bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy and depositional environment of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate platform and slope succession of the Paleogene Nisai Group, Pakistan
Authors: Kakar Aminullah , Kasi Akhtar Muhammad , Benedetti Andrea , Kasi Aimal Khan
Published: November 2023

We document the stratigraphy, lithofacies and depositional environment of the lower Eocene-lower Oligocene Nisai Group, based on petrographic and micropaleontological analysis, and field observations.We rename the whole sedimentary succession as the Nisai Group and divide it into three formations, from bottom to top; Jabrai, Torkhezhe Tsah and Nisai formations. The Jabrai Formation comprises a thick succession of olive gray mudstone and shales with subordinate sandstone, limestone and quartzose conglomerate, interpreted as deltaic and littoral deposits. The Torkhezhe Tsah Formation comprises calciturbidites in its lower part and periplatform oozes and basinal shales in upper part. The shallow-marine carbonate material of calciturbidites possibly derived from a lost platform which was a narrow delta-top-platform developed over deltaic sediments of the Jabrai Formation. The uppermost unit, the Nisai Formation, comprises thick bedded limestone with subordinate shale and nodular reefoid limestone, and shows a shallowing-up succession overlying the slope and basinal deposits of the Torkhezhe Tsah Formation. The presence of Cr-rich spinels in sandstone of the Jabrai Formation, ultramafic-mafic and quartzite lithoclasts in calciturbidite beds as well as paleocurrent data, suggest that siliciclastic sediments of the Nisai Group derived from the Zhob Valley Ophiolites. Moreover, the presence of quartz, igneous and metamorphic extraclasts, and dolomitic horizons within calciturbidite beds, indicate deposition of these calciturbidites in response to lowering of sea level.We propose that emplacement of Zhob Valley Ophiolites served as a drainage divide and supplied deltaic sediments to the Jabrai Formation to its north and the Ghazij Group to the south.
Intersecções online/offline em Tinta bruta
Authors: Ishii Regiane , Antakly de Mello Cecília
Published: November 2023

Partindo da investigação de como o cinema contemporâneo tem sido instigado pelos processos de produção e circulação próprios da internet, propomos uma análise do longa-metragem Tinta Bruta (2018), de Filipe Matzembacher e Marcio Reolon. No filme, Pedro dança coberto de tinta neon enquanto estranhos o assistem pela webcam. Gradativamente, o protagonista desenvolve novas narrativas para si, orquestrando olhares por via da webcam das plataformas de streaming e da câmera de cinema. Neste artigo, discutiremos como o entrelaçamento dessas naturezas de registros mobilizam as metáforas teóricas “cinema como janela e moldura” e “cinema como espelho” (Elsaesser e Hagener ,2018). Em seguida, sugerimos que Tinta Bruta, ao se aproximar do universo audiovisual da internet, engendra novas possibilidades para a abordagem da reflexividade no cinema.
Imagens IA e mídias generativas
Authors: Manovich Lev , Arielli Emanuele
Published: November 2023

O artigo discute a transição da criação de imagens manual e baseadas em lentes para o procedimento preditivo da IA generativa, em que os computadores geram novas mídias aprendendo com grandes conjuntos de dados e prevendo novos artefatos. Essa mudança da representação para a previsão marca uma uma mudança significativa na forma como as imagens são produzidas, avançando em direção à "mídia preditiva". Os autores também investigam as características comuns entre os processos de criação humana e de IA, em que ambos aprendem com grandes quantidades de dados culturais para produzir novos artefatos. No entanto, a IA atualmente tem dificuldades para gerar "átomos culturais" altamente exclusivos ou raros, que são mais bem compreendidos pelos criadores humanos. O artigo também coloca a IA geradora no contexto da arte moderna e da história da mídia. Os artefatos gerados pela IA dependem de um grande arquivo de outros artefatos de mídia. Esse mecanismo generativo vincula a mídia generativa a gêneros, métodos e movimentos artísticos anteriores, como a colagem de fotos da década de 1920, a pop art da década de 1960 ou a net art da década de 1990.
How Cultivation. Increases Crop Production
Authors:   Headquaters Deputy Directore of Agriculture, V.T SUBBIAH MUDALIAR
Published: November 2023

The maximisation of crop production is an all-important problem throughout the world. The prosperity and well-being of people depends on how we solve this problem. The production from land is conditioned by the operation of a number of limiting factors. As those limiting factors are overcome one after the other production goes up gradually. Agricultural scientists met in New Delhi from 6th to 9th April 1949 and tried to assess the depression caused by various limiting factors. It was then held that production could be increased (1) by 0.6% by reclaiming new lands for cultivation, (2) by 10% by using improved strains of seeds all over, (3) by about 20% when the major river valley projects reach completion, (4) by about 10% by controlling pests and diseases in the field and by another 10% by controlling pests of stored produce and (5) by 30% by resorting to timely and adequate cultivation of land and crops. That there are possibilities of increasing production is indeed heartening. The existing overall shortage of food is only 10% and given the will this shortage could be made up by a proper approach. It should also serve as a signpost for the cultivators. Increases in production at various levels have been shown to be possible in different directions. The most outstanding and substantial increase can be brought about by appropriate cultivation at the proper time and this also happens to be the easiest to adopt by the cultivators without assistance from others.
Maximisation of Crop Growth through Manuring
Authors:   Government Agricultural Chemist,Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, P.D KARUNAKAR
Published: November 2023

