bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerating effect of NaNO2 on the polymer plating of 6‐substituted‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐dithiol mono sodium salts
Authors: Mori Kunio , Sasaki Yaeko , Hirahara Hidetoshi , Oishi Yoshiyuki
Published: August 2002

Organic polymer plating properties of 6‐substituted‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐dithiol mono sodium salts were investigated in the presence of various supporting electrolytes. Among these, the NaNO2 supporting electrolyte greatly accelerated the film formation rate in polymer plating. The accelerating effect of NaNO2 was further confirmed by comparing plating potentials in the presence of NaNO2 and Na2CO3. The potentiostatic polymer plating of DAN in the presence of the NaNO2 supporting electrolyte took place in the potential range of 1.65–1.8 V (compared against saturated calomel electrode reference). Film formation was influenced by such factors as the pH of solution and both the chemical structure and the concentration of triazine dithiol. In polymer platings, NO anions are thought to be electrochemically oxidized to yield NO radicals and these radicals react with DAN to yield new thiyl radicals. The thiyl radicals in the DAN molecules couple with each other by means of disulfide bonds, resulting in the growth of polymer film. Organic polymer plating films are shown to contain disulfide bonds, monosulfide bonds obtained by the reaction between allyl groups and thiyl radicals, and network chains. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2300–2309, 2001
Piezo‐ and pyroelectric photothermal characterization of polymers as a function of temperature
Authors: Mura J. , Miranda L. C. M. , Baesso M. L. , Bento A. C. , Rubira A. F.
Published: August 2002

In this article, piezo‐ and pyroelectric signals are used for the photothermal characterization of the thermomechanical properties of polymers as a function of temperature. The potentialities of the proposed technique are explored using poly(ethylene terephthalate) as the test sample. The influence of the sample thermal aging on the polymer physical properties is also discussed. The sensitivity of the proposed photothermal technique is tested by comparing its results with complementary dielectric response measurements and X‐ray diffraction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2669–2678, 2001
AFM and UFM surface characterization of rubber‐toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) samples
Authors: Porfyrakis K. , Kolosov O. V. , Assender H. E.
Published: August 2002

The microstructure of a series of injection‐molded and extruded rubber–toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) (RTPMMA) samples was investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) were used to study surface topography and local elastic properties. AFM topography measurements combined with UFM can reveal the distribution and orientation of the rubber particles in the PMMA matrix. UFM, in particular, reveals the core–shell structure of the particles as well as the presence of particles immediately under the surface, otherwise invisible. In some cases the particles appear to be covered by a thin PMMA layer, whereas in other cases they appear to have broken, thereby exposing parts of their internal structure. Generally, the particles are elongated in the skin region of the injection‐molded samples. On the other hand, the particles in the surface region of the extruded samples appear to be almost spherical. The observed difference is attributed to the fountain flow phenomenon, which takes place during injection molding. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2790–2798, 2001
Polypropylene fibers grafted with poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Buchenska Jadwiga
Published: August 2002

An effective method for the grafting of poly(acrylic acid) on polypropylene fibers has been developed, using diphenyl and a dispersing agent (NNO) in the grafting bath as additives to facilitate the grafting process. The method makes it possible to obtain high grafting degrees of poly(acrylic acid) on polypropylene fibers with a minimal quantity of homopolymer as a side product. The effect of grafting degree on the moisture absorption and swelling of the modified fibers has been examined and described with mathematical equations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2295–2299, 2002
Mechanical properties and morphologies of PP/mPE/filler composites
Authors: Qiu Gui‐Xue , Raue Frank , Ehrenstein Gottfried W.
Published: August 2002

Because of the poor impact behavior of polypropylene (PP) at low temperatures, the blending of PP with metallocene‐polymerized polyethylene (mPE) elastomers was investigated in this study. However, a reduced modulus of the overall blend was inevitable because of the addition to elastomers. To obtain a balance of the properties, we introduced rigid inorganic fillers to PP/mPE blends. The performance of the composites was characterized with tensile and Charpy notched impact tests, and the fracture morphology was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the effects of fillers in a brittle matrix and in a ductile matrix were quantitatively different. For PP/mPE/filler ternary composites, the dependence of Young's modulus and yield strength on CaCO3 content was not significant compared with that of PP/filler binary composites, whereas the elongation at break and tensile toughness at room temperature for PP/mPE/filler systems were more improved. The impact strength of the PP/mPE blends filled with untreated glass beads and CaCO3 at a low temperature was lowered because of the weak interfacial bond. However, the values of the impact strength of the PP/mPE/filler composites at a low temperature remained at a high level compared with that of pure PP. In particular, a PP/mPE blend filled with surface‐treated kaolin had a higher low‐temperature impact toughness than the unfilled blend. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3029–3035, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.2333
A co‐operative training programme in the field of coastal and ocean management
Authors: Vallejo Stella Maris
Published: August 2002

1. One of the major challenges that countries and institutions will face in the years to come is the massive training of personnel in the broad spectrum of disciplines and cross‐sectoral perspectives needed to successfully implement integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) initiatives.

