bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure Characterization of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Ji Zhi Xiang
Published: November 2013

The crystals of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfoxide have been obtained by evaporation from ethanol solution. The crystal structure of the 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfoxide was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. The crystal data for 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfoxide: monoclinic, space groupP2(1)/c,a= 49.068(10) Å,b= 11.439(2) Å,c= 13.103(3) Å,V= 7347(3) Å3,Z= 24,Mr= 248.30,De= 1.347 g/cm3,T= 298(2) K,F(000) = 3120,R= 0.0786 andwR =0.2653. The compound forms three-dimensional network structure through hydrogen bonds and π-π interaction.
An H-Phosphonate Strategy for the Synthesis of Aciclovir 5′-triphosphate
Authors: Liu Si , Gong Shan Shan , Sun Qi
Published: November 2013

Nucleside 5′-triphosphates (NTPs) play pivotal roles in biology and medicine. However, their synthesis still remains a challenge. We developed a general approach to the synthesis of aciclovir 5′-triphosphate by coupling intermediate pyridinium phosphoramidate with pyrophosphate.
Coagulation Performance of Organic Modified Poly-Polyacrylamide-Al-Zn-Fe (PPAZF) Coagulant
Authors: Wang Yan Zheng , Fu Ying , Su Man Man , Cai Shan Shan , Chen Qing Feng
Published: November 2013

An organic modified poly-polyacrylamide-Al-Zn-Fe (PPAZF) coagulant was prepared by adding polyacrylamide (PAM) as additives in poly-Al-Zn-Fe (PAZF). The coagulation performance of PPAZF was investigated compared to that of PAZF and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in treating domestic sewage and pharmaceutical wastewater. The results showed that PPAZF not only had better removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) than PZAF and PAC at the optimal dosages of 148 mg·L-1, but also produced large and dense flocs. Compared to PAZF and PAC, the removal of CODCr by PPAZF was greatly improved at lower dosage. In addition, experimental results indicated the main mechanism of PPAZF is a comprehensive coagulation effect and chemical reaction.
Progress on Drinking Water Treatment with Chlorine Dioxide
Authors: Guo Yu Zhong , Yu Yan Zhen , Li Ming , Yan Guang Yong
Published: November 2013

By the reason of strong responses activity and oxidation ability, Chlorine dioxide as oxidant and disinfectant has been applied to peroxidation and disinfection more and more widely.In this paper, it give an account of the preparation of chlorine dioxide, as oxidants to raw water pretreatment, used in filter water disinfection ,the detection technology of chlorine dioxide and disinfection by-products, the water quality standards formulated by domestic and overseas chlorine dioxide in using chlorine dioxide, and summarized progress on drinking water treatment with chlorine dioxide .
Effect of Shear Time and the Crumb Rubber Percentage on the Properties of Composite Modified Asphalt
Authors: Dong Fu Qiang , Zhao Wen Zhe , Zhang Yu Zhen , Sun Hua Dong , Fan Wei Yu , Wei Jian Ming
Published: November 2013

This paper presents a laboratory study of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS)/ crumb rubber modified asphalt by the two-step method. The conventional properties of the modified asphalt were determined. The effects of crumb rubber content and shearing time on the performance of the crumb rubber modified asphalt and composite modified asphalt. The results show that the crumb rubber contents and shearing time have significant impacts on the performance of the modified asphalt. With the crumb rubber content increasing, the high temperature performance was improved and the low temperature chanethe softening point increases and penetration decrease, and the ductility change little. It is comfortable for workability at the crumb rubber content of 20%. The viscosity is an important measurement for the workability of the modified asphalt. After adding the stabilizer, the viscosity increases until the shearing time reaching 1.5h, then it will decrease gradually.
DWT-PLS Regression on Near-Infrared Spectra for Moisture and Volatile Determination of Coal
Authors: Yang Xiao Li , Wang Fan , Chen Ji Shu , Ma Gong Zhe
Published: November 2013

We studied moisture and volatile determination in bituminous coal samples using near-infrared (NIR) spectra. This research was developted by applying partial least squares regression (PLS) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Firstly, NIR spectra were pre-processed by DWT for fitting and compression. Then, DWT coefficients were used to build regression model with PLS. We used NIR spectra to determination moisture and volatile determination in coal samples seperately and simultaneously. Through parameters optimization, the results show that DWT-PLS can obtain satisfactory performance for separate and simultanous determination.
Study on Engineering Materials with Improvement of Carrying out Project Management Sand Table Experiment and Prospect of Sand Table
Authors: Liu Hong Yong , Wu Gang , Yang Yi
Published: November 2013

The project management sand table simulates the whole process management from wining a bid to project completion from the angel of the contractor. In the present, majority of colleges and universities offer project management sand table class. Engineering materials as the main entity of sand table experiment, the optimization of engineering materials is related to the final results of the sand table experiment. This paper summarizes the experience from teaching process of sand class, points out some mistakes during the experiments and gives some advice to improve. At last, this paper forecasts the prospect of sand table.
Organic and Inorganic Acid Activation of Activated Carbon Fiber from Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch
Authors: Cheah Wee Keat , Othman Radzali , Yeoh Fei Yee
Published: November 2013

