bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of SNP markers in different candidate genes with growth performance of Landrace × Ghurrah crossbred pigs
Authors: NAHA B C , GAUR G K , SAINI B L , SAHOO N R , PANDA S
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to assess the polymorphic dispersion of SNP markers in candidate growth genes and their impact on growth performance of Landlly (Landrace × Ghurrah crossbred) pigs. PCR-RFLP procedure was utilized to differentiate the genotypes at marker loci. Most of the SNP loci [MC4R (AA, AG and GG); PGK2 (GG, GT and TT); CTSD (AA, AG and GG); CTSK (AA, AG and GG); SLC27A4 (AA, AG and GG); MYC (CC, CT and TT); and LEP (CC, CT and TT)] had 3 genotypes with varying frequency. Only 2 genotypes [AA (59%) and AG (41%)] were noticed for GHRL. IGF-1 and CTSZ SNPs were monomorphic for AA genotype. Allelic frequencies for these SNPs (MC4R, PGK2, CTSD, CTSK, CTSZ, SLC27A4, GHRL, MYC, IGF-1and LEP) were 0.51 and 0.49 (A/G), 0.66 and 0.34 (G/T), 0.55 and 0.45 (A/G), 0.48 and 0.52 (A/G), 1.00 (A), 0.69 and 0.31(A/G), 0.80 and 0.20 (A/G), 0.22 and 0.78 (C/T), 1.00 (A) and 0.47 and 0.53 (C/T), respectively. Impact of PGK2, CTSK, GHRL and LEP SNP was meaningful on the body weight at birth. MC4R had significant impact on body weight at 6 weeks. SLC27A4 and LEP SNP significantly affected body weight at 32 weeks. This investigation suggested MC4R, PGK2, CTSK, SLC27A4, GHRL and LEP SNPs as potential markers for improving growth performance in Landlly pigs.
Effect of dietary supplementation of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) on the growth performance and lipid profile of broiler chickens
Authors: RATHAUR AMAN , RAI DINESH CHANDRA , BHATESHWAR VINOD , SINGH UDAY PRATAP
Published: August 2022

Broiler diets frequently include fats and oils to improve energy density, feed palatability, and functionality associated with Ω-3 PUFA. The purpose of this research was to examine how dietary supplementation of linseed affects growth performance and lipid profile of broiler chickens. The study was carried out at the poultry farm of the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The experiment is approved by the Central Animal Ethics Committee of the University (IAEC/3036). Total 200 male Cobb-400, 7-day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 5 treatment groups and fed with different levels of LS (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%), respectively. The chickens fed rations supplemented with different levels of LS resulted in significantly decreased body weight and significantly increased feed conversion ratio. In blood lipid profile, CHO, TRI, LDL-C, and VLD-C concentrate levels decreased when fed with different level of LS, while HDL-C increased significantly.
Effect of dietary supplementation of brown seaweed on performance of broiler chicken
Authors: CHAVAN VISHNUDAS , KULKARNI R C , AWANDKAR S P , CHAVHAN S G , GAIKWAD N Z , SURYAWANSHI R D , KULKARNI M B , SATAPATHY SATYAJIT
Published: August 2022

A bio-assay was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of brown seaweed (Sargassum wigetti) on the performance of broilers. Broilers (400) were divided into 5 treatment groups. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 10 birds per replicate. The chicks of control (Group A) were fed a basal diet. Group B was fed a basal diet with bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) at 0.005%. Treatment Groups C, D, and E received the basal diet with supplementation of 0.07, 0.1, and 0.13% brown seaweed, respectively. All the diets were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Standard management practices were followed in the rearing of birds. Parameters, viz. growth performance, immune response, total viable count (TVC) and carcass traits were studied for a period of six weeks. Group E exhibited higher weight gain and better feed conversion ratio compared to Groups D, C, and B. The feed consumption was similar for Groups C, D, and E. Mortality was lower (2.5%) in Groups B, C, D, and E compared to Group A (3.75%). The eviscerated, ready to cook, breast, thigh, and drumstick yields were greater in Group E whereas higher giblet weights were recorded in Groups D and E. The cell-mediated immune response was significantly better in Group E compared to Groups D, C, B, and A with higher weight of lymphoid organs (thymus and spleen). Groups D and E were associated with a lower TVC, followed by Group C compared to positive control (Group B) and negative control (Group A). It was concluded that supplementation of 0.13% brown seaweed in the diet of broilers improved growth performance, cell mediated immunity, total viable count and carcass traits.
Pengaruh budaya organisasi, komitmen organisasi dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja(studi kasus di PT. Cahaya Internusa Group Indonesia)
Authors: Jufnidar Jufnidar , Ma'arif Syamsul
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of Organizational Culture, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction Against Employee Kinrja in PT. Cahaya Internusa Group Indonesia. This research uses survey method by using primary data obtained from questionnaire. The population in this study are the employees who are in the Environment PT. Cahaya Internusa Group Indonesia. The number of samples taken in this study are 148 employees who are in PT. Cahaya Internusa Group Indonesia. Samples were taken by Random Sampling technique. Testing data quality using validity test and reliability test. Data were analyzed using The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) of the AMOS 4.0 statistical software package in the model and hypothesis assessment. The structural equation model, Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results showed that: (1) Organizational Culture positively affect Job Satisfaction. (2) Organizational Commitment has a positive effect on Job Satisfaction. (3) Job Satisfaction has a positive effect on Employee Performance (4) Organizational Culture has a positive effect on Employee Performance. (5) Organizational Commitment has a positive effect on Employee Performance.

