bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Republican Realism
Authors: Heikka Henrikki
Published: February 2005

Finnish post-Cold War foreign policy has usually been approached as a change from a policy of cautious neutrality to one of enthusiastic integration within the core of Europe. This article suggests that instead of looking at Finnish post-Cold War grand strategy as evidence of a change, we could think about it as a sign of continuity. By tracing the evolution of Finnish strategic culture over the centuries, the article shows that there is a powerful element of continuity in Finnish strategic thinking. This continuity is interpreted through a revised version of Martin Wight's vocabulary, and suggests that Finnish strategic culture has always been based on a republican understanding of Finland’s role in defending an anti-hegemonic security order in Europe.
Reflections on science as a gendered endeavour: changes and continuities
Authors: Amâncio Lígia
Published: February 2005

English

This article aims to show, first, that gender representations are embedded in the organizational forms and dominant culture of science and, second, that scientists and scientific institutions have contributed to the perpetuation of gender representations, in particular the representation of women as a sexed category. The theoretical framework of this analysis articulates studies on gender and science with the theory of social representations. Three periods will be considered to illustrate the argument: first, the period of exclusion of women from science in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; second, the period of the development of women's and gender studies in the 1960s and 1970s; and finally, the implications of the past for the present, discussed in the light of recent changes.

French

Cet article tend tout d'abord à montrer que les représentations de genre sont ancrées dans les formes organisationnelles et la culture dominante de la science. Il vise aussi à montrer que les scientifiques et les institutions scientifiques ont contribué à la perpétuation des représentations de genre, et en particulier à la représentation des femmes comme catégorie sexuée. Le cadre théorique de l'analyse articule tout à la fois les études sur le genre et la science et la théorie des représentations sociales. On considérera trois périodes pour illustrer l'argument. Tout d'abord, la période de l'exclusion des femmes du domaine scientifique à la fin du 19ème et au début du 20ème siècle. Puis, la période du développement des études sur le genre et la science dans les années 1960 et 1970. Enfin, on discutera les implications du passé pour le présent à la lumière des changements récents.
Stereotypes of working women: the power of expectations
Authors: Camussi Elisabetta , Leccardi Carmen
Published: February 2005

English

The article considers the normative dimension of female gender stereotypes, underscoring the prescriptive and self-prescriptive power they contain. Particularly highlighted, from the social psychological point of view, is the recurring reproduction (even by women) of expectations of an intra-gender homogeneity based on a traditional female role. Emphasis is put on how this tendency to refuse to recognize intra-gender differences - often evident in job contexts - may contribute to conserving the power imbalances existing between men and women, and to sustaining women's systematic relegation to 'second place' in the workplace. As an example, the article contains some free quotations relating to the qualitative analysis made of women's discursive productions collected in a wider research project on the relation between gender and science. These aspects of stereotypic self- and other-perception - and the social expectations deriving from them - are also discussed in the light of the sociological approach to gender identity, and in their relations to practices and to ongoing social changes.

French

Cette contribution reprend la dimension normative des stéréotypes de genre féminin en soulignant le pouvoir normatif et auto-normatif qu'ils contiennent. D'un point de vue psychosocial, la reproduction constante d'attentes, même féminines, vers une homogénéité au sein des femmes, déclinée sur un rôle féminin traditionnel, est particulièrement mise en évidence. Il est souligné que cette tendance à méconnaître les différences au sein des femmes, souvent criante dans le contexte professionnel, peut contribuer à la conservation des déséquilibres de pouvoir existant entre hommes et femmes au travail en favorisant le classement continu des femmes à la 'deuxième place' dans les organisations. Quelques extraits de l'analyse qualitative effectuée sur les discours féminins relevés dans un projet de recherche plus ample sur la relation entre genre et science sont cités à titre d'exemple. Ces aspects d'auto- et hétéro-perception stéréotypique - et les attentes sociales qui en dérivent - sont également discutés à la lumière de l'approche sociologique de l'identité de genre, dans leur relation avec les pratiques et face aux changements sociaux en cours.
Factors affecting water balance and percolate production for a landfill in operation
Authors: Poulsen Tjalfe G. , Møldrup Per
Published: February 2005

Percolate production and precipitation data for a full-scale landfill in operation measured over a 13-year period were used to evaluate the impact and importance of the hydrological conditions of landfill sections on the percolate production rates. Both active (open) and closed landfill sections were included in the evaluation. A simple top cover model requiring a minimum of input data was used to simulate the percolate production as a function of precipitation and landfill section hydrology. The results showed that changes over time in the hydrology of individual landfill sections (such as section closure or plantation of trees on top of closed sections) can change total landfill percolate production by more than 100%; thus, percolate production at an active landfill can be very different from percolate production at the same landfill after closure. Furthermore, plantation of willow on top of closed sections can increase the evapotranspiration rate thereby reducing percolate production rates by up to 47% compared to a grass cover. This process, however, depends upon the availability of water in the top layer, and so the evaporation rate will be less than optimal during the summer where soil-water contents in the top cover are low.
The effect of food waste disposers on municipal waste and wastewater management
Authors: Marashlian Natasha , El-Fadel Mutasem
Published: February 2005

