bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three methods to retrieve slant total electron content measurements from ground‐based GPS receivers and performance assessment
Authors: Zhang Baocheng
Published: June 2016

The high sampling rate along with the global coverage of ground‐based receivers makes Global Positioning System (GPS) data particularly ideal for sensing the Earth's ionosphere. Retrieval of slant total electron content measurements (TECMs) constitutes a key first step toward extracting various ionospheric parameters from GPS data. Within the ionospheric community, the interpretation of TECM is widely recognized as the slant total electron content along the satellite receiver line of sight, biased by satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs). The Carrier‐to‐Code Leveling (CCL) has long been used as a geometry‐free method for retrieving TECM, mainly because of its simplicity and effectiveness. In fact, however, the CCL has proven inaccurate as it may give rise to TECM very susceptible to so‐called leveling errors. With the goal of attaining more accurate TECM retrieval, we report in this contribution two other methods than the CCL, namely, the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and the Array‐aided PPP (A‐PPP). The PPP further exploits the International GPS Service (IGS) orbit and clock products and turns out to be a geometry‐based method. The A‐PPP is designed to retrieve TECM from an array of colocated receivers, taking advantage of the broadcast orbit and clock products. Moreover, A‐PPP also takes into account the fact that the ionospheric effects measured from one satellite to all colocated receivers ought to be the same, thus leading to the estimability of interreceiver DCB. We perform a comparative study of the formal precision and the empirical accuracy of the TECM that are retrieved, respectively, by three methods from the same set of GPS data. Results of such a study can be used to assess the actual performance of the three methods. In addition, we check the temporal stability in A‐PPP‐derived interreceiver DCB estimates over time periods ranging from 1 to 3 days.
Quantifying entrainment in pyroclastic density currents from the Tungurahua eruption, Ecuador: Integrating field proxies with numerical simulations
Authors: Benage M. C. , Dufek J. , Mothes P. A.
Published: June 2016

The entrainment of air into pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) impacts the dynamics and thermal history of these highly mobile currents. However, direct measurement of entrainment in PDCs is hampered due to hazardous conditions and opaqueness of these flows. We combine three‐dimensional multiphase Eulerian‐Eulerian‐Lagrangian calculations with proxies of thermal conditions preserved in deposits to quantify air entrainment in PDCs at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador. We conclude that small‐volume PDCs develop a particle concentration gradient that results in disparate thermal characteristics for the concentrated bed load (>600 to ~800 K) and the overlying dilute suspended load (~300–600 K). The dilute suspended load has effective entrainment coefficients 2–3 times larger than the bed load. This investigation reveals a dichotomy in entrainment and thermal history between two regions in the current and provides a mechanism to interpret the depositional thermal characteristics of small‐volume but frequently occurring PDCs.
Phase locking between atmospheric convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves and the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent
Authors: Baranowski Dariusz B. , Flatau Maria K. , Flatau Piotr J. , Matthews Adrian J.
Published: June 2016

Convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs) are a major component of the tropical atmospheric circulation, propagating eastward around the equatorial belt. Here we show that there are scale interactions between CCKWs and the diurnal cycle over the Maritime Continent. In particular, CCKW packets that pass a base point in the eastern Indian Ocean at 90°E between 0600 and 0900 UTC subsequently arrive over Sumatra in phase with the diurnal cycle of convection. As the distance between Sumatra and Borneo is equal to the distance traveled by a CCKW in 1 day, these waves are then also in phase with the diurnal cycle over Borneo. Consequently, this subset of CCKWs has a precipitation signal up to a factor of 3 larger than CCKWs that arrive at other times of the day and a 40% greater chance of successfully traversing the Maritime Continent.
SAPS onset timing during substorms and the westward traveling surge
Authors: Mishin Evgeny, V.
Published: June 2016

We present multispacecraft observations in the magnetosphere and conjugate ionosphere of the onset time of subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) and tens of keV ring current injections on the duskside in three individual substorms. This is probably the first unequivocal determination of the substorm SAPS onset timing. The time lag between the SAPS and substorm onsets is much shorter than the gradient‐curvature drift time of ∼10 keV ions in the plasmasphere. It seemingly depends on the propagation time of substorm‐injected plasma from the dipolarization onset region to the plasmasphere, as well as on the SAPS position. These observations suggest that fast onset SAPS and ring current injections are causally related to the two‐loop system of the westward traveling surge.
The sensitivity of water availability to changes in the aridity index and other factors—A probabilistic analysis in the Budyko space
Authors: Gudmundsson L. , Greve P. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: June 2016

One of the pending questions in the context of global change is whether climatic drivers or other factors have stronger influences on water availability. Here we present an approach that allows to estimate the probability that changes in the aridity index have a larger effect on water availability than equal relative changes in other factors. The analysis builds upon a probabilistic extension of the Budyko framework, which is subject to an analytical sensitivity assessment. The results show that changes in water availability are only dominated by changes in the aridity index in very humid climates. This implies that projected intensifications of aridity in drylands may have less influence on water availability than commonly assumed. Instead, other climatic or nonclimatic factors are dominating. The analysis does hence allow to map regions in which water availability is more sensitive to equal relative changes in either the aridity index or all other factors.
GPS constraints on broad scale extension in the Ethiopian Highlands and Main Ethiopian Rift
Authors: Birhanu Yelebe , Bendick Rebecca , Fisseha Shimeles , Lewi Elias , Floyd Michael , King Robert , Reilinger Robert
Published: June 2016