2. This paper discusses the needs and challenges faced by institutions involved in training.

3. In particular, the TRAIN–SEA–COAST Programme is discussed as an existing mechanism that provides an effective support system for training, with the focus on institution building at the national and regional levels, and increased cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between the sequential ingrowth of afferents and transient patterns of cortical lamination in preterm infants
Authors: Kostović Ivica , Judaš Miloš
Published: August 2002

Transient patterns of regional, laminar, modular, neuronal, and functional organization are essential features of the developing cerebral cortex in preterm infants. Analysis of cytological, histological, histochemical, functional, and behavioral parameters revealed that transient cerebral patterns develop and change rapidly between 24 weeks post ovulation (W) and birth. The major afferent fibers (thalamocortical, basal forebrain, and corticocortical) grow through the transient “waiting” subplate zone (SP) compartment and accumulate below the cortical plate (CP) between 22 and 26 W. These afferent fibers gradually penetrate the CP after 26 W. The prolonged process of dissolution of the SP can be explained by prolonged growth and maturation of associative connections in the human cerebral cortex. The neurons and circuitry elements of the transient layers are the substrate for transient functional and behavioral patterns. The predominance of deep synapses and deep dendritic maturation underlies the immaturity and different polarity of the cortical electrical response in the preterm infant. The significant changes in the transient SP, together with profound changes in the transient architecture of the neocortical plate, parallel the changes observed in recent MRI studies. The role of the SP in the formation of cortical connections and functions is an important factor in considering the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits after brain lesions in the preterm infant. Anat Rec 267:1–6, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of microsomal cytochrome P450s by tire‐leachate compounds, habitat components of Aedes albopictus mosquito larvae
Authors: Suwanchaichinda Chansak , Brattsten Lena B.
Published: August 2002

Benzothiazole (BZT) and its derivatives are the major leachate compounds of automobile tires, the principal breeding habitat of Aedes albopictus, particularly in the United States. Effects of the compounds on insecticide toxicity, and activities and expression of microsomal cytochrome P450s (P450s) in the mosquito larvae were examined. Mosquito larvae were more tolerant to carbaryl, rotenone, and temephos when they were pre‐exposed to tire‐leachate compounds, particularly BZT. There was no change in toxicity from the aldrin treatment by BZT. The effect of BZT was reversed when a P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, was applied in admixture with the insecticides. Microsomes from BZT‐treated larvae had increased peroxidation activity of tetramethylbenzidine. This correlated with increased intensity of SDS‐PAGE protein bands corresponding to molecular weights of 59 and 62 kD, which were detected as heme‐containing proteins, a characteristic of P450s. The results suggest that BZT induces P450s, which detoxify insecticides and thus cause insecticide tolerance in the mosquito larvae. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 49:71–79, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Th2‐oriented profile of male offspring T cells present in women with systemic sclerosis and reactive with maternal major histocompatibility complex antigens
Authors: Scaletti Cristina , Vultaggio Alessandra , Bonifacio Stefania , Emmi Lorenzo , Torricelli Francesca , Maggi Enrico , Romagnani Sergio , Piccinni Marie‐Pierre
Published: August 2002

Objective

To characterize the cytokine production profile of male‐offspring T cells reactive against maternal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens present in the peripheral blood and/or skin from women with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

T cell clones were generated from peripheral blood and/or skin biopsy specimens from 3 women with SSc of recent onset and from peripheral blood from 3 healthy women, all of whom had 1 male child. All clones were screened for their proliferative response in vitro to maternal MHC antigens by measuring3H‐thymidine uptake and for their expression of Y chromosome by using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The concentrations of interferon‐γ and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) released by T cell clones in response to maternal MHC antigens were evaluated in culture supernatants, using appropriate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

Thirty‐nine of 202 T cell clones generated from women with SSc and 11 of 312 from healthy women proliferated in vitro in response to maternal MHC antigens. Seven MHC‐reactive T cell clones obtained from women with SSc and 1 obtained from healthy women exhibited the Y chromosome, thus indicating that the clones were derived from T cells of male offspring. All clones generated from male‐offspring T cells of SSc women (but not from those of healthy women) produced significantly higher levels of IL‐4 in response to stimulation with maternal MHC antigens than did all other clones generated from the same women. The other clones proliferated in response to maternal or allogeneic MHC antigens but did not exhibit the Y chromosome.

Conclusion

Male‐offspring T cells that are present in the blood and skin of women with SSc and react with maternal MHC antigens exhibit a Th2‐oriented profile, supporting the possibility that a chronic graft‐versus‐host reaction attributable to long‐term microchimerism plays a pathogenic role in SSc.
Descriptions of joint pain by American Indians: Comparison of inflammatory and noninflammatory arthritis
Authors: Kramer B. Josea , Harker Judith O. , Wong Andrew L.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To improve assessment of arthritis joint pain in American Indians by describing how symptoms are communicated.