Activated carbon fiber is known to posses better properties compared to granular and powdered variants, with significantly higher surface area and higher pore volume. Source of raw material and activation step are two crucial parameters for the pore development of activated carbon. Palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber contains naturally formed long open channels which offer better access of adsorbates into micropores. Chemical activation step typically involves inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. However, such residues of inorganic acids might create unfavourable conditions for certain adsorption applications, if not removed properly from synthesized activated carbon fiber. Additionally, subsequent to the acid cleaning or removal step, most inorganic acids would eventually cause problems to the environment if acid disposal is not properly managed. This paper investigates on the effect of utilization of organic acids acetic acid and citric acid, as compared to commonly used inorganic acids, on the pore characteristics of palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber derived activated carbon fiber.
An Assessment of the Carbothermal Reduction of Malaysian Ilmenite by Statistical Design
Authors: Saidin Hanizam Shah , Salim S. Aishah Syed , Baharun Norlia , Rezan S.A. , Hashim Hussin
Published: November 2013

Statistical design analysis (factorial design) was utilized to verify the significance and the interaction between the studied factors include temperature, reduction time and catalyst amount. Carbothermal reduction of iron ore sample was carried out at temperature between 1000°C to 1200°C. The effects of operating parameters studied were extent of reduction (X), carbon consumed (Cconsumed ) and nitridation (XN). Temperature was the most influential parameter that showed strong interaction with the operating parameters, meanwhile, reduction time and catalyst have showed the contrary results and had a very low percentage of contribution. The results of the experimental design showed that the extent of reduction reached up to 93% at 1200°C using 10 wt. % catalysts after 180 minutes reduction. The use of 0-10 wt % catalyst at 1200°C for 180 min reduction significantly affect the X but did not for Cconsumed and XN.Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Factorial Design, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation.
Assessment of EAF Steel Slag Solubility by Statistical Design
Authors: Lateef Kolawole Bankole , Rezan S.A. , Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif
Published: November 2013

Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag solubility was studied using experimental design and statistical analysis. The solutions between pH 4 and 10, were mixed with the EAF steel slag for 0.5 hours at 350 rpm. The effects of the operating parameters, individually and their interaction, on the dissolution of slag elements were assess using full factorial design in the statistical design of experiment. The various parameters studied were pH (4-10), size (+0.2-1.2 mm), speed (0-700 rpm) and temperature (26-50°C). The results of the experimental design indicated that the main significant parameter within the ranges studied for Cr (VI) dissolution in solution was higher speed, lower size for Ca dissolution while for Si, was the positive interaction of speed and size. Maximum Cr (VI) of 0.0104 mg/L was obtained in solution at pH 10, slag size of 0.2 mm, temperature of 50°C and rotational speed of 700 rpm. Also, complimenting the solubility studies was slag characterization using XRF, XRD and SEM/EDX analysis. From these results, it can be concluded that the operating parameters considered individually and their interaction have effect on the solubility of EAF steel slag.
Case Study of Alluvial Gold Mining at Pulai Mining in Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Eam Eang Khy , Hashim Syed Fuad Saiyid , Mohd Hashim Mohd Hazizan , Mohd Yusof Mior Termizi
Published: November 2013

The Pulai fluviatile gold placer deposit stretches along 17 km of the upper reaches of Sungai Galas, Gua Musang, Kelantan. Malaysia Mining Corporation (MMC) had proved-up sizeable reserves following drilling and bulk testing during 1979-1983. The valley alluvium ranges up to 1200 m wide and averages 6.2 m in thickness. The basal gold-bearing Kaksa comprises bimodal channel lag pebble-gravels with the gold especially concentrated immediately above the bedrock and in potholes. The detrital gold is medium to very coarse sand size, moderately sorted, and occurs as fine grains, scaly flakes and platy nuggets. Concentration of gold was especially favoured in two depositional environments. In the slope interruption zones at the confluence of the Galas and Tuang streams, coarse platy gold was deposited while the finer gold was able to be entrapped further downstream above irregular limestone bedrock surfaces. The gold is of relatively high fineness (950-982), and is probably related genetically to acid intrusions. Important primary sources lie near the Kelantan-Pahang border, 35 km SE of Pulai village, while small granite stocks occurring 3 km west of Pulai are an additional likely source [1].
Granite Waste as a Raw Material in Ceramic Body Formulations
Authors: Nordala Phoumiphon , Hasmaliza Mohamad , Hirajima Tsuyoshi , Othman Radzali
Published: November 2013

