bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-328-123601-R01 Improvements to Consequence Modeling in RBDA - Targets Risk Consequence Analysis
Authors: Maes
Published: August 2023

This study was performed to address specific issues in the �Reliability Based Design and Assessment� (RBDA) approach as laid out in e.g. GRI-04/0229 and CSA Z662 Annex O (2007). Specifically:

improvement of the consequence model for equipment impact acceptable individual and societal risks
clarification if reliability levels can be interpreted in an historical/absolute sense;
examination of the role of knowledge uncertainty.

All of these issues have been addressed in the present study. In addition, the RBDA design test cases on which the development of the current risk/reliability levels are based, have been reproduced, verified, and compared with all the available DOT-PHMSA gas pipeline incident failures and fatality data bases.
PR-244-094500-R02 Reliability Based Design and Assessment Approach for Gas Facility Piping
Authors: Stephens  , Hassanien
Published: August 2023

This report describes work performed to evaluate the feasibility of adapting and extending the existing natural gas pipeline reliability based design and assessment approach to gas facility piping and piping components.
PR-420-123712-R01 Lateral Ground Movement Detection Capabilities Derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Deschamps  , Henschel  , Robert
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research was to quantify long-term ground deformation at the Belridge Oil Field, in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California using operational Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) monitoring techniques. A high spatial and temporal resolution, millimeter-precision time-series of ground deformation measurements was produced for the entire oil field from 2000 to 2012 using imagery from multiple satellites and beam modes. Trihedral Corner Reflectors (CRs) with co-located Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) units were used to validate the wide-area measurements along a section of Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) Line 7056. The GNSS measurements were also used to validate the precision of the InSAR measurements, and to determine what component of the overall motion was lateral motion. Deformation profiles over Lines 1203 were analyzed to identify periods of rapid deformation related to known pipeline incidents. Finally, we also investigated the use Multiple Aperture Interferometry (MAI) for measuring horizontal motion in the alongtrack (north-south) direction. The result is a detailed, seamless, long-term, validated time-series of ground change observations that could prove useful for further analysis of reservoir changes. Combined with injection and production data, the results may be used to extend an understanding of the geomechanics of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) fields. This work reinforces the operational capability of InSAR for monitoring both EOR reservoir dynamics and deformation over buried pipelines.
PR-015-14603-R02 Turbine and Coriolis Meter Diagnostics with Entrained Liquids - Unblinded
Authors: Hawley  , Thorson
Published: August 2023

This research evaluated the performance of select Coriolis and turbine meters in natural gas flows before, during, and after a wet gas flow condition. Low viscosity oil was used as the liquid phase for the testing. On-board diagnostics from the Coriolis meters and auxiliary diagnostics for the turbine meters were used to determine if the presence and loading amount of the liquid could be determined.
PR-015-15605-R01 In-Situ Proving Techniques for Gas Ultrasonic Meters
Authors: Grant
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research was to identify existing technology and conceptualize potential techniques to prove or validate gas ultrasonic meters in-situ using in-body or in meter run methods. The concepts were generated with literature reviews, interviews with industry experts, and brainstorming with experts in several professional interests. In addition to the tools used in flow measurement, tools and concepts from fields such as medicine and micro technology were also considered. An evaluation methodology specifically pertaining to natural gas applications and meter runs with ultrasonic meters was developed with input from the PRCI project team. Using the methodology, a total of thirteen potential ultrasonic meter proving and verification techniques were evaluated. Each concept was described in detail and ranked in order of estimated feasibility for application in industrial natural gas applications.
PR-266-06203-R01 Development of a Turbocharger Booster System
Authors: Chapman
Published: August 2023

The natural gas transmission industry has used increased air flow technologies to constrain emissions from reciprocating engines to levels at or below those required by regulations. Typically, the engine is turbocharged or, in the case where a turbocharger already exists on an engine, the turbocharger is �upgraded� to increase the air flow rate through the engine. Oftentimes, the physics of the system and the environmental conditions in which these engine systems operate decrease operating flexibility.

