bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to Inconsistent Career Preferences
Authors: Osipow Samuel H. , Gold James A.
Published: December 2011

A sample of entering college freshmen was divided into 2 groups on the basis of the consistency or inconsistency of their first and second career preferences. The two groups were compared on several family and personal factors in order to identify variables that are related to inconsistencies in career preferences. The groups were observed to be somewhat different in the general level of their academic ability and the degree to which their interests were supported by SVIB results. No significant family differences between the two groups were observed. These findings were tentatively interpreted as implying that the inconsistency of career preference was more likely to be the result of the student's recognition of his limited abilities than the other variables examined in this study.
Realities Confronting Elementary School Guidance
Authors: Eckerson Louise Omwake
Published: December 2011

Overlap among 8 pupil personnel services, having implications for elementary school guidance, is illustrated by quotations from Scope of Pupil Personnel Services, written by representatives of the 8 disciplines. The overlap is viewed as advantageous in helping children if pupil personnel services are organized to accommodate flexibility. Guidance personnel are urged to borrow extensively from research in all behavioral sciences in developing an elementary school guidance program catering to known and anticipated requirements of young children for succeeding in a technological society. Other disciplines are cited for their potential contributions to elementary school guidance in some areas not usually emphasized in professional literature.
The Legitimacy of Elementary School Counseling: Some Unresolved Issues and Conflicts
Authors: Aubrey Roger F.
Published: December 2011

The increased expansion of counseling services at the elementary school level has had few critics, for the services are long overdue and desperately needed. Three factors seem to have escaped close scrutiny by most members of the guidance profession. First, all too often the training, preparation, and models of elementary counselors are those originally devised for secondary school pupils and seem grossly inadequate for elementary age children. Second, there is a serious lack of both theory and research at the elementary level and this raises serious questions as to direction and methodology. Third, the problem of role conflict is heightened at the elementary level and raises serious questions regarding the success of guidance policies and programs. It is suggested that only an immediate increase in interest, research and theory by counselor educators can save elementary guidance from falling into the hands of other disciplines or school administrators.
The Counselor Is a Psychologist
Authors: Brammer Lawrence M.
Published: December 2011

School counselors are anxious about their status and identity as professional workers. They are criticized by other helping professions for their superficiality, and they are being dispossessed of their basic helping functions by school psychologists and social workers. Solutions proposed are abandonment of the guidance model for counselors, and adoption of the counseling psychologist model geared to a two‐year master's degree level. Counselors are being called upon increasingly to function as psychological specialists in behavior change and their training has become firmly based in the psychological aspects of behavioral science. Statements by the American School Counselors Association and a growing number of counselor educators emphasize the psychological base of counseling practice.
Learning Theory and Vocational Decisions
Authors: Miller Adam W.
Published: December 2011

The theme is proposed that a learning theory of vocational behavior could contribute to both understanding and theory development in the area of vocational decisions. The discussion includes a definition of vocational decisions and specification of three functions of a theory. The functions are explanation, prediction, and control. The developmental, psychoanalytic, and trait approaches to theories of vocational decisions are contrasted with a learning approach in terms of the definition of decisions and the functions of theories. An example of vocational counseling illustrates the application of learning concepts to vocational decision behavior. The major advantages of a learning theory approach are that it has the potential for both accurate prediction and extensive control of decisions.
Illustrative Problems in College‐Level Grading
Authors: Juola Arvo E.
Published: December 2011

Data from several institutional studies on collegiate grading are presented and warrant the following conclusions: Overtly, grading appears to be uniform and constant, but rising ability levels of students raise a question about consistency. This nonyielding grading distribution makes sequence courses particularly demanding. Wide variations in grade averages in multiple section courses again open up questions about consistency, especially because these fluctuations show no apparent relationship to student quality. Wide variations in grade averages for similar courses also raise questions about the meaningfulness of resulting grades.
Effect on College Choice Satisfaction of Matching Students and Colleges
Authors: Rand Leonard P.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the currently held theory of homogeneous matching of a student to a college and its effect on college choice satisfaction. Measures of scholastic potential, personality, and interest, and subcultural orientation on 7,257 freshmen enrolled in 28 colleges were related to their expressions of satisfaction with their choice of college. The contention that students most similar or dissimilar to students at their chosen school would be most satisfied or dissatisfied was not supported. The relationship between satisfaction and matching is minimal and quite complex and casts serious doubt on this form of placing students in college.
Relationships of Equivalent Scales on Three Interest Inventories
Authors: Zytowski Donald G.
Published: December 2011

