bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maxim Pozdorovkin on Our New President
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: August 2019

Russian-American filmmaker Maxim Pozdorovkin has made a series of films documenting Russia in the age of Putin, including the well-known Pussy Riot (2013), about the radical feminist performance group. This interview focuses specifically on Our New President (2017), which traces the Hillary Clinton/Donald Trump presidential race and the Trump election as depicted in Russian propaganda. Pozdorovkin’s film is a significant contribution to the recent history of recycled cinema. The political weaponizing of media to produce “fake news” is the focus of Our New President. Pozdorovkin demonstrates that in the 2010s propaganda is not so much misinformation carefully embedded in an otherwise informative context, but an attempt to overwhelm by creating total media confusion. He makes clear that in Russia the government controls all major news outlets and hacking into the online networks of other nations is considered patriotism.
What Is Feminist Ethics?
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

The chapter explains what is meant by ethics, feminism, and gender, drawing contrasts between feminist and nonfeminist ways of doing ethics. An ethics sketch map shows students the various branches of ethics and how feminists approach them. It is followed by a discussion of power and the moral attention it requires, with a specific focus on gender as an abusive power system that pervades everyday social life.
Intersectionality
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

The chapter begins with examples of intersectionality that display how it works. While particular attention is given to the intersections of race and gender, the concept is shown to apply beyond race and gender to cover any social groups against which discrimination is directed. After critiques of intersectionality are addressed, students are introduced to the concept of microaggressions and shown how these too are intersectional.
Standard Moral Theories from a Feminist Perspective
Authors: Lindemann Hilde
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the three moral theories that have long dominated Western philosophy. The overviews of social contract theory, utilitarianism, and Kantian ethics are followed by a criticism, from a feminist point of view, of the failings the theories have in common, described as distorted pictures of the persons who are the moral agents in the theories, the societies these people inhabit, and the understanding of rationality the theories presuppose. It then explains why the theories can’t well be employed to address these failings.
Conclusion
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: August 2019

The concluding chapter summarizes key findings of the volume and points the way toward areas of future research and analysis of southern politics. It offers some projections about the future of the region, including its potentially key role in the 2020 elections. The discussion covers the many areas in which change is occurring, including changing demographics, changing partisanship, changing politics of race, and changing politics of religion, all leading up to a discussion of the changing politics of the Trump Era. In its final words, the chapter concludes that the direction of U.S. national politics and governing will continue to be driven substantially by what happens in the South.
How Should Transnational Bribery Law Be Enforced?
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

There currently is significant divergence in enforcement of transnational bribery law, and there is little ground for believing there ought to be complete convergence. U.S. enforcement agencies have taken the lead in defining the OECD paradigm’s approach to enforcement and other enforcement agencies have begun to follow. The recent enforcement actions against Odebrecht S.A. are cases in point. The recommended approach favors vigorous investigation and severe sanctions, all aimed primarily at achieving deterrence, and ultimately prevention, with compensation and condemnation as secondary objectives. These methods and objectives are vulnerable to several potent critiques: there might be alternative ways of achieving deterrence, there might be alternatives to deterrence as a form of prevention, and prevention should not be pursued without regard to the associated costs. These objections challenge the effectiveness, efficiency, legitimacy, and fairness of the OECD paradigm’s approach to enforcement.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Davis Kevin E.
Published: August 2019

