bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young's Modulus and Load Complexity: Modeling Their Effects on Proximal Femur Strain
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Kramer Patricia A.
Published: February 2018

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool for evaluating questions of functional morphology, but the application of FEA to extant or extinct creatures is a non‐trivial task. Three categories of input data are needed to appropriately implement FEA: geometry, material properties, and boundary conditions. Geometric data are relatively easily obtained from imaging techniques, but often material properties and boundary conditions must be estimated. Here we conduct sensitivity analyses of the effect of the choice of Young's Modulus for elements representing trabecular bone and muscle loading complexity on the proximal femur using a finite element mesh of a modern human femur. We found that finite element meshes that used a Young's Modulus between 500 and 1,500 MPa best matched experimental strains. Loading scenarios that approximated the insertion sites of hip musculature produced strain patterns in the region of the greater trochanter that were different from scenarios that grouped muscle forces to the superior greater trochanter, with changes in strain values of 40% or more for 20% of elements. The femoral head, neck, and proximal shaft were less affected (e.g. approximately 50% of elements changed by 10% or less) by changes in the location of application of muscle forces. From our sensitivity analysis, we recommend the use of a Young's Modulus for the trabecular elements of 1,000 MPa for the proximal femur (range 500–1,500 MPa) and that the muscular loading complexity be dependent on whether or not strains in the greater trochanter are the focus of the analytical question. Anat Rec, 301:1189–1202, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new approach to web co‐link analysis
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Ninkov Anton
Published: February 2018

Numerous web co‐link studies have analyzed a wide variety of websites ranging from those in the academic and business arena to those dealing with politics and governments. Such studies uncover rich information about these organizations. In recent years, however, there has been a dearth of co‐link analysis, mainly due to the lack of sources from which co‐link data can be collected directly. Although several commercial services such as Alexa provide inlink data, none provide co‐link data. We propose a new approach to web co‐link analysis that can alleviate this problem so that researchers can continue to mine the valuable information contained in co‐link data. The proposed approach has two components: (a) generating co‐link data from inlink data using a computer program; (b) analyzing co‐link data at the site level in addition to the page level that previous co‐link analyses have used. The site‐level analysis has the potential of expanding co‐link data sources. We tested this proposed approach by analyzing a group of websites focused on vaccination using Moz inlink data. We found that the approach is feasible, as we were able to generate co‐link data from inlink data and analyze the co‐link data with multidimensional scaling.
Techno‐economic comparison of biogas cleaning for grid injection, compressed natural gas, and biogas‐to‐methanol conversion technologies
Authors: Sheets Johnathon P. , Shah Ajay
Published: February 2018

Technologies to upgrade biogas to value‐added products have great potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide economic benefits. However, the costs of conventional upgrading methods, such as purification for natural gas grid injection or compressed natural gas (bio‐CNG), have not been compared to the thermochemical or biological conversion of biogas to methanol. This study compared the techno‐economic feasibility of upgrading biogas from a large‐scale landfill or anaerobic digestion (AD) facility (5900 Nm3/h) to: 1) purified biogas (>97% CH4) for grid injection; 2) bio‐CNG; 3) methanol via thermochemical conversion; and 4) methanol via biological conversion using methanotrophs (methane‐oxidizing bacteria). Bio‐CNG had the highest net present value (NPV) ($43 million), followed by purified biogas ($80 000), biological methanol production (−$303 million), and thermochemical methanol production (−$358 million). Methanol costs were slightly lower for thermochemical conversion ($2.11/kg methanol, 1.99/kg after credits) compared to biological conversion ($2.24/kg methanol, $2.19/kg after credits) because the thermochemical technology had higher methanol production rates. Sensitivity analysis indicated that biological conversion costs can be lowered if methanotrophs are modified to have higher CH4 oxidation rates and higher tolerance to methanol, and if formate costs are reduced. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A quantitative LC/MSMS method for determination of edoxaban, a Xa inhibitor and its pharmacokinetic application in patients after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Hanada Kazuhiko , Matsumoto Shin‐ichi , Shibata Soichi , Matsubara Hajime , Tsukimura Yasunori , Takahashi Harumi
Published: February 2018

Edoxaban was extracted from human plasma by simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile, followed by quantitative determination using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The recoveries of edoxaban and the internal standard (ticlopidine) from human plasma were >85%, and the within‐ and between‐day coefficients of variation were within 15%. The limit of quantification in human plasma was 1 ng/mL. The concentration of edoxaban in blood decreased at room temperature, but remained unchanged for 1 week at 4°C. On the other hand, the concentration in plasma at both −20 and −80°C remained unchanged for 5 months. These results indicated that blood samples should be centrifuged immediately or stored at 4°C, and that plasma samples should be stored below −20°C until analysis. This method was applied to human plasma obtained from four patients after total knee arthroplasty. Analysis of edoxaban pharmacokinetics demonstrated an absorption time lag of 4h, a maximum concentration of 110 ± 26 ng/mL and an oral clearance of 37 ± 16 L/h. The analytical methods established in this study will be suitable for determining the concentrations of edoxaban in human plasma.
Simultaneous Preparation and Comparison of the Osteogenic Effects of Epimedins A – C and Icariin from Epimedium brevicornu
Authors: Guo Yani , Wang Xiufeng , Gao Jing
Published: February 2018

