bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrate sorption on activated carbon modified with CaCl2: Equilibrium, isotherms and kinetics
Authors: Zanella Odivan , Tessaro Isabel , Féris Liliana
Published: January 2014

In this study, nitrate (NO3-) removal from aqueous solutions was investigated
using granular activated carbon (GAC) modified with CaCl2. Batch sorption
studies were performed as a function of sorbent dose, initial nitrate
concentration and pH. Sorption was maximized between pH 3 and 9. Studies on
the effect of pH showed that the ion exchange mechanism might be involved
in the sorption process. The percentage of nitrate removed increased with
increasing sorbent concentration, and the ideal sorbent dose was found to be
20 g?L-1. Four isotherm models-Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and
Sips-were used to fit the experimental data. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm
model explained the sorption process well and showed the best coefficient of
determination (0.9979) and Chi-square test statistic (0.0079). Using the
Sips isotherm model, the sorption capacity (qe) was found to be 1.93 mg
nitrate per g of sorbent. Kinetic experiments indicated that sorption was a
fast process, reaching equilibrium within 120 min. The nitrate sorption
kinetic data were successfully fitted to a pseudo-second-order kinetic
model. The overall results demonstrated potential applications of modified
GAC for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions.
Application of process simulators in chemical engineering process design -natural gas separation plant case study
Authors: Stevanovic Dimitrije , Jovanovic Mica , Mihajlovic Marina , Jovanovic Jovan , Grbavcic Zeljko
Published: January 2014

Software for chemical processes modeling and simulation, in the past few
decades, play an important role in the development of chemical-process
industry with their growing capabilities and wide range of application. Usage
of process simulators in Serbia for the process design is very limited. This
paper gives a brief overview of the numerous process simulators that are used
in the chemical-process industry today. The conceptual design is responsible
for most of the investment costs in chemical process industry. Importance of
precise design on preliminary level is obvious. Wrong decisions made at the
conceptual level could be carried out throughout the chain in process design
to the detailed design procedures and procurement of equipment. Although
preliminary design phase comprises only about 2% of the total cost of the
project, it contributes significantly to the reduction of cost of the project
by more than 30%. Therefore process simulators play important role in
elimination of unnecessary errors in basic process design. Here is also shown
a case study of parallel process simulated in different process simulators
which tests the results, the reliability and usefulness of these programs in
solving specific engineering tasks. Comparison of given simulation results
confirm that the modern process simulators are at high level of confidence,
no matter they are based on different models, equations, methods, operations,
interfaces or data bases. Usage of software speeds up the arrival of
optimized solution during the design and the operational procedures.
Therefore software have significant impact on reducing time of pre-project
phase such as research, conceptual design, and proving project abilities.
It?s development lead to faster commercialization of industrial ideas.
Auditors' Reporting Conservatism after Regulatory Sanctions: Evidence from China
Authors: Firth Michael A. , Mo Phyllis Lai Lan , Wong Raymond M. K.
Published: January 2014

This study examines whether regulatory sanctions have a disciplinary effect on auditors in a large emerging market. Based on the enforcement releases issued by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) during 1996–2007, we hypothesize and find that auditors who are sanctioned for failure to detect and report financial statement fraud report more conservatively after the sanction. Our empirical findings specifically suggest that sanctioned auditors issue more going-concern opinions for risky clients after enforcement action than they did before the enforcement action. In contrast, we find no such effect for non-risky clients. Overall, we provide evidence that regulatory sanctions are effective in shaping auditors' behavior when they audit risky clients.

JEL Classifications: G18; K42; M42.
Intracellular Signaling by Bile Acids
Authors: Anwer Mohammad Sawkat
Published: January 2014

Bile acids, synthesized from cholesterol, are known to produce beneficial as well as toxic effects in the liver. The beneficial effects include choleresis, immunomodulation, cell survival, while the toxic effects include cholestasis, apoptosis and cellular toxicity. It is believed that bile acids produce many of these effects by activating intracellular signaling pathways. However, it has been a challenge to relate intracellular signaling to specific and at times opposing effects of bile acids. It is becoming evident that bile acids produce different effects by activating different isoforms of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Protein kinase Cs (PKCs), and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK). Thus, the apoptotic effect of bile acids may be mediated via PI3K-110?, while cytoprotection induce by cAMP-GEF pathway involves activation of PI3K-p110?/? isoforms. Atypical PKC? may mediate beneficial effects and nPKC? may mediate toxic effects, while cPKC? and nPKC? may be involved in both beneficial and toxic effects of bile acids.The opposing effects of nPKC? activation may depend on nPKC? phosphorylation site(s). Activation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathway appears to mediate beneficial and toxic effects, respectively,of bile acids. Activation of p38? MAPK and p38? MAPK may mediate choleretic and cholestatic effects, respectively, of bile acids. Future studies clarifying the isoform specific effects on bile formation should allow us to define potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cholestatic disorders. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17647J. bio-sci. 20: 1-23, 2012
Screening of multidrug-resistant bacteria of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and their inhibition by leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lamk
Authors: Akhtar MM , Islam MS , Begum MF , Anisuzzaman M , Alam MF
Published: January 2014

