bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential Thresholds and Loudness Estimates for the Stimuli Used to Program the Advanced Bionics Cochlear Implant
Authors: Jeon Eun Kyung , Brown Carolyn J. , Etler Christine P. , O'Brien Sara , Chiou Li-Kuei , Abbas Paul J.
Published: February 2010

Background:In the mid-1990s, Cochlear Corporation introduced a cochlear implant (CI) to the market that was equipped with hardware that made it possible to record electrically evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) from CI users of all ages. Over the course of the next decade,
many studies were published that compared ECAP thresholds with levels used to program the speech processor of the Nucleus CI. In 2001 Advanced Bionics Corporation introduced the Clarion CII cochlear implant (the Clarion CII internal device is also known as the CII Bionic Ear). This cochlear
implant was also equipped with a system that allowed measurement of the ECAP. While a great deal is known about how ECAP thresholds compare with the levels used to program the speech processor of the Nucleus CI, relatively few studies have reported comparisons between ECAP thresholds and the
levels used to program the speech processor of the Advanced Bionics CI.Purpose:To explore the relationship between ECAP thresholds and behavioral measures of perceptual dynamic range for the range of stimuli commonly used to program the speech processor of the Advanced Bionics CI.Research
Design:This prospective and experimental study uses correlational and descriptive statistics to define the relationship between ECAP thresholds and perceptual dynamic range measures.Study Sample:Twelve postlingually deafened adults participated in this study. All were experienced
users of the Advanced Bionics CI system.Data Collection and Analysis:ECAP thresholds were recorded using the commercially available SoundWave software. Perceptual measures of threshold (T-level), most comfortable level (M-level), and maximum comfortable level (C-level) were obtained
using both “tone bursts” and “speech bursts.” The relationship between these perceptual and electrophysiological variables was defined using paired t-tests as well as correlation and linear regression.Results:ECAP thresholds were significantly correlated
with the perceptual dynamic range measures studied; however, correlations were not strong. Analysis of the individual data revealed considerable discrepancy between the contour of ECAP threshold versus electrode function and the behavioral loudness estimates used for programming.Conclusion:ECAP
thresholds recorded from Advanced Bionics cochlear implant users always indicated levels where the programming stimulus was audible for the listener. However, the correlation between ECAP thresholds and M-levels (the primary metric used to program the speech processor of the Advanced Bionics
CI), while statistically significant, was quite modest. If programming levels are to be determined on the basis of ECAP thresholds, care should be taken to ensure that stimulation is not uncomfortably loud, particularly on the basal electrodes in the array.
An Attempt to Improve Bilateral Cochlear Implants by Increasing the Distance between Electrodes and Providing Complementary Information to the Two Ears
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Witt Shelley A. , Dunn Camille C. , Perreau Ann , Parkinson Aaron J. , Wilson Blake S.
Published: February 2010

Objectives:The purpose of this investigation was to determine if adult bilateral cochlear implant recipients could benefit from using a speech processing strategy in which the input spectrum was interleaved among electrodes across the two implants.Design:Two separate experiments
were conducted. In both experiments, subjects were tested using a control speech processing strategy and a strategy in which the full input spectrum was filtered so that only the output of half of the filters was audible to one implant, while the output of the alternative filters was audible
to the other implant. The filters were interleaved in a way that created alternate frequency “holes” between the two cochlear implants.Results:In experiment one, four subjects were tested on consonant recognition. Results indicated that one of the four subjects performed
better with the interleaved strategy, one subject received a binaural advantage with the interleaved strategy that they did not receive with the control strategy, and two subjects showed no decrement in performance when using the interleaved strategy. In the second experiment, 11 subjects
were tested on word recognition, sentences in noise, and localization (it should be noted that not all subjects participated in all tests). Results showed that for speech perception testing one subject achieved significantly better scores with the interleaved strategy on all tests, and seven
subjects showed a significant improvement with the interleaved strategy on at least one test. Only one subject showed a decrement in performance on all speech perception tests with the interleaved strategy. Out of nine subjects, one subject preferred the sound quality of the interleaved strategy.
No one performed better on localization with the interleaved strategy.Conclusion:Data from this study indicate that some adult bilateral cochlear implant recipients can benefit from using a speech processing strategy in which the input spectrum is interleaved among electrodes across
the two implants. It is possible that the subjects in this study who showed a significant improvement with the interleaved strategy did so because of less channel interaction; however, this hypothesis was not directly tested.
Public knowledge, attitude and behavioural changes in an Indian population during the Influenza A (H1N1) outbreak
Authors: Kamate Shivlingesh Krishnappa , Agrawal Anil , Chaudhary Harshvardhan , Singh Karanprakash , Mishra Prashant , Asawa Kaliash
Published: February 2010