Correlations between 52 same and similarly named scales of the SVIB and OIS, 14 pairs of the OIS and MVII, and 3 of the SVIB and MVII were computed from scores obtained from 224 male college students. The median r's for each pairing of inventories were .25, .19, and .04 respectively. The results are interpreted to mean that predictions of a similarly named scale from one inventory to another would be unreliable, but as not reflecting any necessary lack of validity to external criterion. Suggestions are made for experiments to identify the source of the lacking co‐variance.
The Social Psychology of Cramming
Authors: Sommer Robert
Published: December 2011

Several questionnaire, interview, and observational studies on a university campus revealed that students believe cramming is most useful in courses which required considerable memorization and is least useful when individual thought or creativity are called for. About two‐thirds of the students questioned were dissatisfied with their study habits and there was more dissatisfaction among students doing poorly. Examination time is stressful and disturbances of sleep, eating, and general body condition are widespread. Such disturbances are proportionately greater among poor students. Cramming must be considered as an adaptation to a particular sort of evaluational system and cannot be understood without reference to the student role.
Toward a Definition of Work
Authors: Quey Richard L.
Published: December 2011

Work is purposeful activity with a future orientation. Efficiency and specialization are essential characteristics of work which affect human values. Social identity and money reward are other significant aspects of work. Individual motivation to work is closely related to need for activity and opportunity for self‐regulation. Non‐work activities provide direct satisfaction of human needs and interests. Implications for vocational counseling, education, society, and the future are discussed briefly.
Student Curriculum Decisions
Authors: Halpern Gerald , Norris Lila
Published: December 2011

Grade 10 students at two high schools took the Case Development Questionnaire, an information‐search assessment instrument. A description of the way these students sought to make curricular decisions was obtained: (1) They tended to select information which counselors had judged to be most relevant; (2) Their information search sampled the available information areas with the exception of values, which tended to be neglected; (3) Their information‐search pattern changed as they received information, i.e., information at first considered important would be reclassified as unimportant (and vice versa) as new information was received; (4) The information area of abilities was considered the most important, plans and interests less important, and values least important.
Vocational Appraisal of Social Security Disability Claimants
Authors: Overs Robert P.
Published: December 2011

Rehabilitation centers offering vocational appraisal services to Social Security disability claimants should be aware that the factors of plant physical examinations, age, race, social class, sex, and religion may be barriers to employment which operate independently of work performance ability. When, after vocational appraisal, a claimant is recommended as employable, the rehabilitation center should back up its recommendation by a job‐getting technique training program or direct placement help.
Counselors in Private Practice: A Survey Report
Authors: Duncan C. W.
Published: December 2011

A questionnaire was mailed to every marriage counselor, child guidance specialist, and psychologist listed in the yellow pages of Florida telephone directories. The replies were used to describe the profession of private practice counseling. Sixty‐seven percent of the sample replied. It was found that several professions offer counseling as a service, but there is not yet an established profession of private practice counseling.
Student Power in Medieval Universities
Authors: Cardozier V. R.
Published: December 2011

Current student power efforts have precedent in medieval universities, primarily at Bologna, which was a completely student‐dominated university. The university government was composed of students only, except for the chancellor, a church appointee whose power was limited largely to awarding degrees. Professors were required to abide by student‐approved regulations, to swear obedience to the (student) rector, and to follow procedures prescribed by students in conduct of classes. Either by church or royal decree, students enjoyed privileges unknown today, such as freedom from taxation and military service, often freedom from arrest and trial in civil courts, and other considerations.
College Student Personnel and Academic Freedom for Students
Authors: Miller Theodore K. , Pilkey George P.
Published: December 2011

