bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cuellos de botella que impiden la reactivación del sector turismo en la región Apurímac, Perú
Authors:   UNIERSIDAD NACIONAL JOSÉ MARÍA ARGUEDAS, Perú, Rafael Valle Díaz Felipe
Published: January 2021

El objetivo general de la investigación fue: Diagnosticar el cuello de botella primordial y complementarios que impiden la reactivación del sector turismo en la región Apurímac, Perú 2020. La investigación está ubicada en el enfoque cualitativo, de tipo básica, el diseño es no experimental, ligado al diseño estudio de caso-descriptivo. El problema primordial es el saneamiento físico-legal de los recursos turísticos, de lo contrario no se podrá obtener dominio, sin ello no se puede inyectar inversión en el entorno local para recuperar, mejorar las instalaciones del recurso turístico. Los complementarios son: la accesibilidad y vulneración del recurso turístico; las limitaciones de jerarquización de los operadores turísticos por no alcanzar requisitos mínimos; la superposición de algunas competencias y funciones de instituciones pertinentes, que hacen duplicar acciones, sumado a la imposición de procesos que frenan el desarrollo del recurso turístico; el direccionamiento e inclinación de crecimiento, expansión de circuitos turísticos en una ciudad de la región Apurímac; y la poca sensibilidad, cooperación para fortalecer el gremio de operadores turísticos. Palabras clave: reactivación; turismo; saneamiento físico-legal.
El aprendizaje colaborativo en la enseñanza de la Matemática a nivel de pregrado
Authors:   UNIVERSIDAD CONTINENTAL, Perú, Luna Santos Juan Carlos
Published: January 2021

El aprendizaje colaborativo, es hoy un factor clave en el desarrollo de la enseñanza de la Matemática y su estudio interviene en el progreso de la calidad educativa. Por lo anterior nuestro estudio tiene por propósito analizar de qué manera el aprendizaje cola-borativo se emplea en la enseñanza de las matemáticas a través de la solución de ejerci-cios y el hacer uso de estrategias. Se realizó una aproximación conceptual de diferentes autores que ayudan a evidenciar la importancia que tiene, en la organización social en el aula estableciendo una interdependencia positiva. La información me permitió concluir que, como estrategia en Matemática a nivel pregrado, incrementa la productividad aca-démica de los alumnos. Sin embargo, es necesario que se desarrolle como estrategia en las universidades, y si se complementara con el uso de las TIC generaría un aprendizaje muy beneficioso. Palabras clave: aprendizaje colaborativo; cognitivo; procedimental.
Accelerated climatic testing of composite coatings on AMg3 aluminum alloy in salt spray medium
Authors: ФИЛОНИНА В.С. , НАДАРАИА К.В. , ГНЕДЕНКОВ А.С. , ИМШИНЕЦКИЙ И.М. , МАШТАЛЯР Д.В. , ВЯЛЫЙ И.Е. , ЕГОРКИН В.С. . , СИНЕБРЮХОВ С.Л. , ГНЕДЕНКОВ С.В.
Published: January 2021

Представлены результаты ускоренных климатических испытаний композиционных полимерсодержащих покрытий на сплаве алюминия АМг3. Выявлено положительное влияние импрегнированного в поры ПЭО-покрытия композиционного материала на смачиваемость и коррозионную стойкость исследуемых образцов в условиях долговременного воздействия соляного тумана. Наиболее высокую коррозионную стойкость продемонстрировали образцы с четырехкратным нанесением ультрадисперсного политетрафторэтилена.

The results of accelerated climatic tests of composite polymer-containing coatings on the AMg3 aluminum alloy are presented in the paper. According to the results of the studies carried out, a positive effect of the penetrated composite material into the pores of a PEO-coating on the wettability and corrosion resistance of the test samples under conditions of long-term exposure to salt fog has been revealed. The highest corrosion resistance was demonstrated by samples with a fourfold (СС-4x) application of superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES
Authors: Матвиенко Ю.В. , Костенко В.В. , Щербатюк А.Ф. , Ремезков А.В.
Published: January 2021

Перспективы создания подводных роботов – автономных и телеуправляемых необитаемых подводных аппаратов (АНПА, ТНПА) нового поколения связаны с разработкой технологий гибридных необитаемых подводных аппаратов (ГНПА), в которых интегрированы функции АНПА и ТНПА. Проблема состоит в значительном расширении технологических возможностей АНПА за счет оснащения их новыми инструментами, совершенствования систем бортового управления, вовлечения оператора в технологический процесс для оперативного контроля хода работ, порядка и условий выполнения принципиально новых технологических операций. ГНПА может выполнять широкий спектр бесконтактных работ, выходить к объекту обследования в соответствии с заданной программой, выполнять действия, связанные с формированием канала информационного обмена с постом управления, и далее выполнять контактные операции в супервизорном режиме. Первоочередные задачи создания гибридных аппаратов состоят в развитии функциональных свойств АНПА, включая:
интеллектуализацию системы бортового управления,
организацию супервизорного управления с включением оператора в процесс управления,
расширение инструментального оснащения и оптимизацию конструктивных решений,
организацию сетевых средств подводной навигации,
организацию инфраструктуры подводного базирования аппарата при выполнении длительных работ по обслуживанию подводных добычных комплексов.
В работе показана принципиальная возможность создания ГНПА на основе робототехнических комплексов и их систем, созданных в ИПМТ ДВО РАН за последние годы.

