bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation of Anterior Instability of the Knee
Authors: Blackburn Turner A. “Tab”
Published: August 2016

Rehabilitation procedures for anterior instabilities of the knee were compiled in 1984. Since then these procedures have changed drastically. Immediate weight-bearing, immediate range of motion into full extension, and post-op Day 1 quadricep exercise are only three of the changes that streamline this rehabilitation process. Many of the biomechanical and healing restraints are still the same. But it appears that the human body heals much faster than the animal models used to predict successful treatment of anterior instabilities of the knee. As always, the pendulum swings and puts different emphasis on rehab ideas and techniques that were not used a few years ago. The present paper reflects the latest in this rehabilitation process.
Sports Rehabilitation in the '90s: Who's Who?
Authors: Godek Joseph J.
Published: August 2016

The key players in sports health care in the '90s will be physicians, athletic trainers, and physical therapists. The social and economic forces affecting our health care delivery system today must be considered by these professions as they assume their roles in sports health care. Athletic trainers are qualified to treat athletes in any setting but are best used in the traditional environment. Physical therapists should reemphasize the rehabilitation of the sick, infirm, and disabled and should take the lead in providing care for disabled athletes. Physicians must be the leaders in sports health care. They are best prepared to arbitrate the ongoing conflict between athletic trainers and physical therapists and to decide which of these professionals can treat recreational athletes.
The Effects of Low-Volt, Microamperage Stimulation on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Authors: Denegar Craig R. , Yoho Andrew P. , Borowicz Alex J. , Bifulco Nancy
Published: August 2016

The efficacy of low-volt, microamperage stimulation (LVMAS) in the treatment of wounds and fractures has been demonstrated. Although these devices are also commonly used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, the efficacy of this practice has not been demonstrated. In this study, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) served as a model for musculoskeletal injury to compare daily treatment with LVMAS and static stretching to a placebo treatment and static stretching. DOMS was induced in the elbow flexor muscle group in 16 subjects, who were evaluated for pain, elbow flexor muscle group strength, and elbow extension range of motion. These data were collected before the eccentric exercise bout, before and after treatment 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following the exercise bout, and again 196 hours after the exercise bout. No significant differences were found between LVMAS and placebo treatments on any of the variables across the duration of the study, but the LVMAS did provide a transient analgesic effect 24 and 48 hours following the eccentric exercise.
Techniques of Manual Therapy for the Knee
Authors: Prentice William E.
Published: August 2016

Various techniques of manual therapy are available to the sports therapist supervising a rehabilitation program. Joint mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques can be effectively used in rehabilitation of the injured knee for achieving normal joint range of motion and for strengthening the weak components of a movement pattern. Joint mobilization is used to restore normal accessory motion to the joint. The PNF strengthening techniques are used for improving normal physiological motion. These manual therapy techniques allow the sports therapist to concentrate on the rotational component of motion at the knee joint, which is often neglected in rehabilitation programs.
Subcutaneous Hemorrhage in a Patient on Coumadin: An lsokinetic Exercise Complication
Authors: Richter Kenneth J.
Published: August 2016

A 57-year-old patient who was on Coumadin was placed on a very vigorous sports medicine rehabilitation program for a left hemiparesis. His prothrombin was stable at 16 seconds with a control of 12.4 seconds. After doing knee flexion and extension exercises on an isokinetic machine, he developed an extensive posterior thigh ecchymosis. Rehabilitation clinicians need to be aware of the possibility of such a complication in an anticoagulated patient.
Distance Based Criteria Interval Throwing Program
Authors: Axe Michael J. , Konin Jeff
Published: August 2016

The decision of how to progress a baseball player through a throwing program following an injury has been a difficult one for the sports medicine population to address. Numerous programs have been suggested to allow a player a gradual return to competitive throwing. These programs are primarily based on previous experience of the clinician designing the program, simply because this may be the only objective material that can be used to determine parameters of a program of such diverse individualism. This paper identifies those components that play a critical role in the designing of any interval throwing program and outlines a program based on position and distance specific phases.
Isotonic Contractions Might Be More Effective than Isokinetic Contractions in Developing Muscle Strength
Authors: Knight Kenneth L , Ingersoll Christopher D , Bartholomew John
Published: August 2016

Problem:

Isokinetic contractions are thought to be superior to isotonic contractions for developing strength because resistance during them is greater. Because isokinetic resistance is accommodating, however, it decreases with fatigue. It is constant during multiple repetitions, so an aggressive isotonic procedure should produce more force as the muscle fatigues, which would be an advantage in strength development.

Purpose:

To compare force production in isokinetic and isotonic muscle contractions at the beginning and end of a set of fatiguing repetitions.

Methods:

Subjects performed 25 maximal-effort isokinetic knee extensions at 60°/s. After 25–72 hours, they performed maximal repetitions isotonically using 70% of the isokinetic peak torque with speed set at a maximum of 300°/s.

Results:

Peak force during the first 3 repetitions was greater isokinetically, but average force was similar. During the last 3 repetitions, isotonic force was higher than isokinetic force.

