bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation and Investigation of Nanoscale Organic Field‐Effect Transistor With Varying Channel Thickness
Authors: Thakur Yogesh , Khosla Mamta , Raj Balwinder
Published: January 2025

Specific characteristics of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), including channel thickness, ON‐current, OFF‐current, SS, threshold voltage, and turn‐on voltage, are influenced by the fabrication process. The design and realization of circuits based on OFETs demand their expertise and oversight. An OFET with palladium (Pd) source/drain (S/D) electrodes, NdTaNO as dielectric material, pentacene as the active layer, and the aluminum gate electrode is simulated using Silvaco TCAD. The device's performance parameters, such as drain current, threshold voltage, current on/off ratio, transconductance, and subthreshold slope, are analyzed for varying channel thickness from 10 to 100 nm. Overall improvement in ION and VTH is observed with a decrease in tch value. Various fabrication factors, including the management of dewetting issues, tensile strain, and compressive stress in OSC films, which are closely related to the channel thickness of the device, require careful consideration to effectively prolong the operational lifespan of OFET devices. These issues primarily arise when the thickness of the OSC is either extremely minimal or excessively large. Such extremes can result in a reduced lifespan of the device and may compromise the overall performance of the circuit. Therefore, in the analysis presented in this paper, it was discovered that the optimal device conditions and satisfactory operational behavior are achieved at thickness (tch) values of 60 and 50 nm. These values meet the optimal tch requirement for OFET fabrication.
Antimicrobial peptide DP7 alleviates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis via modifying gut microbiota and regulating intestinal barrier function
Authors: Zhao Binyan , Zhou Hongyou , Lin Ke , Xu Jie , Zhou Bailing , Xie Daoyuan , Ma Jing , Yang Lei , Su Chunyan , Yang Li
Published: January 2025

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), represent a growing global health concern. Restoring the balance of the gut microbiota, a crucial factor in intestinal health, offers potential for treating IBD. DP7, a novel antimicrobial peptide with potent antibacterial activity, was investigated for its anti‐inflammatory effects in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced UC mouse model. DP7 significantly ameliorated key disease parameters, including disease activity index, weight loss, and shortened colon length, while preserving colonic epithelial integrity and reducing inflammatory infiltration. Further analysis revealed potential targets of DP7, highlighting the significant role of Muribaculaceae bacteria during inflammatory states. To further explore the role of the gut microbiota in DP7's efficacy, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed using feces from DP7‐treated mice. FMT successfully ameliorated colitis in recipient mice, providing further evidence for the crucial role of the gut microbiome in IBD treatment and DP7's ability to modulate the gut microbiota for therapeutic benefit. Moreover, our findings suggest that DP7's modulation of the immune system is intricately linked to the complex microbial environment. Our findings demonstrate that DP7 effectively mitigates inflammation, attenuates barrier dysfunction, and shapes the gut microbiota, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for UC.
Fentanyl – analytisch betrachtet
Authors: Habekost Achim
Published: January 2025

Für eine lebensnahe Chemielehrerausbildung ist es wichtig, Experimente zu nutzen, die Alltagsbezug haben. Dafür eignet sich zum Beispiel der synthetische Opiumverwandte Fentanyl, der als Schmerzmittel dient und häufig missbräuchlich genutzt wird. Seine chemischen Eigenschaften machen ihn auch für den Hochschulunterricht interessant.
Mittler zwischen Menschen
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: January 2025

Um Abläufe in einem Chemiewerk zu optimieren, muss Paul Kübler die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Prozessen kennen und kennenlernen. Dabei helfen ihm die Mitarbeitenden – und seine Unvoreingenommenheit.
Der Zeit voraus?
Authors: Hollweg Jürgen
Published: January 2025

Andreas Libavius schrieb das erste Lehrbuch auf dem Gebiet der Chemie an der Schwelle zur modernen Wissenschaft. Dennoch glaubte er daran, Blei ließe sich in Gold verwandeln. In gewisser Weise waren die Chemiker der Zeit damit Vordenker – denn tatsächlich lassen sich heutzutage Metalle transmutieren.
Wasserstoff in Salzen speichern
Authors: Massa Jonas , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias , Sponholz Peter , Höhne Martha
Published: January 2025

Mit einer neuen Methode lässt sich Wasserstoff binden und transportieren: In Gegenwart eines Katalysators reagiert H2 mit Bicarbonat zu Formiat. Wasserstoff lässt sich im System speichern oder daraus wieder freisetzen – eine Pilotanlage steht bereits.
Im Gespräch mit Nobelpreisträger Ben Feringa
Authors: Wrodnigg Tanja , Schneider Walter
Published: January 2025

Botschaften für den wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs
Pro & Contra Zukunft der energieintensiven Chemieproduktion in Deutschland: Perspektive Klimaneutralität
Authors: Münnich Paul
Published: January 2025

Für die Zukunft der energieintensiven Chemieproduktion in Deutschland bietet der Umbau zur Klimaneutralität eine gute Perspektive, meint Paul Münnich.
Pro & Contra Zukunft der energieintensiven Chemieproduktion in Deutschland: Preiswerte Energie ist nötig
Authors: Thess André
Published: January 2025

