bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Israeli Mothers’ Willingness to Use Corporal Punishment to Correct the Misbehavior of Their Elementary School Children
Authors: Winstok Zeev
Published: October 2013

The present study theoretically and methodologically specifies and expands the concept of child misbehavior of the study of corporal punishment (CP). It introduced a new concept and measure designated “Willingness to Use CP.” The findings of this study provide initial support for the validity and reliability of this measure among 204 Israeli mothers with at least one child in the first or second elementary school grade. These findings also indicate that the measure is affected by the extent to which the misbehavior offends the mother and by the risk it puts the child in. However, the weight of the former was higher than the latter. It appears that the extent to which the mother feels offended depends on the distance between her and the focus of offense of her child’s misbehavior: The closer it is to the mother, the more offended she feels and her willingness to use CP increases. Findings also indicate that there is a strong association between willingness to use and actual use of CP, regardless of appropriateness of child behavior, child gender, and family socioeconomic status. These findings support not only the reliability and validity of this new measure but also its relevance for the study of CP.
Attachment Style, Early Sexual Intercourse, and Dating Aggression Victimization
Authors: Yarkovsky Nicole , Timmons Fritz Patti A.
Published: October 2013

The present study examined relations between attachment style, age at first sexual intercourse, and dating aggression (DA) victimization. In all, 137 heterosexual female undergraduate students 18 to 25 years of age ( M = 20.76, SD = 1.87) completed an online questionnaire that included questions regarding sexual history, attachment style (Experiences in Close Relationships Scale), and DA (Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory). Initial bivariate correlations revealed that women reported higher rates of DA victimization if they were more anxiously attached ( r = .30, p = .000), had an earlier age at vaginal sexual debut ( r = −.19, p = .015), and had an earlier age at oral sexual debut ( r = −.15, p = .046); however, when entered into a predictive multivariate model, neither the addition of anxious attachment nor an early age at sexual debut accounted for a significant amount of variance above and beyond control variables. Although we were unable to affirm anxious attachment and an early age at first intercourse as risk factors for DA victimization, posthoc analyses emphasized the need to control for social desirability when gathering information on sensitive topics in clinical and research settings.
Dating Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Taiwanese College Students
Authors: Shen April Chiung-Tao
Published: October 2013

This study has examined the effects that young adults’ experience of dating-violence victimization can have on their manifestation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study has also examined the possible roles that cultural beliefs can play in dating-violence experience, coping choices, and PTSD symptoms. This study has used self-reporting measures to collect data from a nationally stratified random sample of 1,018 college students in Taiwan. Results demonstrate that college students who had experienced dating-violence victimization reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms than those who had not. The results reveal that psychological-violence victimization and cultural beliefs have direct and indirect effects on PTSD symptoms via the mediation of young adults’ use of emotion-focused coping strategies. Greater frequencies of psychological-violence victimization were associated with a greater use of emotion-focused coping, which was in turn associated with increases in PTSD symptoms. This study illustrates that traditional Chinese beliefs have played significant roles in exacerbating the risk for dating violence and PTSD, and in shaping victims’ coping choices with dating violence.
Preservice Professional Preparation and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Appraisals of Natural Environment and Inclusion Practices
Authors: Dunst Carl J. , Bruder Mary Beth
Published: October 2013

This paper includes results from a study that examined the relationships between teacher discipline, type of teaching degree, and teacher feelings of preparedness and the self-efficacy beliefs (competence and confidence) of early intervention and preschool teachers with regard to either natural environment or inclusion practices. The participants were 1,178 educators employed in either Part C early intervention ( n = 615) or Part B (619) preschool special education ( n = 563) programs in 45 United States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Results showed that feelings of preservice teacher preparedness were related to the self-efficacy beliefs of both early intervention and preschool special education teachers, and that teacher discipline and the type of degree moderated the relationship between teacher preparedness and self-efficacy beliefs among preschool special education but not early intervention teachers. Implications for understanding preservice factors contributing to teacher adoption and use of natural environment or inclusion practices are described.
An Open-Source Software for Calculating Indices of Urban Residential Segregation
Authors: Apparicio Philippe , Martori Joan Carles , Pearson Amber L. , Fournier Éric , Apparicio Denis
Published: October 2013

The aim of this article is to introduce a new stand-alone application—Geo-Segregation Analyzer—that is capable of calculating 43 residential segregation indices, regardless of the population groups or the metropolitan region under study. In practical terms, the user just needs to have a Shapefile geographic file containing counts of population groups that differ in ethnic origin, birth country, age, or income across a metropolitan area at a small area level (e.g., census tracts). Developed in Java using the GeoTools library, this free and open-source application is both multiplatform and multilanguage. The software functions on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux operating systems and its user interface currently supports 10 languages (English, French, Spanish, Catalan, German, Italian, Portuguese, Creole, Vietnamese, and Chinese). The application permits users to display and manipulate several Shapefile geographic files and to calculate 19 one-group indices, 13 two-group indices, 8 multigroup indices, and 3 local measures that could be mapped (location quotient, entropy measure, and typology of the ethnic areas proposed by Poulsen, Johnson, and Forrest).
Characteristics of the Ideal Postgraduate Year 1 Pharmacy Practice Residency Candidate
Authors: Gohlke Angela L. , Ray David B. , El-Ibiary Shareen Y. , Barletta Jeffrey F.
Published: October 2013

Objective:

Assess pharmacy postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) residency application statistics and identify the qualities most desired in the ideal pharmacy residency candidate.

