bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Cytokinins via Enzymatic Arsenolysis of Purine Nucleosides
Authors: Oslovsky Vladimir E. , Drenichev Mikhail S. , Alexeev Cyril S. , Solyev Pavel N. , Esipov Roman S. , Mikhailov Sergey N.
Published: October 2018

This unit describes an effective method for the preparation of natural cytokinins and their synthetic derivatives based on enzymatic cleavage of the N‐glycosidic bond of N6‐substituted adenosine or O6‐substituted inosine derivatives in the presence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and Na2HAsO4. The arsenolysis reaction is irreversible due to the hydrolysis of the resulting α‐D‐ribose‐1‐arsenate. As a result, the desired products are formed in near‐quantitative yields, as indicated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and can easily be isolated. In the strategy used here, the ribose residue acts as a protective group. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rationale and design of the EU‐CERT‐ICD prospective study: comparative effectiveness of prophylactic ICD implantation
Authors: Zabel Markus , Sticherling Christian , Willems Rik , Lubinski Andrzej , Bauer Axel , Bergau Leonard , Braunschweig Frieder , Brugada Josep , Brusich Sandro , Conen David , Cygankiewicz Iwona , Flevari Panagiota , Taborsky Milos , Hansen Jim , Hasenfuß Gerd , Hatala Robert , Huikuri Heikki V. , Iovev Svetoslav , Kääb Stefan , Kaliska Gabriela , Kasprzak Jaroslaw D. , Lüthje Lars , Malik Marek , Novotny Tomas , Pavlović Nikola , Schmidt Georg , Shalganov Tchavdar , Sritharan Rajeeva , Schlögl Simon , Szavits Nossan Janko , Traykov Vassil , Tuinenburg Anton E. , Velchev Vasil , Vos Marc A. , Willich Stefan N. , Friede Tim , Svendsen Jesper Hastrup , Merkely Béla ,   for the EU‐CERT‐ICD Study Investigators
Published: October 2018

Aims

The clinical effectiveness of primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is under debate. The EUropean Comparative Effectiveness Research to Assess the Use of Primary ProphylacTic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (EU‐CERT‐ICD) aims to assess its current clinical value.

Methods and results

The EU‐CERT‐ICD is a prospective investigator‐initiated non‐randomized, controlled, multicentre observational cohort study performed in 44 centres across 15 European Union countries. We will recruit 2250 patients with ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy and a guideline indication for primary prophylactic ICD implantation. This sample will include 1500 patients at their first ICD implantation and 750 patients who did not receive a primary prevention ICD despite having an indication for it (non‐randomized control group). The primary endpoint is all‐cause mortality; the co‐primary endpoint in ICD patients is time to first appropriate shock. Secondary endpoints include sudden cardiac death, first inappropriate shock, any ICD shock, arrhythmogenic syncope, revision procedures, quality of life, and cost‐effectiveness. At baseline (and prior to ICD implantation if applicable), all patients undergo 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter ECG analysis using multiple advanced methods for risk stratification as well as detailed documentation of clinical characteristics and laboratory values. Genetic biobanking is also organized. As of August 2018, baseline data of 2265 patients are complete. All subjects will be followed for up to 4.5 years.

Conclusions

The EU‐CERT‐ICD study will provide a necessary update about clinical effectiveness of primary prophylactic ICD implantation. This study also aims for improved risk stratification and patient selection using clinical and ECG risk markers.
Behavioral effects of copper on larval white sturgeon
Authors: Puglis Holly J. , Calfee Robin D. , Little Edward E.
Published: October 2018

Early–life stage white sturgeon are sensitive to copper (Cu), with adverse behavioral responses observed during previous studies. The objectives of the present study were to quantify the effects of Cu exposure on white sturgeon swimming and feeding behaviors and determine their time to response. Larval sturgeon (1–2, 28, or 35 d posthatch [dph]) were exposed to Cu (0.5–8 μg/L) for 4 to 14 d. Abnormal behavioral changes were observed within the first few days of exposure including loss of equilibrium and immobilization. Digital video tracking software revealed decreased swimming activity with increasing Cu concentration. Significant changes in behavior and mortality occurred at concentrations of Cu between 1 and 8 μg/L. Juvenile white sturgeon, 58 dph, exposed to 12 μg/L Cu consumed 37 to 60% less food than controls after 3 d of exposure. The present results indicate that behavioral endpoints were more sensitive than some standard toxicity test endpoints and can effectively expand the sensitivity of standard toxicity tests for white sturgeon. Swimming behavior was impaired to the extent that survival in the field would likely be jeopardized. Such data would provide managers a useful metric for characterizing the risks of Cu contamination to white sturgeon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:132–144. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Multi‐SKAT: General framework to test for rare‐variant association with multiple phenotypes
Authors: Dutta Diptavo , Scott Laura , Boehnke Michael , Lee Seunggeun
Published: October 2018

