bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacteriophage P1
Authors: Lehnherr Hansjorg
Published: November 2023

In the first edition of this volume, Michael B. Yarmolinsky and the late Nat L. Sternberg wrote a 147-page chapter filled to the brim with scientific, historical, and anecdotal information about bacteriophage P1 (198). Their work was the first comprehensive review covering 35 years of P1 research. Following in their footsteps, this review inevitably relies heavily on its predecessor. Any reader with an interest in P1 is strongly advised to also read the Yarmolinsky and Sternberg review, which extensively covers aspects of P1 biology that are still valid and up to date and therefore not covered here. It is the aim of this account to provide the reader with a general overview of bacteriophage P1 biology, with special focus on developments during the last 15 years. The data are arranged to reflect a lytic phage infection cycle, with an inbuilt detour covering the plasmid life style of P1 during lysogeny.
Marine Phages
Authors: Miller Robert V
Published: November 2023

Two decades ago marine bacteriophages were unimportant to microbial ecologists. After all, bacteriophages could only be important in certain environments where their concentrations were high enough to have an effect on bacterial populations. In most microbiologists’ minds, this limited them to just a few ecosystems such as waste treatment facilities, cheese and yogurt production facilities, and the microbiology laboratory. It certainly did not include marine environments! Of course, specific phages such as PM2 were of interest (18, 87; see also chapter 14) because of their cytology and molecular microbiology. The few studies that had addressed the frequency of viruses in the oceans, however, showed that marine bacteriophages were not prevalent enough to affect marine ecosystems.
Phage-Based Expression Systems
Authors: Murray Noreen E
Published: November 2023

Phage, and plasmid, derivatives that had ‘‘picked up’’ genes from the Escherichia coli chromosome led Campbell (12) to propose his influential model based on recombination between circular genomes (see chapter 7). According to this model, segments of bacterial DNA were added to a phage genome if excision of the prophage was by an ‘‘aberrant’’ recombination event. These unexpected, or illegitimate (2, 27, 96) events fortuitously created the early recombinant clones that became tools at the cutting edge of research in the pioneering days of molecular biology. They, for example, facilitated the analyses of bacterial operons (30, 61) and enabled the amplification of the Lacrepressor (60).
Social Psychological Methods of Emotion Elicitation
Authors: Harmon-Jones Eddie , Amodio David M , Zinner Leah R
Published: November 2023

Social psychology has long embraced the study of emotion. In an early experiment, Schachter (1959) induced anxiety to examine its effects on affiliation. Schachter’s original description of the anxiety manipulation illustrates many of the methodological features of social psychological experiments: In the high anxiety condition, the subjects, all college girls, strangers to one another, entered a room to find facing them a gentleman of serious mien, hornrimmed glasses, dressed in a white laboratory coat, stethoscope dribbling out of his pocket, behind him an array of formidable electrical junk. After a few prelimiaries, the experimenter began: Allow me to introduce myself, I am Dr. Gregor Zilstein of the Medical School’s Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry. I have asked you all to come today in order to serve as subjects in an experiment concerned with the effects of electrical shock.
Introduction
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This is the story of a mental condition that affects millions of people worldwide—yet few even know its name. Depersonalization has been well-documented in medical literature for more than 100 years, but this book, the first definitive work on the subject, is long overdue. Everyone feels “unreal” from time to time. It may happen after a traumatic event, while in new or foreign surroundings, or in times of severe stress. As a defense mechanism, depersonalization serves a purpose—to mentally distance an individual from horrific or overwhelming circumstances. But this mechanism can go awry and exhibit a darker side, which manifests itself as depersonalization disorder.
Expressions of the Inexpressible
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Dissociative disorders in general are known to be founded in experiences of trauma or abuse. They are conceptualized as the human psyche’s way of coping with intolerable circumstances—a means of escape to assure survival, no matter what the price. Depersonalization disorder (DPD) is classified by modern American psychiatry within the dissociative disorders, but its traumatic causes are more highly variable than those encountered in more severe dissociative disorders. Not only childhood trauma, but also later severe stress, frightening episodes of other mental illness, and even isolated drug use can precipitate the condition. In some cases of depersonalization disorder, there is even no apparent cause or trigger.
The Kim Dynasty
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

As his exhausted people struggled to survive another year in their country’s “forced march for final victory,” North Korea’s leader, Kim Jong Il, was busy himself. The North Korean state news agency (KCNA) reported that his great humanity was on show by his willingness to share their bitter deprivations. One news story described how in January 1998 he arrived on his personal train to inspect a hydropower project and he invited officials to share his modest lunch.
The Making of a God King
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

