bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A - 58 Grit and Resilience Predict Emotional Functioning in Pediatric Cancer Survivors
Authors: Carroll Bridgette , Camper Mariah , Gordon Amanda , Palka Jayme , Holland Alice Ann
Published: September 2024

Objective

Grit—one’s “perseverance and passion for long-term goals” (Duckworth et al., 2007)—is distinct from resilience, one’s ability to bounce back after negative events. In healthy populations, both promote emotional well-being and quality-of-life (Datu et al., 2019; Sharkey et al., 2017). Limited research has investigated how grit and resilience affect emotional functioning after pediatric cancer. We hypothesized resilience would mediate grit’s effects on emotional functioning in pediatric cancer survivors.

Methods

Our clinically referred sample of 214 pediatric cancer survivors ages 4–25 years was predominantly lower- to upper-middle class (73%) and racially diverse (Caucasian = 53%, Hispanic = 25%, Black = 12%). We administered the parent-report Behavior Assessment System for Children, Third Edition (BASC-3; variables: Resiliency, Anxiety, Depression), parent-report Short Grit Scale, and self-report BASC-3 (variables: Sense of Inadequacy, Locus of Control). Multiple regression and simple mediation analyses were conducted.

Results

Overall, the sample demonstrated average grit and resilience. Leukemia and brain tumor survivors demonstrated greater grit and resilience than survivors of other cancers. Grit predicted Anxiety (p = 0.026), Depression (p = 0.001), and Sense of Inadequacy (p ≤ 0.001). Resiliency had a significant indirect effect on grit’s prediction of Anxiety (β = −0.107, 95% CI [−0.206, −0.011]) and Depression (β = −0.192, 95% CI [−0.271, −0.117]), but not Sense of Inadequacy (β = −0.055, 95% CI [−0.200, 0.102]).

Conclusion

Higher levels of grit predicted better emotional outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors. Grit affected anxiety and depression in this sample via resiliency. Exploratory analyses regarding cancer type and age at diagnosis will be described. Findings support the need for further research on “positive neuropsychology” factors affecting neuropsychological outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors.
A - 61 Lifelong Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosed in Early Adulthood: Implications for a Patient Residing in Frontier America
Authors: Raines Jeremy M , Netson-Amore Kelli L
Published: September 2024

Objective

Individuals residing in frontier America often lack access to specialized medical care. Obstacles to receiving accurate diagnosis and intervention of neuropsychological conditions in childhood is common and individuals and families may have difficulty in adapting to the implications of such diagnoses later in life.

Methods

This 18-year-old Caucasian male from frontier Kansas first presented for neurological or neuropsychological workup in adulthood. History was noteworthy for premature birth, late attainment of milestones, respiratory conditions resulting in multiple instances of cardiac arrest, and facial dysmorphism. Education was attended remotely due to risk of respiratory infection. Parents reported several atypical traits, including hyperfixation on automobiles, high pain threshold, and low frustration tolerance resulting in outbursts. Patient was considered socially and academically delayed, which parents attributed to remote school attendance. No support services were in place.

Results

Neuropsychological evaluation showed FSIQ = 71 and pronounced executive dysfunction. Parental questionnaire evidenced deficits in adaptive functioning, most pronounced in self-direction and social skills. Patient and parents denied significant concerns on behavioral health questionnaire. Paraeducator endorsed concerns in atypicality, attention/learning problems, and functional communication.

Conclusions

This young man’s presentation and estimated cognitive and functional abilities are consistent with mild intellectual developmental disorder and autism spectrum disorder. On feedback, this information was distressing to parents; capabilities in some complex tasks may have masked his deficits. Although parents were resistant to findings, it is believed these labels will assist in explaining abnormal behaviors, attaining services, and facilitating genetic testing and related medical care.
A - 62 Sexual Trauma in the Autistic LGBTQ+ Community
Authors: Jordan Julia
Published: September 2024

Objective

Individuals with neurodevelopmental disabilities are more than twice as likely to be sexually abused than individuals without neurodevelopmental disabilities. Similarly, LGBTQ+ individuals experience greater instances of sexual assault than their heterosexual, cisgender counterparts. Using a qualitative approach, this study explored reports of sexual trauma in a sample of LGBTQ+ individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method

Participants were recruited electronically, by word of mouth, and using handouts disseminated throughout the Chicagoland community. In addition to reporting a diagnosis of ASD and identifying as part of the LGBTQ+ community, participants had to be at least 18 years of age, independent of a legal guardian, and English-speaking. Sixty-four participants completed electronically-administered surveys with forced-choice and open-ended questions about their experiences of sexuality and gender identity formation. A secondary analysis was completed to identify participants who reported histories of sexual trauma.

Results

Five participants (7%) reported histories of sexual abuse. Two participants referenced learning about sex as a result of their abuse. One participant referenced their sexual abuse as a contribution to their identity formation as a queer, non-binary individual. Participants noted current personal struggles as a result of their trauma (e.g., sexual and relationship difficulties, loneliness, isolation).

