bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Placing a Hand in the Fire
Authors: Payne Nathaniel J. , Campbell Colin , Bal Anjali S. , Piercy Niall
Published: June 2011

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an experiential learning social media project that was integrated into a graduate marketing class. As part of the semester-long project, students were required to work within a team and create a spoof video, which was posted on YouTube. Students’ success was partially determined by the number of views made of the particular video. After reviewing the results obtained by a semistructured survey, the research indicates that the inclusion of an experiential project into the core curriculum was associated with student motivation, engagement, team management, and communication skills. Furthermore, this integration promoted learning of technical and theoretical knowledge related to consumer-generated advertisements and virtual viral marketing. Results and implications are discussed.
Microscale digital image correlation study of irradiation induced ductile-to-brittle transition in polyethylene
Authors: Lambros J , Patel J
Published: June 2011

The transition from ductile-to-brittle (DTB) response in polymers can be triggered by many factors such as temperature, strain rate, and environmental effects. The focus of this paper is on investigating the DTB transition that occurs in a polyethylene carbon monoxide copolymer (ECO) under the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. As ECO is subjected to increased amounts of UV light it becomes stiffer and more brittle because of increased cross-linking and simultaneous chain scission. Consequently, its failure processes also change with UV irradiation transitioning from a shear yielding mechanism typical of ductile polymers to a crazing mechanism typical of brittle polymers. An in-house built microtensile tester placed under a microscope is used to image at the microscale (1–10 µm/pixel) the failure processes of ECO irradiated for 0, 10, and 50 h. The full-field optical method of digital image correlation is used to image the area around a crack tip in a microscale fracture sample. The results show a significant region of K-dominance very near the crack tip in both the shear yielding (10 h irradiation) and the crazing (50 h irradiation) samples. Crack extension curves are also obtained and are seen to be consistent with macroscopic data obtained elsewhere.
Detailed multiphysics modeling and validation of thermocouple readings in fires
Authors: Yilmaz Nadir
Published: June 2011

Detailed CFD models of mineral-insulated metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples are discussed and thermocouple readings in fire environment are validated against experimental thermocouple data for a Hencken burner flame. Thermocouple readings are presented as functions of equivalence ratio, thermocouple diameter, thermocouple orientation, position of the junction, depth of insertion into fire, and sheath surface emissivity. Effects of surface oxidation, sheath diameter, and insertion depth on thermocouple response time are analyzed in detail. Computational results are compared with published experimental data. Overall, predictions showed excellent agreement with experimental data. Small deviations occurred in the case of insertion depths due to axial heat losses.
Experimental study of the effect of spark power on piloted ignition of wood at different altitudes
Authors: Wei Wu  , Lizhong Yang  , Junhui Gong  , Junfang Qie  , Yafei Wang  , Chuan He
Published: June 2011

Generally, a continuous spark is used in piloted-ignition experiments on combustible materials. However, the potential effect of the spark’s power in such experiments, has been ignored in previous studies. In this article, experiments are carried out to assess the effect of spark power on the ignition characteristics of fir at different altitudes characterized by atmospheric pressures of 0.77 and 1.0 atm. It is concluded that ignition time becomes shorter with an increase of spark power. With a rise in spark power, the mass flux at ignition and the critical heat flux decline in the ignition process. Ignition time is found to be more sensitive to spark power in lower altitudes.
Effect of nickel and chromium exposure on buccal cells of electroplaters
Authors: Qayyum Saba , Ara Anjum , Usmani Jawed Ahmad
Published: June 2011

The electroplating industry commonly involves the use of nickel and chromium. An assessment of the genotoxic effects of these metals can be carried out by micronucleus (MN) test in buccal cells. Other nuclear anomalies (NA) observed in buccal cells viz., karyorrhexis, pyknosis and karyolysis are also the indicators of genotoxicity. The current study aims at determining the extent of genotoxic damage in relation to the duration of exposure to nickel and hexavalent chromium via micronuclei induction and other nuclear anomalies. The present investigation included 150 subjects of which 50 individuals with no history of nickel/chromium exposure (Group I) were taken as control, 50 electroplaters exposed to nickel and hexavalent chromium for duration of less than 10 years (Group II) and 50 electroplaters exposed for ≥10 years (Group III) were included. Slides of buccal cells were prepared and the frequency of MN (‰) and NA (‰) were calculated. ANOVA was applied to test significance. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05 and p < 0.001. Group III showed the highest MN frequency (1.08 ± 0.54‰, p < 0.05), karyorrhexis (20.75 ± 6.29, p < 0.05), karyolysis (3.50 ± 1.91, p < 0.001), binucleate (4.75 ± 2.75, p < 0.05) and enucleated cells (5.75 ± 1.70, p < 0.05). Significant increase in frequencies between Group II and III was found as duration of exposure increased. Plasma nickel and chromium levels were also determined which showed a positive correlation with frequency MN and other nuclear abnormalities ( p < 0.01).
Anti-apoptotic effects of curcumin on cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat testes
Authors: Aktas Cevat , Kanter Mehmet , Erboga Mustafa , Ozturk Samil
Published: June 2011

