bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Parameters of the Skew Rolling Process for Bimetallic Elements on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Materials
Authors: Kusiak Tomasz , Tomczak Janusz , Wójcik Jarosław
Published: September 2024

This paper presents selected results of theoretical and experimental research into the manufacture of axisymmetric bimetallic components using three-tool skew rolling technology. In the tests, it was assumed that the outer layer would be a material intended for heat treatment. However, low-carbon steel was used for the core. Experimental investigations were carried out in an innovative CNC skew rolling mill. Tests were carried out at different technological parameters of the process. In addition, the geometric parameters of the billet and the way it was heated were analyzed in relation to the quality of the resulting weld between the two materials. The quality of the weld was assessed based on metallographic observation and on strength tests (shear method). On the other hand, theoretical studies were based on numerical modeling (FEM). The numerical analysis made it possible to determine the distribution of temperature, deformation and stress in the rolling bimetallic component. The results obtained indicated that it is possible to produce bimetallic materials from the proposed steel grades. In addition, a significant effect of the method of heating the billet in the chamber furnace on the microstructure in the joining zone and the shear strength was found. There was an increase in Rc strength of about 35% when using oxidation protection. The results indicated better strength when the billet is rolling with a smaller outer layer thickness (about 50 MPa). This was confirmed by the results obtained from the FEM analysis, which indicated higher values of plastic strain and the occurrence of higher compressive stresses in the near-surface zones of the rolled bimetallic forging, both of which facilitate the welding process. From the temperature distribution (in the range of (600–1200) °C) obtained during the rolling of the bimetal forging, it can be seen that contact with cold tools does not affect the temperature in the welding zone.
Investigating the Effects of Transition Metals and Activated Carbon on Hydrogenation Characteristics of Severely Deformed ZK60 Processed by High-Energy Ball Milling
Authors: Abbas Aqeel , Hsu Tzu-Chieh , Lin Jhe-Yi , Ho Hung-Cheng , Lin Kun-Ming , Lin Hsin-Chih
Published: September 2024

The synergic effects of activated carbon and transition metals on the hydrogenation characteristics of commercial ZK60 magnesium alloy were investigated. Severe plastic deformation was performed using equal-channel angular pressing with an internal die angle of 120° and preheating at 300 °C. The ZK60 alloy samples were processed for 12 passes using route BA. The deformed ZK60 alloy powder was blended with activated carbon and different concentrations of transition metals (Ag, Pd, Co, Ti, V, Ti) using high-energy ball milling for 20 h at a speed of 1725 rpm. The amount of hydrogen absorbed and its kinetics were calculated using Sievert’s apparatus at the higher number of cycles at a 300 °C ab/desorption temperature. The microstructure of the powder was analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that 5 wt% activated carbon presented the maximum hydrogen absorption capacity of 6.2 wt%. The optimal hydrogen absorption capacities were 7.1 wt%, 6.8 wt%, 6.7 wt%, 6.64 wt%, 6.65 wt%, and 7.06 wt% for 0.5 Ag, 0.3 Co, 0.1 Al, 0.5 Pd, 2 Ti, and 0.5 V, respectively. The hydrogen absorption capacities were reduced by 35.21%, 26.47%, 41.79%, 21.68%, 26.31%, and 26.34% after 100 cycles for 5C0.5Ag, 5C0.3Co, 5C0.1Al, 5C0.5Pd, 2Ti, and 5C0.5V, respectively. Hydrogen absorption kinetics were significantly improved so that more than 90% of hydrogen was absorbed within five minutes.
Ceramic Matrix Composite Cyclic Ablation Behavior under Oxyacetylene Torch
Authors: Ge Hailang , Chen Xianqing , Li Guangyu , Zhang Lu
Published: September 2024

To study the ablation properties and differences of plain-woven SiC/SiC composites under single and cyclic ablation. The ablation test of plain-woven SiC/SiC composites was conducted under an oxyacetylene torch. The results indicate that the mass ablation rate of cyclic ablation is lower than that of single ablation, whereas the line ablation rate is higher. Macro-microstructural characterization revealed the presence of white oxide formed by silica on the surface of the ablation center region. The fibers in the central region of the ablation were ablated layer by layer, and the broken fiber bundles exhibited a spiky morphology with numerous silica particles attached. The oxide layer on the surface and the silica particles on the fibers, which are in the molten state formed in the high-temperature ablation environment, contribute to resisting ablation. Thermal shock during cyclic ablation also played a role in the ablation process. The thermal shock causes cracks in the fiber bundles and matrix of the SiC/SiC composites. This study helps to apply SiC/SiC composite to complex thermal shock environments.
The Effects of Metakaolin on the Properties of Magnesium Sulphoaluminate Cement
Authors: Jiang Lili , Li Zhuhui , Li Zhenguo , Wang Dongye
Published: September 2024

