bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiencing intentional recognition: Welcoming immigrants in Dayton, Ohio
Authors: Housel Jacqueline , Saxen Colleen , Wahlrab Tom
Published: July 2016

What is possible if Dayton became a city that intentionally welcomed immigrants? This question was the starting point for a community conversation about the wellbeing of and outreach toward immigrants in a midsize city in southwest Ohio – the City of Dayton. This paper examines the processes employed to support the emergence of an immigrant-welcoming initiative now called ‘Welcome Dayton’. Early conversations resulted in a formal plan, written by the community and endorsed by city commissioners, which realigned and crystallised local priorities, sparking a wide spectrum of efforts aimed at becoming a welcoming city. Using qualitative methods, primarily participant observation, we identified practices of creating spaces where both long-time residents and recent immigrants come together in a way that recognises and reveals the value of each participant’s perspectives and ideas. Herein we examine the practices of creating and sustaining Welcome Dayton, paying particular attention to the role of recognition in generating ‘resourcefulness’ in the community.
Selling the family silver? Institutional entrepreneurship and asset disposal in the English housing association sector
Authors: Morrison Nicola
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on English housing associations’ asset management strategies through an analysis of strategic decisions to either dispose of or retain valuable property assets. Drawing on the concept of institutional logics and the use of organisational archetypes, the paper identifies contrasting strategies that London-based housing associations have adopted in response to contemporary challenges. The first, classified as ‘defender’ organisations, represent those who choose to generally retain their stock to leverage finance for future house building and who, in principle, would not countenance property sales. Second, are organisations described as ‘analysers’ who offer pragmatic justifications for the disposal of properties, primarily on economic grounds, arguing that properties are no longer fit for purpose, with proceeds used for replacement stock. The last category represents those depicted as ‘prospectors’ who willingly dispose of their high-valued assets to generate stronger income streams and reposition themselves as institutional entrepreneurs within the housing sector. The paper argues that the strategic decisions taken by these ‘prospector’ housing associations have shaped an agenda, founded on institutional entrepreneurship, to which other organisations are forced to respond. In wider terms, the cumulative effects of selling valuable assets carry the risk of not only undermining core social principles but also potentially exacerbating socio-spatial segregation across the London area.
Industrial brownfields: An unsolved problem in post-socialist cities. A comparison between two mono industrial cities: Reşiţa (Romania) and Pančevo (Serbia)
Authors: Jigoria-Oprea Liviu , Popa Nicolae
Published: July 2016

The fall of the socialist system in the late 1980s determined major changes in the economy of former socialist countries. These changes affected especially the mono industrial cities. Even after privatisation, the industrial sector remained in restructuring and decline, often leading to the closure of factories. Structural or functional conversion processes have been delayed and on the site of former factories remain many abandoned places, which were neglected by the authorities. These areas influence both the natural and socio-economic environment: from local community to potential investors. Since the brownfield areas were not given much attention, this paper contributes to a correct definition, identification and presentation of such sites and the main barriers that hinder their redevelopment. For the case study, two mono industrial cities from two neighbouring former socialist countries (Romania and Serbia) were analysed. The object of the study was the comparison of the redevelopment solutions applied so far with their impact on socio-economic environment and the plans for future development.
The Contribution of Hugo Chávez to an Understanding of Post-Neoliberalism
Authors: Spanakos Anthony Petros , Pantoulas Dimitris
Published: July 2016

When Hugo Chávez was president, he pronounced the death of many things—the constitution, the old “partyarchy,” Venezuela’s “Fourth Republic,” and the Free Trade Area of the Americas, among others. Since his own death in 2013, scholars, activists, and citizens have contributed to a rich discussion of his legacy. Part of that legacy is an understanding of post-neoliberalism that recognizes its competing and contradictory components, some of them seeking to complement, improve, and reverse neoliberal policies or overcome neoliberal logics and others constituting important remnants of neoliberalism.

Durante su presidencia, Hugo Chávez declaró la muerte de muchas cosas: la constitución, el viejo “partidocracia,” la Cuarta República de Venezuela y el Tratado de Libre Comercio de las Américas, entre otros. Desde su muerte en 2013, un grupo variado de estudiosos, activistas y ciudadanos ha llevado a cabo una rica discusión sobre su legado. Una parte importante de su legado es el entender que el post-neoliberalismo tiene componentes contrapuestos y contradictorios, y reconocer que algunos de ellos buscan complementar, mejorar y revertir las políticas neoliberales o superar la lógica neoliberal y otros importantes vestigios constituyentes del neoliberalismo.
¿Por qué no les callan?
Authors: Burges Sean W. , Chodor Tom , Emerson R. Guy
Published: July 2016

On October 7, 2012, Hugo Chávez was comfortably reelected president of Venezuela. Just days before the vote, the impression given by major international print media was that it would be close, an assessment that proved to be at best optimistic. Western media coverage of the election in Venezuela was designed to skew the result toward the opposition, and this effort singularly failed. The “propaganda model” advanced by Herman and Chomsky is now faltering in the Americas, and the region is acting in a manner that is increasingly free of influence from the United States. Venezuela thus stands as a case of the citizenry actively and independently asserting its political agency despite clear attempts to redirect its thinking and decision making.