André Thess findet: Um die chemische Industrie aus der Krise zu führen, braucht es neben gewinnorientiertem Führungspersonal preiswerte Energie.
Prospective Quantitative Laryngeal Electromyography Changes in Patients With Iatrogenic Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Lee Yi‐Chieh , Pei Yu‐Cheng , Lu Yi‐An , Lin Wan‐Ni , Fang Tuan‐Jen
Published: January 2025

Objective

To track quantitative laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) and voice outcome survey (VOS) changes over 12 months postiatrogenic unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). To explore the factors influencing these changes.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Methods

Patients who developed UVFP after surgery underwent a series of assessments, including quantitative LEMG, videolaryngostroboscopy, voice acoustic analysis, and completion of the VOS at diagnosis and at the 12‐month follow‐up. The subsequent data from these assessments were then compared for analysis. Bivariate analysis examined predictors of changes in VOS and LEMG data respectively, with significant factors further included in a multivariate regression model.

Results

The study enrolled 99 patients. LEMG data were prospectively collected within 3.9 months (±SD: 0.2) postsurgery, followed by an average 13.2‐month (±SD: 0.2) follow‐up. A worse initial turn ratio of thyroarytenoid‐lateral cricoarytenoid muscle correlated with more significant subsequent improvement in LEMG findings, reflecting a similar trend observed in the change of VOS scores.

Conclusion

This study contributes valuable insights into the temporal change of quantitative LEMG and VOS in patients with iatrogenic UVFP. It suggests that poor initial LEMG and VOS results do not necessarily determine a worse prognosis in terms of electrical activity.
Olfactory Dysfunction in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Authors: Farzal Zainab , Sullivan Kelli M. , Zariwala Maimoona A. , Thorp Brian D. , Senior Brent A. , Ebert Charles S. , Davis Stephanie , Leigh Margaret W. , Knowles Michael R. , Kimple Adam J.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) frequently report olfactory dysfunction, yet this deficit is poorly documented. The purpose of this study was to characterize the presence and degree of olfactory dysfunction in PCD compared to controls and determine whether certain PCD genes are associated with worse olfaction.

Study Design

A prospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Methods

We administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) to individuals with PCD. Participants were divided into 3 age groups (15‐29 years, 30‐44 years, and 45+ years) and compared to age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls (n = 2170).

Results

Twenty‐nine individuals with PCD (8 males and 21 females) met the criteria (median age: 38 years; interquartile range: 22‐47). Only 27.6% of patients with PCD had UPSIT scores within the normosmia range. The UPSIT median scores of each PCD age group were significantly lower than the median scores of the controls (P < .0001 for each age group). UPSIT scores generally worsened with age: mean 33 (mild hyposmia) for 15 to 29 years, 26.8 (moderate hyposmia) for 30 to 44 years, and 20.9 (severe hyposmia) for 45+ years. The most common genes coded were absent inner dynein arm/microtubule disorientation (IDA/MTD) defect (11/24, 45.8%), followed by absent outer dynein arm defect (8/24, 33.3%). The CCDC39 gene (IDA/MTD) was associated with worse olfactory dysfunction.

Conclusion

Individuals with PCD have a substantially higher prevalence and degree of olfactory dysfunction compared to age‐matched controls. Our study is the first to report greater olfactory dysfunction with age in PCD patients, highlighting an important area for research.
Identification and functional characterization of UDP‐glycosyltransferase genes involved in cyetpyrafen resistance in Panonychus citri (McGregor)
Authors: Cong Lin , Li Si‐Chen , Wei Zhi‐Tang , Yu Shi‐Jiang , Huang Ze‐Hao , Cui Yang‐Yang , Yang Qi‐Qi , Ding Li‐Li , Pan Qi , Liu Liu , Li Yang , Ran Chun
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Cyetpyrafen is a newly developed acaricide. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is an important citrus pest that has developed resistance to cyetpyrafen. Uridine diphosphate‐glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have been widely reported to be associated with resistance to multiple acaricides. However, it has been rarely documented that UGT genes participate in cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri.

RESULTS

In this study, a significantly upregulated UGT gene, PcUGT201E1, was identified in P. citri using transcriptome analysis. Expression of PcUGT201E1 was significantly upregulated at all stages in the cyetpyrafen‐resistant strain and silencing PcUGT201E1 significantly increased the susceptibility of P. citri to cyetpyrafen. Molecular docking of PcUGT201E1 with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and cyetpyrafen indicated that UDPG and cyetpyrafen can interact with PcUGT202E1 via hydrogen bonds. Heterologous expression and in vitro functional assays revealed that enzyme activity could be inhibited by cyetpyrafen and that recombinant PcUGT201E1 can deplete cyetpyrafen.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that PcUGT201E1 participates in cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri by sequestration, and provided a molecular foundation for understanding cyetpyrafen resistance in P. citri. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Fatigue performance of composite dowels under combination of shear and tension
Authors: Xiong Zhihua , Li Jiaqi , Wolters Kevin , Mou Xulin , Feldmann Markus
Published: January 2025