In genetic association analysis, a joint test of multiple distinct phenotypes can increase power to identify sets of trait‐associated variants within genes or regions of interest. Existing multiphenotype tests for rare variants make specific assumptions about the patterns of association with underlying causal variants, and the violation of these assumptions can reduce power to detect association. Here, we develop a general framework for testing pleiotropic effects of rare variants on multiple continuous phenotypes using multivariate kernel regression (Multi‐SKAT). Multi‐SKAT models affect sizes of variants on the phenotypes through a kernel matrix and perform a variance component test of association. We show that many existing tests are equivalent to specific choices of kernel matrices with the Multi‐SKAT framework. To increase power of detecting association across tests with different kernel matrices, we developed a fast and accurate approximation of the significance of the minimum observed P value across tests. To account for related individuals, our framework uses random effects for the kinship matrix. Using simulated data and amino acid and exome‐array data from the METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study, we show that Multi‐SKAT can improve power over single‐phenotype SKAT‐O test and existing multiple‐phenotype tests, while maintaining Type I error rate.
Exploring children's experiences in community gambling venues: A qualitative study with children aged 6‐16 in regional New South Wales
Authors: Bestman Amy , Thomas Samantha L. , Randle Melanie , Pitt Hannah , Daube Mike
Published: October 2018

Issue addressed

Community‐based gambling venues provide a range of activities for children alongside adult products, such as gambling. However, there has been little examination of children's experiences with, and exposure to, a range of gambling and non‐gambling activities within venues.

Methods

Visual sociology methods were used to measure unprompted recall, prompted recall, current use and intended adult use of activities in community gambling venues in 44 children who attended venues. Qualitative data were also collected to gain further insight into children's perceptions of the venue and the activities within.

Results

Children displayed high unprompted and prompted recall of gambling and nongambling activities within the venue. Children indicated positive perceptions of the venue overall. Just over half of the children (52.3%) reported current use of gambling activities in the venue. The large majority of the children indicated that they would attend community gambling venues as an adult (90.9%).

Conclusion

This research provides a starting point in understanding the extent to which children are exposed to gambling products in community gambling venues.

So what?

This research will be important for researchers, policy makers and practitioners in developing health promotion initiatives to prevent children from being exposed to gambling products in community settings.
Fluctuating operation development index of community health service centres in the Pudong new area of Shanghai: A continuous investigation
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Huang Jiaoling , Fan Jincheng , Liang Hong , Lou Jiquan , Zhang Yimin
Published: October 2018

Background

Previous performance evaluations among community health service centres (CHSCs) have been mainly based on absolute indicators, while the operation index, a more comprehensive evaluation method, has been rarely used in evaluation. This study aimed to develop a set of operation index suitable for the evaluation of CHSCs in Pudong.

Methods

The operation index system, developed based on a literature review, focus group, and factor analysis, was applied to all 45 CHSCs in Pudong. The data were mainly derived from the Pudong Health Statistics Information System from 2010 to 2014. The analysis included a descriptive analysis, t tests, variance analysis, and repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results

Different aspects of the operation index showed different developing trends during 2010 to 2014. The overall operation, service operation, management condition, and comprehensive satisfaction index were significantly different in different years (P < 0.05). However, the differences in the development foundation index were not obvious (P > 0.05). Moreover, the regional factor and medical association influenced the performance of service operation index, and the informatization level affected the performance of overall operation and management condition index (P < 0.05), with different family GP programmes level affecting management condition index (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Changes in the management condition index led to fluctuations in overall operation in the CHSCs. Since regional factors, family GP programmes, and medical associations promoted the operation of CHSCs, we advocate a multi‐dimensional evaluation combining horizontal performance appraisal and vertical index evaluation to focus on these factors.
Investor trading behaviour and stock price crash risk
Authors: Zhou Liyun , Huang Jialiang
Published: October 2018

This paper sheds new light on the relation between investor trading behaviour and crash risk to examine how investors react to stocks with lottery features in Chinese Stock Market. We find that investor trading behaviour has a greater impact on stocks with higher crash risk, which implies that investors overreact to stocks with higher stock price crash risk. Furthermore, investor trading behaviour has strongest effects on stocks with highest crash risk and highest idiosyncratic risk and has weakest effects on stocks with lowest crash risk and lowest idiosyncratic risk, which indicates that investors gamble lottery‐like stocks with high crash risk and high idiosyncratic risk. Collectively, these results support a role for investor trading behaviour in the formation of stock returns.
Inside Front Cover: Triphenylphosphonium cation: A valuable functional group for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (J. Biophotonics 10/2018)
Authors: Bresolí‐Obach Roger , Gispert Ignacio , Peña Diego G. , Boga Sonia , Gulias Óscar , Agut Montserrat , Vázquez M. Eugenio , Nonell Santi
Published: October 2018

The use of light‐activated triphenylphosphonium‐based antimicrobials to tackle the emerging problem of antimicrobial resistance has been proposed in this study. Chemical modification of phenalenone and perylene with triphenylphosphonium cations enhances their photoantimicrobial activity up to 107 times. Selective targeting of Gram‐positive bacteria is demonstrated.

