bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTINEPHROPATHY EFFECT OF Aloe vera GEL TO PKC-β LEVEL ON WISTAR RAT KIDNEY IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Utami Juliyatin Putir , Lestari Umie , Wulandari Nuning , Susanto Hendra , Handaya Yuda
Published: September 2015

Aloe veragelhas a large vitamins which has become potential candidate to supressed vascular damaged oforganwhich potentially lead to complications such as diabetic nephropathy. This process through down regulation of PKC-β level as a cascade activator of gene transcription such as contraction and permeability of cell. The research goal was to determinethe effect of Aloe vera gel on PKC-β level in the kidneys of diabetes mellitus (DM) wistar rats. Twenty four rats divided into eight treatments (negative controls, positive controls, Non DM with A.vera gel dosage 30, 60, and 120 mg/day, DM with A.vera gel dosage 30, 60 and 120 mg/day) with three replications each. All of the data was analyzed using one way Anova with Statistical Product and Service Solution 16 software. The research result showed that the A. vera gelhas significant effectto decrease PKC-β level significantly (p < 0,000) in diabetes mellitus (DM) wistar rat kidney. In conclusion A.vera gel supressed diabetic nephropathy process via PKC-β and ROS activity in optimum dosage 30 mg/ day. Keywords: Aloe vera Gel, PKC-β level, Diabetes mellitus.
DIVERSIFICATION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS AS PLANT DEFENCE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON Spodoptera exigua CELL LINES
Authors: Nuringtyas Tri Rini , Mustafa N R , Mulder P P J , Leiss K A , Klinkhamer P G L
Published: September 2015

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are part of the constitutive chemical defence against herbivores. PA composition in plants is strongly determined by the environment, mostly in an unpredictable way. In this study the ability of different Jacobaea tissue cultures types including shoot, root and complete plants to produce and diversify PAs was evaluated. Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea aquatica and three hybrids of a cross were used representing different genotypes. The cultures were harvested after nine weeks and PA content was measured using LC-MS/MS. We observed that not only roots, as known so far, but also shoots were able to synthesise de-novo PAs. Significant differences in total concentration of PAs were observed with the lowest concentration in the roots, followed by shoots and the highest concentration in complete plants. Evaluation of PA composition showed that senecionine- and otosenine-like PAs were present in both roots and shoots while next to senecionine-like PAs, jacobine- and erucifoline-like PAs occurred in the shoots and complete plants. Among these PAs, jacobine and erucifoline are the most effective against insect herbivores as indicated by correlative studies. In this way, the above-ground plants that suffer from herbivore attack are better defended. To test this, the two PAs and other commercially available senecionine­like PAs including, senecionine, seneciphylline, retrorsine, and senkirkine were tested as free base and N-oxide forms. A range of concentrations from 0 70 ppm was added to Spodoptera exigua cell line. The result showed jacobine and erucifoline appeared to be the most toxic PAs proving their major role in plant defence against generalist herbivores. Senkirkine and seneciphylline showed a lower toxicity than jacobine and erucifoline but higher than retrorsine. Senecionine was not toxic at the tested concentrations. In all toxic PAs the free base form was more toxic than the N-oxide form. The results obtained give us an insight in what plant organs PAs are produced and how there are distributed over different plant organs, that have great relevance to understand their role in plant defense.Keywords: Jacobaea, Spodoptera exigua, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, diversification, toxicity.
THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF Centella asiatica LEAF ON SERIAL SERUM BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIN FACTOR (BDNF) CONCENTRATION OF RATS (SPRAGUE DAWLEY) FOLLOWING CHRONIC STRESS
Authors: Sari Dwi Cahyani Ratna , Rochmah Mawaddah Ar
Published: September 2015

Centella asiatica is considered herbal plant for increasing memory performance. Brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) has a significant role in memory formation process, while stress causes memory impairment. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica leaf on serum BDNF concentration of rats that was taken serially before and after chronic electrical stress. Materials and Methods : Twenty male rats (Sprague Dawley) were divided into four groups: control/aquades group and groups treated with different doses (mg/kg) of Centella asiatica :150 (CA150), 300 (CA300) and 600 (CA600). Each rat underwent memory exercise for nine days before and after electrical stress and oral administration of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica for twenty-eight days. Blood sampling was taken serially from rats’ tail for four times : (1) before memory exercise, (2) after memory exercise (before stress), (3) after chronic stress, and (4) after memory exercise (following chronic stress). Concentration of serum BDNF was assessed using ELISA. Results: There was no significant difference in serum BDNF concentration between groups in first and second serum sampling, which was prior to chronic stress and administration of different treatments. However, there was significant difference in third and fourth serum sampling between groups. Mean concentration of serum BDNF (ng/ml) in third and fourth sampling for control group, CA150, CA300, and CA600, respectively were 1.88+0.21 &1.93+0.24; 2.29+0.13 & 2.01+0.22; 2.29+0.08 &1.86+0.11; 2.71+0.70 and 2.99+0.27 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica leaf increases serum BDNF concentration in rats after chronic stress.

