bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of marital status, insurance status, income, and race/ethnicity on the survival of younger patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma in the United States
Authors: Costa Luciano J. , Brill Ilene K. , Brown Elizabeth E.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Recent advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have been associated with improved survival, predominantly among young and white patients. The authors hypothesized that sociodemographic factors, adjusted for race/ethnicity, influence the survival of younger patients with MM.

METHODS

Overall survival (OS) data were obtained for individuals included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER‐18) program who were diagnosed with MM before the age of 65 years between 2007 and 2012. The sociodemographic variables addressed were marital status, insurance status, median household income, and educational achievement in the county of residence. Race/ethnicity was defined as a self‐reported construct including Hispanic (regardless of race), non‐Hispanic black, non‐Hispanic white, and other.

RESULTS

There were 10,161 cases of MM included with a median follow‐up of 27 months (range, 0‐71 months; 22,179 person‐years). Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, SEER registry; age; male sex; and 3 sociodemographic factors including marital status (other than married), insurance status (uninsured or Medicaid), and county‐level income (lowest 2 quartiles), but not race/ethnicity, were found to be associated with an increased risk of death. The 4‐year estimated OS rate was 71.1%, 63.2%, 53.4%, and 46.5% (P<.001), respectively, for patients with 0, 1, 2, or 3 adverse sociodemographic factors. Hispanic and non‐Hispanic black individuals were found to have more adverse sociodemographic factors and worse OS. However, when the population was stratified by the cumulative number of sociodemographic factors, no consistent association between race/ethnicity and OS was observed after adjustment for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

Sociodemographic factors that potentially affect care, but not race/ethnicity, were found to influence the survival of younger patients with MM. Cancer 2016;122:3183–90. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
High Efficiency Drive Method of an Open‐Winding Induction Machine Driven by Dual Inverter Using Capacitor Across dc Bus
Authors: MACHIYA HAJIME , HAGA HITOSHI , KONDO SEIJI
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes a highly efficient drive method for an open‐winding induction machine with a single constant voltage source and a single capacitor. By focusing on the phase voltage of the open‐winding machine, which is determined by the phase difference and the dc voltage of each power converter, it is possible to control the peak value of the phase voltage by controlling the voltage of the capacitor. Thus, a reduction in the iron loss due to harmonic voltage in the open‐winding machine is expected. In the proposed method, the voltage of the capacitor is controlled by the difference between the two reference voltages of the power converter, which depends on the machine power factor and the phase difference of the power converter connected to both ends of the winding. Based on experimental results, the converter loss and the machine loss can be reduced by controlling the voltage of the capacitor in accordance with the machine speed using the proposed method.
When Chirality Meets “Buchwald‐Type” Phosphines: Synthesis and Evaluation in Frustrated Lewis Pair‐, Lewis Base‐ and Palladium‐Promoted Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Fer Mickaël J. , Cinqualbre Joséphine , Bortoluzzi Julien , Chessé Matthieu , Leroux Frédéric R. , Panossian Armen
Published: August 2016

We describe the synthesis of axially chiral “Buchwald ligand”‐like biphenylphosphines in highly enantioenriched form. These monodentate phosphines, biphenyl analogues of Hayashi's MOP ligands, were evaluated in phosphine‐promoted organocatalysis and in hydrosilylations catalyzed by palladium or by frustrated Lewis pairs. As expected, the title phosphines appeared best suited for transition metal catalysis where they provided higher asymmetric induction.
Novel statistical approach for evaluating flow cytometric in vitro micronucleus data
Authors: Wojciechowski J.P. , Gleason C.R. , Roberts D.J. , Custer L.L.
Published: August 2016

Statistical methods currently recommended for analysis of in vitro micronucleus data are based on small sample sizes. The tests are designed to evaluate linear trends and differences between treated and control samples. When using flow cytometric analysis, >5 times the number of cells are easily evaluated, and the variance estimates from these large samples are small. Application of these recommended tests to large samples resulted in statistically significant outcomes which were not considered to be biologically meaningful. Alternative statistical methods for testing trends and differences among treatments that were either widely used, or sample‐size independent, were investigated. Using data from 95 experiments (from 2011–2013) where 19% of the experiments were considered positive, results for the various statistical methods were compared. When using either the recommended or alternate methods, 42–68% of the experiments resulted in statistically significant results (p< 0.05). A new concept was then tested using the same data sets: the “z′ factor”, designed to identify ‘hits’ during high throughput screening. Using this simple‐to‐compute statistic the number of significant calls was reduced to 27%. Then, when combined with a biological criterion based on historical vehicle control data, there was restoration of the original positive frequency (19%). Given the larger sample sizes evaluated using flow cytometry, we have demonstrated that traditional statistical tests may be overly sensitive to small changes in micronucleus induction, and that a simple‐to‐compute index of separation (z′) may be a better tool for analysis, provided that the response is first determined to be biologically meaningful. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589–604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Merging EU Energy and Climate Policy Can Achieve EU Energy Independence
Authors: Sewalk Stephen , Buscarello Vincent , Roebuck Tony
Published: August 2016

In order for the European Union (EU) to sign on to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU also signed up for greater energy dependence on Russia under the belief that Russian natural gas would help it achieve climate goals with no political risks.
Could Hub‐and‐Spoke Be the Future of LNG?
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: August 2016

