bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissection and Exposure of the Whole Course of Deep Nerves in Human Head Specimens after Decalcification
Authors: Liu Longping , Arnold Robin , Robinson Marcus
Published: March 2012

The whole course of the chorda tympani nerve, nerve of pterygoid canal, and facial nerves and their relationships with surrounding structures are complex. After reviewing the literature, it was found that details of the whole course of these deep nerves are rarely reported and specimens displaying these nerves are rarely seen in the dissecting room, anatomical museum, or atlases. Dissections were performed on 16 decalcified human head specimens, exposing the chorda tympani and the nerve connection between the geniculate and pterygopalatine ganglia. Measurements of nerve lengths, branching distances, and ganglia size were taken. The chorda tympani is a very fine nerve (0.44 mm in diameter within the tympanic cavity) and approximately 54 mm in length. The mean length of the facial nerve from opening of internal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen was 52.5 mm. The mean length of the greater petrosal nerve was 26.1 mm and nerve of the pterygoid canal was 15.1 mm.
Unexplained Findings of Kayser-Fleischer-Like Rings in a Patient with Cryptogenic Cirrhosis
Authors: Jawairia Mahreema , Subhani Miral , Siddiqui Ghulam , Prasad Apsara , Shahzad Ghulamullah , Rizvon Kaleem , Mustacchia Paul
Published: March 2012

Cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC) is defined as cirrhosis occurring in an individual without an identifiable cause of liver disease, such as excessive alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis infection, hemochromatosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic intake of medications that could induce cirrhosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson’s disease, or any other rare cause of cirrhosis according to the clinical context. Cryptogenic cirrhosis is a common cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. A biopsy specimen is also important for detecting histological advanced disease, which may be clinically silent and undetected by liver-related tests or diagnostic imaging. We are presenting an unusual case of a patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis found to have Kayser-Fleischer-like rings without evidence of Wilson’s disease.
Regional Differences in Susceptibility to Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in the Preterm Brain: Exploring the Spectrum from White Matter Loss to Selective Grey Matter Injury in a Rat Model
Authors: Selip D. B. , Jantzie L. L. , Chang M. , Jackson M. C. , Fitzgerald E. C. , Boll G. , Murphy A. , Jensen F. E.
Published: March 2012

Models of premature brain injury have largely focused on the white matter injury thought to underlie periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). However, with increased survival of very low birth weight infants, injury patterns involving grey matter are now recognized. We aimed to determine how grey matter lesions relate to hypoxic-ischemic- (HI) mediated white matter injury by modifying our rat model of PVL. Following HI, microglial infiltration, astrocytosis, and neuronal and axonal degeneration increased in a region-specific manner dependent on the severity of myelin loss in pericallosal white matter. The spectrum of injury ranged from mild, where diffuse white matter abnormalities were dominant and were associated with mild axonal injury and local microglial activation, to severe HI injury characterized by focal MBP loss, widespread neuronal degeneration, axonal damage, and gliosis throughout the neocortex, caudate putamen, and thalamus. In sum, selective regional white matter loss occurs in the preterm rat concomitantly with a clinically relevant spectrum of grey matter injury. These data demonstrate an interspecies similarity of brain injury patterns and further substantiates the reliable use of this model for the study of preterm brain injury.
Assessing Level and Effectiveness of Corrosion Education in the UAE
Authors: Lim Hwee Ling
Published: March 2012

The consequences of corrosion can be minimized by an engineering workforce well trained in corrosion fundamentals and management. Since the United Arab Emirates incurs the second highest cost of corrosion after Saudi Arabia, this paper examined the quality of corrosion education in the UAE. Surveys with academia and industry respondents showed that dedicated corrosion courses and engineering courses that integrated corrosion into the curricula were available in UAE universities, but graduates had insufficient knowledge of corrosion engineering and superficial understanding of corrosion in real-life design contexts. The effectiveness of corrosion education is determined by both competence in corrosion knowledge/skills and availability of resources (faculty and research). Though most departments would not hire new corrosion-specialist faculty, department research efforts and industry partnerships in corrosion research were present. The paper concluded with recommendations for improving knowledge and skills of future engineers in corrosion and enhancing corrosion instruction to better meet industry needs.
Nuclear Receptor Variants in Liver Disease
Authors: Müllenbach Roman , Weber Susanne N. , Lammert Frank
Published: March 2012

This review aims to provide a snapshot of the actual state of knowledge on genetic variants of nuclear receptors (NR) involved in regulating important aspects of liver metabolism. It recapitulates recent evidence for the application of NR in genetic diagnosis of monogenic (“Mendelian”) liver disease and their use in clinical diagnosis. Genetic analysis of multifactorial liver diseases such as viral hepatitis or fatty liver disease identifies key players in disease predisposition and progression. Evidence from these analyses points towards a role of NR polymorphisms in common diseases, linking regulatory networks to complex and variable phenotypes. The new insights into NR variants also offer perspectives and cautionary advice for their use as handles towards diagnosis and treatment.
The SUMO E3-ligase PIAS1 Regulates the Tumor Suppressor PML and Its Oncogenic Counterpart PML-RARA
Authors: Rabellino Andrea , Carter Brandon , Konstantinidou Georgia , Wu Shwu-Yuan , Rimessi Alessandro , Byers Lauren A. , Heymach John V. , Girard Luc , Chiang Cheng-Ming , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Scaglioni Pier Paolo
Published: March 2012

