bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discontented people: reactivity and locus of control as determinants of subjective well‐being
Authors: Klonowicz Tatiana
Published: September 2002

This study examines the effects of reactivity temperament and locus of control variables on subjective well‐being (SWB). SWB is operationalized as positive affect, the absence of somatic concerns, and heightened life satisfaction. The study hypotheses were that (1) reactivity and locus of control influenced SWB and that (2) affect either mediated or moderated the influence of these traits on SWB. As expected, high reactivity and external locus of control were associated with lower SWB, whereas low reactivity and internal locus of control were associated with higher SWB. However, the data indicate that reactivity and locus of control influenced different components of SWB and that locus of control predicted SWB more consistently than reactivity. Somatic health is influenced by reactivity, locus of control and negative affect, but not positive affect. Current life satisfaction is influenced by locus of control—but not reactivity—and by both positive and negative affect. Hope is related to reactivity but not to either locus of control or affect. The data corroborate the expectation that affect serves as a mediator in the trait—SWB relations, whereas the view that affect moderates the effect of stable dispositions on SWB finds scant support. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Right‐wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and personality: an analysis using the IPIP measure
Authors: Heaven Patrick C. L. , Bucci Sandra
Published: September 2002

Although both right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) have been found to predict racial and intergroup prejudice, previous research has suggested that RWA and SDO have quite distinct psychological features. We therefore examined the Big Five personality correlates of these two measures using facet scales from the International Personality Item Pool measure. Respondents were 220 university undergraduate volunteers. Significant sex differences were noted with respect to SDO and some facet scales. A series of analyses supported the view that RWA and SDO are aligned with different personality traits, while the discussion centred on the psychological profile of authoritarians and dominators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nothing or the opposite: intersecting terror management and objective self‐awareness
Authors: Silvia Paul J.
Published: September 2002

The human capacity for self‐awareness allows people to envision their eventual death and thus creates the potential for debilitating anxiety. Terror management research has shown that self‐awareness exacerbates the experience of mortality salience. I suggest that self‐awareness alone can induce mortality salience through dialectical thinking. If constructs include a concept and its opposite, then focusing on one aspect should also increase awareness of the opposite. Focusing on the existing object self should thus lead to the recognition of the non‐existent self that is implied. In study 1, participants experienced one of two self‐awareness manipulations (exposure to a mirror, perceiving the self as distinctive) or no manipulation; mortality salience was measured using a death‐relevant word completion task. Both self‐awareness conditions reported significantly higher mortality salience than the control condition. In study 2, participants exposed to their reflection reported increased death salience and life salience (as measured by death‐ and life‐relevant word completion tasks) than a control group, which directly suggests that self‐awareness leads people to dialectically consider opposing facets of the self. Terror management and objective self‐awareness theories might thus be more intimately tied than was previously thought. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Frequency Accrual Speed Test (FAST): psychometric intelligence and personality correlates
Authors: Ettinger Ulrich , Corr Philip J.
Published: September 2002

Performance on a putative psychophysical measure of information processing related to intelligence (Vickers' 1995 Frequency Accrual Speed Test, FAST) was assessed in relation to two psychometric measures of intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and the Mill Hill vocabulary test). Participants (N = 57) completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire — Revised (EPQ‐R), and performed the FAST task under either low (70 dB) or high (90 dB) levels of white noise. FAST correlated with Raven's (r = 0.56) and Mill Hill (r = 0.28), as expected. FAST total scores were not affected by personality or personality‐by‐noise interactions. However, a measure of consistency of FAST performance (i.e. the standard deviation) was correlated negatively with total FAST scores (r = −0.37) and positively with (EPQ‐R) extraversion (r = 0.34). The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the FAST to explicate the information processing variables in psychometric intelligence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical tests of aspects of a theory of love as a story
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Hojjat Mahzad , Barnes Michael L.
Published: September 2002

We provide empirical tests of aspects of a theory of love as a story. According to this theory, people develop—as an interaction between their personality and their experiences—stories of what they believe loving relationships should be. Examples of such stories are addiction, mystery, police, and travel stories. They then seek out and find greatest satisfaction with partners whose stories correspond more closely with their own. The data from two studies indicate that the theory and instrument have some promise for understanding people's ways of conceptualizing love. In particular, couples involved in intimate relationships tend to share similar profiles of love stories; the more similar the stories of two members of a couple, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their relationship. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different personality patterns in non‐socialized (juvenile delinquents) and socialized (air force pilot recruits) sensation seekers
Authors: Dåderman Anna Maria , Meurling Ann Wirsén , Hallman Jarmila
Published: September 2002