Further details can be found in the article by Roger Bresolí‐Obach, Ignacio Gispert and Diego García Peña et al. (e201800054).

Cover art by M. Eugenio Vázquez, @ChemBioUSC

image
MR study of longitudinal variations in proximal femur 3D morphological shape and associations with cartilage health in hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Inamdar Gaurav , Pedoia Valentina , Rossi‐Devries Jasmine , Samaan Michael A. , Link Thomas M. , Souza Richard B. , Majumdar Sharmila
Published: October 2018

The goal of this study was to use quantitative MRI analysis to longitudinally observe the relationship between 3D proximal femur shape and hip joint degenerative changes. Forty‐six subjects underwent unilateral hip MR imaging at three time points (baseline, 18 and 36 months). 3D shape analysis, hip cartilage T1ρ/T2relaxation time quantification, and SHOMRI MRI grading were performed at each time point. Subjects were grouped based on KL, SHOMRI, and HOOS pain scores. Associations between these score groupings, time, and longitudinal variation in shape, were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation. One‐way ANCOVA was conducted to evaluate change in shape as a predictor of the worsening of degenerative changes at 36 months. Our results demonstrated that subjects displayed an increase in the volume of the femoral head and neck (Mode 3) over time. This shape mode was significantly more prevalent in patients that reported pain. Longitudinal changes in this shape mode also served as borderline predictors of elevated T1ρvalues (p = 0.055) and of cartilage lesions (p = 0.068). Subjects showed a change in the Femoral Neck Anteversion angle (FNA) over time (Mode 6). This shape mode showed a significant interaction with the presence of cartilage lesions. The results of this study suggest that specific variations in bone shape quantified through 3D‐MRI based Statistical Shape modeling show an observable relationship with hip joint compositional and morphological changes. The shapes observed lead to early degenerative changes, which may lead into OA, thus confirming the important role of bone shape changes in the pathogenesis of OA. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Lipid and color stability of the meat and sausages of broiler fed with calcium anacardate
Authors: Abreu Virgínia Kelly G , Pereira Ana Lúcia F , de Freitas Ednardo R , Trevisan Maria Teresa S , da Costa José Maria C , Cruz Carlos Eduardo B
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Anacardic acid, a phenolic compound, represents 90% of cashew nut shell liquid, which is a byproduct from the industrial processing of cashew nuts. This study aimed to add calcium anacardate (CA) to broilers' diets as a source of anacardic acid, to evaluate its antioxidant effect in breast meat and in processed meat products (sausages). For this purpose, birds were fed according to the following treatments: diet without antioxidant and diets containing 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 g kg−1 CA. Chicken breast meat was stored frozen for 90 days. The thigh and drumsticks were used to produce chicken sausages that were kept in refrigerated conditions for 90 days. Lipid oxidation and color stability were assessed every 30 days.

RESULTS

For breast meat, a 2.5 g kg−1 concentration of CA was insufficient to retard lipid oxidation, whereas 10.0 g kg−1 gave rise to a pro‐oxidant effect and 5.0 g kg−1 slowed the oxidation up to 50 days. A level of 7.5 g kg−1 of CA was effective in retarding oxidation, favoring colour stability during the 90‐days frozen storage. For sausages, 2.5 g kg−1 of calcium anacardate in broiler diets was sufficient to retard lipid oxidation. Calcium anacardate 7.5 g kg−1 provided greater redness in the sausages compared with the control and with the other treatments containing 5.0 and 10.0 g kg−1.

CONCLUSIONS

Calcium anacardate is a potential natural antioxidant for breast meat and sausages in storage when added to broilers' diets. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of DNA double‐strand break repair pathways in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Vidya , Dahal Sumedha , Radha Gudapureddy , Sharma Shivangi , Raghavan Sathees C. , Choudhary Bibha
Published: October 2018

Efficient DNA repair is indispensable for maintaining genomic integrity in humans. Cancer associated deletions and mutations are mainly due to misrepaired DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). Classical nonhomologous end joining (c‐NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) are two major DSB repair pathways in humans. An error prone, alternative NHEJ pathway that utilizes microhomology was also reported in cancer cells and to a lesser extent in normal cells. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of various DSB repair pathways in the most common lymphoma, the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we show that DNA repair through c‐NHEJ pathway is limited in SUDHL8, a cell line derived from a DLBCL patient. Unlike c‐NHEJ, microhomology mediated end joining (MMEJ) was predominant at physiological temperature. Consistent with the observation, expression level of repair proteins such as LIGASE I, LIGASE III, PARP1, CtIP, and MRE11 was higher in DLBCL cells when compared to c‐NHEJ proteins. Further, inhibition of LIGASE I or MRE11, led to reduction in the efficiency of MMEJ in DLBCL cells. Besides, HR‐mediated DSB repair occurring through gene conversion was observed. Thus, our results reveal the predominance of MMEJ over c‐NHEJ in repairing DSBs in DLBCL cells, while error‐free repair through HR was also evident.
New report to mark 10‐year MHPAEA anniversary finds states failing at parity
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2018

