bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-Membering the Past: Memory-Theatre and Tlatelolco
Authors: Bixler Jacqueline E.
Published: October 2022

This study discusses the responses of Mexican intellectuals to the 1968 massacre in the Plaza de Tlatelolco. Several published studies and anthologies have covered the poetry, narrative, and essays written on the subject, but no such consideration has been given to the theatrical works written and staged since 1968. Jeanette Malkin's theory on memory-theatre, Pierre Nora's “lieux de mémoire,” and Michel Foucault's concept of countermemories all shed light on how these dramatic works function in a changing Mexico, now moving toward authentic democracy and ready to revive a segment of history suppressed and distorted but never forgotten. Of the many plays commemorating the events of 1968, four that focus on the process of memory are analyzed in this essay. Because of the slow democratization of Mexico, the growing maturity of former participants and witnesses, and the postmodern craving for testimony, the repressed memories of Tlatelolco have not faded into oblivion but continue to inspire the dramatic imagination.
The Politics and Economics of Pension Privatization in Latin America
Authors: Madrid Raúl
Published: October 2022

This research note seeks to explain why a large number of Latin American countries have privatized their pension systems in recent years. It argues that the privatization schemes are a response to the severe capital shortages that have plagued their countries intermittently in recent years rather than to the financial problems facing some of the pension systems. The likelihood of pension privatization, I argue, is determined in large part by the vulnerability of countries to capital shortages as well as the influence wielded by international financial institutions, especially the World Bank. Whether such reforms are politically feasible, however, depends largely on the strength of organized labor and the president's degree of control over the legislature. A statistical examination of recent pension policy in Latin America provides support for most of these arguments.
Urbanization in the Caribbean Basin: Social Change during the Years of the Crisis
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Itzigsohn José , Dore-Cabral Carlos
Published: October 2022

This article seeks to examine empirically several recent hypotheses on the evolution of Latin American urbanization based on data from five countries in the Caribbean Basin. The hypotheses were advanced by the senior author in an earlier article in this journal (Portes 1989). They concern three major aspects discussed in the literature on Latin American cities: changes in urban primacy, spatial polarization within the largest cities, and the urban informal economy as a countercyclical mechanism. The hypotheses contradict much of the scholarly consensus on the character of Latin American urbanization as summarized in a number of publications (Beyer 1967; Hardoy 1975; Portes and Walton 1976; Roberts 1978; Portes and Johns 1989).
Reinterpreting the Amazon Rubber Boom: Investment, the State, and Dutch Disease
Authors: Barham Bradford L. , Coomes Oliver T.
Published: October 2022

Few periods in South American history have so captured the imagination and begged the attention of scholars as the Amazon rubber boom. For fifty years, the extraction of wild rubber from the jungles of the Amazon fueled unprecedented economic expansion in the region: per capita incomes in the Brazilian Amazon climbed by 800 percent; the regional population increased by more than 400 percent; urban centers and secondary towns blossomed along the river banks; and the vast Amazonian forest lands were integrated into national political spheres and the international market economy. But when low-cost rubber from British plantations in Asia flooded world markets in the 1910s, rubber prices plummeted, sharply curtailing financial returns from wild rubber extraction. The price shock drove scores of traders and export houses into bankruptcy when they were unable to collect debts that were based on the future value of rubber. Urban real estate prices crashed, and service industries withered along with their customers' incomes. By the early 1920s, the boom was over, and per capita income levels had shrunk to pre-boom levels. Today, nearly a century later, such incomes (in real terms) have yet to return to boom levels in many areas despite massive state investment in Amazonia.
The Origins of Modern Science in Costa Rica: The Instituto Físico-Geográfico Nacional, 1887–1904
Authors: Eakin Marshall C.
Published: October 2022

This essay reconstructs the history of the Instituto Fisico-Ceogrdiico Nacional, its scientists, and their activities. After surveying the historical context and the first scientific activities in Costa Rica, it narrates the institutional history of the IFG. Also covered are the main activities of the Instituto-meteorology, botany, agriculture, andethnography, especially theefforts to mapCosta Rica in the 1890s. Theworkof this institute and the scientists associated untn it markthefitful beginnings of the institutionalization of modern science in Costa Rica. Thecase of theIFG clearly demonstrates theenormous obstacles facing scientists and scientific institutions in the agro-exporting economies of modern Latin America. As a small country on the "periphery of the periphery," Costa Rica offers an extreme example of the problems of cultivating modern science in developing nations.
Del Criollismo al Regionalismo: Enunciación y representación en el siglo XIX venezolano
Authors: Rojas Raquel Rivas
Published: October 2022

