bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Förderung gewerblicher Investitionen durch die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe „Verbesserung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstruktur“: Wie erfolgreich sind die geförderten Betriebe?
Authors: Bade Franz-Josef
Published: January 2012

This paper analyses the growth of firms subsidized by German regional policy. Empirical basis is a linked data set consisting of the social security statistics (“Beschäftigtenstatistik”) and the federal statistics of investment grants (“GRW-Förderstatistik”). Actually, 90% (23,516) of all firms subsidized between 1998 and 2008 are covered in this study. The performance of the subsidized firms was consistently positive. On average, their employment grew by + 4.6% per year from the respective year of subvention until 2008, the end of the period of analysis. Differentiated by the year of subvention, those firms which were recently subsidized grew faster. The growth of subsidized firms is particularly high if they are compared to non-subsidized firms of the same region. In the structurally weak regions of eastern Germany, the change of employment of subsidized firms exceeds the corresponding rate for non-subsidized firms by 11% points per year partly due to the strong increase of subsidized firms and partly due to low performance of the other firms. The growth difference is less distinct in the (few) assisted areas of western Germany. The sectoral structure of subsidized firms is rather unfavourable. Even so, their employment growth is much stronger than structurally expected.
Prevalence of serum anti‐rubella virus antibodies among pregnant women in southern Italy
Authors: Calimeri Sebastiano , Capua Adele , La Fauci Vincenza , Squeri Raffaele , Grillo Orazio C. , Giudice Daniela Lo
Published: January 2012

Objective

To determine the prevalence of anti‐rubella virus antibodies and the level of knowledge about congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) among pregnant women living in southern Italy.

Methods

A seroepidemiologic study was conducted between July 1, 2006, and December 31, 2007. Five‐hundred women resident in Messina were enrolled in the study; the participants were in the 4th to 39th week of pregnancy. Anti‐rubella virus antibodies were assayed using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Demographic details, vaccination history, and participants’ knowledge of the potential risks of rubella infection during pregnancy were assessed via questionnaire.

Results

On the basis of the questionnaire results, 70.4% of women were classed as immune to rubella virus infection; however, the prevalence of IgG anti‐rubella virus antibodies measured in the participants’ serum was 85.8%. Although 55.2% of women had undergone pre‐pregnancy rubella screening, only 81 participants reported that they had been vaccinated before becoming pregnant. The participants’ general knowledge about CRS was poor, as was their understanding of the importance of undergoing screening.

Conclusion

The number of women at risk of rubella infection fell short of the national target set for elimination of CRS. Increased involvement and collaboration by all healthcare workers are, therefore, required to disseminate the information necessary to prevent CRS.
Teaching professionalism in science courses: Anatomy to zoology
Authors: Macpherson Cheryl C.
Published: January 2012

Medical professionalism is reflected in attitudes, behaviors, character, and standards of practice. It is embodied by physicians who fulfill their duties to patients and uphold societies' trust in medicine. Professionalism requires familiarity with the ethical codes and standards established by international, governmental, institutional, or professional organizations. It also requires becoming aware of and responsive to societal controversies. Scientific uncertainty may be used to teach aspects of professionalism in science courses. Uncertainty about the science behind, and the health impacts of, climate change is one example explored herein that may be used to teach both professionalism and science. Many medical curricula provide students with information about professionalism and create opportunities for students to reflect upon and strengthen their individually evolving levels of professionalism. Faculties in basic sciences are rarely called upon to teach professionalism or deepen medical students understanding of professional standards, competencies, and ethical codes. However they have the knowledge and experience to develop goals, learning objectives, and topics relevant to professionalism within their own disciplines and medical curricula. Their dedication to, and passion for, science will support basic science faculties in designing innovative and effective approaches to teaching professionalism. This paper explores topics and formats that scientists may find useful in teaching professional attitudes, skills, and competencies in their medical curriculum. It highlights goals and learning objectives associated with teaching medical professionalism in the basic sciences.
Physical aspects of medical science
Authors: Yoshioka Tohru
Published: January 2012

Physical aspects of medical science involve making physical models, physical approaches, and measurements by physical instruments. Among these, the physical approach is the most important for an exact elucidation of the physiological function of living materials. What is a physical approach? In the first step, the molecular mechanism of visual transduction will be demonstrated by considering the physical characteristics of diffusion of second messengers. In the next step, I will consider how frequency modulation–type impulse signaling is converted from amplitude modulation–type electric signaling. In the last section, I will discuss how impulse signaling (i.e., the train of action potentials) is processed by the neural network in the brain and eventually is recognized in the frontal cortex using near infrared spectroscopy. In order to obtain such a physical model of vision, many physical concepts are used, such as light reflex, energy transduction, diffusion of molecules, threshold, the Coulomb interaction, light absorption, and cluster analysis. Among them, the Coulomb interaction, light absorption, and diffusion of molecules are three essential keywords for the physical process.
Experimental study of the influence of anisotropy on the inertial scales of turbulence
Authors: Chang Kelken , Bewley Gregory P. , Bodenschatz Eberhard
Published: January 2012

