bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managers' Innovations as ‘Sense‐making’
Authors: Coopey John , Keegan Orla , Emler Nick
Published: December 2004

Interpretations related to the social construction of innovation, derived from data provided by managers in an IT company, are placed within a conceptual framework of ‘sense‐making’, modified to take account of power relationships. The discussion in the body of the paper, illustrated and structured by reference to three case studies, deals with how innovators rely on experience in securing and shaping their identities in the face of disruptive events and how, from these origins, innovations are socially enacted within the organizational context, infused by power relations. In the concluding section it is proposed that the novelty of ‘an innovation’, and the degree of individual and social creativity required to achieve it, depend on the difficulty of making sense of disruptive events within the constraints of social relationships in their organizational context. It seems sensible, therefore, that a research agenda concerned with enhancing understanding of innovation processes should focus on the social construction of innovations, driven by the need individuals experience to make sense of disturbing stimuli in ways which protect and, preferably, enhance self‐identity.
Managing the Coordination of Social Services in the Mixed Economy of Welfare: Competition, Cooperation or Common Cause?
Authors: Osborne Stephen P.
Published: December 2004

This paper explores the issue of the coordination of public services in conditions of plural service provision. It does this by focusing on the example of personal social services provision by local authorities in the UK. Specifically it explores the evolving relationship between these authorities and voluntary and non‐profit organizations. It does so by using the models of markets, hierarchies and clans with which to examine the implications of different modes of service coordination. The paper argues that this is an important approach for helping us to understand the evolving nature of the management of plural public services in the UK.
Patterns of Profit‐sharing in Professional Firms
Authors: Morris Timothy , Pinnington Ashly
Published: December 2004

In recent years the traditional method of distributing profits on the basis of seniority in professional firms has come under attack because of its poor incentive properties. Using data on large law firms, this paper examines the extent to which new forms of profit‐sharing based on individual performance have been introduced and whether these are associated with the more systematic control of the core of professional staff and more ‘business‐like’ methods of managing, as has been argued in the American literature. The results suggest profit‐sharing innovations are limited in scope and only loosely associated with wider changes in partnership management. Explanations for the persistence of traditional methods of sharing are developed from the data and it is argued that existing accounts present an over‐rational model of change in which too much emphasis has been placed on the importance of individual incentives to achieve performance. Profit‐sharing policies are driven by concerns to sustain cooperation and professional values about the appropriate way to distribute rewards.
Business Characteristics of Male and Female Small and Medium Enterprises in the UK: Implications for Gender‐based Entrepreneurialism and Business Competence Development
Authors: Mukhtar Syeda‐Masooda
Published: December 2004

The aim of this paper is to identify differences, if any, between the characteristics of male and female businesses and to establish whether female businesses do constitute a distinct entrepreneurial group. The paper presents the results of an ongoing study based on a national survey of nearly 6000 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the UK. Given that existing research tends to focus, in the main, on the pre‐start up and start‐up differences, this study aims to identify gender‐based differences between male and female owned/managed businesses in their post‐formation stage. A gender‐based business competence development model is developed and a case is made for what is termed ‘gender‐based entrepreneurialism’. It is argued given that established male and female businesses exhibit different characteristics, gender‐based entrepreneurialism should be acknowledged and considered by policy makers within the SME sector. Female owned/managed businesses may require differentiated policies beyond the pre‐start up and start‐up stages for developing business competencies and to nurture their growth and development.
Explaining the Diffusion of Knowledge Management: The Role of Fashion
Authors: Scarbrough Harry , Swan Jacky
Published: December 2004

This paper provides evidence on the emergence and diffusion of the discourse of knowledge management. A literature review of the knowledge management and learning organization literatures demonstrates the lack of learning from one discourse to another and major differences in the concerns and issues that they address. At the same time, evidence on the level of interest in each discourse shows a tendency towards a normal curve distribution. Analytically, these findings suggest that the widespread diffusion of knowledge management might be explained in terms of the management fashion model. However, further consideration of the professionally‐differentiated appropriation of knowledge management concepts by the information systems and human resource communities suggests that the fashion model provides only a partial explanation for the observed diffusion of knowledge management.
Allocation Processes in Mergers and Acquisitions: An Organizational Justice Perspective
Authors: Meyer Christine Benedichte
Published: December 2004

