bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Battles over Sovereignty
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

All the major political controversies of Andrew Jackson’s two terms in the White House involved issues of authority. Jackson exercised presidential authority in new ways, removing competent officeholders and vetoing more bills than all his predecessors put together. (The contrast with his immediate predecessor was particularly striking, since Adams had vetoed no bills at all.) Jackson engaged in contests of authority with Congress and barely avoided one with the Supreme Court. The Eaton Affair showed that even social intercourse could be a matter for the assertion of presidential authority. Ultimate authority, that is, sovereignty, became the subject of explicit and bitter debate during Jackson’s administrations. Rival claims of sovereignty for the states and the nation found expression in legal theory, rhetorical eloquence, and finally in political crisis. The president believed in the sovereignty of the American people and in himself as the embodiment of that sovereignty. The conflict between Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States escalated into a “war” waged in defense of both national and popular sovereignty. By the end of his presidency, Jackson had defended federal supremacy in the crisis with South Carolina even while encouraging neighboring Georgia to assert state sovereignty. In the last analysis, it was his personal authority, rather than that of the federal government or even the presidential office, which Jackson zealously maintained.
Logic And Experience
Authors: LaPiana William P
Published: November 2023

The 19th century saw dramatic changes in the legal education system in the United States. Before the Civil War, lawyers learned their trade primarily through apprenticeship and self-directed study. By the end of the 19th century, the modern legal education system which was developed primarily by Dean Christopher Langdell at Harvard was in place: a bachelor’s degree was required for admission to the new model law school, and a law degree was promoted as the best preparation for admission to the bar. William P. LaPiana provides an in-depth study of the intellectual history of the transformation of American legal education during this period. In the process, he offers a revisionist portrait of Langdell, the Dean of Harvard Law School from 1870 to 1900, and the earliest proponent for the modern method of legal education, as well as portraying for the first time the opposition to the changes at Harvard.
The Typical Japanese Overseas Factory
Authors: Kamiyama Kunio
Published: November 2023

Outline of the Surveyed Factories Local plant observations were carried out in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, over a period of approximately 1.5 months from the middle of August to the end of September, 1989. A total of forty-nine American, Japanese, and Korean plants from the auto assembly, auto parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductor industries was investigated. Table 3-1 provides the outline of forty-one Japanese plants included in this total. Since the principal objective of this research is to study conditions pertaining to the transfer of the Japanese-style management and production system to the United States, the study focuses upon conditions obtaining among thirty-four Japanese plants located mainly in the United States. Three of these are located in Canada, but since management conditions affecting these plants are judged to be essentially the same as those in the United States, they are evaluated according to the same criteria as the plants located in the United States. This study includes nine auto assembly plants identified as plants AA to Al. The oldest of these is plant AA, which began producing automobiles in 1982 (motorcycles in 1979), followed by plants AB and AC, which also began production in the first half of the 1980s. The other six plants had a history of less than 2 years and in some cases had only just come on stream when the study was carried out. The nine auto parts plants were established over virtually the same period of time, reflecting the relatively short history of the expansion into the United States by the Japanese auto industry as a whole.
Crisis of Faith: Protecting the North Atlantic
Authors: O’Connell Robert L
Published: November 2023

The ‘ability of the U.S. Navy to adjust to the traumatic events that transpired in Europe after August 1914 had a great deal to do with the background and technological conceptions of the Annapolites looking on. Yet that ability was also a matter of pure partisanship. The most progressive element among the line officers, the insurgents, led by Sims, Fiske, and Fullam, had never hesitated to enter into civilian politics to get what they wanted, and for a time that strategy worked brilliantly. Yet-they had not experienced, or perhaps even thought about, the negative repercussions of becoming too closely associated with one side of the U.S. political process. In their own minds they were essentially interested in naval efficiency and naturally looked to those civilian politicians who were most sympathetic to their ideas. But they did not sufficiently understand that they had branded themselves in the eyes of the other side and when that side came to power, they would suffer accordingly.
The Manufacturer’s Perpetual Enterprise Machine
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

The survival of U.S. manufacturers has become a critical issue in the 1990s as the nation emerges from the major industrial transformations of the 1970s and the global competitiveness wars of the 1980s.
Ownership and Commitment
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

