bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating Neoliberalism in Dubai: Migrant Workers and Class Struggle in the Autocratic City
Authors: Buckley Michelle
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  In recent years, portrayals of neoliberalism in Dubai have often hinged on narratives about the hyper‐exploitation of migrant workers in the city. In this paper I interrogate these narratives by exploring the governance of lower‐waged construction migrants and their recent role in market‐led processes of urbanization. Through a focus on the recent growth of private worker welfare initiatives and dozens of illegal labour strikes led by migrant builders, I draw attention to the fraught and contradictory character of autocratic neoliberalism that operates in the governance of these workers, and point to workers’ bodily capital and the construction labour camp as two emergent sites in which these labour politics are unfolding. I argue that these social reproductive realms of the body and the mass‐worker household have offered a temporary spatial fix to the limitations of autocratic rule in a neoliberalizing city, while also conjuring moments of political possibility for construction migrants.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO PARTIAL AUCS
Authors: Huang Xin , Qin Gengsheng , Yuan Yan , Zhou Xiao‐hua
Published: May 2012

As new diagnostic tests are developed and marketed, it is very important to be able to compare the accuracy of a given two continuous‐scale diagnostic tests. An effective method to evaluate the difference between the diagnostic accuracy of two tests is to compare partial areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). In this paper, we review existing parametric methods. Then, we propose a new semiparametric method and a new nonparametric method to investigate the difference between two partial AUCs. For the difference between two partial AUCs under each method, we derive a normal approximation, define an empirical log‐likelihood ratio, and show that the empirical log‐likelihood ratio follows a scaled chi‐square distribution. We construct five confidence intervals for the difference based on normal approximation, bootstrap, and empirical likelihood methods. Finally, extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the finite‐sample performances of these intervals, and a real example is used as an application of our recommended intervals. The simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid bootstrap and empirical likelihood intervals outperform other existing intervals in most cases.
Revisiting the Migration–Development Nexus: From Social Networks and Remittances to Markets for Migration Control
Authors: Sørensen Ninna Nyberg
Published: May 2012

In this paper, I explore the nexus between migration, development and security in South–North migration through an analysis of certain discursive constructions in current migration policy debates; in particular, the migration–development nexus that attempts to make migration work for development in the global South, and the migration–security nexus that legitimizes stricter border controls and migration management in the global North. Shifting geopolitical concerns have changed the balance between the two nexuses over time, but by and large policy debates have been driven by the interests of Northern governments, whereby “development” has been reduced to an instrument of migration policy and “security” to an issue of keeping unwanted and potentially dangerous migratory flows out. The security situation of journeying migrants may make it to the policy debating tables of international organizations and forums, but has thus far not radically changed migration policy. I suggest analysing the nexus constructions through an analytical lens capable of encompassing both migrants and their border‐spanning social networks, on the one hand, and migration policies and state responses aimed at controlling human mobility, on the other. The starting point for this analytical endeavour is the intersection between the migration industry, understood as the broad array of both legal and clandestine actors linked to the facilitation of international migration, and the growing markets for migration management both at the inter‐state level and in the increased use of private and commercial agents for control purposes.
Is there a future for Amur tigers in a restored tiger conservation landscape in Northeast China?
Authors: Hebblewhite M. , Zimmermann F. , Li Z. , Miquelle D. G. , Zhang M. , Sun H. , Mörschel F. , Wu Z. , Sheng L. , Purekhovsky A. , Chunquan Z.
Published: May 2012

The future of wild tigers is dire, and the Global Tiger Initiative's (GTI) goal of doubling tiger population size by the next year of the tiger in 2022 will be challenging. The GTI has identified 20 tiger conservation landscapes (TCL) within which recovery actions will be needed to achieve these goals. The Amur tiger conservation landscape offers the best hope for tiger recovery in China where all other subspecies have most likely become extirpated. To prioritize recovery planning within this TCL, we used tiger occurrence data from adjacent areas of the Russian Far East to develop two empirical models of potential habitat that were then averaged with an expert‐based habitat suitability model to identify potential tiger habitat in the Changbaishan ecosystem in Northeast China. We assessed the connectivity of tiger habitat patches using least‐cost path analysis calibrated against known tiger movements in the Russian Far East to identify priority tiger conservation areas (TCAs). Using a habitat‐based population estimation approach, we predicted that a potential of 98 (83–112) adult tigers could occupy all TCAs in the Changbaishan ecosystem. By combining information about habitat quality, connectivity and potential population size, we identified the three best TCAs totaling over 25 000 km2 of potential habitat that could hold 79 (63–82) adult tigers. Strong recovery actions are needed to restore potential tiger habitat to promote recovery of Amur tigers in China, including restoring ungulate populations, increasing tiger survival through improved anti‐poaching activities, land‐use planning that reduces human access and agricultural lands in and adjacent to key TCAs, and maintaining connectivity both within and across international boundaries. Our approach will be useful in other TCLs to prioritize recovery actions to restore worldwide tiger populations.
Emotion regulation in the context of frustration in children with high functioning autism and their typical peers
Authors: Jahromi Laudan B. , Meek Shantel E. , Ober‐Reynolds Sharman
Published: May 2012

Background:  It is well accepted that emotion regulation difficulties are a serious concern for children with ASD, yet empirical studies of this construct are limited for this population. The present study describes group differences between high functioning children with autism and their typical peers in frustration and discrete coping strategies for emotion regulation. We also use sequential analyses to test differences in the efficacy of individual coping strategies at regulating children’s frustration.

