bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Near‐Ultraviolet Photodetector Using Mo2C/SiC Heterostructure
Authors: Akter Sanjida , Somaweera Dinelka , As’Ham Khalil , Abdo Salah , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Hattori Haroldo Takashi
Published: February 2025

In this work, the results for a fabricated photodetector (PD) based on a molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) layer integrated with an n‐doped 4H‐silicon carbide (SiC) substrate, designed to operate in the near‐ultraviolet, are presented. The Mo2C layer is sputtered onto a cleaned SiC substrate, followed by the deposition of aluminum (Al) electrodes using electron beam evaporation to complete the PD structure. The fabricated PD is characterized under 405 nm ultraviolet (UV) light, revealing a maximum responsivity of 3.6 A W−1 and detectivity of 2.11 × 108 at a bias voltage of −2.5 V.
Low‐Pressure Sulfide All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Pouch Cell by Self‐Limiting Electrolyte Design
Authors: Xu Fuqiang , Wu Yujing , Wang Lutong , Zhang Ziqi , Liu Guoshun , Guo Chang , Wu Dengxu , Yi Chuang , Luo Jixian , He Weitao , Xu Chang , Yang Ming , Li Hong , Chen Liquan , Wu Fan
Published: February 2025

All‐solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries (ASSLMBs) with sulfide solid electrolytes have gained significant attention due to their potential for high energy density and enhanced safety. However, their development has been hindered by rapid lithium dendrite growth, low coulombic efficiency, poor battery rate performance, and poor cycling stability, posing a major obstacle to their commercialization. Herein, a multifunctional composite sulfide electrolyte (M‐CSE) is reported that is dynamically stable with lithium metal, promoting uniform Li+ deposition without dendrites. The resulting ASSLMBs exhibit an areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2, an energy density of 219 Wh kg−¹, and a current density of 3.76 mA cm−2, with a capacity retention of 95.04% after 500 cycles at 0.5C. The assembled lithium swagelok cell and solid‐state lithium‐metal pouch cells have relatively low pressures, with the swagelok cell stack pressure ≈30 MPa and the pouch cell stack pressure also ≈2 MPa. More importantly, mass production of ultra‐low‐pressure pouch cells is realized by 3D printing technology, marking a crucial breakthrough for practical applications.
Critical Factors and Equilibrium Analysis of Luminescent Down‐Shifting Process for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yawen , Yu Jialun , Li Jiangtao , Wang Yusheng , Sun Baoquan
Published: February 2025

Utilizing photoluminescent quantum dots (QDs) as a luminescent down‐shifting (LDS) layer to convert high‐energy photons into lower‐energy ones is a prominent approach to reducing parasitic absorption of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Here, a ray‐optic model is presented to gain insight into light conversion contribution on the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of the SHJ solar cell with an LDS layer. The correlation reveals that the primary factors impacting external quantum efficiency (EQE) are the absorption coefficient at short wavelengths and the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the LDS layer. Notably, PLQY is dominant in determining the contribution to the device efficiency if the LDS layer can harvest all the parasitic light, particularly when there is no surface reflectance change. Furthermore, the EQE spectrum of high‐efficiency SHJ solar cells is experimentally investigated with the QDs LDS layer to validate the model, revealing that it aligns well with the experiment results. Employing a MgF2/QDs LDS layer, the Jsc with 0.50 mA cm−2 is enhanced, yielding the SHJ solar cells with an efficiency of over 22.3%. The work develops a broadly applicable model that aids in screening suitable photoluminescent materials for LDS layer applications in photovoltaic devices and elucidates the theoretical contributions to EQE.
The Environmental Emission and Climate Change Impact of Hydrogen Fuel Derived from Photocatalysis Water‐Splitting Reaction
Authors: Nelson Chloe , Gui Meei Mei , Robertson Peter K. J.
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen fuel is widely received as the most promising clean fuel to substitute fossil fuel in power grid, home heating, and automotive industry to achieve net‐zero target. Photocatalysis hydrogen route, which fulfills the Gibbs free energy of water‐splitting reaction with solar energy, has been a promising approach to produce green hydrogen. However, there are limited study on the environmental performance of this hydrogen evolution process, particularly the potential emission of the photocatalyst synthesis process. In this work, the environmental emission of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution process is investigated through life cycle analysis (LCA) based on a pilot scale reaction system. The individual processing steps with its corresponding material flows that contributed significantly to environmental emission are identified from the LCA simulation. Excessive use of sacrificial reagent in the photocatalysis reaction has been identified as one of the main contributors to the environmental emission of this reaction system. The results observed can be feedback to the process design and improvisation of such photocatalysis reaction system to help improvise the existing technology for better environmental potential for upscale production to meet the ever‐rising demand on hydrogen fuel.
Manipulating bimetal structure of CuCo at mesoscale via topological transformation of layered double hydroxides
Authors: Ping Qi , Hu Yujing , Zhang Jian , An Zhe , Shu Xin , Song Hongyan , Zhu Yanru , He Jing
Published: February 2025