El 7 de octubre de 2012, Hugo Chávez fue cómodamente reelegido presidente de Venezuela. Justo antes de las elecciones, los principales medios periodísticos internacionales daban por sentado que la votación iba a ser cerrada, una apreciación que resultó ser en el mejor de los casos optimista. La cobertura de las elecciones en Venezuela por parte de los medios occidentales estaba diseñada para sesgar los resultados a favor de la oposición, un esfuerzo que fracasó rotundamente. El “modelo de propaganda” propuesto por Herman y Chomsky está tambaleándose en las Américas, y la región está actuando de una manera cada vez más libre de la influencia de los Estados Unidos. Venezuela, por lo tanto, se erige como un ejemplo de un grupo de ciudadanos que de forma activa e independiente reafirma su voluntad política a pesar de unos claros intentos por desviar su pensamiento y su poder de decisión.
Sealing and Unsealing Uruguay’s Transitional Politics of Oblivion
Authors: Fried Amilivia Gabriela
Published: July 2016

Three decades after state terror in Uruguay, counter memory making has endured in successive waves despite the official politics of oblivion, a transitional politics based on the denial of state abuses, absence of redress for victims, and impunity for perpetrators of the crimes of state terrorism. The Uruguayan case illustrates the impossibility of foreclosing memory through political engineering and the unsustainability of blanket impunity. It also highlights the long-term effects of ongoing social mobilization for memory and personal memorialization after social trauma and offers a sociocultural and intersubjective approach to the understanding of the generation of social memory after massive political violence.

Tres décadas después del terrorismo de estado en el Uruguay, la construcción de la contramemoria ha resistido en oleadas sucesivas a pesar de una política oficial del olvido, una política de transición basada en la negación de los abusos del estado, la ausencia de reparaciones para las víctimas y la impunidad para los responsables de los crímenes del terrorismo de estado. El caso uruguayo ilustra la imposibilidad de impedir la construcción de la memoria por medio de la ingeniería política y la falta de viabilidad de una impunidad general. También pone de manifiesto los efectos a largo plazo de una continua movilización social por la memoria y la memorialización personal después del trauma social y ofrece un enfoque sociocultural e intersubjetivo para entender la generación de la memoria social después de periodos de enorme violencia política.
Attempts at Neoliberal Urban Planning in Postearthquake Chile: Master Plans for Reconstruction
Authors: Imilan Walter , González Luis Eduardo
Published: July 2016

Urban and regional reconstruction after the February 27, 2010, earthquake and tsunami in Chile was organized by master plans at the local level. These plans, based on public-private partnerships, can be considered an innovation as an instrument of postdisaster reconstruction. They emerged as a commitment to privatization of urban planning in Chile. An analysis of two master plans based on field research carried out between 2011 and 2014 reveals that they had limited impact because of weak public-private ties, lack of comprehensiveness, and lack of legitimacy. They can be read as failed attempts at neoliberal deepening at the level of urban and regional administration.

Después del terremoto y del sunami del 27 de febrero de 2010 en Chile la reconstrucción urbana y regional fue organizada usando planes maestros a nivel local. Estos planes, con base en alianzas público-privadas, pueden considerarse una innovación como instrumento de reconstrucción posterior a un desastre. Surgieron como una transigencia con la privatización de la planificación urbana en Chile. El análisis de dos planes maestros con base en el trabajo de campo que se llevó a cabo entre 2011 y 2014 revela que esos planes tuvieron un impacto limitado debido a la debilidad de los lazos entre el sector público y el sector privado, la falta de un enfoque amplio y la falta de legitimidad. Se pueden entender como esfuerzos fallidos de la profundización neoliberal al nivel de la administración urbana y regional.
Ensuring Compliance From 35,000 Feet: Accountability and Trade-Offs in Aviation Safety Regulatory Networks
Authors: Mills Russell W. , Koliba Christopher J. , Reiss Dorit Rubinstein
Published: July 2016

