bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seizing the Day
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

Existentialism is often popularly associated with the mantra “carpe diem” and a focus on the present. This chapter shows that the temporality of existentialist thinking is more complex and necessitates relating presence with future and past. While for Nietzsche and Sartre the present is privileged over the past, the future is valued as the direction of possibility for our present actions and goals. Kierkegaard’s notion of authentic repetition, Nietzsche’s idea of the eternal recurrence, Heidegger’s concept of being-toward-death all present different temporal models for authentic attention in the present. Beauvoir’s understanding of ambiguity helps to consider how projects directed toward the future in time become past constraints on, but also conditions for, our freedom in the present. Marcel’s notion of creative fidelity allows us to avoid falling prey to nostalgia while respecting memory.
Love in the Time of Existentialism
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter shows how existentialist thinking might pertain to the subject of love and desire. Against philosophy for which love may be an emblem for an ideal, existentialism would affirm the concrete particularity of the beloved. Yet it shows that Sartre’s conception of love is essentially antagonistic, despite the intellectual and personal comradery he manifested in a lifelong relationship with Beauvoir. The chapter explores why this relationship remains an object of fascination for commentators on the existentialist movement. The views on the subject of love in the works of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Marcel are considered.
The Mission to China
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

American Protestantism determined to a large extent the nature of the mission errand to China, especially in the Chinese Protestant elite’s understanding of social Christianity. American Protestantism, however, suffered from certain weaknesses in its own understanding of the relationship between Christianity and society, and this weakness was most evident in the message of the Social Gospel. The Social Gospel aimed to reshape the modern industrial economy, so that it was more humane to workers and more beneficial to society. That message, though, was compromised in its transmission to China by its association with imperialism. Beyond this message of the Social Gospel, American missions were also the early benefactors of the main institutions—colleges and universities, the YMCA and the YWCA—through which the Protestant elite influenced the larger society.
Protestant Youth Save the Nation
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

Protestant schools educated a significant percentage of China’s high school and college students, and the YMCA’s Student Division was influential in these schools and also the public schools. Protestant youth sponsored the most significant of the protests connected to the National Salvation Movement, which sought to mobilize the Chinese people to resist Japanese aggression. YMCA and YWCA secretaries and other Protestant elites helped to broaden and legitimate this movement, a movement that unified the Chinese people and prepared them to resist the Japanese. These efforts were further strengthened by the work of the YMCA secretary, Liu Liangmo, and his National Salvation Song Movement.
Música Típica
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

This book tells the story of a form of music that enjoys unparalleled popularity in a country that itself possesses instant name recognition but is very little known and very little studied. Panamanian música típica or cumbia, as this music is variously called, is intrinsically linked to the social and political history of a sliver of land that connects North and South America while providing passage between two great oceans. This book shows that to appreciate música típica is to appreciate the development of the isthmian crossing, the construction of the Panama Canal, and, most significantly, the lives of rural people living along this waterway and deeper in the Panamanian interior. The author draws on both ethnographic and archival research to reconstruct a twentieth-century social history of Panamanian música típica, examining the music in relation to the development of Panamanian nationalism. Notwithstanding its widespread popularity and identification with rural society, música típica has only infrequently been promoted as a form of official musical nationalism. Indeed, its links to Panamanian nationalist sentiment are often indirect and ambiguous. In focusing on musicians and their approaches to musical fusion, their varied performance practices, and links they forged with both rural and urban audiences, this book shows how, while these performers may not have self-identified as “nationalists,” their music was central to the development of a sense of nationhood even as they actively cultivated performance identities that straddled some the most pronounced ethnic and social class schisms in Panamanian society.
Puente Del Mundo
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

