bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cold-Rolling on Precipitation Phenomena in 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Ohnishi Y. , Yamamoto Atsushi , Tsubakino Harushige , Terasawa Mititaka , Nakahigashi Shigeo
Published: March 2009

Precipitation phenomena in an austenitic stainless steel, SUS316L cold-rolled with
various reduction rates were studied by transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation
diffractmetry. After the aging at 573 K for 15000 h, two of precipitates were observed, which
were identified as M7C3 and M23C6 by SR diffraction and electro diffraction measurements. The
precipitates M7C3 were formed at both innergranular and grain boundary, while the precipitate
M23C6 was formed at innergranular. The precipitation was promoted with increasing cold rolling
reduction. Also segregation of phosphorous was detected along grain boundaries. Besides, the
residual stresses were measured with side inclination method using a synchrotron radiation facility,
SPring-8. The residual stresses were increased with increasing the cold rolling reduction rate.
Phase Changes in AISI 436L Ferritic Stainless Steel after Nitrogen Permeation Heat Treatment
Authors: Lee Hea Joeng , Kong Jung Hyun , Yoo Dae Kyoung , Park Young Chul , Sung Jang Hyun
Published: March 2009

This study examined the phase changes, nitride precipitation and variations in hardness
of Fe-18Cr-1Mo-0.2Ti (436L) ferritic stainless steels after a nitrogen permeation heat treatment at
temperatures ranging from 1050°C to 1150°C. The strong affinity between nitrogen and Ti/Cr
enabled the permeation of nitrogen into the 436L ferritic stainless steels. The nitrogen content of the
surface layers ranged from 0.40% to 0.87%, depending on the nitrogen permeation temperatures.
The nitrogen-permeated surface layers changed into martensite plus retained austenite(RA) with rod
type M2N and square type TiN precipitates. Ups and downs of hardness with increasing depth
below the surface was observed, depending on the volume fraction of the RA, nitrogen content and
quantity of precipitates. The maximum hardness of the nitrogen permeated surface layer was 700Hv.
Microstructures of Ni/Cu and Ni-Co/Cu Multilayers Produced by Electrodeposition Method
Authors: Kaneko Yoshihisa , Sanda T. , Hashimoto Satoshi
Published: March 2009

Microstructures of Ni/Cu and Ni-Co/Cu multilayers were investigated by X-ray diffraction
analysis. These multilayered structures were fabricated on copper substrates using electrodeposition
technique. At an as-deposited Ni/Cu multilayer with the layer thickness of h=5nm, a single diffraction
peak appeared, although the multilayer of h=100nm exhibited the diffractions splitting into two peaks
which resulted from both the Ni and Cu layers. In the Ni-Co/Cu multilayers, it was found that
composition of the Ni-Co layer depended on an electric potential applied during deposition. The fcc
and hcp structures were detected at the Ni-rich and the Co-rich deposits, respectively. The Vickers
hardness of the Co-Ni/Cu multilayer was higher than that of the Ni/Cu multilayer.
The Evolution of Surface Damage in Press-Fitted Shaft According to the Bending Stress
Authors: Lee Dong Hyung , Kwon Seok Jin , Choi Jae Boong , Kim Young Jin
Published: March 2009

Fretting damage is a critical problem to prevent failure of press-fitted shaft such as the
rotor of a steam turbine, railway axles or coupling. To clarify the characteristics of surface damage
due to fretting in press-fitted shaft, experimental methods were applied to small-scale specimen with
different bending load conditions. Fatigue tests and interrupted fatigue tests of press-fitted specimen
were carried out by using a rotate bending fatigue test machine. Macroscopic and microscopic
characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope or
profilometer. It is found that small fatigue cracks are nucleated early in life regardless of bending
stress, and thus the most portion of fatigue life on press fits can be considered to be crack propagation
process. Most of surface cracks are initiated near the contact edge, and multiple cracks are nucleated
and interconnected. Furthermore, the fretting wear rates at the contact edge increase rapidly at the
initial stage of total fatigue life. It is thus suggested that the fatigue crack nucleation and propagation
process is strongly related to the evolution of surface profile by fretting wear in press fits.
Effect of Texture on Deformation Behavior of AZ31 Mg Alloy
Authors: Park J.E. , Yang Y.J. , Chang Young Won
Published: March 2009

Hot rolled Mg alloy has a preferred orientation, which affects the deformation behavior of
Mg alloy. In this work, load relaxation and tensile tests after hot rolling process were performed to
clarify the effect of the texture on deformation behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy and the results were
analyzed based on an internal variable theory proposed by one of the authors. The analysis of the
deformation behavior is then correlated to XRD pole figure results of the texture. The analysis
result of Mg alloy was found to be comparable to the results obtained from the test of Ti alloys,
which has the same HCP structure.
Effect of Applied External Stress on Hydrogen Desorption from Metal Hydrides
Authors: Matsumoto Ryuji , Tanaka Katsushi , Kishida Kyosuke , Inui Haruyuki
Published: March 2009

The effect of hydrostatic pressure mechanically applied to hydride on the equilibrium
hydrogen gas pressure and temperature have been examined theoretically. From free energy
calculations where elastic energy is taken into account, equilibrium gas pressure and temperature
increases and decreases with increasing applied compressive stress, respectively. In the case of
magnesium hydride, equilibrium temperature decreases to 63 °C at the hydrogen gas pressure being 1
atom when volume expansion at hydriding is perfectly suppressed by an external compressive stress.
The temperature is remarkably lower than that obtained by alloying various elements.
Microstructure Evolution during Lithiation and Delithiation of Ni3Sn2 Anode for Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Kosho Takashi , Kishida Kyosuke , Tanaka Katsushi , Inui Haruyuki
Published: March 2009