A puzzle that faces public administrators within regulatory networks is how to balance the need for public or democratic accountability with increasing demands from interest groups and elected officials to utilize the expertise of the private sector in developing process-oriented programs that ensure compliance. This article builds upon the network governance accountability framework developed by Koliba, Mills, and Zia to explore the dominant accountability frames and the accountability trade-offs that shape the process-oriented regulatory regime used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to oversee and regulate air carriers in the United States.
Assessment of effectiveness of public integrity training workshops for civil servants – A case study
Authors: Pallai Katalin , Gregor Aniko
Published: July 2016

The general practice of civil servant training providers in Hungary is to evaluate their products only through surveying the reaction of participants. The obvious weakness of this practice is that the variance in the level of satisfaction does not necessarily coincide with the positive professional impact that the trainings are aimed to produce. This paper presents the results of an effectiveness assessment survey of a large public ethics and integrity training programme that was delivered to civil servants in Hungary. The trainings examined were delivered by the same methodology but conducted by 26 different trainers for 7362 participants. The assessment was not part either of the original project, or of the training design; it was run as an additional activity. The aim of the survey was to show that even with a simple method, applicable even with weak organizational capacities, information can be produced both for validation and curriculum development. The results prove that the trainings made a moderate but statistically significant impact on participants’ knowledge and attitudes, and most changes happened in the targeted direction. Beyond the validation of the training methodology, the survey also produced information on trainers’ performance and a relatively differentiated picture on participants’ learning that can contribute to the further development of the methodology. Thus, the results prove that even with simple quantitative survey methods, evidence for both validation and learning can be produced. The results also raised some questions for further research.
In Small We Trust
Authors: La Macchia Stephen T. , Louis Winnifred R. , Hornsey Matthew J. , Leonardelli Geoffrey J.
Published: July 2016

Day-to-day interactions often involve individuals interacting with groups, but little is known about the criteria that people use to decide which groups to approach or trust and which to avoid or distrust. Seven studies provide evidence for a “small = trustworthy” heuristic, such that people perceive numerically smaller groups as more benevolent in their character and intentions. As a result of this, individuals in trust-sensitive contexts are more likely to approach and engage with groups that are relatively small than those that are relatively large. We provide evidence for this notion across a range of contexts, including analyses of social categories (Studies 1 and 2), ad hoc collections of individuals (Study 3), interacting panels (Studies 4-6), and generalized, abstract judgments (Study 7). Findings suggest the existence of a general lay theory of group size that may influence how individuals interact with groups.
Unthinking the nation state as area: Interrogating Japan and Japanese studies
Authors: McMorran Chris
Published: July 2016

Geographers and others have recently addressed the problematic of area studies by suggesting alternate ways to recognize the connectedness of peoples and places. However, some areas seem so self-evident as to resist their undoing. One such area is the nation state. In this paper, I examine the resilience of the nation state as area through the example of Japanese studies. I discuss the emergence in the United States of Japanese studies as a field, and thus Japan as an area worthy of study, due to its enemy status in World War II, which highlights a troubling disciplinary origin in interrogation that still haunts the academy. I continue by explaining how Japan’s postwar amnesia of its pre-1945 empire and the influence of one research monograph in particular helped produce the enduring notion of a homogeneous and spatially isolated Japan. Subsequent decades of research have tried to undermine this notion, albeit without questioning the ontology of Japan itself. In this paper, I outline challenges to unthinking the nation state as area, including existing institutional barriers and the role of Japanese studies as a source of professional identity, both in general and for me personally.
The im/possibilities of Caribbean area studies
Authors: Skelton Tracey
Published: July 2016

In this essay, I aim to make two closely connected, intersecting and in some cases parallel scholarly and political contributions to wider discussions about area studies through a focused engagement with Caribbean Area Studies. First, I position myself within Caribbean (area) studies as a feminist anti-racist researcher and scholar. I explore the im/possibilities of my role within the “area” of the Caribbean through a feminist analysis. Second, I aim to ensure that the scholarship from academics within and of the Caribbean is placed central. I provide insights from Caribbean theorists who discuss the ways in which the region is both bounded and exploded but nevertheless a recognisable entity of Caribbean area studies.
Exploring the character of rural businesses: Performing change and continuity
Authors: Finke Hanne B , Bosworth Gary
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to use a series of business interviews in the UK and Denmark as a means of interrogating the categorisation of rural businesses presented in an earlier publication which sought to understand the rural character of different businesses. Rather than defining a rural business purely on its geographical location, the engagement of a business within a rural economy and its relations with both rural and urban environments are more complex issues. A wider conceptualisation how rural social relations, cultural influences and landscape values forms the basis for analysing how these assets can create value for rural businesses. Understanding these issues can better inform organisations that are seeking to support the rural economy and rural communities. It can also guide business owners themselves as to how they might benefit from being a part of, or associated with, the rural economy in capturing the possibilities linked to a growing urban population. The findings reveal how landscape assets are intertwined in the business concepts as positive drivers despite many voices within rural and economic research pointing at disadvantages relating to distance, sparseness of infrastructure or service provision. The research analysis draws on actor-network theory and this tool reveals promising prospects for future place-based studies in how landscape assets can be enacted in the development of the rural economy.
Does the method of botulinum neurotoxin injection for limb spasticity affect outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: Chan Aaron K , Finlayson Heather , Mills Patricia B
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To systematically review randomized controlled trials of botulinum neurotoxin for limb spasticity to determine whether different injection techniques affect spasticity outcomes.

