bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragmentos históricos da assistência psiquiátrica no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil
Authors: Miranda Francisco Arnoldo Nunes de , Santos Raionara Cristina de Araújo , Azevedo Dulcian Medeiros de , Fernandes Rafaella Leite , Costa Tarciana Sampaio
Published: February 2011

O presente artigo objetiva resgatar aspectos do funcionamento terapêutico do Hospital-Dia (HD) Dr. Élger Nunes, em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, durante sua vigência, e analisar os resultados referentes ao número de usuários atendidos no período de 1996 a 2004. Trata-se de um estudo empírico, descritivo, exploratório, ex posto facto de abordagem quantitativa, realizado a partir dos registros e prontuários de 910 usuários atendidos no HD. As informações foram submetidas ao recurso informacional Microsoft Excel e transformadas em gráficos. Os resultados constataram uma maior acessibilidade à modalidade de tratamento, diminuição no tempo de permanência e melhoria das condições de alta dos usuários com redução no número de interrupções no tratamento. Salienta-se a importância do HD no processo de reforma psiquiátrica, com atendimento pautado na utilização de práticas terapêuticas humanizadas e sem perda do vínculo com a família e a sociedade.
Qualidade na assistência de enfermagem hospitalar: visão de alunos de graduação
Authors: Gabriel Carmen Silvia , Gabriel Andrea Boldrini , Bernardes Andréa , Rocha Fernanda Ludmilla Rossi , Miasso Adriana Inocenti
Published: February 2011

Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em universidade pública do interior do Estado de São Paulo com o objetivo de identificar o conceito de qualidade na assistência de enfermagem hospitalar na perspectiva de alunos do último ano do curso de Bacharelado em Enfermagem. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 24 alunos, sendo as falas analisadas segundo o referencial de Bardin. Os núcleos de sentido das falas foram divididos em seis categorias: holismo, humanização, equipe capacitada técnica e cientificamente, promoção do autocuidado, gerenciamento adequado das unidades e respeito aos princípios de segurança na assistência. Os resultados nos permitiram concluir que a visão dos alunos acerca do tema é ampla, sendo necessário, no entanto, incorporar pontos importantes ao conceito de qualidade na assistência de enfermagem, tais como valorização do trabalho em equipe, sistematização da assistência e questões relacionadas à satisfação dos diversos atores envolvidos na assistência em saúde no ambiente hospitalar.
The Potential Benefit of Radiotherapy with Protons in Head and Neck Cancer with Respect to Normal Tissue Sparing: A Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Water Tara A. , Bijl Hendrik P. , Schilstra Cornelis , Pijls-Johannesma Madelon , Langendijk Johannes A.
Published: February 2011

Purpose.

Clinical studies concerning head and neck cancer patients treated with protons reporting on radiation-induced side effects are scarce. Therefore, we reviewed the literature regarding the potential benefits of protons compared with the currently used photons in terms of lower doses to normal tissue and the potential for fewer subsequent radiation-induced side effects, with the main focus on in silico planning comparative (ISPC) studies.

Materials and Methods.

A literature search was performed by two independent researchers on ISPC studies that included proton-based and photon-based irradiation techniques.

Results.

Initially, 877 papers were retrieved and 14 relevant and eligible ISPC studies were identified and included in this review. Four studies included paranasal sinus cancer cases, three included nasopharyngeal cancer cases, and seven included oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and/or laryngeal cancer cases. Seven studies compared the most sophisticated photon and proton techniques: intensity-modulated photon therapy versus intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Four studies compared different proton techniques. All studies showed that protons had a lower normal tissue dose, while keeping similar or better target coverage. Two studies found that these lower doses theoretically translated into a significantly lower incidence of salivary dysfunction.

Conclusion.

The results of ISPC studies indicate that protons have the potential for a significantly lower normal tissue dose, while keeping similar or better target coverage. Scanned IMPT probably offers the most advantage and will allow for a substantially lower probability of radiation-induced side effects. The results of these ISPC studies should be confirmed in properly designed clinical trials.
WTO Rules and Agricultural Development Cooperation between Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Choi Won-Mog
Published: February 2011

For many developed countries with confined land resources and high costs of labour, agricultural farming in foreign territories provides attractive business opportunities. Such investment projects will also be welcomed by many hosting developing countries given the substantial effect of economic development and employment. In this sense, agricultural development cooperation at an international level could contribute to the solution of the North-South problem. Notwithstanding this necessity and potential contribution, it is doubtful whether the current WTO legal system can fully support this type of cooperation. Various governmental supports involving the cooperation projects could be determined as prohibited or actionable subsidies as well as discriminatory measures. WTO provisions regarding the special and differential treatment for the developing economies are of no help. This paper identifies legal problems involving agricultural development cooperation between developed and developing countries and explores ways to interpret relevant WTO rules and to amend them in order to solve the problems.
International Trade and Development Law: A Legal Cultural Critique
Authors: Picker Colin
Published: February 2011