El criollismo ha sido elaborado—desde diversos géneros—como espacio del consenso identitario aún en momentos de graves tensiones simbólicas. Se trata de un lugar construido sobre la capacidad de desplazamiento de la voz letrada, en función de adaptarse a los cambios producidos en la esfera cultural. Con el fin de trazar algunos de los hitos de este proceso de apelación identitaria en el caso específico de Venezuela, revisaré textos, publicados en su mayoría en la prensa, a lo largo del siglo XIX y principios del XX. La lectura de este corpus mostrará la trama de discursividades sobre la cual se asienta la autoridad letrada que emitió el discurso criollista.
“Persecution and Farce”: The Origins and Transformation of Brazil's Political Trials, 1964-1979
Authors: Pereira Anthony W.
Published: October 2022

The containment of communismwas for the United States aproblem of external defense;for the underdeveloped countrieslike Brazil, it was a problemof internal development.Roberto Campos, A lanterna na popa

The authoritarian regimes that in recent decades ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983, Brazil from 1964 to 1985, Chile from 1973 to 1990, and Uruguay from 1973 to 1984 all used violence to crush dissent and the law to regulate and legitimate that violence. Repression under the Brazilian regime was particularly legalistic in the sense that the number of killings was relatively low but the rate of judicial prosecution high. Available evidence suggests that more individuals were brought into military courts for political crimes in Brazil than in any of the other authoritarian regimes in the region.
Bernardino Rivadavia and Benthamite “Discipleship”
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: October 2022

During the 1820s, the works of English utilitarian philosopher and jurisconsult Jeremy Bentham attained a remarkable diffusion throughout Spanish America, enjoying a high reputation among the leaders of the revolt against Spanish rule. Colombian Francisco de Paula Santander professed himself to be Bentham's admirer, while Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda took his advice on freedom of the press. Simón Bolívar, el Gran Libertador, went so far as to assure Bentham that his name was never pronounced “even in these savage regions of America, without veneration nor without gratitude.”
Transnational Alliances and Development Policy in Latin America: Nontraditional Export Promotion in Costa Rica
Authors: Clark Mary A.
Published: October 2022

In the 1980s, students and practitioners of the political economy of development in Latin America became enthralled with East Asia's spectacular economic performance. Researchers wrote cross-regional comparisons trying to discover where Latin America had gone wrong and how it could catch up to the “four dragons,” meaning South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong (see Deyo 1987; Gereffi and Wyman 1990; Haggard 1990). This quest to determine the key ingredients of East Asia's growth held particular policy relevance as many Latin American countries sought to escape from the “lost decade.” The best-known attempts to describe the political basis for East Asia's successful turn toward policies stressing export-led growth have emphasized two factors: initiative of state leadership and highly capable technocracies insulated from societal interference (Haggard 1990; Wade 1990). Among Latin America countries, Chile, the region's premier exporter, seemed to confirm these ideas.
Shady Business: Corruption in the Brazilian Army before 1954
Authors: Smallman Shawn C.
Published: October 2022

An enduring paradox lies at the heart of Brazilian politics. The Brazilian Army has long suffered from corruption at the highest levels so extreme as to create disquiet throughout the institution. Yet the Brazilian military, like other armed forces in Latin America, has justified its involvement in politics and society by accusing civilians of corruption. Despite repeated revelations of military corruption, soldiers and civilians as well have sometimes accepted the armed forces' use of this moral discourse. For example, an anonymous businessman wrote General Pedro Aurélio de Góes Monteiro on 30 November 1954: “The country is on the brink of financial and economic ruin. This state of things is the result of the abuses of past governments and of the deceased President Vargas and the generalized corruption. … The only solution for the reestablishment of confidence in the exterior would bethe delivery of the government to a military dictatorship”(emphasis in the original).2Thirty years later, at the close of authoritarian rule in Brazil, a daring journalist named Carlos Alberto de Carli exposed rampant corruption within the military's intelligence services. Yet Carli himself dedicated his book in part to “the armed forces—the moral reserves of our people” (cover page, Carli 1985).
The Composition and Distribution of Ethnic Groups in Belize: Immigration and Emigration Patterns, 1980-1991
Authors: Woods Louis A. , Perry Joseph M. , Steagall Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2022

In the history of human migration, rarely has a situation arisen in which simultaneous voluntary immigration and emigration flows have dramatically transformed the ethnic composition of an independent country. Belize since its independence in 1981 provides an example of such an unusual combination of circumstances. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, anecdotal evidence began to accumulate suggesting that the country's population was undergoing profound structural changes that included realignment of its settlement patterns and alteration of its ethnic mix.
Local Politics and the Peruvian Left: The Case of El Agustino
Authors: Schönwälder Gerd
Published: October 2022

Local politics in Latin America have been attracting a great deal of scholarly interest as of late (Fox 1994; Nickson 1995; Reilly 1995). This interest can be attributed in part to the simple fact that over the past two decades, the institutional weight of Latin American local governments has continued to grow, spurred as much by the popularity of decentralization policies as by the seminal crisis of the central states in the region. Faced with shrinking resources and painful structural adjustment programs, local governments were often left with no other choice but to divest themselves of responsibilities they could no longer meet.
A Collective Biography of the Rio de La Plata Clergy, 1806-1827
Authors: Iglesias Fidel
Published: October 2022