In this study, epimedins A‐, B‐, and C‐, and icariin‐rich extracts were simultaneously isolated from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. through a convenient four‐stage process consisting of solvent extraction, macroporous resin column pre‐concentration, extraction fractionation, and reversed‐phase (RP) silica gel column chromatography. Single factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the preparation conditions. In the final products, the purities of epimedins A – C and icariin were 23.04%, 64.50%, 54.92%, and 77.54%, respectively, which will lay a foundation for the further purification of epimedin monomers and full utilization of Epimedium resources. Meanwhile, the osteogenic effects of epimedins A – C were investigated for the first time and compared with that of icariin, which will provide guidance for the clinical applications of Epimedium in the treatment of osteoporosis.
PostOperative ST‐segment elevation: not a blocked coronary artery, then what?
Authors: Sin Wai‐Ching , Kwong Joy Melody , Wong Tiffany Cho‐Lam , Kwong Charlotte , Chan Carmen , Siu Chung‐Wah
Published: February 2018

Key Clinical Message

ST‐segment elevation is well known for its diagnostic value for transmural myocardial infarction due to acute thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery, and often requires emergency reperfusion therapy. However, ST segment is by no means pathognomonic for acute coronary events. Here, we report a case of ST‐segment elevation after hepatectomy secondary to an unusual etiology.
Resolution via Diastereomeric Salt Crystallization of Ibuprofen Lysine: Ternary Phase Diagram Studies
Authors: Simon Melba , Donnellan Philip , Glennon Brian , Jones Roderick C.
Published: February 2018

Numerous pharmaceutical ingredients are chiral and generally only one isomer shows the desired therapeutic activity. Therefore, enantioseparation, e.g., by crystallization, is a key step in the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, ternary phase diagrams of the diastereomeric salt formation of ibuprofen lysine in aqueous ethanol are generated. The solubilities of the formed diastereomeric salts are measured in a defined temperature range. Investigation of the X‐ray powder diffraction patterns confirmed ibuprofen lysine as a simple eutectic system in agreement to the previously reported observations. The metastable zone widths of diastereomeric salt pairs of ibuprofen lysine are discussed with a resolution procedure proposed using the phase diagram that achieves maximum possible yield.
Oxygen Reduction Activity and Reversible Deactivation of Single Silver Nanoparticles during Particle Adsorption Events
Authors: Öhl Denis , Clausmeyer Jan , Barwe Stefan , Botz Alexander , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: February 2018

The activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of single silver nanoparticles (AgNP) was quantified by using AgNP impacts on dual‐bore carbon nanoelectrodes in highly alkaline media. We found suitable conditions for the particles to adhere sufficiently stably for detailed electrochemical characterization of a single particle. The special electrode design opens the possibility to dose gaseous oxygen to the nanoparticle under study. Deactivation of the catalytic activity of the AgNP upon excessive exposure to oxygen as well as the recovery of catalytic activity under reducing conditions is presumably attributed to hydrogen evolution at the applied low potentials. The proposed approach allows mechanistic parameters for the ORR to be extracted at a single AgNP in highly alkaline media in the absence of any binder materials and under exclusion of averaging ensemble effects.
Electron‐Catalyzed Coupling of Magnesium Amides with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Kiriyama Kazuya , Okura Keisho , Tamakuni Fumiko , Shirakawa Eiji
Published: February 2018

An electron was found to catalyze the coupling of magnesium diarylamides with aryl iodides giving triarylamines through a radical‐anion intermediate. The transformation requires no transition metal catalysts or additives, and a wide array of products are formed in good‐to‐excellent yields.
Anisotropic Thermal and Guest‐Induced Responses of an Ultramicroporous Framework with Rigid Linkers
Authors: Auckett Josie E. , Duyker Samuel G. , Izgorodina Ekaterina I. , Hawes Chris S. , Turner David R. , Batten Stuart R. , Peterson Vanessa K.
Published: February 2018

The interdependent effects of temperature and guest uptake on the structure of the ultramicroporous metal–organic framework [Cu3(cdm)4] (cdm=C(CN)2(CONH2)−) were explored in detail by using in situ neutron scattering and density functional theory calculations. The tetragonal lattice displays an anisotropic thermal response related to a hinged “lattice‐fence” mechanism, unusual for this topology, which is facilitated by pivoting of the rigid cdm anion about the Cu nodes. Calculated pore‐size metrics clearly illustrate the potential for temperature‐mediated adsorption in ultramicroporous frameworks due to thermal fluctuations of the pore diameter near the value of the target guest kinetic diameter, though in [Cu3(cdm)4] this is counteracted by a competing contraction of the pore with increasing temperature as a result of the anisotropic lattice response.
Molecular Tectonics with Di‐ and Trinuclear Organotin Compounds
Authors: Rojas‐León Irán , Alnasr Hazem , Jurkschat Klaus , Vasquez‐Ríos María G. , Hernández‐Ahuactzi Irán F. , Höpfl Herbert
Published: February 2018

