bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noble Infirmity
Authors: Sabl Andrew
Published: September 2006

The love of fame is a common theme in republican thought. But few, historically or now, have examined with rigor this sentiment’s nature, purpose, and worth. The work of David Hume is an exception. Hume, this paper argues, dialectically took up not only all the classic reasons for loving fame—as spur to useful effort, motivator of virtue, consolation to virtue unrewarded, and safe harbor in the midst of historical flux—but the skeptical reasons for doubting that fame is attainable or that, even if it is attainable, its pursuit motivates good actions. The theme pervades not only his systematic moral works but his essays and letters, his autobiography, and History of England. Hume’s subtle, ambivalent arguments suggest reasons to value the love of fame in spite of modern, or postmodern, doubts regarding the nature of true fame or even its existence—and perhaps to regard such love as unavoidable.
Delivering Deliberation’s Emancipatory Potential
Authors: Knops Andrew
Published: September 2006

Much of the appeal of deliberative democracy lies in its emancipatory promise to give otherwise disadvantaged groups a voice, and to grant them influence through reasoned argument. However, the precise mechanisms for delivery of this promise remain obscure. After reviewing Habermas’s formulation of deliberation, the article draws on recent theories of argumentation to provide a more detailed account of such mechanisms. The article identifies the key emancipatory mechanism as explicitness in language. It outlines the primary modalities of this mechanism: expressing differences of opinion, mobilising a shared standard of inference, and recognising and excluding fallacious appeals to irrelevant factors such as force or authority. It describes how these modalities are enhanced at a secondary, reflexive level that recognises the partiality and defeasibility of particular argumentative exchanges. Such qualifications, it is argued, support a model of deliberation across discourses that allows a clearer appreciation of its potential and limits.
Missouri A+ Students
Authors: Jochems Jeffrey T. , Hammons James O. , Stegman Charles
Published: September 2006

This nonexperimental study of Missouri’s A+ Program compares the academic performance of these students with two similar groups of students at a community college in southwest Missouri. Significant differences were found between the three groups regarding cumulative GPA and number of developmental courses taken.
From Learning to Education
Authors: Hanson Chad M.
Published: September 2006

In the 1990s, community colleges underwent a shift in their guiding paradigm. The transformation in norms, roles, and values took place in the name of “learning,” as the change was driven by the goal of turning 2-year schools into “learning colleges.” In this article, it is suggested that the shift ushered in by the learning movement limited the focus of community colleges to goals that are narrowly private and psychological. An alternative to current organizational culture is proposed: an “education” paradigm that widens institutional focus to include goals consistent with serving social and public purposes.
The Influence of Subcultures on Planned Change in a Community College
Authors: Locke Mary G. , Guglielmino Lucy
Published: September 2006

This qualitative case study focusing on a collegewide change initiative was conducted to provide community college leaders with a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the role of subcultures in planned change. Research indicates that institutional culture is a primary factor in the success of change programs; however, little research has been conducted on the influence of organizational subcultures on planned change in community colleges. The results of this study indicate that subcultural groups differently experience, respond to, and influence planned change in a community college, leading to strategies for more effective planned change programs.
Insomnia, Emotions, and Job Satisfaction: A Multilevel Study
Authors: Scott Brent A. , Judge Timothy A.
Published: September 2006

The authors used experience-sampling methodology to investigate the dynamic relationships among insomnia, emotions, and job satisfaction. Over a period of 3 weeks, 45 employees completed surveys each workday, producing a total of 550 observations. Results revealed that, within individuals, insomnia was associated with increased feelings of hostility and fatigue and decreased feelings of joviality and attentiveness. Insomnia was also negatively related to job satisfaction, and this relationship was mediated by the emotions. Finally, gender moderated the within-individual relationships between insomnia and three of the four emotions such that women were more affected by a poor night of sleep than were men.
Selection in the Information Age: The Impact of Privacy Concerns and Computer Experience on Applicant Reactions
Authors: Bauer Talya N. , Truxillo Donald M. , Tucker Jennifer S. , Weathers Vaunne , Bertolino Marilena , Erdogan Berrin , Campion Michael A.
Published: September 2006

The authors examined the influence of personal information privacy concerns and computer experience on applicants’ reactions to online screening procedures. Study 1 used a student sample simulating application for a fictitious management intern job with a state personnel agency (N = 117) and employed a longitudinal, laboratory-based design. Study 2 employed a field sample of actual applicants (N = 396) applying for jobs online. As predicted, procedural justice mediated the relationship between personal information privacy concerns and test-taking motivation, organizational attraction, and organizational intentions in the laboratory and field. Experience with computers moderated the relationship between procedural justice with test-taking motivation and organizational intentions in the field but not in the laboratory sample. Implications are discussed in terms of the importance of considering applicants’ personal information privacy concerns and testing experience when designing online recruitment and selection systems.
Ambidexterity and Performance in Small-to Medium-Sized Firms: The Pivotal Role of Top Management Team Behavioral Integration
Authors: Lubatkin Michael H. , Simsek Zeki , Ling Yan , Veiga John F.
Published: September 2006

