bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History and Concept of Famine
Authors: de Waal Alex
Published: October 2023

The famine of 1984/5 was an event of historical significance in Darfur. It is now widely accepted that a social scientist studying a famine should place it in a historical context (Anderson and Johnson 1988). That is not all, however. The victims of the 1984/5 famine themselves also put the drought and famine in a historical context: for instance they commonly compared it to the great famine of 1913/The question as to which famine was the worse provoked much debate. This is partly a matter of a current representation of that famine. Throughout much of Darfur 1913/14 was known as Julu, meaning ‘Wandering’, and people discussed whether 1984/5 was likewise a famine of ‘wandering’. But it is also a matter of a genuine historical consciousness. In some villages of Jebel Si the famine of 1984/5 was actually named after 1913/14: it was given the name Kadisa, meaning ‘Cat’. Some informants even suggested that the ‘cat’ famine of 1913/14 was itself named after a famine of the 1820s (see below). Historical awareness is also shown by the way in which texts such as those of the nineteenth-century merchantel Tunisi (1854) are read, discussed, and criticized by rural people. If modern texts such as that of O’Fahey (1980) were available in Arabic they would be subjected to similar critical scrutiny.
“Mission Accomplished”
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

By the fall of 1943 Roosevelt understood that Congress would not pass an American Beveridge Plan. The election of 1942 had been a disaster for his Democratic Party. With Republican gains of forty-seven seats in the House of Representatives and seven in the Senate, Roosevelt faced the most conservative Congress of his presidency. Since southern Democrats could now join Republicans to form a majority coalition, the prospects for maintaining New Deal social programs, let alone expanding them, appeared dim.
“SRO” Veterans and the Colleges
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M
Published: October 2023

By the spring of 1946, Time Magazine reported, it was “standing room only” in many of the 2,268 universities, colleges, and junior colleges approved by the Veterans Administration as eligible for reimbursement under Title II of the GI Bill. Three hundred thousand World War II veterans had enrolled, more than three times the number of matriculants in the entire year of 1945. Millions more were on the way. In 1945, 88,000 of 1.6 million students were GIs. By 1947, 2.3 million men and women had enrolled in colleges and universities, 1.15 million of them veterans of World War II. The dilemma of administrators in higher education, wrote Milton MacKaye in the Saturday Evening Post, was akin to that of the family “who inherited a herd of elephants: where to put them. The bitter tea of the educators is this: the dream of opportunity is at hand, and the colleges do not have the facilities, the housing, the instructors or classrooms to handle it.”
Introduction : Dreams and Nightmares
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

It is some time in the future. Businesses, governments, and individual lives have been fundamentally transformed, above all because of the rise of new methods for obtaining information. Collaborative projects, often involving numerous strangers, are growing in both scale and quality, to the benefit of millions of people. Many of these projects are open to every human being on the globe. It is also simple to find, almost instantly, the judgments of “people like you” about almost everything: books, movies, hotels, restaurants, vacation spots, museums, television programs, music, potential romantic partners, doctors, movie stars, and countless goods and services.
Money, Prices, and Prediction Markets
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: October 2023

Statistical groups elicit and incorporate the views of group members. Deliberating groups are supposed to do the same. A very different way to aggregate information is to rely on prices and on the signals that prices give. To see why that method might work, consider the familiar informal challenge when people disagree on some question: “Want to bet?” The point of the challenge is to suggest that the speaker is really confident of her judgment, enough so as to ask the person with whom she disagrees to back her conviction with money. Much of the time, the challenge is successful in the sense that it operates to establish to all concerned that one or another belief is weakly held. When people ask for a bet, they are bypassing deliberation and offering a good clue about the confidence with which they hold their views. But if we want to get access to many minds, we might see if economic incentives can be used far more formally and systematically.
Crosstown Traffic
Authors: Harford Tim
Published: October 2023

We’ve just learned that in the world of perfect markets, everything is for the best. We know that perfect markets are completely efficient, delivering outcomes that are flawless in every respect except distribution. We also know from the head start theorem that we can fix any complaints about distribution in advance. Presto, every problem solved, or at least every problem concerning the allocation of goods and services.
At War with Algiers
Authors: Leiner Frederick C
Published: October 2023