Methods:

A list of PGY1 residency program directors across the United States (n = 750) was acquired, and a validated electronic survey was created. The survey contained 25 questions pertaining to program demographics, application statistics, and candidate characteristics.

Results:

A total of 252 programs completed the survey. The average number of positions per program was 3.4 ± 2.6. The average ratio of applicants to available positions was 15:1. The highest scored quality was familiarity with an applicant’s college of pharmacy (7.7 ± 2.5). Holding a leadership position within the college/university scored 6.5 ± 2, while poster presentations and publications were rated lower (4.1 ± 2.5 and 3.1 ± 2.3, respectively). When asked to rank modifiable characteristics, strong letters of recommendation, letters of intent, and prior experience with the applicant were ranked the highest.

Conclusions:

Strong letters of recommendation and intent along with prior experience with an applicant are highly valued. Although leadership positions and scholarship are not ranked as highly, they may distinguish applicants if the preceding criteria are met. Applicants should strive to build relationships with preceptors and obtain work experience or experiential rotations at potential residency locations.
Forward kinematics analysis and experimental validation of a four-cable-driven under-constrained parallel mechanism
Authors: Zhu Zhen-Cai , Chen Peter CY , Shao Xing-Guo , Wang Qing-Guo , Chen Guo-An
Published: October 2013

Taking the sinking winch mechanism as prototype, this paper studies the forward kinematics problem of a four-cable-driven under-constrained parallel mechanism. The tension states (slackness and tautness) and properties of the cables are incorporated into the forward kinematics model. We propose a new algorithm (named traversal algorithm) to solve the tensions in cables and the pose of platform, under the condition that only the lengths of four cables are known. The simulation and experimental results on forward kinematics demonstrate the effectiveness and correctness of the model and the traversal algorithm. The results of this paper can be used to evaluate the effect of the unequal cables’ lengths to the tension distribution of cables and pose of the platform for sinking winch mechanism.
Design and test of annular discharge orifice of shock transmission unit
Authors: Jie Liang
Published: October 2013

The annular discharge orifice is a key parameter for the design of a shock transmission unit (STU). The proper dimension of the annular discharge orifice can make the stiffness difference of STU maximum in different conditions. Making use of three laws of fluid mechanics, the mathematical model for designing annular discharge orifice was developed. The STUs were subjected to the slow movement test, the fast movement test and the simulated dynamic test. During the slow movement test, the resistance force does not exceed 10% of the nominal rated force; during the simulated dynamic test, the deflection between the point of zero load and the point of maximum load does not exceed 12 mm, and the deflection during the sustained load portion of the test does not exceed 12 mm; during the fast movement test, the force can maintain the nominal rated force. The validity of the mathematical model is verified by these testing, and the mathematical model can instruct the design of annular discharge orifice of STU.
The Double-Edged Sword of Grandiose Narcissism
Authors: Watts Ashley L. , Lilienfeld Scott O. , Smith Sarah Francis , Miller Joshua D. , Campbell W. Keith , Waldman Irwin D. , Rubenzer Steven J. , Faschingbauer Thomas J.
Published: October 2013

Recent research and theorizing suggest that narcissism may predict both positive and negative leadership behaviors. We tested this hypothesis with data on the 42 U.S. presidents up to and including George W. Bush, using (a) expert-derived narcissism estimates, (b) independent historical surveys of presidential performance, and (c) largely or entirely objective indicators of presidential performance. Grandiose, but not vulnerable, narcissism was associated with superior overall greatness in an aggregate poll; it was also positively associated with public persuasiveness, crisis management, agenda setting, and allied behaviors, and with several objective indicators of performance, such as winning the popular vote and initiating legislation. Nevertheless, grandiose narcissism was also associated with several negative outcomes, including congressional impeachment resolutions and unethical behaviors. We found that presidents exhibit elevated levels of grandiose narcissism compared with the general population, and that presidents’ grandiose narcissism has been rising over time. Our findings suggest that grandiose narcissism may be a double-edged sword in the leadership domain.
Do Age-Related Increases in Tip-of-the-Tongue Experiences Signify Episodic Memory Impairments?
Authors: Salthouse Timothy A. , Mandell Arielle R.
Published: October 2013

