bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfluorooctyl Bromide Polymeric Capsules as Dual Contrast Agents for Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Pisani Emilia , Tsapis Nicolas , Galaz Belfor , Santin Mathieu , Berti Romain , Taulier Nicolas , Kurtisovski Erol , Lucidarme Olivier , Ourevitch Michèle , Doan Bich Thuy , Beloeil Jean Claude , Gillet Brigitte , Urbach Wladimir , Bridal S. Lori , Fattal Elias
Published: September 2008

Polymeric capsules with a thick shell made of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer and a liquid core of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) were evaluated for stability as well as for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement. The method of preparation allows the mean capsule diameter to be regulated between 70 nm and 25 µm and the capsule thickness‐to‐radius ratio from 0.25 to 0.54. Capsule diameter remains stable at 37 °C in phosphate buffer for at least 4 and 6 h for nanocapsules and microcapsules, respectively. The in vitro ultrasound signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was measured from 40 to 60 MHz for 6 µm and 150 nm capsules: the SNR increases with capsule concentration up to 20–25 mg mL−1, and then reaches a plateau that depends on capsule diameter (13.5 ± 1.5 dB for 6 µm and 6 ± 2 dB for the 150 nm capsules). The ultrasound SNR is stable for up to 20 min for microcapsules and for several hours for nanocapsules. For nanocapsules, the thinner the shell, the larger the SNR and the more compressible the capsules. Nanocapsule suspensions imaged in vitro with a commercial ultrasound imaging system (normal and tissue harmonic imaging modes, 7–14 MHz probe) were detected down to concentrations of 12.5 mg mL−1. Injections of nanocapsules (200 µg ml−1) in mice in vivo reveal that the initial bolus passage presents significant ultrasound enhancement of the blood pool during hepatic imaging (7–14 MHz probe, tissue harmonic imaging mode). 19F‐MRI images were obtained in vitro at 9.4T using spin‐echo and gradient echo sequences and allow detecting nanocapsules in suspension (50 mg mL−1). In conclusion, these results show initial feasibility for development of these capsules toward a dual‐modality contrast agent.
‘Mechanical Engineering’ of Elastomeric Proteins: Toward Designing New Protein Building Blocks for Biomaterials
Authors: Li Hongbin
Published: September 2008

Elastomeric proteins are subject to stretching force under biological settings and play important roles in regulating the mechanical properties of a wide range of biological machinery. Elastomeric proteins also underlie the superb mechanical properties of many protein‐based biomaterials. The developments of single molecule force spectroscopy have enabled the direct characterization of the mechanical properties of elastomeric proteins at the single molecule level and led to the new burgeoning field of research: single protein mechanics and engineering. Combined single molecule atomic force microscopy and protein engineering efforts are well under way to understand molecular determinants for the mechanical stability of elastomeric proteins and to develop methodologies to tune the mechanical properties of proteins in a rational and systematic fashion, which will lead to the ‘mechanical engineering’ of elastomeric proteins. Here the current status of these experimental efforts is discussed and the successes and challenges in constructing novel proteins with tailored nanomechanical proteins highlighted. The prospect of employing such engineered artificial elastomeric proteins as building blocks for the construction of biomaterials for applications ranging from material sciences to biomedical engineering are also discussed.

magnified image
Syntheses, characterization and anti‐microbial activities of palladium(II) and palladium(IV) complexes of 3,10‐C‐meso‐Me8[14]diene (L1) and its reduced isomeric anes (LA, LB and LC). Crystal and molecular structure of [PdL1][Pd(SCN)4]
Authors: Roy Tapashi G. , Hazari Saroj K. S. , Barua Kanak K. , Kim Dong Il , Park Yu Chul , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: September 2008

