bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volumetric Reconstruction of the Mouse Meibomian Gland Using High‐Resolution Nonlinear Optical Imaging
Authors: Jester Bryan E. , Nien Chyong JY , Winkler Moritz , Brown Donald J. , Jester James V.
Published: January 2011

Non‐linear optical array tomography generated volume rendering of the mouse meibomian gland (green) with a single orthogonal section through the 3‐D reconstruction (Red‐Blue Heat map). Tissue section shows interstitial collagen detected by second harmonic generation that was used to generate a meibomian gland mask to segment out the meibomian gland cells detected by two photon excited fluorescence. See Jester et al., on page 185, in this issue.
Stereological Assessment of Developing Mouse Ovarian Follicles in an in vitro Culture System
Authors: Chand Ashwini , Legge Michael
Published: January 2011

The aim of this project was to validate the use of ovarian follicular diameter measurement as an indicator of growth using stereology as an independent measure. A strong linear correlation was observed between follicular volume and diameter, and between follicular volume and the total number of granulosa cells. These results have provided a useful validation of a widely used technique for determining follicular growth in vitro. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The saturation of galactic dynamos
Authors: Moss D. , Sokoloff D.
Published: January 2011

We summarize the current state of the long term discussion about the saturation mechanisms associated with rapid growth of small‐scale magnetic field, that operate in large‐scale galactic dynamos, and related problems with magnetic helicity conservation. Our general conclusion is that, taking into account magnetic helicity fluxes, large‐scale magnetic field can be amplified up to about the equipartition level. In contrast, models without helicity fluxes give an initial temporal magnetic field growth, but then decay. In our opinion, it is more appropriate to refer to the situation as a “potentially catastrophic scenario” rather than as “catastrophic α‐quenching” (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy oscillations and a possible route to chaos in a modified Riga dynamo
Authors: Stefani F. , Gailitis A. , Gerbeth G.
Published: January 2011

Starting from the present version of the Riga dynamo experiment with its rotating magnetic eigenfield dominated by a single frequency we ask for those modifications of this set‐up that would allow for a non‐trivial magnetic field behaviour in the saturation regime. Assuming an increased ratio of azimuthal to axial flow velocity, we obtain energy oscillations with a frequency below the eigenfrequency of the magnetic field. These new oscillations are identified as magneto‐inertial waves that result from a slight imbalance of Lorentz and inertial forces. Increasing the azimuthal velocity further, or increasing the total magnetic Reynolds number, we find transitions to a chaotic behaviour of the dynamo (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Differential rotation and meridional flow of Arcturus
Authors: Küker M. , Rüdiger G.
Published: January 2011

The spectroscopic variability of Arcturus hints at cyclic activity cycle and differential rotation. This could provide a test of current theoretical models of solar and stellar dynamos. To examine the applicability of current models of the flux transport dynamo to Arcturus, we compute a mean‐field model for its internal rotation, meridional flow, and convective heat transport in the convective envelope. We then compare the conditions for dynamo action with those on the Sun. We find solar‐type surface rotation with about 1/10th of the shear found on the solar surface. The rotation rate increases monotonically with depth at all latitudes throughout the whole convection zone. In the lower part of the convection zone the horizontal shear vanishes and there is a strong radial gradient. The surface meridional flow has maximum speed of 170 m/s and is directed towards the equator at high and towards the poles at low latitudes. Turbulent magnetic diffusivity is of the order 1015–1016 cm2/s. The conditions on Arcturus are not favorable for a circulation‐dominated dynamo (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On global solar dynamo simulations
Authors: Käpylä P.J.
Published: January 2011

Global dynamo simulations solving the equations of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) have been a tool of astrophysicists who try to understand the magnetism of the Sun for several decades now. During recent years many fundamental issues in dynamo theory have been studied in detail by means of local numerical simulations that simplify the problem and allow the study of physical effects in isolation. Global simulations, however, continue to suffer from the age‐old problem of too low spatial resolution, leading to much lower Reynolds numbers and scale separation than in the Sun. Reproducing the internal rotation of the Sun, which plays a crucial role in the dynamo process, has also turned out to be a very difficult problem. In the present paper the current status of global dynamo simulations of the Sun is reviewed. Emphasis is put on efforts to understand how the large‐scale magnetic fields, i.e. whose length scale is greater than the scale of turbulence, are generated in the Sun. Some lessons from mean‐field theory and local simulations are reviewed and their possible implications to the global models are discussed. Possible remedies to some current issues of solar simulations are put forward (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A comparison of embalming fluids for use in surgical workshops
Authors: Jaung Rebekah , Cook Peter , Blyth Phil
Published: January 2011