Methods:  Subjects were 20 children with autism (M = 59 months) and 20 developmentally matched typically developing children (M = 50 months). Measures of children’s frustration (negative facial expressions and behaviors, negative vocalizations, resignation) and emotion regulation coping strategies were observationally coded from structured video recordings.

Results:  Children with autism displayed a higher intensity and duration of resignation, and the group difference became most pronounced when children worked alone during the parent‐absent segment of the locked box task. Children with autism used significantly more avoidance and venting strategies, and fewer constructive strategies than typical children. Sequential analyses revealed that social support strategies (orienting and verbalizing to the experimenter) were ineffective for children with autism, while these behaviors, vocal venting, and distraction strategies were all effective for typically developing children.

Conclusions:  The results go beyond the recent literature by offering a rich description of children’s efforts to regulate their frustration when faced with challenge, and point to important contextual differences in the efficacy of children’s coping strategies.
AN ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL STUDY OF 13TH‐CENTURY ARROWHEADS AND BOLTS FROM THE CRUSADER CASTLE OF ARSUF/ARSUR
Authors: ASHKENAZI D. , GOLAN O. , TAL O.
Published: May 2012

Selected iron arrowheads and bolts retrieved from the destruction layer of the Crusader castle of Arsur/Arsuf, which was taken down by the Mamluk army (headed by Baybars) in late April 1265, were studied. Being the only site within the boundaries of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem that has thus far yielded more than 1200 iron arrowheads, an archaeometallurgical characterization was performed. The aim of this research was to study the warfare methods and manufacturing technologies used by the Mamluk and Crusader armies. Examination included optical microscopy, SEM and SEM–EDS, XPS and microhardness tests. Analysis was performed on both the metallic iron and iron oxides. Ferrous wooden ‘fossils’, which were found on and within the bolts, were dendroarchaeologically tested. The microstructure analyses show that the weapons were made of wrought iron. These results are correlated with the function of the weapons. The different microstructures of the arrowheads and the bolts indicate dissimilar manufacturing processes. The graphitization of the ropes on the bolts and the oxide phases on their surfaces both provide evidence of high‐temperature fire. The ropes support the archaeological findings that these devices were used by the Mamluks to set the Crusader castle on fire.
Cranial anatomy, taxonomic implications and palaeopathology of an Upper Jurassic Pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Westbury, Wiltshire, UK
Authors: SASSOON JUDYTH , NOÈ LESLIE F. , BENTON MICHAEL J.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Complete skulls of giant marine reptiles of the Late Jurassic are rare, and so the discovery of the 1.8‐m‐long skull of a pliosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian) of Westbury, Wiltshire, UK, is an important find. The specimen shows most of the cranial and mandibular anatomy, as well as a series of pathological conditions. It was previously referred to Pliosaurus brachyspondylus, but it can be referred reliably only to the genus Pliosaurus, because species within the genus are currently in need of review. The new specimen, together with another from the same locality, also referred to P. brachyspondylus, will be crucial in that systematic revision, and it is likely that the genus Pliosaurus will be found to include several genera. The two Westbury Pliosaurus specimens share many features, including the form of the teeth, but marked differences in the snout and parietal crest suggest sexual dimorphism; the present specimen is probably female. The large size of the animal, the extent of sutural fusion and the pathologies suggest this is an ageing individual. An erosive arthrotic condition of the articular glenoids led to prolonged jaw misalignment, generating a suite of associated bone and dental pathologies. Further damage to the jaw joint may have been the cause of death.
Structure and function of the large pronotal horn of the sand‐living anthicid beetleMecynotarsus tenuipes
Authors: HASHIMOTO Kosei , HAYASHI Fumio
Published: May 2012

Large insect horns function as antipredator armaments, digging implements and intraspecific combat weapons. The sand‐living anthicid beetleMecynotarsus tenuipespossesses a large horn on the pronotum. Allometric relationships between body size and horn size did not show either a slope of more than 1 or sexual dimorphism, suggesting another function of the horn other than sexual selection via combat. Behavioral observation of individuals using a microvideo camera indicated that the horn is used to dig and move forward in loose sand. Only the hornedM. tenuipescould dig into sand, in contrast to the hornless anthicid beetlesStricticollis valgipesandClavicollis fugiens, which could not dig. When moving in sand,M. tenuipesjoins its pronotal horn and head to form a conical shape, with which it pierces into the sand. Then, it opens its horn and head outward to create a space in the sand for forward motion. Although it can dig deeply into sand by repeating these behaviors sequentially, digging speed tends to slow with depth, probably because the weight of the substrate increases.
A Quantitative Metric for Pattern Fidelity of Bioprinted Cocultures
Authors: Pepper Matthew E. , Groff Richard E. , Cass Cheryl A.P. , Mattimore Justin P. , Burg Timothy , Burg Karen J.L.
Published: May 2012

