bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Huh7 cell culture system for the study of Hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Sainz Bruno , TenCate Veronica , Uprichard Susan L
Published: July 2009

Background

In order to elucidate how Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) interacts with polarized hepatocytes in vivo and how HCV-induced alterations in cellular function contribute to HCV-associated liver disease, a more physiologically relevant hepatocyte culture model is needed. As such, NASA-engineered three-dimensional (3-D) rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors were used in effort to promote differentiation of HCV-permissive Huh7 hepatoma cells.

Results

When cultured in the RWV, Huh7 cells became morphologically and transcriptionally distinct from more standard Huh7 two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers. Specifically, RWV-cultured Huh7 cells formed complex, multilayered 3-D aggregates in which Phase I and Phase II xenobiotic drug metabolism genes, as well as hepatocyte-specific transcripts (HNF4α, Albumin, TTR and α1AT), were upregulated compared to 2-D cultured Huh7 cells. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that these HCV-permissive 3-D cultured Huh7 cells were more polarized than their 2D counterparts with the expression of HCV receptors, cell adhesion and tight junction markers (CD81, scavenger receptor class B member 1, claudin-1, occludin, ZO-1, β-Catenin and E-Cadherin) significantly increased and exhibiting apical, lateral and/or basolateral localization.

Conclusion

These findings show that when cultured in 3-D, Huh7 cells acquire a more differentiated hepatocyte-like phenotype. Importantly, we show that these 3D cultures are highly permissive for HCV infection, thus providing an opportunity to study HCV entry and the effects of HCV infection on host cell function in a more physiologically relevant cell culture system.
Phenotype changes and impaired function of dendritic cell subsets in patients with sepsis: a prospective observational analysis
Authors: Poehlmann Holger , Schefold Joerg C , Zuckermann-Becker Heidrun , Volk Hans-Dieter , Meisel Christian
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Patients with sepsis often demonstrate severely impaired immune responses. The hallmark of this state of immunoparalysis is monocytic deactivation characterized by decreased human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression and reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recently, diminished numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) were reported in patients with sepsis. However, little is known about DC phenotype and function in human sepsis. We therefore compared phenotypic and functional changes in monocyte and DC subsets in patients with sepsis and immunoparalysis.

Methods

In a prospective observational analysis, 16 consecutive patients with severe sepsis and septic shock (age 59.2 ± 9.7 years, 13 male, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score 6.1 ± 2.7) and immunoparalysis (monocytic HLA-DR expression < 5,000 antibodies/cell) and 16 healthy volunteers were included. Peripheral blood DC counts, HLA-DR expression and ex vivo cytokine production were evaluated in comparison with monocyte subsets over time.

Results

At baseline, a profound reduction in the numbers of myeloid DCs (MDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs), and CD14dimCD16positive monocytes was observed in sepsis whereas CD14brightCD16negative and CD14brightCD16positive monocyte numbers were increased. HLA-DR expression was reduced on all monocyte and DC subsets. Production of proinflammatory cytokines and intracellular cytokine staining in response to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid was impaired in monocyte subsets and MDCs, whereas IL-10 secretion was increased. IFNα response by stimulated PDCs was significantly decreased compared with controls. At day 28, HLA-DR expression and cytokine production of DC and monocyte subsets remained lower in septic patients compared with controls.

Conclusions

In sepsis, long-lasting functional deactivation is common to all circulating monocyte and DC subsets. In addition to decreased peripheral blood DC counts, functional impairment of antigen-presenting cells may contribute to an impaired antimicrobial defense in sepsis.
Peak Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone-Arginine-Stimulated Growth Hormone Is Inversely Associated with Intramyocellular and Intrahepatic Lipid Content in Premenopausal Women with Obesity
Authors: Bredella Miriam A. , Torriani Martin , Thomas Bijoy J. , Ghomi Reza Hosseini , Brick Danielle J. , Gerweck Anu V. , Miller Karen K.
Published: July 2009

Context: Visceral adiposity is a strong determinant of GH secretion, and low endogenous GH secretion is associated with increased insulin resistance, a key component of the metabolic syndrome. Increased fat accumulation in skeletal muscle and liver may play an etiological role in the development of insulin resistance and other complications of the metabolic syndrome. Little is known about the role of decreased endogenous GH secretion in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between intramyocellular lipids (IMCL), intrahepatic lipids, and peak-stimulated GH in premenopausal women with obesity.

Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study at a clinical translational research center.

Patients: Patients included 21 premenopausal women with obesity (mean body mass index, 34.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and 17 normal-weight controls (mean body mass index, 21.9 ± 2.0 kg/m2) of comparable mean age.

Main Outcomes Measures: IMCL and intrahepatic lipids were measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Body composition was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Peak GH was measured after stimulation with GHRH-arginine.

Results: Obese subjects had higher IMCL, intrahepatic lipids, abdominal and thigh fat, and thigh muscle mass compared with normal-weight controls. There were strong inverse associations between peak GH and both IMCL and intrahepatic lipids independent of age and visceral adiposity. There were positive associations between IMCL and intrahepatic lipids with measures of insulin resistance and serum triglycerides.

