bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Low-level Laser Therapy on Motor Recovery, Functional Independence and Quality of Life among Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Protocol for Randomised Controlled Tria
Authors: Rathore Divya , Sethi Jasobanta , Kataria Chitra
Published: February 2025

Introduction: A complete or incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) reduces a person’s Quality of Life (QoL) by producing persistent neurological deficiencies from the disruption of nerve impulses that result in the loss of motor and sensory function. For these people, functional recovery and QoL enhancement are the main goals of rehabilitation. Even with advancement in the treatment of spinal cord injuries, many people still struggle with motor function deficits and functional independence, which significantly lowers their QoL and limits their capacity for independent living.

Need of the study: Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has numerous advantages, including preventing tissue and cell death, promoting injury healing and repair, reducing pain, oedema, and inflammation, promoting cell division and even apoptosis. LLLT has been shown to provide neuroprotection through a variety of outcomes, including cell regeneration, stimulation of Schwann cell growth, reduction of spasticity, improvement of function, reduction of nitric oxide levels and upregulation of the cytokine Interleukin 10 (IL-10) proving that LLLT provides neuroprotection. It is expected that LLLT will stimulate the cell growth while inhibiting the inflammation and other secondary changes after SCI.

Aim: To analyse the efficacy of LLLT for motor recovery, functional independence and QoL among incomplete SCI patients.

Materials and Methods: The present study will be a single blind, prospective, parallel group, randomised controlled trial recruiting 104 patients with incomplete SCI and will be allocated through block randomisation into two groups as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The duration of the study will be from 1st June 2023 to 28th February 2025. Control group will be treated with placebo LLLT and conventional therapy whereas experimental group will be treated with LLLT and conventional therapy for three times per week for four weeks. The performance of the participants will be assessed using amplitude-based lower extremity surface Electromyography (EMG) on lower extremity key muscles, Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS-ASIA), Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM-III), Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and at the end of fourth week postintervention.
Достижение нейтрального баланса деградации земель – путь преодоления тихого кризиса планеты
Authors: Kust German
Published: February 2025

Нейтральный баланс деградации земель (НБДЗ) – это такое состояние, когда количество здоровых и продуктивных земельных ресурсов, необходимое для поддержания жизненно важных экосистемных услуг и укрепления продовольственной безопасности, остается стабильным или увеличивается в определенных масштабах времени и пространства (определение, утвержденное в 2015 году на 15 конференции сторон Конвенции ООН по борьбе с опустыниванием (КБО ООН)). Земля означает земную биопродуктивную систему, включающую в себя почву, воду, растительность, прочую биомассу, а также экологические и гидрологические процессы, происходящие внутри системы (из статьи 1 КБО ООН).
Ferulic Acid as a Potential Drug for Neurological Disorder: An In silico Approach
Authors: Sawale Suyash , Mathew Robin , D’Costa Merwyn , Gadewal Nikhil , Singh Arvind , Pandey Shashibhal
Published: February 2025

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been known to regulate various cellular and metabolic processes, including neuronal plasticity. Dysregulation of the GSK-3β isoform leads to the development of various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease. Thus, GSK-3β has gained major attention for therapeutic intervention in various neurological disorders. The present study aimed to explore natural derivatives of therapeutic value as potential inhibitors of GSK-3β for consideration in the treatment of neurological disorders. Using an In silico approach through virtual screening, molecular docking, and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation, we elucidate ferulic acid's binding interaction and affinity with GSK-3β residues. Our study revealed that ferulic acid (out of 545 phytochemicals from Mangifera indica) demonstrated effective inhibitory activity for GSK-3β. Interestingly, MD-simulation results showed that ferulic acid binds with three crucial amino acid residues of GSK-3β for modulating the activity. In addition, ferulic acid passed all Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADME/Tox) parameters, paving the way for drug design and development targeting neurological disorders. Our findings provide the basis for development of Ferulic acid as a potential GSK-3β inhibitor.
Variation of Protein Content and Mellisopalynogical Status in the Raw and Branded Honey Samples in Chalisgaon Region, North Maharashtra, India
Authors: Kumavat Pranjal Bhausaheb , Sawarkar Arun Baburao
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to compare the protein content and melisopalynological characteristics of raw and branded honey from the Chalisgaon region in Jalgaon district, North Maharashtra, India. Twelve honey samples were analyzed, consisting of seven raw and five branded honey samples. The protein content in raw honey ranged from 0.92 to 1.62 g/kg, while in branded honey, it ranged from 0.56 to 0.82 g/kg. The variability in the protein content of raw honey could be attributed to differences in floral sources in both agricultural and forested areas. Mellisopalynological analysis revealed that raw honey samples contained a significant amount of pollen, while branded honey samples exhibited little or no pollen, likely because of filtration processes before packaging. The predominant pollen types (more than 45%) in raw honey included Helianthus annuus, Allium cepa, Punica granatum, Amaranthus hybridus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Launea procumbens, Terminalia arjuna, Euphorbia heterophylla, Mangifera indica, Triticum estivum, Acacia nilotica, and Zea mays, all of which are associated with major agricultural crops in the region. In conclusion, raw honey demonstrated higher protein and pollen contents, which contributed to its higher nutritional and storage value compared to branded honey. Therefore, raw honey may be preferable for consumers seeking higher nutritional benefits.
Routine Health Checks and Implications among Staff of a Tertiary Health Facility in Nigeria
Authors: O Otokunefor , EK Ewong
Published: February 2025

