bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and optimization of virus neutralization test in chicken embryonated eggs for indirect identification of avian influenza and Newcastle disease virus
Authors: Anwar Huma , Mehmood Muhammad Danish , Noreen Sana , Ismail Muhammad , Hussain Sajjad
Published: January 2019

Avian viral problems have been consistently reported in commercial poultry of Pakistan causing heavy economic losses to the poultry farmers. Authentic idenfication and confirmation of the causative agent is always been question mark for the selection of vaccinal strain in this regard. Current study was therefore undertaken to optimize the virus neutralization test for the serological survey of vaccinated poultry particularly for avian influenza virus’s subtypes and Newcastle disease virus. Various physiochemical factors such as concentration of antigen and antibody, Incubation temperature and incubation period for in vitro and in-vivo reaction of antigen and antibody were optimized in chicken embryonated eggs. Serum samples were obtained from vaccinated breeder birds of five commercial poultry breeder companies and subjected for VNT using different concentration of three antigen and their respective homologous antibodies under optimized conditions. AIV H9 (EID50-1×109.0/ml) and NDV (EID50-1×108.2/ml) having biological titer of 10-7 /50ul  HA units were neutralize with 10-2/50ul HIU of antibody and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes was injected subsequently into 10 day old chicken embryo followed by incubation at 37°C for 38 hours showed ≥90% neutralizing specificity. Furthermore, sera obtained from five AIV-H9, AIV-H5 and NDV exposed commercial poultry farms revealed that Big bird broiler, Big bird breeders and A&S chicks are 100% sensitive and specific whereas, Gateway chicks and Waqas poultry breeders showed 100% homology for AIV-H5 virus but do not confers similarity with prevailing AIV-H9 and NDV field strains. Therefore, high sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity VNT, it could be a tool for indirect detection of homology between vaccinal strain and wild virus antigen using known antisera. Particularly, for those organisms possess natural ability to mutate in the adverse climatic conditions.

Keywords: Virus neutralization test, Avian Influenza Virus, Newcastle Disease Virus, Sensitivity, Specificity
Development and optimization of orodispersible tablets using solid dispersion of Telmisartan
Authors: JOSHI RAMAKANT , AKRAM WASIM , Garud Navneet , Dubey Ashutosh , Bhadkariya Santosh
Published: January 2019

The present study aimed towards the development of active delivery system for management of hypertension. The Orodispersible tablets (ODTs) containing Telmisartan was developed in order to accomplish enhanced solubility leading to better bioavailability profile. Different ratios, of Telmisartan and PEG 6000 i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 were selected for the formulation of ODT system. A batch process was adopted for the preparation of solid dispersion with each combination of drug and polymer and the finally compressed as tablets by direct compression technique. For the preformulation perspective materials were scrutinized on the basis of solubility profile, drug content, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug polymer ratio 1:4 was selected for further compression process. The prepared batches of ODTs were characterized for micromeritic study, thickness, hardness, weight variation, wetting time, disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release profile. The evaluation data for all batches was satisfactory out of them formulation TF3 containing 6% kyron T-314 showed the best results with a value of 29.3 sec and 24.1 sec for wetting and disintegration, respectively. This formulation showed superior drug release of 99.93% over a period of 30 minutes.
FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TOPICAL NANO EMULGEL OF TERBINAFINE
Authors: Paliwal Sonia , Kaur Gurleen
Published: January 2019

Terbinafine is a broad spectrum antifungal drug. The aim of present study was to develop topical nano emulgel of terbinafine using carbopol 934 as a gelling agent. The objective behind the formulation was to avoid dosing frequency and to increase the stability and bioavailability by avoiding the first pass metabolism. The formulations were prepared by using oleic acid, carbopol 934, span 20, propylene glycol in different ratios and analyzed by pseudo tertiary phase diagram. All the five prepared nano emulgel formulations have shown satisfactory physiochemical properties. The stability and particle size is been determined by zeta potential. The highest drug release 82.38 %was found in formulations of batch F4, which follows non-fickian mechanism. The studies showed that changing the concentration of oil, surfactant, co surfactant and double distilled water as aqueous phase has an impact on the behavior and thermodynamic stability of the nanoemulsion. Study concludes that of Terbinafine can be deliverered effectively by nano emulgel  formulations.
USE OF ADSORPTION OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR IN MEDICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Vlasenko P. O. , Seryakov D. N.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the use of pure oxygen in medicine. In a comparative vein, the main ways of providing medical and prophylactic institutions with oxygen are considered, information on the requirements for modern equipment of specialized medical facilities and departments is provided. Those problematic aspects of a fatigue, which are regularly encountered by the heads of medical institutions, are highlighted, taking into account many factors that were not taken into account when the well-established work of the centralized supply of medical oxygen (climate, the transport component, the economic issue, the situation with competent technical personnel, document flow work in supervising institutions, etc.). The regulatory frameworks on the arrangement of various oxygen supply systems are presented. Information on safety requirements when working with liquid and gaseous oxygen in vessels under pressure is provided. With reference to the regulatory documentation, the point of view is stated that, taking into account modern economic and economic aspects, in a number of medical institutions, in addition to the traditional-cryogenic method of obtaining medical oxygen, a short-cycle adsorption without heat is very often an expedient method of obtaining oxygen. This absorption allows to produce pure gas with relatively low pressure and ambient temperature directly at the place of the gas consumption. The method of non-heating absorption is described, and information on design of the installation for the production of oxygen is given in detail. The technical characteristics of various types of oxygen concentrators of various production capacities are given.
AS FILOSOFIAS NEGRO AFRICANAS COMO ARQUIPÉLAGOS DE LIBERTAÇÃO
Authors: Ferreira Luis Carlos , De Oliveira Eduardo David
Published: January 2019