Topological transformation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing bimetal components is a powerful method for producing bimetal catalysts, but suffers from uncontrollable bimetal structures and catalytically active sites due to the indistinct mechanism. This work demonstrates the manipulation of CuCo structure by simply changing the aspect ratio or Cu/Co distribution (one in layer and the other in interlayer) of LDHs, affording (i) exclusive Janus Cu‐Co particles or well‐alloyed CuCo particles and (ii) CuCo alloy with Janus Cu‐Co, monometallic Co, or monometallic Cu coexisting. The mesoscale key factor in the topological transformation is revealed. In the syngas conversion, the selectivity to alcohol reaches 49.3% and 43.2% with C2+ alcohol fraction of >94% on well‐alloyed CuCo and Janus Cu‐Co particles with good affinity of Cu‐Co sites. But the presence of monometallic Co or Cu suppresses alcohol selectivity or C2+ alcohol fraction by facilitating the production of hydrocarbons or methanol, respectively.
Selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Yan Junying , Xia Yuxuan , Yang Jie , Cheng Liuhuimei , Liu Huiqing , Wang Baoying , Li Ruirui , Wang Yaoming , Xu Tongwen
Published: February 2025

The recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium‐ion batteries is pivotal for overcoming lithium resource shortages and mitigating environmental pollution. Herein, we propose a novel selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (BMSED) process for simultaneous cobalt and lithium recovery from a citric acid‐leaching lithium‐ion battery solution. By taking advantage of the accelerated water dissociation of bipolar membranes and the monovalent selectivity of Li+ over Co2+ ions from selective electrodialysis, one‐step preparation of 99.96% purity LiOH, cobalt salt, and 0.63 mol/L citric acid solution was achieved. The steric hindrance effect of citrate across anion‐exchange membranes was investigated via positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy characterization. The competitive migration between the proton and metal cations across the cation‐exchange membrane could decrease the current efficiency. A carbon footprint analysis revealed that the BMSED procedure accounted for only 18.40% of the total carbon emissions, demonstrating the environmental friendliness of this recycling method.
Tau‐related reduction of glucose metabolism in mild cognitive impairment occurs independently of APOE ε4 genotype and is influenced by Aβ
Authors: Carbonell Felix , McNicoll Carolann , Zijdenbos Alex P. , Bedell Barry J. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies have shown that amyloid beta (Aβ) is significantly correlated with glucose metabolism in mild cognitive impairment independently of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype.

METHODS

We used a singular value decomposition (SVD) approach to pairwise cross‐correlation among tau, Aβ, and fluorodeoxyglucose PET images. The resulting SVD‐based tau and Aβ scores as well as the APOE ε4 genotype, were entered as predictors in a voxelwise general linear model for statistical assessment of their effect on FDG.

RESULTS

We found cortical regions where a reduced glucose metabolism was maximally correlated with distributed patterns of tau, accounting for the effect of Aβ and APOE ε4 genotype.

DISCUSSION

By highlighting the more significant role of tau, rather than Aβ, in the reduction of glucose metabolism, our results provide a better understanding of their combined effect in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Highlights

This study uses a data‐driven singular value decomposition approach to the cross‐correlation matrix between tau and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) images, as well as between FDG and amyloid beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) images.

From a population of mild cognitive impairment subjects, we found that spatially distributed scores of tau PET are associated with an even stronger reduction of glucose metabolism, independent of the apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype and confounded by Aβ.

By highlighting the more significant role of tau, rather than Aβ, on the reduction of glucose metabolism, our results provide a better understanding of their combined effects in the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Impact of the polygenic risk scores for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Leffa Douglas T. , Povala Guilherme , Bellaver Bruna , Ferrari‐Souza João Pedro , Ferreira Pamela C. L. , Lussier Firoza Z. , Schaffer Aguzzoli Cristiano , Soares Carolina , Zalzale Hussein , Rohden Francieli , Bauer‐Negrini Guilherme , Abbas Sarah , Schneider Maitê , Therriault Joseph , Lopez Oscar L. , Villemagne Victor L. , Klunk William E. , Tudorascu Dana L. , Cohen Ann D. , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Zimmer Eduardo R. , Karikari Thomas K. , Rohde Luis Augusto , Molina Brooke S. G. , Pascoal Tharick A. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiological studies indicate a link between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and elevated risk of dementia. However, the impact of ADHD on cognition and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in individuals with cognitive impairment remains unclear.

METHODS

We computed weighted ADHD polygenic risk scores (ADHD‐PRS) in 938 cognitively impaired participants (674 mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and 264 dementia; mean age 73.5 years). A subset underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis for amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, as well as fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG‐PET).

RESULTS

We observed lower executive function in individuals with high ADHD‐PRS for both MCI and dementia participants. Higher levels of CSF phosphorylated tau, but not Aβ, were observed in dementia participants with higher ADHD‐PRS. Increased ADHD‐PRS was associated with glucose hypometabolism in the frontal and parietal cortices.

DISCUSSION

ADHD‐PRS is associated with a more severe disease presentation in individuals with cognitive impairment due to dementia, characterized by impaired executive function, elevated tau pathology, and hypometabolism in the frontal and parietal cortices.

Highlights

We calculated the genetic liability for attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using polygenic risk scores (ADHD‐PRS).

Elevated ADHD‐PRS was associated with executive function deficits in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.

Higher levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau, but not amyloid beta (Aβ), were observed in dementia participants with higher ADHD‐PRS.

