bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marital Status as a Candidate Moderator Variable of Male–Female Differences in Sexual Jealousy: The Need for Representative Population Samples
Authors: Voracek Martin
Published: August 2011

Evolutionary psychological theories predict pronounced and universal male–female differences in sexual jealousy. Recent cross-cultural research, using the forced-choice jealousy items pioneered by Buss, et al., 1992, repeatedly found a large sex differential on these self-report measures: men significantly more often than women choose their mate's imagined sexual infidelity to be more distressing or upsetting to them than an imagined emotional infidelity. However, this body of evidence is solely based on undergraduate samples and does not take into account demographic factors. This study examined male–female differences in sexual jealousy in a community sample ( N = 335, Eastern Austria). Within a logistic regression model, with other variables controlled for, marital status was a stronger predictor for sexual jealousy than respondents' sex. Contrary to previous research, the sex differential's effect size was only modest. These findings stress the pitfalls of prematurely generalizing evidence from undergraduate samples to the general population and the need for representative population samples in this research area.
A Revalidation of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness as a Brief Measure of Intelligence through Comparison with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III
Authors: Kvaal Steven A. , Wygonik Edward , Spanos Angelika , Landsberger Sarah
Published: August 2011

In earlier research, Rossini, Wygonik, Barrett, and Friedman (1994) demonstrated that the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness (TMA) is a valid, brief measure of intelligence by comparing it to the Wechsler Scale of Adult Intelligence–Revised, which was at that time the “gold standard” of IQ assessment. Since that study, the WAIS has again been revised and reissued in a third edition, the WAIS–III. We assessed the relationship between scores on the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness and this latest WAIS test to see if there is still a predictive relationship between the two tests. Correlations between the two tests and the accuracy of TMA point estimates of IQ indicate that the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness remains a viable brief measure of adult intelligence.
Spirituality in Late Adulthood
Authors: Heintz Lisa M. , Barušs Imants
Published: August 2011

MacDonald's Expressions of Spirituality Inventory was used to examine spirituality in late adulthood using a sample of 30 people (22 women, 8 men) whose mean age was 72.6 yr. While average scores are higher on scales measuring spiritual and religious beliefs and practices for the sample than for a standardization group of undergraduate students with a mean age of 21.0 yr., means are lower on scales measuring paranormal beliefs. Low scores on death anxiety are correlated only with Existential Well-being and age And, while some religious behaviors such as frequent religious practice, prayer, and church attendance are correlated with some of the dimensions of spirituality, many of the scores on the Expressions of Spirituality Inventory scales are independent of self-reported religious behaviors.
Correlates of the Impostor Phenomenon among Undergraduate Entrepreneurs
Authors: Sightler Kevin W. , Wilson Margaret Gravely
Published: August 2011

The impostor phenomenon describes the self-attribution of success to luck and interpersonal skills rather than to intelligence and ability, despite external validation to the contrary. Evidence suggests the presence of impostor characteristics among a group of 63 undergraduate entrepreneurs. More intense impostor feelings were associated with an external locus of control and a stronger perceived effect of work on family life. Implications for entrepreneurial performance are discussed and questions for research are presented.
Gender Perception of Professional Occupations
Authors: Couch James V. , Sigler Jennifer N.
Published: August 2011

Students (181 women and 44 men in a southern university) were asked to indicate their perception of whether each of 105 professional occupations was predominately masculine or feminine. Analysis indicated that a majority of the occupations were perceived as masculine, i.e., those predominately power- or product-oriented, while feminine occupations were predominately caregiving. Results were discussed in terms of the influence of media on the perception of gender-specific roles and the implications of these perceptions for the status of a person holding a given occupation.
Correlations between Cognitive Style and Performance on the Water-Level Task by Female Graduate Students
Authors: Salbod Stephen
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the correlation between cognitive style measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test and performance on two water-level tasks by 16 female graduate students. The mean of the absolute deviation from the horizontal was used as the water-level task performance. As predicted, rho was –.49. Greater deviation on the water-level task was associated with low scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test, indicating field dependence.
A Preliminary Study of Proposed Levels of Relatedness in Identity Exploration among Female Late Adolescents in Japan
Authors: Sugimura Kazumi
Published: August 2011

This study examined features of identity exploration among late adolescent Japanese girls from the viewpoint of relatedness. The expanded Ego Identity Interview was administered to 33 female university students. Five levels of relatedness were formulated in a sequence from exploration without relatedness to exploration with disagreements between one's own and others' perspectives. The results support the current view of researchers emphasizing relational aspects of identity and provide detailed features of the identity formation process from the viewpoint of relatedness among late adolescent girls in Japan.
Stress, Coping, and Success among Graduate Students in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Nelson Nancy G. , Dell'Oliver Carol , Koch Chris , Buckler Robert
Published: August 2011