Di‐ and trinuclear organotin(IV) complexes, in which the metal atoms are separated by large aromatic connectors, are useful building blocks for self‐assembly. This is demonstrated by the preparation of [1+1], [2+2], and [2+3] macrocyclic and cage‐type structures in combination with organic aromatic dicarboxylates. The linkage of the metal atoms by organic binders and the option of varying the number of reactive M−X sites generate versatile building blocks enabling molecular tectonics instead of the node‐based strategy generally employed in metallo‐supramolecular self‐assembly.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Heck‐Type Coupling of Activated Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Visible Light
Authors: Koy Maximilian , Sandfort Frederik , Tlahuext‐Aca Adrian , Quach Linda , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2018

The palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of N‐hydroxyphthalimide esters and styrenes to deliver exclusively (E)‐substituted olefins under irradiation with visible light is reported. This method tolerates N‐hydroxyphthalimide esters derived from primary, secondary, tertiary as well as benzylic carboxylic acids. Notably, Pd(PPh3)4 is employed as an inexpensive palladium source and no addition of base or classical photocatalyst is required. Mechanistic studies suggest a light‐mediated single‐electron reduction of the activated acid by a photoexcited palladium(0) species to access alkyl radicals through decarboxylation.
RUPTURE DISTRIBUTION OF THE 1976 TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE INVERTED FROM GEODETIC DATA
Authors: Yong‐Ge WAN , Yong‐Kui WAN , Zhi‐Tong JIN , Shu‐Zhong SHENG , Zhao‐Cai LIU , Fan YANG , Tian FENG
Published: February 2018

The Tangshan 1976 M7.8 earthquake was followed by two large aftershocks (the Luanxian M7.1 earthquake and the Ninghe M6.9 earthquake). The earthquake sequence occurred in an area with good geodetic observation, and the horizontal and vertical co‐seismic displacements were obtained by triangulation net and leveling net. In this study, by using raw leveling data (not the subsidence image processed from raw leveling data) and triangulation observation data, we obtain the rupture distribution of strike slip and dip slip component on seismogenic faults. The geometry and size of the seismic faults of the Luanxian and Ninghe earthquake are considered in our model construction. The result shows that the seismic fault of the Tangshan mainshock manifested right‐lateral strike slip with a maximum value greater than 6 m in the southern segment. The strike slip component on the northern segment is much less than that of the southern segment. The total seismic moment of the Tangshan mainshock is 2.58 × 1020 N·m, which is consistent with that determined by seismic waves. The seismic fault of the Luanxian earthquake shows as a left‐lateral normal fault with total moment of 4.95 × 1019 N·m. The seismic fault of the Ninghe earthquake shows as a left‐lateral normal fault with total moment of 3.94 × 1019 N·m, which is an order of magnitude greater than the moment determined by seismic waveform. It is so inferred that the aseismic slip of the Tangshan earthquake occurred on the western part of the Ninghe earthquake fault, demonstrated nearly normal fault property, which is of great significances for geodynamic process and mechanism of aftershock occurrence after the Tangshan earthquake.
STUDY ON THE SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GAS HYDRATE SYSTEM IN THE NIGER DELTA
Authors: Jin‐Xiu YANG , Hong‐Liang WANG , Wei‐Wei HE , Min WANG , Shuang‐Fang LU
Published: February 2018

Gas hydrate system is generally indicated by seismic indicators like bottom simulating reflection (BSR) and underlying high amplitudes (often caused by free gas zones: FGZs), but not all BSRs and underlying high amplitudes are caused by hydrates or free gas. In this study, we choose apparent polarity attribute to help identify hydrate‐related BSR and FGZs, both of which are characterized by negative apparent polarity and high amplitude. In the study area, the gas hydrate system is mainly distributed in areas with gravitational structures including growth faults and related rollover anticlines. Faults, chimneys, unconformity and permeable sandstone beds can act as fluid migration conduits, supplying gas to the shallower gas hydrate system. When gas hydrates dissociate or the FGZs are critically overpressured, these conduits can also play a role in gas recycling between the FGZs and hydrate‐bearing strata with some of the free gas escaping to the seabed and even to the atmosphere. Generally, apparent polarity is an effective attribute to identify hydrate‐related BSR and FGZs, and fluid migration pathways are of great importance for the formation of gas hydrate system in this study area.
Stacking Interactions of Heterocyclic Drug Fragments with Protein Amide Backbones
Authors: Bootsma Andrea N. , Wheeler Steven E.
Published: February 2018

