bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture in the Near East
Authors: McCorriston Joy , Hole Frank
Published: November 2004

The time, place, and reasons for the first domestication of cereals and legumes in the Near East can now be securely identified using combined evidence from paleoenvironmental studies, models of ecosystem dynamics, and regional archeology. The heartland of domestication was the Jordan Valley and surrounding region in the Southern Levant. Approximately 10,000 years ago, people began planting crops where the wild ancestral species had proliferated over two millenia. Impetus for domestication came from the synergistic effects of climatic change, anthropogenic environmental change, technological change, and social innovation. At the end of the Pleistocene, after a long period of climatic instability, a mediterranean climate more strongly seasonal than any today emerged with hyper‐arid summers that selected for annual species of cereals and legumes. This occurred long after people had invented tools suitable for grinding hard seeds, but the new, lengthy dry season and consequent need to use stored foods encouraged sedentism among human groups who subsequently depleted their immediate environments of wild resources. These preconditions facilitated the development of agriculture. The scenario developed here is specific to the Near East, for such case studies of specific factors in independent regions of domestication are essential before we attempt to explain cases all over the world with reference to global causes.
Distinguished Lecture in Archeology: Constraint and Freedom—A New Synthesis for Archeological Explanation
Authors: TRIGGER BRUCE G.
Published: November 2004

This article was presented as the second annual Distinguished Lecture in Archeology at the 89th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, November 30, 1990, in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Aboriginal Occupation at High Altitude: Alpine Villages in the White Mountains of Eastern California
Authors: BETTINGER ROBERT L.
Published: November 2004

Villages with well‐built dwellings and extensive chipped‐ and ground‐stone assemblages found between 3,130 m and 3,854 m in the White Mountains, California, and Toquima Range, Nevada, indicate intensive seasonal use of both ranges by groups engaged in alpine plant and animal procurement. Lichenometric measurements, radiocarbon assays, and time‐sensitive artifacts show that the White Mountain alpine villages postdate A.D. 600, and are temporally distinct from older hunting blinds and sparse lithic scatters in that range that suggest a less‐intensive form of alpine land use centered on hunting; a similar, and roughly contemporaneous, adaptive succession is indicated in the Toquima Range. These changes probably reflect adaptive responses to population growth and may be connected with the spread of Numic‐speaking peoples.
Work and Social Transformation Today
Authors: Kelleher William F.
Published: November 2004

Remaking the Economic Institutions of Socialism: China and Eastern Europe. Victor Nee and David Stark

Kilowatts and Crisis: Hydroelectric Power and Social Dislocation in Eastern Panama. Alaka Wali.

From Tank Town to High Tech: The Clash of Community and Industrial Cycles. June C. Nash.

Team Entrepreneurship. Alex Stewart.
African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society
Authors: Schlegel Alice
Published: November 2004

Most ethnological and archeological analyses of Pueblo social organization derive its particular character from the need to adapt to an arid environment. This article challenges an ecological interpretation (without dismissing ecological constraints), finding similarities between the organization of one Pueblo society, the Hopi, and features of what Kopytoff calls “internal frontier societies” in Africa. Hopi political and ceremonial organization is viewed as responding to “internal frontier” migrations.
Beyond State Collapse: Rural History, Raised Fields, and Pastoralism in the South Andes
Authors: Graffam Gray
Published: November 2004

The underlying rhythms of peasant society play an important role in shaping rural traditions in the wake of political collapse. Such a view has been a prominent theme in rural history since its bold development by French historian Marc Bloch in the 1930s, and it has a valuable role to play in contemporary anthropology and in the framing of current theory on state collapse. As state societies never collapse completely, nor equally in all their parts, it is the tenacity of rural society for survival that helps explain the restructuring of earlier state‐level systems in a post‐state setting. The view taken here is that social evolution is not just a “top‐down” phenomenon, but also a “bottom‐up” development, wherein rural society develops a new means of coping with emerging economic problems after state demise. The specific case examined is the continued construction and use of raised fields in the Lake Titicaca basin after the collapse of the Tiwanaku state. Raised fields, a highly productive technology geared toward high annual yields, continued to be built into the Late Intermediate period of the South Andes. One must ask why such a technology was implemented in the wake of state collapse and urban life. The answer posed here is that raised fields were a means of subsidizing pastoralism in the region of Lake Titicaca, and that post‐state economic restructuring, which occurred collectively, voluntarily, and within the context of reciprocal kin relations, was aimed at maintaining camelid wealth.
In Defense of a Folk Model: The “Skipper Effect” in the Icelandic Cod Fishery
Authors: Bjarnason Thoroddur , Thorlindsson Thorolfur
Published: November 2004

