the tax shocks have a volatile short run impact causing expenditures to sharply adjust. Expenditure shocks persistently increase tax revenues and government expenditures. But in the second specification, expenditure shocks reduce the tax revenue and aggregate output that reverts to equilibrium only in the long run. The response of output shocks is almost identical for both the scenarios. Therefore, growth in output increases taxes collection in Pakistan enabling better management of burden of debt and deficit.
Great Water Wall in South China Sea: Maritime Designs of China under Mahan’s Theory of Sea Power
Authors: Sherazi Tatheer Zahra , Khan Arif , Khan Hashmat Ullah
Published: May 2021

Seas play a vital role in shaping and reshaping the course of  global politics, from developing empires to new global orders. Virtually 80 percent of China’s trade resources passes through the Seas and mostly by South China Sea, so it has initiated developments in South China Sea, from building artificial island, light houses to air strips to secure its trade routes. The aim of the study is to clarify the assumptions that China is building a ‘sand wall’ or ‘water wall’ like great wall to secure its maritime trade. Descriptive, analytical approach has been adopted to study the marvel; Mahan’s theory of Sea power has been applied to quantify the developments made by China. It concludes that China is striving for naval supremacy as per Mahan’s theory along with synthesis of Mao’s ‘Active Defence’. Hence Peaceful and integrated strategies are required to minimize the implications of disruption of seaborne trade.
Men’s Perception about Domestic Violence in Rural Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Buriro Ameer Ali , Khoso Pasand Ali , Khatoon Zohra
Published: May 2021

This study investigates men’s understanding, beliefs, experiences, and responses about domestic violence; their personal consciousness about gender relations, notions of masculinity and patriarchy; and their views about marriage and domestic violence. Men still subscribe to very patriarchal views about the contexts of marriage, family, and society. These three sets of main findings are analysed together to establish connections and inter-relatedness between them that lead to further findings about their attitudes and responses to domestic violence. This also provides inferences about the acceptance and tolerance of domestic violence amongst Pakistani rural men. Methodologically, this study is based on qualitative (inductive) method by its nature, where N=15 - male respondents who ranged from 18 to 65 years age have been interviewed from rural taluka Khair Pur Nathan Shah Dadu, Rural Sindh, Pakistan, while employing (Non-probability) purposive sampling with phenomenological approach. The perception and notion of men for committing domestic violence is as a part of their socio-culture beliefs. Besides, this also comprises men’s positive behavioural responses to domestic violence inside and outside of family in rural Sindh, which needs to be re-addressed through the social counselling and demands to be highlighted its impacts on society in general and particularly on women.
Be a Man, do not Cry like a Woman: Analyzing Gender Dynamics in Pakistan
Authors: Channa Abdul Razaque , Tahir Tayyaba Batool
Published: May 2021

Contrary to the view that gender is fluid, as concurred by several social scientists, in traditional Pakistani understanding, gender is seen in fixed binaries, i.e., either you are a man or a woman. The third category is known as the third gender in Pakistan. It is interesting to note that although gender is seen as fixed in Pakistani cultures, in informal discussions, varied shades of gender are highlighted by informants based on gender performativity. By drawing on the postmodern feminist theory of gender performativity, this paper does a discourse analysis of informant’s views about gender construction and dynamics in rural Sindh. Ethnographic fieldnotes have been used as primary data to analyze gender nuances implicit in Pakistani men's informal discourse. This paper argues that contrary to unchanging gender identities as endorsed by Pakistan society's patriarchal structure, men dismiss these fixed identities during an informal discussion. Instead, they shuffle gender identities by branding men and women as feminine men and masculine women, respectively, based on their gender performativity. We conclude that irrespective of physical outlook, the power lies in hegemonic forms of agency. Gender relationships and gender performance shape the sexual and gender identity of subjects.
Death as Martyrdom: A Psychoanalytical Study of Robert Bolt’s a Man for all Seasons and T. S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral
Authors: Ali Akbar , Hamid Abdul , Ahmad Mashhood
Published: May 2021

