bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondral chip fractures in the equine carpus
Authors: McIlwraith C. Wayne , Yovich John V. , Martin George S.
Published: February 2025

The technique and results of arthroscopic surgery for the removal of osteochondral fragments from 1,000 carpal joints in 591 horses are reported. Of the 591 horses, 580 were racehorses (including 349 Quarter Horses and 220 Thoroughbreds). The distal aspect of the radial carpal bone was the most commonly affected site, followed by the proximal aspect of the intermediate carpal bone and distolateral aspect of the radius. More than one carpal joint was simultaneously operated on in 58.9% of the Quarter Horses and in 37.4% of the Thoroughbreds. Marked differences in the amount of damage were noted at arthroscopy, compared with what was observed on radiography.

Arthroscopic surgery was an effective technique for removing the osteochondral fragments as well as for treating other lesions. The overall functional ability as well as cosmetic appearance of the limbs were excellent. There was no postoperative intra-articular infection. Postsurgical follow-up information was obtained for 445 racehorses. After surgery, 303 (68.1%) raced at a level equal to or better than their preinjury level, 49 (11.0%) had decreased performance or still had problems referable to the carpus, 23 (5.2%) were retired without returning to training, 28 (6.3%) sustained another chip fracture, 32 (7.2%) developed other problems, and 10 (2.2%) sustained collapsing slab fractures while racing. When horses were separated into 4 categories of articular damage, the performance in the 2 most severely affected groups was significantly inferior. One hundred thirty-three of 187 horses with grade-1 damage (71.1%), 108 of 144 with grade-2 damage (75.0%), 41 of 77 with grade-3 damage (53.2%), and 20 of 37 horses with grade-4 damage (54.1%) returned to racing at a level equal to or better than their preinjury level. In examining the prognosis relative to site of the fracture, the prognosis for both breeds was worst with lesions of the third carpal bone.
Adrenocortical suppression by topically applied corticosteroids in healthy dogs
Authors: Zenoble Robert D. , Kemppainen Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Three corticosteroid products (triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, betamethasone valerate) and a control product composed of water, petrolatum, mineral oil, cetyl alcohol, steryl alcohol, sodium lauryl sulfate, cholesterol, and methylparaben each were applied topically to healthy dogs (5 dogs/product) once daily for 5 consecutive days. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone (iACTH) and cortisol were determined before 1 μg of acth/kg of body weight was given intravenously (pre-acth values) and cortisol was again measured 60 minutes after acth was given (post-acth values). Cortisol and iACTH concentrations were determined in each dog before, during, and after administration of the corticosteroid products. All 3 corticosteroids caused prompt and sustained pituitary-adrenocortical suppression. Compared with control applications, the application of corticosteroids resulted in significant reduction of plasma cortisol and iACTH concentrations by day 2 of treatment, and the lower concentrations continued to day 5. One week after the last application of the corticosteroids, plasma iACTH concentrations in the corticosteroid-treated dogs had returned to the range of values for the control dogs; however, pre- and post-acth cortisol concentrations remained suppressed in all corticosteroid-treated dogs. Two weeks after the last treatment, the pre-acth plasma cortisol concentrations of corticosteroid-treated dogs returned to those of the control dogs, but the post-acth plasma cortisol concentrations remained suppressed. By 3 weeks after the last treatment, post-acth plasma cortisol concentrations of dogs treated with triamcinolone acetonide had returned to the range of values for the control dogs, but remained suppressed in the other 2 groups of dogs. All indices of pituitary-adrenocortical activity were within the control range by 4 weeks after the last treatment. These results indicated that daily topical application of corticosteroids may cause marked and rapid pituitary-adrenocortical suppression in healthy dogs.
Severe pleuritis associated with certain strains of Pasteurella multocida in swine
Authors: Pijoan Carlos , Fuentes Martha
Published: February 2025

Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 2 farms on which grower or finisher pigs had problems of severe emaciation and high death loss (>5%). At necropsy, the pigs had extensive suppurative pleuritis and pericarditis, with adhesions over the lung surface. On one farm, the pigs also had multiple lung abscesses. Histologic findings included polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in bronchial and alveolar spaces, thickening of alveolar walls, pleuritis, and in some cases, abscesses. From all pigs, P multocida was isolated. The strains (A52, A59) were serotype A and were nontoxigenic.

Experimental reproduction of the disease was achieved by sequentially infecting conventionally weaned pigs intranasally with Pseudorabies virus; 7 days later, infection with selected P multocida laboratory strains (A50 and D82, A52 and A59) was achieved. At necropsy, pigs inoculated with strains A59 and A52 (serotype A, pleurotropic) had more severe lesions (P< 0.05) than those inoculated with strain A50 (serotype A, pneumotropic). Also, pigs infected with strains A59 and A52 had extensive pleuritis and abscessation, which were not observed in the other groups. Strain D82 (serotype D) was not capable of producing pneumonia or pleuritis.

