bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitigation of agriculture emissions in the tropics: comparing forest land-sparing options at the national level
Authors: Carter S. , Herold M. , Rufino M. C. , Neumann K. , Kooistra L. , Verchot L.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Emissions from agriculture-driven deforestation are of global concern, but forest land-sparing interventions such as agricultural intensification and utilization of available land offer opportunities for mitigation. In many tropical countries, where agriculture is the major driver of deforestation, interventions in the agriculture sector can reduce deforestation emissions as well as reducing emissions in the agriculture sector. Our study uses a novel approach to quantify agriculture-driven deforestation and associated emissions in the tropics. Emissions from agriculture-driven deforestation in the tropics between 2000 and 2010 are 4.3 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 (97 countries). We investigate the national potential to mitigate these emissions through forest land-sparing interventions, which can potentially be implemented under REDD+. We consider intensification, and utilization of available non-forested land as forest land-sparing opportunities since they avoid the expansion of agriculture into forested land. In addition, we assess the potential to reduce agriculture emissions on existing agriculture land, interventions that fall under climate-smart agriculture (CSA). The use of a systematic framework demonstrates the selection of mitigation interventions by considering sequentially the level of emissions, mitigation potential of various interventions, enabling environment and associated risks to livelihoods at the national level. Our results show that considering only countries with high emissions from agriculture-driven deforestation, where there is a potential for forest-sparing interventions, and where there is a good enabling environment (e.g. effective governance or engagement in REDD+), the potential to mitigate is 1.3 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 (20 countries of 78 with sufficient data). For countries where we identify agriculture emissions as priority for mitigation, up to 1 Gt CO2 eq yr−1 could be reduced from the agriculture sector including livestock. Risks to livelihoods from implementing interventions based on national level data, call for detailed investigation at the local level to inform decisions. Three case-studies demonstrate the use of the analytical framework. The inherent link between the agriculture and forestry sectors due to competition for land suggests that these cannot be considered independently. This highlights the need to include the forest and the agricultural sector in the decision making process for mitigation interventions at the national level.
Stochastic approach to analyzing the uncertainties and possible changes in the availability of water in the future based on a climate change scenario
Authors: Oliveira G. G. , Pedrollo O. C. , Castro N. M. R.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes and uncertainties related to water availability in the future (for purposes of this study, it was adopted the period between 2011 and 2040), using a stochastic approach, taking as reference a climate projection from the climate model Eta CPTEC/HadCM3. The study was applied to the Ijuí river basin in the south of Brazil. The set of methods adopted involved, among others, correcting the climatic variables projected for the future, hydrological simulation using Artificial Neural Networks to define a number of monthly flows and stochastic modeling to generate 1000 hydrological series with equal probability of occurrence. A multiplicative type stochastic model was developed in which monthly flow is the result of the product of four components: (i) long term trend component; (ii) cyclic or seasonal component; (iii) time dependency component; (iv) random component. In general the results showed a trend to increased flows. The mean flow for a long period, for instance, presented an alteration from 141.6 (1961–1990) to 200.3 m3 s−1 (2011–2040). An increment in mean flow and in the monthly SD was also observed between the months of January and October. Between the months of February and June, the percentage of mean monthly flow increase was more marked, surpassing the 100 % index. Considering the confidence intervals in the flow estimates for the future, it can be concluded that there is a tendency to increase the hydrological variability during the period between 2011–2040, which indicates the possibility of occurrence of time series with more marked periods of droughts and floods.
Hydrological sciences and water security: An overview
Authors: Young G. , Demuth S. , Mishra A. , Cudennec C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This paper provides an introduction to the concepts of water security including not only the risks to human wellbeing posed by floods and droughts, but also the threats of inadequate supply of water in both quantity and quality for food production, human health, energy and industrial production, and for the natural ecosystems on which life depends. The overall setting is one of constant change in all aspects of Earth systems. Hydrological systems (processes and regimes) are changing, resulting from varying and changing precipitation and energy inputs, changes in surface covers, mining of groundwater resources, and storage and diversions by dams and infrastructures. Changes in social, political and economic conditions include population and demographic shifts, political realignments, changes in financial systems and in trade patterns. There is an urgent need to address hydrological and social changes simultaneously and in combination rather than as separate entities, and thus the need to develop the approach of ‘socio-hydrology’. All aspects of water security, including the responses of both UNESCO and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) to the concepts of socio-hydrology, are examined in detailed papers within the volume titled Hydrological Sciences and Water Security: Past, Present and Future.
Capacity building for hydrological change – using a blended learning approach
Authors: Nacken H.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Extreme hydrological events have always been a challenge to societies. There is growing evidence that hydrological extremes have already become more severe in some regions. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterized as one of the world’s most water-scarce and driest regions, with a high dependency on climate-sensitive agriculture. There is an urgent need for capacity building programmes that prepare water professionals and communities to deal with the expected hydrological changes and extremes. The most successful capacity building programmes are the country driven ones which involve a wide range of national stakeholders, have a high degree of in-country ownership and have an applicability character. The method of choice to set up such capacity building programmes will be through blended learning.
Process oriented thinking as a key for integration of ecohydrology, biotechnology and engineering for sustainable water resources management and ecosystems
Authors: Zalewski M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The recent high rate of environmental degradation due to unsustainable use of water and other natural resources and mismanagement, is, in many cases, the result of a dominant sectoral approach, limited communication between different users and agencies, and lack of knowledge transfer between different disciplines, and especially lack of dialogue between environmental scientists and engineers. There is no doubt that the genuine improvement of human well-being has to be based on understanding the complexity of interactions between abiotic, biotic and socio-economic systems. The major drivers of biogeosphere evolution and function have been the cycles of water and nutrients in a complex array of differing climates and catchment geomorphologies. In the face of global climate change and unequally distributed human populations, the recent sectoral mechanistic approach in natural resources management has to be replaced by an evolutionary systems approach based on well-integrated problem-solving and policy-oriented environmental science. Thus the principles of ecohydrology should be the basis for further integration of ecology, hydrology, engineering, biotechnology and other environmental sciences. Examples from UNESCO IHP VII show how the integration of these will not only increase the efficiency of measures to harmonize ecosystem potentials with societal needs, but also significantly reduce the costs of sustainable environmental management.