While a firm’s ability to jointly pursue both an exploitative and exploratory orientation has been posited as having positive performance effects, little is currently known about the antecedents and consequences of such ambidexterity in small-to medium-sized firms (SMEs). To that end, this study focuses on the pivotal role of top management team (TMT) behavioral integration in facilitating the processing of disparate demands essential to attaining ambidexterity in SMEs. Then, to address the bottom-line importance of an ambidextrous orientation, the study hypothesizes its association with relative firm performance. Multisource survey data, including CEOs and TMT members from 139 SMEs, provide support for both hypotheses.
Strategy-Process Research: What Have We Learned and What Is Still to Be Explored
Authors: Hutzschenreuter Thomas , Kleindienst Ingo
Published: September 2006

This article attempts to reflect the current state and progress of strategy-process research. Based on a literature review, an integrative framework is developed encompassing key antecedents, process and outcome factors, and the interrelationship among them. The review reveals that strategy-process research has made considerable progress in the past, shifting the focus from strategic planning to new areas, thereby emphasizing the exposed position of the individuals involved. The authors recommend that researchers conduct more studies that explore the effects of the individuals involved in strategy processes and the phases prior to and after the actual decision making.
Training and Effective Employee Information Technology Use
Authors: Marler Janet H. , Liang Xiaoya , Dulebohn James Hamilton
Published: September 2006

Using longitudinal survey data from a matched sample of 94 administrative employees across a range of job levels in an organization that was implementing a Web-based enterprise-wide resource planning software system, the authors examined the relationships between technology training and employees’ acceptance and preparation for mandated technology use. Structural equation analyses indicated that employees’ beliefs about resources to support use of new software mediated the relationship between technology training and intention to use new software outside of formal training and prior to mandated use. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Bioweapons Proliferation
Authors: Vogel Kathleen
Published: September 2006

Post 9/11 concerns about the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction have highlighted the importance of understanding the fundamental nature of tacit weapons knowledge and its transfer mechanisms. Existing conceptualizations of tacit knowledge, however, are insufficient to assess the proliferation threat and the development of specific nonproliferation policies. Some would argue that this is particularly true of biological weapons, which involve dual-use technologies that are continually advancing and diffusing. This paper will illustrate the difficulties in applying notions of tacit knowledge to real-world policymaking by examining the development of Soviet biological weapons and the subsequent proliferation threat posed by scientists from a Kazakh bioweapons facility. With the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the subsequent establishment of US nonproliferation assistance programs, new metrics are needed to assess how tacit knowledge possessed by these weapons scientists may erode over time and what implications that may have for proliferation and the development of effective nonproliferation and counterterrorism policies.
The Disunity of Consensus
Authors: Halfon Saul
Published: September 2006

Using the 1994 Cairo Conference on Population and Development as a case study, this paper challenges standard approaches to understanding political consensus. Neither cognitive, social, nor strategic, consensus can be rethought as a metaphor for ‘getting along’ within a structured disunity. Structure derives from commitment to a socio-technical network, while disunity arises from the interpretive flexibility and varied practices contained within this network. The Cairo Consensus is then explored through a central site of production: international demographic surveys. These surveys help to build a stable network, and thus facilitate consensus, by helping to establish epistemic communities, producing standard representations of Third World fertility, and standardizing political discourses of legitimacy and accountability.
Game-theoretic Consistency and International Relations
Authors: Myerson Roger B.
Published: September 2006

De Figueiredo et al. (this issue) have argued that, to model the American Revolution, game-theoretic consistency assumptions need to be relaxed. In response, we review the methodological rationale for such consistency assumptions, and we find a possible exception in international relations. Any inconsistent theory of games would be invalidated by rational players who are intelligent enough to understand it. Furthermore, within any society, culturally defined principles of justice and legitimate authority serve to generate consistent expectations in games, and these coordinating principles are strengthened by socially constructing them as corollaries of universal natural law. Such universalization of local justice and authority, although a force for local consistency, is a force for inconsistency of beliefs in international relations. In new situations that transcend the recognized domain of international boundaries, people in each society may systematically underestimate the extent to which other societies hold different views of legitimate justice.
Rational Choices as Social Norms
Authors: Landa Dimitri
Published: September 2006