A new report released Oct. 3 to mark the 10th anniversary of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) has found that 32 states have received failing grades for statutes designed to ensure equal access to mental health and addiction treatment. Observers say they had hoped to see a lot more progress in the 10 years since the federal law passed.
Advocates pleased with funding for mental health research, program support
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2018

Mental health advocates are pleased with the investments made in the Defense, Labor, and Health and Human Services (HHS) legislation by bipartisan lawmakers that increased or level‐funded mental health research, services and supports for consumers with mental illness. President Trump signed the spending bill into law on Sept. 28, staving off a partial shutdown of the government, at least until December.
California bills to address maternal MH signed into law
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2018

A series of California bills signed Sept. 26 by Gov. Jerry Brown calls attention to the impact of untreated maternal mental health disorders. The legislation, expected to make a significant difference in families around the country, is considered the most comprehensive bill of its kind around the world, say advocates.
Treatment adherence in systemic sclerosis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Brijs Jan , Arat Seher , Westhovens Rene , Lenaerts Jan Leo , De Langhe Ellen
Published: October 2018

Background

Treatment adherence is an important medical and pharmaco‐economical phenomenon, influenced by multiple variables. Treatment adherence in systemic sclerosis (SSc) has been poorly studied.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to assess treatment adherence in SSc patients and to identify factors associated with good and poor adherence.

Methods

We conducted a monocentric, cross‐sectional, observational study. Treatment adherence was evaluated by the Compliance Questionnaire of Rheumatology (CQR). The necessity of treatment and concerns about treatment were investigated using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire‐Specific (BMQ‐S). The Illness Perception Questionnaire‐Revised (IPQ‐R) assessed illness perceptions. Disease‐related characteristics were collected retrospectively.

Results

A total of 66 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these, 47 (71.2%) had a weighted CQR score of ≤80% (“poor adherence”) and 19 (28.8%) had a weighted CQR score of >80% (“good adherence”). No significant relationship between demographic, clinical or psychological factors and overall adherence could be found, except with the IPQ subscale “timeline acute/chronic” (p = 0.042). Our patient population estimated the necessity of their medication high (mean necessity score 20.5), with moderate concern beliefs (mean concern score 15.1). Subjective adherence, as self‐reported by patients, was high.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated low treatment adherence rates in SSc patients. We could not identify demographic, clinical or psychological factors associated with treatment adherence, except with the IPQ subscale “timeline acute/chronic”. This suggests a correlation between poor adherence and the belief that the disease will be chronic without improvement over time. Symptom relief was an important motivating factor for taking medication. The treatment necessity was scored higher than treatment concerns, but the necessity beliefs were not associated with adherence.
Strontium and nitrogen isotopic evidence of food import to Tell Ashara–Terqa, a Bronze Age city on the Euphrates, Syria
Authors: Sołtysiak Arkadiusz
Published: October 2018

Strontium stable isotope values (87Sr/86Sr) have been measured in tooth enamel samples representing 11 Bronze Age individuals buried at Tell Ashara–Terqa, a major archaeological site in the middle Euphrates valley, eastern Syria. For all analysed individuals, δ15N and δ13C values for dentin collagen were also available. No 87Sr/86Sr value exceeds the local environmental range, so there is no evidence of long‐distance migration. Observed statistically significant negative correlation between 87Sr/86Sr and δ15N values suggests that some food consumed by the local population was imported from areas with a much higher precipitation (lower δ15N) and a different geological background (higher 87Sr/86Sr), which is consistent with textual evidence of cereal transportation from farming areas north to Tell Ashara.
Functionalized Quinoxaline for Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Anion Sensing
Authors: Dey Sandeep Kumar , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: October 2018

This Review article provides a comprehensive analysis of recent examples reported in the field of quinoxaline‐based chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors for inorganic anions such as fluoride, cyanide, acetate, and phosphate, as well as their utility in biomolecular science. It commences with a discussion of the various structural motifs such as quinoxaline‐based oligopyrroles, polymers, sulfonamides, cationic receptors, and miscellaneous receptors bearing mixed recognition sites in the same receptor. Advances are discussed in depth, where the focus of this review is to tackle mainly solution state anion sensing utilizing quinoxaline‐based receptors using different spectroscopic techniques with reference to anion selectivity by colorimetric and fluorescence response. The various examples discussed in this Review illustrate how the integration of anion binding elements with the quinoxaline chromophore could result in anion responsive chemosensors. Over the years, it has been observed that structural modification of the quinoxaline moiety with different sets of signaling unit and recognition sites has resulted in a few anion specific chemosensors.
Metal nanoparticle‐hydrogel nanocomposites for biomedical applications – An atmospheric pressure plasma synthesis approach
Authors: Nolan Hugo , Sun Daye , Falzon Brian G. , Chakrabarti Supriya , Padmanaba Dilli Babu , Maguire Paul , Mariotti Davide , Yu Tao , Jones David , Andrews Gavin , Sun Dan
Published: October 2018