Higher ADHD‐PRS was associated with brain hypometabolism in individuals with AD dementia.

Hypometabolism in the parietal cortex mediated the effects of ADHD‐PRS on executive function.
Efficacy and Safety of Ofatumumab Treatment for Anti‐NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis (OFF‐AE): A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Guo Kundian , Peng Fuhua , Liu Jia , Long Youming , Guo Shougang , Wang Honghao , Yu Gang , Zhang Yanlin , Han Xiong , Tu Ewen , Zheng Yake , Huang Jialu , Zhou Yanxia , An Dongmei , Lin Guanyan , Wang Baojie , Wang Yuanyuan , Yang Ping , Jiang Yu , Cui Beijia , Yang Zhenyu , Du Maiqi , Jiang Meiling , Qin Limin , Kong Xueying , Gong Xue , Liu Xu , Cai Linjun , Li Jinmei , Zhou Dong , Hong Zhen
Published: February 2025

Objective

Ofatumumab presents a potentially promising alternative to current second‐line immunotherapy for refractory anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis (NMDAR‐AE). We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ofatumumab as a novel second‐line immunotherapy for NMDAR‐AE.

Methods

This prospective, multicenter, nested cohort study compared patients with NMDAR‐AE from the CHina Autoimmune encephalitiS outcomE study registry (CHASE) recruited between October 2011 and February 2024, treated with and without ofatumumab. The primary outcome was the proportion reaching a favorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score ≤2) at the last follow‐up. Secondary outcomes included mRS scores and Clinical Assessment Scale in Autoimmune Encephalitis (CASE) scores over the first 24‐month follow‐up and the proportion with further mRS score improvement after ofatumumab initiation. A propensity score matching was performed to balance major confounders.

Results

A total of 715 patients with AE were screened. Fifty‐eight propensity score‐matched patients with NMDAR‐AE each in the ofatumumab group and non‐ofatumumab group were analyzed. Fifty‐four patients (93.1%) in the ofatumumab group achieved further mRS score improvement with a median time of 14 days from ofatumumab initiation, and 53 (91.4%) reached a favorable functional outcome at the last follow‐up. For those who failed first‐line immunotherapy, the ofatumumab group demonstrated a faster mRS score and CASE score improvement and more frequently reached a favorable functional outcome at the last follow‐up compared with the non‐ofatumumab group (87.9% vs. 64.7%, odds ratio [OR] 3.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–13.94; p = 0.026). No serious adverse events associated with ofatumumab treatment were reported.

Interpretation

Ofatumumab showed substantial efficacy and safety, particularly in patients who failed first‐line immunotherapy, warranting its consideration in NMDAR‐AE management. ANN NEUROL 2025
Single‐Step Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas over Nanoparticle‐Derived Bifunctional Pd/CeO2/Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Wang Bing , Yu Zairan , Chen Shuang , Da Roit Nicola , Schild Dieter , Zimmermann Michael , Wang Yuemin , Behrens Silke
Published: February 2025

The single‐step syngas‐to‐dimethyl ether (STD) process offers both economic and technical advantages over the current two‐step industrial process that utilizes Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts. Here, we report a highly active bifunctional Pd/CeO2/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst, in which Pd colloids dispersed in a nanoscale CeO2 matrix serve as the key building block for the methanol‐active component, efficiently catalysing the STD reaction. For Pd/CeO2/γ‐Al2O3 with a high Pd‐CeO2 interface concentration, CO conversion and dimethyl ether yield are significantly increased compared to Pd supported on Al2O3. Systematic investigations using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques reveal the formation of highly dispersed palladium clusters/particles confined within the nanoparticulate CeO2 matrix. The superior catalytic performance in both activity and stability observed for the Pd/CeO2/γ‐Al2O3 in the STD reaction stems from the active cationic palladium interfacial species and the presence of adjacent O vacancies.
Sustainability‐inspired upcycling of organophosphorus pollutants into phosphatic fertilizer on continuous‐flow reactor
Authors: Li Zangli , Huang Di , Wang Yazhou , Yan Jiaying , Liu Yue , Zhao Haiyu , Lan Xiangyong , Huang Yingping , Astruc Didier , Liu Xiang
Published: February 2025

With the increasing requirement for phosphorus resources and their shortage in nature, cyclic utilization of organophosphorus pollutants into phosphatic fertilizer might offer a sustainable approach to achieve the recycling of phosphorus. Herein, we first report the selective degradation of organophosphorus pollutants (such as HEDP and glyphosate), via the synergistic effect of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and sodium percarbonate (SPC), into phosphates, which are continually converted into phosphatic fertilizer by struvite precipitation on the continuous‐flow reactor. Quenching experiments, EPR result, electrochemical analysis, and DFT calculation suggest that the transfer of electrons from SPC to PMS results in the synthesis of catalytically active species (i.e. ∙OH, ∙O2‐, 1O2 and CO3∙‐) for HEDP degradation. For the real glyphosate wastewater, the PMS/SPC system exhibits excellent catalytic activity with 69.2% decrease in COD and 37.8% decrease in TOC after 90 min. Indeed, HPLC confirms that glyphosate is completely degraded in 90 min with the formation of 271.93 μmol/L of o‐PO43‐, which is further converted into phosphatic fertilizer by the precipitation of struvite with 87.2% yield on continuous‐flow reactor. Finally, biotoxicity of glyphosate to zebrafish and wheat seeds are significantly deceased after treatment of PMS/SPC system by zebrafish toxicology assays and germination tests of wheat seeds.
Reinforced Nonlinear Optical Performances Induced by P‐P Homoatomic Bond in Phosphide SrIn3Si4P11
Authors: Pei Shao-Min , Zhang Ming-Shu , Jiang Xiao-Ming , Liu Bin-Wen , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: February 2025

