bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skelettszintigraphie
Authors: Bares R. , Brenner W. , Kirsch C.-M.
Published: October 2018

Diese Leitlinie soll eine an der Praxis orientierte Hilfestellung bei der Indikationsprüfung, Durchführung und Beurteilung der Skelettszintigraphie liefern. Ausgehend von den pathophysiologischen und pharmakologischen Grundlagen wird eine Übersicht über die methodischen Variationen der Skelett - szintigraphie incl. der Anwendung neuer Messtechniken gegeben, an die sich eine detaillierte Aufzählung der gesicherten Indikationen anschließt. Es folgt die Beschreibung der konkreten Vorgehensweise, zu der die Patientenvorbereitung, Anamnese-Erhebung, Beachtung der Kontraindikationen, Auswahl des geeigneten Radiopharmakons (incl. Dosierung und Abschätzung der Strahlenexposition) sowie die Festlegung der Datenakquisition unter Einschluss etwaiger Interventionen gehört. Komplettiert wird diese Beschreibung durch Angaben zur Datenauswertung (Nachbearbeitung), Befundung und Berichterstellung incl. Dokumentation. Schließlich werden auch die Qualitätssicherung und mögliche Quellen für Fehlbefunde dargestellt sowie Zukunftsperspektiven anhand offener Fragen beleuchtet.
Health Information Search to Deal with the Exploding Amount of Health Information Produced
Authors: Hanbury A. , Al Shorbaji N. , Müller H.
Published: October 2018

Objectives: This focus theme deals with the various aspects of health information search that are necessary to cope with the challenges of an increasing amount and complexity of medical information currently produced.

Methods: This editorial reviews the main challenges of health information search and summarizes the five papers of this focus theme.

Results and Conclusions: The five papers of the focus theme cover a large part of the current challenges in health information search such as coding standards, information extraction from complex data, user requirements analysis, multimedia data analysis and the access to big data. Several future challenges are identified such as the combination of visual and textual data for information search and the difficulty to scale when analyzing big data.
Know Thyself
Authors: Beuscart R.
Published: October 2018

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine on “Biomedical Informatics: We Are What We Publish” written by Peter L. Elkin, Steven H. Brown, and Graham Wright. It is introduced by this editorial and followed by a commentary paper with invited comments. In their paper, P. Elkin et al. attempt to define the fields of Medical Informatics and Bioinfor matics through a bottom-up approach by searching the medical literature. This innovative approach provides interesting results that are discussed in the commentary paper. In subsequent issues the discussion may continue through letters to the editor.
Discussion of “Biomedical Infor -matics: We Are What We Publish”
Authors: de Quirós F. G. B. , Geissbuhler A. , Hammond W. E. , Hasman A. , Hussein R. , Koppel R. , Kulikowski C. A. , Maojo V. , Martin-Sanchez F. , Moorman P. W. , Moura L. A. , Schuemie M. J. , Smith B. , Talmon J.
Published: October 2018

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the paper "Biomedical Informatics: We Are What We Publish", written by Peter L. Elkin, Steven H. Brown, and Graham Wright. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commenta -ries invited to independently comment on the Elkin et al. paper. In subsequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.
Commentaries on “Informatics and Medicine: From Molecules to Populations”
Authors: Altman R. B. , Balling R. , Brinkley J. F. , Coiera E. , Consorti F. , Dhansay M. A. , Geissbuhler A. , Hersh W. , Kwankam S. Y. , Lorenzi N. M. , Martin-Sanchez F. , Mihalas G. I. , Shahar Y. , Takabayashi K. , Wiederhold G.
Published: October 2018

Objective:
To discuss interdisciplinary research and education in the context of informatics and medicine by commenting on the paper of Kuhn et al. “Informatics and Medicine: From Molecules to Populations”.

Method:
Inviting an international group of experts in biomedical and health informatics and related disciplines to comment on this paper.

Results and Conclusions:
The commentaries include a wide range of reasoned arguments and original position statements which, while strongly endorsing the educational needs identified by Kuhn et al., also point out fundamental challenges that are very specific to the unusual combination of scientific, technological, personal and social problems characterizing biomedical informatics. They point to the ultimate objectives of managing difficult human health problems, which are unlikely to yield to technological solutions alone. The psychological, societal, and environmental components of health and disease are emphasized by several of the commentators, setting the stage for further debate and constructive suggestions.
The Effect of Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy on Stifle Extensor Mechanism Load: A Canine Ex Vivo Study
Authors: Glyde Mark , Hosgood Giselle , Hayes Alex , Drew Jarrod
Published: October 2018

Objective To evaluate the effect of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy on stifle extensor mechanism load in an ex vivo cruciate-intact canine cadaveric model.

Study Design Ex vivo mechanical testing study.

Animals Cadaveric canine pelvic limbs (n = 6).