Young delinquents are known to be sensation seekers. Not all sensation seekers become delinquents: many engage in socially accepted activities, such as mountaineering or parachute jumping. The present study compares 47 juvenile delinquents (mean age 17 years) with 18 Swedish air force pilot recruits (mean age 23 years) and 19 conscripts (mean age 18 years) as a control group. Sensation‐seeking behaviour, impulsiveness, and psychiatric/psychological vulnerability were measured by the Zuckerman Sensation‐Seeking Scales (SSS), the Karolinska Scales of Personality, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Two separate multivariate analyses of variance were performed, followed up by stepdown analyses to identify those personality scale scores that contributed uniquely. In order to clarify the relationships, the pooled within‐group correlations among scales were computed. Juvenile delinquents and pilot recruits were both high in sensation seeking, but on different subscales. Delinquents were high in impulsiveness, somatic anxiety, and extraversion–sociability, and low in socialization, suggesting psychiatric/psychological vulnerability. The findings may have implications for the treatment of juvenile delinquents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The construction of a joint taxonomy of traits and situations
Authors: Berge Maaike Ten , Raad Boele De
Published: September 2002

This study implements the first steps to be taken in the construction of a taxonomy of situations from a trait psychological perspective. Taking the AB5C model of personality characteristics (De Raad et al., 1992) as a point of departure, a collection of situations that is linked to the personality domain was obtained, and subsequently subjected to PCA and HICLAS, yielding three taxonomies of situations. The results suggest that the domain of situations can be described by a handful of situation dimensions. Traits differ in the type and the number of situations in which they can be expressed, and situations differ in the type and number of traits that can be expressed in them. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure of the French personality lexicon
Authors: Boies Kathleen , Lee Kibeom , Ashton Michael C. , Pascal Sophie , Nicol Adelheid A. M.
Published: September 2002

The structure of the French personality lexicon was investigated. Self‐ratings on the 388 most frequently used French personality‐descriptive adjectives were obtained from 415 French‐speaking people. The scree plot of eigenvalues indicated six large factors. In the varimax‐rotated six‐factor solution, the four largest factors, in order of size, corresponded fairly closely to the Big Five dimensions of Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness. The fifth factor was similar to the Honesty dimension found in several other languages. The sixth factor was defined by Imagination‐related terms, but not by Intellect‐related terms. Solutions involving one to five factors were also investigated and correlations between the factors that emerged from these different solutions are presented. The results are discussed in relation to other lexical studies of personality structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver–White behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system scales
Authors: Leone Luigi , Perugini Marco , Bagozzi Richard P. , Pierro Antonio , Mannetti Lucia
Published: September 2002

The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English‐speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four‐factor structure proposed by Carver and White—i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets—achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trait emotional intelligence: psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies
Authors: Petrides K V , Furnham Adrian
Published: September 2002

This paper sets out the theoretical foundation of emotional intelligence (EI) as a constellation of traits and self‐perceived abilities. The discriminant validity of trait EI is explored in two studies. In study 1 (N = 227), the psychometric properties of the BarOn Emotional Quotient inventory were scrutinized through confirmatory factor analysis and the measure was found to be unifactorial. When the EQ‐i was examined concurrently with the Eysenck Personality Profiler, a clear trait EI factor emerged in Eysenckian factor space. In study 2 (N = 166), a modified version of the EQ‐i was examined concurrently with the NEO PI‐R and a truncated trait EI factor was isolated within the Five‐Factor Model. Results are discussed with explicit reference to established personality models and it is concluded that trait EI can be conceptualized as a distinct composite construct at the primary level of hierarchical trait structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom
Published: September 2002

We argue that lexical studies of personality structure suggest the existence of six major dimensions of personality: (I) Surgency, (II) Agreeableness, (III) Conscientiousness, (IV) Emotional Stability, (V) Intellect/Imagination, and (VI) Honesty. We then propose a two‐part theoretical basis for these dimensions. First, Honesty and rotated variants of Agreeableness and Emotional Stability are interpreted in terms of three traits—fairness/non‐exploitation, forgiveness/non‐retaliation, and empathy/attachment—that underlie prosocial versus antisocial tendencies. Second, the Surgency, Conscientiousness, and Intellect/Imagination factors are interpreted as traits that involve active engagement within three domains of endeavour—social, task‐related, and idea‐related endeavour. Predictions that follow from these interpretations are tested and found to be supported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in cooperation in a circular public goods game
Authors: Kurzban Robert , Houser Daniel
Published: September 2002

