bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Takayasu's Disease: Association with HLA‐B5
Authors: Naito S. , Arakawa K. , Saito S. , Toyoda K. , Takeshita A.
Published: December 2008

The frequency of HLA‐BS (66%, n = 38) in Japanese patients with Takayasu's disease was significantly higher than in controls (32%, n = 160). The level of significance was x2= 13.53, P < 0.0005 and corrected P < 0.009.
PTA Deficiency and MHC
Authors: Muller J. Y. , Prou O. , Frommel D. , Soulier J. P.
Published: December 2008

HLA typing of a family with PTA (factor XI) deficiency revealed that there was no linkage between PTA deficiency and the major histocompatibility complex.
Transitivity of Response in the Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Test
Authors: Curie‐Cohen Martin , Usinger William R. , Stone William H.
Published: December 2008

We present a model of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response which assumes one specificity per locus. It also assumes that an animal A will fail to stimulate animal B if, and only if, the set of specificities possessed by A is a subset of the set of specificities in B. The last assumption implies that non‐stimulation is transitive; that is, if A does not stimulate B, and B does not stimulate C, then A will not stimulate C. The inclusion of antigenic sets can be used to partially order the animals in a hierarchy.

Partial ordering can detect multiple lymphocyte‐defined (LD) loci with relative ease; it indicates the number of antigens present in particular individuals; and it detects exceptions to the rule of transitivity which may expose immune response genes, minor loci, or other mechanisms that affect MLC response. This analytical procedure is most useful when testing half‐sib families or hybrids sharing a common parental strain.

We have applied this procedure to the MLC in cattle half‐sib families and found that the data strongly support the existence of at least four LD loci.
HLA Antigens in Patients with Psoriasis
Authors: Gazit E. , Brenner S. , Efter T. , Orgad S. , Mizrachi Y. , Krakowski A.
Published: December 2008

Tissue typing was performed on lymphocytes of 46 Jewish patients with psoriasis vulgaris. HLA B13, B17, B37 and Cw6 were found increased. It is suggested that the increase in the B and C locus antigens is inter‐related and may determine the genetic predisposition for the development of this disease,
The Operation of Immunological Networks in Graves' Disease
Authors: Farid Nadir R. , Newton R.M. , Noel Elke P. , Barnard J.M. , Marshall W.H.
Published: December 2008

Association between Graves' disease and HLA—B8 has been previously documented, as have been associations between 1 gG heavy chain allotype markers (Gm). We found a significant increase in the phenotype fnb/fb (ie. positivity for fb) in patients with Graves' diesase compared to controls, raising the possibility of allotypic restriction of thyroid stimulating antibodies thought to be causally related to the disease.

The influence of fb on the susceptibility to Graves' disease was found to be independent of HLA—B8 status suggesting that the immunological network operated by the Histocompatibility‐linked genes is independent of that centered around IgG allotypes. It is postulated that, whereas the former genes determine the level of helper T lymphocyte function in the production of thyroid stimulating antibodies in Graves' disease, a person who also happens to carry the Gm marker fb would be assured of the production of IgG antibodies with thyroid stimulatory activity.
HLA Phenotype Frequencies in Individuals with Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate
Authors: Bonner J. J. , Terasaki P. I. , Thompson P. , Holve L. M. , Wilson L. , Ebbin A. J. , Slavkin H. C.
Published: December 2008

The HLA types of 133 patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were determined. Caucasian patients with isolated cleft palate showed a possible association with HLA. Ten of 11 male patients had HLA‐A2 as compared to one out of eight female patients (P < 0.005). Caucasian males with cleft lip and cleft palate had a slight increased frequency of HLA—Aw24 (P= 0.07) and Mexican‐American males with cleft lip and/or cleft palate showed an increase of antigen HLA—A28 (P= 0.07), though neither were statistically significant. Females with cleft lip and/or cleft palate from either racial group had no differences from the controls.

The serum from 90 mothers of patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate were reacted against their child's lymphocytes. Of these crossmatch tests, 12% were found to be positive.

These preliminary results suggest that male patients with isolated cleft palate are worthy of further studies with respect of HLA associations.
HLA—Bw52 in Takayasu Disease
Authors: Isohisa I. , Numano F. , Maezawa H. , Sasazuki T.
Published: December 2008

Takayasu disease is characterized by a pulseless condition which most often occurs in young females from Asian or South American areas. The cause of this disease remains obscure. Recently we encountered monozygotic, Japanese identical twin sisters, both of whom were diagnosed as having Takayasu disease. A genetically related factor was considered and HLA analysis was carried out. A population study on HLA typing analyses of 65 patients with Takayasu disease revealed a high frequency of HLA—B5 as compared with 128 healthy Japanese (x2: 17.0, P < 10–4). Subgroups of B5, Bw51 and Bw52 were successively studied in 82 patients with this disease. Bw51 antigen was found in 12.2% of patients with Takayasu disease and in 19.5% of 128 healthy Japanese. Contrarily, Bw52 antigen was confirmed in 43.9% of patients, a statistically significant frequency with the level of 26.5 in the x2 test (cP < 3 < 10–4) when compared with 12.5% in normal Japanese. Thus a genetically related factor in the pathogenesis of Takayasu disease has to be considered.
Distribution of HLA Antigens in a Mexican—American Population and a Comparison with Two Similar Populations from Different Geographical Locales
Authors: Murray G. C. , Montiel M. M. , Persellin R. H.
Published: December 2008