Pleuritis and abscessation may be associated with certain P multocida strains that are serotype A, but not with others. These pleurotropic strains seem to be more virulent than pneumotropic strains, and infection with the former may result in extensive pleuritis and abscess formation.
Pyometra in Cats: 183 Cases (1979-1984)
Authors: Kenney Kurt J. , Matthiesen David T. , Brown Nancy O. , Bradley Richard L.
Published: February 2025

Pyometra was diagnosed in 183 cats. The most common signs detected by owners included vaginal discharge, anorexia, and lethargy. Main clinical findings on physical examination were vaginal discharge, abdominal distention, dehydration, palpable uterus, and pyrexia. Abdominal radiography revealed a large uterus in 138/169 cats. Most cats had leukocytosis with a left shift. Diagnosis of pyometra was confirmed at surgery in all cats on the basis of finding a large uterus containing purulent material. Clinical signs resolved in 168 cats after surgery; 15 cats (8%) died or were euthanatized. Postoperative complications in 20% generally resolved within 2 weeks after the cats were sent home. Signs detected by owners and results of physical examination in cats with pyometra were similar, but not as conspicuous as those reported in the dog. Mortality (8%) was similar to that seen in dogs.
Dynamic intramedullary crosspinning technique for repair of distal femoral fractures in dogs and cats: 71 cases (1981-1985)
Authors: Whitney Wayne O. , Schrader Steven C.
Published: February 2025

Dynamic intramedullary crosspinning was used in the surgical treatment of supracondylar and distal physeal fractures of the femur in 129 dogs and cats over a 5-year period; the records of the 44 dogs and 27 cats with follow-up information up to time of bony union were evaluated. The results were good or excellent in 66 of 71 animals (93%). The mean follow-up period was 22 months. Distal pin migration was the major complication (10 animals; 14%). The pin migrated before bony union in 2 animals because of instability and collapse at the fracture site. The pin migrated in 8 animals after bony union and was associated with intermittent lameness. In 5 of these, pin removal was performed and the lameness resolved.
Use of cisplatin for treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs
Authors: Shapiro Wayne , Fossum Theresa W. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Couto C. Guillermo , Theilen Gordon H.
Published: February 2025

Nineteen dogs were treated for osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton. Eleven dogs treated by amputation and adjunctive cisplatin chemotherapy had a significantly longer (P<0.003 ) median survival time of 43 weeks (range, 20 to 108 weeks ) than did 8 dogs whose median survival time was 14.5 weeks (range, 8 to 46 weeks) after amputation alone.

All 11 dogs given cisplatin were evaluated for signs of drug toxicosis. Transient episodes of vomiting were recorded in 9 of11 dogs. Additional toxic effects included gradual decreases in endogenous creatinine clearance in 3 dogs and thrombocytopenia in 1 dog.

On the basis of prolonged survival times and minimal adverse effects, we concluded that cisplatin has promise as an effective and relatively nontoxic agent, when combined with amputation, for treatment of dogs with osteosarcoma of the appendicular skeleton.
Genetic-associated resistance to foot rot in selected Targhee sheep
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Lincoln Stuart D. , Parker Charles F. , South Peter J. , Dahmen Jerome J. , Lane V. Michael
Published: February 2025

Three Targhee rams obtained from the Ohio Agricultural and Experimental Station had been identified as foot rot resistant on the basis of results of challenge exposure. In the first breeding trial, when rams were bred to 20 foot rot-susceptible ewes, the percentages of foot rot-resistant offspring from the 3 foot rot-resistant rams were 68, 82, and 100, compared with 55 and 60 for foot rot-resistant off spring from 2 known foot rot-susceptible rams.

In the second year, the foot rot-resistant rams were mated with ewes of unknown foot rot status. The foot rot-resistant status of their lambs was compared with that of range-raised lambs whose parents’ foot rot status was unknown. During the first year, challenge exposure to the disease consisted of confinement of the lambs in moist or wet pens with sheep affected with the naturally acquired disease. This protocol was repeated for lambs born during the second-year breeding trial. In addition, the right front foot of each lamb was inoculated with a broth culture of Bacteroides nodosus. During the second year, when data that included infected feet from all lambs were analyzed, 41% of the progeny of the foot rot-resistant rams and 17% of the offspring of parents of unknown foot rot status were unaffected by the disease. When the B nodosus-inoculated foot was not included in the analysis, however, 61% of the progeny of the foot rot-resistant rams and 29% of the others were unaffected.

The resistance to foot rot undoubtedly is hereditary. The mechanism of resistance may be in the interdigital skin. When the skin is devitalized, or its integrity is destroyed, the resistance to the foot rot organism seems to be overcome.
Effects of gelatin sponge implantation in cancellous bone defects in dogs
Authors: Howard Paul E. , Wilson James W. , Ribble Gail A.
Published: February 2025