This paper focuses on the protagonists of two dramas A Man for All Seasons and Murder in the Cathedral to be studied through the critical prospective of psychoanalysis. The protagonists of the dramas meet their death at the end of the play and their death is appreciated as martyrdom by the readers of the plays without seeing critically their mottos behind their death. Challenging that, this paper varies in the stance that Beckett’s death is a suicide rather than martyrdom, thus questioning the traits of the personalities of the protagonists and their mottos behind their deaths. Taking Freud’s Psychoanalytical theory as a theoretical framework; Jung model of Psychoanalysis for conceptual terminologies and conducting close textual analysis, this study aims to conclude with references. The study is significant in a sense that it widens the dimensions of comparative studies of the modern literary works through contemporary critical theories. It also highlights the application of psychology in the literature in general and the English literature in specific.
Virtual Learning Strategies during Covid-19: A Case Study of The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Aslam Tehmina , Rizvi Syed Mubashar Ali Shah , Ahmad Jawad
Published: May 2021

Due to COVID-19, the government of Pakistan had to take measures to bring about changes in almost all infrastructures, including that of education and decided to switch to a virtual learning environment and urged all educational institutes to adopt virtual learning strategies to facilitate student learning process. In an attempting to contain the virus instructed educational institutes to explore virtual space to continue learning process. The University of Lahore was one of the few universities in Pakistan that took the lead and decided to serve the learning purpose.  However, due to cultural differences and dependency on traditional learning, most universities found it difficult to follow suit. The University of Lahore has crossed a milestone and emerged as a model for other universities across country. The virtual learning strategies that have been adopted by the University are no less than international standards and the administration have been working tirelessly to ensure the smooth running of this digital education system. Based on the student survey and faculty interviews, this study recommends regular virtual trainings by educational institutes and to overcome the issues of internet connectivity and electricity in the country as a whole to better deal with the challenges that lie ahead.
Putting Phronetic leadership in Action for Social Innovation: A Tale of Social Enterprises
Authors: Khan Shabnam , Gul Samina , Khan Muhammad Aurangzeb
Published: May 2021

Social enterprises envisioned to pool resources in order to meet the un-met societal needs of the marginalized community. The performance of social enterprises is usually considered as quantifiable reflected through number of projects, number of beneficiaries, loan return ratio, amount of donation etc. but the subjective measure needs to define in social context. Therefore, this study is intended to understand and explore the subjective meanings of phronesis of leaders and its role in the creation of social innovation that can ultimately lead towards economically and socially Superior Pakistan. Taking case study as qualitative research inquiry, semi-structured interviews and observations were used to explore the phenomenon of social innovation. Purposive sampling was used to select the 13 informants (board of directors and project heads) of Akhuwat foundation and Al-Khidmat (top two social enterprises of Pakistan). To analyse the data, Gioia methodology was used based on the socially constructed thoughts/views of knowledge agents. The results of the study expressed that leader of social enterprises employ his/her practical wisdom, virtue, prudence, and value judgment to address social phenomenon through innovative and sustainable solutions.
Attitude of university students on online teaching under corona virus pandemic situation in Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Bareera , Ullah Asmat , Khan Muhammad Ali
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 has resulted in schools, colleges and universities shut all across the world. As a result; education has changed dramatically, with the distinctive rise of e-learning, whereby teaching is undertaken remotely and on digital platforms. This research study examines the attitudes of university students towards online teaching under corona virus pandemic situation in Pakistan. A cross sectional study design was used on 400 (Male=195, Female=205) university students. A convenient sampling technique was used to draw the sample from different universities in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. An online survey was conducted to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were calculated out to measure the distribution of attitude of study participants. Frequency and percentages were estimated to assess the attitude towards online mode of learning, and opinion on educational decisions, and problems related to study due to lockdown. All analyses were performed using the SPSS-V20. The results of study highlighted that a large majority of student (83.9 percent) preferred face-to-face classroom teaching method. This study concluded that in Pakistan, despite picking up gigantic ubiquity nowadays, virtual education has still not been grasped by students. Students are still more in the favour of face-to-face classroom teaching.
Impact of rewards system in employee’s motivation in the organizational context: A quantitative study of manufacturing industry in UAE
Authors: Din Ghazi Rehman Alaf , Shahani Noor Un Nisa , Baloch Muhammad Nawaz
Published: May 2021