One afternoon, in February 1997, an elderly man with a shock of white hair, dressed against the winter cold, stepped out of the North Korean Embassy in Beijing, saying he was going shopping. At the Friendship Store, he slipped past his minders, calmly hailed a passing taxi, and demanded to go to the South Korean Consulate. There he told an astonished clerk that he wished to be given political asylum.
North Korea’s Economic Collapse
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

The first time Lee Min-bok, a North Korean agricultural expert, saw a man dying of hunger was in 1987 when he was on a research trip to the North East. That was eight years before North Korea appealed to the world for emergency food aid. Many lives would have been saved if only the North’s leadership had been willing to admit to the economic crisis. Lee, a dour and austere man in his forties, is bitter for other reasons.
Kim Dae Jung and the South Korean Way
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

Five hundred and one mooing cows dressed in garlands were shepherded across Panmunjom in 1998 by an elderly and bespectacled man dressed despite the June heat in a raincoat and hat. When Chung Ju-yung fled to the South over 50 years ago to seek his fortune, he had stolen a cow from his home village of Asan, 30 miles north of the DMZ on the East Coast. Now he wanted to return the favor with interest. The son of poor farmers, Chung had founded Hyundai, the giant conglomerate or chaebol, whose name literally means modern. Chung, a contemporary of Kim Dae Jung, belonged to that remarkable generation of patriarchal figures that had helped modernize the backward country, turning its once starving people into manufacturers of world-class cars, ships, computers, microprocessors, and mobile phones.
Out Of Control The Consequences And Treatment Of Epilepsy
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

One day, while shopping for a present for relatives overseas, I saw displayed in a jeweler’s shop a group of intricately carved greenstone pendants. My disappointment on finding that the price of a pendant was too high for my pocket quickly turned to pleasure when I discovered the carver’s name. Only a few years earlier I had watched this man struggling to cope with epilepsy, for him a most disabling neurological disorder. Rangi’s beautiful pendants were a remarkable personal achievement, attributable not only to his skill as a carver, but also to his courage and determination. As will become apparent when Rangi’s story is told, his pendants could also be regarded as an indirect result of current neurological and neurosurgical research, technology, and practice in the treatment of epilepsy.
Vision Without Knowledge
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

I first heard about the man I will call “Michael” when I received a telephone call from a rehabilitation therapist at the Institute for the Blind. She asked for my help in rethinking Michael’s rehabilitation program because, as she said, “Something incredible has happened to him and he seems to be getting his sight back, but he still can’t see!” She went on to explain that Michael had been classified as totally blind since a head injury nearly 2 years previously, but he had recently begun to see lights at night and movement on the television. She had been trying to improve his sight by showing him various common objects day after day, but he seemed unable to recognize the objects unless he picked them up. Often he would describe the shape of the object in a slow, disjointed manner, but only rarely did this seem to help him recognize the object. At first, she said, he could not read, but practice had brought improvement, and now he could read slowly but quite well.
Split Brain, Split Mind?
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

In 1981 Roger Sperry of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his research on the behaviour and neuropsychology of animals and people that had undergone an operation in which the corpus callosum, the large fiber tract connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, is split (Sperry 1982). Split-brain surgery ( commissurotomy) was first performed in humans in the 1940s in an attempt to control epilepsy; a series of 26 adults and adolescents were operated on with mixed results (Akelaitis 1941; Escourolle, Hauw, Gray, and Henin 1975). It seems unlikely, however, that the corpus callosum was completely divided in most of these patients.
Troubleshooting “bad” fits
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

This chapter shows you five examples of bad fits, and explains what went wrong in each one and how the analysis can be salvaged. In this example, a response was measured at five concentrations, and the results were fit to a sigmoidal dose-response curve with variable slope, also called a four-parameter logistic equation or the Hill equation. When you first look at the results, all may seem fine. The R2 is high, and both the logEC50 and the Hill slope have reasonable best-fit values.
Calculations with radioactivity
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

