bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical pattern of reduced perfusion in hearing loss revealed by ASL‐MRI
Authors: Ponticorvo Sara , Manara Renzo , Pfeuffer Josef , Cappiello Arianna , Cuoco Sofia , Pellecchia Maria Teresa , Saponiero Renato , Troisi Donato , Cassandro Claudia , John Marta , Scarpa Alfonso , Cassandro Ettore , Di Salle Francesco , Esposito Fabrizio
Published: February 2019

Age‐related hearing loss (HL) can be related to brain dysfunction or structural damage and may result in cerebral metabolic/perfusion abnormalities. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows investigating noninvasively brain perfusion changes. Pseudocontinuous ASL and T1‐weighted MRI (at 3 T) and neuropsychological testing (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were performed in 31 HL (age range = 47–77 years, mean age ± SD = 63.4 ± 8.4 years, pure‐tone average [PTA] HL > 50 dB) and 28 normal hearing (NH; age range = 48–78 years, mean age ± SD = 59.7 ± 7.4 years) subjects. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and gray matter volume (GMV) were analyzed in the cortical volume to assess perfusion and structural group differences. Two HL subjects showing cognitive impairment were excluded from group comparisons. No significant differences in either global or local atrophy were detected between groups but the HL group exhibited significant regional effects of reduced perfusion within the bilateral primary auditory cortex, with maximal CBF difference (−17.2%) in the right lateral Heschl's gyrus. For the whole sample of HL and NH subjects (n = 59 = 31 HL + 28 NH), the regional CBF was correlated positively to the regional GMV (p = 0.020). In HL subjects (n = 31), the regional CBF was correlated negatively to the audiogram steepness (frequency range: 2–4 kHz, right ear: p = 0.022, left ear: p = 0.015). The observed cortical pattern of perfusion reduction suggests that neuronal metabolism can be related to HL before the recognition of brain structural damage. This also illustrates the potential of ASL‐MRI to contribute early functional markers of reduced central processing associated with HL.
Numerical study of mixed convective heat transfer in a lid‐driven enclosure with rotating cylinders
Authors: Dalvi Shubham , Bali Snehal , Nayka Divyesh , Kale Suraj H. , Gohil Trushar B.
Published: February 2019

A numerical simulation is performed to characterize the mixed convective transport in a three‐dimensional square lid‐driven enclosure with two rotating cylinders. The top wall is moving in the positive x‐direction, and the bottom wall is at a higher fixed temperature compared with all other isothermal walls. Both cylinders are rotating in its own plane about their centroidal axis. On the basis of rotation of both cylinders in clockwise or counter‐clockwise directions, four rotational models are studied. Various controlling parameters considered in the present study are Grashof number (10
3 < 
Gr < 10
5), rotating speed of the cylinder (5 < 
ω < 50), and the Reynolds number based on top wall movement is fixed to 100. The effect of cylinder rotation on the heat transfer of bottom wall is reported with the help of streamlines, contour plots of
z‐component of vorticity, averaged and local Nusselt number, ratios of secondary flow and drag coefficient. It is observed that the heat transfer at the bottom wall is substantially dependent on the rotational model and rotational speed of the cylinder.
The enigmatic role of matrix metalloproteinases in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of oral squamous cell carcinoma: Implications and nutraceutical aspects
Authors: Ricci Serena , Pinto Federica , Auletta Adelaide , Giordano Antonio , Giovane Alfonso , Settembre Giuliana , Boccellino Mariarosaria , Boffo Silvia , Di Carlo Angelina , Di Domenico Marina
Published: February 2019

The most prevalent malignancy in the oral cavity is represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma, an aggressive disease mostly detected in low‐income communities. This neoplasia is mostly diffused in older men particularly exposed to risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and a diet rich in fatty foods and poor in vegetables. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, a wide range of matrix‐cleaving proteinases are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling of cancer microenvironment. In particular, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent the major and most investigated protagonists. Owing to their strong involvement in malignant pathologies, MMPs are considered the most promising new biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. The interest in studying MMPs in oral cancer biology is also owing to their prominent role in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is an intricate process involving different complex pathways. EMT‐related proteins are attractive diagnostic biomarkers that characterize the activation of biological events that promote cancer's aggressive expansion. Different antioncogenic natural compounds have been investigated to counteract oral carcinogenesis, with the scope of obtaining better clinical results and lower morbidity. In particular, we describe the role of different nutraceuticals used for the regulation of MMP‐related invasion and proliferation of oral cancer cells.
Generation of Fam83h knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene engineering
Authors: Nasseri Sherko , Nikkho Bahram , Parsa Sara , Ebadifar Asghar , Soleimani Farzad , Rahimi Karim , Vahabzadeh Zakaria , Khadem‐Erfan Mohammad Bagher , Rostamzadeh Jalal , Baban Babak , Banafshi Omid , Assadollahi Vahideh , Mirzaie Sako , Fathi Fardin
Published: February 2019

