bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of adaptive facades: The case study of Al Bahr Towers in the UAE
Authors: Attia Shady
Published: April 2017

The assessment of adaptive facades presents a barrier in light of the fact that there are no standard assessment techniques to systematically achieve this goal. Most of the available facade performance evaluation systems or frameworks have limited applicability for such advanced building facades. The complexity involved in the evaluation of adaptive or dynamic facades is related to the performance evaluation of facade elements, systems and overall building performance associated with occupant behavior and occupant satisfaction. In this context, we present a case study of an adaptive sunscreen facade to evaluate its performance and occupant behavior. The evaluation focuses mainly on the pre- and post-construction phases of adaptive facades: the design assist phase (including the durability test, visual mockup, onsite mashrabiya mounting and weather stripping), the commissioning phase (field verification and performance testing) and the monitoring phase. The selected project is a 150-meter-high twin tower that stands with a honeycomb-inspired structure and an automated dynamic solar screen that responds to the sun's movement. These solar screens respond dynamically and automatically to the angle of the sun that improves the control over energy consumption, solar radiation and glare with the ability to allow natural light into the building. This paper is part of the research activities of working group 3 of the European COST Action 1403 on “Adaptive Facades”. Different methods were used for evaluation, which include: interviews with the architect, facade engineer, technical control specialist and occupants; reviews of standards and codes; and reviews of energy models and a systematic design process mapping. A documentation of the case study describing the post-construction occupant comfort and facade operation was prepared. The audience of this paper is mainly project managers, architects, building facade engineers as well as facility managers concerned with the process of design, construction and operation of adaptive sunscreen facades. The outcome of this study identifies quantifiable performance indicators and effective strategies for the design and performance evaluation of optimal adaptive facades.
Microalgae biomass production in municipal wastewater and use of the produced biomass as sustainable biofertilizer
Authors: Hakim Mohammed Abdul , Quadir Mohammed Abdul , Thaher Mehmoud Ibrahim , Aljabri Hareb Mohammed S.J. , Alghasal Ghamza Saed H S , Das Probir
Published: April 2017

Due to the lack of natural water sources, and cost and environmental issues associated with water desalination, Qatar currently emphasizes on the reuse of current wastewater sources, which includes conventional and unconventional approaches to utilize every available water sources, and ultimately promoting the wastewater stream driving from local municipalities. Currently, very few approaches have been taken to utilize this municipal wastewater sources. Moreover, municipal wastewater can also be utilized as growth media for producing microalgae biomass. A well-known approached is to utilize wastewater stream in an integrated farming system such as open pond microalgae cultivation system. In general microalgae, cultivation system requires a large quantity of water supply where additional nutrients and carbon dioxide are needed for microalgae biomass production. Whereas, microalgae grown in municipal wastewater can utilize the available N, P and other trace metals and therefore additional nutrients are not required. The process starts with the integrated treatment of municipal wastewater by selective local microalgae strains which can tolerate the complex stress deriving from the wastewater, consequently producing valuable by-products with zero wastes. In addition, during the cultivation, flue gas can be injected to enhance the biomass productivity. The aims of this study were to screen and optimize native microalgae strains growth in the wastewater stream from Al-Khor municipality. After screening microalgae strains with closed controlled condition, they were tested further with the ambient outdoor conditions in High Rate Algal Pond 200 L open system, using same municipal wastewater. Microalgae biomass were harvested after 10 days of experiments to utilize them as a biofertilizer. Among the microalgae strains two microalgae strain Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. shown higher biomass yield after the growth period. Overall Chlorella sp. gives a higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from the municipal wastewater effluent. Further study also showed a higher plant growth when municipal wastewater grown microalgae biomass was used as biofertilizer as compared to conventional inorganic fertilizer.
Indicadores de Liquidez Versus Modelo Dinâmico: Aplicação no Período Pré e Pós-Crise no Segmento Bancos
Authors: Santos Gláucia Teixeira , De Souza Francisco José Roberto
Published: April 2017

Pesquisas mostram que o Brasil, diante da crise financeira de 2008, que assolou a economia mundial, conseguiu atravessar a turbulência criada neste contexto e as instituições financeiras bancárias se mantiveram relativamente sólidas durante esse período, sofrendo apenas pequenos impactos, quando observado empresas estrangeiras, que sofreram severamente, sendo algumas vendidas a preços irrisórios e outras declarando falência. Um item que pode explicar este fato é a boa gestão de recursos financeiros que os bancos brasileiros praticam, visando a liquidez nas suas operações. Na literatura, encontram-se duas técnicas de gestão financeira para a tomada de decisões: o modelo tradicional, utilizando indicadores de liquidez e o modelo dinâmico (Modelo Fleuriet). A fim de se verificar a solidez dos bancos brasileiros antes e após a crise, nesta pesquisa buscou-se analisar a qualidade da gestão financeira aplicando as duas técnicas citadas. A pesquisa apontou que as mudanças na gestão financeira, retração de crédito, alavancagem nas aplicações financeiras e, em títulos e valores mobiliários foram pontos que neutralizaram os impactos provocados pela crise financeira. Ressaltam-se as formas efetivas de atuação do Bacen quanto aos aspectos regulatórios de mitigação de riscos junto do sistema financeiro nacional, proporcionando liquidez, alavancagem operacional e estrutura de capital compatível com as necessidades exigidas pelo comportamento do mercado interno.
TRANSPARÊNCIA NOS SITES DOS MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Figueiredo Vanuza Silva , Gazoni Rosenclever Lopes
Published: April 2017

