bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Supporting the Autonomy of Individuals with Mild Intellectual Disabilities: An Experimental Study
Authors: Emond Pelletier Julie , Joussemet Mireille
Published: July 2016

Background

The benefits of autonomy support with the general population have been demonstrated numerous times. However, little research has been conducted to verify if these benefits apply to people with special needs.

Methods

The goal of the study was to examine whether autonomy support (AS) can foster the sense of autonomy of people with a mild intellectual disabilities (MIDs) and improve their experience while engaging in an important but unpleasant learning activity. This experiment compares the effects of two contexts: with and without AS. All participants (N = 51) had a mild intellectual disability and were recruited from rehabilitation centres.

Results

Compared to participants in the control group, participants in the AS group tended to experience greater autonomy satisfaction and tended to perceive more value to the activity. They were also significantly more engaged in it, and they experienced a steeper decrease in anxiety over time.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the benefits of AS extend to individuals with mild intellectual disability.
Determining fine‐scale migratory connectivity and habitat selection for a migratory songbird by using new GPS technology
Authors: Fraser K. C. , Shave A. , Savage A. , Ritchie A. , Bell K. , Siegrist J. , Ray J. D. , Applegate K. , Pearman M.
Published: July 2016

Migratory aerial insectivores are among the fastest declining avian groups, but our understanding of these trends has been limited by poor knowledge of migratory connectivity and the identification of critical habitat across the vast distances they travel annually. Using new, archival GPS loggers, we tracked individual purple martins Progne subis from breeding colonies across North America to determine precise (< > 10 m) locations of migratory and overwintering roost locations in South America and to test hypotheses for fine‐scale migratory connectivity and habitat use. We discovered weak migratory connectivity at the roost scale, and extensive, fine‐scale mixing of birds in the Amazon from distant (> 2000 km) breeding sites, with some individuals sharing the same roosting trees. Despite vast tracts of contiguous forest in this region, birds occupied a much more limited habitat, with most (56%) roosts occurring on small habitat islands that were strongly associated with water. Only 17% of these roosts were in current protected areas. These data reflect a critical advance in our ability to remotely determine precise migratory connectivity and habitat selection across vast spatial scales, enhancing our understanding of population dynamics and enabling more effective conservation of species at risk.
No relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: convergent evidence from studies of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of amniotic testosterone concentrations in typically developing children
Authors: Kung Karson T. F. , Spencer Debra , Pasterski Vickie , Neufeld Sharon , Glover Vivette , O'Connor Thomas G. , Hindmarsh Peter C. , Hughes Ieuan A. , Acerini Carlo L. , Hines Melissa
Published: July 2016

Background

There is a marked male preponderance in autism spectrum conditions. The extreme male brain theory and the fetal androgen theory of autism suggest that elevated prenatal testosterone exposure is a key contributor to autistic traits. The current paper reports findings from two separate studies that test this hypothesis.

Methods

A parent‐report questionnaire, the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), was employed to measure autistic traits in both studies. The first study examined autistic traits in young children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a condition causing unusually high concentrations of testosterone prenatally in girls. Eighty one children with CAH (43 girls) and 72 unaffected relatives (41 girls), aged 4–11 years, were assessed. The second study examined autistic traits in relation to amniotic testosterone in 92 typically developing children (48 girls), aged 3–5 years.

Results

Findings from neither study supported the association between prenatal androgen (testosterone) exposure and autistic traits. Specifically, young girls with and without CAH did not differ significantly in CAST scores and amniotic testosterone concentrations were not significantly associated with CAST scores in boys, girls, or the whole sample.

Conclusions

These studies do not support a relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure and autistic traits. These findings augment prior research suggesting no consistent relationship between early androgen exposure and autistic traits.
Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) sagittal otoliths are composed of the calcium carbonate polymorphs vaterite and calcite
Authors: Pracheil B. M. , Chakoumakos B. C. , Feygenson M. , Whitledge G. W. , Koenigs R. P. , Bruch R. M.
Published: July 2016

This study sought to resolve whether sturgeon (Acipenseridae) sagittae (otoliths) contain a non‐vaterite fraction and to quantify how large a non‐vaterite fraction is using neutron diffraction analysis. This study found that all otoliths examined had a calcite fraction that ranged from 18 ± 6 to 36 ± 3% by mass. This calcite fraction is most probably due to biological variation during otolith formation rather than an artefact of polymorph transformation during preparation.
Nutritional status of Vietnamese outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Hogan D. , Lan L. T. T. , Diep D. T. N. , Gallegos D. , Collins P. F.
Published: July 2016

Background

Nutritional screening and assessment is not currently part of routine clinical practice in Vietnam. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the utility of the commonly used methods for identifying malnutrition in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

A cross‐sectional pilot study and a larger retrospective study were carried out in outpatients with COPD who were attending a respiratory clinic in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Routine clinical data were collected [body mass index (BMI), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)]. Nutritional screening and assessment were performed using the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as the gold standard to diagnose malnutrition.