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o arquipélago da libertação como umas das chaves de leituras das filosofias negro africanas, neste caso específico, com o recorte da filosofia do moçambicano Severino Elias Ngoenha, desde a leitura do “Paradigma liberdade” em diálogo com a perspectiva do pensamento do arquipélago em diálogo com o martinicano Édouard Glissant.

Palavras chave: Filosofias negro africanas; Arquipélago da libertação; Paradigma liberdade; Paisagem.
O sacrifício do corpo: Categorias de conhecimento sobre o cabelo crespo que transitam entre o Brasil e Moçambique
Authors: Da Costa Cruz Denise Ferreira
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo e uma reflexão sobre as categorias que são acionadas por mulheres negras e mestiças no Brasil e em Moçambique para qualificarem seus corpos, mais especificamente seus cabelos.

Palavras-chave: Corpo.; Brasil; Moçambique
Intelligent query processing in P2P networks: Semantic issues and routing algorithms
Authors: Nicolini A.L. , Lorenzetti C.M. , Maguitman A.G. , Chesñevar C.I.
Published: January 2019

P2P networks have become a commonly used way of disseminating content on the Internet. In this context, constructing efficient and distributed P2P routing algorithms for complex environments that include a huge number of distributed nodes with different computing and network capabilities is a major challenge. In the last years, query routing algorithms have evolved by taking into account different features (provenance, nodes? history, topic similarity, etc.). Such features are usually stored in auxiliary data structures (tables, matrices, etc.), which provide an extra knowledge engineering layer on top of the network, resulting in an added semantic value for specifying algorithms for efficient query routing. This article examines the main existing algorithms for query routing in unstructured P2P networks in which semantic aspects play a major role. A general comparative analysis is included, associated with a taxonomy of P2P networks based on their degree of decentralization and the different approaches adopted to exploit the available semantic aspects.
Production of brown inorganic pigments with spinel structure using spent zinc-carbon batteries
Authors: Rodrigues Fiuza , Göttert Daiane , Pereira Laura , Masetto Antunes , Chaves de , Celso Antunes , Ferreira de
Published: January 2019

In recent years, there has been an increase in the production of zinc-carbon
batteries to fulfil the demand for portable energy. This has led to an
increase in the spent batteries disposal, which can cause environmental
problems. In this study, inorganic brown pigments were produced using
electrode materials from spent zinccarbon batteries with the aim of
recycling this residue as it is toxic to the environment and human health
when disposed incorrectly. The pigments were produced by the solid state
reaction between the oxides mixtures from spent batteries and chromium oxide
and heat treated at 1200?C for two hours. The produced pigments were stable
and showed good colour and opacity when applied to ceramic pieces at a
decorative burning temperature (850?C). At 1050?C, only the ZMC100 sample
(with initial composition having ZnMn2O4 : Cr2O3 molar ratio of 1:1)
showed stability. A good result was obtained when the produced samples were
compared with the standards produced by solid-state reaction of the pure
commercial oxides. The compounds produced during battery discharge, favoured
the formation of ZnMn2O4 with higher purity at low temperatures. Hence, the
pigment produced using dry electrode materials as a precursor was more
crystalline than the synthetic sample obtained under the same conditions.
Preparation of TiO2 and ZnO dispersions for inkjet printing of flexible sensing devices
Authors: Omerovic Nejra , Radovic Marko , Savic Slavica , Katona Jaroslav
Published: January 2019

Research presented in this article focuses on the preparation of functional
dispersions for inkjet printing of nanoparticles as sensitive layers. The
stable suspensions of MOx(M = Ti, Zn) were prepared using gum arabic (GA)
and Solsperse? 40000 (SO) as dispersants. A special attention was paid to
the monitoring of particle size evolution during the planetary ball milling
of dispersions, so that optimum ratio between milling time and particle size
can be determined. After adjusting the printing parameters, prepared inks
were printed on the flexible PET substrate with interdigitated electrodes
(IDE). Films printed with TiO2 ink stabilized by GA exhibited highly cracked
surface which resulted in low current values, whereas ZnOink stabilized by
SO yielded crack-free surface and much higher current values. All
investigated samples showed linear current behaviour in the range from -5 to
5 V, indicating formation of ohmic contacts between electrodes and
nanoparticles, but ZnO ink produced the highest current values. Gas sensing
properties, tested at room temperature at several humidity levels and for
different types of alcohols, revealed that printed sensor exhibits modest
sensitivity for low humidity levels and slightly higher affinity towards
methanol gas. Photo sensitivity measurement showed very high photocurrent
values with strong potential for optoelectronic applications.
Structure and electrical properties of (Bi,Na)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Mg1/3Nb2/3)xO3 ceramics
Authors: Prasad Ashutosh , Mishra Ranjan , Chandra Kumar , Prasad Kamal
Published: January 2019

