bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Outcome of Rhesus Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn: Additional Information Using an ADCC Assay
Authors: Urbaniak S.J. , Greiss M. Ayoub , Crawford R.J. , Fergusson M.J.C.
Published: March 2009

An in vitro test system is described which measures the ability of anti‐D sera to lyse Rh(D)‐positive red cells. This test was applied to anti‐D sera from 11 cases of HDN selected in Glasgow and tested ‘blind’ in Edinburgh. Evidence is presented to support the view that the ADCC (antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxity) assay can correctly identify those cases where there is a satisfactory clinical outcome despite a high level of anti‐D suggesting otherwise. Amniocentesis might therefore be avoided in this group.
The MNSs Antigen Ridley (Ria)
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Armitage Susan E. , Stebbing Birgit
Published: March 2009

After more than 20 years the extended pedigree of the only known kindred carrying the low frequency antigen Ria (Ridley) was reinvestigated. It is established that Ria is governed by a gene which is part of or very closely linked to the MNSs locus. Further serological and frequency studies are reported.
Thermal Stability of Human Albumin Measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Ross P.D. , Finlayson J.S. , Shrake A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Thermal stability of undefatted human albumin preparations at 5% concentration and neutral pH in 14 5 mM Na+ was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. At 30 and 4 mM N‐acetyltryptophanate, the thermogram for previously unheated albumin monomer is independent of the stereochemistry of this ligand; thus, the affinity of the protein must be the same for the L‐ and D‐isomers in the temperature range of thermal denaturation (62–86 °C). 26 mM L‐tryptophanate bestows a slight increase in stability on previously unheated monomer, whereas 27 mM D‐tryptophanate has no effect, a result consistent with the reported weaker binding of the D‐isomer. Previously unheated albumin monomer shows slightly greater thermal stability at pH 6.4 than at pH 7.4. The tracing of differential heat capacity versus temperature (thermogram) for monomer from once heated albumin, i.e. once processed and once heated normal serum albumin (NSA), is almost identical to that for previously unheated monomer. Monomer prepared from outdated, multiply reprocessed, multiply reheated NSA (old monomer) has the same corresponding denaturation temperatures as previously unheated monomer; the corresponding dimer(old dimer) is slightly less stable. Thermograms for old monomer and old dimer, like those for previously unheated monomer, comprise two denaturation peaks (endotherms). Their endotherms, however, are very broad, reflecting the great heterogeneity of the old proteins. The thermogram for old monomer remains broad even in the presence of N‐acetyltryptophanate and/or caprylate. Old dimer does not dissociate when undergoing thermal denaturation.
Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis in Hemophilic Patients with Inhibitor Treated with Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates: Lack of Correlation with an Antigen Possibly Related to Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis
Authors: Allain J.‐P. , Duermeijer W. , Hellings J.A. , Gazengel C. , Laurian Y. , Verroust F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A population of 30 severe hemophilia‐A patients with antibodies to factor VIII, treated with Autoplex® since 1980, experienced a 30% incidence of non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis. 8 of the 9 patients affected had clinical signs of hepatitis and 7 had ALT levels in excess of 200 IU/1; the mean incubation time was 13 days. Only 5 of the 26 lots of Autoplex used were possibly transmitting the infective agent. An ELISA test to detect an antigen (DS‐Ag) possibly related to NANB hepatitis was used to screen hemophilia‐A and B patients. Its incidence was lower in patients treated less than 5 times a year (7.9%) than in patients treated over 15 times a year (25–27%) with locally prepared blood derivatives. Following treatment with Autoplex, the incidence of DS‐Ag in inhibitor patients increased significantly (50%). In this last population, DS‐Ag was shown to be unrelated to the NANB hepatitis observed. Although no direct evidence could be given, Autoplex was likely to transmit both the agent responsible for short incubation NANB hepatitis and DS‐Ag.
Fluctuating Levels of Serum IgA in Individuals with Selective IgA Deficiency
Authors: Laschinger C. , Gauthier D. , Valet J.P. , Naylor D.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monitoring of donors with selective IgA deficiency, i.e., with less than 0.5 mg IgA/1, led to the observation that serum IgA levels were not constant. Small but significant fluctuations in IgA levels were noted (coefficient of variance: 143%) which were greater than the variability inherent in the testing methodology (coefficient of variance: 10%). These fluctuations created difficulties in terms of defining IgA‐deficient blood products and had implications with respect to the mechanisms involved in IgA deficiency. With respect to supplying IgA‐deficient blood products, in our experience a cutoff level of 0.5 mg/1 should be the maximum permissible IgA concentration in order to ensure that no adverse reactions occur in individuals with class‐specific anti‐IgA.
Quantitation of IgG on Erythrocytes: Correlation of Number of IgG Molecules per Cell with the Strength of the Direct and Indirect Antiglobulin Tests
Authors: Merry A.H. , Thomson Eileen E. , Rawlinson Violet I. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The number of IgG molecules bound to the erythrocyte surface for a given agglutination score in the antiglobulin test was studied with several different examples of anti‐D, anti‐E, anti‐c, anti‐Kell, anti‐Fya, anti‐Jkaand immune anti‐A antisera. The serological scores show a significant correlation with the mean values for bound IgG molecules within a restricted range, although the number bound for a given score may vary by up to 20%. The limit of detection was 100–120 IgG molecules per cell and when over 1,000 were bound, the cells were completely agglutinated. Anti‐Kell bound under low ionic strength saline conditions required a greater number of molecules for a given agglutination strength. The relatively low levels of bound IgG necessary to give strong agglutination make the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) less valuable for following the progress of auto‐immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) than a quantitative test. The latter test does not, however, provide any additional information in AIHA cases with a negative DAT as in these the anaemia does not appear to be due simply to the number of bound IgG molecules. Detection of certain antibodies may not be achieved simply by increasing the sensitivity of the antiglobulin test when correctly performed.