Regional hydrological impacts of climate change: implications for water management in India
Authors: Mondal A. , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Climate change is most likely to introduce an additional stress to already stressed water systems in developing countries. Climate change is inherently linked with the hydrological cycle and is expected to cause significant alterations in regional water resources systems necessitating measures for adaptation and mitigation. Increasing temperatures, for example, are likely to change precipitation patterns resulting in alterations of regional water availability, evapotranspirative water demand of crops and vegetation, extremes of floods and droughts, and water quality. A comprehensive assessment of regional hydrological impacts of climate change is thus necessary. Global climate model simulations provide future projections of the climate system taking into consideration changes in external forcings, such as atmospheric carbon-dioxide and aerosols, especially those resulting from anthropogenic emissions. However, such simulations are typically run at a coarse scale, and are not equipped to reproduce regional hydrological processes. This paper summarizes recent research on the assessment of climate change impacts on regional hydrology, addressing the scale and physical processes mismatch issues. Particular attention is given to changes in water availability, irrigation demands and water quality. This paper also includes description of the methodologies developed to address uncertainties in the projections resulting from incomplete knowledge about future evolution of the human-induced emissions and from using multiple climate models. Approaches for investigating possible causes of historically observed changes in regional hydrological variables are also discussed. Illustrations of all the above-mentioned methods are provided for Indian regions with a view to specifically aiding water management in India.
Hydrological extremes and security
Authors: Kundzewicz Z. W. , Matczak P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Economic losses caused by hydrological extremes – floods and droughts – have been on the rise. Hydrological extremes jeopardize human security and impact on societal livelihood and welfare. Security can be generally understood as freedom from threat and the ability of societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity against forces of change. Several dimensions of security are reviewed in the context of hydrological extremes. The traditional interpretation of security, focused on the state military capabilities, has been replaced by a wider understanding, including economic, societal and environmental aspects that get increasing attention. Floods and droughts pose a burden and serious challenges to the state that is responsible for sustaining economic development, and societal and environmental security. The latter can be regarded as the maintenance of ecosystem services, on which a society depends. An important part of it is water security, which can be defined as the availability of an adequate quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, environments and economies. Security concerns arise because, over large areas, hydrological extremes − floods and droughts − are becoming more frequent and more severe. In terms of dealing with water-related risks, climate change can increase uncertainties, which makes the state’s task to deliver security more difficult and more expensive. However, changes in population size and development, and level of protection, drive exposure to hydrological hazards.
Water availability, water quality water governance: the future ahead
Authors: Tundisi J. G. , Matsumura-Tundisi T. , Ciminelli V. S. , Barbosa F. A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The major challenge for achieving a sustainable future for water resources and water security is the integration of water availability, water quality and water governance. Water is unevenly distributed on Planet Earth and these disparities are cause of several economic, ecological and social differences in the societies of many countries and regions. As a consequence of human misuse, growth of urbanization and soil degradation, water quality is deteriorating continuously. Key components for the maintenance of water quantity and water quality are the vegetation cover of watersheds, reduction of the demand and new water governance that includes integrated management, predictive evaluation of impacts, and ecosystem services. Future research needs are discussed.
Measuring what we manage – the importance of hydrological data to water resources management
Authors: Stewart B.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Water resources cannot be managed, unless we know where they are, in what quantity and quality, and how variable they are likely to be in the foreseeable future. Data from hydrological networks are used by public and private sectors for a variety of different applications. This paper discusses the value proposition behind the collection, analysis and use of hydrological data in support of these applications. The need for hydrological data and the requirements for the data are outlined, and information is provided on topics such as status of networks and data access and sharing. This paper outlines elements of the contribution by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to hydrological data collection and covers aspects related to quality management in the collection of hydrological data, especially regarding streamflow gauging, network design and capacity building for services delivery. It should be noted that the applications which make use of hydrological data may also be significantly impacted by climate change.
The economics of soil C sequestration and agricultural emissions abatement
Authors: Alexander P. , Paustian K. , Smith P. , Moran D.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Carbon is a critical component of soil vitality and is crucial to our ability to produce food. Carbon sequestered in soils also provides a further regulating ecosystem service, valued as the avoided damage from global climate change. We consider the demand and supply attributes that underpin and constrain the emergence of a market value for this vital global ecosystem service: markets being what economists regard as the most efficient institutions for allocating scarce resources to the supply and consumption of valuable goods. This paper considers how a potentially large global supply of soil carbon sequestration is reduced by economic and behavioural constraints that impinge on the emergence of markets, and alternative public policies that can efficiently transact demand for the service from private and public sector agents. In essence, this is a case of significant market failure. In the design of alternative policy options, we consider whether soil carbon mitigation is actually cost-effective relative to other measures in agriculture and elsewhere in the economy, and the nature of behavioural incentives that hinder policy options. We suggest that reducing the cost and uncertainties of mitigation through soil-based measures is crucial for improving uptake. Monitoring and auditing processes will also be required to eventually facilitate wide-scale adoption of these measures.
Contingent valuation and motivation analysis of tourist routes
Authors: Báez-Montenegro Andrea , Centeno Ana Bedate , Lara José Ángel Sanz , Prieto Luis Cesar Herrero
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this research is to determine the economic value assigned to the historical heritage of Valdivia (Chile) by tourists visiting the city. For this, the contingent valuation method is used, proposing a scenario of guided tours suitable to attempt to evaluate physically dispersed urban heritage which is also difficult to define as a tourism product, given its diversity. A double-bounded dichotomous choice format is employed to formulate the valuation question, and willingness to pay (WTP) is estimated using parametric techniques. The study is complemented by segmentation analysis for the main reasons why tourists visit the city of Valdivia, applying the contingency tables method. The results suggest that there is no statistically significant difference in the WTP for the three historical and cultural routes offered and show a higher WTP for foreign tourists compared with domestic tourists as well as for those with higher incomes. Moreover, segmentation analysis shows that the level of education and origin of the tourists interviewed are significant variables in characterizing the reason for their visit.
Les formes d’action syndicale en matière environnementale
Authors: Brès Luc , Raufflet Emmanuel , Dionne Geneviève , Ménard Isabelle
Published: April 2015

