bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real‐world safety evaluation of topical corticosteroid use: A community pharmacy‐based, prospective, observational study
Authors: Ah Young‐Mi , Hwang Sunghee , Jun Kwanghee , Choi Soo An , Yu Yun Mi , Kim EunYoung , Kim Do Young , Shin Wan Gyoon , Lee Ju‐Yeun
Published: April 2019

Considering the concerns about topical corticosteroid (TC) phobia that prevents necessary use of patients from using the necessary TCs, estimating the incidence and characteristics of adverse drug events (ADEs) related to TCs in the real world is warranted. However, limited study investigated them. This prospective observational study aimed to assess the utility patterns and safety data related to TC use and predisposing factors among community‐dwelling population. We included and prospectively observed the TC users through nationwide multi‐centre observational cohort based on community pharmacies and dermatologic clinic. Among the enrolled 1175 over‐the‐counter and prescription TC users, a total of 1103 participants were included for the analysis. Inappropriate TC use was observed in 6.3%. The cumulative incidence and prevalence of overall ADE for 6 months were 3.5% and 7.2%, respectively, and the incidence rate was 0.3 cases per 1000 person‐days of TC use. Most ADEs were local reactions, mainly skin atrophy and hyperpigmentation. Exposure to TCs for >12 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.23‐8.63) and past experience of ADE (aOR 36.70, 95% CI 16.74‐80.44) were identified as significant predictors of TC‐related ADEs. The ADE incidence related to TCs was relatively low, and the real‐world safety of using TCs in the general population might not be greatly concerning. However, some populations who are highly at a risk of ADEs should be closely monitored and made aware regarding the risk.
Double-Wavelet Transform for Multisubject Task-Induced Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data
Authors: Zhou Minchun , Badre David , Kang Hakmook
Published: April 2019

The goal of this article is to model multisubject task-induced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response among predefined regions of interest (ROIs) of the human brain. Conventional approaches to fMRI analysis only take into account temporal correlations, but do not rigorously model the underlying spatial correlation due to the complexity of estimating and inverting the high dimensional spatio-temporal covariance matrix. Other spatio-temporal model approaches estimate the covariance matrix with the assumption of stationary time series, which is not always feasible. To address these limitations, we propose a double-wavelet approach for modeling the spatio-temporal brain process. Working with wavelet coefficients simplifies temporal and spatial covariance structure because under regularity conditions, wavelet coefficients are approximately uncorrelated. Different wavelet functions were used to capture different correlation structures in the spatio-temporal model. The main advantages of the wavelet approach are that it is scalable and that it deals with nonstationarity in brain signals. Simulation studies showed that our method could reduce false-positive and false-negative rates by taking into account spatial and temporal correlations simultaneously. We also applied our method to fMRI data to study activation in prespecified ROIs in the prefontal cortex. Data analysis showed that the result using the double-wavelet approach was more consistent than the conventional approach when sample size decreased.
Occupational Licensing and the Earnings Premium in the United States: Updated Evidence from the Current Population Survey
Authors: Ingram Samuel J.
Published: April 2019

Using survey data from 2015 to 2018, this article analyses the occupational licensing wage premium in the United States. The estimates show a robust 4–6 per cent wage differential for licensed workers. This premium is robust to careful control for location/local labour market effects and occupation effects. The premium is also positive for the majority of individual occupations and groups of occupations estimated. Similar results are found using additional techniques, including a matching estimator and an analysis of border metropolitan statistical areas.
Estimating uncertainties on net erosion from well‐log porosity data
Authors: Licciardi A. , Gallagher K. , Clark S. A.
Published: April 2019