This article develops an account of a theory of rational choice based on the conception of rationality as a normatively justified correspondence between interests and choices. In this conception, rationality is best thought of as a property not of individual actions, but of a complex two-level phenomenon comprised of the social justification of behavioral norms and of the everyday choices made under these norms.
Rational Choice Epistemology and Belief Formation in Mass Politics
Authors: Dickson Eric S.
Published: September 2006

This article begins with a general discussion of the epistemology of rational choice, and argues that there are important questions in political science for which rational choice theory is not a particularly useful epistemic tool. It is further argued that part of the problem lies with the particular vision of methodological individualism that is inherent in the use of classical rational choice assumptions in game theoretic models. An alternative approach that endogenizes the way in which people form beliefs is then advocated as a potential solution to this problem, both as a means to expand the substantive reach of optimizing theories in political science, as well as a way of incorporating more psychological realism into models of political behavior. Two novel models allowing actors within political contexts to form beliefs in endogenous ways are then presented and discussed.
Sharing the Keys to the Courthouse
Authors: Cunningham Wm. Scott , Renauer Brian C. , Khalifa Christy
Published: September 2006

This study seeks to explain the shift from traditional conceptions of prosecution toward the adoption of community prosecution. Using a contingency theory framework, the authors hypothesize that community prosecution is dependent on organizational size, structural complexity of prosecutors' offices, and uncertainty in both the internal and external operating environment. Data from 749 counties in the 2001 National Survey of Prosecutors (NSP) were used to measure four community prosecution elements potentially used by prosecutor offices and organizational characteristics. Hypotheses were tested using the NSP data, county-level socioeconomic demographics from the 1990 and 2000 census, and drug arrests from the Uniform Crime Reports 1994 to 1999. The results indicate that adoption of community prosecution is principally predicted by organizational size and structural complexity. Implications for the research and implementation of community-based justice initiatives are discussed.
From Diversion Experiment to Policy Movement
Authors: Sung Hung-En , Belenko Steven
Published: September 2006

Drug control in the United States has historically been based on a penal approach and led by federal legislations and initiatives. This top-down, punitive approach to the drug problem is still prevalent in American drug policy making. The authors present a case study of a bottom-up policy initiative to remedicalize the processing of addicted offenders. Past prosecutorial experiments often failed because of flawed understandings, unrealistic expectations, and lack of sustained public support. This article considers a New York–based, prosecutor-led program that diverts repeat felony drug offenders from prison to residential treatment. Through successful recruitment of political allies, continuous rejuvenation of the program, emphasis on research and evaluation, and maintenance of ideological vagueness, the Drug Treatment Alternative-to-Prison (DTAP) program has yielded positive results, been replicated in other jurisdictions, and prompted Congress to entertain federal DTAP legislation. The history of DTAP is summarized, and lessons for future innovations are discussed.
Their Day in Court
Authors: Shields Christopher A. , Damphousse Kelly R. , Smith Brent L.
Published: September 2006

Individuals who are charged for traditional crimes are substantially more likely to plead guilty than individuals who are charged under the same statutes but who are officially involved in terrorism (Smith & Damphousse, 1998). Relying on a structural–contextual theory framework, a quantitative analysis not only confirmed that terrorists plead guilty more often than traditional offenders but that the defendant’s age and number of counts in the indictment are important predictors. Directions for future research are suggested.
The Paradigm of Complexity in Clinical Neurocognitive Science
Authors: Orsucci Franco F.
Published: September 2006

Neurocognitive science represents the modern approach to integrating the subdisciplines aimed at a scientific study of the brain-mind system. This relatively new discipline recognizes, implicitly or explicitly, that this is a complex system whose states and processes are determined by multiple bio-psycho-social variables and order parameters. In a generic perspective, all neurocognitive science is complex, as it is multidisciplinary, but in some studies, complexity has become a more defined scientific paradigm using its own specific empirical and theoretical tools. Some neuroscientists consider complexity science as a specific and formalized paradigm. Between their contributions, the author will try to highlight some current promising paths and new frontiers for neuroscience. In this perspective, he will mostly focus on those contributions directly related to clinical perspectives. This is the reason why some seminal contributions more focused on physiological functioning might not be mentioned.
Lipid Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Sang Nan , Chen Chu
Published: September 2006