Keywords:     Organizational Culture, Organizational Commitment Job Satisfaction     and Employee Performance
Pengaruh social media promotion dan electronic word of mouth terhadap keputusan pemilihan pada perguruan tinggi
Authors: Azmar Azmar , Laksamana Patria
Published: August 2022

Along with the internet growth and its evolution, electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) has become an important phenomenon in decision making. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of social media promotion and eWOM on the official accounts of social media of Perbanas Institute on higher-education selection decision by prospective students. This study uses a quantitative approach. The sample of this study were 179 respondens who are taken by using purposive sampling technique and who have interacted with the official accounts of social media of Perbanas Institute both at Perbanas Institute Jakarta campus and Bekasi campus. The research instrument uses questionnaire and analyzed using multiple regression.

The result of this research shows that the independent variables of personal relevance, interactivity, message, and brand familiarity have positive and significant effect on eWOM. Then eWOM has  positive and significant effect on the Purchase Decision. And simultaneously personal relevance, interactivity, message, and brand familiarity (Social Media Promotion) have a positive and significant effect on Purchase Decision.

In theoritical perspective, this study has a significant contribution in broadening the study of mobile marketing. Whereas for managerial perspective, is can offer more efective strategies and recomendations for expand the customer base. Limitations and future direction are also discussed.

Keywords: Personal Relevance, Interactivity, Message, Brand Familiarity, Electronic Word of Mouth, Social Media Promotion, Purchase Decision
The Effects of Subordinated Bonds Issued and the Bank Binancial Performance Towards the Stock Trading Volume Activity
Authors: Anggraeni Adithia
Published: August 2022

Abstract. According to IDX statistical data of year 2017 the market capitalization of finance sector stock was dominated by the stock of the banking subsector up to 91,87% and the banking subsector has dominated 38,52 % of the corporate bond market in Indonesia. This research aimed to 1) analyzing the financial performance of  bond  issued bank listed in the IDX from 2013 to 2017, 2) analyzing the effects of the bank subordinate bond issuance towards the stock trading volume activity, 3) analyzing the finance performance of bond issued bank listed in the IDX from 2013 to 2017 towards the stock trading volume activity. This research used the event study method, which implemented the descriptive and the quantitative approaches. The populations in this study were bank companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange or IDX that issued bonds, with the datas from 16 banks as the samples. The hypothesis was analyzed using the multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effects of the bond issuance events and financial performance towards the stock trading volume activity. This research showed that bond issued bank listed in the IDX had a good financial performance from 2013 to 2017. Based on the results of partial regression, the announcement of issuance of corporate bonds, dividends per share, CAR and NIM had a significant influence on stock trading volume activity and the form of influence was positive. NPL and DER had significant effects on stock trading volume activity and the forms of influence were negative.
Pengaruh sustainability reporting terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan kinerja keuangan sebagai variabel intervening
Authors: Yulianty Rochimah , Nugrahanti Trinandari Prasetya
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Sustainability Reporting from Economic, Environmental, and Social Aspect on Corporate Value using Tobin's Q measurement with Financial Performance with Liquidity, Activity, Solvency, Profitability, and DuPont System proxies as intervening variable. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Data obtained from the IDX & company website of the published sample. Samples obtained 37 companies.Analytical techniques used are multiple linear regression and path analysis. Hypothesis test using t-statistic to test partial regression coefficient and f statistic to test influence together with level of significance 5%.

The result of this research stated that Sustainability Reporting Economic aspect has significant positive influence to Profitability, DuPont, and Corporate Value but not significant to Liquidity. Whereas in Activity and Solvability have no significant negative effect.The Effect of Sustainability Reporting Environmental aspect has a significant positive effect on Profitability but not significant to Liquidity. While the negative influence is shown in Activity, DuPont and Solvency significantly and not significantly to Corporate Value. The Effect of Sustainability Reporting on Economics has a significant positive effect on Activity, Solvency, and DuPont. While the negative influence is not significant indicated on Liquidity, Profitability and Value Company. Among the 3 independent variables are Economics, Environment, and Social Economics only which significantly affect the Company Value through Liquidity, Activity, Solvency, Profitability, and DuPont System.
Unyambuaji wa Kitenzi na Athari Zake katika Usimbaji wa Mada na Fokasi katika Sentensi za Kiswahili
Authors: Ndumiwe Elishafati J.
Published: August 2022

