bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attentional Strategies and the Transition From Subitizing to Estimation in Numerosity Perception
Authors: Briggs Gordon , Lovett Andrew , Bridewell Will , Bello Paul F.
Published: September 2023

The common view of the transition between subitizing and numerosity estimation regimes is that there is a hard bound on the subitizing range, and beyond this range, people estimate. However, this view does not adequately address the behavioral signatures of enumeration under conditions of attentional load or in the immediate post‐subitizing range. The possibility that there might exist a numerosity range where both processes of subitizing and estimation operate in conjunction has so far been ignored. Here, we investigate this new proposal, that people strategically combine the processes of subitizing and estimation to maximize accuracy and precision, given time or attentional constraints. We present a process‐level account of how subitizing and estimation can be combined through strategic deployment of attention to maximize the precision of perceived numerosity given time constraints. We then describe a computational model of this account and apply it in two experimental simulations to demonstrate how it can explain key findings in prior enumeration research. While recent modeling work has argued that the behavioral signatures of enumeration can best be explained through a single numerosity system with a single form of representation, we argue that our model demonstrates how the traditional two‐systems view of numerical representation accounts for behavioral data through coordination with a unified attentional mechanism, rather than a unified representation.
“Not just for coal miners”: Unionization in U.S. art museums
Authors: Ripley Amanda Tobin
Published: September 2023

This paper examines a collective identity shift among unionizing art museum workers. Pulling data from an action research study of museum union members, I argue that museum workers today are explicitly aligning themselves with working classes in building wall‐to‐wall labor unions and embracing the collective identity, or membership within the group, of “museum worker.” In analyzing this identity label, I draw from Bruce Lincoln's theories on discourse as a mechanism for constructing or dismantling affective social boundaries. The shift from “museum professional” to “museum worker” signifies a redefinition of creative labor and museum work rooted in cross‐class solidarity and bears implications for effective grassroots organizing and coalition‐building for institutional and social change.
Additional staining for lymphovascular invasion is associated with increased estimation of lymph node metastasis in patients with T1 colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Watanabe Jun , Ichimasa Katsuro , Kataoka Yuki , Miki Atsushi , Someko Hidehiro , Honda Munenori , Tahara Makiko , Yamashina Takeshi , Yeoh Khay Guan , Kawai Shigeo , Kotani Kazuhiko , Sata Naohiro
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a critical risk factor for lymph node metastasis (LNM), which requires additional surgery after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the impact of additional staining on estimating LNM is unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of additional staining on determining LNM in T1 CRC.

Methods

We searched five electronic databases. Outcomes were diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), assessed using hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curves, and interobserver agreement among pathologists for positive LVI, assessed using Kappa coefficients (κ). We performed a subgroup analysis of studies that simultaneously included a multivariable analysis for other risk factors (deep submucosal invasion, poor differentiation, and tumor budding).

Results

Among the 64 studies (18,097 patients) identified, hematoxylin–eosin (HE) and additional staining for LVI had pooled sensitivities of 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32–0.58) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.44–0.86), specificities of 0.88 (95% CI 0.78–0.94) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.62–0.86), and DORs of 6.26 (95% CI 3.73–10.53) and 6.47 (95% CI 3.40–12.32) for determining LNM, respectively. In multivariable analysis, the DOR of additional staining for LNM (DOR 5.95; 95% CI 2.87–12.33) was higher than that of HE staining (DOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.13–3.16) (P = 0.01). Pooled κ values were 0.37 (95% CI 0.22–0.52) and 0.62 (95% CI 0.04–0.99) for HE and additional staining for LVI, respectively.

Conclusion

Additional staining for LVI may increase the DOR for LNM and interobserver agreement for positive LVI among pathologists.
Comparison of Control‐IQ and open‐source AndroidAPS automated insulin delivery systems in adults with type 1 diabetes: The CODIAC study
Authors: Do Quoc Dat , Hásková Aneta , Radovnická Lucie , Konečná Judita , Horová Eva , Parkin Christopher G. , Grunberger George , Prázný Martin , Šoupal Jan
Published: September 2023

Aim

To compare open‐source AndroidAPS (AAPS) and commercially available Control‐IQ (CIQ) automated insulin delivery (AID) systems in a prospective, open‐label, single‐arm clinical trial.

Methods

Adults with type 1 diabetes who had been using AAPS by their own decision entered the first 3‐month AAPS phase then were switched to CIQ for 3 months. The results of this treatment were compared with those after the 3‐month AAPS phase. The primary endpoint was the change in time in range (% TIR; 70‐80 mg/dL).