Family with sequence similarity 83 member H (FAM83H) protein‐coding geneplay an essential role in the structural organization, calcification of developing enamel, and keratin cytoskeleton disassembly by recruiting Casein kinase 1 alpha (CSNK1A1) to keratin filaments. In this study, we have applied CRISPR Cas9 nickase (D10A) to knockout (KO) the
Fam83h gene in NMRI outbred mice. We generated homozygous
Fam83h KO mice (
Fam83h
Ko/Ko) through a premature termination codon, which was validated by Sanger sequencing in F0 generation. Next, we also bred the
FAM83H KO for two generations. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis approved the Fam83h KO mice. The
Fam83h KO mice had evidence of normal morphology at the cervical loops, secretory and maturation stages, and mandibular molars. In comparison with the normal wild‐type mice (
Fam83h
W/W), the F2 homozygous KO (
Fam83h
Ko/Ko) had sparse, scruffy coats with small body size and decreased general activity. Also, they had the natural reproductive ability and natural lifespan. In addition, delay in opening the eyes and dry eyes among infant mice were seen. The F1 heterozygous mice looked comparable to the normal wild‐type mice (
Fam83h
W/W), which showed autosomal recessive inheritance of these phenotypes. The KO of
FAM83H had controversial effects on the development of teeth and the formation of enamel. The phenotype defect in dental development and the enamel formation were seen in three mice among four generations. It can be concluded that null
FAM83H in outbred mice not only showed the reported phenotypes in null inbred mouse but also showed normal lifespan and reproductive ability; dental deficiency in three homozygous mice; and the symptoms that were similar to the symptoms of dry eye syndrome and curly coat dog syndrome in all four evaluated KO generations.
Protective effect of Abutilon indicum against lead‐induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats
Authors: R. Santhoshkumar , S. Asha Devi
Published: February 2019

Despite ample literature on the toxic impact of lead on the environment and health, the exact mechanism of pathogenesis/toxicity is not clearly known. Because it is well established that lead induces oxidative stress, it is assumed that exposure to antioxidants may reduce the toxic impact of lead. In this study, we evaluated the impact of coadministration of the methanolic root extract of a plant Abutilon indicum (50, 100, 200 mg kg
−1b.wt.) in mitigating the toxic impact of lead on the reproductive system of rats. In brief, Wistar rats were exposed to lead acetate in drinking water with or without coadministration of plant root extract and compared with that of control animals. After 45 days of exposure as outlined above, the animals were killed and the reproductive toxicity was assessed by sperm parameters, hormone and antioxidant enzyme assays, and testis histopathology. Significant reduction in testis weight, sperm count, testosterone levels, and antioxidant enzymes levels such as Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione peroxidase was seen in lead‐treated animals, confirming the toxic impact. The coadministration of A. Indicum (100 and 200 mg kg
−1b.wt.) was found to bring the studied parameters close to the levels seen in untreated (control) animals. Our findings are indicative of the protective nature of A. Indicum against lead‐induced reproductive toxicity in a dose‐dependent manner. However, further characterization of the root extract is required to elucidate the probable mechanism of protection.
Paeonol reverses promoting effect of the HOTAIR/miR‐124/Notch1 axis on renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model
Authors: Zhou Hao , Qiu Zhen‐Zhen , Yu Zuo‐Hua , Gao Lin , He Ji‐Ming , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Zheng Jian
Published: February 2019

Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a common manifestation of inflammatory and noninflammatory renal diseases, which correlates to renal excretory dysfunction. Recently, the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of various renal diseases. Here, we aim to determine whether paeonol (PAE) affects RIF with involvement of the lncRNA HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR)/microRNA‐124 (miR‐124)/Notch1 axis. RIF rat models were established by performing unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO), in which interactions between HOTAIR, Notch1, and miR‐124 were determined. To identify the roles of PAE and HOTAIR in RIF, rats were injected with HOTAIR or PAE. Subsequently, to further investigate the underlying mechanism of PAE in RIF, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐ and migration‐related genes in NRK‐49F cells were measured. Next, rats were further treated with IMR‐1 (inhibitor of the Notch1/Jagged1 signaling pathway) to determine how PAE influences the Notch1/Jagged1 signaling pathway. HOTAIR interacted with miR‐124, and miR‐124 directly targeted Notch1, and HOTAIR was observed to be upregulated in RIF rats. PAE was found to decrease HOTAIR and Notch1 expression but to increase the miR‐124 expression in RIF rats. PAE inhibited EMT and migration of NRK‐49F cells facilitated by HOTAIR. HOTAIR activated the Notch1/Jagged1 signaling pathway by downregulating miR‐124, while PAE reversed these effects of HOTAIR on the Notch1/Jagged1 signaling pathway. Overall, our study demonstrates the contributory effect of lncRNA HOTAIR on RIF by activating the Notch1/Jagged1 signaling pathway via inhibition of miR‐124, whereas administration of PAE can alleviate the effects of HOTAIR on RIF.
Enhancement of tenogenic differentiation of rat tendon‐derived stem cells by biglycan
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Jing , Qing Quan , Zhang Ya‐Jing , Ning Liang‐Ju , Cui Jing , Yao Xuan , Luo Jing‐Cong , Ding Wei , Qin Ting‐Wu
Published: February 2019

