bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitutive secretion of MMP9 by early‐passage cultured human endothelial cells
Authors: Arkell Jacky , Jackson Christopher J.
Published: November 2003

Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP9) plays an important role during angiogenesis. It is an inducible enzyme which is known to be secreted from human endothelial cells in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), but thought not to be constitutively expressed. We examined the secretion of MMP9 by primary culture (P0), passage 1 (P1) and passage 2 (P2) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE). Whereas there was no detectable MMP9 in P2 cells under basal conditions, P0 HUVE secreted MMP9, as detected by zymography and ELISA. RT‐PCR and cycloheximide inhibition studies confirmed that MMP was synthesized by P0 HUVE. MMP9 secretion was passage‐dependent, decreasing rapidly as the cells were passaged in culture and was not detected at P2. The decrease was largely due to the population doubling of cells as they are cultured. This is the first report to show that cultured HUVE constitutively express MMP9 and that this secretion is restricted to very early‐passage cells. These findings may be relevant to the angiogenic potential of human endothelial cells as they age. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale associated with paradoxical embolism using the amplatzer PFO occluder: Initial and intermediate‐term results of the U.S. multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Hong Thomas E. , Thaler David , Brorson James , Heitschmidt Mary , Hijazi Ziyad M.
Published: November 2003

Closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been proposed as an alternative to anticoagulation in patients with presumed paradoxical emboli. We report the immediate and mid‐term results of the phase 1 U.S. Multicenter Clinical Trial of patients who underwent transcatheter PFO closure for paradoxical embolism using the new Amplatzer PFO device. Fifty patients (28 male/22 female) underwent catheter closure of their PFOs at a mean age of 41 ± 11 years. Thirty‐six patients had ischemic stroke, 10 had transient ischemic attack, and 4 had peripheral embolism. Seventeen patients had atrial septal aneurysm. The implantation procedure was successful in 49/49 patients; one patient did not have a PFO. Complete closure was seen immediately after the procedure in 26/49 patients; 17 had minimal residual shunt, 4 had moderate and 2 had large residual shunts. The median fluoroscopy time was 10.5 min (2.8–43 min). There were no complications related to the device. One patient developed an arteriovenous fistula at the catheter site requiring surgical repair. At a mean follow‐up interval of 16.5 ± 7.2 months, there were no deaths or recurrent neurological or peripheral embolic events. Eight patients reported an episode of dizziness or palpitations (four of them within 18 days of the procedure). No episodes of atrial dysrhythmias were noted. Contrast bubble study at last follow‐up documented complete closure in 45/48 patients; one patient had minimal, one had moderate residual shunt, and one had a large shunt. One patient was lost to follow‐up. We conclude that catheter closure of PFO associated with stroke/transient ischemic attack or peripheral embolism using the new Amplatzer PFO device is a safe and effective method in preventing recurrence of such episodes. Randomized clinical trials comparing device closure versus continued medical therapy are underway. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:524–528. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracoronary electrocardiogram and angina pectoris during percutaneous coronary interventions as an assessment of myocardial viability: Comparison with low‐dose dobutamine echocardiography
Authors: Abaci Adnan , Oguzhan Abdurrahman , Topsakal Ramazan , Seyfeli Ergun , Yilmaz Yucel , Eryol Namık Kemal , Basar Emrullah , Ergin Ali
Published: November 2003

The aims of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic value of intracoronary electrocardiogram (ECG) and presence of angina pectoris during percutaneous coronary interventions in the prediction of myocardial viability assessed by low‐dose dobutamine echocardiography (LDDE). Seventy‐one patients (60 men; mean age, 54 ± 11 years) with recent Q‐wave MI and angiographically documented regional wall motion abnormality in the presence of a significant (≥ 70%) nonocclusive stenosis of the infarct‐related vessel who were referred for angioplasty were prospectively included in the study. The intracoronary ECG was recorded using coronary angioplasty guidewire. Significant ST segment elevation was defined as a new or worsening ST segment elevation of ≥ 0.1 mV at 80 msec after the J‐point. Angina pectoris was noted as present or absent during balloon inflation. All patients underwent LDDE for viability assessment. Significant ST segment elevation in the intracoronary ECG and chest pain were observed in 56 (78.9%) and 49 (69%) of the 71 patients. Viability was present on LDDE in 52 (92.9%) of 56 patients with and 3 (20%) of 15 without ST segment elevation. Viability was detected in 45 (91.8%) of 49 patients with and 10 (45.4%) of 22 without angina pectoris during balloon occlusion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ST segment elevation for viability were 94.5%, 75%, 92.9%, 80%, and 90.1%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of angina pectoris for viability were 81.8%, 75%, 91.8%, 54.5%, and 80.3%, respectively. The present study demonstrated that a simple assessment of ST segment elevation in the intracoronary ECG or angina pectoris during coronary angioplasty can be used to assess myocardial viability identified by LDDE in patients with previous MI. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:469–476. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The porcine coronary model of in‐stent restenosis: Current status in the era of drug‐eluting stents
Authors: Lowe Harry C. , Schwartz Robert S. , Mac Neill Briain D. , Jang Ik‐Kyung , Hayase Motoya , Rogers Campbell , Oesterle Stephen N.
Published: November 2003