It is not possible to detect each radioactive disintegration. The fraction of radioactive disintegrations detected by your counter is called efficiency. Determine efficiency by counting a standard sample under conditions identical to those used in your experiment. It is relatively easy to detect gamma rays emitted from isotopes such as 12s1, so efficiencies are usually over 90%, depending on the geometry of the counter. The efficiency is not quite 100% because the detector doesn’t entirely surround the tube, and a small fraction of gamma rays (photons) miss the detector.
Analyzing competitive binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Competitive binding experiments measure the binding of a single concentration of labeled ligand in the presence of various concentrations of unlabeled ligand. Ideally, the concentration of unlabeled ligand varies over at least six orders of magnitude. The top of the curve is a plateau at a value equal to radioligand binding in the absence of the competing unlabeled drug. The bottom of the curve is a plateau equal to nonspecific binding. The concentration of unlabeled drug that produces radioligand binding halfway between the upper and lower plateaus is called the IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) or EC50 (effective concentration 50%).
Homologous competitive binding curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The most common way to determine receptor number ,, nd affinity is to perform a saturation binding experiment, where you vary the concentration of radioligand. An alternative is to keep the radioligand concentration constant, and compete for binding with the same ligand, but not radioactively labeled. Since the hot (radiolabeled) and cold (unlabeled) ligands are chemically identical, this is called a homologous competitive binding experiment. It is also sometimes called a cold saturation experiment. An advantage of performing homologous competition binding experiments for determining radioligand K.i and Bmax values, rather than the more standard saturation binding method, is that you use less radioligand in the homologous competition experiment and generally have lower nonspecific binding than in the saturation assay.
Dose-response curves in the presence of antagonists
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The term antagonist refers to any drug that will block, or partially block, a response. When investigating an antagonist, the first thing to check is whether the antagonism is surmountable by increasing the concentration of agonist. The next thing to ask is whether the antagonism is reversible. After washing away antagonist, does agonist regain response? If an antagonist is surmountable and reversible, it is likely to be competitive (see next paragraph). Investigations of antagonists that are not surmountable or reversible are beyond the scope of this manual.
Importing equations and equation libraries
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

If the equation you want is not one of the classic equations built-in to Prism, look in Prism’s equation library. To choose an equation from a library, click More equations (from the parameters dialog for nonlinear regression), then choose to select from the equation library. On the Equation Selection dialog, choose a library file (left panel) then choose an equation (right panel). Confirm your choice with the preview on the bottom of the dialog.
Writing user-defined models in Prism
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

You don’t have to write your equation on one line. Use intermediate variables to simplify longer equations. Prism automatically distinguishes between intermediate variables and equation parameters that you can fit. If a variable is used first on the left side of an equals sign, then it is an intermediate variable. If a variable is used first on the right side of an equals sign, then it is an equation parameter.
A Primer on the Brain
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

A text on Parkinson’s disease (PD), a disorder of the brain, should start with a discussion of the brain, an incredibly complex organ. Not only is brain structure complicated, but so is human thought and action. How amazing that the human brain can derive complex mathematical equations, compose great novels, and direct the swing of a baseball bat toward a curving baseball thrown at ninety miles per hour! Although we are not close to understanding how the brain mediates the genius of a mathematician or the artistry of a composer, we do understand many elementary things about brain function. What we have learned has led to breakthroughs in the medical treatment of many neurological conditions. PD stands as a shining example of how an understanding of brain function provided a rational basis for effective treatment. Over decades, many scientists and clinicians contributed insights, piecing together the PD brain puzzle. From these aggregate efforts, effective symptomatic treatment of PD was predicted and later confirmed in clinical trials. We now are able to treat PD based on our knowledge of brain mechanisms. We continue to build on these scientific principles, and thus the treatment of PD remains a work in progress.
Parkinson’s Disease: Changes in the Brain and Beyond
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by slowness, stiffness, and often tremor. It is a disorder of brain motor systems (“motor” implies movement and action). In this chapter we consider how PD fits in the larger context of all brain disorders. We will then review what is occurring inside the brain, both microscopically and biochemically, resulting in the symptoms of PD. An understanding of this is crucial, since treatment principles are based on this knowledge. A variety of disorders may damage the brain and cause it to malfunction, for example, strokes, tumors, brain infections (encephalitis), and trauma. One category of brain disorders is neurodegenerative disease. These diseases affect specific groups of brain cells, which slowly die (degenerate). Neurodegenerative disease encompasses a variety of conditions, most of which occur for unknown reasons, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Lou Gehrig’s disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS). Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease.
Conditions Mistaken for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Most of the prescription drugs that cause parkinsonism block the action of dopamine in the brain by attaching to the dopamine receptor. If dopamine cannot bind to this blocked receptor, the effect is the same as having no dopa- mine. These blocking drugs are called dopamine antagonists; that is, they antagonize the dopamine signal. Contrast this to the dopamine agonist drugs we previously discussed, which activate the dopamine receptors after binding to them (much like dopamine). The antagonist drugs simply block the recep- tor without activation. For a review of this subject, see chapter 2.
Testing: Blood Tests, X rays, and Scans
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is based on the symptoms and the neurological examination. Laboratory tests and scans have only a limited role in routine cases. However, when there are unusual or unexpected findings, these studies may be helpful. Also, testing is often appropriate in the evaluation and treatment of conditions linked to PD, such as urinary problems or memory impairment. We will divide our discussion along these lines, first addressing tests to establish the diagnosis and, second, laboratory evaluation of conditions related to PD. The appearance of parkinsonism does not necessarily assure us that someone has PD. However, this is usually the case if there are no atypical or unusual features.
Starting Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

