bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary charging effects due to icy dust particle impacts on rocket payloads
Authors: Kassa M. , Rapp M. , Hartquist T. W. , Havnes O.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We report measurements of dust currents obtained with a small probe and a larger probe during the flight of the ECOMA-4 rocket through the summer polar mesosphere. The payload included two small dust probes behind a larger dust probe located centrally at the front. For certain phases of the payload rotation, the current registered by one of the small dust probes was up to 2 times the current measured with the larger probe, even though the effective collection area of the larger probe was 4 times that of the small one. We analyze the phase dependence of the currents and their difference with a model based on the assumption that the small probe was hit by charged dust fragments produced in collisions of mesospheric dust with the payload body. Our results confirm earlier findings that secondary charge production in the collision of a noctilucent cloud/Polar Summer Mesospheric Echo (NLC/PMSE) dust particle with the payload body must be several orders of magnitude larger than might be expected from laboratory studies of collisions of pure ice particles with a variety of clean surfaces. An important consequence is that for some payload configurations, one should not assume that the current measured with a detector used to study mesospheric dust is simply proportional to the number density of ambient dust particles. The higher secondary charge production may be due to the NLC/PMSE particles containing multiple meteoric smoke particles.
Occurrence and distribution of ladderane oxidation products in different oceanic regimes
Authors: Rush D. , Hopmans E. C. , Wakeham S. G. , Schouten S. , Sinninghe Damsté J. S.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Ladderane fatty acids have been used to trace bacteria involved in anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). These lipids have been experimentally shown to undergo aerobic microbial degradation to form short chain ladderane fatty acids. However, nothing is known of the production or the distribution of these oxic biodegradation products in the natural environment. In this study, we analysed marine water column particulate matter and sediment from three different oceanic regimes for the presence of ladderane oxidation products (C14 ladderane fatty acids) and of the original ladderane fatty acids (C18 and C20 ladderane fatty acids). We found that short chain ladderane fatty acids are already produced within the water column of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and thus only low amounts of oxygen (<3 μM) are needed for the β-oxidation of original ladderane fatty acids to proceed. However, no short chain ladderane fatty acids were detected in the Cariaco Basin water column, where oxygen concentrations were below detection limit, suggesting that the β-oxidation pathway is inhibited by the absence of molecular oxygen. Comparison of distributions of ladderane fatty acids indicates that short chain ladderane fatty acids are mostly produced in the water column and at the sediment surface, before being preserved deeper in the sediments. Short chain ladderane fatty acids were abundant in Arabian Sea and Peru Margin sediments (ODP Leg 201), often in higher concentrations than the original ladderane fatty acids. In a sediment core taken from within the Arabian Sea OMZ, short chain ladderanes made up more than 90 % of the total ladderanes at depths greater than 5 cm below sea floor. We also found short chain ladderanes in higher concentrations in hydrolysed sediment residues compared to those freely occurring in lipid extracts, suggesting that they had become bound to the sediment matrix. Furthermore, these matrix-bound short chain ladderanes were found at greater sediment depths than short chain ladderanes in the lipid extract, suggesting that binding to the sediment matrix aids the preservation of these lipids. Though sedimentary degradation of short chain ladderane fatty acids did occur, it appeared to be at a slower rate than that of the original ladderane fatty acids. Together these results suggest that the oxic degradation products of ladderane fatty acids may be suitable biomarkers for past anammox activity in OMZs.
Atmospheric deposition as a source of carbon and nutrients to barren, alpine soils of the Colorado Rocky Mountains
Authors: Mladenov N. , Williams M. W. , Schmidt S. K. , Cawley K.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Many alpine areas are experiencing intense deglaciation, biogeochemical changes driven by temperature rise, and changes in atmospheric deposition. There is mounting evidence that the water quality of alpine streams may be related to these changes, including rising atmospheric deposition of carbon (C) and nutrients. Given that barren alpine soils can be severely C limited, we evaluated the magnitude and chemical quality of atmospheric deposition of C and nutrients to an alpine site, the Green Lake 4 catchment in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Using a long term dataset (2002–2010) of weekly atmospheric wet deposition and snowpack chemistry, we found that volume weighted mean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were approximately 1.0 mg L−1and weekly concentrations reached peaks as high at 6–10 mg L−1 every summer. Total dissolved nitrogen concentration also peaked in the summer, whereas total dissolved phosphorus and calcium concentrations were highest in the spring. Relationships among DOC concentration, dissolved organic matter (DOM) fluorescence properties, and nitrate and sulfate concentrations suggest that pollutants from nearby urban and agricultural sources and organic aerosols derived from sub-alpine vegetation may influence high summer DOC wet deposition concentrations. Interestingly, high DOC concentrations were also recorded during "dust-in-snow" events in the spring. Detailed chemical and spectroscopic analyses conducted for samples collected in 2010 revealed that the DOM in many late spring and summer samples was less aromatic and polydisperse and of lower molecular weight than that of winter and fall samples and, therefore, likely to be more bioavailable to microbes in barren alpine soils. Bioavailability experiments with different types of atmospheric C sources are needed to better evaluate the substrate quality of atmospheric C inputs. Our C budget estimates for the Green Lake 4 catchment suggest that atmospheric deposition represents an average input of approximately 13 kg C ha−1 yr−1 that could be as high as 24 kg C ha−1 yr−1 in high dust years and approaches that of autotrophic C fixation in barren soils.
Poder, cultura e hegemonia: elementos para uma discussão
Authors: Nogueira Silas
Published: March 2012