Este artigo visa contribuir para a reflexão sobre transparência nos sites dos 92 municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a transparência na divulgação das informações relativas a gestão desses municípios, verificando se estão atendendo aos dispositivos da Lei de Acesso à Informação. A população pesquisada abrange exclusivamente os sites oficiais dos municípios do Rio de Janeiro. A análise nos sites foi realizada nos meses de março e abril de 2015. Concluiu-se que as prefeituras estão criando novas opções para ampliar o nível de transparência. Entretanto, há necessidade de um avanço maior nesse aspecto com a finalidade de atender os interesses da coletividade, garantindo o acesso a informações atualizadas e relevantes. A liberação em tempo real de informações pormenorizadas sobre a execução orçamentária e financeira, em meios eletrônicos de acesso público, ainda não faz parte da realidade da administração pública.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS TRIBUTOS DIFERIDOS NAS COMPANHIAS ABERTAS BRASILEIRAS APÓS A ADOÇÃO DAS IFRS
Authors: MADEIRA FABIO LOPES , DA COSTA JUNIOR JORGE VIEIRA
Published: April 2017

Esta pesquisa investigou as motivações econômicas que explicam o nível de reconhecimento dos tributos diferidos sobre o lucro nas companhias abertas brasileiras no período inicial de adoção das IFRS no Brasil e da vigência obrigatória do Regime Tributário de Transição. Foram selecionadas companhias abertas não financeiras brasileiras componentes no índice IBrX 100, sendo identificadas 68 companhias nos anos de 2010 à 2013 compreendendo assim 272 observações. A análise descritiva dos dados evidenciou que o montante dos passivos fiscais diferidos foi superior ao montante dos ativos fiscais diferidos em todos os anos pesquisados, e que os ativos fiscais diferidos são majoritariamente oriundos de diferenças temporárias, porém ocorrendo um crescimento maior dos créditos fiscais referentes a prejuízos fiscais no período combinado com uma evolução maior dos ativos fiscais totais do que dos passivos fiscais diferidos. Por meio da análise multivariada de regressão múltipla com dados em painel foi possível constatar que: (i) não há relacionamento significativo entre o reconhecimento de tributos diferidos e o endividamento da empresa, (ii) as maiores empresas tendem a registrar um valor menor de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos de forma a reduzir seus lucros e divulgar sua sobretaxação a fim de reduzir sua exposição pública, e (iii) as empresas menos lucrativas são propensas a reconhecer um montante maior de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos para, presumivelmente, atenuar o baixo resultado da empresa e com isso mascarar o seu fraco desempenho, e também, por outro lado, as companhias que possuem maior rentabilidade tendem a registrar valores menores de ativos fiscais diferidos líquidos no sentido de reduzir o lucro, e com isso, diminuir seus custos políticos. Assim, os resultados obtidos sugerem que as empresas utilizam a discricionariedade proporcionada pela regulação contábil dos tributos diferidos para atingir seus objetivos e demandas, no sentido de reduzir sua exposição pública e melhorar sua rentabilidade.
Relatório Anual de Gestão
Authors: Scarpin Jorge Eduardo
Published: April 2017

Relatório Anual de Gestão
Efeito Contágio entre a Produção Industrial Brasileira e as Principais Economias Mundiais
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Abbade da , Coronel Daniel Arruda , Filho Reisoli Bender , Silva Mygre Lopes da
Published: April 2017

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o comportamento do índice de produção industrial brasileiro, no período de janeiro de 1999 a julho de 2015, foi afetado pelas variações no comportamento dos índices de produção industrial das quatro maiores economias mundiais: Estados Unidos, China, Japão e Alemanha. Visou-se também identificar o tempo médio em que os ajustes ocorreram para então determinar se a diversificação internacional em ativos do setor industrial pode ser realizada para alcançar maiores retornos e minimização de riscos. Para isso foi aplicado o teste de cointegração entre o índice e as variáveis selecionadas, além da estimativa por meio de um modelo de Vetor de Correção de Erros (VEC), com o intuito de identificar o efeito contágio. Os resultados indicaram que existe cointegracão entre a produção industrial dos principais mercados mundiais e o Brasil, embora o lento ajustamento dos mercados à relação de equilíbrio de longo prazo sugere que os investidores poderiam obter benefícios advindos da diversificação internacional.
Informações
Authors: Costa Flaviano
Published: April 2017

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Calibrating a flow model in an irrigation network: Case study in Alicante, Spain
Authors: Pérez-Sánchez Modesto , Sánchez-Romero Francisco J. , Ramos Helena M. , López-Jiménez P. Amparo
Published: April 2017

