bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferumoxytol Infusion in Pediatric Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders: First Case Series
Authors: Hassan Nabil , Cahill Jill , Rajasekaran Surender , Kovey Karen
Published: November 2011

Objective:

To report our preliminary experience using ferumoxytol as intravenous iron therapy for treating Iron deficiency anemia in 6 pediatric patients with underlying gastrointestinal disease.

Case Summary:

Between October 2010 and February 2011, 6 patients aged 6 months to 16 years who had malabsorption and/or ongoing gastrointestinal blood toss were given lerumoxytol infusions at a dose of 5.8–12 mg elemental iron/kg over 15–60 minutes, followed by 1 hour of observation to monitor for adverse effects.

Discussion:

Thirteen separate ferumoxytol administrations were given to 6 pediatric patients with various gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome, and/or chronic parenteral nutrition dependence. Twelve of 13 infusions were well tolerated at 5.8–12 mg elemental iron/kg/dose. No patient experienced adverse events that required clinical intervention. One patient developed mild pruritus that resolved spontaneously.

Conclusions:

Ferumoxytol doses of up to 12 mg elemental iron/kg administered over 15–60 minutes seem to be well tolerated in pediatric patients. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine the incidence and severity of adverse effects associated with ferumoxytol, both during administration and immediately after. Long-term studies will be required to assess to risk for iron overload toxicity.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy as a Complication of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Sharp Randall P , Welch E Ben
Published: November 2011

Objective:

To examine the evidence regarding takotsubo cardiomyopathy as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Data Sources:

Searches in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1966-August 2011) were conducted.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Published studies and case reports that mentioned takotsubo cardiomyopathy following ECT were reviewed.

Data Synthesis:

Twelve case reports were available for review. There were 7 documented cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, 4 cases of myocardial stunning, and 1 case of cardiogenic shock following ECT. Although takotsubo cardiomyopathy was not mentioned in 5 of the cases, some clinical characteristics were consistent with this diagnosis. Left ventricular ejection fraction and the electrocardiogram returned to normal within a few days in the majority of the cases. All cases were in women, the majority of whom were postmenopausal (average age 64 years). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy developed after a single course of ECT in 6 of the cases, while the syndrome developed after more than 1 course in the other 6 cases. ECT was successfully readministered without syndrome recurrence in 4 of the cases, but only after 3 of the 4 patients received a β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent prior to each subsequent therapy session. The β-adrenergic blocking agents used were esmolol in 1 case and labetobl in the other 2.

Conclusions:

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a serious but transient potential complication of electroconvulsive therapy. Limited evidence indicates that β-adrenergic receptor blocking agents may help prevent its reoccurrence in patients needing further electroconvulsive treatment. Health care providers in psychiatry should be aware of this potential complication of electroconvulsive therapy, especially in postmenopausal women. However, many questions remain regarding this issue.
A US Perspective of Symptomatic Latrodectus spp. Envenomation and Treatment: A National Poison Data System Review
Authors: Monte Andrew A , Bucher-Bartelson Becki , Heard Kennon J
Published: November 2011

Background:

Black widow spider (Latrodectus spp.) envenomation remains the most clinically significant spider envenomation in the US. The syndrome is characterized by painful muscle rigidity and autonomic disturbances. Treatment has ranged from symptomatic care to administration of specific antivenom. Declining antivenom availability and, possibly, the fear of hypersensitivity allergic reactions, has limited antivenom use in the US.

Objective:

To describe Latrodectus spp. exposures and the subsequent treatment reported to US poison centers; the secondary objective was to Identify factors associated with shorter duration of symptoms (<24 hours).

Methods:

All Latrodectus spp. exposures reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2008, were reviewed. Cases with at least minor clinical effects due to Latrodectus spp. exposure were extracted. Descriptive statistics were generated. The probability that symptom duration was less than 24 hours was modeled, using logistic regression.

Results:

From 2000 through 2006, a total of 23,409 Latrodectus spp. exposures were reported in 47 states; 9872 cases had at least minor clinical effects and were included in the subsequent analysis. Exposures peaked in September and fell to a nadir in January and February. Fifty-eight percent of the cases involved males, and the mean (SD) age was 31.5 (17.4) years. Sixty-five percent of the patients had minor clinical effects, 33.5% had moderate effects, 1.4% had major effects, and there were no deaths. Antivenom use was associated with symptom duration of less than 24 hours in moderate and major outcome groups. There was no evidence of shorter symptom duration in patients who received benzodiazepines or calcium. Adverse drug reactions were more common in patients receiving benzodiazepines and antivenom.

Conclusions:

In the US, most symptomatic Latrodectus spp. exposures reported to the NPDS are minor. Few patients receive antivenom, although antivenom is associated with shorter symptom duration among moderate and major outcomes.
Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Peramivir in a Hospitalized Adult Undergoing Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration
Authors: Scheetz Marc H , Griffith Milena M , Ghossein Cybele , Hollister Alan S , Ison Michael G
Published: November 2011

Objective:

To report a sieving coefficient for peramivir in a patient receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CWH).

