bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimated glomerular filtration rate in sickle cell anemia is associated with polymorphisms of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B
Authors: Nolan Vikki G. , Ma Qianli , Cohen Herbert T. , Adewoye Adeboye , Rybicki Anne C. , Baldwin Clinton , Mahabir Rhea N. , Homan Erica P. , Wyszynski Diego F. , Fabry Mary E. , Nagel Ronald L. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Steinberg Martin H.
Published: October 2006

Renal disease is common in sickle cell anemia. In this exploratory work, we used data from a longitudinal study of the natural history of sickle cell disease to examine the hypothesis that polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected candidate genes are associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). DNA samples and clinical and laboratory data were available for 1,140 patients with sickle cell anemia. GFR was estimated using the Cockcroft–Gault and Schwartz formulas for adults and children, respectively. We examined ∼175 haplotype tagging (ht) SNPs in about 70 genes of the TGFβ/BMP pathway for their association with GFR using linear regression. Four SNPs in BMPR1B, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor gene, yielded statistically significant associations (P values ranging from 0.015 to 0.046). Three haplotypes in this gene were also associated with GFR. The TGF‐β/BMP pathway has been associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy, which has some features in common with sickle cell nephropathy. Our results suggest that, as with other subphenotypes of sickle cell disease, renal function may be genetically modulated. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrochorionic hematoma in congenital afibrinogenemia: Resolution with fibrinogen concentrate infusions
Authors: Aygören‐Pürsün E. , Martinez Saguer I. , Rusicke E. , Louwen F. , Geka F. , Ivaskevicius V. , Oldenburg J. , Klingebiel T. , Kreuz W.
Published: October 2006

Without treatment, pregnancies in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia terminate in miscarriage at 5–6 weeks of gestation. Animal model studies have suggested that implantation site bleeding contributes to miscarriage in afibrinogenemia; however, retrochorionic hematoma in human congenital afibrinogenemia has not been previously observed. A patient with congenital afibrinogenemia receiving fibrinogen prophylaxis developed a retrochorionic hematoma in the first trimester. With continuous intensified fibrinogen concentrate replacement the hematoma resolved over 6 weeks, and the patient delivered a healthy infant. Median fibrinogen levels in the first trimester were 48 mg/dL and in second and third trimester 44 mg/dL. Median fibrinogen levels under 60 mg/dL may be adequate to maintain pregnancy in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia, although it is possible that higher levels might reduce the risk of hemorrhagic events. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lipidated Ras and Rab Peptides and Proteins—Synthesis, Structure, and Function
Authors: Brunsveld Luc , Kuhlmann Jürgen , Alexandrov Kirill , Wittinghofer Alfred , Goody Roger S. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: October 2006

Chemical biology can be defined as the study of biological phenomena from a chemical approach. Based on the analysis of relevant biological phenomena and their structural foundation, unsolved problems are identified and tackled through a combination of chemistry and biology. Thus, new synthetic methods and strategies are developed and employed for the construction of compounds that are used to investigate biological procedures. Solid‐phase synthesis has emerged as the preferred method for the synthesis of lipidated peptides, which can be chemoselectively ligated to proteins of the Ras superfamily. The generated peptides and proteins have solved biological questions in the field of the Ras‐superfamily GTPases that are not amendable to chemical or biological techniques alone.
Three‐dimensional myoarchitecture of the bovine tongue demonstrated by diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging with tractography
Authors: Gilbert Richard J. , Wedeen Van J. , Magnusson Lee H. , Benner Thomas , Wang Ruopeng , Dai George , Napadow Vitaly J. , Roche Kenneth K.
Published: October 2006

The anatomy of the mammalian tongue consists of an intricate array of variably aligned and extensively interwoven muscle fibers. As a result, it is particularly difficult to resolve the relationship between the tongue's microscopic anatomy and tissue‐scale mechanical function. In order to address this question, we employed a method, diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) with tractography, for displaying the macroscopic orientational properties of the tissue's constituting myofibers. DSI measures spatially variant proton displacement for a given 3D imaging segment (voxel), reflecting the principal orientation(s) of its myofibers. Tractography uses the angular similarity displayed by the principal fiber populations of multiple adjacent voxels to generate tract‐like structures. DSI with tractography thus defines a unique set of tracts based on the net orientational behavior of the myofiber populations at different positions in the tissue. By this approach, we demonstrate a novel myoarchitectural pattern for the bovine tongue, consisting of short and orthogonally aligned crossing fiber tracts in the intrinsic core region, and longer, parallel‐aligned fiber tracts on the tissue margins and in the regions of extrinsic fiber insertion. The identification of locally aligned myofiber populations by DSI with tractography allows us to reconsider lingual anatomy, not in conventional microscopic terms, but as a set of heterogeneously aligned and macroscopically resolved myofiber tracts. We postulate that the properties associated with these myofiber tracts predict the mechanical behavior of the tissue and thus constitute a method to relate structure and function for anatomically complex muscular tissues. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1173–1182, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral tibial hemimelia I
Authors: Suganthy J. , Rassau Marina , Koshi Rachel , Battacharjee Suranjan
Published: October 2006