Method

In‐depth interviews were conducted with American Indians who experience chronic joint pain (n = 56), to elicit descriptions and self‐reported ratings of pain, disability, and beliefs associated with the pain for affected joints (n = 326).

Results

Discrete sets of specific verbal descriptions distinguished inflammatory arthritis (n = 20 terms) from noninflammatory arthritis (n = 22 terms), and indicated levels of pain intensity. An additional set of 14 vague but commonly used verbal descriptors did not distinguish the type of joint disease or pain intensity.

Conclusions

Subtle pain complaints and vague verbal descriptions, such as “ache,” “hurt,” and “discomfort,” may reflect severe pain symptoms, disability, and more serious joint disease in American Indian patients. In addition, certain specific sensory descriptions used by American Indians suggest inflammatory arthritis and may warrant further evaluation.
Extended exposure of adult and fetal mice to 50 Hz magnetic field does not increase the incidence of micronuclei in erythrocytes
Authors: Abramsson‐Zetterberg L. , Grawé J.
Published: August 2002

The flow cytometer‐based micronucleus assay was used to study the effects on chromosomes in erythroid cells of CBA/Ca mice after extended exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field (MF), 14 μT, peak‐to‐peak (p‐p). The study included two different experiments: (a) mice exposed in utero during 18 days of their prenatal stage, and (b) adult mice exposed for 18 days. In experiment (a) 35 days after exposure was terminated, peripheral blood was drawn from the mice exposed in utero to determine whether the exposure had a genotoxic effect on the pluripotent erythroid stem cells. About 200000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and 200000 normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were analysed from each of 20 exposed mice. The EMF exposure did not significantly change the frequency of micronucleated PCE or NCE in comparison with 20 sham‐irradiated mice. There was no difference in the proportion of PCE between exposed and unexposed animals. Similarly, in experiment (b) no differences were seen between EMF exposed and unexposed adult mice when samples of peripheral blood were taken at the end of exposure and analyzed for micronuclei in PCE and NCE. The proportion of PCE was the same in both groups. The results indicate that exposure to EMF does not induce direct or indirect effects on chromosomes in erythroid cells expressed as increased levels of micronucleated erythrocytes of mice. No indications of delayed genetic effects were found. Bioelectromagnetics 22:351–357, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coordination of cell proliferation and cell fate decisions in the angiosperm shoot apical meristem†
Authors: Fletcher Jennifer C.
Published: August 2002

A unique feature of flowering plants is their ability to produce organs continuously, for hundreds of years in some species, from actively growing tips called apical meristems. All plants possess at least one form of apical meristem, whose cells are functionally analogous to animal stem cells because they can generate specialized organs and tissues. The shoot apical meristem of angiosperm plants acts as a continuous source of pluripotent stem cells, whose descendents become incorporated into organ primordia and acquire different fates. Recent studies are unveiling some of the molecular pathways that specify stem cell fate in the center of the shoot apical meristem, that confer organ founder cell fate on the periphery, and that connect meristem patterning elements with events at the cellular level. The results are providing important insights into the mechanisms through which shoot apical meristems integrate cell fate decisions with cellular proliferation and global regulation of growth and development. BioEssays 24:27–37, 2002. Published 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Animal models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Betarbet Ranjita , Sherer Todd B. , Greenamyre J. Timothy
Published: August 2002

Animal models are important tools in experimental medical science to better understand pathogenesis of human diseases. Once developed, these models can be exploited to test therapeutic approaches for treating functional disturbances observed in the disease of interest. On the basis of experimental and clinical findings, Parkinson's disease (PD) was the first neurological disease to be modeled and, subsequently, to be treated by neurotransmitter replacement therapy. Agents that selectively disrupt or destroy catecholaminergic systems, such as reserpine, methamphetamine, 6‐hydroxydopamine and 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine have been used to develop PD models. Recently, it has been found that agricultural chemicals, such as rotenone and paraquat, when administered systemically, can reproduce specific features of PD in rodents, apparently via oxidative damage. Transgenic animals that over‐express α‐synuclein are used to study the role of this protein in dopaminergic degeneration. This review critically discusses animal models of PD and compares them with characteristics of the human disease. BioEssays 24:308–318, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The efficacy of noncontingent reinforcement as treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy
Authors: Britton Lisa N. , Carr James E. , Landaburu Heidi J. , Romick Kimberlee S.
Published: August 2002

