bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allergic contact dermatitis from ethylene thiourea
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

A case of allergic contact dermatitis to the rubber additive material ethylene thiourea (ETU) is presented. Testing for cross‐sensitivity gave a positive reaction to the fungicide Maneb®, manganous ethytenebisdithiocarbamte, but this reaction was probably due to ETU which was detected in Maneb® by thin‐layer chromatography. Different sources of ETU arc reported.
Furocoumarins of Heracleum Laciniatum: isolation, phototoxicity, absorption and action spectra studies
Authors: Kavli G. , Raa J. , Johnson B. E. , Volden G. , Haugsbø S.
Published: April 2006

Isolation of the furocoumarins (psoralens) bergapten, isobergapten, sphondin, isopimpinellin and pimpinellin from the Umbilliferous plant Heracleum laciniatum was carried out by column chromatography, and the structure and absorption spectra for the 5 furocoumarins isolated are described. Photoepicutaneous testing showed the strongest phototoxic effects from bergapten, marked effects from pimpinellin, weak effects from sphondin and none from the others. These in vivo findings were confirmed by the in vitro Candida test. Action spectrum studies demonstrated peak photosensitivity in the range 330–335 nm. bergapten being more than twice as phototoxic as pimpinellin.
Contact allergic reaction to D & C Yellow No. 11 and Quinoline Yellow
Authors: Björkner Bert , Niklasson Bo
Published: April 2006

D & C Yellow No. 11 and Quinoline Yellow belong to a group of quinophtalone dyes with a common basic structure. D & C Yellow No. 11 is used mostly in plastics, spirit lacquers, coloured smokes and cosmetics, but it is also increasingly used as n dye in soaps and shampoos. Quinoline Yellow is used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon in cases where good light fastness is not required, but is most commonly used as a drug and food colouring agent. A patient, extremely sensitive to D & C Yellow No. 11 with a positive patch test reaction down to 0.00001%, also reacted to Quinoline Yellow at a test concentration of 0.1%. To establish if any cross‐reactivity occurs between the two compounds, a high pressure liquid chromatograph was used for analysis, purification and separation of the two colours. The patient was then patch tested with the two colours and the pure fraction of Quinoline Yellow. The test results confirm a true sensitivity to Quinoline Yellow and to D & C Yellow No. 11, and may indicate cross‐reactivity between the colours.
In vivo and in vitro phototoxicity of different parts of Heracleum Laciniatum
Authors: Kavli G. , Volden G. , Midelfart K. , Krokan H. , Prytz J. O. , Haugsbø S.
Published: April 2006

Experimental phytophotodermatitis was produced using homogenates from different parts of Heracleum laciniatum and long‐wave ultraviolet light. The homogenates of leaves and flowers produced strong phototoxic reactions, fruit slightly less. Stems were either non‐phototoxic or only slightly phototoxic. The roots or young plants did not evoke photosensitivity reactions, whereas the roots of older plants were strongly phototoxic; even roots collected from the frozen ground in December elicited strong reactions. Abdominal and midback skin were more photosensitive than skin of the lateral aspects of the underarms and legs. The in vivo findings were continued in vitro with the Candida albicans test.
Allergic contact eczema to phenylephrine
Authors: Barber Kirk A.
Published: April 2006

A female patient developed periorbital eczema and conjunctivitis prior to cataract surgery. Investigations revealed an allergic contact eczema to phenylephrine hydrochloride 10% eyedrops being used pre‐operatively for mydriasis.
Phytophotodermatitis due to Ruta graveolens
Authors: Heskel Neil S. , Amon Robert B. , Storrs Frances J. , White Clifton R.
Published: April 2006

We report phytophotodermatitis in a 5‐year‐otd boy, his 6‐year‐old sister and his mother, evoked by their handling common rue (Ruin graveolens), a plant which contains psoralens. Psoralens are photoactive chemicals which, when rubbed on the skin, react with sunlight to produce erythema, hyperpigmentation and blistering. Phytophotodermatitis is an uncommon cause of such ill‐effects, in children.
Fungicide‐induced contact dermatitis
Authors: Johnsson Margateta , Buhangen Morten , Leira Håkon Lasse , Solvang Steinar
Published: April 2006

Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (TCPN) is an agricultural and horticultural fungicide used in many parts of the world. In Northern Europe it is also used as a wood preservative.

The substance has well‐known toxic properties through skin contact, and has recently been reported as inducing allergic contact dermatitis.

We report an epidemic of contact dermatitis in a Norwegian wooden‐ware factory, which we attribute to TCPN. 14 out of 20 workers had skin complaints which were work related. Half of these cases were shown to be of allergic origin.