Conclusion:

Muscle is more active as it nears fatigue during an isotonic contraction. These data support the hypothesis that isotonic contractions recruit extra motor units at the point of fatigue.
Stretching Techniques to Improve Flexibility in Special Olympics Athletes and Their Coaches
Authors: Stopka Christine , Morley Kevin , Siders Ronald , Schuette Josh , Houck Ashley , Gilmet Yul
Published: August 2016

Objective/Context:

To examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching in Special Olympics athletes and their coaches on sit-and-reach performance.

Design/Participants:

Repeated-measures ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc analyses on 2 groups: Special Olympics athletes (n = 18, mean age = 15.7) and their coaches without mental retardation (n = 44, mean age = 22.2).

Intervention/Outcome Measures:

Stretching performance was measured in centimeters using a sit-and-reach flexibility box, examining 2 series of 3 stretches. For both groups, the first set of 3 stretches was performed in the following order: baseline, static, PNF. Three to 4 weeks later, the order of the stretches was reversed: baseline, PNF, static.

Results:

PNF stretching improved performance regardless of stretching order after baseline and static measures. Static stretching improved performance only from baseline.

Conclusions:

Individuals of various ages and cognitive abilities can apparently perform and benefit from PNF stretching.
Effects of Vicoprofen® and Ibuprofen on Anaerobic Performance after Muscle Damage
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Gómez Ana L. , Ratamess Nicholas A. , Hoffman Jay R. , Volek Jeff S. , Rubin Martyn R. , Scheett Timothy P. , McGuigan Michael R. , French Duncan , VanHeest Jaci L. , Wickham Robbin B. , Doan Brandon , Mazzetti Scott A. , Newton Robert U. , Maresh Carl M.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the effects of Vicoprofen®, ibuprofen, and placebo on anaerobic performance and pain relief after resistance-exercise-induced muscle damage.

De-sign:

Randomized, controlled clinical study.

Setting:

University human-performance/sports-medicine laboratory.

Participants:

36 healthy men.

Methods and Measures:

After baseline testing (72 h), participants performed an eccentric-exercise protocol. Each was evaluated for pain 24 h later and randomly assigned to a Vicoprofen (VIC), ibuprofen (IBU), or placebo (P) group. Postexercise testing was performed every 24 h for 4 d.

Results:

Significantly greater muscle force, power, and total work were observed in VIC than in P (P < .05) for most time points and for IBU at 48 h.

Conclusions:

Anaerobic performance is enhanced with VIC, especially within the first 24 h after significant muscle-tissue damage. The greater performances observed at 48 h might be a result of less damage at this time point with VIC treatment.
Lower Leg Girth and Ankle Plantar-Flexor Endurance after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ross Michael D. , Hooten Shelly , Moore Darren
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the relationship between asymmetries in lower leg girth and standing heel-rise after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Design:

Single-group posttest.

Participants:

15 at a mean of 30 d after ACL reconstruction.

Measurements:

Lower leg girth and number of repetitions performed on the standing heel-rise test.

Results:

A significant decrease in lower leg girth and number of repetitions performed on the standing heel-rise test for the involved leg. There was also a low correlation between asymmetries in lower leg girth and standing heel-rise test (r= .25).

Conclusion:

Ankle plantar-flexor endurance should be considered when developing rehabilitation programs for the early stages after ACL reconstruction. In this study the ankle of the involved leg attained a significantly smaller angle of maximal standing plantar flexion, suggesting that ankle range of motion should also be assessed. Caution should be used in predicting standing heel-rise asymmetries from asymmetries in lower leg girth in ACL-reconstructed patients.
Ultrasound Treatment and Recovery from Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Authors: Tiidus Peter M. , Cort Joel , Woodruff Sarah J. , Bryden Pamela
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To evaluate ultrasound’s effectiveness after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage.

Participants:

22 subjects.

Intervention:

Random assignment to ultrasound (UT) or placebo (PT). Ultrasound was applied immediately and 24, 48, and 72 h after 50 maximum eccentric contractions of the biceps.

Outcome Measures:

Concentric and eccentric peak torques, resting elbow angle, and subjective muscle soreness were measured before and 24, 48, 72, and 96 h afterward.

Results:

No significant differences between UT and PT for biceps concentric or eccentric peak torque were noted. Both groups exhibited significant (P < .01) depression in eccentric and concentric peak torques with a slow return toward preexercise values over 96 h. Resting elbow angles for both groups were significantly lower than preexercise values up to 96 h (P < .01). Muscle soreness increased significantly (P < .05) at 24 and 48 h and returned to preexercise levels by 96 h.

Conclusions:

Daily ultrasound did not influence recovery after eccentric-exercise-induced muscle damage.
The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Blank Chris
Published: August 2016

Context:

Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.

Objective:

To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.

Design:

Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.

Setting:

Athletic training laboratory.

Intervention:

Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.

Subjects:

10 healthy men.

Main Outcome Measure:

Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.