The necessity of manures for crop growth has been recognised on all hands from time immemorial and is second only to water. Every farmer in any part of the world knows this; and it is unnecessary to labour this point before an assembly of export agriculturists.
The part played by improved seeds in the maximisation of crop production
Authors:   Cotton Extension Officer, Coimbatore, R Sri BALASUBRAHMANYAN
Published: November 2023

Many a sudden crisis in the agricultural industry and economy of a country have been successfully solved by the crop breeders. The achievements in the field of plant introduction and development of new tracts have considerably helped the maximisation of production in most countries. Some of the notable contributions are (a) the discovery of new beet varieties having a sugar content of eight percent over the older types when enemy blockade threatened to cut off sugar supplies to France during the Napoleonic wars, (b) the selection of blight-immune varieties of potato when the Irish peasants were faced with total loss of their staple crop, (c) the development of early fruiting varieties of cotton which staved off the ravages of boll weevil in America, (d) the evolution of wilt resistant strains of cotton which made the cultivations of wilt sick S. E. American possible, (e) the breeding of new races of cotton and wheat suited to the extensive areas in U.S.S.R. characterised by low mean temperature and short cropping seasons, (f) the conversion of Egypt, a minor cotton-growing country during the early part of the nineteenth century, into the main supply base for the world's requirements of long staple cotton, (g) the large expansion of cotton cultivation in South Africa, through release of jassid-resistant cotton varieties, (h) the successful exploitation of hybrid vigour in maize by America and (i) extension of sugarcane cultivation in India to regions originally considered unsuitable.
The Importance of Pest Control in the Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, V THIRUMAL RAO
Published: November 2023

It may not be easily understood how, of all agricultural im- provements, the control of crop pests can contribute for the maximi- sation of production. Pests occurring on crops damage them and reduce the yields and when they are controlled we prevent the loss that would otherwise have occurred. Varietal, cultural and manurial improvements are directly associated with the maximisation of production, but operations carried out for control of pests connot add to the yielding capacity of plants, but can only check the damage to crops. How then can we secure maximisation of crop production through control of posts? If it is conceded that there is a regular loss froin year to year in the production of our crops in the country as a whole through pests occurring somewhere or other and the yields obtained now are exclusive of those losses, any attempt made to prevent such losses can help in increasing the net out-turn and raise the yields. That is how, pest control has its due importance in the maximisation of crop production in the country.
The importance of disease control in Maximisation of Food Production
Authors:   Government Mycologist Coimbatore 641003, D MARUDARAJAN
Published: November 2023

All of us realise only too well that the needs of our nation for a good many years to come, are going to depend very much on the amount of food and other raw materials we can grow in our country. In many ways, in spite of all our efforts, the position is justas serious as it was in the immediate post-war years. This paper will indicate briefly the heavy toll taken by the various 2 crop diseases and the niethods adopted to check or control them, that may attain the maximum yields for the crops grown in this country. Crop diseases cause in some years considerable losses to the farmers. Exact statistical data as maintained by other countres like the U. S. A. are not available in this country. Still there are some approximate estimates in regard to certain important diseases. The smut of sorghum was reported to be responsible for a loss of over one crore of rupees in the Bombay Province alone before control measures were undertaken. The loss from this disease in this State also used to be very high. The rusts of wheat reduce the yield to the tune of 10 crores of rupees. In our State the blast disease of rice is often severe in Nellore and Tanjore districts, reduc- ing the yield by 50%. In other diseases like the Mahali of arecanuts and fruit-rot of oranges the entire yield may be wiped out in some years if proper precautions are not taken. These instances illustrate the enormous losses in food material and other products caused by plant diseases.
Role of Plant Breeding in a Scheme of Maximising Production of Crops
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, M.B VENKATANARASINGA RAO
Published: November 2023

The ultimate aim of all work on crop improvement is the production of the best crops, the chief test of superiority, implying, besides, the greatest return to the grower. This, in turn, is dependent upon the increased yields realised and the economics of production. Although a good many of the crops now made use of for food and clothing for man and fodder for cattle have been in existence from very remote times, recent studies have shown that there is still a great scope for improving them by producing varieties that are more efficient in their use of plant nutrients, give the greatest return of high quality produce per unit area in relation to costs of production, besides a greater immunity against diseases, insects pests and adaptability to the needs of the grower and consumer. In achieving these ends the plant breeder has played a very large role.
Pretreatment A New Aid for Improving Crop Yields
Authors:   Plant Physiologist,Coimbatore, T.R NARAYANAN
Published: November 2023