Transfusion Syphilis, Survival of Treponema pallidum in Donor Blood
Authors: van der Sluis J.J. , Onvlee P.C. , Kothe F.C.H.A. , Vuzevski V.D. , Aelbers G.M.N. , Menke H.E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The influence of storage at 4 °C on the survival of Treponema pallidum in donor blood, artificially infected with treponemes of the virulent Nichols strain was studied. Rabbits were inoculated in each testis with 0.5 ml of the blood‐treponeme mixture, containing 5 × 105 microorganisms/ml, which was stored for up to 336 h. Under these circumstances, the blood‐treponeme mixture appeared to be infectious for up to 96 h of storage, based on the demonstration of T. pallidum and serological findings, using FTA‐ABS, TPHA and VDRL tests. The two former tests were found to be equally sensitive in detecting incubating syphilis in the rabbits, the VDRL test was significantly slower in this respect. From the absence of orchitis as well as seroconversion in rabbits, inoculated with blood‐treponeme mixtures stored for 120 h or longer periods of time, it is concluded that after 120 h of storage infectivity is lost. The presently found survival time of treponemes in blood between 96 and 120 h of storage is discussed in relation with survival times found by other investigators.
Should Chronic Transfusions Be Matched for Antigens Other than ABO and Rho(D)?
Authors: Blumberg Neil , Ross Karen , Avila Eduardo , Peck Kathy
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It has been recommended that red blood cell transfusions to patients with hemoglobinopathy or aplastic anemia be matched for antigens other than ABO and Rho(D). We studied 1,010 patients with disorders that often lead to repetitive transfusion. The frequency of transfused patients with clinically important antibodies was not significantly different among the disease groups except for those with lymphocytic leukemia. The frequency of multiple red cell antibodies was about 3% overall. Most antibodies (71%) developed early in the transfusion course, before the 15th transfusion. From the standpoints of frequency of alloimmunization, multiplicity of antibodies, and time course of antibody development, patients with hemoglobinopathy and aplastic anemia were not significantly different from other transfused patients. Matching for antigens other than ABO or Rho(D) might increase costs in our hospital by 40,000–370,000 dollars per year for these patients. Because morbidity or mortality due to these antibodies is rare, antigen matching for other than ABO and Rho(D) is not cost‐effective.
Reversal of Rh Alloimmunization: Fact or Fancy?
Authors: Bowman J.M. , Pollock Janet M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The Rh Laboratory could find no evidence that Rh immune globulin (RhIG) reduced the incidence of progression of Rh immunization in a clinical study of 36 weakly Rh‐immunized women given 300 μg of RhIG at 6‐week intervals during pregnancy and after delivery, and in a retrospective study of the natural course of weak Rh immunization in pregnant Rh‐negative women not given RhIG and others given RhIG at 28 weeks' gestation and/or after delivery of an Rh‐positive baby. Although the failure of about one‐third of weakly immunized Rh pregnant women to show any progression of their Rh immunization may be due to relative immune unresponsiveness in some, we believe that most do not have any increase in their Rh immunization because they have no further exposure to Rh‐positive fetal red cells. Serial Kleihauer testing of pregnant women at 2‐week intervals is being carried out to test this hypothesis.
A New Therapeutic Antibody Removal Method Using Antigen‐Positive Red Cells
Authors: Yoshida Hisahiro , Ito Kazuhiko , Emi Nobuyuki , Kanzaki Hideharu , Matsuura Shunpei
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Therapeutic antibody removal using antigen‐positive red cells was applied to a pregnant woman who has high titered IgG anti‐P and had lost all of 4 previous fetuses in P‐incompatible pregnancy. The treatment was commenced at the 6th week of gestation and was intensively performed 93 times up to the 35th week. The volume of plasma treated was 2.31 per procedure on the average and totalled 2151. The antibody titer was kept at a low level. At the end of the 35th week of gestation a female infant was delivered by cesarean section. The baby did not require an exchange transfusion and encountered no complications.
Adverse Transfusion Reactions Associated with a Precipitating Anti‐C4 Antibody of Anti‐Rodgers Specificity1
Authors: Lambin P. , Pennec P.Y. Le , Hauptmann G. , Desaint O. , Habibi B. , Salmon Ch.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.A patient suffering from chronic hepatitis exhibited severe transfusion reactions after administration of fresh frozen plasma and a plasma fraction: PPSB (prothrombin complex concentrate). 1 month before these reactions, she received fresh frozen plasma during plasma exchange therapy. The patient's serum obtained 1 week and 6 months after the second reaction gave a precipitation arc against PPSB preparations when examined by double‐diffusion technique in agarose gel. An antibody of IgG class present in these sera reacted with a purified preparation of the fourth complement component (C4). This was demonstrated by various experiments (protein A radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination) using purified C4 as antigen. The antibody had a limited specificity and reacted only with C4 of Rodgers specificity. Phenotype determination of the patient's C4 group showed that she was Chido positive and Rodgers negative. Her HLA group was A1, Aw30; B8,‐; DR3‐. The patient had neither detectable anti‐IgA nor other anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies. She had not received blood or plasma transfusion before her hepatitis. The coexistence of a precipitating anti‐C4 antibody and adverse transfusion reactions to plasma fractions containing large amounts of C4 indicates that in the absence of antibodies of other specificities, this antibody can be considered as the cause of the transfusion reaction.