This project describes a method to boost the energy to the turbocharger to obtain additional airflow to the engine.
PR-428-123728-R01 Near-Field Natural Gas Dispersion Analysis to Develop an Optimal Airborne Leak Detection
Authors: Faloona Ian , Conley Steve
Published: August 2023

The use of airplanes for aerial detection of leaks from gas pipelines presents both great benefits and substantial challenges. Benefits include that typical "entry level" airplanes can easily fly at speeds exceeding 120 miles/hour and, compared to comparable helicopter based leak detection systems, and operate at a small fraction of the cost. However, because airplanes travel faster, requirements for minimum safe altitude are more stringent, limiting "practical" airplane patrols to altitudes more than 490 feet above ground level (AGL). This work evaluates the potential of using fixed wing aircraft to detect plumes from gas leans.
GRI-90-0229 Casing Leak Repair
Authors: Young  , Wasson
Published: August 2023

This effort studied the leakage of gas from storage wells by performing an industry survey of operators. Over 74* of the injection/production wells in the U.S. and Canada were covered by the survey. The survey included the number of well leaks per year, the average leak rate, and the type of leak. A cost-benefit analysis of repair techniques was performed to identify the most effective repair methods.
L51953 CFD Modeling of Gas Flow and Mixing in a Two-Stroke Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Kirkpatrick  , Mitchell  , Willson
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project is to examine the effect of the injection pressure on the subsequent mixing in the cylinder. We examine the injection of natural gas from two types of poppet valves, shrouded and unshrouded valves and assess the ability of a commercial CFD code to compute the velocity and pressure profiles in high pressure gas flow from simple sonic nozzles. A sonic nozzle is a convergent or straight nozzle with an exit Mach number equal to one. The main parameters determining the type of the flow exiting from a sonic nozzle are the ratio of the injection pressure to the cylinder pressure and the nozzle geometry. As the injection pressure increases, a point is reached for convergent nozzles where the exit velocity reaches the speed of sound. This pressureratio is the critical pressure ratio for the nozzle. For an ideal gas with a specific heat ratio of 1.35, the critical pressure ratio is 1.86. At higher pressure ratios, the exit velocity remains sonic, but the exit pressure is greater than ambient, thus substantial gas expansion from the exit pressure to the cylinder pressure is required downstream of the nozzle. This type of nozzle outflow is defined as an underexpanded jet.
L52081 Transformation of Shallow to Deep Cracks - Environmental Factors
Authors: Xie
Published: August 2023

The vast majority of near-neutral pH SCC cracks on pipelines are shallow, and many appear to be dormant as indicated by a heavily corroded and blunted crack-tip region. These apparently dormant cracks typically penetrate approximately 10% of the wall thickness. Beyond this limit the laboratory and field observations demonstrated that the environment is the dominating parameter to determine the crack growth rates of these shallow cracks. However, a small fraction (
L51558 Gas Turbine Intake Air Quality
Authors: Lawson
Published: August 2023

Presents the results of preliminary research intended to evaluate the causes and effects of compressor fouling on pipeline gas turbines. The conclusions and recommendations presented are based on both a literature search and a field experience survey of principal pipeline operations.
L51970 Integration of Engine and Compressor Controls
Authors: Smith
Published: August 2023

An investigation and demonstration was performed to assess the feasibility of integrating the control of power cylinders and compressor cylinders in integral engine compressors through the application of recent advances in electronics, sensors, and actuator technology. Explicitly, the study was undertaken to answer the following questions: Does the compressor loading affect engine performance? Can power cylinders be balanced with parameters other than peak pressure? Can an automotive exhaust NOx/O2 sensor be utilized for closed loop NOx and/or air/fuel ratio control?
PR-015-08605-R01 Assessment of Orifice Meter Flow Measurements with Low Differential Pressures - Unblinded
Authors: George  , Jowers  , Grimley
Published: August 2023

Measurement of natural gas flow with an orifice meter is a well-established methodology; however, orifice measurement accuracy is of concern when flow rates are low and the differential pressure (DP) across the orifice is at the extreme low end of common DP transmitter ranges. This research evaluated the performance of multiple types of transmitters in 10-inch and 4-inch orifice meter runs at differential pressures approaching 1 inch of water column (1� H2O), simulating low flow transmission meter stations and depleted production well stations. The results were analyzed to characterize and better understand the uncertainties and measurement errors associated with orifice meters operating with small bore diameters and low DPs. Transmitters tested included typical DP transmitters with stated accuracies of 0.1% of full scale, DP transmitters with stated accuracies as a percent of reading; and high-frequency-response DP transmitters. Data acquisition methods, transmitter technologies, and various calibrated measurement spans were studied for their potential to improve orifice meter accuracy at low DP conditions.

