bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Interventionism and International Trade Law in the Covid Era
Authors: Borlini Leonardo
Published: March 2023

Economic interventionism in the form of subsidization and operation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is today among the main frontlines of international trade conflicts. Along with trade restrictions and new legislation designed to impact cross-border investment, mergers, and acquisitions, the use of subsidies and countervailing measures by governments and trade-distorting effects of SOEs have lately caused harsh controversies within and outside the World Trade Organization (WTO) between its members. Going forward, there are reasons to expect these tensions to intensify rather than diminish in number and importance. This Special Issue aims at examining the development of international trade rules regulating state interventionism against the background of the Covid-19 global pandemic and present shifts in global geopolitics and the economy. This introduction, in presenting the state of the art on the questions tackled by this Special Issue and highlighting its contribution to existing literature on the topic, offers different considerations aimed at bringing together various trends emerging from the Articles contained in this Special Issue. It also explores avenues for further research and reflection.
Effects of acute strawberry consumption on serum levels of vitamin C and folic acid, the antioxidant potential of LDL and blood glucose response: a randomised cross-over controlled trial
Authors: Kishimoto Yoshimi , Taguchi Chie , Iwashima Tomomi , Kobayashi Toshihiro , Kikoku Yutaka , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Masuda Yasunobu , Kondo Kazuo
Published: March 2023

Strawberry contains many bioactive compounds such as vitamin C and polyphenols as well as folate, a vitamin that is especially important for women of childbearing age. We investigated the effects of the acute consumption of strawberry on the serum levels of vitamin C and folate, and on the antioxidant potential of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, twenty-three healthy female volunteers (age 22⋅5 ± 1⋅4 years) ingested 500 g of a strawberry purée beverage or a sugar content-matched placebo beverage. Blood samples were collected at fasting and at 0⋅5, 1, 2 and 4 h post-ingestion. The serum concentrations of vitamin C and folate were significantly elevated from 0⋅5 to 4 h after the strawberry beverage ingestion (P < 0⋅001); the levels peaked at 2 h, with peak levels of 15⋅0 ± 2⋅5 μg/ml for vitamin C and 14⋅4 ± 7⋅0 ng/ml for folate. Notably, at 1 h after the strawberry beverage ingestion, the LDL oxidation lag time was significantly prolonged (P < 0⋅05), suggesting that the antioxidant potential of LDL was increased. After the ingestion of either beverage, the serum levels of glucose and insulin reached a peak at 0⋅5 h and then quickly returned to baseline levels. These results suggest that strawberries are a useful source of vitamin C and folate and may help enhance the antioxidant potential of LDL in healthy young women.
“Ways of Doing” Pottery in the Cajón Valley (Argentine Northwest) during the First Centuries AD
Authors: Bugliani María Fabiana , Pereyra Domingorena Lucas
Published: March 2023

This article presents an example of ceramic circulation and exchange networks in the southern Andean region during the first centuries AD, derived from the study of the production, circulation, and consumption of the pottery assemblages found in the villages of Cardonal and Bordo Marcial, located in the Cajón Valley in Catamarca, Argentina. Our analysis of the technical, morphological, and design aspects of the ceramics suggested six morphological groups using three representation techniques and 16 paste recipes; we also found that locally manufactured vessels were used together with ceramics of nonlocal origin in similar domestic contexts. In addition, the foreign ceramic materials suggest that there were networks of interaction between Cardonal and Bordo Marcial and other regions, such as the southern Puna, the Hualfín Valley, the Rosario-Lerma Basin, and the San Francisco Valley in northwestern Argentina.
Design against fatigue—current trends
Authors: Kirkby W. T. , Forsyth P. J. E. , Maxwell R. D. J.
Published: March 2023

The overall objective of design against fatigue is to achieve adequate safety and reliability for minimum structural weight and, having this end in view, the fatigue performance of an aircraft structure is a major consideration in the design, testing and operation of an aircraft. This has not always been the case, indeed until the early 1950s the design of aircraft structures was based almost entirely on strength considerations with little regard to fatigue. However, in the decade following the Second World War a series of accidents both in the military and civil field, culminating in the Comet disasters, focused attention on the need to consider the problem of fatigue in design and provided the climate of opinion to support requirements for much more extensive and expensive full scale fatigue testing than had been contemplated hitherto. Since that time, advances in safety and reliability have been achieved in the face of customer requirements for major increases in overall fatigue life and for higher standards of day-to-day reliability of the structure. For example, in the military field a required fatigue life exceeding 6000 hours would not be exceptional now for a combat aircraft (Fig. 1) as compared with a life in service of about 1500 hours for such an aircraft in the years immediately following the Second World War. On the civil side, whereas lives of about 20 000 hours would have been considered adequate in the early 1950s, operators now require lives in excess of 60 000 hours. The European Airbus shown in Fig. 2 typifies such aircraft currently in service. Both military and civil aircraft are now expected to be in service for 20 or more years.
Technical Note
Authors: Fejtek Ian , Nehera John
Published: March 2023

An experimental study was undertaken to measure the instantaneous lift and propulsive forces generated by a rigid, sinusoidally flapping wing at Reynolds numbers ranging from 72 000 to 120 000. The wing was flapped about a fulcrum at the root at frequencies of 2.55 Hz and 3.30 Hz. Instrumentation and a data reduction system were developed to provide quick and reliable assessment of the effects of changes in flapping amplitude, flapping frequency, flapping plane angle, wing incidence, and windspeed. In this way it was attempted to model, however crudely, the forward flapping flight of birds.

