bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphite, an Analog of Phosphate, Suppresses the Coordinated Expression of Genes under Phosphate Starvation
Authors: Varadarajan Deepa K. , Karthikeyan Athikkattuvalasu S. , Matilda Paino Durzo , Raghothama Kashchandra G.
Published: July 2002

Phosphate (Pi) and its analog phosphite (Phi) are acquired by plants via Pi transporters. Although the uptake and mobility of Phi and Pi are similar, there is no evidence suggesting that plants can utilize Phi as a sole source of phosphorus. Phi is also known to interfere with many of the Pi starvation responses in plants and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In this study, effects of Phi on plant growth and coordinated expression of genes induced by Pi starvation were analyzed. Phi suppressed many of the Pi starvation responses that are commonly observed in plants. Enhanced root growth and root to shoot ratio, a hallmark of Pi stress response, was strongly inhibited by Phi. The negative effects of Phi were not obvious in plants supplemented with Pi. The expression of Pi starvation-induced genes such as LePT1, LePT2,AtPT1, and AtPT2 (high-affinity Pi transporters); LePS2 (a novel acid phosphatase);LePS3 and TPSI1 (novel genes); andPAP1 (purple acid phosphatase) was suppressed by Phi in plants and cell cultures. Expression of luciferase reporter gene driven by the Pi starvation-induced AtPT2 promoter was also suppressed by Phi. These analyses showed that suppression of Pi starvation-induced genes is an early response to addition of Phi. These data also provide evidence that Phi interferes with gene expression at the level of transcription. Synchronized suppression of multiple Pi starvation-induced genes by Phi points to its action on the early molecular events, probably signal transduction, in Pi starvation response.
Immunohistochemistry of Active Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Inducible α-Amylase in Developing Seeds of Morning Glory
Authors: Nakayama Akira , Park Seijin , Zheng-Jun Xu , Nakajima Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Isomaro
Published: July 2002

Gibberellins (GAs) in developing seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil) were quantified and localized by immunostaining. The starch grains began to be digested after the GA contents had increased and reached a plateau. Immunohistochemical staining with the antigibberellin A1-methyl ester-antiserum, which has high affinity to biologically active GAs, showed that GA1 and/or GA3 were localized around starch grains in the integument of developing young seeds, suggesting the participation of GA-inducible α-amylase in this digestion. We isolated an α-amylase cDNA (PnAmy1) that was expressed in the immature seeds, and using an antibody raised against recombinant protein, it was shown that PnAmy1 was expressed in the immature seeds. GA responsiveness of PnAmy1 was shown by treating the young fruits 9 d after anthesis with GA3. RNA-blot and immunoblot analyses showed that PnAmy1 emerged soon after the rapid increase of GA1/3. An immunohistochemical analysis of PnAmy1 showed that it, like the seed GA1/3, was also localized around starch grains in the integument of developing young seeds. The localization of GA1/3 in the integument coincident with the expression of PnAmy1 suggests that both function as part of a process to release sugars for translocation or for the further development of the seeds.
TheLateral Organ BoundariesGene Defines a Novel, Plant-Specific Gene Family
Authors: Shuai Bin , Reynaga-Peña Cristina G. , Springer Patricia S.
Published: July 2002

The LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES(LOB) gene in Arabidopsis defines a new conserved protein domain. LOB is expressed in a band of cells at the adaxial base of all lateral organs formed from the shoot apical meristem and at the base of lateral roots. LOB encodes a predicted protein that does not have recognizable functional motifs, but that contains a conserved domain (the LOB domain) that is present in 42 other Arabidopsis proteins and in proteins from a variety of other plant species. Proteins showing similarity to the LOB domain were not found outside of plant databases, indicating that this unique protein may play a role in plant-specific processes. Genes encoding LOB domain proteins are expressed in a variety of temporal- and tissue-specific patterns, suggesting that they may function in diverse processes. Loss-of-function LOB mutants have no detectable phenotype under standard growth conditions, suggesting thatLOB is functionally redundant or required during growth under specific environmental conditions. Ectopic expression ofLOB leads to alterations in the size and shape of leaves and floral organs and causes male and female sterility. The expression of LOB at the base of lateral organs suggests a potential role for LOB in lateral organ development.
The Barley MLO Modulator of Defense and Cell Death Is Responsive to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Stimuli
Authors: Piffanelli Pietro , Zhou Fasong , Casais Catarina , Orme James , Jarosch Birgit , Schaffrath Ulrich , Collins Nicholas C. , Panstruga Ralph , Schulze-Lefert Paul
Published: July 2002