Congenital absence of tibia is a rare anomaly. We report a case of bilateral tibial hemimelia born to phenotypically normal parents. The two amputated legs with tibial dysplasia obtained from a 3‐year‐old boy were studied by radiography and anatomical dissection. The radiological evaluation revealed a normal hip joint. The lower end of femur was normal without any bifurcation, shortening or bowing. Fibula was present on both legs and there was no sign of bowing or doubling. Both right and left tibiae were absent. In addition, on the right side, five tarsal bones, two metatarsals and the corresponding digital rays were absent. On the left side, three tarsal bones were absent. Dissection of the amputated segments showed the presence of extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius, peroneus longus and brevis, gastrocnemius, and soleus. Following bilateral knee disarticulation the patient was fitted with prosthesis and is doing well. Clin. Anat. 20:460–464, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aromaticity of Tri‐ and Tetranuclear Metal–Carbonyl Clusters Based on Magnetic Criteria
Authors: Corminboeuf Clémence , Schleyer Paul von Ragué , King R. Bruce
Published: October 2006

Recently, the σ‐aromaticity model proposed for cyclopropane by Dewar was employed to account for the stability of Group 8 trinuclear metal–carbonyl compounds [M3(CO)12] (M=Fe, Ru, Os). This paper further examines this hypothesis and provides the first quantitative evidence for the σ‐aromatic/antiaromatic nature of the [M3(CO)12]/[M4(CO)16] species based on structural and nucleus‐independent chemical‐shift analysis. In addition, the extent of electron delocalization in tetrahedral [M4(CO)14] and butterfly [M4(CO)15] is analyzed and compared to prototype cycloalkanes. While remarkable analogies exist between metal–carbonyls and cycloalkanes, transition metals provide additional overlap possibilities that affect both the ring strain and the magnetic properties of metal–carbonyl rings and cages.
The Efficient Direct Synthesis of N,O‐Acetal Compounds as Key Intermediates of Discorhabdin A: Oxidative Fragmentation Reaction of α‐Amino Acids or β‐Amino Alcohols by Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents.
Authors: Harayama Yu , Yoshida Masako , Kamimura Daigo , Wada Yasufumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Isomerization and Cycloisomerization with Use of a Ruthenium Hydride with N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Its Application to the Synthesis of Heterocycles.
Authors: Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Terada Yukiyoshi , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Nakagawa Masako , Nishida Atsushi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iodine as a Catalyst for Efficient Conversion of Ketones to gem‐Dihydroperoxides by Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Zmitek Katja , Zupan Marko , Stavber Stojan , Iskra Jernej
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Grignard Reactions in Imidazolium Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Handy Scott T.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanoesterification of 1,2‐Dienes: Synthesis and Transformations of Highly Functionalized α‐Cyanomethylacrylate Esters.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Hirata Yasuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(5S)‐1,3‐Diaza‐2‐imino‐3‐phenylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane: First Example of Guanidine Based in situ Recyclable Chiral Catalytic Source for Borane‐Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones.
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Rao Kalapala Venkateswara , Reddy Bhavanam Sekhara
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Salicylanilide Esterification: Unexpected Formation of Novel Seven‐Membered Rings.
Authors: Imramovsky Ales , Vinsova Jarmila , Ferriz Juana Monreal , Kunes Jiri , Pour Milan , Dolezal Martin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot, Solvent‐Free Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles under Catalysis by Magnesium Bromide Ethyl Etherate.
Authors: Mojtahedi Mohammad M. , Abaee M. Saeed , Abbasi Hassan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones in Ethyl Acetate Mediated by TiCl4‐Mg.
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Shu‐Xiang , Gao Ming‐Zhu , Li Ji‐Tai
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki Coupling of Oxazoles.
Authors: Flegeau Emmanuel Ferrer , Popkin Matthew E. , Greaney Michael F.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐(5‐Keto‐2‐phenyloxazolin‐4‐ylmethylene)‐3‐phenylisoxazol‐5‐one.
Authors: Rao V. K.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Modification of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐3‐(2‐chloro‐2‐propenyl)quinoline (IV).
Authors: Avetisyan A. A. , Aleksanyan I. L. , Pivazyan A. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Significantly Enhanced Reactivities of the Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Induced by Microwaves in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Guo Sheng‐Rong , Yuan Yan‐Qin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 1‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7(6H)‐ones as Potent, Selective and Bioavailable Inhibitors of Coagulation Factor Xa.
Authors: Fevig John M. , Cacciola Joseph , Buriak Joseph Jr. , Rossi Karen A. , Knabb Robert M. , Luettgen Joseph M. , Wong Pancras C. , Bai Stephen A. , Wexler Ruth R. , Lam Pattrick Y. S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component Synthesis of 7‐Aryl‐2‐alkylthio‐4,7‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazolo [1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐carboxamides and Their Selective Reduction.
Authors: Chebanov Valentin A. , Muravyova Elena A. , Desenko Sergey M. , Musatov Vladimir I. , Knyazeva Irina V. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hirsutellone F, a Dimer of Antitubercular Alkaloids from the Seed Fungus Trichoderma Species BCC 7579.
Authors: Isaka Masahiko , Prathumpai Wai , Wongsa Patcharaporn , Tanticharoen Morakot
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Fragrant Jasmone Heterocyclic Analogues.
Authors: Pawelczyk Anna , Zaprutko Lucjusz
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Aigialomycin D (I).
Authors: Lu Jiangping , Ma Junying , Xie Xingang , Chen Bo , She Xuegong , Pan Xinfu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Manipulating Polar Ferromagnetism in Transition Metal Doped ZnO: Why Manganese Is Different from Cobalt
Authors: Kittilstved Kevin R. , Gamelin Daniel R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalysis Mediated by (Thio)urea Derivatives.
Authors: Connon Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Small Molecule Modulators of Transcription
Authors: Arndt Hans‐Dieter
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tunneling and Dynamics in Enzymatic Hydride Transfer
Authors: Nagel Zachary D. , Klinman Judith P.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Translational Diffusion in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Dvinskikh S. V. , Furo I.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fabrication of low‐field water‐cooled resistive magnets for small animal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gilbert K.M. , Dalrymple B. , Handler W.B. , Scholl T.J. , Chronik B.A.
Published: October 2006