O presente texto foi elaborado como subsídio para discussões sobre políticas públicas relacionadas ao campo que se convencionou de cultura. Retoma aspectos de teorias que colaboraram para a ampliação do conceito, uma ampliação que ultrapassa tanto sentido mais comumente usado quanto aquele trabalhado nos limites da antropologia de caráter funcionalista e estruturalista. Nesse sentido, foi trabalhada uma concepção histórica que aproxima cultura do conceito de hegemonia que, inevitavelmente, dialoga com conceito de política. A trajetória escolhida incluiu a reflexão acerca da alienação, entendida como conjunto de perdas, e das possibilidades políticas de cultivo e resgate dos potenciais recalcados na vida em sociedade, nos confrontos existentes entre grupos, classes e povos assim como no embate diferentes culturas.
Palette of Problems
Authors: Rock David , Porter Mary K.
Published: March 2012

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Firewood by the Cord
Authors: Brown Scott
Published: March 2012

Published information on firewood measurements and pricing is the basis for various measurement and rate-related applications.
Oligocrystalline Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Ueland Stian M. , Chen Ying , Schuh Christopher A.
Published: March 2012

Copper‐based shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit excellent shape memory properties in single crystalline form. However, when they are polycrystalline, their shape memory properties are severely compromised by brittle fracture arising from transformation strain incompatibility at grain boundaries and triple junctions. Oligocrystalline shape memory alloys (oSMAs) are microstructurally designed SMA structures in which the total surface area exceeds the total grain boundary area, and triple junctions can even be completely absent. Here it is shown how an oligocrystalline structure provides a means of achieving single crystal‐like SMA properties without being limited by constraints of single crystal processing. Additionally, the formation of oSMAs typically involves the reduction of the size scale of specimens, and sample size effects begin to emerge. Recent findings on a size effect on the martensitic transformation in oSMAs are compared and a new regime of heat transfer associated with the transformation heat evolution in these alloys is discussed. New results on unassisted two‐way shape memory and the effect of loading rate in oSMAs are also reported.
Charge Formation in Pentacene Layers During Solar‐Cell Fabrication: Direct Observation by Electron Spin Resonance
Authors: Marumoto Kazuhiro , Fujimori Takuya , Ito Masaaki , Mori Tatsuo
Published: March 2012

Microscopic characterization of charge carriers in solar cells is useful for high‐performance cell fabrication because the formation and accumulation of charges in cells greatly affect the device performance. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is suitable for such characterization because it can directly observe charge carriers with spins in these cells. In this work, the ESR method is applied to organic thin‐film solar cells to investigate charge formation in such devices. Heterojunction cells of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/pentacene/C60/bathocuproine (BCP)/Al are investigated. Clear ESR signals are observed by inserting a typical PEDOT:PSS hole buffer layer. From analysis of the dependence of the ESR characteristics on the external magnetic field direction, the bias voltage, and the duration of solar‐simulated irradiation, the charges (mobile holes) in pentacene layers are successfully identified and it can be deduced that these holes are formed at the PEDOT:PSS/pentacene interface during device fabrication. This ESR analysis provides useful knowledge for understanding device operation and improving device performance at the microscopic level.
On‐line estimation of glucose and biomass concentration in batch fermentation process using particle filter with constraint
Authors: Zhao Zhonggai , Shao Xinguang , Huang Biao , Liu Fei
Published: March 2012

In most of fermentation processes, the substrate and biomass concentrations greatly influence the yield of the targeted product. In this paper, considering the nonlinear and non‐Gaussian nature of the fermentation processes, the particle filter method is introduced to estimate the substrate and biomass states, and an algorithm integrating optimization strategy with resampling is proposed to deal with constraints on states. The proposed approach investigates the constraint directly on the estimated value rather than on particles. If the estimation violates constraints, the optimal estimation is firstly obtained by the optimization approach, and then, the resampling and optimization strategy are iteratively used to randomly draw a particle each time among the violated posterior particles and project it onto the feasible region. The resampling and optimization steps are iterated until the state estimation, derived from posterior particles, reaches better performance than that through previous optimization formulation or all the violated posterior particles have been projected onto the feasible region. Compared with the other previous optimization approaches, the proposed method results in a better balance between reducing the on‐line computation load and obtaining more effective posterior particles. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naphthyl and Thienyl Units as Bridges for Metal‐Free Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Yung‐Chung , Chen Yo‐Hua , Chou Hsien‐Hsin , Chaurasia Sumit , Wen Yuh S. , . Lin Jiann T , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: March 2012

A series of new organic dyes, comprising a naphthyl moiety as a π‐conjugated bridge, different amines as donors, and a cyanoacrylic acid group as an electron acceptor and anchoring group, have been designed and synthesized for applications in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). One of the compounds was also characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis. All of the dyes exhibited maximum absorptions in the range of 371–441 nm. The short‐circuit photocurrent density, open‐circuit voltage, and fill factor (FF) values of the devices are in the range of 6.13–10.90 mA cm−2, 0.62–0.69 V, and 0.62–0.67, respectively, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 2.76–4.55 %. The conversion efficiency reached 38–62 % of that of a N719‐based device (7.31 %) fabricated and measured under similar conditions. Steric congestion between the naphthyl and aromatic moieties jeopardizes charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor. Insertion of an alkenyl entity between the naphthyl entity and the aromatic ring alleviates steric congestion and leads to longer wavelength electronic absorption spectra.
Simple Ligand Effects Switch a Hydrogenase Mimic between H2 and O2 Activation
Authors: Kim Kyoungmok , Matsumoto Takahiro , Robertson Andrew , Nakai Hidetaka , Ogo Seiji
Published: March 2012

