bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of free 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 assay method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ishimine Nau , Wu Shixing , Ota Ryusei , Takahashi Koji , Takiwaki Masaki , Sugano Mitsutoshi , Tozuka Minoru , Uehara Takeshi
Published: September 2022

The free hormone hypothesis has triggered controversies regarding the measurement of free vitamin D metabolites, such as free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), as a suitable indicator for total vitamin D for clinical use. This issue can be addressed by developing a precise and accurate method for free 25(OH)D measurement. In the present study, a novel assay method for free 25(OH)D3 based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Sample preparation first involved ultrafiltration to remove vitamin D-binding protein-bound and albumin-bound 25(OH)D, followed by extraction with a column, derivatization, evaporation, dissolution, and injection into the LC-MS/MS system. The coefficient of variation of repeatability and reproducibility obtained were 3.8–4.5% and 4.8–5.9%, respectively. Satisfactory linearity (r=0.999) was obtained up to 80 pg/ml. The lower quantification limit was 0.97 pg/ml and the S/N ratio on the peak of 1.0 pg/ml sample was 24.8 (which is more than the acceptable value of 10). The recovery rate was between 84.5 and 92.4% with a negligible matrix effect (94.5–104.9%). Levels of free 25(OH)D3, but not total 25(OH)D3, in the serum of the patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hepatic cirrhosis (HC) were substantially lower than those in healthy subjects. The correlation coefficient between total and free 25(OH)D3 was 0.738 in all samples, while the linear regression equations were different between the patients with CKD and HC. In conclusion, LC-MS/MS assay for free 25(OH)D3 might be useful to evaluate high-throughput methods, including ELISA.
Distributed online adaptive subgradient optimization with dynamic bound of learning rate over time‐varying networks
Authors: Fang Runyue , Li Dequan , Shen Xiuyu
Published: September 2022

Adaptive online optimization algorithms, such as Adam, RMSprop, and AdaBound, have recently been tremendously popular as they have been widely applied to address the issues in the field of deep learning. Despite their prevalence and prosperity, however, it is rare to investigate the distributed versions of these adaptive online algorithms. To fill the gap, a distributed online adaptive subgradient learning algorithm over time‐varying networks, called DAdaxBound, which exponentially accumulates long‐term past gradient information and possesses dynamic bounds of learning rates under learning rate clipping is developed. Then, the dynamic regret bound of DAdaxBound on convex and potentially nonsmooth objective functions is theoretically analysed. Finally, numerical experiments are carried out to assess the effectiveness of DAdaxBound on different datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that DAdaxBound compares favourably to other competing distributed online optimization algorithms.
A hierarchical diagnosis method of cable aged segment based on transfer function
Authors: Hong‐shan Zhao , Xiao‐mei Guo , Li‐bo Ma , Yan Wang , Cheng‐yan Sun , Jie‐ying Chang
Published: September 2022

Traditional offline cable diagnosis methods need power outages during detection, affecting power supply reliability. Here, a hierarchical diagnosis method of cable aged segment based on transfer function is proposed. Firstly, the calculation model of cable transfer function with the aged segment is established; on this basis, the correlation between transfer function and cable aging is analysed. Then, a structure with combined sparse autoencoder and convolutional neural network is trained to estimate the aging location, and a hierarchical diagnosis model of distribution cable based on transfer function is proposed. The sensitivity and accuracy of aged segment detection are improved after hierarchical diagnosis. Finally, the simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively realize the online identification and location of the cable aged segment. The proposed method makes use of the advantage that the cable transfer function can be obtained online. Compared with the existing methods, this method does not need power outages in the diagnosis process, and the aged segment can be located without a lot of additional equipment.
LoRaWAN‐implemented node localisation based on received signal strength indicator
Authors: Aqeel Ibrahim , Iorkyase Ephraim , Zangoti Hussein , Tachtatzis Christos , Atkinson Robert , Andonovic Ivan
Published: September 2022

Long Range Wireless Area Network (LoRaWAN) provides desirable solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require hundreds or thousands of actively connected devices (nodes) to monitor the environment or processes. In most cases, the location information of the devices arguably plays a critical role and is desirable. In this regard, the physical characteristics of the communication channel can be leveraged to provide a feasible and affordable node localisation solution. This paper presents an evaluation of the performance of LoRaWAN Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)‐based node localisation in a sandstorm environment. The authors employ machine learning algorithms, Support Vector Regression and Gaussian Process Regression, which turn the high variance of RSSI due to frequency hopping feature of LoRaWAN to advantage, creating unique signatures representing different locations. In this work, the RSSI features are used as input location fingerprints into the machine learning models. The proposed method reduces node localisation complexity when compared to GPS‐based approaches whilst provisioning more extensive connection paths. Furthermore, the impact of LoRa spreading factor and kernel function on the performance of the developed models have been studied. Experimental results show that the SVR‐enhanced fingerprint yields the most significant improvement in node localisation performance.
Revisiting fundamental properties of TiO2 nanoclusters as condensation seeds in astrophysical environments
Authors: Sindel J. P. , Gobrecht D. , Helling Ch. , Decin L.
Published: September 2022

Context. The formation of inorganic cloud particles takes place in several atmospheric environments, including those of warm, hot, rocky, and gaseous exoplanets, brown dwarfs, and asymptotic giant branch stars. The cloud particle formation needs to be triggered by the in situ formation of condensation seeds since it cannot be reasonably assumed that such condensation seeds preexist in these chemically complex gas-phase environments.