Background: Non-communicable disease is a globally recognized cause of significant morbidity and mortality with a rapidly increasing prevalence. Its rising burden among health workers, reduces their productivity and strains service delivery in the sector. Awareness and knowledge of important metabolic indices and regular monitoring is key to healthier living, early detection, prevention of complications and mortality from Non- communicable diseases.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of non-communicable disease among staff at University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), to assess their knowledge and monitoring habit of important health Numbers.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among staff. Interviewer administered semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data on medical and family history, health screening habit, and awareness of complications of Non -communicable diseases. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Results: A total of 102 staff participated. Most 73(71.6%) were females, 46(45.1%) were doctors and 85(82.5%) had attained tertiary level of education. 27(26.5%) had a known medical history, 58(56.9%) had family history of various medical conditions and 34(33.3%) were on medication. 44(43.6%) of participants were overweight and 19(18.8%) had class 1 obesity. Only 31(30.7%) had normal blood pressure, 34(34.0%) were pre-diabetic and 8(8.0%) were diabetic. Abdominal obesity was found in 44.8% of participants.
Participants understood the implications of obesity, (41.2%) diabetes (36%) and hypertension (50%) Participants checked their numbers quite frequently, with weight and blood pressure having the highest frequencies within the previous one month while blood glucose was checked by more people within the previous 6 months. However, a significant knowledge gap about the implications of abdominal obesity was identified.
Conclusion: The findings revealed a high prevalence of Non -communicable diseases among hospital staff. Though health numbers were checked regularly, varying levels of awareness about complications of non-communicable diseases were found with a significant gap in knowledge about abdominal obesity.
Evaluation of Crop Diversity in Hydroponic Systems for Maximizing Nutritional Output
Authors: Olasehinde Adeoluwa Abraham
Published: February 2025

Hydroponic farming receives increased interest because it effectively uses resources to produce abundant crops. Few studies have explored the relationship between multiple crops grown under hydroponic conditions, and globally they do not represent hydroponic cultivation. This study investigates hydroponic crop diversification by studying the growth patterns together with nutritional characteristics of controlled hydroponic plants. There was analysis of leafy greens and fruiting vegetables along with herbs for determining their nutritional value, production rates and suitability toward hydroponic cultivation. Hydroponics produce superior nutrition quality when vegetative crop varieties are grown together because it fosters greater nutritional content throughout the agricultural system. Further, it was established that integrating multiple hydroponically grown crops in one system represents an important solution to improve nutrition access in areas with limited resources and urban environments.
Canine Babesiosis: Insights into Haematological Disruptions
Authors: Bhowmik Pratik , Dutta Shrabantika , Chowdhury Alak , Das Rajib , Debnath Joyshree
Published: February 2025

The study was conducted to the dogs that were presented to state veterinary hospital, Agartala Tripura to get an overview on the haematological changes in babesiosis infected dogs and for that, a total of 50 dogs which were found to be positive for Babesia gibsoni infection were included in the study. The diagnosis was done through microscopy by identifying Babesia gibsoni organisms in Giemsa-stained blood smears. Hematological analysis revealed a significant decline in hemoglobin, TEC, and PCV levels, suggestive of anemia. A notable reduction in platelet count was also observed indicating thrombocytopenia. However, total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) remained within normal reference ranges which suggesting that babesiosis does not significantly alter these parameters. The findings in the present work provide valuable insights into the hematological impact of canine babesiosis, which can aid in correct diagnosis and timely management of the disease.
Biochemical Identification and Characterization of the Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Plant-based Medicines Produced in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: DIABAGATE Amadou , VAKOU Sabine N’dri , ZEBRE Constant Arthur , YAO Kouamé Barthélemy , KROA Ehoulé , COULIBALY Kalpy Julien , COULIBALY Bakary , KONATE Ibrahim
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to identify and characterize the antibiotic resistance profile of pathogenic germs isolated from plant-based medicines (PBM) produced in Côte d'Ivoire. It was carried out over a period of 15 months: August 2023 to October 2024.
One thousand five hundred and eighty-five (1585) samples of herbal medicines were collected from fourteen health regions in Cote d'Ivoire and then transported to the laboratory within 24 hours of collection for processing.
The search and enumeration of germs were carried out according to standardized procedures and the isolated colonies were identified by morphological and biochemical methods.
Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed by the diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, in accordance with the recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM, 2022).
The results show a predominance of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria (50.23%), such as Pseudomonas sp (19.35%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (10.13%), Flavobacterium sp (6.45%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.06%), as well as enterobacteria (35.02%), with species such as Escherichia coli (11.99%), Enterobacter sp (5.53%) and Klebsiella sp (4.60%).
The study revealed high resistance to the antibiotics used. Shigella sp and Brucella sp showed complete resistance (100%) to Tobramycin, Kanamycin and Amikacin. In addition, moderate resistance was observed in certain strains such as Micrococcus sp (25%) and Strenotrophomonas maltophilia (20%) to levofloxacin.
These results highlight the risks for public health. This study highlights the importance of regulating the production of herbal medicines and strengthening microbiological controls.
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Monitoring Chronic Diseases of the Elderly in Primary Care
Authors: Moro Natália Delpupo , Silva Andressa Santa Brigida da , Magalhães Milena Silva dos Santos , Souza Tereza Cardoso de , Santos Glenise Rabelo , Silva Francyane Galvao da , Medeiros André Lucas Gomes , Silva Beatriz Braga , Santos Carlos Nauan Santos e , Carvalho Daniela Rocha de , Pinheiro Girlane Alves , Lima Isabela de Carvalho , Franco Isabelle Soria Galvarro , Lima Jessica Ismênia de Lucena , Lobato Larissa Espíndola , Barbosa Marcos Vinicius Luz , Santos Matheus Prado dos , Sousa Maylane Cristina Barros , Ribeiro Paulo Victor Guterres , Matias Rafaela Carvalhaes , Ferreira Suzan Karoline Garcia , Almeida Thays Lorrany Santos , Vale Camila Carvalho do
Published: February 2025