Stacking interactions can be important enthalpic contributors to drug binding. Among the less well‐studied stacking interactions are those occurring between an arene and the π‐face of an amide group. Given the ubiquity of heterocycles in drugs, combined with the abundance of amides in the protein backbone, optimizing these noncovalent interactions can provide a potential route to enhanced drug binding. Previously, Diederich et al. (ChemMedChem 2013, 8, 397–404) studied stacked dimers of a model amide with a set of 18 heterocycles, showing that computed interaction energies correlate with the dipole moments of the heterocycles and providing guidelines for the optimization of these interactions. We considered stacked dimers of the same model amide with a larger set of 28 heterocycles common in pharmaceuticals, by using more robust ab initio methods. While the overall trends in these new data corroborate many of the results of Diederich et al., these data provide a more refined view of the nature of amide stacking interactions. We present a robust scoring function for amide stacking interaction energies based on the molecular dipole moment and strength of the electric field above the arene.
Advancing a field by building consortia: The example of the European LeukemiaNet
Authors: Hehlmann Rüdiger
Published: February 2018

The European LeukemiaNet provides an example of advancing a field in urgent need of progress through cooperation. It has structured leukemia research internationally through the creation of standards, definitions, and high‐level management recommendations and has contributed toward improved outcomes. The article summarizes the principles of successful cooperation.
Barriers to accessing palliative care for pediatric patients with cancer: A review of the literature
Authors: Haines Emily R. , Frost A. Corey , Kane Heather L. , Rokoske Franziska S.
Published: February 2018

Although many of the 16,000 children in the United States diagnosed who are with cancer each year could benefit from pediatric palliative care, these services remain underused. Evidence regarding the barriers impeding access to comprehensive palliative care is dispersed in the literature, and evidence specific to pediatric oncology remains particularly sparse. The purpose of the current review was to synthesize the existing literature regarding these barriers and the strategies offered to address them. The authors completed a literature search using the PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science databases. In total, 71 articles were reviewed. Barriers to accessing pediatric palliative care were categorized according to the 4 levels of a modified socioecological model (ie, barriers related to policy/payment, health systems, organizations, and individuals). Major themes identified at each level included: 1) the lack of consistent and adequate funding mechanisms at the policy/payment level, 2) the lack of pediatric palliative care programs and workforce at the health systems level, 3) difficulties integrating palliative care into existing pediatric oncology care models at the organizational level, and 4) the lack of knowledge about pediatric palliative care, discomfort with talking about death, and cultural differences between providers and patients and their families at the individual level. Recommendations to address each of the barriers identified in the literature are included. Cancer 2018;124:2278‐88. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Electronic Structure Characterization of Cross‐Linked Sulfur Polymers
Authors: Cappel Ute B. , Liu Peng , Johansson Fredrik O. L. , Philippe Bertrand , Giangrisostomi Erika , Ovsyannikov Ruslan , Lindblad Andreas , Kloo Lars , Gardner James M. , Rensmo Håkan
Published: February 2018

Cross‐linked polymers of elemental sulfur are of potential interest for electronic applications as they enable facile thin‐film processing of an abundant and inexpensive starting material. Here, we characterize the electronic structure of a cross‐linked sulfur/diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) polymer by a combination of soft and hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SOXPES and HAXPES). Two different approaches for enhancing the conductivity of the polymer are compared: the addition of selenium in the polymer synthesis and the addition of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) during film preparation. For the former, we observe the incorporation of Se into the polymer structure resulting in a changed valence‐band structure. For the latter, a Fermi level shift in agreement with p‐type doping of the polymer is observed and also the formation of a surface layer consisting mostly of TFSI anions.
Glucose effectiveness is a critical pathogenic factor leading to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes: An ignored hypothesis
Authors: Alford F.P. , Henriksen J.E. , Rantzau C. , Beck‐Nielsen H.
Published: February 2018

Background

Although the ability of glucose to mediate its own in vivo metabolism is long documented, the quantitative measurement of whole body glucose‐mediated glucose disposal at basal insulin levels (glucose effectiveness [GE]), followed the introduction of the Minimal Model intravenous glucose tolerance test technique.

Methods

A literature review, combined with our own studies, of the role of GE in glucose metabolism in normal and “at risk” individuals, was undertaken to determine GE's contribution to glucose homeostasis.

Results

GE accounts for ~45% to 65% of glucose disposal in man. A negative association between GE and insulin meditated glucose disposal (Si), is present in normal subjects without a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus but is absent in normoglycaemic “at risk” relatives with a positive family history of diabetes mellitus. Intracellular GE disposal is mediated by mass action of glucose through the skeletal muscle membrane via facilitated Glut 4 transporters. However, GE is frequently forgotten as a significant contributor to the development of glucose intolerance in “at risk” individuals. Only limited studies have examined the role of a lower GE in such normoglycemic subjects with preexisting mild insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction. These studies demonstrate that in “at risk” individuals, an initial low GE is a key contributor and predictor of future glucose intolerance, whereas an initial raised GE is protective against future glucose intolerance.