Conclusions

Participant responses demonstrate the lasting, pervasive impact sexual assault has on social and emotional wellbeing. Findings from this analysis indicate a need for early educational opportunities for children regarding consent, boundaries, and sexual safety. Future research to address abuse and trauma prevention in sex education curriculum is warranted.
A - 63 Sotos Syndrome: a Case Study
Authors: Tuinstra Kaitlin , Buza Bianca , Woolner Kelsey
Published: September 2024

Objective

Sotos syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by pre and postnatal overgrowth and a non-progressive neurological disorder frequently accompanied by intellectual disability. The estimated prevalence is 1:14,000 live births; however, misdiagnosis is common due to features being attributable to other conditions. This case study highlights the broad range of symptom presentation in individuals with Sotos syndrome and adds to the limited available literature on this rare condition.

Method

The patient is a 26-year-old female with no prior neuropsychological testing presenting with concerns for cognitive functioning, regression of skills, and emotional/behavioral dysregulation. Concerns were raised for an underlying autism spectrum disorder. She presents with large stature, prominent facial configuration, and hypotonia. Developmental history was significant for delayed motor and language milestones. She has a history of absence seizures in childhood and was evaluated by neurology and medical genetics and diagnosed with Sotos syndrome.

Results

The patient’s overall intellectual functioning was in the exceptionally low range with a personal strength in verbal skills. Her neurocognitive results and low adaptive skills are indicative of a moderate intellectual disability. The patient’s developmental history, social difficulties, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors met criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Another notable finding was frequent starring spells in which she became unresponsive for approximately 15 seconds.

Conclusion

Delayed motor and language milestones, hypotonia, behavioral problems, and intellectual disability are common in individuals with Sotos syndrome and were present in the patient. Seizures and scoliosis are less common in individuals diagnosed, for which she was referred to a neurologist for further work-up.
A - 64 Neuropsychological Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Sloan-Pena Gesenia , Shakes-Malone Latoya , Kelderman Claire , Flagg Asia , Ciapa Adriana , Chavez Maria Alejandra , Vogan Olivia
Published: September 2024

Objective

Now more than ever, the neuropsychologist is frequently called upon to assess and diagnosis Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Neuropsychological assessment provides a comprehensive and objective analysis of a child suspected of having ASD. To ensure accurate and early diagnosis of young children, this review will inform on the essential domains to include in the evaluation of ASD, highlight the cognitive profile of individuals with ASD, and address gender differences to consider as part of the diagnosis.

Data Selection

The following selection criteria were utilized: -articles published in peer-reviewed journals during the previous 10 years focusing on neuropsychological evaluations of ASD -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on validity and reliability of specific measures to include in the evaluation of ASD in children.

Data Synthesis

It is essential to evaluate intelligence, attention, executive functioning, social communication, and fine motor skills as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Intelligence tests can sometimes underestimate the IQ of individuals with ASD. The uneven cognitive development in children with ASD makes accurate diagnosis even more challenging. Sex related cognitive profiles should be considered to assist in the accurate diagnosis of girls with ASD.

Conclusions

Early and accurate identification of ASD in children is essential for improved outcomes. Schools, physicians, insurance agencies, and other stakeholders rely on the results of the neuropsychological evaluation to authorize essential interventions. Therefore, it is imperative to employ the most recent research related to the assessment of ASD, with an emphasis on increasing the identification of girls.
A - 65 Neuropsychological Testing to Increase Early and Accurate Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Black and Brown Children
Authors: Sloan-Pena Gesenia , Shakes-Malone Latoya , Flagg Asia , Adams Lauren
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Neuropsychological evaluations provide information that can potentially minimize the risk of poor outcomes and enhance the quality of life for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Black and Brown children have higher incidences of misdiagnosis and are also diagnosed later than their White peers. There is support for the efficacy of neuropsychological evaluation compared to routine care in the diagnosis of ASD. This study analyzes neuropsychological assessment practices and diagnosis trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, incorporating teacher and parent perceptions through behavioral rating scales.

Data Selection

The following selection criteria were utilized: -articles published in peer-reviewed journals focusing on neuropsychological evaluations of ASD among black and brown children-employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on cultural considerations, validity, and reliability of neuropsychological assessments in children of color.

Data Synthesis

Gender, ethnic, and racial differences in the timing and rate of diagnosis have delayed the onset of crucial treatment. Additionally, there are linguistic variables and differences in how parents and teachers endorse symptoms of ASD by race and ethnicity on rating scales included in comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations that can impact the assessment.