This research aims to investigate the effect of reward systems on the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation of the employees working in various manufacturing companies located in the UAE. In this era of competition, motivated employees considered as a valuable assets and motivation play vital role in productivity and enhancement of job commitment and reduce job turnover intention. While, researchers highlight the significance of reward system to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in various context. However, this area of research is under-theorized particularly within the UAE context in the food and beverage sector. The data was gathered from 100 respondents through a self-administered survey using a 7-point Likert scale. The data was later analyzed using SPSS. A variety of statistical procedures have been carried out to figure out the reliability and validity of the research hypotheses. Based on the results generated through these statistical procedures, key conclusions and inferences have been drawn. In essence, the organization must take an effective measure that is aimed at enhancing the motivation levels of their workforce. Moreover, a motivated workforce will be more committed and dedicated to achieving the organizational goals and objectives.
Comparison of GPS TEC with IRI models of 2007, 2012, AND 1 2016 over Sukkur, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Adil , Shah Munawar
Published: May 2021

The international reference ionosphere (IRI) models have been widely used for correcting the ionospheric scintillations at different altitude levels. An evaluation on the performance of VTEC correction from IRI models (version 2007, 2012 and 2016) over Sukkur, Pakistan (27.71º N, 68.85º E) is presented in this work. Total Electron Content (TEC) from IRI models and GPS in 2019 over Sukkur region are compared. The main aim of this comparative analysis is to improve the VTEC in low latitude Sukkur, Pakistan. Moreover, this study will also help us to identify the credible IRI model for the correction of Global Positioning System (GPS) signal in low latitude region in future. The development of more accurate TEC finds useful applications in enhancing the extent to which ionospheric influences on radio signals are corrected. VTEC from GPS and IRI models are collected between May 1, 2019 and May 3, 2019. Additionally, Dst and Kp data are also compared in this work to estimate the geomagnetic storm variations. This study shows a good correlation of 0.83 between VTEC of GPS and IRI 2016. Furthermore, a correlation of 0.82 and 0.78 is also recorded for IRI 2012 and IRI 2007 respectively, with VTEC of GPS. The IRI TEC predictions and GPS-TEC measurements for the studied days reveal the potential of IRI model as a good candidate over Pakistan.
A Qualitative Analysis of an Intelligent Use of Demand and Generation in the Microgrid
Authors: Salam Izhar , Billah Moatasim , Maaz Muhammad
Published: May 2021

There are reliable solutions for overcoming the mismanagements and inefficiencies in the microgrid, which have been discussed, in the following proposed study. It focuses on the utilization of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for operating the microgrid in a smart way such that the supply demand ratio is balanced profiting both the utility user and the end user. Power sources are scheduled as per requirement based on their availability and per unit cost. Centralized Multi Agent System (MAS) technique is adopted in which a central controller controls the operation of the whole microgrid system. Load agents attached to the system are of two types, i.e., critical load and non-critical load. The power to the critical load is to be maintained as a result of which in case of any emergency situation the power supplied to the non-critical load is shed off in order to make the critical load running. Different techniques are utilized for load management. Demand Side Management (DSM) is one of those techniques in which the load shifts from peak to off-peak hours and vice versa. Further, on the simulation of the proposed study has been performed in MATLAB/Simulink software and its hardware implementation has been done as well. The output results achieved indicates the supply to the load agents depending upon the availability of the power sources.
Smart Cloud Based Efficient Doctor Patient Portal of Healthcare System
Authors: Rahman Zahid U.
Published: May 2021