Prospects of designing autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles (AUV and ROV) of the new generation rely on developing hybrid autonomous and remotely-operated vehicles (ARV), which combine functions of AUV and ROV. It is necessary to expanse significantly AUV's technological capabilities by equipping it with new instruments, upgrading onboard control systems, involving operators in the technological process for real-time control of work progress, and execution order and conditions of novel technological operations. ARV is capable of performing a wide specter of contactless operations: approach the target of research according to the stated program, perform operations related to establishing a data exchange channel with control station, and then carry out contact operation in supervisory mode. Priority tasks of hybrid vehicles designing consist of the development of AUV's functional properties, including:
intellectualization of onboard control systems;
provision of supervisory control involving an operator in control flow;
expansion of instrumentation and optimization of structural solutions;
providing a network means for underwater navigation;
providing an infrastructure for underwater deployment while carrying out long-term missions on the maintenance of underwater mining complexes.
Work demonstrates a principal achievability of designing an ARV based on robotic complexes and their systems developed in the IMTP FEB RAS for the past years.
Удосконалення обладнання з клиношарнірним механізмом з увігнутим клином для розділювальних операцій
Authors: Chosta N. V.
Published: January 2021

Чоста Н. В. Удосконалення обладнання з клиношарнірним механізмом з увігнутим клином для розділювальних операцій // Обробка матеріалів тиском. – 2019. – № 2 (49). - С. 212-217.

На підставі виконаного аналізу технологій та обладнання для розділювальних операцій установлено, що в якості виконавчих механізмів найбільш доцільним є використання клиношарнірних механізмів з увігнутим клином, у яких графік зміни сили навантаження найбільш наближений до технологічного типового графіка зміни сили при відрізуванні заготовок. Мета роботи – удосконалення обладнання з клиношарнірним приводом з увігнутим клином для розділювальних операцій. Заміна пар тертя ковзання на пари тертя кочення призводить до зменшення коефіцієнта тертя до величин 0,01...0,05, при цьому коефіцієнт корисної дії обладнання збільшується до 97...99 %, підвищуються техніко-економічні показники клинового преса. Обґрунтовано використання в пресах із клиношарнірним механізмом з увігнутим клином додаткового клинового механізму для забезпечення ходу наближення, що дозволяє зменшити витрати енергії на пружну деформацію й знизити динамічні навантаження. Проведені розрахунки для клиношарнірного механізму з увігнутим клином довели, що співвідношення виконавчої й приводної сил істотно залежить від кута додаткового клина. Отже, змінюючи в клиношарнірному механізмі кут нахилу додаткового клина, можна домогтися різного характеру зміни співвідношення виконавчої й приводної сил, що дозволить для різних операцій ОМТ підібрати конструкцію й режим роботи клиношарнірного механізму, який найбільш точно відповідає графікам технологічних сил. Запропонована оригінальна конструкція вузла додаткового клина, яка дозволяє змінювати кут нахилу в заданому діапазоні. З метою підвищення жорсткості обладнання для розділення сортового прокату (труб) розроблено конструкцію пристрою, який містить клиношарнірний механізм у сполученні з рамним повзуном і додатковим клином, що дозволяє знизити енергосилові витрати, зменшити величину сили, яка відповідає моменту відрізування прокату, а, отже, зменшити наслідки миттєвого розвантаження обладнання.
Условие пластичности в энергетической модели механики
Authors: Alyushin Y. A.
Published: January 2021

Алюшин Ю. А. Условие пластичности в энергетической модели механики // Обработка материалов давлением. – 2019. – № 2 (49). - C. 3-15.
Исследована зависимость объемной плотности энергии и скорости ее изменения от характеристик напряженного и деформированного состояний в пространствах Эйлера и Лагранжа. Интерпретированы популярные условия пластичности и критерий напряженного состояния с позиций энергетической модели механики. Показано, что уровень объемной плотности энергии частицы определяет среднее напряжение Коши, а скорость ее изменения – второй инвариант девиатора или интенсивность касательных напряжений. Отмечено, что интенсивность скорости деформации сдвига зависит от ротора вектора скорости и дивергенции вектора ускорения, откуда следует возможность преобразования потенциального поля скоростей в вихревое и наоборот без изменения энергетических затрат. Обосновано уравнение с участием инвариантов уравнений движения, которое позволяет объяснить механизм перехода от обратимых деформаций к необратимым с диссипацией энергии и повышением температуры материала при появлении необратимых деформаций. С точки зрения энергетической модели механики деформируемого твердого тела условия текучести максимально допустимых значений интенсивности касательных напряжений можно трактовать как наличие у каждого материала физического свойства, определяющего предельную скорость передачи (или изменения) энергии в зависимости от достигнутого уровня объемной плотности энергии, превышение которого приводит к преобразованию избыточной энергии в температуру, как при тепловом ударе. Приведенные соотношения не противоречат известным уравнениям механики, согласуются с экспериментальными наблюдениями и могут способствовать дальнейшему развитию теории пластичности и обработки металлов давлением.
Target Volume Delineation for Radiation Therapy of High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Sheiko A. V.
Published: January 2021

High-grade gliomas are characterized by rapid growth, poor prognosis and frequent unsatisfactory treatment results. Radiation therapy remains one of the main methods of treatment of this disease. However, the question of choosing the optimal macroscopic (Gross Tumor Volume — GTV) and clinical (Clinical Target Volume — CTV) volumes in the planning of radiation treatment remains controversial. There are several approaches to the target volume delineation for radiotherapy of high-grade gliomas, depending on the peritumoral edema. There is no correlation between the frequency of recurrences and methods of delineation of gliomas. GTV should be defined as the area of enhancement on the post-contrast T1-weighted MRI, i.e. postoperative cavity and residual tumor. Peritumoral edema is an unreliable orienting point when contouring target volumes.
Poorly Differentiated Chordoma: Case Review
Authors: Kochergina N. V. , Boulytcheva I. V. , Prokhorov S. N. , Bludov A. B. , Fеdorova A. V. , Spirina O. G. , Shсhipakhina Ya. A.
Published: January 2021

Purpose: Demonstrate a clinical case of poorly differentiated chordoma, confirmed using a wide range of research methods.