Conclusion: In premenopausal women with obesity, peak GH is inversely associated with IMCL and intrahepatic lipids independent of age and visceral adiposity. This suggests that low GH may contribute to insulin resistance in obesity through effects on muscle and intrahepatic lipids.

Peak growth hormone after GHRH-arginine stimulation is inversely associated with intramyocellular and intrahepatic lipids in premenopausal women with obesity.
Outer Product Analysis Applied to near Infrared and Mid Infrared Spectra to Study a Spanish Protected Denomination of Origin Cheese
Authors: Cattaneo Tiziana M.P. , Barzaghi Stephania
Published: July 2009

Near infrared to mid infrared (NIR–MIR) spectroscopy correlation analysis was applied to test its feasibility in understanding the contribution of the absorption bands related to cheese components for the characterisation of protected denomination of origin (PDO) products. The influence of sample presentation on spectral response was also investigated. Idiazabal cheese, a Spanish PDO cheese, was used as a model. Acidity, expressed as pH, dry matter, fat and total nitrogen content were evaluated in duplicate. The NIR–MIR interactions were analysed by outer product analysis. This study allowed the identification of the main absorption bands associated with fat, protein and water, by using the correlations between constituents in the two studied domains. Confirming preliminary results, it was highlighted that quantitative determination is influenced by sample presentation mode.
Robustness of Models Based on near Infrared Spectra to Predict the Basic Density in Eucalyptus Urophylla Wood
Authors: Hein Paulo Ricardo Gherardi , Lima José Tarcísio , Chaix Gilles
Published: July 2009

Scientific contributions have shown good results by using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid and reliable tool for characterising lignocellulosic materials. Many reports have evaluated the predictive power and the robustness of the NIR models by means of methods known to validate them. However, in most of these investigations, the samples were divided systematically into two non-independent groups: one group was used to build and the other to validate the NIR models. This approach does not adequately simulate a real situation in which the properties of unknown samples should be predicted by established NIR models. Hence, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the robustness of models based on NIR spectroscopy to predict wood basic density in Eucalyptus urophylla using two totally independent sample sets. Wood density and NIR spectra were measured in diffuse reflectance mode on transversal, radial and tangential surfaces of wood samples in two data sets. We used one data set to build partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models and another to validate them and vice versa. The predictive models developed from the radial surface NIR spectra proved satisfactory with r2 p varying from 0.79 to 0.85 and RPD ranging from 2.3 to 2.7, while the spectra measured on tangential and transversal wood surfaces generated less robust regression models. Our results showed that it is possible to assess wood density in unknown samples by established PLS-R models from solid wood samples preferably using radial surfaces.
Near Infrared Analysis of Lipid Classes in Processed Cereal Products
Authors: Sohn Miryeong , Kim Yookyung , Vines Laura L. , Kays Sandra E.
Published: July 2009

Previous work showed total fat can be assessed rapidly and accurately by near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy in processed cereal food products. In this study, the potential of NIR spectroscopy for the rapid measurement of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat was investigated. Fatty acid composition was determined in ground cereal products using a modification of AOAC Method 996.01 and reflectance spectra obtained with a dispersive NIR instrument. Modified partial least squares models were calculated for the prediction of lipid classes using multivariate analysis software. Models predicted saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in separate validation samples with sufficient accuracy for screening samples ( RPDs of 3.5–4.2).
Short Communication: Identification of Geographical Indication Tea with Fisher's Discriminant Classification and Principal Components Analysis
Authors: Zhou Jian , Cheng Hao , He Wei , Wang Liyuan , Liu Xu , Lu Wenyuan
Published: July 2009

This study attempted to identify authentic geographical indication tea using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with a combination of Fisher's discriminant classification and principal components analysis (PCA). This rapid and accurate NIR-based approach has shown an accuracy rate for identifying the geographical indication tea equal to 96.7% in a training set, 95.3% using cross-validation and 96.7% in a test set. The overall results suggest that the combination of NIR spectroscopy with Fisher's discriminant classification with PCA could be successfully applied as a rapid and reliable way to identify geographical indication tea.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy Calibrations for Quantifying the Animal Species in Processed Animal Proteins
Authors: De la Haba María José , Garrido-Varo Ana , Pérez-Marín Dolores C. , Guerrero José-Emilio
Published: July 2009

Near infrared (NIR) calibrations were developed for the instantaneous and simultaneous prediction of the animal species composition of processed animals proteins (PAPs). A total of 359 PAPs samples were used to built calibration and validation sets. Different derivatives and scatter correction pre-treatments were tested. Modified partial least squares regressions were developed for the prediction of the percentage of poultry by-products meal, pork meal, cattle meal, ruminant meal and non-ruminant meal in a mixture. All the equations presented R2 and ratio performance deviation ( RPD) values around 0.9 and 3, respectively. In the external validation procedure, the results obtained correspond well with the calibration statistics. This study shows the potential of NIR technology to quantify the animal species in PAPs and it clearly demonstrates the importance of the size and structure of the calibration set in the robustness of the equations.
Independent sector treatment centres: the first independent evaluation, a Scottish case study
Authors: Pollock Allyson M , Kirkwood Graham
Published: July 2009

Summary

Objectives

The £5 billion English Independent Sector Treatment Centre (ISTC) programme remains unevaluated because of a lack of published contract data and poor quality data returns. Scotland has a three-year pilot ISTC, the Scottish Regional Treatment Centre (SRTC), the contract for which is now in the public domain. This study aims to conduct an independent evaluation of the performance of the SRTC during the first year of operation.