Si les liens entre environnement et organisations syndicales ont été trop peu étudiés, les données disponibles montrent une relation difficile ou du moins particulière entre ces deux thèmes. Prenant appui sur une étude empirique que nous avons mise en oeuvre, le présent article contribue à éclairer la compréhension de la relation entre ces thèmes en identifiant des formes d’action syndicale en environnement. L’analyse et la sélection de plus d’une cinquantaine d’initiatives à travers le monde prenant la forme d’organisations syndicales nous ont en effet conduits à proposer une typologie des formes de l’action syndicale en environnement. Dans les lignes qui suivent, nous nous proposons de présenter cette typologie et de l’illustrer en nous appuyant sur des exemples tirés de notre étude.
Temporal trends of time to antiretroviral treatment initiation, interruption and modification: examination of patients diagnosed with advanced HIV in Australia
Authors: Wright Stephen T , Law Matthew G , Cooper David A , Keen Phillip , McDonald Ann , Middleton Melanie , Woolley Ian , Kelly Mark , Petoumenos Kathy ,   on behalf of the Australian HIV Observational Database
Published: April 2015

Introduction

HIV prevention strategies are moving towards reducing plasma HIV RNA viral load in all HIV‐positive persons, including those undiagnosed, treatment naïve, on or off antiretroviral therapy. A proxy population for those undiagnosed are patients that present late to care with advanced HIV. The objectives of this analysis are to examine factors associated with patients presenting with advanced HIV, and establish rates of treatment interruption and modification after initiating ART.