This is an un-blinded report.
L52071 Literature Review Fuel-Air Mixing in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Olsen  , Fletcher
Published: August 2023

Mixing is viewed as being problematic in many internal combustion engines, particularly large bore natural gas engines. In reviewing the literature an attempt is made to distinguish between the influences of mixing and turbulence, although for much of the published research the distinction is not made. Mixing is determined to have a major impact on engine efficiency, overall emissions, flame propagation, and cycle-to-cycle variations. The improvement of engine efficiency and overall emissions is concluded to be primarily due to the extension of the lean limit, a direct consequence of improved mixing. Test results from a study on propane combustion in a constant volume combustion chamber indicate that there is an optimum level of mixing for maximizing the flame propagation speed. In other words, the fastest flame speed occurs when there is some level of mixture heterogeneity, as opposed to a completely uniform mixture. A detailed literature review is carried out on air-fuel mixing in internal combustion engines, emphasizing application to direct injection large bore natural gas engines. The literature is separated into three broad categories, (1) the effects of mixing on engine performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics, (2) factors affecting mixing, and (3) mixing characterization.
PR-266-9920-R01 Development and Prototyping of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger
Authors: Chapman
Published: August 2023

Turbochargers are used to either increase engine power output or reduce air pollutants by increasing the trapped air-to-fuel ratio. An increasing need has arisen for the turbocharger compressor to operate at an ever-increasing pressure ratio while maintaining a broad operating range. Unfortunately, the operational physics of a turbocharger limits the operating range as the pressure ratio is increased.

This project evaluates the alternatives to increase the engine operating range by using variable vanes on turbocharger compressor.
PR-015-063513-R01 Evaluating Failure Susceptibility Due to Axial Cracks in Pressurized Line Pipe
Authors: Chell
Published: August 2023

A best estimate methodology based on elastic-plastic fracture mechanics technology was developed that uses the cract tip driving force parameter to support the remaining fatigue life calculations. Development of this technology is facilitated by finite element analysis.
PR-409-123700-R01 Performance Improvements of In-Service Internal Inspection Technologies for Tanks
Authors: Furillo
Published: August 2023

This document provides minimum requirements for maintaining the integrity of these tanks after they have been placed in service. A key requirement of API 653 is establishing the operating period for aboveground storage tanks (AST�s) based on the minimum floor thickness when the tank is placed into service and the maximum corrosion rate for the product- or soil-side of the tank floor during service.
PR-266-13206-R01 Role of Fuel Borne Metallic Catalysts in the Inhibition of NOx Formation
Authors: Jones  , Hagedorn
Published: August 2023

Fuel borne catalysts (FBC) are additives that are mixed with the fuel prior to it passing into the combustion chamber. Metallic FBC are claimed to substantially reduce NOx in lean burn engines and otherwise improve performance characteristics. The purpose of this project is to research current literature on FBC and evaluate these catalyst materials and their economics to ultimately develop a plan that will lead to laboratory measurements on a full-scale, natural gas fired engine and, potentially, field tests. The first phase of the project, reported herein, consists of four parts: a review of current literature on FBC as a reduction agent of NOx, a survey of current FBC users, an economic analysis of FBC usage, and a summary and conclusion of the information obtained.
PR-015-07604-R01 Clamp-On Ultrasonic Flow Meters as Diagnostic Tools
Authors: Grimley  , Hart  , Viana
Published: August 2023

Over the past several years, improvements in clamp-on ultrasonic meter technology have caused increased interest in applying this technology within the natural gas industry. Clamp-on ultrasonic meters (CUSMs), which are mounted on the outside of a pipe, send and receive ultrasonic waveforms through the pipe wall. This configuration offers several potential advantages over in-line meters, including portability and the ability to be installed without shutdown and disassembly of the pipeline. CUSMs, like their in-line counterparts, use sophisticated electronics to control the meter operation and to monitor parameters such as transducer signal strength, path velocities, and speed of sound. Because of these features, CUSMs are being considered for their potential as in-situ verification and as diagnostic tools. Having such portable tools to quickly verify meter performance would save considerable time in troubleshooting causes of lost and unaccounted-for (LAUF) gas, thus, minimizing overall LAUF totals. The ability to validate meter performance in-situ would also significantly reduce operating and maintenance costs of metering stations, particularly costs of unnecessary recalibrations. This project specifically addressed the ability of a CUSM to measure distorted profiles with sufficient resolution to determine if the flow is properly conditioned for flow measurement by other meter types. It also addressed the accuracy with which CUSM measurements, performed with sufficient spatial fidelity, can be used to provide a reference flow rate for in-situ meter proving. The test approach was to traverse a single ultrasonic transducer pair around the perimeter of the pipe in sufficiently small increments to measure the flow field at a given pipe cross section independent of the amount of flow distortion present. Velocity profile measurements performed at the same locations were used as an independent check of the CUSMs profile sensitivity.
PR-322-05215-R02 CFD Analysis of Combined Suction Piping and Casing for Pipeline Pump-Type 12X14X19 DVS-E
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the effect of suction piping configuration on the flow field at the inlet of the suction casing and at the entrance of the pump impeller plane, which is referred to as the P-Plane. The analysis is performed for a piping configuration supplied by PRCI, which is connected to the suction casing for a 12x14x19 DVS-E pump.
GRI-99-0275-R02 Evaluation of High Pressure Injection in Large-Bore Natural Gas Engines - Vol 2 Data
Authors: Willson
Published: August 2023