We ask whether the scaling exponents or the Kolmogorov constants depend on the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations in a turbulent flow with no shear. According to our experiment, the answer is no for the Eulerian second-order transverse velocity structure function. The experiment consisted of 32 loudspeaker-driven jets pointed toward the centre of a spherical chamber. We generated anisotropy by controlling the strengths of the jets. We found that the form of the anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations was the same as that in the strength of the jets. We then varied the anisotropy, as measured by the ratio of axial to radial root-mean-square (r.m.s.) velocity fluctuations, between 0.6 and 2.3. The Reynolds number was approximately constant at around ${R}_{\lambda } = 481$. In a central volume with a radius of 50 mm, the turbulence was approximately homogeneous, axisymmetric, and had no shear and no mean flow. We observed that the scaling exponent of the structure function was $0. 70\pm 0. 03$, independent of the anisotropy and regardless of the direction in which we measured it. The Kolmogorov constant, ${C}_{2} $, was also independent of direction and anisotropy to within the experimental error of 4 %.
The kinetics of ice-lens growth in porous media
Authors: Style Robert W. , Peppin Stephen S. L.
Published: January 2012

We analyse the growth rate of segregated ice (ice lenses) in freezing porous media. For typical colloidal materials such as soils we show that the commonly employed Clapeyron equation is not valid macroscopically at the interface between the ice lens and the surrounding porous medium owing to the viscous dynamics of flow in premelted films. The flow in these films gives rise to an ‘interfacial resistance’ to flow towards the growing ice which causes a significant drop in predicted ice-growth (heave) rates. This explains why many previous models predict ice-growth rates that are much larger than those seen in experiments. We derive an explicit formula for the ice-growth rate in a given porous medium, and show that this only depends on temperature and on the external pressures imposed on the freezing system. This growth-rate formula contains a material-specific function which can be calculated (with knowledge of the geometry and material of the porous medium), but which is also readily experimentally measurable. We apply the formula to plate-like particles, and show that the results can be matched with previous experimental data. Finally we show how the interfacial resistance explains the observation that the maximum heave rate in soils occurs in medium-grained particles such as silts, while heave rates are smaller for fine- and coarse-grained particles.
Dynamic interfacial tension effects in the rupture of liquid necks
Authors: de Saint Vincent M. Robert , Petit J. , Aytouna M. , Delville J. P. , Bonn D. , Kellay H.
Published: January 2012

By examining the rupture of fluid necks during droplet formation of surfactant-laden liquids, we observe deviations from expected behaviour for the pinch-off of such necks. We suggest that these deviations are due to the presence of a dynamic (time-varying) interfacial tension at the minimum neck location and extract this quantity from our measurements on a variety of systems. The presence of such dynamic interfacial tension effects should change the rupture process drastically. However, our measurements show that a simple ansatz, which incorporates the temporal change of the interfacial tension, allows us to understand the dynamics of thinning. This shows that this dynamics is largely independent of the exact details of what happens far from the breakup location, pointing to the local nature of the thinning dynamics.
Excavations at Frilford
Authors: Buxton L. H. Dudley
Published: January 2012

Excavations were carried out on the site by Mr. Akerman in 1864 and 1865 and in the two following years and by Dr. Rolleston, then Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, at various times between 1864 and 1868. The results of the excavations were embodied in papers published by this Society. He appears principally to have assisted at quarrying operations which were then in progress, but also to have searched one or two other small areas. No map of his excavation is extant, and according to his assistant William Hine, who is still alive, no map appears to have been made. The areas probably excavated by him are marked with a cross on figure 1.

Since that time a number of graves have fallen into the quarry, and scattered finds appear to have been made from time to time, some of which were examined by Professor Rolleston and after his death by Professor Moseley.

In the spring of 1920 an undergraduate society, the Oxford University Archaeological Society, was anxious to do some excavating and asked me to find a site and direct the work. By kind permission of Mr. Aldworth, the owner of the property, we were able to start at Frilford in the middle of the Hilary Term, and spent week-ends there during Term, and four days at the ends of both the Hilary and Trinity Terms. The labour was provided chiefly by junior but also by senior members of the University, and honorary members of the Society, especially Sir Arthur Evans, Mr. Balfour, and Mr. Leeds materially assisted the excavations by advice and personal visits. Mr. Leeds has helped me very much in the preparation of this paper. I am indebted to Professor Arthur Thomson both for his keen interest in the work and also for putting the resources of the Anatomical Department at my disposal.
On the Site of the Battle of Ethandun
Authors: Rawlence E. A.
Published: January 2012

Three places are now recognized as possible sites of the battle of Ethandun: Edington, on the Polden Hills in Somerset; Edington, near Westbury in Wiltshire; and Heddington, about six miles south-east of Chippenham, also in Wiltshire. The object of the present paper is to endeavour to disprove the possibility of Edington on the Polden Hills being the scene of the battle, and to show that an overwhelming mass of evidence favours Edington, near Westbury.