Aims. We aim to develop a method for calculating the thermochemical properties of clusters as key inputs for modelling the formation of condensation nuclei in gases of changing chemical composition. TiO2 is used as benchmark species for cluster sizes N = 1–15.

Methods. We created a total of 90000 candidate (TiO2)N geometries for cluster sizes N = 3−15. We employed a hierarchical optimisation approach, consisting of a force-field description, density-functional based tight-binding, and all-electron density-functional theory (DFT) to obtain accurate zero-point energies and thermochemical properties for the clusters.

Results. In 129 combinations of functionals and basis sets, we find that B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, including Grimme’s empirical dispersion, performs most accurately with respect to experimentally derived thermochemical properties of the TiO2 molecule. We present a hitherto unreported global minimum candidate for size N = 13. The DFT-derived thermochemical cluster data are used to evaluate the nucleation rates for a given temperature-pressure profile of a model hot-Jupiter atmosphere. We find that with the updated and refined cluster data, nucleation becomes unfeasible at slightly lower temperatures, raising the lower boundary for seed formation in the atmosphere.

Conclusions. The approach presented in this paper allows finding stable isomers for small (TiO2)N clusters. The choice of the functional and basis set for the all-electron DFT calculations has a measurable impact on the resulting surface tension and nucleation rate, and the updated thermochemical data are recommended for future considerations.
N-bearing complex organics toward high-mass protostars
Authors: Nazari P. , Meijerhof J. D. , van Gelder M. L. , Ahmadi A. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Tabone B. , Langeroodi D. , Ligterink N. F. W. , Jaspers J. , Beltrán M. T. , Fuller G. A. , Sánchez-Monge Á. , Schilke P.
Published: September 2022

Context.Complex organic species are known to be abundant toward low- and high-mass protostars. No statistical study of these species toward a large sample of high-mass protostars with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has been carried out so far.

Aims.We aim to study six N-bearing species: methyl cyanide (CH3CN), isocyanic acid (HNCO), formamide (NH2CHO), ethyl cyanide (C2H5CN), vinyl cyanide (C2H3CN) and methylamine (CH3NH2) in a large sample of line-rich high-mass protostars.

Methods.From the ALMA Evolutionary study of High Mass Protocluster Formation in the Galaxy survey, 37 of the most line-rich hot molecular cores with ~1" angular resolution are selected. Next, we fit their spectra and find column densities and excitation temperatures of the N-bearing species mentioned above, in addition to methanol (CH3OH) to be used as a reference species. Finally, we compare our column densities with those in other low- and high-mass protostars.

Results.CH3OH, CH3CN and HNCO are detected in all sources in our sample, whereas C2H3CN and CH3NH2are (tentatively) detected in ~78 and ~32% of the sources. We find three groups of species when comparing their excitation temperatures: hot (NH2CHO;Tex≳ 250 K), warm (C2H3CN, HN13CO and CH313CN; 100 K ≲Tex≲ 250 K) and cold species (CH3OH and CH3NH2;Tex≲ 100 K). This temperature segregation reflects the trend seen in the sublimation temperature of these molecules and validates the idea that complex organic emission shows an onion-like structure around protostars. Moreover, the molecules studied here show constant column density ratios across low- and high-mass protostars with scatter less than a factor ~3 around the mean.

Conclusions.The constant column density ratios point to a common formation environment of complex organics or their precursors, most likely in the pre-stellar ices. The scatter around the mean of the ratios, although small, varies depending on the species considered. This spread can either have a physical origin (source structure, line or dust optical depth) or a chemical one. Formamide is most prone to the physical effects as it is tracing the closest regions to the protostars, whereas such effects are small for other species. Assuming that all molecules form in the pre-stellar ices, the scatter variations could be explained by differences in lifetimes or physical conditions of the pre-stellar clouds. If the pre-stellar lifetimes are the main factor, they should be similar for low- and high-mass protostars (within factors ~2–3).
TDCOSMO
Authors: Gomer Matthew R. , Sluse Dominique , Van de Vyvere Lyne , Birrer Simon , Courbin Frederic
Published: September 2022

The largest source of systematic errors in the time-delay cosmography method likely arises from the lens model mass distribution, where an inaccurate choice of model could in principle bias the value ofH0. A Bayesian hierarchical framework has been proposed which combines lens systems with kinematic data, constraining the mass profile shape at a population level. The framework has been previously validated using a small sample of lensing galaxies drawn from hydro-simulations. The goal of this work is to expand the validation to a more general set of lenses consistent with observed systems, as well as confirm the capacity of the method to combine two lens populations: one which has time delay information and one which lacks time delays and has systematically different image radii. For this purpose, we generated samples of analytic lens mass distributions made of baryons+dark matter and fit the subsequent mock images with standard power-law models. Corresponding kinematics data were also emulated. The hierarchical framework applied to an ensemble of time-delay lenses allowed us to correct theH0bias associated with model choice to findH0within 1.5σof the fiducial value. We then combined this set with a sample of corresponding lens systems which have no time delays and have a source at lowerz, resulting in a systematically smaller image radius relative to their effective radius. The hierarchical framework has successfully accounted for this effect, recovering a value ofH0which is both more precise (σ ∼ 2%) and more accurate (0.7% median offset) than the time-delay set alone. This result confirms that non-time-delay lenses can nonetheless contribute valuable constraining power to the determination ofH0via their kinematic constraints, assuming they come from the same global population as the time-delay set.
Anisotropy and characteristic scales in halo density gradient profiles
Authors: Wang X. , Wang H. , Mo H. J.
Published: September 2022

