bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Costs Associated With Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Baron Suzanne J. , Ryan Michael P. , Moore Kimberly A. , Clancy Seth J. , Gunnarsson Candace L.
Published: February 2022

Background:

In patients with severe aortic stenosis, treatment with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been shown to be cost-effective in the high-risk surgical population and cost-saving in the intermediate-risk population when compared with surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in early pivotal clinical trials. Whether TAVR is associated with comparable or lower costs when compared with SAVR in contemporary clinical practice is unknown.

Methods:

Using data from the Medicare Dataset Standard Analytic Files 5% Fee for Service database, patients receiving either TAVR or SAVR between 2016 and 2018 were identified. Patients were categorized as low, intermediate, or high mortality risk based on 2 validated indices—the Hospital Frailty Risk Score and the logEuroScore. Health care costs out to 1 year were compared between TAVR and SAVR among the low, intermediate, and high-risk groups, after adjustment for patient demographics.

Results:

Nine thousand seven hundred forty-six patients were identified (4834 TAVR; 3760 SAVR) and included in the analysis. Patients receiving TAVR were older and more likely to be female. Index hospitalization costs were significantly lower with TAVR compared with SAVR across all risk strata (logEuroScore: low: $61 845 versus $68 986; intermediate: $64 658 versus $76 965; high: $65 594 versus $91 005;
P
<0.001 for all). Follow-up costs through 1 year were generally lower with TAVR and this difference was more pronounced in the low risk groups (logEuroScore: $9763 versus $14 073; Hospital Frailty Risk Score: $10 116 versus $12 880). Accordingly, cumulative 1-year costs were substantially lower with TAVR compared with SAVR.

Conclusions:

At 1 year, TAVR is associated with lower health care costs across all risk strata when compared with SAVR in contemporary practice. If long-term data continue to demonstrate similar clinical outcomes and valve durability with TAVR and SAVR, these findings suggest that TAVR may be the preferred treatment strategy for patients with aortic stenosis from an economic standpoint.
Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment on Cerebral Blood Flow in Older Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: van Rijssel Anniek E. , Stins Bram C. , Beishon Lucy C. , Sanders Marit L. , Quinn Terence J. , Claassen Jurgen A.H.R. , de Heus Rianne A.A.
Published: February 2022

Background:

In older age, the benefits of antihypertensive treatment (AHT) become less evident, with greater associated risk. Of particular concern is compromising cerebral blood flow (CBF), especially in those with cognitive impairment.

Methods:

We created a synthesis of the published evidence by searching multiple electronic databases from 1970 to May 2021. Included studies had participants with mean age ≥50 years, hypertension or cognitive impairment, and assessed CBF before and after initiating AHT. Two authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. Study quality was assessed using The Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool. We summarized study characteristics (qualitative synthesis) and performed random-effects meta-analyses (quantitative synthesis).

Results:

Thirty-two studies (total n=1306) were included, of which 23 were eligible for meta-analysis. In line with the qualitative synthesis, the meta-analysis indicated no effect of AHT initiation on CBF (standardized mean difference, 0.08 [95% CI, −0.07 to 0.22];
P
=0.31,
I
2
=42%). This was consistent across subgroups of acute versus chronic AHT, drug class, study design, and CBF measurement. Subgroups by age demonstrated an increase in CBF after AHT in those aged >70 years (standardized mean difference, 4.15 [95% CI, 0.16–8.15];
P
=0.04,

I
2

=42%), but not in those aged 50 to 65 and 65 to 70 years (standardized mean difference, 0.18 [95% CI,−2.02 to 2.38];
P
=0.87,

I
2

=49%; standardized mean difference, 1.22 [95% CI, −0.45 to 2.88];
P
=0.15,

I
2

=68%). Overall, risk of bias was moderate-to-high and quality of evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was very low, reflecting the observational nature of the data.

Conclusions:

Accepting the observed limitations, current evidence does not suggest a harmful effect of AHT on CBF. Concerns over CBF should not preclude treatment of hypertension.
Posture‐Related Differences in Cardiovascular Function Between Young Men and Women: Study of Noninvasive Hemodynamics in Rural Malawi
Authors: Choudhary Manoj Kumar , Penninkangas Roosa‐Maria , Eräranta Arttu , Niemelä Onni , Mangani Charles , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per , Ashorn Ulla , Pörsti Ilkka
Published: February 2022

Background

Cardiovascular risk is higher in men than in women, but little information exists about sex‐related differences in cardiovascular function from low‐income countries. We compared hemodynamics between sexes in rural Malawi in a cohort followed up since their birth.