Methods:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases were searched for English language human randomized controlled trials from 1990 to 13 May 2016. Studies were assessed in duplicate for data extraction and risk of bias using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and graded according to Sackett’s levels of evidence.

Results:

Nine of 347 studies screened met selection criteria. Four categories of botulinum neurotoxin injection techniques were identified: (1) injection localization technique; (2) injection site selection; (3) injectate volume; (4) injection volume and site selection. There is level 1 evidence that: ultrasound, electromyography, and electrostimulation are superior to manual needle placement; endplate injections improve outcomes vs. multisite quadrant injections; motor point injections are equivalent to multisite injections; high volume injections are similar to low volume injections; and high volume injections distant from the endplate are more efficacious than low volumes closer to the endplate.

Conclusion:

Level 1 evidence exists for differences in treatment outcomes using specific botulinum neurotoxin injection techniques. Findings are based on single studies that require independent replication and further study.
‘Because it’s the wife who has to look after the man’: A descriptive qualitative study of older women and the intersection of gender and the provision of family caregiving at the end of life
Authors: Williams Lisa Ann , Giddings Lynne S , Bellamy Gary , Gott Merryn
Published: July 2016

Background:

Research indicates that women are the primary family caregivers for others at life’s end and, because of ageing populations, will keep fulfilling this role as they age. Yet, little is known about how the gendered nature of caregiving contributes to older women’s understandings of providing care.

Aim:

To explore how gender norms constructed older women’s views about the appropriate roles of women and men in providing palliative and end-of-life care for family members.

Design:

Six focus groups were conducted with 39 community dwelling older adults (36 women and 3 men) using two vignettes to prompt discussion about experience of end of life caring and attitudes towards Advance Care Planning. This article reports on data gathered from female participants’ reactions to Vignette 1 which prompted significant discussion regarding the intersection of gender and older women’s caregiving experience.

Setting/participants:

A total of 36 women in the age ranges of ‘50–59 years’ through to ‘90–99 years’ from New Zealand.

Results:

Three themes regarding gender and caregiving were identified: the expectation women will care, women’s duty to care and women’s construction of men in relation to caregiving and illness. The women adhered to stereotypical gender norms that regard women as primary caregivers. There was little connection between the burden they associated with caregiving and this gender construction.

Conclusion:

The expectation that older women will provide end-of-life care even when experiencing considerable burden is an unacknowledged outcome of gender norms that construct women as caregivers.
Mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: Comparative psychobiological effects as reported by recreational polydrug users
Authors: Jones Lewis , Reed Phil , Parrott Andrew
Published: July 2016

Aims:

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), as reported by young recreational polydrug users.

Methods:

152 MDMA users and 81 mephedrone users were recruited through snowballing on social network sites. They completed a standard online questionnaire for either mephedrone or MDMA. The questions covered the average amount taken per session, the longest duration of usage in the last 12-months, subjective effects while on-drug, and recovery effects in the days afterwards.

Results:

Mephedrone users reported a significantly longer maximum session of use than MDMA users. Mephedrone users also reported a significantly greater average amount used per session. The majority of on-drug subjective ratings did not differ between drugs, with similar increases in entactogenic effects. Although mephedrone users did report significantly more frequent issues with sleeping, anger and anxiety. In relation to recovery, mephedrone users reported more frequent craving, nasal irritation, paranoia, and relationship difficulties. Mephedrone users also rated general recovery effects as more severe over the seven-day period following use, taking more days to feel normal.