Research has indicated that coping styles and social support are moderating variables in the relationship between stress and distress. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between these variables and the relative health and success of graduate students in clinical psychology. We administered measures of stress, psychological health, social support, and coping styles to 53 doctoral students in clinical psychology. Current grade point averages were used as a measure of academic success. We hypothesized that more successful students would likely be healthier and report less stress, more social support, and utilization of more positive and less negative coping styles. Results generally supported the hypothesis. Unexpected findings were that more successful students were likely to be women and to report increased use of focus on and venting of emotion as a coping style, increased utilization of medical care, and increased stress regarding scholastic coursework.
The Sound of the Dentist's Drill and Students' Anxiety Scores
Authors: Scofield Letitia E. M. , Helm Herbert W.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 42 college students, a positive correlation of .51 with sound and .56 without sound was found between EMG scores and their total Dental Anxiety Scale scores for those who did and did not hear the drill.
Note on Objectives of Psychological Assessment Procedures and the Value of Multidimensional Questionnaires and Inventories
Authors: Coles E. M.
Published: August 2011

Two different objectives of psychological assessment procedures are identified. It is suggested that excessive caution in interpreting and reporting the results of such procedures can limit their value.
A Field Study of the Relation between Leaders' Anticipation of Targets' Resistance and Targets' Reports of Influence Tactics Used by Leaders in Dyadic Relations
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Scholl Richard W. , Hickox Charles F. , Boulmetis John
Published: August 2011

This research explored the relationship between targets' resistance and leaders' behaviors. Barbuto's concentric zones, Preference, Indifference, Legitimate, Influence, and Noninfluence, were used as the independent variables to predict leaders' use of influence tactics. Results from 83 leader-member dyads imply moderate relationships between perceptions of followers' resistance and influence tactics used by leaders. Directions for research are addressed.
Perception of Illness among Secondary School Pupils in South Africa: Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Alcoholism
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

The study investigated beliefs of 121 high school students in Grade 11 about people who are ill with malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and alcoholism. The sample of Black pupils were chosen at random from two rural secondary schools in one region in the Northern Province of South Africa. Analysis indicated that HIV/AIDS was clearly distinguished from the other three illnesses by being seen as the least easily cured, having the most gradual onset, being the most contagious, showing the least look of illness, and the patients being likely those most blamed for their illness.
Hostility as a Feature of Elderly Suicidal Ideators
Authors: Scocco Paolo , Meneghel Gaia , Dello Buono Marirosa , De Leo Diego
Published: August 2011

Literature suggests that suicidal feelings are relatively rare in mentally healthy older adults. This research investigated the presence of death or suicidal ideation in a group of home-dwelling elderly people ( N = 611, M age = 75.7 yr., SD = 7.2), taking into account their psychopathological profiles assessed by means of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Suicidality was investigated by the Italian translation of the 1974 questions from Paykel, Myers, Lindenthal, and Tanner. Elderly with death or suicidal ideation manifested depressive and anxious symptoms on the Brief Symptom Inventory. This psychopathological profile, which has been reported for these subjects in various contributions to the literature, was also characterized by the presence of hostility. The correlation with higher scores on the hostility scale is difficult to interpret, although these feelings are often accompanied by failure to control impulses, which is an essential characteristic in suicidal behaviour.
Immediate Feedback during Academic Testing
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Epstein Beth B. , Brosvic Gary M.
Published: August 2011

Performance on two multiple-choice testing procedures was examined during unit tests and a final examination. The Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique provided immediate response feedback in an answer-until-correct style of responding. The testing format which served as a point of comparison was the Scantron form. One format was completed by students in introductory psychology courses during unit tests whereas all students used the Scantron form on the final examination. Students tested with Immediate Feedback forms on the unit tests correctly answered more of the final examination questions which were repeated from earlier unit tests than did students tested with Scantron forms. Also, students tested with Immediate Feedback forms correctly answered more final examination questions previously answered incorrectly on the unit tests than did students tested previously with Scantron forms.
A Developmental Model of Vulnerability to Suicide: Consistency with Some Recurrent Findings
Authors: Verberne Thomas J. P.
Published: August 2011

Converging evidence from family, twin, adoption, brain biochemistry, and nuclear biological studies suggests that vulnerability to suicide may be genetically determined. Secondly, there is evidence that the predisposition to suicide remains latent until it becomes activated during puberty. Thirdly, for a suicide attempt to occur, the activated predisposition must be triggered by a stressor. This three-stage developmental model is shown to be consistent with some major demographic, epidemiological, and other correlates of suicide.
Attitudes toward Animal Research among Psychology Students in Spain
Authors: Navarro J. F. , Maldonado E. , Pedraza C. , Cavas M.
Published: August 2011