The usefulness of models depends on their validation in a calibration process, ensuring that simulated flows and pressure values in any line are really occurring and, therefore, becoming a powerful decision tool for many aspects in the network management (i.e., selection of hydraulic machines in pumped systems, reduction of the installed power in operation, analysis of theoretical energy recovery). A new proposed method to assign consumptions patterns and to determine flows over time in irrigation networks is calibrated in the present research. As novelty, the present paper proposes a robust calibration strategy for flow assignment in lines, based on some key performance indicators (KPIF) coming from traditional hydrological models: Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (non-dimensional index), root relative square error (error index) and percent bias (tendency index). The proposed strategy for calibration was applied to a real case in Alicante (Spain), with a goodness of fit considered as “very good” in many indicators. KPIF parameters observed present a satisfactory goodness of fit of the series, considering their repeatability. Average Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value oscillated between 0.30 and 0.63, average percent bias values were below 10% in all the range, and average root relative square error values varied between 0.65 and 0.80.
Development of multi-functional combine harvester with grain harvesting and straw baling
Authors: Tang Zhong , Li Yaoming , Cheng Cheng
Published: April 2017

The decomposition and burning of straw results in serious environmental pollution, and research is needed to improve strategies for straw collection to reduce pollution. This work presents an integrated design of multi-functional rice combine harvester that allows grain harvesting and straw baling. This multi-functional combine harvester could reduce the energy consumption required for rice harvesting and simplify the process of harvesting and baling. The transmission schematic, matching parameters and the rotation speed of threshing cylinder and square baler were designed and checked. Then the evaluation of grain threshing and straw baling were tested on a transverse threshing cylinders device tes rig and straw square bales compression test rig. The test results indicated that, with a feeding rate of 3.0 kg/s, the remaining straw flow rate at the discharge outlet was only 1.22 kg/s, which indicates a variable mass threshing process by the transverse threshing cylinder. Then the optimal diameter, length and rotating speed of multi-functional combine harvester transverse threshing cylinder were 554 mm, 1590 mm, and 850 r/min, respectively. The straw bale compression rotating speed of crank compression slider and piston was 95 r/min. Field trials by the multi-functional combine harvester formed bales with height×width×length of 40×50×54-63 cm, bale mass of 22.5 to 26.0 kg and bale density 206 to 216 kg/m3. This multi-functional combine harvester could be used for stem crops (such as rice, wheat and soybean) grain harvesting and straw square baling, which could reduce labor cost and power consumption.
Modeling sprinkler irrigation infiltration based on a fuzzy-logic approach
Authors: Mattar Mohamed Abdel-Aziz , El-Marazky Mohamed S. , Ahmed Khaled A.
Published: April 2017

In this study, the irrigation water infiltration rate (IR) is defined by input variables in linguistic terms using a fuzzy-logic approach. A fuzzy-logic model was developed using data collected from published data. The model was trained with three fuzzy membership functions: triangular (‘trimf’), trapezoid (trapmf), and pi (‘pimf’). The fuzzy system considered the number of irrigation events, applied water depth, polyacrylamide application rate, water application time, water electrical conductivity, soil surface slope, and soil texture components as input variables. The inputs were classified in terms of low, medium, and high levels. The output variable (i.e., IR) was rated in terms of five levels: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Using statistical analysis, the values of IR resulting from the developed fuzzy-logic model were compared with the observations from the experiments. The results confirm that the agreement between the observations and predictive results was acceptable, except for fuzzy 'trimf'. The coefficient of determination provided the greatest value when using the 'trapmf' and 'pimf', with the value estimated for the 'pimf' slightly higher than that of 'trapmf'. Based on the results that were obtained, irrigation managers can use the fuzzy-logic approach to modify their field practices during the growing season to improve on-farm water management.
Chitosans of different molecular weight enhance potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield in a field trial
Authors: Falcón-Rodríguez Alejandro B. , Costales Daimy , Gónzalez-Peña Dianevys , Morales Donaldo , Mederos Yuliem , Jerez Eduardo , Cabrera Juan C.
Published: April 2017

Physico-chemical features of chitosan affect its biological activity on plants. In this work, the influence of chitosan molecular mass in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields was investigated. By using chitosan polymers of high (CH-1) and low (CH-2) molecular weight and a hydrolysed chitosan derivative (CHH), two experiments were performed under field conditions to determine the effect of these polymers on yields of two potato varieties, ‘Call White’ and ‘Santana’. For this purpose, the foliar spray of low doses of the derivatives at three cultivation moments was performed and several yield variables were determined at crop harvest. All three chitosan compounds increased the performance variables determined respect to the control, depending on the variable, the dose employed and the mass of the derivative evaluated. In most variables determined, the two lowest doses (200 and 325 mg/ha) provoked the highest increments above control. Chitosans also affected distribution of mass per tuber size, particularly; in ‘Santana’ variety the two lowest doses enhanced the commercial tuber sizes. Among the polymers, CH-1 caused the greatest increases in performance, while, compared to the polymer, CHH provoked higher yields. In conclusion, foliar application at low doses of high molecular weight and hydrolysed chitosan enhanced potato yield between 15-30%.
Transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy: Assessing complication risk in cases of previous abdominal surgery
Authors: Ouellet Simon , Sabbagh Robert , Jeldres Claudio
Published: April 2017

