bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crows cross-modally recognize group members but not non-group members
Authors: Kondo Noriko , Izawa Ei-Ichi , Watanabe Shigeru
Published: January 2012

Recognizing other individuals by integrating different sensory modalities is a crucial ability of social animals, including humans. Although cross-modal individual recognition has been demonstrated in mammals, the extent of its use by birds remains unknown. Herein, we report the first evidence of cross-modal recognition of group members by a highly social bird, the large-billed crow (
Corvus macrorhynchos
). A cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm was used to test whether crows were sensitive to identity congruence between visual presentation of a group member and the subsequent playback of a contact call. Crows looked more rapidly and for a longer duration when the visual and auditory stimuli were incongruent than when congruent. Moreover, these responses were not observed with non-group member stimuli. These results indicate that crows spontaneously associate visual and auditory information of group members but not of non-group members, which is a demonstration of cross-modal audiovisual recognition of group members in birds.
Varicose vein surgery
Authors: Kendler Micheal , Fellmer Peter T. , Wetzig Tino
Published: January 2012

Venous diseases are common in the general population. After a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, an individual therapeutic approach should be selected on the basis of the findings, with the aim of treating the diseased vein segments and improving quality of life. Numerous therapeutic options are available for the treatment of varicose veins. In addition to conservative methods such as compression therapy, exercise or drugs, surgical procedures such as traditional surgery, thermal ablation techniques or sclerotherapy can be performed. Recent developments include the use of endoluminal water vapor or mechano‐chemical endovenous ablation.
Subgrid Scale Combustion Modeling Based on Stochastic Model Parameterization
Authors: Calhoon William H. , Zambon Andrea C. , Sekar Balu , Kiel Barry
Published: January 2012

A new modeling formulation for turbulent chemistry interactions in large-eddy simulation (LES) is presented that is based on a unique application of the linear-eddy model (LEM) that includes large scale strain effects. This novel application of the LEM may be used to predict turbulent flame extinction limits due to both small and large scale strain effects. Statistics from this modeling formulation may be used to generate an inexpensive run-time model for LES predictions. This paper presents the LEM modeling formulation and demonstrates the capabilities of the approach for augmenter conditions. A methodology is also presented for formulating an LES-linear-eddy model (LES-LEM) subgrid model based on the simulation data.
Hedgehogs Man the Gate
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: January 2012

Hedgehog signaling is required for maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
Master Memory Modulator
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: January 2012

A transcription factor dependent on electrical activity regulates genes involved in long-term memory formation.
Does Albumin Prime the Pump?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2012

Albumin modulates the abundance and activity of renal Na,K-ATPase.
Clonally Related Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Decreased Susceptibility to the Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Cefotaxime in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Authors: Heymans Raymond , Bruisten Sylvia M. , Golparian Daniel , Unemo Magnus , de Vries Henry J. C. , van Dam Alje P.
Published: January 2012

From 2006 to 2008,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolates were identified with decreased susceptibility to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) cefotaxime among visitors of the Amsterdam sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic, the Netherlands. Spread, clonality, and characteristics of 202 isolates were examined using antibiograms, conventional
penA
mosaic gene PCR, and
N. gonorrhoeae
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (NG-MLVA). A strictly defined subset was further characterized by
N. gonorrhoeae
multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and sequencing of ESC resistance determinants (
penA
,
mtrR
, and
porB1b
). Seventy-four
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates with a cefotaxime MIC of >0.125 μg/ml (group A), 54 with a cefotaxime MIC of 0.125 μg/ml (group B), and a control group of 74 with a cefotaxime MIC of <0.125 μg/ml (group C) were included. Fifty-three clonally related
penA
mosaic-positive isolates (penicillin-binding protein 2 type XXXIV) were identified in group A (
n
= 47 isolates; 64%) and B (
n
= 6 isolates; 11%). The 53
penA
mosaic-positive isolates were predominantly NG-MAST ST1407 (87%) and contained an
mtrR
promoter A deletion (98%) and
porB1b
alterations G101K/A102N. All were assigned to the same NG-MLVA cluster that comprised in total 56 isolates. A correlation was found between decreased cefotaxime susceptibility and ST1407 that was highly prevalent among visitors of the Amsterdam STI clinic. The rapid spread of this strain, which also has been identified in many other countries, might be facilitated by high-risk sexual behavior and should be monitored closely to identify potential treatment failure. Quality-assured surveillance of ESC susceptibility on the national and international levels and exploration of new drugs and/or strategies for treatment of gonorrhea are crucial.
The KGD Motif of Epstein-Barr Virus gH/gL Is Bifunctional, Orchestrating Infection of B Cells and Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chen Jia , Rowe Cynthia L. , Jardetzky Theodore S. , Longnecker Richard
Published: January 2012

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family, is the causative agent of common human infections and specific malignancies. EBV entry into target cells, including B cells and epithelial cells, requires the interaction of multiple virus-encoded glycoproteins. Glycoproteins H and L (gH/gL) cooperate with glycoprotein B (gB) to mediate fusion of the viral envelope with target cell membranes. Both the gH/gL complex and gB are required for fusion, whereas glycoprotein 42 (gp42) acts as a tropism switch and is required for B cell infection and inhibits epithelial cell infection. Our previous studies identified a prominent KGD motif located on the surface of gH/gL. In the current study, we found that this motif serves as a bifunctional domain on the surface of gH/gL that directs EBV fusion of B cells and epithelial cells. Mutation of the KGD motif to AAA decreased fusion with both epithelial and B cells and reduced the binding of gH/gL to epithelial cells and to gp42. We also demonstrate that deletion of amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42 selectively reduces binding to wild-type gH/gL, but not the KGD mutant, suggesting that the KGD motif of gH/gL interacts with the N-terminal amino acids 62 to 66 of gp42.