The ubiquitin-like SUMO proteins covalently modify protein substrates and regulate their functional properties. In a broad spectrum of cancers, the tumor suppressor PML undergoes ubiquitin-mediated degradation primed by CK2 phosphorylation. Here, we report that the SUMO E3-ligase inhibitor PIAS1 regulates oncogenic signaling through its ability to sumoylate PML and the PML-RARA oncoprotein of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of PML promoted CK2 interaction and ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of PML, attenuating its tumor suppressor functions. In addition, PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of PML-RARA was essential for induction of its degradation by arsenic trioxide, an effective APL treatment. Moreover, PIAS1 suppression abrogated the ability of arsenic trioxide to trigger apoptosis in APL cells. Lastly, PIAS1 was also essential for PML degradation in non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells, and PML and PIAS1 were inversely correlated in NSCLC cell lines and primary specimens. Together, our findings reveal novel roles for PIAS1 and the SUMOylation machinery in regulating oncogenic networks and the response to leukemia therapy. Cancer Res; 72(9); 2275–84. ©2012 AACR.
The Effect of Different Linkers on Target Cell Catabolism and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Trastuzumab Maytansinoid Conjugates
Authors: Erickson Hans K. , Lewis Phillips Gail D. , Leipold Douglas D. , Provenzano Carmela A. , Mai Elaine , Johnson Holly A. , Gunter Bert , Audette Charlene A. , Gupta Manish , Pinkas Jan , Tibbitts Jay
Published: March 2012

Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody–drug conjugate consisting of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab linked via a nonreducible thioether linker to the maytansinoid antitubulin agent DM1. T-DM1 has shown favorable safety and efficacy in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. In previous animal studies, T-DM1 exhibited better pharmacokinetics (PK) and slightly more efficacy than several disulfide-linked versions. The efficacy findings are unique, as other disulfide-linked antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) have shown greater efficacy than thioether-linked designs. To explore this further, the in vitro and in vivo activity, PK, and target cell activation of T-DM1 and the disulfide-linked T-SPP-DM1 were examined. Both ADCs showed high in vitro potency, with T-DM1 displaying greater potency in two of four breast cancer cell lines. In vitro target cell processing of T-DM1 and T-SPP-DM1 produced lysine-Nϵ-MCC-DM1, and lysine-Nϵ-SPP-DM1 and DM1, respectively; in vivo studies confirmed these results. The in vitro processing rates for the two conjugate to their respective catabolites were similar. In vivo, the potencies of the conjugates were similar, and T-SPP-DM1 had a faster plasma clearance than T-DM1. Slower T-DM1 clearance translated to higher overall tumor concentrations (conjugate plus catabolites), but unexpectedly, similar levels of tumor catabolite. These results indicate that, although the ADC linker can have clear impact on the PK and the chemical nature of the catabolites formed, both linkers seem to offer the same payload delivery to the tumor. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(5); 1133–42. ©2012 AACR.
Intramural Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating in the Intraventricular Septum
Authors: Yokokawa Miki , Good Eric , Chugh Aman , Pelosi Frank , Crawford Thomas , Jongnarangsin Krit , Latchamsetty Rakesh , Oral Hakan , Morady Fred , Bogun Frank
Published: March 2012

Background—

Intramural septal idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias have not been described systematically.

Methods and Results—

In a consecutive group of 93 patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias referred for ablation, the site of origin of ventricular arrhythmias was assessed by activation mapping and pace-mapping. In 7 of 93 patients (8%), an intramural focus in the interventricular septum was identified. All ventricular arrhythmias arising intramurally had a left bundle-branch block morphology with inferior axis. The intramural focus was effectively ablated from both sides of the septum in 4 patients and from within the septum in 1 patient. The ablation procedure of an intramural focus near the His bundle failed in 2 of 7 patients. ECG and mapping characteristics of the patients with intramural septal ventricular arrhythmias differentiated intramural arrhythmias from other sites of origin.

Conclusions—

Idiopathic septal ventricular arrhythmias can originate from intramural foci. Activation mapping from within a perforator branch within the interventricular septum is helpful in identifying the site of origin of intramural septal arrhythmias. Ablation within the septum or from both sites of the septum may be required to eliminate the targeted arrhythmia.
Deux Sandhi Védiques Méconnus
Authors: Pirart É.
Published: March 2012

Dealing with two vedic prehistorical sandhi-phenomena (| °o | v° | > | °a v° | and | °au | v° | > | °ā v° |), this paper also gives a new interpretation of the bahuvrīhi-compound rsis¯na (RS 9.86.4) as in «who has a high back», and a new analysis of the use the stanza RS 6.46.8 makes of the connecting particle vā.
Weber, Dieter (Hrsg.): Iranian Manichaean Turfan Texts in Publications since 1934
Authors: Degener
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Lienhard, Siegfried, Diamantmeister und Hausväter, Buddhistisches Gemeindeleben in Nepal
Authors: v. Hinüber
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Tokh. B kucaññe, A kucim et skr. tokharika
Authors: Pinault
Published: March 2012