The reactions of 3,10‐C‐meso‐3,5,7,7,10,12,14,14‐octamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecadiene, L1, and two isomers (LB and LC, differing in the orientation of methyl groups on the chiral carbon atoms) of its reduced form with PdCl2 and K2[Pd(SCN)4], produce square‐planar tetrachloro‐ and tetrathiocyano‐palladium(II) complexes of general formulae [PdL′][PdCl4] and [PdL′][Pd(SCN)4] (L′ = L1, LB and LC), respectively. By contrast, the third ane isomer, LA, upon reaction with the same reagents, PdCl2 and K2[Pd(SCN)4], formed octahedral tetrachloro‐ and tetrathiocyanato‐palladium(IV) complexes [PdLACl2]Cl2 and [PdLA(SCN)2](SCN)2, respectively. The [PdL′][PdCl4] and [PdLACl2]Cl2 complexes undergo substitution reactions with KSCN to form square‐planar and octahedral tetrathiocyanato complexes [PdL′][Pd(SCN)4] and [PdLA(SCN)2](SCN)2, respectively. All complexes have been characterized on the basis of analytical, spectroscopic, conductometric and magnetochemical data. The anti‐fungal and anti‐bacterial activities of these complexes have been studied against some phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. The crystal structure of [PdL1][Pd(SCN)4] has been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography and shows with square‐planar PdN4 and PdS4 geometries [monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 17.884(3) Å, b = 14.734(2) Å, c = 11.4313(18) Å, β = 104.054(5)° ]. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On multiple‐class prediction of issuer credit ratings
Authors: Hwang Ruey‐Ching , Cheng K. F. , Lee Cheng‐Few
Published: September 2008