Tip-of-the-tongue experiences (TOTs), in which a name is known but cannot be immediately retrieved from memory, can be a cause of concern if these experiences are viewed as a sign of memory decline. The current study was conducted to investigate the relation between age and TOT frequency, and the influence of episodic memory, which is the type of memory most often assessed to detect memory problems, on that relation. In a sample of adults, increased age was found to be associated with more TOTs across different types of materials, and additional analyses suggested that these relations between age and TOT frequency were not attributable to the use of different response criteria or to different amounts of knowledge. Because statistical control of a measure of episodic memory had little effect on the relation between age and TOT frequency, age-related increases in TOTs and age-related decreases in episodic memory appear to be at least partially independent phenomena.
Mid-Holocene PMIP3/CMIP5 model results: Intercomparison for the South American Monsoon System
Authors: Prado Luciana F , Wainer Ilana , Chiessi Cristiano M
Published: October 2013

The mean precipitation fields for eastern South America from eight mid-Holocene (6 ka) simulations, part of the third phase of Palaeoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3) and the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), are evaluated. These simulations were compared to a new multiproxy compilation of 120 previously published records of changes in South American paleoclimate. Results show that when compared with modern conditions, mid-Holocene proxy data point to a drier Southern Brazil and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), but a wetter/similar Northeastern Brazil. This suggests a weaker South American Monsoon System during the mid-Holocene when compared with its modern strength. All analyzed model simulations indicate a similar pattern, with a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the mid-Holocene, related to a weaker South Atlantic subtropical high, and negative annual precipitation anomalies over the SACZ area. Regional differences between the analyzed models were clearly detected.
Recent climatic and anthropogenic imprints on lacustrine systems in the Pyrenean Mountains inferred from minerogenic and organic clastic supply (Vicdessos valley, Pyrenees, France)
Authors: Simonneau Anaëlle , Chapron Emmanuel , Courp Thierry , Tachikawa Kazuyo , Le Roux Gaël , Baron Sandrine , Galop Didier , Garcia Marta , Di Giovanni Christian , Motellica-Heino Mikael , Mazier Florence , Foucher Anthony , Houet Thomas , Desmet Marc , Bard Edouard
Published: October 2013

High-resolution seismic profiling has been combined with geochemical analyses of both watershed samples and five lacustrine cores retrieved from two natural lacustrine basins of glacial origin: Lake Majeur and Lake Sigriou (1630 m a.s.l. and 1995 m a.s.l., respectively, Eastern French Pyrenees). Identifying specific minerogenic and organic markers of autochthonous and allochthonous supply, data allow documenting past climatic and anthropogenic pressures. Over the past century, the lacustrine sediment of Lake Majeur has been essentially composed of algae, drastically contrasting with the natural sedimentary infill of the basin, mainly resulting from soil erosion from the mid–late Holocene. Since ad 1907, the Lake Majeur has been used for hydroelectricity production. Human-induced lake-level regulations, affecting up to 37% of the lacustrine surface, have increased by fourfold the accumulation rate of the lake and favoured water enrichment. Rubidium abundance within the lacustrine sediments of the two lakes reflects the mid–late Holocene palaeohydrology. After dam construction in ad 1907, greater quantities of rubidium found in Lake Majeur sedimentary infills indicate drier climatic periods, such as from ad 1975 to ad 1982, during which water reservoirs were particularly in demand. Inversely, before the dam was built, rubidium fluctuations were correlated with wetter conditions and hydrological events were recorded as sandy layers deposited by canyon reactivation, synchronous with European climatic deterioration phases. We notably document that the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly was interrupted by some humid periods dated c. ad 940, ad 1080, ad 1100 and ad 1250. We also date the onset of the ‘Little Ice Age’ c. ad 1360 and identify that this period was wetter after c. ad 1500.
NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase-dependent superoxide production is increased in proliferative lupus nephritis
Authors: Oates JC , Mashmoushi AK , Shaftman SR , Gilkeson GS
Published: October 2013

Objective

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Proliferative LN (PLN, ISN/RPS classes III and IV)) often leads to renal injury or failure despite traditional induction and maintenance therapy. Successful targeted therapeutic development requires insight into mediators of inflammation in PLN. Superoxide (SO) and its metabolites are mediators of the innate immune response through their ability to mediate reduction–oxidation signaling. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. We hypothesized that markers of SO production would be increased in active PLN and that SO production would be dependent on the activity of select enzymes in the renal cortex.

Methods

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were enrolled at the time of renal biopsy for active LN of all classes. Serum collected at baseline was analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection for markers of SO production (durable modifications of serum protein Tyr ultimately requiring SO as a substrate). Renal cortex from MRL/MpJ- FASlpr (MRL/lpr) mice with and without functional eNOS was analyzed during active disease for superoxide (SO) production with and without inhibitors of SO-producing enzymes.