Materials and Methods A 21-mm tibial radial osteotomy was performed on pelvic limbs (n = 6) prior to being mounted into a load-bearing limb press. The proximal tibial segment was incrementally rotated until the anatomical tibial plateau angle had been rotated to at least 1°. The proportional change in stifle extensor mechanism load between the anatomical tibial plateau angle and the neutralized (∼6.5 degrees) and over-rotated (∼1°) tibial plateau angle was analysed using a one-sample t-test against a null hypothesis of no change. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant.

Results There was no significant change in the stifle extensor mechanism load from the anatomical tibial plateau angle (308 N [261–355 N]) to the neutralized tibial plateau angle (313 N [254–372 N]; p =.81), or from the anatomical tibial plateau angle to the over-rotated tibial plateau angle (303 N [254–352 N; p = 0.67).

Conclusion Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy does not significantly alter stifle extensor mechanism load at either a neutralized or over-rotated tibial plateau angle in our cruciate-intact model.
Iod-131-Ganzkörperszintigraphie beim differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinom
Authors: Verburg Frederik , Grünwald Frank , Lassmann Michael , Hänscheid Heribert , Luster Markus , Dietlein Markus
Published: October 2018

Die Version 4 der Verfahrensanweisung für die Iod-131-Ganzkörperszintigraphie beim differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinom ist ein Update der Version 3, die im Jahr 2007
durch die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN) und die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Physik (DGMP) publiziert wurde. Diese Verfahrensanweisung
beschreibt mit primärer Zielsetzung die fachgerechte Durchführung der Ganzkörperszintigraphie nach Applikation einer diagnostischen bzw. therapeutischen I-131-Aktivität.
Die aktualisierten Indikationen zur I-131-Ganzkörperszintigraphie werden in der Verfahrensanweisung aufgelistet. Neue Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Beziehung zwischen
verabreichter Aktivität und Bildqualität wurden in der aktualisierten Verfahrungsanweisung berücksichtigt. Die Verfahrensanweisung wurde von einer repräsentativen
Expertengruppe im Konsensverfahren verabschiedet. Sie entspricht damit einer Verfahrensanweisung der ersten Stufe (S1) nach den Kriterien der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der
Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF). Zusätzlich wurden Indikationsstellung, Zeitpunkt und Aktivitätswahl für die diagnostische
Ganzkörperszintigraphie im erweiterten Kollegenkreis am 30. November 2012, am 19. April 2013 und am 23. April 2015 bei Tagungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schilddrüse der
Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin ausführlich diskutiert.
Variations in Cochlear Size of Cochlear Implant Candidates
Authors: Zahara Devira , Dewi Rima Diana , Aboet Askaroellah , Putranto Fikri Mirza , Lubis Netty Delvrita , Ashar Taufik
Published: October 2018

Introduction The cochlear anatomy varies in each individual, and that has an impact on decisions regarding the insertion of electrodes. The measurement of the cochlear size is the routine examination required to choose the proper cochlear implant (CI) electrodes.

Objective To acquire normative data on the size of the cochlea (length, width, height, scala timpani [ST] height, cochlear duct length [CDL]) of CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia.

Methods This descriptive study was conducted based on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) temporal bone data and on HRCT temporal data manipulated to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) multiplanar images with OsiriX MD DICOM Viewer version 9.5.1 (Pixmeo SARL, Bernex, Geneva, Switzerland) viewer of 18 patients (36 ears) who were CI candidates in Medan, Indonesia, in order to determine cochlear length (A), cochlear width, cochlear height, ST height and CDL, calculated through a simple mathematical function.

Results The average cochlear length (A) was 8.75 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 0.31 mm); the average cochlear width was 6.53 mm (SD = 0.35 mm); the average cochlear height was 3.26 mm (SD = 0.24 mm) and the average ST height at the basal cochlea was 1.00 mm (SD = 0.1 mm); and 0.71 mm (SD = 0.1 mm) at the half turn of cochlea. The average total CDL was 32.45 mm (SD = 1.31 mm; range: 30.01–34.83 mm).

Conclusion The cochlear size varies in each individual; therefore, the temporal bone measurement of CI candidates using HRCT is essential: for the selection of suitable implant electrodes; to minimize cochlear damages at the insertion of the electrode arrays; and to maximize the hearing improvements.
Comparing Individuals through the Speech Recognition Test Applied to Regional Live Voice and Recorded Speeches from Paraná State in Five Brazilian Counties
Authors: Mafra Nicoli Valverde , Ribas Angela , Moretti Claudia , Zeigelboim Bianca Simone , Fonseca Vinicius Ribas , Borburema Rodrigo Marques
Published: October 2018

Introduction Speech tests such as logoaudiometry measure the ability to perceive and recognize oral sounds. The Speech Recognition Index (SRI) is one of the speech tests adopted in clinical routine; it uses standardized live voice and recorded speeches. The live voice speech method can be influenced by intra and interspeaker variability, as well as by regionalism variability, whereas recorded tests show consistency in their presentation.

Objective Analyzing results of the SRI test applied to live voice and recorded speeches from Paraná State, in different Brazilian counties.

Method The sample comprised 125 individuals, 25 from each county (Rio de Janeiro, Florianópolis, Porto Alegre, Salvador and Curitiba), from both sexes, in the age group 20 to 70 years; the SRI was applied in both techniques.