Results

Twenty‐five people with diabetes (mean age 34.32 ± 11.07 years; HbA1c 6.4% ± 3%) participated in this study. CIQ was comparable with AAPS in achieving TIR (85.72% ± 7.64% vs. 84.24% ± 8.46%; P = .12). Similarly, there were no differences in percentage time above range (> 180 and > 250 mg/dL), mean sensor glucose (130.3 ± 13.9 vs. 128.3 ± 16.9 mg/dL; P = .21) or HbA1c (6.3% ± 2.1% vs. 6.4% ± 3.1%; P = .59). Percentage time below range (< 70 and < 54 mg/dL) was significantly lower using CIQ than AAPS. Even although participants were mostly satisfied with CIQ (63.6% mostly agreed, 9.1% strongly agreed), they did not plan to switch to CIQ.

Conclusions

The CODIAC study is the first prospective study investigating the switch between open‐source and commercially available AID systems. CIQ and AAPS were comparable in achieving TIR. However, hypoglycaemia was significantly lower with CIQ.
Populism, jihad, and economic resistance: Studying the political discourse of Iran's supreme leader
Authors: Bazoobandi Sara
Published: September 2023

Political leaders of pariah authoritarian states communicate their political discourse unilaterally, in a closed environment without free and open media access or the space for public scrutiny or debate. They use their speeches for various aims such as to respond to external shocks, justify hardship, appeal to domestic and international sympathy, assert autonomy and power, and influence policy and governance. This research uses Iran as a case study and offers an in‐depth analysis of 10 years of speeches by the country's Supreme Leader. In a case study of unilateral political communication method in an authoritarian environment, it sheds light on various aspects of the discourse generated by the country's Supreme Leader over a decade. It also analyzes the Leader's effort to influence policymaking and governance structure through practical official guidelines. Building upon existing theories of populism, the study seeks to unpack an understudied approach in populist politics that is based on a political discourse by the leadership which defines the populist dichotomy of people versus elite at the global level.
Regional deterrence, strategic challenges, and Saudi Arabia's missile development program
Authors: Pirsalami Fariborz Arghavani , Shirzadi Ehsan
Published: September 2023

The turbulent security environment of the Middle East has been the most crucial factor influencing the behavior of governments in this region. Saudi Arabia, as one of the most important countries in the area, has embarked on a nontransparent effort to develop its missile program in recent decades, raising significant concerns about the security of the Middle East. This article adopts the regional deterrence approach and strategically examines the various dimensions of Saudi Arabia's missile program to explain the driving factors behind its development. The research argues that the regional deterrence concept has been the primary impetus pushing Saudi Arabia to invest in its missile program, aiming to counter strategic challenges at the regional level. The findings indicate several key drivers motivating Riyadh, including the development of missile programs by Iran and Turkey, the balance of power concerning Israel, responses to transformational discourses, offering alternatives to expansionist approaches in the region, addressing Iran's nuclear program, and the desire to reinforce regional deterrence capabilities. Understanding these factors sheds light on Saudi Arabia's trajectory towards strengthening its missile program and its strategic outlook in the Middle East.
4‐Phenylbutyrate promoted wild‐type γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor trafficking, reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitigated seizures in Gabrg2+/Q390X mice associated with Dravet syndrome
Authors: Shen Wangzhen , Flamm Carson , Delahanty Aiden J. , Casteel Emmett , Biven Marshall , DeLeeuw Melissa B. , Poliquin Sarah , Nwosu Gerald , Randhave Karishma , Kang Jing‐Qiong
Published: September 2023

Objective

γ‐Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor subunit gene mutations are major causes of various epilepsy syndromes, including severe kinds such as Dravet syndrome. Although the GABAA receptor is a major target for antiseizure medications, treating GABAA receptor mutations with receptor channel modulators is ineffective. Here, we determined the effect of a novel treatment with 4‐phenylbutyrate (PBA) in Gabrg2+/Q390X knockin mice associated with Dravet syndrome.

Methods

We used biochemistry in conjunction with differential tagging of the wild‐type and the mutant alleles, live brain slice surface biotinylation, microsome isolation, patch‐clamp whole‐cell recordings, and video‐monitoring synchronized electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in Gabrg2+/Q390X mice to determine the effect of PBA in vitro with recombinant GABAA receptors and in vivo with knockin mice.

Results

We found that PBA reduced the mutant γ2(Q390X) subunit protein aggregates, enhanced the wild‐type GABAA receptor subunits' trafficking, and increased the membrane expression of the wild‐type receptors. PBA increased the current amplitude of GABA‐evoked current in human embryonic kidney 293T cells and the neurons bearing the γ2(Q390X) subunit protein. PBA also proved to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by the mutant γ2(Q390X) subunit protein, as well as mitigating seizures and EEG abnormalities in the Gabrg2+/Q390X mice.