In each of the five companies, we found that the quality and level of effort expended on a development project-and thus the degree of success ultimately achieved-was tied directly to the extent of ownership and commitment exhibited by those involved. Unlike on going organizations, in which ownership and commitment occur within the functional groups on a long-term basis, development projects (which are by their very nature temporary) demand that individuals push themselves to the limit intellectually, socially, and physically. If they are not committed, or do not feel they own their work, they simply will not reach the level of effort required for outstanding success. The procedures by which the team works are also affected by the extent of ownership and commitment: conflict resolution, problem solving, communication are less effective if the people involved do not act with integrity, consistency, thoroughness, and genuine concern. Finally, the support a project receives from the rest of the company will also fall short if outside people do not feel that they, too, are important to its success and have a significant role in its completion.
An Opportunity for Leadership in Learning
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

It is a scene played out many times over in many companies: after a long and arduous process a new product is unveiled, the project team celebrates, manufacturing and sales crank up the commercial engine, and senior management smiles and anxiously awaits the market’s response. It has been much the same in the Manufacturing Vision Group. We too have worked together as a team, have designed, prototyped, and developed our product (this book), and have been tempted to celebrate as the seven themes we derived from our study emerged in the form of seven completed chapters. But we also have been aware that even having finished the seven theme chapters, and the company histories that form the second half of the book, the “product” is incomplete. It is not that the seven themes are not the right ones; we believe they capture the driving forces of success in development. Indeed, our work together has convinced us of the power of these ideas. But it has also convinced us of the great challenge in actually putting these ideas into practice. The themes can only be effective to the extent they get implemented. Faster, better, more effective development will result from an understanding of these themes to the extent that the organization moves to action.
Eastman Kodak Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

With the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest,” George Eastman in 1888 put the first simple camera into the hands of the American public and set in motion what would become the world’s most successful producer of photographic products. Today, Eastman Kodak Co. of Rochester, New York, manufactures and markets products as diverse as pharmaceuticals, office copiers, specialty chemicals, polymers, and imaging materials for the health, business, and professional markets. With sales approaching $20 billion, Kodak ranks as the eleventh largest exporter of U.S. goods, doing business in over 150 countries and employing more than 130,000 people world wide.
Ford Motor Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C
Published: November 2023

Few companies can lay claim to a more noteworthy record of significant advances in manufacturing and mass production than the one started by Henry Ford in 1902. Driven by a vision of a light, simple, low-priced motor vehicle, Ford launched his company in a converted wagon shop in Detroit to assemble the first Model A.
The Nature of Universal Banking
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Universal banking can be defined as the conduct of a range of financial services comprising deposit-taking and lending, trading of financial instruments and foreign exchange (and their derivatives), underwriting of new debt and equity issues, brokerage, investment management, and insurance. As depicted in Figure 4–1, universal banking can take a number of forms, ranging from the “true” universal bank and the German model—subject to few restrictions as to what business banking and securities can be done and how it can be done but requiring separate subsidiaries for certain other activities—to the U.K. model involving the conduct of a relatively broad range of financial activities through separate affiliates of the bank, and the U.S. model, which generally requires a holding company structure and separately capitalized subsidiaries.
How Risky Would Universal Banks Be?
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the potential return-risk advantages of a universal banking structure. On the one hand, universal banking can be potentially beneficial since it allows the commercial bank to diversify into other activity areas and thus reduces the risk of failure. On the other hand, some nonbank activities may be more risky than banking activities when viewed on a stand-alone basis. As a result, universal banking may increase the probability of bank failure.
Excursus: Jwj “Come” and Jnj “Bring”
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

A remarkable difference in idiom between Egyptian and English is that, in English, one says, “He came and brought a friend” or “He came bringing a friend,” but in Egyptian, “He came having brought a friend.” Though this idiom does not express contiguity—the first verb, jwj/jjj “come,” is not substantival—it is discussed here because it shares with examples discussed previously the property that, from the point of view of the modern observer, the order of the events seems inverted at first sight.
Sdm.jn=f as Contingent Past
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