The Icelandic folk model of fishing success emphasizes the importance of the skipper. The validity of this folk model has recently been hotly debated in the social science literature. In this study an attempt is made to estimate the role of the skipper in fishing success. First, we document by a national survey the composition of the folk model of fishing success held by the Icelandic public. Second, drawing on extensive interview data we outline the model of fishing success proposed by skippers themselves. Third, we test this folk science of the skipper by means of visual and statistical analysis against a social science model that emphasizes the role of material factors. The results show that fishing success is not determined by technological and material factors, leaving plenty of room for human factors, such as the skills and knowledge of the skipper. These results are consistent with folk notions of the skipper effect, but contradictory to earlier results of social science. Finally, the results are discussed in a theoretical context with reference to resource management and the nature of folk models.
A Reexamination of Rendille Population Regulation
Authors: Roth Eric Abella
Published: November 2004

Rendille pastoralists of northern Kenya have long been cited as a noncontracepting population regulating population growth through cultural practices in response to environmental constraints. However, no actual demographic analysis of Rendille data has ever been undertaken. This article attempts such an analysis. The demographic mechanisms of possible population regulation are delineated and the possible rationale for such behavior explored. Analysis reveals that the Rendille cultural institution of sepaade, in which females of a specific cyclical age‐set delay their age at marriage, significantly reduces fertility and population growth rates. However, this practice is not intended as a means of population‐resource equilibrium. Furthermore, Rendille cognizance of and emphasis on the negative demographic concomitants of sepaade suggest that the tradition was adopted despite, rather than because of its dampening of population growth.
Shellfish, Gender, and Status on the Northwest Coast: Reconciling Archeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistorical Records of the Tlingit
Authors: Moss Madonna L.
Published: November 2004

Archeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistorical data provide ambiguous evidence of the dietary and economic importance of shellfish in Northwest Coast cultures. In the case of the Tlingit, I find that understanding shellfish from an emic perspective is critical to reconciling these equivocal data on economic importance. The Tlingit associated shellfish with poverty, laziness, and ritual impurity, and those who sought to be “ideal” persons avoided shellfish. An individual's rank and gender determined the degree to which such dietary guidelines were actually followed. The social and symbolic meaning of shellfish in Tlingit culture is partly explained by ecological factors, including the danger of paralytic shellfish poisoning. The analysis also reveals a number of biases inherent in the ethnographic and archeological data.
Anthropology Is Dead! Long Live Anthropology!
Authors: Handler Richard
Published: November 2004

Cultural Studies. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler, eds. New York: Routledge, 1992. 798 pp.
W. Montague Cobb (1904–1990): Physical Anthropologist, Anatomist, and Activist
Authors: Rankin‐Hill Lesley M. , Blakey Michael L.
Published: November 2004

William Montague Cobb's life and work reflect a profound integration of art, literature, social activism, and science. This article presents some of the highlights of his academic development and professional contributions. We have considered his early academic development within the contexts of the formative years of American physical anthropology, Howard University Medical School, and the social issues in American society that influenced Cobb. His approaches to teaching, anatomical and anthropological research, and medicine are unique, and yet are closely reasoned and creative reflections of the major currents of academe and the broader society with which he dealt. Imbued with a sense of social responsibility, Cobb's applied anthropology involved the accumulation of extensive data on the one hand, and the formation of organizations for social activism on the other. It was directed toward solving problems of health care and racism. His work thereby served to balance the widespread distortion and neglect of medical and racial problems facing A fro‐America between 1930 and the present day. He was also a principal builder of black medical and scientific institutions, and he preserved the record of his coworkers' contributions through his many biographies. This work represents no more than a sketch of his rich and prolific career (during which he produced more than 1,100 publications); the emphasis of this biographical study has been to ascertain the circumstances and attitudes that helped mold the first Afro‐American Ph.D. in physical anthropology.
The Culture Concept and the Mission of the Roman Catholic Church
Authors: Angrosino Michael V.
Published: November 2004

This essay examines how the Roman Catholic Church uses a version of the concept of culture in its evangelizing mission. The field of Christian evangelization is not commonly studied by anthropologists, but it represents a situation parallel to that of international and political development, which has similarly been informed by the anthropological concept of culture but translates that concept into action in ways that are not always consonant with anthropological theory. The great size and international reach of the Roman Catholic Church commend it to our attention insofar as it draws on a version of the anthropological perspective in its dealings with people in a multicultural society.
Putting Anthropology Back Together Again: The Ethnogenetic Critique of Cladistic Theory
Authors: Moore John H.
Published: November 2004

Cladistic theories of human evolution, derived from biological theories of speciation, are currently being advanced to explain worldwide distributions of language, culture, and physical type. Such theories are weak and inconsistent, and inappropriate for describing evolution within the boundaries of human species. Ethnogenetic theory, based on the idea that each human society and culture is built from elements derived from two or more antecedent societies, is ethnographically and logically superior in several important respects.
Indian Public Policy Today
Authors: Deloria Vine
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Native Americans and Public Policy. Fremont J. Lydenand Lyman H. Legters, eds. Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. 331 pp.
The Reconfiguring Self
Authors: Mageo Jeannette Marie
Published: November 2004

