bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplikasi pengendalian hayati untuk penyakit parasitik pada Kerbau Rawa di Desa Tanjung Pering Kecamatan Inderalaya Kabupaten Ogan Ilir
Authors: Imsya Afnur , Windusari Yuanita , Hanum Laila , Hikayati Hikayati
Published: January 2022

One of the problems that occur in buffalo farms in tanjung pering village is that buffaloes often experience health problems caused by parasites. The results of initial observations showed that livestock showed symptoms such as dry skin, hair loss, loss of appetite, lethargy and finally decreased productivity and even death. This disease often appears during the transition from the rainy season to the dry season. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on faecal samples of swamp buffalo in the villages of tanjung pering and tanjung senai, the identification of the presence of parasite eggs of cestode, nematode and trematode. This activity aims to provide knowledge innovation to the farming community in tanjung pering village about the methods and importance of biological control as an alternative to controlling the spread of parasitic diseases. The methods used in this activity are counseling, training in the form of demonstrations and activity evaluations. The results of the extension activities show that there is an increase in the understanding of farmers about the causes and symptoms of the disease, how to handle and biological control of parasites by using the nematophagus fungus. The conclusion of this activity is the existence of continuous application of disease control using biological agents to suppress livestock populations experiencing parasitic infections.
Preferencje polityczne (wyborcze) Polaków zamieszkujących Zaolzie (1990—2018)
Authors: Zenderowski Radosław
Published: January 2022

The article analyses the issue of election activity of the Polish inhabitants of the Zaolzie region (the Czech Republic) in the 1990-2018 period referring to national elections (Lower Chamber of Parliament, Senate, President of the Czech Republic) as well as local and regional elections. The theoretical section offers analyses of national and ethnic minorities as (collective) political actors. The empirical part provides an in-depth analysis of the votes in particular elections, taking into consideration the communes with a significant rate of Polish inhabitants as well as those communes there the Polish ethnos was rather scarce. The ethnic affiliation has been considered as a vital independent variable of the choices made, however, other variables explaining election behaviour have also been indicated.
Podwójne nazewnictwo na Śląsku Cieszyńskim (Zaolziu) od czasów monarchii habsburskiej po dzień dzisiejszy
Authors: Szymeczek Józef
Published: January 2022

The article presents the process of introduction of double naming to the Cieszyn lands, later to Zaolzie. It presents this process in the space of time from the middle of the 19th century to the present day. It devotes attention to the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the interwar Czechoslovak Republic, post-war Czechoslovakia and the contemporary Czech Republic. In the context of dual naming, it draws attention to the legislative solutions of individual governments and to the use of dual naming in practice during specific periods. The article does not avoid describing sensitive issues such as the destruction of bilingual signs with double names of places and streets, or the growing wave of aversion towards Poles.
Społeczno-kulturowe uwarunkowania postaw tolerancyjnych młodzieży z Cieszyna i Czeskiego Cieszyna (wybrane aspekty)
Authors: Dyczek Berenika
Published: January 2022

In her article, Berenika Dyczek analyzes the attitudes of high-school students of Polish origin from Cieszyn and Český Těšín towards cultural diversity. Dyczek distinguishes empathic, conformist, active, and passive tolerance and juxtaposes these types with origin, religion, membership in organizations, and linguistic and cultural competence to ask whether there are correlations. She has used quantitative research (a survey with an auditorium questionnaire), which has allowed her to formulate the following conclusions: high cultural and linguistic competences correlate favorably with empathic and active tolerance, while low cultural and linguistic competences correlate with conformist and passive tolerance.
Płaszczyzny i charakter współpracy podmiotów Śląska Cieszyńskiego w procesie kreowania produktów kulturalnych na transgranicznym rynku
Authors: Wróblewski Łukasz
Published: January 2022

Łukasz Wróblewski’s article is theoretical-empirical in character. In the first part, he focuses on a relatively recent and as yet underresearched category, that of the cross-border market. From the existing definitions of the market, Wróblewski derives a definition of the cross-border market of cultural services. He goes on to discuss the historical conditions of the creation of this market in the Cieszyn Silesia-Těšín Slezsko area. Next, he discusses the structure and specificity of the cross-border cultural product (CBCP). In the third part of the article, Wróblewski examines in detail the levels and nature of cooperation in the process of creating CBCP on the cross-border market of Cieszyn Silesia. He points out that local, regional, and Euroregional organizations and central authorities of the countries sharing the border are involved in the process of creating cultural products on the cross-border market.
Wpływ polskiej szkoły socjologicznej na badania religijności na Słowacji
Authors: Štefaňak Ondrej
Published: January 2022