Herein, we report a [NiRu] biomimetic system for O2‐tolerant [NiFe]hydrogenases and demonstrate that electron donation to the [NiRu] center can switch the system between the activation of H2 and O2 through simple ligand effects by using hexamethylbenzene and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands, respectively. Furthermore, we present the synthesis and direct observations of a [NiRu]–peroxo species, which was formed by the oxygenation of a Ni‐SIa model [NiRu] complex, that we propose as a biomimetic analogue of O2‐bound species (OBS) of O2‐tolerant [NiFe]hydrogenases. The [NiRu]–peroxo complex was fully characterized by X‐ray analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The OBS analogue was capable of oxidizing p‐hydroquinone and sodium borohydride to turn back into the Ni‐SIa model complex.
Untersuchungen zur Effizienz von thermo‐aktiven Abdichtungselementen zur thermischen Nutzung des Untergrunds
Authors: Kürten Sylvia , Ziegler Martin , Olischläger Vera , Ehrenberg Henning
Published: March 2012

Die thermische Aktivierung von Betonbauteilen zur energetischen Nutzung des Untergrunds findet in den letzten Jahren immer weitere Verbreitung. Ausführungsbeispiele finden sich für Energiepfähle, Energiebodenplatten oder Energieschlitzwände, bei denen die Wärmeaustauscherrohre an der statisch erforderlichen Bewehrung befestigt werden. Aufbauend auf diesem Prinzip wurden am Lehrstuhl für Geotechnik im Bauwesen der RWTH Aachen im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens thermo‐aktive Abdichtungselemente für die thermische Aktivierung von erdberührenden Bauteilen unter dem Einfluss von (strömendem) Grundwasser entwickelt und deren Effizienz durch Großversuche und numerische Simulationen untersucht. Die thermo‐aktiven Abdichtungselemente sind durch eine flexible Leitungsverlegung und einen nahezu direkten Kontakt zum Erdreich gekennzeichnet. Im Rahmen der Versuche konnten in Abhängigkeit der System‐ und Randbedingungen Entzugsleistungen zwischen 25 W/m2 und 300 W/m2 erzielt werden. Als maßgebende Einflussparameter auf den Wärmeertrag konnten der Volumenstrom im Wärmeaustauschersystem, die Wärmeübertragungsfläche sowie die Erdreichtemperatur identifiziert werden.

Investigations of the efficiency of thermo‐active seal‐panels for the thermal usage of the ground

The geothermal usage of earth coupled ground structures has found high resonance in the last years. Mostly, concrete structures are used for geothermal activation. Examples for energy piles, energy ground slabs as well as energy diaphragm walls are documented in common literature. Based on this principle, the Chair of Geotechnical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University developed thermo‐active seal panels in the scope of a research project. The efficiency of these panels was analysed with several pilot‐scale tests and numerical analyses. The application of the thermo‐active seal panels – which are characterised by a variable pipe‐laying and a relatively direct contact to the ground – lies in earth coupled structures which are influenced by (flowing) groundwater. The pilot‐scale tests resulted in heat transfer capacities between 25 W/m2 and 300 W/m2 depending on the system and boundary conditions. Furthermore, the flow rate in the heat exchanging system, the heat transfer area as well as the undisturbed ground temperature were identified as the decisive parameters for the heat output of thermo‐active seal panels.
Ein Beitrag zum Städtebau – der Neubau der Josef Eberle Brücke in Rottenburg am Neckar
Authors: Sobek Werner , Straub Wolfgang , Pürgstaller Andreas
Published: March 2012

Die Josef Eberle Brücke in Rottenburg am Neckar verbindet die historische Altstadt mit dem südlichen Stadtteil und dem Bahnhof. Sie ersetzt ein Vorgängerbauwerk, das in schlechtem baulichem Zustand war. Die neue Brücke wurde an gleicher Stelle wie die alte Brücke erstellt und ist zur Nutzung durch Fußgänger und Radfahrer bestimmt. Beim Entwurf der Brücke war im Besonderen der Hochwasserschutz zu beachten. Die elegante Brückenkonstruktion schwingt sich als dünnes, dreifeldriges Band aus Spannbeton über den Neckar. Die neue Brücke fügt sich harmonisch in das bestehende historische Stadtbild Rottenburgs ein. Die hohe Aufenthaltsqualität der Brücke lädt den Benutzer zum Verweilen ein.
Aktualisierte Vergleichstafeln für militärische Lastenklassen bei Straßenbrücken
Authors: Forman Patrick , Fust Christina , Mark Peter
Published: March 2012

Nach dem Prinzip der bekannten “Homberg‐Tafeln” werden aktualisierte Vergleichstafeln für Schnittgrößen aus Lasten zivilen Verkehrs bzw. militärischer Fahrzeuge für Straßenbrücken abgeleitet. Grundlage sind auf Seite des zivilen Verkehrs das Lastmodell LM1 des DIN‐Fachberichts 101 (2009) bzw. das zu erwartende LMM mit erhöhten Einzelrad‐ und Flächenlasten sowie die militärischen Lastenklassen des STANAG 2021 (2006). Die Tafeln sind durch Kurvenscharen nach Militärlastklassen MLC 50, 100 und 150 unterteilt und aus Einheitsmomenten bzw. der analytischen oder numerischen Auswertung von Einflusslinien entwickelt. Eingeschlossen sind Längssysteme als Ein‐ bzw. Zweifeldträger als Stab oder zweistegige Plattenbalken mit verschiedenen Querverteilungen und relativen Stegabständen. Beispiele zeigen die Anwendung der Tafeln.