Mada na fokasi ni viambajengo vya sentensi za Kiswahili kwa mkabala wa kipragmatiki. Mada hutokea kabla ya kitenzi ilhali fokasi hutokea mara baada ya kitenzi. Hata hivyo, unyambuaji wa kitenzi husababisha upanguaji, uongezaji au uondoaji wa viambajengo vya kabla au baada ya kitenzi. Kwa hiyo, lengo la makala haya ni kupambanua athari za unyambuaji wa kitenzi katika usimbaji wa mada na fokasi katika sentensi za Kiswahili. Data za makala haya zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya upitiaji wa nyaraka kutoka kitabu cha Maendeleo ya Uhusika kilichoandikwa na Khamis (2008). Data ya utafiti huu imechambuliwa kwa mkabala wa kitaamuli. Aidha, uchanganuzi wa data uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Upanguaji wa Umbo la Kifonetiki ya Kidwai (1999). Utafiti huu umebaini kuwa unyambuaji wa kitenzi husababisha upanguaji wa mada na fokasi katika sentensi. Mathalani, mada na fokasi husimbwa katika viambajengo vilivyobakia katika sentensi baada ya unyambuaji wa utendano na utendeka. Katika unyambuaji wa utendea, fokasi huhamia kwenye kiambajengo kilichoongezeka. Kwa upande wa unyambuaji tendeshi, kiambajengo kinachoongezwa katika utendeshi husimbwa kama mada. Vilevile, utendwa hubadili viambajengo vilivyokuwa mada kuwa fokasi na kinyume chake. Utafiti mwingine unaweza kuchunguza usimbaji wa fokasi katika utendua, utendama, utendata au mwambatano wa kauli zaidi ya moja katika kitenzi. Topic and focus are pragmatic constituents in Swahili sentences. Topic precedes the verb, while focus appears immediately after verb. However, Swahili verbal extensions lead to change in the position of verbal arguments, an increase in the number of verbal arguments and a reduction in the number of verbal arguments. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of verbal extensions on encoding topic and focus in Swahili sentences. Documentary review was used to collect data from a book entitled ‘Maendeleo ya Uhusika’ by Khamis (2008). The data was analyzed using a qualitative approach. The study was guided by Phonetic Form Scrambling Theory by Kidwai (1999). The fundings of this study show change in the position of topic and focus after verbal extension have been added in Swahili sentences. For example, in reciprocal and stative constructions, topic and focus are encoded in remaining constituents after some of them have been dropped. In addition, the applicative verb encodes new focus, while the causative encodes a new topic. Furthermore, in the passive verb extension, topic changes into focus, and vice versa. The study suggests further research into other extensions such as the reversive, contactive and positional. A study could also be done on combined verb extensions in Swahili sentences.
RESPONSE OF TWO VARIETIES OF MAIZE TO APPLICATION OF AMELIORANTS IN SALINE SOIL
Authors: Yamika Wiwin Sumiya Dwi , Aini Nurul , Setiawan Adi
Published: August 2022

Background. Salinity cause reducing the growth and yield of crops. The application of ameliorants was an alternative to reduce salinity stress and increasing the growth and yield of crops. Objective. To evaluate the response of maize crops with ameliorants application on saline soil. Methodology. The research was conducted in Sidomukti Village District, Brondong Lamongan. The research used split-plot designs with main plots were varieties (P-21 and Bisma) and subplots were ameliorant types (without ameliorant, cow manure, gypsum, Sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea) and rice straw). Results. The application of ameliorants at saline soil reducing salinity stress with increasing the growth and yield of maize. Gypsum and cow manure were appropriate to increase growth and yield of both maize varieties P-21 and Bisma. Gypsum and cow were also increasing the content of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of plants, as well as reducing the content of proline, Na and Cl shoot root ratio. Implications. Crops production in saline soil can use ameliorants e.g. cow manure and gypsum. Conclusion. The use of ameliorants such as gypsum or cow manure can increase maize growth and yield in saline soil.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SOME RARE FORAGE PLANTS FED TO SMALL RUMINANTS
Authors: Kazemi Mohsen
Published: August 2022