Estimating the amount of erosion experienced by a sedimentary basin during its geological history plays a key role in basin modelling. In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic approach to estimate net erosion from porosity–depth data from a single well. Our approach uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm which readily allows us to deal with imprecise knowledge of the lithology‐dependent compaction parameters in a joint inversion scheme using multiple lithologies. The results using synthetic data highlight the advantages of our approach over conventional techniques for net erosion estimation: (a) uncertainties on compaction parameters can be effectively mapped into a probabilistic solution for net erosion; (b) posterior uncertainties are easy to quantify; (c) the joint inversion scheme can automatically reconcile porosity data from different lithologies. Our results also underscore the critical role of prior assumptions on controlling the retrieved estimates for net erosion. Using real data from a well in the Barents Sea, we simulate three possible scenarios of variable prior assumptions on compaction parameters to demonstrate the general applicability of our approach. Strong prior assumptions on the compaction parameters led to unrealistic estimates of net erosion for the target well, indicating the assumptions are probably inappropriate. Our preferred strategy for this dataset is to include additional data to constrain the normal compaction trend of the sediments. This provides a net erosion estimate for the target well of about 2300 m with a standard deviation of 140 m which is in line with previous studies. Finally, we discuss potential guidelines to deal with real applications in which data from normally compacted sediments are not available. One is to use our algorithm as a hypothesis‐testing tool to evaluate the results under a large set of assumed compaction parameters. A second is to infer compaction parameters and net erosion simultaneously from the target well porosity data. Although appealing and successful with synthetic data, this strategy provides results which are strongly dependent on the calibration data and the geological history of the sediments sampled by the target well.
7‐Amino‐2‐aryl/hetero‐aryl‐5‐oxo‐5,8‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐6‐carbonitriles: Synthesis and adenosine receptor binding studies
Authors: Shaik Khasim , Deb Pran Kishore , Mailavaram Raghu Prasad , Chandrasekaran Balakumar , Kachler Sonja , Klotz Karl‐Norbert , Jaber Abdul Muttaleb Yousef
Published: April 2019

A series of novel 7‐amino‐5‐oxo‐2‐substituted‐aryl/hetero‐aryl‐5,8‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐6‐carbonitriles (4a–4t) was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their binding affinity and selectivity towards hA1, hA2A, hA2B and hA3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Compound 4a with a phenyl ring at 2‐position of the triazolo moiety of the scaffold showed high affinity and selectivity for hA1 AR (Ki hA1 = 0.076 μM, hA2A = 25.6 μM and hA3 > 100 μM). Introduction of various electron donating and withdrawing groups at different positions of the phenyl ring resulted in drastic reduction in affinity and selectivity towards all the ARs, except compound 4b with a 4‐hydroxyphenyl group at 2‐position. Interestingly, the replacement of the phenyl ring with a smaller heterocyclic thiophene ring (π excessive system) resulted in further improvement of affinity for hA1 AR of compound 4t (Ki hA1 = 0.051 μM, hA2A = 9.01 μM and hA3 > 13.9 μM) while retaining the significant selectivity against all other AR subtypes similar to compound 4a. The encouraging results for compounds 4a and 4t indicate that substitution at 2‐position of the scaffold with π‐excessive systems other than thiophene may lead to even more potent and selective hA1 AR antagonists.
Sacral nerve modulation for faecal incontinence: influence of age on outcomes and complications. A multicentre study
Authors: Mege D. , Meurette G. , Brochard C. , Damon H. , Lambrescak E. , Faucheron J.‐L. , Wyart V. , Lehur P.‐A. , Sielezneff I. , Siproudhis L. , Mion F. , Etienney I. , Houivet E. , Bridoux V. , Leroi A.‐M.
Published: April 2019

Aim

Faecal incontinence is frequent in the elderly. Little is currently known about the efficacy of sacral nerve modulation (SNM) in the elderly. The present study aimed to assess the impact of age on the outcome of SNM and on the surgical revision and explantation rates by comparing the results of a large data set of patients.

Method

Prospectively collected data from patients who underwent an implant procedure between January 2010 and December 2015 in seven French centres were retrospectively evaluated. In total, 352 patients [321 women; median age (range): 63 (24–86) years] were included. Clinically favourable and unfavourable outcomes, and surgical revision and explantation rates, were compared according to the age of the patients.