The frequencies of 32 HLA antigens of the A and B series were determined in a previously unstudied population of Mexican‐Americans in South Texas. The phenotype and gene frequencies for this group are presented and are contrasted with those determined in studies of Mexican/Mexican—American populations from two different locales. The statistically significant differences observed emphasize the need for indigenous controls when evaluating racially heterogeneous populations for disease‐associated HLA antigens.
Application of a Computer Program for the Mapping of a Gene Locus to the Disputed PGM3 Localization on Human Chromosome 6
Authors: Baur M.P. , Rittner Ch.
Published: December 2008

The program GENEMAP, which performs the computations of a model for the mapping of a gene locus (Baur & Spitzer 1978), is applied to the localization of the phosphoglucomutase 3 with family data as published by Lamm et al. (1972), Rittner & Kalbheim (1975), Albert et al. (1977) and Kömpf et al. (1977). On the basis of Lamm's recombination fractions the combined odds were 13: 1 in favor of an orientation of PGM3 to the HLA—B‐side.
HLA—Determination in Families with Hereditary Ataxia
Authors: Möller Erna , Hindfelt Bengt , Olsson Jan‐Edvin
Published: December 2008

In three families with hereditary ataxia, where the inheritance pattern was autosomal and dominant, HLA antigens were determined in 25 members. In two of the families, HLA linkage of disease was suggested, whereas in the third family, the data did not directly support this concept, since two recombinational events between the postulated locus for disease and the HLA region had to be assumed. However, with this assumption, our data are compatible with those of one family described recently (Jackson et al. 1977) implying the presence on the sixth chromosome, outside the HLA region, of a locus that determines the development of spino cerebellar ataxia (SCA). Further tests with definition of enzyme markers will have to be performed before conclusions as to HLA linkage of a postulated SCA gene can be made.
No Significant Correlation of HLA—B8 and Amount of Antibodies Directed to Acetylcholine Receptor Protein in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Edvard Smith C. I. , Hammarström Lennart , Möller Erna , Lefvert Ann‐Kari , Matell Georg
Published: December 2008

Forty patients with myasthenia gravis were HLA tissue typed and the amount of anti‐acetylcholine receptor protein antibody determined. Sera from seven patients were tested for antibody titer by repeated determinations and the serum concentration was found to be stable. Patients with thymoma had higher titers than patients with normal thymus histology or hyperplasia. Individuals with thymoma lacking HLA—B8 were found to have a higher concentration of antibodies than HLA‐B8 negative individuals with hyperplasia. No statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing the amount of antibody in HLA—B8 positive and negative individuals. Titers in patients subjected lo thymectomy more than 8 years before sampling did not deviate from those in non‐thymectomized myasthenics.
Antinuclear factors in murine alloantisera
Authors: Saunders D. A. , Crowder J. R. , Schultz J. S.
Published: December 2008

We have demonstrated that anti‐Thy 1.1 and certain H‐2 alloantisera contain an antinuclear factor (ANF) detected by fluorescent antimouse IgG. The incidence of ANF positive antisera that we report may actually be an underestimate. ANF is present in sera not only from our laboratory but also from other sources; thus ANF is not an artifact of our laboratory.

ANF is not identical to alloantibody, and the ANF appears to be of an autoimmune nature. A variety of environmental and genetic factors may influence the appearance of ANF in anti‐H‐2 sera, but we believe that the consistent detection of ANF in sera directed against H‐2.31, 34 or against H‐2.4 suggests that some specific aspect of immune stimulation by these H‐2 antigens, and likely by other H‐2 antigenic specifications, induces the appearance of ANF. It is not known whether it is these K and D antigens or other determinants associated with the H‐2 complex that may actually provide the immune stimulation for ANF induction. The particular mechanisms that may be operating to induce ANF cannot be determined at present. We are continuing with experiments to define what parameters influence the appearance of ANF in alloantisera.
Association of HLA antigens with coeliac disease among Iraqi children
Authors: Dawood F. H. , Jabbar A. A. R. , Al‐Mudaris A. F. , Al‐Hasani Mohamed H.
Published: December 2008

Forty children with coeliac disease were subjected to HLA‐A and B antigens typing using the two‐way lymphocytotoxicity technique. An increase in the frequency of HLA‐B8 and B12 was found in patients as compared to the control group. Family studies conducted in 4 selected families have indicated that four out of five siblings who inherited the HLA‐B8 antigen from their parents have contracted coeliac disease. In one of the families both siblings had HLA‐B8 but only one of them contracted coeliac disease. It is suggested that the association of coeliac disease with HLA‐antigen could be multifactorial, i.e. the disease could be attributed to the presence of more than one antigen.
HLA‐B8 antigen and anti‐PLA1 allo‐immunization
Authors: Reznikoff‐Etievant M. F. , Dangu C. , Lobet R.
Published: December 2008

HLA‐A‐B‐C and DR typing was performed on sixteen individuals whose PLA1 platelet group was negative. Ten of them were immunostimulated with PLA1 antigen by pregnancy or transfusion; six of them were responders and developed an anti‐PLA1 antibody. A high incidence of HLA‐B8 antigen was observed in that group of responders. This observation is supported by five other cases of allo‐immunization reported in previous papers.
HLA and alopecia areata in Jerusalem
Authors: Hacham‐Zadeh Shoshana , Brautbar Chaim , Cohen Chaim A. , Cohen Tirza
Published: December 2008

A study of 46 patients with Alopecia areata in Jerusalem showed a significant increase in the frequency of HLA‐B18 (23.9%) as compared to the control population (7.4%) with a relative risk of 3.9%. This association of HLA‐B18 with AA was independent of the origin of patients, sex, age of onset and type of alopecia areata.
HLA antigens expressed on human ervthroid burst forming cells
Authors: Ohe Yokiko , Hara Hiroshi , Nagai Kiyovasu
Published: December 2008