Significance

This research has unveiled a promising and innovative approach for treating epilepsy linked to GABAA receptor mutations through an unconventional antiseizure mechanism. Rather than directly modulating the affected mutant channel, PBA facilitates the folding and transportation of wild‐type receptor subunits to the cell membrane and synapse. Combining these findings with our previous study, which demonstrated PBA's efficacy in restoring GABA transporter 1 (encoded by SLC6A1) function, we propose that PBA holds significant potential for a wide range of genetic epilepsies. Its ability to target shared molecular pathways involving mutant protein ER retention and impaired protein membrane trafficking suggests broad application in treating such conditions.
The cryo‐EM structure of the BoNT/Wo‐NTNH complex reveals two immunoglobulin‐like domains
Authors: Košenina Sara , Škerlová Jana , Zhang Sicai , Dong Min , Stenmark Pål
Published: September 2023

The botulinum neurotoxin‐like toxin from Weissella oryzae (BoNT/Wo) is one of the BoNT‐like toxins recently identified outside of the Clostridium genus. We show that, like the canonical BoNTs, BoNT/Wo forms a complex with its non‐toxic non‐hemagglutinin (NTNH) partner, which in traditional BoNT serotypes protects the toxin from proteases and the acidic environment of the hosts' guts. We here report the cryo‐EM structure of the 300 kDa BoNT/Wo‐NTNH/Wo complex together with pH stability studies of the complex. The structure reveals molecular details of the toxin's interactions with its protective partner. The overall structural arrangement is similar to other reported BoNT‐NTNH complexes, but NTNH/Wo uniquely contains two extra bacterial immunoglobulin‐like (Big) domains on the C‐terminus. Although the function of these Big domains is unknown, they are structurally most similar to bacterial proteins involved in adhesion to host cells. In addition, the BoNT/Wo protease domain contains an internal disulfide bond not seen in other BoNTs. Mass photometry analysis revealed that the BoNT/Wo‐NTNH/Wo complex is stable under acidic conditions and may dissociate at neutral to basic pH. These findings established that BoNT/Wo‐NTNH/Wo shares the general fold of canonical BoNT–NTNH complexes. The presence of unique structural features suggests that it may have an alternative mode of activation, translocation and recognition of host cells, raising interesting questions about the activity and the mechanism of action of BoNT/Wo as well as about its target environment, receptors and substrates.
Neuropsychological tests used for dementia assessment in Japan: Current status
Authors: Maeshima Shinichiro , Osawa Aiko , Kawamura Koki , Yoshimura Takako , Otaka Eri , Sato Yayoi , Ueda Ikue , Itoh Naoki , Kondo Izumi , Arai Hidenori
Published: September 2023

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the assessment tools dementia specialists use in clinical practice, reasons for their use and assessment‐related factors.

Methods

A questionnaire survey was carried out from 15 September 2021 to 20 October 2021 among 1858 dementia specialists in Japan, with responses obtained via mail or using a Web form accessed via a Web address.

Results

Of the 1858 specialists who were sent the questionnaire, 574 responded, yielding a response rate of 32.2%. Almost all respondents stated that the main purposes of neuropsychological testing were to identify the pathophysiology and aid diagnosis. Most respondents identified behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia as important factors for assessment. The most commonly used tests were the Hasegawa Dementia Scale‐Revised and Mini‐Mental State Examination, often used as screening tools. The Mini‐Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing Test and Cube Copying Test were common assessments carried out directly by specialists. Quality of life and burden of care were less commonly assessed.

Conclusions

Despite the main purpose of carrying out neuropsychological tests on dementia patients is to “understand the pathophysiology” and “aid in diagnosis,” many assessment methods were chosen as screening methods carried out in a short time during clinic hours. The lack of evaluation of care burden and QOL, considered important by specialists, is an issue for the future in treating people with dementia, a life disability. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 102–109.
Extrauterine epithelioid trophoblastic tumour and its somatic carcinoma mimics: short tandem repeat genotyping meets the diagnostic challenges
Authors: Niu Na , Ordulu Zehra , Burak Zeybek , Buza Natalia , Hui Pei
Published: September 2023

Aims

While epithelioid trophoblastic tumour (ETT) primarily arises from the uterus, cases have been increasingly documented at extrauterine sites, originating from an ectopic gestation or presenting as a metastatic tumour, leading to the major differential diagnosis of somatic carcinoma with trophoblastic differentiation. The precise separation of a gestational trophoblastic tumour from its somatic carcinoma mimics is highly relevant and crucial for patient management and prognosis.

Methods and results

We summarise the clinicopathological and molecular features of four challenging epithelioid malignancies presenting at extrauterine sites, with ETT as the main differential diagnosis. All four tumours demonstrated histological and immunohistochemical features overlapping between a somatic carcinoma and an ETT, combined with inconclusive clinical and imaging findings. Serum beta‐hCG elevation was documented in two cases. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping was performed and was informative in all cases. The presence of a unique paternal allelic pattern in the tumour tissue confirmed the diagnosis of ETT in two cases with an initial consideration of either somatic carcinoma or suspicion of a gestational trophoblastic tumour. The presence of matching genetic profile with the patient's paired normal tissue was seen in two other cases (both initially considered as ETT), confirming their somatic origin, including one metastatic triple‐negative breast carcinoma and one primary lung carcinoma.