To the extent that international trade and development policy employs legal methods, institutions and participants, there is a need to take into account the role of legal culture. There are many different legal cultures in the world, including the widely found common and civil law traditions, as well as the many non-western legal traditions and sub-traditions found within the hundreds of different legal systems spread across the globe. International law has, however, traditionally eschewed consideration of legal culturearguing that international law is unique, is sui generis, and as such domestic legal traditions were not relevant. Yet, the humans involved in creating and nurturing international legal fields and institutions will themselves reflect the legal culture of their home states, and will often import aspects of those legal cultures into international law. The same must be true of international development law. In addition, international legal fields, such as international development law, must often work within domestic legal systems, and as such they will directly interact with the domestic legal traditions. It is thus important to understand the interaction between the legal cultures reflected in the relevant part of that international law and in that of the domestic legal system. Such an understanding can be useful in ensuring the effective interaction of the two systems. This paper explores these themes, continuing the authors past and ongoing consideration of the role of legal culture in international law, including its role within institutions such as the World Trade Organization.
Vulnerable Populations and the Association between Periodontal and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Grubbs Vanessa , Plantinga Laura C. , Crews Deidra C. , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Saran Rajiv , Heung Michael , Patel Priti R. , Burrows Nilka Ríos , Ernst Kristina L. , Powe Neil R.
Published: February 2011

Background and objectives

Recent studies suggest an overall association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and periodontal disease, but it is unknown whether this association is similar across various subpopulations.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 2001 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. CKD was defined as a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g or estimated GFR of 15 to 59 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using multivariable logistic regression with U.S. population-based weighting.

Results

These analyses included 6199 dentate adult participants (aged 21 to 75 years) with periodontal exams. The estimated prevalences of moderate/severe periodontal disease and CKD were 5.3% and 10.6%, respectively. Periodontal disease was associated with >2-fold higher risk of CKD that was moderately attenuated after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, tobacco use, hypertension, diabetes, educational attainment, poverty index ratio, and dental care use. There were no statistically significant interactions between periodontal disease and race/ethnicity, educational attainment, or poverty status. Less-than-recommended dental care use was associated with periodontal disease and CKD and was increasingly prevalent among nonwhites, lower educational attainment, and lower poverty status.

Conclusions

The association between periodontal disease and CKD is not significantly different among subgroups. However, because nonwhites, those with a lower educational level, and the poor less frequently report use of recommended dental care, the association between periodontal disease and kidney function over time may become stronger among these groups and warrants further investigation.
Key moments of terrestrial life of the main biblical characters in sacral iconography of Vojvodina
Authors: Maksimovic Jovan , Maksimovic Marko
Published: February 2011

Beside the motif of death, the motifs connected to pregnancy, delivery and childhood are the most often motifs depicted in Christian iconography in general. They indicate the importance of terrestrial life and living among people of the main Biblical characters: Jesus Christ, the Mother of God and St. John the Baptist. Presenting the key moments of any human life, starting from conception, pregnancy and delivery, maternity and childhood, all the way to death, these iconographic themes try to stress out the double nature of given characters, both divine and humane. The first iconographic presentations of these Biblical events in Vojvodina belong to biography (fresco painting) of the Fruska Gora mountain monasteries. In the middle of the 18th century, in Vojvodina, as well as in all other Austrian countries where the Serbs lived, some artists, who marked the beginning of a new baroque period, appeared. This research raised a question: how is it possible to find biological-medical content in dogmatic, theological teachings of the Bible characters, predominantly the Mother of God and Jesus Christ and events related to them, which were described in Bible and artistically depicted in sacral iconography? The sacral works of art in Vojvodina were analyzed in this research from this aspect. The themes were systematized and, with respect to all religious dogmas, some biologicalmedical and physiological elements in events of these characters' lives were classified into seven thematic groups.
Scientific importance of Serbian Pasteur institutes
Authors: Lalosevic Dusan
Published: February 2011

Only 12 years after Paris, the first Pasteur Institute in Serbia and the Balkans was founded in Nis, in 1900. Its contribution to preventive medicine of Serbia was enormous, primarily in production of vaccine against variola and rabies. After the liberation in 1919, the Pasteur Institute was re-established and it continued its scientific work under the management of Gerasim Alivizatos, a Greek who had come to help Serbian people. He is the author of the so-called mixed method in rabies prophylaxis, in which he combined dilution of live vaccine with concentrated ether treated vaccine. He published his work on this method in the journal Deutschen Medicinische Wochenschrift in 1922. After 1928, the only active Pasteur Institute in the whole Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was the Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad, which has remained the central anti-rabies institution to the present day. Its first director, Dr. Adolf Hempt, born in Novi Sad in 1874, was the author of the world famous vaccine against rabies, which was named after him and was in use from 1925 to 1989. He was the first in the world to have made a completely inactive, i.e. dead vaccine, which was much safer for use, so many European countries such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary gradually accepted it under the name of Hempt, and from the Novi Sad Institute it was exported to some African countries as well. Dr Hempt published his first work on the new vaccine in the magazine Annales de l'Institut Pasteur in 1925 in French, and he also published a monograph in German by Bering Institute in 1938, nowadays ranked as a monograph of international importance.
Life and works of Jovan Andrejevic Joles
Authors: Gudovic Radmila , Srdic Biljana
Published: February 2011

