bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Chemistry of Berkelium and Californium
Authors: White Frankie D. , Dan David , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: March 2019

The merging of small‐scale syntheses and rapid crystallization methods have provided access to crystalline samples of berkelium (Z=97) and californium (Z=98) coordination complexes and compounds that can be interrogated with a suite of spectroscopic tools and structural elucidation approaches that have come online over the last 20 years. The combination of this experimental data with relativistic theoretical methods that capture the effects of spin‐orbit coupling and scalar relativistic effects have allowed us to understand the electronic structure of berkelium and californium compounds at a level of detail that was not previously possible. The harbinger of this new era of post‐curium chemistry was the synthesis and characterization of [Cf{B6O8(OH)5}]. This compound possesses a structure type that is distinct from earlier actinide borates, a reduction in coordination number for californium, contracted Cf−O bond lengths, a substantially reduced magnetic moment with respect to the calculated free‐ion moment and, most importantly, vibronically coupled broadband photoluminescence. Ligand‐field analysis also showed that the splitting of the ground state was larger than typically found in the f‐block elements, and when taken together places its overall electronic structure as a hybrid of d‐ and f‐block components. The discovery of the unusual properties of this compound has led to the development of large families of 4f and 5f coordination complexes, in an effort to uncover the underlying origin of the electronic structure oddities, and whether there really is a sharp onset of these changes at californium. This in turn pushed the development of far more challenging berkelium chemistry (from a radiologic standpoint) because the half‐life of the isotopes decreases from 351 years for 249Cf to 330 days for 249Bk. This short review details some of the chemistry that has been reported over the last 15 years, and its consequences for understanding the periodic table.
Phenyliodine(III) Diacetate/I2‐Mediated Domino Approach for Pyrrolo[1,4]Thiazines and 1,4‐Thiazines by a One‐Pot Morin Rearrangement of N,S‐Acetals
Authors: Danton Fanny , Othman Mohamed , Lawson Ata Martin , Moncol Ján , Ghinet Alina , Rigo Benoît , Daïch Adam
Published: March 2019

An efficient domino transformation using a phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA)/I2 combination towards Morin 1,4‐thiazine compounds has been developed starting from N,S‐acetals. The latter leads to “one‐step” regioselective methylene insertion without the need for traditional sulfoxide intermediates in good yields. The reaction involves easily accessible N,S‐acetals obtained from cost‐effective basic ketones and cysteamine as starting materials. This process ultimately leads to 1,4‐thiazines related to natural product and fused derivatives necessary for further QSAR study.
Impacts of Water Quality on the Spatiotemporal Susceptibility of Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Mortula Md Maruf , Ali Tarig A. , Sadiq Rehan , Idris AlaEldin , Al Mulla Asam
Published: March 2019

Maintaining water quality in distribution systems is crucial for ensuring safety of water supply. The distribution infrastructure is typically buried underground and it is often difficult to assess the condition of the system. In case of breakage of underground pipe network, external agents, like microorganisms may ingress into the distribution system which then react with residual disinfectant (chlorine) and result in faster decay. Understanding the chlorine decay is critical to ensuring the acceptable condition of the water distribution infrastructure. The objective of this study is to assess the spatiotemporal susceptibility of a water distribution network based on water quality variations. GIS based residual chlorine decay, temperature, and Langelier saturation index (LSI) profiles for the entire water distribution network are created using inverse distance weighting technique. Hotspot analysis is conducted to identify the vulnerable sections of the city's water distribution network based on residual chlorine. Spatial variations can not identify a consistent pattern of decay throughout the distribution system. However, some sections of the old part (North western) of the city show low residual chlorine levels compared to other locations. LSI values are negative in some source waters, leading to potential degradation of the distribution pipes. Temporal variations indicate that residual chlorine levels drop late summer and early fall. However, hotspot analysis identifies that some of the old part of Sharjah has consistently low residual chlorine levels, indicating considerable degradation of the distribution pipes.
Outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using gemcitabine and cisplatin in muscle invasive bladder cancer: A retrospective analysis of the patient and treatment factors in a single institute
Authors: Lee Ka Chai Eric , Mui Wing Ho , Chan Wai , Wong Chi Sing Frank , Chu Sau Kwan Peggy
Published: March 2019

Background

Meta‐analysis had shown a significant 5% absolute survival benefit in favour of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with cisplatin‐based chemotherapy before radical cystectomy (RC) and pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Those who had pathological complete response (pCR) to NAC could have long‐term progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Aim

To identify the treatment and patient factors which could predict a pCR to NAC and the associated PFS and OS in a single institute.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who had received NAC with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) in our centre from January 2004 to December 2017. The patients' age, tumour stage, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), chemotherapy chart, and pathological information were recorded.

There were 25 men and five women who had received NAC followed by RC. pCR was noted in the surgical specimen of 11 (37%) patients. The mean dose of gemcitabine was significantly higher in the pCR group than the non‐pCR group (9850 vs 7852 mg, P = 0.039) as was the dose‐intensity of cisplatin (87.4% vs 71.3%, P = 0.044). After a median follow‐up of 38 months (range 4.3‐154), seven patients had disease progression. The estimated 3‐year PFS is 74.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.7%‐83.3%). None of the patients who achieved pCR relapsed, while six out of seven patients who had pN1 disease developed distant metastasis (DM). Only two patients died of DM while two other patients died of unrelated causes. The estimated 3‐year OS is 88.9% (95% CI 82.8%‐95%).