This article describes a quantitative metric for coculture pattern fidelity and its use in the assessment of bioprinting systems. Increasingly, bioprinting is used to create in vitro cell and tissue models for the purpose of studying cell behavior and cell–cell interaction. To create meaningful models, a bioprinting system must be able to place cells in biologically relevant patterns with sufficient fidelity. A metric for assessing fidelity would be valuable for tuning experimental processes and parameters within a bioprinting system and for comparing performance between different systems. Toward this end, the “bioprinting fidelity index” (BFI), a metric which rates a bioprinted patterned coculture with a single number based on the proportions of correctly placed cells, is proposed. Additionally, a mathematical model of drop‐on‐demand printing is introduced, which predicts an upper bound on the BFI based on drop placement statistics. A proof‐of‐concept study was conducted in which patterned cocultures of D1 and 4T07 cells were produced in two different demonstration patterns. The BFI for the patterned cocultures was calculated and compared to the printing model fidelity prediction. The printing model successfully predicted the best BFI observed in the samples, and the BFI showed quantitatively that post‐processing techniques negatively impacted the final fidelity of the samples. The BFI provides a principled method for comparing printing and post‐processing methods.
Semantics of the Transitive Construction: Prototype Effects and Developmental Comparisons
Authors: Ibbotson Paul , Theakston Anna L. , Lieven Elena V. M. , Tomasello Michael
Published: May 2012

This paper investigates whether an abstract linguistic construction shows the kind of prototype effects characteristic of non‐linguistic categories, in both adults and young children. Adapting the prototype‐plus‐distortion methodology of Franks and Bransford (1971), we found that whereas adults were lured toward false‐positive recognition of sentences with prototypical transitive semantics, young children showed no such effect. We examined two main implications of the results. First, it adds a novel data point to a growing body of research in cognitive linguistics and construction grammar that shows abstract linguistic categories can behave in similar ways to non‐linguistic categories, for example, by showing graded membership of a category. Thus, the findings lend psychological validity to the existing cross‐linguistic evidence for prototypical transitive semantics. Second, we discuss a possible explanation for the fact that prototypical sentences were processed differently in adults and children, namely, that children’s transitive semantic network is not as interconnected or cognitively coherent as adults’.
High prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6‐year‐old children in Finnmark County, North Norway
Authors: Kokkvoll Ane , Jeppesen Elisabeth , Juliusson Petur B , Flægstad Trond , Njølstad Inger
Published: May 2012

Aim:  The aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6‐year‐old children in Finnmark, the northernmost county of Norway.

Methods:  This is a survey of 1774 children born during 1999 and 2000 from 18 of 19 child healthcare centres in Finnmark. Body mass index data extracted retrospectively in 2007 from health records at the age of 6 years were compared with international definitions of over‐ and underweight. The prevalence figures were further compared with socio‐demographic figures on municipality level.

Results:  Overall, 19% of the children were classified as overweight or obese; 5% were classified as obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among girls (22%) than among boys (16%) (p < 0.01). The prevalence of underweight was 8% among both girls and boys. Despite large variations in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between municipalities (9–35%), no association was found with municipality figures on socio‐demographic factors.

Conclusion:  In the northernmost county Finnmark, the prevalence of overweight including obesity among 6‐year‐old children was somewhat higher than in previous surveys from Norway, especially among girls.
Concurrent validity of self‐report measures of eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: d’Emden Helen , Holden Libby , McDermott Brett , Harris Mark , Gibbons Kristen , Gledhill Anne , Cotterill Andrew
Published: May 2012

Aim:  Eating disorder screening tools have not been adequately validated for use with adolescents with type 1 diabetes. This study compared the Youth Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (YEDE‐Q) and the Eating Disorder Inventory‐3 Risk Composite (EDI‐3RC) against the child Eating Disorder Examination (chEDE). These screening tools were chosen because they broadly assess eating disorder psychopathology and have subscales helpful for clinical management.

Methods:  In this cross‐sectional study, 124 adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 13–18 years completed two self‐administered questionnaires, the YEDE‐Q and the EDI‐3RC. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess internal consistency of the tools. Fifty‐one adolescents, randomly selected, participated in the chEDE. Intraclass correlations and Spearman’s correlations were used to measure concordance of the chEDE with the YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC.

Results:  The YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC demonstrated good subscale internal consistency; Cronbach’s alpha for YEDE‐Q (0.78–0.95) and EDI‐3RC (0.79–0.94). High levels of concurrent validity with the chEDE were seen with both tools.