The first Serbian anatomist Jovan Andrejevic Joles was born in Novi Sad on October 6, 1833 to a priest father. The primary school and the first four grades of the grammar school he finished in Novi Sad, and the seventh and the eighth grades in Timisoara. After finishing grammar school, Andrejevic moved to Pest where he started medical studies in 1853. He continued the studies in Prague and Vienna where he received the diploma of a doctor of medicine. During the studies of medicine, this remarkably educated and talented man demonstrated great interest in science. In his research he came to new findings he published through the report of the Vienna Academy of Sciences in the paper titled 'On the Fine Structure of the Liver' (Ueber den feineren Bau der Leber), making his mentor, professor Ernest von Br?cke, proud. Apart from the scientific work, young Andrejevic also translated literature from German and English. His interests also covered photography, art and aesthetics. He actively participated in the work of the United Serbian Youth, which brought him many problems with the ruling regime of the time. At a very early age, Andrejevic fell down with tuberculosis and had to stop his scientific work and move back to Novi Sad in 1861 where he began working as a physician. Apart from the medical practice, Andrejevic was still in the center of scientific, political, and cultural events. He continued regular correspondence with professor von Br?cke who informed him on the success of his scientific results. Apart from a number of texts and critical writings, together with Jovan Djordjevic, Andrejevic worked hard on the foundation of the Serbian National Theater in Novi Sad. During 1863, his illness aggravated and he died of tuberculosis on July 21, 1864. The memory of the first Serbian anatomist is kept by the Department of Anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad where the documentation on his life and works is stored. The ground floor hall of the Faculty of Medicine holds the bust of Jovan Andrejevic.
Multinucleated stromal giant cells in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast: A case report and literature review
Authors: Jovicic-Milentijevic Maja , Basic Marin , Petrovic Aleksandar
Published: February 2011

Background. We presented an unusual case of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast with multinucleated stromal giant cells (MSGCs). To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of ACC with MSGCs has not been reported previously. MSGCs should be distinguished from other multinucleated giant cells in breast tumors. The histogenesis of MSGCs still remains obscure. In hope to elucidate the histogenesis of MSGCs, we used a broad range of antibodies. Case report. A 40-year-old woman presented with a palpable lump in the subareolar location of her right breast. Excision of the tumor was performed. At gross pathologic examination the tumor was 20 ? 15 ? 15 mm in size, redbrown and well circumscribed. The surgical margins were positive for carcinoma and skin-sparing mastectomy with axillary dissection was complited. Eighteen lymph nodes examined were uninvolved. Patohistological examination showed ACC with numerous MSGCs scattered within tumor stroma. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that MSGCs are probably derived from stromal fibroblasts. These cells showed strong reactivity only for vimentin. Staining for histiocytic marker (CD68), as well as for epithelial marker (cytokeratin), myoepithelial markers (S-100, ?- smooth muscle actin), vascular marker (CD34), hormonal receptors (ER, PR) and HER2 in MSGCs were negative. Conclusion. The presence of MSGCs should not alter the prognosis of an otherwise typical breast ACC.
Duration of Lactation and Maternal Adipokines at 3 Years Postpartum
Authors: Stuebe Alison M. , Mantzoros Christos , Kleinman Ken , Gillman Matthew W. , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl , Gunderson Erica P. , Rich-Edwards Janet
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Lactation has been associated with reduced maternal risk of type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. We examined the relationship between breastfeeding duration and maternal adipokines at 3 years postpartum.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used linear regression to relate the duration of lactation to maternal leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY) at 3 years postpartum among 570 participants with 3-year postpartum blood samples (178 fasting), prospectively collected lactation history, and no intervening pregnancy in Project Viva, a cohort study of mothers and children.

RESULTS

A total of 88% of mothers had initiated breastfeeding, 26% had breastfed ≥12 months, and 42% had exclusively breastfed for ≥3 months. In multivariate analyses, we found that duration of total breastfeeding was directly related to PYY and ghrelin, and exclusive breastfeeding duration was directly related to ghrelin (predicted mean for never exclusively breastfeeding: 790.6 pg/mL vs. ≥6 months of exclusive breastfeeding: 1,008.1 pg/mL; P < 0.01) at 3 years postpartum, adjusting for pregravid BMI, gestational weight gain, family history of diabetes, parity, smoking status, and age. We found a nonlinear pattern of association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and adiponectin in multivariate-adjusted models.

