bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anemia – the Neglected Problem in Patients with Orthopedic Conditions
Authors: Tomaszewski Wiesław
Published: March 2018

Anemia and the necessity of blood product transfusion in perioperative procedures is an important and frequently discussed clinical issue. Presently, a constantly growing interest in this problem is observed among clinicians who search the ways to reduce the number of blood or blood product transfusions in patients after surgical procedures, both during the preoperative period and during and after the surgery. Generally, the decision whether to start transfusion or not should follow the analysis of pros and cons, considering the beneficial effect of transfusion and the risk of undesirable effects. The most effective approach in prophylaxis and treatment of anemia among patients on the orthopedic service should combine surgical anesthetic and pharmacological procedures during the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative periods. The aim of the paper is presenting the latest knowledge of the practical determinants concerning anemia pharmacological treatment, especially considering the principles, value and therapeutic effectiveness of iron supplementation, both at orthopedic injury clinics and outpatient clinics.
Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer Cytology Specimens: A Concise Review
Authors: Jain Deepali , Roy-Chowdhuri Sinchita
Published: March 2018

Context.—

There has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer. A number of oncogenic drivers have been identified in non–small cell lung carcinoma, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement. Because of the clinical presentation at an advanced stage of disease in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients, the use of minimally invasive techniques is preferred to obtain a tumor sample for diagnosis. These techniques include image-guided biopsies and fine-needle aspirations, and frequently the cytology specimen may be the only tissue sample available for the diagnosis and molecular testing for these patients.

Objective.—

To review the current literature and evaluate the role of cytology specimens in lung cancer mutation testing. We reviewed the types of specimens received in the laboratory, specimen processing, the effect of preanalytic factors on downstream molecular studies, and the commonly used molecular techniques for biomarker testing in lung cancer.

Data Sources.—

PubMed and Google search engines were used to review the published literature on the topic.

Conclusions.—

Mutation testing is feasible on a variety of cytologic specimen types and preparations. However, a thorough understanding of the cytology workflow for the processing of samples and appropriate background knowledge of the molecular tests are necessary for triaging, and optimum use of these specimens is necessary to guide patient management.
The Better to See You With: Peering into the Story of Little Red Riding Hood, 1695–1939
Authors: Reynolds Angela J.
Published: March 2018

I received the 2017 Bechtel Fellowship and spent a month in Gainesville, Florida, from mid-April through mid-May, trekking each day to the University of Florida. There I pored over hundreds of volumes containing the story of Little Red Riding Hood and spent my weekends compiling data or visiting wildlife parks in search of alligators (which were in abundance).The story of Little Red Riding Hood has fascinated me since childhood, and now I am even more intrigued. Intense study of this story has led me to many fine explorations into the tale and has helped me understand the history of children’s book publishing. The Bechtel Fellowship gave me the opportunity to learn a great deal about a specific story, and sharing this knowledge enables me to spread my love of story and children’s books with others. Below is my report from my month of study.
Mother Goose in the NICU: Support for the Neediest Infants and Their Families
Authors: Diamant-Cohen Betsy , Sonnenschein Susan , Sacks Dawn , Rosswog Summer , Hussey-Gardner Brenda
Published: March 2018

Of the 76,510 babies born during an average week in the United States, 7,361—or about 10 percent—are born prematurely.1 Preterm babies, born before the thirty-seventh week of gestation, can be born with underdeveloped organ systems and other health problems that impact their ability to survive on their own outside of the womb.
Ready to Read at New York Libraries: Comprehensive Professional Development in Early Literacy Services and Outreach
Authors: Balsen Karen , Latreille Amanda R.
Published: March 2018

In 2012, early literacy became a top priority for the New York State Library and the agency’s work with the state’s regional public library systems and libraries. While many public libraries had long provided storytimes for preschool-aged youth, the State Library determined there was a need and an opportunity for libraries to play a larger, more impactful role in building early learning skills by reaching parents and caregivers in addition to young children.
Every Child Ready to Read: Taking Early Literacy Messages to WIC Centers
Authors: Conner Marisa
Published: March 2018

As part of a system-wide family engagement outreach effort to promote early literacy in low-income communities, Baltimore County (MD) Public Library staff visit all WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) centers in Baltimore County monthly. At these visits, librarians engage with families who are in the waiting areas before their WIC appointments. Each family is given a bag containing early literacy resources, including books, library card applications and fliers, information on early literacy programs and services, tip sheets for promoting the Every Child Ready to Read 2 practices, and Technology Tips for children ages birth to five.
Another Fish Story . . .
Authors: Peterson Amy
Published: March 2018

For years, my husband promised our daughter, Brooke, she could have a chameleon for her tenth birthday. And even though she cannot remember to hang her backpack on a hook every day, she never forgot the chameleon promise.As her birthday approached, we made plans to purchase the chameleon (which she later got and named Barry). However, this meant I needed to find a new home for the pet goldfish that had been her pride and joy only a few years earlier.
Tiltrædelsesforelæsning som docent
Authors: Andersen Randi
Published: March 2018

En personlig beretning om 10 års erfaringer med forskning og udvikling inden for professionshøjskolens rammer.
Professionel ledelse af professionshøjskoler – fortalt og fortolket af to rektorer
Authors: Bøje Jakob Ditlev
Published: March 2018

