bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐linearity SAR‐VCO MASH ΔΣ ADC with second‐order noise shaping
Authors: Payandehnia P. , Maghami H. , Mirzaie H. , Temes G.C.
Published: October 2018

A novel 0‐2 Multi‐Stage Noise Shaping (MASH) analogue‐to‐digital converter (ADC) is proposed. The first stage is implemented using a 4‐bit SAR ADC. The second stage uses a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO)‐based quantiser (VCOQ). Unlike earlier VCOQs which provide first‐order noise shaping, the VCOQ proposed in this Letter achieves second‐order noise filtering. To implement this noise shaping, the quantisation noise of the VCOQ is extracted as a pulse‐width‐modulated signal, and it is fed back to the VCO input using a charge pump circuit. In the proposed scheme, the input signal to the VCO is small. Therefore, the linearity requirement of this block is relaxed. Also, any error related to the charge pump circuitry will be first‐order shaped at the output. Simulation results confirm the second‐order noise shaping of the output of the ADC, and an excellent (14‐bit signal‐to‐noise and distortion ratio) performance with the over‐sampling ratio of 16.
Extended transition rates and lifetimes in Al I and Al II from systematic multiconfiguration calculations
Authors: Papoulia A. , Ekman J. , Jönsson P.
Published: October 2018

MultiConfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) and relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations were performed for 28 and 78 states in neutral and singly ionized aluminium, respectively. In Al I, the configurations of interest are 3s2nl for n = 3, 4, 5 with l = 0 to 4, as well as 3s3p2 and 3s26l for l = 0, 1, 2. In Al II, in addition to the ground configuration 3s2, the studied configurations are 3snl with n = 3 to 6 and l = 0 to 5, 3p2, 3s7s, 3s7p, and 3p3d. Valence and core-valence electron correlation effects are systematically accounted for through large configuration state function (CSF) expansions. Calculated excitation energies are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. Lifetimes and transition data for radiative electric dipole (E1) transitions are given and compared with results from previous calculations and available measurements for both Al I and Al II. The computed lifetimes of Al I are in very good agreement with the measured lifetimes in high-precision laser spectroscopy experiments. The present calculations provide a substantial amount of updated atomic data, including transition data in the infrared region. This is particularly important since the new generation of telescopes are designed for this region. There is a significant improvement in accuracy, in particular for the more complex system of neutral Al I. The complete tables of transition data are available at the CDS.
Deklaration von Zucker
Authors: Meisterernst Andreas
Published: October 2018

Die verpflichtende Deklaration von Zucker bei vorverpackten Lebensmitteln bestimmt sich nach den Vorschriften der Lebensmittelinformationsverordnung (LMIV). Auch die freiwillige Wiederholung der Deklaration von Zucker in der Etikettierung von vorverpackten Lebensmitteln ist in der LMIV geregelt. Bei lose abgegebenen Lebensmitteln, die keine Nährwertdeklaration tragen müssen, gibt es keine Vorschriften bezüglich etwaiger Pflichtinformationen zur Angabe des Zuckergehalts oder des Brennwerts von Zucker. Neben den relativ neuen Vorschriften zur ab dem 13. Dezember 2016 grundsätzlich verpflichtenden Nährwertdeklaration sind freiwillige nährwert- und gesundheitsbezogene Angaben zu Zucker durch die Health-Claims-Verordnung (HCV VO [EG] Nr. 1924/2006) geregelt. Die Europäische Kommission hat jüngst von der Europäischen Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit (EFSA) positiv bewertete gesundheitsbezogene Angaben abgelehnt. Auch nährwertbezogene Angaben für Zucker sind restriktiv reguliert. Insgesamt hat es die Zutat „Zucker“ daher regulatorisch schwer.
Viabel handeln mit Kinaesthetics in der Endoskopie
Authors: Brenner Heike , Kirov Ute
Published: October 2018

Herausfordernde Situationen während der Bewegungsunterstützung von PatientInnen kennt wohl jede MitarbeiterIn im Funktionsbereich einer Klinik. Das Team der Endoskopie Abteilung der medius KLINIKEN am Standort Ruit nutzt Kinaesthetics als ein pragmatisches und hilfreiches Lerninstrument, um ihr Handling situativ an die Problematiken und Möglichkeiten der Patientinnen anpassen zu können.
On the system stability and calibration of the image plate/scanner system for plasma diagnosis at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Holder J. P. , Izumi N. , Beach M. , Ayers M. J. , Bell P. , Schneider M. , Bradley D. K. , Kohut T. , Ehrlich R. , Cohen M. , Ramirez R. , Thorn D.
Published: October 2018

