bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and properties of semicrystalline and amorphous perfluoropolymer: poly(perfluoro‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane)
Authors: Mikeš František , Baldrian Josef , Teng Hongxiang , Koike Yasuhiro , Okamoto Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2011

The low and the high molecular weight poly(perfluoro‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane)s were prepared using perfluorobenzoyl peroxide as a free radical initiator. Both polymers obtained were semicrystalline and insoluble in organic solvents. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of polymers obtained were 94–106°C, and their melting points were 224–229°C. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements showed that polymers as prepared are semi‐crystalline (21% crystalline fraction) and the crystallinity increased to 47% after annealing at 170°C. However, the films prepared by heating (at 230–250°C) and pressing of the high molecular weight polymers are transparent and flexible. The refractive index of the film is 1.3320 and 1.3245 at 533 and 1546 nm, respectively. The transparent polymer films did not recrystallize while annealing below Tg, and they are chemically and thermally stable. This polymer may have potential applications in optoelectronic fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ocean ensemble forecasting. Part II: Mediterranean Forecast System response
Authors: Pinardi Nadia , Bonazzi Alessandro , Dobricic Srdjan , Milliff Ralph F. , Wikle Christopher K. , Berliner L. Mark
Published: May 2011

This article analyzes the ocean forecast response to surface vector wind (SVW) distributions generated by a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) developed in Part I of this series. A new method for ocean ensemble forecasting (OEF), the so‐called BHM‐SVW‐OEF, is described. BHM‐SVW realizations are used to produce and force perturbations in the ocean state during 14 day analysis and 10 day forecast cycles of the Mediterranean Forecast System (MFS). The BHM‐SVW‐OEF ocean response spread is amplified at the mesoscales and in the pycnocline of the eddy field. The new method is compared with an ensemble response forced by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble prediction system (EEPS) surface winds, and with an ensemble forecast started from perturbed initial conditions derived from an ad hoc thermocline intensified random perturbation (TIRP) method. The EEPS‐OEF shows spread on basin scales while the TIRP‐OEF response is mesoscale‐intensified as in the BHM‐SVW‐OEF response. TIRP‐OEF perturbations fill more of the MFS domain, while the BHM‐SVW‐OEF perturbations are more location‐specific, concentrating ensemble spread at the sites where the ocean‐model response to uncertainty in the surface wind forcing is largest. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Ab initio modeling of optical spectra in pH‐sensitive diarylethenes
Authors: Maurel François , Perrier Aurélie , Jacquemin Denis
Published: May 2011

The photochromic and acidochromic shifts undergone by recently synthesized diarylethene photochromes have been simulated using a Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory approach relying on a range‐separated functional, namely CAM‐B3LYP. The selected approach is generally accurate for reproducing the variations of the spectral features, though acidochromic shifts are clearly more challenging than their photochromic counterparts. More importantly, an analyzis of the shapes of the relevant molecular orbitals grants insights into the electro‐cyclization of several diarylethenes, therefore partly allowing to understand the presence of experimental deadlocks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Discretized LKF method for stability of coupled differential‐difference equations with multiple discrete and distributed delays
Authors: Li Hongfei
Published: May 2011

Time‐delay systems described by coupled differential‐functional equations include as special cases many types of time‐delay systems and coupled differential‐difference systems with time delays. This article discusses the discretized Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) method for the stability problem of coupled differential‐difference equations with multiple discrete and distributed delays. Through independently dividing every delay region that the plane regions consists in two delays to discretize LKF, the exponential stability conditions for coupled systems with multiple discrete and distributed delays are established based on a linear matrix inequality (LMI). The numerical examples show that the analysis limit of delay bound in which the systems are stable may be approached by our result. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible genome‐wide bootstrap method that accounts for rankingand threshold‐selection bias in GWAS interpretation and replication study design
Authors: Faye Laura L. , Sun Lei , Dimitromanolakis Apostolos , Bull Shelley B.
Published: May 2011

The phenomenon known as the winner's curse is a form of selection bias that affects estimates of genetic association. In genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) the bias is exacerbated by the use of stringent selection thresholds and ranking over hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We develop an improved multi‐locus bootstrap point estimate and confidence interval, which accounts for both ranking‐ and threshold‐selection bias in the presence of genome‐wide SNP linkage disequilibrium structure. The bootstrap method easily adapts to various study designs and alternative test statistics as well as complex SNP selection criteria. The latter is demonstrated by our application to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium findings, in which the selection criterion was the minimum of the p‐values for the additive and genotypic genetic effect models. In contrast, existing likelihood‐based bias‐reduced estimators account for the selection criterion applied to an SNP as if it were the only one tested, and so are more simple computationally, but do not address ranking across SNPs. Our simulation studies show that the bootstrap bias‐reduced estimates are usually closer to the true genetic effect than the likelihood estimates and are less variable with a narrower confidence interval. Replication study sample size requirements computed from the bootstrap bias‐reduced estimates are adequate 75–90 per cent of the time compared to 53‐60 per cent of the time for the likelihood method. The bootstrap methods are implemented in a user‐friendly package able to provide point and interval estimation for both binary and quantitative phenotypes in large‐scale GWAS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative methods for testing treatment effects on the basis of multiple outcomes: Simulation and case study
Authors: Yoon Frank B. , Fitzmaurice Garrett M. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Horton Nicholas J. , Laird Nan M. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T.
Published: May 2011