The latest and most complete argument in favour of the Polden Hills as the site of the battle is to be found in Messrs. Whistler and Major's Early Wars of Wessex. After a careful examination of the evidence and of the topography of this site, I am of opinion that the plan of campaign suggested by these authors is most unlikely, if not altogether impracticable, from a military point of view.
An Irish Bronze Casting formerly preserved at Killua Castle, co. Westmeath
Authors: Armstrong E. C. R.
Published: January 2012

The bronze casting (fig. 1) was recently purchased by the Royal Irish Academy. It was one of the antiquities preserved at Killua Castle, co. Westmeath, but its previous history is unknown. The length of the casting is 4·4 in.: the raised box-shaped portion is 2·4 in. in breadth, while the flat portion measures at its widest part 1·5 in. Possibly it was the limb of a cruciform mounting for a book-cover. Its ornamentation is admirable.
The Dorian Invasion reviewed in the light of some New Evidence
Authors: Casson Stanley
Published: January 2012

The Dorian invasion, as an episode in Greek history, exhibits few complexities. Ancient tradition is unanimous upon the fact that the invasion was at once a more or less definite event or series of events in time and a clear turning-point in historical development. Modern historians of ancient Greece have largely twisted the comparatively clear tradition of antiquity into a variety of theories, and the whole question in their hands remains a problem which from their point of view is still sub iudice.

Archaeological research on the other hand, as is not infrequently the case, serves to amplify and explain the ancient traditions in a more satisfactory way. No very clear attempt has as yet been made by archaeologists to establish the facts of the Dorian invasion or to track down the historical Dorians. But the results of recent research in the Peloponnese on sites where tradition places the Dorians in fullest force points to a culture at these sites which, appearing about the eleventh century B.C, has all the characteristics of the culture of an invader, and differs radically and completely from what we know to have been mainland culture during the millennium preceding the eleventh century B.C.

The purpose of this paper is to review the archaeological evidence concerning the Dorians in the light both of the literary tradition and of some new archaeological discoveries.
The Scottish Regalia and Dunnottar Castle
Authors: Seton Walter
Published: January 2012

Among a large number of comparatively unimportant Scottish documents purchased recently from a dealer at Hove was found one folio sheet of considerable interest on account of its connexion with the saving of the Regalia of Scotland in 1652. It is the original draft of the conditions of surrender of the Castle of Dunnottar by Captain George Ogilvy of Barras to the Parliamentary troops commanded by Colonel Thomas Morgan.
Roman Remains at Welwyn
Authors: Kindersley G. M.
Published: January 2012

The discoveries at the Grange were made below the tennis-court in a garden that slopes down to the Hitchin road and the river Mimram; and when the terrace at the top of the slope was under construction some thirty years ago, some Roman relics came to light and are now in the Hertford museum. Immediately opposite, on the other bank of the river, are the foundations of a Roman villa in the garden of the Manor House.
Some Examples of Catalan Medieval Stamped Sheet-metalwork
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: January 2012

In medieval Catalonia, or perhaps in the neighbouring province of Valencia, the manufacture of certain objects made of wood covered with thin sheets of brass bearing designs in relief seems to have formed a flourishing industry. The brass sheets employed, which covered practically the whole visible exterior surface and gave the appearance of articles of solid metal, were embossed by means of moulds into which the thin sheets were forced, so that their outer surfaces reproduced the designs of the mould. The process used is one which seems to have been in more or less general employment in medieval Europe; and many examples of it, frequently carried out in the precious metals, are to be found upon book-covers and caskets, and upon crosses, reliquaries, and other articles for ecclesiastical use. Long before the objects which I am about to describe were made, Rhenish, French, Italian, and Spanish craftsmen were using the process. Writing probably about the first half of the eleventh century, the monk Theophilus describes the process, especially in its application to silver and to copper gilt. He says that the stamps should be made of iron ‘thick as the size of a finger, wide as three or four fingers, in length one (foot)’, on which stamps, ‘in resemblance of seals,’, the designs are sculptured, not too deeply, ‘but moderately and carefully’. The metal to be used should be thinner than for ordinary relief-work. A sheet (in the case of silver), after having been cleansed with finely pulverized charcoal and polished with scraped chalk, is to be laid between the stamp (which rests face upward on an anvil) and a thick sheet of lead, and the lastmentioned is to be beaten strongly with a hammer. A sheet longer than a stamp can be moved so as to expose a fresh portion when one or more portions have been stamped.
Archaeological Finds in the Kennet Gravels near Newbury
Authors: Peake Harold
Published: January 2012

