bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An atlas of rational genetic engineering strategies for improved xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Vargas Beatriz de Oliveira , dos Santos Jade Ribeiro , Pereira Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães , de Mello Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra
Published: November 2023

Xylose is the second most abundant carbohydrate in nature, mostly present in lignocellulosic material, and representing an appealing feedstock for molecule manufacturing through biotechnological routes. However, Saccharomyces cerevisiae—a microbial cell widely used industrially for ethanol production—is unable to assimilate this sugar. Hence, in a world with raising environmental awareness, the efficient fermentation of pentoses is a crucial bottleneck to producing biofuels from renewable biomass resources. In this context, advances in the genetic mapping of S. cerevisiae have contributed to noteworthy progress in the understanding of xylose metabolism in yeast, as well as the identification of gene targets that enable the development of tailored strains for cellulosic ethanol production. Accordingly, this review focuses on the main strategies employed to understand the network of genes that are directly or indirectly related to this phenotype, and their respective contributions to xylose consumption in S. cerevisiae, especially for ethanol production. Altogether, the information in this work summarizes the most recent and relevant results from scientific investigations that endowed S. cerevisiae with an outstanding capability for commercial ethanol production from xylose.
Co-inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve growth, biochemical and physiological attributes in Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. under water deficit stress
Authors: Gasemi Saeid , Mahdavikia Hassan , Rezaei-Chiyaneh Esmaeil , Banaei-Asl Farzad , Dolatabadian Aria , Sadeghpour Amir
Published: November 2023

Background

Because of swift climate change, drought is a primary environmental factor that substantially diminishes plant productivity. Furthermore, the increased use of chemical fertilizers has given rise to numerous environmental problems and health risks. Presently, there is a transition towards biofertilizers to enhance crops’ yield, encompassing medicinal and aromatic varieties.

Methods

This study aimed to explore the impacts of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), both independently and in conjunction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), on various morphological, physiological, and phytochemical characteristics of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. This experimentation took place under different irrigation conditions. The irrigation schemes encompassed well watering (WW), mild water stress (MWS), and severe water stress (SWS). The study evaluated the effects of various biofertilizers, including AMF, PGPR, and the combined application of both AMF and PGPR (AMF + PGPR), compared to a control group where no biofertilizers were applied.

Results

The findings of the study revealed that under water-stress conditions, the dry yield and relative water content of D. kotschyi Boiss. experienced a decline. However, the application of AMF, PGPR, and AMF + PGPR led to an enhancement in dry yield and relative water content compared to the control group. Among the treatments, the co-application of AMF and PGPR in plants subjected to well watering (WW) exhibited the tallest growth (65 cm), the highest leaf count (187), and the most elevated chlorophyll a (0.59 mg g−1 fw) and b (0.24 mg g−1 fw) content. Regarding essential oil production, the maximum content (1.29%) and yield (0.13 g plant −1) were obtained from mild water stress (MWS) treatment. The co-application of AMF and PGPR resulted in the highest essential oil content and yield (1.31% and 0.15 g plant−1, respectively). The analysis of D. kotschyi Boiss. essential oil identified twenty-six compounds, with major constituents including geranyl acetate (11.4–18.88%), alpha-pinene (9.33–15.08%), Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (8.43-12.8%), neral (6.80–9.32%), geranial (9.23–11.91%), and limonene (5.56–9.12%). Notably, the highest content of geranyl acetate, geranial, limonene, and alpha-pinene was observed in plants subjected to MWS treatment following AMF + PGPR application. Furthermore, the co-application of AMF, PGPR, and severe water stress (SWS) notably increased the total soluble sugar (TSS) and proline content. In conclusion, the results indicate that the combined application of AMF and PGPR can effectively enhance the quantity and quality of essential oil in D. kotschyi Boiss., particularly when the plants are exposed to water deficit stress conditions.
Effect of Foliar Application of Cow Urine on Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Byadgi chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Shaziya K. L. , Bidari B. I. , Hundekar S. T.
Published: November 2023

A field experiment was carried out at farmer’s field of Agadi village) in Dharwad district during kharif seson of 2018 to investigate the “Yield and nutrient uptake by Byadgi chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as influenced by foliar spray of cow urine in a Vertisol”. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design and replicated thrice. Experimental results revealed that, two foliar applications of 15 per cent cow urine each at 60 and 90 DAT recorded highest fruit yield (14.07 q ha-1) which was statistically at par with two foliar application ten per cent cow urine (13.06 q ha-1). Significantly lowest fruit yield was recorded in control with the corresponding value of 9.68 q ha-1. Significantly highest total nutrient uptake was recorded with two foliar application of 15 per cent cow urine each at 60 and 90 days after transplanting.
Knowledge and Habits of Brazilian Dental Students about Electronic Cigarettes
Authors: Menezes Iasmim Lima , Targino Mayra Lucy de Macedo , Silva Beatriz Lopes da , Marinho Sandra Aparecida
Published: November 2023