IMPORTANCE
Epithelial and B cells are the major targets of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the human host. EBV utilizes different glycoprotein complexes to enter these cell types. For B cell fusion, EBV uses complexes containing gp42, gH/gL, and gB, whereas just gH/gL and gB are required for epithelial cell fusion. In the current study, a bifunctional domain consisting of a prominent KGD motif on the surface of the gH/gL structure was identified; this domain affects interactions with gp42 or epithelial receptors, ultimately dictating with which cell type virus-induced fusion can occur. These studies will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of EBV-induced membrane fusion and herpesvirus-induced membrane fusion in general.
The influence of the host–guest interaction on the oxidation of natural flavonoid dyes
Authors: Ramešová Šárka , Sokolová Romana , Degano Ilaria , Hromadová Magdaléna , Gál Miroslav , Kolivoška Viliam , Colombini Maria Perla
Published: January 2012

The influence of the molecular cavity protection on degradation processes of bioorganic compounds quercetin and luteolin used as the original dyes in old tapestries was studied. The degradation processes were studied by electrochemical methods in aqueous media. The products of the exhaustive electrolysis were separated and identified by GC-MS analysis. Cyclic voltammetry characteristics indicate that the inclusion complex is formed. The inclusion affects the redox potentials of both oxidation waves related to the different dissociation forms of the flavonoid molecule. It was shown that decomposition products formed by the oxidation of quercetin are stabilized in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin, including the main oxidation product 2(3′,4′-dihydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzofuran-3(2H)-one. The formation of the 1:1 inclusion complex of luteolin with β-cyclodextrin is supported by the enhancement of fluorescence intensity. In the case of quercetin, a decrease of fluorescence intensity occurs when 1:1 inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin is formed.
Metronidazole radical anion formation studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Gál Miroslav , Sokolová Romana , Kolivoška Viliam , Morovská Turoňová Andrea , Ambrová Marta , Híveš Ján
Published: January 2012

Radiosensitizers belong to the most important class of the cancerostatic drugs. The electrochemical transfer of the first electron to the cytotoxic radiosensitizer Metronidazole (MET) and MET radical anion formation in aprotic medium was studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant for the first reduction of MET (radical anion production)k0for the redox couple was determined. Similarly, the diffusion coefficient of MET in dimethylformamide was also calculated by impedance measurements using expression for Warburg coefficient and Warburg plot. Moreover, the equivalent circuit for the redox couple MET/MET•–was proposed and its parameters were evaluated using a non-linear least square fitting. Our results, from the electrochemical point of view, also confirm the suitability of MET for the effective treatment of selected types of the cancer.
Promoting patient-centred care through trainee feedback: Assessing Residents' C-I-CARE (ARC) Program
Authors: Wen Timothy , Huang Brian , Mosley Virgie , Afsar-manesh Nasim
Published: January 2012

Aims

In recent years, patient satisfaction has been integrated into residency training practices through core competency requirements as set forth by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). In 2006, the UCLA Health Systems established a program designed to obtain patient feedback and assess the communication abilities of resident physicians with a standard tool through the Assessing Residents' C-I-CARE (ARC) Program.

Methods

This Program utilized a 17-item questionnaire, completed via a facilitator-administered interview, which employed polar, Likert and comment scale questions to assess physician trainees' interpersonal and communication skills.

Results

From 2006 to 2010, the ARC Program provided patient feedback data to more than six clinical departments while collecting 5,634 surveys for 323 trainees. Scores for resident recognition and performance increased from the first to second year of activity by an average of 22.5%, while attending recognition scores decreased 19% over the four years. Additionally, residents and attendings in surgical specialties received higher recognition rates than those in non-surgical specialties.

Conclusions

The ARC Program provided a standard tool for attaining patient feedback through a facilitator-administered survey that assisted in the accreditation process of training programs. Furthermore, hospitals, health organizations and medical schools may find the ARC Program valuable in collecting information for quality control as well as providing an opportunity for students to become involved in the healthcare field.
QUANTUM THEORY AT PLANCK SCALE, LIMITING VALUES, DEFORMED GRAVITY AND DARK ENERGY PROBLEM
Authors: SHALYT-MARGOLIN A. E.
Published: January 2012

Within a theory of the existing fundamental length on the order of Planck's, a high-energy deformation of the General Relativity for the space with horizon has been constructed. On this basis, Markov's work of the early eighties of the last century has been given a new interpretation to show that the heuristic model considered by him may be placed on a fundamental footing. The obtained results have been applied to solving of the dark energy problem, making it possible to frame the following hypothesis: a dynamic cosmological term is a measure of deviation from a thermodynamic identity (the first law of thermodynamics) of the high-energy (Planck's) deformation of Einstein equations for horizon spaces in their thermodynamic interpretation.
VLASOV SCALING FOR THE GLAUBER DYNAMICS IN CONTINUUM
Authors: FINKELSHTEIN DMITRI , KONDRATIEV YURI , KUTOVIY OLEKSANDR
Published: January 2012