Methods and Results

Supine, seated, and standing hemodynamics were recorded from 251 women and 168 men (mean age, 21 years; body mass index, 21 kg/m
2
) using oscillometric brachial waveform analyses (Mobil‐O‐Graph). The results were adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate, and plasma potassium, lipids, and glucose. Men had higher brachial and aortic systolic blood pressure and stroke index regardless of posture (
P
<0.001), and higher upright but similar supine diastolic blood pressure than women. Regardless of posture, heart rate was lower in men (
P
<0.001), whereas cardiac index did not differ between sexes. Women presented with lower supine and standing systemic vascular resistance index (
P
<0.001), whereas supine‐to‐standing increase in vascular resistance (
P
=0.012) and decrease in cardiac index (
P
=0.010) were higher in women. Supine left cardiac work index was similar in both sexes, whereas standing and seated left cardiac work index was higher in men than in women (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

In young Malawian adults, men had higher systolic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and upright cardiac workload, whereas women presented with higher posture‐related changes in systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output. These findings show systematic sex‐related differences in cardiovascular function in a cohort from a low‐income country with high exposure to prenatal and postnatal malnutrition and infectious diseases.
One‐Year Blood Pressure Trajectory After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lee Keon‐Joo , Kim Beom Joon , Han Moon‐Ku , Kim Joon‐Tae , Choi Kang Ho , Shin Dong‐Ick , Cha Jae‐Kwan , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Kim Dong‐Eog , Ryu Wi‐Sun , Park Jong‐Moo , Kang Kyusik , Lee Soo Joo , Oh Mi‐Sun , Yu Kyung‐Ho , Lee Byung‐Chul , Hong Keun‐Sik , Cho Yong‐Jin , Choi Jay Chol , Park Tai Hwan , Park Sang‐Soon , Kwon Jee‐Hyun , Kim Wook‐Joo , Lee Jun , Sohn Sung Il , Hong Jeong‐Ho , Lee Kyung Bok , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Gorelick Philip B. , Bae Hee‐Joon ,   Clinical Research Collaboration for Stroke in Korea (CRCS‐K) Investigators
Published: February 2022

Background

Although the effect of blood pressure on poststroke outcome is well recognized, the long‐term trajectory of blood pressure after acute ischemic stroke and its influence on outcomes have not been studied well.

Methods and Results

We analyzed systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in 5514 patients with acute ischemic stroke at ≥2 of 7 prespecified time points during the first year after stroke among those enrolled in a multicenter prospective registry. Longitudinal SBPs were categorized using a group‐based trajectory model. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke recurrence, myocardial infarction, and all‐cause mortality up to 1 year after stroke. The study subjects were categorized into 4 SBP trajectory groups:
low
(27.0%),
moderate
(59.5%),
persistently high
(1.2%), and
slowly dropping
(12.4%). In the first 3 groups, SBP decreased during the first 3 to 7 days and remained steady thereafter. In the
slowly dropping SBP group
, SBPs decreased from 182 to 135 mm Hg during the first 30 days, then paralleled the trajectory of the
moderate SBP group
. Compared with the reference, the
moderate SBP group
, the
slowly dropping SBP group
was at higher risk for the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% CI, 1.05‒1.65) and mortality (adjusted HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03‒1.78). Primary outcome rates were similarly high in the
persistently high SBP group
.

Conclusions

Four 1‐year longitudinal SBP trajectories were identified in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients in the
slowly dropping SBP
and
persistently high SBP
trajectory groups were prone to adverse cardiovascular outcomes after stroke.
Distinct Generation of Subjective Vividness and Confidence during Naturalistic Memory Retrieval in Angular Gyrus
Authors: Zou Futing , Kwok Sze Chai
Published: February 2022

Our subjective experience of remembering guides and monitors the reconstruction of past and simulation of the future, which enables us to identify mistakes and adjust our behavior accordingly. However, what underlies the process of subjective mnemonic experience remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined behavior, repetitive TMS, and functional neuroimaging to probe whether vividness and confidence are generated differently during retrieval. We found that preretrieval repetitive TMS targeting the left angular gyrus (AnG) selectively attenuated the vividness efficiency compared with control stimulation while keeping metacognitive efficiency and objective memory accuracy unaffected. Using trialwise data, we showed that AnG stimulation altered the mediating role of vividness in confidence in the accuracy of memory judgment. Moreover, resting-state functional connectivity of hippocampus and AnG was specifically associated with vividness efficiency, but not metacognitive efficiency across individuals. Together, these results identify the causal involvement of AnG in gauging the vividness, but not the confidence, of memory, thereby suggesting a differentiation account of conscious assessment of memory by functionally and anatomically dissociating the monitoring of vividness from confidence.
Effects of Multisession Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Long-term Memory and Working Memory in Older Adults
Authors: Au Jacky , Smith-Peirce Rachel N. , Carbone Elena , Moon Austin , Evans Michelle , Jonides John , Jaeggi Susanne M.
Published: February 2022