Results The recorded speech method showed prevalence of hit improvement in Rio de Janeiro (40%), Salvador, Porto Alegre and Florianópolis (28%). Individuals from Salvador and Florianópolis subjected to the recorded speech method showed better results in the left ear. Individuals from Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre showed satisfactory results in both ears, whereas those from Curitiba did not show statistically significant difference between the left and the right ear.

Conclusion The recorded CD application method showed prevalence of hit improvement (%) in the SRI responses in comparison to the live voice speech technique in most of the studied counties. According to the hit rate measured in the herein investigated counties, Rio de Janeiro showed the best results in the recorded speech method.
Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus due to Left Inferior Vena Cava and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Arai Hirofumi , Mizukami Akira , Yoshioka Kenji , Kuroda Shunsuke , Iwatsuka Ryota , Hayashi Tatsuya , Kimura Shigeki , Matsumura Akihiko
Published: October 2018

A 29-year-old man with diarrhea and abdominal pain for 2 weeks presented with new-onset left back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a left inferior vena cava (IVC) crossing over the aorta, and thrombus in the IVC and left renal vein. Colonoscopy and biopsy for assessment of diarrhea and abdominal pain provided a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Stasis of blood flow due to left IVC crossing over the aorta, and hypercoagulability due to ulcerative colitis influenced thrombus formation.
User Testing an Information Foraging Tool for Ambulatory Surgical Site Infection Surveillance
Authors: Karavite Dean , Miller Matthew , Ramos Mark , Rettig Susan , Ross Rachael , Xiao Rui , Muthu Naveen , Localio A. , Gerber Jeffrey , Coffin Susan , Grundmeier Robert
Published: October 2018

Background Surveillance for surgical site infections (SSIs) after ambulatory surgery in children requires a detailed manual chart review to assess criteria defined by the National Health and Safety Network (NHSN). Electronic health records (EHRs) impose an inefficient search process where infection preventionists must manually review every postsurgical encounter (< 30 days). Using text mining and business intelligence software, we developed an information foraging application, the SSI Workbench, to visually present which postsurgical encounters included SSI-related terms and synonyms, antibiotic, and culture orders.

Objective This article compares the Workbench and EHR on four dimensions: (1) effectiveness, (2) efficiency, (3) workload, and (4) usability.

Methods Comparative usability test of Workbench and EHR. Objective test metrics are time per case, encounters reviewed per case, time per encounter, and retrieval of information meeting NHSN definitions. Subjective measures are cognitive load using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Task Load Index (NASA TLX), and a questionnaire on system usability and utility.

Results Eight infection preventionists participated in the test. There was no difference in effectiveness as subjects retrieved information from all cases, using both systems, to meet the NHSN criteria. There was no difference in efficiency in time per case between the Workbench and EHR (8.58 vs. 7.39 minutes, p = 0.36). However, with the Workbench subjects opened fewer encounters per case (3.0 vs. 7.5, p = 0.002), spent more time per encounter (2.23 vs. 0.92 minutes, p = 0.002), rated the Workbench lower in cognitive load (NASA TLX, 24 vs. 33, p = 0.02), and significantly higher in measures of usability.

Conclusion Compared with the EHR, the Workbench was more usable, short, and reduced cognitive load. In overall efficiency, the Workbench did not save time, but demonstrated a shift from between-encounter foraging to within-encounter foraging and was rated as significantly more efficient. Our results suggest that infection surveillance can be better supported by systems applying information foraging theory.
Application of the VUV and the soft x-ray systems on JET for the study of intrinsic impurity behavior in neon seeded hybrid discharges
Authors: Krawczyk N. , Czarnecka A. , Ivanova-Stanik I. , Zagórski R. , Challis C. , Frigione D. , Giroud C. , Graves J. , Mantsinen M. J. , Silburn S. ,   JET Contributors
Published: October 2018

This paper reports on impurity behavior in a set of hybrid discharges with Ne seeding—one of the techniques considered to reduce the power load on reactor walls. A series of experiments carried out with light gas injection on JET with the ITER-Like-Wall (ILW) suggests increased tungsten release and impurity accumulation [C. Challis et al., Europhysics Conference Abstracts 41F, 2.153 (2017)]. The presented method relies mainly on the measurements collected by vacuum-ultra-violet and soft X-ray (SXR) diagnostics including the “SOXMOS” spectrometer and the SXR camera system. Both diagnostics have some limitations. Consequently, only a combination of measurements from these systems is able to provide comprehensive information about high-Z [e.g., tungsten (W)] and mid-Z [nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo)] impurities for their further quantitative diagnosis. Moreover, thanks to the large number of the SXR lines of sight, determination of a 2D radiation profile was also possible. Additionally, the experimental results were compared with numerical modeling based on integrated simulations with COREDIV. Detailed analysis confirmed that during seeding experiments, higher tungsten release is observed, which was also found in the past. Additionally, it was noticed that besides W, the contribution of molybdenum to SXR radiation was greater, which can be explained by the place of its origin.
Ab initio investigation of Fe substitution effect on magnetostructural transition of CoMnGe
Authors: Okubo Yuri , Eto Syoichi , Mitsui Yoshifuru , Koyama Keiichi , Fujii Shinpei
Published: October 2018