Measurements from GPS sites spanning the Ethiopian Highlands, Main Ethiopian Rift, and Somali Platform in Ethiopia and Eritrea show that present‐day finite strain rates throughout NE Africa can be approximated at the continent scale by opening on the MER. Most sites in the Ethiopian Highlands are consistent with the motion of the Nubian plate at the level of 1 mm/yr with 95% confidence. However, sites at least as far as 60 km west of the rift show higher velocities relative to the stable Nubian frame of 1–2 mm/yr, requiring a combination of localized and distributed deformation to accommodate the African extensional domain. Off‐rift velocities are consistent with ongoing strain related to either high gravitational potential energy or intrusive magmatism away from midrift magmatic segments either on the western rift margin or within the Ethiopian Highlands, especially when combined with likely rheological differences between the Ethiopian Rift and Highlands. Velocities from the Somali Platform are less well determined with uncertainties and residuals from a Somali frame definition at the level of 2–3 mm/yr but without spatially correlated residuals.
A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 2. Associated plasma conditions
Authors: Allen R. C. , Zhang J.‐C. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E. , Lin R.‐L. , Klecker B. , Dunlop M. W. , André M. , Jordanova V. K.
Published: June 2016

This is the second in a pair of papers discussing a statistical study of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves detected during 10 years (2001–2010) of Cluster observations. In the first paper, an analysis of EMIC wave properties (i.e., wave power, polarization, normal angle, and wave propagation angle) is presented in both the magnetic latitude (MLAT)‐distance as well as magnetic local time (MLT)‐L frames. This paper focuses on the distribution of EMIC wave‐associated plasma conditions as well as two EMIC wave generation proxies (the electron plasma frequency to gyrofrequency ratio proxy and the linear theory proxy) in these same frames. Based on the distributions of hot H+ anisotropy, electron and hot H+ density measurements, hot H+ parallel plasma beta, and the calculated wave generation proxies, three source regions of EMIC waves appear to exist: (1) the well‐known overlap between cold plasmaspheric or plume populations with hot anisotropic ring current populations in the postnoon to dusk MLT region; (2) regions all along the dayside magnetosphere at high L shells related to dayside magnetospheric compression and drift shell splitting; and (3) off‐equator regions possibly associated with the Shabansky orbits in the dayside magnetosphere.
Effects of the interplanetary magnetic field on the location of the open‐closed field line boundary
Authors: Wang C. , Wang J. Y. , Lopez R. E. , Zhang L. Q. , Tang B. B. , Sun T. R. , Li H.
Published: June 2016

Using global magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) simulation, we investigate the effect of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) on the location of the open‐closed field line boundary(OCB), in particular the duskside and dawnside OCB and their asymmetry. We first model the typical OCB‐crossing events on 22 October 2001 and 24 October 2002 observed by DMSP. The MHD model presents a good estimate of OCB location under quasi‐steady magnetospheric conditions. We then systemically study the location of the OCB under different IMF conditions. The model results show that the dawnside and duskside OCBs respond differently to IMF conditions when BY is present. An empirical expression describing the relationship between the OCB latitudes and IMF conditions has been obtained. It is found that the IMF conditions play an important role in determining the dawn‐dusk OCB asymmetry, which is due to the magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. The differences between the dawn and dusk OCB latitudes from MHD predictions are in good agreement with the observations.
The trailing edges of high‐speed streams at 1 AU
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Denton Michael H.
Published: June 2016

The trailing‐edge rarefactions of 54 high‐speed streams at 1 AU are analyzed. The temporal durations of the trailing‐edge rarefactions agree with ballistic calculations based on the observed speeds of the fast and slow wind bounding the rarefactions. A methodology is developed to measure solar‐wind compression and rarefaction using the orientations of solar‐wind current sheets. One focus is to determine the signature that best describes the location of the trailing‐edge stream interface between coronal‐hole‐origin plasma and streamer‐belt‐origin plasma; based on the current‐sheet orientations, on the magnetic‐field strength, on the intensity of the electron strahl, and on the intensity of the negative vorticity, an inflection point in the temporal profile of the solar‐wind velocity is taken as the best indicator of the trailing‐edge stream interface. Computer simulations support this choice. Using superposed‐epoch analysis, the plasma properties and turbulence properties of trailing‐edge rarefactions are surveyed. Whereas the signatures of the coronal‐hole/streamer‐belt (slow‐wind/fast‐wind) boundary in the leading edge (corotating interaction region) stream interface are simultaneous, they are not simultaneous in the trailing edge, with ion‐charge‐state signatures occurring on average 13.7 h prior to the proton entropy signature. It is suggested that differences in the leading and trailing edges of coronal holes on the Sun might account for the differences in the leading and trailing edges of high‐speed streams at 1 AU: the formation timescales, heating timescales, and charge‐state‐equilibration timescales of closed flux loops in the corona might be involved.
Generation of secondary waves arising from nonlinear interaction between the quasi 2 day wave and the migrating diurnal tide
Authors: Nguyen Vu A. , Palo Scott E. , Lieberman Ruth S. , Forbes Jeffrey M. , Ortland David A. , Siskind David E.
Published: June 2016