Lack of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) seven-transmembrane domain MLO protein confers resistance against the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp.hordei (Bgh). To broaden the basis for MLO structure/function studies, we sequenced additionalmlo resistance alleles, two of which confer only partial resistance. Wild-type MLO dampens the cell wall-restricted hydrogen peroxide burst at points of attempted fungal penetration of the epidermal cell wall, and in subtending mesophyll cells, it suppresses a second oxidative burst and cell death. Although theBgh-induced cell death in mlo plants is spatially and temporally separated from resistance, we show that the two processes are linked. Uninoculated mutant mlo plants exhibit spontaneous mesophyll cell death that appears to be part of accelerated leaf senescence. Mlo transcript abundance increases in response to Bgh, rice (Oryza sativa) blast, wounding, paraquat treatment, a wheat powdery mildew-derived carbohydrate elicitor, and during leaf senescence. This suggests a broad involvement of Mlo in cell death protection and in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Methyl Jasmonate Induces Traumatic Resin Ducts, Terpenoid Resin Biosynthesis, and Terpenoid Accumulation in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce Stems
Authors: Martin Diane , Tholl Dorothea , Gershenzon Jonathan , Bohlmann Jörg
Published: July 2002

Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) produces an oleoresin characterized by a diverse array of terpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpene resin acids that can protect conifers against potential herbivores and pathogens. Oleoresin accumulates constitutively in resin ducts in the cortex and phloem (bark) of Norway spruce stems. De novo formation of traumatic resin ducts (TDs) is observed in the developing secondary xylem (wood) after insect attack, fungal elicitation, and mechanical wounding. Here, we characterize the methyl jasmonate-induced formation of TDs in Norway spruce by microscopy, chemical analyses of resin composition, and assays of terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The response involves tissue-specific differentiation of TDs, terpenoid accumulation, and induction of enzyme activities of both prenyltransferases and terpene synthases in the developing xylem, a tissue that constitutively lacks axial resin ducts in spruce. The induction of a complex defense response in Norway spruce by methyl jasmonate application provides new avenues to evaluate the role of resin defenses for protection of conifers against destructive pests such as white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi), bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), and insect-associated tree pathogens.
Brassinosteroid-Regulated Gene Expression
Authors: Müssig Carsten , Fischer Sabine , Altmann Thomas
Published: July 2002

Major brassinosteroid (BR) effects such as BR-induced growth are mediated through genomic pathways because RNA synthesis inhibitors and protein synthesis inhibitors interfere with these processes. A limited number of BR-regulated genes have been identified hitherto. The majority of genes (such as BRU1, CycD3,Lin6, OPR3, and TRIP-1) were identified by comparisons of BR-treated versus control-treated plants. However, altered transcript levels after BR application may not reflect normal physiological events. A complementary approach is the comparison of BR-deficient plants versus wild-type plants. No artificial treatments interfere with endogenous signaling pathways, but a subset of phenotypic alterations of phytohormone-deficient plants most probably is secondary. To identify genes that are subject to direct BR regulation, we analyzed CPD antisense anddwf1-6 (cbb1) mutant plants. Both show a mild phenotype in comparison with BR-deficient mutants such ascpd/cbb3, det2, anddwf4. Plants were grown under two different environments to filter out BR deficiency effects that occur only at certain environmental conditions. Finally, we established expression patterns after BR treatment of wild-type and dwf1-6(cbb1) plants. Ideally, a BR-regulated gene displays a dose-response relationship in such a way that a gene with decreased transcript levels in BR-deficient plants is BR inducible and vice versa. Expression profile analysis of above ground part of plants was performed by means of Affymetrix Arabidopsis Genome Arrays.
Molecular Characterization and Evolution of the Protein Phosphatase 2A B′ Regulatory Subunit Family in Plants
Authors: Terol Javier , Bargues Mónica , Carrasco Pedro , Pérez-Alonso Manuel , Paricio Nuria
Published: July 2002

Type 2A serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP2A) are important components in the reversible protein phosphorylation events in plants and other organisms. PP2A proteins are oligomeric complexes constituted by a catalytic subunit and several regulatory subunits that modulate the activity of these phosphatases. The analysis of the complete genome of Arabidopsis allowed us to characterize four novel genes, AtB′ε, AtB′ζ,AtB′η, and AtB′θ, belonging to the PP2A B′ regulatory subunit family. Because four genes of this type had been described previously, this family is composed of eight members. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments showed thatAtB′ε mRNAs are present in all Arabidopsis tissues analyzed, and their levels do not respond significantly to heat stress. Expressed sequence tags corresponding to AtB′ζ,AtB′η, and AtB′θ have been identified, indicating that the new genes are actively transcribed. The genomic organization of this family of PP2A regulatory subunits is reported, as well as its chromosomal location. An extensive survey of the family has been carried out in plants, characterizing B′ subunits in a number of different species, and performing a phylogenetic study that included several B′ regulatory proteins from animals. Our results indicate that the animal and plant proteins have evolved independently, that there is a relationship between the number of B′ isoforms and the complexity of the organism, and that there are at least three main subfamilies of regulatory subunits in plants, which we have named α, η, and κ.
Nitrate stress corrosion cracking in waste heat recovery boilers
Authors: Leferink R.G.I. , Huijbregts W.M.M.
Published: July 2002