Aims: To analyze the knowledge level and usage habits of Dental students related to electronic cigarette (EC).
Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was developed in the Dentistry Course at Campus VIII of State University of Paraiba located in Araruna, Brazil, between March and December of 2022.
Methodology: This study included students over 18 years old, who answered a structured questionnaire containing 38 questions about their habits and knowledge about EC. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (Pearson's Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests), considering statistical significance at p<0.05. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee.
Results: 192 Dental students participated of this research, most of them female, white, with family income above three minimum wages, coming from other cities. Most students are not smokers of any type of cigarette, nor passive smoker, they have already tried EC, but do not have it, knowing a student who has it. In addition, most students reported having low (college seniors- 5th to 10th periods) and intermediate/high (freshmen- 1st to 4th periods) knowledge about the electronic device. Students with less knowledge were statistically less prepared (p<0.001) to advise their patients about the EC, and less likely to have already tried it (p<0.001) and wanting to try it (p<0.001). Students were aware that EC is harmful to health, has nicotine and can cause systemic diseases, including oral cancer. However, they were unaware that the device is prohibited from sale and import in Brazil.
Conclusion: Although students affirmed that EC is as harmful as conventional cigarette and it can cause diseases such as cancer, their knowledge about this device is still superficial and scarce. Therefore, more advertising campaigns are needed to prevent the device use among young people and about the damage caused to the health of its users.
Girişimci Liderlik, Öğretmen Girişimciliği ve Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye: Eğitim Örgütlerinde Bir Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli Sınaması
Authors: AKKAYA Rıza , ÇETİN Münevver
Published: November 2023

Girişimci liderlik, öğretmen girişimciliği ve pozitif psikolojik sermaye kavramlarını içeren bu araştırmada, öğretmen algılarına dayalı olarak girişimci okul liderliği ile öğretmen girişimciliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, öğretmenlerin algılanan pozitif psikolojik sermayelerinin bu ilişkide aracılık rolü olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında İstanbul ili Pendik ilçesindeki resmi okullarda görev yapan 1200 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Yapısal eşitlik modeli ve aracılık testlerinin kullanıldığı bu nicel araştırmanın verileri, Girişimci Liderlik Ölçeği, Girişimci Öğretmen Davranışları Ölçeği ve Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye Ölçeği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar okul liderlerinin yönetim süreçlerinde ortalamanın üzerinde girişimci liderlik davranışları sergilediklerini, okul liderlerinin sergiledikleri bu girişimci davranışlarının öğretmen girişimciliğini ve öğretmenlerin pozitif psikolojik sermaye algılarını pozitif yönde anlamlı şekilde yordadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca girişimci liderlik ile öğretmen girişimciliği arasındaki ilişkide öğretmenlerin pozitif psikolojik sermaye algılarının aracı role sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda oluşturulan model öğretmen girişimciliğindeki değişimin yaklaşık %55’ini açıklamaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilen kanıtlar doğrultusunda yeni bir liderlik anlayışı olarak değerlendirilen girişimci liderlik ile öğretmen girişimciliği ve pozitif psikolojik sermaye konularında okul liderleri ve öğretmenlere yönelik farkındalık ve geliştirme eğitimlerinin düzenlenmesi, girişimci liderlik ile farklı değişkenlerin (örgütsel sinerji, örgütsel sinizm vb.) ve aracıların (iş doyumu, kontrol odağı, vb.) ele alındığı çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.
3D Printing
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: November 2023

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a process of fabricating objects using computer‐aided design software and hardware that responds to instructions from the software. This entry provides an overview of 3D printing technologies, including their current and proposed uses. Some of the social, cultural, political, and ethical issues concerning 3D printing are identified, and directions for future sociological research on these technologies are outlined.
Zero‐Dimensional Tin Halide Perovskite with Long Charge Carrier Lifetime and Anisotropic Photoconductivity for Selective Deep‐UV Photodetection
Authors: Ajayakumar Avija , Muthu Chinnadurai , Basavarajappa Manasa G. , Dev Amarjith V. , Nishikubo Ryosuke , Chakraborty Sudip , Saeki Akinori , Dou Letian , Vijayakumar Chakkooth
Published: November 2023

The rapid evolution of research on efficient and cost‐effective materials for UV photodetection is driven by their applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, security systems, and scientific research. In this study, a novel zero‐dimensional tin (IV) halide perovskite, (AEHB)2SnBr6, is synthesized for UV‐photodetector application. The material shows anisotropic photoconductivity with conductivity values of 8.4 × 10−5 and 4.0 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the long crystal axis, respectively. Its film state demonstrated photoconductivity approximately three times higher than that of its crystalline state. The material has a substantial charge carrier lifetime of 37 µs in the crystalline form and 57 µs in the film state, which can be attributed to its quantum‐well‐like structure and type‐IIb band alignment at the organic–inorganic heterojunction, as evident from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and density functional theory calculations. A UV photodetector is fabricated with this material, demonstrating impressive device parameters, such as a high responsivity of 9.96 A W−1, a specific detectivity of 6.8 × 1011 Jones, and an external quantum efficiency of 49%. The device also showed a consistent photocurrent, fast photoresponse, and long‐term stability, making it a promising material for practical applications.
Dispersant‐Free Colloidal and Interfacial Engineering of Si‐Nanocarbon Hybrid Anode Materials for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Do Geun , Cho Joon Young , Kim Jung Hoon , Ryoo Gyeongbeom , Yoon Jihee , Jo Ajeong , Lee Min Ho , Park Jong Hwan , Yoo Jung‐Keun , Lee Dong Yun , Choi Jeong‐Hee , Han Joong Tark
Published: November 2023

