bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of nodal staging score in pN0 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A population study from the SEER database and a single‐institution cohort
Authors: Wang Haitong , Yang Yueyang , zhu Kai , Zhu Ningning , Gong Lei , Zhang Hongdian , Ma Mingquan , Ren Peng , Qiao Yufeng , Liu Xiangming , Tang Peng , Yu Zhentao
Published: October 2022

Background

Patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with lymph node metastasis may be misclassified as pN0 due to an insufficient number of lymph nodes examined (LNE). The purpose of this study was to confirm that patients with ESCC are indeed pN0 and to propose an adequate number for the correct nodal stage using the nodal staging score (NSS) developed by the beta‐binomial model.

Methods

A total of 1249 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2000 and 2017, and 1404 patients diagnosed with ESCC in our database between 2005 and 2018 were included. The NSS was developed to assess the probability of pN0 status based on both databases. The effectiveness of NSS was verified using survival analysis, including Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox models.

Results

Many patients were misclassified as pN0 based on our algorithm due to insufficient LNE. As the number of LNE increased, false‐negative findings dropped; accordingly, the NSS increased. In addition, NSS was an independent prognostic indicator for pN0 in patients with ESCC in the SEER database (hazard ratio [HR] 0.182, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.046–0.730, p = 0.016) and our database (HR 0.215, 95% CI 0.055–0.842, p = 0.027). A certain number of nodes must be examined to achieve 90% of the NSS.

Conclusions

NSS could determine the probability of true pN0 status for patients, and it was sufficient in predicting survival and obtaining adequate numbers for lymphadenectomy.
Bayesian models for spatially explicit interactions between neighbouring plants
Authors: Barber Cristina , Zaiats Andrii , Applestein Cara , Rosenthal Lisa , Caughlin T. Trevor
Published: October 2022

Interactions between neighbouring plants drive population and community dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding these interactions is critical for both fundamental and applied ecology. Spatial approaches to model neighbour interactions are necessary, as interaction strength depends on the distance between neighbouring plants. Recent Bayesian advancements, including the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm, offer the flexibility and speed to fit models of spatially explicit neighbour interactions. We present a guide for parameterizing these models in the Stan programming language and demonstrate how Bayesian computation can assist ecological inference on plant–plant interactions.

Modelling plant neighbour interactions presents several challenges for ecological modelling. First, nonlinear models for distance decay can be prone to identifiability problems, resulting in lack of model convergence. Second, the pairwise data structure of plant–plant interaction matrices often leads to large matrices that demand high computational power. Third, hierarchical structure in plant–plant interaction data is ubiquitous, including repeated measurements within field plots, species and individuals. Hierarchical terms (e.g. ‘random effects’) can result in model convergence problems caused by correlations between coefficients. We explore modelling solutions for these challenges with examples representing spatial data on plant demographic rates: growth, survival and recruitment.

We show that ragged matrices reduce computational challenges inherent to pairwise matrices, resulting in higher efficiency across data types. We also demonstrate how metrics for model convergence, including divergent transitions and effective sample size, can help diagnose problems that result from complex nonlinear structures. Finally, we explore when to use different model structures for hierarchical terms, including centred and non‐centred parameterizations. We provide reproducible examples written in Stan to enable ecologists to fit and troubleshoot a broad range of neighbourhood interaction models.

Spatially explicit models are increasingly central to many ecological questions. Our work illustrates how novel Bayesian tools can provide flexibility, speed and diagnostic capacity for fitting plant neighbour models to large, complex datasets. The methods we demonstrate are applicable to any dataset that includes a response variable and locations of observations, from forest inventory plots to remotely sensed imagery. Further developments in statistical models for neighbour interactions are likely to improve our understanding of plant population and community ecology across systems and scales.
Polysubstance use profiles among US adults using Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A latent class analysis using The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
Authors: Falise Alyssa M. , Hoeflich Carolin C. , Nutley Sara K. , Lopez‐Quintero Catalina , Striley Catherine W.
Published: October 2022

Background and Objectives

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use is associated with polysubstance use (PSU) and use disorders. However, additional research on PSU heterogeneity in populations using this novel psychoactive substance is necessary. The authors investigated patterns of past 12‐month PSU among US adults reporting past 12‐month use of kratom and at least one additional substance.

Methods

Latent class models were fit using 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data which was collected from 412 US adults reporting past 12‐month use of kratom and at least one of 11 additional substances.

Results

Three distinct profiles were identified: “marijuana/alcohol/tobacco” (63.3%), “marijuana/alcohol/tobacco + psychedelics” (19.3%), and “marijuana/alcohol/tobacco + psychedelics/heroin/prescriptions” (17.4%).