The fatigue performance of composite dowels is of great significance, especially for a combination load case of shear and tension. However, this combination load case has not been accounted in the fatigue analysis of composite dowels so far. Therefore, this article presents both the experimental and theoretical studies of steel component's fatigue performance in composite dowels under the load combination. A fracture mechanics‐based theory of critical distance model was developed, and it was validated by a special designed fatigue experiment. The fatigue test rig was tilted and set with two hinges. By parametric numeric analysis, the steel teeth plate's thickness effect and tension effect on the fatigue behaviour were explored. The fatigue detail classifications of the joints are proposed as engineering design guidance based on EN 1993‐1‐9 and International Institute Welding provisions.
Revolutionizing prognosis: Introducing cell death index (CDI) as a powerful prognostic tool for CSCC patients
Authors: Tang Rongjun , Yao Qing , Zhang Ke , Yu Qingqing , Lou Jun , Li Lingdi
Published: January 2025

Background

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) threatens the body health of women worldwide. This study aimed to foster a new concept of prognostic indicator named cell death index (CDI).

Methods

RNA‐seq and scRNA‐seq datasets were downloaded from the GEO and TCGA database as the training and validation cohorts. Programmed cell death (PCD)‐related gene signatures were obtained from published research. The construction of prognostic model was performed based on CDI value. Patients with CSCC were divided into high‐ and low‐CDI groups. We explored the differences in overall survival time, immune infiltration, mutation status, and drug sensitivity between high and low CDI groups by R software.

Results

We constructed prognostic model to calculate the CDI value with 23 genes. Patients with high CDI have shorter survival time than those with low CDI. CDI was considered a risk factor compared to other characteristics. The nomogram model estimated overall survival (OS) at 1, 3, and 6 years, with age, Stage, and CDI, indicating the accuracy of the model in predicting 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐year survival rates. CDI values were negatively correlated with most immune checkpoint genes. We measured the significant drug sensitivity of Mitoxantrone, Sabutoclax, Sepantronium bromide, Topotecan, BI‐2536, and BMS‐754807 between high‐ and low‐CDI groups with significant correlation.

Conclusion

This investigation constructed a novel effective prognostic indicator of CDI in patients with CSCC and identified potential genes associated with cell death that could be targeted for prognosis and treatment of CSCC.
Towards a new generation of methane‐efficient cows
Authors: Mills Georgina
Published: January 2025

Georgina Mills discusses a new project that aims to produce cows genetically selected for their low levels of methane emissions.
Comparison of continuous glucose monitoring with self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes in the changing atmospheric pressures in aviation: a hypobaric flight simulation
Authors: Fan Ka Siu , Manoli Antonios , Baumann Petra M. , Shojaee-Moradie Fariba , Jeivad Fereshteh , Koehler Gerd , Cigler Monika , Umpleby A. Margot , Russell-Jones David , Mader Julia K. ,   EASA Diabetes Consortium, Mathieu Chantal , Russell-Jones David , Eekhoff E. Marelise W. , Hutchison Ewan , Shojaee-Moradie Fariba , Strollo Felice , Koehler Gerd , Roberts Graham , Mader Julia K. , Cigler Monika , Mecani Renald , Helsdingen Richard , Mitchell Stuart , Pieber Thomas
Published: January 2025

Aim/hypothesis

Pilots with type 1 diabetes are required to perform capillary glucose monitoring regularly during flights. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may be an effective and more practical alternative. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of CGM systems against self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) during a hypobaric flight simulation.

Methods

Twelve insulin pump users with type 1 diabetes were studied using two simulation protocols. Protocol A consisted of a ground phase, ascent, a 190 min cruise with ingestion of a liquid meal, descent and then ground. Protocol B consisted of a ground phase, ascent, a 60 min cruise while fasting, descent, a 20 min ground phase, ascent, a second flight of 120 min with ingestion of a meal, followed by descent and ground. Insulin was administered with or before the meal according to the participants’ carbohydrate-counting regimen during both protocols. In Protocol A, capillary, interstitial and plasma glucose were measured during flight and at ground, while in Protocol B, glucose and oxygen were measured. Measurements from three CGM brands and two SMBG devices were recorded during the flight simulations. Findings at cabin pressures during flight (550 mmHg) and ground (750 mmHg) were compared. Fasted and postprandial glucose measurements were analysed using Spearman’s correlations and mean absolute relative differences (MARDs).

Results

Eleven men and one woman (n=6 men in Protocol A; n=5 men and n=1 woman in Protocol B) were studied. A total of 1533 data points were recorded. During flight vs ground level, Spearman’s correlations for CGM system- and SMBG-derived glucose values were very strong in both Protocol A (r=0.96 during flight vs r=0.94 at ground) and Protocol B (r=0.85 during flight vs r=0.69 at ground). The differences in aggregated CGM MARDs during flight vs ground level were minimal across Protocol A (11.85%; 95% CI [9.78, 13.92] vs 9.08%; 95% CI [7.02, 11.14]) and Protocol B (12.01%; 95% CI [3.34, 20.69] vs 12.97%; 95% CI [4.30, 21.65]).

Conclusions/interpretation

The performance of CGM systems and SMBG are comparable during flight-associated atmospheric pressure changes. All tested measurement devices for CGM and SMBG were suitable for diabetes-care-based decisions during flight simulation.