Although after the political change in 1989 it is possible to scientifically study the phenomenon of religiosity also in post-communist countries, it should be humbly recognized that the authentic sociology of religion in Slovakia is still in statu nascendi. This is evidenced, for example, by the fact that in the most famous Slovak sociological journal called “Sociology” only one issue has been devoted to the topic of religiosity during last 30 years (“Sociology”, 2001). We can claim, that researching of religiosity in Slovakia is almost like discovering a “virgin land”. At the same time it should be acknowledged that the development of research of religiosity in the Slovak reality was most positively influenced by the Polish school of sociology. The purpose of this study is to describe the outlined impact and emphasize its importance for researching of Slovakian religiosity.
O trudnościach płynących z ubóstwa i sposobach ich przezwyciężania
Authors: Frysztacki Krzysztof
Published: January 2022

Everyday Hardship. Patterns of Resilience in the Households Living in Poverty, red. nauk. Monika Gnieciak, Krzysztof Łęcki, Kazimiera Wódz, Wydawnictwo Naukowe „Śląsk”, Katowice 2020, 365 s.
Paweł Popieliński, Mniejszość niemiecka w III Rzeczypospolitej (1989—2019) w procesie integracji ze społeczeństwem większościowym, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Studiów Politycznych PAN, Warszawa 2020, 514 s.
Authors: Lemańczyk Magdalena
Published: January 2022

Paweł Popieliński, Mniejszość niemiecka w III Rzeczypospolitej (1989—2019) w procesie integracji ze społeczeństwem większościowym, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Studiów Politycznych PAN, Warszawa 2020, 514 s.
Thirty Years After: Every Collapse Has Its Inner Logic
Authors: Magun Artemy V. , Garton Ash Timothy , Teslya Andrei A. , Bagger Thomas , Zelikow Philip , Mann Michael , Maull Hanns W.
Published: January 2022

Capitalism and socialism, opposed to each other in the Cold War, began to gradually exchange their features: in the West, capitalism started incorporating socialist institutions of welfare state, and the soft version of socialism became an ideology of intellectuals. At the same time, in the East, socialism could not resist consumer culture, while intellectuals had switched to either conservative or purely liberal positions, both being sharply critical of the left. This game of two mirrors gradually became obvious and produced a large-scale neoliberal anti-socialist wave that started in the United States and then splashed over the Iron Curtain. It crushed everything behind that curtain, making it possible to build, to the applause of the intelligentsia, new cartoonish capitalism on the remains of the socialist scaffolding.
International Cooperation in Space Activities amid Great Power Competition
Authors: Pankova Ludmila V. , Gusarova Olga V. , Stefanovich Dmitry V.
Published: January 2022

In the coming decade, intensifying competition between great powers will have a significant impact on the development of space activities (SA) and on the future of international cooperation in this field. The article examines the scope, development paths and competitive advantages of individual countries in the field of space activities, and explores fundamental issues of competition and cooperation. A system analysis method is used to assess current dynamics in this area. The U.S. is expanding cooperation with its allies, while Russia is strengthening cooperation with China in the SA field. We note the “securitization” of SA development processes and emphasize the expansion of the “space” dimension of the international security agenda. There is a danger that “natural competition” may turn into “confrontation,” which is a key factor influencing, inter alia, the need to change the form of organization, the principles, the strategy, and the mechanisms of international cooperation. The article also substantiates the need to strengthen the role of international cooperation in the SA field as a “binding” component of global security.
Bourgeoise et homogène?
Authors: Casanova Jean-Claude
Published: January 2022

Une question court à travers ce livre : l’Europe constitue-t-elle une société homogène? D’où deux interrogations complémentaires : quel est son degré d’homogénéité? Estelle parvenue à un état stable de son histoire? Le fait que nous soyons entrés dans une phase de transition, celle de la fin de l’après-guerre, de la fin de la guerre froide, peut-être de la fin du communisme, autrement dit dans une période de bouleversement complet, justifie cette dernière formulation. Les analyses précédentes ont montré à la fois la spécificité des traditions historiques et culturelles des différents pays et les traits communs de nos sociétés. J’aborderai le problème de l’homogénéité d’une manière différente : je convoquerai des témoins — imaginaires —, pour les interroger, et je les choisirai parmi les sociologues du XIXe siècle qui ont observé la diversité des régimes politiques et sociaux et réfléchi sur l’’histoire européenne. Comment jugeraient-ils l’évolution qui s’est produite depuis un siècle?
Le citoyen, les nations et l’Europe
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: January 2022

Le marché unifie et les traditions politiques différencient les pays d’Europe : ce n’est pas un hasard si les responsables de la vie économique et les économistes ont insisté sur les convergences, les historiens et les sociologues sur les divergences.
The intellectual origins of Tocqueville’s thought
Authors: Furet François
Published: January 2022