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the environmental pollutants affecting various tissues and organs including testis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of curcumin (Cur) on Cd-induced apoptosis in rat testes. The rats were randomly allotted into one of three experimental groups: control, Cd treated and Cd treated with Cur; each group contained 10 animals. The control group received 2 ml/day of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). To induce toxicity, Cd (1 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and subcutaneously injected into rats for 4 weeks. The rats in Cur-treated group was given a daily dose of 100 mg/kg of Cur for 4 weeks. To date, no examinations of the anti-apoptotic properties of Cur on Cd-induced apoptosis in rat testes have been reported. The mean seminiferous tubule diameter, mean testicular biopsy score values and serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased in Cd-treated groups were compared to the control group. Furthermore, the Cur-treated animals showed an improved histological appearance and serum testosterone levels in Cd-treated group. Our data indicate a significant reduction in the activity of in situ identification of apoptosis using terminal dUTP nick end-labeling in testis tissues of the Cd-treated group with Cur therapy. The present study showed that Cur treatment protected testes against toxic effects of Cd. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of Cur may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on the spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by Cd-treated rats.
The evaluation of the genotoxic and oxidative damage potentials of Ulothrix tenuissima (Kütz.) in vitro
Authors: Türkez Hasan , Gürbüz Hasan , Aydın Elanur , Aslan Ali , Dirican Ebubekir
Published: June 2011

Several alga species are known to produce a variety of toxic metabolites that pose a threat to aquatic organisms, animals and humans. Moreover, these metabolites have been thought to cause serious diseases including certain cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, Ulothrix is a genus of filamentous green algae, generally found in fresh water and marine and abundantly available in some lakes and rivers of Turkey. To our best knowledge, no study has been performed to assess the genotoxic and biochemical effects of U. tenuissima on cultured human blood cells. Therefore, in order to determine clastogenic or aneugenic effects of aqueous alga extracts the micronucleus assay was carried out. Nuclear division index (NDI) in peripheral lymphocytes was also analyzed for cytotoxicity evaluations. In addition, biochemical parameters (total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS)) were examined to determine oxidative effects. For this aim, we obtained heparinized blood samples from three healthy persons. The alga samples were collected from Porsuk Pond in Hasankale (Erzurum, Turkey) in summer period of the year 2010. The aqueous extracts of this species were added to cultures at different concentrations (0 to 5000 ppm) for 72 h. Our results showed that this alga did not cause any statistically important changes in the rates of studied genotoxicity endpoint. But dose-dependent alterations were observed in TAC and TOS levels and NDI rates. In conclusion, U. tenuissima was found to be non-genotoxic but caused sterility at higher concentrations due to oxidative stress.
Pediatric Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Picchietti Daniel L. , Arbuckle Robert A. , Abetz Linda , Durmer Jeffrey S. , Ivanenko Anna , Owens Judith A. , Croenlein Jens , Allen Richard P. , Walters Arthur S.
Published: June 2011

The specific aims of this study were to collect and analyze detailed symptom descriptions from patients with pediatric restless legs syndrome, ages 6 to 17 years, as well as assess symptom impact and the usefulness of drawings. Trained qualitative interviewers conducted face-to-face audio-recorded interviews of children and adolescents who met criteria for definite restless legs syndrome. Thirty-three patients in 3 age groups used 16 different categories of descriptors for restless legs sensations, with a mean of 3 or more categories used per patient in each age group. “Need to move/kick,” “pain/hurts,” “uncomfortable/cannot get comfortable,” and “like bugs or ants/crawling” were the most common descriptors. Two-thirds reported daytime sensations, and nearly half had arm involvement. They described impact on sleep, cognitive function, and affect. Drawings provided useful diagnostic information. These detailed empirical data will be useful in clinical practice, as well as in the development of formal diagnostic tools and severity measures.
Comparison of Corrected QT Interval as Measured on Electroencephalography Versus 12-Lead Electrocardiography in Children With a History of Syncope
Authors: Massey Shavonne L. , Wise Marshall S. , Madan Nandini , Carvalho Karen , Khurana Divya , Legido Agustin , Valencia Ignacio
Published: June 2011