”Professional leadership” were some of the keywords when the legislation for University Colleges in Denmark was passed in 2007. In contrast to the previous institutions (seminarium and CVU), the University Colleges should be led by so-called professional leaders. But who were these leaders? Where did they come from? What sense did they make of the University Colleges and themselves as professional leaders? And what has since happened? Based on narratives told by two prominent headmasters in 2007, these questions are discussed in this article. The conclusion is that the generic leader has taken over power from the specialist leader.
Styring, professionel dømmekraft og faldgruber for fagprofessionel værdiskabelse
Authors: Møller Marie Østergaard
Published: March 2018

In the literature on public management, the dominant perspective of professional practice is a concern for lack of political accountability and a risk of self-interested behavior in the interaction with citizens. For many years, performance management has been seen as a solution to this concern. Within the field of professional practice, the dominant perspective is a concern that performance management hijacks the autonomy of professionals and contributes to the proletarization of the professions. Evidence for both perspectives is mixed and there is a lack of knowledge about how professionals handle these claimed conflicts and whether performance management can be seen as a solution to this. The article discusses a particular relationship between management and practice: the professional judgment and concludes that there are two pitfalls to support the quality of professional practice: external goal management of professional practice and the absence of a reflection culture in professional practice. The article is a contribution to the 10th anniversary of the university colleges and can be read as an analysis of the managerial and professional context students will encounter as graduated professionals.
Betydningen af professionernes værdiskabelse for forskning og udvikling
Authors: Lindeberg Tobias Høygaard
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this article is to strengthen the impact of research and development at university colleges by offering models for professional value creation. The legal framework of the university colleges strongly emphasized that research and development must contribute to the value creation of the professionals. Three distinct models are offered as a mean to qualify the research and development activities: A model of professional value creation as a system, a production factor model and evidence-based practice as a model for value creation.
Characteristics of Plantar Pressures and Related Pain Profiles in Elite Sprinters and Recreational Runners
Authors: Chow Tong-Hsien , Chen Yih-Shyuan , Wang Jia-Chang
Published: March 2018

Background:

Plantar pressure measurement is effective for assessing plantar loading and can be applied to evaluating foot performance. We sought to explore the characteristics of plantar pressures in elite sprinters and recreational runners during static standing and walking.

Methods:

Arch index (AI) values, regional plantar pressure distributions (PPDs), and footprint characteristics were examined in 80 elite sprinters and 90 recreational runners using an optical plantar pressure measurement system. Elite sprinters' pain profiles were examined to evaluate their most common pain areas.

Results:

In recreational runners, AI values in males were in the normal range and in females were high arch type. The AI values were significantly lower in elite sprinters than in recreational runners. In elite sprinters, particularly males, the static PPD of both feet was higher at the medial metatarsal bone and the lateral heel and lower at the medial and lateral longitudinal arches. Elite male sprinters' PPD of both feet was mainly transferred to the medial metatarsal bone and decreased at the lateral longitudinal arch and the medial heel during the midstance phase of walking. The lateral knee joint and biceps femoris were the most common sites of musculoskeletal pain in elite sprinters.

Conclusions:

Elite sprinters' AI values could be classified as high arches, and their PPD tended to parallel the features of runners and high-arched runners. These findings correspond to the profile of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)–related plantar pressure. The pain profiles seemed to resonate with the symptoms of high-arched runners and PFPS. A possible link between high-arched runners and PFPS warrants further study.
Percutaneous Kirschner Wire Repair of Failed Digital Arthrodesis Using Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
Authors: Unsdorfer Kyle M. L. , Abdelmagid Samir M.
Published: March 2018

A case of a repaired failed toe arthrodesis is presented. A novel and previously unreported approach using a percutaneously placed Kirschner wire coupled with a pulsed electromagnetic field achieved healing of a painful pseudoarthrosis at 54 days. With a percutaneous technique, open debridement of the failed arthrodesis site can be avoided.
A Two-Stage Foot Repair in a 55-Year-Old Man with Poliomyelitis
Authors: Pollack Daniel
Published: March 2018

A 55-year-old man with poliomyelitis presented with a plantarflexed foot and painful ulceration of the sub–first metatarsophalangeal joint present for many years. A two-stage procedure was performed to bring the foot to 90°, perpendicular to the leg, and resolve the ulceration. The first stage corrected only soft-tissue components. It involved using a hydrosurgery system to debride and prepare the ulcer, a unilobed rotational skin plasty to close the ulcer, and a tendo Achillis lengthening to decrease forefoot pressure. The second stage corrected the osseous deformity with a dorsiflexory wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal. The ulceration has remained closed since the procedures, with complete resolution of pain.
Optimum Screw Configuration for the Fixation of Sanders Type IIC Tongue-Type Fractures?
Authors: Bacaksız Tayfun , Kazimoglu Cemal , Reisoglu Ali , Turgut Ali , Kumtepe Erdem , Agus Haluk
Published: March 2018

Background:

The minimally invasive technique (percutaneous screw fixation) is one of the options for treating tongue-type IIC fractures successfully. The aim of this study was to assess the biomechanics of four different screw configurations used for the fixation of tongue-type IIC calcaneal fractures.