Conclusions

We have demonstrated that the dose intensity of GC is a major determinant of pCR, which predicts longer RFS and OS. Further research in gene expression profiling of MIBC to help selecting patient for NAC is needed.
Lightfastness assessment of Levantine rock art by means of microfading spectrometry
Authors: del Hoyo‐Meléndez Julio M. , Carrión‐Ruiz Berta , Riutort‐Mayol Gabriel , Lerma José L.
Published: March 2019

The documentation of archeological sites requires the adoption of non‐destructive techniques to safeguard the unique legacy coming from prehistoric periods. This article tackles the assessment of lightfastness properties on a rock art site to determine the behavior of motif's color deterioration over time in Remígia Cave, Castellón (Spain), which is considered part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The measurements were performed using a microfade testing device to analyze the spectral characteristics and the aging properties of the colorant system and various substrates on site. Two scenarios have been identified depending on whether the lightness (L*) parameter of the rocky substrate changes or not in relation with the painted motifs. If the substrate remains stable without any change, red motifs containing iron oxide pigments will become more visible. If the substrate becomes lighter, the pigments will experience similar changes. Therefore, the contrast between paintings and support will be considerably enhanced.
Refractive Index Dispersion of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Halide Perovskite CH3NH3PbX3 (X═Cl, Br, I) Single Crystals
Authors: He Chongjun , Zha Guoan , Deng Chenguang , An Yang , Mao Rong , Liu Youwen , Lu Yuangang , Chen Ziyun
Published: March 2019

Optical dispersion properties are indispensable in the thorough design of modern perovskite‐based photonics devices. Based on inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) method, here, CH3NH3PbX3 (CH3NH3═MA, X═Cl, Br, I) bulk single crystals are grown from precursor solution. X‐ray patterns indicate that the perovskite crystals have good crystallinity. MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, and MAPbI3 crystals are transparent above 427, 574, and 823 nm, respectively. Refractive indices of MAPbX3 crystals are measured with different wavelength at 24 °C and reduced dramatically with the wavelength increase. Sellmeier dispersion equation fitted by least squares can be used to calculate the refractive index above the absorption edges. Refractive indices rank in the order of MAPbI3 > MAPbBr3 > MAPbCl3 at the same wavelength. The halogen elements have great influence on refractive indices. These results play a vital role in studying MAPbX3 nonlinear optical properties as well as in further designing photoelectric devices.
Temporal mandibular joint chondrocalcinosis (tophaceous pseudogout) diagnosed by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Fan Jun , Heimann Alan , Wu Maoxin
Published: March 2019

Tophaceous pseudogout is a calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal (CPPD) deposition disease that frequently affects elderly patient in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A diagnosis of CPPD deposition disease in the TMJ is challenging due to its mimicking of other benign and malignant entities. Surgical exploration followed by histologic examination is by far the most frequently used diagnostic modality. We present a case of an 87‐year‐old female who presented with a right TMJ mass. A final diagnosis of tophaceous pseudogout was made on cellular material obtained by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (US‐guided FNA). Based on our case and current available literature, ultrasound‐guided FNA is a reliable tool for diagnosing tophaceous pseudogout of the TMJ.
Nanoplatforms of Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles Functionalized with Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Giannousi Kleoniki , Koutroumpis Emmanouil , Georgiadou Violetta , Karagkounis Vasilis , Dendrinou‐Samara Catherine
Published: March 2019

Targeted drug delivery by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is at the leading edge of the rapidly developed methods for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Functionalization of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) onto MNP‐based platforms constitutes a challenging endeavor, as it is based on the physicochemical characteristics of the final carrier/system. MnFe2O4 MNPs of relatively small size and enhanced magnetization with aminated (AmMNPs) and non‐aminated (Non‐AmMNPs) surface were prepared solvothermally in the presence of octadecylamine(ODA) through synthetic variations. Three nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), mefenamic acid (MEF) and Naproxen (NAP), of different pharmacochemical properties, were used for the loading of the nanoplatforms. In the case of AmMNPs, attachment of the NSAIDs was achieved by direct coupling of carboxylate donors with the NH2 groups via the formation of an amide bond, whereas indirect coupling of the drugs through encapsulation was applied on Non‐AmMNPs by taking advantage of the PEGylation approach. FT‐IR and UV/Vis data confirmed the distinct drug release behavior, which is attributed to different cross‐linking forces depending on the method of functionalization. The biological behavior and anti‐inflammatory activity of the MNPs@NSAIDs was evaluated in vitro; AmMNPs@ASA inhibited lipoxygenase (LOX) and protected albumin denaturation with values comparable with those of NSAIDs.
Abiotic Hydrolysis Kinetics of N‐Acyl‐L‐homoserine Lactones: Natural Silencing of Bacterial Quorum Sensing Signals
Authors: Ziegler Eric W. , Brown Alan B. , Nesnas Nasri , Palmer Andrew G.
Published: March 2019