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive form of electrical brain stimulation popularly used to augment the effects of working memory (WM) training. Although success has been mixed, some studies report enhancements in WM performance persisting days, weeks, or even months that are actually more reminiscent of consolidation effects typically observed in the long-term memory (LTM) domain, rather than WM improvements per se. Although tDCS has been often reported to enhance both WM and LTM, these effects have never been directly compared within the same study. However, given their considerable neural and behavioral overlap, this is a timely comparison to make. This study reports results from a multisession intervention in older adults comparing active and sham tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC during training on both an n-back WM task and a word learning LTM task. We found strong and robust effects on LTM, but mixed effects on WM that only emerged for those with lower baseline ability. Importantly, mediation analyses showed an indirect effect of tDCS on WM that was mediated by improvements in consolidation. We conclude that tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC can be used as an effective intervention to foster long-term learning and memory consolidation in aging, which can manifest in performance improvements across multiple memory domains.
Geometry and the Gods: Theurgy in Proclus’s Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements
Authors: Goulding Robert
Published: February 2022

The gods that guard the poles have been assigned the function of assembling the separate and unifying the manifold members of the whole, while those appointed to the axes keep the circuits in everlasting revolution around and around. And if I may add my own conceit, the centers and poles of all the spheres symbolize the wry-necked gods (τῶν ίυγγικῶν θεῶν) by imitating the mysterious union and synthesis which they effect; the axes represent the connectors (συνοχάς) of all the cosmic orders … and the very spheres are likenesses of the perfecting divinities (τῶν τελεσιουργῶν θεῶν) … (Proclus 1992a, pp. 74–5; 1873, pp. 90–91)1

Proclus’s Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements contains one of the most important discussions of the nature of mathematical objects and preserves a wealth of historical information about mathematics from antiquity. However, large sections of the text have been neglected by scholars since the text’s first publication in the sixteenth century. Proclus expounds at length on correspondences between mathematical objects and the gods. At times he uses the language of “theurgy,” the ritual practices that later Neoplatonists insisted were necessary for the human soul to ascend to the intelligibles. The contention of this article is that the Commentary, taken as a whole, concerns the practice of “inner theurgy,” mental rituals used by advanced students to raise the soul beyond its assigned bounds. This practice can be traced back to Plotinus and the very beginnings of Neoplatonism; however, the particular methods presented by Proclus are his own development. This interpretation of the Commentary is supported by Proclus’s works Commentary on the Parmenides and Platonic Theology. Parts of the Commentary that have been studied carefully by modern scholars, especially the theory of the mathematical phantasia or imagination, will be shown to be crucial elements in Proclus’s theory and practice of inner theurgy.
The Hidden Praeceptor: How Georg Rheticus Taught Geocentric Cosmology to Europe
Authors: Valleriani Matteo , Federau Beate , Nicolaeva Olya
Published: February 2022

A corpus of 360 distinct early modern printed editions (from 1472 to 1650) containing Johannes de Sacrobosco’s Tractatus de sphaera is “dissected” into a corpus of 540 text-parts, 241 of them re-occurring at least once. Through the exploration of the data, we recognized a relevant position for four anonymous authors in their social network. We demonstrate that the text-parts originally assigned to the anonymous authors were authored or edited by Georg Rheticus. By means of data analysis, we conclusively establish that Rheticus profoundly impacted the content of such textbooks for the introductory class in geocentric astronomy all over Europe between 1538 and 1629.
Replicating Mathematical Inventions: Galileo’s Compass, Its Instructions, Its Students
Authors: Biagioli Mario
Published: February 2022

Questions about how closure is achieved in disputes involving new observational or experimental claims have highlighted the role of bodily knowledge possibly irreducible to written experimental protocols and instructions how to build and operate instruments. This essay asks similar questions about a scenario that is both related and significantly different: the replication of an invention, not of an observation or the instrument through which it produced. Furthermore, the machine considered here—Galileo’s compass or sector—was not a typical industrial invention (like a spinning jenny), but a mathematical invention (a calculator), that is, a machine that produces numbers, not yarn. This case study describes some of the similarities and differences between replicating experiments, traditional machines producing material outputs, and mathematical inventions yielding calculations or information. This comparison indicates that, as in other kinds of replication, the replication of mathematical inventions involves texts (the calculator’s instructions) but that in this case bodily knowledge cannot be properly described as either tacit or explicit. It rather takes the shape of memory—muscle memory—that may be recalled from reading the instructions.
On Derrida’s Donner le temps, Volumes I & II: A New Engagement with Heidegger
Authors: Rosenthal Adam R.
Published: February 2022

This essay explores the importance of Donner le temps II within the context of Derrida’s writings on Heidegger and the gift. In the first section of the essay, I situate the publication of the latter half of Derrida’s 1978–79 seminar against his writings on the gift generally, beginning in 1968 and ending in 2000. In the second section, I explain how the second volume of Donner le temps relates to the first. In the final three sections of the paper, I focus on three prominent topics of the seminar, so as to show how they impact our previous understanding of major aspects of Derrida’s thought: first, the Heideggerian thinking of the es gibt, as it relates to the gift’s unconditionality. Second, the problematic of the Kunstwerk, as it informs Derrida’s thinking of récit. Third, the problem of Dichtung, as it is linked to the poématique.
“As Soon as a Man Comes to Life, He Is Old Enough to Die”: Heidegger and Chapter XX of Der Ackermann aus Böhmen
Authors: Atterton Peter
Published: February 2022