Case Summary:

An 16-year-old male presented with chills, myalgias, and dyspnea and was hospitalized. Nasal secretions were positive for influenza by rapid antigen test at an outside facility and oseltamrvir was commenced. Oral absorption was predicted to be unreliable, and Intravenous peramivir was accessed as an emergency investigational new drug application (eIND). CWH was initiated after the development of acute renal failure, with blood samples collected to determine peramivir concentrations.

Discussion:

Peramivir, an intravenous investigational neuraminidase inhibitor with activity against Influenza viruses, has limited data for dosing in the setting of CWH. A single patient received 600 mg of peramivir intravenously and had blood and ultrafittrate concentrations measured serially. A sieving coefficient of approximately 0.9 was identified.

Conclusions:

Peramivir is well cleared by CWH, and drug exposure is potentially predictable based on flow rates. Further study is necessary.
Azilsartan Medoxomil: A New Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist for Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Baker William L , White William B
Published: November 2011

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical role of azilsartan medoxomil, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that recently gained Food and Drug Administration approval for towering of Wood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension.

Data Sources:

A systematic review of the literature was performed through August 2011 using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and the key words and MeSH terms azilsartan, azilsartan medoxomil, TAK-491, TAK-536, and Edarbi. Abstracts presented in the last 2 years from the annual meetings of appropriate medical societies were reviewed in addition to a search of clintcaltrials.gov.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Studies eligible for inclusion were in vitro or in vivo evaluations of azilsartan medoxomil, with no restrictions on patient population or Indication. Data related to the patient populations and outcomes of interest were extracted from each publication.

Data Synthesis:

Three trials are available in full publication form with others available only as abstracts. Azilsartan medoxomil 40 mg and 60 mg daily significantly improves both systolic and diastolic BP from baseline compared with placebo, and the 80-mg dose has greater efficacy than other ARBs, including olmesartan 40 mg daily and valsartan 320 mg daily. Improvements in both 24-hour BP using ambulatory monitoring and clinic monitoring have been seen with azilsartan medoxomil as well as a higher proportion of patients reaching the goal level. Additional information shows added BP lowering when azilsartan medoxomil is combined with chlorthalidone. Adverse events are similar with azilsartan medoxomil versus other ARBs and include headache, dizziness, urinary tract infections, and fatigue.

Conclusions:

Azilsartan medoxomil is a safe and effective ARB with a unique pharmacologic profile versus other agents, including slowed angiotensin II type 1 receptor dissociation rates and improved receptor specificity. Studies have shown azilsartan medoxomil 80 mg once daily to reduce BP to a greater extent than valsartan and olmesartan, with similar safety and tolerability.
Relationship between copper species in solution and leaching from alkaline copper quat (ACQ) treated wood
Authors: Pankras Sedric , Cooper Paul A. , Wylie Stephen
Published: November 2011

The effects of pH and Cu:Mea ratio in alkaline copper quat (ACQ) solution formulation on the distribution of copper-monoethanolamine (Cu-Mea) complex species and Cu precipitation, and its influence on copper leaching from treated southern pine samples were investigated. Distribution of Cu in ACQ solution was studied by means of an equilibrium speciation model for aqueous systems (MINTEQA2). Conditions that favored a higher proportion of monovalent cationic complex, [Cu(Mea)2-H]1+, and precipitated copper as CuCO3(s), resulted in higher leach resistance in treated wood compared to conditions that favored the neutral copper complexes, [Cu(Mea)2-2H]0, and higher ligand copper complexes, [Cu(Mea)3]2+, [Cu(Mea)4]2+. Monovalent cationic Cu complex is maximized at a pH close to 9 with a Cu:Mea molar ratio of 1:4. Amounts of Cu leached at pH 9 were low compared to those at pH 12, where most of the Cu is present as neutral complex. Reduction of pH from 9 to 8 did not reduce Cu leaching, because of the lower cation exchange capacity of wood at the lower pH. Changing the Cu:Mea molar ratio to 1:3 at pH 9 significantly reduced the higher ligand complexes in the formulation and resulted in the majority of the copper being distributed as monovalent cationic complexes and some CuCO3(s) precipitation. These changes in 1:3 formulation significantly reduced copper leaching compared to Cu:Mea ratios of 1:4 and 1:10.
Atypical Crouzon Syndrome with a Novel Cys62Arg Mutation in FGFR2 Presenting with Sagittal Synostosis
Authors: Sharma Vikram P. , Wall Steven A. , Lord Helen , Lester Tracy , Wilkie Andrew O.M.
Published: November 2011

The management of a 1-year-old boy with Crouzonoid features is presented with a description of molecular genetic investigations that revealed a previously unreported mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene encoding the amino acid substitution p.Cys62Arg within the immunoglobin-like (IgI) domain. The patient presented in atypical fashion with severe sagittal synostosis but only mild exorbitism and hypertelorism. Owing to the progressively increasing size of the cranial occipital bullet, a total calvarial modeling procedure was performed at 8 months of age to correct the craniofacial deformity.

