bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micro and nano‐scale in vitro 3D culture system for cardiac stem cells
Authors: Hosseinkhani Hossein , Hosseinkhani Mohsen , Hattori Shunji , Matsuoka Rumiko , Kawaguchi Nanako
Published: December 2009

Despite the success to prevent or limit cardiovascular diseases, the restoration of the function of a damaged heart remains a formidable challenge. Cardiac stem cells (CSCs), with the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, hold great potential as a source of cells for regenerative medicine. A major challenge facing the clinical application of differentiated CSCs, however, is theability to generate sufficient numbers of cells with the desired phenotype. We previously established cell lines of CSCs using a c‐kit antibody from adult rat hearts for use in regenerative medicine. C‐kit ‐positive cardiac cells are well recognized as CSCs and have the potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Here, before implant these cells in vivo, we first developed three‐dimensional culture system (3D) using micro‐ and nano‐scaled material. Sheets of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) were fabricated by electrospinning. Composites of collagen‐PGA were prepared that contained 0, 1.5, 3 or 6 mg of electrospun PGA nanofibers. The nanofibers were added as a sheet that formed a layer within the collagen sponge. The sponges were freeze‐dried and then dehydrothermally crosslinked. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM)‐based analysis of the surface of the sponges demonstrated a uniform collagenous structure regardless of the amount of PGA nanofibres included. The PGA nanofibers significantly enhanced the compressive strength of the collagen sponge. More CSCs attached to the collagen sponge incorporating 6 mg of PGA nanofibers than the sponge without PGA nanofibers. The attachment and proliferation of CSCs in the 3D culture was enhanced by incubation in a bioreactor perfusion system compared with 3D static and two‐dimensional (2D; i.e. tissue culture plates) culture systems. The use of micro‐ and nano‐scale materials in the fabrication of composites together with a 3D culture system is a very promising way to promote the culture of stem cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Prediction of optimum reaction conditions for the thermo‐tolerant acetylxylan esterase from Neocallimastix patriciarum using the response surface methodology
Authors: Pai Cheng‐Kang , Zeng Yi‐Fang , Yueh Pei‐Ying , Chen Ming‐Ju , Tung Li‐Chu , Liu Je‐Ruei
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Xylan is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide in nature and also represents an important industrial substrate. The complete degradation of xylan requires the combination of several types of xylanolytic enzymes, including endo‐β‐1,4‐xylanases, β‐xylosidases, and acetylxylan esterases. As a biocatalyst, xylanolytic enzymes with good thermal stability are of great interest, therefore, a thermo‐tolerant acetylxylan esterase, AxeS20E, was investigated.

RESULTS: The cDNA encoding the carbohydrate esterase (CE) domain of AxeS20E from Neocallimastix patriciarum was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant His6 fusion protein. The recombinant AxeS20E protein was obtained after purification by immobilized metal ion‐affinity chromatography. Response surface modeling (RSM) combined with central composite design (CCD) and regression analysis were then employed for the planned statistical optimization of the acetylxylan esterase activities of AxeS20E. The optimal conditions for the highest activity of AxeS20E were observed at 54.6 °C and pH 7.8. Furthermore, AxeS20E retained more than 85% of its initial activity after 120 min of heating at 80 °C.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that RSM combined with CCD and regression analysis were effective in determining optimized temperature and pH conditions for the enzyme activity of AxeS20E. The results also proved AxeS20E was thermo‐tolerant and might be a good candidate for various biotechnological applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening for pharmaco‐toxicologically relevant compounds in biosamples using high‐resolution mass spectrometry: a ‘metabolomic’ approach to the discrimination between isomers
Authors: Liotta Eloisa , Gottardo Rossella , Bertaso Anna , Polettini Aldo
Published: December 2009

High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) enables the identification of a chemical formula of small molecules through the accurate measurement of mass and isotopic pattern. However, the identification of an unknown compound starting from the chemical formula requires additional tools: (1) a database associating chemical formulas to compound names and (2) a way to discriminate between isomers. The aim of this present study is to evaluate the ability of a novel ‘metabolomic’ approach to reduce the list of candidates with identical chemical formula. Urine/blood/hair samples collected from real positive cases were submitted to a screening procedure using ESI‐MS‐TOF (positive‐ion mode) combined with either capillary electrophoresis or reversed phase liquid chromatography (LC). Detected peaks were searched against a Pharmaco/Toxicologically Relevant Compounds database (ca 50 500 compounds and phase I and phase II metabolites) consisting of a subset of PubChem compounds and a list of candidates was retrieved. Then, starting from the mass of unknown, mass shifts corresponding to pre‐defined biotransformations (e.g. demethylation, glucuronidation, etc.) were calculated and corresponding mass chromatograms were extracted from the total ion current (TIC) in order to search for metabolite peaks. For each candidate, the number of different functional groups in the molecule was automatically calculated using E‐Dragon software (Talete srl, Milan, Italy). Then, the presence of metabolites in the TIC was matched with functional groups data in order to exclude candidates with structures not compatible with observed biotransformations (e.g. loss of methyl from a structure not bearing methyls). The procedure was tested on 108 pharmaco‐toxicologically relevant compounds (PTRC) and their phase I metabolites were detected in real positive samples. The mean list length (MLL) of candidates retrieved from the database was 7.01 ± 4.77 (median, 7; range, 1–28) before the application of the ‘metabolomic’ approach, and after the application it was reduced to 4.08 ± 3.11 (median 3, range 1–17). HRMS allows a much broader screening for PTRC than other screening approaches (e.g. library search on mass spectra databases). The ‘metabolomic’ approach enables the reduction of the list of candidate isomers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee empowerment is the main ingredient in a baking company's competitive strategy
Authors: Grigg Alfred
Published: December 2009