This essay presents a theory about cultural systems of self. It counters disclaimers as to the possibility of building cross‐culturally valid theory, often taken to be the intellectual outcome of postmodernism. Nonetheless, such theory is a logical descendant of the postmodern project, predicating multiple selves and multiple constructions of social reality. It offers an explanatory framework for conceptions of personhood that are loosely interconnected and only partially and problematically shared between culture members.
Malayan Paleosociology
Authors: FIX ALAN G.
Published: November 2004

The traditional explanation for biological and cultural diversity among Malayan Orang Asli has been separate waves of migration of already differentiated populations. According to this view, the original colonizers of the peninsula were Semang Negrito nomadic hunter‐gatherers, followed by Senoi swiddeners, and later by trading and farming Melayu Asli groups. Geoffrey Benjamin has proposed an alternative model stressing in situ differentiation from a common ancestral population, and implying different causes for biological variation. In the present article, the author examines the interplay of environmental, historical, and sociocultural factors suggested by the in situ model. The differentiation of subsistence modes structured the amounts and patterns of gene flow through associated marriage patterns and the opportunities for genetic drift. Similarly, the differing ecologies of foragers and farmers affected malaria incidence and consequently the frequency, distribution, and pattern of spread for malarial protective genes such as hemoglobin E and ovalocytosis.
Exhibit Review Essays
Authors: Gero Joan M.
Published: November 2004

Royal Tombs of Sipán. Walter Alva and Christopher Donnan, co‐curators.

Royal Tombs of Sipán. Walter Alva and Christopher Donnan.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Gamst Frederick C.
Published: November 2004

The Ark of the Covenant in Africa: The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. Steven Kaplan.

The Ark of the Covenant in Africa: The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: A History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920. James Quirin.
Book Review Essays
Authors: Foster Michael K.
Published: November 2004

The Iroquois League and the Longhouse: Conservatism, among the Iroquois at the Six Nations Reserve. Annemarie Anrod Shimony.

The Iroquois League and the Longhouse: Concerning the League: The Iroquois League Tradition as Dictated in Onondaga by John Arthur Gibson. Hanni Woodbury, ed.
To See Ourselves as Others See Us
Authors: Powell J. V. (Jay)
Published: November 2004

Abstracts

While doing fieldwork among the Nuu‐chah‐nulth (Nootka) of British Columbia, the author encountered a copy of a 50‐year‐old letter written by members of that tribe to protest the firing of Morris Swadesh by City College of New York, which followed Swadesh's indictment by the McCarthy Committee. The incident provides an outsider's view of the American Anthropological Association's handling of the matter and possibly suggests an evaluative metric for future institutional decisions.
From Margaret Mead's Field Notes: What Counted as “Sex” in Samoa?
Authors: Grant Nicole J.
Published: November 2004

Abstracts

Derek Freeman based his criticism of Margaret Mead's claim of sexual freedom for adolescent girls in Samoa on two premises. The first—that there was a “cult of virginity”—has been disproved by scholars. The second—that the low incidence of premarital pregnancy precluded sexual freedom—has not been adequately addressed. Sexual freedom and a low incidence of pregnancy were not mutually exclusive. The key lies in consideration of what counted as sex in Samoa at the time.
Minnesota Past and Present
Authors: White Bruce M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Manoominikewin: Stories of Wild Ricing. Christopher Miller, curator. John Lindell, Jack Rumpel, and Earl Gutnick, designers.
Medical Anthropology as Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Csokdas Thomas J.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Byron J. Good.

Knowledge, Power, and Practice: The Anthropology of Medicine and Everyday Life. Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock, eds.
On the Theory and Practice of Socialism
Authors: Gordiejew Paul B.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Sidney Tarrow.

Socialism: Ideals, Ideologies, and Local Practice. C. M. Harm, ed.

The Power of Symbols against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. Jan Kubik.
Coca in History and Political Economy
Authors: Joralemon Donald
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Coca Prohibition in Peru: The Historical Debates. Joseph Gagliano.

The Coca Boom and Rural Social Change in Bolivia. Harry Sanabria.
Folklore and Literature in All the Languages of Siberia
Authors: Dauenhauer Richard
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Pamiatniki Fol'klora Narodov Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka (Folklore Monuments of the Peoples of Siberia and the Far East), Volumes 1–8. A. P. Derevianko, V. M. Gatsak, and A. B. Soktoev, eds.
Use and Abuse of Race and Culture: Black‐Korean Tension in America
Authors: Park Kyeyoung
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTS

Tensions between African American residents and Korean immigrant merchants in inner‐city neighborhoods have occurred in several cities, culminating in the 1992 Los Angeles riots and uprising. The media sees this conflict as racial, while black and Korean community leaders explain it in terms of cultural differences. Meanwhile, scholars emphasize economic factors. Each of these explanations fails to uncover the central role of white racism in this conflict and the underlying racial hierarchy in America (white‐Asian‐black).
Collaboration on Display: A Yup'ik Eskimo Exhibit at Three National Museums
Authors: Fienup‐Riordan Ann
Published: November 2004

In the following pages I describe what happens when an exhibit dense in local meanings enters the national arena. The Yup'ik mask exhibit Agayuliyararput (Our Way of Making Prayer) began as "visual repatriation"—bringing objects out of museums back into a local context—and ended as a tribal exhibit displayed in three very different majority institutions, including an American Indian museum, a natural history museum, and an art museum. The mask exhibit was developed as a three‐way collaboration between Yup'ik community members, an anthropologist, and museum professionals. As it traveled farther from home, not only the objects but the process that produced the exhibit were differently presented. While majority institutions chase the language of collaboration, their institutional structures constrain how such collaborations are played out. For the "insider's perspective" of a locally grounded exhibit to survive, majority institutions must not only display the results of collaboration, but participate in the process, [collaboration, masks, museum exhibits, repatriation, Yup'ik Eskimos]
Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History.
Authors: Östör Ákos
Published: November 2004

Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History. Susan Meiselas (with chapter commentaries by Martin van Bruinesseri). New York: Random House, 1997. 409 pp. Additional information available at www.akakurdistan.com.
Ethnography of Memory: An American Anthropologist's Family Story of Refuge from Nazism
Authors: Frank Gelya
Published: November 2004

Exile:. Memoir of 1939. Bronka Schneider. Erika Bourguignon and Barbara Hill Rigney. eds. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998. 132 pp.
The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change.
Authors: Gordon Angela
Published: November 2004

The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. Chris Gosden and Jon Hather. eds. New York: Routledge, 1999. 523 pp.
Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast.
Authors: Mauche Judith A. Habicht
Published: November 2004

Great Towns and Regional Polities in the Prehistoric American Southwest and Southeast. Jill E. Neitzel. ed. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1999. 325 pp.
Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution.
Authors: Tague Robert G.
Published: November 2004

Children of Prometheus: The Accelerating Pace of Human Evolution. Christopher Wills. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1998. 310 pp.
Contested Hierarchies: A Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
Authors: Parish Steven M.
Published: November 2004

Contested Hierarchies:. Collaborative Ethnography of Caste among the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. David N. Gellner and Declan Quigley. eds. Oxford University Press, 1999. 364 pp.
Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States.
Authors: McKenna Thomas M.
Published: November 2004

Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States. Dru C. Gladney. ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998. 350 pp.
Cultural Memory and Biodiversity.
Authors: Etkin Nina
Published: November 2004

Cultural Memory and Biodiversity. Virginia D. Nazarea. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. 189 pp.
People Are Not the Same: Leprosy and Identity in Twentieth‐Century Mali.
Authors: Wilson Margot E.
Published: November 2004

People Are Not the Same: Leprosy and Identity in Twentieth‐Century Mali. Eric Silla. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1998. 220 pp.
The Cultural Study of Law: Reconstructing Legal Scholarship.
Authors: Dolgin Janet
Published: November 2004

The Cultural Study of Law: Reconstructing Legal Scholarship. Paul W. Kahn. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 169 pp.
American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories.
Authors: Small Linda Marie
Published: November 2004

American Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Social and Economic Histories. Daniel H. Usner Jr. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 189 pp.
Precarious Alliances: The Cultural Politics and Structural Predicaments of the Indigenous Rights Movement in Tanzania
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L.
Published: November 2004

Since 1990, over one hundred indigenous nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) have emerged in predominantly Maasai areas in Tanzania, attempting to organize people around diverse claims of a common "indigenous" identity based on ethnicity, mode of production, and a long history of political and economic disenfranchisement. Despite attempts to foster unity and promote common political agendas, the indigenous rights movement has been fractured by sometimes quite hostile disagreements over priorities, competition over resources, and tensions over membership and representation. This article explores the complicated causes and consequences of these tensions by focusing on the discussions, disagreements, and silences that occurred during a recent attempt to reconcile indigenous groups in Tanzania. The workshop offers a unique window on the cultural, political, and historical dynamics of the indigenous rights movement in northern Tanzania, the principles and practices of inclusion and exclusion that have defined and shaped the movement, and the internal and external stresses that have made alliances within and among the INGOs, donors, and the government precarious, at best. [Keywords: indigenous peoples, social movements, cultural politics, Maasai, Tanzania]
"Decisions and Dispositions": Socializing Spatial Archaeology
Authors: Ashmore Wendy
Published: November 2004