The toxic and allergic properties of TCPN render this compound unsuitable for use in the wooden‐ware industry. A re‐evaluation of its use in agriculture and horticulture seems appropriate.
Contact allergy to petrolatums
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Dooms M.
Published: April 2006

Several pharmacopoeias set limits on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in petrolatum. UV absorbance measurement of aromatic extracts of petrolatum sample has been shown to be a more reliable method than direct UV absorbance measurement as prescribed by several pharmacopoeias for the determination of that content, but the presence of allergenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons does not always correlate with lower UV absorbance. Biological tests are ultimately the only certain method of detecting biologically active compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can also be irritant and carcinogenic. Therefore, University uniform and very stringent limits should be set restricting their presence in pharmaceutical grade petrolatum.
Cutaneous implications of excessive heat in the work‐place
Authors: Olumide Y. M. , Oleru G. U. , Enu C. C.
Published: April 2006

6 patients developed a rash while working in a dry battery manufacturing industry. Patch tests showed that clothing accounted for the dermatitis in 5 of the patients. One of them who worked with bitumen had an acneiform eruption and eye irritation. Environmental measurements indicated excessive environmental heat, sweating and maceration as predisposing factors for the development of clothing dermatitis in workers who wore dark coloured uniforms. The working posture also made the anterior abdominal wall highly vulnerable.
The sensitizing potential of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate in the guinea pig*
Authors: Waegemaekers Th. H. , van der Walle H. B.
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing potential of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate in the guinea pig could be demonstrated by Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test. This acrylate ester is a common constituent of adhesive tape. Allergic reactions to several brands of adhesive tape were not observed in 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate sensitized animals. Cross reactions with other acrylic monomers were observed.
Allergic contact dermatitis from epoxy resin in nasal canulae
Authors: Wright Robert C. , Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis from not fully cured epoxy resin in nasal canulae is reported. Patch testing and chemical analysis utilising the actual batch are stressed.
The dermatitic properties of black bryony (Tamus communis L.)
Authors: Schmidt Richard J. , Moult Stephen P.
Published: April 2006

The skin irritant properties of both the juice expressed from the ripe berries and the slimy mucilage present in the rhizomes of black bryony (Tamus communis L.) were investigated. The dermatitis produced on human skin after gently rubbing in either the berry juice or the rhizome mucilage was found in both cases to be a result of mechanical irritation, being produced by penetration of the skin by minute needle‐like crystals of calcium oxalate. Scanning electron micrographs supporting this conclusion are presented. Chemical investigation of the rhizome mucilage confirmed the presence of histamine. The rôle of histamine in the production of skin irritation following contact with the rhizome mucilage is discussed.
The effect of the guinea pig maximization protocol on the irritant response to deodorized kerosene – the excited skin syndrome*
Authors: Nethercott James R. , Lawrence Murray
Published: April 2006

Deodorized kerosene in a concentration of 50g/100g in pet. did not cause cutaneous inflammation in 10 control guinea pigs. The proportion of 19 guinea pigs exhibiting inflammation following exposure to deodorized kerosene in the guinea pig maximization test increased, but the increase was not significant. The response in a group of 40 animals, half exposed to tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and half to nonylphenol polyethoxylate‐6, increased (z= 3.505, p=0.004). The inflammatory response was related to concentration in both groups of animals which exhibited inflammatory responses to deodorized kerosene. The relevance of this alteration and irritant response of the interpretation of predictive to tests animals for sensitization, routine patch testing and repeated insult contact dermatitis is discussed.
Oral promethazine hydrochloride in ethylenediamine‐sensitive patients
Authors: King C. M. , Beck M.
Published: April 2006

A study of 12 patients with allergic contact sensitivity to ethylenediamine has shown that exposure to the oral antihistamine promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan®) did not result in an exacerbation or recrudescence of eczema. This would suggest that promethazine may be safely administered to ethylenediamine‐sensitive patients contrary to advice given in some of the dermatological literature.
Phototoxic dermatitis caused by celery infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Austad Joar , Kavll Gunnar
Published: April 2006

11 men developed a severe phototoxic dermatitis of the hands and forearms after harvesting celery infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. By thin‐layer chromatography and fluorescence spectrophotometry, xanthotoxin, bergapten and sphondin were isolate‐d. The Canadida albicans test demonstrated xanthotoxin and bergapten as the phototoxic compounds.
Allergic contact dermatitis from a novel diamino intermediate, 5‐[(2‐aminoethyl)thiomethyl]‐N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐furanmethanamine, in laboratory synthesis
Authors: Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact sensitivity to 5‐[(2‐aminoethyl)thiomethyl]‐N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐furanmethanamine, a diamino intermediate in the synthesis of a novel H2 antagonist, Ranitidine® is reported in an industrial chemist with hand dermatitis, who had been working for a prolonged period on the conversion of this intermediate to its fumarate salt.
Different sensitising acrylic monomers in Napp® printing plate
Authors: Pedersen Niels Bang , Senning Alexander , Nielsen Aksel Otkær
Published: April 2006

3 chemically pure fractions were isolated from Napp® printing plate and subsequently identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. 1 of the fractions elicited positive test reactions in 3 Napp®‐allergic printers, and another fraction also elicited a positive test reaction in 1 of the printers. The 2 allergens were 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and N.N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide. The 1st of the 2 allergens was also demonstrated in another printing plate, Nyloprint WD®.
The current status of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Towers G. H. N. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

The dissemination of allergenic plants as horticultural introductions, or in the case of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. apparently by chance, can have undesirable results. This species of the Compositae family, native to the Caribbean region, has spread widely in India, causing allergic contact dermatitis from its content of sesquiterpene lactones, and has recently appeared in Australia.

