bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems of Communication in Inter‐American Programs
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: January 2012

We use our own culture as a basis for interpreting the behavior of others and their failure to make responses we expect. Sometimes the nature of the problem soon becomes apparent but in other situations the causes may remain invisible. Certain problems may relate particularly to two characteristics of Latin American countries: the absence of our “puritanical” tradition and the presence of an elaborate system of “extended family” relationships we do not have. Counseling and guidance specialists may be affected by (1) the fact that teacher‐pupil relationships include less of the “surrogate parent” element than in the U.S.; (2) difficulties students encounter in moving from one career choice to another; (3) the power of student organizations; and (4) an expectation that the specialist will provide definitive advice rather than help the student solve his own problems. Many Latin American students have negative images of North Americans; they “remember” history and tend to think in longer time blocks than are customary with us. A 10‐year aid program, for example, may be seen as a short‐range venture.
Development of a Scale of Attitudes Toward School Guidance
Authors: Barker Donald C.
Published: January 2012

This paper reports the development of two alternate forms of a scale for measuring attitudes toward school guidance programs. The resulting instrument features a high degree of usability, since it can be easily self‐administered in less than five minutes without the necessity for timing or oral directions. The entire questionnaire appears on a single sheet of paper which the subject also uses to record his responses. Scoring and interpretation are likewise outstandingly simple. Preliminary studies indicate that the scale shows promise of possessing satisfactory technical characteristics.
Problems of Work Evaluation
Authors: Neff Walter S.
Published: January 2012

In reviewing the history of the development of techniques of work evaluation, four different approaches are appraised: (1) the mental testing approach, (2) the job analysis approach, (3) the work‐sample approach, and (4) the situational assessment approach. Each of these sets of methods is found to arise from somewhat different sectors of society, to serve differing interests, and to have differing objectives. After examination of the merits and limitations of each of the four approaches, the conclusion is drawn that “no one of these four methods can do everything; each deals with a restricted facet of a many‐faceted problem.” Attention is called to the general need for validation through professional observation in unprotected industrial settings.
Predicting the Academic Achievement of Secondary School Negro Students
Authors: Boney J. Don
Published: January 2012

The efficiency of aptitude and mental ability measures to predict high school grade‐point average for Negro students in secondary school was studied. The total sample of 222 students was randomly divided into two samples in order to determine the consistency with which the variables predicted the criteria. The predictor variables were: The Differential Aptitude Tests, the California Test of Mental Maturity, The Cooperative Ability Tests, The Sequential Tests of Educational Progress, Junior High School Grade‐Point Average, and Social Status Ratings. The data were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The instruments consistently yielded substantial correlations with High School Grade‐Point Average. Negro students appeared to be as predictable as other groups.
Sociological Studies of Occupations
Authors: Overs Robert P. , Deutsch Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2012

A bibliography of 796 sociological studies of occupations was collected. Three‐ to six‐page abstracts were prepared of 100 of these for counseling use. These were assigned DOT codes for ready filing in occupational files. 43.2 per cent of the studies were doctoral dissertations. A substantial body of largely untapped information has been made available to counselors. A clearinghouse for further sociological studies of occupations is needed.
Patterns of Career Choices Over Time
Authors: Astin Helen S.
Published: January 2012

The patterns of career change observed in samples of subjects of varying ages and levels of educational attainment have been examined. The pattern of occupational distribution shows consistent gains in the business and education groups, whereas the numbers of students aspiring to careers in science and engineering decrease. These findings have been interpreted on the basis of the personal characteristics of students, their perception of occupations, and the societal determinants of occupational choice.
“What's in a Name”—Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons
Authors: Jaffe Jacob
Published: January 2012

High school students' evaluations of labels or terms for 3 disabilities (amputation, mental retardation, and mental hospitalization) were compared with other high school students' evaluations of persons described in sketches as having one of the disabilities but functioning adequately. For each of the 3 comparisons, the person described in the sketch was more favorably evaluated. The variabilities of the labels “Amputees” and “Mentally Retarded” were greater than those of the respective persons described in the sketches. These findings suggest caution in generalizing from attitude studies in which labels or terms are used as the stimulus for disability. The more favorable evaluations of the sketched persons would have implications for counselors in describing persons with disabilities to others.
Humanness: A Therapeutic Variable
Authors: Dreyfus Edward A.
Published: January 2012