Highly conducting nanomaterials have garnered significant attention owing to their potential application in Li‐ion batteries for stable electrodes. However, concerns persist regarding their dispersion and effective hybridization with active materials. This study reports a novel approach to enhance Si‐based anode materials using less defective graphene oxide (C‐GO) and highly oxidized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (C‐SWCNTs) fabricated using chlorate‐based oxidation. The method involves encapsulating Si alloy (SiA) particles with C‐GO and C‐SWCNTs, eliminating the need for additional additives. Composite structures with lithiophilic N‐doped SWCNTs and highly crystalline reduced C‐GO coatings on SiA surfaces are created through spray drying and subsequent chemical reduction. This unique combination yields high capacities, stable retention behaviors, and remarkable initial capacities (1224 mAh g−1) with excellent retention rates (82.3% at 100 cycles, 0.1 C). A LIB full‐cell with a SiA/nanocarbon anode exhibited a high energy density of 350 Wh kg−1, while maintaining 65% capacity retention after 200 cycles. The findings demonstrate the potential of this hybrid approach, which eliminates the need for other conducting additives while maintaining a minimal binder content (5 wt.%). This study presents a promising approach for enhancing Si‐based anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries, addressing the dispersion and hybridization challenges in nanomaterial‐enabled electrode design.
Programming Anisotropic Functionality of 3D Microdenticles by Staggered‐Overlapped and Multilayered Microarchitectures
Authors: Park Jeong Eun , Je Hyeongmin , Kim Chae Ryean , Park Sudong , Yu Yeonuk , Cho Woongbi , Won Sukyoung , Kang Dong Jun , Han Tae Hee , Kwak Rhokyun , Lee Seung Goo , Kim Sanha , Wie Jeong Jae
Published: November 2023

Natural sharkskin features staggered‐overlapped and multilayered architectures of riblet‐textured anisotropic microdenticles, exhibiting drag reduction and providing a flexible yet strong armor. However, the artificial fabrication of three‐dimensional (3D) sharkskin with these unique functionalities and mechanical integrity is a challenge using conventional techniques. In this study, it is reported on the facile microfabrication of multilayered 3D sharkskin through the magnetic actuation of polymeric composites and subsequent chemical shape fixation by casting thin polymeric films. The fabricated hydrophobic sharkskin, with geometric symmetry breaking, achieves anisotropic drag reduction in frontal and backward flow directions against the riblet‐textured microdenticles. For mechanical integrity, hard‐on‐soft multilayered mechanical properties are realized by coating the polymeric sharkskin with thin layers of zinc oxide and platinum, which have higher hardness and recovery behaviors than the polymer. This multilayered hard‐on‐soft sharkskin exhibits friction anisotropy, mechanical robustness, and structural recovery. Furthermore, coating the MXene nanosheets provides the fabricated sharkskin with a low electrical resistance of ≈5.3 Ω, which leads to high Joule heating (≈229.9 °C at 2.75 V). The proposed magnetomechanical actuation‐assisted microfabrication strategy is expected to facilitate the development of devices requiring multifunctional microtextures.
In Situ Surface Reconstruction toward Planar Heterojunction for Efficient and Stable FAPbI3 Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Li Maoxin , Bao Yaqi , Hui Wei , Sun Kun , Gu Lei , Kang Xinxin , Wang Dourong , Wang Baohua , Deng Haoran , Guo Renjun , Li Zerui , Jiang Xiongzhuo , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Song Lin , Huang Wei
Published: November 2023

Pure‐phase α‐FAPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) are the focus of an increasing interest in photovoltaics due to their superior ambient stability, large absorption coefficient, and long charge‐carrier lifetime. However, the trap states induced by the ligand‐exchange process limit the photovoltaic performances. Here, a simple post treatment using methylamine thiocyanate is developed to reconstruct the FAPbI3‐QD film surface, in which a MAPbI3 capping layer with a thickness of 6.2 nm is formed on the film top. This planar perovskite heterojunction leads to a reduced density of trap‐states, a decreased band gap, and a facilitated charge carrier transport. As a result, a record high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.23% with negligible hysteresis is achieved for the FAPbI3 QD solar cell, and it retains over 90% of the initial PCE after being stored in ambient environment for 1000 h.
Mechanistic Analysis and Control of Electro‐Fabrication with Soft Matter: Polysaccharide Self‐Assembly with Electrochemically Produced Metal Ions
Authors: Jind Binny , Jiménez‐Moreno Martín F. , Chauhan Gaurav , Aguirre‐Soto Alan , Payne Gregory F. , Martínez‐Chapa Sergio O.
Published: November 2023