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR), in the form of continuous access to preferred leisure items, has recently been reported as a successful treatment for automatically reinforced aberrant behavior. However, previous research has shown that the outcome of such procedures can be compromised under certain circumstances, such as when the response effort required to access leisure items is increased. The purpose of the current study was to assess the efficacy of two variations of NCR as treatment for automatically reinforced stereotypy. In the first phase of the study, functional analyses revealed that the stereotypy of three individuals with developmental disabilities was maintained independent of social consequences. A sensory class assessment was then conducted to identify the specific sensory products that appeared to maintain the behaviors. Finally, we evaluated the effects of NCR (using stimuli identified in the previous assessments) under two conditions. In the first condition, the leisure item was made freely available, by placing it on the table in front of the participant. In the other condition, an experimenter prompted the participant to interact with the leisure item at the beginning of the session. The results indicated that NCR successfully competed with stereotypy only when participants were prompted to interact with the leisure item. These findings are discussed in the context of developing NCR interventions for automatically reinforced aberrant behavior. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reliability of the Detailed Behavior Report (DBR) in documenting functional assessment observations
Authors: Groden Gerald , Lantz Stephen
Published: August 2002

An emphasis on behavioral analysis, including delineation of antecedent conditions, has characterized the work of a rather large group of researchers and clinicians in recent years. Observational, or descriptive analysis, is now widely carried out, and instruments have been developed to facilitate such analysis. In spite of frequency of use in the clinic and laboratory, and as reported in journals, there is little data on the reliability of these measures. This study reports on the reliability of the Detailed Behavior Report (DBR), one instrument currently in use for conducting observational functional assessment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct enzymatic reduction of lucigenin decreases lucigenin‐amplified chemiluminescence produced by superoxide ion
Authors: Afanas'ev Igor B. , Ostrakhovitch Elena A. , Mikhal'chik Elena V. , Korkina Ludmila G.
Published: August 2002

The interaction of superoxide ion with lucigenin produces chemiluminescence (CL), which is widely used for the detection of this radical anion. However, in many biological systems lucigenin may be directly reduced to its semiquinone by some enzymes. We found that if the direct reduction of lucigenin takes place, it decreases superoxide production due to the competition with one‐electron reduction of dioxygen to superoxide ion. Comparison of two methods of superoxide detection (lucigenin‐amplified CL and cytochrome c reduction) showed that there are excellent correlations between the results obtained by the two methods. Hence, lucigenin‐amplified CL remains a sensitive and reliable assay of superoxide detection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of ovalbumin in 0.130–2.50 μm spectral region
Authors: Arakawa E. T. , Tuminello P. S. , Khare B. N. , Milham M. E.
Published: August 2002

In our continuing series of measurements of the complex index of refraction for representative samples of biological materials, we measured ovalbumin (egg albumin) over the spectral region from 0.130 (76,923 cm−1) to 2.50 μm (4000 cm−1). Films of ovalbumin suitable for optical analyses were prepared and measured in addition to solutions of ovalbumin in water. We show several examples of how the methods used in this study produced accurate results for this complex and difficult to measure material. The present work is applicable to quantitative optical studies involving ovalbumin and other serpin proteins, as well as the study of proteinaceous toxins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 122–128, 2001
Vibrational CD (VCD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of DNA interaction with Cr3+ ions: VCD and AFM evidence of DNA condensation
Authors: Andrushchenko Valery , Leonenko Zoya , Cramb David , van de Sande Hans , Wieser Hal
Published: August 2002

The interaction of natural calf thymus DNA with Cr3+ ions was studied at room temperature by means of vibrational CD (VCD) and infrared absorption (ir) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cr3+ ion binding mainly to N7 (G) and to phosphate groups was demonstrated. ψ‐Type VCD spectra resembling electronic CD (ECD) spectra, which appear during ψ‐type DNA condensation, were observed. These spectra are characterized mainly by an anomalous, severalfold increase of VCD intensity. Such anomalous VCD spectra were assigned to DNA condensation with formation of large and dense particles of a size comparable to the wavelength of the probing ir beam and possessing large‐scale helicity. Atomic force microscopy confirmed DNA condensation by Cr3+ ions and the formation of tight DNA particles responsible for the ψ‐type VCD spectra. Upon increasing the Cr3+ ion concentration the shape of the condensates changed from loose flower‐like structures to highly packed dense spheres. No DNA denaturation was seen even at the highest concentration of Cr3+ ions studied. The secondary structure of DNA remained in a B‐form before and after the condensation. VCD and ir as well as AFM proved to be an effective combination for investigating DNA condensation. In addition to the ability of VCD to determine DNA condensation, VCD and ir can in the same experiment provide unambiguous information about the secondary structure of DNA contained in the condensed particles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 61: 243–260, 2002
Combinatorial array‐based enzymatic polyester synthesis
Authors: Kim Dae‐Yun , Dordick Jonathan S.
Published: August 2002

A combinatorial strategy for biocatalytic polymer synthesis is demonstrated. A library of polymers was synthesized in 96 deep‐well plates using AA‐BB polycondensations of acyl donors and acceptors. The library was based on four straight‐chain diesters as acyl donors (C3–C10) with aliphatic/aromatic diols as well as more diverse structures including carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and a natural steroid diol used as acyl acceptors. The lipase from Candida antarctica was active in acetonitrile and was capable of catalyzing the polycondensation of the aforementioned monomers to polymers with Mw's reaching as high as 20,000 Da, including the preparation of novel sugar‐containing polyesters. The combinatorial approach to biocatalytic polymer synthesis described herein serves as a foundation for polymeric materials discovery by demonstrating that polymer arrays can be produced from structurally complex monomers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 200–206, 2001.
Recombinant enterokinase light chain with affinity tag: Expression from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its utilities in fusion protein technology
Authors: Choi Seong II , Song Hye Won , Moon Jae Woong , Seong Baik L.
Published: August 2002