Since attempts by adherents to various psychotherapeutic orientations have failed to demonstrate the efficacy of any one of them, this paper tries to explicate the single variable—humanness—that seems to underlie all therapeutic approaches, and may account for the positive results obtained by all approaches. Many investigators have emphasized the importance of a positive relationship as a factor in counseling; but an influential force, behavior modification therapy, has attempted to once again place the role of technique in the spotlight. Their results have not been striking. A second aim, therefore, of this paper is to offer a critique of this position in the light of humanistic and research considerations. The implications of a technique‐oriented therapeutic approach are also discussed. A plea is entered for emphasis being placed on, and an investigation of, the role of humanness as the most important variable in the counseling process.
Counselor Predictive Skill and Rated Counselor Effectiveness
Authors: Watley Donivan J.
Published: January 2012

Prediction is a fundamental part of counseling. Although counselors differ in their ability to predict accurately, there is no evidence that those who predict most accurately do the best job of counseling. Using 3 different sets of case data, 14 counselors predicted whether students would graduate and whether they would keep the “major” program selected at the time of admission. 3 supervisors agreed on the counselors rated “most” or “least” effective in their work with students. Although the amount of case data available to the counselors was unrelated to predictive accuracy, the counselors rated “most” effective predicted significantly better than those rated “moderately” or “least” effective.
VIEW—Vocational Information for Education and Work
Authors: Gerstein Martin , Hoover Richard
Published: January 2012

A Career Information Center is described that provides restructured occupational information in a microfilm format that is readily kept current and is instantly accessible. The information is based upon what students and counselors feel is occupational information of the most worth. The Career Information Center also provides counselor in‐service education in the belief that the principal rationale for counseling in the secondary schools is educational and career development activities for all students.
Nine Critical Questions About Selective College Admissions
Authors: Hills John R. , Gladney Marilyn B. , Klock Joseph A.
Published: January 2012

The misgivings of college faculty, college administrators, and high school counselors about selective admissions are focused on 9 issues. Data relevant to those issues reveal that: (1) prediction of grades is sufficiently accurate to be useful; (2) prediction equations from one year are sound for use in the immediately succeeding years; (3) predictions of first‐year grades are related to performance over the 2‐year period at a junior college and the 4‐year career at a senior college; (4) there may need to be separate prediction procedures for widely different majors, such as science and nonscience; (5) accurate predictions can be made before the student has completed high school; (6) the nonacademic courses students take do not reduce prediction accuracy; (7) introduction of selectivity has not been found to decrease diversity in educational opportunity; (8) grading practices in an institution will tend to fluctuate with the degree of selectivity; and (9) procedures are available to set admissions cutoffs, to provide students with sound counseling information, and to provide a second chance for those who do net meet minimum admissions standards.
Social Background Variables Related to Career Commitment of Women Teachers
Authors: White Kinnard
Published: January 2012

Women professionals in teaching who had had substantially different experience in terms of certain social background variables were compared on the criterion of their commitment to a professional career. The results indicated that certain social background factors resulted in women teachers being significantly different on the criterion of career commitment. Mother's work orientation, social class background, source of financial support in college, and current marital status were all significantly discriminating background factors. Type of college attended was not a significantly discriminating factor.
Testing for Guidance and Counseling in Junior Colleges
Authors: Seibel Dean W.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents some of the results from a survey of the use of standardized tests in junior colleges. Testing practices and problems related to the use of tests for guidance purposes are emphasized. The findings suggest that junior colleges are making substantial use of a variety of standardized tests primarily for guidance purposes. Problems in using the tests are being experienced, however, because of the inappropriateness of many tests, the scarcity of research evidence indicating how best to use the test results, the unavailability of tests designed to meet the specialized needs of junior colleges, and the lack of personnel with sufficient measurement training or experience.
Predicting College Achievement of Students from Farm Backgrounds
Authors: Hood Albert B.
Published: January 2012

Academic achievement in various types of colleges was studied for a statewide population of college freshmen from farm backgrounds. As a group, farm freshmen obtained lower scholastic aptitude test scores, had achieved higher grades in high school, and continued to achieve higher grades in college than did freshmen from other backgrounds. They did not appear to be handicapped by their lower verbal test scores. Patterns of academic achievement among farm students did not differ in most of the different types of colleges studied. Differing patterns were found among those farm students who attended certain colleges at the state university.
Value Congruence and the Vocational Self Concept of School Counselors
Authors: Smith Arthur E. , Collins Hardin A.
Published: January 2012

A model based on self concept theory has been presented for the consideration of the vocational values of school counselors. A study of the hierarchy and congruence of their values is interpreted as demonstrating a high degree of self‐awareness, a foundation for movement toward the ideal self, and a measure of strong satisfaction with their career identification.
Innovation in Guidance: A Mobile Counseling Center
Authors: Director Bob B. WinbornAssistant , Martinson William D.
Published: January 2012

