bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women’s Devotion to the Egyptian Goddess Isis in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the worship of many foreign divinities spread from their native lands as commerce and military maneuvers moved multitudes back and forth across the Mediterranean. The Phrygian goddess Cybele, the Persian god Mithras, the Syrian goddess, and numerous others established cult centers across the Greco-Roman world, and with the singular exception of the cult of Mithras, all were known (and often mocked by establishment Greek and Latin male authors) for their strong attraction for women. Principal among these was the religion of Isis, which many scholars identify as the primary contender against Christianity for sovereignty in the Roman Empire.
Jewish Women’s Religious Lives in Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

Strikingly different portraits both of Jewish women and women’s Judaism emerge from ancient rabbinic sources on the one hand, and inscriptional, archaeological, and neglected Greek literary sources from the Greco-Roman period on the other. Rabbinic writings have led many scholars to conclude that Jewish women led restricted, secluded lives and were excluded from much of the rich ritual life of Jewish men, especially from the study of Torah. Evidence from the Greco-Roman Diaspora suggests, however, that at least some Jewish women played active religious, social, economic, and even political roles in the public lives of Jewish communities.
The Ideology of Sacrifice in Mythmaking
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

Rituals are formal actions performed according to rules and customs validated by the passage of time. Primarily social actions, they define the identity of the participating group as an entity distinct from all others, while within the group they demarcate the relative status among members. For the Greeks, rituals encouraged the fertility of fields, domestic animals, and women; they appeased an angry god or daimon; they brought about the sacrifice of an animal victim; they effected passage from one status to another.
Patriarchal Mythmaking on Marriage
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

The word “marriage” denotes beliefs, customs, and kinship ties that differ from culture to culture, although we all too easily fall into the trap of assuming that the word has the same associations for everyone. To Americans today, “marriage” generally means a condition culminating a period of dating, courtship, and engagement. After the wedding, the couple constitutes a legal entity and often shares a state of holy matrimony.
Myths and Citizenship
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

The myths studied in this and the following chapters were told by Athenians seeking political ends. By political, we mean having to do with the relations of a citizen with other citizens and of the poliswith other poleis. Mythic discourse is political in that a group of people identify themselves as related to one another and distinct from other groups by telling the same myths; even more important is the difference between how they tell them to those within and without the group.
Funeral Orations in Mythmaking Athens
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S
Published: November 2023

Whereas Greeks generally believed a proper funeral necessary for a psyche (soul) to enter Hades, the dispensation of the body concerned the living. Restrictions throughout Greece on the luxury and extravagance that could be lavished on a funeral testify to how readily even grief was drawn into the nobles’ fierce competition for honor. In the 460s, against the background of the aristocrats’ funeral rites, the demos developed a peculiarly Athenian institution, the burial of the city’s war dead in a public cemetery.
Law
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I complement the emancipatory focus of the preceding chapter by attending to that other narrative pole in the book of Exodus: law. The advent of law in a people’s history—the historical moment when a culture first establishes its identifying tradition of law—often coincides with a “wilderness” experience: a transition from relative anarchy to relative order. Thus the figure of Wilderness arises as a prominent feature in the biblical narrative of ancient Israel. Indeed the law-wilderness connection can become a pronounced feature for postbiblical cultures that identify with ancient Israel. Before turning to such instances I will state the case first for biblical narrative. Recall that the book of Exodus features not only the miraculous liberation from Egypt but also the promulgation of the first Mosaic law code—the ten commandments delivered by the prophet at Mount Sinai. Moses-the-lawgiver, and the divine origination of his law at Sinai, are narrative elements just as central to the book of Exodus as the character of Moses-the-liberator and his miraculous deliverance of the people at the Red Sea.
Bruges and Ghent: Commercial and Industrial Cities of Flanders
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

France was not the only economy that revived between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, nor was it the only site of fairs. In the low lands of Flanders (now western Belgium), after the Viking incursions had finally eased off, there was an efflorescence of urban growth, as populations that had earlier fled from the coast spread out and as more secure land and sea routes once again permitted traders to travel.
The Strait and Narrow
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