There are many nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that employ resistive magnets. Resistive magnets are particularly useful for low‐field (<0.5 T) imaging and for applications involving the cycling of magnetic fields. This article discusses a general technique for the fabrication of resistive magnets that can be used in small animal MR imaging. A detailed discussion is given of the magnet winding technique, the forced‐water cooling system design and construction, and the support structure. Two examples are given of resistive systems built by the authors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 29B: 168–175, 2006.
What is the future of electrophoresis in large‐scale genomic sequencing?
Authors: Fredlake Christopher P. , Hert Daniel G. , Mardis Elaine R. , Barron Annelise E.
Published: October 2006

Although a finished human genome reference sequence is now available, the ability to sequence large, complex genomes remains critically important for researchers in the biological sciences, and in particular, continued human genomic sequence determination will ultimately help to realize the promise of medical care tailored to an individual's unique genetic identity. Many new technologies are being developed to decrease the costs and to dramatically increase the data acquisition rate of such sequencing projects. These new sequencing approaches include Sanger reaction‐based technologies that have electrophoresis as the final separation step as well as those that use completely novel, nonelectrophoretic methods to generate sequence data. In this review, we discuss the various advances in sequencing technologies and evaluate the current limitations of novel methods that currently preclude their complete acceptance in large‐scale sequencing projects. Our primary goal is to analyze and predict the continuing role of electrophoresis in large‐scale DNA sequencing, both in the near and longer term.
Effects of task difficulty on sibling teaching in middle childhood
Authors: Howe Nina , Brody Marie‐Hélène , Recchia Holly
Published: October 2006

Teaching styles were investigated in 28 middle‐class sibling dyads (older sibling M age = 8.2 yrs; younger sibling M age =5.11 yrs) using two sets of block design tasks (five easy; five hard). Older siblings employed a greater number of strategies (i.e. physical demonstrations, scaffolding, corrective feedback) in the hard than in the easy tasks, thus demonstrating the ability to adjust teaching strategies according to task difficulty. Teachers also employed more frequent strategies when learners were younger indicating that they may be sensitive to developmental differences. In the hard tasks, learners responded positively to teacher guidance, but were also more likely to reject the teacher's help, perhaps demonstrating responsibility for their own learning. Findings are discussed in light of current social‐cognitive approaches highlighting the important roles of both teacher and learner during episodes of sibling teaching in middle childhood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive functioning by 18‐24‐month‐old children: effects of inhibition, working memory demands and narrative in a novel detour‐reaching task
Authors: McGuigan Nicola , Núñez María
Published: October 2006