Waste Heat Recovery Boilers (WHRB's) enhance the thermal efficiency of gas turbine power generating plants by capturing the heat from the exhaust gas and utilising it to raise steam for increased electricity production or district heating. Under normal conditions the exhaust gas from the turbine is cooled from around 550°C to 80°C. Care is taken that condensation will not occur in the cooler parts of the boiler. Nevertheless, during normal operation, dry ammonium nitrate deposits can be formed in the WHRB. These deposits will become wet when the unit is started or shut down, when the temperature falls below the dew point. The deposits may also “sweat” (i.e. absorb atmospheric moisture and become liquid) during extended plant outage periods. In consequence, Intergranular Corrosion Attack (IGA) and Stress Assisted Intergranular Corrosion Attack (SA‐IGA) (in general called stress corrosion cracking) can occur in carbon steel construction materials. The sensitivity to IGA of a total of 86 steels, of known compositions, was tested. The steels were subjected to aerated ammonium nitrate solutions of 90°C with concentrations ranging between 2 and 35 per cent. After an exposure of 65 hours, cross sections of the steels were studied. If IGA occurred, the steel was considered sensitive to ammonium nitrate at that (critical) percentage. During the investigation it was observed that alloying elements in several types of steel influenced its resistance to IGA in ammonium nitrate. Elements such as molybdenum, manganese and chromium had a positive effect on the resistance to nitrate induced IGA, SA‐IGA and stress corrosion cracking, whereas carbon and copper were detrimental. The microstructure of the steel also appeared to be important. In many specimens taken from in‐service failures, strings of carbide precipitates were found to be present at grain boundaries. The precipitates were identified to be ternary carbides. It seems, therefore, that the presence of carbides at grain boundaries increases the susceptibility of a steel to intergranular corrosion.
Inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution by bisquaternary ammonium salt
Authors: Huilong Wang , Jiashen Zheng , Jing Liu
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of bisquaternary ammonium salt N,N′‐Bis(dodecyldimethyl)‐3‐oxa‐1,5‐ pentanediammonium dichloride used as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical techniques. Surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The performance of the bisquaternary ammonium salt was also compared with that of urotropine, a commercial corrosion inhibitor for acid media in industry practice. The results showed good inhibiting action of the inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with the inhibitor concentration but is temperature–independent. N,N′‐Bis(dodecyldimethyl)‐3‐oxa‐1,5‐pentanediammonium dichloride acts mainly as a mixed‐type inhibitor. The inhibition of this bisquaternary ammonium compound was assumed to occur via adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the metal surface without affecting the corrosion mechanisms. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface in HCl solution was found to obey Frumkin's isotherm.
Inhibition of the corrosion of low carbon steel in acidic solution by selected quaternary ammonium compounds
Authors: Bereket G. , Yurt A.
Published: July 2002

Potentiodynamic polarisation studies were carried out on the inhibition of low carbon steel in 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution over the temperature range 20‐60°C at different inhibitor concentrations by various quaternary ammonium salts and cationic surfactants. The inhibitors examined were tetraethyl ammonium chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium chloride, benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltriethyl ammonium chloride, benzyltributyl ammonium chloride, phenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. Maximum inhibition efficiencies of cationic surfactants were observed around and above critical micelle concentration (cmc), while the inhibition efficiencies of the quaternary ammonium salts were found to increase with the increase in their concentrations. The degree of shift in Ecorr value, together with change in anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes (ba, bc), revealed that cationic surfactants behave as an anodic inhibitor, while quaternary ammonium salts behave as mixed type inhibitors. Inhibition efficiencies of studied inhibitors seem to be closely related with the chain length of the alkyl group as well as the presence of benzene ring in quaternary ammonium compounds. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for dissolution and adsorption were also calculated.
Consumer perception of fresh meat quality in Germany
Authors: Becker Tilman , Benner Eckhard , Glitsch Kristina
Published: July 2002

In this article, the results of a consumer survey for Germany are presented. Extrinsic cues play an important role for quality selection in the shop. Here “country of origin” and “place of purchase” play a dominant role. To judge the eating quality of fresh meat, those experience quality attribute cues, which are hard to measure with characteristics, like flavour or smell, seem to be the most important. For assessing the safety of meat, “country of origin” as an extrinsic credence quality attribute cue and “freshness” as an intrinsic credence quality attribute cue are of most importance. “Country of origin” is used by consumers not only to predict eating quality but also to indicate safety. This holds not only for beef, but also for pork and, to a lesser extent, chicken. The most trusted source of information on the safety of meat is the butcher.
Country of origin – a consumer perception perspective of fresh meat
Authors: Hoffmann Ruben
Published: July 2002