Design

A retrospective analysis of the SRTC comparing activity as reported by hospital episode statistics returned to ISD Scotland with: volume and cost data in the SRTC contract; a 10-month audit carried out by management consultants Price Waterhouse Coopers (PWC); and an internal NHS Tayside performance report.

Setting

All day-case and inpatient activity at the SRTC from 1 December 2006 to 31 January 2008.

Main outcome measures

Activity and cost.

Results

The annual contract was based on patient referrals to the SRTC and not actual treatments. The contract was awarded on the basis of 2624 referrals a year, total value of £5,667,464. According to ISD data, the SRTC performed 831 procedures (32% of annual contract) in the first 13 months worth £1,035,603 (18%). PWC's figures report 2200 referrals (84%) to the SRTC at a cost of 2,642,000 (47%) in the first 10 months.

Conclusions

Basing the SRTC contract on payments for referrals rather than actual treatment represents a major departure from normal standards of reporting and commissioning and may have resulted in over-payment for referrals for patients who did not receive treatment of up to £3 million in the first 10 months. The PWC report falls well below the standards one would expect of an independent evaluation and we were unable to validate PWC's analysis and the claim of value for money. If wave-one ISTCs in England perform similarly to the SRTC then as much as £927 million may have been paid for patients who did not receive treatment. We recommend a moratorium on all ISTC contracts until the contracts have been published and properly evaluated with respect to work paid for and actual work carried out and quality of care.
The Clinical, Radiological and Pathological Aspects of Pulmonary Hæmosiderosis
Authors: Scott L. D. W.
Published: July 2009

Hæmosiderin may be deposited in the lungs in any disorder causing pulmonary hæmorrhage but, so far as is known, in only two diseases can the deposits be shown radiologically. Pulmonary hæmosiderosis in children seems to be a rare disease characterised by anæmia and occasional hæmoptysis. The X-ray picture is one of miliary shadows in the lungs which can be shown at post-mortem examination to be due to focal accumulations of iron pigment. I have not seen an example of this condition myself, although I know of two recent cases in the neighbourhood.

Hæmosiderosis of the lungs, sufficiently dense to affect the X-ray picture, has also been recognised as occurring very infrequently in cases of mitral stenosis, and it is this disorder in which we are particularly interested. In 1943 a male, aged thirty-eight years, was admitted to Professor McNee's wards with cardiac failure. He gave a history of rheumatic fever eleven years previously, with subsequent dyspnœa on exertion. Ever since then he had suffered from breathlessness and, latterly, had been confined to bed with cardiac failure. The clinical findings were those of mitral stenosis and auricular fibrillation.

X-ray examination of the chest showed miliary opacities in both lungs—an appearance which suggested miliary congestion. However, during an illness which lasted seven months, the small opacities remained comparatively unaltered and this, to my mind, argued against congestion as a cause and in favour of some other lesion.
Standardised Radiological Pelvimetry—II. Qualitative
Authors: Allen E. Peter
Published: July 2009

An attempt is made to provide standards for classification of the pelvis into types. The principle is adopted that standardisation is only possible on the basis of the relationship existing between the various brim diameters expressed as ratios. It is concluded that the brim index provides most of the information required for a standard system, and that the Caldwell and Moloy system is not satisfactory. Standard figures for the basic pelvic types are suggested.
The Effect of X rays on Ascorbic Acid Concentration in Plasma and in Tissues
Authors: Kretzshmar Carol H. , Ellis Frank
Published: July 2009

The ascorbic acid has been estimated in plasma of patients under X-ray treatment, and in most cases it has been found to be below the initial level before exposure.

Normal rabbits have been exposed to X rays and the blood concentration of ascorbic acid estimated. It was found that for a considerable time after exposure the level of ascorbic acid kept below the average concentration in rabbit blood. In one instance this was accompanied by an X-ray leucopenia which ran almost parallel with the rise and fall of the ascorbic acid concentration in the blood.

Muscle and kidney tissues from rats were exposed in vivo to X rays and the ascorbic acid content estimated after extraction. This was found to be lower in the exposed organ as compared with the unexposed organ.
Physical Aspects of Intracavitary Radium Treatment of Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri. Part III—A New Applicator
Authors: Neary G. J.
Published: July 2009

A new applicator for the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix uteri is described, the design of which is based on the author's analysis of intracavitary techniques (Neary 1943).