The plane from the “international airport” at Pekanbaru, in central Sumatra, flies southward over an endless tropical rain forest, unbroken by roads and unscarred by settlements. The contoured plow lines have long been left behind and there are few signs of human life.
Restructuring the Thirteenth-Century World System
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this concluding chapter is not only to synthesize our findings from the thirteenth century but to address a question of far wider significance, namely, why world systems fail. Since we believe that many of the same variables operate, albeit in reverse ways, in both the organizing and disorganizing phases of a cycle, the explanation for why world systems fail will be drawn, at least in part, from an understanding of how they are forged.
Political Agitation and the Mobilization of Religion
Authors: Bayat Mangol
Published: November 2023

All Iranian sources agree that the olama’s involvement in the Constitutional movement began no differently from clerical participation in other political cabals, siding with or against the sadr-e a’zam of the day. In 1903 Amin al-Soltan, who was then the bete noire of the liberals, fell from power as a result of the concerted effort of the olama of Tehran (Behbahani, the Imam Jom’a, Mohammad Tabataba’i, Fazlollah Nuri, Ali Akbar Tafrashi), the court and government officials, the secret societies, and lay dissidents. As soon as Ain al-Daula assumed the premiership, new coalitions were forged, involving major shifts in alignments. Nuri, closely associated with the new sadr-e a’zam, emerged as the most powerful cleric in the capital, acquiring and distributing favors, expanding his influence in both government and religious circles. The Imam Jom’a and Abu Taleb Zanjani were his allies in the capital.
Beginnings
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Wallace Swanson was born in 1927 in a modest two-story frame house in Minneapolis, the fifth of Clara and Arvid Swanson’s eight children. A decade earlier Arvid had set sail for France to fight in the Great War, leaving his immigrant parents and older brother tending the family farm up north. Then he had returned—doughboy helmet intact and some change in his pocket—to marry Clara Mattson from neighboring Isanti and to seek his for tune with her in the city. Eventually, Arvid had found steady work as a deliveryman at the Franklin Creamery. At age twenty-four, he had paid five thousand dollars for a three bedroom house at 817 East 22nd Street, in which he and Clara would spend the next sixty years of married life.
Themes in the Early Lives of Missionaries
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This study draws upon two sources of primary data: self-administered questionnaires completed by 129 Mission members and open-ended interviews conducted with 107 Mission members. These offer complementary ways of looking at the origins of evangelical missionaries. The questionnaire survey, on the one hand, provides uniform background information including sociodemographic characteristics, the occurrence of “separating” events in childhood (such as migration, going away to boarding school, parental death), and religious milestone experiences (such as conversion and calling). Responses were given by 75 women and 54 men between the ages of 24 and 64 who began working as HCJB missionaries in Ecuador between the years 1941 and 1983. When summarized statistically, they yield one sort of answer to the question of where the people that I studied “came from.”
Introduction
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

The arguments and evidence presented in this book challenge what many consider the current orthodoxy with respect to the causes of old-age security policy development. We call into question the conventional view that policy developments in this sphere inevitably reflect the outcome of conflict between labor and capital.1 Various class theorists differ in their views as to the relative influence of labor and capital, and they disagree in their assessments of the redistributive impact of various old-age security programs, but they generally share the assumption that capital and labor are the major actors driving these policy developments. We do not deny the relevance of class actors, rather we specify the contexts in which these actors are important, and we introduce evidence that a number of other actors defined by such ascriptive attributes as age, ethnicity, language, religion, and region are also very important.
Sweden
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

In 1913 Sweden became the first nation to enact a universalistic contributory public pension program. It was the first of many Swedish public pension policy innovations introduced over the years. Sweden’s position as a leader with respect to welfare state development makes its public pension policies of particular interest. Today it has one of the world’s most generous and highly developed pension programs.
United States
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

The United States was the last major Western industrial nation to enact old-age social security legislation-the Social Security Act was passed in 1935, and the first old-age pensions provided for under this act were paid in 1940.1 At the time when this legislation was enacted the United States was one of the world’s leading monopoly capitalist nations and it had highly developed democratic institutions that were strongly influenced by interest group politics. For these reasons the United States is a particularly crucial case for assessing the utility of both the neo-pluralist and the neo-Marxist perspectives.
Brazil
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

In 1923 Brazil introduced a public pension program, becoming one of the first Third World nations to do so. Today Brazil has one of the most comprehensive public pension systems in the Third World; while the benefits for many are moest, a high proportion of the population is covered. Brazil is one of a very few Third World nations that have found a way to extend public pension coverage to the rural population. In some respects public pension policy developments in Brazil are similar to those in other Latin American countries; in other respects the Brazilian case is quite distinctive. For both reasons, where appropriate comparisons will be made with other Latin American countries.
India
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