Data gathered and reduced data for the Evaluation of High Pressure Injection of Fuel Gas in Large-Bore Natural Gas Engines project
PR-239-9525-E01 Integrated Test Plan
Authors: Wilson
Published: August 2023

In order to understand and eventually control formaldehyde emissions, it is necessary to investigate formaldehyde formation mechanisms and evaluate the applicability of these mechanisms to industrial gas engines. An extensive literature review was conducted to identify possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms, factors that favor these chemical mechanisms, and the relationships between various engine operating conditions and engine-out formaldehyde emissions. The literature review provided the following information on formaldehyde emissions: Formation and subsequent destruction of formaldehyde are necessary intermediate steps in the complete combustion of natural gas; Regions within the combustion chamber processed by propagating flames are not likely sources of formaldehyde; Identification of a distinct 'temperature window' where net formaldehyde formation occurs, provided that adequate oxygen and unburned hydrocarbons are present; Above the 'temperature window' formaldehyde is quickly destroyed, and below it formaldehyde mole fractions are frozen; and Emissions of formaldehyde from natural gas fired engines require that partial combustion, to some degree, take place in the cylinder. This finding is supported by results of equilibrium calculations of natural gas combustion product composition, which do not predict significant levels of formaldehyde. A number of publications have been produced from the integrated test plan body of work. Those publications include reports on the formaldehyde literature review, humidity test program, and the high pressure injection project and technical papers on formaldehyde literature review, high pressure injection, the tracer gas method, in-cylinder sampling, and humidity investigations. The work described in the humidity and high pressure injection reports is not covered in detail in this document. However, the results are discussed as needed to support data interpretation and conclusions. Includes a literature review of mixing and humidity effects as well as a spreadsheet of the test data.
L51614 Slug Frequency in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Wallis
Published: August 2023

This report responds to A.G.A.s objective of initiating and planning means to create a reliable, mechanistic method of slug frequency prediction. Specific objectives were to:

Update the prior review of existing knowledge
Identify one or more alternative modelling approaches
Recommend additional work if required

Examination of empirical correlations for slug frequency shows that they have uncertainties which are large compared with experimental data. A mechanistic approach is sought. Previous mechanistic models have been either incomplete or numerically unstable. Several improvements were made to the Taitel-Dukler model for this process and a new calculation procedure developed using the method of characteristics. It is demonstrated here that this approach alone cannot lead to cyclic slug formation. The processes of wave growth continually wash out downstream without causing new slugs to form upstream. This has led to concentration on the mechanism of slug formation near the inlet to a pipe segment.
PR-185-0351-R06 Welding Processes for Small-Medium Gas Pipelines - Preferred Process-Technique
Authors: Harris  , Vaze
Published: August 2023

The objective of this task of the project was as to describe and demonstrate both the welding procedures developed for root pass welding
and the hardware and software developed during the project as a whole.
L52121 Coating Deterioration as a Precursor for SCC
Authors: Been
Published: August 2023

The selection and prioritization of field locations that most warrant direct examination of the pipe or other maintenance activities requires prediction of the coating conditions and the environmental conditions underneath a disbonded coating, which may support corrosion or cracking.� Current above ground measurements provide little information and to improve our ability of site-selection, this project considered a combined experimental and modeling approach to specifically identify those coating properties and environmental conditions that can lead to damaging SCC environments.

Soil box experiments indicated that near-neutral pH SCC environments are supported by shielding coatings and intermediate conductivity soils, where increased pH levels can be the result of improved current penetration in high conductivity soils or low buffering capacity in low conductivity soils.� As the pH increases, the environment becomes less conducive to near-neutral pH SCC.� TECTRAN modeling indicated an important role of coating permeability to CO2 in maintaining a near-neutral pH.� Degradation of the mastic adhesive may be another source of CO2.
NR198604 Evaluation of an X70 Pipe Fabricated from an Accelerated-Cooled Boron-containing Steel
Authors: Williams  , Maxey
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this task are to obtain an independent measurement of pipe properties and to examine metallurgical characteristics that may affect the behavior of pipe in gas-transmission service. This report describes the results of the evaluation of a 24-inch-diameter, 0.75 inch-wall DSAW X70 pipe that was fabricated from a boron-containing steel that had been processed using controlled rolling followed by on-line accelerated-cooling.
L52122 Mitigation of MIC using CP Under Disbonded Coating
Authors: Jact
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes lab work carried out in a test cell in which line pipe steel was exposed under anaerobic conditions to a freshly prepared synthetic corrosion product consisting of iron sulfide and iron carbonate under a permeable �coating� barrier. Weight loss for the steel specimen was sharply reduced by application of CP with rates of corrosion for short term experiments dropping to less than 0.05 mm/year at potentials more negative than �950 mVCSE at the pipe surface. This value is in good agreement with past literature. Addition of a mixed microbial culture including SRB to the experiment gave similar results in terms of weight loss.
L52133 Comparative Analysis of Personnel Qualification Requirements of Five Industries
Authors: Selig
Published: August 2023