The instantaneous values of lift coefficient and thrust coefficient were plotted against position in the cycle while the average CL and CT were plotted against advance ratio (ratio of the windspeed to the maximum tip speed velocity). The experimental results were compared to the theories of Walker(e) and Hoist ' Kuchemann(4) both modified to correspond more closely to the experimental conditions.
Variable camber airfoils
Authors: Chacksfield J. E.
Published: March 2023

Although normal flapped and /or slatted wings may be considered as having a variation of camber because of the deflection of such devices, a variable camber airfoil is considered here as a mechanical unit employing flexible leading and/or trailing edges, thus eliminating surface discontinuities, but otherwise operated in the same manner as the more conventional devices they replace and is simply illustrated in Fig. 1 (i.e. flaps and ailerons on the trailing edge and slats or droop on the leading edge). The use of varicam trailing edge systems for lateral control implies that such systems should preferably be capable of both up and down (i.e. differential) movements.
Carl Meerwein's ornithoptet
Authors: Hart Clive
Published: March 2023

In 1781-84 Carl Friedrich Meerwein (1737-1810), a South German builder and architect to his namesake, Karl Friedrich, Prince of Baden, worked on ideas for a practical ornithopter. Living in comparative obscurity in Emmendingen, a small town near Freiburg, he began in August 1781 by building a simple pair of ellipsoidal wings. He might have taken the matter no further had his interest not been caught by reports of Pierre Blanchard's abortive flying attempts in Paris, published in a Basel journal in July 1782. During the next two years, when everyone in Europe was talking about the French balloonists, Meerwein decided to set out his ideas for a heavier-than-air machine. Published in Basel in the summer of 1784, his book was widely read. A modified French version was published in the same year and reissued in 1785, and in 1812 a Portuguese translation appeared.
The certification of composite airframe structures
Authors: Guyett P. R. , Cardrick A. W.
Published: March 2023

Structural integrity is a key ingredient of aircraft design. It takes its place alongside flight performance, operational effectiveness, reliability, maintainability and economy in determining, or contributing in very large measure to, the success of a project in service.

What is expected from the contractor for a new project in respect of these qualities is set down by the customer in a specification which includes reference to a set of mandatory design requirements. Thus, flight performance parameters such as speed, range and payload, are defined in the specification : there too is to be found a description of the sorties to be flown, numbers and types of manoeuvres and their severity (conventionally including the levels of normal acceleration) and the regions in which the aircraft is required to operate. Sufficient detail is given to establish, as the process of design evolves, the loading and environmental conditions to which the structure will be subjected.
Effect of contraction on screen-generated turbulence
Authors: Tulapurkara E. G. , Ramjee V.
Published: March 2023

Screens and contraction are used to achieve a low level of free-stream turbulence in the test-section of a wind tunnel. The effect of contraction on turbulence was initially studied, theoretically, by Prandtl, Taylor, Ribner and Tucker and Batchelor and Proudman. The last two theories, called rapid distortion theory, take into account the random nature of turbulence, but assume that the turbulence is initially isotropic, the effect of viscosity is small and the distortion is rapid.
Techical Notes
Authors: Simpson A.
Published: March 2023

In this paper, the various facets of Kron’s eigenvalue method which have been developed over the past decade by the present writer are drawn together for review purposes and to provide solution algorithms for large scale eigenvalue and response problems which arise, for example, from the need to study large order finite element models in the frequency analysis of ship equipment raft structures. Also included are considerations of eigenvalue sensitivities which are found to be readily calculable by means of simple modification of the basic eigenvalue method. These sensitivities are of importance in the study of vibration transmission paths and hence in the design and positioning of optimum anti-vibration mountings (AVMs).
Flight experiments to evaluate the effect of wing-tip sails on fuel consumption and handling characteristics
Authors: Spillman J. J. , Ratcliffe H. Y. , McVitie A.
Published: March 2023

Studies made of the flow about the wing-tip of a wind tunnel model showed that the vortex-type flow generally associated with the rolled-up vortex sheet well behind the tip existed just behind the trailing edge and seemed to be forming over the top of the wing-tip itself. As a result small cambered aerofoils were attached to the wing-tip to redirect the flow locally in such a way that each experienced a force with a significant thrust component. The effect is similar to that generated by the sail of a close-hauled yacht; consequently these small tip extensions were called sails. Reference 1 describes the original wind tunnel and the preliminary flight tests of sails mounted from the tip tanks of the Paris aircraft of the Cranfield Institute of Technology.
Manual landings in Category 3 conditions
Authors: Brown A. D. , Gurney D. J.
Published: March 2023