Long QT syndrome can present with neurological manifestations, including syncope and seizure-like activity. These patients often receive an initial neurologic evaluation, including electroencephalography (EEG). Our previous retrospective study suggested an increased prevalence of prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) measured during the EEG of patients with syncope. The aim of the current study is to assess the accuracy of the EEG QTc reading compared with the nonsimultaneous 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) in children with syncope. Abnormal QTc was defined as ≥450 ms in boys, ≥460 ms in girls. Forty-two children were included. There was no significant correlation between QTc readings in the EEG and ECG. EEG failed to identify 2 children with prolonged QTc in the ECG and overestimated the QTc in 3 children with normal QTc in the ECG. This study suggests that interpretation of the QTc segment during an EEG is limited. Further studies with simultaneous EEG and 12-lead ECG are warranted.
Increasing Depressive Symptoms in Children of Alzheimer Parents
Authors: Teng Edmond , Melrose Rebecca J. , Osato Sheryl , Jimenez Elvira , Ercoli Linda M. , Jarvik Lissy F.
Published: June 2011

Children of persons with Alzheimer disease (AD) are at increased risk of developing AD themselves, but specific factors that predict AD in this population have yet to be elucidated. Various studies indicate depressive symptoms may predate clinical AD and represent a risk factor and/or prodrome of incipient dementia, but their relevance for AD offspring remains uncertain. As part of a longitudinal family study of AD, we assessed depressive symptomatology in 30 middle aged AD offspring (mean age at baseline: 41.2). Their mean total scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating scale increased from 1.8 to 5.3 ( P < .001) across a 20-year interval. Neurocognitive performance remained stable in a subset of this cohort (N = 25) over the same interval. Findings from this small convenience sample suggest emerging depressive symptoms may be among the earliest signs of subsequent dementia in this high-risk population but require confirmation through further longitudinal follow-up and replication in larger populations.
Midlife Motivational Abilities Predict Apathy and Depression in Alzheimer Disease: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study
Authors: Mortby Moyra Elizabeth , Maercker Andreas , Forstmeier Simon
Published: June 2011

Apathy and depression are the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). This study was the first to explore midlife motivational abilities as a predictor of the progression of apathy and depression in MCI and AD. It used a subsample of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (N = 137). Participants, aged over 70, were categorized according to baseline clinical diagnosis (normal cognition, MCI, or AD). Assessments were conducted at an 18-month interval. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Midlife motivational abilities were estimated on the basis of the main occupation using the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database, which provides detailed information on worker abilities. Repeated measures analysis of covariance was used. Apathy and depression were found to be particularly high in participants with AD and high motivational abilities. Apathy, but not depression, increased over time in those with AD and high motivational abilities. It would appear that holding on to unattainable goals with strong motivational efforts when faced with severe cognitive loss might lead to unproductive persistence, depressive reaction, and more apathetic behavior.
Stiffness of the elastic system in a servo-valve torque motor
Authors: Urata E , Suzuki K
Published: June 2011

This article investigates the stiffness of the elastic system in a servo-valve torque motor. A suitable stiffness of the elastic system is necessary because a too low stiffness results in unstable equilibrium while a high stiffness requires a high electric input current. Therefore, designers require an exact estimate of the stiffness of the elastic structure. This article shows that classic beam theory can be used as a design tool for torque motors that have a flexure tube of aspect ratio of about 3 or larger. The beam theory and a finite element method (FEM) analysis are compared with experiments; if the aspect ratio is less than 3, the beam theory induces considerable error and FEM analysis becomes a necessary tool for estimating the elastic characteristics. The benefit of the beam theory is that it can give compact expressions for deflection of the flapper and rotation angle of the armature.
Development and validation of an advanced motorcycle riding simulator
Authors: Cossalter V , Lot R , Massaro M , Sartori R
Published: June 2011

This paper illustrates and discusses the main features of the motorcycle riding simulator designed and built at the University of Padua over recent years. The simulator has been developed for a variety of purposes: to develop and test electronic devices aimed at improving rider safety and vehicle performance (antilock braking systems, traction control systems, etc.), to investigate different design choices and parameter effects on vehicle dynamics, to train riders, and to study their behaviours in different scenarios (normal riding, dangerous situations, etc.).

Within the simulator the rider sits on a motorcycle mock-up provided with all the inputs available on a real motorcycle (throttle, clutch, brakes, etc.). These controls are used as inputs for an advanced virtual motorcycle model which computes the real-time vehicle dynamics. With the aim of giving the rider a proper motion cue, a washout filter converts the motion of the virtual motorcycle into the proper motion of a five-degrees-of-freedom motorcycle mock-up. Finally the audiovisual cues are delivered with a 180° panel and 5.1 surround sound system.

To validate the simulator, a specific protocol which includes both an objective evaluation and a subjective evaluation was designed and carried out.