The development of multifunctional nanocomposite materials is of great interest for various biomedical applications. A popular approach to produce tailored nanocomposites is to incorporate functional nanoparticles into hydrogels. Here, a benign atmospheric pressure microplasma synthesis approach has been deployed for the synthesis of metal and alloy NPs in‐situ in a poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel. The formation of gold, silver, and gold‐silver alloy NPs was confirmed via spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques. The properties of the hydrogel were not compromised during formation of the composites. Practical applications of the NP/PVA nanocomposites has been demonstrated by anti‐bacterial testing. This establishes AMP processing as a viable one‐step technique for the fabrication of NP/hydrogel composites, with potential multifunctionality for a range of biomedical applications.
Local Control of Exchange Bias by Resistive Switching
Authors: Wang Ziyu , Sun Yiming , Zhou Xiaofeng , Pan Feng , Song Cheng
Published: October 2018

The local modulation of exchange bias in resistive switching structure Co/CoOx/HfOx/Pt is reported, where CoOx/HfOx serves as the storage medium and Co behaves as the bottom (positive) electrode. The stack shows the exchange bias effect for the coupling at the Co/CoOx interface at the high resistance state. The formation of metallic Co or Co‐rich CoOx conductive filaments in the CoOx layer at the low resistance state leads to the bi‐hysteresis loops, reflecting the manipulation of exchange bias at local positions, where the formation of Co‐based filaments and the Co layer just below the filaments have no pinning effect. Besides, an oxidation–reduction process occurs in the Co layer, producing the reversible variation of saturated magnetization for the high/low resistance states. The electrochemical mechanism accounts for both local manipulation of exchange bias and changeable saturated magnetization. This work provides a different avenue for designable memories and magneto‐electric coupling devices.
Shisha smoking as a possible cause of bilateral granulomatous lung lesions
Authors: Choe Eun Ho , Sutherland Luke , Hills Christopher , Sood Jai‐deep
Published: October 2018

A 19‐year‐old male who regularly smoked tobacco shisha pipes presented with pleuritic chest pain, dyspnoea, and cough. He was found to have multiple bilateral lung nodules on computed tomography. A biopsy of the lung revealed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation but without evidence of infection, foreign body, vasculitis, or malignancy. There was spontaneous and complete clinical and radiographic resolution over the next 12 weeks following cessation of shisha use.
Numerical modelling of the evolution of the boundary layer during a radiation fog event
Authors: Smith D. K. E. , Renfrew I. A. , Price J. D. , Dorling S. R.
Published: October 2018

Despite the impact it has on human activity, particularly transport, accurate forecasting of fog remains a major challenge for numerical weather prediction models. The complex interaction between various physical processes, many of which are parametrised and highly sensitive to small changes, is one of the key reasons for poor fog forecasts. One challenge for numerical models is predicting the structure of the boundary layer, which often undergoes a transition from statically stable to weakly unstable during the life cycle of a fog event. The recent local and non‐local fog experiment (LANFEX) has provided a new comprehensive and detailed observational dataset of fog events. Here, a case study has been used as the basis for an investigation of the effect of the humidity of the residual layer and wind speed on the stability of the boundary layer during a fog event. We find a very high sensitivity in the timing of the stability transition during the fog event; for example, a +3% relative humidity perturbation results in a delay of almost 3h, while a 0.45ms−1 10m wind speed perturbation results in a delay of more than 8h.
Palynology: History and Systematic Aspects
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

Palynology is the science of palynomorphs, a general term for all entities found in palynological preparations (e.g., pollen, spores, cysts, diatoms). A dominating object of the palynomorph spectrum is the pollen grain. The term palynology was coined by Hyde and Williams (1955; Fig. 1). It is a combination of the Greek verb paluno (пαλύνω, “I strew or sprinkle”), palunein (пαλύνειν, “to strew or sprinkle”), the Greek noun pale (пαλƞ, in the sense of “dust, fine meal,” and very close to the Latin word pollen, meaning “fine flour, dust”), and the Greek noun logos (λογος, “word, speech”).
Glossary of Palynological Terms
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

