bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tip Field of Mode III Crack in Damage Material
Authors: Wang Xiu Hong , Liu Bo , Tang Li Qiang
Published: May 2011

The research of crack-tip field in damage materials is a very complex problem. The core question is how to give the damage constitutive equation and determine the crack tip singularity order of magnitude of the physical quantities. Taking into account the damage process is a process which the energy (strain) accumulates, and the initial damage threshold value existence, on the Lemaitre’s research foundation, the brittle material damage constitutive equation that has the initial damage quantity and the power order relationship with strain is given. Under the assumption that stress (strain) is finite, the construction of III mode crack tip damage fields is studied and the solution of crack-tip stress (strain) asymptotic field is given. Finally, the relationship of the initial crack tip damage zone and full damage zone Scale and material parameters are discusses. These works provide theoretical basis for the material engineering design and the appraisal structure reliability.
Study on the Synthesis of Carboxymethylpachyman in the Aqueous-Ethanol Medium with the Assistance of Ultrasonics
Authors: Wang Yong Jiang , Wu Xue Qian , Liu Shi Wang , Wu Yuan Feng , Zhang Yan Ping
Published: May 2011

Water-insoluble β - ( 1 - 3 ) – D - glucan isolated from the sclerotium of Poria cocos hardly exhibits biological activity. Therefore, it is advantageous to produce a value-added product from Poria cocos. We extracted the β - ( 1 - 3 ) – D - glucan from the sclerotium of Poria cocos and synthesized a carboxymethylated derivative, carboxymethyl-pachyman (CMP). The influences on the degrees of substitution ( DS ) of CMP, for example, volume ratio of ethanol to water, [NaOH]/[MCA] ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time have been examined, respectively. The most favorable conditions for pachyman carboxymethylation are obtained with a [NaOH]/[MCA] ratio of 1.5, at 45°C for 60 minutes with a reaction medium consisting of a ethanol/water 80:20 (v/v) mixture.
QSRR Study on GC Retention Time of Volatile Components from Hawthorn Perfume
Authors: Cheng Li Ping , Sheng Li , Du Pa
Published: May 2011

Hawthorn fruit is highly valuable to be used as functional nutraceutical food and traditional medicine. To better explore the main components of hawthorn perfume, it is important to develop the study of predicting GC retention time of volatile components. In this paper, quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) study had been carried out. The obtained models have good predictive ability and are of high statistical significance. The results show that logPand the most positive partial charge on non-hydrogen atom (q+) descriptors play important roles in determining component’s GC retention time. The retention time on the Ultra column increases with lipophilicity of volatile components. The more positive the q+in analyte, the longer the GC retention time is.
Study on Cashmere Fibers Shrink-Proofing by Enzyme Based on Fuzz Mathematics Method
Authors: Lin Hai Tao , Jiang Fang , Su Hui , Huang Jiwei
Published: May 2011

Cashmere shrink-proofing effect by enzyme can't achieve ideal shrink-proof effect, so hydrogen peroxide + Savinase protease combined treatment was selected to treat cashmere fiber. In this paper, the included angle cosine method was used to determine the empowerment weight, and used the fuzzy matter-element analysis to fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the experimental index, the optimum conditions is: hydrogen peroxide pretreatment temperature 35 °C, time 45min, H2O2 40ml / L, pH 9, pyrophosphate 5g / L, the temperature of enzyme treatment 35 °C, time 25min, concentration 40ml / L, pH 9. After cashmere fibers were treated in hydrogen peroxide and Savinase protease combined treatment, cashmere’s Shrink-proofing is well.
The Experimental Study on Vibration Packing Density of Molecular Sieve
Authors: Ge Ming Xia , Liu Ying Shu , Zhang Hui , Li Yong Ling
Published: May 2011

The experiment studied granularity distributed from 1.3-3.0mm in the vibration loading process of molecular sieve, and the influence of all kinds of vibration parameters such as vibration frequency, vibration amplitude on the molecular sieve packing density. The effects of operational conditions on packing density have been analyzed. The results show that the packing density firstly increases with the increasing frequency to a peak value and then reduces, and the frequency has a best value. It is mean that there exist optimum values for A and f to achieve the maximum packing density. And the relationship between amplitude and packing density is the same as the effect of the frequency on packing density. These could serve as the basis in determining the technological parameters of the vibration loading progress of the molecular sieve at this particle size scale.
Microstructure and Phase Stability of Sintered Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia Composites
Authors: Cheng Xiao Ling , Hu Yong Jun , Bai Xiao Jun , Yu Lin , Chen Jun Sheng , Lin Le Jia
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the influence of different sintering temperatures on the microstructure, density, shrinkage and final phase content of hydroxyapatite-zirconia (HA-ZrO2) composites was studied. Composites of hydroxyapatite with 3 mol% Y2O3stabilized zirconia with MgO were sintered between 1100 °C and 1400 °C. The reaction and the transformation of phases were investigated by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopic measurements. Those results indicated that the processes of HA dehydroxylation were found, the mean grain size of the sample sintered was varied from 1.2 µm to 5.3 µm. Dimension shrinkage increased to 0.24% as the sintered temperature increased from 1100 °C to 1400 °C, the bulk density increased monotonically to 95.6% with increasing temperature up to 1400 °C.
Antioxidative Activity of Protein Hydrolysates from Spanish Mackerel by Alcalase
Authors: Xiong Jun Juan , Ding Li Jun , Lai Xue Ling
Published: May 2011