For multiple‐class prediction, a frequently used approach is based on ordered probit model. We show that this approach is not optimal in the sense that it is not designed to minimize the error rate of the prediction. Based upon the works by Altman (J. Finance1968;23:589–609), Ohlson (J. Accounting Res.1980;18:109–131), and Begleyet al.(Rev. Accounting Stud.1996;1:267–284) on two‐class prediction, we propose a modified ordered probit model. The modified approach depends on an optimal cutoff value and can be easily applied in applications. An empirical study is used to demonstrate that the prediction accuracy rate of the modified classifier is better than that obtained from usual ordered probit model. In addition, we also show that not only the usual accounting variables are useful for predicting issuer credit ratings, market‐driven variables and industry effects are also important determinants. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Ag2ZrF6×8NH3 and Ag2HfF6×8NH3 and Their Synthesis by the “Reactive Fluoride Route” in Liquid Ammonia.
Authors: Meng Weizhe , Kraus Florian
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Metal Nitrides, Metal Carbides and Rare‐Earth Metal Dioxymonocarbodiimides from Metal Oxides and Dicyandiamide.
Authors: Lei M. , Zhao H. Z. , Yang H. , Song B. , Cao L. Z. , Li P. G. , Tang W. H.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐ and γ‐Disubstituted Olefins: Substrates for Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution.
Authors: Falciola Caroline A. , Tissot‐Croset Karine , Reyneri Hugo , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Interesting Cyclization of N‐Methyl‐3‐phenyl‐N‐(2‐(Z)‐phenylethenyl)‐cis‐oxiranecarboxamide.
Authors: Ma Nianchun , Wu Kemei , Huang Liang
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Ring Enlargement of 2‐(Arylmethylene)cyclopropylcarbinols: Strong Effect of Substituent Electronic Nature on the Reaction Pathway.
Authors: Tian Guo‐Qiang , Yuan Zhi‐Liang , Zhu Zhi‐Bin , Shi Min
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder Reactions of a Styrene‐Isocyanate: Unexpected Formation of a Pyridinone and Uracil.
Authors: Gfesser Gregory A. , Whittern David , Cowart Marlon D. , Faghih Ramin
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction with Ethanol: A More Reactive System Pd(II)—iPr‐DUPHOS Complex with Molecular Sieves 4A.
Authors: Monguchi Daiki , Beemelmanns Christine , Hashizume Daisuke , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diarylboronic Acid Derivatives as a Catalytic Iminium Ion Generator in the Mannich‐Type Reaction Using Secondary Amines, Aldehydes, and Ketene Silyl Acetals.
Authors: Tanaka Yusuke , Hasui Tomoaki , Suginome Michinori
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Dialkynylation Reaction of α‐Dinitrone by Utilizing Tartaric Acid Ester as a Chiral Auxiliary.
Authors: Serizawa Masakazu , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Class of Easily Activated Palladium Precatalysts for Facile C—N Cross‐Coupling Reactions and the Low Temperature Oxidative Addition of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Biscoe Mark R. , Fors Brett P. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Selective Reduction of Aromatic Azides to Amines Employing BF3×OEt2/NaI: Synthesis of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Shankaraiah N. , Markandeya N. , Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for Demethylation of Aryl Methyl Ethers.
Authors: Zuo Li , Yao Shanyan , Wang Wei , Duan Wenhu
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazolidin‐2‐one‐Promoted CuI‐Catalyzed Amidation of Aryl Halides and Cyclization of o‐Halobenzanilides.
Authors: Ma Heng Chang , Jiang Xuan Zhen
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Solid‐State Fluorescence of Dicyclohexane‐Anellated Anthracene.
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi , Matsumoto Chika , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro , Yoneda Akio , Asada Kohei , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemo‐ and Regioselective Ethynylation of 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydroindoles with Ethyl 3‐Halo‐2‐propynoates.
Authors: Trofimov Boris A. , Sobenina Lyubov' N. , Stepanova Zinaida V. , Petrova Ol'ga V. , Ushakov Igor' A. , Mikhaleva Al'bina I.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some 3‐Aryl‐1H‐isochromene‐1‐thiones.
Authors: Saeed Aamer , Ashraf Zaman
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of N1‐Substituted 2,5‐Dioxo‐1,2,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐3‐quinolinecarboxamide via Enolate Salts.
Authors: Yermolayev Sergey A. , Gorobets Nikolay Yu. , Lukinova Elena V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Desenko Sergey M.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Green Method for the Synthesis of Indeno[2,1‐c]pyridine Derivatives in Ionic Liquid Catalyzed by Malononitrile.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Wu Jian‐Rong , Li Qing , Yao Chang‐Sheng , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Entry to Pyrrolo[2,3‐c]quinoline‐2,4(3aH,5H)‐diones.
Authors: Kafka Stanislav , Klasek Antonin , Polis Jiri , Rosenbreierova Veronika , Palik Ctibor , Mrkvicka Vladimir , Kosmrlj Janez
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,4‐Benzothiazin‐2‐yl Derivatives of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Benzothiazinone Spiro Derivatives by the Reaction of 2‐Chloro‐1,4‐benzothiazin‐3‐ones with “Push—Pull” Enamines.
Authors: Nazarenko Konstantin G. , Shtil Nataliya A. , Buth Sergey A. , Chernega Alexander N. , Lozinskii Miron O. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1(11)H‐2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2‐a]benzimidazole Starting from Benzimidazole‐2‐sulfonic Acid. Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐(δ‐Chlorobutylamino)benzimidazole.
Authors: Anisimova V. A. , Kuz'menko V. V. , Kuz'menko T. A. , Morkovnik A. S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Optical Properties of 2,13‐Dibenzothiazol‐2′‐yldibenzo[b,k]‐18‐crown‐6.
Authors: Huang Zhi‐Bin , Kim Sung‐Hong , Shi Da‐Qing , Kang Tai‐Jong , Chang Seung‐Hyun
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gassman′s Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cationic Cycloaddition. Formal Total Syntheses of Raikovenal and epi‐Raikovenal.
Authors: Ko Changhong , Feltenberger John B. , Ghosh Sunil K. , Hsung Richard P.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Cyclization of 9,11‐secon‐Estrane under Friedel—Crafts Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Gupta Atul , Lal Kasturi , Dwivedy Indra , Ray Suprabhat
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Fluoroalkene Dipeptide Isosteres and Its Application to Fmoc‐Based Solid‐Phase Synthesis of a Cyclic Pentapeptide Mimetic.
Authors: Narumi Tetsuo , Tomita Kenji , Inokuchi Eriko , Kobayashi Kazuya , Oishi Shinya , Ohno Hiroaki , Fujii Nobutaka
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Effective Preparation of Amino Sulfonylureas from Amino Acids: Application to the Synthesis of Amino Sulfonylurea‐Containing Peptidomimetics.
Authors: Sink Roman , Zega Anamarija
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Glycoporphyrins by Cross‐Metathesis Reactions.
Authors: de C. da Silva Fernando , Ferreira Vitor F. , de Souza Maria C. B. V. , Tome Augusto C. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isoprenyl Flavonoids: (+)‐Denticulaflavonol, Macarangin, and Isomacarangin.
Authors: Basabe Pilar , de Roman Monica , Diez David , Marcos Isidro S. , Bodero Olga , Blanco Araceli , Mollinedo Faustino , Urones Julio G.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phorbasides A—E, Cytotoxic Chlorocyclopropane Macrolide Glycosides from the Marine Sponge Phorbas sp. CD Determination of C‐Methyl Sugar Configurations.
Authors: MacMillan John B. , Xiong‐Zhou Guang , Skepper Colin K. , Molinski Tadeusz F.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Callipeltoside A (I): Two Approaches to the Macrolactone Fragment.
Authors: Evans David A. , Burch Jason D. , Hu Essa , Jaeschke Georg
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Thermo‐Chemical Synthetic Method for Nanoscale One‐Dimensional Heterostructures.
Authors: Shen Guozhen , Chen Di , Zhou Chongwu
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 2‐Imidazoles as Potent and Selective α1A Adrenoceptor Partial Agonists.
Authors: Whitlock Gavin A. , Conlon Kelly , McMurray Gordon , Roberts Lee R. , Stobie Alan , Thurlow Richard J.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Trigonal—Bipyramidal NO4 Ligand Set in Biologically Relevant Vanadium Compounds and Their Inorganic Models
Authors: Rehder Dieter
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Reactions under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Baxendale Ian R. , Hayward John J. , Ley Steven V.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide/Protein—Polymer Conjugates: Synthetic Strategies and Design Concepts
Authors: Gauthier Marc A. , Klok Harm‐Anton
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiamin Diphosphate Catalysis: Enzymic and Nonenzymic Covalent Intermediates
Authors: Kluger Ronald , Tittmann Kai
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Degenerate scale problem arising from curved rigid line inclusion
Authors: Chen Y. Z. , Lin X. Y. , Wang Z. X.
Published: September 2008