This paper examines the feasibility of introducing food waste disposers as a waste minimization option within urban waste management schemes, taking the Greater Beirut Area (GBA) as a case study. For this purpose, the operational and economic impacts of food disposers on the solid waste and wastewater streams are assessed. The integration of food waste disposers can reduce the total solid waste to be managed by 12 to 43% under market penetration ranging between 25 and 75%, respectively. While the increase in domestic water consumption (for food grinding) and corresponding increase in wastewater flow rates are relatively insignificant, wastewater loadings increased by 17 to 62% (BOD) and 1.9 to 7.1% (SS). The net economic benefit of introducing food disposers into the waste and wastewater management systems constitutes 7.2 to 44.0% of the existing solid waste management cost under the various scenarios examined. Concerns about increased sludge generation persist and its potential environmental and economic implications may differ with location and therefore area-specific characteristics must be taken into consideration when contemplating the adoption of a strategy to integrate food waste disposers in the waste–wastewater management system.
Driving forces for import of waste for energy recovery in Sweden
Authors: Olofsson Mattias , Sahlin Jenny , Ekvall Tomas , Sundberg Johan
Published: February 2005

Between 1996 and 2002, the Swedish import of so-called yellow waste for energy recovery increased. The import mainly consisted of separated wood waste and mixes of used wood and paper and/or plastics that was combusted in district heat production plants (DHPPs). Some mixed waste was imported to waste incineration plants for energy recovery (10% of the import of yellow waste for energy recovery in 2002). The import came primarily from Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and Finland. We identified six underlying driving forces for this recent increase of imported waste which are outlined and their interactive issues discussed.

• The energy system infrastructure, which enables high energy recovery in Sweden.

• The energy taxation, where high Swedish taxes on fossil fuels make relatively expensive solid biofuels the main alternative for base load production of district heat.

• The quality of the waste-derived fuels, which has been higher in the exporting countries than in Sweden.

• The bans on landfilling within Europe and the shortage of waste treatment capacity.

• Taxes on waste management in Europe.

• Gate fee differences between exporting countries and Sweden.

In the future, the overall strength of these driving forces will probably be weakened. A Swedish tax on waste incineration is being investigated. In other European countries, the ambition to reach the Kyoto targets and increase the renewable electricity production could improve the competitiveness of waste-derived fuels in comparison with fossil fuels. Swedish DHPPs using waste-derived fuels will experience higher costs after the Waste Incineration Directive is fully implemented. The uncertainty about European waste generation and treatment capacity, however, might have a large influence on the future gate fees and thus also on the yellow waste import into Sweden.
‘Stop Pub’: can banning of junk mail reduce waste production?
Authors: Resse Annie
Published: February 2005

According to the new regulations on junk mail management to be adopted in France, both producers and distributors must participate in the recycling process. This case study was carried out in 2000 in four sectors in the Département of Charente in the south west of France. This report presents the quantities of junk mail in residual waste and in separate collections. The conclusion is that the new regulations may reduce overall domestic waste production by 2–4%, with the impact on separately collected paper being some 20%.
On the Structural Approach to Social Representations
Authors: Quenza Carlos José Parales
Published: February 2005

The theory of social representations is one of the most vigorous areas in social psychology. Far from constituting a homogeneous body of knowledge, the theory consists of several analytical perspectives, including the structural approach. In this paper I propose that most of the assumptions of the structural approach applied to social representations or the central core theory are grounded in traditional conceptions of social cognition and mental representations, which are at variance with the general theory. The fact that one can view the structural approach embedded within associative networks and schema models makes it similar to most theories of attitude structure. Since the structural approach has remained within a mentalist social cognition paradigm, this paper proposes to move it towards a theory of social cognition that reflects the sociocultural conditions of creation and transformation of thought, and then emphasizes the communicative and ideological components of social life.
Sunday
Authors: McCrossen Alexis
Published: February 2005

This historical essay seeks to frame Sunday as a marker of time and a setting for memory. Although the article's examples come from nineteenth-century United States, its larger argument – that spaces of time function as settings for memory – can be applied to other geographic regions and chronological eras. The article opens and closes with Sunday at sea; the body addresses Sunday as a site for religious, domestic, and national memories.
Time and the Negotiation of Work–Family Boundaries
Authors: Brannen Julia
Published: February 2005

The article reproblematizes time in relation to the concept of the ‘extended present’ by drawing upon empirical material from a methodological study of work–family boundaries, the article examines the effects of workplace change in a call centre on employees’ negotiation of these boundaries. Through detailed analysis of one of the cases discussed it shows how a female employee and her partner blur the boundaries between work and family life and how the woman concerned felt that she exercised control over time but also felt driven by it. The article sheds insight into the conditions that generate feelings of autonomy and its illusory nature. KEY WORDS • care • organizational change • time • work–family boundaries
Working the Knowledge Game?
Authors: Gustavs Julie , Clegg Stewart
Published: February 2005