The acquisition of a baking company prompted its modest first steps toward greater employee involvement and a team‐based culture, but management vision and competitive threats drove the effort further, leading eventually to major structural changes and the empowerment of self‐directed work teams to keep the company lean and agile. The author discusses the importance of a strategic imperative for sustaining top management commitment and will, and describes the three stages of the plants' multiyear journey toward ever‐greater team responsibility and authority; the training and infrastructure support; and tools for providing structure and guidance without impairing empowerment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Johnson & Johnson's transformational leadership program prepares quality leaders for global challenges
Authors: Crosby Cindy L. , Zlevor Greg
Published: December 2009

The health care giant, faced with gaps in its pipeline for executives in the Quality function, constructed a potent yearlong development experience around action learning and a strong international focus. The program's successful five‐year run has produced a strong stable of high‐potential individuals prepared to lead in a global business. The authors discuss the structure and content of the program, the role of faculty and coaches, and the benefits of action learning projects and exercises for group and individual development, including how failure can lead to pivotal teaching moments, as illustrated through the experience of participants in the Class of 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On becoming a process‐enabled organization: How to seed a culture of quality in a postacquisition environment
Authors: Parker Charles
Published: December 2009

Misaligned processes and disparate cultures can plague M&As for years after the deals close. As this case study illustrates, a practical yet inexpensive approach can drive process improvement and quality in a transition‐weary, cost‐wary organization through organic bottom‐up and top‐down change. The author discusses a model of process evolution in organizations and the potentially disruptive effect of M&As, particularly successive deals. He then describes a relatively simple statistical method for assessing process quality; its successful application in a postacquisition environment; and organizational considerations, including influence models and the role of sponsors and champions, for shepherding an organization toward greater process quality and rigor. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
American Eagle Outfitters creates a branded intranet that unites its associates
Authors: Borden Richard
Published: December 2009

This trend‐leading specialty retailer has produced a branded, popular platform for internal communications to link its rapidly growing roster of associates and locations. Employee‐generated content reflects the fresh, fun culture and brands of American Eagle Outfitters, while a user‐friendly content management system, with appropriate checkpoints, enables contributors with no information technology experience to post and refresh information quickly. The author discusses some of the intranet's key features; its network of news agents across the company; and the challenges of meeting the internal communication needs of an expanding business with a young workforce whose expectations for immediacy of information are driven by the latest communication and Internet technologies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doing business in Turkey helps bridge Europe and Asia
Authors: Kalafatoglu Tugba
Published: December 2009

Turkey offers a unique location, bridging Europe and Asia, for developing international business. It is a leading emerging market for business investment. Turkey's geo‐strategic position, coupled with a large domestic market and a Customs Union with the European Union, offers numerous opportunities for foreign firms. This article explores what the country is about; what its economy, politics, and business ethics are; and the potential benefits of doing business in Turkey. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of defective bone marrow osteogenesis on fracture repair in an experimental model of senile osteoporosis
Authors: Egermann Marcus , Heil Petra , Tami Andrea , Ito Keita , Janicki Patricia , Von Rechenberg Brigitte , Hofstetter Willy , Richards Peter J.
Published: December 2009