Results

In total, 393 outpatients had documented BMI and 29 were prospectively assessed using SGA: males, n = 25; females, n = 4; mean (SD) age 69.7 (9.6) years; mean (SD) BMI 21.0 (3.4) kg m–2; mean (SD) FEV1 percentage predicted 57.0% (19.7%). Malnutrition risk was identified in 20.7% (n = 6) of patients using the MST (38% sensitivity; 94% specificity). However, 45% (n = 13) were diagnosed as malnourished using the SGA (31% mild/moderate; 14% severe). All malnourished patients not identified by the MST had evidence of muscle wasting. BMI had a strong negative correlation with muscle wasting as assessed using the SGA (r = −0.857, n = 28; P < 0.001) and all malnourished patients had a BMI <21 kg m–2 (range 14.6–20.8 kg m–2, nourished range 20.0–27.6 kg m–2).

Conclusions

Malnutrition is common in Vietnamese outpatients with COPD. A BMI threshold of <21 kg m–2 appears to represent a useful and pragmatic cut‐off point for identifying outpatients requiring comprehensive nutritional assessment and support.
Anatomical study of the auditory region of Arctotherium tarijense (Ursidae, Tremarctinae), an extinct short‐faced bear from the Pleistocene of South America
Authors: Arnaudo Maria Eugenia , Bona Paula , Soibelzon Leopoldo Hector , Schubert Blaine W.
Published: July 2016

Here we present the most detailed morphological study of the auditory region of a tremarctinae bear, Arctotherium tarijense Ameghino. In addition, we provide new anatomical information of the Tremarctinae inner ear, such as coplanarity and deviation from orthogonality of the semicircular canals, as an approach to infer the head movements which encountered the extinct forms in locomotion. Based on morphological comparisons, A. tarijense exhibits the following particular features: the cavum tympani presents the highest relative volume compared with other ursids; the processus paraoccipitalis has a foramen that is absent in other tremarctines; there is only one (ventral) recess in the anterior region of the cavum tympani; and the recessus epytimpanicus is the smallest for all ursids studied. In relation to the inner ear, A. tarijense shows the lowest values of orthogonality deviation and highest scores of locomotor agility. Based on this, is possible to make a preliminary proposal that this species had a relative high vestibular sensibility and therefore a better ability to explore different kind of habitats. However, this hypothesis might be contrasted among bears taking into account the orientation of each semicircular canal in a phylogenetic framework.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and its predictors among bereaved Tibetan adolescents four years after the Yushu earthquake: a cross‐sectional survey in China
Authors: Dongling Liu , Hui Chen , Ling Ma , Wenqian Bie , Zailiang Liu , Changying Chen
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectives

To examine the prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms and to explore the predictive factors of post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms among bereaved adolescents four years after the Yushu earthquake.

Background

On 14 April 2010, the 7·1‐magnitude Yushu earthquake occurred in the high‐altitude, hypoxia‐prone regions primarily inhabited by ethnic minorities. Many adolescents lost their parents during the earthquake. This study examined post‐traumatic stress disorder and its predictors among bereaved Tibetan adolescents four years after the trauma in China.

Design

This was a cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Methods

This study used a cross‐sectional design with 830 bereaved adolescents. Participant demographic data included gender, age and grade, and the earthquake exposure variables included the deceased relatives, whether they were buried, injured or amputated (non‐life‐threatening) and whether they witnessed a burial, injury or death. The post‐traumatic stress disorder Checklist‐Civilian version was used to assess the symptoms and prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder, and the Coping Style Scale assessed coping styles.

Results

The results indicated that the prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder was 19·3%. Individuals who were buried, injured or amputated (non‐life‐threatening), who witnessed a burial, injury or death, who suffered severe property loss during the earthquake and who had negative coping skills were the most likely individuals to have post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Conclusions

The presence of post‐traumatic stress disorder was very prevalent among adolescents four years after the Yushu earthquake. Effective mental health services should be developed to facilitate postdisaster recovery for bereaved adolescents at high risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings in this study improve our understanding of post‐traumatic stress disorder and related risk factors in bereaved adolescents in non‐Western communities, providing useful information for rebuilding and relief work.
Cues and clues predicting presence of symptoms of depression in stroke survivors
Authors: Barra Mathias , Evensen Gina Sophie Hvidsten , Valeberg Berit Taraldsen
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate to what extent self‐reported cues about lack of treatment or concerns about inadequate health care from stroke survivors were associated with symptoms of depression.

Background

Stroke survivors are prone to depression, and thus, any easily available cues which may inform healthcare workers about patients' mental well‐being are potentially important. This study investigates whether two such cues – Cue 1 the subjectively reported lack of access to rehabilitation, and more generally, Cue 2 an expressed concern that their healthcare needs may not be adequately met – may be clinically relevant to be on the outlook for.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey of stroke survivors three months after discharge from a stroke unit.