Results

Serum protein modifications indicative of total SO production were significantly higher in patients with PLN. These markers were increased in association with more active, inflammatory PLN. Mice lacking functional eNOS had 80% higher levels of renal cortical SO during active disease, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase reduced these levels by 60% and 77%, respectively.

Conclusion

These studies demonstrate that SO production is unique to active PLN in a NOS and NADPH oxidase-dependent fashion. These findings suggest the emulating or augmenting eNOS activity or inhibiting NADPH oxidase SO production may be targets of therapy in patients with PLN. The markers of SO production used in this study could rationally be used to select SO-modulating therapies and serve as pharmacodynamic indicators for dose titration.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Lim E , Tao Y , White AJ , French AR , Cooper MA
Published: October 2013

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease typically associated with elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG). Hypogammaglobulinemia in SLE patients has been attributed to immunosuppressive treatment or a transient effect associated with nephrotic syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed pediatric SLE patients from a single institution to identify patients with hypogammaglobulinemia and risk factors for hypogammaglobulinemia.

Methods

A total of 116 pediatric SLE cases from 1997 to 2011 were reviewed and patients with hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG < 500 mg/dl) were identified. The two cohorts were evaluated for association with age, sex, presence of lupus nephritis at SLE diagnosis, disease activity at diagnosis, initial IgG level, and drug treatment.

Results

Eighty-six patients were included in our study, with a median age of 15 years and a median follow-up of 39.5 months. Seven percent (six of 86) of patients had hypogammaglobulinemia with a median onset of 27 months (0–72 months) after SLE diagnosis. Significant associations were noted for white race ( p value 0.029), male sex ( p value 0.009), and the presence of lupus nephritis at SLE diagnosis ( p value 0.004). Use of immunosuppressive treatment did not show a statistical association with hypogammaglobulinemia, although two of the patients with hypogammaglobulinemia did receive rituximab. Most patients with hypogammaglobulinemia received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement therapy because of infections and/or concern for infection.

Conclusion

Measurement of immunoglobulin levels during treatment in SLE could help identify patients with hypogammaglobulinemia who might require more aggressive follow-up to monitor for increased risk of infection and need for IVIG treatment. A prospective study is needed to validate associated risk factors identified in this study.
Gendering the Arab Spring? Rights and (in)security of Tunisian, Egyptian and Libyan women
Authors: Johansson-Nogués Elisabeth
Published: October 2013

During the anti-regime uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, women from all walks of life were as ready as men to take to the streets to protest against the ineptitude and transgressions of their countries’ governments. Their courage was particularly noteworthy given that they suffered not only the violence of the regimes’ attempts to suppress protests by force, as did their male counterparts, but also a systematic targeting by security forces who attempted to break the women’s spirits through attacks on their honour and bodily integrity. The female presence and agency in the Arab Spring encouraged activists in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya to expect an equitable role for women in the political transition processes that followed the fall of the authoritarian regimes in those countries. However, the female input in those political transitions has been scant. Moreover, in all three countries, established women’s rights are increasingly under attack and violence against women is on the rise. This article applies a gendered perspective to explore the upheavals of the Arab Spring and the political transitions in the three countries, and inquires into the insecurities that women have suffered since early 2011.
Democratic solidarity: Rethinking democracy promotion in the New Middle East
Authors: Banai Hussein
Published: October 2013

This article aims to temper the cross-disciplinary enthusiasm for democracy-promotion programs in the light of the recent anti-authoritarian upheavals in the Middle East. It offers a wide-ranging critique of mainstream instrumentalist arguments (i.e. that democracy leads to peace, development, and justice), which are hampered by universalist generalizations about democratic government – in other words, by a tendency to separate democratic values and institutions from their orientation within particular political and historical contexts. In the place of such arguments, it offers an alternative model of democratic solidarity premised on the belief that the social construction of democratic norms – and especially the reflective processes that mediate their internalization – has a direct bearing on the legitimacy of political forms and decisions. Through a detailed analysis of the trials and tribulations of US democracy-promotion programs in the Arab and Muslim world, it further argues that the provision of any outside assistance to democratic transitions in the Middle East will need to involve the twin tasks of understanding the quite complex and contextual struggle for rights and freedoms in each particular society, and providing the necessary space and resources for achieving democratic legitimacy.
Effective abandonment: The neoliberal economy of violence in Israel and the Occupied Territories
Authors: Plasse-Couture François-Xavier
Published: October 2013

