bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) on yield of wheat
Authors: REEVES T. G.
Published: July 2006

The effect of five densities of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) on the growth, moisture usage and grain yield of wheat at three sowing times was determined in the field. The presence of ryegrass reduced wheat dry matter production and grain yields by decreasing fertile tiller and fertile spikelet production. Ryegrass was more competitive in the later sown crops and its effect on wheat grain yield was directly proportional to the square root of its density. The relationship between ryegrass density and wheat yield reduction is quantitatively described.
Factors affecting dormancy and germination of seeds of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms from the Nile
Authors: OBEID M. , el SEED M. TAG
Published: July 2006

E. crassopes requires specific conditions for germination. The best laboratory germination was in clay soil, rich in organic matter, under less than 3 cm depth of water, in light. There are interactions with water depths, soil type, organic deposits, light and temperature.

Storage conditions of seeds before germination affect the results. Wetting, drying and re‐wetting gave quickest, and complete germination. After 2 years dry‐storage, 78% of the seeds were still viable.
A study of assimilation and translocation inCuscuta hyalinaHeyne ex Roth.,Orobanche ramosaL. andStriga hermonthicaBenth.
Authors: ISMAIL A. M. A. , OBEID M.
Published: July 2006

Quantitative determinations of chlorophyll showed thatCuscuta hyalina and Striga hermonthica possesschlorophyll. No trace of chlorophyll was found in Orobanche ramosa. Autoradiographic evidence showed that both radiocarbon and radiophosphorous moved from host to parasite in alt three species. Photosynthesis occurs in S. hermonthica when the parasite is isolated from its host. The adventitious roots of S. hermonthica and O. ramosa appear to be functional in absorbing a proportion of the required inorganic substances and water. S. hermonthica is a hemiparasite,O. ramosais a holoparasite butC. hyalinais best described as a partial parasite.
Cyanazine metabolism in corn, fall panicum, and green foxtail*
Authors: KERN A. D. , MEGGITT W. F. , PENNER DONALD
Published: July 2006

The metabolism of cyanazine (2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methyl‐ethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐ 1,3,5‐triazine) by corn (Zea mays, L.), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.), and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.) was compared. Cyanazine metabolism by plants at the four‐leaf stage was examined by thin‐layer chromatography following foliar or root treatments with 14C‐cyanazine. Five days following foliar 14C‐cyanazine applicalion, fall panicum and green foxtail contained a larger number of water‐ and chloroform‐soluble metabolites than corn, whereas, following root treatment, the opposite was true. Corn rapidly hydrolysed the nitrile group and hydroxylated the two‐position on the triazine ring. Accumulation of the dealkylated cyanazine was evident in green foxtail, the most susceptible of the species studied. Metabolism of cyanazine supplied to the roots appeared to differ from foliar treatments in the weed species as more unchanged cyanazine was recovered. Rapid metabolism of cyanazine by corn roots provided evidence for an active cyanazine detoxication mechanism in the roots.
Factors that influence the persistence of TCA in soil
Authors: McGRATH D.
Published: July 2006

The persistence of TCA in soil was examined using the pyridine‐alkali colorimetric procedure. Loss of TCA was essenlially similar when determined by colorimetry, chloride release or bioassay.

Persistence of TCA when incubated with soil at 25°C or sprayed on the soil surface in the field was slightly influenced by soil type.

Degradation of TCA occurs largely by microbial action after a lag phase. Soils treated with TCA acquire the ability to degrade further additions of ihe compound without a lag phase. The three soils examined still possessed this ability to differing extents 32 months after they had been sprayed once with TCA at the rate of 22.4 kg/ha. In one experiment the persistence of TCA was shortened appreciably in a plot that had twice previously been sprayed with TCA.
Weed competition in spring‐planted raspberries
Authors: LAWSON H. M. , WISEMAN J. S.
Published: July 2006

Spring‐planted raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Malling Jewel) were exposed to competition from annual weeds for various lengths of time during the first growing season. Weeds germinating following crop planting in late March had no effect on numbers of new canes produced provided weed removal occurred by early June. The importance of preventing competition from these weeds during the critical period of cane emergence (June/July) was demonstrated. Dense weed cover reduced cane growth and, if weeds were left beyond late June, caused considerable mortality of planting material. Weed growth also frequently reduced cane height.

In the second year, all plots were maintained free of weeds. Fruit yields showed effects of weeds similar to or greater than those indicated by total cane growth in the previous year. Height of new canes was unaffected by previous weeding treatments, but the numbers of new canes produced continued to show severe effects of initial competition from weeds.

Allowing further weed growth to develop after initial weeding had no additional effect on crop survival or cane numbers in the first year. In one experiment, however, a reduction in cane height due to weeds germinating in June was followed in the second year by a reduction in the numbers of new canes produced.
Seasonal activity of EPTC for Cyperus rotundus L. control in a tropical climate*
Authors: WILLIAM R. D. , WARREN G. F. , GIORDANO L. B.
Published: July 2006

Four experiments were conducted at six week intervals to determine the seasonal activity and persistence of soil‐incorporated EPTC (5‐ethyl N,N‐dipropyl(thiocarbamate)) for Cyperus rotundus L. control and tolerance of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) during the dry and wet seasons in Viçosa, Brazil. Satisfactory control of C. rotundus was obtained at 2 kg/ha EPTC during the dry season and 4 kg/ha or more during the wet season. Only red beet and carrot tolerated these doses of EPTC when the crops were planted five days after application. However, selective control of C. rotundus was obtained when the planting date of lettuce was delayed for three or six weeks after EPTC application. EPTC controlled C. rotundus at half the dose that was required to control three species of annual grass that germinated near the soil surface. EPTC persisted longer when applied to air dry soil and incorporated with a rototiller than when incorporated into moist or wet soil.
Uptake and translocation of some pesticides by hypocotyls of radish seedlings
Authors: SHONE M. G. T. , WOOD ANN V.
Published: July 2006