Magnesium sulphoaluminate (MSA) cement has good bonding properties and is suitable as an inorganic adhesive for repairing materials in civil engineering. However, there are still some problems with its use, such as its insufficient 1 day (d) strength and poor volumetric stability. This paper aims to investigate the influences of metakaolin (MK) on the physical and mechanical properties of magnesium sulphoaluminate (MSA) cement. The hydration products and microstructures of typical MSA cement samples were also analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the addition of metakaolin reduces the fluidity and shortens the setting time of the MSA cement. The initial setting time and final setting time shortened maximally by 15–27 min and 25–48 min, respectively, with the addition of 10–30% metakaolin. Moreover, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the MSA cement improved significantly with the addition of 10–30% metakaolin at a curing age of 1 d. Compared with the compressive and flexural strengths of the control sample at 1 d, the compressive strengths of the modified samples showed obvious increases of 98%, 101%, and 109%, and the flexural strengths increased by 39%, 31%, and 26%, respectively, although they decreased slightly when the curing ages were 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d. The addition of 10% metakaolin improved the water resistance of the MSA cement immersed in water for 7 d and resulted in even higher water resistance at 28 d. The addition of 10–30% metakaolin improved the volumetric stability of the MSA cement with increasing dosages before 28 d of ageing. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses showed that the metakaolin accelerated the early hydration reaction and optimised the phase composition of the MSA cement. The results indicate that the addition of 10–20% metakaolin improved the strength after 1 d of ageing, water resistance, and volumetric stability of the MSA cement, providing theoretical support for the application of MAS cement as an inorganic bonding agent for repairing materials.
Numerical Fatigue Crack Growth on Compact Tension Specimens under Mode I and Mixed-Mode (I+II) Loading
Authors: Martins Rui F. , Xavier José , Caldeira João
Published: September 2024

This study focused on standard Compact Tension (CT) specimens and two loading modes during the numerical analyses carried out, namely: pure mode I and mixed-mode loading (Modes I+II). Numerical stress intensity factors, KI, were calculated using Abaqus® 2022 and compared with those given analytically under pure mode I loading, showing very good agreement. Additionally, KI, KII, and KIII results obtained from Abaqus® were presented for mixed-mode loading, analyzing crack growth and variation through the thickness of the CT specimen. Moreover, fatigue crack growth simulations under mode I loading were conducted on standard CT specimens using the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and the Paris Law parameters of an AISI 316L stainless steel. It was shown that XFEM effectively determines crack propagation direction and growth, provided that an appropriate mesh is implemented.
Integrating Cu2O Colloidal Mie Resonators in Structurally Colored Butterfly Wings for Bio-Nanohybrid Photonic Applications
Authors: Piszter Gábor , Kertész Krisztián , Kovács Dávid , Zámbó Dániel , Cadena Ana , Kamarás Katalin , Biró László Péter
Published: September 2024

Colloidal Cu2O nanoparticles can exhibit both photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination and resonant Mie scattering, but, for their practical application, they have to be immobilized on a substrate. Butterfly wings, with complex hierarchical photonic nanoarchitectures, constitute a promising substrate for the immobilization of nanoparticles and for the tuning of their optical properties. The native wax layer covering the wing scales of Polyommatus icarus butterflies was removed by simple ethanol pretreatment prior to the deposition of Cu2O nanoparticles, which allowed reproducible deposition on the dorsal blue wing scale nanoarchitectures via drop casting. The samples were investigated by optical and electron microscopy, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectrophotometry, microspectrophotometry, and hyperspectral spectrophotometry. It was found that the Cu2O nanoparticles integrated well into the photonic nanoarchitecture of the P. icarus wing scales, they exhibited Mie resonance on the glass slides, and the spectral signature of this resonance was absent on Si(100). A novel bio-nanohybrid photonic nanoarchitecture was produced in which the spectral properties of the butterfly wings were tuned by the Cu2O nanoparticles and their backscattering due to the Mie resonance was suppressed despite the low refractive index of the chitinous substrate.
Experimental Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Filter Media in Solid–Liquid Filtration Processes
Authors: Puderbach Vanessa , Kirsch Ralf , Antonyuk Sergiy
Published: September 2024

Nonwoven filter media are used in many industrial applications due to their high filtration efficiency and great variety of compositions and structures which can be produced by different processes. During filter operation in the separation process, the fluid flow exerts forces on the filter medium which leads to its deformation, and in extreme cases damage. In order to design or select a reliable filter medium for a given application, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of the nonwoven material. In general, the properties of the filter material are influenced by temperature and can be changed during loading due to irreversible deformation, fatigue, and aging processes. In order to gain a deeper comprehension, the presented study examines the influence of temperature and repeated tensile stress on the filter medium properties. The focus is on fuel and oil filters employed in automotive applications. The characteristic properties of the samples, including thickness, porosity, and permeability as well as Young’s modulus and Poisson’s number, are measured. Young’s modulus is determined for both new and aged samples. In addition, the viscoelastic behavior is investigated via a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results demonstrate a significant dependence of mechanical properties on the material composition and the aging effects.
Roles of Impurity Levels in 3d Transition Metal-Doped Two-Dimensional Ga2O3
Authors: Zeng Hui , Ma Chao , Li Xiaowu , Fu Xi , Gao Haixia , Wu Meng
Published: September 2024

