bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribuições da Estética Organizacional para a Pesquisa em Organizações Gastronômicas
Authors: Soares Lídia Cunha , Bispo Marcelo de Souza
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar as contribuições da estética organizacional para a pesquisa em organizações gastronômicas. Por meio da metateoria, os dados foram coletados utilizando livros e artigos de periódicos científicos importantes para a área de estudo. A gastronomia faz parte do patrimônio cultural de uma região, por esse motivo é objeto de estudo do turismo. O turismo e a gastronomia são ambientes onde é possível observar a vida cotidiana, até porque são comumente considerados “práticos”. A administração e os estudos organizacionais, tem se debruçado ao estudo das “Práticas”, dentro do que se compreende como Estudos Baseados em Práticas. Um campo científico que permite a teorização, ao qual apresenta diversas lentes de estudo, dentre elas a estética organizacional. A estética organizacional oferece um novo olhar que possibilita admitir a corporeidade e a materialidade da vida organizacional. Todos esses aspectos são muito favoráveis para o estudo das organizações gastronômicas, onde comumente o gosto, a visão, o tato, a audição e o olfato são um diferencial na experiência gastronômica.
Sacral Nerve Function in Child Patients After Ileal J-Pouch-Anal Anastomosis for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Tomita Ryouichi , Sugito Kiminobu , Sakurai Kenichi , Fujisaki Shigeru , Koshinaga Tsugumichi
Published: December 2014

To clarify the neurological function of the puborectalis muscle (PM) in child patients with soiling after ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC), we examined the terminal motor latency in the sacral nerves that regulate the PM. Eight patients after IPAA for UC were studied (6 males and 2 females aged 11 to 13 years with a mean age of 12.8 years). All patients 6 months after IPAA showed soiling (group A) and these patients showed continence at 2 years after IPAA (group B). Group C serving as controls consisted of 16 subjects (10 males and 6 females aged 12 to 17 years with a mean age of 14.4 years). Left- and right-sided sacral nerve terminal motor latency (SNTML) tests were performed at 6 months and 2 years after IPAA in order to measure the latency of the response in the bilateral PM following magnetic stimulation of sacral nerve root segments 2 to 4 (S2–S4) of the spinal column overlying the cauda equina. The following results were obtained. (1) Right-sided SNTML: group A exhibited significant prolongation compared with groups B and C (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference between groups B and C (P = 0.2329). (2) Left-sided SNTML: group A exhibited significant prolongation compared with groups B and C (P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001, respectively). There was no significant difference between groups B and C (P = 0.2315). Note that significant differences were not established between SNTML values measured on the right and left sides. Soiling in child patients 6 months after IPAA may be caused by damage to the bilateral sacral nerves during the operation. However, the damage to the sacral motor nerve improves within 2 years after IPAA.
A Rare Finding During a Common Procedure: Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis
Authors: Taskesen Fatih , Arikanoglu Zulfu , Uslukaya Omer , Oguz Abdullah , Aliosmanoglu Ibrahim , Dusak Abdurrahim , Turkcu Gul , Kuzu Hekim
Published: December 2014

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is a rare variant of chronic cholecystitis characterized by severe proliferative fibrosis and accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in regions of destructive inflammation. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis clinically and radiologically mimics early-stage gallbladder cancer, with wall thickening on computed tomography. The study included 14 xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis patients that were identified following retrospective analysis of the records of 1248 patients that underwent cholecystectomy between 2005 and 2011. Mean age of the 5 male and 9 female patients was 56.7 years. All 14 patients had gallbladder stones; 10 had a history of acute cholecystitis, 1 had cholangitis, and 2 presented with obstructive jaundice. A right-upper quadrant mass was palpable in 2 patients. All patients underwent cholecystectomy. Open surgery was planned and performed in 6 of the 14 patients, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was planned in 8 patients, but was converted to open surgery in 1 case. In total, 1 patient developed wound infection, 1 patient had postoperative pneumonia, and 1 patient developed intraabdominal hematoma. None of the patients in the series died. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is difficult to diagnose, both preoperatively and intraoperatively, and definitive diagnosis depends exclusively on pathological examination. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis should be a consideration in all difficult cholecystectomy cases.
Assessment of Postoperative Symptoms After Laparoscopy-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy for Stage I Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kawamura Hideki , Takahashi Norihiko , Homma Shigenori , Minagawa Nozomi , Shibasaki Susumu , Takahashi Masahiro , Taketomi Akinobu
Published: December 2014