Biglycan (BGN) has been identified as one of the critical components of the tendon‐derived stem cells (TDSCs) niche and may be related to tendon formation. However, so far, no study has demonstrated whether the soluble BGN could induce the tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BGN on the tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs. The proliferation and tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs exposed to different concentrations of BGN (0, 50, 100, and 500 ng/ml) were determined by the live/dead cell staining assay, CCK‐8 assay, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and western blot analysis. The BGN signaling pathway of TDSCs (with and without 50 ng/ml of BGN) was determined by western blot analysis and qRT‐PCR analysis. At a concentration of 50 ng/ml, BGN increased the expression of the tenogenic markers THBS‐4 and TNMD at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Meanwhile, 50 ng/ml of BGN inhibited the expression of the chondrogenic and osteogenic markers SOX9, ACN, and RUNX2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, BGN (50 ng/ml) affected the expression of the components of the extracellular matrix of TDSCs. Additionally, BGN activated the Smad1/5/8 pathway as indicated by an increase in phosphorylation and demonstrated by inhibition experiments. Upregulation in the gene expression of BMP‐associated receptors (BMPRII, ActR‐IIa, and BMPR‐Ib) and Smad pathway components (Smad4 and 8) was observed. Taken together, BGN regulates tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs via BMP7/Smad1/5/8 pathway and this regulation may provide a basic insight into treating tendon injury.
Factor VIII and vWF deficiency in STT3A‐CDG
Authors: Chang Irene J. , Byers Heather M. , Ng Bobby G. , Merritt John Lawrence , Gilmore Reid , Shrimal Shiteshu , Wei Wei , Zhang Yuan , Blair Amanda B. , Freeze Hudson H. , Zhang Bin , Lam Christina
Published: January 2019

STT3A‐CDG (OMIM# 615596) is an autosomal recessive N‐linked glycosylation disorder characterized by seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and a type I carbohydrate deficient transferrin pattern. All previously reported cases (n = 6) have been attributed to a homozygous pathogenic missense variant c.1877C>T (p.Val626Ala) in STT3A. We describe a patient with a novel homozygous likely pathogenic missense variant c.1079A>C (p.Tyr360Ser) who presents with chronically low Factor VIII (FVIII) and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) levels and activities in addition to the previously reported symptoms of developmental delay and seizures. VWF in our patient's plasma is present in a mildly hypoglycosylated form. FVIII antigen levels were too low to quantify in our patient. Functional studies with STT3A−/− HEK293 cells showed severely reduced FVIII antigen and activity levels in conditioned media <10% expected, but normal intracellular levels. We also show decreased glycosylation of STT3A‐specific acceptors in fibroblasts from our patient, providing a mechanistic explanation for how STT3A deficiency leads to a severe defect in FVIII secretion. Our results suggest that certain STT3A‐dependent N‐glycans are required for efficient FVIII secretion, and the decreased FVIII level in our patient is a combined effect of both severely impaired FVIII secretion and lower plasma VWF level. Our report expands both the genotype and phenotype of STT3A‐CDG; demonstrating, as in most types of CDG, that there are multiple disease‐causing variants in STT3A.
MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations
Authors: Mervak Benjamin M. , Altun Ersan , McGinty Katrina A. , Hyslop W. Brian , Semelka Richard C. , Burke Lauren M.
Published: January 2019

There is a constantly evolving knowledgebase regarding the safety of MRI in pregnant patients, as well as the safety of gadolinium administration, given potential fetal risks. This review provides an overview of national and international recommendations for patient screening and safety by trimester, evaluates the most recent literature regarding administration of gadolinium in pregnant patients, and discusses technical requirements when imaging pregnant patients. A protocol for imaging pregnant patients is provided, and multiple common indications for MRI in pregnancy are discussed.

Level of Evidence 5.

Technical Efficacy Stage 5.

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:621–631.
Analysis of aortic pressure fields from 4D flow MRI in healthy volunteers: Associations with age and left ventricular remodeling
Authors: Bouaou Kevin , Bargiotas Ioannis , Dietenbeck Thomas , Bollache Emilie , Soulat Gilles , Craiem Damian , Houriez‐Gombaud‐Saintonge Sophia , De Cesare Alain , Gencer Umit , Giron Alain , Redheuil Alban , Messas Emmanuel , Lucor Didier , Mousseaux Elie , Kachenoura Nadjia
Published: February 2019

Background

Aging‐related arterial stiffness is associated with substantial changes in global and local arterial pressures. The subsequent early return of reflected pressure waves leads to an elevated left ventricular (LV) afterload and ultimately to a deleterious concentric LV remodeling.

Purpose

To compute aortic time‐resolved pressure fields of healthy subjects from 4D flow MRI and to define relevant pressure‐based markers while investigating their relationship with age, LV remodeling, as well as tonometric augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV).

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Forty‐seven healthy subjects (age: 49.5 ± 18 years, 24 women).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T/4D flow MRI.

Assessment

Spatiotemporal pressure fields were computed by integrating velocity‐derived pressure gradients using Navier–Stokes equations, while assuming zero pressure at the sino‐tubular junction. To quantify aortic pressure spatiotemporal variations, we defined the following markers: 1) volumetric aortic pressure propagation rates ΔP
E1/ΔV and ΔP
E2/ΔV, representing variations of early and late systolic relative pressure peaks along the aorta, respectively, according to the cumulated aortic volume; 2) ΔA
PE1‐PE2 defined in four aortic regions as the absolute difference between early and late systolic relative pressure peaks amplitude.