Standard genetic testing of the major mutational “hotspots” associated with craniosynostosis was initially negative. However, further testing for atypical sites of mutation revealed a heterozygous nucleotide substitution (c.184T>C) in exon 3 of FGFR2. This mutation has not been previously reported and is only the second to be identified in the IgI domain; it was not present in either parent, indicating that it had arisen de novo. The child remains well 6 months postoperatively but will be monitored more closely compared with the usual protocol for nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis owing to the potential for increased risk of secondary complications.

Key learning points from this case include the need for careful phenotypic evaluation of children presenting with apparently isolated sagittal synostosis and genetic testing for atypical mutations if the usual hotspots are negative.
Indirect effects of lightning discharges
Authors: Punekar Gururaj , Kandasamy Chandrasekaran
Published: November 2011

The occurrence of lightning strokes due to indirect effect of lightning
discharges, has assumed a lot of importance in the recent times. This is due
to the sensitive, vital electronic equipment which are highly vulnerable to
such indirect effects. In this article, attempts are made to bring out the
salient features and related parameters of lightning discharges (with
specific reference to indirect effects). Glimpses of the experimental
research efforts to understand the phenomenon are described based on the
published scientific work, along with some of the typical simulation results
of the authors. These simulation results (computed electromagnetic fields)
are validated by some of the important results described in the literature.
This being a review article, the vital electrical and electronic
systems/components which have been researched with reference to indirect
effects have been enumerated, and the present understandings have been
discussed.
Applications of predictive maintenance techniques in industrial systems
Authors: Marjanovic Aleksandra , Kvascev Goran , Tadic Predrag , Djurovic Zeljko
Published: November 2011

Prognostic methods represent a new methodology for system maintenance which
offers significant time and cost savings. The paper offers a short overview
of the available prognosis techniques and proposes the implementation of one
model-based and one data-driven method. As a representative of the
model-based methods the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) modeling
approach is chosen. The estimated model parameters are further used for
implementing the early change detector which is realized as a Neyman-Pearson
hypothesis test. On the other hand, hidden Markov model (HMM) based prognosis
illustrates the use of data-driven techniques. Using the cross-correlation
input-output functions, HMM prognosis algorithm is proposed, as a suitable
way of timely detection. Both techniques were implemented to detect
performance changes of the water level sensor in a steam separator system in
thermal power plants.
Cauda equina syndrome secondary to an absent inferior vena cava managed with surgical decompression
Authors: Ghiassi Mayshan , Ghiassi Mahan , Kahn Elyne , Tomycz Luke , Ayad Michael , Aaronson Oran
Published: November 2011

The authors report on the case of a 24-year-old man who presented with back pain and radiculopathy due to epidural venous engorgement in the setting of a congenitally absent inferior vena cava. Despite initial improvement after steroid administration, the patient's health ultimately declined over a period of weeks, and signs and symptoms of cauda equina syndrome manifested. Lumbar decompression was performed and involved coagulation and resection of the compressive epidural veins. No complications occurred, and the patient made a full neurological recovery.
Cancer Genome Sequencing and Its Implications for Personalized Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Li Lijin , Goedegebuure Peter , Mardis Elaine R. , Ellis Matthew J.C. , Zhang Xiuli , Herndon John M. , Fleming Timothy P. , Carreno Beatriz M. , Hansen Ted H. , Gillanders William E.
Published: November 2011

New DNA sequencing platforms have revolutionized human genome sequencing. The dramatic advances in genome sequencing technologies predict that the $1,000 genome will become a reality within the next few years. Applied to cancer, the availability of cancer genome sequences permits real-time decision-making with the potential to affect diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, and has opened the door towards personalized medicine. A promising strategy is the identification of mutated tumor antigens, and the design of personalized cancer vaccines. Supporting this notion are preliminary analyses of the epitope landscape in breast cancer suggesting that individual tumors express significant numbers of novel antigens to the immune system that can be specifically targeted through cancer vaccines.
Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species
Authors: Hapukotuwa Nirmala K. , Grace J. Kenneth
Published: November 2011

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), are both pests of wood in service in Hawaii and Florida. We conducted a laboratory study using method modified from those described in standard E1-09 of the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA 2009) to assess the termite resistance of three commercially available wood species used in regions of the USA where both termite species occur: Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziessii, southern yellow pine, Pinus spp. and redwood, Sequoia sempervirens. A multiple-choice (three-choice) assay was used for four weeks (28 days) in order to simulate field conditions of food choice and assess termite feeding preferences under 28 °C and 72–80% RH. 400 termites (360 workers: 40 soldiers) were released into each test jar. Five replicates and two controls of each wood species were used with each termite species. Termite mortality was recorded at the end of the test; and wood wafers were oven-dried and weighed before and after termite exposure to determine the mass loss due to termite feeding, and rated visually on a 0 (failure) to 10 (sound) scale. There were significant differences in mean mass loss values among the three wood species and between two termite species. The mean mass loss value for redwood was significantly lower than Douglas fir and southern yellow pine with both termite species. However, C. formosanus showed increased feeding on Douglas fir and southern yellow pine compared to C. gestroi.
Volatile Metabolites
Authors: Rowan Daryl D.
Published: November 2011