To utilize low-value ﬁsh, Spanish mackerel protein was hydrolyzed using alcalase for production of antioxidant peptide. The antioxidant activities of antioxidant peptide from Spanish mackerel protein were evaluated. Results: The radical-scavenging properties on hydroxyl and superoxide of protein hydrolysates were 53.11% and 23.1%. And their reducing power was increased with the peptide content of the hydrolysates. The hydrolysates signiﬁcantly inhibited lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion system, and effectively inhibit autoxidation of linoleic acid; and the inhibition ability increased with the increasing of peptide content in hydrolysates. The hydrolysates inhibited the activity of LOX to a certain extent. Conclusion: The hydrolysates from Spanish mackerel protein exhibited high antioxidative activity.
Numerical Simulation and Study about Partial Ossicular Replacement Prostheses with Several Various Materials on Hearing Restoration
Authors: Yao Wen Juan , Li Bing , Guo Cui Ping , Huang Xin Sheng
Published: May 2011

Conclusion:A good short-term hearing improvement is gained by partial ossicular replacement prostheses with several common various materials.A better sound transmission in lower frequencies is obtained by partial ossicular replacement prostheses with hydroxyapatite ceramics, stainless steel and alumina ceramics.However,A better sound transmission in higher frequencies is gained by partial ossicular replacement prostheses with porous polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene.Considering a long-term effect on hearing improvement,they are better materials on hearing restoration because titanium, polytetrafluoroethylene and hydroxyapatite ceramics have a good biocompatibility for the patients.And these conclusions can provide certain reference values for human ear clinical studies.Objectives:This paper qualitatively and quantitatively studied the effect of partial ossicular replacement prostheses (PORPs) with several various materials on hearing restoration.Methods:The CT data of the right ear from a normal human body was digitalized and imported into PATRAN to establish a three dimension finite element mode1by self-compiling program,and then a frequency response analysis was made for the model using NASTRAN to study the effect of partial ossicular replacement prostheses with several various materials on hearing restoration.Results:the model was carried through a harmonic response analysis of normal ear structure and confirmed by the consistency in the calculated and experimental data after comparision.
Effects of Lysozyme and Nisin on Fresh- Keeping Refrigerated Fillets of Fresh Ctenopharyngodon idellus
Authors: Wu Run Feng , Zhao Li , Su Wei , Ma Hua , Tao Mei Wen
Published: May 2011

In order to study effects of lysozyme and nisin on fresh-keeping refrigerated fillets, fresh Ctenopharyngodon idellus were slaughtered and washed, then the Ctenopharyngodon idellus were divided into three treatment groups, and dipped in 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125% lysozyme solution (group A) for 5min, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025% nisin solution (group B) for 5min, and Samples in the control treatment had no enzyme added to the water (group C, untreated) for 5min, then kept in 4°C after vacuum packaging. Sensory assessment, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total plate count were determinated to evaluate the fish quality. The result indicated that lysozyme and nisin solution could delay the spoilage of refrigerated fillets fish.
Recognition of c-Myc Tagged DNA Plasmid Based on LSPR Optical Biosensor Assembled with Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Li Yan , Tian Yan Fei , Xia Jiao Yun , He Jing Lin , Zhang Ling , Cao Zhong
Published: May 2011

A novel optical biosensor with gold surface bound silver nanoparticles has been constructed for detection of oncogene of c-Myc tagged DNA plasmid, which exhibited distinct optical properties of localized surface plasmon resonance. The silver colloidal nanoparticles were prepared by using chemical reduction method with sodium citrate, starch and silver nitrate, which were characterized by using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, indicating that the silver colloidals were pure, sphere-shaped and narrow- dispersed size distribution with a diameter of 11.70 ± 1.94 nm. The silver nanoparticles were well assembled on the gold substrate with 1,4-dithiothreitol. In the subsequent linking step with compounds of L-cysteine, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and sodium thioglycolate/HCl, L-cysteine exhibited best characteristics for linking with Ag nanoparticles and formed a nice sensing film by conjugating with a antibody of c-Myc (3C7), mouse monoclonal IgG. The c-Myc antibody immobilized optical biosensor can be well applied to determination of c-Myc tagged DNA plasmid with good regeneration ability. The detection limit was evaluated to be 1.0 pg/μL.
Studies on Total Flavonoids Extraction from Perilla using Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Wu Yuan Feng , Mao Jian Wei , Liu Shi Wang , Jun Huang
Published: May 2011

The extraction of total flavonoids from Perilla, using ultrasonic-assisted method, was investigated in this work. Various extraction conditions, such as ethanol concentraction (V/V), volume-weight ratio between the extraction solution and the weight of Perilla (V/W), the extraction time (t), pH, temperature (T), agent concentration (c) have been investigated for their influences. With the help of orthogonal analysis, the optimum extraction conditions have been identified, an extraction rate of 0.97% could be achieved at an ethanol concentration of 60%, an extraction temperature of 50 °C, a volume-weight ratio of 30:1, an ultrasonication time of 50 min. Then 8 samples were screened under this optimal extraction condition, the extraction rate could be 1.71% when use the Perilla leave (production in Linan, Zhenjiang province) as raw material.
Study on the Purification of Longan Seed Flavonoids by Macro-Porous Resin
Authors: Huang Ru Qiang , Li Niang Hui , Huang Shi Ying
Published: May 2011