So many discoveries have been made in the gravels of this region during the last few years, following upon a number which have been noted previously, that it seems advisable to treat them as forming a single body of evidence, which goes far to trace the evolution of the valley in Pleistocene and subsequent times.
Notes on Early British Pottery
Authors: Leeds E. T.
Published: January 2012

In a brief note, appended to an account of ‘A Burial of the Early Bronze Age discovered at Berden’, Essex, by Messrs. Guy Maynard and G. M. Benton, Mr. A. G. Wright, Curator of the Colchester Museum, raises the question whether the globular-bodied beakers of Lord Abercromby's type A originated in South Britain, and suggests the possibility of approximately contemporaneous landings of the people who introduced the beakers at more than one point on the coasts of Britain. This suggestion is contested by Lord Abercromby himself in a short reply following Mr. Wright's note.
An Account relating to Sir John Cobham, A.D. 1408
Authors: Lyte H. C. Maxwell
Published: January 2012

The document printed below has been recently discovered in the muniment room at Dunster Castle, incorporated in a roll of accounts of Sir Hugh Luttrell, who died in 1428. Its presence there is not inexplicable, for Sir Hugh's mother, Lady Elizabeth Luttrell, was sister to Lady Margaret Cobham, wife to Sir John Cobham, styled also ‘Le Sire de Cobham’, both being daughters of Hugh Courtenay, earl of Devon.
Roman Cardiff: Supplementary Notes
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2012

The Roman walls and bastions discovered in 1889 and subsequent years under the Norman or medieval earthworks of Cardiff Castle have been described by the late Mr. John Ward, F.S.A., in Archaeologia and Archaeologia Cambrensis. It may be recalled that the remains indicate a quadrangular enclosure some 8½ acres in extent, with central gateways in the north and south sides and with semi-octagonal bastions along the walls. The fort thus corresponds closely in size and general character (though not in detail) with that at Porchester, and clearly represents a westerly branch of the coastal defence system instituted, or at least extended, in the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I. It stands in the middle of the Monmouthshire-Glamorganshire lowlands where, alone in Wales, Roman civil life developed on a scale sufficiently extensive to require special protection from Irish or Teutonic raiders.
Glendarragh Circle and Alignments, The Braaid, I.O.M.
Authors: Fleure H. J. , Dunlop Margaret
Published: January 2012

The Glendarragh sub-megalithic circle and its adjoining alignments are situated in the parish of Marown at a height of 450 ft. on the northern slope of The Mount, a north-east outlier of the southern Manx hill-mass(O.S. 1 in. Sheet 19, Sq.K.6). Drainage from the surrounding fields collects at the site into a small southern tributary of the river Dhoo, which flows eastward to Douglas. The valley of the larger stream forms the south-eastern half of the middle gap of the Isle of Man, an important routeway in prehistoric and Early Christian times. The site commands the wide slopes above the marshy alluvial tracts of this south-eastern portion of the middle gap, and on the sky-line are the magnificent broken uplands which form the heart of the northern hill-mass. The view is known locally as ‘The Plains of Heaven’. The name ‘Glendarragh’ is said to signify in the Manx ‘The Valley of the Oaks’.
A New Beaker from Wales
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: January 2012

The beaker here illustrated is new only in the sense that it is now for the first time accessible. It was discovered some years before 1901 by a farm boy in a stone cist in the yard of Llancaiach Isaf, an old farm-house in the parish of Gellygaer, 12 miles north of Cardiff (O.S. 6 inch, Glamorgan XIX. S.E.). The cover-slab of the cist then, and until the present year, was level with the paving of the yard, and no traces of a mound survived. Within the cist were found the beaker, a skull, and, it is said, some ‘ornaments’, of which nothing is now known. The skull was seen by a local medical man, but was then, by order of the landowners, replaced with the beaker in the cist. From that time, according to the (then) tenant of the farm, the burial remained undisturbed until 25th June 1901, when a local resident, Mr. George Seaborne, who has greatly assisted my inquiries, reopened the cist and drew attention to it in the Western Mail newspaper (19th July 1901). The contents, however, were not removed, and the precise locality of the burial remained the close secret of one or two persons until the present year, when cist, beaker, and skull were removed to the National Museum of Wales.
Notes on some English Medieval Alabaster Carvings
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: January 2012

The primary purpose of the following desultory notes is to place on record a number of pieces of English medieval alabaster work, some of unusual type or form, others resembling examples more or less familiar, which have lately come to my notice.
Six early carved stones from South Kyme Church, Lincolnshire
Authors: Clapham A. W.
Published: January 2012

South Kyme is a village in the Kesteven division of Lincolnshire, seven miles E.N.E. of Sleaford and eighteen miles south-east of Lincoln. The church is part of the south aisle and nave of a priory of Austin Canons founded before 1169. In the course of the erection of the modern chancel, some years ago, six carved stones were dug up on the site and were subsequently built into the structure of the north wall on the inside face of it. These stones are the subject of the present note, and the photograph and drawing made for me by Mr. P. J. Kipps give all the information to be obtained by an inspection of the stones themselves, until such time as they may be taken from the wall and their reverse sides examined.
Two Flint Celts from Dorset
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: January 2012