In section 48 of Being and Time, Heidegger quotes from chapter XX of Der Ackermann aus Böhmen, a late medieval prose poem written in Early New High German, circa 1400: “As soon as a man comes to life, he is at once old enough to die.” In this paper, I provide the context for the quotation. I also suggest that Heidegger’s interest in Der Ackermann cannot be explained solely in terms of his believing the poem was the source of the quotation on page 245 of Being and Time. I offer a justification for this claim by showing that Heidegger’s discussion of death in Being and Time employs three important images: “debt,” “inheritance,” and “ripeness” – all of which can be found in chapter XX Der Ackermann. I show these “borrowings” to be at once a reference to the context of the Christian/humanist heritage to which they belong and a part of the newly evolving Daseinsanalytik.
The Rights Hero – Serious Games for Human Rights Education and Integration of Migrant and Refugee Children in Europe
Authors: Dima Mariza , Xanthaki Alexandra , Deniozou Thaleia , Luoma Colin
Published: February 2022

Following the rise of migrant inflows in Europe since 2015, more than 210,000 unaccompanied children have arrived in Europe. This article argues that serious games can in principle fill the gap of human rights education that these children face and ultimately help them develop, but important issues and challenges need to be considered. The article follows the design and development of “The Rights Hero”, a prototype serious game for migrant children to help them learn and practise their rights, encouraging them to take transformative action that will lead them to integration. The game focuses on the “Rights Hero”, whose gender and race are unidentifiable and who is trying to build up two superpowers, “Resilience” and “Empowerment”, through responding appropriately to various challenges. These challenges are all too familiar to migrant children. Designed by an interdisciplinary team of human rights and game design experts, and in collaboration with the ngo Network for Children’s Rights, work on the prototype raised important discussions regarding the use of games for human rights education, the need for children to know their rights, and their understanding of integration. The article reflects on the extent to which serious games can be developed as a useful informal educational tool for the human rights education of displaced children.
Who is “The Child”? Best Interests and Individuality of Children in Discretionary Decision-Making
Authors: Krutzinna Jenny
Published: February 2022

While the substantiation of “best interests” has received much attention, the question of how “the child” is conceptualised to ensure any action taken or decision made is in the particular child’s best interests has been largely neglected. In this paper, I argue that the lack of robust understanding of who “the child” is, means that we continue to make many generalisations and category-based assumptions in determining the child’s best interests. In addressing the challenge of doing right by the individual child, I propose a three-step approach based on a theoretical model of the child that avoids presumptions about child-typical needs and insists on an assessment of the child’s individual characteristics, needs, qualities and circumstances, making it the only conceptualisation fully meeting the child centrism criterion required by children’s rights as determined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The Limits of Child Agency?
Authors: Lokot Michelle , Shakya Holly Baker , Cislaghi Beniamino
Published: February 2022

This article explores how communities and development practitioners conceptualise children’s agency. It highlights contradictions within non-government organisations (ngo) and United Nations (UN) narratives on child marriage: children are said to exercise agency when they defy forced marriage, yet they lack knowledge and choice if they themselves decide to marry. This article is based on interviews and focus group discussions with communities in Somalia and Cameroon, and interviews with development practitioners in both countries. The findings highlight four themes: child-led marriages are a newer practice; child-led marriages are often temporary; practitioners believe children are too young to exercise agency; and practitioners question whether children can make decisions. These findings have implications for child marriage interventions, highlighting the need for “agency” to be conceptualised less narrowly. For ngo s, UN agencies and policy-makers, requires reflecting on what it means to accept community choices, irrespective of whether the outcome is positive or negative.
Authoritative Landscapes: The Making of Islamic Authority among Muslims in Europe
Authors: Sunier Thijl , Buskens Léon
Published: February 2022

This special issue deals with Islamic authority-making among Muslims of migrant background in predominantly Western Europe. Religious authority is persuasive power in religious matters, regarding issues of knowledge and institutional competence, and of truth, authenticity, legitimacy, trust, and ethics. The seven articles in this special issue address some of the manifold ways in which Islamic authority comes about. They show that authority should not be reduced to the leadership or personal status of religious scholars and other religious professionals; it can also be attributed to bodies of knowledge, to institutions, to legal, ethical and material matters, and to events. Islamic authority is a crucial element in shaping Islamic landscapes in all their diversity.
Kultura i tożsamość wschodniego pogranicza Polski
Authors: Szwed Robert
Published: February 2022