Concerns with spatial dimensions and social inference have long histories in archaeology. However, the two histories are not always conjoined. This article considers changing understandings of space in archaeology in the last half century, and the variable nature of what "social" has denoted and connoted during that same span. The review highlights recurring calls for a social archaeology, and the degree to which, in such instances, social inference has been expressed in spatial terms, especially as these have recognized people's "decisions and dispositions" as shaping the archaeological record. Life histories of place receive special attention as ways of discerning the existence and social impact of such decisions and dispositions. These life histories constitute an arena in which archaeologists from diverse theoretical perspectives can offer complementary insights. Moreover, they exemplify ways in which social and spatial inferences in archaeology contribute to wider understanding of human experience. [Keywords: archaeology, social, space, place, life history]
Native American Oral Traditions: Collaboration and Interpretation.
Authors: Golla Victor
Published: November 2004

Native American Oral Traditions: Collaboration and Interpretation. Larry Evers and Barre Toelken. eds. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2001. 264 pp.
Scale and the Explanation of Demographic Change: 3,500 Years in the Valley of Oaxaca
Authors: Kowalewski Stephen A.
Published: November 2004

Explicit attention to scale provides ways to relate the long run of archaeology to the shorter moments of ethnography and history, and ways to link biology and ecology to political economy. In the Valley of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, the long–term history of the aggregate, regional population was constrained by relatively stable factors of human biology and ecology. However, significant, patterned variation in shorter–term, disaggregated, local demographic change was caused by shifts in political economy, both in the past and in recent times. Such conclusions are made possible by an unusual datasetthat combines recent, historical, and archaeological population estimates for a whole region covering a 3,500–year period, from initial settled villages to the present, for every place ever inhabited. [Keywords: population, demography, political economy, Oaxaca, Mexico]
Reconsidering Witchcraft: Postcolonial Africa and Analytic (Un)Certainties
Authors: Sanders Todd
Published: November 2004

African notions of witchcraft are neither archaic nor static but are highly flexible and deeply attuned to the conundrums of our contemporary world. Many anthropologists have recently argued that notions of the African witch provide commentaries on the meaning and merit of modernity as experienced in different historical and cultural settings. By exploring one particular type of witchcraft —that involving rain—amongst the lhanzu of Tanzania, this article suggests instead that some forms of witchcraft may be more pertinent to understanding local notions of "tradition" than "modernity." It is argued that the process of identifying rain witches provides lhanzu men and women with a way to circumscribe, contemplate, and, ultimately, reassert the veracity and significance of a conceptual category they call "tradition." The article concludes by critiquing the homogenizing effects of terms like the African witch and African witchcraft, compelling us to think in terms of pluralities rather than singulars. [Keywords: witchcraft, modernity, tradition, rainmaking, anthropological theory]
Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors, Volume 2.
Authors: Gordon Matthew
Published: November 2004

Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors, Volume 2. William Labov. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. 572 pp.
Mongolian Ethnicity and Linguistic Anxiety in China
Authors: Bulag Uradyn E.
Published: November 2004

Language is one of the official criteria of defining a nationality in socialist China, but it simultaneously has been subjected to an "ideology of contempt" by the Chinese regime that builds nationality only to destroy it. This article examines the linguistic anxiety displayed by the Mongols and their controversial language revitalization efforts in a social environment in which they have become an absolute minority even while they have formal autonomy under their name. The tremendous cost—both emotional and economic—at which such language maintenance comes suggests that nationality in China may not be understood as primarily cultural but, instead, as political. As more Mongols lose their language, arguably the last bastion of their "nationality" status, they face the prospect of becoming a deinstitutionalized, depoliticized, and deterritorialized "ethnic group" in a racialized "Chinese Nation." [Keywords: language, nationality, ethnic group, Mongols, Chinese National Multiculturalism]
Money in Colonial Transition: Cowries and Francs in West Africa
Authors: ŞAUL MAHIR
Published: November 2004

For about five decades, the French colonial government in the Volta region of West Africa failed in its repeated attempts to replace the local monetary form of cowry shells with its own monetary system of francs, largely because of local opposition. This article provides an account of these events and explores the reasons for the opposition and why the opposition was successful. Despite government prohibition, the cowries even acquired increased vitality as they became the main money in the emerging urban market. Government measures were partly motivated by practical difficulties that stemmed from the conflicts that the colonial system and monetary policy generated. The article ends with a critical discussion of how money and the colonial transition are treated in anthropology.
Strategies, Conflict, and the Emergence of Territoriality: The Case of the Maine Lobster Industry
Authors: ACHESON JAMES M. , GARDNER ROY J.
Published: November 2004

In this article, we use game theory to understand the emergence of various kinds of territorial arrangements in the Maine lobster fishery during the past century. Using the Nash equilibria of models of the fishery as our theoretical framework, we show that informal territorial arrangements in this fishery went through three sequential stages. These stages are the result of decisions by groups of lobster fishermen to defend fishing areas or invade those of other groups. A large number of factors influence these defensive and offensive strategies: concentrations of lobsters, the adoption of better technology, transportation costs, ecological changes, trap monitoring costs, the ability to organize defensive and offensive groups, and better law enforcement‐‐‐all of which are captured by crucial parameters of our model. We argue that this technique can be applied to elucidate territorial changes more generally.
Fissioning, Scalar Stress, and Social Evolution in Early Village Societies
Authors: BANDY MATTHEW S.
Published: November 2004