Keywords: stress, memory, Centella asiatica, BDNF
EFFECT of Aloe vera EXTRACT TO THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 (IGF-1) LEVELS FROM VISCERAL FAT TISSUE IN Rattus norvegicus WISTAR DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Nurmamulyosari Lulut Dwi , Hariri Muhammad Rifqi , Gofur Abdul , Listyorini Dwi , Susanto Hendra , Handaya Adeodatus Yudha
Published: September 2015

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder indicated by hyperglycaemia due to lack of insulin production, insulin activity, or both. It causes oxidative stress that may damage the receptor of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) in the pituitary. As the result, Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF­1) production are decreased and glucose uptakes to the cell is inhibited. Aloe vera has a high antioxidant activity. It is possible to counter oxidative stress in unregulated the production of IGF-1. This study aimed to determine the effect of A. vera extracts to the level of IGF-1 from visceral fat tissue Rattus norvegicus wistar diabetes mellitus. This study used 24 R. norvegicus wistar male. R. norvegicus STZ-induced diabetes mellitus
R. norvegicus were grouped into positive control (C+), 30 mg/day, 60 mg/day, 120 mg/day. Fasting blood glucose test was performed to determine the successful induction of diabetes mellitus (DM) three days after induced. Non-DM rats (NDM) were grouped into negative control (C-), 30 mg/day, 60 mg/day, and 120 mg/ day. Each group was consisting of three replications. Each animal, except the controls, were treated 3 ml suspension of A. vera extract for 14 days by gavage. IGF-1 levels were measured using indirect ELISA. The result showed that the extract of A. vera significantly influenced the IGF-1 levels in DM group. The dose of 60 and 120 mg/day significantly raised the level of IGF-1 compared to C+. In NDM group the dose of 60 mg/ day significantly raised the level of IGF-1 compared to C-.

Keywords: Aloe vera, Rattus norvegicus, IGF-1, visceral fat, diabetes mellitus
ABUNDANCE AND SIGHTING FREQUENCY OF BIRDS IN SENDI – GAJAH MUNGKUR TRACK, TAMAN HUTAN RAYA RADEN SOERJO, MOJOKERTO REGENCY
Authors: Hermadhiyanti Windri , Pramudita Haris Eka , Cahyono Heru , Arifiantari Rani , Ardiansyah Muhammad , Sa’adah Ana , Ramadhani Charina , MientyasNingrum Diany Ragil , Retnaningtyas Riri Wiyanti , Diwanata Bima
Published: September 2015

Sendi – Gajah Mungkur is one of conservation area in Taman Hutan Raya Raden Soerjo, Mojokerto Regency. This is region mostly composed by tropical rainforest with altitude of 1067 – 1174 amsl with rich biodiversity including orchids, mammals, and birds. Some evidence concerning Taman Hutan Raya Raden Soerjo’s richness are some reports and documentations about the Zoothera andromedae, Ficedula narcis, and Arborophila javanica as new records in West Java. This research is done to determine the abundance and sighting frequency of birds in Sendi – Gajah Mungkur track, Taman Hutan Raya Raden Soerjo, Mojokerto Regency using modified line transect method. Species with the most abundance and sighting frequency are Collocalia linchi, Zosterops palpebrosus, and Dicaeum sanguinolentum.

Keywords: Abundance, Sighting Frequency, Sendi, Gajah Mungkur, Taman Hutan Raya Raden Soerjo
NATURAL SUCCESSION OF SECONDARY-LOWLAND DIPTEROCARP FOREST AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN LONG PAHANGAI, WEST KUTAI, EAST KALIMANTAN
Authors: Sancayaningsih Retno Peni , Bait Misbakhul
Published: September 2015

Selective logging in West Kutai may raise vegetation and environmental destruction in lowland Dipterocarp forest, and this will naturally run into succession. The purposes of this research were to study secondary succession in lowland Dipterocarp forest after 8 months and 6 years of Selective Logging in Long Pahangai, West Kutai regency, East Kalimantan and to study the relationships between plant abundance and soil nutrients and other environmental factors. The research had been done from May to November 2012. Nine study plots were chosen randomly within 3 selected study areas: primary Dipterocarp forest; and two secondary Dipterocarp forests, including 8 months, and 6 years forest after selective logging with three replicates each. Vegetation analysis was carried out using 20 x 20 m2 quadrat method, and 36 soil samples were taken and analyzed its soil nutrients, including total content of C-organic, total as well as available content of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium.
The results showed that 8 months secondary forest had dominated by pioneer plant of grass (Scleria sp.). Six-year secondary forest had dominated by pioneer trees such as Macaranga and climax species such as Shorea and Adenanthera. High abundance (20% and 26 %) of climax vegetation saplings in 6-year­old secondary forest increased its similarity index close to primary forest. The high available phosphorus content in soil may induce the growth of both pioneer and climax plant species in the 6-year secondary forest compared to other forests. The different trend showed in the 8 month secondary forests that selective logging practices enriched soil nutrients contents except for available phosphorous.

