bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Reaction to New Bifunctional Carbamate Compounds
Authors: Kalistratova Antonida V. , Oshchepkov Мaxim S. , Ivanova Maria S. , Kovalenko Leonid V. , Tsvetikova Marina A. , Bystrova Nataliya A. , Kochetkov Konstantin A.
Published: August 2021

Extreme environmental conditions increase the risk of abiotic stresses in plants, which reduce productivity of land. The investigation and developmentof synthetic approach to new antistress compounds, increasing the resistance of plants to negative factors, are relevant to the present. The objective of this study was to synthesize and to test the effect of a series of new carbamate and oxamate plant growth regulators on early vegetation processes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Three independent series of experiments were conducted using lipophilic compounds N-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-N’-i-propoxycarbonylaminoethylurea (1) and O-Isopropyl-N-[2-(4-methylphenylaminocarbonyloxy)etyl]oxamate (2) and water-soluble compounds O-i-Propyl-N-(2-hydroxyethylamino)carbamate (3) and O-i-Propyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)oxamate (4). Strong stimulating effect on shoots and roots growth in the wheat was found for all studied compounds in all experiments. The highest germination rate (89.6-96.3%) was registered for compound 4. The use of the studied substances 1, 3 and 4 in all cases leads to significant increase in the Seedling Vigor Index (SVI). The high energy index of compounds 3 and 4 can lead to increased photosynthesis and, as a result, to an increase in crop yield. Based on the data obtained on the values of relative water content (RWC) indicators and their components, it can be assumed that all plants after treatment with substances 1-4 are able to tolerate unfavorable weather phenomena. Experimental results show that the percentage of plant recovery after resuming watering was 84-100%. Thus, the data obtained indicate that the synthesized compounds exhibit antistress and growth regulatory activity.
Effects of Cumin/Maize Intercropping on Crop Productivity, Interspecific Interaction and Water Use Efficiency in the Semi-arid Area of Northwest China
Authors: Zhang W. L. , Shao J. R. , Shen L. , Liu T. T. , Tohti Tayir , Li L. H. , Zhang W.
Published: August 2021

In the semi-arid areas of Xinjiang in China, the agricultural community is facing long-term challenges in improving crop productivity and economic profits. A potential way to improve crop productivity is by intercropping food crops with cash crops. In this two-year field experimental study, we analyzed the advantages of the cumin/maize intercropping system as compared to cultivating them separately from three perspectives: crop growth, interspecific interactions, and water use efficiency. At the experimental site, each cropping systems (i.e., the cumin/maize intercropping system, monocropping cumin system, and monocropping maize system) had three replicates. In the experimental of 2019 and 2020, the three cropping systems showed significant differences in plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index (LAI). The yields of the cumin/maize intercropping system were both lower than monocropping maize and cumin. However, the cumin/maize intercropping system had a higher land equivalent ratio (LER) than either of the monocropping systems, with a two-year average value of 1.65. Intercropped cumin was less dominant; as shown by aggressivity (Acm; averaging—0.22) and relative crowding coefficient (Rcm; averaging—3.15). In addition, the cumin/maize intercropping system significantly improved the Water equivalent ratio (WER) as compared to the monocropping systems, with a two-year average value of 1.67. Therefore, the cumin/maize intercropping system is a promising agricultural strategy to improve the utilization rate of agricultural resources and economic benefits in Xinjiang.
Vervolging vanwege religie in het Romeinse Rijk
Authors: Janssen Renske
Published: August 2021

Religious persecution in the Roman Empire

This article analyses the legal position of Christian communities in the Roman Empire before the middle of third century CE. It will be argued that the treatment of this group, which has often been marked as unique by both public opinion and academic debate, can only be explained by placing Christianity within the broader societal and administrative framework of the Roman world. A comparison with the treatment of other contemporary religious groups is necessary for a better understanding of the underlying principles and mechanisms that collectively shaped the Roman authorities’ attitudes towards these religious communities.
Өвөг дээдсийн нутаг Эрчис мөрний саваар: “Түүх угсаатан судлалын тэмдэглэл”
Authors: М Ганболд
Published: August 2021

English title: Notes on Historic and Ethnic Study in Basin of Erchis River -Ancestors Land
Германы “ВОСТВАГ” хувьцаат нийгэмлэг, түүний Монгол дахь үйл ажиллагаа
Authors: Д Уламбаяр
Published: August 2021

1920-30-аад онд Монголд үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байсан Германы “Востваг” хувьцаат нийгэмлэг, түүний үйл ажиллагаа, энэ байгууллагын үйл ажиллагаанд ЗХУ-ын ДЯЯ хэрхэн оролцож байсан, “Востваг” хувьцаат нийгэмлэгийн Монголын гадаад худалдаа, эдийн засагт үзүүлж байсан үр нөлөө, тус нийгэмлэгийн цаашдын хувь заяа хэрхсэн талаар архивын баримтад тулгуурлан өгүүлнэ.

