bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oriental Nature, its Friends and its Enemies: Conservation of Nature in Late-Colonial Indonesia, 1889-1949
Authors: Boomgaard Peter
Published: June 2007

Deforestation of mountain slopes in Java began to be perceived as a problem around 1850. This led to the establishment of a colonial Forest Service and, from c. 1890 onwards, to the creation of protected forests. Forest Service personnel were also heavily involved in the organised conservation movement dating from the 1910s. This organisation, in turn, urged the colonial government to take legislative action regarding the protection of nature, thus stimulating the creation of nature and wildlife reserves. Although the conservation movement was almost entirely a Dutch affair, its character was, not surprisingly, 'Orientalist' and colonial, and therefore quite different from the movement in the Netherlands. Too little was done too late, but the measures taken preserved some 'nature' that otherwise would have been lost, and created a framework that is still being used today.
Thomas Pringle's Plantation
Authors: Shaw Damian
Published: June 2007

Thomas Pringle (1789-1834) was perhaps the most famous of the British settlers who landed at the Cape in 1820. He exerted an enormous influence on subsequent poetic and literary representations of Southern Africa. In this article, I investigate how Pringle's early experience as a settler moulded his attitude to the Cape landscape, and how he represented this in his early poetry. In this early poetry we see the germ of various attitudes towards the environment which are expressed later in the works of John Croumbie Brown.
Military Conflict and Forests in Central Provinces, India: Gonds and the Gondwana Region in Pre-colonial History
Authors: Prasad Archana
Published: June 2007

In this article I counter the proposition that pre-colonial, caste-based, natural resource management regimes were superior, in terms of stability and coherence, to colonial regimes. By engaging with the English sources of the Gondwana region I show how the question of 'stability' ignores the unequal and oppressive character of pre-colonial societies. This is borne out by the history of the Gondwana, where the social and political marginalisation of the Gonds was a result of the changing nature of zamidari power and the creation of private property rights in early colonial India.
Bamboo, Rats and Famines: Famine Relief and Perceptions of British Paternalism in the Mizo Hills (India)
Authors: Nag Sajal
Published: June 2007

As the British entered the Mizo hills (part of the Indo-Burmese range of hills, then known as the Lushai hills) to chase the headhunting tribal raiders and try to gain control over them by securing a foothold in the heart of the hills at Aizawl, they witnessed an amazing ecological phenomenon: a severe famine apparently caused by rats. The Mizo hills are covered extensively by various species of bamboo, which periodically rot, flower and seed. The bamboo seeds appeared to be a delicious food item for jungle rats, which emerged in massive numbers to devour them, and the consumption of bamboo seeds seemed to produce a vast increase in the rodent population. Once the millions of rats had exhausted the bamboo seed, they began to attack the standing crops in the fields. As they devoured the grains the resulting scarcity of food led to massive hardship, starvation and deaths....
Atmospheric Pollution and Stone Degradation in Nineteenth Century Exeter
Authors: Inkpen Rob
Published: June 2007

Over the nineteenth century the spatial pattern of coal use in Exeter changes little, particularly near to the cathedral. Localised sources of pollution, such as the heating of the cathedral itself may, in this context, be important sources of potentially damaging pollutants. By the end of the nineteenth century coal use in Exeter of approximately 33,000 tons is at a similar level to Oxford. Restoration and repair costs vary over the nineteenth century, but seem to bear little relationship to the changes in coal use. Detailed examination of the fabric records suggests that there is no simple, direct relationship between coal use and fabric repair costs. Complicating the relationship are a whole set of complex human systems involved in identification of decay, the style of restoration and management of the repair work.
Histories of Forestry: Ideas, Networks and Silences
Authors: McManus Phil
Published: June 2007

Professional German foresters have had a significant impact in many parts of the world. While this impact is acknowledged in India, Canada and the USA, it appears that many histories of Australian forestry are Anglocentric, spatially and temporally constrained, and unaware of the travel of ideas which underpin forestry practice. This article compares Australian and Canadian forestry histories, with particular reference to New South Wales and British Columbia respectively. It uses a modified form of Actant-Network Theory to look at the construction of Nature as part of the evolution of forestry, and to investigate the movement of ideas that underpin forestry in Australia and Canada.
Sir George Stapledon (1882-1960) and the Landscape of Britain
Authors: Moore-Colyer R.J.
Published: June 2007

This article is concerned with some aspects of the career of Sir George Stapledon, pioneer ecologist, geneticist and agricultural improver. In reviewing some of Stapledon's writings on the regeneration of rural Britain during the inter-war years it places his work within the social and cultural context of the time. Stapledon's suspicions of inductive science and reductionist economics, his concern with holism, 'spiritual values' and 'the nature of things' and his emphasis upon breadth of vision and the cultivation of the imagination was in stark contrast to many scientists of the day. However debatable the effects upon the 'natural' environment may have been, Stapledon's remarkable achievements in upland agricultural improvement were largely responsible for the retention of the social, cultural and economic infrastructure of the hills and uplands of today's Britain.
Ecology, Epidemics and Empires: Environmental Change and the Geopolitics of Tropical America, 1600-1825
Authors: McNeill J.R.
Published: June 2007