Healthcare is one of the most important priority of every country. Most of the developed countries are trying to bring internet to solve health related problems. Meanwhile, healthcare is not that much developed in populated countries like Pakistan. The private health care sector serves more than half of our country’s population. We have tried to develop a web based model to transfer the clinical system into the cloud to overcome the doctor burden, and further assist the patients to find a doctor easily. This can save time of both the doctor and patient. The web based patient-doctor database shows credibility in bringing both the ends near and accessible even in low internet connectivity regions. However, there is a back draw to educate the end users about the complexities in the web based doctor portal. This will provide more insights after eliminating health issues and provide an adequate approach to the patients.
Time for Cinderella to go to the ball: Reflections on the right to freedom of scientific research
Authors: W Thaldar Donrich , Steytler Michaela
Published: May 2021

Despite the fact that the Constitution explicitly protects the right to freedom of scientific research, this right features neither in the preamble to any legislation, nor in any reported case law. If the right to freedom of scientific research remains in obscurity, South Africa could slip into totalitarian control of the scientific enterprise, to the detriment not only of scientists, but also of society in general. The right to freedom of scientific research should play a more central role in policy-making. This is not only because it is an enumerated constitutional right, but also because it is important in its own right, as it serves purposes that are at the core of our constitutional value-system: promoting individual autonomy, facilitating the search for truth, and supporting democracy. The right to freedom of scientific research is unique in protecting not only the exchange of scientific thoughts and information, but also in particular the physical activities entailed by scientific research, such as performing experiments. The notion that government should somehow seek to regulate every new scientific development is erroneous, as freedom should be the default position in science-related policy, and should only be limited by regulation if, and to the extent that, it is constitutionally justified.
Reconceptualising redistribution of land in South Africa: A possible legal framework
Authors: Kotzé Tina , M Pienaar Juanita
Published: May 2021

After 27 years the unequal distribution of land in South Africa remains prevalent, despite a constitutional mandate, and corresponding legislative measures and policy documents. In light of the government’s dismal track record in achieving any meaning ful redistribution, this article suggests a possible overarching legal framework within which land redistribution in South Africa could be approached and, ultimately, monitored and adjusted as needed. This requires, from the outset, a contextualisation of relevant concepts of ‘access to land’ and ‘redistribution’ respectively. Thereafter, the article proposes seven different phases, comprising a coherent and broad legal framework for land redistribution. Where relevant, we consider recent developments, including the 2020 Beneficiary Policy and the 2019 Land Reform Report. While all land, urban as well as rural, is integral in the redistribution endeavour, the article’s main emphasis is on agricultural land: reference is made to urban and peri-urban land only where appropriate. The article concludes with an Annexure that contains a schematic overview of the suggested different phases, and the corresponding institutions we propose ought to be responsible for, or involved in administering, the respective phases.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA LAGU DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MUFRADAT DI TINGKAT MADRASAH ALIYAH
Authors: Ekasanti Noviya
Published: May 2021

Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan media Lagu dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab, terlebih untuk menguasai kosakata bahasa Arab di Madrasah Aliyah (MA). Peneliti menggunakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) yang terdiri dari dua siklus yang masing-masing siklus meliputi 3 tahap, yaitu 1) perencanaan, 2) pelaksanaan dan observasi, dan 3) refleksi. Adapun Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu tes dan non tes. Sedangkan instrumen penelitian berupa pre-test , post-tes dan observasi. Teknik analisis deskriptif komparatif digunakan untuk membandingkan hasil belajar pra siklus, siklus I dan siklus II. Adapun hasil dari penelitian tersebut menjelaskan bahwa pembelajaran mufradat dengan menggunakan media lagu dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran alternatif dan sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik dengan bukti adanya peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik mulai dari kondisi awal (pra siklus) sebesar 21,05% dari peserta didik yang nilainya sesuai dengan KKM, kemudian siklus pertama meningkat menjadi 28,95% dan akhirnya pada siklus kedua meningkat drastis menjadi 89,48%. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan indikator keberhasilan yaitu minimal 75% dari capaian belajar, dan pembelajaran ini dikatakan berhasil. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the song media in learning Arabic, especially in vocabulary mastery of Madrasah Aliyah (MA) students. This research uses Classroom Action Research (PTK) which consists of two cycles, each of which includes 3 stages, namely 1) planning, 2) implementation and observation, and 3) reflection. The data collection techniques are test and non-test. While the research instruments were pre-test, post-test and observation. Researchers used a comparative descriptive analysis technique by comparing the learning outcomes of pre-cycle, cycle I and cycle II. The results showed that mufradat learning using song media can be used as an alternative learning media and is very effective for improving student learning outcomes with evidence of an increase in student learning outcomes starting from the initial conditions (pre-cycle) of 21.05% which is in accordance with the KKM, then the first cycle increased to 28.95% and finally in the second cycle increased dramatically to 89.48%. This is in accordance with the indicators of success, namely at least 75% of learning outcome, and this learning is successful.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR DAN KUALITAS KARAKTER SISWA MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL TAUHIDUL ILMI PADA MATERI KOLOID
Authors: Hasanah Heni
Published: May 2021