Drug‐eluting stents are revolutionizing interventional cardiology. Sirolimus‐eluting stents are in widespread clinical use, associated with well‐documented remarkably low restenosis rates, and a number of other agents appear promising in clinical trials. These human studies have been preceded by numerous animal studies, foremost among them the pig coronary model of in‐stent restenosis (ISR). The histologic response to porcine coronary stenting was described over a decade ago. Porcine stenting studies now provide examinations not only of histology, but also mechanisms of action, toxicity, and biocompatibility. This review therefore examines the current status of this porcine coronary model of ISR. Contemporary methods of pig coronary stenting are discussed. The morphometric, cellular, and molecular analyses of the responses to stent injury are then described. Finally, recent pig coronary drug‐eluting stent studies are examined, with a discussion of their advantages, limitations, and possible future modifications. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:515–523. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ipsilateral representation of oral structures in human anterior parietal somatosensory cortex and integration of inputs across the midline
Authors: Disbrow Elizabeth A. , Hinkley Leighton B.N. , Roberts Timothy P.L.
Published: November 2003

Anterior parietal somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 generally contain cells with receptive fields that are on the contralateral body. However, inputs from midline structures such as the mouth must be uniquely integrated across the midline. This hypothesis is supported by studies of these fields from nonhuman primates that demonstrate ipsilateral representations of oral structures. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine the cortical representations of the lips and tongue in humans and to examine the time course of interaction of bilateral inputs from these structures. Ipsilateral activation was observed in response to tactile stimulation of the upper lip in 69% of cases, the lower lip in 85% of cases, and the tongue in 88% of cases. In the contralateral hemisphere, the map of oral structures tended to be in agreement with that from nonhuman primates, although variation was large and source locations were not statistically significantly different from each other. There were no differences in latency of activation for ipsi‐vs. contralateral responses (about 30 msec), and cortical sources from ipsi‐and contralateral stimulation tended to be located together. Differential activation for bilateral vs. unilateral stimulation occurred later than activation in S1, around 110 msec, and was localized to the upper bank of the Sylvian sulcus. Our findings indicate that, unlike nonhuman primates, humans have an ipsilateral representation of the lips in 3b/1, possibly related to the precise manipulation necessary for the articulation of speech. The distinct pattern of differential activation for uni‐vs. bilateral stimulation suggests a unique neural mechanism of integration across the midline for inputs from the mouth. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:487–495, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
mRNA expression patterns of the cGMP‐hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases types 2, 5, and 9 during development of the rat brain
Authors: Van Staveren Wilma C.G. , Steinbusch Harry W.M. , Markerink‐Van Ittersum Marjanne , Repaske David R. , Goy Michael F. , Kotera Jun , Omori Kenji , Beavo Joseph A. , De Vente Jan
Published: November 2003

Recent evidence indicates that cGMP plays an important role in neural development and neurotransmission. Since cGMP levels depend critically on the activities of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes, mRNA expression patterns were examined for several key cGMP‐hydrolyzing PDEs (type 2 [PDE2], 5 [PDE5], and 9 [PDE9]) in rat brain at defined developmental stages. Riboprobes were used for nonradioactive in situ hybridization on sections derived from embryonic animals at 15 days gestation (E15) and several postnatal stages (P0, P5, P10, P21) until adulthood (3 months). At all stages PDE9 mRNA was present throughout the whole central nervous system, with highest levels observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells, whereas PDE2 and PDE5 mRNA expression was more restricted. Like PDE9, PDE5 mRNA was abundant in cerebellar Purkinje cells, although it was observed only on and after postnatal day 10 in these cells. In other brain regions, PDE5 mRNA expression was minimal, detected in olfactory bulb, cortical layers, and in hippocampus. PDE2 mRNA was distributed more widely, with highest levels in medial habenula, and abundant expression in olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, cortex, amygdala, striatum, and hippocampus. Double immunostaining of PDE2, PDE5, or PDE9 mRNAs with the neuronal marker NeuN and the glial cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein revealed that these mRNAs were predominantly expressed in neuronal cell bodies. Our data indicate that three cGMP‐hydrolyzing PDE families have distinct expression patterns, although specific cell types coexpress mRNAs for all three enzymes. Thus, it appears that differential expression of PDE isoforms may provide a mechanism to match cGMP hydrolysis to the functional demands of individual brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:566–580, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cumulant‐based approach to FIR system identification
Authors: Al‐Smadi Adnan
Published: November 2003

In this paper, a non‐recursive approach is developed for estimating the coefficients of a moving average (MA) model from only third‐order cumulant statistics of a finite realization of the observations of the output data. The signal observations may be noisy. The excitation signal is assumed to be zero mean, non‐Gaussian stationary sequence that is not observed. The noise is additive and may be coloured Gaussian or non‐Gaussian. This novel technique is based on forming a third‐order cumulant composite data matrix. The method presented here requires the solution of a system of linear equations, which can be achieved using least‐squares methods. The proposed approach is illustrated via computer simulations and is shown to be consistent. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of carbohydrates attached to polystyrene on hepatocyte morphology on sugar‐derivatized polystyrene matrices
Authors: Kim Sang‐Heon , Hoshiba Takashi , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: November 2003