Theory and past observations have provided evidence that atmospheric tides and other global‐scale waves interact nonlinearly to produce additional secondary waves throughout the space‐atmosphere interaction region. However, few studies have investigated the generation region of nonlinearly generated secondary waves, and as a result, the manifestation and impacts of these waves are still poorly understood. This study focuses on the nonlinear interaction between the quasi 2 day wave (2dayW3) and the migrating diurnal tide (DW1), two of the largest global‐scale waves in the atmosphere. The fundamental goals of this effort are to characterize the forcing region of the secondary waves and to understand how it relates to their manifestation on a global scale. First, the Fast Fourier Synoptic Mapping method is applied to Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics‐Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry satellite observations to provide new evidence of secondary waves. These results show that secondary waves are only significant above 80 km. The nonlinear forcing for each secondary wave is then computed by extracting short‐term primary wave information from a reanalysis model. The estimated nonlinear forcing quantities are used to force a linearized tidal model in order to calculate numerical secondary wave responses. Model results show that the secondary waves are significant from the upper mesosphere to the middle thermosphere, highlighting the implications for the atmosphere‐space weather coupling. The study also concludes that the secondary wave response is most sensitive to the nonlinear forcing occurring in the lower and middle mesosphere and not coincident with the regions of strongest nonlinear forcing.
Effective Targeted Photothermal Ablation of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria and Their Biofilms with NIR‐Absorbing Gold Nanocrosses
Authors: Teng Choon Peng , Zhou Tielin , Ye Enyi , Liu Shuhua , Koh Leng Duei , Low Michelle , Loh Xian Jun , Win Khin Yin , Zhang Lianhui , Han Ming‐Yong
Published: June 2016

With the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (in particular, multidrug‐resistant bacteria) and their biofilms have been becoming more and more difficult to be effectively treated with conventional antibiotics. As such, there is a great demand to develop a nonantibiotic approach in efficiently eliminating such bacteria. Here, multibranched gold nanocrosses with strong near‐infrared absorption falling in the biological window, which heat up quickly under near‐infrared‐light irradiation are presented. The gold nanocrosses are conjugated to secondary and primary antibodies for targeting PcrV, a type III secretion protein, which is uniquely expressed on the bacteria superbug, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The conjugated gold nanocrosses are capable of completely destroying P. aeruginosa and its biofilms upon near‐infrared‐light irradiation for 5 min with an 800 nm laser at a low power density of ≈3.0 W cm−2. No bacterial activity is detected after 48 h postirradiation, which indicates that the heat generated from the irradiated plasmonic gold nanocrosses attached to bacteria is effective in eliminating and preventing the re‐growth of the bacteria. Overall, the conjugated gold nanocrosses allow targeted and effective photothermal ablation of multidrug‐resistant bacteria and their biofilms in the localized region with reduced nonspecific damage to normal tissue.
Nanocontainers for Self‐Healing Coatings
Authors: Grigoriev Dmitry , Shchukina Elena , Shchukin Dmitry G.
Published: June 2016

This progress report covers recent achievements in the development of nanocontainers for self‐healing corrosion protection coatings. The functionality and design of Layer‐by‐Layer‐assembled, polymer, and inorganic nanocontainers are demonstrated in the coatings for protection of steel and aluminium alloys. The release of the corrosion inhibitors from nanocontainers occurs only when triggered by local pH changes or other internal or external stimuli, which prevents leakage of the corrosion inhibitor out of the coating and increases coating durability. This leads to the self‐healing ability of the coating and terminates corrosion propagation.
Tailoring Optoelectronic Properties of Phenanthroline‐Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters through Isomer Engineering
Authors: Wu Kailong , Zhang Tao , Zhan Lisi , Zhong Cheng , Gong Shaolong , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2016

Three isomeric phenanthroline compounds, namely o‐PXZP, m‐PXZP, and p‐PXZP, are constructed by incorporating electron‐donor phenoxazine unit into ortho‐, meta‐, or para‐positions of a rigid electron‐acceptor phenanthroline core. This approach functionalizes these compounds to exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics with microsecond‐scale photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes. Their thermal, electrochemical properties, emissive characteristics, and energy levels can be finely tailored through isomer engineering. The meta‐ and para‐linking compounds (m‐PXZP and p‐PXZP) possess higher decomposition temperatures, deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, higher PL quantum efficiencies, smaller singlet–triplet energy splitting, and reduced DF lifetimes relative to their ortho‐disposition isomer (o‐PXZP). Consequently, a green fluorescence organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) based on m‐PXZP achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency of 18.9%, and has a slow efficiency roll‐off of 28% at the luminance of 1000 cd m−2. Notably, m‐PXZP‐based device exhibits a nearly 100% utilization efficiency of electro‐generated singlet and triplet excitons. These results demonstrate for the first time that phenanthroline derivatives can be employed as TADF emitters for high‐efficiency OLEDs. The isomer engineering for TADF emitters provides a simple method to extend structure diversity of TADF emitters, and moreover it provides a flexible method to optimize optoelectronic properties and thereby manipulate electroluminescence performance.
A Sodium‐Ion Battery with a Low‐Cost Cross‐Linked Gel‐Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Gao Hongcai , Zhou Weidong , Park Kyusung , Goodenough John B.
Published: June 2016