In the Atlantic American tropics, from Florida to Brazil, yellow fever attacked different populations differently. It killed outsiders more easily than locals, whites more easily than blacks, adults more easily than children. This meant that, after yellow fever was firmly ensconced via an ecological reconfiguration connected to sugar (c. 1640-90) it underpinned a military and political status quo, keeping Spanish America Spanish. After 1780, and particularly in the Haitian revolution, yellow fever undermined that status quo by assisting independence movements in the American tropics.
Ballast and the Tay Eider Duck Populations
Authors: McManus John
Published: June 2007

Deposits of coarse gravels which line the southern margin of the Tay Estuary entrance channel east of Tayport support a thriving population of mussels. Large numbers of Eider ducks, dependent on mussels for food, overwinter in this part of the estuary. The mussels depend on the gravels to provide a firm base on which to grow. The accidental grounding of an oil tanker on the gravel beds led to analysis of the component pebbles, demonstrating that they were unlike gravels from glacial deposits nearby, but closely resembled gravels in the River Tay at Perth, 40km to landward. It is suggested that the gravels which originated at Perth were transported seawards as ballast in lighters seeking to trans-ship cargoes from larger vessels anchored at Tayport which were unable to penetrate the upper estuary due to lack of water. Gravel ballast, required by the empty sailing ships, was unloaded to ballast barges and discharged at the edge of the tidal flats, forming the island of Lucky Scalp. It was spread by salmon fishermen to improve footholds for net hauling. With the improvement of navigation waters to Perth the trans-shipment trade at Tayport ceased. With the demise of the salmon netting industry the gravel banks were abandoned and the mussel beds grew more freely, so that the shell beds increased in area. The presence of the extensive winter Eider duck population in the Tay is at least partly dependent upon the 'waste'products of a human activity that ceased more than a century ago.
Groundwater Development in England
Authors: Cook Hadrian F.
Published: June 2007

Current groundwater protection policies for England and Wales and licence controls are the outcome of a complicated history of resource development, legislative change and institutional evolution. Conflicts emerged in the late nineteenth century reflecting the need to balance resource exploitation for public supply and industry with environmental considerations. This situation arose through a late appreciation of plausible scientific principles and the 'invisibility' of groundwater; the result has been a near crisis in resource management. The issues discussed provide an interface between 'green history' and frameworks for sustainable development. An overview of groundwater exploitation is presented with case studies of low flows, the nitrate issue and salinisation of chalk aquifers.
'The Land is Spoiled By Water': Cossack Colonisation in the North Caucasus
Authors: Barrett Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

A frontier environmental history of Cossack settlers in the North Caucasus reveals some of the weaknesses of the Russian imperial mission. Cossacks transformed the landscape of settlement through deforestation and canalisation; the resulting floods and disease regime put severe limits on their ability to be economic colonisers or cultural assimilators. In many respects, the land proved to be a tougher enemy than the mountain people whom they were sent to conquer.
Societies in Conflict: Algae and Humanity in the Philippines
Authors: Bankoff Greg
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the origin and evolutionary role of microalgae, the phenomenon of harmful dinoflagellate blooms commonly referred to as red tides, their history in the Philippines since a regular annual occurrence in 1983, and the loss of livelihood, morbidity and even death caused through the human consumption of seafood contaminated by such toxins.
Cover Picture: A Germanium Inverse Woodpile Structure with a Large Photonic Band Gap (Adv. Mater. 12/2007)
Authors: García‐Santamaría F. , Xu M. , Lousse V. , Fan S. , Braun P. V. , Lewis J. A.
Published: June 2007

Germanium inverse woodpile 3D photonic crystals with a large (25%) photonic band gap in the infrared (background image) were fabricated through a multistep replication procedure. A polymer scaffold was first created by direct‐write assembly, followed by the conformal growth of oxide and semiconductor layers, and removal of the polymer and oxide (foreground), as reported on p. 1567 by Paul Braun, Jennifer Lewis, and co‐workers.
Inside Front Cover: Aromatic Carbonyl Derivative Polymers as High‐Performance Li‐Ion Storage Materials (Adv. Mater. 12/2007)
Authors: Han X. , Chang C. , Yuan L. , Sun T. , Sun J.
Published: June 2007

Molecular simulation of a PTCDA sulfide polymer crystal, in which a layered structure can be clearly observed. As reported on p. 1616 by Taolei Sun, Jutang Sun, and co‐workers, this is a new class of promising organic positive‐electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries. The excellent electrochemical performance of these materials, which is comparable or even superior to conventional inorganic materials, as well as their high safety, environmental friendliness, molecular design flexibility and diversity, and low cost, endow them with broad application and market potential.
GATA‐1 transcription factor is up‐regulated in bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor CD34+ and erythroid CD71+ cells in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Maratheftis Christos I. , Bolaraki Pelagia E. , Voulgarelis Michael
Published: June 2007