In the past, it has been generally accepted internationally that in order to land aircraft in runway visual ranges below 400 metres—ICAO Category 3 conditions—a fail operational automatic landing system is required. The Trident aircraft with its triplex system is of course an example of this philosophy. However, the overall system requirements for such operations were specified nearly a decade ago and considerable advances have been made since then on such aspects as understanding fog characteristics, avionic system design, visual aids and of course, airline experience of all-weather operations. Consequently, there is now a world-wide interest in trying to ease the system requirements without jeopardising safety, for example, by considering the use of less complex fail-passive autopilots. If feasible, this would allow existing suitably equipped aircraft to operate to lower minima and hopefully, widen the spectrum of aircraft capable of being equipped, with overall benefits in terms of increased regularity and hence revenue.
British lighter-than-air activity: a review
Authors: Nayler A. W. L.
Published: March 2023

It is a fact that there were many more sceptics and only a few advocates for the airship in the UK some ten years ago. Few people had given serious thought to the possible return of the airship as a modern transport form, still fewer were prepared to back it financially and it was left to the few to put forward their thoughts and plans for its return. In this they were encouraged by the small fleet of blimps being flown by Goodyear in the USA and by the fact that the US Navy had not phased out airships until 1962.
The shapes of things to come—an introduction to the capabilities of the British Aerospace Numerical Master Geometry system
Authors: Mason H. G.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction to the scope, flexibility and power of the British Aerospace Numerical Master Geometry (NMG) System, which is a computer aid for the design and manufacture of complicated three-dimensional curved surfaces. NMG is currently used at all ex-BAC sites within the Aircraft Group of British Aerospace for the purpose of generating and storing master computer models of the external shapes of aircraft or components. These master models may then be interrogated using a simple command language to derive information about the external shape for such diverse uses as aerodynamic analysis, detail structural design, numerically controlled machining and inspection. The use of such models means that everyone has access to the same basic information, and consistency is assured.
Stiffened shear webs: post-buckling failure of stiffeners of less than critical rigidity
Authors: Rothwell A. , Liacos N. J.
Published: March 2023

The buckling coefficient for a conventional shear web, reinforced by a series of equally-spaced transverse stiffeners, is practically independent of the flexural rigidity of the stiffeners provided this exceeds a certain critical value. The stiffeners then provide conditions close to simple-support (if they are of negligible torsional stiffness). For stiffeners of less than this critical rigidity, reduced buckling coefficients are plotted in Ref. 1, in terms of a stiffness parameter μ related to the second moment of area of the stiffeners. Reference 1 also shows that the critical value μc referred to above increases rapidly with reducing stiffener pitch, leading in some cases to impractically large stiffeners.
Drag coefficient corrections for spheres in thin circular jets
Authors: Neve R. S. , Kotsiopoulos P.
Published: March 2023

Recent research into the fluid mechanics of hitting objects with air jets to eject unacceptable ones from a line of such particles in flight has shown the need for a better method of predicting the drag force involved since this is also the deflecting force in such an application. In most cases, the transverse dimensions of the jet are similar to, or smaller than, those of the target body so a drag force estimate based on infinite flow is likely to be seriously in error. Corrections are therefore needed to allow for jet diameters ranging from a fraction of the object’s size to many times that size. Achenbach investigated the blockage corrections for spheres in a closed circular wind tunnel but to the best of the authors’ knowledge no such results have been available for spheres in open jets, where the correction will in any case be of opposite sign.
Flowcharts for PADIS
Authors: Andrews David
Published: March 2023

The discovery of the essential logic of engineering design through the development of the ‘procedure for analysing the design of interactive solutions’ (PADIS) has made it possible to prepare authoritative flowcharts for the design process. This deeper understanding has revealed that, for the design task overall, there is no unique flowchart but many. Each project study is inspired by a combination of up to five types of inspiration, and by appropriately combining the flowcharts given here, an individual flowchart can be determined for each design task undertaken.

At subordinate levels of design, it is true, the design process is normally stereotyped, but if invention or new knowledge encourages redesign there may be need to adopt different procedures.
Active controls for civil aircraft
Authors: Hitch H. P. Y.
Published: March 2023

‘Active Control Technology’ (ACT) is a jargon of the last few years describing the technological requirements which permit the earlier concept of the Control Configured Vehicle (CCV). The CCV idea was that by suitably driving specially arranged controls, various desirable aircraft characteristics, notaby stability and good handling, could be provided synthetically and as a result the tail and fin sizes could be reduced and the wing mounted in a more advantageous position on the fuselage: more freedom of choice was thus given the designer in settling his configuration. The technology to do this was barely ready at the time but meanwhile has been progressing apace in the form of minicomputers, electrical signalling, digital control systems and a deeper analysis of what is involved in a total system.
The application of computer aided techniques to project design
Authors: Howe D.
Published: March 2023

The initial phase of the design of an aircraft is usually thought of as being glamorous and exciting since it is the part of the total exercise which determines those characteristics of the aircraft for all to see. The artistically inclined can let his imagination run away with him as he visualises an aesthetically pleasing concept. The inventor has more than ample scope to propose layout innovations which supposedly confer some advantages, often of ill defined value. Tradition has it that the renowned designers of the past with their vast experience, aesthetic flair and innovatory streak would blend all the numerous possibilities into a satisfying if not always entirely satisfactory, project.