Conclusions

Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ASD. However, there is a significant imbalance between the growing numbers of ethnic/racial and linguistic minority children in the United States who require neuropsychological services and the limited number of neuropsychologists trained to handle the cultural complexities. Accurate, culturally informed neuropsychological assessments are needed to ensure equitable behavioral health services are provided to this vulnerable population.
A - 67 A Critical Analysis of EEG Neurofeedback Training Efficacy in Historically Disadvantaged Communities
Authors: Hutcherson Milo , Kleinfelter Brittney , Biship Laura
Published: September 2024

Objective

Electroencephalogram neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) is gaining popularity as a way of supporting emotional regulation following traumatic brain injury (TBI; Dehghani et al., 2023; Bezmaternykh et al., 2021; Rajeswaran and Bennett, 2019), as well as mental disorders defined in the DSM-5-TR (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022; Deiber et al., 2021; Micoulaud-Franchi et al., 2021; Neurofeedback Collaborative Group, 2023). EEG-NFT can extend well beyond TBIs and mental health disorders, especially in marginalized individuals facing ongoing trauma due to discrimination, hate crimes, and chronic stress as a result of frequent micro- and macroaggressions (Choi et al., 2022; Majeno et al., 2021; Moody and Lewis, 2019). One area not explored is the efficacy of EEG-NFT for individuals who have experienced racial or gender discrimination, especially if they are receiving training while continuing to experience microaggressions during the course of treatment. The authors commenced a review to determine (1) how often demographic data is shared in EEG-NFT research, (2) how frequently individuals who experience stigma enroll in neurofeedback, and (3) the efficacy of EEG-NFT specifically on marginalized individuals.

Method

Literature Review.

Results

Current literature reveals a deficiency in research amongst marginalized populations.

Conclusions

EEG-NFT shows promising results in emotional regulation for various mental disorders and TBIs, but there remains a significant gap in understanding its effectiveness for marginalized populations. The authors are moving forward with a detailed study, starting with an IRB proposal at Antioch University New England, to explore the efficacy of EEG-NFT in these underrepresented groups and plan to present preliminary results later this year.
A - 69 The Use of Neuropsychological Assessments in the Diagnosis of ADHD among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the US
Authors: Malone LaToya Shakes , Sloan-Pena Gesenia , Rader Katana , Flagg Asia
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Neuropsychological evaluations provide information that can potentially minimize the risk of poor outcomes and enhance the quality of life for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Black and Brown students have higher incidences of misdiagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and being funneled into Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) classrooms. There is support for the incremental efficacy of neuropsychological evaluation compared to routine care in the diagnosis and management of ADHD. This study analyzes neuropsychological assessment practices and diagnosis trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, incorporating teacher and parent perceptions through behavioral rating scales.

Data Selection

The following selection criteria were utilized: -published in peer-reviewed journals focusing on neuropsychological evaluations for ADHD among black and brown clients -employed a variety of assessment tools and methodologies - reporting on cultural considerations, validity, and reliability of neuropsychological assessments in black and brown populations.

Data Synthesis

Gender and racial differences in the timing and rate of diagnosis have delayed the onset of treatment. Additionally, there has been a difference in how parents and teachers endorse symptoms of ADHD by race on rating scales included in comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations.

Conclusions

Early intervention is associated with improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. However, there is a significant imbalance between the growing numbers of ethnic/racial and linguistic minority children in the United States who need neuropsychological services and the limited number of neuropsychologists trained to handle the cultural complexities. Accurate, culturally informed neuropsychological assessments are needed to ensure equitable behavioral health services are provided.
A - 74 Comparing HVLT-R Performance in Monolingual Vs. Spanish/English Bilingual Veterans
Authors: Cabrera Carla , Bain Kathleen
Published: September 2024

Objective

Norms developed in monolingual populations may not be appropriate for use with bilingual patients. This study examined the impact of Spanish-English bilingualism on rote verbal memory using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).

Methods

Clinically-referred veterans (86 monolingual; 30 bilingual) completed HVLT-R (English) during a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Chi square analyses and independent samples t-tests were used to examine group demographic differences. Verbal fluency scores and HVLT-R scores were compared between groups using independent samples t-tests.

Results

Groups did not differ significantly in age (monolingual-M = 62.62; bilingual-M = 65.67) or education (monolingual-M = 13.9; bilingual-M = 13.2). Self-reported race/ethnicity was mostly White for the monolingual sample, while the bilingual sample was predominantly Hispanic. Groups also differed in gender composition (bilingual: 100% male; monolingual: 84% male). Groups did not differ in their speeded English phonemic word generation, t(108) = 0.311, p = 0.757, or speeded semantic word generation, t(109) = 1.931, p = 0.056, suggesting the current bilingual sample had high English proficiency. Cognitively unimpaired monolingual and bilingual veterans did not differ in their raw total recall, t(114) = 1.228, p = 0.222, delayed free recall, t(114) = 0.331, p = 0.741, percent retention, t(114) = 0.240, p = 0.811, or recognition discrimination, t(114) = 0.521, p = 0.603, for target words. Groups did not differ in their age-corrected T-scores in any of the above scores.