Some of the factors affecting absorption and translocation of pesticides by the hypocotyls of intact radish (Raphanus sativus, L., cv. Black Spanish) seedlings have been studied, particular attention being given to the triazine herbicides simazine, atrazine and atraton. Uptake and translocation appear to be largely passive processes and by contrast with foliar absorption seem to be unaffected by humidity, con‐centration, light and by the aqueous solubilities of the compounds. Diffusion across the tissues of the hypocotyl, rather than rate of transpiration, appears to determine the rate at which atrazine and simazine are translocated to the cotyledons. For several pesticides there is a qualitative relationship between the percentages of the compounds translocated to the upper portion of the shoots and their partition coefficients in oil/water systems. In conclusion, some consideration is given to the relative importance of uptake by roots and shoots under field conditions.
Sugarbeet tolerance of post‐emergence applications of desmedipham and ethofumesate*
Authors: ESHEL Y. , SCHWEIZER E. E. , ZIMDAHL R. L.
Published: July 2006

Tolerance of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.‘Mono‐Hy Al') to post‐emergence treatments of ethofumesate [(±)2‐ethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐3,3‐dimethylbenzofuran‐5‐yl‐melhansulfonate] and desmedipham [(3‐ethoxy‐carbonylamino)phenyl‐N‐phen‐ylcarbamate] was studied in the glasshouse and in the field at several growth stages. The response of sugarbeet to these herbicides was dependent on the growth stage of the plants and the amount of desmedipham in the mixture. Foliar growth was suppressed most when the herbicides were applied at the cotyledon stage; however, recovery from herbicide injury was rapid. Tolerance of sugarbeet increased considerably from the cotyledon stage to the six‐leaf stage. At equivalent herbicide rates, sugarbeet were more tolerant to ethofumesate than desmedipham and their response to mixtures of the herbicides was governed mainly by the rate of desmedipham. Root yields were reduced significantly by the herbicides only when sugarbeet were treated in the cotyledon stage with mixtures that contained 1.12 kg/ha of desmedipham.
The relationship between CO2 assimilation and the metabolism of bentazone in wheat plants
Authors: RETZLAFF G. , HAMM R.
Published: July 2006

The assimilation of CO2 by wheat plants after treatment with various amounts of bentazone was investigated. Maximum inhibition of assimilation always occurred at the same time after treatment irrespective of the amount of bentazone applied. The reduction in CO2 assimilation rate was correlated with the uptake of active ingredient in the leaf tissue. Assimilation increased again, when the concentration of bentazone inside the leaf dropped as the results of metabolism to hydroxybentazones. The toxicity of 6‐ and 8‐hydroxybentazone to sensitive mustard plants was lower than that of the parent compound. It is suggested that hydroxylation is a step in the detoxification of bentazone.
The biology of Bassia birchii (F. Muell.) F. Muell.
Authors: AULD B. A.
Published: July 2006

The native perennial shrub, Bassia birchii. occurs as a weed over large areas of semi‐arid eastern Australia. Its germination requirements and seedling growth were investigated and related to field observations and to possible means of control. Seeds cannot germinate until the woody fruit has broken down. Laboratory experiments showed that seeds would germinate throughout the year with most germinating at autumn and spring temperatures. Seedling deaths in the field are attributed to poor root growth, before the effects of water stress occurs. The spasmodic appearance of Bassia birchii infestations, particularly after droughts, is related to the dependence on the death of mature plants to provide propagules and fruit breakdown for germination. The unpredictable infestation pattern and the early development of spined fruits and basal buds on seedlings hinder control. Short period rotational or strategic grazing are suggested as possible means of control of seedlings in areas where perennial pastures can be established.
The selectivity of methabenzthiazuron between barley, perennial ryegrass and Poa trivialis
Authors: BLAIR A. M. , DRENNAN D. S. H. , HOLLY K.
Published: July 2006

In field experiments methabenzthiazuron at 1.1 kg ai/ha applied pre‐emergence gave good control of Poa trivialis L. in perennial ryegrass S23 which was undersown in spring barley (Zephyr); no significant damage to barley or perennial ryegrass resulted from 2.2 kg ai/ha. However this dose applied when barley had three to four leaves decreased the subsequent barley yield.

In pot experiments in the glasshouse methabenzthiazuron was active mainly due to uptake through the soil. Much greater damage to barley and perennial ryegrass resulted when herbicide‐treated soil was placed below seed level than above the seed. The difference was less marked with P. trivialis. The latter started to develop secondary roots near the soil surface earlier than either perennial ryegrass or spring barley.
The taxonomy and evolution of weeds
Authors: McNEILL J.
Published: July 2006

Taxonomy describes and classifies (i.e. maps) the diversity of nature. The most useful classifications are those that permit the delimitation, and subsequent identification, of species in such a way that they exhibit genetic differences and ecological preferences. However, all classifications have limitations for weed scientists. Genetic variation within species may be just as important as differences between species to the development of weed control practices. Because traditional concepts, such as species, variety and ecotype, cannot fully reflect the products of evolutionary processes, alternative taxonomic or para‐taxonomic representations of variation are considered. The dependence of plant nomenclature on these inherently limited taxonomic concepts is also discussed, and ways are suggested of minimizing the resultant degree of instability in the scientific names of weeds. The evolutionary responses of weeds to changing conditions suggest that although selection within populations is important, changes in the species composition of a weed flora may be a more common response to selection. Recombination through hybridization can be particularly significant, especially in the evolution of weeds which are genetically close to the crop species.
Ein Vergleich von Biotests mit chemisch—analytischen Methoden zum Nachweis von Atrazin, 2,4—D, DNOC und Napropamid im Boden
Authors: HURLE K.
Published: July 2006