It is the object of this paper to just outline a few of the results obtained in the direction of improving yields by a new method that of supplying nutrient elements to plants before they are sown. It is course a truism to say that good crops are assured by good manuring, in the same way as good food makes for sturdy men and women. What is not so widely known is the fact that for plants too, a little help in the early stages, goes a long way in improving the subsequent growth and their ultimate yields in the same manner as a liberal supply of milk and milk products to children helps in laying the foundation for a strong and healthy manhood. The basio principle underlying the idea of pretreating seeds with nutrient salts is to introduce into the seed enough of the major nutrients like phosphorus and potassium in a readily available form, sufficient to carry the young plant through its early stages, before its root system is sufficiently developed to make full use of the available supplies of these nutrients in the soil.
Pre Sowing Treatment for Seeds of some Cultivated Plants
Authors:   Plant PHysiologist, Agricultural College Bapatla, L VENKATARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Seeds of many cultivated plants do not germinate easily. Dormancy and impermeability of seed coat act as the main barriers in their germination. There are several methods of seed treatinent for improving seed germination. But due to the complex nature of these treatments the agriculturist is unable to exploit them under our conditions, but is compelled to adopt a heavy seed rate to make up for the low seed germination. This entails a heavy loss of seed and cumulatively the waste of seed runs to several lakhs of rupees.
Concentration on Intensive Manuring is the only way for Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   District Agricultural Officer , Tanjore, K.L RAMAKRISHNA RAO
Published: November 2023

India is an agricultural country and nearly 83% of the cultivable area is under food crops, 31.6% under rice, 29% under millets and other cereals and 24.7% under wheat. In spite of these, we are in deficit in food grains and import large quantities from outside. There was of course a reduction in area under food crops - due to the partition of the country. The proportion was unfavourable to us as the Indian Union has to maintain 78% of her original population with only 717% of original area under rice and 72% under wheat and hence naturally our problem is one of cultivation with the limited area available.
Maximising the production of Gingelly in Madras
Authors:   Oilseed Section, Coimbatore, M.M KRISHNA MARAR
Published: November 2023

Gingelly. (Til) or Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn.) is one of the oldest of oilseed crops of the tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. According to Hildebrandt, the plant is supposed to have originated in Southern and South- Western Africa. However, considering the large diversity of forms met with under cultivation, India and Japan are. recognised as important secondary centres of origin. In India the plant has been under cultivation as an oilseed from time immemorial.
Modification of Weather for Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   Agriculture Meteorology, Coimbatore, C BALASUBRAMANIYAN
Published: November 2023

At the present juncture, the Indian Union is faced with the need of maximising food production. With the natural resources available in India, it should be possible to achieve this object, of obtaining the maximum yield from each crop and meeting the food requirements of the population, both human and cattle, in full. The subject of this paper is how to harness the weather to suit the Weather has to be utilised to the best advantage for the maximisation of crop production. Forestry is generally referred to as the Handmaid of Agriculture as its influence on the climate of a locality is far-reaching. Forests equalise and regulate tempera- tures. Inside the forests the temperature all through the year will be lower than in the open, and in summer this difference may even be 4°F. The difference between the relative humidity inside and outside forests may be anything upto 12%. Transpiration from forests increases the relative humidity of the locality and brings it nearer the precipitation point. Hence, it is often said that forests create rain. The influence of forests on rains is due to convection currents caused by local heating of the surface air. In addition, forests break the force of high winds and restore moisture to the atmosphere. Data are available to indicate that if the wind penetrates through a dense forest to a distance of 100 feet, it retains only 60 to 80 per cent of its original velocity; if the distance is 200 feet only 50 per cent and for 400 feet only 7 per cent. Reduction of wind velocity means creation of favourable climatic influences, such as reduction of evaporation, lowering of temperature, increasing relative humidity of the air and accumulation of moisture. All these influences will increase the yields of crops, raised under the protective shelter-belts. Most important of all, forests check soil erosion and flooding. They help in the conservation of soil moisture. The water-holding capacity of forest soils is four to eight times that of an open soil in the same locality, due to its high humus content. Further, water enters through the cleavages in the forest soil formed by the roots of trees and gets soaked in the deeper layers of soil, thereby creating environments favourable for the formation of subterranean springs. Later on these springs form streamlets and rivulets which coalesce into a river. Thus, forests are helpful in the formation of perennial streams. This is perhaps the reason for the belief that forests improve the local climatic conditions and also serve as a great adjunct even for dry-farming. Planned afforestation is, therefore, the means of reclaiming lands for agricultural purposes, otherwise threatened by floods and the spread of desert conditions.
Soil Conservation and Maximisation of Crop Production
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, F.L DANIEL , S VARADARAJAN ,   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