Laparoscopic gastrectomy has the advantage of early recovery at the initial phase after surgery. However, there are only few reports of mid- or long-term observations of patients' quality of life. In all, 254 Stage IA or IB [laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG): 177, open distal gastrectomy (ODG): 77] patients were enrolled. Heart burn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, amount of food intake, and body weight of each patient were investigated at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Recovery of the amount of oral intake for the LADG group occurred earlier than for the ODG group; significant differences were seen at months 1 and 6 postoperatively. A significantly lower incidence of diarrhea was observed in the LADG group at months 6 and 12 postoperatively. Early recovery of the amount of food intake and fewer incidences of diarrhea were shown to have mid-term merits for postgastrectomy symptoms.
Waterjet Dissection for Partial Nephrectomy Without Hilar Clamping in a Porcine Model
Authors: Yu Shengqiang , Gao Zhenli , Lin Chunhua , Sun Xizhi , Men Changping , Yu Luxin , Yang Diandong
Published: December 2014

Hilar clamping is typically used in partial nephrectomy to control hemorrhage, which may damage the renal tissue under warm ischemia conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate waterjet technology in partial nephrectomy without renal hilar vascular control in a porcine model. Bilateral partial nephrectomy using waterjet was performed in 8 pigs (16 kidneys: 8 for wedge resections, 8 for pole resections). The operations were performed successfully in all animals. The mean dissection time was 30.6 ± 2.9 minutes for pole resections and 36.5 ± 3.5 minutes for wedge resections. The mean blood loss was 51.6 ± 11.7 mL for pole resections and 38.7 ± 9.2 mL for wedge resections. The novel waterjet technique provided precise and effective hydrodissection of the kidney, avoiding damage to the vascular structures or collecting system.
Central Bisegmentectomy for Malignant Liver Tumors: Experience in 8 Patients
Authors: Shiba Hiroaki , Haruki Koichiro , Futagawa Yasuro , Iida Tomonori , Furukawa Kenei , Fujiwara Yuki , Wakiyama Shigeki , Misawa Takeyuki , Yanaga Katsuhiko
Published: December 2014

Central bisegmentectomy (CBS) of the liver is an en bloc hepatic resection of Couiaud segments 4, 5, and 8. The indications for CBS include benign and malignant tumors occupying both the left medial and right anterior segments. However, CBS has rarely been reported. Here, we investigate CBS in patients with suboptimal liver function for whom an extended lobectomy is not an optimal solution. Each case was 1 of 8 patients who underwent CBS for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) at the Department of Surgery, Jikei University Hospital. Indications for CBS consisted of CRLM in 3 patients and HCC in 5 patients. The median duration of operation was 552 minutes, and median blood loss was 2263 g. No postoperative nor in-hospital mortalities occurred. In this study, 1-, 2-, and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 62.5%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, and 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates were 100%, 100%, and 85.7%, respectively. CBS is advocated for central liver tumors in patients with suboptimal liver function for whom extended lobectomy could result in less than optimal remnant liver volume and function.
The Current Status of International Partnerships for Child Surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ekenze Sebastian O. , Onumaegbu Okechukwu O. , Nwankwo Okechukwu E.
Published: December 2014

Disparity still exists in the surgical care between sub-Saharan Africa and developed countries. Several international initiatives have been undertaken in the past decades to address the disparity. This study looks at the impact of these programs in child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa. Review of electronic databases Medline and African Index Medicus on international partnerships for child surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa was undertaken. Four types of international initiatives were identified and consist of periodic medical missions; partnerships between foreign medical institutions or charities and local institutions; international health electives by surgical residents; and training of individual surgeons from developing countries in foreign institutions. The results of these efforts were variable, but sustainability and self-reliance of host nations were limited. Sociocultural factors, dearth of facilities, and lack of local governments' commitment were main impediments to effective local development or transfer of modern protocols of surgical management and improvement of pediatric surgical care at the host community level. Current initiatives may need improvements with better understanding of the sociocultural dynamics and local politics of the host nation, and improved host nation involvement and commitment. This may engender development of locally controlled viable services and sustainable high level of care.
A Fine Failure: Relationship Lending, Moses Taylor, and the Joliet Iron & Steel Company, 1869–1888
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary
Published: December 2014

In this study of lending in the emergence of a modern steel industry in the United States, I analyze the evolving interaction between borrowers and lenders in historical context. I show how “relationship lending” (that is, credit allocation in which personal contacts play a major role) can go wrong, despite good intentions at the outset, and that institutional conditions exert an important influence on how lenders and borrowers negotiate conflicts. Particularly important in the case of Moses Taylor and Joliet Iron & Steel Company were the uncertain jurisdictions and political maneuvering that stemmed from structural peculiarities of the U.S. legal system, peculiarities that belie claims of its efficacy for protecting creditor interests. Although this failure of relationship lending might seem to imply negative consequences for economic development, I show that, at least in this case, the opposite interpretation is more compelling.
Authors: Echard William
Published: December 2014

