bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measures of Concurrent Validity and Alternate-Form Reliability of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Bledsoe Judy R.
Published: August 2011

The subjects, 60 undergraduate students, were administered the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) individually. The Shipley Institute of Living Scale was administered in small groups. A Pearson correlation of .56 was obtained for TONI Quotients, Forms A and B. TONI Quotients, Forms A and B, correlated with Shipley estimated WAIS—R IQ .50 and .46, respectively, and corrected to .71 and .64, with Shipley Total T scores, .52 and .44, respectively (corrected to .71 and .61), with Shipley Abstraction T scores, .51 and .42, respectively (corrected, .63 and .52), and with Shipley Vocabulary T scores .26 and .32, respectively (corrected to .63 and .52). TONI scores seem more closely related to Shipley Total and Abstraction scores than to Shipley Vocabulary.
Correlations among GPA and Scores on the Spanish Version of WISC—R and the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Subtests for 10- to 12-Year-Old Puerto Rican Children
Authors: Rodriguez Victor L. , Diaz Joseph O. Prewitt
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the correlations among GPA, the Spanish version of the WISC—R, and the Woodcock Johnson Achievement subtests for a group of Puerto Rican children. The tests were administered to a sample of 32 children between the ages of 10 to 12 yr. in Grade 4. Pearson correlations between the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale scaled scores in the WISC—R (Spanish Edition) ranged between .37 to .83. Correlations between subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson Achievement Test ranged from .26 to .70. The moderate correlation between the Total scaled scores on the Woodcock-Johnson and the scaled scores of the Performance, Verbal, and Full Scales of the Spanish WISC—R is indicative of the value of these Spanish-language instruments in diagnosing the intellectual and academic performance of Spanish-speaking populations in the United States.
Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Sex-Role Conflict among Hispanic and Nonhispanic White Individuals
Authors: Chusmir Leonard H. , Koberg Christine S.
Published: August 2011

The study compared sex-role conflict and job satisfaction scores and correlations among a broad sample of 71 Cuban and Central American Hispanic and 120 nonHispanic men and women working in the South Florida area. Analysis showed that the Hispanic respondents had lower satisfaction with pay, supervision, and co-workers, but were similar to nonHispanic white subjects in sex-role conflict and satisfaction with work and promotion. For the Hispanic groups, sex-role conflict was not correlated with any facet of job satisfaction, but for nonHispanic white groups sex-role conflict was correlated with satisfaction with work, pay, promotion, and supervision.
Four Techniques for Reducing Pseudovolunteering
Authors: Klawsky Jeffrey D. , Peterson Vernon A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effectiveness of four techniques for reducing pseudovolunteering: signing-up for research participation and not showing up. 117 undergraduate students participated in a reminder tab, reminder telephone call, immediate additional credit, personal solicitation, or control condition as part of their research participation. Chi-squared analyses indicated that, compared to the control group, only phone calls were effective in improving rate of showing up. Implications for obtaining a desired sample size are discussed.
The Dominance-Accommodation Scale: Further Studies of Validity and Reliability
Authors: Hoskins Carol Noll
Published: August 2011

Further study of The Dominance-Accommodation Scale (Hoskins, 1986) in a sample of 78 couples supported the original structure of the scale. A first factor had a focus of self-referent accommodation that included an ability to be assertive, accounted for 13.2% of the variance, and had an alpha coefficient of .79. The second factor accounted for an additional 8.9% of the variance, had an alpha coefficient of .65, and reflected communication and flexibility. The theoretical premise for complementarity in interactive behaviors of dominance and accommodation was supported.
Ecological Dissonance Theory and Criterion Validity of the Hooper Equal Opportunity Measure
Authors: Miller Duane I. , Burton Byron , Giesen Marty , Topping Jeff S. , Reagan Carmen
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the Hooper Equal Opportunity measure as an operational definition of ecological dissonance theory and as a predictor of dissatisfaction with one's academic major, alienation from one's academic major, and involvement in one's academic major. The statistically significant correlations provided evidence for the criterion validity of the instrument while at the same time providing support for ecological dissonance theory.
Suicide as a Political Act
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Several ways in which one may conceptualize suicide may be called political, i.e., the suicidal person seeks to change the balance of power in his group or in society.
Voluntary Motor Performance in Psychotic Disorders: A Replication Study
Authors: Schwartz Fred , Carr Arthur , Munich Richard , Bartuch Elizabeth , Lesser Barbara , Rescigno Deborah , Viegener Barbara
Published: August 2011