This paper contributes to the understanding of allocation processes in mergers and acquisitions by applying an organizational justice perspective. This is a perspective that has been neglected in past research on mergers and acquisitions, but which is important in understanding the challenges managers face in allocating human resources and other resources of symbolic importance. In particular, the paper examines the trade‐offs between multiple goals in selecting distributive and procedural justice rules, and identifies factors that constrain these choices. Mergers and acquisitions are typically driven by multiple motives. The findings presented in this paper suggest that there are different approaches to applying justice rules in mergers and acquisitions and that these approaches have different implications for meeting multiple goals. The choice of equity in combinations with fair procedural rules is an approach which complies with the two goals of maximizing economic productivity and fostering relationships. However, the choice of this approach rests upon an unbalanced power relationship and relatively low ambiguity. When there is a high degree of ambiguity and a balanced power relationship, management has to make trade‐offs between maximizing economic productivity and fostering relationships.
Work Alienation and Organizational Leadership
Authors: Sarros J. C. , Tanewski G. A. , Winter R. P. , Santora J.C. , Densten I. L.
Published: December 2004

This study examines the extent to which a leader’s behaviour (i.e. transactional and transformational styles) and aspects of an organization’s structure (i.e. centralization, formalization dimensions) directly and/or indirectly relate to elements of work alienation (i.e. powerlessness, meaninglessness, self estrangement). The study utilized structural equation modeling techniques to estimate the goodness of fit of a leadership–organizational structure–work alienation model based on the responses of personnel in a major US eastern seaboard fire department (a bureaucratic, quasi–military type organization) (n= 326). Goodness of fit statistics indicate good fit to the observed data. Results show that transformational leadership was associated with lower work alienation, whereas transactional leadership was associated with higher work alienation. Organizational structure was not significantly predictive of work alienation, but was negatively associated with transformational leadership and positively associated with transactional leadership. The significant indirect effects between organizational structure and work alienation, and between organizational structure and transformational leadership, provide further evidence that the leadership style of the organization has a more significant impact on feelings of work alienation than antecedent conditions such as organization rigidity. The study argues that managers as well as leaders need to question bureaucratic orientations to work and manager Ãemployee relations by rethinking their value orientations and adapting new models that encourage individual fulfilment, learning and personal development.
Organizational Slack and Corporate Greening: Broadening the Debate
Authors: Bowen Frances E.
Published: December 2004

Organizational slack seems to have an ambiguous relationship with corporate greening. On the one hand, excess resources can be used to experiment with new environmental innovations, or potential green market segments. On the other, excess resources can be used to build corporate buffers against pressures for environmental improvement, such as large corporate environmental departments or environmental lobbying activity, and resist changes to the core of the organization. This paper begins to resolve these conflicting arguments by broadening the debate on organizational slack and corporate greening. It builds on recent empirical studies of slack and corporate greening, and recognizes the many potential roles that different types of slack may play in a dynamic decision–making context. Using a theoretical framework suggested by Bourgeois (1981), the paper systematizes and draws lessons from examples of the roles of slack encountered in a recent series of 35 interviews within UK public limited companies. It concludes that future treatments of slack and environmental management should incorporate a more holistic view of slack, which recognizes its dynamic, complex and often contradictory effects on decision–making in organizations.
‘Relationships Mean Everything’; A Typology of Small–Business Relationship Strategies in a Reflexive Context
Authors: Fuller T. , Lewis J.
Published: December 2004

This paper reports on empirical research that investigates the meaning of relationships to owner–managers of small firms, and how differences in meaning are implicated in the strategy of the firms. In–depth interviews with owner–managers yielded 36 usable transcripts. These were coded using a grounded theory approach and the narrative was analysed for differences in meaning. Five categories of orientation to relationships were grounded in the narratives with each firm appearing to have a dominant orientation both with customers and suppliers. A number of apparently common themes in the discourse on relationships, for example, trust, talk, expectations and service, were shown to be interpreted differently, consistent with the types of relationship strategy. We adopted the term strategy because relationships were shown to have a long–term and influential effect, mediated reflexively, on the trajectory of the business. The analysis illustrates the significance of social constructionism and reflexivity as explanatory theories, and therefore the centrality of the meaning of relationships to the strategic management of the firm. Relationships are conceptualized as the mechanism that links the firm to its environment and causal to the impact that change in the environment has on the firm.
Multiple Commitments: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Investigation in a Community Health Service Trust
Authors: Baruch Yehuda , Winkelmann–Gleed Andrea
Published: December 2004

This study examines different work–related foci of commitment, such as the work group and the employing organization as well as the current occupation. It assesses how these foci of commitment are influenced by, and influence, attitudes and emotions at work. Data from employees and managers in the British health–service sector shed light on the associations. Regression analysis reveals a strong association between positive work–related emotions and commitment levels, leading to a higher intention to stay with the organization. Implications for management and how the study fits into the existing body of commitment literature are discussed
Preliminary Provenance Research on Chinese Neolithic Pottery: Huating (Xinyi County) and Three Yellow River Valley Sites
Authors: Xu Anwu , Wang Changsui , Chi Jinqi , Li Mingchuan , Zhang Maosen , Holmes L. , Harbottle G. , Koshimizu S. , Manabu K. , Koichi K.
Published: December 2004