This paper investigates the degenerate scale problem arising from the curved rigid line inclusion. The problem is modeled by a continuous distribution of the body force along the prospective site of the curve. In the first step, the problem is formulated on the configuration of the degenerate scale, and an integral equation is suggested. Later, after using a modification for the coordinates, the problem is solved in a modified scale or in the normal scale. From the solution of the integral equation in the normal scale, the degenerate scale will be obtained immediately. Finally, several numerical examples are given. From computed results it is proved that the degenerate scale depends only on the configuration of the curve and does not depend on the initial normal scale used. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite volume method for convection–diffusion–reaction equation on triangular meshes
Authors: Phongthanapanich S. , Dechaumphai P.
Published: September 2008

An explicit high‐resolution finite volume method is proposed for solving a two‐dimensional convection–diffusion–reaction equation on triangular meshes. Taylor's series expansion is used to formulate the higher‐order reconstruction of unknown quantities at the cell faces. The concept of the finite element technique is applied to estimate the gradient quantities at the cell faces. Numerical test cases have shown that the method does not require any artificial diffusion to improve the solution stability. The robustness and the accuracy of the method have been evaluated by using the available analytical and numerical solutions of the two‐dimensional pure‐convection, convection–diffusion, and convection–diffusion–reaction problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parallel, adaptive finite element scheme for modeling chemotactic biological systems
Authors: Kirk Benjamin S. , Carey Graham F.
Published: September 2008

This paper considers the numerical approximation of complex spatial patterns and rapidly evolving transients in chemotactic biological systems using parallel adaptive multiscale schemes and algorithms. Transport processes in such biological systems are typically modeled by coupled systems of nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations. For example, a model of this form has been proposed for studying chemotaxis in bacteria colonies. In the present study, we develop a variational formulation for this model leading to an approximate finite element scheme with adaptive time stepping and local adaptive mesh refinement/coarsening algorithms. The parallel adaptive solution algorithm is presented in detail and applied to investigate the effect of chemotaxis in spot formation behind concentric advancing concentrations fronts. Numerical results concerning the accuracy, efficiency, and performance of the algorithm are also presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembling sparse matrices in MATLAB
Authors: Zlotnik Sergio , Díez Pedro
Published: September 2008

The assembly of sparse matrices is a key operation in finite element methods. In this study we analyze several factors that may have an influence on the efficiency of the assembly procedure.

Different insertion strategies are compared using two metrics: a Cost function (the number of memory movements) and actual computing time. An improved algorithm implemented in MATLAB is proposed. It reduces both memory operations and computing time for all tested cases.

The efficiency of the assembly process is found to be highly dependent on node and element numbering. The effect of the classic reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm is, in most cases, positive and reduces computation costs.