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

This is the first epidemiological study in which a latent class analysis was used to identify unique PSU profiles among US adults using kratom and other substances. Understanding the profiles of people using kratom in relation to the use of other drugs might help guide screening interventions, treatment needs, and policy.
Moderate hyperuricaemia ameliorated kidney damage in a low‐renin model of experimental renal insufficiency
Authors: Kurra Venla , Eräranta Arttu , Paavonen Timo , Honkanen Teemu , Myllymäki Juhani , Riutta Asko , Tikkanen Ilkka , Lakkisto Päivi , Mustonen Jukka , Pörsti Ilkka
Published: October 2022

Uric acid has promoted renal fibrosis and inflammation in experimental studies, but some studies have shown nephroprotective effects due to alleviated oxidative stress. We studied the influence of experimental hyperuricaemia in surgically 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Three weeks after subtotal nephrectomy or sham operation, the rats were allocated to control diet or 2.0% oxonic acid (uricase inhibitor) diet for 9 weeks. Then blood, urine and tissue samples were taken, and renal morphology and oxidative stress were examined. Inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). Remnant kidney rats ingesting normal or oxonic acid diet presented with ~60% reduction of creatinine clearance and suppressed plasma renin activity. Oxonic acid diet increased plasma uric acid levels by >80 μmol/L. In remnant kidney rats, moderate hyperuricaemia decreased glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage and kidney mast cell count, without influencing the fibrosis marker collagen I messenger RNA (mRNA) content. In both sham‐operated and 5/6 nephrectomized rats, the mast cell product 11‐epi‐prostaglandin‐F2α excretion to the urine and kidney tissue cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) levels were decreased. To conclude, hyperuricaemic remnant kidney rats displayed improved kidney morphology and reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, moderately elevated plasma uric acid had beneficial effects on the kidney in this low‐renin model of experimental renal insufficiency.
The protection afforded by Berberine against chemotherapy‐mediated nephropathy in rats involves regulation of the antioxidant axis
Authors: Alagal Reham I. , AlFaris Nora A. , Alshammari Ghedeir M. , ALTamimi Jozaa Z. , AlMousa Lujain A. , Yahya Mohammed Abdo
Published: October 2022

Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment in cancer patients leads to nephrotoxicity. The nephroprotective effect of Berberine (BBR), a herbal ingredient, is well documented as antioxidant and activation of the Nrf2 signalling. This study aimed to investigate if Nrf2 is a major protective mechanism of BBR in DOX animal models. Rats were divided as (n = 6 each): Control, BBR (100 mg/kg, orally), DOX (15 mg/kg, orally), BBR + DOX, and BBR + DOX + brusatol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p./twice per week) (an Nrf2 inhibitor). DOX was given as a single dose (day 10), whereas BBR was administered for 3 weeks on a daily basis. BBR reduced tubular degeneration and improved renal markers in DOX‐treated rats. It also reduced renal nuclear levels of NF‐κB p65, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), as well as mRNA levels of Bax and cleaved caspase‐3. However, BBR stimulated glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, the transcription of Bcl2, and the mRNA, total cytoplasmic, and nuclear levels of Nrf2 with no effect on the cytoplasmic keap1 levels. All these effects disappeared by brusatol. In conclusion, BBR prevents DOX‐induced renal damage by activating Nrf2.
How Well Can Fine Balance Work for Covariate Balancing
Authors: Yu Ruoqi
Published: October 2022

Fine balance is a matching technique to improve covariate balance in observational studies. It constrains a match to have identical distributions for some covariates without restricting who is matched to whom. However, despite its wide application and excellent performance in practice, there is very little theory indicating when the method is likely to succeed or fail and to what extent it can remove covariate imbalance. In order to answer these questions, this paper studies the limits of what is possible for covariate balancing using fine balance and near-fine balance. The investigations suggest that given the distributions of the treated and control groups, in large samples, the maximum achievable balance by using fine balance only depends on the matching ratio (ie, the ratio of the sample size of the control group to that of the treated group). In addition, the results indicate how to estimate this matching ratio threshold without knowledge of the true distributions in finite samples. The findings are also illustrated by numerical studies in this paper.
Determining the outcomes of urethral construction in phalloplasty
Authors: Paganelli Léna , Morel‐Journel Nicolas , Carnicelli Damien , Ruffion Alain , Boucher Fabien , Maucort‐Boulch Delphine , Paparel Philippe , Terrier Manon , Neuville Paul
Published: October 2022

Objective

To evaluate the surgical and functional outcomes of urethral reconstruction associated with phalloplasty, depending on the surgical techniques and patient history.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a single‐centre retrospective study including 89 patients who underwent phalloplasty with urethral reconstruction between 2007 and 2018. Patients included were trans‐male patients undergoing gender‐affirming surgery and cis‐male patients undergoing penile reconstruction after trauma, congenital malformation, or cancer. Urethral reconstructions were performed by free flap or skin graft (total or thin). Secondary urethroplasty may include direct vision urethrotomy, excision‐anastomosis, or augmentation urethroplasty (skin graft, buccal mucosa graft). Patient demographics, medical history, peri‐ and postoperative data were collected from patient files. Functional results were evaluated using individual questionnaires.

Results

The mean (±sd) follow‐up duration was 5.5 (±3.7) years. No significant difference was found for total urethral complication rate (fistula and/or stricture) according to type of urethral construction (70.9% for free flap urethra vs 73.5% for skin graft urethra; P = 0.911), nor according to the patient's grounds for surgery (72.7% for cis‐male vs 71.8% for trans‐male patients; P = 1). A total of 36 patients (40.5%) answered the functional questionnaire, of whom 80.5% reported usually voiding while standing and 47.5% were comfortable with urinating in public.