Methods:

Identical osteotomies, recapitulating a type IIC injury, were created in synthetic calcaneus specimens using a saw. The specimens were randomly assigned to one of the four fixation groups (n = 7 per group): two divergent screws, two parallel screws, two parallel screws plus one screw axially oriented toward the sustentaculum tali, and three parallel screws. A load test was performed on all of the groups, and the specimens were then tested using offset axial loading until 2, 4, and 5 mm of fracture displacement occurred.

Results:

Mean force values for the three–parallel screw construct at 2-, 4-, and 5-mm fracture displacements were found to be significantly higher compared with those for the other groups.

Conclusions:

The use of a three–parallel screw construct seems to provide more stability in the treatment of tongue-type IIC fractures.
Retronychia
Authors: Nakouri Ines , Litaiem Noureddine , Jones Mariem , Zeglaoui Faten
Published: March 2018

Retronychia is a newly described condition characterized by the embedding of the nail plate into the proximal nail fold. It mainly affects the great toe unilaterally as a result of mechanical factors. It is rarely reported, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Nail plate avulsion represents both a diagnostic and a therapeutic approach. We describe a 34-year-old woman with a medical history of congenital malalignment of the toenails, diagnosed as having retronychia, and emphasize the disease pathogenesis and surgical procedure.
Positional information specifies the site of organ regeneration and not tissue maintenance in planarians
Authors: Hill Eric M , Petersen Christian P
Published: March 2018

Most animals undergo homeostatic tissue maintenance, yet those capable of robust regeneration in adulthood use mechanisms significantly overlapping with homeostasis. Here we show in planarians that modulations to body-wide patterning systems shift the target site for eye regeneration while still enabling homeostasis of eyes outside this region. The uncoupling of homeostasis and regeneration, which can occur during normal positional rescaling after axis truncation, is not due to altered injury signaling or stem cell activity, nor specific to eye tissue. Rather, pre-existing tissues, which are misaligned with patterning factor expression domains, compete with properly located organs for incorporation of migratory progenitors. These observations suggest that patterning factors determine sites of organ regeneration but do not solely determine the location of tissue homeostasis. These properties provide candidate explanations for how regeneration integrates pre-existing tissues and how regenerative abilities could be lost in evolution or development without eliminating long-term tissue maintenance and repair.
Control of endothelial cell polarity and sprouting angiogenesis by non-centrosomal microtubules
Authors: Martin Maud , Veloso Alexandra , Wu Jingchao , Katrukha Eugene A , Akhmanova Anna
Published: March 2018

Microtubules control different aspects of cell polarization. In cells with a radial microtubule system, a pivotal role in setting up asymmetry is attributed to the relative positioning of the centrosome and the nucleus. Here, we show that centrosome loss had no effect on the ability of endothelial cells to polarize and move in 2D and 3D environments. In contrast, non-centrosomal microtubules stabilized by the microtubule minus-end-binding protein CAMSAP2 were required for directional migration on 2D substrates and for the establishment of polarized cell morphology in soft 3D matrices. CAMSAP2 was also important for persistent endothelial cell sprouting during in vivo zebrafish vessel development. In the absence of CAMSAP2, cell polarization in 3D could be partly rescued by centrosome depletion, indicating that in these conditions the centrosome inhibited cell polarity. We propose that CAMSAP2-protected non-centrosomal microtubules are needed for establishing cell asymmetry by enabling microtubule enrichment in a single-cell protrusion.
Fine-tuning of substrate preferences of the Src-family kinase Lck revealed through a high-throughput specificity screen
Authors: Shah Neel H , Löbel Mark , Weiss Arthur , Kuriyan John
Published: March 2018

The specificity of tyrosine kinases is attributed predominantly to localization effects dictated by non-catalytic domains. We developed a method to profile the specificities of tyrosine kinases by combining bacterial surface-display of peptide libraries with next-generation sequencing. Using this, we showed that the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70, which is critical for T cell signaling, discriminates substrates through an electrostatic selection mechanism encoded within its catalytic domain (Shah et al., 2016). Here, we expand this high-throughput platform to analyze the intrinsic specificity of any tyrosine kinase domain against thousands of peptides derived from human tyrosine phosphorylation sites. Using this approach, we find a difference in the electrostatic recognition of substrates between the closely related Src-family kinases Lck and c-Src. This divergence likely reflects the specialization of Lck to act in concert with ZAP-70 in T cell signaling. These results point to the importance of direct recognition at the kinase active site in fine-tuning specificity.
Is the vagus nerve our neural connectome?
Authors: Edgerton V Reggie , Gad Parag
Published: March 2018

What are the implications of the vagus nerve being able to mediate the time-dependent plasticity of an array of sensorimotor networks?
Evolutionary persistence inGunneraand the contribution of southern plant groups to the tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Bacon Christine D. , Velásquez-Puentes Francisco J. , Hinojosa Luis Felipe , Schwartz Thomas , Oxelman Bengt , Pfeil Bernard , Arroyo Mary T.K. , Wanntorp Livia , Antonelli Alexandre
Published: March 2018

Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of northern immigrants to the flora of the tropical Andes—the world’s richest and most diverse biodiversity hotspot. However, much less is known about the biogeographic history and diversification of Andean groups with southern origins, although it has been suggested that northern and southern groups have contributed roughly equally to the high Andean (i.e., páramo) flora. Here we infer the evolutionary history of the southern hemisphere plant genusGunnera, a lineage with a rich fossil history and an important ecological role as an early colonising species characteristic of wet, montane environments. Our results show striking contrasts in species diversification, where some species may have persisted for some 90 million years, and whereas others date to less than 2 Ma since origination. The outstanding longevity of the group is likely linked to a high degree of niche conservatism across its highly disjunct range, wherebyGunneratracks damp and boggy soils in cool habitats. Colonisation of the northern Andes is related to Quaternary climate change, with subsequent rapid diversification appearing to be driven by their ability to take advantage of environmental opportunities. This study demonstrates the composite origin of a mega-diverse biota.
pcr: an R package for quality assessment, analysis and testing of qPCR data
Authors: Ahmed Mahmoud , Kim Deok Ryong
Published: March 2018

Background

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a broadly used technique in the biomedical research. Currently, few different analysis models are used to determine the quality of data and to quantify the mRNA level across the experimental conditions.

Methods

We developed an R package to implement methods for quality assessment, analysis and testing qPCR data for statistical significance. Double Delta CT and standard curve models were implemented to quantify the relative expression of target genes from CT in standard qPCR control-group experiments. In addition, calculation of amplification efficiency and curves from serial dilution qPCR experiments are used to assess the quality of the data. Finally, two-group testing and linear models were used to test for significance of the difference in expression control groups and conditions of interest.

Results

Using two datasets from qPCR experiments, we applied different quality assessment, analysis and statistical testing in the pcr package and compared the results to the original published articles. The final relative expression values from the different models, as well as the intermediary outputs, were checked against the expected results in the original papers and were found to be accurate and reliable.

Conclusion

The pcr package provides an intuitive and unified interface for its main functions to allow biologist to perform all necessary steps of qPCR analysis and produce graphs in a uniform way.
Distribution and seasonal differences in Pacific Lamprey andLampetraspp eDNA across 18 Puget Sound watersheds
Authors: Ostberg Carl O. , Chase Dorothy M. , Hayes Michael C. , Duda Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2018

Lampreys have a worldwide distribution, are functionally important to ecological communities and serve significant roles in many cultures. In Pacific coast drainages of North America, lamprey populations have suffered large declines. However, lamprey population status and trends within many areas of this region are unknown and such information is needed for advancing conservation goals. We developed two quantitative PCR-based, aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) assays for detection of Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) andLampetraspp, using locked nucleic acids (LNAs) in the probe design. We used these assays to characterize the spatial distribution of lamprey in 18 watersheds of Puget Sound, Washington, by collecting water samples in spring and fall. Pacific Lamprey andLampetraspp were each detected in 14 watersheds and co-occurred in 10 watersheds. Lamprey eDNA detection rates were much higher in spring compared to fall. Specifically, the Pacific Lamprey eDNA detection rate was 3.5 times higher in spring and theLampetraspp eDNA detection rate was 1.5 times higher in spring even though larval lamprey are present in streams year-round. This significant finding highlights the importance of seasonality on eDNA detection. Higher stream discharge in the fall likely contributed to reduced eDNA detection rates, although seasonal life history events may have also contributed. These eDNA assays differentiate Pacific Lamprey andLampetraspp across much of their range along the west coast of North America. Sequence analysis indicates the Pacific Lamprey assay also targets otherEntosphenusspp and indicates theLampetraspp assay may have limited or no capability of detectingLampetrain some locations south of the Columbia River Basin. Nevertheless, these assays will serve as a valuable tool for resource managers and have direct application to lamprey conservation efforts, such as mapping species distributions, occupancy modeling, and monitoring translocations and reintroductions.
Identification of circularRNAs and their targets in Gossypium under Verticillium wilt stress based on RNA-seq
Authors: Xiang Liuxin , Cai Chaowei , Cheng Jieru , Wang Lu , Wu Chaofeng , Shi Yuzhen , Luo Jingzhi , He Lin , Deng Yushan , Zhang Xiao , Yuan Youlu , Cai Yingfan
Published: March 2018