A bilingual Sanskrit/Tocharian B manuscript from the Petrovsky collection (SI P/65b1), kept in St. Petersburg, contains the line tokharika : kucaññe iscake. This text has been repeatedly adduced as a testimony for the name of the Tocharian language: Skt. tokharikahas been connected with Tukhāra, Toch. B kucaññe being understood as ``Kuchean'', despite various difficulties. The actual adjective meaning ``Kuchean'' is Toch. B kuśiññe, the form of which is not compatible with kucaññe. Starting from an examination of the original manuscript, a totally new interpretation of the line is proposed: the word tokharikareflects a Prakritic form of Gāndhārī type, and conceals two homonymous Sanskrit words of the Indian lexicographical tradition, to wit tūbarikah ``eunuch'' and tūbarikā ``fragrant earth''. Those words are actually translated by Toch. B kucaññe and iscake, respectively, the meaning of which can be established by independent evidence. Toch. A kucim, which is the perfect formal match of B kucaññe, is used as a derogatory term: ``unmanly, impotent'', or the like. Toch. B iscake is related to iścem ``clay'' in the same language, and refers to ``a kind of clay''. Furthermore, it shows important and far-reaching connections with several words of the same technical field in Indo-Iranian and in other languages of Central Asia.
Thomas Oberlies, Pa¯li. A Grammar of the Language of the Therava¯da Tipitaka. With a Concordance to Pischel's Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen
Authors: Allon
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
AŚokas Schismen-Edikt und Das Dritte Konzil
Authors: Alsdorf L.
Published: March 2012

Das Edikt Aśokas, das die Ausstossung häretischer Mönche und Nonnen aus dem Orden befiehlt, ist uns in drei nach Länge und Wortlaut verschiedenen Fassungen auf den drei Säulen von Allahabad-Kosam (“Kauśämbi:-Edikt”, weiterhin Kś.), Sanchi (S¯.) und Sarnath (Sn.) erhalten. Auf das Unentbehrlichste in kürzester Form beschränken sich die vier Zeilen von Kś., von denen die zweite und dritte am Anfang verstümmelt sind, während auch der Rest, mit Besucherinschriften überkritzelt, zum Teil fast unleserlich ist. Ausführlicher ist S¯., von dem aber der Anfang ganz fehlt und auch die erste erhaltene Zeile noch schwer verstümmelt ist. Am längsten endlich ist Sn., im wesentlichen deshalb, weil – vermutlich durch Übereifer oder Missverständnis eines örtlichen Beamten – die gar nicht zur Veröffentlichung bestimmten (für uns aber recht interessanten) dienstlichen Anweisungen über Bekanntmachung und Durchführung des königlichen Erlasses mit auf die Süule gesetzt wurden. Anderseits sind von den drei ersten Zeilen nur jeweils die beiden ersten Akaras und von der dritten dazu die zweite Hälfte erhalten; es fehlt uns also ein beträchtliches Stück des Anfangs. Trotz aller Unterschiede ist klar, dass es sich um ein und dasselbe Edikt handelt; das wird schon durch den in allen Versionen bis auf bedeutungslose Umstellungen identischen Satz über jeden Zweifel erhoben, der bestimmt: “Welcher Mönch oder welche Nonne ein Schisma im Orden verursachen wird, dem ist weisse Kleidung anzulegen und er ist in einen Nicht- (für Mönche in Frage kommenden)Wohnsitz zu verweisen.”
The Sanskrit Nom. Sing. VIT
Authors: KUIPER F. B. L.
Published: March 2012

1. The origin of the final - in the nominatives of noun stems in s, j, and h (representing proto-Indo-European k, ĝ, and ĝh) and of the corresponding before the case endings -bhi and -bhya is not merely one of the minor problems of the historical grammar of Indo-Aryan. Since it has often been assumed that the retroflex stop indirectly reflects a palatal stop [t'] or an affricate [tś] in proto-Indo-Iranian, it is also of some importance for the reconstruction of the prehistoric development of Iranian, and especially for the interpretation of Old Persian , for the PIE. reconstruction of the phonemes traditionally denoted by kp or k, etc., and for the relations between centum and satem languages. In view of the far-reaching theories which, partly at least, have been based upon the final - of Sanskrit it may be useful to reconsider the problem.
Reviews; David Smith, The Dance of Śiva. Religion, Art and Poetry in South India
Authors: Tíeken
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Reviews; Bansat-Boudon, Lyne: Poétique du théâtre indien: Lectures du Nātyaśāstra
Authors: Jamison
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Dieter Maue, Alttürkische Handschriften. Teil I. Dokumente in Brāhmī und tibetischer Schrift
Authors: Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Charles S. Prebish, A Survey of Vinaya Literature
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Sanskrit Lotus Sutra Fragments From the lÜShun Museum Collection. Facsimile Edition and Romanized Text
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
R.F. Young and G.P.V. Somaratna, Vain Debates. The Buddhist- Christian Controversies of Nineteenth-century Ceylon
Authors: de Jong
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
``Possession of (Ritual) Achievement'' in Vedic Prose
Authors: Migron
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Another Rigvedic Genitive Singular in -E > -AS?
Authors: Migron
Published: March 2012