The first chapter provides a synopsis of Panama’s history with emphasis on the development of nationalist sentiment and musical nationalism. The author opens this chapter by detailing the rise of nineteenth-century progressive liberalism and the construction of the Panama Canal, and then goes on to trace the growth of mid-twentieth century xenophobic sentiment directed not only toward US military personnel, but also toward Panamanians of African descent. The chapter goes on to examine Panama’s folkloric project as the author introduces what will become one of the central themes of the book: that what may seem to be an irreconcilable clash of values between modern-sounding música típica versus traditional lifeways celebrated by Panamanian intellectuals, in fact often turned out to be mutually reinforcing phenomena. This turn of events, the author argues, challenges rigid bottom-up/top-down analyses of cultural nationalism and reveals the complex realities of the musical and social lives of popular musicians. The chapter concludes with a review of the revolutionary populism of the 1960s.
Convents and Monasteries
Authors: Vera Alejandro
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies musical life in convents and monasteries during the colonial period. Among other aspects, it shows how music represented for the nuns both a tool for entering the convent and an authentic vocation. It explores the musical links between monastic institutions, and between them and the cathedral, explaining how these frequent contacts facilitated the circulation of musicians and sacred music throughout the city. It also studies the prevailing instruments, repertoires, and musical genres, including music performed by drummers and trumpeters during the main fiestas. Finally, it also analyzes some pieces preserved in the cathedral, but linkable to religious orders, such as three lessons for the Dead by the Franciscan Cristóbal de Ajuria, some villancicos composed for the profession of nuns, and a villancico entitled “Qué hará Perote pasmado,” possibly composed for a monastery in the early 19th century. All of this contributes to situating monastic music in Santiago’s soundscape.
From Birth to Death
Authors: Vera Alejandro
Published: October 2020

This chapter deals with music participation in the public fiestas, both religious and secular, and other public spectacles during the colonial period. The first section studies “Nativity celebrations,” such as Christmas, the birth of members of the royal family, and others. The analysis of two villancicos, composed for some of these occasions, shows how the genre was integrated into these festive contexts and how it interacted with other genres and styles. The second section is dedicated to different kinds of fiestas, in both the city itself and its margins, also dealing with official prohibitions to non-official music. Along with civic and religious ceremonies, this section considers the stage as a privileged space for the performance of music and dance, in spite of the absence of a public theater during most of the period studied. The final section examines music presence in burials and, in a broader sense, the relationship between music and death, showing that the former was frequently considered as a tool to reach the supernatural life.
A Cold War Welcome
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 discusses the Bolshoi Theater’s first tour of the United States in 1959. While the popular response was rapturous, critics were more cautious. They praised the company’s dancers, particularly the Soviet ballerinas, but disparaged the choreography and music. This split was gendered and allowed critics and audiences to sympathize with the performers while condemning the ostensibly more political works themselves. The chapter focuses on Sergei Prokofiev’s Romeo and Juliet and Stone Flower. Because Prokofiev’s music was so well known in the West, tour organizers hoped that his music could mediate between American expectations for Russian ballet and newer Soviet models. However, the Soviet performers failed to convince Western critics that their ballet was sufficiently “modern,” a complaint that would permeate American criticisms of the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War.
A Question of Taste
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 explores the Bolshoi Ballet’s 1962 tour of the United States, which took place during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the wake of the crisis, President Kennedy and his family staged numerous public meetings with the Bolshoi dancers to soothe the mounting political tensions. In the critical reception of the Bolshoi, however, a less conciliatory strain emerged. American critics understood the Soviet works through the lens of taste, a framework related to domestic struggles about the positioning of ballet in an aesthetic and class hierarchy. They disparagingly compared the Bolshoi’s new production of Spartacus to Hollywood epic films. These concerns were in turn related to a desire to foster the United States’ status as an emerging ideological empire.
Identity, Space, and Song in Crusading Occitania
Authors: Golden Rachel May
Published: October 2020

In conceptualizing Holy War, Pope Urban II’s message transformed Christian ideals and shaped attitudes toward violence and geography. His rhetoric and agenda inspired Occitanian people to newly encounter space in ways—including through song—whose legacies continue to resound. Many songs written in response to crusading were born in the area of modern-day southern France known as Occitania, particularly in the form of troubadour song and Aquitanian versus. Within the context of crusading, these songs reveal Occitanian attitudes regarding Christianity and Islam, dualistic (us-versus-them) ideologies, regional community, perceptions of Crusade goals, and concepts of distance—both spatial and metaphoric. This chapter outlines methodologies employed throughout the book, including philosophical and geographic understandings of space and place. Engaging with previous scholarship on these repertories, this chapter defines a repertory of Crusade songs; it overviews characteristics and representative examples of various genres, including songs of pilgrimage, exhortation, sirventes, pastorela, laments, and love song.
Introduction
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: October 2020

Part 1 of the introduction describes the motivations and approach of the book, then summarizes the contents of the book chapter by chapter. Part 2 provides the linguistic and methodological underpinnings of the analysis of the word “know” and related epistemic words that are relied on throughout the book. Standard methods for gathering data in linguistics are described and analyzed. It’s shown why characterizing linguistic evidence practices as “the method of cases” is misleading, and the limitations of social-psychological questionnaire tools are explained. The bearing of lexical semantics on questions of when usages are metaphorical, when they are literal, when ambiguous, and when polysemous are given. The importance of retraction phenomena—how and when speakers withdraw usages under pressure—is described; and as an illustration, it’s shown that “know” is factive. The important distinction between the syntactic/semantic structure of a word and the role it is put to by speakers is described.
Scribes and Statutes
Authors: Barmash Pamela
Published: October 2020