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of recently discovered non-coding RNAs, play a role in biological and developmental processes. A recent study showed that circRNAs exist in plants and play a role in their environmental stress responses. However, cotton circRNAs and their role in Verticillium wilt response have not been identified up to now. In this study, two CSSLs (chromosome segment substitution lines) of G.barbadense introgressed into G. hirsutum, CSSL-1 and CSSL-4 (a resistant line and a susceptible line to Verticillium wilt, respectively), were inoculated with V. dahliae for RNA-seq library construction and circRNA analysis. A total of 686 novel circRNAs were identified. CSSL-1 and CSSL-4 had similar numbers of circRNAs and shared many circRNAs in common. However, CSSL-4 differentially expressed approximately twice as many circRNAs as CSSL-1, and the differential expression levels of the common circRNAs were generally higher in CSSL-1 than in CSSL-4. Moreover, two C-RRI comparisons, C-RRI-vs-C-RRM and C-RRI-vs-C-RSI, possessed a large proportion (approximately 50%) of the commonly and differentially expressed circRNAs. These results indicate that the differentially expressed circRNAs may play roles in the Verticillium wilt response in cotton. A total of 280 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified. A Gene Ontology analysis showed that most of the ‘stimulus response’ term source genes were NBS family genes, of which most were the source genes from the differentially expressed circRNAs, indicating that NBS genes may play a role in Verticillium wilt resistance and might be regulated by circRNAs in the disease-resistance process in cotton.
Association of HSP22 with mTOR in osteoblasts: regulation of TNF‐α‐stimulated IL‐6 synthesis
Authors: Sakai Go , Tokuda Haruhiko , Yamamoto Naohiro , Matsushima‐Nishiwaki Rie , Fujita Kazuhiko , Kawabata Tetsu , Kozawa Osamu , Otsuka Takanobu
Published: March 2018

Heat shock protein 22 (HSP22) is ubiquitously expressed in various types of cells including in osteoblasts. We previously reported that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α stimulates interleukin (IL)‐6 synthesis via p44/p42 MAPK in osteoblast‐like MC3T3‐E1 cells and that mTOR/p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) negatively regulates the IL‐6 synthesis. In this study, we investigated the involvement of HSP22 in TNF‐α‐stimulated‐IL‐6 synthesis and the underlying mechanism in MC3T3‐E1 cells. HSP22 knockdown reduces TNF‐α‐stimulated release of IL‐6. In addition, HSP22 knockdown strengthens TNF‐α‐induced phosphorylation of p70 S6K but suppresses that of p44/p42 MAPK. HSP22 coimmunoprecipitates with mTOR. HSP22 knockdown increases the basal levels of phosphorylated mTOR. These results strongly suggest that HSP22 interacts with mTOR and regulates TNF‐α‐induced IL‐6 synthesis in osteoblasts.
Exploring the Influence of Smallholders' Perceptions Regarding Water Availability on Crop Choice and Water Allocation Through Socio‐Hydrological Modeling
Authors: Kuil L. , Evans T. , McCord P. F. , Salinas J.L. , Blöschl G.
Published: March 2018

While it is known that farmers adopt different decision‐making behaviors to cope with stresses, it remains challenging to capture this diversity in formal model frameworks that are used to advance theory and inform policy. Guided by cognitive theory and the theory of bounded rationality, this research develops a novel, socio‐hydrological model framework that can explore how a farmer's perception of water availability impacts crop choice and water allocation. The model is informed by a rich empirical data set at the household level collected during 2013 in Kenya's Upper Ewaso Ng'iro basin that shows that the crop type cultivated is correlated with water availability. The model is able to simulate this pattern and shows that near‐optimal or “satisficing” crop patterns can emerge also when farmers were to make use of simple decision rules and have diverse perceptions on water availability. By focusing on farmer decision making it also captures the rebound effect, i.e., as additional water becomes available through the improvement of crop efficiencies it will be reallocated on the farm instead of flowing downstream, as a farmer will adjust his (her) water allocation and crop pattern to the new water conditions. This study is valuable as it is consistent with the theory of bounded rationality, and thus offers an alternative, descriptive model in addition to normative models. The framework can be used to understand the potential impact of climate change on the socio‐hydrological system, to simulate and test various assumptions regarding farmer behavior and to evaluate policy interventions.
Exploring the Dynamics of Transit Times and Subsurface Mixing in a Small Agricultural Catchment
Authors: Yang Jie , Heidbüchel Ingo , Musolff Andreas , Reinstorf Frido , Fleckenstein Jan H.
Published: March 2018

The analysis of transit/residence time distributions (TTDs and RTDs) provides important insights into the dynamics of stream‐water ages and subsurface mixing. These insights have significant implications for water quality. For a small agricultural catchment in central Germany, we use a 3D fully coupled surface‐subsurface hydrological model to simulate water flow and perform particle tracking to determine flow paths and transit times. The TTDs of discharge, RTDs of storage and fractional StorAge Selection (fSAS) functions are computed and analyzed on daily basis for a period of 10 years. Results show strong seasonal fluctuations of the median transit time of discharge and the median residence time, with the former being strongly related to the catchment wetness. Computed fSAS functions suggest systematic shifts of the discharge selection preference over four main periods: In the wet period, the youngest water in storage is preferentially selected, and this preference shifts gradually toward older ages of stored water when the catchment transitions into the drying, dry and wetting periods. These changes are driven by distinct shifts in the dominance of deeper flow paths and fast shallow flow paths. Changes in the shape of the fSAS functions can be captured by changes in the two parameters of the approximating Beta distributions, allowing the generation of continuous fSAS functions representing the general catchment behavior. These results improve our understanding of the seasonal dynamics of TTDs and fSAS functions for a complex real‐world catchment and are important for interpreting solute export to the stream in a spatially implicit manner.
Resolving Size Distribution of Black Carbon Internally Mixed With Snow: Impact on Snow Optical Properties and Albedo
Authors: He Cenlin , Liou Kuo‐Nan , Takano Yoshi
Published: March 2018