Results:

Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.

Conclusions:

Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.
The Clinical Effects of Cold Application on the Production of Electrically Induced Involuntary Muscle Contractions
Authors: Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Carroll Clayton , Gratias Kristen , Straley Doug
Published: August 2016

Context:

Rehabilitation.

Objective:

To determine the effects of a 20-min ice treatment on pain tolerance and peak torque.

Design:

A 2 × 2 × 6 factorial with repeated measures on 1 factor.

Setting:

Outpatient rehabilitation clinic.

Participants:

20 men and 15 women.

Intervention:

The participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (ice bag) or control (no ice bag) group.

Main Outcome Measures:

Peak electrical-stimulation output intensity (ESOI) was recorded in mV, and isokinetic peak torque (IPT), in N · m, every 4 min for 20 min.

Results:

ESOI and IPT increased over time. ESOI for the experimental condition was greater than for the control and within the experimental condition at 12, 16, and 20 min. No other differences were found for the IPT measures. There were no differences for ESOI and IPT between genders.

Conclusions:

Cryotherapy enables patients to tolerate greater output intensities but does not result in increased peak torque
Forefoot Pain in a Female College Soccer Player
Authors: Evans Todd A. , Domorski Sharon N. , Sebastianelli Wayne J. , Putukian Margot , Hertel Jay N.
Published: August 2016

Idiopathic forefoot pain, often termed metatarsalgia, is a common complaint among running athletes. Whereas several causes are often included in the differential diagnosis, Freiberg’s infraction is rarely considered. The signs and symptoms present with Freiberg’s infraction however, can mimic those present with more common forefoot injuries. The article presents the case of a female Division-I college soccer player who developed and was successfully treated for bilateral Freiberg’s infraction. Her initial complaint of unilateral forefoot pain, induced only by vigorous running, progressed to intolerable bilateral forefoot pain with light exercise. Conservative treatment was unsuccessful, and therefore surgery was required to enable her continued athletic participation. As with all weight-bearing joints, clinicians need to be aware of the potential for progressive degenerative changes at the metatarsal heads and the steps used in the evaluation and subsequent treatment of Freiberg’s infraction
Relationship Between a Modified Thomas Test and Leg Range of Motion in Australian-Rules Football Kicking
Authors: Young Warren , Clothier Peter , Otago Leonie , Bruce Lyndell , Liddell David
Published: August 2016

Context:

Flexibility tests are sometimes thought to be related to range of motion in dynamic activities, but such a relationship remains to be determined.

Objective:

To determine the correlation between flexibility and hip and knee angles in Australian football kicking.

Design:

Correlation.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants:

16 Australian Rules football players.

Main Outcome Measures:

Hip and knee angles of the preferred kicking leg in a relaxed position were determined with a modified Thomas test. Maximum hip extension, the knee-flexion angle in this position, the maximum knee-flexion angle, and the hip angle at this position during the swing phase of maximum-effort drop-punt kicks were determined.

Results:

Significant correlations were found between hip flexibility and maximum hip extension (r = .65, P < .01) and hip angle at the maximum knee-flexion angle (r = .70, P < .01).

Conclusions:

The data indicate a moderate association between hip flexibility and hip angles during kicking.
Short-Term Effects of a Single Exercise Bout at Moderate Altitude on Blood Pressure
Authors: Auer Johann , Berent Robert , Prenninger Markus , Weber Thomas , Kritzinger Klaus , Veits Martin , Lamm Gudrun , Lassnig Elisabeth , Eber Bernd
Published: August 2016

Context:

Effects of a single bout of exercise at moderate altitude on blood pressure (BP) are largely unknown.

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of a single exercise bout at moderate altitude on BP.

Design:

Prospective, observational.

Setting:

Field study, Alpine mountains.

Participants:

127 men, 71 women (138 normotensive, 60 hypertensive).

Intervention:

Exercise duration: 2.5 ± 0.4 h; 650-m difference in altitude.

Main Outcome Measures:

BP and heart rate (HR).

Results:

Hypertensives had (1) higher systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) before exercise (P < .01), whereas this difference was lost during exercise; (2) increased HR during the entire duration of exercise; and (3) significantly decreased SBP and DBP (P < .05) throughout the entire period of exercise.

Conclusions:

Exposure to a single exercise bout at moderate altitude is associated with a transient decrease in SBP and DBP, which is more pronounced in hypertensives.
Comparison of Forward-, Backward-, and Lateral-Motion Exercise at Self-Selected Intensities
Authors: Mayo Jerry , Lyons Brian , Honea Kendal , Alvarez John , Byrum Richard
Published: August 2016

Context:

Rehabilitation specialists should understand cardiovascular responses to different movement patterns.

Objective:

To investigate physiological responses to forward- (FM), backward- (BM), and lateral-motion (LM) exercise at self-selected intensities.

Design:

Within-subjects design to test independent variable, movement pattern; repeated-measures ANOVA to analyze oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE).

Participants:

10 healthy women.