Infants can inhibit a prepotent but wrong action towards a goal in order to perform a causal means‐action. It is not clear, however, whether infants can perform an arbitrary means‐action while inhibiting a prepotent response. In four experiments, we explore this executive functioning in 18–24‐month‐old children. The working memory and inhibition demands in a novel means‐end problem were systematically varied in terms of the type and combination of means‐action(s) (causal or arbitrary) contained within the task, the number of means‐actions (1 or 2), the goal visual availability and whether the task was accompanied by a narrative. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that children performed tasks that contained causal as opposed to arbitrary information more accurately; accuracy was also higher in tasks containing only one step. Experiment 2 also demonstrated that performance in the arbitrary task improved significantly when all sources of prepotency were removed. In Experiment 3, task performance improved when the two means‐actions were intelligibly linked to the task goal. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the use of a narrative that provided a meaningful (non‐causal) link between the two means‐actions also improved children's performance by assisting their working memory in the generation of a rationale. Findings provide an initial account of executive functioning in the months that bring the end of infancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood permeability of a novel ceramic scaffold for bone morphogenetic protein‐2
Authors: Murata M. , Akazawa T. , Tazaki J. , Ito K. , Sasaki T. , Yamamoto M. , Tabata Y. , Arisue M.
Published: October 2006

A functionally graded apatite (fg‐HAp) with body fluid permeability was developed from bovine bone. The tissue reaction of fg‐HAp and its efficacy as a scaffold for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) were evaluated histomorphometrically, and a component of permeable fluid into the fg‐HAp was analyzed by immunoblotting assay. The fg‐HAp block (27 mm3) combined with and without BMP‐2 (5 μg) was implanted subcutaneously in 4‐week‐old Wistar rats. Histological examination showed that the surface and bulk degradations of the fg‐HAp proceeded extensively and giant cells appeared on the fg‐HAp at 2 weeks. Body fluid permeation was found inside the fg‐HAp, and the fluid component was immunopositive for albumin. In addition, albumin was detected as a main component among proteins collected from the in vivo implanted fg‐HAp. The bioabsorption of the fg‐HAp was accelerated as BMP‐2‐induced bone matured. Histomorphometrical analysis at 4 weeks in the BMP‐2/fg‐HAp implant showed 59.0% in the total volume of bone and marrow. These results indicate that fg‐HAp is an innovative, bioabsorbable bioceramic with fluid permeability characteristic, and may become a biointegrated scaffold for bone engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Biological activity of tri‐calciumphosphate/hydroxyl‐apatite granules mixed with impacted morsellized bone graft. A study in rabbits
Authors: Arts J. J. C. , Walschot L. H. B. , Verdonschot N. , Schreurs B. W. , Buma P.
Published: October 2006

Reconstruction of bone defects with impacted morsellized cancellous bone grafts (MCB) is a popular method. Because of a shortage of human bone, mixing with biomaterials may be attractive. Ceramics may be used as bone graft extenders. In this study, various volume mixtures of biphasic tri‐calciumphosphate/hydroxyl‐apatite (TCP‐HA) granules (1.5–2 mm) with MCB were examined in a non‐loaded defect model in rabbits. Direct post‐operatively, many 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles were present due to impaction. Irrespective to the group, after 8 weeks, virtually all MCB was resorbed and most TCP‐HA granules were osseous‐integrated with newly formed bone. The cross‐sectional areas of TCP‐HA after 8 weeks was generally smaller compared with direct post‐operatively and the number of small 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles seemed reduced. Macrophages and giant cells were sparse after 8 weeks. In conclusion, the osteoconductivity of various mixtures of MCB and TCP‐HA granules is not dependent on the ratio of TCP‐HA over MCB. The reduced number of the 10–150 μm TCP‐HA particles after 8 weeks, may suggest that a cellular mediated resorption process of TCP‐HA granules took place. Based on these favorable biological findings subsequent in‐vivo experiments are warranted in load‐bearing conditions to investigate whether these findings hold for joint reconstruction purposes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
F‐18 labelled N,N‐bis‐haloethylamino‐phenylsulfoxides — a new class of compounds for the imaging of hypoxic tissue
Authors: Falzon Cheryl L. , Ackermann Uwe , Spratt Neil , Tochon‐Danguy Henri J. , White Jonathon , Howells David , Scott Andrew M.
Published: October 2006

Two N,N‐bis‐chloroethylamino‐phenylsulfoxides have been synthesized and radiolabelled with F‐18 via halogen exchange. The radiolabelling of both compounds proceeds smoothly with K[18F]F‐kryptofix 2.2.2 complex at 100 °C in DMSO. Decay‐corrected radiochemical yields were 25–35% for [18F]12 (SO201) and 35–45% for [18F]11 (SO101), with an average specific activity of 1.8 Ci/µmol. Both compounds remained 80% intact in plasma over a period of 2 h. In vivo binding in a stroke model indicates that both markers are selectively retained in hypoxic tissue. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of distal antral contractile motility in healthy human stomach with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kwiatek Monika A. , Steingoetter Andreas , Pal Anupam , Menne Dieter , Brasseur James G. , Hebbard Geoffrey S. , Boesiger Peter , Thumshirn Miriam , Fried Michael , Schwizer Werner
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To quantify healthy postprandial: 1) propagation, periodicity, geometry, and percentage occlusion by distal antral contraction waves (ACWs); and 2) changes in ACW activity in relationship to gastric emptying (GE).