The escalating interest of researchers to use industrial waste materials in the manufacture of ceramic products is growing. This work is aimed at studying the properties of granite waste (GW) upon incorporation in ceramic bodies. Initially, the GW was characterized in terms of chemical and mineralogical compositions. Then, the GW was added (in the range 40-60 wt.%) to a ball clay. Firing was carried out at 1100°C to1200°C and then the properties of the fired specimens were determined. The results showed that specimens with GW 50 wt.% fired at 1150°C exhibited the best properties, i.e. minimum water absorption of <0.36%, the best bulk density (2.48 g/cm3) and strength (21.34 MPa). This showed that GW can act as a fluxing agent and reduces the firing temperature of the ceramic body with additional advantages in terms of cost and reuse of waste materials.
Effect of Electrode Negative Ratio in AC MIG Welding of Aluminium Alloy 6082 on the Microstructure and Properties of Heat Affected Zone
Authors: Adamiec Janusz , Pfeifer Tomasz
Published: November 2013

The article presents the innovative MIG welding technology using variable polarity AC and reveals the results following the investigation of the impact of the EN ratio on the structure and HAZ width of overlay welds.
Chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles over the Aegean Sea
Authors: Bezantakos S. , Barmpounis K. , Giamarelou M. , Bossioli E. , Tombrou M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Eleftheriadis K. , Kalogiros J. , D. Allan J. , Bacak A. , Percival C. J. , Coe H. , Biskos G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The chemical composition and water uptake characteristics of sub-micrometre atmospheric particles over the region of the Aegean Sea were measured between 25 August and 11 September 2011 within the framework of the Aegean-Game campaign. High temporal-resolution measurements of the chemical composition of the particles were conducted using an airborne compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (cToF-AMS). These measurements were performed during two flights from the island of Crete to the island of Lemnos and back. A hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyser (HTDMA) located on the island of Lemnos was used to measure the ability of the particles to take up water. The HTDMA measurements showed that the particles in the dominant mode were internally mixed, having hygroscopic growth factors that ranged from 1.00 to 1.59 when exposed to 85% relative humidity. When the aircraft flew near the ground station on Lemnos, the cToF-AMS measurements showed that the organic volume fraction of the particles ranged from 43 to 56%. These measurements corroborate the range of hygroscopic growth factors measured by the HTDMA during that time. Good closure between HTDMA and cToF-AMS measurements was achieved when assuming that the organic species were less hygroscopic and had an average density that corresponds to aged organic species. Using the results from the closure study, the cToF-AMS measurements were employed to determine vertical profiles of a representative aerosol hygroscopic parameter κmix. Calculated κmix values ranged from 0.19 to 0.84 during the first flight and from 0.22 to 0.80 during the second flight. Air masses of different origin as determined by back trajectory calculations can explain the spatial variation in chemical composition and κmix values of the particles observed in the region.
Diurnal variation in gravity wave activity at low and middle latitudes
Authors: Andrioli V. F. , Fritts D. C. , Batista P. P. , Clemesha B. R. , Janches D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We employ a modified composite day extension of the Hocking (2005) analysis method to study gravity wave (GW) activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 4 meteor radars spanning latitudes from 7° S to 53.6° S. Diurnal and semidiurnal modulations were observed in GW variances over all sites. Semidiurnal modulation with downward phase propagation was observed at lower latitudes mainly near the equinoxes. Diurnal modulations occur mainly near solstice and, except for the zonal component at Cariri (7° S), do not exhibit downward phase propagation. At a higher latitude (SAAMER, 53.6° S) these modulations are only observed in the meridional component where we can observe diurnal variation from March to May, and semidiurnal, during January, February, October (above 88 km) and November. Some of these modulations with downward phase progression correlate well with wind shear. When the wind shear is well correlated with the maximum of the variances the diurnal tide has its largest amplitudes, i.e., near equinox. Correlations exhibiting variations with tidal phases suggest significant GW-tidal interactions that have different characters depending on the tidal components and possible mean wind shears. Modulations that do not exhibit phase variations could be indicative of diurnal variations in GW sources.
Seasonal variations of sea–air CO2 fluxes in the largest tropical marginal sea (South China Sea) based on multiple-year underway measurements