As a result of changing conditions of funding, emanating in a sense of crisis about viability and the need to find new sources of revenue, many universities in Australia and elsewhere are moving into new areas of application in novel partnerships with corporate organizations, to deliver ‘work-based learning’. But what may promise to resolve a fiscal crisis sometimes can generate practices which prove deeply unsettling for the context in which they are embedded. In this article we explore the extent to which new modes of work-based learning represent a legitimation crisis for universities as well as exploring their implications for the corporate partners. Data from an ongoing study of such a partnership between the ABC Co, a global financial industry firm, and a large university dedicated to forging practice-based relationships with industry, are drawn on. The conclusions that we reach suggest that the reality of the new knowledge age of workbased learning is, perhaps, rather more a question of impression management, jointly negotiated on both sides, than a brave new world.
Negotiating Reality
Authors: Friedman Victor J. , Antal Ariane Berthoin
Published: February 2005

In an increasingly global business environment, managers must interact effectively with culturally complex people in culturally complex situations. The dominant stream of thought in international management literature frames this situation as a problem of conflict and offers generalized models of cultural difference as guides to ‘adaptation’ for avoiding conflict. This article offers an alternative approach to intercultural competence, ‘negotiating reality’, that engages cultural conflict as a resource for learning. Negotiating reality draws on concepts from action science and identity-based conflict to take a new look at the meaning of competence in intercultural interactions. This article analyses and critiques the approach to culture implicit in the dominant international management literature and the adaptation model. It then describes negotiating reality and the kinds of thinking and behaviour that must be adopted in order to put this approach to intercultural competence into practice.
Learning through Teaching
Authors: Cortese Claudio G.
Published: February 2005

This work is the result of a study undertaken aimed at providing an insight into the way individuals learn through their work in an organization. Twenty interviews were held with 20 managers, each lasting between 8 and 10 hours, in which a total of 282 learning stories were acquired. All those interviewed gave accounts of the learning potential that was acquired when they took on the role of teachers within their organization. Observation, listening and experimentation were the most common processes in facilitating learning during the course of teaching. The great learning potential inherent in teaching would appear to be generated as the result of a particular aspect of the teaching process itself: the encounter with diversity, which on the one hand tends to increase reflexivity while on the other hand tends to break down resistance to change. In this sense, the learning process that emerges during the course of teaching is of an intrinsically social nature, made possible by the investigation of an authentically symmetrical relationship between teacher and pupils in which all the interlocutors are able to contribute to a common goal. Teaching also proved to be an important opportunity for recognizing one's own ignorance and thereby rendering oneself open to the possibility of learning. The results of this study confirm certain evolutionary trends which are to be found in the current method of planning managerial training: the utilization of internal resources, the use of a dialogic style, the search for a link between work and training, and the use of small groups. The actual narration and exchange of learning stories also provided an opportunity for promoting the learning process in those interviewed.
Social Turbulence and the Safety of the Soul: Complementary and Alternative Medicine’s Response to the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Zuess Jonathan
Published: February 2005

The ability of the mind and spirit to influence the body’s processes is a major theme in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) literature. Some CAM authors have taken this idea to the extreme, claiming that the mind has complete control over the body. In this article, the origins and functions of the concept of the mind’s preeminence over the body are examined from historical, psychological, and sociological perspectives. Historically, this concept became especially emphasized during times of widespread social upheaval, possibly because dissociation from the body is an effective psychological coping mechanism. Important social functions are also served by the identification with an immaterial self, which may explain this concept’s prominence in CAM. Habitual dissociation from the body, however, is unhealthy. The implications for medicine of a more balanced view of the mind-body relationship are explored.
Metal Chelates to Prevent or Clear the Deposits of Amyloid β-peptide(1-40) induced by Zinc(II) Chloride
Authors: Sutoh Yuichi , Nishino Satoshi , Nishida Yuzo
Published: February 2005

We have observed that some metal compounds can dissociate the aggregated proteins in solution, and can prevent or clear the deposits of amyloid β-peptide(1-40) induced by zinc(II) ion.
Cationic Palladium Complex-catalyzed Cyclization–Hydrosilylation of Alkadiynes and Enynes
Authors: Wakayanagi Shigeru , Shimamoto Takamitsu , Chimori Motoharu , Yamamoto Keiji
Published: February 2005

A cationic π-allylpalladium complex, [(η3-C3H5)Pd (cod)]+[PF6]−, catalyzes hydrosilylation of 1,6-heptadiyne derivatives to form 1-methylene-2-(silylmethylene) cyclopentanes, HSiMenCl3−n (n = 0–2) being equally applicable to this cyclization–hydrosilylation. Certain 1,6-enynes react faster than 1,6-diynes under same reaction conditions, and 9-oxa-1-dodecene-6,11-diyne undergoes competitive cyclization–hydrosilylation at either diyne or enyne moiety, indicative of an unexpectedly high-reactive ene counterpart.
A Simple, Efficient and Solvent-Free Protocol for the Friedländer Synthesis of Quinolines by Using SnCl2·2H2O
Authors: Arumugam Pandurangan , Karthikeyan Ganesan , Atchudan Raji , Muralidharan D , Perumal Paramasivan T
Published: February 2005