Updated design‐charts for military load classifications of road bridges

Similar to the established charts acc. to “Homberg” updated design‐charts to determine sectional forces induced by military vehicles on road bridges compared to civil traffic loads are derived. They base on the load model LM1 acc. to DIN‐Fachbericht 101 (2009), and the expected LMM with increased axle and distributed loads on the one side and military load classes defined in STANAG 2021 (2006), on the other side. Charts are separately prepared for MLC 50, 100 and 150. They are analytically or numerically obtained from unit moments and evaluations of influence lines including charts for different transverse load distributions and web distances for single and two‐span systems modeled as beams or double‐webbed T‐beams. Examples illustrate the practical application.
Ausführungsqualität von Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbrücken an Bundesfernstraßen
Authors: Winter Georg , Schnellenbach‐Held Martina , Gusia Peter J.
Published: March 2012

An das in den 1990er Jahren durchgeführte Projekt “Ausführungsqualität von Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbauwerken an Bundesfernstraßen” wurde ein Folgevorhaben angeknüpft, um zu erkennen, ob die Regelwerke der Baudurchführung in der Praxis umgesetzt werden und wie sie sich auf die Ausführungsqualität auswirken. Im Forschungsvorhaben wurden innerhalb von rd. zwei Jahren 53 Begehungen an insgesamt 19 Bauwerken durchgeführt und die Ausführung beobachtet.

Die Anzahl und Bedeutsamkeit der Ausführungsfehler pro Baustellenbesuch ging gegenüber den Ergebnissen vom Vorprojekt zurück. Planungs‐ und Ausführungsunterlagen waren verbessert. Auch die im Jahre 2003 eingeführten Regelwerke der Baudurchführung wurden erfolgreich in der Baupraxis umgesetzt. Die in der Bauüberwachung Tätigen wiesen erheblich bessere Kenntnisse der Regelwerke auf. Die festgestellten Ausführungsfehler hätten bei Umsetzung der vorhandenen Regeln vermieden werden können.

Execution Quality of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Bridges on Federal Roads

The research project “Execution quality of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures on federal highways” was conducted in the 1990s. The current research project based on this preliminary project aims to inspect whether the regulations for execution are implemented successfully in practice and how they have influenced the quality of workmanship. As part of the research project 53 construction site inspections on 19 structures were carried out in less than two years to observe the main stages of execution.

In comparison to the preliminary project a decrease in the number of defects per site visit as well as the “seriousness” of the defects is registered. Planning and design documents were improved. The construction supervision offices have shown considerably better knowledge of applicable regulations. The regulations for execution introduced in 2003 have also been implemented successfully in the bridge construction industry. The deficiencies could have been avoided by implementing the existing rules.
Hafenkonzepte für die Offshore‐Windindustrie
Authors: Jäppelt Ulrich , Carstensen Norbert , Schnabel Frank
Published: March 2012

Vor der Nordseeküste Schleswig‐Holsteins sind zurzeit sieben Windparks mit 735 Windenergieanlagen in der ersten Baustufe genehmigt. Weitere vier Parks mit zusätzlichen 219 Anlagen sind im Genehmigungsverfahren. Die hierdurch entstehenden logistischen Herausforderungen haben Auswirkungen insbesondere auf die Hafeninfrastrukturen an den Produktions‐ und Endmontagestandorten der Offshore‐Industrie, die für die Errichtung der Windparks in Betracht kommen. Kajen, Montage‐ und Lagerflächen müssen den hohen Anforderungen der Offshore‐Industrie nach Flächengrößen, Gewichten und Ausrüstung genügen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Zusammenarbeit der Hafenstandorte Büsum, Brunsbüttel, Dagebüll, Helgoland, Husum, Osterrönfeld, Wyk/Föhr sowie Hörnum und List im Hinblick auf die Offshore‐Logistik vorgestellt. Ferner wird am Beispiel des Standortes Helgoland gezeigt, wie vorhandene Hafenanlagen ausgebaut und umstrukturiert werden können, um den Anforderungen an einen Reaktionshafen gerecht zu werden.

Port Concepts for the Offshore Wind Industry. Offshore Ports Requirements

Off Schleswig‐Holstein's North Sea coast, seven wind farms comprising 735 wind turbines have so far been approved for the first phase. For a further four farms comprising 219 more turbines, approval procedures are in progress. The logistic challenges arising from these plans especially affect the port infrastructure of the offshore industry's production and assembly sites that are to be considered for erection of the wind farms. Quays as well as assembly and storage areas need to meet the offshore industry's high demands concerning areas, weights and equipment. This article illustrates the cooperation with regard to logistics for the offshore industry between the port sites of Büsum, Brunsbüttel, Dagebüll, Heligoland, Husum, Osterrönfeld near Rendsburg, Wyk auf Föhr, and finally Hörnum and List, both on the Isle of Sylt. Furthermore, the example of Heligoland is used to illustrate how existing port facilities can be extended, upgraded and restructured to meet service port requirements.
Weltseehandel und seine größten Häfen – Ein Marktüberblick
Authors: Brinkmann Birgitt
Published: March 2012

Mehr als 80% des weltweiten Warenverkehrs erfolgen über den Seeweg. Wächst der weltweite Warentransport, wächst damit auch der Seehandel. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklung der für den Seeverkehr bedeutendsten Güter Öl und Gas, Kohle und Eisenerz sowie Container und zeigt deren Hauptexport‐ und ‐importregionen sowie die wichtigsten Transportrouten auf. Darüber hinaus werden die führenden Häfen für den Umschlag dieser Güter sowie Erweiterungsplanungen und ‐vorhaben vorgestellt.