Of course such an idea is a gross over-simplification of the project design process which, as in any design activity, must consist of many configuration iterations before an acceptable solution is achieved. The large number of variables which have to be considered coupled with the extremely demanding performance and safety requirements of any advanced aeronautical system imply such complexity that every aid available must be employed.
Theoretical lower limits of forebody drag
Authors: Morel Thomas
Published: March 2023

One of the more important objectives of research in aerodynamics is drag reduction. In this paper we consider one part of the drag problem, the forebody pressure drag, and enquire about the lower limit to which it may theoretically be reduced by elimination of flow separation. It is customary to decompose the total drag force into two parts: pressure drag and friction drag, represented by force coefficients CD and CF, respectively. The ratio of these two forces may be taken as a convenient criterion to decide whether a body is ‘streamlined’ or ‘bluff’:

At high enough Reynolds numbers many bodies of interest are (according to this definition) bluff bodies, i.e. their pressure drag is much larger than the friction drag. This analysis is most relevant for bluff bodies where one needs to be concerned only with the pressure drag.
Conversion training of a qualified engineer
Authors: Godsave A. F.
Published: March 2023

This paper considers the conversion training of qualified engineers employed in flight simulation from the background of experience in British Airways. The title is taken to mean the conversion of engineers qualified to appropriate standards, with experience in their chosen area which is demonstrated to be generally some form of electronics, to full skill level in flight simulation.

The rate of change in flight simulation is very fast. Training should keep up with these changes, but it is often hard-pressed to do so for reasons explained subsequently.

I would like first of all to explain the philosophy of our operation with an eye to the future for we are in a transitional stage at present. Our primary effort is a maintenance task where the 17 flight simulators will be divided into three groups. These groups will contain six analogue simulators and eight digital simulators currently in house, with three further simulators on order or about to be (Fig. 1). Not shown in Fig. 1 is a support group providing specialist service as required.
The evolution of fly-by-wire control techniques in the UK
Authors: Hunt G. H.
Published: March 2023

Control is a fundamental part of the aeronautical sciences playing a necessary role in the design of all air-vehicles whether they are aircraft or balloons, missiles or kites. The early years of aircraft research were characterised by the amount of effort devoted to the control of the aircraft, and the shortcomings of early aircraft designs were frequently due to instability and to poor handling characteristics. Indeed the triumph of the Wright Brothers in 1903 when their first sustained powered flight was made at Kitty Hawk was due as much to their mastery of the problems of control as to their work on aerodynamics, structure or powerplant, vital though these latter were.

There are inherently two ways of obtaining an aircraft design having the desired control characteristics, either by so designing the structure and the aerodynamics of the aircraft itself or by providing some ‘artificial’ or ‘automatic’ control to change its characteristics. The latter method uses the signal from some sensor in essentially the same way that the human being uses signals from his vestibular organs to stabilise himself, and the crane fly similarly stabilises his flight using signals from his vestibular organs to stabilise himself, and the crane fly similarly stabilises his flight using signals from his halteres. The technique was tried even before 1903, and Sir Hiram Maxim in 1891 had produced a patent for an aircraft using a pendulous gyroscope for pitch stabilisation (Fig. 1). For various reasons most of these early efforts were rather unsuccessful, and in the period up to the Second World War the principal advances in the science of aircraft stability and control came largely from the refinement of the basic aerodynamics of the vehicle.
Acoustic excitation of a panel having a central opening under biaxial tension
Authors: Datta P. K. , White R. G.
Published: March 2023

The behaviour of a thin tensioned sheet with an opening has been the subject of a number of recent investigations. In this type of problem, as in an aircraft structure, a skin carries all or some of the in-plane load as well as a lateral pressure load. Failure often results from the development of fatigue cracks which propagate from a stress concentration at the cut-out being subjected to structural vibration excited by acoustic pressure fluctuations. The Comet disaster in 1954 was due to the structural failure of the pressure cabin, brought about by the development of fatigue cracks from high stress concentration regions around the corners of the windows. The cases of statically tensioned, uniaxially and biaxi-ally loaded plates having a central crack subjected to acoustic excitation have been studied. These investigations were concerned with the basic features of plate vibration; i.e., mode shapes at a resonance frequency, the resonance frequency versus load behaviour and the crack propagation rates.
Age and petrogenesis of mafic granulites from central Madurai block, south India: implications on regional tectonics
Authors: Dev J Amal , Tomson JK , Vijaya Kumar T , Sorcar Nilanjana
Published: March 2023

