bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Surfaces Modulating Cellular Response
Authors: Yui Nobuhiko
Published: October 2010

Polyrotaxane-immobilized surfaces were prepared as a platform of dynamic surfaces, which can prevent from non-specific interaction with plasma proteins and platelet, and then modulate cellular functions via specific interaction with receptor protein-ligand binding through movable polyrotaxane backbone. The immobilization of the polyrotaxane was carried out via two-step protocol, in which the polyrotaxane with tetraethyleneglycol dodecanethiol (TEGDT) anchoring group at both terminals was fixed onto Au substrate via Au-S bond, followed by the fixation of TEGDT molecule onto the Au substrate to complete the loop formation of polyrotaxane on the Au substrate with the help of self-assembled monolayer formation of TEGDT. Their surface properties were characterized by means dynamic contact angle measurements, and preliminary studies as biomaterials were performed in terms of plasma protein adsorption onto their surfaces.
Molecular Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Hydrolytically Degradable Polymeric Biomaterials
Authors: Hofmann Dieter , Entrialgo Maria , Reiche Jürgen , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: October 2010

Biodegradable polymers are applied in temporary implants, such as surgical sutures and controlled drug delivery systems. They are also of relevance in biomaterial-based Regenerative Therapies, where they provide a temporary substitute of the extra-cellular matrix. A major limitation of established degradable implant materials is the fact, that their degradation behavior can not be reliably predicted applying existing experimental methodologies. Therefore a knowledge-based approach is clearly needed to overcome this problem and to enable the tailored design of biodegradable polymers. Here we describe two methods, which can be applied in this approach: molecular modeling combining atomistic bulk and interface models with quantum chemical studies and experimental investigations of macromolecule degradation in Langmuir monolayers. The polymers utilized to exemplarily illustrate the concepts are aliphatic (co)polyesters [e.g. poly(-caprolactone) (PCL), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(rac-lactide) (PDLLA), poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA)] and copoly(ether)esteruretanes as multiblock copolymers. The molecular modeling approach permits to efficiently investigate the influence of micro-structural properties like free volume distribution, cohesive energy density and concentration of polar functional groups on the bulk water uptake as one constituent part of hydrolytic degradation. The Langmuir monolayer investigations on polymer degradation on the other hand yield the dynamics of bond splitting during degradation within hours separately from time consuming diffusion processes, which may take months in bulk samples.
Development of Cardiovascular Implants Using Nanocomposite Polymer and Stem Cell Technology: From Lab to Commercialisation
Authors: Seifalian Alexander M. , de Mel Achala , Ghanbari Hossein , Ahmed Max , Chaloupka Karla , Darbyshire Arnold
Published: October 2010

Cardiovascular implants including bypass grafts, heart valves and stents are prone to thrombogenicity and mechanical incompatibility thus leading to limited graft patencies. Thus to overcome these issues, a nanocomposite polymer based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles and poly(carbonate urea)urethane (PCU) has been developed and patented. A solvent exchange coagulation technique has been used in the fabrication of a compliant, POSS PCU graft. In addition, we present details of bonding of bioactive peptides to attract progenitor stem cells from peripheral circulating blood onto the implants and the endothelialisation potential on the lumen. Peptides are designed to enhance interactions with cell receptor integrins whilst and in-vitro and in-vivo tests are performed to determine both endothelial and platelet as well as whole blood interactions. In conclusion these results, together with its ease of manufacture and low cost, suggest that POSS-PCU nanocomposite could be an attractive material of choice for the development of cardiovascular implants.
Novel, Rapidly Resorbable Bioceramic Bone Grafts Produce a Major Osteogenic Effect - The Pre-Clinical Evidence
Authors: Knabe Christine , Berger Georg , Gildenhaar Renate , Ducheyne Paul , Stiller Michael
Published: October 2010

Although autogenous bone grafts are currently the standard of care for bone reconstruction in implant dentistry, bone substitute materials are extensively studied in order to avoid harvesting autogenous bone. Recently, the use of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and bioactive glass 45S5 particles as alloplastic bone graft materials for alveolar ridge augmentation and sinus floor elevation procedures has received increasing attention in implant dentistry. However, given the clinical findings with these current bone substitute materials there continues to be interest in bone substitute materials which degrade more rapidly, but still stimulate osteogenesis at the same time. As a result considerable efforts have been undertaken to produce rapidly resorbable bone substitute materials, which exhibit good bone bonding behaviour by stimulating enhanced bone formation at the interface in combination with a high degradation rate. This has led to the synthesis of a new series of bioactive, rapidly resorbable calcium alkali phosphate materials. These are glassy crystalline calcium alkali orthophosphates, which exhibit stable crystalline Ca2KNa(PO4)2 phases. These materials have a higher solubility than TCP and therefore they are designed to exhibit a higher degree of biodegradability than TCP. On this basis, they are considered as excellent alloplastic materials for alveolar ridge augmentation. In order to evaluate the osteogenic potential in vitro, we first examined the effect of various rapidly resorbable calcium alkali orthophosphate bone grafting materials on the expression of osteogenic markers characteristic of the osteoblastic phenotype in vitro and compared this behaviour to that of the currently clinically used materials β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and bioactive glass 45S5. These studies showed that several calcium alkali orthophosphate materials supported osteoblast differentiation to a greater extent than TCP.
Nano-Scale Evaluation of Surface Morphology Before and After Environmental Exposure In Vitro of an Advanced Alumina/Zirconia Composite for Arthroplastic Applications
Authors: Yamamoto Kengo , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: October 2010

