bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II. STERILIZATION EFFECTS ON PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Baker Donald R. , Glick Dudley P.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Five clays were prepared in duplicate series. One series of each was sterilized. Samples of the sterile and raw series were aged at 40°F and at 85°F. All samples were subjected to physical tests intended to determine plasticity before aging and after three subsequent aging periods. The effects of sterilization and temperature of aging upon the different clays are noted.
A STUDY ON CRUSHING OF NONPLASTICS IN DRY PRESSING*
Authors: Henry Frank Rea
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Nonplastic grains, even when mixed with fine bonding material, will be crushed in dry pressing. Accurate measurements of the crushing of alumina and of silicon carbide abrasive grains arc made, and the effect of this crushing on the structure of the pressed mass is shown.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GLASS IN THE ANNEALING ZONE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Littleton J. T. , Wetmore W. L.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

It is shown by measurements on samples of glasses having a varied degree of heat treatment that the electrical conductivity of glasses undergoes a stabilization process at constant temperature and that this rate of stabilization is a function of the viscosity of the glass. The resistance of the stabilized glass varies linearly with 1/T, where T is the absolute temperature, and no change in the slope of this curve is observed. In other words, there is no transformation point observable when all measurements are made on stabilized glass.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XII, A CHEMICAL AND X‐RAY EXAMINATION OF METALLIC PRECIPIT́ATES FROM ENAMELS CONTAINING IRON AND COBALT OXIDES*
Authors: King R. M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

In view of the evidence that some reducing agent, known as the ferrous agent, acts to precipitate iron at the interface of a “cobalt” ground coat and the steel base, silicon carbide was substituted for the ferrous agent to permit the determination of iron as well as cobalt in the metallic precipitates. Enamels containing various percentages of iron and cobalt oxides were treated with silicon carbide at temperatures higher than normal firing temperatures. This was done in order to study the relative behavior toward a common reducing agent of iron and cobalt at various concentrations in enamel glass solution. The resulting metallic precipitates have been examined by chemical and X‐ray analyses.
SPIT‐OUT*
Authors: Koenig C. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A review is given of previous related investigations, and photomicrographs of various examples of spit‐out in different life stages of development are shown. The effects on spit‐out of the additions of substances such as carbon, sulfates, etc., to a normal earthenware glaze are described, as well as tests on the effect of vacuum and thickness of glaze.

While moisture sorption is an important factor influencing spit‐out, it is suggested that the importance of its role is emphasized by the reaction of the resultant superheated steam with carbon, thereby producing increased gaseous pressure.
USE OF SYENITE IN SEMIVITREOUS WARE, I* (a) Physical Properties of Bisques and (b) a Glaze Containing Syenite
Authors: Koenig. C. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Results are given on the physical properties of eight bodies, comprising that of a typical semiporcelain and seven bodies incorporating different nepheline syenites, both singly and in combination with feldspar, respectively. The relative viscosities of four nepheline syenites, a typical potash feldspar, and a soda feldspar are compared at five different temperatures. This study is to be followed by comprehensive plant tests.
MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF ENAMEL THICKNESS*
Authors: Holscher H. H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Using the electric thickness gage, a study of broken enamel parts from the assembly floor and field has shown that it is more economical to take an immediate scrap loss on all parts which have an enamel thickness of 27 mils or more than to use the parts and pay the subsequent replacement costs. A brief discussion of the gage and its uses in the enamel shop are also given.
THE MINERAL CONSTITUTION OF VARIOUS CERAMIC CLAYS*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Bray R. H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The mineral constitution of samples of ball clay, china clay, Vallendar clay, flint clay, diaspore, shales, brick clays, and fuller's earth has been determined by means of optical, chemical, and X‐ray analyses following supercentrifuge fractionation. This technique permits the mineralogical identification of the constituents of the finest fractions, i.e., the so‐called colloid fractions of clay materials. Each of the clays investigated, with the exception of diaspore, is essentially composed of one or more of the group of minerals known as the clay minerals, of which kaolinite, beidellite, montmorillonite, and a sericite‐like mica are the most important.

On the basis of the foregoing analytical data, the distribution of clay minerals in clays of different types and in different size grade fractions is investigated. The relation between the clay mineral constitution and physical properties is also briefly considered.