Keywords : Selective logging; succession; lowland Dipterocarp forest; west Kutai
VEGETATION ANALYSIS IN PART OF CATCHMENT AREA INFLUENCING WATER QUALITY IN CIKAPUNDUNG UPSTREAM, SUNTENJAYA VILLAGE, WEST BANDUNG REGENCY
Authors: Sancayaningsih Retno Peni , Mosyaftiani Amarizni
Published: September 2015

Plant coverage and land-use practices in catchment area influence water quality of the stream. Vegetation analysis in the catchment area of Cikapundung upstream was studied in three land-use areas: Production Forest (HP), Plantation (PK), and Settlement (PM) areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the vegetation as cover ground, and to relate between land uses and water quality of the Cikapundung stream. Research was conducted from February to April 2013. Equally random sampling method was conducted in three accessible land use areas with a total of 18 nested square plots (20x20 m2; 10x10 m2 and 1x1 m2) of each growth forms.
There were 59 species found in the catchment area of Cikapundung upstream consisting of trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs, herbaceous and grasses growth forms. Among two other land uses, PK had the highest (37) plant species, and HP had the highest diversity index (2,78).Similarity indices of total vegetation between HP-PK; PK-PM; and PM-HP were 12.3%,4.8%, and 10.1%. The highest similarity indices performed in trees was between HP-PK of 75%, while similarity indices both herbaceous plants and grasses were shown between PK-PM; and between PM-HP with the figures of 62%, and 70% respectively. Overall, herbaceous and grasses coverage dominated the catchment area of PM, HP, and PK, with the figures of 63%, 46%, and 43% respectively.Based on water quality standard, the best water quality was in HP. However, the streams in all stations have been polluted by coliform, due to bio-fertilizer applications.

Keywords: catchment area, Cikapundung upstream, land-use practices, water quality
DIEL DISTRIBUTION OF DESOLVED OXYGEN AT TRADITIONAL-SQUARE SHRIMP POND IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF BONDAN SEGARA ANAKAN
Authors: Djohan Tjut Sugandawaty , Suhesthiningsih Krisni , Pasila Amsal
Published: September 2015

In 1997, large area of mangrove forest in Segara Anakan was converted into the intensive shrimp-ponds, which were failed, abandoned, and colonized by mangrove shrubs. Some of these abandoned shrimp-ponds were changed into the traditional shrimp-ponds using tides as a source of energy. We aimed to study the diel distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) at the traditional-square shrimp pond, 250m x 80m, during the dry season of October 2009. This pond had one gate for water inflow and out flow from Bondan River, which was automatically open and closed by tides. The island of this shrimp-pond was colonized by aquatic macrophyte, Fimbristylis polytrichoides, which was die-back during the dry season. We also measured pH, salinity, and temperature both at the shrimp pond and the water inflow. We hypothesized that DO in the traditional shrimp pond was similar to DO of Bondan River. The sampling was conducted for 3-hour periods in the 24 hours. Water samples were taken from 4 points at the canal, 2 points in the center, island, and 2 points at the water inflow of Bondan River. The results showed that DO distribution in the 24 hours were 3.8-9.2 ppm. The DO concentration of the traditional shrimp-pond was higher than DO of the Bondan River. The DO during the day was higher than the night. The lowest DO concentrations were at early morning between 4.7 ppm in the ponds, 3.56 ppm in the river inflow. The DO of the shrimp pond was influenced by the temperature and pH.

Keywords: Dissolved Oxygen, traditional shrimp-pond, mangrove
ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES IN JEMBER DISTRICT, INDONESIA
Authors: Wimbaningrum Retno , Arisoesilaningsih Endang , Retnaningdyah Catur , Indriyani Serafinah
Published: September 2015

Irrigated agriculture is dependent on an adequate water supply of usable quality. The analysis of physico­chemical parameters of surface water inJember District was done for the criteria of irrigation water quality. Surface water comprises spring water, falls, rivers, and tertiary irrigation channels. For this purpose, three sectors or locations were chosen to take twenty seven water samples in the summer season (September to October, 2013). DO, electrical conductivity (ECw), pH, and water temperature values were measured directly in the field,while analyses of nitrate (NH3-N), orthophosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) was conducted in a laboratory. The results indicated that ECw, TDS, pH, water temperature,NH3-N, and orthophosphate were under the limits set out by the Rules of the Republic of Indonesia Government (PP RI) No. 82, 2001, for water quality standard and FAO for irrigation water quality standard. Thus, the surface water of Jember District was considered to be suitable for irrigation at the sampled location.

Keywords: Surface water quality; irrigation; physico-chemical parameter; Jember District.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RAMBUTAN PEEL EXTRACT TO THE Igf-1 AND Igf-1r EXPRESSION IN OBESE RATS VISCERAL FAT
Authors: Lestari S.R. , Djati M.S. , Rudijanto A. , _ Fatchiyah
Published: September 2015

The activation of Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 (Igf-1) to its receptor (Igf-1r) plays an important role in the process of adipogenesis. The inhibition of Igf-1 and its receptor at the early process is the precise step for the therapy of obesity. This study used obese rats treated with ellagic acid and Rambutan Peel Extract (RPE) 30mg/kgbw dose. The Igf-1 and Igf-1r expression in visceral fat tissue was observed using immunofluorescence double staining, which confirmed later by western blotting. The results reveal that the use of RPE30mg/kg BW on obese rats model can provide inhibitory effect on the expression of igf-1 and igf-1r as in a normal rat. The expression of igf-1 and its receptor highest in obese rats and the lowest expression in obese rats which were treated with ellagic acid. The reduced expression of igf-1 and its receptor will reduce ERK1/2 and PPAR expression in adipogenesis signaling cascade and in turn inhibits adipogenesis.

