bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of scheduling and control for batch processes using multi‐parametric model predictive control
Authors: Zhuge Jinjun , Ierapetritou Marianthi G.
Published: May 2014

Integration of scheduling and control results in Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) which is computationally expensive. The online implementation of integrated scheduling and control requires repetitively solving the resulting MINLP at each time interval. (Zhuge and Ierapetritou, Ind Eng Chem Res. 2012;51:8550–8565) To address the online computation burden, we incorporare multi‐parametric Model Predictive Control (mp‐MPC) in the integration of scheduling and control. The proposed methodology involves the development of an integrated model using continuous‐time event‐point formulation for the scheduling level and the derived constraints from explicit MPC for the control level. Results of case studies of batch processes prove that the proposed approach guarantees efficient computation and thus facilitates the online implementation. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3169–3183, 2014
Immunoglobulin‐free light chain monomer‐dimer patterns help to distinguish malignant from premalignant monoclonal gammopathies: A pilot study
Authors: Kaplan Batia , Golderman Sizilia , Aizenbud Boris , Esev Konstantin , Kukuy Olga , Leiba Merav , Livneh Avi , Ben‐Zvi Ilan
Published: May 2014

Multiple myeloma (MM) and AL amyloidosis (AL) are two malignant forms of monoclonal gammopathies. For the purposes of prognosis and treatment, it is important to distinguish these diseases from the premalignant forms of monoclonal gammopathies, such as monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) and smoldering myeloma (SMM). Routine serum/urine tests for monoclonal protein are insufficient for differential diagnosis. Thus, invasive procedures, such as tissue aspiration or biopsy, are applied. In this study, we aimed at characterization of serum‐free light chain (FLC) monomer‐dimer patterns to distinguish the malignant from the premalignant forms of monoclonal gammopathies. A quantitative Western blotting was applied to estimate the FLC monomer and dimer levels in AL, MM, MGUS, and SMM patients, and in control subjects (healthy individuals and patients with AA amyloidosis). AL and MM patients displayed an abnormally increased dimerization of monoclonal FLC, accompanied by higher clonality values of FLC dimers, as compared to that of monomers. These abnormalities of FLC patterns were not observed in patients with MGUS, SMM, AA amyloidosis, and healthy individuals. Analysis of FLC patterns helped to differentiate AL and MM from MGUS and SMM, a goal difficult to achieve using routine serum tests. Also, our technique might serve as a complimentary diagnostic tool in the cases with suspected AL amyloidosis, where the diagnosis of MM is excluded, while the results of amyloid typing by routine immunohistochemical techniques are inconclusive. Am. J. Hematol. 89:882–888, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Agenesis of the corpus callosum: A clinical approach to diagnosis
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth Emma , Mowat David
Published: May 2014

This review article aims to guide the clinician in establishing a diagnosis in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), presenting antenatally or postnatally. ACC may be isolated, or occur in association with other neuroanatomical lesions and/or congenital anomalies, and has many different genetic causes. Neuropsychological outcome varies considerably from normal to profound intellectual disability depending on the etiology. Approximately 25% of individuals with antenatally diagnosed apparently isolated ACC have intellectual disability. Subtle neurological, social, and learning deficits may still occur in those with normal intelligence and longitudinal neurocognitive follow‐up is recommended for all children with ACC. The finding of ACC should prompt detailed clinical assessment in order to determine and manage the underlying condition. It is recognized that genetic factors contribute to ACC in the vast majority of cases. Less commonly ACC can result from antenatal infections, vascular or toxic insults, and it is increasingly recognized that ACC, particularly isolated ACC, may be due to an interaction of a number of “modifier” genetic and environmental factors. There are a large number of genetic conditions in which ACC may be a feature. We suggest a diagnostic algorithm to help guide the clinician towards diagnosis, to provide outcome advice and to aid in genetic counseling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lewis‐Base‐Catalyzed Annulations of Nitroallylic Acetates as C3 Synthons with Electron‐Deficient Alkenes
Authors: Chen Rongshun , Fan Xia , Gong Junyu , He Zhengjie
Published: May 2014

2‐Nitroallylic acetates have been demonstrated to be versatile C3 synthons in Lewis‐base‐catalyzed annulation reactions. Catalyzed by PhPMe2 (20 mol %), they readily undergo a cascade [3+2] annulation/allylic alkylation reaction with electron‐deficient alkenes to provide cyclopentenes and even spirocyclopenteneoxindoles in moderate to good yields and high diastereoselectivity. Under the catalysis of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (20 mol %), 2‐nitroallylic acetates also undergo a [3+3] annulation reaction with 1,1‐dicyanoalkenes to give cyclohexenes. This work further broadens the scope of the Lewis‐base‐catalyzed annulation protocol for modified allylic derivatives.
Copper(I)‐Promoted Alkylation of Alkenylbenzyldimethylsilanes
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Matsumura Ryo , Wasa Hideki , Tsubouchi Akira
Published: May 2014

Palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of acid‐ and base‐unstable heteroatom‐functionalized organosilanes and C(sp2)X electrophiles such as aryl and alkenyl (pseudo)halides has been extensively studied. In contrast, little is known about the coupling between unactivated alkenyltrialkylsilanes and C(sp3)X electrophiles. Herein, the copper(I)‐promoted coupling of chromatographically stable alkenylbenzyldimethylsilanes with unreactive alkyl halides as well as allyl and benzyl halides is described. The reaction proceeds in the presence of CuI‐P(OEt)3 and Bu4NF⋅(tBuOH)4 to produce stereodefined di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes with complete retention of configuration.
Plant mineral concentrations related to foraging preferences of western lowland gorilla in central African forest clearings
Authors: Metsio Sienne Julia , Buchwald Rainer , Wittemyer George
Published: May 2014

In the Central African rain forest, mineral resources essential to organisms are distributed heterogeneously. Forest clearings, locally known as bais, attract numerous species presumably due to the mineral richness of these sites, though understanding of the factors drawing species to bais remains speculative. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) selectively feed on particular plant species and parts within bais, but studies of such feeding preferences have focused on one site. Here, we compared concentrations of minerals and macronutrients from plants gorillas consumed and those they did not in 16 bais to gain inference regarding drivers of resource selection within bais and bai use. The availability of gorilla feeding plants varied between surveyed bais, with some consumed species occurring only at a few bais. Regardless of bai specific species composition, significantly higher concentrations of Na, K, and Ca were found in consumed plants, and other trace minerals were more common in consumed plants. In contrast, macronutrients appeared to play no major role in feeding plant selectivity with consumed species often having lower concentrations than non‐consumed species. We found evidence for seasonal differences in Mg and Na concentrations, but the concentrations of other minerals in consumed plants were consistent across time. These findings provide insight to the drivers of bai visitation by gorillas. The high variation in species across bais may elicit use of multiple bais, but the general increased mineral composition of consumed species across bais suggests metabolic requirements may be met through consumption of a variety of species. Am. J. Primatol. 76:1115–1126, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐Photon‐Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogel for Controlling Materials Motion in Micrometer Space
Authors: Yoshii Tatsuyuki , Ikeda Masato , Hamachi Itaru
Published: May 2014

Spatiotemporal control of fluidity inside a soft matrix by external stimuli allows real‐time manipulation of nano/micromaterials. In this study, we report a two‐photon‐responsive peptide‐based supramolecular hydrogel, the fluidity of which was dramatically controlled with high spatial resolution (10 μm×10 μm×10 μm). The off–on switching of the Brownian motion of nanobeads and chemotaxis of bacteria by two‐photon excitation was successfully demonstrated.
Design of a nanostructured electromagnetic polyaniline–keggin iron–clay composite modified electrochemical sensor for the nanomolar detection of ascorbic acid
Authors: Lilly Reena Viswan , Devaki Sudha Janardhanan , Narayanan Rohini Kuttiplavil , Sadanandhan Neethu Kalloor
Published: May 2014

This article demonstrates the design and fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on a platinum electrode for ascorbic acid (AA) modified by an electromagnetic polyaniline–Keggin iron–clay (PPICS) composite. The polyaniline–polyhydroxy iron–clay composite was prepared by the polymerization of [Anilinium]+[PDPSA]− in the presence of Keggin iron intercalated clay and was characterized for its particle size, morphology, electrical conductivity, and saturation magnetization. The oxidation potential of AA was observed at +0.4 V on the bare electrode and shifted to a negative potential of −0.32 V on the modified electrode. Common possible interferences of the sample matrices were tested, and the results reveal that the PPICS‐modified electrode exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity toward AA. This unique low‐cost and user‐friendly sensor was validated for the nanomolar detection of AA present in real samples. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40936.
Synthesis of Sulfonylhydrazone‐ and Acylhydrazone‐Substituted 8‐Ethoxy‐3‐nitro‐2H‐chromenes as Potent Antiproliferative and Apoptosis Inducing Agents
Authors: Zhang Datong , Ma Yuntong , Liu Yu , Liu Zhao‐Peng
Published: May 2014

3‐Nitro‐2H‐chromenes have recently been identified as a novel class of potent antitumor agents. In view of the favorable effects shown by sulfonylhydrazones and acylhydrazones, we designed and synthesized a series of sulfonylhydrazone‐ and acylhydrazone‐substituted 8‐ethoxy‐3‐nitro‐2H‐chromene derivatives, and evaluated their cell growth inhibition activities against A549, KG‐1, A2780, and K562 cells. All the tested compounds exhibited more potent antiproliferative activity than BENC‐511 against KG‐1 cells. These compounds displayed IC50 values in the nanomolar range against A2780 cells. Compound 7d showed prominent cytotoxicity against K562 cells with an IC50 of 0.11 µM, which was comparable to that of BENC‐511. Compound 7d arrested K562 cells at the G1 phase at high concentrations and induced apoptosis in K562 cells. Furthermore, 7d increased the levels of cleaved caspase‐3, decreased the expression of bcl‐2 and induced the cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase in K562 cells. Thus, this study provides the development of a series of novel compounds as effective antitumor agents with apoptotic death ability.
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on (Donor‐π‐Acceptor)2 Dyes With Dithiafulvalene as the Donor
Authors: Lee Ting‐Hui , Hsu Chih‐Yu , Liao You‐Ya , Chou Hsien‐Hsin , Hughes Heather , Lin Jiann T.
Published: May 2014