A variety of polysubstituted quinolines have been synthesized under solvent free condition by using tin(II) chloride·dihydrate. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature in short reaction time. The yields and purity are excellent.
Photosensitizing Properties of Diazaporphyrin Derivatives for Singlet Oxygen Generation
Authors: Shinmori Hideyuki , Kodaira Fumiaki , Matsugo Seiichi , Kawabata Shigeki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: February 2005

Diazaporphyrin derivatives (H2DAP and ZnDAP) are shown to possess photosensitizing ability of the singlet oxygen generation in toluene with quantum yields of 0.92 and 0.84 for H2DAP and ZnDAP, respectively.
Water-induced Acceleration of Transport Properties in Hydrophobic 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate Ionic Liquid
Authors: Kanakubo Mitsuhiro , Umecky Tatsuya , Aizawa Takafumi , Kurata Yoshiaki
Published: February 2005

The electric conductivities and self-diffusion coefficients in dried and water-saturated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [BMIM][PF6], were measured at 25 and 40 °C. Although the presence of water can remarkably induce acceleration of transport properties in the ionic liquid, the ionic dissociation remains almost unchanged.
A Co-reduction–Silicification Route to δ-Ni2Si Nanowire
Authors: Yang Baojun , Hu Hanmei , Wu Yucheng , Luo Tao , Yang Xiaogang , Qian Yitai
Published: February 2005

δ-Ni2Si nanowires have been synthesized via a co-reduction–silicification route, using anhydrous NiCl2 and SiCl4 as nickel source and silicon source, respectively, and metallic Na as reductant in an autoclave at 600 °C for 16 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that the diameters of nanowires ranged in 10–100 nm and lengths up to several tens micrometers. The possible formation mechanism is discussed.
A Simple Method for Fabrication of Mesoporous Films Using a Rapid Heating Process
Authors: Yamada Takeo , Zhou Haoshen , Honma Itaru , Ueno Yuko , Horiuchi Tsutomu , Niwa Osamu
Published: February 2005

Mesoporous silica SBA-15 and SBA-16 films can be successfully prepared on a substrate by a simple method involving a rapid heating process, which is controlled by a voltage applied to a heating electrode on the substrate. This advantageous method has considerable potential for electronic device fabrication processes.
Application of Bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) to N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequencing
Authors: Okamura Taka-aki , Iwamura Taku , Ito Akihiro , Kaneko Maki , Yamaguchi Minoru , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Ueyama Norikazu , Kuyama Hiroki , Ando Eiji , Norioka Shigemi , Nakazawa Takashi , Masui Ryoji , Kuramitsu Seiki
Published: February 2005

A novel N-terminal-labeling reagent [(tpy)RuII(tpyCONSu)]2+ ( = -COONSu) provides an efficient and effective N-terminal sequencing of peptides and proteins in MALDI-TOF-MS/MS (PSD) analysis, which shows an fragments predominantly without any C-terminal-fragment ions.
Novel Approach for the Preparation of Metal Containing Mesoporous Silica Using Solubilization of Fatty Acid Salt
Authors: Yamaguchi Aritomo , Yokoyama Masahito , Ogura Taku , Oyaizu Kenichi , Yuasa Makoto , Ohkubo Takahiro , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko
Published: February 2005

We have prepared copper-containing mesoporous silica (Cu/MS) using solubilization of copper oleate in nonionic surfactant aggregates. The amount of copper loading in calcined Cu/MS corresponded to the amount of copper oleate solubilized in surfactant aggregates of the mixed solution.
Gelator and Thickener Derived from Dimethyl 5-Aminoisophthalate
Authors: Inoue Daisaku , Sakakibara Yasuhiko , Suzuki Masahiro , Shirai Hirofusa , Kurose Akio , Hanabusa Kenji
Published: February 2005

1-Acylamino-3,5-bis(2-ethylhexylaminocarbonyl)benzene derived from dimethyl 5-aminoisophthalate formed a nano-scaled superstructure in organic solvents and acted as gelators or thickeners.
The Style of the Present: Karel Teige on Constructivism and Poetism
Authors: ZUSI PETER A.
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT In this essay, the Czech avant-gardist Karel Teige's dual program of Constructivism/Poetism is interrogated in the context of his own claim that architectural historicism was degraded by the rupture into a duality of structure and ornament. This inability to escape the terms of his own critique is shown to be the result of Teige's articulation of avant-garde culture as the embodiment of the historical identity or style of the present.
Darwin's Savage Mnemonics
Authors: SCHMITT CANNON
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT Tracing Charles Darwin's repeated invocations of his initial encounter with the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, in this essay I argue that those invocations constitute a “savage mnemonics”—a relation to savagery that clarifies the nature of the work of memory demanded by the effort to grasp evolutionary theory.
On Text-Critical Melancholy
Authors: GURD SEAN
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT This essay discusses a lost chapter in the history of the textual criticism of Euripides' Iphigenia at Aulis: G. Hermann's 1847 De Interpolationibus Euripideae Iphigeniae in Aulide. I argue that this work, like all textual criticisms in classics, aims to represent not the image of a lost original, but rather a singular image of textual history and formal change. This has consequences for the reading of critical texts in general, which do not aim to return us to the past but to provide a charter of history conceived as a temporally heterogeneous textual multiplicity.
Cure kinetic study of carbon nanofibers/epoxy composites by isothermal DSC
Authors: Xie Hongfeng , Liu Binghua , Sun Qing , Yuan Zuanru , Shen Jianyi , Cheng Rongshi
Published: February 2005

