bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineral composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic biopotentials of wild‐growing Ganoderma species (Serbia): G. lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst vs. G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat.
Authors: Rašeta Milena , Karaman Maja , Jakšić Milena , Šibul Filip , Kebert Marko , Novaković Aleksandra , Popović Mira
Published: October 2016

The aim of this work was to analyse mineral composition and chemical profile of two nonedible fungal species: Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma applanatum (Fruška Gora, Serbia) vs. their antioxidant (ABTS and A.E.A.C. assay) and cytotoxic biopotentials (MTT assay on MCF‐7). Both species were analysed for their content of macro‐ and microelements by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while phenolic profile of EtOH and H2O extracts was examined by LC‐MS/MS technique. Both species mostly contained the following ions: K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Cr3+. Among nine phenolic compounds, the highest content of vanillic acid was detected in G. applanatum extracts while protocatechuic acid in EtOH extract and quinic acid in H2O extract were mostly contained in G. lucidum. Ganoderma applanatum EtOH extract showed the best antioxidant activities related to its phenolic and flavonoid content. Further, the best cytotoxic effect after 72 h was observed in this extract as well.
Human rights, human remains: forensic humanitarianism and the human rights of the dead
Authors: Moon Claire
Published: October 2016

This article has three parts. First, it identifies, defines and characterises a distinctive trend in modern humanitarianism: that of ‘forensic humanitarianism’. Forensic humanitarianism is often deployed in the wake of atrocity to answer two questions: who are the dead, and how were they killed? These questions have been addressed in diverse contexts with the aim of establishing accountability for atrocities and identifying and returning the dead to their families. Examples include the investigation of the crimes of Argentina's junta, the trial for genocide of Guatemala's former President Rios Montt, the return of human remains to families of the dead in the former‐Yugoslavia, and the exhumation of clandestine civil war graves in Spain. Forensic humanitarianism is distinguished by two imperatives that are characteristic of humanitarianism more broadly: adjudicative and ameliorative. These imperatives manifest in the ways in which forensic humanitarianism plays a critical role in justice for atrocity and addresses human suffering. Second, the article historicises the emergence of forensic humanitarianism, showing that it has been shaped by the conjunction of four particular and related histories: humanitarian, legal, political and scientific. Third, and finally, the article asks whether, as a consequence of the practice of forensic humanitarianism, we can argue that the dead, now, can be understood to have human rights.
Improving Quality of Life Outcomes in Supported Accommodation for People with Intellectual Disability: What Makes a Difference?
Authors: Bigby Christine , Beadle‐Brown Julie
Published: October 2016

Background

The quality of life (QOL) of people with intellectual disability living in supported accommodation services is variable, influenced by many possible factors. Various frameworks have attempted to identify these factors without assigning value, direction of influence or relative impact on outcomes.

Methods

A realist review of the literature aimed to expose different propositions about variables influencing QOL outcomes and review the strength of supporting evidence for these, to identify their relative influence. Evidence was reviewed for and against each of five clusters.

Results

Evidence was strongest for the presence of staff practices (use of Active Support), front‐line management practice (use of practice leadership), culture (enabling and motivating), human resources policies and practice (that support front‐line leaders and recruitment of staff with the right values), adequate resources, and small, dispersed and homelike settings.

Conclusions

The evidence informs policy and practice but in some clusters remains limited, warranting further research which measures outcomes on all QOL domains.
Effects of species co‐occurrence on the trophic‐niche breadth of characids in Amazon forest streams
Authors: Barros G. , Zuanon J. , Deus C.
Published: October 2016

This study assessed the width of the trophic niche of four characid species (Bryconops giacopinii, Bryconops inpai, Hyphessobrycon aff. melazonatus and Iguanodectes geisleri) found under different co‐occurrence circumstances in Amazonian upland streams. The study was conducted during the rainy season of 2011 at eight sites of two micro‐basins of the Ducke Reserve, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The four species were studied in the following circumstances: only one of the species occurring in the stream; two species co‐occurring; three species co‐occurring. The relative volume of the food items in the fish stomachs was used to calculate Hurlbert's trophic‐niche breadth for the individuals of each species in the different co‐occurrence circumstances. Hyphessobrycon aff. melazonatus changed their diet when occurring in syntopy with other characid species of similar feeding habits, as shown by a significant narrowing of its trophic niche. The opportunistic habits and great feeding flexibility of these characid species make the partitioning of food resources possible and act as an important ecological mechanism that facilitates the coexistence of different species, possibly by attenuating the effects of direct competition for food. In addition, the low carrying capacity of these upland forest streams may be an important environmental factor influencing the results of this study.
Geographic distribution and environmental control of vertebral count in Ammodytes spp. along the northern Pacific coast of Japan
Authors: Aoyama J. , Yoshinaga T. , Tanaka C. , Ishii K.
Published: October 2016