Reports from oral surgeons suggested that packing bone defects with cellulose or collagen stimulated cancellous bone replacement. The study reported here was designed to evaluate a similar method for augmenting the remodeling of cancellous bone defects and graft donor sites. Gelatin sponge was implanted into bony defects created in the proximal humeral metaphysis of 5 adult Beagles after collection of cancellous bone. A similar defect created in the contralateral humerus was left unpacked. Four months after creation of the defect, the dogs were euthanatized, and the surgical sites were evaluated by use of correlated microradiographic and histologic examination. Unpacked sites had filled completely with loosely woven trabecular bone. Remodeling had not taken place in sites packed with gelatin sponge. Gelatin sponge did not elicit any reaction in the surrounding bone, but remained in situ and obstructed new bone formation. Gelatin sponge blocked rather than augmented cancellous bone replacement.
Scrotal circumference measurements on young Holstein bulls
Authors: Hueston William D. , Monke Donald R. , Milburn Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Scrotal circumference was measured on all young Holstein bulls entering an artificial insemination center over a 57-month period. A total of 3,008 measurements were taken on 723 bulls between the ages of 5 and 18 months. Mean scrotal circumference, standard deviation, and 10th and 25th percentile statistics were calculated for each one-month interval between 5 and 18 months of age. Scrotal circumference increased as a logarithmic junction of age and was best described by a quadratic regression equation. This information provides the veterinary practitioner with indices for normal scrotal circumference measurements for young Holstein bulls, and an estimate of the scrotal circumference growth curve.
Efficacy of clorsulon against Fascioloides magna infection in sheep
Authors: Conboy G. A. , Stromberg B. E. , Schlotthauer J. C.
Published: February 2025

In a study to evaluate the efficacy of clorsulon against Fascioloides magna infection in sheep, 12 ewes were inoculated orally with 100 metacercariae of F magna, and 6 were treated with clorsulon (15 mg/kg of body weight) 8 weeks after inoculation. The sheep were euthanatized 16 weeks after inoculation, flukes were recovered, and the liver and other tissues were subjectively scored for the severity of lesions (0 to 4 + ). The number of flukes recovered from the clorsulon-treated group (3.8 ± 1.2 flukes) was significantly (P = 0.025) lower than the number of flukes recovered from the group of untreated controls (10.0 ± 6.6 flukes). The severity of lesions was significantly (P = 0.004) reduced (45.9%) in the treated group (2.0 ± 1.1), compared with that in the untreated controls (3.7±0.5). In the untreated group, 3 sheep died and 1 became moribund 14 to 16 weeks after inoculation. The data suggested that a single treatment with clorsulon at a dosage of 15 mg/kg 8 weeks after inoculation was not effective in preventing F magna infection in sheep, because the survival of only a few F magna is potentially fatal in sheep within 6 months after infection.
Minimal herd sample size for determination of blood copper status of cattle
Authors: Tanner D. Q. , Stednick J. D. , Leininger W. C.
Published: February 2025

Copper is required by cattle for synthesis of numerous proteins and enzymes. Copper deficiency in cattle results in a variety of signs ranging from weight loss to diarrhea. In the fall of 1984 and 1985, blood samples were collected from 22 cattle herds near Gunnison, Colo. Approximately one third of the herds were classified as copper deficient (ie, mean serum copper concentration <0.6 mg/L). The inherent variability of serum copper concentrations within a herd mandates the determination of the minimal number of cattle to be tested to properly assess the blood copper status of a herd. Coefficients of variation for serum copper concentration were used to calculate a minimal sample size, with a 95% confidence interval for each herd. Minimal sample size ranged from 3 to 55 cattle/herd (ie, 1 to 22% of the herd); this finding suggested that the usual procedure of testing 10% of the herd may be inappropriate.
Comparison of serologic tests for detection of antigen in canine heartworm infections
Authors: Brunner Cindy J. , Hendrix Charles M. , Blagburn Byron L. , Hanrahan Lynn A.
Published: February 2025

In 30 random-source dogs, we determined sensitivity and specificity of 5 serologic tests for detection of canine heartworm antigens. Seventeen of the dogs were infected naturally with adult Dirofilaria immitis, and 4 of the infected dogs were amicrofilaremic. The ability of the serologic tests to predict whether a dog was infected or uninfected (overall test accuracy) ranged from 73 to 97%. Sensitivity was not affected by circulating D immitis microfilariae, but was markedly influenced by the number of adult D immitis present. False-positive reactions were rare and were not associated with intestinal parasites or Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae. Modifications of some of the test procedures were necessary to maximize test accuracy and reproducibility. These modifications and other technical details might limit the usefulness of some of the tests in a veterinary practice.
Induction of estrus in Greyhound bitches with prolonged idiopathic anestrus or with suppression of estrus after testosterone administration
Authors: Moses David L. , Shille Victor M.
Published: February 2025

Twelve anestrous adult Greyhound bitches were used to study a regimen for induction of estrus. Once daily, 7 bitches were given diethylstilbestrol (des; 5 mg, po) until sanguineous vaginal discharge and vulvar edema were observed (designated as day 1 of proestrus) and for 2 days thereafter. If no response was elicited after 7 days, a doubled des dose was given for up to an additional 7 days. Luteinizing hormone (5 mg, im) was given on day 5 of proestrus, and follicle-stimulating hormone (10 mg, im) was given on days 9 and 11 of proestrus. Bitches were bred once on day 13. Five bitches were used as a control group; they were given candy tablets for 7 days (first day on tablets, treatment day 1) and 0.9% NaCl (1.0 ml, im) on treatment days 12, 16, and 18.