Doping engineering is crucial for both fundamental science and emerging applications. While transition metal (TM) dopants exhibit considerable advantages in the tuning of magnetism and conductivity in bulk Ga2O3, investigations on TM-doped two-dimensional (2D) Ga2O3 are scarce, both theoretically and experimentally. In this study, the detailed variations in impurity levels within 3d TM-doped 2D Ga2O3 systems have been explored via first-principles calculations using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) +U method. Our results show that the Co impurity tends to incorporate on the tetrahedral GaII site, while the other dopants favor square pyramidal GaI sites in 2D Ga2O3. Moreover, Sc3+, Ti4+, V4+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co3+, Ni3+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ are the energetically favorable charge states. Importantly, a transition from n-type to p-type conductivity occurs at the threshold Cu element as determined by the defect formation energies and partial density of states (PDOS), which can be ascribed to the shift from electron doping to hole doping with respect to the increase in the atomic number in the 3d TM group. Moreover, the spin configurations in the presence of the square pyramidal and tetrahedral coordinated crystal field effects are investigated in detail, and a transition from high-spin to low-spin arrangement is observed. As the atomic number of the 3d TM dopant increases, the percentage contribution of O ions to the total magnetic moment significantly increases due to the electronegativity effect. Additionally, the formed 3d bands for most TM dopants are located near the Fermi level, which can be of significant benefit to the transformation of the absorbing region from ultraviolet to visible/infrared light. Our results provide theoretical guidance for designing 2D Ga2O3 towards optoelectronic and spintronic applications.
Reverse Solute Diffusion Enhances Sludge Dewatering in Dead-End Forward Osmosis
Authors: Cao Da-Qi , Lei Shi-Cheng , Liu Hui , Jin Yan , Wu Yun-Feng , Cui Yuehua , Wu Rongling
Published: September 2024

Wastewater treatment plants produce high quantities of excess sludge. However, traditional sludge dewatering technology has high energy consumption and occupies a large area. Dead-end forward osmosis (DEFO) is an efficient and energy-saving deep dewatering technology for sludge. In this study, the reverse osmosis of salt ions in the draw solution was used to change the sludge cake structure and further reduce its moisture content in cake by releasing the bound water in cell. Three salts, NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2, were added to the excess sludge feed solution to explore the roles of the reverse osmosis of draw solutes in DEFO. When the added quantities of NaCl and CaCl2 were 15 and 10 mM, respectively, the moisture content of the sludge after dewatering decreased from 98.1% to 79.7% and 67.3%, respectively. However, KCl did not improve the sludge dewatering performance because of the “high K and low Na” phenomenon in biological cells. The water flux increased significantly for the binary draw solute involving NaCl and CaCl2 compared to the single draw solute. The extracellular polymer substances in the sludge changed the structure of the filter cake to improve the formation of water channels and decrease osmosis resistance, resulting in an increase in sludge dewatering efficiency. These findings provide support for improving the sludge dewatering performance of DEFO.
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Plasma Nitriding of Hot-Rolled 17–7 PH Stainless Steel
Authors: Long Hongchen , Zhou Xin , Ma Yilong , Li Kejian , Ren Jianbing
Published: September 2024

17–7 PH stainless steel is a highly versatile material with a multitude of applications in a diverse range of fields, including aerospace, chemistry and petrochemistry, and medicine. The material’s exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance render it the optimal selection for numerous components and instruments. Nevertheless, the surface properties of 17–7 PH stainless steel are inadequate for applications requiring high hardness and wear resistance in certain extreme environments. Due to its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, it can be utilized in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment components. However, certain specialized environments still require surface nitriding treatment. Considering the complex heat treatment process required for this material, this paper reports a detailed study of the surface performance changes of 17–7 PH steel before and after ion nitriding following aging heat treatment. The study employs rolled 17–7 PH stainless steel as the subject material. The impact of heat treatment on plasma nitriding of stainless steel is investigated by comparing and analyzing the influence of martensite content and dislocation density within the martensite of the material prior to and following heat treatment on the hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on the surface of the steel after nitriding. The results demonstrate that 17–7 PH stainless steel, which does not undergo heat treatment, exhibits a high internal dislocation density, a high nitriding efficiency, and consequently, a high surface hardness. Following the application of a heat treatment, there is an increase in the martensite content of 17–7 PH stainless steel, a decrease in the dislocation content, and an increase in the matrix hardness.
Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures and Their Application for Gas Sensing
Authors: Zehetner Johann , Hotovy Ivan , Rehacek Vlastimil , Kostic Ivan , Mikolasek Miroslav , Seyringer Dana , Dohnal Fadi
Published: September 2024

Semiconducting metal oxides are widely used for solar cells, photo-catalysis, bio-active materials and gas sensors. Besides the material properties of the semiconductor being used, the specific surface topology of the sensors determines device performance. This study presents different approaches for increasing the sensing area of semiconducting metal oxide gas sensors. Micro- and nanopatterned laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) are generated on silicon, Si/SiO2 and glass substrates. The surface morphologies of the fabricated samples are examined by FE SEM. We selected the nanostructuring and characterization of nanostructured source Ni/Au and Ti/Au films prepared on glass using laser ablation as the most suitable of the investigated approaches. Surface structures produced on glass by backside ablation provide 100 nm features with a high surface area; they are also transparent and have high resistivity. The value of the hydrogen sensitivity in the range concentrations from 100 to 500 ppm was recorded using transmittance measurements to be twice as great for the nanostructured target TiO2/Au as compared to the NiO/Au. It was found that such transparent materials present additional possibilities for producing optical gas sensors.
High-Precision Measurement of Microscales Based on Optoelectronics and Image Integration Method
Authors: Zhu Yanlong , Cheng Yinbao , Gao Hongtang , Sun Shuanghua , Zhang Xudong , Xue Liang , Tang Jiangwen , Tang Yingqi
Published: September 2024