No Abstract
Orientalism, Politics, and Literature
Authors: Whalen-Bridge John
Published: March 2012

Said's work has had different significance in different contexts. From a literary perspective his greatest achievement has been his challenging of the New Critical separation of aesthetic and political concerns. His seminal work Orientalism has been the central influence of the last twenty years for literary scholars concerned with cultural exchanges between Asia and America, even though his professed task was the discussion of European and Middle Eastern political and aesthetic interrelations. This paper examines the political significance of Orientalism in the light of the struggles within literary studies that gave rise to the text. but there is a difference between overstatement for effect and overstatement as doctrine....'
Short Note
Authors: Paul M. Shalom
Published: March 2012

An Akkadian interdialectal semantic equivalent of a Hebrew idiom adds a new connotation to Samson’s dire predicament in Judges 16:16.
Y a-t-il de l’ironie dans le livre de Qohélet?
Authors: Ramond Sophie
Published: March 2012

Is the book of Ecclesiastes ironic? Although some commentators have identified the phenomenon of irony in Ecclesiastes, there is no consensus on how to define it. Using the criteria given by P. Schoentjes’ study on the poetics of irony, this article seeks to discern precise occurrences of it in the book and moves on to examine the general tone of its writing style, paying special attention to the dimension of intertextuality.
‘For a Pair of Shoes’: A New Light on an Obscure Verse in Amos’ Prophecy
Authors: Shveka Avi
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This paper suggests a new interpretation of Amos’ accusation against Israel, “Because they sell the righteous for silver, and the needy for a pair of shoes” (Amos 2:6). Based on the Hittite law 22a, which states that the captor of a runaway slave shall be rewarded with a pair of shoes, we suggest that Amos condemns the extradition of runaway slaves to their masters. In light of this, we conclude that Amos objected to the principle of debt-slavery, and that he, like some other biblical authors, regarded the enslavement of free persons as legitimate only as punishment for criminal offences. In general, this interpretation should also be applied to the similar phrase in Amos 8:6. However, whilst in chapter eight Amos condemns the rich slave-owners, in chapter two his admonition is targeted at the entire people, who allow the existence of such unjust norms.
State Politics and Legal Markets
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Garth Bryant G.
Published: March 2012

The paper begins by exploring literature on the legal profession that tends to obscure questions at the heart of our research. It then turns to our approach, drawing on Pierre Bourdieu, which looks beyond the category of profession as such to the social space in which professions are situated. The key from our perspective is to examine both the social interests embedded in law and lawyers and the specific interests of learned professionals themselves. This perspective leads not to criticism or praise of lawyers, but rather to an understanding of how elite lawyers participate in the construction of the state and economy. We examine relationships between three poles ‐ knowledge, state politics, and power, whether economic or social ‐ that contribute to shaping the legal profession.
Shop Signs and Visual Culture in Republican Beijing
Authors: Yi Feng
Published: March 2012

During her stay in Beijing (1933–1946), Hedda Hammer (later known as Hedda Morrison) made a visual record of shop signs with her camera. In this paper I rely on this visual record to examine what shop signs represented in Chinese material culture and their function in the urban setting. I argue that Morrison's photographic record reveals a fascinating element of street culture in the capital city that the textual records cannot document. I also contend that shop signs worked as genuine urban markers of the various trades and crafts in the city. As such, these artefacts constituted an expression of Chinese material culture, but were also a form of visual language to guide the gaze and pace of Beijing urbanites. This paper supports the idea that photographs have a particular relevance and value for the exploration of the Chinese urban setting in the Republican period. The use of photography goes beyond the record of disincarnated artefacts. It allows us to perceive and understand a fascinating dimension of visual culture in Republican Beijing, one of the numerous layers of signs that were displayed quite extensively through the city.
Idolatry as an Ontological Question: Native Consciousness and Juridical Proof in Colonial Mexico
Authors: Tavarez David E.
Published: March 2012

Is it possible to regard idolatry as an epistemically objective notion in colonial Spanish America? In order to address this question, this essay will adopt two separate strategies: a traditional narrative historiography, and a conceptual stance inspired by contemporary Anglo-American analytical philosophy. In historiographical terms, this essay will present two case studies: the successful prosecution of Zapotec ritual specialist Diego Luis by an ecclesiastical judge in 1654, and the unsuccessful prosecution of several Zapotec idolatry suspects by a civil judge in 1666. These two case studies illustrate two antipodal native responses to idolatry extirpation: a full confession of idolatry, and the systematic denial of allegations of idolatry. It will be argued here that native consciousness of certain practices as idolatry was the one cognitive phenomenon that enabled the emergence of a collective intentionality that rendered idolatry into an epistemically objective fact. In other words, colonial idolatry emerged as a coherent category only when both native and ecclesiastical minds willed it into existence.
Theological Boundaries: the Arminian Tradition
Authors: Synan Vinson
Published: March 2012