Towards the end of 2012, a group of Israeli settlers and right-wing activists attacked an Israel Defense Forces (IDF) base on the West Bank. IDF soldiers and members of the Israeli Knesset had provided information to the attackers, who adopted a ‘bring it on’ tone that commentators described as echoing ‘civil war’. As the occupation blurs the categories of inside/outside, what we are witnessing is a challenge to the traditional distinction between politics and war. Accordingly, we are moved to think in terms of the distribution and variable intensities of violence, rather than to accept simple debates about either the absence or presence of war or the monopoly of violence. This article seeks to examine the evolving relationship between the state and society in the wake of the so-called Arab Spring through an investigation of the relationship between neoliberalism and sovereign violence. It argues that ‘price tag’ actions perpetrated in the Occupied Territories and Israel are the effect of a neoliberal organization of power characterized by a form of governing by non-intervention, where the abandonment of certain parts of society produces the desired containment of elements considered undesirable to the body politic. This article challenges Weber’s theory of state sovereignty as the monopoly of legitimate state violence, arguing instead that state apparatuses may in fact ‘outsource’ violence. We can understand this shift in the mode of operation of sovereignty by theorizing ‘society’ as the effect of warlike relations whereby particular tactics and strategies are employed as a way of organizing and policing forms of life necessary for the continuation of a particular body politic.
‘Taming’ Arab social movements: Exporting neoliberal governmentality
Authors: Tagma Halit Mustafa , Kalaycioglu Elif , Akcali Emel
Published: October 2013

In the wake of the recent Arab revolutions, the European Union (EU) has sought to provide genuine and substantial support to a range of Arab social movements in the region’s emerging polities. Yet the EU’s recent democracy-promotion efforts represent a puzzle for earlier critical approaches to the relationship between Europe and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), which argue for the existence of hegemonic patronage linkages. We argue, however, that the EU’s attempts at democracy promotion in the MENA region may be understood through a governmentality framework, despite the limitations of such an approach. Specifically, the EU is actively promoting neoliberal policies in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in order to foster a mode of subjectivity that is conducive to the EU’s own norms and interests. What we observe are not just innocent attempts at democracy promotion, but a form of politics and economics that seeks to subject the agency on the ‘Arab street’ to EU standards. We conclude by going over the radical plurality of the Arab street, and show how it was in fact earlier neoliberal reforms by their former regimes that created the conditions of possibility for the recent revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt.
Geopolitics, insecurity and neocolonial exceptionalism: A critical appraisal of the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon
Authors: Abboud Samer N. , Muller Benjamin J.
Published: October 2013

The UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), which was set up through UN Security Council Resolution 1757 to investigate, indict and prosecute those responsible for the 2005 assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik al-Hariri, is advancing a series of regional and global geopolitical interests. We focus on the structure of the tribunal and its exceptional nature within international law, examining the extent to which the STL’s so-called unique features and the process through which it emerged expose its role in representing the interests of regional and global geopolitical actors, effectively internationalizing both the prosecution of the assassination and the issue of Hezbollah’s disarmament within the discourse of the ‘war on terror’. We also take up the question of Lebanese sovereignty and the extent to which the STL shifts between challenging and altogether disregarding this issue in a manner not unusual in the context of historical trends within international law justifying the colonial tendencies of great powers. We contextualize the STL within broader trajectories in international law, with specific reference to Carl Schmitt’s ‘challenge of imperial conquest and land acquisition’, such as exceptionalism and the colonial genealogy of international law. We then discuss the extent to which the STL enunciates the geopolitical interests of powerful regional and global actors, unpacking the so-called unique features of the STL that reflect its exceptional character. Throughout our analysis, we argue that the STL and its manifestation of contemporary discourses of insecurity play a highly significant role in the international disregard for Lebanese sovereignty and the delegitimization of most domestic political actors, including Hezbollah.
Copenhagen–Cairo on a roundtrip: A security theory meets the revolution
Authors: Greenwood Maja Touzari , Wæver Ole
Published: October 2013

Although securitization theory has been applied worldwide, it has been accused of having only limited appositeness to the non-Western world. When the Centre for Advanced Security Theory began a collaboration with the Danish–Egyptian Dialogue Institute and the Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo in 2010, securitization theory was challenged on two levels: both through its employment to analyse and act politically in a Middle Eastern context, and through the attempt to do so during and after the Arab Spring, when the entire Egyptian security sector was being re-evaluated. These unique circumstances prompted reflections on the use of non-traditional and traditional security concepts, on how the Egyptian revolution could be understood through securitization theory, and on what the experiences of this project might mean for further theory development. This article discusses these points in the light of the Danish delegation’s experiences.
Dr Charles Morehead MD (Edinburgh), FRCP (1807–1882): Pioneer in medical education
Authors: Pandya Sunil K
Published: October 2013