Scribes would demonstrate their legal talent and skills by revising and reworking a repertoire of standard cases. Scribes had the freedom and prerogative to compose statutes as they thought they should be: scribes determined which elements in a dispute were decisive and what solutions should be deemed just and equitable. This chapter shows how the scribe composing the Laws of Hammurabi improvised on a repertoire of typical cases in the same way that the scribes who composed earlier law collections had done, but he went beyond the scope and sophistication of the compositions that earlier scribes had written. Mesopotamian scribes were unwilling or perhaps unable to articulate principles, but the scribe composing the statutes in the Laws of Hammurabi projected an intrinsic sense of implicit concepts. The scribe composed statutes through a number of compositional techniques aimed toward greater conceptualization and systematization, producing a more comprehensive treatment of a legal situation.
Conclusion
Authors: Barmash Pamela
Published: October 2020

This volume illuminates the Laws of Hammurabi in its own time and its legacy for later Mesopotamia and for cultures outside of Mesopotamia. The Laws of Hammurabi provides insight into human intellectual achievements and rationality in general and into the interplay between legal activity, jurisprudence, and political circumstances in Mesopotamia specifically. Although the scribe lived in a culture that did not have jurisprudential or philosophical writing about law, the statutes he composed manifest a significant instance of legal reasoning before the flowering of Roman law. The methods of composition he employed allow us to see early modes of legal thinking. Law as a theoretical problem was emerging in the Laws of Hammurabi. It attests to the richness and complexity of legal thinking before Roman law. It demonstrates the vitality of legal thinking, and its existence prompts a more complex story of legal development and imagination.
Recovering Understanding
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues that understanding and certainty are two fundamental epistemic values that have dominated epistemological writing at different periods of history. Knowledge has been associated with one of them but not both at the same time. The current period, which has been dominated by the ideal of certainty and the related notion of justification, is nearing its end and it is time to bring back the ideal of understanding. Understanding is a state of grasping nonpropositional structures of reality such as the structure of an automobile, the structure of a work of art or literature, or the structure of a human mind. This chapter proposes that understanding is a higher-level epistemic state than propositional knowledge.
Epistemic Value and the Primacy of What We Care About
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2020

This chapter argues that epistemic values always arise from something one cares about, and it is caring that gives rise to the demand to be epistemically conscientious. The chapter argues further that epistemic values enjoy a privileged place in the panorama of what people care about because these values are entailed by anything one cares about. That means that people cannot resolve a conflict between the value of truth and something else they care about by following the one they care about the most because caring about truth in any domain is entailed by caring about any other domain.
Intellectual Autonomy
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes a view of the self according to which autonomy properly applies in the intellectual domain on the same grounds as it applies in the practical domain. It explains why the power of reflective self-consciousness is more basic than any epistemic reasons—anything that indicates to a reasonable person that some proposition is true. The argument is epistemological, not moral. The conclusion is that the meaning of reason in its theoretical sense derives from reflective self-consciousness. The authority of the self over the self is the natural right of the self to reflect, which is to say, the natural right of the self to be a self. The account of autonomy has nothing to do with the rejection of authority.
Introduction
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the main argument developed in the book—namely, that presidential campaigns have been lavishing greater attention on base voters in recent elections compared with swing or persuadable voters, and that this shift in campaign strategy has had potent political consequences. The introduction also summarizes the plan for the book and describes the chapters that follow.
Why Is America So Polarized?
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines one of the potential implications of the shift in campaign-targeting strategies: its effects on partisan polarization. Over the last few decades, elected officials have grown further apart based on the voting records of members of Congress. On some measures, the mass public has also grown further apart. Each party’s shift toward disproportionately communicating with their base has likely exacerbated and accelerated both mass and elite polarization. Using a common measure of elite polarization, the analyses reveal a marked shift following the 2000 election that, at a minimum, coincides with the changes in overall campaign strategies documented in the book.
Beyond Empathy and Inclusion
Authors: Scudder Mary F.
Published: October 2020