Der Abbau von Atrazin (2‐Chlor‐4‐äthylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazin), 2,4‐D (2,4‐Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure), DNOC (4,6‐Dinitro‐o‐kresol) und Napropamid [2‐(α‐Naphtoxy)‐NN‐diäthylpropionamid] im Boden wurde mit chemisch‐analytischen Methoden und mit Biotests verfolgt und die Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen. Der biologische Nachweis erfolgte für Atrazin mit Hirse (Sorghum‐Sudangras‐Hybride) in einem Gewächshaus‐Test, für 2,4‐D und DNOC mit einem Kressewurzeltest (Lepidium sativum L.), und Napropamid wurde mit einem Haferwurzeltest (Avena sativa L.) nachgewiesen. Der instrumentelle Nachweis wurde für Atrazin, 2,4‐D und Napropamid gaschromalographisch und für DNOC kolorimetrisch durchgeführt.

Die für die Herbizide typische Abbaukinetik konnte durch die Biotests nachgewiesen werden, der quantitative Nachweis war jedoch nicht befriedigend. Bei Atrazin und Napropamid wurde durch die Biotests ein schnellerer Abbau und bei 2,4‐D und DNOC geringere Anfangskonzentrationen als durch die instrumentellen Methoden angezeigt. Mögliche Ursachen für die Abweichungen werden diskutiert und aus den Ergebnissen gefolgert, dass quantitative Aussagen mit Biotests erst dann gerechtfertigt sind, wenn ihre Qualität mit bewährten chemisch‐analytischen Methoden überprüft worden ist.
Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) II. Biochemical activity in the rhizome buds
Authors: VEERASEKARAN P. , KIRKWOOD R. C. , FLETCHER W. W.
Published: July 2006

The effect of asulam (methyl (4‐aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamate) on the synthesis of RNA and protein was investigated in bracken sporeling plants and excised rhizome bud tissue. Foliage application of asulam (4.4 kg/ha) reduced the RNA levels in frond buds and young fronds within 3 days, while protein levels were significantly reduced after 14 days. A significant reduction in respiratory activity of buds was observed after 2 weeks, the level of inhibition being 54% after 8 weeks. During a 3‐h incubation period, O2 uptake by excised bud issue was stimulated by 5 and 10 ppm asulam and inhibited by higher concentrations; 32P uptake was inhibited at all concentrations. Asulam (5 ppm and above) inhibited bud growth and reduced RNA and protein levels in incubated buds (20 h at 30°C), and the incorporation of [14C]orotic acid into RNA and [14C]leucine into protein. Reduction of RNA levels and inhibition of [14C]ladenine incorporation into RNA in buds occurred entirely in the ribosomal and supernatant fractions of the cellular extract. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by asulam (50 ppm) as measured by [14C] orotic acid incorporation into RNA was completely antagonized by CEPA (3‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) (50 ppm) and partially by 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) (50 ppm) and GA (Gibberellic acid) (50 ppm). These results suggest that the interference of asulam with RNA and protein synthesis at the metabolically active sinks (rhizome buds) could be one of its major mechanisms of action in bracken.
Paraquat, diesel oil and kerosene for ratoon clearing of pineapple
Authors: LEE S. A.
Published: July 2006

Three chemical methods of clearing pineapple ratoons were compared with the traditional method of cutting and burning after the plants have dried. The best chemical treatment was paraquat at 0.84 kg ha−1 which gave full scorching at leaves on 92% of plants so that they could be easily burnt 3 weeks after treatment. Plants sprayed with diesel oil or kerosene at 570 1 ha−1 could be satisfactorily burnt after 9 weeks compared with 12 weeks required for satisfactory burning with the traditional method.
Longevity of shattercane seed in soil across Nebraska*
Authors: BURNSIDE O. C. , WICKS G. A. , FENSTER C. R.
Published: July 2006

Longevity of shattercane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed buried 22 cm deep in soil at three locations across Nebraska, U.S.A. was followed for 14 years. Shattercane seed lost viability more quickly when buried in a Keith very fine sandy loam in western Nebraska (Alliance, average seed germination 21%) than in a Holdrege silt loam in central (North Platte, 37% germination) or in a Sharpsburg silty clay loam in eastern Nebraska (Lincoln, 38% germination) which were similar. The maximum survival of the open‐panicle shattercane biotype, with glumes tightly enclosing the seeds, used in this study was 11, 12, and 13 years at Alliance, North Platte, and Lincoln, Nebraska, respectively.
Some effects of competition between Emex australis and E. spinosa
Authors: WEISS P. W.
Published: July 2006

When plants of Emex australis Steinh. and E. spinosa Campd. were grown in pots in monoculture or in competition, there was greater seedling mortality in E. australis. In competition with E. spinosa, E. australis was later‐flowering and had lower seed, leaf, root and total dry weights. However, in E. spinosa leaf, stem, seed and total dry weight were greater than they were in mono‐culture. The more bulbous root and more erect stems of E. spinosa may be linked with its greater competitive ability. Although at present much more restricted in occurrence in Australia than E. australis, the results suggest that E. spinosa will in time become the dominant species where the two occur together.
Chemical weed control in rainfed peanuts
Authors: HEGDE B. R. , VENUGOPAL N. , FRIESEN G. H.
Published: July 2006