An important sector of the current American evangelical scene is composed of the several movements which have developed in the Arminian tradition. In broad terms, this essay will deal with those groups in the Arminian-Holiness-Pentecostal and charismatic axis of American evangelical Christianity. There will be no attempt to equate these movements since in many ways they are obviously different, but they all stem in one way or another from the Arminian theological stream. Though much of American religious thought has been dominated by Calvinist-oriented Protestantism and post-1880 Catholicism, the Holiness-Pentecostal movements have gained the status of a "third force" in American life since World War II. The recent growth of the charismatic renewal within the historic churches indicates that by the last quarter of the twentieth century, this tradition is finally maturing into a major religious force.
Pentecostals and the Hermeneutics of Dispensationalism: The Anatomy of an Uneasy Relationship
Authors: Sheppard Gerald T.
Published: March 2012

My aim in this article is to describe how some, predominantly white Pentecostal groups have tried to wed a Pentecostal ecclesiology to a dispensational eschatology. I am concerned to describe the attempt by Pentecostals to find acceptance and legitimation from the dispensationalist-fundamentalist movement. I hope to show both that Pentecostals were not originally dispensationalist-fundamentalists and that the efforts secondarily to embrace such views have raised new problems for the identity of Pentecostals-hermeneutically, sociologically, and politically. My procedure will be, first, to show that the earliest Pentecostal views were not united in agreement with the doctrine of the pre-tribulation rapture; second, to illustrate that later Pentecostal dispensationalist defenses for a pre-tribulation rapture were inconsistent about applying the same principles to their ecclesiology; and, third, to demonstrate that dispensational eschatological views eventually raise problems even for the most basic Pentecostal understanding of Acts 2. Though much of what I present applies generally to other denominations, I have concentrated my critique on the Assemblies of God. My purpose is not to single out the Assemblies of God, but to choose a denomination whose literature is easily accessible to me and one which very early assumed a strict dispensational eschatology. Before attempting this analysis a few words must be said about the nature of dispensationalist-fundamentalism.
Wasting the Oceans: Searching for Principles to Control Bycatch in International Law
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2012

The bycatch of species when fishing is now an international problem, which can drive species to the brink of extinction. This article examines some of the ways in which the various management regimes can confront this problem. These include defining the target species more accurately and modifying harvesting technology where necessary. If incidental species are still captured, other strategies include the release of bycaught species alive (when practical), the strict enforcement of direct quotas on bycatch take, coupled with incentives or disincentives to confront bycatch. The idea that bycatch may not be landed and profited from has an obvious attraction when dealing with species already the subject of separate conservation measures. However, to discard them completely is wasteful. Where bycatch species are not the subject of conservation regimes, their utilisation should be considered, although it is important that this does not result in perverse incentives.
Market Introduction of Innovative High Risk Medical Devices: Towards a Recast of the Directive Concerning Medical Devices
Authors: Vinck Imgard , Stordeur Sabine , Hulstaert Frank , Neyt Mattias , Van Brabandt Hans
Published: March 2012

The European Conformity (CE) marking grants early market introduction to innovative high risk medical devices based on safety and device performance only, without any requirement to demonstrate clinical efficacy or effectiveness. Hence healthcare providers, patients and payers are informed neither about the added clinical value compared to an existing medical device nor about the risks incurred by using such innovations. In addition there is a lack of coherence and uniformity of approach in the assessment of high risk medical devices. These gaps may put the health and safety of patients in danger. The European Commission, in concert with Competent Authorities, industry, Notified Bodies, and other stakeholders, is working on a “recast” of the directives regulating medical devices. This article identifies and discusses the critical points of the pre-market clinical evaluation of innovative high-risk medical devices in the European legal framework and compares it with the USA.
A revision of the Neotropical predaceous midges allied to Stilobezzia (Acanthohelea) edwardsi Ingram & Macfie (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Cazorla Carla G. , Spinelli Gustavo R.
Published: March 2012

A revision of the Neotropical predaceous midges allied to Stilobezzia (Acanthohelea) edwardsi Ingram & Macfie from Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia is presented. Stilobezzia (Acanthohelea) edwardsi and Stilobezzia (Acanthohelea) furva Ingram & Macfie are redescribed and illustrated, and the distribution of both species is expanded. The male of S. (A.) furva is described for the first time, and four new species are described and illustrated. The Stilobezzia (Acanthohelea) edwardsi group is proposed to include these six species, a key to recognition of males and females is provided and a phylogenetic analysis of the New World species in the subgenus Acanthohelea is included.
Infrared Thermometry in Winter Road Maintenance
Authors: Jonsson Patrik , Riehm Mats
Published: March 2012