Context: Emergence of multi drug resistance bacteria (MDRB) to human pathogenic infection is increasing day by day but the number of new drugs to overwhelm the problem is not sufficient. Evidences revealed that Moringa oleifera Lamk. has various pharmaceutical activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and diuretic. Herbal treatment may be one of the possible ways to treat diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Objectives: The present research was undertaken to screen of multidrug resistant bacteria (MDRB) from antibiotic-associated diarrheal samples and to evaluate the potentiality of M. oleifera leaf extracts on these bacteria with the view to provide scientific evidence for its application in health remedy. Materials & Methods: Antibiotic-associated diarrheal fecal specimens were collected from pediatric ward of Rajshahi Medical College and cultured onto MacConkey agar. MDRB were determined by antibiotic susceptibility test, using disc-agar diffusion method. Biochemical tests of the MDRB were done according to Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology for identification of the species. Dried and fresh leaf of M. oleifera was used to prepare exaction with or without solvents such as hot water, cold water, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone and ethanol, separately. Antibacterial assay was done by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was also measured. Results: In the present study seven isolates were screened as MDRB and the highest prevalence (42.86%) was occurred in the age group of 25-36 months and the lowest (14.28) was in the group of <1 and 1-6 months. Ethanol extract of dried leaf of M. oleifera Lamk. showed moderate inhibitory activity against all of the isolates while petroleum ether, chloroform and acetone extracts of dried leaf have no inhibitory effect. Fresh leaf sap powder in DMSO exhibited strong inhibitory effect against all of the test bacteria where as hot aqueous extract could not show any inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the potent extracts ranged 937.5 to 3750 ?g/ml and 7.9 to 234.4 ?g/ml in dried and fresh leaf extracts, respectively. Conclusion: The present data indicates that M. oleifera leaf extract possess antimicrobial potential to control of MDRB causes infection thus it can be used as a novel drugs in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17652 J. bio-sci. 20: 41-48, 2012
The study of fillet proximate composition, growth performance and survival rate of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin-E)
Authors: Al-Noor Syeda Mushahida , Hossain Md Delwer , Islam Md Amirul
Published: January 2014

Context: Alpha-tocopherol has significant effect on the growth performance and fillet proximate composition of Striped Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Objectives: To study the effect of DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate on the fillet proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol), survival rate and growth performance (SGR, weight gain, PWG) of P. hypophthalmus. Materials and methods: Striped Catfish were fed with three trial diets (diet-1, diet-2 and diet-3) were prepared by adding different amounts of alpha-tocopheryl acetate (ATA, 0, 90 and 300 mgKg-1 diet), over a period of 122 days. In each pond, 10% of the total fish were randomly selected and individually weighed once every fortnight and growth parameters were determined after each weighing. Moisture, dry matter, crude protein, lipid, ash and alpha-tocopherol of the experimental diets and fish fillet were determined by Conventional procedure, standard test method, micro-kjeldahl method, Bligh and Dyer method, standard methods and chromatographic method, respectively. Results: Fish that were fed 90 mg kg-1 and 300 mg kg-1 ATA supplemented diets had significantly higher growth performance than fish that were fed only farm processed diet (P<0.05). The fillet protein, lipid content and alpha tocopherol level of the fish flesh were increased due to ATA supplementation in diets. The vitamin-E levels in fish fillet reflected dietary ATA levels. These results showed that fish on Diets 2 (supplemented with 90 mgKg-1 ATA) and Diet 3(supplemented with 300 mg kg-1 ATA) had significantly better production and resulted better flesh quality of fish than those on Diet 1 (without ATA supplementation). Conclusion: Scanty information is available on the fillet proximate composition and growth performance of P. hypophthalmus fed with diets containing different amounts of alpha-tocopherol. The present study provides baseline information for establishing improved and profitable cultured system of the fish in impounds water of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17658 J. bio-sci. 20: 67-74, 2012
Comparative study on growth and morphological characteristics of a wild type strain Rhizobium spp. (RCA-220) and a genetically engineered E. coli BL21
Authors: Rahman MM , Uddin M Salah , Zaman S , Saleh MA , Ekram AE , Farhana P , Razu MH
Published: January 2014

Context: Comparison between a wild type strain Rhizobium spp. (RCA-220) and a genetically modified strain E. coli BL21 in context of growth features. Objective: To observe the comparative growth characteristics of a genetically modified E. coli BL21 and an isolated wild type strain Rhizobium spp. (RCA-220). Materials and Methods: Different kinds of investigations were accomplished in both Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid and semi-solid media to observe the growth and maintenance of these strains. For the isolation of Rhizobium spp. selective Yeast Extract Manitol Agar (YEMA) was used. Colony morphology, pH, temperature, carbon source, salt concentration and light were taken under consideration and optimized for growth characteristics. Results: For the strain E. coli BL21, the maximum growth rate was 1.9 at incubation time 72 h, pH 7.2, temperature 37°C (optimized) while for Rhizobium spp. the growth rate was significantly higher (OD 2) at pH 6.8, temperature 28°C (optimized). Among all used carbon sources, strains grown in the medium supplemented with peptone showed rapid and good performance. So, peptone was proved as the best carbon source for both strains. The maximum growths of these strains were observed at 0g/100ml NaCl salt concentration. RCA-220 strain was comparatively more tolerable to salt than E. coli BL21 strain. In this work, E. coli BL21 showed rapid and good performance in presence of light while Rhizobium spp. showed better performance in absence of light. Statistical analysis showed that the growth rate of Rhizobium spp. was significantly higher than E. coli BL21. Conclusion: From the experimental results, it can be concluded that naturally obtained microbial strains were stable and could tolerate any stress condition where the modified strains lose their growth capability and the overall growth performances were reduced or slowed down than the wild type strain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17718 J. bio-sci.  20:  75-82, 2012
Comparative response on the accumulation of inorganic phosphate in leaf of Basella alba to low and high temperature
Authors: Haque Md Shahidul , Islam Md Monirul , Yeasmin Tanzima
Published: January 2014