Conclusions

Diagnostic separation of ETT at an extrauterine site from its somatic carcinoma mimics can be difficult at the histological and immunohistochemical levels. STR genotyping offers a robust ancillary tool that precisely separates ETT from somatic carcinomas with trophoblastic differentiation.
“WHAT HAS POSTERITY EVER DONE FOR ME?”: FUTURE GENERATIONS, INTERGENERATIONAL JUSTICE, AND THE CHRONOPOLITICS OF DISTANT FUTURES
Authors: Möckel Benjamin
Published: September 2023

“Future generations” play a key role in current political debates. In the context of the climate crisis especially, political controversies are often framed as moral problems of “intergenerational justice.” This article aims to historicize the use of the concept of “future generations” in modern political discourse and to uncover its long—and often ambivalent—history. Its main argument is that talking about “future generations” was part of an attempt to integrate (distant) futures into the political discourse of the time. The first part of the article outlines a theoretical perspective on the relationship between generations and temporalities. The second part focuses on how anticipating “future generations” became an important part of the history of utopian thinking and political planning in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, especially in the realm of demographic and economic discussions. The third part analyzes the emergence of “future ethics” and “intergenerational justice” as important political discourses in the 1970s. This part refers both to the academic debates about “future generations” and to the way political decision‐makers used the concept to legitimize their policies. The article argues that the concept of “future generations” should not be taken as an ethical principle that transcended the political debates of the present. Rather, it was itself the result of intense political controversies.
Implicit racial bias among dental hygienists practicing in the United States
Authors: Morzenti Olivia A. , Brennhofer Stephanie A. , Calley Kristin H. , Stephenson M. Colleen
Published: September 2023

Purpose

Provider bias has been shown to be a contributing factor to racial and ethnic disparities observed in health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit racial bias among dental hygienists.

Methods

A convenience sample of licensed and practicing dental hygienists within the United States was recruited through email and national dental hygiene social media groups via snowball sampling. A two‐part survey design was used for data collection. Participants completed a 10‐item demographic survey through an online platform and were then routed to the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses were used to compare demographic data and implicit racial preference scores (d‐scores).

Results

Data from 404 licensed dental hygienists were included in this study. Over two‐thirds (67.8%) of participants showed a preference for European Americans over African Americans. A significant difference was found between implicit racial preference scores and participant age (Estimate: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.01), years worked comparing <5 years to 21 or more years (Estimate: 0.19, 95% CI: −0.30, −0.09) and race comparing non‐White to White (Estimate: –0.17, 95% CI: −0.27, −0.07). No difference was found with task order, previous Race IAT experience, or previous self‐reported implicit bias training.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that dental hygienists may harbor implicit racial preferences for European Americans over African Americans. Non‐White participants had more positive implicit preferences toward African Americans compared to White participants. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which implicit racial biases contribute to disparities in oral health.
Performance of the new MC‐80 automated digital cell morphology analyser in detection of normal and abnormal blood cells: Comparison with the CellaVision DM9600
Authors: Merino Anna , Laguna Javier , Rodríguez‐García María , Julian Judit , Casanova Alexandra , Molina Angel
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Mindray MC‐80 is an automated system for digital imaging of white blood cells (WBCs) and their pre‐classification. The objective of this work is to analyse its performance comparing it with the CellaVision® DM9600.

Methods

A total of 445 samples were used, 194 normal and 251 abnormal: acute leukaemia (100), myelodysplastic syndromes/myeloproliferative neoplasms (33), lymphoid neoplasms (50), plasma cell neoplasms (14), infections (49) and thrombocytopenia (5). WBC pre‐classification values with the MC‐80 and DM9600 were compared with (1) the microscope, (2) Mindray BC‐6800Plus differentials in only normal samples, and (3) confirmed or reclassified images (post‐classification). Pearson's correlation, Lin's concordance, Passing‐Bablok regression, and Bland–Altman plots were used. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values for abnormal cells using the MC‐80 were calculated.

Results

The PPV and NPV were above 98% and 99%, for normal samples. For immature granulocytes (IG), NPV and PPV were 100% and 74.2%. When comparing the WBC differentials using the MC‐80, the microscope and the BC‐6800Plus, no differences were found except for basophils and IG. Our results showed good agreement between the pre‐ and post‐classification of normal WBC, including IG, quantified by high correlation and concordance values (0.91–1). Sensitivity and specificity for blasts were 0.984 and 0.640. The MC‐80 detected abnormal lymphocytes in 30% of the smears from patients with lymphoid neoplasm. Plasma cell identification was better using the DM9600. The sensitivity and specificity for erythroblast detection were 1 and 0.890.