The weight of longan seed is seventy percent weight of fresh longan, and it is a kinds of biology resource available. The methods and conditions of absorption and desorption of longan seed flavonoids by macro-porous resin were studied. The facts of pH, temperature, concentration of longan seed flavonoids leaching solution which affect adsorption performances were researched, and the effects of kinds of elution agent and its dosage on ratio of extract were discussed. The results showed that macro-porous resin had remarkable ability in absorbing longan seed flavonoids. In optimum conditions, the kinds of flavonoids of elution solution with 50％ ethanol was determined by colour reaction, and the results were that the kinds of flavonoids of Longan seed including flavonones and flavonol.
Characterization of GTMAC-Graft-Chitosan as a Bactericidal Agent for Nitric Oxide Release
Authors: Liu Yong , Sun Yan , Yang Peng , Xu Yao Xing , Li Yan Li , Xu Shao Chun
Published: May 2011

This work aims to prepare and characterize one kind of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing conjugation of quaternary ammonium salt to chitosan, as well as to evaluate the anti-bacterial properties of diazeniumdiolates and the changes in NO release properties. The newly synthesized diazeniumdiolates are obtained from glycidyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride (GTMAC)-bearing chitosan derivatives (HTCC) with different molecular weights (280 and 670 KDa) and are used as NO donor species. An HTCC with high molecular weight (670 KDa) exhibits higher storage capacity for NO (up to 357.70 nmol NO/mg) than one with a low molecular weight (280 kDa). The NO release durations (7 h) observed for the HTCC diazeniumliolates with higher molecular weight (670 kDa) was slightly higher than that of HTCC diazeniumliolates with lower molecular weight (280 kDa). By determining the inhibition zone diameter, HTCC-NO with lower molecular weight (280 kDa) showed significantly higher inhibition capabilities againstE. colithan HTCC, crude chitosan, and water control.
Absorbencies of KLPAAM Superabsorbent Composite in Metal Ion Solution
Authors: He Xin Jian , Huang Kai , Xie Jian Jun , Li Na , Zeng Nian
Published: May 2011

A kaolin/sodium lignosulfonate graft acrylic acid and acrylamide superabsorbent composites(KLPAAM) prepared by solution polymerization are used for the equilibrium absorbency test of KLPAAM superabsorbent composite in different metal ion salt solutions. The effects of the solution concentrations on the equilibrium absorbencies in CuCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3 and AlCl3 solutions are in order: CuCl2<ZnCl2<FeCl3<AlCl3. The solution concentrations and the pH values have an important effect on the equilibrium absorbencies. There are different pH values, 3.0 in FeCl3 and ZnCl2, 4.25 in AlCl3 and 6.0 in CuCl2 solution when the equilibrium absorbencies quickly increase with the pH values of the solutions. And then they reach their relative define values, in which the pH value is 3.8 in FeCl3, 3.5 in ZnCl2 and 5.5 in AlCl3 solution. The absorbency obviously increases again when the pH value is larger than 7.0 in ZnCl2 solution. They are slightly affected by the solution temperatures, that is, slightly decreases with increasing solution temperatures.
Preparation of Guanidine Derivative Polymers as Novel Functional Additives for Value-Added Hygiene Paper
Authors: Qian Li Ying , Guan Yong , Xiao Hui Ning
Published: May 2011

In this paper, two guanidine derivative polymers were synthesized by reacting polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHGH) with starch and epichlorohydrin (EP) respectively and used as potential functional additives in papermaking. The molecular structure of the guanidine derivative polymers were characterized by FTIR and 2D NMR. PHGH- modified starches exhibited high antimicrobial activities against E. coli and the growth inhibition reached almost 100% in the presence of 1.0 wt.% PHGH in wood fibers. UV260 absorption was applied to reveal the dynamic antimicrobial process of guanidine derivative polymer obtained with PHGH and EP. Results showed that most of bacteria was deactivated within a few mins and the intracellular components were leaked when the concentration of the guanidine derivative polymer were higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Evaluation of the Influence of Acid Rain on the Property of Plant Mediums by Simulation
Authors: Lin Jia Horng , Chen Jin Mao , Lin Ching Wen , Hsing Wen Hao , Tsai Chen Fang , Lou Ching Wen
Published: May 2011

Acid rain has drawn much attention recently. This study was about evaluating the acid-rain-resistant and eco wall which was made of cotton fibers and Tencel fibers. In the experiment, two types of fibers were immersed in stimulated-acid-rain solutions for a week and weighted respectively after drying. This same procedure was repeated weekly three times; meanwhile, the fibers’ pH values were measured daily. The result showed that cotton fibers surpassed Tencel fibers, demonstrating smaller weight losses and positive pH results. The cotton fibers were able to adjust its pH value to 6.8, which provided a suitable environment for plants.
Phenolic Resin Modified Soybean Protein Adhesive
Authors: Ji Nan , Long Jun , Zheng Huan Yu , He Jin Qiu
Published: May 2011

A phenolic resin prepolymer has been prepared first with the balance performance of bonding strength, especially the water-resistant strength, and flowability for modification. Then soy protein gel is blended with the phenolic rein prepolymer, effects of some factors, such as mixed mode, mixing temperature, mixing system PH, mixing ratio, on the bonding strength are investigated. Results show that the dry strength of the Catalpa wood Sample can reach to 7.6 MPa, while water-resistant strength can reach to 1.3 MPa.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Morrison Rowan N. , Vasquez Daniel E. , Griffin Greg J. , Marney Donavan C.O.
Published: May 2011