Bone marrow osteogenesis in senile osteoporotic bone is impaired and, as such, may have significant implications on the successful outcome of fracture repair. Here we utilize a well‐established murine model of senile osteoporosis, the P6 strain of senescence‐accelerated mice (SAMP6), to investigate fracture healing in aged osteoporotic bone. A femoral osteotomy was created in SAMP6 and in non‐osteoporotic age‐matched control R1 senescence‐resistant mice (SAMR1). The course of fracture healing was evaluated over a period of 42 days using quantitative µCT and histological analysis. The differentiation capabilities of bone mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from SAMP6 and SAMR1 mice was examined, and their osteogenic potential determined. Although preliminary in vitro analysis confirmed that bone marrow‐derived stem cells (BMSC) isolated from SAMP6 mice had a reduced osteogenic capacity, no significant deficit in fracture repair as determined by quantitative µCT could be detected. This was supported by histology assessment, where complete bridging of the fracture gap was evident by day 28 and was fully healed day 42 in both SAMP6 and SAMR1 mice. Further in vitro studies revealed that periosteal‐derived progenitor cells (PDPC) isolated from SAMP6 mice had an osteogenic potential comparable to that observed in SAMR1 mice. In conclusion, fracture healing in SAMP6 mice is not detrimentally affected by impairment of BMSC osteogenesis, suggesting that bone marrow‐mediated repair processes are dispensable for normal bone healing in this senile osteoporotic fracture model. Furthermore, the influence of PDPC in the repair process may partly explain the absence of any detectable deficits in fracture repair in SAMP6 mice. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:798–804, 2010
Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plant material by ryegrass
Authors: Gunnarsson Anita , Bengtsson Fredrik , Caspersen Siri
Published: December 2009

Apparent nitrogen‐use efficiency of the applied mineral N (NUEmin) in effluent from biodigested plant material (BE; C : Norg ratio 14:1; mineral N–to–total N ratio 0.5:1) and a nitrate‐based inorganic fertilizer (IF), both applied at two rates was investigated in a six‐month pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Dry‐matter (DM) production was 7% lower and total amount of N in aboveground biomass was 8% lower in BE than in IF at 40 d after sowing (DAS), equal at 81 DAS, and higher in BE than in IF at 136 and 172 DAS. NUEmin calculated on the basis of accumulated N in aboveground biomass of ryegrass in fertilized treatments compared to a control without N application was significantly lower in BE than in IF up to the third cut (136 DAS). Total NUEmin, total N recovery, and amount of foliage DM were similar for both fertilizers at the end of the experiment. Root biomass, total DM produced including roots and stubble, the fraction of root N to total plant N, and soil mineral N at 172 DAS were higher for BE than for IF. Mineral N applied with biogas‐reactor effluent was almost as effective as the nitrate‐based mineral fertilizer used for comparison. Within the six‐month experimental period net N mineralization, estimated at 12% of organic N in effluent, was not substantial. Hence, the organic compounds in the effluent were relatively recalcitrant.
The current status of audiologic rehabilitation for profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Bishop Charles E. , Eby Thomas L.
Published: December 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Audiologic rehabilitation of individuals with profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (USNHL) has traditionally been limited to the use of air‐conduction contralateral routing of sound (CROS) hearing aids. Treatment for these individuals has expanded with new applications of the bone‐anchored hearing aid (BAHA), transcranial hearing aid (t‐CROS), and the cochlear implant. In this article, the authors review the literature that addresses these various treatment options.

Study Design:

Contemporary review

Results:

Historical information is available that describes the limited efficacy of air‐conduction CROS hearing aids in lifting hearing handicap associated with USNHL. Current investigations on providing cross hearing are generally focused on use of the BAHA. Little is known at present whether new developments in hearing aid technology can improve on conventional air‐conduction CROS or t‐CROS approaches. Interestingly, the cochlear implant seems to be a viable option for individuals with USNHL and tinnitus who also have intact auditory nerve pathways.

Conclusions:

There is indication in the literature that BAHA provides greater relief of hearing handicap associated with USNHL than CROS hearing aids; however, both have been found to provide limited patient satisfaction and seemingly fall short of restoring true sound localization. Adequate trials have not been performed comparing BAHA with the best CROS hearing aid technology. Transcranial hearing aids and cochlear implants are experimental methods to treat USNHL and hold promise, although there remains a lack of studies available to fully support this. Laryngoscope, 2010
Laser‐assisted liposuction using a novel blend of lipid‐ and water‐selective wavelengths
Authors: Weiss Robert A. , Beasley Karen
Published: December 2009

Background and Objectives

Potential benefits of laser‐assisted liposuction include enhanced body shaping and skin tightening with reduced patient downtime. In this clinical study, we investigate whether additional safety and efficacy are achieved with a diode laser system that includes a novel 924 nm lipid‐selective wavelength.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Clinical subjects were treated with a continuous‐wave (CW) power 924/975 nm diode laser system in the submental area, abdomen, thighs and flanks. Side effects were documented. Efficacy evaluation included investigator‐assessed improvements and subject self‐assessments.