Graphical Abstract
Inadequate sleep hygiene as a key factor in poor sleep quality in systemic sclerosis: an observational, cross-sectional study
Authors: Gokcen Neslihan , Komac Andac , Tuncer Kuru Fatma , Ozdemir Isik Ozlem , Temiz Karadag Duygu , Yazici Ayten , Cefle Ayse
Published: January 2025

This study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep hygiene and sleep quality in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to compare the sleep hygiene and sleep quality outcomes across three distinct groups: SSc patients, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and healthy controls (HC). This study employed an observational, cross-sectional, and parallel group design. SSc-related and RA-related variables, depression and anxiety were assessed. Physical function and quality of life, pain and fatigue of SSc patients were also evaluated. Sleep quality using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep hygiene using the Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI) were evaluated for all participants. Linear regression analysis was performed to show the relationship between the SHI scores and the other variables. Total PSQI and SHI scores were found to be significantly higher in SSc patients than in RA patients and HC. Fatigue, smoking, all SF-36 domains, depression and anxiety scores were associated with SHI scores in SSc patients. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, SSc patients exhibited 4.50 times higher odds (95% CI 2.165–9.353, p < 0.001) of experiencing poor sleep than RA patients and HC. In SSc patients, for every incremental increase in SHI score, the odds of poor sleep quality were 1.15 times higher (95% CI 1.093–1.220, p < 0.001). Sleep hygiene and sleep quality exhibit a more pronounced deterioration in SSc patients. Inadequate sleep hygiene is associated with compromised sleep quality in SSc. Therefore, improving sleep hygiene practices may be a key strategy to enhance the overall sleep quality in this population.
Near-wall flow measurements using frequency-modulating filtered Rayleigh scattering (FM-FRS)
Authors: Byun Gwibo , Lowe K. Todd , Ellery Michael , Sole Joshua
Published: January 2025

The frequency-modulating filtered Rayleigh scattering (FM-FRS) technique has been developed and applied for the boundary layer measurements. The FM-FRS technique effectively extracts Rayleigh scattering information from noisy low-SNR signals caused by intense wall glare. The boundary layer velocity profiles measured by FM-FRS show excellent agreement with an independent pressure probe measurement and the law-of-the-wall, including approximately 100 μm above the wall. This technique is desirable for the practical applications of the Rayleigh scattering technique for flow diagnostics to regions that were limited due to strong background and low signal-to-noise ratio.
Center of Pressure of Medial Knee Contact Force Predicts Future Transition Risk of Knee Surgery in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Momoko Yamagata , Masashi Taniguchi , Hiroshige Tateuchi , Yoshiki Motomura , Masashi Kobayashi , Noriaki Ichihashi
Published: January 2025

Purpose

This study aimed to explore whether mechanical load features, including the magnitude of the medial knee contact force (KCFmed) and its center of pressure (KCFcop) during gait, predict future surgery in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Twenty-six patients with knee OA walked three times at a comfortable speed, and the external knee adduction moment (KAM), flexion moment (KFM), and total knee moment of the KAM and KFM (KTM) were assessed. We further evaluated KCFmed and KCFcop using a musculoskeletal model. The values of knee moments and KCFmed were extracted at the first and second peaks, and the average KCFcop location and amount of KCFcop displacement were calculated during the early-, mid-, and late-stance phases. Ten years after data collection, we confirmed whether the patients required knee surgery (Surg_OA) or not (NonSurg_OA).

Results

Twenty-four patients with complete data were divided into Surg_OA and NonSurg_OA groups. The Surg_OA group had significantly lower KTM, KFM, and KCFmed values at the first peak than the NonSurg_OA group. In the Surg_OA group, KCFcop shifted toward the joint center during the mid- and late-stance phases, and the amount of KCFcop displacement was small during the mid-stance phase. No significant differences were observed in the other parameters.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that individuals who underwent knee surgery within 10 years showed suppressed KCFmed magnitudes in the first half of the stance phase, whereas they received sustained force on a localized area of the medial compartment during the mid-stance phase.
Neurotrophins and their receptors in the peripheral nervous system and non-nervous tissue of fish
Authors: Carrillo-Muñoz Aldo Isaac , R-Jaimes Sharet Y. , Hernández-Hernández Guadalupe C. , Castelán Francisco
Published: January 2025

Trophic factors, such as neurotrophins, are fundamental for cellular processes including differentiation, growth, survival, and regeneration. These molecules exhibit significant morphological and phylogenetic conservation throughout the animal kingdom, indicating conserved functions. In fish, the oldest and most diverse group of vertebrates, neurotrophins, and their receptors play pivotal roles not only within the central nervous system but also in various peripheral tissues. They are distributed in mechanosensory, muscle, skin, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, and immune systems, suggesting their involvement in the development and maintenance of all tissues/organs/systems. Despite this broad distribution, studies focusing on these molecules outside of the central nervous system have been limited to just 12 fish species. These investigations have revealed diverse expression patterns across different ages and tissues/organs/systems, expanding our comprehension of their functions beyond the central and peripheral nervous systems. Notably, BDNF and NT-3 are prominently expressed outside the central nervous system, particularly in mechanosensory and digestive tissues, whereas NGF is predominantly observed in mechanosensory and urinary systems. The expression and localization of neurotrophins and their receptors vary among organs, underscoring tissue-specific roles. Further research is imperative to decipher the precise functions and mechanisms of action of neurotrophins and their receptors in diverse fish tissues. Enhanced efforts are needed to include a broader range of fish species in these studies to advance our understanding of these agents in complex vertebrates, thereby shedding light on tissue development, regeneration, and maintenance, with potential implications for addressing organ-related issues.