In view of the imminent release on the Japanese market of hip prostheses made of an advanced alumina/zirconia, we performed morphologic and spectroscopic assessments of their surfaces with high spatial resolution. Femoral heads were characterized to a degree of statistical accuracy in the as-received state and after long-term exposures in vapor-moist environment. Surface and sub-surface screening was made by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by confocal Raman spectroscopy, respectively. AFM scanning was systematically repeated with nanometer resolution on portions of surface as large as several tens of micrometers, randomly selected on the head surface, while in-depth scanning by the Raman probe allowed non-destructive analysis of phase structure in the sub-surface slab of material. Polymorphic transformation in zirconia was confined to the first few micrometers below the surface and involved no significant increase in surface roughness even after long-term environmental exposure. Surface roughness lied in a range <10 nm after environmental exposures up to 100 h, corresponding to an exposure time in vivo of several human lifetimes (i.e., according to experimentally derived thermal activation energy).
Development of Bone-Integrating Hybrid Materials Useful for Hard Tissue Repair
Authors: Miyazaki Toshiki
Published: October 2010

Apatite-polymer hybrid has attractive features as novel bone substitutes such as both
ability of bone-bonding and mechanical performances analogous to those of natural bone, i.e. high
strength and high flexibility. As a method for development of such hybrids, biomimetic process has
been proposed, where apatite formation is induced on the surfaces of organic substrates at ambient
conditions in simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations similar to those of human
extracellular fluid, or related solutions supersaturated with respect to the apatite. In this process,
heterogeneous nucleation of apatite is triggered by specific functional groups. This apatite
nucleation is enhanced by release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the materials which increases degree
of supersaturation of surrounding fluid with respect to apatite. In the present study, we attempted to
prepare apatite-polyamide hybrids by biomimetic process. Polysaccharides and natural polypeptides
containing carboxyl group (-COOH) were used as a starting material, and apatite formation ability
was compared. It was found that the apatite formation was governed by not only content of the
carboxyl group but also ionic interaction with Ca2+.
Effects of Mg Additives on Properties of Mg-Doped Hydroxyapatite Ceramics
Authors: Zima Aneta , Ślósarczyk Anna , Paszkiewicz Zofia , Staszewska Magdalena , Mróz Waldemar , Chróścicka Anna
Published: October 2010

In the studies undoped HA and HA modified with 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.8 wt % of Mg were prepared by the wet method. Introduction of magnesium into HA structure influenced its thermal stability as well as phase composition, sinterability, microstructure, flexural strength and chemical stability of the obtained calcium-phosphate ceramics. The presence of magnesium promoted the decomposition of HA to βTCP above 800°C. Beyond a certain limit (0.9 wt %), Mg ions caused formation of MgO in Mg-HA ceramics. Chemical stability of Mg modified HA below 0.9 wt % Mg under in vitro conditions was similar to that of the undoped hydroxyapatite. Biological studies showed that the number of cells cultured on the surface of HA samples with 1.8 wt % Mg additive, probably due to the MgO content, was lower than on the pure HA ceramics.
Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 190 Promotes Activation of NF-κB Canonical Pathway and Resistance of Dendritic Cells to Tumor-Associated Inhibition In Vitro
Authors: Jing Zhizi , Yuan Xin , Zhang Jing , Huang Xin , Zhang Zhiqian , Liu Jingyi , Zhang Miaomiao , Oyang Jiangbo , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Zhujun , Yang Rongcun
Published: November 2010

Tumor-associated dendritic cells (DCs) often induce T cell anergy or deletion and regulatory T cells instead of antitumor immunity. Although many tumor-associated Ags have been found, there is still no effective vaccine for cancer. Thus, novel rational strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of cancer-specific Ags are needed. Chromosome 1 open reading frame 190 (c1orf190), a gene that encodes a 239-aa hypothetical protein and contains multiple kinase phosphorylation sites, has a wide relationship with multiple signaling pathway molecules and can be regulated by multiple factors, such as TLR ligands. In this study, we demonstrate that c1orf190 can activate NF-κB, drive the production of cytokines, and promote the Ag-presenting function and the priming ability of DCs. Furthermore, c1orf190 can promote resistance of DCs to tumor-associated inhibition not only in the Ag-presenting function but also in the priming ability to induce Ag-specific T lymphocytes. Thus, c1orf190, an NF-κB activator, may be a candidate gene for regulating the function of DCs to resist tumor-associated factor-mediated dysfunction. We also found that c1orf190-mediated cytokine release is achieved by activating the canonical but not the noncanonical NF-κB pathway.
Enrichment of Foxp3+ CD4 Regulatory T Cells in Migrated T Cells to IL-6– and IL-8–Expressing Tumors through Predominant Induction of CXCR1 by IL-6
Authors: Eikawa Shingo , Ohue Yoshihiro , Kitaoka Kenta , Aji Toshiki , Uenaka Akiko , Oka Mikio , Nakayama Eiichi
Published: November 2010