Frequency and Clinical and Transfusional Significance of Rheumatoid Factor in Patients with Haemophilia and von Willebrand's Disease1
Authors: Celada Antonio , Aguado M. Teresa , Ortega Feliciano , Magallon Manuel , Villar Jose Martin‐ , Lambert Paul H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Using a solid‐phase radioimmunoassay for IgM rheumatoid factor, increased levels were found in 24% or 82 patients with haemophilia A, in 4 of 11 patients with haemophilia B, in 2 of 11 patients with haemophilia A with inhibitors and in 4 of 12 with von Willebrand's disease. The levels of rheumatoid factor increased significantly (p < 0.02) after factor VIII concentrate or cryoprecipitate transfusions. No clinical or transfusional side effects could be attributed in these patients in relation to the presence of rheumatoid factor.
Normal Salivary Mucin Contains the Gastrointestinal Cancer‐Associated Antigen Detected by Monoclonal Antibody 19–9 in the Serum Mucin of Patients1
Authors: Brockhaus Manfred , Wysocka Marie , Magnani John L. , Steplewski Zenon , Koprowski Hilary , Ginsburg Victor
Published: March 2009

Monoclonal antibody 19–9 produced by a hybridoma prepared from spleen cells of a mouse immunized with a human colon carcinoma cell line, detects an antigen in sera from many patients with gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer. This antibody is directed against a carbohydrate with the sugar sequence

NeuNAcα2–3Galβ1‐3GlcNAcα1–3Gal…4 1 Fucα1

In many gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers this sequence occurs in a monosialoganglioside containing a sialylated Lea‐active pentasaccharide (sialylated lacto‐N‐fucopentaose II, IV3‐α‐NeuNAc‐III4‐α‐Fuc‐LcOse4). In the sera of cancer patients the antigen occurs as a mucin. The antigen is also found in salivary mucin from many normal individuals belonging to the Le(a+b‐) or Le(a‐b+) blood group but not in salivary mucin from normal individuals belonging to the Le(a‐b‐) blood group. There is more antigen in mucin from individuals belonging to the Le(a+b‐) blood group than in mucin from individuals belonging to the Le(a‐b+) blood group.
Microwave‐Thawed Plasma for Cryoprecipitate Production
Authors: Bass H. , Trenchard P. M. , Mustow M. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A microwave oven has been used to obtain rapid and controlled thawing of frozen plasma packs for cryoprecipitate production. The resulting factor VIII yields were higher than the average of 77.8 IU (in a volume of 17.2 ml) obtained by the slow overnight thaw procedures in routine use. Assays on 10 individual packs showed mean results of 142 ± 24.5 IU factor VIII procoagulant activity, 188.6 ± 51.68 IU factor VIII‐related antigen, 0.152 ± 0.05 g fibrinogen and 218.9 ± 66.5 U fibronectin in a volume of 23.2 ± 6.6 ml. The results of this preliminary study indicate that microwave thawing of plasma is worthy of further investigation and should be reconsidered for routine production of cryoprecipitate and high yield fibronectin.
A Protocol for Sensitive Large‐Scale Screening of Blood Donors for IgA Deficiency
Authors: Hunt A.F. , Allen D.L. , Aries D.L. , Strange J.J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A protocol for large‐scale screening of blood donors for IgA deficiency using a tanned cell passive haemagglutination‐inhibition (PHI) technique and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. Evidence presented suggests that native serum from a case of IgA paraproteinaemia, suitably diluted and heated to 56°C for 60 min, can act as a satisfactory and simple alternative to purified IgA preparations in the PHI test.

When PHI and ELISA techniques were used in combination to screen 41,851 random donors, 58 were found to contain less than 200 ng/ml of IgA and were classified as totally IgA‐deficient (1:721). This is in close agreement with the data from other workers.
C4 Phenotypic Variation Suggests an Unusual Class III Gene Organization
Authors: Schendel Dolores J. , Wank Rudolf , O'Neill Geoffrey J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The class III gene markers, C4A, C4B, C2 and BF were determined in 26 HLA genotyped families. In 6 of these families the inheritance of the C4A electrophoretic phenotype, C4A 3, A 2 could not be explained assuming the genetic model that the C4A component is controlled by only one locus (C4A) and suggests that both C4A 3 and C4A 2 are encoded by the same chromosome. This apparently duplicated C4A locus haplotype is common in Northern Europeans occurring at a frequency of at least 6%. In 4 families the C4A 3, A 2 ‘variant’ occurred together with HLA‐Bw35 and in 2 together with HLA‐Bw55. Furthermore, it was striking that in each family the C4A 3, A 2 ‘variant’ was found exclusively with the complotype FC3/20 which encodes no phenotypically expressed C4B locus product.
Immunogenic and Antigenic Epitopes of Immunoglobulins X: Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Human IgA, the IgA1 and IgA2 Subclasses and an nA2m(2) Iso‐Allotypic Epitope
Authors: Farris M.A. , Hardie D. , De Lange G. , Jefferis Dr.R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) specific for human IgA, the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses and the iso‐allotypic epitope nA2m(2) have been produced. Three distinct McAb recognise an IgA1‐specific epitope expressed in the Cα2 domain or the hinge region whilst a further McAb is directed possibly to an IgA1 hinge region epitope. The McAb having nA2m(2) specificity recognises an iso‐allotypic epitope expressed within the Fab region. IgA1 and IgA2 epitopes were detected in gorilla but not rhesus or baboon sera suggetting that the IgA subclasses represent a recent gene duplication event. However, these epitopes were also detected in some non‐primate sera.