As 1814 Turned Into 1815, a new secretary of the navy was en route to Washington. Benjamin W. Crowninshield, age forty-two, came from a wealthy and famous shipowning family in Salem, Massachusetts. Lanternjawed, with short, wavy hair and the newly fashionable sideburns framing a high forehead, Crowninshield gave an appearance of stolidity and calm. In an era when an unwritten requirement for secretaries of the navy was personal experience with shipping, as a merchant, ship captain, or admiralty lawyer, Benjamin Crowninshield had the credentials for the post. He had gone to sea as a cabin boy and rose to master of Salem ships to the East Indies by the time he turned twenty. Along with four of his brothers, Benjamin came ashore to work with his father as a merchant in the family countinghouse, Geo. Crowninshield — Sons. The Crowninshield firm owned wharves and a fleet of merchant ships. By 1809, when the father and sons split the business into three, Geo. Crowninshield — Sons owned a dozen oceangoing ships rated between 250 and 500 tons, and were the leading American merchants in the pepper trade with the East Indies.
Related Record Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

The three indexes from the Institute for Scientific Information discussed in Chapter 6—the Science Citation Index, the Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (and their merged form in the Web of Science)—offer an additional, and unique, way to do subject searches for articles in scholarly journals. This is “related record” searching; it can be done only in the Web or CD-ROM formats of these sources, not in their print versions. When doing this kind of inquiry, you must first start with a keyword search in whichever ISI database you wish to consult. (If you know the names of particular authors writing on your topic, you could also use them as starting points.) Once you have a list of relevant articles rounded up via keywords, you have to call up the full-format version of each record individually; in the Web database, this display will then give you a “Find Related Records” radio button that you can click on. (The display is different in the CD-ROMs.) Clicking here will start a new search that will round up any other articles in the same database that have footnotes in common with your starting-point article. Note that these are not the same as subsequent articles that cite your initial source, which you would get from a citation search.
Locating Material in Other Libraries
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

If your own library does not own the sources you’ve identified through subject heading searches, keyword searches, citation or related record searches, or those done through published bibliographies, there are three major resources that will usually enable you to identify which other libraries do own them. Beyond those three, however, thousands of other sources may be useful. The first place to look is the WorldCat database. It is available in the First Search system and now as a free-access site in Google and Yahoo. (It may soon be accessible through other Internet search engines.) The database itself is essentially the combined library catalogs of over 45,000 libraries in eighty-seven countries. It has over 52,000,000 records. In addition to books, it also records maps, prints, photographs, sound recordings, slides, newspapers, motion pictures, videotapes, manuscripts, recommended Web sites, and other formats. Whatever gets cataloged in any of the participating libraries winds up in the pot for everyone to search. For each item library locations are provided. (This database forms the basis for most interlibrary lending.) To get into this file in Google, use the advanced search page and specify the domain as “worldcatlibraries.org.”
Special Subjects and Formats
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Although the various methods of searching discussed so far are all applicable in any subject area, some topics present unusually complex arrays of research resources, and require more particular overviews of individual sources. Those discussed in this chapter have proven themselves useful in providing answers to many specialized questions. Two excellent starting points for biographical information on individuals, both prominent and obscure, are the Biography and Genealogy Master Index (Gale) and Biography Index (H. W. Wilson); both are available in subscription-online and print formats. The former is an index to thousands of biographical dictionaries, who’s who compilations, and subject encyclopedias having biographical articles; it is an excellent starting point for locating biographical write-ups on both famous and obscure people from all parts of the world, from all time periods. It currently indexes nearly 14 million sketches. Biography Index is the largest ongoing index to biographical books, pamphlets, and journal articles; it indexes biographical articles from 2,700 periodicals and more than 1,500 books every year. The subscription database format covers material published from 1984 forward (as of this writing); the printed volumes go back to 1946.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Robert W
Published: October 2023

Since the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970, the United States has embarked on a major regulatory effort to protect the environment, health, and safety. That effort has produced some unquestionably desirable results-such as cleaner rivers and cleaner air-but also much controversy.We have learned a great deal about regulation since 1970. Perhaps most important, we have learned that regulations have significant costs, not just benefits, and that analysis of risk is an indispensable component of sensible regulation. It has become clear that more sensitivity to costs not only would yield greater net social benefits but would actually improve regulatory outcomes such as a cleaner and safer environment.Making that statement does not, however, imply that the matter is settled. Profound disagreements remain-more among the public and politicians than among economists and scientists-about the implications of being more aware of costs and of assessing comparative risk in making regulations. Emotions often run high, as recent congressional debates over the major regulatory reform legislation have made amply clear. Most noneconomists, for example, have an instinctive aversion to putting a limit on what they would be willing to spend to reduce different kinds of risks, although doing so is fundamental to certain kinds of regulatory analysis.
The Dangers Of Unbounded Commitments To Regulate Risk
Authors: Viscusi W Kip
Published: October 2023

