bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binary Organic Solar Cells with Exceeding 19% Efficiency via the Synergy of Polyfluoride Polymer and Fluorous Solvent
Authors: He Zhilong , Li Siyuan , Zeng Rui , Lin Yi , Zhang Yi , Hao Zhe , Zhang Shimin , Liu Feng , Tang Zheng , Zhong Hongliang
Published: May 2024

Rational molecular design and suitable device engineering are two important strategies to boost the efficiencies in organic solar cells (OSCs). Yet these two approaches are independently developed, while their synergy is believed to be more productive. Herein, a branched polyfluoride moiety, heptafluoroisopropoxyl group, is introduced into the side chains of conjugated polymers for the first time. Compared with the conventional alkyl chain, this polyfluoride chain can endow the resulting polymer namely PF7 with highly packing order and strong crystallinity owing to the strong polarization and fluorine‐induced interactions, while good solubility and moderate miscibility are retained. As a result, PF7 comprehensively outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art polymer PM6 in photovoltaic properties. More importantly, based on the solubility of heptafluoroisopropoxyl groups in fluorous solvents, a new post‐treatment denoted as fluorous solvent vapor annealing (FSVA) is proposed to match PF7. Differing from the existing post‐treatments, FSVA can selectively reorganize fluoropolymer molecules but less impact small molecules in blend films. By employing the synergy of fluoropolymer and fluorous solvent, the device achieves a remarkable efficiency of 19.09%, which is among the best efficiencies in binary OSCs. The polymer PF7 and the FSVA treatment exhibit excellent universality in various OSCs with different material combinations or device architectures.
Efficient Charge Injection for Perovskite Light‐Emitting Transistor
Authors: Chen Quanlin , Zhang Jia , Zhang Li , Feng Yanxing , Wang Di , Ding Zijin , Geng Cong , Qaid Saif M. H. , Jiang Yuanzhi , Yuan Mingjian
Published: May 2024

Metal halide perovskite semiconductors have demonstrated remarkable performance in light‐emitting‐diode applications in recent years. However, their potential application in other emerging optoelectronic devices, such as light‐emitting field‐effect transistors (LEFETs) is impeded by poor luminous efficiency due to inefficient charge injection. Here, an n‐type MgZnInO (MIZO) as the channel layer is synthesized to achieve efficient electron injection in perovskite LEFETs. These findings indicate that the incorporation of Mg not only suppresses the generation of oxygen vacancies but also optimizes the energy level alignment. These synergistic effects reduce non‐radiative recombination and improve interfacial charge transport. Consequently, the MIZO‐based perovskite LEFETs exhibit an improvement in threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, and field‐effect mobility. The electroluminescence performance shows a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.97% with a maximum brightness of 2.1 × 104 cd m−2, accompanied by low‐efficiency roll‐off (an EQE of 1.88% at the current density of 810 mA cm−2). To the best of the author's knowledge, this represents the best luminous efficiency reported for perovskite LEFETs to date.
Precise Gene Knock‐In Tools with Minimized Risk of DSBs: A Trend for Gene Manipulation
Authors: Liu Yongfeng , Kong Jianping , Liu Gongyu , Li Zhaoxing , Xiao Yibei
Published: May 2024

Gene knock‐in refers to the insertion of exogenous functional genes into a target genome to achieve continuous expression. Currently, most knock‐in tools are based on site‐directed nucleases, which can induce double‐strand breaks (DSBs) at the target, following which the designed donors carrying functional genes can be inserted via the endogenous gene repair pathway. The size of donor genes is limited by the characteristics of gene repair, and the DSBs induce risks like genotoxicity. New generation tools, such as prime editing, transposase, and integrase, can insert larger gene fragments while minimizing or eliminating the risk of DSBs, opening new avenues in the development of animal models and gene therapy. However, the elimination of off‐target events and the production of delivery carriers with precise requirements remain challenging, restricting the application of the current knock‐in treatments to mainly in vitro settings. Here, a comprehensive review of the knock‐in tools that do not/minimally rely on DSBs and use other mechanisms is provided. Moreover, the challenges and recent advances of in vivo knock‐in treatments in terms of the therapeutic process is discussed. Collectively, the new generation of DSBs‐minimizing and large‐fragment knock‐in tools has revolutionized the field of gene editing, from basic research to clinical treatment.
Beyond 99.5% Geometrical Fill Factor in Perovskite Solar Minimodules with Advanced Laser Structuring
Authors: Di Giacomo Francesco , Castriotta Luigi Angelo , Matteocci Fabio , Di Carlo Aldo
Published: May 2024