Objectives This study aims to identify, in scientific productions, the main impacts of the COVID- 19 pandemic on the monitoring of chronic diseases in the elderly in Primary Health Care (PHC).
Methodology: The search was carried out using the VHL database, applying inclusion criteria and descriptors. The initial search found 96 articles. A total of 95 full-text articles were selected, 34 of which were in Portuguese. After analyzing the title and abstract, 23 articles were chosen, 11 excluded, resulting in 10 final articles for analysis.
Results: The analysis of the articles indicated that the pandemic has hampered the monitoring of chronic diseases in the elderly, with interruptions in care and an overload of health services. Primary Health Care faced difficulties in providing adequate follow- up for these conditions, which negatively affected the health of the elderly.
Conclusion: The study highlights the need to strengthen the health system in order to guarantee continuous follow-up of the chronic diseases of the elderly, especially in public health crises. PHC must be strengthened, with a focus on health promotion and prevention of complications, and more robust public policies are essential to ensure the care and quality of life of the elderly in health emergencies.
Effect of Weed Management on Growth and Yield of Maize Grown under Different Tillage Systems
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Rawal Sandeep , Poonia Todar Mal , Punia Rahul , Choudhary Khemendra , Anu  , Monika
Published: February 2025

A field trial was carried out in the kharif of 2022 and 2023 at Hisar, Haryana to evaluate the impact of different tillage practices and weed management strategies on growth and the productivity of kharif maize (Zea mays L.). The study included three tillage treatments: conventional flat planting, ridge planting and sowing by pneumatic planter. It also tested nine weed control methods. The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications, with tillage methods assigned to the main plots and weed management practices to the subplots. 'NMH 589' was the maize variety used. At 30 DAS, ridge planting showed the maximum plant height and LAI with both pneumatic planter and conventional flat planting methods. Among the weed management practices, the combination of pre-emergence followed by one hand weeding was most effective, resulting in the higher plant height and LAI at 30 DAS. Significantly maximum grain yield was recorded in ridge planting methods with pyraxosulfone 127.5 g ha-1 as PRE fb hand weeding at 30 DAS during both kharif season.
Toward Certification of Wing-Structure- Integrated Hydrogen Tanks: A Cross-Industry Review of Relevant Standards
Authors: Butt Javed A. , Markmiller Johannes F. C.
Published: February 2025

Standards are not only crucial for obtaining certification for practical use but also provide essential guidance on what to simulate and how to conduct experimental tests. This study examines the potential applicability of existing standards from various domains, including aerospace and automotive, to Wing-Structure-Integrated high-pressure Hydrogen Tanks (SWITHs). It highlights the associated challenges and uncertainties, acknowledging the absence of a single, all-encompassing standard for SWITHs. We conduct a thorough investigation to identify the most suitable existing standards that could serve as viable alternatives to a dedicated SWITH standard. Our analysis scrutinizes existing standards that could facilitate SWITH certification, with particular emphasis on accommodating externally loaded hydrogen tanks. Assessment criteria are established to determine the standards that best meet the needs of SWITHs, through which we pinpoint four key standards as the most promising alternatives. Moreover, we delineate the technical constraints involved in selecting the maximum nominal working pressure for high-pressure tanks intended for burst tests. Our findings reveal a current upper limit of 525 bar, imposed by the limitations of existing test facilities. The study underscores thatthese standards should serve as flexible guiding frameworks rather than rigid protocols, thereby encouraging progressive development in the field of SWITHs.
Effect of the Dimethylformamide/Isopropanol Solvent Ratio on the Structure, Optical Properties, and Photodegradation Performance of RhB Using Bi-MOF
Authors: Bui Bao Long Pham , Nguyen Van Cuong , Pham Hoang Ai Le , Ta Qui Thanh Hoai , Dang Huu Phuc
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the structural characteristics, surface morphology, and photocatalytic activity of bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks (BiBTC-ISOx) synthesized with varying ratios of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and isopropanol (ISO). X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline structure of the BiBTC-ISOx (x = 1, 3, 6) compounds, while FTIR spectroscopy verified the successful bonding between the ligand and the Bi3+ complex. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed strong UV light absorption with tunable bandgaps ranging from 3.28 to 3.68 eV. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis revealed a hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure, with BiBTC-ISO6 exhibiting the highest surface area (24.968 m2/g). SEM imaging revealed a rectangular rod-like morphology, which became more elongated with increasing ISO content. The photocatalytic activity of BiBTC-ISOx was evaluated based on the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light, with BiBTC-ISO6 demonstrating the highest efficiency. Optimal conditions for RhB degradation were determined to be 0.03 g catalyst mass, 10 ppm RhB concentration, and pH of 3. Mechanistic studies revealed that superoxide radicals are the primary active species in the photocatalytic process. The BiBTC-ISO6 catalyst exhibited excellent stability and reusability over three consecutive degradation cycles, highlighting its potential for practical applications in organic dye removal. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
FAVIER'S HEIRS: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE SECRET DU ROI
Authors: SAVAGE GARY
Published: July 2002