The clinical features consist of dermatitis of the exposed skin surfaces from direct contact with the weed, but resembling photo dermatitis. In fact, contact dermatitis from the plant can coexist with light sensitivity. The plant does not show phototoxic activity but may contain an unidentified photo allergen. Since plant hairs and the pollen contain sesquiterpene lactones, they can probably cause air bone contact dermatitis. Attempts to control spread of the plant have so far not been successful.
Lack of cross‐reaction between DNCB and chloramphenicol
Authors: Strick Richard A.
Published: April 2006

Although one study has reported a cross‐reactivity between DNCB and chloramphenicol in 40% of patients, other investigators have been unable to confirm the existence of any cross reaction. The purpose of this study is to determine whether sensitization of patients to DNCB poses a risk of cross reaction to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 100 consecutive patients who were sensitized to DNCB failed to show a single reaction to patch testing with chloramphenicol in a 1% ointment. The discrepancy between these results may be explained by a possible misinterpretation of a primary irritant reaction as an allergic contact reaction in the original report.
Influence of detergent washing powders on minimal eliciting patch test concentrations of nickel and chromium
Authors: Allenby C. F. , Goodwin B. F. J.
Published: April 2006

Minimum eliciting levels of nickel have been estimated in 25 nickel‐sensitive subjects, and of chromium in 14 chromium‐sensitive subjects by patch tests with aqueous solutions of the respective metals. The minimum level of each metal required to provoke a patch test reaction was considerably greater than that found in fabric washing powder solutions and was in the majority of patients tested of the order of 112 ppm nickel (0.05% nickel sulphate) or 885 ppm hexavalent chromium (0.25% potassium dichromate). One nickel‐sensitive subject and one chromium‐sensitive subject reacted to 1 ppm of the respective metal. Fabric washing powder did not significantly alter the patch test reaction to nickel sulphate or provoke reactions in nickel‐or chromium‐sensitive subjects. EDTA significantly reduced the number and severity of patch test reactions to nickel sulphate but not those to potassium dichromate or trivalent chromium.
Allergic contact dermatitis from 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one, a paint mildewcide
Authors: Mathias C. G. Toby , Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud
Published: April 2006

Severe allergic contact dermatitis from a paint mildeweide, 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one, developed in a worker formulating latex paints within a paint manufacturing company, Guinea pig maximization testing demonstrated this to be a moderate sensitizer. Further cases of allergic contact dermatitis may be encountered as the use of this biocide increases in the market place.
Standard photopatch testing with Musk Ambrette
Authors: Kroon Susanne
Published: April 2006

495 patients were standard photopatch tested with Musk Ambrette 5% in petrolatum and in dimethyl phthalate. 4 cases gave positive photopatches: 3 were men and 1 a woman 2 cases, both men, had current or past relevant reactions to Musk Ambrette presented with typical perfume dermatitis. The other 2 cases had positive reactions to Musk Ambrette of uncertain relevance. Photoallergic reaction to Musk Ambrette is a rare event. Only a few relevant reactions will be missed by excluding it from standard phototesting.
Assessment of skin irritancy: measurement of skin fold thickness
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

It is desirable to use more objective methods than visual scoring for the assessment of skin irritancy reactions. The edema, or fluid accumulation in the exposed skin sites, can be accurately measured by a caliper and this alternative method of assessment is evaluated from different aspects. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and non‐anoic acid in different concentrations were applied daily to human and animal (rabbit and guinea pig) skin, and a dose‐response relationship established. Higher concentrations of the irritants induced an earlier response. With 5% SLS as the test substance and the increase in skin fold thickness as the single parameter of skin irritancy, the guinea pig was found to be less reactive than rabbit and man. Measurement techniques, reproduceability and advantages and disadvantages with different animal models are discussed.
Dermatitis from propolis
Authors: Rudzki Edward , Grzywa Zdzislawa
Published: April 2006

22 patients with dermatitis from propolis were studied. In all the 21 tested subjects the tests with propolis were positive, and in 19 they were also positive to balsam of Peru. The chromatograms of the balsam and propolis show marked similarity and 3 identical peaks could be recognised in both substances. Among the patients sensitive to balsam of Peru and propolis, 12 were tested with some common components; 3 were positive to cinnamyl cinnamate, 2 to vanillin and 1 to benzyl cinnamate. Chromatograms of the 3 propolis samples from the Warsaw region were very similar, but not identical. Some of the patients were tested with 35 essential oils and eugenol. Sensitivity to clove oil was common.
Contact sensitivity to acrylate compounds in guinea pigs
Authors: Parker Darien , Turk J. L.
Published: April 2006

As report of contact dermatitis in humans due to acrylate compounds have increased considerably in recent years, it was decided in investigate the ability of these chemicals to evoke contact sensitivity skin reactions in guinea pigs. 21 different acrylate and methacrylate compounds were scanned for their ability to induce contact sensitivity, using 5 different sensitization protocols. Contact reaction of varying intensities were produced to all the mono‐, di‐ and triacrylates tested. However, it was not possible to sensitize guinea pigs to any methacrylates. It would appear that guinea pigs cannot be contact sensitized to acrylate chemicals that are substituted on carbon 2.
Allergic contact dermatitis to pyridoxine ester and hinokitiol
Authors: Fujita Masuko , Aoki Toshivuri
Published: April 2006

A case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by pyridoxine 3,4‐dioctanoate and hinokitiol is reported. The patient was also sensitized to pyridoxine hydrochloride.
Contact urticaria from peanut butter
Authors: Mathias C. G. Toby
Published: April 2006