Lipids are essential components of plasma- and organelle-membranes, not only providing a frame for embedded proteins (e.g., receptors and ion channels) but also functioning as reservoirs for lipid mediators. Increasing evidence indicates that bioactive lipids such as eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, and lysophospholipids serve as intercellular and intracellular signaling molecules participating in physiological and pathological functions in the brain. The discovery of some of these lipid receptors and novel lipid signaling mediators has sparked an intense interest in lipidomic neurobiology research. Classic prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, and TXA2), catalyzed by cyclooxygenases (COX), are synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA). Experimental studies demonstrate that prostaglandin E2(PGE2), mainly derived from the COX-2 reaction, is an important mediator, acting as a retrograde messenger via a presynaptic PGE2subtype 2 receptor (EP2) in modulation of synaptic events. Novel prostaglandins (prostaglandin glycerol esters and prostaglandin ethanolamides) are COX-2 oxidative metabolites of endogenous cannabinoids (2-arachidonyl glycerol and arachidonyl ethanolamide). Recent evidence suggests that these new types of prostaglandins are likely novel signaling mediators involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity. This means that COX- 2 plays a central role in metabolisms of AA and endocannabinoids (eCBs) and productions of AA- and eCB- derived prostaglandins. Thus, in the present review article, the authors will mainly discuss COX-2 regulation of prostaglandin signaling in modulation of hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity.
“Kiss-and-Run” Exocytosis in Astrocytes
Authors: Chen Xiao-Ke , Xiong Ying-Fei , Zhou Zhuan
Published: September 2006

Neurons and glia are the principal cellular components of the nervous system. Although the glia are 10 times more numerous than neurons, until recently they were thought to be passive cells that monitor and support the active neurons by taking up used neurotransmitters from the synapses. In the past few years, this concept has been challenged by the findings that Ca2+ waves spread from one astrocyte to another via Ca2+-and SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor)-dependent gliotransmitter release in pure cultures of astrocytes, raising the possibility that glia are not so passive as previously thought. This hypothesis was further advanced by two recent reports, which demonstrated that astrocytes release glutamate via vesicular exocytosis in response to stimuli. The kinetics of single vesicle exocytosis is distinct from its neural equivalent, because in response to physiological stimulation, gliotransmitter release is exclusively in the mode of “kiss and run.” These advances were made possible by newly available techniques for single vesicle recordings, which will also be briefly reviewed here.
Spinal and Brain Control of Human Walking: Implications for Retraining of Walking
Authors: Yang Jaynie F. , Gorassini Monica
Published: September 2006

In this update, the authors will discuss evidence for both spinal and brain regulation of walking in humans. They will consider the sensory control of walking in young babies and spinal cord–injured adults, two models with weak descending input from the brain, to suggest that subcortical structures are important in shaping walking behavior. Based on evidence from development, the authors suggest that the primitive pattern of walking seen in babies forms the base upon which additional features are added by supraspinal input as independent walking develops. Increasing evidence suggests the motor cortex is important in the control of level-ground walking in adults, in contrast to quadrupeds. This brain input seems particularly important for distal flexors in the leg. Finally, the authors will consider evidence that the recovery of walking after incomplete spinal cord injuries is dependent on the presence of descending input from the motor cortex and our ability to strengthen that input. These findings imply that training methods for improving walking after injury to the nervous system must promote the involvement of both spinal and brain circuits.
Sleep to Remember
Authors: Born Jan , Rasch Björn , Gais Steffen
Published: September 2006

Recently, compelling evidence has accumulated that links sleep to learning and memory. Sleep has been identified as a state that optimizes the consolidation of newly acquired information in memory. Consolidation is an active process that is presumed to rely on the covert reactivation and reorganization of newly encoded representations. Hippocampus-dependent memories benefit primarily from slow-wave sleep (SWS), whereas memories not depending on the hippocampus show greater gains over periods containing high amounts of rapid eye movement sleep. One way sleep does this is by establishing different patterns of neurotransmitters and neurohormone secretion between sleep stages. Another central role for consolidating memories is played by the slow oscillation, that is, the oscillating field potential change dominating SWS. The emergence of slow oscillations in neocortical networks depends on the prior use of these networks for encoding of information. Via efferent pathways, they synchronize the occurrence of sharp wave ripples accompanying memory reactivations in the hippocampus with thalamocortical spindle activity. Thus, hippocampal memories are fed back into neocortical networks at a time when these networks are depolarized and, because of concurrent spindle activity, can most sensitively react to these inputs with plastic changes underlying the formation of long-term memory representations.
Abusive Partners and Ex-Partners
Authors: Theran Sally A. , Sullivan Cris M. , Bogat G. Anne , Stewart Cheryl Sutherland
Published: September 2006