Results

A similar outcome was observed when comparing patients < 70 years and ≥ 70 years (a favourable outcome in 79.2% and 76.2%, respectively, P = 0.89). The probability of a successful treatment as a function of time was similar for the two age groups (< 70 years and ≥ 70 years, P = 0.54). The explantation and revision rates were not influenced by age (explantation rate: 17% in patients < 70 years vs 14% in patients ≥ 70 years, P = 0.89; and revision rate: 42% in patients < 70 years vs 40% in patients ≥ 70 years, P = 0.89). The probability of explantation as a function of time was similar for the two age groups (P = 0.82). The limitations of this study were its retrospective status, the rate of loss at follow‐up and different durations of patient follow‐up.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that patients ≥ 70 years suffering from faecal incontinence benefit from SNM with a similar risk as a younger population.
Conservation of vertebrates and plants in Uganda: Identifying Key Biodiversity Areas and other sites of national importance
Authors: Plumptre Andrew J. , Ayebare Sam , Behangana Mathias , Forrest Tom G. , Hatanga Paul , Kabuye Christine , Kirunda Ben , Kityo Robert , Mugabe Hamlet , Namaganda Mary , Nampindo Simon , Nangendo Grace , Nkuutu David N. , Pomeroy Derek , Tushabe Herbert , Prinsloo Sarah
Published: April 2019

Uganda is one of the most species rich countries in Africa because of the presence of several major biomes. However, it is also a country that has lost much of its natural habitat to agriculture. Uganda is a country that has been better surveyed for its biodiversity than many African countries, but despite this, there has not been a comprehensive analysis of the critical sites that contribute to biodiversity conservation at a global, as well as at a national level. We here present such an assessment using mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and plants as surrogate taxa. We identified 36 terrestrial sites that are of sufficient global importance to qualify as Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), using the Global Standard for the Identification of KBAs, which complement an additional nine freshwater sites. National red listing of species and ecosystems was used to identify sites of national importance for conservation. We employ a conservation planning approach using Marxan to identify the minimum set of sites needed to conserve all the globally and nationally threatened species and nationally threatened habitats in Uganda. The findings show that most of the remaining natural habitat in Uganda is important for the conservation of globally and nationally threatened species and threatened habitat. Large areas of irreplaceable habitat occur outside protected areas, although more extensive surveys of these areas would likely reduce the area that is irreplaceable.
Transnational policy migration, interdisciplinary policy transfer and decolonization: Tracing the patterns of research ethics regulation in Taiwan
Authors: 甘 Zhen‐Rong Gan 偵蓉 , 伊瑟利 Mark Israel 馬克·
Published: April 2019

Research ethics regulation in parts of the Global North has sometimes been initiated in the face of biomedical scandal. More recently, developing and recently developed countries have had additional reasons to regulate, doing so to attract international clinical trials and American research funding, publish in international journals, or to respond to broader social changes.

In Taiwan, biomedical research ethics policy based on ‘principlism’ and committee‐based review were imported from the United States. Professionalisation of research ethics displaced other longer‐standing ways of conceiving ethics connected with Taiwanese cultural traditions. Subsequently, the model and its discursive practices were extended to other disciplines. Regulation was also shaped by decolonizing discourses associated with asserting Indigenous peoples’ rights.

Locating research ethics regulation within the language and practices of public policy formation and transfer as well as decolonization, allows analysis to move beyond the self‐referential and attend to the social, economic and political context within which regulation operates.
Similar effectiveness of dapagliflozin and GLP‐1 receptor agonists concerning combined endpoints in routine clinical practice: A multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Fadini Gian Paolo , Sciannameo Veronica , Franzetti Ivano , Bottigliengo Daniele , D'Angelo Paola , Vinci Carmela , Berchialla Paola , Arena Salvatore , Buzzetti Raffaella , Avogaro Angelo ,   for the DARWIN‐T2D network
Published: April 2019

Aims

According to cardiovascular outcome trials, some sodium‐glucose contransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RA) are recommended for secondary cardiovascular prevention in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this real‐world study, we compared the simultaneous reductions in HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure after initiation of dapagliflozin or GLP‐1RA as second or a more advanced line of therapy.