India with a total population in excess of 850 million has the second largest elderly population in the world.1 The nation has been a pioneer with respect to social security policy development in South Asia. Its provident fund approach to old-age social security provision has had an impact on policy in such nations as Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Nepal, all of which have adopted provident fund schemes (Thompson 1979, pp. 123-128).2 But not all nations in the region followed the Indian example, some such as Pakistan and the Philippines adopted social insurance schemes while others such as Bangladesh, Burma, and Thailand have yet to adopt national programs to deal with the economic needs of the elderly.
The Erotic Ideal in Latin Literature and Contemporary Greek Epigram
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

Chapter I has demonstrated that some Romans associated feelings of disgust and defilement with some forms of sexuality and with certain words. These feelings were a necessary ingredient in Roman sexual humor but not a sufficient determinant of the particular targets of that humor.
The Content and Workings of Roman Sexual Humor
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

The same sort of skewing that was noted for erotic poetry at Rome applies to Roman sexual humor: it is entirely the product of male humorists. Whatever jokes were made on sexual subjects by women at Rome are lost; we can assume that at least some women enjoyed sexual humor from Sulpicia’s seemingly satirical account of her own marriage.’
Literature Based on Invective: Invective against Old Women, Priapic Poetry, and Epigram
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

Moreover, the place and, as it were, the area of the ridiculous is bounded by ugliness and a certain sort of misshapenness: for either the only, or the most outstanding things which are laughed at are those which mark and describe some ugliness in no ugly manner.’
Catullus, Ovid, and the Art of Mockery
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

That invective need not be soulless is evident from the number of great Roman writers who made it their métier. For the satirists, invective formed a basic element of the genre, one that provided the genre with not only content but structure attacker, victim, audience.
Sexual Satire
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

Although Catullus and Ovid are two writers who stand apart from classifications of genre, the nature of their work still can illuminate the nature of Roman satire. Sexual themes and invective were important for both writers, particularly Catullus, who made a whole idiosyncratic kind of poetry out of the ideas and language common in graffiti.
What Really Happened at the Sorbonne
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

It is with some hesitation that I venture to write about the French governments cultural conference, which met at the old Sorbonne in February (1983). Unlike most of its most frenzied American detractors, I was actually there. Unlike them, too, I do not find that having to deal with ideas or persons French induces an immediate crisis of intellectual and personal identity. In Paris, I did not think of myself as a provincial who would use the cultural equivalent of the wrong fork, but as a visitor from one metropolis to another.
A Practical Handbook For Their Care, Preservation, And Management
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

Historic house museums, representing our cultural heritage can be found in nearly every city in the United States and Canada. These are the homes of the earliest settlers, statesmen, frontiersmen, great writers, artists, architects, and industrial magnates. Some museums encompass a group of buildings or an entire village. Despite ther popularity, it is not uncommon to find museums that are in poor repair, their collections neglected and their staffs grossly overworked. Many are run by well-meaning and hard-working volunteers who have little or no professional training. Often they survive on shoestring budgets and are able to present only limited and programs. Serving both as a hands-on guide and reference, this book examines these problems, offering practical advice and solutions which can be easily implemented. Its useful “lessons” include governance, where to find help, care of collections, conservation, security, and interpretation - all designed to increase the professionalism of the historic house museum. The book is intended primarily for managers and curators of historic house museums, those who have the responsibility of preserving the historic building, caring for collections, as well as extablishing exhibits and programs. Beginning professionals and volunteers will find it a worthwhile reference, and it will also be of interest to owners of historic properties - both private and institutional - state and county historical socieities, and “Bed and Breakfast” businesses many of which are operated in historic houses. The book may have adoption potential as a supplementary text in Maueum Studies and Museology courses.
Preservation and Care of the Historic House Interior
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

The most difficult task is to maintain the right environment. It is a matter of compromising, of finding levels of temperature and humidity, for example which will suit the woodwork, although it would prefer to be more damp, and at the same time keeping paper happy, even though it would like to be drier.
Historic Housekeeping
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

There are houses which have soul and spirit, inclined to joy or sorrow; there are places of dignity and grandeur. There are facades of brick and stone that hold images; there are little silent places where, in half-forgotten whispers in dusty corners, the stories of ages find voice.
Museum Security: Protecting the Historic House
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