Authors: Zhai W.-D. , Dai M.-H. , Chen B.-S. , Guo X.-H. , Li Q. , Shang S.-L. , Zhang C.-Y. , Cai W.-J. , Wang D.-X.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Based upon 14 field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2008, we showed that the seasonal pattern of sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and sea–air CO2 fluxes differed among four different physical–biogeochemical domains in the South China Sea (SCS) proper. The four domains were located between 7 and 23° N and 110 and 121° E, covering a surface area of 1344 × 103 km2 and accounting for ~ 54% of the SCS proper. In the area off the Pearl River estuary, relatively low pCO2 values of 320 to 390 μatm were observed in all four seasons and both the biological productivity and CO2 uptake were enhanced in summer in the Pearl River plume waters. In the northern SCS slope/basin area, a typical seasonal cycle of relatively high pCO2 in the warm seasons and relatively low pCO2 in the cold seasons was revealed. In the central/southern SCS area, moderately high sea surface pCO2 values of 360 to 425 μatm were observed throughout the year. In the area west of the Luzon Strait, a major exchange pathway between the SCS and the Pacific Ocean, pCO2 was particularly dynamic in winter, when northeast monsoon induced upwelling events and strong outgassing of CO2. These episodic events might have dominated the annual sea–air CO2 flux in this particular area. The estimate of annual sea–air CO2 fluxes showed that most areas of the SCS proper served as weak to moderate sources of the atmospheric CO2, with sea–air CO2 flux values of 0.46 ± 0.43 mol m−2 yr−1 in the northern SCS slope/basin, 1.37 ± 0.55 mol m−2 yr−1 in the central/southern SCS, and 1.21 ± 1.48 mol m−2 yr−1 in the area west of the Luzon Strait. However, the annual sea–air CO2 exchange was nearly in equilibrium (−0.44 ± 0.65 mol m−2 yr−1) in the area off the Pearl River estuary. Overall the four domains contributed (18 ± 10) × 1012 g C yr−1 to the atmospheric CO2.
Non-invasive imaging methods applied to neo- and paleontological cephalopod research
Authors: Hoffmann R. , Schultz J. A. , Schellhorn R. , Rybacki E. , Keupp H. , Gerden S. R. , Lemanis R. , Zachow S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Several non-invasive methods are common practice in natural sciences today. Here we present how they can be applied and contribute to current topics in cephalopod (paleo-) biology. Different methods will be compared in terms of time necessary to acquire the data, amount of data, accuracy/resolution, minimum-maximum size of objects that can be studied, of the degree of post-processing needed and availability. Main application of the methods is seen in morphometry and volumetry of cephalopod shells in order to improve our understanding of diversity and disparity, functional morphology and biology of extinct and extant cephalopods.
Harmonic quiet-day curves as magnetometer baselines for ionospheric current analyses
Authors: van de Kamp M.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This paper presents a novel method to determine a baseline for magnetometer data. This baseline consists of all magnetic field components not related to ionospheric and magnetospheric disturbances, i.e. all field components due to solar quiet variations and other background variations, such as tidal and secular variations, as well as equipment effects. Extraction of this baseline is useful when the magnetic field variations due to solar disturbances are analysed. This makes magnetometer data suitable, for instance, for the calculation of ionospheric equivalent currents related to geomagnetic storms and substorms. The full baseline is largely composed of two main constituents: the diurnal baseline and the long-term baseline. For the diurnal baseline, first "templates" are derived, based on the lowest few harmonics of the daily curves from the quietest days. The diurnal variation of the baseline is obtained by linear interpolation between these templates; this method ensures a smooth baseline at all times, avoiding any discontinuities at transitions between days. The long-term baseline is obtained by linear interpolation between the daily median values of the data; this way the baseline is ensured to follow long-term trends, such as seasonal and tidal variations, as well as equipment drift. The daily median values are calculated for all days except the most disturbed ones; a procedure for this selection is included. The method avoids many problems associated with traditional baseline methods and some of the other recently published methods, and is simpler in procedure than most other recent ones. As far as can be compared, the distribution of the resulting field after removal of the baseline is largely similar to that using other recent baseline methods. However, the main advantage of the method of this paper over others is that it removes equipment drift and other artefacts efficiently without discarding too much data, so that even low-quality data from remote unmanned magnetometers can be made suitable for analysis. This can give valuable contributions to the database of ionospheric equivalent currents, especially in the area near the polar cap boundary.
Comparative genetics of warfarin resistance
Authors: Müller C. R. , Rost S. , Watzka M. , Bevans C. G. , Oldenburg J.
Published: November 2013

Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarinbased oral anticoagulants targeting vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) are administered to humans, mice and rats with different purposes in mind – to act as pesticides in high-dosage baits for killing rodents, but also to save lives when administered in low dosages as antithrombotic drugs in humans. However, high-dosage warfarin used to control rodent populations has resulted in numerous mutations causing warfarin resistance. Currently, six single missense mutations in mice, 12 distinct missense mutations in rats, as well as compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations with up to six distinct missense mutations per Vkorc1 allele have been described. Warfarin resistance missense mutations for human VKORC1 have also been found world-wide, but differ characteristically from those in rodents. In humans, 26 distinct mutations have been characterized, but occur only rarely either in heterozygous or, even rarer, in homozygous form.

In this review, we summarize the known VKORC1 missense mutations causing warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarin drug resistance, identify genomics databases as new sources of data, explore possible underlying genetic mechanisms, and summarize similarities and differences between warfarin resistant VKORC1 variants in humans and rodents.
MULTICLASS PATTERN RECOGNITION OF THE GLEASON SCORE OF PROSTATIC CARCINOMAS USING METHODS OF SPATIAL STATISTICS
Authors: Mattfeldt Torsten , Grahovac Paul , Lück Sebastian
Published: November 2013

The Gleason score of a prostatic carcinoma is generally considered as one of the most important prognostic parameters of this tumour type. In the present study, it was attempted to study the relation between the Gleason score and objective data of spatial statistics, and to predict this score from such data. For this purpose, 25 T1 incidental prostatic carcinomas, 50 pT2N0, and 28 pT3N0 prostatic adenocarcinomas were characterized by a histological texture analysis based on principles of spatial statistics. On sectional images, progression from low grade to high grade prostatic cancer in terms of the Gleason score is correlated with complex changes of the epithelial cells and their lumina with respect to their area, boundary length and Euler number per unit area. The central finding was a highly significant negative correlation between the Gleason score and the Euler number of the epithelial cell phase per unit area. The Gleason score of all individual cases was predicted from the spatial statistical variables by multivariate linear regression. This approach means to perform a multiclass pattern recognition, as opposed to the usual problem of binary pattern recognition. A prediction was considered as acceptable when its deviation from the human classification was no more than 1 point. This was achieved in 79 of these 103 cases when only the Euler number density was used as predictor variable. The accuracy could be risen slightly to 84 of the 103 cases, when 7 input variables were used for prediction of the Gleason score, which means an accuracy of 81.5%.
THE EULER NUMBER FROM THE DISTANCE FUNCTION
Authors: Gual-Arnau Ximo
Published: November 2013

We present a new method to obtain the Euler number of a domain based on the tangent counts of concentric spheres in ℝ³ (or circles in ℝ², with respect to the center O, that sweeps the domain. This method is derived from the Poincaré-Hopf Theorem, when the index of critical points of the square of the distance function with respect to the origin O are considered.
Library Usage Habits of First- and Second-year Medical Students at a Satellite Campus: Report on an Exploratory Questionnaire
Authors: Phinney Jackie
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Anticipating the information needs of undergraduate medical students can be challenging, especially within the context of distributed medical education at a satellite campus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how first- and second-year medical students in the Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick program are using their satellite campus' library services and if they would prefer to use their home institution's electronic collection as opposed to print collections from the satellite campus library. Methods: First- and second-year medical students were asked to complete a paper survey towards the end of their academic year, which focused on background information, study habits, access preferences and tendencies (print book vs. electronic), satisfaction with their physical library space and collection, as well as their likelihood of completing required course readings. Results: Although both groups actually used electronic books more than print, the first-year class stated a preference for print books. Overall students were satisfied with their physical library's services, but were less likely to borrow a book if it is on course reserve. Discussion and Conclusions: When providing library services to undergraduate medical students, it is important to note that their opinions and needs can evolve quickly and be unpredictable. Librarians should consider maintaining a print collection while transitioning to electronic, in keeping with the trends of academic health librarianship.
Efeito do desmatamento e do cultivo sobre características físicas e químicas do solo sob floresta natural na Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Silva Paulo Fernando da , Cerri Martins Carlos Clemente , Volkoff Boris , Andreux Francis
Published: November 2013

Foram estudados os efeitos do desmatamento e cultivo anual sobre características físicas e químicas de solos da área experimental do CPATU-EMBRAPA em Capitão Poço (PA). Os solos são Latossolos amarelos e Podzólico-latossólicos. Na área selecionada coexistem situações sob mata natural, vegetação recém-queimada, solos cultivados por um e cinco anos e também em pousio de três anos após dois de cultivo. Em cada situação da seqüência foi descrito e amostrado um pédon e comparado com outros três sob floresta nativa, os quais se distinguem pela drenagem. A queimada ocasiona leves efeitos no solo, exceção feita à serrapilheira, a qual é inteiramente substituída pelas cinzas e resíduos de carvão. Com o aumento do tempo de cultivo, a espessura do horizonte A11 decresce, como resultado do aumento da densidade. O mosqueado aumenta na camada de superfície e alcança o horizonte A3, enquanto que o grau de floculação, que expressa a proporção de partículas de argila não dispersas, diminui. Os resíduos vegetais da superfície do solo desaparecem rapidamente, e o conteúdo de carbono orgânico do solo decresce 14% em todo o perfil, e 24% na camada 0-20cm, após cinco anos de cultivo. A queima é responsável pelo incremento de 2,5 unidades de pH na superfície do solo e pela liberação de bases trocáveis, as quais migram progressivamente no interior do solo, resultando na diminuição do alumínio trocável, mesmo em camadas mais profundas do solo, e depois de cinco anos de cultivo. Após três anos de pousio seguido de dois anos de cultivo, a vegetação foi regenerada, houve acúmulo de resíduos orgânicos, e estímulo da atividade microbiana, com um retorno progressivo às características iniciais do solo.
Criptomelana cuprífera formada durante o intemperismo das rochas da jazida de cobre do Salobo 3α, Serra dos Carajás
Authors: Toledo-Groke Maria Cristina , Melfi Adolpho José , Parisot Jean-Claude
Published: November 2013