This essay will report the results of research on the Río de la Plata clergy during the transition to Argentine nationhood, between 1806 and 1827. It will examine a database compiled from manuscripts, printed primary sources, and biographical dictionaries on 204 clerics residing in the Río de la Plata during those years (about 40 percent of the estimated 560 individuals). The database is analyzed according to descriptive and correlation procedures. The statistical analyses were undertaken to relate the demographic characteristics of the churchmen to their attitudes toward independence from Spain and the religious reforms initiated in the ensuing years by Bernardino Rivadavia, chief minister under Martín Rodríguez, governor of the Province of Buenos Aires. The quantification complements the secondary literature (mostly narratives) on the nineteenth-century Catholic Church in the Río de la Plata region.
The Asian Connection: The U.S.-Caribbean Apparel Circuit and a New Model of Industrial Relations
Authors: Green Cecilia
Published: October 2022

This article seeks to accomplish four goals. First, it will examine the historical circumstances of the rise of the U.S.-Caribbean garment production circuit from the standpoint of economic restructuring within the U.S. industry and U.S.-Caribbean trade relations and from the perspective of the major political interests involved. It will also examine the impact of this restructuring on local garment sectors and the wider host economies in the Caribbean. The article will then explore the role of the “Big Three” Asian suppliers in the contemporary restructuring as well as their role in the offshore garment sector in the Caribbean. The latter effort constitutes a preliminary investigation of an emerging area of political and scholarly interest, and it will be partly integrated into the treatment of the first two topics. Finally, while I will refer more broadly to the major garment-producing Caribbean islands, Jamaica will provide a case-study focus for my remarks here. The essay will conclude by looking briefly at the “free-zone” or “free-trade-zone” model of industrial relations and its impact on older traditions of trade unionism and labor-management practices, taking the experience of a number of Hong Kongese garment factories in the state-owned Kingston and Garmex Free Zones in Kingston, Jamaica, as an example.
Continuity and Change in Elections in the City of Buenos Aires, 1931-1954
Authors: Canton Darío , Jorrat Jorge Raúl
Published: October 2022

In 1930 the first successful military coup in Argentina in the twentieth century interrupted the normal functioning of the political and electoral institutions consolidated by the Sáenz Peña Law of 1912. This statute required secret balloting by all Argentine men eighteen and older. The coup of 1930, followed by a failed attempt to achieve legitimatization at the ballot box in 1931, reversed the development of electoral politics in Argentina by reverting to open fraud and provoking the abstention of the main national political party up to that time, the Unión Cívica Radical (UCR).
De Los “Recursos De La Pobreza” a La “Pobreza De Recursos” Y A Las “Desventajas Acumuladas”
Authors: de la Rocha Mercedes González
Published: October 2022

Mi contribución a esta discusión necesariamente lleva el sello de las investigaciones que he realizado a lo largo de dos décadas, los ochenta y los noventa, en el México urbano. Se trata de un período de cambios vertiginosos, dos décadas trepidatorias marcadas por las fuertes sacudidas de profundas crisis económicas. Mi búsqueda se aparta de las miradas estáticas para dar cuenta de algunos de los cambios más importantes en la organización social de los grupos domésticos y las familias de escasos recursos en el contexto de las transformaciones en los mercados laborales y, en general, en las estructuras de oportunidades. De manera casi obsesiva, sistemática pero también intuitiva, mis estudios me han llevado a estar inmersa en un constante proceso de reflexión basado en estudios longitudinales y diacrónicos sobre las bases sociales y económicas de la sobrevivencia en situaciones dinámicas que imponen nuevos y constantes retos a los pobres urbanos y a los sectores medios empobrecidos.
Adivasi images, Adivasi voices. The resonance of the Eickstedt collection
Authors: Müller Katja
Published: October 2022

This article analyses how past and contemporary Adivasi voices are expressed in colonial photographs, and how they have—and continue to—both enable and restrict speaking through visual representation. It examines the collection of the German anthropologist Egon von Eickstedt, who in the 1920s took about 12,000 photographic images and 2,000 objects from Adivasi communities in India, Ceylon, and Burma. As a racial anthropologist he defined and framed the photos and created the collection according to his own preconceptions. The photographs, embedded in a colonial context and an increasingly racial/racist German anthropology, reveal very asymmetric power relations. Yet, the voice of the Adivasi is not completely suppressed, as the photographed people are not mere objects, but find various ways of expressing sentiments in the photographs. Ninety years on, the images and objects have lost none of their ambiguity. They continue to resonate when newly arranged and criticized in the permanent exhibition of a German museum, as well as when curated at the Museum of Voice of the Adivasi Academy in Gujarat.
Training for Public Administration: A Symposium. III. Training for Administrative Posts in the Public Service of Canada
Authors: Bland Charles H.
Published: October 2022

The question of training for administrative posts in the Public Service gives rise to certain questions regarding administration in general, and public administration in particular. What do we mean by administration? Does public administration differ from private administration? What qualities are necessary to make a good public administrator? Can training aid in the development of these qualities? If so, what form should it take? And how can it best be given?