Materials and methods

DARWIN‐T2D was a retrospective multi‐centre study conducted at diabetes specialist clinics in Italy that compared T2D patients who initiated dapagliflozin or GLP‐1RA (exenatide once weekly or liraglutide). Data were collected at baseline and at the first follow‐up visit after 3 to 12 months. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a simultaneous reduction in HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure. To reduce confounding, we used multivariable adjustment (MVA) or propensity score matching (PSM).

Results

Totals of 473 patients initiating dapagliflozin and 336 patients initiating GLP‐1RA were included. The two groups differed in age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, weight and concomitant medications. The median follow‐up was 6 months in both groups. Using MVA or PSM, the primary endpoint was observed in 30% to 32% of patients, with no difference between groups. Simultaneous reduction of HbA1c, BP and SBP by specific threshold, as well as achievement of final goals, did not differ between groups. GLP‐1RA reduced HbA1c by 0.3% more than the reduction achieved with dapagliflozin.

Conclusion

In routine specialist care, initiation of dapagliflozin can be as effective as initiation of a GLP‐1RA for attainment of combined risk factor goals.
Comparing the effects of ipragliflozin versus metformin on visceral fat reduction and metabolic dysfunction in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin: A prospective, multicentre, open‐label, blinded‐endpoint, randomized controlled study (PRIME‐V study)
Authors: Koshizaka Masaya , Ishikawa Ko , Ishibashi Ryoichi , Maezawa Yoshiro , Sakamoto Kenichi , Uchida Daigaku , Nakamura Susumu , Yamaga Masaya , Yokoh Hidetaka , Kobayashi Akina , Onishi Shunichiro , Kobayashi Kazuki , Ogino Jun , Hashimoto Naotake , Tokuyama Hirotake , Shimada Fumio , Ohara Emi , Ishikawa Takahiro , Shoji Mayumi , Ide Shintaro , Ide Kana , Baba Yusuke , Hattori Akiko , Kitamoto Takumi , Horikoshi Takuro , Shimofusa Ryota , Takahashi Sho , Nagashima Kengo , Sato Yasunori , Takemoto Minoru , Newby Laura Kristin , Yokote Koutaro ,   On Behalf of the PRIME‐V Study Group
Published: April 2019

A prospective, multicentre, open‐label, blinded‐endpoint, randomized controlled study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with ipragliflozin (sodium‐dependent glucose transporter‐2 inhibitor) versus metformin for visceral fat reduction and glycaemic control among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin, HbA1c levels of 7%‐10%, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 22 kg/m2. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive ipragliflozin 50 mg or metformin 1000‐1500 mg daily. The primary outcome was change in visceral fat area as measured by computed tomography after 24 weeks of therapy. The secondary outcomes were effects on glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Mean percentage reduction in visceral fat area was significantly greater in the ipragliflozin group than in the metformin group (−12.06% vs. −3.65%, P = 0.040). Ipragliflozin also significantly reduced BMI, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)‐resistance, and increased HDL‐cholesterol levels. Metformin significantly reduced HbA1c and LDL‐cholesterol levels and increased HOMA‐beta. There were no severe adverse events. The use of ipragliflozin or metformin in combination with dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, widely used in Japan, may have beneficial effects in ameliorating multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
Clinical spectrum, evolution, and management of autoimmune cytopenias associated with angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Crickx Etienne , Poullot Elsa , Moulis Guillaume , Goulabchand Radjiv , Fieschi Claire , Galicier Lionel , Meignin Véronique , Coppo Paul , Delarue Richard , Casasnovas Olivier , Roos‐Weil Damien , de Leval Laurence , Parrens Marie , Michel Marc , Dupuis Jehan , Le Bras Fabien , Fataccioli Virginie , Martin‐Garcia Nadine , Godeau Bertrand , Haïoun Corinne , Gaulard Philippe , Mahévas Matthieu
Published: April 2019

Objective

Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL) is frequently associated with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC). Whether such patients have a particular phenotype and require particular management is unclear.