A mobile counseling center staffed by 4 counselors serves high schools in 4 counties of southern Indiana. The operation of the center is designed to enrich, supplement, and improve the quality of counseling services for secondary students of the area. The mobile center also serves as a model to stimulate the development of exemplary and innovative guidance services in regular school programs.
Characteristics of Clients Judged to Require Long‐Term Counseling
Authors: Leventhal Allan M.
Published: January 2012

This study examines one subgroup of clients seen at a university counseling center, namely, 72 clients who were expected by their counselor to remain in counseling for 10 or more interviews. Ratings were available on psychological characteristics for this sample and for the Counseling Center's total client population. In addition, the total university population could be compared with both of these groups on demographic characteristics. On the basis of pre‐ and post‐counseling ratings of severity of problem, the sample being investigated was divided into Improved and Unimproved groups. Comparative data are examined with regard to class, college, sex, type of residence, type of problem, severity level at onset and termination, number of counseling interviews, motivation for counseling, defensiveness, and counselor's feelings toward client. Long‐term counseling and improvement status are found to be a function of most of these variables.
A Statistic Strikes Back
Authors: Smith Louise
Published: January 2012

A recent college dropout relates her view of the pressures on students from society's Great Plan for the young, critically evaluates some of the implicit assumptions of the higher education establishment, and reacts to the three articles following on college dropouts by Williams, Leach and Goetz, and Berger. This paper enables the reader to learn not only about but from the dropout by reminding him that statistics sometimes interfere with our view of the people behind them, who are our only legitimate concern.
Guidance Implications of Concepts from the Field of Culture and Personality
Authors: Zaccaria Joseph S.
Published: January 2012

A review of the literature and research in the area of culture and personality theory reveals 3 unique but related concepts: (a) configurational personality, (b) basic personality, and (c) modal personality. These concepts relate to the similarities of personality structure and dynamics found among many individuals of a given culture, resulting from the patterning effect of that culture. Culture and personality theory is discussed in terms of the idiographic‐nomothetic dichotomy, and some implications for the field of guidance‐personnel work are drawn.
Parental Relationship and Value Orientation as Factors in Academic Achievement
Authors: Christopher Samuel A.
Published: January 2012

The study applies a theory of group functioning to the family structure and identifies 2 variables hypothesized to bear a functional relationship to achievement—perceived strength of the parent‐child relationship and perceived parental valuing of achievement. Grades earned in school provide the criterion. In the examination of these variables, the findings for males and females are contrasted. The resulting data reveal marked differences in male and female achievement orientations. In general, the findings for females conform to the predictions made, while those for males do not. Several interesting interactions are reported in which levels of intelligence are found in special combination with the other independent variables studied. The relationships identified are regarded as evidence particularly relevant to female achievement motivation.
Innovative group techniques: handle with care
Authors: DREYFUS EDWARD A. , KREMENLIEV ELVA
Published: January 2012

This article points to the haphazard use of powerful group methods by untrained practitioners, particularly members of professional organizations who promote these volatile techniques at conventions through “audience participation.” There is no question that the methods themselves are valuable, but in the hands of inexperienced people who lead a single demonstration or workshop the results can be dangerous. Such leaders seldom consider the damage that can be done either to the participants themselves or to those interacting with the participants after the workshop is over.
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: January 2012

New Roles for Educators by Rita E. Weath‐ersby, Patricia R. Allen, and Alan R. Blackmer, Jr.

Rehabilitation and the Culturally Disadvantaged edited by Joseph T. Kunce and Corrine S. Cope.

Job Opportunities for Young Negroes by Adrian A. Paradis. David McKay

Guidelines for the Collection, Maintenance, and Dissemination of Pupil Records

To Nurture Humaneness: Commitment for the ‘70's edited by Mary‐Margaret Scobey and Grace Graham.

A Handbook for Job Restructuring

Men in Mid‐Career: A Study of British Managers and Technical Specialists by Cyril Sofer.

Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes by John P. Robinson and Phillip R. Shaver.
APGA: cherish or perish?
Authors: HOYT DONALD P.
Published: January 2012

APGA is believed to be in such a serious crisis that extensive reorganization and revitalization is required. While members share a fundamental concern for promoting positive human development, their diverse functions, settings, and backgrounds have created frustration and divisiveness. In this article I have outlined an approach to reorganization that speaks to both the common and the unique concerns of those involved in human development services. I have written this article at the editor's invitation. Its content is highly influenced by my experience as a member of APGA's Commission on Purposes, Functions, and Operations, but in no way should it be construed as a report of the Commission. Although I have borrowed extensively from the insight and wisdom of the other Commission members, the article's shortcomings are exclusively mine
Soft determinism + awareness = shared responsibility Comment: More Words About Words: A Reaction to “Soft Determinism…”
Authors: ROUSSÈVE RONALD J. , SANBORN MARSHALL
Published: January 2012