We consider Vlasov-type scaling for the Glauber dynamics in continuum with a positive integrable potential, and construct rescaled and limiting evolutions of correlation functions. Convergence to the limiting evolution for the positive density system in infinite volume is shown. Chaos preservation property of this evolution gives a possibility to derive a nonlinear Vlasov-type equation for the particle density of the limiting system.
ALTERNATIVE PROOFS OF GENERATING FUNCTIONS FOR HAHN POLYNOMIALS AND SOME APPLICATIONS
Authors: CAO JIAN
Published: January 2012

In this paper, utilizing the moments representations of Hahn polynomials, we show how to derive their bilinear, trilinear and multilinear generating functions. Moreover, from Euler's finite q-differences, we deduce the q-Chu–Vandermonde formula and consider its generalizations by the moments method.
A NOTE ON CONVOLUTION OPERATORS IN WHITE NOISE CALCULUS
Authors: OBATA NOBUAKI , OUERDIANE HABIB
Published: January 2012

We derive some characteristic properties of the convolution operator acting on white noise functions and prove that the convolution product of white noise distributions coincides with their Wick product. Moreover, we show that the S-transform and the Laplace transform coincide on Fock space.
EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS FOR THE BASIS OF FINITE ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: KARAGIORGOS GREGORY , POULAKIS DIMITRIOS
Published: January 2012

In this paper we consider the problem of computation of a basis for an abelian group G with N elements such that the prime factorization of N is known. We present two deterministic algorithms for this task and a deterministic algorithm in case where a generating system for G is given.
APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS FOR MULTIPLE STRIP PACKING AND SCHEDULING PARALLEL JOBS IN PLATFORMS
Authors: BOUGERET MARIN , DUTOT PIERRE-FRANCOIS , JANSEN KLAUS , ROBENEK CHRISTINA , TRYSTRAM DENIS
Published: January 2012

We consider two strongly related problems, multiple strip packing and scheduling parallel jobs in platforms. In the first one we are given a list of n rectangles with heights and widths bounded by one and N strips of unit width and infinite height. The objective is to find a nonoverlapping orthogonal packing without rotations of all rectangles into the strips minimizing the maximum height used. In the scheduling problem we consider jobs instead of rectangles, i.e., we are allowed to cut the rectangles vertically and we may have target areas of different size, called platforms. A platform Pℓ is a collection of mℓ processors running at speed sℓ and the objective is to minimize the makespan, i.e., the latest finishing time of a job.
Plasma mannose-binding lectin is stimulated by PPARα in humans
Authors: Rakhshandehroo Maryam , Stienstra Rinke , de Wit Nicole J. , Bragt Marjolijn C. E. , Haluzik Martin , Mensink Ronald P. , Müller Michael , Kersten Sander
Published: January 2012

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα) is a major transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism in liver and represents the molecular target for hypolipidemic fibrate drugs. Effects of PPARα on lipid metabolism are partially mediated by circulating proteins such as FGF21 and ANGPTL4. The present study was undertaken to screen for and identify circulating proteins produced by human liver that are under the control of PPARα. Toward that aim, primary human hepatocytes were treated with the synthetic PPARα agonist Wy-14643 and whole genome expression data selected for secreted proteins. Expression of FGF21, ANGPTL4, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble mediator of innate immunity and primary component of the lectin branch of the complement system, was markedly upregulated by Wy-14643 in primary human hepatocytes. Mice express two MBL isomers, Mbl1 and Mbl2. Mbl1 mRNA was weakly induced by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and remained unaltered by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Mbl2 mRNA was unchanged by Wy-14643 in primary mouse hepatocytes and was strongly reduced by Wy-14643 in mouse liver. Remarkably, plasma Mbl1 levels were increased by chronic PPARα activation in lean and obese mice. Importantly, in two independent clinical trials, treatment with the PPARα agonist fenofibrate at 200 mg/day for 6 wk and 3 mo increased plasma MBL levels by 73 ( P = 0.0016) and 86% ( P = 0.017), respectively. It is concluded that hepatocyte gene expression and plasma levels of MBL are stimulated by PPARα and fenofibrate in humans, linking PPARα to regulation of innate immunity and complement activation in humans and suggesting a possible role of MBL in lipid metabolism.
The role of the stomach in the control of appetite and the secretion of satiation peptides
Authors: Steinert Robert E. , Meyer-Gerspach Anne C. , Beglinger Christoph
Published: January 2012