Perovskite solar cells, known for high efficiency and compatibility with various photovoltaic (PV) applications, have garnered significant attention from academia and industry. Scaling up these cells conventionally involves fabricating modules with series‐connected cells using a monolithic interconnection based on the P1‐P2‐P3 scheme, a common approach for thin‐film PV modules. The Geometrical Fill Factor (GFF), representing the ratio between active area and aperture area, typically ranges from 90% to 95%. This study introduces an advanced laser manufacturing process to minimize interconnection area by reducing scribe width and minimizing distances between them, achieving an interconnection width of 45 µm with a GFF of 99.1%. Additionally, a discontinuous P2 design further reduces the dead area to an average of 19.5 µm, resulting in a record GFF of 99.6%. Using this interconnection in a highly efficient p‐i‐n stack, the study demonstrates the feasibility of the discontinuous P2 by fabricating 2.6 cm2 minimodules with an aperture area efficiency of 20.7%. The research highlights how proper design can minimize intrinsic losses during the scaling process from cell to module to a negligible level. Experimental studies, coupled with cell‐to‐module loss simulations and electroluminescence mapping for layer deposition uniformity, provide insights into the potential of the new P2 design.
Antioxidant Interfaces Enabled by Self‐Deoxidizing and Self‐Dehydrogenating Redox Couple for Reversible Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Feng Kaiqiang , Chen Bingchao , Xi Baojuan , Tian Chenxu , Sang Bingyan , Meng Shuhan , He Yanyan , Gao Tingting , An Xuguang , Zhou Guowei , Xiong Shenglin , Wang Xiao
Published: May 2024

Parasitic electrolyte reactions and dendrite growth make Zn metal anodes with high Zn utilization rates (ZURs) more inaccessible, holding back the advance of aqueous zinc metal batteries (AZMBs). Here, sodium isoascorbate (SIA) is introduced to aqueous electrolytes as a self‐deoxidizing and self‐dehydrogenating additive. Coexisting C6H7O6−/C6H5O6− couple spontaneously captures dissolved oxygen and eliminates generated hydrogen by acting as a redox buffer, which leads to the creation of antioxidant Interfaces due to an in situ formed ZnCO3‐dominated solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This SEI enables the (100) faceted electrode with dendrite‐free and non‐corrosive Zn plating/stripping, thus yielding a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% up to 1100 h at 5 mAh cm−2, as well as a stable cycle sustaining for over 335 h under a high ZUR of 85.5%. Full‐cell properties are demonstrated by matching a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) intercalated vanadium oxide (PEDOT‐V2O5) cathode, which harvests a high capacity of 302 mAh g−1 (at 0.01 A g−1) and holds 94.2% capacity retention over 600 cycles (at 1 A g−1) under practical conditions (N/P = 4.2 and E/C = 7.6 µL mg−1). These findings provide a new solution for electrolyte design for industrializing AZMBs.
Printing Perovskite Solar Cells in Ambient Air: A Review
Authors: Ouedraogo Nabonswende Aida Nadege , Ouyang Yunfei , Guo Bing , Xiao Zuo , Zuo Chuantian , Chen Kun , He Zijuan , Odunmbaku George Omololu , Ma Zhu , Long Wei , Yang Junliang , Yuan Yongbo , Fang Junfeng , Bao Qinye , Yi Chenyi , Fang Xingzhong , Dong Hua , Yang Ye , Liu Fangyang , Yan Keyou , Ding Liming , Sun Kuan
Published: May 2024

The demand for cost‐effective and rapid processing of large‐area thin films in the photovoltaic industry has recently driven significant research interest. In this context, among the various approaches explored, printing devices, particularly perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have garnered considerable attention due to their potential for scalability and cost efficiency. Besides, solution printing is widely recognized as an appealing strategy for large‐area, cost‐effective, and high‐throughput production of PSCs. However, while substantial progress has been made in this process, challenges related to stability, uniformity, and scalability remain to be addressed. This review critically examines the key printing techniques and substrates employed in PSC fabrication. Then, given the significance of ambient air printing for industrial applications, fundamental challenges associated with achieving ambient air production of PSCs are discussed in detail. Moreover, the formulation strategies of perovskite ink in printing technologies are thoroughly explored, considering its crucial role in determining the performance and stability of printed PSCs. Finally, the printing process for various components of PSCs, including the perovskite absorber layer, charge transport layers (CTLs), and electrodes, is meticulously analyzed, highlighting current achievements and remaining hurdles.
Azathioprine/hydroxyurea preconditioning prior to nonmyeloablative matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults with sickle cell disease: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Dovern Elisabeth , Aydin Mesire , Hazenberg Mette D. , Tang Man Wai , Suijk Elisabeth M. , Hoogendoorn Gerianne M. , Van Tuijn Charlotte F. J. , Kerkhoffs Jean‐Louis , Rutten Caroline E. , Zeerleder Sacha S. , de la Fuente Josu , Biemond Bart J. , Nur Erfan
Published: May 2024

Nonmyeloablative, matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with alemtuzumab/total body irradiation (TBI) conditioning is a curative therapy with low toxicity for adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, relatively low donor chimerism levels and graft rejection remain important challenges. We hypothesized that adding azathioprine/hydroxyurea preconditioning will improve donor chimerism levels and reduce graft failure rate. In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled consecutive adult patients with SCD undergoing matched sibling donor transplantation at the Amsterdam UMC. Patients received azathioprine 150 mg/day and hydroxyurea 25 mg/kg/day for 3 months prior to alemtuzumab 1 mg/kg and 300 cGy TBI conditioning. Twenty patients with SCD (median age 26 years [range 19–49], 13 females) were transplanted. Median follow‐up was 46.0 months (IQR 21.8–57.9). One‐year overall survival and event‐free survival (graft failure or death) were both 95% (95% confidence interval 86–100). Mean donor myeloid and T‐cell chimerism 1‐year post‐transplant were 95.2% (SD ±10.6) and 67.3% (±15.3), respectively. One patient (5%) experienced graft failure without autologous regeneration, resulting in infections and death. All other patients had a corrected SCD phenotype and were able to discontinue sirolimus. Three patients were successfully treated with alemtuzumab (1 mg/kg) after the transplant because of declining donor chimerism and cytopenias to revert impending graft rejection. Toxicity was mostly related to sirolimus and alemtuzumab. One patient developed steroid‐responsive grade II intestinal acute graft‐versus‐host disease. Collectively, preconditioning with azathioprine/hydroxyurea prior to nonmyeloablative matched sibling donor transplantation resulted in excellent event‐free survival and robust donor T‐cell chimerism, enabling the successful withdrawal of sirolimus. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05249452.
Selective Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Vinyl Ethers in Two‐Chamber Gauge‐Reactor
Authors: Gyrdymova Yulia V. , Saybulina Elina R. , Mironenko Roman M. , Rodygin Konstantin S.
Published: May 2024