GATA‐1 is a transcription factor governing the production of erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. Unobstructed GATA‐1 expression in early progenitor cells commits them to the myeloid lineage, channeling its differentiation towards erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell frequently presenting dysplasia in erythroid and/or megakaryocytic lineage. We reasoned that measurement of GATA‐1 expression levels in hematopoietic progenitor CD34+ and the committed erythroid CD71+ cells, from various MDS subcategories, could demonstrate GATA‐1 involvement in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. In this study, MDS patients displayed significantly elevated GATA‐1 mRNA expression, in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), progenitor CD34+ and erythroid CD71+ cells in contrast to the control population (P << 0.001). Additionally, GATA‐1 mRNA expression in MDS CD71+ cells was positively correlated with their apoptotic levels (ρ = 0.58, P = 0.03). Furthermore, GATA‐1 expression levels were found to correlate with the disease progression. MDS patients in high/INT‐2 IPSS risk group expressed significantly higher GATA‐1 mRNA levels, in both CD34+ and CD71+ cells, as opposed to low/INT‐1 patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, the former displayed increased apoptosis in the CD71+ cells and significantly reduced neutrophil and platelet numbers and hemoglobin levels compared with the latter. We conclude that MDS patients display an increase of GATA‐1 mRNA expression in BM cells, with high/INT‐2 patients showing significantly higher levels. The higher level of GATA‐1 mRNA in erythroid cells was positively correlated with their degree of apoptosis. These findings suggest that the up‐regulation of GATA‐1 may be responsible for the peripheral cytopenias in MDS. Am. J. Hematol. 82:887–892, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The global experience with lead in gasoline and the lessons we should apply to the use of MMT
Authors: Walsh Michael P.
Published: June 2007

As leaded gasoline is on the verge of being eliminated from all gasoline worldwide another neurotoxin has been put on the market as a lead substitute. Initial concerns regarding the potential adverse health impacts of this additive have emerged and some evidence indicates that its use could damage pollution controls on advance gasoline fueled vehicles. This paper attempts to draw upon the experience with lead in gasoline to see what lessons we should have learned and how these lessons should apply to the use of the new additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). Based on the global experience with lead, the question is whether we have sufficient information to conclude that the precautionary principle should apply to the use of MMT; this would require the developer of the additive to demonstrate conclusively that it is safe before it is sold around the world. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:853–860, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole‐genome array‐CGH identifies novel contiguous gene deletions and duplications associated with developmental delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Aradhya Swaroop , Manning Melanie A. , Splendore Alessandra , Cherry Athena M.
Published: June 2007

Cytogenetic imbalances are the most frequently identified cause of developmental delay or mental retardation, which affect 1–3% of children and are often seen in conjunction with growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and various congenital anomalies. A substantial number of patients with developmental delay or mental retardation are predicted to have cytogenetic imbalances, but conventional methods for identifying these imbalances yield positive results in only a small fraction of these patients. We used microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to study a panel of 20 patients predicted to have chromosomal aberrations based on clinical presentation of developmental delay or mental retardation, growth delay, dysmorphic features, and/or congenital anomalies. Previous G‐banded karyotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization results were normal for all of these patients. Using both oligonucleotide‐based and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)‐based arrays on the same panel of patients, we identified 10 unique deletions and duplications ranging in size from 280 kb to 8.3 Mb. The whole‐genome oligonucleotide arrays identified nearly twice as many imbalances as did the lower‐resolution whole‐genome BAC arrays. This has implications for using aCGH in a clinical setting. Analysis of parental DNA samples indicated that most of the imbalances had occurred de novo. Moreover, seven of the 10 imbalances represented novel disorders, adding to an increasing number of conditions caused by large‐scale deletions or duplications. These results underscore the strength of high‐resolution genomic arrays in diagnosing cases of unknown genetic etiology and suggest that contiguous genomic alterations are the underlying pathogenic cause of a significant number of cases of developmental delay. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotype description of a Dutch otosclerosis family with suggestive linkage to OTSC7
Authors: Pauw Robert Jan , Huygen Patrick L.M. , Thys Melissa , Van Camp Guy , Joosten Frank B.M. , Cremers Cor W.R.J.
Published: June 2007

This study reports on a clinical investigation of a Dutch family that shows suggestive linkage to OTSC7. Cross‐sectional as well as longitudinal analyses of audiometric data were performed. Also, high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bones from genetically affected family members were obtained to study the incidence and extent of otospongiotic foci. Audiometric data showed a considerable degree of phenotypic variability. Cross‐sectional regression analysis did not show age‐dependent progression of bone conduction (BC), air conduction (AC), and air‐bone gap (ABG) levels. Longitudinal analysis of audiometric follow‐up data of one family member showed age‐dependent progression of AC, BC, and ABG levels. High‐resolution CT images revealed an otospongiotic focus in six of six (100%) clinically affected individuals that carried the disease haplotype. In none of the clinically unaffected family members that showed linkage to OTSC7, an otospongiotic focus was detected by CT. In conclusion, hearing impairment in the present otosclerosis family seems to be variable in terms of onset age and level of progression. Long‐term audiometric data of one patient proved to be valuable in understanding progression of hearing impairment in this individual. The detection rate of otospongiotic foci in our study group is similar compared to previous reports on CT data in consecutive otosclerosis patients who had stapes replacing surgery. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of novel mutations in WFS1 and genotype–phenotype correlation in Wolfram syndrome
Authors: Cano A. , Rouzier C. , Monnot S. , Chabrol B. , Conrath J. , Lecomte P. , Delobel B. , Boileau P. , Valero R. , Procaccio V. , Paquis‐Flucklinger V. ,   French Group of Wolfram Syndrome, Vialettes B.
Published: June 2007