Base‐exchange capacity determinations are presented and their significance in relation to the mineral composition and physical properties of clays is discussed.
THE CONSTITUTION OF LEAD OXIDE‐SILICA GLASSES: I, ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT*
Authors: Bair George J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A series of lead oxide‐silica glasses varying in composition from 10 to 60 mol % of PbO was prepared and diffraction patterns were obtained. The observed intensity curves derived from these patterns were matched with curves calculated from assumed structures by means of the scattering equation of Zernicke and Prins. The atomic arrangement finally derived consists of a continuous, randomly oriented, three‐dimensional network of silicon‐oxygen tetrahedrons and lead atoms. There was no indication of molecular or aggregate formation and no discrete atomic grouping of this nature was postulated to explain the X‐ray evidence. The study of this series of glasses further substantiates the results obtained by Warren and Loring for soda‐silica glasses and is in accord with Zachariasen's picture of glass.
THE USE OF MODELS FOR STUDYING THE CIRCULATION IN GLASS TANKS*
Authors: Buckingham Edgar
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The conditions that must be satisfied in a model experiment, in order to ensure that the circulation at the liquid in the model shall be similar to that of the molten glass in a full‐sized tank, are deduced from the general theory of models, by the aid of several simplifying assumptions.

A discussion of the conditions shows that it will probably, though not certainly, be impracticable to satisfy all of them; and the discussion serves as a warning against the premature acceptance of conclusions from model experiments in which the required conditions were not satisfied.
PRESENT PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIRING OF ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN*
Authors: Fritz E. H.
Published: April 2007

In firing electrical porcelain at the present time, defect scaused by under‐ and over‐firing have been eliminated. The quality of the product has also been improved in other respects. Firing and cooling cycles have been decreased to 72 hours with tremendous economic advantages and maintenance of high‐quality ware standards. This cycle is used for the complete line of designs being manufactured.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SUCCESSFUL PERIODIC HUMIDITY DRIER FOR GROGGED WARE*
Authors: Gerber Albert C.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A series of humidity drying tests were conducted in a commercial‐size test drier, which resulted in an efficient seventy‐two hour schedule. The tests were made on heavy fireclay grog ware. The drier and its operation are described.
SUPER‐CERAMIC BUILDING MEMBERS*
Authors: Anderegg F. O.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Ceramic masonry units, properly formed of suitable raw materials and well fired, are characterized by high compressive strengths. When assembled into building members their usefulness ordinarily is limited by the weakness of mortar joints; even the inclusion of reinforcing in a mortar joint fails to develop the potentialities of the high compressive strengths and stiffness available in the units. Prestressing does, in effect, change part of the excess compressive strength into tensile strength, permitting much better application of materials, whether in beams or in columns. In the former, the underside is placed initially under compression while, even in columns, suitable prestressing reduces the buckling tendency of slender members which otherwise would cause failure far short of the compressive‐strength potentialities. Analysis of the prestressing and loading operations is secured with the aid of celluloid models and polarized light.
THE EFFECT OF REPLACING DOLOMITIC LIME BY BARYTA UPON SOME PROPERTIES OF GLASS*
Authors: Wessels Vincent E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The effect of replacing dolomitic lime, both in weight percentage and molecularly, by baryta upon the chemical durability, softening temperature, coefficient of linear expansion, density, index of refraction, elasticity, and several other properties was studied. Discussions of the methods, apparatus, and results are included.
NOTES ON MISSOURI HALLOYSITE*
Authors: Zvanut Frank J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A brief discussion of the properties of halloysite is presented, together with the results of tests made on the firing behavior of halloysite from Lawrence County, Mo. The high refractoriness, apparent colloidal nature, and excellent white color are the outstanding favorable qualities, while the extreme firing shrinkage appears to be the only unfavorable feature.
CERIUM OXIDE AND RARE EARTH OXIDE MIXTURE IN GLAZES*
Authors: Merwin Byron W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The object of this investigation was to determine the effect of various RO combinations on the opacifying properties of cerium oxide and a rare earth oxide mixture and their effect on the common coloring oxides.
EQUATIONS AND QUADRANT CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE HEAT AND AIR REQUIREMENTS OF CONTINUOUS DRIERS*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Skinner Kenneth G.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Equations were derived for determining the heat and air requirements of continuous driers or for given periods in a periodic drier. The four types of calculations are as follows: (1) heat balance for the drier from temperature, humidity, and weight data; (2) heat and air requirements when all data are known or assumed with the exception of the humidity or saturation of the exit vapor; (3) the saturation of the exit vapor under the conditions of (2); (4) temperature required of the hot entering air when all other data are known or assumed. Quadrant charts are given for the graphical solution of the equations. A psychrometric chart and a chart for converting metric to English units are also given.
PURIFICATION OF KAOLIN: SOME DATA ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF QUARTZ AND MUSCOVITE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Middleton George J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

This report covers a review and correlation of previous theoretical and laboratory research of falling particles with some data on the settling of quartz and muscovite grains of variable shape and particle size in water, with and without vacuum and alkali treatment. Stokes’law and Richards’data were checked. The greatest factor which produced a variation in rate of fall was incomplete dispersion of the particles. Complete dispersion with alkali gave the best correlation with theoretical calculations.
PARTICLE PACKING AND PARTICLE SHAPE*
Authors: White H. E. , Walton S. F.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Spherical particles of equal size theoretically may be packed in five different ways, e.g. (1) cubical with a theoretical void space of 47.64%, (2) single‐staggered or cubical‐tetrahedral with a theoretical void space of 39.55%, (3) double‐staggered with a theoretical void space of 30.20%, (4) pyramidal, and (5) tetrahedral; the void spaces in the latter two are identical, 25.95%.