“Administration” has been defined as “the performance of the executive duties of an institute or business”; and “public administration” as “the activities of the executive departments in the conduct of government.” “Executive duties” as related to public administration have again been defined as “pertaining to the execution of the country's laws,” and for the purpose of this discussion, we can perhaps agree that the public administration which we have in mind consists of the carrying out of the law in the various departments of government.

Are there fundamental differences between this form of administration and that which prevails in private business? There are at least certain distinctive elements in each. In industry the profit motive is a much more important factor than it is in government. Similarly the question of remuneration bulks more largely in private industry than it does in public administration. While the old conception of a post in the Public Service as “a job for life and a pension afterward” may have passed away, the financial rewards at present attached to administrative positions in the Public Service are not such as to render the public administrator subject to what Seneca speaks of as the most fertile source of human sorrow, namely, great possessions. A public servant, on the other hand, must be much more responsive to public opinion than his counterpart in industry. He must not only carry out a policy but must sense whether or not that policy meets with public approval. He is subject at all times to public criticism and to investigations as to his acts, and this factor has a determining effect upon his methods of administration to a greater degree than exists in industry.
Training for Public Administration: A Symposium. IV. The University and the Study of Public Administration
Authors: Brady A.
Published: October 2022

I have little to add to this discussion for the simple reason that my colleague, Dr. Coats, has said much of what I wanted to say, said it more interestingly, with a Dorothy Dix touch which I, in my academic restraint, cannot give, and also said it with more authority because of his long and distinguished public service. I can do little more than underscore a few broad propositions.

My first proposition is an emphasis upon the basic fact that public administration is the administration of the state, and not simply the administration of individual departments of government. It has to deal with the management of the state in its aggregated activities, and hence broadly with the whole subtle art of government. The tone of that management never depends simply upon what industrious and zealous civil servants in their offices may do, or how they may do it, but, among other things, upon the effective organization of parliamentary committees, the conscience and intelligence of their members, the modes of planning parliamentary work, and even the quality of discussion within the conclaves of parties, or the antics and verbal orgies of the demagogue in public debate. The genuine and profitable study of public administration in a democratic state cannot be narrower than the broad frame of government, if we are to appreciate duly the ultimate end sought—the competent management of the state. One phase of national government, designated by text-book writers as the administrative, cannot logically or wisely be isolated from other phases which in turn determine its character. To the institutions of general government must be applied those principles and axioms concerning organization which Henri Fayol, Major Urwick, Mary Follett, and many others, with varying wisdom and clarity, have done much to elaborate.
Excess Profits Taxation. II. A Business Man's View
Authors: Leach Campbell W.
Published: October 2022

In this paper I am going to tr y to present the business man's point of view towards the Excess Profits Tax Act and to discuss some of the problems which confront him as a result of it. By way of introduction I should like to make it quite clear that I do not write here as an apologist of tax evasion or as a critic of the pay-as-you-go policy or as an opponent of taxing those best able to pay. Rather I shall try to explain some of the problems and some of the objections without necessarily expressing an opinion in every case as to whether or not the objections are justifiable.

One of the issues which apparently will be decided by this war is the survival, or otherwise, of capitalism even in modified form; but in this country for the time being a decision on that point has not yet been reached, and the profit motive and individual incentive are still the driving forces of our businesses and industries which the government is depending upon in a large measure to provide the instruments of war and the money with which to pay for them. The government is not yet prepared to underwrite business risks. It shares in the profits without sharing in the losses, and does not even allow the losses of one year to be offset by the profits of another, for tax purposes. In times of high taxes, the result, in many cases, is to convert taxes on income and profits into a confiscation of capital. These circumstances must be kept in mind as the background of what I have to say.
The Natural Products Marketing Act, 1934. II. Notes on the Administration of the Act
Authors: Hopper W. C.
Published: October 2022

Legislation in Great Britain and the United States. A few of the important differences between Canada's Natural Products Marketing Act and the British Marketing Act might be worthy of note. The Dominion Marketing Board cannot engage in marketing, fix prices, or control production and, of course, none of these powers can be delegated to Local Boards established under marketing schemes. However, as indicated in section 4, paragraph 1 (a), of the Act, a Local Board may designate a marketing agency or agencies, which will be the agency of the persons whose product is regulated, through which the product may be marketed, but the Local Board cannot engage in marketing. The British Act of 1931 provides that a Board created under its authority may engage in the marketing of a product. It may acquire facilities, take control of the product, and dispose of it and in so doing, may establish prices. The British Act also provides a definite percentage that must support a scheme before assent can be given to it.