Virulence attenuation in pathogenic bacteria without the use of antibiotics reduces the threat of infection while limiting the evolution of multidrug resistant strains. In many bacteria, virulence is regulated by population density dependent genetic switches, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing (QS). QS depends on the synthesis, transmission, and perception of a variety of low molecular weight signal molecules generically classified as autoinducers. Gram‐negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, predominantly “communicate” population density using N‐acyl‐L‐homoserine lactones (AHLs). Crucial to developing Gram‐negative QS modulating strategies, as well as modeling the presence/absence of QS under “real‐world” conditions, is the ability to accurately estimate the relative levels of the ring‐closed (bioactive) and ring‐open (bio‐inactive) forms. While some AHLs have been studied for their hydrolysis (ring‐opening) rates, no quantitative and comprehensive model for degradation exists. Here, we employ 1H‐NMR to monitor the hydrolysis of various AHLs under standard laboratory conditions at fixed acidities to develop such a model. Our model provides valuable insight into the availability of bioactive AHLs at relevant pH conditions and is a valuable tool in the development of QS‐control strategies and evaluation of AHL focused chemical assays and studies.
Social relations in crowds: Recognition, validation and solidarity
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Reicher Stephen , Stevenson Clifford , Pandey Kavita , Shankar Shail , Tewari Shruti
Published: March 2019

Social identity research on crowds demonstrates how cognitive self‐definition as a crowd member results in conformity to identity‐relevant norms. Rather less research has addressed the social‐relational changes within a crowd and how these impact collective experience positively. The present study investigates these processes at a month‐long mass gathering in India. Analysis of 37 interviews with participants attending the annual Magh Mela pilgrimage evidences the concept of shared identity as underpinning their understanding of this mass gathering. Moreover, a theoretically derived thematic analysis of these interviews shows the value of the analytic concepts of recognition, validation, and solidarity in illuminating the ways in which social relations in the crowd were experienced and contributed to the experience of the event. Through exploring the multi‐dimensional nature of relational connectedness in crowds we contribute to an understanding of crowd experience and group processes.
Transcriptome Differential Analysis of Chlorella sp. Cultivated with Simulated Flue Gases
Authors: Huang Guanhua , Fan Weiwei , Ren Qinggong , He Huan
Published: March 2019

Transcriptome sequencing and annotation was performed on Chlorella sp. cultivated with simulated gases (15% (v/v) CO2‐air aeration) with addition of four groups of dilute gases including 1500 mL SO2 (50 and 200 ppm) and 1500 mL NO2 (50 and 200 ppm) correspondingly to demonstrate why the biomass and the protein increase but the content of fatty acid has a little drop with NO2–CO2‐air aeration. Differential expressed genes analysis indicated that including 89 upregulated and 1443 downregulated unigenes in the algae when cultivated with 15% CO2–SO2 (200 ppm, 1500 mL)‐air aeration and 93 upregulated and 1776 downregulated unigenes in the algae when cultivated with 15% CO2–NO2 (200 ppm, 1500 mL)‐air aeration were identified. The genes involved in TCA cycle of carbon metabolic pathway were almost downregulated. The genes which encoded the three enzymes including long‐chain fatty acid CoA ligase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) were upregulated 1.15, 1.00, and 1.06‐fold in N group and 1.15, 1.94, and 0.88‐fold downregulated in S group, respectively, in fatty acid degradation pathway. However, the genes involved in three enzyme including nitrate/nitrite transporter, nitrite reductase, and nitrate reductase were upregulated 4.63, 2.85, and 7.00‐folded in N group and downregulated 1.67, 1.53, and 1.65‐folded in S group, respectively, in nitrate assimilation process. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: e13217, 2019
Late Pleistocene site formation and paleoclimate at Lapa do Picareiro, Portugal
Authors: Benedetti Michael M. , Haws Jonathan A. , Bicho Nuno F. , Friedl Lukas , Ellwood Brooks B.
Published: March 2019

The cave site of Lapa do Picareiro, Portugal contains a deep (~10 m) sedimentary sequence representing much of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, with abundant animal bones, lithic/bone/shell artifacts, and charcoal/ash in hearths. A deposition model based on 49 radiocarbon ages demonstrates average sedimentation rates of 0.1–0.3 mm a
−1 between 9 and 45 ka. Extrapolation suggests an age at the base of the excavation of 65–78 ka. The cave sediments are primarily limestone éboulis derived from roof spalling, and muddy fine sediment derived from weathered soil infiltrating through bedrock joints and crevices. Bone preservation in the cave is good and disturbance by bioturbation, dissolution, or erosional processes appears to be limited. Most sedimentological parameters vary conservatively with depth, indicating stable sediment sources over time. Several parameters show good agreement with paleoclimate records over the radiocarbon‐dated section. The cold‐arid Heinrich stadials are represented by coarse‐clast beds with little fine sediment and magnetic susceptibility minima, and mild Greenland interstadials correspond with muddy beds and sharp peaks in magnetic susceptibility. This study complements ongoing archaeological excavation at the site and confirms that the sequence has the proper age, resolution, and preservation to inform on Late Pleistocene cultural and climatic transitions.
Petrogenesis of mafic granulite in South Altyn Tagh, NW China: Constraints from petrology, zircon U–Pb chronology, and geochemistry
Authors: Li Yunshuai , Zhang Jianxin , Li Yanguang , Mostofa Khan M.G. , Yu Shengyao , Guo Jing , Dong Juan , Peng Yinbiao , Jin Mengqi , Zhou Guisheng
Published: March 2019