We use a large N-body simulation to study the characteristic scales in the density gradient profiles in and around halos with masses ranging from 1012 to 1015 M⊙. We investigate the profiles separately along the major (T1) and minor (T3) axes of the local tidal tensor and how the characteristic scales depend on halo mass, formation time, and environment. We find two prominent features in the gradient profiles: a deep “valley” and a prominent “peak.” We use the Gaussian process regression to fit the gradient profiles and identify the local extrema in order to determine the scales associated with these features. Around the valley, we identify three types of distinct local minima, corresponding to caustics of particles orbiting around halos. The appearance and depth of the three caustics depend on the direction defined by the local tidal field, formation time, and environment of halos. The first caustic is located at r > 0.8R200, corresponding to the splashback feature, and is dominated by particles at their first apocenter after infall. The second and third caustics, around 0.6R200 and 0.4R200, respectively, can be determined reliably only for old halos. The three caustics are consistent with the prediction of self-similar gravitational collapse. The first caustic is always the most prominent feature along T3, but may not be true along T1 or in azimuthally averaged profiles, suggesting that caution must be taken when using averaged profiles to investigate the splashback radius. We find that the splashback feature is approximately isotropic when proper separations are made between the first and the other caustics. We also identify a peak feature located at ∼2.5R200 in the density gradient profile. This feature is the most prominent along T1 and is produced by mass accumulations from the structure outside halos. We also discuss the origins of these features and their observational implications.
Effect of the RF-power and annealing on the structural, optical, morphological and electrical properties of RF-sputtered V2O5 thin films
Authors: Bousseta Mohammed , Nkhaili Lahcen , Narjis Abdelfattah , El Kissani Abdelkader , Tchenka Abdelaziz , Outzourhit Abdelkader
Published: September 2022

Thin films of vanadium oxide were deposited on glass substrates by the radio frequency reactive sputtering from a high purity metallic vanadium target (99.7%) with a diameter of 10 cm. The reactive sputtering was carried out in an argon-oxygen gas mixture containing 10% of O2 and 90% of Ar. The films were deposited at different RF powers (150 W, 200 W, 250 W and 300 W) for a fixed deposition time of 150 min. X-ray diffractograms showed that the deposited thin films crystallized in an orthorhombic V2O5 phase. It was found that the crystallite size varies with the RF power and is maximized using 300 W as an RF power. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman scattering analyzes have confirmed the formation of V2O5 thin films. In addition, optical transmittance measurements were performed using a Shimadzu UV-PC spectrophotometer in the 220–2000 nm range. It was observed that the optical band gap of the films decreases with increasing the RF power. Electrical resistivity was found to decrease with increasing the RF power from 150 to 250 W, and then it increases.
Micro- and nano-sized materials for solar evaporators: a review
Authors: Li Jialun , Yu Fei , Cai Bin , Wang Liying , Yang Xijia , Lü Wei
Published: September 2022

Solar evaporation water purification technology is becoming one of the main research direction to solve the fresh water shortage in recent years. The preparation of micro- and nano-sized photothermal materials with satisfied light absorption properties and the design of appropriate evaporation systems significantly contribute to the efficiency of clean water output. By desalination of seawater and purification of wastewater, the world wide fresh water shortage is expected to be effectively alleviated. This paper reviews the classification of micro- and nano-sized evaporation materials, the composition of evaporator structures, the strategies to improve thermal efficiency, and the practical applications of photothermal evaporation in numerous aspects in recent years, and finally gives an outlook on the future development direction of evaporators.
Construction historique et clinique de la psychiatrie de la personne âgée
Authors: Jovelet Georges
Published: September 2022

L’auteur s’attache, à partir de l’étude de phénomènes qui diffèrent par leur objet, leur contexte, leur temporalité, à saisir une ligne évolutive dans la réponse psychiatrique don-née aux manifestations pathologiques présentées par les personnes âgées. Le projet étant d’ordonner la masse hétérogène d’apports cliniques, de construction des savoirs, d’initiatives institutionnelles isolées et des incidences de la réglementation et des politiques publiques. Ces éléments épars sont mis en perspective avec les doctrines professionnelles en matière de psychiatrie du sujet âgé, les représentations de la société à la fois vis-à-vis du vieillissement et de la psychiatrie. Cette approche dégage les fondements cliniques, antiségrégationnistes et éthiques de cette sur-discipline, et permet de faire un rappel de l’action des précurseurs et de leurs contributions. Ce passé militant empreint d’humanisme qui gravite autour de quelques personnalités marquantes est aujourd’hui occulté par le discours de rationalisation budgétaire, l’impact du DSM l’essor des neurosciences, et par l’idée d’une marche libérale continue vers le progrès.
Roboterassistierte Thoraxchirurgie: Ökonomie und Lernkurve an einem High-Volume-Zentrum
Authors: Eichhorn Martin , Rotärmel André , Haag Johannes , Baum Philip , Winter Hauke
Published: September 2022