Pyrolysis of dried sewage sludge samples treated with the additives silica zeolite, calcium oxide, dolomite, ammonium sulphate or diammonium sulphate were conducted by thermal gravimetric anaysis (TGA). The pyrolysis of the untreated sewage sludge showed four regions in which differential thermal gravimetry (DTG) peaks was observed. These peaks were identified as being due to: dehydration of the physically bound water in the sludge; chemical dehydration of carbohydrates in the sludge; decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose and proteins in the sludge, and; decomposition of lignin and plastics in the sludge. Addition of chemical additives changed the mass-loss due to chemical dehydration, with the dolomite additive reducing the mass-loss and AS or DAP increasing the mass-loss. AS and DAP also changed the mass-loss kinetics of the decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose. At temperatures greater than 750°C, the proportion of sludge converted to char was unaffected by the type of additive used. The observed mass-loss data was modelled with a three or four step kinetic mechanism; the calculated kinetic parameters are reported.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Cu Pattern Wafer Based Alkaline Slurry in GLSI with R(NH2)n as Complexing Agent
Authors: He Yan Gang , Gan Xiao Wei , Hong Wei , Hu Yi , Liu Yu Ling
Published: May 2011

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of Cu pattern wafer based alkaline slurry in GLSI with R(NH2)n as complexing agent was investigated. In Cu CMP procedure, it is necessary to minimize the surface dishing and erosion while maintaining good planarity. This requirements are met through the complexing agents. Based on the reaction mechanism analysis of Cu in alkaline slurry with R(NH2)n as complexing agent in CMP, the performance of Cu dishing and erosion were discussed. The results showed that the slurry stability can be improved obviously by the addition of R(NH2)n as complexing agent, both Cu1 and Cu2 have good dishing and erosion performance. Furthermore, the dishing condition of Cu2 (180-230nm) is better than that of Cu1 (280-370nm), and the erosion condition of Cu2 (230-260nm) is also better than that of Cu1 (450-500nm).
Synthesis of Eu 2+ and Dy 3+ Codoped Ba2MgSi2O7 Phosphor for Energy Storage
Authors: Wu Hao Yi , Hu Yi Hua , Wang Yin Hai , Fu Chu Jun , Kang Feng Wen
Published: May 2011

The Eu2+and Dy3+codoped Ba2MgSi2O7phosphor is synthesized via high temperature solid state reaction. The phase identification shows that the calcining temperature of this material is 1250°C. The photoluminescence analysis presents that the emission of this phosphors shifts from 440nm to 500nm as the phase become purity monocline Ba2MgSi2O7. The decay curve and the TL illustrates that this materials shows a weak afterglow with a short duration owing to the deep trap. This deep trap has a strong ability to store the trapped carriers. So the application of this materials can be extended.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 13-cis-Retinoate Aryl Derivatives
Authors: Yi Wei Guo , Yan Dong , Xie Long Yong , Xiang Jian Nan , Cao Zhong
Published: May 2011

A series of 13-cis-retinoate aryl derivatives were synthesized from 13-cis-retinoic acid and phenols or arylalcohol with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as reagent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as catalyst. Their structures were characterized by1H,13C NMR, IR and MS. The crystal of 3a has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and its molecular structure has been confirmed. Compound 3a belongs to monoclinic system with space group P2 (1)/c, a = 22.235 (3) Å, b = 7.4117 (10) Å, c = 15.990 (2) Å, β = 109.253 (3) °, V = 2487.7 (6) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.0613, ωR = 0.01437.
Young's Modulus of Graphene Based on Finite Displacement Theory
Authors: Ban Shu Hao , Ding Jian Ning , Hu Ai Ping , Li Xiao Yan , Jiang Xue Dong
Published: May 2011

Young’s modulus of monolayer graphene with carbon-circles is considered based on least-energy principle (LEP) and finite displacement theory (FDT). The relationships between the Young’s modulus and the numbers of carbon-circles of graphene are obtained. The results suggest that the Young’s modulus of graphene increases with the increasing number of carbon-circles in y-direction, but reduces with the increasing number in x-direction, and gradually comes to the constant .
Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Syringa oblate
Authors: Li Na , Mao Yong Qiang
Published: May 2011

A simple and rapid microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique for the extraction of flavonoids from the leaves of Syringa oblatewas developed. The influence of several extraction variabes on extraction yield of flavonoids were discussed. The optimum extraction conditions obtained were: 50% ethanol solution, 480 W microwave power, 6 min extraction time and 20:1 (mL/g) as the ratio of solvent volume to sample weight. Compared with conventional extraction methods, MAE is an efficient and rapid method for the extraction of the flavonoids from the leaves of Syringa oblate.
Synthesis of New Benzoxazine from Cardanol-Furfural Resin and the Properties of the Corresponding Polymer
Authors: Li Sheng Fang , Huang Wei Dong
Published: May 2011

A novel benzoxazine-based phenolic resin containing furan groups and long alkyl side-chain (CFB) was synthesized using cardanol-furfural resin as phenolic raw materials. The new benzoxazine-based cardanol-furfural resin derived from renewable resources was characterized by FTIR,1H NMR spectra and Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) etc. The thermal ring-opening reaction of the benzoxazine ring and the polymerization of the double bond were demonstrated with FTIR measurement. The thermal behavior of the cured product was also investigated with thermogravimetric analysis. The corresponding polybenzoxazine showed Tgvalue higher than that of polybenzoxazine prepared from cardanol, ammonia and formaldehyde. The char yield value at 800°C of the corresponding polybenzoxazine is 46.2% in N2atmosphere. The results showed that the polybenzoxazine cured from CFB had good heat resistance and toughness.
Preparation and Properties of Internally Plasticized Bio-Based Film
Authors: Xu Yu Zhi , Li Ling , Wang Chun Peng , Chu Fu Xiang
Published: May 2011