Allan Moore’s review of my book, Neil Young and the Poetics of Energy, recently appeared in Popular Music (25/3, 2006). I need to answer two aspects of the review, not so much to dispute Moore’s position as to make sure that Popular Music readers are informed of what’s in the book. Maybe the omissions in Moore’s review resulted from my own lack of clarity. Be that as it may, the review fails to describe features of the book which may well interest readers of Popular Music. So here is some clarification, with thanks to the editors for providing an opportunity.
Newsround
Authors: Smith David M. , Murphy-Smith Helen
Published: December 2014

This section, a new addition to Archaeological Reports for 2014, is not intended to be exhaustive. Rather it is designed to draw attention to those discoveries which, for reasons of geography, chronology or character, do not appear elsewhere within this year's report, but which nevertheless deserve to be highlighted. The very varied nature of this material has meant that, for the most part, it has proved far easier to arrange this content chronologically than thematically.
Ethics and Triage
Authors: Domres Bernd , Koch Michael , Manger Andreas , Becker Horst D.
Published: December 2014

A disaster is characterized by an imbalance between needs and supplies. In circumstances in which there occur mass casualties, it is not possible to provide care for all of the victims. Thus, it may be necessary to triage the casualties according to pre-established priorities. The performance of triage is associated with many ethical issues.

Currently, no Europe-wide agreement on triage and ethics exists. One system based on a categorization into four groups is proposed. Triage should be avoided whenever possible, but, when it is required, there is an obligation to respect human rights and the humanitarian laws, especially with reference to the Geneva Convention of 1864 and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The condition of informed consent must be followed, even in mass casualty situations. Triage always must follow established medical criteria and cannot be based on any other principles. Triage implies constant re-evaluation of victims as conditions of the victims and of available resources change continuously. In order to facilitate international coordination and cooperation, a universal classification system must be adopted.
Standing-wave-excited multiplanar fluorescence in a laser scanning microscope reveals 3D information on red blood cells
Authors: Amor Rumelo , Mahajan Sumeet , Amos William Bradshaw , McConnell Gail
Published: December 2014

Standing-wave excitation of fluorescence is highly desirable in optical microscopy because it improves the axial resolution. We demonstrate here that multiplanar excitation of fluorescence by a standing wave can be produced in a single-spot laser scanning microscope by placing a plane reflector close to the specimen. We report here a variation in the intensity of fluorescence of successive planes related to the Stokes shift of the dye. We show by the use of dyes specific for the cell membrane how standing-wave excitation can be exploited to generate precise contour maps of the surface membrane of red blood cells, with an axial resolution of ≈90 nm. The method, which requires only the addition of a plane mirror to an existing confocal laser scanning microscope, may well prove useful in studying diseases which involve the red cell membrane, such as malaria.
Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of hydrazides: synthesis of 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones
Authors: Wang Yu , Meng Xu , Yang Yuting , Zhang Lutao , Guo Shuaibo , Tang Dong , Li Yaxuan , Chen Baohua
Published: December 2014

A novel palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation reaction was developed via the carbon monoxide insertions between the amine group and the carbonyl group to realize the intramolecular cyclization, which provides efficient access to 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-ones with a wide range of substrates under mild conditions, resulting in good to excellent yields.
Easily crosslinkable side-chain azobenzene polymers for fast and persistent fixation of surface relief gratings
Authors: Han Guang , Zhang Hongtao , Chen Jing , Sun Qian , Zhang Yuying , Zhang Huiqi
Published: December 2014

A facile and highly efficient approach to achieve rapid and persistent fixation of the photoinduced surface relief gratings is described.
Strontium titanate nanoparticles as the photoanode for CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells
Authors: Chen Cong , Dai Qilin , Miao Chuang , Xu Lin , Song Hongwei
Published: December 2014

SrTiO3 based CdS quantum dot sensitized solar cells exhibit higher FF and Voc than TiO2.
Chemically edge-connected multilayer graphene-based architecture with enhanced thermal stability and dispersibility: experimental evidence of making the impossible possible
Authors: Gao Juanjuan , Zhang Shupeng , Zhang Xinfang , Yu Chunpei , Ye Huili , Qian Yueyue , Song Haiou
Published: December 2014

An edge-connected multilayer graphene-based architecture has been rationally designed for the first time by a covalent/noncovalent one-pot strategy.
In-circuit-measurement of parasitic elements in high gain high bandwidth low noise transimpedance amplifiers
Authors: Cochems P. , Kirk A. , Zimmermann S.
Published: December 2014

Parasitic elements play an important role in the development of every high performance circuit. In the case of high gain, high bandwidth transimpedance amplifiers, the most important parasitic elements are parasitic capacitances at the input and in the feedback path, which significantly influence the stability, the frequency response, and the noise of the amplifier. As these parasitic capacitances range from a few picofarads down to only a few femtofarads, it is nearly impossible to measure them accurately using traditional LCR meters. Unfortunately, they also cannot be easily determined from the transfer function of the transimpedance amplifier, as it contains several overlapping effects and its measurement is only possible when the circuit is already stable. Therefore, we developed an in-circuit measurement method utilizing minimal modifications to the input stage in order to measure its parasitic capacitances directly and with unconditional stability. Furthermore, using the data acquired with this measurement technique, we both proposed a model for the complicated frequency response of high value thick film resistors as they are used in high gain transimpedance amplifiers and optimized our transimpedance amplifier design.
Accurate adiabatic correction in the hydrogen molecule
Authors: Pachucki Krzysztof , Komasa Jacek
Published: December 2014