To examine species composition and population structures in sand lance (Ammodytidae) along the northern Pacific coast of Japan, genetic analysis were carried out for specimens collected in 2014 from Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Ishinomaki Bay, Miyagi, off Soma, Fukushima and Ise–Mikawa Bays, Aichi. The samples consisted of Ammodytes japonicus and Ammodytes heian, of which the latter is a recently described species. Neither species exhibited significant genetic differences among localities. Only A. japonicus was found in the most southern locality at Aichi, but it decreased northward to <90% in Miyagi and Fukushima and the two species occurred almost evenly in Iwate suggesting a latitudinal cline in their species composition along the northern Pacific coast of Japan, off Tohoku. The vertebral counts differed between A. japonicus and A. heian with modes of 65 and 63, respectively, but this characteristic did not differ significantly within a locality (Iwate). This suggests that the vertebral counts of Ammodytes spp. in Japanese waters are probably strongly determined by the environment than by a species‐specific genetic trait.
Antibiotic‐prescribing patterns of South African dental practitioners following tooth extractions
Authors: Lalloo Ratilal , Solanki Geetesh , Ramphoma Khabiso , Myburgh Neil G.
Published: October 2016

Aim

In the present study, we assessed the patterns and types of antibiotics prescribed following tooth extractions, and the alignment of these practices with the evidence available.

Methods

The study used health insurance claim data from South African dental practitioners for 2013, analyzing the antibiotic prescribing patterns around tooth extractions, separately for four event types: exposed (simple) tooth extractions in: (a) healthy patients and (b) patients with chronic conditions; and impacted tooth extractions in (c) healthy patients and (d) patients with a chronic condition.

Results

More than 50 000 extraction events were analyzed. The findings show no consistency in prescribing patterns. The same percentage (10%) of the healthy and the chronically ill patients undergoing an exposed (simple) tooth extraction were prescribed antibiotics, while approximately 50% of both healthy and chronically ill patient groups undergoing an impacted tooth extraction received a prescription. Almost 81% of prescriptions were for narrow spectrum antibiotics, with few differences across the four event types.

Conclusions

The antibiotic prescription patterns of dental practitioners reported in the present study do not appear to follow a coherent set of guidelines or meaningful indications for antibiotic use. The study highlights the need for explicit and more prudent guidelines for the use of antibiotics following tooth extractions, to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.
Three‐dimensional imaging of porous media using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: SHAH S.M. , CRAWSHAW J.P. , BOEK E.S.
Published: October 2016

In the last decade, imaging techniques capable of reconstructing three‐dimensional (3‐D) pore‐scale model have played a pivotal role in the study of fluid flow through complex porous media. In this study, we present advances in the application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to image, reconstruct and characterize complex porous geological materials with hydrocarbon reservoir and CO2 storage potential. CLSM has a unique capability of producing 3‐D thin optical sections of a material, with a wide field of view and submicron resolution in the lateral and axial planes. However, CLSM is limited in the depth (z‐dimension) that can be imaged in porous materials. In this study, we introduce a ‘grind and slice’ technique to overcome this limitation. We discuss the practical and technical aspects of the confocal imaging technique with application to complex rock samples including Mt. Gambier and Ketton carbonates. We then describe the complete workflow of image processing to filtering and segmenting the raw 3‐D confocal volumetric data into pores and grains. Finally, we use the resulting 3‐D pore‐scale binarized confocal data obtained to quantitatively determine petrophysical pore‐scale properties such as total porosity, macro‐ and microporosity and single‐phase permeability using lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations, validated by experiments.
Inhibition of Wnt signaling induces amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein and the production and aggregation of Amyloid‐β (Aβ)42 peptides
Authors: Tapia‐Rojas Cheril , Burgos Patricia V. , Inestrosa Nibaldo C.
Published: October 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the most frequent cause of dementia in the aged population. According to the amyloid hypothesis, the amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptide plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Aβ is generated from the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein and can aggregate to form oligomers, which have been described as a major synaptotoxic agent in neurons. Dysfunction of Wnt signaling has been linked to increased Aβ formation; however, several other studies have argued against this possibility. Herein, we use multiple experimental approaches to confirm that the inhibition of Wnt signaling promoted the amyloidogenic proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein. We also demonstrate that inhibiting Wnt signaling increases the production of the Aβ42 peptide, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and the levels of Aβ oligomers such as trimers and tetramers. Moreover, we show that activating Wnt signaling reduces the levels of Aβ42 and its aggregates, increases Aβ40 levels, and reduces the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Finally, we show that the protective effects observed in response to activation of the Wnt pathway rely on β‐catenin‐dependent transcription, which is demonstrated experimentally via the expression of various ‘mutant forms of β‐catenin’. Together, our findings indicate that loss of the Wnt signaling pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.

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Frailty Is a Major Related Factor for at Risk of Malnutrition in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Chang Shu‐Fang
Published: October 2016

Purpose

We investigated the relationships among geriatric syndrome, physiological functions, and body composition in community‐dwelling older people with varying nutritional statuses. Other factors correlated with nutritional status in community‐dwelling older people were also explored.