New events in a narrative chain can only occur if the previous events in the chain have taken place.59 In “He approached the house and knocked on the door,” knocking on the door would be impossible without first approaching the house. From a certain point of view, approaching the house can be regarded as a condition that needs to be fulfilled for knocking on the door to be possible.
Physicians’ Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Most physicians strive to heal patients, extend their lives, and relieve their pain. But doctors are made of the samestuff as other people. They have the usual passions, follies, virtues, and vices. Ideals may attract them-yet they must also make a living. Medicine almost inevitably involves a tension between the physicians’ commitment to healing others and their economic self-interest. Doctors, like others, can do well by doing good. But the tension often creates problems.
Organizational Campaigning
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Toshiba seeks constant organizational change for the better, and organizational campaigning makes this happen. Organizational campaigning is a kind of programmed, disciplined, recurring activity that integrates a Knowledge Works’ multiple functions, products, and purposes, and orchestrates its managers, workers, and engineers, diffusing and amplifying their learning. Organizational campaigning joins factory-based QC (quality control), TQM (total quality management), JIT (just-in-time), and TP (total productivity) methods to enhance profits, reduce cycle time, and more efficiently mesh factory resources with corporate strategy-making. Effectively linking multiple goals and levels in something approaching real time is an organizational achievement of enormous significance.
Computer-on-a-Card
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Between December 1985 and September 1987, a rather brief period of 22 months, the Yanagicho Works designed, developed, and delivered an engineering sample of the world’s first Super Smart card: a full-function, on-line/off-line, integrated circuit (IC), 16K RAM, threeline display, 10-key, credit-card sized computer. The speed with which this path breaking product was fashioned, given the formidable design, prototyping, and manufacturing hurdles, bespeaks a means of product design, development, and delivery that is unusually effective.
Disputes Over Status, Territory, and Frontiers
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

Therfore World War I, Iraq was but a geographical expression. It existed only in the form of three provinces; each was integrated and dealt with as a unit within the overall Ottoman administrative system. Lacking an international status, each unit could not possibly deal directly with foreign governments.1 True, in ancient and medieval times, Iraq was the seat of great empires; but, after four centuries of Ottoman rule, only historical memory and Arab traditions inspired the people with a sense of identity that they belong to one political com¬ munity. It was to that historical memory, General Stanley Maude, commander of the British expeditionary force, referred in his address to the people, upon his entry to Baghdad, when he said that the British force had come not to dominate, but to liberate the country from Ottoman rule and to assist in the revival of its illustrious place in the history of mankind.
The Nonprofit Board of Directors
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

In the last five chapters of this book, we have identified a number of special features of nonprofit management: the centrality of the mission, the complexity associated with facing customers who are simultaneously clients and donors, the intermingling of competition and cooperation in the sector, and the problems of dealing with professional staff and volunteers. This chapter examines the role of the board in the nonprofit and argues that in both structure and function, nonprofit boards differ somewhat from their for-profit counterparts.
The Potential for Change
Authors: Oster Sharon M
Published: November 2023

The last ten chapters of this book have discussed a wide range of issues affecting nonprofit organizations: setting a mission, determining the industry structure, managing human resources, fundraising, and financial management. In this last chapter we turn to the issue of organizational change: How adaptive are nonprofit organizations? What are the pressures for change for nonprofits? What determines how successful change will be? Over time, there have been considerable changes in the economic landscape, changes in the kinds of goods and services produced, how they are produced, and where they are produced. In the nonprofit sector, as well, there have been substantial changes.
“Give Us the Tools “ British Propaganda and American Aid, January to August 1941
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

The first weeks of 1941 brought a new dawn in Anglo-American relations. On January 6, 1941, Roosevelt publicly pledged himself to an “all inclusive national defense” and “full support” for the Allied cause. Congress replied with the Lend-Lease bill. Britain breathed a sigh of relief. There were also signs of a new era in Anglo-American diplomacy. Joseph Kennedy resigned from the American Embassy in London and was replaced by the internationalist John Gilbert Winant. Roosevelt also sent his trusted aide Harry Hopkins on a six-week mission to Britain. The British pulled out all the stops to impress their guest. Charmed, Hopkins assured Washington that it could work well with the Churchill government.2 Unfortunately, Britain’s chief new arrival in Washington proved rather less successful.
Feminist Approaches to Bioethics
Authors: Tong Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

Debate and dialogue, controversy and consensus, criticism and construction: these signal that bioethicists are in the process of reinterpreting the relationship between ethical theories, principles, rules, and particular moral judgments. In a thirty-year retrospective article for the Journal of the American Medical Association, Edmund Pellegrino claims that medical ethics is undergoing cl transition equal to the one it made when it shifted from the “Hippocratic ethic” to so-called “principlism.” As he sees it, medical ethics is now living through a period of “anti-principlism,” the outcome of which is uncertain. Most of what Pellegrino notes about the “metamorphosis” of medical ethics also applies to the evolution of broader bioethics. At present, the bioethics community is in ferment as representatives of various schools of thought engage in serious negotiations and accommodations with each other, aimed at shaping a bioethics resilient enough to meet the moral challenges of the twenty-first century.
A Feminist View of Health
Authors: Purdy Laura M
Published: November 2023