That part of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of the United States which deals with marketing agreements in some respects resembles the Natural Products Marketing Act but there are some marked differences. Under marketing agreements provision may be made for setting prices. The Control Committees which administer marketing agreements are not corporate bodies and enforcement of regulations rests with the Administration in Washington. There is no provision for the designation of a marketing agency under the United States legislation. In both the United States and British legislation provision is made for Consumers' Councils or Committees to investigate schemes and agreements from the consumers' standpoint; there is no such provision in the Canadian legislation but, as I have mentioned above, the Canadian Act aims at the protection of both producer and consumer by making it an offence for anyone to charge an excessive amount for the marketing, processing, or converting of a natural product.
Newfoundland, Economic and Political II. Government-by-Commission (1934–6): A Survey
Authors: Fraser A. M.
Published: October 2022

The new system of government inaugurated in Newfoundland on February 17, 1934—Government-by-Commission—is a constitutional experiment of the utmost importance to the people of the country, and, moreover, of profound interest to the student of political science. It possesses distinctive features which are unique in even the long and varied constitutional history of the British Commonwealth of Nations.

The process of economic deterioration, which had been almost continuous in Newfoundland since 1920, culminated in an acute financial crisis in which the government of the Dominion found itself confronted with imminent bankruptcy. At this juncture, a Royal Commission was appointed on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom, of Newfoundland, and of Canada, to investigate conditions in Newfoundland, and to issue a report on its financial situation. The Commission, under its chairman, Lord Amulree, examined hundreds of representative witnesses, and published, on October 3, 1933, an exhaustive, courageous, and admirably lucid Report.
Alberta, Economic and Political. III. Income and Expenditure in Alberta: A Revision
Authors: MacGregor D. C.
Published: October 2022

The Report of the Alberta Bondholders' Committee contains the most detailed application of Canadian national income figures yet published for purposes of argument. Owing to the difficulty of breaking down national figures for provincial purposes, and the important effect of small errors in the total income upon the residual “margin of income”, the corrections presented below are of interest. Certain deductions from Alberta's income are made to avoid double counting (table I) while the value of “necessary expenses” is estimated with more care (table II).

A detailed explanation and justification of the revised estimates of income in table I is given below in section B, and of table II within the table, and in section C. It is only fair to add that there is more room for difference of opinion in the interpretation of necessary expenses than in correcting estimates of income. More than statistical technique is involved, as there must also be some value judgments.
ONE-SYSTEM INTEGRITY AND THE LEGAL DOMAIN OF MORALITY
Authors: Crummey Conor
Published: October 2022

According to contemporary nonpositivist theories, legal obligations are a subset of our genuine moral obligations. Debates within nonpositivism then turn on how we delimit the legal “domain” of morality. Recently, nonpositivist theories have come under criticism on two grounds. First, that they are underinclusive, because they cannot explain why paradigmatically “legal” obligations are such. Second, that they are overinclusive, because they count as “legal” certain moral obligations that are plainly nonlegal. This paper undertakes both a ground-clearing exercise for and a defense of nonpositivism. It argues, in particular, that Dworkin's claims about the legal domain of morality in his later work are often mischaracterized by critics, because these critics fail to read these claims in light of his earlier theory of “Law as Integrity.” A nonpositivist theory that unifies Dworkin's earlier and later work, I argue, deals with the criticisms leveled at nonpositivist theories better than other nonpositivist competitors.
Trends in dietary carbohydrates, protein and fat intake and diet quality among Chinese adults, 1991–2015: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Huang Lina , Wang Liusen , Jiang Hongru , Wang Huijun , Wang Zhihong , Zhang Bing , Ding Gangqiang
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Dietary transitions in China have undergone rapid changes in over the last three decades. The purpose of this study is to describe trends in the macronutrient consumption, the sources of those nutrients and the diet quality among Chinese adults.

Design:

Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort analysis. Main outcomes are dietary energy intake from total carbohydrate, protein and fat and their subtypes, as well as food sources of carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and the China Dietary Guidelines Index 2018 (CDGI-2018).

Setting:

CHNS (1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015).

Participants:

Data from the longitudinal 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015 CHNS of adults aged 18 years or older who had complete demographic information.

Results:

The estimated mean energy intake from total carbohydrate decreased from 62·6 % to 50·6 % between 1991 and 2015, while the mean energy intake from total protein increased from 12·6 % to just 13·1 % and the mean energy intake from total fat significantly increased from 24·0 % to 35·8 % (P < 0·001 for trend). Decreases were observed in evaluated mean energy from low-quality carbohydrates (from 53·6 % to 41·7 %) and incomplete protein (from 9·3 % to 7·5 %), while increases were seen in estimated mean energy from high-quality protein (from 3·3 % to 5·5 %), high-quality fat (from 9·1 % to 16·7 %) and low-quality fat (from 14·9 % to 19·0 %). Low-quality carbohydrates, primarily those derived from refined grains, decreased from 52·2 % to 36·2 %. The diet quality as measured by CDGI-2018 improved, with the estimated mean increasing from 41·7 to 52·4 (P < 0·01 for trend).