Most commodities consist of hidden qualities that consumers cannot detect by pre‐purchase or through normal use. Hence, given that consumers demand such qualities, information has to be communicated to the consumer by some trustworthy party to avoid a “lemons” effect. With respect to food, such qualities can be, for example, animal welfare process standards or long‐term health hazards. Previous research has concluded that extrinsic cues such as country of origin (COO) are important in the consumer evaluation process. The paper examines the Swedish market for fresh meat, where COO has been heavily promoted during the 1990s. Swedish consumers have been found to perceive country of origin as an important quality cue. This study examines what factors contribute to whether consumers perceive COO as an important quality cue. Data were collected using random‐digit dialling procedures. Interviews were made with the main shopper in households consuming meat. The results indicate that women and consumers with low incomes tend to use COO more extensively than men and consumers with higher incomes. Furthermore, consumers that emphasise the specific credence characteristics of animal welfare, antibiotics and salmonella are more likely to perceive COO as important. Hence, the study provides some support for what has been called the “Swedish model”.
A multivariate statistical analysis on the consumers of organic products
Authors: Chinnici Gaetano , D’Amico Mario , Pecorino Biagio
Published: July 2002

In recent decades there has been a tendency towards a “standardization” in the consumer habits of people living in countries with advanced economic development. This has been caused both by the change in the products available and in lifestyles and by the “power” acquired by modern distribution channels (large retail distribution). Apart from this development, however, there has been increasing interest, particularly in the last ten years, in dietary, health and hygiene products characterized by high quality production and content, which may or may not be closely connected with the history and/or culture of the territory. In order, therefore, to understand the mechanisms that regulate the consumer market of organic produce better, a survey was carried out to define the use, purchase and sensitivity to the price of these products in relation to the preferences expressed by consumers as regards the benefits associated with the consumption.
Organic product avoidance
Authors: Fotopoulos C. , Krystallis A.
Published: July 2002

The present study attempts to offer more insights into the Greek organic market. It examines the organic products as “eco‐products”, suitable for “green” consumers, conscious in matters of ecology‐environment, who follow a wider health and quality‐sensitive stance of life. Analyzing a countrywide sample, the survey concludes that three consumer types exist in terms of attitude towards, purchase intention and awareness of organic products: the “unaware”, the “aware non‐users”, and the “aware users” (or simply users) of organic food products. After developing a detailed profile of the other two, the “aware non‐users” type is segmented in terms of five groups of personality and behavioral factors defined in the international literature as the driving forces of organic purchase. Then, organic products’ rejection reasons and potential organic buyer segments are revealed and their profile is fully described.
Policy implementations for organic agriculture in Turkey
Authors: Kenanoğlu Zerrin , Karahan Özlem
Published: July 2002

The legal and institutional infrastructure of organic agriculture in Turkey and the progress of the production and the marketing of organic agricultural products are analyzed. An overview of the field research carried out in Turkey, on both the production and consumption of organic products, is presented. The policies currently implemented for the improvement of the sector have been evaluated. Some strategic policy suggestions have been put forward.
Irish consumer preference for organic meat
Authors: O’Donovan P. , McCarthy M.
Published: July 2002

The consumer of today places increased importance on food safety, environmental and health issues and quality, hence some are willing to purchase organic meat. Evaluation models used in previous organic food research have identified variables such as health consciousness, environmental concern, animal welfare and income as important determinants of organic food choice. The objective of this research was to examine Irish consumer perceptions of organic meat. A questionnaire was completed by 250 respondents, which were representative of the Irish population. Three groups of consumers were identified. Respondents who purchased or had intention to purchase organic meat placed higher levels of importance on food safety when purchasing meat, compared to those with no intention to purchase organic meat. Furthermore, purchasers of organic meat were more concerned about their health than non‐purchasers. Purchasers of organic meat also believed that organic meat was superior to conventional meat in terms of quality, safety, labelling, production methods and value. Availability and the price of organic meat were the key deterrents to the purchase of organic meat. Higher socio‐economic groups were more willing to purchase organic meat. Increasing awareness of food safety and pollution issues are important determinants in the purchase of organic meat; but securing a consistent supply of organic meat is paramount to ensuring growth in this sector.
Catering for Institutionalized Elderly People:
Authors: Herne Sally
Published: July 2002

The most significant demographic change in the UK this century has been
the relatively rapid ageing of the population. More specifically, the
growth of the very old (those over 80) has widespread implications for
health and community care in the UK. Despite the Government′s recently
revised community care policy, the changes in family structure brought
about through divorce, geographical mobility and lower birth rate, as
well as the degenerative nature of many mental and physical diseases,
has meant that there are more elderly people being cared for in
institutions, particularly private care homes. Consequently, private
homes are responsible for the nutritional wellbeing of thousands of
elderly people. Reviews the findings of a study of private homes in
West Yorkshire in 1992‐3 on the problems of catering for elderly people
in care and points to some areas where successes in the field of healthy
eating and improving health and independence have occurred.
Children′s Snack Food Consumption Patterns in Germany and England
Authors: Körtzinger Inga , Neale R.J. , Tilston C.H.
Published: July 2002