It is widely accepted that gastric parameters such as gastric distention provide a direct negative feedback signal to inhibit eating; moreover, gastric and intestinal signals have been reported to synergize to promote satiation. However, there are few human data exploring the potential interaction effects of gastric and intestinal signals in the short-term control of appetite and the secretion of satiation peptides. We performed experiments in healthy subjects receiving either a rapid intragastric load or a continuous intraduodenal infusion of glucose or a mixed liquid meal. Intraduodenal infusions (3 kcal/min) were at rates comparable with the duodenal delivery of these nutrients under physiological conditions. Intraduodenal infusions of glucose elicited only weak effects on appetite and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). In contrast, identical amounts of glucose delivered intragastrically markedly suppressed appetite ( P < 0.05) paralleled by greatly increased plasma levels of GLP-1 and PYY (≤3-fold, P < 0.05). Administration of the mixed liquid meal showed a comparable phenomenon. In contrast to GLP-1 and PYY, plasma ghrelin was suppressed to a similar degree with both intragastric and intraduodenal nutrients. Our data confirm that the stomach is an important element in the short-term control of appetite and suggest that gastric and intestinal signals interact to mediate early fullness and satiation potentially by increased GLP-1 and PYY secretions.
Anabolic signaling and protein deposition are enhanced by intermittent compared with continuous feeding in skeletal muscle of neonates
Authors: El-Kadi Samer W. , Suryawan Agus , Gazzaneo Maria C. , Srivastava Neeraj , Orellana Renán A. , Nguyen Hanh V. , Lobley Gerald E. , Davis Teresa A.
Published: January 2012

Orogastric tube feeding is indicated for neonates with impaired ability to ingest and can be administered by intermittent bolus or continuous schedule. Our aim was to determine whether feeding modalities affect muscle protein deposition and to identify mechanisms involved. Neonatal pigs were overnight fasted (FAS) or fed the same amount of food continuously (CON) or intermittently (INT; 7 × 4 h meals) for 29 h. For 8 h, between hours 20 and 28, pigs were infused with [2H5]phenylalanine and [2H2]tyrosine, and amino acid (AA) net balances were measured across the hindquarters. Insulin, branched-chain AA, phenylalanine, and tyrosine arterial concentrations and whole body phenylalanine and tyrosine fluxes were greater for INT after the meal than for CON or FAS. The activation of signaling proteins leading to initiation of mRNA translation, including eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E·eIF4G complex formation in muscle, was enhanced by INT compared with CON feeding or FAS. Signaling proteins of protein degradation were not affected by feeding modalities except for microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II, which was highest in the FAS. Across the hindquarters, AA net removal increased for INT but not for CON or FAS, with protein deposition greater for INT. This was because protein synthesis increased following feeding for INT but remained unchanged for CON and FAS, whereas there was no change in protein degradation across any dietary treatment. These results suggest that muscle protein accretion in neonates is enhanced with intermittent bolus to a greater extent than continuous feeding, mainly by increased protein synthesis.
Selective PPARγ modulator INT131 normalizes insulin signaling defects and improves bone mass in diet-induced obese mice
Authors: Lee Dae Ho , Huang Hu , Choi Kangduk , Mantzoros Christos , Kim Young-Bum
Published: January 2012

INT131 is a potent non-thiazolidinedione (TZD)-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ modulator being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In preclinical studies and a phase II clinical trial, INT131 has been shown to lower glucose levels and ameliorate insulin resistance without typical TZD side effects. To determine whether the insulin-sensitizing action of INT131 is mediated by effects on insulin-mediated glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling, high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) insulin-resistant mice treated with INT131 were studied. INT131's effects on bone density were also investigated. Treatment with INT131 enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity, as revealed by lower insulin levels in the fasted state and an increase in the area above the curve during an insulin tolerance test. These effects were independent of changes in adiposity. Insulin-stimulated PI3K activity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of DIO mice was significantly reduced ∼50–65%, but this was restored completely by INT131 therapy. The INT131 effects on PI3K activity are most likely due to increased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Concurrently, insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation also increased after INT131 treatment in DIO mice. Importantly, INT131 therapy caused a significant increase in bone mineral density without alteration in circulating osteocalcin in these mice. These data suggest that a newly developed insulin-sensitizing agent, INT131, normalizes obesity-related defects in insulin action on PI3K signaling in insulin target tissues by a mechanism involved in glycemic control. If these data are confirmed in humans, INT131 could be used for treating type 2 diabetes without loss in bone mass.
Insulin immuno-neutralization in fed chickens: effects on liver and muscle transcriptome
Authors: Simon Jean , Milenkovic Dragan , Godet Estelle , Cabau Cedric , Collin Anne , Métayer-Coustard Sonia , Rideau Nicole , Tesseraud Sophie , Derouet Michel , Crochet Sabine , Cailleau-Audouin Estelle , Hennequet-Antier Christelle , Gespach Christian , Porter Tom E. , Duclos Michel J. , Dupont Joëlle , Cogburn Larry A.
Published: January 2012

Chickens mimic an insulin-resistance state by exhibiting several peculiarities with regard to plasma glucose level and its control by insulin. To gain insight into the role of insulin in the control of chicken transcriptome, liver and leg muscle transcriptomes were compared in fed controls and “diabetic” chickens, at 5 h after insulin immuno-neutralization, using 20.7K-chicken oligo-microarrays. At a level of false discovery rate <0.01, 1,573 and 1,225 signals were significantly modified by insulin privation in liver and muscle, respectively. Microarray data agreed reasonably well with qRT-PCR and some protein level measurements. Differentially expressed mRNAs with human ID were classified using Biorag analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Multiple metabolic pathways, structural proteins, transporters and proteins of intracellular trafficking, major signaling pathways, and elements of the transcriptional control machinery were largely represented in both tissues. At least 42 mRNAs have already been associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, energy expenditure, or identified as sensors of metabolism in mice or humans. The contribution of the pathways presently identified to chicken physiology (particularly those not yet related to insulin) needs to be evaluated in future studies. Other challenges include the characterization of “unknown” mRNAs and the identification of the steps or networks, which disturbed tissue transcriptome so extensively, quickly after the turning off of the insulin signal. In conclusion, pleiotropic effects of insulin in chickens are further evidenced; major pathways controlled by insulin in mammals have been conserved despite the presence of unique features of insulin signaling in chicken muscle.
Anti-inflammatory effects of epidermal growth factor on the immature human intestine
Authors: Ménard Daniel , Tremblay Eric , Ferretti Emanuela , Babakissa Corentin , Perron Nancy , Seidman Ernest G. , Levy Emile , Beaulieu Jean-François
Published: January 2012