Research using the public goods game to examine behaviour in the context of social dilemmas has repeatedly shown substantial individual differences in patterns of contributions to the public good. We present here a new method specifically designed to capture this heterogeneity in play and classify participants into broad categories or types. Players in groups of four made initial, simultaneous contributions to the public good. Subsequently, players were sequentially told the current aggregate contribution to the public good and allowed to change their decision based on this information. The game continued, with players updating their contribution decision until the game ended at an unknown point. By looking at the relationship between players' contributions and the aggregate value they observed, we were able to cleanly classify 82% of our players into three types: strong free riders (28%), conditional cooperators of reciprocators (29%), and strong cooperators (25%). We also found that scores on some of the personality dimensions we investigated (self‐monitoring, self‐esteem, neuroticism, and conscientiousness) correlated with player type. Finally, males were found to be more likely to be strong cooperators than females. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality and intelligence as predictors of economic behaviour in Scottish farmers
Authors: Austin Elizabeth J. , Deary Ian J. , Willock Joyce
Published: September 2002

The effects of personality and intelligence on economic behaviour in a sample of 207 Scottish farmers were investigated. Data were available on the farmers' attitudes, objectives, and business‐related behaviours, together with personality trait and cognitive test scores. Structural equation models of production‐oriented business behaviour and environmentally oriented behaviour were constructed. It was found that farmers who score highly on Extraversion (E), Openness to Experience (O), Conscientiousness (C), and cognitive ability are more likely to show production‐oriented behaviour and that the effects of personality and cognitive ability are mediated by a more open attitude towards farming. For environmentally oriented behaviour, high scores on E, O, C, and cognitive ability were associated with this behaviour, with mediation by an achievement‐oriented attitude to farming, chemical use attitude, and off‐farm/diversification objectives; there was also a positive effect of Neuroticism, mediated by pessimistic attitudes to farming and off‐farm/diversification objectives. These results show that that personality and intelligence have substantial and measurable effects on farmers' economic behaviour. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of personality in household saving and borrowing behaviour
Authors: Nyhus Ellen K. , Webley Paul
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which personality influences saving and borrowing behaviour. We do this by exploiting a Dutch data set, which provides both detailed information on households' assets and debt as well as answers to two different personality inventories (the 16PA and the FFPI). Our findings are in line with previous investigations on the role of personality for saving. We found that the personality factors emotional stability, autonomy, and extraversion were robust predictors of saving and borrowing behaviour. Agreeableness, inflexibility, and tough‐mindedness could explain certain types of saving. The inclusion of the personality factors significantly increased the explained variance in saving. The results suggest that when studying the effect of psychological variables on saving it is fruitful to divide saving into saving categories that differ with respect to the psychological mechanisms governing them. We also found that a partner's personality could contribute to predicting saving behaviour, which means that data should be collected from both heads of the households and their partners in multi‐person households. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in impulse buying tendency: feeling and no thinking
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Herabadi Astrid
Published: September 2002

A 20‐item scale to measure general impulse buying tendency was developed and validated in two studies. The scale includes cognitive aspects (e.g. lack of planning and deliberation) and affective aspects (e.g. feelings of pleasure, excitement, compulsion, lack of control, regret). The scale correlated significantly with reported purchase frequencies of typical impulse products and number of recent impulse purchases. Impulse buying tendency was found to be related to personality‐based individual difference measures, including the Big Five. Cognitive and affective facets of impulse buying tendency were both related to extraversion. The cognitive facet was inversely related to conscientiousness, personal need for structure, and need to evaluate. The affective facet was related to lack of autonomy and action orientation. The results suggested that impulse buying tendency has a strong basis in personality. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality influences on ultimatum bargaining decisions
Authors: Brandstätter Hermann , Königstein Manfred
Published: September 2002

We investigate individual differences in behaviour within an ultimatum game with advance production. It is a simple bargaining game, in which the size of the ‘pie’ to be distributed between two parties depends on both players' monetary investments. One player, the ‘proposer’, has to state a demand, which can be accepted as it is or rejected (with the consequence of zero return for both players) by the second player (‘responder’). We find that global personality measures contribute significantly to the explanation of both demands and rejection decisions. Proposers who score high on independence and tough‐mindedness, two global personality dimensions with affinity to selfishness, demand higher return shares than proposers who score low on these dimensions. This is particularly true when the proposer's cost share is low, i.e. when a high demanded return share cannot be justified by a concern for equity. In this situation there is a strong conflict between economic rationality and equity. Regarding rejection decisions we find that reciprocity oriented responders (i.e. persons who are either emotionally unstable and extraverted or emotionally stable and introverted) reject a proposal more often than others. Rejection of an unsatisfying offer is interpreted as an act of angry retaliation (negative reciprocity) against an interaction partner who violates the social norm of equity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation in adulthood
Authors: Kokkonen Marja , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: September 2002