Charles Morehead studied medicine in Edinburgh and Paris. Among his teachers were George Jardine (1742–1827) (moral philosophy), Professor William Pulteney Alison (1790–1859) (medicine), Pierre Louis (1787–1872) and René Laennec (1781–1826). He joined as Assistant Surgeon in the Bombay Medical Service of the East India Company and was appointed to the staff of Governor Sir Robert Grant (1779–1838). Grant and Morehead founded the Grant Medical College and Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy (1811–1877) Hospital in Bombay. Morehead established standards of medical education at these institutions far superior to those in Calcutta and Madras and, in some ways, to those in Britain. His emphasis on discipline, regular attendance, learning medicine at the bedside, the maintenance of detailed records on all patients and thorough evaluation of the progress made by students were salutary. While in London to recover his health, he wrote his classic book Clinical Researches on Disease in India for Indian doctors and those from Britain entering the Indian Medical Services. He lived in Edinburgh after retirement from India but continued to help teachers and students at his institutions in Bombay.
Gods behaving badly
Authors: Retsas Spyros
Published: October 2013

This paper addresses the myths surrounding the birth and death of Asclepios, the popular healing God of the Greeks and his place among other deities of the Greek Pantheon. The enigmatic invocation of Asclepios by Socrates, the Athenian philosopher condemned to take the hemlock, in his final moments is also discussed.
Can quality from a care ethical perspective be assessed? A review
Authors: Kuis Esther E , Hesselink Gijs , Goossensen Anne
Published: October 2013

Background:

Ethics-of-care theories contain important notions regarding the quality of care; however, until now, concrete translations of the insights into instruments are lacking. This may be a result of the completely different type of epistemology, theories and concepts used in the field of quality of care research.

Objectives:

Both the fields of ‘ethics of care’ and ‘quality of care’ aim for improvement of care; therefore; insights could possibly meet by focusing on the following question: How could ethics-of-care theories contribute to better quality in care at a measurement level? This study reviews existing instruments with the aim of bridging this gap and examines the evidence of their psychometric properties, feasibility and responsiveness.

Research design:

A systematic search of the literature was undertaken using multiple electronic databases covering January 1990 through May 2012.

Method and findings:

Of the 3427 unique references identified, 55 studies describing 40 instruments were selected. Using a conceptual framework, an attempt was made to distinguish between related concepts and to group available instruments measuring different types of concepts. A total of 13 instruments that reflect essential aspects of ethics-of-care theory were studied in greater detail, and a quality assessment was conducted.

Conclusion:

Three promising qualitative instruments were found, which follow the logic of the patient and take their specific context into account.
Reflections on the ethical dilemmas involved in promoting self-management
Authors: Holm Anne Lise , Severinsson Elisabeth
Published: October 2013

Due to their understanding of self-management, healthcare team members responsible for depressed older persons can experience an ethical dilemma. Each team member contributes important knowledge and experience pertaining to the management of depression, which should be reflected in the management plan. The aim of this study was to explore healthcare team members’ reflections on the ethical dilemmas involved in promoting self-management among depressed older persons. A qualitative design was used and data were collected by means of focus group interviews. The results revealed one main theme: ‘Lack of trust in the community health care system’s commitment to bringing about effectiveness and change, based on three themes; ‘Struggling to ensure the reliable transfer of information about depressed older persons to professionals and family members’, ‘Balancing autonomy, care and dignity’ and ‘Differences in the understanding of responsibility’. Lack of engagement on the part of and trust between the various professional categories who work in the community are extremely counterproductive and have serious implications for patient dignity as well as safety. In conclusion, ethical dilemmas occur when staff members are unable to act in accordance with their professional ethical stance and deliver an appropriate standard of care.
Narratives of aggressive care
Authors: Peter Elizabeth , Mohammed Shan , Simmonds Anne
Published: October 2013

Background:

While witnessing and providing aggressive care have been identified as predominant sources of moral distress, little is known about what nurses “know” to be the “right thing to do” in these situations.

Research objectives:

The purpose of this study was to explore what nurses’ moral knowledge is in situations of perceived overly aggressive medical care.

Research design:

A critical narrative approach was used.

Participants:

A total of 15 graduate nursing students from various practice areas participated.

Findings:

Four narrative types were identified, including “Wait and see: medical uncertainty,” “Deflected responsibilities to respond to dying, death, or futility,” “Divergent understandings, responsibilities, and temporalities,” and “Privileged medical understandings and responsibilities.”

Discussion:

The knowledge of differentially situated persons is acknowledged in dissimilar ways, the time required to determine that enough has been done is perceived differently, and how moral responsibilities are understood also varies.