Sometime in the last millennium, El Paso Corporation began developing the concept of liquefied natural gas (LNG) being transported by tankers that carried their own, on‐board regasification. The concept, called “Energy Bridge,” included the installation of floating buoy connections, way offshore, into which the tanker could plug. That way, it was thought, LNG could enter sensitive markets, such as the US Northeast, without any new, unsightly LNG regasification terminals, and without a lot of pipe being added to the onshore network.
Identifying Sn Site Heterogeneities Prevalent Among Sn‐Beta Zeolites
Authors: Wolf Patrick , Liao Wei‐Chih , Ong Ta‐Chung , Valla Maxence , Harris James W. , Gounder Rajamani , van der Graaff William N. P. , Pidko Evgeny A. , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Ferrini Paola , Dijkmans Jan , Sels Bert , Hermans Ive , Copéret Christophe
Published: August 2016

In recent years, various protocols on preparing Lewis acidic Sn‐β zeolite hydrothermally and postsynthetically have been reported. However, very little is known about the effects of different synthesis protocols on the Sn(IV) speciation in the final material. Even the effects of individual synthesis parameters within a certain preparation method have not been studied systematically. Here, we demonstrate that hydrothermally synthesized Sn‐β zeolites prepared via very similar recipes show significantly different 119Sn‐NMR spectra, suggesting different Sn site speciation. Among postsynthetically prepared Sn‐β zeolites, less variation in the resulting 119Sn‐NMR spectra have been observed, indicating a more reproducible synthesis procedure compared to hydrothermal synthesis in fluoride media. This work highlights the importance of 119Sn‐NMR measurements to elucidate the precise local geometry of the Sn heteroatoms in Sn‐β, and the need to quantify the number of reactive Sn sites on each sample that participate in a given catalytic reaction, in order to accurately compare materials prepared by different routes.
The colour red affects time perception differently in different contexts
Authors: Shi Jiaxin , Huang Xiting
Published: August 2016

Previous studies have found that psychological and behavioural functions of the colour red vary according to context. In this research, we used the verbal estimation paradigm to determine if the colour red affects individuals' perception of interval duration. In our results, perceived duration was shorter in a red condition than in a blue one; additionally, only in the red condition, perceived duration was shorter in an online dating context than in an online interviewing context. The contribution and limitations of this study and future research directions are discussed.
Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of cancer heterogeneity in ultrasound guided biopsies of prostate in men suspected with prostate cancer
Authors: Ling Yuting , Li Chunhui , Feng Kairui , Palmer Scott , Appleton Paul L. , Lang Stephen , McGloin David , Huang Zhihong , Nabi Ghulam
Published: August 2016

Prostate cancer is a multifocal disease with characteristic heterogeneity and foci that can range from low grade indolent to aggressive disease. The latter is characterised by the well‐established histopathological Gleason grading system used in the current clinical care. Nevertheless, a large discrepancy exists on initial biopsy and after the final radical prostatectomy. Moreover, there is no reliable imaging modality to study these foci, in particular at the level of the cells and surrounding matrix. Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is significant in cancer progression with collagen as the dominant structural component providing mechanical strength and flexibility of tissue. In this study, the collagen assembly in prostate tissue was investigated with second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy: malignant foci demonstrated a reticular pattern, with a typical collagen pattern for each Gleason score. The orientation of collagen for each biopsy was computed by applying a ratio of the anisotropic and isotropic collagen fibres. This value was found to be distinct for each Gleason score. The findings suggest that this approach can not only be used to detect prostate cancer, but also can act as a potential biomarker for cancer aggressiveness.

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A stress tensor and QTAIM perspective on the substituent effects of biphenyl subjected to torsion
Authors: Jiajun D. , Maza J. R. , Xu Y. , Xu T. , Momen R. , Kirk S. R. , Jenkins S.
Published: August 2016

The Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) defines quantities in 3D space that can be easily obtained from routine quantum chemical calculations. The present investigation shows that local properties can be related quantitatively to measures traditionally connected to experimental data, such as Hammett constants. We consider the specific case of substituted biphenyl to quantify the effects of a torsion φ, 0.0° ≤ φ ≤ 180.0°, of the C—C bond linking the two phenyl rings for C12H9‐x, where x = N(CH3)2, NH2, CH3, CHO, CN, NO2, on the entire molecule. QTAIM interpreted Hammett constants, aΔH(rb) are introduced and constructed using the difference between the H(rb) value of C12H9‐x and the C12H9‐H, biphenyl which is the reference molecule, with a constant of proportionality a. This investigation unexpectedly yields very good or good agreement for the x groups with the Hammett para‐, meta‐, and ortho‐substituent constants and is checked against para‐substituted benzene. We then proceed to present the interpreted substituent constants of seven new biphenyl substituent groups, where tabulated Hammett substituent constant values are not available; y = SiH3, ZnCl, COOCH3, SO2NH2, SO2OH, COCl, CB3. Consistency is found for the QTAIM interpreted biphenyl substituent constants of the seven new groups y independently using the stress tensor polarizability Pσ. In addition, a selection of future applications is discussed that highlight the usefulness of this approach. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi‐day valley cold‐air pools in the western United States as derived from NARR
Authors: Yu Lejiang , Zhong Shiyuan , Bian Xindi
Published: August 2016