Materials and Methods

Using 1.5‐T MR scanner, nine healthy fasted volunteers were examined in the right decubitus position after ingestion of 500 mL of 10% glucose (200 kcal) with 500 μM Gd‐DOTA. Total gastric (TGV) and meal volumes (MV) were assessed every five minutes for 90 minutes, in and interspersed with dynamic scan sequences (duration: 2.78 minutes) providing detailed images of distal ACWs.

Results

TGV increased by 738 ± 38 mL after ingestion (t0), subsequently decreasing in parallel to GE. The mean GE rate and half‐emptying time were 24 ± 3 mL/5 minutes and 71 ± 6 minutes, respectively. Accompanying ACWs reached a periodicity of 23 ± 2 seconds at t35 and propagated at an unvarying speed of 0.27 ± 0.01 cm/second. Their amplitude of 0.70 ± 0.08 cm was constant, but the width decreased along the antral wall by 6 ± 2%/cm (P = 0.003). ACWs were nonocclusive (percentage occlusion 58.1 ± 5.9%, t0 at the pylorus) with a reduction in occlusion away from the pylorus (P < 0.001). No propagation and geometry characteristics of ACWs correlated with the changes of MV (mL/5 minutes; R2 < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that ACWs are not imperative for emptying of liquids. This study provides a detailed quantitative reference for MRI inquiries into pharmacologically‐ and pathologically‐altered gastric motility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RP‐HPLC prefractionation and its application in expressional proteomics analysis of an in vitro viral infection model
Authors: Vaziri Behrouz , Rahimpour Mehdi , Eslami Naser , Fayaz Ahmad , Rahimian Heshmat
Published: October 2006

Prefractionation of complex protein mixtures is an efficient method for increasing the separation power of 2‐DE. RP‐HPLC has been successfully utilized as a prefractionation method prior to 2‐DE. Here we describe the optimization of an efficient RP‐HPLC method for prefractionation of baby hamster kidney cell solubilized proteins. A step gradient elution of acetonitrile was optimized and collected fractions were further examined by SDS‐PAGE and 2‐DE. By utilizing this method an effective increase in separation power of 2‐DE is accomplished. Moreover, we describe the application of this method to expressional proteome analysis of a virally infected cell model.
Synthesis of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) containing multiblocks with a narrow molecular weight distribution using cyclic trithiocarbonates
Authors: Lei Ping , Wang Qi , Hong Jian , Li Yixian
Published: October 2006

The polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate in the presence of two cyclic trithiocarbonates (CTTCs) and the synthesis of multiblock poly(n‐butyl acrylate) have been investigated. The CTTCs not only can be stepwise incorporated into the polymer chain via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) but also can be polymerized into polytrithiocarbonate, which functions as a macro‐RAFT agent in turn. Through two kinds of mechanisms, multiblock poly(n‐butyl acrylate) containing narrow‐polydispersity blocks can be prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6600–6606, 2006
Copolymerization of vinylcyclohexane with ethene and propene using zirconocene catalysts
Authors: Aitola Erkki , Puranen Arto , Setälä Harri , Lipponen Sami , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: October 2006

Vinylcyclohexane (VCH) was copolymerized with ethene and propene using methylaluminoxane‐activated metallocene catalysts. The catalyst precursor for the ethene copolymerization was rac‐ethylenebis(indenyl)ZrCl2 (1). Propene copolymerizations were further studied with Cs‐symmetric isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluorenyl)ZrCl2 (2), C1‐symmetric ethylene(1‐indenyl‐2‐phenyl‐2‐fluorenyl)ZrCl2 (3), and “meso”‐dimethylsilyl[3‐benzylindenyl)(2‐methylbenz[e]indenyl)]ZrCl2 (4). Catalyst 1 produced a random ethene–VCH copolymer with very high activity and moderate VCH incorporation. The highest comonomer content in the copolymer was 3.5 mol %. Catalysts 1 and 4 produced poly(propene‐co‐vinylcyclohexane) with moderate to good activities [up to 4900 and 15,400 kg of polymer/(mol of catalyst × h) for 1 and 4, respectively] under similar reaction conditions but with fairly low comonomer contents (up to 1.0 and 2.0% for 1 and 4, respectively). Catalysts 2 and 3, both bearing a fluorenyl moiety, gave propene–VCH copolymers with only negligible amounts of the comonomer. The homopolymerization of VCH was performed with 1 as a reference, and low‐molar‐mass isotactic polyvinylcyclohexane with a low activity was obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6569–6574, 2006
Modification of carboxyl‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes with biocompatible, water‐soluble phosphorylcholine and sugar‐based polymers: Bioinspired nanorods
Authors: Narain Ravin , Housni Abdelghani , Lane Lynsay
Published: October 2006