This longitudinal study examined the role of Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation among 89 women and 81 men. When participants were 27 years old, their Extraversion and Neuroticism were assessed with the standardized version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. At age 33, they completed the Big‐Five Personality Inventory, an authorized adaptation of the NEO Personality Inventory. Emotion regulation, operationalized as an active attempt to turn a negative emotion toward a more positive direction, and measured by the Repair subscale of the Meta‐Regulation Scale, and emotional social support, as measured by the Life Situation Questionnaire, were assessed when participants reached 36 years of age. Emotional ambivalence, a type of emotion dysregulation, was also assessed in this wave. Structural equation modelling demonstrated that prior Neuroticism led to higher emotional ambivalence and lowered use of Repair at age 36. Prior Extraversion, on the other hand, was linked to lower emotional ambivalence at age 36. Extraversion also led to higher attempts to rely on emotional social support to regulate emotions, but less interest in using Repair. Correlational findings revealed that Extraversion and Neuroticism showed differential continuity between ages 27 and 33. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond risk seeking and risk aversion: personality and the dual nature of economic risk taking
Authors: Zaleskiewicz Tomasz
Published: September 2002

In economic theories it is assumed that risk aversion is a typical human attitude toward risk, and differences are determined by the curvature of the utility function. The results of psychological studies have indicated, however, that people differ in how they make financial decisions under uncertainty and what motivates them to take economic risks.

This paper introduces two kinds of risk taking, instrumental risk taking and stimulating risk taking, and reports their empirical examination in two studies. The purpose of these studies was to test the reliability and validity of the Stimulating–Instrumental Risk Inventory—a method used to measure the two risk taking tendencies. It was found that instrumental risk taking is related to risk preference in the investment domain and is determined by personality traits connected with orientation toward the future, the tendency to think rationally, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. Stimulating risk taking was found to be related to the preference for recreational, ethical, health, and gambling risks and was associated with personality features connected with paratelic orientation, arousal seeking, impulsivity, and strong sensation seeking. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The test of self‐conscious affect: internal structure, differential scales and relationships with long‐term affects
Authors: Fontaine Johnny R. J. , Luyten Patrick , De Boeck Paul , Corveleyn Jozef
Published: September 2002

Item analyses and confirmatory factor analyses on the Test of Self‐Conscious Affect (TOSCA), in a student (N = 723) and an adult (N = 891) sample, supported the theorized four factor structure of proneness to reparation, negative self‐evaluation, externalizing blame and unconcern. However, two‐fifth of the items did not empirically differentiate between two or more factors. Differential TOSCA scales, including only differentiating TOSCA items, were constructed and related to measures of long‐term affect, depression, anxiety, and anger. Both the pattern and size of correlations of the original and the differential TOSCA scales were almost identical. Results of this study support the interpretation of TOSCA guilt as a measure of a tendency to reparation associated with guilt and TOSCA shame as a measure of a tendency to global negative self‐evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking styles and the five‐factor model of personality
Authors: Zhang Li‐fang , Huang Jiafen
Published: September 2002

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between thinking styles and the big five personality dimensions. Four hundred and eight (149 males, 259 females) university students from Shanghai, mainland China, responded to the Thinking Styles Inventory and the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory. It was found that thinking styles and personality dimensions overlap to a degree. As predicted, the more creativity‐generating and more complex thinking styles were related to the extraversion and openness personality dimensions, and the more norm‐favouring and simplistic thinking styles were related to neuroticism. No specific pattern was identified in the relationships of thinking styles to the agreeableness and conscientiousness dimensions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of inhaled gentamicin prophylaxis on acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children with cystic fibrosis: A pilot study*
Authors: Heinzl Bernd , Eber Ernst , Oberwaldner Béatrice , Haas Gertrude , Zach Maximilian S.
Published: September 2002

Inhaled antibiotics are an established treatment for chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, inhaled antibiotics might also have prophylactic potential to delay acquisition of PA in early stages of the disease. From 1986–1999, all CF patients at this center who experienced defined risk situations for acquisition of PA (28 patients) received inhaled gentamicin (80 mg BID for those < 12 months; 120 mg BID for those > 12 months) for a minimum of 3 years.