If you have Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are about to start levodopa therapy, plan on being pleasantly surprised. The improvement is often striking. Levodopa treatment is effective, relatively easy to start, and does not have any potentially serious side effects. No blood test monitoring is necessary, since it does not damage internal organs such as liver or kidneys. There is no one-size-fits-all dose, however. Treatment begins with a low dose, which is slowly raised, guided by the response. In this chapter, we will learn exactly how to do this, what to look for, and why we do what we do. All preparations of levodopa used today in the United States contain carbidopa. To recap, carbidopa administered with levodopa protects levodopa until it can get into the brain. One benefit is that much lower doses of levodopa are necessary. However, the major advantage is that it prevents nausea caused by dopamine in the bloodstream. Levodopa is always prescribed in combination with carbidopa (or in Europe, with a similar drug, benserazide); hence, when we discuss levodopa therapy, we are really talking about carbidopa/levodopa therapy.
The First Few Years on Carbidopa/Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the newly diagnosed person with PD who has recently started carbidopa/levodopa. Will I need to raise the dose every few months? Will I become tolerant? Will it stop working? The answer to all three questions is no. You are now on automatic pilot for the near term. This assumes, of course, that you followed the dosing scheme in chapter 12 and raised the dose sufficiently to adequately treat your problems. Once you’ve done that, further major changes in your medication schedule should not be necessary in the near future. Are there ever any exceptions? Actually, there are, as illustrated in this chapter.
Supplemental Drugs for Motor Fluctuations and Dyskinesias
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Levodopa is a very effective drug for treating the symptoms of PD. However, after several years, the response often becomes uneven. The effect may no longer last around the clock (the long-duration effect); rather, the primary benefit lasts a few hours or less after each levodopa dose (the short-duration effect). This results in response fluctuations. In this chapter, we consider adding another medication to smooth the response and control the symptoms. Note that these drugs are supplemental and do not substitute for carbidopa/ levodopa. Levodopa is the most potent medication and remains the foundation of treatment. When to add another drug is sometimes an arbitrary decision. Simply adjusting the carbidopa/levodopa dosing scheme may fix the problem and would obviously be a cheaper solution. You often can fine-tune the levodopa dose quite precisely. In fact, my usual strategy is to do this first. If substantial fluctuations in the response persist, then I add a second drug.
Assessing the Ebb and Flow of Daily Life With an Accent on the Positive
Authors: Zautra Alex ]. , Affl,eck Glenn G , Davis Mary C , Tennen, Howard , Fasman Robert
Published: November 2023

In our research, we have embarked on the study of the positive by developing methodologies that we could use to chart stability and change in everyday life experiences. To do so, we needed to build a structure for assessment that could traverse a veritable ocean of experiences, be capable of sailing through both the currents and crosscurrents of social influence, and also stay afloat to record the sometimes violent upheavals in the patterns of engagement that occur on the open sea. The method should be able to record both the ebb and flow of daily life, and at the same time probe the waters for influences on behavior that are both still and deep.
“Riding the Dragon”
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: November 2023