If we wish to sketch the manner in which Tocqueville’s thought took shape, to ask what questions molded it and what intellectual substance it incorporated, two veiy different approaches are possible. The more standard of these is to attempt to identify the writers whose works most influenced the future author of Democracy in America, from Pascal and Montesquieu to Madame de Staël and Guizot The other approach is to start with the problems he tried to solve, problems that led him when still quite young to undertake his famous journey. The two approaches are of course not incompatible. Indeed, they may even overlap, in that a great thinker may find in the works of his predecessors hints to the questions he wishes to ask of his own time.
La liberté et les illusions individualistes selon Tocqueville
Authors: Lamberti Jean-Claude
Published: January 2022

En 1850, Tocqueville écrivait à son ami Kergorlay : « Je n’ai pas de traditions, je n’ai point de parti, je n’ai point de cause, si ce n’est celle de la liberté et de la dignité humaine ; de cela, je suis sûr. » A-t-il rompu autant qu’il le dit avec les traditions de sa race ? Toute son oeuvre est un immense effort pour transposer dans la démocratie, et à son bénéfice, les valeurs aristocratiques et, en premier lieu, le goût de l’excellence humaine, le respect mutuel et la fière affirmation de l’indépendance personnelle. Mais il a compris mieux que quiconque en son temps que la liberté ne pourrait désormais trouver de fondement dans l’inégalité, dans l’aristocratie.
L’apport de Tocqueville aux idées décentralisatrices
Authors: Bacot Guillaume
Published: January 2022

La question de la décentralisation administrative occupe une place très importante dans l’oeuvre de Tocqueville. Il importe donc de la situer par rapport à cette œuvre elle-même, pour bien en comprendre la portée, ainsi que l’a fait Dario Roldân dans un article publié en 1994 dans La Revue Tocqueville. Mais il convient aussi de tenir compte de l’environnement intellectuel de l’époque, pour prendre la mesure des influences extérieures sur Tocqueville, car la décentralisation administrative était l’un des problèmes les plus discutés au moment de la rédaction de La démocratie en Amérique. Elle avait déjà beaucoup agité la classe politique de la Restauration, beaucoup plus en tout cas que ne le laisse croire le laconisme des débats parlementaires sur les deux projets de 1821 et de 1829. Elle deviendra même, pendant la première décennie de la monarchie de Juillet, un objet à peu près permanent de l’ordre du jour des assemblées : celles-ci auront à examiner, non sans de nombreux amendements et de multiples navettes, pas moins de huit projets de loi différents, avant de parvenir à mettre complètement en place le nouveau régime des collectivités locales.
La menace qui pèse sur la pensée
Authors: Lefort Claude
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville s’interroge sur la puissance de l’opinion commune dans les sociétés démocratiques modernes. Elle ne se nourrit plus tant de la tradition, observe-t-il ; elle a cessé de véhiculer des croyances héritées du passé pour nouer une relation nouvelle avec la foi dans la raison. Tocqueville, à la différence de la plupart de ses contemporains, ne voit pas dans ce phénomène le seul effet de l’essor de la science, Il nous rappelle que le nouvel esprit scientifique (ce qu’il nomme la « méthode philosophique ») ne s’exerçait encore au xvie et au xvne siècles que dans des cercles restreints et dans des domaines circonscrits. C’est avant tout, selon lui, le progrès de l’égalité qui donne un nouveau caractère à l’opinion.
Nations et nationalisme
Authors: Mélonio Françoite
Published: January 2022

Les Français raffolent de la politique des souvenirs. À la chute du mur de Berlin, ils ont célébré le triomphe des droits universels de l’homme et la réalisation des promesses de 1789. Puis, sitôt affrontés à l’explosion des revendications nationales dans les Balkans, ils ont glissé de l’analogie avec 1789 à celle avec les révolutions de 1848. Ainsi le glissement aventureux des analogies historiques nous invite à faire retour au xixe siècle où se sont déployées en même temps ces deux idéologies modernes qui nous paraissent antinomiques : le libéralisme démocratique qui proclame l’universalité des droits individuels ; l’idée nationale qui exalte le particularisme collectif.
Alexis de Tocqueville at the crossroads of history
Authors: Bell Daniel
Published: January 2022

In the nineteenth and down into the twentieth century, France and the United States offered two contrasting images to each other, one of the past, the other of the future. Both considered themselves as exceptional societies. But the term exceptional differed in the two countries. Exceptional, in France, meant uncommon, a civilization uniquely marked by its culture. Exceptional, for the United States, meant a fate different from the historical course of degeneration of other nations.
Tocqueville’s apocalypse : culture, politics and freedom in Democracy in America
Authors: Kaledin Arthur
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville concludes Democracy in America with a cautionaiy fantasy shaped out of his worst forebodings about democracy. Though he presents it as a possibility rather than as a prophecy, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that it represents his ultimate persuasion about the moral destiny of democracy. Why his thinking had taken such a somber turn is a question. I propose to consider in this essay, at once suggesting that even more than his troubled observations about the growth of state power in Europe and about French politics and culture in the age of the “juste milieu,” it was insights he derived from his theoretical exploration of the probable lines of development of any future democratic culture, and from his remarkable venture into the bizarre inner world of the democratic psyche, that account for his darkening mood.
Democracy and higher education: A Tocquevillean debate
Authors: Anatanassow Ewa , Kahan Alan S.
Published: January 2022