Electro‐fabrication is an emerging additive manufacturing approach that includes a variety of mechanisms and crosslinking chemistries to induce the self‐assembly‐ of soft matter. Within electro‐fabrication techniques, anodic electro‐fabrication is of great interest, because it can use the electrode as a sacrificial source of metal ions for the controlled formation of chelated hydrogels. However, it remains challenging to understand how the various solution conditions (e.g., buffer capacity, ligands) and imposed voltages must be controlled to achieve the chelation and sol‐gel transition. Herein, a comprehensive thermodynamics‐based framework is built to guide the selection of conditions for the self ‐assembly of polysaccharide hydrogels by crosslinking with transition metal ions generated via corrosion. This methodology is demonstrated through real‐time spectro‐electrochemical monitoring and employed for the electro‐fabrication of chitosan hydrogels chelated with Au3+, Ag+, Cu2+, and Pd2+, and alginate hydrogels chelated with Cu2+. The presented guidelines are intended to extend the capabilities of the controlled fabrication of assemblies crosslinked with metal ions, opening new horizons for unprecedented materials design with precisely tailored structures and functions.
MXene Functionalized Wood Composite Films for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Pressure Sensing
Authors: Zhu Xiuying , Li Mengjie , Zhang Xiong‐Fei , Liu Jun , Yao Jianfeng
Published: November 2023

Designing ultra‐light, green, and flexible films for efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is crucial yet challenging. Herein, laminated Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets are prepared and impregnated into a delignified wood matrix to fabricate composite films. Through a facile drop‐casting and densification strategy, highly aligned cellulose fibers are used for regulating the stacking behavior of MXenes, and the MXenes are encapsulated and attached tightly to the cellulose chains through hydrogen bonds. A high MXene loading up to 32.5 wt.% can be realized, and the resultant MXene/wood film exhibits a tensile strength of 260.7 MPa. The EMI shielding effectiveness is calculated to be 55.5 dB (X‐band, 8.2–12.4 GHz), with a normalized surface‐specific shielding effectiveness of 2673.4 B cm2 g−1. Moreover, the superior electrical conductivity and structural robustness of the composite film give it pressure‐sensing properties and show high sensitivity for monitoring diverse human physiological movements.
Tunable Light Response Modulated by the Organic Interface Charge Transfer Effect
Authors: Xue Di , Wang Qi , Xie Miao , Gong Weijie , Zhang Yingying , Yin Yao , Wei Yujia , Lu Jie , Zhang Jidong , Duhm Steffen , Wang Zi , Chi Lifeng , Huang Lizhen
Published: November 2023

The combination of a donor (D) and an acceptor (A) is viewed as a promising approach to achieve high performance phototransistors, owing to their advantages in exciton dissociation and charge trapping. The electronic properties at the D‐A interface can vary substantially with the choice of materials, and how to precisely control the interface properties to achieve a controllable light response behavior is still an open question. Herein, a series of D‐A heterostructure is reported with varying electronic structures of the acceptor and demonstrate the ability to tune the performance and photocurrent decay behaviors. Two distinct types of charge transfer phenomena, ground state, and excited state charge transfer, are identified originating from the specific different energy level alignment and lead to the improved photoresponsivity up to 104 AW−1 and the significantly varied photosensitivity ranging from 102 to approaching 107. Furthermore, the distinct charge transfer scenarios elicit diverse temporal responses, encompassing both short‐term synaptic behavior as well as persistent memory characteristics. These findings shed light on the importance of understanding and controlling charge transfer property for phototransistor performance and applications. The ability to modulate the temporal responses opens up new possibilities for designing devices with desired memory and synaptic functionalities.
Instantaneous Viral Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and Beyond using Electromagnetic Sensing
Authors: Al Sayed Ali Rayan , Shafi Nader , Asadallah Fatima , Njeim Rachel , Al Kalamouni Habib , Zaraket Hassan , Kanj Rouwaida , Eid Assaad , Costantine Joseph , Tawk Youssef
Published: November 2023

This study proposes a highly sensitive portable device that utilizes electromagnetic waves and data analytics for instantaneous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) detection. The device consists of a Radio Frequency (RF) circuit that interprets reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves to identify virus signatures in physiologically significant matrices, including human saliva and diluted nasopharyngeal swabs. The sensor's accuracy is validated in both pre‐clinical and clinical settings, where clinical measurements demonstrate an instantaneous detection accuracy of 94%, sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97.5% between the sensor's physical parameters and SARS‐CoV‐2 detection. The sensor's accurate real‐time response is due to its unique design and precise modeling techniques. In addition, the same sensing system is tested across different viruses and its ability to differentiate between influenza A, respiratory syncytial, and SARS‐CoV‐2 viruses is proven. Hence this work presents a holistic system that can predict the viral concentration of SARS‐CoV‐2, as well as differentiate between different viruses instantaneously and without adding any amplifying agent.
Preclinical Efficacy And Safety Evaluation of AAV‐OTOF in DFNB9 Mouse Model And Nonhuman Primate
Authors: Qi Jieyu , Zhang Liyan , Tan Fangzhi , Zhang Yang , Zhou Yinyi , Zhang Ziyu , Wang Hongyang , Yu Chaorong , Jiang Lulu , Liu Jiancheng , Chen Tian , Wu Lianqiu , Zhang Shanzhong , Sun Sijie , Sun Shan , Lu Ling , Wang Qiuju , Chai Renjie
Published: November 2023