Currently, there are various types of microscales and the conventional line detection system usually has only one detection method, which is difficult to adapt to the diverse calibration needs of microscales. This article investigates the high-precision measurement method of a microscale based on optoelectronics and the image integration method to solve the diversified calibration needs of microscales. The automatic measurement and processing system integrates two methods: the photoelectric signal measurement method and the photoelectric image measurement method. This article studies the smooth motion method based on ordinary linear guides, investigates the method of reducing the cosine error of a small-range interference length measurement, proposes an image-based line positioning method, and studies the edge and center recognition algorithms of the line. According to the experimental data, the system’s measurement accuracy was analyzed using the photoelectric signal measurement method to measure the 1 mm microscale, the maximum difference from the reference value was 0.105 μm, the standard uncertainty was 0.068 μm, and the absolute value of normalized error was less than 1. The accuracy of the image measurement method to measure the 1 mm microscale was consistent with that of the photoelectric signal method. The results show good consistency in the measurement results between the two methods of the integrated measurement system. The photoelectric signal method has the technical characteristics of high measurement efficiency and high accuracy, while the pixel-based measurement of the image method has two-dimensional measurement characteristics, which can realize measurements that cannot be realized by the photoelectric signal method; therefore, the measurement system of optoelectronics and image integration is characterized by high precision and a wide range of measurement adaptations.
Unveiling the Full Protein Effectorome of the Black Sigatoka Pathogen Pseudocercospora fijiensis—An In Silico Approach
Authors: Carreón-Anguiano Karla Gisel , Todd Jewel Nicole Anna , Santos-Briones César De los , Peraza-Echeverría Santy , Islas-Flores Ignacio , Canto-Canché Blondy
Published: September 2024

Pseudocercospora (previously Mycosphaerella) fijiensis is a hemibiotroph fungus and the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease, one of the most significant threats to banana production worldwide. Only a few genomics reports have paid any attention to effector proteins, which are key players in pathogenicity. These reports focus on canonical effectors: small secreted proteins, rich in cysteines, containing a signal peptide and no transmembrane domain. Thus, bias in previous reports has resulted in the non-canonical effectors being, in effect, excluded from the discussion of effectors in P. fijiensis pathogenicity. Here, using WideEffHunter and EffHunter, bioinformatic tools which identify non-canonical and canonical effectors, respectively, we predict, for the first time, the full effectorome of P. fijiensis. This complete effectorome comprises 5179 proteins: 240 canonical and 4939 non-canonical effectors. Protein families related to key functions of the hemibiotrophic lifestyle, such as Salicylate hydroxylase and Isochorismatase, are widely represented families of effectors in the P. fijiensis genome. An analysis of the gene distribution in core and dispensable scaffolds of both classes of effectors revealed a novel genomic structure of the effectorome. The majority of the effectors (canonical and non-canonical) were found to be harbored in the core scaffolds, while dispensable scaffolds harbored less than 10% of the effectors, all of which were non-canonical. Additionally, we found the motifs RXLR, YFWxC, LysM, EAR, [Li]xAR, PDI, CRN, and ToxA in the effectors of P. fijiensis. This novel genomic structure of effectors (more enriched in the core than in the dispensable genome), as well as the occurrence of effector motifs which were also observed in four other fungi, evidences that these phenomena are not unique to P. fijiensis; rather, they are widely occurring characteristics of effectors in other fungi.
Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Granitoids in Shanxi and Its Significance for Tectonic Evolution of North China Craton in Mesozoic
Authors: Qi Fuhui , Li Pengpeng , Liu Chao
Published: September 2024

Mesozoic granitoid formations offer crucial insights into the tectonic history of the North China Craton. New zircon U-Pb ages of two Mesozoic granitoids in the Huai’an terrane yield ages of 226.4 ± 1.1 Ma for the Yihe (YH) granite and 156.3 ± 2.9 Ma for the Zhujiagou (ZJG) granodiorite. The negative Nb, Ta, and Ti anomalies; high Nb/Ta ratios (20.4 to 24.1); high (La/Yb)N (30–84); low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707725–0.708188); and negative ƐNd(t) values of the Yihe complex suggest that it originated from the partial melting of the lower crust and lithospheric mantle. However, the geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic results of the ZJG granodiorite are characterized by I-type granites: Na2O + K2O values of 7.27 to 7.94 wt%, negative Nb anomalies, positive Pb anomalies, higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.710979–0.714841), and much lower ƐNd(t) values (−27.1 to −30.1). The Late Jurassic Zhujiagou complex was derived from partial melting of a thickened low crust, and during the Late Triassic, magmatic rocks were formed under a post-collisional extensional regime. Multiple upwellings of the asthenosphere facilitated the mixing of magmas derived from partial melting of the lithospheric mantle and lower crust. These mixed magmas then ascended to the upper crust after undergoing fractional crystallization, leading to the formation of the YH complex. In the Late Jurassic, the tectonic regime of the NCC shifted from compression to extension. The Late Jurassic intrusion identified in this study developed within a compressional setting linked to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.
Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of Granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Range: Petrogenesis and Implications for the Early Jurassic Tectonic Evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean
Authors: Kong Jingui , Qiao Kai , Huo Xiaoyu , Zhang Guobin , Chen Xingkai , Yao Lei
Published: September 2024