There is a growing need to learn surgical skills without risk to patients. One of the major determining factors on the suitability of specimens for surgical workshops is the fluid used for embalming. This study sought to compare three different arterial embalming preparations to a single fresh cadaver. Eleven cadavers embalmed using Graz (single cadaver), Dodge (four cadavers) and Genelyn (five cadavers) preparations were compared using four criteria; joint flexibility measured with a goniometer, tissue pliability rated on standardized videos of instrument handling, tissue color analyzed on standardized photographs and resistance to fungal growth identified by inoculation and observation of tissue blocks. The cadaver embalmed according to the Graz method had joint flexibility comparable to fresh tissue while the Dodge and Genelyn cadavers were less flexible. Tissue pliability was significantly affected by the Dodge and Genelyn methods while the Graz method tissue remained most like fresh tissue. The Graz method cadaver had color that was most akin to fresh tissue and the Dodge method cadavers were relatively more like fresh than the Genelyn. The Dodge and Genelyn method had quite similar fungicidal properties (3/11 Dodge and 2/9 Genelyn embalmed cadavers susceptible) while the Graz method cadaver did not grow mould. Variation exists between cadavers; however, the Graz method produced a cadaver with more flexible joints, better tissue quality and muscle color closest to the fresh specimen. The Dodge and Genelyn methods are similar with the exception of tissue color where the Dodge method was more similar to fresh tissue. Clin. Anat. 24:155–161, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal anatomy of the lower cervical and upper thoracic fasciae with special reference to the prevertebral fascial structures including the suprapleural membrane
Authors: Miyake Naritomo , Takeuchi Hiromi , Cho Baik Hwan , Murakami Gen , Fujimiya Mineko , Kitano Hiroya
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to find basic rules governing the fetal anatomy of the deep cervical fasciae and their connections to the mediastinal fasciae. We examined the histology of paraffin‐embedded preparations of 18 mid‐term fetuses (5 between 9 and 12 weeks of gestation, 3 between 15 and 18 weeks, and 10 between 20 and 25 weeks). The prevertebral lamina of the deep cervical fasciae (PLDCF) developed as an intermediate aponeurosis for the bilateral bellies of the longus colli muscles. In contrast, the alar fascia developed as a connecting band between the bilateral adventitiae of the common carotid artery. The retropharyngeal fascia became evident much later than the latter two fasciae. The fascia covering the thymus was thicker than the fascia for the strap muscles (the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia). The primitive suprapleural membrane, or Sibson's fascia, contained veins and fatty tissues, and was composed of the alar fascia rather than the PLDCF, tranversalis fascia, or endothoracic fascia. The prevertebral two‐laminar configuration was rather evident in the early stages of development because, in the later stages, the fasciae together provided a multilaminar structure, especially in the lateral area in front of the longus colli, which suspended the cupula pleurae. To consider a continuation from the base of the neck to the upper mediastinum, the alar fascia seems to be a key structure for connecting the vascular sheath to the parietal pleura. Clin. Anat. 24:607–618, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous branching pattern of external carotid artery: Clinical relevance to cervicofacial surgery
Authors: Eid N. , Ito Y. , Otsuki Y.
Published: January 2011

Anomalous branching pattern of the left external carotid artery (ECA) was detected in an old man. The ECA branched into high submental artery and large transverse facial artery ending as angular artery compensating for concurrent agenesis of ipsilateral facial artery. The lingual artery gave direct branch to the submandibular gland, whereas the superior thyroid artery arose directly from common carotid artery with high bifurcation level. This unreported branching pattern of the ECA may have important clinical relevance to cervicofacial surgery. Clin. Anat. 24:953–955, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Persistent median artery: Cadaveric study and review of the literature
Authors: Eid N. , Ito Y. , Shibata M.A. , Otsuki Y.
Published: January 2011

The persistent median artery (PMA) may compress the median nerve (MN) and may be a significant supply of blood to the hand. Two cases of unilateral PMA (4%) were detected during the dissection of 50 upper limbs. The first case was a 75‐year‐old, right‐handed male who suffered from chronic pain in both upper limbs, especially the left side. A dissection of his left upper limb revealed a PMA piercing both the MN and the medial branch of the anterior interosseous nerve. This artery coursed distally, deep to the transverse carpal ligament (TCL), forming a median‐ulnar pattern for the superficial palmar arch (SPA). The PMA was superficial to two nerves at the distal edge of the TCL; the extraligamentous recurrent thenar (RT) branch of the MN and the third common digital nerve (TCDN). The second case was from the left side of an 80‐year‐old female found to have a high origin of the radial artery with trifurcation of the latter into PMA, common interosseous, and ulnar arteries. The PMA passed deep to the TCL forming a radial‐median‐ulnar pattern of SPA. Both the transligamentous RT branch of the MN and the TCDN passed deep to the PMA inside the carpal tunnel, before the abnormal crossing of the latter nerve ventral to the SPA on its way to the digits. The relationships of the PMA to various MN branches may have important implications regarding the diagnosis and treatment of MN compressive neuropathies. Clin. Anat. 24:627–633, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful subxyphoid hybrid approach for placement of a melody percutaneous pulmonary valve
Authors: Simpson Kathleen E. , Huddleston Charles B. , Foerster Susan , Nicholas Ramzi , Balzer David
Published: January 2011

A variety of complex congenital heart defects in the pediatric population involve placement of a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit as part of surgical repair. With the advent of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI), patients may avoid the risks of serial surgical reinterventions as the PPVI acts to prolong the life of a previously placed conduit. As the experience with PPVI is growing, new challenges arise from complicated anatomy and severe conduit stenosis. We present a case of a 16‐year‐old male who underwent successful pulmonary valve placement with a Melody valve via a subxyphoid hybrid approach after an unsuccessful attempt at percutaneous placement. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein Nanotubes with an Enzyme Interior Surface
Authors: Komatsu Teruyuki , Terada Hiromi , Kobayashi Nao
Published: January 2011