An investigation was carried out into the cure kinetics of carbon nanofibers (CNF)/epoxy composites, composed of tetraglycidyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) resin and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) as a curing agent. The experimental data for both neat system and CNF/epoxy composites revealed an autocatalytic behavior. Analysis of DSC data indicated that the presence of carbon nanofibers had only a negligible effect on the cure kinetics of the epoxy. Kinetic analysis was performed using the phenomenological model of Kamal and two diffusion factors were introduced to describe the cure reaction in the latter stage. Activation energies and kinetic parameters were determined by fitting experimental data. Comparison between the two diffusion factors was performed, showing that the modified factor was successfully applied to the experimental data over the whole curing temperature range. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 329–335, 2005
Small‐Molecule Kinase‐Inhibitor Target Assessment
Authors: Kung Charles , Shokat Kevan M.
Published: February 2005

The identification of the cellular targets of small‐molecule protein kinase inhibitors is a significant hurdle to assessing their therapeutic potential for many diseases. Here we review several biochemical and genetics‐based approaches to identifying inhibitor targets. We also describe a chemical‐genomics approach to kinase‐inhibitor target identification and validation that matches transcriptional signatures elicited by a drug of unknown specificity and those elicited by highly specific pharmacological inhibition of engineered candidate kinase targets.
Performance control of scientific coupled models in Grid environments
Authors: Armstrong Christopher , Ford Rupert W. , Gurd John R. , Luján Mikel , Mayes Kenneth R. , Riley Graham D.
Published: February 2005

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the development of computer simulations of complex biological systems, and of multi‐physics and multi‐scale physical phenomena. Applications have been developed that involve the coupling together of separate executable models of individual systems, where these models may have been developed in isolation. A lightweight yet general solution is required to problems of linking coupled models, and of handling the incompatibilities between interacting models that arise from their diverse origins and natures. Many such models require high‐performance computers to provide acceptable execution times, and there is increasing interest in utilizing Grid technologies. However, Grid applications need the ability to cope with heterogeneous and dynamically changing execution environments, particularly where run‐time changes can affect application performance. A general coupling framework (GCF) is described that allows the construction of flexible coupled models. This approach results in a component‐based implementation of a coupled model application. A semi‐formal presentation of GCF is given. Components under GCF are separately deployable and coupled by simple data flows, making them appropriate structures for dynamic execution platforms such as the Grid. The design and initial implementation of a performance control system (PERCO) is reviewed. PERCO acts by redeploying components, and is thus appropriate for controlling GCF coupled model applications. Redeployment decisions in PERCO require performance prediction capabilities. A proof‐of‐concept performance prediction algorithm is presented, based on the descriptions of GCF and PERCO. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple Modification of Sheet Resistivity of Conducting Polymeric Anodes via Combinatorial Ink‐Jet Printing Techniques
Authors: Yoshioka Yuka , Calvert Paul D. , Jabbour Ghassan E.
Published: February 2005

Summary: Due to its capability of dispensing very small volumes of different liquids in a controlled manner, ink‐jet printing is well suited for combinatorial experiments. The multi‐nozzle ink‐jet delivery system is especially advantageous for parallel chemical synthesis of different materials. We have used ink‐jet printing of an oxidizing agent to pattern a pre‐coated conducting polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxy)‐thiophene‐poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT‐PSS), yielding electrodes with predefined shapes and a controlled degree of sheet resistivity for use in gray‐scale organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). The electrical and optical properties of the PEDOT‐PSS layer are modified via chemical interaction using the oxidizing agent. These experiments were performed using a desktop ink‐jet printer in conjunction with common graphic software which employed color functions such as CMY (cyan, magenta and yellow), HSL (hue, saturation and luminosity) and RGB (red, green and blue).

Photographs of gray‐scale OLEDs patterned on PEDOT‐PSS surfaces by an ink‐jet printer on plastic substrates.

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Photographs of gray‐scale OLEDs patterned on PEDOT‐PSS surfaces by an ink‐jet printer on plastic substrates.
A Rapid Quenched‐Flow Device for the Characterisation of the Nascent Polymerisation of Ethylene under Industrial Conditions
Authors: Di Martino Audrey , Broyer Jean Pierre , Spitz Roger , Weickert Günter , McKenna Timothy F.
Published: February 2005

Summary: A quenched‐flow reactor is introduced as an effective means for the production of polyolefin particles with precisely controlled reaction times as low as 40 ms. The use of off‐line scanning electron microscopy and induced‐coupled plasma yields experimental data on the development of the kinetics and morphology of nascent structures during the polymerisation of ethylene on a heterogeneous TiCl4MgCl2 Ziegler–Natta catalyst. Initial ex situ observations revealed the development of specific morphologies very early during the reaction (e.g., cracks in platelike surfaces, fines, extrudates, etc.) that can potentially lead to fines, and the kinetic analysis showed extremely high reaction rates at very short times.