Context: Basella alba is a green vegetable and grows in both winter and summer; however the temperature sensitivity on metabolic regulation in this species is not clarified. Objective: To find the role of low and high temperature induced regulation of metabolic functions particularly alteration and accumulation of inorganic phosphate in leaf. Materials and Methods: Plants grown in pot were exposed to cold (8°C) for 24h, 48h and 72h periods and the respective controls were kept in ambient room temperature for the above mentioned time. For high temperature induced plants, they were exposed to 45°C with full aeration along with sufficient water. Control pot was used similarly in room temperature; however, the temperature was maintained 30°C by using air cooling system (AC). Results: Low temperature causes the higher inorganic phosphate level in leaf and was increased by 33.6%, 34.7% and 62.8% respectively when compared to the respective controls. Therefore, it is assumed that short term exposure has mild effect on phosphate accumulation in leaf; conversely as the time extended, the synthesis assumed to be higher and increased time dependently. Similarly, the inorganic phosphate concentrations were increased by 27.8%, 37.5% and 74.9% respectively whenever the plants were exposed to high temperature (45°C). Taken together, a faster increase in accumulation of phosphate in leaf was mediated by high temperature for prolonged exposure. Conclusion: The plants exposed to both abiotic stresses cause the release of inorganic phosphate which may participate in the survival of the species in the adverse environment DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17719 J. bio-sci.  20:  83-90, 2012
Antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Ruellia tuberosa (L.) root extract
Authors: Kader Md Abdul , Parvin Shumaia , Chowduri Md Aktar Uzzaman , Haque Md Ekramul
Published: January 2014

Context: Plants as therapeutics are popularized for thousands of years and people continue to rely on them for health care until now due to their effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and comparatively being devoid of serious toxic effects. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and insects are developing resistance to the current therapies very easily and the currently available antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides are very much costly and toxic. So the current shift to the use of herbal antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides may be more effective, economic and advantageous. Objectives: The present research was performed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the methanolic extract of the dried root of the plant Ruellia tuberosa (L.). Materials and Methods: Five Gram (+) ve bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis; five Gram (-) ve bacteria namely Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei were used as test bacteria for testing the antibacterial activity of the plant extract. Antifungal activity was observed against six fungi namely Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochreus, Aspergillus ustus, Rizopus oryzae and Trichophyton rubrum. The disc diffusion assay method was used in both the cases and standard Kanamycin disc (30?g/disc) was used as the reference standard. The test for insecticidal activity was performed by using surface film activity testing method and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was used as the test insect. Results: The methanol extract was active against all the bacteria and fungi tested and showed significant antibacterial and antifungal properties with the zone of inhibition 9 to 23 mm for antibacterial screening and 8 to 15 mm for antifungal screening. The insecticidal assay by surface film activity test also revealed strong insecticidal activity with 80% mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at a dose of 50 mg/ml in 48 hours. Conclusion: From our experiment it is informed that Ruellia tuberosa (L.) may be used to treat bacterial and fungal diseases and also as insect repellant and it is also possible to isolate antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal drug from this plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17720 J. bio-sci.  20:  91-97, 2012
Morphological and cytological effects of two herbicides on Tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L.)
Authors: Razu MH , Zaman S , Akhter R , Rahman MM , Rahaman M Hamidur , Mazid MA , Kabir G
Published: January 2014

Context: In order to control weeds many chemicals are being used which may change the morphological and cytological constitution of plant. Objectives: To study the morphological and cytological effects of herbicides on tetraploid wheat. Materials and Methods: Two herbicides namely, Topstar and Fielder with three different concentrations of each were used along with control in the present study. Seeds of tetraploid wheat were treated for 6 hours with each concentration and some of the treated seeds were allowed to germinate in the petri dishes, while some were sown in the earthen pot. Morphological study was done for both laboratory and pot grown plants. In case of cytological study, mitotic data was recorded using the root tip cells and meiotic data was collected from inflorescence at pre-mature stage of pot grown plant. Results: In this experiment, data on morphological study such as germination percentage, days required in germination, coleoptile length, root length, plant height, ear length, tiller-number/pot, seed/ear, grain-weight/ear and 100 grain-weight indicated that treatment with Fielder decreased these characters with the increase of doses. In case of plant height, Topstar showed increased result than Fielder and control. Moreover, characters like ear length and seed/ear showed little variation among the doses of Topstar compared to control. Similarly, data on cytological study such as interphase chromosome volume (ICV), mitotic index (MI), % of pollen sterility, mitotic and meiotic abnormalities were found to be increased with increasing concentration of both herbicides. Main chromosomal irregularities were chromosome fragments, bridges, laggards, single and multiple chromatid bridges with laggard or fragment, stickiness etc. Conclusion: From the study of morphological and cytological effects of two herbicides along with control it can be concluded that these chemicals had adverse impacts which reduced the yield of wheat. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17736 J. bio-sci.  20:  143-151, 2012
Chemical investigation and microbial activity of Tinospora cordifolia miers
Authors: Molla AH , Zakaria MG , Molla MTH , Alam MT , Ahsan MS
Published: January 2014