Background:  Influenza A (H1N1)  is  the  most  recent  of  the  pandemic  diseases  that has affected  the  world's  population. The  aim  of  this  study  was  to  assess  knowledge,  attitude  and  behavioural  responses  of  an  Indian  community  toward Influenza A (H1N1). Methodology:  A  cross-sectional  questionnaire  survey  was  conducted  in  Udaipur  (Rajasthan,  India)  among  791  individuals  (57%  males  and  43%  females)  from  23 July    to  27 August  2009.  Outcome  measures  were  perceived  seriousness  of  the  disease,  opinion  about  government  and  health  authorities,  perceived  efficacy  of  various  preventive  measures,  avoidance  behaviours,  and increased  hygiene  maintenance  in  relation  to Influenza A (H1N1).  Results:  Of  791  respondents,  83.1%  had  heard  about Influenza A (H1N1),  but  47.4%  felt  that  they  did  not  have  enough  information  about  the  pandemic.  Only  34.5%  felt  that  their  health  would  be  seriously  affected  if  they  contracted Influenza A (H1N1).  Over  half  of  the  respondents  (59.6%)  had  no  idea  about  the  duration  of  the pandemic.  Knowledge  differed  significantly  according  to  gender,  age  groups,  and educational  status  as  well  as  working  status; however, females had  better  attitude  than  males.  Respondents  rated  face  masks  and  vaccines  as  the  most  effective  preventive  measures.  Conclusion:  Results showed that in spite of having acceptable knowledge and attitude, behavioural response to Influenza A (H1N1) was poor. Therefore,  increased  efforts  should  be  made  by  the  government  to  understand  what  factors  are  associated  with  adaptive  behaviour changes  among  the general  public. Emphasizing  the  efficacy  of  recommended  actions  and  the  possible  duration  of  the  outbreak  may further help  to  improve  public compliance.
Pan-resistant Acinetobacter Infection in Neonates in Karachi, Pakistan.
Authors: Saleem Ali Faisal , Ahmed Imran , Mir Fatima , Ali Syed Rehan , Zaidi Anita KM
Published: February 2010

Background: Pan-resistant Acinetobacter infection has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in our inpatient neonates over the past few years. Methodology: We performed a retrospective chart review during a five-year period (July 2003 - June 2008) of all neonates hospitalized in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who developed Acinetobacter infection to identify mortality-associated risk factors in Acinetobacter neonatal infection. Results: During the five-year study period, 122 cultures from 78 neonates grew Acinetobacter. Source sites of positive culture were in the following descending order: blood (n = 57), trachea (n = 55), tissue/wound/body fluids (n = 4), eye (n = 4), urine (n = 1), and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 1). Twenty-four (31%) patients had Acinetobacter isolated from more than one site. At the time of admission the mean age was 2.08 ± 4 days and mean weight was 1.77 ± 0.88 kg; 75% were premature. Pan-resistance (87/122; sensitive only to Polymyxin) was present in 71% of Acinetobacter isolates. Crude mortality rate of this cohort was 47%, while 70% of patients died within four days after positive Acinetobacter culture. We identified weight of less than 1 kg on admission (p 0.06, adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.53), gestational age 28 weeks or less (p 0.011, AOR 2.88), poor perfusion (p 0.007, AOR 2.4), thrombocytopenia (p 0.01; AOR 1.6) and metabolic acidosis (p 0.01; AOR 1.67) as predictors associated with poor outcome.    Conclusion: Pan-resistant Acinetobacter infection is exceedingly fatal in newborns, particularly in premature and very low-birth weight neonates. Rational antibiotic use and vigilant infection control in NICUs are key to controlling multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter infection and improving clinical outcome.
Is low birth weight a risk indicator for congenital cytomegalovirus infection?
Authors: Al-Hareth Zakyieh , Monem Fawza , Abdel Megiud Nagwa
Published: February 2010

Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is currently the leading cause of congenital infection in 0.2-2.2% of live births worldwide leading to variable serious sequalae. The aim of the study was to determine if low birth weight is an indicator of CMV congenital infection evidenced by detecting CMV-DNA in umbilical cord blood at the time of delivery. Methodology: CMV-IgG and IgM antibodies and CMV-DNAemia were assessed in umbilical cord blood of two hundreds newborns, one hundred of whom had birth weight ≤ 2700 gram and/or head circumference ≤ 32 cm. Results: CMV-IgM was not detected, while CMV-IgG was positive in 80-90% of the two hundreds tested newborns. CMV-DNA was detected in four out of the 200 newborns. One of them was over the adopted weight limit (> 2700 gram). Conclusions: CMV-IgM and IgG antibodies assessment was not a potential discriminative test to identify congenitally infected newborns. In addition, low birth weight and small head circumference at birth failed to predict congenital CMV infection. CMV-DNA detection in umbilical cord blood at the time of delivery using real-time PCR of all newborns is recommended as decisive, rapid and non-invasive test.
Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Kashmir, India
Authors: Datta Bikram Singh , Hassan Ghulam , Kadri Syed Manzoor , Qureshi Waseem , Kamili Mustadiq Ahmad , Singh Hardeep , Manzoor Ahmad , Wani Mushtaq Ahmad , Din Shamas u , Thakur Natasha
Published: February 2010