There is significant interest among road authorities in measuring pavement conditions to perform appropriate winter road maintenance. The most common monitoring methods are based on pavement-mounted sensors. This study’s hypothesis is that the temperature distribution in a pavement can be measured by means of a nonintrusive method to retrieve the topmost pavement temperature values. By utilizing the latest infrared (IR) technology, it is possible to retrieve additional information concerning both road temperatures and road conditions. The authors discovered that surface temperature readings from IR sensors are more reliable than data retrieved from traditional surface-mounted sensors during wet, snowy, or icy road conditions. It was also possible to detect changes in the road condition by examining how the temperatures in wheel tracks and in between the wheel tracks differ from a reference dry road condition. The conclusion was that nonintrusive measurement of the road temperature is able to provide an increase in relation to the knowledge about both the road temperature and the road condition. Another conclusion was that the surface temperature should not be considered as being equal to the ground temperatures retrieved from traditional surface-mounted sensors except under conditions of dry, stable roadways.
Meso-scale and multicontinuum modeling of a triaxial braided textile composite
Authors: Schultz JA , Garnich MR
Published: March 2012

Accurately predicting failure in woven composites requires knowledge of the stress states within the meso-scale structure of the fabric reinforcement. Multicontinuum technology provides a computationally efficient way of extracting constituent stresses and strains from a structural-level finite element analysis. This study investigates the value in extending the capabilities of multicontinuum technology to materials with complex heterogeneity that could benefit from the definition of many constituents. To determine the feasibility of this extension, a meso-scale finite element model of a triaxial braid was developed and used as a test case. The model’s predictions of initial matrix failure were in good agreement with the limited experimental data. Also, trends in initial failure predictions for multi-axial load cases are in agreement with physically intuitive expectations. These results show promise for the success of future research in extending multicontinuum technology for application to composites with complex multiscale heterogeneity.
Racism and Illicit Drug Use Among African American Women
Authors: Stevens-Watkins Danelle , Perry Brea , Harp Kathi L. , Oser Carrie B.
Published: March 2012

Though recent evidence indicates that rates of illicit drug use among African American women are now higher than the national average, little is known about the etiology of substance use in this population. In addition, the effects of racism and other cultural factors are understudied and may be unique among African American women. This cross-sectional study explores risk and protective factors for drug use among 204 African American women. More specifically, associations between racism experiences and drug use are investigated in the context of potential moderating influences (i.e., psychosocial resources, social safety net variables, and cultural identity and practices). Findings suggest that racism is associated with drug use, but that its effects diminish with age. In addition, results suggest that psychosocial resources, social safety net factors and culturally specific factors such as ethnic community membership and engagement in cultural practices afford African American women some protection against the detrimental effects of racism.
Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece: Blind Reading of Histopathology Slides in General Toxicology Studies*
Authors: Neef Natasha , Nikula Kristen J. , Francke-Carroll Sabine , Boone Laura
Published: March 2012

With the intention of reducing bias, a recent European Food Safety Authority draft guidance document included a recommendation for blinded evaluation of histopathology slides in general toxicology studies (EFSA 2011). Although blinding as to treatment status reduces bias in many types of scientific experiment and is sometimes also appropriate in toxicologic pathology (Holland and Holland 2011), it is most unlikely to help achieve the overall goal of improved human safety when used for routine histopathology evaluation of tissues in general toxicology studies. This is the case because (1) blinding is not applicable to the inductive reasoning process used to identify test article effects in the tissues and would dramatically reduce the chances of these being successfully identified; and (2) in any case, the bias that would be reduced by blinding is actually a bias favoring diagnosis of a toxicological hazard and a conservative safety evaluation, which is appropriate in this context. Other unintended consequences of blinding histopathology evaluation include reductions in sensitivity for a variety of additional reasons and increased subjectivity of the pathology data.
Osmophobia as an early marker of migraine: A follow-up study in juvenile patients
Authors: De Carlo Debora , Toldo Irene , Dal Zotto Lara , Perissinotto Egle , Sartori Stefano , Gatta Michela , Balottin Umberto , Mazzotta Giovanni , Moscato Davide , Raieli Vincenzo , Rossi Livia Nicoletta , Sangermani Roberto , Soriani Stefano , Termine Cristiano , Tozzi Elisabetta , Vecchio Angelo , Zanchin Giorgio , Battistella Pier Antonio
Published: March 2012

Background: Osmophobia is frequent in children with migraine (20–35%) but can also occur in up to 14% of cases with tension-type headache (TTH). So far, the prognostic role of this symptom in children with primary headaches has never been evaluated.

Methods: A longitudinal prospective study was conducted on 90 young patients with TTH (37 with osmophobia, 53 without osmophobia). We evaluated whether osmophobia could predict the diagnosis transformation from TTH to migraine after a 3-year follow-up.