Conclusion

We found that the MC‐80 shows high performance for WBC differentials for both normal samples and patients with haematological diseases.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia Australasian consensus practice statement
Authors: Anderson Mary A. , Bennett Rory , Badoux Xavier , Best Giles , Chia Nicole , Cochrane Tara , Cull Gavin , Crassini Kyle , Harrup Rosemary , Jackson Sharon , Kuss Bryone , Lasica Masa , Lew Thomas E. , Marlton Paula , Opat Stephen , Palfreyman Emma , Polizzotto Mark N. , Ratnasingam Sumita , Seymour John F. , Soosapilla Asha , Talaulikar Dipti , Tam Constantine S. , Weinkove Robert , Wight Joel , Mulligan Stephen P.
Published: September 2023

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common haematological malignancy in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ). Considerable changes to diagnostic and management algorithms have occurred within the last decade. The availability of next‐generation sequencing and measurable residual disease assessment by flow cytometry allow for advanced prognostication and response assessments. Novel therapies, including inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTKi) and B‐cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) inhibitors, have transformed the treatment landscape for both treatment‐naïve and relapsed/refractory disease, particularly for patients with high‐risk genetic aberrations. Recommendations regarding appropriate supportive management continue to evolve, and special considerations are required for patients with CLL with respect to the global SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. The unique funding and treatment environments in Australasia highlight the need for specific local guidance with respect to the investigation and management of CLL. This consensus practice statement was developed by a broadly representative group of ANZ experts in CLL with endorsement by peak haematology bodies, with a view to providing this standardised guidance.
The effects and challenges of alcohol use disorder peer support service in South Korea: A focus group study
Authors: Kim Soojeong , Lee Insuk , Lee Mihyong , Champion Jane Dimmitt
Published: September 2023

Although alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with a high disease burden due to medical consequences, people with AUD often do not receive appropriate treatment or community health service support. Peer‐support services, intended to bridge the gap between patients with AUD and mental health providers have produced successful results. However, the number of studies on peer supporters in South Korea, especially those with AUD, is limited. Therefore, research on the effectiveness or challenges faced by AUD peer supporters in Korea is required to meet the challenges posed by increases in the numbers and capabilities of peer supporters in the mental health field. This qualitative study (N = 13), included focus group interviews of AUD peer supporters (n = 7), and supervisors of peer supporters (n = 6). Focus group data were analysed using thematic analysis methods. These analyses identified themes including ‘Life before AUD peer supporters: The moment of change’, ‘Effects of peer support services: Working as peer supporters changed our lives’, ‘Challenges of peer supporter services: Things experienced as a team’ and ‘Future directions: How we can improve peer support services’? Findings indicate that healthcare professionals, educated to maintain clear boundaries, are discouraged from disclosing personal information or developing personal relationships with patients. On the other hand, peer supporters discuss personal histories and prioritize personal connections. By acting as comrades, peer supporters have positive effects. By sharing their experiences, peer supporters formed appropriate relationships with AUD patients and families resulting in more active engagement in treatment programmes and increased numbers of patients receiving outpatient treatment.
Multicomponent prediction of 2‐year mortality and amputation in patients with diabetic foot using a random survival forest model: Uric acid, alanine transaminase, urine protein and platelet as important predictors
Authors: Li Mingzhuo , Tang Fang , Lao Jiahui , Yang Yang , Cao Jia , Song Ru , Wu Peng , Wang Yibing
Published: September 2023

The current methods for the prediction of mortality and amputation for inpatients with diabetic foot (DF) use only conventional, simple variables, which limits their performance. Here, we used a random survival forest (RSF) model and multicomponent variables to improve the prediction of mortality and amputation for these patients. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 175 inpatients with DF who were recruited between 2014 and 2021. Thirty‐one predictors in six categories were considered as potential covariates. Seventy percent (n = 122) of the participants were randomly selected to constitute a training set, and 30% (n = 53) were assigned to a testing set. The RSF model was used to screen appropriate variables for their value as predictors of 2‐year all‐cause mortality and amputation, and a multicomponent prediction model was established. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) and the Hosmer–Lemeshow test. The AUCs were compared using the Delong test. Seventeen variables were selected to predict mortality and 23 were selected to predict amputation. Uric acid and alanine transaminase were the top two most useful variables for the prediction of mortality, whereas urine protein and platelet were the top variables for the prediction of amputation. The AUCs were 0.913 and 0.851 for the prediction of mortality for the training and testing sets, respectively; and the equivalent AUCs were 0.963 and 0.893 for the prediction of amputation. There were no significant differences between the AUCs for the training and testing sets for both the mortality and amputation models. These models showed a good degree of fit. Thus, the RSF model can predict mortality and amputation in inpatients with DF. This multicomponent prediction model could help clinicians consider predictors of different dimensions to effectively prevent DF from clinical outcomes .
“So That We Can Save the Earth from Dying”: Highlights from a Middle School Environmental Field Day
Authors: Sena Kenton , Abney Jill , Ruehl Hannah , Barton Chris
Published: September 2023