In clinical trials multiple outcomes are often used to assess treatment interventions. This paper presents an evaluation of likelihood‐based methods for jointly testing treatment effects in clinical trials with multiple continuous outcomes. Specifically, we compare the power of joint tests of treatment effects obtained from joint models for the multiple outcomes with univariate tests based on modeling the outcomes separately. We also consider the power and bias of tests when data are missing, a common feature of many trials, especially in psychiatry. Our results suggest that joint tests capitalize on the correlation of multiple outcomes and are more powerful than standard univariate methods, especially when outcomes are missing completely at random. When outcomes are missing at random, test procedures based on correctly specified joint models are unbiased, while standard univariate procedures are not. Results of a simulation study are reported, and the methods are illustrated in an example from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness for schizophrenia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation of Post‐work Ruminative Thinking with Eating Behaviour
Authors: Cropley Mark , Michalianou Georgia , Pravettoni Gabriella , Millward Lynne J.
Published: May 2011

Inability to unwind about work during leisure time has been associated with a number of negative health outcomes. This study was concerned with a possible behavioural pathway between unwinding and disease and examined the relationship between work‐related rumination and food choice. Work‐related rumination is arguably a core to understanding the ‘unwinding process’, and food choice is a well‐established indicator of nutritional health. Two hundred and sixty‐eight full‐time workers from a range of white‐collar occupations completed a self‐report measure of ruminative thinking about work and an eating behaviour questionnaire. Three types of ruminative thinking were identified by factor analysis and labelled affective rumination, problem‐solving pondering and detachment. In terms of food choice, high‐relative to low‐affective ruminators reported eating more unhealthy foods, and low detachers reported eating less cooked meals and more processed foods compared to high detachers. Problem‐solving pondering was not associated with food choice, and none of the factors were associated with healthy food choice. It was concluded that failure to unwind from work is not necessarily related to unhealthy food choices. What appears to be the crucial factor is the type of perseverative thinking that people engage in post‐work. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Outcome for Mycotic Aortic and Iliac Anuerysm
Authors: Yu Sheng‐Yueh , Hsieh Hung‐Chang , Ko Po‐Jen , Huang Yao‐Kuang , Chu Jaw‐Ji , Lee Chun‐Hui
Published: May 2011

Background

The present study was designed to review surgical outcomes for mycotic aneurysm of the aortic or iliac arteries at a single center.

Methods

The study was based on retrospective chart review of patients undergoing operation for mycotic aneurysm.

Results

From January 1998 to December 2007, 56 patients received surgical treatment for mycotic aneurysm of the aortic or iliac arteries. Aneurysm sites included the aortic arch (n = 5), proximal thoracic aorta (n = 4), distal thoracic aorta (n = 5), paravisceral aorta (n = 5), juxtarenal aorta (n = 4), infrarenal aorta (n = 30), and iliac arteries (n = 3). Salmonella was the leading pathogen (n = 34). Nineteen patients with suprarenal lesions underwent in situ prosthetic graft replacement (n = 17), extra‐anatomic bypass (n = 1), or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) (n = 1), and 37 patients with infrarenal lesions underwent the same procedures (n = 16, 20, and 1, respectively). Overall in‐hospital mortality was 23%. After discharge, four patients (7%) developed reinfection that led to fatal sepsis. Graft infection developed after three in situ prosthetic grafts (9%) and one extra‐anatomic bypass (5%). Patients with suprarenal aortic lesions had poorer in‐hospital (34%) and late (16%) mortality rates than those with infrarenal lesions (p = 0.025). Those with suprarenal lesions also had a lower cumulative survival rate (p = 0.016).

Conclusions

The location of mycotic aneurysm was the determinant of mortality. Mycotic aneurysm of the suprarenal aorta has poor prognosis and requires alternative surgical treatment.
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critical Care Setting: Debunking the Classic Myth
Authors: Kromah Fatuma , Tyroch Alan , McLean Susan , Hughes Harold , Flavin Nina , Lee Soyoung
Published: May 2011

Background

Classic teaching states that chronic adrenal insufficiency is associated with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, and eosinophilia. We hypothesize that these diagnostic markers do not predict relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in the critically ill or injured patient.

Methods

Chart review of surgical, trauma, and medical patients admitted over 7 years to a critical care unit was performed to evaluate cortisol levels drawn for suspicion of RAI, which was defined as a cortisol concentration <25 mcg/dl. Laboratory parameters were defined as hyponatremia <135 mmol/l, hyperkalemia >5.3 mmol/l, hypercalcemia >2.55 mmol/l (10.2 mg/dl), hypoglycemia <3.89 mmol/l (70 mg/dl), and eosinophilia >5%.

