bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision
Authors: Desai Adhaar Noor
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers the material conditions that preclude undertaking serious revisions of one's work as per John Davies of Hereford. According to Davies, compositionists are often unavailable to underprivileged and working-class writers. Moreover, Davies made it clear that money is not the only thing that produces good art. Regardless of his mediocrity, John Davies of Hereford became a new sort of hero for his work of writing in literature classrooms since his poetry bears the residue of his professional life. The chapter also looks into Davies' pleas for social reform as a defense of poetry enacted through the practices of modern literature classrooms.
Performance Anxiety
Authors: Desai Adhaar Noor
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an overview of William Shakespeare as someone who understood the difference between literary and technical performance. It showcases how professionalism provokes performance anxiety and stifles critical thought. Moreover, the perfectionist anxieties that authors face may be understood as a form of performance anxiety. The chapter presents the revised image of failure offered by Shakespeare and trains it on the unstable ground on which the early modern literature classroom currently stands. It also looks into the burden of chasing the notion of perfectness before detailing Love's Labor's Lost of Shakespeare, which featured a cascade of failing performances.
Style
Authors: Desai Adhaar Noor
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the notion of style while comparing the beliefs of George Gascoigne and Desiderius Erasmus. It presents style as a problem because it names a fundamental contradiction in poetry's relationship to education in early modern England. Developing a sense of style allowed students to distinguish themselves as orators. Moreover, in the cultivation of rhetorical style, the role of poetry involves the presentation of models for students to imitate and absorb as acceptable examples of deviation. Erasmus regarded patchwork writing as an inevitable step in the cultivation of eloquence and style. On the other hand, Gascoigne offers a bedrock insight into how the acquisition and development authorial style relies on the free exercise of choice.
Zombie Sovieticus
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the degeneration of Soviet identity. It begins by looking at its development, from Marxist, prerevolutionary utopianism through the first revolutionary decade's rhetoric of the New Man, and on to the Stalinist development of the New Soviet Man. The chapter also considers the depiction of the New Man in Mikhail Bulgakov's 1925 short novel Heart of a Dog and Yuri Olesha's Envy. Like the sovok who came after him, both the neutral-sounding Soviet Man and the polemical Homo Sovieticus make sense only in the realms of the imaginary and the symbolic. They function as ideology, not as meaningful sociological categories, and their import lies in their deployment (ranging from acceptance to rejection), and not in any capacity to describe living people or populations.
Just a Guy Named Vasya
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates the successors to the sovok, the imaginary types who embody a disdain of the common folk, crystallizing anxieties about the possibility of ever overcoming “backwardness.” This is the common people as sociocultural ballast, a form of self-hatred projected by the elites on the poor and undereducated. After a brief examination of Dmitrii Bykov's Living Souls and the “Vaski,” a complex parody of the common folk disdained by elites, the chapter looks at the common slur bydlo, which covers the great unwashed characterized by their limited intellect and political primitivism. It then turns to the Vatnik internet meme, a political caricature of Russian nationalists and xenophobes. With the exception of bydlo, all of these categories are subject to reclamation as sources of pride, superiority, or aesthetic charm, continuing the love–hate dynamic already established by sovok.
Early’s Move to Bontoc
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how John Early was assigned to Bontoc rather than Lubuagan, as the Bontoc teacher had been transferred out of the area, and the Department of Education deemed Kalinga too dangerous for an American schoolteacher. Bontoc was relatively peaceful and it became the capital of Mountain Province. As Early moved into a Bontoc house in June of 1907, he enjoyed the company of six other Americans in the town. These included the three Episcopalian missionaries: Father Clapp, Edith Oakes, and Margaret Waterman. Together these missionaries established Bontoc's All Saints Church, providing education and medical services heretofore unknown to the area. Teaching, tennis, bridge games, an ecclesiastical commitment to Bontoc's All Saints Episcopal Church, and deepening friendships marked Early's simple Bontoc life. However, three things plucked him out of his inconspicuous existence: bricks, games, and a new job. By April of 1909, almost eight months after the creation of Mountain Province, Dean Worcester appointed Early to the lieutenant governorship of Amburayan.