Electrochemical properties and microstructure evolution during lithiation and delithiation
of Ni3Sn2 single crystals with the hexagonal B82-type related ordered structure have been studied as a
function of the crystal orientation by charge/discharge tests, powder X-ray diffraction and
transmission electron microscopy. Charge and discharge capacities are strongly dependent on the
crystal orientation. When the surface of the thin plate anode is perpendicular to the basal plane of the
parent B82 unit cell, the capacities are approximately twice as high as those for the sample whose
surface is parallel to the basal plane, which is considered to be related to the difference in the diffusion
behavior of lithium with respect to the crystal orientation.
Creep Deformation and Microstructure of Alloy 617 Foil at High Temperature
Authors: Sharma S.K. , Choi Jin Won , Kang K.J.
Published: March 2009

The present paper reports the results of microcreep tests and microstructure of alloy 617 foils of 100μm thick specimens at 800 and 900 oC in air. Before each test, the specimens were annealed in vacuum at 950 oC for 17 hrs. The dynamic recrystallizations were observed during creep test. The voids and cracks were observed along grain boundaries. The maximum elongation of grains was found at the lowest applied stress along the loading direction. The average grain size decreases from 20 μm to 2 μm as applied stress increases from 48 to 120 MPa at 800 oC and from 50 μm to 5 μm as the applied stress increases from 35 to 60MPa at 900 oC. The steady state creep rates were increased as applied stress increased in all the specimens.
Fabrication of Textured SrBi2Nb2O9 Ceramics by Templated Grain Growth
Authors: Cui Chun Wei , Huang Jin Liang , Gao Lin Hua , Yang Xing Hua , Wang Xiao
Published: March 2009

Textured SrBi2Nb2O9 (SBN) ceramics were fabricated by templated grain growth (TGG)
method. The plated-like SBN particles with shape anisotropy prepared by molten salt method were
used as the templates. The SBN powders prepared by conventional solid (CS) reaction were used as
matrix powders. It was found that the textured SBN ceramics can be obtained by TGG method. The
grain orientation (Lotgering factor, f) increased with the increase of sintering temperature and content
of the templates. The textured SBN ceramics with f=0.86 could then be obtained after sintering at
1300 °C for 3 h with 20wt.% templates. The relative density keeps rising with increasing temperature
until it reaches a peak value 91.22% at the sintering temperature 1300°C, after which it decreases.
Characterization of Bismuth Titanate Powders
Authors: Pookmanee Pusit , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: March 2009

Bismuth titanate was prepared from the sol-gel method. Bismuth nitrate and titanium
isopropoxide were used as the starting precursors with the mole ratio of Bi:Ti as 4:3. Solutions were
mixed in acetic acid medium and heat at 80 oC for 2h. Sols were obtained after adjusting the final of
pH of solution to 2. Gels were formed after drying at 100 oC for 24h. The milled powders were
calcined at 500-800 oC for 2h. The phase formation was investigated by X-ray diffractometry
(XRD). Single phase with orthorhombic structure of bismuth titanate was obtained after calcination
at 700 oC for 2h. The morphology and chemical composition were studied by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The average particle size was 0.50-
1.5 μm with the irregular shape. The elemental composition of bismuth, titanium and oxygen
showed the characteristic X-ray energy values.
Corrosion Behavior of Si3N4 Ceramics under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Water Condition
Authors: Kim Weon Ju , Kang Seok Min , Park Ji Yeon
Published: March 2009

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics have been considered for various components of nuclear
power plants such as mechanical seal of reactor coolant pump (RCP), guide roller for control rod
drive mechanism (CRDM), and seal support, etc. Corrosion behavior of Si3N4 ceramics in
high-temperature and high-pressure water must be elucidated before they can be considered for
components of nuclear power plants. In this study, the corrosion behaviors of Si3N4 ceramics at
hydrothermal condition (300°C, 9.0 MPa) were investigated in pure water. The grain-boundary phase
was preferentially corroded and the corrosion reaction was controlled by the diffusion of the reactive
species and/or products through the corroded layer. Results of this study imply that the variation of
sintering aids and/or the control (e.g., crystallization) of the grain-boundary phase are necessary to
increase the corrosion resistance of Si3N4 ceramics in high-temperature water.
Spectral Element Modeling for Elastic Two-Layer Beams
Authors: You Sung Jun , Jang In Joon , Lee Usik
Published: March 2009

This paper develops a spectral element model for elastic-elastic two-layered beams. First,
the axial-bending coupled equations of motion for an elastic two-layer laminated beam are derived.
The spectral element model is then formulated by using the wave solutions satisfying governing
equations in frequency-domain as the frequency-dependent shape functions. The spectral element
model is finally applied to a cantilevered elastic-elastic two-layered beam as an illustrative problem.
The high accuracy of the present spectral element model is verified by comparing the SEM results
with those obtained by conventional FEM.
Evaluation of the Influence of Additives on the Mechanical Properties and Photo-Stability of Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Pipes Using Central Composite Design
Authors: Aht-Ong Duangdao , Pechyen Chiravoot , Atong Duangduen
Published: March 2009

