bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thrips Control in Peanuts, 1996
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

At-plant, in-furrow applied insecticides were evaluated for TT control at the Peanut Belt Research Station in Lewiston-Woodville, NC. NC-7 variety peanuts were planted on 36 inch rows on 9 May at approximately 100 lb of seed/acre. Soil temperature was 70°F and the soil was moist. The humic matter was 1.5% and soil pH was 5.9. Soil series consisted of Rains + Goldsboro sandy loam. Prowl and Vernam were used for early season weed control. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long and were separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Plot ends were separated by 5 ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using Cole® planter and in-furrow treatments were placed in the furrow with seed using an electric Gandy® boxes. The in-furrow treatment of Orthene 75S was applied by mounting spray nozzels directly behind the seed tube and connecting these to a CO, sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa. Foliar treatments of Orthene 75S were applied on 13 Jun by using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approximately 30 gpa. Treatments, rates and application techniques are listed in the table. Peanuts were managed under standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets per plot on 5,13, and 20 Jun. Twenty-five, newly-opened leaflets per plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. Inaddition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting 10 unopened leaflets per plot on 5 Jun. Samples were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where the number of adults and larvae were counted. Larval counts were used as the basis for control since they provide a better indicator of efficacy than do the more mobile adults. All data were transformed (square root ofX + 0.50) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil, 1996B
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a non-replicated experimental use permit with 4 treatments. Whole plot size was 2.5 acres for the fipronil treatments and 1.7 acres for the Furadan and untreated plots. Whole plots of fipronil treatments were divided into 6 subplots 60 ft X 310 ft. The untreated area was divided into 3 subplots 75 ft X 310 ft. The Furadan area was divided into 4 subplots 75 ft X 310 ft. Each subplot was bound by levees. EXP 60720A was tank-mixed with water and applied preplant on 22 May by a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 13 gpa. The plot was then cultivated at a 2-3 inch depth. Rice was drill-seeded in very dry Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 22 May and emerged on 5 Jun. Subplots were temporarily flooded (flushed) on 25-26 May and again on 4 Jun to initiate germination and to facilitate emergence, respectively. Propanil at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied for weed control on 16 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a three-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 24 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 15 and 22 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 25-26 Jun. Furadan 3G was applied by aircraft on 7 Jul 9 d after permanent flood. On 17 Jul and 1 Aug 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 7 plants/core were removed from subplots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Whole subplots were harvested with a combine on 4, 7 and 9 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Yields and insect counts were not statistically analyzed.
Evaluation of Dimilin in Water And Drill-Seeded Rice For Rice Water Weevil Control, 1996
Authors: Muegge M.A. , Barbour J.D. , Rice W.C. , Bollich P.A.
Published: December 2017

Dimilin ap plied at different rates, formulations, and times was evaluated for control of adult RWW at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. Plots, 5 X 20 ft, were arranged in a RB design with 4 blocks and 8 treatments with sub-sample nesting within the block X treatment effect. Fertilizer application in the water-seeded test was incorporated pre-plant and applied broadcast 6 wk post-flood at 90 lb (23-12-12) and 55 lb (21 -0-0) N-P-K/acre respectively. Fertilizer application in the drill-seeded test was broadcast at permanent flood and 6 wk post-flood at 90 lb (23-12-12) and 55 lb (21-0-0) N-P-K/acre respectively Plots were either water-seeded with pre-soaked ‘Cyprus’ rice at 130 lb or drill-seeded with ‘Cyprus’ rice at 100 lb of seed/acre to Crowley silt loam. The water-seeded test was planted on 22 May, drained 24 May, and permanently flooded 28 May. The drill-seeded test was planted 1 May and permanently flooded 21 May. Weed control was accomplished in the drill-seeded test by applying 0.5 and 4.0 lb (AI)/acre of Basagran and Stam on 20 May, respectively. Gramoxone was applied at 0.625 lb (AI)/acre to the water-seeded test on 20 May to control weeds. Foliar applications of Dimilin 2L and 25W were made at various rates and applied at 0 or 0 and 5 days post-flood. Furadan 3G was applied 19 and 7 days post-flood at 0.6 lbs (AI)/acre using a hand-held shaker for the water and drill-seeded tests respectively. All pesticide applications except Furadan 3G were made using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 15 gpa at 28 psi with 110015VS flat-fan nozzles on a 3 ft boom. Three randomly selected soil samples per plot were taken 10, 17 and 25 Jun for the water-seeded test and 5 and 12 Jun for the drill-seeded test using a 4 X 4 inch core sampler. Individual samples were washed through a funnel, fitted with wire screen, into a 35 mesh screen sieve. Collected rice water weevil (RWW) larvae and pupae were floated in a saturated NaCl solution, and counted. The center four rows of each plot were harvested on 11 Sep using a Kubota combine. Moisture content of harvested grain was determined and standardized to 12% moisture for determination of yield (lbs/acre). Rice water weevil larval data were log transformed to improve normality before being subjected to analysis of variance. The experimental and sampling error terms for the RWW larval data were tested for homogeneity of variances, and pooled error terms used to test the treatment effect when appropriate. Treatment means were separated using protected least significant difference at (LSD) 0.05. Non-transformed data are presented in the tables.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum,1996