Results

Study investigators observed good to excellent improvement across all subjects (n = 19) by 3 months post‐treatment in all four categories evaluated. Facility of tip advancement was rated as “extremely easy” or “easy” in 83% of rated treatments. “Good” to “excellent” skin textural improvement was observed in 83% of rated subjects. Additional benefits included reduced operator fatigue and uniformity of treatment. Patients tolerated the procedure well with minimal and transient side effects. Immediate side effects of erythema, bruising and edema were graded as mild or trace. No long‐term side effects were observed. Seventy‐eight percent of all subjects were extremely satisfied with the procedure and 89% would do the procedure again. Eighty‐nine percent of subjects felt their appearance of unwanted fat was significantly improved with smoother and tighter skin (72%), and 94% would recommend the treatment to family and friends.

Conclusion

These clinical findings demonstrate that the 924/975 nm diode laser system provides safe and efficacious body shaping, fat reduction and enhanced skin tightening. Ease of movement through the tissue of both the laser system treatment tip and the aspiration cannula resulted in reduced fatigue for the treating physician. Patient benefits included high patient satisfaction, significant reductions in fat, and smoother and tighter skin with minimal downtime. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:760–766, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Injectable treatments for adipose tissue: Terminology, mechanism, and tissue interaction
Authors: Rotunda Adam M.
Published: December 2009

Background

Just as injectable fillers have addressed the need for non‐surgical methods to restore desired volume, a number of injectable therapies purpor to play a comparable role to reduce undesired volume.

Objective

To review published literature on the history, mechanism of action, and tissue interaction of injectable methods that aim to reduce localized collections of fat.

Results

Mesotherapy is an injection technique that has medical and cosmetic applications and is often confused with injectable fat loss therapies; injection lipolysis describes non‐ablative fat reduction with agents (such as β‐agonists) that activate adipocyte lipolytic pathways; and adipolytic therapy using biologic detergents (such as deoxycholate) leads to permanent adipocyte ablation. None of these therapies have been cleared for use in fat reduction by any regulatory authority worldwide.

Conclusions

The mechanism of action and tissue effects of injectable fat reducing compounds are diverse but are becoming increasingly understood. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:714–720, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐invasive cryolipolysis™ for subcutaneous fat reduction does not affect serum lipid levels or liver function tests
Authors: Klein Kenneth B. , Zelickson Brian , Riopelle Jeffrey G. , Okamoto Eric , Bachelor Eric P. , Harry Rosemary S. , Preciado Jessica A.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objective

Cryolipolysis provides a method of non‐invasive fat reduction that significantly reduces subcutaneous fat without injury to adjacent tissues. Preliminary animal and human data have suggested that cryolipolysis has no effect on serum lipid profiles or liver tests. This study was intended to more fully document any effect of this procedure on lipid and liver‐related blood tests.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Forty subjects with fat bulges on their flanks (“love handles”) were treated bilaterally with a non‐invasive device (Zeltiq Aesthetics, Pleasanton, CA) that precisely cools tissue to achieve a reduction in the fat layer. Serum lipid levels and liver tests were measured prior to treatment, and at 1 day and 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post‐treatment.

Results

No meaningful changes in mean values were observed for any blood lipid level or liver test at any point over the 12‐week follow‐up period.

Conclusion

Cryolipolysis, when used for reduction of subcutaneous flank fat, is not associated with changes in serum lipids or liver test results. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:785–790, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐level laser therapy as a non‐invasive approach for body contouring: A randomized, controlled study
Authors: Jackson Robert F. , Dedo Doug D. , Roche Greg C. , Turok David I. , Maloney Ryan J.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objective

Transmission electron microscopic images have demonstrated the formation of transitory pores in adipocyte cell membranes followed by the collapse of adipose cells subsequent to laser irradiation of 635 nm. The objective is to evaluate the application of a 635 nm and 17.5 mW exit power per multiple diode laser for the application of non‐invasive body contouring of the waist, hips, and thighs.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

Double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of a 2‐week non‐invasive laser treatment conducted from May 2007 to June 2008 across multiple‐private practice sites in the United States of America. Sixty‐seven volunteers between the ages of 18–65 with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 kg/m2 and who satisfied the set inclusion criteria participated. Eight of the 67 subjects did not have circumference measurements recorded at the 2‐week post‐procedure measurement point. Participants were randomly assigned to receive low‐level laser treatments or a matching sham treatment three times per week for 2 weeks. Reduction in the total combined inches of circumference measurements of the waist, hip and bilateral thighs from baseline to the completion of the 2‐week procedure administration phase was assessed.

Results

Participants in the treatment group demonstrated an overall reduction in total circumference across all three sites of −3.51 in. (P < 0.001) compared with control subjects who revealed a −0.684 reduction (P < 0.071745). Test group participants demonstrated a reduction of −0.98 in. (P < 0.0001) across the waist, −1.05 in. (P < 0.01) across the hip, and −0.85 in. (P < 0.01) and −0.65 in. (P < 0.01) across the right and left thighs from baseline to 2 weeks (end of treatment). At 2 weeks post‐procedure, test group subjects demonstrated a gain of 0.31 total inches collectively across all three sites.