Phosphides exhibit great promise as a nonlinear optical (NLO) material system; however, the challenge of simultaneously achieving robust second‐harmonic generation (SHG) response, wide bandgap, and large birefringence within a single structure remains daunting. Herein, by leveraging the design concept of “multi‐asymmetric‐module integration”, we have successfully harvested a brand‐new non‐centrosymmetric phosphide SrIn3Si4P11, which showcases the characteristics of a three‐dimensional framework constructed by diverse [Si3P10] and [In3P10] trimers, as well as P‐P homoatomic bonds. The introduction of P‐P bond distinguishes SrIn3Si4P11 from the kindred SrIn3Si4P9, ultimately resulting in “killing three birds with one stone”, including a remarkable 30‐fold enhancement in SHG intensity, a 2.5‐fold increase in birefringence, as well as a 0.50 eV broadening in bandgap compared to SrIn3Si4P9. Theoretically calculated analysis reveals that the π interactions and the significant polarization anisotropy of the P‐P bond are critical factors contributing to the enhancement of NLO performance. The present study uncovers the pivotal significance of P‐P bond in structural design and NLO properties optimization, and delineates a clear research direction for the extensive advancement of phosphides NLO materials.
Promoting the Kinetics of Ethylene Electrosynthesis via the Facet‐Dependent Activation of Acetylene over Silver Catalysts
Authors: Miao Boqiang , Chen Fanpeng , Cheng Chuanqi , Tao Minli , Zhao Bo-Hang , Zhang Bin
Published: February 2025

Metallic silver (Ag) sites exhibit a robust ability to suppress undesired C−C coupling in the electrocatalytic semihydrogenation of acetylene (C2H2) into ethylene (ESAE), leading to satisfactory selectivity and stability. However, the relatively low reaction kinetics still hinder its practical value. Here, the facet‐dependent ESAE performance is first evaluated to increase the sluggish hydrogenation kinetics and provide mechanistic insight for subsequent catalyst design. As a result, the Ag nanocubes with {100} surfaces demonstrate a partial current density of 337 mA cm−2 at −1.5 V vs. RHE, greatly outperforming their counterparts with {111} surfaces exposed. Further comparisons of H2O splitting and C2H2 hydrogenation reveal that the activation of C2H2 is a crucial factor in promoting the kinetics of ethylene electrosynthesis. Additionally, experimental and theoretical mechanistic characterizations demonstrate that stronger C2H2 adsorption over the {100} surface strengthens the π conjugation of C2H2, leading to the delocalization of π electrons to promote the activation of C2H2 for enhanced hydrogenation kinetics.
Tribological Behavior of Ultra‐High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) With Different Molecular Weights Under Artificial Seawater Lubrication
Authors: Cheng Bingxue , Shang Hongfei , Duan Haitao , Zhan Shengpeng , Jia Dan
Published: February 2025

Ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), a polymer with significant beneficial properties, exhibits variable characteristics based on its molecular weight. Despite its pivotal role in various applications, research into the tribological behavior of UHMWPE in seawater environments, particularly as it pertains to molecular weight, remains scarce. This study presents an investigation into the tribological behavior of UHMWPE under artificial seawater environments, with a focus on the effects of molecular weight, load, and sliding speed. The results indicated that under artificial seawater lubrication, the friction coefficient and wear volume of UHMWPE increase with the sliding speed, while the wear rate decreases. Additionally, an increase in load results in a reduced friction coefficient but higher wear volume and rate. With an increase in molecular weight, the friction coefficient of UHMWPE initially increased and then decreased, whereas the wear rate initially decreased and then increased. Notably, UHMWPE with medium molecular weights (3.0 × 106 and 5.0 × 106 g/mol) exhibited superior wear resistance in artificial seawater environments. This study elucidates the complex interplay between molecular weight and tribological performance in UHMWPE under seawater lubrication, providing valuable insights for its application in marine environments.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)‐Mediated Oxidative Cyclization of Exo‐Cyclic Ene‐Carbamate to Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Oxazol‐2(3H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Limjirawatthana Suphaporn , Ploypradith Poonsakdi , Ruchirawat Somsak , Theppitak Chatphorn , Ieawsuwan Winai
Published: February 2025

The new development of a transition‐metal‐free method for the synthesis of THIQ‐oxazol‐2(3H)‐one motif from exo‐cyclic ene‐carbamates by using hypervalent iodine as an oxidant is reported. Various functional groups substituted on the aryl rings of the ene‐carbamate substrates as well as the N‐ and S‐heterocyclic substrates afforded the corresponding THIQ‐oxazol‐2(3H)‐one products in up to 91% yield. Moreover, the synthetic utility was highlighted for the synthesis of phthalide‐THIQ natural product, (±)‐corlumine.
Research Progress on Biosynthesis and Regulation of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Liu Xin‐Xin , Izzat Selar , Wang Guang‐Qiang , Xiong Zhi‐Qiang , Ai Lian‐Zhong
Published: February 2025