Estudos geoquímicos e mineralógicos do manto de alteração intempérica sobre rochas mineralizadas em cobre do Salobo 3α Serra dos Carajás, mostraram que o cobre liberado dos sulfetos por dissolução é, em grande parte, fixado no perfil de intemperismo e localizado em três principais fases mineralógicas: fase silicatada, fase ferruginosa e fase manganesífera. Apenas a fase manganesífera é objeto deste estudo. Trata-se de uma fase monominerálica, identificada como criptomelana, do grupo da hollandita, com teores variáveis de potássio. Diferentes técnicas analíticas (difração de raios-X, espectrometria infravermelho e microssonda eletrônica) foram utilizadas para caracterizar esta criptomelana e mostrar que ela pode conter até mais de 20% de Cu0.
A simplified 3‐D Navier‐Stokes numerical model for landslide‐tsunami: Application to the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Horrillo J. , Wood A. , Kim G.‐B , Parambath A.
Published: November 2013

A simplified three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes (3‐D NS) model for two fluids, water and landslide material (mudslide) is presented and validated with standard laboratory experiments. Dubbed TSUNAMI3D (Tsunami Solution Using Navier‐Stokes Algorithm with Multiple Interfaces) is applied to a 3‐D full‐scale landslide scenario in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), i.e., the East‐Breaks underwater landslide. The simplified 3‐D NS model is conceived to be computationally efficient for tsunami calculations. The simplification is derived from the large aspect ratio of the tsunami waves (wavelength/wave‐height) and the selected computational grid that has a smaller aspect ratio. This allows us to assume a horizontal fluid surface in each individual cell containing the interface (air‐water, air‐mudslide, and water‐mudslide). The tracking of fluid interfaces is based on the Volume of Fluid method and the surfaces are obtained by integrating the fluxes of each individual fluid cell along the water column. In the momentum equation, the pressure term is split into two components, hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic. The internal friction is solved in a simplified manner by adjusting the viscosity coefficient. Despite the simplification to get an efficient solution, the numerical results agree fairly well with standard landslide laboratory experiments required by the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program for tsunami model validation. The numerical effect caused by using a sharp versus a diffusive water‐mudslide interface for a full‐scale landslide‐tsunami scenario is also investigated. Observations from this experiment indicated that choosing a sharp or diffusive interface seems to have no remarkable effect at early stages of the tsunami wave propagation. Last, a large scale 3‐D numerical simulation is carried out for the ancient GOM's East‐Breaks landslide by using the simplified model to calculate the early stages of the tsunami wave propagation.
Subglacial extensional fracture development and implications for Alpine Valley evolution
Authors: Leith Kerry , Moore Jeffrey R. , Amann Florian , Loew Simon
Published: November 2013

Bedrock stresses induced through exhumation and tectonic processes play a key role in the topographic evolution of alpine valleys. Using a finite difference model combining the effects of tectonics, erosion, and long‐term bedrock strength, we assess the development of near‐surface in situ stresses and predict bedrock behavior in response to glacial erosion in an Alpine Valley (the Matter Valley, southern Switzerland). Initial stresses are derived from the regional tectonic history, which is characterized by ongoing transtensional or extensional strain throughout exhumation of the brittle crust. We find that bedrock stresses beneath glacial ice in an initial V‐shaped topography are sufficient to induce localized extensional fracturing in a zone extending laterally 600 m from the valley axis. The limit of this zone is reflected in the landscape today by a valley “shoulder,” separating linear upper mountain slopes from the deep U‐shaped inner valley. We propose that this extensional fracture development enhanced glacial quarrying between the valley shoulder and axis and identify a positive feedback where enhanced quarrying promoted valley incision, which in turn increased in situ stress concentrations near the valley floor, assisting erosion and further driving rapid U‐shaped valley development. During interglacial periods, these stresses were relieved through brittle strain or topographic modification, and without significant erosion to reach more highly stressed bedrock, subsequent glaciation caused a reduction in differential stress and suppressed extensional fracturing. A combination of stress relief during interglacial periods, and increased ice accumulation rates in highly incised valleys, will reduce the likelihood of repeat enhanced erosion events.
Local and global factors controlling water‐energy balances within the Budyko framework
Authors: Xu Xianli , Liu Wen , Scanlon Bridget R. , Zhang Lu , Pan Ming
Published: November 2013

Quantifying partitioning of precipitation into evapotranspiration (ET) and runoff is the key to assessing water availability globally. Here we develop a universal model to predict water‐energy partitioning (ϖ parameter for the Fu's equation, one form of the Budyko framework) which spans small to large scale basins globally. A neural network (NN) model was developed using a data set of 224 small U.S. basins (100–10,000 km2) and 32 large, global basins (~230,000–600,000 km2) independently and combined based on both local (slope, normalized difference vegetation index) and global (geolocation) factors. The Budyko framework with NN estimated ϖ reproduced observed mean annual ET well for the combined 256 basins. The predicted mean annual ET for ~36,600 global basins is in good agreement (R2 = 0.72) with an independent global satellite‐based ET product, inversely validating the NN model. The NN model enhances the capability of the Budyko framework for assessing water availability at global scales using readily available data.
Ice production in Storfjorden (Svalbard) estimated from a model based on AMSR‐E observations: Impact on water mass properties
Authors: Jardon F. P. , Vivier F. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Lourenço A. , Cuypers Y. , Willmes S.
Published: November 2013