External devices such as advanced rider assistant systems, on-bike information systems, and human–machine interfaces can be easily integrated into the simulator by means of a standard controller area network.
Design and optimization of a new control strategy in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle in order to improve fuel economy
Authors: Dorri M , Shamekhi A H
Published: June 2011

In this paper, a new control strategy for the optimization of the fuel consumption of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is proposed. A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is employed in the PHEV model. CVT gearboxes have a continuum of gear ratios between their upper and lower limits and their proper control can cause the engine to work optimally.

The requested power from the driver and the state of charge of the battery are the controller inputs, while the CVT optimal gear ratio is the controller output. This optimal gear ratio helps the engine to work near its optimal operating points, resulting in better fuel economy and reduced emissions. The controller also attempts to enhance the vehicle performance parameters as much as possible.

To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, it is implemented in a PHEV simulated model. Initial results are calculated for three different drive cycles. Afterwards, in order to improve outputs, the initial controller parameters are optimized using multi-objective optimization genetic algorithms. Comparison between the initial and the optimized results showed the success of the optimized control strategy in reducing the fuel consumption, while the vehicle performance and emissions remained within their desired limits.
In-cylinder flow control in a four-valve spark ignition engine: numerical and experimental steady rig tests
Authors: Ramajo D , Zanotti A , Nigro N
Published: June 2011

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations and experimental steady flow tests (flow discharge, swirl, and tumble) were carried out to study the in-cylinder flow in a commercial four-valve spark ignition engine. The present investigation was aimed at analysing and controlling the generation of macro-vortex structures (swirl and tumble) during the inlet process. A comparative study of the most commonly employed tumble benches along with in-house design was performed, the last showing some advantages with respect to the others. The outcomes from the simulations were in agreement with experimental results. Mainly, the tumble generation rate was in general proportional to the valve lift. However, tumble was reduced drastically at medium valve lift due to a change in the vortex pattern. A stagnation zone was observed between inlet valves. CFD calculations successfully captured this tumble-fall effect, which was related to characteristic changes in the vortex pattern downstream of the inlet valves at medium valve lift. This affects tumble production without affecting the mass flowrate efficiency. Finally, at high valve lifts the tumble production and the vortex pattern were recovered. The capability of the cylinder head to induce swirl, tumble, or combined swirl–tumble by modifying the valve timing or by introducing adjustable flow deflectors was evaluated using CFD. Several valve timing strategies were analysed: some of them produced significant swirl, but introduced high mass flowrate losses. On the other hand, adjustable flow deflectors were shown to be an interesting alternative to induce swirl–tumble at low load and to improve tumble at high load.
Charged air cooling with vortex tube for a common-rail diesel engine
Authors: Im S Y , Yu S S
Published: June 2011

When vehicle speed is low, it is hard for the intercooler to cool the charging air owing to a reduction of the ram air effect. The performance of the vortex tube is not only independent of the vehicle speed but it is also independent of the ambient temperature. This benefit motivates a feasibility study of the vortex tube as a replacement for the intercooler in a diesel engine. In this study, the performance of a diesel engine with an intercooler was compared with that of a diesel engine with a vortex tube. The engine experimental results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved up to 3 per cent at 1750 r/min and 25 per cent partial load. The results also showed the soot (particulate matter) from the diesel engine equipped with a conventional intercooler was reduced up to 60 per cent at 1500 r/min and 25 per cent partial load when the vortex tube was used. As the engine speed increased, the intercooling with the vortex tube showed a similar performance, except at high speed and full load. This study demonstrates that the overall performance of the vortex tube makes it appropriate as a replacement for the intercooler, but the result also shows that the design parameters of the vortex tube need to be optimized to cover the whole operating range.
Collision avoidance solution for low-altitude flights
Authors: Lin C E , Wu Y-Y
Published: June 2011

The high density of small aircrafts increasingly threatens flight safety during low-altitude flights. Unlike general air transport aircraft, small aircrafts do not install active detection for collision avoidance. Through available surveillance communication, small aircraft can be monitored and separated on a surveillance dependence basis. A low-altitude collision avoidance system algorithm is introduced to offer the required separation solution to small aircrafts at low altitude. Based on the automatic dependent surveillance concept under the visual flight rule, aircraft traffic alert and collision avoidance system operation can be built on a ground surveillance computer as well as being installed as a airborne electronic flight instrument system (EFIS). Aircraft conflict will be detected and calculated from the surveillance information. Simple traffic resolution rules can be created for collision avoidance after alerts are simultaneously generated on the ground computer and on airborne EFIS. Following the general basic rules, the resolution algorithm could be induced. This article refers to traffic advisory and resolution advisory, and designs a simple avoidance manipulation for small aircrafts. In this development, ultra-light flights are operated to create the actual flight data in a small airspace. Several feasible scenarios are tested in simulations to look into the TCAS performance on ground computer and airborne EFIS. The results offer better flight safety management for low-altitude flights.
Effect of (3-aminopropyl) triethylsilane treatment on mechanical and thermal properties of alumina-filled epoxy composites
Authors: Rashid E S A , Rasyid M F A , Akil H Md , Ariffin K , Kooi C C
Published: June 2011