Graphical Abstract
First and last as superlatives of before and after
Authors: Alstott Johanna
Published: January 2025

First and last have been variously described as ordinals, superlatives, or both. These descriptions are generally not accompanied by extensive argumentation, and those who label first and last as superlatives do not present and argue for a particular decomposition. Thus, first and last’s status as ordinals vs. superlatives and their internal composition remain open issues. In this paper, I argue that first and last are superlatives, in particular the superlative forms of before and after. To argue that first and last are superlatives, I show that they pattern like superlatives and unlike ordinals (second, third, etc.) with respect to plurality, modifier choice, “modal superlatives” with possible, and the ordinal superlative construction. I next argue that the relations between before and first and between after and last show themselves overtly in many languages and in English paraphrases; furthermore, first and last semantically differ in ways that before and after have also been noted to differ. While I acknowledge one observation that prima facie counterexemplifies these claims, I argue that it constitutes a genuine counterexample only if one formalizes my decomposition of first/last using a standard Heimian (Heim in Notes on superlatives. Manuscript, MIT (1999)) entry for -est. The counterexample, which concerns the “upstairs de dicto” reading of superlatives, ceases to be an issue if one treats before and after as simplex and formalizes my decomposition using a Containment Hypothesis-inspired semantics (Bobaljik in Universals in comparative morphology: Suppletion, superlatives, and the structure of words, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2012) for -est.
Forecasting field rice grain moisture content using Sentinel-2 and weather data
Authors: Brinkhoff James , Dunn Brian W. , Dunn Tina , Schultz Alex , Hart Josh
Published: January 2025

Optimizing the timing of rice paddy drainage and harvest is crucial for maximizing yield and quality. These decisions are guided by rice grain moisture content (GMC), which is typically determined by destructive plant samples taken at point locations. Providing rice farmers with predictions of GMC will reduce the time burden of gathering, threshing and testing samples. Additionally, it will reduce errors due to samples being taken from unrepresentative areas of fields, and will facilitate advanced planning of end-of-season drain and harvest timing. This work demonstrates consistent relationships between rice GMC and indices derived from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, particularly those involving selected shortwave infrared and red edge bands (r=0.84, 1620 field samples, 3 years). A methodology was developed to allow forecasts of grain moisture past the latest image date to be provided, by fusing remote sensing and accumulated weather data as inputs to machine learning models. The moisture content predictions had root mean squared error between 1.6 and 2.6% and
$$\hbox {R}^2$$
of 0.7 with forecast horizons from 0 to 28 days. Time-series grain moisture dry-down predictions were summarized per field to find the optimal harvest date (22% grain moisture), with an average RMSE around 6.5 days. The developed methodology was operationalized to provide rice growers with current and projected grain moisture, enabling data-driven decisions, ultimately enhancing operational efficiency and crop outcomes.
Prevalence and impact of comorbid mental disorders in hospitalized patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): a nationwide study using administrative data
Authors: Nora Daniel , Freitas Alberto , Fernandes Lia , Ferreira Ana Rita
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to compare the prevalence of mental comorbidities between hospitalization episodes with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and to analyze the association of those mental comorbidities with modifiable risk factors that may potentiate OSA. An observational retrospective analysis was conducted using an administrative database of discharges from all Portuguese mainland public hospitals. All-cause adult hospitalizations occurring between 2008–2015 were dichotomized according to the existence of an OSA code (ICD-9-CM 327.23). Mental disorders were clustered into categories 650–670 of Clinical Classifications Software. Within the OSA group, binary logistic regressions were performed to analyze associations between mental comorbidities and modifiable OSA risk factors. Of 6 072 538 admissions, 36 385 had a primary or secondary diagnosis of OSA, which was associated with greater odds of comorbid anxiety disorders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.84), bipolar disorders (aOR = 2.68), depressive disorders (aOR = 2.38), alcohol abuse (aOR = 1.29) and suicidal behaviors (aOR = 1.52) compared to those without OSA (all p < 0.05). Each of these mental comorbidities was associated with significantly greater odds of at least two of the four studied risk factors that may potentiate OSA (namely obesity, smoking, alcohol abuse and opioid/sedative abuse). These findings emphasize the complex interplay between OSA and mental disorders, suggesting relevant bidirectional relationships, and highlight the importance of comprehensive assessment and management of mental health in individuals with OSA.
A remarkable basic hypergeometric identity
Authors: Krattenthaler Christian , Zudilin Wadim
Published: January 2025

We give a closed form for quotients of truncated basic hypergeometric series where the base q is evaluated at roots of unity.
The shifted prime-divisor function over shifted primes
Authors: Fan Kai Steve
Published: January 2025