For economists, determining the appropriate degree of risk regulation should not differ much from any other policy choice we make. We should consider the policy options, assess their benefits and costs, and select the policy that is in society’s best interests. Ultimately, some trade-offs must be made as society decides how vigilant to be in promoting safety. If it were relatively inexpensive to make life risk-free, those concerns would not be an issue. Unfortunately, life is inherently risky. All forms of transit pose risks, as do meat, alcohol, and many widely consumed and very healthful foods, such as celery and broccoli. The limited nature of our resources is apparent when we realize that if the entire U.S. gross domestic product were devoted to avoiding fatal accidents, we would have only $55 million to spend per life at risk. That expenditure would leave us no available resources to combat cancer and AIDS or to provide for other health-related needs, such as food and housing.
Regulatory Reform: What Do the Government’s Numbers Tell Us?
Authors: Hahn Robert W
Published: October 2023

The political earthquake that shook Washington in November of 1994 brought with it a call for regulatory reform. The call came not just from conservative Republicans, although they vigorously supported reform. The call also came from many Democrats, who recognized that Washington bureaucracies were not working very well and in many instances were standing in the way of progress. The bipartisan support for some kind of regulatory reform stemmed from the public’s growing awareness of the potential excesses of government regulation. Philip Howard highlighted some of those potential excesses in his best-selling book on regulation, The Death of Common Sense (1995). In that book Howard showed how laws and regulations deterred Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity from building a homeless shelter in the South Bronx and prevented Amoco from reducing five times as much benzene at its Yorktown refinery at one-fifth the current cost. The message is clear-our regulatory system is broken and needs to be fixed.
Sources
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Around 1500, Francesco Maturanzio, a Perugian humanist, wrote to his friend the banker Alfano Alfani. He boasted that he had got hold of something ‘more remarkable than anything you have seen from the whole of antiquity’. It was an ancient lamp still burning inside an urn –1- a literal fulfilment of Walter Pater’s claim that ‘at the Renaissance, in the midst of a frozen world, the buried fire of ancient art rose up from under the soil’. And why not? All over Italy bits of the ancient world were just lying about waiting to be discovered. To a discerning observer like the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras, who walked around Rome in 1411 noting reliefs representing episodes from ancient myth, the litter of antiquity even made a kind of sense, yet to most people, including the educated, it did not quite add up. Although there were continuities in literature, language and custom, the religion that bound these things together had been obliterated by Christianity. The challenge of the Renaissance was not the recovery of the past, but finding the spark that had given it life. The lamp still burning was a fantasy; the flame had to be rekindled.
Objects
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

European palaces are now full of mythological imagery – statues, frescoes, tapestries, procelain, and paintings – but if you look closely most of these objects are of seventeenth or eighteenthcentury origin. In fifteenth century Italy it was different. There, it was probably easier to kick a mythology than to see one, for the most likely place to find representations of scenes from classical myth was not at or above eyelevel, but just above the floor, on the front of a cassone. Pairs of these large chests were presented on the occasion of a wedding, and may have played some part in the actual ceremony before being taken in procession to the matrimonial home, where they remained a prominent feature of the furniture. Vasari noted that the stories shown on them usually came from Ovid or other poets, and although early examples often have medieval themes like the Garden of Love, from about 1450 classical subjects predominate. By the end of the century, the subjectmatter of cassoni was sufficiently notorious for Savonarola to complain that newlyweds would be more familiar with ‘the deceit of Mars and the tricks of Vulcan’ than with pious stories.
Jupiter
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Jupiter is the father of the gods; although, unlike the Christian God, he too had a father, as did his father before him. So let’s begin at the beginning, if we can find it. Boccaccio was obsessed with this sort of thing (his Genealogia deorumlives up to its title) but artists and patrons do not seem to have shared the interest. Save in mid-sixteenth-century Florence, mythological art rarely follows any sort of genealogical progression. The great wedding pageant of 1565, La Mascherata della genealogia degl’iddei dei Gentili, traced the gods back as far as they would go, all the way back to the first of all the gods, Demogorgon (a spelling mistake). In a speech in Statius’s Thebaid, Tiresias mysteriously refers to the ‘high lord of the triple world’, an otherwise unknown entity identified by ancient commentators with Plato’s creator, the demiurge. This demiourgossomehow became the rather more sonorous Demogorgon, and so at the very end of the parade came an old man in a cave, pulled along by dragons. Few could have recognized him, but it was Boccaccio’s Demogorgon, accompanied by Chaos and Eternity, with Darkness and Night lurking in the shadows.
Bacchus
Authors: Bull Malcolm
Published: October 2023