 

German Stock Holding “VOSTVAG” and its Action in Mongolia

In this article has been researched the German (In 1918-33 the official name of Germany was the Weimer Republic D. U.) “Wostwag” stock company, which had operated in Mongolia between 1920-1930s, about its activities, and how had participated the Ministry of Security Affairs of the Soviet Union in activities of the company. Moreover, here has been underlined the stock company’s impacts on Mongolian foreign trade, economy and what happened in further destiny of Wostwag.
The effect of age at first calving on the milking performance of primiparous Jersey cows
Authors: Pytlewski Jarosław , Antkowiak Ireneusz Ryszard
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age at first calving on the milking performance of primiparous Jersey cows (261 cows). Analyses were conducted on 2461 test day milking samples from 17.09.2007 to 26.07.2016. The primiparous cows were divided into four groups according to their age at first calving (≤ 24, > 24–26, > 26–28, > 28 months), and their daily milk yields were compared. Fourfold contingency tables were prepared to investigate the distribution of the population of cows calving at different ages and the peak daily milk yield. The significance of the association between factors was estimated using Fisher's exact test. To illustrate the course of 305-day lactation in primiparous cows varying in age at first calving, linear graphs were plotted with linear trends for daily milk yields. Primiparous Jersey cows calving at the age of > 26–28 months of life had the highest daily milk yield. In terms of the contents of basic milk constituents in the first lactation, the most advantageous age at first calving was > 24–26 months of life. However, a younger age at first calving (≤ 24 months) was associated with a lower somatic cell count in milk as well as a more favourable lactation curve for daily milk yield. The results of the study may suggest that Jersey cows calving at an earlier age (up to 24 months) may have a longer productive life and thus better performance parameters.
Musculoskeletal pain in professional symphony orchestra musicians
Authors: Kaczorowska Antonina , Mroczek Agata , Lepsy Ewelina , Kornek Magdalena , Kaczorowska Agnieszka , Kaczorowska Monika , Lepsy Karolina
Published: August 2021

Background: A musician’s many years of professional experience may contribute to the development of pain
and musculoskeletal disorders. There are a few studies in Poland on gender differences in musculoskeletal
pain among adult professional musicians.
Aim of the study: This study aimed to assess and compare pain in Polish women and men who are professional
musicians, as well as to analyze the relationships between the intensity and frequency of pain and the
time spent playing each week and the experience of playing the instrument in years.
Material and methods: Sixty professional musicians were examined (26 men and 34 women). Pain intensity
was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). Participants reported the frequency of musculoskeletal
system ailments, the location of the pain, the number of hours of playing the instrument per week, and the
playing experience in years. In addition, body weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI)
was calculated.
Results: Most of the participants (94% of women and 69% of men) reported pain in the musculoskeletal system
(p=0.010). Women experienced significantly greater pain in the musculoskeletal system assessed using
the VAS (p=0.036), and also declared pain significantly more often compared to men (p=0.002). Significant
positive correlations were found between frequency of symptoms per week with the number of hours of playing
per week (r=0.28), year of playing the instrument (r=0.38), and pain assessment on the VAS (r=0.57).
Moreover, negative correlations were found between frequency of symptoms per week with body height
(r=–0.45) and body mass (r=–0.36).
Conclusions: Musculoskeletal disorders are very common among professional musicians, especially among
women. In general, the greater the number of hours playing per week and the longer the history of playing,
the greater the pain intensity. Future research should aim to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal
disorders associated with playing an instrument in different groups of musicians.
On the Correlation Between Examination Day and the Referral Rate of Secondary Hearing Screening Among Non-high-risk Newborns
Authors: Nie Mingrong , Zeng Qingxiang , Luo Renzhong , Yan Shengbao , Liu Wenlong
Published: August 2021

Background: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auto-auditory brainstem response (AABR), as two safe and equally accurate techniques, are used for hearing screening among newborns. However, the screening time of such tests is under debate. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the correlation between examination day and the referral rate of secondary hearing screening among non-high-risk newborns. Methods: A retrospective review of secondary hearing screen data collected from June 2012 to June 2019 was conducted on infants who had no confirmed risk factors introduced by the Joint Committee of Infant Hearing 2007 (JCIH). Results: Of the 2493 newborns included in this study, 2129 cases (85.4%) passed the test bilaterally, and 364 newborns (14.6%) failed the examination. The referral rate of the 1366 newborns taking OAE was 13.1%. Among 1127 newborns taking both OAE and AABR, the referral rate was 16.5%. Moreover, the referral rate of the OAE and OAE+AABR techniques was the lowest in the 42-56-day group. Conclusions: All newborns with no high-risk factors should be screened for hearing as such we recommend 42 - 56 days after birth as the best re-examination period to reduce the false positive rate and caregivers' anxiety.
The Phenomenon of the New in the Context of Social Media
Authors: Jankovskis Ģirts ,   Society for Phenomenology and Media
Published: August 2021

This paper analyzes the phenomenon of the new in the context of social media using the interpretative phenomenological approach based on interviews with social media users. The new, which is mostly used as an adjective (a property), in this paper is treated as a noun (an object), a phenomenon of perception described in three aspects: (1) as the future in presence, (2) as the opposite, (3) as a value. Usually, the new is associated with time, but in the context of social media perception, it rather appears as a value-saturated phenomenon. Two opposing attitudes can be distinguished: on the one hand, the new is seen as a desired progress, on the other hand, it includes an alienation from the being. This alienation also prevents us from seeing the new media as it is.
Bernal de Bonaval, Fremosas, a Deus grad’, é tan bon dia comigo (B1135/V726)
Authors: Barberini Fabio
Published: August 2021