This article reports the effects of silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl triethylsilane) on alumina particles, which were subsequently used as filler for an epoxy resin matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the interaction between silane and alumina particles. The effectiveness of the coupling treatment was also correlated to the improvements on the composites properties. The effect of alumina loading on the properties was also investigated. Results from mechanical testing indicated improvements in terms of mechanical properties as a result of the coupling treatment. The morphology of fracture surfaces, from a three-point bend test, was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) suggests that through the addition of the alumina particle, the CTE value decreased accordingly. The thermal stability result, using thermogravimetric analysis, showed that treated alumina filled epoxy composite is much more stable for a given temperature.
Cure frailty models for survival data: Application to recurrences for breast cancer and to hospital readmissions for colorectal cancer
Authors: Rondeau Virginie , Schaffner Emmanuel , Corbière Fabien , Gonzalez Juan R , Mathoulin-Pélissier Simone
Published: June 2011

Owing to the natural evolution of a disease, several events often arise after a first treatment for the same subject. For example, patients with a primary invasive breast cancer and treated with breast conserving surgery may experience breast cancer recurrences, metastases or death. A certain proportion of subjects in the population who are not expected to experience the events of interest are considered to be ‘cured’ or non-susceptible. To model correlated failure time data incorporating a surviving fraction, we compare several forms of cure rate frailty models. In the first model already proposed non-susceptible patients are those who are not expected to experience the event of interest over a sufficiently long period of time. The other proposed models account for the possibility of cure after each event. We illustrate the cure frailty models with two data sets. First to analyse time-dependent prognostic factors associated with breast cancer recurrences, metastases, new primary malignancy and death. Second to analyse successive rehospitalizations of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Estimates were obtained by maximization of likelihood using SAS proc NLMIXED for a piecewise constant hazards model. As opposed to the simple frailty model, the proposed methods demonstrate great potential in modelling multivariate survival data with long-term survivors (‘cured’ individuals).
Developing a Scale to Measure Parental Worry and Their Attitudes Toward Childhood Cancer After Successful Completion of Treatment
Authors: Duran Beyhan
Published: June 2011

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of a scale designed to measure parents’ attitude toward childhood cancer after treatment has ended. In this study, the 2 theoretical frameworks (theory of attitude and theory of worry) were used as they related to the study. An attitude is an idea charged with negative or positive emotion, directed to a psychological object, such as cancer. A sample of 84 White, middle class, American parents (n = 49 mothers, n = 35 fathers) of 51 childhood cancer survivors, whose treatment ended between 1988 and 2005, was surveyed between November 2005 and February 2006. Two factors were extracted using principal component analysis with oblique rotation. Cronbach’s alpha reliability for Factor 1 was .91 and for Factor 2 was .76. This study suggests that most parents of cancer survivors tend to perseverate, ruminating on the idea that their child’s cancer will return; as a result, they remain in a heightened state of alertness and develop uncontrollable thoughts, or inconsolable worry, about the recurrence of the disease.
Leading Beautifully: The Creative Economy and Beyond
Authors: Adler Nancy J.
Published: June 2011

“These times are riven with anxiety and uncertainty” asserts John O’Donohue.1 “In the hearts of people some natural ease has been broken. . . . Our trust in the future has lost its innocence. We know now that anything can happen. . . . The traditional structures of shelter are shaking, their foundations revealed to be no longer stone but sand. We are suddenly thrown back on ourselves. At first, it sounds completely naïve to suggest that now might be the time to invoke beauty. Yet this is exactly what . . . [we claim]. Why? Because there is nowhere else to turn and we are desperate; furthermore, it is because we have so disastrously neglected the Beautiful that we now find ourselves in such a terrible crisis.”2

Twenty-first century society yearns for a leadership of possibility, a leadership based more on hope, aspiration, innovation, and beauty than on the replication of historical patterns of constrained pragmatism. Luckily, such a leadership is possible today. For the first time in history, leaders can work backward from their aspirations and imagination rather than forward from the past.3 “The gap between what people can imagine and what they can accomplish has never been smaller.”4

Responding to the challenges and yearnings of the twenty-first century demands anticipatory creativity. Designing options worthy of implementation calls for levels of inspiration, creativity, and a passionate commitment to beauty that, until recently, have been more the province of artists and artistic processes than the domain of most managers. The time is right for the artistic imagination of each of us to co-create the leadership that the world most needs and deserves.
The Blame Game
Authors: Poposki Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2011