Without exceeding the local doses normally arising in conventional techniques, a more than two-fold improvement in the dose at the pelvic wall (5000 r) is achieved. Further, the predetermined radiation field cannot change during treatment and it is maintained in correct relationship to the bony pelvis.

The radium sources consist of 70 mg. in the uterus and two units of 140 mg. each in the vagina on the midline. The treatment time is seventy-two hours leading to a total of 25,000 mg. hr. Drastic modification of the distribution of radiation is brought about by massive platinum screens.

The design of this applicator is not regarded as necessarily final or universally applicable. It is one possible embodiment of the principles previously elucidated, permitting a clinical trial. [Already, it has been found desirable to modify the uterine tube.]

The wider importance of the principle of screening for obtaining special dose distributions is stressed, and it is pointed out that its application will be greatly simplified when powerful sources of radio-elements giving radiation in the X-ray region become available.
Correspondence
Authors: Ellis F. , Jennings A. , Russ S.
Published: July 2009

Our article did not explain why it was impracticable to carry out individual radon seed measurements in the war-time emergency quarters at Barton-in-the-Clay; working space is very limited and the additional risks of exposure to the staff are unwarranted.
Melorheostosis and the Creeping Periostitic Form of Leontiasis
Authors: Sear H. R.
Published: July 2009

A case is reported of sclerosis occurring in one rib and unilaterally in a vertebra. The similarity of this condition to melorhéostosis is discussed and argument adduced to relate this condition to the creeping periostitic form of leontiasis ossea. Significance is attached to the occurrence of this lesion in a somite of the trunk as distinct from the more usually affected limb bud.
II. Gastroscopy in the Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Rodgers H. W.
Published: July 2009

The medical student is taught to examine the patient by inspection first and then palpation and then by percussion and auscultation. Learned discourses are not delivered on the relative values of inspection as opposed to palpation, and we do not give statistics which support palpation as being a diagnostic procedure better or worse than percussion. Similarly, radiology is one method of examining the stomach and gastroscopy is another. To set the one up in rivalry against the other is of no more value than praising the percussion finger at the expense of the stethoscope. If, however, the value of gastroscopy is to be compared with radiology, every care must be taken to assess both methods at their best. For a keen and expert gastroscopist to hold up to ridicule the mistakes of a tired radiological colleague working with an antiquated machine may increase his sense of self-importance, but advances our art in no way at all.

Gastroscopy should logically follow the X-ray examination in the routine investigation of dyspepsia, and in a case suspected of carcinoma it is particularly important that this routine should be adhered to, for there are certain important contra-indications diagnosable by X ray which make gastroscopy dangerous in the presence of carcinoma.
III. Cancer of the Stomach: Some Pathological Considerations
Authors: Stewart Matthew J.
Published: July 2009

The problem of ulcer-cancer remains an exceedingly difficult one, since the pathological criteria on which this diagnosis must be based are still not fully established. The presence of malignancy can usually be determined with complete certainty and, indeed, in most cases without difficulty. In the stomach, as in the rest of the digestive tract, the various coats are well defined, even in the margins of chronic peptic ulcers, and the degree of invasion by epithelial malignancy can be accurately assessed. The chief if not the only source of error is the mistaking of deep epithelial heterotopia, not uncommon in the margins of healing chronic ulcers, for malignancy, and this is probably the reason for the very high incidence figures for ulcer-cancer given by some observers in the past. Deep heterotopia may penetrate, but it never in my experience transgresses, the muscular coat, contrasting in this respect with that other non-neoplastic but highly invasive lesion, endometriosis. Deep gastric heterotopia also remains more or less confined to the margin of the healing ulcer and does not spread centrifugally, like cancer, in the lymphatics of the submucosa.

The chief histological difficulty is in determining whether there is sufficient evidence to say that a simple chronic ulcer has certainly preceded the onset of epithelial malignancy.
IV. The Surgical Aspect of Carcinoma of the Stomach
Authors: Taylor Hermon
Published: July 2009

The outstanding clinical fact about carcinoma of the stomach is that it is in itself a symptomless disease, so that a large tumour may develop without being suspected by the patient. Bleeding, of a degree sufficient to give rise to a warning hæmatemesis or malæna, is uncommon, and pain due to irritation of the parietal peritoneum is often a late symptom. Unless the growth is in a position to cause obstruction there is no compelling reason to drive the patient to his doctor, and it is upon this rock that most efforts to improve the results of treatment have foundered.

It is necessary, therefore, to appreciate the potential significance of such minor symptoms as the patient may mention if he should approach his doctor, and above all to refrain from treating them until they have been investigated. It is a fatal misconception to suppose that carcinoma need only be postulated if symptoms fail to respond to treatment. The complaints may be of loss of vitality in various ways, due to the insidious effect of the growing tumour and the persistent though unnoticed blood loss from it; or they may be of nausea and lack of appetite, due to gastritis caused by the sloughing mass in the stomach. It is important to recognise the latter as a secondary effect, because the nausea and anorexia may be temporarily abated by treatment if the true cause is not suspected.
V. Irradiation of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Fairchild G. Cranston , Shorter Alan
Published: July 2009

As you will have learnt from previous speakers, some 80 per cent. of cases of gastric cancer are beyond any hope of cure by surgery when first brought to the surgeon (Ogilvie, 1938). Due to the impossibility of a surgical cure in such a vast number of cases, many other forms of treatment, including irradiation, have been tried in the past, but without striking success.