Continued urbanization is likely to reduce human‐nature experience, transforming human‐dwelt spaces into increasingly artificial environments and removing humans from interaction with non‐human living things and their ecosystems. In urban spaces, outdoor experiential educational activities can help students increase their familiarity with the outdoors and get their hands dirty. This case study reports on an environmental field day for middle school students from an urban Kentucky middle school. Students rotated through three activities (picking insects out of leaf packs, testing water quality, and planting trees), then completed a brief survey designed and administered by their faculty. Students rated the tree planting activity more highly than the other two activities (p < 0.0001), suggesting that this activity was more accessible, interesting, and engaging to a broader range of students. However, student qualitative responses to the water quality and leaf pack activities demonstrated an ability to make connections between those activities and the broader world, such as the importance of their stream‐water quality for the Gulf of Mexico, or the implications of finding pollution‐tolerant insects for understanding stream health. Overall, we recommend planning field days with multiple activities that offer various entry points for students with a range of prior experience of nature. We also emphasize the potential for these sorts of activities to help students develop a sense of awe or wonder in nature—seeing and handling things they never considered before but now experience as profound and interesting. These observations are consistent with the literature demonstrating the need for human‐nature experience (especially in urban areas) to support developing a sense of affectivity for the environment and interest in taking environmentally beneficial actions, as well as the role of place‐based experiential education in helping students bridge that gap.
Institutional investors’ horizons and bank transparency
Authors: Haq Mamiza , Pathan Shams , Mendez Carlos Fernandez , Lobo Gerald J.
Published: September 2023

We examine the relation between institutional investors’ horizons and bank transparency. The novelty of this research is to consider three important aspects of transparency: disclosure quality, private information gathering and auditor fees. We find strong evidence indicating that banks dominated by long‐term (short‐term [ST]) institutional shareholders exhibit higher (lower) levels of disclosure quality. However, there is no evidence that investor horizon has a differential effect on private information gathering and audit pricing. The study employs alternative proxies and estimations such as two‐stage least squares and propensity score matching to address endogeneity. We also document that banks with higher ST institutional shareholding are associated with lower crash risk. These findings are particularly significant because poor bank transparency has been identified as a contributing factor to the 2007–2009 financial crisis.
Worldwide expert recommendations for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo: Position statement from the International Vitiligo Task Force Part 1: towards a new management algorithm
Authors: van Geel Nanja , Speeckaert Reinhart , Taïeb Alain , Ezzedine Khaled , Lim Henry W. , Pandya Amit G. , Passeron Thierry , Wolkerstorfer Albert , Abdallah Marwa , Alomar Augustin , Bae Jung Min , Bekkenk Marcel , Benzekri Laila , Böhm Markus , Eleftheriadou Viktoria , Esmat Samia , Ghia Deepti , Goh Boon Kee , Grimes Pearl , Gupta Somesh , Hamzavi Iltefat H. , Harris John E. , Oh Sang Ho , Huggins Richard , Katayama Ichiro , Lan Eric , Lee Ai‐Young , Leone Giovanni , Le Poole Caroline , Lui Harvey , Maquignon Nicolle , Meurant Jean Marie , Monteiro Paul , Oiso Naoki , Parsad Davinder , Pliszewski Georg , Raboobee Noufal , Rodrigues Michelle , Rosmarin David , Suzuki Tamio , Tanemura Atsushi , Thng Steven , Xiang Flora , Zhou Youwen , Picardo Mauro , Seneschal Julien
Published: September 2023

Background

The treatment of vitiligo can be challenging and depends on several factors such as the subtype, disease activity, vitiligo extent, and treatment goals. Vitiligo usually requires a long‐term approach. To improve the management of vitiligo worldwide, a clear and up‐to‐date guide based on international consensus with uniform stepwise recommendations is needed.

Objectives

To reach an international consensus on the nomenclature and to develop a management algorithm for the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of vitiligo.

Methods

In this consensus statement, a consortium of 42 international vitiligo experts and four patient representatives participated in online and live meetings to develop a consensus management strategy for vitiligo. At least two vitiligo experts summarized the evidence of topics included in the algorithms. A survey was utilized to resolve remaining issues among a core group of eight experts. Subsequently, the unanimous recommendations were finalized and validated based on further input from the entire group during two live meetings.

Results

The algorithms highlight the importance of shared decision‐making. Dermatologists are encouraged to provide patients with detailed explanations of the prognosis and expected therapeutic outcomes based on clinical examination. The treatment goal should be discussed and clearly emphasized to patients given the different approaches for disease stabilization and repigmentation. The evaluation of disease activity remains a cornerstone in the tailor‐made approach to vitiligo patients.