This article seeks to present a viable resolution of one of the perennial ideological issues in counseling: the determinism‐human freedom dilemma. That this problem is of pivotal significance to counselors is immediately evident in view of its bearing on the related professional issue of client and counselor responsibility. A conceptual model involving limited personal freedom within a framework of biological‐environmental determinism is reviewed, followed by a concluding comment on the counselor's shared responsibility for the outcomes of the counseling relationship. The author rejects the notion that the counselor can function as a neutral observer in client decision‐making
Intervention with pregnant students
Authors: BIRDWHISTELL MIRIAM C. , BEARD RICHARD L.
Published: January 2012

Pregnant students who leave school without receiving counseling services cannot usually be studied because accurate data on their identification are not obtainable. The design of this study, initiated from a hospital base, provides a unique perspective from which to study counselor contact and student outcomes, both educationally and medically, against a background of unwritten and unevenly applied school policies in adjacent rural and semi‐urban school systems
Multiple‐family group counseling
Authors: SAUBER S. RICHARD
Published: January 2012

This article describes the innovative, short‐term approach of multiple‐family group counseling in which the counselor applies the principles and dynamics found in family and group counseling to the treatment of the student—in this case, the “identified client” and his family. In an attempt to provide an effective and economical therapeutic experience of practical value to the school system, several family units meet together to discuss some of the personal‐social problems that adversely affect the adolescent and result in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviors within the school setting.
Damaging information and the college application
Authors: NOLAND ROBERT L.
Published: January 2012

When experienced high school counselors and college admissions deans obtain information about a nonacademic personality problem, or sexual or legal misbehavior of a senior student applying to college, how do they use the information? A 20‐item situational‐case questionnaire was devised to study attitudes of counselors and deans on this issue. The results obtained from a nationwide sample of colleges and universities and an Ohio sample of counselors raise major questions regarding the rationale, ethics, and legal basis of the behavior of counselors and admissions deans
The silent curriculum in counselor education
Authors: HALLBERG EDMOND C.
Published: January 2012

Counselor educators, while conscientiously preparing students to be sensitive to others through traditional courses and examinations, also communicate an important set of informal, covert attitudes—the silent curriculum. Rapid changes in our social system and in student attitudes are altering one source of this silent curriculum, the teaching‐learning relationship. This article suggests possible changes in the counselor education process to encourage individualized instruction, experimentation, and student involvement in departmental decisions, field work, and teaching.
PPS/SPS: similar but different
Authors: HUMES CHARLES W.
Published: January 2012

Pupil personnel services and student personnel services are compared on organizational patterns, professionalization problems, and relationship to counseling. Both entities have unique problems but are not without commonalities. Student personnel workers fare better in organizational patterning and counseling, while pupil personnel workers have fewer professionalization problems. Future prospects for both services have inherent promise.
School‐community drug prevention programs
Authors: AUBREY ROGER F.
Published: January 2012

Much like the plague of days of old, the problem of drug abuse in the U.S. today is no respecter of age, social class, or ethnic background. Drugs are available in ever‐increasing quantities, and the rate of increase is in direct proportion to the constantly expanding audience of youngsters sampling drugs. This paper presents a 10‐point program for schools and communities, aimed at the prevention of abuse and rehabilitation of users. The program's thrust is a comprehensive endeavor involving key individuals and agencies in long‐range efforts to dissuade youngsters from harmful experimentation with drugs. The author makes a plea for a united attack on the problem of drugs by all members and divisions of APGA.
Understanding the Indian
Authors: SPANG ALONZO T.
Published: January 2012

To many Anglos, Indian people are Wild West relics, out of step with the modern world, silent, inscrutable. Genuine communication with Indian people can be facilitated by shattering these false myths, understanding the Indian from within his own culture, and responding to his own interpretation of the needs and problems encountered in his relationships with white Americans.
Dear diary: logs in group counseling
Authors: RIORDAN RICHARD J. , MATHENY KENNETH B.
Published: January 2012

Logs written by group members after a session can be a powerful tool in group counseling. This article explores the uses of logs and suggests how they can further the success of group counseling in all settings. If used properly they heighten the awareness of personal and group dynamics and smooth the flow of communication.
The future lies open
Authors: Williamson E. G.
Published: January 2012

Recently retired as Dean of Students and Professor of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, he has held offices in many organizations in the student personnel field. He was president of apga in 1967–1968.
Sexism and racism: one battle to fight
Authors: CHISHOLM SHIRLEY
Published: January 2012

“Top policy‐making positions in the American establishment remain in the hands of white males who are not responsive to the needs of the poor, of minorities, or of women.”
A model for career development through curriculum
Authors: HANSEN L. SUNNY
Published: January 2012