In this work the effect of pseudo-cation (Mg2+ 1/3Nb5+ 2/3)4+ addition on
Ti-site of (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.94Ba0.06TiO3 ceramics, having general formula
(Bi,Na)0.94Ba0.06Ti1-x(Mg1/3Nb2/3)xO3 (0 ? x ? 1), on their structural and
electrical properties was investigated. These compounds were prepared using
a standard high temperature solid-state reaction technique and characterized
by structural, microstructural, impedance, and conductivity studies. The
sintered ceramics are almost phase-pure perovskite materials showing high
bulk densities (>95%TD), uniform microstructure and satisfactory impedance
properties in all the samples. Besides, an attempt has been made to
ascertain the role of grains and grain boundaries on the electrical
properties of these solid solutions and their dependence on the temperature
and frequency, using complex impedance spectroscopy technique. The obtained
data analysed in the framework of AC conductivity, complex impedance as well
as electric modulus formalisms indicate on dominant negative temperature
coefficient of resistance (NTCR) character of the materials due to the
contribution of semiconducting grains. Further, the dielectric relaxation in
the material was seen to be of non-Debye type.
Socialización, edad y calificaciones en estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales / Socialization, Age and Grades in Students with Special Educational Needs
Authors: Pérez Aranda Gabriela Isabel , Gracia Rejón Yesenia Margarita , Estrada Carmona Sinuhé
Published: January 2019

El presente estudio consistió en analizar la relación entre la edad, las calificaciones y la socialización de estudiantes con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE) pertenecientes a una telesecundaria. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo se utilizaron las baterías de socialización BAS-1 (maestros), BAS-2 (padres) y BAS-3 (estudiantes). Estas se aplicaron en una telesecundaria de San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, con una muestra de 25 alumnos con NEE, 25 padres de familia y/o tutores y tres docentes titulares, cada uno de ellos encargado de un grado distinto. En cuanto al análisis de los resultados, se recurrió a la prueba estadística de correlación. Como parte de los resultados se encontraron correlaciones significativas (p < .05 y p < .01) entre la mayoría de las escalas y dimensiones en la versión para maestros y solo algunas en las otras dos versiones; al igual que algunas correlaciones significativas entre las versiones. Entre las escalas y dimensiones de la batería de socialización con la edad y las calificaciones hay un mayor número de correlaciones, en ambos casos, con la versión de maestros.
Food Allergy Readiness and Anaphylaxis Management in Early Childhood Education and Care in Western Australia
Authors: Jacobsen Karina Hammershaimb , Sambell Ros , Devine Amanda , Vale Sandra
Published: January 2019

WITH THE INCREASE IN prevalence of food allergy (FA) in young children, early childhood education and care (ECEC) providers are likely to have more enrolments of children who are at risk of anaphylaxis. This study examines the status of FA management in ECEC, and assesses the services’ current readiness to prevent and manage FA. A cross-sectional study comprising an online survey with multiple-choice and open-ended questions was conducted with 53 long day care services in Western Australia. Among the respondents, 83 per cent of services had at least one child enrolled with FA, 96 per cent had an FA policy, and 91 per cent required staff to undertake anaphylaxis training. A high level of self-reported confidence and skills were demonstrated; however, gaps were identified in risk-minimisation knowledge, use of adrenaline (epinephrine) autoinjectors and available resources. Extensive promotion of available resources will help improve compliance with anaphylaxis guidelines.
UNITY AND IDENTITY IN EVANGELICALISM AND PROSPECTS FOR BRIDGE BUILDING WITH THE ORTHODOX CHURCH
Authors: WOODS Paul
Published: January 2019

This paper reflects on unity and identity within evangelicalism, briefly tracing the development of the movement within Protestantism before sketching its current situation. From the very beginning of Protestantism, concepts such as authority, scripture, and church, and their relations to individual believers have been complex. Five hundred years after the Reformation, the unity of the movement has come under increasing strain. Evangelicals have been buffeted by the modernist influence of the Fundamentalist-Liberal controversy in the United States, the advent of postmodernity, and a developing sense of unease within, although their numerical strength and global representation have continued to increase. Current issues facing evangelicalism include authority in the church, relations with political causes, and relevance to our pluralistic modern world; responses to such challenges reflect the internal diversity of the movement. Earlier identity markers of adherence to scripture and doctrinally-based exclusivism have begun to fade as evangelicalism has become more fragmented and with the rise of newer, more Spirit-oriented subgroups. The paper introduces positive trends emerging in some parts of the evangelical movement due to internal angst, secularisation, and the holistic understanding of faith associated with the Lausanne Movement. Evangelicals now show increased openness to social involvement, learning from other Christian traditions, and cooperation in mission endeavours. The final section explores the potential for bridge building between evangelicalism and the Orthodox Church, framed by ideas from Gerard Hughes and Friedrich Schleiermacher. Although the paper can only credibly examine the evangelical end of the bridge, it is hoped that the general insights may benefit bridge builders at the Orthodox end also.
Penerapan Model Harga Opsi Black-Scholes dalam Penetapan Premi Asuransi Jiwa Berjangka Unit Link
Authors: Annisa Felfin Ulfah , Riaman - , Subartini Betty
Published: January 2019