First-principles calculations for the ferromagnetic systems (Co,Fe)MnGe and Co(Mn,Fe)Ge show the hexagonal cell volume decreases as an amount of Fe increases mainly because of the reduction of the lattice constant c. The Fe substitution produces a reduction in the distance between adjacent atoms along the direction of the c axis and an increase in charge density between those atoms. This enhancement of the covalent bond is responsible for the hexagonal-structure stabilization or a decrease of the structural transition temperature from hexagonal to orthorhombic phases.
Structural and electronic properties of group-IV tin nanotubes and their effects on the adsorption of SO2 molecules: Insights from DFT computations
Authors: Abbasi Amirali , Jahanbin Sardroodi Jaber
Published: October 2018

The structural and electronic properties of pristine and SO2 adsorbed buckled tin nanotubes were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The effects of SO2 gas adsorption on the electronic structure of the nanotubes were analyzed in detail. SO2 molecule was initially positioned on the armchair and zigzag stanene based nanotubes with orientations through both interacting sulfur and oxygen sites. The results suggest that the considered armchair nanotubes have direct bandgaps at the K point, indicating the semiconductor characteristics of these nanotubes. Thus, these nanotubes are efficient candidates for gas sensing applications. Moreover, the considered (9, 0) and (10, 0) zigzag nanotubes also exhibit semiconductor behavior. Among the armchair nanotubes, the highest (most negative) adsorption energy belongs to (8, 8) armchair nanotube, which indicates that SO2 interaction with (8, 8) nanotube is energetically most favorable. The adsorption energy slightly increases with increasing the nanotube diameter. Besides, the adsorption of the SO2 molecule on the nanotube surface through its oxygen atoms is more favorable in energy than that through its central sulfur atom. The projected density of states of the interacting tin and oxygen atoms show the formation of chemical bonds between these atoms, as evidenced by the accumulation of electronic density at the middle of the newly formed bonds. Based on charge density difference calculations, we found the charge accumulation on the adsorbed SO2 molecule, which represents that SO2 acts as a charge acceptor.
Generation of multiple near-visible comb lines in an AlN microring via χ(2) and χ(3) optical nonlinearities
Authors: Liu Xianwen , Sun Changzheng , Xiong Bing , Wang Lai , Wang Jian , Han Yanjun , Hao Zhibiao , Li Hongtao , Luo Yi , Yan Jianchang , Wei Tongbo , Zhang Yun , Wang Junxi
Published: October 2018

On-chip frequency upconversion of a near-infrared (NIR) Kerr comb in a χ(2) and χ(3) system provides a convenient route to extending the comb spectra into the visible band. Yet to date, only limited visible or near-visible comb lines have been obtained using this scheme. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of multiple near-visible comb lines based on spectral translation from a broadband NIR Kerr comb. This physical process is implemented in an aluminum nitride (AlN)-on-sapphire microring, where we achieve a wideband frequency upconversion by incorporating the phase-mismatched fundamental and first-order near-visible modes. Upon tuning the pump into the resonance with sufficient power, we attain a broadband NIR Kerr comb and 153 corresponding near-visible comb lines in 720–840 nm with a reasonable efficiency over 4.1 × 10−5%. The wideband frequency upconversion can be adapted to on-chip frequency stabilization of self-referenced microcombs, as required for precision optical clocks and frequency metrology.
Comparison of LSPR-mediated enhanced fluorescence excited by S- and P-polarized light on a two-dimensionally assembled silver nanoparticle sheet
Authors: Ishijima Ayumi , Wang Pangpang , Ryuzaki Sou , Okamoto Koichi , Tamada Kaoru
Published: October 2018

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excited by an oblique incidence of S- and P-polarized light to a two-dimensionally assembled silver nanoparticle sheet was investigated via enhanced fluorescence under total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The finite-difference-time-domain simulation demonstrated that the S-polarized light induced a strong plasmon coupling at a nanogap between the particles, which eventually led to a highly confined, strong, and “flattened” electric field on the entire surface. In contrast, the LSPR field excited by P-polarized light was located on the individual particles, having a relatively long tail in the axial direction (low confinement). The LSPR-mediated fluorescence appeared stronger under P-polarized light than under S-polarized light in the experiments using cyanine dye solutions, while the opposite result was obtained for the fluorescence bead snapshot (diameter: 200 nm). Magnified images of the single beads taken by a super-resolution digital CMOS camera (65 nm/pixel) revealed improved lateral resolution when S-polarized light was used on both the silver nanoparticle sheet and glass under TIRF microscopy.
Long-term monitoring suggests bat boxes may alter local bat community structure
Authors: Griffiths Stephen R. , Lumsden Linda F. , Bender Robert , Irvine Robert , Godinho Lisa N. , Visintin Casey , Eastick Danielle L. , Robert Kylie A. , Lentini Pia E.
Published: October 2018