Culture and Identity in Poland’s Eastern BorderlandThe article deals with the compound nature as well as the territorial, political and cultural diversity of eastern Poland. Particular emphasis is put first on the historical rivalry of the Poles and the Russians, who both had strong national cultures and the will to exert great influence on the identity assumed by the population of eastern Poland. This political rivalry was accompanied by cultural rivalry. It was all later summed up in the unique cultural heritage and social and cultural separateness of the region.Today this region is composed of compact settlements of Lithuanians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians. The author discusses in detail the specific designates of the area still existing in its architecture, and in the languages and ethnic identity of the local people. His conclusion is that what we have here is not just one borderland of eastern Poland, but several different borderlands. Local architecture, dialects and local feelings of identity cannot be currently understood without narrations about their past, as well as cultural revitalisation. Only then can the culture and identity be regained in the eastern region of Poland.
Turystyka kulturowa: odmienność oswojona?
Authors: Malinowska Ewelina
Published: February 2022

Cultural Tourism: Otherness Tamed?The article is an attempt to describe two major aspects of cultural tourism, which is becoming a prominent feature of travel in the contemporary world. One aspect relates to the strategies whereby a tourist can become acquainted with a culture different from his/her own, while the other aspect is how increased cultural tourism can influence the tourist’s own national and social identity as well as his/her way of belonging to a particular culture.The author discusses the terminology of cultural tourism, especially important in the context of ethnic groups and nationalities. She also reflects on the anthropology of global tourism, e.g. the theory of visitor-resident relations. Thus, tourism development can lead to the creation of images of various groups in the eyes of the tourist, an experience which frequently does not demonstrate a true situation, e.g. in exotic tourist destinations he/she visits as an observer of culture.
Położenie mniejszości narodowych w Serbii – ochrona prawna i konflikty
Authors: Jagiełło-Szostak Anna
Published: February 2022

The Position of National Minorities in Serbia – Their Legal Protection and ConflictsNational minorities constitute almost fourteen percent of the population of the Republic of Serbia. The main aim of the article is to present the mechanism for the protection of minority rights in the country. The author also compares them with the corresponding European standards. Moreover, she discusses in detail some of the major political, cultural, educational, linguistic, and social problems of the minorities living in this territory.The article thus deals with the following minorities: Albanians who live in southern Serbia, Muslims from Sanjak, Hungarians from Vojvodina (the second biggest minority in Serbia), as well as the Vlachs, Romanians and Roma people, who are scattered all over the country. All of these ethnic minorities are indeed strongly demanding legal protection from the state. The issues of their distribution and status in the light of their ethnicity versus the global society are also tackled in the article.
Oskarżenie z paragrafu siódmego
Authors: Zalewski Krzysztof Marcin
Published: February 2022

Facing Charges of TheftReview of: Jack Goody, Kradzież historii, trans. Jacek Dobrowolski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2009. (Original work: Jack Goody, The Theft of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.) Oskarżenie z paragrafu siódmegoRecenzja: Jack Goody, Kradzież historii, tłum. Jacek Dobrowolski, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2009. (Praca oryginalna: Jack Goody, The Theft of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.)
Eschatologia, mesjanizm i polityka
Authors: Siewierska-Chmaj Anna
Published: February 2022

Eschatology, Messianism and PoliticsThe article presents the issues of strong relations between various conceptions of God and their consequences – adopting a particular vision of political life, nation, and state. The author shows relations between religion and politics in the context of political eschatology and political messianism, pointing to the examples of the French Revolution, nineteenth-century Polish messianism, revolutionary Russia, or Nazi Germany. Quoting various examples, the author argues that the vision of God and the place of religion in a given society strongly influence the political sphere, the perception of the role of the state and the definition of a nation.
Adam Gurowski i Henryk Rzewuski. Dwa oblicza zdrady narodowej w polskiej myśli romantycznej
Authors: Nowak Joanna
Published: February 2022

Adam Gurowski and Henryk Rzewuski: Two Faces of National Betrayal in Polish Romantic ThoughtThe term “national betrayal” had different meanings during the Partitions period in the history of Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, despite evident temporal, spatial, and cultural discrepancies, “the ‘betrayal’ of the nation” has so far been categorized in rigid, dichotomous ways but should allow for more relativity as follows. Purposeful betrayal of national interests is motivated mostly by the traitor’s wish to advance his own career, his social or material status. The betrayal of the nation can also result from fear of political repression for the activist’s deeds or targeted secret services operations against him. However, there were also cases of “tactical” betrayal in Poland so as to show indirect cooperation with the partitioning powers, as a compromise with the ultimate aim to obtain Polish independence. But the most intriguing case is national betrayal based on ideological grounds: the conviction that the universal idea is superior to the national one. This involves resignation from independence due to an ideological assumption which is against the nation’s aspirations.Given this general background the author of the essay discusses two different cases of national betrayal, that of Adam Gurowski and Henryk Rzewuski. The former gave up the Polish national idea as well as the Polish language, customs and culture and Catholic religion altogether, with the aim of creating a complete Polish-Russian union. He fully believed in the benefits of Slavic unity under the leadership of Russia. Rzewuski on the other hand, though also denying the Polish national idea, did not fully reject the Polish language and culture: in his view Polish language and culture should develop as a local culture and dialect in Russia, only partially identified with the state of the Tsars. As a result of this change, the Poles should accept only limited Russian influence. For Rzewuski, the Poles as part of the powerful union with the Russians could preserve their own economy and local dialect, despite the fact that Russian would become their official language.
Jeden naród – jeden język? Ruch English-Only w kontekście wcześniejszych prób uregulowania statusu języka angielskiego w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Authors: Kaganiec-Kamieńska Anna
Published: February 2022