Hardly had Röntgen discovered X rays in 1896, when Despeignes applied them to the external irradiation of a gastric cancer.

There is no need for me to recall the different forms and combinations of irradiation applied to this viscus from then to the present day. The results of these different methods are too well known to need further repetition here; it should suffice merely to make some general remarks on their limitations and shortcomings.

External irradiation fails because of the deep situation of the gastric tumour and its close relation to other vital organs, both factors tending to prevent adequate tumour dosage, and because of the high but variable radio-resistance of gastric cancer cells, possibly increased by infection. This high resistance may be only apparent, owing to limitation of the tumour dose by severe general and skin reactions. Owing to movements of the tumour, accurate centring of the X-ray beam at repeated exposures is difficult to obtain. Livingston and Pack (1941) stated that most patients will not survive long enough to benefit from prolonged external irradiation alone, due to their eventual profound malnutrition.
The Association of Achalasia of the Cardia with Œsophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Baer P. , Sicher K.
Published: July 2009

A survey of the literature on œsophageal carcinoma subsequent to achalasia of the cardia has been made, and a case of our own has been described.
Review
Authors: Ellis F.
Published: July 2009

This supplement to Acta Radiologica is beautifully produced in what has now become the traditional fashion for this series, and our admiration is necessarily tempered by a tinge of austere envy of the timber and labour conditions which make such a volume possible. The text is in German, which is unfortunate for many English and Americans who would otherwise be delighted to possess it. Even so, the 44-page protocol of cases treated forms a useful guide as well as an objective record which could be understood and followed by the veriest linguistic tyro using a dictionary.
Some Tracer and Therapeutic Studies with Artificial Radioactivity Sir James Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecture
Authors: Lawrence John H.
Published: July 2009

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Institute, Ladies and Gentlemen:

I appreciate the honour you have given me in asking me to be one of the Sir James Mackenzie Davidson Memorial Lecturers. I am mindful of the fact that many distinguished men have given these Lectures in the past. Therefore I am conscious of the responsibility you have placed on me and hope that I will not fail you. Sir James Mackenzie Davidson was one of the greatest pioneers in radiology. Immediately after the discovery of X rays in 1896 he saw their immense possibilities in medicine and visited Röntgen in the same year. During his life he made numerous contributions in this field, particularly in instrumentation and in methods of localisation. His many important pieces of work were possible because, in addition to his training in ophthalmology and radiology, he possessed a knowledge of physics and mathematics. The laboratory in which I work is founded on the belief that physics, chemistry and mathematics more than ever have much to offer in medical research, diagnosis and treatment, and in our laboratory more and more of the younger men are gaining fundamental training in these sciences in addition to their medical training.

My last trip to England was in 1939 to attend the British Association meeting in Dundee.
The Relation of Radiosensitivity and Radiocurability to the Histology of Tumour Tissue
Authors: Glücksmann Alfred
Published: July 2009

1. Radiosensitivity of tumour tissue is not linked with its radiocurability.

2. The preponderance of short-lived undifferentiated cells and thus the degree of anaplasia determines the degree of radiosensitivity of tumours, as measured by the rate of tumour shrinkage.

3. The radiocurability of tumours—measured by the five-year symptom-free rate—varies with the degree of differentiation of the tissue and inversely with the growth-coefficient and the tendency to metastatic spread.

4. The reduction of radiocurability of tumours by lymphnode involvement is due to the biological character of such tumours rather than to differences in response of tumour tissue at primary and secondary sites.

5. The capacity for increased differentiation under radiation distinguishes most of the radiocurable tumours.
A Preliminary Note on some Biological Effects of Alpha Radiation on the Frog Tadpole
Authors: Tansley K. , Gray L. H. , Spear F. G.
Published: July 2009

Mitotic and degenerate cell counts were made on the eye and brain of frog tadpoles exposed to three different doses of α rays and the results compared with those already known for a small dose of γ rays. Whereas with the lowest α-ray dose the relation between mitosis and degeneration does not differ from that which would be expected to follow a relatively small dose of radiation, after the two larger α-ray doses degeneration far exceeds this amount. It would seem that α rays cause the degeneration of potential dividing cells in considerable numbers.
Review
Authors: Hodgson H. Graham
Published: July 2009

When one considers how much of radiological literature has been devoted to bone tumours—a comparatively rare disease—it is surprising to realise how very little has been written on the sinuses and the petro-mastoid, where disease is very common, causing a very considerable amount of ill health, impaired function and serious illness.
Radiological Demonstration of Ascaris Infestation
Authors: Strang C. , Warrick C. K.
Published: July 2009

Reports of the radiographic demonstration of ascaris infestation have appeared in American and Continental literature, but seldom in British journals.