Theories of social evolution have predicted that early permanent population concentrations will frequently be unstable, with fissioning the predominant mechanism for resolving intravillage conflict. It has further been suggested that village fissioning will cease with the emergence of higher‐level integrative institutions. These processes have remained archaeologically undocumented. In this article I attempt to identify the village fissioning process in the Formative Period of Bolivia's Titicaca Basin. I conclude that village fissioning took place in the Early Formative, and that it ceased with the emergence of a regional religious tradition in the Middle Formative. These results confirm the utility and applicability of the evolutionary model.
Between the State and Indigenous Autonomy: Unpacking Video Indígena in Mexico
Authors: WORTHAM ERICA CUSI
Published: November 2004

This essay unpacks the complex emergence of video indígena, or state‐sponsored small media, at the height of official pluralism in Mexico in the early 1990s. A government video program created in a transitional institutional setting colludes with the indigenous autonomy movement‐‐‐through the work and visions of individual video makers and cultural activists‐‐‐to produce a social form and process that has gained international recognition while confronting particular challenges in indigenous communities.
The Settlement of the Americas
Authors: BORRERO LUIS ALBERTO
Published: November 2004

The Settlement of the Americas:. New Prehistory. Tom D. Dillehay. New York: Basic Books, 2000. 371 pp.
Pouvoirs Ethniques dans les Balkans
Authors: BALIKCI ASEN
Published: November 2004

Pouvoirs Ethniques dans les Balkans. Jean‐François Gossi‐aux. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002. 217 pp.
Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining “Native.”
Authors: BROWNER TARA
Published: November 2004

Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining “Native.” Beatrice Medicine with Sue‐Ellen Jacobs, ed. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2001. 371 pp.
Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in a Colony
Authors: GEERTZ CLIFFORD
Published: November 2004

Engineers of Happy Land: Technology and Nationalism in. Colony. Rudolph Mrázek. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. 368 pp.
Boas, Foucault, and the “Native Anthropologist”: Notes toward a Neo‐Boasian Anthropology
Authors: BUNZL MATTI
Published: November 2004

This article proposes the possibility of a neo‐Boasian anthropology conceived at the intersection of Foucauldian genealogy, Boasian historicism, and the epistemic rethinking of the discipline's Self/Other binary. Shifting from a perspective of posing the ethnographic object as Other toward a Boasian conception of the past as the principal site of inquiry, the piece thus advocates an anthropological project grounded in the history of the present. This conception, it is argued, can overcome several of the dilemmas currently facing the discipline, the awkward status of “native anthropology” foremost among them.
Afterword: Mysteries of Culture
Authors: HANDLER RICHARD
Published: November 2004

All humans face the same epistemological dilemma: They must rely on an inherently limited—albeit life‐giving—frame of reference to understand a world (which includes other people and cultures) that can never be completely understood in humanly particular terms. Given our common lot, anthropologists and “Natives,” and outsiders and insiders, are never absolutely different, for difference is a matter of degree. Further more, the reality of difference, for all humans, is to be found in semiotic processes like translation and interpretation. Even terms that seem neutral to us, like individual and society, are culturally distinctive concepts that would not be commonsensical to all people, everywhere. Even the most familiar meanings are never completely transparent, not even to those “Natives” who use them with ease. Thus, anthropological outsiders and the insiders they study (and who study them) must struggle to transcend their own familiar rationalizations in their attempts to understand one another.
Linguistic Syncretism and Language Ideologies: Transforming Sociolinguistic Hierarchy on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Authors: MAKIHARA MIKI
Published: November 2004

Recent work in linguistic anthropology highlights the role of linguistic ideologies, or cultural conceptions of language, in transforming social relations and linguistic structure and use. This article examines the links between language attitudes and uses in their institutional and interactional contexts on Rapa Nui, a Polynesian island community that is part of the Chilean nation‐state. By the 1970s, a sociolinguistic hierarchy and functional compartmentalization of languages between Spanish and Rapa Nui—what I will describe as “colonial diglossia”—had become established in the community, which was rapidly becoming bilingual. Language shift toward Spanish has continued to advance since then. However, rising Rapa Nui syncretic language practice and consciousness, combined with the political successes of a local indigenous movement and changes in the local economy, are now contributing to the breakdown of colonial diglossia, generating better conditions for the maintenance of the Rapa Nui language.
RecycledSandalistas: From Revolution to Resorts in the New Nicaragua
Authors: BABB FLORENCE E.
Published: November 2004