A pressure gauge was incorporated into a two‐chamber glass H‐tube to continuously monitor the pressure inside a reactor when working with gases. The ex situ generated H2, D2, acetylene and CO2 were tested in pressure gauge reactors, and calibration curves were plotted. A series of unsaturated compounds with two or more double C=C bonds accessible for hydrogenation were synthesized for hydrogenation. The hydrogenation proceeded well due to constant pressure control, and the desired products were isolated in good yields. The same hydrogenation procedures were then carried out using steel autoclaves to verify the results and compare them. Surprisingly, almost the same results were obtained, confirming the effectiveness of self‐made glass reactors. The hydrogenation mechanism was further investigated using D‐labeled reagents. The kinetics of hydrogenation was studied both in manometric glass reactors and in steel autoclaves, which showed a similar nature of the main process in both reaction units. Thus, the created reactors can be effectively used in barometric transformations instead of steel autoclaves in appropriate cases.
Impact of Surface Functionality on Biodistribution of Gold Nanoparticles in Silkworms
Authors: Lutz Johanna , Yu Yidong , Wolf Ann‐Katrin , Beilhack Andreas , Groll Jürgen , Albrecht Krystyna
Published: May 2024

To date, animal models are still indispensable for studying biodistribution and elimination of nanomaterials. However, the use of mammals for in vivo experiments faces various challenges including increasing regulatory hurdles and costs. This study aims to validate larvae of the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori as an alternative invertebrate model for preliminary in vivo research. Organ distribution and elimination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are compared with four different surface functionalities in silkworms after systemic administration: AuNPs coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), with polyglycidols (PGs) that are slightly hydrophobic (PG(alkyl)), positively charged (PG(+)), or negatively charged (PG(−)). Subsequent inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry 6 or 24 h after AuNPs administration reveals the biodistribution in silkworm hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, and excrements. Even after 24 h incubation, hemolymph contains the highest AuNPs concentrations, independent of surface functionalization indicating a prolonged circulation time and slow distribution into different silkworm organs and tissues. Positively charged PG(+)AuNPs show three times higher concentrations in the midgut and are excreted at the fastest rate when compared to other AuNPs. In the findings, a surface‐dependent biodistribution and elimination of AuNPs are indicated in silkworms, and the feasibility of using this inexpensive animal model for time‐ and cost‐effective, preliminary in vivo studies of NPs is confirmed.
Dumbbell‐Shaped, Block‐Graft Copolymer with Aligned Domains for High‐Performance Hydrocarbon Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
Authors: Lee So Youn , Kang Du Ru , Oh Jong‐Gil , Chae Il Seok , Kim Jong Hak
Published: May 2024

Given the environmental concerns surrounding fluoromaterials, the use of high‐cost perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) in fuel cells and water electrolysis contradicts the pursuit of clean energy systems. Herein, we present a fluorine‐free dumbbell‐shaped block‐graft copolymer, derived from the cost‐effective triblock copolymer, poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐b‐styrene) (SEBS), for polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs). This unique polymer shape led to the alignment of the hydrophobic‐hydrophilic domains along a preferred orientation, resulting in the construction of interconnected proton channels across the membrane. A bicontinuous network allowed efficient proton transport with reduced tortuosity, leading to an exceptional ionic conductivity (249 mS cm−1 at 80 °C and 90 % relative humidity (RH)), despite a low ion exchange capacity (IEC; 1.41). Furthermore, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) prepared with our membrane exhibited stable performance over a period of 150 h at 80 °C and 30 % RH. This study demonstrates a novel polymer structure design and highlights a promising outlook for hydrocarbon PEMs as alternatives to PFSAs.
A multifunctional fluorescent Eu‐MOF probe: Its synthesis, structure, and sensing properties
Authors: Su Shuai , Li Dechao , Yang Yefang , Xu Ruijie , Hu Wenping , Li Wenting , Hu Ming
Published: May 2024