‘Partial Inhibition’ of Anti‐Rg and Anti‐Ch Reagents.
Authors: Giles Carolyn M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Many examples of anti‐Rg (Rodgers) and anti‐Ch (Chido) have been studied by titration‐inhibition to assess their ability to detect partial inhibition (p.i.). Generally, anti‐Rg distinguishes the inhibition type Rg+ from Rg(+) (p.i.) and Rg–, whereas anti‐Ch distinguishes Ch– from Ch+ and Ch(+) (p.i.). Serological procedures for the detection of p.i. in random samples and the results of typing one family, apparently giving anomalous results, are discussed.
Anti‐A Production by a Group 0 Spleen Transplanted to a Group A Recipient
Authors: Salamon D. J. , Ramsey G. , Nusbacher J. , Yang S. , Starzl T. E. , Israel L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group A1 diabetic received a pancreas‐spleen transplant from a group 0 donor. Severe immune hemolysis due to anti‐A ensued, requiring graft splenectomy. The transplanted spleen can be a potent source of blood group antibody.
Inefficacy of Plasma Exchange in Cold Agglutinin Hemolytic Anemia — A Case Study
Authors: Rodenhuis Sjoerd , Maas Annelies , Hazenberg Corinne A.M. , Das Prakash C. , Nieweg Hendrik O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A therapeutic trial of plasma exchange was conducted in an 82‐year‐old woman with severe cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia, who was unresponsive to conventional treatment. In spite of considerable improvement of pertinent parameters (total IgM, cold agglutinin titer and thermal amplitude) this treatment failed to induce a clinical remission. This failure may be the result of the ability of the cold agglutinin to fix complement to the red cell membrane at temperatures much higher than the thermal amplitude. A simple laboratory test to detect this dissociation between complement fixing ability and agglutination activity is described.
Platelet Concentrates Stored in Plasma for 72 Hours at 22°C Prepared from Buffycoats of Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose Blood Collected in a Quadruple‐Bag Saline‐Adenine‐Glucose‐Mannitol System
Authors: Pietersz R.N.I. , Loos J.A. , Reesink H.W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described to prepare platelet concentrates from the buffycoat of citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) blood in a closed four‐bag system and to store the platelets in autologous plasma under sterile conditions. After separation of the blood into plasma, buffycoat and leukocyte‐ and thrombocyte‐poor red cell concentrate, saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAGM) was added to the red cells. Next the platelets were concentrated in plasma by a second centrifugation and were transferred to the 600‐ml bag that previously contained the SAGM. The platelets were stored for 72 h at 22°C on a platform rotator at 1 cycle per second. The mean volume of the platelet concentrates (n = 12) was 61 ml, with an average platelet content of 72 times 109. The mean leukocyte contamination was only 17 times 106; erythrocytes were not detected. The aggregation of the platelets with 1 μM of ADP was normal.

After 72 h of storage, the mean pH was 7.1 ± 0.1. The PO2 always remained above 17 mm Hg. No loss of thrombocytes had occurred during storage. The platelets had retained their discoid shape. The aggregation response to ADP had disappeared, however.

The in vivo viability of the platelets was determined in 8 healthy volunteers. Autologous platelets, stored for 72 h at 22°C, were labeled with 51Cr and reinfused [43 (±9)% recovery at 15 min after reinfusion]. The mean survival time in vivo of the platelets was 6.8 (±0.7) days.

These experiments indicate that with the four‐bag SAGM system leukocyte‐poor platelet concentrates can be prepared which remain in optimal condition for at least 72 h. Moreover, a high amount of plasma is yielded and, with SAGM as additive, leukocyte‐ and platelet‐poor red cell concentrates can be stored for 5 weeks.
Intravenous Gammaglobulin Therapy in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Vos J. J. E. , van Aken W. G. , Engelfriet C. P. , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of high‐dose intravenous gammaglobulin (IVG) therapy with a CLB preparation was studied in 42 patients: 8 patients had acute and 26 patients had chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP); 5 patients had thrombocytopenia accompanied by various diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, auto‐immune haemolytic anaemia and neutropenia; 3 patients had hypoplastic anaemia and 1 patient had neutropenia and rheumatoid arthritis. After treatment, a rise in platelet count occurred in about 75% of the patients with ITP, although there was no sustained response in any of the patients. There was no correlation between the strength of platelet antibodies as detected by the direct immunofluorescence test before infusion and the pattern of response to the infusion. In most cases of ITP, no immune complexes, as measured by Clq‐binding assay, were observed. Furthermore, we found no relationship between the amount of Clq‐binding activity of patients' sera and the reaction pattern after infusion of IVG. Splenectomy of the patient had no influence on the outcome of IVG therapy.
Allo‐anti‐P1 in a P1‐Positive Person
Authors: Norman Peter , MacIntyre Don , Poole Joyce , Mallan Mal
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An allo‐anti‐P1 antibody is reported in an elderly Caucasian male with P1+ red cells. There was no suggestion that the antibody was causing haemolysis. The case suggests that a slight structural variation may exist in the patient's B antigen giving a serological false‐positive response when typed with reagent anti‐P1, or that the patient's anti‐P1 is directed against a determinant absent in the patient's own antigen structure.