Il contributo presenta una nuova edizione critica della cantiga di Bernal de Bonaval, Fremosas, a Deus grad’, è tan bon dia comigo (B1135/V726). A partire dall’edizione di José Joaquim Nunes, pubblicata nel 1926, tutti gli editori sono intervenuti, senza però addurre perspicue motivazioni, sulle lezioni manoscritte dei vv. 1, 3 e 4. Il risultato è un testo la cui struttura metrica, grazie alla presenza sistematica di rime interne, può essere analizzata in almeno due modi: formula sillabica interamente a versi brevi, oppure formula sillabica interamente a versi lunghi. Sviluppando un suggerimento di Manuel Ferreiro (2016), l’articolo cerca di dimostrare che non sussistono ragioni valide per respingere ed emendare le lezioni manoscritte dei vv. 1, 3 e 4 e che, pertanto, la cantiga ammette solo ed esclusivamente formula sillabica a versi lunnghi.

This paper set up a new critical edition of Bernal de Bonaval’s cantiga Fremosas, a Deus grad’, é tan bon dia comigo (B1135/V726). Since the edition published by José Joaquim Nunes in 1926, all scholars have always modified, without providing solid arguments, the manuscript lessons of vv. 1, 3, and 4. The result was a text whose metrical structure, as stated by the systematic presence of internal rhymes, could be analyzed in at least two ways: syllabic pattern with short verses or syllabic pattern with long verses. By developing a suggestion of Manuel Ferreiro (2016), this paper proves that there is no reason to reject the manuscript lessons of vv. 1, 3 and 4 and that, consequently, the cantiga admits only syllabic pattern with long verses.

Il contributo presenta una nuova edizione critica della cantiga di Bernal de Bonaval, Fremosas, a Deus grad’, è tan bon dia comigo (B1135/V726). A partire dall’edizione di José Joaquim Nunes, pubblicata nel 1926, tutti gli editori sono intervenuti, senza però addurre perspicue motivazioni, sulle lezioni manoscritte dei vv. 1, 3 e 4. Il risultato è un testo la cui struttura metrica, grazie alla presenza sistematica di rime interne, può essere analizzata in almeno due modi: formula sillabica interamente a versi brevi, oppure formula sillabica interamente a versi lunghi. Sviluppando un suggerimento di Manuel Ferreiro (2016), l’articolo cerca di dimostrare che non sussistono ragioni valide per respingere ed emendare le lezioni manoscritte dei vv. 1, 3 e 4 e che, pertanto, la cantiga ammette solo ed esclusivamente formula sillabica a versi lunghi.
Influencia de la implicación familiar en los deberes escolares en Educación Primaria. Percepción de la comunidad educativa en centros de la Región de Murcia
Authors: Tristán Sarmiento Ruth , Serrano Pastor Francisca José , Martínez Segura María José
Published: August 2021

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones de la comunidad educativa del segundo tramo de Educación Primaria de centros de la Región de Murcia sobre la influencia que tiene la implicación familiar en la realización de los deberes escolares. La recogida de información se ha llevado a cabo mediante tres cuestionarios estructurados, elaborados ad hoc y destinados a cada uno de los grupos participantes. Tales grupos han estado conformados por 259 estudiantes, 81 docentes y 163 familias.
El diseño de la investigación y la naturaleza de la información han requerido un tratamiento cuantitativo de carácter descriptivo, mediante un estudio de encuesta. Previamente al análisis de los resultados, también se ha estudiado la consistencia interna y la validez de constructo de las escalas de los cuestionarios en torno a la dimensión implicación familiar y deberes escolares. Entre los resultados se evidencia la existencia de una percepción positiva por parte de toda la comunidad hacia la participación de los progenitores en las tareas escolares, ya que piensan que dicha colaboración aporta grandes beneficios a los estudiantes.

This study aims to identify the perceptions of the educational community of the Region of Murcia on the influence of family involvement in homework. The collection of information has been carried out through three structured questionnaires, elaborated ad hoc and intended for each of the participating groups. These groups have been formed by 259 students, 81 teachers and 163 families. Consequently, the participants add up to a total of 503.

The design of the research and the nature of the information have required a quantitative treatment of a descriptive-comparative nature. Before the analysis of the results, the internal consistency and construct validity of the scales of the questionnaires around the dimension of family involvement and homework have also been studied. The results show the existence of a positive perception by the whole community towards the participation of parents in school tasks, since they think that this collaboration brings great benefits to schoolchildren.
¿Cómo influye el género en la Intención Emprendedora? Un análisis del estudiantado universitario
Authors: Sánchez-Torné Isadora , Pérez-Suárez Macarena , García-Río Esther , Baena-Luna Pedro
Published: August 2021

Este trabajo determina qué elementos influyen en la potencial propensión a actuar (PA) a la hora de emprender desde una perspectiva de género del alumnado universitario. Se ha realizado a partir del Modelo del Evento Emprendedor de Shapero y Sokol (1982) y las investigaciones empíricas de Liñán y Chen (2009) sobre la modelización de variables para medir la PA con el fin de emprender. Se suministró un cuestionario al alumnado de último curso del Grado de Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos de la Universidad de Sevilla, entre los años académicos 2012-2013 a 2019-2020, obteniéndose un total de 663 respuestas. Los resultados evidencian que existen similitudes y diferencias entre la PA del alumnado. En el caso de las variables que influyen en la PA de hombres y mujeres se encuentran la conveniencia percibida (CP), la percepción de viabilidad (PV) y el hecho de tener una persona progenitora emprendedora. Entre las que se identifican diferencias destacan, la deseabilidad de ser persona emprendedora y algunas capacidades específicas. Esta investigación pone de relieve la importancia de adaptar la educación emprendedora a los distintos perfiles de alumnado en una universidad.