Based on 3‐(2,4‐dicarboxylphenyl)‐6‐carboxylpyridine ligand (H3dpcp), a lanthanide metal–organic framework with the porous three‐dimensional structure was successfully synthesized, namely, [Eu (dpcp)(H2O)]n (1). The experimental results indicated that complex 1 exhibited stable luminescence in the range of pH = 2–11 in aqueous solution. It is noteworthy that complex 1 could recognize tryptophan (Trp) and trans, trans‐muconic acid (tt‐MA) molecules through the fluorescence quenching effect, and showed high sensitivity, selectivity, recoverability, anti‐interference, and low detection limits for the identification of Trp and tt‐MA in aqueous solution. In addition, the fluorescence mechanisms of complex 1 for sensing of tt‐MA and Trp were elucidated in detail.
In vitro analysis of electrospun nanofibrous polycaprolactone loaded with Rhamnus prinoides leaf extract as potential wound dressing
Authors: Adamu Biruk Fentahun , Gao Jing , Yuan Xiangnan , Tan Shaojie , Kumelachew Degu Melaku , Jhatial Abdul Khalique
Published: May 2024

Rhamnus prinoides, an indigenous Ethiopian traditional medicinal plant, has been used for treating various ailments including skin conditions in traditional formulations. In this study, plant leaf extract has been incorporated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers through electrospinning at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% wt/vol for the first time. The presence of extract in the nanofiber was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared. The in vitro antibacterial activity, release, contact angle, thermal, and mechanical properties of the nano mats were characterized. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the produced mats are continuous, smooth, bead‐less, and inter connected. The examination of SEM images using ImageJ revealed that the fiber diameter ranged from 219 ± 47 nm to 284 ± 114 nm. The mats showed excellent anti‐bactericidal activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. During the 72‐h in vitro release investigation, an initial burst release was observed within the first 12 h, followed by sustained release of the extract over long period of time. The contact angle analysis showed, addition of leaf extract to the PCL nanofiber increased hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the nanofiber membranes had favorable mechanical properties. Overall, these findings suggested that R. prinoides leaf extract‐functionalized PCL nanofibers could be effective wound dressings with broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity.
Design and development of shape memory polyurethane coated fabric with excellent memory performance
Authors: Garg Hema , Mohanty Jayashree , Das Apurba , Tripathi Bijay P. , Kumar Bipin
Published: May 2024

In this study, we investigate the fabrication of ambient room temperature responsive shape memory polyurethane (SMPU)‐coated fabric using a simple dip coating method, aiming to enhance the shape memory response of smart textiles. Two SMPU were synthesized using different chain extender 1,4 butanediol (BDO‐SMPU) and polyethylenimine (PEI‐SMPU). Critical parameters such as SMPU concentration, dwell time, and coating solution temperature are optimized to ensure exceptional shape memory performance while also maintaining the fabric's handle, comfort, and durability. We determined that PEI‐SMPU/Cotton fabric exhibits superior memory performance, with a 90.2% shape recovery at a 1% PEI‐SMPU concentration. Conversely, BDO‐SMPU fabric demonstrated a 75.8% shape recovery under different conditions (10% SMPU concentration, 50°C solution temperature). Furthermore, shape recovery is influenced by programming temperature and load; at 35°C and 10 N load, PEI‐SMPU/Cotton significantly outperforms BDO‐SMPU/Cotton, showing about 20% improvement in shape recovery. This study indicates that modifying SMPU from BDO‐SMPU to PEI‐SMPU can notably enhance shape recovery performance at 35°C, marking a significant advancement in human body temperature responsive smart fabric technology.
Preparation of surface molecularly‐imprinted magnetic kaolin for selective separation and determination of thiabendazole
Authors: Zengin Adem
Published: May 2024

In this study, a selective sorbent was fabricated by combining a surface molecularly‐imprinted polymer and magnetic kaolin for reliable quantification of thiabendazole (TBZ) coupled with spectrofluorimetry. Several surface characterization methods were conducted to confirm the synthesis of TBZ‐imprinted magnetic kaolin with a polymer thickness of ~48 nm. The molecularly‐imprinted magnetic kaolin (MIP@MKLN) showed high adsorption capacity (8.7 mg/g), remarkable selectivity with an imprinting factor of 3.71 and excellent regeneration ability for up to 10 uses without significant change of its initial adsorption capacity for TBZ. The proposed method had linear range from 5 to 500 μg/mL TBZ concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.995 and the limit of detection was 1.4 μg/mL. MIP@MKLN was used for selective separation and quantification of TBZ in orange and lemon samples. There were high recovery values ranging from 96.4% to 100.2% with lower relative standard deviations (less than 5%) in the spiked samples under optimized conditions. Overall, the proposed method based on MIP@MKLN as an excellent sorbent could produce a feasible, convenient, and promising method for rapid, selective, and sensitive quantification of TBZ in real samples.
Integrating meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association study with Pig Genotype‐Tissue Expression resources uncovers the genetic architecture for age at first farrowing in pigs
Authors: Lin Qing , Feng Xueyan , Li Tingting , Pan Xiangchun , Diao Shuqi , Gao Yahui , Yuan Xiaolong , Li Jiaqi , Ding Xiangdong , Zhang Zhe
Published: May 2024