Bat boxes are often used to provide supplementary roosting habitats; however, little is known of their impacts on community composition. Data collected from a 25-year box-monitoring and 31-year harp trapping case study provides preliminary evidence that the installation of boxes may have contributed to one species, Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), dominating the bat community of a periurban park in Melbourne. This highlights the need for systematic monitoring and empirical assessment of conservation-focused bat box programs.
Could Australian ticks harbour emerging viral pathogens?
Authors: O'Brien Caitlin A , Hall Roy A , Lew-Tabor Ala
Published: October 2018

Tick-borne viruses contribute significantly to the disease burden in Europe, Asia and the US. Historically, some of the most well-known viruses from this group include the human pathogens, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. More recently multiple emerging tick-borne viruses have been associated with severe disease in humans with Bourbon virus and Heartland virus isolated from patients in the US and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus reported from China, Japan, and South Korea. Such examples highlight the need for broader approaches to survey arthropod pathogens, to encompass not only known but novel pathogens circulating in Australian tick populations.
Tick-transmitted human infections in Asia
Authors: Robinson Matthew T , Vongphayloth Khamsing , Hertz Jeffrey C , Brey Paul , Newton Paul N
Published: October 2018

Vector-borne pathogens of human significance cause a predicted 17% of infectious diseases worldwide, of which, ~23% are tick transmitted1. Although second to mosquitoes in terms of impact, ticks are thought to carry a greater diversity of pathogens than other arthropod vectors2. Asia is a key region for tick-borne pathogens, with tick species typically restricted to latitudes below 60–55°N3 where the climate is warmer and wetter – from the steppe regions of Russia to the tropical rainforests of South East Asia.
“My Name is A-on-the-cheek”: Managing Names and Name Signs in American Sign Language-English Team Interpretation
Authors: Petitta Giulia , Dively Valerie , Halley Mark , Holmes Marc , Nicodemus Brenda
Published: October 2018

Interpreters face challenges when rendering names between languages. First, names may be unknown to the interpreter or contain culturally specific information. Further, names lack contextual clues that aid the decoding process. Finally, names may be pronounced in a manner that is difficult to understand (e.g., rapidly or with an accent). Spoken language interpreters have the option of repeating names in their original form; however, signed language interpreters work between languages produced in distinct language modalities (sign-speech) that share no phonological features; thus, names cannot simply be reproduced across languages. In this study we created a mock scenario between two interlocutors (a hearing computer specialist and a deaf international student) who enacted a training session in which they deliberately incorporated names. The interlocutors repeated this training session three times, each with a different team of interpreters. We report strategies used by the teams to convey names in their interpretations.
Novel indole and benzothiophene ring derivatives showing differential modulatory activity against human epithelial sodium channel subunits, ENaC β and γ
Authors: Kasahara Yoichi , Sakurai Takanobu , Matsuda Ryusei , Narukawa Masataka , Yasuoka Akihito , Mori Naoki , Watanabe Hidenori , Okabe Takayoshi , Kojima Hirotatsu , Abe Keiko , Misaka Takumi , Asakura Tomiko
Published: October 2018

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a pivotal role in sodium homeostasis, and the development of drugs that modulate ENaC activity is of great potential therapeutic relevance. We screened 6100 chemicals for their ability to activate sodium permeability of ENaC. We used a two-step strategy: a high throughput cell-based assay and an electrophysiological assay. Five compounds were identified showing common structural features including an indole or benzothiophene ring. ENaC consists of three subunits: α, β, and γ. Changing the heteromeric combination of human and mouse ENaC αβγ subunits, we found that all five compounds activated the human β subunit but not the mouse subunit. However, four of them exhibited lower activity when the human γ subunit was substituted by the mouse γ subunit. Our findings provide a structural basis for designing human ENaC activity modulators.

Abbreviations: ENaC: Epithelial sodium channel; ΔRFU: delta relative fluorescence units; EC50: Half-maximal effective concentration; Emax: maximum effect value.
Multiple roles of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lymph node development
Authors: Bovay Esther , Sabine Amélie , Prat-Luri Borja , Kim Sudong , Son Kyungmin , Willrodt Ann-Helen , Olsson Cecilia , Halin Cornelia , Kiefer Friedemann , Betsholtz Christer , Jeon Noo Li , Luther Sanjiv A. , Petrova Tatiana V.
Published: October 2018

The mammalian lymphatic system consists of strategically located lymph nodes (LNs) embedded into a lymphatic vascular network. Mechanisms underlying development of this highly organized system are not fully understood. Using high-resolution imaging, we show that lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells initially transmigrate from veins at LN development sites using gaps in venous mural coverage. This process is independent of lymphatic vasculature, but lymphatic vessels are indispensable for the transport of LTi cells that egress from blood capillaries elsewhere and serve as an essential LN expansion reservoir. At later stages, lymphatic collecting vessels ensure efficient LTi cell transport and formation of the LN capsule and subcapsular sinus. Perinodal lymphatics also promote local interstitial flow, which cooperates with lymphotoxin-β signaling to amplify stromal CXCL13 production and thereby promote LTi cell retention. Our data unify previous models of LN development by showing that lymphatics intervene at multiple points to assist LN expansion and identify a new role for mechanical forces in LN development.
Bilateral supplementary comparison of cryogenic radiometers SIM.PR-S3
Authors: Yoon H W , Shaw P S , Menegotto T , Almeida G F B de
Published: October 2018