A regression model was constructed to elucidate the effects of various additives on the
UV- stability of glass fiber reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes by applying a four-factor central
composite design (CCD) statistical approach. Four factors investigated were amount of UVabsorber,
antioxidant, carbon black, and flame retardant. The ANOVA showed that most
mechanical properties except for the hardness were a strong function of the amount of UV-absorber,
carbon black, and flame retardant, while quite independent of the antioxidant content within the
studied range (0-10%w/w). The amount of UV-absorber and other additives seemed to exhibit
significant interaction effect on mechanical properties. The photodegradation of the GRE pipes was
performed by an outdoor exposure and under simulated condition in Q-UV Lamp. The GRE pipes
containing 2% UV-absorber, 1% antioxidant, 3% carbon black, and 10% flame retardant revealed
better mechanical properties compared to the others.
Effects of Temperature and Strain Rate on Compressive Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained CP Titanium
Authors: Fan Zhi Guo , Xie Chao Ying
Published: March 2009

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) CP Ti were successfully prepared by Equal Channel Angular
Extrusion (ECAE) at 390°C~400°C, small than 0.5 um in size. The compressive tests for coarse grain
(CG) and UFG Ti were carried out at room temperature (RT) and 77K. UFG Ti showed excellent
ductility and higher strength than CG Ti at RT and 77 K. The strain hardening of UFG Ti was
improved at 77 K. The compressive ultimate strengths of CG Ti and UFG Ti were both enhanced as
the strain rate increased, but CG Ti showed more obvious temperature and strain rate dependence of
flow stress, comparing with UFG Ti. When the strain rate increased to 1×10-1/s, the compressive
ultimate strength of UFG Ti was kept almost constant, while the ultimate strength of CG Ti increased
to the strength level of UFG Ti.
Evolution of Microstructure and Texture of Pure Al Single Crystal Having {112}<110> Orientation during Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Terada Daisuke , Kashihara Keizo , Tsuji Nobuhiro
Published: March 2009

The sheet of pure Al (99.99%) single crystal having (1 12)[110] orientation was deformed up to equivalent strain of 6.4 by the accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process. The microstructures and orientation of the single crystal ARB-processed by various cycles were characterized by the EBSP measurement. After 1cycle-ARB process, the crystal was macroscopically subdivided into two matrices (macroscopic grain subdivision). These matrices exhibits two different variants of brass orientation, which are (1 01)[121] and (011)[211]. In addition to the macroscopic grain subdivision, microscopic grain subdivision also occurred within the matrix to form an ultrafine grained structure in the single crystal specimen after high strains.
Extrudability and Bonding Strength of Copper Clad Aluminum Alloy Composites Produced by Indirect Extrusion Process
Authors: Kwon Hyouk Chon , Jung Taek Kyun , Kang Jang Won , Lee H.J. , Kim K.H. , Lim Sung Chul , Lee H.S.
Published: March 2009

This paper described extrudability and bonding strength of copper (TPC) clad aluminum
alloy (pure Al, Al3003, Al5005, and Al7072) composites produced by indirect extrusion at 350°C
with extrusion ratio of 21.39. Conical typed die with semi angle of 30°. Carbon oil was used to reduce
the friction between billet/sleeve and billet/die. Maximum extrusion pressure was estimated to
491MPa for the Cu/Al, 714MPa for the Cu/Al3003, 820MPa for the Cu/Al5005, and 743MPa for the
Cu/Al7072 alloy composites. No surface fracture was observed. From SEM observation, diffusion
layer between the sheath material and the core material of extruded composites is observed and its
thickness was measured to about 1.5㎛. The bonding strength was estimated to 65MPa for the Cu/Al,
89.3MPa for the Cu/Al3003, 70MPa for the Cu/Al5005, and 75MPa for the Cu/Al7072 alloy
composites.
Study on Automated Scrap-Sorting by an Image Processing Technology
Authors: Kim Chan Wook , Kim Hang Goo
Published: March 2009

In this study, an automated scrap-sorting system using image processing technology has
been designed and examined to automatically sort out specified materials from a mixture, especially
Cu and other non-ferrous metal scraps from a mixture of iron scraps. In the functional tests of the
system, its efficiency in the separation of Cu scraps from its mixture with Fe ones reaches to 75 % or
more at a conveying speed of 20 m/min., and thus it is expected that the system can be
commercialized in the industry of shredder makers if an automated sorting system of high speed is
realized.
Grain Refinement of Mg-Y-Zn Alloy by Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Morishige Taiki , Tsujikawa Masato , Oki Sachio , Kamita M. , Chung Sung Wook , Higashi Kenji
Published: March 2009

Grain refinement of magnesium alloy by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) was investigated. It
is assumed that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is occurred by frictional heat and plastic flow during
FSP. This process is the effective method of the grain refinement for light metals. In this study, FSP
was conducted to cast Mg alloys for and the difference of the grain refinement by DRX in these alloys
was examined. As a result, in comparison with commercial Mg-Al-Zn alloy and Mg-Y-Zn alloy have
finer microstructure. The grain size of FSP-ed Mg-Y-Zn alloy was ~1.7 [/m], however, that of AZ31
alloy was 20~30 [/m].
Thermodynamic Calculation of Alpha-Case Formation in Titanium Alloys
Authors: Sung Si Young , Choi Bong Jae , Noh Sang Ho , Hahn Chang Su , Ryu Yong Mun , Han Beom Suck , Kim Young Jig
Published: March 2009