We usually take it for granted that we know what health is. Yet fringe cases show that the concept is fuzzier than it seems. Are small breasts, for instance, a disease? Even a brief excursion into the literature on the concept shows that health, although we value it highly, is not easily defined. Yet developing a clear and coherent definition is necessary, both for personal decision making and for good health policy.
Vestibular Stimulation As A Neurodevelopmental Intervention With Preterm Infants: Findings And New Methods Of Revaluating Intervention Effects
Authors: Korner Anneliese E
Published: November 2023

With the recent technological advances in neonatology that have resulted in the survival of an increasing number of very young preterm infants, behavioral scientists have become concerned about the quality of life in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This concern has led to many different in-hospital intervention studies over the last 20 years, with varied rationales, and methodological approaches. The choices depended largely on whether preterm infants were viewed as babies deprived of the many forms of stimulation prevalent in a natural home environment or as infants deprived of forms of stimulation highly prevalent in in utero.
The Breathing Bear And The Remarkable Premature Infant
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B
Published: November 2023

Several decades of research have provided very few answers and raised many more questions about how to provide nurturing care for the preterm infant. Interest has evolved from a focus on providing additional stimulation or reducing stimulation to an emphasis on involving the parents in providing social interaction for their infants.
The Design and Redesign of Organizational Form
Authors: Allen Franklin , Sherer Peter D
Published: November 2023

There exists a whole spectrum of organizational forms ranging from “mom and pop” grocery stores to large conglomerates, from financial mutuals, such as insurance companies and mutual funds, to nonprofits, such as hospitals and universities. The three most typical organizational forms used in the business sector are proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.

Surprisingly little attention outside of legal arguments has been given to the type of organizational form a firm should adopt. In recent years, however, firms in a number of industries have redesigned their form. Twenty-five years ago most major investment banks were partnerships. Now, with the exception of Goldman Sachs, they are all corporations or divisions of corporations. Highly visible legal suits against law and accounting partnerships have called into question whether their current organizational form is best. This concern was highlighted by the recent bankruptcy of the accounting partnership Laventhol and Horwath and the requirements for partners to meet liability payments. For many other service industries, organizational form is an important issue.

Even among manufacturing firms, the type of organizational form is a design and redesign issue. It would be surprising if General Motors became a partnership, even though this form would save the firm several billion dollars a year in taxes. In Japan, though, the automobile industry is structured very differently with a considerable amount of outsourcing to firms that are proprietorships and partnerships rather than corporations.
How Firms Adapt to Evolving Markets
Authors: Day George S , Kimberly John R
Published: November 2023

Managers contemplating entry into an emerging market, or assessing their prospects in a high-growth market they already serve, cannot avoid the following persistent questions:

• How much does the timing of entry and initial choice of strategy matter? In particular, will the rewards of early entry compensate for the extra risks, and are there entry strategies that can overcome the penalty of later entry?

• As the market evolves toward maturity, what new capabilities must the firm acquire, and how should the strategy be adjusted to ensure long-run success?
Appropriability
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

If a competitive advantage is to form the basis of corporate success, it must also be appropriable. Appropriability is a firm’s capacity to retain the added value it creates for its own benefit. Adding value is an objective for a not-for-profit organization just as it is for a corporation. But whereas a tennis club or a university may be content to see that added value distributed to its members or community, the successful corporation must be concerned with appropriating it for the benefit of its shareholders.
Strategies for Corporate Success
Authors: Kay John
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is the way in which firms evaluate their strategy—the process of the strategic audit. I begin by describing some common errors—the confusion between planning and strategy, the pursuit of wish-driven strategy, and the “implementation” that is not preceded by a careful analysis and assessment of what is to be implemented. I describe the process by which firms assess their distinctive capabilities and achieve a competitive advantage by matching them to the markets in which they operate. I also exemplify the issues that arise in assessing the sustainability of distinctive capabilities, and the problems that need to be considered in effectively defending the value of competitive advantage from rivals, customers, and suppliers. The chapter uses real, but disguised, applications of the analysis of the book.
Inda-European a-Stems and Feminine Stems in -ī
Authors: Villar Francisco
Published: November 2023