Storfjorden, which hosts a latent heat polynya, is a well known region of dense water formation. This Brine‐enriched Shelf Water (BSW) displays substantial year to year variability in its properties, which is partly linked to interannual variations in ice production. Here we have developed a model based on high‐resolution AMSR‐E satellite sea‐ice concentration data, available between 2002 and 2011, and atmospheric forcing to estimate the ice production in the polynya and associated salt release. The average modeled ice production for the epoch 2002–2011 is 47 km3 per year, corresponding to a salt release of 1200 × 109 kg. The two most anomalous winters were 2004–2005 (salt deficit of −367 × 109 kg) and 2007–2008 (salt excess of 398 × 109 kg). Available observations of BSW properties are relatively scarce during this period and are here augmented with data collected in March 2007 from an ice‐tethered mooring to the northwest of the fjord. BSW was found up to the surface, with maximum salinity and density of 35.27 and 28.4 kg m−3, respectively, at 55 m. In addition, supercooled water was found down to 10 m under relatively mild atmospheric conditions. It is shown to have formed a week before, during an intense frazil ice formation episode, exceeding 2 km3 of frazil ice according to the model. Although observations remain too few to robustly assess the relation between ice production and BSW properties, there is suggestion of a direct impact for most anomalous years. The exceptional ice production in 2007–2008 is most likely the cause of the very saline BSW in 2008 and strong plume of dense water toward Fram Strait reported by other authors. Anomalous ice production appears predominantly driven by the duration of the freezing season and anomalous opening of the polynya.
Therapeutic Relaxation
Authors: Day Melissa A. , Eyer Joshua C. , Thorn Beverly E.
Published: November 2013

Relaxation techniques are an increasingly important part of modern therapeutic paradigms for numerous biopsychosocial disorders. In essence, all relaxation techniques elicit a broad relaxation response associated with characteristic changes in physiological, muscular, and cognitive/affective processes. Core relaxation techniques of the therapeutic arsenal include breathing techniques, guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback, autogenic training, hypnosis, and meditation. This chapter describes the theory, clinical implementation, and efficacy research associated with each of these approaches. Technique‐specific and broad clinical indications and contraindications are discussed. While an abundance of research has focused on the question ofwhetherrelaxation works, minimal research has focused on answering the question ofhowrelaxation works. In this chapter we argue that to demonstrate the true public health value of relaxation interventions, future research needs to verify not only that various relaxation techniques work, but that they work for the reasons specified by the associated theory.
Neurofeedback
Authors: Wyckoff Sarah , Birbaumer Niels
Published: November 2013

Neurofeedback or electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback is the practice of providing sensory feedback in an operant conditioning paradigm to modify or enhance the activity of the central nervous system includingEEG, event‐related potentials, slow cortical potentials, and blood oxygenation level‐dependent signal of cortical or subcortical origin. The visualization of brain signals gives individuals the opportunity to gain awareness of their physiology and the information needed to learn self‐regulation or volitional control of specific brain activity for the purpose of symptom reduction or performance enhancement. A brief discussion of the origins of brain signal recording, development of classical and operant conditioning paradigms, and evolution of neurofeedback therapy is presented. The technical requirements and feedback presentation ofEEG, quantitativeEEG, slow cortical potentials, hemoencephalography, near‐infrared spectroscopy, and real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging are discussed. An overview of the research investigating neurofeedback therapy as a treatment for psychiatric disorders is presented and includes outcome data related to attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, dissociative disorder, learning disorders, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. The integration of neurofeedback into cognitive behavioral therapy protocols is discussed.
Homework Assignments and Self‐Monitoring
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos , Dattilio Frank M. , Cummins Amy , Clayton Xavier
Published: November 2013

This chapter outlines the evidence base for therapeutic homework assignments in cognitive behavioral therapy and provides a guide for the implementation of that evidence with clinical examples. Self‐monitoring, a central part of many applications of cognitive behavioral therapy for different clinical disorders and populations, is used throughout the chapter as a basis for illustrating the effective use of therapeutic homework. The chapter begins with a practitioner‐friendly review of the various avenues of research, seeking to understand the role of therapeutic homework in cognitive behavioral therapy, and then incorporates some reflection on the theorized determinants of engagement in homework. The main portion of the chapter, however, is reserved for clinical examples and guidance for practice. The chapter also highlights clinical tips and, at various points, encourages the reader to reflect on his or her own beliefs and practices regarding the role of therapeutic homework in cognitive behavioral therapy.
Cultural Context
Authors: Hinton Devon E. , Roche Martin La
Published: November 2013