In a foreword to a book on identifying and avoiding defensive patterns in working with patients, Dame Lesley Southgate wrote,”The missing pieces about the failure of some doctors to incorporate best practice into the consultation may be addressed by paying attention to what the doctor is feeling rather than what he/she knows.” If acute and chronic secondary stress is to be limited and one’s personal and professional well-being is to be enhanced, self-knowledge and the enlightened behavior that it should give rise to are not a nicety in medical/nursing practice; they must be a given. Personal discipline and self-control are essential in nursing and medicine, as they are for all professionals responsible for the care for others. In the behavioral sciences, this is referred to as “self-regulation.” In a book for psychologygists on self-care, Baker writes, “Self-regulation, a term used in both behavioral and dynamic psychology, refers to the conscious and less conscious management of our physical and emotional impulses, drives and anxieties.
Loss of a Useful Function in Life: Work
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Throughout history, occupation has defined one’ s subjective identity and place in the world. Its loss can leave a person bereft. Doing useful work is a central value for most middle-class persons. We are convinced that this also applies to a substantial portion of the population and is especially important to the generation that today is aging or already old. We remember the saying “Idleness is the Devil’ s playground.” It expresses the negative value our culture places on self-indulgent idleness. Our real message, however, is that it is usually risky and perhaps harmful not to have something interesting and, above all, useful to do—that is, something that makes a contribution to others, society, or the world, over and above any gain, monetary or otherwise. The danger from not having useful work can be boredom and a feeling of uselessness.
Psychological Treatment
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

This chapter is mainly about psychological treatment for elderly people who might be in trouble functionally and emotionally. It also includes modest attention to the period usually referred to as the end of life. The term psychological treatment is employed because not all treatment is designed to be psychotherapeutic, which calls for change in one’ s understanding of oneself and one’ s coping pattern. Psychotherapy is usually centered on neurotic conflicts and defenses that have been getting in the way of effective coping and mental comfort. Other approaches to treatment consist of providing emotional support in a crisis, overcoming misconceptions, advice or counseling, and teaching. Often these objectives are combined.
Why Do Some Children Not Communicate?
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

The way we speak to these children, or, to be more accurate, our way of making sense a posteriori of our dealings with them, depends on what-ever hypotheses we have formulated about the possible sources of their disorder. This is especially pertinent when one goes from speech disorders to the area of childhood psychosis and autism, where the so-called disorder of communication becomes severe.
Introduction
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: November 2023

The volume you are about to read is a collection of essays from some of the foremost scholars from around the world who identify themselves with the new direction in the discipline called “positive psychology.” This direction is distinguished by an interest in the more desirable aspects of behavior—what used to be called the “virtues”—as opposed to the recently more prevalent focus on pathology. If we imagine human experience as following along a bell curve with illness and despair at the left tail of the slope, joy and creativity at the other end, and the great majority of experiences around a middle neutral point, one could say that for the past half century or so psychology in the United States has been focusing almost exclusively on the left-hand tail of the curve. The goal of most psychologists has been to bring people whose lives were spent in regions of misery far below the mean back into a semblance of normalcy. Yet increasing numbers in the profession have begun to feel that without understanding what happens on the right slope of the curve, the best we have been able to do for people was not good enough. Even “normal” people need to grow, to hope for a better life, to change themselves into what they consider to be better persons. It is in response to this realization that positive psychology started to take shape in the last decade of the 20th century as a loose confederation of thinkers and practitioners with overlapping interests in positive psychological states.
Pictorial Functions And Perceptual Structures
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Realistic representation has been one of the avowed goals of Western art for millennia. Moreover, realism has always been and continues to be a popular value in the pictures that are produced for mass consumption. There have repeatedly been significant departures from this goal, however, and it has not been even a discernible purpose of modern painting for most of the past century. In pursuit of realistic representation, artists have investigated the nature of light and pigments, the laws of optics, the physical structures that are to be represented (e.g., anatomy and botany), and the psychology of visual perception. There is therefore a rich set of problems that are shared by the perception psychologist and the studious or innovative artist.
Looking Ahead (One Glance At A Time)
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Learning how to make and reproduce pictures, from the working out of the depth cues in the Renaissance through the color-mixing concerns of printing and TV, taught us most of what we knew until recently about how we perceive the world, and also did much to shape philosophy and science. Today, moving pictures raise questions that must concern cognitive psychologists and neurophysiologists, and some of the answers to those questions should help the computer scientists who work at automating movie making. We need to understand how meaningful sequential views of objects, scenes, and events are combined and remembered and how the perceptual system’s anticipatory abilities help to integrate the many component processes that comprise that system.
Biological Motion:Point-Light Walkers and Beyond
Authors: Thornton Ian M
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review the role that Johansson’s (1973) pointlight stimuli have played in the study of biological motion. I begin by describing this type of stimuli and the techniques used to create them and then discuss the various reasons why I believe they have proven to be such a popular and powerful research tool. I will then consider two possible limitations with this technique and introduce additional methods that are becoming available for the study of biological motion. In the final sections I also take one general research theme from the area of biological-motion processing-the question of detern1ining gender from motion-and discuss some preliminary findings on how techniques other than point-light stimuli can be exploited.
Evidence for a Network of Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Grossman Emily D
Published: November 2023