Enterokinase and recombinant enterokinase light chain (rEKL) have been used widely to cleave fusion proteins with the target sequence of (Asp)4‐Lys. In this work, we show that their utility as a site‐specific cleavage agent is compromised by sporadic cleavage at other sites, albeit at low levels. Further degradation of the fusion protein in cleavage reaction is due to an intrinsic broad specificity of the enzyme rather than to the presence of contaminating proteases. To offer facilitated purification from fermentation broth and efficient removal of rEKL after cleavage reaction, thus minimizing unwanted cleavage of target protein, histidine affinity tag was introduced into rEKL. Utilizing the secretion enhancer peptide derived from the human interleukin 1β, the recombinant EKL was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and efficiently secreted into culture medium. The C‐terminal His‐tagged EKL was purified in a single‐step procedure on nickel affinity chromatography. It retained full enzymatic activity similar to that of EKL, whereas the N‐terminal His‐tagged EKL was neither efficiently purified nor had any enzymatic activity. After cleavage reaction of fusion protein, the C‐terminal His‐tagged EKL was efficiently removed from the reaction mixture by a single passage through nickel‐NTA spin column. The simple affinity tag renders rEKL extremely useful for purification, post‐cleavage removal, recovery, and recycling and will broaden the utility and the versatility of the enterokinase for the production of recombinant proteins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 718–724, 2001.
Personality features and characteristics of violent events committed by juvenile offenders
Authors: Loper Ann Booker , Hoffschmidt Sara Jane , Ash Eva
Published: August 2002

The present study investigated the relationship between characteristics of a violent event, as self‐reported by 82 incarcerated juvenile offenders, and personality features measured by the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI). The study predicted that specific personality features that have previously been associated with psychopathy would be associated with the instrumentality, emotional reactivity, and empathy or guilt reported for the incident. Results confirmed that a self‐reported pattern of elevated instrumental motivation and reduced empathy or guilt was associated with higher scores on the MACI Forceful, Unruly, Substance Abuse Proneness, Impulsive Propensity, and Family Discord Scales, as well as a recently developed Psychopathy Content Scale. Self‐reported elevated instrumental motivation and reduced empathy or guilt was also associated with lower scores on the Submissive, Conforming, Anxious Feelings, and Sexual Discomfort Scales. There were no significant relationships observed between emotional reactivity and personality scales. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is it inherently prejudicial to try a juvenile as an adult?*
Authors: Levine Murray , Williams Andy , Sixt Amy , Valenti Robert
Published: August 2002

Given only information that a youth who could have been tried as either an adult or as a juvenile was being tried as an adult for murder, 218 undergraduate mock jurors were able to form consistent impressions of the defendant. A very high percent of our mock jurors included a criminal or juvenile justice history as part of that impression. A very large majority of the mock jurors also said that knowledge of that criminal history would be relevant to their vote of guilty. Almost all mock jurors said they would be influenced toward voting guilty by knowledge of a previous criminal history. Few of the other components of the impression were so closely correlated with a judgment of relevance, or with a judgment that they would be influenced toward voting guilty by the knowledge of that component of the stereotype. The effect is relatively specific to knowledge of a previous criminal history. The study has limited ecological validity. Nonetheless, we raise questions about whether the fact that a youth is put on trial as an adult is inherently prejudicial, and violates the Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of paratenon and repetitive motion on the gliding resistance of tendon of extrasynovial origin
Authors: Momose Toshimitsu , Amadio Peter C. , Zobitz Mark E. , Zhao Chunfeng , An Kai‐Nan
Published: August 2002

We measured the gliding resistance of canine and human tendons of intrasynovial origin and tendons of extrasynovial origin with and without paratenon, and investigated the structure of paratenon using scanning electron microscopy. In the canine study, seven intrasynovial flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons, seven extrasynovial fibularis (peroneus) longus (FL) tendons with paratenon, and seven FL tendons without paratenon were used. In the human study, seven intrasynovial FDP tendons and seven extrasynovial palmaris longus (PL) tendons cut in half (one half with paratenon, the other half without paratenon) were used. The gliding resistance of each tendon was measured at 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and100 flexion/extension cycles. The canine and human FDP tendons maintained a gliding resistance significantly lower than that of the other tendons at all observation points (P < 0.05). In the canine, the gliding resistance of the FL tendon with paratenon was significantly lower than that of the FL tendon without paratenon up to 50 flexion/extension cycles (P < 0.05), but the two were not significantly different at 100 cycles. In the human, the gliding resistance of PL tendons with paratenon was significantly lower than that of the PL tendons without paratenon at all measuring points (P < 0.05). Preservation of paratenon thus appears to decrease the gliding resistance of extrasynovial tendons after repetitive motion in vitro. Clin. Anat. 15:199–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right superior septal artery with “normal” right coronary and ectopic “early” aortic origin: A contribution to the vascular supply of the interventricular septum of the human heart
Authors: Von Lüdinghausen Michael , Ohmachi Nobuko
Published: August 2002