Results:

VO2 and HR were significantly higher during LM than during FM and BM exercise. The respective VO2 (ml · kg · min–1) and HR (beats/min) values for each condition were FM 25.19 ± 3.6, 142 ± 11; BM 24.24 ± 2.7, 145 ± 12; and LM 30.5 ± 4.6, 160 ± 13. No differences were observed for RER or RPE.

Conclusions:

At self-selected intensities all 3 modes met criteria for maintaining cardiovascular fitness. Practitioners can use these results to develop rehabilitation programs based on clients’ perception and level of discomfort
Comparison of Biomechanical Factors between the Kicking and Stance Limbs
Authors: Ross Scott , Guskiewicz Kevin , Prentice William , Schneider Robert , Yu Bing
Published: August 2016

Objective:

T o determine differences between contralateral limbs’ strength, proprio-ception, and kinetic and knee-kinematic variables during single-limb landing.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Subjects:

30.

Measurements:

Hip, knee, and foot isokinetic peak torques; anterior/posterior (AP) and medial/lateral (ML) sway displacements during a balance task; and stabilization times, vertical ground-reaction force (VGRF), time to peak VGRF, and knee-flexion range of motion (ROM) from initial foot contact to peak VGRF during single-limb landing.

Results:

The kicking limb had significantly greater values for knee-extension (P= .008) and -flexion (P= .047) peak torques, AP sway displacement (P= .010), knee-flexion ROM from initial foot contact to peak VGRF (P< .001), and time to peak VGRF (P= .004). No other dependent measures were significantly different between limbs (P> .05).

Conclusion:

The kicking limb had superior thigh strength, better proprioception, and greater knee-flexion ROM than the stance limb.
Reliability and Validity of a 2-D Video Digitizing System during a Static and a Dynamic Task
Authors: Gribble Phillip , Hertel Jay , Denegar Craig , Buckley William
Published: August 2016

Context:

The SMART™ software system offers low-cost kinematic analysis through digitization of video from a single camera. The reliability and validity of this product have not been reported.

Objective:

To assess the reliability and validity of the SMART software during a simple static task and dynamic task.

Design:

Test–retest to compare assumed neutral and goniometrically measured joint angles in the sagittal plane of the lower extremity.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

7 in a static task, 16 young, physically active in a dynamic task.

Results:

Measurement error of the SMART system ranged from 0.29° ± 1.98° to 11.07° ± 1.77°. The interrater reliability (ICC2,1) values ranged from .60 to .92 for the static task and from .76 to .89 for the dynamic task.

Conclusions:

Based on the results of both studies, the SMART system offers a low-cost alternative for reporting single-plane kinematics during an individual frame of video during static stances and slow dynamic tasks with strong reliability and reasonable validity.
Posttetanic Potentiation in Knee Extensors after High-Frequency Submaximal Percutaneous Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Requena Bernardo , Ereline Jaan , Gapeyeva Helena , Pääsuke Mati
Published: August 2016

Context:

The understanding of posttetanic potentiation (PTP) in human muscles induced by percutaneous electrical stimulation (PES) is important for effective application of electrical stimulation in rehabilitation.

Objective:

To examine the effect of 7-second high-frequency (100-Hz) submaximal (25% of maximal voluntary contraction force) direct PES on contractile characteristics of the knee-extensor (KE) muscles.

Design:

Single-group repeated measures.

Setting:

Kinesiology laboratory.

Subjects:

13 healthy men age 18–27 years.

Measurement:

Peak force (PF), maximal rates of force development (RFD) and relaxation (RR) of supramaximal twitch, and PF of doublet and 10-Hz tetanic contractions before and after direct tetanic PES.

Results:

A significant potentiation of twitch, doublet, and 10-Hz tetanic-contraction PF has been observed at 1–5 minutes posttetanic. Twitch RFD and RR were markedly potentiated throughout the 10-minute posttetanic period.

Conclusions:

A brief high-frequency submaximal tetanic PES induces PTP in KE muscles associated with small increase at 1–5 minutes.
The Effect of Rest Intervals on Knee-Extension Torque Production with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Rubley Mack D. , Miller Michael G. , Girouard Tedd J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Previous studies using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) have suggested that 30-second rest intervals are too short for sufficient recovery.

Objective:

To compare the effect of rest interval on knee-extension torque production.

Design:

Counterbalanced mixed design to test independent variable, rest interval; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, percentage decline.

Setting:

Athletic training research laboratory.

Participants:

24 healthy men and women.

Intervention:

Participants performed knee extension under 2 contraction conditions, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and NMES with either 30- or 120-second rest between repetitions.

Main Outcome Measure:

Peak torque produced during each repetition of a 5-repetition set.

Results:

The main effect for rest interval was significant (F1,23 = 30.30, P = .001), as was the main effect for condition (F1,23 = 11.18, P = .003).