Background

The World Health Organization has initiated preventive programs for addressing malnutrition. However, few studies have focused on the correlations among geriatric syndrome, physiological functions, and body composition in older people at risk of malnutrition.

Design

We conducted a cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Older people who lived in an urban Taiwanese community were recruited for this research study. The inclusion criteria were age 65 years or older, ability to communicate in Taiwanese, clear consciousness, and ability to communicate independently. The nutritional status of participants was evaluated with the Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form. The frailty status was assessed with the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index. The SOF index included the following three items: body weight loss of >5% within 1 year, difficulty in standing from a sitting position in a chair without an armrest five times, and feeling deprived of energy. Participants over 65 years of age, living in a community and without mental illness or acute disease were included in the study.

Findings

Compared with well‐nourished older adults, those at risk of malnutrition were predominantly male; presented with lower body weight, lower body mass index values, lower skeletal mass indices, and poorer muscle strength; and were unable to rise from a seated position in a chair without using the armrest five times. Subjects at risk of malnutrition were less energetic, were more commonly characterized as being sarcopenia, and demonstrated frailty. Body composition analysis demonstrated that a skeletal muscle index of approximately 9.93 and a body fat mass of less than 12.25 kg were related to an increased risk of malnutrition. Older people who were frail exhibited a particularly high risk of malnutrition.

Conclusions

The results revealed that the evaluation of malnutrition risk should be conducted in older persons living in the community. Frailty in particular was identified as a major risk factor for malnutrition in community‐dwelling elderly persons.

Clinical Relevance

Community nurses should pay attention to the nutritional conditions of community‐dwelling elderly persons. Community nurses should assess the at‐risk population and provide effective preventive strategies and programs to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition and frailty.
Discovery of a resting stage in the harmful, brown‐tide‐causing pelagophyte, Aureoumbra lagunensis: a mechanism potentially facilitating recurrent blooms and geographic expansion
Authors: Kang Yoonja , Tang Ying‐Zhong , Taylor Gordon T. , Gobler Christopher J.
Published: October 2016

To date, the life stages of pelagophytes have been poorly described. This study describes the ability of Aureoumbra lagunensis to enter a resting stage in response to environmental stressors including high temperature, nutrient depletion, and darkness as well as their ability to revert from resting cells back to vegetative cells after exposure to optimal light, temperature, and nutrient conditions. Resting cells became round in shape and larger in size, filled with red accumulation bodies, had smaller and fewer plastids, more vacuolar space, contained lower concentrations of chl a and RNA, displayed reduced photosynthetic efficiency, and lower respiration rates relative to vegetative cells. Analysis of vegetative and resting cells using Raman microspectrometry indicated resting cells were enriched in sterols within red accumulation bodies and were depleted in pigments relative to vegetative cells. Upon reverting to vegetative cells, cells increased their chl a content, photosynthetic efficiency, respiration rate, and growth rate and lost accumulation bodies as they became smaller. The time required for resting cells to resume vegetative growth was proportional to both the duration and temperature of dark storage, possibly due to higher metabolic demands on stored energy (sterols) reserves during longer period of storage and/or storage at higher temperature (20°C vs. 10°C). Resting cells kept in the dark at 10°C for 7 months readily reverted back to vegetative cells when transferred to optimal conditions. Thus, the ability of Aureoumbra to form a resting stage likely enables them to form annual blooms within subtropic ecosystems, resist temperature extremes, and may facilitate geographic expansion via anthropogenic transport.
Antithrombotic treatment with direct‐acting oral anticoagulants in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis and cirrhosis
Authors: De Gottardi Andrea , Trebicka Jonel , Klinger Christoph , Plessier Aurélie , Seijo Susana , Terziroli Benedetta , Magenta Lorenzo , Semela David , Buscarini Elisabetta , Langlet Philippe , Görtzen Jan , Puente Angela , Müllhaupt Beat , Navascuès Carmen , Nery Filipe , Deltenre Pierre , Turon Fanny , Engelmann Cornelius , Arya Rupen , Caca Karel , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus , Leebeek Frank W. G. , Valla Dominique , Garcia‐Pagan Juan Carlos ,   the VALDIG Investigators
Published: October 2016

Background

Direct‐acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are used in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) and cirrhosis, but evidence for safety and efficacy in this setting is limited. Our aim was to identify indications and reasons for starting or switching to DOACs and to report adverse effects, complications and short‐term outcome.

Methods

Data collection including demographic information, laboratory values, treatment and complications through the Vascular Liver Disease Interest Group Consortium.