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Selected insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of hybrid sorghum (AT X 399 x RT X 430) was planted 29 May on rows spaced 30 in. apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 6 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0800 and 0900 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Insecticides first were applied 23 Jul when 10-50% of the panicles were flowering; insecticides then were applied 26 Jul when 90-100% of the panicles were flowering. Adult sorghum midge abundance was assessed just prior to each application by counting the number of sorghum midges enclosed in clear plastic bags on 10 individual sorghum pan-icles. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and sorghum midge counts. Grain yield data were collected from the 2 middle rows per plot. Panicles were hand harvested from 2 selected 8.75-ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Rice Stink Bug on Sorghum,1996
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Two pyrethroids, 2 organophos-phates, and a chloro-cyclodiene were evaluated for rice stink bug control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Sta-tion, TX. Seed of hybrid sorghum (ATX399 X RTX430) was planted 10 Jun on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 4 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots when sorghum was in the dough stage. Insecticides were applied on 28 Aug between 0800 and 0900 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Stink bug abundance was assessed by using the “ beat bucket” technique to sample 10 panicles per plot. A pre-treatment count of rice stink bug nymph and adult abundance was made 2 d before insecticides were applied. About 3.5 inches of rainfall occurred over a 2-d period beginning 6 h after treatment. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Aug (1 DAT) and 31 Aug (3 DAT). Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD. Percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton (1955) sampling formula.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Stink Bug Control on Soybean, 1996
Authors: Clemens C. G. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boyd M. L. , Mascarenhas R. N. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

Small plot studies to evaluate several compounds for activity against velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) and stink bugs were conducted at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish. Treatments were applied to both tests on 12 Sep to ‘Centennial’ (Test 1) and ‘Pioneer 9761’ (Test 2) soybean in the R5 growth stage using a tractor and CO2-compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 12 gpa at 30 psi through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles. Post-treatment populations of VBC (larvae; Test 1 and 2) and stink bugs (immatures and adults for all three species combined; only Test 1) were evaluated at 3 and 7 DAT with one 25-sweep sample per plot using a standard 15-inch diam sweep net. Plots were arranged in a RCB design (4 replications), each being 5 rows wide (36 inches row spacing) by 50 ft long. During 15-16 Sep, the test plots received 0.96 inch rainfall. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and treatment means were separated using DMRT.
Management of Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass with Experimental Formulations, Tempo 20Wp, and Dursban Pro, 1996
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times at University Park, PA. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 454 ml of water/60 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug following artificial infestation of research area with 2nd and 3rd instar black cutworms. An average of 16/yd2 cutworm larvae was recorded on 13 Aug prior to treatment. The entire experimental area was covered with bird netting until post-treatment counts were recorded on 17 Aug. At treatment time (15 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 93%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis; 51.0% sand, 40.6% silt, 8.4% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 23.9%; organic matter, 3.9%; watei pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1%; time of application, mid-afternoon; and overcast skies. A total of 2.6 inch of rainfall occurred after treatments had been applied Evaluation was done 2 DAT (17 Aug) and 6 DAT (21 Aug) by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within a 1.0 yd2 wood frame sampling area using a soap irritant drench of 30 ml Lemon Joy™ dishwashing detergent in 2 gal of water.
Biorational Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1996
Authors: Baxendale F.P. , Heng-Moss T.M.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (20% Kentucky bluegrass and 80% perennial rye) was maintained at a mowing height of ⅝ inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.375 to 0.50 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 4%; soil pH, 6.2; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 21% by wt; air temperature 84°F; soil temperature 80°F; relative humidity 52%; wind direction and velocity 196° at 4 mph. Plots were 40 inches X 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Liquid applications were applied on 13 Aug 1996 using either a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid insecticide treatments at the soilthatch interface (avg depth 0.5 inch), or a CO2 sprayer with a TeeJet 8002 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 3 gal/1000 ft2. Granular insecticides were applied using a pre-calibrated Gandy 24H12 drop spreader. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.35 inch of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 0.07 inch. Treatments were evaluated 27 DAT on 5 SEP by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-20 SMC/ft2 with 32% first instar, and 68% second instars in the test area.