The design of a sodium‐ion rechargeable battery with an antimony anode, a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, and a low‐cost composite gel‐polymer electrolyte based on cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate) is reported. The application of an antimony anode, on replacement of the sodium metal that is commonly used in sodium‐ion half‐cells, reduces significantly the interfacial resistance and charge transfer resistance of a sodium‐ion battery, which enables a smaller polarization for a sodium‐ion full‐cell Sb/Na3V2(PO4)3 running at relatively high charge and discharge rates. The incorporation of the gel‐polymer electrolyte is beneficial to maintain stable interfaces between the electrolyte and the electrodes of the sodium‐ion battery at elevated temperature. When running at 60 °C, the sodium‐ion full‐cell Sb/Na3V2(PO4)3 with the gel‐polymer electrolyte exhibits superior cycling stability compared to a battery with the conventional liquid electrolyte.
FISHing in the dark: How the combination of FISH and conventional karyotyping improves the diagnostic yield in CpG‐stimulated chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Dubuc Adrian M. , Davids Matthew S. , Pulluqi Mirela , Pulluqi Olja , Hoang Kevin , Hernandez‐Sánchez Jesus M. , Schlich Cathy , Hernández‐Rivas Jesus M. , Brown Jennifer R. , Dal Cin Paola
Published: June 2016

Despite significant advances in molecular genetic approaches, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) remains the gold standard for the diagnostic evaluation of genomic aberrations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Efforts to improve the diagnostic utility of molecular cytogenetic testing have led to the expansion of the traditional 4‐probe CLL FISH panel. Not only do these efforts increase the cost of testing, they remain hindered by the inherent limitations of FISH studies ‐ namely the inability to evaluate genomic changes outside of the targeted loci. While array‐based profiling and next generation sequencing (NGS) have critically expanded our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CLL, these methodologies are not routinely used by diagnostic laboratories to evaluate copy number changes or the mutational profile of this disease. Mitogenic stimulation of CLL specimens with CpG‐oligonucleotide (CpG‐ODN) has been identified as a reliable and reproducible means of obtaining a karyotype, facilitating a low‐resolution genome‐wide analysis. Across a cohort of 1255 CpG‐ODN‐stimulated CLL specimens, we describe the clinical utility associated with the combinatorial use of FISH and karyotyping. Our testing algorithm achieves a higher diagnostic yield (∼10%) through the detection of complex karyotypes, well‐characterized chromosomal aberrations not covered by the traditional CLL FISH panel and through the detection of concurrent secondary malignancies. Moreover, the single cell nature of this approach permits the evaluation of emerging new clinical concepts including clonal dynamics and clonal evolution. This approach can be broadly applied by diagnostic laboratories to improve the utility of traditional and molecular cytogenetic studies of CLL. Am. J. Hematol. 91:978–983, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction therapy pre‐autologous stem cell transplantation in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: a retrospective evaluation
Authors: Hwa Yi L. , Kumar Shaji K. , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Buadi Francis K. , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Go Ronald S. , Leung Nelson , Kapoor Prashant , Dingli David , Kyle Robert A. , Russell Stephen , lust John A. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Lin Yi , Zeldenrust Steven , Dispenzieri Angela
Published: June 2016

There is no consensus on whether patients with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) should receive induction therapy prior to an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). This study investigated the relationships between baseline bone marrow plasmacytosis (BMPC), cardiac staging, and pre‐transplant induction in AL patients. All patients who received ASCT for AL within 12 months of diagnosis were included. Patient characteristics and outcomes were abstracted. Univariate and multivariate modeling was performed. Among 415 AL patients, 35% had induction prior to ASCT. Post‐ASCT hematologic CR plus VGPR rates were significantly higher in those with baseline BMPC ≤ 10% compared to BMPC >10% (58% versus 40%, P = 0.0013). Significant risk factors for lack of attainment of CR included attenuated dose melphalan conditioning, baseline BMPC > 10%, no induction, and male gender. The 5‐year OS for the entire group was 65%. On multivariate analysis, risk factors for inferior OS included no induction therapy, advanced AL amyloid staging, BMPC > 10%, attenuated conditioning melphalan dose, and male gender. Patients with Mayo 2012 stage I–II patients with BMPC ≤ 10%, who comprised 56% of the ASCT population fared exceedingly well regardless of whether or not they received induction therapy with a 5‐year OS of 81 to 83%. Induction therapy pre‐ASCT may improve outcomes among AL patients due to a rapid reduction of toxic light chains or alternatively by elimination of less fit patients by “testing” their ability to tolerate chemotherapy. Prospective studies will be required to sort out these and other questions. Am. J. Hematol. 91:984–988, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The first patient with tandem duplication of 6q14q16: Molecular and phenotypic characterization
Authors: Sanmann Jennifer N. , Casas Kari A. , Bevilacqua Jen , Bishay Danielle L. , Clark Tanner , Van Dyke A. Zephyr , Leiferman Patricia Crotwell , Reddi Honey V. , Starr Lois J.
Published: June 2016