Background: To study the profile of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in tertiary care hospital setting, representing almost the whole affected population in Kashmir valley of India. Methodology: A total of 910 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled over four years. Among these, cases of MDR-TB and XDR-TB were meticulously studied for drug susceptibility, treatment, adverse effects profile and overall survival. Results: Fifty-two (5.7%) cases of MDR-TB were identified, among which eight (15.3%) were diagnosed as XDR-TB on the basis of drug susceptibility testing, using the prescribed definition. The cases were sensitive to 2, 3, 4, 5 and more than 5 drugs in almost equal proportions. Thirty-seven (71.1%) cases were successfully cured; eleven (21.1%) patients died; and only four (7.6%) cases defaulted, indicating overall satisfactory adherence to treatment. Conclusion: For effective treatment of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, early case detection, improved laboratory facilities, availability of appropriate treatment regimens, and financial assistance in resource-limited settings through effective political intervention are necessary for better patient adherence and overall cure.
The incidence, intensity and host morbidity of human parasitic protozoan infections in gastrointestinal disorder outpatients in Buea Sub Division, Cameroon
Authors: Mbuh Judith Veshiyi , Ntonifor Helen N. , Ojong James T.
Published: February 2010

Background: Numerous protozoans inhibit the gastrointestinal tract of humans with the majority being either non-pathogenic commensals or of a type that may result in mild disease. However, some of these organisms can cause severe diseases under certain circumstances while others may become highly virulent and invasive causing potentially lethal systemic disease. This study investigated the prevalence, intensity and host morbidity of human intestinal protozoan infections in individuals living in the Buea Sub-Division, Cameroon. Methodology: Random sampling was used to collect stool samples from 356 patients in a cross-sectional study.  All samples were examined by formol-ether concentration and direct smear techniques.  Data collected was analyzed and differences in proportions were determined using the Chi square (χ2) test, Fisher's exact test, or analysis of variance where appropriate. Results: It was found that 28.1% (100/356) of the sampled population were infected with protozoans. Females showed a higher infection rate (29.7%; 56/182) than males (26.4%; 46/174) and there was a significantly (P < 0.001) higher prevalence in rural areas (38.7%; 55/142) than in urban areas (21.0%; 45/214). The 6 to 12 years age group had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher infection rate (42.9%; 30/70).  The total prevalence of intestinal protozoans was as follows: E. histolytica (24.4%), E. coli (11.2%) and G. lamblia (0.6%). The most prevalent morbidity effects associated with intestinal protozoan infections were abdominal pains, dysentery and body weakness. Conclusions: Since human intestinal parasitic infections are high in the study area, mass treatment of people with intestinal protozoans is strongly recommended, especially in the rural areas where the prevalence was very high.
Intrahepatic IL-10 Maintains NKG2A+Ly49− Liver NK Cells in a Functionally Hyporesponsive State
Authors: Lassen Matthew G. , Lukens John R. , Dolina Joseph S. , Brown Michael G. , Hahn Young S.
Published: February 2010

The tolerogenic nature of the liver allows daily exposure to gut-derived foreign Ags without causing inflammation, but it may facilitate persistent infection in the liver. NK cells play a central role in innate immunity, as well as in shaping the adaptive immune response. We hypothesized that the naive mouse liver maintains intrahepatic NK cells in a functionally hyporesponsive state. Compared with splenic NK cells, liver NK cells displayed a dampened IFN-γ response to IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. Importantly, the liver contains a significant population of functionally hyporesponsive NK cells that express high levels of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A and lack expression of MHC class I-binding Ly49 receptors. Adoptively transferred splenic NK cells that migrate to the liver displayed phenotypic and functional changes, suggesting that the liver environment modifies NK cell receptor expression and functional responsiveness. Notably, IL-10 is present at high levels within the liver, and in vivo blockade of IL-10R resulted in a decreased percentage of intrahepatic NKG2A+Ly49− NK cells. These data suggest that the liver environment regulates NK cell receptor expression and that IL-10 contributes to the regulation of liver NK cells, in part, by maintaining a greater percentage of the hyporesponsive NKG2A+Ly49− NK cells in the liver.
Mice Deficient in MyD88 Develop a Th2-Dominant Response and Severe Pathology in the Upper Genital Tract following Chlamydia
muridarum Infection
Authors: Chen Lili , Lei Lei , Chang Xiaotong , Li Zhihong , Lu Chunxue , Zhang Xiaoyun , Wu Yimou , Yeh I-Tien , Zhong Guangming
Published: February 2010

MyD88, a key adaptor molecule required for many innate immunity receptor-activated signaling pathways, was evaluated in a Chlamydia muridarum urogenital tract infection model. Compared with wild-type mice, MyD88 knockout (KO) mice failed to produce significant levels of inflammatory cytokines in the genital tract during the first week of chlamydial infection. MyD88 KO mice developed a Th2-dominant whereas wild-type mice developed a Th1/Th17-dominant immune response after chlamydial infection. Despite the insufficient production of early inflammatory cytokines and lack of Th1/Th17-dominant adaptive immunity, MyD88 KO mice appeared to be as resistant to chlamydial intravaginal infection as wild-type mice based on the number of live organisms recovered from vaginal samples. However, significantly high numbers of chlamydial organisms were detected in the upper genital tract tissues of MyD88 KO mice. Consequently, MyD88 KO mice developed more severe pathology in the upper genital tract. These results together have demonstrated that MyD88-dependent signaling pathway is not only required for inflammatory cytokine production in the early phase of host response to chlamydial infection but also plays a critical role in the development of Th1/Th17 adaptive immunity, both of which may be essential for limiting ascending infection and reducing pathology of the upper genital tract by chlamydial organisms.
Improving Survival Rates in Two Models of Spontaneous Postoperative Metastasis in Mice by Combined Administration of a β-Adrenergic Antagonist and a Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor
Authors: Glasner Ariella , Avraham Roi , Rosenne Ella , Benish Marganit , Zmora Oded , Shemer Shaily , Meiboom Hadas , Ben-Eliyahu Shamgar
Published: February 2010