Conclusion:

For Chinese adults, there was a significant change in the macronutrient composition over the previous few decades. The percentage of energy consumed from carbohydrates significantly decreased; however, the percentage of energy consumed from total fat significantly increased. Additionally, the diet quality remains suboptimal.
Detecting Discontinuities From In Situ Space Measurements: Method and FPGA Implementation
Authors: Munteanu C. , Turicu D. C. , Creţ O. , Echim M.
Published: October 2022

The analysis in real time of space data variability is essential for scientists and space mission controllers. Automated tools designed to extract key descriptors of variability are needed and solutions to adapt such algorithms for on‐board computers are rare. This paper describes the design of an automated system for detecting directional discontinuities of a physical quantity and its implementation in Field‐Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The system is currently adapted for solar wind or terrestrial magnetosheath magnetic field directional discontinuities, that is, sharp changes of the magnetic field directionality. Our detection algorithm uses analysis windows of adjustable width and averaging procedures in order to reduce the effects of random fluctuations. A sliding‐window approach is designed for continuous monitoring and detection of magnetic directional discontinuities. A software implementation of the algorithm was tested using in‐situ magnetic field measurements, and emphasized improvements of performance when using analysis windows of adjustable width. The FPGA implementation of the detection algorithm is built on DILIGENT Nexys 4 DDR featuring a commercial Xilinx Artix‐7 device and is designed to be ported to space qualified infrastructure. The FPGA system was tested with synthetic and laboratory signals, and provides results in very good agreement with the software implementation. The FPGA system provides an efficient real‐time monitoring solution using minimal computational and energy resources, and reducing the main on‐board computer utilization.
Heat Transfer and Production in Cratonic Continental Crust: U‐Pb Thermochronology of Xenoliths From the Siberian Craton
Authors: Apen Francisco E. , Rudnick Roberta L. , Ionov Dmitri A. , Cottle John M. , Moyen Jean‐Franҫois , Golovin Alexander V. , Korsakov Andrey V.
Published: October 2022

Coupled U‐Pb and trace‐element analyses of accessory phases in crustal xenoliths from the Late Devonian Udachnaya kimberlite (Siberian craton, Russia) are used to constrain Moho temperature and crustal heat production at the time of kimberlite eruption. Rutile and apatite in lower‐crustal garnet granulites record U‐Pb dates that extend from 1.8 Ga to 360 Ma (timing of kimberlite eruption). This contrasts with upper‐crustal tonalites and amphibolites that contain solely Paleoproterozoic apatite. Depth profiling of rutile from the lower‐crustal xenoliths show that U‐Pb dates increase gradually from rim to core over μm‐scale distances, with slower‐diffusing elements (e.g., Al) increasing in concentration across similar length‐scales. The U‐Pb and trace element gradients in rutile are incompatible with partial Pb loss during slow cooling, but are consistent with neocrystallization and re‐heating of the lower crust for <1 Myr prior to eruption. Because Paleoproterozoic rutile and apatite dates are preserved, we infer that long‐term ambient lower‐crustal temperatures before this thermal perturbation were cooler than the Pb closure temperature of rutile and probably apatite (<400°C). The lower‐crustal temperature bounds from these data are consistent with pressure‐temperature arrays of Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths that suggest relatively cool geothermal gradients, signifying that the mantle xenoliths accurately capture the thermal state of the lithosphere prior to eruption. Combined, the xenolith data imply low crustal heat production for the Siberian craton (∼0.3 μW/m3). Nevertheless, such values produce surface heat flow values of 20–40 mW/m2, higher than measured around Udachnaya (average 19 mW/m2), suggesting that the surface heat flow measurements are inaccurate.
Comparison and Verification of the Different Schemes for the Ionization‐Recombination Cycle of the Ionospheric D‐Region
Authors: Bekker S. Z. , Kozlov S. I. , Kudryavcev V. P.
Published: October 2022

This study presents the results of a comparison and verification of three plasma‐chemical models of the lower ionosphere, which describe the dynamics of 4, 5, and 8 charged components under calm conditions and during X‐ray flares of different classes. As a result of verification of the constructed schemes for the ionization‐recombination cycle using data on the propagation of very low frequency signals during 12 X‐ray flares, the best agreement with experimental measurements was obtained with the eight‐component model of the ionospheric D‐region. On two of the four paths, this model successfully simulated the qualitative and quantitative response of the amplitude‐phase characteristics to solar flares in the C, M, and X classes. In contrast to the eight‐component model, four‐ and five‐component models are of limited accuracy which could not be noticeably increased by correcting the ionization rate calculation or the input values of the neutral parameters of the atmosphere.
Global Trends in Marine Heatwaves and Cold Spells: The Impacts of Fixed Versus Changing Baselines
Authors: Chiswell Stephen M.
Published: October 2022