Duplications of the long arm of chromosome 6 have been previously reported in a limited number of patients; however, most reported duplications encompass regions of chromosome 6 distal to band q21. Duplications restricted to the proximal portion of 6q are rare. We report an 8‐year‐old male with a 16.4 megabase (Mb) tandem duplication of chromosome 6q14.1q16.1 (chr6:78950191‐95395865; hg19) who exhibited dysmorphic facial features, seizures, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, sensorineural hearing loss, and immune deficiency. This patient refines and potentially expands the current, poorly‐characterized phenotype associated with duplication of this proximal 6q region. We recommend a low threshold for a hearing evaluation beyond newborn screening and for pursuing an immune work‐up in patients with similar 6q duplications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceived motor problems in daily life: Focus group interviews with people with Noonan syndrome and their relatives
Authors: Croonen Ellen A. , Harmsen Mirjam , Van der Burgt Ineke , Draaisma Jos M. , Noordam Kees , Essink Marlou , Nijhuis‐van der Sanden Maria W. G.
Published: June 2016

Studies from a patient perspective on motor performance problems in Noonan syndrome in daily life are lacking. The aims of this study were to provide insight into the motor performance problems that people with Noonan syndrome and/or their relatives experienced, the major consequences they suffered, the benefits of interventions they experienced, and the experiences with healthcare professionals they mentioned. We interviewed 10 adults with Noonan syndrome (two were joined by their parent), and 23 mothers (five of whom had Noonan syndrome), nine fathers (one of whom had Noonan syndrome) and one cousin who reported on 28 children with Noonan syndrome. People with Noonan syndrome reported particular problems related to pain, decreased muscle strength, fatigue, and clumsiness, which had an evident impact on functioning in daily life. Most participants believed that problems with motor performance improved with exercise, appropriate physiotherapy guidance, and other supportive interventions. Nevertheless, people with Noonan syndrome and/or their relatives did not feel heard and supported and experienced no understanding of their problems by healthcare professionals. This was the first study from a patient perspective that described the motor performance problems in people with Noonan syndrome, the major consequences in daily life, the positive experiences of interventions and the miscommunication with healthcare professionals. To achieve optimal support, healthcare professionals, as well as people with Noonan syndrome and/or their relatives themselves, should be aware of these frequently presented problems with motor performance. Research on these different aspects is needed to better understand and support people with Noonan syndrome.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Macrosomia, obesity, and macrocephaly as first clinical presentation of PHP1b caused by STX16 deletion
Authors: de Lange Iris M. , Verrijn Stuart Annemarie A. , van der Luijt Rob B. , Ploos van Amstel Hans Kristian , van Haelst Mieke M.
Published: June 2016

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a genetic disorder with resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) as most important feature. Main subtypes of the disease are pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b (PHP1b) and pseudohypoparathyroidism 1a (PHP1a). PHP1b is characterized by PTH resistance of the renal cortex due to reduced activity of the stimulatory G protein α subunit (Gsα) of the PTH receptor. In addition to resistance to PTH, PHP1a patients also lack sensitivity for other hormones that signal their actions through G protein‐coupled receptors and display physical features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO), which is not classically seen in PHP1b patients. PHP1a is caused by heterozygous loss‐of‐function mutations in maternally inherited GNAS exons 1–13, which encode Gsα. PHP1b is often caused by deletion of the STX16 gene, which is thought to have an important role in controlling the methylation and thus imprinting at part of the GNAS locus. Here we present a patient with PHP1b caused by the previously described recurrent 3‐kb STX16 deletion. The patient's first symptoms were macrosomia, early onset obesity, and macrocephaly. Since this is an atypical but previously described rare presentation of PHP1b, we reemphasize STX16 deletions and PHP1b as a rare cause for early onset obesity and macrosomia. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photo/pH dual‐responsive biocompatible poly(methacrylic acid)‐based particles for triggered drug delivery
Authors: Yu Lili , Ren Ning , Yang Kuan , Zhang Miao , Su Li
Published: June 2016

A novel dual‐responsive (light and pH) particle based on poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid)–poly[1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)ethane‐1,2‐diyl bis(2‐methylacrylate)]was prepared with the facile method of two‐step homogeneous radical polymerization with methacrylic acid as the monomer and 1‐(2‐nitrophenyl)ethane‐1,2‐diyl bis(2‐methylacrylate) as a photodegradable crosslinker. Photolytic assessments were conducted upon irradiation with a UV lamp; this led to particle disintegration caused by cleavage of the photolabile crosslinking points. The light‐dependent degradation was investigated through particle size changes, absorption spectra variations, surface morphology changes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the release of Nile red from the particles after irradiation. The pH dependence of the particle systems induced by the protonation and deprotonation of poly(methacrylic acid) was also confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy. The triggered release of fluorescein diacetate was investigated to demonstrate that the release behavior in cells was light dependent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44003.
Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean
Authors: Baghel Lokesh , Kataria Sunita , Guruprasad Kadur Narayan
Published: June 2016