The Nature of the Leucocyte ‘Contamination’ in Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Skinnider Leo , Wrobel Henry , McSheffrey Brian
Published: March 2009

In a study of 227 platelet concentrates the average number of lymphocytes in each unit was 66 times 106. There was good viability of the mononuclear cells up to 10 days and the percentage of T and B cells and the OKT4+ to OKT8+ ratio appeared unchanged with storage. At day 8 the mononuclear cells were able to respond to phytohaemagglutinin as assessed by the [H3] thymidine uptake at 72 h. The number of mononuclear cells in the concentrates varied with the technique of separation. This emphasises the need for standardisation of optimum methods of separation for platelet concentrates.
Complexes of IgG and Plasma Proteins in Factor VIII Preparations — a Possible Cause of Adverse Reactions
Authors: Wadsworth C. , Blombäack M. , Kjellman H. , Hanson L.ÅA.
Published: March 2009

IgG in factor VIII preparations was studied as a possible cause of adverse reactions following infusion of hemophiliacs. Thin‐layer immuno‐gel filtration analysis of nine products from seven firms demonstrated aggregated and monomeric IgG at highly variable amounts and proportions. These factor VIII products contained from 20 to 700 mg IgG per 1000 IU of factor VIII; IgG‐fibrinogen complexes were demonstrated by double‐antibody testing.

A relationship is suggested between aggregated IgG and/or IgG complexes in factor VIII concentrates and adverse clinical reactions. They may also partially explain abnormalities and aberrations of the immune system previously reported in hemophiliacs.
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction Associated with Rh Antibody Anti‐f: First Reported Case
Authors: O'Reilly Robert A. , Lombard Charles M. , Azzi Raymond L.
Published: March 2009

A delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) occurring in a 30‐year‐old Caucasian man is described. His blood groups were B, CDe/cDE (R1R2, f‐) K‐, S‐s+, Fy (a + b‐), and Jk (a + b +). Eight days after receiving two units of packed red blood cells, his urine was strongly positive for hemoglobin; serum‐free hemoglobin was 125 mg/dl. Serum contained a clearly reactive Rh antibody of anti‐f specificity and a weakly reactive anti‐Kell. The DHTR was probably caused by an anti‐f alloantibody appearing as an anamnestic response to transfusion of seemingly compatible, but f‐positive blood.
Another Example of Mimicking Anti‐Kpb in a Kp(a+b‐) Patient
Authors: Puig N. , Carbonell F. , Marty M. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Autoantibodies the specificity of which mimicks Kpb specificity are described in a patient whose phenotype is Kp(a+b‐). Manual typing of the patient's red cells revealed a depression of the Kell‐related antigens. However, this weak reactivity was not found in the Autoanalyzer using bromeline PVP, the percentage of agglutination being similar to that of red cells of normal blood donors. Alloanti‐K antibodies were present in the patient's serum. The specificity of the autoantibodies was considered to be mimicking because they could be absorbed by and eluted from Kpb‐ and KO (AET‐treated) red cells.
Genetic Polymorphism of the Seventh Component of Complement: A New Variant
Authors: Nishimukai Hiroaki , Tamaki Yoshihiro
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Genetic polymorphism of the seventh component of complement (C7) was studied by the methods of agarose gel isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. Serum or plasma samples were treated with neuraminidase prior to isoelectric focusing. A cathodal variant, named C7 5, was recognized in the treated samples. Family study indicates that the C7 5 component is genetically determined. The allele frequencies calculated from 183 healthy Japanese individuals were C7*1 = 0.809, C7*2 = 0.104, C7*4 = 0.038, and C7*5 = 0.049. An association between C7 and C6 alleles was not found.
Hemolytic Anemia due to a Mixture of Low‐Titer IgG Lambda and IgM Lambda Agglutinins Reacting Optimally at 22° C1
Authors: Szymanski Irma O. , Teno Richard , Rybak Mary Ellen
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 65‐year‐old white man had severe hemolytic anemia due to a mixture of low‐titer IgG lambda and IgM lambda agglutinins showing optimum reactivity at 22° C. The IgG agglutinins were detected by manual indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) using anti‐IgG, and had a titer of 1 at 37°C, 128 at 22°C and 16 at 4°C against adult type 0 red blood cells (RBC). The corresponding titers with cord RBC were 1 (37°C), 64 (22°C) and 8 (4°C). Proteolytic enzyme and neuraminidase treatment of RBC did not decrease these titers. No known specificity could be assigned to these agglutinins. The isolated agglutinins (recovered by cold adsorption, warm elution) were shown by Immunoelectrophoresis to be IgG lambda antibodies. They did not bind complement in vitro, consistent with the finding that the patient had negative manual direct antiglobulin test (DAT) by anti‐C3d. It could be shown only by automated IAT that patient's serum also contained IgM cold agglutinins which also reacted best at 22° C and appeared to be of lambda light‐chain type. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy and remains well without treatment 14 months after the hemolytic episode. The presence of IgG cold agglutinins may be predictive of a favorable response to corticosteroid therapy.