In the post‐Sandinista period, Nicaragua has adjusted to the new terms of a neoliberal economy by turning to tourism development as a leading industry. As the nation is refashioned as a safe and desirable tourist destination, efforts have been made to conceal evidence of the recent revolutionary past that might discourage visitors from traveling to the country. Nevertheless, there are indications that selected images and memories of revolution are making a reappearance and may prove marketable for tourism. This article argues that the twin projects of neoliberalism and nationalism may be served by this seemingly contradictory process. The Nicaraguan case offers an example of how the past figures in the remaking of postrevolutionary nations for tourism in the era of globalization.
Utopia and Its Discontents: The Kibbutz and Its Historical Vicissitudes
Authors: SPIRO MELFORD E.
Published: November 2004

Following an explication of “utopianism,” this article describes the social and cultural systems of the original utopian communes comprising the Israeli kibbutz movement. It then describes the radical changes that have been made in those systems. After accounting for these changes, it assesses their implications for the utopian and cultural determinist theories of human nature.
Burials and Belonging in Nigeria: Rural–Urban Relations and Social Inequality in a Contemporary African Ritual
Authors: SMITH DANIEL JORDAN
Published: November 2004

In sub‐Saharan Africa, rural–urban relationships are primary arenas in which social change is shaped, expressed, and contested. Like people in many contemporary African societies, rural–urban migrants of the Igbo ethnic group in Nigeria face powerful expectations to be buried “at home” in their ancestral villages and to perform elaborate and expensive funeral ceremonies for their dead relatives. This article argues that Igbo funerals crystallize many of the structural paradoxes associated with inequality in Nigerian society, particularly as they are manifest in kin‐based patron–client relations between rural communities and their migrant kin. The tensions that coalesce around burials illustrate how rituals are not only socially integrative but also can reflect, reveal, and contribute to discontents regarding transformations in the organization and extent of social inequality.
Restaging the Will to Believe: Religious Pluralism, Anti‐Syncretism, and the Problem of Belief
Authors: KIRSCH THOMAS G.
Published: November 2004

In this article, I examine anthropological conceptions of religious belief by concentrating on the problems that arise in employing them in socioreligious fields characterized by pluralism, a high degree of mobility in changing religious affiliation, and by what Rosalind Shaw and Charles Stewart have called “anti‐syncretism” (1994). Instead of discarding the concept for anthropology, however, as some scholars have proposed, I suggest that indigenous discourses referring to and practices of belief represent an important field of anthropological inquiry, particularly as concerns non‐Western forms of Christianity. In this article, I argue that people's ideas of and experiences with spiritual entities engender particular ways of talking about and practicing belief. Analyzing religious practices among the Zambian Gwembe Tonga, it is shown that some conceptual problems can be overcome by shifting the focus from belief as a stable and perpetual interior state of religious practitioners to the practice of cyclically regenerating a condition of internalized “believing.”
The Forge of the Spirit: Structure, Motion, and Meaning in the Japanese Martial Tradition
Authors: Crawford Andrew
Published: November 2004

The Forge of the Spirit: Structure, Motion, and Meaning in the Japanese Martial Tradition. John J. Donohue. New York: Garland, 1991. 252 p. $37 (cloth).
Shamanism: Soviet Studies of Traditional Religion in Siberia and Central Asia
Authors: Naxon Michael Ripinsky
Published: November 2004

Shamanism: Soviet Studies of Traditional Religion in Siberia and Central Asia. Marjorie M. Balzer. ed. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990. 195 p. $39.95 (cloth)
Mummatmg Shadows: The Mythic Power of Film
Authors: Salamone Frank
Published: November 2004

Mummatmg Shadows: The Mythic Power of Film. Geoffrey Hill. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1992. 319 p. $17 (paper)
Videos
Authors: Crandon‐Malamud Libbet
Published: November 2004

Jose Carlos and His Spirits: The Ritual Initiation of. Zelador Dos Orixzas in. Brazilian Umbanda Center,. hour, 24 minutes. Purchase $100; rental $25.

. Brazilian Pilgrimage: The Festa de Sao Francisco in Canmde, 56 minutes. Purchase $75; rental $25.

Spiritist Healing in Brazil, 31 minutes. Purchase $75; rental $25.