One Nation – One Language? The English-Only Movement in the United StatesSpeaking English is perceived as essential to American identity. The English language does not, however, have an official status in the United States. As a consequence of the change in the racial and ethnic composition of the US population, in particular the growth of the Hispanic/Latino minority, since the 1980s the country has witnessed the birth and growth of the English-Only movement. The aim of the movement is to give English an official status. Even though no federal regulations have yet been passed, Official English measures have been adopted by many American states.This article presents the English-Only movement within the context of earlier attempts to restrict the use of foreign languages in the US. It also briefly discusses some of the federal, state and local regulations.
Środkowoeuropejskość Polski i Czech w świetle opinii mieszkańców pogranicza czesko-polskiego oraz literatury przedmiotu
Authors: Dębicki Marcin
Published: February 2022

Central European Identity of Poland and the Czech Republic in the Light of the Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Czech-Polish Borderland and in the Relevant LiteratureAlthough the question of the very existence of Central Europe is not discussed in the article, it is assumed that there is still some space for this category to appear. The core of the paper is based on the results of a survey which showed that the Czechs living in the Czech-Polish borderland perceive their country as a bit more Central European than Poland. Thus the article is an attempt to explain the reasons of such an attitude. They include the past, i.e. first of all, geopolitical orientation of both states over centuries, resulting in different cultural patterns acquired by both societies, as well as the present times, which seem to reflect at least some of these differences. The analysis is enriched with some observations made by other authors, including their opinions on the ways in which the Czech-Polish relations were presented in the Czech history coursebooks of the 1990s.One of the most significant conclusions is that Poland and Poles are seen by the Czechs rather as a “Western” nation when it comes to the arts or literature, and rather as an “Eastern” nation when it comes to everyday life. It is also argued that the difference in the degree of Central European identity of both countries does not seem to be big enough to “exclude” Poland from this category, yet sufficient to be signalled by the respondents.
Separatyzm baskijski
Authors: Antczak Anna
Published: February 2022

Basque SeparatismThis article examines the origins of Basque nationalism, major reasons why the terrorist organization ETA was founded, and the evolution of ETA’s activities. Alongside this discussion, a parallel history of moderate nationalism pursued by the Basque Nationalist Party is also examined. The article adopts a historical approach, since Basque nationalism has evolved in a specific way, and the historical, political and systemic changes influenced the Basque Country in a different way than other regions of Spain.In the literature, researchers show that Basque citizens are characterized by a strong sense of national identity. This is due firstly to the fact that many Basques identify themselves with the Basque Country rather than with Spain, which indicates a clear declaration of their national identity. This means that the Basques consider themselves a separate nation. The consequence of this is their desire to have a greater autonomy, preferably under the Spanish federal state, or to gain independence.
Neopogański wymiar współczesnej rosyjskiej filozofii: cielesność kontra racjonalność
Authors: Michiejewa Irina
Published: February 2022

The Neo-Pagan Dimension of Modern Russian Philosophy: Corporality vs RationalityThe article analyses the essence of and reasons for the “neo-pagan turn” of Russian culture and philosophy of the 19th–21st centuries to the theme of “corporality”, which is presented in a wide range of approaches, from Russian Romanticism to modern Russian projects of “new metaphysics” and “progressive archaism”. The author exemplifies the actualization of the corporality theme as the renaissance of neo-paganism in philosophical discourse with phenomena of the Silver Age, Russian philosophy of the first part of the 20th century (represented by V. Rozanov’s, N. Berdyaev’s and L. Shestov’s concepts), Soviet natural philosophy prose of the 1960s–1980s (Ch. Aitmatov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafayev), and modern Russian political philosophy (the National-Bolshevik project led by Aleksandr Dugin). It is concluded that neo-paganism is an invariant cultural phenomenon, an attempt to solve problems of modern society and modern man. Therefore, it functions as a new ideological strategy, new philosophy and new religion.
Kategoria narodowości w recepcji twórczości Fryderyka Chopina
Authors: Piotrowska Anna G.
Published: February 2022

The Category of Nationality in the Reception of Frederic Chopin’s MusicThe article outlines general tendencies and prevailing notions adopted in the interpretation of music by Fre­deric Chopin (1810–1849) in the context of its acclaimed Polishness. Initiated already in the early nineteenth century – during the composer’s life – the attitude towards his music as national heritage continues until today, creating a wide panorama of different interpretations and reinterpretations. The article presents the category of nationality in the reception of Frederic Chopin’s music by both Polish and foreign researchers.
Próba rozwiązania kwestii żydowskiej przez Ludwika Zamenhofa
Authors: Żelazny Walter
Published: February 2022