Methods

Analysis of data on stroke survivors collected at three months after discharge from a hospital's stroke unit, by means of a mailed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics for the sample population were computed, and a binary logistic model fitted to estimate the impact of subjectively perceived lack of rehabilitation and subjectively reported low confidence in the healthcare system on symptoms of depression as measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Results

The percentage of patients reporting the presence of symptoms of depression three months postdischarge (22·6%) was consistent with the main body of literature on this subject. Both cues investigated had a significant (p < 0·05) and elevated odds ratio–Cue 1 odds ratio = 4·7 (1·3–18·4) and Cue 2 odds ratio = 2·8 (1·2–6·4), respectively – for showing symptoms of depression in our population.

Conclusion

Healthcare workers who come in contact with stroke survivors who report having missed out on rehabilitation or express concern that their care needs may not be adequately met by their access to health care should ensure that the patients' mental well‐being is being duly monitored and should consider further investigation for depression.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare workers who come into contact with stroke survivors should pay attention to patients' remonstrance of access to rehabilitation, or concerns about adequacy of received care, as these might constitute cues for the presence of symptoms of depression.
Developing a tool to measure the factors influencing nurses’ enjoyment of nursing
Authors: Wilkes Lesley , Doull Michelle , Ng Chok Harrison , Mashingaidze Gladys
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectives

To develop a tool to measure the influencing nurses’ enjoyment of nursing.

Background

Enjoyment in the workplace is an influential aspect found to boost work morale, job satisfaction leading to higher work retention which is important in nursing given the availability of nurses in the workforce. This study looks to refine the determinants of enjoyment from nurses in a large metropolitan hospital in western Sydney.

Design

Quantitative.

Methods

A 23‐item survey questionnaire was used to ask nurses to rate the determinants that affect their enjoyment of nursing on a five‐point Likert scale. The survey was distributed in a hard copy and online through a hospital‐wide broadcast. Demographic items were also collected.

Results

A total of 124 responses were received, of which 54 were from online and 70 from hard copy surveys. The data analysis found 16 determinants of enjoyment. Of these, four were perceived by over 80% of the nurses to negatively impact their enjoyment. In contrast, nine items showed a positive effect on enjoyment with educating others, connecting with others, variety of work, doing and sharing with others, supporting others being the most positive (≥89% of responses). Three items were considered neutral: criticism, busy workload and changing policies.

Conclusions

This study has added to the growing evidence on nurse enjoyment and its effects on job satisfaction. Nurses enjoy caring for patients and also find enjoyment and satisfaction in teaching others to care as well as socially connecting.

Relevance to clinical practice

Enjoyment seems to be one of the main reasons nurses continue to stay in nursing even though the system and people are not always supportive, encouraging or conducive to career development.
The Links Between Youth Employment and Educational Attainment Across Racial Groups
Authors: Hwang NaYoung , Domina Thurston
Published: July 2016

Research suggests that the relations between adolescent employment and youth development vary by socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity. However, it is unclear whether the links between paid work and college outcomes vary by either SES or race/ethnicity, or both. Using data from the Educational Longitudinal Study, we find that low‐intensity work during high school is associated with positive college outcomes for almost all students, whereas the associations between high‐intensity work and negative postsecondary outcomes are mostly limited to White students. Our results suggest that both differential selections into youth employment and differential consequences of youth employment contribute to these varying links between paid work and educational outcomes across different racial groups.
Parental smoking and children undergoing anesthesia: Is there a role for pediatric hospitals in smoking cessation?
Authors: Niedermeier Krista , Selleck Cynthia S.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Pediatric hospitals within the Children's Hospital Association were surveyed to determine their tobacco cessation efforts for parents/patients.

Design and Methods

Electronic surveys were sent to 75 anesthesia providers and/or preoperative surgery specialists at 41 facilities.

Results

A total of 52 completed surveys were returned. The majority (97%) of facilities were smoke‐free, and 68% included preoperative questions about parental smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. Few offered cessation assistance.

Practice Implications

Pediatric hospitals have a role in parental smoking cessation. This article provides recommendations for pediatric hospitals to assist parents to overcome their addiction to tobacco as they strive to provide the best possible healthcare services for children.
A Shared Mechanism of Linguistic, Cultural, and Bodily Relativity
Authors: Casasanto Daniel
Published: July 2016

What's special about the way language influences thought? In some cases, the answer may be: nothing at all. Language influences nonlinguistic cognition via numerous mechanisms. Other forms of experience can also influence our thinking via some of the same mechanisms. This article illustrates how separable streams of linguistic, cultural, and bodily experience can influence the way people think, feel, and make decisions by strengthening some implicit associations in long‐term memory while weakening others. As a result, people with different experiences think differently, in predictable ways. Distinct kinds of physical and social experiences can shape our minds via similar processes, suggesting continuity between different facets of experiential relativity: linguistic relativity, cultural relativity, and bodily relativity.
Does Christ's Law Apply to All?
Authors: Mobbs Frank
Published: July 2016