Methods

We deterministically linked records from the Australian HIV Observational Database to the Australian National HIV Registry to obtain information related to HIV diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with advanced HIV diagnosis. We used survival methods to evaluate rates of ART initiation by diagnosis CD4 count strata and by calendar year of HIV diagnosis. Cox models were used to determine hazard of first ART treatment interruption (duration >30 days) and time to first major ART modification.

Results

Factors associated (p<0.05) with increased odds of advanced HIV diagnosis were sex, older age, heterosexual mode of HIV exposure, born overseas and rural–regional care setting. Earlier initiation of ART occurred at higher rates in later periods (2007–2012) in all diagnosis CD4 count groups. We found an 83% (69, 91%) reduction in the hazard of first treatment interruption comparing 2007–2012 versus 1996–2001 (p<0.001), and no difference in ART modification for patients diagnosed with advanced HIV.

Conclusions

Recent HIV diagnoses are initiating therapy earlier in all diagnosis CD4 cell count groups, potentially lowering community viral load compared to earlier time periods. We found a marked reduction in the hazard of first treatment interruption, and found no difference in rates of major modification to ART by HIV presentation status in recent periods.
Distinct effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat
Authors: Erlich Jeffrey C , Brunton Bingni W , Duan Chunyu A , Hanks Timothy D , Brody Carlos D
Published: April 2015

Numerous brain regions have been shown to have neural correlates of gradually accumulating evidence for decision-making, but the causal roles of these regions in decisions driven by accumulation of evidence have yet to be determined. Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best described as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (>240 ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.
Høytidsmarkering i religiøst mangfoldige barnehager
Authors: Krogstad Kari , Hidle Kari-Mette Walmann
Published: April 2015

Based on the religions represented in the children's group, Norwegian kindergartens are required to have activities related to religious festivals. The requirement is aiming both on mutual interest, respect and tolerance between the children and on the recognition of the life world of the children affiliated with the religion in point. The study demonstrates that recognition of the Muslim festival Id al-fitr takes place in a very limited part of the kindergartens, and that the cooperation with parents is qualitatively different between majority and minority religions. We have also found that the kindergartens that recognized religious festivals aims their activities to affirm the Muslim children, rather than aiming at the children as a group.  Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i hvordan et utvalg barnehager arbeider med prosessmålet om at barn skal utvikle interesse, toleranse og respekt for hverandre i barnehagen, samt bruk av høytidsmarkering og foreldresamarbeid i den forbindelse. Basert på en empirisk undersøkelse finner vi at barnehager som har barn med minoritetsreligiøs tilknytning i liten grad driver høytidsmarkering slik rammeplanen krever. I den grad den muslimske høytiden id al-fitr markeres, sikter personalet mot identitetsbekreftelse for muslimske barn. Aktivitetene tar i liten grad sikte på å utvikle interesse, toleranser og respekt i barnegruppa som helhet.
Stora barngrupper i förskolan relaterat till läroplanens intentioner
Authors: Pramling Samuelsson Ingrid , Williams Pia , Sheridan Sonja
Published: April 2015

Over the last decade the number of children in Swedish preschool has increased in all age groups. Meanwhile, the preschool curriculum has been revised with higher requirements for pedagogical activities. This article aims to problematize preschool teachers expressions on opportunities and obstacles to work with the intentions of the curriculum, in relation to size of the child group. The study takes an interactionistic perspective based on Urie Bronfenbrenner´s ecological system theory. The data production consists of survey responses and interviews with preschool teachers. The qualitative content analysis focuses on themes that preschool teachers express as relevant in order to meet curriculum intentions and support children’s learning and knowledge formation. The results show that the number of children in preschool groups is of crucial importance for preschool teachers selection and deselection of content areas and working approaches. With fewer children in the group, preschool teachers express that they to a greater extent, can work in relation to the intentions instantiated in the curriculum. De senaste åren har antalet barn i svensk förskola ökat i alla åldersgrupper. Samtidigt har förskolans läroplan reviderats med högre krav gällande den pedagogiska verksamheten. Denna artikel problematiserar förskollärares uttryck kring möjligheter och hinder att arbeta med läroplanens intentioner, i relation till barngruppens storlek. Studien är förankrad i Bronfenbrenners systemteori. Dataunderlaget består av enkätsvar och intervjuer med förskollärare. Den kvalitativa analysen fokuserar innehållsteman som förskollärare uttrycker har betydelse för val av målområden och arbetssätt i verksamheten i relation till gruppstorlek. Resultatet visar att antalet barn har betydelse för val och bortval av målområden och arbetssätt. Förskollärarna ser större möjligheter att arbeta utifrån läroplanens intentioner med mindre antal barn i gruppen.
The Fourth Science of Education; Early childhood education as a discipline in the curricula of Finnish universities
Authors: Kinos Jarmo , Virtanen Jorma
Published: April 2015