Voluntary motor performance was used to investigate the hypothesis of a continuum of psychosis from depression through schizophrenia. 43 schizophrenic, 36 schizoaffective, 50 major depressive, 20 manic, and 25 nonpsychotic patient controls were tested for tapping speed, finger dexterity, hand grip strength, and neuropsychological motor performance. Sex was included as an independent variable, and the effects of psychotropic drugs were evaluated. A continuum of motor dysfunction from depression through schizophrenia was not obtained. A measure of current psychotic symptoms was not associated with motor or neuropsychological performance. Motor performance was significantly worse in schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and psychotic affective disorders, when compared to nonpsychotic affective disorders. In this final analysis, psychoticism was defined by history. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that psychoticism is a trait that is independent of diagnosis.
Behavioural Effects of Companion Separation of Group-Reared Chicks Prior to Testing
Authors: Mohanty B. , Mishra P. K.
Published: August 2011

Chicks tested in the open field immediately after being separated from their companions displayed fewer pecking responses, more distress calls, and less locomotion in comparison to chicks tested 4 hours after separation. Duration of rearing (number of days of group-housing) significantly affected only the distress calls of chicks.
Reliability and Validity of the Abusive Violence Scale
Authors: Hendrix Charles , Schumm Walter
Published: August 2011

Because of the stressful nature of the war in Vietnam, many Americans continue to be affected by their service. One aspect of war service, which may be significantly linked to the formation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, is the degree of personal experience with abusive violence. To develop a reliable and valid measure of this construct, construction of an Abusive Violence Scale was undertaken. In the current study, the Abusive Violence Scale showed internal consistency (Cronbach α = .81) and validity, as indicated by significant Pearson correlations with two measures of combat exposure and measures of the PTSD dimensions of intrusiveness and avoidance. Validity was further supported by factor analysis that yielded only one factor, abusive violence.
Applying Neopiagetian Theory to the Moral Reasoning Process
Authors: Glover Rebecca J. , Steele Connie
Published: August 2011

This study examined moral reasoning process and patterns of skills underlying a moral dilemma through use of K. W. Fischer's theory for cognitive skill acquisition. Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma issues of life and law were hypothesized as scalable within task-domains pertaining to Familial Relationships, Sickness/Death, Laws/Rules, and Fairness. 80 4- to 12-yr.-olds were interviewed regarding these issues. Guttman scale analyses examined scalability of their responses to items in each task and skill domain. Guttman coefficients validated task-domain scales of Laws/Rules and Fairness. Other scale coefficients approached validity. A revised scale is proposed for study.
Cause and Correlation: One More Time
Authors: Miller Howard L. , Chaplin William F. , Coombs David W.
Published: August 2011

The distinction between correlational studies and correlational statistics is crucial to an understanding of the type of inferences that can be drawn from research. The complementary nature of correlational and experimental research in theory building is discussed.
Basic Name Connotations and Related Sex Stereotyping
Authors: Mehrabian Albert , Valdez Patricia
Published: August 2011

For a total of 703 subjects in three studies, six basic dimensions of name connotations were identified: success, morality, health, warmth, cheerfulness, and masculinity-femininity. Male, compared with female, names connoted greater success and masculinity. Also, female, compared with male, names connoted greater morality, warmth, and cheerfulness.
Word-Association Responses and Severity of Dementia in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Eustache Francis , Cox Christiane , Brandt Jason , Lechevalier Bernard , Pons Louis
Published: August 2011

To test the impairment of semantic memory in Alzheimer Disease, two groups of patients (one French and one American) were given a free-word-association task. Analysis showed a strong correlation between the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination and an index of commonality of responses in both groups. As the severity of dementia increased, Alzheimer patients were less likely to give common responses. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies showing a relationship between dementia severity and impairment in semantic memory in Alzheimer Disease.
Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming Training on Self-Actualization as Measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Duncan Robert C. , Konefal Janet , Spechler Marilyn M.
Published: August 2011

Neurolinguistic programming training is based on principles that should enable the trainee to be more “present”-oriented, inner-directed, flexible, self-aware, and responsive to others, that is, more self-actualized. This study reports within-person changes on self-actualization measures of the Personal Orientation Inventory following a 21-day residential training in neurolinguistic programming. Significant positive mean changes were found for 18 master practitioners on nine of the 12 scales and for 36 practitioners on 10 of the 12 scales. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that training increases individual self-actualization scores.
The Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition: A Small Study of Concurrent Validity
Authors: Hollinger Constance L. , Baldwin Carla
Published: August 2011

To date most studies of construct and concurrent validity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition, have employed an established measure of ability as the criterion. Here achievement, assessed by the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, was the criterion for establishing concurrent validity. The sample consisted of a naturally occurring group of 21 children referred for learning difficulties. The results provided partial support for the theoretical model of the Stanford-Binet IV. Intercorrelations among individual Stanford-Binet IV and achievement subtest scores were examined to generate explanatory hypotheses for those predictions which were not empirically supported. Finally, correlations between the WISC—R and the achievement measures were compared with those between the Stanford-Binet IV and the achievement measures. Examination shows that the correlations of the Stanford-Binet IV with achievement are as strong as and sometimes stronger than those between the WISC—R and achievement.
Performance Appraisal Satisfaction and Supervisors' Traits
Authors: Jordan James L.
Published: August 2011