Twelve patients had repeated risk situations and continued this prophylaxis without interruption during the entire study period (group 1). In the remaining 16 patients, inhaled antibiotics were discontinued at various times for a variety of reasons (group 2). None of the patients in group 1, but 7 in group 2, became chronically infected with PA (P = 0.01). Lung function and chest X‐ray scores were significantly worse in those 7 infected patients, when compared to the noninfected ones in both groups.

This suggests that long‐term‐prophylaxis with inhaled gentamicin can effectively delay acquisition of PA and decrease disease progression in children with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:32–37. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of partial liquid ventilation with FC‐77 on acute lung injury in newborn piglets
Authors: Jeng Mei‐Jy , Kou Yu Ru , Sheu Ching‐Chung , Hwang Betau
Published: September 2002

Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with various types of perfluorochemicals (PFC) has been shown to be beneficial in treating acute lung injury. FC‐77 is a type of PFC with relatively high vapor pressure and evaporative losses during PLV. This study tested the hypothesis that using FC‐77 for PLV with hourly replacement is effective in treating acute lung injury. Fifteen neonatal piglets were randomly and evenly divided into 3 study groups: 1) lavage‐induced lung injury followed by conventional mechanical ventilation (Lavage‐CMV); 2) lavage‐induced lung injury followed by PLV using FC‐77 with hourly replacement (11.2 ± 1.5 mL/kg/hr) (Lavage‐PLV); and 3) sham lavage injury followed by conventional mechanical ventilation (Control).

Immediately after induction, repeated saline lavages induced acute lung injury characterized by decreases in dynamic lung compliance, arterial oxygen tension, and arterial pH, and increases in arterial CO2 tension and oxygenation index, whereas the sham lavage procedure failed to do so. During the 3‐hr period of CMV, these pulmonary and cardiovascular parameters remained stable in the Control group, but deteriorated in the Lavage‐CMV group. In contrast, after acute lung injury, low lung compliance, abnormal gas exchange, acidosis, and inadequate oxygenation significantly improved in the Lavage‐PLV group. Histological analysis of these 3 study groups revealed that the Lavage‐CMV group had the highest lung injury score and the Control group had the lowest.

These results suggest that, in comparison to CMV, PLV with FC‐77 and hourly replacement of FC‐77 promotes more favorable pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, oxygenation, and lung histology in a piglet model of acute lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:12–21. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration: A factor in rapidly deteriorating bronchiolitis in previously healthy infants?
Authors: Hernandez Eduardo , Khoshoo Vikram , Thoppil Dipu , Edell Dean , Ross Gerald
Published: September 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of indicators of aspiration in previously healthy infants with respiratory syncytial viral (RSV) bronchiolitis who experienced rapid deterioration in their respiratory status. Lipid‐laden macrophage index (LLMI) was assessed in 6 previously healthy infants with RSV bronchiolitis and no prior history of aspiration, who had a rapid deterioration of their respiratory status requiring mechanical ventilation. Five of 6 infants had a LLMI of more than 100, a level that is very suggestive of aspiration.

We conclude that aspiration is likely to play a role when rapid deterioration occurs in infants with RSV bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:30–31. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of an asthma management program for Chinese children with mild‐to‐moderate asthma in Hong Kong
Authors: Hui Stephen H.L. , Leung Ting‐Fan , Ha Gladys , Wong Eric , Li Albert M. , Fok Tai‐Fai
Published: September 2002

There is inconclusive evidence on the efficacy of outpatient clinic‐based asthma management programs (AMP) in children. We hypothesized that an AMP based on key symptoms could improve outcome measures of asthma in Chinese children in Hong Kong. This study involved an outpatient clinic‐based prospective cohort of Chinese children with asthma. Each patient received one 2‐hr session of AMP which was conducted by a pediatric nurse specialist. Asthma outcomes were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after completion of AMP. Demographic data, family history of allergic diseases, and changes in inhaled steroid therapy were also recorded.

A total of 106 asthmatic children were enrolled, and they showed a significant decrease in nocturnal cough, wheezing attacks, and subjective assessment of severity at 6 and 12 months following participation in AMP, compared with their baseline status. Acute asthmatic attacks, unscheduled outpatient attendance, emergency room visits, school absenteeism, and number and duration of hospitalizations were also reduced during the follow‐up period. Significantly more (21%) children were reported to use inhaled beclomethasone at the end of the study. Nocturnal cough, wheeze, and symptoms due to rhinitis improved significantly after AMP.