The issue of academic freedom for students is frequently a source of heated controversy. In the emotionally charged atmosphere that surrounds this question the true nature and purpose of academic freedom are too often obscured. This discussion focuses attention on the philosophical and educational premises that underlie this concept and attempts to examine it from several frames of reference. A brief summary tracing the historical evolution of academic freedom for students to the present is developed and 8 common points of emphasis as interpreted from several current statements on the subject are outlined. An additional concern of some moment involving the relationship and responsibility of the college student personnel worker to these 8 significant points of common emphasis is noted.
Status of Guidance and Counseling in the Elementary School
Authors: Van Hoose William H. , Vafakas Catherine M.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated some aspects of elementary school guidance and counseling in the 50 states and the 4 American territories. Specifically, such matters as the number of counselors employed, their professional background, certification, and state standards were examined. Results of this study were as follows: 3,837 counselors are now working in elementary schools in 48 states; the majority of these counselors are former elementary school teachers. Over 70 per cent are supported in part by federal funds. To date, 14 states have developed certification requirements for elementary counselors that are discernibly different from secondary certification. For the most part, state standards for elementary school guidance lack specificity; in some cases such standards are non‐existent
Manipulation of the Environmental Press in a College Residence Hall
Authors: Brown Robert D.
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to determine the effects of having college residence hall floors numerically dominated by students with similar academic majors and the effects of a program of intellectual discussions held on the residence hall floors. Freshman room assignments were arranged so that the ratio of science students to humanities students was 4 to 1 on two floors of a residence hall and the ratio of humanities students to science students was 4 to 1 on two other floors. On two floors a series of intellectual discussions was held. The dominance of a vocational group had a significant impact on feelings about college major, satisfaction with college, and social interaction. The discussion program had a significant effect upon intellectual attitudes and activities.
Personality of College Under‐Achievers Who Improve with Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Thelen Mark H. , Harris Charles S.
Published: December 2011

The 16 PF and a rating scale were given to a group of college underachievers and the following subgroups emerged: 38 test responders (TR) who were not interested in group therapy, an experimental (E) group containing 19 subjects who received group therapy, and a control (C) group containing 13 subjects who were interested in but did not receive group therapy. After an interval of about 17 weeks, and following the termination of group therapy for the E group, data on academic improvement were obtained. The results indicate: (a) significantly greater academic improvement in the E group than in the C group; (b) higher correlations between certain adaptive or “healthy” personality variables and academic improvement in the E group than in the TR and C groups.
A Test of Group Counseling
Authors: Bates Marilyn
Published: December 2011

High school students were counseled in groups designed around either a “traditional” or an “accelerated interaction” format The efficiency of each approach in achieving the goals of guidance in education was studied. Group counseling appeared to be a useful counseling tool if organized on a weekly basis.
Attractiveness of Occupations to High School Students
Authors: Slocum Walter L. , Bowles Roy T.
Published: December 2011

Information was obtained by questionnaire from a sample of approximately 3,100 Washington high school juniors and seniors concerning career aspirations and whether they would like or dislike each of 61 selected occupations. Analysis of the responses shows (1) that a wide range of occupations, including many nonprofessional occupations, would be attractive even though 67 per cent of the boys and 59 per cent of the girls aspired to professions, (2) that students tend to reject occupations traditionally followed primarily by the opposite sex as well as a number of other occupations, and (3) that the prestige ranking of a specific occupation is not a very good predictor of occupational likes and dislikes of students. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Attitudes Toward Business as a Function of Student Quality and Career Intentions
Authors: Lawrie J. W.
Published: December 2011

This study sought to determine student attitudes toward business as a social institution, careers in business, and businessmen, and then to relate these attitudes to measures of career intention and student quality. A random sample of 91 subjects was administered a double pre‐tested questionnaire after results of a pilot study were reviewed. Positive and negative attitudes toward business were analyzed following three popular hypotheses: the “values” hypothesis, the “seduction” hypothesis, the “grey flannel suit” hypothesis. A negative relation between student quality and intention to enter business careers was found. The most consistent underlying explanation for this result was found to relate to student values and motivations and not to attitude sources external to the individual.
Interests of Engineering Graduates According to Undergraduate Curricula
Authors: Apostal Robert A.
Published: December 2011

This report describes a study of the interests of students who graduated from different engineering specialties at the University of Maine. 90 graduates in each of 5 specialties were selected for study. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank was the measure of interests. Analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were the statistical procedures employed. The study shows that the interests of students in engineering differ statistically among the curriculum specialties. The study also reveals the nature of these differences. Some practical applications of the data are suggested.
Closing the Vocational Counseling Realities Gap
Authors: Litzinger William , Visser Cornelis
Published: December 2011

A two‐week summer institute sponsored by Plans for Progress, encompassing company visitations and scheduled campus speakers augmented by seminar discussions, provided significant improvement in counselors' perceptions of industry expectations and requirements. A perspective on the amount and accuracy of company knowledge held by vocational counselors was obtained by administering the questionnaire used in the Plans for Progress Institute to a group of undergraduate campus leaders and two expectedly biased “in” groups earning degrees in business administration. The counselors were found to be as knowledgeable as mature MBA students working full time in industry and significantly more informed than undergraduates majoring in business administration as well as undergraduate student leaders.
Counselor Competence: Some Proposals in Search of Advocacy
Authors: Dunlop Richard S.
Published: December 2011