NIST (USA) and INMETRO (Brazil) performed a bilateral supplementary comparison of cryogenic radiometers. The subject of this comparison is to give metrological equivalence to the measurement of optical power performed at Inmetro, using the reference value of this quantity derived from CCPR–S3 comparison. Each NMI provided two detectors - silicon-based 3-photodiode, reflectance trap detectors - for this bilateral comparison. Those detectors were measured at nominal wavelengths of 457.9 nm and 514.5 nm of Ar+; 632.8 nm of HeNe by each laboratory. The results for both institutes agree under the normalized error criterion. The results of this comparison also show agreement with a combined standard uncertainty of 6.1 parts per 104 and the differences to the CCPR-S3 reference value were -1.7 and -6.1 parts in 104.

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Cryogenic radiometers, Supplementary Comparison

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Duality for classical 𝑝-adic groups: The half-integral case
Authors: Jantzen Chris
Published: October 2018

Let

G
G

be a classical

p
p

-adic group and let

π
\pi

be a smooth irreducible representation of

G
G

. In this paper, we consider the problem of calculating the dual (in the sense of Aubert and Schneider-Stuhler)

π
^

\hat {\pi }

. More precisely, if

π
\pi

is specified by its Langlands data, the problem is to determine the Langlands data for

π
^

\hat {\pi }

. This problem reduces (based on supercuspidal support) to two main cases: half-integral reducibility and integral reducibility; the latter is addressed here.
Dominican Ethnic Identities, National Borders, and Literature
Authors: García Peña Lorgia
Published: October 2018

The formation of Dominican identity has been linked to the historical nexus that placed Dominicans in relationship to Haiti, Spain, and the United States. The foundational literature of the 19th century sought to shape national identity as emerging from racial hybridity through notions of mestizaje that obscured Dominican African roots. In the early to mid-20th century, at the hands of the Trujillo intelligentsia, these myths shaped legal, educational, and military structures, leading to violence and disenfranchisement. Since the death of Trujillo in 1961, Dominican writers, artists, and scholars have been articulating other ways of being Dominican that include Afro-Dominican episteme and accounts for the experiences of colonialisms, bordering, and diasporic movements. These articulations of dominicanidad have led to a vibrant, exciting, and incredibly diverse literary production at home and abroad.
Interlingual Literature, Tropicalization, and Bilanguaging
Authors: Gonzalez Shawn
Published: October 2018

US Latina/o literature is shaped by the hierarchical relationship between Spanish and English in the United States. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, writers working in various genres have explored this linguistic relationship by representing the interaction between English and Spanish in their literary works. Within a broader context of bilingual literary creation, many Latina/o writers have innovated with Spanish and English in ways that trouble the boundaries between these languages and, by extension, their relationship. In response to these literary experimentations, scholars have developed a range of perspectives to analyze writing that cannot be fully described by the term bilingual. Juan Bruce-Novoa proposes the term interlingual to analyze texts that do not treat Spanish and English as separate, independent codes but rather place the languages in a state of relation that makes a purely monolingual reading impossible. Frances Aparicio approaches this writing through the framework of tropicalization, a term that signals both dominant US cultural stereotypes about Latina/os as well as subaltern responses to those stereotypes. While Bruce-Novoa generally focuses on texts that include a high volume of both Spanish and English, Aparicio highlights the work of Latina/o writers, like Sandra Cisneros, Gary Soto, and Helena María Viramontes, who work primarily or exclusively in English. Aparicio traces the presence of Spanish in seemingly monolingual works through strategies like the use of literal translation and the phonetic representation of accent in English dialogue. She analyzes these strategies as sources of linguistic tension and literary creativity that transform the experiences of both monolingual and bilingual readers. Walter Mignolo offers a third perspective on bilingual writing, approaching it through the framework of decolonial theory. Like Bruce-Novoa, Mignolo highlights the creative use of the space between distinct languages. He argues that writers, like Gloria Anzaldúa, who operate in this liminal space participate in an active process of social transformation by denouncing and re-imagining hierarchical, colonial relationships between languages and cultures. While Bruce-Novoa, Aparicio, and Mignolo offer distinct perspectives on Latina/o writing between languages, they share a recognition of creative work that moves beyond the mere coexistence of Spanish and English to create meaning in the messy interaction between languages. In doing so, these creative and critical writers challenge their audiences to new modes of reading literature as well as of imagining linguistic, cultural, and political relationships between English and Spanish.
South Asian American Visual Culture and Representation
Authors: Mani Bakirathi
Published: October 2018