We report here the successful functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with bioinspired sugar and phosphocholine polymeric structures via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The surface‐polymer‐coated carbon nanotubes have been systematically analyzed by Raman, infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, which give strong evidence of successful functionalization. The successful aqueous dispersion of the functionalized carbon nanotubes also indicates that functionalization has been achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6558–6568, 2006
Expression and activation of αvβ3 integrins by SDF‐1/CXC12 increases the aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Sun Yan‐Xi , Fang Ming , Wang Jianhua , Cooper Carlton R. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Taichman Russell S.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND

Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1 or CXCL12) and CXCR4 are key elements in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells to bone—but the mechanisms as to how it localizes to the marrow remains unclear.

METHODS

Prostate cancer cell lines were stimulated with SDF‐1 and evaluated for alterations in the expression of adhesion molecules using microarrays, FACs, and Western blotting to identify αvβ3 receptors. Cell–cell adhesion and invasion assays were used to verify that activation of the receptor is responsive to SDF‐1.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that SDF‐1 transiently regulates the number and affinity of αvβ3 receptors by prostate cancer cells to enhance their metastatic behavior by increasing adhesiveness and invasiveness. SDF‐1 transiently increased the expression of β3 receptor subunit and increased its phosphorylation in metastatic but not nonmetastatic cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The transition from a locally invasive phenotype to a metastatic phenotype may be primed by the elevated expression of αvβ3 receptors. Activation and increased expression of αvβ3 within SDF‐1‐rich organs may participate in metastatic localization. Prostate 67:61–73, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand‐supported homology modeling of the human angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor: Insights into the molecular determinants of telmisartan binding
Authors: Patny Akshay , Desai Prashant V. , Avery Mitchell A.
Published: October 2006

Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor belongs to the super‐family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors, and antagonists of the AT1receptor are effectively used in the treatment of hypertension. To understand the molecular interactions of these antagonists, such as losartan and telmisartan, with the AT1receptor, a homology model of the human AT1(hAT1) receptor with all connecting loops was constructed from the 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure (PDB i.d., 1L9H) of bovine rhodopsin. The initial model generated by MODELLER was subjected to a stepwise ligand‐supported model refinement. This protocol involved initial docking of non‐peptide AT1antagonists in the putative binding site, followed by several rounds of iterative energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The final model was validated based on its correlation with several structure‐activity relationships and site‐directed mutagenesis data. The final model was also found to be in agreement with a previously reported AT1antagonist pharmacophore model. Docking studies were performed for a series of non‐peptide AT1receptor antagonists in the active site of the final hAT1receptor model. The docking was able to identify key molecular interactions for all the AT1antagonists studied. Reasonable correlation was observed between the interaction energy values and the corresponding binding affinities of these ligands, providing further validation for the model. In addition, an extensive unrestrained molecular dynamics simulation showed that the docking‐derived bound pose of telmisartan is energetically stable. Knowledge gained from the present studies can be used in structure‐based drug design for developing novel ligands for the AT1receptor. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical designs for inerting in production plants
Authors: Hoppe Tom , Jaeger Norbert
Published: October 2006

This report provides guidance on the type of equipment that is necessary to ensure inerting when processing flammable liquids, combustible dusts, or hybrid mixtures. It will explain in depth the technical requirements for the implementation of this preventive measure and the limitations. It will assist people in plants with operations that need to be protected by inerting. It reflects the present state of the art and current knowledge of the assessment and requirements associated with inerting. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
The role of the monitor in veterinary clinical studies
Authors: McPhee Iain , Reimers Monte
Published: October 2006

Regulatory requirements for veterinary clinical studies have developed over the last 24 years. This paper covers the current best practice for the clinical study monitor. It describes and qualifies these activities as outlined in the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Products (VICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines (GL9). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What's New?
Authors: Hattemer‐Apostel Rita
Published: October 2006