Marine heatwaves (MHW) and cold spells (MCS) are considered to be anomalously warm or cool events in sea surface temperature that are commonly defined relative to a long‐term fixed baseline. As a result, because of climate warming, it is often concluded that MHW will become stronger, longer, and more frequent in the future, whereas MCS will become weaker, shorter, and less frequent. Here, it is argued that in order to understand the physics of MHW/MCS, it is important to remove the climate signal when detecting events. The 1982–2021 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration optimum interpolation sea surface temperature data set (NOAA OISST V2) is used to show that using a fixed baseline leads on average to overestimating MHW and underestimating MCS strengths between 1982 and 2021 compared to using a linear trend to remove the climate signal. If a linear trend is used to remove the climate signal, global trends over the 40‐year record indicate a shift to weaker MHW and MCS in the tropics, especially in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a shift to stronger MHW and MCS in the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The trends in the tropics are likely related to El Niño conditions predominating during the first half of the record and La Niña conditions predominating during the second half of the record. The trends at higher latitudes are consistent with changes in the North Atlantic and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations.
The Influence of Sea Ice Cover and Atlantic Water Advection on Annual Particle Export North of Svalbard
Authors: Dybwad C. , Lalande C. , Bodur Y. V. , Henley S. F. , Cottier F. , Ershova E. A. , Hobbs L. , Last K. S. , Dąbrowska A. M. , Reigstad M.
Published: October 2022

The Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard has recently experienced large sea ice losses and the increasing prominence of Atlantic water (AW) advection. To investigate the impact of these ongoing changes on annual particle export, two moorings with sequential sediment traps were deployed in ice‐free and seasonally ice‐covered waters on the shelf north (NSv) and east (ESv) of Svalbard, collecting sinking particles nearly continuously from October 2017 to October 2018. Vertical export of particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate matter (TPM), planktonic protists, chlorophyll a, and zooplankton fecal pellets were measured, and swimmers were quantified and identified. Combined with sensor data from the moorings, these time‐series measurements provided a first assessment of the factors influencing particle export in this region of the Arctic Ocean. Higher annual TPM and POC fluxes at the ice‐free NSv site were primarily driven by the advection of AW, higher grazing by large copepods, and a wind‐induced mixing event during winter. Higher diatom fluxes were observed during spring in the presence of sea ice at the ESv site. Along with sea ice cover, regional differences in AW advection and the seasonal presence of grazers played a prominent role in the biological carbon pump along the continental shelf off Svalbard.
The Response of Summertime Organic Aerosol Composition to Emission Controls in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Junfeng , Sun Yele , Zhou Shan , Shrivastava Manish , Catena Alexandra , Ng Nga Lee , Zhang Qi , Schwab James
Published: October 2022

The responses of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) to emission controls remain uncertain due to the limited continuous long‐term measurements. Measurements of detailed carbonaceous aerosol composition in the New York City metropolitan region during the summers of 2001, 2009, 2011, and 2018 provide a look at the changes in summertime SOA over the past two decades when significant pollution reduction and emission controls occurred in the northeastern United States. Here, we show that the averaged nighttime SOA, especially the fresh local SOA, extreme mass concentrations resulted from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds reductions, while there is a little trend for the regional aged SOA. Meanwhile, these fresh SOA extremes occurred most often under conditions of high relative humidity during nighttime. The analysis presented here provides a comprehensive evaluation of the evolution of the increasingly important organic component of the submicron ambient aerosols in this major metropolitan area.
Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time‐Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points
Authors: Liu Yicheng , Shi Lihua , Li Yun , Zhang Qi , Qiu Shi
Published: October 2022

In order to better understand the process of the return stroke (RS), based on the time‐reversal (TR) method, the feature points in the fine structure of the RS electric field (E‐field) waveforms are mapped to the feature points in the RS channel, and velocity of the RS is calculated. First, by using the RS engineering model of the tortuous channel with variable velocity, it is shown that the fluctuation of RS velocity and the tortuous channel will lead to subsidiary peaks of the E‐field waveform in the LF band, the variation in the width of the subsidiary peak is correlated to the scale of the segmented tortuous channel and the variation of the velocity, and the contributions of the radiation field to the subsidiary peaks on the total field are the largest. Then, simulation examples under conditions of vertical, inclined, and tortuous channels are used for validation. Combined with the TR approach, the time‐reversed E‐field waveforms are back‐propagated and superimposed, the focused points are in good agreement with feature points in the RS channel. Finally, the reconstruction results of the feature points in the RS channel of a natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning are presented, and the average velocity between the feature points is calculated, which falls in a reasonable region between 0.35 × 108 and 1.73 × 108 m/s.
How Do Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes Perform in Hurricane Conditions: A Comparison With Large‐Eddy Simulations
Authors: Chen Xiaomin
Published: October 2022