A new formalism for the accurate treatment of adiabatic effects in the hydrogen molecule is presented, in which the electronic wave function is expanded in the James-Coolidge basis functions. Systematic increase in the size of the basis set permits estimation of the accuracy. Numerical results for the adiabatic correction to the Born-Oppenheimer interaction energy reveal a relative precision of 10−12 at an arbitrary internuclear distance. Such calculations have been performed for 88 internuclear distances in the range of 0 < R ⩽ 12 bohrs to construct the adiabatic correction potential and to solve the nuclear Schrödinger equation. Finally, the adiabatic correction to the dissociation energies of all rovibrational levels in H2, HD, HT, D2, DT, and T2 has been determined. For the ground state of H2 the estimated precision is 3 × 10−7 cm−1, which is almost three orders of magnitude higher than that of the best previous result. The achieved accuracy removes the adiabatic contribution from the overall error budget of the present day theoretical predictions for the rovibrational levels.
Low voltage tunneling magnetoresistance in CuCrO2-based semiconductor heterojunctions at room temperature
Authors: Li X. R. , Han M. J. , Wu J. D. , Shan C. , Hu Z. G. , Zhu Z. Q. , Chu J. H.
Published: December 2014

CuCrO2-based heterojunction diodes with rectifying characteristics have been fabricated by combining p-type Mg-doped CuCrO2 and n-type Al-doped ZnO. It was found that the current for the heterojunction in low bias voltage region is dominated by the trap-assisted tunneling mechanism. Positive magnetoresistance (MR) effect for the heterojunction can be observed at room temperature due to the tunneling-induced antiparallel spin polarization near the heterostructure interface. The MR effect becomes enhanced with the magnetic field, and shows the maximum at a bias voltage around 0.5 V. The phenomena indicate that the CuCrO2-based heterojunction is a promising candidate for low-power semiconductor spintronic devices.
Healthy places, active transport and path dependence: a review of the literature
Authors: Hensley Melissa , Mateo‐Babiano Derlie , Minnery John
Published: December 2014

Children walking to school, people cycling to the shops or work and neighbours chatting in the street, these are some of the gauges of an active and healthy community that can be achieved through utilising good design principles. But are these principles being applied in urban developments or are policy‐makers following a ‘path dependent’ trajectory that severely limits the best practice outcomes sought? This review examines current research on path dependence to determine how this concept advances our understanding of barriers to change in the built environment, active transport and healthy communities. An online database search of scholarly bibliographic records identified 22 relevant articles for a critical review of studies that evaluated path dependence in the urban and built environment literature with a focus on transport, urban planning and health. A thematic analysis of the articles showed that different types of path dependence have contributed to the dominance of policies and designs supporting car‐based transport to the detriment of public transport and active transport modes, leading to sub‐optimal development patterns becoming ‘locked‐in’. However, the outcomes for active transport and physical activity are not all dire, and path dependence theory does provide some guidance on changing policy to achieve better outcomes. This review suggests that path dependence is one of the best theoretical frameworks to help health promoters understand barriers to change and can provide insights into developing future successful public health interventions. Future studies could focus further on active transport, local neighbourhood development and physical activity.
Time and reminiscence in contact
Authors: Babel Anna M.
Published: December 2014

The question of how and why change occurs is a persistent theme in research on language contact and sociolinguistics. In this article, I investigate the role of social context in producing change and maintenance in a contact variety of Andean Spanish. Two generations of speakers in a Quechua-Spanish contact zone in central Bolivia interpret stress shift on the first person imperfect past tense as a marker of the “reminiscent past.” An emergent but unstable grammatical distinction is entwined with lived experience and speakers’ positioning as social actors. Both stability and change are produced by speakers through practice and are closely related to the iconization of contact features as symbols of social orientation and experience.
Ethical Issues in Older Patients
Authors: Hughes Julian C.
Published: December 2014

Ethical issues in older patients often arise in the context of physical and mental frailty. Professionals should be alert to the possibility that, on the grounds of frailty, the older patient’s personhood is undermined. It can often seem as if physical or mental dependence makes this inevitable and stigma results. But there are ways in which the person’s autonomy can be enhanced by those who provide care. Advance care planning is intended to preserve the person’s autonomy, but may not do so if care practices are poor. When it comes to consent, the issue of capacity is crucial. But evaluative judgements are required in assessments of capacity, as indeed they are when it comes to diagnoses of dementia or even of mild cognitive impairment. What we really need are broad judgements of best interests, which should be predicated on broad conceptions of the person as a situated embodied agent.
Islamic Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Rashed Mohammed Abouelleil
Published: December 2014