In the human heart, anterior and posterior septal branches are mainly responsible for the arterial supply of the interventricular septum. These arteries are the basis of efficient intercoronary collateralization. The right and left superior septal arteries also contribute to the nourishment of the septum and to any eventual collateralization. Because the right superior septal artery (RSSA) is small in diameter, short, and has a variable origin either at the proximal stem or in the ostial area of the right coronary artery, it is difficult or almost impossible to visualize it angiographically. During investigation of the arterial supply of the interventricular septum in 84 human heart specimens and 16 corrosion casts, we found a few peculiarities in the origin and pattern of the RSSA in four specimens. The RSSA was found in 27 cases (27%); in most it was a single vessel and arose from three different locations: (a) the proximal part of the right coronary artery (21 cases); (b) the right coronary ostial area (four cases); and (c) from the floor of the right (anterior) aortic sinus (two cases). Macroscopically, in 16 cases the RSSA had a length of less than 10 mm; in nine cases the arteries were between 11 and 17 mm long. In two cases the RSSA was of more substantial appearance and up to 36 mm in length; it nourished almost the entire upper third of the septal myocardium. In these two cases, two courses could be differentiated: an extramural course with the RSSA descending to the subvalvular fibrous tissue, and an intramural course with ramification in the myocardium of the crista supraventricularis and the superior parts of the interventricular septum. One cadaveric heart specimen and one corrosion cast showed RSSAs that originated “early” (ectopically) on the floor of the right (anterior) aortic sinus; their total lengths were 16 and 17 mm, respectively. Such ectopic ostia of RSSAs have never been described before in the anatomical literature. Given the intense clinical concern with the identification of possible bypass vessels in the myocardium, we assume that the RSSA may have a potential as a collateral route. These findings were also discussed in light of developmental and comparative anatomy. Clin. Anat. 14:312–319, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An additional renal vein
Authors: Dhar Pushpa
Published: August 2002

A routine cadaveric dissection in an adult male revealed the emergence of two renal veins at the hilum of the right kidney that presented two separate openings in the inferior vena cava (IVC), one above the other. At the hilum the segmental branches of the right renal artery were sandwiched between the two veins. An additional venous tributary was present posterior to the right renal pelvis. A single renal vein emerged at the hilum of the left kidney. The various tributaries observed on the right and left sides were measured. The possible developmental basis for this variation suggests the persistence of the embryonic pattern observed in the 22 mm embryo. Clin. Anat. 15:64–66, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mental health and identity: the evaluation of a drop‐in centre
Authors: Hall Sarah , Cheston Richard
Published: August 2002

This paper is based on interviews with users of a drop‐in centre run by a voluntary group. Using a grounded theory approach the paper argues that individuals' use of the drop‐in is linked to the discursive strategies that they have developed to cope with stigma. Tajfel's Social Identity Theory is employed as a framework to examine how users manage the threat to their identity posed by the diagnosis and experience of mental illness. The implications of this research are examined within the context of the empowerment paradigm of mental health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetic patients treated with abciximab and intracoronary stenting
Authors: Walton Brian L. , Mumm Kim , Taniuchi Megumi , Kurz Howard I. , Lasala John M.
Published: August 2002

Diabetic patients are at greater risk for restenosis, recurrent ischemia, and complications following angioplasty than are their nondiabetic counterparts. This is a retrospective study identifying diabetic patients who were treated with abciximab and intracoronary stenting during the period of January 1997 to December 1999. Abciximab was administered to 268 of 707 diabetic patients who received intracoronary stents from 1997 to 1999. The abciximab group contained a higher number of patients with severe ventricular dysfunction and high‐grade lesions. Primary endpoints of all‐cause mortality, same‐vessel revascularization, CABG, TVR, and postprocedural myocardial infarction were similar for both groups. The abciximab group had reduced rates of readmission for cardiac reasons during all follow‐up periods. The trends toward improvement of mortality, surgical or percutaneous revascularization, and cardiac readmissions suggest the effect of abciximab may provide benefit for up to 9 months for higher‐risk diabetic patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:321–325. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful balloon valvuloplasty in an adult patient with severe pulmonic stenosis and aneurysmal poststenotic dilatation
Authors: Fernandes Valerian , Kałuża Grzegorz L. , Zymek Pawet T. , DeFelice Clement A. , Hust Robert , Raizner Albert E.
Published: August 2002