Museums, by their very nature, must be security conscious. Protecting Collections And a house from light, pests, extreme temperatures, and fluctuating humidity were discussed in Chapter 6. Equally important is protecting the museum against vandalism, theft, fire, and natural disasters. Regardless of the size or location of the historic house, provisions must be made to ensure the safety of the museum, the visitors, and the staff. Security rules and regulations pertain to everyone. Special treatment that may infringe upon security must not be given to individuals because of their status or rank.
The Ghosts of Utopia
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

The history of philosophical utopianism in the ancient world ends at this point, but its curious afterlife in the Christian church deserves attention because this was the channel through which the communistic ideals of antiquity were passed on to medieval Europe.
Setting the Scene: Lines 1-132
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

From the first moments of the Clouds, the audience is oriented in a comic world quite different from those of the Acharnians and Knights. As the Peloponnesian War is dismissed and civic problems ignored, Strepsiades’ opening complaint and his subsequent interaction with his son, Pheidippides, present us with a new kind of issue, language, its power, and the grounds for this power. Strepsiades is in trouble because he cannot speak effectively, while those who can, work their will on him and others.
Meeting the Wise Souls and Their Gods: Lines 133-313
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Strepsiades’, and the audience’s, introduction to the wise souls and their gods elaborates the themes of his initial description. As we listen to the exemplary tales of the student, see the interior of the Thinkery, meet the master, and finally hear the voices of the clouds, Socrates is assimilated ever more closely to the type “comic philosopher”: ludicrously otherworldly, preoccupied with ridiculous and trivial speculation, inhabitant of a world of theory. Reciprocally, Strepsiades is confirmed as the representative of the practical comicman.
Aristophanes’ Failures-The Parabasis: Lines 510-626
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In spite of theoretical misgivings and dissonances, at the moment of Strepsiades’ disappearance into the Thinkery, things look good, and the chorus’ subsequent praise (510-17) encourages us further. Perhaps the awkward combination of comic man and philosopher may work out well, at least for our hero. Such expectations are reinforced both by the rules of comedy (where the hero normally procures complete satisfaction, often through unorthodox, not to say immoral, means) and by the spectacles of the Knights and the Acharnians.
The π ο λ ι τ ε Í α Genre and Its Origin
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

The first half of the connection is clear, even if we do not accept, in part or in whole, Jacoby’s claim that Plato’s work is inconceivable without the kind of research which went into the collections of Aristotle and his pupil. It is clear, in the first instance, because the works of Plato and Theophrastus show the requisite minimum of similar features, interest in historical Iaw and interest in comparative law.
Observation and Explanation
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

This part of my title perhaps itself deserves explanation. I think of a double process. Its first part consists of drawing attention to smaller or larger portions of the text about which it is desirable to ask further questions. Although few of these passages have in the past been singled out for special treatment, it will, I hope, become clear that one basic principle of interpretation can be applied to them, namely that to look at them only in their initial and immediate context is a limited, and limiting, approach, and one which does not adequately respond to Aristotle’s intentions.
The δ ο ϰ ε ȋFormula
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

A traditionally Greek way of describing the opposition between Solon and Peisistratus would be to see in the former an example of egyov, in the latter an example of Myoc;. A similar dichotomy between appearance and reality underlies a repeated pattern which I describe as the 6oxei:v formula and which operates as follows.
A Constitutional Formula
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

It is not so much that there is a contrast between the Areopagus and the Four Hunded/Thirty as that this passage is part of two formulaic patterns. The first is the box-pattern which is used to introduce newly important entrants on the political scene, and it is this, as we shall see, which explains the use of &6yμa. The second is a constitutional formula-found in different subtexts-according to which the institution of a nondemocratic regime is accomplished through democratic forms.
The Gang Member Experience
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

The gang is an important life experience for a growing number of youths in low income, changing, and unstable minority communities. Gangs serve the interests and needs of certain vulnerable youths, particularly during the adolescent and young adult period, when existing social, economic, and even religious institutions do not function properly. Gangs provide a certain degree of physical protection, social support, solidarity, cultural identification, and moral education as well as opportunities for self-esteem, honor, and sometimes economic gain. This chapter describes why youths join gangs, what satisfactions they obtain from the gang, and why in due course they leave it. It deals with the role of members and the meaning of the gang to the youth, and focuses on group processes that contribute to his antisocial, especially gang-related violent, behavior. Analysis of these social facts is particularly important for community agencies and organizations seeking to intervene meaningfully at critical periods in the youth’s gang life cycle.
Prosecution, Defense, and the Judiciary
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