Conclusions

Results support the use of existing HVLT-R normative data for assessment of rote verbal memory in Spanish/English bilinguals with high English proficiency.
A - 75 Clarifying the Complex: International Adoptees as Exemplars of Culturally-Informed Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Wood Zachary , Austin Cynthia
Published: September 2024

Objective

School-age international adoptees are underrepresented in the literature despite their unique cultural, linguistic, and academic experiences. The lack of representative norms paired with reduced cultural exposure in the United States requires special consideration from the neuropsychologist. This case report of an internationally adopted child with cerebral palsy illuminates the varying responsiveness of measures to changing levels of acculturation, language acquisition, and educational intervention.

Method

Patient was adopted at age 10 from China. He experienced lifelong institutionalization and limited formal education; he was illiterate at time of adoption. Brain MRI was consistent with his diagnosis of diplegic cerebral palsy (GMFCS Level I). Beginning approximately one year after adoption, he underwent three neuropsychological evaluations over five years. Testing accommodations to support language, behavior, and executive functioning were provided across evaluations.

Results

Patient’s initial neuropsychological evaluation demonstrated below age expectation performance across nearly all domains of cognitive functioning. Subsequent evaluations evidenced notable improvements across language, memory, mood, behavior, and adaptive functioning, with many areas revealing age appropriate abilities. Improvements across domains commonly affected by cerebral palsy were more limited, and academics were a longstanding, refractory area of difficulty.

Conclusions

Traditional administration and interpretation of neuropsychological measures can have difficulty characterizing the cognitive skills of medically involved, international adoptees. Thoughtful measure selection, administration, and interpretation are needed to differentiate underlying ability from performance. Interpreting assessment data can be challenging due to dynamic levels of language acquisition, academic proficiency, and acculturation. Rate of skill acquisition/development across multiple evaluations may be a better indicator of underlying ability than normative comparisons.
A - 77 A Systematic Review of Current Diversity Representation in Neuropsychological Research
Authors: Ton Loy Adan F , Reames Celeste M , Ikonomou Vasilios C , Hernandez Katherine , Campbell Ivan , Wagaman Bailey , Hill Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study investigated current representation of diverse samples in research published in four leading neuropsychology journals.

Methods

We reviewed 367 articles published in 2023 from Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, and The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 34 review articles and 4 editorial/announcements were excluded leaving 321 articles coded for age, education, gender/sex, race/ethnicity, and sample country.

Results

Overall, 89.41% of studies reported gender/sex and 50.46% reported race/ethnicity. Out of 63 original articles that included European populations (e.g., France, Sweden, Denmark, etc.), 93.65% reported gender/sex and 12.7% reported race/ethnicity. Out of 172 original articles that included United States (U.S.) samples, 95.93% reported gender/sex and 80.23% reported race/ethnicity. Studies of U.S. samples reported the following average sociodemographic variables: education 14.94 years (SD = 3.72), age 50.32 years (SD = 21.39), gender/sex 48.09% female and 51.90% male, and race/ethnicity was 65.11% White, 6.64% Black/African American, 2.18% Asian, 1.06% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.43% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 24.57% unknown/other/mixed race. Additionally, 9.82% of participants were Hispanic/Latino.

Conclusions

Roughly half of studies did not report on race/ethnicity and this was particularly notable for European samples with more homogeneous populations. Studies with U.S. samples had equitable gender/sex representation but participants were predominantly White and older middle aged. Inconsistencies in how studies stratified race/ethnicity resulted in a large percentage of individuals being classified as unknown/other/mixed. This review highlights the need for more diverse representation in neuropsychological research as Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, and Asian groups were represented at half their actual numbers in the U.S. population (18.5%, 12.2%, and 5.9% respectively).
A - 79 Comparison of Neuropsychological Test Performance between Monolingual Older Adults with Varying Cognitive Profiles
Authors: Linares Casey Morocho
Published: September 2024

Objective

With the rapid aging and cultural differences of the Latinx population, psychologists have expressed concerns regarding neuropsychological evaluations used for Alzheimer’s disease (ad), including the appropriateness of normative data and misinterpretation of test scores. This study explores various facets of neuropsychological performance between Spanish and English-speaking older adults with ad or normal cognition (NC).

Method

Participants (N = 17,716) from a de-identified database from the National Alzheimer’s’ Coordinating Center were administered Boston Naming Test-30 items (BNT-30), Animal & Vegetable Verbal Fluency, Digit Symbol, Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Logical Memory I & II (LM-I & II), and Trail Making Test A & B (TMT-A & B). Correlations, multiple linear hierarchical regressions, and two-factor Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) were used.