In contrast to the prevailing historiographical consensus, this
essay will seek to
demonstrate that there was a widespread and persistent concern with
foreign policy in the early years
of the French Revolution, the product of the interplay between
inherited diplomatic assumptions on the
one hand and revolutionary politics and values on the other. In
particular, it will show how and why
public opinion in France after 1789 abandoned its pre-revolutionary
concern with Britain, Russia, and
the global balance of commercial power in favour of Austria, the
émigrés, and the security of the
frontiers. In this light, considerable attention will be given to
the development of Austrophobia in the
period. Rooted in traditional French distrust of the Habsburg dynasty
and reinforced by widespread
opposition to the Austrian alliance of 1756, this would find its
most virulent expression in the popular
myth of a sinister counter-revolutionary ‘Austrian committee’

headed by Marie-Antoinette. The
argument of the essay will turn upon the links between the emergence of
that myth and the
popularization of the ideas of Louis XV's unofficial diplomacy –
the
secret du roi – and its
outspoken apologist Jean-Louis Favier. Adopted by various disciples after

his death in 1784, Favier's
ideas gained in popularity as the menace of counter-revolutionary
invasion – aroused in particular by
the emperor's reoccupation of the Austrian Netherlands in July 1790

– began to dominate the popular
forums of revolutionary politics. They would ultimately help to generate

a political climate in which
the Brissotins could engineer an almost universally popular declaration

of war against Austria less
than two years after the revolutionaries had declared peace and
friendship to the entire world. From
this perspective, the growth of Austrophobia between 1789 and 1792
and its profound influence on the
development of revolutionary foreign policy might usefully be described

as the triumph of ‘Favier's heirs’.
WOMEN, MARGINALITY AND THE ZULU STATE:
WOMEN'S INSTITUTIONS AND POWER IN THE
EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: HANRETTA SEAN
Published: July 2002

For a number of years the historiography of Southern Africa has
been
dominated by a materialist framework that has focused upon modes of
production and forms of socio-political organization as the determining

factors in historical change. Those historians concerned with the history
of
women in pre-colonial societies – even those who have privileged
gender
relations in their analyses – have largely been content to construct
women's
history by applying the insights of socio-economic and political analyses
of
the past to gender dynamics, and by projecting the insights of anthropological

analyses of present gender relations into the past. Some of these historians

have concluded that until the arrival of capitalism no substantial changes
in
the situations, power or status of women took place within Zulu society,
even
during the period of systemic transformation known as the mfecane
in the
early nineteenth century.

More recently, Zulu gender history has become part of a larger debate

connected to the changing political and academic milieu in South Africa.

Representatives of a revived Africanist tradition have criticized materialist

historians for writing Zulu history from an outsider's perspective
and of
focusing overly on conflict and power imbalances within the nineteenth-century

kingdom in an effort to discredit contemporary Zulu nationalism. To
counter this, historian Simon Maphalala has stressed the harmony of
nineteenth-century Zulu society, the power advisors exercised in state

government, and the lack of internal conflict. Maphalala also claims that

women's subordinate role in society ‘did not cause any dissatisfaction
among
them’, and argues that ‘[women] accepted
their position and were contented’.
In recent constitutional debates many South African intellectuals
including members of the Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa

(CONTRALESA), invoked this ‘benign patriarchy’ model of pre-colonial

gender relations to oppose the adoption of gender-equality provisions in
the
new constitution. As Cherryl Walker has noted, the hegemonic definition
of
traditional gender relations to which such figures have made rhetorical

appeals often masks not only the historicity of these relations but also
hides
dissenting opinions (often demarcated along gender lines) as to what those

relations are and have been.
DISJUNCTURES IN THEORY AND PRACTICE:
MAKING SENSE OF CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT AT THE OFFICE DU NIGER, 1920–60
Authors: VAN BEUSEKOM MONICA M.
Published: July 2002