The human major histocompatibility antigens HLA, play an important role in transplantation. To ascertain the expression of the antigens of A and B loci on the surface of human hemopoietic progenitors, the cytotoxic effect of specific anti‐HLA sera was examined. Anti‐HLA A2 and B5 sera were used in the present experiments. Circulating blood mononuclear cells and nucleated marrow cells, pre‐treated with appropriate specific anti‐HLA sera and complement, formed fewer colonies from BFU‐e and CFU‐c in a culture medium than the controls which were treated with autologous serum. In our experiments, the HLA antisera also killed macrophages, monocytes and T cells which carry the surface antigen. Then, the influence of macrophages, monocytes, and T cells on colony formation from BFU‐e and CFU‐c was examined. These results indicated that BFU‐e as well as CFU‐c expressed HLA antigens on their surface.
HLA and rheumatoid arthritis. A study of five families
Authors: Ström Hárkan , Möller Erna
Published: December 2008

Five families with two or more members ill with rheumatoid arthritis were investigated clinically. Tissue typing for HLA A, B, C and D/DR antigens was performed. We could not define any HLA haplotype associated with disease within these families. However, the prevalence of the haplotypes containing HLA‐DR4 was high, suggesting a direct relationship between DR4 and increased risk of contracting rheumatoid arthritis.
HLA‐Cw7 and HBS Ag negative chronic active hepatitis
Authors: Lepage V. , Degos F. , Carella G. , Llma M. De , Giraud M. C. , Degos L.
Published: December 2008

Fifty‐five patients with Chronic Active Hepatitis (CAH) were typed for HLA‐A,B,C and DR antigens. HBs Ag positive CAH had no correlation with HLA. HBs Ag negative CAH was mainly associated with HLA‐Cw7 (pc <.001, relative risk 9, 1).
HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DR specificities on human monocytes
Authors: Merdrignac G. , Fauchet R. , Bouhallier O. , Genetet B.
Published: December 2008

Monocyte‐enriched cell suspensions obtained by a plate adherence method from 57 blood donors were typed by microcytotoxicity for HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DR determinants. Parallel assays were performed with autologous unfractionated lymphocytes for HLA‐A and ‐B determinants and with autologous B‐lymphocytes for HLA‐DR determinants. Correlation coefficients (r values) were calculated for nine HLA‐A specificities (r > 0.79), 16 HLA‐B specificities (r > 0.56) and seven HLA‐DR specificities (r > 0.81). For certain HLA‐A and ‐B specificities detection was less readily achieved on monocytes than on autologous lymphocytes. Extra reactions were observed in some instances. With sera defining HLA—DR specificities, monocytes and B‐cells showed reactivity of almost identical strength and reliability.
The influence of HLA‐A, B compatibility on the outcome of cadaver renal transplantation in Stockholm during 1970–1980
Authors: Berg Bengt
Published: December 2008

The influence of HLA‐A, B‐matching on the results of 362 cadaver renal transplantations was analyzed. Of these, 34 of the patients had diabetes and 105 were 55 years old or more. The case material was divided into groups, based on the number of HLA‐A, B incompatibilities. The occurence of factors having a possible bearing on kidney graft survival was determined in each match group. It was found that several of these factors, such as the immunosuppressive agents given and the number of high‐risk patients, were unequally distributed in the various groups. This may be related to changes in policy that have occured since the transplant unit was moved to Huddinge Hospital in November 1973. In order to obtain homogeneous case material, the Huddinge series was analyzed separately.

A significant difference in survival was found in both materials between transplants with 2 or less incompatibilities and those with more than 2 incompatibilities. A significant difference in patient survival between these two groups was found in the total case material.
HLA antigens and affective illness
Authors: Propert David N. , Tait Brian D. , Davies Brian
Published: December 2008

HLA‐A and B locus antigens were determined in 96 affectively ill persons including 25 unipolar and 47 bipolar patients. The frequency of HLA‐A2S is higher than in controls in each patient group. HLA‐Bw16 is present with an elevated frequency among the unipolar patients. These differences are no longer significant when corrected for the number of antigens tested.

The literature on HLA antigens in affective illnesses is reviewed and possible reasons for the seemingly conflicting results found to date are briefly discussed.
A hybridoma monoclonal antibody which reacts with cells carrying the HLA‐A2 antigen: evidence for heterogeneity in the expression of HLA‐A2
Authors: Beckman I. G. R. , Bradley J. , Macardle P. J. , Wolnizer C. M. , Zola H.
Published: December 2008

A monoclonal antibody, FMC 5, has been prepared against human lymphocytes and its reactivity examined. FMC 5 behaves, for the most part, as an anti‐HLA‐A2 typing serum. However, three small groups of discrepant types were identified, and each provides additional insight into the complexity of the MHC antigens. A small number (5/60) of donors typed as HLA—A2 did not react with FMC 5. A further group (6/35) were HLA‐A2 and did react with FMC 5, but lysis was always incomplete in this group. Finally, 13/39 non‐A2 donors gave various degrees of reactivity with FMC 5. Lysis in this group was usually incomplete and required a high antibody concentration.
Measuring the strength of associations between HLA antigens and diseases
Authors: Bengtsson Bengt O. , Thomson Glenys
Published: December 2008

The strength of the population association between an antigen and a disease can be estimated not only by the relative risk value, but also by what variously has been called the population attributable risk and the etiologic fraction. This alternative measure has certain advantages if the association is due to linkage disequilibrium between the antigen allele and a “disease” allele at a closely linked “disease susceptibility” locus. In particular, it can then be used to determine which of many antigens associated with the same disease has the strongest association from a genetical point of view.
Typing for RhLA—D in Rhesus monkeys: I. characteristics of ten groups of homozygous typing cells1
Authors: Jonker M. , Meurs G. Van , Balner H.
Published: December 2008