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was applied to sherds from the important site of Huating and, for comparison, several Neolithic sites in the valley of the Yellow River. We hoped to compare the compositions of two stylistically different ceramics found at Huating, and to evaluate the degree of compositional clustering and inter‐site resolution that could be expected in an area that is noted for its extensive, and possibly very homogeneous, loess deposits. In addition, pottery sherds from Huating have been examined by microscopic petrography. All of these results will provide needed input in the planning of research towards the formation of a Neolithic/Shang Dynasty ceramic database for future use in archaeological research in China.
Magnetization of Ancient Ceramics
Authors: Van Klinken J.
Published: December 2004

The saturation magnetization σ of soft baked pottery appears to be determined during the firing process by transitions between the iron oxides magnetite, maghemite, hematite and perhaps goethite. The finding of large variations in σ motivated the design and construction of a ‘magnetization–gravitation’, or ‘MG’, balance for rapid non‐destructive magnetization measurements. The first results with this MG balance are presented: iso‐σ contours, typical histograms and correlations with colour features. Practical MG applications are summarized.
Pottery Styles during the Early Jomon Period: Geochemical Perspectives on the Moroiso and Ukishima Pottery Styles
Authors: Hall M. E.
Published: December 2004

Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) was used to determine the minor and trace element chemistry of 92 Early Jomon pottery sherds. The sherds came from four contemporary sites in the Kanto region and belong to either the Moroiso or Ukishima style of pottery. Principal components analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis indicate that there are four major groups in the data set, which correspond to site location. Furthermore, for sites having both Moroiso and Ukishima pottery, the statistical tests indicate that both styles of pottery were made from the same or geochemically similar raw materials. This suggests that both styles were probably made at the same site, and indicates that if the different pottery styles are reflecting ethnic identity, then intermarriage between ethnic groups is occurring. Alternatively, the pottery styles could be reflecting some sort of social interaction between groups.
Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Black Sea Anatolian Ore Sources and Related Bronze Age and Phrygian Artefacts from Nearby Archaeological Sites. Appendix: New Central Taurus Ore Data
Authors: Sayre E. V. , Joel E. C. , Blackman M. J. , Yener K. A. , Özbal H.
Published: December 2004

The accumulated published database of stable lead isotope analyses of ore and slag specimens taken from Anatolian mining sites that parallel the Black Sea coast has been augmented with 22 additional analyses of such specimens carried out at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Multivariate statistical analysis has been used to divide this composite database into five separate ore source groups. Evidence that most of these ore sources were exploited for the production of metal artefacts during the Bronze Age and Phrygian Period has been obtained by statistically comparing to them the isotope ratios of 184 analysed artefacts from nine archaeological sites situated within a few hundred kilometres of these mining sites. Also, Appendix B contains 36 new isotope analyses of ore specimens from Central Taurus mining sites that are compatible with and augment the four Central Taurus Ore Source Groups defined in Yener et al. (1991).
The Use of Small‐Angle X‐Ray Diffraction Studies for the Analysis of Structural Features in Archaeological Samples
Authors: Wess T. J. , Drakopoulos M. , Snigirev A. , Wouters J. , Paris O. , Fratzl P. , Collins M. , Hillier J. , Nielsen K.
Published: December 2004

X‐ray diffraction or scattering analysis provides a powerful non‐destructive technique capable of providing important information about the state of archaeological samples in the nanometer length scale. Small‐angle diffraction facilities are usually found at synchrotron sources, although the potential of a laboratory source is also described. Specific examples of analysis using X‐ray diffraction of historic parchment, archaeological bone, a Central Mexico style pictograph and microdiffraction of calcified tissues are used to show the scope and versatility of the technique. Diffraction data is capable of giving fundamental structural information as well as quantifying the remodelling of structures influenced by environmental factors.
Statistical Modelling of Artefact Compositional Data
Authors: Baxter M. J.
Published: December 2004

Model‐based methods for clustering artefacts, given their chemical composition, often assume sampling from a mixture of multivariate normal distributions and/or make explicit assumptions about the way in which a composition is formed. It is argued that, analysed within a modelling framework, several important and apparently competing methodologies are more similar than would initially appear. The opportunity is taken to note that models for populations are often not compatible with models for compositions, and that dilution correction—which can be accomplished in a variety of ways—can be interpreted as an attempt to resolve this problem.
Ionoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence in Marbles of Historic and Architectural Interest
Authors: Corazza M. , Pratesi G. , Cipriani C. , Lo giudice A. , Rossi P. , Vittone E. , Manfredotti C. , Pecchioni E. , Manganelli del fà C. , Fratini F.
Published: December 2004