Age at first farrowing (AFF) is a reproductive trait with low heritability and high importance in the pig industry. To enhance the statistical power of genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and further explore the genetic nature of AFF, we first conducted GWAS meta‐analysis using three Yorkshire populations, and then integrated the Pig Genotype‐Tissue Expression (PigGTEx) resources to interpret their potential regulatory mechanism. Additionally, we compared the AFF in pig with the age at first birth (AFB) of human using GWAS summary statistics. We detected 18 independent variants in GWAS meta‐analysis and 8 genes in gene‐based association analysis significantly associated with AFF. By integrating the PigGTEx resource, we conducted transcriptome‐wide association study (TWAS) and colocalization analysis on 34 pig tissues. In TWAS, we detected 18 significant gene‐tissue pairs, such as DCAF6 in uterus and CREG1 in blood. In colocalization, we found 111 potential candidate tissue‐gene pairs, such as GJD4 and LYPLAL1. We found that the homologous gene, CHST10, might be the potential candidate gene between humans in AFB and pigs in AFF. In conclusion, integrating GWAS meta‐analysis and PigGTEx resources is a meaningful way to decipher the genetic architecture of complex traits. We found that DCAF6, CREG1, GJD4, and LYPLAL1 are candidate genes with high reliability for AFF in swine. The comparative analysis showed that CHST10 might play a potentially critical role in AFB/AFF across human and pigs.
Unexplained massive pulmonary embolism in acromegaly patient: A case report
Authors: Al‐Anbagi Usamah , Usman Shybin , Saad Abdulrahman , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Our case highlights the importance of recognizing acromegaly as a potential risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Despite a thorough thrombophilia workup yielding unremarkable results, further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms linking acromegaly and thrombophilia. This understanding will aid in improving risk assessment and management strategies for patients with acromegaly.

Acromegaly, a rare disorder characterized by excessive growth hormone secretion, is associated with various comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obstructive sleep apnea. While previous studies have identified abnormalities in hemostatic factors in acromegaly patients, the association between acromegaly and venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains poorly understood. We present the case of a 36‐year‐old male with a history of acromegaly who presented with acute dyspnea, chest pain, and cough. Despite a prior trans‐sphenoidal hypophysectomy, his acromegaly symptoms persisted. Upon evaluation, he was found to have bilateral pulmonary embolism. Thorough thrombophilia workup was unremarkable, suggesting acromegaly as a potential risk factor for VTE.
Modular Synthesis of [6,6]‐Oxaspirolactones Enabled by Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Spirolactonization
Authors: Alemayehu Asserese Ketema , Ding Yongzheng , Huang Hanmin
Published: May 2024

An expedient and efficient carbonylative protocol proceeded via palladium‐catalyzed tandem cyclic ketonization and carbonylative spirolactonization has been developed. This carbonylation reaction is compatible with a wide range of hydroxyalkyl ketone tethered benzyl chlorides bearing different functional groups and can be proceeded under comericially available Pd2(dba)3/BINAP catalyst system, providing a straithfowrd and practical approach to a broad range of [6,6]‐oxaspirolactones. The synthesized [6,6]‐oxaspirolactones are commonly found as core structures in natural products and can potentially serve as C2‐symmetric ligand synthons.
Alternative weighting schemes for fine‐tuned extended similarity indices
Authors: López Pérez Kenneth , Rácz Anita , Bajusz Dávid , Gonzalez Camila , Héberger Károly , Miranda‐Quintana Ramón Alain
Published: May 2024

Extended similarity indices (i.e., generalization of pairwise similarity) have recently gained importance because of their simplicity, fast computation, and superiority in tasks like diversity picking. However, they operate with several meta parameters that should be optimized. Earlier, we extended the binary similarity indices to “discrete non‐binary” and “continuous” data; now we continue with introducing and comparing multiple weighting functions. As a case study, the similarity of CYP enzyme inhibitors (4016 molecules after curation) was characterized by their extended similarities, based on 2D descriptors, MACCS and Morgan fingerprints. A statistical workflow based on sum of ranking differences (SRD) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for finding the optimal weight function(s). Overall, the best weighting function is the fraction (“frac”), which corresponds to the principle of parsimony. Optimal extended similarity indices were also found, and their differences are revealed across different data sets. We intend this work to be a guideline for users of extended similarity indices regarding the various weighting options available. Source code for the calculations is available at https://github.com/mqcomplab/MultipleComparisons.
An optimized cooperative data transmission scheme in relay‐enabled cellular communication networks
Authors: Wang Hanwu , Ren Feng , Zhang Lizhuo
Published: May 2024

Cooperative transmission is of great significance in data transmission and resource schedule in mobile cellular communication networks. To attain the desired network transmission performance objectives over the whole cellular network system, we propose an appropriate cooperative data transmission scheme to optimize the data delivery efficiency in terms of the transmission time consumption for each and every transmission group. The proposed transmission optimization scheme includes the tasks of determining the transmission group, allocating the channel rate resource, specifying the cooperative transmission mechanism, and performing resource allocation and schedule as well. Firstly, we propose a utility function based rate allocation scheme to optimize the channel rate resource utilization for all those transmission groups over the cellular communication network. Based on it, we further present a cooperative data transmission scheme to deal with the data delivery and reception for all those subgroups with high efficiency over the whole network system. Particularly, we propose a resource efficiency function‐based coordination scheduling (EFCS) scheme to conduct the cooperative data transmission and resource schedule as well for each transmission group within the network. The EFCS scheme facilitates to determine the subgroups for schedule over each scheduling cycle, which can produce the best data transmission efficiency across both the direct and cooperative transmission hop. Both the theoretical analysis and the simulation evaluation results verify the superior performance of our proposed cooperative data transmission scheme.
Application of optimization algorithm for virtual reference tag assisted localization and tracking of RFID
Authors: Mathavan Nagaraj , Siva Ranjani Seenivasan , Suresh Seetharaman , Bhuvanesh Ananthan
Published: May 2024