In the introduction to their edited volume International Development and the
Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge, Frederick
Cooper and Randall Packard take on the thorny question of why development
policies change and why they sometimes persist or reappear after a period of
dormancy. Much recent scholarship has located the reasons for persistence
or change in development approaches within international institutions such
as multilateral and bilateral aid agencies and Western scientific and social
scientific disciplines. Both Arturo Escobar and James Ferguson argue for the
existence of a hegemonic development discourse with standardized interventions
aimed at ‘solving’ homogenized ‘problems’. Grounded in Western
institutions such as the World Bank, this development discourse is maintained by
an interlocked network of experts and expertise. In their analyses,
development approaches and interventions are minimally affected by the
particularities of locale. Other scholars concerned with identifying and
understanding significant change in development policy have also focused
their studies on Western organizations and disciplines and excluded from
their analysis the role that development practice might play in change. But
Cooper and Packard challenge scholars to consider the ways in which
development policies might be molded by the practice of development, when
they note ‘it is not clear that the determinants of these policies are as
independent of what goes on at the grassroots as they appear to their authors
or their critics to be’.
Cowpea yield losses attributed to striga infestations
Authors: MULEBA N. , OUEDRAOGO J. T. , TIGNEGRE J. B.
Published: July 2002

Experiments using cultivars with differing degrees of striga

resistance were conducted at two sites at

Kamboinse in 1988 and at two locations (Kamboinse and Kouare) in 1989 in
the

Sudan-Savannah

region of Burkina Faso. At each site, striga-free (SFP) and striga-infested

plots (SIP) were selected.

Two factors, location and genotype, were found to be associated additively

with yield losses in soils

infested by striga. The location effect was probably due to lower soil

fertility in the SIP than the SFP

plots under farming conditions. Yield losses in SIP relative to SFP ranged

from 3·1%, at the

experimental station, to 44·2% under farmers' field conditions.

The genotype effect was evident at all

locations. Depending on the susceptibility of the cultivars, it varied
from

3·1 to 36·5% of the mean

yield of SFP with an average of 31·4% in susceptible cultivars.

The location effect was evident only

at Kouare, where SIP plots were under continuous cultivation without

appropriate soil fertility

maintenance and/or restoration measures. This amounted to c.

19·4% of the mean yield in the SFP.

To reduce yield losses in soils infested by striga, it appears to be

necessary to grow high yielding,

striga-resistant cultivars using agronomic practices which are known

to improve soil fertility.
New results in rotating Hagen–Poiseuille flow
Authors: BARNES D. R. , KERSWELL R. R.
Published: July 2002

New three-dimensional finite-amplitude travelling-wave solutions are found in rotating
Hagen–Poiseuille flow (RHPF[Ωa, Ωp])
where fluid is driven by a constant pressure gradient along a pipe rotating axially at rate
Ωa and at Ωp about a perpendicular
diameter. For purely axial rotation (RHPF[Ωa, 0]), the two-dimensional
helical waves found by Toplosky & Akylas (1988) are found to become unstable to
three-dimensional travelling waves in a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. The addition
of a perpendicular rotation at low axial rotation rates is found only to stabilize the
system. In the absence of axial rotation, the two-dimensional steady flow solution in
RHPF[0, Ωp] which connects smoothly to Hagen–Poiseuille flow as
Ωp → 0 is found to
be stable at all Reynolds numbers below 104. At high axial rotation rates, the
superposition of a perpendicular rotation produces a ‘precessional’ instability which here
is found to be a supercritical Hopf bifurcation leading directly to three-dimensional
travelling waves. Owing to the supercritical nature of this primary bifurcation and
the secondary bifurcation found in RHPF[Ωa, 0], no opportunity therefore exists to
continue these three-dimensional finite-amplitude solutions in RHPF back to Hagen–Poiseuille
flow. This then contrasts with the situation in narrow-gap Taylor–Couette
flow where just such a connection exists to plane Couette flow.
Asymptotic solutions for two-dimensional low Reynolds number flow

around an impulsively started circular cylinder
Authors: NAKANISHI MASATO , KIDA TERUHIKO , NAKAJIMA TOMOYA
Published: July 2002

The unsteady flow field of an incompressible viscous fluid around

an impulsively started cylinder with slow motion is studied in detail. Integral expressions are derived from the nonlinear vorticity equation, and are solved by the method of
matched

asymptotic expansions. To complete the matching process five regions are
necessary

and their regions are essentially governed by the following relations:
(i)

the initial flow is unsteady Stokes flow (I), (ii) the early transient flow near the cylinder is steady Stokes flow (II), but the far-field flow is unsteady Stokes flow (III), so that Stokes&–Oseen-like matching is necessary, and (iii) as time increases the inertia terms become significant far downstream; thus the far flow is unsteady Oseen flow (IV), but the flow near the cylinder is steady Stokes flow (V), so that the matching of the Stokes–Oseen equations is necessary. The asymptotic analytical solutions are given for five flow fields around a circular cylinder. Also

presented are the drag coefficient, the vorticity, and the streamline.
The

drag coefficient is verified quantitatively by

comparing with earlier theories of the initial flow and the steady flow.
The

streamline patterns calculated show the generation of a circulating zone
close

to the circular cylinder just as for the transient flow around a sphere,
and

the difference between two-dimensional and three-dimensional flows

is discussed.
On the stability of attachment-line boundary layers.