Conclusion

In “at risk” individuals, a low GE and genetically determined vulnerable β‐cell function are more critical determinants of future glucose intolerance than their preexisting insulin‐resistant state.
Count data in biology—Data transformation or model reformation?
Authors: St‐Pierre Anne P. , Shikon Violaine , Schneider David C.
Published: February 2018

Statistical analyses are an integral component of scientific research, and for decades, biologists have applied transformations to data to meet the normal error assumptions forFandttests. Over the years, there has been a movement from data transformation toward model reformation—the use of non‐normal error structures within the framework of the generalized linear model (GLM). The principal advantage of model reformation is that parameters are estimated on the original, rather than the transformed scale. However, data transformation has been shown to give better control over type I error, for simulated data with known error structures. We conducted a literature review of statistical textbooks directed toward biologists and of journal articles published in the primary literature to determine temporal trends in both the text recommendations and the practice in the refereed literature over the past 35 years. In this review, a trend of increasing use of reformation in the primary literature was evident, moving from no use of reformation before 1996 to >50% of the articles reviewed applying GLM after 2006. However, no such trend was observed in the recommendations in statistical textbooks. We then undertook 12 analyses based on published datasets in which we compared the type I error estimates, residual plot diagnostics, and coefficients yielded by analyses using square root transformations, log transformations, and the GLM. All analyses yielded acceptable residual versus fit plots and had similarp‐values within each analysis, but as expected, the coefficient estimates differed substantially. Furthermore, no consensus could be found in the literature regarding a procedure to back‐transform the coefficient estimates obtained from linear models performed on transformed datasets. This lack of consistency among coefficient estimates constitutes a major argument for model reformation over data transformation in biology.
Hybridization potential between the rubber dandelion Taraxacum kok‐saghyz and common dandelion Taraxacum officinale
Authors: Iaffaldano Brian , Cardina John , Cornish Katrina
Published: February 2018

Taraxacum kok‐saghyz (TK) is a species of dandelion that is of interest commercially for the high‐quality rubber produced in its roots; however, TK competes poorly with weeds. In order to overcome this shortcoming, there is interest in developing herbicide‐resistant TK germplasm by a variety of means, including selection, transgene insertion, and gene editing. The potential release of such germplasm raises the question of gene flow between TK and its ubiquitous weedy relative, the common dandelion, Taraxacum officinale (TO). The potential for introgression may be influenced by the reproductive biology of TO, which can exist as a diploid sexual or polyploid obligate apomict. In North America, only polyploid, apomictic TO has been described. As weedy TO types exhibit obligate apomixis, they are expected to be unreceptive to TK pollen; however, it may still be possible for them to pollinate TK. To this end, unidirectional crosses were conducted and progeny were evaluated with molecular markers. Taraxacum officinale pollen used to fertilize TK flowers produced low seed set and seeds with a low germination rate. However, 23% of rare viable progeny proved to be the result of true hybridization. Outdoor TK seed production areas heavily contaminated with TO were also screened for naturally occurring hybridization during a three‐year period using a combined strategy of both phenotyping (~3.35 million plants) and genotyping. Hybrids were detected during one of these years, at a rate of 1 in 100,000, when pollination was augmented with beehives. Hybrids from controlled crosses exhibited TO characteristics, such as lacerate leaves and apomixis. Some apomictic hybrids were able to produce viable seeds, whereas non‐apomicts were sterile. Seeds produced by apomictic hybrids demonstrated the ability to establish and produce apomictic progeny when in competition with perennial ryegrass. The prevalence of apomixis in TO may limit subsequent pollen‐mediated gene flow and introgression, but more work is needed to understand the longevity of apomictic hybrids under natural conditions.
Structural Characterization of a Fluorido‐Amide of Niobium, and Facile CO2 Incorporation Affording a Fluorido‐Carbamate
Authors: Bresciani Giulio , Bortoluzzi Marco , Zacchini Stefano , Marchetti Fabio , Pampaloni Guido
Published: February 2018

We have prepared the first niobium(V) compounds bearing fluorido and monodentate amido ligands (1a–c), which are tetranuclear cations, by the reaction between NbF5 and Me3SiNMe2 in the presence of a chloride (or bromide) source. The fluorido/carbamato derivative NbF2(O2CNMe2)3 (2) was obtained in good yield from the reaction of NbF5 and Me3SiNMe2 in the presence of carbon dioxide at 1 atm pressure and ambient temperature. All the products were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (IR, multinuclear NMR) methods, and by X‐ray diffraction in the cases of 1b,c. DFT calculations were useful for elucidating the structures of the products and also for providing an insight into the reaction pathways.
Facile Access to the 12‐Membered Macrocyclic Ligand PCTA and Its Derivatives with Carboxylate, Amide, and Phosphinate Ligating Functionalities
Authors: Enel Morgane , Leygue Nadine , Saffon Nathalie , Galaup Chantal , Picard Claude
Published: February 2018