This article describes a practical model for a systematic, sequential approach to career development in the K‐12 curriculum. The model builds on career development principles and vocational development tasks; it is self‐concept oriented and uses a variety of methods and media in its implementation. Several strategies for facilitating career development are suggested for each level.
The psychiatrist, the counselor, and the school
Authors: CLINE DAVID W.
Published: January 2012

Based on a general systems analysis model, the holistic approach to counseling spans every level and interaction effect from the gene to the interpersonal to the community and beyond. One of the major functions of the counselor in this approach is opening and maintaining communications among groups in the various school and community subsystems. The author of this article, a psychiatrist, stresses the use of the holistic approach in (a) the training and role of the psychiatrist, (b) the school and its subsystems, (c) the role of the guidance counselor, and (d) the interaction between the guidance counselor and the psychiatrist.
Behavior consultation in a barrio high school
Authors: FARBER HARRIS , MAYER G. ROY
Published: January 2012

Behavioral consultation with a counselor was used in this study to help an English teacher in an inner‐city high school deal with his students' “lackadaisical” attitude toward the completion of assignments. Over a period of weeks, the behavioral approaches that were experimented with were found to facilitate the changes that the teacher had hoped for.
Marihuana and the counselor: it's not so simple
Authors: JAQUES MARCELINE E.
Published: January 2012

This invited article takes a different position on the topic of marihuana from that discussed by William Camp in the previous article. The author of this article presents recent reports on marihuana research and points to the need for counselors not only to keep abreast of current developments in the area but also to “get it together” themselves before attempting to deal with clients who use marihuana and other drugs.
Go west, man: a dream fragment
Authors: WACHOWIAK DALE G.
Published: January 2012

Maybe it was the anchovy and green pepper pizza I stuffed down before going to bed, or it could have been the APGA Convention Program I was reading that afternoon. Whatever stimulated the dream, it was the most vivid one I'd had in years. I just had to share it with someone who might understand. So bear with me, please, while I engage in a little catharsis.
Even counselors have irrational ideas
Authors: WEINRACH STEPHEN G.
Published: January 2012

The author examines several of Ellis' “irrational ideas” as they relate specifically to counselors. These ideas provide a convenient vehicle for the discussion of some typical misconceptions about counseling. Counselors are encouraged to analyze their own feelings and thought processes and to determine irrational ideas in addition to those described here to which they may be susceptible.
Client as counselor: self‐regulation strategies
Authors: NYE L. SHERRY
Published: January 2012

Recent research in counseling suggests the efficacy of teaching the clients to be their own counselors through the use of self‐regulation procedures. This article explores three primary steps involved in helping clients to control their own behavior change: self‐observation, self‐monitoring, and self‐regulation strategies. Self‐regulation provides an affirmative answer to the question: “Is the client a counselor?” by promoting client responsibility and independence in the counseling process.
Counseling the emotionally troubled: a neglected group
Authors: COUCHMAN ROBERT
Published: January 2012

The fact that 15 percent of our child and adolescent population suffers from serious mental health problems requires that we reexamine our traditional system for delivering services. Since the majority of troubled young people are not receiving help from specialists, the counselor should be considered as a primary mental health resource. If this role is to be undertaken, however, counselors will require more adequate training than that which is now being provided. The author examines existing patterns of counseling service in the light of those functions mental health workers should be able to perform.
Integrating humanism and behaviorism: toward performance
Authors: SMITH DARRELL
Published: January 2012

The current emphasis on performance criteria in training programs and in professional services poses a threat to the humanistically oriented helper. Having been trained in the self‐actualizing psychology of Maslow and Rogers, humanists equate competence‐based education and counseling with behaviorism and therefore resist the demand for performance criteria and the adjunct behavioral principles. This article suggests a behavioral humanism as the desired solution to the dilemma and proposes some guidelines for formulating and implementing such a synthetic system without jeopardizing one's personal‐professional integrity.
Consulting with teachers: a systematic approach
Authors: LAUVER PHILIP J.
Published: January 2012

Many counselors need and want to reach more students through effective counsultation with teachers. While the desirability of consulting has been established in the literature, the counselor may be concerned about how to begin a consulting role and how to develop a consulting relationship with teachers. Beginning a consulting role may be simple and informal. The use of systematic procedures should aid the counselor in developing the consulting relationship. Systematic consulting procedures, along with the all‐important attitude of the consultant, are illustrated through two cases.
Toward an ecology of student development
Authors: BLOCHER DONALD H.
Published: January 2012

A key assumption behind the Cube is that the work of counselors can be more effective as they strive toward the developmental and organizational ends of those dimensions, using whichever methods are appropriate. Blocher fills in some of the detail behind this assumption with his example of life in the elementary school classroom. He posits three subsystems in the classroom ecology. The first he calls “opportunity structure,” the second “support structure,” and the third “reward structure.” The implementation of an ecological approach to student development will require the preparation of a professional with quite different competencies and interests than has been the case. The last section of this issue is addressed to that concern.
the intentional democratic community in college residence halls
Authors: CROOKSTON BURNS B.
Published: January 2012