How does democracy shape higher education? What kind of education does a democratic citizenry need? These questions are at the heart of the current debate, raging on both sides of the Atlantic, about the future of the university and purpose of higher education. The focal point of this debate is the role of the humanities, often regarded as the core of the liberal arts curriculum, whose status as an essential part of university education has come under intense scrutiny.
La notion de “projet parental” dans le droit à l’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP)
Authors: Parizer-Krief Karène
Published: January 2022

Initialement reconnu dans un rapport commandé par le Conseil d’État (dit rapport Braibant) précédant l’instrauration d’un régime légal d’assistanc médicale à la procréation (AMP), la notion de « projet parental » figure aujourd’hui dans cinq dispositions de la partie législative du Code de la santé publique. Cette notion d’apparence neutre sera pourtant déterminante dans l’édifice normatif français de l’AMP. D’ailleurs, le recours au concept du projet parental n’est pas propre à l’AMP, maìs s’applique aussi dans le domain de l’avortement, dégageamt ainsí une logique commune.
La « sécularisation » : un serpent de mer théologico-politique
Authors: Bourdin Bernard
Published: January 2022

Dans Le religieux et le politique dans la Révolution française. L’idée de régénération, ouvrage consacré au rapport du religieux chrétien (et notamment catholique) et du politique dans le contexte de la Révolution française, Lucien Jaume développe une thèse qui en réalité va bien au-delà de la seule Révolution française. L’événement révolutionnaire est le point d’ancrage d’un problème français que l’on pourrait faire remonter à l’Ancien Régime, celui du galhcanisme tant dans sa polarité religieuse que politique, et qui trouve ses prolongements contemporains dans la République laïque et la tentative de la réactiver, comme en témoignent deux ouvrages de Vincent Peillon.
Stanley Hoffmann. In memoriam
Authors: Goldhammer Arthur
Published: January 2022

Stanley Hoffmann, the Paul and Catherine Buttenwieser University Professor emeritus at Harvard, died at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on September 12 after a long illness. In his fifty-eight years on the Harvard faculty, he introduced hundreds of students to the study of French and European politics and international relations. François Furet called him “one of the great professors of the twentieth century.”
Collective identity. Between essentialism, narrativism and pragmatism
Authors: Boller Hannon
Published: January 2022

Stories and practices define the shared identity of a group. Both elements are not set in stone, they could be different, and they change over time. However, there are good reasons that can explain why stories and practices are what they are in a specific moment. In other words, their characteristics are neither necessary nor arbitrary. Since there is inherent controversy about the legitimacy of the reasons which support the construction, perpetuation, or removal of specific narratives and practices, collective self-conceptions grounded on narratives and practices are subject to structural instability—they are never definitive and can always be modified. This fundamentally precarious condition of collective self-characterization and habitualness cannot be eliminated because it is a direct result of the contingency of the social world. As a result, the individual members of open societies will not agree on a uniformity of evaluation practices with regards to their way of life. We need to acknowledge the plurality of values as a fact, that finds its place and Emit in an institutionaEzed normative order (legal system) that centers upon the dignity of the individual.
From “memory wars” to shared identities: Conceptualizing the transnationalisation of collective memory
Authors: Sangar Eric
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to advance the theoretical understanding and empirical operationalization of transnational collective memory. While the theoretical nature of collective memory has been thoroughly analyzed on the national and sub-national level, there has been less conceptual work on the potential of transnational collective memory. Against widespread assumptions that because of the diversity of nationally rooted memories, transnational memory discourses lead to “memory wars”, the text argues that memory discourses are fundamentally different from war discourses. Combing theoretical arguments by scholars of collective identity and transnational communications, memory discourses are conceptualized as claims about the entanglement in a common story. To the extent that such claims and their normative implications are recognized, a transnational collective memory can emerge and even result in the emergence of a transnational collective identity. Building on the conceptualization of the transnationalisation of national public spheres, transnational collective memory can be operationalized through the emergence of transnationally similar memory claims involving similar normative “lessons” in national media discourses. Using this framework, IR scholars can develop systematic and powerful methodological tools enabling the systematic examination of the dynamics of transnational memory discourses.
Enjeux et défis de stratégies d’influence obliques des comportements : le cas de la législation indirecte et des nudges
Authors: Bozzo-Rey Malik
Published: January 2022