The effectiveness of magnetopriming was assessed for alleviation of salt‐induced adverse effects on soybean growth. Soybean seeds were pre‐treated with static magnetic field (SMF) of 200 mT for 1 h to evaluate the effect of magnetopriming on growth, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and yield of soybean plants under different salinity levels (0, 25, and 50 mM NaCl). The adverse effect of NaCl‐induced salt stress was found on growth, yield, and various physiological attributes of soybeans. Results indicate that SMF pre‐treatment significantly increased plant growth attributes, number of root nodules, nodules, fresh weight, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic performance under both non‐saline and saline conditions as compared to untreated seeds. Polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients from magnetically treated plants gave a higher fluorescence yield at J–I–P phase. Nitrate reductase activity, PIABS, photosynthetic pigments, and net rate of photosynthesis were also higher in plants that emerged from SMF pre‐treated seeds as compared to untreated seeds. Leghemoglobin content and hemechrome content in root nodules were also increased by SMF pre‐treatment. Thus pre‐sowing exposure of seeds to SMF enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism and improved the yield of soybeans in terms of number of pods, number of seeds, and seed weight under saline as well as non‐saline conditions. Consequently, SMF pre‐treatment effectively mitigated adverse effects of NaCl on soybeans. It indicates that magnetopriming of dry soybean seeds can be effectively used as a pre‐sowing treatment for alleviating salinity stress. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:455–470, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oral mucosal injury caused by mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors: emerging perspectives on pathobiology and impact on clinical practice
Authors: Peterson Douglas E. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce A. , Rugo Hope S. , Elad Sharon , Schubert Mark M. , Viet Chi T. , Campbell‐Baird Cynthia , Hronek Jan , Seery Virginia , Divers Josephine , Glaspy John , Schmidt Brian L. , Meiller Timothy F.
Published: June 2016

In recent years oral mucosal injury has been increasingly recognized as an important toxicity associated with mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, including in patients with breast cancer who are receiving everolimus. This review addresses the state‐of‐the‐science regarding mTOR inhibitor‐associated stomatitis (mIAS), and delineates its clinical characteristics and management. Given the clinically impactful pain associated with mIAS, this review also specifically highlights new research focusing on the study of the molecular basis of pain. The incidence of mIAS varies widely (2–78%). As reported across multiple mTOR inhibitor clinical trials, grade 3/4 toxicity occurs in up to 9% of patients. Managing mTOR‐associated oral lesions with topical oral, intralesional, and/or systemic steroids can be beneficial, in contrast to the lack of evidence supporting steroid treatment of oral mucositis caused by high‐dose chemotherapy or radiation. However, steroid management is not uniformly efficacious in all patients receiving mTOR inhibitors. Furthermore, technology does not presently exist to permit clinicians to predict a priori which of their patients will develop these lesions. There thus remains a strategic need to define the pathobiology of mIAS, the molecular basis of pain, and risk prediction relative to development of the clinical lesion. This knowledge could lead to novel future interventions designed to more effectively prevent mIAS and improve pain management if clinically significant mIAS lesions develop.
Down‐expression of miR‐154 suppresses tumourigenesis in CD133+ glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: Yang Liang , Yan Zhongjie , Wang Yuanyu , Ma Wandong , Li Chen
Published: June 2016

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer. Evidences have suggested that CD133 is a marker for a subset of glioblastoma cancer stem cells. However, whether miRNA plays a critical role in CD133+ GBM is poorly understood. Here, we identified that miR‐154 was upregulated in CD133+ GBM cell lines. Knockdown of miR‐154 remarkably suppressed proliferation and migration of CD133+ GBM cells. Further study found that PRPS1 was a direct target of miR‐154 in CD133+ GBM cells. Overexpression of PRPS1 exhibited similar effects as miR‐154 knockdown in CD133+ GBMs. Our study identified miR‐154 as a previously unrecognized positive regulator of proliferation and migration in CD133+ GBM cells and a potentially therapeutic target of GBMs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DFT Study of CO2 Hydrogenation on Faujasite‐Supported Ir4 Clusters: on the Role of Water for Selectivity Control
Authors: Szyja Bartłomiej M. , Smykowski Daniel , Szczygieł Jerzy , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Pidko Evgeny A.
Published: June 2016

Reaction mechanisms for the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 by faujasite‐supported Ir4 clusters were studied by periodic DFT calculations. The reaction can proceed through two alternative paths. The thermodynamically favoured path results in the reduction of CO2 to CO, whereas the other, kinetically preferred channel involves CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid under water‐free conditions. Both paths are promoted by catalytic amounts of water confined inside the zeolite micropores with a stronger promotion effect for the reduction path. Co‐adsorbed water facilitates the cooperation between the zeolite Brønsted acid sites and Ir4 cluster by opening low‐energy reaction channels for CO2 conversion.
Electro‐optical Properties of Neutral and Radical Ion Thienosquaraines
Authors: Maltese Vito , Cospito Sante , Beneduci Amerigo , De Simone Bruna Clara , Russo Nino , Chidichimo Giuseppe , Janssen René A. J.
Published: June 2016