Conclusions:

The acute effects of MDMA and mephedrone were broadly similar. However, the recovery period for mephedrone was more enduring, possibly due to the longer duration of acute session usage.
Antipsychotic-induced sensitization and tolerance: Behavioral characteristics, developmental impacts, and neurobiological mechanisms
Authors: Li Ming
Published: July 2016

Antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance refer to the increased and decreased drug effects due to past drug use, respectively. Both effects reflect the long-term impacts of antipsychotic treatment on the brain and result from the brain’s adaptive response to the foreign property of the drug. In this review, clinical evidence of the behavioral aspect of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is selectively reviewed, followed by an overview of preclinical literature that examines these behavioral characteristics and the related pharmacological and nonpharmacological factors. Next, recent work on the developmental impacts of adolescent antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is presented and recent research that delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is summarized. A theoretical framework based on “drug learning and memory” principles is proposed to account for the phenomena of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance. It is maintained that antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance follow basic principles of learning or acquisition (“induction”) and memory (“expression”). The induction and expression of both effects reflect the consequences of associative and nonassociative processing and are strongly influenced by various pharmacological, environmental, and behavioral factors. Drug-induced neuroplasticity, such as functional changes of striatal dopamine D2 and prefrontal serotonin (5-HT)2A receptors and their mediated signaling pathways, in principle, is responsible for antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance. Understanding the behavioral characteristics and neurobiological underpinnings of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance has greatly enhanced our understanding of mechanisms of antipsychotic action, and may have important implications for future drug discovery and clinical practice.
Changing Cycle Lengths in State-Transition Models
Authors: Chhatwal Jagpreet , Jayasuriya Suren , Elbasha Elamin H.
Published: July 2016

The choice of a cycle length in state-transition models should be determined by the frequency of clinical events and interventions. Sometimes there is need to decrease the cycle length of an existing state-transition model to reduce error in outcomes resulting from discretization of the underlying continuous-time phenomena or to increase the cycle length to gain computational efficiency. Cycle length conversion is also frequently required if a new state-transition model is built using observational data that have a different measurement interval than the model’s cycle length. We show that a commonly used method of converting transition probabilities to different cycle lengths is incorrect and can provide imprecise estimates of model outcomes. We present an accurate approach that is based on finding the root of a transition probability matrix using eigendecomposition. We present underlying mathematical challenges of converting cycle length in state-transition models and provide numerical approximation methods when the eigendecomposition method fails. Several examples and analytical proofs show that our approach is more general and leads to more accurate estimates of model outcomes than the commonly used approach. MATLAB codes and a user-friendly online toolkit are made available for the implementation of the proposed methods.
Feline Epitheliotropic Mastocytic Conjunctivitis in 15 Cats
Authors: Beckwith-Cohen B. , Dubielzig R. R. , Maggs D. J. , Teixeira L. B. C.
Published: July 2016

Mast cell infiltration occurs in malignant, inflammatory (eg, allergic, infectious), and idiopathic disease processes in humans and animals. Here, we describe the clinical and histological features of a unique proliferative conjunctivitis occurring in 15 cats. Ocular specimens were examined histologically, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) was performed on ocular tissues obtained from 10 cats. Cats had a median age of 8 years (range: 7 months–17.5 years). The known median duration of ocular lesions prior to biopsy was 4 months (range: 1 week–3 years). Ocular disease was unilateral in 12 cats, and 9 cats had coexisting corneal disease. Clinically and histologically, proliferative or nodular conjunctival lesions were noted in 13 cats. The nictitating membrane was affected in 10 cats. Histologically, lesions were characterized by mixed inflammatory infiltrates with an abundance of Giemsa-positive and toluidine blue–positive intraepithelial and subepithelial mast cells, marked edema, and papillary epithelial hyperplasia. Feline herpesvirus 1 was demonstrated by PCR in 1 of 10 cats tested. Follow-up information was available for 14 cats: 8 had no recurrence during a median follow-up period of 17.5 months (range: 4.5–30 months), 2 underwent orbital exenteration, 3 had recurrence that was medically managed, and 1 cat had diffuse conjunctivitis at the time of biopsy and recurrence was deemed irrelevant. Various ocular medications were administered before and after surgical biopsy. This condition was designated as feline epitheliotropic mastocytic conjunctivitis, with intraepithelial mast cells being an essential feature and papillary epithelial proliferation being characteristic but not diagnostic alone. The condition appears to be uncommon and benign. Although the cause is unknown, an allergic component is possible.
The Veterinary Forensic Necropsy
Authors: Brownlie H. W. Brooks , Munro R.
Published: July 2016

Investigation of animal-related crime, and therefore submission of forensic cases to veterinary pathology facilities, is increasing, yet many veterinary pathologists are unfamiliar and often uncomfortable with involvement in the forensic necropsy. This article discusses various aspects of the forensic necropsy without specific attention to any particular species group or crime. General advice is given on procedures, documentation, and recording of the examination, and the article indicates how these features may differ from those used in investigation of natural disease. It also discusses evidence management, including recordkeeping, identification of evidence, labeling of photographs, and use of standard operating procedures and protocols. Various written and visual methods for documentation of the forensic necropsy are covered, and adjunctive topics such as sample collection, assessment, and description of wounds and taphonomy are included. Cause, mechanism, and manner of death are defined, and guidance to the use of these terms is given. The aim of this article is to offer guidance on procedural aspects of the forensic necropsy that will help those developing their forensic services, contribute to standardization of the provision of forensic veterinary pathology, and build the confidence of the “uncomfortable” forensic veterinary pathologist.
Perianesthetic Mortality in Domestic Animals
Authors: DeLay J.
Published: July 2016