World Seaborne Trade and its Major Ports – A Market Survey

The World Seaborne Trade correlates with the World Merchandise Trade, which is expected to grow by 4% in 2011 as well as in 2012. The article shows the seaborne trade developments and the major maritime transport routes for the goods oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), coal and iron ore and for containers. In addition, the largest ports for the handling of these goods, their throughputs as well as expansion plans are presented.
Leistungsfähige Häfen und optimale Infrastruktur – Fundament der deutschen Volkswirtschaft
Authors: Klingen Reinhard , Dirks Jan
Published: March 2012

Die See‐ und Binnenhäfen sind aufgrund der starken Einbindung der deutschen Volkswirtschaft in die internationalen arbeitsteiligen Produktionsprozesse und Absatzmärkte von zentraler gesamtwirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Von den Häfen profitiert ganz Deutschland mit einer Vielzahl von komplementären Industrie‐ und Dienstleistungsbereichen, die in allen Regionen und Wirtschaftssektoren angesiedelt sind. Laut der im Auftrag der Bundesregierung 2007 erstellten Prognose der deutschlandweiten Verkehrsverflechtung werden sich bis 2025 der Güterumschlag in den deutschen Seehäfen gegenüber 2004 mehr als verdoppeln, der Containerumschlag mehr als verdreifachen und die Transportleistung im Güterverkehr um 74% steigen. Die Politik der Bundesregierung ist darauf ausgerichtet, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der deutschen Häfen zu erhalten und sie als Drehscheiben für den nationalen und internationalen Warenverkehr und als wichtige Wirtschaftsstandorte und Arbeitgeber weiter zu stärken. Sie steht zu ihren Zusagen aus dem Koalitionsvertrag und dem Nationalen Hafenkonzept, eine zügige Optimierung der seewärtigen Zufahrten und der Hinterlandanbindungen sicherzustellen. Der Ausbau der Zufahrten zu den großen deutschen Seehäfen hat Vorrang vor volkswirtschaftlich weniger bedeutenden Projekten.

Efficient ports and state‐of‐the‐art infrastructure – the basis of Germany's economy

Because of the strong links between the German economy and international production processes and markets, Germany's seaports and inland ports are key elements of the overall economy. A great number of secondary industrial and service areas in all regions and commercial sectors of Germany benefit from the ports. According to a study of future Germany‐wide transport, commissioned in 2007 by the Federal government, by 2025 the volume of goods handling in German seaports will more than double, container handling will increase three‐fold and total goods transport will increase by 74% compared to 2004. The policies of the Federal government are designed to maintain the competitiveness of German ports and to further underpin them as hubs for national and international goods transport, as well as important commercial facilities and employers. It stands by its commitment resulting from the Coalition Treaty and the National Port Concept to ensure that improvements to sea access routes and hinterland connections will be swiftly carried out. The upgrade of sea access routes to the large German sea ports has priority over projects that are less important for the German economy.
Monoclonal antibody capture and viral clearance by cation exchange chromatography
Authors: Miesegaes G.R. , Lute S. , Strauss D.M. , Read E.K. , Venkiteshwaran A. , Kreuzman A. , Shah R. , Shamlou P. , Chen D. , Brorson K.
Published: March 2012

Traditionally, post‐production culture harvest capture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is performed using Protein A chromatography. We investigated the efficiency and robustness of cation exchange chromatography (CEX) in an effort to evaluate alternative capture methodologies. Up to five commercially available CEX resins were systematically evaluated using an experimentally optimized buffer platform and a design‐of‐experiment (DoE) approach for their ability to (a) capture a model mAb with a neutral isoelectric point, (b) clear three model viruses (porcine parvovirus, CHO type‐C particles, and a bacteriophage). This approach identified a narrow operating space where yield, purity, and viral clearance were optimal under a CEX capture platform, and revealed trends between viral clearance of PPV and product purity (but not yield). Our results suggest that after unit operation optimization, CEX can serve as a suitable capture step. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2048–2058. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the esculetin contents of medicinal plants by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yun Eun‐Sun , Park Sung‐Kyu , Kim Bog‐Soon , Chae Young‐Zoo , Cho Soo‐Min , Yi Hee , Cho Hee‐Jung , Shin Ho‐Chul
Published: March 2012

We developed a LC‐MS/MS method for the determination of esculetin contents in medicinal plants. The analysis was performed using multiple reaction monitoring in negative mode, and an XBridge™ C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) was used. Methanol and 0.1% formic acid were used for gradient analysis. The calibration curve showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9993). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.02 and 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were 1.5–6.8 and 2.0–5.3%, respectively, and the accuracy was 102.0–110.2%. The contents of esculetin in 35 different plants were determined, and Fraxini Cortex showed the highest content of esculetin (761–5475 mg/kg). In Mori Folium and Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, 5.2–21.5 and 7.0–17.6 mg/kg of esculetin were found, respectively. In other medicinal plants, no esculetin was detected, or it was present at a concentration less than 10 mg/kg. The analysis method appears to be simple, sensitive and reproducible. Contrary to expectations based on traditional medical knowledge, although Artemisiae Capillaris Herba contains a large amount of esculetin, it appears from this study that Fraxini Cortex contains a greater amount. The pharmacological effects of esculetin isolated from medicinal plants should be investigated as part of new medicines development. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous versus Homogeneous Palladium Catalysts for Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Pagliaro Mario , Pandarus Valerica , Ciriminna Rosaria , Béland François , Demma Carà Piera
Published: March 2012