We present a case of pulmonic stenosis with large aneurysmal poststenotic dilatation that was safely and effectively treated with balloon valvuloplasty. Though the poststenotic dilatation persists after the procedure, the risk of dissection and rupture is very low. Hence, balloon valvuloplasty should be considered the treatment of choice in this setting. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:376–380. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endovascular stent implantation in the pulmonary arteries of infants and children without the use of a long vascular sheath
Authors: Pass Robert H. , Hsu Daphne T. , Garabedian Carl P. , Schiller Myles S. , Jayakumar K. Anitha , Hellenbrand William E.
Published: August 2002

Endovascular stent implantation for pulmonary artery stenosis requires the use of a long, large‐bore vascular sheath to insure precise implantation without embolization or malposition. A long vascular sheath may be difficult to position and usage may be associated with vascular compromise and/or hemodynamic embarrassment, especially in infants and small children. We report a new technique for pulmonary artery endovascular stent implantation without the use of a long sheath. From December 2000 to May 2001, 10 patients underwent implantation of 13 Palmaz Corinthian premounted biliary transhepatic stents for pulmonary artery stenosis. Median age was 0.8 years (range, 0.5–18.5) and median weight was 11.8 kg (range, 4.6–65). Patient diagnoses were tetralogy of Fallot (five), double outlet right ventricle (three), branch peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (two), single ventricle s/p cavopulmonary shunt (one), and truncus arteriosus (one). All Palmaz Corinthian stents were delivered uncovered on Cordis Opta LP balloon catheters via short sheaths (6–7 Fr); super‐stiff guidewires were not always necessary. These stents, with a maximal expanded diameter of 12 mm, were placed for peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis as a definitive procedure or at the pulmonary artery bifurcation in patients who were expected to undergo future open heart surgery. The stents were initially implanted on 4, 6, or 8 mm balloon catheters and further expanded if needed. Stents were placed in the right pulmonary artery alone in three patients, left pulmonary artery alone in four patients, and side‐by‐side stents were implanted simultaneously in three patients. All thirteen stents were implanted successfully in the desired location without stent malposition or embolization. Mean angiographic diameter increased from 2.5 ± 1.5 to 5.7 ± 1.4 mm (P < 0.01) and peak systolic ejection gradients decreased from 44 ± 22 to 14 ± 11.6 mm Hg (P < 0.01). The uncovered delivery of the premounted Palmaz Corinthian stent allowed for precise and safe endovascular stent implantation without the hemodynamic and technical problems associated with long vascular sheath usage. This technique is useful for the palliation of proximal pulmonary artery stenosis and is effective definitive treatment for peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis in small infants and children. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:505–509. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inferior vena cava occlusion catheter for pediatric patients with heart disease: For more detailed cardiovascular assessments
Authors: Senzaki Hideaki , Miyagawa Katuya , Kishigami Yoshikazu , Sasaki Nozomu , Masutani Satoshi , Taketazu Mio , Kobayashi Jun , Kobyashi Toshiki , Asano Haruhiko , Kyo Shunei , Yokote Yuji
Published: August 2002

Traditional evaluation of cardiac function is too often limited by reliance on measurements with complex interdependence between cardiac properties and loading factors. Analysis by ventricular pressure–volume (P–V), –area (P–A), or –dimension (P–D) relations during inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion independently quantifies ventricular properties and loading conditions, providing detailed information about cardiovascular dynamics. However, there has been no appropriate size of balloon catheter that can effectively occlude IVC of pediatric patients, hindering the application of P–V (P–A, or P–D) analysis to children with heart disease despite its potential benefit. To address this problem, we have developed a new balloon catheter for IVC occlusion in children. The catheter effectively occluded IVC in 92 pediatric patients with varying forms of heart disease who underwent cardiac catheterization, yielding end‐systolic pressure–area relations. Thus a newly developed balloon catheter would contribute to establishing more accurate and detailed cardiovascular assessments in children with heart disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:392–396. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Closure of prosthetic paravalvular mitral regurgitation with the Gianturco‐Grifka vascular occlusion device
Authors: Eisenhauer Andrew C. , Piemonte Thomas C. , Watson Paul S.
Published: August 2002

Paravalvular regurgitation associated with prothetic mitral valves is often a consequence of infectious endocarditis. The condition is usually treated with debridement and repeat surgical valve replacement. However, repeated operations are associated with high risk. This report describes a case of successful transcatheter treatment of severe paravalvular mitral regurgitation and pulmonary edema in a patient in whom repeat mitral valve replacement was not believed possible. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:234–238. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The platelet function dose‐response to abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization is variable
Authors: Casterella Peter J. , Kereiakes Dean J. , Steinhubl Steven R. , Raymond Russell E. , Kottke‐Marchant Kandice , Patel Karen , Mueller Michelle , Rosenthal Monique , Moliterno David J. , Teirstein Paul S.
Published: August 2002