Prosecutors and judges are the criminal justice officials most likely to view the gang problem in straightforward and uncomplicated suppression terms. The key question that guides the prosecutor is, “How do we take the gang member who is committing crimes and successfully keep him behind bars” (Genelin 1993, pp. 1, 2). The prosecutor often tends to see his or her job as processing, convicting, and winning long sentences for gang youths on maximum charges as quickly as possible. Often judges in juvenile court believe that the youth-gang problem belongs in adult criminal court. State law may require automatic transfer of certain juveniles committing violent offenses and permit use of RICO (Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations) statutes to combat gang crime. Judges have tended to consider gangs as a serious and organized threat to society. State law, political pressures, public opinion, and lack of firsthand knowledge of the problem largely determine these hard-line views and actions.
Probation, Corrections, and Parole-After Care
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

Probation, corrections, and parole are concerned mainly with management of gang youths either in the institution or the community, generally once the youths have been adjudicated or penetrated the justice system. Limited national experience exists on how best to control and rehabilitate gang youths. The complexity of efforts required and the lack of resources present daunting problems to those system workers who would change the behavior of gang youth. The nature and extent of postadjudicatory and some preadjudicatory programs seem to be highly varied. Only California appears to have addressed the gang problem systematically across a range of strategies for both youth and young adult offenders over a sustained period, particularly in Los Angeles County. Remarkably, some probation and correctional agencies are beginning to address the gang problem through a range of strategies, including prevention as well as intervention and suppression.
Social Intervention
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

Social intervention, as discussed in this chapter, signifies social programming, mainly social services, to deal with the gang problem. Youth serving agencies, such as Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, YMCAs, social settlements, special youth projects, and youth development authorities, have a long tradition of dealing with youth gangs through in-house and outreach activities and services. These programs predate the more recent specialized law enforcement and other justice system efforts directed to the problem. The older programs were in a state of decline through much of the 1970s and 1980s, but have recently experienced some resurgence, more complex design, innovative program or case management, and the availability of additional, mainly federal and state, resources. Many of the newer or reinvigorated programs emphasize prevention and intervention for younger or at-risk adolescents, unlike the older pro grams that more often focused on hard-core gang youths, particularly on efforts to mediate or prevent disputes between warring gangs.
Local Community Mobilization and Evolving National Policy
Authors: Spergel Irving A
Published: November 2023

If the major causes of the gang problem are social disorganization and poverty or their various patterns of interrelationship, then logically we should address these causes in relevant ways. In the last chapter the focus was on the development of social and economic opportunities. This chapter deals with issues to counter social disorganization. The focus is on policies that serve to cohere or organize community participation and coordinate agency programs. The chapter examines efforts that operate across local citizen or community groups and governmental and nongovernmental agencies at local, state, and federal levels. Organizations often address the gang problem in separate, particularistic, and sometimes contradictory ways. Mobilized and coordinated approaches occur when organizations and significant units within them develop similar perceptions of the problem and establish related or interdependent policies, programs, and practices.
The New Iron Age’’ Comes to America: Japanese Investment in Steel
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

The most important basic input for producing an automobile is steel and iron. In 1986 the average American automobile weighed 3,175 pounds; of this, 2,160 pounds were steel and iron. In 1986, steel accounted for 76 percent of the total materials content by weight of the average Japanese car. The U.S. International Trade Commission concluded that “the U.S. iron and steel industry’s status is closely tied to health of the domestic auto industry.” The importance of steel to successful automobile production cannot be overestimated—quality problems in the steel will certainly be reflected in the final product.
Rounding Out the Industrial Infrastructure
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Japanese investment in American basic industry is not limited to automobiles and steel. Indeed, it extends into a series of related input and supplier industries—rubber and tires, automotive glass, industrial chemicals, machine tools, industrial robotics, and others. Today, four of Japan’s five major rubber and tire companies, Bridgestone Tire, Sumitomo Rubber, Yokohama Rubber, and Toyo Tire operate U.S. factories (see Table 7.1). Japan’s major glass producer, Asahi Glass, has established U.S. plants to supply the automotive assembly transplants. Large Japanese producers of automotive plastics and chemicals have also opened U.S. production facilities. A growing number of Japanese companies supply the assembly-line equipment, production equipment, robots, stamping presses, and machine tools used by the automobile transplants. Yamazaki Mazak, a major Japanese machine tool company, produces numerically-controlled lathes and machining centers in Kentucky and is opening a major R&D center in Ohio. Hitachi Zosen makes large stamping presses for automotive assembly plants in Illinois.
Tensions and Contradictions of the Transplants
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Japanese corporations, their transplant factories and American work forces have faced numerous obstacles in the transfer of the Japanese industrial system to the United States. As we have already seen it has been hard for some workers and managers to move beyond the outmoded fordist organizational structure and behaviors to the innovation-mediated production model. The strategies and actions of some Japanese corporations and their transplant factories have at times complicated the transfer process.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