Conclusions:

A better understanding of how social roles influence how time, knowledge, and responsibility are related to the provision of aggressive care is needed.
‘That neighbourhood is an ethnic bomb!’ The emergence of an urban governance apparatus in Western Europe
Authors: Picker Giovanni
Published: October 2013

In this article I investigate ethnographically the urban governance of Rancitelli, a marginalized neighbourhood in Pescara, Southern Italy; in the neighbourhood the majority of the members of the local unrecognized minority of Italian Roma reside. Although privately recognizing social problems concerning the neighbourhood and its residents, who live in marginal social conditions, local authorities are silent vis-à-vis these issues. Drawing on long-term fieldwork and analysis of local media and policy texts, I show that in the absence of local authorities’ official discourses on Roma and the neighbourhood, social order is continually maintained through an unofficial complex dynamic, which I call ‘urban governance apparatus’. I show that this ‘apparatus’ is composed of three elements, namely (1) public policy in the neighbourhood; (2) urban Roma stigma; and (3) what I call ‘surreptitious gazing’ in the neighbourhood. My argument is that when urban governance involves major tacit and unofficial dynamics – and this is especially true when unrecognized minorities are involved – the concept of ‘urban governance apparatus’ may better serve the aim of analysing and understanding certain local power dynamics.
Bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and Paralisa to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer
Authors: Stringer Lesley A. , Jones Geoff , Jewell Chris P. , Noble Alasdair D. , Heuer Cord , Wilson Peter R. , Johnson Wesley O.
Published: October 2013

A Bayesian latent class model was used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of an immunoglobulin G1 serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Paralisa) and individual fecal culture to detect young deer infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Paired fecal and serum samples were collected, between July 2009 and April 2010, from 20 individual yearling (12–24-month-old) deer in each of 20 South Island and 18 North Island herds in New Zealand and subjected to culture and Paralisa, respectively. Two fecal samples and 16 serum samples from 356 North Island deer, and 55 fecal and 37 serum samples from 401 South Island deer, were positive. The estimate of individual fecal culture sensitivity was 77% (95% credible interval [CI] = 61–92%) with specificity of 99% (95% CI = 98–99.7%). The Paralisa sensitivity estimate was 19% (95% CI = 10–30%), with specificity of 94% (95% CI = 93–96%). All estimates were robust to variation of priors and assumptions tested in a sensitivity analysis. The data informs the use of the tests in determining infection status at the individual and herd level.
Extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma in a dog
Authors: Ilha Marcia R. S. , Styer Eloise L.
Published: October 2013

An extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma was observed in a 10.5-year-old male Boxer dog. Additionally, the dog had an aortic base tumor, multiple thyroid adenomas, multiple testicular interstitial cell tumors, bilateral nodular adrenal cortical hyperplasia, and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. The hypothesis that the retroperitoneal mass represents a primary extra-adrenal paraganglioma rather than metastatic mass from the aortic body tumor is considered. Either primary or metastatic extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paragangliomas are rarely reported in dogs.
A Systematic Review of Strategies for Implementing Empirically Supported Mental Health Interventions
Authors: Powell Byron J. , Proctor Enola K. , Glass Joseph E.
Published: October 2013

Objective:

This systematic review examines experimental studies that test the effectiveness of strategies intended to integrate empirically supported mental health interventions into routine care settings. Our goal was to characterize the state of the literature and to provide direction for future implementation studies.

Method:

A literature search was conducted using electronic databases and a manual search.

Results:

Eleven studies were identified that tested implementation strategies with a randomized ( n = 10) or controlled clinical trial design ( n = 1). The wide range of clinical interventions, implementation strategies, and outcomes evaluated precluded meta-analysis. However, the majority of studies ( n = 7; 64%) found a statistically significant effect in the hypothesized direction for at least one implementation or clinical outcome.

Conclusion:

There is a clear need for more rigorous research on the effectiveness of implementation strategies, and we provide several suggestions that could improve this research area.
Taylor-like bifurcations for a compressible isotropic elastic tube
Authors: Fosdick Roger , Foti Pilade , Fraddosio Aguinaldo , Marzano Salvatore , Piccioni Mario Daniele
Published: October 2013

We study the possibility of toroidal twist-like bifurcations for an isotropic Levinson–Burgess compressible elastic tube subject to a pure circular shear. We intend to model forms of instability for solids that are analogous to the classical Taylor–Couette patterns observed in the flow of viscous fluids. We first establish that the axisymmetric circular shear deformation is a fundamental solution of the equilibrium problem, and then investigate the possibility that this primary deformation may bifurcate into an axially periodic toroidal twist-like mode by analyzing the related incremental boundary-value problem. The analysis of the bifurcation problem and the evaluation of the critical load are carried out by following a novel effective procedure, based on the Magnus expansion.
Estimating the uncertainty in underresolved nonlinear dynamics
Authors: Chorin Alexandre J , Hald Ole H
Published: October 2013