The What's New? section in the Quality Assurance Journal aims to draw attention to items of importance to QA professionals. There is usually a three‐month interval between final submission of manuscripts and distribution of the journal. For this issue, the entries in the What's New? section arise from the period of 1 March 2006 to 31 May 2006. If you feel that there is any other new information that should be brought to the attention of readers, please let us know by e‐mailing rha@verdandi.ch. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A quantitative robust control approach for distributed parameter systems
Authors: Garcia‐Sanz M. , Huarte A. , Asenjo A.
Published: October 2006

This paper introduces a new simple quantitative robust control technique designing applicable to one‐point feedback controllers for distributed parameter systems (DPSs) with uncertainty. The paper considers the spatial distribution of the relevant points where the inputs and the outputs of the control system are applied (actuators, sensors, disturbances and control objectives) and introduces a new set of transfer functions (TFs) that describe the relationships between the distributed inputs and outputs of the system. Based on these TFs, the paper extends the classical robust stability and performance specifications to the DPS case and presents a new set of quadratic inequalities to define the quantitative feedback theory bounds. The method can also deal with uncertainty in both the model and the spatial distribution of the inputs and the outputs. Some examples illustrate the use and simplicity of the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicast in UMTS: evaluation and recommendations
Authors: Alexiou Antonios , Bouras Christos
Published: October 2006

It is known that multicasting is an efficient method of supporting group communication as it allows the transmission of packets to multiple destinations using fewer network resources. Along with the widespread deployment of the third generation cellular networks, the fast‐improving capabilities of the mobile devices, content and service providers are increasingly interested in supporting multicast communications over wireless networks and in particular over Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). Multicasting is a more efficient method of supporting group communication than unicasting or broadcasting, as it allows transmission and routing of packets to multiple destinations using fewer network resources. In this paper, the three above mentioned methods of supporting group communication are analyzed in terms of their performance. The critical parameters of primary interest for the evaluation of any method are the packet delivery cost and the scalability of the method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EDITOR'S NOTE
Authors: Hill Jane H.
Published: October 2006

In this Editor's Note I am delighted to announce the appointment
of a new editor-in-chief of Language in Society, Barbara
Johnstone of Carnegie Mellon University. Professor Johnstone has for a
number of years been a member of the Editorial Board of this journal,
and readers will all know her distinguished and varied body of
sociolinguistic work. Professor Johnstone will begin receiving
manuscripts, books for review, and other communications beginning
January 1, 2005.
Confessions of a premature constructivist
Authors: FREEDMAN LAWRENCE
Published: October 2006

In his book Small World, David Lodge has the globe-trotting Maurice Zapp explain
the revolution that had taken place in academic life during the 1970s. Two things had
become more portable – information and people – and three things had made this
possible ‘jet travel, direct-dialling telephone and the Xerox machine’. As long as you
have access to these, Zapp explains, ‘you're plugged into the only university that
actually matters – the global campus. A young man in a hurry can see the world by
conference-hopping’. That is the theme of Lodge's book.
IR theory in Britain – the New Black?
Authors: BROWN CHRIS
Published: October 2006

Anniversaries are occasions for celebration and reflection. The thirtieth anniversary of BISA presents the opportunity to look back over what has been achieved in the eventful years since the foundation of the Association, but also the duty of identifying things that have gone wrong, paths not taken or promising avenues that turned out to be dead-ends. We owe it to the people who founded BISA – some still here, others, sadly, gone – to preserve the critical spirit even when celebrating our achievements, and I will certainly honour that debt in this talk.
Some Remarks on the Question of the Admissibility of a Case during Arrest Warrant Proceedings before the International Criminal Court
Authors: EL ZEIDY MOHAMED M.
Published: October 2006

The question whether the International Criminal Court may use its review powers to determine the admissibility of a case during the arrest warrant phase has gone widely unnoticed in legal literature on the International Criminal Court. This article treats the question from different perspectives. It presents the different stages at which admissibility questions may arise in response to a state party referral. Then it analyses the first jurisprudence of Pre-Trial Chambers I and II of the Court on the treatment of the question of admissibility at the arrest warrant stage. The article concludes that the Court may, proprio motu or based on a Prosecutor's request, rule on admissibility questions during arrest warrant proceedings per Article 58.
Fundamental Rights and the United Nations Financial Sanction Regime: The Kadi and Yusuf Judgments of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities
Authors: BULTERMAN MIELLE
Published: October 2006