The competence of school counselors is traditionally assessed by administrators, who also determine which qualified and unqualified applicants will be admitted to practice and which practitioners will be retained, and pass various other judgments about guidance services and the persons who perform them. It is postulated that the public and professional interests would be better served were these judgments made by skilled counselors. Several methods are proposed by which school guidance workers might monitor their own services in order thus to sustain and improve quality according to appropriate professional criteria. To these ends, it is recommended that practitioners be involved directly in counselor education; that counselors‐in‐practice evaluate and judge each other through employment of several suggested approaches; and that committees of counselors be formed locally to select and supervise new guidance personnel, determine fitness of counselors for continued practice, and perform a complaint investigation function.
Pupil Personnel Services in the Elementary School
Authors: Lorimer John , Haddad Joseph
Published: December 2011

Student personnel services for the elementary school utilizing counselor, social worker, and psychologist are discussed with respect to their overlapping and unique skills. As a solution to the manpower shortage, a program for multidisciplinary training of paraprofessionals is suggested.
Epistemology and School Counseling
Authors: Schell Edith , Daubner Edward
Published: December 2011

Because a counselor's interactions with his clients should be an out‐growth of his philosophical commitments, he must grapple with certain epistemological questions: (a) Can human beings know the extramental world or merely their own ideas? (b) Is human knowledge a valid representation of the extramental world? (c) Can human beings reach agreement about the nature of extramental realities? The counselor can assume two possible stances. First, there is the “realist” position which states that there is an extramental world, we can achieve valid knowledge of it, and the knowledge of various observers can agree. Second is the “phenomenalist” position: There is an extramental world, but no one can achieve valid knowledge of it, nor can various observers easily agree regarding its nature. The realist counselor should help his client perceive his problem situation as it “really” is and as it appears to others. The phenomenalist counselor cannot do this instead, he can only try to enter the client's subjectivity and to help him deepen and enrich his unique perception of the problem situation.
Counselor, Know Thyself!: In Quest of a Viable Model of the Human Condition as a Prerequisite for Professional Effectiveness
Authors: Rousseve Ronald J.
Published: December 2011

This essay represents the attempt of a counselor‐educator to examine openly the philosophic‐psychological premises and related value commitments which sustain his functioning, professionally and personally. These reflections in search of a viable model of modern man are based upon the conviction that unless a counselor is aware of the ideological determinants of his own behavior, he cannot attend adequately to the client's search for values and for a sense of personal identity. The presentation is not a finished treatise, but is an honest attempt at self‐examination pursuant to the dilemmas which confront inquiring men in their quest to understand the human condition.
Satisfied and Dissatisfied Students
Authors: Diedrich Richard C. , Jackson Philip W.
Published: December 2011

Satisfaction toward school was assessed by means of a 60‐item questionnaire and was related to measures of academic success, intellectual ability, social, class, and personal values. For the total sample of 258 high school juniors, there was no significant relation between their evaluation of school experiences and their achievement, as measured by standardized tests and teachers' grades. Teachers rated satisfied students as less impulsive and more responsible than average students. The teachers' ratings also revealed a marked positive bias in favor of girls. Extreme groups on the satisfaction measures were compared and tentative explanations are offered for some of the major differences.
Positive Mental Health and Facilitative Genuineness During Counseling
Authors: Foulds Melvin L.
Published: December 2011

This study was undertaken to determine if the scales on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI), a measure of positive mental health, could effectively discriminate between two groups of counselors with respect to ability to communicate the therapeutic condition of facilitative genuineness within counseling relationships. Results disclosed that 7 of the 12 scales of the POI significantly differentiated between the “high genuineness” and “low genuineness” groups. Findings suggest that counselor education programs should focus more directly upon providing personal growth experiences for students of counseling.
Person‐Placement Congruence: A Framework for Vocational Counselors
Authors: Miskimins R. W. , Wilson L. T. , Berry K. L. , Oetting E. R. , Cole C. W.
Published: December 2011

A common guideline for vocational counseling is the rule requiring congruence between a man and his job. The issue of person‐placement congruence was studied utilizing 159 patients referred for vocational rehabilitation to the Mental Health and Manpower Project from the Fort Logan Mental Health Center. A 13‐item scale devised by project research staff and completed by vocational counselors was shown to predict later job success. By separating the scale into two categories, those items dealing with abilities and those related to needs, it was possible to predict the nature of job termination, i.e., quit or was fired. There was demonstrated considerable validity for the man‐job fit approach to counseling, and this research served as an initial step toward detailing this rather simple rule.
Parent‐Child Relations, Need‐Nurturance, and Vocational Orientation
Authors: Appleton George M. , Hansen James C.
Published: December 2011