Valleys can trap cold air to form Valley Cold Pools (VCPs). Characterized by stable stratification and weak winds, VCPs, especially those that last over multiple days, can produce adverse effects such as poor visibility and severe air pollution. Using the gridded data set of the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) for the period of 1979 through 2012, this study examines the climatology of VCPs in the western United States with a focus on spatial and temporal variability. The results reveal a widespread occurrence of short‐lived (1–2 days) VCPs over both the mountainous areas of the West and the Northern Plains. Longer VCP episodes, however, tend to be limited to large basins/valleys in the Northwest and the Intermountain West. The leading mode of variability in the annual number of cold‐season multi‐day VCP event anomalies appears to be linked to a sea‐surface temperature anomaly pattern typically found during the warm phase of Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Corresponding to the positive phase of the leading mode of variability is an anomalous 500‐hPa ridge over the western United States induced by a Rossby wave train, which, by blocking cold‐air intrusions and producing mid‐level subsidence warming, leads to more persistent VCP episodes in the western United States. In addition to large‐scale wintertime circulation anomalies, local surface temperature anomalies also contribute to the variability.
Seasonality of mean and heavy precipitation in the area of the Vosges Mountains: dependence on the selection criterion
Authors: Minářová Jana , Müller Miloslav , Clappier Alain
Published: August 2016

The seasonal distribution of mean precipitation and heavy rainfalls during 1960–2013 was analysed based on daily precipitation totals from 168 rain gauging stations in the Vosges Mountains area, north‐eastern France. Concerning mean precipitation, an ancient Hrudička's index designed as a half‐time of precipitation during a year, surprisingly well expresses the seasonality of precipitation and its clear correlation with the mean annual totals in the studied region. The annual course of mean precipitation leads to a distinction of four groups of stations with respect to the position of stations: MT, mountainous stations with maxima of precipitation in winter and an overall highest mean annual totals; LSp, stations situated on leeward slopes of the Vosges Mountains with two maxima of precipitation (primary in winter and secondary in summer); URP, leeward stations located in the Upper Rhine River Plain with the most humid summer season, and the lowest mean annual totals; WSd, windward stations not influenced by the Vosges Mountains, with relatively evenly distributed precipitation, and slight maxima in autumn.

For the heavy precipitation, 1–10‐days totals have been considered to be ‘heavy’ subsequent to applying the three common methods – peaks over threshold (POT), block maxima (BM), and return period estimates based on generalized extreme value distribution. Varying criteria have been employed. The BM method for annual maxima indicates that the heavy rainfall generally occurs during the most humid season although it can also occur anytime during the year. The POT and return period estimates methods reveal that the seasonality of extremes is threshold‐dependent and that probably the threshold sensitivity is also related to the degree of orographic influence – higher occurrence of summer events in the lee while lesser occurrence of winter events in mountains, at higher threshold and shorter duration of event.
Variable utilization patterns of computed tomography for rhinosinusitis in emergency departments
Authors: Sethi Rosh K.V. , Kozin Elliott D. , Naunheim Matthew R. , Rosen Melissa , Shrime Mark G. , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Gray Stacey T.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Computed tomography (CT) use among patients who present to emergency departments (EDs) with rhinosinusitis symptoms is not well described. We aim to: 1) describe sinus CT utilization patterns, and 2) identify predictors of use. We hypothesize that patient symptoms, socioeconomic factors, and gender may influence the decision to obtain a sinus CT scan.

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (2009–2011) was queried for patient encounters with a primary diagnosis of sinusitis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 461*, 473*). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and disposition were obtained. Factors associated with CT scan use were determined by univariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 2,297,830 visits were attributed to a primary diagnosis of sinusitis. The majority of patients were adult (age > 17) (80.8%) and female (63.7%). Computed tomography imaging was obtained in 56,088 patients (2.4%). In univariable analysis, many socioeconomic factors were predictive of imaging, including private insurance (P < 0.0001), metropolitan patient residence (P < 0.0001), and higher median household income quartile (P < 0.0001). The strongest predictors of CT use in multivariable analysis were history of injury (odds ratio [OR] = 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.43–3.29), headache (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.02–2.34), Northeast hospital location (vs. Midwest) (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.46–2.49), and male gender (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.34–1.47).

Conclusions

Several socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors are associated with sinus CT scan use in the ED for rhinosinusitis. This study has implications for CT imaging guidelines in the ED setting and demonstrates a need for further investigation of healthcare utilization disparities.

Level of Evidence

2C. Laryngoscope, 127:537–543, 2017
Effect of anisotropy and drying of costal cartilage on its optical transmittance in laser reshaping of implants with 1, 2, and 3 mm in thickness
Authors: Soshnikova Yulia M. , Keselman Mariya M. , Baum Olga I. , Shults Elvira V. , Obrezkova Mariya V. , Lunin Valery V. , Sobol Emil N.
Published: August 2016

Background and Objective

Laser reshaping of cartilage is a prospective technique which can be applied for manufacturing the natural implants for otolaryngology and reconstructive surgery. Optical properties and optimal laser settings for laser reshaping of costal cartilage depend on its thickness, water content, and structural anisotropy of the tissue, in particular, the distinct orientation of collagen packing. The aim of the work is to study the effect of different collagen orientation, thickness, and drying of costal cartilage on its interaction with laser radiation.

Materials and Methods

Costal cartilage was cut along and crosswise the distinct collagen orientation. The dried and normal cartilage was used for the comparative analysis. The collagen package was studied using atomic force microscopy. The dried tissue was analyzed with thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) analysis to reveal the residual water content. The optical transmittance was measured for two wavelengths λ: 1,560 and 532 nm. The reshaping of cartilage of 1–3 mm in thickness was performed with infrared laser with λ = 1560 nm while, the radiation with λ = 532 nm was used to determine the location of the IR beam.