Roundworms may be demonstrated by serial radiographs of the abdomen at half-hourly intervals after ingestion of the opaque meal. The presence of the parasites may be discovered during a routine examination to exclude other affections of the alimentary tract. In certain cases ova are absent from the stools and in these the barium meal is the only method of immediate diagnosis.

The radiological signs are (1) sharply defined band-shaped filling defects; (2) linear shadows due to adherence of barium to the exterior of the worm; (3) thread-like shadows caused by the presence of barium in the enteric canals of the worms; and (4) evidence of disordered motility of the bowel.

A case is reported in which the worms were shown at two barium follow-through examinations, and all the above signs were demonstrated.
The Radiological Assessment of the Normal Aqueduct and 4th Ventricle
Authors: Sutton David
Published: July 2009

A study is presented of the normal radiological anatomy of the aqueduct and 4th ventricle based on an analysis of 100 cases. After briefly describing the radiological techniques of investigation, the previous literature on methods of assessing the posterior fossa is reviewed.

Measurements are recorded, using the Lysholm skull table, for:

(1) The distance between the dorsum sellæ and aqueduct (2·9 to 4·1 cm.).

(2) The distance between the dorsum sellæ and the floor of the 4th ventricle (3·1 to 4·3 cm.).

(3) The height of the 4th ventricle (1·3 to 2·1 cm.).

(4) The distance from the fastigium to the mouth of the aqueduct (3·4 to 5·1 cm.).

(5) The ventricular angle (85° to 95°).

Personal observations on the radiological anatomy of the 3rd ventricle, aqueduct and 4th ventricle are described.

The diagnostic importance of absolute measurements as compared with relative measurements (such as are provided by Twining's line and the Swedish line) is discussed.

It is emphasised that in doubtful cases a thorough analysis of all available measurements and dimensions may be required to detect abnormalities.
Eventration of the Diaphragm in Identical Twins
Authors: Alderson B. Roxby
Published: July 2009

During routine fluorographic examination of naval personnel, a typical case of left-sided eventration of the diaphragm was picked up and investigated radiologically. The individual, aged 40, with some twenty-six years' naval service and no past medical history of note, presented the classical picture of eventration, associated with a degree of megacolon.
Calcification of the Suprarenals in Addison's Disease
Authors: Ingram Frank L.
Published: July 2009

The symptoms and signs of Addison's disease appear when practically all the cortex of both adrenal glands has been destroyed by disease or has atrophied. Wells (1930) estimates that 90 per cent. of cases arise from tuberculous disease and that 10 per cent. occur from simple atrophy. Other causes of the condition are very rare, though metastatic carcinoma frequently affects the suprarenals.
Mucosal Cyst of the Gall Bladder
Authors: Furnival J. T.
Published: July 2009

Amucosal cyst of the gall bladder is considered sufficiently rare to warrant publication of a case. H.P., male, age 58, was admitted to hospital for investigation of severe spasmodic pain in the right epigastrium of seven weeks' duration, associated with occasional vomiting of bile stained fluid.
Some Measurements of Gamma-ray Doses Received by a Radiotherapist During Radium Operations
Authors: Howarth J. L. , Miller H. , Walter J.
Published: July 2009

Measurements were made over a period of 18 months of the doses of radiation actually received by a radium therapist during operations, (a) by the fingers and hands, and (b) by the body as a whole (integral dose). The doses to the gonads are also estimated. These are given in a series of tables.

The significance of the findings is discussed, with special reference to the permissible tolerance doses, both local and general.
Review
Authors: Brailsford James F.
Published: July 2009

The second edition of this book has been expanded to include the author's observations on his ten years' study of the material of the Registry of Bone Sarcoma, and further examples of lumbo-sacral lesions.
Correspondence
Authors: Johnstone-Wilson A. F.
Published: July 2009

The British Museum Library suffered severe losses during the air raids on London.
Review
Authors: Allsopp C. B.
Published: July 2009

This volume contains the papers read at a very successful conference convened by the Institute of Biology and the Atomic Scientists' Association, with the support of the British Association and the British Institute of Radiology, in 1950. Many of the contributors are members of, or are well-known to, the Institute.
The Radiological Diagnosis of Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Kaye Josse , Meyer M. J. , van Lingen B. , McGregor M. , Braudo J. L.
Published: July 2009

1. The radiological features of 100 cases of mitral stenosis were contrasted with 100 control cases.

2. Four signs of left auricular enlargement were assessed. When any one of these alone was present there was an almost equal chance of the case in question not being due to mitral valve disease. When two or more were present together the chance of the case being one of mitral disease was approximately 23 : 1. The value of searching for all these four features when attempting to establish the diagnosis of mitral valve disease is stressed.

3. In the mitral series 90 per cent of cases showed at least one of the four signs described for left auricular enlargement. Ten per cent of cases, however, showed no evidence of left auricular enlargement.