Analysis of cytokine and chemokine production by tumor cell lines including five lung cancers, a malignant mesothelioma, and a malignant melanoma recently established in our laboratory showed rather high production of IL-8 in all tumors and IL-6 in one lung cancer, the malignant mesothelioma, and the malignant melanoma. We investigated the migration of PBMCs to these tumor cells using Transwell plates and showed enrichment of Foxp3+ CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) in migrated T cells to both IL-6– and IL-8–producing tumors. Marked induction of CXCR1 expression on Foxp3+ CD4 Tregs by IL-6 followed by IL-8–mediated migration appeared to be responsible for enriched migration. Frequent production of IL-8 by the tumors and Treg migration to those tumors through induction of IL-8R expression by IL-6 is one of the mechanisms for tumor escape.
Tyrosinase Small Interfering RNA Effectively Suppresses Tyrosinase Gene Expression In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Xiu-Hua Jia , Shao-Chun Lin , Bing Huang , Xiang Zhu , Jing Zhuang , Wei-Hua Li , Qian Liu , Ting Luo , Xiao-Ping Xu , Xi-Gu Chen
Published: November 2010

Tyrosinase is a bifunctional enzyme which oxidizes the initial step of melanin biosynthesis, that is, conversion of tyrosine to dopa and subsequently dopa to dopaquinone. It is a glycosylated protein and a major regulator of melanogenesis. To date, many approaches have been tried to regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin content. To that end, we screened small interfering RNA sequences for sequence-inhibited tyrosinase expression in B16 cells and in C57BL/6 mice. We analyzed tyrosinase mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR and determined tyrosinase activity and melanin content at 24, 48, and 72 hours after transfection. Results showed that siNM_011661_001 was the most efficient small interfering RNA sequence in suppressing tyrosinase mRNA expression, and cells transfected with this sequence showed lower tyrosinase activity. Moreover, intravitreous injection of siNM_011661_001 in C57BL/6 mice induced an efficient and stable gene-specific inhibition of expression at the posttranscriptional level.
Field Evaluation of Solid Sorbents for Ambient Air Sampling of Pesticides
Authors: Raina Renata , Hall Patricia
Published: November 2010