Conclusions

Urethral construction in phalloplasty is associated with a high complication and revision rate regardless of the type of urethral reconstruction. Voiding in a standing position is generally possible but should not conceal feeble functional results.
Temporal development of unfavourable urodynamic parameters during the first year after spinal cord injury
Authors: Anderson Collene E. , Kozomara Marko , Birkhäuser Veronika , Bywater Mirjam , Gross Oliver , Kiss Stephan , Knüpfer Stephanie C. , Koschorke Miriam , Leitner Lorenz , Mehnert Ulrich , Sadri Helen , Sammer Ulla , Stächele Lara , Tornic Jure , Liechti Martina D. , Brinkhof Martin W.G. , Kessler Thomas M.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To describe the temporal development of and risk factors for the occurrence of unfavourable urodynamic parameters during the first year after spinal cord injury (SCI).

Patients and Methods

This population‐based longitudinal study used data from 97 adult patients with a single‐event traumatic or ischaemic SCI who underwent video‐urodynamic investigation (UDI) at a university SCI centre. The first occurrences of unfavourable urodynamic parameters (detrusor overactivity combined with detrusor sphincter dyssynergia [DO‐DSD], maximum storage detrusor pressure ≥40 cmH2O, bladder compliance <20 mL/cmH2O, vesico‐ureteric reflux [VUR] and any unfavourable parameter [composite outcome]) were evaluated using time‐to‐event analysis.

Results

The majority of the population (87/97 [90%]) had at least one unfavourable urodynamic parameter. Most unfavourable urodynamic parameters were initially identified during the 1‐ or 3‐month UDI, including 92% of the DO‐DSD (78/85), 82% of the maximum storage pressure ≥40 cmH2O (31/38), and 100% of the VUR (seven of seven) observations. No low bladder compliance was observed. The risk of DO‐DSD was elevated in patients with thoracic SCI compared to those with lumbar SCI (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–4.89). Risk of maximum storage detrusor pressure ≥40 cmH2O was higher in males than females (aHR 8.33, 95% CI 2.51–27.66), in patients with a cervical SCI compared to those with lumbar SCI (aHR 14.89, 95% CI 3.28–67.55), and in patients with AIS Grade B or C compared to AIS Grade D SCI (aHR 6.17, 95% CI 1.78–21.39). No risk factors were identified for the composite outcome of any unfavourable urodynamic parameter.

Conclusions

The first UDI should take place within 3 months after SCI as to facilitate early diagnosis of unfavourable urodynamic parameters and timely treatment. Neuro‐urological guidelines and individualised management strategies for patients with SCI may be strengthened by considering sex and SCI characteristics in the scheduling of UDIs.
Hypothesis review: Alzheimer's overture guidelines
Authors: Ferrer Isidro
Published: October 2022

National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association definition and classification of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is based on the assumption that β‐amyloid drives the pathogenesis of sAD, and therefore, β‐amyloid pathology is the sine‐qua‐non condition for the diagnosis of sAD. The neuropathological diagnosis is based on the concurrence of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) designated as Alzheimer's disease neuropathological changes. However, NFTs develop in the brain decades before the appearance of SPs, and their distribution does not parallel the distribution of SPs. Moreover, NFTs are found in about 85% of individuals at age 65 and around 97% at age 80. SPs occur in 30% at age 65 and 50%–60% at age 80. More than 70 genetic risk factors have been identified in sAD; the encoded proteins modulate cell membranes, synapses, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) overture provides a new concept and definition of brain aging and sAD for further discussion. AD overture proposes that sAD is: (i) a multifactorial and progressive neurodegenerative biological process, (ii) characterized by the early appearance of 3R + 4Rtau NFTs, (iii) later deposition of β‐amyloid and SPs, (iv) with particular non‐overlapped regional distribution of NFTs and SPs, (v) preceded by or occurring in parallel with molecular changes affecting cell membranes, cytoskeleton, synapses, lipid and protein metabolism, energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, cell cycle, astrocytes, microglia, and blood vessels; (vi) accompanied by progressive neuron loss and brain atrophy, (vii) prevalent in human brain aging, and (viii) manifested as pre‐clinical AD, and progressing not universally to mild cognitive impairment due to AD, and mild, moderate, and severe AD dementia.
Parent‐to‐parent support for childhood neurodisability: A qualitative analysis and proposed model of peer support and family resilience
Authors: McCrossin Jeffrey , Lach Lucyna
Published: October 2022

Background

Qualitative studies have shown that peer support is of value to parents and other caregivers of children with neurodisability. However, this value likely cascades to other areas such as family well‐being. There are various forms and functions of peer support, and how they operate is not well understood for this population. Models of family resilience theory can be helpful to situate the impact of parent‐to‐parent peer support processes within a family context to further explain how this type of assistance is beneficial. Our study aimed to describe the specific pathways by which peer support may contribute to resilience in families and how processes embedded in this type of support can enrich family resilience theory.

