bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Idea of a National Church: Reassessing Congregationalism in Revolutionary England
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: May 2019

In 1641, the Congregational minister Thomas Goodwin delivered a series of sermons to his independent church in London, expounding the letter to the Ephesians in characteristically meticulous detail. Goodwin had recently returned to England after a brief but formative period of religious exile in the Netherlands, and as the Sundays passed, his auditors were surely moved by the oratory of a speaker so “blessed with a rich invention and a solid and exact judgment.” The minister's breadth was equally impressive. The sermons opened up a cornucopia of Christian themes, flowing from one topic to the next as Goodwin's capacious mind found stimulus in the scriptural text. Seemingly eager to follow every possible digression, application, and excursus, Goodwin's unhurried pace required thirty-six sermons simply to exhaust the epistle's first chapter. And yet, amid this abundance of subject matter, one issue in particular arrested Goodwin's attention. While delivering his thirty-fifth discourse on Ephesians, Goodwin paused to consider what he described as “the Great question of these times” and, alternatively, “the great Controversy of the times.” By the middle of 1641, Goodwin's world was experiencing an unprecedented upheaval—England had been invaded by Scottish covenanters, the archbishop of Canterbury had been arrested and imprisoned, and the king had been forced to call a parliament he would be unable to dissolve. Yet Goodwin's “great Controversy” turned not upon political or cultural convulsion but rather upon a seemingly obscure point of ecclesiastical polity, a question not often considered by modern historians and even less often fully appreciated: “the great Question of these times,” said Goodwin, was “whether yea or no . . . many congregations, many Churches united in one may not be called one particular Church.” What did this strangely worded question mean to Goodwin and his hearers, and why did the future president of Magdalen College and religious adviser to the Lord Protector deem this rather specific query the very hinge upon which the nation's future turned? To answer these questions, we must consider how the early modern English mind understood the idea of a “national church”—for though he does not explicitly invoke the term, it was, as we will see, a concept embedded at the very center of Goodwin's “great Controversy.”
German Neo-Pietism and the Formation of National Identity
Authors: Avraham Doron
Published: May 2019

In the early nineteenth century, a neo-Pietist circle of awakened Protestants emerged in Prussia and other German lands. Disturbed by the consequences of the French Revolution, the ensuing reforms and the rising national movement, these neo-Pietists—among them noble estate owners, theologians, and other scholars—tried to introduce an alternative meaning for the alliance between state and religion. Drawing on seventeenth- and eighteenth-century pietist traditions, neo-Pietists fused their keen religious devotion with newly constructed conservative ideals, thus rehabilitating the legitimacy of political authority while investing the people's confession with additional meaning. At the same time, and through the same pietistic source of inspiration, conservative neo-Pietists forged their own understanding of national identity: its origins, values, and implications. In this regard, and against the prevailing view of the antagonist stance taken by Christian conservatives toward nationalism in the first half on the nineteenth century, this article argues for the consolidation of certain concepts of German national identity within Christian conservatism.
“They Saw What They Said They Saw”: Sense Knowledge in Early Christian Polemic
Authors: Hauck Robert J.
Published: May 2019

A curious parallel exists between two early Christian discussions of prophetic or divine knowledge. Both deal with the Christian problem of sense knowledge about the divine in a thought world dominated by Platonic thinking: how can Christians base their knowledge of the divine upon the reports of the apostles who claim to have seen God in a human shape? The first of these discussions arises from criticisms from outside; Celsus, the second-century Platonist critic of Christianity, calls the Christians a carnal race who say that God is corporeal and has a human form, and complains, “How are they to know God unless they lay hold of him by sense-perception?” (C. Cel.7.27, 37). The second comes from within the Christian camp, and is to be found in theClementine Homilies. In this rather enigmatic text Simon Magus, the arch-heretic, accuses Peter in his reliance upon his apostolic experience of “introducing God in a shape,” and opposes to apostolic sense knowledge his own visionary experiences (Hom.17.3). The examination of these two texts demonstrates that in their common terms and the common shape of their arguments the issue of the knowledge of the apostles was common in Christian polemics. It was also a problem for philosophically minded Christians who would prefer to place the knowledge of God, even if historically mediated by Jesus, in the intelligible knowledge of the soul, rather than in the senses.
Critics and Skeptics in the Seventeenth-Century Republic of Letters
Authors: Lambe Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

The literature on the history of biblical criticism is voluminous, but remarkably consistent in its postulation of the Reformation and the Enlightenment as the two mainsprings of modern biblical criticism. That this history is written almost exclusively by heirs of the liberal Protestant tradition ought to sound a warning bell, especially since the extremely rare dissenting accounts of biblical criticism come from the Roman Catholic camp.
Respect for Judaism by Gentiles According to Josephus
Authors: Cohen Shaye J. D.
Published: May 2019