Mafic granulite, garnet peridotite, and garnet pyroxenite occurred as slices or lenses within dominant felsic granulite, and they together constitute a high‐pressure metamorphic terrane in the Bashiwake unit, South Altyn Tagh, Northern Tibet, China. Previous studies focused on the metamorphic evolution, and geothermobarometry results indicated that the mafic granulite has experienced high pressure/(ultra‐)high temperature (HP/(U)HT) metamorphism, followed by a medium pressure (MP) granulite‐facies overprint. However, the nature and petrogenesis of the mafic granulite in the dominant felsic granulite are poorly known. Combining the previous geothermobarometry results with the petrographic observations, mineral chemistry, and pseudosection modelling in this study, at least four stages were suggested for the metamorphic evolution of the mafic granulites in the South Altyn Tagh, including the eclogite‐facies stage (3–4 GPa, 910–1000°C), high pressure–ultrahigh temperature (HP–UHT) metamorphism, an isothermal decompression, and subsequent MP granulite‐facies overprint. The U–Pb dating of zircons yielded two age clusters: one age cluster at ca. 500 Ma, representing the retrograde age of HP–UHT metamorphism after the eclogite‐facies stage, and another age cluster of ca. 900 Ma that represented the age of the protolith for the mafic granulite. This indicated that the protolith of the mafic granulite was formed in the early Neoproterozoic and then was taken to extreme temperatures and pressures during the early Palaeozoic orogenic event. The elemental abundances of the mafic granulites in the Bashiwake area clearly indicated that they were higher in FeO and TiO2, but were significantly lower in MgO, Cr, and Ni than those of associated garnet peridotites/pyroxenites, and they showed LREE‐enriched patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Sr–Nd isotopic data suggested a basaltic magmatic origin with crust contamination for the protolith of the mafic granulite. Integrating these results together with previous studies, we suggest that the mafic granulites were derived from the basaltic magma intrusion in the continental crust during the Neoproterozoic and subsequently suffered a common HP/UHT metamorphism with felsic crust rocks in the early Palaeozoic (ca. 500 Ma) after the eclogite‐facies metamorphism related to the continental collision (>500 Ma).
Antidementia medication use by aged care facility residents with dementia
Authors: Lind Kimberly E. , Gray Leonard C. , Raban Magdalena Z. , Georgiou Andrew , Westbrook Johanna I.
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Little is known about the use of antidementia medications in Australia. Other countries have reported sociodemographic disparities in use. Our objective was to estimate prevalence, duration, and time to initiation of antidementia medication (cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine) among Australians with dementia in residential aged care facilities and to evaluate resident and facility factors associated with use.

Methods

Dynamic retrospective cohort study of people with dementia in 68 residential aged care facilities during 2014 to 2017 using electronic health record and medication administration data. Regression evaluated relationships between medication use (prevalence, duration, and time to initiation) and resident and facility characteristics.

Results

Five thousand three hundred fifty‐four residents with dementia were included in the analyses. Annual prevalence of antidementia medication use was less than 10% each year and decreased during the study period by 2‐percentage points by 2017 (relative to 2014). Antidementia medication use varied by sociodemographic characteristics (3‐points lower for single, 4‐points lower for divorced relative to married residents, and 3‐points higher for Australian‐born). Each point in ADL score was associated with 0.1‐point lower medication use. Antidementia medication use was lower in outer regional facilities. Most comorbidities were associated with lower antidementia medication use (myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease and heart failure 3‐points lower, respiratory disease, and diabetes 2‐points lower). Age had a complex relationship with antidementia medication use that varied by sex and if medication was started before or after admission. After admission, males initiated antidementia medication earlier than females.

Conclusions

Antidementia medication use in Australian facilities was lower than in other countries and varied by clinical and sociodemographic factors.
Isolated leptomeningeal progression from sinonasal carcinomas: Implications for staging workup and treatment
Authors: Dagan Roi , Bryant Curtis M. , Mendenhall William M. , Amdur Robert J. , Morris Christopher G. , Lanza Donald C. , Dziegielewski Peter T. , Justice Jeb M. , Lobo Brian C. , Silver Natalie L. , Fernandes Rui , Bunnell Anthony , Guthrie Troy , Gopalan Priya K. , Rahman Maryam , Tavanaiepour Daryoush
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the rate and risk factors of isolated leptomeningeal progression in sinonasal carcinomas.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed imaging and clinical records to determine progression patterns, and estimated rates using the Kaplan‐Meier method. We evaluated risk factors using proportional hazard regression.