Mutations in the WFS1 gene have been reported in Wolfram syndrome (WS), an autosomal recessive disorder defined by early onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) and progressive optic atrophy. Because of the low prevalence of this syndrome and the recent identification of the WFS1 gene, few data are available concerning the relationships between clinical and molecular aspects of the disease. Here, we describe 12 patients from 11 families with WS. We report on eight novel (A214fsX285, L293fsX303, P346L, I427S, V503fsX517, R558C, S605fsX711, P838L) and seven previously reported mutations. We also looked for genotype–phenotype correlation both in patients included in this study and 19 additional WS patients that were previously reported. Subsequently, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of five published clinical and molecular studies of WFS1 for genotype–phenotype correlation, combined with our current French patient group for a total of 96 patients. The presence of two inactivating mutations was shown to predispose to an earlier age of onset of both DM and optic atrophy. Moreover, the clinical expression of WS was more complete and occurred earlier in patients harboring no missense mutation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular genetics study of deafness in Brazil: 8‐year experience
Authors: de Oliveira Camila Andréa , Alexandrino Fabiana , Christiani Thalita Vitachi , Steiner Carlos Eduardo , Cunha José Luiz Rosemberis , Guerra Andréa Trevas Maciel , Sartorato Edi Lúcia
Published: June 2007

Hereditary hearing loss is a complex disorder that involves a large number of genes. In developed countries, 1 in 1,000 children is born with deafness severe enough to require special education services, and about 60% of the cases of isolated deafness have a genetic origin. Although more than 100 genes for hearing loss are known currently, only a few are routinely tested in the clinical practice. In this study, we present our findings from the molecular diagnostic screening of the GJB2 and GJB3 genes, del(GJB6‐D13S1830) and del(GJB6‐D13S1854) deletions in the GJB6 gene, Q829X mutation in the otoferlin gene (OTOF) and, the A1555G and A7445G mutations in the mitochondrial genome over an 8‐year period. Mutations analysis in the previously mentioned genes and mutations was performed on 645 unrelated Brazilian patients with hearing loss who fell into two different testing groups. Different mutations in the GJB2 gene were responsible for most of cases studied, but deletions in the GJB6 gene as well as mitochondrial mutations were also found. While most cases of hearing loss in this country are due to environmental factors, the genetic etiology of deafness will increasingly be determined as more genetic tests become available. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel splice site mutation in EYA4 causes DFNA10 hearing loss
Authors: Hildebrand Michael S. , Coman David , Yang Tao , Gardner R.J. McKinlay , Rose Elizabeth , Smith Richard J.H. , Bahlo Melanie , Dahl Hans‐Henrik M.
Published: June 2007

Nonsyndromic autosomal dominant sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at the DFNA10 locus was described in two families in 2001. Causative mutations that affect the EyaHR domain of the ‘Eyes absent 4’ (EYA4) protein were identified. We report on the clinical and genetic analyses of an Australian family with nonsyndromic SNHL. Screening of the EYA4 gene showed the novel polypyrimidine tract variation ca. 1282‐12T > A that introduces a new 3′ splice acceptor site. This is the first report of a point mutation in EYA4 that is hypothesized to lead to aberrant pre‐mRNA splicing and human disease. The DFNA10 family described is only the fourth to be identified. One individual presented with apparently the same phenotype as other affected members of the family. However, genotyping illustrated that he did not share the DFNA10 disease haplotype. Detailed clinical investigation showed differences in the onset and severity of his hearing loss and thus he is presumed to represent a phenocopy, perhaps resulting from long‐term exposure to loud noise. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innovative social behavior in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Casanova C. , Mondragon‐Ceballos R. , Lee P.C.
Published: June 2007

We present evidence of agonistic buffering in captive chimpanzees, recorded from 1993 until 2005, mainly from ad libitum sampling in over 2000 hr of observation. A total of 33 agonistic buffering episodes were analyzed for context and effects of this complex social behavior. Agonistic buffering was directed at the whole chimpanzee colony as they supported an individual who initially received aggression from the alpha male, independently of the victim's age, sex or social rank. Chimpanzee agonistic buffering behavior is compared with that in other nonhuman primate species, and we describe some particularities of chimpanzee agonistic buffering: the status of the buffers used—socially important offspring such as those from the alpha female—and the social rank of the adult male responsible for the buffering episode—alpha male. Possible functions for this behavior in chimpanzees are suggested as appeasement of group members in a particularly crowded captive setting, and/or as a “forced reconciliation” mechanism. Chimpanzees exhibit behavioral flexibility by adapting themselves to new social and physical situations and use novel behavior to achieve social benefits. Am. J. Primatol. 70:54–61, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb length and locomotor biomechanics in the genus Homo: An experimental study
Authors: Gruss Laura Tobias
Published: June 2007