Field studies at Bangalore, India, demonstrated that benfiuralin, fluchloralin and profluralin were effective for the selective control of many weed species in field experiments with peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.‘BH‐8‐18′). Trifluralin and dinitramine were effective against many weed species but reduced crop stand by about 10%. These two herbicides also reduced the incidence of leaf spot disease (Cercospora arachidicola) and peanut pod yields were similar to clean weeded treatments. Bentazon was ineffective on most weed species and metribuzin was lethal to the crop. Alachlor, nitrofen and chloramben were only partially effective and would require supplemental hand weeding or mechanical tillage to obtain satisfactory weed control.
The effect of herbicides on respiration and transformation of nitrogen in two soils II. Dalapon, pyrazone and trifluralin
Authors: DAVIES H. A. , MARSH J. A. P.
Published: July 2006

The effects of dalapon, pyrazone and trifluralin at 100 ppm on carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogen transformation in two soils have been investigated in the laboratory. None of the herbicides had any adverse effects on carbon dioxide evolution or mineralisation of nitrogen. In Triangle soil (organic carbon 3.9%, pH 5.4) dalapon and pyrazone inhibited nitrification for at least 3 weeks. In Boddington Barn soil (organiccarbon 1.5%, pH 6.6) this effect was not observed. Dalapon degraded rapidly during the first 6 weeks, but pyrazone and trifluralin were more persistent.
Photoperiod and temperature effects on growth and development of Emex australis and E. spinosa
Authors: WEISS P.W. , SIMMONS D.M.
Published: July 2006

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on Emex australis and E. spinosa were studied in a pot experiment. E. spinosa was more precocious than E. australis in terms of earlier flowering, runner and seed formation under conditions similar to those of daylength and mean daily temperatures in the field and it produced three times more seeds. Optimum day/night temperatures for both species, however, were between 15/10 and 20/15°C. Both the lowest (10/5°C) and highest (30/25°C) temperatures tested delayed flowering and there was a terminal necrosis of runners at high temperatures. Flowering in both species also was generally hastened and seed production greater at the longest photoperiod (16 h) compared with the shortest (8 h).

The results are discussed in terms of the distribution of E. australis, the similar environmental requirements of both species and the possible encroachment of the less desirable E. spinosa, which is as yet more restricted in distribution in Australia, into areas already colonised by E. australis.
Postemergence effects of different distribution patterns of tri‐allate granules on Avena fatua L. and wheat plants
Authors: ASHFORD R. , HOLROYD J.
Published: July 2006

The phytotoxicity of 10% w/w tri‐allate granules to emerged plants of Avena fatua L. and wheat was investigated in the glasshouse, and to A. fatua alone under outdoor conditions. Tri‐allate was applied at 1.68 and 3.36 kg a.i./ha using two patterns of granule distribution (1) the granules uniformly distributed over the soil surface and (2) the same weight of granules as in (1) but applied only to a central area of the soil surface. Wheat was very tolerant of high concentrations of tri‐allate. Under optimum conditions of temperature and soil moisture in the glasshouse phytotoxic effects on wild oats were visible within 6 h and coleoptile or primary leaf entrapment was observed within 3 to 4 days of treatment. Phytotoxic effects of tri‐allate were detectable at distances up to 12 cm from the site of restricted‐granule application, although beyond 8 cm the effect was sub‐lethal. On a sloping soil surface (1:8 gradient) the dispersal of tri‐allate was approximately the same upwards or downwards from the site of herbicide application. Under outside conditions where the mean temperature was about 5 C tri‐allate dispersal was sub‐lethal beyond 3 cm although it evidently occurred primarily as vapour.
The effect of age on the availability of linuron and simazine residues in soil
Authors: HANCE R.J. , SMITH P. D. , COTTERILL E.G.
Published: July 2006

Residues of linuron and simazine were measured by both bioassay and gas‐chromatographic methods in soil from field plots that had been treated either 20 weeks (both compounds). 41/2 years (linuron) or 51/2 years (simazine) previously. There were no significant differences between the results obtained with the two methods; therefore the relationship between extractable herbicide and that available to plants was independent of the age of the residue. Hence‘bound’residues, if they existed in these plots, had no phytocidal significance.
The activity of glyphosate and aminotriazole against volunteer potato plants and their daughter tubers
Authors: LUTMAN P. J. W. , RICHARDSON W.G.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

In three experiments, glyphosate (1.0 kg/ha) and aminotriazole (1.5 kg/ha) killed volunteer potatoes. Glyphosate (0.5 kg/ha) gave acceptable control in the field but not in the two pot experiments; in these latter, addition of ammonium sulphate to glyphosate improved its performance. Field applications of both herbicides at the end of May were less effective than those in June and July, because not all the sprouts had emerged in May. Aminotriazole killed those daughter tubers already pre sent, whilst glyphosate affected sprout viability and hence their ability to produce new plants. The practical potential of these two herbicides for the control of volunteer potatoes is discussed.

Activité du glyphosate el de l'aminotriazole contre les repousses de pommes de terre et leurs tubercules fils

Dans trois expériences, le glyphosate (1,0 kg/ha) et l'aminotria‐zole (1,5 kg/ha) ont tue les repousses de pommes de terre. Le glyphosate (0,5 kg/ha) a fait preuve d'une efficacité acceptable au champ mais pas dans les deux expériences en pots; dans celles‐ci, I'addition de sulfate d'ammonium au glyphosate a amélioré ses performances. Les applications au champ des deux herbicides à la fin de mai ont été moins efficaces que celles effectuées en juin et juillet parce que toutes les repousses n'étaient pas sorties en mai. L'aminotriazole a tué les tubercules fils déjà présents, alors que le glyphosate a affecté leur germina tion et par suite leur capacitéà produire de nouvelles plantes. La valeur pratique de ces deux herbicides pour lutter contre les repousses de pommes de terre est discutée.