Statistical Tests

Linear regression, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Bland–Altman analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results

Spatiotemporal variations of aortic pressure peaks were moderately to highly reproducible (ICC ≥0.50) and decreased significantly with age, in terms of absolute magnitude: ΔP
E1/ΔV (r = 0.70, P < 0.005), ΔP
E2/ΔV (r = –0.45, P < 0.005) and ΔA
PE1‐PE2 (|r| > 0.39, P < 0.005). ΔP
E1/ΔV was associated with LV remodeling (r = 0.53, P < 0.001) and ascending aorta ΔA
PE1‐PE2 was associated with AIx (r = –0.59, P < 0.001). Both associations were independent of age and systolic blood pressures. Only weak associations were found between pressure indices and PWV (r ≤ 0.40).

Data Conclusion

4D flow MRI relative aortic pressures were consistent with physiological knowledge as demonstrated by their significant volumetric and temporal variations with age and their independent association with LV remodeling and augmentation index.

Level of Evidence 2

Technical Efficacy Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:982–993.
Elevated diastolic wall shear stress in regurgitant semilunar valvular lesions
Authors: Rizk Judy , Latus Heiner , Shehu Nerejda , Mkrtchyan Naira , Zimmermann Judith , Martinoff Stefan , Ewert Peter , Hennemuth Anja , Stern Heiko , Meierhofer Christian
Published: February 2019

Background

Alterations in wall shear stress (WSS) assessed using 4D flow MRI have been shown to play a role in various vascular pathologies, such as bicuspid aortic valve aortopathy. Most studies have focused on systolic WSS, whereas altered diastolic hemodynamics in regurgitant semilunar valvular lesions have not so far been well characterized.

Purpose

To investigate diastolic WSS in aortic and pulmonary regurgitation.

Study Type

Retrospective data analysis.

Population

Thirty tetralogy of Fallot patients, 19 bicuspid aortic valve patients, 11 healthy volunteers.

Field Strength/Sequence

5 T, 3D time‐resolved phase‐contrast MRI with 3D velocity encoding.

Assessment

Estimation of WSS and its axial and circumferential vector components along cardiac cycle timeframes in the proximal main pulmonary artery in pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and in the proximal ascending aorta in aortic regurgitation (AR) as well as in healthy volunteers.

Statistical Tests

Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for intra‐group comparisons and Mann–Whitney test for intergroup comparisons. Correlations were assessed using Spearman correlation.

Results

WSS along the entire cardiac cycle was higher in PR and AR in comparison with controls (mean WSS 0.381 ± 0.070 vs. 0.220 ± 0.018, P < 0.0001; 0.361 ± 0.099 vs. 0.212 ± 0.030, P < 0.0001; respectively). Peak diastolic WSS was significantly higher than the mean WSS in AR and PR (P < 0.0001–0.005). The severity of PR correlated with the peak diastolic axial WSS (Spearman's r
s = 0.454, P = 0.018), whereas the severity of AR correlated with both peak systolic and diastolic tangential WSS (Spearman's r
s = 0.458, P = 0.049; r
s = 0.539, P = 0.017, respectively).

Data Conclusion

Elevated diastolic WSS is a component of the altered flow hemodynamics in AR and PR. This may give more insight into the pathophysiologic role of WSS in vascular remodeling in AR and PR.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy Stage: 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:763–770.
Left atrial appendage closure device implantation guided with fluoroscopy only: Long‐term results
Authors: Yuniadi Yoga , Hanafy Dicky A. , Raharjo Sunu B. , Yugo Dony
Published: February 2019

Background

Left atrial appendage (LAA) closure device is an alternative to anticoagulants for stroke prevention in selected atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The LAA device implantation is safe with short period of learning curve. The standard implantation technique warrants a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guided and general anesthesia. In region of Asia Pacific as well as Indonesia, both TEE and general anesthesia are not always available in district hospital. We studied the safety and efficacy of Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) implantation guided by fluoroscopy only and without general anesthesia.

Methods

Consecutive nonvalvular AF patients with CHA2DS2VASc score of ≥2 and HASBLED score of ≥3 are participated. Patients requiring long‐life anticoagulant for any other indication are excluded. The choice of implanted first or second‐generation ACP is that with excess size of 2‐4 mm of measured landing zone diameter.

Results

Twenty‐five subjects were implanted ACP by means fluoroscopy only (Group A) and 28 subjects using standard technique group (Group B). The median AF duration was 36 months (6‐276 months) and majority of patients (49%) are having permanent AF. The mean CHA2DS2VASc score is 3.9 ± 1.63. Successful implantation of ACPs was 96% in both groups. Nonfatal pericardial effusion occurred in three patients. During 75 weeks of follow‐up period, there were no significant differences of stroke event and death between groups.