Timing of Insecticide Applications to Control White Grubs, 1996
Authors: Buhler W. G. , Gibb T. J. , Gerber C. K.
Published: December 2017

Two insecticides were applied on three dates coinciding with different stages of Japanese beetle development at the Orchard of Golf Driving Range in West Lafayette, IN. Treatment plots were 10 x 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times, with 3 untreated plots in each replicate. Treatments were applied on 27 Jun (pre-egg laying), 2 Aug (egg laying to first instar), and 23 Aug (first to second instar). Merit 0.5G was applied with a homemade salt shaker. RH-0345I01 was applied at 34.5 gpa and 40 psi using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzle tips. Irrigation (0.5 in) was applied to plot areas within 30 h after applying treatments. Evaluation was done on 28 Sep by extracting cores from five random locations within each plot using a golf-hole cup cutter (0.90 sq ft.). Soil to a depth of 4 inch, thatch and turfgrass from each core was examined for the presence of live grubs. The average number of live grubs in five subsamples within each plot was used as the dependent variable in the statistical analysis of the data.
Control of Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on Turfgrass, 1996
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on a research lawn at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 21 Aug to plots 10 X 10 ft arranged in a RCB replicated four times. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ 8010VS nozzles at 35 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 3 gal/1000 ft2. The granular treatments were applied with a shaker jar. After all treatments were applied, the area was irrigated with approximately ‘A inch of water bul received no further supplemental irrigation. Environmental conditions at the time of treatment were as follows: NMC—approximately 17/ft2, 100% second instars; turf—level, dry, 2½ inches ht, 60% Kentucky bluegrass and 30% annual bluegrass, 10% weed species, no thatch; soil—moist, 79°F at 1 inch and 77°F at 3 inches deep; weather—mostly sunny, 80°F, 0-5 mph wind. Evaluation on 1 Oct involved counting the number of live NMC and JB larvae in each of six 7X7 inch areas per plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means were separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Efficacy of Four B.T., Japonica BUI BUI, Formulations on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1996
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Carney Bryan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. The lawn was mowed at 1.5 inches and irrigated daily (0.1 inch). All treatments were applied on 19 Aug to 7 X 11 ft plots with 1-ft buffers, replicated 5 times in an RCB design. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Granular formulations were evenly dispersed using large plastic salt shakers. The surface of the turf was free of moisture (dew) at time of application. The plots were irrigated post-treatment with 0.4 in of water. Grubs were primarily 2nd instar. Weather conditions at time of application were as follows. Air, temp; 78°F; sky, clear; wind, moderate breeze. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 80°F; at 1-inch depth, 76°F; at 2-inch depth, 75°F; soil pH, 5.6; texture, silt loam; sand, 50%; silt, 43%; clay, 7%; dry matter, 81%; moisture, 19%; organic matter, 5%. The trial was rated on 20 Sep using a Ryan 18-inch sod cutter to cut the plots to a depth of 3/4 inch. A 3 ft2 piece of sod was moved and live grubs counted.
Green June Beetle and Ground Cricket Control in Tall Fescue Pasture, October 1996
Authors: Flanders K.L. , Rogers G.A.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Pisgah, AL on sandy loam Appalachian Plateau soil. Fescue was grazed to 2 inches, but there were occasional patches of 4 inch high common bermudagrass. Soil temperature at a depth of 4 inches was 67°F on 1 Oct. Plot design was a RCB with three replications. Plots were 40 ft by 40 ft in each test, separated by 60-ft buffers. Insecticide was applied to all treated plots on 24 Sep. Two treatments received a second insecticide application on 1 Oct. Insecticide was applied with a CO2 powered boom sprayer in 43 gpa (30 psi, flat fan nozzles). Ground crickets were counted at 7 AM on 25 Sep, 16 h after the first insecticide application. At 2 by 2 ft sampling frame was put down at four random locations in each plot. Number of ground crickets were counted as they jumped out of the frame, then turf inside the frame was carefully inspected to find any remaining ground crickets. June beetle grub density was assessed by excavating on 7 Oct six soil samples totaling 2.7 ft2 from the center of each plot, each sample being 8 X 8 X 10 inches deep. Number of live grubs in these soil samples was recorded.
