Analysis of uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnancy using the QResearch® database: research protocol and statistical analysis plan
Authors: Copland Emma , Hirst Jennifer , Ranger Tom , Mei Winnie , Dixon Sharon , Coupland Carol , Hodson Kenneth , Richardson Jonathan Luke , Harnden Anthony , Sheikh Aziz , Dezateux Carol , Kelly Brenda , Knight Marian , van Tam Johnathan , Morelli Alessandra , Enstone Joanne , Hippisley-Cox Julia 
Published: December 2022

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people globally with major health, social and economic consequences, prompting development of vaccines for use in the general population. However, vaccination uptake is lower in some groups, including in pregnant women, because of concerns regarding vaccine safety. There is evidence of increased risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fear of vaccine-associated adverse events on the baby both in short and longer term is one of the main drivers of low uptake for this group. Other vaccines commonly used in pregnancy include influenza and pertussis. These both have reportedly higher uptake compared with COVID-19 vaccination, which may be because they are perceived to be safer. In this study, we will undertake an independent evaluation of the uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnant women using the QResearch primary care database in England.

Objectives

To determine COVID-19 vaccine uptake in pregnant women compared to uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccinations.

To estimate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in pregnant women by evaluating the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes following vaccination.

To assess the safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy by evaluating the risks of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and adverse events of special interest for vaccine safety after COVID-19 vaccination compared with influenza and pertussis vaccinations.

Methods

This population-based study uses the QResearch® database of primary health care records, linked to individual-level data on hospital admissions, mortality, COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 testing data and congenital anomalies. We will include women aged 16 to 49 years with at least one pregnancy during the study period of 30thDecember 2020 to the latest date available. Babies born during the study period will be identified and linked to the mother’s record, where possible.

We will describe vaccine uptake in pregnant women by trimester and population subgroups defined by demographics and other characteristics. Cox proportional hazards multivariable regression will be used to identify factors associated with vaccine uptake. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant women will be assessed using a nested matched case-control design to assess hospitalisation, intensive care admission and death with COVID-19. Cases who had the outcome will be matched with up to 10 controls who did not have the outcome on that date by age, calendar date and trimester of pregnancy using incidence density sampling for the occurrence of each outcome after each vaccine dose compared with unvaccinated individuals. For the safety analysis, we will we use logistic regression analyses to determine unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for the occurrence of maternal (e.g. miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and gestational diabetes) and perinatal outcomes (e.g. stillbirth, small for gestational age and congenital anomalies) by vaccination status compared to unvaccinated individuals. For the adverse events of special interest for vaccine safety (e.g. venous thromboembolism, myocarditis and Guillain Barre syndrome), we will use time varying Royston-Palmar regression analyses to determine unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for the occurrence of each outcome by vaccination status to unvaccinated individuals.

Ethics and dissemination

QResearch is a Research Ethics Approved Research Database with ongoing approval from the East Midlands Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 18/EM/0400). This study was approved by the QResearch Scientific Committee on 9thJune 2022. This research protocol has been developed with support from a patient and public involvement panel, who will continue to provide input throughout the duration of the study. Research findings will be submitted to pre-print servers such as MedRxIv, academic publication and disseminated more broadly through media releases and community groups and conference presentations.