Early Childhood Education has been a multidisciplinary field and focus of research. The academization of kindergarten teacher training and the emergence of a professorship in the mid 1990s, however, signified a shift in the development of Early Childhood Education (ECE). Early Childhood Education began to develop as a sub-discipline within educational sciences. Due to the autonomous nature of Finnish universities it is possible to em-phasize the contents of the teaching and the study within each discipline as desired. Along with the introduction of university level kindergarten teacher education, universities have had to define Early Childhood Education and its status as a new discipline. When clarifying the structural foundation of Early Childhood Education, we have also have to consider how General Education or Education, especially Early Childhood Education as a Main Discipline, meets the challenges of scientific study and the changing field of Early Childhood Education. On the basis of our analysis there are two conflicting developments in the curricula: 1) ECE is one sub-field of General Education, 2) ECE is the fourth educational science among other sciences of Education. And already in one Finnish university ECE is like anomaly, defined as Main Discipline.
Individuella utvecklingsplaner för yngre barn i Sverige; Ett kritiskt ämnesdidaktiskt perspektiv
Authors: Vallberg Roth Ann-Christine , Månsson Annika
Published: April 2015

Individual development plans for younger children from a critical subject didactics perspective. The paper aims to describe and problematize the content of individual development plans (IDP) for preschool and preschool class (age six) pupils from a critical subject didactics perspective. The didactical 'what question' pertaining to content (the object of learning) is central to the analysis. Subject refers to the construction of content and not only in the narrow sense of academic subject, but also thematically and pragmatically connected across subject lines to the content of child care, upbringing and children’s possible questions. Critical didactics are applied to shed light on the relationships between the actors (children and teacher) and their co-determination and agency. The critical approach also encompasses study of the content in relation to the power dimensions of place, age, gender and ethnicity. IDP material was collected in October 2006 in four municipalities in southern Sweden, three urban and one rural. Both relatively ethnically homogeneous and heterogeneous districts were included in the three urban municipalities. The material comprised 82 randomly selected plans. The analysis can be summed up in three distinguishing main tracks or normalities: Academic subject-regulated normal children – in a relatively homogeneous urban district; Socially and monolingually regulated multicultural children – in a relatively heterogeneous urban district; Primarily needs-regulated monocultural children – in a rural municipality
Samspill mellom barn og voksne ved måltidet. Muligheter for medlæring?
Authors: Bae Berit
Published: April 2015

I denne artikkelen rettes oppmerksomheten mot samspill og ikke-intendert læring, dvs. aspekter ved den erfarte læreplanen, basert på samspill ved måltidet. Det som analyseres er medlæring, dvs. prosesser som er innbakt i og foregår sammen med andre aktiviteter. Empirisk sett tar framstillingen utgangspunkt i en mikroanalytisk undersøkelse av dialoger mellom førskolelærer og barn i to barnehager i Oslo, hvor samspill i tre ulike situasjoner, derav måltidet, ble videofilmet med jevne mellomrom i løpet av et år. Ut fra analyse av videomaterialet ble det utviklet to kategorier for å skille mellom samspill av ulik kvalitet, nemlig romslige og trange mønstre (Bae, 2004, 2005, 2007). I denne artikkelen vil framstillingen bli begrenset til romslige mønstre. Problemstillingen som drøftes er: Hvilke medlæringsmuligheter inneholder romslige samspill for de barna som er aktivt involvert, og for de som observerer samspillet? Fortolkende analyser viser at i tillegg til det som har kommet fram i tidligere forskning om kunnskap om ernæring, gode spisevaner og bordskikk etc., kan måltidet også romme medlæringsmuligheter om samtaleferdigheter og samarbeide rundt praktiske ting. Uten at dette blir eksplisitt fokusert, så inneholder måltidet også muligheter for læring angående verdsetting av forskjellighet og mangfold, samt det å vise solidaritet i forhold til andre.
The Norwegian Cash-for-Care Reform. Changing behaviour and stable attitudes
Authors: Gulbrandsen Lars
Published: April 2015

In 1998 Norway introduced a cash-for-care scheme. Parent with children aged one or two were offered a cash-for-care benefit if they did not make use of public funded day care centres. The reform was supported by political parties of the centre and right and strongly opposed by parties on the left. Since 1999 ever fewer parents have made use of the opportunity to claim the benefit and have instead sent their children to a day care centre. Attitudes towards the cash-for-care reform, however, have remained very stable up to now. The principle of freedom of choice appears to be strongly rooted among Norwegians. The political agreement on maximum prices made this freedom a reality even for parents who wanted to make use of child care centres.
En tidlig barndom med perspektiver
Authors: Palludan Charlotte
Published: April 2015