OTOF mutations are the principal causes of auditory neuropathy. There are reports on Otof‐related gene therapy in mice, but there is no preclinical research on the drug evaluations. Here, Anc80L65 and the mouse hair cell‐specific Myo15 promoter (mMyo15) are used to selectively and effectively deliver human OTOF to hair cells in mice and nonhuman primates to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OTOF gene therapy drugs. A new dual‐AAV‐OTOF‐hybrid strategy to transfer full‐length OTOF is generated, which can stably restore hearing in adult OTOFp.Q939*/Q939* mice with profound deafness, with the longest duration being at least 150 days, and the best therapeutic effect without difference in hearing from wild‐type mice. An AAV microinjection method into the cochlea of cynomolgus monkeys without hearing impairment is further established and found the OTOF can be safely and effectively driven by the mMyo15 promoter in hair cells. In addition, the therapeutic dose of AAV drugs has no impact on normal hearing and does not cause significant systemic toxicity both in mouse and nonhuman primates. In summary, this study develops a potential gene therapy strategy for DFNB9 patients in the clinic and provides complete, standardized, and systematic research data for clinical research and application.
Computational Screening of Oxide Perovskites as Insertion‐Type Cathode Material
Authors: Döhn Johannes , Groß Axel
Published: November 2023

The electrification of the transportation sector exacerbates all issues concerning the use of critical materials in state‐of‐the‐art batteries and, therefore, urges the development of new technologies based on potentially greener and more abundant materials. One research trend is the substitution of Li as shuttle ion with other elements such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Al, that is, the so‐called post‐Li technology. Although significant progress has been achieved in this field recently, these novel battery chemistries are mostly not matured yet. In the present work, the development of new battery materials by screening the materials’ class of oxide perovskites as high‐energy insertion‐type cathode material is addressed. Based on density functional theory calculations, the specific energy, the energy density, the volume change, and the energy above hull are derived for 280 compounds and appropriate screening criteria are employed. In a second step, the diffusion barriers are determined for the most suitable materials. Eventually, , ZnVO3, and are suggested as candidate materials for post‐Li batteries for further investigation with appearing particularly promising.
Photocatalytic Fibers for Environmental Purification: Challenges and Opportunities in the Post‐Pandemic Era
Authors: Wu Jhen-Yang , Chen Yi-An , Chien Yu-An , Kurioka Tomoyuki , Sone Masato , Chen Chun-Yi , Chang Tso-Fu Mark , Hsu Yung-Jung
Published: November 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic has underscored the paramount importance of maintaining clean and safe environments. Strengthening environmental purification measures is pivotal for better preparedness and resilience against future health crises. Photocatalytic fibers, due to their versatility and adaptability to various application scenarios, play a pivotal role in the field of environmental purification. In this perspective, light is shed on the pivotal advancements in employing photocatalytic fibers to tackle environmental issues encompassing dye degradation, antibiotics decomposition, heavy metal removal, indoor air purification, and microbial disinfection. These applications hold significant promise in promoting cleaner and healthier environments while aligning with sustainability objectives. However, the implementation of photocatalytic fibers in practical scenarios is not without its challenges. Issues, such as near infrared responsiveness, all‐day active capacity, reusability, and scalability, must be addressed to ensure their reliability and long‐term effectiveness. Potential solutions for surmounting these challenges are also delved, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers and stakeholders. Exploring new avenues and innovative approaches may pave the way for the widespread deployment of photocatalytic fibers in environmental purification, especially in the post‐pandemic era where the need for clean and safe environments is more evident than ever.
Effective adsorptive removal of trace CO2 from olefin using alkanolamine‐polyethylenimine‐functionalized fumed silica
Authors: Huang Jiajin , Yu Liang , Fan Qichen , Yao Jinze , Huang Yongsheng , Luo Haoyuan , Liu Baoyu , Wang Hao , Xia Qibin
Published: November 2023

The purification of gaseous olefins, such as C2H4 and C3H6, requires the efficient removal of trace CO2 impurities. However, the development of ideal adsorbents with high CO2/olefin selectivity has remained a challenge. In this study, we synthesized a novel adsorbent, denoted as PEI/DEA@FS, by modifying fumed silica (FS) with a combination of polyethylenimine (PEI) and diethanolamine (DEA). At 298 K and 0.0004 bar, PEI/DEA@FS presented the highest CO2 adsorption capacity among previously studied adsorbents, with a value of 2.12 mmol/g. Notably, PEI/DEA@FS demonstrated very high ideal adsorption solution theory selectivity for CO2/C2H4 (>1010) and CO2/C3H6 (>107) at 298 K and 0.01 bar. Breakthrough experiments revealed its excellent separation performance, producing olefins (C2H4 and C3H6) with ultra‐high purity (>99.9%) from a CO2/olefin (1/99) mixture. Moreover, PEI/DEA@FS exhibited outstanding stability over 20 adsorption and desorption cycles, and its CO2 adsorption performance remained almost unchanged under 75% relative humidity in the feed stream.
Sustained response off‐treatment in eltrombopag‐treated adult patients with ITP who are refractory or relapsed after first‐line steroids: Primary, final, and ad‐hoc analyses of the Phase II TAPER trial
Authors: Cooper Nichola , Ghanima Waleed , Vianelli Nicola , Valcárcel David , Yavaşoğlu İrfan , Melikyan Anait , Ruiz Eduardo Yañez , Haenig Jens , Somenzi Olivier , Lee James , Clark Joan , Zhang Yifan , Zaja Francesco
Published: November 2023