The Bacarri Problem
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes the deterioration of the relations between Walter Franklin Hale and the Kalinga area called Bacarri. The Bacarri district stubbornly refused to follow his orders even though he brought transformational medical, economic, educational, infrastructural, and agricultural improvements. Through the summer and fall of 1910, Hale repeatedly requested that Bacarri send a representative to Lubuagan and join the other village presidentes in the peace pact paradigm. For Hale, the last straw came while he was in Lubuagan on January 2, 1911. On that Monday morning, he met with Kalinga's headmen, who told him the alarming news that Bacarri had joined an alliance with eight other hamlets to attack villages under American control. The chapter then looks at the preparation for the Bacarri campaign, considering how John Early's conviction to prevent the expedition to turn into a slaughter of the Bacarri alliance did not align with Hale's ideas.
Early’s Last Stand
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines John Early and William A. Miller's quest to keep the Igorots from European exhibitions. They charged Richard Schneidewind with abduction, and the Igorots were ordered to return to Bontoc, where they would serve as witnesses. Thomas Carey Welch, the acting executive secretary in the Philippines, then decided to resolve the issue in person. He sent a message to Bontoc demanding that Early and Schneidewind immediately leave Bontoc for Cervantes. Welch proposed a compromise: Would Clyde DeWitt withdraw his lawsuit against the officials if they would allow Schneidewind and Baber to take the Igorots out of Mountain Province? Early knew that Welch was acting in place of Forbes, and if he refused the compromise, he would likely be dismissed from office. Finally, Schneidewind and Baber made their way to Tagudin with the Igorots, where they boarded the Don Carlos and began their journey to Manila and then on to Marseille.
Governor-General Wood
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes General Leonard Wood's appointment as the interim Philippine governor-general on October 15, 1921. Wood was Francis Burton Harrison's complete opposite. He was an indefatigable worker, paid attention to details, and believed in American exceptionalism. Manuel Quezon then returned to the Philippines after his US trip determined to hold onto the authority that he believed rightly belonged to the legislative branch. During Harrison's tenure as governor-general, municipalities were always late paying their taxes to the colonial government. Typically, they would ask for an extension from the secretary of the interior, who would approve the delays with Harrison's acquiescence. During Wood's first year as governor-general, he excused this delay but warned municipality officials that chronically late payments were not fiscally responsible and instructed them to adhere to future deadlines. Thus, in the spring of 1923, when the first municipality requested permission to delay paying taxes, Wood denied the request. Quezon accused Wood of acting as a dictator, arguing that municipalities should be able to decide when they wished to pay taxes. A looming showdown between Wood and Quezon was on the horizon, and it would center on John Early.
Vindication
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores John Early's return to the Mountain Province. Despite his humiliating 1911 dismissal, the Igorots remembered him as their former protector. His professional experience among the Igorots included his refusal to participate with American officials in a massacre against the Kalinga people, his attempt to keep Igorots from joining the tragic European fair experiences, his defense of the Igorots' land rights, the protection of his constituents from exploitation as cargadores, his use of Igorot traditional laws as a primary guide for keeping law and order, his development of brick structures in Bontoc that could weather seasonal typhoons, and his establishment of an effective system of rural education. Given his previous advocacy of human rights for the Igorots, it is not surprising that the highlanders sought his return. Early did not know that he was being discussed as the Igorots met with the Wood–Forbes Mission. As such, he was stunned to receive a letter from Governor-General Leonard Wood. Wood initially appointed Early superintendent of Mountain Province schools, but he intended to install him as governor to reestablish American executive oversight of the Igorots.
Incomplete Conquests
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This book uncovers the limitations of Spanish empire in the Philippines, unearthing histories of resistance, flight, evasion, conflict, and warfare from across the breadth of the Philippine archipelago during the seventeenth century. The Spanish colonization of the Philippines that began in 1565 has long been seen as heralding a new era of globalization, drawing together a multiethnic world of merchants, soldiers, sailors, and missionaries. Colonists sent reports back to Madrid boasting of the extraordinary number of souls converted to Christianity and the number of people paying tribute to the Spanish Crown. Such claims constructed an imagined imperial sovereignty and were not accompanied by effective consolidation of colonial control in many of the regions where conversion and tribute collection were imposed. The book foregrounds the experiences of indigenous, Chinese, and Moro communities and their responses to colonial agents, weaving together stories that take into account the rich cultural and environmental diversity of this island world.