One of the main factors for the present set-back in crop production is soil erosion. Our country is one among the many where soil erosion has become a menace in recent years. As far as our own State is concerned, erosion is certainly doing great havoc though it is insidious, particularly in regions subjected to the effects of monsoonic rains. The rapid drain on soil fertility caused by erosion would not be so alarming if the lost plant food could be replaced by the application of fertilisers. But the trouble is that erosion not only removes the plant food materials but carries away the soil itself. When the fine top soil is removed, along with it are removed all the humus, the micro-organisms and the fine clay and silt material essential for the proper retention of soil moisture. The physical and chemical nature of the soil is changed, affecting the water holding capacity, the underground drainage, and the underground water supply etc. to the detriment of crop growth.
Groundnut for the control of soil erosion
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, S.G AIYADURAI
Published: November 2023

The soil of a country constitutes its most valuable natural resource, as it feeds the plat plants which provide all the three basic needs of man, viz, food, clothing and shelter. Soil formation is a very slow process and it takes more than 1000 years to build one inch of top soil, the most vital part of the soil profile. It should be realised that when this top soil is removed, either by wind or by water, 6000 years of nature's work goes to waste. Therefore, it is very necessary to preserve the soil from depletion by erosive agencies. Soil erosion is receiving world wide attention to-day. Although erosion has been going on for centuries, it is only in recent years that the enormous losses caused by erosion have been recognised. The United States of America was the first to realise the seriousness of the problem and set up soil conservation services. Intensive measures against erosion have also been taken up in the U. S. S R. In most other affected countries, the need for control is recognised though work in this direction does not appear to have made much progress. In India about one half of the agricultural land is suffering from soil erosion. This accounts for the shortage of food. for man and fodder for his cattle.
Rice in other Countries
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, M.B.V Rice in other Countries
Published: November 2023

The scarcity of rice in this country is an eye-opener, but a similar scarcity prevails over the whole world. Modern civilization has abridged space and time so much that it is quite easy for anyone to fall in with the One-World ideology. Rice has therefore to be studied as a One-World crор.
CIVILISATION OF LAWLEY ROAD (As viewed in 5000 A. D.)
Authors:   Final Year B.Sc Agriculture, N.S RAJARAMAN
Published: November 2023

The dispute was becoming proverbial. It even threatened to eclipse the famous Pickwickian Controversy. It was all between Dr. Bluff and Dr. Muff: about the civilisa- tion of Lawley Road: whether it was the civilisation of an educational institution or a lunatic asylum. Now, it was not that Dr. Bluff had gone wrong or that Dr. Muff had tumbled into the correct. But the fact was that Dr. Bluff, after years of painstaking effort, both inside the laboratory and outside in the field, had come to a conclusion that Lawley Road should once have been the seat of an ancient, renowned, educational institution, ancient in its tradition and renowned for its achievements.
THE VEGETABLE TRAGEDY
Authors:   Final Year B.Sc Agriculture, RATHNASWAMY CHARLES
Published: November 2023

Darkness had fallen now. I could hear Velu's whistle somewhere behind the block. I didn't know why, but I was feeling lonely that day. I was thinking of the lecturer's remark "Even when you are asked while you are half asleep you must be able to tell"; Boring subjects. Let me go to sleep. Avooowh! Oh! forgotten. Then suddenly, like a prearranged signal for the commencement of some festivity Bang! Not a sharp, exciting bang, but a dull one, as of a door. Very slowly I turned my face to the right and blinked. Nothing further happened. Near at hand my clock ticked disinterestedly on. I had a feeling that someone was walking in. Suddenly it came to my mind. I had forgotten to lock the door whent last came in.
MARY'S NEGLIGENCE
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, J CHANDRA MOHAN
Published: November 2023

I was pedalling back home rather slowly, lato in the evening, that day when Gopi stopped me in front of the Ideal Cafe and took me inside, much against my will. We were soon engrossed in chatting over a cup of coffee. It was very late before I could resume biking. My house stood well back from the main road but quite close to an obscure Iane. I always use the back way, entering from the lane, when the wife is at home. But to-night I should have entered the house by the front door because she had gone to one of her social meetings in the Women's Club. I always carry the front door key, with me but tonight suddenly I remembered and turned in my tracks, only to stop again I heard the voice, rather a deep voice it was, and it onme from the house!!
WIT OR TIT BIT
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, S RANGANATHAN
Published: November 2023

Wit or humour can be defined as an expression of man or woman, in the simplest form possible which produces the highest state of excitement and a general pleasure. It goes also by the name of TIT BIT. Tit has practically no meaning by itself but when combined with BIT it assumes a unique prominence. Wit without sense is like a razor without a handle. Brevity is the soul of wit. It is generally believed that the human characteristics are governed by certain humours in the body. A man may be soft or angry, jovial or serious, happy or gloomy. These traits of character are attributed to the predominance of the particular kind of humour responsible for it. If the humour responsible for a particular humour is dominant over the other humours in the he body, body. he or she is said to be a wit. Witticisms are of different kinds. Some may produce peals of laughter, some others merely a laugh, still others only a smile and lastly there are certain kinds of homour which provoke anger.
The Deposition and Retention of certain Plant Pest Control Materials in relation to their Biological Performance
Authors:   Agricultural College Bapatla, P DR.SATYANARAYANA
Published: November 2023