Die roboterassistierte Thoraxchirurgie (RATS) gewinnt in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ziel der Studie war es, die Lernkurve und Sicherheit während der Etablierung eines RATS-Programms an
einem High-Volume-Zentrum zu analysieren und die Kosten des Operationsverfahrens darzustellen. In einem Zeitraum von 33 Monaten wurden 255 Patienten prospektiv in die Studie eingeschlossen
und alle perioperativen Prozesszeiten sowie Komplikationen erfasst. In 46% erfolgten Mediastinaleingriffe, in 38% anatomische Lungenresektionen, in 7% Keilresektionen und 6%
Zwerchfellraffungen. Die mittlere OP-Zeit betrug 130 min, die Gesamtverweildauer 7 Tage. Die Konversionsrate lag bei 3,2%, die 30-Tage-Mortalität bei 1,2%. Die durchschnittlichen
OP-Materialkosten pro Eingriff betrugen 2039 €, der mittlere DRG-Erlös 9568 €. Zusammengefasst kann ein RATS-Programm sehr sicher bei geringer Komplikationsrate und akzeptablen
Materialkosten etabliert werden.
The Epidemiology of Primary Headache Disorders
Authors: Kopel David , Gottschalk Christopher
Published: September 2022

Defining the epidemiology of headache disorders is challenging given the prevalence of stigma and other harmful misconceptions about these diseases. Understanding the widespread impact of these disorders is essential when considering social and policy interventions to mitigate that impact. Tension-type headache is still widely considered the most common primary headache disorder, but population-based estimates of its prevalence vary widely. Migraine remains the most common headache disorder in patients who present for clinical care. Prevalence estimates have remained fairly stable over the last two decades (1-year period prevalence, United States: 18% of women and 6% of men). Recent studies indicate that people who identify as American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) have the highest migraine prevalence of any ethnic group surveyed, particularly among AI/AN men (15% vs. <10%). Studies in the United States also show an inverse relationship between income level and migraine incidence and prevalence, particularly for chronic migraine; factors mediating this relationship are difficult to define. There are many diseases comorbid with migraine, more so with migraine with aura. The burden of migraine is enormous: the Global Burden of Disease study indicates migraine is the number 1 cause of disability in women younger than 50 years and the number 2 or 3 cause of disability worldwide. Further study is needed into underdiagnosis, undertreatment, and persistent stigma associated with headache disorders, especially in underserved communities. Stakeholders including patients, providers, and governing bodies are affected by the results of epidemiologic studies and should all have a role in crafting and evaluating thoughtful and relevant questions and hypotheses in this field.
Na2CO3-Mediated [3+3] Annulation Reaction of Substituted Benzamidines with 2-Benzylidenemalononitriles: Access to Substituted Pyrimidine-4,6-diamines
Authors: Wang Cunde , Wu Chengjun , Bian Xiaoqin , Wang Lizhong , Zhang Yue
Published: September 2022

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl-5-benzyl­pyrimidine-4,6-diamines from readily available substituted 2-benzyl­idenemalononitriles and substituted benzamidines was developed. This practical protocol provides high value pyrimidine-4,6-diamines in moderate to good yields under simple reaction conditions. This approach also enables some modifications of structurally complex bioactive molecules and exhibits potential applications in medicinal chemistry.
Recent Developments in the Electroreductive Functionalization of Carbon–Halogen Bonds
Authors: Mahanty Kingshuk , Halder Atreyee , Maiti Debabrata , De Sarkar Suman
Published: September 2022

Electrochemical organic transformations have witnessed significant progress over the past decades owing to their idiosyncratic redox nature. Electrochemistry is globally acknowledged for its sustainability and environmental friendliness, whilst several well-known redox processes are available that do not generate chemical waste or toxic by-products. Apart from this, electrochemistry has adequate potential to steer numerous non-spontaneous reactions, such as cross-coupling, C–C bond cleavage, radical generation, directed C–H functionalization, etc., in a straightforward manner. Beyond electrochemical oxidation reactions, electrochemical reductive transformations have also been enriched in the last few years. Electrochemical reduction can be facilitated by using different strategies, for example, by using a sacrificial electrode or a sacrificial reagent, or can be accomplished in a divided cell. In this short review, different methods for the functionalization of C–halogen bonds, including detailed mechanistic approaches, are discussed.