Anti‐HTLV III ELISA and Western Blot Testing in a Blood Donor Population: Implications for Donor Notification
Authors: Kleinman Steven , Anton‐Guirgis Hoda , Culver B. Dwight , Taylor Thomas H. , Prince Harry E. , Kaplan Harold S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We have evaluated the western blot (WB) test for distinguishing anti‐HTLV III ELISA‐positive donors who have likely been exposed to HTLV III from those that are false positives. Of 1,955 donors, 26 were positive for anti‐HTLV III by ELISA testing. Only 6 (23%) were positive by WB: 5 of these 6 were male homosexuals with multiple partners and 5 of 6 had low Th/Ts ratios. The WB‐positive donors gave the highest absorbance values in the anti‐HTLV III ELISA assay. The immunologic abnormalities in the WB‐positive donors suggest that they should be notified of their test results. We conclude that basing a donor notification policy on WB results is the optimum public health strategy for blood banks at the present time.
Genetics of ABO, H, Lewis, X and Related Antigens
Authors: Oriol Rafael , Le Pendu Jacques , Mollicone Rosella
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The present knowledge on chemical, enzymatic, serologic and genetic aspects of ABH antigens is reviewed in an effort to produce a simple and coherent genetic model for the biosynthesis of these antigens and chemically related structures. The genetic control of type 1 (Lea, Leb, Lec and Led), type 2 (X, Y, I, and H), type 3 and type 4 ABH and related antigens in different animal and human tissues is analyzed, taking into account the properties of the glycosyltransferases which are involved in their synthesis and considering possible competition for common acceptor and donor substrates. The phylogeny of ABH determinants shows that they appeared as tissular antigens much earlier than as red cell antigens. The ontogeny of ABH antigens suggests that they behave as differentiation antigens, and an effort is made to correlate their tissular distribution in the adult with the embryological origin of each tissue.
Immune Haemolysis in a Renal Transplant Recipient Due to Antibodies with Anti‐c Specificity
Authors: Herron R. , Clark M. , Tate D. , Kruger A. , Smith D.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 55‐year‐old man received a cadaver kidney from a donor whose serum contained red cell antibodies with anti‐c specificity. Atypical antibodies were shown to be absent from the recipient's red cells and serum at the time of transplant. Blood was not transfused during surgery. Two weeks after the transplant, the recipient developed a positive direct antiglobulin test due to antibodies with anti‐c specificity. Immune haemolysis was diagnosed in the patient 3 weeks after transplant. The possible mechanisms involved in antibody formation in the recipient are discussed.
Post‐Transfusion Non‐A, Non‐B Hepatitis after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Aymard J. P. , Janot C. , Gayet S. , Guillemin C. , Canton P. , Gaucher P. , Streiff F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We prospectively studied the incidence of post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in 64 cardiac surgery patients: 4 (6.25%) developed non‐A, non‐B hepatitis after an incubation period of 4–10 weeks. Units of blood products from donors seropositive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) were not associated with a greater risk of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in recipients than units from seronegative donors. Our data indicate that donor blood anti‐HBc testing is of no value as a screening method to reduce the incidence of post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Further Investigation of Nonspecific Biological Substance in Anti‐Rh(D) Preparations
Authors: Petri Ildikó B. , Lörincz A. , Berek I.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Fc receptor‐blocking activity, based on the EA resetting inhibition of anti‐Rh(D) gamma‐globulin preparations, was determined during biological analyses. After sample purification by means of precipitation with a low concentration of ammonium sulphate, fractions were obtained containing anti‐D activity and Fc receptor‐blocking activity separately. Fc receptor‐blocking antibodies inhibited both the formation of EA rosettes and the antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. It is suggested that Fc receptor‐blocking antibodies obtained during hyperimmunization probably result in the immunosuppressive effect of Rh immune globulin (via the blocking of Fc receptors of activated lymphocytes) that decreases in turn the progress of Rh immunization.
Improved Procedure for Platelet Freezing
Authors: Dayian G. , Harris H. L. , Vlahides G. D. , Pert J. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Platelets frozen in glycerol‐glucose frequently aggregated on thawing or reconstitution. This has been eliminated by using a nonplasma diluent (pH 6.5) and a new freezing bag. The results were improved platelet 14C‐serotonin uptake and readily demonstrable aggregation to ADP, epinephrine, collagen and thrombin. 14C‐serotonin uptake was at maximum when platelets were frozen at thrombocrits of up to 15%. Hemostatic effectiveness was demonstrated in a severely thrombocytopenic patient with acute myelogenous leukemia in relapse, who was supported entirely with two autologous frozen platelet transfusions for the 13 days before bone marrow activity resumed.
HLA Antigens on Platelet Membranes. In vitro and in vivo Studies1
Authors: Santoso S. , Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud , Santoso Susanti , Kiefel V. , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In order to determine whether HLA‐A,B antigens of platelets are integral membrane constituents or rather represent adsorbed plasma proteins, their presence in plasma and their adsorbability onto platelet membranes was studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The amount of HLA antigens was quantitated by inhibition of lymphocytotoxicity (LCT) and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using operationally monospecific polyclonal HLA antibodies or murine HLA‐specific monoclonal antibodies, respectively. We found that in 11 out of 13 HLA‐A2 and in 9 out of 10 HLA‐B13 experiments, platelets from antigen‐negative donors pretreated with plasma from the same number of antigen‐positive donors inhibited LCT to the same extent as platelets from antigen‐positive donors. Nevertheless, the in vitro adsorbed HLA antigens onto antigen‐negative platelets were, unlike those on antigen‐positive platelets or in plasma, not reactive with monoclonal antibodies as quantitated by ELISA. Similarly, infusion of HLA‐A2‐negative platelets from single donors into 3 HLA‐A2‐positive, thrombocytopenic patients with bone marrow failure led to a good platelet increment, but did not convert the HLA type of donor platelets, neither at 2 h nor at 18 h posttransfusion. On the basis of these results, we conclude that soluble HLA antigens can be taken up by human platelets from plasma in small amounts. However, the major portion of HLA antigens appears to be integral membrane constituents.