Animal research plays a central role in psychology, and its use, prevalence and quality depends on the attitudes of students who enter psychology in Spain. Attitudes among psychology students about the use of laboratory animals are not known, so the aim of this work was to analyze the attitudes of Spanish psychology students toward animal research. An attitude questionnaire of 15 items was given to 661 undergraduate students of the School of Psychology at the University of Málaga, Spain. Several results were found: (a) 65.7% of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed with animal research. General support for animal research was significantly higher by men than by women. (b) Support for animal research was higher for senior students, suggesting that the psychology curriculum or self-selection to remain in the program might influence students' attitudes. (c) Attitudes toward animal research were similar among students independent of the type of animal being used for research in biological or psychological studies. (d) 58% considered that laboratory animals never or almost never are inappropriately handled. (e) 55.6% indicated that research in psychology on animals could be generalized to humans. Overall, these results suggest that among Spanish psychology students animals research is considered important for the advancement of the science. Likewise, a majority of students displayed positive attitudes toward animal research.
Women Report Being More Likely Than Men to Model Their Relationships after What They have Seen on TV
Authors: Morrison Christina , Westman Alida S.
Published: August 2011

Students (21 men and 50 women) anonymously answered questions about imitating relationships seen on TV. The women were more likely than men to report trying to model family life after what they saw on TV situational comedies and to expect their significant other to act as those seen on TV. They also more frequently reported experiencing a significant other acting as those on TV. There was no difference by sex in current age, parents' marital status during the students' formative years, or age of separation, divorce, or widowing if any occurred. For neither women nor men did a broken home during the formative years correlate with looking to TV for information on relationships.
Relationship between Male Infants' Vocal Responses to Mother and Stranger at Three Months and Self-Reported Academic Attainment and Adjustment Measures in Adulthood
Authors: Roe Kiki V.
Published: August 2011

This study explored whether 3-mo.-old male infants' differential vocal response to mother vs a female stranger, which has been related to cognitive and academic functioning up to 12 years of age, is also related to adult development. Of the 12 subjects who had been seen from infancy through 12 years, 10 were located at Ages 21 and 28 years and were asked about their high school grade point average, scores on the SAT, years of schooling, emotional adjustment, substance abuse, and if they were in a stable relationship by the age 28. Responses showed 3-mo.-olds' differential vocal response was related positively to high school grade point average, scores on the SAT, years of completed education by age 28, and stability of relationship by age 28, and negatively related to substance abuse. No relationship was found between differential vocal response and reported emotional problems. Results suggest that early infant social interactions may be linked to adult development or adjustment.
A Robust Method for the Analysis of Experiments with Ordered Treatment Levels
Authors: McKean Joseph W. , Naranjo Joshua D. , Huitema Bradley E.
Published: August 2011

A robust approach for the analysis of experiments with ordered treatment levels is presented as an alternative to existing approaches such as the parametric Abelson-Tukey test for monotone alternatives and the nonparametric Terpstra-Jonckheere test. The method integrates the familiar Spearman rank-order correlation with bootstrap routines to provide magnitude of association measures, p values, and confidence intervals for magnitude of association measures. The advantages of this method relative to five alternative approaches are pointed out.
Screening for Major Depressive Disorders in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients with the Mood Modules from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders and the Patient Health Questionnaire
Authors: Kumar Geetha , Kim Anne H. , Krefetz David , Steer Robert A.
Published: August 2011

The mood modules from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) were administered to 17 (52%) female and 16 (48%) male adolescent (13–17 years old) psychiatric inpatients. The internal consistencies of both were good (KR-20 for PRIME-MD = .80, Cronbach coefficient α for Patient Health Questionnaire = .85). The correlation between the PRIME-MD and Patient Health Questionnaire total scores was .87 ( p < .001) and the point-biserial correlation of both questionnaires' total scores with being diagnosed with a Major Depressive Disorder was .54 ( p < .001). Both mood modules appeared to be equally effective in screening for a Major Depressive Disorder.
Attitudes toward Abortion
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 60 undergraduates, opposition to abortion was associated with trust and reliance in God rather than the government or oneself.
Aversive and Attractive Properties of Electrical Stimulation for Paramecium Caudatum
Authors: Armus Harvard L. , Montgomery Amber R.
Published: August 2011

Although there are data to show that mild electrical stimulation from a cathode source can serve as positive or attractive stimulus for paramecia, the properties of anode stimulation have not been clear. This research gives evidence to support the previously reported positive properties of cathode stimulation but showed that anode stimulation has opposite (negative or aversive) properties.
Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Sexual Abuse among Sex Offenders
Authors: Pope Verl T.
Published: August 2011