Results

A total of 212 patients had cortisol levels drawn. Fifty‐seven percent were male and their mean age was 59 years. Fifty‐three percent had RAI. Average cortisol level was 30.5 μg/dl. No significant differences were seen in mean potassium, sodium, calcium, or glucose levels between RAI and non‐RAI patients. Few patients had laboratory values consistent with RAI. In fact, many with RAI had opposite findings: 75% had hypernatremia, 90% had hypokalemia, 100% had hypocalcemia, and 97% had hyperglycemia. Eosinophilia was statistically significant (P = 0.026).

Conclusion

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoglycemia do not predominate in RAI and laboratory values are of minimal value in predicting patients with RAI.
Pre‐attentive processing in children with early and continuously‐treated PKU. Effects of concurrent Phe level and lifetime dietary control
Authors: de Sonneville Leo M. J. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , Licht Robert , Sergeant Joseph A. , van Spronsen Francjan J.
Published: May 2011

Sixty‐four children, aged 7 to 14 years, with early‐treated PKU, were compared with control children on visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes and latencies and auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes. It was further investigated whether indices of dietary control would be associated with these evoked potentials parameters. There were no significant differences between controls and children with PKU in VEP‐ and MMN‐indices. However, higher lifetime Phe levels were, in varying degree and stronger than concurrent Phe level, related to increased N75 amplitudes, suggesting abnormalities in attention, and longer P110 latencies, indicating a reduction in speed of neural processing, possibly due to deficits in myelination or reduced dopamine levels in brain and retina. Similarly, higher lifetime Phe levels and Index of Dietary Control (IDC) were associated with decreased MMN amplitudes, suggesting a reduced ability to respond to stimulus change and poorer triggering of the frontally mediated attention switch. In summary, the present study in children with PKU investigated bottom‐up information processing, i.e., triggered by external events, a fundamental prerequisite for the individual's responsiveness to the outside world. Results provide evidence that quality of dietary control may affect the optimal development of these pre‐attentive processes, and suggest the existence of windows of vulnerability to Phe exposure.
Mitochondrial DNA transcription regulation and nucleoid organization
Authors: Rebelo Adriana P. , Dillon Lloye M. , Moraes Carlos T.
Published: May 2011

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process depending on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription regulation to tightly coordinate mitochondrial levels and the cell's energy demand. The energy requirements for a cell to support its metabolic function can change in response to varying physiological conditions, such as, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, mitochondrial transcription regulation is constantly being modulated in order to establish efficient mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and proper cellular function. The aim of this article is to review the function of major protein factors that are directly involved in the process of mtDNA transcription regulation, as well as, the importance of mitochondrial nucleoid structure and its influence on mtDNA segregation and transcription regulation. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the molecular mode of action of transcription factors comprising the mitochondrial transcriptional machinery, as well as the action of nuclear receptors on regulatory regions of the mtDNA.
Interrupting the mechanisms of brain injury in a model of maple syrup urine disease encephalopathy
Authors: Zinnanti William J. , Lazovic Jelena
Published: May 2011

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was first recognized as an inherited lethal encephalopathy beginning in the first week of life and associated with an unusual odor in the urine of affected children. It was later confirmed as a deficiency of branched‐chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is the second step in branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) breakdown. MSUD is characterized by BCAA and branched‐chain keto acid (BCKA) accumulation. BCAAs are essential amino acids and powerful metabolic signals with severe consequences of both deprivation and accumulation. Treatment requires life‐long dietary restriction and monitoring of BCAAs. However, despite excellent compliance, children commonly suffer metabolic decompensation during intercurrent illness resulting in life‐threatening cerebral edema and dysmyelination. The mechanisms underlying brain injury have been poorly understood. Recent studies using newly developed mouse models of both classic and intermediate MSUD have yielded insight into the consequences of rapid BCAA accumulation. Additionally, these models have been used to test preliminary treatments aimed at competing with blood‐brain barrier transport of BCAA using norleucine. Assessment of biochemical changes with and without treatment suggests different roles for BCAA and BCKA in the mechanism of brain injury.
Den Flüssen mehr Raum geben – Umsetzungsrestriktionen in Recht und Praxis
Authors: Hartmann Thomas
Published: May 2011

In 1996, 2005, and most recently in 2010 the German Federal Water Act was revised. These revisions aimed at stronger instruments to give more space to the rivers. What is their impact in practice? This paper is going to answer this question with the help of a policy analysis along the flood protection concept of the Land Saxony-Anhalt. For the first time, this concept was prepared in 2003, with a planning horizon until 2010. In the analysis, two periods are regarded: before and after the Federal Flood Control Act 2005. It is shown in this article that the law has not responded to the restrictions for implementation in practice. The restrictions, namely, are in a realm where other stakeholders than water management—for example regional planning, local land use planning or landowners—play a key role in the implementation of aims of water management. In the process of spatial flood protection measures, the German legislator pursues a control paradigm: this means that there is a trend to strengthen the instruments of water management in each reform of the law. In fact, however, instruments are needed which would enable integrative planning processes in order to cope with conflicts in spatial flood protection, and in order to support a rethinking in water management—from a technocratic and controlling towards an integrating mode of governance. Integrative means an early and active enrolment of relevant stakeholders in planning processes.
Individual Decisions to Migrate During Civil Conflict
Authors: Bohra-Mishra Pratikshya , Massey Douglas S.
Published: May 2011