All important terms in palynology are listed here and explained. Terms figured in chapter “Illustrated Pollen Terms” are indicated by bold page numbers. Non-recommended terms are only provided with an explanatory comment. For consistency, phrases are standardized, for example, features of ornamentation are stereotypically defined as “pollen wall with …”, and pollen wall features (or pollen shape and size) as “pollen grain with …”.
Aperture
Authors: Halbritter Heidemarie , Ulrich Silvia , Grímsson Friðgeir , Weber Martina , Zetter Reinhard , Hesse Michael , Buchner Ralf , Svojtka Matthias , Frosch-Radivo Andrea
Published: October 2018

angulaperturate: pollen grain with an angular outline where the apertures are located at the angles
The problem of future contingents: scoping out a solution
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: October 2018

Various philosophers have long since been attracted to the doctrine that future contingent propositions systematically fail to be true—what is sometimes called the doctrine of the open future. However, open futurists have always struggled to articulate how their view interacts with standard principles of classical logic—most notably, with the Law of Excluded Middle (LEM). For consider the following two claims: (a) Trump will be impeached tomorrow; (b) Trump will not be impeached tomorrow. According to the kind of open futurist at issue, both of these claims may well fail to be true. According to many, however, the disjunction of these claims can be represented asp∨ ~p—that is, as an instance of LEM. In this essay, however, I wish to defend the view that the disjunction these claims cannot be represented as an instance ofp∨ ~p. And this is for the following reason: the latter claim is not, in fact, the strict negation of the former. More particularly, there is an important semantic distinction between the strict negation of the first claim [~(Trump will be impeached tomorrow)] and the latter claim (Trump will not be impeached tomorrow). However, the viability of this approach has been denied by Thomason (Theoria 36:264–281, 1970), and more recently by MacFarlane (Assessment sensitivity: relative truth and its applications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013) and Cariani and Santorio (Mind 127:129–165. doi:10.1093/mind/fzw004, 2017), the latter of whom call the denial of the given semantic distinction “scopelessness”. According to these authors, that is,willis “scopeless” with respect to negation; whereas there is perhaps a syntactic distinction between ‘~Willp’ and ‘Will ~p’, there is no corresponding semantic distinction. And if this is so, the approach in question fails. In this paper, then, I criticize the claim thatwillis “scopeless” with respect to negation. I argue thatwillis a so-called “neg-raising” predicate—and that, in this light, we can see that the requisite scope distinctions aren’t missing, but are simply being masked. The result: a under-appreciated solution to the problem of future contingents that sees (a) and (b) as contraries, not contradictories.
Teaching Elementary Social Studies during Snack Time and other Unstructured Spaces
Authors: Whitlock Annie McMahon , Brugar Kristy A.
Published: October 2018

It is common practice for social studies in the elementary school day to be integrated into other subject areas, especially language arts. Also common in an elementary school day are unstructured spaces such as snack time or recess. In this paper, we present findings from a larger study on social studies integration within various subject areas to explore how two teachers (first and fifth grade) integrated social studies into unstructured spaces. These teachers integrated social studies concepts and experiences into morning work, community building, snack time, and after-lunch reading to varying degrees. This study provides an inroad for conversation among researchers, teacher educators, and practicing teachers about the ideals and reality of elementary social studies with the hope of deepening students’ experiences.
Two-layer hydraulics at the river–ocean interface
Authors: Poggioli Anthony R. , Horner-Devine Alexander R.
Published: October 2018

Liftoff is the hydraulically forced detachment of buoyant freshwater from the channel bottom or seabed that occurs as river water discharges into the coastal ocean. It is a key feature of strongly stratified systems, occurring well upstream in the channel or seaward of the river mouth under sufficiently strong forcing. We present a two-layer hydraulic solution for the river–ocean interface that considers the river, estuary and near-field river plume as a single interlinked system, extending previous work that considered them separately. This unified approach provides a prediction of the liftoff location and free-surface profile for a wide range of forcing conditions, which are characterized in terms of the freshwater Froude number $F_{f}\equiv Q/b_{0}\sqrt{g_{0}^{\prime }h_{0}^{3}}$. Here, $Q$ is the river discharge, $b_{0}$ is the channel width, $g_{0}^{\prime }\equiv (\unicode[STIX]{x0394}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2})g$ is the reduced gravitational acceleration, $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}$ is the density contrast between fresh and ocean water and $h_{0}$ is the total water depth at the river mouth. The solution is validated with laboratory experiments using an experimental apparatus consisting of a long, sloping river channel that discharges into a deep, wide saltwater basin. The experiments simulate the full range of hydraulic behaviours predicted by the model, from saltwater intrusion to offshore liftoff. For $F_{f}<1$, liftoff occurs in the estuary channel and our results show that the relationship between intrusion length and $F_{f}$ depends on the channel slope. For $F_{f}>1$, corresponding to flood conditions in many natural systems, liftoff is forced outside the river mouth and the hydraulic coupling between the channel and shelf becomes more important. For these conditions and for intermediate to steeply sloped shelves, the offshore liftoff distance varies linearly with $F_{f}-1$, a particularly simple scaling given the nonlinearity and relative complexity of the governing equations. The model and experimental results support a conceptual description of the river–ocean interface that relates the liftoff location, free-surface elevation and the spreading rate of the buoyant river plume.
Selling the World: Public Relations and the Global Expansion of General Motors, 1922–1940
Authors: Anbinder Jacob
Published: October 2018