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has gained considerable attention and has been extensively studied owing to its physiological functions, including weight loss, immune regulation, and anti‐carcinogenesis. However, the CLA content is very low in natural sources and insufficient to exert a probiotic effect. Additionally, its chemical synthesis is limited by the lack of isomer selectivity, harsh reaction conditions, and the introduction of organic solvents. Therefore, the synthesis of CLA by microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria, holds great promise because of its isomer selectivity, green process, and probiotic effects of lactic acid bacteria. This article reviews the CLA biosynthesis abilities and mechanisms of CLA producers, particularly lactic acid bacteria. In addition, the factors that impact the CLA yield are discussed. Special attention has been paid to the regulation of CLA synthesis, including the optimization of culture media and conditions, co‐culturing of different strains, and regulation of the activity and expression of CLA‐related enzymes. Furthermore, prospective future research directions for CLA biosynthesis regulation are discussed.
Polyacrylic Acid‐Modified Gel Electrolytes for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance in Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Zheng Yuguo , Zheng Jiaxian , Liang Hanfeng
Published: February 2025

Gel electrolytes are widely used in aqueous zinc batteries to alleviate water‐related issues. In this study, we develop a new gel electrolyte by introducing a small amount of polymer additive, inspired by electrolyte additives in liquid electrolytes. The introduction of polyacrylic acid (PAA) additive improves the ionic diffusion coefficient inside the gel electrolyte and enables uniform Zn deposition, enhancing the reversibility of Zn batteries. As a result, the Zn||Mg0.1V2O5 batteries using the modified electrolyte show a maximum capacity of 300 mAh g‐1 at a current density of 0.5 A g‐1 and remain stable over 300 cycles. In contrast, the batteries without the PAA additive suffer from rapid capacity decay within 150 cycles under the same conditions. This study presents a simple and cost‐effective method of gel electrolyte additive engineering to enhance the performance of aqueous zinc batteries.
Sodium Manganese Hexacyanoferrate: Characterization as Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathode Material, Full Cell Cycling with Hard Carbon and Post‐Mortem Analyses
Authors: Büchele Sebastian , Mereacre Valeriu , Bohn Nicole , Stüble Pirmin , Wu Xuebin , Keim Noah , Xu Ruochen , Geßwein Holger , Sun Wenzhe , Vrhovac Grigor , Pordzik Michael , Bergfeldt Thomas , Indris Sylvio , Bauer Werner , Ehrenberg Helmut , Binder Joachim R.
Published: February 2025

Sodium manganese hexacyanoferrate Na2Mn[Fe(CN)6] (NaMnHCF) is a promising cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries, owing to its voltage profile similar to that of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and its use of abundant, inexpensive resources. This study presents full cell cycling data for NaMnHCF against hard carbon (HC) anodes with various common carbonate‐based electrolytes across different voltage windows. Post‐mortem analyses indicate that, in addition to NaMnHCF degradation, Na+‐ion inventory loss significantly contributes to capacity decline during cycling. Surprisingly, an ICP‐OES analysis of the post‐mortem anodes show that the correct electrolyte choice can entirely prevent the commonly cited manganese dissolution of NaMnHCF during cycling. This work also highlights methods for characterizing and processing NaMnHCF and the broader Prussian White family of materials, helping to introduce these materials to a wider audience. Finally, a comparison between NaMnHCF/HC and LFP/graphite is provided, examining both cost and electrochemical performance.
Efficient Conversion of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Based on Elucidation of the Limitations in Multienzyme Cascade Reactions
Authors: Yu Fengrui , Li Hongwen , Li Xianglong , Shi Jianping , Feng Yanbin , Xue Song
Published: February 2025

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), provides a direct method for maintaining NAD levels, which may alleviate aging and metabolic disorders. However, the enzymatic conversion of NMN in cascade reactions is limited by intermediate product inhibition, and quantitative insights into these limitations remain scarce. Here, an efficient multienzyme cascade system was developed by quantifying intermediate inhibition, which synthesizes NMN from D‐ribose in three tandem reactions with an Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) regeneration system and pyrophosphatase (PPase). A critical Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) concentration of 0.5 mM was determined, which inhibits phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (Prs) at 0.08 µM. The incorporation of an ATP regeneration system and PPase markedly increased the NMN yield to 81.3%. The intermediate phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) hydrolysis rate was measured at 3 µM/min. The highly active nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) could compete with PRPP hydrolysis, thereby increasing the yield of NMN. This research facilitates large‐scale, efficient NMN manufacturing.
Restoration of human tooth enamel
Authors: Liu Hanlin , Li Bo , Gao Mingrui , Li Yangbei , Yang Xiuyi , Li Fengshi , Cai Zhi , Liu Yi , Liu Shaojia , Zhao Hewei , Guo Lin
Published: February 2025