105 engineers were rated by their immediate supervisors on graphic rating scales. Subjects were asked about their supervisors' characteristics and about their satisfaction with the performance appraisal. There was a moderate negative correlation for satisfaction with performance appraisal and some supervisors' traits (e.g., refusal to share the glory, refusal to reward subordinates). A positive relationship existed between appraisal satisfaction and supervisors' traits indicating support of subordinates.
The Reliability of the College and University Classroom Environment Inventory: Some Australian Data
Authors: Clarke John A.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the reliability of the College and University Classroom Environment Inventory which is designed to gather students' perceptions of the psychosocial characteristics of their learning environments. It consists of 7 scales: Personalization, Involvement, Student Cohesiveness, Satisfaction, Task Orientation, Innovation, and Individualization and has both an Actual and a Preferred Form. 130 teacher-education students from a variety of content area backgrounds completed the inventory prior to (preferred) and at the end of (actual) a semester unit in Educational Psychology. The Cronbach alpha measure of reliability using the student as the unit of analysis confirms the already reported internal consistencies of the 7 scales. Although some values are relatively low, this can be explained in terms of the influence on Cronbach alpha of low variance.
Counselors' Attitudes toward Homosexuality: Some Tentative Findings
Authors: Rudolph James
Published: August 2011

The attitudes of 52 counselors and trainees toward homosexuality showed respondents were less likely to accept homosexual persons in eroticized contexts, more likely in noneroticized contexts, with mixed acceptance for homosexuals in sensitive professional positions. Respondents generally accepted homosexuals' civil rights and saw homosexuality as nonpathological and unrelated to morality per se. Social distance theory may explain these results.
Cigarette Smoking: Effect on Perceptions of Source Credibility
Authors: Tokheim C. L. , Wanzenried J. W. , Powell E. C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of cigarette smoking on the perceptions of source credibility. A sample of smokers and nonsmokers were recruited ( N = 272) and randomly assigned to view one of four versions of a photograph male with cigarette, female with cigarette, male without cigarette, and female without cigarette. Perceptions of the photographs were then recorded using a credibility scale Nonsmoking models were rated significantly higher than smokers in competency, character, and composure while smoking models received significantly higher marks than nonsmokers in extroversion.
High School Students and Their Pets
Authors: Kidd R. M. , Kidd A. H.
Published: August 2011

50 high school students, 25 boys and 25 girls, were individually interviewed using a series of open-ended questions to analyze the cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors in adolescents' attitudes toward their pets. It was hypothesized that cognitive elements would progress from the concrete operations stage to the formal operations stage, that empathy and perspective taking would continue developing, and that behavioral elements would be closely related to realistically assessed characteristics of pets. Although the data supported the second and third hypotheses, only 30 (60%) of the subjects had reached the formal operations stage of cognition. An unexpected finding was that a higher percentage of high school students than of the grade school students previously studied in 1985 indicated closeness to and love for their pets. Further research was suggested.
Predicting Alienation in a Sample of Nigerian IGBO Subjects
Authors: Morah Edwin Ifeatu
Published: August 2011

Seeman in 1959 suggested that alienation is a multidimensional concept. Using two aspects of Seeman's concept of alienation, powerlessness and social alienation, and two concepts derived from Lachar's 1978 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Cookbook, emotional and self-alienation, the present work was undertaken to ascertain which concept will more likely predict feelings of alienation. A stepwise multiple regression showed that among 160 Nigerian (Igbo) subjects the feeling of powerlessness predicted alienation more than did the other concept.
Family Satisfaction with Medical Care after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Merritt Kristin L. , Evans Ron L.
Published: August 2011

Ratings during acute and follow-up care by 35 families having members with traumatic brain injury showed none of the medical facilities met families' needs though some aspects of patients' care were rated higher in hospitals. Findings suggest comprehensive surveys are needed.
Individuation and Adult Children of Alcoholics
Authors: Transeau Gail , Eliot John
Published: August 2011

42 adult male and 99 female volunteers from the Washington and Baltimore areas were administered the Psychological Separation Inventory, the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire, the Adult Child of Alcoholics Screening Test, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Symptom-Checklist-90—R in a study of variables associated with the development of psychopathology of adult children of alcoholics. Individuation evolving from family dynamics rather than from intrapsychic individuation was more crucial to the development of psychopathology.
Differences in Number of Siblings and Choice of Marriage Partners
Authors: Langenmayr Arnold , Schubert Ulrich
Published: August 2011