Control of White Grubs with Halofenozide (RH-0345), 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted in turf-type tall fescue at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (4X6 ft; 2 ft untreated borders) were arranged in a RCB, with 4 replications. The turf was treated on 27 Jul, during flight of JB. The soil population consisted mostly of eggs, with some 1 st instars. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at 50 gal/acre using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Each plot was syringed with about 1/8 inch of water within 5 min after application, and the whole site received 3/4 inch irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. Conditions during application were 88°F with winds < 10 mph. There was 0.23 inch of rainfall on 26 Jul, the day before the test. There was no additional rain until 5 Aug, when 1.78 inch fell. Plots were sampled on 14 Sep. A 3 X 1.5 ft strip, about 3” deep, was cut from the center of each plot with a motorized sod cutter. The sod was rolled back and broken apart, and all grubs present were counted and identified.
Control of White Grubs in Turf Using Carbaryl Formulations, 1995
Authors: Held D. , Potter D. A. , Williamson C. , Keathley C. , Kunkel B.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted in turf-type tall fescue at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm, near Lexington. The turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (pH = 6.4) with negligible thatch. Plots (4 X 6 ft: 2 ft untreated borders) were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. The turf was treated on 17 Aug, after egg hatch of JB and SMC. At that time, the population consisted mostly of 1 st and 2nd instars. Granular formulations were preweighed, mixed with dry sand, and applied evenly to the plots by gloved hand. Liquid applications were applied at a volume of 50 gal/acre using a low volume, CO2 sprayer equipped with 4 Spraying System 8004 Tee Jet nozzles that delivered 2109 g pressure per cm2. Each plot was syringed with about 1/8 inch of water within 5 min after application, and the whole site received about 3/4 inch of irrigation as soon as the last treatment was applied. Conditions at the time of treatment were 90°F with winds < 10 mph. The most recent precipitation before the treatment date was on 10 Aug, when 1.70 inches of rain fell. There was 0.44 and 0.17 inch of rain on the 18th and 19th of August, respectively; i.e., 1 and 2 DAT. Plots were sampled on 16 Sep. A motorized sod cutter was used to cut a 3 X 1.5 ft strip, about 3 inches deep, from the center of each plot. The sod was rolled back, broken apart, and all grubs were identified and counted.
Pear, Degree Day Timing for the Control of Codling Moth, 1996
Authors: Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Mature Bartlett trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 1 Block) were sprayed at a rate of 100 GPA with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a CRB design of single trees replicated 4 times. Application of treatment materials based on covers were made on 16 May (white bud), 23 May (petal fall), and 4 Jun (1C), 19 Jun (2C), 3 Jul (4C), 17 Jul (5C), 31 Jul (6C), and 16 Aug (7C). Degree day timed applications were made for treatment 7 on 19 Jun (200-250 DD), 3 Jul (550-600 DD), 31 Jul (1250 DD), and 16 Aug (1560 DD). CM degree-days were calculated using a base of 50°F and accumulated from first sustained moth flight in the spring. Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Captan, and Funginex were applied to all treatments separately. Green fruitworm evaluations were made on 21 May and 29 May by randomly selecting 50 leaves per replicate, 200 leaves per treatment, and examining them for the presence of GFW larvae. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 27 Aug by picking 50 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate (200 fruit per treatment) and evaluating them for damage by CM and OBLR.
Control of Rose Aphids in a Landscape Setting, Summer 1996
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Roses are routinely planted on the UCR campus as part of the landscape. They are rarely treated for pest problems and typically exhibit moderate infestations of the more common pests. A single planting of roses approximately 30 m2 was used to determine the efficacy of selected pesticides against the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.). The plants were arranged in seven rows of eight plants each, one meter apart. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the trial were 98.2°F and 62.9°F. The roses were irrigated for 8 minutes two times each night three days a week, and no rain occurred during the trial. Granular applications were applied the night before spray treatments, 7 Aug, to allow an irrigation cycle to occur. Two leaves and two flowers were collected from each rose plant at each sampling time. Aphids were collected from the samples by placing the leaves and flowers in a quartsized food container filled with 80% ethanol. They were shaken for thirty seconds, and the solution was filtered through a Buchner funnel. Aphids were collected and counted on a piece of filter paper in the funnel. A pre-treatment count was taken on 6 Aug. Ten treatments and an untreated check were set up on 8 Aug. Post-treatment counts of aphids were taken weekly for four weeks after treatment (WAT). The data were analyzed using ANOVA and DNMRT was used to separate means.