Primary schoolchildren′s snack food consumption patterns and food
preferences were investigated by interview technique in schools in
Germany and England and analysed on the basis of culture, sex and social
class. There were significant differences in the proportions of
children who took chocolate to school in the various social classes in
both England and Germany and there were also highly significant
differences in the total number of chocolate bars consumed each week by
the different social classes in both countries. Food choices from a
table display containing a range of snack foods popular in both
countries showed highly significant differences between German and
English children with German children preferring a much higher
proportion of “healthy food options”, e.g. fruit, yogurt,
milchschnitte (sponge cake snack), etc. compared with English children
who chose four chocolate products out of their five most preferred
items. Reasons for such differences could be related to advertising
pressures, nutrition education experience, parental attitudes,
convenience and availability, income constraints and psychological
factors.
Healthy Eating: Fruit and Vegetables in Scotland
Authors: Marshall David , Anderson Annie S. , Lean Mike , Foster Ann
Published: July 2002

Scotland has a poor diet‐related health record and part of the drive to
improve Scottish diet has focused attention on increasing fruit and
vegetable consumption. Despite various attempts, consumption remains
well below World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations. Consumer
confusion and complacency towards diet are apparent and the relationship
between knowledge about good diet and behaviour is unclear. Highlights
the need to consider how consumers make choices. Diet and health are not
regarded as a problem for the majority of Scots but the major barriers
to increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables reflect the additional
costs incurred and the somewhat limited role for these products in
Scottish cuisine. Indicates that price incentives and emphasis on the
healthy benefits of eating more fruit and vegetables appear to be the
most likely to succeed in increasing consumption; but there appear to be
more opportunities to increase fruit as opposed to vegetable
consumption.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Fresh Pasteurized Milk Consumers:
Authors: Mitsostergios K.T. , Skiadas C.H.
Published: July 2002

Food purchasing behaviour is influenced by economic factors such as
price and income, as well as by non‐economic factors such as concern
about diet and health, growth of vegetarianism, convenience, household′s
life cycle and advertising. Reports on a survey in Chania, the second
largest city of Crete, to determine the factors that affect the
purchasing behaviour of fresh pasteurized milk and to identify the
attitudes and perceptions of consumers towards it. Reveals that the
concern about health of consumers, strong advertising campaigns, as well
as the age and economic status of respondents, influence consumer choice
towards fresh pasteurized milk. Finally, scrutinizes the attitude of the
majority of consumers towards fresh pasteurized milk although
concentrated milk (the basic competitor) still has the biggest market
share in Chania.
Average cost pricing in the compound feed industry
Authors: Ness Mitchell R. , Walker Stephen
Published: July 2002

Considers the incidence of average cost pricing in the compound
feed industry in the context of strategic and marketing aspects of
firms′ behaviour. The empirical analysis uses a cross‐section
econometric model derived from the Koutsoyiannis model of average cost
pricing and incorporating assumptions about cost and price adjustment.
The model is estimated using primary data on prices and costs for a
sample of firms in the North of England for main categories of compound
feed products. The results indicate support for the hypothesis in
association with these adjustment factors which accommodate both cost
and strategic influences within product segments of the market.
The renewed case for co‐operation in marketing British apples
Authors: Starkey Michael W. , Carberry‐Long Mary
Published: July 2002

The English apple industry still faces serious difficulties despite
some movement towards market orientation. Distribution of class 1 fruit
has shifted since the late 1970s away from primary wholesale markets to
multiple retailers who were attracted by higher profit margins.
Consequently, the marketing of class 1 apples is now an administered
vertical market. Some studies suggest the industry should export;
however, believes this would be wrong for Cox until there is a sound
domestic market. Growers need to adopt the new varieties that have been
introduced by competitors in France and New Zealand. A niche market also
exists for the traditional varieties. The emphasis should be focused on
expanding the total market for apples, not on increasing market share, a
case supported by studies which show that increased consumption of fruit
and vegetables reduces the risk of cancer and heart diseases; a revival
of a marketing intelligence system for the industry is essential.
Radiophobia: will fear of irradiation impede its future in food
processing?
Authors: Jack Frances R. , Sanderson David C. W.
Published: July 2002