Finally, the case where a sparse matrix has to be re‐assembled at each time step is studied. The efficiency of the assembly is improved if the matrix pattern is entirely or partially inherited from previous steps. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of canine bodily movement
Authors: Qian Yingli , Liu Zhan , Fan Yubo
Published: September 2008

The aim of this study was to develop finite element (FE) models to simulate bodily movement of an orthodontic treatment of mandibular canine with decayed loads during a therapy period (4 weeks). The normal strain of periodontal ligament was assumed as the key mechanical stimulus for the surface bone remodeling. During the simulation processes, changes in tooth position and in the geometry of the tooth supporting structures and the decayed loads were taken into account. In this numerical simulation, the tooth movement displacements were 1.00 mm in the end of the therapy. The results of the simulation were similar to the observed in clinical studies. It was acceptable to simulate clinical tooth movements by FE method based on these mechanical assumptions. Such a numerical simulation would allow the understanding of tooth movements and help in better planning of individual strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource selection in grid: a taxonomy and a new system based on decision theory, case‐based reasoning, and fine‐grain policies
Authors: Nassif Lilian Noronha , Nogueira José Marcos , de Andrade Flá vio Vinícius
Published: September 2008

Resource selection on current brokers still presents challenges for achieving the best solution in the decision‐making process, especially when considering many factors. We approach this problem considering user preference for specific resource selection objectives such as expected performance for an application execution, resource access restriction, execution application cost, and resource reliability. For each objective, we employ different techniques and combine them in a decision theory model. By considering performance in the selection process, we use the case‐based reasoning technique based on similar past job executions to predict a new job time execution. With the resource access restriction as a selection factor, we develop a fine‐grain policy‐based model for distributed resource access verification. Unlike a global access policy, which applies to all resources in a virtual organization, a fine‐grain policy establishes rules for specific resources and users. In this case, a previous access restriction verification prevents a resource selection, which may deny access to a requisition, resulting in an unsuccessful submission. The decision model uses the multi‐attribute utility theory, which relates the important objectives above and allows different proportions of user preferences for each objective. The complete solution is distributed and implemented using a multi‐agent system, acting as a resource broker. All models of this paper are analyzed in a real environment, presenting appropriate functional behaviors. Results show that our prediction model is accurate and efficient in the prediction process and our distributed model runs faster than centralized approaches and considers access restriction heterogeneities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malleable iterative MPI applications
Authors: El Maghraoui K. , Desell Travis J. , Szymanski Boleslaw K. , Varela Carlos A.
Published: September 2008

Malleability enables a parallel application's execution system to split or merge processes modifying granularity. While process migration is widely used to adapt applications to dynamic execution environments, it is limited by the granularity of the application's processes. Malleability empowers process migration by allowing the application's processes to expand or shrink following the availability of resources. We have implemented malleability as an extension to the process checkpointing and migration (PCM) library, a user‐level library for iterative message passing interface (MPI) applications. PCM is integrated with the Internet Operating System, a framework for middleware‐driven dynamic application reconfiguration. Our approach requires minimal code modifications and enables transparent middleware‐triggered reconfiguration. Experimental results using a two‐dimensional data parallel program that has a regular communication structure demonstrate the usefulness of malleability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An abstract layered model for Web‐inclusive distributed computing leading to enhancing GRIDSpace with Web 2.0
Authors: Dillon Tharam S. , Wu Chen , Chang Elizabeth
Published: September 2008

Service‐oriented computing (SOC), Grid computing, and Web2.0 computing have increasingly received momentum in both research and industry. In this paper, we propose an abstract Web‐inclusive distributed computing model (WIDCOM) in order to analyse these three important distributed computing paradigms. We then advance the notion of software in existing Grid services as discussed in open Grid services architecture, which provides software middleware or wrappers for accessing hardware resources towards the notion that the resources provided can be hardware, software, or hybrid hardware/software. It also proposes an approach using the integration of Grid service, semantic Grid, and Web2.0 to overcome some of the limitations of the existing Web services architecture, which relies on having the Web version of the RPC mechanism and thus has difficulty in dealing with massive scale of user participation and communication across the Internet. The new approach produces a novel Grid architecture—GRIDSpace. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptation rule learning for case‐based reasoning
Authors: Li Huan , Li Xin , Hu Dawei , Hao Tianyong , Wenyin Liu , Chen Xiaoping
Published: September 2008