Results and Discussion: In our cases the rate of diagnosis change was significantly greater in cases with osmophobia (62%) than in those without (23%). Osmophobia persisted at a 3-year follow-up in the majority of our cases (85%) and it was found to be one of the major predictors for the development of migraine; other predictors of evolution to migraine were phonophobia, a probable rather than certain diagnosis of TTH and olfactory triggers (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Our data confirm that osmophobia has an important diagnostic and prognostic role in children with primary headaches and should be systematically investigated at diagnosis and during follow-up.
Migraine and erectile dysfunction: Evidence from a population-based case-control study
Authors: Huang Chao-Yuan , Keller Joseph J , Sheu Jau-Jiuan , Lin Herng-Ching
Published: March 2012

Background: This case-control study aimed to estimate the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and migraines using a nationwide population-based database in Taiwan.

Methods: The data used for this matched case-control study were retrieved from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. We identified 5763 patients with ED as the cases and randomly selected 17,289 patients as the controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) for prior migraine between cases and controls.

Results: After adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, renal disease, coronary heart disease, obesity, and alcohol abuse/alcohol dependence syndrome, conditional logistic regression revealed that among ED patients the odds of having been previously diagnosed with migraines was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.39–1.91) that of the control group. This risk was more pronounced in younger groups, with the highest risk being detected among those aged between 30 and 39 years. After adjusting for the above mentioned comorbidities, ED patients aged between 30 and 39 years were found to be at 1.98 (95% CI, 1.67–2.23) times the risk of controls for having been previously diagnosed with migraines.

Conclusion: We conclude that ED is associated with having been previously diagnosed with migraines, particularly in younger populations.
Survey of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis in Japan
Authors: Abe Yusaku , Hashimoto Koichi , Iinuma Kazuie , Ohtsuka Yoko , Ichiyama Takashi , Kusuhara Koichi , Nomura Keiko , Mizuguchi Masashi , Aiba Hideo , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Mizusawa Hidehiro , Hosoya Mitsuaki
Published: March 2012

Investigators conducted a retrospective epidemiological study of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, a fatal disease caused by measles infection, over the past few years in Japan. Data on 118 cases obtained from a questionnaire sent to attending physicians were analyzed. The annual incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was approximately 0.03 cases per million from 2001 to 2005. Children infected with measles at a young age (<12 months) showed a high incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and those infected before 6 months of age showed earlier onset. Because a positive correlation was found between the prevalence of measles and the onset of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, particularly among children infected at an early age, it is vital to eradicate measles infection by vaccination.
Variations in Hospitalization Outcomes in Children Admitted With Seizures Between 2003 and 2006
Authors: Standridge Shannon M. , Horn Paul S.
Published: March 2012

Economic factors play an increasingly important role in the management of medical conditions. This study evaluated the economic impact of seizures in children in the United States using a large national data set known as the Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID). The aim of this study was to characterize hospitalizations including total costs, length of stay, and variations in care. There were 63 719 pediatric seizure discharges in the 2003 and 2006 Kids’ Inpatient Database. The mean hospital cost was $4105 in 2003 and $4553 in 2006. Patients with government insurance as the primary payer had a significantly longer length of stay compared with private insurance or self-pay patients ( P < .0001); however, there was no significant difference in the total costs of hospitalization between the different payer groups. This analysis highlights multiple disparities of health care utilization in pediatric seizure management. In a stressful economic climate, all health care entities must focus on cost management of pediatric seizure.
Career Development Skills, Outcomes, and Hope Among College Students
Authors: Sung Yoonhee , Turner Sherri L. , Kaewchinda Marid
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the utility of the Integrative Contextual Model of Career Development (ICM) to describe the career development behavior of college students was examined. Second, relationships among educational and career development skills (career exploration, person–environment fit, goal setting, social/prosocial/work readiness, self-regulated learning, and the utilization of emotional and instrumental support), educational and career development outcomes (self-efficacy, positive self-attributions, vocational identity, magnitude of vocational interests, and proactivity), and two components of hope (agency and pathways) among college students were explored. Results indicated that ICM is a useful model for college students and that the interrelated skills predicted the interrelated outcomes. The agency aspect of hope predicted both skills and outcomes; and skills or outcomes predicted agency. Pathways were not predictive of nor predicted by skills or outcomes. Suggestions about how these skills can be developed in college students are offered.
Analysis of ground reaction force and electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle during double support
Authors: Sousa Andreia SP , Santos Rubim , Oliveira Francisco PM , Carvalho Paulo , Tavares João Manuel RS
Published: March 2012

Mechanisms associated with energy expenditure during gait have been extensively researched and studied. According to the double-inverted pendulum model energy expenditure is higher during double support, as lower limbs need to work to redirect the centre of mass velocity. This study looks into how the ground reaction force of one limb affects the muscle activity required by the medial gastrocnemius of the contralateral limb during step-to-step transition. Thirty-five subjects were monitored as to the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of one limb and the ground reaction force of the contralateral limb during double support. After determination of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), a moderate correlation was observed between the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of the dominant leg and the vertical (Fz) and anteroposterior (Fy) components of ground reaction force of the non-dominant leg (r = 0.797, p < 0.0001; r = –0.807, p < 0.0001). A weak and moderate correlation was observed between the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of the non-dominant leg and the Fz and Fy of the dominant leg, respectively (r = 0.442, p = 0.018; r = –0.684 p < 0.0001). The results obtained suggest that during double support, ground reaction force is associated with the electromyographic activity of the contralateral medial gastrocnemius and that there is an increased dependence between the ground reaction force of the non-dominant leg and the electromyographic activity of the dominant medial gastrocnemius.
Middle- to late-Holocene environmental changes in Bajo de la Quinta, NE Patagonia, inferred by palynological records and their relation to human occupation
Authors: Marcos María Alejandra , Mancini María Virginia , Dubois Cristian Mario Favier
Published: March 2012