CONCLUSIONS

In this prospective cohort study, we found a direct relationship between the duration of lactation and both ghrelin and PYY at 3 years postpartum.
Prevalence of Depression in Individuals With Impaired Glucose Metabolism or Undiagnosed Diabetes
Authors: Nouwen Arie , Nefs Giesje , Caramlau Isabela , Connock Martin , Winkley Kirsty , Lloyd Cathy E. , Peyrot Mark , Pouwer François ,   for the European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

Meta-analyses have shown that the risk for depression is elevated in type 2 diabetes. Whether this risk in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) or undiagnosed diabetes (UDD) is elevated relative to normal glucose metabolism (NGM) or decreased relative to previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes (PDD) has not been the subject of a systematic review/meta-analysis. This study examined the prevalence of depression in IGM and UDD subjects relative to each other and to NGM and PDD subjects by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of studies on this topic.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were searched for articles published up to May 2010. All studies that compared the prevalence of depression in subjects with IGM and UDD were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using fixed and random-effects models.

RESULTS

The meta-analysis showed that the risk for depression was not increased in IGM versus NGM subjects (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85–1.08). Risk for depression did not differ between individuals with UDD and individuals with either NGM (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.71–1.25) or IGM (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.88–1.54). Finally, individuals with IGM or UDD both had a significantly lower risk of depression than individuals with PDD (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48–0.73, and OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.45–0.74, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Results of this meta-analysis show that the risk of depression is similar for NGM, IGM, and UDD subjects. PDD subjects have an increased risk of depression relative to IGM and UDD subjects.
The activity of thyme essential oil against Acinetobacter spp.
Authors: Łysakowska Monika , Denys Andrzej , Sienkiewicz Monika
Published: February 2011

The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oil against clinical multiresistant strains of Acinetobacter spp. The antibacterial activity of oil was tested against standard and clinical bacterial strains of Acinetobacter genus. The agar diffusion method was used to check the inhibition of microbial growth at various concentrations of the oil from Thymus vulgaris. Susceptibility testing to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics was prepared using the disc-diffusion method. Identification of bacterial strains was carried out with the Vitek system and confirmed by PCR for Acinetobacter baumanii gyrB gene. The results of experiments showed that the oil from T. vulgaris exhibited an extremely strong activity against all of the clinical strains of Acinetobacter. Thyme oil demonstrated a very good efficacy against multiresistant strains of tested bacteria. Essential oils seems to be an excellent alternative for synthetic preparations and that is reason for an extensive assessment of their antimicrobial activity.
Subjective Well-Being in Schizophrenia as Measured with the Subjective Well-Being Under Neuroleptic Treatment Scale: A Review
Authors: Vothknecht Sylke , Schoevers Robert A. , de Haan Lieuwe
Published: February 2011

Objective: The Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptic Treatment scale (SWN) is the most widely used self-rating scale in recent research of subjective well-being in schizophrenia. We reviewed all available publications on relevant research of subjective well-being using the SWN, in order to evaluate measurement of subjective well-being with a single instrument.

Method: A MEDLINE and Embase search was performed for studies published between January 1994 and August 2010, analysing controlled and open clinical trials using the SWN.

Results: A total of 52 publications were identified covering 44 studies. Strong evidence exists for improvement of subjective well-being during treatment. Atypical antipsychotics are associated with a higher level of well-being. However, dosage is more important than the kind of medication. Striatal dopamine D2 receptor occupancy is correlated with subjective well-being. Early positive response of subjective well-being is predictive of a better outcome. Research on determinants of subjective well-being is rapidly expanding, focusing mostly on the effects of medication.

Conclusions: Subjective well-being of schizophrenia patients is a valuable outcome measure. It can be improved by optimizing antipsychotic treatment. More research on psychological and genetic predictors of subjective well-being is needed.
Relational Memory in First Episode Psychosis: Implications for Progressive Hippocampal Dysfunction After Illness Onset
Authors: Bartholomeusz Cali F. , Proffitt Tina M. , Savage Greg , Simpson Leonie , Markulev Connie , Kerr Melissa , McConchie Mirabel , McGorry Patrick D. , Pantelis Christos , Berger Gregor E. , Wood Stephen J.
Published: February 2011

Objective: Verbal episodic memory deficits are prominent in schizophrenia and have also been found in first episode psychosis (FEP) and individuals at clinical risk of the disorder. The central role of the hippocampus in verbal memory processing and the consistent findings of hippocampal volume reductions in chronic patients have prompted the suggestion that impaired verbal memory performance may be a biomarker of schizophrenia. However, it is currently unclear as to when, during the early phase of psychosis, verbal memory performance becomes significantly impaired. The current study investigated verbal relational memory in FEP using a novel verbal paired associate task, and tested whether performance was dependent on phase of illness within FEP, where patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were considered to be in a more advanced stage than those with schizophreniform disorder.