Ion beam induced luminescence (IBIL) was applied, along with cathodoluminescence (CL), on seven samples of marbles of historic and architectural interest. The CL colours, observed in a cold cathode device, have been related to the IBIL spectra. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the IBIL spectral features has made it possible to disclose the influence of the chemical composition and to emphasize the crystal‐chemical role of the Mn2+. Beyond the chemical information and the crystal‐chemical interpretation, the spectra are recognized as being valuable in the field of archaeological studies for their significance as fingerprints of marbles, giving information on their nature and origin.
Interpretation of the Thermogravimetric Curves of Ancient Pozzolanic Concretes
Authors: Branda F. , Luciani G. , Costantini A. , Piccioli C.
Published: December 2004

Pozzolanic concretes submitted to thermogravimetric (TG) analysis show a continuous weight loss starting from about 400 °C. In order to reconcile these observations with those from other analytical methods, it is necessary to attribute this weight loss to CO2 removal. It has been proposed, in the literature, that silicates and CaCO3 react at lower temperatures, producing calcium silicates and CO2. In this paper, the FTIR spectra collected on samples submitted to TG analysis, stopped at conveniently selected temperatures, provide direct evidence that the continuous weight loss recorded with thermogravimetric analysis of the pozzolanic concrete in the temperature range 400–900 °C is to be attributed to the reaction between the silicates and calcite, with the formation of CO2 and of a silicate that is richer in CaO. Therefore it is justifiable that the whole weight loss, in the temperature range 400–900 °C, should be taken into account in the calculation of the CaCO3 content of the concrete. Moreover, the described procedure—of recovering small samples (2 mg) from the sample‐holder of the TG apparatus at various steps of the heating rate and comparing the FTIR spectra—can help in identifying the pozzolanic nature of a concrete that, in general, is not easily recognizable from the trend of the thermoanalytical curve.
Glass Fragments from the Crypta Balbi in Rome: the Composition of Eighth‐century Fragments
Authors: Mirti P. , Davit P. , Gulmini M. , Saguì L.
Published: December 2004

Eighth‐century glass fragments from the Crypta Balbi in Rome were analysed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The samples included fragments of artefacts as well as ingots of raw glass and wasters. All the fragments proved to be soda–lime glasses. Manganese‐to‐iron atomic ratios are highly variable and determine the colour of a large number of samples. Fairly high copper contents, generally associated with relatively high amounts of antimony and lead, were detected in some green and blue–green samples: this suggests recycling of glass in the form of opaque mosaic tesserae. All three elements are higher in eighth‐century than in previously analysed seventh‐century fragments. This may indicate greater recourse to recycled glass, related to a reduction in trade exchanges in the Mediterranean.
A Quasi Non‐destructive Microsampling Technique for the Analysis of Intact Glass Objects By Sem/edxa
Authors: Bronk H. , Freestone I. C.
Published: December 2004

A novel sampling technique for the analysis of glass is described, which involves the removal of minute particles from an object with a diamond‐coated file, followed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDXA). The particles are fixed to adhesive carbon discs and carbon coated without grinding or polishing. Mean compositions are determined for 10 arbitrarily selected particles above a minimum grain size of 150 mm and normalized to totals of 100%. Tests were carried out on two standard soda–lime–silica glasses of well‐characterized composition, using two files of different grade. The analyses showed good agreement with the accepted values of all elements. Although the precision is somewhat reduced, this highly portable and quasi non‐destructive microsampling procedure provides almost the same information as that gained from samples embedded and polished in the normal way. Its application is thought to be especially useful for the investigation of intact glass objects and ceramic glazes.
The Possibility of Provenancing A Series of Bronze Punic Coins Found At Tharros (Western Sardinia) Using the Literature Lead Isotope Database
Authors: Attanasio D. , Bultrini G. , Ingo G. M.
Published: December 2004

A sample set of 42 bronze Punic coins dating from the third century bc and excavated in the Phoenician, Punic and then Roman town of Tharros (western Sardinia) has been used to test the performance of the literature lead isotope database and to establish a well defined provenancing procedure. A selection from the available database, including Cypriot, Sardinian and Spanish ore deposits, has been used. The complete assignment has been carried out twice, using both statistical methods (linear discriminant analysis) and the conventional raw data plots. Three major and one minor disagreements have been found, suggesting that the two procedures, when properly employed, may be acceptably compatible. Almost one third of the coins exhibit a characteristic Cypriot signature, whereas only very few samples are compatible with Sardinian ores. However, the majority of the coins (c. 60%) cannot be associated with any known source, which suggests the possibility of extensive metal recycling.
Model‐based Cluster Analysis of Artefact Compositional Data
Authors: Papageorgiou Ioulia , Baxter M. J. , Cau M. A.
Published: December 2004