Are the commands and exhortations of the Lord Jesus directed to his disciples only or are they directed to all mankind? The question arises from an examination of traditional Jewish teaching, around the time of Jesus's life in Palestine, that Jewish Law applies only to Jews. Seeing that there is no way of knowing what God requires of humans unless he reveals his requirements, and seeing that God's revealing of any requirements he has made has been carried out by Jesus the Christ and, further, that the best evidence for his teachings are the accounts of his teaching in the New Testament, this article examines it and concludes that his Law applies only to his disciples.
The influence of tissue microenvironment on stem cell–based cartilage repair
Authors: Jayasuriya Chathuraka T. , Chen Yupeng , Liu Wenguang , Chen Qian
Published: July 2016

Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have become viable cell sources for prospective cell‐based cartilage engineering and tissue repair. The development and function of stem cells are influenced by the tissue microenvironment. Specifically, the local tissue microenvironment can dictate how stem cells integrate into the existing tissue matrix and how successfully they can restore function to the damaged area in question. This review focuses on the microenvironmental features of articular cartilage and how they influence stem cell–based cartilage tissue repair. Also discussed are current tissue‐engineering strategies used in combination with cell‐based therapies, all of which are designed to mimic the natural properties of cartilage tissue in order to achieve a better healing response.
Complementary food resources of carnivory and frugivory affect local abundance of an omnivorous carnivore
Authors: Nielsen Scott E. , Larsen Terrence A. , Stenhouse Gordon B. , Coogan Sean C. P.
Published: July 2016

A major unresolved question for omnivorous carnivores, like most species of bears, is to what degree are populations influenced by bottom–up (food supply) or top–down (human‐caused mortality) processes. Most previous work on bear populations has focused on factors that limit survival (top–down) assuming little effect of food resource supply. When food resources are considered, most often they consider only the availability/supply of a single resource, particularly marine‐subsidized or terrestrial sources of protein (carnivory) or alternately hard or soft mast (frugivory). Little has been done to compare the importance of each of these factors for omnivorous bears or test whether complementary resources better explain individual animal and population measures such as density, vital rates, and body size. We compared landscape patterns of digestible energy (kcal) for buffaloberry (a key source of carbohydrate) and ungulate matter (a key source of protein and lipid) to local measures in grizzly bear Ursus arctos abundance at DNA hair snag sites in west‐central Alberta, Canada. We tested support for bottom–up hypotheses in either single (carnivory [meat] versus frugivory [fruit]) or complementary (additive or multiplicative) food resources, while accounting for a well‐known top–down limiting factor affecting bear survival (road density). We found support for both top–down and bottom–up factors with complementary resources (co‐limitation) supported over single resource supplies of either meat or fruit. Our study suggests that the availability of food resources that provide complementary nutrients is more important in predicting local bear abundance than single foods or nutrients (e.g. protein) or simply energy per se. This suggests a nutritionally multidimensional bottom–up limitation for a low density interior population of grizzly bears.
Life‐history strategy and behavioral type: risk‐tolerance reflects growth rate and energy allocation in ant colonies
Authors: Bengston Sarah E. , Shin Min , Dornhaus Anna
Published: July 2016

Despite the recent interest in animal personality and behavioral syndromes, there is a paucity of explanations for why distinct behavioral traits should evolve to correlate. We investigate whether such correlations across apparently distinct behavioral traits may be explained by variation in life history strategy among individual ant colonies. Life history theory predicts that the way in which individuals allocate energy towards somatic maintenance or reproduction drives several distinct traits in physiology, morphology, and energy use; it also predicts that an individual's willingness to engage in risky behaviors should depend on reproductive strategy.

We use Temnothorax ants, which have been shown to exhibit ‘personalities’ and a syndrome that may reflect risk tolerance at the colony level. We measure colonies' relative investment in growth rate (new workers produced) compared to reproductive effort (males and queens produced). Comparing sterile worker production to reproductive alate production provides a direct measure of how colonies are investing their energy, analogous to investment in growth versus reproduction in a unitary organism. Consistently with this idea, we found that behavioral type of ant colonies was associated with their life history strategy: risk‐tolerant colonies grew faster and invested more in reproduction, whereas risk‐averse colonies had lower growth rate but invested relatively more in workers. This provides evidence that behavioral syndromes can be a consequence of life‐history strategy variation, linking the two fields and supporting the use of an integrative approach.
Current practice of acute pain management in children—a national follow‐up survey in Germany
Authors: Emons Miriam I. , Petzke Frank , Stamer Ulrike M. , Meißner Winfried , Koschwitz Regina , Erlenwein Joachim
Published: July 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to summarize the current standard practices for acute pain management in children in Germany and the implementation of these procedures. The last survey on acute pain management in children was performed in 1999, highlighting the need for an up to date review.