Beyond Empathy and Inclusion: The Challenge of Listening in Democratic Deliberation considers how to improve democracy under the politically divided conditions we currently face. The book argues that while democracy does not require that citizens reach an agreement, it does require that they listen to one another. The book goes on to offer a systematic theory of listening acts to explain the democratic force of listening. Modeled after speech act theory, Scudder’s listening act theory shows how we do something in listening, independent of the outcomes of listening. In listening to our fellow citizens, we recognize their moral equality of voice. Being heard by our fellow citizens is what ensures we have a say in the laws to which we are held. The book offers a realistic view of listening, one that does not assume it will always produce empathy or even understanding. Listening is not the answer to all of our problems. In fact, listening can even produce certain undemocratic effects. The book argues that despite these challenges and risks, listening is a key responsibility of democratic citizenship. It also tackles questions regarding the limits of toleration in a democratic society. Do we owe listening even to democracy’s enemies? The book shows how listening can be used defensively, to protect against threats to democracy. The democratic listening this book prescribes is admittedly hard, especially in pluralistic societies. This volume investigates how to motivate citizens to listen seriously, attentively, and humbly even to those with whom they disagree.
Why Studying State Voting Laws Is Not Enough
Authors: Ritter Michael
Published: October 2020

Early studies of the effects of voter laws on turnout often showed that early voting, absentee, and mail voting had limited impacts on voter turnout, with only same day registration consistently linked to higher turnout. Much of the previous research measured these laws in isolation (although most states have combinations of the laws), omitted measurement of election administration, did not account for possible selection bias in state adoption of the laws, focused on overall voter turnout rather than that for disadvantaged groups, and did not measure the effects of the laws on campaign mobilization strategies. Census data used in previous studies omitted variables (e.g., political interest and partisanship) known to influence voting decisions. Building on research from 2000s and 2010s, Chapter 3 emphasizes how causal inference research design and national voter files can lead to more precise estimations of the effects of convenience voting laws and election administration on voter turnout.
Conclusion
Authors: Ritter Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 8 reviews the main findings of the book and identifies areas for future research. The general findings indicate that each of the state convenience voting laws (in-person early voting, no-excuse absentee/mail voting, and same day registration) as well solid state election administration can improve voter turnout and promote greater voting equality between the socio-economic classes and among non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities. The study demonstrates the value of an advanced causal inference design applied to a rich dataset on American adults (national voter files). It highlights the importance of measuring the effects of multiple convenience voting laws and election administration simultaneously. Future applications of the accessible voting framework can be used to understand the impacts of new election reform laws such as automatic voter registration, and to evaluate whether these factors also promote higher turnout among other historically marginalized voting groups such as the young and low-educated.
Optical properties of organic semiconductors
Authors: Forrest Stephen R.
Published: October 2020

Organic semiconductors are often called excitonic materials since their optical properties derive from the photogeneration of excitons, that is, bound electron–hole pairs. Organic excitons are either Frenkel or charge-transfer-like with binding energies of 0.5–1.0 eV, making them stable at room temperature. This chapter describes the fundamental optical properties of organics, starting with those of individual molecules, and then building the solid from pairs of molecules (dimers) and oligomers. Theoretical approaches to describe optical properties start by introducing the Born–Oppenheimer approximation and the Franck–Condon principle. Calculational approaches to understanding optical characteristics based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals are described. Both theory and experimental observation of optical phenomena are discussed in detail. Also, electron spin, spin–orbit coupling, fluorescence, and phosphorescence are quantitatively described. Finally, long and short range energy transfer, exciton diffusion, and annihilation processes ae described.
Organic light emitters
Authors: Forrest Stephen R.
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the design and fundamental concepts of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs). The chapter begins by describing device architectures used in fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally assisted delayed fluorescent (TADF) devices. Device characterization for both white and monochromatic OLEDs with application to displays and white illumination sources is discussed. OLED displays are compared with liquid crystal displays, and quantification of perceived color and luminosity is described. Materials and layer structures leading to high efficiency even at high brightness where exciton annihilation dominates, is followed by a discussion of methods used to efficiently outcouple light from substrate, waveguide, and surface plasmon modes. A discussion of reliability, with particular emphasis of the relatively short operational lifetime of blue phosphorescent and TADF devices, is provided. The last section is devoted to optically pumped OSLs, along with limitations encountered in achieving electrically pumped organic laser diodes.
Expect the unexpected: more possibilities for organic electronics
Authors: Forrest Stephen R.
Published: October 2020