This paper demonstrated acylation of cellulose with long chain fatty acid and internally plasticized cellulose films obtained by casting. The degrees of substitution (DS) and molar yields of fatty acid, Ts-Cl amounts and reaction time, and as well as the property of final products were studied. Partially derivative celluloses presented glass transition compared to starting cellulose. However, thermal behaviors of the internally plasticized esters with different DS were similar. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) in tension mode revealed separate relaxations, denoted α and β, corresponding to the glass transition and side-chain melting processes, respectively. According to this, these longer chain esters (LCCEs) showed promise as internally plasticized cellulose films because the supermolecular structure of cellulose was significantly changed with the introduction of longer substituent.
Bio-Fixation of CO2 from Coal-Fired Power Plant by Micro-Algae Chlorella Sp.: Effect of Biological Conditions
Authors: Xiong Kai Bin , Zhao Bing Tao , Zhang Yi Xin , Zhang Zhong Xiao , Hao Xiao Hong , Liu Tao
Published: May 2011

The main reason resulting in the greenhouse effect is the fact that CO2 concentration of atmosphere is raised up. The largest part of CO2 emissions caused by human activities is derived from coal-fired power plant. Consequently, in order to reduce CO2 emissions on a large scale, we must focus on capturing CO2 which is produced by coal-fired power stations. In this paper, we introduce advanced biological CCS technology which makes use of the Chlorella sp. to fix CO2 from coal-fired power plant. The objective of the work is to discuss the effects of biological conditions (inoculums density, cultivation temperature and light intensity) on carbon sequestration efficiency, and to find a suitable cultivation environment for the growth of Chlorella sp.
Biological Conversion of Corncob Residues of Xylose Manufacture to L-Lactic Acid
Authors: Sun Tian Tian , Zhao Ya Can , Wu Jian , Dai Gui Fu , Zhu Jun Ping
Published: May 2011

The aim of this research is to study the saccharification of corncob residues of xylose manufacture by enzymes and turn it to L-lactic acid by fermentation. Corncob residues of xylose manufacture is one kind of lignocelluloses composed of 48.5% cellulose, 21.3% lignin, and 23.5% hemicellulose. As one of the most widely used organic acids in industry and the precursor of PLA, a degradable plastic, L-lactic acid is a very important material. In this study, six kinds of cellulases and one kind of β-glucosidase produced by different companies were studied to obtain high yield sugars needed for L-lactic acid fermentation. Results showed that composite of different enzymes could improve the catalysis effects. Mixture of cellulose F3: cellulose F4: β-glucosidase at the ratio of 2:4:9 engendered a high synergistic effect in hydrolysis. Also, the main factors influencing the hydrolysis of corncob residues were investigated. The appropriate reaction conditions are sodium acetate buffer 0.05-0.1mol/L, pH 5.0-5.5, concentration of corncob residues 15%, enzyme concentration 97U for 1g substrate, reaction temperature 50°C and the shaker speed 140 r/min. After 96h reaction, the concentration of glucose could reach as high as 5.5%. In fermentation, 4.48% of L-lactic acid was produced in 24 hours utilizing hydrolysis sugars as the carbon source, and the percent conversion of glucose to L- lactic acid was 81.5%.
The Structure and Properties of the Degummed Kosteletzkya virginica Bast Fiber
Authors: Fan Li Shan , Wang Shu Dong , Qin Pei
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the bast fibers of theKosteletzkya virginicawere degummed and separated into fine fibers, the chemical composition, morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties of the degummedKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers were characterized by means of SEM, ART-FTIR, DSC-TGA, XRD and Instron tensile tester. The results showed that the surface of theKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers was smooth, and there were many visible grooves along the vertical section. Typical celluloseⅠin theKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers was confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis.The crystallinity of theKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers was higher than the cotton fibers and lower than the castor-oil plant bast fibers. The beginning and maximum decomposition temperature of theKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers were 252 and 347 °C respectively, which indicated that theKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers had an appropriate thermal stability. TheKosteletzkya virginicabast fibers had a better mechanical properties and excellent hygroscopicity. All the results showed that theKosteletzkya virginicabast fiber was one of an ideal candidate for the new textile material.
Characterization of SiC Whiskers from Rice Husks in Argon Atmosphere
Authors: Jia Su Qiu , Tong Jin , Ma Yun Hai
Published: May 2011

SiC whiskers were prepared through carbonthermal reduction in two steps. Firstly raw rice husks (RHs) were pyrolysed in a graphite vacuum furnace at 460°C for 2 hours and coked rice husks were pyrolysed at 1400°C in argon atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to characterize the morphology and phase composition of SiC whiskers. The results show that the diameters of SiC whiskers range in 20-200 nm and their lengths are in the range from hundreds of microns to several millimeters. The whiskers are straight and slightly rough and consist of β-SiC crystals with bamboo-like structure. Vapor-solid (VS) mechanism plays a key role at the early stage of SiC formation and VLS mechanism and vapor phase mechanism of the whiskers are involved during the growth of SiC whiskers.
Steam Reforming of Benzene over Modified Ni/olivine Catalyst
Authors: Yang Xiao Qin , Xu Shao Ping , Zhang Shuang Quan
Published: May 2011