This work determines which elements influence the potential Propensity to act for entrepreneurship (PA) of university students from a gender perspective. Based on Shapero and Sokol's (1982) Model of the Entrepreneurial Event and Liñán and Chen's (2009) empirical research on modelling variables to measure the propensity to act for entrepreneurship, a questionnaire was administered to a total of 663 student respondents. The results showed that there are similarities and differences between student's PA. In the case of the variables that influence the PA of men and women, we found the perceived convenience, the perception of viability and having an entrepreneurial parent. Among those that differed between both sexes, the desirability of being an entrepreneurial person and some specific abilities stood out. This research highlights the importance of adapting entrepreneurial training to each student.
Translations not in the making? Rejections, disruptions and impasses in translator–publisher correspondence
Authors: Paloposki Outi
Published: August 2021

This is a study of a frequently occurring but seldom studied phenomenon: that of proposed translations, rejections and disruptions in translators’ work. The study is based on the correspondence of 64 translators in the archive of the Werner Söderström (WSOY) publishing house in Finland between the 1880s and the 1940s. It deals with around 180 translator suggestions and an almost equal number of rejections discovered in translator–publisher correspondence. The research draws on actor-network theory and its focus is on emergent processes and controversies, exploring the events and decisions as they unfold in the archived interaction between translators and publishers. The large number of rejections, the various kinds of disrupted processes in the making of translations and the contingency of the translation event are set in high relief. Studying the way translations come into being – or do not come into being, as is often the case – shifts the focus from translations as products to the translation event: disruptions and impasses, it will be shown, constitute a significant share of translators’ and editors’ work and are crucial in understanding the translation process.
Enjeux symboliques et scientifiques des archives de traducteurs : les archives Tophoven à Straelen
Authors: Arber Solange , Tophoven Erika
Published: August 2021

Le traducteur allemand Elmar Tophoven (1923-1989) est connu pour ses traductions de Samuel Beckett et d’écrivains du Nouveau Roman tels qu’Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute et Claude Simon. À partir des années 1960, il a commencé à prendre méticuleusement en notes son processus de traduction. Elmar Tophoven a prôné cette « traduction transparente » afin de promouvoir le partage d’expériences entre traducteurs, de documenter et d’analyser le processus de traduction, et de montrer que tout le travail et la créativité qui entrent en jeu dans la traduction n’étaient pas suffisamment reconnus. Cette entreprise l’a amené, avec son épouse Erika Tophoven, à créer, organiser et conserver leurs propres archives, qui ont récemment été rassemblées dans la maison familiale de Straelen, en Allemagne. Les archives de traducteurs, rarement jugées dignes d’être préservées sur le long terme, font face à de nombreux défis. Elles doivent prouver leur valeur scientifique et symbolique, en particulier dans le cas de traducteurs et de traductrices de métier. À travers l’exemple des archives Tophoven, nous espérons souligner l’importance des archives pour la recherche en traductologie ainsi que la valeur patrimoniale générale des archives de traducteurs.
A low Smc flux avoids collisions and facilitates chromosome organization in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Anchimiuk Anna , Lioy Virginia S , Bock Florian Patrick , Minnen Anita , Boccard Frederic , Gruber Stephan
Published: August 2021

SMC complexes are widely conserved ATP-powered DNA-loop-extrusion motors indispensable for organizing and faithfully segregating chromosomes. How SMC complexes translocate along DNA for loop extrusion and what happens when two complexes meet on the same DNA molecule is largely unknown. Revealing the origins and the consequences of SMC encounters is crucial for understanding the folding process not only of bacterial, but also of eukaryotic chromosomes. Here, we uncover several factors that influence bacterial chromosome organization by modulating the probability of such clashes. These factors include the number, the strength, and the distribution of Smc loading sites, the residency time on the chromosome, the translocation rate, and the cellular abundance of Smc complexes. By studying various mutants, we show that these parameters are fine-tuned to reduce the frequency of encounters between Smc complexes, presumably as a risk mitigation strategy. Mild perturbations hamper chromosome organization by causing Smc collisions, implying that the cellular capacity to resolve them is limited. Altogether, we identify mechanisms that help to avoid Smc collisions and their resolution by Smc traversal or other potentially risky molecular transactions.
Gjd2b-mediated gap junctions promote glutamatergic synapse formation and dendritic elaboration in Purkinje neurons
Authors: Sitaraman Sahana , Yadav Gnaneshwar , Agarwal Vandana , Jabeen Shaista , Verma Shivangi , Jadhav Meha , Thirumalai Vatsala
Published: August 2021