Control of Gypsy Moth Larvae on Container Grown Crabapple, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

The 10 ft tall container grown trees were held in a nursery holding area on the Michigan State University Campus in East Lansing, Michigan for the duration of this test. To alleviate drift problems, branches were dipped in the appropriate pesticide solutions on 30 May. Treatments were replicated 6 times with a replication consisting of an individual branch. Several trees had up to 4 branches with different treatments. Sleeve cages were put on the branches and ten 2nd instar larvae were placed within each cage on 4 Jun. Larvae were counted on 7 Jun and 11 Jun by rolling back the cages and counting live larvae.
Pear, Early Season Control of Pear Psylla and Pear Rust Mite, 1996
Authors: Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Mature ‘Bartlett’ trees at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Fennville, MI (Pear 1 Block) were sprayed at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Trees were arranged in a CR design of single trees replicated 4 times. All materials were applied as indicated in the table on 4 Jun (IC) and 17 Jul (4C, PP Threshold of 0.3 nymphs per leaf). Streptomycin, Benlate, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Captan, and Funginex were applied to all treatments separately. Dates of PP and PRM evaluation were 19 Jun, 2 Jul, 15 Jul, and 8 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replicate were picked, brushed in a mite-brushing machine and then examined under a stereo microscope for PRM adults. Twenty-five leaves per replicate were also evaluated under a stereomicroscope for PP nymphs and eggs. Mean data are reported as PRM adults per leaf, and PP nymphs or eggs per leaf. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 27 Aug by picking 25 fruit randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate per treatment. They were examined for sooty mold from PP and PRM russetting. Sooty mold and russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
The Effect of Adjuvants on the Activity of Tracer™ 480SC on Cabbage in the Laboratory, 1996
Authors: Larson L.L.
Published: December 2017

NAF-85, the Tracer™ formulation was tested with various adjuvants to determine potential problems with their use. Cabbage looper was used as an indicator species on greenhouse grown cabbage seedlings. Single plants were sprayed using a Mandel Track Sprayer at 6 gpa utilizing a TeeJet 8003 EVS nozzle at 40 psi at 18 inches above the cabbage. The plants were sampled and placed 1 meter under a Hubbell Sun Lamp™ in a sunlight chamber. Samples were taken and placed into four 150 mm plastic petri dishes and each infested with 5 late second instars of cabbage looper. The mortality was determined at 48 hours after infestation and analyzed using the Spearman-Karber log dose-probit to determine the LC50 value and its 95% confidence limits (shown in parentheses in the table).
Laboratory Treatments for Suppression of Southern Red Mite, 1996
Authors: Skinner Robert , Spray Ocean , Weldon Monika
Published: December 2017

In response to cancellation of Omite (propargite) as the only short-term control for this pest mite on cranberries in 1996, we evaluated seven compounds to determine which warranted further field testing. Forty sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia) leaves were ‘cleaned’ of existing debris using a paper towel wetted with distilled water. Each pepperbush leaf was then placed singly in a petri dish that contained three sheets of filter paper saturated with distilled water to prevent both mite escape and leaf desiccation. Each treatment and the check (water) had 5 replicates. Applications were made with a hand sprayer. Ten adult mites were placed on each pepperbush leaf and were sprayed with a test material to runoff. Covers were then placed on the petri dishes to reduce evaporation. The bioassay plates were placed in a growth chamber at 25& C, with 14:10 LD. Each treatment and check was evaluated for living and dead mites at 1, 3 or 4, and 7 days after treat-ment.
Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995
Authors: Benedict J.H. , Ring D.R. , Correa J.C. , Buehler R.E. , Johnson E.M. , Bradshaw L.D. , Deaton W.R.