The release of 1: 1: 1 trichloro-2: 2 bis- (p. -chlorophenyl)-ethane ( p - p' * DDT for civilian consumption with the cessation of hostilities and its extensive use in agriculture and horticulture has given rise to a number of problems, many of which are still a matter of speculation and await solution. The voluminous literature available on the subject, is sometimes vague and contradictory. For example, the great stability and extraordinary persistence of DDT are well known (Fleck, 1944, Fleck and Haller, 1945, Balban and Sutcliffe, 1945). Cages treated with solution of DDT in kerosene killed flies even after a period of 8 1/2 months (Lindquist, 1944), and one application of DDT was found sufficient to prevent an infestation of plums by the Japanese beetle for one full season (Fleming, 1944). Despite this accredited stability Gunther (1945) reported that deposits of DDT lost their toxicity in less than 2 1/2 months under the climatic conditions of California where the shade temperature reached 125 deg * F Whether this loss is due to volatilization of the insecticide or to some other factors like absorption by the tissues or drying up of the films and dropping off is not known with any degree of certainity. Apparent contradictions of this nature may be attributed to the suddenness with which DDT has risen to prominence and to the fact that there is as yet no satisfactory method of estimating the p / (p') * DDT content (the insecticidally important isomer) of DDT samples.
A Short Note on Rainfall at Pattambi
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, M. B. V NARASINGA RAO , C BALASUBRAMANIAM ,   Agricultural Meteorologist Coimbatore, R VELUMURUGAN ,   Agricultural Meteorology Section Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

Pattambi is a place situated in South Malabar. There is an Agricultural Research Station at this place for the past twenty- three years. Data of the daily rainfall for twenty-three years are available at the station. These data were taken up for statistical analysis with the object of gaining an insight into the distribution of the rainfall during the monsoons at Pattambi. Though only 16% of the total precipitation is received in the North- East Monsoon period as against 71% in the South-West Monsoon period, in view of the agricultural importance of both the monsoons, the rainfall in each of them was considered separately. Further, since Pattambi is a heavy rainfall tract with an annual precipitation of 101-43 inches a day of 10 cents and above has been considered as a rainy day.
A note on the Chromosome Numbers of Citrus Species
Authors:   Cytogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, N KRISHNASWAMY , V.S RAMAN ,   Cytogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

At the recent conference on "Symposium on the Origin and Distribu- tion of Cultivated plants of South Asin" held at New Dolhi under the joint auspices of the UNESCO and the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding it was expressed by the worker in Citrus that the chromosome numbers in the citrus species grown in India were not known and their knowledge would help in the proper classification and study of the species. At the Fruit Research Station, Kodur a fairly large collection of the species and varieties of citrus of commercial importance to S. India has been maintained. As a preliminary step in the cytogenetical study of these citrus plants the chromosome numbers of some of them were determined and as it may help other investigators the following list has been published. The numbers recorded relate strictly to the seedlings raised from fruits collected from trees at Kodur. The materials for study of the root tips were collected from seedlings growing at the nursery by carefully washing away the soil. In other cases raising the seedlings in pots with higher quantity of sand facilitated collection.
Seed Viability Test with 2, 3, 5 Tri-Phenyl Tetrazolium Chloride
Authors:   Agricultural College Bapatla, L VENKATARATNAM
Published: November 2023

In 1941 Kuhn and Jerchel (6) drew attention to the properties of colourless tetrazolium salts which get reduced by some phytochemical process to stable red formosans on contact with the tissues of embryos of viable seeds and suggested their use as reduction indicators of living tissues. Since then, the test has been in use in German Breeding Stations for testing viability in oats.
The Wild Flora of the Nilgiris and its Bearing on Humanity
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, S.N CHANDRASEKHARAN , D DANIEL SUNDARARAJ ,   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, H SUNANDA KAMATΗ ,   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003
Published: November 2023

The Nilgiris abound in beautiful jungles, the sholas as one familiarly calls them, rich in natural vegetation. The vegetation on the hills are partly responsible for the heavy rains on these hills during the monsoon season, the conservation of soil and above all for the beautiful climate of the place. The climate is often compared to an "English summer at its best and is probably the most equable in the world". The flora of the Nilgiris vary according to the different elevations. Lower down we have the tropical and sub-tropical, rich and diversified vegetation made up of a host of overgreen species of Acanthacea, Euphorbiaceæ, Guttiferæ, Myrtaceæ, Rubiaceæ, Orchidaceæ and Scitaminæ among other members of various phanerogams. Dense growth of Ochlandra travancorica, Gam., are found in many places. Along the banks of streams a wealth of tree forms, tropical ferns, mosses and liverworts abound. Cycas representing the Gymnosperms are also quite common. As one goes higher up he is struck with the change in vegetation, the whole panorama now being one of temperate regions, with ferns, liverworts and mosses, the cryptogamic types as well as the phanerogamic types being all of temperate regions excepting a few odd species which are of cosmopolitan nature
Cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton)
Authors:   Cardamom Specialist, V GOMATHINAYAGAM PILLAI
Published: November 2023