At the National Ignition Facility (NIF), storage phosphor image plates (IP) are used extensively for recording x-rays, charged particles, and neutrons. For x-ray imaging and spectroscopy, absolute and relative calibrations are important for extracting plasma information from the diagnostics. We use Fuji MS, SR, and TR image plates that have been cut to fit custom diagnostic envelopes. The image plates are scanned on a General Electric FLA 7000 IP flying spot scanner. Calibrations for sensitivity, spatial scale, and temperature dependent fade are applied. During a set of recent calibrations, we noticed large shifts in the absolute calibration of the image plate system. The possible source of these shifts is discussed. We discuss scanner stability and a method for calibration. We discuss the fade and temperature effects of the image plates and how this correction is applied within the NIF environment. We also compare our NIF GE FLA 7000 IP scanner with a new General Electric Amersham Typhoon IP scanner.
Bunching and antibunching in four wave mixing NV center in diamond
Authors: Raza Faizan , Ahmed Irfan , Zhang Dan , Imran Al , Khan Abubakkar , Lau Condon , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: October 2018

The determination of classical and quantum states through photon bunching and anti-bunching like phenomena may have potential applications in quantum information processing and long-distance quantum communications. We report the photon bunching and multi anti-bunching like phenomena by generating multi-order fluorescence and four-wave mixing (FWM) at room temperature using the Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We have implied FWM process to demonstrate the interference pattern emerging from NV of nano-crystals in classical, nonclassical and intermediate (classical and nonclassical) regimes. Intersystem crossing is controlled by the fluence of incident beams. The interference pattern from dominant ionization of NV- to NVo and NVo to NV- suggests the bunching and anti-bunching like phenomena of photons, respectively.
A phase-change memory model for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Nandakumar S. R. , Le Gallo Manuel , Boybat Irem , Rajendran Bipin , Sebastian Abu , Eleftheriou Evangelos
Published: October 2018

Phase-change memory (PCM) is an emerging non-volatile memory technology that is based on the reversible and rapid phase transition between the amorphous and crystalline phases of certain phase-change materials. The ability to alter the conductance levels in a controllable way makes PCM devices particularly well-suited for synaptic realizations in neuromorphic computing. A key attribute that enables this application is the progressive crystallization of the phase-change material and subsequent increase in device conductance by the successive application of appropriate electrical pulses. There is significant inter- and intra-device randomness associated with this cumulative conductance evolution, and it is essential to develop a statistical model to capture this. PCM also exhibits a temporal evolution of the conductance values (drift), which could also influence applications in neuromorphic computing. In this paper, we have developed a statistical model that describes both the cumulative conductance evolution and conductance drift. This model is based on extensive characterization work on 10 000 memory devices. Finally, the model is used to simulate the supervised training of both spiking and non-spiking artificial neuronal networks.
Effect of ambient gas pressure on nanosecond laser produced plasma on nickel thin film in a forward ablation geometry
Authors: Thomas Jinto , Joshi Hem Chandra , Kumar Ajai , Philip Reji
Published: October 2018

Plasma plume propagation of a nickel thin film and its interaction with ambient gas have been studied in a range of background pressures. The Stark broadening of neutral nickel lines is studied in correlation with Hα line broadening, and the Stark broadening parameters of nickel lines are estimated. The evolution of plasma plume is characterized by means of spectroscopic measurements which is supported by fast imaging. The data show that the background pressure confines the plasma plume and thus helps increase the electron density.
Perspective: Terahertz wave parametric generator and its applications
Authors: Murate K. , Kawase K.
Published: October 2018

The injection-seeded terahertz (THz) parametric generator (is-TPG) is one of the most high-power single-longitudinal mode THz-wave sources. Our system is less influenced by scattering, refraction, and multiple reflections by samples because it is a narrow-linewidth source, and the detection area of the THz parametric detector is large. Thus, it is suitable for nondestructive inspection of practical samples in the real world. In 2003, we reported on the development of a mail inspection system that employed a THz parametric oscillator. However, with a dynamic range of less than four orders of magnitude, this system could only identify reagents through thin envelopes. Recently, we succeeded in developing a high-power, highly sensitive THz-wave spectroscopic imaging system with a dynamic range of 100 dB using the is-TPG and a THz parametric detector. Nondestructive inspection of reagents inside thick envelopes and three-dimensional computed tomography of plastics, which attenuate THz-waves by more than 60 dB, were conducted using this system. More recently, we have focused our efforts on a real-time measurement system using a multiwavelength is-TPG, which gives rise to numerous potential applications, given the significantly shorter measurement times. Thus, this system will facilitate the implementation of THz-wave measurements in real-world applications. In this paper, we report on our recent results and provide a perspective on the is-TPG.
Fundamental vibration frequency and rotational structure of the first excited vibrational level of the molecular helium ion (He2+)
Authors: Jansen Paul , Semeria Luca , Merkt Frédéric
Published: October 2018