Introduction
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the myriad factors that placed limitations on the establishment and expansion of the Spanish empire in the Philippines. Just as colonization impacted uncolonized spaces, so too did the uncolonized have an impact on colonized spaces. By virtue of existing and even thriving outside colonial rule, such spaces fueled resistance to colonization elsewhere. From the late sixteenth century onward, Cagayan was the site of ongoing and extensive rebellion against colonial rule. The territorial boundaries of Spanish sovereignty were thus defined by the agency of Philippine communities, who resisted incorporation into colonial settlements through evasion and flight, warfare, rebellion, raiding, and killing. Crucially, what has sometimes been seen as the inherent weakness of Philippine precolonial society—intense social fragmentation and the lack of any established state-like structures—was in fact a real strength when confronting colonial expansion.
Cagayan Insurgencies, 1572–1745
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the history of Spanish colonization in Cagayan, which is one of constant expansion and contraction of territorial influence, as rebellion after rebellion spread through the valley. It is clear that the relationship between valley communities and upland spaces was what made Cagayan so volatile. All of the different lowland zones of Cagayan maintained a connection with unpacified upland groups—from the Isnegs and Kalingas in the northwest to the Aetas of the Sierra Madre Mountains in the east, and the Ifugaos, Ilongots, and other inhabitants of Nueva Vizcaya in the southern half of the valley. Colonization altered connections that predated Spanish arrival, with established trading networks linking lowland and upland spaces. While missionaries and colonial officials devised ever greater methods of armed coercion, the frontier developed a symbiotic logic of its own based in extensive and profitable trading networks between upland communities and lowland frontier settlements. Active resistance and trade interests, often illicitly pursued against colonial authority, combined to frustrate the aims of the Spanish Crown for control over the vast majority of Northern Luzon.
The Prick of a Needle
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses the challenges posed by the bureaucratic classification of inoculation experiments and serum production, where the emphasis shifted from the question of what constituted an experiment to what constituted pain. In the 1880s, inoculation took over the British medical research scene. This challenged scientists and civil servants alike with the question of whether inoculation studies and serum production constituted an experiment under the Vivisection Act. Even more puzzling was the question of whether these studies were calculated to give pain to living animals. The chapter details how, in 1879, William Smith Greenfield, the director of the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution, asked the Home Office if he needed a certificate exempting him from the use of anesthesia to experiment with inoculation. It analyzes five more cases in which the Home Office outsourced decisions regarding the legal status of inoculation research and serum production to the Law Officers. While making sense of the terms pain and experiment, civil servants and physiologists negotiated their field of expertise, clashed over authority, and translated epistemic questions about suffering into bureaucratic formulas.
Port of the Past, Port of the Future
Authors: Reichman Daniel R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter investigates the clash of timescapes in the Port of Santos. It begins by looking at Valongo, which is the historic birthplace of the Port of Santos, the home of the oldest shipping terminals, and the last stop of the first railroad in Brazil. The underlying goal of the transformation of Valongo was to change the neighborhood from a space of production to a space of consumption—a goal where progress meant erasing the “old economy” of physical and industrial labor and replacing it with a new mode of production tied to knowledge work and other kinds of immaterial labor, such as call center work and research and development for the oil industry. As a consequence of this transformation, the meanings of “labor” and “capital” were changing. As the working industrial Port of Santos became increasingly important to Brazil's export economy, it was simultaneously being redeveloped as a historic downtown district that would appeal to tourists and postindustrial workers in the new Petrobras office complex and the surrounding neighborhood of hotels, condos, and office buildings. This created an irresolvable contradiction: industrial, working-class Santos was an outdated relic but the port was always chugging along as Brazil's most important hub for the export of the commodities that were fueling its growth.
Sacralizing the Sewer
Authors: Reichman Daniel R.
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates the history of sanitation and public health, focusing on two different moments when the Santos region overcame health disasters and turned them into triumphs. In both examples, an economic boom was halted by a health emergency. In the late nineteenth century, as the coffee economy boomed and the Santos docks were modernizing, the city was struck by an epidemic of yellow fever that killed an astonishing 12 percent of its population in one year. The municipal government of Santos became preoccupied with urban sanitation, not only because people were sick and dying but also because the disease was interrupting the flow of trade and turning the city into an international embarrassment. About seventy years later, the rise of an essentially unregulated petrochemical industry during the military dictatorship of the 1960s led to an environmental disaster. The city was plagued by acid rain, oil spills, industrial fires, and poor public health. Ultimately, for the sanitation campaigns of the nineteenth century and the environmentalism of the twentieth century, the Brazilian government turned to civil engineers to develop solutions, and then it celebrated the triumph of engineering as a step on the national march to progress. All along, these triumphs were assimilated into the bandeirantes narrative.