This is a study of the relevance of nurturant parent‐child relations and need‐nurturance to one's vocational orientation. One hundred seventy‐nine high school juniors responded to questionnaires concerning their parent‐child relations, need‐nurturance, and vocational choice. Students were classified as vocationally oriented toward either persons or non‐persons. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the two vocational orientations in need‐nurturance but not in parent‐child relations. Sex differences were found in both need‐nurturance and parent‐child relations. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Case Study: New Directions For the College Counselor at CCNY
Authors: Levy Edwin Ira
Published: December 2011

Community mental health concepts suggest that college counselors may move towards preventive activity rather than remaining focused primarily on response to established symptoms in troubled students. Preventive activity views the college, its policies, and its administration as legitimate areas of counselor‐involvement. Experience indicates there is room on the campus for both functions: (a) traditional one‐to‐one interactions within the counseling office; and (b) outreach programs affecting large numbers of students and administrators. Outreach has shown itself effective in reaching students who might not spontaneously seek out the counseling office. Several areas of counselor involvement at City College in which the staff has experimented with the outreach philosophy are discussed.
The Counselor as an Applied Behavioral Scientist
Authors: Thoresen Carl E.
Published: December 2011

The swirl of change—instant history—coupled with contemporary human problems makes it imperative that counselors shed their complacencies and “truths” in order to doubt, question, and examine all that they now do. Counseling viewed as a highly complex, social‐psychological phenomenon demands counselors who are applied behavioral scientists. Our outrageous wordology and one‐method‐one‐technique orientation, along with confused “scientific‐versus‐humanistic” thinking, has severely impeded progress. Counseling should follow from client problems rather than be a predetermined, prescribed, and stylized activity. Social modeling in groups, systematic desensitization, and contingency management techniques are illustrative of how counselors can function as applied behavioral scientists.
The Teenage Problem Is the Adult
Authors: Eckerson Louise O.
Published: December 2011

Counselor education programs and professional associations of behavioral and social sciences have failed to assist counselors, teachers, and parents in understanding and relating to youth in this technological era. Rebelliousness, alienation, and even rioting engaged in by youth represent cries for help to which adults respond, sometimes with indifference but more often with confusion, resentment, or active antagonism. Empathic and informed counselors may be able to reduce the basic feeling of guilt that leads to such negative reactions by helping school staff and parents recognize that rapid and dramatic changes in modern society have irrevocably influenced attitudes, values, and behaviors of youth. Youth have much right on their side. However, they need wisdom of perceptive adults to guide them in working in acceptable ways for legitimate goals which the older generation has preached but often disregarded in practice. “There is, of course, a teenage problem, but that problem is not the teenager but the adult.”—Ashley Montagu.
The alienated counselor
Authors: ARBUCKLE DUGALD S.
Published: December 2011

This paper deals with the question of the difficulty of communication between the counselor and those individuals who live in the ghetto and who are usually described as alienated. It describes the alienated client and the alienated counselor. On the assumption that the alienation is the responsibility of the counselor rather than the client, the article then goes on to describe the kind of counselor who might be referred to as “non‐alienated.”
The counselor is a man and a woman
Authors: CARKHUFF ROBERT R. , BERENSON BERNARD G.
Published: December 2011

Recent research portrays the counselor as not only tender, gentle, loving, and passive‐receptive in a Farsonian sense but also active and assertive, and able to confront and interpret immediacy when appropriate. Functional definitions of masculinity and femininity would suggest that the counselor initiates communication and is action‐oriented as well as responsive and facilitative. Those counselors who offer the highest levels of facilitative dimensions also offer the highest levels of action‐oriented dimensions.
Counselor conditions for self‐exploration of college students
Authors: HOUNTRAS PETER T. , ANDERSON DERWYN L.
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to determine whether the counselor‐offered conditions of empathy, respect, and genuineness promoted self‐exploration in clients reporting voluntarily to a university counseling center. Twenty‐seven male and 27 female undergraduates comprised the sample of clients; nine male doctoral student interns comprised the counselors. Clients were assigned to an educational, vocational, or personal‐social problem category. The instruments used were the Truax Depth of Self‐Exploration Scale and the Carkhuff scales of counselor conditions. Significant relationships were found between empathy, respect, and genuineness, and self‐exploration in each problem category for counseling center clients of both sexes.
Seven years of the Journal: a review
Authors: BROWN FREDERICK G.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the contents of volumes 41 to 47 (1962 through 1969) of the Personnel and Guidance Journal, focusing on its composition, its authors, and several aspects of its articles such as methodology, setting, and contents. Relative emphases and trends are also identified and discussed.
Elephants in the living room
Authors: ASPY DAVID N.
Published: December 2011