Method: Forty-seven currently psychotic FEP patients and 36 healthy non-psychiatric controls, aged 15–25 years old, completed a test comprising four trials of learning and cued recall of word pairs (denoted AB pairs), an interference phase comprising two trials with new second words (AC pairs), and finally cued recall for the original AB pairings.

Results: FEP patients performed similarly to controls on the relational memory task. There was no difference in performance between FEP patients who had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and those with a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder.

Conclusions: Verbal relational memory appears to be intact in FEP. This finding, along with chronic patient literature, suggests that decline in hippocampal and medial temporal lobe functioning occurs during later illness stages. Further research is needed to aid in the development of intervention strategies that may prevent decline in such cognitive domains at this crucial early stage of the illness.
Strategies Aimed at Preventing Chronic Post-surgical Pain: Comprehensive Perioperative Pain Management after Total Joint Replacement Surgery
Authors: Clarke Hance , Woodhouse Linda J. , Kennedy Deborah , Stratford Paul , Katz Joel
Published: February 2011

Purpose: Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is a frequent outcome of musculoskeletal surgery. Physiotherapists often treat patients with pain before and after musculoskeletal surgery. The purposes of this paper are (1) to raise awareness of the nature, mechanisms, and significance of CPSP; and (2) to highlight the necessity for an inter-professional team to understand and address its complexity. Using total joint replacement surgeries as a model, we provide a review of pain mechanisms and pain management strategies.

Summary of Key Points: By understanding the mechanisms by which pain alters the body's normal physiological responses to surgery, clinicians selectively target pain in post-surgical patients through the use of multi-modal management strategies. Clinicians should not assume that patients receiving multiple medications have a problem with pain. Rather, the modern-day approach is to manage pain using preventive strategies, with the aims of reducing the intensity of acute postoperative pain and minimizing the development of CPSP.

Conclusions: The roles of biological, surgical, psychosocial, and patient-related risk factors in the transition to pain chronicity require further investigation if we are to better understand their relationships with pain. Measuring pain intensity and analgesic use is not sufficient. Proper evaluation and management of risk factors for CPSP require inter-professional teams to characterize a patient's experience of postoperative pain and to examine pain arising during functional activities.
Cushing and the treatment of brain wounds during World War I
Authors: Carey Michael E.
Published: February 2011

Harvey Cushing, perhaps the most important founder of American neurosurgery, was an Army neurosurgeon in France from 1917 to 1918. Over a 3-month period in 1917 he and his team operated on 133 soldiers with a brain wound. The operative mortality rate for their last 45 patients was 29%, considerably lower than the usual postoperative mortality rate of approximately 50% for those with a brain wound. This accomplishment was lauded at the time and eventually, for some, it was Cushing who was responsible for lowering the postoperative mortality rate of brain wounds during World War I. As the decades passed he was eventually credited as the “originator of brain wound care.” This report shows that these attributions are misplaced. Cushing merely followed the enlightened surgical precepts of the time developed by Continental (European) surgeons. It also examines Cushing's writings to ascertain how these misperceptions concerning his originality might have been generated.
Study of the cervical plexus innervation of the trapezius muscle
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios , Lancaster Jeffrey , Mortazavi Martin M. , Hattab Eyas M. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A.
Published: February 2011

Object

There is conflicting and often anecdotal evidence regarding the potential motor innervation of the trapezius muscle by cervical nerves, with most authors attributing such fibers to proprioception. As knowledge of such potential motor innervations may prove useful to the neurosurgeon, the present study aimed to elucidate this anatomy further.

Methods

Fifteen adult cadavers (30 sides) underwent dissection of the posterior triangle of the neck and harvesting of cervical nerve fibers found to enter the trapezius muscle. Random fibers were evaluated histologically to determine fiber type (that is, motor vs sensory axons).

Results

In addition to an innervation from the spinal accessory nerve, the authors also identified cervical nerve innervations of all trapezius muscles. For these innervations, 3 sides were found to have fibers derived from C-2 to C-4, 2 sides had fibers derived from C-2 to C-3, and 25 sides had fibers derived from C-3 to C-4. Fibers derived from C-2 to C-4 were classified as a Type I innervation, those from C-2 to C-3 were classified as a Type II innervation, and those from C-3 to C-4 were classified as a Type III innervation. Immunohistochemical analysis of fibers from each of these types confirmed the presence of motor axons.