Seven solid sorbents including Amberlite® XAD-2 and XAD-4, Tenax-TA®, Anasorb-747, Chromosorb 102, 108, and 750 were evaluated for the collection of the gas phase fraction of pesticides under field conditions at an agricultural site, Bratt's Lake, SK, located in the Canadian prairies. The polyurethane foam (PUF)/sorbent cartridge consists of two PUF layers which sandwich the solid sorbent and each layer was analyzed separately to determine which portion of the PUF/solid sorbent retained the pesticides and the extent of breakthrough. The pesticides that had high detection frequency throughout the study and ambient air concentrations well above MDL were triallate, trifluralin, ethalfluralin, and chlorpyrifos. All sorbents had improved collection efficiency as compared to a standard 7.6 cm PUF and the improvement varied with each pesticide. The most effective sorbents for trapping gas phase fraction of pesticides were XAD-2, XAD-4, Tenax-TA, and Chromosorb 108. The only sorbent not recommended for use is Chromosorb 750. For selected sampling periods when ambient concentrations were above detection limits a number of other organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides also showed more efficient collection with PUF/solid sorbent cartridges as compared to PUF cartridge. Shorter sample collection periods of 4-days improved detection frequency of pesticides.
Investigating the use of secondary organic aerosol as seed particles in simulation chamber experiments
Authors: Hamilton J. F. , Rami Alfarra M. , Wyche K. P. , Ward M. W. , Lewis A. C. , McFiggans G. B. , Good N. , Monks P. S. , Carr T. , White I. R. , Purvis R. P.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The use of β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol particles as seeds for smog chamber simulations has been investigated. A series of experiments were carried out in the Manchester photochemical chamber as part of the Aerosol Coupling in the Earth System (ACES) project to study the effect of seed particles on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from limonene photo-oxidation. Rather than use a conventional seed aerosol containing ammonium sulphate or diesel particles, a method was developed to use in situ chamber generated seed particles from β-caryophyllene photo-oxidation, which were then diluted to a desired mass loading (in this case 4–13 μg m-3). Limonene was then introduced into the chamber and oxidised, with the formation of SOA seen as a growth in the size of oxidised organic seed particles from 150 to 325 nm mean diameter. The effect of the partitioning of limonene oxidation products onto the seed aerosol was assessed using aerosol mass spectrometry during the experiment and the percentage of m/z 44, an indicator of degree of oxidation, increased from around 5 to 8%. The hygroscopicity of the aerosol also changed, with the growth factor for 200 nm particles increasing from less than 1.05 to 1.25 at 90% RH. The detailed chemical composition of the limonene SOA could be extracted from the complex β-caryophyllene matrix using two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. High resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to determine exact molecular formulae of the seed and the limonene modified aerosol. The average O:C ratio was seen to increase from 0.32 to 0.37 after limonene oxidation products had condensed onto the organic seed.
Pseudo steady states of HONO measured in the nocturnal marine boundary layer: a conceptual model for HONO formation on aqueous surfaces
Authors: Wojtal P. , Halla J. D. , McLaren R.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A complete understanding of the formation mechanism of nitrous acid (HONO) in the ambient atmosphere is complicated by a lack of understanding of processes occurring when aqueous water is present. We report nocturnal measurements of HONO, SO2 and NO2 by differential optical absorption spectroscopy over the ocean surface in a polluted marine environment. In this aqueous environment, we observed reproducible pseudo steady states (PSS) of HONO every night, that are fully formed shortly after sunset, much faster than seen in urban environments. During the PSS period, HONO is constant with time, independent of air mass source and independent of the concentration of NO2. The independence of HONO on the concentration of NO2 implies a 0° order formation process, likely on a saturated surface, with reversible partitioning of HONO to the gas phase, through vaporization and deposition to the surface. We observed median HONO/NO2 ratios starting at 0.13 at the beginning of the PSS period (with an apparent lower bound of 0.03), rising to median levels of ~0.30 at the end of the PSS period (with an upper bound >1.0). The implication of these numbers is that they suggest a common surface mechanism on terrestrial and aqueous surfaces, with an increase in the HONO/NO2 ratio with the amount of water available at the surface. The levels of HONO during the nocturnal PSS period are positively correlated with temperature, consistent with a partitioning of HONO from the surface to the gas phase with an apparent enthalpy of vaporization of ΔHSNL (HONO)=55.5±5.4 kJ mole-1. The formation mechanism on aqueous surfaces is independent of relative humidity (RH), despite observation of a negative HONO-RH correlation. A conceptual model for HONO formation on ambient aqueous surfaces is presented, with the main elements being the presence of a surface nanolayer (SNL), highly acidic and saturated with N(IV) precursors, production of HNO3, that diffuses to underlying water layers, and HONO, which partitions reversibly between the SNL and the gas phase. Implications of the conceptual model are discussed.
MERIS albedo climatology for FRESCO+ O2 A-band cloud retrieval
Authors: Popp C. , Wang P. , Brunner D. , Stammes P. , Zhou Y. , Grzegorski M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. A new global albedo climatology for Oxygen A-band cloud retrievals is presented. The climatology is based on MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) Albedomap data and its favourable impact on the derivation of cloud fraction is demonstrated for the FRESCO+ (Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A-band) algorithm. To date, a relatively coarse resolution (1° × 1°) surface reflectance dataset from GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) Lambert-equivalent reflectivity (LER) is used in FRESCO+. The GOME LER climatology does not account for the usually higher spatial resolution of UV/VIS instruments designed for trace gas remote sensing which introduces several artefacts, e.g. in regions with sharp spectral contrasts like coastlines or over bright surface targets. Therefore, MERIS black-sky albedo (BSA) data from the period October 2002 to October 2006 were aggregated to a grid of 0.25° × 0.25° for each month of the year and for different spectral channels. In contrary to other available surface reflectivity datasets, MERIS includes channels at 754 nm and 775 nm which are located close to the spectral windows required for O2 A-band cloud retrievals. The MERIS BSA in the near infrared compares well to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived BSA with an average difference lower than 1% and a correlation coefficient of 0.98. However, when relating MERIS BSA to GOME LER a distinctly lower correlation (0.80) and enhanced scatter is found. Effective cloud fractions from two exemplary months (January and July 2006) of Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) data were subsequently derived with FRESCO+ and compared to those from the Heidelberg Iterative Cloud Retrieval Utilities (HICRU) algorithm. The MERIS climatology generally improves FRESCO+ effective cloud fractions. In particular small cloud fractions are in better agreement with HICRU. This is of importance for atmospheric trace gas retrieval which relies on accurate cloud information at small cloud fractions. In addition, overestimates along coastlines and underestimates in the Intertropical Convergence Zone introduced by the GOME LER were eliminated. While effective cloud fractions over the Saharan desert and the Arabian peninsula are successfully reduced in January, they are still too high in July relative to HICRU due to FRESCO+'s large sensitivity to albedo inaccuracies of highly reflecting targets and inappropriate aerosol information which hampers an accurate albedo retrieval. Apart from FRESCO+, the new MERIS albedo data base is applicable to any cloud retrieval algorithms using the O2 A-band or the O2-O2 absorption band around 477 nm. Moreover, the by-product of BSA at 442 nm can be used in NO2 remote sensing and the BSA at 620 nm, 665 nm, and 681 nm could be integrated in current H2O retrievals.
The use of machine learning algorithms to design a generalized simplified denitrification model
Authors: Oehler F. , Rutherford J. C. , Coco G.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We propose to use machine learning (ML) algorithms to design a simplified denitrification model. Boosted regression trees (BRT) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to analyse the relationships and the relative influences of different input variables towards total denitrification, and an ANN was designed as a simplified model to simulate total nitrogen emissions from the denitrification process. To calibrate the BRT and ANN models and test this method, we used a database obtained collating datasets from the literature. We used bootstrapping to compute confidence intervals for the calibration and validation process. Both ML algorithms clearly outperformed a commonly used simplified model of nitrogen emissions, NEMIS, which is based on denitrification potential, temperature, soil water content and nitrate concentration. The ML models used soil organic matter % in place of a denitrification potential and pH as a fifth input variable. The BRT analysis reaffirms the importance of temperature, soil water content and nitrate concentration. Generalization, although limited to the data space of the database used to build the ML models, could be improved if pH is used to differentiate between soil types. Further improvements in model performance and generalization could be achieved by adding more data.