Of the images that we encounter on a daily basis, perhaps the most interesting are visions of other people. Much cognitive and psychological research has focused attention on the perception of faces, obviously a very important task in social perception. But another line of research has clearly shown that humans are remarkably sensitive to the kinematics of body motion. Biological motion perception refers to the recognition of people and animals in motion. Using a technique in which bodies are depicted solely by the motion of the joints, we can study biological motion perception in isolation from other visual cues, such as form, texture, and colors that naturally occur when we see bodies (described in more depth in chapter 13). Amazingly, human movement is readily recognized on the basis of the movement patterns of the joints, an indication of the robust and highly sensitive nature of our visual system for biological motion. It is natural, then, to wonder whether our brains have developed· specialized machinery for the perception of events involving bodies, such as face, body, and hand movements.
Reduction of Time-Independent Complexity
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, it was stated that there are four types of complexities: time-independent real complexity, time-independent imaginary complexity, time-dependent combinatorial complexity, and time-dependent periodic complexity. To make a system perform its intended functions within their specified design ranges, we must establish the FRs and constraints of the system correctly and then satisfy them with zero complexity. Any per­ formance problem that arises at the beginning of the system operation after it is designed is usually a result of poor design. Such a system has time-independent real complexity. Long-term performance, reliability, and safety issues arise when the design is encumbered with time-dependent combinatorial complexity problems.
Complexity of Biological Systems
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

As shown in table 3.1, many natural systems possess functional periodicity. Based on this observation and the behavior of engineered systems, a hypothesis was presented in chapter 3, which stated that For long-term stability of natural and engineered systems, the system must be either in an equilibrium state with its surrounding or have a functional periodicity. Systems without stability because of the lack of functional periodicity have a transitory existence or are in a chaotic state and eventually disappear or mutate into another system or matter which is either in equilibrium or is periodic.
Introduction to Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

Composite materials are composed of two or more distinct constituents combined on a macroscopic scale to form a useful material. Composite materials are different from normal alloys. In the case of alloys, different materials can be combined on a microscopic scale, but the resulting material is macroscopically homogeneous. Composite materials are typically macroscopically inhomogeneous. Figure 2.1 shows the schematic drawing of phases of a composite material.
Composite Lamination Theory
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

How Do We Design a Composite? Suppose we want to design and manufacture a composite with certain desired properties (i.e., functional requirements). The first thing we have to do is to design the composite that can satisfy the functional requirements (FRs), which are specified to satisfy customer needs. After the product is designed, we then determine the manufacturing process that can make the product. To design the composite, we need a basic mechanical understanding of multilayer composites that are manufactured by consolidating continuous fiber composite prepregs, which is the topic of this book. There are other kinds of composites, but they are not included in this chapter.
Automotive Parts and Infrastructures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