Autopsy of animals that die in the perianesthetic period allows identification of anesthetic and surgical complications as well as preexisting disease conditions that may have contributed to mortality. In most studies to date investigating perianesthetic mortality in animals, inclusion of autopsy data is very limited. This retrospective study evaluated autopsy findings in 221 cases of perianesthetic death submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory from primary care and referral hospitals. Canine ( n = 105; 48%) and feline ( n = 90; 41%) cases predominated in the study, involving elective (71%) and emergency (19%) procedures. The clinical history provided to the pathologist was considered incomplete in 42 of 221 cases (19%), but this history was considered essential for evaluating the circumstances of perianesthetic death. Disease had been recognized clinically in 69 of 221 animals (31%). Death occurred in the premedication or sedation ( n = 19; 9%), induction ( n = 22; 11%), or maintenance ( n = 73; 35%) phases or in the 24 hours postanesthesia ( n = 93 animals; 45%). Lesions indicative of significant natural disease were present in 130 of 221 animals (59%), mainly involving the heart, upper respiratory tract, or lungs. Surgical or anesthesia-associated complications were identified in 10 of 221 cases (5%). No lesions were evident in 80 of 221 animals (36%), the majority of which were young, healthy, and undergoing elective surgical procedures. Lesions resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation were identified in 75 of 221 animals (34%). Investigation of perianesthetic death cases should be done with knowledge of prior clinical findings and antemortem surgical and medical procedures; the autopsy should particularly focus on the cardiovascular and respiratory system, including techniques to identify pneumothorax and venous air embolism.
Recidivism Patterns Among Two Types of Juvenile Homicide Offenders: A 30-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Khachatryan Norair , Heide Kathleen M. , Hummel Erich V.
Published: July 2016

Although juvenile homicide has been a matter of concern in the United States since the 1980s, prior research has not addressed long-term recidivism patterns for convicted juvenile murderers. Furthermore, a prominent juvenile homicide typology had not previously been tested with U.S. offenders. The present study examined whether juvenile offenders who killed or attempted to kill during the commission of a crime differed from those who killed due to some type of conflict on pre-incarceration, incarceration, and post-incarceration variables. These offenders were sentenced to adult prison in the early 1980s. Follow-up data spanned 30 years. The results indicated that approximately 88% of released offenders have been rearrested. Analyses of pre-incarceration variables revealed that crime-oriented offenders were significantly more likely to commit the homicide offense using accomplices than conflict-oriented offenders, and the latter were significantly more likely to use a firearm during the homicide incident. The circumstances of the homicide, however, were not significantly related to any other pre-incarceration variables, release from prison, number of post-release arrests, and number of post-release violent offenses. The implications of the findings, their comparability to previous follow-up research on this typology, and avenues for future research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Religiosity and Deviance Among Adolescents in a Religiously Pluralistic Society
Authors: Yun Ilhong , Lee Julak
Published: July 2016

Most empirical studies of religion and deviance have employed samples from Western countries, especially the United States, where one predominant religion—Judeo-Christianity—is an embedded fixture of the mainstream culture. By comparison, research conducted in East Asia, where religious pluralism is the norm rather than the exception, is extremely scarce. Moreover, a large proportion of the population in East Asia professes themselves to be atheists. Given the drastically different religious climates between East and West, it thus remains an important empirical question whether the research findings on religiosity and deviance garnered from Western samples can be generalizable to East Asia. Given this background, the current study assesses the linkage between religiosity and deviance using a sample of adolescents in South Korea, where secular social controls emanating from Confucianism are potent. The results of the study show that religiosity’s deviance-constraining effects are considerably weaker in South Korea. In addition, many of the Western findings do not apply to the South Korean context.
Occupy: ‘Struggles for the common’ or an ‘anti-politics of dignity’? Reflections on Hardt and Negri and John Holloway
Authors: Harrison Oliver
Published: July 2016