The elephant experience involves too much stimulation or input for a person to integrate. School personnel may help each other and their students to cope more effectively with these experiences by understanding the symptoms, the common sources, and the process of using them constructively. The symptoms are preoccupation, avoidance, overreaction, and flight into activity. Common sources are grades, test scores, and athletic success. The process of using them constructively involves facilitative people, use of personal resources, review of progress toward assimilation, and personal integration of experiential meaning. The elephant experience is seen as a source of learning that may be either devastating or enriching, and the challenge to the facilitator is to help each individual make it constructive.
Personality characteristics of sensitivity group volunteers
Authors: OLCH DORIS , SNOW DAVID L.
Published: December 2011

Thirty‐nine undergraduates who volunteered for sensitivity groups and 62 who did not were compared on 11 scales of the California Psychological Inventory. As predicted, sensitivity group members scored significantly lower on 8 of 11 scales. Differences on the other three scales were in the predicted direction but insignificant. The authors suggested that students are motivated to seek sensitivity groups because of self‐perceived problems in the same way that students are who seek counseling. The assumption that the well‐functioning individual joins sensitivity groups was challenged.
Anatomy of a campus crisis center
Authors: TUCKER BETTY JO , MEGENITY DONALD , VIGIL LYLE
Published: December 2011

This article describes the organization and implementation of a crisis calling center for college students at Southern Colorado State College. The “Help Anonymous” telephone service was established in November of 1968 to make counseling help readily available to students in distress. Volunteers staffed the service after they had completed special training supervised by professional personnel. Calls received as of May 28, 1969, totalled 380. Problem areas mentioned most frequently by callers included dating, family, college classes, loneliness, and lack of information. Help Anonymous thus far has evolved three functions: a listening service, an information service, and a referral service. In addition, the program has revealed unusual potential for a variety of future applications within the college community.
The counselor‐consultant and the effeminate boy
Authors: MYRICK ROBERT D.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a case study of an effeminate boy in an elementary school. Rather than counseling the boy directly, the counselor consulted the child's teachers regarding strategies for change. Following experimental procedures, significant changes were recorded in behavior and attitude as measured by pre‐ and post‐experimental measures: playground behavior, lunchroom behavior, physical education activities, class sociogram, and a Semantic Differential. The case demonstrates how deviant children, such as this effeminate boy, can be aided through consultation with teachers and through learning experiences within the regular school program.
Let's close the confidentiality gap
Authors: MARSH JOHN J. , KINNICK BERNARD C.
Published: December 2011

An examination of the interface between the law of privileged communication and the professional standards of confidentiality reveals a considerable gap between what the law is and what counseling and guidance personnel believe it is. The nature of the law is discussed, and evidence of disagreement with and misunderstanding of the law by counseling and guidance personnel is presented. Several recommendations are made to close the gap by bringing knowledge and attitude of counseling and guidance personnel into agreement with the law as well as modifying the law to reflect the needs of clients, counselors, and society.
College freshman attitudes toward cheating
Authors: CENTRA JOHN A.
Published: December 2011

This article proposed to study characteristics of students with lenient attitudes toward cheating and to identify the types of colleges that enroll these students. By using a sample of 1,500 students, it was found that those with lenient attitudes toward academic cheating shared similar attitudes about cheating in government and industry. Furthermore, these students tended to be less academically motivated, have fewer artistic‐literary interests, and come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. From the use of a sample of 119 institutions, it was found that those enrolling students with strong attitudes against cheating were generally more selective, all‐female, and small in size.
Status of guidance in the elementary school: 1968–69
Authors: VAN HOOSE WILLIAM H. , KURTZ SISTER MARIE
Published: December 2011

This study investigated some aspects of elementary school guidance and counseling in the 50 states and the 4 territories of America. Specifically such matters as number of counselors employed, their sources of financial support, professional background, certification, and state standards were examined. Counselors now working in elementary schools in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands total 6,041. The majority are supported in part by federal funds, with 36 percent supported locally. Eighty to 90 percent of the counselors are trained in guidance and counseling. To date, 23 states indicated certification requirements specifically for counselors at the elementary level.
Alienated Youth: the Counselor's Task
Authors: WARNER RICHARD W. , HANSEN JAMES C.
Published: December 2011