The hazardous liquid and natural gas pipeline industries have been required to develop and implement Operator Qualification programs since 1999. Due to various circumstances, the Pipeline Safety Act of �02 has mandated that the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the pipeline industry regulator, develop more definitive standards for these programs. This report is being issued to help guide the industry and the regulator on what similar industries require for operator qualification. Four industries were chosen for the comparison, 2 transportation industries, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) as it regulates the Maritime industry and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) as it regulates the qualification of railroad engineers. The USCG and the FRA are sister organizations to OPS in the U.S. DOT. The other 2 industries are �energy� related industries, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as it regulates the petrochemical industry and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as it regulates the Nuclear Power Industry. Since pipelines are a transportation mode and they transport energy related materials, these industries were chosen for comparison from an OQ perspective.
GRl-93-0021 Horizontal Storage Well Field Experiment
Authors: Young Farrile , McDonald William
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the test results of a joint horizontal gas storage well field experiment undertaken at the West Edmond Storage field in Oklahoma. An existing vertical well with 7-in. casing set through the Red Fork sand was plugged and horizontally extended over 1500 feet in 32 days. On test, the horizontal well produced at an initial rate of over six times the vertical well. Cost was less than twice the cost of the vertical well. Thus, this experiment successfully demonstrated the technical and economic viability of implementing horizontal well technology to increase deliverability in gas storage fields. A comprehensive implementation plan, developed as a part of this field experiment, is also described in this report. This step-by-step approach is designed to enable gas storage operators to ensure a high degree of success in implementing horizontal well technology in their fields.
L52012 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Crack Growth in Areas of Mechanical Damage
Authors: Swankie  , Martin  , Andrews
Published: August 2023

The project was primarily experimental in nature. It has utilised small scale specimen and ring expansion testing rather than full scale vessel tests to investigate the mechanisms responsible for time-delayed failures.

The aim was to perform a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the influence of pre-strain and cyclic frequency on the behaviour of pipeline steels subject to low cycle fatigue and sustained loads. The initial experimental programme consisted of tensile tests and fatigue crack growth tests including tensile dwell periods, carried out on pre-strained and non pre-strained pipe material. Ring expansion tests were then carried out on specimens with dent-gouge defects with varying dent depths. These tests included hold periods at maximum pressure intended to produce time dependent crack growth. Small scale testing to determine isochronous stress-strain curves at ambient temperature was also carried out for one material.
L51427 ERW Weld Zone Characteristics
Authors: Maxey
Published: August 2023

The objective of this research project was to determine the fatigue characteristics of the weld zone of electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe. The project involved: (1) characterizing pipe samples in terms of initial defects, tensile and yield strength, chemistry, and fracture toughness, (2) evaluating the fatigue crack growth of base metal and the weld zone in air and a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, and (3) evaluating the fatigue crack growth of machined defects in the weld zone of ERW pipe subjected to cyclic pressure loading. This study found that the weld zone and base metal exhibit the same fatigue crack growth rates, the weld zone is not more susceptible to corrosion fatigue damage, and the greatest variability in ERW pipe fatigue behavior lies in the initial defect distribution.
NR198704 Crack Initiation and Growth Modeling and Definition of Crack Growth Behavior in Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Christman
Published: August 2023

The objective of the Crack Growth Modeling effort is to develop an understanding of the factors that control stress-corrosion crack growth. This effort has two main tasks: initiation and growth modeling; and definition of crack growth behavior. The model is used to predict crack growth based on determining when conditions are conducive to crack growth. Since the model deals with early crack growth, the properties of the metal nearest the surface must be considered. The second task, definition of crack growth behavior, deals with the growth of large cracks up to the point of failure. Of particular interest is the crack length-to-depth ratio because a crack with a small ratio gives a greater chance of leaking before breaking into a larger ratio. Also there is less chance of small crack linkage to form larger cracks when the lengthwise crack velocity is reduced. Thus a good understanding of the factors that control crack shape is essential for formulating a predictive model for long term crack growth.
NR199506 Introduction to Limit-State Reliability Based Pipeline Design
Authors: Palmer
Published: August 2023