Japan is now in the process of strategically repositioning its entire economy. It is setting in place the base for sustained growth through the 1990s essentially through strategic and structurally driven capital investment. In 1988, for the first time, Japan invested in absolute terms more than the U.S. did. Last year it invested about 10 percent more, and this year it is investing about 25 percent more The Jeapanese economy is today three-fifths the size that of the United States. And with current investment and research trends, the momentum continues to move in Japan’s favor. Not once in a quarter of a century has the U.S. invested, as a proportion of GNP, as much as Japan. And Japan is also investing much more than any economy in Europe.
The Wild Man: The Epic of Gilgamesh
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Since it has been said that you are my twin and true companion, examine yourself so that you may understand who you are ... I am the knowledge of the truth. So while you accompany me, although you do not understand (it), you already have come to know, and you will be called “the one who knows himself.” For whoever has not known himself has known nothing, but whoever has known himself has simultaneously achieved knowledge about the depth of all things.
Introduction To Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

Due to its nondestructive imaging power, scanning tunneling microscopy has found major applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, with full coverage of the imaging mechanism, instrumentation, and sample applications. The work is the first single-author reference on STM and presents much valuable information previously available only as proceedings or collections of review articles. It contains a 32-page section of remarkable STM images, and is organized as a self-contained work, with all mathematical derivations fully detailed. As a source of background material and current data, the book will be an invaluable resource for all scientists, engineers, and technicians using the imaging abilities of STM and AFM. It may also be used as a textbook in senior-year and graduate level STM courses, and as a supplementary text in surface science, solid-state physics, materials science, microscopy, and quantum mechanics.
Overview
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer (1982, 1987) and implemented by Binnig, Rohrer, Gerber, and Weibel (1982a, 1982b). Figure 1.1 shows its essential elements. A probe tip, usually made of W or Pt-Ir alloy, is attached to a piezadrive, which consists of three mutually perpendicular piezoelectric transducers: x piezo, y piezo, and z piezo. Upon applying a voltage, a piezoelectric transducer expands or contracts. By applying a sawtooth voltage on the x piezo and a voltage ramp on the y piezo,
Tunneling Matrix Elements
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

where “‘ is the wave function of the sample, and Xv is the wave function of the tip, respectively. These matrix elements are usually called tunneling matrix elements. As we have shown in Chapter 2, after proper correction, they are also suitable for describing processes where the top of the potential barrier becomes lower than the energy level. As shown in Eq. (3.1), only the values of these wavefunctions at the separation surface, which is located roughly in the middle of the gap, are relevant. Certain corrections to the free wavefunctions are required. As we showed in Chapter 2, for the case of a flat surface, the correction due to the image force is essentially a constant multiplier. For a single atom, the correction is also essentially a constant multiplier, although with a different value, as we will discuss in Chapter 7. The matrix element has the dimension of energy. In Chapter 7, we will show that the physical meaning of Bardeen’s matrix element is the energy lowering due to the overlap of the two states. In other words, it is the resonance energy of Heisenberg (1926) and Pauling (1977), which is the dominant term in the force between the tip and the sample under normal STM operating conditions. Therefore, an explicit form for the tunneling matrix elements described by Eq. (3.1) is important in the quantitative understanding of STM and AFM.
Imaging Atomic States
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The capability of imaging perfect crystalline surfaces down to the level of single atoms is not the only merit of STM. The unique capability of STM is to image local phenomena on an atomic scale, such as a single-atom defect or an adsorbed atom or molecule, and to image every single atom at a step, a dislocation, or a twin boundary. This is far beyond the capability of diffraction methods, such as low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), atom-beam diffraction, and x-ray diffraction. The direct information obtained by STM is the local electronic structure (Binnig and Rohrer, 1982), rather than the positions of the atomic nuclei. In this chapter, we discuss the process of STM imaging of individual atomic states at solid surfaces.
Tip Treatment
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The importance of tip treatment in STM was recognized by Binnig and Rohrer from the very beginning of their experimentation (Binnig and Rohrer, 1982). In order to understand the observed resolution, they realized that if the tip would be considered as a piece of continuous metal, the radius must be smaller than JO A. The number does not appear very meaningful for a tip radius, but it is nevertheless clear that conventional field-emission tips of radius I 00-1000 A would not provide the resolution they observed.
Management Education: Seeing the Round Earth Squarely
Authors: Walton Clarence C
Published: November 2023