Secondary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary spheres each set smaller than its predecessor, may be fitted into the voids in this last type of packing and the voids reduced theoretically to 14.9%.

The use of very fine filler in the remaining voids will then reduce the voids theoretically to 3.9%.

The use of particles of elliptical shape does not appear to reduce the porosity, but cylindrical‐shaped particles, if properly arranged, would reduce the porosity below that possible with spheres.

The practical application of these theoretical methods of packing was studied, and the possibility of crushing ceramic materials to spherical shapes is discussed with particular emphasis on the higher‐priced materials such as fused alumina, mullite (fused, synthetic, and natural), chromite, magnesite, forsterite, silicon carbide, and also silica, owing to the particular rounded character of natural sand grains.

Study of experimental work shows the possibility of approaching the theoretical densest packing arrangement by the use of spherical‐shaped grains. Allowance must be made in some instances for the porosity of the grains themselves.

Surface areas can be calculated and the bonding mediums proportioned accordingly. Some commercial refractories investigated, which have relatively low porosity, seem to have taken advantage of a careful study of the laws of particle packing, both in the manner of packing of the grog grains and in the shape of the grains themselves.
PART III, STUDY OF PRIMARY NORTH CAROLINA KAOLINS AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN REFINING TO PRODUCE A MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR USE IN VITREOUS WHITEWARE
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hedquist A. J. , Boyd W. B.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Fifty‐one samples of crude North Carolina kaolin from different locations were tested by screen analysis, microscopic examination, and settling tests. Yields appeared to vary widely in the same deposit and from one deposit to another. There were indications that the ultimate products from different yield crudes would be similar in most respects and that if refined by using electrolytes the product would have good characteristics.

A recent geological survey indicates an available known tonnage sufficient to last for many years.

A description is given of laboratory refining which yielded a product that probably can be at least partially substituted for English kaolin.
PART IV, DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUE PORCELAIN OR CHINA‐TYPE VITREOUS DINNERWARE BODY USING AMERICAN MATERIALS
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hedquist A. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Specifications are given for an improved body of the true porcelain or china type to include as many as possible of the desirable characteristics without increasing materially the production costs.

Steps in the development of such a body are described. The resultant composition appears to meet the specifications in nearly all cases.
PART VII, EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRICAL FIRING OF TRUE PORCELAIN AND CHINA‐TYPE BODIES MADE FROM AMERICAN MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE SCHEDULES
Authors: Gould By R. E. , Hedquist A. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Hollow and flat ware of the average hotel china composition and maturing temperature and a modified hotel china or porcelain body maturing at cone 14 were fired at different rates under different atmospheric conditions. It was found that flat ware in bungs must be fired slower than the hollow ware, which was to be expected. Schedules for firing flat and hollow ware together are given. Some of the troubles which may be encountered through wrong schedules are noted. The effect of a reducing atmosphere introduced into the kiln while the ware was still porous was found to be a lengthening of the range between zero absorption and overfiring as well as an improvement in the white color of the fired piece.
THE CONTROL OF CRYSTALLINE GLAZES*
Authors: Norton By F. H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

In this investigation there is carried out the carefully controlled heat treatment of a single crystalline glaze in which both the crystallizing and growth velocity were determined for the four types of crystal produced. It was found possible to produce crystals at any desired location by seeding; their size could be controlled by the growing time and their shape by the growing temperature. Commercial production of crystalline glazes is possible if close temperature control is maintained.
THE ANALYSIS OF FELDSPAR—DETERMINATION OF FERRIC OXIDE: II, APPLICATION OF TITANOMETRY*
Authors: Koenig By E. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The application of titanometric methods of analysis to the estimation of trivalent iron in feldspar is advocated.
III, Influence of Pallets on the Quality of Clay Products*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Lampman C. Major
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The retarding effects of surfaces of drying pallets to shrinkage of ceramic products are known to exert important influences on the quality of some ware. In retarding the shrinkage, strains are set up in the body which decrease the strength and in some cases cause cracking of the ware. Wooden surfaces, when tested along the grain, proved to be less injurious than steel or glass. The effect was much greater on lean than on highly plastic clays. Reducing the friction and adherence of the clay to steel pallets by covering them with sand, cardboard, or grease produced marked improvements in strength. Drying the ware under imposed loads also lowered the quality of the ware, but in some cases this effect was not as great as that produced by substituting steel for wooden pallets. The use of drying pallets with as low frictional resistance as possible will solve many drying problems in the heavy clay products industries.
ELASTIC AND VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL SODA‐SILICA GLASSES IN THE ANNEALING RANGE OF TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Dear Paul S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Measurements have been made on “stabilized” glass fibers of five compositions in the system soda‐silica, at several temperatures in the annealing range, to obtain the viscosity, Young's modulus for instantaneous and total elasticity, and the. rate of delayed elastic distortion for each glass. Values for the activation energy for viscous flow and delayed elastic distortion have been derived from the temperature coefficients. An ionic theory of the elastic and viscous processes and a discussion of binding energies in the system soda silica are presented.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF STEATITE BODIES*
Authors: Thiess L. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A discussion is given of the characteristics of vitrified steatite bodies containing more than 70% talc. Several typical compositions have been selected from a series of experimental bodies and their firing range and other ceramic and physical properties are described.
SURFACE TENSION OF VARIOUS MOLTEN GLASSES*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Parmelee C. W. , Williams A. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Surface‐tension measurements were made on a series of molten glasses at 1200° and 1350°C, using the maximum bubble‐pressure method. A base glass was chosen with the composition of 17.4% Na2O, 10.1% CaO, 72.5% SiO2, or 1.4 Na2O: 0.9 CaO:6.0 SiO2, to which 0.030 gram‐atom of various elements in the form of their oxides was added.