Although conversion to Judaism in antiquity has been studied many times, the subject remains elusive. This essay is not a historical study of either ancient philo-Judaism or the relations between Jews and Gentiles in antiquity, but a historiographical study of one of the major bodies of relevant evidence, the writings of Josephus. I hope to answer two sets of questions. First, how does Josephus understand respect for Judaism by Gentiles? What forms does this respect take and what terminology is used to describe them? Second, what is Josephus's attitude towards respect for Judaism by Gentiles? Does his attitude change from his earliest works to his latest?
Idealism, Empiricism, and “Other Religions” Troeltsch's Reading of William James
Authors: Johnson Roger A.
Published: May 2019

Troeltsch studies, and new translations of his writings, have become increasingly prominent during the past fifteen years. Theologians reflecting a wide range of positions have begun to discover in Troeltsch their own issues and concerns. Some found in Troeltsch the prototype for a “fundamental theology,” grounding the particularity of Christian faith in a more universal philosophical framework. Others took up Troeltsch's role as “theologian of the history of religions school” as a model for the interaction of theology and religious studies in our own time. Theologians concerned with the status of Christian truth claims in the context of religious pluralism have grasped hold of Troeltsch as the pioneer in this endeavor, at least within the history of Christian theology. In brief, Troeltsch now seems to be very relevant, a nineteenth-century thinker who somehow anticipated a multitude of religious concerns prominent in the late twentieth century and hence, the subject of more interest and activity than at any time since his death.
Talking to Tyrants: Dialogues With Power in Eighteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Reed T. J.
Published: May 2019

My first research for this lecture1 was into the name and fame of Lewis Fry, whom it commemorates. The university administration kindly told me that Lewis Fry played a leading role in Bristol's founding, such that a contemporary could call him ‘the father of the university’. It is a nostalgic thought today, for all ofus in British universities, that we once had anything so benevolent as a father. Our institutions now feel like orphans in a harsh world, whose only remaining relative – here (as Canon Chasuble would have hastened to add) I speak metaphorically, my metaphor is drawn from fairy-story – is an unloving and nagging step-mother. The more reason to honour and celebrate past benefactors of liberal education who had humane vision.
The French Coal Industry During The Occupation
Authors: Vinen Richard
Published: May 2019

The most important elements of Vichy industrial organization were the comités d'organisation (CO). The procedure for the establishment of these bodies was laid down by decree on 16 August 1940. In practice the functions assumed by them varied considerably. But broadly a CO was to oversee one particular industry and to liaise between that industry and the authorities (both German and French). One of the first of these bodies to be established (on 9 November 1940) was the comité d'organisation de l'industrie des combustibles minéraux solides (COH).
United States: Foreign Legal Consultant Rules of California, The District of Columbia and New York
Authors: Porges Amelia
Published: May 2019

On April 2, 1987, California's new rules on licensing of foreign legal consultants came into effect, joining the foreign legal consultant rules in New York, the District of Columbia, Michigan, and Hawaii [Rule 988, Cal. Rules of Court; N.Y. Ct. App. R. for Licensing of Legal Consultants, 22 N.Y.C.R.R. Part 521; Rule 46 (c) (4), D.C. Ct. App.; Rule 5 (E), Mich. Bd. of L. Exam'rs; Rule 14, Sup. Ct. of Hawaii]. The California, New York and District of Columbia rules are reprinted here. In addition, a foreign legal consultants proposal is now under active consideration in Texas.

The table following this note summarizes the provisions of the five foreign legal consultant rules with regard to eligibility for admission, the scope of practice permitted the foreign legal consultant, and professional discipline. In the United States, it is unconstitutional for a state to deny admission to the bar by reason of citizenship (In re Griffiths, 413 U.S. 717 (1973). State residency requirements are also unconstitutional as applied to citizens of other states (Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper, 470 U.S. 274 (1985). State bar examination pass rates range from 40% to 99%; a substantial number of foreign lawyers have been admitted to the bar by passing the bar examination. As of June 1, 1987, over 70 foreign legal consultants had been licensed in New York, and none in other jurisdictions (one application was pending).
The Question of Prohibiting or Restricting the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons
Authors: Sandoz Yves
Published: May 2019

Law and war make poor bedfellows — particularly since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations — and it is to be hoped that one day the former will prevail definitively over the latter. The United Nations Secretary-General has done the Review the honour of contributing a paper to this special issue devoted to prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons. (See p. 469). In his message he reminds us that war has not yet been completely subjugated by the law and that every effort remains to be made in that direction. Alas, war — and hence the law of war — are still very topical subjects at the moment.
Principles of Intestate Succession in Israeli Law
Authors: Rosen-Zvi Ariel , Maoz Asher
Published: May 2019

The principles of the law of succession of the State of Israel are assembled in the Succession Law, 1965. This statute, consisting of eight chapters and 161 sections, constitutes a first attempt at codification of Israeli civil law. The statute was intended to end the recourse to the conglomeration of laws previously applied to a person's succession. We would emphasize in this context the provision of sec. 150 of the statute, which states: “In matters of succession, Article 46 of the Palestine Order-in-Council, 1922–47, shall not apply”.
Secularization of Family Law in Greece
Authors: Stathopoulos Michael P.
Published: May 2019