Results

Significant associations between interest areas (e.g., sex, ethnicity, race, age, education level, and/or age of cognitive onset) and test performances were found in each diagnosis group. Primary language, education level, and diagnosis were found to be significant predictors of LM-I (f2 = 0.19), LM-II (f2 = 0.22), and TMT-B (f2 = 0.15) performance. Significant interactions of primary language and diagnosis group were found among test performances for the MMSE, LM-II, Animals Verbal Fluency, TMT-A, and TMT-B (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Further research is warranted to understand the complexity of using neuropsychological assessments to detect ad-related deficits among Spanish-speaking Latinx individuals. Evidence-based neuropsychological practice guidelines must acknowledge the importance of education level and primary language on test performance.
A - 86 Perceived Social Support Predicts Everyday Cognition for Daily Functioning beyond Geriatric Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Tran Sarah , DiGiovanna Benjamin , Gamino Denise , Langarica Ashley Arreola , Motley John , Way Sarah , Boynton Harrison , Barnett Michael
Published: September 2024

Objective

Previous literature has found that social support can be a protective factor for older adults experiencing declines in their everyday cognition for daily functioning – or adaptive functioning (AdaptF). In contrast, depression and anxiety are risk factors for AdaptF impairment. This study examines the effect of perceived social support on AdaptF while controlling for anxiety and depression.

Method

Older adults (N = 126; Mage = 73.4; 60% female) completed the Measure of Everyday Cognition (ECOG) for AdaptF, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Geriatric Anxiety Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale as part of a neuropsychological evaluation. Hierarchical regression was used, with anxiety and depression in Model 1 and perceived social support in Model 2.

Results

Model 1 explained 21.5% of the variance, F(2, 123) = 18.13, p < 0.001. Model 2 explained an additional 4.9% and was significant, ΔR2 = 0.264, F(3, 122) = 15.92, p < 0.001. Depression was significant in Model 1, β = −0.32, p = 0.005. In Model 2, social support emerged as a significant independent predictor, β = 0.24, p = 0.003.

Conclusion

The results of this study show that social support is a significant predictor of AdaptF even after controlling for the large effects of anxiety and depression. Research has shown that social support is associated with better AdaptF. This study elaborates on the importance of social support’s role in adaptive functioning beyond the effects of anxiety and depression. Future directions could explore the relationship between social support and the different dimensions of the ECOG.
A - 87 Exploring the Utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment to Identify Neurocognitive Deficits among Adult Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Ulloa Sara , Wong Tiffany , Luo Hua , Bao Sile , Cavazos Judith , Santos-Modesitt Wendy , Treadwell Marsha , Hagar Ward , Hoehner Christine
Published: September 2024

Objective

Neurocognitive deficits associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) have been well established in the pediatric population but studies examining the adult neurocognitive profile are lacking. This study examined the utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to screen patients for cognitive impairments within a multidisciplinary adult sickle cell clinic.

Method

Patients who presented to their scheduled appointment at the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland Adult Sickle Cell Clinic were provided psychoeducation and offered neurocognitive screening. Those that accepted completed a brief clinical interview and were screened with the MoCA by neuropsychology externs or a licensed clinical psychologist.

Results

A sample of 24 patients (M age = 37.63, age range = 18–75; female =58.33%) were screened with the MoCA. Of patients screened, 41.67% (n = 10) were identified as mildly impaired (M score = 22) and 16.67% (n = 4) were identified as moderately impaired (M score = 15.5), consistent with other studies in the literature. Overall MoCA score and the memory subdomain were both negatively correlated with increasing age (r = −0.15, p < 0.05 and r = −0.06, p < 0.05 respectively).

Conclusions

Utilizing the MoCA, our study demonstrates a notable prevalence of cognitive impairment identified in 58.43% of adult SCD patients, with a marked decline associated with advancing age. These findings suggest the MoCA’s utility; however, further research is needed to understand the validity of this measure in detecting the varying levels of cognitive impairment in adult SCD patients. Such measures could significantly enhance the care and quality of life for individuals with SCD and address age disparities in SCD, where resources for adult patients are much more limited.
A - 88 Grandparent Caregivers Interaction with Experiences of Discrimination Effect on Perceptions of Cognitive Control
Authors: McLin Maia , Bosques Nicole Colon , Nadorff Danielle K
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study hypothesized that perceptions of cognitive ability control will differ according to grandparent caregiving status and perceptions of discrimination based on age. Control beliefs mediate the relation between discrimination and executive function. Due to the intersectional nature of grandparents who raise grandchildren and minority statuses compared to non-caregiving grandparents, it is thought that perceptions of age being the main reason of discrimination will differentially affect caregiving grandparents compared to non-caregiving grandparents perceptions of control over cognitive ability.

Method

Data included 92 caregiving and 407 non-caregiving grandparent participants from the third wave of a longitudinal data collection survey Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS III). MIDUS III included self-administered surveys assessing caregiver status, perceptions of main reasons of discrimination, and perceptions of cognitive control.