Dipolar metal‐free sensitizers (D‐π‐A; D=donor, π=conjugated bridge, A=acceptor) consisting of a dithiafulvalene (DTF) unit as the electron donor, a benzene, thiophene, or fluorene moiety as the conjugated spacer, and 2‐cyanoacrylic acid as the electron acceptor have been synthesized. Dimeric congeners of these dyes, (D‐π‐A)2, were also synthesized through iodine‐induced dimerization of an appropriate DTF‐containing segment. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with the new dyes as the sensitizers have cell efficiencies that range from 2.11 to 5.24 %. In addition to better light harvesting, more effective suppression of the dark current than the D‐π‐A dyes is possible with the (D‐π‐A)2 dyes.
A color‐reaction‐based rapid screening for null activity of butyrylcholinesterase: A step toward point‐of‐care screening for succinylcholine apnea
Authors: Nagpal Nitish , Chowdhary Sheemona , Bhattacharyya Rajasri , Banerjee Dibyajyoti
Published: May 2014

Succinylcholine apnea happens in cases of null butyrylcholinesterase activity after administration of preintubation succinylcholine. So far, there is no such popular test that can rapidly screen null butyrylcholinesterase activity from plasma. Development of a novel method for rapid screening of null butyrylcholinesterase activity of plasma samples was the objective of the current work. Dichromate reagent was added to 1‐naphthol, 2‐naphthol, phenol, and para‐nitrophenol in separate aliquots and watched for the color formation. Plasma samples preincubated with and without selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor were mixed with 1‐naphthylacetate and watched for color development after addition of dichromate reagent. Fitting of 1‐naphthylacetate at the active site of butyrylcholinesterase was analyzed by using tools of computational biology. It was seen that 1‐naphthol formed color with dichromate reagent in a concentration‐dependent manner. Other phenols did not form color with dichromate reagent even at 500‐µm concentrations. Plasma sample with and without selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor (tetra isopropyl pyrophosphoramide) was distinguishable by color formation when incubated with 1‐naphthylacetate, followed by the addition of dichromate reagent. In silico analysis also showed that 1‐naphthylacetate fitted well at the active site of butyrylcholinesterase. The developed method may be used for rapid screening for null butyrylcholinesterase activity at point of care.
Tumor signatures of PTHLH overexpression, high serum calcium, and poor prognosis were observed exclusively in clear cell but not non clear cell renal carcinomas
Authors: Yao Masahiro , Murakami Takayuki , Shioi Koichi , Mizuno Nobuhiko , Ito Hiroki , Kondo Keiichi , Hasumi Hisashi , Sano Futoshi , Makiyama Kazuhide , Nakaigawa Noboru , Kishida Takeshi , Nagashima Yoji , Yamanaka Shoji , Kubota Yoshinobu
Published: May 2014

High serum calcium (Ca) due to aberrant secretion of tumor parathyroid hormone‐like hormone (PTHLH) is a well‐known paraneoplastic sign and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the status of serum Ca and tumor PTHLH expression have not been verified using the 2004 World Health Organization (WHO) renal tumor classification. We retrospectively reviewed corrected serum Ca levels at initial onset (n = 683) and/or as of recurrence (n = 71) in patients with RCC. We also examined a total of 623 renal parenchymal tumor samples for PTHLH mRNA expressions by quantitative real‐time PCR. High serum Ca concomitant with PTHLH overexpression in tumors was observed exclusively in clear cell RCC but not in other non clear cell subtype tumors, including papillary, chromophobe, collecting‐duct, unclassified, and other rare subtype RCCs or in benign oncocytomas and angiomyolipomas. In clear cell RCC, PTHLH expression was significantly high in male patients, and was associated with a symptomatic presentation, higher grade, and higher stage cases, whereas it was not associated with VHL gene status. Univariate analyses demonstrated that high PTHLH expression was strongly associated with poor outcome both in overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) for patients who underwent standard nephrectomy. Further multivariate Cox analyses revealed that the PTHLH expressions remained as independent prognostic parameters for OS but not for DFS. These data suggest that the previously characterized tumor signatures of high serum Ca due to high PTHLH expression and poor prognosis are clear cell RCC‐specific features, whereas these characteristics are rare in non clear cell RCCs.
The polysemic meanings of couscous consumption in France
Authors: Béji‐Bécheur Amina , Ourahmoune Nacima , Özçağlar‐Toulouse Nil
Published: May 2014

This article reflects on consumer representations of a typical southern Mediterranean dish that has remained a centerpiece of cultural encounters ever since it was developed in North Africa: couscous. France—a country whose own cuisine is world‐renowned, yet which regularly ranks couscous as one of its top three favourite national dishes, and which hosts the largest North African population in Europe—seemed a fertile site for an investigation of the polysemic meanings attached to couscous, a nomad product embedded in socio‐historical interrelationships on both shores of the Mediterranean. We found that consumers appropriate and adapt the product in ways that demonstrate some of the major features of Mediterranean relationships, with food as a vehicle for creative personal narratives. We emphasize the diversity of representations of couscous that help dissolve the usual northern/southern Mediterranean binaries in order to achieve a complex understanding of Mediterranean consumer behaviours. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bacterial Strain with a Unique Quadruplet Codon Specifying Non‐native Amino Acids
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek , Lajoie Marc J. , Xiao Han , Church George M. , Schultz Peter G.
Published: May 2014