The Mori–Zwanzig formalism of statistical mechanics is used to estimate the uncertainty caused by underresolution in the solution of a nonlinear dynamical system. A general approach is outlined and applied to a simple example. The noise term that describes the uncertainty turns out to be neither Markovian nor Gaussian. It is argued that this is the general situation.
Second-order in-plane dynamic perturbation of a crack propagating under shear loading
Authors: Willis JR , Movchan NV
Published: October 2013

The title problem is solved, for a crack propagating in a slab which is composed of material which can be viscoelastic, “vertically stratified” and transversely isotropic with the axis in the “vertical” direction. The result is illustrated by specialising to the case of a stationary crack in the plane x3 = 0 of an infinite isotropic elastic medium, whose leading edge is at x1 =  a cos( kx2), with | k| a ≪ 1.
Examining the Drivers and Performance Implications of Boundary Spanner Creativity
Authors: Agnihotri Raj , Rapp Adam A. , Andzulis James ‘Mick’ , Gabler Colin B.
Published: October 2013

For organizations implementing a value-added model, creative boundary spanners can improve service behaviors and overall performance. Advancing Amabile’s componential framework, which underscores the importance of contextual factors and their interaction with individual factors in generating creative responses in a service environment, we develop a model of boundary spanners’ creativity. Outlining how boundary spanner skills and abilities influence performance and service outcomes via creativity, we paint a more complete picture of the creativity process and offer meaningful contributions to service research and practice. Testing the model using employee and manager data matched with archival performance metrics, we find that knowledge, emotional intelligence (EI), and managerial feedback predict boundary spanner creativity. We also uncover a significant interaction between knowledge and EI, and evidence that creativity significantly impacts performance and customer problem solving, a key component of overall service quality. Finally, we underscore the importance of managerial feedback in strengthening the link between creativity and performance.
Barriers to screening and diagnosis of peripheral artery disease by general practitioners
Authors: Haigh Kate Jamilla , Bingley John , Golledge Jonathan , Walker Philip J
Published: October 2013

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality yet it is under-recognised and undertreated. General practitioners (GPs) are best positioned to detect patients with PAD. This article investigates awareness of PAD by GPs; the prevalence of screening for PAD and tools used for screening and diagnosis, in particular the ankle–brachial index (ABI); and the barriers to PAD screening and measurement of the ABI in the general practice setting. A cross-sectional survey of primary care practitioners was conducted between September 2011 and March 2012. A mail-out survey was distributed to 1120 GPs practising in Queensland, Australia: 287 (26%) responded; 61% of GPs reported screening for PAD; 58% of GPs reported ‘never’ measuring the ABI; and 70% reported using arterial duplex ultrasound as their first-line diagnostic tool. Equipment availability, time constraints and lack of training and skills were identified as the most significant barriers to screening and ABI testing. In conclusion, there are deficits in the utilisation of guideline recommendations relating to PAD screening and diagnosis by Australian GPs. Our data suggest that earlier detection of PAD may be achieved through GP education combined with increased access to ABI equipment or the availability of a more time-efficient test.
Psychosocial outcome in cardiovascular rehabilitation of peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease patients
Authors: Stauber Stefanie , Guéra Viviane , Barth Jürgen , Schmid Jean Paul , Saner Hugo , Znoj Hansjörg , Grolimund Johannes , von Känel Roland
Published: October 2013

We investigated patients with a primary diagnosis of peripheral artery disease ( n = 69) and coronary heart disease (CAD; n = 520) at baseline and on changes in psychosocial risk factors (depression, anxiety, quality of life, negative and positive affect) during a cardiovascular rehabilitation program. Patients completed psychosocial questionnaires at the beginning and at discharge of a 12-week rehabilitation program. Depression and anxiety were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), positive and negative affect with the Global Mood Scale, and health-related quality of life with the SF-36 Health Survey. Patients with PAD showed improvements in anxiety ( p < 0.001), negative affect ( p < 0.001) and bodily pain ( p < 0.001). Patients with CAD reported significant improvements in all measured dimensions (all p-values < 0.001).
Correlation of cognitive and social outcomes among children with autism spectrum disorder in a randomized trial of behavioral intervention
Authors: Locke Jill , Rotheram-Fuller Erin , Xie Ming , Harker Colleen , Mandell David
Published: October 2013

Although social impairments are considered the hallmark deficit of autism, many behavioral intervention studies rely on cognitive functioning as a primary outcome. Fewer studies have examined whether changes in cognition are associated with changes in social functioning. This study examined whether cognitive gains among 192 students from 47 kindergarten-through-second-grade autism support classrooms participating in a year-long behavioral intervention study were associated with gains in social functioning. Children’s gains in cognitive ability were modestly associated with independent assessors’ and teachers’ evaluations of social functioning but were not associated with changes in parent ratings. Observed social gains were not commensurate with gains in cognition, suggesting the need both for interventions that directly target social functioning and relevant field measures of social functioning.