Methods

Using reflexive thematic analysis, we examined transcripts and notes from 19 interviews with parents of children with neurodisabilities regarding their involvement in a large (n = 300) and predominantly volunteer‐based peer support network in western Canada. Using an inductive coding method, we identified patterns in the data. Following a process of reflection and discussion, we then used a deductive approach to situate themes within a family resilience theoretical framework.

Results

We identified three main themes from the data: Modifying belief systems through shared lived experience; navigating resources; and negotiating resources and engaging in social discourses. These themes confirm previous findings in the literature, and the subthemes demonstrate how they may contribute to broader family‐level experiences beyond that of the parent.

Conclusion

We present a model for understanding how processes in peer support can be understood within a family resilience theoretical framework. We also propose that the reciprocity embedded within peer support builds upon previous concepts within family resilience theory. Future studies can use this theoretical framework to guide research questions to further explore the effects of peer support at the family and community levels.
Transition care for adolescents and young adults with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A descriptive summary of qualitative evidence
Authors: Scarpellini Francesca , Bonati Maurizio
Published: October 2022

The review presents a summary of available evidence about transition care of ADHD patients from all service users' perspectives. Common barriers, and suggestions for improvement ADHD of transition care, were extrapolated from qualitative research, including case notes studies, and were exposed. A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo and Web of Science databases for articles published up to October 2021 was conducted to summarize recent evidence on the experiences of all stakeholders involved in the transition process. Reviews, other chronic conditions and different meaning of transition were excluded. Authors extracted data and assessed study quality independently. Findings were discussed taking into consideration barriers and suggestions from all service users' perspectives. Findings from 23 studies with different context and methods were collected and summarized. Most of the studies were conducted in UK, using interviews and questionnaires, and addressed to the physicians. The lack of information about ADHD as a condition and about transition process were the barriers most reported, while joint working and sharing transition protocols were the suggestions pointed out by all stakeholders. Despite different perspectives, all stakeholders exposed similar needs. The review reveals an evident need for defining and evaluating the effectiveness of transition programmes from child to adult ADHD services.
Current and future treatments for peanut allergy
Authors: Lee Tricia , Edwards‐Salmon Sofia , Vickery Brian P.
Published: October 2022

Peanut allergy (PA) is a common, burdensome childhood disease that in most patients continues into adulthood and has historically been untreatable. However, peanut oral immunotherapy (POIT) is increasingly being incorporated into allergy practices, using both the first FDA‐approved product, PTAH (previously AR101; Palforzia™, Aimmune Therapeutics), as well as store‐bought peanut products. POIT in preschoolers continues to gain more acceptance as evidence accrues that it is a safe and feasible approach that may have distinct advantages. There are many new therapeutic interventions currently under study with a variety of different approaches and potential mechanisms. With respect to other forms of immunotherapy, none are currently approved, but the epicutaneous approach is the most well‐studied and others are being actively investigated, including sublingual, subcutaneous, and intralymphatic. Biologics are gaining evidence both as adjunctive treatments to POIT and as monotherapy. Omalizumab is the most widely studied biologic for PA but others also have potential. Looking ahead to a future therapeutic landscape of choice, allergists will need to understand each patient's goal of treatment through shared decision‐making and fully evaluate the risks, benefits, and alternatives of each new therapy.
Clinical conditions related to positive thymic uptake on I‐131 post‐therapeutic scans in thyroid cancer patients
Authors: Seo Ye Young , Choi Hyun Su , Park Sonya Youngju
Published: October 2022

Objective

Thymic uptake is a well‐known cause of false‐positives on I‐131 post‐therapeutic scans. This study identified the clinical conditions associated with thymic uptake on I‐131 post‐therapeutic scans in thyroid cancer patients.

Design

This was a retrospective study that investigated the clinical conditions associated with thymic uptake on I‐131 post‐therapeutic scans of patients obtained between January 2010 and December 2010. Patients: Six hundred and eighty‐five patients were included follwing a therapeutic dose of I‐131 (3.7–9.25 GBq). Methods: We reviewed the patients' clinical characteristics, including age, sex, histology, serum thyrotropin (TSH) stimulation regimen, prior history of RAI therapy, and labaratory parameters such as the serumTSH, thyroglobulin, and anti‐thyroglobulin antibody. At follow‐up, patients were assessed in terms of disease‐free status, structural persistence, and biochemical disease.

Results

In total, 107 I‐131 post‐therapeutic scans (15.6%) evidenced thymic uptake. The mean age of the positive thymic uptake group was significantly lower than that of the negative group (p < .001). Significant indicators for thymic uptake were thyroid hormone withdrawal and a history of repeated radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy (p < .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that young age and a history of repeated RAI therapy correlated with thymic uptake (p < .001). At the end of follow‐up, 487 patients (86.5%) were disease‐free, 44 (7.8%) still had biochemical disease, and 32 (5.7%) showed structural persistence. Ten patients (11.5%) in the positive thymic uptake group and 22 (4.6%) in the negative thymic uptake group showed structural persistence. Five patients (5.7%) in the positive thymic uptake group and 39 (8.2%) in the negative thymic uptake group had biochemical disease. The final follow‐up results of the two groups were statistically different.