Human tooth enamel, consisting of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (∼85–88 vol%), proteins (∼2‐3 vol%), and requisite water (∼10–12 vol%), is 1–3 mm thick at the outer layer of the tooth. It possesses remarkable properties such as high stiffness, hardness, strength, and viscoelasticity. However, when tooth enamel undergoes deterioration due to various factors, including unhealthy dietary habits, wear and tear of the enamel and others, it progresses from surface stains to enamel loss, ultimately necessitating entire tooth enamel replacement. This is because the tooth enamel lacks the ability to generate cells on the damaged side of the tooth after eruption, preventing self‐repair. Thus, enamel repair materials are in urgent demand, but clinical tooth enamel restorative materials nowadays cannot fully replicate the microstructure and function of natural tooth enamel. Numerous efforts have been made to develop the next generation restorative materials for tooth enamel to address different types of damage, including stains, defects, and loss. Here, we introduce the fundamental characteristics of tooth enamel at the beginning. Then, we provide a summary of the preparation process and function of existing tooth enamel restorative materials based on the various types of tooth enamel defects in detail. Finally, suggestions and development directions in the field of tooth enamel restoration are presented, with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for the creation of tooth enamel restorative materials that better match the microstructure and function of natural tooth enamel.
Exploring the Biodiversity and Anticancer Potential of Fungal Endophytes from Peronema canescens Jack
Authors: Triastuti Asih , Amalia Senya Putri , Ilyas Muhammad , Pramisandi Amila , Wardana Andika Wahyu , Lubis Ratu Aini , Julianto Tatang Shabur , Rachmawaty Farida Juliantina , Sukmarini Linda
Published: February 2025

Peronema canescens Jack has shown promising anticancer activities. This study set out to investigate the rich biodiversity and potential anticancer properties of fungal endophytes derived from P. canescens. Forty‐eight pure isolates of fungal endophytes were obtained from cultures of both young and old leaves across eleven different branch types. Furthermore, four specific fungal strains were selected for the evaluation of anticancer activity: Fusarium sp. strain PCL‐34‐B, Phomopsis sp. strain PCL‐Y‐48, Lasiodiplodia sp. strain PCL‐O‐9, and Phomopsis sp. strain PCL‐O‐23. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of these fungal endophytes demonstrated intriguing results, with the ethyl acetate extracts of PCL‐Y‐48 exhibiting the most significant cytotoxic activity among the various fungal endophyte extracts. The IC50 values were recorded at 10.52 and 33.54 mg/L against the A549 lung cancer and MG‐63 osteosarcoma cells, respectively. The identification of chemical substances reveals a range of components believed to play a role in their anticancer effects.
Perspectives and Emerging Trends in Plasma Catalysis: Facing the Challenge of Chemical Production Electrification
Authors: Bogaerts Annemie , Centi Gabriele , Hessel Volker , Rebrov Evgeny
Published: February 2025

Electrification of chemical production requires the development of innovative solutions, with plasma catalysis being among them. This perspective summarizes many years of studies and discussions made in the frame of the ERC Synergy project SCOPE dedicated to the above aspects. However, it does not aim to overview the project results but rather use them in combination with literature indications to outline the emerging trends and present gaps to pass from a research area to a key technology to develop sustainable production and associated changes required in the modalities of production. The perspective thus aims to offer a vision of the future for plasma catalysis and its role in facing societal challenges.
Simulation study on atomization characteristics of swirl nozzle for dust removal of coke dry quenching
Authors: Xie Bochen , Zhang Xucheng , Zhu Jiayu , Liang Peng , Zhang Zhining , Wang Yaling , Zhang Yaqing
Published: February 2025

To study the atomization characteristics of nozzles during the wet dust removal process of coke dry quenching (CDQ), the swirl nozzle, plain orifice nozzle, air‐blast atomizing nozzle, and effervescent atomizing nozzle commonly used in engineering were simulated. Droplet distribution and particle size produced by different types of nozzles were obtained by using Fluent software. The simulation was performed using the realizable k‐ε turbulence model, the discrete phase model (DPM), and the Taylor analogical breaking (TAB) model. While simulating the atomization characteristics of pressure swirl nozzle at different diameters and pressures, it was found that a nozzle with a diameter of 1.5 mm produced smaller droplet sizes and a more uniform distribution. The droplets near the nozzle had a small size, were affected by airflow and gravity, and collided with other droplets during migration, resulting in the increase of some droplet size. At the water supply pressure of 10 or 12 MPa, the size of almost atomized droplets was below 100 μm. Diameter of 1.5 mm pressure swirl atomizing nozzle at the water supply pressure of 12 MPa is the preferred working conditions of CDQ dust removal. When Ca(OH)2 solution was used as the medium for atomization dust removal and SO2 adsorption, the spray particle size range was 4.44 × 10−5 ~ 2.94 × 10−4 m, which was smaller and more uniform than when the water was used as the medium. This study could provide preliminary data reference for the collaborative removal of dust and gaseous pollutants in the wet dust removal process of CDQ.
Effect of wettability on saturation distribution and separation performance in oily wastewater treatment using mixed woven fibre bed coalescers
Authors: Luo Huiqing , Li Ruilong , Bai Zhishan
Published: February 2025