Conclusions:

A 120-second rest between repetitions is recommended when using NMES in early rehabilitation because force decline across repetitions with 30-second rest during NMES is greater than with MVIC.
The Effect of Glenohumeral Rotation on Scapular Upward Rotation in Different Positions of Scapular-Plane Elevation
Authors: Sagano Jun , Magee David , Katayose Masaki
Published: August 2016

Context:

Glenohumeral and scapular upward rotation are important factors in functional upper extremity motion.

Objectives:

To determine how different amounts of glenohumeral rotation (internal, external, and neutral) affect scapular upward rotation.

Design:

Controlled laboratory study. Independent variables were the amounts of internal, external, and neutral glenohumeral rotation. The dependent variable was the amount of scapular upward rotation.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

40 subjects who were right-hand dominant, sedentary, and age 16 to 35 years.

Main Outcome Measures:

An inclinometer assessed scapular upward rotation with the 3 different positions of glenohumeral rotation in each 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of humeral elevation in the scapular plane.

Results:

Scapular upward rotation tended to increase with glenohumeral internal and external rotation, compared with neutral rotation in each degree of humeral elevation. This trend was seen on both right and left sides.

Conclusions:

Scapular upward rotation at different levels of humeral elevation in the scapular plane was affected by the positions of glenohumeral rotation.
The Effect of Static Stretching on Maximal Voluntary Contraction and Force-Time Curve Characteristics
Authors: Papadopoulos Christos , Kalapotharakos Vasilios I. , Noussios Georgios , Meliggas Konstantinos , Gantiraga Evangelia
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To examine the effect of static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and isometric force-time curve characteristics of leg extensor muscles and EMG activity of rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GA).

Design:

A within subjects experimental design.

Participants:

Ten healthy students were tested after a jogging and a jogging/stretch protocol.

Intervention:

The stretching protocol involved a 10 min jog and seven static stretching exercises.

Main Outcomes:

Measurements included MVC, time achieved to MVC (TMVC), force at 100ms (F100), index of relative force (IRF), index of rate of force development (IRFD), and average integrated EMG activity (AEMG).

Results:

There were slight but no significant changes in MVC (1%), TMVC (4.8%), F100 (7.8%), IRF (1%), and IRFD (3.5%) between measurement. A significant difference (21%; P < 0.05) in AEMG of RF was found.

Conclusions:

The present study indicated that a moderate volume of static stretching did not alter significantly the MVC and the isometric force-time curve characteristics. Neural inhibition, as it is reflected from AEMG of RF, did not alter MVC and isometric force-time curve characteristics.
Temporal Influences of Functional Knee Bracing on Torque Production of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Campbell Brian , Yaggie James , Cipriani Daniel
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional knee braces (FKB) are used prophylactically and in rehabilitation to aide in the functional stability of the knee.

Objective:

To determine if alterations in select lower extremity moments persist throughout a one hour period in healthy individuals.

Design:

2X5 repeated measures design.

Setting:

Biomechanics Laboratory.

Subjects:

Twenty subjects (14 male and 6 female, mean age 26.5±7 yrs; height 172.4±13 cm; weight 78.6±9 kg), separated into braced (B) and no brace (NB) groups.

Intervention:

A one-hour exercise program divided into three 20 minute increments.

Main Outcome Measures:

Synchronized three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 20-minute increments to assess the effect of the FKB on select lower extremity moments and vertical ground reaction forces.

Results:

Increase in hip moment and a decrease in knee moment were noted immediately after brace application and appeared to persist throughout a one hour bout of exercise.

Conclusions:

The FKB and the exercise intervention caused decreases in knee joint moments and increases in hip joint moments.
Response to Exercise in Paraplegics and Able Bodied Subjects: A New Formula to Estimate the Theoretical Oxygen Uptake
Authors: Vidal Joan , Medina Josep , Javierre Casimiro , Morales Alberto , Barbany J.R. , Suarez Andrea , Ventura Josep L. , Segura Ramon
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

To compare the response to physical exercise between subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied (AB) subjects with the objective of developing a new formula for the indirect calculation of oxygen consumption (VO2).

Subjects:

20 individuals with paraplegia below Th6 and 22 AB subjects have participated in the study.

Measures:

A graded work test was performed on an arm ergometer, starting with 10 w and increasing the power in 10 w each minute up to maximal effort. SCI group present a lower response to the different workloads with respect to the AB group.

Results:

In the SCI group, a statistical association was found between workload and VO2 (r = 0.956, P < 0.001). The proposed equation to calculate the theoretical VO2 was the following: 0.487 + (0.013 · watts performed).

Conclusions:

SCI males, respect to AB subjects, show differences in ventilatory response to exercises. We propose a new formula for the indirect calculation of VO2 in relation to workload.
Does a Program of Pilates Improve Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain?
Authors: Gladwell Valerie , Head Samantha , Haggar Martin , Beneke Ralph
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of a program of modified Pilates for active individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain.

Design:

A single blind randomized controlled trial.

Participants:

49 individuals with chronic low back pain were randomly allocated to control (n = 24) or Pilates group (n = 25). Thirty-four individuals completed the study (14 and 20 individuals for control and Pilates group, respectively).