This article provides a critical examination of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s and John Holloway’s theory of revolutionary subjectivity, and does so by applying their theories to the Occupy movement of 2011. Its central argument is that one should avoid collapsing ‘autonomist’ and ‘open’ Marxism, for whilst both approaches share Tronti’s insistence on the constituent role of class struggle, and also share an emphasis on a prefigurative politics that engages a non-hierarchical and highly participatory politics, there nevertheless remain some significant differences between their approaches. Ultimately, when applied to the Occupy movement, whilst their theory isn’t entirely unproblematic, I will argue that Hardt and Negri’s ‘autonomist’ approach offers the stronger interpretation, due mainly to their revised historical materialism.
Role of precariousness and space on class formation process: The case of Antalya’s tourism workers
Authors: Çelik Cosku , Erkus-Öztürk Hilal
Published: July 2016

The effects of precariousness, as a product of the neoliberal transformation of the labour markets, go beyond the workplace to become a factor of everyday life, and as such can be regarded as a constitutive factor in the formation of a working class within the neoliberal context. Despite having similar experiences under precariousness, it would appear that tourism workers in Antalya do not develop a class consciousness, and as such do not constitute an organised class movement. According to the findings of a qualitative case study of 42 tourism workers in various tourism centres of Antalya, the spatial dispersion of workers is the predominant factor preventing the formation of a class consciousness.
Frequency and Outcomes of a Symptom-Free Waiting Period After Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Pfaller Adam Y. , Nelson Lindsay D. , Apps Jennifer N. , Walter Kevin D. , McCrea Michael A.
Published: July 2016

Background:

Guidelines and practices for the management of sport-related concussion (SRC) have evolved swiftly over the past 2 decades. Despite common recommendations for a symptom-free waiting period (SFWP) before returning to sport, past reports have suggested poor utilization rates for this intervention.

Purpose:

To obtain current estimates of the utilization and characterization of SFWPs with high school and collegiate athletes.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

Data were extracted from a larger prospective study that followed athletes with SRC across 13 institutions in southeastern Wisconsin from 2012 to 2014. Participants included 143 contact and collision sport athletes who were followed serially through their recoveries after SRCs.

Results:

In the current study sample, 99.3% of athletes used an SFWP. The mean self-reported symptom duration was 6.35 days (median, 5 days), with 72.7% reporting symptom recovery within 1 week of injury, 93.7% within 2 weeks, and 99.3% within 30 days. Rate of same-season repeat concussion was low (3.8%) and was similar to or lower than the overall rate of concussion (4.3%). Five same-season repeat concussions occurred at a range of 8 to 42 days after initial injuries.

Conclusion:

In comparison with prior published data collected from 1999 to 2004, utilization and duration of SFWPs were higher in the current study samples (99.3% vs 60.3% of athletes reported an SFWP; mean duration, 6.1 vs 3.2 days), and athletes were withheld from sports for more days than previously reported (12.3 vs 7.4 days). Rate of same-season repeat concussion was equivalent to that of prior published data. The findings support improved adherence to clinical management guidelines through increased utilization of SFWPs after SRC.
M-Health for Improving Screening Accuracy of Acute Malnutrition in a Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition Program in Mumbai Informal Settlements
Authors: Chanani Sheila , Wacksman Jeremy , Deshmukh Devika , Pantvaidya Shanti , Fernandez Armida , Jayaraman Anuja
Published: July 2016

Background:

Acute malnutrition is linked to child mortality and morbidity. Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) programs can be instrumental in large-scale detection and treatment of undernutrition. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 weight-for-height/length tables are diagnostic tools available to screen for acute malnutrition. Frontline workers (FWs) in a CMAM program in Dharavi, Mumbai, were using CommCare, a mobile application, for monitoring and case management of children in combination with the paper-based WHO simplified tables. A strategy was undertaken to digitize the WHO tables into the CommCare application.

Objective:

To measure differences in diagnostic accuracy in community-based screening for acute malnutrition, by FWs, using a mobile-based solution.

Methods:

Twenty-seven FWs initially used the paper-based tables and then switched to an updated mobile application that included a nutritional grade calculator. Human error rates specifically associated with grade classification were calculated by comparison of the grade assigned by the FW to the grade each child should have received based on the same WHO tables. Cohen kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity rates were also calculated and compared for paper-based grade assignments and calculator grade assignments.

Results:

Comparing FWs ( N = 14) who completed at least 40 screenings without and 40 with the calculator, the error rates were 5.5% and 0.7%, respectively ( p < .0001). Interrater reliability (κ) increased to an almost perfect level (>.90), from .79 to .97, after switching to the mobile calculator. Sensitivity and specificity also improved significantly.

Conclusion:

The mobile calculator significantly reduces an important component of human error in using the WHO tables to assess acute malnutrition at the community level.
Dietary B Vitamins and Serum C-Reactive Protein in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Poudel-Tandukar Kalpana , Chandyo Ram Krishna
Published: July 2016

Background:

B vitamins may have beneficial roles in reducing inflammation; however, research on the role of B vitamins in inflammation among HIV-infected persons is lacking.