He has always been drinking, and he arrives when you least expect him, often with a posse in tow – a fat old man stupefied with wine, several women trancedancing, a bearded fellow blowing relentlessly on some pipes, and a band of helpers who are halfman and halfgoat. In antiquity, no one wants him in their house because given the opportunity he will drive them mad. His crowd are not people who went out for a good time and got carried away, they are people who have lost themselves entirely, crazies, snake handlers, the sort who mutilate animals with their bare hands.
Annotated Print and Nonprint Resources
Authors: Hansen William
Published: October 2023

Many excellent translations are available of Homer’s epic about an incident in the Trojan War, such as those by Lattimore, Fitzgerald, and Fagles. The most extensive scholarly commentary on the poem in English is that edited by G. S. Kirk, The Iliad: A Commentary, 6 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985–1993). Again, there are many fine translations of Homer’s epic about the return of the hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The most extensive scholarly commentary on the poem in English is that edited by Alfred Heubeck et al., A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988–1992). Hesiod. Hesiod’s Theogony [and Works and Days]. Translated, with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretive Essay, by Richard S. Caldwell. Cambridge, MA: Focus, 1987.
Imperial Bureaucrats and Nation Builders
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Between the late eighteenth century and the early twentieth, the present day Ukrainian territories were divided between two empires. Ukrainians living west of the Russian-Austrian border pledged allegiance to the Habsburgs; their eastern conational were subjects of the Romanovs. Both empires were large multinational entities united not by any modern ideology but by traditional allegiance to the ruling dynasty. But there was a crucial difference between the two: Throughout the nineteenth century, Russia remained an oppressive absolute monarchy, but the Habsburgs' subjects were able to participate politically and develop a civic society in the second half of the nineteenth century. Ukrainians in the two neighbouring states, therefore, had markedly different political and cultural experiences, resulting by the turn of the twentieth century in their successful national mobilization in the west and a more ambiguous outcome in the east.
From Chernobyl to the Soviet Collapse
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Just like the revolutionary storm of 1917 through 1920, the events in Ukraine from 1985 to 1991 cannot be explained solely by the inner dynamics of Ukrainian history. By the time Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow in March 1985, the dissident movement in Ukraine was suppressed, local elites subservient, and the overwhelming majority of the population compliant with the Soviet political system. The Kremlin initiated radical reforms as a “revolution from above,” and for most of this tumultuous period, Ukrainian activists followed in the steps of Russian democrats and Baltic nationalists. An independent Ukrainian state emerged in 1991 not as a result of mass nationalist mobilization or popular rebellion against Communist rule-although there were signs of these two processes as well-but as a byproduct of the Soviet collapse. The path to Ukrainian independence, therefore, must be placed in a larger context. The story of how Ukraine became a sovereign state necessarily begins with Gorbachev's reforms in Moscow, continues with the creation of popular fronts in the Baltic republics, touches on the collapse of Communism in eastern Europe in 1989, and concludes with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Independent Ukraine
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

As seen from Ukraine, the Soviet collapse in 1991 was no revolution with clear-cut victors and obvious regime change. The republic obtained independence peacefully when the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the same politicians and industrial managers who for decades had built socialism became founding fathers (and very few mothers) of an independent Ukrainian state. As happened elsewhere in the former USSR, the Communist Party was banned, but by then it was only a shadow of its former self, more dynamic functionaries having moved to the parliament and government. Lacking electoral strength to govern on its own, the Ukrainian opposition did not topple the old regime in the republic but made an implicit deal with its more flexible representatives, led by Leonid Kravchuk. Both sides wanted an independent Ukraine, the opposition for ideological reasons and the renegade elites for a fiefdom for them to rule without taking orders from the Kremlin. This pact left in power old political elites-purged of the most odious party hacks, who did not change colors well-to govern as custodians of a new state. Moreover, with the nationalist right supportive and the Communist Party banned, Kravchuk faced almost no political opposition during his first years in office.
Bounds of Custom
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