The Precambrian Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) of south India is well-known for the preservation of high- to ultrahigh-temperature (HT-UHT) granulites, prominently exposed in its central part forming a linear belt referred to as the Kambam UHT belt. This belt also hosts widespread occurrences of mafic granulites that are observed in close spatial association with the HT-UHT granulites. This study presents detailed petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of representative mafic granulites from the area to understand their petrogenesis and tectonic setting. The results demonstrate that mafic granulites are low- to medium-K tholeiites, with continental arc affinity, formed by the partial melting of a subduction-modified enriched mantle source. The composition of the parent mantle source is modelled with a spinel/garnet lherzolite contribution ratio between 100/0 and 70/30, suggesting the mixing of spinel and garnet bearing melts during asthenosphere upwelling. Zircon U–Pb geochronology of mafic granulites constrains their emplacement between 612 Ma and 625 Ma, that subsequently underwent metamorphism between 581 Ma and 531 Ma. This overlaps with the timing of HT-UHT metamorphism in the Kambam UHT belt bracketed between 593 and 532 Ma. Zircon Hf isotopic studies reveal parent magma generation from reworked melting sources involving Archean and Proterozoic components. These results propose an alternative heat source for the formation of HT-UHT granulites in the Kambam UHT belt which can be designated as a major terrane boundary within the SGT.
Empire in the Cottage: Welfare Capitalism and Workers’ Housing Policy in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1880–1914
Authors: Nebřenský Zdeněk , Herc Svatopluk
Published: March 2023

This study focuses on welfare capitalism and workers’ housing policy in the Habsburg Empire on the eve of the Great War. It deals with the concessions for buildings containing healthy and affordable workers’ flats. The study argues that the existing research on welfare capitalism concentrated mostly on the entrepreneurs and industrialists as key actors in the building of workers’ flats. As the concessions for the building of workers’ houses suggest, the imperial authorities also maintained welfare capitalism and played a certain role in supporting the construction of workers’ housing. Through the concessions, authorities tried to regulate the company construction and to intervene into places of the everyday. They sought to enforce an appropriate lifestyle and to separate spaces for people of workers’ background, male and female workers, single workers, and workers’ families.
The Diffusion of Knowledge during the British Industrial Revolution
Authors: Galofré-Vilà Gregori
Published: March 2023

While technological progress played a central role in the British Industrial Revolution, statistical evidence on how inventors and entrepreneurs engaged in the process of technological innovation has typically received minor attention. In this paper I use quantitative methods to show that counties with a relatively high number of informal networks −in the form of Freemasonry, friendly societies, libraries, and booksellers− experienced more innovation as measured by new patents and exhibits at the 1851 Crystal Palace World’s Fair. Qualitative evidence and propensity score matching suggest that the mechanisms highlighted here were an important part of British technological leadership. Economic factors cannot account for these patterns.
Development of the Miniature Robotic Electrodialysis (MR ED) System for Small‐Scale Desalting of Liquid Samples With Recovery of Organics
Authors: Bryson F. E. , Ingall E. D. , Hanna A. M. , Cardelino M. , Plattner T. , Meister M. R. , Lawrence J. D. , Mullen A. D. , Dichek D. , Schmidt B. E.
Published: March 2023

While liquid environments with high salt content are of broad interest to the Earth and Planetary Science communities, instruments face challenges in detecting organics in hypersaline samples due to the effects of salts. Therefore, technology to desalt samples before analysis by these instruments would be enabling for liquid sampling on missions to Mars or ocean worlds. Electrodialysis (ED) removes salt from aqueous solutions by applying an electric potential across a series of ion‐selective membranes, and is demonstrated to retain a significant percentage of dissolved organic molecules (DOM) in marine samples. However, current electrodialysis systems used for DOM recovery are too large for deployment on missions or for use in terrestrial fieldwork. Here, we present the design and evaluation of the Miniature Robotic Electrodialysis (MR ED) system, which is approximately 1/20th the size of heritage instruments and processes as little as 50 mL of sample at a time. We present tests of the instrument efficiency and DOM recovery using lab‐created solutions as well as natural samples taken from an estuary of the Skidaway River (Savannah, GA) (Verity, 2002) and from South Bay Saltworks (San Diego, CA) (Roseman & Watry, 2008; Survey, 2011). Our results show that the MR ED system removed 97%–99% of the salts in most samples, with an average DOC recovery range from 53% to 77%, achieving similar capability to tabletop instruments. This work both demonstrates MR ED as a possible field instrument and increases the technology readiness level of miniaturized electrodialysis systems for future missions.
Variation of Fault Creep Along the Overdue Istanbul‐Marmara Seismic Gap in NW Türkiye
Authors: Becker D. , Martínez‐Garzón P. , Wollin C. , Kılıç T. , Bohnhoff M.
Published: March 2023

Strain energy from tectonic loading can be partly released through aseismic creep. Earthquake repeaters, repeatedly activated brittle fault patches surrounded by creep, indicate steady‐state creep that affects the amount of seismic energy available for the next large earthquake along a plate contact. The offshore Main Marmara Fault (MMF) of the North Anatolian Fault Zone represents a seismic gap capable of generating a M > 7 earthquake in direct vicinity to the mega‐city Istanbul. Based on a newly compiled seismicity catalog, we identify repeating earthquakes to resolve the spatial creep variability along the MMF during a 15‐year period. We observe a maximum of seismic repeaters indicating creep along the central and western MMF segments tapering off toward the locked onshore Ganos fault in the west, and the locked offshore Princes Islands segment immediately south of Istanbul in the east. This indicates a high degree of spatial creep variability along the Istanbul‐Marmara seismic gap.
On the Temperature Dependence of the Cloud Ice Particle Effective Radius—A Satellite Perspective
Authors: Stengel Martin , Meirink Jan Fokke , Eliasson Salomon
Published: March 2023