A simple nonstandardized questionnaire was developed and administered to 150 men convicted of various sexual offenses currently on probation or parole, living in the community, admitting their offenses and attending treatment. The hypothesis that men who engaged in sexual activity as adolescents with women would be at a higher risk of committing statutory rape-type sexual offenses was not substantiated.
Substance Use among Iranian Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Ahmadi Jamshid , Fakoor Ahmad , Pezeshkian Parisa , Khoshnood Reza , Malekpour Ahmad
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated substance use among a sample of 205 psychiatric inpatients (70 women and 135 men) chosen randomly. The subjects (who had schizophrenia or mood disorders) were evaluated on a confidential questionnaire by interview. Their mean age was 35 yr. ( SD = 10.4, range 16 to 69). Of these participants, 76% of the 135 men and 34% of the 70 women admitted use of substances: cigarettes (74% of men, 31.4% of women), opiates (31.9% of men, 4.3% of women), alcohol (23.7% of men, 4.3% of women), hashish (8.9% of men, no women), marijuana (3.7% of men, no women), and cocaine or LSD by none. Only 27% of the women and 63% of the men reported still using substances regularly; some reported using more than one substance. Of the current users, 61.8% of the schizophrenics, 20% of unipolar depressed, and 37.5% of bipolar patients reported current use. The reasons for substance use in order of frequencies of mention were release of tension, seeking pleasure, and need (to avoid withdrawal symptoms) by men and habit, seeking pleasure, and need by women.
Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Concern for Dental Appearance
Authors: Frazer Michael , Lindsay Stan
Published: August 2011

100 adults, selected for cosmetic dental treatment in a general dental practice, completed a 42-item questionnaire designed, on the basis of previous research and the author's clinical experience, to measure concern for dental appearance. This had high internal consistency and was reduced to a questionnaire of 23 items with internal consistency shown by a standardised Cronbach alpha of .84. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation identified six factors, the main one appearing to be a measure of concern for dental appearance. The high internal consistency suggests that the total score for the revised questionnaire is a measure of a construct, concern for dental appearance. Although the simplest measure of that may be contained in the items for the first factor, a much larger sample would be necessary to confirm the complex factor structure and so the questionnaire's total score is probably the more reliable measure at present. A study is summarised showing that the total score provides a measure that, in statistical regression analysis, may predict the intentions of adults to take care of the appearance of their teeth.
Violent versus Nonviolent Methods for Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Violent and nonviolent suicide rates in the American states in 1980 showed different social correlates, but both patterns were different from those for homicide rates.
Discrepancy Scores of Reliabilities of the WAIS–III
Authors: Charter Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Internal consistency reliabilities for the WAIS–III IQ, Index, and subtest discrepancy scores are provided. The reliabilities range from .44 to .88.
Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire: A Standardized Measure for Caffeine Consumption in Undergraduate Students
Authors: Shohet Kristi L. , Landrum R. Eric
Published: August 2011

Undergraduate students ( N = 691) were given the 1992 Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire of Landrum and provided information on age, sex, and year in school. A subset ( n = 168) of those completing the questionnaire were also given the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire of Horne and Ostberg. Analysis indicated that the average intake of caffeine was roughly 1,600 mg, i.e., a range from 13 mg to 21,840 mg per week. Older students consumed more caffeine than younger ones, and students with an Evening personality preference consumed more caffeine in the evening and nighttime hours than those with a Morning personality preference. These results are discussed in the context of other caffeine studies. Caffeine consumption is an important issue, and a consistent measurement system should be used by various researchers testing different populations.
Differentiation of Fluid, Visual, and Simultaneous Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Cole Jason C. , Fasnacht-Hill Lisa A. , Robinson Scott K. , Cordahi Caroline
Published: August 2011

The constructs of fluid reasoning and spatial visualization (Horn, 1989) as well as the construct of simultaneous processing (Luria, 1966) have been tapped by various cognitive assessment batteries. In order to determine whether these constructs could be differentiated from one another, factor analyses of subtest scores from six cognitive tasks were conducted. Fluid reasoning, spatial visualization, and simultaneous processing emerged as separate factors in the analysis, supporting the hypothesis that these constructs can be differentiated in psychoeducational testing. These results extend the findings of a preliminary study which found factorial differentiation between fluid and simultaneous reasoning.
Fin-de-Siècle Ranking of Important Psychologists by a Sample of Undergraduate Students Enrolled in History of Psychology
Authors: Kanekar Suresh
Published: August 2011