An increase in surface tension was produced by Li, Si, Ca, Ra, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Zn, Al, Mg, Ce, and Zr. A decrease was produced by Ti, Na, B, K, Pb, and V. The values at 1200°C ranged from 235 dynes per centimeter for the glass containing vanadium, to 320 dynes per centimeter for the zirconium‐containing glass; the base glass had a value of 304 dynes per centimeter. The surface‐tension values at 1350°C were generally slightly less. Surface‐tension results for various analyzed commercial glasses are given also for temperatures of 1200° and 1350°C.
EFFECT OF IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS ON THE COLOR AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC ENGOBES AND MATERIALS*
Authors: McVay T. N. , Parmelee C. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Iron compounds were introduced into engobes of varying clay, silica, and feldspar content by (1) direct additions of commercial iron oxide, (2) adsorption from ferric hydroxide sols, (3) use of stains composed of calcined mixtures of ferric and aluminum hydroxides, (4) addition of silica gel in which ferric hydroxide was precipitated, and (5) precipitation with ammonia as the hydroxide from ferric chloride. Methods (4) and (5) were the most satisfactory. Buff colors were obtained with engobes of high clay, browns with high silica, and reds with high feldspar contents. A general study was made of the coloring of ceramic materials by iron oxide, and it was found that the particle size of these materials as well as that of the ferric oxide was of primary importance. An investigation of the effect of gases on the iron oxide present in engobes gave results that are in agreement with the work done on the oxides of iron at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITIONS OF UNDERSLIPS, GLAZES, AND BODIES ON BLISTERING AND OTHER GLAŹE DEFECT́S*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , McMahon J. F.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The adhesion between underslip and body or glaze is frequently broken in spots as a result of air being forced to the surfaces during the spraying of successive wet coats of slip or glaze. These breaks, which do not always heal in firing, develop defects known as blisters, pinholes, and round bare spots. This tendency may be reduced (1) by increasing the percentage of plastic clay in the underslip; (2) by spraying the underslip thinner; (3) by selecting more suitable ball clays; (4) by changing the raw materials and compositions of glazes; and (5) by using coarse in place of fine‐grained bodies. It was found that blistering developed on bisque as well as on raw bodies. Many correlated glaze defects not visible on the dry specimens first appear after firing.
SECONDARY EXPANSION IN REFRACTORY CLAYS*
Authors: Everhart J. O.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A large number of refractory clays show secondary or after‐expansion with a marked increase in volume, usually occurring in the range from cones 6 to 14. Data presented in this paper were secured in an investigation made by the Ohio State University Engineering Experiment Station on twenty‐one representative clays from Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. The findings indicate that the expansion is caused by opening up the natural lamination or bedding planes in the clay grains. Two methods for reducing or eliminating the expansion are given. Data concerning chemical analyses, petrographic examinations, and X‐ray studies are presented.
COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF COKE‐OVEN LINERS MADE FROM EASTERN AND WESTERN QUARTZITE*
Authors: Austin J. B. , Pierce R. H. H. , Lundberg Walter O.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The results of a set of comparative measurements of thermal conductivity carried out on “eastern” and “western” silica coke‐oven liners made by the same process show that the western brick is the better conductor by approximately 15%. This difference is quantitatively explained by the difference in porosity between the two kinds of brick. Only minor differences in thermal expansion were found.
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Finck J. L.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Improvements which have been made in a thermal conductivity apparatus are described.
APPLICATION OF THE RECIRCULATING GAS‐TUBE FIRING SYSTEM TO CONTINUOUS DECORATING KILNS*
Authors: Dressler Philip
Published: April 2007