Methods

A questionnaire was mailed to German departments of anesthesiology (n = 885), asking for structures and processes of acute pain management in children. Results were compared between hospitals with and without an acute pain service and with and without a pediatric department.

Results

Of the 407 responding hospitals (response rate of 46%), 342 treated children younger than 14 years. These were considered for analysis. Of the 342 hospitals, 42% contained either a general pediatric department or a department of pediatric surgery, and the majority of the responding hospitals had an acute pain service (83%). Pain intensities were measured at least once per shift in 40% of the institutions, and at least once or twice a day in 27%. Of the institutions, 31% did not document pain scores regularly, without any difference between hospitals with or without a pediatric department. Standard operating procedures for acute pain management existed in 68% of the hospitals, with large differences in content and length. Opioids were administered to children in 85% of the hospitals. Nonopioid analgesics were the first choice baseline analgesics in most hospitals. Peripheral regional and epidural analgesia were performed in children in 18% and 8% of the hospitals, respectively (21%/16% with a paediatric department, 16%/1% without; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Current practice of pediatric pain management varied widely and the recommendations of guidelines, like regular pain management, were frequently not met. However, improvements could be observed since 1999, for example, an increase in regular pain measurements (4% vs 67%). Furthermore, pain management in hospitals running a pediatric department had a higher degree of organization, and more sophisticated analgesic techniques.
Relapsed childhood acute myeloid leukemia patient with inversion of chromosome 16 harboring a low FLT3 internal tandem duplication allelic burden and KIT mutations
Authors: Yamada Ai , Moritake Hiroshi , Kinoshita Mariko , Sawa Daisuke , Kamimura Sachiyo , Iwamoto Shotaro , Yamashita Yuka , Inagaki Jiro , Takahashi Takahide , Shimada Akira , Obara Megumi , Nunoi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2016

Inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16)] has a good prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but additional genetic aberrations influence the outcome. We herein describe the case of a 15‐year‐old Japanese boy with inv(16) harboring a low‐allelic burden internal tandem duplication of FLT3 (FLT3‐ITD) and KIT mutations. Conventional chemotherapy eradicated a clone with a low‐allelic burden FLT3‐ITD mutation, although another clone with a KIT mutation occurred 17 months later. Further investigation is necessary to identify AML with inv(16) conferring poor prognosis, to facilitate appropriate treatment with additional drugs, such as dasatinib or gemtuzumab ozogamicin.
Bilateral ectopic cervical thymus presenting as a neck mass: Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tanrivermis Sayit Asli , Elmali Muzaffer , Hashimov Jalal , Ceyhan Bilgici Meltem , Dağdemir Ayhan
Published: July 2016

Ectopic cervical thymus (ECT) is a rare cause of neck mass in the pediatric age group. It is extremely uncommon in infants. Overall more than 100 cases have been reported in the literature, though fewer than 10% involved infants. Furthermore, ECT is usually unilateral and more frequently seen in men than in women. Ultrasound (US) is the preferred initial imaging modality, especially in pediatric neck masses given its wide availability, low cost and lack of radiation exposure. US can show the location, extension, and echotexture of the ECT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be performed to verify the diagnosis and confirm communication between the ECT and the mediastinal thymus. Diffusion restriction can aid diagnosis when seen in a neck mass similar to that in the mediastinal thymus. Herein is described a case of bilateral ECT in a 2‐month‐old boy with associated US and MRI findings.
Parents in transition: Experiences of parents of young people with a liver transplant transferring to adult services
Authors: Wright J. , Elwell L. , McDonagh J. E. , Kelly D. A. , Wray J.
Published: July 2016

Predictors of successful transition from pediatric to adult services include ability to self‐manage and engage with healthcare services. Parents have a key role in healthcare management throughout childhood and adolescence including encouraging development of self‐management skills in their children. Transition to adult services can be challenging for parents and young people, yet parents’ views regarding transition remain largely unexplored. Nine parents of pediatric liver transplant recipients (15.2–25.1 yr) participated in semistructured interviews. Interviews were analyzed using IPA. Analysis revealed three key themes: “emotional impact of transplantation,” “protection vs. independence,” and “ending relationships and changing roles.” Parents expressed the dichotomous nature of the desire to promote independence in their child while still maintaining control and protection, and discussed how changing roles and relationships were difficult to navigate. Parents are important facilitators of young people's development of self‐management skills for successful transfer to adult services. Parents should be supported to move from a “managerial” to a “supervisory” role during transition to help young people engage independently with the healthcare team. Findings support the development of interventions for parents to emphasize their role in transition and guide the transfer of self‐management skills from parent to young person.
Role of race in kidney transplant outcomes in children with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Guan Ivan , Singer Pamela , Frank Rachel , Chorny Nataliya , Infante Lulette , Sethna Christine B.
Published: July 2016