Intervention:

The Pilates group undertook a six week program of Pilates. Both groups continued with normal activity.

Main Outcome Measures:

An assessor blinded to group allocation conducted functional and questionnaire-based assessments pre- and post- intervention.

Results:

Improvements were seen in the Pilates group post- intervention period with increases (P < 0.05) in general health, sports functioning, flexibility, proprioception, and a decrease in pain. The control group showed no significant differences in the same measures post- intervention.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that Pilates used as a specific core stability exercise incorporating functional movements can improve non-specific chronic low back pain in an active population compared to no intervention. Additionally, Pilates can improve general health, pain level, sports functioning, flexibility, and proprioception in individuals with chronic low back pain.
Sickle Cell Trait
Authors: Eichner E. Randy
Published: August 2016

Sickle cell trait can pose a grave risk for some athletes. In the past few years, exertional sickling has killed nine athletes, including five college football players in training. Exercise-physiology research shows how and why sickle red cells can accumulate in the bloodstream during intense exercise bouts. Sickle cells can “logjam” blood vessels and lead to collapse from ischemic rhabdomyolysis. Diverse clinical and metabolic problems from explosive rhabdomyolysis can threaten life. Sickling can begin in 2-3 minutes of any all-out exertion, or during sustained intense exertion – and can reach grave levels very soon thereafter if the athlete struggles on or is urged on by coaches despite warning signs. Heat, dehydration, altitude, and asthma can increase the risk for and worsen sickling. This exertional sickling syndrome, however, is unique and in the field can be distinguished from heat illnesses. Sickling collapse is a medical emergency. Fortunately, screening and precautions can prevent sickling collapse and enable sickle-trait athletes to thrive in their sports.
The Development of a Measure of Psychological Responses to Injury
Authors: Evans Lynne , Hardy Lew , Mitchell Ian , Rees Tim
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The current paper reports the initial development of a theoretically derived measure to assess the psychological responses of injured athletes.

Design:

The paper comprises two studies. The first examines the factorial validity of the Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII) originally reported by Evans, Hardy, and Mullen.1 The second reexamines the factorial validity of the PRSII following scale refinement. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed in both studies.

Setting:

Sport injury clinics.

Participants:

Study 1 comprised repeated observations (n = 486) on 56 injured athletes. Study 2 comprised single observations on 418 injured athletes.

Measure:

Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII).

Results:

The five factor model from the first study demonstrated variable model fit. The six factor model that emerged from the second study showed improved model fit.

Conclusions:

The study provides some support for the PRSII as a measure of athletes’ psychological responses to injury.
Proximal Humeral Epiphyseal Plate Fracture in a Collegiate Track and Field Decathlete: A Case Study
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Palmieri-Smith Riann
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To present the case of an 18-year-old collegiate decathlete with a Salter-Harris type I epiphyseal plate fracture of the proximal humerus.

Background:

A collegiate decathlete was playing flag football and fell on an outstretched arm. He was taken to the emergency room and diagnosed with a type I epiphyseal plate fracture.

Differential Diagnosis:

AC sprain, dislocation or subluxation, rotator cuff tear, labral tear.

Treatment:

Active and passive range of motion exercises were completed after two days of immobilization. He then started strengthening exercises and returned to competitive activity in 10 weeks.

Uniqueness:

Proximal humeral epiphyseal plate fractures are uncommon injuries, especially in athletes over the age of 15.

Conclusions:

If an accurate diagnosis is made, an appropriate conservative rehabilitation program can be implemented to safely return an athlete to participation without permanent deformity following a type I Salter-Harris fracture.
Screening for Heart Disease in Athletes by Athletic Trainers and Sports Physical Therapists
Authors: Evans Christian C. , Schwarz Lisa , Masihi Minal
Published: August 2016

Context:

Sudden cardiac death in athletes may be preventable if healthcare providers perform a thorough screening of the cardiovascular system during routine athlete evaluations.

Objective:

Determine the adequacy of routine screening of athletes for heart disease by athletic trainers (ATs) and physical therapists (PTs).

Design, Participants, Setting, and Methods:

National Athletic Trainers Association and Sports Physical Therapy Section members were surveyed using a stratified sampling technique via e-mail and postal mail.

Results:

ATs performed significantly higher than PTs on the composite screening score (CSS; mean of 13 items) as well as on 9 of 13 individual items. Logistic regression analysis revealed that “involvement in preparticipation screenings for sports (PPSS)” was most closely related to CSS (P < .01) and controlling for this factor in the ANOVA eliminated differences between the professions.

Conclusions:

Clinicians working with athletes who are not involved in PPSS may not adequately screen these patients for heart disease.
Effectiveness of Clinical Ultrasound Parameters on Changing Intramuscular Temperature
Authors: Demchak Timothy J. , Stone Marcus B.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Researchers have recommended certain ultrasound treatment parameters for deep heating; however, we observed different parameters in the clinical setting.