The north Patagonian region between 38° and 42°S extends along the proximity of two major atmospheric circulation features in South America: the northern border of the southern westerly circulation belt, and the northeast trade wind circulation associated with the subtropical South Atlantic Anticyclone. The influence of this westerly wind system determines the annual and seasonal precipitation regimen in north Patagonia, while the influence of the South Atlantic Anticyclone is more pronounced towards the east. The changing strength of either of these circulation systems has had a strong influence on Holocene environmental change in the region. Palaeoenvironmental changes are inferred from a 500 cm long core from Bajo de la Quinta, (40°55'42"S, 64°20'19"W) by means of pollen, sediment and geomorphological analyses. A dry phase with westerly winds during the middle Holocene, at around 7000–6600 cal. yr BP, is indicated by xerophytic/psammophytic vegetation and Patagonian steppe components. Between 6600 and 5200 cal. yr BP the pollen record reflects shrub steppe vegetation and low values of long distance transported pollen indicates little influence of the westerly winds. Between 5200 and 2900 cal. yr BP very arid conditions are indicated by high pollen values of Ephedra sp. and Nassauvia sp. and westerlies influenced by long distance pollen types such as Nothofagus sp. In the late Holocene (2900 cal. yr BP) the pollen record shows an increase in typical shrub taxa of the Monte and Espinal vegetation and low influence of long distance taxa. This may suggest a change to semi-arid conditions that persisted until the present, where the shrub steppe is the dominant vegetation. The environmental and geomorphological changes that occurred during the middle and late Holocene had influenced the space and resources used by hunter-gatherers of the area.
Lenalidomide-induced elevated bilirubin
Authors: Simondsen Katherine A , Kolesar Jill M
Published: March 2012

Lenalidomide is an immunomodulator used to treat 5q-myelodysplastic syndrome, myelofibrosis, and multiple myeloma. We describe a 55-year-old male who was started on lenalidomide 10 mg daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off therapy for the treatment of early stage post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis. Following initiation of lenalidomide, the patient was noted to have an asymptomatic increase in unconjugated bilirubin. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine aminotransferase were normal. During the 7 days off of lenalidomide, bilirubin began to trend down. Re-challenge with lenalidomide in subsequent cycles results in an asymptomatic elevation in unconjugated bilirubin followed by improvement during the 7-day lenalidomide-free period. The patient is a heterozygote for the TA7 allele which can decrease expression of uridine diphosphate glycuronosyl transferase 1A1, the enzyme responsible for conjugation of bilirubin. Therapy with lenalidomide may have unmasked Gilbert’s syndrome in the patient.
Adolescent Outcome of Child ADHD in Primary Care Setting
Authors: Srebnicki Tomasz , Kołakowski Artur , Wolańczyk Tomasz
Published: March 2012

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the functioning of patients with ADHD 6 to 7 years after the diagnosis. One objective was to determine the stability of diagnosis, symptoms decline, subtype change, remission, and change of diagnosis. Method: In all, 101 participants were chosen for testing. All were interviewed for the presence of ADHD and social, academic, and peer functioning, and completed Youth Self-Report. The caregivers completed a Wender Utah Rating Scale and Child Behavior Checklist, and were asked to assess the social, academic, and peer functioning of their offspring. Results: A total of 56% ( n = 57) still met the criteria for ADHD and 24.7% ( n = 25) still met the criteria for hyperkinetic disorder (HKD). Subtype migration was observed. In all, 7.7% ( n = 14) were rediagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome, 2.2% ( n = 4) received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, 2.2% ( n = 4) were diagnosed with mental retardation, 1 with schizophrenia, and 1 with genetic disorder. Conclusion: The reliability of diagnosis was high. The rates of all subtypes of ADHD decreased. More measures need to be taken in terms of differential diagnosis of ADHD and Asperger’s Syndrome.
Perceived control over physical and mental well-being: The effects of gender, age and social class
Authors: Breslin Gavin , McCay Naomi
Published: March 2012

In a cross-sectional quota based survey 1013 adults (46% male, 54% female; aged 16–65+) in Northern Ireland from ABC1, C2 and DE social class groupings were asked about the perceived influence they have over their physical and mental health, and what types of lifestyle changes can improve health. Findings showed participants perceive that they have more control over their physical compared to mental health, with physical activity being the behaviour most likely to be adopted. Females were more likely than males to make lifestyle changes, including meeting friends, talking about things that were bothering them and trying relaxation techniques. These findings illustrate the need for health promotion to be directed at mental health, and encouraging males to consider adapting healthy lifestyle behaviours.