Context: Plants have been used in treating human diseases for thousands of years. Medicinal plant drug discovery continues to provide new and important leads against various pharmacological targets including cancer, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, and pain. Objectives: The chemical investigation, antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the active principles isolated from the plant. Materials and Methods: The rectified spirit extract of the fresh stem of the plant Tinospora cordifolia was fractionated using standard chromatographic techniques to afford several fractions. The fraction TC-1 was purified by crystallization and screened. FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral analyses were performed to characterize the compound. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of TC-1 were observed by Disc diffusion method against a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Standard antibiotics Kanamycin (30?g/disc) and Fluconasol (500 ?g/disc) were used respectively for comparison. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound TC-1 was carried out by the Serial Dilution Technique. The compound also showed significant activity against the brine shrimp nauplii. Results: The compound TC-1 showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested organisms.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TC-1 against Bacillus megaterium and Salmonella typhi-A was found to be 128?g/ml in nutrient broth medium. The value of medium lethal concentration, LC50 (9.34 ?g/ml) indicated the high toxic effect of the compound TC-1. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the compound TC-1 is an alkaloid having significant activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17737 J. bio-sci.  20:  153-160, 2012
Callus induction and cell culture of castor (Ricinus communis L. CV. Shabje)
Authors: Rahman MA , Bari MA
Published: January 2014

Context: Tissue culture is an important tool in plant biotechnology that allows for an increase in biomass or metabolite production by utilizing several techniques in callus or cell cultures. Ricin is a toxic protein that can be extracted from the castor bean as secondary metabolite. The ricin has been used experimentally in medicine to kill cancer cell. We developed callus and cell culture technique for the possible extraction of ricin from the cell suspension culture of Ricinus communis. Objectives: The present investigation aimed to develop the cell culture technique of R. communis L. cv. Shabje and tried to establish a protocol for cell suspension culture of castor for possible extraction of ricin from cell extract. Materials and Methods: The hypocotyl explants of R. communis L. cv. Shabje were used as experimental materials. Cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of BAP, NAA, 2,4-D and IAA for callus induction. For cell culture, the media were used without agar with different concentrations and combinations of these hormones. Results: For callus induction the combination of BAP 2.0 mg/l + 0.5 mg/l NAA showed the best performance but in case of cell culture the combination of BAP 2.0 mg/l and 0.2 mg/l NAA showed the best result. Conclusion: The present investigation clearly established and demonstrated the method of obtaining cell suspension culture and important secondary metabolite ricin could be obtained from cell suspension culture of R. communis L. holding promises to explore cell culture industry for ricin production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17738 J. bio-sci.  20:  161-169, 2012
Lateral patellar luxation in dogs: a retrospective study of 65 dogs
Authors: Butterworth S. J. , Miller A. , Keeley B. , Baines S. , McKee W. M. , Kalff S.
Published: January 2014

To report the signalment and clinical features of dogs with non-traumatic lateral patellar luxation and to report the complications and outcomes following surgery.

A multicentre retrospective study was performed. Medical records were reviewed and the signalment, clinical features, and treatment of dogs presenting with lateral patellar luxation were recorded. In dogs treated surgically, the outcome and complications were investigated.

Sixty-five dogs (95 stifles) were included; 39 were male and median age at presentation was 10 months. Breeds were classified as small (n = 6), medium (n = 23), large (n = 27), and giant (n = 9). Lateral patellar luxation was classified as grade I (n = 14), II (n = 41), III (n = 29), and IV (n = 11). Conformational abnormalities were noted in 34 stifles; genu valgum was the most common (n = 28). Higher-grade luxation was associated with a younger age at presentation (p = 0.032) and genu valgum (p = 0.01). Surgery was performed on 58 stifles, 22 of which sustained one or more complications; 16 complications were managed conservatively, four with implant removal and six with revision surgery. Surgeon-assessed outcome was good or excellent in 47 of the 51 dogs available for review.

Non-traumatic lateral patellar luxation is a disease of predominantly medium and large breed dogs. It has several similar clinical features and can be surgically treated in a similar manner to medial patellar luxation with similar types of complications and outcomes expected.
Tibial tuberosity fracture as a complication of tibial tuberosity advancement
Authors: Aisa J. , Chase D. , Garcia-Fernandez P. , San Roman F. , Bennett D. , Calvo I.
Published: January 2014

To retrospectively compare two clinical subsets of dogs suffering tibial tuberosity (TT) fracture (incidental finding or sudden onset severe lameness) as a complication of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and to report the surgical management and outcome of TT fracture as a complication of TTA.

The medical records of 10 dogs with eleven TT fractures or crest fractures after TTA were reviewed. The outcome and complications were determined from clinical and radiographic follow-up examinations. Limb function was evaluated between six and 12 weeks postoperatively. Owners were contacted by phone for long-term follow-up at least six months after the last examination.