Thienosquaraines are an interesting class of electroactive dyes that are useful for applications in organic electronics. Herein, the redox chemistry and electrochromic response of a few newly synthesized thienosquaraines are presented. These properties are compared to those of the commercial 2,4‐bis[4‐(N,N‐diisobutylamino)‐2,6‐dihydroxyphenyl]squaraine. The stability of the radical ions formed in electrochemical processes strongly affects these properties, as shown by cyclic voltammetry, in situ spectroelectrochemistry, and quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, all of the dyes show aggregation tendency resulting in panchromatic absorption covering the whole UV/Vis spectral range.
Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Alkynylation of α,β‐Unsaturated 1,1,1‐Trifluoromethyl Ketones with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Blay Gonzalo , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R.
Published: June 2016

The first catalytic enantioselective conjugate alkynylation of α,β‐unsaturated 1,1,1‐trifluoromethyl ketones has been carried out. Terminal alkynes and 1,3‐diynes were treated with trifluoromethyl ketones in the presence of a low catalytic load of a CuI‐MeOBIPHEP complex (2.5 mol %) and triethylamine (10 mol %) to give the corresponding trifluoromethyl ketones bearing a propargylic stereogenic center at the β position with good yields and excellent enantiomeric excesses in most of the cases. No 1,2‐addition products were formed under the reaction conditions. The procedure showed broad substrate scope for alkyne, diyne, and enone. A rationale for the observed stereochemistry has been provided. Finally, the potential application of the reaction products in the synthesis of chiral tetrahydrofurans bearing a trifluoromethylated quaternary stereocenter has been devised.
Ethyl Lithiodiazoacetate: Extremely Unstable Intermediate Handled Efficiently in Flow
Authors: Müller Simon T. R. , Hokamp Tobias , Ehrmann Svenja , Hellier Paul , Wirth Thomas
Published: June 2016

Ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) is one of the most prominent diazo reagents. It is frequently used in metal–carbene‐type reactions. However, EDA can also be used as a nucleophile under base catalysis. Whilst the addition of EDA to aldehydes can be performed using organic bases, the addition of EDA to other carbonyl electrophiles requires the use of organometallics such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). The generated ethyl lithiodiazoacetate is highly reactive and decomposes rapidly, even at low temperatures. Herein, we report a continuous flow protocol that overcomes the problems associated with the instantaneous decomposition of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate. The addition of ethyl lithiodiazoacetate to ketones provides direct access to tertiary diazoalcohols in good yields.
Facile Preparation and Lithium Storage Properties of TiO2@Graphene Composite Electrodes with Low Carbon Content
Authors: Guo Sheng‐qi , Zhen Meng‐meng , Liu Lu , Yuan Zhi‐hao
Published: June 2016

Over the past decade, TiO2/graphene composites as electrodes for lithium ion batteries have attracted a great deal of attention for reasons of safety and environmental friendliness. However, most of the TiO2/graphene electrodes have large graphene content (9–40 %), which is bound to increase the cost of the battery. Logically, reducing the amount of graphene is a necessary part to achieve a green battery. The synthesis of TiO2 nanosheets under solvothermal conditions without additives is now demonstrated. Through mechanical mixing TiO2 nanosheets with different amount of reduced graphene (rGO), a series of TiO2@graphene composites was prepared with low graphene content (rGO content 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt %). When these composites were evaluated as anodes for lithium ion batteries, it was found that TiO2+3 wt % rGO manifested excellent cycling stability and a high specific capacity (243.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C; 1 C=167.5 mA g−1), and demonstrated superior high‐rate discharge/charge capability at 20 C.
Oxidative Addition to Gold(I) by Photoredox Catalysis: Straightforward Access to Diverse (C,N)‐Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes
Authors: Tlahuext‐Aca Adrian , Hopkinson Matthew N. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2016

Herein, we report the oxidative addition of aryldiazonium salts to ligand‐supported gold(I) complexes under visible light photoredox conditions. This method provides experimental evidence for the involvement of such a process in dual gold/photoredox‐catalyzed reactions and delivers well‐defined (C,N)‐cyclometalated gold(III) species. The remarkably mild reaction conditions and the ability to widely vary the ancillary ligand make this method a potentially powerful synthetic tool to access diverse gold(III) complexes for systematic studies into their properties and reactivity. Initial studies show that these species can undergo chloride abstraction to afford Lewis acidic dicationic gold(III) species.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminooxylation Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Sequence for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched γ‐Functionalized Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Doherty William , Evans Paul
Published: June 2016