The alpha-case formation mechanism was elucidated for the economic titanium casting.
The α-case formation reaction between Ti and Al2O3 mold was examined in a plasma arc melting
furnace. The reaction products were characterized by electron probe micro-analyzer and
transmission electron microscopy. The α-case generation between Ti and Al2O3 mold was not able
to be explained by the conventional α-case formation mechanism, which is known to be formed by
the interstitials, especially oxygen dissolved from mold materials. However, from our experimental
results and thermodynamic calculations and Calphad modeling (Thermo-calc®), it was confirmed
that the α-case is formed not only by an interstitial element but also by substitutional metallic
elements dissolved from mold materials. Our newly established α-case formation mechanism will
surely lead to a variety of significant applications of the α-case controlled Ti casting.
Functions and Morphology of Metal Lead Addition to Ancient Chinese Bronzes
Authors: Pan Chun Xu , Liao Ling Min , Hu Ya Li
Published: March 2009

The typical morphology of metal lead (Pb) in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn
Warring States Period (770 B.C. –221 B.C.), China, was examined by using electron microscopic
techniques. We propose that the main purposes for adding metallic Pb in a large quantity into ancient
bronzes such as arrows and ritual vessel-Ding were for increasing weight and economical reasons.
SEM observations from the fracture surface of the bronzes revealed that the Pb particle possessed a
“hollow–cored bubble” structure, which was formed due to absorbing casting gases during
solidification and therefore indirectly eliminated the casting porosity and loosen.
Effect of Additive Powder on Microstructural Evolution in the Wide-Gap Brazed Region by In Situ High Temperature ESEM
Authors: Kim Yong Hwan , Kim K.T. , Shin Seung Y. , Kwun S.I.
Published: March 2009

This study investigated the characterization of the additive powder on microstructural
evolution during the heating of the powder mixture of additive and filler metal powder by in-situ high
temperature environmental scanning electron microscopy (HT-ESEM) up to 1200°C. The IN738
powder (additive) and BNi-3 powder (filler metal) were used for wide-gap brazing process. A field
emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope (XL 30 ESEM-FEG, FEI) equipped with a
1500°C hot stage was used for in-situ gaseous secondary electron imaging at high temperature
(HT-ESEM image). The melting of filler metal powder initiated at 1224K and was spread on the
IN738 additive powder with increasing temperature. After cooling, the IN738 additive powder was
increased from 75μm to 100μm. It was found that the additive powder added to the wide-gap brazed
region avoided the possibility of directional solidification.
Surface Roughness of Cu-Be Alloy (C17200) Rod Alloy Produced by Horizontal Type Continuous Casting Process
Authors: Lee Sang Kil , Lee H.S. , Lim Sung Chul , Jung T.K. , Kim K.H. , Kwon Hyouk Chon , Jung W.M.
Published: March 2009

Cu-Be alloy (C17200) rod having diameter of 23.5mm was produced by a vacuum
continuous casting method at furnace temperature range of from 1240°C to 1260°C with casting
speed range of from 35mm/min to 103mm/min. When the furnace temperature was 1240°C and
1250°C, Cu-Be alloy rod without fracture could successfully produced at high casting speed of
103mm/min. However, when the furnace temperature was 1260°C, the breakout occurred at casting
speed faster than 78mm/min. Surface roughness (Ra) increased with increasing not only a furnace
temperature but also a casting speed.
Electrodeposited Nickel Nanowire Arrey
Authors: Park B.H. , Kim In Soo
Published: March 2009

The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates were prepared by a two step anodization
process in a mixture phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and chromic acid and oxalic acid. The pore of
anodic aluminum oxide templates were hexagonal arranged pore domains. Oredred Nickel
nanowires were prepared in this porous anodic aluminum oxide templates from Watt solution and
additives by an electrodeposition. The diameter of Nickel nanowires in the array were about 80 nm
and the length is about 800 nm with the aspect ratio of about 10. The ordered Nickel nanowires
were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and magnetometer.
Fabrication of Ta-Al-N Thin Films and its Cu Diffusion on Barrier Properties
Authors: Li You Zhen , Zhou Ji Cheng
Published: March 2009

Ta-Al-N thin films on Si wafer were prepared by RF reactive magnetron sputtering in a
N2/Ar ambient. Then the stacked structures of Cu/Ta-Al-N/Si were prepared and annealed at
temperatures varied from 400°C to 900°C for 5 minutes in a N2 ambient tube. Four-point probe (FPP)
sheet resistance measurement, Atomic force microscope (AFM), Scanning electron
microscope(SEM), Alpha-Step IQ Profilers and X-ray Diffraction(XRD) were used to investigate the
composition, morphology and the diffusion barrier properties of the thin films. The results show that
with the increasing of Al component, the surface of Ta-Al-N thin-films became finer, the sheet
resistance became higher, and after annealing at 800°C/300S FA, Cu diffusion through Ta-Al-N
barrier didn’t not occurred. Results show that Ta-Al-N thin-films could act as diffusion barrier for
new generation integrated circuits due to its excellent high temperature properties.
Plastic Deformation Behavior of Micro-Alloyed Cold Forging Steel
Authors: Kwon Yong Nam , Lee Young Seon , Lee Jung Hwan
Published: March 2009