Objective:

This study assessed the association between B vitamins and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in HIV-infected persons.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 314 HIV-infected persons (180 men and 134 women) aged 18 to 60 years residing in the Kathmandu, Nepal. High-sensitive and regular serum CRP concentrations were measured by the latex agglutination nephelometry and latex agglutination turbidimetric method, respectively. Dietary intake was assessed using 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. The relationships between B vitamins and serum CRP concentrations were assessed using multiple regression analysis.

Results:

The multivariate-adjusted geometric mean of serum CRP concentrations was significantly decreased with an increasing B vitamins intake across quartiles of niacin ( P for trend = .007), pyridoxine ( P for trend = .042), and cobalamin ( P for trend = .037) in men. In men, the mean serum CRP concentrations in the highest quartiles of niacin, pyridoxine, and cobalamin were 63%, 38%, and 58%, respectively, lower than that in the lowest quartile. In women, the mean serum CRP concentrations in the highest quartiles of riboflavin ( P for trend = .084) and pyridoxine ( P for trend = .093) were 37% and 47%, respectively, lower than that in the lowest quartile.

Conclusion:

High intake of niacin, pyridoxine, or cobalamin was independently associated with decreased serum CRP concentrations among HIV-infected men. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm the role of B vitamins in inflammation among HIV-infected persons.
Recent advances in research on magnesium alloys and magnesium–calcium phosphate composites as biodegradable implant materials
Authors: Kuśnierczyk Katarzyna , Basista Michał
Published: July 2016

Magnesium alloys are modern biocompatible materials suitable for orthopaedic implants due to their biodegradability in biological environment. Many studies indicate that there is a high demand to design magnesium alloys with controllable in vivo corrosion rates and required mechanical properties. A solution to this challenge can be sought in the development of metal matrix composites based on magnesium alloys with addition of relevant alloying elements and bioceramic particles. In this study, the corrosion mechanisms along with corrosion protection methods in magnesium alloys are discussed. The recently developed magnesium alloys for biomedical applications are reviewed. Special attention is given to the newest research results in metal matrix composites composed of magnesium alloy matrix and calcium phosphates, especially hydroxyapatite or tricalcium phosphate, as the second phase with emphasis on the biodegradation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties in view of potential application of these materials in bone implants.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) complex microspheres as drug carriers
Authors: Wang Fang , Liu Xiuxiu , Yuan Jian , Yang Siqian , Li Yueqin , Gao Qinwei
Published: July 2016

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is synthesized via melt polycondensation directly from lactic acid and glycolic acid with a feed molar ratio of 75/25. Bovine serum albumin, which is used as model protein, is entrapped into the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres with particle size of 260.9 ± 20.0 nm by the double emulsification method. Then it is the first report of producing more carboxyl groups by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) surface hydrolysis. The purpose is developing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres surface, which is modified with chitosan by chemical reaction between carboxyl groups and amine groups. The particle size and the positive zeta potential of the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan microspheres are 388.2 ± 35.6 nm and 10.4 ± 2.9 mV, respectively. The drug loading ratio and encapsulation efficacy of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan microspheres are 36.3% and 57.5%, which are higher than PLGA microspheres. Furthermore, the drug burst release of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/chitosan microspheres at 10 h is decreased to 21.72% while the corresponding value of the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere is 64.56%. These results reveal that surface hydrolysis modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) is an efficient method to improve the negative potential and chemical reaction properties of the polymer. And furthermore, this study shows that chitosan-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres is a promising system for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins.
National Survey of Convention Centers’ Lactation Facilities
Authors: Koo Kristin , Spatz Diane
Published: July 2016

Background:

There is little published about lactation accommodations in public spaces.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine what lactation facilities, if any, convention centers in the United States are providing to accommodate breastfeeding moms.

Methods:

A list of national convention centers was collected from meetings-conventions.com and recorded in an Excel spreadsheet, with the name of the center, total meeting square feet, number of meeting rooms, address, and telephone number. Each convention center was contacted by phone and administered the survey. Questions were asked as to what type of lactation accommodations were available, if any.

Results:

A response rate of 78.7% (326 of 414 convention centers) was achieved. A mere 5.5% reported permanently designated lactation rooms, whereas 32% made temporary accommodations. While the phone survey was conducted, a wide variety of qualitative responses were provided by participants, demonstrating an overall lack of awareness of this as a public health issue.

Conclusion:

Return to work and breastfeeding in public are commonly reported barriers to breastfeeding. This survey clearly demonstrates a lack of accommodations in very public areas that are visited by women on a regular basis. Policy changes are necessary so all women can be supported in reaching their personal breastfeeding goals.