Conclusions

Based on the authors' study, cervical nerves innervate the trapezius muscle with motor fibers. These findings support surgical and clinical experiences in which partial or complete trapezius function is maintained after injury to the spinal accessory nerve. The degree to which these nerves innervate this muscle, however, necessitates further study. Such information may be useful following nerve transfer procedures, denervation techniques for cervical dystonia, or sacrifice of the spinal accessory nerve due to pathological entities.
Overcoming the Recalcitrance for the Conversion of Kenaf Pulp to Glucose via Microwave-Assisted Pre-Treatment Processes
Authors: Ooi Beng Guat , Rambo Ashley L. , Hurtado Miguel A.
Published: February 2011

This study evaluates the pre-treatment of cellulose from kenaf plant to yield sugar precursors for the production of ethanol or butanol for use as biofuel additives. In order to convert the crystalline cellulosic form to the amorphous form that can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond to yield sugars, kenaf pulp samples were subjected to two different pre-treatment processes. In the acid pre-treatment, the pulp samples were treated with 37.5% hydrochloric acid in the presence of FeCl3 at 50 °C or 90 °C whereas in the alkaline method, the pulp samples were treated with 25% sodium hydroxide at room temperature and with 2% or 5% sodium hydroxide at 50 °C. Microwave-assisted NaOH-treatment of the cellulose was also investigated and demonstrated to be capable of producing high glucose yield without adverse environmental impact by circumventing the use of large amounts of concentrated acids i.e., 83–85% phosphoric acid employed in most digestion processes. The treated samples were digested with the cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma reesei. The amount of glucose produced was quantified using the QuantichromTM glucose bioassay for assessing the efficiency of glucose production for each of the treatment processes. The microwave-assisted alkaline pre-treatment processes conducted at 50 °C were found to be the most effective in the conversion of the crystalline cellulose to the amorphous form based on the significantly higher yields of sugar produced by enzymatic hydrolysis compared to the untreated sample.
Progress in Nano-Engineered Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membrane Development
Authors: Poinern Gerrard Eddy Jai , Ali Nurshahidah , Fawcett Derek
Published: February 2011

The anodization of aluminum is an electro-chemical process that changes the surface chemistry of the metal, via oxidation, to produce an anodic oxide layer. During this process a self organized, highly ordered array of cylindrical shaped pores can be produced with controllable pore diameters, periodicity and density distribution. This enables anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes to be used as templates in a variety of nanotechnology applications without the need for expensive lithographical techniques. This review article is an overview of the current state of research on AAO membranes and the various applications of nanotechnology that use them in the manufacture of nano-materials and devices or incorporate them into specific applications such as biological/chemical sensors, nano-electronic devices, filter membranes and medical scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Welcome to Metals––a New Open Access Journal for a Growing Scientific Community
Authors: López Hugo F.
Published: February 2011

As I assume the role of Editor-in-Chief of this new journal, I look forward to serving in contributing to the advance of science and engineering in the field of metallic materials. This formidable task is made possible thanks to the excellent support of the Publisher and of the Editorial Staff of MDPI, as well as to a highly qualified Editorial Board. Hence, it is with pleasure that I accept this challenge, and I look forward to work with all of you in expanding the field of metals through journal contributions of current importance and of great interest to the scientific community. [...]
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in Asthma: Implications for Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Therapeutics
Authors: Reddy P. Hemachandra
Published: February 2011

Asthma is a complex, inflammatory disorder characterized by airflow obstruction of variable degrees, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation. Asthma is caused by environmental factors and a combination of genetic and environmental stimuli. Genetic studies have revealed that multiple loci are involved in the etiology of asthma. Recent cellular, molecular, and animal-model studies have revealed several cellular events that are involved in the progression of asthma, including: increased Th2 cytokines leading to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airway, and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction in the activated inflammatory cells, leading to tissue injury in the bronchial epithelium. Further, aging and animal model studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved and play a large role in asthma. Recent studies using experimental allergic asthmatic mouse models and peripheral cells and tissues from asthmatic humans have revealed antioxidants as promising treatments for people with asthma. This article summarizes the latest research findings on the involvement of inflammatory changes, and mitochondrial dysfunction/oxidative stress in the development and progression of asthma. This article also addresses the relationship between aging and age-related immunity in triggering asthma, the antioxidant therapeutic strategies in treating people with asthma.
Accuracy and Feasibility of Optoelectronic Sensors for Weed Mapping in Wide Row Crops
Authors: Andújar Dionisio , Ribeiro Ángela , Fernández-Quintanilla César , Dorado José
Published: February 2011

The main objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of a ground-based weed mapping system that included optoelectronic sensors for weed detection, and to determine the sampling resolution required for accurate weed maps in maize crops. The optoelectronic sensors were located in the inter-row area of maize to distinguish weeds against soil background. The system was evaluated in three maize fields in the early spring. System verification was performed with highly reliable data from digital images obtained in a regular 12 m × 12 m grid throughout the three fields. The comparison in all these sample points showed a good relationship (83% agreement on average) between the data of weed presence/absence obtained from the optoelectronic mapping system and the values derived from image processing software (“ground truth”). Regarding the optimization of sampling resolution, the comparison between the detailed maps (all crop rows with sensors separated 0.75 m) with maps obtained with various simulated distances between sensors (from 1.5 m to 6.0 m) indicated that a 4.5 m distance (equivalent to one in six crop rows) would be acceptable to construct accurate weed maps. This spatial resolution makes the system cheap and robust enough to generate maps of inter-row weeds.
Modeling of Nonlinear Aggregation for Information Fusion Systems with Outliers Based on the Choquet Integral
Authors: Su Kuo-Lan , Jau You-Min , Jeng Jin-Tsong
Published: February 2011