Conclusion

These data suggest that low‐level laser therapy can reduce overall circumference measurements of specifically treated regions. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:799–809, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pilot study of the efficacy of a 1,064 and 1,320 nm sequentially firing Nd:YAG laser device for lipolysis and skin tightening
Authors: McBean Jason C. , Katz Bruce E.
Published: December 2009

Background

Laser‐assisted lipolysis with a medium pulsed 1,064 nm Neodymium:Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet (Nd:YAG) system has been used since FDA approval in October 2006 [1]. Since then, this technology has been advanced to include an additional wavelength (1,320 nm) and an accelerometer designed to improve efficacy and safety.

Objective

(1) Evaluate the efficacy and safety of a sequentially firing 1,064 and 1,320 nm Nd:YAG laser device for lipolysis. (2) Evaluate the skin tightening effect by photographic documentation and skin measurements. (3) Assess new collagen formation by histologic and scanning electron microscopic studies.

Methods

Twenty subjects with unwanted local adiposities and skin laxity were enrolled. An Nd:YAG laser with sequentially firing wavelengths of 1,064/1,320 nm was used to treat localized areas of body adiposities. Digital photographs were taken before and after treatment, blinded independent observers graded improvement utilizing a percentile evaluation scale and subjects performed self‐assessments. Five of the 20 subjects had the following tests performed: (1) Placement of 4 cm×4 cm square India Ink tattoos for measurement of skin tightening, (2) histology and electron microscopy, (3) biopsies prior to the procedure, 3 days and 1 month after the procedure to determine the presence of new collagen markers.

Results

Results showed reduction in localized adiposities with no adverse events from use of this device. Independent observers found 76–100% improvement in adiposities in 85% of subjects and 51–75% improvement in 15% of subjects. Of the subset of five patients, India Ink tattoo maps demonstrated an 18% decrease in surface area indicating a significant skin tightening effect. Histology by H&E, Methylene blue stains, and electron microscopy indicated new collagen formation compared to baseline.

Conclusion

The 1,064 nm Nd:YAG and 1,320 nm Nd:YAG sequentially firing device with an accelerometer appears to be an effective and safe treatment for localized adiposities with the additional benefit of skin tightening. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:779–784, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement in arm and post‐partum abdominal and flank subcutaneous fat deposits and skin laxity using a bipolar radiofrequency, infrared, vacuum and mechanical massage device
Authors: Brightman Lori , Weiss Elliot , Chapas Anne M. , Karen Julie , Hale Elizabeth , Bernstein Leonard , Geronemus Roy G.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objectives

Skin laxity of the body is a growing cosmetic concern. Laxity can result from chronological or photoaging and changes in body dimensions during pregnancy or weight loss. The end result is loose, sagging skin, and localized fat deposits. Liposuction and abdominoplasty or brachioplasty are established approaches to these issues. Patient desire for alternatives to surgical correction has spawned the development of non‐invasive body contouring devices. The combination of infrared light (IR), bipolar radiofrequency (RF), vacuum and mechanical massage (Velashape, Syneron Medical Ltd, Israel) has demonstrated efficacy in improving skin appearance and circumference of the thighs [Goldberg et al., Derm Surg 2008; 34:204–209; Fisher et al., Derm Surg 2005; 31:1237–1241; Arnoczky and Aksan, J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8:305–313; Alster and Tanzi, J Cosmetic Laser Therapy 2005; 7:81–85; Wanitphakdeedecha and Manuskiatti, J Cosmet Dermatol 2006; 5:284–288; Nootheti et al., Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38: 908–912], but only anecdotal evidence has supported its use on other anatomic locations. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Velashape on additional body sites and more rigorously examine the technology's impact on upper arm as well as abdominal and flank circumference.

Study Design and Methods

Subjects were 28–70 years old, skin types I–V. Nineteen subjects underwent 5 weekly treatments of the upper arms, and 10 subjects underwent 4 weekly treatments of the abdomen and flanks. Treatments were performed using Velashape. Circumference measurements, photographs, and subject weights were performed prior to treatment and at 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups. Subjects were asked to record their treatment satisfaction level.

Results

Change in arm circumference, at the 5th treatment was statistically significant with a mean loss of 0.625 cm. At 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups, mean loss was 0.71 and 0.597 cm respectively. Reduction of abdominal circumference at 3rd treatment was statistically significant with a 1.25 cm mean loss. At 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups, average loss was 1.43 and 1.82 cm respectively.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates with statistical significance, sustainable reduction in circumference and improvement in appearance of arms and abdomen following treatment with Velashape. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:791–798, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high‐throughput model for fat graft assessment
Authors: Medina Miguel A. , Nguyen John T. , McCormack Michael M. , Randolph Mark A. , Austen William G.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objectives

Current fat‐graft animal models require weeks, to months, for results. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the rapid identification of adipocyte protectants, using apoptosis‐specific fluorescence. The goal of our model was to predict long‐term fat graft survival within a 10‐day period.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Human fat was obtained from liposuction aspirates, washed with saline, and centrifuged at 200g. The fat was then treated with one of four agents: P188, polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000), lipoic acid (LA), or saline control. Fat lobules were explanted over a 10‐day period, and then at six weeks. The explanted fat was measured for apoptosis. Samples were weighed, sent for histology, measured for DNA content, and examined using confocal microscopy.