There are a plethora of devices and phenomena that have been explored beyond the more conventional topics covered in the previous eight chapters. In this chapter, several of these interesting and promising topics in organic electronics are introduced. These include electrochemical light emitting devices, strong coupling between excitons and photons in optical microcavities forming so-called exciton polaritons and their associated devices, organic memory devices, and organics in limited dimensional systems. This latter topic includes discussions of energy transfer between organics and two-dimensional electronic materials, and single molecule, one-dimensional devices and phenomena. In each case, the discussions begin with an introduction to the subject, followed by laying the theoretical foundations of device operation, and finally by presenting several exemplary results that illuminate critical concepts. The purpose of this choice of topics is to show the endless horizons that are open to further investigation in the field of organic electronics.
German Angst
Authors: Biess Frank
Published: October 2020

German Angst analyzes the relationship of fear and democracy in postwar West Germany. While fear has historically been associated with authoritarian regimes, the book highlights the role of fear and anxiety in a democratizing society: these emotions undermined democracy and stabilized it at the same time. By taking seriously postwar Germans’ uncertainties about the future, the book challenges dominant linear and teleological narratives of postwar West German “success.” It highlights the prospective function of memories of war and defeat, of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Fears and anxieties derived from memories of a catastrophic past that postwar Germans projected into the future. Based on case studies from the 1940s to the present, the book provides a new interpretive synthesis of the Federal Republic. It tells the history of the Federal Republic as a series of recurring crises, in which specific fears and anxieties emerged, served a variety of political functions, and then again abated. Drawing on recent interdisciplinary insights of emotion studies, the book transcends the dichotomy of “reason” and “emotion.” Fear and anxiety were not exclusively irrational and dysfunctional but served important roles in postwar democracy. These emotions sensitized postwar Germans to the dangers of an authoritarian transformation, and they also served as the emotional engine of the environmental and peace movements. The book also provides an original analysis of the emotional basis of right-wing populism in Germany today, and it explores the possibilities of a democratic politics of emotion.
Patterns of diversification and contact
Authors: Crevels Mily , Muysken Pieter
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the main questions raised in this book, as well as introducing some key notions that play a role in their answering. How did languages spread across the globe, and what are the implications for our understanding of human prehistory? Sometimes we find large language families, and elsewhere clusters of very small families or language isolates. What was the role of agriculture in language spread, and what did different language ideologies and patterns of ethnic identity formation contribute? Do geography and climate help explain dispersal patterns? Notions discussed are diversity versus disparity and the role of different time depths, followed by a survey of different continents. The models of dispersal in the work of Nichols, Dixon, and Nettle are analysed and contrasted, and the Farming Dispersal Hypothesis critically reviewed. Then the concepts of language families, linguistic areas, and linguistic isolates are presented, followed by a discussion of diversification mechanisms.
Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions
Authors: Güldemann Tom , Hammarström Harald
Published: October 2020

Taking up Diamond’s (1999) geographical axis hypothesis regarding the different population histories of continental areas, Güldemann (2008, 2010) proposed that macro-areal aggregations of linguistic features are influenced by geographical factors. This chapter explores this idea by extending it to the whole world in testing whether the way linguistic features assemble over long time spans and large space is influenced by what we call “latitude spread potential” and “longitude spread constraint.” Regarding the former, the authors argue in particular that contact-induced feature distributions as well as genealogically defined language groups with a sufficient geographical extension tend to have a latitudinal orientation. Regarding the latter, the authors provide first results suggesting that linguistic diversity within language families tends to be higher along longitude axes. If replicated by more extensive and diverse testing, the authors’ findings promise to become important ingredients for a comprehensive theory of human history across space and time within linguistics and beyond.
Large and ancient linguistic areas
Authors: Bickel Balthasar
Published: October 2020