Introduction: We aimed to assess the effect of previous abdominal surgery on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing transperitoneal laparoscopic partial (LPN) or radical (LRN) nephrectomy for renal masses.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of LPN and LRN for renal masses at our institution between 2008 and 2014. Patients were divided in two groups, those with and without prior abdominal surgery. Four perioperative outcomes were compared, namely, operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), and 30-days complications rate. A subanalysis was performed to address the impact of previous open cholecystectomy on right LPN or LRN.Results: Of 293 patients identified, 146 (49.8%) had previous abdominal surgery. In univariate analysis, no differences in operative time (136 vs. 144 minutes; p=0.154), EBL (88 vs. 100 mL; p=0.211), or 30-day complication rate (24 vs. 14%; p=0.069) were recorded between the groups. Only LOS favoured patients without previous abdominal surgery (3 vs. 4 days; p=0.001). In multivariate analysis, prior abdominal surgery was not associated with an increased OT, EBL, LOS, or complication rate. The analysis of right nephrectomies showed increased OT (148 vs. 128 minutes; p=0.049) and complication rate (42 vs. 16%; p=0.004) for patients with past open cholecystectomy compared to those without. Multivariate analysis revealed that prior open cholecystectomy was associated with a longer LOS (ORmedian=2.7 [1.2‒8.0]) and an increased risk of complications (ORmedian=4.5 [1.6‒10.5]).Conclusions: In this cohort, previous abdominal surgery was not associated with worse perioperative outcomes after transperitoneal LPN and LRN for renal masses. However, previous open cholecystectomy resulted in a higher risk of complication and a longer LOS in patients undergoing right laparoscopic nephrectomy.
Cost-effectiveness of mirabegron compared to tolterodine ER 4 mg for overactive bladder in Canada
Authors: Herschorn Sender , Nazir Jameel , Ramos Barbara , Hakimi Zalmai
Published: April 2017

Introduction: This analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of once-daily regimens of mirabegron 50 mg and generic tolterodine ER 4 mg in a hypothetical cohort of previously treated patients with overactive bladder (OAB) in Canada.Methods: A Markov model was developed to represent different health states according to OAB symptoms (frequency, incontinence), presence/absence of adverse events (AEs; dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision), and treatment status (on-treatment, discontinue treatment, restart previous treatment). The time horizon used was one year, with monthly transitions between health states. The model was populated using data from a phase 3, placebo-controlled trial of mirabegron that included tolterodine as an active comparator (SCORPIO), as well as other published literature and expert opinion. Cost-effectiveness was calculated from Canadian public payer (based on Quebec list prices) and societal perspectives.Results: The incremental one-year cost per patient for mirabegron over tolterodine was $182 CAD and $157 CAD from the payer and societal perspectives, respectively. The incremental quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain for mirabegron was 0.0066 when using EQ-5D health-state utilities. Mirabegron was cost-effective compared with tolterodine, from both payer and societal perspectives, and remained cost-effective vs. tolterodine across the majority of sensitivity analyses. The model was based on limited clinical trial evidence supplemented with expert opinion and assumptions; a select number of OAB symptoms, AEs, and direct and indirect medical costs associated with OAB; and a timeframe of only one year.Conclusions: From the payer and societal perspectives, the health economic model indicates that in Canada, mirabegron is a cost-effective treatment strategy compared with tolterodine, leading to improved health outcomes (QALYs) at an acceptable incremental cost.
Systematic review of the potential role of cannabinoids as antiproliferative agents for urological cancers
Authors: Gandhi Shreyas , Vasisth Gaurav , Kapoor Anil
Published: April 2017

Introduction: The palliative effects of cannabis sativa (marijuana), which include appetite stimulation, attenuation of nausea and emesis, and pain relief, are well known. The active components of cannabis sativa (cannabinoids) and their derivatives have received growing interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities, such as cell growth inhibition and tumour regression. The aim of this review is to look at the current evidence on the antiproliferative effects of cannabinoids in urological malignancies, including renal, prostate, bladder, and testicular cancers.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies exploring the effect of cannabinoids on tumour activity, including all study types except expert opinions. A formal search was run on Medline database from 1946 to September 2016, along with a hand-search on PubMed for relevant studies.Results: The search yielded a total of 93 studies from Medline and PubMed, of which 23 studies were included in the final analysis. To date, there are various in vitro studies elucidating the potential mechanism of action of cannabinoids for urological cancers, along with population-based studies specifically for testicular malignancies. To date, no clinical trials have been conducted for urological cancer patients.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the role of endocannabinoids for urological malignancies is an area of active research. Further research is required not only to evaluate the crosstalk between cancer signaling pathways and cannabinoids, but also large randomized clinical studies with urological patients need to be conducted before cannabinoids can be introduced as potential therapeutic options for urological neoplasms.
Encapsulation of Anthocyanins from Black Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Bran Extract using Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles
Authors: Bulatao Rodel M. , Samin John Paulo A. , Salazar Joel R. , Monserate Juvy J.
Published: April 2017