Sugar‐carrying polymers have been utilized as artificial matrices for cell adhesion in tissue engineering. We have developed sugar‐derivatized polystyrenes (PV‐sugars) as artificial matrices, which control hepatocyte adhesion and hepatic function. Hepatocytes adhere to PV‐sugar matrices in a receptor‐mediated manner. In this study, we designed a new galactose‐derivatized PV‐sugar, poly‐(6‐O‐p‐vinylbenzyl‐α‐D‐galactose) (PV6Gal) and evaluated the role of carbohydrate attached to polystyrene (PS) backbone in the morphological difference of hepatocyte cultured on PV–sugar matrices. Hepatocytes spread on monosaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars but not on disaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars. The actin filament remained aggregated in the central area of the cell body on disaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars. Hepatocyte cell bodies fully were spread on collagen, and the actin filament was almost completely reorganized. Hepatocyte spreading on monosaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars, however, was caused by protrusive cell–matrix contact like lamellipodia and the actin filament was not completely reorganized. This indicated that hepatocyte spreading on PV‐sugar matrices was restricted compared with ECM‐mediated cell spreading. In addition, typical spheroid formation of hepatocytes was promoted on disaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars compared with monosaccharide‐derivatized PV‐sugars. Although hepatocytes adhered with different affinities to PV‐sugar matrices, hepatocyte morphology was not affected by the adhesion affinity. We suggest that the type of carbohydrate attached to the PS backbone governs the morphology of hepatocyte cultured on PV‐sugar matrices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1351–1359, 2003
Impact on the thrombogenicity of surface oxide properties of 316l stainless steel for biomedical applications
Authors: Shih Chun‐Che , Shih Chun‐Ming , Su Yea‐Yang , Lin Shing‐Jong
Published: November 2003

Surface oxide film on cardiovascular devices could be one of the most critical factors that determine the degree of thrombosis. Previous studies have shown that metallic wire passivated with amorphous oxide film provides excellent corrosion and scratch resistance. Investigation was undertaken to see whether this oxide film, with its unique electrochemical properties, could reduce the development of thrombosis. Results show that amorphous oxide has higher value of time constant, lower open‐circuit potential, and lower degree of thrombosis. These distinguished characteristics prove amorphous oxide to be the best candidate for the cardiovascular devices. Amorphous oxide film could be a potential solution to the thrombogenic problem of cardiovascular devices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1320–1328, 2003
Bioactive PMMA bone cement prepared by modification with methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and calcium chloride
Authors: Miyazaki Toshiki , Ohtsuki Chikara , Kyomoto Masayuki , Tanihara Masao , Mori Akiko , Kuramoto Kou‐ichi
Published: November 2003

Bone cement consisting of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) powder and methylmethacrylate (MMA) liquid is used extensively for fixation of implants such as artificial hip joints with living bone. This type of cement, however, does not show direct bonding to the living body, and hence the fixation is liable to loosen over a long implantation period. Bioactive materials have received much attention because of their capability for bone‐bonding, i.e., bioactivity, when implanted in bony defects. Osteoconduction of the bioactive materials is caused by formation of a bone‐like apatite layer through a surface reaction between the material and surrounding body fluid. The apatite formation can be induced by a silanol (SiOH) group formed on the materials as well as a dissolution of calcium ion (Ca2+) from the material. Incorporation of alkoxysilane and calcium chloride (CaCl2) may provide PMMA bone cement with bioactivity, because alkoxysilane gives SiOH after hydrolysis, whereas CaCl2 releases Ca2+. In this study, we investigated the potential on bioactivity of the modified PMMA bone cement with alkoxysilane and calcium chloride. PMMA powder was mixed with various amounts of CaCl2, and MMA liquid with various amounts of 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). The mixed paste was immersed in a simulated body fluid (Kokubo solution) that has a similar concentration in inorganic constituents to human blood plasma. After soaking for various periods, apatite formation on the cement was examined. Apatite formation was observed by the addition of CaCl2 with contents of 16 mass % and more. Incorporation of MPS accelerates the apatite formation. Setting time of the cement was significantly elongated after the addition of MPS, whereas compressive strength significantly decreased with increasing the contents of CaCl2 and MPS. The hardened cement containing 20 mass % of CaCl2 in the powder and 20 mass % of MPS in the liquid showed a tendency to be more osteoconductive to living bone after implantation in rabbit tibiae than the unmodified cement. These results indicate that bioactivity of the modified PMMA bone cement increases with increasing amounts of MPS and CaCl2. Bioactive bone cement is successfully obtained when it contains appropriate concentrations of alkoxysilane and calcium chloride. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1417–1423, 2003
Differential expression of isoproterenol‐induced salivary polypeptides in two mouse strains that are congenic for the H‐2 histocompatibility gene complex
Authors: López Solís Remigio O. , Weis Ulrike Kemmerling , Ceballos Alicia Ramos , Salas Gustavo Hoecker
Published: November 2003

