bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in aesthetic surgery
Authors: Mitz Vladimir
Published: May 2005

The evolution of aesthetic surgery began centuries before the birth of Christ. Since Sushutra's first attempts, surgeons still try to achieve or reconstruct the perfection of individual beauty. Surgeons who are engaged in this field of plastic surgery are called cosmetic or aesthetic surgeons. Aesthetic surgery is not just a specialization concerned largely with the removal of the outward signs of aging, nor is it limited to plastic surgery for improvement by restoration of damaged areas of skin and removal of blemishes. Aesthetic surgery crosses the dividing line between surgery for reconstruction and alteration of deviations (which do not in themselves constitute objective deformities) and is sometimes even performed without medical indication, but just for the gratification of individual vanity. This article summarizes the progress of aesthetic surgery during the last decade in some aspects of the field and tries to estimate its' lasting value.
Management of recurrent pain following previous surgery for chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Imrie Clement W.
Published: May 2005

The management of any patient with recurrent pain following surgery for chronic pancreatitis is far from an easy problem. Even more careful assessment than that preceding the decision for the first operation will be necessary. In‐hospital patient assessment is strongly recommended to ascertain the degree of the problem of pain in as objective a manner as possible. The effects of alcohol withdrawal and different analgesic treatments have to be carefully assessed while obtaining essential information on the size and shape of the pancreatic duct as well as the general pancreatic morphology.

Relatively simple procedures such as the removal of stones or the enlargement of a strictured anastomosis may be all that is required to ensure freedom from pain; however, there is a tendency for patients who have no obvious new pathology or simple failure of the first operation to move to more extensive resectional procedures. This, ultimately will lead to total pancreatectomy being recommended and long‐term follow‐up of such patients is under critical scrutiny. Unless the highest caliber of support services can be mustered for these patients subject to total pancreatectomy, the morbidity and mortality in the longer term can reach prohibitive levels. A plea is made for objective reassessment of the place of celiac ganglionectomy in the management of these difficult problems.
Group I pepsinogen for early detection of gastric cancer recurrence after total gastrectomy
Authors: Kodama Masashi , Koyama Kenji , Tsuburaya Yukio , Ishikawa Kouichi , Koyama Hirofumi , Narisawa Tomio , Uesaka Yoshitaka
Published: May 2005

Group I pepsinogen (PG‐I) staining was performed in the gastric carcinoma tissues of 75 patients by the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) method, 44 cases (59%) of which were positive for PG‐I, suggesting that they were PG‐I‐producing gastric carcinomas. Type IV gastric carcinoma by the Borrmann classification and/or poorly‐differentiated adenocarcinoma were positive for PG‐I in high incidence. Serum and urinary levels of PG‐I were determined by the Pepsinogen I Radioimmunoassay Kit in patients with gastric carcinoma who underwent total gastrectomy. The levels of PG‐I declined remarkably or disappeared at 1 week after curative surgery. Changes of serum PG‐I levels after total gastrectomy were observed in 9 patients with PG‐I‐producing gastric carcinomas, 7 of whom died of recurrence. The PG‐I values became elevated with recurrence in 5 of them and the values increased with the passage of time. In contrast, no substantial changes in PG‐I levels occurred in patients with no recurrence. These results suggest that PG‐I is useful for the early detection of recurrent disease after total gastrectomy in patients with PG‐I‐producing gastric carcinomas.
Value of tumor localization in patients with insulinoma
Authors: Böttger Thomas C. , Weber Wilfried , Beyer Joachim , Junginger Theo
Published: May 2005

Based on our patient material, preoperative localization of insulinoma was correct with sonography in 13 (61.9%) of 21 patients, with computed tomography in 3 (21.4%) of 14 patients, with computed tomography with bolus injection of contrast medium in 11 (73.3%) of 15 patients, with angiography in 20 (66.6%) of 30 patients, and with percutaneous transhepatic portal vein catheterization with selective measurement of insulin in 10 (76.9%) of 13 patients. Intraoperatively, 40 (95.2%) of 42 insulinomas were palpable and 12 of 16 insulinomas were identified during intraoperative sonography. Although 95.2% of the insulinomas can be palpated, we would support additional diagnostic localization since it may improve the reliability of palpation.
Pyogenic liver abscess
Authors: Bowers E. Diane , Robison Dennis J. , Doberneck Raymond C.
Published: May 2005

Experience with 34 patients with pyogenic liver abscess is reviewed to evaluate the impact of percutaneous drainage and duration of antibiotic therapy on results of treatment. Patients with shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, jaundice, severe hypoalbuminemia, and diabetes had a poor prognosis. Percutaneous drainage was used successfully in 4 of 6 patients, but its use did not affect mortality rate or length of hospital stay. Percutaneous drainage may be the procedure of choice for selected patients. Half of our patients received antibiotics for 2 weeks or less with no abscess recurrences in this group. Long‐term antibiotics may not be necessary after adequate surgical or percutaneous abscess drainage.
The surgeon's role in breast screening
Authors: Forrest A. P. M.
Published: May 2005

The early detection of breast cancer by mammographic screening reduces the mortality of the disease. In the United Kingdom, a national screening service is being established for women 50–64 years of age by single mediolateral oblique mammography every 3 years.