Although, strictly speaking, the phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme did not exist in the common Inda-European language, there do exist two nominal paradigms whose origins offer some analogies to it. These are the o-stems and the feminine in -* ī. Neither of these is exactly coincident with Suffixaufnahme, but they serve to throw light on the diachrony of Suffixaufnahme and kindred patterns of attributive marking.
Telling Troubles: Narrative, Conflict, and Experience
Authors: Brenneis Donald
Published: November 2023

My recent participation on a college-wide personnel committee raised several critical questions for me concerning narratives. We were hiring for a position in economics, and my role included listening to “job-talks” by five candidates. Economics job-talks share remarkably consistent generic characteristics. A formula phrased in numbers, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters emerges slowly on the blackboard. Each letter represents a “proxy,” that is, a measure standing in for a broader range of related variables. The formula indicates proposed relationships among these factors with an eye, ultimately, to predicting behavior.
Causes of Increasing Resource Scarcity
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

Pressure on the natural environment is intense in the Latin American countryside. Our analysis of why this is so begins with an examination of the causes of mounting renewable resource scarcity. Throughout the developing world, demographic growth has been dramatic. Annual rates of population increase have approached or exceeded 3.0 percent in many African, Asian, and Latin American nations. Growth is tapering off as women choose to have fewer children. But median age remains low, which means that populations will not stabilize until well after the tum of the century. The geographic incidence of demographic change is far from uniform. Human fertility is generally higher in rural areas. However, people have also been leaving the countryside in droves. In terms of the numbers involved, the recent expansion of third world cities reflects the largest migration in human experience. Agricultural frontiers are being colonized as well. Fewer people are converting forests into farms, although the impacts on renewable resources are dramatic.
Farmland Degradation
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

By no means is policy-induced environmental degradation confined to agricultural frontiers. Where crop and livestock production are already well established, in Ecuador and elsewhere in Latin America, government policies discourage the conservation of land resources. Soil loss is the primary focus of this chapter. Farmers’ and ranchers’ contributions to soil displacement are examined and erosion’s agricultural impacts are surveyed. (Off-farm impacts are addressed in the next chapter.) Since data needed to estimate linkages between erosion and agricultural production are lacking in Ecuador, this chapter’s causal analysis of farmland degradation is largely inferential. Our principal argument is that policy-induced distortions in real estate and financial markets discourage the adoption of land improvements, generally, and conservation measures, specifically. The burden of these distortions weighs heavily on small holders, who tend to be concentrated on the country’s more fragile lands.
Waste and Misallocation of Water Resources
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

By any standard, water supplies are abundant in Ecuador. There are several major river basins and aquifers in the country that, taken together, are more than enough to satisfy all conceivable needs. Nevertheless, competition for water is increasing, with demand outstripping supply in drier areas. Shortages are partly the result of watershed deterioration and pollution. However, inefficient and inequitable use of water has also been caused by government policies.
Oil Industry Pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris
Published: November 2023

Since 1967, when major petroleum deposits were discovered in the Oriente, the Ecuadorian economy has come to depend on fossil fuel production. The oil industry generates about 15 percent of the country’s GDP and nearly half of its exports. In addition, petroleum revenues account for 40 percent of all public sector income. To keep the national economy afloat, over a thousand wells have been drilled and an accompanying network of roads, pipelines, and related facilities has been established. Environmental quality has been sacrificed for the sake of accumulating oil wealth. Formation water, which is extracted along with petroleum, is routinely discharged into rivers, lakes, and streams. Large quantities of oil have also found their way into the environment, in part because of damage caused to pipelines by earthquakes and other natural disasters. In addition, faulty construction and maintenance of storage pits and pipelines is a cause of water pollution, which has been linked to various health problems.
What Should We Feed The Inflamed Intestine? Ulcerative Colitis And Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

We have already discussed the common functional disorder of the bowel-irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS as it is usually abbreviated. Now we need to turn our attention to the more serious inflammations of the bowel. They are mainly of two distinct groups: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. They are grouped together as inflammatory bowel diseases, abbreviated IBD, and are not to be confused with IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.
Affirmative Action: African American and Jewish Perspectives
Authors: Shaw Theodore H
Published: November 2023