Results

The transmittance of 532 nm radiation does not depend on collagen orientation and tissue drying. The IR radiation transmits better along the distinct collagen direction in dried cartilage while in normal cartilage the intensity of transmitted IR radiation increases intermittently passing crosswise and does not change dramatically with time along the collagen orientation.

Conclusions

The effect of structural anisotropy of costal cartilage reveals itself in the increasing scattering of IR radiation with λ = 1,560 nm passing crosswise the collagen orientation when tissue water content is decreased. The radiation with λ = 1,560 nm is effective to perform the reshaping for cartilage of 1–3 mm in thickness; however, for 3 mm, the residual mechanical stress should be taken into account. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:887–892, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Einfluß von bituminösen Dachbelagsmaterialien auf das Korrosionsverhalten von Dachentwässerungssystemen aus Zink und verzinktem Stahl
Authors: Rückert Joachim , Neubaurer Franz , Zietelmann Christina
Published: August 2016

In Freibewitterungs‐ und Laborversuchen wurde an einer größeren Anzahl verschiedener bituminöser Dachbelagsmaterialien festgestellt, daß Zu Korrosionserscheinungen an Regenableitungssystemen aus Zink Föhren Können. Das bereits im Regenwasser vorhandene Säure korrosionvermögen wird durch aus dem Bitumen stammende Säuren stark erhöht. Die Säurefreisetzung ist nahezu unabhängig von der Bitumenmatriz. Bei beschieferten bzw. lichtgeschützten Dachbahnen ist die Säureabgabe und damit das Korrosionsrisiko vermindert. jedoch nicht Völlig ausgeschlossen. Lediglich alkalisierende, mineralische Beschichtungen, wie sie in einigen Fällen vorgefunden wurden, bieten einen ausreichenden Schutz vor Korrosionsschäden am Zink. Als weitere, wesentliche Einflußgröen für das Auftreten von Korrosionsschäden sind das Dachflächen/Zinkflächenverhältnis und die individuellen Wasserablaufbedingungen anzusehen.
Über einige Aspekte der atmosphärischen Korrosion von Stahl
Authors: Reinhard Georg , Irmscher Christian
Published: August 2016

Mit Hilfe einer mikrophotometrischen Methode wurde die Korrosion eines unlegierten Stahls (St 38 u2) in reiner Feuchtluft und in Gegenwart niedermolekularer gesättigter Monocarbonsäuren untersucht. Außerdem wurde das elektrochemische Verhalten dieses Stahls in entsprechenden wäßrigen Lösungen charakterisiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Stahl im Unterschied zu reinem Eisen bereits in verunreinigungsfreier Luft korrodiert, wenn (RL) ≥70%. Die Wirkung der flüchtigen Monocarbonsäuren auf die Korrosion hängt vom pH‐Wert des auf der Oxidschicht des Eisenwerkstoffs adsorbierten Wasserfilms ab. Oberhalb von pHkrit fungiert Sauerstoff als Passivator und die Anionen der Carbonsäuren stabilisieren die Passivschicht durch bildung von Anlagerungskomplexen. Abschließend werden für den Mechanismus der atmosphärischen Korrosion der Eisenwerkstoffe allgemeine Schlußfolgerungen abgeleitet.
Beeinflussung des Schwingungsrißkorrosions‐Verhaltens verschweißter Proben durch das WIG‐ und Plasmanachbehandlungsverfahren
Authors: Schmitt‐Thomas Kh. G. , Meisel H. , Reich E.
Published: August 2016

Es hat sich erwiesen, daß durch die Nachbehandlung von Schweißnähten mit Hilfe von Wiederaufschmelzverfahren die Wechselfestigkeit von Schweißkonstruktionen deutlich angehoben werden kann. Urn zu klären, wieweit eine gleichartige Nachbehandlung auch an Bauteilen, die einer SwRK‐Beanspruchung ausgesetzt sind, zur Wirkung kommt, wurden geschweißte Proben aus dem Schiffbaustahl EH 36 hergestellt. Im Schweißeinflußbereich wurde eine Nachbehandlung durch Wiederaufschmelzen mit Hilfe des Wolfram‐Inert‐Gas‐(WIG) und des Plasmaverfahrens vorgenommen. Vergleichend zu nicht nachbehandelten Proben wurde das Schwingverhalten der nachbehandelten Proben in Luft und in künstlichem Meerwasser untersucht. Dazu wurde zunächst eine Optimierung der Nachbehandlungsparameter vorgenommen. Der Einfluß der Nachbehandlung wurde an Schwingversuchen an Luft und in künstlichem Meerwasser durch Aufnahme entsprechender Wöhler‐Kurven dargestellt. Begleitend wurden an den Proben Härtemessungen, Potentialverlaufsmessungen fiber die Schweißnahtbreite und fraktographische Untersuchungen vorgenommen.

Um die Aussagekraft der Einstufen‐Wöhler‐Versuche in Bezug auf die Wirksamkeit der Nachbehandlung zu überprüfen, wurden Betriebsfestigkeitsversuche durchgeführt. Es wurde aufgezeigt, daß Rückschlüsse aus dem Einstufen‐Wöhler‐Versuch auf das Betriebsverhalten nur mit Einschränkungen möglich sind.

Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß an SwRK‐beanspruchten Bauteilen der verbessernde Einfluß einer Schweißnahtnachbehandlung deutlich geringer ist als an Bauteilen, die einer Wechselbeanspruchung an Luft ausgesetzt sind. Dies ist offenbar darauf zurückzuführen, daß das Korrosionsverhalten der Bauteile nicht in gleicher Weise vorteilhaft beeinflußt wird wie das Wechselfestigkeitsverhalten. Bei Zurücktreten der korrosiven Komponente z. B. durch entsprechende Korrosionsschutzmaßnahmen ist mit erhöhter Wirksamkeit der Nachbehandlung in Bezug auf die Wechselfestigkeit zu rechnen.
Spannungsrißkorrosion von Stählen in flüssigem Ammoniak
Authors: Schmitt W. , Heusler K. E.
Published: August 2016

Eine Apparatur zur Untersuchung der Spannungsrißkorrosion von Stahlen in flüssigem Ammoniak unter definierten elektrochemischen Bedingungen wurde aufgebaut. Ein Rechner steuerte den Versuchsablauf und registrierte die Meßdaten. Die dazu nötigen Programme wurden entwickelt.

Versuche mit Rundproben aus Schweißstahl W. Nr. 1.0143 und an dem Stahl STE 355 (W. Nr. 1.0562) ergaben, daß in Ammoniak mit Ammoniumchlorid oder Lithium perchlorat als Elektrolyt bei der Versuchstemperatur von 20°C die Proben nur im Bereich negativer Elektrodenpotential im Gebiet der aktiven Auflösung und der Wasserstoffabscheidung unter Rißbildung brachen. Andere Parameter wie die Verunreinigung der Lösung mit Luft waren von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für durch Wasserstoff induzierte Spannungsrißkorrosion. An passiven Proben wurde keine Versprödung beobachtet. Jedoch war die Zugfestigkeit in flüssigem Ammoniak auch für die ohne Rißbildung gebrochenen Proben deutlich geringer als an Luft.

Versuche mit gekerbten Flachproben aus STE 355 ergaben scharfe Risse, die im wesentlichen transkristallin fortschritten. Die Passivierung in den Kerben war schwierig, so daß man auch mit anodischer Spannungsrißkorrosion rechnen muß.
Effect of phosphine on acid corrosion of iron
Authors: Bala Henryk
Published: August 2016

The effect of the phosphine‐concentration (10−8–10−3 M) in strong acid solutions (pH = 0) on the corrosion rate of pure iron and Fe‐ 0.12% P alloy has been investigated. It was shown that at low concentrations (10−7–10−6M), phosphine accelerates the corrosion of iron, whereas at adequately high concentrations (10−5–10−3 M) it has inhibitory properties. In the presence of PH3 the cathodic reduction of hydrogen ions is strongly accelerated. At the same time, the increase in PH3 concentration causes an increase of surface coverage by PH3 molecules, which results in the inhibition of both partial electrode processes.
Erosionskorrosion ‐ eine Folge lokaler Schädigungsvorgänge
Authors: Hübner Wolfgang , Leitel Erika , Thiessen Karsten P.
Published: August 2016

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein Überblick über Untersuchungen zur Erosionskorrosion gegeben werden. Anhand von 4 Stadien der Oberflächenbeanspruchung durch Erosion und der möglichen Wechselwirkungen mit einem Medium werden Mechanismen der Materialschädigung diskutiert, einschließlich des Verhaltens von Metallen mit Reaktionsschichten.

Es werden die verwendeten experimentellen Anordnungen (rotierende Scheibenelektrode, Vibratorzelle, Erosionskorrosions‐simulator) beschrieben.

Folgende Schwerpunkte werden anhand experimenteller Details erläutert:

– Wechsel der Strömungsbedingungen in Abhängigkeit von der Erosivdosis bzw. der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und die Folgen daraus für den Materialangriff

– Einfluß des Mediums auf die durch den Partikeleinschlag verursachte plastische Deformation

– mechanisch induzierte Schichtbildung und mechanisch induzierte Lochbildung.
Einfluß der Hydrodynamik auf die Korrosion von Eisen und Stahl in neutralen belüfteten NaCl‐ und Na2SO4‐Lösungen
Authors: Schumann H.‐D. , Stieble M. , Ebert M. , Jüttner K. , Lorenz W. J.
Published: August 2016

Das Korrosionsverhalten von Eisen und Stahl in neutralen belüfteter, NaCl‐ und Na2SO4‐Lösungen wird überwiegend von der transportkontrollierten kathodischen Sauerstoffreduktion bestimmt, deren Reaktionszone von den physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften der sich zeitabhängig bildenden 3‐D Deckschicht abhängt. Der Einfluß der Hydrodynamik beschränkt sich auf den Antransport des Sauerstoffs als elektroaktive Spezies zur Reaktionszone und hängt nicht vom Vorliegen laminarer oder turbulenter Strömungsbedingungen ab.
Spannungsrißkorrosionsuntersuchungen an Strangpreßbarren der Legierungen 8090‐T851 und 2091‐T851
Authors: Braun Reinhold
Published: August 2016