A serious problem facing counselors in today's schools is the increasing number of youth who are alienated from their schools. In dealing with this situation, counselors frequently regard it as one which stems from a dysfunction within the individual student; although this may be true in some cases, it is the thesis of this article that the problem often stems from the structure of the school. The theoretical background and causes of alienation in today's youth are discussed. Implications for counselors and the schools are presented along with recommendations for possible courses of action.
Job satisfaction research of 1966‐67
Authors: PALLONE NATHANIEL J. , RICKARD FRED S. , HURLEY ROBERT B.
Published: December 2011

This review of job satisfaction research is the 24th in a series. It covers earlier studies not previously reviewed in this series as well as 103 reports published in 1966‐67 relating job satisfaction to some 53 variables. The format—overview, variables investigated, current emphases—has become standard in this series. Earlier summaries will be found in Job Satisfaction by Robert Hoppock (Harper & Bros., 1935), in Occupations (April 1938, October 1940, February 1943, April 1945, April 1948, December 1948, December 1949, October 1950, May 1951, May 1952), and in the Personnel and Guidance Journal (September 1953, September 1954, May 1955, May 1956, September 1957, September 1958, May 1959, September 1960, December 1961, November 1962, October 1963, December 1964, December 1966). Readers are invited to notify the authors of research appropriate for review in future surveys.
Silence is the heart's size
Authors: CARROLL MARGUERITE R.
Published: December 2011

Note.—These logs were written while attending a graduate class in group process. They are an attempt to communicate what was observed and felt. So often educational articles and reports identify more with science than with art, more with research than with feeling, more with norms than with the wellsprings of individual consciousness. The effects of the scientific approach are often barren to the counselor who practices the great venture of helping others bring beauty out of their own experiences. These seven logs, all different moments of insight and perception, seek to reflect the work one does as he participates in the dynamics of group process.—Marguerite R. Carroll, Assistant Professor, Division of Counseling and Evaluation, Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut, and doctoral candidate, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York.
The crisis intervention technique with potential college dropouts
Authors: GARNER WILLIAM CHADWICK
Published: December 2011

In this study the experimenter used both individual counseling and manipulation of the environment to help students cope with the crisis situations that frequently arise in the lives of freshman men. In a controlled experiment using students who had ranked in the lower 40 percent of their secondary school graduating classes, it was shown that the use of the crisis intervention technique was effective both in reducing the number of dropouts and in improving the academic performance of the experimental group. A follow‐up study showed that the method seemed to be helpful even to those who left college prior to graduation.
Campus unrest: worldwide challenge for student affairs
Authors: HASCALL EDWARD O.
Published: December 2011

Student protest is demanding more worldwide attention. The college‐age population is increasing rapidly and a larger segment of this group is enrolling in colleges. Many students are disillusioned with the hypocrisy and outraged by the social ills and injustices they see around them. They are particularly upset that universities, while often failing to provide an educational program and climate that are relevant and personal, also seem to be collaborating with those forces in society which create and perpetuate the ills. Student personnel workers are urged to review their services in light of the protest and to help their institutions heal themselves and provide responsible leadership in the larger society.
Returning special education students to regular classes
Authors: CORMANY ROBERT B.
Published: December 2011

Students are often placed in school special education classes, but they are seldom returned to regular classes. This study of 30 students who were returned points out that by careful screening and orientation such students can be academically successful. The role of the counselor in dealing with special education students has been badly neglected in educational literature, yet he is in an excellent position to correct some of the abuses that exist in schools where the special education program is considered terminal.
Counseling blacks
Authors: VONTRESS CLEMMONT E.
Published: December 2011

As a subcultural group in our society, blacks have developed unique environmental perceptions, values, and attitudes which intrude in the counseling relationship, making it difficult for the counselor to establish and maintain a positive rapport with Negro clients. This article examines attitudinal ingredients posited by Carl Rogers for their relevance to this problem, and it suggests in‐service training to help counselors and other professionals relate more effectively with inner‐city blacks.
Limiting confidential information in counseling
Authors: PARDUE JERRY , WHICHARD WILLIS , JOHNSON ELIZABETH
Published: December 2011

Historically, confidentiality has been viewed on all educational levels as implicit both in counseling relationships and in the maintenance and use of student records; yet recently, a decision of a Superior Court judge in the state of Maine (the Bates College case) made it obvious that at least college admissions records which show school counselor recommendations are not necessarily legally confidential. With expressed needs for privileged communication in education continuing to manifest themselves through the consideration and passage of legislation, this article reconsiders prevailing legal and ethical limits to confidentiality, with particular reference to the APGA Ethical Standards of 1961.
The child development consultant: an experiment
Authors: SEIDMAN ERIC
Published: December 2011