Results

We analyzed 120 patients who received adjuvant or primary radiotherapy for sinonasal carcinomas. Most patients had T4 disease (68%) and underwent surgery (84%) and chemotherapy (72%). Twenty‐seven (23%) patients developed distant metastases (DM), including 20 (17%) with isolated DMs. Leptomeningeal progression was the most common site of isolated DMs (n = 9; 45%) with an average disease‐free interval of 1.2 years (0.1‐4.3 years). High‐grade histology (P = 0.0003), intracranial invasion (P < 0.0001), and neuroendocrine histology (P = 0.06) were associated with increased risk.

Conclusions

Isolated leptomeningeal progression is a common pattern of DM in advanced sinonasal carcinomas. We recommend adding cerebrospinal fluid cytology and contrast‐enhanced spine MRI to routine staging evaluations for high‐risk patients.
Review of inbound medical tourism and legal details of obtaining a visa for treatment of head and neck cancer
Authors: Young Lauren K. , Vimawala Swar , Ahmad Nadir , Kushnir Vlad , Bonawitz Steven C. , Brody Joshua D. , Enriquez Miriam L. , Koshkareva Yekaterina A.
Published: March 2019

Background

We aim to provide a review of inbound medical tourism and the legal process of obtaining a visa for medical/surgical treatment for the patients with head and neck cancer.

Methods

We reviewed current statistics and the medical and legal literature regarding inbound medical tourism and the process of obtaining a visa for patients traveling to the United States for medical treatment. To illustrate this process, we present a case of an advanced‐staged and disfiguring facial polymorphous high‐grade adenocarcinoma in a previously healthy 29‐year‐old woman from Liberia.

Results

This report provides a synopsis of available statistical data on inbound medical tourism and the legal aspects of obtaining a visa for patients seeking medical care from abroad.

Conclusions

Medical tourists traveling to the United States for treatment of head and neck pathologies face considerable barriers in obtaining prompt care, leading to a possible increased disease burden and difficulty in rendering oncologic treatment.
Small Cage Uranofullerenes: 27 Years after Their First Observation
Authors: Gómez‐Torres Alejandra , Esper Ronda , Dunk Paul W. , Morales‐Martínez Roser , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Echegoyen Luis , Poblet Josep M.
Published: March 2019

The tetravalently stabilized fullerene cage of C28 is historically the most elusive small fullerene cage observed by employing the laser vaporization synthesis methodology. Its first observation reported by Smalley et al. in 1992 suggests that C28 is potentially the smallest and most stable fullerene ever observed. By using the Krätschmer−Huffman arc discharge synthesis method, we have recently succeeded in synthesizing a series of uranium‐endohedral fullerenes which differ from those reported by Smalley and co‐workers. Intrigued by this interesting mismatch, we tuned our experimental conditions to favor the formation and detection of these missing species. Experiments done using solvents of varying polarity allowed the observation of several empty and uranofullerenes. Extractions with pyridine and o‐DCB allowed for observation of small U@C2n (2n=28, 60, 66, 68, 70) by high resolution Fourier‐Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS). This is the first time that U@C28 is observed in soot produced by the Krätschmer‐Huffman arc‐discharge methodology. Carbon cage selection and spin density distribution on the endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) U@C60, U@C70, and U@C72 were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A plausible pathway for the formation of U@D3h‐C74 from U@D5h‐C70 through two C2 insertions and one Stone‐Wales rearrangement is proposed.
GOOGLE'S Duplex: Pretending to be human
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E.
Published: March 2019

Google's Duplex is a computer‐based system with natural language capabilities that provides a human sounding conversation as it performs a set of tasks, such as making restaurant reservations. This paper analyses Google's Duplex and some of the initial reaction to the system and its capabilities. The paper does a text analysis and finds that the system‐generated text creates standardized ratings that suggest the text is analytical, authentic and possesses a generally positive tone. As would be expected for the applications for which it is being used, the text is heavily focused on the present. In addition, this analysis indicates that the text provides evidence of social processes, cognitive processes, tentativeness and affiliation. Further, this paper examines some of the characteristics of speech that Duplex uses to sound human. Those capabilities appear to allow the system pass the Turing test for some well‐structured tasks. However, this paper investigates some of the ethics of pretending to be human and suggests that such impersonation is against evolving computer codes of ethics.
PRN OPINION PAPER: Application of precision medicine across pharmacy specialty areas
Authors: Caudle Kelly E. , Gammal Roseann S. , Karnes Jason H. , Afanasjeva Janna , Anderson Keri C. , Barreto Erin F. , Beavers Craig , Bhat Shubha , Birrer Kara L. , Chahine Elias B. , Ensor Christopher R. , Flowers Stephanie A. , Formea Christine M. , George Jomy M. , Gosser Rena A. , Hebert Mary F. , Karaoui Lamis R. , Kolpek Jimmi Hatton , Lee James C. , Leung Jonathan G. , Maldonado Angela Q. , Minze Molly G. , Pulk Rebecca A. , Shelton Chasity M. , Sheridan Maria , Smith Michael A. , Soefje Scott , Tellez‐Corrales Eglis , Walko Christine M. , Cavallari Larisa H.
Published: March 2019