The annals of the struggle for racial justice in the United States, the alliance between African Americans and Jews has been particularly noteworthy. The Jewish community has contributed to the Civil Rights movement beyond its proportions, and some Jewish individuals have played extraordinary roles. Additionally, Jewish organizations have been central players in the civil rights movement. In fact, it is not too much to say that the alliance between African Americans and Jews is one of the great stories of the struggle for civil rights in the United States, indeed, “the movement.” Yet in recent years that alliance has been tested; some claim that it has fallen apart.3
Discourse Configurationality in Finnish
Authors: Vilkuna Maria
Published: November 2023

Although clearly SVO both statistically and in terms of intuitions about markedness, Finnish is a language where clause-level constituent order variation has extremely few restrictions that could be called grammatical. Explanations for the various orders have always been sought in discourse-pragmatic factors. This was also the approach in Vilkuna (1989), where the concept of configurationally defined grammatical functions was applied to a configurational definition of (partially) discourse-based functions. In terms of the resulting “discourse configuration,” or d-configuration, Finnish constituent order could be seen to be fairly fixed. The few grammatical restrictions on word order, such as the initial position of “WH” phrases, were incorporated in the d-configuration, which thus turns out to be a result of simultaneous syntactic and discourse-based motivations. The approach was inspired by that of E. Kiss (1981, 1987), but differs from hers in that the d-configuration in Finnish was not claimed to play a particularly important role in syntactic processes proper. The latter were assumed to be handled at the level of an LPG-type functional structure; no movement or scrambling operations were used.
The Social Sources of Zionism
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Israel is one of those modern societies whose early institutions were clearly shaped by an ideological movement. Israel’s declaration of independence in 1948 was an immediate expression of the fundamental Zionist idea: it gave effect to a plan advocated by organized Zionists since the 1880s for solving the Jewish problem. Major Israeli political institutions, such as the party structure, embody principles and practices that were followed in the World Zionist Organization.
The Yishuv, Old and New
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

Zionism determined the eventual shape of Israel’s institutions through two separate, and sometimes opposed, channels: the diaspora movement and the immigrant settlers. The direct activity of the world movement in Palestine was controlled for a long time by a consensus based on values that arose and developed in the diaspora. Zionist immigrants originally shared similar values and often adhered to ideologies and factional organizations that were rooted in the diaspora, but they developed new ideas and grew to be an independent force as they faced the specific problems of life in Palestine. Among these were the continuous, frequently hostile pressures of the Ottoman authorities, the Christian, Muslim, and non-Muslim Arab residents, and the traditionalist institutions established by earlier generations of Jewish settlers.
The Young Workers
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda
Published: November 2023

li”ie State of Israel was founded in 1948 under the dominant leadership of men and women who came to Palestine in the Second Aliyah, between 1904 and 1914. For nearly 30 years, they governed the new state through shifting coalitions, always controlled by their own (variously named) labor party. Their hegemony rested on the base of a network of cooperatives, communes, and a comprehensive labor union organization of extraordinary scope, considered to be the authentic fruit of seeds they planted in the time of the Second Aliyah.
The System of Classificatory Particles in Kilivila
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, an analysis of the Kilivila CP system is provided. Section 3.1 describes the research aims and methods; section 3.2 presents the data collected, as well as a first interpretation of the data; and section 3.3 presents the results of my research, answering the questions raised in section 3.1. The tables presented in this chapter are numbered according to the following logic: Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 present the consultants and the questionnaire used to elicit CPs.Tables 3.2.0-3.2.216 present the data on which the analyses are based. Tables 3.3.1-3.3.7 present ordered data for, and results of, analyses with respect to the inventory, the acquisition, and the production of CPs.
Six Years Later-A Restudy
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