Micro-alloyed cold forging steel has been developed to rule out heat treatment process
before forging in order to save energy consumption. These non heat-treated cold forging steels
utilize the work hardening during cold working to ensure the mechanical properties. In other words,
the required strength of forged part is achieved by work hardening with the accumulation of plastic
strain during the cold working. Therefore, the plastic deformation characteristics should be carefully
understood for successful process design. Evolution of both microstructure and plastic
characteristics of micro-alloyed cold forging steel has been investigated in the present study. For the
optimization of forging processes, finite element analysis and die life predictions were carried out.
Improving the Properties of Sapphire by Coatings
Authors: Feng Li Ping , Liu Zheng Tang
Published: March 2009

SiO2 coatings and double layer films of SiO2/Si3N4 have been designed and prepared on
sapphire (α-Al2O3) by radio frequency magnetron reactive sputtering in order to improve the optical
and mechanical properties of infrared windows of sapphire. The transmission of the coated and
uncoated sapphire in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 6.7um was determined. Surface morphology
and roughness of coated and uncoated sapphire have been measured using a talysurf. The flexure
strength of coated and uncoated sapphire samples has been studied by 3-point bending tests at room
temperature and high temperatures. The results show that the coatings can improve the surface
morphology and reduce the surface roughness of sapphire substrate. What’s more, the designed single
layer of SiO2 film and two-layer of SiO2/Si3N4 films can both increase the transmission of sapphire in
mid-wave IR and strengthen sapphire at high temperatures. Coated sapphire transmits over 95% at
wavelength from 3 to 5um for the two designs. Flexure tests reveal that SiO2 coatings and SiO2/Si3N4
films increase the strength of c-axis sapphire by a factor of about 1.5 and 1.4, respectively, at 800°C.
Directed Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Deposits on Glass Substrates
Authors: Lee Dong Nyung
Published: March 2009

Amorphous Si films are generally deposited on glass by physical or chemical vapor
deposition. When annealed, they undergo crystallization through nucleation and grain growth. At
low annealing temperatures, crystallization starts near the glass substrates for pure Si films and near
metals for metal-induced crystallization. In this case, crystallites grow along the <111> directions of
c-Si nearly parallel to the film plane, that is, the directed crystallization. The directed crystallization
is likely to develop the <110> or <111> orientation, which means the <110> or <111> directions
are along the film thickness direction. As the annealing temperature increases, equiaxed
crystallization tends to increase, which in turn increases random orientation. When the annealing
temperature is further increased, the <111> orientation may be obtained.
Preparation and Characterization of Doped Nanometer TiO2
Authors: Song Lin Yun , Wu Yu Cheng , Lu Xiang Fen
Published: March 2009

With Ti(OBu)4 as precursor, and HAC as complexing agent, pure and Fe-doped TiO2
gelatins were prepared by sol-gel method. During the process of gel formation, metal ions were
dispersed into the porous TiO2 matrix. Then, powders of pure nano-TiO2 and Fe-doped nano-TiO2
were prepared by drying, grinding and calcining at different temperatures. The grain size and phase
structure of pure and Fe-doped TiO2 after calcined at different temperatures, were studied by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and Beckman Coulter Sorption Analysis. The results showed that, the Fe3+-TiO2
had better photocatalytic activity in degradation rate of methyl orange under sunlight. The degradation
rate was up to 93% as the system was placed under sunlight for 5 h. The optimum calcination
temperature for the best catalytic activity was determined to be 500°C, and the mechanism was
discussed.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers by Ethanol Catalytic Combustion Technique
Authors: Ren Peng Fei , Zou Xiao Ping , Cheng Jin , Zhang Hong Dan , Li Fei , Zhu Guang , Wang Mao Fa
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we report a simple growth of carbon nanofibers by means of the combustion
of ethyl alcohol. In our experiment, copper plate was employed as substrate, iron nitrate and iron
chloride as catalyst precursor and ethanol as carbon source. The as-grown carbon nanofibers were
characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy,
high-resolution field-emission transmission electron microscopy and Reinshaw optical confocal
Raman spectroscopy. Our results suggested that it would tend to form relatively uniform nanofibers
when the catalyst precursor was iron nitrate, however, to form some helical structure nanofibers when
the catalyst precursor was iron chloride. The sample using iron chloride as the catalyst precursor has a
higher graphitization degree than that using iron nitrate as the catalyst precursor.
The Influence of Catalyst Nature on the Morphology of Multi-Directionally Grown Carbon Nanofibers
Authors: Li Fei , Zou Xiao Ping , Cheng Jin
Published: March 2009

The multi-directional grown carbon nanofibers have been synthesized by catalytic
combustion technique. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron X-ray diffraction
were combined to characterize the carbon products and their catalyst, which promoted the formation
of carbon nanofibers. The crystal structures of the catalyst were investigated. The present results
indicate that the morphologies of the carbon nanofibers have a close relation with the crystal structure
of the catalysts.
Topology Optimization of Three-Dimensional Biodegradable Polymer Multi-Layer Microstructure for Implantable Drug Controlled Release
Authors: Yu Rui Xia , Chen Hua Ling , Zhou Xiang Yang
Published: March 2009

Biodegradable polymer multi-layer drug delivery microstructure with micro-chambers has
some unique advantages in controlled long-term drug delivery, which can enclose drug in the
chambers to realize drug release in a controlled fashion. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the
optimal designs of the micro-chambers and their distributions. In this paper, topology optimization of
a three-dimensional biodegradable polymer multi-layer drug delivery microstructure was carried out
using the cellular automaton (CA)-based evolutionary structural optimization method. The results
show that the optimized controlled release system exhibits a preferable linear drug release profile.
Evaluation of BAp Orientation Using Mouse Models for Osteoporosis (OPG-KO) and Osteopetrosis (op/op)
Authors: Lee Jee Wook , Nakano Takayoshi , Toyosawa Satoru , Tabata Yasuhiko , Umakoshi Yukichi
Published: March 2009