This article focuses on zircon U-Pb isotope dating and a whole-rock elemental analysis of granodiorites, monzonitic granites, granodioritic porphyries, and alkali feldspar granites in the Yangmugang area of the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Range. The zircon U-Pb isotope-dating results revealed that these granitic rocks formed during the late Early Jurassic period (182.9–177.2 Ma). Their geochemical characteristics and zircon saturation temperatures suggest that the granodiorites are moderately differentiated I-type granites and the monzonitic granite, granodioritic porphyries, and alkali feldspar granites are highly differentiated I-type granites. The degree of magma differentiation progressively increased from granodiorites to alkali feldspar granites. By combining the regional Nd and Hf isotope compositions, it was inferred that the magma source involved the melting of lower crustal material from the Mesoproterozoic to the Neoproterozoic eras. By integrating these findings with contemporaneous intrusive rock spatial variations, it was indicated that the late Early Jurassic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Range formed within an extensional tectonic setting after the collision and closure of the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi blocks. Additionally, this study constrains the closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean to the late Early Jurassic period (177.2 Ma).
A Study of Factors Contributing to the Nutritional Status of Elderly People Receiving Home Care
Authors: Stratidaki Eirini , Mechili Enkeleint A. , Ouzouni Christina , Patelarou Athina E. , Giakoumidakis Konstantinos , Laliotis Aggelos , Patelarou Evridiki
Published: September 2024

(1) Background: Nutrition is a critical aspect of health and well-being in the elderly population, as physiological changes associated with aging can impact nutrient utilization and dietary needs. The aim of this study was the assessment of nutritional screening and associated factors among community-dwelling elderly people. (2) Methods: This study is the first phase of an intervention trial of people aged 65 years and over who received primary health services and resided in the municipality of Archanes Asterousia in Crete, Greece. Nutritional risk was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Diet-related factors were analyzed, including health status (oral hygiene, depression, cognitive decline, impaired functioning, quality of life), social factors (educational attainment, marital status, type of work before 60 years), and lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, diet). (3) Results: A total of 730 elderly people were evaluated (males, 31.5%), with an average age (±SD) of 76.83 (±6.68) years. MNA was found to have a statistically significant connection with assessment of oral hygiene, mental state, Charlson comorbidity, functional independence (assessed with the Barthel scale), and quality of life. The exception was geriatric depression (GDS), with which no statistically significant association was found (p > 0.05). Nutritional risk analysis revealed 379 participants (51.9%) to be adequately nourished, 205 (28.1%) to be at risk of malnutrition, and 146 (20.0%) to be malnourished. (4) Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrated the key factors that contribute to the nutritional screening of elderly people and need to be addressed by health authorities and social services.
Effectiveness of High-Protein Energy-Dense Oral Supplements on Patients with Malnutrition Using Morphofunctional Assessment with AI-Assisted Muscle Ultrasonography: A Real-World One-Arm Study
Authors: López-Gómez Juan José , Primo-Martín David , Cebria Angela , Izaola-Jauregui Olatz , Godoy Eduardo Jorge , Pérez-López Paloma , Jiménez Sahagún Rebeca , Ramos Bachiller Beatriz , González Gutiérrez Jaime , De Luis Román Daniel A.
Published: September 2024

Background: User-friendly tools for assessing nutrition status and interventions in malnourished patients are crucial. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a personalised nutrition intervention using a novel oral nutritional supplement and AI-supported morphofunctional assessment to monitor clinical outcomes in patients with disease-related malnutrition (DRM). Methods: This prospective observational study involved patients receiving concentrated high-protein, high-calorie ONS (cHPHC-ONS), per usual clinical practice. Comprehensive assessments were performed at baseline (B0) and three months (M3) post-intervention. Results: 65 patients participated in the study. Significant decreases were observed in the percentage weight loss from B0 (−6.75 ± 7.5%) to M3 (0.5 ± 3.48%) (p < 0.01), in the prevalence of malnutrition (B0: 93.4%; M3: 78.9%; p < 0.01), severe malnutrition (B0: 60.7%; M3: 40.3%; p < 0.01), and sarcopenia (B0: 19.4%; M3: 15.5%; p < 0.04). Muscle area increased (p = 0.03), and there were changes in the echogenicity of the rectus femoris muscle (p = 0.03) from B0 to M3. In patients aged ≥60, an increase in muscle thickness (p = 0.04), pennation angle (p = 0.02), and handgrip strength (p = 0.04) was observed. There was a significant reduction in the prevalence of malnutrition (B0: 93.4%; M3: 78.9%; p < 0.01) and severe malnutrition (B0: 60.7%; M3: 40.3%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: In patients with DRM, a personalised intervention with cHPHC-ONS significantly reduces the prevalence of malnutrition, severe malnutrition, and sarcopenia and improves muscle mass and function.
Phytochemical Characterization of Bilberries and Their Potential as a Functional Ingredient to Mitigate Ochratoxin A Toxicity in Cereal-Based Products
Authors: Pașca Denisia , Frangiamone Massimo , Mangiapelo Luciano , Vila-Donat Pilar , Mîrza Oana , Vlase Ana-Maria , Miere Doina , Filip Lorena , Mañes Jordi , Loghin Felicia , Manyes Lara
Published: September 2024

Mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal-based products is a serious problem for food safety. Antioxidant-rich ingredients such as bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L., VM) may mitigate their harmful effects. Firstly, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and analytical phytochemical composition (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanins) were assessed in lyophilized wild bilberries from Romania. Secondly, this study evaluated bilberries’ effects on reducing ochratoxin A (OTA) bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity. An in vitro digestion model was developed and applied to four different types of bread: Control, VM (2%), OTA (15.89 ± 0.13 mg/kg), and OTA (16.79 ± 0.55 mg/kg)-VM (2%). The results indicated that VM decreased OTA bioaccessibility by 15% at the intestinal level. OTA-VM digests showed improved Caco-2 cell viability in comparison to OTA digests across different exposure times. Regarding the alterations in Jurkat cell line cell cycle phases and apoptosis/necrosis, significant increases in cell death were observed using OTA digests (11%), while VM addition demonstrated a protective effect (1%). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis confirmed these findings, with OTA-VM digests showing significantly lower ROS levels compared to OTA digests, resulting in a 3.7-fold decrease. Thus, bilberries exhibit high potential as a functional ingredient, demonstrating protection in OTA mitigation effects.
Dietary Habits, Physical Activity and Body Mass Index in Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in Italy: A Voluntary Sampling Observational Study
Authors: Santangelo Carmela , Marconi Matteo , Ruocco Angela , Ristori Jiska , Bonadonna Stefania , Pivonello Rosario , Meriggiola Maria Cristina , Lombardo Francesco , Motta Giovanna , Crespi Chiara Michela , Mosconi Maddalena , Oppo Alessandro , Federici Silvia , Bruno Luca , Verde Nunzia , Lami Alessandra , Bologna Emanuela , Varì Rosaria , Pagano Maria Teresa , Giordani Luciana , Matarrese Paola , Chiarotti Flavia , Fisher Alessandra Daphne , Pierdominici Marina
Published: September 2024

Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) individuals continue to experience harassment and discrimination across various aspects of life, significantly impacting their physical and mental health. The scarcity of data on their general health, particularly regarding dietary habits, remains a challenge in developing effective healthcare strategies for this population. To address this gap, we analyzed selected dietary habits, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI) among Italian TGD adults compared to the Italian general population (IGP). An online anonymous survey was conducted via the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing technique from June 2020 to June 2021. Participants were enrolled through clinical centers and TGD organizations. Data from 959 TGD adults were analyzed using chi-squared tests and logistic regression models. Key findings indicated that approximately 70% of TGD individuals consumed fewer servings of fruit and vegetables (FV) than recommended (five or more servings per day). Although red meat consumption was lower overall, a greater percentage of TGD individuals reported consuming more than three servings per week. Additionally, 58% of TGD participants indicated that they did not engage in any PA, compared to 36% of the IGP. Notably, significant differences in BMI were identified, with higher rates of overweight and obesity among TGD individuals assigned female at birth. These results underscore the urgent need for tailored nutritional guidelines and inclusive public health strategies to meet the specific health needs of the Italian TGD population. Expanding access to targeted interventions could contribute to improving overall well-being in this marginalized group.
Disparities in the Cardiometabolic Impact of Adiposity among African American and Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Velásquez-Mieyer Pedro A. , Nieto-Martinez Ramfis , Velasquez Andres E. , Mou Xichen , Young-Moss Stephanie , Mechanick Jeffrey I. , Grant Cori Cohen , Neira Claudia P.
Published: September 2024