Abstract

In 1936, recirculating‐type gas tubes, fired by a Kemp carburetor system, were substituted in a continuous decorating kiln for electric heating elements. Operating results, after a six months’period, established the equivalent gas and electricity requirements and showed satisfactory operating results. A second continuous kiln fired by the same system has also been constructed. The application of heating to different types of circular and straight kilns is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF FACTORS CAUSING STRAINS IN TRUE HARD‐FIRE PORCELAIN FLATWARE AND A PRACTICAL MEANS FOR THEIR ELIMINATION IN PRODUCTION
Authors: Gould R. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A description of the manufacture of thin, true porcelain flatware is given together with experiments which were carried on to determine the factors involving the strains. It was found that, by observing definite rules in the manufacture, a high percentage of straight flatware could be produced and maintained in full production. It was concluded that the manufacture of thin porcelain dinnerware in the United States by European methods would have a doubt fid success, principally because of the expense involved in making flatware.
Lamentation and loss: expressions of caring by contemporary surgical nurses
Authors: Enns Carol , Gregory David
Published: April 2007

Title.  Lamentation and loss: expressions of caring by contemporary surgical nurses

Aim.  This paper is a report of a phenomenological study of caring from the perspective of nurses working on surgical wards.

Background.  While care and caring are complex foundational nursing concepts which have received considerable and ongoing attention from theorists, researchers and clinicians, there has been little research into caring on surgical units.

Method.  A convenience sample of ten nurses working on surgical units in a public teaching hospital in Canada was interviewed using van Manen's phenomenological approach. Data were collected during 2001 using semi‐structured interviews.

Findings.  The major theme of lamentation and loss was identified from the data. Participants revealed a dichotomous tension between what caring should be and what actually occurs. This tension was pervasive and generated lament – an expression of grief and mourning for the loss of caring. The essential structures supporting this theme included lack of time, lack of caring support, tasking, increased acuity, lack of continuity of care, emotional divestment and not caring for each other. Loss and sadness were articulated and participants lamented and grieved about the loss of care in contemporary practice.

Conclusion.  The forces and influences described by participants undermined caring in the new practice milieu. If this is a glimpse of the future, then the values of the nursing profession may be under siege. Caring as the central core, the essence or unifying concept of nursing may be subject to marginalization in contemporary practice.
Specialist nurses for older people: implications from UK development sites
Authors: Reed Jan , Inglis Pam , Cook Glenda , Clarke Charlotte , Cook Margaret
Published: April 2007

Title.  Specialist nurses for older people: implications from UK development sites

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore the development of specialist staffing for older people in six case study sites in the United Kingdom.

Background.  In the United Kingdom there has been some concern about the health care available to older people, leading to the development of a National Service Framework. A key theme of this framework is the development of specialist staff skilled in providing services tailored to the needs of older people.

Method.  A soft systems methodology was used in 2004–2005 to carry out interviews with key people, including specialist nurses for older people, other service providers, patients and informal carers (n = 132) in six case study sites identified from a national questionnaire. Interviewees were asked to describe their perceptions of the development, its history and its impact.

Findings.  The development of specialist nursing services seemed to be shaped by national policy drivers for service development, which may not have been directly linked to the needs of older people. The ideal qualities of a specialist nurse for older people were described by participants as including not only knowledge and skills, but also personal characteristics.

Conclusion.  While progress has been made in establishing specialist posts, much remains to be explored about the roles of postholders, the qualities needed, and the support and preparation required. While advanced practice is a professional aspiration, a number of questions arise about the development of nursing as a self‐directing profession in diverse international settings. Theories of specialist nursing practice also need to address the tensions between universal and local models and to consider theories about nursing older people.
The dynamic distribution of NO and NADPH–diaphorase activity during IBA‐induced adventitious root formation
Authors: Huang Ai‐Xia , She Xiao‐Ping , Huang Chen , Song Tu‐Sheng
Published: April 2007

Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional molecule involved in numerous physiological processes in plants. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal changes in NO levels and endogenous NO‐generating system in auxin‐induced adventitious root formation. We demonstrate that NO mediates the auxin response, leading to adventitious root formation. Treatment of explants with the auxin indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) plus the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) together resulted in an increased number of adventitious roots compared with explants treated with SNP or IBA alone. The action of IBA was significantly reduced by the specific NO scavenger, 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (c‐PTIO), and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS, enzyme commission 1.14.13.39) inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐l‐arg‐methyl ester (l‐NAME). Detection of endogenous NO by the specific probe 4,5‐diaminofluorescein diacetate and survey of NADPH–diaphorase activity (commonly employed as a marker for NOS activity) by histochemical staining revealed that during adventitious root formation, NO and NADPH–diaphorase signals were specifically located in the adventitious root primordia in the basal 2‐mm region (as zone I) of both control and IBA‐treated explants. With the development of root primordia, NO and NADPH–diaphorase signals increased gradually and were mainly distributed in the root meristem. Endogenous NO and NADPH–diaphorase activity showed overall similarities in their tissue localization. Distribution of NO and NADPH–diaphorase activity similar to that in zone I were also observed in the basal 2–4‐mm region (zone II) of IBA‐treated explants, but neither NO nor NADPH–diaphorase signals were detected in this region of the control explants. l‐NAME and c‐PTIO inhibited the formation of adventitious roots induced by IBA and reduced both NADPH–diaphorase staining and NO fluorescence. These results show the dynamic distribution of endogenous NO in the developing root primordia and demonstrate that NO plays a vital role in IBA‐induced adventitious rooting. Also, the production of NO in this process may be catalyzed by a NOS‐like enzyme.
Independent regulation of the GPXH gene expression by primary and secondary effects of high light stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Fischer Beat B. , Dayer Régine , Wiesendanger Manuela , Eggen Rik I. L.
Published: April 2007

The expression of the GPXH gene, coding for a phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase homologous protein, was shown to be strongly induced in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to photooxidative stress conditions like high light illumination. Here, we show that the response of the GPXH gene to high‐light conditions is induced by two independent signals and mechanisms: first, there is a fast but transient transcriptional induction by singlet oxygen formed after charge recombination and energy transfer from the overexcited photosystem II reaction center to molecular oxygen. Second, upon very strong or ongoing photooxidative stress, GPXH upregulation is further stimulated presumably by an mRNA stabilization mechanism as a result of lipid hydroperoxide formation. This could be confirmed by imitating the high‐light response of GPXH by exposing cultures of C. reinhardtii to a mixture of the singlet oxygen producing photosensitizer rose bengal and organic hydroperoxides. Furthermore, determination of mRNA decay rates allowed simulating the GPXH responses to various stress conditions with a mathematical model. A preventive effect of singlet oxygen formation on the resistance against photooxidative stress and lipid peroxidation was shown by acclimation experiments. Thus, the consecutive regulation of GPXH expression by an early transcriptional upregulation by a primary (singlet oxygen formation) and a time‐dependent stabilization of mRNA levels by a secondary effect (lipid peroxidation) of high light stress might be an efficient mechanism to control the stress response.
The epidural space is deeper in elderly and obese patients in the Japanese population
Authors: Adachi Y. U. , Sanjo Y. , Sato S.
Published: April 2007

Background:  Epidural anaesthesia is an efficient method of providing both regional anaesthesia and post‐operative pain relief. Detection of the epidural space is critical, but it is difficult to predict the depth of the epidural space. Published results are inconsistent. We retrospectively investigated the differences in the depth of the epidural space depending on the puncture site, approach type and physical findings of patients.

Methods:  All surgical patients from 1994 to 2005 were included in the study and 4964 cases were analysed. The recorded distance from the needle tip to the skin surface was defined as the depth of the epidural. The differences in the depth were compared according to the puncture site, level and approach. We then searched for the factors determining the depth using multivariate regression analysis.

Results:  The depth in upper thoracic sites (T1/2–T9/10) was 5.0 (1.0) cm [mean (SD), n= 465] via the midline approach and 5.2 (1.0) cm (n= 1226) via the paramedian approach. For lumbar sites, the depth was 4.1 (0.9) cm (n= 1835) via the midline approach and 4.6 (1.0) cm (n= 298) via the paramedian approach. In the multivariate regression analysis, patient age, body weight and more cephalad puncture were significantly and positively correlated with the depth at thoracic sites.

Conclusions:  The epidural space was deeper at upper thoracic sites than lower thoracic or lumbar sites. The depth with the paramedian approach was greater than with the midline approach at both sites. Patient age and weight were positive factors for depth.
Early treatment with arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist and high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in a case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Muellenbach R. M. , Wunder C. , Nuechter D. C. , Smul T. , Trautner H. , Kredel M. , Roewer N. , Brederlau J.
Published: April 2007

Background:  Lung protective ventilation can reduce mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, many patients with severe ARDS remain hypoxemic and more aggressive ventilation is necessary to maintain sufficient gas exchange. Pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal lung assist (av‐ECLA) has been shown to remove up to 95% of the systemic CO2 production, thereby allowing ventilator settings and modes prioritizing oxygenation and lung protection. High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an alternative form of ventilation that may improve oxygenation while limiting the risk of further lung injury by using extremely small tidal volumes (VT).

Methods:  We discuss the management of a patient suffering from severe ARDS as a result of severe bilateral lung contusions and pulmonary aspiration.