The term values of the rotational levels of the first excited vibrational state of the electronic ground state of He2+ with a rotational quantum number N+ ≤ 13 have been determined with an accuracy of 1.2 × 10−3 cm−1 (∼35 MHz) by multichannel-quantum-defect-theory-assisted Rydberg spectroscopy of metastable He2. Comparison of the experimental term values with the most accurate ab initio results for He2+ available in the literature [W.-C. Tung, M. Pavanello, and L. Adamowicz, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 104309 (2012)] reveals inconsistencies between the theoretical and experimental results that increase with increasing rotational quantum numbers. The fundamental vibrational wavenumber of He2+ was determined to be 1628.3832(12) cm−1 by fitting effective molecular constants to the obtained term values.
Influence of ion flow on structure of monolayer crystal
Authors: Chen Zhaoyang , Zhu Xu , Huang Feng , Gao Wanlin , Kravchenko Oleg Victorovich
Published: October 2018

The structure of the dusty crystal is studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulation when the influence of ion flow is taken into account. The “Yukawa/point-wake” model is used to describe the particle-particle interaction and particle-wake interaction in the dust system. The particles arrange themselves compactly and orderly in the horizontal direction and present a highly ordered structure under some conditions. The formed dusty crystal is quasi two-dimensional but presents a “bowl” shaped structure. The results are helpful in understanding the structure of dusty crystal in the presence of ion flow in the dusty plasma system.
A new method calibrates the torsional spring constant of microcantilevers used in atomic force microscopy
Authors: Kim Meeri
Published: October 2018

A nondestructive calibration method does not require any new equipment, works on most commercial atomic force microscopes and remains effective even in highly viscous environments.
Molecular helium ion measurements find discrepancy between experiment and theory
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: October 2018

High-precision measurements of the vibrational frequency and rotational structure of He 2 + disagree with current calculations from first principles.
Bad news for bobtails: understanding predatory behaviour of a resource-subsidised corvid towards an island endemic reptile
Authors: Oversby W. , Ferguson S. M. , Davis R. A. , Bateman P. W.
Published: October 2018

Context
Resource subsidisation as a result of urbanisation and other human activity can have positive impacts for some opportunistic predators. Many species of corvid have benefitted from the expansion of human-dominated habitats; however, their impacts on co-occurring prey fauna are generally poorly understood.

Aims
We aimed to test the hypothesis that urbanisation associated with tourism impacts the predator–prey relationship between Australian ravens, or wardongs (Corvus coronoides), a ubiquitous corvid of southern Australia, and Rottnest Island bobtails (Tiliqua rugosa konowi), a subspecies of bobtail lizard isolated to a small (19km2) island off the coast of Western Australia.

Methods
Using clay model lizards and camera traps, we assessed the wardongs’ attack rates by distance from the settlement and by whether the model was in closed or open habitat.

Key Results
We found that while wardongs preyed upon Rottnest Island bobtails, predation was not affected by proximity to human settlement despite the highest number of wardongs being found there. Models in closed vegetation were attacked by wardong significantly more than were those in open vegetation.

Implications
Increased predation rates in closed vegetation suggests that current revegetation efforts on the island may be increasing the availability of preferred hunting habitat for the wardong. This finding may influence decisions by management on whether to control the large population of wardongs on the island.
Neoliberalism versus distributional autonomy: the skipped step in rawls’sthe law of peoples
Authors: Edmundson William A. , Schrepfer Matthew R.
Published: October 2018

Debates about global distributive justice focus on the gulf between the wealthy North and the impoverished South, rather than on issues arising between liberal democracies. A review of John Rawls’s approach to international justice discloses a step Rawls skipped in his extension of his original-position procedure. The skipped step is where a need for the distributional autonomy of sovereign liberal states reveals itself.Neoliberalismdenies the possibility and the desirability of distributional autonomy. A complete Rawlsian account of global justice shows the necessity and possibility of a charter between liberal states, assuring each a proper minimum degree of distributional autonomy
The polarity-induced force imbalance inCaenorhabditis elegansembryos is caused by asymmetric binding rates of dynein to the cortex
Authors: Rodriguez-Garcia Ruddi , Chesneau Laurent , Pastezeur Sylvain , Roul Julien , Tramier Marc , Pécréaux Jacques
Published: October 2018