The 7 bitches treated with des had a mean proestrus period of 7.7 days and a mean estrus period of 5.7 days up to the day of mating. After mating, they had a mean gestation interval of 64 days and delivered a mean of 4 pups/litter. In 5 bitches, initial treatment with 5 mg of DES/day induced proestrus within 7 days; however, in 2 bitches, additional treatment with 10 mg of DES/day was needed for 5 and 6 days, respectively. Serum estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations remained at base line during the period of des treatment. Concentrations of both hormones increased after injection with luteinizing hormone and remained high for the next 4 days. Serum estradiol-17β concentrations decreased to base line after the first dosing of follicle-stimulating hormone, but progesterone values continued to increase to the last day of sampling. Bitches in the control group had no signs of sexual activity, and the serum concentrations of their ovarian hormones remained at base line.
Increasing halothane concentration abolishes anesthesia-associated arrhythmias in cats and dogs
Authors: Muir William W. , Hubbell John A. E. , Flaherty Sarah
Published: February 2025

Fifteen cats and 6 dogs developed ventricular arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia. Halothane was administered by precision vaporizer, using a semi-closed anesthetic system. Cardiac arrhythmias were diagnosed within 5 to 10 minutes after a surgical plane of anesthesia was achieved. Arrhythmias in 9 of 15 cats and 3 of 6 dogs were converted to sinus rhythm by increasing the inspired halothane concentration. Conversion to sinus rhythm occurred within 4 minutes. Cardiac arrhythmias were reestablished in 8 of 9 cats and 2 of 3 dogs, after decreasing the inspired halothane concentration to its original value. Increasing the inspired halothane concentration can convert anesthetic-associated ventricular arrhythmias to sinus rhythm in dogs and cats.
Results of thoracic duct ligation in dogs with chylothorax
Authors: Birchard Stephen J. , Smeak Daniel D. , Fossum Theresa W.
Published: February 2025

Thoracic duct lymphangiography and ligation were done on 15 dogs with idiopathic chylothorax. Lymphangiography revealed thoracic lymphangiectasia in all dogs; none had a thorocic duct rupture. Lymphangiography immediately after ligation demonstrated missed branches of the thoracic duct in 4 of the 15 dogs.

Eleven of the 15 dogs are alive and doing well. Eight of the 11 had no radiographic or clinical signs of pleural effusion (mean follow-up, 31.5 months; range, 4 to 75 months). The other 3 living dogs had persistent effusion; 2 were successfully managed with a pleuroperitoneal shunt (follow-up, 15 months) or pleurodesis (follow-up, 5 months), respectively, and 1 was not treated because the effusion was mild and the dog did not have clinical signs of disease (follow-up, 14 months). Four of the 15 dogs died or were euthanatized because of persistent effusion (mean follow-up, 11.5 months; range, 3 to 24 months).

Considering the lack of treatment alternatives for dogs with idiopathic chylothorax, these results support thoracic duct ligation as a treatment method for dogs.
Thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism in cats: 14 cases (1981–1986)
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Cain Gary R.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 14 hyperthyroid cats with thyroid carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively regarding historical, physical, laboratory, and thyroid scintiscan findings, treatment, and treatment outcome. Breed predilection was not detected, and older castrated male cats were most commonly affected. The most common clinical signs detected by owners were weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, hyperactivity, and anorexia. Physical examination findings included tachycardia, palpable cervical mass, hyperactivity, cardiac murmur, and abnormal coat. Common abnormal laboratory findings were high serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations and high serum alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase activities. Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperglycemia were noticed less frequently. The most common thyroid scintiscan findings were multiple nodular areas of high radionuclide uptake in the cervical region, thoracic inlet, and cranial mediastinum. The most common morphologic diagnosis was mixed compact and follicular carcinoma, with follicular and papillary carcinomas being less common. Most cats responded well to treatment of the thyroid tumor, with rapid resolution of the historical and physical examination findings. The most common necropsy findings were local tumor invasion, regional lymph node metastases, cardiomyopathy, and interstitial nephritis.
Reirradiation of tumors in cats and dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Théon Alain P.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-one cats and dogs with tumor recurrence after irradiation were treated with a second course of radiotherapy, using either teletherapy or brachytherapy. Eighty-six percent of the tumors had partial or complete response at 2 months after reirradiation. Tumor response was significantly (P = 0.041) affected when the interval between the 2 courses of irradiation was >5 months. The estimated local tumor control rate was 38% at 1 year after reirradiation. Of all the factors examined, complete response at 2 months, reirradiation field size ≤ 10 cm2, and reirradiation dose >40 gray emerged as predictors of local tumor control.

The estimated overall survival rate was 47% at 2 years. Tumor location had a significant (P = 0.001) influence on overall survival; animals with cutaneous tumors had the longest survival times, and those with oral tumors had the shortest survival times. The other significant (P = 0.001) factor affecting overall survival time was the field size of the reirradiated site.

Estimated survival time after reirradiation was 41% at 1 year. Favorable prognostic indicators were complete response at 2 months and location of tumor; animals with skin tumors had a favorable prognosis.

The acute effects of reirradiation on normal tissues were acceptable, but 12% of the animals had severe delayed complications. Significant risk of complications after reirradiation was associated with squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.015) and reirradiated field size >30 cm2 (P = 0.056). When the interval between irradiations was >5 months, the risk of complications was significantly (P = 0.022) lower.