Clinical practice does not consider perioperative paracrine and neuroendocrine stress responses as risk factors for cancer recurrence, although recent animal studies provided supportive evidence. Suggested mechanisms include the effects of stress-hormones on tumor cells and on host physiology. In this study, in mice undergoing primary tumor excision, we tested the survival-enhancing potential of perioperative blockade of catecholamines and prostaglandins, and studied potential mediating mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intrafootpad with syngeneic B16F10.9-melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma, and the paw was amputated when a developing tumor exceeded 100 μl. The clinically used β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, and/or the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor etodolac, were administered once before amputation, and recurrence-free survival was monitored. In different studies, NK cytotoxicity, leukocytes' molecular functional markers, and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by tumor cells were studied in the context of surgery and drug treatments. The findings indicated that the combination of propranolol and etodolac, but neither drug alone, significantly and markedly improved survival rates in both tumor models, and was as effective as established immunostimulatory agents (IL-12 and polyinosinic-polycytiylic acid). Surgery markedly reduced NK cytotoxicity and NK cell expression of Fas ligand and CD11a, reduced all circulating lymphocyte-subtype concentrations, and increased corticosterone levels. Propranolol and etodolac administration counteracted these perturbations. B16 and 3LL secreted vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro, but secretion was not affected by catecholamine agonists, prostaglandins, corticosterone, propranolol, or etodolac. Overall, propranolol and etodolac administration, which could be applied perioperatively in most cancer patients with minimal risk and low cost, has counteracted several immunologic and endocrinologic perturbations and improved recurrence-free survival rates in mice undergoing primary tumor excision.
Neurological or Psychiatric Disorders After Dengue Fever
Authors: Lin Hong-Ci , Chou Hsueh-Pu , Chiang Yung-Chih , Chang Renin , Chen Yao-Shen , Juan Yu-Chung
Published: May 2024

This cohort study investigates the association between dengue fever and risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders among adults in Taiwan.
Parameters online identification‐based data‐driven backstepping control of hypersonic vehicles
Authors: Su Shihong , Xiao Bing , Li Lingwei , Luo Jingfeng
Published: May 2024

The control problem of the hypersonic vehicles is studied in this article. A new control approach is presented. This approach consists of a data‐driven dynamic model established by multiple neural networks, an online identification method for system parameters, and a basic backstepping controller. The implementation of this approach requires a dynamic model and system parameters including the moment of inertia and aerodynamic parameters of the hypersonic vehicles. The parameter identification problem is regarded as a dynamic optimization process. The loss function is designed by the Lagrange criterion, and its constraints are determined by the physical and the numerical values. In the case of model mutation, the system parameters identified online are used as the nominal values of the output of the neural network in the data‐driven model to adjust the controller through its gradient descent. Simulation comparisons are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed data‐driven approach.
Tuning Microstructure of Mesophase Pitch Carbon Fiber by Altering the Carbonization Ramp Rate
Authors: Scherschel Alexander , Harrell Timothy , Sushchenko Andriy , Knight Eli , Brown Kenneth R. , Li Xiaodong
Published: May 2024

The microstructure of mesophase pitch carbon fibers (CFs) are tuned by varying ramp rates from 1 to 50 °C min−1 up to 1000 °C to study the effect of ramp rate on CFs’ microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties with the goal of offsetting the cost by decreasing cycle time. The ramp rates represent carbonization times ranging from 16.4 to 1.17 h, not including cool down. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and derivative thermogravimetry are used to investigate the impact ramp rate has on the thermal properties of mesophase pitch. It is found that lower ramp rates are endothermic in nature with a lower temperature onset and maximum weight loss. Higher ramp rates possess an exothermic nature with higher temperatures resulting in maximal weight loss over a smaller range of temperatures. Mechanical testing shows varying CF strengths and moduli dependent on ramp rate and an optimized process is developed to produce the strongest CF. Microstructural characterization revealed that faster ramp rates lead to smaller interplanar spacings and larger crystallites but possessed greater disorder.
Emergent Properties, Functions, and Applications of Phane‐Based Polymers
Authors: Kim John , Patra Arit , Pal Soumyamouli , Abbott Nicholas L. , Lahann Joerg
Published: May 2024

Over the past few decades, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of [2.2]paracyclophanes has captured significant attention as an emergent technology, producing conformal, chemically pure, and pinhole‐free coatings for biomedical and industrial applications. Compelling examples range from functional CVD polymers to tailored nanostructures. In this work, the unique functional properties of polymers derived from [2.2]paracyclophanes are connected with emergent applications. Special attention is given to the function‐property relationships in the areas of electronic materials, biomaterials, and separation materials. A particular focus is to highlight the versatility of CVD polymerization to process these polymers.
Electrostatically Induced Black Phosphorus Infrared Photodiodes
Authors: Yan Wei , Wang Shifan , Xing Kaijian , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Fuhrer Michael S. , Crozier Kenneth B. , Bullock James
Published: May 2024