This report describes the synthesis and enzyme activities of multilayered protein nanotubes with an α‐glucosidase (αGluD) interior surface. The nanotubes were prepared by using an alternating layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of human serum albumin (HSA) and oppositely charged poly‐L‐arginine (PLA) into a track‐etched polycarbonate (PC) membrane (pore size=400 nm) followed by addition of αGluD as the last layer of the wall. Subsequent dissolution of the PC template yielded (PLA/HSA)2PLA/αGluD nanotubes. SEM measurements revealed the formation of uniform hollow cylinders with (413±17) nm outer diameter and (52±3) nm wall thickness. In aqueous media, the nanotubes captured a fluorogenic glucopyranoside, 4‐methyl‐umbelliferyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside (MUGlc), into their one‐dimensional pore space and hydrolyzed the substrate efficiently to form α‐D‐glucose. We determined the enzyme parameters (Michaelis constant, KM, and catalytic constant, kcat, values) of the protein nanotubes. The several‐micrometers‐long cylinders were of sufficient length to be spun down by centrifugation at 4000 g, so the product could therefore be easily separated. Similar biocatalysts were prepared by complexation of biotinylated‐αGluD into HSA‐based nanotubes bearing a single avidin layer as an internal surface. The obtained hybrid nanotubes also exhibited the same enzyme activity for the MUGlc hydrolysis.
Mechanism of the Living Lactide Polymerization Mediated by Robust Zinc Guanidine Complexes
Authors: Börner Janna , dos Santos Vieira Ines , Pawlis Alexander , Döring Artjom , Kuckling Dirk , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: January 2011

Zinc bis(chelate) guanidine complexes promote living lactide polymerization at elevated temperatures. By means of kinetic and spectroscopic analyses the mechanism has been elucidated for these special initiators that make use of neutral N‐donor ligands. The neutral guanidine function initiates the polymerization by a nucleophilic ring‐opening attack on the lactide molecule. DFT calculations on the first ring‐opening step show that the guanidine is able to act as a nucleophile. Three transition states were located for ligand rearrangement, nucleophilic attack, and ring‐opening. The second ring‐opening step was modeled as a representation for the chain growth because here, the lactate alcoholate opens the second lactide molecule via two transition states (nucleophilic attack and ring‐opening). Additionally, the resulting reaction profile proceeds overall exothermically, which is the driving force for the reaction. The experimental and calculated data are in good agreement and the presented mechanism explains why the polymerization proceeds without co‐initiators.
Controllable Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid MoOx/Polyaniline Nanowires and Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Sinong , Gao Qingsheng , Zhang Yahong , Gao Jing , Sun Xuhui , Tang Yi
Published: January 2011

A novel chemical oxidative polymerization approach has been proposed for the controllable preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid MoOx/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites based on the nanowire precursor of Mo3O10(C6H8N)2⋅2 H2O with sub‐nanometer periodic structures. The nanotubes, nanowires, and rambutan‐like nanoparticles of MoOx/PANI were successfully obtained through simply modulating the pH values to 2.5–3.5, ≈2.0 and ≈1.0, respectively. Through systematic physicochemical characterization, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and so forth, the composition and structure of MoOx/PANI hybrid nanocomposites are well confirmed. It is found that the nanowire morphology of the precursor is the key to achieve the one‐dimensional (1D) structures of final products. A new polymerization–dissolution mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of such products with different morphologies, in which the match between polymerization and dissolution processes of the precursor plays the important role. This approach will find a new way to controllably prepare various organic–inorganic hybrid 1D nanomaterials especially for polymer–hybrid nanostructures.
Blue/Red Linear Dichroic Emission from a Highly Anisotropic Crystal of Triarylmethane Dye Conjugated with Phenoxo‐Zinc Complexes
Authors: Houjou Hirohiko , Takezawa Shunpei , Oyamada Issei , Matsumura Kazunari , Seino Hidetake , Yoshikawa Isao , Mizobe Yasushi , Araki Koji
Published: January 2011

We have developed a novel triphenylmethane‐based hexanuclear zinc complex that exhibits peculiar photochemical and photophysical properties. Upon UV irradiation, the compound turned from colorless to reddish purple, while the color of emission turned from blue to red. The color change was attributed to an oxidation of the ligand part. It was suggested that an intramolecular energy‐transfer mechanism operates to give rise to the red emission. The UV treatment of a single crystal results in simultaneous emission of orthogonally polarized blue and red light. This color switching, namely linear dichroic emission was so distinct that one can recognize with by sight through optical microscope. The columnar arrangement of molecules in the crystal clearly accounts for the observed polarization of the emission.
ChemInform Abstract: Ca9Lu (PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+: A Potential Single‐Phased White‐Light‐Emitting Phosphor Suitable for White‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Guo Ning , Huang Yeju , You Hongpeng , Yang Mei , Song Yanhua , Liu Kai , Zheng Yuhua
Published: January 2011

The novel title phosphor is prepared by solid‐state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of CaCO3, Lu2O3, NH4H2PO4 and Eu2O3 and MnCO3 (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Carbon Coating of LiFePO4 as High Rate Electrode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Oh Sung Woo , Myung Seung‐Taek , Oh Seung‐Min , Oh Kyu Hwan , Amine Khalil , Scrosati Bruno , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: January 2011