Two inbred mouse strains, A/Snell and A.Swiss, which were produced as congenic with regard to the H‐2 histocompatibility gene complex, are homozygous for two different groups of isoproterenol‐induced salivary polypeptides (IISP). These polypeptides, which have been considered as markers of the hypertrophic growth of the parotid acinar cells, are members of the complex family of salivary proline‐rich proteins (PRP) on the basis of both their massive accumulation in the parotid acinar cells in response to chronic isoproterenol, secretory character, high solubility in trichloroacetic acid and metachromatic staining by Coomassie blue. IISP expressed in both mouse strains were identified by unidimensional SDS–polyacrylamide electrophoresis and Coomassie blue staining both in parotid gland homogenates and in whole salivas obtained from mice repeatedly stimulated at 24‐h intervals with isoproterenol. Parotid glands from 40 mice (20 A/Snell and 20 A.Swiss) and salivas from 270 mice (200 A/Snell and 70 A.Swiss) were analyzed. One of the congenic strains (A/Snell) expressed five IISP (Mr 65, 61, 51.5, 38, and 37 kDa) and the other strain (A.Swiss) expressed six IISP (Mr 59, 57, 54.5, 46, 36, and 34 kDa). No inter‐individual intra‐strain variations were observed, thus defining strain‐associated patterns of IISP (PRP). © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of growth and maturation on membrane‐initiated actions of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3—II: Calcium transport, receptor kinetics, and signal transduction in intestine of female chickens
Authors: Larsson Birgitta , Nemere Ilka
Published: November 2003

We recently reported (Larsson and Nemere [2003]: Endocrinology 144:1726) the effects of growth and maturation on 1,25(OH)2D3‐membrane initiated effects in the intestine of male chickens. Here we extend our observations to studies on females with two stages of high calcium demand: growth (7–14 weeks) and egg laying (28–58 weeks). The rapid stimulatory effect of 130 pM 1,25(OH)2D3 on calcium transport was assessed as a physiological response in perfused duodena of 7‐, 14‐, 28‐, and 58‐week‐old chickens, and determined to be 308%, 184%, 170%, and 153%, respectively, of corresponding controls after 40 min. Saturation analyses of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 binding to nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) indicated an absence of cooperative binding, no changes in dissociation constant (Kd) with age, and an increase in maximum binding capacity (Bmax) between 7‐week birds and older age groups. Analyses of saturable binding of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 to the membrane associated rapid response steroid binding protein (1,25D3‐MARRS bp) in basal lateral membranes (BLM), indicated cooperative binding, and an increase in both Bmax and Kd with age. No changes in the age‐related expression of 1,25D3‐MARRS bp were found, as judged by Western analyses, suggesting that a shift in ligand binding to lower affinity membrane components accounted for the increase in calculated Bmax. Basal levels of protein kinase C (PKC) activity decreased with age, as did hormone enhancement of activity. Basal levels of protein kinase A (PKA) activity remained constant with age, while the magnitude of hormone stimulation increased. Comparison of dose‐response curves for ion transport and kinase activities in 7‐week chicks suggested that PKC mediates phosphate transport while PKA mediates calcium transport. Thus, the age‐related loss of calcium transport is most likely related to loss of PKC‐mediated phosphate transport. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi‐layer microstrip antennas on quartz substrates: Technological considerations and performances at 60 GHz
Authors: Coquet Ph. , Sauleau R. , Shinohara K. , Lhermite H. , Matsui T.
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the thin‐film fabrication process and the performance of 60‐GHz aperture‐coupled microstrip patch antennas printed on fused quartz substrates. It is shown that their characteristics (input impedance, axial ratio) are strongly modified by residual air gaps located between the two substrates of the antenna. In particular, FDTD simulations demonstrate that these parasitic effects can be minimized by using two ground/reflecting planes and by keeping the thickness of the air layer thinner than λ0/250, where λ0 is the free‐space wavelength. To face this technological problem, two intermediate metal and adhesive (low‐temperature) wafer bonding techniques, respectively based on indium and polymer layers, have been developed and validated experimentally for linear and circular polarization patch antennas and arrays. The lift‐off fabrication process is also described. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 41–47, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11281
Spatial and temporal fading correlations of a uniform circular array smart antenna in urban vehicular propagation
Authors: Kavak Adnan
Published: November 2003

For smart antenna systems, the space‐time correlation of received signals at an antenna array is a crucial parameter in most adaptive beamforming techniques. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the variation of spatial and temporal fading correlations and the eigenspread of a space–time correlation matrix for a seven‐element uniform circular array (UCA) under the line‐of‐sight (LOS) and the non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) urban propagation conditions. A space‐time fading correlation model for the UCA, which depends on angular distribution of multipaths, array geometry, Doppler shift, and time offset, is also proposed. The results show that spatial correlations between any pair of antenna elements in the NLOS propagation are less than those in the LOS propagation, and temporal correlations are approximately the same for both propagation conditions. The NLOS propagation causes larger eigenspread for the space‐time correlation matrix, as compared to the NLOS propagation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 61–65, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11285
Linking fluorescence induction curve and biomass in herbicide screening
Authors: Christensen Martin G , Teicher Harald B , Streibig Jens C
Published: November 2003