The existing literature on forced migration limits our understanding of how violence affects migration to competing destinations. This article adds to the literature on forced migration by studying how armed violence during a period of civil conflict in south-central Nepal influenced the likelihood of local, internal, and international migration. We find that violence has a nonlinear effect on migration, such that low to moderate levels of violence reduce the odds of movement, but when violence reaches high levels, the odds of movement increase. We also find that the effect of violence on mobility increases as the distance of the move increases. When we consider the influence of violence on microlevel decision-making, we find that the effects of individual and household-level determinants were mostly consistent with hypotheses derived from contemporary theories of voluntary migration and that no predictor of migration influenced the decision to migrate differently in the presence of violence.
Perioperative Pharmacology: A Focus on Vancomycin
Authors: Hicks Rodney W. , Hernandez Johnanna
Published: May 2011

Given the increase in various drug‐resistant organisms and in patients who are allergic to penicillin, perioperative nurses are likely to encounter patients who are receiving IV vancomycin, a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic. In general, vancomycin is not considered a first‐line agent because of its possible adverse effects (eg, hypotension, phlebitis, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity); therefore, it is reserved for treating serious or severe infections caused by organisms that are unresponsive to other antimicrobial agents. Vancomycin is administered intravenously over a minimum of 60 minutes to avoid infusion‐related reactions. Some considerations for nurses administering vancomycin include ensuring a patent IV line, planning for administration of the preoperative dose as much as two hours before the initial incision is made, and including information about the dose and timing of preoperative vancomycin administration in the surgical time out.
Anatomy of Writing for Publication for Nurses
Authors: Tinkham Michelle R.
Published: May 2011

Anatomy of Writing for Publication for Nurses Cynthia Saver 2011, Sigma Theta Tau International 342 pages, $34.95 softcover
Making probability judgments of future product failures: The role of mental unpacking
Authors: Biswas Dipayan , Keller L. Robin , Burman Bidisha
Published: May 2011

When consumers mentally unpack (i.e., imagine) the reasons for product failure, their probability judgments of future product failures are higher than when no mental unpacking is undertaken. However, increasing the level of mental unpacking does not lead to monotonically increasing effects on probability judgments but results in inverted U‐shaped relationships. Using a two‐factor structure, we propose that when consumers undertake mental unpacking, there will be two conflicting processes; while imagining causes for an event will lead to greater perceived probability, the greater difficulty in generating reasons for an event will lead to lower perceived probability.
A diet with 35 % of energy from protein leads to kidney damage in female Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Wakefield Andrew P. , House James D. , Ogborn Malcolm R. , Weiler Hope A. , Aukema Harold M.
Published: May 2011

High-protein (HP) diets for weight loss remain popular despite questions surrounding overall safety. In a recent study using the pig model, we showed that long-term intakes from whole proteins at 35 % energy (en %) cause moderate renal histological damage. To examine whether this observation may be species specific or more generalisable, the effect of this diet in rats was examined. Using plant and animal whole proteins, 70-d-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised to either a normal-protein (NP; 15 en %) or a HP (35 en %) diet for 4, 8, 12 and 17 months. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and urinary protein levels, and pathology was assessed by examination of glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Rats consuming the HP diet had 17 % higher kidney weights (P < 0·0001), three times higher proteinuria (P < 0·0001) and 27 % higher creatinine clearance (P = 0·0012) compared with those consuming the NP diet. Consistent with this, HP-fed rats had larger glomeruli (P < 0·0001) and more glomerulosclerosis (P = 0·0003) compared with NP-fed rats. The HP diet also resulted in altered levels of free monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0·0001). The histological changes are consistent with those observed in the pig model. In contrast to the pig model, the elevated proteinuria and creatinine clearance observed in the rat model are also usually observed with HP consumption in human subjects. These results indicate that the rat is a useful model for HP effects on the kidney and, along with previous results using the pig model, suggest that long-term intake of high levels of protein may be detrimental to renal health.
APPLICATION OF CONDOMS ON MALE CLIENTS BY FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN YEREVAN, ARMENIA: PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES
Authors: DARBINYAN NELLI , LANG DELIA L. , DICLEMENTE RALPH J. , JOSEPH JESSE B. , MARKOSYAN KARINE
Published: May 2011