This study was conducted to extract and encapsulate anthocyanins from black rice bran using chitosan-alginate nanoparticles. Ten black rice varieties were screened for the anthocyanin content and the variety with the highest anthocyanins was used for the encapsulation. The anthocyanins were extracted by defatting the bran with n-hexane and soaking it with 85% acidified ethanol. The crude anthocyanin extract (CAE) was freeze-dried at -110°C for 48 h and then encapsulated in chitosan-alginate nanoparticles using two processes: ionic pre-gelation and polyelectrolyte complex formation. The mass ratio of chitosan and alginate polymers used in this study was 100:10. The treatments applied were as follows: T0-0 mg CAE, T1-10 mg CAE, T2-20 mg CAE, and T3-30 mg CAE. The resulting capsules were characterized in terms of chemical properties, surface morphology, particle size, polydispersive index, encapsulation efficiency, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Screening of rice samples indicated that Ominio bran had the highest anthocyanin content (36.11 mg/g). Anthocyanins were successfully encapsulated in the matrix as shown by the Scanning Electron Microscopy images and Fourier Transform Infrared spectra of the anthocyanin-loaded chitosan-alginate nanoparticles. Among the different concentrations of CAE, T3 had the highest encapsulation efficiency (68.9%) and antioxidant scavenging activity (38.3%) while T1 and T2 had the lowest. Ascending particle size was observed for T0 (358.5 nm), T3 (467.9 nm), T1 (572.3 nm), and T2 (635.9 nm). All anthocyanin-loaded capsules were found to be of nano-size (<1000 nm). The study concluded that chitosan-alginate nanoparticles can be a good encapsulating material for anthocyanin.
Gestão da inovação em uma empresa do setor de borracha e termoplástico
Authors: Theis Vanessa , Haubert Bruna , Zmijewski Joice , Schreiber Dusan
Published: April 2017

A gestão da inovação no meio organizacional pode melhorar a qualidade e a eficiência do trabalho, acentuar a troca de informações e refinar a capacidade empresarial de aprender e utilizar conhecimentos e tecnologias. Nesta perspectiva, foi realizada esta investigação com o objetivo de estudar como ocorre o processo de gestão da inovação em uma empresa do setor de borracha e termoplástico, na região do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, RS. Para tanto, os autores optaram pelo delineamento metodológico que se iniciou com a revisão bibliográfica e documental e, em seguida, de coleta de dados empíricos por meio de observações diretas, levantamento documental e entrevista sistemática em profundidade em um estudo de caso único. Os resultados demonstram que a empresa assume um caráter inovador em diversos aspectos, pois busca inovar em produtos e processos, sempre se atentando à especialização de sua equipe para atender às demandas de mercado.
The Evolution of International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: M. Rhea Harry
Published: April 2017

International criminal justice is a relatively new and uniquely distinct system of criminal justice. It combines international law and criminal law from various legal systems. Historically, international law applied only to States; however, it is now applied to individuals through its merging with criminal law. The majority of States have been genuinely unwilling or unable to prosecute those most responsible for the planning and commission of international crimes. This lack of genuine willingness to prosecute perpetrators of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity has resulted in the recent creation of multiple international criminal tribunals. The emergence of international and quasi-international criminal tribunals should not reflect the assumption that the idea of such courts is new. On the contrary, the idea and discussions for creating international criminal tribunals have been with us for well over a century. This article traces the evolution of international criminal tribunals starting from 1864. Each major debate to establish an international criminal tribunal is closely analyzed. The article concludes with analysis of the International Criminal Court.
Alternative Energy Sources for Energy Crisis: Rethinking the Global and Bangladesh Perspectives
Authors: Islam Md. Shafiqul
Published: April 2017

This paper discusses the evolution of various energy resources, their reserves, and usages for policy makers and energy experts. It finds that there is a huge supply-side deficit to meet the demand of the 7 billion people in today's world. To meet this huge energy needs, alternative energy sources are investigated and suggestions are made to address energy crises in Bangladesh and global contexts. The author argues that with the advancement of technology, a completely new nuclear meaning thorium reactors, small modular reactors, and novel solar technologies can offer potential alternatives to meet the needs of mankind. In addition, developing cost-effective carbon capture storage devices to catch carbon at its generating sources, energy storage devices, and energy culture model can be explored. The search for alternative technologies and energy culture require robust discussion, cooperation, and investment in clean energy sources. The paper concludes with a discussion of future energy policy and appropriate action plans to adopt emerging alternative technologies as per the promises made at the Paris Climate Change Accord COP21.
Mechanism of endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and activation by tentacle extract from the jellyfishCyanea capillata
Authors: Wang Beilei , Liu Dan , Wang Chao , Wang Qianqian , Zhang Hui , Liu Guoyan , Tao Xia , Zhang Liming
Published: April 2017