Background: There are some plants in the global rangelands whose nutritional value is still unknown to animal nutritionists. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro value of some rare plants including Marrubium vulgare L., Ceratocarpus arenarius L., Gypsophila paniculate L., Ferula gummosa Boiss., and Centaurea virgate Lam. that are consumed by livestock. Methodology: The fresh samples were collected from Iran about mid-June, after the flowering stage. Buffering capacity, chemical and mineral compounds of plants were determined according to the standard methods. An in vitro media was also used to measure some fermentation parameters. Results: There were significant differences in chemical composition and mineral contents among the plants. The higher CP content was found in M. vulgare (173.8 g kg-1 DM) and C. arenarius (140.1 g kg-1 DM), respectively. The lowest ADF (166.6 g kg-1 DM)‌, NDF (294.9 g kg-1 DM), and ADL (74.9 g kg-1 DM) contents were recorded in M. vulgare. ‌C. arenarius exhibited the lowest DMD (473.3 g kg-1 DM), ME (4.12 MJ kg-1 DM), RFV (99.46), and gas volume at 24 h (13.57 ml) which were significantly different from all other plant species. The calcium content ranged from 18.15 for C. virgata to 37.62 g kg-1 DM for G. paniculata. The highest Na (0.64 g kg-1 DM), K (24.60 g kg-1 DM), Co (3.07 mg kg-1 DM), and Fe (756.53 mg kg-1 DM) were observed in M. vulgare. With the addition of G. paniculata to the culture medium, a noticeable increase in TVFA (40.65 mM L-1) concentration was observed. The highest acid-base buffering capacity was obtained in G. paniculata (191.64 mEq×10-3). Inclusion of C. virgata gave significantly higher acetate (64.07%) and butyrate (14.83%) concentration and lower propionate (19.17%) concentration in the culture medium. Implications: The available data can take into account in preparing a balanced diet, especially for sheep grazing in the pasture. Due to the secondary metabolites, the forage value of these plants should also be evaluated in the form of in vivo experiments with long-term experiment periods. Conclusion: According to the in vitro results, when these plants are fed together with a diversity of good quality forage, they can provide part of the nutrient requirement for small ruminant in Iran.
PRODUCCIÓN DE LECHE DE VACAS EN PASTOREO DE KIKUYO (PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM, EX CHIOV) FERTILIZADO CON POLLINAZA
Authors: Arcos-Alvarez Cristian Neptalí , Lascano-Armas Paola J , Guevara-Viera Raul Victorino , Guevara-Viera Guillermo E , Torres-Inga Carlos S , Aguirre-de-Juana Angel J , Garzón-Jarrin Rafael A , Molina-Molina Elsa J
Published: August 2022

Background. The use of organic fertilization on grasslands is an option on the biological, economic and environmental sense. Objective. In order to evaluate the poultry manure applied as a fertilizer in Kikuyo pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum, Ex Chiov) with grazing cows. Methodology. An experiment was carried out on a 21.6 ha farm in Ecuador, at 2° 13' and 78° 24' South and West, 2651 masl, rainfall of 1103 mm / year). Four fertilization levels corresponding to 0, 50, 100, 150 kg / ha / year, respectively, and load of 1.22 AU / ha were used. Irrigation was applied in the dry season. 21-25 Holstein cows with 526 kg of LW were used. Lactation was of 272 days. The time of occupation of a day and time of rest of 21-28 days. The concentrate offered was 0.4 kg / cow. The persistence of the pastures (%) and their yield per rotation in t ms / ha were determined. Heights and density and samples for dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (%) were estimated. Milk/cow production data were recorded. ANOVA was used. Costs of the kg of milk produced were determined. Results. The significant differences (p <0.05) were in F150, where the pasture increased up to 83% and the milk produced surpassed (p <0.05) the other treatments. Implications. The treatment with the best response for grass and milk production was considered a positive reference to be recommended for producers in the zone. Conclusions. The contribution of 150 kg of manure + 50 kg / N2 / ha as urea, influenced in a higher nutrient intake, increased pasture persistence, yield and nutritional quality, with direct effects on the dairy response and reduced costs / kg of milk.
ESTRATEGIA PILOTO DE TRANSFERENCIA TECNOLÓGICA DE LIXIVIADO PARA HIGO EN IXEHUACO, XOCHIAPULCO, PUEBLA, MEXICO
Authors: Del-Angel-Campo Monica , Martinez-Davila Juan Pablo , Lopez Romero Gustavo , Cruz-Hernadez Javier
Published: August 2022

Background. Since 1942, no public or private research institution in our country has generated methodological applications in the field on the subject of Agricultural Technology Transfer with a systemic approach. Objective. Understand the complex processes and relationships in the operation of a strategy for figs in Ixehuaco, Xochiapulco, Puebla. Methodology. The research described in this document belongs to the General project for the Massification of Agricultural Technology Transfer. This begins with a phase of Diagnosis-Diagnostic to understand the transmission are the main problems in the chosen territory; where the second order observer in a process of identification of innovators will be responsible for conducting a demonstration plot composed of three phases: 1. Application of a questionnaire to find out how much they know about leachate. 2. Theoretical-practical explanation. 3. Application of the initial questionnaire which with a before and after test (McNemar) is known what is the level of technology transferred. Results. The Strategy implemented within what includes the different forms of fertilization and the demonstration; achieved significant favorable changes in the management of leachate technology in agroecosystem controllers (McNemar 5.82; gl = 1.0; Chi²= 0.016). Implications. The application of the systemic approach in the subject of technology transfer is fundamental to be seen as an organized totality, where all the actors can be involved. Conclusions. The theories used plausibly helped to understand the behavior of the studied Social System, so the strategy for the transfer of applied agricultural technology achieved positive changes in the producer´s knowledge about the leachate technology used for fertilization in fig cultivation. The factors involved in the adoption of technology in fig cultivation, in order of importance were: cultural, social, political, economic and human.
FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN EL USO DE TECNOLOGÍAS DE INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIÓN (TIC) POR PRODUCTORES DE LECHE EN PEQUEÑA ESCALA
Authors: García-Villegas Juan de Dios , Arriaga-Jordán Carlos Manuel , García-Martínez Anastacio , Rayas-Amor Adolfo Armando , Martínez-García Carlos Galdino
Published: August 2022