Die Wirkung von Gtyphosat und Aminotriazot auf Unkraut‐Kar‐toffelpflanzen und deren Tochterknollen

In drei Versuchen wurden durch Glyphosat (1,0 kg/ha) und durch Aminotriazol (1,5 kg/ha) Unkraut‐Kartoffeln abgetotet. Glyphosat (0,5 kg/ha) ergab unter Feldbedingungen eine brauchbare Bekampfung, nicht jedoch in zwei Gefassver‐suchen; in letzteren wurde die Wirkung von Glyphosat durch den Zusatz von Ammoniumsulfat verbessert. Die Feldbehan‐dlung Ende Mai war bei beiden Herbiziden weniger wirksam wie im Juni und Juli, weil im Mai das Kraut noch nicht voll entwickelt war. Durch Aminotriazol wurden alle bereits vor‐handenen Tochterknollen getötet, wogegen Glyphosat das Kraut schädigte und damit auch die Bildung neuer Pflanzen beeinflusste. Es werden die Möglichkeiten diskutiert, die sich durch die beiden Herbizide für die Bekämpfung von Unkraut‐Kartoffeln ergeben.
Timing of molinate applications for the control of Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. in rice
Authors: SWAINO D. J.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

Application of molinate to young rice (Oryza sativa L.) immediately before the ihird flushing irrigalion, when seedlings of E. crus‐galli were in the 2 2½‐leaf stage, resulted m bctier weed control and greater increases in crop growth and yield than earlier application prior to ihe second flushing, or than later application prior to permanent flooding, Molinale applied prior to a flushing was lost from the soil rapidly. 79–85% loss within 13 days. Chemical remaining after this time disappeared more slowly and little further loss occurred until permaneni flooding 24 days afier application. Despite the rapid dissipation of molinate. application of 3 kg/ha before a flushing irrigation controlled newly‐emerging E. crus‐galli until permaneni Hood ing I S days after spraying.

Epoque des traiiemenia au molinaie pour la lutte contre Echinochloa crus galli (L.) Beauv. en rizière

L'applicaiion du molinate sur du riz [Oryza saliva L.) jeune. immédiatement apres la troisiéme irrigation par submersion, lorsque les plantules d’E crus galliétaient au stade 2 feuilles/2 feuilles 1/2adonné un meilleur résultat et des augmentations de croissance et de rendement du riz plus grandes qu'une appli cation plus précoce. avant la seconde irrigation, on qu'une application plus tardive avant la submersion permanente. Le molinate appliqué avant une irrigation a disparu rapidementdu sol: 79 à 85% de perte en 13 jours, Le produit persistant après cette date a disparu pius leniement et il n'y a euque peude pertes ultérieures jusquà la submersion permanenie. 24 jours apres le traitement. En dépit de la rapide dégradation du molinate. un traitement à 3 kg/ha avant une irrigation par submersion a été efficace contre les E. crus galli nouvellement levés. jusquà la submersion permanentc. 15 jours après le traitement.

Der günstigste Zeitpunkt für Anwendung von Molinat zur Bekämpfung von Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. in Reis

Die Anwendung von Molinate injungem Reis (Oryza sativa L.) unmittelbar vor der dritten Rieselbewä.sserung. wenn die Pflanzen von E. crus‐galli im 2 bis 2 1/2‐Blatlsiadium waren. bewirkte eine bessere Unkrautbekämpfung. ein bcsseres Wachstum der Kultur und einen höheren Ertrag alseine Be handlung zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt vor der zweiien Rieselbewässerung. Oder eine spätere Anwendung vor der permanenten Überstauung. Wurde Molmat vor emer Rieselbewässerung appliziert. traten innerhalb von 13 Tagen Herbizidveriuste von 79–85% im Boden ein Der Rest des Herbizids verschwand langsamer. und bis zum Zeitpunkt der permanenten Über‐stauung—24 Tage nach der Applikation—ging nur wenig Her‐bizid verloren. Troiz des schnellen Veriusts des Herbizids wurden durch die Anwendung von 3 kg/ha Molinat vor einer Rieselbewässerung frisch aufgelaufene E.crus‐galli‐Pflanzen bis zum Zeitpunki der permanenten Überstauung bckämpft. Der Zeilraum zwischen Spritzung und Überstauung betrug in den Versuchen 1 5 Tage.
Interactions between barban and protectants on maize, oats and barley
Authors: BLAIR A. M.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

In glasshouse experiments 1,8‐naphthalic anhydride (NA) as a seed dressing, and N,N‐diallyl‐2,2‐dichloroacetamide (R25788), either as a seed dressing or mixed in the spray tank with the herbicide, protected maize (Zea mays L.) from subsequent barban damage. When applied after maize emergence, R25788 was not effective through the foliage but had to reach the soil to provide protection. Soil drench treatments of R25788 countered barban damage successfully if applied up to 7 days prior to spraying or up to one day after. Delay of application to 2 or 3 days after barban resulted in only partial protection.

Neither NA nor R25788 completely protected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oats (Avena saliva L.) from a subsequent barban spray.