The Return of Dr. Fritz, 62 minutes. Purchase $75; rental $25.
The Meeting of Science and Spirit: Guidelines for a New Age
Authors: Adzema Michael
Published: November 2004

The Meeting of Science and Spirit: Guidelines for. New Age. John White. New York: Paragon House, 1990. 288 pp. $18.95 (cloth).
The Eclipse of the Sacred and the Paradoxical Liberation of the Left Hand
Authors: TenHouten Warren D.
Published: November 2004

In "primitive" cultures, dual symbolic classification systems draw rigid temporal and spatial boundaries between the sacred and the profane. The right and left hands are described as sacred and profane, respectively. Durkheim saw a weakening of these systems as an aspect of modernization. A weakening of such dichotomous reason is shown in two examples. First, Hertz's study of the suppression of the left hand among the Maori links the left hand to the right cerebral hemisphere of the brain. The further inference he might have drawn, but did not, is that the right hemisphere and its pattern thinking might play a significant role in magic, sorcery, and witchcraft. The Maori physical confinement of the left hand is no longer practiced. Second, in the United States, Hugdahl et al. present data from eight one‐decade cohorts showing that the decrease in left‐handedness by age was countered by a corresponding increase in left‐to‐right hand switching. A lower life‐span by left handers might account for some of the change across age cohorts, but at least half of the decrease in manifest left‐handedness was accounted for by a gradual decrease in social pressure not to use the left hand. Implications for the moral solidarity of postmodern society are discussed.
Inventing Traditions for the New Age: A Case Study of the Earth Energy Tradition
Authors: MacDonald Jeffery L.
Published: November 2004

In this article I examine the growth of the New Age movement as an example of an invented tradition similar to those of 19th century nationalists. Unlike earlier inventions, the New Age is global in cultural and political perspective especially in its emphases upon borrowing from many cultures and the interconnectedness of humans and the environment. I focus on a case study of the growth of the earth energies movement as an example of a New Age invented tradition. I show this tradition to be a synthesis of orthodox and alternative theories about prehistory and modern New Age practices including the rediscovery of ley lines, the growth of astroarchaeology, Chinese geomancy or feng shui, occult theories of gematria, and dowsing.
The Hands Feel It: Healing and Spirit Presence among a Northern Alaskan People
Authors: Mertz Lisa
Published: November 2004

The Hands Feel It: Healing and Spirit Presence among. Northern Alaskan People. Edith Turner. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996. 282 pages. $38.00 (cloth); $20.00 (paper).
The Rulings of the Night: An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts
Authors: Townsend Joan B.
Published: November 2004

The Rulings of the Night: An Ethnography of Nepalese Shaman Oral Texts. Gregory G. Maskarinec. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. xi+276pp. $65.50 (cloth) $22.95 (paper)
Body, Brain, and Behavior: The Neuroanthropology of the Body Image
Authors: Laughlin Charles D.
Published: November 2004

The author presents a biogenetic structural theory of the body image in human beings. The theory accounts for both the universal principles and the variance in body image cross‐culturally. All humans develop a neurocognitive model of their body which combines information about the body obtained via both the internal and external sensory systems. Their experience of themselves is mediated in part by this model. The initial model of the body is "hard‐wired" and already present and active in the cognitively and perceptually competent pre‐ and perinatal human being, and develops as a consequence of both genetically imposed and socioculturally influenced processes of growth. The role of behavior in this process is shown to be the control of perception such that the body image experienced in perception approximates that anticipated by the cognized self. The theory accounts for the use of the body‐assymbol and the distortion of the body image for communicative purposes. The neurophysiology of imagery is reviewed and suggestions are made for possible clinical methods that might be used to effect therapeutic changes in pathological body imagery.
Twirling the Needle: Pinning Down Anthropologists' Emergent Bodies in the Disclosive Field of American Acupuncture
Authors: Emad Mitra
Published: November 2004

Acupuncture, like many alternative health care modalities, allows for and encourages a bodily experience of transformation. Clients (as well as practitioners) often experience a new body in the making. Within the context of ethnographic work focusing on the emergent bodies of acupuncturists and their clients, this paper focuses on the third, and perpetually more hidden, member of this ethnographic triad: the anthropologist. How do anthropologists position themselves in relation to alternative health care? Where is the anthropologists' body in relation to an alternative health modality like acupuncture? Certainly fieldwork is never solely a discursive venture. Where are our bodies when we are doing fieldwork?
Cognitive Neuroscience, Shamanism and the Rock Art of Native California
Authors: Whitley David S.
Published: November 2004

The combination of ethnographic and cognitive neuroscience research provides considerable insight into the origin and symbolism of Native Californian rock art. Although made by different social groups for different purposes in various parts of the state, the ethnographic record demonstrates that the art depicts the mental imagery and somatic hallucinations of trance, taken to represent supernatural experiences. When this art is viewed from a cognitive neuroscience perspective, it suggests that the shamanistic state of consciousness was far from primarily "ecstatic," instead often involving the generation of unpleasant emotions; and that biochemical changes during trance necessitated the making of rock art if the memory of these supernatural experiences was to be preserved.
On Neuropsychology in Southern African Rock Art Research
Authors: Blundell Geoffrey
Published: November 2004

This paper provides a brief history of neuropsychology in southern African San (Bushman) rock art research before moving on to describe what is known as the neuropsychological model. It shows how the model has added a powerful tool to the ethnographically‐based interpretation of the art by applying it to two paintings. Following this, some future possibilities for using the model are discussed.