This chapter proposes a path to reconciliation between the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique. The premises are that: (1) transnational bribery is a significant problem, but (2) reasonable people can and will disagree about the appropriate legal responses. Left unresolved, those disagreements threaten to compromise effectiveness, efficiency, fairness, legitimacy, and due process. This implies that architects of transnational bribery law ought to develop mechanisms that reduce the scope for disagreement about appropriate legal interventions, identify reasonable disagreements that ought to be tolerated, and offer a legitimate process for determining how to overcome disagreements that stem from unreasonable objections.
Mexican American
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter assesses whether U.S.-born Mexican Americans feel American or a part of American society, even though they have been portrayed as threats to Americanism and have had their allegiance questioned. It also considers how their ethnic identity affects their sense of Americanness. For the respondents, they in no way perceive their ethnic and national identities as being mutually exclusive; to the contrary, they find these identities to be highly compatible and complementary. They define Americanness in terms of birthplace, political loyalty, and economic opportunities; they define Mexicanness in terms of culture, family, and ancestral background. Moreover, the vast majority of the respondents view national identity as their primary identity, something that is constant, natural, and unquestioned, whereas their ethnic identities vary in intensity, depending on the individual and the situation.
Spanish Language
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores Mexican American identity and ethnicity through the prism of the Spanish language, which is perhaps the central characteristic in ethnic culture and identity among Mexican Americans. However, whereas virtually all U.S.-born Mexican Americans speak English, not all speak Spanish. More precisely, Mexican Americans are distributed along a continuum of language competence that ranges from English only to complete fluency in both English and Spanish, with the majority of individuals falling somewhere in-between. For the respondents, English is their primary language, whereas the use of Spanish varies greatly, depending on the situation and each individual’s linguistic abilities. Thus, regardless of actual linguistic ability, language as a concept raises a number of issues regarding Mexican Americans’ own ethnic identities and their relationship to members of the ethnic community.
Attitudes About Immigration
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses Mexican Americans’ attitudes about Mexican immigrants in the context of mass immigration. In addition to the boundary that exists between persons of Mexican heritage and non-Latinos, there is another important social boundary operating that highlights Mexican Americans’ understandings of their own ethnicity and American identity—the boundary between Mexican immigrants and themselves. Study respondents displayed a broad range of attitudes toward immigrants, illustrating the internal diversity of the Mexican American population, which runs contrary to their treatment in the media as a homogeneous ethnic group in terms of attitudes, politics, and voting. This chapter also demonstrates the underlying ideologies, philosophies, and rationales that respondents used to justify their immigration positions: whereas many framed their views based on American ideals, only a small minority framed them in terms of their ethnicity, basing their perceptions in an understanding of Mexican immigrants as co-ethnics.
Achieving Musical Success in the String Classroom
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

Achieving Musical Success in the String Classroom describes the author’s pragmatic pedagogical approach toward developing complete musicianship in beginning through advanced-level string players by incorporating the ideas of Mimi Zweig, Paul Rolland, and Shinichi Suzuki. The author’s philosophical assumptions are explained in regard to the structure and purpose of string teaching contributing to a high level of musical artistry among students. Introductory through advanced string concepts relating to instrument setup, posture, left- and right-hand development, music theory, aural skills, assessment procedures, imagery in playing, the development of individual practice and ensemble skills, and effective rehearsal strategies are explained in a sequential approach that benefits the classroom teacher and student. In addition, several score examples, sample lesson plans, and grading rubrics, as well as videos of the author demonstrating his pedagogical ideas and techniques with musicians, are included.
The Bow
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses how beginning bow balance exercises allow the mastery of the three fundamental bowings: martelé, détaché, and legato. Other related bowings that serve as an extension of these three fundamental bowings are provided as well. Preparation of the bow, the students’ path to earning their bows by demonstrating proper physical alignment and instrument posture, and games and beginning rote pieces that build strong bilateral playing motion are explained. Several activities are explored on how to develop pitch accuracy with the bow. In addition, the chapter discusses common bowing errors and offers solutions: how to maintain rhythmic precision, create a rich tone quality, and keep right-hand fingers loose and flexible.
Conclusion
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

The conclusion begins with a summary of the conclusions of the preceding chapters. Most generally, uses of Roman information technologies, even ones that are broadly similar to each other, manifest enough difference in detail to discourage their extension or combination. This is both a cause and an effect of the close focus of both users and designers on extremely specific use-contexts. It then goes on to suggest several contexts for the application and/or extension of its findings. First, a fine-grained understanding of information storage, use, and transfer lends itself to integration with modern theoretical understandings of the economy and of power. Information structures are important “institutions” that give shape to particular economies. Information technology may also have served as a brake on the conversion of the high intensity of absolute imperial rule to “a wide scope of actual mastery over the conduct of the subject population.” Second, there is evidence both that the use of information technology changed radically after the end point of this study (c. 300 ce) and for the roots of the difference in a variety of external historical circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter is an introduction to the central philosophical views and arguments that Cavendish advances, and it also includes a brief biography. The chapter foreshadows Cavendish’s views, in part by quoting select texts in which she discusses, for example, the activity and intelligence that are ubiquitous in the natural world; the material nature of all creatures (including human beings and their thinking minds); God; the order, organization, and teleology of the natural world; the transfer of motion; sensory perception; embodied intelligence; conscious vs. unconscious thinking; ideas; causation; imagination; freedom; fame; gender; agency and authority; social and political capital; and the interdependence of creatures, among other topics.
Fiction
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s stories and plays. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: agency; authority; imagination; rhetoric; gender; feminism; social and political capital; the interdependence of creatures; government; war; materialism; the relationship between mind and body; ideas as imagistic pictures; theology; and poetry. In Blazing World, perhaps the first piece of science fiction ever written, Cavendish has her main character (eventually the Empress) transported to an alternate world whose inhabitants take seriously the prospect of a woman in a position of authority, for example as a scientist, mathematician, military strategist, and philosopher. In Bell in Campo, Lady Victoria is regarded as a military authority by a critical mass of the women in her community; she leads them to battle, executes a clever strategy to steal weapons from the enemy, and rescues the male army from defeat. In The She-Anchoret, the main character receives audience after audience of individuals who seek her wisdom and counsel on matters scientific, philosophical, mathematical, political, and theological, to name just a few. All three characters inhabit counterfactual environments that are not antagonistic to the development and reception of their skills and capacities, and they flourish.
Romantic Art
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