Cluster analysis is the most widely used multivariate technique in archaeometry, with the majority of applications being exploratory in nature. Model‐based methods of clustering have their advocates, but have seen little application to archaeometric data. The paper investigates two such methods. They have potential advantages over exploratory techniques, if successful. Mixture maximum‐likelihood worked well using low‐dimensional lead isotope data, but had problems coping with higher‐dimensional ceramic compositional data. For our most challenging example, classification maximum‐likelihood performed comparably with more standard methods, but we find no evidence to suggest that it should supplant these.
The Potential for Dating the Old Scatness Site, Shetland, By Optically Stimulated Luminescence
Authors: Burbidge C. I. , Batt C. M. , Barnett S. M. , Dockrill S. J.
Published: December 2004

A series of deposits from the agricultural infield of the multiperiod settlement mound, Old Scatness, were investigated for their potential to yield optically stimulated luminescence dates. Luminescence properties of quartz grains were found to vary through the sequence, but dates were successfully obtained from five deposits, including anthropogenic soils, windblown sands and sands within midden deposits. Single‐aliquot equivalent dose measurement was found to be the most appropriate method for dating the deposits. The OSL dates obtained accorded well with the dates provided by archaeological evidence and included the post‐medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age and Neolithic periods of Shetland, while a substantial midden was dated to the Bronze/Iron Age transition.
The Construction Process of the Angkor Monuments Elucidated by the Magnetic Susceptibility of Sandstone*
Authors: Uchida E. , Cunin O. , Shimoda I. , Suda C. , Nakagawa T.
Published: December 2004

The Angkor monuments in Cambodia are mainly constructed of grey to yellowish‐brown sandstones. No differences in the constituent minerals and in the chemical composition of the sandstones have been confirmed among the monuments. However, we have found their magnetic susceptibility a useful parameter by which to distinguish them. The principal monuments of Angkor Wat, Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, Banteay Kdei and Bayon, constructed from the Angkor Wat period to the Bayon period (from the beginning of the 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century ad), were investigated in detail using a portable magnetic susceptibility meter. We succeeded in dividing the periods of construction into stages. This elucidated the enlargement process of the monuments and correlated their construction stages.
The Mineralogical Characteristics of the Lamboglia 2 Roman‐Age Amphorae from the Central Adriatic (Croatia)*
Authors: Sondi I. , Slovenec D.
Published: December 2004

The mineralogical characteristics of four Lamboglia 2 Roman‐age amphorae excavated from ancient underwater shipwreck localities in the central Adriatic were investigated. X‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy analyses showed that the amphorae have similar primary mineral compositions, mainly consisting of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, diopside, illite and calcite, most probably originating from clayey Eocene flysch deposits used as raw materials in manufacture. The difference in mineral composition between these samples is recognized from the presence or absence of melilite, high‐magnesium calcite, aragonite, gypsum and analcime. It was shown that melilite is a secondary mineral formed during the firing process, while the others, which build up through incrustation of marine benthonic communities on the amphora walls and fill the cracks in the amphora bodies, were formed by crystallization in seawater. The firing of the original pieces of amphorae showed that melilite could be formed at temperatures higher than 800°C, most probably through interaction between calcite and silicate minerals present in the raw materials. The presence of melilite, and the absence of illite and calcite, were used to estimate the firing temperature of the amphorae during their production.
Technology Transfer at the Periphery of the Mycenaean World: The Cases of Mycenaean Pottery Found in Central Macedonia (Greece) and the Plain of Sybaris (Italy)*
Authors: Buxeda I Garrigós J. , Jones R. E. , Kilikoglou V. , Levi S. T. , Maniatis Y. , Mitchell J. , Vagnetti L. , Wardle K. A. , Andreou S.
Published: December 2004

The study of technology transfer in pottery production to the periphery of the Mycenaean world has been addressed by considering two different areas, southern Italy and central Macedonia. Technological features such as ceramic paste, decoration and firing have been determined for different ceramic groups established according to provenance criteria. The studies of technology and provenance have been performed following an archaeometric approach, using neutron activation analysis, petrographic analysis, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results have revealed the existence of two different models. On the one hand, southern Italy seems to exhibit a more organized pottery production, which follows a Mycenaean‐like technology, while in central Macedonia production is probably more varied, being based in part on the technology of the local tradition.
Pigments and Plasters Discovered in the House of Diana (Cosa, Grosseto, Italy): An Integrated Study Between Art History, Archaeology and Scientific Analyses*
Authors: Damiani D. , Gliozzo E. , Memmi Turbanti I. , Spangenberg J. E.
Published: December 2004