Large-scale areal patterns point to ancient population history and form a well-known confound for language universals. Despite their importance, demonstrating such patterns remains a challenge. This chapter argues that large-scale area hypotheses are better tested by modeling diachronic family biases than by controlling for genealogical relations in regression models. A case study of the Trans-Pacific area reveals that diachronic bias estimates do not depend much on the amount of phylogenetic information that is used when inferring them. After controlling for false discovery rates, about 39 variables in WALS and AUTOTYP show diachronic biases that differ significantly inside vs. outside the Trans-Pacific area. Nearly three times as many biases hold outside than inside the Trans-Pacific area, indicating that the Trans-Pacific area is not so much characterized by the spread of biases but rather by the retention of earlier diversity, in line with earlier suggestions in the literature.
Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania
Authors: Klamer Marian , Crevels Mily , Muysken Pieter
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents some background considerations relevant to the patterns of language dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. First an overview of languages and language families is given, including three large families—the widely dispersed Austronesian family, the Trans New Guinea (TNG) family in New Guinea, and the Pama-Nyungan family in Australia—as well as many smaller families and isolates. Then the main distinctive typological features of Austronesian languages, New Guinea and Australia are presented. Australia shows surprising structural homogeneity when compared to New Guinea and even to Austronesian. Subsequent sections cover the history of the study of the languages in the region, the history of the region itself, and issues for further research, including the mechanisms in the spread of Austronesian and the language development of New Guinea. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the chapters in the book regarding the region.
Language diversification and contact in Africa
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J.
Published: October 2020

The linguistic map of Africa as it manifests itself in its gestalt to us today is the result of a range of factors, involving climate change, technological innovations, as well as social conditions. Climate change resulted in the expansion as well as reduction of human habitation and thereby of language families. Technological changes, for example the introduction of pastoralism or agriculture also must have played an important role in the creation of new linguistic areas. A quintessential role, however, is to be attributed to social factors determining whether linguistic boundaries are maintained or dissolved.
The Goals and Uses of Competition Law
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: October 2020

All competition laws have goals, and these goals direct decisions about what the law is and how it should be enforced. Some goals are set out in statutes; others are set by competition law institutions and courts (these are usually consistent with the formal statutory goals, but not always) formal government goals. In order to understand a specific competition law regime, it is necessary to identify the goals that shape them. Some goals are economic. These include efficiency, consumer welfare, and economic development. Other goals include fairness, privacy, and economic freedom. This chapter identifies each of these goals, probes the reasons for them, traces relationships among them, and follows some of their consequences. A key question here is: What factors determine how much influence stated goals will have on the decisions of institutions? Some institutions and individuals pursue goals that are not stated, but rather serve their own interests (e.g., corruption). The chapter refers to these goals, their origins, and their influence.
Anticompetitive Agreements
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: October 2020

Chapters 5, 6, and 7 examine the targets of competition law. Key questions: Why is the conduct considered harmful? How is it pursued—for example, which remedies are used? What are the incentives and obstacles in pursuing the conduct? Where is enforcement likely—global patterns? Chapter 5 answers these questions for the two types of anticompetitive agreements. The first type includes horizontal agreements—that is, agreements between competitors. These are the most commonly pursued and heavily penalized violations in the world. Where such an agreement influences a market, it necessarily restrains competition, reducing efficiency, harming consumer welfare, impinging on economic freedom, and interfering with economic development. All competition laws target them, but they also allow justifications such as the need for cooperation in research, and competition laws vary significantly in the extent to which they allow such justifications. Vertical restraints—for example, between a manufacturer and a distributor—have a very different profile. They include, for example, agreements to fix consumer prices and to divide markets. Economists call for case-based analysis to determine their effects, and often such effects are difficult to prove, so competition laws in which economic analysis is central typically face limited enforcement against them. Many other competition laws contain specific rules condemning them.
The Global System: Interacting and Adapting
Authors: Gerber David J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter relates the pieces of the competition law world to each other. It presents individual laws, institutions, experiences, and influences as parts of a whole—an interactive and adaptive system. It outlines the formal framework of the system—the jurisdictional principles of international law that guide and constrain states in applying their laws to conduct outside their borders. It then looks at the system in motion—how ideas, incentives, and pressures cross regime borders to shape and drive decisions. Institutions and individuals are in frequent contact—either directly or through the use of internet content, including social media. Each adapts to the content it receives from others, and thus their messages and relationships continually adapt to new circumstances and information. This creates a new kind of system. Recognizing how it works makes competition law decisions everywhere more comprehensible and more predictable.
Aristoxenus’ Pythagorean Precepts
Authors: Huffman Carl A.
Published: October 2020

“Aristoxenus’ Pythagorean Precepts: A Rational Pythagorean Ethics” examines neglected evidence for Pythagorean ethics and the Pythagorean way of life as it existed in the late fifth and early fourth century BCE: the Pythagorean Precepts by Aristoxenus of Tarentum. The most characteristic feature of the ethical system found in the Pythagorean Precepts is its distrust of untutored human nature and its insistence on the necessity for supervision of all stages and aspects of human life. The emphasis on structure in life is so extreme as to value order even over correctness. The Precepts represents a much more rational ethical system that the earlier Pythagorean acusmata and suggests a level of development similar to that of the ethical fragments of Democritus.
The Laws of War in International Thought
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: October 2020