It is well established that racial differences exist in kidney transplant outcomes; however, there are no studies which focus on the role of race in transplant outcomes specifically in children diagnosed with FSGS. Associations between race and transplant outcomes in FSGS children were evaluated using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database from 2000 to 2012. Recipients aged 2–21 years who received a kidney‐only transplant were included. Multivariate regression models were used to evaluate transplant outcomes by race. Five hundred and thirty‐six recipients (59.7% male, 15.6±3.9 years) were black and 1134 (55.7% male, 14.3±5.0 years) were non‐black. Graft survival was significantly shorter in the black group (4.2±3.1 vs 4.6±3.3 years, P=.005). Black race was associated with significantly higher risk of graft failure (HR 1.34, 95% CI=1.21–1.49, P<.0001), acute rejection (OR 1.66 95% CI=1.39–1.97, P<.0001), and delayed graft function (OR 1.51, 95% CI=1.33–1.72, P<.001) compared to non‐black race. There were no significant differences in mortality, prolonged hospitalization, or FSGS recurrence between groups. Race is a significant predictor for worse transplant outcomes in children with FSGS.
Distinct Role of Sesn2 in Response to UVB‐Induced DNA Damage and UVA‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Melanocytes
Authors: Zhao Baozhong , Shah Palak , Qiang Lei , He Tong‐Chuan , Budanov Andrey , He Yu‐Ying
Published: July 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including both UVB and UVA irradiation, is the major risk factor for causing skin cancer including melanoma. Recently, we have shown that Sesn2, a member of the evolutionarily conserved stress‐inducible protein family Sestrins (Sesn), is upregulated in human melanomas as compared to melanocytes in normal human skin, suggesting an oncogenic role of Sesn2. However, the role of Sesn2 in UVB and UVA response is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that both UVB and UVA induce Sesn2 upregulation in melanocytes and melanoma cells. UVB induces Sesn2 expression through the p53 and AKT3 pathways. Sesn2 negatively regulates UVB‐induced DNA damage repair. In comparison, UVA induces Sesn2 upregulation through mitochondria but not Nrf2. Sesn2 ablation increased UVA‐induced Nrf2 induction and inhibits UVA‐induced ROS production, indicating that Sesn2 acts as an upstream regulator of Nrf2. These findings suggest previously unrecognized mechanisms in melanocyte response to UVB and UVA irradiation and potentially in melanoma formation.
Aligning Transnational Climate Action with International Climate Governance: The Road from Paris
Authors: Chan Sander , Brandi Clara , Bauer Steffen
Published: July 2016

Transnational climate actions have come to constitute a distinguishable sphere of climate governance. Reflecting on the Paris outcome, this article discusses the role of non‐State and subnational actors – especially on the road to the Paris climate change conference. It argues that the intergovernmental and transnational spheres of global climate governance could mutually reinforce each other by continuing mobilization efforts to engage non‐State actors and by harnessing greater ambition, both from State and non‐State actors. For such mutual reinforcement to take effect, however, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change should engage non‐State actors consistently and systematically. The article also argues that the Paris outcome and, above all, the building blocks that are part of the decision on enhancing pre‐2020 action, constitute the most comprehensive framework of non‐State engagement yet, offering a promising basis for mutual reinforcement of the intergovernmental and transnational spheres of global climate governance.
Is physical education an effective way to increase physical activity in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness?
Authors: Calahorro‐Cañada F. , Torres‐Luque G. , López‐Fernández I. , Carnero E. A.
Published: July 2016

Several findings revealed the importance of accruing moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to improve health. Physical education (PE) may play an important role on promoting children'sMVPA. However, it remains unknown whetherPEmight be effective when increasing physical activity (PA) levels in children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess children'sPAduringPEand during days with and withoutPEwith a special focus onCRFstatus. One hundred and fifty Spanish children and adolescents from 3rd to 12th grade were recruited.PAlevels were assessed withGT3X accelerometers. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was estimated using a portable breath by breath Metamax 3B. Participants were classified as healthy aerobic fitness (HAF) and unhealthy aerobic fitness (UHAF) according to standardized cut‐off point criteria. DuringPE, students withHAFaccrued moreMVPAthan those withUHAF(8.7 vs 5.7 min/session;P ≤ 0.001).MVPAwas higher onPEdays than days without for bothUHAF(50.0 vs 42.7 min/day;P ≤ 0.05) andHAFstudents (56.9 vs 49.4 min/day;P ≤ 0.05). Although less active duringPE, students with lowerCRFaccumulated moreMVPAand totalPAonPEdays than days withoutPE. An increase inPEdays might be a smart policy to raise the recommendedPAlevels, regardless ofCRFstatus.
The transcription factors MS188 and AMS form a complex to activate the expression of CYP703A2 for sporopollenin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Xiong Shuang‐Xi , Lu Jie‐Yang , Lou Yue , Teng Xiao‐Dong , Gu Jing‐Nan , Zhang Cheng , Shi Qiang‐Sheng , Yang Zhong‐Nan , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2016