For a sample of 90 persons, all from Essen, with the help of a questionnaire whether the difference in the number of siblings of spouses correlates with self-rated marital satisfaction was examined. This was confirmed for the husbands. Differences in sibling numbers for couples also correlate positively with the significance of sexuality in a relationship and negatively with the declaration of risks of childbirth.
Quantitative Studies of Responses Elicited by Selected Tat Cards
Authors: Ehrenreich John H.
Published: August 2011

Quantitative differences in subjects' responses to selected TAT cards were studied. 70 white, female college students wrote stories in response to TAT Cards 1, 2, 3BM, 12M, and 13ME Stories were scored for several measures of drive intensity, defensive pattern, and object relational pattern. On all measures, the several cards were associated with different patterns of response. The use of the pattern of scores on several cards (as opposed to aggregate measures summing responses to several cards) for exploration of the ebb and flow of various aspects of intrapsychic functioning is discussed.
The Ways of Coping Instrument: Reliability and Temporal Stability for a Sample of Employees
Authors: Wright Thomas A.
Published: August 2011

Convergent support is demonstrated for the use of seven empirically derived scales of the Ways of Coping instrument developed by Lazarus and his colleagues. While the instrument is widely used, until now the internal consistency of the coping measures and stability of the factor structure have yet to be shown for a sample of employed adults. While type of job and type of coping incident reported are not dependent, analysis indicates that work and nonwork groups differ across several coping dimensions. Research implications and directions are addressed.
Solution Acceptance by Common Ravens (Corvus Corax) Given Two-Bottle Preference Tests
Authors: Harriman Arthur E. , Fry Eugenia G.
Published: August 2011

Two-bottle tests of solution acceptance were conducted in an outdoor aviary with eight common ravens ( Corvus corax). Aqueous concentrations of the following chemicals were used: five common sugars, three salts, two acids, quinine hydrochloride, and sodium saccharin. Solution acceptance, as recorded for the different ravens on each test, was the percentage of preference shown for a test solution over water (comparison solution). Mid-range saccharin concentrations (0.10% to 0.80% [w/w]) were preferred over water in the tests. The preference for saccharin contrasts with all other reports on avian response to the chemical in two-bottle tests. Nonetheless, the ravens nonpreferentially accepted lower concentrations or were averse at higher concentrations to drinking sugar solutions. Similar, though more sharply marked, shifts from indifference to aversion were noted in tests with the other chemicals. The possible relevance of these latter findings to the food habits of ravens is discussed.
Association of Country, Sex, Social Class, and Life Cycle to Locus of Control in Western European Countries
Authors: Jensen Larry , Olsen Joe , Hughes Chris
Published: August 2011

Relatively few studies have focused on causal factors in the development of locus of control. Here nine western European countries are studied to assess the hypothesis that the society in which one lives is important in the scores on locus of control. The data indicate greater variation resulting from country of residence on locus of control than that from the variables of life cycle, sex, and social class. Findings regarding these latter variables are congruent with previous research. In addition, being single was related to having an external locus of control.
Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption at a Southwestern University
Authors: Lopez Linda C.
Published: August 2011

265 students attending a southwestern university were surveyed about their use of smokeless tobacco products. 27% of 84 male respondents indicated they consumed smokeless tobacco. The women did not report routine use of smokeless tobacco.
Low Scores on California Psychological Inventory as Predictors of Psychopathology in Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Higgins-Lee Charlotte
Published: August 2011

This study concerned the use of generally low California Psychological Inventory (CPI) profiles to predict elevated MMPI scores. In a sample of 110 subjects, a CPI profile with T-scores of 25 or less reflects major psychopathology and there is a 79% chance of correct prediction of MMPI T-scores over 80. As a further validation, a Goldberg Individual Index was established with a cut-off score of 70 to classify profiles as psychotic or nonpsychotic. It appears that the California Psychological Inventory can be expanded in making dual diagnoses for alcoholic patients. Scores can be used in treatment planning for alcoholic patients and to identify those individuals who should complete an MMPI for additional treatment planning and diagnoses.
Parental Child-Rearing Attitudes Associated with Type a Behaviors in Children
Authors: Yamasaki Katsuyuki
Published: August 2011

The relation of Type A behaviors to parental child-rearing attitudes was assessed for 177 mothers, 153 fathers, and their children in preschools. Type A behaviors of children were measured on the Japanese version of the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH), and parental child-rearing attitudes were measured on the Parents' Attitudes Test (PAT). Children were classified as Type A and Type B on the basis of their MYTH scores, and parental child-rearing attitudes in the two types were compared in a combination of parental sex (mothers vs fathers) and child's sex (boys vs girls). Analysis showed that especially mothers and fathers of Type A boys had less concern for their children than their peers whose boys were classified as Type B. The notion that boys showing Type A behaviors might develop Type A behavior patterns by striving to obtain more expression of concern or affection from their parents was presented.
Effects of Ethnicity and Physical Disability on Academic and Social Ratings of Photographs
Authors: Thomas Felicia Friendly , Lee Darlynn
Published: August 2011