Certain characteristics of 38 homozygous typing cells (TC's) of rhesus monkeys were determined. These TC's define ten RhLA—D locus specificities. Eight of them are associated with established RhLA—DR antigens. Two other groups of typing cells, D9 and D10, were previously considered to be associated with “blank” antigens of the DR series; they now appear to be associated with B‐cell antigens which are also likely to be controlled by the DR locus. No influence of RhLA—A or B antigens of MLC reactivity was observed. It was shown, however, that products of at least one locus other than D/DR is responsible for MLC stimulation. Whether those MLC antigens are associated with serologically identifiable B‐cell antigens which are not controlled by the DR locus, is not yet clear.
HLA and hyperthyroidism in Ireland
Authors: McKenna R. , Kearns M. , Sugrue D. , Drury M. I. , McCarthy C. F.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of HLA antigens in a group of Irish patients with hyperthyroidism was studied, in an attempt to define whether specific antigens were associated with relapse of the disease following medical therapy. The increase in HLA‐B8 and DR3 found by others in this disease was confirmed, but no difference in HLA type was documented in 33 patients who had relapsed compared to 24 who had not relapsed. Forty‐six per cent of the relapsed group were DR3 as against 45% of the non‐relapsed group.
HLA antigens and Bf allotypes in SLE: evidence for the association being with specific haplotypes
Authors: Black C. M. , Welsh K. I. , Fielder A. , Hughfs G. R. V. , Batchelor J. R.
Published: December 2008

The clinical features and HLA types of 67 unrelated patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) were analyzed. The results showed:

1. An increase in frequencies of A1, B8, and DR3. These antigens are in close linkage disequilibrium and our data show that susceptibility to SLE is associated with the presence of all three antigens, implicating the specific haplotype which bears these antigens.

2. An increase in frequency of DR2, but not A3 or B7, these latter two antigens being in linkage disequilibrium with DR2.

3. 73.3% of the 54 Caucasoid SLE group were either B8 and/or DR2. This is in comparison with 37.5% in the controls and the difference is significant (p < 0.001).

4. There was no association apparent between extent of disease, particular organ involvement and level of circulating antibodies to double stranded DNA with any HLA region product.
HLA—DR specificities among Japanese with several autoimmune diseases
Authors: Sakurami Takehiko , Ueno Yukio , Iwaki Yuichi , Park Min S. , Tsrasako Paul I. , Saji Hiroo , Louie Shirley , Takemura Steve
Published: December 2008

HLA—A,—B,—C, and—DR antigens were determined in order to study the association of HLA in Japanese patients with several autoimmune diseases, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Hodgkin's disease.

The frequency of HLA—DR4 was significantly increased in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile‐onset insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. In this study, no significant associations with A, B, or C specificities were observed except BW22 in IDDM. In contrast, the negative association with HLA—DR2 was observed in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pemphigus vulgaris and hypertrophic non‐obstructuve cardiomyopathy.
HLA and longevity
Authors: Proust J. , Moulias R. , Fumeron F. , Bekkhoucha F. , Busson M. , Schmid M. , Hors J.
Published: December 2008

One hundred fifty‐five healthy nonagenarians, 55 men and 100 women, all French Caucasians, were phenotyped for alleles of the A, B, C, DR loci of the HLA complex. The observed HLA antigen frequencies were compared to those of a control series of 133 males and 179 females whose ages ranged from 10 to 50 years. When comparing the total young and elderly series, no significant differences were observed with respect to HLA antigen distribution or heterozygosity at any of the loci. When taking sex difference into account, however, an excess of the Cw1 antigen was found in the group of elderly females (p < 0.001) and an excess of the Cw7 antigen in the group of elderly males (p < 0.001). Of particular significance was the fact that Cw7 belonged in this instance to a phenotypic combination (and most probably to the corresponding haplotype) A1/Cw7/B8/DR3 which was found significantly increased in male nonagenarians (p < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that certain HLA haplotypes are associated with survival advantage.
Immunoglobulin A deficiency: genetic studies
Authors: Oen K. , Petty R. E. , Schroeder M. L.
Published: December 2008

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (<0.01 mg/ml) was demonstrated in 155 of 72,296 blood donors. Studies of families of 60 donors revealed IgA deficiency in other members of 12 families. No consistent pattern of inheritance of IgA deficiency was found. HLA typing of 62 unrelated IgA deficient blood donors showed a significant increase in the prevalence of HLA‐B8 (p < 0.005).
The epidemiologic approach to studies of association between HLA and disease: II. Estimation of absolute risks, etiologic and preventive fraction
Authors: Green Anders
Published: December 2008

It is the aim of the present report to review principles and measures which are fundamental in modern epidemiology and happen to be closely related to expressions used in studies of association between HLA and disease. These measures, the etiologic and the preventive fractions, may easily be estimated from the traditional 2 × 2 table. Furthermore, the practical procedures leading to estimates of the absolute frequency measures for individuals with and without a given HLA factor are presented; these estimates may also be obtained from the 2 × 2 table, supplemented with data on the disease frequency in the general population. The estimation procedures are simple in all the subtypes of the association study design, but especially in prevalence‐based association studies some important limitations as to the interpretation and generalization should be kept in mind. A subsequent report will use the measures and principles, outlined here, in order to facilitate an extension of the perspectives of the results and establish a connection between this field of HLA research and clinical and genetic epidemiology.
Competitive inhibition of T‐cell mediated lympholysis by platelets
Authors: Kristensen Tom , Mossin Jette
Published: December 2008

Platelets are known to possess serologically detectable HLA‐A, B, C (class I) antigens, but not HLA‐DR (class II) antigens. We have used platelets as non‐labelled (cold) competitors for cell‐mediated lympholysis directed against determinants on PHA (3 days) and PWM (7 days) 51Cr‐labelled (hot) lymphoblasts, i.e. T and B lymphoblasts, respectively.