Four dogs required surgical stabilization and six dogs had conservative management. In the surgical group, every case experienced a sudden non-weight-bearing lameness after the initial TTA surgery. In three of the four cases an attempt was made to stabilize the TT and crest fracture while maintaining the TT advancement. Postoperative complications were encountered in three of the four surgically treated cases. Functional outcome was considered excellent in seven cases and good in the other three.

Tibial tuberosity fracture is a complication of TTA that seems to have a favourable prognosis, although it can result in significant morbidity and in some cases revision surgery may be required.
Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM
Authors: Ghazzal Mohamed Nawfal , Wojcieszak Robert , Raj Gijo , Gaigneaux Eric M
Published: January 2014

CdS quantum dots were grown on mesoporous TiO2 films by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction processes in order to obtain CdS particles of various sizes. AFM analysis shows that the growth of the CdS particles is a two-step process. The first step is the formation of new crystallites at each deposition cycle. In the next step the pre-deposited crystallites grow to form larger aggregates. Special attention is paid to the estimation of the CdS particle size by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Among the classical methods of characterization the XPS model is described in detail. In order to make an attempt to validate the XPS model, the results are compared to those obtained from AFM analysis and to the evolution of the band gap energy of the CdS nanoparticles as obtained by UV–vis spectroscopy. The results showed that XPS technique is a powerful tool in the estimation of the CdS particle size. In conjunction with these results, a very good correlation has been found between the number of deposition cycles and the particle size.
Incidence and Determinants of Severe Morbidity among HIV-Infected Patients from Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 2000–2010
Authors: Ribeiro Sayonara R , Luz Paula M , Campos Dayse P , Moreira Ronaldo I , Coelho Lara , Japiassu André , Bozza Fernando , Veloso Valdilea G , Chene Genevieve , Grinsztejn Beatriz
Published: January 2014

Background

Reliable information on severe morbidity is essential for identifying priorities for case management and to guide resource allocation within the health sector.

Methods

This study describes overall, AIDS- and non-AIDS-related severe morbidity as well as mortality and its determinants in an urban cohort of HIV-infected individuals from a public healthcare institution, the Evandro Chagas Research Institute (IPEC) of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Severe morbid events were defined as all clinical diagnoses listed in hospitalization discharge records; all diagnoses were checked and validated. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate incidence rates while adjusting for within-subject correlation.

Results

Between 2000 and 2010, 3,537 patients were followed for a total of 16,960 person-years (PY) of follow-up. Over the years, annual incidence rate of severe morbid events, AIDS-related events, non-AIDS-related events, and deaths significantly decreased from, respectively, 36.6, 12.9, 23.7 and 3.2 per 100 PY in 2000 to 25.3, 7.9, 17.4 and 1.9 per 100 PY in 2010. Patients’ immunological profiles significantly improved with time; 84% of the patients used combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) per year. Immunodeficiency was associated with a higher incidence rate of AIDS- and non-AIDS-related events as well as with the incidence rate of specific non-AIDS events (bacterial infections, toxicities, cardiovascular, renal and respiratory diseases).

Conclusions

Our results show that in a middle income country with access to cART, non-AIDS-related events represent an important cause of severe morbidity alongside a still high incidence rate of AIDS-related events.
More on the Ebla gatekeepers
Authors: Bonechi Marco
Published: January 2014

Une nouvelle attestation du terme KÍD.SAG, “portier”, dans un texte administratif du Palais G d’Ébla (TM.75.G.2590 = ARET I 6) trouvé à Tell Mardikh (Syrie) par Paolo Matthiae, est discutée et contextualisée dans le cadre de plus amples recherches prosopographiques en cours.
Towards a linguistic model for archaeology
Authors: Buccellati Giorgio
Published: January 2014

Le développement des deux disciplines que sont la linguistique et l’archéologie montre comment elles se sont toutes deux intéressées à l’établissement d’un système généralisé de principes dans lequel prend place l’analyse de données. Mais la linguistique “générale” a commencé plus tôt et a persisté, apportant une contribution majeure à la philosophie. L’“archéologie générale”, d’un autre côté, n’est jamais devenue réellement une discipline établie, ni n’a contribué à la philosophie, lui empruntant lourdement au contraire. — Pour atteindre cet objectif, une herméneutique de l’archéologie a besoin d’être développée. On propose qu’une compréhension appropriée du concept de traditions interrompues soit fondamentale à cet égard, un concept par lequel nous pouvons voir sous un jour nouveau à la fois le processus d’analyse stratigraphique (en mettant spécialement l’accent sur l’emplacement) et l’interprétation de cultures pour lesquelles nous ne disposons pas d’informateur vivant capable de nous fournir sa propre compréhension. La procédure par laquelle cela est possible repose sur un modèle grammatical, avec une sensibilité particulière pour ce qui a été nommé parenté secrète . Ceci entraîne une étude des modèles corrélatifs qui n’aboutit pas à un formalisme stérile, mais cherche à identifier l’élément qui a provoqué la première mise en forme. En conséquence, il peut aussi nous instruire pour permettre une ré-appropriation de leur expérience d’une façon correcte, même si le lien entre nous et les anciens est rompu.
KTU 1.169 : A compendium incantation tablet against black word sorcery
Authors: del Olmo Lete Gregorio
Published: January 2014