Objective:

To compare the treatment effect of using observed clinical parameters (OCP) from 8 clinicians to the treatment effect of using the recommended parameters (RP) sited in research.

Design:

2 × 2 repeated measures design.

Setting:

Sports injury research laboratory.

Participants:

Ten healthy volunteers.

Interventions:

Two 1 MHz treatment, 1 RP treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 10-min, area-2 to 3 × ERA), and 1 OCP treatment (1.3 W/cm2, 8-min, area 3.9 × ERA)

Main Outcome Measure:

Tricep surae temperature 3 cm below superficial tissue

Results:

The RP treatment increase temperature from 36.4 ± 1.0 to 40.3± 2.0°C, which was a greater change than the OCP (36.5 ± 1.2 to 38.2 ± 1.6°C).

Conclusions:

The OCP treatment resulted in a lower heating affect than the RP. Small change in treatment area, intensity, and duration can have a large effect on temperature change.
The Transtheoretical Model: An Exploratory Look at Its Applicability to Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Clement Damien
Published: August 2016

Context:

The transtheoretical model has been widely used in the investigation of how people adapt to new behaviors; however, the literature appears to be lacking documentation of any assessment/s administered to injured athletes to determine their readiness for rehabilitation, which depending on the severity of the injury, could possibly represent a behavior change for that individual.

Objective:

To validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation and assess the impact of stages of change on athletes’ adherence and compliance rates.

Design:

Descriptive correlational.

Setting:

Large Mid Atlantic Division I institution.

Participants:

Seventy injured athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

Readiness was assessed using the Transtheoretical Model. Adherence was assessed using the percentage of rehabilitation attendance and compliance was assessed using the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Scale.

Results:

Participants who were advanced in their stages of change generally reported an increase in self efficacy, utilization of pros versus cons, and the use of behavioral processes instead of experiential processes of change. No significant relationships were found between stages of change and athletes’ adherence and compliance.

Conclusion:

Although no statistical significance was found between stages of change and adherence and compliance the results did validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation.
Sport Psychology Education: A Preliminary Survey on Chartered Physiotherapists’ Preferred Methods of Training Delivery
Authors: Arvinen-Barrow Monna , Hemmings Brian , Becker Caryl A. , Booth Lynn
Published: August 2016

To gain an insight to the existing suggestions and recommendations on chartered physiotherapists’ preferred methods of delivery for further training in sport psychology.
Relationship between the Hip and Low Back Pain in Athletes Who Participate in Rotation-Related Sports
Authors: Harris-Hayes Marcie , Sahrmann Shirley A. , Van Dillen Linda R.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Hip function has been proposed to be related to low back pain (LBP) because of the anatomical proximity of the hip and lumbopelvic region. To date, findings have been inconclusive, possibly because the samples studied were heterogeneous. Subgrouping samples based on characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex might clarify research findings.

Objective:

To describe and summarize studies that examine 3 factors proposed to be important to the study of the hip–LBP relationship.

Design:

Review of cross-sectional studies.

Setting:

Academic healthcare center and research laboratory.

Subjects:

3 groups: athletes with a history of LBP who regularly participate in rotation-related sports, athletes without a history of LBP who are active but do not regularly participate in rotation-related sports, and athletes without a history of LBP who participate in rotation-related sports.

Main Outcome:

Hip range of motion and hip–lumbopelvic region coordination.

Measures:

Hip range of motion was measured with an inclinometer. Coordination was examined based on kinematics obtained with a 3-dimensional motion-capture system.

Result:

Differences among groups were found based on activity demand, LBP classification, and sex.

Conclusion:

When assessing athletes with and without LBP, characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex should be considered.
Temporal Values and Plantar Pressures during Normal Walking and Racewalking in a Group of Racewalkers
Authors: Villarroya M. Adoración , Casajús José Antonio , Pérez José María
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To compare temporal and pressure values between racewalking and normal walking (freely selected speed) and evaluate the impact of racewalking on normal walking.

Design and Participants:

Temporal and plantar-pressure values were recorded (xPression system) during normal walking and racewalking in 8 high-level racewalkers. The Wilcoxon test was used for comparisons.

Measurements:

Duration of walking and racewalking cycle phases (seconds and percentage of the cycle), peak and average pressures under the hind foot and metatarsal heads, and pressure distribution (%) among metatarsal heads.

Results and Conclusions:

Normal walking: temporal parameters similar to those described in normal gait; peak pressures higher than those described in nonracewalkers with displacement toward lateral forefoot. Racewalking: shorter cycles (important decrease of midstance phase); higher peak pressures than during normal walking in the hind foot and 4th and 5th metatarsal heads; average pressures similar to normal walking in hind foot and lower in forefoot; pressure displacement toward lateral forefoot greater than in normal walking.
How Back-Muscle Fatigue Influences Lumbar Curvature
Authors: Takihara Yukio , Urabe Yukio , Nishiwaki Gaston Ariel , Tanaka Kosuke , Miyashita Koji
Published: August 2016

Context:

Back-muscle fatigue and lumbar curvature are related to low back pain, but the relation between them is unknown.