Background. In the rural zones, the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), is a theme that stating to rise, for instance, the use of mobile phone by the small-scale dairy farmers. Objective. The aim of the research was  to identify the importance, the information that farmers receive and communicate and the variables influencing the use of the ICT by farmers. Methodology. A questionnaire was conducted with 170 farmers, to collect information about farmers’ characteristics, household, farm characteristics, the importance of the ICT, information that farmers receive and communicate through the ICT. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyse the information. Results. Farmers considered the mobile phone as fairly important, since it allowed farmers to communicate and disseminate information related to their farm through calls, messages (SMS) and WhatsApp messages. The main themes that were communicated were: veterinary services, communication between farmers (meetings, water supply to irrigate grasslands and problems on the farm), buying and selling products and government services. The variables that describe farmers’ characteristics, household and farmers’ perception of the importance of the ICT, showed a significant association (P<0.05) with their use. Implications. The understanding of the importance of the ICT use, on the small-scale dairy farms context was the main contribution of the research; in addition, some suggestions of communication and dissemination of information have been made to test in the field. Conclusions. The ICT were considered to be important for the fast way to communicate and disseminate information between farmers. The variables that describe farmers’ characteristics and household were associated with the use of the ICT. 
PRIMER REPORTE DE LA MOSCA BLANCA Tetraleurodes ursorum Cockerell, 1910 (HEMÍPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) Y PRESENCIA DE FUMAGINA Capnodium citri EN ÁRBOLES DE CÍTRICOS EN EL MUNICIPIO DE VICTORIA, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO
Authors: Azuara-Dominguez Ausencio , Alvarez Ramos Ricardo , Lázaro Dzul Martha , Vargaz Madriz Haidel , Sánchez Flores Oscar , Hernández Contreras Said
Published: August 2022

Background: In Mexico, 164 species of whiteflies have been reported in different crops, among which are citrus varieties. Objective: In the present work, the whitefly species was identified and determined the population size of the nymphal state and adults in citrus trees. As well as, the severity of the sooty mold (Capnodium citri) in the leaves and fruits was quantified in a citrus orchard in the municipality of Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Methodology: Nymphs and adults of the whitefly were sampled in the citrus trees selected at random in a 500-hectare orchard. The specimens were identified with taxonomic keys of the whitefly species. Then, the size of the nymphal and adult population of the identified fly species was determined, and the percentage of severity of sooty mold in the leaves and fruits was quantified. Results: In the orchard, the whitefly species present on the trees was identified as Tetraleurodes ursorum Cockerell, 1910. Of this species, more than 75 adults were recorded on the leaves and fruits per tree, and an average of 20 nymphs per developing shoot per tree. In the case of the severity of C. citri, this was greater than 80% in 95% of the fruits and leaves per tree. Implications: The results of this study are very useful for the development of sampling and control strategies for T. ursorum that help prevent the spread of this pest insect in the citrus zone of Tamaulipas state. Conclusion: Based on the results, the focus of T. ursorum infestation in the study area represents a risk for citrus production in the municipality of Victoria, Tamaulipas. Said infestation may be related to the presence of insect host weeds, and possibly to the biological control of the pest insects and to the organic management of some citrus varieties in the orchard.
FIRST RECORD OF EPIBIONT Sigara sp. (Corixidae) IN CRAYFISH Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi FROM SOUTHEASTERN MEXICO
Authors: Hernández Gómez Raúl Enrique , Valenzuela-Córdova Ignacio , Pérez de la Cruz Manuel , Mendoza-Franco Edgar Fernando , Perera -García Martha Alicia
Published: August 2022

Background. In Mexico, the biology of Procambarus has been more studied than other cambarid species due to its diversity and potential use in aquaculture. Fecundity, egg development, and growth under laboratory conditions have been evaluated of the Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi. The effect of density and sex ratio on the development and spawning of gonads and growth of juveniles fed different commercial agricultural and aquaculture feeds has also been studied. There are no records of epibionts infesting this crayfish. The primary objective of this study is to determine the infestation and epibiont identification rates of the Corixidae family and the damage caused to the crayfish. Methodology. To determine infestation indexes were calculated: the mean intensity (IM) is the average parasite species in infected organisms (MI = n. Total parasites / n. Infected hosts); abundance (AB) is the average number of parasites per host examined (AB = total number of parasites / n. hosts examined), and prevalence (P) indicates the percentage of organisms parasitized by a species of parasites (P = n .infested hosts / n. hosts examined x 100). Results. Of the shrimp analyzed, 76 were infested with 2655 aquatic insect eggs corresponding to 34.93 intensity; 18.18 abundance, and 52.05% prevalence. As far as crayfish sex, infestation occurred in 39% (n=30) of females and 61% (n=46) of males. The aquatic insect in this study belongs to the genus Sigara sp., being the only species registered in the crayfish. Implications. When the parasite egg settles near the crab eye region, it is likely to cause visual problems or partial blindness; on the other hand, it could cause a deterioration in the health of the populations of these crabs. Conclusion. The eggs located on the cuticular surface of the cephalothorax of Procambarus (Austrocambarus) llamasi correspond to insect the genus Sigara sp. Half of the studied population of the crayfish is infested by this epibiont. According to the results obtained it was determined that the eggs on the shrimp’s cuticular surface cause cuticle damage due to cementation on its shell.  Eggs can also cause esthetic damage affecting marketing for human consumption and make shrimp overweight due to the egg mass. 
DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE MEDIOS LÍQUIDOS PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BLASTOSPORAS DE Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Elias-Santos Myriam , Alfaro-Alvarez Jairo H. , Quintero-Zapata Isela , Luna-Olvera Hugo A. , Pereyra-Alferez Benito , Galan-Wong Luis J. , Maldonado-Blanco Maria Guadalupe , Guajardo-Barbosa Claudio , Meza-Garcia Jose Lorenzo , Gandarilla -Pacheco Fatima Lizeth
Published: August 2022