La prétention de ce petit commentaire de KTU 1.169 est celle de présenter une nouvelle interprétation partielle de son organisation textuelle et de son sens dans le contexte de la pratique anti-magique développée à Ougarit. A mon avis, il s’agit de miscellanées qui regroupent systématiquement une série de formules contre tout type de sorcier qui vise à nuire à de jeunes hommes par le moyen de la parole, de la diffamation ou de la conjuration.
After Ta'yinat : the new status of Esarhaddon's adê for Assyrian political history
Authors: Fales Frederick Mario
Published: January 2014

La découverte récente à Tell Ta’yinat (ancienne Kinalia) d’un exemplaire en grande partie complet de l’ adê de Esarhaddon de 672 BC fournit l’occasion d’examiner à nouveau ce document politique néo-assyrien bien connu, et de tenter une nouvelle perspective de ses principes et objectifs constitutifs. La copie de Tell Ta’yinat démontre que le texte constituait en effet un serment de loyauté en faveur de la dynastie régnante d’Assyrie, et qu’il avait été accepté par les représentants de tout l’Etat et la société assyrienne, ainsi que par les alliés soumis. Son statut devint celui d’un document de fondation de statut quasi-théophorique, qui pouvait être utilisé comme garantie pour les questions de justice et d’administration.
A footrest fit for a goddess
Authors: Foster Benjamin R.
Published: January 2014

Première publication et discussion d’un repose-pied en pierre de la fin du troisième millénaire av. J.-C., provenant probablement d’Iran.
Scrittura: competenza e supporti scrittorî fra Egeo, Egitto e Vicino Oriente nel II millennio a.C.
Authors: Marazzi Massimiliano
Published: January 2014

L’usage de papyrus et de peaux animales correctement tannées (forme qui précède le parchemin classique postérieur) comme support d’écriture semble être largement répandu, dès la première moitié du deuxième millénaire, non seulement en Égypte pharaonique, mais aussi en Crète Proto- et Néopalatiale. Les pratiques de scellement sur ces supports semblent être communes à l’Égypte et au monde minoen, les distinguant des pratiques contemporaines utilisées partout dans le Proche-Orient. En ce qui concerne les Grecs-Mycéniens, dont le système d’écriture (le Linéaire B) dérive directement de la Crète minoenne autour du quinzième siècle av. J.-C., l’usage de la tablette d’argile, comme support de l’écrit pour des enregistrements d’une durée de pas plus de deux années est attesté. L’usage de support en matière organique a été postulé par plusieurs experts pour des documents devant être conservés sur des périodes de temps plus longues. L’état de nos connaissance sur ce sujet est exposé en se basant sur l’examen de preuves sphragistiques et de quelques lexèmes et logogrammes contenus dans le corpus en Linéaire B.
From the collections of an old Babylonian literary connoisseur
Authors: Michalowski Piotr
Published: January 2014

Un réexamen de trois textes publiés récemment associés à un savant / scribe / enseignant / collectionneur du nom de Ili-ippalsam ou Ili-ippalsani qui vivait quelque part en Babylonie pendant le milieu de la période paléo-babylonienne fournit l’occasion d’une discussion sur les questions relatives à la circulation de la tablette littéraire à l’époque.
Sculptors in or from Hattuša?
Authors: Mora Clelia
Published: January 2014

Cet article examine et discute un passage fameux de la lettre KBo 1.10+, écrite par le roi hittite Hattušili III au roi kassite Kadašman-Enlil II. Dans ce passage débattu, le prêt d’un ‘sculpteur’ (fabricant d’images) est demandé. Dans la première partie de cette contribution, les interprétations suggérées par plusieurs savants sur ce sujet sont analysées ; dans la seconde partie une révision du texte original est proposée et différentes hypothèses sont prises en compte.
“Treasures of the sacristy”
Authors: Owen David I.
Published: January 2014

La publication récente de l’archive de Iri-Sa?rig / Al-Šarr?k? par l’auteur ont fourni d’importantes données nouvelles sur cette cité majeure, localisée quelque part au sud-est de Nippur, et gouvernée par Ur-mes, durant la plupart des règnes de Amar-Suen, Šu-Suen, et Ibbi-Suen . Ces nouvelles sources, plus de 1100 textes, contiennent un groupe de textes qui énumèrent le contenu des (?eš) gú-ne-sa?-?á, traduit diversement par “coffre”, “placard” ou “sacristie”, dans lesquels étaient rangés les trésors du temple. Le format de ces textes diffère quelque peu de ceux connus précédemment et offre de nouveaux aperçus des richesses accumulées par les temples, grands et petits, dans et hors de la cité. Cet article fournit une vue d’ensemble de ces textes, une liste détaillée de la grande variété d’objets et de matériaux précieux conservés dans le (?eš) gú-ne-sa?-?á, et les prêtres et prêtresses qui les utilisaient. Cet article est offert en l’honneur de notre collègue dont les fouilles menées à Ebla nous ont notamment fourni de nouvelles données apparemment sans fin sur les temples et les palais de la Syrie du Nord du III e et II e millénaire.
Symbolique de mort et de renaissance dans les cultes et les rites éblaïtes : d ga-na-na , les ancêtres et la royauté
Authors: Pasquali Jacopo
Published: January 2014