In an indoor setting, the radio frequency communication is utilized to locate and track mobile objects utilizing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Measurements from the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are typically the foundation of the localization technique. In an RFID‐based interior setting, lowering tracking mistakes and increasing the precision of tracking remain difficult tasks. In order to address these issues, we developed the VIRALTRACK (Virtual Reference Tag Localization and Tracking) framework that consists of four procedures: deep reinforced learning‐based tracking, quantum‐based localization, optimization‐based virtual reference tag allocation, and signal enhancement. In order to increase the signal's effectiveness, we initially suggested using the Extended Gradient Filter (EGF) technique to eliminate RSSI oscillations. In the second step, we suggested using the Emperor Penguin Colony (EPC) optimization technique to allocate the virtual reference tag while taking the number of tags, SNR, and temperature and humidity of the surroundings into account. In the third phase, we use a quantum neural network (QNN) for localization in order to estimate the position of the moving target. We introduced the SignRank approach to select the best virtual reference tag for localization, which lowers tracking mistakes. In conclusion, we presented the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) method that boosts the tracking precision by tracking the moving target tag efficiently and taking into account stage, the orientation, distance, and valuable coordinates. The NS3.26 network simulator is used to run the simulation, and tracking precision, tracking error, and accumulated probabilities are used to assess effectiveness.
World Health Organization Reporting System for Soft Tissue Cytopathology: Risk of malignancy and reproducibility of categories among observers
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Dodd Leslie , Esebua Magda
Published: May 2024

Introduction

In 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) is scheduled to publish the WHO Reporting System for Soft Tissue Cytopathology (WHORSSTC). This system establishes categories with well‐defined definitions, criteria, and estimated risks of malignancy (ROMs) for soft tissue tumors. The estimates of ROM are based on a relatively small number of published studies. Interobserver reproducibility is not addressed in the reporting system even though reproducibility of a reporting system is highly important.

Methods

A manual search of one authors personal consultation files and teaching set (L.J.L.) was conducted for all cytologic specimens of soft tissue tumors accessioned between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 2022. Only cases with documented surgical pathology follow‐up were included in the study. Slides from each case were evaluated independently by three cytopathologists with each case assigned to one of the WHORSSTC categories. A ROM for each of the WHORSSTC categories was calculated. Interobserver agreement was evaluated by the kappa and weighted kappa statistics.

Results

Risk for malignancy by category were: Category 1: 0%, Category 2: 28%, Category 3: 57%, Category 4: 47%, Category 5: 63%, and Category 6: 88%. Kappa statistics for agreement between raters varied from 0.2183 to 0.3465 and weighted kappa varied from 0.3778 to 0.5217.

Conclusions

The WHORSSTC showed a progression of malignancy risk from the category “benign” (28%) to the category “malignant” (88%). Interobserver agreement was only fair.
Development of node architecture and emergence of molecular organizer characteristics in the pig embryo
Authors: Harmoush Braah , Viebahn Christoph , Tsikolia Nikoloz
Published: May 2024

Background

The avian node is the equivalent of the amphibian Spemann's organizer, as indicated by its ability to induce a secondary axis, cellular contribution, and gene expression, whereas the node of the mouse, which displays limited inductive capacities, was suggested to be a part of spatially distributed signaling. Furthermore, the structural identity of the mouse node is subject of controversy, while little is known about equivalent structures in other mammals.

Results

We analyzed the node and emerging organizer in the pig using morphology and the expression of selected organizer genes prior to and during gastrulation. The node was defined according to the “four‐quarter model” based on comparative consideration. The node of the pig displays a multilayered, dense structure that includes columnar epithelium, bottle‐like cells in the dorsal part, and mesenchymal cells ventrally. Expression of goosecoid (gsc), chordin, and brachyury, together with morphology, reveal the consecutive emergence of three distinct domains: the gastrulation precursor domain, the presumptive node, and the mature node. Additionally, gsc displays a ventral expression domain prior to epiblast epithelialization.

Conclusion

Our study defines the morphological and molecular context of the emerging organizer equivalent in the pig and suggests a sequential development of its function.
Systematic reduction of natural enemies and competition across variable precipitation approximates buffelgrass invasiveness (Cenchrus ciliaris) in its native range
Authors: Rhodes Aaron C. , Plowes Robert M. , Bowman Elizabeth A. , Gaitho Aimee , Ng'Iru Ivy , Martins Dino J. , Gilbert Lawrence E.
Published: May 2024