120 college students used academic and social bipolar descriptors to rate color photographs of a male person which were varied to test the effect of ethnicity and physical disability of the photographic stimuli on evaluations. Analysis yielded significant main effects for disability and ethnicity on social ratings and a main effect for disability on academic ratings. No significant interactions were found.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXIX. Gordon Allport on the Problem of Method in Psychology
Authors: Decarvalho Roy José
Published: August 2011

It is argued that Gordon W. Allport's (1897-1967) eclectic and integrative proposal for the humanistic psychology which he helped to establish in the late 1960s, was an unique event in the history of Western psychology that clarifies the philosophical tension between the experimental-positivistic and experiential-phenomenological epistemological poles of psychological inquiry.
The Life Regard Index: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Debats Dominique Louis
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the reliability and factorial validity of the Life Regard Index, a measure of meaning in life. Principal component factor analyses performed on the responses of 122 undergraduate psychology students, gave two factors, fulfillment and framework, confirming the theoretical structure. Alpha estimates of internal consistency of the factor scales ranged from satisfactory to good. Analysis supports the predicted moderate negative correlations with anxiety, hostility and depression and a positive correlation with elation. Discriminant validity was good: the index discriminated persons who are happy and satisfied with their lives from unhappy and dissatisfied ones. A clear philosophy of life, education, and psychological counseling correlated significantly with the degree of meaning in life. The use of the instrument in further research is recommended.
Instructional Effects on the Phase II Profile Honesty Test
Authors: Moore Robert W.
Published: August 2011

30 social scientists and 50 undergraduate students responded to the Phase II Profile, a widely used honesty test, with separate instructions to (1) answer candidly and, after two weeks had elapsed, to (2) answer as if the test needed to be passed to obtain a desirable job. Both groups changed a substantial number of responses suggesting that the test may be susceptible to “faking good.”
The Social Nature of the Classical Conditioning Phenomena in People: A Comment on Hunt, Florsheim, Chatterjee, and Kernan
Authors: Feinberg Richard A.
Published: August 2011

Hunt, Florsheim, Chatterjee, and Kernan (1990) report an inability to replicate a series of studies I reported in 1986. In this paper, the social/historical nature of classical conditioning phenomenon in humans is used to explain both sets of results.
Perspectives on Human Behavior in Self-Help Paperbacks and Introductory Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Forest James J.
Published: August 2011

The philosophical differences between psychological self-help paperbacks and introductory psychology textbooks were investigated. 360 introductory students read randomly selected sections from one of 20 self-help paperbacks or scientific psychology textbooks and rated the authors' writings on 8 dimensions. Self-help paperbacks were rated as emphasizing (a) people as masters of their own fate, (b) people as good, (c) holistic approaches to psychology, (d) the importance of subjectivity, (e) nurture or environmental explanations of behavior, and (f) simple explanations of behavior. Test-retest reliabilities over 2 and 6 weeks were low, suggesting use of caution in interpreting these results.
Boredom Proneness in Pathological Gambling
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex , McConaghy Neil , Frankova Anna
Published: August 2011

To test the hypothesis that pathological gamblers seek stimulation as a means of reducing aversive underaroused states of boredom and/or depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale and a Boredom Proneness Scale were administered to 48 diagnosed pathological gamblers and a control group of 40 family physician patients. Analyses of variance showed pathological gamblers obtained significantly higher boredom proneness and depression scores than those of controls. That the Boredom Proneness Scale failed to correlate with the Zuckerman Boredom Susceptibility subscale suggested the two measure differing dimensions. Results indicated the possible existence of three subtypes of pathological gamblers, one group characterized by boredom, another by depression, and a third by a mixture of both depression and boredom.
Loneliness among Japanese and American College Students
Authors: Pearl Tracy , Klopf Donald W. , Ishii Satoshi
Published: August 2011

Both Japanese and American college students ( ns = 100), away from home at their first year in college, showed high scores on the Differential Loneliness Scale, with Japanese students scoring higher on all subscales.
Construction of a Multidimensional Scale of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Shouksmith George , Pajo Karl , Jepsen Aksel
Published: August 2011