Micrometer‐size LiFePO4 spheres with homogeneous double carbon coating layers are prepared as potential electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous LiFePO4/C Nanocomposite Cathode Materials for High Power Lithium Ion Batteries with Superior Performance.
Authors: Wang Guoxiu , Liu Hao , Liu Jian , Qiao Shizhang , Lu Gaoqing Max , Munroe Paul , Ahn Hyojun
Published: January 2011

Hexagonally ordered mesoporous LiFePO4/C nanocomposites, in which LiFePO4 nanoparticles are embedded in conductive and interconnected carbon networks are synthesized from aqueous solutions of LiOAc, Fe(OAc)2, and NH4H2PO4 in the presence of mesoporous carbons as templates (Ar, 350 °C) followed by sintering at 700 °C for 10 h in a H2/Ar gas mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Optical, and Catalytic Properties of Novel Hexagonal Metastable h‐MoO3 Nano‐ and Microrods Synthesized with Modified Liquid‐Phase Processes.
Authors: Wang Hanfu , et al. et al.
Published: January 2011

The title nano‐ and microrods are synthesized by addition of HNO3 (nanorods) or H2SO4 (microrods) to solutions of (NH4)6Mo7O24 followed by supersonication for 50 min or heating at 60—100 °C for 20 min.
ChemInform Abstract: Gadolinium—Europium Carbonate Particles: Controlled Precipitation for Luminescent Biolabeling.
Authors: Lechevallier Severine , Lecante Pierre , Mauricot Robert , Dexpert Herve , Dexpert‐Ghys Jeannette , Kong Hoi‐Kuan , Law Ga‐Lai , Wong Ka‐Leung
Published: January 2011

The formation of the title particles by urea‐assisted precipitation from nitrate precursors in water at temperatures above 60 °C is monitored by TEM, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and IR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlling Transformations in the Assembly of Polyoxometalate Clusters: {Mo11V7}, {Mo17V8} and {Mo72V30}.
Authors: Miras Haralampos N. , Ochoa M. Nieves Corella , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy
Published: January 2011

(NH4)10 [Mo11VV5VIV2 O52(SO3) (Mo6VVO22)]·14H2O (I) is synthesized by reaction of (NH4)6Mo7O24, NH4VO3, and (NH4)2SO3 in aqueous HCl solution (pH 2—4, 25 °C, 7 d, 56% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Iron(III)‐Based Phosphates: Na4NiFe(PO4)3 and Na2Ni2Fe(PO4)3.
Authors: Essehli Rachid , El Bali Brahim , Benmokhtar Said , Bouziane Khalid , Manoun Bouchaib , Abdalslam Mouner Ahmed , Ehrenberg Helmut
Published: January 2011

Crystals of Na4NiFe(PO4)3 (I) and Na2Ni2Fe(PO4)3 (II) are prepared from appropriate mixtures of Fe(NO3)3, Ni(NO3)2, (NH4)2HPO4, Na2CO3, and MoO3 (Pt crucible, 1150 °C, 15 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Direct Henry Reaction of Ynals: Short Syntheses of (2S,3R)‐(+)‐Xestoaminol C and (‐)‐Codonopsinines.
Authors: Uraguchi Daisuke , Nakamura Shinji , Ooi Takashi
Published: January 2011

The first efficient, highly anti‐diastereo‐ and enantioselective direct nitro‐aldol reaction of ynals (II), (XII) with simple nitroalkanes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: α,α′‐Dihydroxyketone Formation Using Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Aldehydes with Evolved Transketolase Enzymes.
Authors: Galman James L. , Steadman David , Bacon Sarah , Morris Phattaraporn , Smith Mark E. B. , Ward John M. , Dalby Paul A. , Hailes Helen C.
Published: January 2011

Several transketolase mutants, e.g. F434A, are tested as biocatalyst in the reaction of aldehydes with hydroxypyruvate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Heck‐Type Reactions of Alkyl Iodides.
Authors: Bloome Kayla S. , Alexanian Erik J.
Published: January 2011

Palladium‐catalyzed Heck‐type carbonylative cyclization is achieved for a variety of tethered alkenyl iodides to give cyclic enones in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Separation Catalyst System: Direct Diastereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by an Air‐Stable Lewis Acid/Basic Bifunctional Organobismuth Complex in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Qiu Renhua , Qiu Yimiao , Yin Shuangfeng , Song Xingxing , Meng Zhengong , Xu Xinhua , Zhang Xiaowen , Luo Shenglian , Au Chak‐Tong , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: January 2011

The catalytic process is based on a facile separation approach and furnishes α,β‐ unsaturated ketones through cross‐condensation of aldehydes and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unprotected β‐Enamine Esters.
Authors: Hou Guohua , Li Wei , Ma Miaofeng , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhang Xumu
Published: January 2011

Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of aromatic N‐unprotected β‐enamino esters is achieved in the presence of a novel Ir—binaphane catalyst to give the corresponding β‐aminocarboxylic esters (II) in up to 97% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Centers via Hydroformylation.
Authors: Sun X. , Frimpong K. , Tan K. L.
Published: January 2011