A suite of dose–response bioassays with white mustard (Sinapis alba L) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) in the greenhouse and with three herbicides was used to analyse how the fluorescence induction curves (Kautsky curves) were affected by the herbicides. Bentazone, a photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor, completely blocked the normal fluorescence decay after the P‐step. In contrast, fluorescence decay was still obvious for flurochloridone, a PDS inhibitor, and glyphosate, an EPSP inhibitor, which indicated that PSII inhibition was incomplete. From the numerous parameters that can be derived from OJIP‐steps of the Kautsky curve the relative changes at the J‐step [Fvj = (Fm − Fj)/Fm] was selected to be a common response parameter for the herbicides and yielded consistent dose–response relationships. Four hours after treatment, the response Fvj on the doses of bentazone and flurochloridone could be measured. For glyphosate, the changes of the Kautsky curve could similarly be detected 4 h after treatment in sugar beet, but only after 24 hs in S alba. The best prediction of biomass in relation to Fvj was found for bentazone. The experiments were conducted between May and August 2002 and showed that the ambient temperature and solar radiation in the greenhouse could affect dose–response relationships. If the Kautsky curve parameters should be used to predict the outcome of herbicide screening experiments in the greenhouse, where ambient radiation and temperature can only partly be controlled, it is imperative that the chosen fluorescence parameters can be used to predict accurately the resulting biomass used in classical bioassays. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Partial characterization and insecticidal properties of Ricinus communis L foliage flavonoids
Authors: Upasani Shripad M , Kotkar Hemlata M , Mendki Prashant S , Maheshwari Vijay L
Published: November 2003

Aqueous leaf extract of Ricinus communis L (Euphorbiaceae), a cultivated plant in tropical countries, showed excellent insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus chinensis L (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). We have isolated and tested flavonoids as insecticidal and antimicrobial agents. The isolated flavonoids showed potential insecticidal, ovicidal and oviposition deterrent activities against C chinensis L. However, antimicrobial activity against the common microbial infestants of stored pulses, of which C chinensis is a major pest, was found to be insignificant. Two bands having Rf 0.63 and 0.69 were seen on HPTLC plates using mobile phase benzene + ethyl acetate + methanol + formic acid (12 + 4.5 + 2 + 1.5 by volume) as eluant. The Rf values and scanning of the spectrum in the ultraviolet region, showed identity with the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol. This was further confirmed using HPLC and IR and UV spectrometry. HPLC and HPTLC chromatograms also suggested quercetin to be the major flavonoid present in the hydrolyzed aqueous leaf extract of R communis. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A seasonally resolved alpine ice core record of nitrate: Comparison with anthropogenic inventories and estimation of preindustrial emissions of NO in Europe
Authors: Preunkert Susanne , Wagenbach Dietmar , Legrand Michel
Published: November 2003

Continuous high‐resolution records from Col du Dôme (CDD, 4250 m above sea level, French Alps) ice cores were used to investigate the impact of growing NO emissions on the midtroposphere nitrate levels over Europe from 1925 to 1997. The large snow accumulation rate at the CDD site largely minimized diffusional and depositional perturbations of the nitrate record as commonly encountered in ice cores. That permits for the first time examination of the winter and summer trends separately with a high degree of confidence. Being close to 100 ng g−1 in 1925, summer levels increased at a mean rate of 2 ng g−1 per year from 1925 to 1960 and 8.5 ng g−1 yr−1 from 1960 to 1980. These summer nitrate changes follow rather well the course of growing NO emissions from source regions (France, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, denoted WE4) located 1000 km around the Alps as estimated by NMI and EDGAR‐HYDE inventories. After 1980, the summer nitrate levels continue to increase at a slightly weaker rate than during the 1960–1980 time period. Such a lasting increase of nitrate levels is inconsistent with NO emission estimates, which indicate a decrease after 1993. The nitrate record shows a weaker increase (1 ng g−1 yr−1 from 1930 to 1990) in winter than in summer, corresponding to a lower contamination of the European wide midtroposphere as preferentially recorded in CDD winter samples. Using ice core and emission data, we calculate a preindustrial NO emission (including agricultural and natural emissions) of 0.8 ± 0.2 Mt NO2 per year for WE4 countries, which represents 15–20% of the recent NO emissions. These data would help to reduce existing uncertainties in NO inventories which represent key information to assess past and future ozone changes over Europe.
Solubility properties of surfactants in atmospheric aerosol and cloud/fog water samples
Authors: Decesari S. , Facchini M. C. , Mircea M. , Cavalli F. , Fuzzi S.
Published: November 2003