Invasive grasses cause devastating losses to biodiversity and ecosystem function directly and indirectly by altering ecosystem processes. Escape from natural enemies, plant–plant competition, and variable resource availability provide frameworks for understanding invasion. However, we lack a clear understanding of how natural stressors interact in their native range to regulate invasiveness. In this study, we reduced diverse guilds of natural enemies and plant competitors of the highly invasive buffelgrass across a precipitation gradient throughout major climatic shifts in Laikipia, Kenya. To do this, we used a long‐term ungulate exclosure experiment design across a precipitation gradient with nested treatments that (1) reduced plant competition through clipping, (2) reduced insects through systemic insecticide, and (3) reduced fungal associates through fungicide application. Additionally, we measured the interaction of ungulates on two stem‐boring insect species feeding on buffelgrass. Finally, we measured a multiyear smut fungus outbreak. Our findings suggest that buffelgrass exhibits invasive qualities when released from a diverse group of natural stressors in its native range. We show natural enemies interact with precipitation to alter buffelgrass productivity patterns. In addition, interspecific plant competition decreased the basal area of buffelgrass, suggesting that biotic resistance mediates buffelgrass dominance in the home range. Surprisingly, systemic insecticides and fungicides did not impact buffelgrass production or reproduction, perhaps because other guilds filled the niche space in these highly diverse systems. For example, in the absence of ungulates, we showed an increase in host‐specific stem‐galling insects, where these insects compensated for reduced ungulate use. Finally, we documented a smut outbreak in 2020 and 2021, corresponding to highly variable precipitation patterns caused by a shifting Indian Ocean Dipole. In conclusion, we observed how reducing natural enemies and competitors and certain interactions increased properties related to buffelgrass invasiveness.
The presence of predators constrains larval development process by influencing critical developmental windows in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt
Authors: Zhu Xihong , Qiu Xia , Chen Kaiyang , Li Wei , Xu Aichun
Published: May 2024

Predators significantly impact the development process and subsequently influence the metamorphic decisions of amphibian larvae. Larvae often exhibit induced growth and metamorphic plasticity in response to the presence of predators. However, growth and development rates are not always perfectly correlated, growth responses can vary throughout ontogeny. It is crucial to consider the stage‐specific growth responses induced by predators. Here, we employ a critical windows experimental design and examine development‐related growth and metamorphic responses to predators in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt (Echinotriton chinhaiensis). Our findings reveal that predators constrain the development process of spiny newt larvae and also impact survival to metamorphosis. Inducible plasticity predominantly exhibits in the early and middle stages of larval development. Our results also suggest that diverse developmental plasticity has been adopted by larvae in response to predators. The presence of predators during early stage induces larvae to exhibit a same size at metamorphosis but a prolonged time to metamorphosis, while predators present during middle stage induce larvae to exhibit a large size at metamorphosis but a same time to metamorphosis. The presence of predators at the late developmental stage does not induce any plasticity in larval growth and metamorphosis. Moreover, these results also suggest that several stages of larval development are likely critical developmental windows for spiny newt larvae. This study not only provides basic biological information on predator‐induced developmental plasticity of the endangered Chinhai spiny newt but also likely provides biological insights for the implementation of in situ conservation and preservation efforts for endangered species.
Amphoteric Supramolecular Nanofiber Separator for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yuping , Zheng Hongzhi , Tong Xing , Zhuo Hao , Yang Wu , Chen Yuling , Shi Ge , Chen Zehong , Zhong Linxin , Peng Xinwen
Published: May 2024

The separator is an essential component of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) to determine their electrochemical performances. However, the separator with high mechanical strength, good electrolyte wettability and excellent electrochemical performance remains an open challenge. Herein, a new separator consisting of amphoteric nanofibers with abundant functional groups was fabricated through supramolecular assembly of natural polymers for SIB. The uniform nanoporous structure, remarkable mechanical properties and abundant functional groups (e.g. −COOH, −NH2 and −OH) endow the separator with lower dissolution activation energy and higher ion migration numbers. These metrics enable the separator to lower the barrier for desolvation of Na+, accelerate the migration of Na+, and generate more stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). The battery assembled with the amphoteric nanofiber separator shows higher specific capacity and better stability than that assembled with glass fiber (GF) separator.
Time‐Resolved Oxidation State Changes Are Key to Elucidating the Bifunctionality of Perovskite Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Reduction
Authors: Beall Casey E. , Fabbri Emiliana , Clark Adam H. , Meier Vivian , Yüzbasi Nur Sena , Sjølin Benjamin H. , Castelli Ivano E. , Aegerter Dino , Graule Thomas , Schmidt Thomas J.
Published: May 2024

In a unified regenerative fuel cell (URFC) or reversible fuel cell, the oxygen bifunctional catalyst must switch reversibly between the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), fuel cell mode, and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), electrolyzer mode. However, it is often unclear what effect alternating between ORR and OER has on the electrochemical behavior and physiochemical properties of the catalyst. Herein, operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is utilized to monitor the continuous and dynamic evolution of the Co, Mn, and Fe oxidation states of perovskite catalysts Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSCF) and La0.4Sr0.6MnO3‐δ (LSM), while the potential is oscillated between reducing and oxidizing potentials with cyclic voltammetry. The results reveal the importance of investigating bifunctional catalysts by alternating between fuel cell and electrolyzer operation and highlight the limitations and challenges of bifunctional catalysts. It is shown that the requirements for ORR and OER performance are divergent and that the oxidative potentials of OER are detrimental to ORR activity. These findings are used to give guidelines for future bifunctional catalyst design. Additionally, it is demonstrated how sunlight can be used to reactivate the ORR activity of LSM after rigorous cycling.
2.5 μm‐Thick Ultrastrong Asymmetric Separator for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Xie Donghao , Wang Zekun , Ma Xin , Feng Yuchen , Tang Xiaomin , Gu Qiao , Deng Yonghong , Gao Ping
Published: May 2024