Residence halls have been one of those great unmined potentials in higher education. To a student personnel worker they have presented a captive community in which all the magic could be worked. But it rarely happened, mostly because we knew more about the process of in loco parentis than about the process of students in situ. Crookston has dangled the carrot once more in his conception of an “intentional democratic community.” Only this time we have an operational model based on Crookston's knowledge of social‐psychological theory. In his model he tells us about 10 elements of the community that must be manipulated, 9 design considerations, and 7 stages of development. The complexity of designing and implementing such a community will—and should—frighten some, but the possible payoff will attract others to experiment and try. Heaven only knows, the events of the past decade have borne out too well his basic thesis that “unfortunately, the goal [effective democracy] continues to elude us.”
Developmental intervention for Navajo family mental health
Authors: DINGES NORMAN G. , YAZZIE MYRA L. , TOLLEFSON GWEN D.
Published: January 2012

One expressed concern as we put this issue together was that we illustrate divergent counseling models in settings other than schools. Dinges and his associates present an exciting description of their work with Navajo families. Working from a developmental model, they have identified “transcultural” developmental tasks for both children and parents. Thus the target is the primary group of the family, and, as they explain, the growth of the family is not distinguishable from that of individuals in the family. The project described further demonstrates the viability of the counseling dimensions model in its use of paraprofessionals to assist in the delivery of services and in research. Extensive evaluation of the project is planned.
Learning psychology by doing psychology: guidance through the curriculum
Authors: SPRINTHALL NORMAN A. , ERICKSON V. LOIS
Published: January 2012

Recently we have heard the call for counselors, to be involved in classroom activities. Consultation has been one mode for doing that; classroom teaching has been another. Sprinthall and Erickson present the experimental results of a program that has the dual goals of teaching psychological content and promoting psychological growth in individuals. Their article presents the rationale for deliberate psychological education as a mode for individual, direct and developmental intervention in schools. Following the rationale, a detailed description is given of classroom learning experiences actually employed to achieve the overall objectives of psychological maturation of pupils. Descriptions and data are drawn from the current program under development in a public secondary school. The authors also discuss the implications for a new guidance delivery system through the curriculum.
professional‐paraprofessional Cooperation in career development
Authors: PETERSON ELWOOD R. , ROWE FRED A. , WHITING LORNA R.
Published: January 2012

Nationwide the “in” term is career development. The task is to develop a delivery system that gets to people where they are. Peterson and his associates describe in detail how a career development “curriculum” is systematically developed by professional counselors for implementation by paraprofessionals and lay church workers. A key feature of this article is the needs assessment procedure, since the curriculum is being constructed on the results of this procedure. Rarely has such an assessment been undertaken, even more rarely with such comprehensiveness. This article describes what may well be the largest professional‐paraprofessional cooperative effort in the world.
a consensus method to reduce conflict
Authors: MAIN ALLEN P. , ROARK ALBERT E.
Published: January 2012

The authors describe a five‐step model of conflict reduction suitable for use by practicing counselors. They present the model in how‐to‐do‐it fashion, supplementing it with illustrations. They describe the reactions of eight counselors who used the model in 37 conflict cases and present the responses of the persons involved in the conflicts.
Re: Views
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: January 2012

Birth Control Methods: A Simplified Presentation for the Mentally Retarded. Produced by Planned Parenthood of Northern New York. Filmstrip with script, flipchart, and 140‐page monograph entitled Sexuality and the Mentally Retarded. Northfield, Ill.: Perennial Education, 1975, $75. (Monograph available separately for $7.50.)

Your Changing Body: A Guided Self Exploration. Pat Allen and Lee Ann Lipke. Two cassette tapes and 16‐page guide for parents and teachers. North‐field, Ill.: Perennial Education, 1974, $40.

Sex Education and Counseling of Special Groups. The Mentally and Physically Handicapped, Ill and Elderly. Warren J. Johnson. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1975, 213 pp. $12.50.

Sex Education for Disabled Persons, #531, Irving R. Dickman, Public Affairs Pamphlets, 1975, 28 pp. 35¢

Developmental Disorders: Assessment, Treatment, Education. Robert B. Johnston and Phyllis R. Magreb, Editors. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1976. 532 pp. $14.50.

Diagnosing Learning Disabilities. Wilma Jo Bush and Kenneth W. Waugh, (Second Edition). Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1976. 357 pp. $10.95.