A comprehensive, multidimensional scale measuring job satisfaction was constructed for use in a major project concerned with personnel recruitment and retention of health professionals. 11 dimensions relating to opinions of immediate supervisors, physical working conditions, satisfaction with coworkers and with pay, aspects related to promotion and work motivation, are identified. These dimensions are shown to distinguish among health professionals on sex and between locations and different occupations. The scale also has high internal validity, producing a multiple R of .78 with over-all job satisfaction.
Countertransference in the Movies: Effects on Beliefs about Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Schill Thomas , Harsch Jeff , Ritter Katie
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of viewing the movie Lovesick on college students' beliefs about countertransference and psychiatric practice. Consistent with die concerns of Gebbard and Gebbard (1985) that the public may develop erroneous beliefs about psychiatry from watching such movies, after seeing the film subjects were more accepting of sexual behavior between analyst and patient and were cynical about the motivation of the mental health professions in prohibiting such behavior.
Relationship between Egocentrism, Alcohol Consumption and Reasons Given for Drinking
Authors: Gross William C. , Billingham Robert E
Published: August 2011

University students, 86 men and 141 women, completed a questionnaire from which their level of egocentrism, amount of alcohol consumed, and number of reasons for drinking could be estimated. Analysis supported earlier findings that men consume significantly more alcohol than do women. Both men and women who were rated as having high egocentrism scores gave significantly more reasons for drinking than did the women scoring low on egocentrism. Also, there was a significant correlation between egocentrism and reasons for drinking but not between egocentrism and amount consumed. The correlation was higher between the number of reasons given for drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed. Since men scoring high on egocentrism report the highest consumption, while high-scoring women report the lowest consumption, it is concluded that egocentrism plays an indirect role in the consumption of alcohol and the role it plays is different for men and women.
Temporal Stability of a Safety Attitude Inventory
Authors: Boye Michael W. , Slora Karen B. , Britton Cynthia S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal stability of a paper-and-pencil inventory on safety attitudes, the Employee Safety Inventory. 62 employees of a major publishing company completed the inventory twice with a 10-day interval between testings. A test-retest reliability coefficient of 88 was obtained for the over-all Safety Index. No significant differences in reliability coefficients were found between men and women or between those who had experienced major life events during the time between testings and those who had not experienced such events. This inventory provided a highly reliable measure of safety attitudes.
The Supervisory Relationship in Psychotherapy over Time
Authors: Kauderer Sherri , Herron William G.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated changes in the supervisors' and supervisees' perceptions of the supervisory relationship and the extent to which their perceptions were congruent. Salient dimensions of supervision were identified which predict the quality of the relationship. Twelve supervisory dyads involved in predominantly ongoing supervisory relationships completed an adapted Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale after each supervisory session for 10 consecutive weeks. The participants' perceptions of the supervisory relationships were relatively stable and positive. However, supervisees felt Jess dependent over time. With that exception, agreement among participants did not change significantly. Supervisors viewed supervisees' participation and increased assertiveness as significant positive elements in assessing the quality of the relationship. Supervisees' greater exploration and dependency was associated with negative ratings by supervisors. Since supervisors selected the supervisees for the study, the results primarily validate their judgments of the components of a positive continuing supervisory relationship.
Psychiatric Disorders and Motor Vehicle Accidents
Authors: Cushman Laura A. , Good Robert G. , States John D.
Published: August 2011

The literature has often suggested a relationship between psychiatric illness and increased risk for motor vehicle accidents but few data exist, particularly those from prospective or case-controlled studies. The present study examined detailed accident and injury data from a large series ( N = 1778) of motor vehicle crashes that included persons with diagnoses of psychiatric illnesses ( n = 17); matched controls were also studied. As expected, drivers with psychiatric diagnoses used psychotropic medications more frequently than did controls. Drivers with psychiatric diagnoses did not have more frequent single-car crashes, unsafe speed or failure to yield violations, or less restraint use than did controls. Such drivers did less often drive motorcycles and tended to be less often cited for alcohol use. Implications of these results for efforts toward prevention and for further study are discussed.
Relationship of Age and Sex-Role Conflict for Professional Women in Human Services
Authors: Soled Suzanne Wegener , Blair Eileen Duffy
Published: August 2011

This study provides external validation of the Sex-role Conflict Scale. The relationship between age and sex-role conflict among women with educational interests was investigated. 128 female students in education were assessed on the conflict they experienced in various settings. The mean sex-role conflict scores, although hypothesized to be significantly different, were not among women ages 25 yr. and below, ages 26 to 39 yr., and ages 40 yr. and over. Also investigated was the relationship between age and sex-role conflict in dual-career respondents. Of the 29 respondents who met the criterion for classification, mean sex-role conflict scores were not significantly different for the three age groups. The nonlinear relationship between sex-role conflict and age does not have support for professional women who work in fields other than business.
Comparison of Characteristics of Vietnam Veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Casella Lauraine , Motta Robert W.
Published: August 2011