Steam reforming of benzene was carried out over Ni catalysts supported on modified olivine (MO). The MO was prepared by moulding olivine powder with calcium aluminate cement followed by calcination. It was found that calcination temperature of the support significantly influenced its physiochemical properties and the catalyst activity. The effects of reaction temperature, steam to carbon ratio (S/C) and liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) on the catalytic activity were studied. The Ni/MO catalyst was shown to be very active at the reaction temperature above 750 °C. A close to 100% C-conversion was obtained at the conditions with reaction temperature 800 °C, LHSV 0.8 h–1and S/C ratio 2.5. No obvious deactivation of the catalyst was observed during 500 min stability test.
The Ultrasonic Extraction of Oil from Prickly Ash (Zanthorylum bungeanum maxim) and its Composition Analysis
Authors: Ouyang Yu Zhu , Xu Ling Jun , Xiao Zhu Ping , Li Hui
Published: May 2011

The ultrasonic assistance extraction technology of the prickly ash oil from prickly ash seeds was studied, and the effects of extraction medium, temperature, time and rate of liquid to solid was discussed. Meanwhile, chemical compositions of prickly ash oil extarcted from its seeds and shell were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively. The results showed that the extraction rate of prickly ash oil is 7.8% by using 95% ethanol as extractant with a ratio ethanol/ash (v/w) of 3:1 (mL/g) and extracting at 60 °C for 90 min. Heat treatment of prickly ash, however, led to a lower rate under the corresponding conditions. The chemical compositions of both oils are very different with alkenes from seeds and with carboxylic acids together with its esters from shell.
Study of Metal Complexes’ Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ding Yi Gang , Huang Hai Tao , Ding Yao , Yang Chang Yan , Ji Jun , Wu Yuan Xin
Published: May 2011

The solubility of 8-hydroxyquinoline lead, lead diethyldithiocarbamate, 8-hydroxyquinoline mercury and mercury diethyldithiocarbamate in supercritical carbon dioxide under different supercritical conditions was investigated by using supercritical extraction device. It was measured ranged from 308.15K to 328.15K for supercritical temperature, and 10 MPa to 30MPa for pressure. The solubility data of metal complexes were correlated and a mathematical model was put forward from a viewpoint of solvent association theory compared to Chrastil’s model. The results showed that SA model gives fairly good agreement with the experiment data.
Influence of Rice Residue-Derived Charcoal on Sorption and Desorption Behaviors of a Nonionic Pesticide Carbofuran in a Soil
Authors: Yang Ji Feng
Published: May 2011

We investigated the influence of amendment of charcoals derived from rice residues at 250, 450 and 850 °C on the sorption and desorption behaviors of carbofuran in a soil using a batch equilibrium method. The crop residues derived charcoals at 850 °C had higher sorption capacity than those prepared at 250 and 450 °C. Amendment of the charcoal material (<1%) prepared at 250 °C had no obvious effects on pesticide sorption in soils. The soils amended with the charcoal materials had higher sorption capacity than the original soil, and the nonlinearity of sorption of carbofuran on the amended soils increased with the content of charcoal, especially for those amended with the charcoal obtained at 850 °C. Sorption-desorption hysteresis occurred for all treatments including the control.
Effect of β-Glucosidase and Gleditsia Saponin on Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process of Furfural Residues
Authors: Zhao Dan Qing , Feng Yue , Zhu Li Wei , Jiang Jian Xin
Published: May 2011

Enzymatic hydrolysis constitutes an attractive process configuration for ethanol production from biomass. However, the high enzyme addition contributes to a high process cost. This study shows that appropriate concentration ofGleditsiasaponin could reduce the enzyme loading and increase β-glucosidase active. The optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis process of furfural residues was at enzyme loading of 6 FPU cellulose/g substrate and 9 IU β-glucosidase/g substrate with 0.6 g/l ofGleditsiasaponin. The enzyme loading could be reduced by 50% with addition of 0.64 g/lGleditsiasaponin during furfural residues hydrolysis. The β-glucosidase activity from hydrolysate with 0.64 g/lGleditsiasaponin was higher than that without any surfactants.
Synthesis and Flame Retardant Properties of Melamine Modified EH Lignin
Authors: Fu Ru Lin , Cheng Xian Su
Published: May 2011

A novel intumescent ﬂame retardant (IFR), melamine modified enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (MEHL), was synthesized and well characterized by FTIR and TGA. The results showed that the decompose temperature of MEHL is much higher than that of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL). In order to improve ﬂame retardancy and dripping resistance of EPDM, MEHL and microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) were added into EPDM as IFR system. The ﬂame ability and thermal stability of IFR and EPDM composites were investigated by UL-94 vertical burning test and LOI measurements. The results indicated that FV-0 was reached and the LOI value was 35 when per hundred rubber (phr) together with 12 phr MRP and 50 phr EHLM were added. SEM photos showed that the char residue was continuous, and a barrier between flame and rubber was formed, while there were also small holes in its surfaces. On all accounts, EHL used as a carbonization agent instead of petroleum chemicals, such as pentaerythritol, was more environmental friendly and beneficial to economy.
Microtructure of Woodceramics Modified By Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin
Authors: Huang Zhen Kun , Zhao Xiao Xiao , Lü Qiu Feng , Cheng Xian Su
Published: May 2011