A large number of immobilized‐Pd‐catalysts for cross‐coupling reactions have been introduced in the last decade. Are the observed catalyzed reactions truly heterogeneous or are they homogeneous due to leached palladium? This account critically addresses the leaching issue by selectively referring to some of the newly developed catalytic systems in an attempt to evaluate said systems based on uniform criteria. The report is concluded by identifying the relevant chemical and structural challenges in the field.
On the effectiveness of cross‐fitting in multi‐block PLS (CF‐MBPLS)
Authors: Kohonen Jarno , Alatalo Hannu , Reinikainen Satu‐Pia
Published: March 2012

Multi‐block PLS is an extension of partial least squares or projection to latent structures (PLS), where the descriptor matrix is divided into meaningful blocks based on either process units or type of data. A typical application is using process variables as one block and spectral data on another block. It has been utilized in obtaining more information of processes and the effect of different types of variables. In comparison with priority or hierarchical PLS, in multi‐block PLS, there is no need to prioritize blocks in advance because they are iteratively calculated at the same time. With multi‐block PLS, however, it is easy to overfit data resulting in a poor predictive ability. A recent development called cross‐fitting has been reported to alleviate the problem of overfitting in PLS. This approach was adjusted to multi‐block PLS and is tested on two different data sets, where overfitting and sensitivity to outliers are issues. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Quadruple‐Layered Perovskite (CuCl)Ca2NaNb4O13.
Authors: Kageyama H. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2012

The title compound is obtained from RbCa2NaNb4O13 through a topotactic ion‐exchange reaction with CuCl2 (320 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Resolving the Different Silicon Clusters in Li12Si7 by 29Si and 6,7Li Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy.
Authors: Koester Thomas K.‐J. , Salager Elodie , Morris Andrew J. , Key Baris , Seznec Vincent , Morcrette Mathieu , Pickard Chris J. , Grey Clare P.
Published: March 2012

Different Si clusters in Li12Si7 are resolved and their individual connectivities are analyzed by 29Si correlation NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Systematic Design of Organic Templated Samarium Sulfates and Their Luminescence Property.
Authors: Zhang Deng , Zheng Lei , Qiu Xinmin , Xu Yan , Fu Jie , Zhu Dunru
Published: March 2012

Compounds (II)—(V) are structurally characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Perovskite Sr2FeMoO6‐xNx (x = 0.3, 1.0) Oxynitrides with Anionic Ordering.
Authors: Retuerto M. , de la Calle C. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Porcher F. , Krezhov K. , Menendez N. , Alonso J. A.
Published: March 2012

Two new compounds of composition Sr2FeMoO5.7N0.3 and Sr2FeMoO5N are prepared by annealing precursors obtained by the citrate route in flowing ammonia at 750 and 650 °C, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid: A Simple, Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Regioselective Alkylation of Phenols and anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Thiols to Alkenes.
Authors: Qureshi Ziyauddin S. , Deshmukh Krishna M. , Dhake Kishor P. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: March 2012

Acidic ionic liquid NMP·H2SO4 is used as an efficient catalyst for the selective ortho‐alkylation of phenols under solvent free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Miceller Media Accelerated Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Pawar Balu , Padalkar Vikas , Phatangare Kiran , Nirmalkar Sudhakar , Chaskar Atul
Published: March 2012

The use of micellar solution in aqueous medium accelerates the rate of Baylis—Hillman reaction and enhances the product yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrogen‐Bridged Heterocycles via Cycloaddition of Non‐classical Heterocyclic‐Fused‐[c]thiazoles.
Authors: Soares Maria I. L. , Gomes Clara S. B. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D.
Published: March 2012

The reactions of the title compounds, generated in situ, with dipolarophiles furnish a range of new nitrogen‐bridged bi‐, tri‐ and tetracyclic heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Intramolecular Conjugate Addition of Thioamide to α,β‐Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Suzuki Yuta , Yazaki Ryo , Kumagai Naoya , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: March 2012

Proton transfer allows efficient access to optically active five‐ and six‐membered ring systems bearing ester and thioamide functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes and Aldehydes.
Authors: Ishida Mana , Shibata Yu , Noguchi Keiichi , Tanaka Ken
Published: March 2012

The first asymmetric [2 + 2 + 2] cyclization of 1,6‐enynes and aldehydes is accomplished by using a cationic rhodium(I)/(R)‐BINAP complex as the catalyst to give products such as (III), (V), or (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Applications of the Nickel‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynes Combined with Addition Reactions in a Domino Process.
Authors: Durandetti Muriel , Hardou Lucie , Lhermet Rudy , Rouen Mathieu , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: March 2012

Neither glovebox chemistry, nor tedious preparation of sophisticated intermediate organometallic derivatives are required for the nickel‐catalyzed exo‐dig cyclization of iodoarylalkynes such as (I), (III), or (V) to give a variety of dihydrobenzofurans, chromans, isochromans, indoles, or indans in good to high stereochemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Isomerizations of Olefins.
Authors: Mayer Matthias , Welther Alice , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: March 2012