Published: December 2017

Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the crylA(c) gene (i.e., BoUgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312 (COK 312), were planted 25 Apr 1995 near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCB and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., with or without lepidopteran sprays of Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression were sprayed on 6, 14, 21, 28 Jul with Karate using a backpack, CO2 powered sprayer and a 2 row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed for inseason control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons to control target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 capsules per plot on 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the season but not within 48 h following a lepidopteran control spray. The plots were hand-harvested (13 ft 9 inches from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Lepidopterous Pests During Bloom on Blueberries, 1996
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a ‘Bluecrop’ blueberry field near Whitesbog, NJ. Blueberry bushes were approximately 5 ft tall and spaced 9 X 4 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times with each replication consisting of 6 bushes in 2 rows. Two unsprayed rows between blocks and 8 unsprayed bushes between treatments within a block served as buffers. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a Tee Jet hollowcone (4 VS) nozzle calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 PSI. Insecticides were applied twice on 14 May and 24 May approximately at 40 and 80% bloom, respectively. Spray adjuvants, Nu-Film 17 (4 oz/acre) and Latron B-1956 (0.12% v/v) were included in all B.t. and Confirm treatments, respectively. GM eggmasses were obtained from USDA-APHIS facility at Otis Air Base in Cape Code, MA, to augment larval populations in the field plots. Eggmasses were stapled to the bush on 4 May at the rate of one eggmasses per bush. Eggmasses began hatching on 6 May and larvae were well distributed on the bushes within a week after hatching. Larval populations were assessed by sampling 25 clusters from each of 4 randomly selected bushes/replicate for a total of 100 leaf and flower clusters/replicate on 13 May (pretreatment count), and 24 May and 1 Jun (post-treatment counts). Leaf and flower clusters were randomly selected from the top, middle and bottom thirds of each bush.
Low-Risk Miticides for Control of Southern Red Mite on Cranberry, 1996
Authors: Weber Donald C. , Skinner Robert , Cranberries Ocean Spray
Published: December 2017

An established commercial cranberry bog in Taunton, MA, was treated with 4 materials under investigation as alternatives to propargite for Southern red mite control. Plots were 1 by lm in size, separated by 20-cm buffer strips, and arranged with five replicates per treatment in a Latin-square design. All treatments were made at 100 gallons per acre and 40 psi with a stainless steel backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer. All plots were treated on 20 Aug, following pre-treatment sample collections. All plots except pyridaben were retreated on 29 Aug. Check plots were sprayed with water only. Evaluations involved examination of 25 uprights per plot for all mite stages under a dissecting microscope, on 20 (pretreatment), 21, 29 (before 2nd treatment), and 30 Aug, 5 and 10 Sep, and on 16 and 30 Sep for untreated check and pyridaben plots only. The bog was flooded for harvest between 21 and 28 Sep.
Efficacy of Insecticides to Citrus Peel Miner Larvae on Grapefruit, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Maurer M. , Tellez T.
Published: December 2017

Ten year old grapefruit trees in Maricopa, AZ were treated with insecticides for control of CPM larvae. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Each plot (20 by 60 ft) consisted of three trees in a row spaced 20 ft apart. Applications were initiated as soon as visible mines were detected. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Prior to application, 10 to 15 fruits with active mines were tagged in each plot. Treatments were applied on Sep 18. The following day, the fruits were picked and the number of mines on each fruit were counted. The fruits were then placed in 3 gal buckets (1 bucket per plot) with ventilated lids. The number of emerged adult CPMs were counted on 11 Oct. Henderson-Tilton’s equation [C = 100(1 – XcYtlXtYc); where C = percent control, Xc = precount in the untreated, Xt = precount in the treatment, Yc = postcount in the untreated and Yt = post-count in the treatment] was used to estimate percent control. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Igr Evaluation Experiment 1,1996
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 4 miniblocks, each 1/3 acre, of 16-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 16.5 ft. in height and 16 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of half a miniblock (18 trees) for each spray treatment and an entire miniblock for the untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates (plant growth stage and degree-days after first pheromone trap catch in spring of codling moth, TABM, OFM of application were 12 Apr (delayed dormant), 18 Apr (pre-pink), 10 May (petal fall, 163,-,296), 20 May (266, 115,442), 3 Jun (410, 317, 644), 11 Jun (561, 508, 835), 18 Jun (721, 703, 1031), 3 Jul (1034, 1091, 1418), 11 Jul (1191, 1285, 1613), 25 Jul (1499, 1641, 1969), 2 Aug (1626, 1831, 2158), and 8 Aug (1754, 1989, 2317). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, and Ziram. Treatment effect was evaluated by counting insects and injury on the periphery of 4 single-tree replications in the center row(s) of each plot periodically during the season. RAA control was determined by counting colonies per tree. Con-trol of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Effect of treatments against ERM was determined by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. OFM control was determined by counting injured terminals per tree. Control of STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeding mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Effect of treatments against TABM was determined by counting leaf shelters and live larvae within leaf shelters per tree.
Efficacy of Experimental Insecticides to Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1996
Authors: Kerns D. L. , Tellez T.