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are considered the ideal choice for high volumetric energy density lithium‐ion batteries, but uncontrolled lithium deposition poses a significant challenge to the stability of such devices. In this paper, we introduce a 2.5 μm‐thick asymmetric and ultrastrong separator, which can induce tissue‐like lithium deposits. The asymmetric separator, denoted by utPE@Cu2O, was prepared by selective synthesis of Cu2O nanoparticles on one of the outer surfaces of a nanofibrous (diameter ~10 nm) ultrastrong ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) membrane. Microscopic analysis shows that the lithium deposits have tissue‐like morphology, resulting in the symmetric lithium cells assembled using utPE@Cu2O with symmetric Cu2O coating exhibiting stable performance for over 2000 h of cycling. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a facile approach ultrathin separators for the deployment of lithium metal batteries, providing a pathway towards enhanced battery performance and safety.
High Seebeck Coefficient Thermally Chargeable Supercapacitor with Synergistic Effect of Multichannel Ionogel Electrolyte and Ti3C2Tx MXene‐Based Composite Electrode
Authors: Chen Zhongming , Du Zhijian , Li La , Jiang Kai , Chen Di , Shen Guozhen
Published: May 2024

Thermally chargeable supercapacitors can collect low‐grade heat generated by the human body and convert it into electricity as a power supply unit for wearable electronics. However, the low Seebeck coefficient and heat‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency hinder further application. In this paper, we designed a high‐performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor device composed of ZnMn2O4@Ti3C2Tx MXene composites (ZMO@Ti3C2Tx MXene) electrode and UIO‐66 metal–organic framework doped multichannel polyvinylidene fluoridehexafluoro‐propylene ionogel electrolyte, which realized the thermoelectric conversion and electrical energy storage at the same time. This thermally chargeable supercapacitor device exhibited a high Seebeck coefficient of 55.4 mV K−1, thermal voltage of 243 mV, and outstanding heat‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency of up to 6.48% at the temperature difference of 4.4 K. In addition, this device showed excellent charge–discharge cycling stability at high‐temperature differences (3 K) and low‐temperature differences (1 K), respectively. Connecting two thermally chargeable supercapacitor units in series, the generated output voltage of 500 mV further confirmed the stability of devices. When a single device was worn on the arm, a thermal voltage of 208.3 mV was obtained indicating the possibility of application in wearable electronics.
Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: The FINEARTS‐HF trial
Authors: Solomon Scott D. , Ostrominski John W. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Claggett Brian , Jhund Pardeep S. , Desai Akshay S. , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Pitt Bertram , Senni Michele , Shah Sanjiv J. , Voors Adriaan A. , Zannad Faiez , Abidin Imran Zainal , Alcocer‐Gamba Marco Antonio , Atherton John J. , Bauersachs Johann , Ma Chang‐Sheng , Chiang Chern‐En , Chioncel Ovidiu , Chopra Vijay , Comin‐Colet Josep , Filippatos Gerasimos , Fonseca Cândida , Gajos Grzegorz , Goland Sorel , Goncalvesová Eva , Kang Seok‐Min , Katova Tzvetana , Kosiborod Mikhail N. , Latkovskis Gustavs , Lee Alex Pui‐Wai , Linssen Gerard C.M. , Llamas‐Esperón Guillermo , Mareev Vyacheslav , Martinez Felipe A. , Melenovský Vojtěch , Merkely Béla , Nodari Savina , Petrie Mark C. , Saldarriaga Clara Inés , Saraiva Jose Francisco Kerr , Sato Naoki , Schou Morten , Sharma Kavita , Troughton Richard , Udell Jacob A. , Ukkonen Heikki , Vardeny Orly , Verma Subodh , von Lewinski Dirk , Voronkov Leonid G. , Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan , Zieroth Shelley , Lay‐Flurrie James , van Gameren Ilse , Amarante Flaviana , Viswanathan Prabhakar , McMurray John J.V.
Published: May 2024

Aims

To describe the baseline characteristics of participants in the FINEARTS‐HF trial, contextualized with prior trials including patients with heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced and preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF). The FINEARTS‐HF trial is comparing the effects of the non‐steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone with placebo in reducing cardiovascular death and total worsening HF events in patients with HFmrEF/HFpEF.

Methods and results

Patients with symptomatic HF, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40%, estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 25 ml/min/1.73 m2, elevated natriuretic peptide levels and evidence of structural heart disease were enrolled and randomized to finerenone titrated to a maximum of 40 mg once daily or matching placebo. We validly randomized 6001 patients to finerenone or placebo (mean age 72 ± 10 years, 46% women). The majority were New York Heart Association functional class II (69%). The baseline mean LVEF was 53 ± 8% (range 34–84%); 36% of participants had a LVEF <50% and 64% had a LVEF ≥50%. The median N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) was 1041 (interquartile range 449–1946) pg/ml. A total of 1219 (20%) patients were enrolled during or within 7 days of a worsening HF event, and 3247 (54%) patients were enrolled within 3 months of a worsening HF event. Compared with prior large‐scale HFmrEF/HFpEF trials, FINEARTS‐HF participants were more likely to have recent (within 6 months) HF hospitalization and greater symptoms and functional limitations. Further, concomitant medications included a larger percentage of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors than previous trials.

Conclusions

FINEARTS‐HF has enrolled a broad range of high‐risk patients with HFmrEF and HFpEF. The trial will determine the safety and efficacy of finerenone in this population.