Between War and the State
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This book examines an array of voluntary activities, including mutual-help, professional, charitable, community development, student, women's, and rights organizations active in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1975. By bringing focus to the public lives of South Vietnamese people, the book challenges persistent stereotypes of South Vietnam as a place without society or agency. Such robust associational life underscores how an active civil society survived despite difficulties imposed by the war, government restrictions, economic hardship, and external political forces. These competing political forces, which included the United States, Western aid agencies, and Vietnamese communist agents, created a highly competitive arena wherein the South Vietnamese state did not have a monopoly on persuasive or coercive power. To maintain its influence, the state sometimes needed to accommodate groups and limit its use of violence. Civil society participants in South Vietnam leveraged their social connections, made alliances, appealed to the domestic and international public, and used street protests to voice their concerns, secure their interests, and carry out their activities.
Voluntary Efforts in Social and Community Development
Authors: Nguyen-Marshall Van
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates three development projects that sought to bring about deep social change and improvement in South Vietnam. These include the Popular Culture Association's Popular Polytechnic Institute, the School of Youth for Social Service, and the New Life Development Project. These projects represented three distinct perspectives and analyses of the pressing issues facing South Vietnam. They are examples of how groups of private individuals attempted to contribute to nation building. Ultimately, each project was unique in its vision, approach, and experience. All three endeavors, however, were driven by participants' desire to stimulate change and improve society. These projects also act as case studies to contemplate the nature of South Vietnam's civil society.
Untamed Shrews
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This book traces the evolution of unruly women in Chinese literature, from the reviled “shrew” to the celebrated “new woman.” Notorious for her violence, jealousy, and promiscuity, the character of the shrew personified the threat of unruly femininity to the Confucian social order and served as a justification for punishing any woman exhibiting these qualities. The book connects these shrewish qualities to symbols of female empowerment in modern China. Rather than meeting her demise, the shrew persisted, and her negative qualities became the basis for many forms of the new woman, ranging from the early Republican suffragettes and Chinese Noras, to the Communist and socialist radicals. Criticism of the shrew endured, but her vicious, sexualized, and transgressive nature became a source of pride, placing her among the ranks of liberated female models. The book shows that whether male writers and the state hate, fear, or love them, there will always be a place for the vitality of unruly women. Unlike in imperial times, the shrew in modern China stayed untamed as an inspiration for the new woman.
Introduction
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the connections and continuities between the traditional shrew and the modern new woman in China. “Shrew” is a day-to-day denigratory term, a social reality or historical agent, and a narrative trope resulting from male writers' misogynistic anxiety. Shrew stories permeated literary and historical texts in premodern China and reached peak popularity during the seventeenth century with full-blown comedies, satires, and novels on this theme. Public interest in the long-standing trope of the shrew did not disappear with the advent of modernity in the early twentieth century. Rather, this pejorative imagery presented itself in new contexts suited to the changing social milieu and evolved as part of an emancipatory process for women. This book focuses on male voices to present how the shrew, as a male-authored trope, underwent shifts in meaning and orientation in the modern era while still at the hands of male authors.
Popular Views on the Shrewish Wife
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates new takes on the trope of the shrewish wife and the henpecked husband in modern Chinese media. Pa laopo, or henpecking, was revisited in these texts on comical, entertaining levels, but also rendered in close connection to discussions of modern national character, state-building, and revolutionary initiatives. The chapter begins with the early 1920s popular tendency toward imagining the new woman in her role as the shrewish wife in Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies stories. It continues into the 1930s and 1940s to analyze the celebration of strong wifehood in playful writings by some well-known New Cultural writers including Lin Yutang, Hu Shi, Xu Zhimo, Hong Shen, and others. These texts, though having fallen into oblivion, conjure up unconventional or otherwise previously unheard interpretations of the meaning of the shrewish wife, who, in addition to succeeding at poking fun within shifting cultural dynamics, inspires alternative enactment of the fates of transgressive females.