General Motors (GM) became the world's dominant automaker in the 1920s and 1930s thanks in part to a dynamic, centralized public relations operation. The intended audience of this marketing included GM's own overseas employees. As the company opened new plants in foreign countries, it used media such asGeneral Motors World, an employee newspaper, to communicate that it understood the needs of different foreign consumers and to advocate against protectionist economic policies that hindered its ability to sell cars. The messages ofGeneral Motors Worldshaped global perceptions of GM's corporate structure and brand, and were a core element of the automaker's overseas activity.
The tip of the iceberg: incompleteness of measles reporting during a large outbreak in The Netherlands in 2013–2014
Authors: Woudenberg T. , Woonink F. , Kerkhof J. , Cox K. , Ruijs W.L.M. , van Binnendijk R. , de Melker H. , Hahné S.J.M. , Wallinga J.
Published: October 2018

Measles is a notifiable disease, but not everyone infected seeks care, nor is every consultation reported. We estimated the completeness of reporting during a measles outbreak in The Netherlands in 2013–2014. Children below 15 years of age in a low vaccination coverage community (n= 3422) received a questionnaire to identify measles cases. Cases found in the survey were matched with the register of notifiable diseases to estimate the completeness of reporting. Second, completeness of reporting was assessed by comparing the number of susceptible individuals prior to the outbreak with the number of reported cases in the surveyed community and on a national level.

We found 307 (15%) self-identified measles cases among 2077 returned questionnaires (61%), of which 27 could be matched to a case reported to the national register; completeness of reporting was 8.8%. Based on the number of susceptible individuals and number of reported cases in the surveyed community and on national level, the completeness of reporting was estimated to be 9.1% and 8.6%, respectively. Estimating the completeness of reporting gave almost identical estimates, which lends support to the credibility and validity of both approaches. The size of the 2013–2014 outbreak approximated 31 400 measles infections.
Intra-household double burden of malnutrition in a North African nutrition transition context: magnitude and associated factors of child anaemia with mother excess adiposity
Authors: Sassi Sonia , Abassi Mohamed Mehdi , Traissac Pierre , Ben Gharbia Houda , Gartner Agnès , Delpeuch Francis , El Ati Jalila
Published: October 2018

Objective

In the Middle East and North Africa region, the nutrition transition has resulted in drastic increases in excess adiposity, particularly among women, while some types of undernutrition remain prevalent, especially among pre-school children. We assessed the magnitude, nature and associated factors of the within-household co-occurrence of anaemia in children and excess adiposity in mothers.

Design

Cross-sectional survey using stratified two-stage random cluster sampling to survey households with women aged 20–49 years. BMI≥25·0 kg/m2 defined overweight and BMI≥30·0 kg/m2 obesity, while anaemia for children was defined as Hb<110 g/l. The associations between child anaemia and mother excess adiposity, and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were estimated by multinomial regression.

Setting

Greater Tunis area, Tunisia, in 2009–2010.

Subjects

Children aged 6–59 months living with their 20–49-year-old mothers (437 child–mother pairs).

Results

The most prevalent double burden of malnutrition in child–mother pairs by far was the anaemic child and overweight mother (24·4 %; 95 % CI 20·1, 29·3 %). A significant proportion of pairs were anaemic child and obese mother (14·4 %; 95 % CI 11·0, 18·5 %). The co-occurrence of anaemia in child and excess adiposity in mother was neither synergetic nor antagonistic (P=0·59 and 0·40 for anaemia–overweight and anaemia–obesity, respectively). This double burden was more frequent among child–mother pairs with younger children, with mothers of higher parity and higher energy intakes.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of anaemic child and overweight or obese mother requires special attention e.g. through interventions which simultaneously target both types of malnutrition within the same household.
Classification With a K: Moys at Middle Temple Library
Authors: Dhillon Harpreet
Published: October 2018

In this article Harpreet Dhillon recounts the experience and impact of Middle Temple Library's transition from an alphabetical organisation of textbooks to a subject order using the Moys Classification Scheme.
Moys @ McCanns: Reclassifying a Law Firm Library
Authors: Guthrie Megan
Published: October 2018

The McCann FitzGerald library provides a library and information service to one of Ireland's premier law firms. As Megan Guthrie explains, it was decided to reclassify the library collection using the Moys Classification Scheme for Legal Materials1 to enhance and improve the flow of the collection. It also provided an opportunity to conduct a stocktake of library material. The project was broken down into three main steps: assigning a Moys number, relabelling the physical material and updating the library management system. There were a number of challenges including the need to modify or add to the Moys numbers and finding the optimal process for relabelling and accounting for the material. It was necessary to adapt the initial plan throughout the project to account for any obstacles or restrictions that were encountered.
Challenges and Obstacles to Conducting Legal Research about Personal Drug Consumption (Minimum Doses) in Latin America
Authors: Orrego-Hoyos Gloria , Pizá Esteban
Published: October 2018