This study examined how being abused by a current partner versus an ex-partner might affect psychological well-being and social support in a community sample of 398 women, half of whom had experienced abuse in the past 6 months. The impact of emotional and physical abuse was influenced by partner status, with emotional abuse being more detrimental to women abused by current partners and physical abuse being more detrimental to women abused by ex-partners. Emotional support was negatively related to depression in women abused by current partners, whereas practical support was negatively related to depression in women abused by ex-partners. The implications for interventions with abused women are discussed.
Everyday Sexism and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women
Authors: Berg Susan H.
Published: September 2006

This study examined the correlations between everyday (nonviolent) sexism and the development of trauma symptoms in women. A total of 382 women completed a subjective measurement of the experience of sexism, a checklist of gender-based stressors (including acts of violence), a measurement of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated a moderately strong relationship between the experience of everyday sexism and PTSD. A stepwise multiple regression revealed that when all variables (test scores, subscale scores, and demographic characteristics) were entered, the most predictive variable for trauma was recent sexist degradation, accounting for 20% of the variance in PTSD scores.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Guardrail Delineation Systems
Authors: Williams Billy M. , Amekudzi Adjo A. , Folds Dennis , Zureick Abdul-Hamid , Kim Yeonsoo Stanley
Published: September 2006

The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) sponsored a controlled evaluation of guardrail delineators. Candidate delineators were compared relative to durability, conspicuity, maintainability, and cost. Guardrail delineator samples from six manufacturers in various shapes, dimensions, and colors were evaluated. The study found no significant differences among the samples based on the environmental and mechanical degradation tests. However, installation and wear issues were observed and noted for one of the candidate systems. Current GDOT standard specifications call for 75-foot guardrail delineator spacing. The conspicuity tests indicate that 100-foot spacing will provide satisfactory conspicuity under certain conditions. Use of 100-foot spacing could lead to significant cost savings if the longer spacing is found to be acceptable in a broad range of situations.
The Financial Viability of Motorway Rest Areas
Authors: Tsamboulas Dimitrios , Evgenikos Petros , Strogyloudis Michael-Aggelos
Published: September 2006

Most motorways authorities generate revenues—additional to tolls if they are applied—from the operation of motorway rest/service areas (MRA). The article identifies the key factors related to their financial viability, such as number of vehicles that stop in such facilities and amounts spent by drivers and passengers for services and goods. Thus, models for the estimation of the MRA traffic volume and the generated revenue are developed with data from Greek MRAs. These could assist the potential MRA developers in making decisions about relevant investments. Also, they could provide a tool to explore options related to the use and structure of the MRAs, which are influenced by the motorway authority ownership status (public, private, or under concession). An application of the models to a MRA, which was conducted to prove their validity, has produced good results, enabling the motorway authority and the private investors to make the appropriate decisions.
Making Sense of Global Civil Society
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: September 2006

This article purports to explain why the concept of global civil society recently has attracted so much interest within academic and political discourse. Given the ambiguity and apparent incoherence of this concept, its centrality within contemporary International Relations and political theory is puzzling. The article argues that once we pay attention to the function of the concept of domestic civil society within different historical contexts, we are better able to understand the logic governing the usage of global civil society as well. Much like its domestic antecedents, theories of global civil society provide answers to the question of how to govern effectively, in this case by constituting the global realm as a sphere of governmental activity, as well as by justifying the exercise of authority within this emergent sphere. The article concludes by discussing the ethical implications of the concept of global civil society, disputing its emancipatory potential.
Integration Under Anarchy: Neorealism and the European Union
Authors: Collard-Wexler Simon
Published: September 2006

The process of integration and the pacification of Western Europe can be seen as one of the most significant developments in international relations at the turn of the century. Yet the European Union (EU) remains under-theorized and neglected in the neorealist canon. This article explains the difficulty of neorealism at explaining the EU. At a historical level, the breadth and depth of European integration challenge neorealist predictions regarding sustained cooperation, relative gains, interdependence, international institutions, balance of power, and bandwagoning. At a systemic level, the EU manifests anomalous forms of mixed hierarchy and functional differentiation. Neorealist attempts to develop auxiliary theories to account for the anomalies created by the EU has created a degenerative research program that is either incomplete, logically flawed, or empirically false. This article concludes by pinpointing the failure of neorealism, proposing theoretical renovations, and drawing policy implications.
Geographic location, death sentences and executions in post-Furman Virginia
Authors: Poveda Tony G.
Published: September 2006