Irradiation is an effective means of increasing a food′s
microbiological safety. However, it has not been widely adopted in the
UK as a routine process. The major stumbling block is consumer
resistance. Tests the hypothesis that this may be due to radiophobia
(fear of irradiation). Perceptions of irradiation, gauged by means of
questionnaire, showed a low awareness of irradiation and the treatment
involved. In those aware of irradiation, radiophobia was apparent,
demonstrated by both fear of radioactivity and worries of potential
detrimental health effects after consuming irradiated foods. However,
younger consumers appeared to be less radiophobic than older consumers.
Consumers are generally unaware of process benefits. This demonstrates a
need for education, if food irradiation is to be accepted on a routine
basis.
Food safety: implications for food, medical and behavioural
scientists
Authors: Griffith C.J. , Mullan B. , Price P.E.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the continued rise and cost implications of food‐borne
disease. Discusses strategies for containing and reducing the problem.
To date, in spite of considerable effort and attention, the legislative
approach does not appear to be affecting the reported incidence of food
poisoning. Hygiene education, especially of the consumer, has received
far less attention. Advocates the use of hygiene education is based on
health education theory.
Who buys organic food?
Authors: Davies Anne , Titterington Albert J. , Cochrane Clive
Published: July 2002

A series of studies, conducted over the period 1989 to 1993, based
on actual purchasing patterns, seeks to quantify the extent of purchase
of organic food and the consumer′s commitment. The most commonly
expressed motives for purchasing organic food have become consideration
for the environment and health reasons. Availability and price are the
chief factors which inhibit the purchase of organic food. A profile of
actual purchasers of organic produce shows them to be female aged 30‐45,
with children and having a higher level of disposable income. This
research has demonstrated that the primary factor in organic food
purchase is the consumer′s level of personal disposable income. There
would appear to be a distinction between those who claim to be
interested in the environment and those who regularly buy organic
products.
Male attitudes towards healthy eating
Authors: Ralph Louise , Seaman Claire E.A. , Woods Maggie
Published: July 2002

Investigates male attitudes towards healthy eating and makes comparisons with a group of women of similar age and socio‐economic status. Claims the results indicate that men are less likely to use books and magazines as a source of nutrition information and are less likely to buy or eat products advertised as “low calorie”, “diet” or “lite”. However, products which are labelled “low fat” are more likely to be eaten by men, suggesting that reducing dietary fat is the part of the healthy eating message which has been absorbed most effectively by men. Finds less interest in healthy eating among older men, although it was not clear whether the men interviewed who were aged over 56 years played a major role in food choice decision making within their individual families.
Consumer awareness of citrus fruit attributes
Authors: Poole Nigel , Baron Laura
Published: July 2002

Reports on research into the level of consumer awareness of the attributes of citrus fruit. Claims it is necessary to convert consumer attitudes towards healthy eating into appropriate consumer behaviour. Hypothesizes that consumer knowledge of some important attributes of fruit and vegetable products is low, and that better informed consumers might make better informed purchasing decisions. Describes the methodology and results of the survey which finds evidence that consumers are largely ill‐informed about the attributes of the citrus fruit that they purchase.
Consumers and biotechnology in The Netherlands
Authors: Hamstra Anneke M. , Smink Carla
Published: July 2002

Reports on studies conducted in The Netherlands on consumer attitudes to food products which involve the use of biotechnology. Finds that transgenic animals were not acceptable whereas genetically modified plants or micro‐organisms were likely to be accepted, especially when there are clear benefits for consumers. Also discovers that there is a strong demand for information to be provided, but this does not necessarily always have to appear on the label.
1.19850+ billion mouths to feed: food linguistics and cross‐cultural, cross‐“national” food consumption habits in China
Authors: Swanson Lauren A.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the various major sociolinguistic subcultures of China with specific attention to their distinctive food preferences, coupled with a tradition of food symbols which interweave Chinese subcultures. Points out that, contrary to popular belief among foreign business people, there is no “China market”; rather, there are many diverse markets within China. Notes that there are many languages and, hence, cultures in the country, and the people do not all eat the same foods; yet, at the same time, there is a rich unity of symbolic tradition associated with the foods the Chinese eat ‐ indeed there is an elaborate food linguistic the semantics of which need to be understood by outsiders. Presents an introduction and overview of the diversity and unity of China as it relates to food, and its findings should be of value to those working in various aspects of the food and agriculture industries who may have an interest in China markets, those interested in either importing or exporting Chinese food products, exporting food processing equipment or farming and agricultural technology, and those in the food business serving Chinese populations of significant size around the world.
The export market for Thai frozen shrimps in the European Union
Authors: Ongsritrakul Suluxama , Hubbard Lionel
Published: July 2002

Thailand’s recent export performance in the EU market for frozen shrimps has improved markedly. Constant market share analysis reveals this improvement to be predominantly the result of competitive advantages in production and marketing. Thailand is able to produce shrimps of high and consistent quality at low costs, under conditions which meet the hygiene and safety standards set by the EU. In addition to competitive advantages, Thailand has benefited from growth in the overall size of the EU export market for frozen shrimps, but has suffered from having only relatively small shares in the important markets of some member States. Market research on consumers’ tastes and preferences could further improve Thailand’s recent export performance.
“The nation’s diet”: an overview of early results
Authors: Murcott Anne
Published: July 2002