Keywords: Igf-1, Igf-1r, Rambutan Peel Extract (RPE)
POTENTION OF GENISTEIN (4’, 5, 7-TRIHYDROXY ISOFLAVONE) ON SPERMAZOA’S MORPHOLOGY AND VIABILITY OF BALB/C STRAIN MOUSE (Mus musculus)
Authors: Wijayanti Ervina , Lestari Umie , Handayani Nursasi
Published: September 2015

Genistein (4’, 5, 7-trihydroxy isoflavone) is one of phytoestrogen compounds, from isoflavone groups that’s abudance in leguminaceae plants and its food products. There are lack and different reports about genistein’s effect to the male reproduction system, although Genistein is one of very familiar compounds in widely consumed foods. The aim of this research is exploring Genistein’s effect to the male reproduction system as specially spermatozoa’s morfology and viability. This research use 24 male mice strain Balb/C, 8 to 10 weeks old that’s devided into 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. Each mouse is gavaged using Genistein that is dissolved in corn oil for 36 days based on its dosage group treatments (0; 3,5; 4,2; and 4,9 mg/kg bw/ day). Sperm slide made from sperm suspention, colored by modification of eosin-nigrosin coloring method based on WHO. Persentage of spermatozoa’s normal-abnormal morphology and viability are calculated using One Way Anova and continous by 5% Least Significant Difference (LSD). This research show that Genistein has bad effects in male reproduction system, and seems like a strong disruptor for spermatozoa. It significantly influence to spermazoa’s morphology and viability of Balb/C mouse (Mus musculus). Genistein begins to influence at lowest dosage, 3,5 mg/kg bw for both of viability and morphology. It significantly decrease viability at 4,2 mg/kg bw dosage, and increase abnormal morphology of spermatozoa at 4,9 mg/kg bw dosage. Morphology abnormalities that occurs in this research include head and tale abnormalities, or combination of both.

Keywords: Genistein, Spermatozoa Morphology, Spermatozoa Viability, Mouse
CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE BEST SCREENED INDIGENOUS LACTIC ACID BACTERIA PRODUCING βββββ-GALACTOSIDASE
Authors: Khusniati Tatik , Aditya Agustina Tri , Choliq Abdul , . Sulistiani
Published: September 2015

ß-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is an enzyme used in production of low/free lactose milk consumed mainly human which have lactose intolerance. Characteristics of indigenous Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) producing ß-galactosidase haven’t been fully reported. To know the characteristics of the LAB, characterization and identification of the best screened indigenous LAB producing ß-galactosidase were researched. The best LAB was molecularly identified. The crude ß-galactosidase of LAB was produced by centrifugation. The optimum production of the best LAB b-galactosidase was measured based on incubation time, inoculum concentration, pH and lactose concentration. The optimum activity of the ß-galactosidase was measured based on pH and temperature. The ß-galactosidase activity was measured by modified method of Lu et al., 2009. Research results show that 10 (ten) out of 70 (seventy) indigenous LAB produced ß-galactosidase with high activities. LAB producing the highest ß-galactosidase activity than the others was LAB strain B110. The LAB strain B110 was identified molecularly as Lactobacillus plantarum strain B110. The ß-galactosidase optimum production of L. plantarum strain B110 was reached at incubation time for 30 hours, 2% inoculum concentration, medium pH: 7, and 2% lactose concentration. The optimum activity of the ß-galactosidase was reached at temperature of 45o C and pH: 6,5, respectively. Based on selection and characterization of L. plantarum strain B 110, L. plantarum strain B 110 was the best LAB producing ß-galactosidase than that of the other LAB.

Keywords: characterization, identification, Lactic Acid Bacteria, ß-galactosidase, indigenous
MERCURY REDUCTASE ACTIVITY OF AN INDIGENOUS MERCURY RESISTANT BACTERIAL ISOLATE (Bacillus sp. S1) FROM KALIMAS-SURABAYA AS A POTENTIAL REDUCING AGENT FOR MERCURIAL ION (HG2+)
Authors: Zulaika Enny , Sembiring Langkah
Published: September 2015

Mercury reductase activity and Hg2+ lowering capacity of a Mercury Resistant Bacteria (MRB) (Bacillus sp. S1) which was isolated from Kalimas River of Surabaya, Indonesia were studied. The activity was determined by Mercury Reductase Assay System (MRAS) in a solution mixture contained 50 mM PBS (pH ± 7.0), 0.5 mM EDTA, 200 µM MgSO4, 0.1% (v/v) ß-merchaptoethanol, 200 µM NADH2 and 25 mg/L HgCl2 and one volume of crude extract incubated at room temperature for various interval period of time. Mercury reductase activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. One unit of reductase activity was defined as one molar of oxidized NADH2 produced per total cell per minute. Results of study showed that, the isolate could resist the concentration of HgCl2 up to 11 mg/L. At 30 minute incubation period at room temperature, the highest mercury reductase activity and the Hg2+ lowering capacity was found to be 0.006 unit/109cell and
1.48 mg/L/109cell/minute, respectively with the reduction efficiency of Hg2+ to Hg0 of 0.18% per minute. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bacillus sp. S1 isolate could be assumed to be exellent mercury bioremediation agent since it was found to be highly mercury resistant and very efficient to reduce cationic mercury (Hg2+) to elemental mercury (Hg0).