The oxidative addition reaction of unbranched aldehydes with nitrobenzene in the presence of enantiopure proline, followed by a Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons olefination with sulfonyl phosphonate (II) gives γ‐hydroxyvinyl sulfones with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolinones and Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones Catalyzed by Graphene Oxide Nanosheets in an Aqueous Medium: “On‐Water” Synthesis Accompanied by Carbocatalysis and Selective C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Kausar Nazia , Roy Indranil , Chattopadhyay Dipankar , Das Asish R.
Published: June 2016

The employed catalyst can be easily recycled with a recovery amount of 90% after the fifth run.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Antiviral Natural Product Houttuynoid B.
Authors: Kerl Thomas , Berger Florian , Schmalz Hans‐Guenther
Published: June 2016

a constituent of the Chinese plant Houttuynia cordata
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydroacetic Acid Based Schiff′s Bases and Their Metal Complexes: A Review
Authors: Gupta A. K. , Pal R.
Published: June 2016

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed C—C Coupling Reactions via Double C—H Activation
Authors: Li Shuai‐Shuai , Qin Liu , Dong Lin
Published: June 2016

Review: [61 refs.
Grauwasserreinigung mit einer Sumpfpflanzenmatte unter Praxisbedingungen
Authors: Zehnsdorf Andreas , Stock Norman , Richter Juliane , Blumberg Michael , Müller Roland A.
Published: June 2016

Die dezentrale Behandlung von Grauwasser findet weltweit immer größere Beachtung. Da in der Regel ebenerdige Flächen kostenintensiv sind, kann alternativ die Grauwasserbehandlung mithilfe von Sumpfpflanzenmatten auf Gebäudedächern erfolgen. Neben der Wasserbehandlung wirkt sich dieses Vorgehen positiv auf die Gebäudeklimatisierung aus. In einem Test unter Praxisbedingungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Sumpfpflanzenmatte mit 0,1 m Wurzelschichthöhe bei hydraulischen Flächenbelastungen bis 15 L m−2d−1 für die Behandlung von typischem Grauwasser eines Wohnhauses geeignet ist.
How do you write and present research well? 15—Prepare to say less than you prepare
Authors: Tavares Jason R. , Boffito Daria C. , Patience Paul A. , Patience Gregory S.
Published: June 2016

If you speak too quickly, audience members may lose interest because they cannot follow what you are saying. If you speak too slowly, their minds can wander and you might see them heading for the exit or reaching for their electronic devices. What is the optimal speed in words per minute of a presentation?[1,2]

less than 90

between 90 and 130

between 120 and 160

more than 160
Racial disparities in survival among patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in the targeted therapy era
Authors: Rose Tracy L. , Deal Allison M. , Krishnan Bhavani , Nielsen Matthew E. , Smith Angela B. , Kim William Y. , Milowsky Matthew I.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Historically, African American (AA) patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have had inferior survival compared with Caucasian patients. Recent studies suggest that the survival disparity between races may be worsening since the advent of targeted therapies for RCC. In this study, survival rates among AA and Caucasian patients with advanced RCC are examined over time to determine whether a disparity in survival persists in the targeted therapy era.

METHODS

The authors identified patients with stage IV RCC in the National Cancer Data Base and compared survival between AA and Caucasian patients during the periods before (1998‐2004) and after (2006‐2011) the advent of targeted therapy.

RESULTS

In total, 48,846 patients were identified, and 10% were AA. Three‐year survival among both AA and Caucasian patients improved between the 2 periods (P < .01 for both), with no interaction observed between race and improved survival over time (P = .15). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death among AAs compared with Caucasians was 1.13 (95% confidence interval, 1.08‐1.19) in the post‐targeted therapy era, which was unchanged from the pretargeted therapy era (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.04‐1.15). The adjusted HR was similar when the analysis was restricted to those who received systemic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Both AA and Caucasian patients with advanced RCC have had a significant improvement in survival since the advent of targeted therapy. However, AA patients maintain a survival disadvantage compared with Caucasians independent of treatment received, potentially related to unmeasured comorbidities, disease burden, or tumor biology. Cancer 2016;122:2988‐2995. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum in Nogo receptor deficient mice
Authors: Yoo Seung‐Wan , Motari Mary G. , Schnaar Ronald L.
Published: June 2016

The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the mammalian brain, linking the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. CC development depends on the proper balance of axon growth cone attractive and repellent cues leading axons to the midline and then directing them to the contralateral hemisphere. Imbalance of these cues results in CC agenesis or dysgenesis. Nogo receptors (NgR1, NgR2, and NgR3) are growth cone directive molecules known for inhibiting axon regeneration after injury. We report that mice lacking Nogo receptors (NgR123‐null mice) display complete CC agenesis due to axon misdirection evidenced by ectopic axons including cortical Probst bundles. Because glia and glial‐derived growth cone repellent factors (especially the diffusible factor Slit2) are required for CC development, their distribution was studied. Compared with wild‐type mice, NgR123‐null mice had a sharp increase in the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and in Slit2 at the glial wedge and indusium griseum, midline structures required for CC formation. NgR123‐null mice displayed reduced motor coordination and hyperactivity. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that Nogo receptors are membrane‐bound growth cone repellent factors required for migration of axons across the midline at the CC, and that their absence results directly or indirectly in midline gliosis, increased Slit2, and complete CC agenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:291–301, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.