Nous nous proposons ici d’étudier les « stratégies obliques » que peuvent utiliser les gouvernements pour influencer le comportement des individus qui leur sont soumis. Nous nous appuierons sur deux théorisations de ces stratégies : la législation indirecte de Jeremy Bentham qui en est peut-être la première tentative de systématisation théorique et les nudges dont l’engouement des décideurs publics (et privés) n’a d’égal que le scepticisme d’une partie de la communauté universitaire. Dans la continuité de l’article d’Anne Brunon-Ernst qui a bien établi les liens entre ces deux approches pourtant éloignées de deux siècles, nous pouvons identifier des éléments communs : argument de l’efficacité, fondement dans une analyse psychologique des individus qui fait ressortir des failles de jugement ou de raisonnement ainsi que les ressorts des actions, réflexion sur le contexte et les circonstances de la prise de décision ; par ailleurs, elles visent toutes deux à améliorer le bonheur ou le bien-être des individus concernés.
Is nudging really extra-legal?
Authors: Cserne Péter
Published: January 2022

Some of the scholarly literature on nudges seems to assume, without giving it much further thought, that nudges represent a non-legal or extra-legal form of regulation. Others routinely assume nudges to be legal, i.e. capable of being authorized and implemented in accordance with the law. Perhaps the term ‘law’ is used in different senses in these two contexts. But the issue may run deeper. The question about the (extra-)legal character of nudges is not simply whether certain regulatory-interventions can be implemented legally in country X or Y. Rather, it is whether nudges represent a genuinely distinct mode of governance, with a corresponding distinct normativity.
“Solitude de son propre cœur”: Tocqueville and the transformation of democratic solitude
Authors: Paltieli Guy
Published: January 2022

This paper wishes to highlight the meaning of solitude in Alexis de Tocqueville’s political thought. Its central claim is that solitude played an important role in Tocqueville’s intellectual development, and was regarded by him as a positive concept in his understanding of democracy. It claims that contrary to the accepted interpretation of Tocqueville’s thought, solitude was inherently different from individualism. With individualism, Tocqueville pointed to a state of mind that makes each individual believe she does not have the power to influence others, and so she withdraws into her private life. Solitude, this study will show, signified for Tocqueville a precondition for any meaningful intellectual work. Many political theorists addressed the Tocquevillian conclusion that civic participation was essential in a vibrant democracy, but they also reached a conclusion which Tocqueville himself did not reach—that solitude is dangerous for democracies.
Politiques publiques, économie comportementale et échecs de marché de marché : éviter le piège paternaliste
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves
Published: January 2022

À travers la promotion de ce qu’ils appellent les « nudges », Richard Thaler et Cass Sunstein prétendent jeter les bases d’une nouvelle philosophie des politiques publiques : le « paternalisme libertarien ». Les mesures associées à un tel programme réaliseraient l’exploit d’inciter les individus à prendre de meilleures décisions, dans leur intérêt bien compris, tout en préservant leur liberté de choix. Accueillis très positivement dans certains milieux politiques, vilipendés dans d’autres, les auteurs n’hésitent pas à qualifier leur approche de véritable « troisième voie ». Le paternalisme libertarien se présente comme un moyen d’améliorer drastiquement les politiques publiques, et ce dans de nombreux domaines.
Back to the sources of nudges
Authors: Brunon-Ernst Anne
Published: January 2022

Nudges are becoming an increasing part of the daily lives of individuals, consumers and citizens. They have problematic implications in respect to individual freedom, autonomy, and, by the same token, of potential choice manipulation that could arise from them. There is therefore a vital need both to understand the workings of these tools based on human psychology, and to determine whether they are legitimate interferences in individual choices. All around the world academics, but also politicians and journalists join in to try work out an assessment of nudges. The present paper wishes to contribute to the debate in presenting an intellectual history perspective (as opposed to psychology, economics or behavioural sciences which are often used in discussions on nudges) on these new regulatory instruments. It is not the purpose of the present paper to look at the influence of philosophers in the shaping of nudges, as indeed the notion of influence is difficult to trace; and as nudges certainly owe more to the development of psychology and to the application of behavioural insights to economics than to philosophy.
Tocqueville and the Writing of American History in the Twentieth Century: A Comment
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: January 2022

The two papers we have just heard ask us to think anew about Tocqueville’s work, especially to pay attention to the origins of his thought. Both François Furet and François Bourricaud insist that no intellectual work regardless its brilliance—should ever be read out of context. It is especially true of Tocqueville’s work, which has often been invoked, on this side of the Atlantic, as the embodiment of the “liberal tradition,” a tradition that perhaps owes more to Louis Hartz’s concept of the typically American consensus produced by the absence of an aristocracy and the importance of small-producer capitalism than to Tocqueville’s intellectual project. François Furet, in particular, suggests that the endless commentary on Tocqueville as a witness and a forecaster is tangential to Tocqueville’s intellectual project. I should like to build on this particular point to address the issue of Tocqueville’s current relevance to the writing of American history.
Notes on Tocqueville’s Interpreters
Authors: Barzun Jacques
Published: January 2022