Cardamom occurs wild in the evergreen jungles of the Western Ghats in Travancore, Madras, Coorg and Mysore. It is also cultivated in those areas between 2,500 to 4,500 ft. above sea level. It can be grown only under the shade of forest trees and it does well in areas where the annual rainfall is about 100 inches and well distributed. Cardamom is almost entirely a South Indian product though its cultivation extends to Ceylon, Eastern Archipelago and Java to a comparatively small extent.
Cultivation of Gros Michel Banana in Jamaica
Authors:   Banana Research Officer, Central Banana Research Station Aduthurai, T GOPALAN NAIR
Published: November 2023

The Gros Michel variety ranks as world's No. 1, commerical variety excelling other varieties in the combination of desirable characters, having quality fruits of good length, flavour, attractive skin colour, resistance to bruising, grade, yield, symmetry and strength of bunch. It is a voracious feeder with free suckering habit. Its bunch habit is markedly cylindrical, the bunch hanging down almost ideally. Even in the three-fourth mature stage it has a tough skin and so the bunches can be handled and transported naked across oceans, without bruising, in huge quantities of bunches in a ship load. Above all, this variety has proved to be the best suited variety for refrigerated transport lasting from 15-21 days to the United States of America, Canada, England and to countries on the Continent of Europe. It can be said that the banana industry has attained its highest development in Jamaica due mostly to the excellence of this one variety.
Control of Quality in Fruit Products
Authors:   Analytical Chemist Fruit Product Coimbatore, G RAJA RAO
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in our knowledge of nutrition have brought home the importance of fruits in a balanced diet. Fruits with their valuable vitamins and minerals are essential to man for maintaining good health. Unfortunately fruits, being highly seasonal, are subject to spoilage during periods of glut while they cannot be easily obtained during other parts of the year. Advances in food technology have, however, enabled us to preserve fruits in all their richness and flavour and make them available during any part of the year, and in any place by methods such as (1) Canning or bottling, (2) Preservation of fruit juices in the form of squashes, syrups, and cordials, (3) Conversion of fruit into jams, jellies, preserves and candies, (4) Dehydration and (5) Cold storage and freezing otc.
Wynad Colonisation Scheme
Authors:   SuperIntendent Waynad Colonisation Scheme, P.G KURUP
Published: November 2023

Wynad is a taluk in North Malabar. It is a hilly and forest area, adjoining Mysore, Coorg and the Nilgiris, with an elevation ranging from 2500 feet to about 3500 feet above sea level. There are a few peaks in this region which range from 4000 feet to over 6600 feet above mean sea level. The climate is mild, the maximum temperature being about 80°F. and the minimum being about 66°F. The absolute minimum temperature seldom goes below 52°F and the absolute maximum temperature above 95°F. The average annual rain- fall of the region is about 100 inches, of which about 70 inches is received during the South-West monsoon.
Land at War
Authors:   Agricultural College Coimbatore, K RAMASWAMY , M VAIDYANATHAN ,   Agricultural College Coimbatore, N RANGANATHA CHARI ,   Agricultural College Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

An account in given below of the efforts England made to achieve self-sufficiency of food even under shower of bombs in the World War II, to consider why attempts made in this country on the food front have not yielded similar results even though India has not been a war theatre. "Produce or Perish" was the challenge thrown to the nation and the whole country, realising the gravity of the situation, produced food even in excess of its requirements and won the war.
The Interactions of Productive Factors in Rice
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture Madras, SATYANARAYANA MULUKUTLA
Published: November 2023

The practicability and scope of a census of production was one of the important subjects considered by Dr. A. L. Bowley and Mr. D.H. Robertson, when they were invited by the Government of India in 1933 for a Reorganisation of Statistics and report on the further study of the economic problems of India. They pointed out that excepting in the branches of vital statistics and foreign trade "the Statistics of India have largely originated as a by-product of administrative activities", relating to land revenue, famines and so forth. It was this Bowley-Robertson Committee that first fixed the minimum of villages for each province in India to be selected by random sampling, for the investigation of rural income, almost synonymous with agricultural production or crop census in this country.
An Economic Survey of the Production and Marketing of Mangoes in Visakhapatnam District
Authors:   Agricultural College Bapatla, K SURYANARAYANA
Published: November 2023