We develop a stochastic aerosol‐snow albedo model that explicitly resolves size distribution of aerosols internally mixed with various snow grains. We use the model to quantify black carbon (BC) size effects on snow albedo and optical properties for BC‐snow internal mixing. Results show that BC‐induced snow single‐scattering coalbedo enhancement and albedo reduction decrease by a factor of 2–3 with increasing BC effective radii from 0.05 to 0.25 μm, while polydisperse BC results in up to 40% smaller visible single‐scattering coalbedo enhancement and albedo reduction compared to monodisperse BC with equivalent effective radii. We further develop parameterizations for BC size effects for application to climate models. Compared with a realistic polydisperse assumption and observed shifts to larger BC sizes in snow, respectively, assuming monodisperse BC and typical atmospheric BC effective radii could lead to overestimates of ~24% and ~40% in BC‐snow albedo forcing averaged over different BC and snow conditions.
Cloud Condensate and Radiative Feedbacks at Midlatitudes in an Aquaplanet
Authors: Bodas‐Salcedo A.
Published: March 2018

Climate models show a robust negative feedback in the midlatitudes, coincident with an increase in cloud liquid in the mixed‐phase region of the control climate. This “mixed‐phase feedback” is normally attributed to a feedback caused by a phase change feedback (ice to liquid). Here we use an aquaplanet configuration to investigate this in more detail. We use high‐frequency instantaneous diagnostics and composite them in ascending and descending regimes. We find that a large fraction of the increase in cloud liquid water in the mixed‐phase region does not significantly contribute to the radiative feedback due to a masking effect of the ice cloud above. Using some simple arguments and approximate calculations, we estimate that about one third of the total shortwave negative radiative feedback is driven by a phase change feedback, whereas the rest of the feedback is driven by changes in ice and warm liquid clouds.
Bayesian Analysis of the Glacial‐Interglacial Methane Increase Constrained by Stable Isotopes and Earth System Modeling
Authors: Hopcroft Peter O. , Valdes Paul J. , Kaplan Jed O.
Published: March 2018

The observed rise in atmospheric methane (CH4) from 375 ppbv during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM: 21,000 years ago) to 680 ppbv during the late preindustrial era is not well understood. Atmospheric chemistry considerations implicate an increase in CH4 sources, but process‐based estimates fail to reproduce the required amplitude. CH4 stable isotopes provide complementary information that can help constrain the underlying causes of the increase. We combine Earth System model simulations of the late preindustrial and LGM CH4 cycles, including process‐based estimates of the isotopic discrimination of vegetation, in a box model of atmospheric CH4 and its isotopes. Using a Bayesian approach, we show how model‐based constraints and ice core observations may be combined in a consistent probabilistic framework. The resultant posterior distributions point to a strong reduction in wetland and other biogenic CH4 emissions during the LGM, with a modest increase in the geological source, or potentially natural or anthropogenic fires, accounting for the observed enrichment of δ13CH4.
Formation of Alkenes by Arene, Alkyne, and Diene Addition Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Yao Tuanli
Published: March 2018

Hydrogen Addition

Alkylation and Functionalization
Formation of Alkenes by Cyclization, Annulation, and Related Reactions
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Dubrovskiy Anton V. , Markina Nataliya A.
Published: March 2018

Three‐Membered Rings

Four‐Membered Rings

Five‐Membered Rings

Six‐Membered Rings

Seven‐Membered Rings

Various‐Membered Rings
Formation of Alkynes by Wittig and Related Approaches
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Halogenation of Phenols
Authors: Larock Richard C. , Zhang Li
Published: March 2018

This article has no abstract.
Whole genome sequencing of Caribbean Hispanic families with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Vardarajan Badri N. , Barral Sandra , Jaworski James , Beecham Gary W. , Blue Elizabeth , Tosto Giuseppe , Reyes‐Dumeyer Dolly , Medrano Martin , Lantigua Rafael , Naj Adam , Thornton Timothy , DeStefano Anita , Martin Eden , Wang Li‐San , Brown Lisa , Bush William , van Duijn Cornelia , Goate Allison , Farrer Lindsay , Haines Jonathan L. , Boerwinkle Eric , Schellenberg Gerard , Wijsman Ellen , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Mayeux Richard ,   The Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project
Published: March 2018

Objective

To identify rare causal variants underlying known loci that segregate with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in multiplex families.

Methods

We analyzed whole genome sequences (WGS) from 351 members of 67 Caribbean Hispanic (CH) families from Dominican Republic and New York multiply affected by LOAD. Members of 67 CH and additional 47 Caucasian families underwent WGS as a part of the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project (ADSP). All members of 67 CH families, an additional 48 CH families and an independent CH case‐control cohort were subsequently genotyped for validation. Patients met criteria for LOAD, and controls were determined to be dementia free. We investigated rare variants segregating within families and gene‐based associations with disease within LOAD GWAS loci.