4. In the control series 16 per cent of cases showed at least one of the features of left auricular enlargement.

5. The importance of a hitherto recognised, but never emphasised, sign of left auricular enlargement in the left anterior oblique view is stressed.

6. Neither heart size nor the co-existence of other heart disease was found to diminish the frequency with which features of left auricular enlargement could be found in mitral valve disease.

7. Other features of left auricular enlargement were also assessed. It was concluded that they were of little value in establishing the diagnosis in early or doubtful cases.

8. Features other than those due to left auricular enlargement were found to be of little diagnostic value.
High-resolution X Radiography
Authors: Cosslett V. E.
Published: July 2009

The fineness of detail visible in an X-ray photograph depends on the size of the focal spot and on the relative positions of spot, subject and recording emulsion. In normal conditions of radiography it is hardly possible to distinguish detail smaller than mm, but there are two methods by which higher resolution may be obtained. Either the subject is placed close to the emulsion at a distance from the spot, and the negative subsequently enlarged optically; or the subject is brought close to a minute source of X rays, so that an image magnified by simple geometrical projection is received on the emulsion at some distance. The first method has been developed recently by Engstrom and others (1950), using fine-grained emulsions, to give a resolution of about 1 μ. The alternative method has been investigated in this laboratory by Dr. W. C. Nixon and myself (1951), using electron microscope techniques to produce a sufficiently fine focal spot, the size of which is the primary limiting factor on resolution. Using magnetic electron lenses and a continuously pumped tube, resolutions below 1 μ have already been obtained, approaching that of the best light microscope. Some of the biological applications were illustrated in the exhibition at the 1952 Congress of the British Institute of Radiology; the purpose of this note is to direct attention to the possibilities and limitations of the method.
Radiation Monitoring in the Hospitals of Great Britain
Authors: Greening J. R.
Published: July 2009

The data presented in this paper are based on replies to a questionnaire which was sent by the Scientific Sub-committee of the Hospital Physicists' Association to the heads of hospitals and medical school physics departments with the intention of assessing the scope of existing radiation protection services and the usefulness of the records to those bodies which from time to time suggest maximum allowable exposures. Information was also obtained from the National Physical Laboratory Radiation Protection Service. This survey, therefore, covers the majority of persons liable to be exposed to radiations in the course of their duties in hospitals or medical schools. It includes the M.R.C. Radiotherapeutic Research Unit but excludes members of other University or Government Departments such as Atomic Energy Establishments.

Two main types of protection service are employed. The first applies mainly to radiotherapy departments where the dose-rate of stray radiation is measured in all places that could be occupied by staff, and by use of suitable absorbing materials is reduced below the maximum permissible level under the worst conditions of operation of the apparatus. Under these conditions it is sometimes decided that the continuous carrying of an ionization chamber or film is unnecessary. Consequently persons covered by such a protection service have not been included in the statistics given later, but the existence of this group exposed to radiation at less than the current maximum permissible level should be noted.
Two Tumours Within a Fractured Skull
Authors: Cowie Thomas N.
Published: July 2009

This unusual case, recorded by kind permission of Mr. Joseph Schorstein, the surgeon in charge, presents several features of clinical and radiological interest. The patient was admitted to hospital with suspected chronic intracranial abscess, but was found to have a glioblastoma of one cerebral hemisphere.

At post-mortem examination, there was also found to be a left acoustic neurinoma, which had produced considerable erosion of the internal auditory canal, easily identifiable on review of the X-ray films, but which had not given rise to symptoms during life. Audiometry would almost certainly have revealed impaired hearing, but this was not found on ordinary clinical examination. The location of the glioblastoma deep to a tantalum plate which had been seven years in position raises interesting aetiological problems, but may well be pure coincidence. This plate was inserted to cover a bone defect resulting from fracture.
Gastro-colic Fistula with Reflux into the Oesophagus
Authors: Scott M. Gilbert
Published: July 2009

A Man, aged 61, attended the Gastro-enterology Clinic with a 14 weeks' history of diarrhoea and loss of weight. Barium enema was given and this flowed normally round to the caecum and showed normal appearances of the large bowel. Some barium was seen to pass into the stomach and flow upwards into the oesophagus (Fig. 1). After evacuation the whole of the large bowel was completely empty, but a small quantity of barium was present in the jejunum. In order to demonstrate the fistula a double contrast technique was used.
Correspondence
Authors: Brailsford James F.
Published: July 2009

As a student, I am a little disturbed by Dr. Fawcitt's statement, in your Journal of April 1953, that “the exact diagnosis in utero lies with the radiologist; and it is considered that it may be possible to suggest the correct answer to the clinician in these cases, thus ensuring immediate surgery with the chance of survival of those infants born alive”, since, strange as it may appear to him, the radiographic features which he describes in his case may not be present in other cases of exomphalos.
Digital Computers in Radiation Treatment Planning
Authors: Bentley R. E.
Published: July 2009