Volatile organic compounds (volatiles) comprise a chemically diverse class of low molecular weight organic compounds having an appreciable vapor pressure under ambient conditions. Volatiles produced by plants attract pollinators and seed dispersers, and provide defense against pests and pathogens. For insects, volatiles may act as pheromones directing social behavior or as cues for finding hosts or prey. For humans, volatiles are important as flavorants and as possible disease biomarkers. The marine environment is also a major source of halogenated and sulfur-containing volatiles which participate in the global cycling of these elements. While volatile analysis commonly measures a rather restricted set of analytes, the diverse and extreme physical properties of volatiles provide unique analytical challenges. Volatiles constitute only a small proportion of the total number of metabolites produced by living organisms, however, because of their roles as signaling molecules (semiochemicals) both within and between organisms, accurately measuring and determining the roles of these compounds is crucial to an integrated understanding of living systems. This review summarizes recent developments in volatile research from a metabolomics perspective with a focus on the role of recent technical innovation in developing new areas of volatile research and expanding the range of ecological interactions which may be mediated by volatile organic metabolites.
Probing the Interaction of Human Serum Albumin with Norfloxacin in the Presence of High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Circular Dichroism Investigations
Authors: Azimi Olga , Emami Zahra , Salari Hanieh , Chamani Jamshidkhan
Published: November 2011

The present study describes an investigation by fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopy of the interaction between norfloxacin (NRF) and human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). The results obtained from this study indicated that NRF had a strong ability to quench HSA at λex = 280 nm. In addition, a slight blue shift occurred, which suggested that the microenvironment of the protein became more hydrophobic after addition of NRF. The interaction between the NRF and HSA, whether in the absence or presence of an EMF, was considered to be a static quenching mechanism. Moreover, synchronous fluorescence demonstrated that the microenvironment around Trp became modified. Data of HSA-NRF in the presence of EMFs between 1 Hz–1 MHz confirmed the results of quenching and blue shifts. Corresponding Stern-Volmer plots were also drawn and the resultant Ksv and kq values were compared. Moreover, the binding parameters, including the number of binding sites, the binding constant and the distance, r, between donor and acceptor, were calculated based on Förster’s non-radiative energy transfer theory. According to far and near UV-CD, the formation of the complex caused changes of the secondary and tertiary structures of HSA. The obtained results are significant for patients who are subjected to high-frequency radiation as this was found to reduce the affinity of NRF to HSA.
Synergistic Antibacterial and Antibiotic Effects of Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids on Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Zuo Guo-Ying , Li Yang , Wang Tao , Han Jun , Wang Gen-Chun , Zhang Yun-Ling , Pan Wei-Dong
Published: November 2011

The antibacterial activity of two bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, tetrandrine (Tet) and demethyltetrandrine (d-Tet), alone and in combination with the antibiotics ampicillin (AMP), azithromycin (AZM), cefazolin (CFZ) and levofloxacin (LEV) against 10 clinical isolates of staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) III type methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was studied. Susceptibility to each agent alone was tested using a broth microdilution method. The chequerboard and time-kill tests were used for the combined evaluations. The minimal inhibitory concentrations/minimal bactericidal concentrations (MICs/MBCs, μg/mL) ranges alone were 64–128/256–1,024 for both Tet and d-Tet. Significant synergies against 90% of the isolates were observed for the Tet/CFZ combination, with their MICs being reduced by 75–94% [fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) ranged from 0.188 to 0.625], respectively. An additive bactericidal result was also observed for the Tet (d-Tet)/CFZ combination in the time-kill experiments. These results demonstrated that Tet and d-Tet enhanced the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of CFZ. Their potential for combinatory therapy of patients infected with MRSA warrants further pharmacological investigation.
The Effect of Recycling Flux on the Performance and Microbial Community Composition of a Biofilm Hydrolytic-Aerobic Recycling Process Treating Anthraquinone Reactive Dyes
Authors: Wang Yuanpeng , Zhu Kang , Zheng Yanmei , Wang Haitao , Dong Guowen , He Ning , Li Qingbiao
Published: November 2011

Synthetic dyes are extensively used and rarely degraded. Microbial decomposition is a cost-effective alternative to chemical and physical degradation processes. In this study, the decomposition of simulated anthraquinone reactive dye (Reactive Blue 19; RB19) at a concentration of 400-mg/L in wastewater by a biofilm hydrolytic-aerobic recycling system was investigated over a range of recycling fluxes. The 16S rDNA-based fingerprint technique was also used to investigate the microbial community composition. Results indicated that the recycling flux was a key factor that influenced RB19 degradation. The RB19 and COD removal efficiency could reach values as high as 82.1% and 95.4%, respectively, with a recycling flux of 10 mL/min. Molecular analysis indicated that some strains were similar to Aeromonadales, Tolumonas, and some uncultured clones were assumed to be potential decolorization bacteria. However, the microbial community composition in the reactors remained relatively stable at different recycling fluxes. This study provided insights on the decolorization capability and the population dynamics during the decolorization process of anthraquinone dye wastewater.
Transforming Losses―A Major Task of Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy
Authors: Frick Eckhard
Published: November 2011