Let

$$a,b\in {\mathbb {Z}}\setminus \{0\}$$

a
,
b
∈
Z
\
{
0
}

. For every

$$n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

n
∈
N

, denote by

$$\omega _a^*(n)$$

ω
a
∗

(
n
)

the number of shifted-prime divisors

$$p-a$$

p
-
a

of n, where

$$p>a$$

p
>
a

is prime. In this paper, we study the moments of

$$\omega _a^*$$

ω
a
∗

over shifted primes

$$p-b$$

p
-
b

. Specifically, we prove an asymptotic formula for the first moment and upper and lower bounds of the correct order of magnitude for the second moment. These results suggest that the average behavior of

$$\omega ^*_a$$

ω
a
∗

on shifted primes is similar to its average behavior on natural numbers. We shall also prove upper bounds for the mean values of sub-multiplicative functions in a nice class over the least common multiples of the shifted primes

$$p-a$$

p
-
a

and

$$q-b$$

q
-
b

. Such upper bounds are intimately related to the second moments of

$$\omega ^*_a$$

ω
a
∗

over natural numbers and over shifted primes. Finally, we propose a new conjecture on the second moment of

$$\omega _1^*$$

ω
1
∗

over natural numbers and provide a heuristic argument in support of this conjecture.
The differential diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors: systematic review of Ki-67 and IGF2 and meta-analysis of Ki-67
Authors: Oliveira Sofia B. , Machado Mariana Q. , Sousa Diana , Pereira Sofia S. , Pignatelli Duarte
Published: January 2025

Distinguishing benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors (ACT) is not always easy, particularly for tumors with unclear malignant potential based on the histopathological features comprised of the Weiss score. Previous studies reported the potential utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers to recognize malignancy, in particular the Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and the proliferation marker, Ki-67. However, this information was not compiled before. Therefore, this review aimed to collect the evidence on the potential diagnosis utility of IGF2 and Ki-67 IHC staining. Additionally, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the Ki-67 accuracy to identify adrenocortical carcinoma. The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. From the 26 articles included in the systematic review, 21 articles provided individual data for IGF2 (n = 2) or for Ki-67 (n = 19), while 5 studies assessed both markers. IGF2 staining was positive in most carcinomas, in contrast to adenomas. However, the different immunostaining evaluation methods adopted among the studies impeded to perform a meta-analysis to assess IGF2 diagnostic accuracy. In contrast, for the most commonly used cut-off value of 5% stained cells, Ki-67 showed pooled specificity, sensitivity and log diagnostic odds ratio of 0.98 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.99), 0.82 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.92) and 4.26 (95% CI 3.40 to 5.12), respectively. At the 5% cut-off, Ki-67 demonstrated an excellent specificity to recognize malignant ACT. However. the moderate sensitivity observed indicates the need for further studies exploring alternative threshold values. Additionally, more studies using similar approaches are needed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of IGF2.

Registration code in PROSPERO: CRD42022370389.
Statistical optimisation and analysis of biomass and exopolysaccharide production by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH30
Authors: Copeland Helena Mylise , Maye Susan , MacLeod George , Brabazon Dermot , Loscher Christine , Freeland Brian
Published: January 2025

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria with immunomodulatory potential are promising natural food additives. This study employs small-scale, 250 mL bioreactors combined with a central composite design to optimise two important bioprocess parameters, namely temperature and airflow, to achieve high yields of biomass and EPS from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LRH30 (L. rhamnosus LRH30). A quadratic model was determined to be the best fit for the production of both products. The optimum critical process parameters for maximised biomass were identified to be 37.01 °C with an airflow of 0.12 vvm, while optimum criteria was 20.1 °C with an airflow of 0.18 vvm for maximum EPS production. Under these optimized conditions, small-scale batch experiments yielded a biomass concentration of 10.1 g/L and an EPS yield of 520.2 mg/L. In comparison, scale-up experiments in 2L reactors resulted in a biomass concentration of 8.54 g/L (a reduction of 18%) and an EPS yield of 654.6 mg/L (an increase of 26%). The produced EPS was purified and characterised through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and showed characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharides. The immunomodulatory potential of the L. rhamnosus LRH30 cells and EPS was evaluated through cytokine and chemokine secretion in a J774A.1 murine macrophage, resulting in a predominantly anti-inflammatory effect of L. rhamnosus LRH30 and EPS.
Investigating heavy metals and other elements in Procambarus clarkii and environmental matrices from three wetlands of Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Savoca Dario , Marrone Federico , Faraone Francesco Paolo , Giudice Vittoria , Messina Salvatore , D’Oca Gaetano , Arizza Vincenzo , Maccotta Antonella , Vecchioni Luca
Published: January 2025

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of 18 elements was conducted on Procambarus clarkii and its environmental samples to evaluate its potential as a bioindicator species. Analysis of biological samples was carried out to both assess the safety of the use of raw materials and, together with environmental samples, to assess the contamination status of the sampled sites. Significant differences highlighted by the PERMANOVA, HCA and PCA analyses confirmed the valid use of P. clarkii as a bioindicator of the health status of the studied ecosystem. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and the biotic sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), except in a few cases, reported values below the bioaccumulative criterion and showed the highest BAF values for manganese, iron and barium in the exoskeleton while the highest BSAF values concerned mercury, copper and zinc in the muscle and barium in the exoskeleton. These findings indicate that, for most of the trace elements (TEs), the extent of pollution at these sites is such that it does not result in significant bioaccumulation in the muscle and exoskeleton of P. clarkii. The TE concentration levels signalled mild contamination of the sampling sites, proving a good health status of the studied aquatic ecosystem. Finally, the results obtained in P. clarkii muscle were below the threshold limits of EU Regulation 2023/915 suggesting that these edible parts are safe for human consumption.
Next-generation urea resins: formaldehyde-free coating materials based on higher aldehydes and amides
Authors: Knospe Philipp , Shams Uldeen Marya , Reichmann René , Seithümmer Julia , Abdulkarim Ali , Rubbert Lea V. , Knospe Felix , Dornbusch Michael
Published: January 2025