Revolutionary Views on the Shrewish Wife
Authors: Yang Shu
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores post-May Fourth Nora stories by the leftist writers. Compared to illusionary ideals of freedom depicted in earlier Nora constructions, the leftist stories grounded the Nora dream in revolution. They aimed at transforming Nora from a bourgeoise to a revolutionary who joins the masses and serves the larger missions of the nation. To the early Communists, the Nora-as-shrew imagery acquired new representations in policy and propaganda. From its initial years to the heyday of the Great Leap Forward, Communist state-building was intertwined with negotiations of gender, home, labor, power, and specifically the wife's role. The chapter then looks at the early leftist writings of Mao Dun and Jiang Guangci. It also considers how Mao Zedong's ideas played out in policies and campaigns toward Communist radical feminism. Finally, the chapter discusses “the Yan'an Way,” which is a series of new policies that was part of the Yan'an Rectification Movement aiming to retreat from radical feminism to an emphasis on “family harmony” and to encourage women to participate in social-economic production rather than indulge in their rights to divorce.
Sensory Dimensions of Spirit Possession
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how smell, sound, and vision become integral ingredients in recipes of and for spirit possession. Spirit possession underscores the drama of life in the world due to its embodied symbolism highlighting existential relations such as earth and sky or men and women. According to Roger Bastide, spirit possession is a dramatic religious experience during which human beings come face to face with the supernatural or deities. The chapter explains that the artful inclusion of the sensorial description of any performance enriches the anthropological record and the existential parameters of the human condition. It considers the notions of functionalism, psychoanalysis, physiological, symbolism, and theatrical framework to elaborate on the key concepts of spirit possession.
Between Conflict and Collegiality
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This book explores how ethnonational–religious struggle between Jews and Palestinians affects relations in ethnically mixed work teams in Israel. The book documents the tensions that permeate the workplace and reveals when such tensions threaten the cohesion of the work environment. The book chronicles the grassroots coping strategies employed by both Jewish and Palestinian through field studies conducted with workers in various sectors in Israel, adopting a comparative method that identifies the differences in how ethnonational–religious tensions play out. The book asks how workers deal with external ethnonational and religious pressures and whether the broader ethnonational conflict is reflected in the career expectations and trajectories of minority group members. The book examines whether minority group members' use of their own language at work become a point of contestation; how religion is manifested in the workplace; whether co-workers from different ethnonational groups form amicable relations that extend beyond the workplace; and whether positive experiences working in ethnically mixed workplaces have the potential to mitigate conflict in the wider society.
Ethnonational Background and Career Trajectories
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates the impact of the ongoing conflict on the career aspirations and expectations of minority workers, mainly Palestinian Arabs. It explores the mobility strategies of Jewish and Palestinian-Arab workers in mixed work teams, and how the ethnonational conflict might impact these strategies. The chapter finds that in all the research contexts, minority group members feel, to varying degrees, that their ethnonational and sometimes religious identity shapes their prospects of promotion. At the lowest end of the scale were the production workers, who perceived their career opportunities to be nonexistent. In the middle were the high-tech engineers, who were more positive about their chances for promotion but still perceived difficulties arising from their ethnonational background. Highest on the scale were the health workers, who perceived the least difficulties in managing their careers, with nurses expressing greater reservations regarding their chances for promotion than physicians, who were more optimistic.
Building Bridges Across the Ethnonational Divide
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses whether personal ties constituted at work across the ethnonational cleavage spill over to nonwork activities. It presents instances where Palestinian-Arab and Jewish workers develop personal ties at work, share intimate information, and consult each other on personal issues. The chapter also examines the degree to which workplace encounters encourage deeper cultural understanding by members of opposing groups and how they influence the levels of prejudice and stereotypical images across the ethnonational and religious divide in each of the three research contexts. Surprisingly, the production workers, with the lowest levels of educational attainment and the least occupational socialization, reported the highest levels of personal ties with members of other ethnonational groups that spill over into the private sphere. While medical workers and high-tech engineers reported cases of personal friendships between Jewish and Arab colleagues, these ties rarely spilled over to the private sphere, other than participation in formal events such as weddings and funerals.
Introduction
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the concept of senseless destruction. It mentions how vandalism is often linked to criminal behavior, which refers to the pervasiveness of racist and sexist graffitis and millions worth of school property damage. However, vandals do not speak with a single voice as vandalism cuts across demographic lines and afflicts every kind of educational institution. The chapter presents multiple meanings of school vandalism communicated in distinct styles to move beyond the sensationalism of contemporary media. It also elaborates on how surveying the many sources of destruction should temper policy decisions with a degree of humility and forbearance of vandalism.