Although continuous fiber-reinforced composite materials have about 10 times higher specific strength than low (SAE 1010) to high (SAE 4340) carbon steels, as shown in tables 2.2 and 2.3, they are not widely used in automotive or infrastructure applications due to their high cost. They are slowly becoming employed in the loadbearing structures of automotive parts and infrastructures such as bridges, guard rails, and special buildings, as the cost of composite materials becomes lower and efficient mass production methods are developed. The principal advantages of fiberreinforced polymeric matrix composites for automotive parts are weight savings, part consolidation, and improvement in NVH (noise, vibration and harshness). The absence of corrosion problems, which lowers maintenance cost for automotive parts and infrastructures such as bridges and sewage pipes, has enabled the fiberreinforced polymeric composites to be employed in these areas, although gradually. The randomly oriented chopped E-glass-fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites, which are not load-bearing structural materials, are mainly used in the automotive industry due to their low cost. The polymers for the matrix are either thermoplastics, such as nylon, ABS, and polypropylene, or thermosets, such as unsaturated polyesters, vinylesters, and polyurethanes. Shorter processing time is an important consideration because automotive parts are produced at a rate of one part per minute, unlike parts in the aerospace industry. Therefore, the preferred processing methods for automotive composite parts are injection molding, compression molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), structural reaction injection molding (SRIM), pultrusion, and resin transfer molding (RTM). All these methods are fast and highly automated, which compensates for the higher cost of composite materials (Mallick, 1997). However, there have been several attempts and some successful applications of fiber-reinforced composite structural members to various parts of passenger cars, including load-bearing structural parts (Beardmore, 1986; Weeton et al., 1986). Especially, glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been used for static and dynamic load-bearing structures such as bumpers and leaf springs, thanks to their high specific strength (strength/density) and impact energy absorption characteristics (Mallick and Broutman, 1977; Cheon et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2000; Lee and Cheon, 2001).
Introduction:Why Focus on Mental Health Research?
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Mental health research broadly understood refers to research on the state of mental health and the epidemiology, prevention, etiology, or treatment of mental disorders (including substance abuse and developmental disorders).1 Mental health research may include minimal risk procedures with so-called “normal” populations (e.g., observation of college students or telephone surveys of the general public). But mental health research is also conducted with participants who are labeled in a variety of ways, including “addicted,” “ADHD,” “demented,” “depressed,” “mentally retarded,” “schizophrenic,” and “seriously emotionally disturbed.” These labels can be stigmatizing and take the focus off of the person, yet research frequently targets people precisely insofar as they suffer from one or more mental disorders.
Research Ethics and Regulatory Compliance:Competing or Complementary Approaches?
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Clinical bioethics has succeeded in capturing the imagination of the American public. It engages topics of obvious importance—topics such as the removal of life support, prenatal genetic screening, and organ transplantation. Frequently clinical issues involve interesting intellectual puzzles such as the justification for procuring organs from patients who are pronounced dead using neurological criteria. How do we know whether such patients are dead or alive? On the one hand, so-called “brain death” is like a guillotine: it indicates the end of communication between the brain and the body because the brain has irreversibly lost all functions. On the other hand, brain-dead patients can maintain spontaneous circulation with ventilator support, and some brain-dead women have sustained a pregnancy for months.
Informed Consent
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Dr. Wilmont makes an incision in Mr. Navarro and removes one of his kidneys. His kidney will be transplanted into a complete stranger who would die without it. Robert takes a yellow pill that looks just like the antidepressant medication he took for the past two years, but in fact it has no active ingredients. Shortly after seeing a film together, Jack engages in sexual intercourse with Barbara in the back of his camper van. Given the lack of details provided in these scenarios, we have no idea whether the actions described are good or evil. Mr. Navarro might be an altruistic living organ donor; Robert might have consented to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of a promising new drug; and Jack and Barbara could be amorous newlyweds. However, one variable could change everything: permission. Without giving their explicit or implicit permission, Mr. Navarro is the victim of organ theft, Robert is the victim of medical or pharmaceutical fraud, and Barbara is the victim of rape.
Decision-Making Capacity and the Involvement of Surrogates
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

In the context of health care and research, decision-making capacity refers to the ability of individuals to provide informed consent for treatment or participation in research. Whereas the last chapter focused on the kinds of information a researcher must provide to enable informed consent, this chapter examines what the participant must bring to the consent dialogue.
Citizen Soldiers
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

In the late 1930s, with the nation still in the depths of the Depression, Americans hoped desperately to avoid involvement in the conflicts that were intensifying abroad. As soon as the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, however, support for war mobilization soared, not least among the millions of young Americans who became subject to the draft. Thus began for a generation of men the experiences that would later on qualify them for the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits. “I thought it was a normal, natural course of events,” explained Isaac Gellert, who volunteered before he could be drafted. “There was a war and everybody was needed. It wasn’t a matter of patriotism, not any flag-waving patriotism. I just felt it was the appropriate thing to do, especially since the war seemed to be a good one.”
Beyond All Expectations
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

I doubt very many kids in my [high] school ever considered college,” explained Richard Werner, “because in those days you had to be very well off to go And at the time, America was still in the web of the Depression, so I looked upon a college education [as] about as likely as my owning a Rolls-Royce with a chauffeur.” Growing up far removed from such luxury, Werner knew about chauffeurs only because his father had been employed as one, and that was before the Depression hit; after he lost that job, the family had to move to a cold-water flat in Queens. Werner dreamed of attending college but doubted he would have the opportunity.
Making Democracy
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