The very act of selecting titles for their essays forces writers to come to grips with their purposes. Are the tracts designed to inform? Intrigue? Stimulate or provoke? Since elements of each are part of this author’s goal, it is seemly to provide a note on the title’s source.
The King’S Grace And The Helpless Woman: Ruth, Charila, Sītā
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

The biblical story of Ruth contained in the postexilic Book of Ruth, the Del phic myth of Charila preserved by Plutarch, and the story of Rama and SHa told by the Ramayai:ia, which I shall henceforward call the story of Sita for the sake of brevity and of symmetry, are stories about a woman or girl and her male counterpart, a kingly figure. The kingly quality of the male protagonist is obvious in the stories of Charila and of Sita; in the story of Ruth that quality is signified by the final genealogy that shows Ruth’s benefactor to be an ancestor of King David, the prototypical monarch ofisrael, and of his line from which the kingly Messiah shall rise.
Charismatic Possession And Monarchic Rationalization
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

Until now the biblical texts dealing with the birth of the monarchy1 have been studied as a series of”sites” in which to look for indices and traces of historical facts if not the actual historical facts themselves. This attitude toward the texts derives from a series of factors at the root of which may be a certain attitude toward the Holy Book which has never been overcome (not even by the staunchest nonbelievers).
Prophecy And Writing In The Ancient Near East
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

Near-Eastern prophecy is, above all, a form of divination, although not exclusively so. In the societies of the ancient Near East divination plays a central role, and is one of the basic ways of knowing. The available documents illustrate that divination presides over all operative choices, at least those of the state and court. As a form of divination, prophecy displays the same central importance that generally accrues to Near-Eastern divination. We must immediately add, how ever, that prophecy is a unique type of divination. If divination consists largely in the deciphering of messages (or of phenomena interpreted as messages), it can be called a form of “reading.” Prophecy, on the other hand, as a form of exceptional divination, consists in direct communication of a message from the supernatural. The means of such direct communication include dreams and visions, in which supernatural beings communicate directly with a human being. They also include the possession of a human being by supernatural beings who speak through the human’s mouth.
Stress-Strain Analysis And Stress-Strain Relations
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

The material in Chapter 2 should be familiar from courses in mechanics of materials and design, and so serves as a review. The notation and sign convention for both stress and strain follow that generally given in the theory of elasticity.
Elementary Circuits
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

Since the change in resistance of a strain gage is measured by its effect upon either the current passing through the gage or the voltage drop across it, the gage must form part of some kind of electrical circuit. Figure 3.1 shows such a strain gage.
The Potentiometric Circuit
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

The potentiometric circuit is also known as the ballast circuit, or series circuit. Because, in effect, it corresponds to half a Wheatstone bridge, it is sometimes referred to as the half bridge. The circuit is represented schemati cally in Fig. 4.1.
Lateral Effects In Strain Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

Strain sensitivity is a general term relating unit change in resistance and strain in an electrical conductor according to the following expression:

The numerical value of the strain sensitivity will depend upon the conditions under which it has been determined.
Strain Gage Rosettes And Data Analysis
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

For isotropic elastic materials these values can be calculated from strains measured on the surface at the point in question, and since three independent quantities are to be determined, in general, it will be necessary to make three independent measurements of strain. There are, however, some special situations in which one or two observations of strain will suffice to provide the information necessary for completely establishing the state of stress.
Stress Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