Cloud ice particle effective radius in atmospheric models is usually parametrized. A widely‐used parametrization comprises a strong dependence on the temperature. Utilizing available satellite‐based estimates of both cloud ice particle effective radius and cloud‐top temperature we evaluate if a similar temperature‐dependence exists in these observations. We find that for very low cloud‐top temperatures the modeled cloud ice particle effective radius generally agrees on average with satellite observations. For high sub‐zero temperatures however, the modeled cloud ice particle effective radius becomes very large, which is not seen in the satellite observations. We conclude that the investigated parametrization for the cloud ice particle effective radius, and parametrizations with a similar temperature dependence, likely produce systematic biases at the cloud top. Supporting previous studies, our findings suggest that the vertical structure of clouds should be taken into account as factor in potential future updates of the parametrizations for cloud ice particle effective radius.
Global Spatial Distribution of Hack's Law Exponent on Mars Consistent With Early Arid Climate
Authors: Luo W. , Howard A. D. , Craddock R. A. , Oliveira E. A. , Pires R. S.
Published: March 2023

Widespread valley networks (VNs) on Mars and other evidence point to an early warm and wet climate. However, ongoing debates still exist about VN's formation processes and associated climatic conditions. The power law relationship between basin length and area (Hack's Law) can be diagnostic of different fluvial processes related to climatic conditions. Past studies of Hack's Law on Mars at local sites have produced inconclusive results. Here we used a parameter‐free method to delineate watersheds globally on Mars based on mapped VNs and extracted their Hack's Law exponent (h). The majority of h values on Mars are similar to those in arid areas on Earth, suggesting similar runoff processes and arid conditions for VN formation on early Mars. Statistical analyses show that the spatial distribution of h on Mars is not random, but with a few clustered high and low values, likely controlled by local conditions (e.g., regional topographic slope).
Fourier Analysis of Magnetic Fields in the Ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Cravens T. E. , Hamil O. , Renzaglia A. , Ledvina S. A. , Howard S. K.
Published: March 2023

The two main sources of the magnetic field in the Martian ionosphere are the solar wind interaction with the planet, and, mainly in the southern hemisphere, remnant crustal magnetization. The magnetic fields measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft displayed a wide range of spatial scales, from the global (i.e., L ≈ 103 km) to mesoscale (L ≈ 102 km) to small‐scale (L < 10 km). Hamil et al. (2022) used MAVEN magnetometer and Langmuir Probe data to study these structures and suggested that they might be advected into the ionosphere from the solar wind and magnetosheath. In the current study, we apply a Fourier analysis to the fields and interpret the resulting power spectral density profiles versus frequency. The power spectral density function found from MAVEN data resembles that of the solar wind magnetic field (or interplanetary magnetic field) (i.e., power law with an index of about −2), but shifted upward in frequency by a factor of about 100. From a comparison of ionospheric power spectra with solar wind power spectra, we deduce that plasma, carrying a magnetic field with it moves from the magnetic pile‐up region downward into the ionosphere with speeds of roughly tens of meters per second. The derived power spectra in the ionosphere, in addition to the basic power law shape, show hints of extra power at a spatial scale of about 10 km, and this might be due to the creation of a magnetic structure within the ionosphere itself.
Association Between Injection and Microseismicity in Geothermal Fields With Multiple Wells: Data‐Driven Modeling of Rotokawa, New Zealand, and Húsmúli, Iceland
Authors: Yu Pengliang , Dempsey David , Rinaldi Antonio Pio , Calibugan Aimee , Ritz Vanille A. , Archer Rosalind
Published: March 2023

Understanding injection‐induced microseismicity in geothermal systems can provide insight into reservoir connectedness. However, fault and reservoir complexity are difficult to represent in simple analytical models, which makes it difficult to discern clear relationships from incidental associations. Here, we have used data‐driven models to study how fluid injection and microseismicity are related in the Rotokawa (New Zealand) and Hellisheiði (Iceland) geothermal fields. We tested two classes of model: (a) lagged linear regression of seismicity rate as a function of well injection rates; and (b) systematic extraction of injection time series features that are then evaluated for associations with the seismicity. These models allowed us to determine which wells had the greatest correlation with microseismicity and to explain this association in a reservoir context. Finally, exploring different data types and transformations, we were unable to establish a link between rapid changes in injection rate and seismicity spikes, as suggested by some theoretical models.
Biogeochemical Argo Floats Reveal the Evolution of Subsurface Chlorophyll and Particulate Organic Carbon in Southeast Indian Ocean Eddies
Authors: Strutton Peter G. , Trull Thomas W. , Phillips Helen E. , Duran Earl R. , Pump Sylvia
Published: March 2023