The effects of a new type of practitioner in elementary schools—the Child Development Consultant—were evaluated in contrast to the effects of persons carrying out typical functions of the elementary school counselor and social worker. This two‐year project shows trends but no significant differences favoring one type of worker over the other. Evidence suggests the value of a pupil services practitioner in a school, and indicates that although such practitioners were prepared informally and relatively briefly, their effects are the same as those who engage in full, formal preparation programs.
Liberal arts graduates: They would do it again
Authors: CALVERT ROBERT
Published: December 2011

Despite the trend toward increasing specialization in our society, men who graduated 15, 10, and 5 years before this study with college majors in liberal arts report a high degree of satisfaction with their careers and their lives. If they had it to do all over again, 80 percent would major in a liberal arts subject. Three‐fourths felt that liberal education had prepared them well for vocational life. Most graduates selected their career goal after graduation from college. The greatest help in career planning came from faculty members and family—not from guidance or placement counselors.
Information retrieval systems in guidance
Authors: MILLER JULIET
Published: December 2011

If information retrieval systems are to facilitate the dissemination of information for certain guidance functions, it is important that the factors which influence the use of such systems be understood. This article discusses information retrieval processes and the components of an information system. It also describes a number of currently operating systems which have direct relevance for guidance and counseling, and it stresses that in developing and using these systems, individual counselors, large guidance‐oriented units, and guidance and counseling professional associations all have a vital role to play in this development.
Fu tao: guidance in Taiwan seeks a value orientation
Authors: SCAFF MARILEE K. , TING MARIA G.
Published: December 2011

The guidance movement in Taiwan, only 20 years old, has paralleled ours in developing from vocational‐educational advisement toward personal counseling. There is a basic conflict between traditional Chinese culture grounded in Confucian ideals and rules of behavior, and the highly individualized value orientation on which the counseling movement is predicated. This conflict leads Chinese guidance workers to search their tradition for a more appropriate balance between individual freedom and social responsibility. This article is a cross‐cultural comparison exploring some critical implications for the value orientation of our Western democratic society and the counseling movement.
Counselor or change agent: support from the profession
Authors: BAKER STAN LEY B. , CRAMER STANLEY H.
Published: December 2011

This article supplements the ideas on counseling and the social revolution which appeared in the May 1971 P&G—especially regarding the common behavior models of the counselor and the change agent. Because adherence to a model often places a counselor in jeopardy, the authors call on the profession to offer support and leadership on a national level to those counselors who wish to act as change agents.
Counselors in the elementary school: 1970–71
Authors: VAN HOOSE WILLIAM H. , CARLSON JON
Published: December 2011

The authors of this article investigated several aspects of elementary school guidance during the 1970–71 school year in the 50 states and the 4 United States territories. They discovered that the number of counselors in US. elementary schools has increased by 2,000 in two years. Over 50 percent were supported by local funds. To date, 24 states have differentiated certification for elementary school counselors, and 36 states have developed policy statements or state standards for elementary school guidance.
Brainwashing in Small Groups, China or America: A Counselor's View
Authors: Harrigan John E.
Published: December 2011

Brainwashing in small groups is an issue of both past and current concern. Some claim that brainwashing is a workable method of mind control, others say it is an impossibility. Harrigan offers the view that brainwashing, as a technique to implant a particular belief system, does work, but that the success of the technique is dependent on the development of intense relationships among the people involved. The article points up similarities between Chinese brainwashing and American religious cultism.
The Mexican American in Higher Education: Implications for Educators
Authors: Muhs William F. , Popp Gary E. , Patterson Herman F.
Published: December 2011

From a review of literature and an examination of data from the Counseling Services at the University of Texas ‐ El Paso, the authors conclude that Mexican‐American students place more emphasis on cooperation and group achievement than on individual achievement, and that the education of Mexican Americans may be enhanced when teachers properly reinforce “successful behavior.” In addition, it seems that problems may arise in using U.S.‐based theories of “democratic” leadership styles because the Mexican‐American culture places more emphasis on traditional leadership roles.
Counseling for Personal Loss
Authors: Heikkinen Charles A.
Published: December 2011

This article presents both a conceptual model of and strategies for counseling on issues of personal loss. Grieving occurs even when losses are not caused by death, and problems appear when grieving is not allowed to proceed naturally. Counseling should aim to identify the need for and to facilitate the process of grieving so that clients are not overwhelmed by the experience. Specific suggestions offer conceptualizations and clinical approaches to help clients cope with a variety of loss problems.