As our subject is the secularization of Greek Family Law, we may presume that this part of our legal system is not as yet secular or at least not exclusively so. Indeed, the strong influence of religious conceptions, particularly those of the Greek Orthodox Christian Church is an historical feature of Greek Family Law. This tradition is explained by the close relations in general between Church and State in Greece, relations which are rooted in the Byzantine era. The determinant importance of the Church in Greek society reached its peak during the period of the Ottoman occupation (1453-1821), when there was no Greek State and the Orthodox Church was its substitute. I think that we may find a parallel here between the Greek people and their religion and the Jewish people and their religion. After the national revolution of 1821, and with the regaining of their independence, the Greek people were organized in a secular state, retaining, however, important features of a religious character, in accordance with the nation's historical tradition.
International Law within the Israel Legal System
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: May 2019

Since the establishment of the State and up to the present day, Israeli law has had to deal with a great number of various problems in the field of international law, e.g. whether the State of Israel is a successor to the obligations of the Mandatory government; the jurisdiction of the Israeli courts with regard to offences committed in demilitarized zones or beyond the State's boundaries (on the high seas or abroad); the immunity of foreign states and their representatives from the jurisdiction of Israeli courts and from measures of execution; the status of international organizations and of their employees; the effect and implications of official acts performed within the territory of a state which is at war with Israel; the effect of international treaties in Israel; the question whether the Eastern neighbourhoods of Jerusalem are part of Israel; various issues concerning extradition, and of course, many questions regarding the laws of war: the powers of the military governor, and in particular his power to expropriate land in the territories under Israeli control and to expel residents from the territories, the extent of his legislative powers, etc.
Israeli Law and Jewish Law — Interaction and Independence: A Commentary
Authors: Shochetman Eliav
Published: May 2019

The focus of the article written by my colleague, Prof. Brahyahu Lifshitz, was the extent of the influence of Jewish law on the legal system of the State of Israel during the forty years since its establishment. In my view, a symposium on “Forty Years of Israeli Law” ought also to include a study of the innovations and developments which have taken place within Jewish law during this period, since to a certain extent, Jewish law is an integral part of Israeli law. A comprehensive analysis of this issue is clearly beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, one major question should be dealt with, i.e. to what extent does the legal system of the State find expression in modern Rabbinical case law? Has the new political reality of statehood, achieved after many centuries of exile, and the ramifications of this reality in the field of law, in any way affected modern Rabbinic decisions in the years following the establishment of the State—decisions which are meant to reflect the changes and developments that have taken place in the world of Jewish law?

In the opening section of his article, Prof. Lifshitz describes the influence of Israeli law upon Jewish law in the following terms:

The generally accepted view is that Jewish law does not respond to, nor is shaped by, developments in the legislative or judicial organs of the State of Israel.
The Codification of Civil Law and the Law of Torts
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: May 2019

From the establishment of the State until the present day, two quiet “revolutions” have occurred in Israeli law — thefirstin the area of public law, and thesecondin the area of private law. In public law we have witnessed the incorporation of a functional constitution — partly in the form of the Basic Laws, prescribed by the Knesset as constitutive authority; and partly through the consolidation of human rights, the handiwork of the Supreme Court engaged in judicial lawmaking. In private law we have witnessed the coalescing of a civil codification — mainly the product of the Knesset as legislative authority with judicial lawmaking “between the cracks” of the legislation.
Comments on a Reform of the Rules of Civil Procedure
Authors: Levin Shlomo
Published: May 2019

The central proposals of the Advisory Committee on Civil Procedure cover five areas: the use of affidavits in the support of pleas; witness lists; document lists; alternative pleas; and a redefinition of causes of action. I have reservations about the Committee's proposals both on grounds of principle and on specific grounds.

(a) The committee's proposals assume that a substantial number of the judicial system's deficiencies are a result of faulty rules of civil procedure. These faults allow litigants to play games of “hide-and-seek” and to conceal the truth, and they hinder an examination of the issues actually in dispute. The committee's approach is a very naive one; in reality, efficient judges who make proper use of the existing rules have no difficulty in conducting a proper hearing of the disputes brought before them.
Roland Oliver
Authors: M.C.
Published: May 2019

The contentsof this issue of theJournal of African Historyare presented in honour of the sixty-fifth birthday of Roland Oliver, Emeritus Professor of African History in the University of London and a founder editor of theJournal, by some of his former research students. The editors of theJournalare happy to be able to collaborate in this celebration, which provides a companion to the issue (vol. 27, 1986, no. 2) in honour of John Fage. On this occasion, they are most grateful to Professor Richard Gray and Dr Richard Rathbone, both of S.O.A.S., for their assistance.
ZULUNESS ON TRIAL: RE-READING JOHN W. COLENSO'S 1874 LANGALIBALELE AND THE AMAHLUBI TRIBE: BEING REMARKS UPON THE OFFICIAL RECORD
Authors: MOKOENA HLONIPHA
Published: May 2019