�The practical objective of this study is to demonstrate to the pipeline industry that the limit-state and reliability based design methods have a sound and respectable basis which has generated genuinely valuable application. This study outlines the history and background to limit-state and reliability-based design, develops a design methodology and then demonstrates it by application to some real pipeline engineering problems. The study highlights the benefits and identifies any limitations in the methodology and discusses how they might be resolved.
L51998 Current Status and Future Development Needs of Limit States Designs for Onshore Pipelines
Authors: Nessim  , Zhou
Published: August 2023

Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) methods for pipelines have some key benefits, including:

consideration of the true structure behavior;
achievement of consistent safety levels for all pipelines;
optimal decisions that achieve better safety without increasing costs;
adaptability to new technologies and unique loading situations; and
integration of design and operational decisions.

Although a considerable amount of research has been carried out towards the development of RBDA methods for the onshore pipelines, there are several technology gaps that limit the application of such methods. These include lack of a standardized process to estimate reliability and industry-accepted reliability targets. They also include lack of familiarity of the industry and regulators with the approach. These gaps need to be filled through a research effort to create guidelines for applying reliability-based design and assessment methods and develop appropriate reliability targets that can be used to evaluate the results; and a communication effort to familiarize the industry with the approach and facilitate its incorporation into codes of practice.
L51453 Two-Phase Flow Measurement of Ryckman-Painter System
Authors: Aiken
Published: August 2023

Describes liquid hold-up and pressure drop measurements on four sections of in-situ pipe under production conditions that included parameters of hilly terrain, high liquid through-put, and high pressure.
L51923 Stress Corrosion Crack Depth Measurement Program
Authors: Yunovich
Published: August 2023

To be able to answer each of the questions that an operator faces upon encountering stress corrosion cracking, the following must be achieved:- Accurate depth measurement for near-critical flaws- Accurate depth measurement for sub-critical flaws- Accurate discrimination of inconsequential cracks from cracks that may grow to failure.This program compared the depth measurement accuracy of ten crack-depth measurement technologies using a common set of stress-corrosion crack samples.
L51854 Integrity Assessment Models-Software for Exposed and Unburied Pipelines in River Channels
Authors: Bryndum
Published: August 2023

This guideline and its associated software River-X present a methodology for the assessment of pipeline integrity under hydrodynamic loads and impact loads from floating or moving debris in the river. The software provides a numerical tool with a user-friendly interface for assessing the risk of pipeline failure following the principles outlined in this guideline. The River-X simulates sections of exposed pipeline including the anchoring in the embankment and plastic material behavior for 2 basically different scenarios; an exposed pipeline on/in riverbed and a free spanning pipeline. A quasi-static analysis of the pipeline exposed to the river-flow is carried out in both situations where the main outcome is maximum values of plastic strain, stress, displacement, bending moment and tension. These values are held up against an acceptance criterion. The maximum allowable impact mass of debris moving with the speed of the river current in combination with the hydrodynamic load is determined. Further, if the exposed pipeline is free spanning a fatigue analysis is performed for a given distribution of river discharge over the year. An example of the use of River-X may be found in the user guide.
L41035 Enhanced Interpretation of MFL to Detect SCC-(SEEC) Method Auxiliary Pole Approach
Authors: Weischedel
Published: August 2023

This report deals with a novel and rather unorthodox electromagnetic inspection technique called the Se/f-Excited Eddy Current (SEEC) or Motion Induced Eddy Current (M/EC) method. The SEEC approach promises a surprisingly simple solution for the difficult and long-standing SCC detection, characterization, and discrimination problem.
JPM3HQD Inspecting Neoprene Rubber Splash Zone Coatings for Offshore Risers
Authors: Singh  , McPherson
Published: August 2023

The project assessed Guided Wave Technology (GWT).�Five off pipes were to be set up such that one was a clean control with no defects, and the remaining four marked up with artificial corrosion defects via Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), which was used to create features considered typical of riser/pipeline damage. The pipes also had girth welds and weld neck flanges at each end as reference and calibration markers.
L51787 Fatigue-Based Guideline for Pipeline Storage Facilities
Authors: Wenk  , Elsea
Published: August 2023

To assess the influence of line packing on the long term structural integrity of defected pipelines requires the availability of material property data that characterize the rate at which a flaw will extend under cyclic pressure conditions and the critical conditions at fracture, and a computational tool to perform the calculations needed to predict service lifetimes. The objective of the present work was to make both of these requirements available to gas industry engineers so that they could quickly and efficiently assess different line packing procedures in terms of their effects on the life of a pipeline. Towards these ends, a literature search was performed to identify what fatigue and fracture data were available for pipeline steels under typical service conditions.
L52263 Reliability-based Design and Assessment Guidelines for Onshore Pipelines - A Proposed Standard
Authors: Nessim
Published: August 2023