Research focused on the work–family interface has explored many antecedents and consequences of work–family conflict (WFC) but has neglected to address cognitive reactions following conflict events. The purpose of this investigation is to explore one such reaction: attribution. Attributions of responsibility for conflict events are assessed with a focus on providing descriptive information about attributions and exploring correlates of attributions. Results indicate that attributions to external sources are much more frequent than internal attributions and that the work role is more frequently viewed as being responsible for conflict than the family role. In addition, results show that attributions are linked to characteristics of the conflict event, as well as anger and frustration following the conflict event.
The Role of Quality Service Systems in Involving Families in Mental Health Treatment for Children With Severe Emotional Disturbances
Authors: Mayberry Lindsay Satterwhite , Heflinger Craig Anne
Published: June 2011

Family involvement in the planning and execution of mental health treatment has been shown to positively influence child outcomes; however, there is wide variability in the levels of involvement by families. The current study investigated the influence of child, family caregiver, service system, and community factors on the level of family involvement in the mental health treatment of children with severe emotional disturbances (SED). Although prior work in this area has primarily focused on family and child characteristics, the current study adds to the knowledge base by also exploring factors associated with the quality of service delivery that may influence levels of family involvement. The current study is a secondary analysis of existing data from the Impact Study of Medicaid in Mississippi and Tennessee that used in-depth interviews with parents and case review ratings. A total of 136 children and adolescents who received Medicaid coverage for mental health treatment in Mississippi and Tennessee were the focus of this study that assessed child and caregiver characteristics at the beginning of the study and rated service system factors 6 months after the study began. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed the quality of the service delivery system had the most influence on the level of family involvement. Results suggest that levels of family involvement may have less to do with caregiver health, or other family characteristics, and more to do with the quality of the service delivery system.
Bence-Jones Protein–Type Myeloma With Amyloid Myopathy Presenting as Amyloidomas and Extensive Amyloid Deposits in the Muscularis Propria
Authors: Ikezawa Yoshiyasu , Oka Kuniyuki , Nagayama Reizo , Okubo Yuki , Yonekawa Nobuo , Hirai Futoshi , Ebihara Itaru , Mori Naoyoshi
Published: June 2011

This study reports a 59-year-old man who suffered from multiple skeletal muscle amyloidomas and showed a rapidly fatal course. He noticed left inguinal pain and gait disturbance due to muscle weakness of the left leg. Protein in urine (3.3 g/d) and Bence-Jones protein of the κ type (2.3 g/d) were detected. Bone marrow aspiration showed 11.6% monoclonal plasma cells in nucleated cells. A core needle-biopsied and resected left inguinal tumor showed the deposition of eosinophilic amorphous materials positive for Congo red stain and the κ-light chain. He was diagnosed with plasma cell myeloma with AL (amyloid light chain) amyloidosis. Multiple soft-part tumors developed, grew rapidly, and he died 3 months after admission. At autopsy, 3 large amyloidomas were observed in the skeletal muscles, and prominent amyloid deposits were also seen in the diaphragm, intercostal muscle, iliopsoas muscle, and cervical skeletal muscles examined. Massive amyloid materials deposited diffusely in the propria muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract: the tongue to the rectum.
Male Gender Role Strain as a Barrier to African American Men’s Physical Activity
Authors: Griffith Derek M. , Gunter Katie , Allen Julie Ober
Published: June 2011

Despite the potential health consequences, African American men tend to treat their roles as providers, fathers, spouses, and community members as more important than engaging in health behaviors such as physical activity. We conducted 14 exploratory focus groups with 105 urban, middle-aged African American men from the Midwest to examine factors that influence their health behaviors. Thematic content analysis revealed three interrelated barriers to physical activity: (a) work, family, and community commitments and priorities limited time and motivation for engaging in physical activity; (b) physical activity was not a normative individual or social activity and contributed to men prioritizing work and family responsibilities over physical activity; and (c) the effort men exerted in seeking to fulfill the provider role limited their motivation and energy to engage in physical activity. These findings highlight the need for physical activity interventions that consider how health fits in the overall context of men’s lives.
A Three-Stage-Integrative Approach for the Identification of Potential Hepatotoxic Compounds From Botanical Products
Authors: Jin Yecheng , Zhao Xiaoping , Zhang Yufeng , Li Xiang , Nie Xiaojing , Wang Yi , Fan Xiaohui
Published: June 2011