When yeoman farmers came to the Georgia Upcountry, they brought more than their families, furnishings, farm implements, livestock, and land titles. They also brought distinct notions and understandings about the dynamics of production, exchange, and social interaction-about social relations and community. Patterns of migration and settlement, of working the land, of defining property rights, and of facing one another in the marketplace sprouted from a soil nourished by rich historical traditions. In short, farmers brought cultural as well as material resources. These were not entirely specific to the region; in many respects they were shared by small farmers throughout pre- industrial America, giving early popular appeal to a republican ideology that associated freedom and independence with landownership. In the South, slavery itself strengthened claims to this cultural baggage, not only by serving as a stark reminder of the consequences of dependency, but also by limiting the development of directly exploitative, market relations between whites.
The “K-Team” Working with Dialysis Professionals
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

Once dialysis is introduced into your life, so are numerous individuals whom you had probably never wished to meet! They are the men and women who, with your active participation, will take a comprehensive, team approach to providing medical care for you while you are on dialysis. While your access may be considered your lifeline, the doctors, nurses, dieticians, social workers, and technicians with whom you will interact could be coined your A-team, or perhaps more appropriately, your K (as in kidney) team. Each K-team member will play a vital role in your ongoing care. In this chapter, we will discuss how best to navigate, understand, thank, question, influence, co-exist, and in general, work with these individuals to achieve the best possible outcome. We define the best possible outcome as a very self-serving one: it is not to be the most popular, most loved, or most passive patient, but rather it is to be the patient who receives the best possible care at any given time. Understanding the strengths, weaknesses, roles, and perspectives of each member on your K-team will give you a leg up on achieving this goal.
The Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The economic function of a financial market is to increase the efficiency with which individuals can engage in mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges with other individuals. This book is an introductory exposition of the economics of financial markets. We address three questions. First, we explain how financial markets enable individuals to make intertemporal exchanges. Second, we explain how economists assess how well a system of financial markets performs this function. Third, we develop the implications for public policy of our answers to the first two questions.
The Fisher Diagram for Optimal Intertemporal Allocation
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

We will develop a graphical tool to explain how a consumer determines the levels of borrowing or lending to maximize lifetime utility. We begin with a simple model in which a person has only two periods in which to consume. The problem is to determine the optimal allocation of resources between consumption this year and consumption next year. We will emphasize the informational function of financial markets that enables consumers to identify and create mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. In figure 4.1, we measure levels of income and spending this year on the horizontal axis, and levels of income and spending next year on the vertical axis. Let time 0 be the present moment; let time 1 be the moment that is exactly one year from now; and let time 2 be the moment that is exactly two years from now. The current year begins at time 0 and ends at time 1; the following year begins at time 1 and ends at time 2. The consumer will die at time 2.
Probabilistic Models
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

Financial markets promote mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges by reducing the costs for individuals to buy and sell financial securities. The securities are rights to receive sequences of future payments. The economics of financial markets is a systematic study of how, and how well, these markets promote mutually beneficial exchanges. To answer these questions, economists must first explain the principles that govern how financial markets set the prices of securities. In the preceding chapters, we analyzed a simple version of this question by assuming that there is no uncertainty about either the timing or the size of any future payment. Using this assumption, we could easily develop the concepts of present value and opportunity cost. These concepts underlie the central principle that governs the prices of financial securities. This principle is that competition among investors and firms causes the relative prices of securities to adjust so that investors have no incentive to reallocate their funds among securities, and firms have no incentive to change their decisions on which securities to issue and which projects to undertake. If the relative prices of securities have adjusted so as to produce these effects, the market has produced an equilibrium configuration of prices. In this equilibrium, the price of each security is the present value of its associated sequence of future payments, and this present value is equal to all the costs, including the opportunity costs, that an investor must incur to purchase the right to receive that sequence of payments.
The Efficient Markets Hypothesis
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The efficient markets hypothesis is ”the simple statement that security prices fully reflect all available information”1. Empirical tests of this hypothesis require a precise definition of the term fully reflect. A security is a saleable right to receive a sequence of payments. Both the amounts and the timing of these payments can be uncertain. The price of a security fully reflects all available information about the sequence of payments associated with that security if the marginal profit that an investor could earn by collecting additional information is zero. The preceding definition of the term fully reflects has two implications that are important in discussions of the efficient markets hypothesis. The first implication is that so long as the costs of collecting information are positive, there will be some information about sequences of future payments that is not reflected in the prices of securities. The second implication is that to obtain a profit by collecting and trading on information, an investor must have a marginal cost for collecting information that is low relative to the marginal cost for a typical investor.
Daughters and Identities
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