During asymmetric cell division, the molecular motor dynein generates cortical pulling forces that position the spindle to reflect polarity and adequately distribute cell fate determinants. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, despite a measured anteroposterior force imbalance, antibody staining failed to reveal dynein enrichment at the posterior cortex, suggesting a transient localization there. Dynein accumulates at the microtubule plus ends, in an EBP-2EB–dependent manner. This accumulation, although not transporting dynein, contributes modestly to cortical forces. Most dyneins may instead diffuse to the cortex. Tracking of cortical dynein revealed two motions: one directed and the other diffusive-like, corresponding to force-generating events. Surprisingly, while dynein is not polarized at the plus ends or in the cytoplasm, diffusive-like tracks were more frequently found at the embryo posterior tip, where the forces are higher. This asymmetry depends on GPR-1/2LGNand LIN-5NuMA, which are enriched there. In csnk-1(RNAi) embryos, the inverse distribution of these proteins coincides with an increased frequency of diffusive-like tracks anteriorly. Importantly, dynein cortical residence time is always symmetric. We propose that the dynein-binding rate at the posterior cortex is increased, causing the polarity-reflecting force imbalance. This mechanism of control supplements the regulation of mitotic progression through the nonpolarized dynein detachment rate.
Using the Multidimensional Prognostic Index to Predict Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Older Persons: A Prospective, Multicenter, International Study
Authors: Pilotto Alberto , Veronese Nicola , Daragjati Julia , Cruz-Jentoft Alfonso J , Polidori Maria Cristina , Mattace-Raso Francesco , Paccalin Marc , Topinkova Eva , Siri Giacomo , Greco Antonio , Mangoni Arduino A , Maggi Stefania , Ferrucci Luigi ,   MPI_AGE Investigators, Musacchio Clarissa , Custureri Romina , Simonato Matteo , Durando Mario , Miret-Corchado Carmen , Montero-Errasquin Beatriz , Meyer Anna , Hoffmann Dirk , Schulz Ralf-Joachim , Tap Lisanne , Egberts Angelique , Bureau Marie-Laure , Brunet Thomas , Liuu Evelyne , Michalkova Helena , Madlova Pavla , Sancarlo Daniele , D’Onofrio Grazia , Ruxton Kimberley
Published: October 2018

Background

Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) is useful as a prognostic tool in hospitalized older patients, but our knowledge is derived from retrospective studies. We therefore aimed to evaluate in a multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study whether the MPI at hospital admission is useful to identify groups with different mortality risk and whether MPI at discharge may predict institutionalization, rehospitalization, and use of home care services during 12 months.

Methods

This longitudinal study, carried out between February 2015 and August 2017, included nine public hospitals in Europe and Australia. A standardized comprehensive geriatric assessment including information on functional, nutritional, cognitive status, risk of pressure sores, comorbidities, medications, and cohabitation status was used to calculate the MPI and to categorize participants in low, moderate, and severe risk of mortality. Data regarding mortality, institutionalization, rehospitalization, and use of home care services were recorded through administrative information.

Results

Altogether, 1,140 hospitalized patients (mean age 84.1 years, women = 60.8%) were included. In the multivariable analysis, compared to patients with low risk group at admission, patients in moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.79–6.17; p < .001) and severe risk (OR = 10.72, 95% CI: 5.70–20.18, p < .0001) groups were at higher risk of overall mortality. Among the 984 older patients with follow-up data available, those in the severe-risk group experienced a higher risk of overall mortality, institutionalization, rehospitalization, and access to home care services.

Conclusions

In this cohort of hospitalized older adults, higher MPI values are associated with higher mortality and other negative outcomes. Multidimensional assessment of older people admitted to hospital may facilitate appropriate clinical and postdischarge management.
Diet of seals in the Baltic Sea region: a synthesis of published and new data from 1968 to 2013
Authors: Scharff-Olsen Camilla Hjorth , Galatius Anders , Teilmann Jonas , Dietz Rune , Andersen Signe May , Jarnit Simon , Kroner Anne-Mette , Botnen Amanda Bolt , Lundström Karl , Møller Peter Rask , Olsen Morten Tange
Published: October 2018

A crucial first step in assessing and managing the role and impacts of predators on their environment is knowledge on their foraging behaviour and diet. Here, we synthesize previously published and newly generated data on the diet of harbour seals, grey seals, and ringed seals in the Baltic Sea region. More than 45 000 otoliths recovered from 3147 samples of scats and digestive tracts were collected throughout all seasons and most Baltic Sea sub-basins from 1968 to 2013. The data revealed a large extent of interspecific, spatial, and seasonal variation in seal diet, implying that caution should be made when extrapolating from one species, area or season, to others. Still, a few fish species, including Atlantic herring, sprat, cod, and sandeels had high occurrence across seal species and locations. The compiled data provide the first overview of seal diet across the entire Baltic Sea region, but also comes with several limitations. Thus, while the data presented here constitutes an important reference for future inference, it also illustrates an urgent need for standardizing methodology across studies on the diet of seals and other aquatic predators.
Truth in a Logic of Formal Inconsistency: How classical can it get?
Authors: Picollo Lavinia
Published: October 2018

Weakening classical logic is one of the most popular ways of dealing with semantic paradoxes. Their advocates often claim that such weakening does not affect non-semantic reasoning. Recently, however, Halbach and Horsten (2006) have shown that this is actually not the case for Kripke’s fixed-point theory based on the Strong Kleene evaluation scheme. Feferman’s axiomatization $\textsf{KF}$ in classical logic is much stronger than its paracomplete counterpart $\textsf{PKF}$, not only in terms of semantic but also in arithmetical content. This paper compares the proof-theoretic strength of an axiomatization of Kripke’s construction based on the paraconsistent evaluation scheme of $\textsf{LP}$, formulated in classical logic with that of an axiomatization directly formulated in $\textsf{LP}$, extended with a consistency operator. The ultimate goal is to find out whether paraconsistent solutions to the paradoxes that employ consistency operators fare better in this respect than paracomplete ones.
${LFIs}$
and methods of classical recapture
Authors: Tajer Diego
Published: October 2018