The inflammatory response of the preterm infants' intestine underlines its inability to respond to hemodynamic stress, microbes, and nutrients. Recent evidence suggests that exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) exerts a therapeutic influence on neonatal enteropathies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of EGF remain to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of EGF on the gene expression profiles of the developing human small and large intestine at midgestation in serum-free organ cultures using microarrays. The gene expression profiles of cultured human fetal ileal and colonic explants were investigated in the absence or presence of a physiological concentration of 50 ng/ml EGF for 48 h. Data were analyzed with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software and confirmed by qPCR. We found a total of 6,474 differentially expressed genes in the two segments in response to EGF. IPA functional analysis revealed that in addition to differentially modulating distinct cellular, molecular, and physiological functions in the small and large intestine, EGF regulated the inflammatory response in both intestinal segments in a distinct manner. For instance, several intestinal-derived chemokines such as CCL2, CCL25, CXCL5, and CXCL10 were found to be differentially regulated by EGF in the immature ileum and colon. The findings showing the anti-inflammatory influence of exogenous EGF suggests a mechanistic basis for the beneficial effects of EGF on neonatal enteropathies. These results reinforce growing evidence that by midgestation, the human small intestine and colon rely on specific and distinct regulatory pathways.
Strawberry Fields Forever?
Authors: Suh Nanjoo , Pezzuto John M.
Published: January 2012

On the basis of copious preclinical data supporting the preventive efficacy of small fruits such as berries and grapes, Chen and colleagues conducted a randomized (noncomparative) phase II trial evaluating two doses of strawberry powder (60 g/d or 30 g/d for six months) to prevent esophageal cancer in China (reported in this issue of the journal, beginning on page 41); 60 g/d reduced the histologic grade of dysplastic lesions and reduced localized biomarkers, whereas 30 g/d was not effective. Fundamental questions remain such as the best formulation of strawberry powder, the active components associated with powder, and the actual mechanism of action, and standardized preparations will be required to permit the widespread use of strawberry powder with a predicable outcome. Clearly, however, this work is a good example of proof-of-principle and highlights the important role of diet, nutrition, and natural products in cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 5(1); 30–33. ©2012 AACR.
Discrepant Results of Adrenal Venous Sampling in Seven Patients with Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Zelinka Tomáš , Mašek Martin , Vlková Jana , Kasalický Mojmír , Michalský David , Holaj Robert , Petrák Ondřej , Štrauch Branislav , Rosa Ján , Dvořáková Jana , Widimský, Jr. Jiří
Published: January 2012

Background: Adrenal venous sampling serves as a discrimination between uni- and bilateral forms of primary aldosteronism (PA). Even correctly performed adrenal venous sampling may lead to non-diagnostic results in some cases. Results: We describe 7 subjects with PA in whom correct cannulation of adrenal veins (high selectivity index defined as cortisol(adrenal)/cortisol(periphery) ratio) was associated with aldosterone (ALDO) suppression (ALDO/cortisol(adrenal)/ALDO/cortisol(periphery) ratio <1) in the left adrenal gland and in whom all subjects underwent a successful adrenalectomy on the right side. In 3 subjects, samples from the right side with lower selectivity indexes (1.11–1.7) compared to those samples with a higher index of selectivity (10.4–44.9) pointed to lateralization. Next, 2 subjects were operated because of relatively large adrenal masses in the right adrenal gland on CT despite ALDO suppression on this side. One subject presented with high selectivity indexes from the right side (19.5 and 37.6), but only one sample showed ALDO secretion. Patient 7 was treated with right-sided adrenalectomy despite a low lateralization index (ALDO/cortisol(right)/ALDO/cortisol(left) 1.78). Conclusions: Our results document some uncertainties in interpreting results of adrenal venous sampling in subjects with PA which may result from deep catheter insertion, anomalous venous drainage, or fluctuations in ALDO secretion.
Effect of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on Plasma Concentrations of Adipokines in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Szotowska Magdalena , Czerwienska Beata , Adamczak Marcin , Chudek Jerzy , Wiecek Andrzej
Published: January 2012