Modern information fusion systems essentially associate decision-making processes with multi-sensor systems. Precise decision-making processes depend upon aggregating useful information extracted from large numbers of messages or large datasets; meanwhile, the distributed multi-sensor systems which employ several geographically separated local sensors are required to provide sufficient messages or data with similar and/or dissimilar characteristics. These kinds of information fusion techniques have been widely investigated and used for implementing several information retrieval systems. However, the results obtained from the information fusion systems vary in different situations and performing intelligent aggregation and fusion of information from a distributed multi-source, multi-sensor network is essentially an optimization problem. A flexible and versatile framework which is able to solve complex global optimization problems is a valuable alternative to traditional information fusion. Furthermore, because of the highly dynamic and volatile nature of the information flow, a swift soft computing technique is imperative to satisfy the demands and challenges. In this paper, a nonlinear aggregation based on the Choquet integral (NACI) model is considered for information fusion systems that include outliers under inherent interaction among feature attributes. The estimation of interaction coefficients for the proposed model is also performed via a modified algorithm based on particle swarm optimization with quantum-behavior (QPSO) and the high breakdown value estimator, least trimmed squares (LTS). From simulation results, the proposed MQPSO algorithm with LTS (named LTS-MQPSO) readily corrects the deviations caused by outliers and swiftly achieves convergence in estimating the parameters of the proposed NACI model for the information fusion systems with outliers.
Travail : de l'état des lieux au remaniement des principes de l'intervention
Authors: Dejours Christophe
Published: February 2011

L’entretien porte d’abord sur l’analyse des changements dans le monde du travail selon qu’on les aborde par la psychosociologie ou par la psychodynamique du travail. Il traite ensuite de l’impact de ces changements sur l’évolution de la demande adressée au praticien intervenant sur le terrain. Sont enfin esquissées les incidences des deux analyses précédentes sur les remaniements des principes de l’intervention en entreprise.
Résister à la société de la norme et de l'évaluation
Authors: Del Volgo Marie-José , Gori Roland
Published: February 2011

Resisting a society of norms and assessment Dans un contexte de rationalisation économique et comptable, on assiste aujourd’hui à une véritable crise des valeurs des professionnels. Face à de telles mutations anthropologiques quelles sont les possibilités aujourd’hui d’exercer nos métiers, comme ceux de l’éducation, du soin, de la recherche, du travail social, de la culture, de la justice ? Un discours de compétition et d’excellence est tenu plus que jamais dans les lieux décisionnaires et se trouve adossé à des pratiques de l’évaluation constituant de nouveaux dispositifs de servitude volontaire. La souffrance au travail est le nom des effets de ces pratiques. La résistance à cette casse des pratiques professionnelles consiste en premier lieu à analyser et à déconstruire le fonctionnement de ces dispositifs de normalisation et à nous engager dans une culture des métiers, de leur éthique et de leur finalité spécifique tout en créant de nouvelles solidarités.
Processus groupaux dans l'université en grève et travail d'élaboration individuelle
Authors: Lecourt Édith , Veriter Christilla , Brébant Catherine , Lalonde Marine , Bizet Géraldine , Binjamin Sophie , Allain Lisa
Published: February 2011

Group process in the university on strike, and individual resolution In the middle of a university teachers’ strike, a group of clinical psychology students in the group analysis program (called « Group, Family, Institution ») of the University of Paris-Descartes was invited to reflect on their experience and to try and articulate it using the concepts of theoreticians of group analysis and institutional analysis (Anzieu, Kaës, Rouchy, Bion, etc.). Several of those papers were accepted by this publication. From general assembly meetings and lecture courses to small informal groups, and at the request of groups and institutions outside the University (internships in particular), these articles offer a rich reflection « from the inside » on that crisis. Here is an original experiential overview which gives a new perspective on situations usually known, above all, through their ideological developments. These texts demonstrate the capacity for working things out that students may acquire when previously sensitized to the existence and function of the unconscious processes which are active in many situations.
Les lots virtuels « empilés » : repères de bonnes affaires pour les consommateurs !
Authors: Labbé-Pinlon Blandine , Lombart Cindy , Louis Didier
Published: February 2011

Résumé Cette recherche analyse les réactions des consommateurs face à deux types de lots virtuels empilés fréquemment utilisés tant par les industriels que par les distributeurs : les lots « 3 pour 2 » combinés à un prix choc versus une gratuité. Une expérimentation menée en magasin laboratoire montre que les lots virtuels de produits bénéficiant d’un prix choc sont mieux perçus que ceux assortis d’une gratuité. En outre, ils attirent plus d’acheteurs et induisent des volumes d’achats en promotion plus importants.
Les frontières entre théorie et pratique dans les dispositifs d'enseignement en apprentissage
Authors: Dietrich Anne , Weppe Xavier
Published: February 2011