Room Temperature, Microtray Chromogenic Assay of Factor VIII:C
Authors: Prowse C. , Hornsey V. , McKay G. , Waterston Y.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Commercial reagents of non‐human origin were used to provide a room temperature, microtray chromogenic assay for factor VIII. The assay allows determination of factor VIII in the range 15–150% of normal plasma levels with a coefficient of variation of 3–4%. Haemophilic plasmas and factor VIII concentrates may also be assayed by varying the pre‐dilution step. A good correlation was demonstrated with results obtained using an established one‐stage clotting assay (r = 0.9985).
Monoclonal Antibodies and the Haemostasis Laboratory: Current Position
Authors: Prowse Christopher V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In recent years research laboratories have produced a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies to haemostatic proteins. While these have proven very useful in fundamental research they have not, as yet, been widely used as routine reagents. This article reviews the range of monoclonal antibodies currently available and discusses their potential applications in routine laboratory practice.
Evaluation of Hemoglobin Screening Methods in Prospective Blood Donors
Authors: Ross D. G. , Gilfillan A. C. , Houston D. E. , Heaton W. A. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This study evaluates the performance characteristics of the copper sulfate screening test in routine bloodmobile operations and compares the performance of the copper sulfate test with that of a miniphotometer method of hemoglobin measurement. The copper sulfate and miniphotometer tests provide equivalent pass/fail classification of male donors with a high sensitivity and total efficiency. For female donors, both test methods show substantially lower sensitivity and total efficiency than for male donors; however, the miniphotometer is significantly more sensitive than the copper sulfate test in identifying eligible female donors. The distribution of donor hemoglobin values relative to cutoff values for acceptance may explain the male‐female differences in screening test performance characteristics.
An Unusual Sialoglycoprotein Associated with the Webb‐Positive Phenotype
Authors: Macdonald E. B. , Gerns L. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This paper presents the results of a study on the erythrocyte membrane proteins from Webb‐positive individuals. The membrane proteins were separated by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and stained using a Silver stain as well as Coomassie blue and PAS stains. All Webb‐positive individuals exhibited a decrease in the β‐sialoglycoprotein βSGP band along with the appearance of a new SGP 3,000 daltons less than βSGP. It is postulated that this band is an abnormal βSGP possibly lacking the N‐linked oligosaccharide that is normally present in β‐SGP.
Frozen Recovered Red Cell Boosting of Female Donors for Anti‐D‐Production
Authors: Gabra G.S. , Black M. , Mitchell R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A selected group of women previously immunized in pregnancy by the Rh(D) antigen were boosted with 0.5 ml of Rh(D)‐positive frozen recovered red cells from an accredited donor panel. The response was prompt and sustained and increased the anti‐D content by almost 10‐fold. In spite of the reduced rate of clinical immunisation to the Rh(D) antigen, it was possible to recruit females with anti‐D, acquired in pregnancy, for secondary boosting and a programme is recommended which maximizes efficiency and safety.
Detection of Anti‐Lea in Le(a‐b+) Individuals by Kinetic ELISA
Authors: Cowles W. , Spitalnik S. L. , Blumberg N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Utilizing a kinetic enzyme‐linked antiglobulin binding assay, eight examples of anti‐Lea were detected in individuals whose Lewis phenotype is Le(a‐b+). These antibodies were not detectable by routine hemagglutination techniques, but were indistinguishable from anti‐Lea made by Le(a‐b‐) individuals in terms of their immunologic fine specificity. However, unlike most anti‐Lea antibodies from Le(a‐b‐) individuals, none of the anti‐Lea antibodies had an IgG component. Anti‐Lea antibodies in Le(a‐b+) individuals may represent immune responses on the continuum between autoimmunity and alloimmunity.
Three Sera Defining a New Granulocyte ‐ Monocyte ‐T‐Lymphocyte Antigen
Authors: Kline William E. , Press Cynthia , Clay Mary , Keashen‐Schnell Marianne , Hackel Emanuel , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three sera containing antibodies recognizing a previously undescribed antigen on granulocytes were found during testing of sera from multiparous donors. All of the antibody producers were in good health. None had a history of transfusion. Using the granulocyte agglutination assay the sera recognize a single antigen which is not associated with the neutrophil antigens NA1, NA2, NB1, NC1, ND1, NE1, 5a, 5b, 9a, nor common red blood cell or HLA antigens. The three sera did not react with autologous cells or with the cells of the other antibody producers. Granulocytes from one antibody producer did not absorb antibody activity from any of the three sera. The antigen was found in large quantities on granulocytes and monocytes, in smaller quantities on T lymphocytes, and not on B lymphocytes, red cells, and platelets. The sera reacted with 340 of 343 random donors (99.1 %) and were negative with the same donor cells. Family studies showed autosomal dominant inheritance of the antigen. Five of 12 sibs in three families lacked this antigen (not statistically different from the expected ratio). The calculated gene frequency for the gene controlling the production of this antigen is 0.906. There appeared to be no association to the HLA, NA or Rh loci or to the X or Y chromosomes. None of the infants of these three women showed clinical signs of alloimmune neonatal neutropenia.