Background. The nitrogen source in a liquid culture medium for the propagation of entomopathogenic fungi is considered an essential element in fermentation, however, it is one of the most expensive, which makes the search for alternative sources of this nutrient important. Objective. This research compared the production of blastospores obtained by designing different culture media for the GHA strain of Beauveria bassiana based on the nitrogen source used. Methodology. Six media were designed in liquid form, made with various nitrogen sources (sesame flour, amaranth flour, canary seed flour, linseed flour, peanut pericarp flour, oatmeal) with glucose corn as a carbon source for all of them. Additionally, the yield of blastospores obtained at different incubation times, the pH and the viability of the post-fermentation propagules were evaluated. Results. The M8 medium made with peptone and yeast extract as nitrogen sources was the one that obtained the highest concentration with 1.28 × 109 blastospores / mL at 168 hours of incubation. Regarding the fermentation parameters evaluated, the pH ranged between 5.1- 5.5 and the determination of this parameter did not present significant difference with respect to the culture medium used or the day on which it was determined (p ≥ 0.05) while post-fermentation viability was determined. In two solid media, and according to the results in potato dextrose agar the viability ranged between 31-90% on average while in water agar it was 25-90%, the determination of this parameter did not present significant difference with respect to the medium of culture for production of blastospores or to the solid medium in which it was determined (p ≥ 0.05). Implications. The alternate nitrogen sources used did not significantly increase the production of blastospores compared to conventional sources such as peptone and yeast extract, which in a synergistic effect did manage to enhance the production of blastospores. Conclusion. The use of yeast extract and casein peptone in conjunction can increase the yield of blastsopores in a liquid culture medium.
SOIL FERTILITY AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION IN CITRONELLA CULTIVATION IRRIGATED WITH DAIRY CATTLE WASTEWATER (DCW)
Authors: Hamacher Leonardo Da Silva , Hüther Cristina Moll , Da Silva Leonardo Duarte Batista , Cecchin Daiane , Do Carmo Dirlane De Fátima , De Oliveira Elton , Dos Santos Caíssa Machado Perucci Pereira , Machado Thelma De Barros , Pereira Carlos Rodrigues , Da Silva Flávio Castro
Published: August 2022

Background. Due to the negative impacts caused by the inadequate disposal of dairy cattle wastewater (DCW), alternatives are needed to reduce the environmental impact. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying DCW via fertigation on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and on the production of citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle). Methodology. Nitrogen (N) was adopted as a reference element and DCW equivalent amount to be applied so as to replace this element was calculated. Doses equivalent to 100%, 200%, 300% and 400% of the recommended N concentration were applied. After six months of cultivation, the availability of nutrients for the soil and its relationship to the production of essential oil were evaluated. Results. The results showed that DCW supply for citronella cultivation was effective and, in most parameters, equivalent to the treatment with mineral fertilization. Besides, there was no significant difference between the treatments, regarding the quantity and quality of essential oil production. Implications: DCW does not increase the yield of essential oil, but it is an excellent alternative for the supply of nutrients in degraded soils. Conclusions. Therefore, DCW use for fertigation of citronella cultivation is a valid alternative, helping to mitigate the impacts related to its disposal. However, new studies with a longer evaluation period and other types of soil are suggested.
EFECTO DEL ÁCIDO SALICÍLICO Y METIL JASMONATO SOBRE Colletotrichum sp. EN FRUTOS DE MANGO
Authors: Quiroz-Lopez Edith Patricia , Renteria-Martinez Maria Eugenia , Ramirez-Bustos Irene Iliana , Moreno-Salazar Sergio Francisco , Martinez-Ruiz Francisco Eleazar , Villar-Luna Edgar , Fernandez-Herrera Ernesto
Published: August 2022