In conclusion, our cohort of Chinese children with mild‐to‐moderate asthma used significantly more inhaled corticosteroids and practiced more measures to control house dust mites at the end of the 1‐year treatment period. The main reason for better asthma control appeared to be related to the increased use of inhaled steroids, although some additional decrease in nocturnal cough, wheeze, and allergic rhinitis was found after adjusting for the use of inhaled corticosteroids. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:22–29. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary fibrosis and other clinical manifestations of small vessel vasculitis in a family with seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rohayem Julia , Leupold W. , Paul K.‐D. , Gahr M.
Published: September 2002

We report on a family (mother, daughter, and son) suffering from progressive pulmonary fibrosis associated with deforming arthritis, sinusitis, glomerulonephritis, and cutaneous vasculitis. We suggest that these clinical features display the variable expressions of small‐vessel vasculitis in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:65–70. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated analysis of paradoxical ribcage motion during sleep in infants
Authors: Brown K.A. , Platt R. , Bates J.H.T.
Published: September 2002

Identification of thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAS) during breathing is currently detected by visual coding of records of ribcage (RC) and abdominal (AB) movements. There is thus a need to automate this process in order to save time and improve TAS detection accuracy.

We studied 15 infants of 39–49 weeks postconceptional age. RC and AB signals were recorded continuously by inductance plethysmography for 4–24 hr immediately after herniorraphy. In our novel analysis approach, the records were divided into 10 sec epochs, and the equation RC = αAB + β was fit to each epoch, using recursive linear regression with an exponential memory time constant of 1 and 2 sec. This yielded 10 sec signals for alpha corresponding to each epoch. The fraction of time that each alpha signal was positive was taken as a measure of synchrony between RC and AB for that epoch, while asynchrony was indicated by the fraction of time the signal was negative. We also assessed synchrony and asynchrony using a conventional measure known as thoracic delay (TD), which is based on the degree to which the peaks in RC and AB are coincident in time. Using TD as the basis of comparison, we found that our new recursive least squares method gave a positive predictive value of 99%.

We conclude that our recursive least squares method is able to accurately identify portions of the RC and AB records that correspond to TAS, and we speculate that it may be useful in automating detection of TAS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:38–46. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood asthma in the United States: Urban issues
Authors: Shapiro Gail G. , Stout James W.
Published: September 2002

The prevalence and morbidity of asthma are growing problems that appear to affect urban populations and particularly impoverished centers disproportionately. Poor children are more likely to be hospitalized for asthma than nonpoor children, and are more likely to experience clinical and social dysfunction due to asthma. While guidelines exist for best care of childhood asthma, the neediest children are least likely to encounter the benefits of these recommendations.

The relationship between host and environment in both primary causation and disease exacerbation is an area of research and debate. Allergen exposure in early life appears to correlate with sensitization and expression of atopy and asthma. Impoverished households are more likely to be reservoirs for dust mite and cockroach antigen in high concentrations than more affluent settings. Lifestyle factors, including diet and ambient air quality, may be disease modifiers.

Suboptimal systems for delivery of healthcare to high‐risk populations are obvious targets for blame. Poor children are more likely than nonpoor children to receive sick care in emergency rooms that lack a connection to chronic care providers. Besides the method of delivery, the quality of care is questionable, as poor children are less likely to receive the anti‐inflammatory maintenance medications for asthma that evidence‐based guidelines recommend. Efforts to correct these problems must take into account such issues as explaining the nature of the disease and the best intervention strategies to people who have a diverse array of cultural backgrounds, belief systems, and life stressors. Efforts to improve the status quo are underway in many communities. Environmental control measures to reduce dust mite and cockroach exposure have met with some success. Models to improve access to care and acceptance of care may improve community outreach maneuvers that connect the medical establishment with families and patients. Examination and assessment of new approaches to facilitate this sort of communication hold promise and are receiving attention as well as research dollars. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:47–55. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisit on congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations: A haphazard branching theory of malinosculations and its clinical classification and implication
Authors: Lee Meng‐Luen , Tsao Lon‐Yen , Chaou Wun‐Tsong , Yang Albert D. , Yeh Kun‐Tu , Wang Jou‐Kou , Wu Mei‐Hwan , Lue Hung‐Chi , Chiu Ing‐Sh , Chang Chung‐I
Published: September 2002

We propose a haphazard branching theory to support the concept of bronchopulmonary malinosculations, and we apply this theory to classify congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformation (BPVM) based on the anatomical results we have found. Between January 1990 and December 1997, a total of 22 pediatric patients (10 male and 12 female), aged 2 days to 14 years (median, 19.6 months), with congenital BPVM were enrolled in this retrospective study. Study modalities include the clinical features and plain chest films (n = 22) plus at least two of the following: echocardiography (n = 13), barium esophagraphy (n = 2), bronchoscopy (n = 4), contrast bronchography (n = 8), high‐resolution direct coronal CT (n = 1) and electron beam or ultrafast CT (n = 1) of the chest, MRI (n = 10), MRA (n = 1), contrast cineangiocardiography (n = 9), surgery (n = 11), or autopsy (n = 2).