Although John W. Colenso thought that he was merely acting asamicus curiae— a friend of the court — in compiling evidence to explain Langalibalele's supposed rebellion in 1873, the Bishop of Natal ended up writing a damning anti-colonial tract. This paper will attempt to show how this report — written for the Queen and Colenso's House of Lord peers — is not just an achievement in legal refutation and forensic analysis but that it was a linguistic and cultural statement about the working and limits of Zulu law as Colenso understood it through his interactions with his Natal converts. Although it is obvious that Colenso's audience was not moved by his supplications on Langalibelele's behalf, it is less obvious why those who thought of Colenso as a maverick and heretic should have ignored his thorough repudiation of cultural chauvinism. The paper will suggest that Colenso'sRemarkswere ignored precisely because to take them seriously would have meant abandoning the authoritarian underpinnings of the late 19thcentury colonial project.
Effects of daidzein on growth performance, blood metabolites and meat quality of finishing Xianan beef cattle
Authors: Liang H. , Zhao X. H. , Pan K. , Xu L. J. , Yi Z. H. , Bai J. , Qi X. L. , Chen Z. D. , Song X. Z. , Ouyang K. H. , Liu C. J. , Qu M. R.
Published: May 2019

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing different amounts of daidzein in a diet on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters and meat quality of finishing beef cattle. Thirty finishing Xianan steers were distributed in three groups equilibrated by weight and fed three different dietary treatments (concentrate ratio = 80%): (1) control; (2) 500 mg/kg daidzein and (3) 1000 mg/kg daidzein, respectively. Steers were slaughtered after an 80-day feeding trial. Results showed that daidzein supplementation had no effect on the final body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion rate of steers. Steers fed with 1000 mg/kg daidzein had greater dry matter intake than those fed with control diets. Compared with the control group, the 1000 mg/kg daidzein group had a higher fat thickness, lower shear force and lightness. The pH, drip loss, cooking loss, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), moisture, ash, crude protein and intramuscular fat of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were unaffected by daidzein supplementation. Compared with the control group, the 1000 mg/kg daidzein group significantly increased the serum concentrations of insulin, free fatty acid and Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase. The 500 mg/kg daidzein group significantly increased the serum concentration of tetraiodothyronine compared with the control group. Supplemental daidzein did not affect the blood antioxidant ability and blood immune parameters in serum. In conclusion, daidzein supplementation above 500 mg/day modifies feed intake and metabolic and hormonal profile, with positive and negative effects on meat quality.
Ascaulocardium Armatum(Morton, 1833), New Genus (Late Cretaceous): The Ultimate Variation on the Bivalve Paradigm
Authors: Pojeta John , Sohl Norman F.
Published: May 2019

Cretaceous clavagellid pelecypods are a poorly known group, and have previously received little study.Ascaulocardium armatumis conchologically the most complex burrowing pelecypod known. From the study of living clavagellids, it is possible to interpret the various tubes extending outward from the adventitious crypt ofA. armatumas devices for hydraulic burrowing and deposit feeding. The conchologically complexA. armatumoccurs near the beginning of the history of the Clavagellidae, and does not seem to have given rise to any younger species.Ascaulocardium armatumis known only from the Upper Cretaceous rocks (Santonian–Maastrichtian) of the east Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains of the United States of America, as is probably the genusAscaulocardium. All known Cretaceous clavagellids are burrowing species having a free right valve, and this is the ancestral mode of life of the Clavagellidae. Clavagellids that have a boring habit are a more recent evolutionary development, as are burrowing species having both juvenile valves cemented to the crypt. Clavagellids probably evolved from Jurassic–Early Cretaceous pholadomyids. Almost all Cretaceous clavagellids occur outside the Tethyan Zoogeographic Realm; this distribution is in marked contrast to the modern distribution of the family. Living species mostly inhabit clear, shallow seas in subtropical to tropical shelf areas.
Physiological Response of Rice (Oryza sativa) to Fenoxaprop
Authors: Oosterhuis Derrick M. , Wullschleger Stan D. , Hampton Ron E. , Ball Rosalind A.
Published: May 2019

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to elucidate the morphological and physiological responses of rice to postemergence application of fenoxaprop. Two rice cultivars, ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Mars’, and barnyardgrass were treated with 0.17 kg ai ha−1fenoxaprop at the five-leaf stage. Within 2 days of fenoxaprop application, rice cultivars developed a white chlorotic band across leaves that were in direct contact with spray droplets. Leaf elongation rates for the two rice cultivars were inhibited by 40% after 4 days and by over 50% after 14 days. Inhibition of leaf elongation by fenoxaprop contributed to an overall decrease in leaf area and shoot dry weight. Net photosynthesis was reduced by 35% in fenoxaprop-treated plants 11 days after application, although stomatal conductance was not affected. Nitrogen fertilization prior to fenoxaprop application increased foliar injury of both rice cultivars. Visible injury symptoms showed the following order of susceptibility to foliar-applied fenoxaprop: barnyardgrass > Mars rice > Newbonnet rice.
Effects of Trifluralin on Corn (Zea mays) Growth and Nutrient Content
Authors: Hartzler Robert G. , Fawcett Richard S. , Taber Henry G.
Published: May 2019