Asuransi merupakan salah satu lembaga yang memiliki peran penting dalam kehidupan manusia karena disetiap waktu selalu ada resiko yang tidak bisa dihindari, termasuk kematian. Untuk mengantisipasi akibat setelah terjadinya resiko tersebut diperlukan suatu jaminan untuk biaya kehidupan selanjutnya, maka asuransi jiwa adalah pilihan yang tepat. Salah satunya adalah asuransi jiwa berjangka unit link yang merupakan produk asuransi yang menggabungkan fungsi proteksi dan fungsi investasi. Nilai manfaat yang diberikan oleh asuransi unit link bergantung pada nilai aset yang digunakan sebagai instrumen investasi. Dalam skripsi ini dibahas penerapan model Black-Scholes dalam penetapan premi asuransi jiwa berjangka unit link baik tanpa garansi maupun dengan garansi. Hasil simulasi numerik menunjukkan bahwa premi asuransi jiwa berjangka unit link dengan garansi lebih besar dibandingkan dengan premi asuransi jiwa berjangka unit link tanpa garansi. Kata kunci:
SELF-MANAGEMENT DAN DUKUNGAN KELUARGA PADA LANJUT USIA DENGAN PENYAKIT KRONIS
Authors: Ilmi Ani Auli , Fatimah Nurul , Patima Patima
Published: January 2019

Chronic illness is a long-term health disorder and cannot be cured without definitive treatment, requires lifelong support and care. In the elderly there is a decline in cells due to the aging process which can cause various diseases including chronic diseases. Chronic illness Not only causes pain, death, and physical disability of sufferers, but also a long treatment procedure can cause sufferers to experience psychological stress and feel hopeless. So that good family support is needed which can further improve good self-management in patients. Therefore, the authors are interested in conducting a literature study to determine the effect of self-management and family support on age and chronic illness. This type of writing is a literature review using Google Scholar and Garuda Portal. Then after the identification, screening and feasibility process, there are 4 national literature, 2 international literature and 1 text book that fits the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the seventh literature, it can be concluded that there is a positive influence on self-management and family support on the handling of the elderly with chronic diseases. Both are interconnected, clients with chronic diseases can trust and use self-management well when they get support from a good family. Therefore elderly people with chronic diseases and families are expected to be able to apply this to be one of the actions in dealing with chronic diseases.
Acquired aplastic anemia in children in republic of Belarus in the period after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
Authors: Kugeiko T. B. , Budanov O. I. , Cheshik A. A. , Nadyrov E. A.
Published: January 2019

It presents the results of an epidemiological study of acquired aplastic anemia in children (0–17 years) in the Republic of Belarus for the period 1990–2015, taking into account the condition of the patient's residence area after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident. Тhere are 118 districts in the Republic of Belarus, from them 49 are the affected areas and 21 of this 49 are the most affected. A severe incidence rate was 0.317 ± 0.071 per 100 000 children in the areas most affected by the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, while in unaffected areas it was 0.217 ± 0.025 per 100 000 children (p > 0.05). The incidence of boys, regardless of the condition of the territory, was always higher than the incidence of girls living in the same territories. So a severe incidence rate of boys was 0.260 ± 0.027 per 100 000, a severe intensive incidence rate of girls – 0.187 ± 0.025 per 100 000 (p < 0.05). For the affected areas these rates were 0.304 ± 0.051 per 100 000 and 0.175 ± 0.040 per 100 000 respectively (p < 0.05). For the most affected – 0.402 ± 0.112 per 100,000 and 0.228 ± 0.086 (p > 0.05). The obtained data showed the uneven distribution of acquired aplastic anemia in the population, depending on sex and the condition of the territory. These data are planned to be taken into account in the course of further work during analysis the results of treatment.
Hhe results of different antibodies application for CD1a expression evaluation in pediatric t-lineage all
Authors: Aksenova A. S. , Illarionova O. I. , Litvinov D. V. , Kashpor S. A. , Popov A. M.
Published: January 2019

CD1a antigen expression is an important prognostic factor in T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), thus standardized approach for this antigen expression detection is crucial for multicenter trials. The use of different antibodies in laboratories could lead to wrong decisions for patients management. The aim of the present study was to analyze the results of flow cytometric bone marrow investigation in children with T-ALL using different CD1a-directed antibodies. The bone marrow samples from 31 children (8 girls and 23 boys) with T-ALL aged from 1 to 16 years (median age 7) were studied by multicolor flow cytometry including two different antibodies against CD1a (BL6 и SK9). There were no significant differences in the immunophenotyping results. However, the CD1a-positivity of tumor cell population was visible in the dot plot better when BL6 antibody was used. In addition, two patients with discordant CD1a expression data were founded. Therefore, we antibody BL6 was recommended for routine T-ALL immunophenotyping.
Biochemical Responses of Shoot and Root Tissues of Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) to NaCl-Salt Stress Under İn Vitro Conditions
Authors: Beyaz Ramazan
Published: January 2019