As adiposity increases in youth, so does the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). The etiology of adiposity-based chronic disease and CMRFs includes ethnoracial disparities that are rarely considered in current treatment approaches. Precision interventions require further characterization of these disparities among high-risk youth. The objective of this study was to characterize differences in CMRF among African American (AA) and Hispanic (H) adolescents with varying levels of adiposity. A cross-sectional analysis of 2284 adolescents aged 12–17 was conducted using 3-year clinical data from Lifedoc Health. CMRF prevalence were compared using χ2, with logistic regression models (LRM) applied to explore the relationships between exposures (age, sex, ethnoracial group, adiposity) and CMRF outcomes. Prevalence of CMRF rose with increasing adiposity, which was the strongest determinant of risk overall. However, individual risk profiles differed between the two groups, with H having higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), higher triglycerides and liver enzymes, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). Meanwhile, AA had higher prevalence of elevated blood pressure (BP) in the overweight category, prediabetes in overweight to severe obesity, and type 2 diabetes in obesity. LRM showed 3.0-fold greater chance of impaired glucose metabolism in AA than H, who were 1.7, 5.9, and 8.3 times more likely to have low HDL-c, high liver enzymes, and high triglycerides, respectively. Overweight/obesity prevalence was very high among AA and H adolescents. Excess adiposity was associated with an increased prevalence of CMRF, with individual risk factors differing between groups as adiposity increased. Research within routine clinical settings is required to better characterize these discrepancies and ameliorate their adverse impact on health in the transition to adulthood.
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for Central Nervous System Health: A Systematic Review
Authors: Baden Kyrie Eleyson R. , McClain Halley , Craig Eliya , Gibson Nathan , Draime Juanita A. , Chen Aleda M. H.
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a natural compound used to improve mood-related symptoms. Our aim was to determine the efficacy, safety, and optimal dose of SAMe in Central Nervous System (CNS) signs (e.g., mood, behavior). Methods: We conducted a PRISMA-based systematic review by searching PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science using MeSH search terms. Articles were independently reviewed by two researchers (with a third resolving conflicts) during title/abstract screening and full-text review. Data were extracted in the same approach, with a quality assessment of included articles. Results: Out of 1881 non-duplicated studies, 36 were included in the review focusing on CNS signs (mood, behavior, sleep). Most studies (n = 32) achieved a 4 or 5 out of 5 points, indicating high study quality. Overall, SAMe was effective in 24 of 36 studies, with adverse events mostly consisting of mild, transient gastrointestinal disturbances. Conclusions: Many patients in these studies did experience improvements in CNS signs from using SAMe alone or in combination with existing therapy. However, future studies are needed to further understand the long-term effects of SAMe in the CNS.
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals to Reduce the Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease: Where We Are, and Where We Are Going
Authors: Fogacci Federica , Borghi Claudio , Cicero Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe
Published: September 2024

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) remain leading causes of mortality and disability in Western countries [...]
Increasing Population Immunity Prior to Globally-Coordinated Cessation of Bivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (bOPV)
Authors: Badizadegan Nima D. , Wassilak Steven G. F. , Estívariz Concepción F. , Wiesen Eric , Burns Cara C. , Bolu Omotayo , Thompson Kimberly M.
Published: September 2024

In 2022, global poliovirus modeling suggested that coordinated cessation of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV, containing Sabin-strain types 1 and 3) in 2027 would likely increase the risks of outbreaks and expected paralytic cases caused by circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), particularly type 1. The analysis did not include the implementation of planned, preventive supplemental immunization activities (pSIAs) with bOPV to achieve and maintain higher population immunity for types 1 and 3 prior to bOPV cessation. We reviewed prior published OPV cessation modeling studies to support bOPV cessation planning. We applied an integrated global poliovirus transmission and OPV evolution model after updating assumptions to reflect the epidemiology, immunization, and polio eradication plans through the end of 2023. We explored the effects of bOPV cessation in 2027 with and without additional bOPV pSIAs prior to 2027. Increasing population immunity for types 1 and 3 with bOPV pSIAs (i.e., intensification) could substantially reduce the expected global risks of experiencing cVDPV outbreaks and the number of expected polio cases both before and after bOPV cessation. We identified the need for substantial increases in overall bOPV coverage prior to bOPV cessation to achieve a high probability of successful bOPV cessation.
Berberine Targets PKM2 to Activate the t-PA-Induced Fibrinolytic System and Improves Thrombosis
Authors: Sun Zeqi , Zhao Tong , Bai Xue , Li Huimin , Gao Jin , Hao Yutong , Li Yiyang , Xie Yanli , Hu Ange , Huang Qiang , Liu Xin , Zhang Yong
Published: September 2024

Background: Arterial thrombosis, a condition in which thrombi form in arteries, can lead to various acute cardiovascular diseases and impact the quality of life and survival of patients. Berberine (BBR), a quaternary ammonium alkaloid, has been shown to treat these diseases. However, further exploration is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of BBR. Methods and results: Rats were administered BBR via intramuscular injection. Then, an FeCl3-coated filter paper was applied to a carotid artery to induce thrombosis. The size of the thrombus and the blood flow velocity were evaluated by carotid ultrasound. The shape of the thrombus was observed using staining and microscopy. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins were verified. Additionally, mass spectrometry and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis were conducted. The administration of BBR resulted in a significant reduction in the thrombus area and an extension of the thrombus-clogging time. Furthermore, BBR administration effectively reversed the decreasing tissue–plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression and alterations in fibrinolysis system of model group. Additionally, the expression of PKM2 was suppressed following BBR administration, and the overexpression of PKM2 inhibited t-PA expression. Conclusions: BBR ameliorates thrombosis by modulating expression of PKM2, subsequently impacting the expression of t-PA within fibrinolytic system. These preliminary findings suggest that BBR could be a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy for arterial thromboembolic diseases.
A Newly Validated HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Ricinoleic Acid (RA) in PLGA Nanocapsules
Authors: de Andrade Lucas Rannier M. , dos Santos Larissa F. , Pires Débora S. , Machado Érika P. , Martines Marco Antonio U. , Macedo Maria Ligia R. , Cardoso Teófilo Fernando M. , Severino Patrícia , Souto Eliana B. , Kassab Najla M.
Published: September 2024