Conclusions

These new treatment algorithms are intended to guide clinical decision‐making in clinical practice. Promising novel therapies for vitiligo are on the horizon, further highlighting the need for reliable outcome measurement instruments and greater emphasis on shared decision‐making.
Pseudovampyrella gen. nov.: A genus of Vampyrella‐like protoplast extractors finds its place in the Leptophryidae
Authors: Suthaus Andreas , Hess Sebastian
Published: September 2023

Vampyrellid amoebae are predatory protists, which consume a variety of eukaryotic prey and inhabit freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Although they have been known for almost 150 years, much of their diversity lacks an in‐depth characterization. To date, environmental sequencing data hint at several uncharacterized lineages, to which no phenotype is associated. Furthermore, there are numerous historically described species without any molecular information. This study reports on two new vampyrellid strains from moorlands, which extract the protoplasts of Closterium species (Zygnematophyceae). Our data on morphology, prey range specificity and feeding strategy reveal that the studied vampyrellids are very similar to the historically described Vampyrella closterii. However, phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the two strains do not belong to the genus Vampyrella and, instead, form a distinct clade in the family Leptophryidae. Hence, we introduce a new genus of algivorous protoplast extractors, Pseudovampyrella gen. nov., with the species P. closterii (= V. closterii) and P. minor. Our findings indicate that the genetic diversity of morphologically described vampyrellid species might be hugely underrated.
The pathway of Edwardsiella piscicida infecting Lateolabrax maculatus via the immersion bath
Authors: Hu Jianmei , Wang Baotun , Ma Zhuang , Feng Juan , Jiang Biao , Su Youlu
Published: September 2023

Edwardsiella piscicida, an infectious bacterium, causes great economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Immersion bath which is the closest way to how the fish infect bacterial pathogens in the natural environment is an effective route of artificial infection. In this study, the dynamic process of E. piscicida infection, in the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was evaluated via the immersion bath. The results showed that soaking the spotted sea bass with 3 × 106 CFU mL−1 E. piscicida for 30 min could artificially induce edwardsiellosis. The higher culture temperature (28.5 ± 0.5°C) or the longer bath time (30 min) would lead to higher mortality of fish. E.piscicida first invaded the gill, then entered the blood circulation to infect the spleen and kidney, where it is colonized, and gradually multiplied in the liver and brain. Meanwhile, the fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the localization of E. piscicida in the gill and foregut after the immersion challenge proceeded from the exterior to the interior. The invasion of pathogens triggers the immune response of fish and causes tissue damage to the host. The quantitative real‐time PCR results displayed an increase in the relative expression level of immune genes (NK‐lysin, LZM, IgM and IgD). Otherwise, the most notable histopathological changes of the infected spotted sea bass were multifocal necrosis. Findings in this study broaden our understanding of the infection conditions of E. piscicida and its pathogenicity to the spotted sea bass.
Study on the current status of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms and consumers' interest in milk tea
Authors: Tran Thanh , Nguyen Nhut Thanh , Thanh Tu Nguyen Thi , Tran Hoang Cam Tu , Phuong Tran Thi Bich , Duong Do Vinh , Banerjee Sreejita , Ho Loc Huu
Published: September 2023

The assurance of food safety is paramount, especially concerning ready‐to‐drink products like milk tea. This research sought to gauge the safety perceptions of both student and office worker demographics towards this beverage using a combination of direct and online surveys. The data reveals that 84.6% of respondents express significant concerns about hygiene and safety standards within milk tea consumption. A substantial portion of these consumers indicates a willingness to expend between 2‐4 USD per serving. Alarmingly, analyses of several popular milk tea brands have identified considerable concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms: Coliform counts were observed at 108, E. Coli at 1010, Pseudomonas at 108, and Salmonella at 104 (CFU/mL). A primary suspected avenue of this microbiological contamination appears to be ice, which exhibits levels exceeding nationally stipulated safety thresholds.
Gastrointestinal: Weight gain increases the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm observed in post‐polypectomy surveillance colonoscopy
Authors: Lee Sinwon , Do Yoon Suh , Lee Hyo Jeong , Kim Gwang‐Un , Park Hye Won , Chang Hye‐Sook , Choe Jaewon , Byeon Jeong‐Sik , Lee Ji Young
Published: September 2023

Background and Aim

Although obesity is a known risk factor for colorectal neoplasms, the correlation between weight change and colorectal neoplasm is unclear. Thus, we aim to evaluate the association between weight change and advanced colorectal neoplasm (ACRN) recurrence during post‐polypectomy surveillance colonoscopy.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 7473 participants diagnosed with colorectal neoplasms between 2003 and 2010 who subsequently underwent surveillance colonoscopies until 2020. We analyzed the association between the risk of metachronous ACRN and weight change, defining stable weight as a weight change of <3% and weight gain as a weight increase of ≥3% from baseline during the follow‐up period.

Results

During a median 8.5 years of follow‐up, 619 participants (8.3%) developed ACRN. Weight gain was reported as an independent risk factor for metachronous ACRN in a time‐dependent Cox analysis. A weight gain of 3–6% and ≥6% had adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) of 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–1.84) and 2.14 (95% CI: 1.71–2.69), respectively. Participants aged 30–49 and 50–75 years with weight gain of ≥6% showed AHRs of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.96–4.21) and 1.90 (95% CI: 1.43–2.51), respectively. In men and women, weight gain of ≥3% was significantly correlated with metachronous ACRN.