Sainfoin (Fabaceae) is one of the most critical animal forage crops. However, the tolerance of sainfoin is low against to salinity. This study aims to investigate biochemical responses of the shoot and root tissue of sainfoin seedlings to moderate salt stress under in vitro conditions. For this aim, the seed of sainfoin were sown MS medium containing 100 mM NaCl. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX, and GR), proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in shoot and root tissue of 35-day-old seedlings of sainfoin. A significantly higher constitutive catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in shoot tissues when compared to root tissues. Overall, salt stress caused significant more enhancement in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX, and GR) in shoot tissues than root tissue. On the other hand, among the antioxidant enzymes, SOD seems to be more active in both tissues of sainfoin. Interestingly, the activity of GR reduced in both tissue under salt stress. The content of proline and MDA has been increased under salt stress and this increase has been more in the root tissue. This study has revealed biochemical responses to salt stress in different organs of sainfoin.
Research on Nutrition and Dietetic Undergraduates in Terms of Their Information Level and Views About Genetically Modified Organisms
Authors: Yıkmış Seydi , Çöl Başak Gökçe
Published: January 2019

This study aims to investigate the views and awareness level of nutrition and dietetics undergraduates about genetically modified organisms (GMO). A total of 228 university students participated in the research (130 female, 98 male students). During data collection, 8 open-ended questions and attitude scale questionnaire (30 questions) were applied in order to determine the demographic features and GMO knowledge of students. Students‘ replies to questions; “Do you think GMO technology is beneficial or harmful? If it's beneficial, why? If it is harmful, why?” 76.8% stated that they found it harmful. To the question, “if it is harmful why?” students replied, “they cause cancer”. There is a statistical difference between the answers of first and third-year students. To the question, “have you heard about the precautions that were taken by the ministry? If yes, do you think they are sufficient?” 76.80% students stated that they were not aware of the precautions that were taken by the ministry. 53 participants replied to this question as “I have an idea about this.” But to the question “Is it sufficient?” they stated that they are not sure about it. There is a statistical difference between graduates of Vocational High School and Anatolian High School. In this assessment, it was seen that the basic knowledge of students about GMO is enough, but they experience confusion. Most of the students believe that GMO technology is harmful and has some conceptual errors. Positive and negative sides of GMO technology should be expressed clearly. It was concluded that course curriculums should include topics that will increase knowledge and awareness related to GMOs. Additionally, courses can be given selectively in the field of biotechnology so that confusion about GMO‘s can be eliminated.
Fertigasyon ve Mikoriza Uygulamalarının Tarla Koşullarında Biber Bitkisinin (Capsicum annum L.) Verimine ve Besin Elementleri Alımına Etkileri
Authors: Demirbaş Ahmet , Kaya Zülküf , Akpınar Çağdaş , Ortaş İbrahim
Published: January 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, fertigasyon uygulamalarında farklı gübreleme zamanlarının (her sulamada gübre: H.S.G., her ikinci sulamada gübre: H.İ.S.G., her üçüncü sulamada gübre: H.Ü.S.G.) ve mikoriza uygulamalarının biber bitkisinin verimine ve besin elementleri alımına olan etkilerini araştırmaktır. Araştırma Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü‘ne ait araştırma ve deneme alanında, tarla koşullarında, iki yıl süreyle ve üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada fertigasyon uygulaması geleneksel yöntem ile karşılaştırmalı olarak yapılmış, test bitkisi olarak biber ve mikoriza türü olarak Glomus caledonium kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada biber bitkisinin verimi ile yaprakların azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), mangan (Mn) ve bakır (Cu) konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, birinci yılda en yüksek verimin fosfor uygulanmış ve mikoriza aşılanmış her ikinci sulamada gübre uygulamasından elde edildiğini ortaya koymuştur (2809 kg/da). İkinci yılda ise, 2113 kg/da ile fosfor uygulanmayan mikoriza aşılanmış bitkilerde her sulamada gübre uygulamasında belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, her sulamada gübre uygulaması diğer uygulamalarla karşılaştırıldığında, biber bitkisinin P konsantrasyonunu önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Araştırmada genel olarak, mikoriza aşılanmış bitkilerin aşılanmamış bitkilerden daha yüksek verim ve besin elementi alımına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.
ANALISIS PROGRAM PENYULUHAN, SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PADA OPTIMALISASI IB DAN SARANA PRASARANA PERLUASAN LAHAN HMT TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI SAPI POTONG DI KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO
Authors: Kusuma Dewi Niken Dyah Ayu , Rizal - , Subagja Hariadi
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) menganalisis pengaruh program penyuluhan terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso, 2) menganalisis pengaruh sumber daya manusiaÂ  pada optimalisasi IB terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso, 3) menganalisis pengaruh sarana prasarana perluasan lahan HMT terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso. Populasi yang dalam penelitian ini adalah petani sapi potong yang berjumlah 250 orang di Kabupaten Bondowoso. Penelitian ini menggunakan ukuran sampel 160 orang. Metode analisis data menggunakan Structural Equation Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan program penyuluhan berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso. Sumber daya manusia Optimalisasi IB (Inseminasi Buatan) berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso. Sarana prasarana perluasan lahan HMT (Hijauan Makanan Ternak) tidak berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap peningkatan produksi sapi potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso.
Analisis Pendapatan Usaha Ayam Broiler pada Pola dan Skala Yang Berbeda di Peternakan Rakyat Kabupaten Lumajang
Authors: Nursandhi Gilang , Subagja Hariadi , Suryadi Ujang
Published: January 2019