Since Freud’s “Mourning and Melancholia”, bereavement encompasses the dilemma between continuing versus relinquishing bonds to deceased persons. Mourning is the process of symbolizing the loss, of making sense by facing the conflict between the absence of the lost object and the continuing presence of an emotional relationship to that which is lost. Furthermore, mourning is not limited to bereaved persons but also concerns dying persons and, in a broader sense, our whole symbolic life which is playful coping with a rhythm of absence and presence. True consolation connects the individual and the archetypical mourning. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy may accompany this process by amplification. Christian mysticism takes its starting point from the experience of Jesus Christ’s lost body, and this may be understood as a model of spiritual transformation.
Exploring Land Use and Land Cover Effects on Air Quality in Central Alabama Using GIS and Remote Sensing
Authors: Superczynski Stephen D. , Christopher Sundar A.
Published: November 2011

Air pollution has been a major topic of debate in highly developed areas over the last quarter century and therefore mitigation of poor air quality for health and environmental reasons has been a primary focus for local governments. Particulate matter, especially finer particles (PM2.5), is detrimental to human health, and urban expansion is thought to be a contributing factor to enhanced levels of PM2.5. However, there is limited research on the connection between land use and land cover change (LULC) and PM2.5 emissions. Using high resolution LANDSAT imagery from the past 12 years along with ground observations of PM2.5 mass concentrations in the Birmingham, AL region, we explore the links between the PM2.5 mass concentrations and LULC trends. Utilization of GIS allowed us to seamlessly analyze county-based patterns of LULC change and PM2.5 concentrations and display them in an easy to interpret manner. We found a moderate-to-strong correlation between PM2.5 observations and the urban area surrounding monitoring sites in 1998 and 2010. We also discuss factors such as local climate and topography and EPA imposed standards that can confound these comparisons. Finally, we determine the next steps that are required to fully quantify the cause and effect between LULC and air quality.
Asymmetric synthesis of quaternary aryl amino acid derivatives via a three-component aryne coupling reaction
Authors: Jones Elizabeth P , Jones Peter , White Andrew J P , Barrett Anthony G M
Published: November 2011

A method was developed for the synthesis of α-alkyl, α-aryl-bislactim ethers in good to excellent yields and high diastereoselectivities, consisting of a facile one-pot procedure in which the aryl group is introduced by means of a nucleophilic addition to benzyne and the alkyl group by alkylation of a resultant benzylic anion. Hydrolysis of the sterically less hindered adducts gave the corresponding quaternary amino acids with no racemization, whereas hydrolytic ring opening gave the corresponding valine dipeptides from bulkier bislactims.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection: A Clinical Trial Comparing Lopinavir/Ritonavir versus Atazanavir Each with Zidovudine/Lamivudine
Authors: Diaz–Brito Vicens , León Agathe , Knobel Hernando , Peraire Joaquim , Domingo Pere , Clotet Bonaventura , Dalmau David , Cruceta Anna , Arnaiz Joan Albert , Gatell Josep M , García Felipe ,   group the DATEMPEP study
Published: November 2011

Background

A clinical trial comparing the rate of discontinuation and tolerability of two post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens was performed.

Methods

A total of 255 individuals attending the emergency rooms of six hospitals for exposure to HIV and criteria to receive PEP were randomized to receive zidovudine/ lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir ( n=131) or atazanavir ( n=124; day 0). The primary end point was the rate of PEP discontinuation before day 28 of follow-up. Secondary end points were incidence of side effects, follow-up at days 90 and 180 and rate of seroconversions.

Results

A total of 55 patients (29 in lopinavir/ritonavir and 26 in atazanavir arms) did not attend the first scheduled appointment (day 1) and were excluded from the analysis. The rate of discontinuation before day 28 owing to any cause was similar between groups (37/102 [36%] in lopinavir/ritonavir and 35/98 [36%] in atazanavir arms, P=0.82). Adverse events were the reason for discontinuation or switching of PEP in 33 individuals (16/102 [16%] in the lopinavir/ritonavir arm and 17/98 [17%] in the atazanavir arm, P=0.84). Adverse events were reported in 92/200 (46%) of individuals on PEP who attend at least the day 1 appointment (50/102 [49%] in the lopinavir/ ritonavir arm and 42/98 [43%] in the atazanavir arm, P=0.38). There were no seroconversions.

Conclusions

The rate of discontinuation of PEP before day 28 was similar with zidovudine/lamivudine plus either lopinavir/ritonavir or atazanavir. The rate of discontinuation of PEP because of adverse events was low in both arms. Almost 50% of the patients of both arms suffered side effects. New strategies are needed to improve the tolerance.
Angiogenic Activity of Hepatitis B and C Viruses
Authors: Vrancken Kristof , Paeshuyse Jan , Liekens Sandra
Published: November 2011

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The limited treatment options and poor prognosis of HCC patients underscore the importance of developing new therapeutic strategies. Infection with HBV and HCV are the major risk factors for developing HCC. While the precise molecular mechanisms that link HBV and HCV infections to the development and progression of HCC are not entirely understood, increasing evidence indicates that stimulation of angiogenesis by these viruses may contribute to HCC malignancy. In this review, we summarize the progress in understanding the role of HBV and HCV infection in liver and HCC angiogenesis, the mechanisms applied by these viruses to deregulate the angiogenic balance and the potential therapeutic options that come with this understanding.
Les investisseurs privés et la recomposition du rapport centre-périphérie à Phnom Penh (Cambodge) depuis les années 1990
Authors: Pierdet Céline
Published: November 2011