Materiale fra et antropologisk feltarbejde på en skole  i Barcelona danner grundlaget for artiklens analyser af hvordan materialitet dvs. bygninger, indretning, ting og sociale kroppe i samspil koreograferer en hverdag for små børn i en skolekontekst. Det vises hvordan skolen som materialitet ikke bare disciplinerer men også giver rum for, at de små børn kan manipulere med omgivelserne og profitere af samværet med større børn samtidig med at de etablerer et fællesskab blandt jævnaldrende. I analyserne tages afsæt i forfatterens antropologiske forbløffelse, vilje til at komparere med eksisterende viden om danske børnehaver samt en bestræbelse på at fremhæve det konkrete og specifikke. Artiklen er et bidrag til den aktuelle uddannelsespolitiske og pædagogiske diskussion om små børns nutidige og fremtidige forhold til skolen som institution.
Førskolelærere om barns oppholdstid i barnehagen
Authors: Johansen Birgitte
Published: April 2015

Norway is facing full day care coverage and most children have full time places. The local authorities responsible for the day care sector are framed by New Public Management principles of governing urging for more efficient and user oriented day care services. Full time day care is vital for adult worker families. Yet, historically there is evidence for scepticism towards full time day care in Norway, also among preschool teachers. There is little knowledge about present perceptions amongst preschool teachers of the best time for children to spend in day care. This is relevant to explore given the importance of expertise and knowledge in the government of parents and parental choices. The article analyses textual data from a survey and interview data and explores Norwegian preschool teachers’ understanding of the best period of time for children to spend in day care. The analysis is framed by day care organisation discourses and Norwegian discourses of family, childhood and parenting. It discusses the apparent ambivalence on the issue among the preschool teachers linked to their position as professionals in relation to parents. Preschool teachers, children's time in day care, new public management, working parents
En målsättning för de Andra: Förskolepedagogers tal om barn och föräldrar under planering och utvärdering på en förskola med en kulturellt blandad barngrupp
Authors: Lunneblad Johannes
Published: April 2015

This article displays how a multicultural way of working in early childhood education is articulated during planning and evaluation. The results shows that it is articulated as an objective or goal for the Other. The objectives for a multicultural way of working fall outside of the regular activities. In these discussions, the immigrant parents are articulated in ambivalent positions, linked to a specific interests and responsibilities. At the same time as the pedagogues are making clear that parents must not feel that this is a demand or a coercion. It is possible to draw parallels with how integration policies are realized in practice, where multiculturalism has become associated with non-integrated pupils and their parents, and where the responsibility for lack of integration is often placed within these groups.
Förskoleklasslärare som gästarbetare: Gränsmarkeringar via sociala stängningar
Authors: Ackesjö Helena
Published: April 2015

The preschool class is an educational programme that has been created through an educational reform in Sweden in the late 1990s. The purpose was to construct a bridge between preschool and primary school, where the two institutions together would create a "new pedagogy". My study of teacher identities in preschool class shows that the teachers are using strategies to mark their differences to other teachers. One strategy is to enhance in-groups and out-groups. These strategies also construct the preschool class as a security zone where the teachers distance themselves from other teachers, in contrast to the educational reform.
Tokens, peer context and mobility in preschool children's positioning work
Authors: Skånfors Lovisa
Published: April 2015

This article is about the positioning work of preschool children. Ethnographic observations were made of interactions among 2–5-year-olds in their preschool setting. In the analysis, Corsaro’s theoretical framework of children’s peer cultures and positioning theory as described by Harré & Langenhove were used. Results show that children share knowledge concerning their social positions in the peer group as built up, negotiable and possible to move between in relation to various ‘tokens’, namely established relationship, proper age and specific competence, all of which change in relevance depending on the actual peer context and activity.
Kultur som mangfold og enfold i barnehagen
Authors: Kasin Olav
Published: April 2015

Cultural diversity and cultural naivete in early childhood education and care: In this article I focus on cultural diversity as it is presented in the Norwegian Framework Plan for the Content and Tasks of Kindergartens. The concept Kindergarten does not refer to first year in school as in USA, but refer to any kind of early childhood education and care institutions. I argue that the understanding and interpretation of culture is too narrow in this plan. It presents culture mainly as a value and as something that should be made visible and carried out in practical work in the kindergartens. I argue that this understanding of culture and cultural diversity can lead to stereotype understanding of children - children as representatives for cultural diversity. Children should only be understood as representatives of themselves and not as some kind of cultural "marionettes". As an alternative to this way of understanding culture, I present the term as way of analyzing social life, as a way of thinking, and also as different kinds of practice, something that characterize activities between people, not primarily as qualities within people.
Barnehageledelse i endring
Authors: Børhaug Kjetil , Lotsberg Dag Øivind
Published: April 2015