This research aims to analyze the difference in the level of revenues savor independent patterns and patterns of partnership at different scales, analyze business patterns and scale venture capable of producing the most income levels are high, analyze the relationship between the pattern and scale of effort against the income level, as well as to analyze the influence of factors of production costs against revenue level savor in Lumajang. Research conducted from 1 July until 31 September 2017 using data at one time production period. Sampling determined deliberately by grouping the respondents based on a combination of the pattern of independent business and partnerships, as well as household business scale, small, and medium. The population that used as many as 60 breeders consisting of 10 samples in each group of a combination of patterns and business scale. Data analysis is an analysis of income and multiple linear regression analysis. Bound variables in this study are the level of revenues savor (Y), with free variables that comprise the cost of day-old chick (X1), feed (X2), vaccines, medications, vitamins, and disinfectants (X3), laborer (X4), preparation cost of enclosure and fuel (X5), electricity (X6), depreciation cost of enclosure and equipment (X7), and the pattern of effort selected breeders (D) to run his business. The results of the analysis showed that the level of income breeders partnership is higher than a standalone pattern breeder (3.169 rupiahs > 2.801 rupiahs), whereas small-scale dairy farmers income levels greater than large-scale ranchers and scale house appliances (3.926 rupiahs > 2.564 rupiahs > 2.466 rupiahs). Combinations of patterns of partnership with small-scale yielding the highest income levels compared to the pattern and scale of other businesses. Multiple linear regression analysis results on F test shows that that simultaneously throughout the free variables (X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, and D) effect significantly to the variable (Y). Results on t-test showed that partially variables X1, X2, X3, X4, X7 and influential significantly to variable Y, whereas the variable X5, X6, and D do not affect significantly to the variable Y.Keywords : Income level, Business pattern, and Business scale.
Elements of Environmental Ethics in Ancient Greek Philosophy
Authors: Chemhuru Munamato
Published: January 2019

In this article, I consider how ancient Greek philosophical thinking might be approached differently if the environmental ethical import that is salient in it is critically considered. After pointing out how environmental ethics is generally construed in much of the discourse on current philosophical thinking, I spell out some unexplored elements of anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric environmental ethical thinking that are implicit in ancient Greek philosophy. I seek to critically challenge some common notions in Western environmentalism that take environmental ethics as a fairly new discourse of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Ultimately, I suggest that ancient Greek philosophical thinking ought to be judiciously interpreted from an environmental-ethical perspective. Overall, I critically interrogate elements of both anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric environmentalism in ancient Greek thinking, with the intention to examine the contribution of ancient Greek philosophy to environmental ethical thinking.
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE EYES OF THE WEST
Authors: Etieyibo Edwin
Published: January 2019

In this paper I unpack some nuanced aspects of cultural imperialism against the backdrop of Du Boisâ€™s analysis in The souls of black folk, dealing with the confrontation of African Americans or blacks by the other (the West). My aim is to gesture towards how certain ways of doing African philosophy can be considered culturally imperialistic. I seek to illustrate one culturally imperialistic way of doing African philosophy by discussing Thaddeus Metzâ€™s brilliant presentation of Ubuntu as an African moral theory. My motivation is to suggest along the way that his version of an Ubuntu-inspired moral theory seems to me a paradigmatic case of one such way
AFRICAN ETHICS AND PARTIALITY
Authors: Molefe Motsamai
Published: January 2019

This article explores the question whether African ethics is best captured in terms of partiality or impartiality. I take one influential instance of a defence of impartiality in the African tradition, sympathetic impartiality, by Kwasi Wiredu, and I use it as a foil to represent African ethics. I argue that impartiality, as represented by Wiredu, fails to cohere with moral intuitions characteristic of African moral thought, namely: the high prize usually accorded to the family, veneration of ancestors and the notion of personhood. I merely touch on the first two intuitions; I base my argument largely on the normative concept of personhood that is considered to be definitive of African moral thought.
Being Gay and African: A View from an African Philosopher
Authors: Matolino Bernard
Published: January 2019