Spatial variability of recent sedimentation in Lake Ohrid (Albania/Macedonia)
Authors: Vogel H. , Wessels M. , Albrecht C. , Stich H.-B. , Wagner B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Lake Ohrid is likely of Pliocene age and thus commonly referred to as the oldest existing lake in Europe. In this study spatial variability of recent sediment composition is assessed using >50 basin wide distributed surface sediment samples. Analysis of biogeochemical bulk parameters, selected metals, pigment concentrations as well as grain size distributions revealed a significant spatial heterogeneity in surface sediment composition. It implies that sedimentation in Lake Ohrid is controlled by an interaction of multiple natural and anthropogenic factors and processes. Major factors controlling surface sediment composition are related to differences in geological catchment characteristics, anthropogenic land use, and a counterclockwise rotating surface water current. In some instances processes controlling sediment composition also seem to impact distribution patterns of biodiversity, which suggests a common interaction of processes responsible for both patterns.
Implementation and evaluation of a new methane model within a dynamic global vegetation model: LPJ-WHyMe v1.3.1
Authors: Wania R. , Ross I. , Prentice I. C.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. For the first time, a model that simulates methane emissions from northern peatlands is incorporated directly into a dynamic global vegetation model. The model, LPJ-WHyMe (LPJ Wetland Hydrology and Methane), was previously modified in order to simulate peatland hydrology, permafrost dynamics and peatland vegetation. LPJ-WHyMe simulates methane emissions using a mechanistic approach, although the use of some empirical relationships and parameters is unavoidable. The model simulates methane production, three pathways of methane transport (diffusion, plant-mediated transport and ebullition) and methane oxidation. A sensitivity test was conducted to identify the most important factors influencing methane emissions, followed by a parameter fitting exercise to find the best combination of parameter values for individual sites and over all sites. A comparison of model results to observations from seven sites resulted in normalised root mean square errors (NRMSE) of 0.40 to 1.15 when using the best site parameter combinations and 0.68 to 1.42 when using the best overall parameter combination.
Ecohydrologic controls on vegetation density and evapotranspiration partitioning across the climatic gradients of the central United States
Authors: Kochendorfer J. P. , Ramírez J. A.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The soil-water balance and plant water use are investigated over a domain encompassing the central United States using the Statistical-Dynamical Ecohydrology Model (SDEM). The seasonality in the model and its use of the two-component Shuttleworth-Wallace canopy model allow for application of an ecological optimality hypothesis in which vegetation density, in the form of peak green leaf area index (LAI), is maximized, within upper and lower bounds, such that, in a typical season, soil moisture in the latter half of the growing season just reaches the point at which water stress is experienced. Via a comparison to large-scale estimates of grassland productivity, modeled-determined peak green LAI for these systems is seen to be at least as accurate as the unaltered satellite-based observations on which they are based. A related feature of the SDEM is its partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, evaporation from canopy interception, and evaporation from the soil surface. That partitioning is significant for the soil-water balance because the dynamics of the three processes are very different. Surprising little dependence on climate and vegetation type is found for the percentage of total evapotranspiration that is soil evaporation, with most of the variation across the study region attributable to soil texture and the resultant differences in vegetation density. While empirical evidence suggests that soil evaporation in the forested regions of the most humid part of the study region is somewhat overestimated, model results are in excellent agreement with observations from croplands and grasslands. The implication of model results for water-limited vegetation is that the higher (lower) soil moisture content in wetter (drier) climates is more-or-less completely offset by the greater (lesser) amount of energy available at the soil surface. This contrasts with other modeling studies which show a strong dependence of evapotranspiration partitioning on climate.
Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations
Authors: Miralles D. G. , Holmes T. R. H. , De Jeu R. A. M. , Gash J. H. , Meesters A. G. C. A. , Dolman A. J.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. This paper outlines a new methodology to derive evaporation from satellite observations. The approach uses a variety of satellite-sensor products to estimate daily evaporation at a global scale, with a 0.25 degree spatial resolution. Central to this approach is the use of the Priestley and Taylor (PT) evaporation model. Because the PT equation is driven by net radiation, this strategy avoids the need to specify surface fields of variables, such as the surface conductance, which cannot be detected directly from space. Key distinguishing features are the use of microwave-derived soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation density, as well as the use of a detailed rainfall interception module. The modelled evaporation is validated against one year of eddy covariance measurements from 43 stations. The estimated annual totals correlate well with the stations' annual cumulative evaporation (R = 0.84, N = 43) and show a negligible bias (−1.5%). The validation of the daily time series at each individual station shows good model performance in all vegetation types and climate conditions with an average correlation coefficient of R = 0.84, still lower than the R = 0.91 found in the validation of the monthly time series. The first global map of annual evaporation developed through this methodology is also presented.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation and water resources in Headwaters Region of the Yellow River: links and potential for forecasting
Authors: Lü A. , Jia S. , Yan H. , Wang S.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Many studies have examined that El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could result in the variation of rainfall and runoff of different rivers across the world. In this paper, we will look specifically at the Headwaters Region of the Yellow River (HRYR) to explore the rainfall-ENSO and runoff-ENSO relationships and discuss the potential for water resources forecasting using these relationships. Cross-correlation analyses were performed to determine the significant correlation between rainfall, runoff and ENSO indicators (e.g. SOI, Niño 1.2, Niño 3, Niño 4, and Niño 3.4) and the lag period for each relationship. Main result include: (1) there are significant correlation at 95% confidence level during three periods, i.e. January and March, from September to November; (2) there were significant correlations between monthly streamflow and monthly ENSO indictors during three periods, i.e. JFM, June, and OND, with lag periods between one and twelve months. As ENSO events can be accurately predicted one to two years in advances using physical model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system, the lead time for forecasting runoff using ENSO indicator in the HRYR can be extent to one to thirty-six months. Therefore, ENSO may have potential as a powerful forecast tool for water resource in headwater regions of Yellow River.
Retrieval of snow albedo and grain size using reflectance measurements in Himalayan basin
Authors: Negi H. S. , Kokhanovsky A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. In the present paper spectral reflectance measurements of Himalayan seasonal snow were carried out and analysed to retrieve the snow albedo and effective grain size. The asymptotic radiative transfer (ART) theory was applied to retrieve the plane and spherical albedo. The retrieved plane albedo was compared with the measured spectral albedo and a good agreement was observed with ±10% measured error accuracy. Retrieved integrated albedo was found within ±6% difference with ground observed broadband albedo. The snow grain sizes retrieved using different models based on ART theory are compared for different snow types and it was observed that presently grain size model using two channel method (one in visible and another in NIR region) can work well for Himalayan seasonal snow and it was found consistence with temporal increased grain size. This method can work very well for clean dry snow like in upper Himalaya but sometime due to low reflectances (<0.2) using wavelength 1.24 μm ART theory can not be applied, which is common in lower and middle Himalayan old snow. This study is of importance for monitoring the Himalayan cryosphere using air-borne or space-borne sensors.
A Role for YouTube in Telerehabilitation
Authors: Manasco M. Hunter , Barone Nicholas , Brown Amanda
Published: October 2010