Bone microstructure and its functions are maintained by the activity of bone cells such as
osteoclast for bone resorption and osteoblast for bone formation. In this study, we examined the role
of osteoclast on the formation of the preferential orientation of biological apatite (BAp) as a bone
quality parameter using OPG-KO and op/op mouse models in which the expression of osteoclast
increases for osteoporosis and decreases for osteopetrosis. The orientation degree of the BAp c-axis
was analyzed by a microbeam X-ray diffraction system. We found more decrease in the preferential
alignment of the BAp c-axis along the longitudinal direction of bone in the femoral bones of
both OPG-KO and op/op mice at 12 weeks compared with normal control mice. We concluded that
changes in the amount and activity of osteoclast affect BAp alignment, resulting in the degradation
of bone microstructure in osteoporosis and osteopetrosis.
Biofunctionalization of Metal Surface by Immobilization of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Terminated Amine
Authors: Tanaka Yuta , Matsuo Yuh , Saito Haruka , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Doi Hisashi , Yoneyama Takayuki , Imai Hachiro , Hanawa Takao
Published: March 2009

In many biomedical devices such as catheters and diagnostic sensors, blood compatibility
is required. The best way to control this property is to prevent or drastically reduce the adsorption of
proteins. Poly(ethylene glycol) terminated amine at both terminals, NH2-PEG-NH2, is immobilized
on a commercially pure titanium, a 316L austenitic stainless steel, and a
cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy with immersion or electrodeposition. Chemical bonding states
at the interface and orientation of PEG molecules were characterized using X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, and Fourie-transformed infrared
spectrometer with a reflection absorption spectrometer. As a result, NH2-PEG-NH2 was immobilized
onto metal surface as a U-shape mainly with stable NHO bonding in electrodeposition. In the case of
electrodepostion, the concentration of active surface hydroxyl groups on surface oxide film played an
important role in the immobilization.
The Potentiality of Micro-Scaled Multi-Filament Wire Forming Using Repetitive Hydrostatic Extrusion Process
Authors: Lee Sang Mok , Park Hoon Jae , Kim Seung Soo , Choi Tae Hoon , Kim E.Z. , Lee Geun An
Published: March 2009

Multi-filament fabrication process using repetitive hydrostatic extrusion of Cu/Al at high
temperature was conducted to obtain micro-scaled Aluminum wires. In the process an aluminum
rod claded with a copper tube was extruded repetitively three times where a number of the single
extruded rods were bundled together and subjected to hydrostatic extrusion to obtain multi-filament
wire bundle. Aafter final bundle extrusion the diameter of the aluminum rod was effectively
reduced from 33.6 mm to 30μm.
Hydroxyapatite Formation and Protein Absorption on Triethyl Phosphate Modified Titanium Surface
Authors: Wu N. , Weng Jie , Qu Shu Xin , Wang Jian Xin , Lu Xiong , Feng Bo
Published: March 2009

In this work, triethyl phosphate (TEP) was used to bioactivating titanium. Titanium plates
grafted with TEP were immersed in a two times concentrated simulated body fluid (2SBF) to
investigate deposition of hydoxyapatite (HA) on the surface. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) with
bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to evaluate adsorption of protein on the grafted titanium
surface. The morphology, component and structure of samples were examined by scanning electronic
microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction
respectively. The concentration change of BSA in adsorption test was examined with the
ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV). The analyses showed that TEP grafted onto the titanium
surface. In 2SBF, calcium and phosphate ions deposited spontaneously onto the grafted titanium
surface and formed a HA coating with a network-like microporous structure after being immersed for
3 days. The coating consisted of HA particles with 180-265nm in thickness and 72-85nm in width.
The diameter of the micropores was about 200nm. The HA coating appeared better uniformity than
that on the modified titanium using phosphoric acid. BSA rapidly adsorbed onto the grafted titanium
surface at first half an hour and then the adsorption quantity almost kept constant. These results
indicate that TEP grafting is an effective approach to modify bioactivity of titanium.
Study on Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Xie Lei , Li Xiao Qi
Published: March 2009

The electrode(Ni-MWNTs) containing nickel(Ni) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWNTs) was prepared by composite electrodeposit. Electrochemical hydrogen storage of the
electrode was studied. The result showed a high electrochemical discharging capacity of up to
1361.1mA·h·g-1, which corresponds to a hydrogen storage capacity of 4.77Wt%(weight percent). Test
of cyclic lifespan showed MWNTs had certain cyclic lifespan. Cyclic voltammetry tests showed that
MWNTs can store hydrogen in chemical form.
Fabrication of Long Scale Aluminum Foam by Transfer Heat Foaming of Precursor
Authors: Mizutani Eiji , Kobashi Makoto , Kanetake Naoyuki
Published: March 2009

In this paper, a new attempt of transfer heat foaming was examined on the precursor
method to fabricate long scale aluminum foams. In this new method, the induction coil heater was
moved along the longitudinal direction of a rod precursor to foam a part of the precursor
continuously. Long scale aluminum precursor was successfully foamed by the transfer heat foaming
in which heating coil was moved along the precursor to control the temperature of heated part
constantly.
Optimization of Heat Treatment Parameters of Mo-Free High-Cr Cast Iron Mill Balls
Authors: Lee Sang Mok , Kim Bong Hwan , Shin Je Sik , Moon B.M.
Published: March 2009