The addition of noncanonical amino acids to the genetic code requires unique codons not assigned to the 20 canonical amino acids. Among the 64 triplet codons, only the three nonsense “stop” codons have been used to encode non‐native amino acids. Use of quadruplet “frame‐shift” suppressor codons provides an abundant alternative but suffers from low suppression efficiency as a result of competing recognition of their first three bases by endogenous host tRNAs or release factors. Deletion of release factor 1 in a genomically recoded strain of E. coli (E. coli C321), in which all endogenous amber stop codons (UAG) are replaced with UAA, abolished UAG mediated translation termination. Here we show that a Methanocaldococcus jannaschii‐derived frame‐shift suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase pair enhanced UAGN suppression efficiency in this recoded bacterial strain. These results demonstrate that efficient quadruplet codons for encoding non‐native amino acids can be generated by eliminating competing triplet codon recognition at the ribosome.
Key developments in CIGS thin film solar cells on ceramic substrates
Authors: Bosio A. , Menossi D. , Rosa G. , Romeo N.
Published: May 2014

Nowadays the improvement of the photovoltaic building‐integration (BIPV) has become very important. In fact, more emphasis has been put on the possibility of producing photovoltaic modules able to be integrated, or even to be directly assembled to form the so‐called ventilated walls for buildings. This integration can be improved by using, alternatively to glass, other materials for the substrate or for the final “box”, in which the solar cells are encapsulated. A good candidate as a substrate material that substitutes the glass is ceramic. This kind of non‐transparent substrates is useful in the substrate configuration solar cell technology. An example of this technology is represented by the Cu(In,Ga)Se2‐based solar cells. The challenge in this field corresponds to directly use, as a substrate large dimension ceramic tiles, which are commercially available on the market. For this reason, the process technology developed at ThiFiLab for glass substrates has been transferred on this kind of new substrates and some solar cells have been produced showing efficiencies in the range of 12–14%.
Age‐related changes in visual contour integration: Implications for physiology from psychophysics
Authors: Hipp D. , Dickerson K. , Moser A. , Gerhardstein Peter
Published: May 2014

Visual contour detection is enhanced by grouping principles, such as proximity and collinearity, which appear to rely on horizontal connectivity in visual cortex. Previous experiments suggest that children require greater proximity to detect contours and that, unlike adults, collinearity does not compensate for their proximity limitation. Over two experiments we test whether closure, a global property known to facilitate contour detection, compensates for this limitation. Adults and children (3–9 years old) performed a 2AFC task; one panel contained an illusory contour (closed or open) in visual noise, and one only noise. The experiments were identical except proximity was doubled in Exp. 2, enabling shorter‐range spatial integration. Results suggest children are limited by proximity, and that closure did not reliably improve their performance as it did for adults. We conclude that perceptual maturity lags behind anatomy within this system, and suggest that slow statistical learning of long‐range orientation correlations controls this disparity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1390–1405, 2014.
Heterozygosity–fitness correlations in a wild mammal population: accounting for parental and environmental effects
Authors: Annavi Geetha , Newman Christopher , Buesching Christina D. , Macdonald David W. , Burke Terry , Dugdale Hannah L.
Published: May 2014

HFCs (heterozygosity–fitness correlations) measure the direct relationship between an individual's genetic diversity and fitness. The effects of parental heterozygosity and the environment on HFCs are currently under‐researched. We investigated these in a high‐density U.K. population of European badgers (Meles meles), using a multimodel capture–mark–recapture framework and 35 microsatellite loci. We detected interannual variation in first‐year, but not adult, survival probability. Adult females had higher annual survival probabilities than adult males. Cubs with more heterozygous fathers had higher first‐year survival, but only in wetter summers; there was no relationship with individual or maternal heterozygosity. Moist soil conditions enhance badger food supply (earthworms), improving survival. In dryer years, higher indiscriminate mortality rates appear to mask differential heterozygosity‐related survival effects. This paternal interaction was significant in the most supported model; however, the model‐averaged estimate had a relative importance of 0.50 and overlapped zero slightly. First‐year survival probabilities were not correlated with the inbreeding coefficient (f); however, small sample sizes limited the power to detect inbreeding depression. Correlations between individual heterozygosity and inbreeding were weak, in line with published meta‐analyses showing that HFCs tend to be weak. We found support for general rather than local heterozygosity effects on first‐year survival probability, and g2 indicated that our markers had power to detect inbreeding. We emphasize the importance of assessing how environmental stressors can influence the magnitude and direction of HFCs and of considering how parental genetic diversity can affect fitness‐related traits, which could play an important role in the evolution of mate choice.
Supramolecular Assemblies of Polyoxometalate‐Tethered Diblock Copolymers with Tunable Sizes in N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/Toluene Mixed Solvents
Authors: Haso Fadi , Wang Ruixin , Yin Panchao , Zhou Jing , Jin Lu , Peng Zhonghua , Liu Tianbo
Published: May 2014