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan kualitas karakter dan hasil belajar siswa pada materi koloid melalui model Tauhidul Ilmi. Model Tauhidul Ilmi merupakan model pembelajaran yang menggabungkan sains sains dengan pembelajaran sains spiritual, melalui pendekatan yang berbeda pada proses pembelajaran holistik. Latar belakang penelitian ini meliputi hasil survei yang menemukan terdapat 5,6% berkarakter rendah, 63,9% sedang dan hanya 37% siswa yang berkualitas dan hasil belajar pada materi koloid baru 13,9% tuntas dan 86,1% tidak tuntas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis data hasil tes siklus akhir, hasil observasi karakter siswa dan aktivitas guru dalam proses pembelajaran. Langkah-langkah dalam penerapan model Tauhidul Ilmi dimulai dengan memberikan stimulasi kemudian menggali kearifan, mengidentifikasi masalah, mengumpulkan data, mengolah data, membuktikan / menguji hipotesis, mengkomunikasikan kesimpulan dan tahap terakhir evaluasi dan refleksi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan peningkatan hasil belajar dari 13,9% tuntas menjadi 85,3%. Dan peningkatan kualitas karakter siswa pada kategori atas dari 37% menjadi 61,1%. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui model tauhidul ilmi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dan kualitas karakter siswa kelas XI MIPA 5 di MAN 2 Kota Bandung pada materi koloid. Oleh karena itu, untuk pembelajaran selanjutnya diusulkan untuk menggunakan model tauhidul ilmi dalam pembelajaran koloid.
Su Soğutmalı Fotovoltaik Sistemin Performans Analizi
Authors: EROL Halil
Published: May 2021

Bu çalışma ile FV panellerin çalışma sıcaklıklarını harici soğutma düzenekleri ile azaltmak suretiyle verimliliklerinin artırılması Osmaniye yöresi için gerçeklenmiştir. Güneş enerjisinden elektrik üretirken panelin sıcaklığı artmakta ve bu da panel verimini azaltmaktadır. Fotovoltaik(FV) panelin ısısı, panelin arka yüzeyine yerleştirilen bakır plaka üzerine yerleştirilmiş bakır boru sistemi ile panel ısısının düşürülmesi böylelikle verimliliğin artırılması sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, soğutmalı ve soğutmasız panel ısıl ve elektriksel verimliliklerinin Osmaniye bölgesi şartlarında karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Her iki panel için aynı anda güneş ışınımı, hava / FV panel sıcaklığı, güç, akım ve gerilim gibi FV panel karakteristik değerleri ölçülmüştür. FV panellerin termal ve elektriksel enerji performansı karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Genel verim için, su soğutmalı FV sisteminin % 5.9 ile soğutmasız FV panelinden daha iyi olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Biotechnological Approaches for the Improvement of Magnolia Genus Grown in Indonesia
Authors: MAESAROH Siti , ÖZEL Çiğdem Alev
Published: May 2021