“The nation’s diet” is a six‐year basic social science programme funded by the UK’s Economic and Social Research Council, consisting of 16 projects located in universities across England, Scotland and Wales. Explains the overall purpose of this multi‐disciplinary programme in social scientific terms as the examination of the processes affecting human food choice. The programme’s central concern ‐ “why do people eat what they do?” ‐ is amenable to study using a variety of social scientific research approaches, designs and techniques of data collection and analysis. Illustrates this methodological variety selectively in reporting a few of the programme’s early results from three of its projects. The findings confirm that people eat what they do for a multiplicity of reasons in addition to, and sometimes in conflict with, hunger, properties of the food itself or people’s own valuation of health and nutrition.
Food safety behaviour in the home
Authors: Worsfold Denise
Published: July 2002

Reports on an evaluation of the food safety behaviour of 108 consumers conducted using direct observation and temperature measurements. Finds that safe cooking practices were used by the majority of consumers, although more than half of the participants cooked well in advance of consumption and few used any method to speed the cooling of cooked food. Some consumers used potentially unsafe practices such as transporting and storing food at the wrong temperature, holding cooked food at ambient temperature for prolonged periods and inadequate re‐heating. Identifies great potential for indirect and direct cross‐contamination during the preparation of food. Notes some disparity between observed food safety behaviour and self‐reported food handling practices.
Consumer behaviour towards light products in Belgium
Authors: Viaene Jacques
Published: July 2002

Presents the results of recent empirical research on the increasing consumer sensitivity to health issues in Belgium. Focuses on factors that determine consumer behaviour in relation to light products, using both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. In‐depth diagnostic interviews are used qualitatively to develop a structured questionnaire, and quantitatively, a mail survey was organized through which the questionnaire was completed by 1,891 households. Analyses the results of the questionnaire by means of the Triandis model to determine behaviour towards light products. Eight components are analysed to explain behaviour: cognitive; affective; moral; social; behavioural control; willingness to change behaviour; facilitating conditions; and habits. Results reveal that dairy products are the most popular of the “light” products, though they do not have a far from “light” image. Behaviour is dominated by a preoccupation with weight control and illness prevention, and is highly influenced also by the household’s view. However, the “light” focus on the slim figure is now less appreciated by consumers, while a more dominant role is being allocated to health aspects. From a marketing point of view, a dramatic switch in product development and communication is needed.
Costs of compliance with food regulation in the UK: the response of food and drink manufacturers
Authors: Heasman Michael , Henson Spencer
Published: July 2002

Presents the results of a postal questionnaire to UK food and drink manufacturers on the costs of compliance with food regulation. In particular, the questionnaire focused on the usefulness of compliance cost assessments ‐ introduced by the Government in 1985 across all government departments as an analytical tool for assessing the regulatory costs to business ‐ as they relate to food businesses. Explains that the questionnaire sought to establish to what extent food companies actually costed the impact of food regulation on their business operations and explored other aspects of food regulation, such as the benefits and constraints. Reports the results which gave some unexpected insights on the costs of compliance with food regulation. For example, the majority of respondents were not aware that the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food carried out compliance cost assessments on food regulation; around two‐thirds of the sample found it “difficult” or “very difficult” to identify where compliance costs would affect their company and an even greater proportion (more than three‐quarters) said they would have problems quantifying compliance costs. Concludes that the compliance cost assessment, as a tool for helping to analyse the cost of food regulation on businesses, is an inappropriate method for the food sector and the development of new methods should be considered.
The UK food and drink manufacturing industry response to the Health of the Nation: A Strategy for Health
Authors: Richardson David , Brady Maeve
Published: July 2002

Considers the specific contributions of the industry to health promotion and policy making, within the context of Health of the Nation activities and the development of effective nutrition policies for the UK. States that the UK food and drink industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK and plays a vital role in the country’s economy. Aims to satisfy consumer needs and expectations by supplying a wide variety of wholesome, safe, enjoyable, nutritious and value for money products, all year round, in a way that is responsible both to society and the consumer. Discusses how the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) represents and promotes the industry’s common interests by developing and implementing policies and information and education programmes on all key issues. Says FDF believes that it is essential that dietary advice is firmly based on sound, scientific data and that consumers are able to make informed choices from the wide variety of foods that are available to them.
From “niche” to “mainstream” ‐ strategies for marketing organic food in Germany and the UK
Authors: Latacz‐Lohmann Uwe , Foster Carolyn
Published: July 2002