The results presented in section 3.3 are based on the data I gathered in 1982 and 1983. I started analyzing these data in 1988 and finished in the spring of 1989. Thus, I dealt with this complex system of CPs without having been immersed in the Kilivila speech community for almost six years. After such a long period of separation from the language and the speech community, it goes without saying, at least for the empirical linguist doing field research, that researchers may be somewhat suspicious about their findings, fearing that they may be artifacts produced in their study, far from the reality of the language and speech community that is the object of study. The only way to overcome this “suspicious feeling” is to do field work again and to test the results of one’s analyses with the native speakers of the language studied, in keeping with Aristotle’s statement: truth is assessed in the light of the facts of actual life; because it is in these that the decisive factor lies. So we must bring what we have already said to the test of facts of life; and if it accords with the facts, we can accept it, but if it conflicts with them we must regard it as no more than a theory.
Closing Remarks: Using Network Models to Describe Classifier Systems
Authors: Senft Gunter
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I summarize the aims of my study and then present network models for the description of complex classifier systems, based on the insights attained during the analyses of the Kilivila CP system. One of the aims of the study presented in this volume was to list the formatives that constitute the Kilivila CP inventory. The elicitation work I did with my consultants in Tauwema village resulted in the description of the meanings of 91 different CP types; Lawton (1980) lists another 85 CP types,1 and Capell (1969) lists one more CP type that was accepted by my consultants. Therefore, Kilivila makes use of an inventory of at least 177 CPs (see section 3.3.1). My study describes in detail 88 of these CP types. Moreover, for the first time, this study provides information about the actual occurrence of 41 different CP types realized by 1,564 tokens in a corpus of speech data encompassing 34,955 words (see section 3.3.1).
From Knowledge to Action
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

Action transforms knowledge into products and markets. Without action, knowledge lies dormant, dispersed through the organization, waiting for leaders to channel it into goods and services. Effective leaders act by using knowledge to define goals and to mobilize people. They convert knowledge into business strategies, investment plans, and coordinated performance to make new, better, and less costly products and to provide employment to millions of people. Leaders’ actions earn a return for risking capital and build a surplus that funds growth and cushions adversity. Before effective leaders can act, how ever, they must face, and overcome, many obstacles.

This chapter begins with a discussion of those obstacles—the conflicts that can obstruct action by pulling leaders in different directions. We then explore the risky attraction of status-quo leadership—sticking with what is done now and increasing the firm’s vulnerability to competition. We look at hidden obstacles to action: success that breeds complacency, unfamiliarity that blocks action, a resistant organization culture, and negative attitudes toward technology. We examine how leaders design effective action by asking probing questions about how well decisions will fit customer needs, company goals, productivity, vision, and social obligation. We look at how leaders prepare people for action, and conclude with a discussion of linking knowledge to action.
Learning and Knowledge
Authors: Zand Dale E
Published: November 2023

The new competitive battlefield is knowledge, and the leader’s weapons are concepts and insights. To succeed, leaders need to be life long learners who skillfully and continually encourage their people to learn. Competitor’s attacks start with ideas, so effective leaders know that to forge ahead they must constantly stimulate the learning and knowledge that will lead to tomorrow’s superior products and ser vices. Effective leaders nurture and manage intellectual capital because in the end that is what determines the quality of the organization’s physical and financial capital. Without creative insights and knowledge skills, as GM and IBM discovered during the 1980s, even the best equipment, supported by large pools of capital, will be defenseless against wise, nimble competitors.

Learning and knowledge are critical assets that concern effective leaders, and they are even starting to affect accounting practices. A proxy for the value of learning and knowledge occasionally appears on a balance sheet under the euphemism “goodwill,” an ambiguous, catch-all account for the premium a buyer pays for the “going-business” value of a company in excess of its book value. Accounting is beginning to sense that ignoring an organization’s learning and knowledge omits a serious asset—its intellectual capital.
Global Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, we analyzed the management process and organizational structure most conducive to organizational knowledge creation. The knowledge-creating Japanese companies we encountered in the last four chapters-Honda, Canon, Matsushita, Kao, and Sharp-have gone increasingly global. This raises two questions. First, can the organizational knowledge-creation process used by these Japanese companies work outside of Japan? Second, what adjustments are necessary when Japanese companies start to work jointly with non-Japanese counterparts in a foreign country? The very ethnic and cultural homogeneity that has facilitated the sharing of rich tacit knowledge among the Japanese has the potential of becoming a competitive disadvantage in the ethnically and culturally diverse global economy. Japanese companies may not be able to manage that diversity. But the two cases in this chapter show that the organizational knowledge-creation process used by Japanese companies can work on a global scale, although some adjustments are necessary.
Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