Parameterizations of turbulent processes in planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes impact tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts. Existing PBL schemes are mostly designed for low‐wind conditions, and assessing their uncertainties in hurricane conditions remains challenging, mostly due to very scarce observations. Using a recently developed framework based on large‐eddy simulations (LES), this study evaluates K‐profile parameterization (KPP) and high‐order PBL schemes in hurricane conditions. Among KPP PBL schemes, the Global Forecast System (GFS) scheme tends to produce excessively deep inflow layers with large values of eddy viscosity (Km). Opposite results are found for the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme. Using LES results as a benchmark, the performance of YSU and GFS schemes is improved by modifying the “shape parameter” such that Km is maximized closer to the surface, and by using a new definition of boundary layer height tailored to high‐wind conditions. The LES results also suggest an asymptotic mixing length of ∼40 m can improve the Louis‐type parameterizations of the YSU scheme that operates above the boundary layer. Among high‐order PBL schemes, the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) scheme produces reasonably accurate vertical profiles of eddy viscosity, turbulent stress, and boundary layer winds under different high‐wind conditions. Further analysis of MYNN supports a “three‐layer” strategy for the mixing length parameterization for TCs that represents different types of turbulent regimes. In contrast, the high‐order eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux scheme produces excessive boundary‐layer vertical mixing and a deeper inflow layer, partly attributable to a notable overestimation of the maximum allowable mixing length in the PBL code.
Intrinsic myocardial defects underlie an Rbfox-deficient zebrafish model of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Huang Mengmeng , Akerberg Alexander A. , Zhang Xiaoran , Yoon Haejin , Joshi Shakchhi , Hallinan Celia , Nguyen Christopher , Pu William T. , Haigis Marcia C. , Burns C. Geoffrey , Burns Caroline E.
Published: October 2022

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is characterized by underdevelopment of left sided structures including the ventricle, valves, and aorta. Prevailing paradigm suggests that HLHS is a multigenic disease of co-occurring phenotypes. Here, we report that zebrafish lacking two orthologs of the RNA binding protein RBFOX2, a gene linked to HLHS in humans, display cardiovascular defects overlapping those in HLHS patients including ventricular, valve, and aortic deficiencies. In contrast to current models, we demonstrate that these structural deficits arise secondary to impaired pump function as these phenotypes are rescued when Rbfox is specifically expressed in the myocardium. Mechanistically, we find diminished expression and alternative splicing of sarcomere and mitochondrial components that compromise sarcomere assembly and mitochondrial respiration, respectively. Injection of human RBFOX2 mRNA restores cardiovascular development in rbfox mutant zebrafish, while HLHS-linked RBFOX2 variants fail to rescue. This work supports an emerging paradigm for HLHS pathogenesis that centers on myocardial intrinsic defects.
A pilot study combining noninvasive spinal neuromodulation and activity-based neurorehabilitation therapy in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Hastings Susan , Zhong Hui , Feinstein Rochel , Zelczer Gittel , Mitrovich Christel , Gad Parag , Edgerton V. Reggie
Published: October 2022

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the most common pediatric motor disability with multiple symptoms and etiologies. CP is exhibited through sensorimotor delays, impaired posture resulting in limited activities and participation. Our recently concluded, single arm, unblinded, pilot study (NCT04882592) explored whether an intervention combining non-invasive spinal neuromodulation during an activity-based neurorehabilitation therapy (ABNT) can improve voluntary sensory-motor function captured via the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) scores (primary outcome). Sixteen children diagnosed with CP with Gross Motor Function Classification Scale levels I-V were recruited and received the same intervention (2x/week for 8 weeks) to correct the dysfunctional connectivity between supraspinal and spinal networks using the normally developed proprioception. We demonstrate that the intervention was associated with clinically and statistically significant improvement in GMFM-88 scores in all children, thus meeting the prespecified primary endpoint. However, the improvement with ABNT alone needs further exploration. No serious adverse events were observed (safety endpoint).
BNC1 deficiency-triggered ferroptosis through the NF2-YAP pathway induces primary ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Wang Feixia , Liu Yifeng , Ni Feida , Jin Jiani , Wu Yiqing , Huang Yun , Ye Xiaohang , Shen Xilin , Ying Yue , Chen Jianhua , Chen Ruixue , Zhang Yanye , Sun Xiao , Wang Siwen , Xu Xiao , Chen Chuan , Guo Jiansheng , Zhang Dan
Published: October 2022

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical syndrome of ovarian dysfunction characterized by premature exhaustion of primordial follicles. POI causes infertility, severe daily life disturbances and long-term health risks. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. We previously identified a Basonuclin 1 (BNC1) mutation from a large Chinese POI pedigree and found that mice with targeted Bnc1 mutation exhibit symptoms of POI. In this study, we found that BNC1 plays key roles in ovarian reserve and maintaining lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis in oocytes during follicle development. Deficiency of BNC1 results in premature follicular activation and excessive follicular atresia. Mechanistically, BNC1 deficiency triggers oocyte ferroptosis via the NF2-YAP pathway. We demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition of YAP signaling or ferroptosis significantly rescues Bnc1 mutation-induced POI. These findings uncover a pathologic mechanism of POI based on BNC1 deficiency and suggest YAP and ferroptosis inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for POI.