A simple catalyst system that effects rapid isomerization of olefins at room temperature is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Practical Copper(I)/TEMPO Catalyst System for Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols.
Authors: Hoover Jessica M. , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: March 2012

The aerobic catalytic system is developed that exhibits high selectivity for primary alcohols and mediates efficient oxidation of aliphatic substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers as Efficient Poisoning Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes.
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Lee Youngjin , Tsuji Keita , Yoon Seong‐Ho , Mochida Isao , Nagashima Hideo
Published: March 2012

Platinum nanoparticles supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofibers efficiently catalyze the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes and the catalytic activity can be controlled by an appropriate choice of the platinum/nitrogen ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reduction of N‐Alkoxy‐ and N‐Hydroxyamides.
Authors: Fukuzawa Hiroko , Ura Yasuyuki , Kataoka Yasutaka
Published: March 2012

The ruthenium‐catalyzed reduction of N‐alkoxy‐ and N‐hydroxyamides to the corresponding amides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Fluoroarenes and Trifluorotoluenes with Superhydride (Lithium Triethylborohydride).
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Cao Song
Published: March 2012

Two new catalyst systems are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Free Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling for Functionalization of Alkyne‐Encoded Proteins in Aqueous Medium and in Bacterial Cells.
Authors: Li Nan , Lim Reyna K. V. , Edwardraja Selvakumar , Lin Qing
Published: March 2012

A new and robust aminopyrimidine—palladium(II) complex is used for copper‐free Sonogashira cross‐coupling of various aryl iodides with terminal alkyne‐containing peptide and protein substrates in aqueous medium.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric γ‐Alkylation of Carbonyl Compounds via Stereoconvergent Suzuki Cross‐Couplings.
Authors: Zultanski Susan L. , Fu Gregory C.
Published: March 2012

In the presence of a chiral nickel catalyst generated in situ, enantioselective alkylation reactions of carbonyl compounds are achieved by coupling of chloroamides (II) with alkylboranes.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Wittig Reactions: Generation of Enantioenriched Axially Chiral Olefins Breaking a Symmetry Plane.
Authors: Gramigna Lucia , Duce Sara , Filippini Giacomo , Fochi Mariafrancesca , Franchini Mauro Comes , Bernardi Luca
Published: March 2012

It is demonstrated, that the stereochemical outcome of Wittig olefinations of 4‐substituted cyclohexanones can be controlled by hydrogen‐bond donor catalysts such as (R,R)‐TADDOL or 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane derived bis‐thioureas.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2‐Dihydropentalenes from Fulvenes by [6 + 2] Cycloadditions with 1‐Isopropenylpyrrolidine.
Authors: Coskun Necdet , Ma Jingxiang , Azimi Saeed , Gaertner Christian , Erden Ihsan
Published: March 2012

The in situ formation of the acetone pyrrolidine enamine is followed by cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Prins‐Pinacol Tandem Process Mediated by a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent: Scope, Limitations, and Applications.
Authors: Beaulieu Marc‐Andre , Guerard Kimiaka C. , Maertens Gaetan , Sabot Cyrille , Canesi Sylvain
Published: March 2012

Upon treatment with hypervalent iodine reagents, a number of phenol derivatives bearing pentenyl or pentynyl units undergoes cyclization to afford spirocyclic compounds, in some cases with high stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: The Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Styrenes Using Ethylene in a Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Bourne Samuel L. , Koos Peter , O'Brien Matthew , Martin Benjamin , Schenkel Berthold , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: March 2012

A fast, safe and practical synthesis of styrenes by Pd‐catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl iodides with ethylene is described using a tube‐in‐tube gas‐liquid reactor under continuous flow conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Precatalysts Greatly Facilitate Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkynylations in Batch and Continuous‐Flow Conditions.
Authors: Shu Wei , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: March 2012

For palladium‐catalyzed Heck alkynylation reactions a novel precatalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Monoarylation of Primary Amines with Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Illies Laurean , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: March 2012

Optimized conditions are elaborated to produce the desired title compounds from primary amine substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Deacetylenative Coupling of Propargylic Amines: An Efficient Synthesis of Symmetric 1,4‐Diamino‐2‐butynes.
Authors: Kim Yongeun , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

The deacetylenative coupling reaction of two terminal propargylic amines is accomplished in the presence of a copper(I) catalyst and the absence of a base to give the diaminobutynes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Hydrogenation of Functionalized Nitroarenes under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Pandarus Valerica , Ciriminna Rosaria , Beland Francois , Pagliaro Mario
Published: March 2012

A new palladium catalyst for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes under mild reaction conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Difunctionalizations of Aminoalkynes Using only N‐ and O‐Containing Oxidants.
Authors: Mukherjee Anupam , Dateer Ramesh B. , Chaudhuri Rupsha , Bhunia Sabyasachi , Karad Somnath Narayan , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: March 2012

In the presence of a gold catalyst, aminoalkynes and nitrones (II) undergo oxoamination to form 2‐aminoamides (III) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Cleavage and Successive Aldol Reaction of 3‐[(Trialkylsilyl)methyl]cyclobutanones.
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Harada Kosuke , Kawano Mizuki , Okuno Ryosuke , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