Results

Forty‐five centres (90%) of the consortium completed the initial eCRF. We report here a series of 94 patients from 17 centres. Thirty‐six patients (38%) had cirrhosis. Child‐Pugh score was 6 (range 5‐8), and MELD score 10.2 (range 6‐19). Indications for anticoagulation were splanchnic vein thrombosis (75%), deep vein thrombosis (5%), atrial fibrillation (14%) and others (6%). DOACs used were rivaroxaban (83%), dabigatran (11%) and apixaban (6%). Patients were followed up for a median duration of 15 months (cirrhotic) and 26.5 months (non‐cirrhotic). Adverse events occurred in 17% of patients and included one case of recurrent portal vein thrombosis and five cases of bleeding. Treatment with DOACs was stopped in three cases. The major reasons for choosing DOACs were no need for monitoring or inadequacy of INR to guide anticoagulation in cirrhotic patients. Renal and liver function did not change during treatment.

Conclusions

A consistent number of patients with SVT and/or cirrhosis are currently treated with DOACs, which seem to be effective and safe. These data provide a basis for performing randomized clinical trials of DOACs vs. low molecular weight heparin or vitamin K antagonists.
Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effectiveness of intravenous parecoxib for tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy
Authors: Tan Lena , Taylor Elsa , Hannam Jacqueline A. , Salkeld Lesley , Salman Sam , Anderson Brian J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Few pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data exist for COX‐2 selective inhibitors in children. We wished to characterize the PKPD of parecoxib and its active metabolite, valdecoxib, in this population.

Methods

Children (n = 59) were randomized to parecoxib 0.25 mg·kg−1, 1 mg·kg−1, and 2 mg·kg−1 during tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy. Samples (4–6 per child) were obtained from indwelling cannula over 6 h. A second group of inpatient children (n = 15) given 1 mg·kg−1 contributed PK data from 6 to 24 h. Pain scores and rescue medication for the first group were recorded postoperatively for up to 24 h. PK data were pooled with those (10 samples/24 h) from a published study of children (n = 38) who underwent surgery. A three‐compartment parent and one‐compartment metabolite model with first‐order elimination was used to describe data using nonlinear mixed effects models. An EMAX model described the relationship between dose and rescue morphine equivalents during recovery.

Results

Parecoxib PK parameter estimates were CLPARECOXIB 19.1 L·h−1·70 kg−1, V1PARECOXIB 4.2 L·70 kg−1, Q2PARECOXIB 6.29 L·h−1·70 kg−1, V2PARECOXIB 130 L·70 kg−1, Q3PARECOXIB 6.02 L·h−1·70 kg−1, and V3PARECOXIB 2.03 L·70 kg−1. We assumed all parecoxib was metabolized to valdecoxib with CLVALDECOXIB 9.53 L·h−1·70 kg−1 and VVALDECOXIB 51 L·70 kg−1. There was no maturation of clearance over the age span studied. There were no differences in pain scores between groups on waking, discharge, 12 h, or 24 h. There were no differences in analgesia consumption over 24 h between groups for tramadol, fentanyl, and morphine rescue use. Fentanyl and morphine consumption, expressed as morphine equivalents (0.13 mg·kg−1) in the 0.25 mg·kg−1 group, was greater than that observed in the 1 or 2 mg·kg−1 groups (0.095 mg·kg−1) in PACU.

Conclusions

Parecoxib 0.9 mg·kg−1 in a 2‐year‐old, 0.75 mg·kg−1 in a 7‐year‐old, and 0.65 mg·kg−1 in a 12‐year‐old child achieves dose equivalence of 40 mg in a standard 70 kg person. Clearance maturation may occur in infants younger than the current cohort. Parecoxib doses above 1 mg·kg−1 add no additional analgesia.
Adrenal insufficiency in neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Crawford Jack H. , Hull Matthew S. , Borasino Santiago , Steenwyk Brad L. , Hock Kristal M. , Wall Kevin , Alten Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2016

Background

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may lead to adrenal insufficiency (AI). Emerging evidence supports association of AI with morbidity after cardiac surgery.

Aims

The aim of this study was to define AI incidence in neonates undergoing complex cardiac surgery with CPB and its association with intraoperative post‐CPB outcomes.

Methods

Forty subjects enrolled in a prior randomized control trial who received preoperative methylprednisolone as part of our institutional neonatal bypass protocol were included. No intraoperative steroids were given. ACTH stimulation tests were performed: preoperatively and 1 h after separation from CPB. AI was defined as <9 μg·ml−1 increase in cortisol at 30 min post cosyntropin 1 mcg. Clinical outcomes were collected up to 90 min after CPB.

Results

2/40 (5%) subjects had preoperative AI vs 13/40 (32.5%) post‐CPB AI, P ≤ 0.001. No significant difference was observed in age, gestational age, weight, CPB time, circulatory arrest, or STAT category between subjects with or without post‐CPB AI. ACTH decreased from preoperative values 127.3 vs 35 pcg·ml−1 [median difference = 81.8, 95% CI = 22.7–127.3], while cortisol increased from 18.9 vs 75 μg·dl−1 [median difference = 52.2, 95% CI = 36.3–70.9]. Post‐CPB AI was associated with increased median colloid resuscitation, 275 vs 119 ml·kg−1 [median difference = 97.8, 95% CI = 7.1–202.2]; higher median peak lactate, 9.4 vs 6.9 mg·dl−1 [median difference = 3.2, 95% CI = 0.04–6.7]; median post‐CPB lactate, 7.9 vs 4.3 mg·dl−1, [median difference 3.6, 95% CI = 2.1–4.7], and median lactate on admission to CICU, 9.4 vs 6.0 mg·dl−1 [median difference = 3, 95% CI = 1.1–4.9]. No difference was observed in blood pressure or vasoactive inotrope score at any time point measured in operating room (OR). Higher initial post‐CPB cortisol correlated with decreased cosyntropin response.