Our previous study demonstrated that tentacle extract (TE) from the jellyfishCyanea capillata(C. capillata) could cause a weak relaxation response mediated by nitric oxide (NO) using isolated aorta rings. However, the intracellular mechanisms of TE-induced vasodilation remain unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the role of TE on Akt/eNOS/NO and Ca2+signaling pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our results showed that TE induced dose- and time-dependent increases of eNOS activity and NO production. And TE also induced Akt and eNOS phosphorylation in HUVECs. However, treatment with specific PI3-kinase inhibitor (Wortmannin) significantly inhibited the increases in NO production and Akt/eNOS phosphorylation. In addition, TE also stimulated an increase in the intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was significantly attenuated by either IP3receptor blocker (Heparin) or PKC inhibitor (PKC 412). In contrast, extracellular Ca2+-free, L-type calcium channel blocker (Nifedipine), or PKA inhibitor (H89) had no influence on the [Ca2+]ielevation. Since calcium ions also play a critical role in stimulating eNOS activity, we next explored the role of Ca2+in TE-induced Akt/eNOS activation. In consistent with the attenuation of [Ca2+]ielevation, we found that Akt/eNOS phosphorylation was also dramatically decreased by Heparin or PKC 412, but not affected by Nifedipine or H89. However, the phosphorylation level could also be decreased by the removal of extracellular calcium. Taken together, our findings indicated that TE-induced eNOS phosphorylation and activation were mainly through PI3K/Akt-dependent, PKC/IP3R-sensitive and Ca2+-dependent pathways.
Exergames for women with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling
Authors: Collado-Mateo Daniel , Dominguez-Muñoz Francisco J. , Adsuar Jose C. , Merellano-Navarro Eugenio , Gusi Narcis
Published: April 2017

Background

Exergames are a new form of rehabilitation that combine the characteristics of physical exercise and the benefits of non-immersive virtual reality (VR). Effects of this novel therapy in women fibromyalgia are still unknown. The objective was to evaluate the effects of exergame-based intervention on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling in women with fibromyalgia.

Methods

This study was a randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation. Seventy-six women with fibromyalgia were divided into two groups: the exercise group received an eight week intervention based on exergames, while the control group continued their usual activities. Mobility skills were evaluated using the timed up and go test, while balance was assessed using the functional reach test, and the CTSIB protocol. Fear of falling was evaluated on a scale of 0–100 (0, no fear; 100, extreme fear). Measurements were performed before and after the intervention. A repeated-measures linear mixed model was used to compare the effects of the intervention between the two groups.

Results

The exercise group was significantly quicker than the control group in the timed up and go test (MD, −0.71; 95% CI [−1.09–0.32]; p < 0.001). There were also significant improvements in functional reach and a reduced fear of falling (MD, 4.34; 95% CI [1.39–7.30]; p = 0.005 and MD, −9.85; 95% CI [−0.19–−0.08]; p = 0.048, respectively).

Discussion

The improved TUG observed herein was better than the smallest real difference. Based on the results on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling, exergames may be an effective tool as a therapy for women with fibromyalgia.
Continuous monitoring of snowpack dynamics in alpine terrain by aboveground neutron sensing
Authors: Schattan Paul , Baroni Gabriele , Oswald Sascha E. , Schöber Johannes , Fey Christine , Kormann Christoph , Huttenlau Matthias , Achleitner Stefan
Published: April 2017

The characteristics of an aboveground cosmic‐ray neutron sensor (CRNS) are evaluated for monitoring a mountain snowpack in the Austrian Alps from March 2014 to June 2016. Neutron counts were compared to continuous point‐scale snow depth (SD) and snow‐water‐equivalent (SWE) measurements from an automatic weather station with a maximum SWE of 600 mm (April 2014). Several spatially distributed Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)‐based SD and SWE maps were additionally used. A strong nonlinear correlation is found for both SD and SWE. The representative footprint of the CRNS is in the range of 230–270 m. In contrast to previous studies suggesting signal saturation at around 100 mm of SWE, no complete signal saturation was observed. These results imply that CRNS could be transferred into an unprecedented method for continuous detection of spatially averaged SD and SWE for alpine snowpacks, though with sensitivity decreasing with increasing SWE. While initially different functions were found for accumulation and melting season conditions, this could be resolved by accounting for a limited measurement depth. This depth limit is in the range of 200 mm of SWE for dense snowpacks with high liquid water contents and associated snow density values around 450 kg m−3 and above. In contrast to prior studies with shallow snowpacks, interannual transferability of the results is very high regardless of presnowfall soil moisture conditions. This underlines the unexpectedly high potential of CRNS to close the gap between point‐scale measurements, hydrological models, and remote sensing of the cryosphere in alpine terrain.
Seismological evidence of fault weakening due to erosion by fluids from observations of intraplate earthquake swarms
Authors: Vavryčuk Václav , Hrubcová Pavla
Published: April 2017

The occurrence and specific properties of earthquake swarms in geothermal areas are usually attributed to a highly fractured rock and/or heterogeneous stress within the rock mass being triggered by magmatic or hydrothermal fluid intrusion. The increase of fluid pressure destabilizes fractures and causes their opening and subsequent shear‐tensile rupture. The spreading and evolution of the seismic activity are controlled by fluid flow due to diffusion in a permeable rock (fluid‐diffusion model) and/or by redistribution of Coulomb stress (intrusion model). These models, however, are not valid universally. We provide evidence that none of these models is consistent with observations of swarm earthquakes in West Bohemia, Czech Republic. Full seismic moment tensors of microearthquakes in the 2008 swarm in West Bohemia indicate that fracturing at the starting phase of the swarm was not associated with fault openings caused by pressurized fluids but rather with fault compactions. This can physically be explained by a fault‐weakening model, when the essential role in the swarm triggering is attributed to degradation of fault strength due to long‐lasting chemical and hydrothermal fluid‐rock interactions in the focal zone. Since the rock is exposed to circulating hydrothermal, CO2‐saturated fluids, the walls of fractures are weakened by dissolving and altering various minerals. The porosity of the fault gauge increases, and the fault weakens. If fault strength lowers to a critical value, the seismicity is triggered. The fractures are compacted during failure, the fault strength recovers, and a new cycle begins.
Insight gained from responses to surveys on reference dosimetry practices
Authors: Muir Bryan , Culberson Wesley , Davis Stephen , Kim Gwe‐Ya , Huang Yimei , Lee Sung‐Woo , Lowenstein Jessica , Sarfehnia Arman , Siebers Jeffrey , Tolani Naresh
Published: April 2017

Purpose

To present the results and discuss potential insights gained through surveys on reference dosimetry practices.