In this paper, I will argue that Logics of Formal Inconsistency $(LFIs)$ can be used as very sophisticated and powerful methods of classical recapture. I will compare $LFIs$ with the well-known non-monotonic logics by Batens (2001, Log. Anal., 45–68) and Priest (2006, In Contradiction, Oxford University) and the ‘shrieking’ rules of Beall (2013, Rev. Symb. Log., 6, 755–764). I will show that these proposals can be represented in $LFIs$ and that $LFIs$ give room to more complex and varied recapturing strategies.
Interpreting Evidence for Women’s Lives
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 addresses major choices historians face interpreting evidence for women’s lives in the New Testament period. The evidence often sends mixed signals. Some portrays women as active contributors to the economy, civic life, and politics. Other evidence suggests social expectations greatly restricted women’s participation in such activities. The chapter reviews a number of interpretations that divided this evidence into discrete groups of women guided by different rules. For example, many have suggested that women’s leadership was restricted in public spaces. This chapter rejects such interpretations and argues that the various evidence reflects a deep tension that pervaded the culture at large. The tension existed within individual authors and across spaces and subcultures. Women were expected to exhibit the virtues of modesty, industry, and loyalty. However, women from a variety of circumstances negotiated and embodied these virtues in a variety of culturally acceptable ways, including religious and civic leadership.
Gendered Virtues
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

Ancient sources widely portrayed the ideal woman as modest, industrious, and loyal to her family. But instead of assuming a single way in which women were virtuous in antiquity, this chapter explores what the virtues looked like in a particular time and place. For example, when women were praised for modesty, what kinds of things were they doing? The chapter argues that virtues like industry and loyalty intersected with and complicated expressions of modesty, so that the virtues were expressed in multiple ways. Thus, virtuous women engaged in a wide variety of activities. Moreover, as they did so, they were not seen as “breaking the rules” of feminine virtue. Instead, women inhabited these norms in a variety of ways that the culture affirmed. New Testament writings express a similar range of expectations.
Class Status, Wealth, and Patronage
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores factors that contributed to social status in the Roman period, including family of origin, wealth, citizenship, gender, and one’s standing as a slave, freed, or free-born person. Gender also contributed to social status. However, a combination of these other factors might give a woman relatively greater social standing than a man. This variability in social rank helps to explain some of the evidence of women’s participation in the social and political arenas. The chapter provides evidence of the wealth and patronage of women of various social classes, in both the New Testament and the culture at large.
Conclusion
Authors: Hylen Susan E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter briefly summarizes the book and its implications for interpreters of the New Testament. The book has argued that conventional virtues like modesty, industry, and loyalty did not negate women’s capacities to own property and act as patrons. Social norms were multiple and complex, and could be applied in different ways depending on the circumstances. Thus, social practices of the period made room for women to exert influence and become leaders and officeholders in their communities. A “modest” woman might be an acknowledged and widely sought leader of her city. This understanding of the cultural context may yield new interpretations of familiar New Testament material. The historical background does not force one single interpretation of any text; readers still face many exegetical decisions. However, the chapter identifies some of the broad implications of the study for New Testament interpretation.
Reading Hebrew Bible Narratives
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

The narrative traditions in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible are classical and canonical accounts in Western society and can be interpreted as historical dramas, using multiple methods of literary and historical analysis. Chapters in the book include introductory discussions of literary approaches to historical narratives such as plot, theme, characterization, and semantics, as well as historical and cultural analysis of their ancient contexts. Each chapter emphasizes interaction with specific biblical texts, interpreting them in the context of ancient Israel’s national storyline, and encourages readers to approach them dialogically. Narratives for examination are drawn from the books of Genesis, Deuteronomy, Judges, Ruth, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, Ezra, and Nehemiah. Texts from the books of Genesis and Ruth receive repeated attention, as does the topic of marriage and family in ancient Israel. This attention allows readers to see the same topic in various literary/historical settings and to engage similar texts with multiple methods.
Narratives in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter introduces readers to the narrative traditions in the Old Testament, their contexts, and basic perspectives in reading them. They exist as separate books and as parts of others books in the OT and they function as explanations for ancient Israel’s identity. Several characteristics of narrative analysis are identified as aids in reading these texts, including plot, character, point of view, and style. And some broad characteristics of Hebrew narrative style are identified, including the preference for speech and the omniscience of the author in presenting cause and effect. The broader historical setting of ancient Israel is sketched as necessary background for interpreting Old Testament narratives.
Narrative Art
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores the relevance of semantics and the art of verbal and literary expression for interpreting Old Testament narratives. Texts from Genesis 16 and 38, and more extensively 2 Samuel 7, are examined for examples of wordplay, distinctive vocabulary such as that employed by the Deuteronomistic writers, and intertextual references to other books in the Old Testament. The name Ishmael is the subject of a wordplay that indicates God has heard the plea of Hagar his mother. In Genesis 38 the names Er and Perez are briefly examined for their contribution to the plot of an heir for the patriarch Judah. The several uses of the Hebrew words for “house” and “name” in 2 Samuel 7 are discussed in the context of traditions about the rule of King David over Israel.
Genesis 2
Authors: Dearman J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