With the increasing use of herbal medicines and dietary supplements, intensive concerns about their potential toxicities have been raised. Screening and identifying the toxic compounds from these botanical products composed by hundreds of components have become a critical but challenging problem. In this study, 3 methods, including fraction separation, an in-house-developed fluorescein diacetate-based automatic microscopy screening (FAMS) platform, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based compounds identification were integrated within the Three-Stage-Integrative (TSI) approach for the identification of potential hepatotoxicants from botanical products. The sensitivity and linear range of FAMS assay was validated and compared with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay by previously reported hepatotoxic compounds. The success of TSI approach was further demonstrated by its application to Fructus aristolochiae. Aristolochic acid IVa and aristolodione were tentatively identified to be potential hepatotoxicants in this plant. These applications suggested that our TSI approach provides an effective tool for identifying potential toxic compounds from botanical products.
How Biology Travels: A Humanitarian Trip
Authors: Ticktin Miriam
Published: June 2011

This article explores how ‘biology’ — in the sense that bodies are increasingly understood in biological terms, from the molecular to the species level — is becoming more central in the recognition of political worth, and I argue that humanitarians are key players in producing this reality. I focus on the role biology plays in the politics of immigration. Combining ethnographic research with undocumented immigrants in Paris and asylum claimants in the US, I examine how biology has become a central tool in the ability to travel. How did pathology (i.e. illness) or violations of anatomy (i.e. torture, sexual violence) become the ‘best’ ways to get papers as an undocumented immigrant — better than selling one’s labor power? I suggest that biological evidence — of illness, of torture, of immunity levels — are used as key measurements of suffering, which justifies humanitarian exceptions, in this case, for papers. My argument is that there is a dual regime of truth at work, where the multiple ontologies of biology get reduced to one epistemology of biology as ‘fixed’ when it concerns immigrants and refugees, due to the role of humanitarianism in the politics of immigration. This is explored in the context of profound inequalities between those in the global North and South, asking how the hope offered by biological evidence takes on different meanings and consequences depending on one’s position in the global matrix of wealth and poverty, race and gender.
Migrant Supplementarity: Remaking Biological Relatedness in Chinese Military and Indian Five-Star Hospitals
Authors: Cohen Lawrence
Published: June 2011

Social analysis of transplant organ demand often focuses on either small-scale (familial) tyrannies of the gift or large-scale (global) markets. Media accounts of the scandalous in transplant medicine stress the latter, a homogeneous model of flows of biovalue down gradients of economic and social capital. This article examines particular globalizations of tissue demand organized as much around claims of social similarity as gradients of social difference. To engage apparent ‘diasporic’ networks of organ purchase — Non-Resident Indians traveling to India and Overseas Chinese to China — I elaborate a concept of bodily supplementarity. Supplementarity in this account is the ability of an individual or population to secure longevity through the mobilization or acquisition of the organic form of others. Diasporic tissue circuits are analyzed in the context of ‘experiments’ in supplementarity that proliferate with the transformation of the molecular conditions for supplementarity. The emergence of powerful immunosuppressants renders the scale of tissue recruitment flexible and contingent, and allows clinics to develop alternatives to brain death. These circuits emerge as situations that reorder the relation of the familial and the global in transplantation, in the service not only of migrant supplementarity but also efforts to reimagine the challenges of emigrant belonging within particular configurations of racialized life and its government.
Nano-channel formation using a low-temperature glass-to-glass bonding process
Authors: Schultz A , Yamarthy C , Hnat W , McNamara S
Published: June 2011

A low-temperature glass-to-glass bonding process is demonstrated that creates uniform channels with a channel depth of 80 nm. The bond strength was characterized as a function of temperature and glass surface treatment. A significant increase in bond strength was found by rinsing the two glass surfaces with a calcium (II) acetate hydrate solution prior to bonding.
Improving surface stability on natural turfgrass athletic fields
Authors: Serensits T J , McNitt A S , Petrunak D M
Published: June 2011

Regardless of the intensity of use, athletic fields are expected to provide a safe stable playing surface. As field use increases, wear caused by foot traffic can result in a loss of both turfgrass coverage and surface stability, increasing the risk of athlete injury. As surface stability is reduced, susceptibility to divoting is increased. The effect of synthetic soil reinforcements on the divot resistance of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) under various simulated traffic levels was investigated. Soil-reinforcing materials improved divot resistance most under high traffic. Because the plant growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE) has been shown to increase tiller density and rooting, its effect on divot resistance was evaluated on turfgrass grown on a sand root zone. TE (0.17 kg active ingredient/ha) was applied to Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) at 28 day intervals from either May to July or May to October. Plots were subjected to various levels of simulated traffic in the fall. Compared with the control, the application of TE from May to July resulted in the highest divot resistance. Various methods such as the inclusion of soil reinforcements and plant growth regulator applications can be used to decrease susceptibility to divoting.
Are golf courses a source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide? A modelling approach
Authors: Bartlett M D , James I T
Published: June 2011

Sports facilities have been shown to have a positive impact on local biodiversity, quality of life, and the economy. Their impact on global carbon balances is less clearly understood. Increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have been linked with global climate change. Currently there is a debate as to whether amenity turf is a net source or a net sink for atmospheric CO2. The turf grass of a natural sports pitch will sequester carbon through photosynthesis, but there are numerous emission sources associated with the management of turf which release CO2 into the atmosphere. These include the engines used to power mechanized operations such as mowing and spraying, the application of agrochemicals, including fertilizers, and the disposal of waste.