In recent times there has been an upsurge in the rejection of gay orientation. A number of African countries have openly legislated against homosexual acts to undergird the belief that such orientation is alien to being African. The vitriol directed at gay people does not make much sense apart from displaying either a deep-seated resentment for the persons or their orientation. What seems valuable and worth of engagement is the claim that being gay or upholding same-sex orientation, is essentially un-African. By setting up a charitable interpretation of what opponents of same-sex relations could possibly take African reality to be, I chart a way that seeks to establish whether their interpretation of that reality is philosophically sound. What could be the basis of objections to homosexuality? What values do they articulate? Crucial to this consideration is the idea of harm. While societies are entitled to protecting themselves (through legislation and other actions if need be) from threats both from within and without, are there good grounds to think that same-sex practices pose an authentic form of harm to warrant taking the steps that some African nations have taken against their gay citizens?
Voltaire's Satirical Catechisms: Secular Confessionalism
Authors: Venter J J Ponti
Published: January 2019

This article is the second in a series, focusing on middle Modern secularist documents entitled "catechism" or "confession"; intending to understand this peculiar phenomenon. Here I am trying to disclose the format and contents of five catechisms published by Voltaire (in the 1760s) and to link this to the idea of catechisms and confessions as discussed in another article. Voltaire apparently initiated the writing of secular catechisms. Catechisms are preparatory confessions of religious commitment to true doctrine and associated lifestyles to be confessed to and lived by. Voltaire chose the format of a catechism for satirical, dialogical attacks on intolerance, superstition, and irrational beliefs; also to express his own faith in a universal supreme being, the god of a rational civil society controlled by a totalitarian philosophical government, a rational soul that is immortal (and will receive reward or punishment in an afterlife), a life of honest work, justice, dignity, under "natural law"—the commandment of love inscribed a priori in the hearts of all humankind. The catechisms expressed a substitute religion, a confessional faith in scientific and practical reason, within a liberal, enlightened, totalitarian civil society—a Modern cultic replacement for Christianity combining Classical ideas with a Modern philosophy of power.
The African Origins of Greek Philosophy: Ancient Egypt in Retrospect
Authors: Anakwue Nicholas Chukwudike
Published: January 2019

The demand of philosophising in Africa has faced a history of criticism that has been particularly Eurocentric and strongly biased. However, that trend is changing with the emergence of core philosophical thinking in Africa. This paper is an attempt to articulate a singular issue in this evolutionâ€”the originality of African philosophy, through Ancient Egypt and its influence on Greek philosophy. The paper sets about this task by first exposing the historical debate on the early beginnings of the philosophical enterprise, with a view to establishing the possibility of philosophical influences in Africa. It then goes ahead to posit the three hypotheses that link Greek philosophy to have developed from the cultural materiality of Ancient Egypt, and the Eurocentric travesty of history in recognising influences of philosophy as from Europe alone, apart from Egypt.
A Defence of Moderate Communitarianism: A Place of Rights in African Moral-Political Thought
Authors: Molefe Motsamai
Published: January 2019

This article attempts to defend Kwame Gyekyeâ€™s moderate communitarianism (MC) from the trenchant criticism that it is as defective as radical communitarianism (RC) since they both fail to take rights seriously. As part of my response, I raise two critical questions. Firstly, I question the supposition in the literature that there is such a thing as radical communitarianism. I point out that talk of radical communitarianism is tantamount to attacking a â€œstraw-man.â€ Secondly, I question the efficacy of the criticism that MC does not take rights seriously, given that there is no account of what it means to take rights seriously in the African tradition. This criticism, insofar as it does not specify a criterion of what it means to take rights seriously, remains defective. The central contribution of this article is to call our attention to the fact that the intellectual culture of rights will surely be affected by Afro-communitarianism, which emphasises our duties to all.Â
Spinoza and Cinematic Beatitude in Perrin and Cluzaudâ€™s Les Saisons (2015)
Authors: Konik Adrian
Published: January 2019

This article advances Jacques Perrin and Jacques Cluzaudâ€™s nature documentary Les Saisons (2015) as a film that, on account of its nuanced folding of what Gilles Deleuze calls movement- and time-images, presents an audio-visual scaffolding pointing beyond itself to the beatitude defined by Benedict Spinoza in terms of the third kind of intuitive knowledge. In this regard, the relationship between Spinozaâ€™s philosophy and the theorisations of Gilles Deleuze and FÃ©lix Guattari is elaborated upon, before the connections between Spinozaâ€™s three kinds of knowledge and Deleuzeâ€™s Cinema 1: The Movement-Image and Cinema 2: The Time-Image, are thematised. Thereafter, it is argued that Perrin and Cluzaudâ€™s Les Saisons constitutes a film that both reflects creative variants of Deleuzeâ€™s movement- and time-images, and folds them into each other in a way that points toward intuitions of Spinozan beatitude.Â
Parsing "Decolonisation"
Authors: Olivier Bert
Published: January 2019