The sexine layer of pollen grain is mainly composed of sporopollenins. The sporophytic secretory tapetum is required for the biosynthesis of sporopollenin. Although several enzymes involved in sporopollenin biosynthesis have been reported, the regulatory mechanism of these enzymes in tapetal layer remains elusive. ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) and MALE STERILE 188/MYB103/MYB80 (MS188/MYB103/MYB80) are two tapetal cell‐specific transcription factors required for pollen wall formation. AMS functions upstream of MS188. Here we report that AMS and MS188 target the CYP703A2 gene, which is involved in sporopollenin biosynthesis. We found that AMS and MS188 were localized in tapetum while CYP703A2 was localized in both tapetum and locule. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that MS188 directly bound to the promoter of CYP703A2 and luciferase‐inducible assay showed that MS188 activated the expression of CYP703A2. Yeast two‐hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) further demonstrated that MS188 complexed with AMS. The expression of CYP703A2 could be partially restored by the elevated levels of MS188 in the ams mutant. Therefore, our data reveal that MS188 coordinates with AMS to activate CYP703A2 in sporopollenin biosynthesis of plant tapetum.
The Impact of Services Trade Restrictiveness on Trade Flows
Authors: Nordås Hildegunn K. , Rouzet Dorothée
Published: July 2016

This paper uses recent OECD data on services trade restrictions (STRI) to analyse the relationship between services trade policies and cross‐border trade in services. A standard gravity model is enhanced by the STRI indices in a cross‐section regression analysis. Services trade restrictions are negatively associated with both imports and exports of services. The surprisingly strong effect on services exports is probably explained by a negative relationship between the STRIs and sector performance indicators. Consequently, services suppliers from less open countries are less competitive abroad. Bilateral differences in regulation are also found to curtail services trade over and above the impact of the trade liberalisation level. At the margin, regulatory differences have a larger effect on trade flows the lower the level of the STRI.
A new Antarctic heterobranch clade is sister to all other Cephalaspidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
Authors: Moles Juan , Wägele Heike , Schrödl Michael , Avila Conxita
Published: July 2016

For a long time, Diaphanidae has been considered a basal family within Cephalaspidea, based on the presence of plesiomorphic morphological features within this taxon. Traditionally, the family contained the genera Bogasonia, Colobocephalus, Colpodaspis, Diaphana, Newnesia, Toledonia and Woodbridgea. Some phylogenetic analyses of several of these genera support the basal position of Diaphanidae within Cephalaspidea sensu stricto. However, the family is presently confirmed to be a polyphyletic taxon in which only the genus Diaphana is included. Several genera previously embraced within the family, such as the monotypic Newnesia, have never been previously analysed in molecular studies. Here, we provide an extensive morphological, anatomical and histological description of a new species of Newnesia from Antarctic deep waters (967–1227 m depth) in the Drake Passage. We also discuss the similarities to the traditional Diaphanidae genera to try to shed light into this phylogenetic conundrum. We sequenced cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, 16S rRNA, 28S rRNA and histone H3 markers of Newnesia antarctica and Newnesia joani n. sp. We analysed a comprehensive dataset of sequenced genera to evaluate the placement of both Newnesia species within the cephalaspidean families. Maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian phylograms support the monophyly of N. joani n. sp. and suggest cryptic speciation in N. antarctica specimens. Newnesia is recovered as the most basal offshoot of Cephalaspidea, suggesting the establishment of a new family restricted to Antarctic waters, named Newnesiidae n. fam., to hold both species. The possible Antarctic origin of Cephalaspidea is discussed.
Loss of Cdk5 function in the nucleus accumbens decreases wheel running and may mediate age‐related declines in voluntary physical activity
Authors: Ruegsegger Gregory N. , Toedebusch Ryan G. , Childs Thomas E. , Grigsby Kolter B. , Booth Frank W.
Published: July 2016

Key points

Physical inactivity, which drastically increases with advancing age, is associated with numerous chronic diseases.

The nucleus accumbens (the pleasure and reward ‘hub’ in the brain) influences wheel running behaviour in rodents.

RNA‐sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis led us to hypothesize a potential relationship between the regulation of dendritic spine density, the molecules involved in synaptic transmission, and age‐related reductions in wheel running. Upon completion of follow‐up studies, we developed the working model that synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens is central to age‐related changes in voluntary running.

Testing this hypothesis, inhibition of Cdk5 (comprising a molecule central to the processes described above) in the nucleus accumbens reduced wheel running.

The results of the present study show that reductions in synaptic transmission and Cdk5 function are related to decreases in voluntary running behaviour and provide guidance for understanding the neural mechanisms that underlie age‐dependent reductions in the motivation to be physically active.