The choice of the catalyst, which serves also as a directing group, is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dichlorobis(1,4‐dimesityl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene)palladium [PdCl2(TMes)2] and Its Application to Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Nakamura Tatsuhito , Ogata Kenichi , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi
Published: January 2011

Novel catalyst containing an abnormal NHC ligand shows high activity in the Suzuki—Miyaura as well as Mizoroki—Heck reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition of Hypobromous Acid to 1‐Phenylcycloalkenes.
Authors: Ceylan M. , Findik E. , Sahin E. , Kazaz C.
Published: January 2011

Addition of HOBr, generated in situ by hydrolysis of NBS in DMSO to the title compounds, affords the corresponding 3‐bromo‐2‐phenylcycloalkens as major products.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Formyl‐1,4,5,8‐tetramethoxynaphthalene.
Authors: Wang Rubing , Zheng Xiaogang , Zhou Wen , Peng Ying , Zhu Mengyuan , Li Shaoshun
Published: January 2011

An improved synthesis of title compound (VIII), a key intermediate in the preparation of shikonin, is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Unsubstituted β‐Lactams from N‐Alkoxyphenyl‐β‐lactams with Cobalt(III) Fluoride.
Authors: Zarei Maaroof , Jarrahpour Aliasghar
Published: January 2011

The use of CoF3 as cheaper alternative for CAN is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Remarkable [3 + 2] Annulations of Electron‐Rich Olefins with Unstabilized Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Davoren Jennifer E. , Gray David L. , Harris Anthony R. , Nason Deane M. , Xu Wenjian
Published: January 2011

An unstabilized azomethine ylide, generated in situ from trimethylamine N‐oxide, undergoes 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with electron‐rich olefins to give cis N‐methylpyrrolidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Indole from 2‐Aminobenzaldehyde Through [1,2]‐Aryl Shift.
Authors: Levesque Patrick , Fournier Pierre‐Andre
Published: January 2011

A simple, mild, and efficient method to prepare 3‐ethoxycarbonylindoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: InCl3‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction: A Novel Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[3,2‐b]chromenediones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy M. Ramana , Narasimhulu G. , Yadav J. S.
Published: January 2011

The method renders possible an easy access to kojic acid derivatives in good yields within a short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Tandem Michael Addition—Hemiacetalization: A Route to Chiral Dihydrocoumarins, Chromans, and 4H‐Chromenes.
Authors: Lu Dengfu , Li Yajun , Gong Yuefa
Published: January 2011

The prolines efficiently promote the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Zwitterionic Salts via Three‐Component Reactions of Pyridacylpyridinium Iodide, Aromatic Aldehydes, and Meldrum Acid or N,N‐Dimethylbarbituric Acid.
Authors: Han Ying , Chen Jiao , Hui Li , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: January 2011

The multicomponent reaction is performed with 2‐, 3‐, or 4‐pyridacyl iodides (I), (V), or (VIII) using Et3N as promoter (29 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Intramolecular Aromatic C—H Alkenylation of Arenes with Nonactivated Ketones: Synthesis of 4‐Alkylene Quinolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Wang Yeming , Li Wei‐Qi , Che Guangbo , Bi Xihe , Liao Peiqiu , Zhang Qian , Liu Qun
Published: January 2011

The title reaction affords potential antiviral 4‐alkylene quinolinones (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Catalysis with Metal and Secondary Amine: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Quinolines via Addition/Cycloisomerization Cascade.
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Raut Vivek S.
Published: January 2011

The CuI/pyrrolidine‐catalyzed reaction of 2‐aminobenzaldehydes with terminal alkynes allows an efficient access to various 2‐substituted quinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Addition Reactions at C‐2 of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidinones. Synthesis and Evaluation of Multifunctionalized Tetrahydropyrimidines.
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Arora Divya , Balzarini Jan
Published: January 2011

Multifunctional tetrahydropyrimidines are prepared from Biginelli 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐thiones via desulfuration followed by addition of C‐nucleophiles to C2, activated by simultaneous N‐carboxylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Syntheses of Trisubstituted Olefins via Platinum Catalysis: α‐Silylenones with Geometrical Complementarity.
Authors: Rooke Douglas A. , Ferreira Eric M.
Published: January 2011

Two complementary methods are developed to prepare α‐(Z)‐ and α‐(E)‐silylenones via alkyne activation of α‐hydroxypropargylsilanes and hydrosilylation of the ynones, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Ethyl 2‐Cyano‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetate (Oxyma): An Efficient and Convenient Additive Used with Tetramethylfluoroformamidinium Hexafluorophosphate (TFFH) to Replace 1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and 1‐Hydroxy‐7‐azabenzotriazole (HOAt) During Peptide Synthesis.
Authors: Khattab Sherine N.
Published: January 2011

High coupling yields and a racemization depression are observed using a combination of Oxyma and TFFH in solution‐ and solid‐phase peptide synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid from Senecio vulgaris.
Authors: Xie Wei‐Dong , Li Xia , Row Kyung Ho
Published: January 2011

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxins.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of Okaramine M.
Authors: Iizuka Toshimasa , Takiguchi Satoshi , Kumakura Yuh‐suke , Tsukioka Naoki , Higuchi Kazuhiro , Kawasaki Tomomi
Published: January 2011