Characteristics of 107 Vietnam veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), who had been exposed to varying levels of combat, were compared. Severity of psychopathology as assessed on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, locus of control orientation as measured by the Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale, and ability to have provided structure and meaning to the Vietnam experience were examined. Compared to veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, those without the disorder had lower Neuroticism and Psychoticism scores, were more internal in their locus of control orientation, and were more likely to have shown ability to provide structure to the Vietnam experience. The additional finding that veterans with high combat experience but without PTSD evidenced less neuroticism than low combat veterans without PTSD provides evidence that those who did not develop the disorder despite high exposure to combat stress are individuals with exceptional emotional strength and resilience.
Development of a Self-Report Measure of Self-Relevant Feedback: Initial Validation
Authors: Compton William C.
Published: August 2011

The development of a self-report measure of preferences for self-relevant feedback (choice between positive or negative personality trait adjectives that might be descriptive of the self) is described. The initial study of validity yielded correlations in the expected direction with measures of depression, self-esteem, neurosis, and general maladjustment. Implications for research were discussed.
Perception of Expectancy Effects
Authors: Horn George , Downey Jerrold L.
Published: August 2011

The present research reports an assessment of whether people recognize that their performance may be affected by perceived expectations. Four different positive expectation situations and four parallel negative expectation situations were described and subjects were asked to indicate the extent to which they would expect their performance to be affected by each situation. Analysis of variance indicated that people think they will respond more to positive expectations of situations than to negative ones. The specific situation described was also a relevant variable in that expectancies of teachers in a classroom were thought to have less behavioral effect than expectancies of family and friends. The analysis shows an interaction between the situation and the positive versus negative expectations.
Distress and Performance Appraisal Satisfaction
Authors: Jordan James L.
Published: August 2011

120 quality assurance engineers indicated how frequently job stressors, causing distress related to role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, and career development, affected them at work. They also indicated their satisfaction with their most recent performance appraisal. Satisfaction with performance appraisal was significantly negatively correlated with each stressor.
Evaluation of Confirmatory Factor Analytic and Structural Equation Models Using Goodness-of-Fit Indices
Authors: Marcoulides George A.
Published: August 2011

Evaluating model fit is important when conducting confirmatory factor analytic and structural equation analyses. This paper proposes a resampling procedure for obtaining estimates of model fit.
Optimism and Health-Relevant Cognitions after a Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Desharnais Raymond , Godin Gaston , Jobin Jean , Valois Pierre , Ross Alain
Published: August 2011

The relationship between dispositional optimism (LOT) and health-relevant cognitions after a myocardial infarction was examined with 158 patients (mean age = 52.7 ± 8.1 yr.). Patients above the median on optimism (i.e., optimists) scored significantly lower on perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and experienced fear than did pessimists. However, no difference on perceived self-efficacy was reported between optimists and pessimists. It is concluded that these results provide further evidence for the LOT's construct validity.
Autonomic Reactivity and Personality
Authors: Lester David , Ecker Christine , Kimchick Maryann
Published: August 2011

In 28 male and 42 female college students, rs between scores for Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Lying from the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a measure of sympathetic dominance were of low magnitude, failing to support Eysenck's hypothesis that neuroticism is associated with imbalance in the autonomic nervous system.
Attitudes of Emergency Medical Service Providers towards AIDS
Authors: Matin Scott A. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

19 mobile, intensive care paramedics and 21 RNs scored similarly on Rotter's I-E scale and on a 15-item attitude inventory. Aware of dangers associated with treating people with AIDS, they do not want to change careers and, on the average, agree slightly that they treat AIDS patients like other patients.
Effects of Familiar Proctor on Fifth and Sixth Grade Students' Test Anxiety
Authors: Derosa Arnold P. , Patalano Frank
Published: August 2011

The effect of the proctor's familiarity on four groups of students in Grades 5 and 6 was investigated. The 137 children took a reading examination, half of which was administered by a familiar proctor, the other half by an unfamiliar one. Order of conditions was controlled. Analysis showed that students had significantly lower reading scores with the unfamiliar proctor. Students with midrange IQs had significantly lower reading scores than those in the low or high ranges. A significant relationship between test anxiety and effects of the unfamiliar proctor on test performance was shown. Test anxiety contributed significantly to the relationship between self-esteem and performance.
Relationship between Adaptive Behavior and Intelligence: Additional Evidence
Authors: Platt Leslie Oliver , Kamphaus Randy W. , Cole Ron W. , Smith Carleen L.
Published: August 2011