134 undergraduate students of the history of psychology from 1998 through 2000 were requested to name three psychologists in order of importance, eminence, or influence within as well as outside the discipline of psychology. Salient was confirmation of Sigmund Freud as outranking other psychologists by a wide margin.
Association of Emotional Intelligence with Alexithymic Characteristics
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Wise Thomas N. , Sheridan Michael , Shimai Satoshi , Otake Keiko , Utsuki Narisuke , Uchiyama Kikyo
Published: August 2011

We examined the association of emotional intelligence and alexithymic characteristics as the personality trait in cohorts of 267 college students and 398 psychiatric outpatients. Score on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale were significantly correlated with those on the Emotional Intelligence Scale, suggesting that alexithymic characteristics are related to lower emotional intelligence. In conclusion, these data suggest that emotional intelligence overlaps with alexithymia.
Spiritual Well-Being and Personality
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Rielage Jennifer K. , Sharpe J. Patrick
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that High and Low Spiritual Well-being groups have different personality profiles was tested with 319 psychology undergraduates (132 men and 187 women) who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the Spiritual Well-being Scale for partial course credit. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that the High Spiritual Well-being group scored lower on Neuroticism and higher or Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness than the Low Spiritual Well-being group. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the two groups had significantly different personality profiles, supporting the hypothesis.
The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: Reliability and Criterion-Related Validity in Syrian College Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Rudwan Samer
Published: August 2011

The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale was administered to 51 male and 56 female undergraduates in Syria. Respectively, the coefficients α for men, women, and the whole group were .91, .92, and .92; the test-retest rs after 14 to 21 days .88, .81, and .84; and the criterion-related validities .64, .62, and .64 against scores on Spielberger, et al.'s Trait Anxiety scale.
Musical Creativity and Suicide
Authors: Preti Antonio , De Biasi Francesca , Miotto Paola
Published: August 2011

The different abilities involved in artistic creativity may be mirrored by differences among mental disorders prevalent in each artistic profession, taking poets, painters, and composers as examples. Using suicide rates as a proxy for the prevalence of mental disorders in groups of artists, we investigated the percentage of deaths by suicide in a sample of 4,564 eminent artists who died in the 19th and 20th centuries. Of the sample, 2,259 were primarily involved in activities of a linguistic nature, e.g., poets and writers; 834 were primarily visual artists, such as painters and sculptors; and 1,471 were musicians (composers and instrumentalists). There were 63 suicides in the sample (1.3% of total deaths). Musicians as a group had lower suicide rates than literary and visual artists. Beyond socioeconomic reasons, which might favour interpretations based on effects of health selection, the lower rate of suicides among musicians may reflect some protective effect arising from music.
Distributions by Age and Sex of the Dimensions of Temperament and Character Inventory in a Cross-Cultural Perspective among Sweden, Germany, and the USA
Authors: Brändström Sven , Richter Jörg , Przybeck Tom
Published: August 2011

Distribution by age and sex of the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory were assessed cross-culturally for samples in Sweden, Germany, and the USA. The Temperament and Character Inventory is a 240-item (Sweden, 238-item), self-administered, true-false format, paper-and-pencil test developed by Cloninger and his coworkers based on his unified biosocial theory of personality. The inventory measures the Temperament dimensions Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence as well as the Character dimensions, Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence. The samples consisted of 300 German subjects, 300 Swedish subjects, and 300 U.S. subjects matched by age cohort and sex. Stability of the personality dimensions was evaluated across samples as were their age and sex distributions. We found significant effects of age, sex, and culture in univeriate and multivariate comparisons on the personality dimensions. However, several significant differences in the personality dimensions for both European samples appear to be similar compared with those of the U.S. sample. We have to conclude that sex- and age-specific norms for the dimensions of the Temperament and Character Inventory are necessary given the established significant differences.
College Students with Tattoos and Piercings: Motives, Family Experiences, Personality Factors, and Perception by Others
Authors: Forbes Gordon B.
Published: August 2011

The motives, family experiences, and personality characteristics of 341 college students with and without tattoos or piercings were studied. Participants completed Lippa's 1991 measures of the Big Five personality factors, a shortened version of the Body Cathexis Scale, a series of questions about their childhood experiences, and questions about risk-taking behaviors. In addition, reasons to have or not have body modifications and the perceptions of people with body modifications were investigated. Of the 116 men and 186 women, 25% and 33%, respectively, had at least one tattoo or body piercing. There were very few differences in the childhood experiences or personality characteristics of people with or without body modifications. Although people with body modifications did not differ from people without modifications on the Big Five personality measures, people without modifications perceived people with modifications as much different from themselves on these measures. These results indicate that tattoos and piercings in college students are associated with significantly more risk-taking behavior, greater use of alcohol and marijuana, and less social conformity. However, the traditional stereotype that body modifications are indicators of social or personal pathology does not describe contemporary college students.
Accessing Directorships: Comparison of Views of Canadian and Australian Women Directors
Authors: Sheridan Alison
Published: August 2011