Conclusions

Neonatal cardiac surgery with CPB and preoperative methylprednisolone leads to AI as determined by low‐dose ACTH stimulation test in one‐third of patients. AI is associated with increased serum lactate and colloid resuscitation in OR. Impact of preoperative methylprednisolone on results is not defined. Benefit of postoperative steroid administration in neonates with post‐CPB AI warrants further investigation.
A retrospective comparison of propofol alone to propofol in combination with dexmedetomidine for pediatric 3T MRI sedation
Authors: Boriosi Juan P. , Eickhoff Jens C. , Klein Kristi B. , Hollman Gregory A.
Published: October 2016

Background and aim

Both propofol and dexmedetomidine have been found to be safe and effective sedation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our program experienced an increase in patients arousing and experiencing an adverse airway event during propofol sedation for MRI in the first months of using a new 3T (Tesla) MRI scanner that was found to have a longer reverberation time compared to the previous 1.5 T MRI. In an effort to decrease patient arousal and adverse airway events during MRI, we administered a dexmedetomidine load prior to our standard propofol protocol. The objective was to compare adverse events and other outcome measures of patients sedated with propofol alone (Pro) and propofol preceded by a dexmedetomidine load (D+P).

Methods

We reviewed a sedation database and medical records for all children undergoing 3T MRI studies while sedated with propofol alone or propofol preceded by a dexmedetomidine load in 2014.

Results

Two hundred and fifty‐six sedations were performed for MRI (87 Pro and 169 D+P). The two groups were comparable with regard to age, weight, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status. Subjects in the D+P cohort had significantly fewer adverse events (10/169 patients (5.9%) vs 23/87 patients (26.4%) [OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.08–0.39, P < 0.001]), particularly upper airway obstruction. Mean discharge time was longer in the D+P cohort compared to the Pro cohort (87.1, SD 26.3 min vs 69.7, SD 23.6; [mean difference 17.7 min, 95% CI: 10.6–24.8, P < 0.001]).

Conclusions

The addition of a dexmedetomidine infusion prior to our propofol MRI sedation protocol resulted in fewer sedation‐related adverse events, particularly upper airway obstruction. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential for a reduction on adverse events with this drug combination.
Development of Japanese version of King's Stigma Scale and its short version: Psychometric properties of a self‐stigma measure
Authors: Mizuno Masashi , Yamaguchi Sosei , Taneda Ayano , Hori Hiroaki , Aikawa Ayako , Fujii Chiyo
Published: October 2016

Aim

The study aimed to develop two Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale, a full version (KSS‐J‐1) and a short version (KSS‐J‐2), through psychometric property testing.

Methods

The sample included 112 people with mental illness. We tested the constructs of the scales using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were tested. We examined convergent validity with self‐esteem or perceived stigma, and different group validity, using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6).

Results

Whereas a relatively weak model fit (comparative fit index = 0.66, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.63, root mean square error of approximation = 0.097) of KSS‐J‐1 (full version: 28 items) was found, KSS‐J‐2 (short version: 17 items), produced by exploratory factor analysis, had a moderate model fit (comparative fit index = 0.90, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.89, root mean square error of approximation = 0.063). High internal consistency (KSS‐J‐1, ω = 0.82–0.89; KSS‐J‐2, ω = 0.86–0.89) and moderate test–retest reliability (KSS‐J‐1, interclass correlation = 0.56–0.88; KSS‐J‐2, interclass correlation = 0.45–0.85) were reported. Some subscales and the entire scale of KSS‐J‐1 were significantly correlated with self‐esteem and perceived stigma. Conversely, only two subscales in KSS‐J‐2 were significantly correlated with self‐esteem. The scores of each subscale and the entire score for both KSS‐J‐1 and KSS‐J‐2 in the high psychological distress group were higher than the low group (KSS‐J‐1, d = 0.61–0.83; KSS‐J‐2, d = 0.47–0.70), except for the Discrimination subscale in KSS‐J‐2.