Tumor response, tumor control, overall survival time, and survival time after reirradiation were not affected by the remaining analyzed variables of species, age, sex, intervening tumor treatment, initial irradiation dose, and method of reirradiation.
Changes in the susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to antimicrobial agents in Quebec (1981–1986)
Authors: Vaillancourt Jean-Pierre , Higgins Robert , Martineau Guy-Pierre , Mittal Khyali R. , Larivière Serge
Published: February 2025

An important reduction in the in vitro efficacy of spectinomycin and chloramphenicol was recorded between 1981 and 1986 against the causal agent of porcine pleuropneumonia Actinobacillus. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out by use of Kirby-Bauer dish diffusion technique on a total of 723 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Results did not agree with those of other reports in which a constant susceptibility to any of the antimicrobial agents tested was reported with serotype 2 isolates. The ability to acquire drug resistance may differ from one serotype to another.
Efficacy of febantel paste against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Courtney C. H. , Shearer J. K. , Zeng Q. -Y. , Arther R. G.
Published: February 2025

Twenty calves with naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections were assigned to 10 replicates of 2 calves each and were treated with febantel paste (5 mg/kg of body weight, po) or an equivalent volume of paste vehicle (control calves). Adverse reactions were not observed after febantel treatment. At necropsy, gastrointestinal nematode counts in febantel-treated calves, compared with control calves, were reduced by over 99% for all major species except Trichuris discolor, counts of which were reduced by only 69%. Counts of gastrointestinal nematode eggs in feces of febantel-treated calves were reduced by 100% after treatment.
Nonsurgically managed caudal acetabular fractures in dogs: 15 cases (1979–1984)
Authors: Boudrieau Randy J. , Kleine Lawrence J.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 15 dogs with nonsurgically managed caudal one-third acetabular fractures were reviewed. In-hospital evaluation of these dogs was possible 6 to 67 months after injury. Thirteen dogs had radiographic evidence of moderate to severe degenerative joint disease in affected hips. Twelve dogs had decreased hip joint range of motion and/or signs of pain on the affected side, and 7 dogs were lame. Because of limited pain-free motion and degenerative joint disease in most affected hips, results of nonsurgical management of caudal one-third acetabular fractures in dogs were considered unsatisfactory.
Epidemiologie, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and splenic hematoma in dogs: 217 cases (1985)
Authors: Prymak Caroline , McKee Linda J. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: February 2025

Data on age, sex, and breed were obtained from surgical pathologic records of 92 dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma (shs) and for 125 dogs with splenic hematoma (sha) diagnosed in 1985 at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Further information on body weight, clinical and surgical findings, and survival time was obtained for 59 dogs (64.1 %) with shs and 91 dogs (72.8%) with sha. Splenic hemangiosarcoma was markedly more common in dogs 8 to 13 years old, and sha was appreciably more common in dogs ≥ 8 years old, compared with dogs 1 to 7 years old. Compared with sexually intact females, only spayed females were at significantly (odds ratio [or], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.2 to 4.1) increased risk for developing shs; sex predisposition was not found for dogs with sha. The German Shepherd Dog was the only breed with increased risk for development of either shs (or, 4.7; 95% ci, 2.7 to 7.8) or sha (or, 2.8; 95% ci, 1.7 to 4.9), compared with all other purebred dogs. Association of tumor type for 7 commonly reported clinical signs with observance of hemoperitoneum at surgery was determined; anorexia (P = 0.01), collapse (P = 0.01), and hemoperitoneum (P<0.001) were significantly more common in dogs with shs. The median survival time for dogs with shs was 19 days, compared with 338 days for dogs with sha (P<0.001). Twelve factors were analyzed to determine their relationship to survival, and 3 were associated with significantly worse prognosis: lethargy (P = 0.002) and anorexia (P = 0.04) in dogs with sha and hemoperitoneum (P = 0.02) in dogs with shs.
Fistulous withers in horses: 14 cases (1978–1987)
Authors: Gaughan Earl M. , Fubini Susan L. , Dietze Amy
Published: February 2025

Over an 8-year period, 14 horses were admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of fistulous withers. Of the 14 horses, 11 were treated surgically and 3 were not treated. Surgical techniques involved radical excision of the affected soft tissue and spinous processes of affected vertebrae. Recurrence rate was 30%, and these horses required additional surgery to resolve the problem.
Advances in canine diabetes mellitus research: Etiopathology and results of islet transplantation
Authors: Alejandro Rodolfo , Feldman Edward C. , Shienvold Frances L. , Mintz Daniel H.
Published: February 2025

Histopathologic and immunocytochemical alterations in the pancreas of 18 dogs with spontaneous diabetes mellitus were evaluated. In 5 of 18 dogs (28%), extensive pancreatic damage appeared to be responsible for the development of diabetes mellitus. In the other 13 dogs, there was substantial reduction in the number of well-granulated β cells, but the number of well-granulated α and δ cells was normal in 70% and 85% of the dogs, respectively. Also, insulitis lesions composed of infiltrating mononuclear cells, predominantly lymphocytes, were observed in 6 of 13 dogs (46%), but evidence of islet-directed humoral autoimmunity was not detected. Each pancreas had dense Ia (class II antigen) expression on ductal epithelia but not on islet endocrine cells. The importance of the insulitis lesions and class II antigen expression on ductal epithelial cells remains unclear.