It is found that platelets are able to incompletely inhibit cytolysis against T‐lymphoblasts, but not B‐lymphoblasts. The inhibition is immunologically specific in the sense that only platelets autologous to the original stimulator cell block, while platelets autologous to the original responder cell do not. The immunogenetic specificity of platelet blocking is unknown at present, since no allogeneic third party platelets have been investigated. It is further found that platelets do not inhibit cytolysis by cytotoxic lymphocytes previously qualified to identify HLA‐non A, B, C, D/DR determinants on T‐lymphoblasts.

Like in serology, platelets have to mature (≥ 7 days) in order to obtain optimal results. Since platelets are easy to procure and maintain their reactivity for months by simple storage in saline at 4°C, platelets may be used to screen for cell‐mediated lympholysis against HLA‐class 1, II or “new” determinants.
Allo‐antibodies to an antigenic determinant shared by HLA‐A2 and B17
Authors: Claas Frans , Castelli‐Visser Ria , Schreuder Ieke , Rood Jonvan
Published: December 2008

Recently, McMichael et al. (1980) described a monoclonal antibody that recognized a new specificity common to HLA‐A2 and B17. They thought that this epitope could only be seen by xeno‐antisera and not by allo‐antisera.

Here, three allo‐antisera which also recognize antigenic determinants shared by HLA‐A2 and B17 are described.
Increased frequency of HLA‐Aw19 in Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Brenner S. , Krakowski A. , Schewach‐Millet M. , Ronen M. , Orgad S. , Gazit E.
Published: December 2008

Nineteen Kaposi's sarcoma patients were typed for their HLA, antigen phenotype frequency. HLA—Aw 19 was found to be significantly increased (p < 0.001), and the relative risk for those carrying this antigen was 5.95.

The relevance of the increased frequency of Aw‐19 in cancer is discussed.
Molecular analysis of the HLA‐DRS haplotype
Authors: Ballas M. , Madrigal A. , Bontrop R. , Giphart M. J. , Bodmer J. , Goldmann S. F.
Published: December 2008

A panel of eleven HLA‐DR5 homozygous lymphoblastoid cell lines was investigated for structural heterogeneity on the product level. HLA class II antigens were isolated by irnmunoprecipitation with different anti‐class II monoclonal antibodies and separated by two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis. As a result, three distinct DRB1, one commonly expressed DRB3, and two distinct DQ gene products could be identitied that combined to four different haplotypes associated with HLA‐DR5. A hitherto serologically undetected split of HLA‐DRw11 was presented by three cell lines. HLA‐DRw11 and HLA‐DRw12 were found to be related allospecifities that differ only in their DRB1 locus products, but are closely associated with the supertypic DRB3 allele HLA‐DRw52b and with HLA‐DQw7. The DRB3 alleles HLA‐DRw52a and DRw52c were not detected in our cell line panel, indicating that these supertypic determinants are in negative linkage disequilibrium with HLA‐DR5. Our data suggest that intra HLA‐DR/DQ crossing‐over events contribute to the development of the HLA class II polymorphism. Evidence is presented that the T cell defined HLA‐D allospecifities are commonly determined by DRB1 and DO gene products.
HLA‐DQ antigens and DQβ amino acid 57 of Japanese patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus: detection of a DRw8DQw8 haplotype
Authors: Lundin K. E. A. , Rösnningen K. S. , Aono S. , Spurkland A. , Gaudernack G. , Isshiki G. , Thorsby E.
Published: December 2008

DQw8 (DQw3.2) on DR4 haplotypes is a susceptibility gene for development of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Caucasoids, possibly because it encodes a non‐Asp amino add (aa) (i.e. Ala) at residue 57 of the DQβ chain (non‐Asp‐57). Most Caucasoid IDDM patients are homozygous non‐Asp‐57. We have examined 14 Japanese IDDM patients, selected to be either DR4 or DRw9 (associated to IDDM among Japanese). Their DQB1 alleles and the aa encoded by their DQB1 codons 57 were identified, using 11 different sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes. Secondly, they were examined with DQw8 specific T lymphocyte clones and with anti‐DQ monoclonal antibodies. The DQB1 genes on their DR4 and DRw9 haplotypes in all cases encoded Asp‐57. Two patients were Asp‐57 homozygous, the rest were Asp‐57/non‐Asp‐57 heterozygous. The DR4 haplotypes all carried DQw4 (rather than DQw8), and the DRw9 haplotypes all carried DQw9. Furthermore, five of six DRw8 positive patients carried a previously undetected DRw8DOw8 haplotype, where both the DQA1 and DQB1 genes were similar to those usually found on the DR4DQw8 haplotype. Thus, the DR/DQ allele combinations and aa residue 57 of the DQβ chain of Caucasoid and Japanese IDDM patients are largely different.
Characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing a polymorphic epitope mainly on HLA‐DPw2 and DPw4 molecules
Authors: Viken H.D. , Gaudernack G. , Thorsby E.
Published: December 2008