Material and methods: A 63-year-old female patient with poorly differentiated chordoma who underwent immunohistochemical examination, MRI, CT and scintigraphy.

Results: An immunohistochemical study confirmed the morphological affiliation of the tumor, supplemented by the data of imaging methods.

Conclusion: The poorly differentiated type of chordoma has a specific immunohistochemical picture, however, differential diagnosis based on imaging methods is currently a difficult task.
Asian Convention Venue Engaging in Sustainable Practice: The Driving and Hindering Factors
Authors: Lee Stephanie , Wu Jialin S. , Zheng Chen
Published: January 2021

This study aims to identify the factors that drive or hinder convention venues to implement sustainable practices. The response from 136 Asian convention venue senior managers shows that improving the corporation image of the venue is the primary driving factor for the management team
to engage in sustainable practices, while lack of resources is the major hindering factor. The significant differences in the driving and hindering factors were identified among the management team from different sized convention venues in Asia. The importance and suitability of sustainable
practices were revealed from the perspective of different sized convention venues. The insights from this study deepen the understanding of sustainability in convention management and provide valuable implications for industry practitioners.
Performance Characteristics of a Reciprocating Piston Pump Driven by a Wind Machine
Authors: El-Ghobashy El-Hagar Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: January 2021

The torque applied by a reciprocating pump on a wind machine axis is a fluctuating torque. The energy furnished by the pump on the wind machine axis is absorbed mainly in raising the water and the piston when the latter moves up. This has a direct adverse effect on the starting speed. The lower the maximum torque to be overcome, the easier will the wind machine start. If the necessary torque is high, a faster wind speed is required to start the wind machine. The operating time of the machine is consequently reduced. It is therefore desirable to reduce the starting torque, and hence to make the starting easier. This paper presents a theoretical study to reduce the starting torque of a non-conventional reciprocating piston pump by controlling the stroke volume of the pump or by controlling the flow rate of the piston pump. These two methods are the best to control, smooth and reduce the starting torque of the pump by drilling a very small hole in the piston. The effect of this hole is that at very low speed (at starting) all water that could be pumped is leaked through the hole. This is the main important of the hole which made the pressure on the piston is very low and as a result the starting torque is low. The quantity of water leaking through the hole is small compared to the normal output of the pump. Finally the comparison between normal and leakhole piston pump and the effect of this leakhole on the cavitation phenomena are studied
Sosiaaliturvan muutos vai jatkuvuus?
Authors: Absetz Maija
Published: January 2021

Tarkastelen tässä artikkelissa kolmikannan ja siihen liittyvien valtasuhteiden näkökulmasta sitä, miten ja miksi työn vastaanottovelvollisuutta laajennettiin vuoden 1984 työttömyysturvalaissa Suomessa. 

Käytän lähteinä työttömyysturvauudistukseen vaikuttaneita asiakirjoja vuosien 1971 ja 1984 väliltä. Täydennän kuvaa Helsingin Sanomien uutisoinnilla ja työmarkkinajärjestöjen arkistojen asiakirjoilla. Kyseessä on laadullinen tapaustutkimus pitkittäistutkimuksellisella otteella.

Työttömyysturvassa siirryttiin aiempaa velvoittavampaan tulkintaan alueellisesta liikkuvuudesta ja ammattisuojan kesto yhtenäistettiin lyhyemmän keston mukaisesti työttömien aktiivisen työn vastaanottamisen varmistamiseksi. Vuosien 1971–1984 aikana työttömyysturva ei ollut sidottu työllisyystöihin eikä turvan saaminen edellyttänyt liikkumista työn luokse. Vuoden 1984 työttömyysturvalakia voi pitää paluuna vanhaan työlinjaan. Toisaalta se sopii yleiseurooppalaiseen malliin, jossa sosiaaliturvan vastikkeellisuutta ryhdyttiin lisäämään. Esitän, että työttömyysturvalain lopullista muotoa selittävät työmarkkinajärjestöjen vaikutusvalta lakiin ja kasvava sosiaaliturvan kritiikki.
The Phosphate mineral assemblages from La Viquita Pegmatite, San Luis, Argentina
Authors: Galliski Miguel A. , Roda-Robles Encarnación , Hatert Frédéric , Márquez-Zavalía María Florencia , Martínez Viviana A.
Published: January 2021