Result

A 2-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effect of grandparent caregiver status and age discrimination perceptions on perceptions of cognitive ability control. A 2-way ANOVA revealed there was a significant interaction between the effects of grandparent caregiver status and perceptions of aging discrimination (F(1, 498) = 7047, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Grandparent caregivers are more likely to have higher perceptions of control over cognitive ability when they do not perceive age as a main reason for discrimination; whereas non-caregiving grandparents have higher perceptions of control over cognitive ability when they do perceive age as a main reason for discrimination. Perceptions of why individuals are discriminated against may interact with personal factors that contribute to perceptions of control in cognitive ability.
A - 90 Verbal Fluency Changes with Age and Theta-Gamma Phase-Amplitude Coupling
Authors: Hall Megan C , Rempe Maggie P , Embury Christine M , Arif Yasra , Schantell Mikki , Bashford Seth , Garrison Grant J , Glesinger Ryan J , Okelberry Hannah J , Petts Aubrie J , Keifer Elizabeth L , Casagrande Chloe C , Picci Giorgia , Spooner Rachel K , May-Weeks Pamela E , Heinrichs-Graham Elizabeth , Wilson Tony W
Published: September 2024

Objective

Semantic judgement involves the capacity to understand and conceptualize words and relate them to meaning. We examined the neural mechanisms involved in semantic judgement during aging and how this affects performance on a neuropsychological assessment of verbal fluency.

Methods

One-hundred and sixty participants (Mage = 49.76, SDage = 15.21, age range = 21–87, Nfemale = 81) completed a semantic judgement task with related and unrelated conditions during magnetoencephalography (MEG). Participants also completed phonemic (Controlled Oral Word Association Test [COWAT], letters F-A-S) and semantic (Animals) tasks. Both tasks were z-scored and averaged as a measure of verbal fluency. MEG data were transformed into the time-frequency domain and significant task-related oscillatory responses were imaged to identify the underlying anatomical areas. Whole-brain paired-t tests were performed to assess conditional differences; voxel timeseries data were extracted from the resulting peaks to calculate theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). PAC difference scores (unrelated-related) were calculated for subsequent analyses.

Results

Whole-brain contrasts revealed significant conditional differences in the theta and gamma ranges in the left hippocampus (p < 0.001), with stronger responses in unrelated compared to related trials. A linear regression revealed that age and the PAC difference scores predicted verbal fluency (R = 0.322, F(2,150) = 8.698, p < 0.001). Specifically, stronger theta-gamma PAC in the unrelated compared to related condition and increased age were associated with lower verbal fluency scores (PAC difference score: β = −0.538, p = 0.032, 95% CI [−1.029, −0.047]; Age: β = −0.016, p < 0.001, 95% CI [−0.026, −0.007]).

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest differences in theta-gamma PAC in the hippocampus are associated with verbal fluency with implications for understanding the neural underpinnings of performance on verbal fluency assessments.
A - 95 De Novo Impulse Control Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Undergoing GPi-DBS: a Prospective Study
Authors: Combs Hannah L , York Michele K , Jimenez-Shahed Joohi
Published: September 2024

Objective

Impulse control disorders (ICD) are behaviors characterized by a failure to resist an impulse to perform an action despite consequences. ICDs are an increasingly recognized complication of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) treatment1. Literature is mixed on the relationship between deep brain stimulation (DBS) and ICD2. Most studies focus on de novo ICD’s in patients undergoing subthalamic-nucleus (STN) DBS, but the relationship with globus pallidus interna (GPi) DBS is less understood. The present study examined rate and severity of ICD symptoms in patients undergoing GPi-DBS versus STN-DBS.

Method

27 PD patients undergoing candidacy for bilateral DBS were prospectively enrolled. Pre-surgically, subjects underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and examination by a movement disorder specialist. 17 underwent STN-DBS and 10 underwent GPi-DBS. Subjects returned 12–18 months post-surgery to complete an abbreviated cognitive battery and an ICD rating scale.

Results

There were no differences in presurgical or postsurgical neurocognitive scores between groups. STN-DBS had higher pre-surgical ICD scores (p = 0.04) than GPi-DBS. Patients with post-DBS ICD’s were more likely to have undergone GPi-DBS than STN-DBS (p = 0.05). This finding persisted when controlling for change in levodopa equivalency dosage. Preoperatively, 41% of STN-DBS and 30% of GPi-DBS patients were ICD+. Postoperatively, 35% of STN-DBS and 80% of GPi-DBS patients were ICD+.

Conclusion(s)

Findings suggest patients undergoing GPi-DBS were more likely than those undergoing STN-DBS to develop de novo ICD’s. This is a novel finding in the literature and highlights the need for more research on the circuitry involved in GPi-DBS that may affect neuropsychiatric symptoms.
A - 96 Cognitive Profiles of Patients with Essential Tremor and Parkinson’s Disease: a Comparative Study
Authors: Combs Hannah L , Land Melany , Henry Samantha K , York Michele K , Sober Jonathan D
Published: September 2024

Objective

Essential tremor (ET) is traditionally thought of as a pure motor condition1 defined by isolated action tremor. However, research suggests cognitive decline is more prevalent in ET than originally proposed2. Movement Disorder Society guidelines recommend patients with ET and cognitive decline be classified “ET-Plus3”. ET-related cognitive decline may occur through breakdown of prefrontal integrity via frontocerebellar networks. This is similar to frontosubcortical dysfunction in PD, which may result in similar cognitive changes. The present study compared cognitive profiles of patients with ET to PD and healthy controls (HC).