Title: Changing pre-school managementAbstract: Management of Norwegian preschools evolves in a context which is rapidly changing. In this article, it is argued that due to such changes, management of the preschool’s relation to its environment as well as management concerning the educational quality of the preschool must be assumed to gain in importance. According to previous research both these areas are neglected by preschool management. Ten preschool directors are interviewed depth about their tasks, and it is argued that management focuses both on educational quality as wellas on external relations.
Hvordan kommer matematisk meningsskaping til syne i barns lek? En casestudie
Authors: Flottorp Vigdis
Published: April 2015

Title: Mathematical meaning making in children’s play? Verbal and non-verbal forms of expressionsAbstract: I analyze an episode from field work in a multilingual day-care centre in Oslo. I examine verbal and non-verbal expressions. The children are 5 years old, and the mathematics is about classification. The children are creating structure and are seeking meaning. This is a key part of their play. My findings indicate that mathematical order and structure become conscious experiences to the children. I argue that we cannot know about the children’s mathematical and communicative competence without knowing the physical context, the play in the sandpit, and the friendship between the boys.
Pedagogical integration and regionalisation
Authors: Gustafsson Jan
Published: April 2015

Abstract: The purpose of this research is concerned with the intentions of pedagogical integration and the notion of an expanded concept of teaching as described in the National School Curriculum of Sweden. In the analysis a theoretical synthesis comprising critical discourse analysis and sociological theories of institutional identities and processes is used through a policy ethnography approach. Purpose has been focus on the relationship between the formal, written curriculum and specific, local, classroom practices. The analysis shows that the Pedagogical dimensions of integration were transformed toward economic interests and control at the local political level. Education work is distinctly regionalising into two so-called safety zones, and a hybrid zone. Four different pedagogical identities are also identified in the analysis. The analysis thus suggests that the creation of safety zones restricts education work to pre-existing patterns. Only the hybrid zone is presently carrying a potential to significantly renew education and encourage and social change.
”Er det bra, eller?” Pedagogiske spenningsfelt i møte med digitale verktøy i norske barnehager.
Authors: Jernes Margrethe , Alvestad Marit , Sinnerud Marta
Published: April 2015

Title: “Is it good, or?” Pedagogical tensions when meeting digital tools in Norwegian Early childhood education.Abstract: In this article a qualitative study about preschool teacher’s perspectives on digital technology in EarlyChildhood Education and care (ECEC) is presented. The research question is: What challenges and possibilitieswith digital technology does preschool teachers meet in educational practice in kindergarten? The results arebased on empirical data from group interviews with the pedagogical staff in three Norwegian Early ECEC institutions.The study is anchored in socio cultural perspectives on knowledge-building. The results are presentedand discussed within three categories: knowledge, process and vision. Finally, among other things, the meaning ofcritical reflection when it comes to implementation of digital technology is discussed.
Normativ styrning i förskolan: En fallstudie
Authors: Riddersporre Bim
Published: April 2015

Title: Normative control in the pre-school: A Swedish case studyAbstract: The project “Normative leadership in the pre-school” is a series of case-studies which aims at clarifying how normative leadership is practiced and negotiated, as well as which norms are created by leaders and co-workers. The amount of research into leadership in pre-schools is currently low, despite the comprehensive nature and significance of the institution. Relation to theory is often weak, as is the connection to more general research on leadership. I have chosen the theory of normative control of organisations as a framework for my analysis. The empirical methods are a combination of interviews and observations. In this first case study, the subject is an unusual leadership task. A number of new pre-schools are to be established, and the leader is to create a vision for these. Tension arises between vision and daily reality, however. It is the vision that must confront everyday life, and not the other way around. A common understanding must gradually be established, with its foundation just as much in norms and ideas as in security and common experience. The results indicate that negotiation and re-negotiation are important aspects of normative control in the pre-school. I propose the concept distributed normative control as the collaborators and the leader share the normative power in the daily round. Keywords: Pre-school leadership, Normative control, Distributed leadership, Case studyEmail: bim.riddersporre@mah.se
Förord: Kartläggning av barn och lärares professionalitet
Authors: Carlsson Maj Asplund , Sheridan Sonja
Published: April 2015

Presentasjon av konfererensen Kartlegging i barnehagen: Innhold og konsekvenser. Utdanningsforbundet, Oslo, 21 juni 2010.
Ska barns kunskaper testas eller deras kunnande utvecklas i förskolan?
Authors: Pramling Samuelsson Ingrid
Published: April 2015