Conclusions

Thymic uptake tended to be more prominent in young patients with a history of repeated RAI therapy. Structural recurrence during follow‐up was much more common in the positive thymic uptake group, while the incidence of biochemical recurrence during follow‐up was higher in the negative thymic uptake group.
The safety and tolerability of levodopa eye drops for the treatment of ocular disorders: A randomized first‐in‐human study
Authors: Thomson Kate , Karouta Cindy , Sabeti Faran , Anstice Nicola , Leung Myra , Jong Tina , Maddess Ted , Morgan Ian G. , Game Jeremy , Ashby Regan
Published: October 2022

Myopia is the leading cause of low vision worldwide and can lead to significant pathological complications. Therefore, to improve patient outcomes, the field continues to develop novel interventions for this visual disorder. Accordingly, this first‐in‐human study reports on the safety profile of a novel dopamine‐based ophthalmic treatment for myopia, levodopa/carbidopa eye drops. This phase I, first‐in‐human, monocenter, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, paired‐eye, multidose, randomized clinical trial was undertaken in healthy adult males aged 18–30 years (mean age 24.9 ± 2.7) at the University of Canberra Eye Clinic, Australia. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a low (1.4 levodopa:0.34 carbidopa [μmoles/day], n = 14) or standard dose (2.7 levodopa:0.68 carbidopa [μmoles/day], n = 15) of levodopa/carbidopa eye drops in one eye and placebo in the fellow eye once daily for 4 weeks (28 days). Over this 4‐week trial, and after a 4‐month follow‐up visit, levodopa/carbidopa treatment had no significant effect on ocular tolerability and anterior surface integrity, visual function, ocular health, refraction/ocular biometry, and did not induce any non‐ocular adverse events. These results indicate that topical levodopa/carbidopa is safe and tolerable to the eye, paving the way for future studies on the efficacy of this novel ophthalmic formulation in the treatment of human myopia. The findings of this study have implications not only for the treatment of myopia, but in a number of other visual disorders (i.e., amblyopia, diabetic retinopathy, and age‐related macular degeneration) in which levodopa has been identified as a potential clinical intervention.
Size adjustment occurs during the larval growth of the separated blastomeres of the starfish, Patiria Pectinifera
Authors: Okura Yamato , Kuraishi Ritsu , Kaneko Hiroyuki
Published: October 2022

Starfish embryos derived from blastomeres separated at the early cleavage stage exhibit morphogenesis to form normally shaped, but smaller‐sized dwarf bipinnaria larvae. To further understand this developmental capacity, we primarily characterized the morphogenetic processes of separated 2‐cell and 4‐cell stage blastomeres during the embryonic and larval periods of the starfish, Patiria Pectinifera. Using non‐separated blastomeres as the control, we subjected the separated blastomeres to morphological analyses in conjunction with quantitative measurements of the changes in their body sizes with time post‐fertilization. Our results were as follows: (i) Blastomeres separated at 2‐cell and 4‐cell stages synchronously developed into dwarf‐sized bipinnaria larvae. (ii) Upon reaching a body size of 500–700 μm, all the bipinnaria larvae originating from the separated blastomeres and controls began to undergo a series of similar organ formation events in preparation for metamorphosis—recognized as the demarcation between the early and late substages of the bipinnaria larval period. (iii) The separated blastomeres became brachiolaria larvae capable of undergoing metamorphosis at differing rates after reaching approximately 1000–1200 μm body sizes, with adult rudiment and sensory organ forming functionally. (iv) The unfed controls and dwarf bipinnaria larvae derived from blastomeres separated at the 4‐cell stage arrested their development synchronously without reaching the threshold size required for the latter half of the bipinnaria stage. These results, taken together, suggested that separated blastomeres possess the developmental capacity to become brachiolaria larvae through a shift in morphogenetic regulation from a synchronous growth to size adjustment during the larval period.
Young people's help‐giving actions towards a peer with a mental health problem: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Subasinghe Aruni , Hart Laura M. , Radeka Angelika , Paxton Susan J. , Morgan Amy
Published: October 2022

Aims

Young people often seek help from their peers for mental health problems. However, little is known about young people's experiences of helping a peer with a mental health problem. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on young people's help‐giving actions, highlight any gaps in the research and examine the evidence for interventions designed to increase and improve help‐giving. The secondary aim was to compare findings between help‐giving in face‐to‐face and online settings.

Methods

Embase, SCOPUS, PsycINFO and MEDLINE electronic databases were searched for English studies published from 2003 onwards. Studies focusing on the help‐giving actions of young people (aged 12–25 years) towards a peer with a mental health problem were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal tools. Data were synthesized using thematic and narrative analysis.

Results

Twenty‐one studies (3440 participants) were included. The most frequently reported help‐giving themes were encouraging professional and adult support and providing emotional support. Although limited studies reported on online help‐giving, online settings allowed for immediate help to be provided despite time or location. Both positive and negative outcomes for helping were identified. Improvements in the quality of help‐giving were found after training; however, help‐giving for mental health crises was poor.