Method

Data was obtained through Baylor College of Medicine’s Neuropsychology Repository. 51 ET patients were compared to 190 PD patients and 189 age-matched HC. Group differences were assessed with one-way ANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests.

Results

ET performed worse than HC on multiple cognitive measures including executive functioning, processing speed, and memory. Largest effects were observed on Trailmaking B (p < 0.001, d = 0.93) and Stroop Word Reading (p < 0.001, d = 1.15). ET performed similarly to PD across most measures, although PD performed worse on Logical Memory I & II (p < 0.001, d = 0.57), and Clock Drawing (p = 0.001, d = 0.49). Rates of mild cognitive impairment were similar in ET (45%) and PD (44%).

Conclusion(s)

Findings suggest cognitive deficits in ET occur in a similar pattern and at a similar rate as in PD. The findings are consistent with research exploring the phenotypic heterogeneity of ET and provide evidence against the prevailing belief that ET is monosymptomatic.
A - 97 Performance Variability in a Multitrial List-Learning Task in Differentiating between Fronto-Temporal Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Normal Healthy Controls
Authors: Soomro Amal , Schwartz Eliezer , Michael Paul , Hantke Nathan , Qureshi Mubeena
Published: September 2024

Objective

Alzheimer’s Disease (ad) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases with differing cognitive profiles. This study explored word-list learning task performance differences between ad and FTD and from healthy older adults (NHC).

Method

This study utilized results of the CERAD-NAB Word List task, stored in a database by the OHSU Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center. Outpatient subjects (n = 2099), ages 56+ (M = 83.61; SD = 11.44), tested from 1989 to 2020, were included, diagnosed as “NHC,” “ad,” or “FTD.” Participants included 88.8% Caucasian, 9.8% Black, 1% Asian, and 0.3% Native. Inclusion criteria involve the CERAD-NAB Word List task and a diagnosis of “NHC”, “ad”, or “FTD” at their last visit. Exclusion criteria apply to participants without diagnoses including ‘NHC, “ad”, or “FTD”. A factorial analysis of variance was conducted to compare raw scores of each group’s performances on Trials 1, 2, 3, delayed, and recognition retention.

Results

There was a significant impaired learning variability in each trial with poor encoding in adults with ad when compared to FTD. In Trial 3, the difference in performance between the FTD group and the ad group was statistically different, suggesting better recall in the FTD group.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a similar pattern of encoding difficulties with individuals diagnosed with ad and FTD. The FTD groups were able to better recall the list following a delay as compared to the ad group. Combined investigation of cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms coupled with clear patterns in verbal memory deficits could provide a more accurate approach for differentiating between ad and FTD.
A - 100 Who Is at the Door? Clinical Presentations and Predictors of Dementia Diagnosis in a Specialist Dementia Service
Authors: Stewart Martha , Pillinger Robin , Coldham Rae , Wood Lesley , Mason Damon
Published: September 2024

Objective

This service audit aimed to identify predictors associated with a dementia diagnosis and the diagnostic base rate in a UK-based, specialist Younger People with Dementia (YPWD) Service.

Method

All patients referred between July 2022 and 2023 to the YPWD service were included in the study. All 191 patients were under 65 years at the time of referral. 69 patients were excluded from analysis (e.g., if the patient withdrew from the service prior to assessment or if the referral was deemed inappropriate based on service guidelines). A quasi-experimental design was used, investigating the relative predictive value of factors such as demographics, presenting cognitive symptoms, comorbidities, or mental health to receiving a dementia diagnosis. Following definition, raters reviewed client case notes to establish the presence or absence of each criterion.

Results

Significant predictors of a dementia diagnosis in YPWD were functional change (p < 0.001), behavior change (p < 0.001), being accompanied to assessment (p < 0.001), diminished insight (p < 0.001), executive functioning difficulties (p < 0.05), cognitive screening test score below cut-off (p < 0.05) and previous radiological investigation prior to referral (p < 0.001). The diagnostic rate for YPWD was 15%.