Of the 18 dogs, 8 received multidonor intrahepatic islet allografts. Allograft rejection was prevented by administration of cyclosporin. Five dogs were administered cyclosporin continuously. One dog with an allograft failed to sustain euglycemia at 231 days after transplantation, and one dog with fasting euglycemia died of pneumonia at 186 days after transplantation. In the other dogs, euglycemia was sustained for periods that ranged from 253 to 716 days.
Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp isolated from feline skin lesions
Authors: Medleau Linda , Blue Jack L.
Published: February 2025

Swab specimens obtained from skin lesions of 45 cats were cultured bacteriologically for staphylococci. Thirty-two staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 30 cats and were biotyped, using biochemical tests contained in a staphylococcal identification system. Of 23 isolates considered coagulase-positive, 16 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 5 as S intermedius, and 2 as S hyicus. Of 9 isolates considered coagulase-negative, 6 were identified as S simulans, 2 as S epidermidis, and 1 as S xylosus. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on all staphylococcal isolates, using a disk-diffusion method. Staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to penicillin G, ampicillin, and tetracycline was frequent.
Effects of corticosteroid treatment on survival time in dogs with chronic hepatitis: 151 cases (1977–1985)
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Miller Lisa M. , Harrold Doris
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 151 dogs with chronic hepatitis were reviewed. Corticosteroid treatment had a statistically significant (P<0.005) effect on improving survival time when corticosteroid-treated dogs were compared with untreated dogs. Dogs dying within 1 week of examination represented 37.1% of the cases, and when compared with those living more than 1 week, serum glucose concentration was significantly lower (P<0.001); prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were significantly longer (P<0.001); blood ammonia concentration after oral administration of ammonium chloride was significantly higher (P<0.05); and necrosis severity and fibrosis severity were significantly greater (P<0.05 and P<0.022, respectively). The best predictors of early death were low normal serum glucose concentration (P<0.001) and prolonged prothrombin time (P<0.030), which was abnormal in 60.0% of dogs dying early. Partial thromboplastin time, which was increased in 92.0% of dogs dying early and in 42.6% of dogs living more than 1 week, was a less reliable predictor. Plasma ammonia concentration after oral administration of NH4Cl was least reliable in predicting early death. In dogs living more than 1 week, hypoalbuminemia was a predictor of shorter survival time (P<0.003). Of all the histologic features evaluated, only necrosis severity and fibrosis severity were accurate predictors of early death. The presence of bridging fibrosis was a predictor of shorter survival time in dogs living more than 1 week (P<0.0002).
Epidural injection of xylazine for perineal analgesia in horses
Authors: LeBlanc P. H. , Caron J. P. , Patterson J. S. , Brown M. , Matta M. A.
Published: February 2025

Local anesthetics given in the epidural space of a horse may cause hind limb weakness in addition to analgesia. Because α2 agonists given by epidural injection cause sensory blockade without motor effects in human beings and other species, their use in veterinary anesthesia is appealing. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of xylazine HCl, an a, agonist commonly used in horses. Xylazine, 0.9% NaCl, and lidocaine were given by epidural injection to horses subjected to perineal electrical stimulation. Administration of xylazine (0.17 mg/kg of body weight, diluted to a 10-ml volume, using 0.9% NaCl) induced approximately 2.5 hours of local analgesia without apparent side effects. Higher doses of xylazine caused mild hind limb ataxia. Administration of lidocaine induced a similar duration of analgesia, with severe hind limb ataxia (100% incidence). We concluded that xylazine given by epidural injection results in safe, effective perineal analgesia in horses.
Rates of diseases and their associated costs in two Colorado sheep feedlots (1985–1986)
Authors: Salman M. D. , Dargatz D. A. , Kimberling C. V. , Reif J. S. , Hopper G. E.
Published: February 2025

Data related to rates of disease and their associated costs were collected for 12 months from 2 sheep feedlots in northern Colorado. There was an apparent seasonal occurrence of many of the diseases. Pneumonia, enterotoxemia, acidosis, and transport tetany accounted for most of the diseases seen in these feedlots and were responsible for most of the economic losses. There was a large difference in the incidence of diseases between the 2 feedlots and in the expenditures for disease prevention between the 2 feedlots.
Efficacy of cefadroxil in the treatment of bacterial dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Angarano Donna Walton , MacDonald John M.
Published: February 2025

Cefadroxil was found to be an effective antibiotic for the treatment of canine bacterial pyoderma. Bacterial pyoderma was diagnosed in 30 dogs, which were treated with cefadroxil administered orally at 22 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h, for 21 to 30 days. Dogs were reexamined at the conclusion of antibiotic treatment, and 29 were found to have good to excellent response. On the basis of this study, cefadroxil is a good choice in the treatment of canine pyoderma when cephalosporins are necessary. Efficacy, frequency of administration, cost, and veterinary approval are the major advantages.
Impact of trichomoniasis on the cow-calf producer's profitability
Authors: Rae D. O.
Published: February 2025

Using current knowledge of bovine trichomoniasis, a computer spreadsheet simulation model was developed to contribute to the understanding of the disease dynamics and the disease's impact on calf crop, weaner calf production, and revenue returns. Two disease prevalence simulations were generated with the model. In each simulation, 200 susceptible cows were confined with 5 fertile bulls. In simulation 1, one bull was infected with Tritrichomonas foetus (prevalence, 20%); in simulation 2, 2 bulls were infected (prevalence, 40%). The remaining bulls in these groups were designated noninfected. The disease simulation outcomes for breeding and calving variables were compared with a similar but noninfected model group, simulation 0.