A monoclonal antibody (MAb), 13.3.B4, was obtained from a murine hybridoma after fusing Sp2/0 myeloma ceUs with spleen cells from C3H mice immunized with mouse L cells transfected with the A1 and B1 genes of HLA‐DPw4. In radiobinding‐assays, MAb 13.3.B4 bound to HLA transfectants expressing DPw2 or DPw4 as well as DPw2 or DPw4 homozygous B‐cell lines, while most cell lines expressing other DP determinants were negative. MAbs with known DP or other HLA class II‐specificities were used to inhibit binding of MAb 13.3.B4 in a radioimmunoassay. Three MAbs demonstrated inhibition, but their pattern of reactivity with HLA homozygous B cell lines differed from that of MAb 13.3.M. An evaluation of DNA sequence data showed that MAb 13.3.B4 reacts with all cell lines expressing DP β‐chains of type 2.1, 2.2.4.1 or 4.2. No correlation between 13.3.B4‐reactivity and expression of DP α‐chain variants was found. The results indicate that MAb 13.3.B4 defines a polymorphic epitope which may be determined by the sequence gly‐gly‐pro‐met at residues 84‐87 of the DP β‐chain.
Distribution of HLA‐DQA1, ‐DQB1 and DRB1 alleles in black IDDM patients and controls from Zimbabwe
Authors: Garcia‐Pacheco J. M. , Herbut B. , Cutbush S. , Hitman G. A. , Zhonglin W. , Magzoub M. , Bottazzo G. F. , Kiere C. , West G. , Mvere D. , Biro P. A. , Sachs J. A.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: We have used the XI Histocompatibility Workshop sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes to determine the DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 genotypes by dot‐blot hybridization of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)‐amplified material from a homogenous black population in Zimbabwe. The DR4 subtype DRB1*0405, the DR3 subtype DRB1*0301, DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0302 and DQA1*0301 and DQA1*0501 were significantly increased in the IDDM group compared to the controls, whereas DRB1*11, DQB1*0602 and DQA1*0102 were significantly decreased. Taken together, the data show that susceptibility and resistance to IDDM are associated both with particular haplotypes and DQA1‐DQB1 heterodimers without one or other being overriding., Zimbabwean
Protamine sulphate for treatment of severe post‐reperfusion coagulopathy in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Gouvêa Glauber , Toledo Renato , Diaz Rodrigo , Auler Lúcio , Enne Marcelo , Martinho José Manoel
Published: December 2008

Abstract:  In this case report, we describe a child with biliary atresia who underwent a living LDLT and developed severe coagulopathy after reperfusion of the graft. The ROTEM® analysis strongly suggested the presence of either a heparin effect or severe deficiency of coagulation factors. The former diagnosis was supported by a subsequent in‐vitro HEPTEM. A small dose of protamine sulphate was then administered, which promptly restored hemostasis. The remainder of the procedure was uneventful.
THE USE OF AN ANTIGRAVITY SUIT IN NEUROSURGERY
Authors: Freuchen Ib P.
Published: December 2008

Some neurosurgeons prefer to perform certain operations with the patient in the sitting position. Owing to the hydrostatic pressure, the missing muscle pump function and the obstruction of the regulation of the circulation, this position impedes the circulation in causing pooling of blood in the lower extremities.

To meet these difficulties, the author has employed an anti‐g suit, which, inflated with air, exerts a pressure on the patient's legs and lower part of the abdomen. The suit renders it possible to maintain constant values for pulse rate and blood pressure and thereby maintain optimum conditions for the circulation.
EFFECT OF PROCAINE, CARBOCAIN AND XYLOCAINE ON CUTANEOUS MUSCLE IN RABBITS AND MICE
Authors: Brun Arne
Published: December 2008

The rabbit's skin was studied for its reaction to subcutaneous injection of procaine, xylocaine and carbocain without adrenaline. The histological examination was extended to include an objective recording of the influence of the agent on the muse, cutaneus maximus by measurement of the diameters of the muscle fibres. These three local anaesthetics produced an essentially equally strong subcutaneous inflammatory reaction in concentrations between 0.5 and 2 per cent., while a clear difference was found in the intracutaneous reaction. Xylocaine in concentrations 0.25‐2 per cent, regularly produced inflammation and necrosis in the skin muscle. This reaction increased with the concentration of the agent tested. Two days after the injection of 1–2 per cent, xylocaine definite atrophy of the muscle fibres was demonstrable. Carbocain produced the same effect. Procaine (1–2 per cent.) produced no inflammatory irritation in the musculature and no muscular atrophy. An inflammatory reaction and degenerative changes in the skin musculature after the injection of xylocaine were also seen in mice.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANESTHESIA METHODS ON EOSINOPENIC RESPONSE TO SURGICAL STRESS
Authors: Järvinen Pentti A. , Kivalo Inkeri , Vara Paavo
Published: December 2008

Using the reaction of circulating eosinophils as an indicator, the authors studied the influence of three different anesthesia meshods (closed system, open ether and spinal anesthesia) on the surgical stress as a function of the duration of operation. The material studied consisted of 435 gynecological cases.

The open ether method proved to be slightly more stressful to the patient than the other two methods used.
THE EFFECT OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE ON THE ORBITAL MUSCULATURE OF THE CAT
Authors: Wretlind A. , Wåhlin Å.
Published: December 2008

With the use of new recording methods the effects of succinylcholine on the smooth musculature of the orbit were investigated in more than 30 cats anaesthetized with allobarbitone. The methods render it possible to study the retrobulbar smooth musculature of the nictitating membrane and the orbitin situ.

Succinylcholine relaxes the smooth muscles in the orbit, and this results in a retraction of the eyeball together with a lateral movement of the nictitating membrane.