The Use of DNA Polymorphisms Demonstrated by Means of the HLA System
Authors: Mayr Wolfgang R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The advances reached by using DNA polymorphisms (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) in blood group serology are demonstrated by means of the HLA system. The potentialities for various applications (e.g. better definition of alloantigens, association with diseases, paternity testing, forensic medicine or genetic counselling) are mentioned.
Effects of Storage on the Pyruvate‐Lactate System and Random Migration of Human Granulocytes
Authors: Paul J.L. , Abbouyi A. El , Roch‐Arveiller M. , Giroud J. P. , Agneray J. , Yonger J. , Raichvarg D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. This work demonstrates a time‐dependent loss of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte (PMN) functions during the first 48 h with only slight lysis and release of cellular LDH. It confirms that storage decreases ATP levels in PMNs and significantly increases intracellular lactate and pyruvate. These data correlated with an inhibition of PMN migratory function and a considerable decrease in chemiluminescence response.
Tri(n‐Butyl) Phosphate/Detergent Treatment of Licensed Therapeutic and Experimental Blood Derivatives1
Authors: Edwards Carol A. , Piet Marcel P. J. , Chin Sing , Horowitz Bernard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Incubation of an AHF concentrate with 0.3% tri(n‐butyl)phosphate (TNBP) and 0.2% sodium cholate was shown to inactivate at least 10,000 infectious doses of lipid‐enveloped viruses, including hepatitis B and non‐A, non‐B viruses and HTLV‐III [Prince et al., Lancet i, pp. 706–710, 1986]. The use of TNBP/detergent combinations for virus sterilization was evaluated further to determine its effect on the structure and function of a wide variety of blood proteins. Vesicular stormatitis and Sindbis viruses were used as markers of virus inactivation. TNBP/detergent treatment did not significantly alter the function of AHF, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, fibrinogen, factor XIII, fibronectin, anti‐HBsAg and anti‐HA in normal immune serum globulin, haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor, α‐interferon, and both native and chemically polymerized stroma‐free hemoglobin. As compared with partially purified derivatives, the extent of virus sterilization of plasma and component cryoprecipitate with 0.3% TNBP and 0.2% sodium cholate at ambient temperature could be improved by raising the TNBP concentration and temperature. Virus sterilization by TNBP/detergent mixtures appears to be generally applicable to blood protein derivatives.
Standardization of Bromelin for Use in Routine One‐Stage Antibody Screening
Authors: Mazda Toshio , Ogasawara Kenichi , Nakata Kenichi , Shimizu Masaru
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A simple standardization method for bromelin used in routine one‐stage antibody screening is described. Bromelin proteinase activity was assayed using casein as the substrate, and converted to units. The use of proteinase activity units for standardization of bromelin resolves differences between commercial preparations.
Serological Characterisation of a Mouse Monoclonal Anti‐P‐Like Antibody
Authors: Inglis G. , Fraser R.H. , Mitchell A.A.B. , Mackie A. , Allan E.K. , Mitchell R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An IgM mouse monoclonal antibody, LM 147/328, raised against an Escherichia coli immunogen, was found to possess anti‐P‐like specificity. It is proposed that this antibody recognises an epitope on a Galβ1–3GalNAc disaccharide structure (GalNAc = N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine). The haemagglutinating activity of this antibody was consistently strong with adult erythrocytes, but gave significantly weak reactions with about 7% of cord erythrocyte samples.
MER2: A Red Cell Polymorphism Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies1
Authors: Daniels G.L. , Tippett P. , Palmer D.K. , Miller Y.E. , Geyer D. , Jones C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two murine monoclonal antibodies, ID12 and 2F7, apparently of the same specificity, define a new red cell polymorphism, MER2. 92% of English blood donors are MER2+ giving the gene frequencies MER2+ 0.7159; MER2‐ 0.2841. Family studies showed that MER2+ is inherited as a Mendelian dominant character and that MER2 is not controlled by any of the main blood group loci. The MER2 antigen is also present on some leukaemia fibroblasts and human cell lines. Using somatic cell hybrids, MER2 appears to be coded for by a gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.
The Haakestad Antigen Is Identical with the Hov Antigen
Authors: Kornstad Leif , Jerne Donald , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The rare blood group antigen previously referred to as the ‘Haakestad antigen’ is shown to be identical with the Hov antigen (numerical designation: 700.038). Family studies add ABO and HLA to the systems already known to segregate independently from Hov. Among 2,021 Danish blood donors, 4 Hov+ persons were found. Anti‐Hov activity has been demonstrated in several ‘multiple‐antibody sera’.
The Use of Nystatin to Restore the Flow Properties of Time‐Expired Stored Erythrocytes1
Authors: Turner Susan , Williams A.R. , Rees J.M.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human erythrocytes stored for more than 21 days in citrate phosphate dextrose with adenine (CPDA‐1) exhibited a marked reduction in volume following incubation for 24 h at 37 °C in fresh autologous plasma. This incubation apparently mimics the effects of reinfusion of the stored cells in vivo. These shrunken stored cells have a decreased filterability as measured by their increased transit times through a 5‐μm diameter Nuclepore filter. The polyene antifungal agent nystatin was used to reinflate these shrunken cells with different concentrations of potassium ions. A concentration of 90 mM potassium chloride was found to reinflate the shrunken stored cells so that their mean cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and average densities were the same as those of fresh cells. This reinflation also restored the filterability of the shrunken stored cells so as to be similar to that of fresh cells.