Eddies modulate open ocean productivity, and this influence depends on both eddy source and evolution. Southeast Indian Ocean eddies are important pathways for the westward transport of biogeochemical anomalies from the Leeuwin current into the central oligotrophic South Indian Ocean (SIO). Eddy processes at the base of the mixed layer may stimulate and sustain phytoplankton, allowing these eddy impacts to persist over thousands of kilometers. We present 4 months of high‐frequency profiles from autonomous floats in one anticyclonic and one cyclonic eddy in the SIO. At the start of observations, from September to October, particulate organic carbon (POC) and especially chlorophyll were higher in the cyclone, and evenly distributed throughout the mixed layers in both eddies. As spring progressed and the eddies were transported westward, chlorophyll and POC concentrated at the base of the mixed layer at depths invisible to satellites, likely reflecting nutrient depletion in overlying waters. In the anticyclone, the increased chlorophyll at depth occurred as POC decreased, suggesting photo‐acclimation and thus both light and nutrient stress. In contrast, in the cyclone chlorophyll to POC ratios remained close to constant as their subsurface maxima formed. In both eddies, the subsurface biomass maxima exhibited no significant change in oxygen saturation state over several months suggesting these communities are sustained by low ongoing productivity in balance with community respiration. Thus, deep biomass layers may represent a mechanism for long‐distance transfer of eddy plankton communities which is not reflected in satellite remote sensing.
Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Biogenic Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosols in an Alpine Ecosystem of Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Cui Lulu , Gao Yining , Chen Yubao , Li Rui , Bing Haijian , Wu Yanhong , Wang Gehui
Published: March 2023

The knowledge about the chemical characteristics of organic aerosols in alpines were still limited. Fifty samples were collected in an alpine site in Tibetan Plateau during May 2015 and April 2016 to measure the concentrations of sugar and biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) compounds. The annual mean concentrations of anhydrosugar, primary sugars, and sugar alcohols in Mt. Gongga were 86.6 ± 43.1, 168 ± 40.0 and 204 ± 62.9 ng/m3, respectively. All of the anhydrosugars displayed the highest concentrations in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and the lowest ones in summer, which was contributed by dense biomass burning (BB) in winter. In contrast, nearly all of the primary sugar and sugar alcohol levels peaked in summer, which might be associated with the higher rates of vegetation growth and microbial metabolic activities during the warming season. The levels of BSOA tracers also suffered from markedly seasonal variations. The sesquiterpene SOA displayed the highest level in winter (27.3 ± 16.8 ng/m3), which might be associated with the biomass burning in the surrounding regions. However, most of the species of isoprene and monoterpene SOA tracers suffered from the higher levels in summer, which was contributed by the higher biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emission and reaction rates. Based on source apportionment result, BB (26%) was the dominant contributor to sugar and BSOA species in Mt. Gongga, followed by airborne pollen (24%), plant release (19%), soil emission (13%), fungal spore (9%), and isoprene oxidation (8%). The result of this study reveals mixed contributions of BB and vegetation emission promote the formation of biogenic organic aerosols in Tibetan Plateau.
Morphological Characterization of Decimeter‐ to Hectometer‐Scale Impact Craters at the Chang’E‐3/4/5 Landing Sites
Authors: Li Yueyang , Fa Wenzhe , Jia Bojun
Published: March 2023

The morphology of impact craters on the Moon is important for understanding impact cratering process and lunar surface properties. Though the morphology of lunar impact craters at hectometer scales and larger is extensively investigated and well understood, the morphology of very small craters is rarely studied due to the lack of high‐resolution data. In this study, we investigated the morphology of 1,513 craters at decimeter to hectometer scales using the 5 mm/pixel–0.5 m/pixel topographic data of the Chang’E‐3/4/5 (CE‐3/4/5) landing regions. Our results show that crater depth, rim height, and inner wall slope increase with the diameter and that the mean values of depth/diameter ratio, rim height/diameter ratio, and inner wall slope are 0.065, 0.017, and 10.5°, respectively. These morphometric parameters are smaller than those of large craters above hectometer scales, which is probably due to low‐strength surficial regolith and rapid topographic degradation. The comparison of the morphometric parameters among the three regions suggests that the CE‐4, CE‐3, and CE‐5 landing regions have the highest, intermediate, and lowest regolith strengths, respectively. In addition, we first observed widespread meter‐scale concentric and flat‐bottomed craters in optical images, which are most probably formed due to strength heterogeneity within the regolith layer. Our results can help to understand near‐surface properties of the regolith layer, lunar surface evolution, and impact cratering process in the strength regime.
Ratio of In Situ CO2 to CH4 Production and Its Environmental Controls in Polygonal Tundra Soils of Samoylov Island, Northeastern Siberia
Authors: Galera Leonardo de A. , Eckhardt Tim , Beer Christian , Pfeiffer Eva‐Maria , Knoblauch Christian
Published: March 2023