La Viquita is a rare-element pegmatite of LCT signature, REL-Li subclass, spodumene subtype, that shows Fe > Mn mineral paragenesis instead of Mn > Fe, which is more common in the rare-element pegmatite population of the San Luis ranges. The phosphate mineral association of this pegmatite can be subdivided into (1) primary, with dendritic triphylite [(Fe/(Fe + Mn) = 0.72] and montebrasite–amblygonite as main phases; (2) metasomatic, with subsolidus replacement of triphylite by ferrisicklerite and heterosite; and (3) hydrothermal, with secondary growth of alluaudite at the expense of heterosite and wardite from montebrasite caused by Na-metasomatism. A Ca-rich influx under oxidizing conditions produced childrenite–eosphorite–ernstite, jahnsite-(CaMnFe), and kingsmountite. Apatite-group minerals are present throughout the processes. Very late-stage solutions formed millimetric crystals of hydroxylherderite associated with hydroxylapatite in cavities in K-feldspar.
Demagistrisite, the Missing Link in a Polysomatic Series from Lawsonite to Orientite
Authors: Cámara Fernando , Kampf Anthony R. , Nestola Fabrizio , Ciriotti Marco E. , Spartà Deborah , Balestra Corrado
Published: January 2021

Demagistrisite, ideally BaCa2Mn3+4(Si3O10)(Si2O7)(OH)4·3H2O, is a new mineral found at the Cerchiara mine (eastern Liguria, La Spezia province, Italy). The ore consists of rhythmic interlaying of braunite-bearing metasediments (5–15 cm thick) and hematite-rich cherts. Demagistrisite occurs in association with cerchiaraite-(Mn), namansilite, noelbensonite, orientite, richterite, ruizite, and saponite in matrix consisting of braunite, calcite, cryptomelane, orthoclase, and quartz. Demagistrisite crystals occur as tightly intergrown blades or as millimeter-sized prisms and needles with square cross-section, typically with irregular terminations, and rarely terminated by a low-angle pyramid. The mineral is orange brown to red brown, streak is beige, and luster is vitreous, translucent to transparent. Fracture is irregular. In thin section, it is orange brown. The mineral is optically biaxial (–) with α 1.805(5), β 1.825(5), γ 1.8305(5) (white light); 2Vmeas 58(5)°, 2Vcalc 54.7°; optical orientation X = c, Y = b, Z = a. Dispersion is very strong, r > v. Pleochroism is strong with X orange yellow, Y red brown, Z red brown; X << Z < Y. It is unreactive in concentrated HCl at room temperature. Thirteen chemical analyses by WDS-EMPA gave the following empirical formula (based on 24 O apfu): (Ba0.69Ca1.25Mn2+0.70Sr0.21Na0.12Mg0.02)Σ2.99(Mn3+3.97Al0.03)Σ4(Si3O10)(Si2O7)(OH)3.87·3.13H2O. The mineral is orthorhombic, space group Amm2, with unit-cell parameters a 16.312(8), b 6.176(4), c 9.075(6) Å, V 914.2(10) Å3, and Z = 2. The seven strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [d Å (I%; hkl)]: 16.21 (49; 100), 4.86 (44; 111), 4.34 (56; 102,211), 2.871 (54; 220), 2.731 (100; 511,013), 2.671 (74; 320,113,502), and 2.426 (51; 222,313,611). The crystal structure (R1 = 0.0572 for 1485 reflections with I > 2σI) is based on straight edge-sharing chains of Mn3+-centered octahedra extending along [010], which are bridged by disilicate (Si2O7) and trisilicate (Si3O10) groups, yielding a framework. Cavities within this framework contain two large cation sites. The structure of demagistrisite can be considered transitional between the structures of orientite and noelbensonite. Demagistrisite is named in honor of Leandro de Magistris (1906–1990).
A database of general knowledge question performance in older adults
Authors: Coane Jennifer H. , Umanath Sharda
Published: January 2021

General knowledge questions are used across a variety of research and clinical settings to measure cognitive processes such as metacognition, knowledge acquisition, retrieval processes, and intelligence. Existing norms only report performance in younger adults, rendering them of limited utility for cognitive aging research because of well-documented differences in semantic memory and knowledge as a function of age. Specifically, older adults typically outperform younger adults in tasks assessing retrieval of information from the knowledge base. Here we present older adult performance on 421 general knowledge questions across a range of difficulty levels. Cued recall data, including data on the phenomenology of retrieval failures, and multiple-choice data are available. These norms will allow researchers to identify questions that are not likely to be known by older adult participants to examine learning or acquisition processes, or to select questions within a range of marginal accessibility, for example. Comparisons with young adult data from prior databases confirms previous findings of greater knowledge in older adults and indicates there is preservation of knowledge from early adulthood into older adulthood.
INFLUENCE OF FRENCH GARDEN CULTURE ON URBAN GREENING IN VIETNAM
Authors:   Tsitsin Main Botanical garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Golosova E.V. , Chu H.M. ,   St. Petersburg state forest engineering University named after S. M. Kirov
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the role of the French protectorate in the development of the greening system of major cities in Vietnam. The article presents political, economic and religious facts that influenced domestic policy in the field of urban planning and landscape architecture in the period from 1858 to 1954. The French protectorate period was an important milestone in the history of Vietnamese architecture. The French made significant changes to the construction art of Vietnam with its traditional wooden architecture. They built homes using new technologies such as mansard roofs, terraces, and balconies, and also used new materials for Vietnam - cement, steel, concrete, ceramic tiles, and slate. It is shown that in the initial period of French rule in Vietnam, only European traditions were used in architecture and Park construction, and after the 1st world war, with the acquisition of a certain negative experience, they began to take into account the traditions of local construction art and the climatic conditions of the region. A significant contribution of French specialists was made in the first attempts to select types of woody plants for urban gardening that meet the requirements of safety and street hygiene. French influence in the garden culture of Vietnam shifted the vector of development of this area of activity towards Europeanization. This is especially evident in the structure of urban squares and the ways in which plants were formed according to the laws of European topiary art, which required regular planning.
HISTORICALLY FORMED STRUCTURE OF THE GARDENING SYSTEM INTHE CENTER OF YEREVAN AND ITS MODERN PROBLEMS
Authors:   Mytishchi branch of N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Teodoronsky V.S. , Leonova V.A. ,   Mytishchi branch of N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Vardanyan K.K. ,   Yerevan State Medical University by M. Heratsi
Published: January 2021