The issue of geographic disparity has been central to the death penalty debate since the US Supreme Court's Furman decision in 1972. This study investigates this issue in terms of jurisdictional variation in death sentences (1978–2001) and executions (1982–2004) in post-Furman Virginia. The research design involves the examination of 85 counties and cities in Virginia that had at least three potential capital crimes between 1978 and 2001. Discriminant analysis is employed to identify variables that differentiate low (‘abolitionist’) and high (‘retentionist’) death-sentencing and executing jurisdictions. On the whole, the findings point to the role of certain demographic and community factors, such as population size and density, racial composition and case characteristics of homicides in explaining variation in death sentences and executions. To a lesser extent, historical factors played a role, with the number of pre-Furman executions showing a modest relationship to death sentences in the modern era.
The Smuggling of Migrants in Greece
Authors: Antonopoulos Georgios A. , Winterdyk John
Published: September 2006

The smuggling of migrants is not a new phenomenon but in recent years it has attracted increasing international attention. Within the European context, Greece represents a unique case because of its social, economic, political and geographical location. Drawing on a variety of information sources, such as interviews with the police, official statistics, informal interviews with migrants in the country, and interviews with two retired migrant smugglers, this article examines the social organization of migrant smuggling in Greece.
Criminology in the Netherlands
Authors: van Swaaningen René
Published: September 2006

This article relates the development of criminology to developments in crime and justice and to cultural and political changes in the Netherlands. Despite a long tradition, criminology's academic position has never been stable. After a period of immense popularity in the 1970s and a near demise in the 1980s, criminology became very popular again by the end of the 1990s. As far as research attention is concerned, there are ‘evergreens’ such as juvenile delinquency or drugs, but we also see the near disappearance of once popular themes such as (sociological analyses of) law enforcement or penality and the emergence of new themes such as organized crime and developmental criminology. The major challenge with respect to criminology's future is how to uphold scientific standards in a ‘market’ that demands a mere pragmatic ‘jobbing criminology’.
Using Community Ties to Facilitate School-Based Prevention Research
Authors: Cupp Pamela K. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Massey Christi Sporl , Howell Jennifer R. , Swan Rachel
Published: September 2006

One of the greatest obstacles to conducting school-based HIV/STD/pregnancy prevention research with adolescents is the reluctance of administrators or site-based decision-making councils to commit their teachers and students to participation in a project designed and managed by an outside group of researchers. A major concern is that researchers may not understand or agree with community sensitivities about such personal topics. By first establishing a collaborative relationship with health district educators currently working in Appalachian schools and residing in those communities, one finds a distinct advantage in terms of gaining admittance to area schools. The presence of local health educators at formative meetings also allays many concerns of community members, as they view these local participants as monitors of outsider research efforts, thereby protecting the community culture from undue outside influence. During the course of the current study, health educators found they also learned more about their communities and about HIV prevention.
Developing Internet-Based eHealth Promotion Programs: The Spiral Technology Action Research (STAR) Model
Authors: Skinner Harvey A. , Maley Oonagh , Norman Cameron D.
Published: September 2006

Health education and health promotion have a tradition of using information and communication technology (ICT). In recent years, the rapid growth of the Internet has created innovative opportunities for Web-based health education and behavior change applications—termed eHealth promotion. However, many eHealth promotion applications are developed without an explicit model to guide the design, evaluation, and ongoing improvement of the program. The spiral technology action research (STAR) model was developed to address this need. The model comprises five cycles (listen, plan, do, study, act) that weave together technological development, community involvement, and continuous improvement. The model is illustrated by a case study describing the development of the Smoking Zine (www.SmokingZine.org), a youth smoking prevention and cessation Web site.
Understanding Facilitators of and Barriers to Health Promotion Practice
Authors: Robinson Kerry L. , Driedger Michelle S. , Elliott Susan J. , Eyles John
Published: September 2006

The health promotion best practices literature is imbued with hope for knowledge mobilization, enhanced practice, and improved population health. Given constrained medical care systems, health promotion is key to reducing the significant burden of chronic disease. However, we have seen little evidence of change. This article investigates facilitators of, and barriers to, three stages of health promotion practice in public health organizations, interagency coalitions, and volunteer committees. The article focuses not on what works but why it does or does not, drawing on five case studies within the Canadian Heart Health Initiative. Results indicate that the presence or absence of appropriately committed and/or skilled people, funds and/or resources, and priority and/or interest are the most common factors affecting all stages of health promotion practice. The article extends the literature on internal and external factors affecting health promotion and highlights strategic influences to consider in support of effective health promotion practice.
Do Urban Parents’ Interests in Safety Topics Match Their Children’s Injury Risks?
Authors: McDonald Eileen M. , Solomon Barry S. , Shields Wendy C. , Serwint Janet R. , Wang Mei-Cheng , Gielen Andrea C.
Published: September 2006