Islamic Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethicsexplores the implications for psychiatric practice of key metaphysical, psychological, and ethical facets of the Islamic tradition. It examines: (1) the nature of suffering and the ways in which psychological maladies and mental disorder are bound up with the individual’s moral and spiritual trajectory. (2) The emphasis placed on social harmony and the formation of a moral community over personal autonomy. (3) The sources of normative judgements in Islam and the principles whereby ethical/legal rulings are derived from the Qur’an and the Prophetic Traditions. Finally, the perspective of the chapter as a whole is employed to present an Islamic view on a number of conditions, practices, and interventions of interest to psychiatric ethics.
Ethics in Couple and Family Psychotherapy
Authors: Margolin Gayla , Spies Shapiro Lauren , Miller Kelly F.
Published: December 2014

Conducting therapy with couples and families creates unique ethical considerations. During couple therapy and family therapy, therapists may encounter ethical difficulties when identifying the goals of treatment in the face of family members’ conflicting desires, deciding when to disclose information obtained privately from one client to other family members, and managing risk in order to maintain client safety. Therapists can minimize these ethical dilemmas by clearly articulating their policies both during consent procedures and throughout treatment. Additionally, therapists who work with couples and families must be mindful of their own values and competencies in order to engage in ethical practice.
Ethical Issues in Secure Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: December 2014

In this chapter, I discuss the particular ethical challenges associated with the care of mentally disordered offenders. This chapter deals with the ethical issues that arise in secure psychiatric care, not purely correctional settings which are addressed in another chapter. I describe some of the general ethical problems in secure psychiatric settings, which (I suggest) arise from the dual roles of care and custody that mental health professionals have to carry out. I set out some fictitious case examples, and explore two complementary ways of helping both residents and staff manage these challenges: an approach using the concept of values-based practice (VBP) and an approach based on “relational security.”
Analyses of the Modal Meanings
Authors: Nuyts Jan
Published: December 2014

This article deals with the semantic analysis of the notion of modality, surveying the most important traditional views in linguistics. After pointing out the problems encountered in the literature in trying to define the category, it first discusses the in the literature most common basic types of modality, namely, dynamic modality, deontic modality, and epistemic modality, as well as the less common basic category of boulomaic modality. It then goes on to survey a variety of alternative views on how the semantic domain of modality may be organized. The article also considers the types of criteria that have been proposed to motivate the “cover category” of modality. Finally, it outlines a few features and properties frequently referenced in the literature on modality as characteristic of (some of) the modal categories, including subjectivity vs objectivity or intersubjectivity, performativity vs descriptivity, informational status, and the semantic scope of qualificational dimensions.
Measurement and Analysis of Competitiveness
Authors: Taiwo Olumide , Agbor Julius A.
Published: December 2014

This chapter evaluates the competitiveness of African economies. In contrast to the macroeconomic perspective which focuses on the behavior of the Real Effective Exchange Rate, the framework adopted in the chapter emphasizes the fundamental drivers of a country’s ability to maintain competitive advantage in international markets through high-value production and economies of scale while simultaneously raising the living standards of its citizens. The study compares a novel measure–the Trade Weighted Value added per capita–with the Real Effective Exchange Rate and demonstrates the merits of the former over the latter in evaluating the competitiveness of African economies.
Ethics and Learning in Undergraduate Economics Education
Authors: Garnett Robert F.
Published: December 2014

To address the epistemic asymmetry and insufficiency that characterize the role of the undergraduate economics educator, the author advocates (pace DeMartino 2011) an ethical turn in the scholarship of economics education. The ideals of liberal education and academic freedom are widely admired among economics educators. To expand professional understanding of how and why undergraduate economics courses should foster liberal education outcomes, such as the expansion of students’ capacity for reflective judgment, mainstream and heterodox economists should acknowledge and explore the ethical dimensions of their dual role as disciplinary experts and academic citizens.
Emerging Adulthood in the Context of Family
Authors: Fingerman Karen L. , Yahirun Jenjira J.
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines emerging adulthood within the context of family, with emphasis on how emerging adults’ relationships with their parents today compare in the past and how parents help young adults in attaining markers of adulthood such as finishing college, finding a partner, or starting a family. It begins by considering past and recent trends in emerging adults’ relationships with their parents, paying particular attention to three aspects of these relationships: contact, tangible and nontangible support, and coresidence. It then looks at changes in parental involvement with young adults and the factors underlying these changes. The chapter also discusses the roles or aspects of emerging adults’ lives in which parents are most involved and how effective such involvement is in fostering successful transitions in those areas. Finally, it analyzes theories about overparenting and the benefits of parental involvement.
Imposture as Improvisation
Authors: LaFarge Antoinette
Published: December 2014