Psychology of Deafness for Rehabilitation Counselors Brian Bolton, Editor. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1976. 156 pp. $14.50.

The Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism. Gary G. Forrest. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1975. 272 pp.

The Physically Handicapped Child in Your Classroom. Dorothy Edgington. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1976. 75 pp. $4.50.

Teaching the Learning Disabled: A Combined Task‐Process Approach. Bill R. Gearheart. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby, 1976. 246 pp. $10.50.

An Evaluation of Policy‐Related Rehabilitation Research. Monroe Berkowitz, Valerie Englander, Jeffrey Rubin, and John D. Worrall. New York: Praeger, 1975. 221 pp. $16.50.

Contemporary Vocational Rehabilitation. Herbert Rusalem and David Malikin, Editors. New York: New York University Press, 1976. 250 pp. $13.50.
Re:Views
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: January 2012

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Actualizing Therapy: Foundations for a Scientific Ethic. Everett L. Shostrom, Lila Knapp, and Robert Knapp.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Handbook for the Personal Orientation Inventory. Robert Knapp.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Individual Psychology in Counseling and Education, Parts I and II, (Distinguished Contributors to Psychology series).

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Psychotherapy: The Hazardous Cure. Dorothy Tennov.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: R. D. Laing: The Man and His Ideas. Richard I. Evans.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Four Psychologies Applied to Education: Freudian, Behavioral, Humanistic, Transpersonal. Thomas B. Roberts, Editor.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: A Complete Guide to Therapy From Psychoanalysis to Behavior Modification. Joel Kovel.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Evaluation of Psychological Therapies—Psychotherapies, Behavior Therapies, Drug Therapies and Their Interactions. Robert L. Spitzer & Donald F. Klein, Editors.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Primer for the Nonmedical Psychotherapist. Joyce A. Bockar.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. Aaron T. Beck.

Adventures in Therapy Part I: Biofeedback Applications in Counseling and Education. David G. Danskin and Timothy J. Lowenstein.
Entry‐Level Employment Prospects for Women in College‐Student Personnel Work
Authors: Kuh George D.
Published: January 2012

Women are no longer underrepresented in student‐personnel preparation programs. Although this situation is noteworthy, it may not be without potentially frustrating consequences for the increased number of female master's degree graduates who are seeking a limited number of entry‐level positions. Whether the increase in women will have deleterious effects on placement remains to be seen. In the meantime, women (and men) should be made aware of the inherent free‐market employment risks when contemplating a career in student‐personnel work.
Burning and Copping Out of Counseling
Authors: Tiedeman David V.
Published: January 2012

Warnath and Shelton's three‐stage description of the counselor's transition from education to work is in general accord with experience and study of career development. But their “Solutions?” are mostly non sequiturs of that development. I question their assumptions in their “Solutions?” that the purpose of counseling should be to counsel, that the counselor's career development is complete as described, and that counselors should just let their careers happen rather than try to make them happen. I suggest rapprochement of Warnath and Shelton's views and my views on grounds that the career problem rests in both the situation and the counselor.
SCOPE: A Comprehensive‐Sequential Approach to Career Counseling
Authors: Shrader William K.
Published: January 2012

SCOPE is a comprehensive career‐counseling program presently in operation at Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey. It consists of a basic program plus a cluster of supplemental, optional exercises. The basic program has a sequence of four career‐planning phases, one of which applies to each undergraduate year. Efforts are made to process students systematically through the entire basic program. An individual checklist kept for each participating student provides an internal mechanism for program evaluation and modification. Early results suggest effectiveness and positive student reactions.
The School Counselor As Consultant: A Historical Review
Authors: Kahnweiler William M.
Published: January 2012

This article contains a historical review of the school counselor in the role of consultant. Published articles that have appeared in four APGA journals during the past 21 years provided the basis for the review. General trends in each journal and a developmental history of the consultation movement are presented. The conclusion was that a serious gap exists between the theory and practice of consultation in schools. Specific needs must be addressed for the school counselor as consultant model to be fully realized.
Rural High School Students' Perceptions of the Basic Values and Educational Philosophies of Significant Secondary School Role Models
Authors: Green Logan
Published: January 2012

This research investigated rural high school students' perceptions of two major secondary school role models' (teachers and popular peers) solutions to five ontological and axiological problem spheres. The Values Orientation Questionnaire (VOQ), an operationalization of F. Kluckhohn's theory of intra‐cultural value variation, was completed each of three times during three months: initially for the self and then according to the way the respondent felt the models would respond. Achievement, an index of successful school encounters, was entered as the between‐persons factor in a multivariate‐model repeated‐measures ANCOVA. Generally, the students believe that teachers and popular peers endorse that set of values that forms the foundation of progressive counseling and educational philosophies and practices and is, to a large extent, our middle‐class system. Students perceive teachers as overendorsing (relative to self) those ontological choices that form the valuational basis of authoritarian counseling and educational theories. These seemingly contradictory teachers' attributions are discussed in terms of the teachers' roles and of institutional demands that often force teachers to model behaviors that neither they nor society deems desirable.
Guidance and Educational Opportunity: The German Perspective
Authors: Menacker Julius
Published: January 2012