This is a proposed standard for reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) of onshore natural gas pipelines. The standard is organized into two main sections: requirements and commentary. The requirements section gives an overview of the RBDA process, a definition of applicable limit states and a set of reliability targets that must be met. It also defines requirements related to developing limit state functions, defining probability models for input variables and calculating reliability in order to evaluate it against the targets. The commentary provides background information intended to assist the user in implementing the key steps involved in the methodology. The document may be incorporated as an annex to existing pipeline standards.
L52232 Weld Metal Cooling Rate Prediction of Narrow Groove Pipeline Girth Welds FEA Modeling
Authors: Jung
Published: August 2023

As part of a larger, DoT-sponsored program to develop optimized weld metal chemistries for X80 and X100, a finite-element approach was used to predict weld metal cooling rates and to provide a better understanding of the factors which influence them. The models can then be used to predict how changes in the welding procedure will affect the cooling rates of the weld joints. The changes in the welding procedure can include the joint details, the heat input of the weld as well as the preheating temperature. The predicted cooling rate from the model will be used as input, along with the weld metal chemistries, to predict the weld metal microstructure and mechanical properties of a completed weld. The cooling rate model and microstructure prediction subroutine will aid in the development of optimized welding consumables that will improve the weldability of X80 and X100 pipelines.
L41025A PRCI Research Results on In-Line Inspection Technology Field Tests - Expanded
Authors: Barnes B
Published: August 2023

This report will briefly describe the performance of eddy current and magnetic flux leakage systems and the difficulties that have been recognized as impediments for stress corrosion crack detection on ILI vehicles. In addition, two promising systems, based on electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT's) and piezoelectrics (elastic waves), have emerged from the PRCI research efforts. Results of field testing in Casa Grande, Arizona on an El Paso Natural Gas abandoned pipeline using these systems will be summarized and will show the state of development of both EMAT's and piezoelectrics (elastic waves) in detecting SCC in pipelines when integrated with an ILI inspection vehicle.

Expanded from the public version to include additional data and details.
PR-32-44-R01 Electron Beam Pipe Welding System
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The development of the electron gun, and the construction and testing of the prototype electron beam pipe welding system are discussed in this report.
NR196403 Development of a Pipeline Transient Flow Analog
Authors: Sparks Cecil
Published: August 2023

Describes the development and validation of an analog flow computer for simulating pipeline transient hydraulic effects.
PR-71-55-R01 Pipe Defects Detection Study
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this project is to perform a study to determine the electrical and magnetic characteristics of three types of pipe defects that are in contrast to the surrounding pipe material. These characteristics are hard spots, corrosion spots, and stress cracks. It is also the purpose of the project to develop an electromagnetic method to locate the defect characteristics mentioned in situ. The goal of the present phase of work is to demonstrate in breadboard form the methods which evolve from the investigation.
PR-579-153603-R01 Field Techniques for Determining Corrosion Status
Authors: Worthingham Robert
Published: August 2023

Pipeline personnel are routinely asked to evaluate whether excavated corrosion features are active or inactive. To date, no industry guidance has been developed that can be referenced by field personnel when making this assessment. It is recognized that many factors can influence a corrosion status evaluation and that no method, procedure, or process will provide 100% accuracy. The objective of the project was to build a technically defensible set of methods and procedures to classify corrosion features by anomaly type and status as active, inactive or cannot be determined, based on visual inspection and relatively simple field tools and equipment. Such procedures will bring consistency to the industry and will greatly benefit efforts to establish re-assessment intervals and improve preventive and mitigative measures based on technical procedures. A field manual that will help field personnel identify different types of corrosion scenarios has been developed.
PR-430-123700-R02 Determining Pipe Properties Using ILI Technology
Authors: Mittelstadt Benjamin , Vieth Patrick
Published: August 2023

Pipeline Operators have been advised to be able to show traceable, verifiable, and complete records[1] used to establish Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP). In instances where this standard of due diligence for confirming historical records cannot be met, other methods of confirming integrity and establishing an MAOP need to be applied. A method and guidance for application of In-Line Inspection (ILI) technologies and/or in ditch non-destructive examination approaches for determining pipe properties, allowing operators to use ILI to meet the requirements and guidelines for confirming that the pipe records are traceable, verifiable, and complete, would provide great value to the pipeline industry.