Compared are views of Canadian and Australian women directors concerning the difficulties women face in accessing the most privileged level of management—directorships of companies. The Canadian data are from a study of 278 women directors of corporate boards in Canada while the Australian results are from a study of 47 women directors of publicly listed companies in Australia. Despite the different time periods and geographical locations in which the studies were carried out, the profiles and responses of the two groups are quite similar. Both groups believe the current mix of directors is not adequate and that barriers still exist in nominating women to boards.
Validity of Projective Drawing Indices of Male Homosexuality
Authors: Bovan James , Craig Robert J.
Published: August 2011

We investigated the hypothesis that certain signs in the Draw-A-Person projective technique reflect male homosexuality. Human figure drawings from 88 gay and 88 heterosexual men, with no clinical psychological symptoms, were submitted to trained raters who were blind to the purpose of this research. The raters independently judged whether 21 signs, previously referenced in the literature as suggestive of male homosexuality, were present in the figure drawings. Only two signs, hair and hips, differentiated between groups. Results were interpreted in the light of changing social attitudes towards homosexuals and methodological problems of prior studies.
Toward the Content Validity of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Do Anger and Irritability More than Depressed Mood Represent Treatment-Seekers' Experiences?
Authors: Hartlage Shirley Ann , Arduino Kelly E.
Published: August 2011

The content validity of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV–TR) has been questioned in the literature. We tested whether mood-related symptoms reported by 26 women seeking treatment for premenstrual disorders were among the proposed criteria. These women were asked to list their premenstrual symptoms and rate the severities of listed symptoms daily for two menstrual cycles before treatment. They completed semistructured interviews to differentiate symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder from those of other psychiatric disorders in women who had other disorders. All participants reported functional interference due to the symptoms. 19 symptoms of or similar to those of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder were among the 22 most frequent premenstrual symptoms experienced. Premenstrual depressed mood was less frequent than premenstrual irritability or anger when other psychiatric disorders such as major depression were taken into account. Results suggest that the DSM-IV–TR criteria have generally good content validity but may need revision to represent treatment-seekers' experiences more accurately.
Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique: Multiple-Choice Test That “Behaves” like an Essay Examination
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Brosvic Gary M.
Published: August 2011

A multiple-choice testing system that provides immediate affirming or corrective feedback and permits allocation of partial credit for proximate knowledge is suggested as an alternative to essay examinations.
Locus of Control of Children Experiencing Separation and Divorce in Their Families in Iran
Authors: Khayyer Mohammad , Alborzi Shahla
Published: August 2011

A comparison of scores on locus of control by three groups of children in intact families ( n = 676), parent loss through death ( n = 30), and parent loss through divorce ( n = 20) showed that children from divorced families scored significantly more external than children from intact families. The results are considered in relation to previous studies and some educational implications noted.
Mental Health among Afghan Refugees Settled in Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Kalafi Y. , Hagh-Shenas H. , Ostovar A.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the mental health of Afghan refugees settled in Shiraz, the capital of a southern province of Iran. They were mostly refugees from Afghanistan by reason of internal war during the last two decades. A version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ–28) in Persian was administered on a group of randomly selected Afghan refugees ( n = 81) from a pool of Afghan residents in the Shiraz district. 34.5% of the subjects scored high enough to be considered as having psychiatric problems. There was a significant positive correlation between refugees' years of age and GHQ–28 factor scores, i.e., Physical Health and Social Functioning. The mental health of the subjects was not related to education or marital status. The years of settling in Iran were not significantly correlated with any GHQ–28 indices. The overall findings suggest that the rate of psychiatric problems in the refugees is higher than in the native population.
Collectivism and Rates of Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide)
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Homicide rates, but not suicide rates, were associated with an index of collectivism for the states of America in 1992.
The Interactive Effects of Low Self-Control and Commitment to School on Substance Abuse among College Students
Authors: Tibbetts Stephen G. , Whittimore Joshua N.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the combined influence of two predicting factors—low self-control and commitment to schooling—that research has shown have independent effects on substance abuse. In a sample of 598 college students, this study tested the interactive effects of these factors while controlling for other established predictors of binge drinking and drug use. Analysis showed that participants who had both low self-control and low schooling commitment had significantly higher scores on substance abuse than would be expected from the independent influences of the component factors, which suggests that the combined effects of these predictors on substance abuse have a greater influence than their direct influences.
A Preliminary Study of Achievement, Attitudes toward Success in Mathematics, and Mathematics Anxiety with Technology-Based Instruction in Brief Calculus
Authors: Alkhateeb Haitham M.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to compare achievement, attitudes toward success in mathematics, and mathematics anxiety of college students taught brief calculus using a graphic calculator, with the achievement and attitudes and anxiety of students taught using the computer algebra system Maple, using a technology-based text book. 50 men and 50 women, students in three classes at a large public university in the southwestern United States, participated. Students' achievement in brief calculus was measured by performance on a teacher-made achievement test given at the end of the study. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in achievement between the groups. To measure change in attitudes and anxiety, responses to paper-and-pencil inventories indicated significant differences in favor of students using the computer.
Perceptions of Another Person's Heavy Drinking as a Function of One's Relationship to the Drinker: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dear Greg E. , Bowron Nicole S. , Burke Simon , Furey Louise C. , Griffiths Nicholas J. , Paull Sue-Ellen J.
Published: August 2011