Total synthesis of the proposed structure (I) reveals significant differences between the natural and the synthetic material.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies on the Natural Multidrug Resistance Modulator, Irciniasulfonic Acid B (VIII)
Authors: Emura Chisato , Higuchi Ryuichi , Miyamoto Tomofumi
Published: January 2011

utilizing a cross metathesis and a HWE olefination as the key steps
ChemInform Abstract: Fe‐O‐Sn (Iron‐Oxygen‐Tin)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: January 2011

Review: binary and ternary phase diagrams; 6 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Al‐Fe‐Ni‐O (Aluminum‐Iron‐Nickel‐Oxygen)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: January 2011

Review: Al2O3‐FeO‐Fe2O3‐NiO region of the quaternary phase diagram; 5 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multi‐Component Reactions Involving Group 6 Fischer Carbene Complexes: A Source of Inspiration for Future Catalytic Transformations
Authors: Fernandez‐Rodriguez Manuel Angel , Garcia‐Garcia Patricia , Aguilar Enrique
Published: January 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of the Catalytic Synthesis of Compounds of the Quinoline Series (The N. S. Kozlov Reaction)
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Gusak K. N. , Kadutskii A. P.
Published: January 2011

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Applications of α‐Amido Sulfones as in situ Equivalents of Activated Imines for Asymmetric Catalytic Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
Authors: Yin Biaolin , Zhang Yuanxiu , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: January 2011

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applications of 2‐Aminopyrimidine Derivatives as Key Intermediates in Chemical Synthesis of Biomolecules
Authors: Koroleva E. V. , Gusak K. N. , Ignatovich Zh. V.
Published: January 2011

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quinquevalent Phosphorus Acids
Authors: Balczewski Piotr , Bodzioch Agnieszka
Published: January 2011

Review: 152 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Diketo Building Blocks for MCRs‐Based Syntheses of Heterocycles
Authors: Duque Maria del Mar Sanchez , Allais Christophe , Isambert Nicolas , Constantieux Thierry , Rodriguez Jean
Published: January 2011

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Iron‐Fortified Adhesive System of Marine Mussels
Authors: Wilker Jonathan J.
Published: January 2011

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Modular Assembly of Clusters Is the Natural Synthetic Strategy for the Active Site of [FeFe] Hydrogenase
Authors: Bethel Ryan D. , Singleton Michael L. , Darensbourg Marcetta Y.
Published: January 2011

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Chemistry at the Interface of Complex Bioactive Natural Product and Chemical Biology
Authors: Kanoh Naoki
Published: January 2011

Review: 54 refs.
Polymer‐based Spherical Activated Carbons – From Adsorptive Properties to Filter Performance
Authors: Böhringer Bertram , Guerra Gonzalez Omar , Eckle Ilsebill , Müller Marco , Giebelhausen Jann‐Michael , Schrage Christian , Fichtner Sven
Published: January 2011

Polymer‐based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC), produced by means of carbonization and subsequent activation of a polymeric precursor in a batch process represent adsorbents with adjustable pore size distribution and adsorption characteristics. This flexibility results from batch operation and from the possibility to combine different activation media, therefore controlling the mechanisms of pore generation. The geometry and the mechanical properties of PBSAC allow for structuring of filter media e.g., for adsorbent enlargement or fixation. Other intrinsic product properties such as roundness, high crush strength and high abrasion resistance of PBSAC offer advantages in various adsorption applications.
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling is disrupted in theextra‐toes(Gli3Xt/Xt) mutant from early stages of forebrain development, concomitant with anterior neural plate patterning defects
Authors: Fotaki Vassiliki , Price David J. , Mason John O.
Published: January 2011

The zinc finger transcription factor Gli3 is essential for normal development of the forebrain. Mutant mice with no functional Gli3 (extra‐toes,Gli3Xt/Xtmutants) display a massive reduction in the size of the telencephalic lobes and absence of dorsomedial telencephalic structures, including the cortical hem, which normally expresses a number of Wnt molecules essential for patterning the hippocampus. Dorsomedial telencephalic Wnt activity, transduced through the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, is also required for hippocampal specification and dorsoventral telencephalic patterning. Wnts whose normal expression is restricted to the cortical hem are completely absent inGli3Xt/Xtembryos, but some expression of those Wnts with a broader expression domain persists, raising the possibility that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling may still be active in this mutant. We examined whether theWntexpression that persists in theGli3Xt/Xtmutant neocortex activates Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, using the BAT‐gal transgenic reporter. We found Wnt/β‐catenin signaling consistently decreased in the forebrains ofGli3Xt/Xtmutants, even prior to the formation of the cortical hem. This is accompanied by a severe reduction in expression ofWnt7bandWnt8bat the lateral edges of the anterior neural plate that will give rise to the pallium. In addition, we found a significant increase in the expression of rostroventral markers of the anterior neural plate that will give rise to the basal forebrain. Our data reveal that Gli3 is required at the neural plate stage to regulateWntexpression and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the presumptive forebrain and confirm its previously proposed role in patterning the anterior neural plate. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1640–1657, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Stereotyped axonal arbors of retinal ganglion cell subsets in the mouse superior colliculus
Authors: Hong Y. Kate , Kim In‐Jung , Sanes Joshua R.
Published: January 2011

Mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) have been classified into around 20 subtypes based on the shape, size, and laminar position of their dendritic arbors. In most cases tested, RGC subtypes classified in this manner also have distinct functional signatures. Here we asked whether RGC subtypes defined by dendritic morphology have stereotyped axonal arbors in their main central target, the superior colliculus (SC). We used transgenic and viral methods to sparsely label RGCs and characterized both dendritic and axonal arbors of individual RGCs. Axon arbors varied in size, shape, and laminar position. For each of 12 subtypes defined dendritically, however, axonal arbors in the contralateral SC showed considerable stereotypy. We found no systematic relationship between the laminar position of an RGC's dendrites within the inner plexiform layer and that of its axon within the retinorecipient zone of the SC, suggesting that distinct developmental mechanisms specify dendritic and axonal laminar positions. We did, however, note a significant correlation between the dendritic field sizes of RGCs and the laminar position of their axon arbors: RGCs with larger dendritic areas, and hence larger receptive fields, projected to deeper strata within the SC. Finally, combining these new results with previous physiological analyses, we find that RGC subtypes that share similar functional properties, such as directional selectivity, project to similar depths within the SC. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1691–1711, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression pattern of cadherins in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) suggests innate cortical diversification of the cerebrum
Authors: Matsunaga Eiji , Nambu Sanae , Iriki Atsushi , Okanoya Kazuo
Published: January 2011

The cerebral cortex is an indispensable region for higher cognitive function that is remarkably diverse among mammalian species. Although previous research has shown that the cortical area map in the mammalian cerebral cortex is formed by innate and activity‐dependent mechanisms, it remains unknown how these mechanisms contribute to the evolution and diversification of the functional cortical areas in various species. The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a subterranean, eusocial rodent. Physiological and anatomical studies have revealed that the visual system is regressed and the somatosensory system is enlarged. To examine whether species differences in cortical area development are caused by intrinsic factors or environmental factors, we performed comparative gene expression analysis of neonatal naked mole rat and mouse brains. The expression domain of cadherin‐6, a somatosensory marker, was expanded caudally and shifted dorsally in the cortex, whereas the expression domain of cadherin‐8, a visual marker, was reduced caudally in the neonatal naked mole rat cortex. The expression domain of cadherin‐8 was also reduced in other visual areas, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. Immunohistochemical analysis of thalamocortical fibers further suggested that somatosensory input did not affect cortical gene expression in the neonatal naked mole rat brain. These results suggest that the development of the somatosensory system and the regression of the visual system in the naked mole rat cortex are due to intrinsic genetic mechanisms as well as sensory input‐dependent mechanisms. Intrinsic genetic mechanisms thus appear to contribute to species diversity in cortical area formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1736‐1747, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Hairy/enhancer of split genes in neural progenitors and neurogenesis domains of the adult zebrafish brain
Authors: Chapouton Prisca , Webb Katharine J. , Stigloher Christian , Alunni Alessandro , Adolf Birgit , Hesl Birgit , Topp Stefanie , Kremmer Elisabeth , Bally‐Cuif Laure
Published: January 2011

All subdivisions of the adult zebrafish brain maintain niches of constitutive neurogenesis, sustained by quiescent and multipotent progenitor populations. In the telencephalon, the latter potential neural stem cells take the shape of radial glia aligned along the ventricle and are controlled by Notch signalling. With the aim of identifying new markers of this cell type and of comparing the effectors of embryonic and adult neurogenesis, we focused on the family of hairy/enhancer of split [E(spl)] genes. We report the expression of seven hairy/E(spl) (her) genes and the new helt gene in three neurogenic areas of the adult zebrafish brain (telencephalon, hypothalamus, and midbrain) in relation to radial glia, proliferation, and neurogenesis. We show that the expression of most her genes in the adult brain characterizes quiescent radial glia, whereas only few are expressed in progenitor domains engaged in active proliferation or neurogenesis. The low proliferation status of most her‐positive progenitors contrasts with the embryonic nervous system, in which her genes are expressed in actively dividing progenitors. Likewise, we demonstrate largely overlapping expression domains of a set of her genes in the adult brain, which is in striking contrast to their distinct embryonic expression profiles. Overall, our data provide a consolidated map of her expression, quiescent glia, proliferation, and neurogenesis in these various subdivisions of the adult brain and suggest distinct regulation and function of Her factors in the embryonic and adult contexts. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1748–1769, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpretation of cellular proliferation data: Avoid the panglossian
Authors: Roederer Mario
Published: January 2011

There are several statistics that may be calculated to characterize a cellular proliferation experiment. By far, the most commonly‐reported statistic is the percent of cells in the final culture that have divided; however, this statistic has significant limitations. Other statistics provided by software modeling provide a much richer characterization of the biological response; however, their use also comes with caveats. Here, I discuss the practical application of these statistics, including their limitations and interdependencies, using hypothetical data. The goal of this perspective is to prevent the blind reliance or overly optimistic (“panglossian”) interpretation of the statistics generated by software, so that researchers and reviewers have a more‐informed basis for drawing conclusions from the data. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A smart exponential‐threshold‐linear backoff mechanism for IEEE 802.11 WLANs
Authors: Ke Chih‐Heng , Wei Chih‐Cheng , Lin Kawuu W. , Ding Jen‐Wen
Published: January 2011