The creation account in Genesis 2 contains an etiology of marriage and family and is also part of the larger introduction in Genesis 1–3 to the later (literarily speaking) habitable world outside the Garden of Eden. The characteristics of the etiological account are first explored, noting the concluding emphasis that Adam and Eve form a kinship unit through a one-flesh union. This account is briefly compared to Genesis 1:1–2:3, which is also an account of creation, and it is suggested that the narrative in Genesis 2 functions as an elaboration of the previous account, now that they are placed side-by-side. The continuation of the account in Genesis 3 interprets human mortality outside the Garden of Eden, along with indications that God will continue a relationship with the human community.
Exhibiting a New South Empire
Authors: Cardon Nathan
Published: October 2018

Chapter 4 argues that the Jim Crow modernity at the fairs foreshadowed a Jim Crow empire after 1898. The Cotton States and International Exposition and Tennessee Centennial Exposition presented arguments for a distinctly southern imperial expansion. The Negro Buildings coupled with African American participation provided a blueprint for the incorporation of nonwhite colonial natives into the United States. By solving the supposed problems of a multiracial society by including the labor of African Americans while denying them the rights of citizenship, the South presented a framework for empire. At the same time, the exhibits and conferences held at the Negro Buildings often embraced the civilizing language of imperialism. Rhetoric about “primitive” and “heathen” Africans and the need for technical schools in Africa placed the southern African American professional and clerical staff within and alongside American expansionism.
Empirical Research on Honor Killing
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This chapter analyzes relevant quantitative and qualitative research on honor killings. It includes an original empirical study—the Churchill-Holmes study—of 200 incidents from 28 countries and territories. Following a comparative analysis of major studies displayed in tables and charts, a number of generalizations, or central tendencies, are inferred. Central tendencies are divided into three major categories based on rough estimates of the probability that the characteristics in each category will be found in all or most instances of honor killing. Central tendencies pertain to the frequency of all known aspects of honor killings. This research serves as grounds for the analysis, hypotheses, and tentative conclusions drawn in the remainder of this book.
Socialization, Gender, and Violence-Prone Personality
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This is the first of three chapters to explore why honor killings occur in terms of the perpetrators, victims, families, and neighbors caught up in the social practice. This chapter approaches the psychology of honor killing in terms of reasons for key agents’ motives and behaviors—more specifically, the sociocultural roots of expectations about honorable and shameful behavior, responses to shame, and the formation of a personality capable of overcoming constraints on killing. Here the emphasis is on the beginnings of socialization, gender performance, and personality formation, starting with child-rearing and parental practices, as well as adverse life conditions including toxic stress. The chapter proceeds to consider how adversity and toxic stress alter brain architecture and explains how insecure attachment and traumatic bonding may contribute to a violence-prone personality.
Providing Protection and Leveraged Reform
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This is the first of three chapters on protecting girls and women at risk and bringing about the end of honor killing. These short-term, emergency measures are understood as occurring while other efforts are made to achieve the long-term abolition of honor killing. Also examined are possibilities for leveraging change; that is, changing behaviors through pressures from outside honor–shame communities and through pressures that are coercive. Emergency interventions discussed include those tested elsewhere as well as new initiatives. Insofar as possible, trusted members of local communities should administer emergency interventions. Interventions include hotlines, smartphone apps, information networks, mobile crisis teams, observer-informants, shelters, halfway houses, family centers, granting asylum, and others. The objective of leveraged change, primarily initiated by outside change agents, is to make continuing honor killings too costly. Recommended leveraging strategies include legal reforms, moral entrepreneurship, initiative by media and national elites, and decreasing learned and socialized aggression.
Moral Transformation
Authors: Churchill Robert Paul
Published: October 2018