The pigments and the plasters of the Roman frescoes discovered at the House of Diana (Cosa, Grosseto, Italy) were analysed using non‐destructive and destructive mineralogical and chemical techniques. The characterization of both pigments and plasters was performed through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The pigments were identified by Raman spectroscopy and submitted to stable isotope analysis. The results were integrated with the archaeological data in order to determine and reconstruct the provenance, trade patterns and the employment of the raw materials used for the elaboration of the frescoes.
‘Lunch is for wimps’: what drives parents to work long hours in ‘successful’ British and US cities?
Authors: Jarvis Helen
Published: December 2004

This paper reflects on the impact of long working hours on home–work–family reconciliation from a household perspective. It focuses on discrete interactions between long working hours for households with two parents engaged in paid employment, raising awareness of the integrated nature of work–life balance. Attention is paid to the ‘strong economy paradox’ confronting dual earning households in ‘successful’ cities. Evidence is presented to suggest limited resistance to long hours as well as diverse ways one partner adapts their mode of employment to fit the constraints of the other.
Maintaining family values? Cleansing the streets of sex advertising
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: December 2004

The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 makes it an offence to place an advertisement for sex work in public telephone boxes. In this paper, I discuss the background to this Act, exploring the reasons why the presence of sex advertising in a public space has provoked a classic piece of ‘moral panic’ legislation. Highlighting the role of this new legislation in policing the boundaries between public and private space, the paper thus engages with key debates in social and cultural geography concerning the maintenance of socio–spatial order.
Placing geographies of public health
Authors: Brown Tim , Duncan Craig
Published: December 2004

Following the move to a ‘post–medical’ geography, a large amount of research has come to focus on public health issues. This paper explores these current geographies of public health and argues for the development of a more critical perspective. In particular, it draws on commentary that has emerged out of debates that have taken place within a body of literature usually identified as the critical ‘new’ public health. The paper goes on to argue that such scholarship offers crucial insights for the production of a critical geography of public health.
The field as a landscape of desire: sex and sexuality in geographical fieldwork
Authors: Cupples Julie
Published: December 2004

This article calls for greater attention to be paid to the way that sex and sexuality impact on geographical fieldwork. By concentrating in particular on cross–cultural fieldwork, the article focuses on the ways in which attention to these questions has the potential to bring about greater self–reflexivity and to expose the contingency of the researcher's sexuality.
Revisiting sustainable development: Russian cultural and scientific traditions and the concept of sustainable development
Authors: Oldfield J. D. , Shaw D. J. B.
Published: December 2004

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (26 August–4 September 2002), held in Johannesburg on the tenth anniversary of the first Earth Summit, provides the opportunity to reflect on the meaning of the sustainable development concept. This paper uses the case study of the Russian Federation to explore the relationship between official interpretations of sustainable development and alternative understandings concerned with the betterment of humankind, which draw on Russia's cultural and scientific heritage. It is suggested that there is much to be gained from reopening the sustainable development debate to incorporate such cultural particularities, both at the national and international levels.
Landscape development, collective amnesia and the need for integration in geomorphological research
Authors: Smith B. J. , Warke P. A. , Whalley W. B.
Published: December 2004

Studies of long–term landscape change have been central to the development of ideas in geomorphology. This paper examines the history of these ideas in the context of a spiral growth model, in which progress is punctuated by ‘paradigm shifts’ and important concepts are periodically revisited. This model is used to chart the widespread abandonment of landscape research in Anglo–American geomorphology in the 1960s and 1970s and its replacement with an emphasis on smaller scale process and applied studies that have led to increasingly specialized research more closely allied to other disciplines. It is argued that it is now appropriate to re–think the fundamental goals of geomorphological research and for accumulated process knowledge to be used to bring long–term and broad–scale perspectives of landscape change back to prominence. This should be undertaken while the background to such studies and the associated pitfalls are retained within the collective academic memory and before ownership of landscape studies is lost to other disciplines.
The need for soil conservation in Britain – revisited
Authors: Boardman John
Published: December 2004

Evans’ (1971) seminal paper was the first to describe contemporary erosion in Britain in the uplands, and erosion due to wind and water in the arable lowlands. Since then, the emphasis of publications on British erosion has shifted to the quantification of water erosion on arable land and to off–site impacts, including property damage and pollution of watercourses. The need for soil conservation in Britain, originally advanced by Evans, is now primarily interpreted as a need for protection against muddy runoff.
Sensitivity Analyses for Ecological Regression
Authors: Wakefield Jon
Published: December 2004