Homojunctions are key elements in many mainstream electronic devices. However, conventional dopant‐based “pn” homojunctions are not easily achievable in new material families, such as the 2D materials. Several recent 2D material studies have shown that lateral pn homojunctions can instead be electrostatically induced using back gates localized to either the source or drain contacts. Here, a hBN‐encapsulated black phosphorus dual‐gate device containing a lateral pn homojunction, whose orientation can be switched via application of back gate voltages, is demonstrated. Importantly, this study extends the state‐of‐the‐art for this architecture by characterizing the photoresponse under infrared (λ = 2.2 µm) illumination. It is shown that when biased to form a homojunction, the device exhibits the photovoltaic effect, resulting in a specific detectivity of 8.5 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W−1at 77 K under short‐circuit conditions, and an open circuit photovoltage up to 175 mV at 77 K. Further, it is shown that the device can be operated in photoconductive mode, allowing a high responsivity of 0.55 A W−1. This device is thus highly reconfigurable as it can be switched between photovoltaic and photoconductive modes of operation to prioritize low noise and fast response or high responsivity.
Dual‐Cooling Textile Enables Vertical Heat Dissipation and Sweat Evaporation For Thermal and Moisture Regulation
Authors: Ding Chengfeng , Lin Yanyan , Cheng Ningbo , Meng Na , Wang Xianfeng , Yin Xia , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: May 2024

Personal thermal management textiles have garnered a lot of attention because they can efficiently preserve the body's thermal and moisture comfort while saving energy consumption. Nonetheless, conduction cooling‐based textile research is scarce and frequently encounters obstacles like overlooking through‐plane heat conduction, moisture management, and durability assurance. Here, a dual‐cooling textile (DCT) that combines high‐efficiency heat dissipation and sweat evaporation with a 3D thermal conductive network and Janus wetting structure is demonstrated. The DCT achieves notable in‐plane and through‐plane thermal conductivity (8.57 and 0.70 W m−1 K−1), along with practical mechanical qualities (tensile fracture strength of 65 MPa), under the influence of the 3D multistage thermal conduction network. Additionally, the DCT benefits from its Janus wetting structure, exhibiting unidirectional moisture‐wicking capability (transport index of 1081%) and fast water evaporation performance (0.34 g h−1). Rapid heat dissipation and sweat evaporation are advantageous features for the cooling of the human body in both static and dynamic situations. Compared to cotton fabric, DCT can lower the temperature by up to 3.7 °C. This strategy provides a fresh perspective on the development of advanced functional textiles for personalized cooling and energy savings in buildings.
Bioinspired Wearable Thermoelectric Device Constructed with Soft‐Rigid Assembly for Personal Thermal Management
Authors: Wu Bo , Lin Yujie , Tian Yuqing , Wei Wei , Xu Yunhe , Hu Yunhao , Li Jianmin , Li Kerui , Hou Chengyi , Zhang Qinghong , Li Yaogang , Wang Hongzhi
Published: May 2024

The development of high‐performance thermoelectric devices (TEDs) with personal thermoregulation is crucial for the advancement of next‐generation wearable technologies. Most efforts focus on optimizing mechanical flexibility in fully encapsulated devices, but parasitic heat loss induced by the layer‐packed polymer matrices with high thermal impedance typically leads to degradation in sensing and bidirectional conversion capabilities. Here, a bioinspired architectural strategy is proposed for this problem that demonstrates the feasibility of single‐sided assembly based on a soft‐rigid “skin‐spine” configuration to improve heat utilization efficiency. With active TE units connected via serpentine electrodes, skin‐spine‐structured wearable thermoelectric devices (SSSW‐TEDs) are successfully fabricated enabling temperature sensing and bidirectional heat‐to‐electricity conversion under mild forced convection. This contributes to significant enhancements in power delivery (by 300%) and cost‐benefit analysis (by 100%) through efficient air convection heat dissipation. Moreover, SSSW‐TED enables personal thermal regulation by harnessing body heat, cooling the skin, and perceiving behaviors such as touching and blowing. This study not only provides novel insights for high‐performance TEDs but also lays the foundation for the widespread implementation of skin thermoregulation.
Side Chain Functional Molecule Additives for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Liu Siyu , Wang Huanhuan , Luo Jingshan
Published: May 2024