Increases in age are often associated with reduced levels of physical activity, which, in turn, associates with the development of numerous chronic diseases. We aimed to assess molecular differences in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (a specific brain nucleus postulated to influence rewarding behaviour) with respect to wheel running and sedentary female Wistar rats at 8 and 14 weeks of age. RNA‐sequencing was used to interrogate transcriptomic changes between 8‐ and 14‐week‐old wheel running rats, and select transcripts were later analysed by quantitative RT‐PCR in age‐matched sedentary rats. Voluntary wheel running was greatest at 8 weeks and had significantly decreased by 12 weeks. From 619 differentially expressed mRNAs, bioinformatics suggested that cAMP‐mediated signalling, dopamine‐ and cAMP‐regulated neuronal phosphoprotein of 32 kDa feedback, and synaptic plasticity were greater in 8‐ vs. 14‐week‐old rats. In depth analysis of these networks showed significant (∼20–30%; P < 0.05) decreases in cell adhesion molecule (Cadm)4 and p39 mRNAs, as well as their proteins from 8 to 14 weeks of age in running and sedentary rats. Furthermore, Cadm4, cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and p39 mRNAs were significantly correlated with voluntary running distance. Analysis of dendritic spine density in the NAc showed that wheel access increased spine density (P < 0.001), whereas spine density was lower in 14‐ vs. 8‐week‐old sedentary rats (P = 0.03). Intriguingly, intra‐NAc injection of the Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine, dose‐dependently decreased wheel running. Collectively, these experiments suggest that an age‐dependent loss in synaptic function and Cdk5/p39 activity in the NAc may be partially responsible for age‐related declines in voluntary running behaviour.
Direct Testing of Gradual Postpeak Softening of Fracture Specimens of Fiber Composites Stabilized by Enhanced Grip Stiffness and Mass
Authors: Salviato Marco , Chau Viet T. , Li Weixin , Bažant Zdeněk P. , Cusatis Gianluca
Published: July 2016

Static and dynamic analysis of the fracture tests of fiber composites in hydraulically servo-controlled testing machines currently in use shows that their grips are much too soft and light for observing the postpeak softening. Based on static analysis based on the second law of thermodynamics, confirmed by dynamic analysis of the test setup as an open system, far stiffer and heavier grips are proposed. Tests of compact-tension fracture specimens of woven carbon-epoxy laminates prove this theoretical conclusion. Sufficiently, stiff grips allow observation of a stable postpeak softening, even under load-point displacement control. Dynamic analysis of the test setup as a closed system with proportional-integrative-differential (PID)-controlled input further indicates that the controllability of postpeak softening under crack-mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control is improved not only by increasing the grip stiffness but also by increasing the grip mass. The fracture energy deduced from the area under the measured complete load-deflection curve with stable postpeak is shown to agree with the fracture energy deduced from the size effect tests of the same composite, but the size effect tests also provide the material characteristic length of quasibrittle (or cohesive) fracture mechanics. Previous suspicions of dynamic snapback in the testing of stiff specimens of composites are dispelled. Finally, the results show the stress- or strain-based failure criteria for fiber composites to be incorrect, and fracture mechanics, of the quasibrittle type, to be perfectly applicable.
Is triclosan harming your microbiome?
Authors: Yee Alyson L. , Gilbert Jack A.
Published: July 2016

Studies on the effects of a widely used antimicrobial reach conflicting results
AC/DC: Portable diagnostics face the music
Authors: Castro Cesar M.
Published: July 2016

Smartphone audio output controls fluid flow in microfluidic networks.
Optimizing Immunization Strategies for the Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses for Protection against Intracellular Parasites
Authors: Hofmeyer Kimberly A. , Duthie Malcolm S. , Laurance John D. , Favila Michelle A. , Van Hoeven Neal , Coler Rhea N. , Reed Steven G.
Published: July 2016

Immunization strategies that generate either CD4 or CD8 T cell responses are relatively well described, but less is known with regard to optimizing regimens to induce both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells. Considering the importance of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the control of intracellular pathogens such asLeishmania donovani, we wanted to identify vaccines that could raise both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and determine how to configure immunization strategies to generate the best combined protective T cell response. We examined responses generated against theLeishmaniavaccine antigen F3 following its administration in either recombinant form with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist-containing adjuvant formulation GLA-SE (F3+GLA-SE) or as a gene product delivered in an adenoviral vector (Ad5-F3). Homologous immunization strategies using only F3+GLA-SE or Ad5-F3 preferentially generated either CD4 or CD8 T cells, respectively. In contrast, heterologous strategies generated both antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Administration of F3+GLA-SE before Ad5-F3 generated the greatest combined CD4 and CD8 responses. Cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses were highest when Th1 cells were generated prior to their induction by Ad5-F3. Finally, a single immunization with a combination of F3+GLA-SE mixed with Ad5-F3 was found to be sufficient to provide protection against experimentalL. donovaniinfection. Taken together, our data delineate immunization regimens that induce antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell memory responses, and identify a single immunization strategy that could be used to rapidly provide protection against intracellular pathogens in regions where access to health care is limited or sporadic.