Fibre bed coalescers are widely utilized in oil–water separation applications. Due to the diverse nature of oil–water emulsions and the complexity of the separation process mechanism, the design and operation of fibre bed coalescers still rely heavily on empirical data, warranting further investigation. In this study, two types of polymer fibres with opposite wettability in oil‐in‐water environments were respectively combined with stainless steel fibres to prepare mixed woven fibre beds. The separation performance was compared by examine the saturation distribution in the wettable and nonwettable coalescing media. The effects of key factors influencing the separation process were also explored. The saturation profiles of the wettable and nonwettable fibre beds differed, with the wettable coalescing media showing more stable performance under high inlet oil concentration compared to the nonwettable media. Additionally, an industrial‐scale trial was conducted to treat oily wastewater generated in the process of organosilicon production.
Dual Cu/Ir Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation and Pictet‐Spengler Cyclization: Stereodivergent Access to Chiral Indole Fused 9‐Azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes†
Authors: Liu Xin‐Lian , Xiao Lu , Liu Yi , Li Yan , Wang Zuo‐Fei , Chang Xin , Dong Xiu‐Qin , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: February 2025

Comprehensive Summary

Nitrogen‐containing bridged‐heterocycles and indoles are key subunits of many natural products and pharmacologically active molecules. We herein present a bimetallic Cu/Ir catalyzed asymmetric allylation of ketimine esters and (E)‐4‐indolyl allyl carbonates followed by acid‐promoted Pictet‐Spengler cyclization sequences, enabling stereodivergent synthesis of chiral indole fused 9‐azabicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes containing an eight‐membered ring with one tertiary and two quaternary stereogenic centers. This one‐pot sequential protocol features step economy, good substrate tolerance, and excellent stereoselective control.
Factors Contributing to the False Diagnosis of Misleading Dermatofibromas
Authors: Kormos Nicholas Florin , Paval Ioana Daria , Baican Adrian Lucian
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives

Dermatofibromas (DFs) are common benign skin lesions with unclear etiology, possibly reactive or tumoral. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of DF misdiagnosis and to correlate histopathological findings with clinical interpretations.

Methods

The extraction for this retrospective study was conducted from 8035 excisions performed between 2016 and 2022 by 9 physicians. A total of 50 cases with conclusive histopathological diagnoses of DF and 33 clinical cases of DF were identified. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The clinical arm included 33 cases, with 7 having DF in the differential diagnosis. The mean age for a confident DF diagnosis was 57.86 years, compared to 44.35 years for a probable diagnosis (p = 0.023). Diagnosis accuracy was 69% for certain cases versus 43% for probable cases. DF on legs had higher clinical uncertainty, 6/7 versus 9/26 (p = 0.016). In the histopathological arm of 50 patients, lesions on lower extremities had higher correct diagnosis rates (p = 0.024) and were least accurate on the torso (p = 0.009).

Conclusions

DF can pose a challenge even for experienced clinicians. Location is crucial as DF may escape diagnosis in less common areas. Patients' age and physician's expertise induce uncertainty.
Employment Negotiations With an Algorithm? How AI as Negotiation Counterpart Would Affect Negotiators' Trust and Subjective Value Expectations
Authors: Sondern Dominik , Arnholz Nadine , Hertel Guido
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers manifold ways to improve organizational recruiting and conflict resolution due to high processing power and low subjective biases. Additionally to AI applications approaching and selecting job applicants, AI usage might also be promising in employment negotiations as the final step of recruitment. However, it is largely unclear how applicants would react to the use of AI technology in such a context marked by high stakes and (at least partly) conflicting interests, which need to be resolved to terminate the recruitment process successfully. Therefore, we examined how AI negotiation agents influence negotiators' trust in and expectations about an upcoming employment negotiation. In a preregistered experimental vignette study, participants (n = 291) imagined to prepare for an employment negotiation. Varying the type of negotiation counterpart (human—AI with avatar—AI without avatar), we assessed participants' trust intentions and subjective value expectations regarding the anticipated negotiation. We found higher trust and more positive expectations for human counterparts as compared to AI counterparts, regardless of whether the AI was presented with or without an avatar. However, participants' technology‐related attitudes and skills attenuated this effect, leading to less negative effects for AI as a negotiation counterpart when participants possessed high skills and positive attitudes regarding digital technologies. Overall, this study provides initial evidence of how people would react to AI agents in mixed‐motive and conflict resolution settings and may serve as a starting point for developing evidence‐based guidelines for designing AI agents for HR and conflict resolution settings.
Cordycepin Ameliorates Kainic Acid‐Induced HT22 Cell Neurotoxicity by Activating GPR120‐Mediated Mitophagy
Authors: San Yongzhi , Wang Minghua
Published: February 2025

Background

Mitophagy is important for normal neural activity. Epilepsy is intimately linked to neurotoxicity due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Cordycepin (Cor) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects. This study aims to investigate whether Cor could mitigate neurotoxicity in epilepsy by modulating mitophagy.

Methods

In vitro, kainic acid (KA) was utilized to induce cytotoxicity in HT22 cell. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK‐8 assay, while cell damage was evaluated through an LDH kit. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis. The expressions of G protein‐coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), apoptosis, and mitophagy‐related proteins were analyzed by western blot. Inflammatory factors and oxidative stress levels were examined by kits. DCFH‐DA staining was applied to observe cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The three‐dimensional coordinates of GPR120 were retrieved from the PDB database, and molecular docking was performed using AutoDock. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe mitophagy level.