Ludwik Zamenhof’s Attempt at Solving the Jewish QuestionZamenhof is well known as the creator of the international language Esperanto. The origins of Espe­ranto stem from his attempts to convince Jews that they could form a nation, even without territory, on the basis of a language, namely Esperanto; otherwise, they would always be an ethnic group only. Zamenhof presented his doctrine in 1901 in a booklet entitled Hillel­ism, published in Russian. He decided to address the Jewish intelligentsia in Russia, where the Jewish issue was the most pronounced and tense. But the intelligentsia was unable to work out a national programme. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, it was split into many groups with a variety of standpoints, and each group perceived the Jewish nation in a different way and, most importantly, located its future homeland in a different part of the globe. Esperanto itself, however, became increasingly more popular at that time. Its adherents strongly criticised a broad spectrum of different, mildly utopian doctrines on how to solve the Jewish issue. Zamenhof re-edited his Hillelism in such a way that his efforts to solve the Jewish issue began to be absorbed into broad humanism. Later, he gradually promoted Homaranism, being at a distance from Judaism itself. Zamenhof finally believed that he left Espe­ranto not to a “specific ethnic group” but to all humanity.
Poglądy Jana Stanisława Łosia na kwestię galicyjskiej mniejszości ukraińskiej w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej
Authors: Kusz Paulina
Published: February 2022

Jan Stanisław Łoś’s Views on the Ukrainian Minority in the Second Polish RepublicThe Second Polish Republic’s state policies were often unjust and short-sighted with respect to its Ukrainian minority. Fortunately, there were Poles whose activities were pro-Ukrainian. One of them was Count Jan Stanisław Łoś (1890–1974), a diplomat and publicist representing conservative views. The author of the article attempts to analyse the political standpoint which Łoś presented in his journalistic writings, as well as in his other works on the issues concerning the Ukrainians inhabiting the following voivodships: Lwów, Tarnopol and Stanisławów (today: Lviv, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk).The author discusses Łoś’s views on crucial aspects of the minority’s life: education and economy, as well as the politics of the Polish Republic in relation to the Ukrainians. In particular the following problems are dealt with: utraquist schools, the Ukrainian university, land reform, Ukrainian cooperatives, as well as the sensitive issue of the assimilation policies of some Polish governments before 1939. Łoś suggested a few solutions, taking into account both the Polish raison d’état and a just attitude to the Ukrainians. One can only regret that these proposals were not accepted. If they had been, one may speculate that they could have prevented the bloody Polish-Ukrainian conflict that broke out during World War II.
Serbołużyckie Stronnictwo Narodowe / Łużycki Alians jako partia narodu i regionu
Authors: Sokół Jakub Jarosław
Published: February 2022

Sorbian National Party / Lusatian Alliance as a National Minority and Regional PartyLusatian Sorbs are the smallest Slavic ethnic group. They live in Lusatia, which is part of the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg. The Lusatian Sorbs engage in political activities at the local, regional, state and national levels. In 2005, the Sorbian National Party (in the Lower Sorbian language: Serbska ludowa strona, SLS) was founded, and in 2010 its name was changed to the Lusatian Alliance (Łužyska alianca, ŁA). The Party’s leader is Hannes Kell. The organisation is both a national minority and a regional party. The Party’s programme includes the introduction of equal status of both German and Lusatian languages within the Sorbian territory, promotion of the Lusatian language in Lusatia, obtaining political autonomy for Lusatian Sorbs, as well as striving for the reduction and eventual closure of open pit lignite mining, which causes damage to the environment and destroys the region’s villages. The Lusatian Alliance desires to hold a democratic election and appoint Sorbian authorities that would have a budget at their disposal to financially manage and oversee Sorbian education.
"Kokutai" i "nihonjinron". Polityka i kultura jako filary współczesnej japońskiej tożsamości narodowej
Authors: Lisiecki Marcin
Published: February 2022

The Idea of kokutai and nihonjinron and National Identity in JapanThis paper is an attempt at a political and cultural interpretation of national identity in pre- and postwar Japan. For clarity of analysis the essay is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the category of kokutai, which can be translated as national character or national polity. The kokutai was the most important idea in prewar Japan and one which was exploited for creating a political sense of Japanese nationality. The concept of ethnic nationalism (minzokushugi) as well as the document Kokutai-no hongi [Cardinal Principles of the kokutai], published in 1937, were the most expressive examples of the political sense of national identity. The second part discusses the concept of nihonjinron (theories about the Japanese), which is connected with the cultural background of nationalism in contemporary Japan. The significance of this idea can be seen in a continuity of ethnic sense of national identity earlier expressed by kokutai (but without support of governments). In the other sense the nihonjinron is understood as a rank-and-file initiative of the contemporary Japanese society. It can be seen in the activity of Japanese writers, philosophers and artists who thus create a unique vision of Japan.
Redefinicja „indiańskości” przez ruch Nowej Ery
Authors: Chomczyk Anna
Published: February 2022