On Hegel’s view, Christianity’s radical claim that God has appeared in a human body and in historical time revolutionizes humans’ attitude toward the divine. This development has serious consequences for art. Since myths are no longer the source of religion, art becomes superfluous. But it continues in ways that confirm humans’ growing sense of subjectivity. In early Christian paintings, we see intensely interior gazes, signaling a new depth of self within each human. In chivalric poetry, knights fight for increasingly secular goals. In Shakespeare’s plays, characters act on their own subjective aims rather than divine commands. In Hegel’s own generation, romantic novels celebrate everyday humans pursuing domestic quests, a development that Hegel warns will lead art to end in prose.
The Dissolution and Future of the Particular Arts
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

As the romantic age progresses, humans’ increasing sense of themselves as the source of normativity is reflected in art. Finally, anything of human concern can become art: a fact reflected in Dutch genre painting, still lifes, and the development of humor. As a new aesthetic form during Hegel’s lifetime, humor denoted gentle amusement at human eccentricities and foibles, as expressed by characters in Laurence Sterne’s The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Hegel is sharply critical of “subjective humorists,” such as Jean Paul Richter, who think anything to do with their subjectivity can be art, but he defines an “objective humor,” achieved by Goethe, Petrarch, and Shakespeare, that allows subjectivity to emerge from deeper engagement with the world. At the end of romantic art, the particular art forms reach their conceptual end: no further development of their concept is possible.
Madness in the City of Magnificent Intentions
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This book is a history of the federal mental institution Saint Elizabeths Hospital and its relationship to Washington, DC’s African American community. Founded in 1855 to treat insane military personnel and the District’s civilian residents, the institution became one of the nation’s preeminent research and teaching psychiatric hospitals. From the beginning of its operation, Saint Elizabeths admitted black patients, making it one of the few American asylums to do so. The book charts the history of Saint Elizabeths from its founding to the late 1980s, when the hospital’s mission and capabilities changed as a result of deinstitutionalization and its transfer from the federal government to the District. The book makes two main arguments. First, ideas of racial difference figured prominently in how hospital officials understood the mission of the institution and subsequently designed and operated it, in how hospital officials understood mental disease and developed therapies to address it, and in how patients experienced their confinement. This history reveals the ways the American psychiatric profession engaged in an unarticulated project that conceptualized the white psyche as the norm. Second, this book argues that African Americans—both patients and nonpatients—were not powerless people acted on by large institutional forces. Black Washingtonians were active agents in their interactions with the hospital, from more overtly political and collective endeavors, such as calling for investigations of the mistreatment of black patients and advocating for the hospital’s integration, to the more individualized and quotidian attempts to manage their own or their loved one’s therapeutic experience.
Introduction
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