Title: Should children’s knowledge be tested or developed in preschool?Abstract:  Thus article focuses and discuss questions about what test respectively development may mean for children in the preschool practice. The starting point is the mission of preschool and the perspective of learning stated in the curricula. What is the mission of preschool and how is this harmonised or disharmonised with tests and assessment of children’s knowledge? Obviously preschool has to be evaluated, but in what ways, and what are the questions one as a teacher have to consider in a time when more and more tests are brought into the preschool context?
Verdibasert formål eller vilkårlige detaljmål?
Authors: Østrem Solveig
Published: April 2015

Title: Value based objectives, or random, specific goals?Abstract: The national objectives of Norwegian kindergartens are based on fundamental ethical values. The kindergarten is expected to take care of the children’s need for care and play and also to support their learning, their “Bildung” and their general development. This article discusses whether this main objective may be forgotten, while activities in kindergartens are designed according to other, more or less randomly chosen, specific goals. The article focuses on the increasing use of tests in kindergarten and looks in particular at concrete materials for language testing and the goals that this material defines, explicitly and implicitly. Furthermore, the article discusses the theories and perspectives on learning and knowledge that the tests are based on. Finally, the use of tests in kindergarten is discussed with reference to the tendency in different fields of the welfare state to give credit and attention to so-called evidence based knowledge.
Studentbarnehagene tar vare på barndommens magi
Authors: Lie Mette Margrethe
Published: April 2015

Foredrag fra konferansen Kartlegging i barnehagen: Innhold og konsekvenser. Utdanningsforbundet, Oslo, 20 juni 2010.
Erfaringer med TRAS i barnehagen
Authors: Bugge Nella
Published: April 2015

Foredrag fra konferansen Kartlegging i barnehagen: Innhold og konsekvenser. Utdanningsforbundet, Oslo, 20 juni 2010.
Från pedagogik till ekonomi? Några kommentarer till kunskapsproduktionen i barnehagen
Authors: Johansson Jan-Erik
Published: April 2015

Foredrag fra konferansen Kartlegging i barnehagen: Innhold og konsekvenser. Utdanningsforbundet, Oslo, 20 juni 2010.
Demokratiske samtaler i barnehagen?
Authors: Tholin Kristin Rydjord , Jansen Turid Thorsby
Published: April 2015

Title: Democratic dialogues in early childhood education?Abstract: We examine what democracy-promoting practices may be in early childhood education. From an understanding of democracy as multifaceted we have studied how teachers lead planned conversations which enable children to present themselves and their interests. The issue discussed being: How can the teacher create conditions for conversations that are characterized by democracy promoting practices? The research is based on theoretical studies of democracy and conversations and video observations of conversations between teachers and children in two early childhood education institutions. The results are presented four themes: The preschool teachers’ emphasis on common experiences, their ability to make different voices distinct, show a listening participation and their daring when encountering the unexpected. Analysis shows that conversations in connections with projects can have a potential to promote practices characterized by democracy, but this seems demanding.
Kunskapsmöjligheter i svenska fritidshem
Authors: Saar Tomas , Löfdahl Annica , Hjalmarsson Maria
Published: April 2015

Title: Knowledge possibilities in the Swedish afterschool settings  Abstract: This article discusses how the Swedish afterschool settings can be understood as a pedagogic practice. Interviews and field observations with teachers and children were analyzed from a discursive and network perspective. The teachers articulated a discourse about a professional competence to control the organization of the activities in relation to ideals and practical conditions. In practice, however, the children negotiated, challenged and developed the activities in ways that went beyond what was planned and possible to articulate, evaluate and control. The article proposes a pedagogy for the afterschool setting that is built on teachers and children’s joint descriptions of the knowledge possibilities that are ongoing produced in the activities.
Hvilket barn? Om barn, barndom og barnehage
Authors: Andenæs Agnes
Published: April 2015

Title: What kind of a child? On children’s everyday life, Early Childhood Education, and psychological developmentAbstract: Public discussions about day care more or less explicitly refer to models about children’s development. My argument is that the field of Early Childhood Education does need understandings offered by the discipline of developmental psychology, but that the hegemonic ones strongly restrict ways of talking about what is going on at the day care institutions, and what day care means to the participants, included parents and other caretakers. A more context sensitive and meaning making oriented version of developmental psychology is presented, and empirical examples are used to demonstrate how this way of understanding children widens up ways of talking about day care: as an arena for children’s participation, as a link in parents’ chain of care for their child, and as a meeting point for diversity. Keywords: Developmental psychology; Day care; Everyday life; Parenthood; Chain of care; Social participation