It is stressed that the basic mammograph is only the first stage in the screening procedure. The multidisciplinary assessment of mammographic abnormalities is a second critical step by which the need for biopsy is determined. The surgeons involved in screening programs must also appreciate the significance of the methods of assessment used. They must also be knowledgeable of the methods for biopsy of impalpable lesions and of the treatment of the noninvasive and small‐invasive cancers. Ideally, they should be full members of the multidisciplinary team responsible for the program. These roles are reviewed.
Screening for gastric cancer
Authors: Hisamichi Shigeru
Published: May 2005

Mass screening for gastric cancer in Japan has been conducted nationwide since 1960. The total number of examinees in 1985 amounted to 5,161,876 and 6,240 cases (0.12%) of gastric cancer were detected. Approximately half of these cases were early stage cancers. According to the studies of mass gastric screening in the Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, the sensitivity of the screening test by the indirect x‐ray method was 82.4%, and the specificity was 77.2%. The positive predictive value was 1.78%. Recently, mortality from gastric cancer has been decreasing in Japan. Many studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between the decreasing trend of mortality from cancer of the stomach and the effectiveness of mass gastric screening. From these studies and from time trend analyses of incidence and death rates, case‐control studies, nonexperimental cohort studies, etc., it is believed that mass screening for gastric cancer is effective in reducing the death rate from cancer at this site.
Do all colorectal carcinomas arise in preexisting adenomas?
Authors: Jass Jeremy R.
Published: May 2005

In this article, the underlying nature of the adenoma is defined and evidence in support of the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence is presented. Emphasis is placed on recent findings from the field of molecular biology which fortify the concept of the adenoma as a step in the evolution of large bowel cancer. Despite the considerable body of indirect evidence in support of the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence, the de novo theory still has some support. Although differences between the de novo and adenoma‐carcinoma concept are largely semantic, the fact that infiltrating carcinoma can arise within small, flat foci of severely dysplastic epithelium (indistinguishable from carcinoma in situ) may be of considerable clinical importance. Other routes of morphogenesis exist also, but these make a relatively small contribution to the overall incidence of colorectal cancer. Even if it is accepted that the majority of colorectal cancers develop in a preexisting adenoma, the systematic removal of adenomas would pose a number of practical difficulties. First, adenomas are extremely common, particularly in populations at high risk of colorectal cancer. A second factor is the recently recognized existence of flat or depressed adenomas which may be small and difficult to visualize endoscopically. A simple screening program based on our knowledge of the evolution of colorectal cancer is outlined.
Current status of tumor markers in large bowel cancer
Authors: Moore Michael , Jones David J. , Schofield Philip F. , Harnden David G.
Published: May 2005

The aim of a primary screening system is to detect premalignant lesions and carcinomas when amenable to “curative” surgery. Although a number of “classical” tumor markers have acquired potential for clinical management, none is presently adequate for presymptomatic diagnosis or screening. In colorectal carcinoma, the screening potential of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the gastrointestinal‐related antigen, CA19‐9, and other more recently characterized “biochemical markers” is virtually nonexistent, even in patients at high risk to develop the disease.

Promising new leads are beginning to emerge from somatic cell genetic and molecular biological approaches. In common with other epithelial neoplasms, perturbations in oncogene expression have been demonstrated in colorectal cancers, and probably reflect important events in malignant transformation and progression. Studies of oncogene expression have, however, not yet yielded clinically useful information.

Recently, an intensive search for specific chromosomal and gene abnormalities in the hereditary colon cancer syndromes led to the location of the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) gene at chromosome 5q21–q22. Significant is that the loss of alleles on chromosome 5 has also been observed in the tumor cells of at least 20% ofsporadiccolon cancer patients. This type of association between constitutional genetic change and genetic aberration in the cells of sporadic tumors is reminiscent of other malignant diseases with a genetic component (e.g., retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor).

The disclosure of the FAP gene might ultimately provide a basis for the presymptomatic or prenatal diagnosis of FAP as well as some forms of sporadic colorectal cancer; however, it can be anticipated that other markers linked to colorectal cancer susceptibility genes will eventually be discovered, with potentially wider application in presymptomatic diagnosis and screening.
Comparison of the results of different surgical techniques in the management of hydatid cysts of the liver
Authors: Demirci Salim , Eraslan Sadan , Anadol Erdal , Bozatli Levent
Published: May 2005

Between 1980 and 1985, a total of 260 patients with hydatid cysts of the liver have been treated surgically at the Department of Surgery of University Hospital of Ankara. All patients with organ cysts of other than the liver are excluded. In this retrospective study, the results of different surgical techniques were compared with respect to postoperative complications, morbidity, mortality, and recurrence of disease. Patients were divided into 2 groups retrospectively. The first group (I) involved patients treated without drainage (n=87), and the second group (II) involved patients treated with external drainage (n=173).