Conclusions

Weight gain is associated with an increased risk of metachronous ACRN. Furthermore, weight gain is associated with the recurrence of ACRN in both men and women regardless of age.
Frontier politics at the world's end
Authors: Ogden Laura A.
Published: September 2023

The “world's end” or “el fin del mundo” is a very common representational figure used to describe the Fuegian Archipelago of South America. There are world's end hostels, coffee table books, and scientific expeditions, for example, and the phrase is widely used to describe the region's landscape and geography, Indigenous peoples, biota, and to signal precarity along several registers. In this article, I examine the world's end through the lens of the frontier, specifically focusing on how colonial imaginaries of Fuegian peoples as “lost” or lost to history are foundational to the region's territorial projects, including conservation efforts. Research for this paper stems from ethnographic fieldwork in the Fuegian Archipelago, between 2011 and 2018, as well as archival research on colonial settlement in the region.
Dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype in Callithrix penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1812): Case report
Authors: de Souza Balbueno Melina Castilho , Martins Jéssica Amâncio , Malaga Soraya Kezam , Forato Juliana , de Paula Coelho Cidéli
Published: September 2023

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle diagnosed by alterations resulting from ventricular systolic dysfunction with enlargement of the heart chambers, which is still underdiagnosed in non‐human primates. This report is the first case of the DCM phenotype diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed by necropsy in Callithrix penicillata.
Mutational screening of Greek patients with axonal Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease using targeted next‐generation sequencing: Clinical and molecular spectrum delineation
Authors: Kontogeorgiou Zoi , Kartanou Chrisoula , Rentzos Michail , Kokotis Panagiotis , Anagnostou Evangelos , Zambelis Thomas , Chroni Elisabeth , Dinopoulos Argyris , Panas Marios , Koutsis Georgios , Karadima Georgia
Published: September 2023

Background and Aims

Axonal forms of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) are classified as CMT2, distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) or hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) and can be caused by mutations in over 100 genes. We presently aimed to investigate for the first time the genetic landscape of axonal CMT in the Greek population.

Methods

Sixty index patients with CMT2, dHMN or HSN were screened by a combination of Sanger sequencing (GJB1) and next‐generation sequencing custom‐made gene panel covering 24 commonly mutated genes in axonal CMT.

Results

Overall, 20 variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic were identified in heterozygous state in 20 index cases, representing 33.3% of the cohort. Of these, 14 were known pathogenic/likely pathogenic and six were designated as such according to ACMG classification, after in silico evaluation, testing for familial segregation and further literature review. The most frequently involved genes were GJB1 (11.7%), MPZ (5%) and MFN2 (5%), followed by DNM2 (3.3%) and LRSAM1 (3.3%). Single cases were identified with mutations in BSCL2, HSPB1 and GDAP1.

Interpretation

A wide phenotypic variability in terms of severity and age of onset was noted. Given the limited number of genes tested, the diagnostic yield of the present panel compares favourably with studies in other European populations. Our study delineates the genetic and phenotypic variability of inherited axonal neuropathies in the Greek population and contributes to the pathogenicity characterization of further variants linked to axonal neuropathies.
Should oral care be about more than a gut feeling? A qualitative study investigating patients' and healthcare professionals' experiences
Authors: Rasmussen Line Louise , Vaupell Karina Hesselvig , Olsen Marlene Lynggaard , Nielsen Charlotte
Published: September 2023

Aim

To explore patients' and healthcare professionals' (HCPs) experiences of oral care during hospitalisation to identify needs and challenges.

Background

Daily oral care is important to patients' health and well‐being, to prevent diseases in the oral cavity, systemic infections and increased morbidity, which subsequently can lead to prolonged hospitalisation and, at worst, increased mortality. Despite this knowledge, oral care is a neglected part of nursing practice. Studies do not clearly identify barriers regarding oral care, as the existing knowledge is inadequate.

Design

A qualitative study exploring participants' experiences to gain new in‐depth knowledge of oral care among hospitalised patients.

Methods

A phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach was applied. Participant observations were conducted on five hospital wards, combined with individual semi‐structured interviews with 16 patients and 15 HCP. Data analysis was based on Ricoeur's theory of narrative and interpretation.

Results

Four themes describing the challenges regarding oral care emerged: Oral care as a gut feeling; oral care fades into the background; even self‐reliant patients need help with oral care; and the mouth reflects the life lived.

Conclusions

The identified challenges show there is a need for improvement in the health professional approach to oral care in nursing practice. Focus on increasing HCPs' knowledge, skills and competences can increase their nursing agency and support patients' self‐care capacity.

Impact

Investigation of oral care during hospitalisation revealed four main challenges concerning both patients' and HCPs' lack of knowledge and awareness of oral care. Thus, patients and HCPs should be included in developing solutions to improve oral care in nursing practice.

Reporting methods

The COREQ criteria for reporting qualitative research were adhered to.

Patient contribution

A patient representative was involved in the discussion of the proposal, conduct and results of the study.