A method of learning adaptation rules for case‐based reasoning (CBR) is proposed in this paper. The resource space model and the semantic link network are applied in case‐base construction for efficient resource management and reuse. Adaptation rules are generated from the case‐base with the guidance of domain knowledge, which is also extracted from the case‐base. The adaptation rules are refined before they are applied in the revision process. General domain knowledge is brought in to help accurate similarity computing. After solving each new problem, the adaptation rule set is updated by an evolution module in the retention process. The results of our experiment show that the obtained adaptation rules can improve the performance of the CBR system compared with a retrieval‐only CBR system. The average solution difference error is decreased by 46.56%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of virtual organizations in grids: a game‐theoretic approach
Authors: Carroll Thomas E. , Grosu Daniel
Published: September 2008

Applications require the composition of resources to execute in a grid computing environment. The grid service providers (GSPs), the owners of the computational resources, must form virtual organizations (VOs) to be able to provide the composite resource. We consider grids as self‐organizing systems composed of autonomous, self‐interested GSPs that will organize themselves into VOs with every GSP having the objective of maximizing its profit. Using game theory, we formulate the resource composition among GSPs as a coalition formation problem and propose a framework to model and solve it. Using this framework, we propose a resource management system that supports the VO formation among GSPs in a grid computing system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximizing revenue in Grid markets using an economically enhanced resource manager
Authors: Macías M. , Rana O. , Smith G. , Guitart J. , Torres J.
Published: September 2008

Traditional resource management has had as its main objective the optimization of throughput, based on parameters such as CPU, memory, and network bandwidth. With the appearance of Grid markets, new variables that determine economic expenditure, benefit and opportunity must be taken into account. The Self‐organizing ICT Resource Management (SORMA) project aims at allowing resource owners and consumers to exploit market mechanisms to sell and buy resources across the Grid. SORMA's motivation is to achieve efficient resource utilization by maximizing revenue for resource providers and minimizing the cost of resource consumption within a market environment. An overriding factor in Grid markets is the need to ensure that the desired quality of service levels meet the expectations of market participants. This paper explains the proposed use of an economically enhanced resource manager (EERM) for resource provisioning based on economic models. In particular, this paper describes techniques used by the EERM to support revenue maximization across multiple service level agreements and provides an application scenario to demonstrate its usefulness and effectiveness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A current sensing completion detection method for asynchronous pipelines operating in the sub‐threshold regime
Authors: Akgun Omer Can , Gürkaynak Frank K. , Leblebici Yusuf
Published: September 2008

Digital circuits operating in the sub‐threshold regime are able to perform minimum energy operation at a given delay. In the sub‐threshold regime the circuit delay, and hence, the leakage energy consumption depend on the supply voltage exponentially. By reducing the idle time of the circuit, the energy‐minimum supply voltage can be reduced, resulting in lower energy consumption.

This paper first presents an energy model for comparing synchronous and asynchronous sub‐threshold operation. After the presentation of the model, design and simulation results of a novel current sensing based completion detection circuit that is applicable to coarse‐grained single‐rail asynchronous pipelines working in the sub‐threshold regime is shown. The system works by sensing the changes in the current consumption of static CMOS combinational blocks and generates completion signals delayed in proportion to the computation taking place.

The method is applied as a proof of concept to the operation of a static CMOS 16‐bit adder logic block that has been designed using conventional EDA tools for a 0.18 µm CMOS process. When operating with a supply voltage of 220 mV, speed improvements of up to 19.3% have been observed in the operation of the circuit. If the system is operated at the asynchronous energy‐minimum supply voltage, an energy consumption reduction of 17% can be realized for the same computation load. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locating repair servers in hierarchical reliable multicast networks to reduce the makespan
Authors: Byun Sang‐Seon , Yoo Chuck
Published: September 2008

In a hierarchical reliable multicast (HRM) environment,makespanis the time that is required to fully and successfully transmit a packet from the sender to all receivers. Low makespan is vital for achieving high throughput with a TCP‐like window‐based sending scheme. In HRM methods, the number of repair servers and their locations influence the makespan. In this paper we propose a new method to decide the locations of repair servers that can reduce the makespan in HRM networks. Our method has a formulation based on mixed integer programming to analyze the makespan minimization problem. A notable aspect of the formulation is that heterogeneous links and packet losses are taken into account in the formulation. Three different heuristics are presented to find the locations of repair servers in reasonable time in the formulation. Through simulations, three heuristics are carefully analyzed and compared on networks with different sizes. The results show that the our best heuristic is close to the lower bound by a factor of 2.3 in terms of makespan and by a factor of 5.5 in terms of the number of repair servers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of multi level‐turbo coding with neural network‐based channel estimation over WSSUS MIMO channels
Authors: Gose Ersin
Published: September 2008