This article addresses the fraught question of "decolonisation" at South African universities' what does it mean when students and some academic staff members call for the decolonisation of the curriculum? The issue of legitimate participation in the debate is raised, as well as that of the "incommensurability thesis" the claim that individuals working within a certain "paradigmatically distinct" theory or within an identifiable discourse, cannot understand those working within other theoretical paradigms, and therefore thwart discussion between pro-decolonisers and those who oppose it. The consideration that, regardless of culture, or race, or gender, all human subjects are linguistic beings, is related to the mutual translatability of languages, and the notion of always being embedded in a cultural life-world. Instead of remaining relativistically imprisoned in the latter, it is argued that the sciences afford people the opportunity to step away from their involvement in this life-world, with its cultural prejudices, to meet one another through a shared terminology and conceptual or theoretical apparatus that enable one to understand the (natural and social) world in a manner that allows intersubjective understanding. The point is made that, for something to be scientific (or "rational"), any human being should be able to "test" or examine, or simply enter into a (sometimes difficult) dialogue about it. Unless these issues are kept in mind, one cannot even begin to discuss the merits of the demand for decolonisation. It is acknowledged, however, that there are "knowledges" that have been (unjustifiably) "disqualified" by Western culture as being "inadequate" in terms of "scientific cognition." For this reason it is argued that every scholar, scientist or philosopher must be willing to see beyond the confines of privileged Western knowledge to acknowledge these "excluded knowledges" and to affirm that they are epistemic "equals" of, albeit different from, Western knowledge.
Cosmology, Chemistry, and Aristotle's Elemental Powers
Authors: Berman Brad
Published: January 2019

Aristotle employs the simple bodies, or elements, in two rather different scientific contexts, each of which highlights some of their qualities at the expense of others. On the one hand, he uses the elements in the service of cosmology, where their natural motions are imperative to drafting an architectural plan of the cosmos. On the other hand, he uses them in the service of chemistry, where their heat, coldness, dryness, and moistness are decisive in securing accounts of elemental transformation and the generation of composite bodies. Two families of interpretive proposals for the formal principles of Aristotle's elements have been advanced accordingly. One family of interpretations construes the form of a simple body in terms of its cosmological characterisation, while a second construes that form in terms of the simple body's chemical characterisation instead. A critical step in bridging that interpretive divide is thus to bridge the underlying divide between Aristotle's cosmological and chemical characterisations of the sublunary elements. It is that latter task that I set out to accomplish in the present paper. I argue that the hot and the cold are efficient causes, respectively, of the light and the heavy, and further, that the moistness of elemental water and air explains the intermediary natural positions of those elements relative to earth and fire in Aristotle's idealised cosmic landscape. In this way, Aristotle's chemical characterisation of the elements is shown to ground his cosmological characterisation of them
Educating Africans: Perspectives of Ghanaian Philosophers
Authors: Ajei Martin Odei
Published: January 2019

This paper reflects on the foundational principles and strategies for tertiary education in Africa. Since the early 1940s, Ghanaian philosophers have advanced unambiguous perspectives on education policy in Africa. Although the integrity and cogency of these perspectives have remained intact for over 60 years, they have not yet found expression in public policy formulation. Available evidence suggests that Africa has so far remained impervious to the perspectives and strategies for education outlined by Ghanaian philosophers since Nkrumahâ€™s overthrow from the presidency in Ghana. Current African Union strategies on education, articulated in Agenda 2063, seem to validate the resistance by national governments to these philosophical perspectives. This paper seeks to argue that what these philosophers espouse are excellent conceptual models worthy of development and implementation in Africa; and that in service of a sounder educational future for Ghana and Africa than that which currently prevails, a sankofa approach to the conceptualisation of education, which incorporates these Ghanaian philosophical perspectives, is desirable.
H/D Exchange Using Hot Heavy Water
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Ishibashi Kenichi , Maung Gone Yi Thaw , Morota Yuudai , Umemura Tomomi , Kato Yumi
Published: January 2019

Metal-catalyzed H/D exchange in hydrothermal deuterium oxide, performed in an autoclave using external heating or in a sealed glass tube under microwave irradiation, was shown to be an efficient method for preparing various deuterium-labeled compounds. Phosphonium salts for the Wittig
reaction were deuterated at the ?-position in the presence of MS 4A under microwave irradiation; primary alcohols and primary/secondary amines were deuterated at the ?-position in the presence of ruthenium catalyst under microwave irradiation; metal-catalyzed direct C–H functionalizations
on sp3 and sp2 carbon gave the corresponding fully deuterated products under hydrothermal conditions. These methods gave various deuterium-labelled compounds efficiently using D2O as a D-atom source.
Creation of Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists and Antagonists with 2α-(ω-Hydroxyalkylation) Concept to the seco-Steroid Skeleton
Authors: Kittaka Atsushi
Published: January 2019

2α-modification on the vitamin D skeleton with a 2α-(ω-hydroxyalkyl) or 2α-(ω-hydroxyalkoxy) group improves vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding affinity, lengthens the half-life in target cells because of increased resistance to CYP24A1 metabolism, and enhances biological activity. The introduced terminal hydroxy group forms an additional hydrogen bond to Arg274, which is the most important amino acid residue for recognizing the ligand hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of human VDR. According to our 2α-functionalization concept, we synthesized several hundred vitamin D analogs, and some had selective potent biological activity, such as bone formation (by AH-1) or anticancer activity (by MART-10), without the side-effects of vitamin D such as hypercalcemia. A potent hVDR antagonist NS-74c and stable 14-epi-tachysterol derivatives are also described in this short review.