Three diblock copolymers, each consisting of a relatively polar polyoxometalate‐containing block and a nonpolar polythiophene block, were studied for their solution self‐assembly behavior. Hollow spherical vesicular structures have been observed; their formation is driven by solvophobic–solvophilic interactions. The size of the vesicles can be controlled by varying the polarity of the solvent. Regular vesicles seem to form when the solvent combination is relatively polar, while reverse vesicles form when the solvent is relatively nonpolar.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Paroxetine by Diastereoconvergent Cobalt‐Catalysed Arylation
Authors: Despiau Carole F. , Dominey Andrew P. , Harrowven David C. , Linclau Bruno
Published: May 2014

A total synthesis of paroxetine is reported, with a diastereoselective and diastereoconvergent cobalt‐catalysed sp3–sp2coupling reaction involving a 3‐substituted 4‐bromo‐N‐Boc‐piperidine (Boc =tert‐butoxycarbonyl) substrate as a key step. A 9:1 diastereoselectivity was obtained, while a control experiment involving a conformationally locked 3‐substituted 4‐bromo‐tert‐butyl cyclohexane ring proceeded with essentially complete stereoselectivity.
Tricyclic and Spirobicyclic Norsesquiterpenes from the Endophytic Fungus Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola
Authors: Wibowo Mario , Prachyawarakorn Vilailak , Aree Thammarat , Wiyakrutta Suthep , Mahidol Chulabhorn , Ruchirawat Somsak , Kittakoop Prasat
Published: May 2014

The new tricyclic and spirobicyclic norsesquiterpenes 1 and 2 and the new nor‐chamigrane endoperoxide 3, together with the known sesquiterpenes steperoxide A (4), merulin B (5), and merulin C (6), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola. The structures and absolute configurations of 1–3 were determined by analysis of spectroscopic data, as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Compound 1 has a previously unobserved 6/5/5 fused tricyclic ring system, in which the five‐membered (middle) ring is, as revealed by X‐ray analysis, perpendicular to a six‐membered ring. Compound 2 possesses a hitherto unknown 5/6 fused spirobicyclic ring system. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds 1–6 were evaluated.
Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric Bisphosphine Ligands from Tartaric Acid, and Their Performance in the Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric O‐Allylation of a Phenol
Authors: Dindaroğlu Mehmet , Akyol Dinçer Sema , Schmalz Hans‐Günther
Published: May 2014

Starting from tartaric acid derived chiral diols or dicarboxylic acid dichlorides with either a 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane (Taddol) or a 2,3‐dimethoxy‐2,3‐dimethyl‐1,4‐dioxane (Tatrol) core structure, and BH3‐protected ortho‐phosphanyl phenols, a set of fourteen new C2‐symmetric diphosphine ligands was synthesized. In addition, three related ligands were obtained from ortho‐diphenylphosphino‐anilines. The fully characterized ligands were then tested in the Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective O‐allylation of 4‐methoxyphenol using crotyl methyl carbonate as a reagent. In addition, a pseudo‐intramolecular variant of the reaction, using crotyl 4‐methoxyphenyl carbonate as a substrate, was studied. The so‐called Trost ligand was used as a reference. Although the Trost ligand (3 mol‐%) gave up to 84 % ee, one of the new ligands showed higher activity (50 % ee with 0.075 mol‐%).
Polyhydroxyamino‐Piperidine‐Type Iminosugars and Pipecolic Acid Analogues from a D‐Mannose‐Derived Aldehyde
Authors: Matassini Camilla , Mirabella Stefania , Ferhati Xhenti , Faggi Cristina , Robina Inmaculada , Goti Andrea , Moreno‐Clavijo Elena , Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Cardona Francesca
Published: May 2014

A general strategy for the synthesis of diversely substituted 3,4,5‐trihydroxypiperidines (including two natural products), 5‐amino‐3,4‐dihydroxypiperidines, 3,4,5‐trihydroxypipecolic acids, and 2‐(aminomethyl)‐3,4,5‐trihydroxypiperidines is reported. The procedure used a double reductive amination or a Strecker reaction, starting from differently protected aldehydes readily synthesized on a gram scale from D‐mannose. The biological activities of the target compounds were evaluated, and some of them showed moderate inhibition of α‐L‐fucosidase and β‐glucosidase.
Simple Porphyrin Desymmetrization: 5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis(3‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (mTHPP) as a Gateway Molecule for Peripheral Functionalization
Authors: Rogers Luke , Burke‐Murphy Emeralda , Senge Mathias O.
Published: May 2014