Mango is eaten in forms, various from the fruitlet to the finished product, the points in its favour being its availa- bility in seasons, an appetizing flavour, pleasing bouquet, luscious bulk and a high dietetic value as a source of vitamins. Yet its production is not commensurate with the demand and its importance and there seem to be no marked improvements in cultural practices and marketing methods. The existence of pre-harvest contractors in the place of growers, numerous intermediaries in marketing, imperfect merchandising, absence of market associations and the trade's dependence on external demand are the major pro- blems that require consideration. Further, the low production from mango orchards in recent years points to lack of sufficient interest on the part of the growers.
Influence of Seed Size and Spacing on the Yield of Potatoes
Authors:   Agricultural Research Station Nanjanad, M.D AZARIAH , K SAPTHARISHI ,   Agricultural Research Station Nanjanad
Published: November 2023

To secure an economic return from any crop, the adoption of an optimum seed rate is important. Apart from the other factors that influence crop-yields, such as manuring and tillage, the return to the cultivator is secured to a great extent by adjustment of the quantity of seed he uses per acre. : Seed rate directly influences the population or stand of the crop, which in turn, influences the ultimate yield. At the same time, a given seed rate cannot be rigidly specified for any particular crop, since it is itself governed by various factors such as (1) the particular variety used; (2) the normal rainfall and other climatic factors of the region; (3) the physical nature of the soil, like its water-holding capacity; (4) the supply of available plant food it contains; (5) irriga- tional and other facilities and (6) manuring.
Virginia Tobacco in Madras State
Authors:   Marketing Assitant, T.K VISWANATHAN
Published: November 2023

A notable advance which could be claimed during the past 12 decades has been the introduction and spread of Virginia tobacco in Guntur, Krishna, East and West Godavari districts. The credit goes to a certain commercial concern which has been the pioneer in the field. The area under Virginia tobacco, which was only 40,000 acres during 1934-35 has increased to 86,815 acres in 1939-40 and to 1,34,000 acres during 1948-49. This area represents roughly 90% of the total area under Virginia tobacco in the Indian Dominion.
Rainfall at Coimbatore as Influenced by Other Meteorological Factors
Authors:   Agriculture Meteorology Section, Coimbatore, C BALASUBRAMANIYAN , S DONDU RAU ,   Agriculture Meteorology Section, Coimbatore, C.M BAKTHAVATHSALU ,   Agriculture Meteorology Section, Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

No aspect of climate has greater economic significace than rainfall. It is a recognised fact that success in crop production is mainly due to the receipt of timely rains in required quantities. So the importance of precipitation to agriculture hardly needs to be emphasized.
Green leaf manuring and green manuring
Authors:   Headquaters Deputy Directore of Agriculture.Madras, M KANTI RAJ
Published: November 2023

The terms "Green Leaf Manuring" and "Green Manuring" convey technically different meanings, though the ultimate object is the same in both cases. The practice of lopping green leaves from trees like Pungam, Neem etc., and applying them to paddy fields is called "Green Leaf Manuring." When crops like Pillipesra, Daincha, Sunnhemp, Indigo and Wild Indigo (Kolinji or Vempali) are raised in a field for ploughing in, it is termed "Green Manuring." Experiments conducted both in this Province and eisewnere nave definitely proved that application of green leaf to paddy fields is beneficial and the yield thereby can be increased by 10-15 per cent (i.e., one to two bags of paddy per acro). The quantity normally recommended for application is about 5,000 lb. (roughly four cart loads) per acre. This should be applied in addition to cattle manure, oil cakes or chemical manures.
Fish manures and their importance to soil fertility
Authors:   Fisheries Technological Station, Kozhikode, R VENKATARAMAN
Published: November 2023

Fish Manures have been classified as concentrated organic manures and their use as a fertiliser to various crops is very well known. In the days of the Oil Sardine Fishery of the West coast of this Presidency, the Fish Scrap, after cooking and pressing for oil-popularly known as Fish, Guano-was in wide use as a manure for coconut trees, coffee, tea and tobacco plantations locally and the surplus amounting to many thousands of tons of this manure were exported. But the sardine fishery is almost a feature of the past and so the people here look to other kinds of fish manures. Various kinds of manures are generally prepared during seasonal gluts of the fishery and are immediately utilised in the nearby coffee, tea and tobacco plantations, so much so there is not sufficient manure left for use in the interior parts of the coastal strip. The types of manure manufactured at present can be broadly classified as beach-dried fish manure, pit fish manure and prawn shell manure.
Some experiences with Gammexane (BHC) and DDT in the control of crop pests
Authors:   Agricultural Entomologist, Coimbatore  641 003, S RAMACHANDRAN
Published: November 2023