A Mo-free high-Cr cast iron with superior impact-wear resistance was tried to develop for
mill balls by alloy design and subsequent heat treatment. The Cr/C ratio was varied up to 7.7 in order
to minimize and eventually eliminate Mo addition, still ensuring hardenability. For the proper balance
between abrasion resistance and toughness, the combined effects of each heat treatment parameters
on the mechanical properties were systematically investigated using Taguchi method and response
surface method (RSM), well recognized as powerful tools of the designs of experiments (DOE). It
was found that hardness and impact energy were mainly affected by tempering and destabilization
conditions, respectively. It is noted that high impact energy of 5.2 J/cm2 was obtained without
deteriorating hardness (54 HRc) during the verification experiments under the heat treatment
condition optimized by the DOE analyses.
Material Property of a Passive Oxide Formed on Alloy 600
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Kwon Hyuk Chul , Hwang Seong Sik , Kim Hong Pyo
Published: March 2009

Alloy 600 is used as a material for a steam generator tubing in pressurized water
reactors(PWR) due to its high corrosion resistance under a PWR environment. In spite of its corrosion
resistance, a stress corrosion cracking(SCC) has occurred on the primary side as well as the secondary
side of a tubing. It is known that a SCC is related to the electrochemical behaviors of an anodic
dissolution and a passivation of a bare surface of metals and alloys. Therefore in the present work, the
passive oxide films on Alloy 600 have been investigated as a function of the solution temperature by
using a potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a TEM, equipped
with EDS. Moreover the semiconductive property was evaluated by using the Mott-Schottky relation.
It was found that the passivity depends on the chemical composition and the densification of the oxide
film rather than the oxide thickness. As the solution temperature of 0.5M H3BO3 increased, the
thickness of the passive film increased but the oxide resistance of the passive film was decreased,
indicating that the measured current in the passive region of the potentiodynamic curve is closely
related to the stability of the passive film rather than the oxide thickness. It was found that the oxide
films were composed of an outer oxide layer with a lower resistance and an inner oxide layer with a
relatively higher resistance. From the Mott-Schottky relation, the oxide formed at 300oC showed a
p-type semiconductor property unlike the n-type oxide films up to 250oC.
The Effect of Alloying Elements on the c/a Ratio of Magnesium Binary Alloys
Authors: Park J.S. , Chang Young Won
Published: March 2009

In order to clarify the effect of alloying elements on the axial ratio of magnesium binary
solid solutions, the solid solutions of Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, and Mg-Li with various concentrations were
casted and homogenized. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns were then obtained from annealed
powder samples and analyzed using the Rietveld method. The effects of solutes concentration on
lattice parameters were explained on the basis of atomic size difference and valence electron effect,
which changes electron overlap of magnesium. It has been found in this study that Al and Li raise
and reduce the c/a ratio, respectively, while Zn has no effect on the c/a ratio.
Solidification Behavior of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Plate during HCC with Constant Velocity
Authors: Yim Chang Dong , You Bong Sun , Lee Jung Eui
Published: March 2009

The solidification behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy plate during horizontal continuous
casting (HCC) with constant velocity was analyzed by three-dimensional CFD simulation. At steady
state, the temperature profile in the direction of width was slightly inhomogeneous due to wide
width compared to thickness. The temperature profile in the direction of thickness was symmetrical
although the temperature at lower part was slightly higher than that at upper part. The region of high
temperature increased rapidly with increasing the withdrawal speed, and then the finishing point of
solidification increased dramatically. The shape of temperature profile was similar regardless of
melt temperature but the overall temperature of plate and the finishing point of solidification
increased with increasing the melt temperature. The finishing point of solidification decreased
reciprocally with the coefficient of heat transfer.
Chemical Imaging of the Spatial Distribution and Interactions of Tannin Dispersal in Bioplastic Systems
Authors: Gaugler Marc , Grigsby Warren , Harper D. , Rials T.
Published: March 2009

IR chemical imaging has been used to characterise the dispersion of condensed tannin
additives in a biodegradable plastic, poly(butylene succinate). By mapping key FTIR absorptions,
acetylated tannin was found to remain in discrete aggregates, though the outer of these particles
contained a mixed phase with PBS. In particles >100 μm, PBS does not appear to ingress the tannin
core, only wetting the outer region. Analysis of a second tannin derivative indicated that there was a
more uniform dispersion of the additive in the PBS matrix.
A Ductile UFG Al Alloy via Cryomilling and Quasi-Isostatic Forging
Authors: Newbery A.P. , Ahn Byung , Pao P. , Nutt S.R. , Lavernia Enrique J.
Published: March 2009

Mechanical milling of Al alloy powder in liquid nitrogen leads to a large reduction in the scale of the microstructure and results in material with high thermal stability and strength. However, it is important to consolidate the powder and achieve bulk material with sufficient toughness and ductility for structural applications. In this investigation, hot isostatic pressing, followed by quasiisostatic forging and hot rolling, were performed to fabricate Al 5083 plate with a predominantly ultra-fine grained microstructure. Plate produced in this way possessed enhanced tensile strength and ductility, exceeding that of conventionally processed material.
Natural and Man-Made Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Fire Retardants
Authors: Khan M.A. , Ganster J. , Fink H.P.
Published: March 2009