This chapter discusses imposture as a form of improvisation that takes place outside of traditional theatrical space and over a comparatively long timeline. The author analyzes both obscure and well-known instances of imposture over the centuries (including those of George Psalmanazar, Princess Caraboo, and Anna Anderson), differentiating them from other identity-bending activities such as impersonation and online role-play. Taking a lead from legal scholar Sheryl Hamilton, the author argues that imposture is a creative form of “passing” that calls into question both social understandings and legal definitions of personhood. She situates imposture within the field of fictive art, as an activity whose underlying logic is the attempt to reify a fiction.
Improvising the Future in Post-Katrina New Orleans
Authors: Porter Eric
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines how New Orleanians in the post-Katrina era have drawn upon African American–rooted parade traditions, especially the practice of second lining, to respond to what some have called the biopolitical order in New Orleans, particularly those aspects of it related to state and criminal violence. Some parades have been organized by long-established social aid and pleasure clubs and other traditional African American networks; some are the product of emergent cultural and political formations. Such acts may be viewed as improvised responses to a biopolitical order that is itself both scripted and improvisational. Although the cultural politics of such acts are often contradictory, this essay contends that they often open up important political space for collaboration and reflection on key social justice issues that are defining New Orleans in the post-Katrina era.
Bodies, Border, Technology
Authors: Jenik Adriene
Published: December 2014

This chapter considers the ways in which distance can be accounted for and utilized in improvisational practices. It rejects the notion that proximal bodies in space are a necessary condition for productive improvisation. The chapter reflects on a number of early and recent experiments with telematic performance to locate ways in which distance and difference become important elements in the work to be brought forward rather than rendered invisible.
The Ethics of Animal Research
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: December 2014

Despite the fact that many more animals and much more suffering occurs in confinement agriculture than in animal research, societal ethics focused first on research. As a result of scientific ideology, the research community did not discuss the ethics of animal research. The numerous uses of animals in research raise many moral questions, particularly regarding how they can be morally justified. Various arguments defending animal research appear to be flawed. Benefits of animal research, for example, do not justify the research that is not beneficial. In addition, animals do not receive the best treatment possible consonant with their use, for example pain control or housing meeting their biological and psychological needs and natures. Some moral progress in this area has been accomplished by the passage of research animal protection laws, which set standards for animal use in research, and also help undercut scientific ideology.
Adult Post–Kidney Transplant Familial Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Successfully Treated With Eculizumab: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Salameh Hassan , Abu Omar Mohannad , Alhariri Ahmad , Kisra Sood , Qasem Abdulraheem , Abdulhak Aref Bin
Published: December 2014

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is the triad of nonimmune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. When not associated with enteric infection, it is classified as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and carries a worse outcome with high mortality rate and up to 50% of the survivors will end up with end-stage renal disease. Renal transplant was restricted to a very small percentage of patients due to high recurrence rate posttransplant that approaches 90%. Our case describes a posttransplant adult patient with familial aHUS whom was successfully treated with eculizumab. We also reviewed all other reported cases of adult posttransplant aHUS, both familial and sporadic, which were treated with eculizumab. In summary, eculizumab might expand the utility of renal transplant for patients with end-stage renal disease due to aHUS.
Explaining cross‐national variation in the relationship between priority congruence and satisfaction with democracy
Authors: Reher Stefanie
Published: December 2014

Previous research has shown that citizens tend to be more satisfied with the functioning of democracy when their ideological positions are more proximate to representatives'. This article argues that congruence in policy priorities between citizens and political elites should have a similar effect: citizens whose concerns are shared by elites should perceive them to be more attentive and responsive to public concerns and societal needs. Yet, the relationship might vary with differences in expectations towards democracy and representation. Specifically, it should be stronger in more democratic countries and older democracies. The hypotheses are empirically tested in a multilevel regression framework, where voter survey data from the 2009 European Election Study is linked with candidate survey data. The results indicate that citizens are indeed more satisfied with democracy if elites share their concerns, and the effect increases with democratic experience.
Liraglutide, leptin and their combined effects on feeding: additive intake reduction through common intracellular signalling mechanisms
Authors: Kanoski S. E. , Ong Z. Y. , Fortin S. M. , Schlessinger E. S. , Grill H. J.
Published: December 2014

Aim

To investigate the behavioural and intracellular mechanisms by which the glucagon like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist, liraglutide, and leptin in combination enhance the food intake inhibitory and weight loss effects of either treatment alone.

Methods

We examined the effects of liraglutide (a long‐acting GLP‐1 analogue) and leptin co‐treatment, delivered in low or moderate doses subcutaneously (s.c.) or to the third ventricle, respectively, on cumulative intake, meal patterns and hypothalamic expression of intracellular signalling proteins [phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (pSTAT3) and protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1B (PTP1B)] in lean rats.