A patient with multiple atopic allergies, atopic facial dermatitis, and a generalized atopic skin diathesis developed (i) angioedema of the lips and tongue following ingestion of peanut butter, and (ii) localized urticarial reactions following direct skin contact. Open testing with peanut butter demonstrated probable immunologic contact urticaria. The relationship of contact urticaria to the atopic skin diathesis is discussed.
Raccoon‐like periorbital leukoderma from contact with swim goggles
Authors: Goette D. Klaus
Published: April 2006

A 12‐year‐old girl developed a periorbital leukoderma from contact with swim goggles. She had worn the same goggles the preceding year and re‐used them after the leukoderma had cleared without any ill effects. The hypopigmentation was believed to be caused by the leakage of breakdown products in the neoprene rubber or glue. These breakdown products may have caused a toxic rather than an allergic reaction on skin contact, inhibiting melanin production possibly by competitive inhibition of tyrosine oxidation. These chemical compounds probably leaked from the goggles and were eventually exhausted. This possibility may explain why the leukoderma did not recur after re‐use of the goggles.
Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema on the hands and forearms in a sample of the general population
Authors: Lantinga H. , Nater J. P. , Coenraads P. J.
Published: April 2006

In 1979, the inhabitants of a geographically defined area were examined for skin disorders of the hands and forearms. In 1982 this cohort was invited for re‐examination. In persons with eczema, patch testing was performed. Irritant factors were found to play a rôle in 73% of the cases, whereas a contact allergy could be detected in 30%. The must frequent allergens were nickel sulphate (20%), potassium dichromate (6%), land cobalt chloride (4%). In some persons with a definite history of allergy to metals, no positive patch test with nickel, chromate or cobalt could be obtained; other mechanisms may be involved. Significantly more positive patch tests were found among persons with an eczema of longer than 2 years duration compared with persons, with eczema present for a shorter period of time, indicating that many cases of eczema are primarily of irritant nature, but later complicated by sensitisation.

In 41%, the eczema was healed. A poor healing tendency was observed in those with a combination or irritant and allergic eczema. Relatively few ascribed healing to medical treatment.
D&C nos. 10 and 11: chemical composition analysis and delayed contact hypersensitivity testing in the guinea pig
Authors: Sato Yoshihisa , Kutsuna Hiroshi , Kobayashi Toshiaki , Mitsui Takeo
Published: April 2006

D&C Yellow no. 11 was found to consist predominantly of quinophthaloone together with other minor components, though not 6′‐methylquinophthalone. Quinophthalone was found to be a strong sensitizer in guinea pigs by means of a modified testing technique, and its threshold concentration for induction and challenge was 10 ppm. Purified D&C Yellow no. 10, which was found to consist of 6 derivatives of sodium sulfonated quinophthalone, did not sensitize or elicit a cross‐reaction in quinophthalone‐sensitized guinea pigs even at a challenge concentration of 5%. Commercial D&C Yellow no. 10 contained 0.95–170 ppm of quinophthalone, and it is suggested that skin sensitization by D&C Yellow no. 10 is caused by contaminating quinophthalone.
Oral exposure to a nickel‐containing dental alloy of persons with hypersensitive skin reactions to nickel
Authors: Spiechowicz E. , Glantz P.‐O. , Axéll. T. , Chmielewski W.
Published: April 2006

In 10 partially dentate subjects, all with long histories of skin reactions to nickel, prosthetic treatments were performed with fixed prosthetic appliances manufactured in a denial alloy containing 66% nickel. During lime periods varying from 12 to over 40 months, these subjects were controlled using a variety of dental and medical methods. Neither adverse general nor oral clinical nor histological reactions were noted during the observation.
Histological changes in rabbits after application of medicaments and cosmetic bases (III)
Authors: Rantuccio F. , Sinisi D. , Coviello C. , Conte A. , Scardigno A.
Published: April 2006

An experimental study is reported of the irritant potential of oil of purcellin, isopropyl palmitate, nonyl phenol, Modulan, Amerchol and Acetulan when massaged in fixed amounts into the rabbit's skin daily for 30 days.

Skin biopsies provided data on the number of epithelial cell layers, cell counts of the superficial dermis, and the fibre and basement membrane changes. All the test compounds induced changes in the form of increased number of epithelial cell layers and of the papillary dermis cell count, more marked for Acetulan or Amerchol. The difficulties in the evaluation of the results and their applications to human pathology are discussed.
Mephenesin contact dermatitis with erythema multiforme features
Authors: Degreef H. , Bonamie A. , van Derheyden D. , Dooms‐Goossens A.
Published: April 2006

5 patients, all using a mephenesin‐containing ointment, with an acute contact dermatitis also presented an id‐like spread with erythema multiforme features. In 4 patients, patch tests were performed and since mephenesin was the common aileron in each of these case, we may assume that this is also the cause of the erythema multiforme‐like lesions.
Phytophotodermatitis from mokihana fruits (Pelea anisata H. Mann, fam. Rutaceae) in Hawaiian lei
Authors: Elpern D. J. , Mitchell J. C.
Published: April 2006