By the kindness of Captain Carlson, of Clifton, I have been able to make drawings of a pair of celts which came into his possession soon after I had initiated him into the mysteries of prehistoric flint implements. The smaller, and in my opinion undoubtedly the older, of the two, is ground and polished at the cutting-end; and the ground surface becomes narrower as it extends along the middle of each face for the greater part of the length (fig. I).
Excavations at Rabat, Malta
Authors: Zammit T.
Published: January 2012

As reported in the April 1922 number of the Antiquaries Journal, the ground to the north and north-west of the Roman Villa Museum contains the remains of a large Roman house, some pavements of which were discovered in 1881.
Bronze Implements in the Manx Museum
Authors: Kermode P. M. C.
Published: January 2012

At the meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh, 1921, I had the pleasure of handing to the Committee on the Distribution of Bronze Age Implements a description and full-size outline drawings of the bronze implements met with in the Isle of Man. At that time I had not been able to have them analysed. This has now been done by our Public Analyst, Mr. W. A. Fyffe, F.I.C., and may be put on record for comparison with other articles of the Bronze Age in the British Isles that have been so treated.
Two Prehistoric Vessels
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: January 2012

Before being presented to the British Museum by Mr. G. W. Smith, two pottery vessels of exceptional interest were exhibited to the Society on 6th December 1923, and are here illustrated from photographs. Both have been made up from fragments, but the result is unusually successful inasmuch as the fractures were recent and very little was missing in either case, the profiles above all being complete and the bases unquestionable.
An unusual Beaker from Huntingdonshire
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: January 2012

A recent addition to the Museum of Archaeology and of Ethnology, Cambridge, is due to Mr. G. E. Daintree, of Boughton, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, and I have to thank the Curator, our Fellow Mr. L. C. G. Clarke, for permission to publish it.
The Problem of Wansdyke
Authors: Major Albany F.
Published: January 2012

The Antiquaries Journal for January, 1924, contained an article by Mr. A. D. Passmore on ‘the Age and Origin of the Wansdyke’. So little excavation has been done on Wansdyke up to the present, and its course is so imperfectly known, that I think the time has hardly come for these questions to be profitably discussed. But it is all the more important that the known facts about the dyke should be accurately presented, and it is this that leads me to offer some comments on Mr. Passmore's paper. In 1913 and the early part of 1914, and again during the last three years, I have devoted much time to tracing the actual course of Wansdyke. A detailed itinerary of its course through E. and SE. Wilts appeared in the Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine for December 1921, and a summary of results obtained in Somerset in the Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archaeological Society for the year 1922. Any claim I have to speak upon the subject rests upon this work.
English Wall-Papers of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Jenkinson Hilary
Published: January 2012

The subject of early Wall-Papers has not been much investigated in England. Of the various forms of hanging or wall-decoration which preceded them–designs painted, stencilled, or incised on the walls; and hangings of plain material, of tapestry, of embroidery, of cloth stained or painted, and even of painted paper–and of the wall-papers of the eighteenth century–painted or printed importations from China and the printed products of our own country, from simple floral designs to the Gothics of Horace Walpole or the elaborate ‘scenes’, one set of which sufficed to decorate a whole room –of all these something is known; though we still wait for an authoritative and comprehensive work. But little attempt has been made so far to bridge the gap between medieval and modern, the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries.
A Late Celtic Bronze Mirror from Wales
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: January 2012

The two objects shown in the illustrations, a bronze mirror and a platter of tinned bronze, were found together at Pant Fadog, on the farm of Llechwedd Du Bach, near the road from Talsarnau to Harlech, in Merioneth, about sixty-five years ago. The farm was in the occupation of the late owner of the mirror and platter, Mr. John Lloyd; and these have been presented to the National Museum of Wales in memory of his family, the Lloyds of Cwmbychan.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Kenyon Frederic
Published: January 2012

Three years ago, when I first had the honour of addressing the Society on this occasion, I referred at some length to our urgent need of larger funds for purposes of research and for publishing the results of research; and in the following year I suggested that even quite small bequests or gifts would, if there were enough of them, go far towards meeting our requirements. I am glad therefore to give the first place in my observations to-night to the mention of the very substantial bequest which the Society has received from our late Fellow Mr. Garraway Rice. This bequest, amounting to over £5,420, the income of which may be devoted to research at the discretion of the Council, will enable us to add some £200 a year to our expenditure in this direction. I cannot claim this bequest as a result of my appeal; it had been embodied in a will made long before that date, and is attributable to the enlightened (I might almost say, inspired) action of one of my predecessors in making the testator a Vice-President. We cannot look for many bequests on such a scale as this, since Fellows have for the most part other claims which must take precedence of archaeology; but some might be able to spare small sums (not necessarily to be hoarded as capital) which they could feel would be devoted to the cause to which, as Fellows of the Society, they had vowed themselves, and which would greatly strengthen the hands of those who would come after them. I have some grounds to hope that this suggestion may bear fruit, though I have no wish to expedite its fructification.
Some Prehistoric Metalworkers' Tools
Authors: Maryon Herbert
Published: January 2012