Au début des années 1990, la reconstruction des infrastructures de Phnom Penh s’engage dans un contexte de stabilisation progressive de la vie politique, en premier lieu dans les quartiers centraux couverts par les réseaux. Mais la forte spéculation foncière et immobilière des années 2005-2008 se traduit par la mise en chantier de new towns , de tours de bureaux et de condominiums hors d’échelle, tant au centre qu’à la périphérie, et destinés à mettre Phnom Penh en concurrence avec les grandes métropoles des pays voisins. De petits propriétaires fonciers de la périphérie cèdent alors leurs terres à des investisseurs privés. La municipalité cède elle aussi une partie de son domaine à ces investisseurs en échange de la réalisation d’infrastructures publiques. Ces mutations sont en grande partie sous-tendues par des investissements directs étrangers, autrement dit par les capitaux de Chinois d’Asie du Sud-Est qui s’associent à des citoyens khmers. Une recomposition du rapport centre-périphérie s’engage alors au détriment des plus pauvres, exclus de façon brutale des quartiers centraux. Faute de capitaux, et face à une nécessité de modernité, à une demande d’urbanité, la municipalité ne peut préserver leurs territoires de vie. Les limites de ce développement contrôlé par des capitaux étrangers apparaissent pourtant avec le ralentissement économique survenu en 2008.
Agriculture familiale et développement durable en milieu amazonien protégé : le cas de l'APA do Igarapé Gelado (sud-est du Pará, Brésil)
Authors: Gauché Évelyne
Published: November 2011

La présente contribution, participant au programme interdisciplinaire DURAMAZ, a pour but de présenter une expérience de développement durable menée chez des agriculteurs familiaux de l’Amazonie orientale brésilienne, au sein d’une Aire de Protection Environnementale (APA) située en plein cœur de l’arc de la déforestation. La remise en cause des pratiques traditionnelles de gestion du milieu par la réglementation environnementale a été à l’origine de la mise en œuvre de divers projets de développement durable au sein de cette aire protégée, qui passe ici par le soutien à l’agriculture familiale au détriment de l’élevage bovin et de l’expansion des fronts pionniers. Ces projets ont engendré des mutations importantes dans les systèmes de production paraissant aller dans le sens des orientations souhaitées, mais ils amènent toutefois à reconsidérer, entre autre, la question de la justice sociale à travers leur coût de mise en œuvre, et celle de la transmissibilité générationnelle des principes du développement durable.
Les stratégies de développement durable à la lumière de la crise de 2008
Authors: Baechler Laurent
Published: November 2011

Résumé La crise de 2008 peut être mise en rapport avec le développement durable (DD) si l’on s’intéresse à ses conséquences plus qu’à ses causes. Son impact principal est de détourner ou de détruire des ressources considérables d’usages compatibles avec le DD. Est-il malgré tout possible de tirer parti de cette crise dans un sens favorable au DD?? Des opportunités se présentent effectivement sur deux plans. Celui de la relance de l’économie mondiale, qui légitime des programmes de dépenses publiques autonomes qui peuvent être orientés vers le DD. Cette option se heurte cependant au problème de la dette publique croissante dans les pays riches. La deuxième possibilité est la réforme des marchés (financiers et autres) dans le sens du renforcement des incitations à faire du DD une priorité. Le problème devient alors de faire de la stratégie de sortie de crise une stratégie de long terme capable de dépasser l’urgence de la situation actuelle.
Éthique vs Finance ? Une analyse des origines, des problèmes et des perspectives d'avenir de cette relation
Authors: Fernández Bruno Federico
Published: November 2011

Résumé Les récentes crises nous montrent à nouveau les conséquences désastreuses que peuvent causer les vices financiers sur la société: récession, chômage, faillites, pauvreté, augmentation des inégalités, perte de confiance et de cohésion sociale pour n’en citer que quelques-uns. La séparation entre l’éthique et la finance est responsable en grande partie de ces vices. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que la finance peut contribuer de façon durable au bien commun seulement si on réussit à introduire l’éthique dans la théorie et dans la pratique. Cela nécessite un changement profond de paradigme, une humanisation de la finance tant au niveau personnel qu’institutionnel. Il sera question d’enquêter sur l’origine de l’actuelle séparation entre l’éthique et la finance à partir de l’analyse de leurs fondements théoriques et de leur influence, et ceci à travers le secteur financier, la confiance et le bien commun. Enfin, les défis auxquels font face l’éthique financière dans le contexte de la globalisation, la responsabilité sociale des entreprises et l’éducation seront également examinés.
Accountability and the Second Line of Defence : A guide to Practical Policy-ing for Ethical Global Credit Rating
Authors: Motsi-Omoijiade Immaculate Dadiso
Published: November 2011