Summary.  In many ecological regression studies investigating associations between environmental exposures and health outcomes, the observed relative risks are in the range 1.0–2.0. The interpretation of such small relative risks is difficult due to a variety of biases—some of which are unique to ecological data, since they arise from within‐area variability in exposures/confounders. The potential for residual spatial dependence, due to unmeasured confounders and/or data anomalies with spatial structure, must also be considered, though it often will be of secondary importance when compared to the likely effects of unmeasured confounding and within‐area variability in exposures/confounders. Methods for addressing sensitivity to these issues are described, along with an approach for assessing the implications of spatial dependence. An ecological study of the association between myocardial infarction and magnesium is critically reevaluated to determine potential sources of bias. It is argued that the sophistication of the statistical analysis should not outweigh the quality of the data, and that finessing models for spatial dependence will often not be merited in the context of ecological regression.
Likelihood Inference for Exchangeable Binary Data with Varying Cluster Sizes
Authors: Stefanescu Catalina , Turnbull Bruce W.
Published: December 2004

Summary This article investigates maximum likelihood estimation with saturated and unsaturated models for correlated exchangeable binary data, when a sample of independent clusters of varying sizes is available. We discuss various parameterizations of these models, and propose using the EM algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimates. The methodology is illustrated by applications to a study of familial disease aggregation and to the design of a proposed group randomized cancer prevention trial.
Testing the Correlation for Clustered Categorical and Censored Discrete Time‐to‐Event Data When Covariates Are Measured without/with Errors
Authors: Li Yi , Lin Xihong
Published: December 2004

Summary.  In the analysis of clustered categorical data, it is of common interest to test for the correlation within clusters, and the heterogeneity across different clusters. We address this problem by proposing a class of score tests for the null hypothesis that the variance components are zero in random effects models, for clustered nominal and ordinal categorical responses. We extend the results to accommodate clustered censored discrete time‐to‐event data. We next consider such tests in the situation where covariates are measured with errors. We propose using the SIMEX method to construct the score tests for the null hypothesis that the variance components are zero. Key advantages of the proposed score tests are that they can be easily implemented by fitting standard polytomous regression models and discrete failure time models, and that they are robust in the sense that no assumptions need to be made regarding the distributions of the random effects and the unobserved covariates. The asymptotic properties of the proposed tests are studied. We illustrate these tests by analyzing two data sets and evaluate their performance with simulations.
A Proposal for a Goodness‐of‐Fit Test to the Arnason‐Schwarz Multisite Capture‐Recapture Model
Authors: Pradel Roger , Wintrebert Claire M. A. , Gimenez Olivier
Published: December 2004

Summary.  In an analysis of capture‐recapture data, the identification of a model that fits is a critical step. For the multisite (also called multistate) models used to analyze data gathered at several sites, no reliable test for assessing fit is currently available. We propose a test for the JMV model, a simple generalization of the Arnason‐Schwarz (AS) model, in the form of interpretable contingency tables. For the AS model, we suggest complementing the test for the JMV model with a likelihood ratio test of AS vs. JMV. The examination of an example leads us to propose further a partitioning that emphasizes the role of the memory model of Brownie et al. (1993 Biometrics49, 1173–1187) as a biologically more plausible alternative to the AS model.
The Analysis of Ring‐Recovery Data Using Random Effects
Authors: Barry S. C. , Brooks S. P. , Catchpole E. A. , Morgan B. J. T.
Published: December 2004

Summary.  We show how random terms, describing both yearly variation and overdispersion, can easily be incorporated into models for mark‐recovery data, through the use of Bayesian methods. For recovery data on lapwings, we show that the incorporation of the random terms greatly improves the goodness of fit. Omitting the random terms can lead to overestimation of the significance of weather on survival, and overoptimistic prediction intervals in simulations of future population behavior. Random effects models provide a natural way of modeling overdispersion—which is more satisfactory than the standard classical approach of scaling up all standard errors by a uniform inflation factor. We compare models by means of Bayesian p‐values and the deviance information criterion (DIC).
Bayesian Meta‐analysis for Longitudinal Data Models Using Multivariate Mixture Priors
Authors: Lopes Hedibert Freitas , Müller Peter , Rosner Gary L.
Published: December 2004