In the commercial development of perovskite solar cells, the main challenge lies in achieving efficient devices with high stability. Additive engineering in polycrystalline perovskites is considered as an effective approach to address this challenge by passivating surface defects and reducing carrier losses associated with these defects. In this work, the passivation effect of molecules with different side chain groups on perovskites and the role of binding energy in mitigating carrier loss are studied. The findings reveal that the thiophene group is particularly effective in passivating defects and enhancing hole transport. Consequently, devices treated with 2‐thienylmethylamine hydrochloride (TMAC) demonstrate a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.63%. Furthermore, these TMAC‐treated devices exhibit remarkable stability, maintaining over 93.13% of their initial efficiencies after 1200 h of continuous illumination under maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This research presents a pathway to enhance the optoelectronic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Intensify Mass Transfer and Molecular Oxygen Activation by Defect‐Bridged Asymmetric Catalytic Sites Toward Efficient Membrane‐Based Nanoconfined Catalysis
Authors: Ye Jian , Xue Wenhua , Wang Peixin , Geng Yiqi , Dai Jiangdong , Pan Jianming , Duan Xiaoguang , Zhao Jun
Published: May 2024

Efficient spontaneous molecular oxygen (O2) activation is expected in advanced oxidation processes. However, it remains a great challenge to promote the reactants adsorption and accelerate the interfacial electron transfer to boost the activation kinetic of O2. Herein, defect‐rich N‐doped reduced graphene oxide/CoFe2O4 (NGCF‐OV) membrane containing asymmetric Co‐OV‐Fe sites is prepared for O2 activation. The intrinsic catalytic activity is that the asymmetric Co‐OV‐Fe sites regulate the O─O bond length, promoting more and faster electron transfer to O2 for selectively producing 1O2. Meanwhile, the adjacent graphitic N sites help confine organics to the surface and thus greatly shorten the reaction distance of 1O2 and improve its utilization efficiency. The NGCF‐OV membrane demonstrates complete degradation of bisphenol A within a retention time of 86 ms, achieving a k‐value of 0.047 ms−1, which exceeds the performance of most Fenton‐like systems. This work provides new horizons for designing an efficient and stable catalytic membrane, enriching the domain of advanced wastewater treatment strategies.
Functionalized Binders Boost High‐Capacity Anode Materials
Authors: Dong Shaowen , Wang Li , Huang Xiaolong , Liang Jie , He Xiangming
Published: May 2024

The burgeoning field of energy storage battery innovation has sparked a relentless pursuit of high‐capacity anode materials to meet the escalating demand for improved energy density. Typically, these materials for batteries experience significant volume changes during cycles, which severely test the structural integrity and lifespan of electrode configurations. High‐performance binders have emerged as a critical component in addressing this challenge. Although they represent a small proportion of the battery's composition, binders play a pivotal role in enhancing electrochemical efficiency, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of batteries. The advancement of high‐capacity anode materials has rendered traditional binders inadequate, prompting the development of functional binders that are increasingly being refined to meet these requirements. This article began by outlining the role and requirements of binders within electrodes, examining cutting‐edge characterization methodologies, and discussing the “structure‐function” paradigm that underpins binder selection. It then showcased the research advancements in identifying suitable binders for high‐capacity anode materials, including silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), tin (Sn), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge). In summary, the article contemplated the future direction of binder development and application in high‐capacity electrode materials. The aim is to facilitate the progression of high‐performance, high‐capacity anodes, thereby accelerating the development of high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries.
Metal Hydrogel‐Based Integrated Wearable Biofuel Cell for Self‐Powered Epidermal Sweat Biomarker Monitoring
Authors: Chen Yao , Wan Xinhao , Li Guanglei , Ye Jianqi , Gao Jie , Wen Dan
Published: May 2024

Wearable sensors for continuous monitoring of biomarkers in body fluids have gained significant attention for their potential in disease diagnostics and health management, but lack sustainable power supply and advanced sensing strategies. Herein, sweat wearable biofuel cells (w‐BFCs) based on metal hydrogels are demonstrated with high output and outstanding stability, which harvest energy directly from human sweat and simultaneously enable self‐powered sensing of epidermal biomarkers. Experimental and computational results elucidate that the highly porous and flexible metal hydrogels exhibit superior electrocatalytic capabilities for oxidizing ascorbic acid (AA), a sweat metabolite at the anode, and reducing O2 at the cathode. Consequently, the assembled AA/O2 BFC delivers a high and stable power output, with a maximum output power density of 35 µW cm−2 at an ultralow AA concentration and long‐term stability over 30 days, and a self‐powered, sensitive sensing for AA detection. When applied to the skin of the volunteers, this integrated w‐BFC powers the biosensor using human sweat AA as fuel and allowing real‐time monitoring of AA sensing signal via smartphone. This work not only advances energy harvesting for wearable sensors but also paves new avenues for real‐time, online monitoring of epidermal sweat biomarkers.
A Topological Parametric Phonon Oscillator
Authors: Xi Xiang , Ma Jingwen , Sun Xiankai
Published: May 2024