Bullous dermatitis, which resolved leaving hyperpigmentation and which was clinically consistent with phytophotodermatitis, affected the skin of the neck of 2 individuals who wore Hawaiian leis (as neck garlands) made of the fruits of pelea anisata. In a Daniels culture plate system portions of the fruits showed phototoxicity
Multiple application delayed onset contact urticaria: possible relation to certain unusual formalin and textile reactions?
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Maibach Howards I.
Published: April 2006

An unusual type of contact urticaria to formalin is described, based on J patients and experiments in 14 volunteers. Tin; contact urticaria appeared on healthy skin only following repeated open applications or after a single application on slightly diseased skin. The possible relation of this phenomenon for patients claiming textile intolerance is discussed. Further tests are required to reveal the mechanism of this delayed onset contact urticaria to formalin.
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome associated with occupational exposure to trichloroethylene
Authors: Phoon W. H. , Chan Magdalene O. Y. , Rajan V. S. , Tan K. J. , Thirumoorty T. , Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

Reports on eases of Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme major) have seldom related it to occupational exposure to chemicals. Serious liver involvement is also uncommon. This report describes 5 cases of the syndrome who had been occupationally exposed to trichloroethylene. The circumstantial evidence suggested that the chemical might have been it causative factor in the disease. The liver was involved in all and in 3 it was serious, with one death. The degree of exposure to trichloroethylene varied. The duration of exposure ranged from 2 to 5 weeks. It seemed likely that there was a hypersensitive reaction to trichloroethylene in these cases.
The sensitizing potential of di‐(meth) acrylates based on bisphenol A or epoxy resin in the guinea pig
Authors: Björkner Bert , Niklasson Bo , Persson Karin
Published: April 2006

Most composite materials in dentistry used today, contain resins based on dimethacrylates. BIS–GMA [2,2‐bis‐(4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane], the addition reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate or an epoxy resin and meihacrylic acid, is used most extensively. More recently, dimethacrylates based on bisphenol A, with various chain lengths have appeared on the market as a substitute for or in addition to BIS‐GMA, Such compounds are BIS–MA [2,2‐bis‐(4‐(2‐methacryloxy)phenyl)propane], BIS–EMA [2,2‐bis‐(4‐(2‐methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane] and BIS‐PMA [2,2‐bis‐(4‐(3‐methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl)propane]. Increasing interest in the radiaton cure of coatings and printing inks, have focused attention on these substances and on epoxy diacrylates as radiation‐curable resins. The sensitizing capacity of the different acrylates based on bisphenol A or epoxy resin have been investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. The pattern of simultaneous reactivity of the compounds was also studied. Epoxy diacrylale [2,2‐bis‐(4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐acryloxy‐propoxy)phenyl)propane], BIS‐EMA and BIS‐MA are shown to be strong sensitizers, while the linear fraction of BIS‐GMA and its isomers and BIS‐PMA have none or a low sensitizing capacity. The impurities in the BIS‐GMA and BIS‐MA batches seem to have high allergenic potential. These results stress the importance of a pure substance when discussing allergenicity and cross reactions.
Contact dermatitis to methyl methacrylate
Authors: Kassis Vibeke , Vedel Peter , Darre Erik
Published: April 2006

2 cases of contact dermatitis to methyl methacrylate monomer are presented. The patients are nurses who mixed bone cement at orthopedic operations. During the procedure, they used 2 pairs of gloves (latex). Butyl rubber gloves are recommended for methyl methacrylate monomer to avoid sensitization and/or cumulative irritant contact dermatitis on the hands.
Occupational dermatoses at a film laboratory
Authors: Lidén Carola
Published: April 2006

During the period January 1980‐June 1981, an investigation was made of skin diseases among employees of a film laboratory. The investigation was carried out in 5 stages. (I) Questionnaire (II) Clinical examination and interview with all employees who stated that they had had skin disease at so me time (III) Patch testing at the laboratory of all cases of suspected occupational dermatoses, and control tests in hospital of 200 non‐exposed eczema patients (IV) Investigation of protective gloves by patch testing and in a chemical bath (V) Allergy test on guinea pigs (GPMT) of one agent (PBA‐1).

The firm had 114 employees and the questionnaire was answered by 103. Altogether 43 persons at some time had been exposed to chemicals in their work, and 21 of them had had occupational dermatoses. In 12 cases, contact allergy was found to one or more of the photographic chemicals CD‐2, CD‐3, Metol and PBA‐1. GPMT with PBA‐1 showed it to be a potent sensitizer. The colour developing agents may also give rise to lichenoid reactions and 2 such cases were seen in this investigation. Other causes of occupational dermatoses are indicated, as well as the occurrence of non‐occupational skin diseases.
Contact allergy to styrene and related chemicals
Authors: Sjöborg Steinar , Fregert Sigfred , Trulsson Lena
Published: April 2006

One patient, sensitive to styrene, cross‐reacted at patch testing to 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐vinyltoluene (2‐, 3‐ and 4‐methylstyrene) and to the metabolites styrene epoxide and 4‐vinylphenol (4‐hydroxy‐styrene). It is assumed that styrene is a prohapten metabolized in the skin by aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) to styrene epoxide acting as the true hapten. Styrene occurs in nature and as a synthetic product. Vinyltoluenes (methylstyrenes) occur as synthetic products in plastics. 4‐vinylphenol (4‐hydroxystyrene) occurs frequently in different ciders, wines, foods and berries, e.g. cloudberry.
Contact dermatitis from frullania, compositae and other plants
Authors: de Corres Luis Fernández
Published: April 2006