Das Spannungsrißkorrosionsverhalten von Strangpreßbarren der Al‐Li‐Cu‐Mg‐Zr‐Legierungen 8090‐T851 und 2091‐T851 wurde untersucht mit beschleunigten Prüfverfahren unter konstanter Verformung, konstanter Belastung und mit langsamer Dehnrate. Als korrosive Medien wurden eine wäßrige 3,5%ige NaCl‐Lösung und eine wäßrige Lösung von 2% NaCl + 0.5% Na2CrO4 bei pH = 3 verwendet. Die benutzten Zug‐ und Stimmgabelproben wurden bei der Prüfung unter konstanter Verformung alternierend in die 3,5%ige NaCl‐Lösung eingetaucht (entsprechend ASTM G44), während sie sich bei den übrigen Prüfverfahren ständig im Elektrolyten befanden. Die untersuchten Strangpreßbarren der Legierung 8090‐T851 besitzen in Strangpreßrichtung und in langer Querrichtung hohen Spannungsrißkorrosionswiderstand. Bei der Legierung 2091‐T851 beobachtet man in langer Querrichtung bei Belastungen von 75% der 0,2% Dehngrenze ein durch Spannungsrißkorrosion oder spannungsunterstützte interkristalline Korrosion verursachtes Versagen. Gleichermaßen wie Platten der Legierung 2024‐T351 sind die Strangpreßbarren beider Al‐Li‐Legierungen in der kurzen Querrichtung äußerst anfällig für Spannungsrißkorrosion.
A hydrogen permeation study of cyclically deformed low alloy steel
Authors: Maier H. J. , Schettler A. , Kaesche H.
Published: August 2016

The effect of the dislocation arrangement on hydrogen permeation in spheroidized low alloy steel (German steel grade 90MnV8, Nr. 1.2842) was studied using the electrochemical permeation technique. The testing material was cyclically deformed in different gaseous environments (hydrogen and ultra‐high vacuum) to obtain dislocation structures with different degrees of cell formation. For undeformed material used as a reference the density and mean binding energy of hydrogen traps were evaluated using the trapping theory. The dislocation cell structure formed during fatigue reduces the apparent diffusion coefficient as the trap density is increased. On the other hand, the steady state hydrogen permeation flux is increased as dislocation cores act as short diffusion paths.
Die Wirkung von reibungsmindernden Zusätzen auf die Metallkorrosion in wäßrigen Medien
Authors: Weber Jos , Knopf K.
Published: August 2016

Reibungsvermindernde Zusätze führen, neben einer Verringerung des Druckabfalls in durchströmten Rohrleitungen, zu einer Beeinflussung des Stofftransportes und somit der Korrosion. Zur Untersuchung der beiden letztgenannten Effekte wurden verschiedene Versuche (rotierende Scheibe, Kreislaufversuche mit Rohrsegmentproben) mit Hexadecyltrimethylammomiumsalicylat sowie mit zwei handelsüblichen kationischen Tensiden durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die geprüften Tenside tatsächlich eine korrosionshemmende Wirkung haben, indem sie einerseits den Stofftransport im Falle einer Sauerstoffkorrosion herabsetzen und, andererseits, selber eine korrosionshemmende Wirkung ausüben. Zudem können sie eine synergistische Wirkung mit anderen Wasserbehandlungschemikalien aufweisen.

Auf gewisse Problemkreise, die sich beim praktischen Einsatz derartiger Verbindungen z. B. in Fernwärmenetzen ergeben können, wird hingewiesen.
Selective Adsorption of Aqueous Phase Co‐Oligomers on Latex Particles Part 1: Influence of Different Initiator Systems
Authors: Daswani Pooja , van Herk Alex
Published: August 2016

For the first time a new analytical procedure to analyze small oligomers produced in a butyl acrylate‐methyl methacrylate emulsion copolymerization is applied. With this method, low molecular weight co‐oligomers are studied using MALDI‐ToF‐MS. Both the oligomers in the aqueous phase and the oligomers in the particle phase can be seen. Varying the initiator system, it is observed that the initiation step has an influence on the composition of these oligomers and hence on the absorption on to latex particles. Chain length dependent average compositions in the aqueous phase are observed. The chain length dependent oligomer composition can be described in terms of kinetic effects and preferential/selective adsorption of co‐oligomers on the particle surface. The kinetic effects and the extent of adsorption on the particle phase are both dependent on the various end groups. The preferential/selective adsorption of co‐oligomers on the particle phase is explained on the basis of solubility and interactions with the surface. The chain length dependent absolute oligomer amount decreases exponentially with chain length as confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.

This information is important to further understand the events of the aqueous phase of an emulsion copolymerization as well as the entry of radicals into the particles.

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Subthalamic synchronized oscillatory activity correlates with motor impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Neumann Wolf‐Julian , Degen Katharina , Schneider Gerd‐Helge , Brücke Christof , Huebl Julius , Brown Peter , Kühn Andrea A.
Published: August 2016

Objective

Beta band oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have been proposed as a pathophysiological signature in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between oscillatory activity in the STN and symptom severity in PD.

Methods

Subthalamic local field potentials were recorded from 63 PD patients in a dopaminergic OFF state. Power‐spectra were analyzed for the frequency range from 5 to 95 Hz and correlated with individual UPDRS‐III motor scores in the OFF state.

Results

A correlation between total UPDRS‐III scores and 8 to 35 Hz activity was revealed across all patients (ρ = 0.44, P < .0001). When correlating each frequency bin, a narrow range from 10 to 15 Hz remained significant for the correlation (false discovery rate corrected P < .05).