YouTube is a free video sharing website that allows users to post and view videos. Although there are definite limitations in the applicability of this website to telerehabilitation, there are possible uses that should not be overlooked. Certain types of therapy, such as errorless learning therapy for certain language and cognitive deficits can be provided remotely via YouTube. In addition, negative emotional reactions to deficits are known to delay or halt recovery. The social networking capability YouTube provides enables individuals with health problems that may be unable to leave their houses an opportunity to gain valuable emotional support by meeting and communicating with others with similar problems. This article address the benefits and limitations of YouTube in the context of telerehabilitation and reports patient feedback on errorless learning therapy for aphasia delivered via videos posted on YouTube.
Using Research Findings to Formulate Extension Tools That Incorporate Stakeholders' Aspirations
Authors: Mwaura Francis , Muku Ogise , Nyabundi Karl W.
Published: October 2010

Kenya's tea research advisory committee (RAC) expressed its desire to tackle poverty and minimum landholding issues to improve the economics of tea farming in Kenya. This paper presents the results of a survey undertaken to address these two factors. The economics of tea farming and the minimum land requirement for economic farming in various factory catchment areas are presented, together with cost–benefit analyses of tea enterprises, their contribution to welfare and the proportions of the landholdings of farmers of varying poverty status. Recommendations for interventions to improve farmers' welfare were examined via the dissemination of the survey findings, which received a positive response from all the stakeholders.
Helicobacter pyloriInduces Disturbances in Gastric Mucosal Akt Activation through Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent S-Nitrosylation: Effect of Ghrelin
Authors: SLomiany Bronislaw L. , Slomiany Amalia
Published: November 2010