28 patients with dermatitis from plants were seen over the last 10 years. This was 1.45% of all patients with contact dermatitis. 7 reacted to Frullania, 4 to Compositae. and 1 to helenin. Patch tests with Frullanaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Compositae and helenin, showed no dominant allergen in the plant families with sesquiterpene lactone sensitivity. The positive reactions with feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium) in nearly all patients is probably due to the high content of the sesqueterpene lactone parthenolide; it is a better screening allergen for Compositae sensitivity than alantolactone (helenin).
Contact dermatitis from the epoxy resins tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐ methylene dianiline and o‐diglycidyl phthalate in composite material
Authors: Burrows D. , Fregert S. , Campbell H. , Trulsson L.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of dermatitis occurred in an aircraft factory using epoxy resin composite material. Of 25 operatives, 14 gave positive patch test reactions to the composite material and/or diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), tetraglycidyI‐4,4′‐methytene dianiline (TGMDA), and o‐diglycidyl phthalate. This report seems to be the first to demonstrate contact allergy to the two last mentioned epoxy resins. The diglycidylether of bisphenol A used in routine test series picked up only 3 cases of 12 tested.
Photosensitivity to musk ambrette
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Photosensitivity to musk ambrette was confirmed in 15 men previously photopatch tested and in a further 4 men currently attending the clinic. 6 of the recalled patients continued to react adversely to sunlight due either to unrecognised exposure to musk ambrette or to their having become persistent light reactors. Positive photopatch tests, possibly cross reactions, were seen in 3 of the 19 patients with the structurally‐related nitromusks, moskene and musk xylene but not with musks ketone and tibetine. Musk ambrette elicited a positive patch test without light in 3 of the 19 patients.
Finn chamber patch test technique
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

Proper technique aids reliable patch test results. The Finn chamber volume was determined to be 25 μl. These studies suggest the optimal volume semi‐solid test substance 10 be 12–15 μl. More than 18‐21 μl caused significant extrusion of test substance and improper adhesive adherence. Finn chamber paper discs used with solutions absorb a maximum of 17.5 μl test solutions and keep 15μl within the chamber. The evaporation rate of aqueous test solutions from Finn chambers was 1 mg/3 min; thus, the chambers should be applied quickly to avoid drying.
Patch testing with colophony
Authors: Fregert S. , Gruvberger B.
Published: April 2006

Colophony (rosin) has been fractionated into 2 parts, an acidic and a neutral fraction. Routine patch testing with neutral components gives positive reactions at a 40% higher frequency than routine patch testing with colophony (20%) (w/w in pet.). A concentration of 60% colophony is suggested for routine patch testing.
The sensitizing capacity of atranorin
Authors: Sandberg M. , Thune P.
Published: April 2006

The allergenic potential of the aromatic lichen substance atranorin has been investigated by means of the guinea pig maximization test of Magnusson & Kligman. Sensitivity was induced in 30% of the animals, which corresponds to a moderate allergenic capacity (grade III). This is in agreement with the clinically‐observed frequency of 1.5% among our patients. A modified photoallergy test on the same animals was performed, but irradiation did not increase the number of positive reactions, 4 patients with proven contact sensitivity to atranorin, evernic, usnic or physodic acid, were examined with different dilutions from 0.001 to 0.1%. Irradiation of the test series did not provoke any clear‐cut photoallergic reaction.
The role of atopy in occupational dermatoses
Authors: Shmunes Edward , Keil Julian
Published: April 2006

Hayfever was the commonest symptom of atopy among a group of 134 individuals who had been compensated for work‐related skin disease in South Carolina. A history of previous eczema and a history of wool intolerance differed significantly between the group with contact dermatitis and the group with other work‐related dermatoses. The rôle of atopy figured dramatically among the more serious cases, accounting for 93% of these cases resulting in job loss.
Pacemaker contact sensitivity
Authors: Peters Margot S. , Schroeter Arnold L. , van Hale Harriet M. , Broadbent James C.
Published: April 2006

In a patient who had 4 cardiac pacemakers implanted and removed, pruritus, redness, and swelling of the skin overlying the pacemaker developed at intervals of 6 weeks to 17 months after insertion. Patch testing showed a 2 + reaction to titanium. The positive result of this test, the titanium case of the generator, and the history of multiple local reactions around the generator site pointed toward contact sensitivity to the pacemaker. Although a review of the literature indicates that this problem is rare, it is of extreme importance to the patient with pacemaker contact dermatitis.
History of epicutaneous testing: the blotting‐paper and other methods
Authors: Foussereau J.
Published: April 2006

The first detailed description of an epicutaneous test in a case of allergy was probably in 1847 by Städeler, a chemist at the University of Göttingen. A review of the history of the tests is given; touch and other investigations such as Städeler's blotting paper strip, Jadassohn's application method (1895) and Fabre's blotting‐paper square (1897).
Antioxidants in cosmetics
Authors: White Ian R. , Lovell Christopher R. , Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Antioxidants are commonly added to cosmetics. Allergy to these substances will be missed unless specifically looked for. During a 2‐year period, patients with facial dermatitis have been routinely tested with butylhydroxyanisole and tertiary butylhydroquinone. 7 patients are reported who have been shown to have an allergic contact dermatitis to an antioxidant in their cosmetics or toiletries.
Influence of the vehicle on elicitation of contact allergic reactions to acrylic compounds in the guinea pig
Authors: Björkner Bert , Niklasson Bo
Published: April 2006