Keywords: Kalimas-Surabaya, Bacillus sp. S1, Mercury resistant, Mercury reductase
DIVERSITY OF Vanda tricolor Lindl. (ORCHIDACEAE) FLOWER-VISITING INSECTS IN THE TURGO HILL OF MOUNT MERAPI NATIONAL PARK, YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Kusumastianto Angga Putra , Wibowo Aninda Retno Utami , Anggriasari Anida Metha , Meylia Fitra Sukma , Susila Hendry , Atmaja Muhammad Bima , Soesilohadi R.C. Hidayat
Published: September 2015

Vanda tricolor is an orchid species native to the Mount Merapi National Park, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study of interaction flower-visiting insect is important to support in situ conservation program. The purpose of this research wasto study the diversity of Vanda tricolor Lind. flower-visiting insects and their roles in The Turgo Hill of Mount Merapi National Park. Flower-visiting insect was captured in the morning (08.00-10.00 AM), daytime (00.00-02.00 PM) and afternoon (04.00-06.00 PM). Data were taken four times in November 2011 during the flowering season. Insect samples were preserved by dried and wet phase. Sample identification was done in the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The results indicated that Vanda tricolor flowers were visited by insects from three orders, six families, and eleven species in the morning; four orders, six families, and nine species in the daytime; and two orders, three families, and five species in the afternoon with various role. In this research, we also observed pollination activity potential by Xylocopa latipes (Hymenoptera: Apidae). There were 14 V. tricolor flower-visiting insects from four orders and nine families. There were no significant differences between the insect diversity of the morning and daytime, while in the afternoon there was a decline in the diversity of the insects.

Keywords: Vanda tricolor, flower-visiting insects, Turgo Hill of Mount Merapi National Park
NEW REPORT ON THE DIET OF THE BLUE WHISTLING-THRUSH (Myophoneus caeruleus) IN KAKEK BODO WATERFALL, STATE-OWNED FOREST IN PRIGEN, PASURUAN (EAST JAVA)
Authors: Cahyono Heru , Pramudhita Haris Eka
Published: September 2015

The Blue Whistling-Thrush (Myophoneus caeruleus) is a member of Turdidae family which is comprised of six races distributed from Turkestan up to India and China, Southeast Asia, Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, and Java. This bird can be found around large rivers or between ridges in the forests. On 13 December 2012, we conducted an observation around the Kakek Bodo Waterfall’s camping ground and tourism site, Prigen, Pasuruan. The observation resulted in the sightings of five endemic bird species (the Olive-backed Tailorbird, Crescent-chested Babbler, Yellow-throated Hanging-parrot, Javan Banded-pitta, Lesser Forktail), and a bird with minimal record bird in Java, the Thick-billed Flowerpecker. Another result of the observation is a new data on the diet of the Blue Whistling-thrush. This species is known to prey on snails, beetles, maggots, worms, and water bugs; however, that one bird we observed was preying on a snake (from the genus Dendrelaphis). This species had also been reported to scavenge for leftovers thrown away by food vendors in the tourism site, so that its behavior has gradually changed.

Keywords: Blue Whistling-thrush, Dendrelaphis snake, diet, Kakek Bodo waterfall.
BIODIVERSITY OF MOLLUSKS AT ELA-ELA BEACH, SEKOTONG LOMBOK BARAT INDONESIA
Authors: Zusron Muhammad , Wibowo Cahyo Adi , Langgeng Abdullah , Firdausi Farah Mawar , Etfanti Sulhan
Published: September 2015

Ela-ela beach has wide seagrass ecosystem with sandy substrate. Sea grass is a habitat of various invertebrates including mollusks. Some mollusks live by burrowing in substrate and attaching to seagrass leaves. A study of mollusks diversity of Ela-ela Beach, Sekotong Lombok Barat regency NTB was conducted on July 2012. The objective of this study was to estimate the abundance and diversity of mollusks. Parallel quadrate transect was applied as the sampling methods. Ninety two individuals were collected and identified, consisting of Gastropods (29 species), Bivalves (6 species). The most abundant species in this studied area were Trachycardium rugosum (18 individuals) and Pyrene scripta (17 individuals). The Diversity Index (H’) was 2.99, the Pielou Index (J) was 0.84, and the Margalef Index (d) was 17.31. Based on Odum (1994), the Diversity Index is moderate.

Keywords: Mollusk, diversity, Ela-ela
CYTOTOXICITY AND APOPTOSIS INDUCTION BY KAFFIR LIME LEAVES EXTRACT (Citrus hystrix DC.) IN HeLa CELLS CULTURE (HUMAN CERVICAL CANCER CELL LINE)
Authors: Wijayanti Nastiti , Tunjung W.A.S. , Setyawati Y.
Published: September 2015

Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is a native plant of Indonesia. Nowadays the use of plants is limited as ingredients in Indonesia cuisine and aromatherapy oils for industry. Leaves of C. hystrix contain of polyphenols and essential oils thus they were possibly cytotoxic to cancer cell line. The objective of this research was to determine the cytotoxicity effect and apoptosis induced by leaves extract C. hystrix to cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cells). Methods used in this study included sampling of kaffir lime leaves, extractionusing three different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane), detection of metabolite secondary compound (alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins) using thin layer chromatography (TLC), cytotoxicity assay via MTT assay, and apoptosis test with double staining method (ethidium bromide-acrydine orange). Result showed kaffir lime crude extract dose dependently inhibitHeLa cells proliferation. lC50of ethanolicand ethyl acetate extract was 82,034 µg/mL and 57,845 µg/mL, respectively means cytotoxic to HeLa cells. On the other hand lC50 of hexane extract was 203,992 µg/mL which was not cytotoxic. Furthermore ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract were able to induce apoptosis of HeLa cells by increasing the number of apoptotic cells. In conclusion, kaffir lime leaves extract had cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis. Moreover ethyl acetate extractof kaffir lime was the most potential to induce apoptosis in HeLa cells.