Interactions entre le barbane et des produils protecteurs sur le maïs, l'avoine el l'orge

Dans des expériences faites en serre, I'anhydride 1,8‐naphtalique (AN) employé pour l'enrobage des semences et le N,N‐dial‐lyl‐2,2‐dichloroacetamide (R 25788) egalement en enrobage oumélangé dans le réservoir du pulvérisateur avec I'herbicide, ont protégé le maïs (Zea mays L.) des dommages résultant d'un traitement au barbane. Lorsqu'il a été appliqué après la levée du maïs, le R 25788 ne s'est pas montré efficace par voie foliaire: il doit atteindre le sol pour assurer une protection. Les traitements du sol en pluie abondante avec le R 25788 ont supprime efficacement les dégCts du barbane s'ils ont été effectues au plus 7 jours avant le traitement ou 1 jour au plus apres. Lorsque l'application

a été faite 2 ou 3 jours apres le traitement au barbane, la protection n'a été que partielle.

Ni l'AN ni le R 25788 n'ont complètement protégé I'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) ou I'avoine (Avena sativa L.) d'un traitement ultériéur avec le barbane.

Interaktionen zwischen Barban und Schutzstoffen (Antidote) bei Mais. Hafer und Gerste

In Gewächshausversuchen wurde Mais (Zea mays L.) vor einer Schädigung durch Barban geschützt, wenn 1,8‐Naphthylsäure‐anhydrid (NA) als Saatgutbeize und N,N‐Diallyl‐2,2‐dichlor‐acetamid (R 25788) entweder als Saatgutbeize oder als Tankmischung mit dem Herbizid angewendet wurden. Wenn R 25788 nach dem Auflaufen des Maises appliziert wurde, musste es um wirksam zu werden, auf den Boden gelangen; eine Wir‐kung über die Blätter konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Durch die Anwendung von R 25788 im Giessverfahren trat kein Barbanschaden auf, vorausgesetzt, dass die Anwendung bis zu 7 Tage vor oder bis zu einen Tag nach der Spritzung erfolgte. Wurde die Applikation erst 2 oder 3 Tage nach der Barbansprit‐zung durchgeführt, dann wurde nur ein teilweiser Schutz erzielt. Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) und Hafer (Avena saliva L.) wurden weder durch NA noch durch R 25788 völlig vor der schädigenden Wirkung einer darauffolgenden Barbanspritzung geschützt.
Effect of soil compaction on phytotoxicity and persistence of soil‐applied herbicides
Authors: RAHMAN A. , BURNEY B. , MANSON B.E.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of three levels of soil compaction on the activity of two soil‐applied herbicides, atrazine and trifluralin, using oats as test species. The moderate and heavy compactions increased the bulk density by 24.7 and 35.1% respectively while the normal compaction had negligible effect on physical properties of the soil compared to the freshly cultivated ground. Initial phytotoxicity of both herbicide's was increased significantly by the heavy compaction treatment. Moderate soil compaction also enhanced the initial activity of atrazine but trifluralin activity remained unaffected from this treatment. Trifluralin was more persistent than atrazine and the residual activity of both herbicides was increased significantly as a result of both the moderate and heavy compaction treatments.

Effet du compactage du sol sur la phytoloxicilé et la persistance des herbicides appliques sur le sol

Des expériences au champ et en serre ont été effectuées pour etudier l'effet de trois degrés de compactage du sol sur l'activité de deux herbicides appliqués sur le sol, l'atrazine et la trifluraline, en utilisant l'avoine comme plante test. Le compactage modéré et le compactage intense ont accru la densite de la masse de 24,7% et 35,1% respectivement, alors que le compactage normal n'a eu qu'un effet négligeable sur les propriétés du sol compacté par rapport à un sol récemment cultivé. La phytotoxocité initiale des deux herbicides a été accrue significativement par le compactage intense. Le compactage modéré du sol a aussi augmenté l'activité initiale de l'atrazine mais celle de la trifluraline n'a pas été modifiée par ce degre de compactage. La triflura‐line s'est montrée plus persistante que l'atrazine et l'activité résiduelle des deux herbicides a été significativement accrue à la suite du compactage modéré et du compactage intense.

Die Wirkung von Bodenverdichtungen auf Phytotoxizität und Persistenz von Bodenherbiziden

Es wurden Held‐und Gewachshausversuche durchgeführt, indenen der Einfluss von drei unterschiedlich starken Bodenverdichtungen auf die Wirkung von auf den Boden appliziertem Atrazin und Trifluralin untersucht wurde. Als Testpflanze wurde Hafer verwendet. Durch eine mittlere und starke Ver‐dichtung nahm das Boden‐Volumengewicht um 24,7% bzw. um 35,1% zu. Eine normale Verdichtung hatte, verglichen mil einem frisch bearbeiteten Boden, nur eine geringe Wirkung auf die physikalischen Bodeneigenschaften. Durch die starke Verdichtung nahm die phytotoxische Wirkung beider Herbizide significant zu. Dieser Effekt trat auch bei der mittleren Boden‐verdichtung auf, jedoch nur bei Atrazin; die Wirkung von Trifluralin blieb davon unbeeinflusst. Trifluralin erwies sich als persistenter als Atrazin, die Residualwirkung beider Herbizide nahm aber durch die starke und die mittlere Bodenverdichtung significant zu.
Control of Senecio jacobaea L. (ragwort) by autumn or spring herbicide application
Authors: FORBES JAMES C.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

A range of herbicides was sprayed in October 1976 or May 1977 on grassland infested with S. jacobaea. Control, measured by reduction in the number of flowering stems in July 1977, was extremely good with all herbicides, October spraying gave 99% control of 5. jacohaea and is provisionally recommended for grassland which is to be cut for silage.