Objective: It has not been conclusively proven whether or not the beneficial effect of statins on the cardiovascular system is mediated through their influence on adipokine secretion. We designed a prospective open-label study to assess the influence of 6 months’ atorvastatin therapy on plasma concentrations of some adipokines in patients with metabolic syndrome. Subjects: 36 adult patients with metabolic syndrome and serum LDL cholesterol >3.5 mmol/l, previously untreated with statins, were included in the study. Measurements: Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and insulin were measured before initiation and after 2, 4 and 6 months of atorvastatin therapy (10 mg), and 2 months after treatment cessation. Results: Treatment with atorvastatin was followed by a 35.6% decline in LDL cholesterol. Plasma adiponectin concentration decreased by 20.7% after 2 months; however, after 4 and 6 months, this did not differ significantly from the initial values. There was a negative correlation between the initial plasma concentration of leptin and changes in HDL cholesterol (R = –0.358; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Firstly, the long-term effect of atorvastatin therapy in patients with metabolic syndrome is not mediated by changes in the secretion of adiponectin, leptin and resistin by adipose tissue. Secondly, plasma leptin concentration seems to be a predictor of HDL cholesterol changes during atorvastatin therapy.
Effect of Decentration on the Optical Performance in Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Soda Mitsutaka , Yaguchi Shigeo
Published: January 2012

Aims: To evaluate the influence of decentration on optical performance in multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) using eye models. Methods: This study evaluated 4 types of multifocal IOLs (ReSTOR SA60D3, Alcon; TECNIS Multifocal ZM900, AMO; ReZoom, AMO; SFX-MV1, Hoya). The evaluations were based on measurements of the near and far modulation transfer function (MTF) and visualized actual near images (newspaper) using eye models with the IOL horizontally displaced 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mm from the center. Results: For the diffractive ReSTOR the near MTF decreased with increasing decentration. The near images (newspaper characters) became difficult to distinguish at a decentration of 1.0 mm. For the diffractive ZM900, the near and far MTFs gradually decreased with increasing decentration. For the refractive ReZoom and SFX-MV1, we observed almost no change in the near MTF from a decentration of 0–1.0 mm. However, the far MTF clearly decreased starting at a decentration of 1.0 mm for ReZoom and 0.75 mm for SFX-MV1. Conclusion: The MTFs and near images are affected to a different extent depending on the design of multifocal IOLs; clinically relevant effects are not to be expected up to a decentration of 0.75 mm.
Evaluation of Neonatal Regional Cerebral Perfusion Using Power Doppler and the Index Fractional Moving Blood Volume
Authors: Heck Sandra , Schindler Tim , Smyth John , Lui Kei , Meriki Neama , Welsh Alec
Published: January 2012

Background: The high cerebral morbidity of premature neonates is thought to be related to changes in tissue perfusion in vulnerable areas of the brain. Quantification of power Doppler (PD) images using the index fractional moving blood volume (FMBV) may allow measurement of regional cerebral perfusion. Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of calculating FMBV using PD ultrasound images to estimate cerebral perfusion. Methods: Two experienced clinicians performed head ultrasounds on 24 normally-grown neonates at less than 33 weeks’ gestation. Both clinicians independently acquired and stored three PD images in two different coronal planes. FMBV was calculated offline after selecting two predefined regions of interest within these planes (basal ganglia and subependymal regions). Reproducibility was evaluated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (intraCC) and the interclass correlation coefficient (interCC). Results: FMBV was successfully evaluated in 24/24 neonates by both clinicians. The intraCC for repeatability for observer A was 1.00 (95% CI 1.00–1.00) for the basal ganglia and 0.99 (95% CI 0.99–1.00) for the subependymal region, and for observer B was 0.99 (95% CI 0.99–1.00) for the basal ganglia and 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.98) for the subependymal region. The interCC was 0.86 (95% CI 0.68–0.94) for the basal ganglia and 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–0.97) for the subependymal region. Conclusion: Using standardised settings and a well-defined region of interest, the calculation of FMBV using PD images is a reproducible method of estimating neonatal regional cerebral perfusion.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Sublingual Salivary Gland: An Unusual Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Dalampiras Stylianos , Andreadis Dimitrios , Epivatianos Apostolos , Sakas Leonidas , Stanko Peter
Published: January 2012

Objectives: To describe a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma of the sublingual gland. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: An 80-year-old patient presented with a painless solid submucosal mass of 4 months’ duration in the anterior floor of the mouth, appearing as a distinct homogeneous, radiolucent lesion in CT imaging. Histologic findings after complete removal were suggestive of a pleomorphic adenoma almost completely surrounded by a fibrous capsule. No recurrence was observed after a 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: This case showed the possibility of sublingual salivary gland tumors and highlighted the need to consider them when making a differential diagnosis of masses located in the floor of the mouth.
Serotonin (5-HT7) Receptor-Stimulated Activation of cAMP-PKA Pathway in Bovine Corneal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells
Authors: Grueb Matthias , Rohrbach Jens Martin , Schlote Torsten , Mielke Joerg
Published: January 2012