The rise in intra‐ocular pressure under the influence of succinylcholine cannot be explained by any muscular factor in the orbit either from the striated or from the smooth extraocular muscles.

In contrast to succinylcholine, curare does not produce retraction of the eyeball, lateral movement of the nictitating membrane or a rise in intra‐ocular pressure.
EPIDURAL ANALGESIA IN GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
Authors: Foldes Francis F. , Crawford J. Selwyn
Published: December 2008

The experiences obtained with the use of epidural block in 218 gynecological and obstetrical patients have been analyzed. It is concluded that although epidural block does not offer any definite advantages over subarachnoid block during surgery, the incidence and severity of postoperative complications are much less with epidural block than are those associated with subarachnoid block. Because of this and because of the ever‐increasing reluctance of patients and their relatives to permit the use of subarachnoid block, the well‐trained anesthesiologist should be familiar with this method despite its technical difficulties.
THE ACTION OF SUCGINYLCHOLINE ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS OF THE CAT
Authors: Wåhlin ÅKe
Published: December 2008

This study was prompted by the observation of profuse bleeding of the oozing type during operations in which succinylcholine is used.

The effect of succinylcholine on the peripheral blood flow has been studied in the cat under general anaesthesia. An extracorporeal recording technique was used. The agent was administered into the femoral artery and the superior mesenteric artery by intra‐arterial injection.

An increase in the peripheral blood flow to twice the initial value was observed after doses of the agent which were regarded as clinical inasmuch as they produced respiratory paralysis. Effect on the blood flow was obtained with doses as small as 0.003 mg/kg body weight.

The increase in the blood flow may be ascribed primarily to dilatation of the vessels, and is thus due to relaxation of the smooth musculature in the blood‐vessel walls.

Diese Untersuchung wurde veranlasst durch die Beobachtung profuser parenchymatöser Blutungen während Operationen, bei denen Succinylcholin zur Anwendung kam.

Die Wirkung von Succinylcholin auf den peripheren Blutstrom wurde bei der Katze in Allgemeinnarkose studiert. Dabei wurde eine extracorporeale Registriermethode angewendet. Das Mittel wurde mittels Injektion in die Femoralarterie oder die A. mesenterica sup. verabreicht.

Eine Vermehrung des peripheren Blutstromes bis zum doppelten des Ausgangswertes wurde beobachtet nach Dosen des Mittels, welche insofern als klinisch betrachtet werden mussten, als sie eine Atemlähmung hervorriefen. Noch mit Dosen von 0.003 mg/kg Körpergewicht wurde eine Wirkung auf den peripheren Blutstrom gesehen.

Die vermehrte periphere Durchblutung muss vor allem einer Gefässdilatation zugeschrieben werden und ist somit wohl durch eine Erschlaffung der glatten Muskulatur in der Gefässwand bedingt.
POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND COMPLICATIONS AFTER TRACHEOTOMY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: A Clinical and Experimental Study
Authors: Toremalm Nils Gunnar
Published: December 2008

A continuous uniform post‐tracheotomy care adopted in a hospital with more than 200 tracheotomies annually is described. No noteworthy complications were seen in 25 consecutive cases of children under 10 years of age. The results are compared with earlier statistics, and prophylactic steps are discussed.

Heat and moisture exchangers for connection with the tracheal cannula have been constructed and tested both experimentally and clinically. They are able to treble the absolute humidity of inspired room air, and good clinical results were obtained, even in cases where ordinary steam therapy proved ineffective. The dead spaces and air‐flow resistances of the apparatuses are made equal to that of the upper respiratory tract, which seems to be an additional improvement, facilitating normal respiration after decannulation.

Eine einheitliche Art der Behandlung und Pflege tracheotomierter Patienten die an einem Krankenhause mit über 200 Tracheotomien jährlich angewandt wird, wird beschrieben. Bei 25 aufeinanderfolgenden Tracheotomien, die an Kindern unter 10 Jahren ausgeführt wurden, traten keine nennenswerten Komplikationen auf. Die Resultate werden mit früheren Statistiken verglichen und prophylaktische Massnahmen werden diskutiert.

Zur Befeuchtung und Erwärmung der Einatmungsluft wurden an die Trachealkanülen gekoppelte Feuchtigkeits‐ und Wärmespeichereinrichtungen konstruiert und sowohl klinisch als auch experimentell erprobt. Es ergab sich, dass diese kleinen Feuchtigkeits‐ und Wärmespeicher die absolute Feuchtigkeit der Zimmerluft verdreifachen konnten, und es wurden auch bei Fällen, in denen sich gewöhnliche Dampftherapie als unzureichend erwies, gute klinische Resultate erzielt. Der Totraum und der Luftwiderstand wurden den Verhältnissen in den oberen Luftwegen angeglichen, hierdurch lässt sich offenbar eine Erleichterung im Übergang zur Normalatmung nach Entfernung der Kanüle erreichen.
NINHYDRIN TEST—AN OBJECTIVE METHOD FOR TESTING LOCAL ANAESTHETIC DRUGS
Authors: Dhunér K. G. , Edshage S. , Wilhelm A.
Published: December 2008

An objective method for testing local anaesthetic drugs in human test subjects with the Ninhydrin print technique is described. The method is reliable in ulnar, median and finger nerve blocks. It is of more limited value in other blocks or for skin wheals, where it must be used together with the subjective neurological tests.

A comparison between this method and the conventional technique used in ulnar nerve blocks was made. We feel that the Ninhydrin test is superior to the pin‐prick method in testing local anaesthesia.