Conclusion:  Preliminary evidence is provided for the validation of the YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC for use in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The YEDE‐Q also defines individual disturbed eating behaviours with frequency ratings which can be helpful for tailoring early intervention.
Patterns of compliance with prenatal iron supplementation among Peruvian women
Authors: Zavaleta Nelly , Caulfield Laura E. , Figueroa Alberto , Chen Ping
Published: May 2012

Prenatal iron supplementation is recommended to control anaemia during pregnancy. Low compliance and side effects have been claimed as the main obstacles for adequate impact of the supplementation. As part of a double‐blind supplementation study carried out in a hospital located in a shantytown in Lima, Peru, we monitored compliance throughout pregnancy and evaluated factors associated with variation in compliance over time. Overall, 985 pregnant women were enrolled in a supplementation study that was administered through their prenatal care from 10 to 24 weeks of gestation until 4 weeks postpartum. They received 60 mg iron and 250 µg folate with or without 15 mg zinc. Women had monthly care visits and were also visited weekly to query regarding compliance, overall health status, and potential positive and negative effects of supplement consumption. Median compliance was 79% (inter‐quartile range: 65–89%) over pregnancy, and the median number of tablets consumed was 106 (81–133). Primpara had lower average compliance; positive health reports were associated with greater compliance, and negative reports were associated with lower compliance. There was no difference by type of supplement. Women with low initial compliance did achieve high compliance by the end of pregnancy, and women who reported forgetting to take the supplements did have lower compliance. Compliance was positively associated with haemoglobin concentration at the end of pregnancy. In conclusion, women comply highly with prenatal supplementation within a prenatal care model in which supplies are maintained and reinforcing messages are provided.
Infant difficulty and early weight gain: does fussing promote overfeeding?
Authors: Worobey John , Peña Jamila , Ramos Isabel , Espinosa Carolina
Published: May 2012

Authors have recently suggested that difficult temperament in infancy may be associated with rapid weight gain, but no previous studies actually report associations between temperament and feeding as a response to infant distress. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether greater infant difficulty elicits more feeding, which in turn leads to more rapid weight gain in early infancy. One hundred fifty‐four mother–infant pairs were visited at 3 and 6 months in their homes. Besides anthropometric measures, mothers kept a 24‐h diary of their infants' sleep, cry and feed patterns, and answered questions regarding feeding and infant difficultness. The results showed that feeding occurred as a response to nearly half (48%) of the crying intervals recorded, though it more often occurred in the absence of crying (83%). Mothers were most likely to report holding or rocking their infant as the first strategy they would employ if their baby fussed or cried. A regression analysis that included crying, feeding, weaning, sleep and infant weight revealed maternal reports of numbers of feeds per day as the only variable that predicted weight gain from 3 to 6 months. Infant crying is often followed by feeding, and more frequent feeding may promote more rapid weight gain. However, feeding frequency in the first few months appears to be more a matter of maternal discretion than a yoked response to temperamental difficulty. This does not preclude the possibility that overfeeding in later infancy could be tied to temperamental difficulty and subsequently related to overweight in early childhood.
Nutrition research in rural communities: application of ethical principles
Authors: Faber Mieke , Kruger H. Salomé
Published: May 2012

This narrative review focuses on ethics related to nutrition‐specific community‐based research, within the framework of science for society, and focusing on the rights and well‐being of fieldworkers and research participants. In addition to generally accepted conditions of scientific validity, such as adequate sample size, unbiased measurement outcome and suitable study population, research needs to be appropriate and feasible within the local context. Communities' suspicions about research can be overcome through community participation and clear dialogue. Recruitment of fieldworkers and research participants should be transparent and guided by project‐specific selection criteria. Fieldworkers need to be adequately trained, their daily schedules and remuneration must be realistic, and their inputs to the study must be recognized. Fieldworkers may be negatively affected emotionally, financially and physically. Benefits to research participants may include physical and psychological benefits, minimal economic benefit, and health education; while risks may be of a physical, psychological, social, or economic nature. Targeting individuals in high‐risk groups may result in social stigmatization. The time burden to the research participant can be minimized by careful attention to study procedures and questionnaire design. Potential benefits to the community, fieldworkers and research participants and anticipated knowledge to be gained should outweigh and justify the potential risks. Researchers should have an exit strategy for study participants. For effective dissemination of results to individual research participants, the host community and nutrition community, the language, format and level of presentation need to be appropriate for the target audience.
Elections in hard times
Authors: Bartels Larry
Published: May 2012

Analysing the election results of OECD countries during and after the Great Recession, leading US political scientist Larry Bartels challenges the common perception that voters have given up on progressive parties and turned to the right. Elections, he argues, have little to do with ideology.
The real David Cameron
Authors: Asthana Anushka
Published: May 2012

Anushka Asthana talks to those who understand David Cameron to try and figure out what makes Britain's prime minister tick.
Temporal Variation in Infection Prevalence by the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus in Three Species of Frogs at La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Whitfield Steven M. , Kerby Jacob , Gentry Lydia R. , Donnelly Maureen A.
Published: May 2012

The emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is implicated in widespread population declines, extirpations, and extinctions of amphibians throughout the world. In the Neotropics, most amphibian declines have occurred in cool mid‐ to high‐elevation sites (> 400 m asl), and it is hypothesized that high temperatures limit the growth of Bd in lowland tropical sites, despite few data available on the distribution of Bd in lowland forests. Here, we report the results of a 12‐mo pathogen surveillance program for three common species of frogs at a warm lowland site in northeastern Costa Rica. We combine standard non‐invasive skin swabbing techniques with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to analyze the infection prevalence and Bd load across a 1‐yr period. Our data indicate an overall Bd infection rate of 6.1 percent, but prevalence varies from < 5 percent in warmer months to a peak of 34.7 percent in the coolest months of the year. Despite very little seasonal variation in temperature (< 4°C), our data indicate strong seasonal variation in the prevalence of Bd, with highest prevalence of infection in months with coolest air temperatures. While it has been suggested that Bd is primarily a riparian fungus, we find no difference in prevalence of infection among our species despite considerable differences in affiliation of these species with water. Our study provides further evidence that infection by Bd is regulated by temperature and shows that warm temperatures in lowland forests may restrict, but not prevent, infection by Bd.
Utilization of Smoked Salmon Trim in Extruded Smoked Salmon Jerky
Authors: Kong J. , Dougherty M. P. , Perkins L.B. , Camire M.E.
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  During smoked salmon processing, the dark meat along the lateral line is removed before packaging; this by‐product currently has little economic value. In this study, the dark meat trim was incorporated into an extruded jerky. Three formulations were processed: 100% smoked trim, 75% : 25% smoked trim : fresh salmon fillet, and 50% : 50% smoked trim : fresh salmon blends (w/w basis). The base formulation contained salmon (approximately 83.5%), tapioca starch (8%), pregelatinized potato starch (3%), sucrose (4%), salt (1.5%), sodium nitrate (0.02%), and ascorbyl palmitate (0.02% of the lipid content). Blends were extruded in a laboratory‐scale twin‐screw extruder and then hot‐smoked for 5 h. There were no significant differences among formulations in moisture, water activity, and pH. Protein was highest in the 50 : 50 blend jerky. Ash content was highest in the jerky made with 100% trim. Total lipids and salt were higher in the 100% trim jerky than in the 50 : 50 blend. Hot smoking did not adversely affect docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in lipids from 100% smoked trim jerky. Servings of salmon jerky made with 75% and 100% smoked trim provided at least 500 mg of EPA and DHA. The 50 : 50 formulation had the highest Intl. Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*, a*, and b* color values. Seventy consumers rated all sensory attributes as between “like slightly” and “like moderately.” With some formulation and processing refinements, lateral line trim from smoked salmon processors has potential to be incorporated into acceptable, healthful snack products.

Practical Application:  Dark meat along the lateral line is typically discarded by smoked salmon processors. This omega‐3 fatty acid rich by‐product can be used to make a smoked salmon jerky that provides a convenient source of these healthful lipids for consumers.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Stock Containing the Glutathione‐Xylose Maillard Reaction Product and/or Monosodium Glutamate
Authors: Hong Jae‐Hee , Kwon Koo‐Young , Kim Kwang‐Ok
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  This study was conducted to investigate the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef stock samples containing GSH‐xylose Maillard reaction product (GX) and/or monosodium glutamate (MSG) with varying levels of salt (NaCl). The sensory characteristics of the beef stock samples were examined using a descriptive analysis. Total of 50 consumers evaluated overall acceptability and flavor intensities of beef odor, salty taste, beef flavor, and seasoning flavor in the samples. Samples containing both GX and MSG (GX‐MSG), GX only (GX), and GX with higher salt level (GX‐NaCl) had stronger “beef odor/flavor,”“sulfur odor/flavor,” and “chestnut odor/flavor” than those of the other samples, whereas beef stocks containing MSG, salt only (CON), and CON with higher salt level (CON‐NaCl) had stronger “potato odor/flavor” and “soy sauce odor/flavor” than those of the other samples. The consumers liked GX‐MSG and MSG the most. Overall liking scores of GX‐NaCl and CON‐NaCl were significantly higher than that of CON. GX was not significantly preferred to CON. Partial least square regression results showed that salty, MSG, and sweet tastes had more significant impact on consumer perception of the beef and spice flavors and the liking score than strong beef odor/flavor of GX. However, high hedonic ratings of GX‐MSG, which contained half the doses of GX and MSG used for the GX and MSG samples, suggest that the combination of GX and MSG had a synergistic effect on flavor enhancement of beef stock.