After using the G.I. Bill, veterans fanned out across the nation and became the active citizens in peacetime for which the bill’s author, Harry Colmery, had hoped. In Atlanta, Georgia, James Johnson joined the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Methodist Church, and the Masons. In Indiana, George Josten became a devout member of the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal organization, which gave him the chance to “socialize with people who have a sense of morals and responsibilities,” and the Society of Mechanical Engineers. Near Boston, Massachusetts, Kermit Pransky coached Little League baseball and basketball, formed a Babe Ruth baseball league in his town, and started another baseball league for his temple, as well as joining the Veterans of Foreign Wars. In terms of political involvement, each man acquired a lifetime habit of voting, one widely shared among their generation. James Johnson voted “every time the poll opens,” and Josten noted that he never missed a primary or any other type of election. Both of them also wrote letters on occasion to their elected officials, and Josten served as a town trustee. Pransky, who worked in the electrical motor repair business, traveled to Washington, D.C., with others in his trade organization so that they could lobby members of Congress about issues concerning their industry. While these men’s involvements exemplified the most common balance of civic and political activities pursued by G.I. Bill beneficiaries, some spent less time on civic associations but became considerably more immersed in politics. John Mink, for example, grew intensely involved in working on political campaigns from the 1950s onward. He noted that many of those who actually ran for statewide public office during that time were G.I. Bill-educated veterans.
Created with the Men in Mind
Authors: Mettler Suzanne
Published: November 2023

When asked about the G.I. Bill, Ann Bertini, who had served in the Army Nurse Corps, replied, “Oh, I think we viewed it as a policy for the men. I mean, they really created it with the men in mind, didn’t they?” Indeed, the story of the G.I. Bill’s effects is, in the main, the story of men of the World War II generation, just as our predominant image of the “greatest generation” is essentially masculine, captured by scenes of male soldiers in the trenches or of Shriners, Moose, Masons, and veterans marching in hometown Memorial Day parades. Though more women served in World War II than in any prior U.S. war, still they constituted only 2 percent of the armed forces, and a mere 132,000 women were among the 7.8 million veterans who utilized the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits. The benefits themselves were not inherently sexist so much as the social norms and other policies of the era which encouraged male veterans’ usage while discouraging females.
Ecology and Behavior
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

There are at least 17 distinctive habitats into which we can place almost all tiger beetle species from the United States and Canada, such as sand dune, ocean beach, or hardwood forest floor. Most tiger beetles are limited to a single habitat type, and only a few species, such as the Oblique-lined Tiger Beetle, occur in as many as six of the habitat categories. Larvae tend to be even more restricted to habitat type than do adults. For both adults and larvae, however, each habitat type is made up of numerous components. These include physical, chemical, and climatic qualities such as soil composition, moisture, temperature, and chemistry, vegetation cover, seasonality, and food supply. In addition, other habitat characteristics are important for providing mating and oviposition sites and hiding places from parasites and predators. The ensemble of special adaptations that each species exhibits then allows or restricts it to a unique range and type of habitats.
Conservation
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

The characteristics of tiger beetles that have generated interest among amateur and professional biologists have also contributed to the increasing role of tiger beetles in conservation studies. Most important among these characteristics are the ease with which many species can be found and identified in the field, their habitat specificity, and their value as indicators of undisturbed or natural habitats and of biodiversity. Also, because they have been well-collected and studied, their past and present distribution is known sufficiently to evaluate historical trends of decline in range or abundance.
Patricia Hearst: Uncommon Victim or Common Criminal?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

On February 4, 1974, a nineteen-year-old Berkeley sophomore was kidnapped at gunpoint from the off-campus home she shared with her fiancé, a graduate student. That evening around nine o’clock, three armed individuals (two men and a woman) shoved their way into the couple’s apartment and dragged the young woman, clothed in only a bathrobe, into a nearby car and drove away.
Prosenjit Poddar and Tatiana Tarasoff: Where the Public Peril Begins
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

When people go to see a mental health professional for help with personal problems, they expect that whatever is said during the course of private conversations with a therapist will remain confidential. Privacy and confidentiality are among the most important ethical principles of professional therapists. Of course the reason is that if people are sure that what they say in therapy will be confidential, they will be more open and the therapist can be more helpful.
Gary and Holly Ramona Recovered Memories or False Allegations?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

By 1988, forty-four-year-old Gary Ramona found himself in a life situation most people could only envy. After two decades of hard work, he had moved up the corporate ladder to become a top executive at one of America’s leading wineries and was earning nearly half a million dollars a year. He was married to a glamorous woman, had three bright and attractive teenage daughters, and lived in a luxurious home in California’s exclusive Napa Valley.