Method

Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma patients from the multicentric database of the Lymphoma Study Association presenting with AIC during disease course were included and matched to AITL patients without AIC (1/5 ratio).

Results

At diagnosis, AIC patients (n = 28) had more spleen and bone marrow involvement (54% vs 19% and 71% vs 34%, P < 0.001), Epstein‐Barr virus replication (89% vs 39%, P < 0.001), gamma globulin titers (median 23 vs 15 g/L, P = 0.002), and proliferating B cells and plasmablasts in biopsies, as compared to control patients (n = 136). The 28 AIC patients had 41 episodes of AIC, diagnosed concomitantly with AITL in 23 (82%) cases. After a median follow‐up of 24 months (range 3‐155), 10 patients relapsed, all associated with AITL relapse.

Conclusion

Our results provide new insight into AIC associated with AITL by highlighting the significant interplay between AITL and B‐cell activation leading to subsequent autoimmunity.
Warming reduces the effects of enrichment on stability and functioning across levels of organisation in an aquatic microbial ecosystem
Authors: Tabi Andrea , Petchey Owen L. , Pennekamp Frank
Published: April 2019

Warming and nutrient enrichment are major environmental factors shaping ecological dynamics. However, cross‐scale investigation of their combined effects by linking theory and experiments is lacking. We collected data from aquatic microbial ecosystems investigating the interactive effects of warming (constant and rising temperatures) and enrichment across levels of organisation and contrasted them with community models based on metabolic theory. We found high agreement between our observations and theoretical predictions: we observed in many cases the predicted antagonistic effects of high temperature and high enrichment across levels of organisation. Temporal stability of total biomass decreased with warming but did not differ across enrichment levels. Constant and rising temperature treatments with identical mean temperature did not show qualitative differences. Overall, we conclude that model and empirical results are in broad agreement due to robustness of the effects of temperature and enrichment, that the mitigating effects of temperature on effects of enrichment may be common, and that models based on metabolic theory provide qualitatively robust predictions of the combined ecological effects of enrichment and temperature.
Stepparents’ Attachment Orientation, Parental Gatekeeping, and Stepparents’ Affinity‐Seeking with Stepchildren
Authors: Ganong Lawrence , Jensen Todd , Sanner Caroline , Chapman Ashton , Coleman Marilyn
Published: April 2019

Remarried stepfamilies are a sizable portion of American families; in a 2011 Pew Center survey, 42% of respondents reported at least one stepfamily member. Family clinicians and researchers suggest that stepparents’ ability to develop close bonds with stepchildren may be critical to the well‐being of couple and family relationships. Using actor‐partner interdependence models to analyze dyadic data from 291 heterosexual remarried stepfamily couples, we explored factors related to stepparents’ efforts to befriend their stepchildren. Specifically, we evaluated how remarried parents’ gatekeeping and stepparents’ perceptions of their attachment orientations were associated with their own and their spouse's perceptions of stepparents’ affinity‐seeking behaviors. Securely attached stepparents and stepparents with anxious attachment orientations engaged more frequently in affinity behaviors than did stepparents with avoidant attachment orientations; there was no difference between securely attached and anxious stepparents. Stepparents’ reports of parents’ restrictive gatekeeping were strongly and negatively associated with both stepparents’ and parents’ reports of stepparent affinity‐seeking (actor and partner effects). Parents’ reports of their own restrictive gatekeeping were also negatively (but more weakly) associated with parents’ reports of stepparent affinity‐seeking. Implications for families, clinicians, and relationship researchers and theorists are discussed.
Outsider Witness Groups as a Means of Professional Growth in Family Therapy Training: An Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Nadan Yochay
Published: April 2019