Based on the standardized IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol, this paper proposes a new backoff mechanism, called Smart Exponential‐Threshold‐Linear (SETL) Backoff Mechanism, to enhance the system performance of contention‐based wireless networks. In the IEEE 802.11 DCF scheme, the smaller contention window (CW) will increase the collision probability, but the larger CW will delay the transmission. Hence, in the proposed SETL scheme, a threshold is set to determine the behavior of CW after each transmission. When the CW is smaller than the threshold, the CW of a competing station is exponentially adjusted to lower collision probability. Conversely, if the CW is larger than the threshold, the CW size is tuned linearly to prevent large transmission delay. Through extensive simulations, the results show that the proposed SETL scheme provides a better system throughput and lower collision rate in both light and heavy network loads than the related backoff algorithm schemes, including Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB), Exponential Increase Exponential Decrease (EIED) and Linear Increase Linear Decrease (LILD). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic‐aware downlink power allocation in multiuser OFDM system
Authors: Rong Bo , Hu Rose Qingyang , Li Wei , Qian Yi
Published: January 2011

Multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a promising technology to achieve high uplink/downlink (DL) capacities in the next generation broadband wireless networks such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access). In this paper, we investigate the DL adaptive power allocation (APA) in multiuser OFDM system from the perspective of cross‐layer design. Specifically, we formulate APA as an optimization problem with the traffic profile of each user asit a priori knowledge. To solve the optimization problem, we develop a fairness‐constrained optimal prioritized effective throughput (PET) strategy and the corresponding iterative algorithms, aiming at balancing the prioritized effective throughput and the linear or logarithmic user satisfaction‐based fairness. Simulation results show that our proposed APA optimization approach can achieve satisfying performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generic substitution for immunosuppressive drugs
Authors: Helderman J. Harold
Published: January 2011

The advent of generic alternatives for transplant immunosuppressant drugs has engendered concern and discussion. The process by which the food and drug administration (FDA) approves generic substitutes is reviewed. A category of medicines deﬁned as narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drugs is deﬁned with evidence that many (but not all) of the commonly used transplant medications fall into this category. It is demonstrated that the current FDA standards are inadequate to vet NTI agents. Outcomes data are presented that show generic switching for NTI drugs can be successfully accomplished with careful blood level monitoring, but clinical and ﬁnancial negative consequences can ﬂow from unregulated switching. Recommendations are made for provider use of generic immunsuppressants, for recipient education and response to switching, and for pharmacy shandling of generic alternatives.
Immune complex enhances tolerogenecity of immature dendritic cells via FcγRIIb and promotes FcγRIIb‐overexpressing dendritic cells to attenuate lupus
Authors: Zhang Yan , Liu Shuxun , Yu Yizhi , Zhang Ting , Liu Juan , Shen Qian , Cao Xuetao
Published: January 2011

A balance of inhibitory and activating signals determines the function of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune response, which may be regulatory or stimulatory. Defects of inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which high levels of circulating immune complexes (IC) exist. Our previous study showed that IC/Ig can suppress TLR4‐triggered inflammatory responses in macrophages via FcγRIIb. This led us to question whether IC/Ig can polarize FcγRIIb‐overexpressing DCs (DC‐FcγRIIb) to be tolerogenic, thus attenuating lupus progression once infused in vivo. First, we found that IC/Ig markedly inhibited LPS‐ or CpG‐induced DC maturation, enhanced tolerogenicity of DCs via FcγRIIb, and induced massive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion from DCs, both contributing to T‐cell hyporesponsiveness. Endogenous Ig and lupus‐derived IC also exhibited the same effect. DC‐FcγRIIb, transfected with recombinant adenovirus encoding FcγRIIb, displayed enhanced tolerogenic function and produced more PGE2 in the presence of IC, thus further inhibiting T‐cell responses. Importantly, in vivo infusion with DC‐FcγRIIb significantly reduced kidney damage and prolonged the survival of lupus‐prone MRL/lpr mice either before or after the onset of clinic lupus. Therefore, administration of DC‐FcγRIIb may be a new approach to attenuate lupus progression.
Mechanistic Insights into the Palladium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Phosphination of Cyclohexenyl Triflate
Authors: Julienne Delphine , Delacroix Olivier , Lohier Jean‐François , de Oliveira‐Santos Jana Sopkova , Gaumont Annie‐Claude
Published: January 2011

Preliminary results on the mechanism of the asymmetricphosphination involving an achiral alkenyl triflate (cyclohexenyl triflate) and a secondary phosphane–borane, (methyl)phenylphosphane–borane (1) are reported. A catalytic cycle is proposed based on the variable‐temperature 31P NMR characterization of the individual steps (oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination). Each likely intermediate involved in this asymmetric C–P coupling reaction has been identified and characterized. Hence, cationic oxidative addition complex 3 has been readily synthesized and engaged in the stoichiometric reaction with highly enantio‐enriched secondary phosphane–borane (SP)‐1 enabling to isolate the corresponding diastereomerically pure transmetallation adduct (S,S,RP)‐5. Its structure has been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Its decomposition by reductive elimination affords the highly enantio‐enriched coupling product (SP)‐2. This study also provides information on the origin of the enantioselectivity.