South Asian American visual culture is a diverse field of visual art, created by artists who are first-, second- and third-generation immigrants from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, among other diasporic locations (e.g., Kenya). South Asian American artists work in a range of media forms, including photography, sculpture, installation, video, painting, and drawing. Collectively, these artworks are frequently exhibited in museums and galleries as depictions of contemporary South Asian immigrant life. However, a close reading of individual works produces a more dynamic picture. Instead of viewing South Asian American visual culture solely in terms of artists’ own immigrant biographies, scholarship and museum practices have begun to focus on how its aesthetic and political contributions have been central to the representation of racialized, gendered, and sexualized immigrant bodies in the United States since the turn of the millennium. Drawing across archival collections, aesthetic histories, and digital media forms, artists create works that link the colonial documentation of “native” bodies on the subcontinent with the surveillance and documentation of immigrant bodies by the US state. Alongside artists, academics and activists also work to produce curatorial interventions through exhibitions that generate feminist and queer critiques of the relation between nation-state and diaspora. Emphasizing the transnational ties of capital and labor that bind together the subcontinent with the United States, South Asian American visual culture creates new frameworks for the relationship between race, visuality, and representation.
Chandra Talpade Mohanty and Communication Studies
Authors: Murty Madhavi
Published: October 2018

Chandra Talpade Mohanty’s intellectual projects have consistently foregrounded a deep and rigorous critique of power—the power of capitalism, colonialism, and racialization, ethnic nationalism and heteropatriarchy—and have established the significance of feminist perspectives for struggles for economic and social justice. Her work is generative and provocative for critical cultural communication scholarship in providing methodological tools with which to think about the nexus between power and knowledge, discourse, the appropriation of the local and the particular for the formation of the global and vice versa, the formation of universals abstracted from their histories and social formations such as the “Third World Woman,” identity, and historical materialism. Hers is an intellectual project, grounded in feminism, that takes on the thorny task of carving out solidarities through critique. Her project delineates its own ideological standpoint and formulates a feminist historical materialism that strives methodologically to hold local particularities and their global implications in a tight grip. Mohanty’s work is, in fact, a provocation to formulate modes of analysis that are founded on a careful epistemological critique, such that it has often been used most productively to unravel the formulation of ethnocentric universalism. As such, Mohanty’s work has been particularly relevant for the fields of black cultural studies, feminist media studies, postcolonial communication studies, transnational media studies, race, and communication within critical cultural communication studies.
Critical Communication Pedagogy: Toward “Hope in Action”
Authors: Fassett Deanna L. , Rudick C. Kyle
Published: October 2018

Critical communication pedagogy (CCP) emerged from an interdisciplinary exploration of the relationships between communication and instruction that draws from and extends critical theory. This critical turn has influenced how the communication studies discipline defines and practices communication education (i.e., learning in communication or how best to teach communication) and instructional communication (i.e., communication in learning, or how communication functions to diminish or support learning across a broad array of contexts, from the one-on-one tutoring session to training and development, and beyond). This critical turn in communication and instruction is characterized by 10 commitments of critical communication pedagogy refigured here along three themes: (a) communication is constitutive, (b) social justice is a process, and (c) the classroom is a site of activism and interpersonal justice.

Critical communication pedagogy is defined by three primary criticisms: (a) CCP focuses on postmodern and constitutive philosophies of communication to the detriment of critical theory, (b) CCP focuses too much on in-class communication to the detriment of activist learning, and (c) CCP is over-reliant on autoethnographic and performative methodologies. An expanded, reinvigorated, and radicalized critical communication pedagogy for communication studies scholars entails greater attention to and extension of critical theory; sustained engagement in and with activism (both within and beyond the classroom); and a more robust engagement of diverse methods of data collection and analysis. Critical communication pedagogy scholarship as militant hope is more relevant than ever in the post-Trump era, signaling a way for communication scholars to cultivate ethics of equity and justice at all levels of education.
Numerical Methods in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Mesinger Fedor , Rančić Miodrag , Purser R. James
Published: October 2018

The astonishing development of computer technology since the mid-20th century has been accompanied by a corresponding proliferation in the numerical methods that have been developed to improve the simulation of atmospheric flows. This article reviews some of the numerical developments concern the ongoing improvements of weather forecasting and climate simulation models. Early computers were single-processor machines with severely limited memory capacity and computational speed, requiring simplified representations of the atmospheric equations and low resolution. As the hardware evolved and memory and speed increased, it became feasible to accommodate more complete representations of the dynamic and physical atmospheric processes. These more faithful representations of the so-called primitive equations included dynamic modes that are not necessarily of meteorological significance, which in turn led to additional computational challenges. Understanding which problems required attention and how they should be addressed was not a straightforward and unique process, and it resulted in the variety of approaches that are summarized in this article. At about the turn of the century, the most dramatic developments in hardware were the inauguration of the era of massively parallel computers, together with the vast increase in the amount of rapidly accessible memory that the new architectures provided. These advances and opportunities have demanded a thorough reassessment of the numerical methods that are most successfully adapted to this new computational environment. This article combines a survey of the important historical landmarks together with a somewhat speculative review of methods that, at the time of writing, seem to hold out the promise of further advancing the art and science of atmospheric numerical modeling.
Empathy and Altruism
Authors: Stocks Eric L. , Lishner David A.
Published: October 2018