Conclusion

Both Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale can be utilized depending on their intended use.
Multiple Minute Digitate Hyperkeratosis in an Infant
Authors: Santiago Felicidade , Kieselova Katarina , Januário Gustavo , Henrique Martinha
Published: October 2016

A distinct variant of multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses in a healthy 4‐month‐old boy, exclusively located in the anogenital area and with a transitory character, is described.
Contact Alopecia: Improvement of Alopecia with Discontinuation of Fluocinolone Oil in Individuals Allergic to Balsam Fragrance
Authors: Admani Shehla , Goldenberg Alina , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: October 2016

Inflammatory scalp dermatoses can be associated with alopecia, which is nonscarring and reversible in its early stages. This association has been described in seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. We describe three girls with alopecia aggravated by contact allergy to balsam fragrances. All three had complete resolution with avoidance of balsam of Peru and other balsam derivatives (including discontinuation of fluocinolone oil, which contains balsam of pine).
Case of Pediatric Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Juhász Margit , Rogge Megan , Chen Mary , Czernik Annette , Jung Kim Soo , Geller Lauren
Published: October 2016

This is a case report of a 16‐year‐old girl recently diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who presented with multiple blisters on the face, hands, arms, legs, trunk, and vaginal and oral mucosa. Skin biopsy was consistent with bullous SLE (BSLE). Dapsone is often the first‐line treatment option for BSLE, but the patient's history of anemia and leukopenia and long‐term immunosuppression requirement for her systemic symptoms raised concerns about dapsone and bone marrow toxicity, especially hemolytic anemia and agranulocytosis. She was started on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 2 g/kg divided over 3 days, with significant improvement in her cutaneous symptoms. IVIG is a treatment option for BSLE patients in whom agents such as dapsone are contraindicated.
Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome and Primary Lymphedema of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Beijnen Usha E. A. , Maclellan Reid A. , Goss Jeremy A. , Couto Javier A. , Konczyk Dennis J. , Greene Arin K.
Published: October 2016

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome is the most common genetic overgrowth syndrome. Patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome may have hemihypertrophy, but their lymphatic vasculature is intact. We present a child with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and lower extremity enlargement thought to be due to hemihypertrophy that was instead diagnosed with primary lymphedema. There are many causes of leg overgrowth in the pediatric population and misdiagnosis is common. While extremity enlargement secondary to hemihypertrophy may occur in 15% of patients with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, progression and pitting edema only occur in primary lymphedema. This report highlights the importance of ensuring an accurate diagnosis so that patients are managed appropriately.
A novel root‐to‐shoot stomatal response to very high CO2 levels in the soil: electrical, hydraulic and biochemical signalling
Authors: Lake Janice A. , Walker Heather J. , Cameron Duncan D. , Lomax Barry H.
Published: October 2016

Investigations were undertaken in the context of the potential environmental impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS) transportation in the form of a hypothetical leak of extreme levels of CO2 into the soil environment and subsequent effects on plant physiology. Laboratory studies using purpose built soil chambers, separating and isolating the soil and aerial environments, were used to introduce high levels of CO2 gas exclusively into the rhizosphere. CO2 concentrations greater than 32% in the isolated soil environment revealed a previously unknown whole plant stomatal response. Time course measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), leaf temperature and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) show strong coupling between all three variables over a specific period (3 h following CO2 gassing) occurring as a result of CO2‐specific detection by roots. The coupling of gs and ABA subsequently breaks down resulting in a rapid and complete loss of turgor in the shoot. Root access to water is severely restricted as evidenced by the inability to counter turgor loss, however, the plant regains some turgor over time. Recovery of full turgor is not achieved over the longer term. Results suggest an immediate perception and whole plant response as changes in measured parameters (leaf temperature, gs and ABA) occur in the shoot, but the response is solely due to detection of very high CO2 concentration at the root/soil interface which results in loss of stomatal regulation and disruption to control over water uptake.
Forcible Stops: Police and Citizens Speak Out
Authors: Eterno John A. , Barrow Christine S. , Silverman Eli B.
Published: October 2016

A recent federal district court decision found that the New York City Police Department engaged in unconstitutional policing. Officers stopped millions of minority young men over the span of several years. Most of those stopped were innocent of any wrongdoing. This article uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to investigate these inequities, examining the views of both the police and those who were stopped. The authors find that pressure on officers emanating from headquarters was responsible for much of the illegal behavior by lower‐level officers. Additionally, youth in minority neighborhoods felt mistreated by the police; this led to distrust in the police. The authors suggest solutions to ameliorate this painful episode in police practice. The article concludes with specific recommendations such as reducing management pressure on officers and police developing community partnerships.
Inertia, aspirations, and response to attainment discrepancy in design contests
Authors: Lampel Joseph , Jha Pushkar P.
Published: October 2016