The Entomological section has been engaged for some time in studying the effect of the two new insecticides Gammexane (B.H.C.) and D. D. T. on a wide range of crops and pests. The results in most cases have been far beyond expectations. In fact some of the tentative data have been so convincing in the case of a number of major pests like the paddy grasshopper (Hieroglyphus banian), the paddy jassid (Nephotettiz bipunctatus), the paddy swarming caterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia), the rice bug (Leptocorisa acuta), etc., that the information could be passed on straight away to the ryots even without any further confirmatory tests. What is more interesting is that the two chemicals appear to have a definite selective action, each being effective only against a cortain group or category of insects. The response from the ryots also has been very encouraging as a keen demand for these chemicals has now sprung up from farming public. These trials have revealed the possibilities of warding off the damage by many a crop pest, control measures for which were till now either imperfect or non-existent. The insecticides, apart from their high potency, are fairly cheap and easily available with some of the local firms.
The wild Gingelly of Malabar (Sesamum orientale, Linn. Var. malabaricum, Nar. var. nov.) Sesamum orientale, Linn. S. indicum, Linn..
Authors:   Oilseed Section, Coimbatore, C.M JOHN , G.V NARAYANA ,   Oilseed Section, Coimbatore, C.R SESHADRI ,   Oilseed Section, Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

Sesame, Til or gingelly is an important oilseed and an article of food. It has been found in cultivation in the tropical countries, particularly in India and the Orient from very ancient times. All the cultivated forms and types come under the species Sesamum indicum, Linn. It is not known to have been found in the wild state by the earlier systematists. Hooker (1885) mentions three species of Sesamum of which S. indicum, Linn. is one. Gamble (1924) also has described the same three species as Hooker. Thiselton Dyer (1906) speaks of 17 species of Sesamum including S. orientale, Linn. But none of these authorities has mentioned any varieties of S. indicum, Linn. The species is very variable, growing as it does over a wide, extent of the globe, for many centuries. Kashi Ram (1929) des- cribed 30 types of Sesamum occurring in India and Burma.
Some Lessons of the Bhagavadi Demonstration. Farm
Authors:   Deputy Directore of Agriculture Bellary, S DR.KASINATH
Published: November 2023

The Bhagavadi Demonstration farm represents a unique effort of the department and it is perhaps the only one of its kind, Its objective is not the straight one of modernising agriculture by trans- lating the results of research to the ryots' stook of knowledge and practices; but merely to find out, in the words of the original, the reaction of the ryot to tested measures of improvement; and the methods adopted are not obtrusive, but are directed to a close observation from behind the screen, of the path of these improved methods and means of cultivation in the lands of a chosen population of ryots. This is obviously a technique seldom adopted for propaganda and although the farm is euphemistically named a demonstration farm, there is the least attempt to demonstrate. It should not be surprising that, for that very reason. the results are more revealing and the insight closer; for as is often said, none knows when the acorns giving rise to huge forest trees are sown in a forest, while, when a tree falls, the whole forest reverberates with the noise.
Improvement of the "Patcha Jonna" or yellow Sorghums of the Cuddapah and Kurnool districts (Madras)
Authors:   Millets Specialist,Coimbatore, P KRISHNA RAO , P SUBRAMANYAM ,   Assitant Millets Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

The "Patcha Jonna" (Yellow Sorghums) tract of the Nandyal valley is bounded on the North by the river Thungabhadra and extends beyond the river Pennar, in the South, while on the East and West-it is bounded by the chains of the hills, "Nallamalais" and "Yerramalais" respectively. Jonna is the staple food crop of this tract, which comprises of Cuddapah and Kurnool districts; where normally 8,00,000 acres are anually sown under this crop. From the nutritional point of view, jonna is given a rank next to wheat and is considered better than rice on account of its protein and Vitamin B-1, contents. In forming "well balanced diet", the introduction of millet to a limited extent at the expense of the rice is found to satisfy all the essential food requirements.
Fumigation of semolina at Madras
Authors:   Assitant Entomologist,Board of Revenue Madras, P.S KRISHNAMURTHY
Published: November 2023

In September and October 1948 two shipments of semolina (840 tons) were received from Australia and taken to the Provincial Reserve Storage at Madras. A further quantity of 550 tons was added to this stock in January 1949. The off-take of this commodity was very low at this period and the stocks had to remain in storage for a long time. The semolina was free from insects at the time of receipt but in the godowns it became infested within six weeks. The examination of the stocks in November showed the presence of flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) ranging from 9 to 96 per pound sample in the various stocks. Stray Rhizopertha dominica beetles were record- ed from 3 out of the 20 stacks examined. The insect population increased in January 1949 when the Rhizopertha beetles became more widespread. A further increase of both the insects was recorded in February and it was evident that the infestation would become more marked in subsequent months.
Some Experiences with Gammexane (B. H. C.) and D. D. T. (III. The Paddy Jassid (Nephotettix bipunctalus, F.) A short account of the experiments and the campaign.)
Authors:   Government Entomologist, Coimbatore 641003, S RAMACHANDRAN
Published: November 2023

This insect, which was hitherto classified as a minor pest on paddy plants suddenly assumed serious proportions during October, 1948. The phenominal incidence of this hitherto little-known insect was an eye- opener regarding the potentialities of our insect foes and showed that the entomologist has not only to contend with numerous major forms of insects peculiar to cultivated crops, but has also to hold himself in readiness to fight any obscure insect which may suddenly turn a pest.