The disease model predicted a reduction of 14 to 50% in annual calf crop, a prolonged breeding season, a reduction of 5 to 12% in the suckling/growing period, a reduction of 4 to 10% in pounds of marketable calf crop at weaning, a reduction of 4 to 10% in monetary return per calf born, and a substantial reduction of 5 to 35% in the return per cow confined with a fertile bull.
Factors affecting the accuracy of the live animal swab test for detecting urine oxytetracycline and predicting oxytetracycline residues in calves
Authors: TerHune Terry N. , Upson Dan W.
Published: February 2025

The live animal swab test (last) was compared with quantitative oxytetracycline (otc) assay of urine samples and tissue specimens to determine the accuracy of the last in detecting otc in bovine urine and predicting violative residues in tissues. When urine otc concentration was > 4.3 μg/ml, the last result was 100% accurate. When urine otc concentration was < 4.3 μg/ml, the last result was 60% accurate; 20% of the last results were false-positive, and 20% were false-negative. Urine osmolarity was highest (P <0.05) in samples with false-positive results and lowest (P <0.05) in samples with false-negative results. A similar trend was observed for urine pH, but was not statistically significant. Urine samples with false-positive results apparently had osmolarity and pH conditions that inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis when otc was lacking. False-negative results probably were obtained because urine osmolarity and pH conditions were favorable for the growth of bacteria even in the presence of otc or because otc concentration was below the limit of detection by the last. The last was inconsistent in detecting urine otc in small concentrations and correspondingly failed to accurately predict otc residues in tissues.
Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982–1986)
Authors: Rebhun W. C. , Dill Stephen G. , Perdrizet John A. , Hatfield C. E.
Published: February 2025

Medical records of 15 adult cows with a final diagnosis of pyelonephritis were evaluated retrospectively. Only 3 cows had obvious clinical signs that indicated urinary tract disease. Physical examination, including rectal and vaginal examinations, and urine chemical reagent strip screening detected abnormalities in all 15 cows and allowed subsequent confirmation by culture results of urine samples obtained using a catheter.

Bacteriologic cultures of urine revealed Coryne-bacterium renale infection in 6 cows and Escherichia coli infection in 9 cows. Long-term treatment with antimicrobial drugs resulted in recovery in 9 of 11 treated cows. Of these, 4 of 4 cows with C renale infection and 5 of 7 cows with E coli infection recovered; the remaining 2 cows with E coli infection died.
Ulceration in the proximal portion of the urethra as a cause of hematuria in horses: Four cases (1978-1985)
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Wheat J. D. , Ryan A. M. , Matthews M.
Published: February 2025

Sudden onset of hematuria was associated with mucosal ulceration of the proximal portion of the urethra in 1 stallion and 3 geldings. Hematuria was observed characteristically and consistently at the end of urination. Mucosal ulceration was identified endoscopically in the proximal portion of the urethra at the level of the ischial arch. Biopsy of an ulcerated area of the proximal urethra in one gelding revealed transitional cell carcinoma. Treatment regimens varied from systemic antimicrobial and/or vasoactive therapy to diversion of urinary flow via a temporary perineal urethrostomy. Hematuria resolved in 14 to 24 days (average, 20 days) after treatment was begun, except in one gelding that died of undetermined causes during an initial examination. In the 3 remaining horses, hematuria had not recurred for up to 9 years (average, 1 year).
Clinical features of salmonellosis in cats: Six cases (1981–1986)
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Jones Robert L. , Henik Rosemary A. , Husted Paul W.
Published: February 2025

Of 6 cats with salmonellosis, only cats 1, 4, and 5 manifested clinical signs of gastroenteritis. In cats 2 to 5, salmonellosis was characterized by fever, a left-shifted leukogram, and vague nonspecific signs of illness. Salmonellae were isolated from blood and feces of cats 1 to 4, and from extraintestinal sites as part of a mixed gram-negative bacterial flora in cats 5 and 6. Of 4 cats with Salmonella bacteremia, cats 2, 3, and 4 were successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, amoxicillin, and/or chloramphenicol; treatment with cephapirin was ineffective in 3 cats. In some cats, salmonellosis was observed as a chronic febrile illness without specific gastrointestinal signs or as a localized tissue infection.
Efficacy of zinc citrate ascorbate for treatment of canine cataracts
Authors: Mac Millan Alan D. , Nelson Darien L. , Munger Roben J. , Wolf E. Dan , Scagliotti Randall H. , Bellhorn Roy W. , Shaw Don , Schmidt Gretchen , Dice Paul F.
Published: February 2025

Efficacy of zinc citrate ascorbate was evaluated in 146 dogs (265 eyes) that had various lens opacities. Zinc citrate ascorbate or saline placebo drops were applied topically once or twice daily for 4 to 31 weeks. Of 138 eyes treated with zinc citrate ascorbate, 86 eyes (62.3%) had no change, 48 eyes (34.8%) had increased lens opacity, and 4 eyes (2.9%) had decreased lens opacity. Of 127 eyes treated with a saline placebo, 99 eyes (77.9%) had no change, 25 eyes (19.7%)) had increased lens opacity, and 3 eyes (2.4%) had decreased lens opacity. Zinc citrate ascorbate drops were not significantly (P = < 0.05) more effective in clearing cataracts than were saline drops. Seemingly, zinc citrate ascorbate drops may have caused lens opacities to increase in area and density.
Subcutaneous abscesses and arthritis caused by a probable bacterial L-form in cats
Authors: Carro Teresita , Pedersen Niels C. , Beaman Blaine L. , Munn Robert
Published: February 2025