The Law of Armed Conflict is usually understood as a regime of exception that applies only during armed conflict and regulates hostilities among enemies. It assigns privileges to states far beyond what they are allowed to do in peacetime, and it mandates certain protections for noncombatants, which can often be defeated by appeals to military necessity or advantage.
Regular War and Resort to Force in the Enlightenment
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 turns to the Enlightenment and looks at how Christian Wolff and Emer de Vattel—two of its foremost international thinkers—articulated the doctrine of ius ad bellum in the theory of regular war. The chapter shows that they gave legal weight to both sovereign standing and the justice of the cause, but their views on just cause departed radically from scholastic doctrines of just war. They understood the justice of a cause not in analogy to a legal trial but rather in the context of the international practice of publishing “war manifestoes” that offered plausible reasons for waging war. Such reasons had to be framed in the language of the law of nations and show that sovereigns took seriously state rights, but they belonged to a broad understanding of sovereign judgment in which usually all lawful enemies at war could simultaneously offer plausible reasons for war.
Humanizing War in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 examines the integration of the concept of humanity as a legal category into the laws of war in the late nineteenth century. It looks at the writings of Francis Lieber, Johann Caspar Bluntschli, and Gustave Moyner, all of whom were influential publicists and highly articulate voices in the early stages of codification of the laws of war. The chapter highlights the tensions that resulted from integrating the humanity concept into the background paradigm of regular war, and it examines more broadly the deeper transformations in international legal theory that enabled this to happen. The channeling of the humanitarian agenda through international law produced a novel understanding of the laws of war as constituted by two fundamental principles in tension, necessity and humanity. This persistent duality continues to confuse our moral appraisal of the laws of war up to the present.
Epilogue
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: October 2020

We have seen in the preceding chapters how the modern laws of war evolved historically from largely self-enforcing customary norms and practices in European inter-state warfare. In Vattel’s account of regular war, belligerent states comply to the extent that they take it to be in their best interest to do so. The most important interest is to keep the destructiveness of war within certain limits, but also important is the anticipation of onerous consequences from legal breaches, either in the form of direct reprisals or from developing a reputation for savagery that could be harmful in the future....
The Histrionic Art
Authors: McWilliam Rohan
Published: October 2020

This chapter is a study of West End theatre in the age of Romanticism. It explains the importance of the patent theatres (particularly those in Drury Lane and Covent Garden) and their attempts to retain a monopoly over the performance of the spoken word. This is then contrasted with the emergence of so-called ‘minor’ theatres in the West End such as the Lyceum, the Adelphi, and the Olympic. They became associated with new theatrical forms including melodrama and burletta. The chapter explores the theatre-going experience in the early nineteenth-century West End and the varied styles of acting in the age of Edmund Kean. It explains why demands emerged for reform of the patent theatre system leading to the 1843 Theatre Regulation Act. This chapter links the early nineteenth century West End to the confessional state which explains why the nature of theatre had to change in the age of reform.
Capital of Pleasure
Authors: McWilliam Rohan
Published: October 2020

This chapter decodes some of the pleasures of the West End and analyses its different forms of cultural work. To do this, it explores its appeal to the senses: sight, touch, smell, taste, orality. Pleasure districts trade on forms of hyper-stimulation. This helps locate the West End in terms of visual culture. The chapter argues that the West End was the product of artificial light, embodied in the deployment of gas-light and sheet glass. The chapter then explores the West End in terms of the production of images of glamour and sexuality: further examples of the sensory appeal of the district. This is then contrasted with the way prostitutes became a notorious feature of the West End evident both on the streets and in the night houses (nightclubs) around the Haymarket.
The Populist Palatial
Authors: McWilliam Rohan
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the West End music hall, which drew on a heterogeneous audience, drawing all classes in for a smart night out. The argument is that we can observe a cultural style that is called here the ‘populist palatial’, which the West End helped propagate. This meant flattering audiences through spectacular buildings and high profile performers. The chapter looks in particular at the London Pavilion music hall on Piccadilly Circus and at two music hall stars: Jenny Hill and the Great MacDermott. Music hall gave women a voice allowing them to be comedians and the source of knowing humour. MacDermott was associated with music hall jingoism and patriotism. West End music hall expressed something of the liberating set of emotions that urban mass culture released.
Gaiety Nights
Authors: McWilliam Rohan
Published: October 2020