Results

A low‐dose combination of liraglutide (25 µg/kg) and leptin (0.75 µg) additively reduced cumulative food intake and body weight, a result mediated predominantly through a significant reduction in meal frequency that was not present with either drug alone. Liraglutide treatment alone also reduced meal size; an effect not enhanced with leptin co‐administration. Moderate doses of liraglutide (75 µg/kg) and leptin (4 µg), examined separately, each reduced meal frequency, cumulative food intake and body weight; only liraglutide reduced meal size. In combination these doses did not further enhance the anorexigenic effects of either treatment alone. Ex vivo immunoblot analysis showed elevated pSTAT3 in the hypothalamic tissue after liraglutide‐leptin co‐treatment, an effect which was greater than that of leptin treatment alone. In addition, s.c. liraglutide reduced the expression of PTP1B (a negative regulator of leptin receptor signalling), revealing a potential mechanism for the enhanced pSTAT3 response after liraglutide‐leptin co‐administration.

Conclusions

Collectively, these results show novel behavioural and molecular mechanisms underlying the additive reduction in food intake and body weight after liraglutide‐leptin combination treatment.
Brazilian nursing history on the shoulders of giants
Authors: Oguisso T. , de Freitas G.F.
Published: December 2014

Background

This study describes the route followed by nursing in Brazil, through the foundation of nursing organizations and the emergence of nursing leaders and pioneers.

Aim

To present the origins of modern nursing in Brazil, identifying the main nurse‐leaders and analysing their performance for the creation and consolidation of the nursing organizations.

Methods

It is a historical and social study with descriptive approach, to describe the process of Brazilian nursing professionalization and leadership through a literature review.

Results

The oldest nursing organization is the Brazilian Nursing Association that holds scientific and cultural activities. There are also nurses' unions and nursing specialty associations, such as the Brazilian Academy for the History of Nursing, and the Federal Nursing Council. The latter has compulsory membership for controlling nursing services according to the qualifications of the personnel. The very first school for nurses in the Nightingale system was created in São Paulo, 1894, at the Samaritan Hospital, and by the government in 1923, in Rio de Janeiro, for which American nurses, led by Ethel Parsons, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, were essential for the creation of the Anna Nery Nursing School, still in operation within a federal university. Some nurses pioneered these works such as Edith Fraenkel, Maria Rosa Pinheiro, Amalia Carvalho and others.

Conclusion

The work done by nursing leaders has brought to the profession a better status and made it more recognized by the society.
Coupled Thermomechanical Multiscale Modeling of Alumina Ceramics to Predict Thermally Induced Fractures Under Laser Heating
Authors: Dong Xiangyang , Shin Yung C.
Published: December 2014

This study is concerned with thermally induced fractures and failure of high weight percentage alumina ceramics. A 3D coupled thermomechanical multiscale model has been developed to simulate thermally induced fractures. In laser heating of alumina ceramics, the temperature and stress distributions have been predominantly correlated with the interfacial glass phase within alumina microstructure. A coupled thermomechanical analysis with traction–separation law has been implemented in the finite element framework as a cohesive zone model (CZM). The alumina grains are modeled as thermomechanical continuum elements separated by CZM. A thermal and mechanical analysis has been conducted using Molecular Dynamics methods to obtain the thermal conductivities and parameterize traction–separation laws for the interface of alumina ceramics at different temperatures. The coupled thermal‐mechanical analysis achieved through a finite element model in Abaqus is compared with experimental results in laser‐heating tests. The model is successful in predicting temperature distributions and thermal fractures, which could help assist in selecting proper conditions in alumina applications and fabrication processes.
The importance of the oxidative status of dairy cattle in the periparturient period: revisiting antioxidant supplementation
Authors: Abuelo A. , Hernández J. , Benedito J. L. , Castillo C.
Published: December 2014

Dairy cows are especially vulnerable to health disorders during the transition period, when they shift from late pregnancy to the onset of lactation. Diseases at this stage affect not only the animals' well‐being, but also cause a major economic impact in dairy farms, because apart from treatment costs, affected cows will not reach their peak milk‐producing capacity. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress, which has been identified as an underlying factor of dysfunctional inflammatory responses. Supplementation with vitamins and trace elements attempts to minimize the harmful consequences of excessive ROS production, thereby trying to improve animals' health status and to reduce disease incidence. However, results regarding the effects of supplementing antioxidants on dairy cows' health and performance have been inconsistent, because in most cases, the antioxidant potential of the animals was not assessed beforehand and the nutritional strategy planned accordingly. Therefore, reviewing the physiological and harmful effects of ROS production, along with the different options available for assessing the redox balance in dairy cattle and some of the key findings of different supplementation trials, could bring one step forward the on‐farm application of determinations of oxidative status for establishing nutritional strategies early enough in the dry period that could improve transition cow health.
The sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii
Authors: Gascuel Quentin , Martinez Yves , Boniface Marie‐Claude , Vear Felicity , Pichon Magalie , Godiard Laurence
Published: December 2014