1 Introduction

2 Different Strategies for Electrochemical Reduction

3 Functionalization of Carbon–Halogen Bonds through Electrochemical Reduction

3.1 E lectroreductive Hydrodehalogenation

3.2 Electroreductive C–C Coupling of Organohalides

3.2.1 Aryl–Aryl C–C Coupling

3.2.2 Aryl–Alkenyl C–C Coupling

3.2.3 Aryl–Alkyl C–C Coupling

3.2.4 Alkyl–Alkenyl C–C Coupling

3.2.5 Alkyl–Alkyl C–C Coupling

3.3 Electroreductive Coupling of Organohalides with Carbonyls (C=O)

3.4 Electroreductive Coupling of Organohalides with Organoboranes

4 Conclusion
Systematic Review of Definitions and Outcome Measures for Postoperative Ileus and Return of Bowel Function after Abdominal Surgery in Children
Authors: Eeftinck Schattenkerk Laurens D. , Shirinskiy Igor J. , Musters Gijsbert D. , de Jonge Wouter J. , de Vries Ralph , van Heurn L.W. Ernest , Derikx Joep P.M.
Published: September 2022

This review aims to objectify which definitions and outcome measures are used for the return of bowel function and postoperative ileus in children. PubMed and Embase were systematically searched from inception to December 17, 2020. Prospective studies conducted in children (aged 0–18 years) undergoing gastrointestinal surgery which reported on definitions and/or outcome measures for post-operative ileus or return of bowel function were evaluated. Definitions and outcome measures were extracted. From 4,027 references, 71 articles were included. From the 17 articles mentioning postoperative ileus, 8 (47%) provided a definition. In total, 34 outcome measures were used and 12 were unique. “Abdominal distension” was the most reported (41%) measure. In 41%, the outcome measures only described the return of gastric motility, while 18% described the return of intestinal motility. The return of bowel function was mentioned in 67 articles, none provided a definition. In total, 133 outcome measures were used and 37 were unique. Time to oral intake was the most reported (14%) measure. In 49%, the outcome measures only described the return of gastric motility, while 10% described the return of intestinal motility. High variation in definitions and outcome measures has limited the generalizability of research into postoperative bowel function in children. Without standardization, it will be impossible to compare research results and evaluate treatments. In children, the return of gastric motility seemingly should get more focus compared to adults. Therefore, we believe that a definition of postoperative ileus with an accompanying core outcome set, developed by a multidisciplinary team, specifically for children is required.
Nodules, Navigation, Robotic Bronchoscopy, and Real-Time Imaging
Authors: Manley Christopher J. , Pritchett Michael A.
Published: September 2022

The process of detection, diagnosis, and management of lung nodules is complex due to the heterogeneity of lung pathology and a relatively low malignancy rate. Technological advances in bronchoscopy have led to less-invasive diagnostic procedures and advances in imaging technology have helped to improve nodule localization and biopsy confirmation. Future research is required to determine which modality or combination of complimentary modalities is best suited for safe, accurate, and cost-effective management of lung nodules.
Internal Spermatic Vein to Superficial Epigastric Vein Microsurgical Bypass in Varicocele Treatment
Authors: Papes Dino , Cavar Stanko , Sabolic Ivana , Pasini Miram , Jurca Ivana , Antabak Anko , Luetic Tomislav
Published: September 2022

Introduction Identification and preservation of testicular artery and lymphatic vessels during microsurgical varicocelectomy can be tedious if adhered encompassing venous network is encountered. A venous bypass from internal spermatic to saphenous or inferior epigastric vein, that have been described for varicocele treatment, may be used in such situations. This paper describes a simplified modification of the venous bypass technique that reroutes the testicular blood to the superficial epigastric vein, which can easily be found in the incisional wound. Surgical technique and anastomotic patency test are described, and indications and results are discussed.

Materials and Methods During 2020 and 2021, 32 adolescent patients underwent microsurgical varicocelectomy. In eight patients additional microsurgical testicular vein-superficial epigastric vein microvascular bypass was done. The indication for bypass was difficult identification of testicular artery and/or lymphatic vessels due to adhered venous plexus.

Results Varicocele resolution was noted in all eight patients with clinical and/or semen analysis improvement. There were no complications or recurrences. Average length of procedure was 65 minutes. All patients were discharged within 24 hours and no antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy was used.

Conclusion Testicular vein to superficial epigastric vein anastomosis is a useful and simplified venous bypass technique that reroutes the blood from the pampiniform plexus to the femoral vein. It can be done as an adjunct to microsurgical varicocelectomy in selected patients through a standard incision.
Application of Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System in Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Cancer Using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Mahajan Manik , Sharma Poonam , Bhardwaj Subhash , Gupta Vikrant , Mahajan Arti
Published: September 2022

Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) of urinary bladder (UB) is a novel imaging to predict detrusor muscle invasion in Bladder cancer (BC). The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was introduced in 2018 to standardize the reporting of BC with mp-MRI and to diagnose muscle invasion. This study was performed to evaluate the role of mp-MRI using VI-RADS to predict muscle invasive BC.

Methods This prospective study was carried from June 2020 to May 2021 in a tertiary care institute. Thirty-six patients with untreated BC underwent mp-MRI followed by transuretheral resection of the tumor (TURBT). Mp-MRI findings were evaluated by two radiologists and BC was categorized according to VI-RADS scoring system. Resected tumors along with separate biopsy from the base were reported by two pathologists. Histopathological findings were compared with VI-RADS score and the performance of VI-RADS for determining detrusor muscle invasion was analyzed.