A London girl’s economic prospects in life depended on many factors. Simply being born female rather than male influenced the options open to her. She would, at birth, begin to experience the limits that patriarchy would put on her and other European daughters, and her early training would direct her to the route most appropriate to her sex and her social class. Daughters of London citizens, however, enjoyed the borough law of partible inheritance, that is, a daughter inherited equally with her brothers. Daughters and Identities Londoners gained citizenship (known as “freedom of the city”) by inheriting it from their fathers, by finishing apprenticeship in London, and by buying the right to citizenship. Women mostly became citizens through marriage to a citizen. Citizens ranged from poor to very wealthy, so that it was not simply merchant-class children who enjoyed legal protection. If the girl was an orphan, she could be assured that the mayor and aldermen would protect her inheritance. But laws can be broken and twisted, and this chapter investigates the degree to which female children had equal access to family wealth. Children of noncitizens did not enjoy these protections. Inheritance, however, was not the only matter that influenced childhood opportunities. The early life of London children can be reconstructed from the court of orphans and other city records about young children. They reveal information about their welfare, their families, their ages, and their survival. A disturbing set of statistics derived from these records indicates that female children were either undercounted or simply did not survive early childhood.
The Confederacy: A House Divided?
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

The Field of Civil War History has produced more interpretive disputes than most other historical subjects. Next to debates about the causes of the war, arguments about how or why the North won, or the Confederacy lost (the difference in phraseology is significant), have generated some of the most heated but also most enlightening scholarship since the centennial commemorations of the war. And the debates continue today as we approach the sesquicentennial anniversary of the war from 2011 to 2015.
Land Promoter and Dreamer
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

Just as Walter was deciding to go into debt and embark on a new career as a land promoter, the Radical Republicans in Congress seized control of postwar policy. Provoked when the former Confederate states rejected the Fourteenth Amendment (only Tennessee ratified it), Congress in March 1867 required that black suffrage be included in new state constitutions. The vote of the freedmen, coupled with the temporary disfranchisement of those Confederates barred from holding office (by the Fourteenth Amendment), allowed Republican parties to spring up throughout the former Confederacy. Swept into office by the vote of the freedmen and poor whites, especially in mountainous areas that had turned against Confederate policies, these new parties accepted the terms set down by Congress and were in power when their states were readmitted to the Union.
Lithic Production: 3. The Retouched Artifacts
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

The only unambiguous statement about retouched tools that you will hear from prehistorians is that they reflect investment beyond the stage of blank production. Few would doubt that retouch on a lithic blank originated from conscious decisions by prehistoric people, followed by intentional action in order to shape blanks into specific forms; but this is where consensus ends. Once considered cultural and chronological markers of prehistoric people and periods respectively, and hence the backbone of prehistoric analysis, retouched artifacts and their role(s) in the life of Paleolithic groups are now understood in varied (and sometimes conflicting) ways. Tools recovered from archaeological contexts reflect processes of production, possibly transport, probably use, maintenance, and potential reuse, and clearly discard (in the sense of Schiffer 1987:47) or accidental abandonment. But the links between tool manufacture and subsequent use patterns are complex and by no means rigid or constant. There are no compelling a priori reasons to believe that the uses to which tools were put were always the ones that had motivated the knappers to engage in their production in the Erst place.
Bill Clinton: The “New Democrat”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

According to his Biographer, Clinton’s 1978 inauguration as governor of Arkansas “had the aura of a generational rite.” His friends from around the country traveled to Little Rock to watch one of their own, “the first in their class,” reach political prominence, and at such a young age. The shaggy-haired governor brought with him the idealism and the expectations of his generation. “Bill started his two-year term with the energy of a racehorse exploding from the gate,” recalled Hillary. “He had made dozens of campaign promises, and he started fulfilling them in his first days in office.”

When he took office, Arkansas ranked last in the nation in state per capita spending on education. Believing that the state could no longer depend on agriculture for its survival, Clinton proposed a massive overhaul of the education system, including large increases in teacher pay and a mandatory testing program. He expanded the role of the Department of Economic Development in an effort to recruit new business to the state and keep those that were already there. He tackled a host of other problems as well. In an effort to improve Arkansas roads and highways, he increased taxes on registration fees on cars and pickups. He attacked fraud in the welfare system, reformed the food stamp program, and developed aggressive energy conservation measures.
The Critical Year: 1992
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

The 2,210 party faithful who gathered for the Republican Convention in the air-conditioned Houston Astrodome in August 1992 were looking for inspiration. The mood was sour. Just a year earlier, President George H.W. Bush had waged a brilliant military offensive that expelled Saddam Hussein from Kuwait and pushed his popularity to unprecedented heights. But with the Cold War over, and with no clear foreign threat to distract them, Americans were beginning to focus more attention on problems at home, where a soaring deficit and rising unemployment eroded support for the administration. “The United States has never been less threatened by foreign forces than it is today,” observed the New York Times, “but the unfortunate corollary is that never since the Great Depression has the threat to domestic well-being been greater.”