This chapter and the next are about ending honor killing through moral transformations occurring within communities. The emphasis is on facilitating and curating reforms that community members come to willingly adopt as their own. Sociocultural norms, expectations, and conditions must be revised such that no one can conceive of honor killing as an honorable deed. Here the practicality of such an outcome is emphasized by examining four subjects. First, the formation by Badshah Khan of the Khudai Kidhmatgar into a nonviolent and service-based army among the Pathans demonstrates the possibility of transformation even among the fiercest of honor-bound peoples. Second, the chapter demonstrates the effectiveness of reframing honor and inducing cognitive dissonance, thereby separating killing from honorable behavior. Next, three existing honor–shame cultures in which honor killing is not practiced are examined as real alternatives. Finally, possibilities for nonviolent conflict resolution and peaceable costly signaling techniques are considered.
Finding the Church’s Voice
Authors: Ingalls Monique M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 provides a detailed ethnographic portrait of music in a local church congregation in which contemporary worship music serves an important—and often strategic—means of positioning. Examining the choices of congregational music repertory, style, and performance practice at St. Bartholomew’s Church, an “evangelical Episcopal” church in Nashville, Tennessee, reveals how church leaders and congregation members use music to navigate the church’s relationship with other area churches, denominational traditions, and church networks. The church’s choice of worship songs and styles constitutes what one church leader referred to as the church’s unique “voice,” in other words, its identity and position relative to other congregations and within networks. Though the church’s voice is constructed in part from broadly circulating discourses and practices within contemporary worship music, the case study of St. Bartholomew’s shows that this song repertory is also subject to imaginative reinterpretation within local church contexts.
In/Complete
Authors: Rebecca Martin , Langin-Hooper Stephanie
Published: October 2018

Written by the volume’s co-editors, this introductory chapter frames the book, situating its intellectual contribution within the broader scholarly landscape of miniaturization and fragmentation studies. The chapter begins with an overview of current theoretical and methodological approaches to issues of miniaturization and fragmentation. A description of the volume’s inception, its relationship to the original conference session at the College Art Association Annual Meeting from which it emerged, and a summary of each contributing chapter is then provided. The chapter concludes with further thoughts on the study of miniatures and fragments.
Tiny and Fragmented Votive Offerings from Classical Antiquity
Authors: Hughes Jessica
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses tiny and fragmented votive offerings from the ancient Greco-Roman world. The first half of the chapter surveys different kinds of votive fragmentation, ranging from objects that were physically ruptured before dedication, to conceptually ‘partial’ offerings like tithes and first fruits. I argue that the deliberate or accidental breakage of votives often paradoxically increased the value and meaning of the offering in the eyes of the community and recipient deity. I also introduce the possibility that all votives might be seen as fragments, insofar as they constitute part of a worshiper’s property or converted wealth (an idea inherent in the ancient concepts of dekatē and aparchē). The second half of the chapter then focuses on one particular type of fragmented votive—the model body part. Tiny body parts made in clay and metal began to be dedicated in the Middle Minoan and then the Archaic Greek periods, and continued to appear alongside the life-sized (or near life-sized) anatomical votives that were a feature of later Hellenistic and Roman ritual. I explore some of the possible resonances of these votives’ tiny sizes, emphasizing how far these miniature objects facilitate (or even demand) intimate touch and handling. Finally, I explore the possibility that the miniature votives in Hellenistic and Roman times may have harkened back to the diminutive offerings of earlier periods, thus functioning as symbols of cultural memory, and tiny generators of nostalgia.
Style as a Fragment of the Ancient World
Authors: Feldman Marian H.
Published: October 2018

Style in art history is often taken as a fragment or residue of a larger historical past and as such it plays a foundational role in the study of ancient societies. What actually causes style, however, remains vaguely theorized, if considered at all. This chapter reviews a range of theories that explore, to varying degrees, an explanation for style and then proposes an understanding of style as the product of human/social practices, drawing upon concepts such as Giddens’s structuration and Bourdieu’s habitus. It concludes by distinguishing the art historical method of stylistic analysis from that of stylistic interpretation, arguing that stylistic analysis can serve as a universal disciplinary approach, while at the same time acknowledging that what style meant to past viewers/users varied according to specific cultural context and thus must be interpreted from within this context. Because of its social contingency, style is therefore a potent fragment of past practices that survives for our analytic assessment/interpretation. This conclusion is explored through a case study of early Iron Age art from the Levant and Assyria.
Stronger at the Broken Places
Authors: Langin-Hooper Stephanie M.
Published: October 2018

Hellenistic Babylonian figurines with separately made and attached limbs are not a uniform corpus in terms of their iconography or subject matter, but all leave similar visual traces of fragmentation on an otherwise complete miniature body. Rather than interpreting these visual “breaks” as simply an unfortunate side effect of these figurines’ manufacture, the chapter argues that the appearance of broken places actually enriched these objects’ affect by fixating and intensifying user interest on otherwise overlooked body parts. Strikingly, the artificial poses and hyper-real actions of fragmented figurine limbs all operated in the liminal zones of cultural contestation between Greeks and Babylonians: banqueting, childhood, male and female nudity, and sexual attraction. By depicting some of these most difficult points of cross-cultural contention in the miniature scale (where they were less threatening) and in fragmented form (where they were visually interesting), such figurines offered avenues into cross-cultural dialogue and communication.
French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