Many factors can influence the elicitation of hypersensivity reactions in guinea pigs and humans. The effect which the vehicle might have on the test response in guinea pigs sensitized with various acrylic compounds, using the “guinea pig maximization test”, has been investigated. A marked decrease in the number of positive animals was seen when acetone was used as test vehicle, compared to petrolatum. The same result was seen with alcohol as vehicle, when neopentyl glycol diacrylate (NPGDA) was used as an acrylic monomer model. The patch test locations on the guinea pig flank, also affected the test response. Half of the animals did not react when challenged near the abdomen, compared to a test site near the back. By means of HPLC‐analysis, the possible adsorption of the acrylic monomer to the aluminium chamber or filter paper disc, was analysed. Our findings did not indicate that adsorption occurs. A decrease in the amount of acrylic monomer in the chamber with increasing time, was noted. There was a marked difference in the monomer residue between solutions with (darkness) and without (daylight) inhibitor. The monomer decrease was also more affected by an aluminium surface than a glass or filter paper surface. Aluminium oxide probably enhances the polymerization process. The discrepancy between the test results in this study, when petrolatum and acetone were used as test vehicles, is due to a polymerization process of the acrylic compounds. Thus, the petrolatum vehicle probably prevents polymerization of the acrylic monomer.
In vivo and in vitro testing of gloves for protection against UV‐curable acrylate resin systems
Authors: Rietschel Robert L. , Muggins Ronald , Levy Nicole , Pruitt Pat M.
Published: April 2006

In vitro data demonstrated that the permeation of a UV‐curable urethane acrylate resin system through glove materials was greatest for latex and neoprene gloves and less for two nitrile gloves. Permeation in vitro for the resin system took longer than 480 min. Individual components of the resin permeated faster when tested separately than when in the formulated system. In vivo 48‐h patch test data suggested that neither nitrile glove would be adequate for worker protection, but the in vivo test exaggerated the duration of contact between resin, glove, and skin. Both nitrile gloves provide adequate protection under use conditions, provided the gloves were not re‐used within 8 h.
Contact stomatitis and dermatitis to nickel and palladium
Authors: van Loon L. A. J. , van Elsas P. W. , van Joost Th. , Davidson C. L.
Published: April 2006

17 subjects were tested epicutaneously with 22 materials, including Ni, Pd, Cr and Co. 5 subjects with a positive allergic skin reaction to Ni were tested with a pure metallic nickel plate 3 × 5 mm, which was attached to the buccal side of one lower premolar. These 5 subjects all developed local allergic contact stomatitis on the mucosa of the cheek adjacent to the metal plate. This was confirmed histologically. The same oral test with pure metallic palladium gave no reaction in subjects with a positive patch test. A control group gave no reactions to the metal plates. Allergic contact stomatitis was diagnosed with the help of both clinical and histological examinations.
Contact allergy to oleamidopropyl dimethylamine
Authors: De Groot Anton G. , Liem Dhiam H.
Published: April 2006

Contact allergy to the cationic emulfisier oleamidopropyl dimethylamine was demonstrated in 3 patients. In every case the emulsifier was present in a particular brand of body lotion. Patch test concentrations of 0.1% and 0.5% in water are proposed; slightly higher concentrations may induce irritant responses. Although these are the first domumented cases of contact allergy to oleamidopropyl dimethylamine, it is argued that hypersensitivity to this compound may not be rare.
The Finn Chamber® methylene blue ring
Authors: Fischer Torkei , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

Metallic aluminium and methylene blue applied to human skin interact and give a strong resistent coloration, obtained neither with methylene blue itself nor with other dyes. The reaction proves that aluminium is not an inert material and that the aluminium in Finn chambers can be expected to interact with other patch test substances.
Patch testing with silver sulfadiazine cream
Authors: Degreef H. , Dooms‐Goossens A.
Published: April 2006

23 patients who had used silver sulfadiazine cream were patch tested. No react ions to the active principle occurred but 2 vehicle components, cetyl alcohol and propylene glycol were positive. No sulfonamide‐sensitive subject raided to silver sulfadiazine. There is no evidence that silver sulfadiazine has a contact sensitizing potential or that it is contra‐indicated for patients with a history of sulfonamide hypersensitivity.
Nickel allergy: analysis of metal clothing objects and patch testing to metal samples
Authors: Caveler C. , Foussereau J. , Massin M.
Published: April 2006

In 22 nickel‐sensitive subjects, 57 metal clothing objects were said to be not tolerated (37) or tolerated (20). They were analysed by X‐ray energy dispersion in electron microscopy, and by the dimethylglyoxime spot test. The correlation between the analytical results and the statements of patients is discussed. Patch tests to nickel‐plated metal samples with various thicknesses of chromium (0.25 μ to 1 μ) or glod/copper/cadmium (0.5 μ) were performed in human subjects or in guinea pigs sensitive to nickel. Surface‐plating and anticorrosive techniques, as well as the results in nickel‐sensitive subjects, are described and discussed. Good tolerance will not be obtained that appropriate regulations will prohibit the use of nickel in the manufacture of clothing objects.
Kathon® CG: cosmetic allergy and patch test sensitization
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Liem Dhiam H. , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