[1] Advisory Bulletin (ADB-12-06) Link to ADB-12-06 at PHMSA.dot.gov
PR-50-94-R01 Development and Evaluation of an LNG Sampling Measurement System
Authors: Richards R. , LaBrecque J.
Published: August 2023

This report describes a LNG sampling project that continued the work previously reported by Parrish et al. The current work extended Parrish's work by expanding the range of some test parameters and by testing different vaporizer designs.
PR-015-17606-R04 Gas Ultrasonic Meter In-Situ Proving
Authors: Hawley Adam
Published: August 2023

This project provided a proof of concept for an in-situ proving method for ultrasonic flow meters in natural gas service. The tested method consisted of simultaneously injecting helium in two locations upstream from an ultrasonic flow meter at a known distance apart. The results from this project showed the tested method was successful in determining the gas velocity through an ultrasonic flow meter to within �7%. The conclusions of this study included recommendations for future optimization of the in-situ proving method to reduce the overall uncertainty.
PR-306-17600-Z02 Gas Quality Benchmark Manufacturers Survey PII
Authors: LOUVAT Am�lie
Published: August 2023

Twenty manufacturers participated to the Gas Quality Benchmark. Answers were given for 15 out of 16 compounds or categories of compounds. Only for "biological agents", no answer was collected. The answers are technical responses from the market to cover the needs and specifications expressed by the gas operators (in Phase 1). Eighteen analyzers were identified as multicomponents analyzers. These analyzers are able to measure from two up to eleven components. Most of them are designed for natural gas analysis. Some manufacturers proposed multicomponents analyzers which are develop for industrial gas, gas purity control and air quality. Thank to this study, a list a potential analyzer of interest are now available. Some of these analyzers could be tested in the near future to validate the analytical performances and confirm the adequacy to the gas industry needs.

Also contains contact information to the suppliers, available data sheets, and summary information.
PR-306-143732-R01 Adv Material Charact of Dent and Gouge Samples Imprvd Strain Eval
Authors: Soret Clement , Bonnaudet Melissandre , Zarea Mures
Published: August 2023

This report provides a more accurate micro-hardness vs. strain correlation based on the larger strains achievable with interrupted tensile tests on notched specimens from two modern steels des-ignated as Pipe #1 and Pipe #2 and two vintage steels designated as Pipe #3 and Pipe #4. These pipes were used to evaluate the mechanical strength of dent and gouge defects in PRCI projects MD-4-1, MD-4-6 and DOT #339. Interrupted tensile tests were performed on specimens with dif-ferent geometries, which allowed to identify accurate parameters for a constitutive mechanical be-havior law that represents both pipe materials. Then FE numerical simulation was used to determine plastic strains levels from diameter reduction of the specimens observed during interrupted tensile tests.
PR-309-15209-R01 Evaluation of NSCR Specific Models for Use in CEPM
Authors: Beshouri Greg , Goffin Bob
Published: August 2023

This 2015 NSCR project continues NSCR research started in 2009 and continued in 2011 under ERLE 2c and combines it with OBD research started in 2008 and continued in 2011. The 2009 NSCR research concluded that downstream measurement of lambda, O2 and NOx are useful for understanding performance of the entire package and evaluating compliance status and diagnosing system problems. However, that research also concluded that advanced signal conditioning and algorithms are required for unambiguous diagnostics. It also concluded system diagnostics was complex and beyond the capabilities of typical technicians. The 2011 OBD project demonstrated that a model-based diagnostics approach could precisely detect and diagnose typical combustion faults on lean burn engines. This 2015 project will specifically test and demonstrate the effectiveness of model based NSCR diagnostics using upstream and downstream exhaust sensors and other typical sensor inputs.
PR-624-173901-R01 Human Organizational Factors in Pipeline Incidents
Authors: Bullemer Peter , Reising Dal Vernon
Published: August 2023

The overall purpose of this project was to extend our understanding of the impact of human and organizational factors (HOF) on pipeline process safety incidents. Six pipeline incident reports were systematically analyzed using a two-phased approach developed in the Abnormal Situation Management (ASM�) Consortium research program [1]. The first phase of the incident analysis approach used the TapRoot methodology [2] to chart the event sequence, identify contributing factors including organizational practice failures, and identifying root causes of the organizational practice failures. The second phase of the analysis characterized the organizational failures as Common Failure Modes based on the HCS Effective Operations Practices and the specific expression of the root causes in terms of Common Root Cause Manifestations based on the Dirty Dozen human factors taxonomy [3]. The Dirty Dozen taxonomy of human factors was found to have the potential to provide a tractable root cause framework for human and organizational factors. Specific limitations of the Dirty Dozen taxonomy as a HOF framework are discussed.

This report has a related webinar.