The article examines the historical, landscape and urban planning features of Yerevan, which determined the planning structure and development of the city's greening system. The analysis of the city relief in terms of heights and natural types of landscapes is given. Particular attention is paid to the description of urban planning axes and compositional nodes of the landscaping system, created during the Soviet period according to the general plan of 1937.For the first time, the structure and types of tree plantations of squares and city streets are analyzed, depending on their functional purpose and location in the city. The description of the design solution for the Children’s railway in the gorge of Hrazdan river and the station building, as well as the widespread assortment of the trees and bushes in the city in the Soviet period. The main problems of the current state of the green areas of the center are considered and the directions of reorganization of the city greening system are given. The ways of solving existing problems by the introducing regulations for the preservation of existing plantings in center of Yerevan and the prospects for their development are proposed.
Analisis Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau Pada Bank Layanan Gerak BNI Syariah
Authors: Rahmayanti Sri , Misral Misral , Wahyuni Wieke Agvi
Published: January 2021

Mahasiswa yang didominasi oleh Mahasiswa yang bekerja yang mempunyai jam yang terikat akan banyak terbantu dengan fasilitas ini, karena itu peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti serta menganalisis kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan oleh perbankan ini, ada lima dimensi kualitas pelayanan jasa yang digunakan oleh pelanggan atau nasabah dalam menilai kualitas pelayanan, yaitu : berwujud (tangible), keandalan (reliability), ketanggapan (responsiveness), jaminan (assurance), empati (emphaty). Kelima dimensi kualitas pelayanan. Dari hasil yang analisis kelima dimensi ini berjalan dengan baik tapi yang perlu diperhatikan lagi adalah variabel empati (emphaty). Diharapkan pihak perbankan memperhatikan memperhatikan faktor empati ini karena rasa nyaman juga menjadi hal penting bagi nasabah dalam melakukan transaksi.
The Protection of Foreigners in International Law
Authors: Rachman Ferry Eka
Published: January 2021

This research aims to find out legal protection against foreigners and citizens who lives outside their nationality country. In discussing the issue of international legal protection against foreigners, a doctrinal approach and international court practice is used. From the opinion of international legal experts, it will be found legal principles and theories regarding the position of individuals as subjects of international law. The principles of citizenship are the main basis for the application of the principle of jurisdiction and country responsibility towards its citizens and foreigners.The results are, In principle, every country will be responsible for providing legal protection to every citizen of the country wherever he/she is and foreigners will receive legal protection, under certain limitations, both from the country where he/she is temporarily located and from the country of origin. Thus, a person's citizenship status is closely related to the protection of international law that will be given to him/her, against him/her, his/her property and family. The application of the principle of state responsibility against citizens abroad or foreigners is based more on the principle of state sovereignty. A sovereign state will apply its national laws to its citizens within its territorial boundaries. Apart from that what applies is legal provisions of other countries or provisions of international law.
Opportunities and Risks of Forced Remote Work
Authors: Aleshina A. B.
Published: January 2021

Inthe current conditions of the coronavirus pandemic, the life of society, the functioning of the economy and, in particular, the labor market have changed dramatically. Along with the world labor market, the Russian market has faced new challenges, and timely and efficient response to the challenges will influence not only the success, but also the viability of many companies. The main challenge was the need to carry out work in a remote format. Some organizations that have already used distance employment have been able to adapt relatively easily to the new work format, while others are experiencing difficulties. As the number of incidence continues to grow, it becomes clear that remote work is gaining increasing popularity, which makes this topic especially interesting and relevant.

This article presents an analysis of various sources of information about the practices of remote work over the past few years, about the features of the forced remote format over the past few months. As the results, the main opportunities and restrictions for workers and employers were identified, as well as the main challenges for the community of human resources (HR) specialists.
Restriction of Competition on “Traditional” and Multi-lateral Markets: Common Features and Peculiarities
Authors: Dudrina V. A. , Sluzhevskaiia V D.
Published: January 2021

Though multi-sided markets are not a new phenomenon, scientists and regulators’ interest in this subject started to rise significantly exactly with the economy's digitalization. The proliferation of such markets inevitably raises a number of questions for economists and antitrust regulators: what are multilateral markets? How much do they differ from the «traditional» ones? What approach should we choose for their regulation: ignore the differences between the two types of the markets, or, on the contrary, focus exactly on them? The answers given to the above questions are of great importance, since they will determine both the future of antitrust policy as well as the welfare of consumers and firms.