Scanning electron micrograph of a network of fibrils formed by the deformation of the surface of a particle due to the generation of internal forces.

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Scanning electron micrograph of a network of fibrils formed by the deformation of the surface of a particle due to the generation of internal forces.
Mesogen‐Free Supramolecular Liquid Crystalline State Formed by a Polyelectrolyte/Amphiphile Complex
Authors: Zhou Surong , Shi Haifeng , Zhao Ying , Jiang Shichun , Lu Yonglai , Cai Yuanli , Wang Dujin , Han Charles C. , Xu Duanfu
Published: February 2005

Summary: The microstructure and phase transformation of a highly‐branched polyethyleneimine/octadecanoic acid (PEI(OA)1.0) complex were investigated using a combination of DSC, XRD, optical polarised microscopy and temperature dependent FT‐IR spectroscopy. A mesogen‐free thermotropic liquid crystalline state was observed in a certain temperature region. The strong ionic interaction between COO− (from OA) and NH (from PEI) and the hydrophobic interaction between the alkyl side chains contributes to the formation of a thermotropic liquid crystalline structure.

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Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis in starved and diabetic animals by thyroid hormone
Authors: Sugden Mary C. , Watts David I. , Marshall Christopher E.
Published: February 2005

The effects of intragastric feeding with glucose and of the administration of L-triiodothyronine (T3) on in vivo rates of hepatic lipogenesis were investigated in control (fed ad libitum on norrnal diet), diabetic (fed ad libitum on normal diet), fat-fed (fed ad libitum on high-fat diet), and starved (food removed for 48 h) rats. Two days of T3 treatment increased hepatic lipogenesis in control and fat-fed animals but not in the diabetic or starved animals, although increases in lipogenesis in diabetic animals were observed after 4 days of T3 treatment.

Intragastric glucose feeding increased hepatic lipogenesis in the livers of control animals and T3-treated control animals. Such increases are mediated by an increase in the circulating insulin concentration, as increases are not observed in diabetic rats or T3-treated diabetic rats. Glucose feeding failed to increase hepatic lipogenesis in fat-fed rats or starved rats. Insulin injection together with glucose feeding increased lipogenesis in the fat-fed group but not the starved group; i.e., impaired insulin secretion following an oral glucose load may in part explain the lack of response in the fat-fed but not the starved animals. Marked increases in hepatic lipogenesis after glucose feeding were, however, observed if either the starved or the fat-fed animals were treated with T3, The physiological implications of these observations are discussed.
Cl̄r and Cl̄s subcomponents of human complement: Two serine proteinases lacking the ‘histidine-loop’ disulphide bridge
Authors: Arlaud Gerard J. , Gagnon Jean
Published: February 2005

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of human Cl̄s b chain has been extended to 52 residues. The histidine residue involved in the charge-relay system is located at position 38, whereas the ‘histidine-loop’ disulphide bridge is missing. So far, human complement subcomponents Cl̄s are the only known mammalian serine proteinases lacking this disulphide bridge.
Copper induction of translatable metallothionein messenger RNA
Authors: Mercer J. F. B. , Lazdins I. , Stevenson T. , Camakaris J. , Danks D. M.
Published: February 2005

Copper chloride injection of rats resulted in a 4.5- to 9-Iold increase in translatable metallothionein messenger RNA in the liver. Metallothionein in the translation products was identified on the basis of high cysteine and serine incorporation and absence of leucine incorporation as well as comigration with authentic zinc-induced rat-liver metallothionein on SDS-polyacrylamide gels.
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in cultured mammalian cells: Energy provision in a glycolytic mutant
Authors: Morgan Michael J. , Bowness Kathleen M. , Faik Pelin
Published: February 2005

The metabolism of radioactively labelled D-glucose, L-glutamine, and L-glutamate has been determined in a glycolytic mutant of Chinese-hamster ovary cells, R1.1.7, and in its parent, CHO-K1. The complete oxidation of glucose via the TCA-cycle is negligible in both cell types, but there is significant oxidation of carbon-1. CHO-K1 cells derive most of their energy from glycolysis and are independent of respiration in the short term. R1.1.7 cells are respiration-dependent and are rapidly killed by respiratory inhibitors. Both cell types oxidize L-glutamine and L-glutamate, but the oxidation of these substrates does not appear sufficient to satisfy completely the energy requirements of R1.1.7 cells.
Modulation of asialoglycoprotein binding activity in livers of pregnant or estrogen-treated rats
Authors: Devirgiliis L. Conti , Bruscalupi G. , Dini L.
Published: February 2005

This report deals with the modulation of activity and expression of the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, in pregnant or diethylstilbestrol-treated rats.