Novel woodceramics were fabricated by camphora powder and phenolic resin modified by enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL). The chemical structure, phase identification and morphology of woodceramics were investigated by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that woodceramics possessed topologically homogenous structure and contained C-O-C, C–H and C =C bonds. EHL played an important role upon the microstructures of woodceramics. The disorder of woodceramics was reduced while content of EHL was increased.
Study of Aqueous Two Phase System on Water Soluble Bio Oil
Authors: Liu Shao Peng , Zong Zhi Min , Zhang Shan Shan , Xu Yue , Gong Gui Zhen , Sun Shian , Yao Ting , Wei Qing , Wei Xian Yong
Published: May 2011

This paper was aimed to study the aqueous two phase extraction (ATPE) on water soluble bio oil(SBO), in which ethanol, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4and (NH4)2SO4were selected to form the water soluble bio oil(SBO) aqueous two phase system (ATPS). After phase separation, the extraction rates and the volume ratios of the upper to lower layer of the ATPSs were investigeted. Both the upper and lower layers of these SBO ATPSs were analyzed by elemental analyzer and Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The different extraction rates indicates the influnces of different salt during the phase saperation, of which NaH2PO4has less effect to SBO than the other two; K2HPO4may neutralize some organic acid; the lowest extraction rate of ethanol/(NH4)2SO4system indicates the effects of (NH4)2SO4to SBO. Too much ethanol will fech in more water, hence the optimizational ratio of the SBO ATPS should be SBO:salt:ethanol=10:10:5. In element analysis, the diclining of oxygen in all the upper layers and the increasing of nitrogion in both layers of (NH4)2SO4system indicates the abbility of the less oxygen components concentration of the ATPS and the reaction between (NH4)2SO4and SBO. According to FTIR test, the lack of absorption at 1515cm-1of all the lower layers indicates the completely transforming of phenols into the upper layers. Because of the high extraction rate and less influence to SBO, ethanol/NaH2PO4system may be the most suitable ATPS for SBO extraction.
Synthesis of Biodisiel from Used Cooking Oils Catalyzed by Solid Acid
Authors: Cheng Zheng Zai , Lin Su Su , Lei Rui , Yan Xiao Chao , Nie Yu Jing
Published: May 2011

The synthesis of biodiesel expressed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were studied to achieve an economic and practical method for utilization of used cooking oil (UCO). UCO samples with the acid value of more than 80 mgKOH/g mixed with methanol were heterogeneously catalyzed by solid aminosulfonic acid under some conditions . The conversion of UCO into FAME was 86.0% at the reaction time of 2 hours, mole ratio of methanol to UCO of 5:1, showing much higher catalyzed activity of solid aminosulfonic acid. the samples of FAME prepared from UCO was analyzed by GC/MS and the results showes that the majority of biodiesel has fatty acid methyl esters of carbon lengths from C14–C24, with an average of C18 methyl ester.
Study on Desulfurization of with Solid Waste by Microwave
Authors: He Zhi Jun , Liu Shuai , Jin Yong Long
Published: May 2011

This paper aims to study the feasibility of two solid waste which are boron mud and fly ash as desulfurization absorbents by microwave. Under the optimal operating conditions, the desulfurization removal efficiency achieves 88.2%. The microstructure of before and after the adsorbent reaction are analyzed by SEM. Base on the experiment research, the mechanisms of simultaneous desulfurization is investigated in this paper. The research provides a new approach to resource recycling of boron mud and fly ash. And the results have great significance to recycled solid waste and preserve the sustainable development of industrial economy and environment.
Influence of Gas Supply Mode on CO2 Hydrate Formation in Water Spraying Reactor
Authors: Xie Ying Ming , Liu Dao Ping , Liu Ni , Qi Ying Xia
Published: May 2011

In order to study the influence of gas supply modes on CO2 hydrate formation characteristics, a specific water spray gas hydrate formation apparatus was designed. The gas consumption and temperature variation in the process of CO2 hydrate formation under continuous and oscillating gas supply modes were researched. The experimental results showed that hydrate formation rate in the oscillating gas supply mode was greater than in the continuous gas supply mode, which indicates mass transfer driving force caused by disturbance in oscillating gas supply mode is larger than that of continuous gas supply mode. Additionally, under the same initial pressures and the same gas supplying mode, the lower the initial temperature, the larger the heat transfer drive force, and the faster the hydrate formation rate.
FTIR Analysis of Extractable Fractions from FourIndonesian Natural Asphalts
Authors: Yao Ting , Zong Zhi Min , Wang Yu Gao , Wen Zhe , Mukasa Robert , Gong Gui Zhen , Liu Fang Jing , Wei Xian Yong
Published: May 2011

Four natural asphalts (NAs) from Buton Rock, Indonesia, which were abbreviated as BRA-A, BRA-B, BRA-C and BAR-D, were continuously extracted by solvents, subdivided into four fractions and analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The transmission and reﬂection FTIR techniques were used to distinguish among different samples and fractions and to examine information concerning their structure, composition and structural changes upon fractional extract. Upon FTIR analysis, the methyl, methylene, oxhydryl and carboxyl groups are the major composition of these NAs. Some strong bonds at the zones of 2922-2856 cm-1, 1707-1606 cm-1 , 1453-1373 cm-1 , 1030 cm-1 and 872-748 cm-1 are assigned to >CH2 & -CH3 & –OH in carboxlic acid, ester & benzene ring, >C=O & -C-CH3, –CH2OH, -(CH2)n- & substituted benzene, etc. Much more care should be taken to investigate both N-containing functional groups and mineral multiphase compositions probably present in BRA-B, C and D.
Numerical Stimulation of Mass Transfer in Cathode Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cell by Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Mu Chun Yan , Li Ying
Published: May 2011