Results VI-RADS scores of 4 and 5 were assigned to 9 (25%) and 15 (41.7%) cases, respectively, while 4 (13.3%) cases had VI-RADS score 3 on mp-MRI. VI-RADS 1 and 2 lesions were observed in six (16.7%) and two (5.5%) cases, respectively. On histopathology, 23 cases (63.9%) had muscle-invasive cancer and 13 cases (36.1%) had non–muscle-invasive cancer. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of mp-MRI in predicting muscle invasive BC was 95.6 and 80.6%, respectively.

Conclusion Mp-MRI has high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in predicting muscle invasive BC and should be advocated for evaluation of BC prior to surgery.
Cosmetic Outcomes of Supraorbital Keyhole Craniotomy Via Eyebrow Incision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Robinow Zoe M. , Peterson Catherine , Riestenberg Robert , Waldau Ben , Yu Nina , Shahlaie Kiarash
Published: September 2022

Background Supraorbital eyebrow craniotomy is a minimally invasive alternative to a frontotemporal craniotomy and is often used for tumor and vascular pathologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate how patient cosmetic outcomes are affected by technique variations of this approach.

Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically searched, and results were reported according to PRISMA guidelines. For the meta-analysis portion, the DerSimonian–Laird random effects model was used, and the primary end points were patient satisfaction and percentage of permanent cosmetic complications.

Results A total of 2,629 manuscripts were identified. Of those, 124 studies (8,241 surgical cases) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 93.04 ± 11.93% of patients reported favorable cosmetic outcome following supraorbital craniotomy, and mean number of cases with permanent cosmetic complications was 6.62 ± 12.53%. We found that vascular cases are associated with more favorable cosmetic outcomes than tumor cases (p = 0.0001). Addition of orbital osteotomy or use of a drain is associated with adverse cosmetic outcomes (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). The location of incision, size of craniotomy, utilization of an endoscope, method of cranial reconstruction, skin closure, use of antibiotics, and addition of pressure dressing did not significantly impact cosmetic outcomes (p > 0.05 for all).

Conclusions Supraorbital craniotomy is a minimally invasive technique associated with generally high favorable cosmetic outcomes. While certain techniques used in supraorbital keyhole approach do not pose significant cosmetic risks, utilization of an orbital osteotomy and the addition of a drain correlate with unfavorable cosmetic outcomes.
Intracranial Hemorrhages in Neonates: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Treatment
Authors: Andersson Nadine G. , Kenet Gili
Published: September 2022

Hemostasis is a dynamic process that starts in utero. Neonates, especially those who are born preterm, are at high risk of bleeding. The coagulation system evolves with age, and the decreased levels of coagulation factors along with hypo-reactive platelets are counterbalanced with increased activity of von Willebrand factor, high hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume as well as low levels of coagulation inhibitors that promote hemostasis. Neonates with congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia are at even higher risk of bleeding complications. This review will focus upon one of the most devastating complications associated with neonatal bleeding: intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). While etiology may be multifactorial and impacted by maternal as well as fetal risk factors, the mode of delivery certainly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. We will address prematurity and congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A and B and other rare bleeding disorders as risk factors and present an updated approach for treatment and possible prevention.
Aldosterone-Secreting Large Oncocytic Neoplasm of the Adrenal Gland with Borderline Potential
Authors: Alshaheen Maher , Das Krishanu , Jean Mary , Safadi Mhd Firas
Published: September 2022

Adrenal oncocytomas are rare tumors that are mostly benign and non-functional although they may be hormonally active and can exhibit a borderline or malignant potential. We present a case of a 40-year-old female patient with known hypertension who presented with abdominal discomfort. Radiologic investigations showed a large mass on the left adrenal gland. In the hormonal study, an aldosterone-secreting tumor was identified. After laparoscopic resection, the histological assessment of the 12-cm mass showed an oncocytic neoplasm with borderline characteristics. The laboratory results returned to normal and the hypertensive disease improved. The patient was doing well after 14 months of follow-up. This is the seventh documented case of aldosterone-secreting oncocytoma, the first borderline tumor of this type, and the largest reported tumor so far.
Evaluation of Tetrofosmin Cold Kit Fractionation Using Alternative New Method of Quality Control for Testing Radiochemical Purity
Authors: Bhatia Nisha , Vatsa Rakhee , Dhingra Vandana K. , Dhawan Devinder Kumar , Chadha Vijayta Dani
Published: September 2022

Objective The aim of this study is to establish a method for the fractionation of tetrofosmin cold kit under different storage conditions and to optimize an alternate chromatography method from the reference method to test radiochemical purity (RCP).

Materials and Methods Tetrofosmin cold kit vial was fractionated aseptically in six equal fractions and stored in vials and syringes. To test the stability of the reconstituted solution for a longer duration, the mother vials and syringes were stored at two different temperatures, that is, at 4°C and at −20°C till further used. Radiolabeling of fractionated tetrofosmin was performed as per the standard labeling protocol. Radionuclide purity, radioassay, and pH were tested. Radiolabeling efficiency and RCP were determined by paper chromatography.

Results Radionuclide purity of eluate was greater than 99.9%. The pH of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) eluate and Tc-99m tetrofosmin was between 4.5–7.5 and 7.5–9.5, respectively. The deviation in the radioactivity during all measurements was less than 1%. The kits fractioned in glass vials resulted in higher radiolabeling yield and RCP as compared with kits fractionated in syringes. The RCP of glass vial versus syringe was observed to be greater than 95 versus 90% and 95 versus 80% at −20°C and 4°C, respectively.