Postoperative complication rates were 10.8% in group I, and 65.8% in group II. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 9.9±0.8 days in group I, and 20.6±1.1 days in group II. Most of the patients in group II had purulent or biliary discharge from the drainage site (average, 199±47 days). During the follow‐up period, which varied from 1 to 6 years, recurrence rates were not significantly different in the 2 groups.

The results strongly suggest that in the management of uncomplicated hydatid cysts of the liver, the surgical techniques which do not employ drainage of the cystic cavity are superior to those which use drainage.
The role of heredity in the etiology of large bowel cancer: Data from the Melbourne colorectal cancer study
Authors: Kune Gabriel A. , Kune Susan , Watson Lyndsey F.
Published: May 2005

Family history data of colorectal cancer, heart disease, and stroke were obtained on near relatives (parents, siblings, and children) in 702 colorectal cancer cases and 710 age‐/sex‐matched community controls as part of a large, comprehensive, population‐based epidemiological and clinicopathological study of colorectal cancer conducted in Melbourne (the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study). There was a statistically significant higher family history rate of colorectal cancer in cases than in controls (relative risk=2.13; 95% confidence interval=1.53–2.96;p< 0.001). This family history effect was more pronounced for colon cancer than for rectal cancer and there was an earlier age of detection of colorectal cancer in those with a family history of this cancer when compared with those without such a history. Dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer, which were previously described in the Melbourne study, were separate and independent from the family history effects. It is concluded that a family history of colorectal cancer is an important indication to screen individuals for this cancer, and also that while heredity has a definite role in the etiology of colorectal cancer, this hereditary effect is either likely to be small, or else likely to be important in only a proportion (perhaps 20%) of cases.
Primary flexor tendon repair: Surgical techniques based on the anatomy and biology of the flexor tendon system
Authors: Tonkin Michael A.
Published: May 2005

The anatomy, biology and bio‐mechanics of the flexor tendon system demand a precise approach to flexor tendon repair. Within the fibroosseous canal, the synovial fluid and a complex intratendinous vascular network provide nutrition for intrinsic flexor tendon healing. Retention of the synovial sheath theoretically maintains an enclosed tendon/tendon sheath environment in which the tendon repair is bathed in synovial fluid, and may glide within a smooth tunnel. The preservation of the intricate double tendon inter‐relationship and the annular pulley system is vital to the efficiency of finger flexion. This review details surgical and post‐operative techniques aimed at restoring the normal anatomy and providing optimal conditions for the return of flexor tendon function.
To trim or replant: A matter of cost
Authors: Engel Joel , Luboshitz Shmuel , Jaffe Batya , Rotstein Zeev
Published: May 2005

Many factors are involved in the decision whether to complete the amputation of an injured digit and trim the stump or to replant the amputated member. This paper compares the cost of these two treatments so that this financial aspect might be included among the many factors which influence the surgeon's decision. The cost of these treatments was separated into two aspects. First, the overall cost of the medical and surgical expenses was calculated. Second, the cost which the Israeli social security granted the injured worker due to the disability was calculated. By comparing the total surgical and medical costs of amputations and replantations, trimming is far less expensive than replantation. In the long run, the compensation the insurer owes the disabled trimmed patient is far higher than the compensation given to those who were successfully replanted, provided the injured worker has a certain number of working years to retirement and has a yearly income of a certain level. Thus, in most cases, replantation is recommended from the cost benefit aspect.
Clinical and pathologie properties of small differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland
Authors: Iida Futoshi , Sugenoya Akira , Muramatsu Akira
Published: May 2005

Ninety‐one small differentiated thyroid carcinomas less than 10 mm in size treated during the last 33 years were subjected to clinical study. In 44 of the 91 cases, tumor was found incidentally at surgery, while in the remaining 47 a thyroid mass was palpable before operation. A preoperative diagnosis of carcinoma could not be made in nodules less than 5 mm in size. Ultrasonographic examination is now extending the limits of exact diagnosis. Metastasis was found in 16 of 33 patients who had lymph nodes dissected. Metastatic lymph nodes were distributed in the same sites as those with thyroid carcinomas larger than 10 mm. Pathologic examination was carried out in 108 small carcinomas including cases from an affiliated hospital. Histologically, all of them were papillary or follicular carcinomas. The growth pattern of the tumors was divided into 5 groups: 23 were nonencapsulated sclerosing type, 29 encapsulated type without capsule invasion, 48 encapsulated type with capsule invasion, 4 the infiltrative type, and 4 the round type. Lymph node metastasis and intraglandular dissemination were found most frequently in the infiltrative type, followed by the encapsulated type with invasion. The results suggest the necessity of lymph node dissection and lobectomy for patients with these histological types of small carcinomas who had only local removal of the tumor.
The diagnostic challenge of postoperative acute appendicitis
Authors: Barr Darlene , van Heerden Jon A. , Mucha Peter
Published: May 2005