Part 2. The effect of leading-edge curvature
Authors: LIN RAY-SING , MALIK MUJEEB R.
Published: July 2002

The stability of the incompressible attachment-line boundary layer

has been studied by

Hall, Malik & Poll (1984) and more recently by Lin & Malik (1996).

These studies,

however, ignored the effect of leading-edge curvature. In this paper, we

investigate this

effect. The second-order boundary-layer theory is used to account for the
curvature

effects on the mean flow and then a two-dimensional eigenvalue approach
is

applied to

solve the linear stability equations which fully account for the effects

of non-parallelism

and leading-edge curvature. The results show that the leading-edge curvature
has a

stabilizing influence on the attachment-line boundary layer and that the

inclusion of

curvature in both the mean-flow and stability equations contributes to

this stabilizing

effect. The effect of curvature can be characterized by the Reynolds number

Ra (based

on the leading-edge radius). For Ra = 104,

the critical Reynolds number R (based on

the attachment-line boundary-layer length scale, see §2.2) for the

onset of instability is about 637; however, when Ra

increases to about 106 the critical Reynolds number

approaches the value obtained earlier without curvature effect.
The concept of block-effective macrodispersivity
and a unified approach for grid-scale- and
plume-scale-dependent transport
Authors: RUBIN Y. , SUN A. , MAXWELL R. , BELLIN A.
Published: July 2002

We present a new approach for modelling macrodispersivity in spatially variable
velocity fields, such as exist in geologically heterogeneous formations. Considering a
spectral representation of the velocity, it is recognized that numerical models usually
capture low-wavenumber effects, while the large-wavenumber effects, associated with
subgrid block variability, are suppressed. While this suppression is avoidable if the
heterogeneity is captured at minute detail, that goal is impossible to achieve in all
but the most trivial cases. Representing the effects of the suppressed variability in the
models is made possible using the proposed concept of block-effective macrodispersivity.
A tensor is developed, which we refer to as the block-effective macrodispersivity
tensor, whose terms are functions of the characteristic length scales of heterogeneity,
as well as the length scales of the model's homogenized areas, or numerical grid blocks.
Closed-form expressions are developed for small variability in the log-conductivity and
unidirectional mean flow, and are tested numerically. The use of the block-effective
macrodispersivities allows conditioning of the velocity field on the measurements on
the one hand, while accounting for the effects of unmodelled heterogeneity on the
other, in a numerically reasonable set-up. It is shown that the effects of the grid scale
are similar to those of the plume scale in terms of filtering out the effects of portions
of the velocity spectrum. Hence it is easy to expand the concept of the block-effective
dispersivity to account for the scale of the solute body and the pore-scale dispersion.
Using helicity to characterize homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulent dynamics
Authors: TURNER LEAF
Published: July 2002

The ability of the helicity decomposition to describe compactly the dynamics of
three-dimensional incompressible fluids is invoked to obtain new descriptions of both
homogeneous and inhomogeneous turbulence. We first use this decomposition to
derive four coupled nonlinear equations that describe an arbitrary three-dimensional
turbulence, whether anisotropic and/or non-mirror-symmetric. We then use the decomposition
to treat the inhomogeneous turbulence of a channel flow bounded by
two parallel free-slip boundaries with almost the ease with which the homogeneous
case has heretofore received treatment. However, this ease arises from the foundation
of a random-phase hypothesis, which we introduce and motivate, that supersedes the
translational invariance of a turbulence that is hypothesized to be homogeneous. For
the description of this channel turbulence, we find that the three-dimensional modes
and the two-dimensional modes having wave vectors parallel to the boundaries each
couple precisely as in a homogeneous turbulence of the corresponding dimension.
The anisotropy and inhomogeneity is in large part a feature incorporated into the
solenoidal basis vectors used to describe an arbitrary solenoidal free-slip flow within
the channel. We invoke the random-phase hypothesis, a feature of the dynamics,
with closures, such as Kraichnan's direct-interaction approximation and his test-field
model, in addition to the one most utilized in this manuscript, the eddy-damped
quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) closure.
German noun inflection revisited
Authors: KILBURY JAMES
Published: July 2002

Cahill & Gazdar (henceforth C&G) have presented their analysis of German
noun inflection in issue 35.1 (1999) of this journal. As they emphasize (on
page 4), the lexical knowledge representation language DATR they employ is
theoretically neutral and can serve to encode descriptions set in entirely
diverse theoretical frameworks, not just those that are theoretically close to
theirs. The formalism is just as amenable to ‘item and process’ and ‘word
and paradigm’ analyses as it is to the affixal ‘item and arrangement’
perspective. Moreover, distinct DATR theories (i.e., concrete descriptions)
may differ greatly in their input (queries) and output (returned values) while
they share a common structure reflecting the inheritance relations arising
from the described phenomena.