Details are given of a scheme whereby treatment planning for radiotherapy may be carried out using a digital computer. A programme has been written with great generality to enable a wide range of fixed field and rotational treatment plans to be carried out. The procedure has been designed with a view to ease of operation and to produce an output on a line-printer which is immediately interpretable without any further calculations or graph plotting. Possible developments of the scheme are discussed.
Decrement Lines: A New Presentation of data in Cobalt 60 Beam Dosimetry
Authors: Orchard P. G.
Published: July 2009

A method of describing the dose distribution within a beam is outlined in which the dose distribution in a 60 Co beam is related to the central axis depth dose by use of “decrement lines” which are defined and shown to be families of straight lines for the Hunslet apparatus and possibly for the Orbitron. As compared with the usual method of preparing isodose charts, the decrement system is shown to reduce the necessary experimental work to very small amounts without loss of accuracy, and to have advantages in overall accuracy as a method of presentation of beam data.* The practical use of the system in the correction for surface obliquity and in the calculation of moving-field distributions is discussed.
The Radiographic Appearances of the Chest in Persons of Advanced Age
Authors: Edge J. R. , Millard F. J. C. , Reid Lynne , Simon G.
Published: July 2009

The chest radiographs of 100 subjects aged 75 or over were studied.

1. There was no radiological evidence of emphysema in any instance, which suggests that the majority of patients with gross emphysema die of it before reaching 75.

2. Unlike other authors, we have been unable to recognise a senile lung pattern.

3. The only consistent changes were those in the bony skeleton. Decalcification of the ribs was generally present, and may have affected the interpretation of the appearance of the lung vessels. Spondylosis in the dorsal region was universal, and significant kyphosis was present in the majority.

4. The increase in the cardiothoracic ratio commonly found was due to shrinkage of the thoracic cage, and not to an increase in the heart size, so that this ratio is of no value in the assessment of cardiomegaly.

5. The lungs from six aged and five young normal subjects were studied. The aged lungs showed a mild degree of panacinar emphysema only without air trapping.
Reviews
Authors: Campbell William
Published: July 2009

This is an excellent and balanced study of “the reliability and reproducibility of a method for graphic registration of the movements of the temporomandibular joint by means of cineradiographic films”.
Reviews
Authors: Strickland Basil
Published: July 2009

Nine years have passed since the previous edition of this important text-book was last published. During that time the advances in diagnostic radiology have been major and varied and it has not been the present editor's intention that all aspects of the subject be covered.
A “Wedged Counter” for Thyroid Measurements
Authors: Hall F. M. , White D. R.
Published: July 2009

The assessment of radio-iodine content of the thyroid gland is an essential part of most thyroid function tests. Various techniques of measurement are used. These either depend upon the thyroid being measured within an iso-count zone of homogeneity between two counters, or by measurements with a single counter over the front of the neck, corrections being derived for the uncertain distance of the gland from the single counter. There are a great many patients referred for iodine tests, who are too ill to be placed between paired counters, leading to the use, therefore, of a single counter.

The present description is of a method of measuring thyroid radioactivity, ideally suited to the patient confined to bed, allowing an accurate result to be obtained without the need for any correction for thyroid-counter distances. This method involves the production of an area of uniform counting rate, by using a pair of G.M. tubes set at 90 deg., with wedged filters to modify the iso-count curves of the tubes (this is analogous to the practice of using wedged filters for radiotherapy, but in reverse).
The Grenz-ray Output Characteristics of a Superficial Therapy Machine
Authors: Stewart F. S. , Jones D. E. A.
Published: July 2009

In a superficial X-ray therapy unit, the Dermopan, recently installed at this hospital, an unexpected relationship was observed between X-ray output and tube current when the latter was varied from the specified value at the 10 kV setting. It is thought worth while to record this observation, since failure to appreciate this behaviour could lead to serious errors in dosage. It will also be seen that, by means of a simple adjustment of the control circuit of the machine, this characteristic can be turned to good account by providing improved dose control.

The equipment uses a self-rectified tube with a beryllium window. A selector switch on the control panel provides for operation at 10, 29, 43 or 50 kVp. An electrical interlock system ensures that the tube can be energised only when the filter appropriate to the selected kilovoltage is in place. A fine control of line voltage is provided. A tube current of precisely 25 mA is specified at all four X-ray qualities. Tube current control is smooth and adequately fine, but no stabiliser of cathode current is provided.

Measurements of X-ray output were made using a grenz-ray ionisation chamber (Osborn and Clifton).* If the exposure rate for each kilovoltage setting at 25 mA is taken as unity, the relative outputs observed for other values of tube current are shown in Fig. 1.
Review
Authors: Allsopp C. B.
Published: July 2009

This is an attempt to teach the basic principles of diagnostic radiology to undergraduate medical students by the method of “programmed instruction”. Each chapter contains a series of numbered statements, with gaps to be filled in by the student, arranged horizontally, so that the “answer” for the question of frame 1 appears on the next page with frame 2 and so on. Repetition is used to drive home salient points.