Methods

Two surveys were sent to medical physicists to learn about the current state of reference dosimetry practices at radiation oncology clinics worldwide. A short survey designed to maximize response rate was made publicly available and distributed via the AAPM website and a medical physics list server. Another, much more involved survey, was sent to a smaller group of physicists to gain insight on detailed dosimetry practices. The questions were diverse, covering reference dosimetry practices on topics like measurements required for beam quality specification, the actual measurement of absorbed dose and ancillary equipment required like electrometers and environment monitoring measurements.

Results

There were 190 respondents to the short survey and seven respondents to the detailed survey. The diversity of responses indicates nonuniformity in reference dosimetry practices and differences in interpretation of reference dosimetry protocols.

Conclusions

The results of these surveys offer insight on clinical reference dosimetry practices and will be useful in identifying current and future needs for reference dosimetry.
Regulating Top‐Surface Multilayer/Single‐Crystal Graphene Growth by “Gettering” Carbon Diffusion at Backside of the Copper Foil
Authors: Abidi Irfan H. , Liu Yuanyue , Pan Jie , Tyagi Abhishek , Zhuang Minghao , Zhang Qicheng , Cagang Aldrine A. , Weng Lu‐Tao , Sheng Ping , Goddard William A. , Luo Zhengtang
Published: April 2017

A unique strategy is reported to constrain the nucleation centers for multilayer graphene (MLG) and, later, single‐crystal graphene domains by gettering carbon source on backside of the flat Cu foil, during chemical vapor deposition. Hitherto, for a flat Cu foil, the top‐surface‐based growth mechanism is emphasized, while overlooking the graphene on the backside. However, the systematic experimental findings indicate a strong correlation between the backside graphene and the nucleation centers on the top‐surface, governed by the carbon diffusion through the bulk Cu. This understanding steers to devise a strategy to mitigate the carbon diffusion to the top‐surface by using a carbon “getter” substrate, such as nickel, on the backside of the Cu foil. Depth profiling of the nickel substrate, along with the density functional theory calculations, verifies the gettering role of the nickel support. The implementation of the backside carbon gettering approach on single‐crystal graphene growth results in lowering the nucleation density by two orders of magnitude. This enables the single‐crystal domains to grow by 6 mm laterally on the untreated Cu foil. Finally, the growth of large‐area polycrystalline single layer graphene, free of unwanted MLG domains, with significantly improved field‐effect mobility of ≈6800 cm2 V−1 s−1 is demonstrated.
Organic Nanoprobe Cocktails for Multilocal and Multicolor Fluorescence Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Yin Chao , Zhu Houjuan , Xie Chen , Zhang Lei , Chen Peng , Fan Quli , Huang Wei , Pu Kanyi
Published: April 2017

Hypochlorite (ClO−) as a highly reactive oxygen species not only acts as a powerful “guarder” in innate host defense but also regulates inflammation‐related pathological conditions. Despite the availability of fluorescence probes for detection of ClO− in cells, most of them can only detect ClO− in single cellular organelle, limiting the capability to fully elucidate the synergistic effect of different organelles on the generation of ClO−. This study proposes a nanoprobe cocktail approach for multicolor and multiorganelle imaging of ClO− in cells. Two semiconducting oligomers with different π‐conjugation length are synthesized, both of which contain phenothiazine to specifically react with ClO− but show different fluorescent color responses. These sensing components are self‐assembled into the nanoprobes with the ability to target cellular lysosome and mitochondria, respectively. The mixture of these nanoprobes forms a nano‐cocktail that allows for simultaneous imaging of elevated level of ClO− in lysosome and mitochondria according to fluorescence color variations under selective excitation of each nanoprobe. Thus, this study provides a general concept to design probe cocktails for multilocal and multicolor imaging.
Programmable Nano–Bio Interfaces for Functional Biointegrated Devices
Authors: Cai Pingqiang , Leow Wan Ru , Wang Xiaoyuan , Wu Yun‐Long , Chen Xiaodong
Published: April 2017

A large amount of evidence has demonstrated the revolutionary role of nanosystems in the screening and shielding of biological systems. The explosive development of interfacing bioentities with programmable nanomaterials has conveyed the intriguing concept of nano–bio interfaces. Here, recent advances in functional biointegrated devices through the precise programming of nano–bio interactions are outlined, especially with regard to the rational assembly of constituent nanomaterials on multiple dimension scales (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, layered nanomaterials, and 3D‐architectured nanomaterials), in order to leverage their respective intrinsic merits for different functions. Emerging nanotechnological strategies at nano–bio interfaces are also highlighted, such as multimodal diagnosis or “theragnostics”, synergistic and sequential therapeutics delivery, and stretchable and flexible nanoelectronic devices, and their implementation into a broad range of biointegrated devices (e.g., implantable, minimally invasive, and wearable devices). When utilized as functional modules of biointegrated devices, these programmable nano–bio interfaces will open up a new chapter for precision nanomedicine.
Trap Healing for High‐Performance Low‐Voltage Polymer Transistors and Solution‐Based Analog Amplifiers on Foil
Authors: Pecunia Vincenzo , Nikolka Mark , Sou Antony , Nasrallah Iyad , Amin Atefeh Y. , McCulloch Iain , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: April 2017