In this paper I will present another analysis of German noun inflection,
encoded in the same formalism but based on the theory of MINIMALIST
MORPHOLOGY developed by Wunderlich and his associates (Wunderlich &
Fabri 1995, Wunderlich 1997a, 1999b). In his account German nouns are
mapped into tree-based representations of their inflectional paradigms,
whereas C&G map tuples of lexemes and inflectional categories (case and
number) into individual inflected word forms. The major linguistic gain of
my analysis is that the principal strength of Wunderlich's account, the formal
description of relations within paradigms, is combined with the formal
description of hierarchical relations BETWEEN paradigms, which is central for
C&G but given little attention by Wunderlich.
Nonlinear particle dynamics in a broadband turbulence wave spectrum
Authors: RAGOT BRIGITTE R.
Published: July 2002

In the statistical quasilinear theory of weak plasma turbulence,
charged particles
moving in electrostatic fluctuations diffuse in velocity, i.e. the velocity
variance
〈Δv2(t)〉 increases linearly
with time t, for times long compared with the auto-correlation time τac of the field,
which may be estimated as the reciprocal of the
spectral width of the fluctuations. Recent test-particle simulations have
revealed a
new regime at very long timescales t[Gt ]τac

where quasilinear theory breaks down,
for intermediate field amplitudes. As this behaviour is not consistent
with a diffusion
on quasilinear timescales, the problem of the motion of particles in a
broadband
wave field, for the case of a slowly growing field, is considered here
from a purely
dynamical point of view, introducing no statistics on the field and no
restriction on
the amplitude of this field. By determining, on a given timescale, and
in the frame of
wave–particle interaction, the spectral width over which waves interact
efficiently
with a particle, a new timescale is found: the nonlinear time of wave–particle

interaction τNL∝ (spectral density of
energy)−1/3[Gt ]τac. This is
the correlation
time of the dynamics. For times shorter than τNL,
the particles
trajectories remain globally regular, and do not separate: they follow
a quasifractal set of
dimension 2. For times long compared with τNL,

there appears a ‘true’ diffusive regime with
mixing and decorrelation, due to nonlinear mixing in phase space and the
localization
of the wave–particle interaction. These theoretical results are confirmed
by a
numerical study of the velocity variance as a function of time. In particular,
the
particle dynamics really do become diffusive on timescales several orders
of magnitude
longer than that predicted by quasilinear theory (namely
[Gt ]τNL[Gt ]τac).
Finally, deviations from the quasilinear value of the diffusion coefficient
and wave
growth rate, discussed in the literature, are explained.
Three-wave coupling and weak turbulence of kinetic Alfvén waves
Authors: VOITENKO Yu. M.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear dynamics of kinetic-Alfvén–wave (KAW)

turbulence is studied. Weak
KAW turbulence induced by three-wave interaction among parallel-propagating

KAWs has a direct energy cascade in the wavenumber domain
ks⊥>ρ−1i

and an inverse cascade in the domain
ks⊥<ρ−1i,

resulting in Kolmogorov-type spectra,
Wk∼(kz)
−1/2(k⊥)−p,

with exponents p=4 and p=3.5 respectively. The interaction
including
antiparallel-propagating KAWs, usually most effective, results in an inverse
energy
cascade over the whole k⊥ range and p=2
(at
k⊥<ρ−1i)
and
p=3.5 (for
k⊥>ρ−1i)
spectra.
Three applications concerning KAW turbulence in flaring loops, in the Earth's

magnetosphere and in tokamaks are considered. It is suggested that turbulent
KAW spectra
are common in space plasmas.
The macrozoobenthos of an important wintering area of the common scoter (Melanitta nigra)
Authors: Degraer Steven , Vincx Magdal , Meire Patrick , Offringa Henk
Published: July 2002

In October 1994, 39 macrobenthic samples, divided between two areas, were taken on the western Belgian Coastal Banks. The two areas could not be clearly divided, concerning their macrobenthic communities. Multivariate techniques revealed five coherent communities, linked with typical sedimentological factors: (1) the Barnea candida community in a very compact muddy sediment (median 14 μm); (2) a second community characterized by the presence of spat of Mytilus edulis, with a medium sandy sediment (median 456 μm); (3) the Lanice conchilega community inhabiting a fine sandy sediment (median 211 μm); (4) the Nephtys cirrosa–Echinocardium cordatum community in a coarser fine sandy sediment (median 242 μm); and (5), closely related to the latter, the N. cirrosa community also occurring in a fine sandy sediment (median 224 μm). Only the L. conchilega community belongs to the diverse transition zone. The other four communities seem to be part of the heterogeneous, species-poor coastal zone associations. No open sea communities have been detected in the area.

On the western Coastal Banks only the L. conchilega community, because of the high numbers of Abra alba, Tellina fabula, and Spisula subtruncata, can be interesting as feeding grounds for the common scoter (Melanitta nigra (Aves: Mergini)). Comparison of the spatial distribution of the wintering common scoters and the L. conchilega community revealed no direct similarity. The factors possibly causing this dissimilarity have been discussed.
Allozymic analysis of some Mediterranean Veneridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia): preliminary notes on taxonomy and systematics of the family
Authors: Passamonti Marco , Mantovani Barbara , Scali Valerio
Published: July 2002