This paper presents the performance of the transmit diversity‐multi level turbo codes (TD‐MLTC) over the multiple‐input–multiple‐output (MIMO) channels based on the wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS). The multi level‐turbo code (ML‐TC) system contains more than one turbo encoder/decoder block in its structure. At the transmitter side, the ML‐TC uses the group partitioning technique that partitions a signal set into several levels and encodes each level separately by a proper component of the encoder to improve error performance. The binary input sequence is passed through the MLTC encoder and mapped to 4‐PSK and then fed into the transmit diversity scheme for high data transmission over wireless fading channels. At the receiver side, distorted multi‐path signals are received by multiple receiver antennae. WSSUS MIMO channel parameters are estimated by using an artificial neural network and an iterative combiner. Input sequence of the first level of the MLTC encoder is estimated at the first level of MLTC decoder. Subsequently, the other input sequences are computed by using the estimated input bit streams of the previous levels. 4‐PSK two‐level turbo codes are simulated for 2Tx−1Rxand 2Tx−2Rxantenna configurations over WSSUS MIMO channels. Here, TD‐MLTC and its efficient implementations are discussed and simulation results are given. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay constrained uplink scheduling policy for rtPS/ertPS service in IEEE 802.16e BWA systems
Authors: Deng Der‐Jiunn , Chang Li‐Wei , Ke Chih‐Heng , Huang Yueh‐Min , Chang J. Morris
Published: September 2008

WiMAX is a promising broadband wireless networking technology and is expected to take the place of broadband access solutions such as DSL and cable. Owing to its superior support in mobility, it is expected to provide integrated voice and data service to realize broadband mobile computing. In order to reach better quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements for real‐time applications, the IEEE 802.16e standard defines five different services among traffic categories with different multimedia requirements. However, the problem of choosing the right set of medium access control parameters and packet scheduling policy to provide strict QoS guaranteed in IEEE 802.16e Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) systems remains unsolved and left as an open issue. In this paper, we propose a novel polling‐based uplink packet scheduling policy for real‐time Polling Service and extended real‐time Polling Service (rtPS/ertPS) traffic to support real‐time applications, with strict delay requirements, such as variable bit rate (VBR) traffic in IEEE 802.16e BWA systems. The proposed transmit‐permission policy can derive sufficient conditions such that all the rtPS/ertPS sources satisfy their time constraints to provide deterministic QoS guarantees. In addition to theoretical analysis, simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. As it turns out, our design provides a good quality performance in the IEEE 802.16e BWA systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New Energetic Compounds 1,5‐Diaminotetrazolium and 5‐Amino‐1‐methyltetrazolium Dinitramide – Synthesis, Characterization and Testing (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 26/2008)
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: September 2008

The cover picture shows the three main topics in the research of new energetic materials: explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Two new highly energetic dinitramides in combination with nitrogen‐rich tetrazolium cations are also presented. Details are discussed in the article by T. M. Klapötke and J. Stierstorfer on p. 4055 ff.
Seismic response of intake towers including dam–tower interaction
Authors: Millán M. A. , Young Y. L. , Prévost J. H.
Published: September 2008

The seismic response of the intake–outlet towers has been widely analyzed in recent years. The usual models consider the hydrodynamic effects produced by the surrounding water and the interior water, characterizing the dynamic response of the tower–water–foundation–soil system. As a result of these works, simplified added mass models have been developed. However, in all previous models, the surrounding water is assumed to be of uniform depth and to have infinite extension. Consequently, the considered added mass is associated with only the pressures created by the displacements of the tower itself. For a real system, the intake tower is usually located in proximity to the dam and the dam pressures may influence the equivalent added mass. The objective of this paper is to investigate how the response of the tower is affected by the presence of the dam. A coupled three‐dimensional boundary element‐finite element model in the frequency domain is employed to analyze the tower–dam–reservoir interaction problem. In all cases, the system response is assumed to be linear, and the effect of the internal fluid and the soil–structure interaction effects are not considered. The results suggest that unexpected resonance amplifications can occur due to changes in the added mass for the tower as a result of the tower–dam–reservoir interaction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.