Redefinition of Indianness by the New Age MovementThe term New Age movement defines a heterogeneous, non-religious Western spiritual movement that emerged in the second part of the 20th century. It combines Euro-American spiritual heritage, widely understood Eastern philosophy, numerous native traditions, infusing this hybrid with elements of psychology, healthy lifestyle, as well as quantum physics. Because New Age spirituality is practiced occasionally at commercially held workshops, those kinds of seminars have soon become a lucrative business for educators and coordinators involved.The objective of the article is to follow the general history of New Age in the context of Native Americans, provide its characteristics, and investigate the “Native American” threads within the New Age movement both in the United States and in Poland. The author focuses on the ethical aspects of commercial exploitation of Native American heritage, examines Native Americans’ stand on misappropriation of their spiritual legacy for commercial purposes, as well as actions they take in order to restrict this practice.
Akcja przesiedleńczo-osiedleńcza w województwie lubelskim (maj–październik 1947 roku)
Authors: Pawlikowski Grzegorz
Published: February 2022

The Resettlement and Settlement Action in the Province of Lublin (May–October 1947)The resettlement and settlement action is one of the least known and explored aspects of Operation Vistula, which took place in 1947. Polish Army troops were made responsible for the reset­tlement of the Ukrainians inhabiting southern Poland. In the course of the Operation, between May and October 1947, about 9,684 families (33,946 people) were forced to leave the province of Lublin to be settled in northern and western Poland. They left behind 8,871 farms. Only 30% of them were later settled by new Polish settlers, while the rest was used as industrial-scale plough land and for forestry.The forces of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Ukrainian Nationalist Organization tried to prevent both the resettlement action and the subsequent Polish settlement, but were unsuccessful. This action changed the ethnic, linguistic, religious and cultural face of the Lublin region. The author presents in detail both the numerical data and the course of these events.
Zasady etnopolitycznej i terytorialno-politycznej organizacji Jugosławii. Geneza, ewolucja, współczesne konsekwencje
Authors: Mihaylov Valentin
Published: February 2022

Principles of Ethnopolitical and Territorial-Political Organization of Yugoslavia: Genesis, Evolution and Contemporary ConsequencesThe article is devoted to the principles of ethnopolitical and territorial-political organization of the Yugoslavian state. The study presents the genesis and evolution of this question in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (1918–1941) and in the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia (1945–1991). In doing so it considers one of the most important and controversial problems in Yugoslavian ethnopolitics – the relations between its ethnopolitical and territorial-political subsystems. The author emphasizes dynamic changes and a lack of consistency in Yugoslav ethnopolitics. One issue in focus is the question of territorial-political reorganization of the federation at the beginning of the 1990s. The groups engaged in the struggle over the division of Yugoslavia applied various principles of delimitation of contentious areas. Susan Woodward identifies four main principles which the antagonist groups used as arguments for their “property right” over a given territory – historical, democratic, principle of the inviolability of borders and realistic principle. After the civil war during the 1990s, the Yugoslavian federation was reorganized into sovereign states by recognizing the existing internal administrative borders between the Yugoslav republics as international ones. The author also discusses contemporary problems of the ethnopolitical and territorial-political organization of post-Yugoslav countries and close relations between state-building and nation-building processes. Major current problems in the field of ethnopolitics are considered as a direct consequence of the influence of those accumulated during the seventy-year period of existence of a common state.
Dzieje pewnej eksplozji, czyli krótka historia nacjonalizmu
Authors: Krawiec Andrzej
Published: February 2022

A History of a Certain Explosion, or a Short History of NationalismThe article is a survey of some of numerous paradoxes connected with the history of the notion “nation”. In its contemporary meaning, this notion evolved, in a relatively short time, from a vague idea known to some eccentric thinkers into an indispensable component of the identity of each and every inhabitant of our continent. In a relatively short period the people inhabiting Europe were first classified according to many flexible criteria (such as residence, belonging to particular social strata, confessed religion, respected authority, language spoken, etc.), and later divided into national communities of several million members, apparently existing from time immemorial and separated by eternal barriers of contradictory national interests. Attempts to cross these barriers made by a human being – i.e. transferring from one community to another – are now treated as a rejection and betrayal of one’s own identity.The article tries to present how such a radical change could have happened, to what extent national ideology was a by-product of economic and social processes initiated in Europe as early as the Middle Ages, and to what degree this ideology was a stimulus for these processes. Last but not least, the study also considers to what extent national ideology contributed to the creation of the contemporary shape of the world, in which western civilization managed to win primacy and maintain it till the present day, and, moreover, impose its standards on other cultures – among them the dogma about a necessary division into rival nations, which is apparently an effect of human nature itself.
Naród i konflikt etniczny
Authors: Stankiewicz Wojciech
Published: February 2022

Nation and Ethnic ConflictReview of: Małgorzata Budyta-Budzyńska, Socjologia narodu i konfliktów etnicznych [The Sociology of Nation and Ethnic Conflict], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2010. Naród i konflikt etnicznyRecenzja: Małgorzata Budyta-Budzyńska, Socjologia narodu i konfliktów etnicznych, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2010.