Conclusion

ACP implantation guided with fluoroscopy only is feasible and safe.
Observed rainfall asymmetry of tropical cyclone in the process of making landfall in Guangdong, south China
Authors: Wen Guanhuan , Huang Gang , Huang Huijun , Liu Chunxia , Bi Xueyan
Published: February 2019

This study investigates the rainfall asymmetry of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the process of making landfall in Guangdong (GD), south China, on the basis of satellite‐based and reanalysis precipitation data. We mainly focus on TC rainfall asymmetry, its main influencing factor and its change in the process of landfall, and the difference between different El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. The results reveal that vertical wind shear (VWS) is the dominant influencing factor of TC rainfall asymmetry in GD. The rainfall maximum is located in downshear left of VWS. The TC rainfall asymmetry has little change in the process of making landfall, though the rain rate decreases. Both the phase and amplitude of TC rainfall asymmetry have no significant change from 24 hr prior to landfall to 12 hr after landfall. The rainfall maximum steadily lies in downshear left. The amplitude of rainfall asymmetry is about 50%, suggesting that the asymmetric rainfall is about half of the axisymmetric rainfall. There is no obvious difference in TC rainfall asymmetry between El Niño, La Niña, and neutral years.
Is EGFR really a therapeutic target in head and neck cancers?
Authors: Agarwal Vijay , Subash Anand , Nayar Ravi C. , Rao Vishal
Published: January 2019

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 90% to 100% of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The overexpression of EGFR and its ligand transforming growth factor is associated with poorer survival. EGFR inhibitors such as Cetuximab (Erbitux) have shown a significant antitumoral effect in SCCHN and has improved locoregional control and as well as survival. Even though there was some success with Cetuximab, work with other EGFR inhibition has not been very fruitful and not really shown any promise. Mechanism of action of Cetuximab could be immune‐mediated rather than EGFR inhibition and EGFR may not necessarily be a therapeutic target in SCCHN.
In‐office treatment of nasal valve obstruction using a novel, bipolar radiofrequency device
Authors: Jacobowitz Ofer , Driver Mark , Ephrat Moshe
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To assess the safety and effectiveness of in‐office bipolar radiofrequency treatment of nasal valve obstruction

Study Design

Prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter case series

Methods

Adult patients with a Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale (NOSE) score ≥60 were selected. Patients were clinically diagnosed with dynamic or static internal nasal valve obstruction as primary or significant contributor to obstruction and were required to have a positive response to nasal mechanical dilators or lateralization maneuvers. Bilateral radio‐frequency treatment was applied intranasally using a novel device, under local anesthesia in a single session. Safety and tolerance were assessed by event reporting, inspection, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain. Efficacy was determined using the NOSE score and patient‐reported satisfaction survey at 26 weeks.

Results

Fifty patients were treated. No device or procedure‐related serious adverse events occurred. Soreness, edema, and crusting resolved by 1 month. The mean baseline NOSE score was 79.9 (SD 10.8, range 60–100), and all had severe or extreme obstruction. At 26 weeks, mean NOSE score was 69% lower at 24.7 (P < .0001) with 95% two‐sided confidence intervals 48.5 to 61.1 for decrease. The decrease in NOSE score did not differ significantly between patients who did or did not have prior nasal surgery. Patient satisfaction mean by survey was 8.2 of 10.

Conclusion

In office treatment of internal nasal valve obstruction using a bipolar radiofrequency device is safe and well‐tolerated. Nasal obstruction, as assessed using the NOSE questionnaire at 26 weeks, was markedly improved with high patient satisfaction.

Level of Evidence

2b, prospective cohort
Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review
Authors: Osoba Muyinat Y. , Rao Ashwini K. , Agrawal Sunil K. , Lalwani Anil K.
Published: February 2019

Background

The prevalence of balance and gait deficits increases with age and is associated with the increased incidence of falls seen in the elderly population; these falls are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Objectives

To review changes in gait and balance associated with aging and the effect of visual perturbations on gait and balance in the elderly to provide a basis for future research.

Methods

PubMed and Cochrane Library were searched for articles from 1980 to present pertaining to gait and balance in older adults (>60) and younger adults (<60). Search terms included balance, posture, gait, locomotion, gait variability, gait disorders, gait disturbance, elderly, aging, falls, vision, visual, vestibular, and virtual reality. The references section of queried articles was also used to find relevant studies. Studies were excluded if subjects had a diagnosed gait or balance disorder.

Results

Elderly adults show age‐related decline in sensory systems and reduced ability to adapt to changes in their environment to maintain balance. Elderly adults are particularly dependent on vision to maintain postural stability. Distinct changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters are associated with aging, such as slower gait and increased gait variability, which are amplified with exposure to visual perturbations. Increased gait variability, specifically with mediolateral perturbations, poses a particular challenge for elderly adults and is linked to increased falls risk. Virtual reality training has shown promising effects on balance and gait.

Conclusion

Elderly adults show age‐related decline in balance and gait with increased gait variability and an associated increased risk of falls.