Results:  Severe ARDS developed within 4 h after intensive care unit admission. Conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) with high‐airway pressures and low VT failed to improve gas exchange. Av‐ECLA was initiated to achieve a less aggressive ventilation strategy. VT was reduced to 2–3 ml/kg, but oxygenation did not improve and airway pressures remained high. HFOV (8–10 Hz) was started using a recruitment strategy and oxygenation improved within 2 h. After 5 days, the patient was switched back to CV uneventfully and av‐ECLA was removed after 8 days.

Conclusion:  The combination of two innovative treatment modalities resulted in rapid stabilization and improvement of gas exchange during severe ARDS refractory to conventional lung protective ventilation. During av‐ECLA, extremely high oscillatory frequencies were used minimizing the risk of baro‐ and volutrauma.
Parasitoids, predators and PCR: the use of diagnostic molecular markers in biological control of Arthropods
Authors: Gariepy T. D. , Kuhlmann U. , Gillott C. , Erlandson M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revolutionized the field of diagnostics, and today it has routine applications in medical, veterinary, forensic and botanical sciences. The fields of biological control and insect pest management have generally been slow to adopt PCR‐based diagnostics in comparison with other fields of science. However, there has been increasing interest in the use of molecular diagnostic tools in arthropod biological control. In applied entomology, molecular techniques have generally been used for insect identification and systematics; however, PCR‐based techniques are increasingly becoming recognized as valuable tools in ecological studies. Here, we review research that has used PCR‐based techniques for parasitoid and predator/prey identification and detection, and place these studies in the context of their contributions to biological control of arthropods. The status and future directions of diagnostic molecular markers in applied entomology and insect pest management are also discussed.
Fumigant toxicity of Eucalyptus intertexta, Eucalyptus sargentii and Eucalyptus camaldulensis against stored‐product beetles
Authors: Negahban M. , Moharramipour S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Three essential oils extracted from the species of the family Myrtaceae found in Kashan (centre regions of Iran) were shown to have potent fumigant toxicity against three major stored‐product insects: Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). These were the essential oils from Eucalyptus intertexta R.T. Baker, Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. The mortality of 1‐ to 7‐day‐old adults of the insect pests increased with concentration from 37 to 926 μl/l air and with exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The LC50 values to the selected essential oils were between 2.55 and 3.97 μl/l air for C. maculatus, 6.93 and 12.91 μl/l for S. oryzae and 11.59 and 33.50 μl/l air for T. castaneum. Fumigant effects of these essential oils were considered to warrant further research into their potential for commercial use.
Toxicity of some terpenoids of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica from Cameroon against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky
Authors: Kouninki H. , Hance T. , Noudjou F. A. , Lognay G. , Malaisse F. , Ngassoum M. B. , Mapongmetsem P. M. , Ngamo L. S. T. , Haubruge E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  The acute toxicity of essential oils from the whole fruit (EF) or from the fibres of the fruit (FF) of the local aromatic plants Xylopia aethiopica Dunal (Annonaceae) collected in north Cameroon was evaluated on Sitophilus zeamais adults. A concentration of 1 ml of essential oil per 100 g of maize seeds was tested to determine weevil mortality after 24 h of exposure. Under these conditions, the essential oil derived from both EF and FF of X. aethiopica led to 100% mortality. In a second step, proportions of active compounds present in the oil of both EF and FF of X. aethiopica were quantified. The toxicity of the four main compounds was tested against S. zeamais: α‐pinene, β‐pinene, Δ‐3‐carene and terpinen‐4‐ol according to their proportion in the essential oil of the concerned plant part. β‐pinene and terpinen‐4‐ol were responsible for 50% of the mortality at the proportion found in EF and FF essential oils respectively. When mixed, a synergic effect of the compounds was observed that restored the mortality percentage observed for the crude oil. It appears that X. aethiopica essential oil could be a potential source of natural and low‐cost insecticide to control storage pests.
IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES AFTER HEAT SHOCK IN ISOLATED RAT AORTA
Authors: Kim Jee In , Kim Su Jin , Jung Sang Won , Cho Joon Yong , Chung Eun Jung , Kim Moonkyu , Shin Heung‐Mook , Kim In Kyeom
Published: April 2007

In a previous study, we demonstrated that heat shock augments vascular contractility through the stress response.

The current study was designed to identify differentially expressed genes after heat shock by using a novel annealing control primer (ACP) system, which was developed recently to identify authentic genes.

Rat aortic rings were mounted in organ baths, exposed to 42°C for 45 min and harvested 4 h after the end of heat shock. Total RNA were used for amplification by the reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) with ACP system. Differentially amplified PCR products were sequenced, searched against the GenBank and confirmed by RT‐PCR.

Genes for connective tissue growth factor, stress‐inducible protein 1 and heat shock protein 25 were upregulated, whereas a gene for interferon regulatory factor 1 was downregulated. Immunohistochemistry revealed upregulation of the phosphorylated form of Hsp25 in aortic rings after heat shock.