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of trifluralin on root growth and mineral relations of corn seedlings. Root weight to shoot weight ratios of corn seedlings were positively correlated to concentrations of trifluralin in soil. Root length to shoot weight ratios, however, were inversely related to trifluralin concentrations. Phosphorous and potassium concentrations in shoot tissue were reduced 60 and 35%, respectively, by 0.25 mg trifluralin kg−1soil. Growth inhibition due to trifluralin was partially overcome by supplementing soil with nutrients.
Influence of Herbaceous Interference on Growth and Biomass Partitioning in Planted Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
Authors: Britt John R. , Zutter Bruce R. , Mitchell Robert J. , Gjerstad Dean H. , Dickson John F.
Published: May 2019

Three herbaceous regimes were established, using herbicides, to examine the effects of interference on growth and biomass partitioning in loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.). Trees were sampled near Auburn and Tallassee, AL. Trees at the Auburn site grown with low weed interference (LWI) had 4, 10, 10, 8, and 4 times greater total aboveground biomass than did trees with high weed interference (HWI) for ages one through five, respectively. Medium weed interference (MWI, Auburn site only) resulted in three times greater biomass the first 4 yr and two times greater total biomass by the fifth year compared to trees grown with HWI. Trees growing with LWI were 5, 8, 10, and 6 times larger than those with HWI for ages one through four, respectively, at the Tallassee site. At all levels of interference, the percentage of total biomass in foliage decreased, and stem and branch components increased, with increasing tree size at both sites. Trees growing with HWI had a lower percentage of total biomass in foliage and a greater percentage of total biomass in stem than those growing with LWI when compared over a common size. Growth efficiency per tree, expressed as annual increase in stem biomass per unit leaf area (g m−2), was slightly greater for trees growing with LWI compared to HWI when leaf area index (LAI3, total surface) was less than 0.2. For LAI values greater than 0.2 the relationship was reversed. The latter contradicts the idea that growth efficiency can be used as a measure of vigor for young loblolly pine. Changes in carbon partitioning to the development of leaf area are suggested to be driving the accelerated growth responses associated with a reduction of weed interference.
Tolerance of Rice (Oryza sativa) Cultivars to Fenoxaprop, Sethoxydim, and Haloxyfop
Authors: Griffin James L. , Baker John B.
Published: May 2019

‘Mars’, ‘Lemont’, and ‘Tebonnet’ rice were treated in 1987 and 1988 with fenoxaprop, sethoxydim, and haloxyfop at 3- to 4-leaf preflood and at panicle initiation postflood growth stages. Rice stunting and stand loss generally were greater from herbicides applied at postflood than at preflood with all cultivars. Mars yields were reduced from 11 to 23% by fenoxaprop at 168 and 336 g ha−1applied preflood or postflood. Only postflood applications of fenoxaprop reduced Lemont and Tebonnet yields. Sethoxydim at 112 and 224 g ai ha−1reduced yields of all cultivars when applied postflood, but yields were not reduced with preflood applications. Haloxyfop preflood at 140 g ai ha−1and postflood at 70 and 140 g ai ha−1reduced yields of Mars both years compared to the untreated control. Yields for Lemont and Tebonnet were reduced both years only when haloxyfop was applied postflood at 140 g ha−1.
Factors Affecting the Activity of Thifensulfuron
Authors: Zhao C. C. , Teasdale John R. , Coffman C. Benjamin
Published: May 2019

The influence of various factors on the tolerance of corn and selected weed species to thifensulfuron was studied in greenhouse experiments. Corn fresh weight was reduced by postemergence application of thifensulfuron when applied at 180 g ai ha−1without surfactant or at 18 g ha−1with a nonionic surfactant. Corn was more susceptible to root exposure whereas velvetleaf was more susceptible to foliar exposure. Velvetleaf was most susceptible when plants were young, when a nonionic surfactant was added, and at 20 rather than 30 C. Simulated rainfall 8 h after application reduced velvetleaf injury by thifensulfuron at 18 g ha−1without surfactant; however, with addition of a nonionic surfactant, velvetleaf injury was reduced only if rainfall occurred less than 2 h after application. Soil moisture level did not affect velvetleaf susceptibility.
Herbicides for Control of Tall Larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi)
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. , Turner David L. , Mickelsen Larry V. , Evans John O. , Dewey Steven A.
Published: May 2019