Vandalism and the Security State, 1960–2000
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter elaborates on the interplay of racism, vandalism, and security state. The most visible source of vandalism during the 1960s and 1970s was ongoing racial injustice. As images of social disorder worsened racial and economic stratification, damaged schools heightened perceptions of danger, waste, and mismanagement in public education. Public education during the 1960s and 1970s was caught up in the racial politics of law and order, the disciplinary mechanisms of the insurance industry, and the alarmist findings of statistical surveys that tightened security and criminalized misbehavior. The chapter also considers the preventive approaches used to curb vandalism in schools.
The Limits of Autobiography
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This book analyzes texts that depict trauma by combining elements of autobiography, fiction, biography, history, and theory in ways that challenge the constraints of autobiography. Readings of works by Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Dorothy Allison, Mikal Gilmore, Jamaica Kincaid, and Jeanette Winterson explore how each poses the questions “How have I lived?” and “How will I live?” in relation to the social and psychic forms within which trauma emerges. First published in 2001, this new edition of one of the foundational texts in trauma studies includes a new preface by the author that assesses the gravitational pull between life writing and trauma in the twenty-first century, a tension that continues to produce innovative and artful means of confronting kinship, violence, and self-representation.
Represent Yourself
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the current trend of memoirs. Autobiography as a genre has always been defined by formally experimental works, even when critics focused more on its formal and ideological coherence. However, writers of autobiographies carry the paradox of being unique and representative. The chapter also considers that the centrality of trauma in self-representation only intensifies the ongoing paradox. It explains that autobiography functions as a judicature wherein self-representation exists within a juridical frame through the mechanisms of judging and assessment, which inform its production of knowledge. In this context, testimony refers to a discursive demand for self-representation and the knot of resistance with which it contends.
Bastard Testimony
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the boundaries between fiction and autobiography. It explains that Bastard Out of Carolina, written by Dorothy Allison, demonstrates how incest represents a critical dissonance in psychoanalysis and law. The limit between autobiography and fiction that Bastard straddles revolves around the notion of realness and the evidentiary and narrative limits that stake out the border around the query of what happened. Moreover, veracity remains an issue regardless of the narrative in autobiography or trauma studies due to its inescapable element of fiction in self-representation. If the truth of fiction is preferred to the fact, the authority of both trauma and autobiography that derives from the eyewitness's credibility is thrown into a crisis of legitimacy.
The Changing American Neighborhood
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This book argues that the physical and social spaces created by neighborhoods matter more than ever for the health and well-being of twenty-first-century Americans and their communities. Taking a long historical view, the book explores the many dimensions of today's neighborhoods, the forms they take, the forces and factors influencing them, and the people and organizations trying to change them. Challenging conventional interpretations of neighborhoods and neighborhood change, the book adopts a broad, inter-disciplinary perspective that shows how neighborhoods are messy, complex systems, in which change is driven by constant feedback loops that link social, economic and physical conditions, each within distinct spatial and political contexts. The book seeks to understand neighborhoods and neighborhood change not only for their own importance, but for the insights they offer to help guide peoples' efforts sustaining good neighborhoods and rebuilding struggling ones.
Introduction
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter considers the significance of neighborhoods. People understand a neighborhood as a physical and geographical space and a recognized space for living close to one another and developing distinct social relations. Additionally, neighborhoods are a product of both their histories and the larger forces operating around them, beginning with the city of which they are a part and extending to the global economy. The chapter details the idea of a good neighborhood while considering the key concepts of race and social relations. It also explains how the COVID-19 pandemic affected neighborhoods as it allowed people to recognize the importance, contingency, and fragility of neighborly connections.
Agents of Neighborhood Change
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into the agents of neighborhood change. It elaborates on how the processes of neighborhood change are fragmented, variable, and unstable. Although city government is not always the dominant actor in the neighborhood policy system, it is almost always a factor. Local governments, community development corporations, neighborhood associations, and other agents of change engage in intentional actions to stabilize or revive neighborhoods. The chapter also considers anchor institutions and private corporations as agents of change that sustain and rebuild neighborhoods. It mentions the challenge of equity and accountability in the networked governance model due to the power imbalance between agents and other players in the system.
The Persistence of Concentrated Poverty Neighborhoods
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the persistent challenge of neighborhoods of concentrated poverty. Despite the growth of the middle class in the nineteenth century, large parts of most European and American cities remained crowded, disease-ridden areas of abject poverty. While poverty has negative effects on individuals, concentrated poverty can generate spillover effects that negatively affect individuals and the community over and above the individual effects of poverty itself. The chapter mentions how race is deeply implicated in concentrated poverty, referencing the emergence of ghettos that reflected the reality of segregated areas enforced by social and legal pressures imposed by the dominant white majority. It elaborates on the effects of concentrated poverty while recognizing how debilitating it is due to the lack of enough money and constant insecurity.