The rise in the demand of unsymmetrical porphyrin systems for applications such as photodynamic therapy and nonlinear optics mandates a concomitant development of simple and practical synthetic approaches. A new method for the rapid generation of unsymmetrical porphyrins from the same common and easily accessible symmetric porphyrin starting material is discussed herein. A library of unsymmetric mTHPP [5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(3‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin] derivatives were synthesized in good yields through simple nucleophilic substitution, esterification, and metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. This method was optimized to generate a library of customized unsymmetrical porphyrins quickly for use in a variety of applications. A common meso‐aryl‐substituted porphyrin as the starting material was used to update the synthetic toolkit through a mixture of classical and modern chemistry. This approach was studied as an approach to the synthesis of picket fence porphyrin mimics and afforded such compounds in good yields with few synthetic steps. In addition, employing simple nucleophilic substitution chemistry was employed to access cofacial caged bis(porphyrin) systems in two synthetic steps.
Preparation via Sterically Promoted SN2′ Substitution and Structural Characteristics of a Mes*‐Substituted Tertiary Ethynylphosphine
Authors: Ito Shigekazu , Nanko Masaki , Mikami Koichi
Published: May 2014

The reaction of a sterically encumbered 2‐bromo‐3‐silyloxyphosphapropene [(Z)‐Mes*‐P = C(Br)CH(OSiMe3)Mes; Mes* = 2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2, Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2] and butyllithium afforded a bulky ethynylphosphine [Mes*P(nBu)C≡CMes] via SN2′ reaction of the alkyllithium and subsequent beta‐elimination of HBr. The orbital‐controlled reaction and prohibition of the halogen–metal exchange would be induced by the steric encumbrance of the mesityl group. Structural characteristics of the novel ethynylphosphine were also discussed in views of steric encumbrance as well as stereochemistry. The remarkable distortion of Mes* aromatic ring was further discussed according to DFT calculations.
The Synthesis of Some Fused Pyrazolo‐1,4‐Naphthoquinones
Authors: Molinari Aurora , Oliva Alfonso , Arismendi Marlene , Imbarack Elizabeth , Gálvez Cristian , Maldonado Javier , Feliciano Arturo San
Published: May 2014

New fused pyrazolo‐1,4‐naphthoquinones were prepared from the reaction of hydrazines with 6‐(4‐methyl‐3‐pentenyl)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone. The reaction was extended to hydroxylamine to afford the corresponding isoxazolo‐1,4‐napthoquinone compound.
Preparation of 2H‐5,6‐Dihydroselenines Using α‐Alkoxy Carbonylselenoacetamide
Authors: Ohnuma Akira , Nagata Tomohiro , Komura Kenichi , Ando Hiromune , Ishihara Hideharu , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: May 2014

Various 2H‐5,6‐dihydroselenine derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of α‐alkoxy carbonylselenoacetamides with α,β‐unsaturated ketones in the presence of BF3•Et2O.
Claisen Rearrangement of Hydroxynaphthoquinones: Selectivity toward Naphthofuran or α‐Xiloidone Using Copper Salts and Iodine
Authors: da Silva Júnior Paulo Eliandro , de Araujo Natália Maria , da Silva Emery Flavio
Published: May 2014

α‐xiloidone is an interesting chromene that are structurally related to lapachones; in this work, we selectively synthesized α‐xiloidone from the reaction of lawsone 1 with 3,3‐chloro‐3‐methylbut‐1‐yne under copper/I2 catalysis via propargyl Claisen rearrangement.
Design, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Tricyclic Benzoxazine Fluoroquinolones under Conventional and Microwave Methods
Authors: Guruswamy B. , Arul R. , Chaitanya M. V. S. R. K. , Darsi S. S. Praveen Kumar
Published: May 2014

In view of obtaining some potential antimicrobial compounds, we have described synthesis of novel fluoroquinolones bearing 2‐(piperidin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Alternatively, synthesis of these products was also demonstrated using microwave irradiation technique. The antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized compounds was evaluated against number of microorganisms and the activity is compared with highly active levofloxacin.
Sodium Formate‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Benzopyranopyrimidines and 4‐Thio‐substituted 4H‐Chromenes via Multicomponent Reaction at Room Temperature
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Das Suvankar
Published: May 2014

A simple, straightforward and highly efficient multicomponent one‐pot synthesis of a series of pharmaceutically interesting benzopyranopyrimidine and 4H‐chromene derivatives has been developed on the basis of low‐cost and environment‐friendly sodium formate catalyst via tandem reactions of salicylic aldehydes, malononitrile, and cyclic secondary amines in ethanol at room temperature. Nature of nucleophile used in this reaction directs the course of the reaction; cyclic secondary amines result in the formation of benzopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines, whereas thiophenol furnish corresponding 4‐thio‐subtituted 4H‐chromenes under the same reaction conditions. High atom‐economy, good yields, eco‐friendly, and mild reaction conditions are some of the important features of this protocol.
A spatial analysis of plant phenophase changes and the impact of increases in urban land use
Authors: Comber Alexis , Brunsdon Chris
Published: May 2014