Published: December 2017

Eight year old lemon trees in Yuma, AZ, were treated with experimental insecticides for control of citrus thrips. The treatments were arranged in a RCB design, consisting of four replicates. Each plot (30 by 90 ft) consisted of three trees, spaced 30 ft apart, in a row. Applications were made using a backpack air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Treatments were applied approximately seven days after petal fall on Apr 2, Apr 23 and May 08. Evaluations were made on 4 Apr, 9 Apr, 15 Apr, 23 Apr, 25 Apr, 29 Apr, 6 May, 10 May, 13 May, 20 May and 29 May. Percent infested fruit were estimated by sampling ten fruit per tree for the presence or absence of immature CT. Fruit damage was assessed on Aug 19 by rating the degree of rind scarring: 1 = no scarring, 2 = slight scarring around the calyx, 3 = significant scarring around the calyx, 4 = slight scarring on the side of the fruit and 5 = major scarring on the side of the fruit. Percentages fruit infested with immature CT were statistically analysed using a square-root transformation, but the data presented in the tables is untransformed. Differences among treatments were separated using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Aphid Control on Pecans, 1996
Authors: French J. Victor , Jackson Ben M.
Published: December 2017

Different rates of experimental BAS 300 1II were compared with MetaSystox-R for control of blackmargined pecan aphid. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times on plots of 4-5 trees each in a 12-yr-old pecan planting at a 30 X 30 ft spacing. Sprays were applied 30 Jul using a Lockwood Hardie Super 40 air blast sprayer with nozzling, pressure and speed adjusted to apply 200 gpa. All live aphids were counted on 12 compound leaves randomly sampled per replicate (36 leaves per treatment) at 3, 7 DAT and weekly thereafter.
Control of Pecan Weevil in Pecans, 1995
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Smith Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of pecan weevil (PW) on ‘Western’ cultivar of pecans. Trials were conducted at the Pecan Research Station located near Sparks, OK (Lincoln Co.) and were arranged in a RCB design with three single-tree replications. Timing of application was based on monitoring PW emergence from the soil using Tedder’s traps. Insecticides were applied when a threshold of 0.4 weevils/trap/day was captured. Based on this threshold, two applications were made, the first on 11 Sep and the second on 27 Sep. Treatments were applied using a PTO driven, air blast orchard sprayer calibrated to deliver 97 gpa. All chemical treatments were applied with a surfactant, Latron B-1956, at 0.5 pt/100 gal. PW populations did not reach threshold levels after the second application. Damage was evaluated at harvest (November) using random samples of 40 nuts/tree before cleaning. Each nut was cracked by hand and examined for presence of weevils. Percentage infestations were calculated for each tree, then data were analyzed using ANOVA with mean separation by DMRT.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer and Fall Webworm in Pecans, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Smith Michael W.
Published: December 2017

Eight insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC and FW on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Bumeyville, OK (Love Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 9 blocks of trees, with each block receiving one of the treatments. Each block was about one acre in size. The trial used mature native pecan trees. Pretreatment PNC infestation levels were determined 29 May. Twenty nut clusters on at least five trees per block (100 nut clusters per treatment), were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg or damage was found on any nut within a cluster, it was considered infested. No fall webworm larval infestations were found when insecticides were applied; however, adult activity was observed. Treatments were applied on 30 May using a Duran-Wayland Model 500 ATF, motor driven, air blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa. Only one application was made. PNC damage was evaluated on 21 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree on each of 10 trees (250 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for case-bearer entries. Damage from FW was evaluated on 15 Jul by counting the number of webs on each of five trees per treatment.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control with Cm-006,1996
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Sibbett S. G. , Nomoto R. M.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in a commercial walnut orchard near Visalia, CA on 3-year old trees. Six treatments were replicated six times in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. There was a buffer row in each direction from the experimental trees. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 37.5 gpa of finished spray (0.5 ga/tree). TSM were sampled weekly from 10 Jul (pre-treatment sample) through 7 Aug by collecting five leaflets per replicate. The leaflets were brushed and TSM were counted under magnification (20 X).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Grasshoppers in Snap Bean, 1996