The role of commentator has seemed to me invidious ever since I read in a classics journal a description of the chorus in Greek tragedy: “It comments freely about what it does not understand.” But one would have to be uncommonly stupid to have failed to understand he papers in this symposium, marked as they are by lucidity, pedagogical logic, and that very winning quality, personal conviction. As I recalled the several topics treated and reviewed my notes, it seemed to me that there was one point on which everybody agreed, which is this: Tocqueville’s great book was addressed primarily to the French and next to Europe at large, last to the United States. Its aim was to find the way of organizing the aftereffects of revolution, of defusing the explosive charge. The march of democracy was inevitable: need It be violent?
Economic Recovery in the United States: A Commentary
Authors: Tracy Ronald L.
Published: January 2022

Although the United has been in a recovery since 1982, for many it has been disappointing since it does not seem likely that it will lead to both stable prices (about 2 percent inflation) and low levels of unemployment (about 4 percent) that were the hallmark of the 1960s. This has led Edmund Phelps to question the automatic mechanism for recovery from monetary disturbances. Certainly in the years prior to the Great Depression when the economy recovered, it did so without governmental action. Since the 1930s, governmental activism has become commonplace; hence Phelps suggests that a revised theory may indicate that the recovery will not proceed to the “normal” range but only to the “broad territory of the normal” without some active policy push. The key to accepting this revised theory is identifying what is “normal” and what are monetary disturbances.
L’economie française : un modèle de croissance contrarié
Authors: Fitoussi Jean-Paul , Vasseur Christian
Published: January 2022

Le bilan économique de la France apparaît singulièrement contrasté : côté face, le rétablissement (fragile ?) des grands équilibres financiers et même une réévaluation du franc par rapport à la lire et au dollar ; côté pile, l’aggravation du chômage, le ralentissement durable de la croissance et l’absence de perspective du problème de l’emploi. Mais l’évaluation de la situation économique d’un pays ne devrait pas se réduire à l’interprétation des dernières statistiques publiées. Elle exige au contraire que l’on prenne la mesure des évolutions tendancielles et des règles du jeu international qui déterminent la nature de la contrainte extérieure s’exerçant sur les politiques nationales.
L’opinion publique et les travailleurs immigrés
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: January 2022

Les scores obtenus par M. Le Pen aux élections de 1984 et 1985 ont brusquement mis en lumière les problèmes sociaux et politiques créés par la présence de nombreux travailleurs immigrés et de leurs enfants nés en France. Les observateurs ont tenté de rendre compte du « phénomène Le Pen » en invoquant deux types d’explication.
L’air du temps : l’ère des changements Colloquia of New York University’s Institute of French Studies, Fall 1985
Authors: Westbrook John
Published: January 2022

Despite what seems to be the assured victory of the Right in the upcoming legislative elections, the situation in France is far from clear. What will this victory mean when the very categories of political thought and classification, Right versus Left, “liberal ” versus “jacobin,” have lost a certain degree of their coherence. The break up of political discourse, the diffusion of similar ideas and “mots d’ordre” in opposing political camps, is indicative of a more general malaise. Attempting to “think” France in 1985, one is forced to move beyond statistics and voting intentions, to try to capture “l’air du temps.” A concept more literary than literal, embracing not only the questions asked by analysts of contemporary France but also the tone that these questions reveal, it is not without explanatory value, as Pierre Viansson-Ponté’s famous “la France s’ennuie” proved with the May ’68 events. A recent series of colloquia at N.Y.U.’s Institute of French Studies, on subjects ranging from de Gaulle’s come back in May 1958 to recent transformations in French intellectual life, both analyse and reflect the current mood in France.
Mark Kesselman, Ed.: The French Workers’ Movement
Authors: Lange Peter
Published: January 2022

The Mitterrand-Socialist experiment in government is in danger of a historical failure. After almost four years in power, things have not only failed to go as the Socialists (and for a time, their Communist partners) would have liked, but have gone decidedly badly. Few of the government’s political economic goals have been attained or seem likely to be in the near future; and the political economic failures have increasingly obscured the successful policy initiatives in other areas. Furthermore, to the extent that the government has had successes in the political economic arena, they have not been those anticipated by its core social base and ideological confrères. Nationalizations and advances in social welfare have been overwhelmed by balance-of-payments crises, high rates of inflation, and perhaps most damaging of all, high and growing rates of unemployment, much of it structural. Expansionary and egalitarian policies have given way to the “politics of rigueur” or, more pejoratively, Barrisme de gauche (Kesselman’s conclusion, p. 320).
Archaism and Modernity
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2022

The text which serves as the basis for the reflections which follow is a single sentence from Tocqueville’s Democracy in America: “A new science of politics is indispensable to a wholly new world.”
Assimilation in the U.S.
Authors: Fuchs Laurence
Published: January 2022