Results

Fat‐grafts demonstrated variable apoptosis over the 10‐day period. P188 and LA treated samples demonstrated 11–28% less apoptosis during early engraftment than saline treated controls. This early reduction in apoptosis correlated to a ∼20% reduction in reabsorption by weight six weeks later. P188 and LA samples demonstrated three‐times higher DNA content by PICO green analysis when compared to saline controls. PEG 8000 treated samples demonstrated 11% more apoptosis than saline. PEG 8000 treated samples demonstrated an approximately 10% higher level of reabsorption by weight, and two‐times higher levels of DNA. Histology of treated samples at six weeks showed architecturally normal fat in P188 and LA treated fat; whereas PEG 8000 had high levels of inflammatory infiltrates, and saline had large amounts of fibrosis.

Conclusions

This model of fat‐grafting and early apoptosis can be used to screen agents and grafting methods and predict long‐term graft survival. We show that levels of apoptosis within ten days correlate with weight, DNA, and histology, at six weeks. Using this model, long‐term adipocyte survival and graft take can be predicted during the first 10 days post‐implantation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:738–744, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light‐Responsive Biomaterials: Development and Applications
Authors: Katz Joshua S. , Burdick Jason A.
Published: December 2009

Novel biomaterials are beneficial to the growing fields of drug delivery, cell biology, micro‐devices, and tissue engineering. With recent advances in chemistry and materials science, light is becoming an attractive option as a method to control biomaterial behavior and properties. In this Feature Article, we explore some of the early and recent advances in the design of light‐responsive biomaterials. Particular attention is paid to macromolecular assemblies for drug delivery, multi‐component surface patterning for advanced cell assays, and polymer networks that undergo chemical or shape changes upon light exposure. We conclude with some remarks about future directions of the field.

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Janus Micelle Formation Induced by Protonation/Deprotonation of Poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Li Xue , Yang Hui , Xu Limei , Fu Xiaoning , Guo Huanwang , Zhang Xiaokai
Published: December 2009

A novel approach to amphiphilic polymeric Janus micelles based on the protonation/deprotonation process of poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP‐b‐PEO) diblock copolymers in THF is presented. It is found that addition of HCl to the micelles solution of P2VP‐b‐PEO copolymers leads to the formation of vesicles. Subsequently mixing a small amount of hydrazine monohydrate with the vesicle solution can induce the dissociation and reorganization of the vesicles into Janus micelles. When HCl is replaced by HAuCl4 precursors, composite Janus particles containing gold in P2VP blocks are obtained.

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Chitosan‐based Polyelectrolyte Complexes Soluble in Enzyme‐friendly pH Range
Authors: Izumrudov Vladimir A. , Volkova Irina F. , Gorshkova Marina Yu.
Published: December 2009

By studying chitosan interactions with poly(styrene sulfonate) anions, a procedure that yields chitosan‐based non‐stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes soluble in neutral media has been developed. The elaborated strategy of the complex formation depended on the peculiar order of mixing the polyelectrolyte solutions, which served as a remedy for kinetic hindrances. The kinetic restrictions inevitably occurred on direct mixing of the components in slightly acidic and neutral media, due to the significant contribution of hydrogen bonds in stabilization of the intermediate insoluble products. The approach developed opens up a new avenue of attack on the problem of preparing water soluble biocompatible and biodegradable chitosan complexes that are suitable for use at physiological pH and ionic strength.

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Exploring the Factors Affecting the Solubility of Chitosan in Water
Authors: Sogias Ioannis A. , Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V. , Williams Adrian C.
Published: December 2009

We explore the role of crystallinity and inter‐ or intramolecular forces in chitosan for its solubility in water and demonstrate the expansion of its solubility to a wider pH range. Due to its semicrystalline nature, derived mainly from inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, chitosan is water‐soluble only at pH < 6. In acidic conditions, its amino groups can be partially protonated resulting in repulsion between positively charged macrochains, thereby allowing diffusion of water molecules and subsequent solvation of macromolecules. We show that chemical disruption of chitosan crystallinity by partial re‐acetylation or physical disruption caused by the addition of urea and guanidine hydrochloride broadens the pH‐solubility range for this biopolymer.