This chapter identifies the emergence of ‘light entertainment’ in the West End. Linked to music hall, this was a form of performance that was aspirational and less vulgar. It led to the construction of large variety houses such as the London Coliseum. The chapter moves from musical comedy to variety, vaudeville, and the exotic ballets at the Alhambra. These were entertainments that offered sophistication but rarely pretended to be high culture. The chapter examines theatres such as the Alhambra and the Empire variety houses who were attacked because of the sexual nature of their ballets as well as their toleration of prostitutes. The figure who dominates the chapter is the impresario George Edwardes who turned the Gaiety Girl into an icon of the age. Light entertainment was conservative but had its utopian dimensions.
A Mediterranean history
Authors: Thompson John D.
Published: October 2020

The Mediterranean region has had a long and complex history. The phasing of three main historical elements forms a Mediterranean triptych: geology, climate, and human activities. The geological fragmentation of the Mediterranean into distinct microregions and tectonic movement of its different microplates has continually reshaped the configuration of the terrestrial landscapes, islands, and mountains. Many areas have been land bridge connections across the sea. The Mediterranean region has a characteristic climate, the essential element of which is the occurrence of a summer drought. Although initial trends towards aridity are ancient, the Mediterranean climate only dates to the Pliocene. Climatic oscillations since its onset have caused sea level changes, influencing the appearance and disappearance of land bridge connections across different parts of the Mediterranean Sea, causing species’ range sizes to expand and contract in repeated phases. Finally, nowhere else in Europe has had such a long history of human presence and activity. In the last three millennia, the impact of human activities on the landscape has been dramatic in terms of the evolution of the mosaic landscape we now observe. The phased history of these three factors is at the heart of plant evolution in the Mediterranean.
Conclusions
Authors: Gellert Raphaël
Published: October 2020

The final chapter provides conclusions containing a summary of the main argument pertaining to the risk-based approach as an implementation of meta regulation in the data protection context. It returns to the debate between rights and risk-based approaches with a focus on the issue of standard setting in data protection, given that the latter has been left out of the equation of the risk-based approach. This renewed focus on the distinction between rights and risk-based approaches allows for a final discussion on the pros and cons of the risk-based approach especially in contrast to a command and control type of data protection. Finally, the chapter also reflects on some of the limitations and contradictions inherent in the notion of regulation and regulation models, and what this means for the future of data protection.
Semantic and syntactic intuitions
Authors: Collins John
Published: October 2020

The chapter argues that so-called semantic and syntactic intuitions, as appealed to as evidence in linguistic theory, are two sides of the same coin. Speaker-hearers do not have direct intuitive access to linguistic facts, but instead have intuitions about what can be said with a sentence; it is the theorist’s task to sieve such coarse-grained reports to discover the contribution of semantic and syntactic principles to the content associated with a sentence. The chapter contends that this conception better accommodates the complexity of linguistic phenomena vis-à-vis intuition. It also shows how the position is defensible against two troubling linguistic phenomena: one where we find interpretation without grammaticality, and another where we find grammaticality without interpretation. Both cases are illusory, at least as so described. In both, grammaticality (syntactic soundness) is aligned with semantic interpretability.
The relevance of introspective data
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: October 2020

Introspective judgments of acceptability have long been criticized for being both inconsistent and irrelevant. A number of publications have addressed the former issue and have argued that such judgments, carefully collected, are generally consistent. It remains the case, however, that many linguists question whether introspective data are or can be relevant to the construction of the correct theory of language. In the view of many usage-based grammarians, the sentences made up by analysts rather than real-life utterances lead inevitably to the supposedly unrealistic and complex abstract structures posited by generative grammarians. The chapter challenges that view. Appealing to a 170 MB corpus of conversational English, it argues that introspective data and conversational data do not lead to different conclusions about the nature of linguistic theory.
Can we build a grammar on the basis of judgments?
Authors: Featherston Sam
Published: October 2020

This chapter is a contribution to the ongoing debate about the necessary quality of the database for theory building in research on syntax. In particular, the focus is upon introspective judgments as a data type or group of data types. In the first part, the chapter lays out some of the evidence for the view that the judgments of a single person or of a small group of people are much less valid than the judgments of a group. In the second part, the chapter criticizes what the author takes to be overstatements and overgeneralizations of findings by Sprouse, Almeida, and Schütze that are sometimes viewed as vindicating an “armchair method” in linguistics. The final part of the chapter attempts to sketch out a productive route forward that empirically grounded syntax could take.