Neighborhood Change in the Suburbs
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers the increasing challenges faced by many suburban neighborhoods. Suburbs today are racially and economically diverse and many share the same problems faced by cities. Fragmented suburban institutions act like echo chambers by magnifying the feedback effects of neighborhood dynamics and creating patterns of path dependency that widen the social and economic gaps between suburban neighborhoods. Governmental fragmentation drives an inequitable distribution of public goods and resources, allowing the wealthy residents of towns to claim a disproportionate share and forcing the residents of towns to do with less. The chapter recognizes the role that racism plays in suburban inequities and the difficult challenges it raises.
The Theory and Practice of Neighborhood Change
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the theory and practice of neighborhood changes. It explains that neighborhood studies foster the illusion that neighborhoods can be frozen in time or that neighborhood change is a zero-sum chronicle of invasion and succession. Neighborhood change reflects the impacts of three separate systems: economic, social, and institutional. Thus, a robust multidimensional understanding of how and why neighborhoods change can be a framework for more productive research and support creative, effective policies and practices by neighborhood change agents. The chapter then considers the importance and threats of a good neighborhood that highlights the pervasive nature of racialized behavior.
“ Are Ye, Gods?”
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses Herman Melville's collection of forty-two poems, Timoleon, Etc. Appearing a few months before his death in September of 1891 in a self-published edition of only twenty-five copies, Timoleon officially ended the sequence of four volumes that Melville had published during his later career as a poet. If one considers Timoleon as a kind of last testament within Melville's total oeuvre, a significant part of this would be the religious skepticism that had shaped his imagination during the previous four decades. The chapter examines the sequence of poems in Timoleon relating to religious belief and unbelief in order to understand the ultimate phase of the author's creative interrogation of the Judeo-Christian tradition, whose god had become increasingly conspicuous by his absence during the later nineteenth century. With their settings in a variety of eras from classical antiquity to the present, the poems in Timoleon would reveal that Melville was still exploring the varied possibilities and impossibilities of religious faith in the ancient, medieval, and modern world. Many of the poems in Timoleon thus embodied the new religious situation of postbellum America in which a more extensive and open questioning of Christian faith was now possible.
Legends of the Fall
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores Herman Melville's final work of narrative fiction, Billy Budd (1924). Billy Budd provided Melville with a final opportunity to probe the moral framework of the biblical myth of the Fall and the origin of evil within Judeo-Christian tradition, which saw its mythically redemptive counterpart in the atoning Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. He drew on this archetypal drama not with any inclination to authenticate the literal truth claims of the Bible but to validate its continued relevance to human experience. Billy Budd would be neither Melville's final testament of faith nor of doubt, but a skeptical recognition of the power of biblical myth to represent the universal problem of evil in human nature, institutions, societies, and the cosmos. As a final statement of his skeptical engagement with Christianity for most of his adult life, Billy Budd would pay tribute to the ultimate source of many of his narrative themes and motifs in the Bible. The chapter then examines Melville's use of John Milton's influential characterization of Satan in Paradise Lost and how he was influenced by the writings of the German pessimistic philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.
Making Catholic America
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: January 2024

This book shows how Catholic men and women worked to prove themselves to be model American citizens in the decades between the Civil War and the Great Depression. Far from being outsiders in American history, Catholics took command of public life in the early twentieth century, claiming leadership in the growing American nation. They produced their own version of American history and claimed the power to remake the nation in their own image, arguing that they were the country's most faithful supporters of freedom and liberty and that their church had birthed American independence. This book offers a new interpretation of American life in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, demonstrating the surprising success of an often-embattled religious group in securing for itself a place in the national community and in profoundly altering what it meant to be an American in the modern world.
Catholics in the White City
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into Catholics' roles in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Columbian Catholic Congress and the World's Parliament of Religions provide evidence of growing Catholic confidence in a country that did not always accept Catholics' presence in the national community. The Columbian Catholic Congress delegates believed in some separation from non-Catholics through the continued expansion of Catholic schools to include more Catholic students. Additionally, speeches at the Columbian Catholic Congress provided broad overviews of American Catholicism's past and the predicted trajectory over the first few decades of the twentieth century. The chapter discusses the tensions between Catholics-as-Americans and Catholics-in-America operating as fundamental fissures running through the Gilded Age and Progressive-Era Catholicism.