Gastric mucosal inflammatory response toH. pyloriand its key virulence factor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are characterized by a massive rise in apoptosis and the disturbances in NO signaling pathways. Here, we report thatH. pyloriLPS-induced enhancement in the mucosal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was associated with the suppression in Akt kinase activity and the impairment in constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) phosphorylation. Further, we demonstrate that the LPS effect on Akt inactivation, manifested in the kinase protein S-nitrosylation and a decrease in its phosphorylation at Ser473, was susceptible to suppression by iNOS inhibition. Moreover, the countering effect of hormone, ghrelin, on the LPS-induced changes in Akt activity was reflected in the loss in Akt S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation at Ser473, as well as cNOS activation through phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate that up-regulation in iNOS withH. pyloriinfection leads to Akt inactivation through S-nitrosylation that exerts the detrimental effect on the processes of cNOS activation through phosphorylation. We also report that ghrelin protection againstH. pylori-induced disturbances is manifested in a marked increase in Akt activity and evoked by a decrease in the kinase S-nitrosylation and the increase in its phosphorylation at Ser473.
Body Mass Index Impacts In Vitro Fertilization Stimulation
Authors: Hill Micah J. , Hong Steve , Frattarelli John L.
Published: October 2010

The objective of the study was to prospectively determine if body mass index (BMI) is predictive of live birth rates in patients undergoing IVF. The prospective study enrolled 117 infertility patients with the primary outcome measure being IVF success rates.
Mean BMI did not differ between patients with successful outcomes and those without successful outcomes. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and the number of stimulated follicles (r=0.19, P<.05). A significant negative correlation between BMI and ampules of gonadotropins used (r=−0.25, P<.01) and between BMI and days of stimulation (r=−0.19, P<.05) was noted. These data demonstrate that women with an elevated BMI produce more follicles, stimulate quicker, and require less gonadotropins during IVF. However, BMI did not have a significant effect on pregnancy outcome rates.
Gait modification strategies for altering medial knee joint load: A systematic review
Authors: Simic Milena , Hinman Rana S. , Wrigley Tim V. , Bennell Kim L. , Hunt Michael A.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate the effect of gait modification strategies on the external knee adduction moment (KAM), a marker of medial knee joint load; determine potentially adverse effects; assess the methodologic quality; and identify areas of future research.

Methods

Five electronic databases were searched. Studies evaluating the effects of gait modifications on the KAM in either healthy individuals or those with knee osteoarthritis (OA) were included. Methodologic quality was evaluated by 2 reviewers using the Downs and Black checklist.

Results

Twenty‐four studies met the inclusion criteria, exploring 14 different gait modifications of varying sample sizes, age groups, and OA classifications. Contralateral cane use, increased step width, medial knee thrust, increased hip internal rotation, weight transfer to the medial foot, and increased lateral trunk lean demonstrated KAM reductions. Tai Chi gait, ipsilateral cane use, Nordic walking poles, and increased knee flexion exhibited increases in the KAM, demonstrating a potential detriment to their use. The effects of reduced stride length, as well as increases and reductions in either toe‐out or gait speed, were inconsistent across the studies and gait cycle.

Conclusion

This review demonstrates that some gait modifications have the ability to alter knee load. Future research is required to determine the magnitude of modification required to maximize beneficial effects, the best method of training, long‐term patient adherence, and if these biomechanical changes can translate into clinically relevant changes in symptoms or disease progression risk.
Changes in physical activity and health‐related quality of life during the first year after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Brandes Mirko , Ringling Michael , Winter Corinna , Hillmann Axel , Rosenbaum Dieter
Published: October 2010

Objective

Despite its impact on the overall outcome and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) after knee surgery, physical activity has not been investigated directly using accelerometry or step monitoring during the first year after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) due to osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the development of physical activity over 12 months after surgery and its relationship to clinical outcome and HRQOL.

Methods

Fifty‐three patients scheduled for primary TKA due to OA were measured with the DynaPort ADL monitor and a step activity monitor preoperatively and at 2, 6, and 12 months of followup. Clinical outcome and HRQOL were investigated using the American Knee Society Score (KSS) and Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey.

Results

Physical activity increased significantly within 12 months of followup (from mean ± SD 4,993 ± 2,170 gait cycles preoperatively to 5,932 ± 2,111 gait cycles; P = 0.003). Clinical outcome and HRQOL improved from baseline (mean ± SD KSS 88.9 ± 21.4, mean ± SD SF‐36 43.1 ± 18.4) to 12 months of followup (mean ± SD KSS 188.6 ± 10.9; P = 0.001 and mean ± SD SF‐36 82.5 ± 15.9; P = 0.001). Physical activity parameters did not correlate with clinical outcome.