Dans les textes d’Ebla du III ème millénaire av. J.-C. on cite plusieurs fois une déesse nommée d ga-na-na . Il est possible d’expliquer ce théonyme à travers le sém. occ. * gann- , “jardin ; cimetière”, de * gnn (et v.tes), “envelopper ; protéger”. C’est dans son “ventre”, symbole de mort et de renaissance, que les défunts trouvent leur protection. En effet la racine * gnn dans le verbe arabe ğanna signifie “être enveloppé” se référant au fœtus à l’intérieur de l’utérus, ainsi que le mot ğanīn - signifie toujours en arabe “embryon; fœtus”. Les défunts enterrés sont donc comme des embryons dans le ventre maternel, un concept répandu dans les croyances religieuses des civilisations préhistoriques de la Méditerranée, auprès desquelles la Terre-Mère était aussi vénérée en qualité de protectrice des ancêtres ensevelis dans ses entrailles pour renaître à nouvelle vie. Dormir à l’intérieur du ventre de la déesse signifiait mourir et revenir à la vie. On peut expliquer de cette façon l’origine des hypogées méditerranéens à partir du IV e millénaire av. J.-C. sur un territoire qui va de la Syrie-Palestine jusqu’au midi de la France. Par exemple dans la région d’Arles en Provence il y a beaucoup d’hypogées importants, dont le plus célèbre est celui appelé « Epée de Roland », où se renouvelait, avec un cycle éternel, la rencontre entre l’Homme et la Terre qui crée et protège ensuite après la mort. A Ebla, à l’occasion de l’intronisation et de l’“habillage” (cette dernière cérémonie avait lieu tous les ans après l’intronisation) des souverains chez le Mausolée de NE- na-áš ki , un des sièges des souverains défunts, il avait des rites en communion avec les ancêtres eux-mêmes et leur protectrice d ga-na-na , divinité qui protégeait donc la royauté éblaïte. On suppose que cette divinité féminine à côté du dieu des Enfers d ra-sa-ab était aussi préposée à la sauvegarde des enfants de lignée royale, si l’on considère certains passages des textes administratifs d’Ebla. On trouve encore plusieurs traces postérieures de tous ces rituels complexes, par exemple dans la Grèce ancienne et dans la Rome archaïque, comme l’archéologie et les récits des auteurs classiques en témoignent.
An archaic “prisoner plaque” from kiš
Authors: Steinkeller Piotr
Published: January 2014

Cet article présente l’édition d’une stèle archaïque, qui est décorée avec des représentations humaines (sur la “face”) et qui porte une inscription (sur le “revers”). Sur la base de sa graphie, l’inscription peut être datée de la période DA II (ou, moins probablement, du DA I). Il est pratiquement certain que son origine était la ville de Kiš ou l’une de ses dépendances. L’inscription est une liste de prisonniers de guerre, au nombre de 36000 au total, qui ont été capturés par Kiš au cours de ses conquêtes étrangères. Il apparaît que la plupart des prisonniers viennent de la périphérie nordest. La mention de 6300 prisonniers du Subartu (Assyrie) est d’un intérêt tout particulier. L’importance de cette inscription ne peut être surestimée. Il s’agit non seulement du plus ancien document véritablement historique de Mésopotamie, mais il fournit de précieuses informations sur l’état territorial de Kiš dans les phases anciennes de l’époque DA. L’article se conclut par une discussion sur l’histoire ancienne de Kiš, qui met à jour les discussions antérieures sur le sujet de I. J. Gelb et Steinkeller.
À l'école, offrir du temps pour la pensée
Authors: Meirieu Philippe
Published: January 2014

La difficulté des enseignants à capter et à retenir l’attention de leurs élèves est aujourd’hui reconnue. Pourtant, on réfléchit assez peu – en dehors de la lamentation nostalgique – à la manière de regagner cette attention, de recréer des conditions qui permettent à l’élève de s’« installer » dans une classe et dans les savoirs que l’on y enseigne.
Les médicaments de l'attention : les doutes d'un praticien
Authors: Falissard Bruno
Published: January 2014

Les troubles de l’attention existent. Faut-il pour autant les résoudre en prescrivant des médicaments ? Il ne suffit pas de raisonner en termes de coûts et de bénéfices ; en consultation, les choses sont plus complexes. Le déficit d’attention peut être lié à un contexte familial, à un refus de la performance... Et il faut longuement réfléchir avant de prescrire et de transformer un enfant ou un adolescent en « malade psychiatrique ».
La rareté et les flux numériques
Authors: Benhamou Françoise
Published: January 2014

On assiste, avec le numérique, à une « inversion de la rareté » ; là où, auparavant, la rareté (notamment dans le domaine culturel) était du côté de l’offre et l’abondance du côté de la demande (l’attention du spectateur), aujourd’hui c’est l’attention qui se fait rare, face à une offre pléthorique. Comment penser, alors, une économie de l’attention ?
Éloge de la disponibilité
Authors: Delannoi Gil
Published: January 2014

Être attentif, ce n’est pas nécessairement être concentré, focalisé sur un objet. Ce peut être aussi, simplement, se rendre disponible, ralentir, regarder ce qui se trouve autour de nous. Voyager sans but, se laisser porter par le rythme d’un poème ou d’un morceau de musique. Reconstruire notre rapport au temps.
La philosophie charnelle d'André Gorz
Authors: Howard Dick , Béja Alice
Published: January 2014