Lutte contre Senecio jacobaea L. (séneçonjacobée) parun traitement herbicide d'automne ou de printemps

Une série d'herbicides ont été appliqués en octobre 1976 ou en mai 1977 sur des herbages infestés de séneçon jacobée. L'éfficacité, mesurée par la réduction du nombre de tiges fleuries en juillet 1977, a été extrêmement bonne avec tous les herbicides. Le traitement d'octobre a détruit 99% de S. jacobaea; il est provisoirement recommande pour les prairies de fauche dont la recolte doit etre ensilee.

Bekümpfung von Senecio jacobaea L. (Jakohs‐Kreuzkraut) durch Herbizidanwendung im Herbst oder Frühjahr

Auf Grünland, das mit Jakobs‐Kreuzkraut verseucht war, wurde eine Reihe von Herbiziden im Oktober 1976 oder im Mai 1977 eingesetzt. Die Bekämpfung, gemessen am Rückgang blühender Pflanzen im Juli 1977, war mit alien Herbiziden äusserst zufriedenstellend. Die Spritzung im Oktober ergab für S. jaco baea einen Bekämpfungsgrad von 99% und wird für Grünland, das für Silagegewinnung genutzt wird, vorläufig empfohlen.
The distribution of agrochemicals on leaf surfaces: a methodical study
Authors: LEUTHOLD URS , BRÜCHER CHRISTEL , EBERT EDITH
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

The technique of scanning electron microscopy is not only suitable for the morphological characterization of leaf surfaces but it can also be used, combined with cathodoluminescence, to study the distribution of agrochemicals on leaf surfaces. The paper describes from the methodical viewpoint the range of operation of cathodoluminescence with agrochemicals and the use of a marker‐Lumogen LT‐to make any spray deposit visible.

Distribution des produits agrochmiques sur les surfaces foliares: une etude methodique

La technique de la microscopie electronique a balayage ne se prete pas seulement a la caracicrisalion morphologique des surfaces foliaires. man pcul aussi ci re utilisec. en combinaison avec la cathodolumincsccnt‐e, pour etudier la distribution des produils agrochimiques sur les surfaces foliaire

Ce travail decrit sous t'atped iiielhodique les possibilites d'emploi de la caihodoluminescencc de divers produits agrochi‐miques et I'adjonciion d'un produit de marquage Lumogen LT ‐ pour rcndre visible les depols de pulverisalions de touies sortes.

Belagssirakiur vim Agrochemikalien auf Blaättern: methodische studie

Die Technik der Raslerclekironenmikroskople ist nicht nurfur die morphologische Charakterisierung von BlattobetflSchen gecignet. sondern kann unter Ekizug der Kaihodolumineszenz zur Sichibarmachung der Verieilung des Spritzbelags von Agrochhemikalien auf Blaitoberflachen herangezogen werden. Diese Arben befiusl DCb vom methodischen Siandpunkl her mil der Anwendungsbreiieder Kathodolumincszenztcchnik bci Agrarchemikuiien und mil der E inftihrung einer geeigneten Markierung wie Lumogen LT. um Sprilzbelage jeglicher An sithtbar zur machcn.
The effects of a dicamba herbicide mixture on the grain yield components of winter wheat
Authors: TOTTMAN D. R.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

The application of a proprietary herbicide mixture containing dicamba, 2,3,6‐TBA, MCPA and mecoprop to winter wheat, at twice the normal dose and when nodes were detectable, severely depressed grain yield. Grain number was reduced but the greatest effect was a diminution of grain size suggesting that the herbicide had interfered with grain swelling. This contrasts with previously published descriptions of floret sterility as the main symptom induced by late sprays of dicamba.

The value of different methods of cereal yield assessment are discussed. To ascertain the effects of herbicide treatments on the number and size of grains, they should be removed from car samples by hand.

Effets d'un mélange herbicide contenant du dicamba sur les composantes du rendement en grain du blé d'hiver.

L'application d'une spécialité herbicide constituée par un mélange de dicamba, de 2,3,6‐TBA, de MCPA et de mécoprop, sur un blé d'hiver au double de la dose normale et lorsque les noeuds ont été décelables. a provoqué une diminution importante du rendement en grain. Le nombre de grains a été réduit, mais l'effet le plus important a été une diminution de la taille des grains, ce qui amène à penser que l'herbicide a interféré avec le gonftement des grains Ceci ne Concorde pas avec les publications antérieures qui ont décrit la stérilité des épillets comme le symptôme principal induit par des traitements tardifs avec du dicamba.

La valeur de differentes methodes d'évaluation du rendement des céréales est discutée. Pour s'assurer des eftets des traitements herbicides sur le nombre et la taille des grains, ceux‐ci doivent ètre extraits à la main des épis échantillonnés.

Die Wirkung von Dicamba‐Mischungen auf die Ertragskom‐ponenten von Winterweizen

Die Behandlung von Winterweizen mit der doppelten Aufwandmenge einer amtlich zugelassenen Mischung von Dicamba, 2,3,6‐TBA. MOW und Mecoprop zur Zeit als die Halmknoten gerade sichtbar waren, führte zu einer erheblichen Kornertragsreduktion. Die Behandlung bewirkte eine geringere Kornzahl und vor allem kleinere Körner, was den Schluss zulässt, dass das Herbizid den Prozess der Kornschwellung beeinträachtigte. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zu früheren publizierten Beobachtungen, in denen die Blütensterilität als das wichtigste Symptom später Dicamba‐Spritzungen betrachtet wird.