This study sought to assess the prevalence of consistent condom application on male clients by female sex workers (FSWs) in Armenia and its association with demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors. In this cross-sectional study, 120 street-based FSWs aged 20–52 completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was consistent application of condoms by FSWs on their male clients. A total of 21.7% of participants reported consistently applying condoms on clients. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher condom use self-efficacy (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR=1.1; p=0.01), lower perceived condom use barriers (AOR=0.9; p=0.04) and not using douching as a method to prevent STI/HIV (AOR=4.8; p=0.04) significantly predicted consistent condom application. Higher HIV/AIDS knowledge was a marginally significant predictor of condom application (AOR=1.3; p=0.05). Future interventions should address these modifiable factors to encourage FSWs to apply condoms on clients themselves, which may reduce condom failure and exposure to HIV transmission.
WHAT ARE YOU READING?
Authors: Ziter Edward
Published: May 2011

I have fallen victim to a bait-and-switch scheme, one that I think is familiar to many academics. When first contemplating a life of the mind, I was essentially in search of an industry to fund my eclectic reading habits. The Academy welcomed me with the confident smile of a Ricky Roma. I was particularly enticed by the opportunity to talk (at length) about the books I had found while wandering in subbasements and forgotten annexes of research libraries, perusing used bookstores, or perhaps stopping at kiosks along the Seine during my lengthy summer vacations. That's not quite how it turned out. Instead, the only time I read a new book that isn't about talking steam engines or delinquent bunnies (and even then I often fall asleep before the final page) is because I have assigned it in a course. This is not what I expected, but it is satisfying nonetheless. Last fall I finished a number of good books just before teaching my classes.
A Poet's Struggle for a New Adriaticism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Reill Dominique Kirchner
Published: May 2011

These stanzas are from an 1842 poem titled “Origin of the Bora,” which recounted the mythical genesis of the strong northeasterly winds that since time immemorial have plagued Adriatic sailors. In the poem, the Bora was no mere weather pattern, but instead the reincarnation of the Slavic nation searching for its slain heroes, the Uskoci pirates made famous in the writings of the seventeenth-century Venetian philosopher Paolo Sarpi and twenty-first-century historian Wendy Bracewell. In typical nineteenth-century Romantic style, the “Origin of the Bora” revealed how the winds (the soul of the sisters of the Uskoci, the Dalmatian womenfolk) blew upon the waters frantically searching for the corpses of their menfolk whom the Venetians and Germans had slain. These winds were relentless—they would never stop their frenzied quest—until the Uskoci heroes were returned home and their spirits were once again able to wield their swords along the “Illyrian contradas.” In the meantime, the poem warned, “Woe to any German or Venetian boat that advances … Their sails will fall in a heartbeat,/ And with the opposition of the wind they will be done for.”
Center and Periphery at the Austrian-Russian Border: The Galician Border Town of Brody in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kuzmany Börries
Published: May 2011

Center and periphery are popular concepts to describe geographical, political, or economic power relations. Both are mostly perceived as strict and mutually exclusive categories. This article examines a Galician border town whose history illustrates the complexities of conceptualizing center and periphery relations. At first glance, nineteenth-century Brody (in today's Ukraine) would seem to qualify as a peripheral town located on the Galician border between the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. An analysis of this city under Habsburg rule (1772–1918), however, shows us that during that period it constituted both an important centeranda declining periphery, not only consecutively, but also simultaneously. Its situation on the country's physical and political periphery did not harm Brody's central role in Europe's East-West trade until the first twenty years of the nineteenth century. Only in later decades did the city lose its place within a modernizing commercial system, and eventually it declined in importance. If we leave aside the economic aspect and take a closer look at Brody's mostly Jewish inhabitants, we see that for centuries this city functioned as an important center for Eastern and Central European Jewry. Even though the town's centrality for Jewish history also changed over time, Brody nevertheless kept its place on Jewish mental maps, whether as a center of religious learning, as a pioneering site of political emancipation, or as a safe haven for Jewish refugees.
Peasants in Vienna: Ethnographic Display and the 1873 World's Fair
Authors: Rampley Matthew
Published: May 2011

At midday on Thursday, 1 May 1873, the Emperor Francis Joseph I officially opened the Fifth World's Fair in Vienna. Timed to coincide with the emperor's twenty-fifth anniversary, the fair aimed to confirm the status of Austria-Hungary as a major European power and as an advanced industrial and economic state. As the opening address of Archduke Karl Ludwig to the emperor asserted, the fair served to “direct the gaze of the world toward Austria and ensure the recognition of the participation of our fatherland in the promotion of the wellbeing of mankind through work and instruction.” Its significance was signalled by the presence at the opening ceremony of, among others, Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, Edward Prince of Wales, and the Crown Prince of Denmark, with their spouses.
Political and Humanitarian Messages in a Horse's Tale: MGM's Florian
Authors: Vansant Jacqueline
Published: May 2011