The results show a two-fold increase in the total cell associated binding activity, both in pregnant and in estrogen-treated animals, with respect to normal values. On the contrary the surface expression was shown to be strongly enhanced only in the liver of pregnant rat. Therefore the modulation shown by this receptor system in pregnancy seems to be only partially estrogen-dependent.
Fixation with even small quantities of glutaraldehyde affects red blood cell surface properties in a cell- and species-dependent manner. Studies by cell partitioning
Authors: Walter Harry , Krob Eugene J.
Published: February 2005

Partitioning in charge-sensitive dextran-poly(ethylene glycol) aqueous phase systems reveals that fixation with even small concentrations of glutaraldehyde (e.g., 0.1% w/v) changes the surface properties of cells. While fixation with larger concentrations of glutaraldehyde (i.e., 1.85%) increases erythrocyte partition ratios, the effect of lower glutaraldehyde concentrations on the partition ratios appears to be species-specific. The differential effect of glutaraldehyde on rat reticulocytes and erythrocytes indicates that fixation is also cell-dependent. These data, together with the previous report that glutaraldehyde fixation does not change the characteristic relative partition ratios of rat mature erythrocytes of different cell ages, suggest that the nature and extent of glutaraldehyde alteration of cell surfaces must, in each case, be empirically evaluated.
Ion-exchange high-performance liquid-chromatography steps in peptide purifications
Authors: Von Bahr-Lindstróm Hedvig , Moberg Ulla , Sjódahl Jórgen , Jórnvall Hans
Published: February 2005

Ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; on Ultropac TSK DEAE and CM) is compared with conventional soft-gel ion-exchange chromatography in identical peptide purifications. The results show that separating properties are similar, but as expected, ion-exchange HPLC has a much higher resolving capacity and a higher sensitivity, and allows a considerably shorter total separation time. The same buffer systems as for conventional ion-exchange chromatography can be used, including urea to solubilize large peptides, if care is taken not to exceed the pH limits set by the column matrix.

A complete purification scheme by HPLC in the nanomolar range, utilizing exclusion, ion-exchange, and reverse-phase chromatographies, is given with a complex peptide mixture from a digest of a large protein. Similar steps as in conventional soft-gel schemes can be utilized. It is concluded that ion-exchange HPLC is a suitable complement to commonly used reverse-phase HPLC steps and that it permits high speed and sensitivity over wide ranges of peptide sizes and amounts.
L-Phenylalanine inhibition of muscle pyruvate kinase
Authors: Palmer T. Norman , Odedra Bhanu R.
Published: February 2005

The allosteric inhibition of Ml-type pyruvate kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle by phenylalanine is reciprocally dependent on Mg2+ and phosphoenolpyruvate concentrations. At pH 8, phenylalanine acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to Mg2+ and phosphoenolpyruvate, and vice versa. Phenylalanine introduces sigmoidicity into the dependence of the reaction velocity on [Mg2+]. In vitro kinetic analysis indicates that phenylalanine inhibition of muscle pyruvate kinase is unlikely to have regulatory significance in vivo.
Hormonal control of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentration and of phosphofructokinase 2 in the rat liver during development
Authors: Schubert Christian , Boehme Hans-Joachim , Hofmann Eberhard
Published: February 2005

In fetal rat liver the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is decreased by administration of glucagon. The glucagon effect, i.e., the phosphorylation state of phosphofructokinase 2, dominates over the substrate supply. Insulin was found to increase fructose 2,6-bisphosphate only when exogenous glucose is supplied simultaneously. The total activity of phosphofructokinase 2 exhibits remarkable developmental changes. It is high at term, moderate in the fetal as well as in the mature organ, and low during suckling. The level of the enzyme during development is controlled by pancreatic and adrenal hormones.
Suproxide dismutase in human testis preparations
Authors: Johansson Jan , Cederlund Ella , Moodbidri Sudhir B. , Sheth Anil , Jörnvall Hans
Published: February 2005

A protein fraction from human testis was structurally investigated. The main component of the fraction reported to contain inhibin-like activity was purified and analyzed by tryptic digestion. The peptides obtained identified the protein as an enzyme, superoxide dismutase, previously known to be present in seminal plasma. The results show that superoxide dismutase is a major enzyme, also of testicular material. They further demonstrate the importance of using pure fractions, and controls such as checks with structural analysis or synthetic peptides, in the work of elucidating the nature of inhibin and other hormonal peptides.
Protein kinase activities in rat liver nuclei: Effects of age and partial hepatectomy
Authors: Cumming Debbie V. E. , Ord Margery G. , Stocken Lloyd A.
Published: February 2005

Selective substrates and inhibitors have been used to measure kinases phosphorylating endogenous proteins in rat liver nuclei during growth and regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Peaks in activity were found at 5, 22, and 29 hours after partial hepatectomy. Administration of α1 and β adrenergic blockers suggested that the Be2+ sensitive and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases were interdependently regulated by Ca2+ and cyclic AMP.
Oligonucleotides as probes for mammalian protamine mRNAs
Authors: Krawetz Stephen A. , Connor Wayne , Dixon Gordon H.
Published: February 2005