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by reduced platelet count due to increased destruction and is categorized according to the time following diagnosis (newly diagnosed, persistent, chronic). First‐line corticosteroid therapy is associated with transient response, high relapse rates, and considerable toxicity. TAPER (NCT03524612) is a Phase II, prospective, single‐arm trial investigating whether eltrombopag can induce a sustained response off‐treatment (SRoT) in adult patients with ITP after first‐line corticosteroid failure. This study defines SRoT as an off‐treatment period wherein platelet count remains above 30 × 109/L in the absence of bleeding or rescue therapy. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who achieved SRoT until Month 12, which was 30.5% (n = 32/105; p < .0001 testing hypothesis H1: proportion >15%) following eltrombopag tapering and discontinuation, and median SRoT duration was ~8 months until Month 12. Median platelet count increased within 1 month of treatment and remained elevated until Month 12. Quality of life improved within 3 months and was maintained. Headache (21%) was the most common adverse event. None of the 4 deaths reported were considered treatment‐related. In summary, ~one‐third of patients achieved SRoT until Month 12 following eltrombopag tapering and discontinuation. An ad‐hoc early‐use analysis, stratified by ITP duration at baseline, assessed initial hematologic responses and safety. Results suggest that eltrombopag has similar efficacy in newly diagnosed and later stages of ITP. In follow‐up until Month 24, a median SRoT duration of ~22 months was observed (n = 20). The safety profile was comparable across analyses and ITP duration groups and aligned with its well‐established safety profile.
An Exclusive Comparison of Selected, Current International Arbitration Rules
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: November 2023

On Page 167 inside, Alternatives presents a special full‐issue feature comparison of the current rules from five major administrative bodies in the international arbitration field. When using the rules, best practice is to check the latest versions for the exact current wording in the comparison categories, available at the organizations' websites listed at the top of the chart.
Emergency department activities at the Athletes' Village during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Kuroki Norihiro , Yagishita Kazuyoshi , Shimizu Keiki , Okuaki Sachiko , Doi Yuuri , Arakawa Yuki , Nakano Tomotsugu , Akama Takao
Published: November 2023

Aim

More than 15,000 elite athletes participated in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Providing adequate medical services to these elite athletes was a priority. Hence, a polyclinic was established in the Athletes' Village. Visitors were triaged at the emergency department of the polyclinic to enable early treatment of critical illnesses or injuries in the emergency room (ER) and to identify patients suspected of having coronavirus disease as early as possible. No reports of emergency department activities at large sporting events in the pandemic era are available. Here, we aim to summarize the activities at the emergency department of the polyclinic.

Methods

Data were collected using an electronic medical record system, nursing records, and questionnaires administered during triage from July 13 to September 8, 2021. Polyclinic data involving accredited athletes and team members were summarized.

Results

During the Olympic Games, 12,318 triage cases were reported, of which 75 were treated in the ER. During the Paralympic Games, 8398 triage cases were reported, of which 94 were treated in the ER. During the Olympic Games, musculoskeletal issues (26 patients) were the most common. During the Paralympic Games, ear, nose, and throat issues were the most common (21 patients). Two patients experienced cardiopulmonary arrest in the Athletes' Village and were transported to the hospital postresuscitation.

Conclusion

During the study period, many critically ill patients were triaged and treated at the emergency department. Our data can be used to improve medical care and infection prevention at future international sporting events.
Finite‐Frequency Noise and Dynamical Charge Susceptibility in Single and Double Quantum Dot Systems
Authors: Richard Samuel , Lavagna Mireille , Crépieux Adeline
Published: November 2023

This study reports on finite‐frequency noise and dynamical charge susceptibility in out‐of‐equilibrium quantum dot systems. Both single and double quantum dots connected to one or two reservoirs of electrons are considered, and these quantities are calculated by using the non‐equilibrium Green function technique. The results are discussed in the light of experimental results, particularly in the low‐frequency limit for which an interpretation in terms of an equivalent RC‐circuit is made. Anti‐symmetrized noise is also studied, defined as the difference between absorption and emission noises, and its relationship with the dynamical charge susceptibility in single quantum dots is established. In double quantum dots, the similarities between the dynamical charge susceptibility, the absorption noise, and the dot occupancy, are highlighted by comparing their respective variations with the bias voltage applied between the two reservoirs, and the detuning energy defined as the difference between the lowest level energies in the two dots.
Photonic Spin Hall Effect as a Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing Platform for Glucose
Authors: Dong Peng , Xiang Yinjie , Cheng Jie
Published: November 2023