Background: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) is a major neurotransmitter, and its receptors are found throughout the whole body. The 5-HT7 receptor subtype was detected in human corneal epithelial and endothelial cells and found to be functionally active in a corneal epithelial cell line. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that native bovine corneal epithelial and endothelial cells express a functional 5-HT7 receptor positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A (PKA) formation. Methods: 5-HT7 receptors were studied using polyclonal antibodies. cAMP concentration after 5-HT7 receptor stimulation with 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT, a 5-HT7 agonist) was tested by enzyme immunoassay, PKA activity was estimated by kinase consumption of ATP. Results: Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed the presence of 5-HT7 receptors in corneal epithelial and endothelial cells. Stimulation of corneal 5-HT7 receptors with 5-CT revealed a dose-dependent increase in intracellular cAMP concentration in corneal epithelium (0.01–0.34 pmol/ml) and endothelium (0.01–0.19 pmol/ml) between 10–10 and 10–7 mg/ml 5-CT (p = 0.001) with maximal stimulation from 10–7 to 10–3 mg/ml 5-CT (0.30 ± 0.03 and 0.18 ± 0.01 pmol/ml, respectively). Incubation with 10–6 mg/ml SB269970 (a selective 5-HT7 antagonist) blocked 5-CT-induced cAMP increase in corneal epithelial (0.03 pmol/ml) and endothelial cells (0.02 pmol/ml; p = 0.001). Stimulation of corneal 5-HT7 receptors with 5-CT revealed a dose-dependent increase in PKA activity between 10–10 and 10–8 mg/ml 5-CT in corneal epithelium and endothelium (<1 to >99%; p = 0.013 and p = 0.017, respectively) with maximal stimulation from 10–8 to 10–4 mg/ml (>99%) 5-CT. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that native corneal epithelial and endothelial cells express a functional 5-HT7 receptor positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase and PKA formation. However, at the present time, the physiological role of 5-HT receptors and the cAMP-PKA pathway in the cornea remains a matter of speculation.
Cariogram Validity in Schoolchildren: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Campus G. , Cagetti M.G. , Sale S. , Carta G. , Lingström P.
Published: January 2012

The validity of Cariogram in relation to caries increment over a 2-year period was evaluated. In 2007, the caries risk profile in a group of Sardinian schoolchildren (957) aged 7–9 years was assessed using the Cariogram software. A re-examination using the same criteria was performed 2 years later on 861 individuals from the original sample (drop-out 10.0%). The possible correlated variables were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA). The performances of Cariogram in predicting caries increment were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. At follow-up examination, 54.4% of the sample had developed new carious lesions (mean DFS 1.6, 95% CI 1.5–1.8). The mean caries increment (ΔDFS) was 0.5, 95% CI 0.4–0.5. PCA showed that Cariogram, gingival status and dietary sugar frequency, both at baseline and at follow-up, tend to form a separate cluster (goodness of fit ≧0.75). Sensitivity and specificity measured by ROC analysis were 0.83 and 0.85, respectively, so the gain in certainty was 1.68, while the area under the ROC curve was 0.93. A strong correlation between caries risk profiles at baseline and caries incidence in the permanent teeth after 2 years was found. The validity of Cariogram was confirmed, the software fulfilling the criteria for a good risk assessment model: precision, accuracy and ease of use.
Ureteral Reconstruction Using Autologous Tubular Grafts for the Management of Ureteral Strictures and Defects: An Experimental Study
Authors: Zhang Jie , Gu Gang-Li , Liu Guo-Hua , Jiang Jun-Tao , Xia Shu-Jie , Sun Jie , Zhu Ying-Jian , Zhu Jiang
Published: January 2012

Objective: To investigate whether the peritoneal cavity could function as a bioreactor to produce autologous tubular grafts for ureteral reconstruction in beagles. Materials and Methods: 8-Fr Silastic tubes were implanted into the peritoneal cavities of 6 female beagles. At 3 weeks, the tubes were harvested and the tubular tissue covering the tubes was gently everted. A segment 3 cm in length of the right mid-ureter, involving two thirds of its diameter, was removed parallel to the ureteral axis, leaving a third of the ureteral wall. A 5-Fr double-J stent was inserted into the ureter through the created defect, and two thirds of the graft were anastomosed to both edges of the ureteral defect. One third of the graft was overlapped with the retained normal ureter and anastomosed to the external surface of the lumens. Thus, the graft was partly encapsulated by the remainder of ureteral wall. The stent was maintained for 6 weeks and removed. Excretory urography was performed at 8 (n = 3) and 12 weeks (n = 3), postoperatively. Meanwhile, the neoureter was harvested and analyzed. The left ureter served as the control and a simple intubated ureterotomy was performed. Results: Histological analysis of the tubular tissue demonstrated transversely arranged myofibroblasts and an outer layer of mesothelium. The tissue was easily everted and transplanted as a ureteral graft. Eight weeks postoperatively, the neoureter demonstrated normal ureteral architecture, composed of multilayers of urothelium surrounded by smooth muscle bundles, which became increasingly organized with time. Excretory urography indicated no stenosis or hydronephrosis. Conclusions: These results show that autologous tubular tissue grown within the recipients’ peritoneal cavity can be used for ureteral reconstruction in the beagle model.
Functional Nature of Electrogram Fractionation Demonstrated by Left Atrial High-Density Mapping
Authors: Jadidi Amir S. , Duncan Edward , Miyazaki Shinsuke , Lellouche Nicolas , Shah Ashok J. , Forclaz Andrei , Nault Isabelle , Wright Matthew , Rivard Lena , Liu Xingpeng , Scherr Daniel , Wilton Stephen B. , Sacher Frédéric , Derval Nicolas , Knecht Sebastien , Kim Steven J. , Hocini Mélèze , Narayan Sanjiv , Haïssaguerre Michel , Jaïs Pierre
Published: January 2012

Background—

Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAE) are targets of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Serial high-density maps were evaluated to understand the impact of activation direction and rate on electrogram (EGM) fractionation.