Conclusions

Further research regarding the young people's help‐giving actions to peers online is required. Training programs need to consider how to further improve the quality of help‐giving among young people and to increase the trainees' confidence in helping, particularly in a mental health crisis.
Effects of habitat destruction on coevolving metacommunities
Authors: Gawecka Klementyna A. , Pedraza Fernando , Bascompte Jordi
Published: October 2022

Habitat destruction is a growing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. The ecological consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation involve reductions in species abundance and even the extinction of species and their interactions. However, we do not yet understand how habitat loss alters the coevolutionary trajectories of the remaining species or how coevolution, in turn, affects their response to habitat loss. To investigate this, we develop a spatially explicit model which couples metacommunity and coevolutionary dynamics. We show that, by changing the size, composition and structure of local networks, habitat destruction increases the diversity of coevolutionary trajectories of mutualists across the landscape. Conversely, in antagonistic communities, some species increase while others reduce their spatial trait heterogeneity. Furthermore, we show that while coevolution dampens the negative effects of habitat destruction in mutualistic networks, its effects on the persistence of antagonistic communities tend to be smaller and less predictable.
Clinical and imaging findings, treatment details and outcomes in foals with extensor tendon rupture—A multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Mokry Anna , Bernhard Camille , Faulkner Josephine , Colgate Victoria A. , Dumoulin Michèle , Pille Frederik , Vanderperren Katrien , Delling Uta , Oosterlinck Maarten
Published: October 2022

Background

Forelimb extensor tendon rupture (ETR) in foals is sparsely documented.

Objectives

To describe clinical and imaging findings, treatment details, and long‐term outcome in foals with ETR.

Study design

Multicentre retrospective case‐series.

Methods

Clinical record review of foals with ETR, presented to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Ghent University (Belgium), the Clinic for Horses at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (Germany), and Rossdales Equine Hospital (UK) between 2009–2021. Long‐term outcome based on structured telephone interview with the owner at the university hospitals and on future ratings from a public racing results archive at Rossdales Equine Hospital.

Results

Eight foals (28%; 95%CI: 11.7%–44.3%) presented with ETR only, whereas 21 foals (72%; 95%CI: 55.7%–88.3%) presented with ETR and concurrent flexural limb deformity foals with ETR only were older (median 20 days; Interquartile range [IQR] 13–22) than foals with ETR and flexural limb deformity (median five days; IQR 3–11; p = 0.001). Treatment included medical support, immobilization, and box rest. Hospitalisation time was longer for foals with ETR and flexural limb deformity (median 26 days; IQR 16–44) than for ETR‐only foals (median 11 days; IQR 6–16; p = 0.03). Total rehabilitation time was longer for foals with ETR and flexural limb deformity (median 58 days; IQR 42–91) than for foals without flexural limb deformity (median 32 days; IQR 12–39; p = 0.03). Six foals (21%; 95%CI: 6.3%–35.7%) were euthanased within seven months: three because of problems with limb protraction and progressive flexural limb deformity. Long‐term follow‐up (>18 months) was available for two cases with ETR only, and seven cases with ETR and flexural limb deformity. Both ETR‐only foals had a positive cosmetic outcome but only one a positive functional outcome. Foals with ETR and concurrent flexural limb deformity suffered limitations regarding cosmetic appearance (5/7 negative) and limb function (7/7 negative).

Main limitations

Small sample size, retrospective study, and no clinical follow‐up.

Conclusions

ETR is a rare condition in this sample of foals treated under hospital conditions often requiring prolonged care, especially with concurrent flexural limb deformity. Further research should investigate potential associations with future athletic performance.
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) from NY‐ESO‐I‐specific cytotoxic T cells isolated from the melanoma patient with minor HLAs: The practical pilot study for the adoptive immunotherapy for melanoma using iPSC technology
Authors: Itoh Munenari , Kawagoe Shiho , Nakagawa Hidemi , Asahina Akihiko , Okano Hirotaka James
Published: October 2022

Melanoma is one of the most severe skin cancers, derived from melanocytes. Among various therapies for melanoma, adoptive immunotherapy using tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes/chimeric antigen receptor‐T cells (TCs) is advanced in recent years; however, the efficacy is still limited, and major challenges remain in terms of safety and cell supply. To solve the issues of adoptive immunotherapy, we utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which have an unlimited proliferative ability and various differentiation capability. First, we monoclonally isolated CD8+ TCs specifically reactive with NY‐ESO‐1, one of tumor antigens, from the melanoma patient's monocytes after stimulated with NY‐ESO‐1 peptide by manual procedure, and cultured NY‐ESO‐1‐specific TCs until proliferated and formed colonies. iPSCs were consequently generated from colony‐forming TCs by exogenous expression of reprogramming factors using Sendai virus vector. After the RAG2 gene in TC‐derived iPSCs (T‐iPSCs) was knocked out for preventing T‐cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement, T‐iPSCs were re‐differentiated into rejuvenated cytotoxic TCs. We confirmed that TCR of T‐iPSC‐derived TC was maintained as the same of original TCs. In conclusion, T‐iPSCs have a potential to be an unlimited cell source for providing cytotoxic TCs. Our study could be a “touchstone” to develop iPSC‐based adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma for the future clinical use.
Vertical ambush corridors: Intriguing multi‐mechanism ecological structures embedded in the kinetic fluid architectures of ocean living resource production systems
Authors: Bakun Andrew
Published: October 2022