Of 301 participants in a telephone survey, 201 could identify a problem drinker within their social networks. In 67 cases the drinker was a partner, in 45 another family member, in 61 a friend, and in 28 a work colleague. Another person's heavy drinking was reported as most disrupting to one's life when that person was a partner or other family member or if one was living in the same residence as the drinker. The exception to this was that reported disruption to respondents' work life was greatest when the drinker was a work colleague. While there appear to be problems for friends and work colleagues, partners and other family members appear to report the most disruption so providing services to family members seems appropriate.
Evaluation of Rahim's Organizational Conflict Inventory–II as a Measure of Conflict-Handling Styles in a Sample of Indian Salespersons
Authors: Chakrabarty Subhra , Brown Gene , Gilbert Arthur H.
Published: August 2011

A mail survey of 108 salespersons was conducted to examine their conflict-handling styles with customers. The Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory–II was used to measure the conflict-handling styles of respondents. An exploratory and a confirmatory factor analysis were performed on the items. Analysis indicated this is a reliable and valid measure of salespersons' conflict-handling styles. Thus, sales researchers can use this measure to examine the conflict-handling styles of salespersons.
Is Anti-Intellectualism a Personality Trait? A Response to Howley
Authors: Eigenberger M.
Published: August 2011

Howley's critique of Eigenberger and Sealander's recent report on the development of a scale for anti-intellectualism is addressed. Arguments are made for measuring anti-intellectualism in higher education.
Diminished Sense of Self-Existence and Self-Reported Aggression among Japanese Students
Authors: Yukawa Shintaro
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between a diminished sense of self-existence and self-reported aggression among Japanese undergraduate students. Based on the previous scales, 81 items were developed to measure the diminished sense of self-existence and were assumed to represent three dimensions: self, others, and time. 286 undergraduate students rated themselves on the Diminished Sense of Self-existence Scale and the 1992 Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Analysis indicated that men and women had low scores on Verbal Aggression and high scores on Hostility with the diminished sense of self-existence. The diminished sense of self-existence was not generally related to Anger or Physical Aggression in men, whereas in women, Anger and Physical Aggression were found particularly when the sense of self-existence in relations with others was diminished.
Order Effects in Research on Paranormal Belief
Authors: Dudley R. Thomas
Published: August 2011

Measures of paranormal belief and emotional intelligence were given a group of 72 college students using Tobacyk's Revised Paranormal Belief Scale and Schutte, Malouff, Hall, Haggerty, Cooper, Golden, and Dornheim's Emotional Intelligence Scale. Order effects indicated that participants who took the Paranormal Belief Scale first had lower emotional intelligence scores than those who took the Emotional Intelligence Scale first. The study demonstrates the importance of taking order effects into account when conducting research on paranormal belief.
Parental Psychological Control and Attachment in Late Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Leondari Angeliki , Kiosseoglou Grigoris
Published: August 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the association between parental psychological control and parental attachment. Another goal was to investigate the differential and combined effects of these two constructs on indices of psychological well-being, namely, self-esteem, positive or negative affect, and personal and interpersonal efficacy. Subjects were 319 males ( n = 142) and females ( n = 177) with an age range of 15 yr., 9 mo. to 22 yr., 5 mo. ( M = 20.0, SD = 1.6). Analysis showed that psychological control was negatively related to attachment. Both psychological control and attachment predicted self-esteem, and there was some indication that psychological control exercised by mothers had a stronger influence on self-esteem. Attachment was also a significant predictor of positive and negative affect and perceived personal efficacy. No sex or age differences were found.
Tomboys, Masculine Characteristics, and Self-Ratings of Confidence in Career Success
Authors: Hilgenkamp Kathryn D. , Livingston Mary Margaret
Published: August 2011