Methods and Results—

Eighteen patients (9 persistent) underwent high-density, 3-dimensional, left-atrial mapping (>400 points/map) during AF, sinus (SR), and CS-paced (CSp) rhythms. In SR and CSp, fractionation was defined as an EGM with ≥4 deflections, although, in AF, CFE-mean <80 ms was considered as continuous CFAE. The anatomic distribution of CFAE sites was assessed, quantified, and correlated between rhythms. Mechanisms underlying fractionation were investigated by analysis of voltage, activation, and propagation maps. A minority of continuous CFAE sites displayed EGM fractionation in SR (15+/−4%) and CSp (12+/−8%). EGM fractionation did not match between SR and CSp at 70+/−10% sites. Activation maps in SR and CSp showed that wave collision (71%) and regional slow conduction (24%) caused EGM fractionation. EGM voltage during AF (0.59+/−0.58 mV) was lower than during SR and CSp (>1.0 mV) at all sites. During AF, the EGM voltage was higher at continuous CFAE sites than at non-CFAE sites (0.53 mV (Q1, Q3: 0.33 to 0.83) versus 0.30 mV (Q1, Q3: 0.18 to 0.515),
P
<0.00001). Global LA voltage in AF was lower in patients with persistent AF versus patients with paroxysmal AF (0.6+/−0.59 mV versus 1.12+/−1.32 mV,
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

The distribution of fractionated EGMs is highly variable, depending on direction and rate of activation (SR versus CSp versus AF). Fractionation in SR and CSp rhythms mostly resulted from wave collision. All sites with continuous fractionation in AF displayed normal voltage in SR, suggesting absence of structural scar. Thus, many fractionated EGMs are functional in nature, and their sites dynamic.
Risk of Malignant Arrhythmias in Initially Symptomatic Patients With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Authors: Pappone Carlo , Vicedomini Gabriele , Manguso Francesco , Baldi Mario , Pappone Alessia , Petretta Andrea , Vitale Raffaele , Saviano Massimo , Ciaccio Cristiano , Giannelli Luigi , Calovic Zarko , Tavazzi Luigi , Santinelli Vincenzo
Published: January 2012

Background—

The available amount of detailed long-term data in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is limited, and no prospective electrophysiological studies looking at predictors of malignant arrhythmia are available.

Methods and Results—

Among 8575 symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia referred for electrophysiological test, 369 (mean age, 23±12.5 years) declined catheter ablation and were followed up. The primary end point of the study was to evaluate over a 5-year follow-up the predictors and characteristics of patients who develop malignant arrhythmias. After a mean follow-up of 42.1±10 months, malignant arrhythmias developed in 29 patients (mean age, 13.9±5.6 years; 26 male), resulting in presyncope/syncope (25 patients), hemodynamic collapse (3 patients), or cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation (1 patient). Of the remaining 340 patients, 168 (mean age, 34.2±9.0 years) remained asymptomatic up to 5 years, and 172 (mean age, 13.6±5.1 years) had benign recurrence, including sustained atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (132 patients) or atrial fibrillation (40 patients). Compared with the group with no malignant arrhythmias, the group with malignant arrhythmias showed shorter accessory-pathway effective refractory period (
P
<0.001) and more often exhibited multiple accessory pathways (
P
<0.001), and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia triggering sustained pre-excited atrial fibrillation was more frequently inducible (
P
<0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that short accessory-pathway effective refractory period (
P
<0.001) and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia triggering sustained pre-excited atrial fibrillation (
P
<0.001) were independent predictors of malignant arrhythmias.

Conclusions—

Symptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome generally have a good outcome, and predictors of malignant arrhythmias are similar to those reported for asymptomatic patients with ventricular pre-excitation.
Sensitization of Slow Pressor Angiotensin II (Ang II)–Initiated Hypertension
Authors: Xue Baojian , Zhang Zhongming , Johnson Ralph F. , Johnson Alan Kim
Published: January 2012

Sensitization involving the central nervous system has been studied in many conditions but has received little attention in investigation of the pathogenesis of hypertension. Our experiments were initiated to determine whether angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced hypertension can be sensitized by prior Ang II treatment and the role of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in this process. To demonstrate Ang II–induced sensitization, we used an experimental design of induction-delay-expression. Male rats were implanted for telemetered blood pressure (BP) recording. During induction (I), low doses of subcutaneous or intracerebroventricular Ang II were delivered for 1 week, and then the rats were rested for 1 week (delay [D]) to ensure that any exogenous Ang II was metabolized. After this, a second higher dose of Ang II was given subcutaneously for 2 weeks (expression [E]). During I and D, the low doses of Ang II had no sustained effects on BP. However, during E, the Ang II–induced BP increase was greater in the groups that had received low doses of Ang II during I in comparison to the group receiving saline during I. Central angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist delivery blocked this sensitization. Brain tissue collected at the end of D and E showed increased mRNA expression of several RAAS components in key forebrain regions of sensitized rats. Fos-related antigen–like immunoreactivity was also increased at the end of E in the sensitized forebrain. These results indicate that subpressor doses of Ang II act on the brain to sensitize the hypertensive response to subsequent Ang II and that sensitization is associated with altered expression of RAAS components in forebrain cardiovascular control structures.