Magnolia sp., also known as Michelia, are woody fragrant flowering plants that have been used in traditional medicinal purposes. This review covers past and curent and future potential studies of Magnolia species grown in Indonesia. There are 28 species and a hybrid of Magnolia that has been recognized and distributed in Indonesia. Conventional cultivation of Magnolia becomes very hard due to poor seed germination. It is caused by hard seed coat, short-lived seed, a fleshy red outer layer of seed called aeril. There are a few studies about in vitro culture and volatile compounds of Magnolia genus at the world literture. M. champaca, M. liliifera, and M. alba (hybrid) and others widely grow in Indonesia, yet the output of studies are anadequate about in vitro or ex vitro cultivation in Indonesia. This review compiles the works of Magnolia species carried out in the past and approaches for future breeding and production studies. These new approaches will significantly contribute to the economic production of the Magnolia species grown in Indonesia.
Hanehalkları Kırmızı Et Tüketim Alışkanlıkları Üzerine bir Araştırma: Doğrusal Olmayan Kanonik Korelasyon Uygulaması
Authors: ÇELİK Şenol
Published: May 2021

Çalışmada Bingöl ve çevre illerde yaşayan hanehalkına kırmızı et tüketimi alışkanlıklarını kapsayan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Bu amaçla, bireylerin, seçilen demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik kavramlar bakımından kırmızı et tüketim tercih ve alışkanlıklarının farklılık gösterip göstermedikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Öncelikle doğrusal olmayan kanonik korelasyon analizi (OVERALS) hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra, verilerin istatistiksel analizi yapılmıştır. OVERALS sonuçlarına göre, uyum değeri 1,468 olarak bulunmuştur. Analizde “aylık gelir”, “tüketim miktarı”, “yaş” ve “alındığı yer” değişkenleri daha önemli bulunmuştur. 50 yaş üstü aylık geliri 2000-3000 lira arası ve aylık gıda harcaması 2000 lira üstü olan memurlar, kasaptan et alarak sakatat şeklinde kırmızı et tüketmektedir. Aylık geliri 3000-4000 lira olan işçiler, serbest meslek sahipleri ve kadınlar sığır etini marketten almaktadır. Aylık geliri 4000-5000 lira ve 5000 lira üstü olanlar süpermarket ve hipermarketten et almaktadır.
Continuing medical education of family doctors through distance learning in Ukraine
Authors: Korzh Oleksii
Published: May 2021

Analysis of the state of scientific elaboration of the problem of distance learning in Ukraine and the experience of its implementation in the practice of higher education showed that despite some achievements, this pedagogical problem needs further research. Distance learning improves postgraduate training of doctors. The main purpose of teaching in postgraduate education is to achieve high-quality practical training based on knowledge, skills and abilities in traditional and modern educational technologies. Distance learning is a promising form of pedagogical technologies in the field of medical education, as it is more flexible and corresponds to modern realities of society.
Stages of crisis communication in public administration. case study Romanian Ministry of Transport
Authors: Gagu Eleni , Rus Mihaela , Tasențe Tănase
Published: May 2021

For a democratic state to function effectively, the public administration, whether central or local, must communicate with its citizens. The emergence of a crisis can attract the attention of the public and the media, and poor communication from the public administration can threaten the trust of citizens. In this paper, we analyzed how the Romanian Ministry of Transport responded to potential crisis situations, related to good practices for crisis communication suggested by theorists in the field.
SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF THE GROWING GENERATION
Authors: SATTAROV TIMUR , BATAYEVA AKMARAL , DAULETALI AKBARHAN
Published: May 2021