The process of evaluating performance relative to aspirations is widely used by many studies of organizational and technological change. The standard performance feedback model argues that decision makers act in function of attainment discrepancy between performance and aspirations. The theory also states that response to attainment discrepancy is influenced by inertia. Organizational research suggests that there are two types of inertia that we identify in this paper as performance‐based inertia, and nonperformance‐based inertia. We examine the influence of these two types of inertia on the two types of attainment discrepancy as identified by standard performance feedback theory: attainment discrepancy that is based on historical aspirations and attainment discrepancy based on social aspirations. We examine mechanisms that account for the influence of both types of inertia, and derive hypotheses that predict their moderating effect on attainment discrepancy. We test these hypotheses using data on 112 teams that participated in ‘Robot Wars’, a tournament organized as a contest between teams that field machines specifically designed for the event. Our dependent variable is the magnitude of design change prior to participating in each tournament. Our results show, as predicted, that: performance‐based inertia negatively moderates design change in response to attainment discrepancy that is based on social aspirations and; nonperformance‐based inertia negatively moderates design change in response to attainment discrepancy that is based on social aspirations. However, contrary to our predictions, our results show no relationship between nonperformance‐based inertia and design change in response to attainment discrepancy based on historical aspirations. We find a positive and significant result for the relationship between performance‐based inertia and design change in response to attainment discrepancy based on historical aspirations. Our study contributes to research on the relationship between performance feedback and technological decision making in contexts where inertia can alter assessment of new product introduction risks.
Use of bacterial subcellular components as immunostimulants in fish aquaculture
Authors: Giri Sib Sankar , Chi Cheng , Jun Jin Woo , Park Se Chang
Published: October 2016

Aquaculture and fisheries products are expected to play a leading part in addressing the food necessities of the increasing human population. However, in intensive aquaculture, fish are exposed to stress conditions that deteriorate their immune systems, leading to increased disease vulnerability. These disease outbreaks have resulted in production losses and represent one of the key constraints in fish farming. Accordingly, aquaculture disease management efforts have concentrated on the establishment of environmental friendly and lasting methods. Recently, several studies have revealed that various bacteria (especially probiotics)‐derived cellular components might be used as promising immunostimulants in fish aquaculture. Such components curtail the risk concomitant with the use of antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, vaccines and probiotics. Among the various health advantages ascribed to bacterial cellular components, the modulation of specific and nonspecific immune responses, cytokine gene expression and anti‐pathogenic activities are most anticipated benefits. Their potential as vaccine adjuvants for fish culture has also been demonstrated. However, as an emerging practice, limited knowledge is available regarding the detailed interactions with fish immune systems. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms involved in fish immune cell activation need to be explored further. In this context, the present article aspires to review the available studies on the use of bacterial cellular components in fish culture and their biological effects on fish such as growth promotion, immunostimulation and anti‐pathogenic activities as well as to evaluate the factors that control the optimal induction of immune responses in fish. In addition, future issues that merit further investigation are suggested.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics in restored communities and ecosystems
Authors: LaRue Elizabeth A. , Chambers Sally M. , Emery Nancy C.
Published: October 2016

Recent ecological studies have revealed that rapid evolution within populations can have significant impacts on the ecological dynamics of communities and ecosystems. These eco‐evolutionary dynamics (EED) are likely to have substantial and quantifiable effects in restored habitats over timescales that are relevant for the conservation and restoration of small populations and threatened communities. Restored habitats may serve as “hotspots” for EED due to mismatches between transplanted genotypes and the restored environment, and novel interactions among lineages that do not share a coevolutionary history, both of which can generate strong selection for rapid evolutionary change that has immediate demographic consequences. Rapid evolution that influences population dynamics and community processes is likely to have particularly large effects during the establishment phase of restoration efforts. Finally, restoration activities and their associated long‐term monitoring programs provide outstanding opportunities for using eco‐evolutionary experimental approaches. Results from such studies will address questions about the effects of rapid evolutionary change on the ecological dynamics of populations and interacting species, while simultaneously providing critical, but currently overlooked, information for conservation practices.
Improving Hurricane Power Outage Prediction Models Through the Inclusion of Local Environmental Factors
Authors: McRoberts D. Brent , Quiring Steven M. , Guikema Seth D.
Published: October 2016

Tropical cyclones can significantly damage the electrical power system, so an accurate spatiotemporal forecast of outages prior to landfall can help utilities to optimize the power restoration process. The purpose of this article is to enhance the predictive accuracy of the Spatially Generalized Hurricane Outage Prediction Model (SGHOPM) developed by Guikema et al. (2014). In this version of the SGHOPM, we introduce a new two‐step prediction procedure and increase the number of predictor variables. The first model step predicts whether or not outages will occur in each location and the second step predicts the number of outages. The SGHOPM environmental variables of Guikema et al. (2014) were limited to the wind characteristics (speed and duration of strong winds) of the tropical cyclones. This version of the model adds elevation, land cover, soil, precipitation, and vegetation characteristics in each location. Our results demonstrate that the use of a new two‐step outage prediction model and the inclusion of these additional environmental variables increase the overall accuracy of the SGHOPM by approximately 17%.
Role of monocyte recruitment in hemangiosarcoma metastasis in dogs
Authors: Regan D. P. , Escaffi A. , Coy J. , Kurihara J. , Dow S. W.
Published: October 2016

Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly malignant tumour associated with short survival times because of early and widespread metastasis. In humans and rodents, monocytes play key roles in promoting tumour metastasis through stimulating tumour cell extravasation, seeding, growth and angiogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the potential association between monocyte infiltration and tumour metastasis in HSA and other common canine tumours. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantifyCD18+monocytes within metastases. We found that HSA metastases had significantly greater numbers ofCD18+monocytes compared with metastases from other tumour types. HSA cells were the highest producers of the monocyte chemokineCCL2, and stimulated canine monocyte migration in aCCL2dependent manner. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that overexpression ofCCL2and recruitment of large numbers of monocytes may explain in part the aggressive metastatic nature of canine HSA. Thus, therapies designed to block monocyte recruitment may be an effective adjuvant strategy for suppressing HSA metastasis in dogs.
Re-emergence of Indigeneity in transformed Layouts in Urban Public Housing in Nigeria
Authors: Isah Abubakar Danladi , Khan Tareef Hayat
Published: October 2016

In contrast to the one whole homogenous configuration provided by developers that has often proved ineffective overtime, transformed public housing units are widespread in developing cities. Though transformation is a natural phenomenon of inhabitation, its various levels and degree can have implicit values. In recent times in Nigeria, heterogeneous spatial patterns of transformed houses in public housing estates has given empirical evidence of essentially inevitable reflection of culture sensitivity as hypothesized by previous studies. That hints that the mainstream sustainable values were probably ignored during design process. This study attempted to connect that possible missing link. To achieve that aim, it developed two objectives. First, is to identify core values behind space layouts in the mainstream. Then, to examine how they exist in the transformed layout as reflected at communal origins. It investigated on 42 transformed units in selected urban Public housings neighborhoods via a stratified conditional sampling conducted in five states of Nigeria. Qualitative methods were adopted for data analysis. After identifying the core ethnic groups in the region, their social indicators with regards to space use were determined through ethnographic principles. These indicators were then operationally defined, and used as a tool to examine users’ motivations in the transformation process in urban context. Spatial pattern analysis, by using gamma delineation, revealed the social content in the transformations after comparing initial design and the transformed spatial configurations. The outcome signified the mainstream cultural values in the transformation process hence in Public housing design. The convergence of mainstream values into urban transformed layouts suggested that they cannot be ignored during design process. The outcome of this research might be useful in designing sustainable public housings in culture sensitive environments, better still a guide to Architects and developers in this regard.
The Needs for Professionalism and Competency in the Construction Industry
Authors: Oladotun Adebiyi John , Edosa Osazuwa Mark
Published: October 2016

The quantity surveyors, in the present day construction industry, analyze cost components of a construction project in a scientific way and applies the results of the analysis to a variety of financial and economic problems confronting the developer and the designer. However, competence, in any sphere of work, can be a difficult concept to pin down, especially, when it relates to professional occupations where such roles are complex and involved diverse professionals in the built environment sector. This paper aims to investigate the competencies of quantity surveyors in the discharge of its professional duties by evaluating the effects of professional competency on quantity surveying practices in Nigeria. The study population comprised professional quantity surveyors who are in the private construction/consulting firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were obtained to investigate the professional views on the quantity surveying profession, the roles of quantity surveyors in the construction industry and the need for professionalism and competencies in the surveying industry. Questionnaires were administered to randomly select 200 practicing quantity surveyors in Lagos state. Findings revealed that the major role of quantity surveyors in the construction industry is the preparation of the bill of quantity as it ranked 1st with RII value of 1.00; it was also discovered that quantity surveyors were in agreement with client service delivery as the first ethical standard that construction professionals should consider when performing their professional obligations in order to avoid project failure and over-cost. It is therefore recommended that the professional bodies and the academia should organize proper and adequate service trainings, workshops and seminars which will enhance the possibility of acquiring more skills and experience so as to improve competence in the discharge of quantity surveyors professional duties.
REVIEWING THE USEFULNESS OF BIM ADOPTION IN IMPROVING SAFETY ENVIRONMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Authors: Sadeghi Haleh , Mohandes Saeed Reza , Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahim , Preece Christopher , Hedayati Ali , Singh Bachan
Published: October 2016

Construction industry has always been beset with injuries and fatalities happened resulting from overlooking pertinent safety rules and regulations. In this regard, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has recently grabbed many practitioners’ attention as a fruitful panacea in order to improve the safety issues of projects. Despite the fact that some studies have been conducted with regard to the usefulness of utilizing BIM in construction projects so as to minimize the accidents occurred in this sector, it is a great moot why there has not been any comprehensive review research scrutinizing the use of BIM in eliminating the safety hazards based on the past undertaken studies. Thus, the authors of this research have aimed at investigating in a great detail how the adoption of BIM in construction projects can bring about significant advantages. From the observations emerged, this conclusion can be drawn that BIM operation in construction industry, particularly prior to the construction stage, would considerably diminish the occurrence of accidents pertaining to safety matters emanating from improving the practitioners’ perception of projects through modeling the diverse safety equipment, and foremost, identifying the potential hazards that may contribute to serious injuries.