Spatio‐temporal patterns of tree growth as related to carbon isotope fractionation in European forests under changing climate
Authors: Shestakova Tatiana A. , Voltas Jordi , Saurer Matthias , Berninger Frank , Esper Jan , Andreu‐Hayles Laia , Daux Valérie , Helle Gerhard , Leuenberger Markus , Loader Neil J. , Masson‐Delmotte Valérie , Saracino Antonio , Waterhouse John S. , Schleser Gerhard H. , Bednarz Zdzisław , Boettger Tatjana , Dorado‐Liñán Isabel , Filot Marc , Frank David , Grabner Michael , Haupt Marika , Hilasvuori Emmi , Jungner Högne , Kalela‐Brundin Maarit , Krąpiec Marek , Marah Hamid , Pawełczyk Sławomira , Pazdur Anna , Pierre Monique , Planells Octavi , Pukienė Rūtilė , Reynolds‐Henne Christina E. , Rinne‐Garmston (Rinne) Katja T. , Rita Angelo , Sonninen Eloni , Stiévenard Michel , Switsur Vincent R. , Szychowska‐Kra̧piec Elżbieta , Szymaszek Malgorzata , Todaro Luigi , Treydte Kerstin , Vitas Adomas , Weigl Martin , Wimmer Rupert , Gutiérrez Emilia 
Published: June 2019

Aim

The aim was to decipher Europe‐wide spatio‐temporal patterns of forest growth dynamics and their associations with carbon isotope fractionation processes inferred from tree rings as modulated by climate warming.

Location

Europe and North Africa (30‒70° N, 10° W‒35° E).

Time period

1901‒2003.

Major taxa studied

Temperate and Euro‐Siberian trees.

Methods

We characterize changes in the relationship between tree growth and carbon isotope fractionation over the 20th century using a European network consisting of 20 site chronologies. Using indexed tree‐ring widths (TRWi), we assess shifts in the temporal coherence of radial growth across sites (synchrony) for five forest ecosystems (Atlantic, boreal, cold continental, Mediterranean and temperate). We also examine whether TRWi shows variable coupling with leaf‐level gas exchange, inferred from indexed carbon isotope discrimination of tree‐ring cellulose (Δ13Ci).

Results

We find spatial autocorrelation for TRWi and Δ13Ci extending over a maximum of 1,000 km among forest stands. However, growth synchrony is not uniform across Europe, but increases along a latitudinal gradient concurrent with decreasing temperature and evapotranspiration. Latitudinal relationships between TRWi and Δ13Ci (changing from negative to positive southwards) point to drought impairing carbon uptake via stomatal regulation for water saving occurring at forests below 60° N in continental Europe. An increase in forest growth synchrony over the 20th century together with increasingly positive relationships between TRWi and Δ13Ci indicate intensifying impacts of drought on tree performance. These effects are noticeable in drought‐prone biomes (Mediterranean, temperate and cold continental).

Main conclusions

At the turn of this century, convergence in growth synchrony across European forest ecosystems is coupled with coordinated warming‐induced effects of drought on leaf physiology and tree growth spreading northwards. Such a tendency towards exacerbated moisture‐sensitive growth and physiology could override positive effects of enhanced leaf intercellular CO2 concentrations, possibly resulting in Europe‐wide declines of forest carbon gain in the coming decades.