During the period 1979 to 1989, 0.1 % of all cases of acute appendicitis at our institution occurred soon after another operative procedure. The interval between primary operation and appendectomy was 5 to 31 days (mean, 14 days). Signs and symptoms did not differ from those of classical acute appendicitis. Duration of symptoms ranged from 12 hours to 8 days (mean, 2.4 days). Perforation was present in 3 patients, suppurative appendicitis in 1 patient, and acute inflammation in 4 patients. Two of the perforations were associated with abscess formation. Morbidity related to the appendiceal condition included hepatic abscesses, septic shock, and prolonged ileus. There was no mortality. Hospitalization ranged from 6 to 80 days (mean, 12.5 days).
Co‐refolding of two peptide fragments derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens β‐glucosidase with catalytic activity
Authors: Kim Bong-Jo , Mangala Selanere L. , Hayashi Kiyoshi
Published: May 2005

Four sites of the non‐homologous region (coding amino acid residues of 347, 421, 466 and 533) of a gene were randomly selected for splitting to investigate the function of β‐glucosidase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens in the co‐refolding of peptides into the catalytically active enzyme. As a result of gene splitting, four N‐ and C‐terminal domain peptides were obtained as insoluble inclusion bodies. No catalytic activity was observed when these fragments refolded individually. However, a considerable amount of activity was restored when the two fragments derived from N‐ and C‐ terminal peptides were co‐refolded together. The deletion of amino acid residues in the non‐homologous region resulted in a complete loss of enzyme activity, which suggests that truncation of amino acids in this region strongly affects the co‐refolding ability of the enzyme to maintain activity.
Phosphorylation of BAD at Ser‐128 during mitosis and paclitaxel‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Berndtsson Maria , Konishi Yoshiyuki , Bonni Azad , Hägg Maria , Shoshan Maria , Linder Stig , Havelka Aleksandra Mandic
Published: May 2005

Phosphorylation of BCL‐2 family member BAD at different residues triggers different physiological effects, either inhibiting or promoting apoptosis. The recently identified phosphorylation site at Ser‐128 enhances the apoptotic activity of BAD. We here show that BAD becomes phosphorylated at Ser‐128 in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle in NIH3T3 cells. We also show that BAD‐S128 is phosphorylated in taxol‐treated mouse fibroblasts and MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cells. However, expression of a phosphorylation‐defective dominant negative BAD mutant did not block taxol‐induced apoptosis. These data support the view that the phosphorylation of BAD Serine 128 exerts cell‐specific effects on apoptosis. Whereas the BAD Serine 128 phosphorylation induces apoptosis in neuronal cells, it does not appear to promote apoptosis in proliferating non‐neural cells during mitosis or upon exposure to the antineoplastic agent taxol.
Antigen challenge induces a supraglottic but not a subglottic edema in the rat larynx
Authors: Niklasson Anders , Dahlqvist Åke
Published: May 2005

OBJECTIVE

To examine the reaction of mast cells in the larynx of sensitized rats after allergen challenge and determine whether a type I hypersensitivity reaction can elicit a supraglottic and subglottic edema.

STUDY DESIGN

Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OA) and challenged 3 weeks later by intravenous injection of either OA or NaCl and perfused with glutaraldehyde. The larynges were removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Sections from the epiglottis and subglottic region were examined.

RESULTS

In challenged animals, the connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) in the epiglottic submucosa, but not the mucosal mast cells (MMC) in epithelium, were significantly reduced compared with the case of controls, and the connective tissue was edematous. In the subglottic region, the number of both MMC and CTMC was reduced (albeit not significantly), and there was no edema in the lamina propria.

CONCLUSIONS

Allergen challenge induces a marked edema in the epiglottis but not in the subglottic area.

SIGNIFICANCE

The results indicate that the supraglottic and subglottic regions react differently to allergen challenge. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:694‐700.)
Comparison of interspecific competition and N use in pea–barley, faba bean–barley and lupin–barley intercrops grown at two temperate locations
Authors: TRYDEMAN KNUDSEN M. , HAUGGAARD-NIELSEN H. , JØRNSGÅRD B. , STEEN JENSEN E.
Published: May 2005

Mixed intercropping of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba var. minor L.) or narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) was compared with sole cropping in two field experiments at different locations, on a sandy loam soil and a sandy soil, in Denmark in 2001.

Grain legumes were dominant in intercrops on the sandy loam soil, except for lupin, whereas barley was dominant in intercrops on the sandy soil site. Combined intercrop grain yields were comparable to grain yields of the respective sole cropped grain legume or sole cropped, fertilized barley on each soil site. On the sandy loam soil, pea–barley and faba bean–barley intercrops increased the proportion of plant N derived from N2 fixation in grain legumes and increased the barley grain N concentration (from 1·7 to 2·2 mg/g) compared with sole cropping. However, the later maturity of faba bean compared with barley caused problems at harvest. The grain N concentration of intercropped barley was increased where grain legumes were the dominant intercrops and not on the sandy soil site. Lupin-barley intercrops did not show intercropping advantages to the same degree as faba bean and pea, but lupin constituted a more stable yield proportion of the combined intercrop yield over locations.