Keywords: kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix), HeLa, MTT, cytotoxicity, apoptosis.
THE BIOLOGICALTEST OF FORMULATION OF SUBCULTURE Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus(HaNPV) against Crocidolomia pavonana Fab. LARVAE POPULATIONTHAT EXPOSED TO CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)
Authors: Surbakti Anasthasia Vehuliza , Miranti Mia , . Melanie
Published: September 2015

The biologicaltest of formulation of subculture Helicoverpa armigera Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus(HaNPV) against Crocidolomia pavonana Fab.larvae population that exposed to cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) has been done. The subculture HaNPV was formulated in liquid preparations, powders, cornstarch and talc carrier materials, sprayed to C. pavonana larvae population that exposed at cabbage as a pilot project. The method of research used an experimental method, with randomized block design consists of single factor HaNPV and five level formulation there were (p) (liquid dosage forms (p1), powder (p2), and mixed with a carrier such as cornstarch (p3) and talc powder (p4) as well as the provision of water control without virus (p0)) with 8 replications. The density of virus 4x107 polyhedral/ml. The results was statistically analyzed with ANOVA (p<0,05), showed that all formulation HaNPV subculture have equal ability to caused high mortality of C. pavonana larvae population.

Keywords: Cabbage, Crocidolomia pavonana, Formulation,HaNPV, Mortality
Problems with the Diagnosis of Endometriosis
Authors: Berker Bulent , Seval Murat
Published: September 2015

Endometriosis is classically defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in outside the uterine cavity. As the definition suggests that confirming the ectopic endometrial stroma and glands in ectopic location histopathologically should be necessary for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Therefore, this situation leads to the need for surgery like laparoscopy for diagnosis. However, this surgical diagnostic approach will not be reliable for all patients with suspected endometriosis. It seems to be an important problem that there is still no reliable clinically diagnostic method or pathognomonic clinical finding, which may allow accurate diagnosis of endometriosis without the need for surgery or histopathologic evaluation. While these clinical features are not pathognomonic for the endometriosis, they should be used as markers for creating high-risk population for endometriosis. Clinical features and the available diagnostic methods, their advantages and limitations for the endometriosis will be discussed in this article. The different options for clinical assessment, laboratory tests and imaging techniques will be summarized and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be evaluated. We will also discuss the gold standard definitive diagnostic options with their problematic aspects.
Carbonate filler resources of the Bjelopavlici area, Montenegro
Authors: Bozovic Darko , Simic Vladimir , Radulovic Dragan , Abramovic Filip , Radusinovic Slobodan
Published: September 2015

Carbonate filler is an important mineral commodity, with rather diverse
industrial applications. The Bjelopavlici area in Montenegro is rich in
chemically pure limestone, which was preliminary explored in the field, and
further on mineralogical, petrographic, geochemical and technological
properties were studied. The obtained results have proven the high quality of
limestone from the studied deposits, as it can be used for paints&varnishes,
rubber&plastics, metallurgy, foundry, sugar, fertilizers and animal feed
industry. Several deposits have very pure limestone, that can be also used
for paper, glass, pharmacy and soil neutralisation. The potential resources
of high quality limestone are around 23 million tons.
Efficiency of the Macedonian banking sector
Authors: Naumovska Elena , Cvetkoska Violeta
Published: September 2015

The subject of this paper is to measure the efficiency of the Macedonian
banking sector by applying two approaches: firstly, comparative analysis on
the efficiency indicators of the banking sector in the Republic of Macedonia
and the countries of Central and Southeastern Europe (CSEE) and secondly,
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The aim is to provide directions and
guidelines for further strengthening of the Macedonian banking sector.
According to the comparative analysis of the efficiency indicators (net
interest margin and operating costs) of the Macedonian banking sector and the
countries of CSEE, the countries whose banking sector shows lower operating
costs are characterized with a higher level of financial deepening and
greater degree of financial intermediation. The high interest margins direct
towards unsuitable allocation of financial resources and insufficient
competitiveness in the domestic banking sector. When applying the DEA
approach, it can be stated that the group of large banks marks the highest
efficiency within the Macedonian banking sector. The high concentration
degree of banking activities within the group of large banks with a leading
role in determining the interest rates, results in a rigid interest policy of
the banks. In the direction of strengthening the efficiency of the Macedonian
banking sector as a whole, the obtained results show that it is necessary for
the banks to be further consolidated so as to utilize the advantages of the
economies of scale, increase competitiveness, offer a diversified structure
of products, invest in new contemporary software solutions that will allow
reinforcement of their employees? productivity and long-term reduction of the
operating costs, as well.
Marine Reservoir Corrections on the Southeastern Coast of Brazil: Paired Samples from the Saquarema Shellmound
Authors: Alves Eduardo , Macario Kita , Souza Rosa , Aguilera Orangel , Carolina Goulart Ana , Scheel-Ybert Rita , Bachelet Caroline , Carvalho Carla , Oliveira Fabiana , Douka Katerina
Published: September 2015