The introduction frames the entire book by laying out the two main arguments and emphasizing the book’s contribution to the historiography of mental illness and psychiatry. The book contributes to a relatively new but growing historiographic interpretation that utilizes race as a category of historical analysis. It highlights how ideas of racial difference were embedded in the ways that psychiatrists thought about mental health and mental illness and how they managed and treated patients. One of the central arguments is that Saint Elizabeths psychiatrists’ construction of the white psyche as the norm led to much ambiguity and ambivalence when it came to understanding and treating mental illness among African Americans. The other is that African Americans—patients and nonpatients—interacted with Saint Elizabeths in a way that sought not only to shape the therapeutic experience but also to affirm their status as citizens who were equal before the law.
“Mechanisms of the Negro Mind”
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter is the first of three that covers Saint Elizabeths during the tenure of one of its most famous superintendents, William Alanson White, who led the hospital from 1903 to 1937. White represented a new approach to mental illness. Dynamic psychiatry moved beyond contemplating mental disorders based on static descriptions of symptoms and, instead, stressed the importance of assessing individuals—including constitution, life experiences, conscious and unconscious memories—and their interactions with their social environments. This chapter provides a bird’s-eye view of how this individualization of mental disease both meshed and was in tension with the race-based comparative psychology research that White encouraged at Saint Elizabeths. Despite their engagement in research that presupposed the existence of distinct black and white psyches, members of the hospital’s clinical staff were ultimately unable to reify race as a scientific category of human difference.
“He Is Psychotic and Always Will Be”
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter continues an examination of the superintendency of William Alanson White but offers a more granular discussion of how ideas about racial difference shaped the clinical encounter in the era of dynamic psychiatry. Specifically, it looks at how Saint Elizabeths’ staff applied particular somatic “therapies”—including seclusion, restraint, and hydrotherapy—to black female, white female, black male, and white male patients. It also argues that the clinical staff’s limited psychotherapeutic engagement with African American patients was further undermined by two things. One was the psychiatrists’ assumptions about the inaccessibility of the black psyche—either because of the absolute cultural foreignness or natural duplicity of African Americans. The other was their tendency to prioritize black patients’ rehabilitation as laborers. Finally, the chapter looks at the quotidian ways that patients exerted their agency in the clinical encounter by resisting medical surveillance and institutional management.
“An Example for the Rest of the Nation”
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers the various challenges to Saint Elizabeths’ segregationist culture made by both black Washingtonians and the federal government over the first half of the twentieth century. It begins by exploring the staff’s inability to effect an absolute racial segregation in the wards, which was the result of the hospital’s constantly being in a state of overcapacity. The chapter also looks at the changing demographics of the patient population following World War II, when the army and navy stopped sending its mentally ill service members to Saint Elizabeths. It then turns to an examination of local community members’ and the federal government’s challenges to discrimination against black medical students, mistreatment of African American patients in the 1920s and 1930s, and exclusionary and segregationist employment policies. This chapter covers the desegregation of the hospital staff, from attendants and nurses in the 1930s and 1940s to physicians in the 1950s.
Reconstructing the Temple
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This book examines temple renovation as a distinct topos within royal literature of the ancient Near East. Unlike newly founded temples, which were celebrated for their novelty, temple renovations were oriented toward the past. Kings took the opportunity to rehearse the history of the temple, selectively evoking certain past traditions and omitting others. In this way, temple renovations are a kind of historiography. The particularities of each case notwithstanding, this book demonstrates a pattern in the rhetoric of temple renovation texts; namely, kings used temple renovation to correct, or at least distance themselves from, some turmoil of recent history and to associate their reigns with an earlier and more illustrious past. The main evidence for this royal rhetoric comes from royal literature of the seventh and sixth centuries bce. This evidence in turn becomes the basis for reading the story of Jeroboam I’s placement of calves at Dan and Bethel (1 Kgs 12:25–33) as an eighth-century bce account of temple renovation with a similar rhetoric. Concluding with further examples in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, this book shows that the rhetoric of temple renovation was not just a distinct topos, but also a long-standing one in the ancient Near East.
Temple Renovation in Neo-Assyrian Records and the Book of Kings
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines Neo-Assyrian accounts of temple renovations, especially those of Esarhaddon, and then turns to comparable examples from the DH, namely, the renovations undertaken by Jehoash (2 Kgs 12:5–17), Ahaz (2 Kgs 16:10–18), and finally Josiah (2 Kgs 22–23). Both sets of temple renovation texts employ a similar rhetoric of discontinuity by which Esarhaddon and Josiah use their recent predecessors as foils for their rebuilding efforts. At the same time, both kings employ a rhetoric of continuity to associate their reign with older and more illustrious past traditions.
Temple Renovation in Later Periods
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks briefly at the rhetoric of temple renovation in texts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, namely, the Hanukkah story in 2 Maccabees, Josephus’s account of Herod’s renovation of the Jerusalem temple, and the Gospel accounts of Jesus’s prediction of destroying and rebuilding the temple. Although they are not examined at great depth, these examples suggest that the rhetoric of temple renovation persisted in the ancient Levant well into later periods.
John Stuart Mill and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