American Catholicism and Philippine Colonization
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the notion of religious imperialism in line with American Catholicism and Philippine colonization. It explains that the US colonization of the Philippines, which lasted for decades, was influenced partially by Catholics seeking to gain power at the expense of Protestants. The colonization forced the confrontation around the Philippines' religious struggles shaped by native Filipinos and Spanish missionaries and colonial officials. The chapter elaborates on the notion that Catholicism was the defender, guarantor, and clearest expression of American nationalism. It explains that the Catholic rhetoric of empire, nation, and race was a fundamental contest for power between Catholics and Protestants.
The Long Road to Violence
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents the prehistory of violence in Tajikistan that follows the narrative prior to Qadriddin Aslonov's death. It details the history of the collapse and disintegration of the Soviet Union from the perspective of Tajikistan, which includes the destabilizing effects of perestroika. Aslonov was executed in an outlying collective farm near Pyanj in December 1992 as a consequence of how the USSR reformed, collapsed, and descended into chaos in southern Tajikistan. The chapter considers the worry regarding the fate of the Soviet nuclear arsenal if the USSR collapsed. It argues that the collapse and violence of the 1990s should not be separated from the period of reform and change that preceded it.
The Winds of Perestroika Drift South
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the impact of perestroika. It starts with the lackluster reaction of regional cities and towns regarding the change brought upon Mikhail Gorbachev's reform program of perestroika. The results of reforms implemented across the entirety of the USSR differed from their initial conception in Moscow, which was reflective of the wider gap between the Soviet center and its periphery. The chapter elaborates on the ambiguity of the reforms and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan occupying the political power in Soviet Dushanbe. It also explains the inevitability of perestroika's influence to move to Tajikistan.
1989
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter elaborates on the Soviet Union's unavoidable economic downturn. It highlights the growing societal frustration in the Tajik SSR. Throughout the USSR, the political mobilization allowed by Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and alternative nodes of political power allowed people the opportunity to voice their frustrations and draw upon increasing social fragmentation. Despite the rising violence, Moscow consistently emphasized the need to allow greater local initiative and democratization. Moreover, instead of addressing the immediate socioeconomic needs that were leading people to protest and violence, Gorbachev and his advisors doubled down on a reorganization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet government and creating the Congress of People's Deputies to debate and pass reform legislation.
The “Calm” before the Storm
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter tackles the facade of normalcy presented by the Communist Party of Tajikistan First Secretary Kahhor Mahkamov and the party leadership. It notes that the economy was openly collapsing and multiparty politics were in the open. Most of the instability Mahkamov faced was driven by factors over which he had little control, such as consumer goods production outpacing the growth of salaries. Moreover, the impact of reforms passed in Moscow played out in the actions of thousands of state-run enterprises and private “cooperative” firms. The chapter mentions the growing frustration of people against politicians behind closed doors, especially when unemployment and degrading standard of living remained the most salient and unresolvable issues.
Introduction
Authors: Sukarieh Mayssoun
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how a certain set of ideas, discourses, policies, and practices around youth and youth development came to be globally dominant toward the end of the twentieth century and into the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It investigates how ideas about youth made their way from the west to the Arab region of the Middle East and North Africa. It also discusses how the youth has become an increasingly important social category, identity, and political concern. The chapter looks at the growing importance of the youth as a social category in the Arab world in the early twenty-first century. It analyzes the widespread security concern about the links between Arab youth, terrorism, extremism, religious fundamentalism, and the potential threats to regional and global security of a growing youth bulge throughout the Arab world.
Dubai
Authors: Sukarieh Mayssoun
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on Dubai, which has served as the principal pivot city for scaling up ideas and programs about youth and youth development and helping disseminate them throughout the Middle East and North Africa region. It explores the key role played by Dubai in taking a US-led and -designed youth development project and effectively translating this into becoming an increasingly Arab-led and Arab-identified project instead. It also considers the distinctive place Dubai holds in relation to both the United States and other states across the Middle East and North African region. The chapter discusses how Dubai integrated the Arab world with the global capitalist economy, acting as a center for transnational capital coming into and exiting the region. The chapter then looks at the combination of global, regional, and local institutional and spatial networks and financial and symbolic capital within the city state found in Dubai.