The Saquarema archaeological site, on the Atlantic coast of the Rio de Janeiro State, is one of many shellmounds built on the Brazilian coast by hunter-gatherer populations during the Holocene. We used archaeological material from this site with the aim of evaluating the marine reservoir effect (MRE) in the region. Radiocarbon ages of 45 marine and 6 terrestrial samples from this shellmound provided data for assessing the MRE and the influences of freshwater and seasonal coastal marine upwelling in this specific locality. Samples of charcoal, fish otoliths, and mollusk shells were analyzed and the 14C dates were modeled in the OxCal platform to determine the marine reservoir correction. The result obtained is R = 265 ± 70 14C yr and the offset ΔR was found to be –140 ± 66 14C yr. To support the accuracy of this value for correcting conventional 14C marine ages, taxonomic analyses of the samples were performed.
A Dietary Study of the Kamegaoka Culture Population during the Final Jomon Period, Japan, Using Stable Isotope and Lipid Analyses of Ceramic Residues
Authors: Horiuchi Akiko , Miyata Yoshiki , Kamijo Nobuhiko , Cramp Lucy , Evershed Richard P
Published: September 2015

The Jomon culture is an ancient Japanese society that existed during approximately 14,000 to 400 BC and which is characterized by Jomon (cord pattern) pottery. To investigate the paleodiet of the people of northeastern Tohoku in Japan during the Final Jomon period (about 1000–400 BC), we studied three sites in Aomori Prefecture, the center of the Kamegaoka culture. The Fubinashi site is on the coast and was supported by a rich fishing culture. Imazu was a coastal salt-making site. Sugisawa is a mountainous inland site on the banks of a river. We determined the 14C ages of the interior and exterior surfaces of carbonized material on potsherds and compared the data with pottery typology and age to study the marine reservoir effect. We also analyzed the bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and C:N ratios to determine the presence of aquatic foodstuffs. The organic residues from pottery typology corresponding to the described analyses provided a general perspective of differences in the ancient diets at each site. When we recovered sufficient lipids, we analyzed compound-specific stable isotopes of fatty acids to obtain a multilateral view of those diets. Our findings indicate that the diets of inhabitants of both Fubinashi and Imazu consisted primarily of marine products and some terrestrial foodstuffs, whereas people from Sugisawa processed mainly C3 plants and some terrestrial animals and aquatic commodities.
A Proposed Return-to-Sport Program for Patients With Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy: Rationale and Implementation
Authors: Grävare Silbernagel Karin , Crossley Kay M.
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

Achilles tendinopathy is a common overuse injury in athletes involved in running and jumping activities and sports. The intervention with the highest level of evidence is exercise therapy, and it is recommended that all patients initially be treated with exercise for at least 3 months prior to considering other treatment options. Recovery from Achilles tendinopathy can take up to a year, and there is a high propensity for recurrence, especially during the return-to-sport phase. The extent of the tendon injury, the age and sex of the athlete, the magnitude of pain/symptoms, the extent of impairments, and the demands of the sport all need to be considered when planning for return to sport. This clinical commentary describes an approach to return to sport for patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy. The aim of the return-to-sport program is to facilitate the decision-making process in returning an athlete with midportion Achilles tendinopathy back to full sport participation and to minimize the chances for recurrence of the injury. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):876–886. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5885
Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: Navigating the Diagnosis-Management Conundrum
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , McCreesh Karen , Roy Jean-Sébastien , Ginn Karen
Published: September 2015

Synopsis

The hallmark characteristics of rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy are pain and weakness, experienced most commonly during shoulder external rotation and elevation. Assessment is complicated by nonspecific clinical tests and the poor correlation between structural failure and symptoms. As such, diagnosis is best reached by exclusion of other potential sources of symptoms. Symptomatic incidence and prevalence data currently cannot be determined with confidence, primarily as a consequence of a lack of diagnostic accuracy, as well as the uncertainty as to the location of symptoms. People with symptoms of RC tendinopathy should derive considerable comfort from research that consistently demonstrates improvement in symptoms with a well-structured and graduated exercise program. This improvement is equivalent to outcomes reported in surgical trials, with the additional generalized benefits of exercise, less sick leave, a faster return to work, and reduced costs to the health care system. This evidence covers the spectrum of conditions that include symptomatic RC tendinopathy and atraumatic partial- and full-thickness RC tears. The principles guiding exercise treatment for RC tendinopathy include relative rest, modification of painful activities, an exercise strategy that initially does not exacerbate pain, controlled reloading, and gradual progression from simple to complex shoulder movements. Evidence also exists for a specific exercise program being beneficial for people with massive inoperable tears of the RC. Education is an essential component of rehabilitation, and attention to lifestyle factors (smoking cessation, nutrition, stress, and sleep management) may enhance outcomes. Outcomes may also be enhanced by subgrouping RC tendinopathy presentations and directing treatment strategies according to the clinical presentation and the patient's response to shoulder symptom modification procedures outlined herein. There are substantial deficits in our knowledge regarding RC tendinopathy that need to be addressed to further improve clinical outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):923–937. Epub 21 Sep 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5941
Look for the Flies- the Future Ahead!
Authors: Chowdhury Md Abdul Jalil , Islam Mohammad Tanvir
Published: September 2015

Abstract not availableBangladesh J Medicine Jul 2014; 25 (2) : 40-41
Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Intensive Care Unit Patients of A Private Medical College Hospital in Dhaka
Authors: Islam Quazi Tarikul , Siddiqui Md Mahmudur Rahman , Raz Farhana , Asrafuzzaman Mohammad , Amin Md Robed
Published: September 2015