Practical Application:  Due to increasing needs for food products that provide more health benefits but maintain palatability, the food industry is looking for a new type of flavor enhancer. The Maillard reaction product of xylose and glutathione (GX), a tripeptide known to increase complexity and mouthfulness, was examined for its potential as a flavor enhancer. GX enhanced beef flavor significantly and salty taste somewhat at a weak suprathreshold level. With adjusting salty taste intensity by adding MSG at a weak suprathreshold level and/or increasing NaCl by 0.05% to 0.1%, GX significantly increased consumer acceptability.
Headspace Analysis of Italian and New Zealand Parmesan Cheeses
Authors: Langford Vaughan S. , Reed Christine J. , Milligan Daniel B. , McEwan Murray J. , Barringer Sheryl A. , Harper W. James
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  New Zealand is a leader in the global dairy industry. Milk powder is the principal export product, but there is also a prominent cheese manufacturing industry, catering more for the domestic market. The Selected Ion Flow Tube‐Mass Spectrometric (SIFT‐MS) technique was used to compare 4 New Zealand cheeses marketed as “parmesan” with 4 Italian Parmigiano Reggiano and Grana Padano cheeses. The cheese headspace was analyzed in real time without any sample preconcentration. Total of 38 volatile compounds in the cheese headspace were monitored with headspace concentrations varying between single digit parts per billion (ppb) to tens of parts per million (ppm). When the results were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis, a clear discrimination was found between the New Zealand “parmesan” and Italian cheeses based solely on the measured concentrations of these volatile compounds. If the volatile compounds used in the analyses were restricted to known odor‐active compounds in Parmigiano Reggiano cheese, the ability to discriminate between the cheeses was maintained. The analyses also showed that it was possible to clearly differentiate between the different processing plants in individual countries. Important discriminatory volatiles in the samples tested were butanoic acid and phenylacetaldehyde for discriminating between Italian cheeses and ethyl butyrate, acetaldehyde and methylbutanals between New Zealand cheeses. We conclude that the New Zealand “parmesans” do not provide a good representation of the aroma of Italian “parmesans.”

Practical Application:  SIFT‐MS has been shown to clearly differentiate both country of origin and the manufacturer of “parmesan” cheeses made in Italy and New Zealand based on differences in volatile organic compounds. Thus this method will have benefit for use in the quality control of “parmesan” and other cheese varieties.
Discovery and characterization of a large number of diagnostic markers to discriminate Oncorhynchus mykiss and O. clarkii
Authors: PRITCHARD V. L. , ABADÍA‐CARDOSO A. , GARZA J. C.
Published: May 2012

Hybridization of cutthroat trout and steelhead/rainbow trout is ubiquitous where they are sympatric, either naturally or owing to introductions. The ability to detect hybridization and introgression between the two species would be greatly improved by the development of more diagnostic markers validated across the two species’ many phylogenetic lineages. Here, we describe 81 novel genetic markers and associated assays for discriminating the genomes of these sister species. These diagnostic nucleotide polymorphisms were discovered by sequencing of rainbow trout expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in a diverse panel of both cutthroat trout and steelhead/rainbow trout. The resulting markers were validated in a large number of lineages of both species, including all extant subspecies of cutthroat trout and most of the lineages of rainbow trout that are found in natural sympatry with cutthroat trout or used in stocking practices. Most of these markers (79%) distinguish genomic regions for all lineages of the two species, but a small number do not reliably diagnose coastal, westslope and/or other subspecies of cutthroat trout. Surveys of natural populations and hatchery strains of trout and steelhead found rare occurrences of the alternative allele, which may be due to either previous introgression or shared polymorphism. The availability of a large number of genetic markers for distinguishing genomic regions originating in these sister species will allow the detection of both recent and more distant hybridization events, facilitate the study of the evolutionary dynamics of hybridization and provide a powerful set of tools for the conservation and management of both species.
Anthropology in the Cognitive Sciences: The Value of Diversity
Authors: Unsworth Sara J.
Published: May 2012

Beller, Bender, and Medin (this issue) offer a provocative proposal outlining several reasons why anthropology and the rest of cognitive science might consider parting ways. Among those reasons, they suggest that separation might maintain the diversity needed to address larger problems facing humanity, and that the research strategies used across the disciplines are already so diverse as to be incommensurate. The present paper challenges the view that research strategies are incommensurate and offers a multimethod approach to cultural research that can help to establish common ground while maintaining diversity.
A cohort study of mortality predictors and characteristics of patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Authors: Kishaba Tomoo , Shimaoka Yousuke , Fukuyama Hajime , Yoshida Kyoko , Tanaka Maki , Yamashiro Shin , Tamaki Hitoshi
Published: May 2012

Objectives

Our purpose was to assess the clinical data, predictors of mortality and acute exacerbation (AE) in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) patients.

Design

Single-centre retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Teaching hospital in Japan.

Participants

We identified 93 CPFE patients with high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) through multidisciplinary discussion. Patients who had connective tissue disease, drug-associated interstitial lung disease and occupationally related interstitial lung disease, such as asbestosis and silicosis, were excluded.

Interventions

There were no interventions.

Methods

Medical records and HRCT scans from January 2002 through December 2007 were reviewed retrospectively at our hospital. Ninety-three patients had CPFE.