One of the outstanding features of ancient craftsmanship in gold and bronze is the decoration of ornaments and weapons with patterns of incised lines, or with dots. Hitherto very few of the actual tools by means of which this decoration was effected have been identified, though their widespread use is proved by the very large number of specimens in our museums upon which they have been employed. Indeed, by their purely conventional use of such terms as ‘awl’ and ‘celt’ archaeologists actually blind themselves to the real nature and significance of such tools, and these notes by a metallurgical worker may accordingly serve a useful purpose in drawing attention to the true character of some of them.
Further Excavations at Julliberrie's Grave, Chilham
Authors: Jessup R. F.
Published: January 2012

A preliminary excavation of this barrow was made in 1936 and an account of the work then undertaken, together with a detailed topographical description of the site, was published in this Journal for April 1937 (vol. xvii, p. 122). The admittedly tentative conclusions which could then be advanced regarding its date and its relationship to the characteristic Neolithic longbarrows were largely based on extrinsic evidence, and positive indications obtained during the excavation itself were not as definite as could be wished. In 1937 Sir Edmund Davis suggested that in view of the significant geographical situation of the barrow further investigation was desirable, and he very generously again agreed to be entirely responsible for the cost. Altogether the work occupied some eight weeks, and during the college vacation I had the valued assistance of Dr. S. Graham Brade-Birks, Head of the Department of Geology at the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. H. B. Bescoby, Head of the Department of Surveying at Wye, and two of his students, Messrs. D. Vickers and H. Castel, very kindly prepared a contour plan of the barrow, upon which the general plan (pl. XLIX) is based. My best thanks are also due to Dr. A. J. E. Cave, Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, Mr. A. S. Kennard, Mr. B. H. St. J. O'Neil, and Mr. Stuart Piggott for their contributions to this report, and again to Mr. H. Read Gillett, Sir Edmund Davis's agent, for many kindnesses.
Rostro-carinates and Rostrate Hand-axes
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: January 2012

Since the publication, several years ago, of my paper on the relationship of rostro-carinates to certain Lower Palaeolithic handaxes, a great deal more evidence bearing on this matter has come to light. I have been able to examine large numbers of handaxes, found in this country and in very widely separated places abroad, which exhibit, in their profile and in other characteristics, an extraordinarily close resemblance to rostro-carinates. Such palaeolithic specimens I have called rostrate hand-axes, and their number and wide distribution are beyond dispute. If it is a fact that the rostro-carinate is the ancestral form from which the earliest hand-axes were developed, then it would be reasonable to suppose that the oldest group of these, being nearest in time to the rostro-carinate epoch, would contain the largest number of specimens of the rostrate hand-axe type. Moreover, it would be expected that, in the later hand-axe groups, traces of the ancestral form would gradually fade out, and, except for certain specimens of what may be called atavistic form, be eliminated. That is the theory, and it is sometimes the fate of theories to be killed by facts, but in the case under consideration the reverse holds true. For few things in prehistoric archaeology are clearer than that rostrate hand-axes are most numerous in the Early Chelles period, or that the traces of the rostro-carinate form become ever less in evidence in the later epoch of St. Acheul. Though this is the case, however, the matter is not so simple and straightforward as was perhaps at first supposed.
The Badbury Barrow, Dorset, and its Carved Stone
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: January 2012

The burial-mound under discussion appears to have been situated some five miles from Wimborne, by the Blandford road and near the hill-fort of Badbury Rings. Nothing remains of it to-day, and our information as to its structure and contents is due to the Rev. J. H. Austen of Ensbury, who in 1845 found the barrow was being ploughed out and was already two-thirds removed when he excavated and described what remained. The remarkable find of a stone with representations of metal axes and daggers upon it, hitherto unillustrated, renders a republication and discussion of the site desirable.
A Second Cauldron and an Iron Sword from the Llyn Fawr Hoard, Rhigos, Glamorganshire
Authors: Fox Cyril , Hyde H. A.
Published: January 2012

A unique assemblage of twenty-one objects belonging to the Bronze—Iron transition was discovered over a quarter of a century ago, in a peaty mountain tarn at Llyn Fawr, Glamorgan, 1,200 ft. above Ordnance datum; pl. LXXI shows its position. The hoard came to light when the lake was drained in the course of its transformation into a reservoir: it was presented to the National Museum of Wales by the Rhondda Urban District Council and was published by our Secretary, Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler, in 1921. Figs. 1 and 2 show the range of the hoard, as then recognized.
The Palaeoliths from the Gravels of the Lower Boyn Hill Terrace around Maidenhead
Authors: Lacaille A. D.
Published: January 2012