Protamine-like sequences have been identified in poly A(+) mRNAs from mammalian testes by the use of a common, complementary oligonucleotide (GCAGCANCK PTANCKNGCCAT; predicted from the common N-terminal amino acid sequence, MARYRCC, seen in several mammalian P1 protamines [D. J. McKay, B. S. Renaux and G. H. Dixon, Bioscience Reports5:383–391 (1985)]). This oligonucleotide was utilized to prepare species-specific, primer-extended transcripts for use as Northern blotting probes. Analysis of the mRNA primer-extended transcripts revealed a discrete and similar set of products common to both bull and rat testis mRNAs which were distinct from those obtained from human testis mRNA. Northern analysis of total poly A(+) mRNAs from the corresponding mammalian testis was consistent with these results and suggests that bull and rat protamine mRNAs are more closely related to each other than to human protamine mRNA.
Use of a fluorescence assay to monitor the kinetics of fusion between erythrocyte ghosts, as induced by sendai virus
Authors: Hoekstra Dick , Klappe Karin
Published: February 2005

The kinetics of the fusion process between erythrocyte ghosts, as induced by Sendal virus, were readily revealed by a simple fluorescence procedure previously employed to characterize the fusion of viruses with biological membranes. The method relies on the relief of fluorescence selfquenching of the membrane-inserted probe octadecyl Rhodamine B chloride (R18) as occurs when labeled membranes fuse with unlabeled counterparts. The kinetics of R18 insertion into ghost membranes, the non-exchangeable properties of the fluorophore and the kinetics, and some characteristics of Sendai virus-induced fusion of ghosts, are described. We propose that the experimental approach may be particularly advantageous to obtain insight into the efficiency and mechanism of a wide range of fusogens, capable of inducing fusion of erythrocyte membranes.
Specific binding of the C-peptide of proinsulin to cultured B-cells from a transplantable rat islet cell tumor
Authors: Flatt Peter R. , Swanston-Flatt Sara K. , Hampton Shelagh M. , Bailey Clifford J. , Marks Vincent
Published: February 2005

Specific binding of the C-peptide of proinsulin was evaluated using a transplantable NEDH rat islet cell tumour predominantly composed of insulin-secreting B-cells. Cultured tumour B-cells exhibited greater than 90% viability assessed by trypan blue exclusion, and retained the ability to form tumours with accompanying hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia after reimplantation. During binding experiments with synthetic rat C-peptide I and iodinated tyrosylated rat C-peptide I, turnout B-cells exhibited 54±6% specific binding. Displacement of tracer increased with increasing concentrations of unlabelled rat C-peptide I (0.25–1,000 ng/ml), and the specificity of binding was substantiated by reduced displacement with human C-peptide. Scatchard analysis of specific C-peptide binding revealed a curvilinear plot with upward concavity. The demonstration of specific C-peptide binding to insulin-secreting B-cells provides evidence for a physiological role of proinsulin C-peptide.
Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle measured at different times during a 24 hour period
Authors: Reeds P. J. , Palmer R. M. , Hay S. M. , McMillan D. N.
Published: February 2005

Six groups of 5 male rats (starting body weight 109 g) were allowed free access to a conventional rat diet. At 4 hourly intervals, starting at 10.00 h muscle protein synthesis was measured. By relating the weights of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the initial body weights of the animals (i.e., at 09.30, day 1), a linear increase in muscle weight throughout the day was demonstrated. The fractional rate of muscle protein synthesis varied from 16.8% per day to 20.3% per day in gastrocnemius muscle and from 17.9% per day and 22.1% per day in the soleus. It was calculated that the maximum error incurred in estimating daily muscle protein synthesis by extrapolation of the value at any one time was 6% in gastrocnemius and 9% in soleus. It is concluded that calculations of the average rate of muscle protein degradation based on the difference between the rates of synthesis and deposition are generally valid in rats allowed free access to an adequate diet.
Studies on the heterogeneity of the 5′ ends of the protamine mRNAs from rainbow trout testis
Authors: Gedamu L. , Chaconas G. , van de Sande J. H. , Dixon G. H.
Published: February 2005

The structures of the 5′ termini of the protamine mRNAs (PmRNAs) have been investigated by inhibiting their translation in wheat-germ extracts in the presence of 7-methyl guanosine 5′-phosphate (m7GMP), an analogue of ‘cap’ structure in mRNAs. Second, the cap structures on PmRNAs were examined by labelling the RNA at the 5′ end with T4 polynucleotide kinase and [γ-32p]ATP before and after removal of these structures with tobacco acid pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. The results indicate that cap structures of the PmRNAs are heterogeneous. It appears that the mRNAs coding Ior protamine components CI and CIII have at least a cap 1 structure while the mRNAs coding for CII do not appear to be capped or methylated.
Continous replication of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) in permanent cell cultures of potato and tomato
Authors: Mühlbach Hans-Peter , Sänger Heinz L.
Published: February 2005

The continuous replication of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) in callus cultures from PSTV-infected wild-type potato (Solanum dem/ssum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum L. Mill) plants and in cell suspensions derived from potato protoplasts (Solanum tuberosum L.) inoculated in vitro is described. The persistence of PSTV replication in these cell lines through at least 14 subculture passages, which corresponds to a continous replication over a period of more than one year, was demonstrated by infectivity assay and by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of isolated nucleic acids. This continuous synthesis de novo of PSTV was substantiated by the incorporation of [3H]uridine and of [32P]orthophosphate into viroid RNA.