Changes in phenology are indicators of climate change. Urban land use influences local climates through mechanisms such as urban heat island (UHI) effects. This research examined the spatio‐temporal variations in first flowering with changes in urban land use in England and Wales. It used standard ordinary least squares (OLSs) regressions and geographically weighted regressions (GWRs) to analyse changes in phenophase observation date between 1934 and 2007 for three tree species. TheOLSmodels suggested that first flowering was getting earlier: blackthorn by 0.28 days per year, hawthorn by 0.16 days per year and horse chestnut by 0.13 days per year. These rates were found to vary spatially whenGWRwas used and the greatest rates of change were found to be highly localized. The addition of land use change was found to improve the model fit and suggested that a 10% increase in urban land use was also associated with phenophase advancement of 1.20 days for blackthorn, 0.57 days for hawthorn and 0.90 days for horse chestnut. When the impacts of urban land use changes was analysed usingGWR, the associations with phenophase advancement were found to vary spatially, strongest associations were generally more pronounced in the north and especially in the extreme south‐west and the north for all species. The results of this research suggest that the impacts of climate changes and the effects of urban land use changes on phenology vary spatially and that the impacts of urban expansion, such asUHIeffects, may not be uniform. These findings suggest the need for spatially explicit analyses to quantify the local impacts and drivers of climate changes and their associated feedbacks.
An unusual breast lesion: Granular cell tumor of the breast with extensive chest wall invasion
Authors: Coates Sarah J. , Mitchell Katrina , Olorunnipa Olushola B. , DeSimone Robert A. , Otterburn David M. , Simmons Rache M.
Published: May 2014

Granular cell tumors (GCT) are generally benign soft tissue tumors. When located in the breast, they may be misdiagnosed as more typical tumors, such as invasive ductal carcinoma, based on misleading clinical or radiologic features. GCTs are frequently found in the setting of a known malignancy. We report the case of a patient with a large infra‐mammary fold GCT, the management of which required a multidisciplinary operative approach due to extensive chest wall invasion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:345–347. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formal relational database design: an exercise in extending the formal template language
Authors: Wu Nicolas , Simpson Andrew
Published: May 2014

The use of formal description techniques aims to prevent the defects found in software that arise due to poor planning at the design stage. However, the ensuing specifications are often designed with only a single application in mind and are not easily generalised. One area in which these deficiencies arise is that of the formal modelling of relational databases: many authors have drawn parallels between the formal description language, Z, and the relational model of data, but none of these contributions have managed to be both close to the relational model in terms of providing a practical means of database design and fully formal in terms of providing an appropriate metamodel. In this paper, we describe a generative template language, based on the formal template language (FTL). In particular, we extend the FTL, which was developed originally as means of expressing templates, to underpin an approach that facilitates the reuse of specifications in Z, paying particular attention to the formal design of relational databases. These templates encapsulate the common structure found in specifications and can be instantiated to produce specifications tailored to suit particular needs. To achieve this, we extend the FTL and present a mechanism for naming and referencing templates. We also introduce the semantics of template annotations to enforce the syntactic correctness of instantiations.
Postoperative Complications Do Not Affect Long‐Term Outcome in Esophageal Cancer Patients
Authors: Lindner Kirsten , Fritz Mathias , Haane Christina , Senninger Norbert , Palmes Daniel , Hummel Richard
Published: May 2014

Background

As esophagectomy is associated with a considerable complication rate, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of postoperative complications and neoadjuvant treatment on long‐term outcome of adenocarcinoma (EAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients.

Methods

Altogether, 134 patients undergoing transthoracic esophagectomy between 2005 and 2010 with intrathoracic stapler anastomosis were included in the study. Postoperative complications were allocated into three main categories: overall complications, acute anastomotic insufficiency, and pulmonary complications. Data were collected prospectively and reviewed retrospectively for the purpose of this study.

Results

SCC patients suffered significantly more often from overall and pulmonary complications (SCC vs. EAC: overall complications 67 vs. 45 %, p = 0.044; pulmonary complications 56 vs. 34 %, p = 0.049). The anastomotic insufficiency rates did not differ significantly (SCC 11%, EAC 15%, p = 0.69). Long‐term survival of EAC and SCC patients was not affected by perioperative (overall/pulmonary) complications or by the occurrence of anastomotic insufficiency. Also, neoadjuvant treatment did not influence the incidence of complications or long‐term survival.

Conclusions

This is the first time the patient population of a center experienced with esophageal cancer surgery was assessed for the occurrence of general and esophageal cancer surgery‐specific perioperative complications. Our results indicated that these complications did not affect long‐term survival of EAC and SCC patients. Our data support the hypothesis that neoadjuvant treatment might not affect the incidence of perioperative complications or long‐term survival after treatment of these tumor subtypes.
Oxidative Stability in Bulk Oil Containing Carbohydrates Such as Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, Mannitol, and Starch
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Yi BoRa , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan
Published: May 2014

Effects of carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, and starch on the oxidative stability of corn oils were evaluated at 40 °C for 51 days, at 100 °C for 17 h, and at 180 °C for 90 min. The degree of oxidation was determined by headspace oxygen content, conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) assay, or p‐anisidine value (p‐AV) and the moisture content of the oils was analyzed. Starch showed pro‐oxidant properties whereas mannitol acted as an antioxidant at all tested temperatures. However, glucose, sucrose, and maltose showed different properties depending on the temperature and type of assays. At 40 °C, glucose, sucrose, and maltose showed antioxidant properties in headspace oxygen and CDA assays. There were no significant differences in CDA between samples at 100 and 180 °C. p‐AV in samples containing glucose were significantly higher than those in controls at 180 °C, which may be due to the formation of volatiles from caramelization rather than lipid oxidation. Moisture content of oils containing glucose and starch was significantly higher than that of controls, whereas that of oils containing mannitol was lower than in the control (p < 0.05). Changes in moisture content of oils may be due to the migration of moisture from added carbohydrates into the oils.
Are we closer to having drugs to treat muscle wasting disease?
Authors: Morley John E. , von Haehling Stephan , Anker Stefan D.
Published: May 2014