Results

A variant in AKAP9, p.R434W, segregated significantly with LOAD in two large families (OR = 5.77, 95% CI: 1.07–30.9, P = 0.041). In addition, missense mutations in MYRF and ASRGL1 under previously reported linkage peaks at 7q14.3 and 11q12.3 segregated completely in one family and in follow‐up genotyping both were nominally significant (P < 0.05). We also identified rare variants in a number of genes associated with LOAD in prior genome wide association studies, including CR1 (P = 0.049), BIN1 (P = 0.0098) and SLC24A4 (P = 0.040).

Conclusions and Relevance

Rare variants in multiple genes influence the risk of LOAD disease in multiplex families. These results suggest that rare variants may underlie loci identified in genome wide association studies.
A learning control algorithm for periodic robot synchronization: Experimental results
Authors: Gnucci M. , Gospodarczyk M. , Carnevale D. , Tiberti M. , Tomei P. , Verrelli C. M.
Published: March 2018

A repetitive learning control algorithm, that achieves asymptotic joint position tracking for robotic manipulators characterized by uncertain dynamics and performing a repetitive task, can be theoretically and experimentally endowed with a recursive period identifier. Experimental results illustrate its application to a 2‐link robot master‐slave synchronization problem, in which the joint positions of the master, ie, “periodic” with uncertain and even time‐varying period, are only available at runtime.
High Cooling Rate, Regular and Plate Like Cells in Sn–Ni Solder Alloys
Authors: Xavier Marcella G. C. , Silva Bismarck L. , Garcia Amauri , Spinelli José E.
Published: March 2018

Broad ranges of cooling rates () 0.8–30.5 and 0.4–5.0 K s−1 are attained during directional solidification of eutectic Sn–0.2 wt% Ni and hypereutectic Sn–0.5 wt% Ni alloys, respectively. A reverse high cooling rate cell‐to‐dendrite transition occurs for the eutectic composition and a transition from high cooling rate cells to plate like cells for the hypereutectic alloy. High cooling rate β‐Sn cells are associated with cooling rates >5.5 and >2.7 K s−1 for eutectic and hypereutectic compositions, respectively. A processing diagram, relating the ‘–Ni content’ space with the microstructural morphology, is proposed. A combination of plate like cells and plate NiSn4 eutectic phase results in higher ductility.
Microstructure and Ablation Behavior of W Coating Prepared by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying for Zr/Cu Infiltrated C/C Composites
Authors: Zhou Zhe , Sun Zexu , Wu Huang , Ge Yicheng , Peng Ke , Ran Liping , Yi Maozhong
Published: March 2018

To improve the ablation resistance of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, W coating prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) for Zr/Cu infiltrated C/C composites are fabricated, the Zr/Cu infiltrated C/C composites are prepared by reactive melt infiltration (RMI). The microstructural features of the composites are examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ablation resistance of the W coated Zr/Cu infiltrated composites are tested in the oxyacetylene torch environment at heat flux of 4186 kW m−2 for 150 s. The results show that the diameter of ablation center and line ablation rate (LAR) of W coated composites are about 3.92 mm and 5.16 × 10−3 mm s−1. Compared to pure C/C and the Zr/Cu infiltrated composites, the diameters of ablation center of W coated composites are reduced by 18.00% and 15.52%, the LAR of W coated composites decreases by 74.52% and 23.55%. Overall, the W coated composites depict good ablation property due to the high melting point of W coating, which can be resistant to high‐temperature oxidation and ablation, the sublimation of WO3 carries away the heat.
Few‐Layer MoSe2 Nanosheets with Expanded (002) Planes Confined in Hollow Carbon Nanospheres for Ultrahigh‐Performance Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Hui , Guo Hong , Liu Beihong , Liang Mengfang , Lv Zhaolin , Adair Keegan R. , Sun Xueliang
Published: March 2018

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries, due to the abundant reserves and low price of Na sources. To date, the development of anode materials for SIBs is still confronted with many serious problems. In this work, encapsulation‐type structured MoSe2@hollow carbon nanosphere (HCNS) materials assembled with expanded (002) planes few‐layer MoSe2 nanosheets confined in HCNS are successfully synthesized through a facile strategy. Notably, the interlayer spacing of the (002) planes is expanded to 1.02 nm, which is larger than the intrinsic value of pristine MoSe2 (0.64 nm). Furthermore, the few‐layer nanosheets are space‐confined in the inner cavity of the HCNS, forming hybrid MoSe2@HCNS structures. When evaluated as anode materials for SIBs, it shows excellent rate capabilities, ultralong cycling life with exceptional Coulombic efficiency even at high current density, maintaining 501 and 471 mA h g−1 over 1000 cycles at 1 and 3 A g−1, respectively. Even when cycled at current densities as high as 10 A g−1, a capacity retention of 382 mA h g−1 can be achieved. The expanded (002) planes, 2D few‐layer nanosheets, and unique carbon shell structure are responsible for the ultralong cycling and high rate performance.
Self‐Assembly of Thiourea‐Crosslinked Graphene Oxide Framework Membranes toward Separation of Small Molecules
Authors: Yang Jingjing , Gong Dian , Li Guihua , Zeng Gaofeng , Wang Qiyan , Zhang Yelei , Liu Guojuan , Wu Ping , Vovk Evgeny , Peng Zheng , Zhou Xiaohong , Yang Yong , Liu Zhi , Sun Yuhan
Published: March 2018