Objective: To assess childhood injury risk and parents’ injury interests, and the association between the two. Method: A cross-sectional computer and telephone survey was conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial. The authors enrolled parents of children being seen at an urban pediatric primary care practice and measured selected injury knowledge, beliefs and safety practices. Parents were asked to select two of four topics of interest and recommendations regarding them were included in a computer-tailored report. Results: Participants (N = 105) were assessed as being at risk for all four areas: poisoning (88%), fires (85%), falls (55%), and car crashes (18%). Parents were interested in poisoning (81%) and car crashes (49%); their interests were unrelated to child’s assessed risk. Conclusion: Soliciting parents’ interests prior to counseling may help to identify priority areas for counseling as well as dispel myths and unfounded fears regarding childhood injury risks.
A Report on the 2004 SOPHE Publications Readership Survey
Authors: Fertman Carl I.
Published: September 2006

In the Fall of 2004, the SOPHE Publications Committee surveyed SOPHE members to solicit feedback on the three SOPHE publications: Health Promotion Practice, Health Education & Behavior, and News & Views. For each publication, members were asked to provide insight as to how they use the publication, to evaluate its content and application, and to make recommendations for changes or improvements to make the publication a more valuable resource. The SOPHE publication readership is, on the whole, a highly educated group with careful reading habits, thoughtful informed opinion of the publications, and a high level of experience in the health education field. The publications meet their readership’s needs, are respected as a valuable reference tool, and are a source and a forum for new ideas in the health education field. Recommendations for action are made to the publication editors and editorial boards and the SOPHE staff, board, and general membership.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use and Diabetes Self-Management Among Rural Older Adults
Authors: Bell Ronny A. , Stafford Jeanette M. , Arcury Thomas A. , Snively Beverly M. , Smith Shannon L. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: September 2006

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a growing form of self-care and is related to other healthy behaviors. This study examines the relationship between CAM use and diabetes self-management. A survey of rural older African American, Native American, and White adults with diabetes was conducted. Data were collected on diabetes self-management domains and general and diabetes-specific CAM use. Some associations were observed, particularly for CAM use and following a healthy eating plan. CAM is part of the health maintenance strategy of rural older adults with diabetes. Further research should examine the health trajectory associated with CAM use in this population.
Assessment and Behavioral Treatment of Selective Mutism
Authors: Fisak Brian J. , Oliveros Arazais , Ehrenreich Jill T.
Published: September 2006

Children with selective mutism present with a complicated set of symptoms, as they not only refuse to speak in particular social situations but are often shy, socially isolative, anxious, and may present as oppositional and negativistic in their behavior. Limited research on treatments for selective mutism suggests a need for additional research examining intervention possibilities. The following case description presents a 10-year-old male with selective mutism and concurrent anxiety symptoms. Treatment included the use of a significantly modified version of Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children (SET-C), a manualized behavioral treatment for social anxiety. In addition to SET-C, treatment also included concurrent parent training in the management of child anxiety. The rationale for the treatment selection and a description of treatment course are provided. Further, a discussion is presented concerning challenges to treatment progress, including cultural differences between the primary clinician and the client.
Psychotherapy of Self-Criticism in a Case of Mixed Anaclitic-Introjective Depression
Authors: Layne Jeanne A. , Porcerelli John H. , Shahar Golan
Published: September 2006

In this case study, the year-long psychotherapy of a depressed and self-critical 34-year-old women is described. Her depression was conceptualized as a “mixed” anaclitic and introjective type according to the model of Sidney Blatt. Anaclitic depression involves a preoccupation with the integrity of interpersonal relatedness (e.g., issues of dependency and abandonment), whereas introjective depression involves a preoccupation with autonomy and self-esteem (e.g., self-criticism and feelings of worthlessness). Given the potentially destructive nature of self-criticism, the therapist systematically confronted the patient’s use of this trait in a supportive manner. Changes in the patient’s functioning were assessed at the beginning and at the end of treatment using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. After 1 year of psychotherapy combining both cognitive and psychodynamic interventions, the patient evidenced significant changes in both anaclitic and introjective personality dimensions and showed significant improvements in adaptive functioning.
Gender and Juvenile Justice Decision Making
Authors: Guevara Lori , Herz Denise , Spohn Cassia
Published: September 2006

This study examines the independent and interactive effects of race and gender on juvenile justice decision making. Using data from a sample of juvenile court referrals from two midwestern juvenile courts, this study looks at males and females separately by race. The results indicate that the effect of race on the pre-adjudication detention and disposition outcomes varies by gender. The severity or leniency of the outcomes is determined by race, gender, and an interaction of the two. This study underscores the need to examine juvenile justice decision making with a multistage analysis to unravel the intricate effects of race and gender.
Mad, Bad, or Victim? Making Sense of Mother–Daughter Sexual Abuse
Authors: Peter Tracey
Published: September 2006