Under the UN sanctions regime of Resolution 1267, UN member states are obliged to freeze the assets of persons and entities which are associated with Usama bin Laden, and which therefore reason have been listed by the UN. Within the European Union this ‘UN sanctions list’ is implemented by means of a Community regulation, having direct effect in all EU member states. The regulation was challenged by several individuals and an organization, which were added to the UN sanctions list on the basis of their association with al Qaeda. The regulation was challenged on two grounds. First, the applicants claimed that the Community did not have the competence to adopt the contested regulation. In the second place, the applicants claimed that the Community regulation infringed their human rights (right to property, right of access to court). Thus the CFI was asked to determine to what extent it is competent indirectly to review measures adopted under the UN Charter. This delicate legal question is answered in a lengthy judgment, the legal reasoning of which is not always convincing.
Climate impacts of systematic errors in the simulation of the path of the North Atlantic Current
Authors: Weese Scott R. , Bryan Frank O.
Published: October 2006

Experiments employing an adjustment of the pressure field in the ocean component of a coupled climate system model are undertaken in both ocean‐only and coupled experiments to assess the climatic impacts of reducing the systematic errors in the North Atlantic Current. This conservative and adiabatic adjustment process substantially decreases North Atlantic Ocean SST biases and locally reverses the associated surface heat flux balance in both model configurations. Ice concentrations in the Labrador Sea increase as the oceanic surface heat fluxes are displaced by the adjustment. Downstream, in the Nordic Seas, the subsurface ocean responds favorably to this adjustment, as the vertical profiles of potential temperature and salinity converge towards the observations. Atmospheric stationary wave patterns show a modest improvement, with a slight weakening of the excessively deep Icelandic low. Further unresolved errors in the coupled model framework potentially contribute to the continued presence of biases in the North Atlantic.
Inherent density of point defects in thermal tensile strained (100)Si∕SiO2 entities probed by electron spin resonance
Authors: Stesmans A. , Somers P. , Afanas’ev V. V. , Claeys C. , Simoen E.
Published: October 2006

An electron spin resonance analysis has been carried out of the intrinsic point defects in (100)Si∕SiO2 entities thermally grown at 800°C on biaxial tensile strained Si (s-Si). As compared to coprocessed standard (100)Si∕SiO2, a significant reduction (>50%) is observed in the inherent density of the trivalent Pb-type interface defects (Pb0,Pb1). With the Pb0’s established as detrimental fast interface traps, this result may adduce one more reason for the observed enhancement of device channel carrier mobility with increasing Si substrate tensile strain as well as reduction in 1∕f noise. The s-Si∕SiO2 interface exhibits a generally superior device grade quality.
Energy conversion during magnetic reconnection for magnetotail-like equilibria
Authors: Yoon P. H. , Lui A. T. Y.
Published: October 2006

The principle of magnetic field-to-particle energy conversion for magnetic reconnection, originally developed by the authors for Harris-Fadeev equilibria, is extended to include a finite north-south (normal) component of the magnetic field, which is typical of the Earth’s magnetotail environment. On the basis of the exact conservation laws derived from the nonlinear Vlasov equation, it is demonstrated that a small portion of the energy stored in the magnetic field is released and converted to particle thermal energy as a result of the magnetic field topological transformation, i.e., reconnection. It is also found that the normal field component has a minimal impact on the efficacy of the energy exchange.
Tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Fujimoto Toshiyuki , Ichimura Shingo
Published: October 2006

A tip characterizer for atomic force microscopy (AFM) was developed based on the fabrication of multilayer thin films. Comb-shaped line and space (LS) and wedge-shaped knife-edge structures were fabricated on a GaAs substrate. GaAs∕InGaP superlattices were used to control the width of the structures precisely, and selective chemical etching was used to form sharp edges on the nanostructures. The minimum size of the LS structure was designed to be 10nm, and the radius of the knife edge was less than 5nm. These nanostructures were used as a well-defined tip characterizer to measure the shape of a tip on a cantilever from line profiles of AFM images.
Observation of radial phase shift of the edge harmonic oscillation in the edge transport barrier discharges in the Compact Helical System using beam emission spectroscopy
Authors: Oishi T. , Kado S. , Yoshinuma M. , Ida K. , Akiyama T. , Minami T. , Nagaoka K. , Shimizu A. , Okamura S. ,   CHS Group, Tanaka S.
Published: October 2006

In the present study, a coherent density fluctuation similar to the edge harmonic oscillation (EHO) in tokamaks was observed in the edge transport barrier discharge in the Compact Helical System (CHS) [K. Matsuoka et al., Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1988 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1989), Vol. 2, pp. 441] using beam emission spectroscopy (BES). The fluctuation had both fundamental (f=4.5 kHz) and second-harmonic (2f=9 kHz) frequencies. EHO in CHS had a peak amplitude at approximately ρ=0.95. The mode has a continuous phase shift in the radial direction. If this is interpreted as the radial propagation, the mode propagates in the outer radial direction at an apparent phase velocity of several hundreds of meters per second, which is a characteristic similar to the radial phase shift of EHO in tokamaks.