Clinical pharmacists have been incorporating precision medicine into practice for decades. Drug selection and dosing based on patient‐specific clinical factors such as age, weight, renal function, drug interactions, plasma drug concentrations, and diet are expected as part of routine clinical practice. Newer concepts of precision medicine such as pharmacogenomics have recently been implemented into clinical care, while other concepts such as epigenetics and pharmacomicrobiomics still predominantly exist in the research area but clinical translation is expected in the future. The purpose of this paper is to describe current and emerging aspects of precision medicine as it relates to clinical pharmacy across a variety of specialty areas of practice, with perspectives from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Practice and Research Network membership.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: Uptake of familial cardiac screening and parental knowledge from a single tertiary care center
Authors: Shikany Amy R. , Parrott Ashley , James Jeanne , Madueme Peace , Nicole Weaver Kathryn , Cassidy Christine , Khoury Philip R. , Miller Erin M.
Published: March 2019

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) malformations exhibit higher heritability than other cardiac lesions and cardiac screening is encouraged for first‐degree relatives. This study sought to determine the uptake of familial cardiac screening in families with an infant with an LVOTO and assess parental knowledge regarding genetics and heritability of LVOTO. A chart review of the period 2010–2015 identified 69 families who received genetic counseling regarding a diagnosis of LVOTO in an infant. Surveys assessing familial cardiac screening and parental knowledge were completed by a parent in 24 families (completion rate of 35%). Forty percent (36/89) of all at‐risk first‐degree family members completed cardiac screening. The presence of additional congenital malformations in the affected infant was the only significant factor reducing the uptake of familial cardiac screening (p = 0.003). The reported uptake of screening for subsequent at‐risk pregnancies was 11/12 (92%) compared to 25/77 (32%) of living at‐risk relatives. Survey respondents answered seven knowledge questions with an average score of 5.2 and all correctly identified that LVOTO can run in families. Uptake of familial cardiac screening is occurring in less than half of at‐risk individuals, despite parents demonstrating basic knowledge and receiving genetic counseling. Follow‐up counseling in the outpatient setting to review familial screening recommendations should be considered to increase uptake and optimize outcomes.
The impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based HIV self‐testing in sub‐Saharan Africa: a health economic and modelling analysis
Authors: Cambiano Valentina , Johnson Cheryl C , Hatzold Karin , Terris‐Prestholt Fern , Maheswaran Hendy , Thirumurthy Harsha , Figueroa Carmen , Cowan Frances M , Sibanda Euphemia L , Ncube Getrude , Revill Paul , Baggaley Rachel C , Corbett Elizabeth L , Phillips Andrew ,   for Working Group on Cost Effectiveness of HIV self‐testing in Southern Africa
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV is declining in Africa, and various HIV testing approaches are finding lower positivity rates. In this context, the epidemiological impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based HIV self‐testing (CB‐HIVST) is unclear. We aimed to assess this in different sub‐populations and across scenarios characterized by different adult HIV prevalence and antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

The synthesis model was used to address this aim. Three sub‐populations were considered for CB‐HIVST: (i) women having transactional sex (WTS); (ii) young people (15 to 24 years); and (iii) adult men (25 to 49 years).

We assumed uptake of CB‐HIVST similar to that reported in epidemiological studies (base case), or assumed people use CB‐HIVST only if exposed to risk (condomless sex) since last HIV test. We also considered a five‐year time‐limited CB‐HIVST programme. Cost‐effectiveness was defined by an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER; cost‐per‐disability‐adjusted life‐year (DALY) averted) below US$500 over a time horizon of 50 years. The efficiency of targeted CB‐HIVST was evaluated using the number of additional tests per infection or death averted.

Results

In the base case, targeting adult men with CB‐HIVST offered the greatest impact, averting 1500 HIV infections and 520 deaths per year in the context of a simulated country with nine million adults, and impact could be enhanced by linkage to voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC). However, the approach was only cost‐effective if the programme was limited to five years or the undiagnosed prevalence was above 3%. CB‐HIVST to WTS was the most cost‐effective. The main drivers of cost‐effectiveness were the cost of CB‐HIVST and the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. All other CB‐HIVST scenarios had an ICER above US$500 per DALY averted.

Conclusions

CB‐HIVST showed an important epidemiological impact. To maximize population health within a fixed budget, CB‐HIVST needs to be targeted on the basis of the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, sub‐population and the overall costs of delivering this testing modality. Linkage to VMMC enhances its cost‐effectiveness.
Exploring social harms during distribution of HIV self‐testing kits using mixed‐methods approaches in Malawi
Authors: Kumwenda Moses K , Johnson Cheryl C , Choko Augustine T , Lora Wezzie , Sibande Wakumanya , Sakala Doreen , Indravudh Pitchaya , Chilongosi Richard , Baggaley Rachael C , Nyirenda Rose , Taegtmeyer Miriam , Hatzold Karin , Desmond Nicola , Corbett Elizabeth L
Published: March 2019

Introduction

HIV self‐testing (HIVST) provides couples and individuals with a discreet, convenient and empowering testing option. As with all HIV testing, potential harms must be anticipated and mitigated to optimize individual and public health benefits. Here, we describe social harms (SHs) reported during HIVST implementation in Malawi, and propose a framework for grading and responding to harms, according to their severity.