The term empathy has been used as a label for a broad range of phenomena, including feeling what another person is feeling, understanding another person’s point of view, and imagining oneself in another person’s situation. However, perhaps the most widely researched phenomenon that goes by this label involves an other-oriented emotional state that is congruent with the perceived welfare of another person. The feelings associated with empathy include sympathy, tenderness, and warmth toward the other person. Other variations of empathic emotions have been investigated too, including empathic joy, empathic embarrassment, and empathic anger. The term altruism has also been used as a label for a broad range of phenomena, including any type of helping behavior, personality traits associated with helpful persons, and biological influences that spur protection of genetically related others. However, a particularly fruitful research tradition has focused on altruism as a motivational state with the ultimate goal of protecting or promoting the welfare of a valued other. For example, the empathy–altruism hypothesis claims that empathy (construed as an other-oriented emotional state) evokes altruism (construed as a motivational state). Empathy and altruism, regardless of how they are construed, have important consequences for understanding human behavior in general, and for understanding social relationships and well-being in particular.
Family Violence
Authors: Sutton Tara E. , Simons Leslie Gordon
Published: October 2018

Family violence encompasses a broad range of maltreatment types between family members including physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, as well as neglect and financial exploitation. Such violence includes child maltreatment, sibling abuse, intimate partner violence, and elder mistreatment. Family violence is relatively common and represents a significant social, legal, and public health problem. Specifically, research shows that rates of family violence range from 10% to 45% across family relationships in the United States. Moreover, family violence tends to occur in a socioecological context characterized by risk and vulnerability and is related to various negative consequences including psychological distress, health risks, injury, and even death. Despite overlap in the causes and consequences of family violence, work on each type has largely developed independently. However, several theoretical perspectives have been offered that apply broadly to this important social issue. Additionally, existing criminological theories can be utilized to understand the nature and consequences of family violence.
Police Corruption
Authors: Holmes Leslie
Published: October 2018

Police corruption is ubiquitous and is a serious problem for numerous reasons. One is that police officers are often armed and can therefore pose a physical threat to citizens in a way that most other state officials do not. Another is that citizens typically expect the police to uphold the law and be the “final port of call” in fighting crime, including that of other state officials: if law enforcement officers cannot be trusted, most citizens have nowhere else to turn when seeking justice. Leading on from this, if citizens do not trust the police, they are much less likely to cooperate with them, resulting in higher unsolved crime rates.

Yet according to Transparency International’s 2017 Global Corruption Barometer, more people pay bribes to law enforcement officers globally than to any other public officials, rendering the police the most corrupt branch of the state in many countries. Police corruption assumes numerous forms, from relatively benign but irritating demands for bribes from motorists to improper procurement procedures and—most dangerously—collusion with organized crime gangs in the trafficking of drugs, weapons, and humans, and occasionally even in contract killing. One other form of miscreancy was identified in the 1980s as largely peculiar to the police, namely “noble cause corruption.” This term, also known as the “Dirty Harry problem,” is applied when police officers deliberately bend or break the law not for personal benefit but in the belief that this is ultimately for the good of society.

Many factors drive police corruption, including inadequate salaries, frustration with the leniency of the courts, opportunity, envy (of wealthy criminals), and simple greed. Combating it is no easy task, but methods that have significantly lowered corruption rates in countries such as Singapore and Georgia include reducing discretionary decision-making, radical restructuring, risk assessments, greater use of psychological testing, improving working conditions, lifestyle monitoring, civilian review, and introducing anti-corruption agencies that are completely independent of the police. But police corruption is ultimately a “wicked” problem, meaning that it is so complex and changeable that it can never be completely solved; the best that can be hoped for is that it will be brought down to manageable proportions.
Narrative and Curriculum Theorizing
Authors: Hendry Petra Munro
Published: October 2018

Within contemporary, conventional, interpretive, qualitative paradigms, narrative and curriculum theorizing have traditionally been understood as primary constructs through which educational researchers seek to explain, represent, and conduct inquiry about education. This article traces shifting understandings of Western constructs of narrative and curriculum theorizing from a modernist perspective, in which they were conceived primarily as methods central to the representation of knowledge, to postmodernist perspectives in which they are conceptualized not as epistemological constructs, but as ethical/ontological systems of becoming through/in relationships. Historically, the emergence of “curriculum” and “narrative” (as phenomena) within a modernist, technocratic paradigm, rooted in an epistemological worldview, were constructed as “technologies” whose purpose was to represent knowledge. Current critiques of narrative and curriculum theorizing from the perspective of postmodern, poststructural, feminist, and new materialist perspectives illuminate understandings of these constructs as ethical-ontological-epistemological phenomena. From this perspective, narrative and curriculum theorizing have shifted from being understood as grounded in epistemology in order to provide “better” understanding/knowledge of experience, and alternatively are understood as ethical obligations to “be” in a web of relationships/intra-actions.