Conservatives had always been suspicious of the aristocratic Bush, believing that he lacked Ronald Reagan’s deeply embedded faith in conservative principles, his gift for political theater, and his ability to articulate grand visions that touched a resonant chord with Americans. The president confirmed those suspicions in 1990 when, over strong conservative objections, Gingrich’s included, he signed a bill that attempted to address the budget deficit by combining modest cuts with moderate tax increases. The move led to a revolt in the party and produced a spirited primary challenge from conservative commentator and speechwriter Patrick Buchanan. Bush managed to crush the revolt, but his party was deeply divided, looking for a message that would unite it.
Fighting Back
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

The 1994 election made Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich the two most powerful men in America. Time referred to them as “the famous fraternal twins of American power, yin and yang of the Baby Boom, polar extremes of Pennsylvania Avenue.” Most contemporary observers viewed the two men as a study in contrasts: the hard-driving, conservative revolutionary versus the embattled liberal president. What was most striking to people who knew them and worked closely with them, however, were their similarities. “Even though they had very different politics both were very similar in personality and temperament,” reflected White House Chief-of-Staff Leon Panetta. “They loved talking about books they had read. They were constantly coming up with new ideas about how to solve problems. They shared an upbeat, optimistic view that problems could be solved.” “There were more similarities than differences in the way that they operate,” reflected Gingrich media advisor Jim Farwell. “Both of them are intellectuals. Both are very interested in ideas. Both are future oriented. Both are remarkably open to new ideas—and that is a very rare quality. For most people in politics being open to new ideas is a posture, not a philosophy. Both of them have endless intellectual curiosity. Both are by nature coalition builders.”
“You Ain’t Seen Nothing Yet”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

After Successfully Negotiating the balanced budget bill, Bowles believed he had completed the job for which the president had hired him. He informed Clinton that he planned to step down as chief of staff and return to his highly profitable, and more enjoyable, private-sector position. The president had different ideas. Over the next few months, the president aggressively courted Bowles, trying to convince him to stay on for at least another year. In December, the president and First Lady asked Bowles to join them on Air Force One for a Christmas trip to visit American troops stationed in Bosnia. On the return flight, they surrounded him and made a joint pitch for him to stay. They assured him that the congressional investigations into Whitewater were dying out and they had a unique window of opportunity to make history. “We are going to do great things,” he promised.
“Because We Can”
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

At 4: 00 pm on September 9, a white Ford Windstar and a blue Dodge Ram pulled up to the Capitol and unloaded two copies of the 445-page Starr Report, along with 36 boxes of supporting materials related to the independent counsel’s investigation of the president. Gingrich, who had no advance warning that Starr was sending over his report, was attending a Republican leadership meeting at the nearby Library of Congress. After delivering the boxes, Starr’s representatives, trailed by eighteen armed police officers and a phalanx of reporters, delivered the documents that formally transferred the materials from the special prosecutor’s office to Gingrich and to Minority Leader Gephardt, who was in his Capitol office. “It is in their custody and control now,” Starr’s spokesman said.” With those words, the impeachment drama moved from the grand jury room to the halls of Congress and the White House focus shifted from Kenneth Starr to Newt Gingrich.
Indemnity Agreements
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

The agreement between the issuing bank and the account party or Principal has two distinct sides: on one hand it is an agreement by the bank to render certain special services at the request of the account party against a fee including an authorization (“mandate”) by the Principal to the bank to do so. On the other hand, an inseparable act or agreement is the bank’s right to be reimbursed by the Principal: “indemnification” in the event the bank effects payment under the instrument as agreed and incurs costs or is exposed to liability when doing so.