These results suggest that phosphorylated Hsp25 plays a pivotal role in the augmentation of vascular contraction after heat shock.
EFFECT OF MATURATION ON RENAL Na+/K+‐ATPase AND ITS SUSCEPTIBILITY TO NITRIC OXIDE‐DEFICIENT HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Javorková Veronika , Vlkovicova Jana , Kunes Jaroslav , Pechanova Olga , Zicha Josef , Vrbjar Norbert
Published: April 2007

The present study deals with the effect of maturation on the kinetic properties of renal Na+/K+‐ATPase and its susceptibility to nitric oxide (NO)‐deficient hypertension induced by the NO synthase inhibitorNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME).

Immature (4‐week‐old) and adult (12‐week‐old) male Wistar rats were administeredl‐NAME (40 mg/kg per day) in their drinking water for 4 weeks.

The properties of the ATP‐ and Na+‐binding sites of Na+/K+‐ATPase were investigated by activation of the enzyme with increasing concentrations of the energy substrate ATP and/or cofactor Na+. Unchanged values of Kmsuggest that energy utilization by the enzyme in the kidney of control rats remains unaffected during maturation. Conversely, the decrease in KNavalues (the concentration of Na+necessary to achieve half‐maximal reaction velocity) indicates improved affinity for Na+in the older group of control rats.

Application ofl‐NAME to all young animals had no significant effect on the functional properties of Na+/K+‐ATPase.

In adult animals, the Vmaxvalues remained unchanged after treatment withl‐NAME, but the affinities of the ATP‐ and Na+‐binding sites were decreased, as indicated by significant increase in Kmand KNavalues.

Maturation of control rats was accompanied by an increase in the Na+affinity of renal Na+/K+‐ATPase without affecting ATP utilization. However, maturation increased the susceptibility of renal Na+/K+‐ATPase to the harmful effects ofl‐NAME.
ROLE OF REACTIVE METABOLITES OF OXYGEN AND NITROGEN IN PARTIAL LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM REDUCED‐SIZE LIVER ISCHAEMIA AND REPERFUSION INJURY
Authors: Urakami Hidejiro , Abe Yuta , Grisham Matthew B
Published: April 2007

Hepatic resection with concomitant periods of ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) is required to perform reduced‐size liver (RSL) transplantation procedures, such as living donor or split liver transplantation. Although a great deal of progress has been made using these types of surgical procedures, a significant number of patients develop tissue injury from these procedures, ultimately resulting in graft failure.

Because of this, there is a real need to understand the different mechanisms responsible for the tissue injury induced by I/R of RSL transplantation (RSL + I/R), with the ultimate goal to develop new and improved therapeutic agents that may limit the tissue damage incurred during RSL transplantation.

The present paper reviews the recent studies that have been performed examining the role of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen in a mouse model of RSL + I/R. In addition, we present data demonstrating how the pathophysiological mechanisms identified in this model compare with those observed in a model of RSL transplantation in rats.
The segmental organization of the head region in Chelicerata: a critical review of recent studies and hypotheses
Authors: Bitsch Jacques , Bitsch Colette
Published: April 2007

The present paper is a critical review of data and hypotheses on the head segmental composition in chelicerates and in extinct non‐mandibulate arthropods. It successively takes into account data from morphology and embryology, from the structure of the nervous system, from palaeontology and from developmental genetics. Discussion focuses on possible homologies between the head segments and appendages in arachnomorphs and those in mandibulates. The comparative anatomical and ontogenetic data, especially those concerning the central nervous system, its connections with the stomatogastric system, and head innervation, show many similarities between the head organization of chelicerates and that of mandibulates, and lead to conclusions that contradict some of the hypotheses deduced from recent studies on developmental biology, but favour more traditional views. In particular they support the presence of a deutocerebral segment in the head region of the ground pattern of arthropods and its loss in all extant chelicerates. They also support the homology of the cheliceral ganglia with the tritocerebral ganglia of mandibulates. The possible existence of a precheliceral segment and of a presegmental acron remains open to question.
Morphological adaptation of an invasive American mink population in Mediterranean areas of Spain
Authors: Melero Yolanda , Palazón Santiago , Gosàlbez Joaquim
Published: April 2007

In this work we studied the morphology of an invasive population of American mink Mustela vison in Catalonia, Mediterranean Spain. Body weight, body length, tail length, hindfoot length and ear length were measured for four age–sex classes: subadult male (n = 17), subadult female (n = 16), adult male (n = 36) and adult female (n = 10). A General Linear Mixed Model was used to test the effect of year, sex, age and age–sex interaction, on each parameter. The morphological results differed from those of other introduced populations because of their different origin and their adaptation to different environments. Differences in sex and age were found, pointing to sexual dimorphism both in adults and subadults. The degree of dimorphism was lower than that of other populations, probably because of a lack of trophic niche separation between male and female mink because in the study area only small prey animals were available.