Conclusion

Our results show a correlation between local STN 8 to 35 Hz power and impairment in PD, further supporting the role of subthalamic oscillatory activity as a potential biomarker for PD.
A Comprehensive Review on Controlled Synthesis of Long‐Chain Branched Polyolefins: Part 3, Characterization of Long‐Chain Branched Polymers
Authors: Liu Pingwei , Liu Weifeng , Wang Wen‐Jun , Li Bo‐Geng , Zhu Shiping
Published: August 2016

Synthesis and characterization of long‐chain branched polyolefins has been an important research topic for both academic and industrial researchers for many decades. This is particularly true since the discovery and successful commercialization of the constrained geometry catalyst systems in 1990s. The type of single site catalysts allows control in the synthesis and the precision in the characterization. Long‐chain branched polyolefins exhibit improved melt processability, such as higher melt strength and better shear thinning, compared to their linear counterparts having the same molecular weight and distribution. In the previous papers, the catalyst systems and reaction conditions for the controlled synthesis of long‐chain branched polyolefins have been reviewed. This paper aims at summarizing the literatures pertinent to the precise characterization of long‐chain branched polyolefins. The major methods of long‐chain branching characterization include: nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, rheometry, dynamical mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, neutron scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Recent progresses of these characterization methods, as well as their advantages and limitations, have been discussed in details.

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Barriers experienced by patients with multiple sclerosis in seeking care for lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Brucker Benjamin M. , Nitti Victor W. , Kalra Sidhartha , Herbert Joseph , Sadiq Areeba , Utomo Puspa , Aponte Margarita M.
Published: August 2016

AIM

The Actionable Bladder Symptom and Screening Tool (ABSST) is used to identify multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in possible need of evaluation for urinary symptoms. The primary objective of this study was to identify barriers experienced by MS patients in seeking evaluation for urinary symptoms. We also assessed the utility of ABSST tool in identifying patients that will follow up with urologic evaluation.

METHODS

This was a prospective observational study where 100 patients with MS were enrolled from an MS center. Patients completed demographic information, questions to assess barriers to care, a short form of the ABSST, and incontinence questionnaires. An ABSST score >3 met criteria for referral and evaluation. One year after enrollment, follow up calls assessed whether patients had seen a urinary specialist.

RESULTS

The most common barriers to seeking care included “Doctor never referred” (16%) and “Doctor never asked” (13%). Thirty‐eight percent (n = 8/21) of men stated “Doctor never referred” compared to 10% (n = 8/79) of women (P = 0.002). Twenty‐seven patients had an ABSST Score ≥3 and were more interested in seeing a specialist compared to those scoring <3 (88.9%, n = 24/27 vs. 26%, n = 19/73; P = <0.001). After 1 year, 70 patients were reached for follow up. A total of 57.9% (n = 11/19) patients who followed up for evaluation screened positive on the ABSST.

CONCLUSIONS

The ABSST is a valuable tool to identify MS patients with urinary symptoms who will likely follow up for genitourinary evaluation. However, other barriers beyond awareness exist and prevent patients from being evaluated.
Column generation for stochastic green telecommunication network planning with switchable base stations
Authors: Villumsen Jonas Christoffer , Naoum‐Sawaya Joe
Published: August 2016

We present the green telecommunication network planning problem with switchable base stations, where the location and configuration of the base stations are optimized, while taking into account uncertainty and variability of demand. The problem is formulated as a two‐stage stochastic program under demand uncertainty with integers in both stages. Since solving the presented problem is computationally challenging, we develop the corresponding Dantzig‐Wolfe reformulation and propose a solution approach based on column generation. Comprehensive computational results are provided for instances of varying characteristics. The results show that the joint location and dynamic switching of base stations leads to significant savings in terms of energy cost. Up to 30% reduction in power consumption cost is achieved while still serving all users. In certain cases, allowing dynamic configurations leads to more installed base stations and higher user coverage, while having lower total energy consumption. The Dantzig‐Wolfe reformulation provides solutions with a tight LP‐gap eliminating the need for a full branch‐and‐price scheme. Furthermore, the proposed column generation solution approach is computationally efficient and outperforms CPLEX on the majority of the tested instances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 351–366, 2016
The stochastic Galerkin scaled boundary finite element method on random domain
Authors: Do Duy Minh , Gao Wei , Saputra Albert A. , Song Chongmin , Leong Chi Hang
Published: August 2016

The research work extends the scaled boundary finite element method to non‐deterministic framework defined on random domain wherein random behaviour is exhibited in the presence of the random‐field uncertainties. The aim is to blend the scaled boundary finite element method into the Galerkin spectral stochastic methods, which leads to a proficient procedure for handling the stress singularity problems and crack analysis. The Young's modulus of structures is considered to have random‐field uncertainty resulting in the stochastic behaviour of responses. Mathematical expressions and the solution procedure are derived to evaluate the statistical characteristics of responses (displacement, strain, and stress) and stress intensity factors of cracked structures. The feasibility and effectiveness of the presented method are demonstrated by particularly chosen numerical examples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational projection methods for gradient crystal plasticity using Lie algebras
Authors: Truster Timothy J. , Nassif Omar
Published: August 2016