Es wird die Bedeutung verschiedener Methoden zur Ertrags‐schätzung bei Getreide diskutiert. Um die Wirkung von Herbizidbehandlungen auf die Zahl und Grösse dcr Körner sicher zu erfassen, wird empfohlen, die Körner aus Ährenproben von Hand zu entfernen.
Effect of some herbicides on the epidermis of Vicia sativa (L.)
Authors: PRAKASH J. , BABBER S. , PAHWA S. K.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

Vicia sativa (L.) was subjected to pre‐emergence treatments of alachlor, fluchloralin, nitrofen and prometryne. A study of stomatal index was made by collecting leaves from the fourth and fifth nodes of plants. Nitrofen and prometryne, although increasing the number of epidermal cells and stomata per unit area, did not lead to changes in the stomal index compared to control values. Alachlor and fluchloralin reduced the stomatal index greatly because the density of epidermal cells was increased more than the density of stomata. The results are discussed.

Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.) Vicia sativa (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatriéme et cinquiéme nœuds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux valeurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés.

Effet de quelques herbicides sur l'épiderme de Vicia sativa (L.)

Vicia saliva (L.) a été soumise à des traitements en prélevée avec l'alachlor, la fluchloraline, l'azote et la prométryne. Une étude de l'index stomatal a été faite en récoltant des feuilles sur les quatrième et cinquième nceuds des plantes. L'azote et la prométryne, bien que provoquant un accroissement du nombre des cellules épidermiques et des stomates par unité de surface, n'ont pas amené de changement de l'index stomatal comparativement aux yaleurs du témoin. L'alachlor et la fluchloraline ont fortement réduit l'index stomatal parce que la densité des cellules épidermiques s'est plus accrue que la densité des stomates. Les résultats sont discutés.

Die Wirkung einiger Herbizide auf die Epidermis von Vicia sativa (L.)

Alachlor, Fluchloralin, Stickstoff und Prometryn wurden vor dem Auflaufen von Vicia sativa (L.) appliziert. Um den Stomataindex festzustellen, wurden Blätter vom 4 und 5 Nodium entnommen. Die Stickstoff‐ und Prometrynbehandlungen bewirkten zwar eine Zunahme der Epidermiszellen und der Stomata je Flächeneinheit, hatten aber im Vergleich zur Kontrolle keine Veränderungen des Slomataindex zur Folge. Alachlor und Fluchloralin verkleinerten den Stomataindex sehr stark, da die Dichte der Epidermiszellen stärker zunahm als die Dichte der Stomata. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert.
Efficacy, uptake and distribution of different herbicides in the water hyacinth
Authors: SINGH S.P. , MüLLER F.
Published: July 2006

Experiment conducted in the glasshouse with water hyacinth plants in pots revealed that 3h.after spraying parquet or 2.4‐D at recommendeb herbicida rates, 43 to 53, of the herbicide is found in the plants and the rest is present in the water culture Out of the total [14Clparaquat applied,38,9,8·8. 32 and 0.9% was found in the leaf blads. petioles, underwater foliage and roots respectively. The corresponding values for [14C]2, 4‐D were 320. 94. 13 and 0.2% As the time interval after spraying increased, a greater accumulation of herbicide in the under‐water parts was evident A net loss of 14 and 60%. of the applied 2,4‐D was recorded 1 and 2 weeks after spraying respectively the rate of paraquat loss from the plant water system was similar to 2,4‐D.

Absorption of [14C]2,4‐D from the culture solution by the roots and the floats of the water hyacinth was. evident Translocation of root‐absorbed 2, 4‐D into the meristematic folrar parts was dernonstrated If the substrates was treated with 2,4‐D.a minimal concentration of 1 p. p. m. was required for water hyacinth death In another experiment glyphosite at 2 to 6 kg a 1 ha and 2.4‐D.amine at 0–75 2.25 kg a ha gave complete control of water hyacinth Asulam was found to be unsatis factory even at 6 kg a.1 ha the highest rate tried.
Prospects for using minimum and zero tillage in tropical lowland rice
Authors: DE DATTA S. K. , BOLTONAND F. R. , LIN W. L.
Published: July 2006

Four field experiments were conducted at The International Rice Research Institute during the 1975 and 1976 crop seasons to develop minimum and zero tillage techniques for transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). High rates of glyphosate followed by a lower rate of paraquat effectively controlled Paspalum distichum L., but not Fimbristylis littoralis L. The tenminimum tillage treatments based on different combinations and sequences of pre‐plant herbicide application, tillage and flooding, gave a similar grain yield to conventional tillage, and significantly higher grain yield than zero tillage treatments. Conventional, minimum and zero tillage were compared over four successive crops. After two crops with zero tillage, the plots were dominated by the perennials, P. distichum and Scirpus maritimus L., but with minimum or conventional tillage, weed control and grain yield were satisfactory. Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer usage by the crop was the same with minimum as with conventional tillage but higher than with zero tillage and was increased by placement at 10 cm depth. The studies indicate that minimum tillage systems are a dependable alternative to conventional tillage for lowland rice production.
The uptake and translocation of 2,4,5‐T in gorse (Ulex emopaeus L.)
Authors: HONG‐THAT PHUNG , FIELD ROGER J.
Published: July 2006

The uptake of 2,4,5‐T by spines of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) was limited and not enhanced when picloram was added to the application solution. Translocation of 2,4,5‐T in 6‐month‐old cuttings after treatment of a single spine or lateral branch was poor. The most significant accumulation of translocated herbicide occurred in stem tissue, with lesser amounts detected in root tissues, root nodules, stem apices and flowers. Untreated lateral branches or spines accumulated minimal amounts of herbicide. The pattern and extent of distribution of 2,4,5‐T was not increased by addition of picloram. The lack of efficient control of gorse by 2,4,5‐T can largely be attributed to its inadequate uptake and lack of true systemic translocation.