Before the United States entered World War II, major Hollywood studios had been slow to produce films critical of the Nazi regime. In addition to fearing that such films would alienate the lucrative European market and run counter to the United States’ policy of neutrality, film industry executives were mindful, too, that anti-Nazi films could well worsen the situation of Jews in Germany and German-occupied territories. Attuned to anti-immigrant feelings in the United States, they also appeared reticent to depict the lot of refugees from Hitler. If the studios’ prime objective was to make the most profit while entertaining audiences, those running the studios might have viewed taking a stand on controversial issues as counterproductive. MGM's full-length film, Florian (1940), however, proved something of an exception. In this case, a light-entertainment film doubled as a palimpsest for commentary on some of the most critical events of the day.
Introduction: Robert A. Kann on “Speculative History”
Authors: Winters Stanley B.
Published: May 2011

Forty-five years ago, in May 1966, Professor Robert A. Kann delivered a paper titled “Should the Habsburg Empire Have Been Saved? An Exercise in Speculative History.” The venue was the spring banquet of the Phi Alpha Theta History Society, held at the State University College of New York in Cortland. The theme was provocative and on a subject of much discussion about the fate of the empire and its implications for Europe. Kann never expanded it for publication.
Trial to End Ambulance Diversion in Boston: Report from the Conference of the Boston Teaching Hospitals Consortium
Authors: Friedman Franklin D. , Rathlev Niels K. , White Laura , Epstein Stephen K. , Sayah Assaad , Pearlmutter Mark , Biddinger Paul , Zane Richard , Moyer Peter
Published: May 2011

Introduction: Annual ambulance diversion hours in Boston increased more than six-fold from 1997 to 2006. Although interventions and best practices were implemented, there was no reduction in the number of diversion hours.

Objectives: A consortium of Boston teaching hospitals instituted a two-week moratorium on citywide diversion from 02 October 2006 to 15 October 2006. The hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference in measures of hospital and emergency medical services (EMS) efficiency compared with the two weeks immediately prior.

Methods: A total of nine hospitals and the municipal emergency medical services in Boston submitted data for analysis. The following mean daily hospital measures were studied: (1) emergency department volume; (2) number of emergency department admissions; (3) length of stay (LOS) for all patients; and (4) number of elopements. Mean EMS at-hospital time by destination and the percent of all Boston EMS transports to each hospital destination were calculated. The median differences (MD) were calculated as “before” minus “during” the study period and were compared with paired, Wilcoxon, non-parametric tests. Additional mean EMS measures for all destinations included: (1) to hospital time; (2) number of responses with transport initiated per day; (3) incident entry to arrival; and (4) at-hospital time.

Results: The LOS for admitted patients (MD = 0.30 hours; IQR 0.10,1.30; p = 0.03) and number of daily admissions (MD = -1.50 patients; IQR -1.50, -0.10; p = 0.04) were significantly different statistically. The results for LOS for all patients, LOS for discharged patients, ED volume, EMS time at hospital by destination, number of elopements, and percent of Boston EMS transports to each hospital revealed no statistically significant differences. The difference between the study and control periods for mean EMS to hospital time, at-hospital time, and incident entry to arrival was a maximum of 0.6 minutes. The vast majority of EMS respondents to an online survey believed that the “no diversion” policy should be made routine practice.

Conclusions: The LOS for admitted patients decreased by 18 minutes, and the number of admissions increased by 1.5 patients per day during the study period. The “no diversion” policy resulted in minimal changes in EMS efficiency and operations. Diversion was temporarily eliminated in a major city without significant detrimental changes in ED, hospital, or EMS efficiency.
MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS, INCLUDING DRUG RESISTANCE AND HIV: A CASE STUDY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA’S WESTERN PROVINCE
Authors: THOMAS EMMA G. , BARRINGTON HANNAH E. , LOKUGE KAMALINI M. , MERCER GEOFFRY N.
Published: May 2011

High tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a serious public health concern. The epidemic in this region is exacerbated by the presence of drug-resistant TB strains as well as HIV infection. This presents a public health threat not only locally but also to Australia due to the high potential for cross-border transmission between PNG’s Western Province and the Australian Torres Strait Islands. We present two mathematical models of TB in the Western Province: a simple model of the underlying TB dynamics, and a detailed model which accounts for the additional effects of HIV and drug resistance. The detailed model is used to make quantitative predictions about the impact of expanding the TB case detection rate under the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course treatment regimen. This paper provides a framework for future investigation into the economic costs and public health benefits of potential TB interventions in this region, with the eventual aim of providing recommendations to guide policy makers in both PNG and Australia.
The Stokes Structure of a good meromorphic flat bundle
Authors: Mochizuki Takuro
Published: May 2011

We give a survey on the Stokes structure of a good meromorphic flat bundle. We also show that a meromorphic flat bundle has the good formal structure if and only if it has a good lattice.
Are Some Rabbits More Competent and Warm Than Others?
Authors: Dubois Nicole , Beauvois Jean-Léon
Published: May 2011