Summary. We propose a class of longitudinal data models with random effects that generalizes currently used models in two important ways. First, the random‐effects model is a flexible mixture of multivariate normals, accommodating population heterogeneity, outliers, and nonlinearity in the regression on subject‐specific covariates. Second, the model includes a hierarchical extension to allow for meta‐analysis over related studies. The random‐effects distributions are decomposed into one part that is common across all related studies (common measure), and one part that is specific to each study and that captures the variability intrinsic between patients within the same study. Both the common measure and the study‐specific measures are parameterized as mixture‐of‐normals models. We carry out inference using reversible jump posterior simulation to allow a random number of terms in the mixtures. The sampler takes advantage of the small number of entertained models. The motivating application is the analysis of two studies carried out by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB). In both studies, we record for each patient white blood cell counts (WBC) over time to characterize the toxic effects of treatment. The WBCs are modeled through a nonlinear hierarchical model that gathers the information from both studies.
Bayesian Modeling of Time‐Varying and Waning Exposure Effects
Authors: Dunson David B. , Chulada Patricia , Arbes Samuel J.
Published: December 2004

Summary. In epidemiologic studies, there is often interest in assessing the association between exposure history and disease incidence. For many diseases, incidence may depend not only on cumulative exposure, but also on the ages at which exposure occurred. This article proposes a flexible Bayesian approach for modeling age‐varying and waning exposure effects. The Cox model is generalized to allow the hazard of disease to depend on an integral, across the exposed ages, of a piecewise polynomial function of age, multiplied by an exponential decay term. Linearity properties of the model facilitate posterior computation via a Gibbs sampler, which generalizes previous algorithms for Cox regression with time‐dependent covariates. The approach is illustrated by an application to the study of protective effects of breastfeeding on incidence of childhood asthma.
Generalized Conjugate Priors for Bayesian Analysis of Risk and Survival Regressions
Authors: Greenland Sander
Published: December 2004

Summary.  Conjugate priors for Bayesian analyses of relative risks can be quite restrictive, because their shape depends on their location. By introducing a separate location parameter, however, these priors generalize to allow modeling of a broad range of prior opinions, while still preserving the computational simplicity of conjugate analyses. The present article illustrates the resulting generalized conjugate analyses using examples from case‐control studies of the association of residential wire codes and magnetic fields with childhood leukemia.
A Causal Proportional Hazards Estimator for the Effect of Treatment Actually Received in a Randomized Trial with All‐or‐Nothing Compliance
Authors: Loeys T. , Goetghebeur E.
Published: December 2004

Summary.  Survival data from randomized trials are most often analyzed in a proportional hazards (PH) framework that follows the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) principle. When not all the patients on the experimental arm actually receive the assigned treatment, the ITT‐estimator mixes its effect on treatment compliers with its absence of effect on noncompliers. The structural accelerated failure time (SAFT) models of Robins and Tsiatis are designed to consistently estimate causal effects on the treated, without direct assumptions about the compliance selection mechanism. The traditional PH‐model, however, has not yet led to such causal interpretation. In this article, we examine a PH‐model of treatment effect on the treated subgroup. While potential treatment compliance is unobserved in the control arm, we derive an estimating equation for the Compliers PROPortional Hazards Effect of Treatment (C‐PROPHET). The jackknife is used for bias correction and variance estimation. The method is applied to data from a recently finished clinical trial in cancer patients with liver metastases.
A Case‐Control Follow‐up Study for Disease‐Specific Mortality
Authors: Joffe Marshall M.
Published: December 2004

Summary.  Case‐control studies often rely on subjects to report their own screening or exposure information; this information is often obtained from cases after the event of interest has occurred. This is problematic for mortality outcomes, because dead subjects cannot report the desired information. To avoid this problem, Weiss and Lazovich (1996, American Journal of Epidemiology143, 319–322) proposed obtaining exposure or screening information from potential cases, i.e., subjects diagnosed with disease, at the time of disease diagnosis, and also from a referent series. The design is best viewed as a new scheme for sampling from a cohort. I review estimation of the effects of time‐varying screening or exposure in cohort studies, using a new factorization. I then show how this factorization, together with ignorability assumptions, allows valid estimation from these new designs. Even when the sampling fraction of nondiseased subjects is unknown, causal risk ratios are estimable if diagnosis is rare in the cohort. I illustrate and compare conventional and new methods with data from the Health Insurance Plan study.
Penalized Estimating Equations
Authors: Fu Wenjiang J.
Published: December 2004

Summary. Penalty models—such as the ridge estimator, the Stein estimator, the bridge estimator, and the Lasso—have been proposed to deal with collinearity in regressions. The Lasso, for instance, has been applied to linear models, logistic regressions, Cox proportional hazard models, and neural networks. This article considers the bridge penalty model with penalty∑j|βj|γfor estimating equations in general and applies this penalty model to the generalized estimating equations (GEE) in longitudinal studies. The lack of joint likelihood in the GEE is overcome by the penalized estimating equations, in which no joint likelihood is required. The asymptotic results for the penalty estimator are provided. It is demonstrated, with a simulation and an application, that the penalized GEE potentially improves the performance of the GEE estimator, and enjoys the same properties as linear penalty models.