Conclusion Tetrofosmin kit can be used in a cost-effective manner by fractionation. One tetrofosmin vial can be used in six fractions for up to 15 days when stored at −20°C and 4°C freezer temperature. The alternative method to check the RCP of Tc-99m tetrofosmin is safer and less time consuming as compared with the reference method.
Dreaming of predictable, reproducible fusion
Authors: Piccone Ashley
Published: September 2022

Octahedral spherical hohlraum design provides ideal and clear radiation drive, paving the way towards inertial fusion energy power plants.
First-principles prediction of the lattice thermal conductivity of two-dimensional (2D) h-BX (X = P, As, Sb) considering the effects of fourth-order and all-order scattering
Authors: Bi Shipeng , Chang Zheng , Yuan Kunpeng , Sun Zhehao , Zhang Xiaoliang , Gao Yufei , Tang Dawei
Published: September 2022

Recently, cubic boron arsenide (c-BAs) has attracted global attention due to its higher lattice thermal conductivity (κL), which is comparable to diamond, and excellent thermal properties. Can c-BAs achieve the leap in κL after transforming its structure from three-dimensional (3D) to two-dimensional (2D) like diamond to graphene? Previous studies have only investigated the κL considering three-phonon scattering and isotope scattering, and the calculated results are diverse. In this study, we first calculate second-order interatomic force constants (IFCs) and third-order IFCs to iteratively solve the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) and to obtain the κL3 of monolayer hexagonal BX (X = P, As, Sb), h-BX (X = P, As, Sb), considering only three-phonon and isotope scattering. The corresponding κL3 of h-BX are 278.2, 205.7, and 20.2 W/mK at room temperature, and we explain the monotonous change that κL3 decreases with the increase of average atomic mass (mavg) different from previous studies. Subsequently we use regular residual analysis (RRA) to determine the necessity of including four-phonon scattering when calculating the κL of monolayer h-BX. By calculating the fourth-order IFCs, we obtain the κL3+4 of monolayer h-BX including four-phonon scattering. The values of κL3+4 at room temperature are 61.12, 37.99, and 5.73 W/mK, which are highly consistent with the κL∞ of monolayer h-BX as predicted by the phonon spectral energy density (SED) method. The phonon SED method considers all-order scattering and gives values of 54.05 ± 21.48 W/mK (h-BP), 18.20 ± 4.47 W/mK (h-BAs), and 2.46 ± 0.34 W/mK (h-BSb), respectively. Our results show that the influence of four-phonon scattering on the κL of monolayer h-BX is significant, and the κL3+4 and κL∞ still undergo monotonic changes after including four-phonon scattering. The main factors that determine the low (ultra-low) κL of monolayer h-BAs (h-BSb) are large mavg and weaker bonding strength, the existence of intermediate frequency ZO and scattered acoustic branches, the strong anharmonicity caused by the in-plane vibrations of As (Sb) atoms, and four-phonon scattering. This study aims to end the variance within monolayer h-BAs κL numerical simulation and demonstrate the potential of monolayer h-BSb in thermoelectric field applications.
Differences in radiation damage to carrier lifetimes in the neutral and depletion regions of InGaP and GaAs solar cells
Authors: Nakamura Tetsuya , Imaizumi Mitsuru , Sato Shin-ichiro , Ohshima Takeshi , Akiyama Hidefumi , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: September 2022

We investigated the radiation damage to carrier lifetimes in the neutral and depletion regions of the InGaP and GaAs subcells of an InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar cell. It is difficult to clarify the degradation characteristics of the carrier lifetime in each region using the conventional analysis method (e.g., the dark current–voltage characteristic analysis), so we propose a novel method using the internal luminescence efficiency. The radiation damage coefficients for the carrier lifetimes in the neutral region of InGaP and GaAs subcells were two or three orders of magnitude larger than those in the depletion region. This result suggests that the effective radiation-induced defects in the regions, which significantly impact a solar cell's electrical characteristics, differ. This paper discusses the effective radiation-induced defects that contribute to the output degradation in each region. We compare the radiation damage coefficients for the carrier lifetimes obtained in our analysis, the product of the capture cross section, and the defect introduction coefficient of each defect reported in previous studies.
Optical trapping of photochromic microcrystals by a dual fiber tweezers
Authors: Uchiyama K. , Fick J. , Huant S. , Uchida K. , Naruse M. , Hori H.
Published: September 2022

Upon light irradiation, photochromic materials exhibit drastic changes in absorbance in addition to molecular and mechanical changes. In this study, we demonstrated optical trapping of photochromic microcrystals in a double fiber optical tweezers system combined with two external lights for photoisomerization and observed changes in the trapping force by photoisomerization. In situ photoisomerizations of the single crystal trapped in the system were performed thrice revealing a reversible change in the trapping force. The trapping stiffness for the colored crystal was one-third of that for the decolorized crystal in the axial direction, whereas almost no difference was observed in the transverse direction. Furthermore, based on the intermittent motion and asymmetry of the positional distribution of the trapped crystals, we inferred that the motion includes transitions through multiple stable sites, and the ease of the transition is related to the isomerization state of the crystals. Such switching of optical trapping indicates the possibility of revealing the physical properties of trapped materials through trapping schemes, and the nonlinearity in the trapping is also expected to be applied to advanced computing with physical phenomena.
Rapid calculation of internal conversion and intersystem crossing rate for organic materials discovery
Authors: Shi Lei , Xie Xiaoyu , Troisi Alessandro
Published: September 2022