The author, having on 10th November 1938 laid before the Society a paper on the Palaeolithic contents of the higher part of the Boyn Hill Terrace between 160 and 200 ft. O.D., as represented at East Burnham, Bucks, now desires to discuss the archaeology of the lower division. As researches have also been conducted on the Berkshire side of the Thames, the present record includes a summary of discoveries made on both banks.
The tanged flake industry of the River Bann, County Antrim
Authors: Whelan C. Blake
Published: January 2012

Since Sir John Evans read his paper on ‘Discoveries of Stone Implements in Lough Neagh’ before the Society in January 1867, the older flint industry of the Lower Bann valley has come to possess a full literature. Much of that literature includes some reference to the characteristic implements found from time to time within the beds of diatomaceous earth along the river's ancient flood-level, but the many papers on the subject fail curiously to discuss the clue afforded by these finds to the age of this widely known culture. It is true that in 1909 Mr. Wilfred Jackson, in the course of a report on the diatomite deposits, gave a more particular account of the prehistoric material disclosed in the diggings, but little of value has been contributed to the problem's solution from the geological standpoint.
A fifteenth-century sword and a medieval bronze figure from Westminster Abbey
Authors: Tanner Lawrence E.
Published: January 2012

The two articles here described were exhibited by the kind permission of our Fellow the dean of Westminster. They cannot be said to be recent discoveries, but have never been shown before to the Society; and they possess enough points of interest to warrant publication (pl. xiv).
Excavations near Antioch in 1936
Authors: Woolley Leonard
Published: January 2012

In the spring of 1935 I was sent by the Trustees of the British Museum to North Syria to look for a site for excavation. The object which I had in view was to trace the connexions, if such existed, between the civilization of Minoan Crete and that of the Asiatic mainland, and the conditions required by such theoretical intercourse limited my investigations to a relatively small area. Mycenaean and sub-Mycenaean remains are, of course, not uncommon in South Syria and Palestine, but no excavations there have produced anything of Minoan date. If commerce brought the Cretans to this coast, the influence resulting from it must have been largely one-sided, for Palestine was always a poor country culturally speaking, and South Syria offered no more than a local market; its civilization was confined to the coastal belt, and the hinterland of the Syrian desert cut off all direct intercourse with the great centres of the East. North Syria was clearly indicated: it was the part of the coast most easily reached by coasting-vessels (Mount Casius is visible from Cyprus), and it was the meeting-place of the Hittite and Mesopotamian civilizations, either or both of which might have had Aegean contacts. Here again the choice was limited. Commerce demands a sheltered anchorage for shipping and good trade-routes to the inland markets. In North Syria the coast is formed by a range of mountains whose flanks drop for the most part precipitously to the sea; harbours are small and few, and passes across the mountain ranges are extraordinarily difficult; in fact, only two are at all practicable. In the extreme north the Gulf of Alexandretta affords good shelter in most weathers, as an open roadstead, and at its southern end at Arsus there is a little rocky harbour which has been artificially enlarged and improved. Arsus is certainly an ancient site, though so deeply overlaid by Roman remains as to give little encouragement to the excavator; but from it the only road inland was by the steep and none too easy pass of Beilan, and to reach that one had to skirt the foothills for a distance of some twenty-five miles, for the flat land bordering the gulf is of recent formation and contains no remains earlier than the Roman. South of the gulf is the forbidding headland of Ras al Khanzir and the cliffs of Gebel Musa, and then comes the shallow arc of the gulf of Sueidia, with the ruins of Seleucia at its northern end, the Orontes mouth towards its southern end, and beyond that the rock-bound coast at the foot of Mount Casius. The only other harbour between this and Latakia, or rather between this and Mina-t-al-Beda, the Leukos Hormos of the Greeks, is Basit, and from Basit, whose remains seem to be exclusively Roman, a break-neck track alone leads up into the wild fastnesses of the hills.
St. Cuthbert's Pectoral Cross, and the Wilton and Ixworth Crosses
Authors: Kendrick T. D.
Published: January 2012

When St. Cuthbert's tomb was opened in 1827, the jewelled pectoral cross (pl. LXXV) was found ‘deeply buried among the remains of the robes which were nearest to the breast of the saint’. It had thus escaped disturbance in 1538 at the time of the savage ransacking of the tomb during the Dissolution, and it can be inferred from the circumstances in which the saint's stole and maniple were found that the Commissioners had ceased their plundering before the body had been fully stripped of its wrappings.
A Chipping-floor at Orleigh Court, North Devon
Authors: Simpson Brian , Rogers Inkermann
Published: January 2012