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in a commercial snap bean field 5 miles southwest of Anderson, MO. Plants were in full bloom at treatment application. Plot size was 16 ft X 50 ft and 2 non-treated rows separated plots. Insecticides were applied with a bicycle sprayer equipped with 10 Tee Jet 80015 nozzles calibrated to deliver 15.2 gpa at 2.4 mph. Treatments were applied 1 Oct in a RCB design with 4 replications. Dead grasshoppers were counted at 3 DAT by searching the ground under each of the 2 center rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Pyrethroids and Selected Insecticides for Control of Cabbage Looper in Broccoli
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Broccoli was direct seeded into double-row beds on 21 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Foliar applications were made on 30 Oct and 4 Nov with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 50 psi, delivering 20 gpa. Spreader-sticker (Kinetic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.125% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1 st and 2nd instars) and large (>2nd instar) CL larvae on 5 randomly selected broccoli plants per replicate. A pre-treatment sample was taken on 29 Oct and evaluations were made 5 DAT on 4 and 9 Nov. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Control of Beet Armyworm on Pepper, Spring 1996
Authors: Seal Dakshina R. , McCord Elzie
Published: December 2017

Pepper seedlings were transplanted in Rockdale soil on 5 Oct, 1995. A RCB design was employed to provide 3 replicates each for 8 treatments comprising a plot size of 2 rows, 25 feet long. Insecticide applications were initiated on 15 Nov, 1995 and continued at approximately 7-day intervals. Insecticides were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles per row at 40 PSI delivering 100 gpa. No phytotoxicity was observed with either product. Evaluations were conducted after odd-numbered treatments; i.e.1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th. B AWs were evaluated by counting the number of larvae on 5 randomly selected plants per plot. B AW fruit damage was determined by collecting 20 mature fruit per plot. Fruit with feeding damage was rated as non-marketable.
Mite Airblast Experiment on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A , Krawczyk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Experimental and registered acaricide treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of three replicates of ‘Yorking’ and one replicate of ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 24 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 GPA, driven at 2.4 mph for a complete spray. All treatments were applied as complete sprays except for the Pyramite treatment that was applied as two alternate row middle applications. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, Topsin 85 DF, and Ziram 76 WP) and nutrients (CaCl). Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50 WP and Imidan 70 WP) were applied as needed at 1- to 2-week intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM, AF and ZM was evaluated by counting the mites at approximately weekly intervals during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The predatory mite SP was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. Mite pressure was high. The cumulative number of mite days was determined for each treatment.
Impact of Insecticides and an Entomophagous Fungus on Pepper Weevil, Melon Thrips, Broad Mite, and Minute Pirate Bug in Hot Pepper, 1997
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse-raised ‘Serrano’ pepper plants were transplanted on 2 Apr at 10-inch spacing in single rows on 4 pairs of subirrigated beds, 32 inches wide and 240 ft long on 6-ft centers. Beds had been fertilized with a bottom mix of 80 lb/acre of 5-16-8 and a banded top mix of 500 lb/acre of 19-0-19 supplemented with an injection of 40 lb N/acre on 22 Apr, fumigated with methyl bromide/chloropicrin (66/33) at a rate of 2201b/acre and covered with black polyethylene film mulch. Plants were sprayed with a combination of Maneb 80 WP at 1 lb/acre plus Kocide 101 at 3 lb/acre as necessary for disease control. Each pair of beds was separated by an additional bed of Jalapefio pepper planted on 4 Mar and removed on 28 May which was inoculated with pepper weevils from an adjacent field on 27 Mar. Bed pairs were divided into 12 plots 40 ft long and assigned to 12 treatments in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied weekly for 9 weeks beginning 7 May using a high-clearance sprayer with two vertical and one horizontal boom fitted with ceramic “yellow” Albuztm hollow-cone nozzles delivering spray at 200 psi. Initial configuration was three noz-zles, one overhead and one on each side spraying at a rate of 33 gpa. One more nozzle was added to each vertical drop 29 May for a total of five per row and an output of 55 gpa. A pre-treatment count made 6 May on 3 leaves per plant from 10 plants per replication showed a total of 1 pepper weevil, 7 green peach aphids, 8 broad mites and 17 melon thrips. An examination of the inoculum row showed similar levels of these insects except for pepper weevil which numbered more than 2 per plant. Weekly evaluations beginning 14 May were made on 8 plants per plot, searching flowers and terminals for adult pepper weevils. The youngest 3 expanding leaves on all the terminals were rated for aphids, thrips, and broad mite damage on a scale of 0-3: 0 = none, 1 up to 20% terminals damaged, 2 > 20 < 50% damage and 3 > 50% damaged. Orius insidiosus adults and nymphs were included in the count beginning 20 May. All fruit an inch or more in length was harvested, counted, and weighed on 18 Jun and 14 Jul. Incidence of weevil damage was evaluated by cut-ting open each fruit.