The striking variation in limb proportions within the genus Homo during the Pleistocene has important implications for understanding biomechanics in the later evolution of human bipedalism, because longer limbs and limb segments may increase bending moments about bones and joints. This research tested the hypothesis that long lower limbs and tibiae bring about increases in A‐P bending forces on the lower limb during the stance phase of human walking. High‐speed 3‐D video data, force plates, and motion analysis software were used to analyze the walking gait of 27 modern human subjects. Limb length, as well as absolute and relative tibia length, were tested for associations with a number of kinetic and kinematic variables. Results show that individuals with longer limbs do incur greater bending moments along the lower limb during the first half of stance phase. During the second half of stance, individuals moderate bending moments through a complex of compensatory mechanisms, including keeping the knee in a more extended position. Neither absolute nor relative tibia length had any effect on the kinetic or kinematic variables tested. If these patterns apply to fossil Homo, groups with relatively long limbs (e.g. H. ergaster or early H. sapiens) may have experienced elevated bending forces along the lower limb during walking compared to those with relatively shorter limbs (e.g. the Neandertals). These increased forces could have led to greater reinforcement of joints and diaphyses. These results must be considered when formulating explanations for variation in limb morphology among Pleistocene hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecogeographic size variation in small‐bodied subfossil primates from Ankilitelo, Southwestern Madagascar
Authors: Muldoon Kathleen M. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: June 2007

Variation in body size is well documented for both extant and extinct Malagasy primates, and appears to be correlated with geographic patterns of resource seasonality. Less attention has been paid to extant lemurs in subfossil collections, although it has been suggested that subfossil forms of extant species are characterized by greater size than their modern counterpart. This trend of phyletic size change has been related to climate change, habitat fragmentation, or human hunting. However, space‐ and time‐averaging in the subfossil samples of previous studies may have obscured more general ecogeographic patterns underlying these size differences. Our objective is to examine size variation in subfossil still‐extant primates within a regional comparative context to determine if subfossil and living forms conform to similar ecogeographic patterns. We report on the subfossil still‐extant primate assemblage from Ankilitelo, southwestern Madagascar (∼500 yr BP) to test this hypothesis. The Ankilitelo primates were compared with museum specimens of known locality. Extant taxa were assigned to one of five distinct ecogeographic regions, including spiny thicket, dry deciduous forest, succulent woodland, lowland and subhumid rainforest. Comparisons of tooth size in extant lemurs reveal significant geographical patterns of variation within genera. In general, the primates from Ankilitelo are indeed larger than their modern counterpart. However, these differences fit an ecoregional model of size variation, whereby Ankilitelo species are comparable in size to living forms inhabiting ecoregions present near the cave today. This suggests that Malagasy primates have been subjected to similar patterns of resource seasonality for at least 500 years. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diskotische Flüssigkristalle: Von der maßgeschneiderten Synthese zur Kunststoffelektronik
Authors: Laschat Sabine , Baro Angelika , Steinke Nelli , Giesselmann Frank , Hägele Constanze , Scalia Giusy , Judele Roxana , Kapatsina Elisabeth , Sauer Sven , Schreivogel Alina , Tosoni Martin
Published: June 2007

Die meisten Menschen verbinden mit dem Begriff Flüssigkristalle sofort die Displays von Laptop‐Computern, Mobiltelefonen, Digitalkameras und anderen elektronischen Geräten. Im Unterschied zu ihren stäbchenförmigen (calamitischen) Verwandten, die erstmals 1907 von Vorländer beschrieben wurden, bieten aber die 1977 von Chandrasekhar entdeckten scheibenförmigen (diskotischen) Flüssigkristalle andere vielversprechende Verwendungsmöglichkeiten. Ihre einzigartige Anordnung in columnaren Mesophasen macht sie zu idealen Kandidaten für molekulare Drähte in vielen optischen und elektronischen Geräten, beispielsweise in Photokopierern, Laserdruckern, Solarzellen, organischen Leuchtdioden und Feldeffekttransistoren oder zur holographischen Datenspeicherung. Einer Übersicht über die verschiedenen Mesophasentypen und Charakterisierungsmethoden columnarer Flüssigkristalle folgen ausgewählte Beispiele aus den Hauptklassen columnarer Mesogene unter besonderer Berücksichtigung effizienter Syntheseverfahren, mesomorpher Eigenschaften und der für Anwendungen relevanten physikalischen Eigenschaften der Flüssigkristalle. Abschließend werden Anwendungsbeispiele und Perspektiven für einen Einsatz in den Materialwissenschaften und der molekularen Elektronik vorgestellt.
Discotic Liquid Crystals: From Tailor‐Made Synthesis to Plastic Electronics
Authors: Laschat Sabine , Baro Angelika , Steinke Nelli , Giesselmann Frank , Hägele Constanze , Scalia Giusy , Judele Roxana , Kapatsina Elisabeth , Sauer Sven , Schreivogel Alina , Tosoni Martin
Published: June 2007

Most associate liquid crystals with their everyday use in laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, and other electronic devices. However, in contrast to their rodlike (calamitic) counterparts, first described in 1907 by Vorländer, disklike (discotic, columnar) liquid crystals, which were discovered in 1977 by Chandrasekhar et al., offer further applications as a result of their orientation in the columnar mesophase, making them ideal candidates for molecular wires in various optical and electronic devices such as photocopiers, laser printers, photovoltaic cells, light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, and holographic data storage. Beginning with an overview of the various mesophases and characterization methods, this Review will focus on the major classes of columnar mesogens rather than presenting a library of columnar liquid crystals. Emphasis will be given to efficient synthetic procedures, and relevant mesomorphic and physical properties. Finally, some applications and perspectives in materials science and molecular electronics will be discussed.
Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of dimethyl/di(n‐butyl)tin(IV)bis(O,O′‐ditolyl dithiophosphate) complexes. Crystal structures of Me2Sn[S2P(OC6H4Me‐o)2]2 and n‐Bu2Sn[S2P(OC6H4Me‐o)2]2
Authors: Drake John E. , Gurnani Chitra , Hursthouse Michael B. , Light Mark E. , Nirwan Manisha , Ratnani Raju
Published: June 2007