Résumé Cet article fournit des options politiques pratiques pour la régulation des agences de notation financière dans l’esprit de la promotion d’une éthique globale en finance. Les agences de notation sont essentielles pour le bon fonctionnement du système financier global en raison de leur valeur informationnelle, transactionnelle et réglementaire. Leur échec récent pour assurer la “deuxième ligne de défense” contre la crise financière a mis en évidence des questions clés au niveau de la responsabilité. Il s’agit notamment du manque de concurrence, de conflits d’intérêt et des incitations perverses. Cet article propose un “paquet de politiques” pratique de réglementation à examiner. Ce paquet inclut la création d’une agence de notation du secteur public et des spécifications détaillées sur la séparation des agences de notation et les services de consultants et de services dans le domaine de la finance structurée. Il comprend également un “gel” temporaire des notations. Ceci s’inscrit dans la ligne de l’identification du problème fondamental de la période récente lorsqu’il s’agit de traiter de l’innovation et de l’évaluation des nouveaux et complexes instruments financiers.
L'entrée dans le monde de l'écrit
Authors: Bernardin Jacques
Published: November 2011

Les difficultés récurrentes des élèves de milieux populaires face à la maitrise de l’écrit, emblème de la culture scolaire, appellent à considérer les logiques sociales qui pourraient y contribuer. Produit des interactions avec ses proches, le rapport initial à l’écrit trouve ses appuis et références dans l’espace socio-familial : quelles pratiques, quels usages de l’écrit prévalent et pourraient inspirer leurs gouts ? Par ailleurs, pour le novice, le système écrit échappe à la transparence, exige et provoque une conversion des habitudes langagières jusqu’alors implicites. Les pratiques pédagogiques prennent-elles suffisamment en compte ces dimensions ? Outre sa fonction expressive ou d’aide mémoire, quelle place est faite à l’écriture en tant qu’outil de prise de conscience et comme opérateur cognitif ?
Comment ré-agir ensemble et construire un concept biologique ?
Authors: Szterenbarg Martine
Published: November 2011

Comment réagir lorsqu’une notion de biologie étudiée antérieurement par les élèves n’est pas acquise ? Comment faire pour que la notion biologique du « réactif », en l’occurrence, soit réellement appropriée par les élèves ? Dans la situation présentée, la professeure de biologie décide d’interrompre le cours prévu. Plutôt que de redonner oralement une définition et une explication de la notion de « réactif », elle engage les élèves à formuler par écrit ce que représente pour eux un « réactif ». C’est le travail sur les différents écrits d’élèves et à travers eux le retour sur les diverses conceptions qui va permettre à chacun de corriger la compréhension erronée qu’il avait de ce concept biologique. C’est aussi l’occasion de se livrer à une réflexion métacognitive sur ce qui a été mis en œuvre pour modifier ainsi la compréhension du concept.
Age, growth and population structure of Acanthocardia tuberculata (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) in the eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Peharda Melita , Ezgeta-Balić Daria , Radman Margita , Sinjkević Nela , Vrgoč Nedo , Isajlović Igor
Published: November 2011

A study of the age, growth and population structure of Acanthocardia tuberculata from the eastern Adriatic Sea was carried out. The condition index analysis identified one reproductive peak, which occurred between April and May, for a population of A. tuberculata in the Cetina River estuary with uni-modal recruitment. Annual growth rings on the external shell surface consisted of a dark ring deposited during the summer-autumn period and a light ring deposited during winter-spring. This was validated by acetate peels of shell sections and marginal increment analysis. Shell lengths of aged specimens ranged from 19.7 to 62.9 mm (mean = 41.21±8.96 mm). Estimated ages ranged from 5 months to 11 years, with mean values of 2.1, 2.4 and 3.1 years for Rab Island, Pag Bay and the Cetina River estuary respectively. Shell deposition is fastest during the first two years of life and significantly decreases after the 4th year. The growth parameters L∞ and k were estimated using the Gulland-Holt method and by fitting length at age data to a von Bertalanffy growth curve. Values of L∞ ranged from 52.6 mm (Rab Island) to 59.7 mm (Pag Bay). The growth constant k showed greater variations (0.49 to 0.77 year-1), while growth performance index values (ø’) ranged from 3.13 to 3.36.
Growth of the purple dye murex, Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae), marked and released in a semi-intensive fish culture earthen pond
Authors: Vasconcelos Paulo , Pereira Alexandre M. , Constantino Rita , Barroso Carlos M. , Gaspar Miguel B.
Published: November 2011

The present study reports the growth rate of the purple dye murex, Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae), estimated from mark-recapture experiments. A total of 1067 specimens (shell length = 43.4±8.1 mm, range = 14.6−78.4 mm) were marked with Dymo® tape tags and released in a semi-intensive fish culture earthen pond. After a period at liberty ranging from almost two months to around two years, 288 individuals were recaptured (shell length = 67.4±6.2 mm, range = 45.3−88.6 mm), which corresponded to a recapture rate of 27.0%. At recapture, only one specimen had lost the tag (tag loss rate < 0.1%) and all remaining tags were intact and legible. Mean monthly growth rates were 0.9±1.0 mm in shell length, 0.4±0.5 mm in shell width and 0.7±0.7 g in total weight. Growth rates showed high inter-individual variability and an evident decreasing trend with specimen size. Comparison of growth rates with similar information available for other muricids confirmed that B. brandaris is a relatively slow-growing species. This provides valuable information for both fisheries management and for assessing the potential of B. brandaris as a candidate species for molluscan aquaculture.
Inter- and intra-annual trends and status indicators of nektobenthic elasmobranchs off the Balearic Islands (northwestern Mediterranean)
Authors: Guijarro Beatriz , Quetglas Antoni , Moranta Joan , Ordines Francesc , Valls Maria , González Natalia , Massutí Enric
Published: November 2011