Two theories are compared with respect to their ability to explain the emergence of two dimensions in psychological descriptions of human beings. For psychological realism, the two dimensions are assumed to be two realities existing in a descriptive (quasiscientific) psychology. Psychological descriptions are considered to be real descriptions of people’s personality; for the evaluative approach, the two dimensions are seen as two aspects of people’s social value. The psychological descriptions are considered direct expressions of a person’s social value. The results of three studies in which students were asked to give psychological descriptions of pet rabbits supported the evaluative approach. They showed (1) that a human psychological reality is not a prerequisite for the emergence of either dimension, and (2) that information about the social value of rabbits (social desirability and social utility) is enough to make the two dimensions appear.
Impact of Voice Pitch on Text Memory
Authors: Helfrich Hede , Weidenbecher Philipp
Published: May 2011

Previous research on communication has demonstrated that the quality of a speaker’s voice affects the attitude of the audience toward the speaker. The present study aimed to find out whether the pitch of a speaker’s voice affects the listener’s memory for the contents of the texts read. Stimulus materials consisted of three different texts spoken by different male speakers in different average pitches (measured as F0 in Hz). The original speech samples were digitally manipulated to produce predefined pitches. Both original and manipulated texts were then presented to participants as learning material. The results indicate a linear correlation between pitch and speaker rating in so far as low-pitched voices were rated more positively than high-pitched voices. Concerning the retention of content, it was shown that, in long-term memory, both high- and low-pitched voices led to better results than medium-pitched voices. This result was independent of whether the speech samples represented natural or manipulated voices.
Evaluation und Qualitätsoptimierung der sportpsychologischen Betreuungsarbeit im deutschen Spitzensport
Authors: Kellmann Michael , Gröpel Peter , Beckmann Jürgen
Published: May 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die Evaluation der Wirksamkeit von Interventionen zur Leistungsverbesserung ist eine der größten Herausforderungen der angewandten Sportpsychologie. Verschiedene Modellvorstellungen mit unterschiedlichen Evaluationsschwerpunkten existieren in anderen Bereichen der angewandten Psychologie. Dieser Beitrag stellt aktuelle Konzepte zur Ausbildungs-, Prozess- und Ergebnisevaluation in der Sportpsychologie sowie auch in anderen Fachdisziplinen (Klinische Psychologie) vor. Abschließend werden diese Erkenntnisse zusammengefasst und ein Ansatz zur Evaluation und Qualitätsoptimierung der sportpsychologischen Betreuungsarbeit in Deutschland vorgestellt.
Rorschach Indicators of PTSD
Authors: Arnon Zahi , Maoz Gadi , Gazit Tali , Klein Ehud
Published: May 2011

The complexity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) makes it difficult to assess and diagnose the syndrome. Most diagnostic tools are based on self-report questionnaires and are thus susceptible to both conscious and unconscious biases. Projective techniques, including the Rorschach inkblot test, might overcome these shortcomings. This retrospective study analyzed 187 Rorschach protocols, 4 or more years after the diagnosis (PTSD vs. non-PTSD) had been determined. The protocols were coded into the computer version of Exner’s Comprehensive System (RIAP5) (Exner, 2005) and then analyzed statistically, using linear regression. A 13-item model was found to significantly predict 36.6% of PTSD patients.
Eating Disorders – A Current Concern
Authors: Guinzbourg Mónica
Published: May 2011

Epidemiological data shows that Eating Disorders (ED) have been increasing over the past decades and have become one of the most common categories seen in outpatient settings. The EDNOS category – Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified – was included in DSM-IV, joining the traditional Anorexia and Bulimia categories. However, some controversy still exists about whether this inclusion is justified. For this reason we decided to examine the differences between ED groups and a population sample, and to compare the three subgroups using data from the Rorschach Comprehensive System. We compared 106 patients suffering from Eating Disorders with a population of 60 nonpatient subjects from a similar demographic subjects background. The ED group consists of 25 Anorexia, 27 Bulimia, and 54 EDNOS cases. We found that the three groups differ significantly from the nonpatient sample, and while they share some features, Anorexia differs from Bulimia and EDNOS. This last group presents differences in regard to introspective capacities. These differences may have an impact on therapy planning.
Bacterial lipoprotein‐induced tolerance is reversed by overexpression of IRAK‐1
Authors: Li Chong Hui , Liu Jinghua , An Mingbang , Redmond H Paul , Wang Jiang Huai
Published: May 2011

Tolerance to bacterial cell wall components including bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) represents an essential regulatory mechanism during bacterial infection. Reduced Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) and IL‐1 receptor‐associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1) expression is a characteristic of the downregulated TLR signaling pathway observed in BLP‐tolerised cells. In this study, we attempted to clarify whether TLR2 and/or IRAK‐1 are the key molecules responsible for BLP‐induced tolerance. Transfection of HEK293 cells and THP‐1 cells with the plasmid encoding TLR2 affected neither BLP tolerisation‐induced NF‐κB deactivation nor BLP tolerisation‐attenuated pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) production, indicating that BLP tolerance develops despite overexpression of TLR2 in these cells. In contrast, overexpression of IRAK‐1 reversed BLP‐induced tolerance, as transfection of IRAK‐1 expressing vector resulted in a dose‐dependent NF‐κB activation and TNF‐α release in BLP‐tolerised cells. Furthermore, BLP‐tolerised cells exhibited markedly repressed NF‐κB p65 phosphorylation and impaired binding of p65 to several pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene promoters including TNF‐α and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Overexpression of IRAK‐1 restored the nuclear transactivation of p65 at both TNF‐α and IL‐6 promoters. These results indicate a crucial role for IRAK‐1 in BLP‐induced tolerance, and suggest IRAK‐1 as a potential target for manipulation of the TLR‐mediated inflammatory response during microbial sepsis.
Laser-based surface acoustic wave dispersion spectroscopy for extraction of thicknesses, depth, and elastic parameters of a subsurface layer: Feasibility study on intermetallic layer structure in integrated circuit solder joint
Authors: Salenbien R. , Côte R. , Goossens J. , Limaye P. , Labie R. , Glorieux C.
Published: May 2011