The salient clinical features were recurrent lung infections in 14 patients, acute respiratory distress in 13, associated cardiovascular malformations in 8, dextroversion in 7, congestive heart failure in 7, dextrocardia in 4, and complex congenital heart diseases in 4. There were abnormal openings (malinosculations) of the pulmonary airway in 20 patients: to an artery in 12, to a vein in 8, and to the lung parenchyma in 9. These 22 patients with congenital BPVM can be classified into bronchial malinosculation (10 cases), arterial malinosculation (2 cases), and bronchoarterial malinosculation (10 cases).

Congenital BPVM can be classified in terms of bronchopulmonary malinosculation based upon a haphazard branching theory, in which abnormal communications between two independent systems (primitive foregut system and aortic‐pulmonary arch system) occurred coincidentally rather than causally. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:1–11. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome associated with Hirschsprung's disease and neuroblastoma: Case of multiple neurocristopathies
Authors: Rohrer Tilman , Trachsel Daniel , Engelcke Gabriele , Hammer Jürg
Published: September 2002

We report on a male infant with the rare combined occurrence of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS or Ondine's curse), Hirschsprung's disease (HD), and neuroblastoma. Current therapeutical options leave no doubt that children with isolated forms of CCHS, HD, or neuroblastoma must be treated, but management decisions and the ethical dilemma become more difficult with the presence of multiple neurocristopathies. Our patient was dependent on mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition, when a neuroblastoma was diagnosed at age 5 months. We initiated an attempt at curative chemotherapy. The tumor failed to respond to recommended chemotherapeutic regimens, and the patient died at 11 months of age. We emphasize the importance of screening CCHS patients for associated illnesses such as neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma at time of diagnosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:71–76. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Permissive hypercapnia in neonates: The case of the good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Varughese M. , Patole S. , Shama A. , Whitehall J.
Published: September 2002

Advances in neonatology have resulted in an increase in the absolute number of survivors with chronic lung disease (CLD), though its overall incidence has not changed. Though the single most important high‐risk factor for CLD is prematurity, the focus of attention has recently changed over to minimizing the impact of other two risk factors: baro/volutrauma related to mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. Permissive hypercapnia (PHC) or controlled ventilation is a strategy that minimizes baro/volutrauma by allowing relatively high levels of arterial CO2, provided the arterial pH does not fall below a preset minimal value. The benefits of PHC are primarily mediated by the reduction of lung stretch that occurs when tidal volumes are minimized. PHC can be a deliberate choice to restrict ventilation in order to avoid overdistention, while application of high airway pressures and large tidal volumes would permit normocapnia, or relative hypocapnia (PaCO2, ≤ 25–30 mmHg), but may result in CLD and be harmful to the developing lung. The current concept that PaCO2 levels of 45–55 mmHg in high‐risk neonates are “safe” and “well tolerated” is based on limited data. Further prospective trials are needed to study the definition, safety and efficacy of PHC in ventilated preterm and term neonates. However, designing disease/gestational‐postnatal age‐specific clinical trials of PHC will be difficult in neonates, given the diverse pathophysiology of their diseases and the various ventilatory modes/variables currently available. The potential benefits and adverse effects of PHC are reviewed, and its relationship to current ventilatory strategies like synchronized mechanical ventilation and high‐frequency ventilation in high‐risk neonates is briefly discussed. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:56–64. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a fast implicit solvent model for molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Ferrara Philippe , Apostolakis Joannis , Caflisch Amedeo
Published: September 2002

A solvation term based on the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) is combined with the CHARMM polar hydrogen force field for the efficient simulation of peptides and small proteins in aqueous solution. Only two atomic solvation parameters are used: one is negative for favoring the direct solvation of polar groups and the other positive for taking into account the hydrophobic effect on apolar groups. To approximate the water screening effects on the intrasolute electrostatic interactions, a distance‐dependent dielectric function is used and ionic side chains are neutralized. The use of an analytical approximation of the SASA renders the model extremely efficient (i.e., only about 50% slower than in vacuo simulations). The limitations and range of applicability of the SASA model are assessed by simulations of proteins and structured peptides. For the latter, the present study and results reported elsewhere show that with the SASA model it is possible to sample a significant amount of folding/unfolding transitions, which permit the study of the thermodynamics and kinetics of folding at an atomic level of detail. Proteins 2002;46:24–33. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of structure comparison methods for the refinement of protein structure predictions. I. Identifying the structural family of a protein from low‐resolution models
Authors: de la Cruz Xavier , Sillitoe Ian , Orengo Christine
Published: September 2002