Results

The mean age of CPFE patients was 74 years. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and non-specific interstitial pneumonia were observed as distinct HRCT patterns. Forty-two patients showed finger clubbing. Mean serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) and per cent predicted forced vital capacity (%FVC) were 1089 IU/l, 63.86%, respectively. Twenty-two patients developed AE during observation period. Baseline KL-6 was a strong predictor of AE (OR=1.0016, p=0.009). Finger clubbing (HR=2.2620, p=0.015) and per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second/%FVC more than 1.2 (HR=1.9259, p=0.048) were independent predictors of mortality in CPFE.

Conclusions

Baseline serum KL-6 was a useful predictor of AE (cut-off =1050, receiver operator characteristic curve: 0.7720), which occurred in 24% (22/93) of the CPFE patients. Finger clubbing and per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second/%FVC more than 1.2 were independent predictors of mortality.
Lactoferrin, a key molecule in immune and inflammatory processes1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Legrand Dominique
Published: May 2012

Lactoferrin (Lf) belongs to the family of antimicrobial molecules that constitute the principal defense line of nonvertebrate organisms. In human immunity, their roles are considerably extended, and actually exceed mere direct antimicrobial properties. As a result, Lf is involved in both innate and adaptive immunities where its modulating effects not only help the host fight against microbes but also protect the host against harmful effects of inflammation. Such beneficial effects have been noticed in studies using dietary Lf, without the experimenters always explaining the exact modes of action of Lf. Effects on mucosal and systemic immunities are indeed often observed, which make the roles of Lf tricky to decipher. It is now known that the immunomodulatory properties of Lf are due to its ability to interact with numerous cellular and molecular targets. At the cellular level, Lf modulates the migration, maturation, and functions of immune cells. At the molecular level, in addition to iron binding, interactions of Lf with a plethora of compounds, either soluble or cell-surface molecules, account for its modulatory properties. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms that explain the regulatory properties of Lf in immune and inflammatory processes.
Influence of specific amino acid side-chains on the antimicrobial activity and structure of bovine lactoferrampin1This article is part of Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Haney Evan F. , Nazmi Kamran , Bolscher Jan G.M. , Vogel Hans J.
Published: May 2012

Lactoferrin is an 80 kDa iron binding protein found in the secretory fluids of mammals and it plays a major role in host defence. An antimicrobial peptide, lactoferrampin, was identified through sequence analysis of bovine lactoferrin and its antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and yeast species is well documented. In the present work, the contribution of specific amino acid residues of lactoferrampin was examined to evaluate the role that they play in membrane binding and bilayer disruption. The structures of all the bovine lactoferrampin derivatives were examined with circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their interactions with phospholipids were evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques. From our results it is apparent that the amphipathic N-terminal helix anchors the peptide to membranes with Trp 268 and Phe 278 playing important roles in determining the strength of the interaction and for inducing peptide folding. In addition, the N-terminal helix capping residues (DLI) increase the affinity for negatively charged vesicles and they mediate the depth of membrane insertion. Finally, the unique flexibility in the cationic C-terminal region of bovine lactoferrampin does not appear to be essential for the antimicrobial activity of the peptide.
Chimerization of lactoferricin and lactoferrampin peptides strongly potentiates the killing activity against Candida albicans1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Bolscher Jan , Nazmi Kamran , van Marle Jan , van ‘t Hof Wim , Veerman Enno
Published: May 2012

Bovine lactoferrin harbors 2 antimicrobial sequences (LFcin and LFampin), situated in close proximity in the N1-domain. To mimic their semi parallel configuration we have synthesized a chimeric peptide (LFchimera) in which these sequences are linked in a head-to-head fashion to the α- and ε-amino group, respectively, of a single lysine. In line with previously described bactericidal effects, this peptide was also a stronger candidacidal agent than the antimicrobial peptides LFcin17–30 and LFampin265–284, or a combination of these 2. Conditions that strongly reduced the candidacidal activities of LFcin17–30 and LFampin265–284, such as high ionic strength and energy depletion, had little influence on the activity of LFchimera. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed that LFchimera severely affected the membrane morphology, resulting in disintegration of the membrane bilayer and in an efflux of small and high molecular weight molecules such as ATP and proteins. The differential effects displayed by the chimeric peptide and a mixture of its constituent peptides clearly demonstrate the synergistic effect of linking these peptides in a fashion that allows a similar spatial arrangement as in the parent protein, suggesting that in bovine lactoferrrin the corresponding fragments act in concert in its candidacidal activity.
Protection of ceruloplasmin by lactoferrin against hydroxyl radicals is pH dependent1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Sokolov Alexey V. , Solovyov Kirill V. , Kostevich Valeria A. , Chekanov Andrey V. , Pulina Maria O. , Zakharova Elena T. , Shavlovski Mikhail M. , Panasenko Oleg M. , Vasilyev Vadim B.
Published: May 2012