Level of Evidence

5
Sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 in siliciclastic subterranean estuaries
Authors: Pain Andrea J. , Martin Jonathan B. , Young Caitlin R.
Published: February 2019

Anthropogenic production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has intensified the need to constrain estimates of natural atmospheric sources from both terrestrial and marine systems. Estuaries are known sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4); however, less is known about GHG dynamics in subterranean estuaries (STEs). We evaluate CO2 and CH4 dynamics in three proximal STEs bordering Indian River Lagoon, Florida, where groundwater flows through siliciclastic sediments with minor carbonate mineral contents. Although the three STEs have similar mineralogical and flow characteristics, CO2 and CH4 concentrations vary by orders of magnitude. Nonconservative mixing of both gases is observed, and CH4 is generally produced while CO2 is sequestered. The extent of methanogenesis is linked to the redox potential of inflowing groundwaters, as well as degree of CH4 oxidation, which results mostly from anaerobic oxidation of methane. Methane concentrations vary by orders of magnitude, and stable isotopic signatures suggest differences in the microbial production pathway between sites. CO2 is sequestered due to the production of alkalinity relative to dissolved inorganic carbon, which occurs both through rapid CaCO3 dissolution at the shoreline as low‐pH groundwater from the siliciclastic aquifer interacts with carbonate minerals in lagoon sediments, as well as redox reactions, particularly sulfate reduction and denitrification. These results demonstrate a high variability in CO2 and CH4 concentrations, and thus fluxes, even among geographically constrained and hydrogeologically similar STEs. Although STEs are sources of both CO2 and CH4 to surface waters, the variability of production and consumption complicates global estimates of GHG fluxes from STEs.
What the bubble knows: Lake methane dynamics revealed by sediment gas bubble composition
Authors: Langenegger T. , Vachon D. , Donis D. , McGinnis D. F.
Published: February 2019

Atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations have more than doubled in the past ~ 250 yr, although the sources of this potent greenhouse gas remain poorly constrained. Freshwaters contribute ~ 20% of natural CH4 emissions, about half attributed to ebullition. Estimates remain uncertain as ebullition is stochastic, making measurements difficult, time consuming, and costly with current methods (e.g., floating chambers, funnel gas traps, and hydroacoustics). We present a novel approach to quantify basin‐wide hypolimnetic CH4 fluxes at the sediment level based on measurements of bubble gas content and modeling of dissolved pore‐water gases. We show that the relative ebullition flux pathway can be resolved by knowledge of only bubble gas content. As sediment CH4 production, diffusion, and ebullition are interrelated, the addition of a second observation allows closing the entire sediment CH4 balance. Such measurements could include bubble formation depth, sediment diffusive fluxes, ebullition, sediment CH4 production, or the hypolimnetic CH4 mass balance. The measurement of bubble gas content is particularly useful for identifying local ebullitive hotspots and integrating spatial heterogeneity of CH4 fluxes. Our results further revealed the crucial effect of water column depth, production rates, and hypolimnetic dissolved CH4 concentrations on sediment CH4 dynamics. Although we apply the model to cohesive sediments in an anoxic hypolimnion, the model can be applied to shallow, oxic settings by altering the CH4 production rate curve to account for oxidation. Utilizing our approach will provide a deeper understanding of in‐lake CH4 budgets, and thus improve CH4 emission estimates from inland freshwaters at the regional and global scales.
Some approximation properties by a class of bivariate operators
Authors: Acu Ana Maria , Acar Tuncer , Muraru Carmen‐Violeta , Radu Voichiţa Adriana
Published: February 2019

Starting with the well‐ known Bernstein operators, in the present paper, we give a new generalization of the bivariate type. The approximation properties of this new class of bivariate operators are studied. Also, the extension of the proposed operators, namely, the generalized Boolean sum (GBS) in the Bögel space of continuous functions is given. In order to underline the fact that in this particular case, GBS operator has better order of convergence than the original ones, some numerical examples are provided with the aid of Maple soft. Also, the error of approximation for the modified Bernstein operators and its GBS‐type operator are compared.
Challenges and Obstacles of Long‐Term Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Kumpf Vanessa J.
Published: February 2019

Patients receiving long‐term home parenteral nutrition (HPN) and clinicians managing their care face complex challenges not fully addressed by existing clinical practice guidelines. This review aims to increase awareness of some of the challenges encountered when managing patients receiving HPN and provide strategies for management. The ability to optimally manage these patients starts with involvement of a qualified team of clinicians, which is sometimes difficult to find. There are unique challenges related to the parenteral nutrition (PN) prescribing and compounding process that are not typically encountered with inpatient use. Clear communication is required between the HPN prescriber/team and the home infusion pharmacist to prevent errors related to misinterpretation of the order and PN product shortages. Dependency on HPN and living with chronic disease create a number of psychosocial, financial, and other lifestyle restrictions that can negatively impact a patient's quality of life. HPN nonadherence is a challenge that complicates the clinician's ability to accurately assess and make appropriate adjustments to therapy. HPN adherence may be improved by incorporating a patient‐centered approach to care that allows patients to prioritize those issues most meaningful and valuable to them. Patient‐centered care also encourages self‐care and relies on a high level of HPN education. Clinicians are encouraged to use an interactive interview style when engaging patients to prioritize goals of care and make self‐motivated decisions for change. In spite of challenges, HPN therapy has allowed patients the ability to maintain adequate nutrition and thrive in the home setting when the oral/enteral route fails.
Compressive properties of magnetorheological elastomer with different magnetic fields and types of filler
Authors: Lee Jin Yong , Kumar Vineet , Lee Dong‐Joo
Published: February 2019