Numerical simulation of mass transfer in cathode diffusion layer will be helpful for understanding the mass transfer characteristics and predicting the output characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In this paper, Lattice Boltzmann method was adopted to simulate mass transfer in cathode diffusion layer of PEM fuel cell, analyze the effect of porous diffusion layer microstructure. The effects of porosity, the pore size and gradual porosity on mass transfer were discussed, and the relationship between liquid saturation and diffusion coefficient was correlated under the existence of liquid water. The results can be used to diffusion layer design and performance analysis of PEM fuel cell.
A Novel Multifunctional Bionic Fuzzy-Ball Drilling Fluid
Authors: Zheng Li Hui , Wan Xiang Hui , Zhang Hong Jie , Chi Li Jun , Peng Ke Wen
Published: May 2011

The difficulties during the exploration and development of the reservoirs which are low pressure-permeability, low pressure fractured hydrocarbon or energy depleted put multi-requirements on drilling fluid, which include the capacity of inhibiting and sealing to avoid down hole losses and formation caving in the situation where different pressure coefficients exist in the same open hole, good compatibility with underbalanced drilling fluid such as air, mist, foam etc, good solids-carrying capacity and formation damage control according to varies kinds of well completion in different types of well like vertical, horizontal or multilateral well. Thus a novel multifunctional bionic fuzzy-ball drilling fluid was invented under the auspice of National Key Project. The density of the fluid which is solid free can reach to 0.8~1.0 g/cm3 with conventional drilling equipments. Also, its density can be above 1.0 g/cm3 by adding inert weighting additives to adapt to near-balanced or under-balanced drilling. Good sealing ability can avoid down hole losses, formation caving in opening and low-pressure layers above 1000m. The ratio of yield value and plastic viscosity can be above 1.0 Pa/mPa·s, which makes good performance in hole cleaning under low pump delivery with conventional drilling equipments. Being compatible with air, it can be used in water producing, sloughing formation and completions without converting to other types of drilling fluid system. Bionic fuzzy-ball drilling fluid has been used in more than 10 wells, which have the problems such as water production, formation caving and severe losses, and applied to air drilling. The field applications of bionic fuzzy-ball drilling fluid can be demonstrated by introducing the “U” shape horizontal well DFS-02-H2, multilateral well FL-H2-L, artesian flowing and formation caving well J35, air drilled well CLY22 and low pressure gas well Mo 80-C1.
Study on Dewatering of Fine Coal by Combination of Electrolysis and Filtration
Authors: Dong Xian Shu , Feng Lai Hong , Yao Su Ling , Niu Dong Fang
Published: May 2011

With enhanced awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, more attention has been paid to the high moisture content of the filtration products used in the flotation process as commonly employed in coal preparation plants. In this paper, we choose fine coal (–0.5mm) samples obtained from the Xiqu Coal Preparation Plant in China as our research objective. Tests were performed under three different experimental conditions: direct pressure filtration, electrolysis pressure filtration, and electricity decompression filtration with different electrodes. Thus our aim was the evaluation of the impact of electrodes on the electrolysis-pressure-filtration effect on fine coal dewatering. The results of this study indicate that when the coal slurry concentration is 400g/L, and when the electrode is aluminum-aluminum (90V, 14min), we can achieve the best effect and the lowest moisture content of the filter cake, which is 10%. The electrolysis pressure filter has a high dewatering efficiency, an advanced technical index, requires little power consumption (obviously energy-saving), needs only a small amount of maintenance, and is stable and reliable in operation, Thus the electrolysis pressure filter is the most effective and economical processing equipment for fine coal dewatering and has prospects for broad application.
Preparation of Water-Soluble Soy Protein-Based Surfactants by Oxidizing Disulfide Bonds
Authors: Li Jun Sheng , Jing Wei , Yan Liu Juan , Li Li Na
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the correlations between the cleavage degree of disulfide bonds and soy protein surface activity had been studied in order to show the surface activity of soy protein. The disulfide bonds of soy protein were oxidized to sulfonic groups by performic acid. The distribution of polar and nonpolar groups, and the molecular structure of soy protein were changed because of the oxidation damage of disulfide bonds, and these changes led to changes in surface activity of soy protein. The results showed that the emulsifying property of soy protein was improved by oxidizing the disulfide bonds of protein compared with that of natural soy protein. The change of soy protein emulsifying property is closely related with the degree of the disulfide bond oxidation damage,and that was also an effective way to prepare the protein-based surfactant.
Experiment Study on Biodiesel Produced from Soybean Oil by Solid Base Catalysts
Authors: Ma Feng Xian , Li Jing Xia
Published: May 2011

In this paper, biodiesel is successfully produced by the ester exchange reaction with solid base catalyst of K2O/Ti-HMS based on soybean oil as raw materials. The result of which shows that K2O/Ti-HMS has good ester exchange activity as solid base catalyst and the catalyst easily is separated from products. By single factor experiment, the influence of K2O load, molar ratio of methanol and oil and catalyst dosage on the biodiesel conversion rate is researched and the optimal relationship between the above parameters is obtained.