Topological bosonic systems have recently aroused intense interests in exploring exotic phenomena that have no counterparts in electronic systems. The squeezed bosonic interaction in these systems is particularly interesting, because it can modify the vacuum fluctuations of topological states, drive them into instabilities, and lead to topological parametric oscillators. However, these phenomena remain experimentally elusive because of limited nonlinearities in most existing topological bosonic systems. Here, a topological parametric phonon oscillator is experimentally realized based on a nonlinear nano‐electromechanical Dirac‐vortex cavity with strong squeezed interaction. Specifically, the Dirac‐vortex cavity is parametrically driven to provide phase‐sensitive amplification for topological phonons, leading to the observation of coherent parametric phonon oscillation above the threshold. Additionally, it is confirmed that the random frequency variation caused by fabrication disorders can be suppressed effectively by increasing the cavity size while the free spectral range reduces at a much slower rate, which benefits the realization of large‐area single‐mode lasers. These results represent an important advance in experimental investigations of topological physics with large bosonic nonlinearities and parametric gain.
Industrial Scale Manufacturing Sub‐10 nm Reverse Osmotic Desalination Membrane on Metallic Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Network
Authors: Li Huaping , Winardi Isabelle , Luo Feirong , Smolinski Nadya , Smolinski Noah , Li Michelle B. , Pei Qibing
Published: May 2024

Different from extensively reported carbon nanotubes‐polyamide (PA) composite membranes, this work reports the scalable, low‐cost manufacturing of metallic single‐walled carbon nanotubes network supported PA reverse osmotic desalination membranes. Metallic single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) separated from high‐pressure carbon monoxide conversion (HiPCO) SWCNTs with a diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 nm are deposited on polyethersulfone (PES) films by replacing surfactants around SWCNTs dispersed in aqueous solution, for supporting uniform and smooth sub‐10 nm PA nanofilm formed through aqueous‐organic bilayer interfacial polymerization. The industrial scale manufactured PA/SWCNTs/PES desalination membranes (508 mm × 915 mm) are rolled into spiral wound elements without damage through cutting, gluing, and rolling. The desalination tests on flat PA/SWCNTs/PES membranes exhibits 30 l m−2 h−1 (LMH) under 17.2 bar with 98.45% salt injection when fed with 2000 ppm NaCl at pH = 9. The normalized permeate flux of PA/SWCNTs/PES spiral wound elements is ≈17 LMH under 13.8 bar with 90% salt injection underfed with 2000 ppm MgSO4 at pH = 9–11 condition. The high‐performance sub‐10 nm smooth PA/SWCNTs/PES desalination membranes are fabricated with materials savings and can promote low operation costs compared to conventional 50–100 nm crumpled PA films on any supporting substrates.
Rationally Designed Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Electrochemical C‐N Coupling
Authors: Li Yan , Verma Vandana , Su Hongli , Zhang Xiaoran , Zhou Shujie , Lawson Tom , Li Jingliang , Amal Rose , Hou Yang , Dai Liming
Published: May 2024

The electrochemical C‐N coupling process, facilitating the production of organic nitrogen substances (such as urea, methylamine, formamide, and ethylamine) via the simultaneous reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and small nitrogen‐based substances, stands at the forefront of advancing carbon neutrality and the artificial nitrogen cycle. This method has garnered substantial interest due to its potential economic and environmental benefits. Although considerable progress has been achieved in this emerging field, it still faces challenges, including slow reactant adsorption, competing side reactions, and complex multi‐step pathways, resulting in low yields and selectivity. Strategically designing and developing low‐cost and exceptionally performant catalysts is crucial for cost‐effective and precise electrochemical C─N bonding. This article offers an in‐depth review of the electrosynthesis of valuable organic nitrogen compounds at ambient conditions from earth‐abundant resources/wastes, such as CO2 and small nitrogenous molecules (nitrogen: N2, nitrite: NO2−, nitrate: NO3−, ammonia: NH3, etc.), via electrochemical C─N bond formation reactions, especially using carbon‐based catalysts. The relevant electrochemical C─N bond formation mechanisms, the design principles of advanced carbon‐based electrocatalysts, and the impact of different electrolyser designs are discussed, along with the present obstacles and upcoming prospects in this dynamic field.
Unleashing Ultrahigh Capacity and Lasting Stability: Aqueous Zinc‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Mehta Shivangi , Kaur Sukhjot , Singh Man , Kumar Mukesh , Kumar Kush , Meena Santosh Kumar , Nagaiah Tharamani C.
Published: May 2024

Despite of multifarious dominance of sulfur‐based batteries, polysulfide‐shuttling and use of high‐cost organic electrolytes with flammability risks hinder their applicability as commercial devices. Herein a polysulfide‐free aqueous zinc‐sulfur (Zn─S) rechargeable battery is explored, which offers a low‐cost and environmentally friendly energy storage system being Zn and Sulfur (S) highly abundant with high theoretical capacity. However, the stability of Zn anode is quite challenging due to dendritic growth and corrosion leading to the capacity decay. This work showcases the utilization of ethylene glycol (EG) and iodine (I2) as an electrolyte additive in aqueous zinc acetate [Zn(OAc)2] electrolyte for stabilizing the Zn─S battery performance. EG as an additive is able to mitigate the corrosion rate of the Zn electrode by 15 times which is supported by molecular dynamics simulation. The assembled Zn─S battery delivered an outstanding capacity of 1210 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C with a 91% capacity retention even after 250 cycles, along with remarkable reversible prolonged cycling stability of 3000 cycles at 1 C, with 64.5% capacity retention. More importantly, in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy is utilized to monitor the real‐time formation of zinc sulfide (ZnS) as a single discharge product and simultaneously debunking the polysulfide shuttling in the system which is further supported by XPS, UV‐Vis and IR spectroscopy.
Assessment of the liver with two‐dimensional shear wave elastography following COVID‐19 infection: A pilot study
Authors: Lau Joyce Yea See , O'Hara Sandra , Lombardo Paul , Goodyear Melinda
Published: May 2024

Introduction/Purpose

The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is a widely spread viral infectious disease, which can impact multiple organs, including the liver. Elevated liver enzymes have been reported in COVID‐19 patients; however, potential changes in liver stiffness following the viral infection remain uncertain. The main aim of this pilot study was to determine if there is a significant difference in liver stiffness between individuals who have never been infected with COVID‐19 and those who had been infected with COVID‐19 <6 months, experiencing only mild symptoms. The secondary aim was to compare the liver stiffness between participants infected with COVID‐19 depending on the elapsed time since infection.