There are a number of situations in which one wishes to determine either the normal or shearing stress in some particular direction without being required to establish the complete state of stress at any particular point. For example, if it is desired to evaluate the radial force at a given cross section of an aircraft propeller blade, this can be accomplished by multiplying the average radial stress by the area of cross section of the blade. This sounds simple, but it may involve the use of a great deal of equipment, especially under dynamic conditions when all strain observations, at all gage locations, may have to be made simultaneously.
Temperature Effects On Strain Gages
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

When using strain gages, the engineer wants to measure strains produced only by the loading on the structure and to eliminate strains produced by other variables, particularly temperature. Since metals change their resistance with temperature as well as with strain, the purpose of the electrical resistance strain gage is to measure the strain-induced resistance change independently of the temperature-induced resistance change. Therefore, we want to account, or to compensate automatically, for the effects of temperature on the strain observations.
Bombs and Rubble: The Air War and Its Consequences
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

The fascination of a city in ruins is undeniable. Newsreels from war zones reveal buildings in flames, roofs caving in, and walls collapsing, while civilians—the terrified inhabitants of those buildings?—flee. Sometimes they run for their lives; sometimes they try to salvage a few possessions. After the fighting has ended and the damaged buildings have been rebuilt, someone mounts a display showing the “before-and-after” conditions. Visitors still find such displays in many of Europe’s churches and public buildings, but they are also to be found here and there in private shop windows. West Germany boasts a series of books entitled “Hamburg (substitute any city name)—then and now.” These books are photographic depictions of the prewar condition of streets, squares, and individual buildings; their ruined condition after the war; and their appearance at the time of publication, often from the same spot. (Similar pictures appear in this book.)
The Face of Reconstruction: The Role of Historic Preservation
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

The old inner cities, the Altstädte, where the bomb damage was often the most severe, represented far more than centers for housing, commerce, or government. They physically embodied Germany’s urban history and culture. Hence debates about reconstructing the old inner cities were as much about historical symbols and values as about architectural elements or the technical dimensions of modern planning.
Organizing Reconstruction
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

No one believed that isolated individuals could rebuild Germany’s cities. For decades Germans had thoroughly organized political, economic, social, and intellectual life. Individuals had articulated and sought to realize their goals through a wide variety of associations, some voluntary and private, some mandated and led by government agencies. The Nazis in particular, with their corporatist philosophy, had attempted to regiment every aspect of German life, including the profession of architects and planners. Late in the war, as noted previously, they began organizing urban reconstruction as well. Although the excesses of that regime were universally recognized and condemned after 1945, most still expected the Germans to organize the postwar reconstruction effort fully and carefully. As Alfons Leitl put it in Baukunst und Werkform in 1948, “Planning is organizing, and our town planning is organized town planning.”1
External-Institutional Versus Internal-Personal: Fundamental Strategies of Religious Proselytization
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Conquest of the world-be it in a political, economic, or religious sense-requires a carefully designed strategy. Haphazard or spon taneous activity, regardless of its prodigiousness, cannot hope to transform a multiplicity of cultural and linguistic groupings of people, for even if a procedure is discovered to be effective for a single culture, aspects of such a procedure would certainly be inapplicable to other, even neighbouring, societies.
Contemporary Apologetics: The Literature of Proselytization
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Muslims rely almost exclusively upon the printed word for their proselytization. Beginning with the collection of Quranic materials under ‘Umar and ‘Uthman and the gathering of hadith by such men as al-Bukhari and Muslim, Muslim authors have produced an imposing array of literary works. This practice continues unabated even today.
American Sociology before 1920
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

The emergence of medical sociology can only be understood within the context of the American university. Even though the English and German universities were, in many ways, the models for American institutions, a more organized social science was produced in American universities than anywhere else in the world, and medical sociology developed as an intrinsic part of its parent discipline. The character of this historic development did not become clear until after the American Civil War.
Becoming a Profession
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

Medical sociology, to establish itself, required conditions of intellectual interest, of social demand, of sponsorship, and of resources. Although the federal government, particularly NIMH, was instrumental in the professional development of medical sociology, private foundations prepared the way—especially in training, in introducing the social sciences into medical education, and in directly stimulating and supporting professional organization. Both before and after federal agencies became involved, private foundations continued to play a vital function. The Commonwealth Fund, the Milbank Memorial Fund, and the Rockefeller Foundations deserve special mention, but the Russell Sage Foundation played the most singular role. It set directions of research, recruited already established social scientists, and trained a cadre of sociologists who were to be among the most influential of the early medical sociologists.