The popular view that the meaning of a life should be a project is assessed by examining a life that did have that shape. John Stuart Mill’s utilitarian life project is described, and is argued to be a best representative of the class. Turning points and unusual features of Mill’s life are shown to be side effects or preconditions of having a very large project center stage in it. Life projects are motivated as satisfying a coherence requirement imposed on the valuable elements of a life. But Mill’s biography demonstrates that living out one’s life as a project undermines its coherence. The overunified life, it is concluded, is to be avoided, and the meaningfulness of a life is best reconceived so as to give it application in the lives of loosely organized agents.
Learning Languages
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

Based on fieldwork in Latvia, a former Soviet and new European Union state, this chapter details the results for experiences of literacy learning not only when people move across borders but also when borders themselves shift and change. Building from critiques of place-based literacy ethnographies, it documents three kinds of informal literacy learning—print literacy learning, digital literacy learning, and anticipatory literacy learning—resulting from the movement of people across shifting spatial and temporal fields. It draws from participants’ memories of living in Latvia during Soviet times, during independence, and under the EU to tell the story of how generations of family members have used literacy to sustain family ties across borders—borders that have crumbled and have been redrawn.
The Next Mormons
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

American Millennials—the generation born in the 1980s and 1990s—have been leaving organized religion in unprecedented numbers. For a long time, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was an exception: nearly three-quarters of people who grew up Mormon stayed that way into adulthood. This book demonstrates that things are starting to change. Drawing on a large-scale national study of four generations of current and former Mormons as well as dozens of in-depth personal interviews, the text explores the religious beliefs and behaviors of young adult Mormons, finding that while their levels of belief remain strong, their institutional loyalties are less certain than their parents' and grandparents'. For a growing number of Millennials, the tensions between the Church's conservative ideals and their generation's commitment to individualism and pluralism prove too high, causing them to leave the faith—often experiencing deep personal anguish in the process. Those who remain within the fold are attempting to carefully balance the Church's strong emphasis on the traditional family with their generation's more inclusive definition that celebrates same-sex couples and women's equality. Mormon families are changing too. More Mormons are remaining single, parents are having fewer children, and more women are working outside the home than a generation ago.
Belgium Invades Germany
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: August 2019

This chapter reviews the conceptual underpinnings of the relationships between truth and politics, how truth is both conveyed and interpreted, and how it can fall subject to distortion and misinterpretation. These patterns are presented from a historical vantage point and considered in juxtaposition to the contemporary technological age. The chapter argues that we live in a real world where people living and acting together produce facts and events that even the powerful must reckon with. It is a hard lesson to learn—that three things are simultaneously true: (1) that reality is socially constructed; and (2) that facts are hard to hold steadily in view when we approach them, as we do, through paradigms and perspectives and prior knowledge and prior ignorance and prior interpretations and prior beliefs as we all, always, inevitably do; and (3) that there are facts.
From Information Availability to Factual Accountability
Authors: Graves Lucas , Wells Chris
Published: August 2019

Theories of democracy in communication studies have emphasized the importance of citizens encountering quality political information and incorporating that information into their views. These emphases on exposure tend to take the truth of the information being consumed for granted. Today, the problem of truth has become more visible, inviting reconsideration of how we expect truth to operate in democratic society. In this chapter, we suggest the need to consider not only the availability of information but also the conditions under which leaders and other communicators are held accountable for the veracity of their claims—a process we call factual accountability. We argue that members of the political elite, news media, and citizens each have roles to play in establishing factual accountability, but trends in each of these realms pose challenges to a truth-driven information order. We conclude with suggestions for reconstructing factual accountability as a basis for public conversation.
Scoop
Authors: Maxwell Hamilton John , Tworek Heidi
Published: August 2019

The state of foreign reporting today is paradoxical. New technology makes some aspects of foreign reporting faster and easier; it has also raised old problems of trust and the high cost of foreign news that were first seen in the 19th century. This chapter situates today’s new developments in media economics and technology in the context of the 19th-century’s foreign correspondence, which was full of hoaxes and bogus reporting, as well as outstanding correspondents on the ground. Our current moment is a recalibration of three trade-offs in foreign correspondence: managed news vs. independence, speed vs. superficiality, and abundant sources vs. reliability. We examine these trade-offs by looking at modern American and European foreign correspondents, who have long grappled with truth and trust in news.
The Use and Verification of Online Sources in the News Production Process
Authors: Lecheler Sophie , Kruikemeier Sanne , Haan Yael de
Published: August 2019