There is a large stretch of coastal land in Sonoma County, California, that belonged to the Kashaya Indians long before Russian traders came in the early nineteenth century to establish the settlement which is now called Fort Ross. Only about a dozen Kashaya families are left on a forty acre reservation approximately a half hour’s drive from the coast. On my way to it in April 1985, driving through magnificent hills in the thick, cool northern California fog along Tin Bard Road, I passed the enormous, resplendent temple of the Nyingma Buddhists, called Odiyan. The Nyingmas, under the leadership of a Tibetan monk, had obtained 650 acres on which to build their nearly completed temple of gold leaf, copper and beautiful California woods. Behind the high, locked fence which prevents visitors from entering without special permission, Odiyan would soon receive Buddhist disciplines from all over the world.
Multiple Officeholding in Local and National Elective Positions
Authors: Becquart-Leclercq Jeanne
Published: January 2022

Combining a national electoral position with one or several local electoral positions is frequent among elected national officials in France, while it is legally prohibited or the object of cultural taboo in other European countries and the United States. This element of the French political system, for example being simultaneously a mayor, a regional councillor and a member of parliament, is referred to in this paper as “multiple officeholding” (cumul des mandats). It is an important part of the relationship betw-een those who govern and those who are governed, of the integration between the center and the periphery, and the quality of democratic representation. The thesis developed here is that multiple officeholding leads to distortion in territorial political representation. From a theoretical point of view, multiple officeholding constitutes the framework of an ideal-typical organization of powers, called here the “oligarchic overlapping model,” as contrasted against a model in which the power is more diffused and fragmented. For example, in the first model, there is little circulation of elites from and to the civilian society, but there is some circulation within the elite from and to various levels of government; In the latter one, each level of government has its own system for recruitment of political leaders, which means more circulation between elites and society
A propos de Irangate: Les conséquences institutionnelles
Authors: Toinet Marie-France
Published: January 2022

Dans l’Irangate, le plus intéressant ne nous semble pas être son côté policier : qui a su et autorisé quoi ? Chacun, sur ce point, s’est fait son intime conviction mais n’en aura probablement jamais la preuve indubitable, d’autant moins qu’il n’y aura pas d’action judiciaire contre le président. A dire vrai, que le président Reagan ait su ou non les détails exacts de l’enterprise importé peu : le fait indéniable est que ses plus proches collaborateurs ont pris ces initiatives et s’y sont crus autorisés par le président. Ainsi, l’amiral Poindexter, après avoir déclaré, au grand soulagement de la Maison Blanche que « bien que je fusse convaincu que le président approuverait si on le lui demandait, j’ai pris la décision délibérée de ne pas demander au président afin de le protéger de la décision et de lui fournir la possibilité de tout nier si des fuites avaient lieu » ajoutera dans le même souffle qu’il était persuadé que, l’eût-il tenu au courant, le président en aurait été d’accord : « Je suis sûr que cela aurait fait plaisir au président ».
Commentary on Toinet’s A propos de Irangate
Authors: Ceaser James
Published: January 2022

The Iran-Contra affair had the distinction of being two affairs wrapped into one. It consisted of the Iran arms sale, widely judged to be stupid but not illegal, and the Contra aid diversion, widely judged to be illegal but not particularly stupid. The combination of these two blunders, with its peculiar marriage in the public mind of the stupid and the illegal, gave this event its special force.
DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS
Authors:   Faculty of Economics in Skopje, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” in Skopje, bul. Goce Delcev 9V 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia, Eftimov Ljupcho , Kamenjarska Tanja ,   Faculty of Economics in Skopje, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” in Skopje, bul. Goce Delcev 9V 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
Published: January 2022

Human resource management (HRM), as a crucial constituent of crisis management, has paramount importance in managing the employees and ensuring business continuity, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the constellation of such circumstances, this paper aims to identify the impact of COVID-19 on the HRM in organizations and provide recommendations for the development of long-term strategies, effective management practices and activities that are expected to result in increased employee satisfaction and retention as an organizational response to the crisis. Considering the dynamics and ever-changing environment dominantly, this paper attempts to contribute and expand the HRM literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the level of resilience of HR managers in North Macedonia to deal with a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic and valuable insight into the adequacy of the measures taken. As for the purpose of determining the impact of the crisis on the HRM practices, a structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to the top and middle management, HR professionals and employees in selected companies in the Republic of North Macedonia. The results revealed that adequate managerial responses to the crisis positively influence the organizational performance of the observed companies.
SERVER SELECTION ON BASE OF Z-NUMBERS
Authors: Salimov Vagif Hasan Oglu
Published: January 2022

The paper is devoted to the problem of multi criteria decision making under linguistic uncertainty. Information of different approaches for modeling linguistic uncertainty have been analyzed. The concept of z-numbers proposed by L. Zadeh have been presented. Z-number is presented as cortege of two fuzzy number A and B, where A is analyzed factor, B is reliability of A assessment. The method of conversion z-numbers into generalized fuzzy numbers have been applied. As test have been used server selection problem. As decision making model have been used weighted average method. All calculations and results are presented.
Classification of Settlement Names in the Turkish Cypriot Geography
Authors: SARI Cemali , YILMAZ Cansel
Published: January 2022