Control of tall larkspur on mountain rangelands would substantially reduce cattle poisoning. Several herbicides were evaluated for their control of tall larkspur in subalpine and aspen vegetation types. Glyphosate (2.2 kg ai ha−1) and picloram (2.2 kg ae ha−1) killed more than 88% of larkspur plants in both vegetation types. Clopyralid and triclopyr were ineffective at comparable rates. Metsulfuron (88 and 138 g ai ha−1) provided variable control. Glyphosate is nonselective and killed all perennial vegetation, except for Thurbers fescue and mountain brome in the aspen type. Picloram applied at 4.5 kg ha−1suppressed grasses on the subalpine site, but allowed grasses to increase at lower rates. All herbicides reduced forb cover.
Enhanced Biodegradation of Carbamothioates after Cold Storage of Treated Soil
Authors: McCusker Vicki W. , Skipper Horace D. , Gooden Dewitt T. , Zublena Joseph P.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate butylate and EPTC degradation in two butylate-history soils collected in 1983, 1984, and 1985, and stored at 4 C. No significant differences in biodegradation of butylate and EPTC were found due to length of cold storage of Varina or Wagram soils. Enhanced biodegradation of butylate and cross-adaptation for EPTC were not affected. Storage of soils up to 2 yr should not adversely affect results.
Mobility and Bioactivity of Thiobencarb
Authors: Braverman Michael P. , Locascio Salvadore J. , Dusky Joan A. , Hornsby Arthur G.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the mobility and bioactivity of thiobencarb on a Pahokee muck, Everglades muck, and Immokalee sand. On all soils > 93% of thiobencarb remained in the upper 1 cm after leaching during unsaturated flow. During saturated flow the retardation factor (RT) of thiobencarb on an Immokalee sand was 68, 20, 2, and 1 with 0, 25, 50, and 75% by volume methanol in 0.01 N CaCl2, respectively. There was a significant log-linear relationship (r2= 0.97) between the Freundlich adsorption values (Kf) estimated from RTvalues and the percentage by volume methanol of the leachate. In general, thiobencarb in combination with overhead irrigation reduced lettuce vigor and plant dry weight on an Immokalee sand more than with subsurface irrigation.
Time of Emergence and Seed Production of Longspine Sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus) and Puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris)
Authors: Boydston Rick A.
Published: May 2019

Fall-planted longspine sandbur began to emerge in April, peaked in late April or May, and continued at low levels through October. During the first year after seeding, 98% of the total seedlings emerged prior to June. Fall-planted puncturevine began to emerge in late April or May and continued through October. Puncturevine emergence was multipeaked and 75% of each season's total emerged prior to mid-July. A similar number of puncturevine seedlings emerged the second and third years after planting as in the first. The emergence pattern for a species was similar each year regardless of how long the seed had lain in the soil. Longspine sandbur required 7 to 13 weeks from emergence to heading and produced approximately 2600, 1300, 180, and 3 spikes per plant when planted in May, June, July, and August, respectively. Puncturevine flowered within 3 to 4 weeks after emergence when temperatures were favorable and produced an average of 5600, 5200, 3600, and 200 burs per plant when planted in May, June, July, and August, respectively.
Effect of Adjuvants on Herbicide Efficacy in Controlling Weeds in Wheat
Authors: Varshney Jay G. , Singh H. G.
Published: May 2019

Two adjuvants, Triton 11 XE (Isoctyl phenyl polyethoxy ethanol) and urea were tank mixed with four herbicides, methabenzthiazuron [N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)N,N′-dimethyl urea] at 1.0 and 1.5 kg ai/ha, terbutryn [N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N′-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] at 0.50 and 0.75 kg/ha, metoxuron [N-3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea] at 1.0 and 1.75 kg/ha, and isoproturon [(N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea] at 0.50 and 0.75 kg/ha and applied to weeds in wheat. Metoxuron reduced weed dry matter by 90% over a 2-yr period. Isoproturon, terbutryn, and methabenzthiazuron reduced weed dry matter by 82%. Tank-mixing of Triton 11 XE at 0.5% (v/v) with metoxuron at 1.0 kg ai/ha, terbutryn at 0.5 kg/ha, isoproturon at 0.5 kg/ha, and methabenzthiazuron at 1.0 kg/ha reduced weed density and biomass by 52 to 67% and enhanced grain yield by 33% over herbicide alone. None of the herbicides had any significant interaction with adjuvants in terms of weed control and grain yield.
Evaluation of Herbicide Systems in Minimum- and Conventional-Tillage Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Hicks T. Vint
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted from 1985 to 1987 to evaluate herbicide systems for minimum-tillage and conventional-tillage peanut production. While acceptable weed control could be achieved in both tillage systems, minimum-tillage systems generally had to be more herbicide intensive. Preemergence or preplant-incorporated within-the-row applications of either ethalfluralin or pendimethalin plus postemergence applications of paraquat and sethoxydim provided Texas panicum control equivalent to preplant-incorporated applications of ethalfluralin or pendimethalin. Early-postemergence paraquat applications improved Florida beggarweed and pitted morningglory control in conventional-tillage systems at least 15% compared to the same systems without paraquat Control of bristly starbur and sicklepod in conventional-tillage systems did not increase with paraquat application. Broadleaf weed control did not differ between tillage systems, except pitted morningglory control was lower in the minimum-tillage system. Conventional-tillage peanuts produced yields 800 to 1900 kg/ha higher, depending on herbicide system, and also provided greater net returns than minimum-tillage peanuts. The greater yield and net returns in conventional- versus minimum-tillage systems were not attributed to weed control or disease problems.
Herbicide Deposition on Leaf Surfaces
Authors: Hess F. Dan , Falk Richard H.
Published: May 2019