The two most common muscle wasting diseases in adults are sarcopenia and cachexia. Despite differences in their pathophysiology, it is believed that both conditions are likely to respond to drugs that increase muscle mass and muscle strength. The current gold standard in this regard is exercise training. This article provides an overview of candidate drugs to treat muscle wasting disease that are available or in development. Drugs highlighted here include ghrelin agonists, selective androgen receptor molecules, megestrol acetate, activin receptor antagonists, espindolol, and fast skeletal muscle troponin inhibitors.
Improving communication skills in the Southeast Asian health care context
Authors: Claramita Mora , Susilo Astrid Pratidina
Published: May 2014

The aim of these two PhD thesis are to develop a guideline on doctor-patient communication skills based on cultural characteristics of Southeast Asian context and to develop communication skills training for nurses to enhance their contribution to the informed consent and shared decision making process, in the same context. These studies started with qualitative methods; including grounded theory methodology, by exploring doctors’, patients’, medical students’ and nurses’ perceptions on the current and desired communication skills in which influenced by culture. Based on the results, we design communication skills training and evaluate the training with quantitative methods, using pre and post test studies. Southeast Asian desired ideal partnership style in communicating with their doctors. More emphasize on basic skills such as listening to subtle non-verbal cues are needed for doctors and nurses. A guideline on doctor-patient communication tailored to local culture was developed as well as training for nurses using 4CID design to enhance their contribution to the shared decision making process. To promote two-way interaction between doctors and patients and between health professionals require mastering basic skills in communicating with people, such as explorations on the unspoken concern. In a culturally hierarchical context of Indonesia, this two-way interaction is quite a challenge. To generalize our studies to other culture, more studies with rigorous methods should follow. To promote the use of basic skills in communicating with patients to approach the desired partnership communication style in Southeast Asian context, we need to use local evidences.
Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy and Robotic‐Assisted Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Christie Sara
Published: May 2014

With the use of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy and robotics, lung lesions can be diagnosed and resected during one surgical procedure. Global positioning system technology allows surgeons to identify and mark a thoracic tumor, and then robotics technology allows them to perform minimally invasive resection and cancer staging procedures. Nurses on the perioperative robotics team must consider the logistics of providing safe and competent care when performing combined procedures during one surgical encounter. Instrumentation, OR organization and room setup, and patient positioning are important factors to consider to complete the procedure systematically and efficiently. This revolutionary concept of combining navigational bronchoscopy with robotics requires a team of dedicated nurses to facilitate the sequence of events essential for providing optimal patient outcomes in highly advanced surgical procedures.
Using an Age‐Specific Nursing Model to Tailor Care to the Adolescent Surgical Patient
Authors: Monahan Janean Carter
Published: May 2014

A surgical experience can be stressful for any patient. When the patient is an adolescent, however, the surgical experience can create significant stress, which is related to normal adolescent development. Perioperative nursing care should address what adolescent patients perceive as stressful and should provide a safe environment so that a successful surgical outcome can be achieved. To accomplish this, a nursing model specific to perioperative nursing practice should be developed to guide nurses when providing care to adolescents. The Adolescent Perioperative System Stability Model based on the Neuman Systems Model provides a framework for defining scope of practice and organizing nursing care that is appropriate for the adolescent during a surgical experience. In addition to guiding nursing practice, this model provides direction and guidance for future studies of adolescents in the perioperative setting.
Clinical Issues‐June 2014
Authors: Ogg Mary J.
Published: May 2014

This Month

Cell phone use in the OR

Key words: cell phones, smartphones, distraction.

Lidocaine toxicity

Key words: medication toxicity, medication allergy, lidocaine, local anesthetics, adverse reactions.

Transporting supplies from the sterile processing department to the OR

Key words: sterile supplies, sterile processing department, supply transport, contamination, lift, elevator.
Theory of mind understanding and empathic behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Peterson Candida
Published: May 2014

This paper begins with a review of past research on theory of mind and empathy in children with ASD. Using varied operational definitions of empathy ranging from physiological heart rate through story vignettes to reports by privileged observers (e.g., teachers) of children's empathic behavior, results of previous studies are limited and contradictory. Thus new evidence is needed to answer two key questions: Are children with ASD less empathic than typically developing children? Do individual differences in theory of mind (ToM) understanding among children with ASD predict differences in their behavioral empathy? An original empirical study of 76 children aged 3–12 years (37 with ASD; 39 with typical development) addressed these. Results showed that children with ASD were significantly less empathic, according to their teachers, than typically developing children. However, this was not because of their slower ToM development. Findings showed equally clearly that ToM understanding was unrelated to empathy in children with ASD. The same was true for typically developing children once age and verbal maturity were controlled. Indeed, even the subgroup of older children with ASD in the sample who passed false belief tests were significantly less empathic than younger preschoolers who failed them.