Downy mildew of sunflower is caused by Plasmopara halstedii (Farlow) Berlese & de Toni. Plasmopara halstedii is an obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen that attacks annual Helianthus species and cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Depending on the sunflower developmental stage at which infection occurs, the characteristic symptoms range from young seedling death, plant dwarfing, leaf bleaching and sporulation to the production of infertile flowers. Downy mildew attacks can have a great economic impact on sunflower crops, and several Pl resistance genes are present in cultivars to protect them against the disease. Nevertheless, some of these resistances have been overcome by the occurrence of novel isolates of the pathogen showing increased virulence. A better characterization of P. halstedii infection and dissemination mechanisms, and the identification of the molecular basis of the interaction with sunflower, is a prerequisite to efficiently fight this pathogen. This review summarizes what is currently known about P. halstedii, provides new insights into its infection cycle on resistant and susceptible sunflower lines using scanning electron and light microscopy imaging, and sheds light on the pathogenicity factors of P. halstedii obtained from recent molecular data.

Taxonomy

Kingdom Stramenopila; Phylum Oomycota; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; Genus Plasmopara; Species Plasmopara halstedii.

Disease symptoms

Sunflower seedling damping off, dwarfing of the plant, bleaching of leaves, starting from veins, and visible white sporulation, initially on the lower side of cotyledons and leaves. Plasmopara halstedii infection may severely impact sunflower seed yield.

Infection process

In spring, germination of overwintered sexual oospores leads to sunflower root infection. Intercellular hyphae are responsible for systemic plant colonization and the induction of disease symptoms. Under humid and fresh conditions, dissemination structures are produced by the pathogen on all plant organs to release asexual zoosporangia. These zoosporangia play an important role in pathogen dissemination, as they release motile zoospores that are responsible for leaf infections on neighbouring plants.

Disease control

Disease control is obtained by both chemical seed treatment (mefenoxam) and the deployment of dominant major resistance genes, denoted Pl. However, the pathogen has developed fungicide resistance and has overcome some plant resistance genes. Research for more sustainable strategies based on the identification of the molecular basis of the interaction are in progress.

Useful websites

http://www.heliagene.org/HP, http://lipm‐helianthus.toulouse.inra.fr/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=start, https://www.heliagene.org/PlasmoparaSpecies (soon available).
Methods for Determining the Amount of Hydrates Formed During Blowdown of Natural Gas Compressor Station
Authors: Beauregard Y. , Botros K. K.
Published: December 2014

Natural gas hydrates could form during blowdown of compressor station yard piping, even if the moisture composition is within the allowable range of up to 65 mg/st.m3. This is because the temperature of the gas drops well below the vapour-hydrate equilibrium. If sufficient hydrates form, they have the potential to impede the path of the gas to the blowdown stack exit. To evaluate this risk, it is important to determine the conditions at which hydrates could form under gas blowdown situations and accurately determine the quantity that would form as both gas pressure and temperature drop during the blowdown process. This paper first compares the hydrate equilibrium conditions for different moisture contents obtained with a publicly available model to published measured data for some alkanes present in natural gas. A gas blowdown scenario establishing the gas conditions (P and T) is then presented based on the worst case scenario of adiabatic expansion of the gas. Based on these conditions, two methods are developed to quantify the amount of hydrates that could form during the blowdown process. These methods are demonstrated on a gas blowdown event of compressor station discharge yard piping where the gas was assumed to have moisture contents of 65 mg/st.m3. The potential amount of hydrates formed and the implications on the gas path to blowdown exit are discussed.
Determining Reassessment Intervals From Successive In-Line Inspections
Authors: Bubenik Tom , Harper William V. , Moreno Pam , Polasik Steven
Published: December 2014

Pipeline operators around the world use in-line inspections and corrosion control systems to manage the integrity of their systems. Determining when to inspect is a critical consideration, which depends in part on whether corrosion growth takes place between inspections. Remaining life estimates based on estimated corrosion growth rates typically form the basis for reassessment intervals.

Remaining life assessments often use assumptions about corrosion rates that, while conservative, can lead to unrealistic results. Excess conservatism leads to short reassessment intervals and unnecessary mitigation. This paper discusses how data analyses can be used to identify and verify areas where corrosion is actually taking place. By identifying and addressing these areas, operators can minimize unnecessary mitigation in low growth areas, ensure high growth areas are mitigated in a timely manner, and extend overall reassessment intervals.

This paper discusses an integrated approach to identifying corrosion activity using a combination of statistics, inspection signal comparisons, and engineering analyses. The approach relies on a full understanding of the mechanisms that cause corrosion and its growth. Pipeline operators can use this approach to calculate remaining life, prioritize repairs and mitigation, and extend reassessment intervals. This process is collectively known as Statistically Active Corrosion (SAC) 1,2,3.