Laser beam deflection in combination with optical heterodyne diffraction is used to detect surface acoustic waves that are generated by impulsive laser light on a Sn–CuxSny–Cu–Si multilayer structure with layer thicknesses of the order of 1 μm. The acoustic phase velocity dispersion curves of the lowest two-surface acoustic wave modes are determined by spectral analysis of the experimental signals. The sensitivity of the dispersive behavior to the thickness and elastic properties of the individual layers is analyzed on the basis of the experimental data and of simulated data with noise added. The elastic parameters of the CuxSny intermetallic alloy are determined. Statistical least squares and most squares uncertainties on all best fitting material parameters are determined, giving a quantitative measure of the feasibility of parameter extraction by this method. The feasibility of solving the inverse problem of elastic depth profiling of a multilayer by the proposed wideband and multimode SAW dispersion spectroscopy method is confirmed.
Electron heat transport from stochastic fields in gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Wang E. , Nevins W. M. , Candy J. , Hatch D. , Terry P. , Guttenfelder W.
Published: May 2011

GYRO is used to examine the perturbed magnetic field structure generated by electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations of the CYCLONE base case as βe is varied from 0.1% to 0.7%, as investigated by J. Candy [Phys. Plasmas 12, 072307 (2005)]. Poincare surface of section plots obtained from integrating the self-consistent magnetic field demonstrates widespread stochasticity for all nonzero values of βe. Despite widespread stochasticity of the perturbed magnetic fields, no significant increase in electron transport is observed. The magnetic diffusion, dm [A. B. Rechester and M. N. Rosenbluth, Phys. Rev. Lett 40, 38 (1978)], is used to quantify the degree of stochasticity and related to the electron heat transport for hundreds of time slices in each simulation.
Tunable contact angle hysteresis by micropatterning surfaces
Authors: Debuisson Damien , Senez Vincent , Arscott Steve
Published: May 2011

Lithography is used to form circular micropatterns which govern the evaporation of a water droplet. The surfaces are composed of concentric circular defects having a smooth indentation profile. When a droplet encounters a micropattern, evaporation occurs with distinct discontinuities in the droplet wetting contact angle and base radius. The addition of gaps into the patterns enables modification of the contact angle hysteresis; the receding angle of fluorocarbon coated SU-8 can be tuned between 34.6° and 89.1° and that of SU-8 from 5.6° to 43.3° depending on the gap length. A model is developed which accurately predicts the observed behavior.
PbSe quantum well mid-infrared vertical external cavity surface emitting laser on Si-substrates
Authors: Fill M. , Khiar A. , Rahim M. , Felder F. , Zogg H.
Published: May 2011

Mid-infrared vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers based on PbSe/PbSrSe multi-quantum-well structures on Si-substrates are realized. A modular design allows growing the active region and the bottom Bragg mirror on two different Si-substrates, thus facilitating comparison between different structures. Lasing is observed from 3.3 to 5.1 μm wavelength and up to 52 °C heat sink temperature with 1.55 μm optical pumping. Simulations show that threshold powers are limited by Shockley-Read recombination with lifetimes as short as 0.1 ns. At higher temperatures, an additional threshold power increase occurs probably due to limited carrier diffusion length and carrier leakage, caused by an unfavorable band alignment.
Neutron Bragg-edge-imaging for strain mapping under in situ tensile loading
Authors: Woracek R. , Penumadu D. , Kardjilov N. , Hilger A. , Strobl M. , Wimpory R. C. , Manke I. , Banhart J.
Published: May 2011

Wavelength selective neutron radiography at a cold neutron reactor source was used to measure strain and determine (residual) stresses in a steel sample under plane stress conditions. We present a new technique that uses an energy-resolved neutron imaging system based on a double crystal monochromator and is equipped with a specially developed (in situ) biaxial load frame to perform Bragg edge based transmission imaging. The neutron imaging technique provides a viewing area of 7 cm by 7 cm with a spatial resolution on the order of ∼ 100 μm. The stress-induced shifts of the Bragg edge corresponding to the (110) lattice plane were resolved spatially for a ferritic steel alloy A36 (ASTM international) sample. Furthermore it is demonstrated that results agree with comparative data obtained using neutron diffraction and resistance based strain-gauge rosettes.