Previous research focusing on gender-roles and self-concept suggests a positive relationship between masculinity and self-concept. The present study explores self-perceptions of being a “tomboy,” gender-role and ratings of self-confidence in later success. Higher self-ratings on the tomboy scale correlated with confidence in career success but not with confidence in passing a college course or jogging for 20 min. There was a positive correlation between masculinity scores but not femininity scores with tomboy ratings. Masculine characteristics such as independence, aggression, competitiveness, leadership ability, ability to defend, stand by beliefs, mediated by compassion appear to be positively correlated with perceptions of success.
Relationships of Personality Disorders with MMPI–2 Malingering, Defensiveness, and Inconsistent Response Scales among Forensic Examinees
Authors: Wise Edward A.
Published: August 2011

MMPI–2 validity scales were correlated with MCMI–II personality disorder scales to examine relationships between response styles and personality disorders in a sample of 84 criminal defendants. 14 MMPI–2 validity scales were significantly correlated with 13 personality disorders. All of the personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with at least one validity measure and 11 of 13 personality disorder scales were significantly correlated with two or more MMPI–2 validity scales. While a personality disorder diagnosis may have a general effect on validity scales, relationships theoretically consistent with a given personality disorder were also found. This means that response set appears to be a manifestation of personality, and as such, examiners should expect symptom amplification or minimization or inconsistent responses, based on an individual's personality. Subsequently, forensic examiners are encouraged to evaluate the relationships between MCMI–II personality disorders and MMPI–2 validity scales to avoid misjudging MMPI–2 profiles as invalid when they accurately reflect manifestations of personality.
Relation of Career Beliefs to Career Indecision among Distance Education Adult College Students in Taiwan
Authors: Peng Huiling , Herr Edwin L.
Published: August 2011

This study constructed a predictive model of career indecision for adult college students participating in distance education by using a sample of 178 adult college students in Taiwan's Open University. The stepwise regression analysis of the career indecision scale, using sex, age, and 20 subscores of the Career Beliefs Checklist as predictor variables, yielded four variables (age and three major core career beliefs, Self-sufficiency, External Influences, and Self-advocacy) as significantly contributing to the reported variance in the Career Indecision score of the Career Decision Scale. A Pearson product-moment correlation matrix described the relationships between the Career Indecision score and the 20 subscores of the Career Beliefs Checklist, age, and sex. Recommendations for incorporating career beliefs into career education courses are offered.
Measure of Beliefs about Improvements in Mood Associated with Exercise
Authors: O'Halloran Paul D. , Murphy Gregory C. , Webster Kate E.
Published: August 2011

Changes in mood following exercise are well documented; however, one particular limitation of research examining mood changes associated with exercise is that studies have not controlled for a possible expectancy effect. Given the difficulty associated with utilising a placebo control group in exercise settings and that no current questionnaires are available to measure beliefs concerning mood improvements during and after exercise, the present studies aimed to develop a suitable instrument for assessing these beliefs. In the first of these studies, 220 regular runners were respondents in developing the new scale. A logical approach to test construction, as proposed by Hase and Goldberg in 1967, produced two scales of acceptable reliability: a five-item subscale to measure beliefs concerning mood improvements during running (Cronbach alpha = .77) and a two-item subscale to measure beliefs about mood improvements following running (Cronbach alpha = .86). A second study, which involved the administration of these scales to 50 regular runners after a 60-min. treadmill run, indicated there were moderate associations between scores on these measures and mood changes during and after the run.
Sensitivity of the Semantic Fluency Subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
Authors: Gontkovsky Samuel T. , McSwan Kelli L. , Scott James G.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the concurrent validity of the Semantic Fluency subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Performance by cognitively impaired vs nonimpaired neurological patients was examined in relation to the performance of these groups on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Analyses indicated these tests are largely equivalent with respect to both sensitivity to neurocognitive dysfunction and discrimination of cognitively impaired from nonimpaired neurological patients. Findings support the psychometric validity of the Semantic Fluency subtest in the evaluation of brain dysfunction.
Reading Comprehension among Graduate Students
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Collins Kathleen M. T.
Published: August 2011

The present purpose was to examine graduate students' reading comprehension and reading vocabulary by comparing their scores on a standardized reading test with scores obtained by a large normative sample of undergraduates. Participants were 59 graduate students from various disciplines, enrolled in three sections of an introductory educational research course at a southeastern university. These students were administered the Nelson-Denny Reading Test–Form G. Analysis showed these students had higher scores on the reading comprehension portion than did the normative sample of 5,000 undergraduate students from 38 institutions (Cohen d = .71). Also, the graduate students' scores on the reading vocabulary portion were higher ( d = .45).