The concept of a ‘vertical ambush corridor’ is herein introduced to marine ecosystem science. In the open ocean, adequate physical cover from which to launch an unanticipated ambush attack is generally lacking. An available alternative is for a predator to channel its attack vertically upward from below, rendering an unlighted approaching predator extremely difficult for a downward viewing potential prey to visually identify against the profound blackness of the deep ocean background. Moreover, within sub‐mesoscale structures wherein the ambient water is sinking, slightly warmer water temperatures within the core of the downward motion results in outward refraction of both sound and light waves, producing sound and light shadow patterns that may reduce the capacity of prey organisms to recognize the approach of an upwardly attacking predator. This suggests that presence of such submarine ‘vambush’ structures may enhance trophic transfer efficiency within marine ecosystems, as well as provide perhaps the best available explanation for such predator behaviours as the evident strong attraction to drifting flotsam and floating fish aggregation devices (FADs), as well as the repeated large amplitude ‘bounce dives’ undertaken by a large number of dominant oceanic predatory fish species. The oxygen constraints faced by water‐breathing organisms are posed as controlling factors in the potential ecological operation of these vambush structures, that in turn may have potential vulnerability to the growing global problem of ocean deoxygenation. Increased identifiable habitat granularity represented by such sub‐mesoscale features may have important utility in supporting empirical studies and applications of the comparative scientific method.
Theory of change and strategic priorities of the world federation of haemophilia
Authors: Laliberté Jennifer , Coffin Donna , Haffar Assad , Mekhuzla Salome , Pierce Glenn F. , Flynn Barry , Márquez Carlos Safadi , Hermans Cedric , Garrido Cesar , Baumann Alain
Published: October 2022

The World Federation of Haemophilia (WFH) is a global network of national member organizations (NMOs) that advocate, collectively and individually, to improve lives of people with inherited bleeding disorders. The WFH vision of “Treatment for All” speaks to a future in which all people with an inherited bleeding disorder will have access to care, regardless of their gender or where they live.

Over the last several years, initiatives including the WFH Humanitarian Aid program, the World Bleeding Disorders Registry, and Guidelines for the Management of Haemophilia and von Willebrand disease have significantly changed how the WFH and its partners work to improve and sustain care for people with bleeding disorders.

Following an extensive consultation that included over 200 stakeholders from 70 countries, a Theory of Change was developed, and strategic priorities identified, to clearly define the WFH's intended impact and point of accountability to its stakeholders, and to determine how and through who those goals will be achieved. Both should help the WFH better support its NMOs and healthcare providers around the world in their efforts to improve access to diagnosis and care, as new therapies revolutionize the treatment landscape and the fallout of the global pandemic continues to challenge the ways in which we work and connect.

Global collaboration of all stakeholders, based on their resources, objectives and skills, will be required to achieve these goals and to ensure more people have reliable access to safe treatment and care, regardless of their bleeding disorder, gender, or where they live.
Anthocyanin: a review of plant sources, extraction, stability, content determination and modifications
Authors: Guo Yuyan , Zhang Huan , Shao Shuang , Sun Shuang , Yang Dayu , Lv Shaowa
Published: October 2022

Anthocyanins are flavonoids of the polyphenol family, which are secondary metabolites of natural products synthesised by blueberries, mulberry and other plants. As a natural edible pigment, it is not only plentiful, non‐toxic and safe, but also has high nutritional value and pharmacological effects. Several studies have shown that anthocyanins have many health benefits such as improving vision, promoting antioxidant activity, capturing free radicals and treating cancer in humans. They are becoming increasingly popular in the fields of food and medicine. However, in terms of their structures, natural anthocyanins are unstable, easily deteriorating under the influence of their own structures and external factors, which greatly limits their application. Therefore, it is particularly important to use appropriate extraction methods and techniques to enhance the stability of anthocyanins. This article summarises the current research on anthocyanins in terms of plant sources, extraction, stability, content determination and structural modifications, and provides a reference for improving their application in the fields of food and medicine.
Childhood sleep and obesity risk: A prospective cohort study of 10 000 Swedish children
Authors: Danial Ban , Faresjö Tomas , Fredriksson Mats , Ludvigsson Johnny
Published: October 2022

Objectives

To identify factors affecting early childhood sleep, and investigate the relationship between sleep and overweight/obesity in childhood.

Study Design

Data were collected using parental‐completed questionnaires fromN = 10.840 one‐year‐old children in the prospective ABIS‐study (All Babies in Southeast Sweden), followed up until 8 years of age. Chi‐squared test and Pearson Correlation were used to assess the relationship between covariates affecting the children's sleep. Subsequently, longitudinal mixed model analyses were used to predict the effect of different sleep dimensions (bedtime, sleep duration, sleep quality, and the number of awakenings) on BMI Z‐scores.