This chapter has two aims. It discusses how and which online sources journalists use today and how journalists can actually verify information online. We also discuss how the use of online sources affects the prevalence of balanced and objective reporting in mediated discourses. The chapter includes a short case study concentrating on how journalists in the Netherlands select and verify sources online, and suggests that there is little indication that online sources have fundamentally changed issues such as elite bias in news journalism. There is also no indication that the value journalists place on “traditional” techniques of news production has changed. The chapter shows that there is a clear challenge to how online and social media sources should be verified and that journalists have begun to intuitively develop hybrid forms of verification. The chapter concludes with suggesting several actions for journalists to guide the research production process in an online environment.
Emotional Characteristics of Social Media and Political Misperceptions
Authors: Weeks Brian E. , Garrett R. Kelly
Published: August 2019

Society’s turn to social media as a primary source of news and political information means that journalists’ goal of accurately informing the public is now challenged by user-created and shared content that is misleading, inaccurate, or blatantly false. In this chapter it is argued that emotions exacerbate the problem and make it more likely that people are exposed to false information, share it, and believe it. The chapter begins by reviewing the relevant conceptualizations of emotion before turning to a discussion of emotions’ influence at various stages in this process. First, the chapter illustrates how emotions bias what news and information people seek and are exposed to in social media, including misinformation. Second, the chapter describes the various ways in which emotions affect how people engage news in social media, including sharing, and its consequences for false beliefs. The chapter ends by demonstrating how the emotional character of social media can lead to inaccurate political beliefs.
Introduction
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

The introduction begins with the retrospective observation of the writer Elizabeth Ellet that Washington society once referred to James Buchanan and William Rufus King as the “Siamese twins.” From there, the book presents the modern, often sexualized understandings of their relationship and briefly surveys what the existing literature on politics, sexuality, and friendship offers this book, including the arguments of Buchanan biographer Philip Klein and novelist John Updike. The book argues that their personal and political relationship conformed to a model of intimate male friendship, or “bosom friendship,” prevalent in nineteenth-century America. It then outlines the chapters that compose the book and concludes by calling for greater attention to the part played by historical memory in the study of these two much misinterpreted figures.
Messing, 1834–1840
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 explores the “Bachelor’s mess,” a phrase drawn from Buchanan’s correspondence, and notes the many ways in which their shared Washington boardinghouse intersected with the overlapping identities of party, section, and marital status. New messmates (and bachelors) emerged during this period, including the lesser known Democrats Edward Lucas of Virginia, Robert Carter Nicholas of Louisiana, John Pendleton King of Georgia, Bedford Brown of North Carolina, William Sterrett Ramsey of Pennsylvania, and William Henry Roane of Virginia. Their congregation into a single boardinghouse produced one of the most politically powerful such units in Washington during the Jacksonian era. As the congressional Democrats struggled to resist the Whig agenda promoted by Henry Clay, Buchanan and King solidified a political strategy that included the institution of a gag rule to quell discussion of slavery and opposition to the national bank. Finally, the chapter continues earlier themes to suggest how Buchanan’s experience in the bachelor’s mess yielded the twin results of his hardening into a committed northern dough-face and his growing intimacy with King.
Epilogue
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

The epilogue reviews the careful efforts of Harriet Lane Johnston and Catherine Ellis to preserve the vast correspondence of their respective uncles. It also notes the ways in which each man has been memorialized by later generations. From there, the epilogue returns to the popular understanding of their relationship and compares it to other notable same-sex friendships in subsequent generations, including the noted “bromance” of Barack Obama and Joe Biden. It concludes that the pair of Buchanan and King may be the most significant “bromosexual friendship” in American political history.
People of Color
Authors: Allen Carol Easley , Easley Cheryl E.
Published: August 2019