Organotin(IV) complexes of the type, R2Sn[S2P(OR′)2]2 (where R = Me, n‐Bu and R′ = o‐, m‐, p‐C6H4Me) have been obtained by the reaction of Me2SnCl2 or n‐Bu2SnCl2 with ammonium salts of the corresponding O,O′‐ditolyl dithiophosphates on stirring in benzene and have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR, 1H, 13C, 31P and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Trends in data are discussed. The crystal structures of Me2Sn[S2P(OC6H4Me‐o)2]2 and n‐Bu2Sn[S2P(OC6H4Me‐o)2]2 are reported. The environment around the tin atom in both molecules may be described as having skew‐trapezoid bipyramidal geometry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of a ‘safety‐catch’ arylgermane for biaryl synthesis by palladium‐catalysed germyl‐stille cross‐coupling
Authors: Spivey Alan C. , Gripton Christopher J. G. , Hannah Joseph P. , Tseng Chih‐Chung , de Fraine Paul , Parr Nigel J. , Scicinski Jan J.
Published: June 2007

The Pd(0) catalysed cross‐coupling of arylgermanes with aryl bromides is shown to require at least two labile heteroatom ligands on the Ge centre to allow efficient nucleophilic activation by fluoride. Dichloroarylgermanes 7a and 7b are shown to cross‐couple to a series of aryl bromides with moderate efficiency using activation by KF in DMF. Bis(2‐naphthylmethyl)arylgermane 18b is identified as a ‘safety‐catch’ precursor to this type of cross‐coupling substrate. The 2‐naphthylmethyl substituents can be removed via photolytic oxidation in the presence of Cu(BF4)2 and the resulting species, although not characterized, participates in cross‐coupling using activation by TBAF in DMF. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
20‐hydroxyecdysone prevents oxidative stress damage in adultPyrrhocoris apterus
Authors: Krishnan Natraj , Večeřa Josef , Kodrík Dalibor , Sehnal František
Published: June 2007

Injections of 38 pmol paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bypyridilium) into adultPyrrhocoris apterus(average body weight 29.6 mg in males and 36.9 mg in females) caused a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and a decline of membrane fluidity in the microsomal brain fraction. Another manifestation of oxidative stress was a depletion of the reduced glutathione pool and reduction of the γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity in the brain extracts. The damaging action of paraquat on the brain was counteracted by simultaneous injection of 1 pmol 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). 20E restrained lipid peroxidation and the formation of protein carbonyls, ameliorated changes in microsomal membrane fluidity, enhanced the level of reduced glutathione, and upregulated the activity of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase. At the organismic level, 20E curtailed three detrimental effects caused by paraquat injection: the disappearance of a blood protein, the suppression of fecundity and egg hatchability, and the shortening of adult life span. The data showed that 20E provided a systemic antioxidant protection but the significance of endogenous ecdysteroids in the management of oxidative stress remains to be shown. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:114–124, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue‐specific regulation of juvenile hormone esterase gene expression by 20‐hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone in Bombyx mori
Authors: Kamimura Manabu , Takahashi Michiyoshi , Kikuchi Kyoko , Reza A.M.S. , Kiuchi Makoto
Published: June 2007

Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) is the primary juvenile hormone (JH) metabolic enzyme in insects and plays important roles in the regulation of molt and metamorphosis. We investigated its mRNA expression profiles and hormonal control in Bombyx mori larvae. JHE mRNA was expressed at the end of the 4th and 5th (last) larval instars in the midgut and in all the three (anterior, middle, posterior) parts of the silk gland. In the fat body, JHE expression peaked twice in the 5th instar, at wandering and before pupation, while it gradually decreased through the 4th instar. When 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) was injected into mid‐5th instar larvae, JHE mRNA expression was induced in the anterior silk gland but suppressed in the fat body. Topical application of a juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb to early‐5th instar larvae induced JHE expression in both tissues. In the anterior silk gland, JHE expression was accelerated and strengthened by 20E plus fenoxycarb treatments compared with 20E or fenoxycarb single treatment, indicating positive interaction of 20E and JH. JHE mRNA is thus expressed in tissue‐specific manners under the control of ecdysteroids and JH. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:143–151, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Antidiabetic Activity of 3,6,7‐Trisubstituted‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐2‐ylsulfanyl)quinoxalines and Quinoxalin‐2‐yl isothioureas
Authors: Bahekar Rajesh H. , Jain Mukul R. , Gupta Arun A. , Goel Ashish , Jadav Pradip A. , Patel Dipam N. , Prajapati Vijay M. , Patel Pankaj R.
Published: June 2007