Composites were made with jute, cordenka and jute+cordenka by extrusion and injection
moulding. The matrix material was Polypropylene (PP) and PP maleic acid anhydride grafted copolymer
(MAPP) was used as coupling agents. The mechanical tests were performed. The hybrid
composite of jute 25% and cordenka 75% showed the enhanced properties. Three types of fire
retardants (15%) Mgnifine (Magnesium hydroxide), Exolite AP-750 (Poly-ammonium phosphate)
and Expandable Graphite and their mixtures (1:1) were used in the composites and PP. All the fire
retardants and their mixture reduced the mechanical properties. Among all fire retardants and their
mixtures used, mixture of expandable graphite and magnifine for jute based composite and mixture
of expandable graphite and exolite for cordenka based composite was found to be better.
Characteristics of Buckling and Ultimate Strength and Collapse Behaviour of Cylindrically Curved Plates Subjected to Axial Compression
Authors: Park Joo Shin , Iijima Kazuhiro , Yao Tetsuya
Published: March 2009

In the present paper, to clarify and examine the fundamental buckling behaviours of
cylindrically curved plates subjected to axial loading, a series of elastic and elasto-plastic large
deflection analyses as well as elastic eigen buckling analysis are performed together with the
comparisons with the buckling behaviours of circular cylinder. On the basis of the numerical results,
the effects of curvature, magnitude of initial imperfection, slenderness ratio and aspect ratio on the
characteristics of the buckling and post buckling collapse behavior of cylindrically curved plates and
circular cylinders under axial compression are discussed. The buckling strength and ultimate strength
formulae of the cylindrically curved plate are empirically derived based on the FEM series analysis
by curve fitting using least square method. The validity of the ultimate strength formulations
developed in this study has to some extent been verified through comparison with nonlinear
numerical solutions.
Interfacial Fracture Analysis of Adhesive-Bonded Joints
Authors: Kim Won Seock , Lee Jung Ju
Published: March 2009

The failure in an adhesive-bonded structure starts at the interface, and the interfacial
fracture is of interest whenever adhesion between different materials is concerned. One of primary
factors limiting the application of adhesive-bonded joints to structural design is the lack of a good
evaluation tool for adhesion strength to predict the load-bearing capacity of boned joints. The
adhesion strength of composite/steel bonding has been evaluated using interfacial fracture mechanics
characterization. The energy release rate of a composite/steel interfacial crack was compared with the
fracture toughness of the interface, which was measured from bi-material end notched flexure (ENF)
specimens, to predict the failure loads of bi-material lap joints. Fracture toughness, IIc G , was regarded
as a property of the interface rather than a property of the adhesive. The results show that interfacial
fracture mechanics characterization of adhesion strength can be a practical engineering tool for
predicting the load-bearing capacities of adhesive-bonded joints.
Plane Electromechanical Fields in a Piezoelectric Material Containing an Elliptical Hole
Authors: Du Yan Liang , Liu Shu Hong , Duan Shi Jie , Li Yan Qiang
Published: March 2009

A two-dimensional electromechanical analysis is performed on a transversely isotropic
piezoelectric material containing an elliptical hole, which is subjected to uniform compressive
forces with intensity q acting on the edge of the hole and uniform electric displacement fields at
infinity. Based on the impermeable electric boundary conditions, general electromechanical fields
solution are obtained in the form of complex potentials.
Design of Microstructures and Structures with Negative Linear Compressibility in Certain Directions
Authors: Weng C.N. , Wang K.T. , Chen T.
Published: March 2009

The linear compressibility of a solid is defined as the relative decrease in length of a line
when the solid is subjected to unit hydrostatic pressure. Materials with a negative linear or area
compressibility could have interesting technological applications. However, in the case of
homogeneous materials only rare crystal phases exhibit this effect. In particular, for isotropic or cubic
solids the linear compressibility is known to be isotropic and positive, namely a sphere of a cubic or
isotropic crystal under hydrostatic pressure remains a sphere. For less symmetric solids, it generally
varies with the direction n. Here we derive explicit expressions of the stationary values (maximum
and minimum) of linear compressibility for single phase solids with monoclinic, orthotropic,
tetragonal, trigonal, and hexagonal symmetry. A list of crystals that may exhibit negative linear
compressibility in certain directions is outlined. Next, by assembling a two-component material, we
propose microstructure networks to achieve such a property. Numerical simulations, based on a
refined finite element method, are provided.
Measuring Rates and Impact of Corrosion on DOD Equipment
Authors: Morefield Sean , Drozdz Susan , Hock Vincent F. , Abbott William
Published: March 2009

A large scale atmospheric corrosion monitoring test was undertaken for the purpose of
characterizing environmental severity. This work was conducted at ground based Army, Navy,
Coast Guard, and Air Force sites. At present over 73 sites are in operation. This work adds to the
existing worldwide databases to include new military and/or related sites not previously monitored.
In addition and to the extent that such data are available, relevant weather data was collected from
public or military sources in order to test existing corrosion algorithms for each site. Many of the 1
year exposures have been successfully completed. However, all of the exposures currently in
progress will not be completed until early 2008. Sample analyses are in progress. New data have
been obtained to show the important effects of sheltering on reducing corrosion rates. Data from
Daytona Beach and Tyndall AFB show that even a relatively simple open structure/sunshade can
reduce corrosion rates by factors of 2 or 3. New data are being reported on corrosion vs. distance
from ocean. Data were also collected for the comparison of corrosion severity among commonly
used test sites and within selected sites (multiple locations within a base.)