The assessment of ricinoleic acid (RA) incorporated into polymeric nanoparticles is a challenge that has not yet been explored. This bioactive compound, the main component of castor oil, has attracted attention in the pharmaceutical field for its valuable anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. This work aims to develop a new and simple analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the identification and quantification of ricinoleic acid, with potential applicability in several other complex systems. The method was validated through analytical parameters, such as linearity, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness. The physicochemical properties of the nanocapsules were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine their hydrodynamic mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP), via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantifying the encapsulation efficiency. The proposed analytical method utilized a mobile phase consisting of a 65:35 ratio of acetonitrile to water, acidified with 1.5% phosphoric acid. It successfully depicted a symmetric peak of ricinoleic acid (retention time of 7.5 min) for both the standard and the RA present in the polymeric nanoparticles, enabling the quantification of the drug loaded into the nanocapsules. The nanocapsules containing ricinoleic acid (RA) exhibited an approximate size ranging from 309 nm to 441 nm, a PDI lower than 0.2, ζ values of approximately −30 mV, and high encapsulation efficiency (~99%). Overall, the developed HPLC-DAD procedure provides adequate confidence for the identification and quantification of ricinoleic acid in PLGA nanocapsules and other complex matrices.
Unveiling the Neuroprotective Potential of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera): A Systematic Review
Authors: Asdaq Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin , Almutiri Abdulaziz Ali , Alenzi Abdullah , Shaikh Maheen , Shaik Mujeeb Ahmed , Alshehri Sultan , Rabbani Syed Imam
Published: September 2024

Background: Neurodegenerative diseases primarily afflict the elderly and are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons. Oxidative stress is intricately linked to the advancement of these conditions. This study focuses on Phoenix dactylifera (P. dactylifera; Family: Arecaceae), commonly known as “Ajwa,” a globally cultivated herbal plant renowned for its potent antioxidant properties and reported neuroprotective effects in pharmacological studies. Method: This comprehensive systematic review delves into the antioxidant properties of plant extracts and their phytochemical components, with a particular emphasis on P. dactylifera and its potential neuroprotective benefits. Preferred reporting items for systemic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) were employed to review the articles. Results: The study includes 269 articles published in the literature and 17 were selected after qualitative analysis. The growing body of research underscores the critical role of polyphenolic compounds found in P. dactylifera, which significantly contribute to its neuroprotective effects through antioxidant mechanisms. Despite emerging insights into the antioxidant actions of P. dactylifera, further investigation is essential to fully elucidate the specific pathways through which it confers neuroprotection. Conclusions: Like many other plant-based supplements, P. dactylifera’s antioxidant effects are likely mediated by synergistic interactions among its diverse bioactive compounds, rather than by any single constituent alone. Therefore, additional preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to explore P. dactylifera’s therapeutic potential comprehensively, especially in terms of its targeted antioxidant activities aimed at mitigating neurodegenerative processes. Such research holds promise for advancing our understanding and potentially harnessing the therapeutic benefits of P. dactylifera in neuroprotection.
Assessment of Adipocyte Transduction Using Different AAV Capsid Variants
Authors: Boychenko Stanislav , Abdullina Alina , Laktyushkin Viktor S. , Brovin Andrew , Egorov Alexander D.
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are widely used as viral vectors for gene delivery in mammalian cells. We focused on the efficacy of the transduction of AAV2/5, 2/6, 2/8 and 2/9 expressing GFP in preadipocyte cells by live imaging microscopy using IncuCyte S3 and flow cytometry. Methods: Three transduction modes in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells assessed: AAV transduction in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells, transduction with further differentiation into mature adipocyte-like cells and the transduction of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. For the in vivo study, we injected AAV2/6, AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 in adipose tissue of C57BL6 mice, and the transduction capacity of AAV2/6, along with AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 was evaluated. Results: AAV2/6 demonstrated the highest transduction efficiency in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, as it was 1.5–2-fold more effective than AAV2/5, and AAV2/8 in the range of viral concentrations from 2 × 104 to 1.6 × 105 VG/cell. AAV2/5 and AAV2/8 showed transduction efficiencies similar to each other. The expression of GFP under the CMV promoter remained stable for up to 20 days. The induction of 3T3-L1 differentiation in three days after AAV transduction did not alter the GFP expression level, and AAV2/6 showed the best transduction efficiency. AAV2/6 demonstrated the ability to transduce mature adipocytes. These results were confirmed by in vivo studies on C57BL6 mice. AAV2/6 had the highest transducing activity on both inguinal and interscapular adipose tissue. Conclusions: Thus, AAV2/6 has demonstrated higher transduction efficacy compared to AAV2/5, AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 both in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue in vivo, which proves its usability along with AAV2/8 and AAV2/9 for gene delivery to adipocytes.