This study presents an innovative refractive index (RI) sensor that measures glucose concentration by utilizing the photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) in a resonant optical tunneling effect (ROTE) structure. The ROTE structure consists of three InP layers with the high RI and two analyte layers (with a high‐low‐high‐low‐high RI distribution), in which glucose solution samples with the low RI are injected. By subjecting the InP layers to external bias‐assisted light, the photonic SHE can be flexibly manipulated, enabling the modulation of the sensing performance accordingly. It is found that the transverse shift of photonic SHE presents a large variation in response to the tiny change in glucose concentrations. By optimizing the parameters (i.e., intensity or wavelength) of bias light, the sensitivity of this sensor can reach as high as 735.7 µm RIU−1. Compared to traditional glucose sensors, this original work implements the novel photonic SHE with the superior sensing performance. Therefore, the proposed design shows promising potential for biomedical applications, such as medical diagnoses and drug discovery.
Effect of infrared roasting of perilla seeds on the content of bioactive components and antioxidant capacity in oil
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Xu Yu , Chen Chuying , Song Zhihua , Chang Ming , Wang Xingguo , Wang Xiaosan
Published: November 2023

The effects of different infrared roasting temperatures (120, 140, and 160°C) and time (0, 10, 15, and 20 min) on the oxidative stability and content of active components in perilla oil were investigated. Fatty acid is one of the active components in perilla oil. The findings demonstrated that infrared baking had little impact on the fatty acids in perilla seed oil. The oxidative stability of perilla oil increased with the rising temperature of the infrared heating process. Phenolic substances were used as main antioxidants of polar extracts from perilla seed oil. Oxidative stability of perilla seed oil was highest after 20 min of exposure to 140°C. Furthermore, the amount of phenolic compounds and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of perilla seed oil treated at 140°C for 20 min were significantly higher compared to other infrared treatments, while the amount of total tocopherol was significantly lower. These results indicated that the quality and characteristics of perilla seed oil could be effectively improved by pressing perilla seed after infrared pretreatment.
Housing demolition and labour force participation: A gender difference perspective
Authors: Hu Mingzhi , Zhang Yating
Published: November 2023

Existing research suggests that housing demolition negatively affects labour supply through the wealth effect of the demolition compensation. However, there is limited research on the gender differences in the impact of housing demolition on labour force participation. This study investigates the effects of housing demolition on labour force participation, with a specific focus on the gender difference. Using data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study reveals a significant decline in labour force participation resulting from housing demolition, primarily driven by females. Moreover, housing demolition exerts a stronger effect on the labour force participation of married women, who tend to take on more responsibilities for household chores, while its impact on married men is less evident. These findings offer valuable insights into the issue of labour shortage and underscore the importance of reducing the traditional gender‐based division of household labour.
Topohistology of the cranial nerves IX–XII at the cranial base and upper parapharyngeal space: A histological study using human fetuses
Authors: Cho Kwang Ho , Honkura Yohei , Kim Ji Hyun , Hayashi Shogo , Kitamura Kei , Murakami Gen , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco
Published: November 2023

The topographical relationships among the lower cranial nerves, internal carotid artery (ICA), and internal jugular vein (IJV) in the upper parapharyngeal neurovascular bundle remain obscure. Thus, details of the anatomy were examined in human fetus histology. We observed the horizontal histological sections from 20 midterm (9–18 weeks) and 12 near‐term (28–40 weeks) fetuses. At the external skull base, the glossopharyngeal nerve crosses the anterior aspect of the IJV to reach the medially located Hyrtl's fissure in the petrous temporal bone. The nerve crossed the anterior aspect of the ICA medially near or below the first cervical nerve root. Below the hypoglossal nerve canal, the accessory nerve crosses the anterior or posterior aspects of the IJV and moves laterally. During the half‐spiral course, the hypoglossal nerve was tightly attached to the posterolateral–anterior aspects of the vagus nerve and surrounded by a common nerve sheath. The glossopharyngeal ganglia sometimes extended inferiorly to the level of the hypoglossal nerve canal but were absent along the inferior course. The inferior vagal ganglion rarely extends above the occipital condyle. The superior cervical sympathetic ganglion occasionally extends above the first cervical nerve root. The IJV (or ICA) descends to the lateral (or medial) margins of the parapharyngeal neurovascular bundle. The glossopharyngeal (or accessory) nerve crosses the ICA (or IJV) to exit the bundle at the base of the skull (or below the hypoglossal nerve canal). The glossopharyngeal and vagus inferior ganglia differ at each site.
The Reduction of Metallabenzenes: Different Scenarios Highly Dependent on the Central Group 14 Elements, Si vs. Ge
Authors: Tsuji Shingo , Tokitoh Norihiro , Yamada Hiroko , Mizuhata Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2023