Gap junctions between neurons serve as electrical synapses, in addition to conducting metabolites and signaling molecules. During development, early-appearing gap junctions are thought to prefigure chemical synapses, which appear much later. We present evidence for this idea at a central, glutamatergic synapse and provide some mechanistic insights. Loss or reduction in the levels of the gap junction protein Gjd2b decreased the frequency of glutamatergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) in larval zebrafish. Ultrastructural analysis in the molecular layer showed decreased synapse density. Further, mEPSCs had faster kinetics and larger amplitudes in mutant PNs, consistent with their stunted dendritic arbors. Time-lapse microscopy in wild-type and mutant PNs reveals that Gjd2b puncta promote the elongation of branches and that CaMKII may be a critical mediator of this process. These results demonstrate that Gjd2b-mediated gap junctions regulate glutamatergic synapse formation and dendritic elaboration in PNs.
The genomic consequences of hybridization
Authors: Moran Benjamin M , Payne Cheyenne , Langdon Quinn , Powell Daniel L , Brandvain Yaniv , Schumer Molly
Published: August 2021

In the past decade, advances in genome sequencing have allowed researchers to uncover the history of hybridization in diverse groups of species, including our own. Although the field has made impressive progress in documenting the extent of natural hybridization, both historical and recent, there are still many unanswered questions about its genetic and evolutionary consequences. Recent work has suggested that the outcomes of hybridization in the genome may be in part predictable, but many open questions about the nature of selection on hybrids and the biological variables that shape such selection have hampered progress in this area. We synthesize what is known about the mechanisms that drive changes in ancestry in the genome after hybridization, highlight major unresolved questions, and discuss their implications for the predictability of genome evolution after hybridization.
Genetic diversity and structure of the noble crayfish populations in the Balkan Peninsula revealed by mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers
Authors: Gross Riho , Lovrenčić Leona , Jelić Mišel , Grandjean Frederic , Ðuretanović Simona , Simić Vladica , Burimski Oksana , Bonassin Lena , Groza Marius-Ioan , Maguire Ivana
Published: August 2021

Background

The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) is a native European species in decline, with a contracting range and diminishing populations and abundance. Previous studies revealed this species significant genetic diversity in the south-eastern Europe, with populations from the western and the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula being the most divergent. However, sampling of populations from the western part of the Balkans was limited and insufficient for investigating genetic diversity and population divergence for the purpose of conservation planning and management. Thus, the major aim of this study was to fill in this knowledge gap by studying mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA diversity, using 413 noble crayfish from 18 populations from waterbodies in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula.

Methods

Phylogenetic analysis of studied populations and their mitochondrial diversity were studied using COI and 16S sequences and population genetic structure was described using 15 microsatellite loci.

Results

Phylogeographic analysis revealed new divergent mitochondrial haplotypes for the populations in the westernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula in the tributaries of the Sava and Drava rivers. Microsatellite data indicated that these populations harbour an important component of genetic diversity within A. astacus. The results suggest that the western part of the Balkans played an important role as microrefugia during the Pleistocene climate fluctuations, allowing the long term persistence of A. astacus populations in this region. These results will also be important to supporting conservation decision making and planning.
Transtibial limb loss does not increase metabolic cost in three-dimensional computer simulations of human walking
Authors: Miller Ross H. , Russell Esposito Elizabeth
Published: August 2021

Loss of a lower limb below the knee, i.e., transtibial limb loss, and subsequently walking with a prosthesis, is generally thought to increase the metabolic cost of walking vs. able-bodied controls. However, high-functioning individuals with limb loss such as military service members often walk with the same metabolic cost as controls. Here we used a 3-D computer model and optimal control simulation approach to test the hypothesis that transtibial limb loss in and of itself causes an increase in metabolic cost of walking. We first generated N = 36 simulations of walking at 1.45 m/s using a “pre-limb loss” model, with two intact biological legs, that minimized deviations from able-bodied experimental walking mechanics with minimum muscular effort. We then repeated these simulations using a “post-limb loss” model, with the right leg’s ankle muscles and joints replaced with a simple model of a passive transtibial prosthesis. No other changes were made to the post-limb loss model’s remaining muscles or musculoskeletal parameters compared to the pre-limb loss case. Post-limb loss, the gait deviations on average increased by only 0.17 standard deviations from the experimental means, and metabolic cost did not increase (3.58 ± 0.10 J/m/kg pre-limb loss vs. 3.59 ± 0.12 J/m/kg post-limb loss, p = 0.65). The results suggest that transtibial limb loss does not directly lead to an increase in metabolic cost, even when deviations from able-bodied gait mechanics are minimized. High metabolic costs observed in individuals with transtibial limb loss may be due to secondary changes in strength or general fitness after limb loss, modifiable prosthesis issues, or to prioritization of factors that affect locomotor control other than gait deviations and muscular effort.
Noncomputerised Circadian Interventions for Improving Working Memory Performance among Children
Authors: Zala Rameshwari , Sharma Anil
Published: August 2021