The chipping-floor and its associated artifacts, situated at Orleigh Court in the parish of Buckland Brewer, lie about four miles south-west of Bideford in North Devon (fig. i), where an area of about three-quarters of a square mile is covered by a gravel deposit of doubtful age. The gravel has a foxy red colour and, in its upper portion, is characterized by an abundance of flint nodules, of a type which could have been derived only from the Chalk, the nearest representative of which is in Dorset, over sixty miles to the south-east. The artifacts come from a field lying north-west of the Rookery and a little above the 200-ft. contour line (fig. 2).
The Cluniac Priory of St. James at Dudley
Authors: Radford C. A. R.
Published: January 2012

The ruins of Dudley Priory lie a short distance north of the town in the valley below the castle. The surrounding grounds belonged to a house recently acquired by the Borough Council. They have been laid out as a public park, and the plan included the clearance and preservation of the monastic remains, a task which was entrusted to the Ancient Monuments Branch of H.M. Office of Works. In the course of the clearance small trial excavations were undertaken in order to explore the earlier history of the conventual buildings. The results of these excavations and the following survey of the architectual remains are recorded by the courtesy of the Town Council of Dudley and of the Office of Works. In particular I am indebted to the Borough Surveyor and to Mr. A. Heasman, then Chief Architect in charge of Ancient Monuments. I have also to thank the Office of Works for the plan and the photographs which illustrate this paper, while in the preparation of the text I owe much to Dr. Rose Graham, F.S.A., and to Mr. A. W. Clapham, President of the Society of Antiquaries.
The Iron Age Horseshoe and its Derivatives
Authors: Ward Gordon
Published: January 2012

Our ancestors were making horseshoes of a characteristic type at the very beginning of the Roman occupation. It was a highly developed type, and its elaboration, whether here or upon the Continent, presumably occupied many preceding years. It is this first type which it is proposed to describe as the Iron Age horseshoe. Its various characteristic features were slowly modified during succeeding centuries, but they were not finally lost until about the twelfth or thirteenth century A.D. From a survey of the various specimens which seem to have been in use during this long period there emerge derivatives of the Iron Age shoe, some of which are sufficiently distinctive to deserve the status of subtypes. Towards the end of the period we begin to meet with shoes which are medieval in their general characters, but which show that the technique of the Iron Age was still not wholly forgotten. Such specimens are conveniently described as transitional, but it is sometimes difficult to be sure whether individual shoes are genuine derivatives of the Iron Age shoe or examples of an entirely new, and possibly Norman, pattern, modified by traditional methods of manufacture.
The ‘Temple Pyx’
Authors: Kendrick T. D.
Published: January 2012

I have the permission of Captain Pitt-Rivers and Mr. Trelawney Dayrell-Reed to describe anew the ‘Temple Pyx’ that is in the Pitt-Rivers Museum at Farnham, Dorset. It has been published in line-drawings, and its existence is well known, but photographs (pl. ix) of such an interesting piece of metalwork have been wanted for some time.
An Ionian Plastic Vase and a Bronze Figure of a Woman in the Manchester Museum
Authors: Webster T. B. L.
Published: January 2012

The head vase, which forms the subject of my first illustration (pl. XXIV, I), was found at Camirus in Rhodes, and has recently been presented to the Manchester Museum. It is the bust of a woman wearing a diadem on her head and a veil. The paint with which the vase was originally decorated has mostly disappeared, but traces of red can still be seen on the dress.
The Baptism of St. Christopher
Authors: Rushforth G. McN.
Published: January 2012

When Birtsmorton Church, Worcestershire, was rebuilt in the fourteenth century, a number of its windows were filled with painted glass of the period. The only portions now in situ are the arms of the Ruyhales, the lords of the manor, in the tracery lights of some of the windows in the nave, and of one in the north transept. What remained of the contents of the main lights, together with various fragments in the style of the fifteenth century, had been collected, perhaps early in the last century, in the east window of the chancel, where facsimile drawings, partly coloured, were made of them for Dr. Prattinton, whose Worcestershire collections are in our library. When the church was restored in 1877, the east window was rebuilt on a new pattern, but the glass was not replaced in it, and ultimately found its way into the adjoining ‘Birtsmorton Court’, where the present owner Mr. F. B. Bradley-Birt discovered it lying loose, and had the fragments releaded so as to form two panels. When I first saw the latter, I recognized that they contained the principal elements of the drawings in the Prattinton collection with which I had recently made acquaintance.
Excavations at Wookey Hole and other Mendip Caves, 1926–7
Authors: Balch H. E.
Published: January 2012

In the winter of 1926–7 the owner of Wookey Hole, Capt. G. W. Hodgkinson, undertook the cleansing and opening up of this great cave, and its illumination by electricity. He gave me control of the work, which has been carried out with scrupulous care to ensure that nothing undesirable should be done.

Incidentally, the considerable exploration which it was my privilege to carry out some years ago provided a useful startingpoint for the further development of the entrance gallery (the old cave-dwelling), and that portion still remains in the condition in which we then left it, apart from the erection of a rude supporting pillar of conglomerate, where a great hanging rock near the entrance threatened danger to visitors.