The internal conversion (IC) process from S1 to S0 and the intersystem crossing (ISC) transition from T1 to S0 are two essential processes in functional molecular material design. Despite their importance, it is currently impossible to evaluate the rate of these processes for a large set of molecules and, therefore, perform high-throughput virtual screening in large-scale data to gain more physical insight. In this work, we explore possible approaches to accelerate the calculations of IC and ISC rates based on a systematic reduction of the number of modes included in the computation and the study of the importance of the different parameters and the influence of their accuracy on the final result. The results reproduce the experimental trends with systematic errors that are ultimately due to the approximations of the theory. We noted that plausible results for ISC in planar molecules are only obtained by including the effect of Hertzberg–Teller coupling. Our method establishes the feasibility and expected accuracy of the computation of nonradiative rates in the virtual screening of molecular materials.
Mid-infrared all-optical wavelength converter based on highly nonlinear MXene-decorated microfiber
Authors: Du Lei , Ma Wanzhuo , Sui Lu , Yin Peng , Wang Tianshu , Han Dongdong , Li Wei
Published: September 2022

We propose an all-optical wavelength converter for the mid-infrared spectral range with enhanced conversion efficiency. A highly nonlinear MXene-decorated microfiber is fabricated by the optical deposition method as the conversion medium, and the fiber exhibits a remarkable nonlinear optical response. We combine the benefits of the two-dimensional MXene materials and tapered microfiber to promote conversion efficiency. Homebuilt holmium-doped fiber lasers emitting at 2.05 μm wavelength are used as pump and signal sources. The experimental conversion efficiency observed by the optical spectrum analyzer is measured at –27.22 dB. This optical device allows an arbitrary tuning range of 17 nm. The fluctuations of the conversion efficiency remain within 1 dB during 2 h. The results of this study may contribute to the realization of optical converter application in the all-optical network at 2 μm wavelength.
Trap state-assisted electron injection in blue quantum dot light-emitting diode
Authors: Qu Xiangwei , Ma Jingrui , Shan Chengwei , Liu Pai , Kyaw Aung Ko Ko , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: September 2022

We report trap state-assisted electron injection in a blue quantum dot light-emitting diode (QLED) in this work. By replacing an electron transport layer and a quantum dot emission layer, we identify trap states are indeed on blue quantum dots. We also analyze the equivalent circuit model and the density of trap state distribution by impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the trap states induce charge transfer in the blue QLED and lower the device efficiency, suggesting the competition between electron injection and trapping in a working device. Our work shows a distinct electron injection mechanism in blue QLEDs that has not been shown in red and green QLEDs.
Triple layer heterojunction Ga2O3/NiO/SiC for ultrafast, high-response ultraviolet image sensing
Authors: Liu Mengting , Zhu Senyin , Zhang Hanxu , Wang Xianjie , Song Bo
Published: September 2022

Ultraviolet (UV) image sensing is of considerable scientific and engineering interest due to its unique advantages of visible blindness and irradiation resistance. However, slow response speed and poor responsivity still restrict the large-scale application of this sensing technique. Herein, a photovoltaic-type UV image sensor based on the lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) has been designed using a triple layer Ga2O3/NiO/SiC heterojunction. The device demonstrates an unprecedented position sensitivity (750.86 mV/mm), a large voltage on/off ratio (Vlight/Vdark > 102), and an ultrafast response speed (0.59 μs) under UV irradiation. Thanks to its outstanding LPE characteristics, the appliance also exhibits an impressive performance in UV image sensing, even in environment reliability testing. Given these remarkable features of the sensor, this work not only proposes a strategy to improve the performance of UV detectors, but also provides a practical solution for UV image sensing applications.
Magnetic field measurements and experimental verification of 0.5-MeV permanent-magnet electron-beam-spread system
Authors: Zhou Zijian , Chen Taiyan , Sheng Keyan , Huang Jiang
Published: September 2022

In this work, a permanent-magnet electron-beam-spread system for irradiation has been developed and constructed, and its performance was experimentally measured with a beam. This work is helpful to counter beam-tail sweep issues (resulting in excessive doses at the ends of each sweep). Using the beam’s optical transmission matrix and beam dynamics simulations, we analyzed the impact of the individual parameters of a special quadrupole magnet and a special octupole magnet on the beam spread, and we determined the optimal parameters for irradiation production. To meet the design requirements of the magnetic field, the yoke structure was optimized, and permanent magnets with very similar degrees of magnetization and small magnetic declinations were used. The permanent-magnet electron-beam-spread system was applied to an actual 0.5-MeV electron irradiation accelerator, and the engineering feasibility of the permanent magnet electron beam spread system was fully verified by measuring the uniformity of the beam after the spread.