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Structure and Excited‐State Interactions in Composites of CdSe Nanorods and Interface‐Compatible Polythiophene‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates)
Authors: Wang Mingfeng , Kumar Sandeep , Coombs Neil , Scholes Gregory D. , Winnik Mitchell A.
Published: December 2009

We report the preparation and characterization of two comb‐like graft copolymers, polythiophene‐graft‐poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates) (PT700‐g‐PDMA60 and PT220‐g‐PDMA16, where the subscripts represent the number average degree of polymerization), and an investigation of their interaction with CdSe nanorods. Each polymer contains a regiorandom polythiophene (PT) as the backbone, from which poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) chains are densely grafted. The PDMA arms serve as multidentate ligands for CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals and increase the compatibility between the PT backbone and the nanocrystals. Using electron microscopy, we examined the morphology and the internal structure of the nanorod/polymer composites formed in toluene. The morphology and the internal structure of the composites vary with a change in the nanorod/polymer ratio as well as with the concentration of each component. The results of steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that the presence of the nanocrystals in toluene leads to photoluminescence (PL) quenching of the PT backbone in the graft copolymer with relatively short PDMA arms (PT220‐g‐PDMA16). In contrast, no PL quenching could be detected in composites formed from a similar polymer with longer PDMA arms (PT700‐g‐PDMA60). A likely explanation of this result is that in composites formed with PT700‐g‐PDMA60, the nanocrystals are held too far from the PT backbone for energy transfer or charge transfer to take place.

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Validation of a model for estimating state and local prevalence of serious mental illness
Authors: Hudson Christopher G.
Published: December 2009

This study addresses an ongoing problem in mental health needs assessment. This involves estimating the prevalence of an identified problem, specifically serious mental illness (SMI), for local areas in a reliable, valid, and cost‐effective manner. The aim of the study is the application and testing of a recently introduced methodology from the field of small area estimation to determining SMI rates in the 48 contiguous US states, and in local areas of Massachusetts. It uses ‘regression synthetic estimation fitted using area‐level covariates’, to estimate a model using data from the 2001–2002 replication of the National Comorbidity Study (n = 5593) and apply it, using 2000 STF‐3C Census data, to various state and local areas in the United States. The estimates are then compared with independently collected SMI indicators. The estimates show not only face validity and internal consistency, but also predictive validity. The multiple logistic model has a sensitivity of 21.1% and a specificity of 95.1%, based largely on socio‐economic disparities. Pearson r validity coefficients for the area estimates range from 0.43 to 0.75. The model generates a national estimate of SMI adults of 5.5%; for the 48 states, rates ranging from 4.7% to 7.0%; and for Massachusetts towns and cities, 1.1% to 7.5%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model of cap‐dependent translation initiation in sea urchin: A step towards the eukaryotic translation regulation network
Authors: Bellé Robert , Prigent Sylvain , Siegel Anne , Cormier Patrick
Published: December 2009

The large and rapid increase in the rate of protein synthesis following fertilization of the sea urchin egg has long been a paradigm of translational control, an important component of the regulation of gene expression in cells. This translational up‐regulation is linked to physiological changes that occur upon fertilization and is necessary for entry into first cell division cycle. Accumulated knowledge on cap‐dependent initiation of translation makes it suited and timely to start integrating the data into a system view of biological functions. Using a programming environment for system biology coupled with model validation (named Biocham), we have built an integrative model for cap‐dependent initiation of translation. The model is described by abstract rules. It contains 51 reactions involved in 74 molecular complexes. The model proved to be coherent with existing knowledge by using queries based on computational tree logic (CTL) as well as Boolean simulations. The model could simulate the change in translation occurring at fertilization in the sea urchin model. It could also be coupled with an existing model designed for cell‐cycle control. Therefore, the cap‐dependent translation initiation model can be considered a first step towards the eukaryotic translation regulation network. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 257–264, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Damage–viscoplastic consistency model with a parabolic cap for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading
Authors: Saksala Timo
Published: December 2009

This paper presents a damage–viscoplastic cap model for rocks with brittle and ductile behavior under low‐velocity impact loading, which occurs, e.g. in percussive drilling. The model is based on a combination of the recent viscoplastic consistency model by Wang and the isotropic damage concept. This approach does not suffer from ill posedness—caused by strain softening—of the underlying boundary/initial‐value problem since viscoplasticity provides a regularization under dynamic loading by introducing an internal length scale. The model uses the Drucker–Prager (DP) yield function with the modified Rankine criterion as a tension cut‐off and a parabolic cap surface as a compression cut‐off. The parabolic cap is smoothly fitted to the DP cone. The strain softening law in compression is calibrated with the degradation index concept of Fang and Harrison. Thereby, the model is able to capture the brittle‐to‐ductile transition and hardening behavior of geomaterials under highly confined compression, which is the prevailing stress state under a bit‐button in percussive drilling. Rock strength heterogeneity is characterized statistically at the structural level using the Weibull distribution. An explicit time integrator is chosen for solving the FE‐discretized equations of motion. The contact constraints due to the impact of an indenter are imposed with the forward increment Lagrange multiplier method that is compatible with explicit time integrators. The model is tested at the material point level with various uniaxial and triaxial tests. At the structural level confined compression, uniaxial tension tests and a rock sample under low‐velocity impact are simulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent robust H∞ control for uncertain descriptor systems with multiple state delays
Authors: Du Zhaoping , Zhang Qingling , Chang Guisong
Published: December 2009