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) specimens were prepared to find the optimum compressive characteristics using different types and amounts of iron powder. A magnetic field of up to 2 T was applied during vulcanization. Among the four types of iron powders, the specimen with round‐shaped carbonyl iron powder and small grain size shows higher magnetic effects than that with bigger and irregularly shaped electrolyte iron powder. However, the compressive modulus of the rubber with electrolyte iron powder is higher without magnetic treatment at a given amount. In general, the bigger and irregularly shaped iron particles tend to move slowly and produce nonuniform distribution when a magnetic field is applied. The experimental results show that the mechanical properties are better when applying a magnetic field of 1.5 T compared with 2.0 T during the specimen vulcanization. Applying a magnetic field of 300 mT during the compression test enhanced the compressive modulus by 12% to 15%. The rate of increase of the modulus decreased exponentially with prestrain.
Photodegradable transient bilayered poly(phthalaldehyde) with improved shelf life
Authors: Jiang Jisu , Phillips Oluwadamilola , Engler Anthony , Vong Man Hou , Kohl Paul A.
Published: February 2019

Metastable poly(phthalaldehyde) (PPHA) can be triggered to depolymerize under visible light by incorporation of photosensitive compounds, such as a photoacid generator (PAG), which can generate a strong acid in situ. However, photosensitive compounds can be thermally unstable and have limited shelf life, causing inadvertent device triggering. It can also be difficult to fabricate components that are photosensitive because special lighting conditions are needed. In this paper, nonphotosensitive PPHA films were formed and made photosensitive at the point of use. This improved the material shelf life and manufacturability by adding a second, PAG‐containing layer to the original nonphotosensitive layer at an optimal point before use. The catalytic photoacid was generated rapidly by exposure of the PAG‐containing layer to radiation. Depolymerization of PPHA via the acid catalyst was followed by diffusion of the acid into the nonphotosensitive layer causing it to depolymerize. Diffusion of the photoacid into the nonphotosensitive medium was quantified at various temperatures. Photoacid diffusion in a liquid, moving‐front caused depolymerization of the nonphotosensitive PPHA layer. The fabricated bilayer structure allowed for better stability of the structural material using PPHA while still achieving transience.
Evaluating the electrochemical properties of PEO‐based nanofibrous electrolytes incorporated with TiO2 nanofiller applicable in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Banitaba Seyedeh Nooshin , Semnani Dariush , Rezaei Behzad , Ensafi Ali Asghar
Published: February 2019

In the present work, nanofibrous composite polymer electrolytes consist of polyethylene oxide (PEO), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were designed using response surface method (RSM) and synthesized via an electrospinning process. Morphological properties of the as‐prepared electrolytes were studied using SEM. FTIR spectroscopy was conducted to investigate the interaction between the components of the composites. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.085 mS.cm−1 was obtained with incorporation of 0.175 wt. % TiO2 filler into the plasticized nanofibrous electrolyte by EC. Moreover, the optimum structure was compared with a film polymeric electrolyte prepared using a film casting method. Despite more amorphous structure of the film electrolyte, the nanofibrous electrolyte showed superior ion conductivity possibly due to the highly porous structure of the nanofibrous membranes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties illustrated slight deterioration with incorporation of the TiO2 nanoparticles into the electrospun electrolytes. This investigation indicated the great potential of the electrospun structures as all‐solid‐state polymeric electrolytes applicable in lithium ion batteries.
The pathological features of regulated necrosis
Authors: Tonnus Wulf , Meyer Claudia , Paliege Alexander , Belavgeni Alexia , von Mässenhausen Anne , Bornstein Stefan R , Hugo Christian , Becker Jan Ulrich , Linkermann Andreas
Published: February 2019

Necrosis of a cell is defined by the loss of its plasma membrane integrity. Morphologically, necrosis occurs in several forms such as coagulative necrosis, colliquative necrosis, caseating necrosis, fibrinoid necrosis, and others. Biochemically, necrosis was demonstrated to represent a number of genetically determined signalling pathways. These include (i) kinase‐mediated necroptosis, which depends on receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)‐mediated phosphorylation of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL); (ii) gasdermin‐mediated necrosis downstream of inflammasomes, also referred to as pyroptosis; and (iii) an iron‐catalysed mechanism of highly specific lipid peroxidation named ferroptosis. Given the molecular understanding of the nature of these pathways, specific antibodies may allow direct detection of regulated necrosis and correlation with morphological features. Necroptosis can be specifically detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence employing antibodies to phosphorylated MLKL. Likewise, it is possible to generate cleavage‐specific antibodies against epitopes in gasdermin protein family members. In ferroptosis, however, specific detection requires quantification of oxidative lipids by mass spectrometry (oxylipidomics). Together with classical cell death markers, such as TUNEL staining and detection of cleaved caspase‐3 in apoptotic cells, the extension of the arsenal of necrosis markers will allow pathological detection of specific molecular pathways rather than isolated morphological descriptions. These novel pieces of information will be extraordinarily helpful for clinicians as inhibitors of necroptosis (necrostatins), ferroptosis (ferrostatins), and inflammasomes have emerged in clinical trials. Anatomical pathologists should embrace these novel ancillary tests and the concepts behind them and test their impact on diagnostic precision, prognostication, and the prediction of response to the upcoming anti‐necrotic therapies. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of styrene addition on chemically induced grafting of 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride onto low‐density polyethylene for anion exchange membrane preparation
Authors: Chen Zhichao , Huang Di , Hwang Jiann‐Yang
Published: February 2019