This chapter, which focuses mainly on the United States, describes and provides many examples of how discrimination against members of racial and ethnic minority groups adversely affects their health. The chapter focuses on African Americans and non-American blacks in the United States, Latinos, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans and Alaska Natives. The chapter discusses the roots and underlying issues of social injustice experienced by racial and ethnic minorities, including racial discrimination, poverty, social exclusion, geographical location and residence patterns, employment status and occupational health issues, and health literacy. The chapter also discusses what needs to be done. Three text boxes address racial/ethnic definitions in the U.S. Census, the high maternal mortality ratio among African American women, and cultural competence/transcultural nursing.
Children
Authors: Rosenbaum Sara , Johnson Kay A. , Gunsalus Rachel
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the impact of social injustice on children, primarily in the United States, emphasizing children’s rights in a legal context. It begins with a discussion of the legal status of children in society, citing international standards and U.S. law. It describes how social injustice affects the health needs of children. It describes how poverty, environmental hazards, public policies related to civil and human rights, and other factors threaten the health of children. It analyzes the underlying factors and roots of social injustice that affect children, including maldistribution of income and failure to invest in the neediest families. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done and the roles of health workers in addressing social injustice that affects children. A text box describes how the United States compares with other high-income countries in addressing the needs of children. Another text box focuses on saving children’s lives in low-income countries.
People with Disabilities
Authors: Groce Nora Ellen
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the social injustice experienced by people with disabilities and how this social injustice impacts their health. More than 1 billion people live with a physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental health impairment significant enough to make a difference in their daily lives. The chapter addresses poverty, access to healthcare, disability-specific resources, HIV/AIDS and disability, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The author asserts that a critical next step is building awareness that people with disabilities must be included in all work on development, social justice, and health, and building the commitment to do so. What distinguishes people with disabilities is not their common needs, but the fact that many of these needs continue to be unmet. Public health workers can play important roles in meeting this challenge, ensuring that disability issues are routinely included in all phases of public health practice, education, and research.
Occupational Health and Safety
Authors: Murray Linda Rae
Published: August 2019

Social injustice in the workplace is demonstrated by health disparities and by disproportionate representation of workers of color in the most hazardous jobs. It is also demonstrated by the lack of workplace democracy. It reflects injustice in other spheres of society. This chapter describes social injustice regarding occupational health and safety in both historical and present-day contexts. It also describes other issues, such as the impact of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a theoretical framework for health inequities, income disparities in the United States, unemployment and job insecurity, and issues related to gender, race, ethnicity, and class. It then describes social injustice issues related to prison labor, child labor, and immigrant workers. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including educating workers and communities, addressing structural racism and preventing discrimination, promoting workplace democracy, improving surveillance and research, and reforming OSHA and workers’ compensation. A text box addresses economic globalization: austerity, income inequality, and corporate control.
Charitable Crusades
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn
Published: August 2019

Disease campaigns have been central to American philanthropy and public policy since the early twentieth century. Combining the appeal of narrow causes and universal beneficiaries, philanthropists and doctors launched enormous campaigns against tuberculosis, polio, cancer, and heart disease. They created a new form of mass philanthropy in which millions of Americans volunteered and donated to solve social problems. This form spread from one disease to another and dominated American charitable giving and voluntarism for half a century. Federal investments in health at the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health also grew up around disease categories. These campaigns created a highly skewed distribution of public health dollars. But attempts to distribute money on the basis of public health needs never matched the appeal of single-disease campaigns.
Deserving Patients
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn
Published: August 2019

The shift to disease patients’ constituencies created new inequalities among diseases. The amount of death and disability a disease causes and the ability of disease campaigners to attract corporate donations tell us surprisingly little about how much advocacy will target a disease. In explaining why some diseases attract more attention than others, ideas and culture matter more than objective conditions. Since not all patients are equally willing or able to mobilize and not all patients are viewed as equally deserving of help, constituency-based activism tends to disadvantage stigmatized diseases in favor of those that create valorized identities. Diseases marked by various types of stigma—preventable, contagious, and mental illnesses—are targeted by much less advocacy than other diseases. The advocates who do target these conditions have more difficulty convincing policymakers and the public that their patients deserve public help.
Budget Battles
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn
Published: August 2019

As disease campaigns multiplied in the 1980s and 1990s, critics worried that they would compete with each other for federal funding, stalling the growth of the medical research budget. But even though diseases with the most organized patients secured huge funding increases, disease lobbying rarely became a zero-sum game. Instead, disease campaigns were most successful when the National Institutes of Health budget was growing. When medical research competed with other federal spending priorities, the search for cures won out over more redistributive and politically controversial programs. Combining insights about advocacy and budget politics reveals that advocacy’s effectiveness varies over time, as does the extent to which related problems compete with each other. Specialized claims do not invariably compete, nor do they necessarily doom broader goals.
Publicity Over Prevention, Cures Over Care
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn
Published: August 2019