Résumé La question des relations entre théorie et pratique est régulièrement au centre des débats en sciences de gestion. Elle est souvent abordée sous l’angle de l’utilité des recherches pour les managers, et l’accent est plutôt mis sur le décalage, le divorce, ou le gap entre théorie et pratique. L’ambition de cet article est d’interroger les liens théorie-pratique dans les situations d’enseignement et plus spécifiquement dans les dispositifs de formation en apprentissage du supérieur dont le fondement est le rapprochement entre théorie et pratique, entre connaissances et action. Dans cette perspective, nous montrons l’intérêt de la notion de frontières de connaissances pour conceptualiser les difficultés d’articulation entre théorie et pratique et de coopération entre les communautés d’enseignants-chercheurs et de praticiens. Nous identifions trois types de frontières de connaissances entre ces deux communautés et trois modes de gestion des connaissances associés. Nous soulignons également le rôle des objets frontières dans leur capacité à faciliter la collaboration entre enseignants-chercheurs et praticiens, l’intégration entre théorie et pratique.
De la politisation à l'instrumentation d'un outil de gestion : le cas du budget dans les théâtres associatifs
Authors: Amans Pascale , Mazars-Chapelon Agnès , Villesèque-Dubus Fabienne
Published: February 2011

Résumé Parmi les utilisations du budget par les associations du spectacle vivant, quelles sont celles qui relèvent d’un usage politique externe dans le cadre des relations avec les collectivités, celles qui correspondent à un usage instrumental interne et quel est le « dosage » entre ces deux types d’utilisations ? Telle est la question à laquelle cet article répond, d’abord de manière théorique, puis de manière pratique, au moyen de l’étude de deux cas de théâtres associatifs.
Evaluer la performance des dynamiques sportives intercommunales : théorie, méthode, modélisation
Authors: Chaboche José
Published: February 2011

Résumé L’objet de cet article est d’évaluer la performance des dynamiques sportives intercommunales sous l’angle des relations collectivités-associations. On observe d’abord les ressorts de ces dynamiques. Puis on introduit les notions de performance territoriale et de développement territorial pour formaliser un modèle d’évaluation des performances de systèmes d’acteurs locaux. Enfin, on applique ce modèle à trois territoires d’Ille-et-Vilaine.
Evidence that muscle cells do not express the histidine-rich glycoprotein associated with AMP deaminase but can internalise the plasma protein
Authors: Sabbatini A.R.M. , Mattii L. , Battolla B. , Polizzi E. , Martini D. , Ranieri-Raggi M. , Moir A.J.G. , Raggi A.
Published: February 2011

Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is synthesized by liver and is present at relatively high concentration in the plasma of vertebrates. We have previously described the association of a HRG-like molecule to purified rabbit skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMPD). We also provided the first evidence for the presence of a HRG-like protein in human skeletal muscle where a positive correlation between HRG content and total determined AMPD activity has been shown. In the present paper we investigate the origin of skeletal muscle HRG. The screening of a human skeletal muscle cDNA expression library using an anti-HRG antibody failed to reveal any positive clone. The RT-PCR analysis, performed on human skeletal muscle RNA as well as on RNA from the rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line, failed to show any mRNA specific for the plasma HRG or for the putative muscle variant. When the RD cells were incubated with human plasma HRG, a time-dependent increase of the HRG immunoreactivity was detected both at the plasma membrane level and intracellularly. The internalisation of HRG was inhibited by the addition of heparin. The above data strongly suggest that skeletal muscle cells do not synthesize the muscle variant of HRG but instead can actively internalise it from plasma.
Technical Note: VUV photodesorption rates from water ice in the 120–150 K temperature range – significance for Noctilucent Clouds
Authors: Kulikov M. Yu. , Feigin A. M. , Ignatov S. K. , Sennikov P. G. , Bluszcz Th. , Schrems O.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Laboratory studies have been carried out with the aim to improve our understanding of physicochemical processes which take place at the water ice/air interface initiated by solar irradiation with a wavelength of 121.6 nm. It was intended to mimic the processes of ice particles characteristic of Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs). The experimental set-up used includes a high-vacuum chamber, a gas handling system, a cryostat with temperature controller, an FTIR spectrometer, a vacuum ultraviolet hydrogen lamp, and a microwave generator. We report the first results of measurements of the absolute photodesorption rate (loss of substance due to the escape of photoproducts into gas phase) from thin (20–100 nm) water ice samples kept in the temperature range of 120–150 K. The obtained results show that a flow of photoproducts into the gas phase is considerably lower than presumed in the recent study by Murray and Plane (2005). The experiments indicate that almost all photoproducts remain in the solid phase, and the principal chemical reaction between them is the recombination reaction H + OH → H2O which is evidently very fast. This means that direct photolysis of mesospheric ice particles seems to have no significant impact on the gas phase chemistry of the upper mesosphere.