The poor mechanical strength of graphene oxide (GO) membranes, caused by the weak interlamellar interactions, poses a critical challenge for any practical application. In addition, intrinsic but large‐sized 2D channels of stacked GO membranes lead to low selectivity for small molecules. To address the mechanical strength and 2D channel size control, thiourea covalent‐linked graphene oxide framework (TU‐GOF) membranes on porous ceramics are developed through a facile hydrothermal self‐assembly synthesis. With this strategy, thiourea‐bridged GO laminates periodically through the dehydration condensation reactions via NH2 and/or SH with OCOH as well as the nucleophilic addition reactions of NH2 to COC, leading to narrowed and structurally well‐defined 2D channels due to the small dimension of the covalent TU‐link and the deoxygenated processes. The resultant TU‐GOF/ceramic composite membranes feature excellent sieving capabilities for small species, leading to high hydrogen permselectivities and nearly complete rejections for methanol and small ions in gas, solvent, and saline water separations. Moreover, the covalent bonding formed at the GO/support and GO/GO interfaces endows the composite membrane with significantly enhanced stability.
Mediating Short‐Term Plasticity in an Artificial Memristive Synapse by the Orientation of Silica Mesopores
Authors: Li Bin , Liu Yaqing , Wan Changjin , Liu Zhiyuan , Wang Ming , Qi Dianpeng , Yu Jiancan , Cai Pingqiang , Xiao Meng , Zeng Yi , Chen Xiaodong
Published: March 2018

Memristive synapses based on resistive switching are promising electronic devices that emulate the synaptic plasticity in neural systems. Short‐term plasticity (STP), reflecting a temporal strengthening of the synaptic connection, allows artificial synapses to perform critical computational functions, such as fast response and information filtering. To mediate this fundamental property in memristive electronic devices, the regulation of the dynamic resistive change is necessary for an artificial synapse. Here, it is demonstrated that the orientation of mesopores in the dielectric silica layer can be used to modulate the STP of an artificial memristive synapse. The dielectric silica layer with vertical mesopores can facilitate the formation of a conductive pathway, which underlies a lower set voltage (≈1.0 V) compared to these with parallel mesopores (≈1.2 V) and dense amorphous silica (≈2.0 V). Also, the artificial memristive synapses with vertical mesopores exhibit the fastest current increase by successive voltage pulses. Finally, oriented silica mesopores are designed for varying the relaxation time of memory, and thus the successful mediation of STP is achieved. The implementation of mesoporous orientation provides a new perspective for engineering artificial synapses with multilevel learning and forgetting capability, which is essential for neuromorphic computing.
Nanoparticle Interactions Guided by Shape‐Dependent Hydrophobic Forces
Authors: Tan Shu Fen , Raj Sanoj , Bisht Geeta , Annadata Harshini V. , Nijhuis Christian A. , Král Petr , Mirsaidov Utkur
Published: March 2018

Self‐assembly of solvated nanoparticles (NPs) is governed by numerous competing interactions. However, relatively little is known about the time‐dependent mechanisms through which these interactions enable and guide the nanoparticle self‐assembly process. Here, using in situ transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with atomistic modeling, it is shown that the forces governing the self‐assembly of hydrophobic nanoparticles change with the nanoparticle shapes. By comparing how gold nanospheres, nanocubes, nanorods, and nanobipyramids assemble, it is shown that the strength of the hydrophobic interactions depends on the overlap of the hydrophobic regions of the interacting nanoparticle surfaces determined by the nanoparticle shapes. Specifically, this study reveals that, in contrast to spherical nanoparticles, where van der Waals forces play an important role, hydrophobic interactions can be more relevant for nanocubes with flat side faces, where an oriented attachment between the nanocubes is promoted by these interactions. The attachment of nanocubes is observed to proceed in two distinct pathways: nanocubes either: (i) prealign their faces before the attachment, or (ii) first connect through a misaligned (edge‐to‐edge) attachment, followed by a postattachment alignment of their faces. These results have important implications for understanding the interaction dynamics of NPs and provide the framework for the design of future self‐assembled nanomaterials.
Surface Fluorination of ALD TiO2 Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zardetto Valerio , di Giacomo Francesco , Lifka Herbert , Verheijen Marcel A. , Weijtens Christ H. L. , Black Lachlan E. , Veenstra Sjoerd , Kessels Wilhelmus M. M. , Andriessen Ronn , Creatore Mariadriana
Published: March 2018

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging among the photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in combination with potentially low cost manufacturing processing. In this contribution, the fabrication of efficient planar n‐i‐p PSCs by the modification of the electron transport layer (ETL) adopted as n‐type contact is demonstrated. Specifically, a fluorine‐based plasma treatment prior to perovskite deposition leads to surface fluorination of the TiO2 ETL. The presence of fluorine on the TiO2 surface drastically improves the adhesion between the ALD layer and the methylammonium lead iodide perovskite film, and leads to a more favourable energy band alignment, accompanied by a faster electron carrier extraction at the interface. As consequence of surface fluorination, we observe a significant reduction in the current density‐voltage curve hysteresis with respect to the ALD based reference sample, as well as a remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiency from 4% up to a stable 14.8%.