Working Memory provides a mental workspace for tasks requiring both processing and storage. Working memory is a cognitive system whose essential function is to facilitate and beautify the potential of encoding, storage, and retrieval functions that are imperative for gaining knowledge and processing of facts. It has been prompted that various mediations applied within day-to-day contexts of children have the potential to improve working memory and generate transfer to real-world skills, anyway little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions among children. This review focuses to detect deliberately the adequacy of intervention or interventional package on working memory performance of children to identify their effects on Working Memory, advantages extended to near-and far-transfer capability of interventions, and gains sustained overtime and dosage of it. Literature searches were conducted across 10 electronic data bases using consistent keywords. Papers were screened by title and abstract (n=964) and judged against predefined eligibility criteria (n=63). Eighteen papers were included in the appraisal. Different working memory interventional approaches were included such as adapting the surroundings to decrease working memory loads; direct working memory training with and without tactics mandate and coaching competencies which circuitously effect on working memory (athletics, lexical apprehension, astonishing man-made play, and self-possession). Both direct training on working memory undertakings and rehearsing certain abilities that may likewise affect randomly on working memory which delivered refinement on working memory errands. Hardly, any research articulated dosage impact, estimated outlying shift of outcomes (n=4), or tried the solidness of valid statements after added time (n=4). The absence of an unmistakable hypothetical structure brought about uncertain forecasts about instructing and switch impacts. Methodological difficulties likewise compel the intensity of the proof, including: small-scale sample sizes; oversight of blinding of members and result assessors; and shortfall of active control group
Assessment of Domestic Terms of Trade on Oilseed Crops Supply and Demand by Parity Index in Rajasthan: An Analysis
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Sharma Shirish , Sharma Madhu , Awais Mohamad
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the terms of trade between the input and output prices of selected major oilseeds i.e. groundnut, rapeseed & mustard and soybean have been estimated for selected districts of Rajasthan for the period 1996-97 to 2015-16. The indices of terms of trade for groundnut has shown mixed trend whereas for rapeseed & mustard trend remained favourable from 1996-97 to 2010-11. The ratio of index of procurement prices to index of input prices for rapeseed & mustard was more than one during this period reached to as high as of 165 in 2003-04 over the base of 100 in 1996-97. Like rapeseed & mustard, terms of trade for soybean cultivation in Baran was found favourable for about a decade (1996-97 to 2008-09) and afterward had shown mixed trend of ups and downs. The decline in indices can be attributed to relatively higher rate of increase in prices of inputs than of output prices. Based on the study it was suggested to conduct regular studies for better understanding the trend in prices of farm inputs and outputs that will help in revising the existing policies with confidence. To remove the disparity between ‘prices received and paid’, concerted efforts should be made to maintain the parity, which will help farmers in buying inputs and other items of household consumption.
MAPT R406W increases tau T217 phosphorylation in absence of amyloid pathology
Authors: Sato Chihiro , Mallipeddi Nipun , Ghoshal Nupur , Wright Brenton A. , Day Gregory S. , Davis Albert A. , Kim Albert H. , Zipfel Gregory J. , Bateman Randall J. , Gabelle Audrey , Barthélemy Nicolas R.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Tau hyperphosphorylation at threonine 217 (pT217) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has recently been linked to early amyloidosis and could serve as a highly sensitive biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether other tauopathies induce pT217 modifications. To determine if pT217 modification is specific to AD, CSF pT217 was measured in AD and other tauopathies.

Methods

Using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry methods, we compared CSF T217 phosphorylation occupancy (pT217/T217) and amyloid‐beta (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in cognitively normal individuals and those with symptomatic AD, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, and sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementia.

Results

Individuals with AD had high CSF pT217/T217 and low Aβ42/40. In contrast, cognitively normal individuals and the majority of those with 4R tauopathies had low CSF pT217/T217 and normal Aβ 42/40. We identified a subgroup of individuals with increased CSF pT217/T217 and normal Aβ 42/40 ratio, most of whom were MAPT R406W mutation carriers. Diagnostic accuracies of CSF Aβ 42/40 and CSF pT217/T217, alone and in combination were compared. We show that CSF pT217/T217 × CSF Aβ 42/40 is a sensitive composite biomarker that can separate MAPT R406W carriers from cognitively normal individuals and those with other tauopathies.

Interpretation

MAPT R406W is a tau mutation that leads to 3R+4R tauopathy similar to AD, but without amyloid neuropathology. These findings suggest that change in CSF pT217/T217 ratio is not specific to AD and might reflect common downstream tau pathophysiology common to 3R+4R tauopathies.
Hollow‐Fiber Melt Electrowriting Using a 3D‐Printed Coaxial Nozzle
Authors: Eberle Fleurine , Gruska Anne-Katrin , Filippi Benjamin , Stahlhut Phillipp , Wallace Gordon G. , Dalton Paul D. , Beirne Stephen
Published: August 2021

Herein, a 3D‐printed nozzle designed for the single‐step fabrication of melt electrowritten hollow fibers is introduced. To achieve this, selective laser melting (SLM) is used to fabricate the outer part of the coaxial nozzle (800 μm inner diameter) from Ti6Al4V, into which a conventional nozzle (250 μm inner diameter) is inserted. Several iterations of coaxial nozzle design result in a well‐aligned inner core nozzle that delivers air into the Taylor cone of medical‐grade poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). Air from this bubble forms the hollow part of the fiber while the PCL shell solidifies as the shell. The smallest PCL fibers have an approximate outside diameter of 10 μm and a lumen of 6 μm, making this a promising one‐step technique for small diameter hollow fiber fabrication.
Glassy Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Based Quasi‐Solid‐State Electrolyte for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Jiang Guangshen , Qu Changzhen , Xu Fei , Zhang En , Lu Qiongqiong , Cai Xiaoru , Hausdorf Steffen , Wang Hongqiang , Kaskel Stefan
Published: August 2021