Because of importance of Hospital acquired infections (HAIs), it is critical to conduct surveillance studies to obtain the required data about the regional microorganisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics. This study to investigate antimicrobial resistance pattern among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients in a private medical college hospital setup. In a cross sectional study, 100 specimens from patients admitted in the ICU who had signs or symptoms of nosocomial infection were collected from 2012 - 2013. For each patient, samples of blood, urine, tracheal aspirate, sputum, wound swab, pus, and endotracheal tubes were obtained, cultured and analyzed with antibiogram. The most common primary diagnosis were aspiration pneumonia (49%) and UTI (20%) respectively. The most common locations for infection were tracheal aspirate (54%). The most frequent gram negative microorganisms derived from samples were Acinetobacter spp (29%), Klebsiella spp (26%) and Pseudomonas spp (18%). Klebsiella spp, Acinetobacter spp and Pseudomonas spp were most common resistant organisms among all. Klebsiella spp were resistant against Ceftriaxone (84.6%), Ceftazidime (82.6%), Amikacin (46.1%), Gentamicin (66.6%) and Quinolones (65-66.6%) respectively. Acinetobacter spp were resistant against Ceftriaxone (85%), Ceftazidime (88.8%), Cefotaxime (85.7%), Meropenem (79.3%),Amikacin (86.2%), Gentamicin (84.5%) and Quinolons (86.2-89.2%) respectively. Pseudomonas spp were resistant against Ceftriaxone (70.5%), Ceftazidime (66.6%), Amikacin (68.7%), Gentamicin (58.8%), Meropenem (52.9%) and Quinolones (81.2-86.6%) respectively. Meropenem was the most sensitive antibiotic against Klebsiella spp (84.6%) but Cotrimoxazole in case of Acinetobacter spp (60%) respectively. Escherichia coli were mostly isolated from urine, which was sensitive to Amikacin (73.3%) and Meropenem (86.6%) respectively. Gram-negative pathogens obtained from ICU patients in our settings show high resistance to antibiotics. Regular monitoring of the pattern of resistance of common pathogens in the ICUs is essential to up-to-date the use of rational antibiotics regiments.Bangladesh J Medicine Jul 2014; 25 (2) : 47-51
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Core Strengthening Exercises in Helicopter Crewmembers with Low Back Pain
Authors: Brandt Yvonne , Currier Linda , Plante Timothy W. , Schubert Kabban Christine M. , Tvaryanas Anthony P.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine if five core strengthening exercises would decrease pain severity and related disability in U.S. Air Force helicopter aircrew members with low back pain.METHODS: The study was a randomized control group repeated
measures design. The experimental manipulation consisted of a set of five core strengthening exercises performed 4 d/wk for 12 wk. Self-reported pain severity and disability were ascertained at baseline and 12 wk using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain
Disability Index (MODI), respectively. The NPRS was used to ascertain both daily pain (NPRSdaily) and in-flight pain (NPRSflight). Self-reported improvement or deterioration in low back pain was measured using the Global Rating of Change Scale (GRCS).RESULTS:
There were 12 subjects enrolled and 5 were randomized to the intervention group. The mean NPRSflight score decreased 1.8 points vs. increasing 0.1 points during the trial for the intervention and control groups, respectively. The mean MODI score decreased 4.8 points vs. increasing
1.7 points during the trial for the intervention and control groups, respectively. The mean GRCS score at the end of the trial was 4.0 vs. 0 for the intervention and control groups, respectively. There was no difference between groups in terms of mean NPRSdaily scores.CONCLUSIONS:
Core strengthening exercises were effective in reducing in-flight pain and led to a reduction in pain symptoms and disability over the 12-wk study period as compared to those subjects who maintained their regular exercise regimen.Brandt Y, Currier L, Plante TW, Schubert Kabban CM, Tvaryanas
AP. A randomized controlled trial of core strengthening exercises in helicopter crewmembers with low back pain. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(10):889–894.
Sleep Duration in Rough Sea Conditions
Authors: Matsangas Panagiotis , Shattuck Nita L. , McCauley Michael E.
Published: September 2015

INTRODUCTION: Environmental motion can affect shipboard sleep of crewmembers. Slamming and similar harsh motion may interfere with sleep, whereas mild motion and sopite syndrome may enhance sleep. If sleep needs vary by sea condition, this factor should be considered when assessing
human performance at sea. The goal of this study was to assess sleep duration in different sea conditions.METHODS: Crewmembers (N = 52) from a U.S. Navy vessel participated in the study while performing their normal daily schedule of duties. Sleep was assessed with wrist-worn
actigraphy. Motion sickness and sopite syndrome were assessed using standardized questionnaires.RESULTS: In rough sea conditions, crewmembers experienced increased severity of motion sickness and sopite syndrome compared to their ratings during calmer sea conditions. Crewmembers
slept significantly longer during sea state 5-6 compared to sleep on days with sea state 4 (25% increase) and sea state 3-4 (30% increase). Specifically, daily sleep increased from 6.97 ± 1.24 h in sea state 3-4, to 7.23 ± 1.65 h in sea state 4, to 9.04 ± 2.90 h in sea
state 5–6.DISCUSSION: Although the duration of sleep in rough seas increased significantly compared to calmer sea conditions, causal factors are inconclusive. Accumulated sleep debt, motion-induced fatigue, and sopite syndrome all may have contributed, but results suggest
that motion sickness and sopite syndrome were the predominant stressors. If sleep needs increase in severe motion environments, this factor should be taken into account when developing daily activity schedules or when modeling manning requirements on modern ships.Matsangas P, Shattuck
NL, McCauley ME. Sleep duration in rough sea conditions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2015; 86(10):901–906.