Organic films on deliquesced aerosols and cloud droplets lower the surface tension of water and may inhibit the exchange of water vapor and gases between the gas and the liquid phase, with important implications for aerosol and cloud microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry. This study provides an estimate of the solubility properties of surfactants in aerosol and fog/cloud water samples on the basis of the dilatational rheological properties of the surface films. The variations of surface tension induced by the fast expansion/compression of the films were measured by means of a drop shape tensiometer and were linked to the capacity of surfactants to exchange between the surface layer and bulk solution, and ultimately to their water‐solubility. The results are in agreement with the properties of standards of soluble surfactants and can be interpreted by the theory of formation of hydrophilic adsorption layers. These findings suggest that the water‐soluble organic compounds (WSOC) are the main contributors to the formation of films on cloud/fog droplets. It follows that the surface coverage of film‐forming compounds is mainly controlled by the bulk concentration of WSOC, regardless of the available surface area. This also supports that the surface tension decreases observed under laboratory conditions actually occur in the atmosphere.
The Development of Price Formation Theory and Subjectivism about Ultimate Values
Authors: Walsh Adrian , Lynch Tony
Published: November 2003

abstract  One sometimes finds leading economic thinkers expounding the metaphysical thesis that the ultimate ethical value of an object reflects nothing about the properties of the object in itself and instead reflects the subjective tastes of the valuer. Could anything in economics qua economics provide a warrant for such ethical subjectivism? And what might tempt economists to speak on such broadly meta‐ethical issues?

In this paper we argue that a partial explanation for the subjectivist cast‐of‐mind of much economic theory is to be found in the recent history of price formation theory. (We focus in particular on the so‐called ‘Marginalist’ and ‘Ordinalist’ Revolutions in price theory.) We argue that although such price formation theory provides no warrant for drawing ethical subjectivist conclusions, it does provide an explanation as to why such conclusions might be drawn. Thus we explore how the particular history of the development of what is called ‘value theory’ might well lead one (albeit unwarrantedly) towards ethical subjectivism.
“Who Ever Believed in the ‘Missile Gap’?”: John F. Kennedy and the Politics of National Security
Authors: Preble Christopher A.
Published: November 2003

This article examines John F. Kennedy's references to the missile gap—a presumed strategic disparity between the Soviet Union and the United States believed to have been created by the USSR's technological achievements in the late 1950s. Kennedy's missile gap rhetoric was grounded in a political, economic, and military/strategic critique of the policies of the Eisenhower administration. This article examines Kennedy's belief in the missile gap, reveals the central role played by Joseph Alsop in propagating the missile gap myth, and considers the missile gap within the context of the Kennedy administration's national security policies.
Was Reagan Really a Great Communicator? The Influence of Televised Addresses on Public Opinion
Authors: Welch Reed L.
Published: November 2003

This article examines the influence that televised addresses have on the public's evaluation of the president. To do this it measures the influence of 10 of President Reagan's televised addresses from 1981 to 1984, using individual‐level data gathered in national public opinion surveys. Although scholars and pundits universally acknowledged Reagan's prowess with televised addresses, this study finds, contrary to expectations, that Reagan's televised addresses had limited success in influencing the public's evaluation of him and his presidency. Given these results, this article examines what opportunities presidents who are not as rhetorically skilled as Reagan have in trying to influence public opinion with televised addresses. This study concludes that although presidents must be careful choosing when to deliver a televised address, televised addresses nevertheless remain a potentially useful tool in helping presidents accomplish their purposes.
Source Material: Out of Office and in the News: Early Projections of the Clinton Legacy
Authors: Han Lori Cox , Krov Matthew J.
Published: November 2003

During the first year after a president has left office, the tone and topic of news media coverage can influence a legacy greatly. This study examines coverage of Bill Clinton during his first year out of office in the New York Times and on network news shows and compares this coverage to that of Ronald Reagan and George Bush during their first years out of office. We find that Clinton received substantially more news coverage during the first year out of office than did either Reagan or Bush, and that Clinton's coverage in the media was also more critical and negative than the coverage received by either of his predecessors.
Static Scene Analysis for the Perception of Heading
Authors: Hahn Sowon , Andersen George J. , Saidpour Asad
Published: November 2003

In the current study, we explored observers' use of two distinct analyses for determining their direction of motion, or heading: a scene-based analysis and a motion-based analysis. In two experiments, subjects viewed sequentially presented, paired digitized images of real-world scenes and judged the direction of heading; the pairs were presented with various interstimulus intervals (ISIs). In Experiment 1, subjects could determine heading when the two frames were separated with a 1,000-ms ISI, long enough to eliminate apparent motion. In Experiment 2, subjects performed two tasks, a path-of-motion task and a memory-load task, under three different ISIs, 50 ms, 500 ms, and 1,000 ms. Heading accuracy decreased with an increase in ISI. Increasing memory load influenced heading judgments only for the longer ISI when motion-based information was not available. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the scene-based analysis has a coarse spatial representation, is a sustained temporal process, and is capacity limited, whereas the motion-based analysis has a fine spatial resolution, is a transient temporal process, and is capacity unlimited.
Searching Night and Day
Authors: Horowitz Todd S. , Cade Brian E. , Wolfe Jeremy M. , Czeisler Charles A.
Published: November 2003