We assessed the elasmobranch communities exploited by the bottom trawl fishery off the Balearic Islands (northwestern Mediterranean) by analysing two time series containing information with different levels of detail: 1) a long-term series containing the abundance indices of the whole elasmobranch community landed from 1965 to 2009; and 2) a shorter time series from 2000 to 2009 from two different data sources (daily sales records: 2000-2009; bottom trawl surveys: 2001-2009), with information that allowed the shelf and slope to be analysed separately and different community parameters and abundance indices to be studied. Temporal trends of all these variables were used as ecological status indicators and tested with generalized additive models and analysis of variance. They were finally summarised using the Traffic Light methodology. The long-term series showed two marked trends, an inter-annual decreasing trend that would be a consequence of the large increase in fishing effort, and an intra-annual trend with a clear peak in May in accordance with the seasonal biological cycle of these species. However, data from the last ten years revealed differences between the shelf and slope, as some parameters increased significantly over time on the shelf but did not follow any trend on the slope. The Traffic Light methodology captured these differences well, demonstrating its usefulness for interpreting ecological transitions at a glance.
New data on the distribution and size composition of the North Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854)
Authors: Orlov Alexei M. , Savinykh Vadim F. , Kulish Eugeny F. , Pelenev Dmitry V.
Published: November 2011

The results of long-term research on the spatial and vertical distribution of the North Pacific spiny dogfish Squalus suckleyi in the North Pacific Ocean and its size composition are presented. In total, data from 7059 catches of this species were analyzed (3178 with associated capture depth). The description of size composition is based on measurements of 413 specimens caught by driftnets, 328 by pelagic trawls and 722 by bottom trawls. This species was found to be most widely distributed in the North Pacific in the summer and autumn months during feeding migrations. Seasonal and long-term changes in the spatial distribution were observed. A wide distribution of S. suckleyi in the Bering Sea was recorded after the year 2000, which is likely associated with recent climate change. Occurrence of the species in the water column and near the bottom differed considerably. In the water column, the maximum number of captures was observed within the upper 25 m layer (about 90%). Near the bottom, this species was most abundant at depths less than 50 m (over 45%) and within a depth range of 101-200 m (about 50%). The catch of S. suckleyi during the daytime was considerably larger than in the night, possibly due to vertical diurnal migrations. This species was found at water temperatures ranging from 0 to 12.7°C, and maximum catches were observed at temperatures over 8°C. Size compositions of bottom and pelagic trawl catches were similar (mean length 69.1 and 68.6 cm respectively) while driftnet catches were composed of larger specimens (mean length 75.3 cm).
Taxonomic research on Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) and Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1827) (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae) in Tunisian waters (central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Marouani Sondes , Chaâba Raja , Kadri Hasna , Saidi Bechir , Bouain Abderrahmen , Maltagliati Ferruccio , Last Peter , Séret Bernard , Nejmeddine Bradai Mohamed
Published: November 2011

Two species of spurdog of the genus Squalus occur in the Gulf of Gabès (southern Tunisia, central Mediterranean): the longnose spurdog Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1827) and a short-snout spurdog of the Squalus megalops-cubensis group. Morphometric and meristic data as well as a genetic analyses (DNA inter-simple sequence repeat markers and molecular barcoding methods) support the assignation of this short-snout spurdog to Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881). Squalus megalops occurs commonly in temperate and tropical Australian waters, and is also thought to occur in the eastern Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean and western North Pacific although these records need to be confirmed. Our study confirms that it occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. Populations of both S. blainvillei and S. megalops are described based on Tunisian material.
Intravascular Image Interpretation
Authors: Naka Katerina K. , Papamichael Nikolaos D.
Published: November 2011

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an imaging modality often used as a supplement to coronary angiography and allows accurate assessment of the lumen, vessel wall, and atherosclerotic plaque. A coherent interpretation of the IVUS images requires identification of the image artefacts that emerge during IVUS interrogation and can often be quite difficult. This chapter describes the morphologic appearance of the structures seen in IVUS, presents the morphologic characteristics of the different types of plaque, and summarizes the nomenclature and definitions used during IVUS interpretation. Moreover, it focuses on the quantitative analysis and reports the measurements obtained during IVUS processing. Finally, it presents some of the clinical (e.g. assessment of the extent and severity of a lesion, treatment planning) and research (e.g. evaluation of atherosclerotic progression/regression, transplant vasculopathy, peripheral arterial disease) applications of this modality aiming to highlight its value in the clinical and research arena.