Objective:

To clarify whether lumbar curvature changes with back-muscle fatigue.

Design:

Prospective pseudorandomized.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

13 healthy men without low back pain.

Intervention:

To induce back-muscle fatigue, subjects performed a repetitive prone back-extension exercise from 45° to 0° until exhaustion and then rested 10 min. They performed this exercise 3 times.

Main Outcome Measures:

Before the trial and after each exercise, lumbar curvature was measured with a Spinal Mouse.

Results:

After back-muscle fatigue, lumbar curvature decreased significantly (P < .01). This decrease occurred at L4–S1, which was defined as the lower spine. On the contrary, curvature of the upper lumbar spine, at Th12–L4, did not decrease.

Conclusion:

Lumbar curvature, especially the lower portion, decreased with back-muscle fatigue induced by prone back-extension exercise.
Neurophysiological Reflex Mechanisms’ Lack of Contribution to the Success of PNF Stretches
Authors: Mitchell Ulrike H. , Myrer J. William , Hopkins J. Ty , Hunter Iain , Feland J. Brent , Hilton Sterling C.
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose:

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretches are widely used in athletics and rehabilitation. Although it has been shown that they produce better range-of-motion (ROM) increases than the slow or static stretch, the mechanisms responsible remain an enigma. This study was conducted to determine whether the previously proposed neurophysiological mechanisms of reciprocal inhibition and autogenic inhibition are responsible for the success of PNF stretches. In addition, the authors assessed the existence of the phenomenon of successive induction because it is used to strengthen reciprocal inhibition.

Methods:

Eighteen subjects 17–44 y performed the PNF stretches contract-relax (CR) and contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC). EMG data were collected from the medial hamstring muscles via surface and indwelling wire electrodes and analyzed for reciprocal inhibition and successive induction, as well as autogenic inhibition (surface electrodes only).

Results:

Reciprocal inhibition was not evident. The results indicated an elevated rather than an inhibited EMG during the antagonist contraction, possibly representing cocontraction. The authors did confirm the presence of successive induction. Autogenic inhibition was also not evident, and the expected inhibition and therefore lower EMG values after muscle contraction were not observed; instead, they were higher than baseline.

Conclusion:

Previous neurophysiological explanations for mechanisms of PNF stretching appear to be inadequate. This study corroborates previous findings that a muscle’s tone increases during its antagonist’s contraction. Other explanations should be considered regarding the mechanism for the effectiveness of the CRAC and CR PNF techniques in a nonneurologically impaired population.
Numerical Simulations to Assess Different Rehabilitation Strategies after ACL Rupture in a Skier
Authors: Semadeni Renato , Schmitt Kai-Uwe
Published: August 2016

Objective:

In this study a numerical model of a skier was developed to investigate the effect of different rehabilitation strategies after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.

Methods:

A computer model using a combined finite-element and multibody approach was established. The model includes a detailed representation of the knee structures, as well as all major leg muscles. Using this model, different strategies after ACL rupture were analyzed.

Results:

The benefit of muscle training to compensate for a loss of the ACL was shown. The results indicate that an increase of 10% of the physiological cross-sectional area has a positive effect without subjecting other knee structures to critical loads. Simulating the use of a hamstring graft indicated increasing knee loads. A patellar-tendon graft resulted in an increase of the stress on the lateral collateral ligament.

Conclusion:

Muscle training of both extensors and flexors is beneficial in medical rehabilitation of ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Shoulder in Elite Wheelchair Tennis Players
Authors: Jeon In-Ho , Kochhar Hemanshu , Lee Jong-Min , Kyung Hee-Soo , Min Woo-Kie , Cho Hwan-Sung , Wee Ho-Wug , Shin Dong-Joo , Kim Poong-Taek
Published: August 2016

Context:

Wheelchair tennis has been identified as a high-risk sport for shoulder injury, so understanding shoulder pathology in these athletes is important.

Objective:

This study investigated the incidence and pattern of shoulder injuries in wheelchair tennis players using high-resolution ultrasonography.

Design:

Descriptive study.

Setting:

International Wheelchair Tennis Open.

Participants:

33 elite-level wheelchair tennis players.

Outcome Measures:

Wheelchair tennis players completed a self-administered questionnaire, and shoulders of each athlete were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonography (linear probe 7.5 MHz).

Results:

The most common pathology in the dominant shoulder was acromioclavicular pathology, in 21 players (63.6%). Full-thickness rotator-cuff tears involving the supraspinatus were found in 8 dominant shoulders and 6 nondominant shoulders. There were no correlations between identified shoulder pathology and the different variables studied, such as age, training time per day, length of wheelchair use, and length of career as a wheelchair tennis player.

Conclusion:

High prevalence of rotator-cuff and acromioclavicular pathology was found by ultrasonographic examination in the elite wheelchair tennis players in both dominant and nondominant shoulders. A high index of suspicion of these pathologies in wheelchair athletes is required.