The problem of delay‐dependent robust H∞ control for uncertain descriptor systems with multiple state delays is investigated. First, in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, a delay‐dependent criterion is given to ensure that the descriptor system is regular, impulse free and stable with H∞ performance. Based on this criterion, the problem is solved by state feedback controller, which guarantees that the closed‐loop system is regular, impulse free, stable and satisfies a prescribed H∞ performance condition for all admissible uncertainties. The simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic acid doped polythiophene nanoparticles as electrode material for redox supercapacitors
Authors: Gnanakan S. Richard Prabhu , Murugananthem N. , Subramania A.
Published: December 2009

An organic acid doped electronically conducting polymer nanomaterial, polythiophene‐tartaric acid (PTh‐TA) nanoparticles, was prepared by cationic surfactant‐assisted dilute polymerization method. The physical properties of the synthesized polymer were characterized by FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, SEM, and electrical conductivity studies. The symmetric type redox supercapacitor performances were studied in PVdF‐HFP in 1 M LiPF6 containing EC&PC (1:1 v/v) based microporous polymer electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the capacitor was found to be 156 F g−1. The energy and power densities were calculated as 14 Wh kg−1 and 522 W kg−1, respectively. The value of capacitance was found to be almost stable up to 1000 cycles and even more. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of cellulose/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels prepared by IPN strategy
Authors: Chang Chunyu , Han Kai , Zhang Lina
Published: December 2009

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) strategy was developed to fabricate novel hydrogels composed of cellulose and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) with high mechanical strength and adjustable thermosensitivity. Cellulose hydrogels were prepared by chemically cross‐linking cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, which were employed as the first network. The second network was subsequently obtained by in situ polymerization/cross‐linking of N‐isopropylacrylamide in the cellulose hydrogels. The results from FTIR and solid 13C NMR indicated that the two networks co‐existed in the IPN hydrogels, which exhibited uniform porous structure, as a result of good compatibility. The mechanical and swelling properties of IPN hydrogels were strongly dependent on the weight ratio of two networks. Their temperature‐sensitive behaviors and deswelling kinetics were also discussed. This work created double network hydrogels, which combined the advantages of natural polymer and synthesized PNIPAAm collectively in one system, leading to the controllable temperature response and improvement in the physical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning and cutting of ultrafine bioerodible poly(lactide‐co‐ethylene oxide) tri‐ and multiblock copolymer fibers for inhalation applications
Authors: Thieme Marcel , Agarwal Seema , Wendorff Joachim H. , Greiner Andreas
Published: December 2009

Triblock copolymers made up of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polylactide (PLA) were synthesized and converted to fibers by the electrospinning process. A two‐step in situ‐synthesis in bulk was applied to extend PLA‐PEO‐PLA triblock copolymers with relatively short block length and low molecular weight in order to obtain electrospinnable materials. DL‐lactide was polymerized to the hydroxyl chain ends of PEO via the stannous octoate route. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was added as chain extender in the second step, leading to poly(ether‐ester‐urethane) multiblock copolymers. The materials were electrospun from solutions in chloroform. Different concentrations and voltages were analyzed. The ether and ester blocks were varied in their block length and their effects on the fiber morphology was studied. Variations in the electrical conductivity of the chloroform solutions were investigated by adding triethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) in different amounts. Finally, with high quality electrospun PLA‐PEO‐PEO triblock copolymer fibers mechanical cutting was possible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p53 transcriptional pathways in breast cancer: the good, the bad and the complex
Authors: Thompson Alastair M , Lane David P
Published: December 2009

A p53 network immunohistochemically‐based signature to discriminate between good and poor prognosis breast cancer would have clinical relevance, given the key role of p53 in malignancy and response to therapy. Utilizing a five‐protein signature of p53/mdm2/mdm4/bcl2/p21 discriminates good‐prognosis and poor‐prognosis patient groups, based on the functionality of the p53 network. However, the relationship of this five‐protein signature to p53 mutation, the wide range of breast cancer therapies now in use and the over‐70 age group remain uncertain. Nonetheless, confirmation of the signature in two independent series suggests that this approach should be considered in further case series and in the context of clinical trials. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.