We describe a convenient synthetic pathway to access the 12‐membered PCTA macrocycle, a polyaminocarboxylate ligand for which its M2+ and M3+ complexes are commonly associated with applications in biomedical diagnostics and radiotherapy. The synthetic pathway is based on the use of a linear tri‐N‐alkylated triamine synthon incorporating masked acetate arms and an efficient sodium template ion effect for the crucial macrocyclization step (87 % macrocyclization yield). This approach was then successfully applied to access three new PCTA[12] derivatives containing either a 4‐pyridol unit, an amide or a phosphinate coordinating function in the central arm. In all cases, the macrocyclization reactions were controlled by a sodium template ion effect, and the macrocyclization yields were in the range of 60 to 75 %. The luminescence and relaxometric properties of EuIII, TbIII, and GdIII complexes derived from PCTA derivatives with mixed coordinating arms were also investigated, making these complexes possible alternatives to PCTA[12]–LnIII complexes.
Molecular imprinted polymers based on magnetic chitosan with different deep eutectic solvent monomers for the selective separation of catechins in black tea
Authors: Ma Wanwan , Dai Yunliang , Row Kyung Ho
Published: February 2018

Two types of molecular‐imprinted polymers‐based magnetic chitosan with facile deep eutectic solvent‐functional monomers (Fe3O4‐CTS@DES‐MIPs) were synthesized and applied as adsorbents in magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) for the selective recognition and separation of (+)‐catechin, (−)‐epicatechin, and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate in black tea. The obtained Fe3O4‐CTS@DES‐MIPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The selective recognition ability was examined by adsorption experiments. The actual amounts of (+)‐catechin, (−)‐epicatechin, and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate extracted from black tea using Fe3O4‐CTS@DES‐MIPs by the MSPE method were 13.10, 6.32, and 8.76 mg/g, respectively. In addition, the magnetic Fe3O4‐CTS@DES‐MIPs showed outstanding recognition and selectivity. Therefore, it can be used to separate bioactive compounds from black tea. The new‐type of DES adopted as the functional monomer in this paper provides a new perspective for the recognition and separation of bioactive compounds.
Fractional order sliding mode controller design for large scale variable speed wind turbine for power optimization
Authors: Talebi Jalal , Ganjefar Soheil
Published: February 2018

Based on wind speed, the operating regions of a wind turbine are divided into two parts: below‐rated wind speed (region II) and above‐rated wind speed (region III). This article presents a new control strategy for a variable speed wind turbine for the below‐rated wind speed category (region II). In this operating region, maximization of the conversion efficiency and capturing the maximum energy available in the wind are desirable. The controller is designed based on sliding mode control techniques and fractional order calculations. The sliding‐mode approach has been widely used in wind turbine systems due to the existence of nonlinearity and uncertainty in wind turbine dynamics. The fractional order sliding mode controller has the capacity to produce better performance in comparison to integer order sliding mode controllers due to higher degrees of freedom for tuning. The generator torque is used as the control input to vary the rotor speed in order to maximize energy conversion. To achieve this goal, the rotor angular speed must track the time variable reference value and, hence, fast variations in wind speed. This requires fast reactions on the part of design control. The fractional‐order sliding mode controller can have a good transition response, a low tracking error, and a very fast reaction against rapid variations in wind speed. The stability analysis of the suggested controller was provided using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the numerical simulation results are presented and compared with integer order sliding mode control to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show the better performance of the fractional‐order sliding mode controller in comparison to the integer order sliding mode controllers. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1901–1907, 2018
Battery Storage Is Growing Up on the Grid
Authors: Peters Rhonda
Published: February 2018

When one thinks of battery storage, perhaps the first thing that comes to mind is Tesla's “100 megawatts in 100 days” project in Australia. Or perhaps it is the virtual power plant created in response to the Aliso Canyon gas shortage, which greatly depended on battery storage technology, so much that it might not have been possible without it. Or perhaps it is the flow‐battery‐versus‐lithium‐ion‐versus‐lead acid‐and‐other‐options question, the General Electric hybrid battery/gas peaking unit now available, or a curiosity as to why the Tesla Powerwall, with so much talk in the media, is not as prevalent today as one would have thought.
How to Recover from High‐Impact, Low‐Frequency Attacks
Authors: Fleeman Jeff
Published: February 2018

Ensuring that the electric grid is secure is nothing new.
No Major Threats Seen to Electric Supply Entering 2018
Authors:   FERC Staff
Published: February 2018

Operational constraints at the Aliso Canyon gas storage facility may continue to pose risks to the functioning of natural gas and electric markets in Southern California during peak winter conditions (Exhibit 1).
Patterns of care and outcomes of adjuvant therapy for high‐risk head and neck cancer after surgery
Authors: Osborn Virginia Wedell , Givi Babak , Rineer Justin , Roden Dylan , Sheth Niki , Lederman Ariel , Katsoulakis Evangelia , Hu Kenneth , Schreiber David
Published: February 2018

Background

Postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is considered standard of care in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer with positive margins and/or extracapsular extension (ECE).

Methods

The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was queried to identify patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with stages III to IVB disease or with positive margins and/or ECE diagnosed between 2004 and 2012 receiving postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Using univariable and multivariable logistic and Cox regression, we assessed for predictors of CRT use and covariables impacting overall survival (OS), including in a propensity‐matched subset.