No specific agreement needs to be made in order for the right of reimbursement to arise, since the bank is acting at the request of the applicant and under his mandate. The payment effected is made for and on behalf of the Principal and not on the bank’s own account: this is evident and the very purpose of the arrangement. However, certain jurisdictions may require that the agreement be in written form in order for it to be enforceable.
“Talking Union”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

After leaving Harvard, Pete had to decide what to do. More comfortable commenting on public affairs than trying to change them, he wanted to write but wasn’t ready to plunge into a field in which he had little formal training. Instead, he took a train to Sarasota, Florida, where his mother was living, and indulged a longtime interest by taking art lessons for a month. There he learned how to work with watercolors, in particular how to do a graded-tone wash with his brushes. Then he spent the next three months pedaling across New York State and New England on a beat-up bicycle. He knew he had to support himself and decided to use his newly sharpened artistic skills to make ends meet. With canvas frames and an easel strapped beneath the seat of his bike, he crisscrossed the backcountry roads.
Federal Powers and the Principle of Subsidiarity
Authors: Halberstam Daniel
Published: October 2023

Federal systems across the world are generally designed according to the principle of subsidiarity, which in one form or another holds that the central government should play only a supporting role in governance, acting if and only if the constituent units of government are incapable of acting on their own. The word itself is related to the idea of assistance, as in “subsidy,” and is derived from the Latin “subsidium,” which referred to auxiliary troops in the Roman military. See Oxford Latin Dictionary s.v. (1983).
Regulation of Campaign Finance
Authors: Hasen Richard L
Published: October 2023

Free and fair elections are a hallmark of the modern democratic polity. Candidates, parties, or both (depending on a particular jurisdiction’s rules) compete for votes in public campaigns for of!ce. Other individuals and groups attempt during the campaign period to in$uence public opinion about who deserves to be elected. Eligible voters cast ballots that are counted by elections of!cials, who announce the results. Once the results are !nalized, incumbent of!ceholders peacefully transfer power to the declared winners (or remain in of!ce if the incumbents have won election). This chapter considers the regulation of money that is used to fund these campaigns for of!ce and the limitations, if any, that each polity’s constitutional principles impose on that regulation.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Ever since I found out that I have epilepsy, I was told that having children might be dangerous for me. I met a nice person and ended up marrying him, but after what I had been told all my life, I was afraid that I wouldn’t be able to give him what he desired so much: kids. The idea of pregnancy scared me quite a bit. I kept telling myself ‘‘What if the child has birth defects? I will always blame myself.’’ And this fear was is in addition to the thought that I might not be able to get pregnant at all. I had very irregular menstrual cycles, so I wondered whether pregnancy was physically possible for me.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Seizures and dating were never issues for me before I met my first husband. Up until then, I had male friends but few romantic attachments. I was too busy doing other things. Additionally, I hadn’t met anybody on whom I was truly willing to spend time and affection.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I have had temporal lobe epilepsy for about 5 or 6 years. I was at work at a department store when a manager confronted me. He claimed I was not doing my job. I blew up at him and I had my very first seizure. Since then, I usually have a seizure whenever I get nervous or stressed out. When I first go into a seizure, I get a strong smell of ammonia and my face and neck turn beet red. Then I black out and get a faraway look. I can hear others but I cannot answer them.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am a survivor of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Perhaps the abuse ultimately caused the car accident when I was 16 that led to the epilepsy. Perhaps not. What matters now is that I’ve got seizures, and epilepsy affects every part of my life. I am a lesbian woman and have had a life partner for 6 years. By the time we met, I had been having seizures for many years but was.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

My daughter, Beth, started having seizures when she was 10. At first it was very devastating for her and for us. Over time, thanks to loving family members, relatives, and friends, we were all able to cope with her seizures. As a child, Beth went to special schools. She now attends a place for adults with cognitive disabilities and is very happy there. She can do quite a bit. She loves to go bowling and dancing and get together with her peers for other activities. Her social life is being with friends and relatives. Beth is a happy and well-adjusted person who likes to be included in family gatherings and go out to dinner. She is very pleasant to have around.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

I am a single woman of 43 years. Has epilepsy played a role in my life as a female in this world? I try not to think about it. Even so, while I don’t believe epilepsy is the reason I have not found a life partner or become a mother, I do think it has shaped my life. I always felt it necessary to explain my seizure disorder to my date, lest I have a seizure in front of the man, leaving him scared, confused, and helpless. Because my seizures only occur during sleep, this usually meant waiting until the relationship had advanced to the stage of sexual intimacy, unless the subject had come up earlier.
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Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

When I was 15 years old, a Portuguese man-of-war poisoned me. The sting was so painful that I was rushed to an emergency ward, where I was given a cortisone shot. An allergic reaction to this medication triggered off various recurring neurological symptoms, such as twitching and shaking, and loss of concentration. Eventually, after numerous CT scans and EEGs, it was determined that I had a seizure disorder. As a young person, I was traumatized by this experience and the episodic symptoms. I was taken out of school and had home tutoring. I was even taken across the western part of the country in the hope of being detoxified.