In order to determine whether a real-world example of a sports facility was a source or sink of carbon a mechanistic mass balance model was developed. Analysis indicated that the areas of the golf course that received the most management attention were a net source of carbon emissions. The magnitude of these releases was significantly different on an equal-area basis ( p < 0.01). The net carbon budget for turf grass areas across the whole golf course accounting for the sequestration by the turfgrass was −33.01 MgC/year. The mature trees that formed an integral part of the landscape of the modelled course had a significant impact on the net carbon balance, resulting in overall net sequestration of −177.3 MgC/year for the whole golf course, equivalent to −1.93 MgC/ha/year. The variability in the size, shape, and vegetation composition of different golf courses has a considerable impact on their net carbon balance, and the resultant environmental impact of sports facilities must be assessed on an individual basis.
Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs
Authors: Fleming P
Published: June 2011

Artificial sport surfaces, for team outdoor sports, are growing in number in many sports including soccer (association football), rugby, hockey, and football (American and Australian). The science of their behaviour has, it is argued, been under-researched in comparison to the development of artificial turf products and also the development of many of the sports with respect to athleticism and advances in equipment such as footwear. This paper reviews artificial turf design requirements and behavioural aspects to develop the science, and draws from a range of up-to-date literature to identify the key principles of behaviour and gaps in knowledge. The relationship between the material types used in the substrate support and surface system (comprising some form of shockpad and turf, the turf infilled or unfilled) behaviour is demonstrated in regard to the key performance factors of player–surface interaction – for both impact and traction. The data demonstrate the relatively complex behaviour of surface systems, and highlight the pitfalls of current simple mechanical tests in relation to human loading. Degradation and the role of maintenance to sustain long-term performance are issues also highlighted and discussed. Surface safety is discussed through a short review of studies related to injury risk, albeit most were associated with the contrast between natural turf and artificial turf; however, there is clearly more research required in injury surveillance to include aspects of objective surface measurement. This paper additionally provides the reader with a state-of-the-knowledge review of where current thinking is now, and where future research is considered to be of merit, in developing sport surface science.
The Epidemiology of Pediatric Basketball Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments: 2000-2006
Authors: Pappas Evangelos , Zazulak Bohdanna T. , Yard Ellen E. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: June 2011

Background: There is limited published research on the epidemiology of basketball injuries treated in US emergency departments (EDs).

Hypothesis: Age and sex patterns exist for the most common pediatric basketball injuries treated in EDs.

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods: Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and the National Sporting Goods Association were used to calculate national injury incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of pediatric basketball injuries.

Results: An estimated 325 465 annual visits were made to US EDs for pediatric basketball-related injuries from 2000 to 2006. The 5 most common injuries were ankle sprains (21.7%), finger sprains (8.0%), finger fractures (7.8%), knee sprains (3.9%), and facial lacerations (3.9%). Among persons aged 12 to 17 years, girls had a higher rate of knee sprains than boys (P < 0.001), but this association did not exist among those aged 7 to 11 years (P = 0.27). Boys had a higher rate of facial lacerations than girls (P < 0.01). Among persons aged 12 to 17 years, girls had a higher rate of finger sprains (P < 0.01). For both boys and girls, the rate of the 5 most common basketball injuries was higher among those aged 12 to 17 years compared with those aged 7 to 11 years (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: The annual number of basketball-related pediatric ED visits approaches a third of a million and demonstrates the extent of the public health problem that injuries in this sport pose. Distinct sex and age patterns were observed.

Clinical Relevance: The study findings provide important information on basketball injury rates that may be used for targeting prevention interventions by sex and age group.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Choices
Authors: Macaulay Alec A. , Perfetti Dean C. , Levine William N.
Published: June 2011

Context: Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common surgical procedure; however, there is no consensus to what the best graft option is to replace the injured ACL. The main options available consist of allografts and autografts, which include patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, and quadriceps tendon autografts.

Evidence Acquisition: The PubMed database was searched in August 2010 for English-language articles pertaining to ACL grafts.

Results: Postoperative outcome variables were analyzed to determine similarities and differences among the different graft options. These variables include stability, strength, function, return to sports, patient satisfaction, complications, and cost.

Conclusions: Both allografts and the 3 main options for autografts can provide excellent results in ACL reconstruction and lead to a high percentage of satisfied patients. However, differences exist among the graft choices. Both the similarities and the differences are important to discuss with a patient who will be undergoing ACL reconstruction so that he or she has the best information available when making a choice of graft.