Anion exchange membranes were prepared from graft polymerization of 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride on low‐density polyethylene matrix and subsequent amination with trimethylamine solution. The graft polymerization was initiated by benzoyl peroxide instead of gamma ray radiation. The resulting membranes had insufficient anion exchange functional groups; however, this could be enhanced by adding 10% styrene to 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride in a graft polymerization reaction. Further addition of styrene resulted in a decrease of the ion exchange capacity of anion exchange membranes due to competition with 4‐vinylbenzyl chloride in graft polymerization onto polyethylene. These were evidenced by analytical titration, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Plasma polymerization using helium atmospheric‐pressure plasma jet with heptylamine monomer
Authors: Doherty Kyle G. , Oh Jun‐Seok , Unsworth Paul , Sheridan Carl M. , Weightman Peter , Bradley James W. , Williams Rachel L.
Published: February 2019

Atmospheric‐pressure plasma jets can be used to modify surfaces in a spatially‐defined manner. Operating these jets in air is an efficient surface modification tool, however the resulting surface chemistries are limited by the plasma gases. In this study we demonstrate that plasma polymerization with heptylamine on polystyrene (PS) surfaces, using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), can enable mammalian cell attachment and growth. Importantly, the addition of the heptylamine monomer, in a helium carrier‐gas, altered the spatially‐defined treatment area in comparison to treatment with a helium plasma alone.
The Short‐chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Engineering Database (SDRED): A classification and analysis system for a highly diverse enzyme family
Authors: Gräff Maike , Buchholz Patrick C.F. , Stockinger Peter , Bommarius Bettina , Bommarius Andreas S. , Pleiss Jürgen
Published: February 2019

The Short‐chain Dehydrogenases/Reductases Engineering Database (SDRED) covers one of the largest known protein families (168 150 proteins). Assignment to the superfamilies of Classical and Extended SDRs was achieved by global sequence similarity and by identification of family‐specific sequence motifs. Two standard numbering schemes were established for Classical and Extended SDRs that allow for the determination of conserved amino acid residues, such as cofactor specificity determining positions or superfamily specific sequence motifs. The comprehensive sequence dataset of the SDRED facilitates the refinement of family‐specific sequence motifs. The glycine‐rich motifs for Classical and Extended SDRs were refined to improve the precision of superfamily classification. In each superfamily, the majority of sequences formed a tightly connected sequence network and belonged to a large homologous family. Despite their different sequence motifs and their different sequence length, the two sequence networks of Classical and Extended SDRs are not separate, but connected by edges at a threshold of 40% sequence similarity, indicating that all SDRs belong to a large, connected network. The SDRED is accessible at https://sdred.biocatnet.de/.
Density Functional Theory Study on Defect Behavior Related to the Bulk Lifetime of Silicon Crystals for Power Device Application
Authors: Tsuchiya Daiki , Sueoka Koji , Yamamoto Hidekazu
Published: February 2019

Among the insulated‐gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and PIN junction diodes, there are devices that the recombination centers, namely lifetime‐control defects, are introduced into phosphorus (P) doped n‐type silicon (Si) crystals by electron beam irradiation. The lifetime‐control defects are considered as they form deep levels such as the vacancy–vacancy (V–V) pair and vacancy–phosphorus (V–P) pair. In the case of using Czochralski Si wafers, it is considered that some pairs of carbon (C), oxygen (O), and their complexes are believed to have a negative impact to the lifetime‐control defects. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to understand the formation behavior of lifetime‐control defects and the formation behavior of complexes composed of C and O atoms believed to interact with lifetime‐control defects. On the basis of these results, DFT calculations related to the structural change of lifetime‐control defects are performed. The most important result is that instead of the interstitial carbon–substitutional carbon (Ci–Cs) pair, the interstitial Ci atom and interstitial carbon–interstitial oxygen (Ci–Oi) pair are the strong candidates to affect controllability of lifetime by interacting with V composed of lifetime‐control defects.
Nonrepetitive trajectory tracking for nonlinear autonomous agents with asymmetric output constraints using parametric iterative learning control
Authors: Jin Xu
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we present a novel parametric iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm to deal with trajectory tracking problems for a class of nonlinear autonomous agents that are subject to actuator faults. Unlike most of the ILC literature, the desired trajectories in this work can be iteration dependent, and the initial position of the agent in each iteration can be random. Both parametric and nonparametric system unknowns and uncertainties, in particular the control input gain functions that are not fully known, are considered. A new type of universal barrier functions is proposed to guarantee the satisfaction of asymmetric constraint requirements, feasibility of the controller, and prescribed tracking performance. We show that under the proposed algorithm, the distance and angle tracking errors can uniformly converge to an arbitrarily small positive number and zero, respectively, over the iteration domain, beyond a small user‐prescribed initial time interval in each iteration. A numerical simulation is presented in the end to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.