This chapter examines the cultural aspect of cognitive behavioral therapy, focusing on anxiety and depression disorders. The chapter presents a model of the generation of anxiety‐ and depressive‐type distress, taking into account important cultural variables: the role of catastrophic cognitions about somatic and mental symptoms that result from local understanding of physiology. Using this model of the generation of psychopathology, the chapter then presents a model of how interventions can be designed to decrease anxiety and depressive psychopathology in a culturally sensitive way. It is then shown how this model applies to a culturally adapted treatment for Cambodian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Family Therapy
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: November 2013

Cognitive behavioral family therapy is now considered to be a mainstream approach accepted by contemporary family therapists worldwide. This chapter traces the evolution of cognitive behavioral family therapy and offers some brief discussion on its empirical support in the professional literature. The chapter proceeds to highlight family schema and cognitive and behavioral interventions, as well as interventions for deficits and excesses in emotional response in family relationships. An emphasis is placed on employing cognitive behavioral family therapy within a systems framework, and on its integrative potential for use with other modalities of therapy. The overall effectiveness of the cognitive behavioral model with families is discussed at the conclusion of the chapter.
Conduct Disorder and Delinquency
Authors: McCart Michael R. , Schaeffer Cindy , Henggeler Scott W.
Published: November 2013

This chapter provides an overview of evidence‐based treatments that utilize cognitive behavioral interventions to treat conduct disorder and delinquency among youth. The selected treatments fall into two categories. The first category includes cognitive behavioral treatment programs that focus primarily on youths' social information processing deficits. The second category includes family‐based treatments that incorporate cognitive behavioral components as part of a broader array of interventions that aim to change family and other systemic contributors to conduct disorder and delinquency. We describe the theoretical foundation, model of service delivery, and key clinical procedures for each of the cognitive behavioral and family‐based models. In addition, we summarize the evidence base for these treatments established through efficacy and effectiveness trials.
Panic Disorder
Authors: Schmidt Norman B. , Korte Kristina J. , Norr Aaron M. , Keough Meghan E.
Published: November 2013

This chapter provides an overview of empirically based treatment approaches to panic disorder, with a specific focus on the use of cognitive behavioral therapy. A detailed literature review focusing on the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder is provided. The advantages and disadvantages of combination treatments (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy with psychiatric medications) are also considered. In addition, elements of typical cognitive behavioral therapy protocols are delineated to assist clinicians with a sample course of treatment for panic disorder. Finally, advances in cognitive behavioral therapy‐based treatments (i.e., transdiagnostic treatments, computer‐based treatments, adjuncts to cognitive behavioral therapy) for panic disorder are also discussed.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Nelson Lindsay D.
Published: November 2013

Antisocial personality disorder exacts a costly toll on society and poses many unique challenges for treatment. This chapter reviews historic conceptions of antisocial personality disorder and the related but distinct condition of psychopathy. The systematic co‐occurrence of antisocial personality disorder with other diagnostic conditions (e.g., alcoholism, other forms of drug dependence) is discussed, and research is reviewed indicating that disorders of these types (termed “externalizing” disorders) share a common underlying dispositional vulnerability. This is followed by a review of current diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder and changes to the diagnosis that have been proposed for theDSM‐5, highlighting parallels to the literature (including changes proposed for theDSM‐5) on conduct disorder, the childhood precursor to adult antisocial personality disorder. The chapter concludes with a discussion of currently available methods of treatment for antisocial populations, emphasizing the best‐supported cognitive behavioral approaches, and future directions for treatment based on recent developments in the literature reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on ways in which interventions could be tailored to meet the unique treatment needs of phenotypically distinct subgroups of antisocial individuals, and how emerging knowledge of the neurobiological underpinnings of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy might be applied to developing alternative methods of treatment such as pharmacologically based or neuro‐reprogramming (e.g., brain‐process oriented training, or direct brain biofeedback) approaches that directly target cognitive and affective processing deficits common in these populations.
Illegal Drug Use
Authors: Kiluk Brian D. , Carroll Kathleen M.
Published: November 2013

Cognitive behavioral therapy for illegal drug use has its roots in behavior theory, incorporating principles of classical and operant conditioning toward understanding patterns of substance use, while also emphasizing the importance of a person's thoughts and feelings as contributors to behavior. This relatively brief and highly structured, yet flexible, treatment has shown to be efficacious across a wide range of substance use disorders, and compatible with a number of other treatment approaches, including pharmacotherapy, contingency management, and motivational enhancement. The defining features of cognitive behavioral therapy for illegal drug use are reviewed, which include functional analysis and skills training, as well as areas requiring special attention, such as extra‐session practice assignments, therapist training and competence, and the impact of impaired cognitive functioning. The chapter ends with an overview of new treatment developments, such as a computer‐delivered version of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT), and interventions aimed at improving cognitive function.