The platelet function dose‐response to incremental abciximab (Reopro, Eli Lilly/Centocor, Indianapolis, IN) bolus dosing during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was evaluated in 85 patients using a point‐of‐service platelet function assay. Patients received incremental bolus doses of abciximab at 10‐ to 20‐min intervals; platelet function was measured at 10‐min intervals during dosing. The percentage of patients achieving ≥ 80% inhibition of platelet function after 50%, 75%, and 100% of a standard abciximab bolus was 40%, 87%, and 95%, respectively. There were no significant associations between the platelet function dose‐response to abciximab and age, weight, platelet count, hematocrit, heparin dose, peak activated clotting time, thienopyridine use prior to PCI, gender, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, or clinical syndrome. This study demonstrated significant interpatient variability in platelet function dose‐response to abciximab with a substantial proportion (87%) of patients achieving high‐level platelet function inhibition with less than the standard abciximab bolus dose. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:497–504. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective coronary angiography in patients younger than 1 year of age
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Saliba Zakhia , Aggoun Yacine , Bonnet Damien , Sidi Daniel , Kachaner Jean , Bonhoeffer Philipp
Published: August 2002

Precise assessment of coronary artery anatomy is needed in congenital coronary malformations and acquired coronary obstruction in children. The aim of the study was to describe our experience of selective coronary angiography (SCA) in newborns and infants. One hundred and three patients younger than 1 year of age underwent SCA. Indications were preoperative screening for coronary artery lesions or anomalous pattern (41 patients), signs of myocardial ischemia (43 patients), surgical difficulties during the reimplantation of the coronary arteries without signs of ischemia (15 patients), and other indications (4 patients). Success rate of selective injection was 100% with no significant complication. In the presence of clinical suspicion of myocardial ischemia, abnormalities of coronary artery pattern was found in 17 of 43 patients. Precious information for the surgical management was obtained in 13 of 41 patients. SCA can be performed safely even in newborns and small infants. Skills in catheterization and knowledge about the coronary artery anatomy are needed to perform SCA. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:505–509. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracoronary separation of a nosecone: An unusual complication of directional atherectomy
Authors: Suguta Masahiko , Nakano Akihiko , Hoshino Yoichi , Tomita Tomoyuki , Hasegawa Akira , Kurabayashi Masahiko
Published: August 2002

A rare case of coronary separation of nosecone fixed to a 6 Fr GTO cutter catheter after failed directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) is reported. Revascularization was successful using a stent via the subintimal neolumen beside the nosecone. Heavily calcified lesions are relative contraindications to DCA. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:526–530. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Child day care provision: Explaining local variation
Authors: Randall Vicky , Fisher Kimberly
Published: August 2002

Drawing on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, this article seeks to account for variation in the amount and forms of child day care provision amongst British local authorities. Amongst relevant local factors it notes the legacy of earlier child care provision. It considers the association between provision and indicators of need on the one hand and political motivation on the other. Finally it looks at the process of policy making. The conclusion reflects on the implications of these findings for the government's new pledge to meet the child care challenge. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solubility, metastable zone width, and racemic characterization of propranolol hydrochloride
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Xiu Juan , Ching Chi Bun
Published: August 2002

Characterization of the racemic species, which can be a racemic compound, a racemic conglomerate, or a pseudoracemate (solid solution), is a prerequisite for the design of crystallization resolution processes. It is useful to determine the solid/liquid equilibrium solubility of the enantiomer mixtures for crystallization operation. For the beta‐blocker drug propranolol hydrochloride, Gibbs free energy of formation of racemic compound and entropy of mixing of the (R)‐ and (S)‐ enantiomers in the liquid state for racemic conglomerate were calculated. The structural differences between (R, S)‐propranolol hydrochloride and its (S)‐enantiomer were further investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, and solid‐state NMR spectra. The solubility and metastable zone width of (R, S)‐ propranolol hydrochloride in a mixed solvent of methanol and acetone were determined by cooling crystallization over the temperature range 3.5–42.5°C. The ternary solubility diagram of (R)‐, (S)‐propranolol hydrochloride was constructed using the same mixed solvent. The diagram will be useful as a guide for choosing crystallization operation conditions to produce pure enantiomers. Chirality 14:318–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomeric separation of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound using packed‐column subcritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Chen Lu , Thompson Richard A. , Johnson Bruce D. , Wyvratt Jean M.
Published: August 2002

Separation of enantiomers of a thiazolbenzenesulfonamide compound was performed on a Chiralpak® AD column using subcritical fluid chromatography. Effects of alcohol modifier and temperature on the separations were studied. The results revealed that while the main adsorbing interactions were between the hydroxyl group of the analyte and the carbamate group of the stationary phase, chiral discrimination was achieved through an inclusion mechanism within the chiral cavity created along the amylose chains. Analogs and synthetic precursors of the thiazolbenzenesulfonamide studied were also investigated so as to understand the effect of functional groups and configuration of the analyte molecule upon chiral recognition. Chirality 14:393–399, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.