French Musical Culture and the Coming of Sound Cinema examines film music practices in France during a period of widespread artistic and creative experimentation: the transition from silent to synchronized sound film. While this period in Hollywood has been examined from a range of scholarly perspectives, the transition to sound in France—and the unique interactions between French sound cinema and French musical discourses—remains underexplored. In France, debates about sound cinema were fierce and widespread, and many filmmakers addressed theoretical questions about the potential of the new technology head-on, articulating their responses to these questions both in writing and in their films. Music played an integral role in the debate. Lewis argues that debates about sound film had a powerful effect on French musical culture of the early 1930s, and that diverse French musical styles and traditions—from Les Six, to the opera house, to the popular music-hall—played a crucial role in shaping the cinematic soundscape. Filmmakers experimented with music’s role in sound cinema within a range of genres, including avant-garde surrealist cinema (Luis Buñuel and Jean Cocteau), recorded theater (Marcel Pagnol), early poetic realism (Jean Renoir, Jean Vigo), and the film musical (René Clair). Lewis’s analysis of the experiments undertaken in these few important years in French cinematic history encourages readers to challenge commonly held assumptions of how genres, media, and artistic forms relate to one another, and how these relationships are renegotiated during moments of technological change.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

The introduction presents the book’s scope, approach, and organization. It recounts the history of the transition to synchronized sound film, which has largely been examined from the perspective of American cinema. However, because of aspects of French cinematic and musical culture that were unique to France, the transition unfolded in very different ways, becoming a hotly debated topic and resulting in divergent artistic responses. The introduction lays out the competing conceptions of sound film in France—for instance, its aesthetic proximity to either live theater or silent film, and its potential as a realist medium or a source of abstract fantasy—and the ways these conceptions played out in practitioners’ writings and films of the period. The films created during this “transitional” moment in filmmaking encourage us to reconsider long-held assumptions about the relationship between music and the moving image.
Théâtre filmé, Opera, and Cinematic Poetry
Authors: Lewis Hannah
Published: October 2018

Chapter 4 focuses on a famous debate between playwright Marcel Pagnol and film director René Clair. Pagnol was a successful playwright who was excited about film’s potential for recording live theater. His screenplays, perhaps most notably Marius, emphasized spoken dialogue, relegating music to a secondary role. Clair was a silent filmmaker who was interested in the poetic qualities of the image, and he feared that sound, particularly dialogue, would threaten cinema’s poetic potential. His film Le Million relied heavily on music, particularly live musical-theatrical forms like operetta and opera, to create alternative models for film’s sound–image relationship. The debate between Pagnol and Clair reveals diverging approaches to sound film, the aesthetic connections and tensions between live theater and cinema, and music’s importance in articulating those tensions.
Ask Not “What Is an Individual?”
Authors: Waters C. Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Philosophers of biology typically pose questions about individuation by asking “what is an individual?” For example, we ask: what is a species, what is an organism, and what is a gene? In this chapter, the author presents his account of the gene concept to motivate a more pragmatic approach. Instead of asking “what is a gene?,” he asks, “how do biologists individuate genes?,” “for what purposes?,” and “do their practices of individuating genes serve these purposes?” He proposes that philosophers use this approach when analyzing concepts of organisms and biological individuals. Following philosophical pragmatism, he argues that philosophers should view practices of individuating organisms in terms of a three-place relation: between the world, ideas, and human purposes and actions. He concludes with three lessons: an ontological, an epistemological, and a meta-philosophical lesson, which he suggests apply to philosophy of science generally and to philosophy and metaphysics at large.
Individuality, Organisms, and Cell Differentiation
Authors: Bonnie Fagan Melinda
Published: October 2018

This chapter builds on earlier arguments concerning the individuality of stem cells. The author has argued in previous work that stem cells are not biological individuals in the same way as specialized cells of multicellular organisms (e.g., neurons, red blood cells, muscle cells) but that some stem cells (cultured pluripotent stem cells) can be considered biological individuals by analogy with multicellular organisms. More precisely, the author claims that cultured pluripotent stem cells can be considered model organisms for studying early mammalian development. An important objection to this model organism thesis is that cultured pluripotent stem cells lack the organization (functional integration and cohesive unity) required for an entity to be an organism. This chapter explicates and rebuts a strong version of this objection and, in the process, clarifies the ontology of stem cells as experimental entities.
Individuation of Developmental Systems
Authors: Griesemer James
Published: October 2018

The author views concepts of individuality and associated individuation criteria, as used in the sciences, as scientific-theoretical concepts that can have different, even conflicting meanings in different theoretical contexts. Focusing on biological individuality in evolutionary contexts, he argues that despite the variety of usage, evolutionary contexts typically involve two senses of process-relativity depending on (1) empirical processes taken to be operating in the world that humans talk about, try to understand, predict, explain, or control; and (2) tracking processes that humans perform while investigating empirical phenomena. He illustrates the process-relativity of biological individuality concepts by contrasting two different kinds of attempt to articulate concepts of evolutionary individuality, one based in natural selection theory, the other in a theory of biological reproduction. Also characterized is how the tracking activities of scientific practices are entwined with the empirical processes on which both individuation and individuality depend.