Three cases of contact allergy to Kathon CG, a preservative for cosmetics and toiletries containing, as active ingredients, 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one are presented. In two patients. Kathon CG was contained in a moisturizing cream, and the third was sensitized by a diagnostic patch test, Although it has been used extensively in cosmetics and toiletries for 9 years in Europe and 4 years in the USA, these appear to be the first case reports of non‐occupational sensitization to Kathon CG.
Oral challenge with balsam of Peru
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Norholm N.
Published: April 2006

A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, Oral challenge with balsam of Peru was carried out in 221 patients with various types of dermatitis. 210 patients completed the study, and 45 of them experienced a flare of their symptoms after challenge with balsam of Peru but not after placebo. 15 patients reacted to the placebo, and 5 reacted to both balsam and placebo. Specific reactivity to balsam of Peru was seen particularly in patients with positive patch tests to this compound and in some patch‐test‐negative patients with vesicular hand eczema, ano‐genital and axillary eczema.

Dietary restriction of the intake of balsams was followed by marked improvement or clearance of the dermatitis in approximately half of the patients who adhered to the diet for at least 1 month.
Epicutaneous induction of tolerance with acrylates and related compounds
Authors: Parker Darien , Long P.V. , Bull J.E. , Turk J.L.
Published: April 2006

Epicutaneous application of acrylates and related compounds 1.4 and 7 days before sensitization with either methyl acrylate or trimethylol propane triacrylate induced tolerates to the resultant contact reactions. This tolerance could not be correlated with either the degree of cross reactivity between these compounds or with their ability lo react covalently with ammo or sulphydryl groups of proteins. I hew results arc discussed in relation lo other epicutaneous tolerizers in the dinitrobenzene and poison ivy systems.
Allergic contact dermatitis from amcinonide
Authors: Hayakawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Ukei Chikako , Hosokawa Kaori
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis from topical corticosteroids has been regarded as rare. However, it should be considered in long‐standing, resistant or worsening eczema in spite of topical steroid therapy. Cases of allergic dermatitis from amcinonide have been reported previously: We report an additional case.
Contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria
Authors: Santucci Baldassarre , Picardo Mauro , Iavarone Carlo , Trogolo Corrado
Published: April 2006

A study was carried out on 50 workers in a floriculture centre to evaluate the incidence of contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria. 3 subjects gave positive reactions to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of cut flowers, stems and leaves. By column chromatography, the allergen was isolated and its chemical structure identified as 6‐tuliposide A by proton magnetic resonance and carbon‐13 magnetic resonance. Only 6‐tuliposide A was isolated from cut flowers, and this gave positive reactions when patch tested at 0.01%; α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone at 10−5 (v/v) wits positive in the same 3 subjects. Other lactones (γ‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone, alantolactone, isoalantolactone) were negative at all concentrations used.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Y.M.
Published: April 2006

Nickel is the most important sensitizer in Lagos, with an incidence of 12.3% of 453 patients tested. There was no sex difference, as the wearing of necklaces and bracelets was equally fashionable among both sexes. Housewife eczema is not common, probably because of hardening Dermatitis from additives in the processing of leather and rubber footwear was the next most common. Chromate sensitivity comes usually from leather or cement. Cultural and climatic factors are mainly responsible for differences in the incidence of contact dermatitis found in Lagos from other countries.
Reduction of intake of balsams in patients sensitive to balsam of Peru
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A.
Published: April 2006

64 patients participated in this study 24 were positive who had positive patch teststobalsam or Peru. The dermatitis of 9 of the patients had flared after open oral challenge with balsam of Peru, and the dermatitis of 31 patients had flared after double‐blind oral challenge. All 64 patients were asked to avoid food items suspected of containing balsams for 1 to 2 months. At the end of that time, an evaluation of the diet trial was made; the dermatitis of 37 had cleared or improved markedly. If an improvement taken place, the patient was asked to continue to diet moderately. 6 months in 3 years after the diet was initiated, a questionnaire was mailed to those patients whose dermatitis had improved after the first trial. The patients were asked to evaluate the long‐term benefit of fallowing the diet. 30 felt there was a long‐term effect, and 27 still followed the diet instructions to some degree.
Skin and respiratory tract symptoms in veterinary surgeons
Authors: Falk Edvard S. , Hektoen Halvor , Thune Per O.
Published: April 2006

Chronic or relapsing irritant eczema of the hands was the main complaint in 34 veterinary surgeons. 9 had contact allergic eczema of occupational character. In 8 cases, the allergies were probably due to antibiotics contaminating the skin during the administration of treatment. Contact allergy to penicillin was observed in 5 cases, to neomycin in 2 and to streptomycin in 1 case. Sensitivities to other work‐related substances such as rubber chemicals, antiseptics and local anaesthetics were found in 6 cases. Multiple contact allergies, in particular to different penicillins, were seen frequently. Obvious work‐related immediate reactions of probable allergic type were present in 10 cases, but were confirmed with positive RAST or prick test in only 2 cases.