Furthermore, the study indicated that the natural 15N abundance at certain locations might not always be sufficient to ensure a reliable estimate of N2 fixation using the 15N natural abundance method.
Heterotic and seed rate effects on nitrogen efficiencies in wheat
Authors: KINDRED D. R. , GOODING M. J.
Published: May 2005

Four field experiments over 2 years investigated whether wheat hybrids had higher nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) than their parents over a range of seed rates and different N regimes. There was little heterosis for total N in the above-ground biomass (NYt), but there was high-parent heterosis for grain N yields (NYg) in two of the hybrids, Hyno Esta and Hyno Rista, associated with greater nitrogen harvest index (NHI). Overall, the hybrids did not significantly increase the total dry matter produced per unit N in the above-ground crop (NUtEt), but did increase the grain dry matter per unit N in the above ground crop (NUtEg). The improvement in NUtEg was at the partial detriment of grain N concentration. Heterosis for grain NYg in Hyno Esta was lower at zero-N, suggesting that it did not achieve higher yields through more efficient capture or utilization of N. The greater NHI in Hyno Esta appeared to be facilitated by both greater N uptake, and remobilization of N from vegetative tissues, after anthesis.

The response of N efficiency and uptake to seed rate was dependent on N supply and season. Where N fertilizer was applied, N uptake over time was slower at the lower seed rates, but where N was withheld N capture at the lowest seed rate soon approached the N capture of the higher seed rates. During grain filling, the rate of accumulation of N into the grain increased with seed rate and the duration of N accumulation decreased with seed rate. With N applied, N yields increased to an asymptote with seed rate, when N was withheld there was little response of N yields to seed rate. In 2002, N utilization efficiency (NUtEt and NUtEg) also increased asymptotically with seed rate, but in 2003 seed rate had little effect on N utilization efficiency. When nitrogen fertilizer had not been applied, NHI consistently decreased with increasing seed rate. The timing of N application made little difference to NUE, NY, or NUtE.
A comparative evaluation of functions for describing the relationship between live-weight gain and metabolizable energy intake in turkeys
Authors: DARMANI KUHI H. , KEBREAB E. , LOPEZ S. , FRANCE J.
Published: May 2005

The suitability of models specifically re-parameterized for analyzing energy balance data relating metabolizable energy intake to growth rate has recently been investigated in male broilers. In this study, the more adequate of those models was applied to growing turkeys to provide estimates of their energy needs for maintenance and growth. Three functional forms were used. They were: two equations representing diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola); and one equation describing smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflexion (Gompertz). The models estimated the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance in turkeys to be 359–415 kJ/kg of live-weight/day. The predicted values of average net energy requirement for producing 1 g of gain in live-weight, between 1 and 4 times maintenance, varied from 8·7 to 10·9 kJ. These results and those previously reported for broilers are a basis for accepting the general validity of these models.
When Was Anti-Catholicism? The Case of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Wales
Authors: O'LEARY PAUL
Published: May 2005

Anti-Catholicism was a pervasive influence on religious and political life in nineteenth-century Wales. Contrary to the views of Trystan Owain Hughes, it mirrored the chronology of anti-Catholic agitation in the rest of Great Britain. Welsh exceptionalism lies in the failure of militant Protestant organisations to recruit in Wales, and the assimilation of anti-Catholic rhetoric into the frictions between the Church of England and Nonconformity over the disestablishment of the Church. Furthermore, whereas the persistence of anti-Catholicism in twentieth-century Britain is primarily associated with cities like Liverpool and Glasgow, its continuing influence in Wales was largely confined to rural areas and small towns.
The Norman Church and the Angevin and Capetian Kings
Authors: POWER DANIEL
Published: May 2005

The Norman Church has sometimes been depicted as welcoming the Capetian conquest of Normandy in 1204. Its relations with the last Angevin dukes of Normandy, Richard the Lionheart and King John, certainly showed signs of serious tension, especially the election dispute at Sées (1201–3), but there is also ample evidence of continuing co-operation between the dukes and the Norman Church. Prior to 1204, moreover, Philip Augustus of France had done very little to win over the Norman Church. It is demonstrated here that he was far less generous to the religious houses of south-east Normandy, which he had annexed in 1200, than has hitherto been believed. Most of the alms recorded in fiscal accounts for the Évrecin testify to the patronage of the local aristocracy, not the kings of England and France.
The Director, the Spectator and the Eiffel Tower
Authors: KENNEDY DENNIS
Published: May 2005

Though directors have been central to the theatre for more than a century, it is not easy to describe their function or explain fully what they do. Since they have not all done the same things, theorizing the office is a slippery enterprise. Despite this difficulty, the cultural authority of directors has become embedded in the thinking of both the commercial and subsidized sectors in most countries in the world, including many parts of Asia, so that directors are fundamental to the way we comprehend and value theatrical work. Though dictatorial modes of direction have been challenged in the past three decades by a variety of strategies, the theatre industry continues to rely heavily upon the managerial and aesthetic skills of the director, who stands as an icon of the successes and failures of twentieth-century theatre. This essay discusses two alternative histories of the director in the modern age, the modernist avant-garde model and an industrial model, showing that the two are much closer than typically claimed. Using André Antoine as case study, the essay offers a critique of certain tendencies in modernist theatre historiography. A final section looks at the interrelationship of the director and the spectator.
Directing History: Women, Performance and Scholarship
Authors: CANNING CHARLOTTE
Published: May 2005