A computational method is developed for evaluating the plastic strain gradient hardening term within a crystal plasticity formulation. While such gradient terms reproduce the size effects exhibited in experiments, incorporating derivatives of the plastic strain yields a nonlocal constitutive model. Rather than applying mixed methods, we propose an alternative method whereby the plastic deformation gradient is variationally projected from the elemental integration points onto a smoothed nodal field. Crucially, the projection utilizes the mapping between Lie groups and algebras in order to preserve essential physical properties, such as orthogonality of the plastic rotation tensor. Following the projection, the plastic strain field is directly differentiated to yield the Nye tensor. Additionally, an augmentation scheme is introduced within the global Newton iteration loop such that the computed Nye tensor field is fed back into the stress update procedure. Effectively, this method results in a fully implicit evolution of the constitutive model within a traditional displacement‐based formulation. An elemental projection method with explicit time integration of the plastic rotation tensor is compared as a reference. A series of numerical tests are performed for several element types in order to assess the robustness of the method, with emphasis placed upon polycrystalline domains and multi‐axis loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐porous composite scaffolds of photo‐crosslinked poly(trimethylene carbonate) and nano‐hydroxyapatite prepared by low‐temperature extrusion‐based additive manufacturing
Authors: Geven Mike A. , Sprecher Christoph , Guillaume Olivier , Eglin David , Grijpma Dirk W.
Published: August 2016

Complex bony defects such as those of the orbital floor are challenging to repair. Additive manufacturing techniques open up possibilities for the fabrication of implants with a designed macro‐porosity for the reconstruction of such defects. Apart from a designed macro‐porosity for tissue ingrowth, a micro‐porosity in the implant struts will be beneficial for nutrient diffusion, protein adsorption and drug loading and release. In this work, we report on a low‐temperature extrusion‐based additive manufacturing method for the preparation of composite photo‐crosslinked structures of poly(trimethylene carbonate) with bone‐forming nano‐hydroxyapatite and noricaritin (derived from bone growth stimulating icariin). In this method, we extrude a dispersion of nano‐hydroxyapatite and noricaritin particles in a solution of photo‐crosslinkable poly(trimethylene carbonate) in ethylene carbonate into defined three‐dimensional structures. The ethylene carbonate is subsequently crystallized and extracted after photo‐crosslinking. We show that this results in designed macro‐porous structures with micro‐pores in the struts. The dispersion used to fabricate these structures shows favorable properties for extrusion‐based processing, such as a sharp crystallization response and shear thinning. The formed photo‐crosslinked materials have a micro‐porosity of up to 48%, and the E modulus, ultimate tensile strength and toughness are in excess of 24 MPa, 2.0 N/mm2 and 113 N/mm2 respectively. A sustained release of noricaritin from these materials was also achieved. The results show that the technique described here is promising for the fabrication of micro‐porous photo‐crosslinked composite structures of poly(trimethylene carbonate) with nano‐hydroxyapatite and that these may be applied in the reconstruction of orbital floor defects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real vacuum fluctuations and virtual Unruh radiation
Authors: Cetto Ana María , de la Peña Luis
Published: August 2016

A straightforward dynamical and statistical analysis of the blackbody radiation field, including the zero‐point component, serves to disclose the key elements leading to Planck's spectral distribution formula. A clear physical sense is assigned to the vacuum fluctuations —which are formally equivalent to those of quantum electrodynamics— in terms of a real fluctuating field with fixed energy per normal mode; the thermal field is added to the vacuum, with its own fluctuations, thus leading to the full blackbody radiation. The results of this analysis allow to address the Unruh problem from a fresh perspective and discuss the nature of the vacuum field modified by a constant acceleration of the reference system. The conclusion is that a proper consideration of the zero‐point field is clue to understanding both the (true) blackbody radiation spectrum, and the spectrum of the so‐called thermal radiation seen from an accelerating framework.
Oxygen vacancy generation in rare‐earth‐doped SrTiO3
Authors: Zulueta Y. A. , Dawson J. A. , Mune P. D. , Froeyen M. , Nguyen Minh Tho
Published: August 2016

Calculations of the energetics of rare‐earth incorporation in SrTiO3 and other perovskite materials using classical potential models are widely featured in the literature. However, the standard incorporation mechanisms are often simplified and many do not account for the generation of oxygen vacancies. In this work, we use two mixed defect schemes that account for the introduction of rare‐earth dopants at both the A‐ and B‐sites of the perovskite structure and oxygen vacancies. An overall assessment of rare‐earth doping in SrTiO3 using the standard dopant incorporation modes with respect to dopant ionic radii is also given. Although the energies for our proposed mixed mechanisms are somewhat higher than the energies for the standard mechanisms, they are more realistic when compared to real samples, as they incorporate a range of different intrinsic defects, unlike the idealized standard schemes. Strong binding energies are reported throughout, in agreement with previous studies. A comparative study of these mixed schemes in BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 reveals that they are more likely to be active in BaTiO3.
On Model Selection for Autocorrelated Processes in Statistical Process Control
Authors: Dawod Abdaljbbar B. A. , Riaz Muhammad , Abbasi Saddam Akber
Published: August 2016

Using traditional control charts to monitor autocorrelated processes is not beneficial, because it will lead us to misleading detections in the processes. One of the methods used to deal with the control charts for autocorrelated process is the model‐based approach. It uses an adequate time series model that fits the process and uses the residuals as monitoring statistics. For the said purpose, it is important to pick a suitable model that can adequately be used for different designs of control charts under specific time series model. This study intends to do the same for three popular types of charts namely Shewhart, exponentially weighted moving average, and cumulative sum. The models covered in this study include AR(1), MA(1), and ARMA(1,1) as the potential models to fit the process of interest. We have focused on two performance aspects namely efficiency and robustness. Average run length is used as a performance measure for different in‐control and out‐of‐control states of the autocorrelated processes under varying levels of autocorrelation. An application example based on a real data set is also included in the study to highlight the importance of the study proposals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.