Predicting the three‐dimensional structure of proteins is still one of the most challenging problems in molecular biology. Despite its difficulty, several investigators have started to produce consistently low‐resolution predictions for small proteins. However, in most of these cases, the prediction accuracy is still too low to make them useful. In the present article, we address the problem of obtaining better‐quality predictions, starting from low‐resolution models. To this end, we have devised a new procedure that uses these models, together with structure comparison methods, to identify the structural family of the target protein. This would allow, in a second step not described in the present work, to refine the predictions using conserved features of the identified family. In our approach, the structure database is investigated using predictions, at different accuracy levels, for a given protein. As query structures, we used both low‐resolution versions of the native structures, as well as different sets of low accuracy predictions. In general, we found that for predictions with a resolution of ≥5–7 Å, structure comparison methods were able to identify the fold of a protein in the top positions. Proteins 2002;46:72–84. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Browsing gene banks for Fe2S2 ferredoxins and structural modeling of 88 plant‐type sequences: An analysis of fold and function
Authors: Bertini Ivano , Luchinat Claudio , Provenzani Alessandro , Rosato Antonio , Vasos Paul R.
Published: September 2002

One‐hundred‐and‐seventy‐nine sequences of Fe2S2 ferredoxins and ferredoxin precursors were identified in and retrieved from currently available protein and cDNA databases. On the basis of their cluster‐binding patterns, these sequences were divided into three groups: those containing the CX4CX2CXnC pattern (plant‐type ferredoxins), those with the CX5CX2CXnC pattern (adrenodoxins), and those with a different pattern. These three groups contain, respectively, 139, 36, and 4 sequences. After excluding ferredoxin precursors in the first group, two subgroups were identified, again based on their cluster‐binding patterns: 88 sequences had the CX4CX2CX29C pattern, and 29 had the CX4CX2CXmC (m ≠ 29) pattern. The structures of the 88 ferredoxins with the CX4CX2CX29C pattern were modeled based on the available experimental structures of nine proteins within this same group. The modeling procedure was tested by building structural models for the ferredoxins with known structures. The models resulted, on average, in being within 1 Å of the backbone root‐mean‐square deviation from the corresponding experimental structures. In addition, these structural models were shown to be of high quality by using assessment procedures based on energetic and stereochemical parameters. Thus, these models formed a reliable structural database for this group of ferredoxins, which is meaningful within the framework of current structural genomics efforts. From the analysis of the structural database generated it was observed that the secondary structural elements and the overall three‐dimensional structures are maintained throughout the superfamily. In particular, the residues in the hydrophobic core of the protein were found to be either absolutely conserved or conservatively substituted. In addition, certain solvent‐accessible charged groups, as well as hydrophobic groups, were found to be conserved to the same degree as the core residues. The patterns of conservation of exposed residues identified the regions of the protein that are critical for its function in electron transfer. An extensive analysis of protein—protein interactions is now possible. Some conserved interactions between residues have been identified and related to structural and/or functional features. All this information could not be obtained from the analyses of the primary sequences alone. Finally, the analysis of the sequences of the related subgroup featuring the CX4CX2CXmC (m ≠ 29) cluster‐binding pattern in the light of the structural and functional insights provided by the inspection of the mentioned structural database affords some hints on the functional features of ferredoxins belonging to this subgroup. Proteins 2002;46:110–127. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A unifold, mesofold, and superfold model of protein fold use
Authors: Coulson Andrew F. W. , Moult John
Published: September 2002

As more and more protein structures are determined, there is increasing interest in the question of how many different folds have been used in biology. The history of the rate of discovery of new folds and the distribution of sequence families among known folds provide a means of estimating the underlying distribution of fold use. Previous models exploiting these data have led to rather different conclusions on the total number of folds. We present a new model, based on the notion that the folds used in biology fall naturally into three classes: unifolds, that is, folds found only in a single narrow sequence family; mesofolds, found in an intermediate number of families; and the previously noted superfolds, found in many protein families. We show that this model fits the available data well and has predicted the development of SCOP over the past 2 years. The principle implications of the model are as follows: (1) The vast majority of folds will be found in only a single sequence family; (2) the total number of folds is at least 10,000; and (3) 80% of sequence families have one of about 400 folds, most of which are already known. Proteins 2002;46:61–71. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.