How does sleepiness affect selective attention? We studied the effect of circadian phase and time awake on visual search. The generalized-cognitive-slowing hypothesis predicts that search rate will be slower, feature guidance less effective, and response time (RT) lengthened when observers are sleepy. Observers performed spatial-configuration (finding a 5 among 2s) and conjunction (finding red vertical among red horizontal and green vertical) search tasks during 38 hr of wakefulness under constant conditions. Adverse circadian phases and elapsed time awake did lead to increased RT (corrected for errors). However, contrary to the hypothesis, search rates (indexed by RT × Set Size slopes) were constant across the protocol. This was true for conjunction as well as for spatial-configuration search, indicating that feature guidance was also insensitive to sleepiness. The locus of sleepiness effects on search is probably downstream from the bottleneck of attentional selection. Observers did trade accuracy for speed when sleepy. This implicates decision-stage impairments.
Fitting the mind to the World
Authors: Rhodes Gillian , Jeffery Linda , Watson Tamara L. , Clifford Colin W.G. , Nakayama Ken
Published: November 2003

Average faces are attractive, but what is average depends on experience. We examined the effect of brief exposure to consistent facial distortions on what looks normal (average) and what looks attractive. Adaptation to a consistent distortion shifted what looked most normal, and what looked most attractive, toward that distortion. These normality and attractiveness aftereffects occurred when the adapting and test faces differed in orientation by 90° (∓45° vs. −45°), suggesting adaptation of high-level neurons whose coding is not strictly retino-topic. Our results suggest that perceptual adaptation can rapidly recalibrate people's preferences to fit the faces they see. The results also suggest that average faces are attractive because of their central location in a distribution of faces (i.e., prototypicality), rather than because of any intrinsic appeal of particular physical characteristics. Recalibration of preferences may have important consequences, given the powerful effects of perceived attractiveness on person perception, mate choice, social interactions, and social outcomes for individuals.
Not Letting the Left Leg Know What the Right Leg is Doing
Authors: Durgin Frank H. , Fox Laura F. , Kim Dong Hoon
Published: November 2003

We investigated the phenomenon of limb-specific locomotor adaptation in order to adjudicate between sensory-cue-conflict theory and motor-adaptation theory. The results were consistent with cue-conflict theory in demonstrating that two different leg-specific hopping aftereffects are modulated by the presence of conflicting estimates of self-motion from visual and nonvisual sources. Experiment 1 shows that leg-specific increases in forward drift during attempts to hop in place on one leg while blindfolded vary according to the relationship between visual information and motor activity during an adaptation to outdoor forward hopping. Experiment 2 shows that leg-specific changes in performance on a blindfolded hopping-to-target task are similarly modulated by the presence of cue conflict during adaptation to hopping on a treadmill. Experiment 3 shows that leg-specific aftereffects from hopping additionally produce inadvertent turning during running in place while blindfolded. The results of these experiments suggest that these leg-specific locomotor aftereffects are produced by sensory-cue conflict rather than simple motor adaptation.
Depressive Deficits in Forgetting
Authors: Hertel Paula T. , Gerstle Melissa
Published: November 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate whether difficulties in forgetting (like difficulties in remembering) are associated with depressive states. First, dysphoric and nondysphoric students learned 40 word pairs, each consisting of a positive or negative adjective and a neutral noun (target). Next, the students practiced responding with some targets and suppressing others, when given the adjective as cue, for a varied number of repetitions. On the final test, they were told to disregard the prior instruction to suppress and to recall the target associated with every cue. Compared with nondysphoric students, dysphoric students recalled similar percentages of targets from sets assigned for response practice but higher percentages from sets assigned for suppression practice. The degree of forgetting showed some mood-congruent tendencies and was significantly correlated with self-report measures of rumination and unwanted thoughts.
The Social Dynamics of a Cultural Upheaval
Authors: Mehl Matthias R. , Pennebaker James W.
Published: November 2003

Using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR), a new methodology for sampling behavioral data in naturalistic settings, we tracked the social lives of 11 people by recording 30-s snippets of ambient sounds in their environment approximately every 12 min. Participants wore the EAR continuously for 10 days from September 11, 2001. Pre-September 11 baseline data were available for all participants. Analyses of the coded sound information showed that although participants did not change in their overall amount of interactions, they gradually shifted from group conversations to dyadic interactions. Exploratory analyses revealed that a relative increase in dyadic interactions over the first 10 days after September 11 was marginally related to better psychological adjustment at follow-up. The findings have relevance for the understanding of stress and affiliation and normal psychological reactions to emergencies.
Visual Recalibration of Auditory Speech Identification
Authors: Bertelson Paul , Vroomen Jean , de Gelder Béatrice
Published: November 2003