Two series of 3,6,7‐trisubstituted‐2‐(1H‐imidazol‐2‐ylsulfanyl)‐quinoxalines 2a‐l and 2‐(quinoxalin‐2‐yl)‐isothioureas 3a‐l were prepared. All the test compounds 2a‐l and 3a‐l were screened in vitro, in a RIN5F cell‐based assay for glucose‐dependent insulinotropic activity. A significant concentration and glucose‐dependent insulin secretion effect was seen with compounds 2a‐l and the insulinotropic activity of compound 2l was found to be identical to that of the standard compound (6,7‐dichloro‐2‐trifluromethyl‐3‐(5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazo‐2‐ylsulfanyl)‐quinoxaline (1)).
Frequency and structure of long distance scholarly collaborations in a physics community
Authors: Lorigo Lori , Pellacini Fabio
Published: June 2007

The authors present results from a real‐world study depicting remote collaboration trends of a community of more than 87,000 scientists over 30 years. They utilize publication records of more than 200,000 scholarly journal articles, together with affiliations of the authors to infer distance collaborations. The longevity of their study is of interest because it covers several years before and after the birth of the Internet and computer‐supported collaborative work (CSCW) technologies. Thus, they provide one lens through which the impact of computer‐assisted collaborative work technologies can be viewed. Their results show that there has been a steady and constant growth in the frequency of both interinstitute and cross‐country collaborations in a particular physics domain, regardless of the introduction of these technologies. This suggests that we are witnessing an evolution, rather than a revolution, with respect to long‐distance collaborative behavior. An interdisciplinary approach, combining numerical statistics, graph visualizations, and social network measurements, facilitates their remarks on the changes in the size and structure of these collaborations over this period of history.
Oxidative Reactions of the MoIV Dialkyl Complex [{(3‐CF3C6H4NCH2CH2)2NMe}Mo(CH2SiMe3)2]
Authors: Hock Adam S. , Schrock Richard R.
Published: June 2007

The structure of [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CH2SiMe3)2] (in which (CF3N2NMe)2− is [(3‐CF3C6H4NCH2CH2)2NMe]2−) is approximately trigonal bipyramidal with one axial and one equatorial alkyl ligand. Heating of solutions of [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CH2SiMe3)2] in [D6]benzene in the presence of five equivalents of 2‐butyne led to diamagnetic [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CHSiMe3)(η2‐MeCCMe)], whose structure is approximately square pyramidal with the alkyne occupying the axial site. Addition of one equivalent of cyclohexene sulfide to [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CH2SiMe3)2] at room temperature produced the diamagnetic, dimeric molybdenum(IV) sulfido complex, [{(CF3N2NMe)MoS}2]. This complex is composed of two approximately trigonal bipyramidal centers, each containing one axial and one equatorial sulfur atom. Oxidation of [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CH2SiMe3)2] with hexachloroethane resulted in formation of tetramethylsilane, HCl, and the sparingly soluble, red alkylidyne complex, [{(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CSiMe3)Cl}2]. This complex forms a dimer through bridging chlorides. The oxidation reactions of [(CF3N2NMe)Mo(CH2SiMe3)2] with 2‐butyne, cyclohexene sulfide, or C2Cl6 are all proposed to proceed by α‐hydrogen abstraction in the MoVI species to yield (initially) the MoCHSiMe3 species and tetramethylsilane.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations into the Paratropic Ring Current of a Porphyrin Sheet
Authors: Nakamura Yasuyuki , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2007

Anomalous induced magnetic effects were observed in a directly fused square‐planar porphyrin sheet 1, in that the protons above the center of the tetraporphyrin core were characteristically shifted downfield in the 1H NMR spectrum. These observations suggest a rare paratropic ring‐current effect around the planar cyclooctatetraene (COT) core of 1. To examine the spatial distribution of the induced magnetic effect, face‐to‐face dimeric complexes of porphyrin sheet 1 with bipyridyl‐type guest molecules (G1–G3) were prepared, which provided complexation‐induced shifts (CISs) of the guest molecules as a neat experimental guide to the distance dependence of the induced magnetic effects in 1. Nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) values of 1 were calculated by varying the distance of the probe from the plane of 1. Whereas a simple bell‐type profile was estimated for the complex (1)2–(G1)4, the distance profiles of the CIS became increasingly flat for (1)2–(G2)4 and (1)2–(G3)4. Finally, we investigated the paratropic ring‐current effect just above the COT core of the complex 1–(G4)2, which agrees well with the theoretically estimated distance‐dependent induced magnetic effect. Consequently, both experimental and theoretical studies on the complexes of porphyrin sheets with guest molecules revealed for the first time a unique distance dependence of the paratropic ring current.
Pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in rats
Authors: Hazra Anasuya , Pyszczynski Nancy , DuBois Debra C. , Almon Richard R. , Jusko William J.
Published: June 2007