This article is based on information about the status of guidance and counseling in German education acquired by the author during his 1977 summer Fulbright Fellowship to the Federal Republic of Germany. Menacker identifies some points of comparison regarding the roles of guidance and counseling in the American and German education systems. The less developed German educational‐guidance system is used to shed light on the nature of guidance contributions made by the American system.
Feminism and Psychological Autonomy: A Study in Decision Making
Authors: Sacks Susan Riemer , Eisenstein Hester
Published: January 2012

Women seeking to realize the feminist goal of autonomy, defined as self‐interested decision making, encounter conflict and anxiety. This study reports a group experience that used life‐space drawings and force‐field analyses to reduce anxiety and foster autonomous decision making. The 15 women participants in the yearlong study reported at least one action in the area originally designated for decision making. Among the components in the process, participants cited identification with, and support and information from, other group members. The results suggest that for the women in this study, group participation enhanced individual autonomy.

Autonomy for me is believing in my own ability to do what I want to do, … then taking productive, creative steps toward fulfilling my own goals. … Autonomy for me is a personal thing, an internal thing, feeling that I have power.*
Let's Suspend Suspensions: Consequences and Alternatives
Authors: Nielsen Linda
Published: January 2012

National data dispute the value of school suspensions. This article describes specific alternatives to suspension, with special attention devoted to the creation of “in‐school” suspension programs. It outlines the philosophies, benefits, essential components, and major difficulties of in‐school suspension centers. The author discusses truancy prevention, contingency contracting, and corporal punishment, and provides sources for obtaining detailed information on each disciplinary technique.
Ethics and The Law: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Stude E. W. , McKelvey James
Published: January 2012

This article discusses the relation between ethical standards for counselors and the legal principles of our society as it affects the client‐counselor relationship. The concepts of client confidentiality and counselor liability are defined. A client‐counselor situation is outlined, with suggested counselor responses to the ethical/legal issues involved.
The Observation of Intimacy in Groups
Authors: Amidon Edmund , Kavanaugh Raphael R.
Published: January 2012

An instrument for the analysis of verbal statements along a continuum from most intimate to least intimate is the Levels of Verbal Intimacy Technique (LOVIT). It enables an observer to place all verbal statements in one of ten categories along this intimacy continuum. The technique has been used in research on small groups and also can be used to provide feedback in groups, for example, to couples in marriage counseling.
Special Educators View Standardized Tests and Those Who Use Them
Authors: Hohenshil Thomas H.
Published: January 2012

James B. Duffey and Mark L.

Joseph R. Jenkins and Darlene Pany

Walter J. Cegelka
Client and Counselor As Poet: The Function of Metaphor in Counseling
Authors: Goodyear Rodney K.
Published: January 2012

J. M. Barlow, Howard R. Pollio, and Harold J.

Harold J. Fine, Howard R. Pollio, and Charles H.
Study Skills and Stress Reduction: The Radio As a Medium for Community Programming
Authors: Lowenstein Timothy J. , Robyak James E.
Published: January 2012

This article outlines a university radio program to help students cope with the anxiety and study problems associated with final exams. A series of six broadcasts presented specific study techniques and relaxation skills designed to maximize the delivery of those services regularly offered through the university counseling center. Colleagues are encouraged to consider the radio as a medium for the presentation of skills training to the community at large.
Coping With Stress: Getting the Message Across
Authors: O'Rear Joyce M. , Hope Kerry
Published: January 2012

On a campus of 30,000 students there are many who will not have direct contact with the Personal Counseling Service; yet those students experience and must cope with numerous pressures, which may affect their personal lives and academic progress. To help these students become more aware of stress areas and coping skills we submitted an article to The Addition, the Division of Student Services' semester newspaper. The unusual format for the information was selected to be eye‐catching and thus more likely to be read than a regular news‐format article.
The Use of Dream Discussions in Counseling
Authors: MILLER MARK J. , STINSON L. WAYNETTE , SOPER BARLOW
Published: January 2012

Dream discussions in counseling can aid in setting up and maintaining therapeutic contact with clients. The authors review the historical underpinnings of dreams and summarize several dream theories.
The Counselor's “Duty to Warn”
Authors: GEHRING DONALD D.
Published: January 2012

In the wake of the Tarasoff case in California other state courts have interpreted the legality of a helping professional's duty to warn.