Results

Cor significantly attenuated KA‐induced HT22 cell viability injury and inflammation, while suppressing ROS and oxidative stress levels. Notably, Cor ameliorated the decrease of mitophagy level observed in HT22 cells treated with KA. GPR120 expression was upregulated following KA treatment and further elevated after adding Cor. Cor could bind to GPR120. Interference with GPR120 reversed the ameliorative effects of Cor on KA‐induced mitophagy and cytotoxicity in HT22 cells.

Conclusion

Overall, Cor significantly alleviated KA‐induced HT22 cell neurotoxic damage and oxidative stress. This protective effect may be mediated through GPR120‐regulated mitophagy.
A Reassessment of Phylogenetic Relationships in Class Oligohymenophorea (Protista, Ciliophora) Based on Updated Multigene Data
Authors: Li Bailin , Song Yumeng , Wang Xiang , Zhao Qiyue , Liu Menghan , Liu Lihui , Pan Xuming , Yi Zhenzhen
Published: February 2025

Within the ciliate class Oligohymenophorea, many evolutionary relationships among taxa remain unresolved. This study incorporates 97 new sequences from 30 oligohymenophorean populations, including nuclear small subunit ribosomal (SSU‐rRNA) genes, nuclear ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 rRNA regions, nuclear large subunit ribosomal (LSU‐rRNA) genes, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (cox 1) genes, and mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mtSSU‐rRNA) genes. With the addition of these new sequences, we performed comprehensive multigene phylogenetic analyses of Oligohymenophorea. The main findings are: (1) Utilizing multiple genes is instrumental in improving phylogenetic relationships within class Oligohymenophorea; (2) class Oligohymenophorea is divided into two distinct groups: (i) encompassing the subclass Hymenostomatia, Scuticociliatia, Apostomatia, Astomatia, and Urocentria; and (ii) comprising the subclasses Peniculia and Peritrichia; (3) Revising the phylogenetic placement of the subclass Urocentrida reveals its transitional role as a taxon between Group I and Group II. It emerges as a sister clade to Hymenostomatia; (4) the phylogenetic positions of Astomatia and Apostomatia within the clade ‘SAA’ become clearer; and (5) the order Loxocephalida represents an early member of Scuticociliatia and serves as a potential prototype for this taxonomic group. This study provides more information for understanding the evolutionary relationships within Oligohymenophorea.
Sex‐Specific Ultraviolet Radiation Tolerance Across Drosophila
Authors: Titus‐McQuillan James E. , Turner Brandon A. , Rogers Rebekah L.
Published: February 2025

The genetic basis of phenotypic differences between species is a longstanding question in evolutionary biology. How new genes form and selection acts to produce differences across species are fundamental to understanding how species evolve. Adaptation and genetic innovation arise in the genome from a variety of sources. Functional genomics requires both genetic discoveries and empirical testing to observe adaptation between lineages. We explore two species of Drosophila from the island of São Tomé and mainland Africa, D. santomea and D. yakuba. These two species have varying distributions based on elevation on São Tomé, with populations of D. yakuba also inhabiting mainland Africa. Genomic/genetic evidence shows genes between species may have a role in adaptation to higher UV tolerance. We conducted empirical UV assays between D. santomea and both D. yakuba populations. Flies were shocked by UVB radiation for 30 min on a transilluminator apparatus. Custom 5‐wall acrylic enclosures were constructed for viewing and containment of flies. Island groups show significant differences between fall‐time under UV stress and recovery time post‐UV stress test between populations and by sex. This study shows evidence that mainland flies are less resistant to UV radiation than their island counterparts. Differential expression analysis also shows potential for new mutations and local adaptation for DNA repair of D. santomea. Understanding the mechanisms and processes that promote adaptation and testing traits within the context of the genome is crucially important to understand evolutionary machinery.
Multiscale spatial dependency of small mammal diversity patterns and their determinants
Authors: Onditi Kenneth Otieno , Song Wenyu , Chen Zhongzheng , Li Xueyou , Li Quan , de la Sancha Noé U. , Musila Simon , Jiang Xuelong
Published: February 2025

Animals perceive their ecosystems at multiple spatial scales such that the pattern–process relationships that determine their ecological and evolutionary opportunities are also spatially variable. Understanding how spatial scale impacts our observations of ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes is therefore crucial for effective biodiversity management. In this study, using a comprehensive dataset of small mammals from primary field surveys supplemented with literature data across Kenya, we investigated the effects of spatial scale on the distribution patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity indices. We also tested how relationships between taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity and various environmental and anthropogenic variables change across spatial scales. The results showed that with increasing spatial scale, species richness and phylogenetic and functional richness consistently increased. Community‐wide mean pairwise distance indices for phylogenetic and functional dimensions also increased, while fine‐scale mean nearest taxon distance indices decreased. Notably, community structure indices exhibited nonmonotonic patterns across spatial scales. The associations between diversity patterns and environmental and human covariates increased with scale but were more variable and complex across regions. These findings highlight a negative correlation between spatial scale and phylogenetic and functional divergence while reinforcing the species‐area hypotheses for richness‐dependent diversity indices. Identifying the optimal scales of field studies and conservational actions must factor in the species group of interest and the geographical context.