Arctic warming causes permafrost thaw and accelerates microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The determining factors for the ratio between CO2 and CH4 formation are still not well understood due to scarce in situ measurements, particularly in remote Arctic regions. We quantified the CO2:CH4 ratios of SOM decomposition in wet and dry tundra soils by using CO2 fluxes from clipped plots and in situ CH4 fluxes from vegetated plots. At the water‐saturated site, CO2:CH4 ratios decreased sharply from 95 at beginning of July to about 10 in August and September with a median of 12.2 (7.70–17.1; 25%–75% quartiles) over the whole vegetation period. When considering CH4 oxidation, estimated to reduce in situ CH4 fluxes by 10%–31%, even lower CO2:CH4 ratios were calculated (median 10.9–8.41). Active layer depth and soil temperature were the main factors controlling these ratios. Methane production was associated with subsoil (40 cm) temperature, while heterotrophic respiration was related to topsoil (5 cm) temperatures. As expected, CO2:CH4 ratios were substantially higher at the dry site (median 373, 292–500, 25%–75% quartiles). Both tundra types lost carbon preferentially in form of CO2, and CH4‐C represented only 0.27% of the dry tundra total carbon loss and 6.91% of the wet tundra total carbon loss. The current study demonstrates the dynamic of in situ CO2:CH4 ratios from SOM decomposition and will help improve simulations of future CO2 and CH4 fluxes from thawing tundra soils.
The Study on Modeling of Global Plasmaspheric Hiss Amplitude Based on Deep Learning Algorithm
Authors: Tang Rongxin , Wang Zhenghan , Li Haimeng , Chen Zhou , Ouyang Zhihai , Deng Xiaohua
Published: March 2023

Plasmaspheric hiss waves make great significance on the loss of electrons in the Earth's radiation belts. The prediction and reconstruction for global evolution plasmaspheric hiss are critical to investigate the dynamic process of radiation belt. In this study, the realistic variation model of plasmaspheric waves is established based on deep learning technology. Using Light Gradient Boosting Machine and Permutation Importance methods, we first select optimal indices and corresponding historical time series associated with variation of plasmaspheric hiss waves. Then the geomagnetic indices in corresponding time series are considered as input of deep neural network model, and the samples of plasmaspheric hiss waves observed from Van Allen Probe A are utilized for training and validation. The result indicates that the model can roughly reproduce the variation of integrated hiss wave amplitude during geomagnetic storm. Based on the model, we analyze the global evolution of hiss waves during a geomagnetic storm event. In addition, we find that the prediction performance has been greatly improved with the addition of in situ density as an auxiliary input parameter, it provides a new idea of establishing higher accuracy model with auxiliary input of other characteristic parameters.
YBX1 integration of oncogenic PI3K/mTOR signalling regulates the fitness of malignant epithelial cells
Authors: Bai Yuchen , Gotz Carolin , Chincarini Ginevra , Zhao Zixuan , Slaney Clare , Boath Jarryd , Furic Luc , Angel Christopher , Jane Stephen M. , Phillips Wayne A. , Stacker Steven A. , Farah Camile S. , Darido Charbel
Published: March 2023

In heterogeneous head and neck cancer (HNC), subtype-specific treatment regimens are currently missing. An integrated analysis of patient HNC subtypes using single-cell sequencing and proteome profiles reveals an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature within the epithelial cancer-cell population. The EMT signature coincides with PI3K/mTOR inactivation in the mesenchymal subtype. Conversely, the signature is suppressed in epithelial cells of the basal subtype which exhibits hyperactive PI3K/mTOR signalling. We further identify YBX1 phosphorylation, downstream of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, restraining basal-like cancer cell proliferation. In contrast, YBX1 acts as a safeguard against the proliferation-to-invasion switch in mesenchymal-like epithelial cancer cells, and its loss accentuates partial-EMT and in vivo invasion. Interestingly, phospho-YBX1 that is mutually exclusive to partial-EMT, emerges as a prognostic marker for overall patient outcomes. These findings create a unique opportunity to sensitise mesenchymal cancer cells to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors by shifting them towards a basal-like subtype as a promising therapeutic approach against HNC.
Catalyzing next-generation Artificial Intelligence through NeuroAI
Authors: Zador Anthony , Escola Sean , Richards Blake , Ölveczky Bence , Bengio Yoshua , Boahen Kwabena , Botvinick Matthew , Chklovskii Dmitri , Churchland Anne , Clopath Claudia , DiCarlo James , Ganguli Surya , Hawkins Jeff , Körding Konrad , Koulakov Alexei , LeCun Yann , Lillicrap Timothy , Marblestone Adam , Olshausen Bruno , Pouget Alexandre , Savin Cristina , Sejnowski Terrence , Simoncelli Eero , Solla Sara , Sussillo David , Tolias Andreas S. , Tsao Doris
Published: March 2023

Neuroscience has long been an essential driver of progress in artificial intelligence (AI). We propose that to accelerate progress in AI, we must invest in fundamental research in NeuroAI. A core component of this is the embodied Turing test, which challenges AI animal models to interact with the sensorimotor world at skill levels akin to their living counterparts. The embodied Turing test shifts the focus from those capabilities like game playing and language that are especially well-developed or uniquely human to those capabilities – inherited from over 500 million years of evolution – that are shared with all animals. Building models that can pass the embodied Turing test will provide a roadmap for the next generation of AI.