Methods

Two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) was performed prospectively on 68 participants. Thirty‐four participants had been infected with COVID‐19 (all for <6 months) (COVID‐19 group), and another 34 had never been infected with COVID‐19 (control group). The mean 2D‐SWE measurements of both the COVID‐19 group and the control group were compared using an independent t‐test. The mean 2D‐SWE measurements of the COVID‐19 subgroups A (<2 months), B (2 to <4 months) and C (4 to <6 months) were compared using a one‐way ANOVA test (P < 0.05).

Results

The (mean ± standard deviation) liver stiffness (kPa) of the COVID‐19 group (5.26 ± 1.63 kPa) was significantly higher than the control group (4.30 ± 0.96 kPa) (P = 0.005). There was no significant difference in liver stiffness among subgroups A (5.20 ± 1.79 kPa), B (4.70 ± 1.53 kPa) and C (5.96 ± 1.48 kPa) (P = 0.143) respectively.

Discussion

The mean liver stiffness of 4.30  ±  0.96k Pa in the control group showed a high probability of being normal as per guidelines. Conversely, the mean liver stiffness of 5.26  ±  1.63 kPa in the COVID‐19 group exhibited a statistically significant increase compared to the control group. However, compensated advanced chronic liver disease was ruled out without other known clinical signs, as per guidelines.

Conclusion

A statistically significant increase in liver stiffness value was observed in the post‐COVID‐19 infection group compared to the group who had never been infected. This highlights the potential for short‐term impact on liver stiffness associated with COVID‐19 infection. However, it is unclear if these changes in liver stiffness are associated with liver injury. Further study is warranted to investigate the effects of COVID‐19 infection and its long‐term impact on the liver.
Electric Double Layer Regulator Design through a Functional Group Assembly Strategy towards Long‐Lasting Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Liyang , Wang Xinyi , Hu Zewei , Wang Xin , Zheng Qingqing , Han Chao , Xu Jiantie , Xu Xun , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Li Weijie
Published: May 2024

Regulating the electric double layer (EDL) structure of the zinc metal anode by using electrolyte additives is an efficient way to suppress interface side reactions and facilitate uniform zinc deposition. Nevertheless, there are no reports investigating the proactive design of EDL‐regulating additives before the start of experiments. Herein, a functional group assembly strategy is proposed to design electrolyte additives for modulating the EDL, thereby realizing a long‐lasting zinc metal anode. Specifically, by screening ten common functional groups, N, N‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazole‐1‐sulfonamide (IS) is designed by assembling an imidazole group, characterized by its high adsorption capability on the zinc anode, and a sulfone group, which exhibits strong binding with Zn2+ ions. Benefiting from the adsorption functionalization of the imidazole group, the IS molecules occupy the position of H2O in the inner Helmholtz layer of the EDL, forming a molecular protective layer to inhibit H2O‐induced side reactions. Meanwhile, the sulfone group in IS, acting as a binding site to Zn2+, promotes the de‐solvation of Zn2+ ions, facilitating compact zinc deposition. Consequently, the utilization of IS significantly extending the cycling stability of Zn||Zn and Zn||NaV3O8 ⋅ 1.5H2O full cell. This study offers an innovative approach to the design of EDL regulators for high‐performance zinc metal batteries.
The all‐polymer composites and blends made of ethylene–octene copolymer and partially disentangled polypropylene using a new processing approach
Authors: Krajenta Justyna , Pawlak Andrzej
Published: May 2024

All‐polymer composites and blends of ethylene–octene copolymer (EOC) and polypropylene (PP) were produced in the extrusion process. They had the same composition (96:4 wt.%), but five different entanglement densities of PP macromolecules. Depending on the processing temperature, below or above the melting point of PP, fibers or spherical inclusions were formed inside the EOC matrix. The production of PP fibers directly during mixing was possible by reducing the entanglement of macromolecules in this polymer. During fiber formation by solid‐state plastic deformation, the crystallinity of PP decreased, especially for the less entangled polymers. The presence of fibers influenced the mechanical properties of the composites, which were different from those of the blends. Both in blends and composites, the matrix was reinforced, but in the composites the effect was stronger and the measured stresses increased with the lower degree of PP entanglement. SAXS and microscopic observations showed that cavitation occurred in the deformed composites. All‐polymer composites, in which the reinforcement was created as a result of polymer deformation with limited entanglements, have properties that are advantageously different from traditional ones, which opens the prospect of their application.