Si Gorz est aujourd’hui reconnu comme l’un des inventeurs de l’écologie politique de gauche, le fondement de sa pensée politique était avant tout philosophique. Mais cette philosophie – articulée aux idées de nécessité, de rareté et de liberté, influencée par Marx et Sartre – était existentielle, intimement liée à l’expérience même de Gorz, à sa vie, à sa chair.
La mortalité départementale en France
Authors: Barbieri Magali
Published: January 2014

Les disparités interdépartementales de mortalité demeurent marquées en France métropolitaine depuis trente ans. Elles ont diminué chez les femmes, mais restent fortes chez les hommes. Comme dans les années 1960, les régions les plus défavorisées sont le Nord, l’Alsace et la Bretagne. La mortalité est au contraire plus faible à Paris et dans les départements situés au sud-ouest de l’Île-de-France ainsi que dans les régions Rhône-Alpes et Midi-Pyrénées (principalement pour les hommes)?; pour les femmes, la mortalité la moins importante est située dans le nord de la région Poitou-Charentes et les Pays de la Loire. Les variations géographiques d’espérance de vie à la naissance sont étroitement associées aux variations de la mortalité à partir de 30 ans et tout particulièrement à 60-79 ans, mais pas systématiquement à celles de la mortalité des enfants. Entre 30 et 60 ans, les tumeurs demeurent l’explication principale (notamment par cancer du poumon pour les hommes), ainsi que l’alcoolisme et les suicides qui ont également des conséquences sur les groupes d’âges suivants. Les tumeurs continuent de peser sur les inégalités de mortalité entre 60 et 80 ans, et pour les femmes surtout les maladies cardio-vasculaires. Après 80 ans, ces maladies expliquent 50 % des variations de mortalité entre départements pour les femmes contre 40 % pour les hommes.
Mesurer les effets de la méthode de collecte des données
Authors: Thompson Mary E. , Huang Y. Celia , Boudreau Christian , Fong Geoffrey T. , Van Den Putte Bas , Nagelhout Gera E. , Willemsen Marc C.
Published: January 2014

Les enquêtes recourant à un mode mixte de collecte sont de plus en plus nombreuses, et il devient nécessaire de tester les écarts entre les réponses obtenues par téléphone et par internet. Cet article analyse les effets des différents modes de collecte en utilisant la vague 1 de l’enquête International Tobacco Control (ITC) des Pays-Bas réalisée par internet (CAWI) et par téléphone (CATI). Pour de nombreuses questions, les échantillons présentent des distributions de réponse différentes. C’est dû en partie à des effets de sélection, car les répondants sont recrutés par des procédures différentes et les échantillons n’ont pas les mêmes caractéristiques démographiques, et en partie à des facteurs d’administration des questions, les répondants traitant différemment les items de réponse en fonction du mode de collecte. L’objectif est ici de présenter une modélisation qui prend en compte à la fois les effets de sélection et d’administration dans une enquête utilisant un mode mixte de collecte. Le modèle est aussi intégré dans une analyse des réactions à des mentions figurant sur les paquets de cigarettes, d’après les enquêtes ITC aux Pays-Bas, en Allemagne, en France et au Royaume-Uni.
Le regard d'un silence... Le silence du monde... Le monde du silence
Authors: Corcos Maurice
Published: January 2014

Magritte semble figer ses créations picturales dans un espace et un temps indéfinis, ou des personnages flottants jouent à camisoler leurs affects, jusqu’à se minéraliser, témoignant de leur sidération psychique par un traumatisme inconnu. Ces adultes conformes, petits-bourgeois raides dans leur costume pardessus noir, et affublés de leurs éternels chapeau melon et parapluie, n’ont pas d’enfants, promènent leur loulou de Poméranie avec une affection scrupuleuse et débordante, constituent une unité humaine clonée aussi multiple qu’anonyme, d’adultes ridicules et tragiques qui ont été des enfants abandonnés par leurs mères-jocondes aux sourires tristes, et n’ont pu se construire affectivement dans le miroir du visage d’une mère, prête au don de soi. S’ils délirent, c’est « à froid » tant Magritte leur auteur gèle ses éprouvés et ses affects pour ne pas nous montrer comme il est monstrueux quand il souffre. Magritte le crucifié se plaint froidement dans un monologue aussi sec que ses titres sont véhéments et spasmodiques. Il sanglote des spasmes de rage froide. Ses cauchemars sont climatisés, aussi son esthétisme reste fétichisme.
L'adolescent et son corps de Diran Donabédian
Authors: Bouyx Joël
Published: January 2014

Cet ouvrage, consacré à la théorisation de l’approche psychanalytique psychosomatique de l’adolescent et de son corps, s’appuie sur la notion de démentalisation et son corollaire en termes de faillite de défenses mentales, de prématurité du moi ou de faille des assises narcissiques. Le processus pubertaire dans cette approche est vu comme un état traumatique imposant un certain travail aux limites du moi. La voie somatisante est une issue possible à l’excès d’excitations que suscite la nouvelle problématique objectale. L’auteur propose une riche clinique de plusieurs modalités somatisantes à l’adolescence.