Destruction of ceruloplasmin (Cp) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide is accompanied by the release of the protein’s copper ions that provoke formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH˙) and, consequently, further degradation of the protein. Under such conditions, degradation of Cp is hampered by a number of substances able to bind copper ions. Lactoferrin (Lf) is the most active protector of Cp, its protective effect depending on the pH of the medium. The best protection of Cp by Lf was detected at pH 7.4. In an acidic buffer (pH 5.5), Lf did not affect the destruction of Cp. The pH-dependent efficiency of copper binding by Lf is in good agreement with its capacity to protect Cp against degradation provoked by hydrogen peroxide. It seems likely that peroxide-dependent degradation of Cp stimulated by its own copper ions is a part of neutrophil-induced antimicrobial reactions and may take place properly at the foci of inflammation. Interaction of Lf with Cp may regulate the generation of OH˙ from hydrogen peroxide in the foci of inflammation and protect the adjacent tissues.
HAMILTONIAN CIRCLE ACTIONS WITH MINIMAL FIXED SETS
Authors: LI HUI , TOLMAN SUSAN
Published: May 2012

Consider an effective Hamiltonian circle action on a compact symplectic 2n-dimensional manifold (M, ω). Assume that the fixed set MS1 is minimal, in two senses: It has exactly two components, X and Y, and dim (X) + dim (Y) = dim (M) - 2.

We prove that the integral cohomology ring and Chern classes of M are isomorphic to either those of ℂℙn or (if n ≠ 1 is odd) to those of [Formula: see text], the Grassmannian of oriented two-planes in ℝn+2. In particular, Hi(M;ℤ) = Hi(ℂℙn; ℤ) for all i, and the Chern classes of M are determined by the integral cohomology ring. We also prove that the fixed set data of M agrees exactly with the fixed set data for one of the standard circle actions on one of these two manifolds. In particular, we show that there are no points with stabilizer ℤk for any k > 2.

The same conclusions hold when MS1 has exactly two components and the even Betti numbers of M are minimal, that is, b2i(M) = 1 for all i ∈ {0, …, ½ dim (M)}. This provides additional evidence that very few symplectic manifolds with minimal even Betti numbers admit Hamiltonian actions.
Wγ AND Zγ PRODUCTION AND LIMITS ON ANOMALOUS WWγ, ZZγ AND Zγγ COUPLINGS WITH D0 DETECTOR
Authors: BU XUEBING
Published: May 2012

The recent D0 results on Wγ and Zγ production are presented. First, the cross-section and the difference in rapidities between photons and charged leptons for inclusive W(→lν)+γ production in eγ and μγ final states are discussed, then are the cross-section and differential cross-section as a function of photon transverse momentum for Zγ→l+l-(l = e, μ) process. Finally, I present the limits on anomalous WWγ, ZZγ and Zγγ couplings.
ECHO EFFECTS ON RELATIVISTIC LANDAU LEVELS IN GRAPHENE AND BIGRAPHENE AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE QUANTUM MEMORY
Authors: BELONENKO MIKHAIL B. , ZHUKOV ALEXANDER V. , NEMCHENKO KONSTANTIN É. , PRABHAKAR SANJAY , MELNIK RODERICK
Published: May 2012

We consider the echo effects, which can take place in graphene and bigraphene (bilayer graphene), when the system of relativistic Landau levels in a quantizing magnetic field appears. Graphene (bigraphene) is examined theoretically in the long-wave approximation near the Dirac points. We propose to use the echo effects for realization of quantum memory for optical states in the far-infrared region.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe0.95Co0.05Si2 SEMICONDUCTING FILM
Authors: HAN Y. P. , WANG X. J. , HOU Q. R. , WANG Q. W. , WANG J. X.
Published: May 2012

The Fe 0.95 Co 0.05 Si 2 semiconducting film has been successfully grown on glass substrate by magnetron sputtering at substrate temperature of 637 K and then thermal annealing at 823 K for one hour in high vacuum. The Raman data and high Seebeck coefficient suggested that the β- Fe 0.95 Co 0.05 Si 2 semiconducting film was achieved. Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed, and the ferromagnetic phase transition was at about 380 K. The possible reason for the ferromagnetism of the β- Fe 0.95 Co 0.05 Si 2 semiconducting film was discussed.
INTERVAL METHODS IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Authors: Kreinovich Vladik
Published: May 2012

Please send your abstracts (or copies of papers that you want to see reviewed here) to vladik@utep.edu, or by regular mail to Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
PLASMONIC-PHOTONIC HYBRID NANODEVICE
Authors: ZHANG TAIPING , BELAROUCI ALI , CALLARD SÉGOLÈNE , ROMEO PEDRO ROJO , LETARTRE XAVIER , VIKTOROVITCH PIERRE
Published: May 2012

We propose and demonstrate a hybrid cavity system in which an optical nanoantenna (NA) is evanescently coupled to a dielectric photonic crystal (PC) cavity. While the plasmonic component leads to strongly localized fields, photon storage mechanism is provided by the surrounding photonic crystal structure. The combined effect of plasmonic field enhancement and high quality factor opens new routes for the control of light-matter interaction at the nanoscale.