Results

Children to parents born in Sweden, parents with higher education, non‐single parents, non‐smoking mothers during pregnancy, and children with fewer siblings, were more likely to have appropriate sleep habits at 1 year age. A greater number of awakenings and nocturnal feeds, and particularly later bedtime (β = −0.544,p < 0.0001) were linked to shorter sleep duration. Sleep duration early in life was negatively associated with BMI Z‐scores (adjusted effect estimate [95% CI]:β = −0.09, [(−0.15) – (−0.03)],p = 0.005) later. In addition, higher birth weight, small size for gestational age, unhealthy food habits, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and higher parental BMI resulted in higher BMI Z‐scores.

Conclusion

The child's BMI Z‐score increases by 0.09 units with every hour shorter sleep duration, indicating that short sleep duration might increase the risk of overweight and obesity in children. Parental educational interventions advising appropriate sleeping patterns should be considered when implementing strategies to combat the development of childhood obesity.
New insights and augmented Lagrangian algorithm for optimal portfolio liquidation with market impact
Authors: Xu Fengmin , Li Xuepeng , Dai Yu‐Hong , Wang Meihua
Published: October 2022

In financial markets, investors may be forced to unwind their portfolios to meet a determined leverage ratio within regulatory policy or risk management requirements. This paper studies the optimal portfolio liquidation problem with market impact. Some new insights are given into this problem, and trading orders are discussed for various financial parameters. Specifically, we establish the equivalence between equity and liability maximization. This means if one wants to maximize the equity, it is to maximize the liability and vice versa. The computational complexity of the problem is examined to be NP‐hard. We expose the hidden convexity through monotonicity analysis and linearization techniques. Although good properties are established for the Lagrangian algorithm, a counter‐example is constructed to show one deficiency of this algorithm. Therefore, we propose an augmented Lagrangian algorithm for solving the problem. The inverse Hessian of the augmented Lagrangian function is explicitly calculated for the subproblem solved by the projected Newton method. Meanwhile, we consider how to choose a good initial point, which is essential for seeking a high‐quality solution. Some numerical results are presented, which validate the usefulness of the augmented Lagrangian algorithm.
Effects of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides on immune function in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhou Bingxue , Nguyễn Audrey D. , Shen Jinyang , Wu Yi
Published: October 2022

The immune enhancement effects of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides (CLP) in vitro and in vivo were observed in this study. The results of the in vitro experiments show that CLP extract can promote the activation and maturation of dendritic cells and enhance the expression of IL‐6, TNF‐α, CD80, CD86, and MHC II. Expression of IL‐6 and TNF‐α was determined with ELISA kits, CD80 and CD86 were measured by flow cytometry, and MHC II was analyzed with a laser scanning confocal microscope. Changes in dendritic cell morphology and volume were also studied. The in vivo experiment shows that CLP can promote the secretion of IL‐6, INF‐γ, IgA, and IgG and enhance humoral and cellular immunity in mice. CLP extract's ability to upregulate immunity in vitro and in vivo makes it worthy of further investigation as an effective natural immunopotentiator.

Novelty impact statement

Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides could enhance immunity in vitro and in vivo.

C. lentillifera polysaccharides will be worthy to investigate to an natural immunopotentiator.
Prevalence of use and characteristics of users of home‐based medical care in Medicare Advantage
Authors: Leff Bruce , Ritchie Christine , Ciemins Elizabeth , Dunning Stephan
Published: October 2022

Background/Objectives

Home‐based medical care (HBMC) is longitudinal medical care provided by physicians, advanced practice providers, and, often, inter‐professional care teams to patients in their homes. Our objective is to determine the prevalence of HBMC among older adults (≥65) insured by a Medicare Advantage (MA) plan and compare characteristics of those who receive HBMC to those who do not.

Methods

Study used de‐identified medical claims and enrollment records for MA beneficiaries during calendar years 2017 and 2018 linked with socioeconomic status data in the OptumLabs Data Warehouse. We defined a cohort of MA beneficiaries age ≥65 receiving HBMC for at least 2 months during 2017–2018, described the cohort using demographic, utilization, and comorbidity data and compared it to a 5% random sample of a population of MA beneficiaries age ≥65 not receiving HBMC (No HBMC).

Results

Overall, 1.45% of the study cohort age ≥65 received HBMC. Compared to No HBMC (n = 132,147), those receiving HBMC (n = 38,800) were more likely to be: older (46.6% vs. 11.9% age 85+); female (70.8% vs. 58.5%); Black (12.3% vs. 11.3%); urban (90.3% vs. 81.3%); experience hospitalization (38.0% vs. 13.3%), emergency department visit (58.3% vs. 26.9%), ambulance trip (44.1% vs. 9.6%), skilled nursing facility (37.6% vs. 6.4%), or hospice care admission (21.1% vs. 3.5%). They also were more likely to experience a wide range of chronic conditions including dementia (58.1% vs. 5.2%), morbidity burden (Charlson score 3.4 vs. 1.8), and serious illness (77.1% vs. 29.5%). All comparisons p < 0.0001.

Conclusions

MA beneficiaries who received HBMC are older, experience greater chronic and serious illness burden, and higher levels of facility‐based care than those who did not receive HBMC. MA plans need strategies to identify patients that would benefit from HBMC and develop approaches to deliver such care to this impactful, often invisible population.