Methods

We report findings from six HIVST implementation studies in Malawi (2011 to 2017) that included substudies investigating SH reports. Qualitative methods included focus group discussions, in‐depth interviews and critical incident interviews. Earlier studies used intensive quantitative methods (post‐test questionnaires for intimate partner violence, household surveys, investigation of all deaths in HIVST communities). Later studies used post‐marketing reporting with/without community engagement. Pharmacovigilance methodology (whereby potentially life‐threatening/changing events are defined as “serious”) was used to grade SH severity, assuming more complete passive reporting for serious events.

Results

During distribution of 175,683 HIVST kits, predominantly under passive SH reporting, 25 serious SHs were reported from 19 (0.011%) self‐testers, including 15 partners in eight couples with newly identified HIV discordancy, and one perinatally infected adolescent. There were no deaths or suicides. Marriage break‐up was the most commonly reported serious SH (sixteen individuals; eight couples), particularly among serodiscordant couples. Among new concordant HIV‐positive couples, blame and frustration was common but rarely (one episode) led to serious SHs. Among concordant HIV‐negative couples, increased trust and stronger relationships were reported. Coercion to test or disclose was generally considered “well‐intentioned” within established couples. Women felt empowered and were assertive when offering HIVST test kits to their partners. Some women who persuaded their partner to test, however, did report SHs, including verbal or physical abuse and economic hardship.

Conclusions

After more than six years of large‐scale HIVST implementation and in‐depth investigation of SHs in Malawi, we identified approximately one serious reported SH per 10,000 HIVST kits distributed, predominantly break‐up of married serodiscordant couples. Both “active” and “passive” reporting systems identified serious SH events, although with more complete capture by “active” systems. As HIVST is scaled‐up, efforts to support and further optimize community‐led SH monitoring should be prioritized alongside HIVST distribution.
Using baseline to diagnose internal states? Listen closely
Authors: Leins Drew A.
Published: March 2019

Little is known about the mechanisms underlying how interviewers establish and monitor baselines of respondent behaviour. This study addresses this knowledge gap by characterising the practice of establishing baselines and measuring the accuracy of interviewer judgements based on assessments of baseline and departure behaviours. Eighteen professional interviewers viewed two videos of naturalistic interviews, reported the cues they perceived as informative for establishing and assessing a baseline, and diagnosed respondents' internal states. Participants reported multiple cue types as informative, but predominantly relied on non‐verbal cues. Overall, participants were sensitive to 27% of respondents' identified internal states but showed improvement over time. They achieved a hit rate of 20% during early interview stages and a hit rate of 33% during late stages. Although non‐verbal cues dominated reports, attending to verbal cues afforded participants greater efficiency in identifying respondent internal states. Implications and recommendations for practice are discussed.
The Capacious Model and Leader Identity: An Integrative Framework
Authors: Campbell Constance , Shollen S. Lynn , Egan Chrys , Neilson Brionne G.
Published: March 2019

The Integrated Capacious Model of Leadership Identities Construction (ICM) is a framework for understanding leader identity that integrates four extant leader identity theories with the systems and influences in the Capacious Model of leader identity. The ICM's systems (Individual System, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem) contextualize leader identity in time and space; its influences (Purpose/Calling, Self‐Identity, Social Identity, and Relationships) pinpoint select factors that affect the construction of leader identities; and its integrated theories (Narrative Identity, Identity Theory, Social Identity Theory, and Social Constructionism) address the leader identity construction process. The ICM speaks to calls for interdisciplinary, multi‐level frameworks that are situated within the stream of scholarly literature on leader identity, as the model presents leader identity as a construct located across space, time, and people, rather than the purview of a heroic leader or single instance of identity claiming. Connecting established identity theories, systems, and influences results in a descriptive, practical model of leader identity. Examples are provided of the practical utility of using the ICM as a diagnostic tool for constructing a leader identity, designing leader development programs, and identifying gaps in leader identity scholarship.
Ankle strength, muscle size, and adipose content following unilateral tibiotalar arthrodesis
Authors: Nichols Jennifer A. , Foreman Kenneth Bo , Barg Alexej , Saltzman Charles L. , Anderson Andrew E.
Published: March 2019