Solution‐processed semiconductors such as conjugated polymers have great potential in large‐area electronics. While extremely appealing due to their low‐temperature and high‐throughput deposition methods, their integration in high‐performance circuits has been difficult. An important remaining challenge is the achievement of low‐voltage circuit operation. The present study focuses on state‐of‐the‐art polymer thin‐film transistors based on poly(indacenodithiophene‐benzothiadiazole) and shows that the general paradigm for low‐voltage operation via an enhanced gate‐to‐channel capacitive coupling is unable to deliver high‐performance device behavior. The order‐of‐magnitude longitudinal‐field reduction demanded by low‐voltage operation plays a fundamental role, enabling bulk trapping and leading to compromised contact properties. A trap‐reduction technique based on small molecule additives, however, is capable of overcoming this effect, allowing low‐voltage high‐mobility operation. This approach is readily applicable to low‐voltage circuit integration, as this work exemplifies by demonstrating high‐performance analog differential amplifiers operating at a battery‐compatible power supply voltage of 5 V with power dissipation of 11 µW, and attaining a voltage gain above 60 dB at a power supply voltage below 8 V. These findings constitute an important milestone in realizing low‐voltage polymer transistors for solution‐based analog electronics that meets performance and power‐dissipation requirements for a range of battery‐powered smart‐sensing applications.
Multichannel Interdiffusion Driven FASnI3 Film Formation Using Aqueous Hybrid Salt/Polymer Solutions toward Flexible Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xi Jun , Wu Zhaoxin , Jiao Bo , Dong Hua , Ran Chenxin , Piao Chengcheng , Lei Ting , Song Tze‐Bin , Ke Weijun , Yokoyama Takamichi , Hou Xun , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: April 2017

Tin (Sn)‐based perovskites are increasingly attractive because they offer lead‐free alternatives in perovskite solar cells. However, depositing high‐quality Sn‐based perovskite films is still a challenge, particularly for low‐temperature planar heterojunction (PHJ) devices. Here, a “multichannel interdiffusion” protocol is demonstrated by annealing stacked layers of aqueous solution deposited formamidinium iodide (FAI)/polymer layer followed with an evaporated SnI2 layer to create uniform FASnI3 films. In this protocol, tiny FAI crystals, significantly inhibited by the introduced polymer, can offer multiple interdiffusion pathways for complete reaction with SnI2. What is more, water, rather than traditional aprotic organic solvents, is used to dissolve the precursors. The best‐performing FASnI3 PHJ solar cell assembled by this protocol exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.98%. In addition, a flexible FASnI3‐based flexible solar cell assembled on a polyethylene naphthalate–indium tin oxide flexible substrate with a PCE of 3.12% is demonstrated. This novel interdiffusion process can help to further boost the performance of lead‐free Sn‐based perovskites.
Utopian Vision: A Grand Solution for a Scholarly Dilemma
Authors: Watts Roderick J.
Published: April 2017

Reconciling the Zen‐like paradox on the back of every red penny—“out of many, one”—is not for the faint of heart. It is a diversity motto, and a lofty desire that the United States claims to covet. But can its citizens, undocumented or otherwise, even agree on what it is? Is not the desire to maintain a strong sense of community in conflict with a Noah's Ark conception of diversity? Using my personal experience in an intentional community determined to foster racial integration, I explore the complicated possibility of having it both ways. To do so, however, we must construct a notion of community, diversity, and The Good Life that will make us believe and work for this synthesis. Our reactions to the word “utopia” offer a glimpse of the challenges ahead.
Rhenium‐Catalyzed Construction of Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Frameworks by a Unique Cyclization of 1,n‐Diynes Initiated by 1,1‐Difunctionalization with Carbon Nucleophiles
Authors: Murai Masahito , Uemura Erika , Hori Shunsuke , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: April 2017

A regioselective cyclization of 1,n‐diynes under rhenium catalysis was developed on the basis of a rare type of 1,1‐difunctionalization of terminal alkynes with carbon nucleophiles, followed by sequential addition reactions of the resulting alkenylrhenium species. The reaction provides an efficient approach to the synthesis of complex cyclopentane‐fused bi‐ and tricycles and spirocycles, which are useful building blocks for the construction of essential frameworks of biologically active compounds as well as functional materials, from simple starting materials by the formation of up to six new carbon–carbon bonds in a single step. The reaction proceeds under neutral conditions and does not require external ligands or additives. The key to this reactivity is the unique activation mode of the rhenium carbonyl complex, which prefers to interact with heteroatoms in polar carbon–heteroatom bonds as well as nonpolar carbon–carbon unsaturated π bonds.