The emergence of the director is usually seen as a crucial moment in late nineteenth-, early twentieth-century theatre history. Traditionally, the narrative of that emergence has focused on the director as a sole heroic individual, usually male. This article questions how that figure and those practices have been historicized. That historicization process has been (and continues to be) a disciplinary demonstration of power marked by the concomitant political operations of personal, geographical, and institutional identifications and affiliations. The specific political operation explored here is that of gender as the primary identification of the figures, institutions, and arguments. The thirty-year collaboration of Edith Isaacs and Rosamond Gilder on Theatre Arts, the primary voice in the United States for the reform of the theatre during the era that saw both the emergence of the director and the celebration of that emergence as the pinnacle of theatrical achievement is the example on which the article focuses. Gilder was Isaacs's assistant and successor, and she was also the author of Enter the Actress, the first book to create a history for women in the theatre. In three parts the article demonstrates how focusing on the journal, the collaboration, and the book offer a new conception of the director's history.
Helicobacter pylori seropositive subjects do not show a pronounced systemic inflammatory response even in the presence of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism
Authors: ZUMKELLER N. , KOENIG W. , HOFFMANN M. M. , KOLB H. , BRENNER H. , ROTHENBACHER D.
Published: May 2005

The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the effects of the presence of the IL-1RA gene polymorphism and H. pylori infection on markers of a systemic inflammatory response taking into account virulence markers of this infection. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-α of 479 occasional blood donors were not statistically significantly higher in subjects having antibodies against H. pylori, or more specifically against CagA and VacA, and being homozygous for the pro-inflammatory IL-1RN*2 allele compared to others after adjustment for covariates. The findings suggest that the possible pro-inflammatory effect of the IL-1RN*2 allele in combination with H. pylori infection is limited to the mucosal level.
Serological and virological features of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand from 1999 to 2002
Authors: ANANTAPREECHA S. , CHANAMA S. , A-NUEGOONPIPAT A. , NAEMKHUNTHOT S. , SA-NGASANG A. , SAWANPANYALERT P. , KURANE I.
Published: May 2005

Serological and virological features of dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in Thailand were analysed in 2715 patients from 1999 to 2002. The illness was caused by DEN-1 in 45%, DEN-2 in 32%, DEN-3 in 18% and DEN-4 in 5% of patients. Almost all of the DHF cases caused by DEN-2 and DEN-4 were in secondary infection, while approximately 20% of the DHF cases caused by DEN-1 and DEN-3 were in primary infection. Male[ratio ]female ratio and age distribution were not different among four serotypes in primary and secondary infections. These results indicate that DEN-1 and DEN-3 induce DHF in both primary and secondary infections, and suggest that DEN-2 and DEN-4 in Thailand are less likely to cause DHF in primary infections.
Incidence and persistence of classical swine fever in free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Authors: ROSSI S. , FROMONT E. , PONTIER D. , CRUCIÈRE C. , HARS J. , BARRAT J. , PACHOLEK X. , ARTOIS M.
Published: May 2005

Although veterinary authorities aim to limit persistence of classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar (Sus scrofa), to avoid potential transmission to pigs, factors influencing CSF transmission and persistence are not clearly understood. Here we analyse incidence and persistence in a CSF epidemic that occurred in the French Vosges Forest. Higher incidence was found in large forests compared to smaller isolated ones, being highest near the starting point of the epidemic, but poorly related to the local density. We hypothesize that the spatial and social structure of wild boar populations may be responsible for this variability of incidence over space. Persistence was highest near the starting point of the epidemic and where initial density was highest. We hypothesize that persistence was favoured by the abundance of young wild boar, itself encouraged by CSF. Our results allow us to propose management measures aimed at limiting CSF persistence.
Penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: high antibiotic exposure impedes new vaccine protection
Authors: TEMIME L. , BOËLLE P. Y. , VALLERON A. J. , GUILLEMOT D.
Published: May 2005

The frequency of meningitis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRP) has increased in recent years, making treatment failure more likely. It is currently expected that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines might curb this trend. We investigated this issue using a mathematical model applied to the current prevalence of resistance and antibiotic exposure in the United States and in France. Our main finding was that the level of antibiotic exposure may limit the effect of the vaccine. In relatively low antibiotic exposure environments such as the United States, large-scale vaccination prevents a large part of PRP meningitis cases, whereas in high antibiotic-exposure environments such as France, vaccination alone does not lead to a substantial reduction in PRP meningitis incidence. Our results suggest that antibiotic exposure reduction will remain of primary importance for the control of PRP meningitis despite wide scale use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
Temporally distinct Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks associated with alfalfa sprouts linked to a common seed source – Colorado and Minnesota, 2003
Authors: FERGUSON D. D. , SCHEFTEL J. , CRONQUIST A. , SMITH K. , WOO-MING A. , ANDERSON E. , KNUTSEN J. , DE A. K. , GERSHMAN K.
Published: May 2005