The work of the linguist Charles A. Ferguson spans more than three decades, and is remarkable for having been consistently at the forefront of scholarship on the relationship between language and society. This volume collects his most influential and seminal papers, each having expanded the parameters of sociolinguistics and the sociology of language. Taken together, they cover a wide range of topics and issues, and, more importantly, reflect the intellectual progress of a founder of the sociolinguistic field. The volume is divided thematically into four sections, and an introduction by Thom Huebner outlines the evolution of Ferguson's ideas and the impact they have had on other scholars. This book is essential reading for everyone interested in the field of sociolinguistics.
Examples
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

For my first example of a systematic application of the theory to a cultural domain, I would like to explore the domain of”cups” and “;glasses” in English, and to compare it with similar domains in Hebrew and Japanese. This study was carried out and described in cooperation with James D. Armstrong and Stan Wilmoth, who were also coauthors of the paper (Kronenfeld, Armstrong, and Wilmoth 1985) from which this discussion is drawn. Uses of the pronoun “;we” that do not obviously refer to the author and reader together refer to my coworkers and myself.
The Future of the Software Industry in the United Kingdom: The Limitations of Independent Production
Authors: Grindley Peter
Published: November 2023

The independent computer services industry provides software, consulting, and processing services for computer users. As in other countries, the industry in the United Kingdom emerged in the late 1960s, when the growing use of computers provided a demand for software that could not be met by computer manufacturers or users. By the early 1980s it had earned the right to be called a distinct industry. By 1994 the total U.K. software and services market had risen to more than $12 billion, around half of which was supplied by independents. This represented about 15 percent of the $83 billion Western European market and 4 percent of the worldwide market of about $325 billion. The U.K. software market alone was about $7 billion, or 4 percent of the total world software market of about $170 billion.
The Structure of Corporate Values
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The journey through evolutionary time from the rudimentary economizing activities of early life forms to present-day business values has been an extremely long one. The full story is untraceable, concealed by and within evolutionary complexities of great magnitude and ancient lineage. The one con start that has prevailed through all of the evolutionary permutations that have accompanied life on earth-and that links those earliest struggles to gain and maintain life with contemporary business activities-is economizing. All successful life forms have reached out into the environment for vital energy, have directed that energy toward the building of their own internal systems, and have then developed their biological and/or cultural potentials. This indispensable economizing constant, when taking a form shaped by cultural evolution, lies at the root of the modern business institution. Economizing not only sustains the societal legitimacy of the business function but does so as a culturally modulated expression of some of the most basic laws of nature. Time’s Arrow has pointed in this direction, driving this particular human enterprise to assume the shape and perform the functions we recognize today as business.
American Indian Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

Native American languages are spoken from Siberia to Greenland, and from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego; they include the southernmost language of the world (Yaghan) and some of the northernmost (Eskimoan). Campbell’s project is to take stock of what is currently known about the history of Native American languages and in the process examine the state of American Indian historical linguistics, and the success and failure of its various methodologies. There is remarkably little consensus in the field, largely due to the 1987 publication of Language in the Americas by Joseph Greenberg. He claimed to trace a historical relation between all American Indian languages of North and South America, implying that most of the Western Hemisphere was settled by a single wave of immigration from Asia. This has caused intense controversy and Campbell, as a leading scholar in the field, intends this volume to be, in part, a response to Greenberg. Finally, Campbell demonstrates that the historical study of Native American languages has always relied on up-to-date methodology and theoretical assumptions and did not, as is often believed, lag behind the European historical linguistic tradition.
Introductory: Epistemology and Political Theory
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

In the last decade a number of philosophers have advanced what might be called a justificatory conception of liberalism. On this view, to quote Stephen Macedo, “[t]he moral lodestar of liberalism is ... the project of public justification.”1 Liberals, Jeremy Waldron tells us, “are committed to a conception of freedom and of respect for the ca An Essay on Epistemology and Political pacities and the agency of individual men and woman,” and, he continues, “these commitments generate a requirement that all aspects of the social world should either be acceptable or be capable of being made acceptable to every last individual.” In a similar vein, Charles Larmore holds that “[t]o respect another person as an end is to insist that coercive or political principles be just as justifiable to that person as they are to us. Equal respect involves treating all persons, to which such principles are to apply, in this way.”
Foundationalism and Intuitionism
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

As Brink recognizes, if his theory is purely inferential it must follow that “no beliefs are noninferentially justified.” Moreover, he explicitly recognizes that it follows from this that no beliefs can be self-justifying, for then some would not be inferentially justified.1 In this section (7.1) I argue that plausible coherence theories are actually committed to some notion of a self-justified belief.