Tibiotalar arthrodesis is commonly used to treat end‐stage ankle osteoarthritis. Post‐operative impairments are often attributed to limited ankle motion. However, whether muscular deficits also exist, thereby potentially contributing to impairments, is unknown. This study aimed to identify post‐operative deficits in ankle musculature by examining range of motion, strength (maximum isometric ankle joint torque), and leg composition (cross‐sectional area of individual tissue types: bone, subcutaneous adipose, intramuscular adipose, muscle). Ten individuals with unilateral tibiotalar arthrodesis participated. Paired t‐tests (p < 0.05) identified differences between the fused and contralateral, control limb. The results indicate that individuals with tibiotalar arthrodesis have profound losses of range of motion and strength. Across participants, range of motion in the fused limb was 53.5 ± 11.7%, 66.8 ± 6.3%, 38.2 ± 18.7%, 37.8 ± 13.6% less than the control for dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion, respectively. The largest strength deficit was in dorsiflexion, with the fused limb producing 47.2 ± 9.4% less torque than the control. The quantity and quality of muscle tissue was also negatively affected in individuals following tibiotalar arthrodesis. The total cross‐sectional area of the fused limb was 11.4 ± 5.4% smaller than the control limb. This change was primarily due to the 16.1 ± 6.7% decrease in muscle cross‐sectional area. However, intramuscular adipose was significantly increased. Although the posterior compartment demonstrated a significant decrease in cross‐sectional area, when accounting for differences in total cross‐sectional area, the relative sizes of the four muscle compartments were consistent between limbs. This cross‐sectional study motivates longitudinal research examining muscular deficits and whether these deficits are reversible with exercise and rehabilitation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Radiographic‐based measurement of tibiofemoral joint space width and magnetic resonance imaging derived articular cartilage thickness are not related in subjects at risk for post traumatic arthritis of the knee
Authors: Lonza Geordie C. , Gardner‐Morse Mack G. , Vacek Pamela M. , Beynnon Bruce D.
Published: March 2019

Joint space width (JSW), measured as the distance between the femoral and tibial subchondral bone margins on two‐dimensional weight‐bearing radiographs, is the initial imaging modality used in clinical settings to diagnose and evaluate the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). While, JSW is the only structural outcome approved by the FDA for studying the treatment of this disease in phase III clinical trials, recent reports suggest that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based measurements of OA changes are superior due to increased sensitivity and specificity to the structural changes associated with progression of this disease. In the current study, we examined the relationship between radiographic JSW and MRI‐derived articular cartilage thickness in subjects 4 years post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) who were at increased risk for the onset and early progression of post‐traumatic OA, and in uninjured subjects with normal knees (Control). In both ACLR and Control groups, there were large measurement biases, wide limits of agreement, and poor correlation between the two measurement techniques. Clinical significance: The finding from this study suggest that the two methods of examining changes associated with the onset and early progression of PTOA either characterize different structures about the knee and should not be used interchangeably, or two‐dimensional JSW measurements are not sensitive to small changes in articular cartilage thickness. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Perivascular Mesenchymal Progenitors for Bone Regeneration
Authors: James Aaron W. , Péault Bruno
Published: March 2019

Mesenchymal progenitor cells reside in all assayed vascularized tissues, and are broadly conceptualized to participate in homeostasis/renewal and repair. The application of mesenchymal progenitor cells has been studied for diverse orthopaedic conditions related to skeletal degeneration, regeneration, and tissue fabrication. One common niche for mesenchymal progenitors is the perivascular space, and in both mouse and human tissues, perivascular progenitor cells have been isolated and characterized. Of these “perivascular stem cells” or PSC, pericytes are the most commonly studied cells. Multiple studies have demonstrated the regenerative properties of PSC when applied to bone, including direct osteochondral differentiation, paracrine‐induced osteogenesis and vasculogenesis, and immunomodulatory functions. The confluence of these effects have resulted in efficacious bone regeneration across several preclinical models. Yet, key topics of research in perivascular progenitors highlight our lack of knowledge regarding these cell populations. These ongoing areas of study include cellular diversity within the perivascular niche, tissue‐specific properties of PSC, and factors that influence PSC‐mediated regenerative potential. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1221–1228, 2019.
DREADD‐based synthetic control of chondrocyte calcium signaling in vitro
Authors: McDonough Ryan C. , Shoga Janty S. , Price Christopher
Published: March 2019

Calcium is a critical second messenger involved in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Several distinct calcium signaling mechanisms implicated in chondrocyte mechanotransduction have been identified using mechanical perturbations or soluble signaling factors. However, these commonly used stimuli can lack specificity in the mechanisms by which they initiate calcium signaling. Synthetic tools allowing for more precise and selective regulation of calcium signaling, such as the engineered G‐protein‐coupled receptors known as DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs), may better assist in isolating the roles of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cell activation in chondrocyte biology. One DREADD, hM3Dq, is solely activated by clozapine N‐oxide (CNO) and regulates calcium activation through the Gq‐PLCβ‐IP3‐ER pathway. Here, hM3Dq‐transfected ATDC5 cells were treated with CNO (100 nM–1 μM) to establish the feasibility of using Gq‐DREADDs to drive [Ca2+]iactivation in chondrocyte‐like cells. CNO administration resulted in a coordinated, dose‐dependent, and transient calcium response in hM3Dq‐transfected cells that resulted primarily from calcium release from the ER. Following activation via CNO administration, hM3Dq‐ATDC5 cells exhibited refractory behavior and required a 4‐h wash‐out period to recover hM3Dq‐mediated signaling. However, hM3Dq inactivation did not inhibit alternative calcium activation mechanisms in ATDC5 cells (via GSK101 or hypo‐osmotic shock), nor did CNO‐driven calcium signaling negatively impact ATDC5 cell health. This study established the successful use of hM3Dq for the safe, targeted, and well‐controlled activation of calcium signaling in ATDC5 cells and its use as a potential tool for assessing clinically significant questions regarding calcium signaling in chondrocyte biology, cartilage pathology, and cartilage tissue engineering. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1518–1529, 2019.