Assessment of adaptive behavior is still controversial partially because there is disagreement about its relationship to intelligence. Most studies have yielded low to moderate correlations, suggesting these constructs are relatively distinct. The purpose of this study was to examine correlations between the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. Subjects were 99 children, ages 5 to 19 yr., referred for psychological evaluations of diagnosed or suspected mental handicaps. Correlations between the Vineland and each intelligence test were low to moderate. Present results confirm previous findings and support the conclusion that adaptive behavior and intelligence are separate but related constructs as well as continued inclusion of adaptive behavior in assessment procedures.
Firo-B's Dissociation from Two Central Dimensions of Interpersonal Behavior
Authors: Hurley John R.
Published: August 2011

Each addressing interpersonal behavior's central features, three questionnaires were administered to 64 participants in 11 small personal development groups. Individuals rated their own and each other's within-group behavior twice, near group Hours 23 and 43, on separate scales of acceptance of others and self. They made similar ratings on the Interpersonal Behavior Inventory after groups' Hour 50 termination. Near Hour 33, they made self-ratings only on the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientations-Behavior (FIRO-B). Factor analyses of all correlations among the pertinent 6 peer- and 12 self-based measures yielded two salient factors, labeled acceptance of others and acceptance of self, each encompassing ratings from both self and pooled group peers. Also found were two exclusively self-based factors, one composed of four or five FIRO-B scales, the other of solo indices of the FIRO-B and Interpersonal Behavior Inventory. These findings challenge FIRO-B's usefulness for assessing the interpersonal domain's principal dimensions.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXXIV. Edith Banfield Jackson: A Pioneer in Psychoanalysis
Authors: Jackson D. Joyce
Published: August 2011

Edith Jackson, recipient of one of Sigmund Freud's coveted rings, served him well as an ambassador for psychoanalysis. As a child psychiatrist for 25 years at the Yale School of Medicine, she developed the rooming-in plan which allowed parents and newborns to be together from birth. With Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham, she opened the Jackson Nursery, a precursor of American daycare centers. Among the most important people in developing the field of child psychology, Edith was one of the early psychologists who recognized the importance of satisfying the emotional as well as the physical needs of the newborn.
The Irrationality of Public Demand as Justification for Educators' Proliferation of Interscholastic Football
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

Delineation of the considerable resources available to educators handling problems shows lack of logic in the belief that public demand justifies the violence and sexism which characterizes interscholastic football.
Study on the Empathy and Prosocial Behaviour of Children in Three Day-Care Centres
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

The pre- and poststudy measures were performed for 101 day-care children during a training program in empathy. There were 45 girls and 56 boys; their ages varied from 5 to 6 years. A small group of boys with behaviour or mental problems took also participated in the study. Empathy was tested with the 1968 Feshbach and Roe Affective Situation Test, and kindergarten teachers appraised prosocial behaviour, using Kalliopuska's 1981 rating scale. The test scores were examined by sex, age, and whole-day care/half-day care. The special group of 5 boys got lower empathy points than all others. Girls did not differ from boys in empathy but differed in total prosocial scores and on separate items—encouraging, helpful to others, and polite. Six-yr.-old children were more helpful to others and more responsible than 5-yr.-old children. According to teachers' appraisals the half-day care children behave more prosocially than the whole-day care children, explanable as the latter have more difficult social backgrounds.
Attitudes Related to Work of Adolescents in the United Kingdom and Japan
Authors: Lynn Richard , Yamauchi Hirotsugu , Tachibana Yoshiharu
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to provide data for notions that differences in achievement motivation in different nations may contribute to differences in national rates of economic growth. The nations investigated were the United Kingdom and Japan as representatives of low and high rates of economic growth in the decades after the end of World War II. Data were collected from college students for motivations and attitudes related to work. British students had higher achievement motivation, while Japanese students had higher competitiveness motivation and strong money beliefs. Differences in career preference between the nations were also presented. The relationship between motivations and attitudes to work with career preference were examined for each nation.
Sustaining Fantasies and the 16 PF
Authors: Greenwald Deborah F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships between the Sustaining Fantasy Questionnaire (SFQ) and the 16 PF for 63 college students. The questionnaire is a self-report measure of characteristic fantasies used to reduce negative affect and maintain self-esteem. High scores on the fantasy scales having to do with power and revenge, death and illness, withdrawal and protection, and restitution, and on the scales measuring negative affect and the inability to produce comforting images were all associated with 16 PF indications of psychological distress.
School Stress Reported by Children in Grades 4, 5, and 6
Authors: Karr Sharon K. , Johnson Patricia L.
Published: August 2011

Stress in the school environment of 269 elementary school children attending Grades 4, 5, and 6 of a metropolitan school district were assessed using the School Stress Questionnaire. The effects of sex, ethnic background (minority vs nonminority), type of classroom placement (regular education versus special education), and family structure (traditional versus nontraditional or divorced) were investigated. Children from nontraditional or divorced families had significantly higher school stress than children from intact families. The possibility that these results are a reflection of society's negative attitudes toward children living in nontraditional families is raised.