Urea-formaldehyde resins, which are often used indoors as coatings or adhesives due to their limited resistance to moisture, are becoming less and less important, particularly due to the increasingly strict limit values for formaldehyde.1 The release of toxicologically harmful formaldehyde is possible even after curing, so that these resins, which have been favored in terms of price, are increasingly being substituted.2 This work focused on the synthesis of formaldehyde-free coating materials based on higher aldehydes, which can be cured with urea or urea derivatives. The substitution of formaldehyde, which is becoming more and more restricted, also makes it easier to produce and handle these resins on an industrial scale. Especially higher aldehydes of the benzaldehyde type were investigated, as these do not mechanistically release formaldehyde during the curing reaction with urea and are also unable to form colored enamides.3 Both aspects were confirmed in this work. The crosslinking mechanism was investigated using spectroscopic methods such as IR or Raman, and the mechanical properties of the resulting coatings were examined using DMA and rheometer-DMTA. Furthermore, application tests in accordance with DIN were carried out. Especially adducts from renewable 5-hydroxymetylfurfural turned out to form high performance coatings when crosslinked with urea.
Mind the Gap: Eine Analyse der Beteiligungsdifferenz von nationalen und lokalen Wahlen in Deutschland
Authors: Graeb Frederic
Published: January 2025

Der Status von Kommunalwahlen ist in der Wahlforschung umstritten. So wurden Kommunalwahlen einerseits schon früh als nationale Nebenwahlen klassifiziert, andererseits deutet die Ausbildung lokalisierter Parteiensysteme daraufhin, dass es sich um einen Wahltyp sui generis handeln könnte. Das vorliegende Papier soll dazu beitragen, Klarheit bezüglich des Nebenwahlcharakters von Kommunalwahlen herzustellen. Dazu wird das Ausmaß der Beteiligungsdifferenz von Kommunal- und Bundestagswahlen in Deutschland analysiert und versucht, mögliche Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren.

Es wird argumentiert, dass der Nebenwahlcharakter einer Kommunalwahl von lokalen Rahmenbedingungen abhängt. Konkret wird ein substantieller Einfluss der Bevölkerungsgröße, des Wahlsystems sowie des lokalen Parteiensystems auf die Höhe der Beteiligungsdifferenz postuliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einerseits, dass Kommunalwahlen Eigenschaften einer nationalen Nebenwahl aufweisen. In einer großen Mehrheit der Gemeinden ist die lokale Wahlbeteiligung unter dem Niveau der Beteiligung an nationalen Wahlen. Andererseits üben Kontextfaktoren wie das Wahlsystem, die Gemeindegröße und das lokale Parteiensystem einen Einfluss auf die Beteiligungsdifferenz aus. Nebenwahleigenschaften von Kommunalwahlen werden hierdurch relativiert. In kleinen Gemeinden nehmen Kommunalwahlen eher den Charakter einer eigenständigen Hauptwahl an, was in einer niedrigeren Beteiligungsdifferenz zum Ausdruck kommt. Nationalisierte Parteiensysteme und Wahlsysteme mit geschlossenen Listen wirken sich ebenfalls auf die Beteiligungsdifferenz aus. Das Papier leistet damit einen Beitrag zum Verständnis kommunaler Wahlbeteiligung und bietet eine Reihe von Anknüpfungspunkten für künftige Forschungsvorhaben.
Food Security and Plant Variety Protection: Seeding Hope for the African Continental Free Trade Area?
Authors: Ncube Caroline B.
Published: January 2025

This article argues that the twin pillars of the right to food and sustainable development ought to inform how the Annex on the protection of new plant varieties under the Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is drafted, in view of the impact of such protection on access to food. Such impact is multi-pronged, beginning with the quality, quantity and availability of seeds, through to crop production and regional cross-border distribution of agricultural products in the AfCFTA. In order to give effect to these twin pillars, the continental sui generis system mandated by the AfCFTA Protocol on Intellectual Property Rights must draw on access and benefit sharing rules, farmers rights and existing plant variety protection systems. The article posits that this is an opportune moment to return to the African Union Model Law for the Protection of the Rights of Local Communities, Farmers and Breeders, and for the Regulation of Access to Biological Resources and various instruments of the regional economic communities and intellectual property organizations to weave the continental system in the Annex on Plant Variety Protection to be negotiated under the Protocol.
Towards (Global) Food Equity – The Role of Intellectual Property and Trade
Authors: Upreti Pratyush Nath , Guida Alessandra
Published: January 2025