Escherichia coli O157 outbreaks were identified in Minnesota in February 2003 involving seven persons and in Colorado in July 2003 involving 13 persons. Case isolates from the two states had matching pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Independent case-control studies linked infections in each outbreak with eating alfalfa sprouts that were traced to the same seed distributor. The Colorado sprouter reportedly complied with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sprout guidance, whereas the Minnesota sprouter did not. These investigations revealed that increased compliance with existing FDA guidance is needed and that additional research is needed to improve the alfalfa seed decontamination process. This reaffirms the FDA recommendation that raw alfalfa sprouts should be considered potentially contaminated and avoided by persons at high-risk such as the elderly, young children, and immunocompromised persons. PFGE played an essential role in linking these two temporally and geographically distinct E. coli O157 outbreaks.
Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves
Authors: LIU W.-C. , JENKINS C. , SHAW D. J. , MATTHEWS L. , PEARCE M. C. , LOW J. C. , GUNN G. J. , SMITH H. R. , FRANKEL G. , WOOLHOUSE M. E. J.
Published: May 2005

We investigate the epidemiology of 12 Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serogroups observed in a calf cohort on a Scottish beef farm. Fitting mathematical models to the observed time-course of infections reveals that there is significant calf-to-calf transmission of VTEC. Our models suggest that 40% of all detected infections are from calf-to-calf transmission and 60% from other sources. Variation in the rates at which infected animals recover from infection by different VTEC serogroups appears to be important. Two thirds of the observed VTEC serogroups are lost from infected calves within 1 day of infection, while the rest persist for more than 3 days. Our study has demonstrated that VTEC are transmissible between calves and are typically lost from infected animals in less than 1 week. We suggest that future field studies may wish to adopt a tighter sampling frame in order to detect all circulating VTEC serogroups in similar animal populations.
Salivary excretion of rabies virus by healthy vampire bats
Authors: AGUILAR-SETIEN A. , LOZA-RUBIO E. , SALAS-ROJAS M. , BRISSEAU N. , CLIQUET F. , PASTORET P.-P. , ROJAS-DOTOR S. , TESORO E. , KRETSCHMER R.
Published: May 2005

Salivary excretion of rabies virus was evaluated in 14 adult vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) intramuscularly injected with a large dose (106 MICLD50) of vampire rabies virus variant CASS88. Saliva samples were obtained from surviving bats every other day for 30 days, then weekly for 2 months, and finally 1 and 2 years later. Rabies virus was isolated in murine neuroblastoma cells and in randomly selected cases by PCR. Rabies virus was not detected in the saliva of any of the 11 animals that succumbed (somewhat early) to rabies challenge, nor in the control bats. In contrast, virus was detected early, and only once (days 6, 6 and 21) in each of the three animals that survived rabies challenge and remained healthy for at least 2 years after challenge. At that time even vigorous dexamethasone and cyclosporine administration failed to provoke further viral excretion.
Older people and medication management: from compliance to concordance
Authors: McGraw Caroline , Drennan Vari
Published: May 2005

The issue of not taking medicines as prescribed by medical practitioners has a history as long as the medical profession itself. The World Health Organization recently described the problem of patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses not taking their medication as prescribed as ‘a worldwide problem of striking magnitude’. Not taking medicines as prescribed has consequences not only for the individual in terms of therapeutic failure, but also for the wider society. For the individual, failure to take medication as prescribed may result in ill health, poorer quality of life, and reduced life expectancy. For the wider society, consequences include avoidable health care expenditure and the development of drug resistance.
Urinary and faecal incontinence and dementia
Authors: Bravo Carlos Verdejo
Published: May 2005

Continence is a basic function that should be maintained in healthy elderly people, regardless of age. Loss of continence should be interpreted as a dysfunction of either the lower urinary tract or bowel, or of some other system that participates in the maintenance of continence, especially the nervous system.
What is epidemiology?
Authors: Vetter Norman J
Published: May 2005

Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why. Cancer epidemiology is therefore the study of how often cancer occurs in different groups and why. Part of the work on examining why is to measure the effect of factors which may put a patient at high risk of getting the type of cancer in question.
The use of walking aids in the rehabilitation of stroke patients
Authors: Laufer Yocheved
Published: May 2005

A stroke typically results in a variety of impairments that are primarily unilateral, with the severity of symptoms and resultant disabilities dependent on the site and extent of the insult. While the overall goal of rehabilitation after a stroke is to maximize the individual's functional independence at home and in the community, improved walking function is the treatment goal most often stated by patients following a stroke.
Too Close to Call: Political Choice in Canada, 2004
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Kornberg Allan , MacLeod John , Scotto Thomas
Published: May 2005