Focusing on diseases shapes the types of goals advocacy organizations pursue and the types of laws Congress passes. Over time, the pressure to adopt goals that fit neatly within disease categories, corporate influence, and the strategic avoidance of controversy encouraged disease advocates to prioritize awareness and research over prevention and access to treatment. This creates a health policy portfolio that subsidizes corporate interests, ignores collective risks, fails to challenge inequalities, and may actually make people less healthy by encouraging overtreatment. Yet while only a small proportion of organizations focus on prevention and treatment access, the phenomenal growth of disease advocacy means that large numbers of organizations continue to pursue the latter goals. Narrow goals outnumber broader goals but do not displace them.
Regret
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

Childless women often anticipate that they will regret not having children. How does regret play out in terms of childlessness? This chapter examines the feeling of regret through a variety of lenses: Do childless people experience fewer positive emotions and more negative emotions than parents? How does voluntary childlessness differ from involuntary childlessness? How do measures of life satisfaction differ from measures of positive feelings? What do studies of older women looking back on their lives reveal about their regrets? Do parents ever regret having had children? Finally, what are the limitations to allowing the fear of regret to drive our decisions?
The Reception of the Emerson-Nietzsche Relation
Authors: Zavatta Benedetta
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 investigates the reasons why the Emerson-Nietzsche relationship tended to be played down, where it was not frankly and entirely denied, for almost a century. This is not a matter of chance but rather the sign of a long-protracted political and cultural hostility between Germany and the United States, with Nietzsche and Emerson being elevated to the status of cultural icons in their respective countries. This chapter considers the reception of Emerson in Europe during Nietzsche’s lifetime and the stereotype of Emerson as an Idealist mystic, innocently optimistic and unaware of social problems that had become disseminated there. Also considered is the reception of Nietzsche in the United States and the myth of his complicity in Nazism—a myth exploded only after the publication, from the end of the 1960s on, of the Critical Edition of his works and private notes.
The Struggle against Fate
Authors: Zavatta Benedetta
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the influence that reading Emerson had on Nietzsche’s treatment of the theme of fate and free will, which is closely tied to two other central themes in Nietzsche’s philosophy: the theme of moral responsibility for one’s own actions, and that of the construction of one’s character, or self-creation. Though rejecting Emerson’s metaphysical assumptions regarding the freedom of the will and of thought, Nietzsche used certain suggestions provided to him by Emerson to work out an account of freedom as agency whereby to be free is not to act in a completely unconditioned way but rather to act as master of one’s own drives and guided by one’s own values. This chapter also examines the feeling of freedom which Nietzsche describes as the feeling of the preponderance of one’s own force vis-à-vis the force of external circumstances. Thanks to his reading of Emerson, Nietzsche comes to consider this feeling as compatible with the perception of necessity or the presence of immutable facts in one’s own life.
Initiating Operations
Authors: Vugia Duc J. , Goodman Richard A. , Hadler James L. , Eaton Danice K.
Published: August 2019

In response to an outbreak of disease of public health importance, a city, county, or state health department can request field epidemiologic assistance from the next higher level public health agency. In the United States, the highest level public health agency is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To ensure smooth communications, planning, and execution of an epidemiologic field investigation, as well as to maintain good relationships from the initiation of the investigation to the final report, several operational aspects should be addressed. Key elements of operationalizing an epidemiologic field investigation include the following: 1) initial request and communications between inviters and invitees and a formal invitation for assistance from an authorized official; 2) clarification of the investigation’s main objectives and roles and responsibilities of those involved; 3) preparation of the field team for departure; 4) initial in-person meeting of the field team with local health officials and collaborators to review and update the situation, review local resources and primary points of contact, and identify a local public information officer; 5) management of field team activities with lists of necessary tasks for team members and frequent communications within the team, between team leader and senior supervisor, and between team and local officials; 6) in-person debriefing meeting with preliminary findings and recommendations by field team before departure; and 7) drafting of the final report with full findings and recommendations. Field investigations will proceed more smoothly and productively if both inviters and invitees adequately address key operational aspects before, during, and after the investigation.