Background: mango anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the main mango disease in pre and post-harvest. Mainly synthetic fungicides have been used in its management, which has negatively impacted the environment and the health of workers. The induction of resistance in fruits by biological, physical or chemical means is considered a sustainable and safe strategy for the management of post-harvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. Methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and salicylic acid (AS) are natural and safe compounds that represent a promising alternative in post-harvest control. Objectives: to determine the effect of MeJa and AS on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum sp., under in vitro conditions, and to evaluate the effect on development of postharvest damage caused by the pathogen in mango fruits treated with MeJa and AS. Methodology: the activity of MeJa and AS in the germination of spores and the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp., were evaluated in culture medium Broth Papa Dextrose and Papa Dextrose Agar, respectively. Healthy mango fruits were treated by immersion with MeJa and AS solutions at 1 and 10 mM for 5 min, and 24 h later they were inoculated with Colletotrichum sp., to evaluate the effect on the diameter of the lesion caused by the fungus to the 6 and 12 days after inoculation (dai). Results: MeJa and AS inhibited the germination of Colletotrichum sp., spores after 24 hours of incubation in vitro, while the mycelial growth of the fungus in PDA medium, 1 and 10 mM of MeJa and AS, showed significant reductions in growth in comparison to control. In fruits, it was observed that the 10 mM MeJA and AS treatments significantly reduced the diameter of the lesion caused by the fungus, compared to the control fruits at 12 dai. Implications: future trials should evaluate other concentrations of MeJa and AS in other mango varieties to assess the response to anthracnose. Conclusions: MeJa and AS inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Colletotrichu sp., under in vitro conditions, while in mango fruits these inducers significantly reduced the diameter of the lesion caused by this fungus, which suggests that both products can reduce the damage caused by Colletotrichum sp., in mango fruits.
DISTRIBUCIÓN VERTICAL DE ESCARABAJOS DESCORTEZADORES Y BARRENADORES EN UNA SELVA TROPICAL
Authors: Gerónimo Torres José Del Carmen , Oporto Peregrino Samuel , Magaña Alejandro Miguel Alberto , Ríos Rodas Liliana , Sánchez Díaz Baltazar , Monroy Hernández Rubén , Pozo Santiago César Orlando
Published: August 2022

Background. In tropical ecosystems, a great diversity of bark beetles and borers can be recognized, however, this diversity could be underrepresented due to the fact that the studies have been carried out mostly below 2 m in height, which makes it necessary to study them more widely and effectively. Objective. To analyze the vertical distribution of Scolytinae, Platypodinae (Curculionidae) and Bostrichidae at the edge and interior of a tropical forest in Tabasco, Mexico. Methodology. The study was carried out in the high evergreen rainforest of the Sierra el Madrigal in the municipality of Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico. The capture of insects was carried out with flight interception traps baited with 70% ethanol at three different heights: 1.5, 6 and 12 m. Results. The diversity index (1D) showed that the greatest diversity at the edge and interior of the forest is at 1.5 m. However, the traps at the edge located 12 m high captured the greatest richness, and the maximum richness in the interior was recorded at 1.5 m. Stratification of species richness was presented at the edge and interior of the forest. Statistical differences in abundance were found between the evaluated heights: at the edge, these occurred in January, April, October and November; and in the interior, in April. According to the diversity estimation (1D), statistical differences were presented in the months of April and October at the edge of the vegetation, and in the interior in March, April and June. Implications. The results provide a broader picture of the vertical distribution of the insects studied here, which are important in the dynamics of forest ecosystems. Conclusion. The diversity and abundance of insects change over time, and that more detailed studies are lacking to know the degree of variations associated with environmental variables.
EFFECT OF LEAF EXTRACT OF SOME MULTIPURPOSE TREES AND ITS CONCENTRATIONS ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF MAIZE
Authors: Azene Atalay , Chauhan Rajesh , Tesfaye Asmelash , Misgana Daba
Published: August 2022

Background. There is a need to understand multipurpose trees promotory or inhibitory allelopathic effects prior to selection of any crop to be cultivated in their vicinity. Objective. Present study was carried out during 2019 on Arba Minch University Research Farm with the specific objectives of to investigate the effect of leaf extract of some multipurpose trees and its concentrations on growth and production of Maize. Methodology. Leaf extracts of 3 species namely Moringa stenopetala, Croton macrostachyus and Terminalia brownii were tested at 5 concentration levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The experiment was laid out with Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The leaf extract was applied at biweekly interval right from its emergence. Results. The growth components which were significantly affected by the application of leaf extracts include leaf length, leaf area, stem thickness and days to tasseling of maize while effect of leaf extract on plant height, number of leaves plants-1, days to silking and days to maturity was found non significant. On the other hand with the exception of number of cobs plant-1 all yield and yield components, like number of grains row-1, number of grains column-1, number of grains cobs-1, 1000-seed weight of cob, length of cob, diameter of cob, fresh and dry yield of maize were significantly varied with leaf extracts of the selected MPTs and their concentration levels. The application of leaf extract resulted in increase in yield from 6.95 T ha-1 (control) to 8.95 T ha-1, 7.58 T ha-1 and 7.40 T ha-1 for Croton macrostachyus, Moringa stenopetala and Terminalia brownii respectively. Implications. The results of the present study contribute in knowing the positive or negative effect of leaf extract of three MPTs on Maize production. Conclusions. It can be concluded that introduction of these multipurpose trees in farmland under agroforestry system is safe and without any inhibitory allelopathy. Thus leaf extract application of these species are recommended for further improvement of maize yield. 
SMALL-SCALE DAIRY PRODUCERS’ INTENTION TO USE CORN SILAGE AND THE ROLE OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN DECISION MAKING
Authors: García Carlos Galdino Martínez , Rayas-Amor Adolfo Armando , García-Martínez Anastacio , Estrada-Flores Julieta Gertrudis , Arriaga-Jordán Carlos Manuel
Published: August 2022