Considers the present situation and future challenges of marketing organic food, drawing on experiences in Germany and the UK. Argues that the existing marketing structure in the UK, dominated by the supermarkets, is not effectively meeting demand because of structural incompatibilities between organic farming and supermarketing. In Germany, increasing supply is not reaching the consumer because the prevailing niche marketing structure is unable to deal with large quantities, a situation to which production‐oriented rather than market‐oriented organic aid schemes have contributed. In both countries, the main challenge lies in broadening the appeal of organic food and establishing a broad consumer base without compromising its identity. In the UK, there is potential for the expansion of small‐scale, decentralized marketing outlets, while in Germany greater involvement by supermarkets appears to be appropriate.
Food and nutrition information: a study of sources, uses, and understanding
Authors: Abbott Robert
Published: July 2002

Reports the results of a survey which was conducted of 400 self‐selecting UK subjects to assess understanding of nutritional terms and concepts. Analyses the results with respect to demographic criteria and finds good overall understanding, but there are some surprising misconceptions and a lack of understanding of recently introduced concepts. States that comprehension was clearly related to familiarity with the terminology employed. Nutritional myths and misconceptions were not widely held, although there were some discrepancies between expert and lay understanding (e.g. cholesterol popularly perceived as a type of saturated fat, and evening primrose oil as a vitamin). Despite some deficiencies in understanding, claims use of food label information in making purchasing decisions was extensive. Examines sources of background knowledge of food and nutrition, and of current fads and scare stories, and presents the results. Studies of nutritional understanding are seen as part of the wider domain of the public understanding of science.
Nutrition label usage of Chinese consumers
Authors: Siu Wai‐sum , Man‐yi Tsoi Tina
Published: July 2002

Though the Pacific‐rim countries like China, Hong Kong and ASEAN countries will soon constitute an economic power comparable to that of North America and Europe, most of the empirical work on food labelling is related to the US and UK consumers. Research into nutrition label usage in a Chinese socio‐cultural context is not found. To redress this imbalance, this study attempts to appreciate the use of nutrition information labels by Chinese consumers in Hong Kong. The research results reveal that the frequent label users are label‐oriented, nutrition‐prone, advertising lovers, in the age group 35‐50, and they read both English and Chinese, whereas the non‐frequent label users are home‐oriented and can read only Chinese.
Consumer behaviour towards yoghurt in Belgium and Poland: a survey in two regions
Authors: Verbeke Wim , Viaene Jacques
Published: July 2002

The recent history of Poland is characterised by the process of transition from the centrally planned to a market‐oriented economy and by the new challenge of preparing for joining the EU. Several authors indicate that Polish consumers are more and more similar to European consumers in terms of consumer behaviour. The research under consideration aims to identify similarities and differences between Polish and Belgian consumers with respect to consumer behaviour towards yoghurt. The choice of the dairy product yoghurt as a research subject is based on its remarkable consumption increase and product innovation rate during the previous decade. A survey of 400 respondents in the urban regions of Gent (Belgium) and Olsztyn (Poland) reveals statistically significant differences in consumption frequency, perception of product attributes and consumer attitude and preference towards yoghurt. The process of cross‐national data gathering and analysis identifies topics of interest to food companies and marketeers seeking to enter markets in Central and Eastern Europe.
An assessment of niche marketing opportunities in the delicatessen meat sector
Authors: Tamagnini Vasco , Tregear Angela
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the findings of a research project which investigated the suitability of the UK as a possible niche market for a speciality Portuguese smoked sausage (Chouriço de Portalegre). The paper begins with a discussion of niche marketing theory, and proposes three criteria which a potential niche market should adhere to. These criteria are then used as a means of assessing the potential of the UK as a niche market, with the help of secondary and primary research. Results show that the Chouriço de Portalegre has an appropriate mix of qualities for niche marketing in the UK, but that issues of intermediary and customer knowledge and communication of product benefits need to be overcome.The findings have important implications for retailers of speciality meat products in the UK.
Innovations and information management in the food industry
Authors: Sergius Koku Paul
Published: July 2002

This study focuses on the strategic nature of information on new products or innovations, and examines how it is managed (detailed versus non‐detailed) and when it is released (pre‐announcements versus announcements) in the food and food‐related industries. We found that, compared with the pharmaceutical and the computer industries, firms in the food industry more often use pre‐announcements instead of announcements to release information on innovative activities. The calculated χ2 of the hypothesis that there is no difference between the mode of releasing information and the industry group is 7.471 with 2 degrees of freedom and p of 0.0239, while the χ2 with 5 per cent level of significance and 2 df is 5.99. We also found that information released on innovative activities in the food industry is less detailed than that in the other two industries. Furthermore, the press coverage of innovations and new product information in the food industry is significantly smaller compared with the other two industries. Finally, we found that the financial markets (stock prices) do not react significantly to new information on innovations in the food industry.