At higher temperatures, the β,γ‐unsaturated aldol products (III) and (VIII) isomerize to the corresponding α,β‐unsaturated ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Room Temperature Asymmetric Allylic Trifluoromethylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates.
Authors: Li Yun , Liang Fang , Li Qian , Xu Yao‐chang , Wang Quan‐Rui , Jiang Lei
Published: March 2012

The bisolvent system permits an optimal ratio of enantioselectivity to reaction rate and good to excellent results are obtained for arylsubstituted substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active N‐Aryl Amino Acid Derivatives Through the Asymmetric Petasis Reaction Catalyzed by a Novel Hydroxy—Thiourea Catalyst.
Authors: Inokuma Tsubasa , Suzuki Yusuke , Sakaeda Toshiyuki , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: March 2012

Resulting products are easily transformed into pharmacologically important heterocyclic compounds [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Study Guided Development of Versatile Phase‐Transfer Catalysts for Asymmetric Conjugate Additions of Cyanide.
Authors: Provencher Brian A. , Bartelson Keith J. , Liu Yan , Foxman Bruce M. , Deng Li
Published: March 2012

The use of catalysts (I) and (II) allows the synthesis of both enantiomers of the corresponding 1,4‐adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed S‐Arylation of Diaryl Disulfides with Triarylbismuthanes under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Yasuike Shuji , Nishioka Motokazu , Kakusawa Naoki , Kurita Jyoji
Published: March 2012

The procedure affords various unsymmetrical disulfides in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: JandaJel as a Polymeric Support to Improve the Catalytic Efficiency of Immobilized‐1,5,7‐tirazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD) under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Lanari Daniela , Ballini Roberto , Bonollo Simona , Palmieri Alessandro , Pizzo Ferdinando , Vaccaro Luigi
Published: March 2012

JandaJel with its greater spacing between the linear polymeric chains compared to that of polystyrene matrices, is a very efficient support for improving the catalytic activity of TBD.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides.
Authors: Vandavasi Jaya Kishore , Hu Wan‐Ping , Chen Chung‐Yu , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: March 2012

A mild and efficient synthesis of disulfides is presented by DDQ‐promoted coupling of thiols.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Chemically Modified Silica Gel: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Suzuki, Stille and Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Dutta Piyali , Sarkar Amitabha
Published: March 2012

The catalyst can be easily removed and reused several times without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Aryl Halides with Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Qu Xiaoming , Li Tingyi , Sun Peng , Zhu Yan , Yang Hailong , Mao Jincheng
Published: March 2012

The protocol employed to perform the Cu(I)‐catalyzed decarboxylative coupling between alkyl and aryl halides with alkynoic acids (II) provides an alternative to traditional Pd‐catalysts for these transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diarylalkynes by Iron/Copper Co‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative sp—sp2 Coupling of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids and Aryl Halides.
Authors: Li Tingyi , Qu Xiaoming , Zhu Yan , Sun Peng , Yang Hailong , Shan Yuqin , Zhang Hongxin , Liu Defu , Zhang Xiang , Mao Jincheng
Published: March 2012

It provides an efficient method to prepare a number of diarylalkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclizations of 2‐Oxiranyl‐1‐alkynylbenzenes for Diastereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 2‐Hydroxyindanones.
Authors: Chaudhuri Rupsha , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: March 2012

It allows a new and diastereoselective access to various 2‐hydroxyindanones like (II), (IV), and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese(III) Acetate‐Mediated Cyclization of Diarylmethylenecyclopropa[b]naphthalenes: A Method for the Synthesis of 1,2‐Benzanthracene Derivatives.
Authors: Cao Jian , Miao Maozhong , Chen Wanli , Wu Luling , Huang Xian
Published: March 2012

The functionalized benzanthracenes are useful synthons which can be converted into derivatives such as (V) and (VIII) as well as polycyclic carbazoles like (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Aziridination of 2‐B(pin)‐Substituted Allylic Alcohols: An Efficient Approach to Novel Organoboron Compounds.
Authors: Hernandez‐Toribio Jorge , Hussain Mahmud M. , Cheng Kevin , Carroll Patrick J. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: March 2012

Aminohydroxy ketones (IX) can be generated with high diastereoselectivity by a one‐pot two‐step process including aziridination followed by B—C bond oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)aziridines Starting from 1,1,1‐Trifluoroacetone.
Authors: Kenis Sara , D'hooghe Matthias , Verniest Guido , Nguyen Vinh Duc , Thi Tuyet Anh Dang , Nguyen Tuyen Van , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: March 2012

The straightforward approach towards the synthesis of aziridines (IV) starts from trifluoroacetone (I) via imination, α‐chlorination, hydride reduction, and ring closure.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Well‐Defined Head‐to‐Tail‐Type Oligothiophenes by Regioselective Deprotonation of 3‐Substituted Thiophenes and Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Tanaka Shota , Tamba Shunsuke , Tanaka Daiki , Sugie Atsushi , Mori Atsunori
Published: March 2012

The regiocontrolled metalation of 3‐substituted thiophenes is accomplished using the Knochel—Hauser base or a combination of a Grignard reagent and catalytic tetramethylpiperidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctionalized 3‐Hydroxypyrroles in a Three‐Step, One‐Pot Cascade Process from Methyl 3‐TBSO‐2‐diazo‐3‐butenoate and Nitrones.
Authors: Xu Xinfang , Ratnikov Maxim O. , Zavalij Peter Y. , Doyle Michael P.
Published: March 2012

The copper‐catalyzed Mannich addition is followed by rhodium‐catalyzed dinitrogen extrusion.