The subject of this study is the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), and its purpose is the geographical classification of the settlement names of the country. The examination of the settlement names given by the influence of the physical and human geography elements of the country (Nicosia, Famagusta, Girne, Güzelyurt, İskele and Lefke districts) will shed light on its past and the importance of the settlement names that the Turkish people living in Northern Cyprus want to commemorate for their homeland will be determined. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established after the Cyprus Peace Operation (1974), has given Turkish names to the lands of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus by the "Continuous Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Systems" as of 1974, as an indicator of sovereignty. It has continued with the transfer of their identities to the places where they became homeland by the tribes that settled in the TRNC lands, which witnessed many migration events in history. Each civilization reflects its own cultural characteristics in place names. Settlement names are cultural pools of nations. In the study, document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. Factors arising from the interrelationship of nature and human relations have been taken into account. It has been systematically discussed and discussed in order to create a national awareness level. In this context, it is aimed to contribute to Turkish culture by examining the names of settlements. In the administrative structure of the TRNC in 2021, there are 261 settlements as central district, sub-district and neighborhood/village. It is seen that the majority of these settlement names take their source from geographical elements. 122 (46%) settlements are the names of settlements given by being influenced by physical geography and 136 (51%) human geography elements. It has been determined that settlement names related to landforms are more common in physical elements, and settlement names related to person, lineage and clan name among human elements are more common in the field. Each civilization reflects its own cultural characteristics in place names. Settlement names are cultural pools of nations. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been the last manifestation of the Turkish presence on the island for centuries, transferred this ancient culture to the settlement names with the effect of Physical and Human geography. In this direction, the effects of Turkish culture can be seen in the naming of the settlements of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
EXAMINATION OF TENTH VILLAGE WORKS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND REALISTIC ART
Authors: Şahin Çeken Kübra
Published: January 2022

In this study, in the context of Social Realism, two different works of art, the novel Fakir Baykurt and the painting by Nedim Günsür, named "The Tenth Village" will be examined. In the study, “How is the social realist art in the works of the novel Fakir Baykurt and the painting of Nedim Günsür, Tenth Village?” The research question was answered and the study was carried out with content analysis method on the basis of qualitative approach. For the study object, the harmony and separations in the works, which are handled in an inter-artistic dimension and constitute the aesthetic link between the two art disciplines, are focused on. In line with the purpose of the research, the works, their lives and education, as well as their understanding of art, are discussed in order to get to know the artists better. Then, the novel written by Baykurt in the social realist style was emphasized, and the features and meanings in the literary text were mentioned. At the same time, Günsür's artistic orientation; The relationship between figure and environment has been examined in terms of internal motion and depth applications. The literary and picture elements in the novel were determined and the elements of appropriation were determined in the table. Obtained findings are presented by interpreting. In the study, while the real plot and the author's shaping were seen in the formation of the literary text, the painter remained faithful to the text in the composition he created and presented the quotation he received directly to the receiver, without dividing the subject in both of his works. Based on these results, it can be stated that branches of art branching out within themselves come together with inter-arts and feed each other. In addition, since the other works of the two social realist artists reflect the same period and society in terms of subject, they can be examined in different studies in the context of interartism.
Transoral digital reduction of complete anterior odontoid dislocation followed by fiducial-based navigated transcondylar screw fixation: illustrative case
Authors: John Albin A. , Grochmal Joey , Felton Jason
Published: January 2022

BACKGROUND

Posterior atlantoaxial dislocations (i.e., complete anterior odontoid dislocation) without C1 arch fractures are a rare hyperextension injury most often found in high-velocity trauma patients. Treatment options include either closed or open reduction and optional spinal fusion to address atlantoaxial instability due to ligamentous injury.

OBSERVATIONS

A 60-year-old male was struck while on his bicycle by a truck and sustained an odontoid dislocation without C1 arch fracture. Imaging findings additionally delineated a high suspicion for craniocervical instability. The patient had neurological issues due to both a head injury and ischemia secondary to an injured vertebral artery. He was stabilized and transferred to our facility for definitive neurosurgical care.

LESSONS

The patient underwent a successful transoral digital closed reduction and posterior occipital spinal fusion via a fiducial-based transcondylar, C1 lateral mass, C2 pedicle, and C3 lateral mass construct. This unique reduction technique has not been recorded in the literature before and avoided potential complications of overdistraction and the need for odontoidectomy. Furthermore, the use of bone fiducials for navigated screw fixation at the craniocervical junction is a novel technique and recommended particularly for placement of technically demanding transcondylar screws and C2 pedicle screws where pars anatomy is potentially unfavorable.