The Covid-19 pandemic profoundly disrupted global food systems, aggravating vulnerabilities in consumption, production, hygiene, and access. These disruptions intensified economic instability and reduced the production capacity of small and medium-sized agribusinesses, widening the gap between food supply and demand and contributing to a dramatic rise in global undernourishment. Economic fallout and price inflation compounded these issues, particularly affecting low-income countries and exacerbating social inequities. The recent escalation in global food crises, exacerbated by events such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and climate change, underscores the urgent need for a transformative approach to food ecosystems. This article examines the critical role of intellectual property (IP) and trade in fostering equitable food governance, particularly within the post-pandemic and post-crisis global legal order. It assesses how IP and trade mechanisms might bridge gaps in food security and advance the right to food as part of a broader human rights framework. Using equity as a guiding concept, this article analyzes ongoing initiatives at the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization, focusing on recent developments in trade negotiations and the International Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Traditional Knowledge. Through these lenses, the article evaluates the potential of IP and trade instruments to support sustainable, inclusive, and equitable food governance, highlighting how these tools can address emerging challenges in agri-food innovation, food sovereignty, and climate resilience.
Analytical techniques for arsenic speciation
Authors: Tanaka Yu-ki , Matsuhashi Kemmu , Ogra Yasumitsu
Published: January 2025

Due to its toxicity, contamination with arsenic, a Group 1 carcinogen, is a significant environmental and public health issue. The toxicity of arsenic varies with its chemical form. For example, inorganic species like arsenite (AsO3
3−) and arsenate (AsO4
3−) are generally more toxic than organoarsenic compounds. However, some organoarsenic species exhibit higher toxicity than inorganic species. Therefore, the precise quantification and speciation of arsenic is necessary. Chromatographic techniques, particularly liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), are widely used for arsenic speciation owing to their high sensitivity and accuracy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is another effective technique for detecting arsenic species after derivatization. In addition to chromatographic methods, more straightforward and cost-effective techniques are available for inorganic arsenic speciation. These include adsorption techniques, colorimetric assays such as the molybdenum blue method, hydride generation reactions, and voltammetry. Emerging technologies, such as microfluidic and electrochemical devices, enable rapid and portable analysis, facilitating in situ detection of arsenite and arsenate in environmental samples. While LC-ICP-MS remains the gold standard for comprehensive arsenic speciation, other advanced technologies provide a practical, rapid, and cost-effective approach.

Graphical Abstract
Causation in Physics
Authors: Weaver Christopher Gregory
Published: January 2025

Causation in Physics demonstrates the importance of causation in the physical world. It details why causal mastery of natural phenomena is an important part of the effective strategies of experimental physicists. It develops three novel arguments for the viewpoint that causation is indispensable to the ontology of some of our best physical theories. All three arguments make much of the successes of experimental physics. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Kant's Critique of Practical Reason
Authors: Walschots Michael
Published: January 2025

Kant did not initially intend to write the Critique of Practical Reason, let alone three Critiques. It was primarily the reactions to the Critique of Pure Reason and the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals that encouraged Kant to develop his moral philosophy in the second Critique. This volume presents both new and first-time English translations of texts written by Kant's predecessors and contemporaries that he read and responded to in the Critique of Practical Reason. It also includes several subsequent reactions to the second Critique. Together, the translations in this volume present the Critique of Practical Reason in its full historical context, offering scholars and students new insight into Kant's moral philosophy. The detailed editorial material appended to each of the eleven chapters helps introduce readers to the life and works of the authors, outlines the texts translated, and points to relevant passages across Kant's works.
Bibliometric analysis of OCD prevalence in youth populations of developing countries
Authors: Blaney Jacob , Konda Sanjana , Ganti Latha
Published: January 2025

This paper is a bibliometric analysis of research of adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in developing nations. An analysis of 4,807 papers was conducted to show trends in these areas. The most significant research came from developed countries – with the United States and England having the most publications and the strongest citation strength. However, developing countries play an important role in the development of OCD research because of how they deliver different perspectives into the field given their more distant associations with developed nation’s research. This study will use multiple indicators of bibliometrics, most notably bibliographic coupling and citation strength, to draw conclusions to show the various contributions of different nations to the field of adolescent OCD.
Recurrent carbon labels induce bipartisan effects in environmental choices under risk
Authors: Rahmani Azad Zahra , Cohen Doron , Hahnel Ulf J. J.
Published: January 2025

Addressing climate change requires substantial shifts in individual behavior. Providing information about climate externalities through carbon labels is a promising tool to foster sustainable choices when individuals weigh environmental against personal outcomes. We study the impact of carbon labels over time and their underlying mechanisms in a repeated risky choice task. We ran two preregistered experiments (US samples, N = 1,268) with realized carbon and monetary payoffs, examining how choice is influenced by the timing of carbon information (One-off vs. Recurring) and participants’ political preference (i.e., Democrat or Republican voters). In Study 1, we find that both Democrats and Republicans reduce carbon emissions when carbon labels were provided. Further, recurring labels significantly reduced carbon choices compared to one-off labels. Study 2 replicated the results in a within-participant design and showed that the impact of recurring carbon labels on sustainable choices cannot be explained by the strength of emission recall. This suggests that recurring labels amplify the importance given to the climate attribute in the decision process, operating via attentional rather than informational mechanisms. Our results emphasize the importance of providing climate externality information at time of use to raise awareness about climate costs and bolster sustainable preferences across population segments.