The topic of the spiritual and cultural formation of the younger generation at all times has been the subject of close comprehension of philosophers, religious scholars, teachers, representatives of many ethnic groups who study it. Each ethnic group developed certain methods of education (training and upbringing) of young people, the formation of its spiritual and cultural appearance. Different cultures: eastern and western, have developed their models, standards of education, spiritual and cultural development, and upbringing, in which both universal and specific ethnonational aspects are present. The article considers the problem of spiritual and moral education of the younger generation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, aimed at reviving national values, improving the system of national education, and educating a harmoniously developed generation in the spirit of patriotism and love for the Motherland. It also reveals the importance of studying the history of Uzbekistan in educating young people in the spirit of the ideology of national independence. The cultural past does not disappear, it persists for generations, works for the present, laying the foundation for the future. The culture of the past is always necessary for modernity, which is experiencing a crisis of spirituality and morality. The present must be compared with the past to select a new trend in cultural development. Turning to the past cultural, intellectual, values allows us to understand the present, find ways to overcome the crisis in culture, associated not only with a drop in the quality of education but also with the spiritual and cultural education of young people, as well as to bridge the gap between the sides of a single cultural and intellectual process. The article examines the ideas of educating the younger generation in the works of such oriental thinkers and educators like Abu Raikhan Beruni, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, analyzes their philosophical views on education and such vital tasks as finding the meaning of life, researching good and evil, defining the concepts of justice, compassion, etc. The article raises the problems of educating modern youth in the spirit of patriotism based on national traditions.
АНАЛИЗ УСТРОЙСТВА РЕЛЕЙНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ И АВТОМАТИКИ СИСТЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ
Authors: Жұмақанов Султан Қадырбекұлы , Садықбек Толеусерик Абишулы
Published: May 2021

В статье рассмотрены основные недостатки и преимущества эксплуатирующихся устройств релейной защиты (РЗ) выполненных на аналоговых электромеханических, статических и цифровых реле.
«CIRRA» CCP-Қ ҚОНДЫРҒЫСЫНДА СӘУЛЕЛЕНДІРУ ТӘЖІРИБЕЛЕРІ БАРЫСЫНДА КЛАПАНДАРДЫ БАСҚАРУ ЖӘНЕ МОНИТОРИНГІЛЕУ ЖҮЙЕСІ
Authors: Әбділлә М. Ә. , Чихрай Е. В. , Әскербеков С. Қ. , Аханов А. М. , Бергузинов Асхат Нурланович
Published: May 2021

Бұл жұмыс, CCP-Қ реакторындағы ЯР және ТЯР материалдарынан газ бөлінуін зерттеуге арналған «CIRRA» қондырғысының 4 аналогтық температура мен вакуум жүйесінің қысым датчиктерін мониторингілеу және клапандарды қашықтан басқару автоматтандырылған жүйесіне арналған. 4K_Аргус аталатын бұл жүйе, аналогты-цифрлық кіріс-шығыс желісі бар, E14-140M көпканалдық аналогты-цифрлық түрлендіргішінің негізінде жасақталып құрылған.
Post-analytical phase: Improvement of the communication of test results by the development of a computer software in biochemistry laboratory at CHU Batna.
Authors:   Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de Médecine, Université El-Hadj Lakhdar Batna – Algérie, Cherif Redouane Amine , Boucetta Malika ,   Laboratoire de Biochimie, CHU Benflis Touhami Batna – Algérie., Chaouche Khouane Yasmina , Derghal Rachida , Boucetta Mebarek , Bouaicha Malika Nawel , Alloui Nadjoua , Boukrous Hanane
Published: May 2021

Background: A quality system in a clinical laboratory involves supervision of all the phases of the total testing process: pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical. Misinterpretations during the last phase may cause a wrong diagnosis. Aim: Improvement of the interpretation of test results in the laboratory of biochemistry - CHU Batna, by the introduction of computer software ensuring better delivery and interpretation of results. Method: The updating of the reference values was based on the biochemistry analysis guides and equipment method sheets used in the biochemistry laboratory. The development of the software used two programs, Visual Basic 6 for the interface and Access 2007 for setting up the database. The first version of the software includes only general biochemistry. Results and Discussion: The analysis report obtained by the software developed presents specific reference values to each patient, and allows a record of results as an electronic file that can be archived and/or sent directly to the requesting service in the case of the presence of an intranet. In the future, the development of this first version of the software will focus on the introduction of tumor markers and hormonology with regular reviews of the reference values.