Es wird eine objektive Methode zur Testung von Lokalanaestheticis an Versuchspersonen beschrieben: die Ninhydrin Fingerabdruck‐Technik. Die Methode ist verlasslich beim Ulnaris‐, Medianus‐ und beim Fingerblock. Sie hat einen etwas begrenzteren Wert bei anderen Nervblocks und bei Haut‐quaddeln. In diesen Fällen muss sie zusammen mit subjektiven neurologischen Tests angewendet werden.

Es wurde ein Vergleich zwischen dieser Methode und den konventionellen Techniken beim Block des N. ulnaris angestellt. Wir haben den Eindruck, dass der Ninhydrin‐Test der Nadelstichmethode bei der Testung von Lokalanaestheticis überlegen ist.
MENTAL SIDE REACTIONS IN PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Benson Francis , Reinand Tom
Published: December 2008

Psychological complications after a stay in hospital are found more often in very young children than in older ones.

Such complications as a result of hospital admission occur more frequently in children who have previously displayed signs of nervousness.

Children in whom anaesthetic induction was carried out using rectal injection of pentothal show a significantly lower incidence of mental sequelae after a period in hospital than those who were anaesthetised by the inhalation method.

Psychologische Komplikationen nach einem Spitalsaufenthalt werden bei Kleinkindern häufiger als bei älteren Kindern gefunden.

Solche Komplikationen als Folge einer Spitalsaufnahme kommen häufiger bei Kindern vor, die bereits vorher Zeichen von Nervosität gezeigt haben.

Kinder, bei denen die Narkoseeinleitung mittels rectaler Instillation von Pentothal ausgeführt worden war, zeigten einen significant geringeren Befall psychischer Spätfolgen nach einem Spitalsaufenthalt als solche, die mittels Inhalationsmethoden narkotisiert worden waren.
ESTIMATION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE BLOOD LEVELS
Authors: Kvisselgaard Niels , Moya Frank
Published: December 2008

A method of estimating serum concentrations of succinylcholine using a modification of the frog rectus abdominis technique is described.

Serum levels after single intravenous injections of 100–500 mg succinylcholine were measured in 21 patients. Concentrations were determined in 14 additional patients who received continuous intravenous infusions of the drug.

Regardless of the magnitude of the initial dose, the serum concentrations of succinylcholine fell to very low levels within 30 seconds of administration. Following the first half minute the reduction in concentration was gradual and took 4 minutes to reach minimally detectable levels (1 μg/ml).

Additional in‐vitro experiments, which eliminated diffusion distribution effects, were used to study the rate of destruction of succinylcholine by freshly drawn blood.

It was concluded that the in‐vivo decay curve of succinylcholine may be considered to be representing two partially overlapping events: rapid enzyme destruction of succinylcholine during the steep fall, and diffusion and distribution during the gradual drop.

Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Serumkonzentration von Succinylcholin beschrieben, die eine Modifikation der Frosch‐Rectus‐Technik darstellt.

Bei 21 Patienten wurde der Serumspiegel nach Einzel‐i.v.‐Injektionen von 100–500 mg Succinylcholin gemessen. Bei weiteren 14 Patienten wurden die Konzentrationen während der Verabreichung einer kontinuierlichen i.v. Infusion des Mittels bestimmt.

Ohne Rücksicht auf die Grösse der Initialdosis fielen die Serumkonzentrationen von Succinylcholin innerhalb von 30 Sekunden nach der Verabreichung auf sehr niedrige Niveaus. Nach der ersten halben Minute war die Konzentrationsverminderung nur mehr eine schrittweise und es dauerte 4 Minuten, um einen gerade noch feststellbaren Serumspiegel (1 μg/ml) zu erreichen.

Zusätzliche in‐vitro‐Experimente, die den Verteilungseffekt durch Diffusion vermieden, wurden angestellt, um die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Succinylcholin in frisch abgenommenem Blut zu studieren.

Es konnte der Schluss gezogen werden, dass die Abbaukurve von Succinylcholin in‐vivo sich aus 2 einander teilweise überschneidenden Komponenten zusammensetzt: rasche enzymatische Zerstörung von Succinylcholin während des steilen Abfalles und Diffusion und Verteilung in den Geweben während des schrittweisen Absinkens.
TREATMENT OF FULMINANT TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY WITH GANGLION BLOCKADE
Authors: Samuelsson Stig , Vinnars Erik
Published: December 2008

In 12 patients with severe, often life‐threatening toxaemia of pregnancy, administration of a ganglion blocking agent was followed in all but one case by an immediate fall in blood pressure.

Seven patients with eclampsia had, between them, 33 fits before treatment was started, as against seven during treatment. The latter fits were mild and short‐lived.

Severe hypotension occurred in one case, but otherwise there were no complications, and all the mothers survived.

Urinary output was favourably affected.

Two infants died; both were premature. Ganglion blockade may have been a contributing factor in one of these deaths.

Bei 12 Patienten mit schwerer, oft lebensbedrohlicher Schwangerschafttoxikose führte die Verabreichung eines Ganglienblockers in alien Fällen mit einer Ausnahme zu einem sofortigen Absinken des Blutdruckes.

7 Patienten mit Eklampsie hatten zusammen insgesamt 33 Anfälle vor Beginn der Behandlung und nur 7 während der Behandlung. Die letzteren verliefen mild und waren von kurzer Dauer.

In einem Fall kam es zu einer schweren Hypotonie, sonst wurden keine Komplikationen beobachtet. Alle Mütter überlebten.

Die Harnausscheidung wurde günstig beeinflusst.

2 Neugeborene starben, beide waren Frühgeburten. Bei einem dieser Todesfälle könnte die Ganglienblockade ein zusätzlich schädigender Faktor gewesen sein.