Conclusion

TKA offers profound improvements of physical activity for the majority of patients. Despite these improvements and the excellent clinical outcome, most patients do not reach the level of physical activity reported for healthy subjects. The activity level after treatment seems to be influenced by physical activity behavior prior to surgery rather than by the treatment itself.
Fuel Cells: Porous Platinum Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction and Methanol Oxidation Reactions (Adv. Funct. Mater. 21/2010)
Authors: Alia Shaun M. , Zhang Gang , Kisailus David , Li Dongsheng , Gu Shuang , Jensen Kurt , Yan Yushan
Published: October 2010

Porous platinum nanotubes (PtNTs) with a all thickness of 5 nm, an outer diameter of 60 nm, and a length of 5–20 μm are synthesized by galvanic displacement with silver nanowires, which are formed by the ethylene glycol reduction of silver nitrate. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and durability experiments are conducted for PtNTs, Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon (Pt/C), and bulk polycrystalline Pt (BP‐Pt) electrocatalysts to evaluate their catalytic properties for use as cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. PtNTs demonstrate improved mass and specific activity for ORR and durability to Pt/C. Following durability testing, PtNTs exhibit specific ORR activity approaching that of BP‐Pt. Catalyst activity for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is characterized through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques to evaluate the materials for use as anode catalysts in direct methanol fuel cells. The PtNTs show improved specific activity for MOR and chronoamperometry characteristics over Pt/C and BP‐Pt catalysts.
Selective Green Coupling of Alkynyltins and Allylic Halides to Trienynes via a Tandem Double Stille Reaction
Authors: Meana Isabel , Albéniz Ana C. , Espinet Pablo
Published: October 2010

The palladium‐catalyzed reaction of alkynyltin compounds with allylic chlorides leads to a 2:2 coupling to give trienynes by regio‐ and stereoselective formation of three new CC bonds. The reaction can be applied to different alkynyl and allylic fragments, providing a wide range of trienynes with different substitution patterns in very good yields. They can be prepared in a green way using recyclable polymeric tin alkynyls.
Prognostic factors and jaw and renal complications among multiple myeloma patients treated with zoledronic acid
Authors: Berenson James R. , Yellin Ori , Crowley John , Makary Adel , Gravenor Donald S. , Yang Hank H. , Upadhyaya Gargi H. , Flinn Ian W. , Staszewski Harry , Tiffany Natasha M. , Sanani Shamel , Farber Charles M. , Morganstein Neil , Bolejack Vanessa , Nassir Youram , Hilger James D. , Sefaradi Ashkan , Shamouelian Albert , Swift Regina A.
Published: October 2010

Few studies have evaluated prognostic factors among patients with multiple myeloma (MM) since new therapies have become available. Monthly zoledronic acid (ZOL) has been incorporated into many treatment regimens to reduce skeletal‐related events (SREs), but outcomes among patients receiving this bisphosphonate have not been well‐defined. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine baseline and on‐treatment prognostic factors in these patients. Data were collected from the date of diagnosis on 300 consecutive MM patients treated with ZOL. Median duration of ZOL was 18 months (range 1–121 months). The skeletal morbidity rate was 0.116 events per patient year. Five‐year overall survival (OS) was 69%. Risk factors for shortened OS included SREs, increased serum creatinine, and International Staging System (ISS) Stage II or III. Thirty‐four (11%) patients showed worsening renal function. In 28 of these patients, ZOL was discontinued and restarted in half of these patients following a brief delay. Only 5 of the 34 patients showed worsening of their renal function. Fourteen patients (4.7%) developed osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). All patients with ONJ are in remission or with stable disease except one patient who died of a myocardial infarction while in remission. Only two patients showed some worsening of ONJ despite of ongoing monthly ZOL. Overall, these results suggest that skeletal complications are an important prognostic factor for MM. Although ONJ and renal deterioration may infrequently occur with ZOL, most patients do not experience worsening of these conditions with ongoing treatment with this bisphosphonate. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advances in understanding behavioral phenotypes in neurogenetic syndromes
Authors: Harris James C.
Published: October 2010

Syndrome‐specific behavior was proposed by Langdon Down in his first clinical descriptions. Research interest followed but waned during the eugenics era when antisocial behavior was attributed to people with intellectual disability (ID) and the US Supreme Court legalized involuntary sterilization. When these claims were refuted and behavioral treatments introduced, their focus on environmental determination minimized the importance of biological research. The modern era began with the recognition that patterned behavior, for example, self‐injury in Lesch–Nyhan syndrome and hyperphagia in PWS, was syndrome‐specific, and when parent support groups pointed out syndrome‐specific behavioral similarities in their children. Syndrome‐specific rating scales and methodologies followed to allow behavioral comparisons between syndromes. The focus initially was on specific behaviors but with refinements in neuropsychological tests has expanded to include neurocognitive profiles. Greater clarification in genetic diagnoses has led to mutant mouse behavioral models and neurophysiologic and neuroimaging strategies have made possible the study of brain circuits. There is growing interest in investigating the developmental trajectory of behaviors from infancy to adulthood and old age. Because anxiety, mood disturbance, repetitive behaviors, and social deficits commonly occur in people with severe ID, those affected are often given multiple psychiatric diagnoses. This has led to considerable confusion in the literature. It is critical to focus on specific behaviors and cognitive patterns in research and not confuse psychiatric symptoms that lack precise definitions and involve multiple genes, the so‐called psychiatric phenotype, with the more specific behavioral phenotype. New treatments based on knowledge of underlying neurobiology call for more fine‐grained definition of behavior. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.