This paper examines the differences and similar characteristics of «traditional» and multisided markets, as well as the theoretical aspects of their regulation. Also, the authors of the paper analyze the approaches used by antitrust regulators in the EU,Germany, theUnited Kingdom, theUnited StatesandRussia.
Structural Alternatives in Procurement of Gazprom Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Plekhanova L. S. , Shpilevaya A E.
Published: January 2021

The paper analyzes structural alternatives in the implementation of infrastructure projects on the example of main gas pipelines. Particular attention is paid to the impact of various forms of procurement procedures on the course and result of the implementation of the infrastructure project as a whole. It is shown that the choice of procurement method can influence the structure of incentives and risks of the parties involved, as well as indirectly impact on the establishment of the market price setting, the level of product quality in the industry, and the complex cost of project implementation. Noting the extreme importance of the issues of ensuring the quality of the products used, the authors review the available structural alternatives for organizing quality control, show the possible mechanisms of the influence of the downtime of enterprises on reducing the level of industry competencies.
Az energiahasználattal való visszaélések büntetőjogi megítélésének problémái
Authors: Fázsi László , Stál József
Published: January 2021

The authors provide an overview of framework and morphology of the criminal abuse of energy in Hungary.
A büntethetőség elévülése a jogalkalmazó szemszögéből
Authors: Horváth Eszter
Published: January 2021

The author provides an overview of how the term of limitation of criminal culpability is applied in Hungarian legal practice.
THE PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRICALLY MODELLING COMPUTATIONAL SCHEMES FOR BUILDING STRUCTURES
Authors: Popov Vladimir , Kriksunov Eduard , Grigorjeva Tatjana
Published: January 2021

For launching a project on a structural object, the calculation of building structures stands as one of the most important stages of project development. In order to correctly analyse structural behaviour, determine the stress-strain state and solve design or inspection problems, the designer is forced to adequately formalize the actual structure turning it into a faultless computational scheme. Virtual testing is one of the main features of the single graphical-information model. Interoperable systems for three-dimensional modelling and analysis, calculation and design ensure smooth data transfer between the physical and computational model. Modern object-modelling techniques and integrated analysis systems allow achieving the defined goal. The article deals with the forms of data exchange, the developmental features of the designed and computational (analysis) BIM model, the integrated design process of CAD/CAE as well as the conversion problems of the physical and computational model.
A Differential Measurement of Circumstellar Extinction for AA Tau’s 2011 Dimming Event*
Authors: Covey K. R. , Larson K. A. , Herczeg G. J. , Manara C. F.
Published: January 2021

AA Tau is a classical T Tauri star with a highly inclined, warped circumstellar disk. For decades, AA Tau exhibited photometric and spectroscopic variabilities that were successfully modeled as occultations of the primary star by circumstellar material. In 2011, AA Tau entered an extended faint state, presumably due to enhanced levels of circumstellar dust. We use two sets of contemporaneous optical–near-IR (NIR) spectra of AA Tau, obtained in 2008 and 2014 December, to directly measure the wavelength-dependent extinction associated with the dust enhancement driving AA Tau’s 2011 optical fade. Taken alone, AA Tau’s apparent optical–NIR increased extinction curve cannot be fit well with standard extinction laws. At optical wavelengths, AA Tau’s dimming event is consistent with predictions of common extinction models for an increase of A

V
 = 2, but no such model reproduces AA Tau’s color–color excess at NIR wavelengths. We show that veiling emission accounts for the apparent anomalous NIR extinction: after including this veiling flux, AA Tau’s dimming event is consistent with a standard A

V
 = 2 extinction law across the full optical–NIR range. We also report an increase in AA Tau’s mid-IR flux since its 2011 fade and suggest that an increase in the height of AA Tau’s inner disk is the most likely explanation for both the IR brightening and the additional extinction along the line of sight. In addition to informing our understanding of AA Tau, this analysis demonstrates that caution should be exercised when inferring extinction (and stellar parameters) from the NIR color–color excess of young stars with measurable NIR veiling fluxes.
PBjam: A Python Package for Automating Asteroseismology of Solar-like Oscillators*
Authors: Nielsen M. B. , Davies G. R. , Ball W. H. , Lyttle A. J. , Li 李坦 T. 达 , Hall O. J. , Chaplin W. J. , Gaulme P. , Carboneau L. , Ong 王加 J. M. J. 冕 , García R. A. , Mosser B. , Roxburgh I. W. , Corsaro E. , Benomar O. , Moya A. , Lund M. N.
Published: January 2021

Asteroseismology is an exceptional tool for studying stars using the properties of observed modes of oscillation. So far the process of performing an asteroseismic analysis of a star has remained somewhat esoteric and inaccessible to nonexperts. In this software paper we describe PBjam, an open-source Python package for analyzing the frequency spectra of solar-like oscillators in a simple but principled and automated way. The aim of PBjam is to provide a set of easy-to-use tools to extract information about the radial and quadropole oscillations in stars that oscillate like the Sun, which may then be used to infer bulk properties such as stellar mass, radius, age, or even structure. Asteroseismology and its data analysis methods are becoming increasingly important as space-based photometric observatories are producing a wealth of new data, allowing asteroseismology to be applied in a wide range of contexts such as exoplanet, stellar structure and evolution, and Galactic population studies.
ALMA and IRIS Observations of the Solar Chromosphere. II. Structure and Dynamics of Chromospheric Plages
Authors: Chintzoglou Georgios , De Pontieu Bart , Martínez-Sykora Juan , Hansteen Viggo , Cruz Rodríguez Jaime de la , Szydlarski Mikolaj , Jafarzadeh Shahin , Wedemeyer Sven , Bastian Timothy S. , Dalda Alberto Sainz
Published: January 2021