Leaf surface morphology and physical characteristics of herbicide deposits on leaf surfaces can influence herbicide performance. Leaf surface topography, the degree and type of epicuticular wax formation, and the presence, type, and distribution of trichomes all influence the distribution of a given herbicide formulation sprayed onto a leaf surface. Depressions above anticlinal cell walls accumulate herbicide, thus lessening uniform distribution. As the amount of particulate wax increases, the size of individual spray drop deposits on the leaf decreases, thus resulting in reduced coverage. In many instances the presence of trichomes reduces optimal epidermal coverage by intercepting spray drops before they reach the epidermal surface. Adjuvants reduce the adverse influence of leaf topography, epicuticular wax, and trichomes on herbicide distribution, but their use usually does not yield an even coating over the entire leaf surface. Many herbicides, in pure form, are solids (i.e., crystals) rather than liquids. For most applications, herbicides are dissolved, dispersed, or emulsified in a water-based spray solution. After spraying, water and any solvents evaporate from the leaf surface and herbicides often return to their solid crystalline form. In the few cases that have been studied, less herbicide is absorbed when present on the leaf surface as a solid rather than as a liquid. In many instances, greater effectiveness of a postemergence herbicide may be obtained if attention is given to optimizing the distribution and physical form on sprayed leaf surfaces.
Implications of Sucrose Transport Mechanisms for the Translocation of Herbicides
Authors: Devine Malcolm D. , Hall Linda M
Published: May 2019

Herbicide translocation in the phloem is dependent on the production of transport sugar(s) in source tissues and their loading into the phloem. The movement of sugars (primarily sucrose) from mesophyll cells to the sieve element-companion cell complex has been the subject of much investigation in recent years. The current evidence suggests that there are at least two sucrose loading mechanisms in higher plants: one involves sucrose transfer via the apoplasm and subsequent loading into the phloem, while a second mechanism involves movement through continuous symplasmic connections between the mesophyll cells and the phloem. Similarly, both symplasmic and apoplasmic routes may exist at the site of unloading in sink tissue. It is postulated that the mechanism of sucrose loading may influence herbicide entry into the phloem and the likelihood of herbicide transfer to the xylem at the site of loading or unloading.
Metabolism of14C-Pronamide in the Soil and in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under Field Conditions
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Benoit Frans , Ceustermans Norbert , Maraite Henri
Published: May 2019

Metabolism of14C-pronamide [N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide, carbonyl-14C] was studied in silt loam soil (located in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) and in lettuce (Lactuca sativaL., ‘Appia′, Clause3) from a crop planted in soil that had been treated before planting. During the experiment, most of the14C remained in the 0- to 6-cm soil layer. The percentage of14C-pronamide degraded to14CO2during the experiment was less than 10%. The soil-extractable14C was made up of pronamide and its first ketone metabolite [N-(1,1-dimethylacetonyl)-3,5-dichlorobenzamide]. About 30% of the pronamide present in the soil was bound to the soil. The bound residue, i.e., the14C that could not be extracted by acetone, at lettuce harvest was about 80% of the14C contained in the soil at that time; 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid was the main component of the bound residue. The harvested lettuce also contained pronamide, the ketone, and 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid. Similar kinetics of metabolism were observed with lettuces grown on loamy sand soil (located in St. Kathelijne-Waver, Belgium). However, pronamide was not bound to this type of soil.
Occurrence, Concentration, and Toxicity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Crotalaria Seeds
Authors: Williams M. Coburn , Molyneux Russell J.
Published: May 2019

Seed of 41 accessions of Crotalaria representing 35 species were analyzed for the concentration of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and for oral toxicity to 1-week-old chicks. All accessions were assayed for the presence of monocrotaline and spectabiline by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). High concentrations of PA were found in the seed of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth # CVTSP (3.85%), C. retusa L. (2.69%), C. alata Leveille (1.60%), C. quinquefolia L. (1.19%), and C. argyrolobioides Bak. (1.01%). The seed of Crotalaria argyrolobioides produced toxic signs but no deaths when fed at 10 mg/g of body weight, whereas the seed of the other four species were 100% lethal when fed to chicks in one dose at 2 to 6 mg/g of body weight. Seed of other species contained less than 0.6% PA and were nontoxic to chicks fed one dose at 10 mg/g of body weight. Monocrotaline was identified in 17 accessions and spectabiline in 7. No species contained both monocrotaline and spectabiline.
Genetic Variation in Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Horak Michael J. , Holt Jodie S. , Ellstrand Norman C.
Published: May 2019