Canada's June 28th, 2004, federal election was an exciting and, in several respects a surprising contest. One major surprise was the election campaign itself. Rather than being the predictable, boring event many commentators had anticipated, the campaign was a closely fought battle between a longtime governing party and a new opposition party that had been formed only six months before the election was called. A second surprise, at least for some observers, was turnout, with participation in a national election falling to the lowest level in Canadian history. A third, potentially very significant, surprise was the success of the separatist Bloc Québécois, accompanied by a resurgence of support for Quebec sovereignty. After the election, the future of Canada's national party system, indeed, the future of Canadian democracy, appeared more problematic than had been the case only a few months earlier.
From Community Engagement to Political Engagement
Authors: Ball William J.
Published: May 2005

Community engagement through service learning has become well institutionalized in American education, yet there has been considerable debate over its effectiveness, especially with regard to its impact on explicitlypoliticalengagement. While participation in community service and volunteerism clearly has a positive impact on the propensity of young people to dedicate themselves to further service, the evidence of the effects of service onpoliticalengagement is, at best, mixed.
Alterspsychotherapie - Eine Standortbeschreibung
Authors: Erlemeier Norbert
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Der Bedarf an psychotherapeutischen Hilfen ist bei alten Menschen bedeutend höher als deren Nutzung psychotherapeutischer Institutionen anzeigt. Nach wie vor gibt es Vorbehalte, Barrieren und Informationsdefizite auf beiden Seiten, die dazu beitragen, dass alte Menschen, vor allem über 75jährige, psychotherapeutisch unterversorgt sind. Eine Schwierigkeit resultiert aus der besonderen Psychodynamik der Therapeut - Klient - Beziehung, die auf den Altersunterschied (jüngerer Therapeut - älterer Klient) abhebt und als “umgekehrte Übertragungskonstellation” bezeichnet wird, eine andere aus Themen, die das eigene Altern und existenzielle Fragen des Lebensendes berühren. Zieht man die empirische Evidenz zu Rate zeigt sich, dass Psychotherapien, hier besonders die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und Psychoanalyse, die die besonderen Problemlagen im Alter fokussieren, nicht weniger erfolgreich sind als in jüngeren Altersgruppen. Es ist zu fordern, dass alte Menschen stärker als bisher psychotherapeutische Hilfen in Anspruch nehmen können.
Was erwarten pflegende Angehörige
Authors: Jünemann Stephanie , Gräßel Elmar
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Studienziel war es, Qualitätsvorstellungen pflegender Angehöriger zu den Unterstützungsangeboten Angehörigenberatung, ambulante Pflege, Tagespflege und Angehörigengruppe zu erfassen. Dabei wurden zwei Gruppen einander gegenübergestellt: (1) pflegende Angehörige/zu pflegende Angehörige mit einer Demenzerkrankung (D-Gruppe); (2) pflegende Angehörige/zu pflegende Angehörige mit einer anderen Erkrankung als Demenz (V-Gruppe). Methodik: Durch einen Fragebogen, der im Kern die offenen Fragen enthielt: “Was würden Sie persönlich von einer/einem ‘guten’ ... erwarten?”, wurden die Qualitätsvorstellungen erfasst. Diese wurden mit Hilfe der zusammenfassenden und strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: In beiden Gruppen zeigte sich eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung in der Häufigkeit der Angaben zu Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität. Unterschiede finden sich bei den jeweiligen Angeboten in Einzelaspekten. Diskussion: Die ermittelten Qualitätsvorstellungen der Pflege-Gebenden sollten sich in den Leistungsprofilen der Angebote möglichst gut wiederfinden. Dazu bedarf es einer konsequenten Weiterentwicklung der Angebote durch die Anbieter.
Belastungen des Pflegepersonals in Senioren-/Pflegeheimen
Authors: Hertl Elisabeth Margarete , Baumann Urs , Messer Randolf
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Durch die wachsende Zahl alter Menschen nimmt auch die Zahl der pflegebedürftigen Personen zu, wobei für einen Teil dieser Personen die Unterbringung in ein Seniorenheim unumgänglich ist. Von theoretischem, aber auch praktischem Interesse ist die Untersuchung der Belastung des in den Seniorenheimen tätigen Personals. Die vorliegende Studie sollte die Belastungsfaktoren (Belastungshäufigkeit/Stress-Input; Belastungserleben/Stress-Output)- als Teil des Stressprozesses - beim Pflegepersonal erheben und den Zusammenhang zwischen Häufigkeit und Erleben analysieren. Als Untersuchungsinstrument diente ein eigener Fragebogen mit den Themen: Belastungen durch den Alltag mit HeimbewohnerInnen, durch Sterbesituationen im Altenheim, durch Angehörige von HeimbewohnerInnen, durch MitarbeiterInnen innerhalb und zwischen Berufsgruppen und durch institutionelle Bedingungen. An der Studie beteiligten sich 235 Pflegekräfte der Seniorenheime der Stadt Salzburg. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung weisen daraufhin, dass es relativ wenig Belastungssituationen (7 von 44) gibt, die für die meisten Befragten häufig auftreten. Besonders belastend sind Situationen im Zusammenhang mit Sterben/ Tod, aber auch institutionelle Bedingungen. Die Ergebnisse sollten in computerunterstützten Tagebuchstudien vertieft werden. Besonders belastende Ereignisse sollten in Ausbildung und Schulung vermehrt beachtet werden.