We propose and employ a novel empirical method for determining chromospheric plage regions, which seems to better isolate a plage from its surrounding regions than other methods commonly used. We caution that isolating a plage from its immediate surroundings must be done with care in order to successfully mitigate statistical biases that, for instance, can impact quantitative comparisons between different chromospheric observables. Using this methodology, our analysis suggests that λ = 1.25 mm free–free emission in plage regions observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)/Band6 may not form in the low chromosphere as previously thought, but rather in the upper chromospheric parts of dynamic plage features (such as spicules and other bright structures), i.e., near geometric heights of transition-region temperatures. We investigate the high degree of similarity between chromospheric plage features observed in ALMA/Band6 (at 1.25 mm wavelengths) and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)/Si iv at 1393 Å. We also show that IRIS/Mg ii h and k are not as well correlated with ALMA/Band6 as was previously thought, and we discuss discrepancies with previous works. Lastly, we report indications of chromospheric heating due to propagating shocks supported by the ALMA/Band6 observations.
Confrontation of Observation and Theory: High-frequency QPOs in X-Ray Binaries, Tidal Disruption Events, and Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Smith Krista Lynne , Tandon Celia R. , Wagoner Robert V.
Published: January 2021

We compile observations of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) around black holes, both stellar and supermassive, and compare their positions in the parameter space of black hole mass, spin, and oscillation frequency. We find that supermassive black holes occupy a separate region of parameter space than stellar, and further, that QPOs seen around tidal disruption events rather than Seyfert-type active galactic nuclei (AGN) occupy an entirely different space. We then compare these results to the orbital resonance, diskoseismic, warped disk, and disk–jet coupling theoretical models for the origin of high-frequency QPOs. We find that while oscillations around stellar mass black holes are generally consistent with the above models, supermassive black holes are decidedly not. Oscillations seen in tidal disruption events are consistent with oscillations near the frequency of the innermost stable circular orbit, while QPOs in AGN are not accounted for by any of the physical models in consideration. This indicates that despite the scale invariance of accretion processes implied by a decades-wide correlation between QPO frequency and black hole mass, any theory of high-frequency QPOs must relate the frequency to more than just the mass and spin.
A Two-zone Photohadronic Interpretation of the EHBL-like Behavior of the 2016 Multi-TeV Flares of 1ES 1959+650
Authors: Sahu Sarira , López Fortín Carlos E. , Castañeda Hernández Luis H. , Rajpoot Subhash
Published: January 2021

The high-energy-peaked blazar 1ES 1959+650 is a well-known and well-studied nearby blazar that has undergone several episodes of multi-TeV flaring. In 2002 for the first time an orphan TeV flare was observed from this blazar. During a multiwavelength campaign from 2016 April 29 to November 21, MAGIC telescopes observed multi-TeV flarings during the nights of 2016 June 13 and 14 and July 1 when the position of the synchrotron peak was found to be above 1017 Hz. Also observed was that the second peak of the spectral energy distribution shifted toward higher energy and exhibited extreme HBL-like behavior. The photohadronic model, which is very successful at explaining the multi-TeV flaring from many high energy blazars, including 1ES 1959+650, is applied to study the flaring events of 2016. It is observed that the photohadronic model is unable to explain the observed spectra. Here, we use a two-zone photohadronic model to explain the observed spectra. We clearly demonstrate that the low energy regime (zone-1) of the spectra corresponds to the standard flaring events of the high energy blazar and the high energy regime (zone-2) of the spectra is solely due to the extreme nature of the flaring events. Our two-zone photohadronic model explains the multi-TeV flaring events observed by MAGIC telescopes very well.
Correlated X-Ray and Optical Variability in the O-type Supergiant ζ Puppis
Authors: Nichols Joy S. , Nazé Yaël , Huenemoerder David P. , Moffat Anthony F. J. , Miller Nathan A. , Lauer Jennifer , Ignace Richard , Gayley Ken , Ramiaramanantsoa Tahina , Oskinova Lidia , Hamann Wolf-Rainer , Richardson Noel D. , Waldron Wayne L. , Dahmer Matthew
Published: January 2021

Analysis of the recent long exposure Chandra X-ray observation of the early-type O star ζ Pup shows clear variability with a period previously reported in optical photometric studies. These 813 ks of HETGS observations taken over a roughly one-year time span have two signals of periodic variability: (1) a high-significance period of 1.7820 ± 0.0008 day, and (2) a marginal detection of periodic behavior close to either 5 days or 6 days. A BRITE-Constellation nanosatellite optical photometric monitoring (using near-contemporaneous observations to the Chandra data) confirms a 1.78060 ± 0.00088 day period for this star. The optical period coincides with the new Chandra period within their error ranges, demonstrating a link between these two wave bands and providing a powerful lever for probing the photosphere-wind connection in this star. The phase lag of the X-ray maximum relative to the optical maximum is  ∼ ϕ = 0.45, but consideration of secondary maxima in both data sets indicates possibly two “hot” spots on the star with an X-ray phase lag of ϕ = 0.1 each. The details of this periodic variation of the X-rays are probed by displaying a phased and trailed X-ray spectrum and by constructing phased light curves for wavelength bands within the HETGS spectral coverage (ranging down to bands encompassing groups of emission lines). We propose that the 1.78 day period is the stellar rotation period and explore how stellar bright spots and associated corotating interaction regions (CIRs) could explain the modulation of this star’s optical and X-ray output and their phase difference.
Fundamental Reference AGN Monitoring Experiment (FRAMEx). I. Jumping Out of the Plane with the VLBA
Authors: Fischer Travis C. , Secrest Nathan J. , Johnson Megan C. , Dorland Bryan N. , Cigan Phillip J. , Fernandez Luis C. , Hunt Lucas R. , Koss Michael , Schmitt Henrique R. , Zacharias Norbert
Published: January 2021