Background. Corn silage has shown a better economic sustainability to the small-scale dairy farms; however, the adoption rates among farmers have been low. Objective. This paper used the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to identify socioeconomic and socio-psychological factors influencing farmers’ intention to use corn silage. The TPB pointed out that individual’s behaviour is conducted by the individual’s intention, which in turn is determined by the individual’s attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Methodology. The study was conducted with 106 farmers, divided in users (n=48) and non-users (n=58) of corn silage. To identify differences between groups, the Mann Whitney U test was conducted and Spearman’s correlations were used to analyse the constructs of the TPB. Results. The results showed that users of corn silage had the biggest farm size and their intention was significantly correlated (P<0.05) with the farm characteristics. The TPB’s results suggest that users and non-users decisions were based on positive beliefs of corn silage. Users generally perceived a greater social pressure and had a greater motivation to comply, however, non-users manifested to be encouraged by farmer’s self-initiative and personnel of the university. Non-users indicated that major constrain to use corn silage was the lack of technical skills and knowledge. Implications.  The paper adds evidence for a better understanding of factors driving farmer’s decisions to use corn silage on the farm. Conclusions. The farm characteristics and socio-psychological factors played an important role on farmers decisions to use corn silage on their farms. The findings are of interest for small-scale dairy sector in developing countries.
FINE ROOT DENSITY ACROSS SOIL PROFILES IN TROPICAL MOUNTAIN CLOUD FOREST AND ADJACENT MANAGED FIELDS IN VERACRUZ (MEXICO): INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: Campos-Cascaredo Adolfo , Cruz-Huerta L. , Rocha-Ortiz S.
Published: August 2022

Background. Fine roots play a crucial in ecosystem functioning as they supply nutrients and water to plants and represent one of the main pathways for carbon transfer to the soil. Objective. This study assessed the vertical distribution of fine root density and analyzed its relationship with soil properties from a land use change perspective in three vegetation cover types (tropical mountain cloud forest, grassland, coffee crop). Methodology. Soil samples of known volume per horizon were extracted from the soil profile. In laboratory, fine roots (≤ 2 mm in diameter) were tweezers picked, rinsed with water and subsequently oven-dried (70 °C), and weighed. While, the soil was air-dried for chemical analysis. Results. In all soil profiles, average fine root density was greater in grassland (16.06 kg m-3 ± 3.5, average ± SE) than in tropical mountain cloud forest (8.45 kg m-3 ± 1.3), and coffee crop (2.73 kg m-3 ± 0.44). On average, grassland, tropical mountain cloud forest, and coffee crop showed 78.4%, 73.2%, and 65%, respectively, of fine root density on the first soil horizon. Implications. Soil properties were strong predictors of fine root density variation. For example, there was a significant positive correlation between fine root density and soil organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, and effective cation exchange capacity (nutrient availability) in all vegetation covers. A significant negative correlation was observed between fine root density and pH in tropical mountain cloud forest but was not correlated in grassland and coffee crop. In all vegetation covers, there was a significant negative correlation between fine root density and soil bulk density and a strong positive correlation between it and soil water content at field capacity. Conclusion. This research contributes data that will improve our understanding of fine root density-soil interactions in a changing regional environment.
TIPOLOGÍA DE PRODUCTORES DE QUINUA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) EN AGROECOSISTEMAS DE VALLES INTERANDINOS DE PERÚ
Authors: Pinedo-Taco Rember Emilio , Gómez-Pando Luz Rayda , Julca-Otiniano Alberto Marcial
Published: August 2022

Background. As a consequence of the growing international quinoa demand, in the last 10 years the cultivated area in Peru has increased, from diversified production systems for self-consumption to monocultures with improved varieties compliant with market characteristics demanded. Objective. Evaluate farmer type and characteristics and their quinoa production units (QPU) based on land tenure, cultivation area, sowing intention, yield and family income. Methodology. Surveys were applied in five communities with the highest quinoa production with structured questions that incorporate economic, environmental and social variables. For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, statistical tools of multivariate analysis were used. To express the variables in a set of linear combinations of factors not correlated with each other, principal components analysis (PCA) was used; meanwhile, a cluster analysis was performed from the grouping of the QPU with minimum and maximum intra and inter-class variability. Implications. Knowledge of agroecosystems characteristics and the type of farmer who manages production units is the basis of all research, planning and the technology transfer processes. Conclusions. Three types of quinoa farmers and belong to family farming systems in the process of from articulation to market, were identified. The first group with limited access to land, water, and capital resources makes their exploitation difficult. Meanwhile, the second and third groups, denominated smallholders and medium holders, have land with better resources, but their difficulties persist surpluses that allow them to be capitalized. In the three groups, families carry out activities inside and outside the QPU, to generate additional income beyond their main crop.