Although all the international instruments (treaties, conventions, etc), that shape criminal policy concerning drug trafficking in the Latin American region, converge and given the commitment of the states to go in the same direction, nevertheless it is quite difficult to conduct good research in the subject. This is due to multiple, and constant, reforms in the local legislation, the use of different legal terms and the context of the right to privacy in each country. This article, written by Gloria Orrego Hoyos and Esteban Pizá, addresses the main legal instruments applicable to the general topic of drug trafficking, and concerning personal consumption or minimum dose, and highlights the problems and obstacles faced with regard to conducting research about drug trafficking in the Latin American region.
Legal Knowledge and Information at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Authors: Mack Caroline
Published: October 2018

In this article Caroline Mack provides an introduction to knowledge and information management services in the Legal Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. She describes the development of the organisation's library services in recent years, then traces the development of her own role from a Legal Librarian to a Knowledge and Information Manager. While continuing to maintain a print and electronic library service for its lawyers, the Legal Directorate has increasingly recognised the value of effective knowledge and information management in all areas of its work. The article outlines the decision to implement a Directorate-wide knowledge and information management Strategy and the impact this has had on its work. The article also considers how the provision of library and information services are affected by external pressures and events, such as the change in priorities brought about by the EU Referendum result.
Associations of birth characteristics with perimenopausal disorders: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gao M. , Goodman A. , Mishra G. , Koupil I.
Published: October 2018

Perimenopausal disorders (PDs) are prevalent and importantly affect quality of life among middle-aged women. Yet, very little is known about the developmental origins of these disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of birth characteristics with PDs. This cohort study is based on archived birth records for birth weight and gestational age, and followed prospectively in Swedish inpatient and outpatient registers for 8 years (n=3212). The main outcomes were menopausal and climacteric states (e.g. flushing, sleeplessness), perimenopausal bleeding and other PDs (e.g. atrophic vaginitis). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for three subtypes of PDs separately. During the follow-up, 218 women had PDs, among whom 125 had menopausal and climacteric states, 61 had perimenopausal bleeding and 58 had other PDs as first recorded disorder. Birth weight was linearly associated with incidence rate of menopausal and climacteric states [HR=1.66 per 1 kg increase, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.14–2.41]. Gestational age (rather than birth weight) was associated with incidence rate of other PDs (HR=0.87 per 1 week increase, 95% CI=0.79–0.95). Neither birth weight nor gestational age was associated with perimenopausal bleeding. Similar results were found after adjustment for other early-life and adult socio-demographic characteristics. This observational study provides, for the first time, evidence regarding the developmental origins of PDs. Future research is required to investigate the underlying causal mechanisms, which may shed further light on the etiology of this class of disorders.
Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Control in No-Tillage Conventional (Non–genetically engineered) Soybean Using Overlapping Residual Herbicide Programs
Authors: Sarangi Debalin , Jhala Amit J.
Published: October 2018

Due to depressed corn and soybean prices over the last few years in the United States, growers in Nebraska are showing interest in no-tillage (hereafter referred to as no-till) conventional (non–genetically engineered [non-GE]) soybean production. Due to the increasing number of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United States, weed control in no-till non-GE soybean using POST herbicides is a challenge. The objectives of this study were to compare PRE-only, PRE followed by (fb) POST, and PRE fb POST with residual (POST-WR) herbicide programs for Palmer amaranth and velvetleaf control and soybean injury and yield, as well as to estimate the gross profit margins and benefit–cost ratio of herbicide programs. A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Clay Center, NE. The PRE herbicides tested in this study resulted in ≥95% Palmer amaranth and velvetleaf control at 28 d after PRE (DAPRE). Averaged across the programs, the PRE-only program controlled Palmer amaranth 66%, whereas 86% and 97% control was obtained with the PRE fb POST and PRE fb POST-WR programs, respectively, at 28 d after POST (DAPOST). At 28 DAPOST, the PRE fb POST herbicide programs controlled velvetleaf 94%, whereas the PRE-only program resulted in 85% control. Mixing soil-residual herbicides with foliar-active POST programs did not improve velvetleaf control. Averaged across herbicide programs, PRE fb POST programs increased soybean yield by 10% and 41% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, over the PRE-only programs. Moreover, PRE fb POST-WR programs produced 7% and 40% higher soybean yield in 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared with the PRE fb POST programs. The gross profit margin (US$1,184.3 ha−1) was highest under flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone (PRE) fb fluthiacet-methyl plusS-metolachlor/fomesafen (POST-WR) treatment; however, the benefit–cost ratio was highest (6.1) with the PRE-only program of flumioxazin/chlorimuron-ethyl.