We present the first results from the Fundamental Reference active galactic nucleus (AGN) Monitoring Experiment, an observational campaign dedicated to understanding the physical processes that affect the apparent positions and morphologies of AGNs. In this work, we obtained simultaneous Swift X-ray Telescope and Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) radio observations for a snapshot campaign of 25 local AGNs that form a volume-complete sample with hard X-ray (14–195 keV) luminosities above 1042 erg s−1, out to a distance of 40 Mpc. Despite achieving an observation depth of ∼20  μJy, we find that 16 of 25 AGNs in our sample are not detected with the VLBA on milliarcsecond (subparsec) scales, and the corresponding core radio luminosity upper limits are systematically below predictions from the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity. Using archival Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio measurements, our sample jumps back onto the Fundamental Plane, suggesting that extended radio emission is responsible for the apparent correlation between radio emission, X-ray emission, and black hole mass. We suggest that this discrepancy is likely due to extranuclear radio emission produced via interactions between the AGN and host environment. We compare VLBA observations of AGNs to VLA observations of nearby Galactic black holes, and we find a mass-independent correlation between radio and X-ray luminosities of black holes of

/

∼10−6, in line with predictions for coronal emission, but allowing for the possibility of truly radio-silent AGNs.
Solar Bayesian Analysis Toolkit—A New Markov Chain Monte Carlo IDL Code for Bayesian Parameter Inference
Authors: Anfinogentov Sergey A. , Nakariakov Valery M. , Pascoe David J. , Goddard Christopher R.
Published: January 2021

We present the Solar Bayesian Analysis Toolkit (SoBAT), which is a new easy to use tool for Bayesian analysis of observational data, including parameter inference and model comparison. SoBAT is aimed (but not limited) to be used for the analysis of solar observational data. We describe a new IDL code designed to facilitate the comparison of a user-supplied model with data. Bayesian inference allows prior information to be taken into account. The use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling allows efficient exploration of large parameter spaces and provides reliable estimation of model parameters and their uncertainties. The Bayesian evidence for different models can be used for quantitative comparison. The code is tested to demonstrate its ability to accurately recover a variety of parameter probability distributions. Its application to practical problems is demonstrated using studies of the structure and oscillation of coronal loops.
Bursts before Burst: A Comparative Study on FRB 200428-associated and FRB-absent X-Ray Bursts from SGR J1935+2154
Authors: Yang Yu-Han , Zhang Bin-Bin , Lin Lin , Zhang Bing , Zhang Guo-Qiang , Yang Yi-Si , Tu Zuo-Lin , Zou Jin-Hang , Ye Hao-Yang , Wang Fa-Yin , Dai Zi-Gao
Published: January 2021

Accompanied by an X-ray burst, the fast radio burst (FRB) FRB 200428 was recently confirmed as originating from the Galactic magnetar soft gamma repeater (SGR) SGR J1935+2154. Just before and after FRB 200428 was detected, the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) had been monitoring SGR J1935+2154 for eight hours. From UTC 2020 April 27 23:55:00 to 2020 April 28 00:50:37, FAST detected no pulsed radio emission from SGR J1935+2154, while Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor registered 34 bursts in the X/soft γ-ray band, forming a unique sample of X-ray bursts in the absence of FRBs. After a comprehensive analysis on light curves, time-integrated, and time-resolved spectral properties of these FRB-absent X-ray bursts, we compare this sample with the FRB-associated X-ray burst detected by Insight-HXMT, INTEGRAL, and Konus-Wind. The FRB-associated burst distinguishes itself from other X-ray bursts by its nonthermal spectrum and a higher spectral peak energy, but otherwise is not atypical. We also compare the cumulative energy distribution of our X-ray burst sample with that of first repeating FRB source, FRB 121102, with the calibration of FRB 200428-X-ray burst association. We find a similarity between the two, offering indirect support of the magnetar origin of cosmological FRBs. The event rate density of magnetar bursts is about ∼150 times higher than the FRB event rate density at the energy of FRB 200428. This again suggests that, if all FRBs originate from magnetars, only a small fraction of X-ray bursts are associated with FRBs.
Nonlinear Alfvén Wave Model of Stellar Coronae and Winds from the Sun to M Dwarfs
Authors: Sakaue Takahito , Shibata Kazunari
Published: January 2021

An M dwarf’s atmosphere and wind are expected to be highly magnetized. The nonlinear propagation of Alfvén waves could play a key role in both heating the stellar atmosphere and driving the stellar wind. Using this Alfvén wave scenario, we carried out a one-dimensional compressive magnetohydrodynamic simulation to examine the nonlinear propagation of Alfvén waves from the M dwarf’s photosphere, chromosphere to the corona, and interplanetary space. Based on the simulation results, we developed a semi-empirical method describing the solar and M dwarf’s coronal temperature, stellar wind velocity, and wind’s mass-loss rate. We find that M dwarfs’ coronae tend to be cooler than the solar corona, and that M dwarfs’ stellar winds can be characterized as having a faster velocity and much smaller mass-loss rate compared to those of the solar wind.