This article explores current rationalizations that classify sexually abusive mothers as mad, bad, or victim. Analyses of these paradigms are informed by survivors’ narratives— because, after all, survivors are the best experts on their lives. Specifically, qualitative data are analyzed from multiple semistructured interviews with women who were sexually abused by their mother or female caregiver. Working within a feminist framework (which critically analyzes the disconnection between societal expectations of mothers with survivors’ experiences of sexual violence), survivor accounts are examined to explore how social constructions based on femininity and motherhood influence survivors’ perception of their mother or female caregiver.
Considering the Context of Women’s Violence
Authors: Wesely Jennifer K.
Published: September 2006

Women's violence has been viewed in gendered ways that are limited and one-dimensional. Such constructions are problematic in that they do little to address underlying disadvantages that foster this violence. This study investigates the complex context in which women’s violence is rooted. Through in-depth interviews with two marginalized populations of women—those who are homeless and those who work as exotic dancers—the author explores participants’ lived experiences of cumulative victimization characterized by abuse and violence, economic vulnerability, gender inequality, loss and dislocation, degradation, and social exclusion. This context severely constrains opportunities and choices available to the women in terms of livelihood, safety, coping, and survival. The women engage in violence as a way of resisting and responding to their cumulative victimization, and this violence has multiple meanings and is manifested in different ways. Ultimately, this study contributes to understandings of women’s violence while arguing for the expansion and reconsideration of related gender constructs.
Expression of the human germinal center–associated lymphoma (HGAL) protein identifies a subset of classic Hodgkin lymphoma of germinal center derivation and improved survival
Authors: Natkunam Yasodha , Hsi Eric D. , Aoun Patricia , Zhao Shuchun , Elson Paul , Pohlman Brad , Naushad Hina , Bast Martin , Levy Ronald , Lossos Izidore S.
Published: September 2006

The human germinal-center–associated lymphoma (HGAL) gene and its cognate protein are expressed in a germinal center (GC)–specific manner. Its expression in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) prompted us to address whether HGAL expression could distinguish biologically distinct subgroups of cHL. Tissue microarrays from 145 patients treated with curative intent showed HGAL staining in 75% and was closely correlated with MUM1/IRF4 (92%) expression. BCL6 (26%), CD10 (0%), BCL2 (31%), Blimp1 (0.02%), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (20%) showed no specific correlation; neither did phospho-STAT6, a key mediator of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling that induces HGAL and is implicated in cHL pathogenesis. In our study cohort, the 5-year overall survival (OS) correlated with young age (less than 45 years, P < .001), low stage (stage I and II, P = .04), and low International Prognostic Score (P = .002). In univariate analysis, HGAL expression was associated with improved OS (P = .01) and failure-free survival (FFS) (P = .05) but was not independent of other factors in multivariate analysis of OS or FFS. The expression of the GC-specific marker HGAL in a subset of cHL suggests that these cHLs retain characteristics of GC-derived lymphomas. The association with improved OS in univariate but not multivariate analysis suggests that HGAL expression is related to known clinical parameters of improved survival.
Reduced expression of inducible gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase-9 in monocytes from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: correlation of inducible levels with the percentage of cytogenetically marked cells and with marrow cellularity
Authors: Iwata Mineo , Pillai Manoj , Ramakrishnan Aravind , Hackman Robert C. , Deeg H. Joachim , Opdenakker Ghislain , Torok-Storb Beverly
Published: September 2006

Regulatory molecules produced by stromal cells are often membrane bound until cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); cleavage can either activate or inactivate regulatory functions. We report here that marrow stromal cells induce the expression of MMP-9 in monocytes. Induction was contact independent and could be reproduced with recombinant MCP-1/CCL2, whereas IL-6, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-8/CXCL8, SDF-1/CXCL12, and MGSA/CXCL1 did not have this effect. Stroma-induced levels of MMP-9 in the monocyte population from healthy donors were relatively consistent, whereas induced levels varied significantly (P < .001) in the CD14+ population from 27 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In patients with a clonal chromosomal marker, the level of inducible MMP-9 expression in the monocyte population was inversely correlated with the percentage of marker-positive cells (n = 11, P = .01), suggesting that the ability to induce MMP-9 may be compromised in clonally derived monocytes. The inducible levels of MMP-9 were also inversely correlated with marrow cellularity observed in biopsies from MDS patients (P < .001). We conclude that monocytes can express MMP-9 in response to stromal factors and that this response may be significantly decreased in MDS-derived monocytes.