Enhancing ionic conductivity of quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes (QSSEs) is one of the top priorities, while conventional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) severely impede ion migration due to their abundant grain boundaries. Herein, ZIF‐4 glass, a subset of MOFs, is reported as QSSEs (LGZ) for lithium‐metal batteries. With lean Li content (0.12 wt%) and solvent amount (19.4 wt%), LGZ can achieve a remarkable ion conductivity of 1.61 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, higher than those of crystalline ZIF‐4‐based QSSEs (LCZ, 8.21 × 10−5 S cm−1) and the reported QSSEs containing high Li contents (0.32–5.4 wt%) and huge plasticizer (30–70 wt%). Even at −56.6 °C, LGZ can still deliver a conductivity of 5.96 × 10−6 S cm−1 (vs 4.51 × 10−7 S cm−1 for LCZ). Owing to the grain boundary‐free and isotropic properties of glassy ZIF‐4, the facilitated ion conduction enables a homogeneous ion flux, suppressing Li dendrites. When paired with LiFePO4 cathode, LGZ cell demonstrates a prominent cycling capacity of 101 mAh g−1 for 500 cycles at 1 C with the near‐utility retention, outperforming LCZ (30.7 mAh g−1) and the explored MOF‐/covalent–organic frameworks (COF)‐based QSSEs. Hence, MOF glasses will be a potential platform for practical quasi‐solid‐state batteries in the future.
Confinement of Ultrasmall Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks via Site‐Specific Nucleation
Authors: Park Chungseong , Koo Won‐Tae , Chong Sanggyu , Shin Hamin , Kim Yoon Hwa , Cho Hee‐Jin , Jang Ji‐Soo , Kim Dong‐Ha , Lee Jiyoung , Park Seyeon , Ko Jaehyun , Kim Jihan , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: August 2021

Conductive metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) are emerging materials for various applications due to their high surface area, high porosity, and electrical conductivity. However, it is still challenging to develop cMOFs having high surface reactivity and durability. Here, highly active and stable cMOF are presented via the confinement of bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) in the pores of a 2D cMOF, where the confinement is guided by dipolar‐interaction‐induced site‐specific nucleation. Heterogeneous metal precursors are bound to the pores of 2D cMOFs by dipolar interactions, and the subsequent reduction produces ultrasmall (≈1.54 nm) and well‐dispersed PtRu NPs confined in the pores of the cMOF. PtRu‐NP‐decorated cMOFs exhibit significantly enhanced chemiresistive NO2 sensing performances, owing to the bimetallic synergies of PtRu NPs and the high surface area and porosity of cMOF. The approach paves the way for the synthesis of highly active and conductive porous materials via bimetallic and/or multimetallic NP loading.
Low‐Density Fluorinated Silane Solvent Enhancing Deep Cycle Lithium–Sulfur Batteries’ Lifetime
Authors: Liu Tao , Shi Zhe , Li Huajun , Xue Weijiang , Liu Shanshan , Yue Jinming , Mao Minglei , Hu Yong‐sheng , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie , Chen Liquan , Suo Liumin
Published: August 2021

The lithium metal anode (LMA) instability at deep cycle with high utilization is a crucial barrier for developing lithium (Li) metal batteries, resulting in excessive Li inventory and electrolyte demand. This issue becomes more severe in capacity‐type lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. High‐concentration or localized high‐concentration electrolytes are noted as effective strategies to stabilize Li metal but usually lead to a high electrolyte density (>1.4 g mL−1). Here we propose a bifunctional fluorinated silane‐based electrolyte with a low density of 1.0 g mL−1 that not only is much lighter than conventional electrolytes (≈1.2 g mL−1) but also form a robust solid electrolyte interface to minimize Li depletion. Therefore, the Li loss rate is reduced over 4.5‐fold with the proposed electrolyte relative to its conventional counterpart. When paired with onefold excess LMA at the electrolyte weight/cell capacity (E/C) ratio of 4.5 g Ah−1, the Li–S pouch cell using our electrolyte can survive for 103 cycles, much longer than with the conventional electrolyte (38 cycles). This demonstrates that our electrolyte not only reduces the E/C ratio but also enhances the cyclic stability of Li–S batteries under limited Li amounts.
Rational Design of Highly Stable and Active MXene‐Based Bifunctional ORR/OER Double‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Wei Bo , Fu Zhongheng , Legut Dominik , Germann Timothy C. , Du Shiyu , Zhang Haijun , Francisco Joseph S. , Zhang Ruifeng
Published: August 2021