Conclusions

Memory problems alone are an insufficient predictor for a dementia diagnosis in YPWD, unless accompanied by additional factors. Overreliance on the presence of subjective memory complaints in primary care as a percipient to referral for specialist assessment contributes to a low diagnostic rate for the service The presence of insight and attending appointments alone contraindicate the presence of an organic disorder. Results indicate that factors beyond diagnostic criteria may be clinically significant.
A - 102 Neuropsychological Insights into Kearns-Sayre Syndrome: a Case Study
Authors: Jackson Daija A , Brooks Keiona L , Willis Pamelia F
Published: September 2024

Objective

Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a genetic mitochondrial and neuromuscular condition with multisystemic effects, including the eyes, heart, muscles, and cognition. Very little is known regarding the cognitive profile of patients with KSS, and existing studies have presented mixed findings. Results in one study revealed impairments in visuospatial abilities and attention, while another study found impairments in global cognition and word-finding. Interestingly, both studies revealed impairments in executive functions.

Method

This abstract presents the case of a 46-year-old right-handed, African American female diagnosed with KSS in 2021. Symptoms of KSS first appeared in 2010 with progressive vision loss and bilateral ptosis. Genetic testing revealed MT-T1 mutation consistent with KSS. Electroretinography findings revealed mild cone atrophy and mild-to-moderate concentric visual field defects. Attentional difficulties were noted in 2016 and resulted in a diagnosis of ADHD. Memory problems were first noticed in 2016 and have persisted since then. Magnetic resonance imaging results from May 2023 revealed no structural abnormalities in the brain.

Results

A comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation completed in March 2024 revealed mostly intact neurocognitive functioning. Notably, performance on memory and visuospatial measures were within normal limits. However, poor performance was revealed on one measure of executive functioning.

Conclusions

It remains unclear whether the poor performance seen on a measure of executive functioning reflects a true cognitive deficit or just chance variation. Even so, with little information regarding the cognitive profile of KSS, baseline neuropsychological testing should be considered to monitor related cognitive changes over time.
A - 104 Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity Is Associated with Greater Amyloid Burden in Cognitively Stable Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Bisgaard Stephanie Tuxen , Bruno Jennifer
Published: September 2024

Objective

Nearly everyone (>90%) with Down Syndrome (DS) develops Alzheimer’s Disease (ad). Cardiometabolic conditions (CC) are known dementia risk-factors in the general population, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) increases MCI, dementia, and ad. CC are highly prevalent in DS and amyloid burden (AB) is associated with ad and elevated across lifespan in DS. However, there are no studies on the association between CM and AB in DS.

Method

We studied baseline data from 240 participants, 40–53 years (198 cognitively stable; 42 with MCI or dementia), from Alzheimer’s Biomarker Consortium-Down Syndrome (ABC-DS). Participants were grouped 0–1 or > 1 CC (hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, hypertension, cardiovascular conditions, stroke). Participants completed amyloid PET scan with [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]-PiB) or [18F]-AV45 (florbetapir). Regional standard uptake value-ratios (SUVRs) were calculated relative to cerebellar cortex and transformed to Centiloid global AB scores for analysis. We tested association between CM and AB scores using hierarchical linear regression, including age and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as covariates.

Results

The regression model revealed that CM was significantly associated with greater AB after accounting for age and ApoE [F (3,194) = 57.752, p < 0.001, ß = 0.228, 95% CI [0.007–0.449], p = 0.043]. Centiloid values were higher for two or more CC (Fig. 1).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that two or more CC is associated with greater AB in cognitively stable adults with DS. These findings help us understand the CM prodromal role in accelerating ad in DS and provide insights to preventative strategies. Future studies should explore how CM and related biomarkers, eg., chronic peripheral inflammation, influence ad in DS.
A - 107 The Role of Cognitive Functions in the Activities of Daily Living and Compensatory Aid Use of Older Adults
Authors: Kozuki Jordan , Baez Abril , Reyes Fabiola A , Wilkin Lily , Miller Chris H , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen , Woo Ellen
Published: September 2024

Objective

Memory and executive functions contribute to the completion of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Compensatory aids may be used to support age-related changes in cognition. The current study examines the roles of memory and executive functions in IADLs and the use compensatory strategies across the cognitive spectrum.

Methods

Participants included 132 older adults (58 healthy older controls, 65 individuals with MCI, and 9 individuals with ad). Composite scores were calculated for Memory (CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall and BVMT-R Delayed Recall) and Executive Functioning (Stroop Interference and Trails B) tests completed. The Instrumental Activities of Daily Living – Compensation (IADL-C) scale was used to assess the IADLs of money/self-management skills, home/daily living skills, travel/event memory, social skills, and total IADL skills, in addition to the use of compensatory aids.

Results

Regression analyses were conducted to examine the roles of memory and executive functions in IADLs and the use of compensatory aids, separately, across the cognitive spectrum. Results revealed that memory and executive functions predicted the ability to complete all IADLs. In contrast, cognitive skills did not predict the use of compensatory aids.

Conclusion

Overall, we found that memory and executive functions are important for completing a wide range of IADLs. Interestingly, these cognitive abilities did not play a role in the use of compensatory aids, even though these aids can support changes in cognition. This research suggests that it may be beneficial to recommend specific compensatory strategies to older adults that support memory and executive skills when performing everyday tasks.