Genetic diversity within and among populations of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) was analyzed to evaluate and quantify the genetic consequences of the reported predominance of asexually-produced tubers as colonizing agents. Ten populations were examined using starch gel electrophoresis for allozyme analysis. Four populations of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) were surveyed for comparison. Twelve loci were identified in yellow nutsedge among the eight enzyme systems examined; ten of these loci were found in purple nutsedge. Yellow nutsedge showed relatively low genetic diversity. Most of the genetic diversity occurred as differences among individuals within populations (Hs), compared to differences among populations (Dst) for the four variable loci identified in this species. Thus, most genetic distancesbetween its populations were small. Generally, only a few genotypes occurred within each population. Purple nutsedge was found to possess even lower within- and among-population gene and genotypic diversity. This study supports the view that tubers account for most of the establishment of new populations of both species.
Influence of Environment on Corn (Zea mays) Tolerance to Sethoxydim
Authors: Fawcett James A. , Harvey Robert G. , Arnold W. Eugene , Bauman Thomas T. , Eberlein Charlotte V. , Kells James J. , Moshier Loren J. , Slife Fred W. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) showed little to no injury following the postemergence-directed application of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} plus crop oil concentrate (COC) at 56 g/ha plus 1.25% (v/v) at nine locations across Midwestern U.S. in 1984 and 1985. Little corn injury also occurred for the postemergence-directed application of sethoxydim plus COC at 110 g/ha plus 1.25% (v/v) at most locations in both years. Considerable variation in tolerance was seen across locations for over-the-top applications of sethoxydim at all rates tested and for the directed application at 220 g/ha. Although corn at most locations showed no yield reduction with the over-the-top application of sethoxydim plus COC at 56 g/ha plus 1.25% (v/v), a 70% yield reduction occurred in one location in one year. For an over-the-top application of sethoxydim plus COC at 110 g/ha plus 1.25% (v/v), yields ranged from 3 to 95% of the untreated check in 1984, and from 3 to 88% in 1985. Stand reductions from an over-the-top application of sethoxydim plus COC at 220 g/ha plus 1.25% (v/v) ranged from 0 to 99%. A significant negative correlation was found between yield of corn treated over the top with sethoxydim and precipitation on the day of application and in the week following application. Air temperature on the day of application was positively correlated with corn injury from over-the-top and directed sethoxydim applications, but no correlation existed between percent relative humidity and corn injury. Open pan evaporation and solar radiation before and after application were not correlated with corn injury from sethoxydim.
Behavior of14C-Haloxyfop in Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Stolons
Authors: Maroder Horacio L. , Prego Imelda A. , Cairoli Maria A.
Published: May 2019

The behavior of the methyl ester of14C-haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] stolons was examined in greenhouse experiments at two different seasons. The14C from the herbicide applied on the leaves of a stolon node translocated no more than 3% of the applied radioactivity to the apex and base. Movement out of stolons was not significant. In early summer less than 1% translocated in each direction; in early fall more than 2% moved to the apex and less than 1% toward the base. Decrease of14C recovery with time was evident in both seasons, particularly in early summer. Haloxyfop volatilization from the leaf surface apparently plays a significant role in recovery decrease. The14C found in stolons in early summer was approximately the same as that of early fall, although herbicide remaining available for uptake on the leaf surface was lower in the former season. We suggest that environmental conditions that favor volatilization could enhance uptake.
Biochemical Effects of Sethoxydim in Excised Root Tips of Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Hosaka Hideo , Takagi Masae (Kubota)
Published: May 2019

The effects of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} on the metabolic activity of excised root tips of corn (Zea mays, L. ‘Goldencrossbantam′) were studied under laboratory conditions. Uptake and incorporation of14C-labeled thymidine, uridine, leucine, glucose, and acetic acid into cell constituents, as well as respiration, increased continuously with time progressions during the incubation period. Sethoxydim did not affect either the uptake of any14C-precursor into or respiration of the root tip tissue. Although RNA and protein syntheses were not affected by the herbicide, DNA and cell wall syntheses were inhibited 120 min after treatment with sethoxydim. Incorporation of14C-acetic acid into lipid fraction was inhibited by sethoxydim in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. This inhibition was observed at a shorter time after sethoxydim treatment than that of any other14C-precursor. The effect was not observed in the nonproliferative regions of corn roots, whereas cerulenin (a fatty acid synthase inhibitor) inhibited the incorporation of14C-acetic acid both in proliferative and nonproliferative regions. It is suggested that the inhibition of lipid synthesis by sethoxydim does not play a major role in the mode of action of this herbicide. The effects of sethoxydim, including those on lipid metabolism, are closely associated with proliferative conditions of susceptible graminaceous plants.
Placement Techniques for Preemergence Applications of Pendimethalin in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Brown Steven M. , Chandler James M. , Morrison John E. , Bridges David C.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate placement techniques for preemergence applications of pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.]. The first technique consisted of row shields mounted behind the planter units. Shields maintained an untreated strip over the crop drill and allowed successful crop establishment with pendimethalin at 1.1 kg ai/ha, despite a simulated, intense rainfall of 3.8 cm within 24 h after planting. A second technique, which consisted of a special nozzle arrangement, was evaluated in no-till grain sorghum. The nozzle arrangement allowed a broadcast herbicide application but maintained an untreated strip over the crop drill. No stand reductions occurred using this technique at pendimethalin rates of 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha. In a growth chamber experiment, preemergence applications of pendimethalin severely injured grain sorghum when the soil was wet at the time of emergence, but injury was reduced under hot, dry conditions.