In order to synthesize a silabenzenyl anion, in which the anionic carbon atom of a phenyl anion was replaced with a silicon atom, the reductive dearylation reaction of 1‐Tbt‐2‐tert‐butyl‐silabenzene (Tbt=2,4,6‐tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) with KC8 was attempted. Unexpectedly, this reaction resulted in the formation of a dianion species without the elimination of the Tbt group. This is totally different from the reactions of Tbt‐substituted germa‐ or stannabenzene with KC8, which resulted in the formation of the corresponding heavy analogues of phenyl anion, together with the elimination of Tbt group. Experimental and theoretical investigation revealed that one of the protons of the o‐benzyl positions of the Tbt group was abstracted by the negatively charged silicon atom of an in‐situ generated intermediate. Compared with the previously reported germanium system, the contrasting results indicate that the central heavy group 14 element has a great influence on the elimination step of the Tbt group.
Face‐to‐face live eye‐tracking in toddlers with autism: Feasibility and impact of familiarity and face covering
Authors: Vernetti Angelina , Butler Maureen , Banarjee Chitra , Boxberger Alexandra , All Katherine , Macari Suzanne , Chawarska Katarzyna
Published: November 2023

Studies utilizing eye‐tracking methods have potential to promptly capture real‐world dynamics of one of the core areas of vulnerability in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), selective social attention. So far, no studies have successfully reported utilizing the method to examine social attention in toddlers with neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities in real world and challenging settings such as an interactive face‐to‐face. This study examined the feasibility and validity of live eye‐tracking method in response to live interaction occurring in several contexts in toddlers with and without ASD. Forty‐seven toddlers with ASD, with atypical development (ATYP), or typically developing (TD), underwent a 30‐s live eye‐tracking procedure during a face‐to‐face interaction with a masked stranger using child‐directed‐speech (16 ASD, 14 ATYP, 17 TD; Mage = 23.44 months, SD = 6.02). Out of this group of toddlers, 29 (10 ASD, 8 ATYP, 11 TD, Mage = 21.97 months, SD = 5.76) underwent the same procedure with one of their maskless parent. Task completion rate, calibration accuracy, and affective response (feasibility measures) as well as attention to the task and the social partner (validity measures) were examined. Task completion rate and calibration accuracy were excellent. Despite the challenging context of face‐to‐face interaction, the toddlers exhibited a neutral affect, and high attention to the task and the speaker. As anticipated, toddlers with ASD looked less at the social partner compared with control groups. However, attention was comparable between the Stranger and Parent conditions, indicating that the effect was consistent regardless of presence of face covering or the familiarity of the interactive partner. The study demonstrates the high feasibility and validity of a live eye‐tracking task involving face‐to‐face interaction in neurodiverse toddlers with social vulnerabilities. The effect of diminished attention to social partners in toddlers with autism is robust and present when interacting with an unfamiliar person and parent. The results suggest that a brief live eye‐tracking method constitutes a promising ecologically valid candidate biomarker and potential intervention outcome in autism.
Research progress in the application of proteomics technology in brain injury
Authors: Liu Wenhu , Wen Zhaomeng , Shi Yuwei , Bao Juan , Ma Shaobo , Liang Jin
Published: November 2023

The aim of this article is to review the application progress of proteomics technology in brain injury research in recent years, point out the current problems that need to be overcome, and explore the application prospects of proteomics analysis in brain injury. This study also aims to retrieve all literature on brain injury and proteomics and summarize it. Through searching and screening, the widespread application of proteomics technology in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the use of a large number of TBI biomarkers were discovered. The pathways mediated by some biomarkers and the physiological and pathological mechanisms of occurrence were elucidated. The current classification of brain injury is mainly based on subjective evaluation of clinical symptoms, combined with objective imaging. However, its practical value is often limited when applied to prognosis evaluation in brain injury. Proteomics technology can make up for this deficiency and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of brain injury.
‘Attachment is such a core issue’: Therapist perspectives on attachment injuries in marriages in India
Authors: Oberoi Nikita , Desai Geetha , Satyanarayana Veena A.
Published: November 2023

Background

Marital distress is a risk factor for a panoply of mental and physical health disorders. One of the causes of marital distress that is increasingly gaining relevance is attachment injuries in the marital relationship. Emerging from the confluence of adult attachment theory and emotionally focussed couples therapy, attachment injuries refer to tears in the relationship bond caused by abandonment or betrayal in the marriage, especially at times of critical need when attachment needs are salient.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate how therapists in India conceptualise and assess attachment injuries in marital relationships.

Method

A qualitative design was used, whereby in‐depth interviews were conducted with 13 therapists and the transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The analysis resulted in two overarching themes. The first was ‘Attachment Injuries are a Common Phenomenon in Couples undergoing Marital Distress’, which included themes related to markers of attachment injuries, injurious events, the gendered nature of attachment injury experiences and the impact of attachment injuries. The second overarching theme was ‘Therapists Utilize Diverse Methods for the Crucial Process of Identification of Attachment Injuries’, which included themes related to the methods used for assessment, the significance of attachment lens, the role of early experiences and the utility of identifying attachment injuries.

Conclusion

The results highlighted how attachment injuries, originating from various injurious events, are often a component of marital distress in couples accessing therapy. The findings also pointed towards the need for therapists to develop competency in assessing and addressing attachment injuries, irrespective of their primary therapy orientation.