Three cats in one household developed pyogenic subcutaneous abscesses and arthritis over a period of 9.5 months. Despite vigorous surgical and antibiotic treatment, the infections in each of these cats continued to spread locally and hematogenously to involve other joints and subcutaneous sites. Although the infections did not respond to modern broad-spectrum antibiotics, they were susceptible to tetracycline. In spite of a favorable response to tetracycline, all 3 cats were euthanatized. A causative agent could not be identified by microbiologic culture of tissues obtained prior to death and at necropsy, or with special tissue stains. The infection was transmitted experimentally by sc inoculation with cell-free material from one of the naturally infected cats to a specific-pathogen-free cat. A tissue extract from the experimentally infected cat was, in turn, infectious for another specific-pathogen-free cat. The experimentally induced lesion was a rapidly enlarging necrotizing and pyogenic cellulitis and panniculitis, with no demonstrable causative agent by special tissue stains or microbiologic culture. A probable bacterial L-form was visualized in affected tissues of the experimentally infected cats and propagated in special L-form broth. Like the natural disease, infection in experimentally inoculated cats was progressive in nature, but could be treated successfully with tetracycline.
Effectiveness of products in eliminating cat urine odors from carpet
Authors: Beaver Bonnie V. , Terry Melanie L. , LaSagna Connie L.
Published: February 2025

Eleven products were compared for their ability to eliminate cat urine odor in carpet. Their performance on new urine spots and on old spots was compared as was their ability to prevent the return of urine odors after the carpet was cleaned. Newer products marketed to eliminate urine odor did the best in getting rid of and in preventing the return of urine smells. Other products also scored well. A few products were considered to be of little value for the removal of urine odor in carpet.
Screw fixation of accessory carpal bone fractures in racing Greyhounds: 12 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Johnson Kenneth A. , Dee Jon F. , Piermattei Donald L.
Published: February 2025

Fractures of the accessory carpal bone in 12 racing Greyhounds were repaired by use of internal fixation with screws. All dogs had a sprain-avulsion fracture of the distal margin of the articular surface of the accessory carpal bone, where the accessorioulnar ligament inserts (type I). Two dogs had a second avulsion fracture at the proximal margin of the articular surface, where the palmar ulnocarpal ligament inserts (type II), and 2 dogs had a second fracture at the caudal end of the bone at the insertion of the accessoriometacarpal ligaments (type III). Fractures were exposed surgically, using a palmarolateral approach between the fourth and fifth accessoriometacarpal ligaments, and were repaired using 1.5-mm or 2-mm cortical screws. Eight dogs were evaluated radiographically to monitor fracture healing. Union of fractures, with bridging of the fracture gap, usually developed by 5 to 8 weeks after surgery. Follow-up evaluation after surgical repair was possible in 11 dogs; 10 (91%) returned to training or racing, and 5 (45%) of those won 1 or more races.
Internal fixation of femoral capital physeal injuries in dogs: 40 cases (1979–1987)
Authors: DeCamp Charles E. , Probst Curtis W. , Thomas Michael W.
Published: February 2025

Fractures of the femoral capital physis were stabilized with small pins or a lag screw in 36 dogs (4 bilateral injuries). Radiography was used to monitor the development of osteoarthritis in affected joints and narrowing of the femoral neck.

More radiographic signs of arthritis (P < 0.05) developed in the coxofemoral joints of dogs that were ≤ 4 months old when injured, compared with those in dogs > 4 months old. Of 40 capital physeal injuries. 35% had concurrent ipsilateral coxofemoral joint injuries and developed more radiographic signs of arthritis (P < 0.05) than did those that had no other coxofemoral injury.

Narrowing of the femoral neck developed in 70% of the healing capital physeal repairs, but in most dogs, narrowing was not associated with segmental collapse of the femoral neck. Neither time interval from injury to surgical fixation nor surgical approach used had an effect (P > 0.05) on the development of narrowing of the femoral neck.
AVMA guidelines for dealing with AIDS-infected persons in the veterinary workplace
Authors: Tennyson Arthur V.
Published: February 2025

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a human disease; human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) does not infect animals other than nonhuman primates. Veterinarians and their employees are no more at risk by reason of their employment than are workers in offices. Cautions for health care workers do not generally apply to animal health care workers, but they are good rules to follow if it is necessary to render first aid for human injuries in the workplace. Veterinarians are advised to have properly equipped first aid kits available in case of need.

Employees with hiv infection or aids should be treated in the same way that any other ill or disabled employee would be treated. They should be given the opportunity to continue work as long as they are able to perform most of the essential functions of their jobs. Their privacy must be respected, but if their condition becomes known, they must not be discriminated against by employers or other employees. All employees should be instructed in basic information regarding hiv infection and aids, so they understand what is and is not a hazard. They should also be trained to deal safely with human injuries and be informed of their rights and the rights of other employees in case one of them is infected with hiv.