Methylprednisolone (MPL) pharmacokinetics was examined in adrenalectomized (ADX) and normal rats to assess the feasibility of intramuscular (i.m.) dosing for use in pharmacodynamic studies. Several study phases were pursued. Parallel group studies were performed in normal and ADX rats given 50 mg/kg MPL (i.v. or i.m.) and blood samples were collected up to 6 h. Data from studies where normal rats were dosed with 50 mg/kg MPL i.m. and killed over either 6 or 96 h were combined to determine muscle site and plasma MPL concentrations. Lastly, ADX rats were dosed with 50 mg/kg MPL i.m. and killed over 18 h to assess hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) dynamics. MPL exhibited bi‐exponential kinetics after i.v. dosing with a terminal slope of 2.1 h−1. The i.m. drug was absorbed slowly with two first‐order absorption rate constants, 1.26 and 0.219 h−1 indicating flip‐flop kinetics with overall 50% bioavailability. The kinetics of MPL at the injection site exhibited slow, dual absorption rates. Although i.m. MPL showed lower bioavailability compared with other corticosteroids in rats, TAT dynamics revealed similar i.m. and i.v. response profiles. The more convenient intramuscular dosing can replace the i.v. route without causing marked differences in pharmacodynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refinement of a morphological scoring system for postimplantation rabbit conceptuses
Authors: Carney Edward W. , Tornesi Belen , Keller Charles , Findlay Heather A. , Nowland William S. , Marshall Valerie A. , Ozolinš Terence R.S.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND:The rabbit is used extensively in developmental toxicity testing, yet basic information on rabbit embryo development is lacking. The goals of this study were to refine a rabbit embryo morphology scoring system, and use it to evaluate rabbit whole embryo cultures (WEC).METHODS:A total of 265 conceptuses were harvested between GD 8.0 and 12.0 (coitus = GD 0) at 6‐hr intervals and examined in detail. Discreet developmental landmarks were then established for 18 morphological features and assigned scores ranging from 0 up to 6. The scoring system was then validated on a subset of randomly selected in vivo conceptuses, and was used to evaluate conceptuses grown for 12, 24, 36, or 48 hr in WEC beginning from GD 9.0 or 10.0. A few embryos also were examined using microscopic computed tomography (microCT)‐based virtual histology™ to assess the utility of this technology.RESULTS:Morphology scores of in vivo developed conceptuses increased linearly (r2= 0.98) with advancing gestational age, from means of 0.0 on GD 8.0 to 67.9 on GD 12.0. Application of the scoring system, supplemented with evidence from Virtual histology™, indicated that the WEC system supported normal morphological development of rabbit conceptuses. However, when explanted at GD 9, the rate of development was about 20% slower than in vivo, whereas the rate of development in WEC from GD 10 was indistinguishable from in vivo.CONCLUSIONS:This work enhances the evaluation tools available to study mechanisms of normal and abnormal development in this widely used animal testing species.Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrous cycle‐dependent histology and review of sex steroid receptor expression in dog reproductive tissues and mammary gland and associated hormone levels
Authors: Rehm Sabine , Stanislaus Dinesh J. , Williams Ann M.
Published: June 2007

This report describes normal histology of tissues from immature female dogs and sequential microscopic changes that occur during different stages of the estrous cycle in ovary, uterus, vagina and mammary glands. These observations are associated with a literature review of concurrent estrous cycle plasma hormone levels and expression of sex steroid receptors in these tissues. The combined review of different aspects of the estrous cycle in the dog provides readers with a comprehensive presentation and may guide investigators that are involved in testing compounds with hormonal effects in female dogs. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and evaluation of intermediate frequency magnetic field exposure system for studies of in vitro biological effects
Authors: Fujita Atsushi , Hirota Izuo , Kawahara Yoshinobu , Omori Hideki
Published: June 2007

We have developed an intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic field exposure system for in vitro studies. Since there are no previous studies on exposure to heating‐frequency magnetic fields generated from an induction heating (IH) cook top, there is a strong need for such an exposure system and for biological studies of IF magnetic fields. This system mainly consists of a magnetic‐field‐generating coil housed inside an incubator, inside which cultured cells can be exposed to magnetic field. Two systems were prepared to allow the experiment to be conducted in a double‐blind manner. The level of the generated magnetic field was set to 532 µTrms in the exposure space, 23 kHz, 80 times the value in the International Commission on Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, with a spatial field uniformity better than 3.8%. The waveforms were nearly sinusoidal. It was also confirmed that the parasitic electric field was 157 V/mrms and the induced electric field was 1.9 V/mrms. The temperature was maintained at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C for 2 h. Furthermore, leaked magnetic flux density was 0.7 µTrms or lower at extremely low frequency (ELF) and IF in the stopped system when the other system was being operated, and the environmental magnetic flux density was 0.1 µTrms or lower at the center of the coils. As a result, it was confirmed that this system could be successfully used to evaluate the biological effects of exposure to IF magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 28:538–545, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eine gelernte Lebensweise: Figurationen des Gelehrtenlebens zwischen Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit
Authors: Algazi Gadi
Published: June 2007

A Learned Way of Life: Figurations of Scholarly Life between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. – With the erosion of professors' obligatory celibacy in northwestern European universities of the high Middle Ages, scholars found themselves facing the task of redefining their mode of life and establishing a new type of families, combining social reproduction and the transmission of academic knowledge, and adopting daily habits and dispositions which would allow them to lead the life of the mind within crowded family households without the collective discipline and material infrastructure provided by communal institutions, such as colleges. Building on the author's earlier work, the paper sketches a synthetic view of the major elements of the scholars' emerging way of life, arguing that this transformation provides a unique opportunity for studying how a way of life takes shape, being explicitly discussed and experimented with. Shaping a rational, or rather systematically rationalized way of life, it is argued, is a major contribution of the scientific tradition to making modern cultures.