Designing highly active and bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts has attracted great interest toward metal–air batteries. Herein, an efficient solution to the search for MXene‐based bifunctional catalysts is proposed by introducing non‐noble metals such as Fe/Co/Ni at the surfaces. These results indicate that the ultrahigh activities in Ni1/Ni2‐ and Fe1/Ni2‐modified MXene‐based double‐atom catalysts (DACs) for bifunctional ORR/OER are better than those of well‐known unifunctional catalysts with low overpotentials, such as Pt(111) for the ORR and IrO2(110) for the OER. Strain can profoundly regulate the catalytic activities of MXene‐based DACs, providing a novel pathway for tunable catalytic behavior in flexible MXenes. An electrochemical model, based on density functional theory and theoretical polarization curves, is proposed to reveal the underlying mechanisms, in agreement with experimental results. Electronic structure analyses indicate that the excellent catalytic activities in the MXene‐based DACs are attributed to the electron‐capturing capability and synergistic interactions between Fe/Co/Ni adsorbents and MXene substrate. These findings not only reveal promising candidates for MXene‐based bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts but also provide new theoretical insights into rationally designing noble‐metal‐free bifunctional DACs.
An Anti‐Fatigue Design Strategy for 3D Ribbon‐Shaped Flexible Electronics
Authors: Cheng Xu , Zhang Fan , Bo Renheng , Shen Zhangming , Pang Wenbo , Jin Tianqi , Song Honglie , Xue Zhaoguo , Zhang Yihui
Published: August 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) flexible electronics represent an emerging area of intensive attention in recent years, owing to their broad‐ranging applications in wearable electronics, flexible robots, tissue/cell scaffolds, among others. The widely adopted 3D conductive mesostructures in the functional device systems would inevitably undergo repetitive out‐of‐plane compressions during practical operations, and thus, anti‐fatigue design strategies are of great significance to improve the reliability of 3D flexible electronics. Previous studies mainly focused on the fatigue failure behavior of planar ribbon‐shaped geometries, while anti‐fatigue design strategies and predictive failure criteria addressing 3D ribbon‐shaped mesostructures are still lacking. This work demonstrates an anti‐fatigue strategy to significantly prolong the fatigue life of 3D ribbon‐shaped flexible electronics by switching the metal‐dominated failure to desired polymer‐dominated failure. Combined in situ measurements and computational studies allow the establishment of a failure criterion capable of accurately predicting fatigue lives under out‐of‐plane compressions, thereby providing useful guidelines for the design of anti‐fatigue mesostructures with diverse 3D geometries. Two mechanically reliable 3D devices, including a resistance‐type vibration sensor and a janus sensor capable of decoupled temperature measurements, serve as two demonstrative examples to highlight potential applications in long‐term health monitoring and human‐like robotic perception, respectively.
SnO2‐SiO2 1D Core‐Shell Nanowires Heterostructures for Selective Hydrogen Sensing
Authors: Raza Muhammad Hamid , Kaur Navpreet , Comini Elisabetta , Pinna Nicola
Published: August 2021

SnO2 is one of the most employed n‐type semiconducting metal oxide in chemo‐resistive gas‐sensing although it presents serious limitations due to a low selectivity. Herein, the authors introduce 1D SnO2‐SiO2 core‐shell nanowires (CSNWs). The amorphous SiO2‐shell layer with varying thicknesses (1.8–10.5 nm) is grown onto the SnO2 nanowires (NWs) by atomic layer deposition (ALD). SiO2‐coated SnO2 CSNWs show a dramatic improvement of the selectivity towards hydrogen. Moreover, the sensing‐response is strongly correlated to the thickness of the SiO2‐shell and the working temperature. The SnO2‐SiO2 CSNWs sensor with a 4.8‐nm SiO2 shell thickness exhibits the best selectivity and sensitivity, having ca. 7‐fold higher response toward hydrogen compared to bare‐SnO2 NWs. The selectivity and enhanced sensing‐response are related to the masking effect of the SiO2 shell and an increase in the width of the electron‐depletion‐layer due to a strong electronic coupling between the SnO2 core and SiO2 coating, respectively.
Insights into Optical Probes Based on Aggregation‐Induced Emission: from Restriction of Intramolecular Motions to Dark State
Authors: Huang Shuai , Ding Jipeng , Bi Anyao , Yu Kunqian , Zeng Wenbin
Published: August 2021

Since the exposure of the concept of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) to the scientific community in 2001, AIE fluorophores attract much attention for biological imaging, detection, and advanced material fabrications. Some efforts have been devoted to the mechanism studies on the luminescence nature of AIE fluorophores. Restriction of intramolecular motions (RIM) can explain the luminescence mechanism at a relatively large level and has been recognized as the general working mechanism of AIE. To disclose the connotation of the RIM mechanism, an in‐depth study to elucidate the dark state of AIE molecules is needed. In this review, the recent progress of luminescence quenching mechanisms for AIE molecules is summarized and compendiously categorized into four parts, which are: restriction of access to dark state (RADS), restricted access to a conical intersection (RACI), restrict molecules from entering twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state, and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) coupled with TICT state, respectively. These insights and systematical elucidation of the emission quenching in the view of dark state are of great significance for fundamental understanding. It is hoped that this feature article will attract more researcher's interests and open up new vistas for the development of aggregate science.
Giant Bulk Photostriction and Accurate Photomechanical Actuation in Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Lv Xingjie , Dong Shuai , Huang Xin , Cao Bo , Zeng Shouxin , Wang Yaojin , Wu Tom , Chen Lang , Wang Junling , Yuan Guoliang , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: August 2021

It is well known that a material may be strained by mechanical, thermal, electric, magnetic, and light stimuli, and this effect has been extensively utilized in industries. However, the observed photostrictive effect usually occurs in the very thin surface layer and the photostriction of most bulk materials has been too small to be applied in a device until now. Here, a giant bulk photostriction is achieved, evidenced by the measured linear strain ε ≈ 0.72–0.43% for MAPbI3 single crystal plates of 0.05–0.5 mm in thickness under the 532 nm illumination. More importantly, the MAPbI3 single crystals also exhibit accurate photomechanical actuation functionality and the actuator can precisely adjust the displacement from hundreds of pm to tens of μm or the angle of a hard mirror from ≈10−6 to 0.2 degree. The present work not only unveils the huge bulk photostriction in lead halide perovskite single crystals but also demonstrates a wireless photomechanical actuator which is much simpler and smaller than conventional piezoelectric actuators.