An allozyme analysis on three species of Mediterranean Veneridae (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Callista chione (subfamily Pitarinae), Venus verrucosa (Venerinae) and Chamelea gallina (Chioninae) is presented. The results were compared with the previously obtained allozyme data on Tapes philippinarum, T. decussatus, Venerupis aurea and Paphia undulata (all pertaining to the subfamily Tapetinae). The newly analysed species showed remarkable departures from the Hardy–Weinberg proportions, as commonly observed in several populations of Bivalvia. The present analysis revealed a high level of relationship between C. gallina and Venus verrucosa and suggested that the genus Tapes, as presently defined, should be regarded as an unnatural taxon. The allozyme results are consistent with mitochondrial 16s ribosomal DNA and satellite DNAs analyses on the same species, with the only exception of Callista chione which seems to be basal to (UPGMA method) or even included (Neighbor-Joining method) in the Tapetinae cluster.
Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial

ribonucleoprotein complexes which contain 12S and 9S

ribosomal RNAs
Authors: SHU H. H. , GÖRINGER H. U.
Published: July 2002

Antibiotics have been widely used to identify ribosomal

activity in Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria. The

validity of some

of the results has been questioned because the permeability

of the trypanosome cell membrane for some antibiotics was

not adequately addressed. Here we describe translation inhibition

experiments with digitonin-permeabilized trypanosomes to

exclude diffusion barriers through the cell membrane. Using

this system we were able to confirm, next to the

eukaryotic and thus cycloheximide-sensitive translation system,

the existence of a prokaryotic-type translational activity

being cycloheximide resistant, chloramphenicol sensitive and

streptomycin dependent. We interpret this observation

analogous to what has been found for other eukarya as the

independent protein synthesis activity of the mitochondrial

organelle. We further examined the putative translational

apparatus by using isokinetic density-gradient analysis of

mitochondrial extracts. The 2 mitochondrially encoded rRNAs,

the 9S and 12S rRNAs, were found to co-fractionate in

a single RNP complex, approximately 80S in size. This complex

disassembled at reduced MgCl2 concentrations into 2

unusually small complexes of 17·5S, containing the

9S rRNA, and 20S containing the 12S rRNA. A preliminary

stoichiometry determination suggested a multicopy assembly of

these putative subunits in a 2[ratio ]3 ratio

(20S[ratio ]17·5S).
The genus Hammondia is paraphyletic
Authors: ELLIS J. T. , MORRISON D. A. , LIDDELL S. , JENKINS M. C. , MOHAMMED O. B. , RYCE C. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: July 2002

The phylogenetic relationships amongst Hammondia, Neospora
and Toxoplasma were investigated by DNA sequence
comparisons of the D2/D3 domain of the large subunit ribosomal DNA
and the internal transcribed spacer 1. The results
obtained allow us to reject the hypothesis that N. caninum and
H. heydorni are the same species and show that Hammondia
hammondi is probably the sister taxon to Toxoplasma gondii.
Spatial variation in susceptibility to infection in a snail–trematode interaction
Authors: KRIST A. C. , LIVELY C. M. , LEVRI E. P. , JOKELA J.
Published: July 2002

Parasites should be better at infecting hosts from sympatric populations than allopatric populations most of the time
(parasite local adaptation). In a previous study of a population of snail parasites (Microphallus sp.) from Lake Alexandrina,
New Zealand, we found that Microphallus was more infective to snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in shallow water but
not in deep water. Here, we repeated the original study and also monitored the development of the parasite. We found
that parasites from shallow water were more infective to hosts from shallow water and developed more rapidly in these
hosts. In contrast, parasites from deep water were not more infective to hosts from deep water and did not develop more
rapidly in them. These results suggest clinal variation in the susceptibility of these snails, with shallow-water snails more
susceptible than deep-water snails. We offer 2 possible explanations for these results. First, gene flow in the Microphallus
population is primarily from shallow to deep water, leading to an asymmetric pattern of local adaptation. Alternatively,
snails from shallow water may be more susceptible for reasons independent of gene flow, perhaps due to differences in
host condition between habitats.
Vascular dementia as a frontal subcortical system dysfunction
Authors: LOOI JEFFREY C. L. , SACHDEV PERMINDER S.
Published: July 2002

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common subtype of dementia in Western countries
(Desmond, 1996) and, overall, may be the most common subtype of dementia in the world
(Henderson, 1994). Furthermore, the recognition of some major risk factors of cerebrovascular
disease makes VaD a form of ‘preventable senility’ (Hachinski, 1992). The last decade has seen a
major re-evaluation of the concept of VaD (Erkinjuntti & Hachinski, 1993; Hachinski, 1994), with
new diagnostic criteria having been proposed (World Health Organization, 1993; American
Psychiatric Association, 1994) but without any consensus (Wetterling et al. 1996). Indeed, some
investigators have called for the abandonment of the diagnosis of VaD and the adoption of
alternative nosology (Hachinski, 1994). It is therefore time to re-examine the concept of VaD and
evaluate its distinctive features.
Popular Belief in State Intervention for Social Protection in China
Authors: WONG CHACK KIE , LEE NAN SHONG PETER
Published: July 2002

The paper starts with a brief discussion of recent developments of economic
restructuring of the State Owned Enterprises in China and their
related reforms in social insurance and social assistance. It then reports
the findings of an attitude survey of residents in Shanghai in 1996
towards the social and economic consequences of economic reform. It
reveals that, despite the fact that most people feel better off with the
reforms, there is still a need for the state to play a role in social protection.