The kinds of aftereffects, indicative of cross-modal recalibration, that are observed after exposure to spatially incongruent inputs from different sensory modalities have not been demonstrated so far for identity incongruence. We show that exposure to incongruent audiovisual speech (producing the well-known McGurk effect) can recalibrate auditory speech identification. In Experiment 1, exposure to an ambiguous sound intermediate between /aba/ and /ada/ dubbed onto a video of a face articulating either /aba/ or /ada/ increased the proportion of /aba/ or /ada/ responses, respectively, during subsequent sound identification trials. Experiment 2 demonstrated the same recalibration effect or the opposite one, fewer /aba/ or /ada/ responses, revealing selective speech adaptation, depending on whether the ambiguous sound or a congruent nonambiguous one was used during exposure. In separate forced-choice identification trials, bimodal stimulus pairs producing these contrasting effects were identically categorized, which makes a role of postperceptual factors in the generation of the effects unlikely.
Dissociations Among Attention, Perception, and Awareness During Object-Substitution Masking
Authors: Woodman Geoffrey F. , Luck Steven J.
Published: November 2003

When a visual target object is surrounded by four dots that onset at the same time as the target but remain visible after the target terminates, the four dots dramatically impair target discrimination performance. This phenomenon is called object-substitution masking, reflecting the hypothesis that both the target and the four dots are identified, but the representation of the four dots replaces the representation of the target object before the target can be reported. The present study used the event-related potential technique to demonstrate that a target masked in this manner is identified by the visual system and triggers a shift of attention. However, by the time attention is shifted to the target, only the mask remains visible, leading to impaired behavioral detection performance. These findings support the object-substitution hypothesis and provide new evidence that perception, attention, and awareness can be dissociated.
Perceived Gaze Direction and the Processing of Facial Displays of Emotion
Authors: Adams Reginald B. , Kleck Robert E.
Published: November 2003

There is good reason to believe that gaze direction and facial displays of emotion share an information value as signals of approach or avoidance. The combination of these cues in the analysis of social communication, however, has been a virtually neglected area of inquiry. Two studies were conducted to test the prediction that direct gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated approach-oriented emotions (e.g., anger and joy), whereas averted gaze would facilitate the processing of facially communicated avoidance-oriented emotions (e.g., fear and sadness). The results of both studies confirmed the central hypothesis and suggest that gaze direction and facial expression are combined in the processing of emotionally relevant facial information.
Exogenous cytokines released by spleen and Peyer's patch cells removed from mice infected with Giardia muris
Authors: Djamiatun K. , Faubert G. M.
Published: November 2003

The role that T and B lymphocytes play in the clearance of Giardia muris in the mouse model is well known, but the cytokines produced by CD4+ T cells in response to Giardia antigenic stimulation are unknown. In this study, we have determined how Giardia trophozoite antigenic crude extract and T cell mitogens can trigger the production of cytokines by Peyer's patch and spleen cells removed from infected animals. When Giardia trophozoite proteins were used to challenge the cells in vitro, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IFN‐γ were not detected in the culture supernatant. When the cells were challenged with Con‐A, all three cytokines were released in vitro. However, the level of each cytokine released by the spleen or Peyer's patch cells varied with the latent, acute and elimination phases of the infection. The high levels of IL‐4 and IL‐5 released by Peyer's patch cells confirm the importance of IgA in the control of the infection. However, we propose that the relative success of G. muris in completing its life cycle in a primary infection might be due, in part, to the stimulation of a Th2‐type response (IL‐4, IL‐5). A stronger Th1 response (IFN‐γ) may lead to a better control of the primary infection.
Citrus fruit flavor and aroma biosynthesis: isolation, functional characterization, and developmental regulation of Cstps1, a key gene in the production of the sesquiterpene aroma compound valencene
Authors: Sharon‐Asa Liat , Shalit Moshe , Frydman Ahuva , Bar Einat , Holland Doron , Or Etti , Lavi Uri , Lewinsohn Efraim , Eyal Yoram
Published: November 2003

Citrus fruits possess unique aromas rarely found in other fruit species. While fruit flavor is composed of complex combinations of soluble and volatile compounds, several low‐abundance sesquiterpenes, such as valencene, nootkatone, alpha‐sinensal, and beta‐sinensal, stand out in citrus as important flavor and aroma compounds. The profile of terpenoid volatiles in various citrus species and their importance as aroma compounds have been studied in detail, but much is still lacking in our understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and genetic regulation of their production. Here, we report on the isolation, functional expression, and developmental regulation of Cstps1, a sesquiterpene synthase‐encoding gene, involved in citrus aroma formation. The recombinant enzyme encoded by Cstps1 was shown to convert farnesyl diphosphate to a single sesquiterpene product identified as valencene by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Phylogenetic analysis of plant terpene synthase genes localized Cstps1 to the group of angiosperm sesquiterpene synthases. Within this group, Cstps1 belongs to a subgroup of citrus sesquiterpene synthases. Cstps1 was found to be developmentally regulated: transcript was found to accumulate only towards fruit maturation, corresponding well with the timing of valencene accumulation in fruit. Although citrus fruits are non‐climacteric, valencene accumulation and Cstps1 expression were found to be responsive to ethylene, providing further evidence for the role of ethylene in the final stages of citrus fruit ripening. Isolation of the gene encoding valencene synthase provides a tool for an in‐depth study of the regulation of aroma compound biosynthesis in citrus and for metabolic engineering for fruit flavor characteristics.