Results

Of 12 224 patients, 67.1% with positive margins and/or ECE received CRT as well as 54.0% without positive margins and/or ECE. The 5‐year OS was 61.6% for RT alone versus 67.4% for CRT. In the propensity‐matched cohort, OS benefit persisted with CRT, including in a subset with positive margins and/or ECE but not without.

Conclusion

Postoperative CRT seems underutilized with positive margins and/or ECE and overutilized without positive margins and/or ECE. The CRT was associated with improved OS but the benefit persisted only in the subset with positive margins and/or ECE.
A qualitative study of smartwatch usage and its usability
Authors: Chun Jaemin , Dey Anind , Lee Kyungtaek , Kim SeungJun
Published: February 2018

This study aims to explore usability issues of watch‐type wearable devices and to suggest guidelines for improved operation of smartwatches. To do so, we conducted a series of surveys, interviews, and task performance experiments. Thirty smartwatch users from ages 20 to 43 years were recruited. Users’ experiences of smartwatches were collected via a weeklong, online‐based diary study, which consisted of various tasks to be completed while smartwatches were in use. Our study assessed usability problems associated with those tasks, concurrent tasks conducted while interacting with smartwatches, pain points/discomfort that users had while interacting with their devices, and requirements/requests of the smartwatch users. During the week of tracking, participants were asked to complete the usability evaluation three times a day using usability principles we designed for the study: information display, control, learnability, interoperability, and preference. In addition, task performance tests were conducted for the tasks most frequently conducted on touch‐based displays: number entry, swiping, and scrolling. Specific usability issues of smartwatches were identified and summarized for each usability principle by triangulating survey, interview, and task performance evaluation results. Based on the insights from the results of the study, we conclude by suggesting guidelines for further enhancing users’ experience of future smartwatches.
Carfilzomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients with early or late relapse following prior therapy: A subgroup analysis of the randomized phase 3 ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR trials
Authors: Mateos Maria‐Victoria , Goldschmidt Hartmut , San‐Miguel Jesus , Mikhael Joseph , DeCosta Lucy , Zhou Lifen , Obreja Mihaela , Blaedel Julie , Szabo Zsolt , Leleu Xavier
Published: February 2018

We performed analyses of the randomized phase 3 ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR trials to investigate the efficacy of carfilzomib among subgroups of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients who had early or late disease relapse following initiation of the immediately prior therapy. In ASPIRE and ENDEAVOR, patients had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy. Patients in ASPIRE received carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (KRd) or lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd), and patients in ENDEAVOR received carfilzomib and dexamethasone (Kd) or bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd). Patients with relapse ≤1 year after initiating the most recent prior line of therapy were categorized as early relapsers, and patients with relapse after >1 year were categorized as late relapsers. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) in ASPIRE for early relapsers was 21.4 months for KRd vs 10.7 months for Rd (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.714; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.508–1.004; P = 0.0257), and for late relapsers was 29.7 months for KRd vs 18.2 months for Rd (HR: 0.675; 95% CI: 0.533–0.854; P = 0.0005). The overall response rate (ORR) for early relapsers was 83.2% for KRd vs 54.8% for Rd, and for late relapsers was 89.0% for KRd vs 69.7% for Rd. The median PFS in ENDEAVOR (Kd vs Vd) for early relapsers was 13.9 months vs 5.7 months (HR: 0.598; 95% CI: 0.423–0.846; P = 0.0017), and for late relapsers was 22.2 months vs 10.2 months (HR: 0.486; 95% CI: 0.382–0.620; P < 0.0001). The ORR (Kd vs Vd) for early relapsers was 63.4% vs 49.1% and for late relapsers was 81.8% vs 66.8%. In conclusion, patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received carfilzomib‐containing regimens had improved PFS and ORR compared with control groups, regardless of whether they had an early or late relapse following the most recent prior therapy.
Comparing cytotoxic backbones for first‐line trastuzumab‐containing regimens in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive advanced oesophagogastric cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: ter Veer Emil , Creemers Aafke , de Waal Laura , van Oijen Martijn G. H. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M.
Published: February 2018

According to the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer (ToGA) study, trastuzumab plus cisplatin and capecitabine/5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) is standard first‐line treatment for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive advanced oesophagogastric cancer. We examined the relative efficacy and safety of alternative trastuzumab‐based cytotoxic backbone regimens compared to the standard ToGA regimen using meta‐analysis. We searched Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL and ASCO and ESMO up to March 2017 for studies investigating alternative first‐line trastuzumab‐based regimens for HER2‐positive oesophagogastric cancer, defined as high protein expression IHC3+ or IHC2+ and gene amplification by in situ hybridisation. We compared primary outcome overall survival (OS) of alternative trastuzumab‐based regimens to the ToGA regimen. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by extraction of the published Kaplan‐Meier curves. Incidence counts and toxicity sample‐sizes were extracted for adverse events and compared using single‐arm proportion meta‐analysis in R. Fifteen studies (N = 557 patients) were included. OS was significantly longer with regimen trastuzumab plus doublet oxaliplatin and capecitabine/5‐FU (median OS = 20.7 months) versus ToGA (16.0 months, HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59–0.99) and was less toxic. Trastuzumab plus doublet cisplatin and S‐1 showed no OS difference versus ToGA, but showed a different toxicity profile, including less hand‐foot syndrome. Trastuzumab plus cisplatin or capecitabine as singlet backbone showed significantly worse survival and more toxicity versus ToGA regimen. Trastuzumab with triplet cytotoxic backbones or with bevacizumab and doublet cytotoxic backbone showed no survival benefit and more toxicity. In conclusion, trastuzumab plus doublet cytotoxic backbone containing oxaliplatin is preferable over the ToGA regimen with cisplatin. S‐1 can substitute capecitabine or 5‐FU when specific toxicities are encountered.
Metabolic regulation of leukocyte motility and migration
Authors: Marelli-Berg Federica M , Jangani Maryam
Published: February 2018

Dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton is essential for numerous cellular processes including leukocyte migration. This process presents a substantial bioenergetic challenge to migrating cells as actin polymerization is dependent on ATP hydrolysis. Hence, migrating cells must increase ATP production to meet the increased metabolic demands of cytoskeletal reorganization. Despite this long-standing evidence, the metabolic regulation of leukocyte motility and trafficking has only recently begun to be investigated. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge of the crosstalk between cell metabolism and the cytoskeleton in leukocytes, and discuss the concept that leukocyte metabolism may reprogram in response to migratory stimuli and the different environmental cues received during recirculation ultimately regulating leukocyte motility and migration.

Review on regulation of leukocyte migration by metabolic pathways induced by adhesion and chemokine receptors.
Delayed right ventricular perforation complicated by intracardiac thrombosis after implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation
Authors: Ito Tsuyoshi , Goto Toshihiko , Kawada Yu , Ohte Nobuyuki
Published: February 2018

Cardiac perforation and intracardiac thrombosis are infrequent complications after implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) implantation, and a case of lead perforation complicated by thrombosis is extremely rare. We report the case of a 66‐year‐old man with delayed ICD lead perforation concomitant with intracardiac lead thrombosis successfully treated by anticoagulant therapy followed by transvenous lead management.
What factors lead to the acceleration of ventricular tachycardia during antitachycardia pacing?—Results from over 1000 episodes
Authors: Fang Yin , Gu Kai , Yang Bing , Ju Weizhu , Chen Hongwu , Li Mingfang , Liu Hailei , Wang Jiaxian , Yang Gang , Chen Minglong
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) acceleration due to antitachycardia pacing (ATP) therapy could be often observed in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), which usually results in additional shock. However, few studies focused on the risk factors for VT acceleration caused by ATP therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors for VT acceleration due to ATP delivery.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 1056 ATP episodes in 33 patients with structural heart diseases, of whom clinical characteristics and episodes details were evaluated.

Results

At individual patient level, number of VT morphologies recorded in electrograms during follow‐up was a risk factor with cutoff point of 1 (AUC 0.79, sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 77.3%, P < .001) to predict ATP acceleration (OR 3.50, P = .008). From episode‐based analysis, VT cycle length (VTCL) and mean variation in VTCL were risk factors to predict ATP acceleration (OR 0.98, P < 0.001 vs OR 1.06, P < .001, respectively), with cutoff points of 347 ms (AUC 0.67, sensitivity 82.5%, specificity 47.6%, P < .001) and 7.3 ms (AUC 0.66, sensitivity 77.5%, specificity 56.7%, P < .001), respectively. In addition, VTs with cycle length less than 347 ms were more likely to be accelerated by burst stimulation with more pulse numbers (OR 3.31, P < .001).

Conclusions

Number of VT morphologies, VTCL, and mean variation in VTCL are risk factors predicting ATP acceleration. Burst stimulation with less pulse numbers should be performed in VTs with cycle length less than 347 ms.
Subcutaneous ICD implantation in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after transvenous ICD failure: A case report
Authors: Baroni Matteo , Cattafi Giuseppe , Arupi Michele , Paolucci Marco , Pelenghi Stefano , Lunati Maurizio
Published: February 2018

We describe the case of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who experienced the failure of a transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (T‐ICD) lead and the following inability of a second T‐ICD to convert a ventricular fibrillation. A subcutaneous ICD (S‐ICD) was finally implanted and was effective at defibrillation test.
Experience managing pain associated with supraclavicular nerves compressed by a cardiac implantable electrical device, diagnosed by the local nerve block
Authors: Imada Hiroshi , Fukuzawa Koji , Kiuchi Kunihiko , Hirata Ken‐ichi , Sato Hitoaki
Published: February 2018

A 72‐year‐old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy was referred to undergo an implantation of a cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED). A pocket was created subcutaneously on the left anterior chest. After the operation, he complained of severe pain irradiating to his left posterior shoulder. The local anesthetic nerve block by a local infusion of mepivacaine revealed the pain was associated with the supraclavicular nerve. We re‐created the pocket and shifted the generator toward the inner side, and the irradiating pain vanished. A local anesthetic supraclavicular nerve block is an important option for the diagnosis of pain after a CIED implantation.