This exploratory qualitative study examines the experiences and meanings associated with family therapy trainees’ participation in the narrative practice of Outsider Witness Groups (OWG). At the Barcai Institute in Tel Aviv, we incorporate OWGs into our live clinical supervision courses. In some sessions, we offer the families undergoing therapy the opportunity to listen to the reflections of the group of trainees regarding what they witnessed during the session. Twenty‐nine family therapy trainees participated in the study in five focus group interviews. Analysis of the interviews yielded four core themes regarding the trainees’ experiences: (i) Exploring the stance of the therapist; (ii) The art of listening; (iii) Reflection on hierarchy and boundary setting; and (iv) Negotiating self‐disclosure. The findings indicate that family therapy trainees stand to benefit significantly in their professional journey, development, and growth from integrating OWG practices into their training. OWG fosters the development of critical reflectivity in trainees, including the deconstruction of common and taken‐for‐granted assumptions. It also fosters practices related to family therapy, and perhaps also to therapy in general. The findings also suggest that taking part in OWGs during training may contribute to family therapy trainees’ development of critical reflectivity as a means of introducing a more critical and political approach to therapy and developing their own preferred stories as therapists.
A Local Model for Multivariate Analysis: Extending Wartenberg’s Multivariate Spatial Correlation
Authors: Lin Jie
Published: April 2019

Local analysis can provide specific information about individual observations that is often useful in understanding nonstationary interactions among variables. This paper extends the application of Wartenberg’s Multivariate Spatial Correlation (MSC) method to a local setting. The original MSC can be considered as an adaptation of Principal Component Analysis for spatial effects with respect to spatial autocorrelation. The extended MSC method described in this paper, however, further incorporates another spatial effect, spatial heterogeneity, by the addition of geographic weights in standardizing the data and in calculating the spatial association weight matrix. The extension allows more local analysis and facilitates additional visualization of the results. The geographically weighted MSC is illustrated and justified using the classic dataset collected by André‐Michel Guerry on moral statistics in 1830s France.
Excellent and gender equal? Academic motherhood and ‘gender blindness' in Norwegian academia
Authors: Thun Cecilie
Published: April 2019

This article explores Norwegian female academics' experiences with academic motherhood in an organizational perspective. A main finding is that academia as an organization is greedy, uncertain, and has ‘blind spots' that reveal gender bias related to gender and parental status, especially mothers. By analysing the link between gendered organization of work and the legitimatizing of gender inequality, the article reveals ‘gender blindness' in the academic organization concerning gender and parental status. The article concludes that changes in academia — in line with academic capitalism — may indicate that the Norwegian model of work–life balance is under pressure. This article suggests that the organizational conditions for academic motherhood are important factors in order to understand the persistence of gender inequality.
Main features and applications of organogels in cosmetics
Authors: Martinez R. M. , Rosado C. , Velasco M. V. R. , Lannes S. C. S. , Baby A. R.
Published: April 2019

Cosmetic treatments aim at improving skin appearance through vehicles of good sensory properties. Those vehicles are mainly emulsions and gels designed to deliver safe and effective compounds to skin. Creams and serums are widely used to achieve these goals, but recently a new type of formulation known as organogels triggered scientific attention, particularly in the design of both topical and cosmetic formulations. It has been established that the lipophilic nature of organogels makes it an excellent candidate for the delivery of cosmetic molecules through skin. In this review, we discuss the properties and characteristics of organogels and present the advantages of the application of these systems in cosmetics.
Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studies in Endodontology: a development protocol
Authors: Nagendrababu V. , Kishen A. , Murray P. E. , Nekoofar M. H. , de Figueiredo J. A. P. , Priya E. , Jayaraman J. , Pulikkotil S. J. , Dummer P. M. H.
Published: April 2019

The regulated use of animals in endodontic research is often necessary to investigate the biological mechanisms of endodontic diseases and to measure the preclinical efficacy, biocompatibility, toxicology and safety of new treatments, biomaterials, sealers, drugs, disinfectants, irrigants, devices and instruments. Animal testing is most crucial in situations when research on humans is not ethical, practical or has unknown health risks. Currently, there is a wide variability in the quality of manuscripts that report the results of animal studies. Towards the goal of improving the quality of publications, guidelines for preventing disability, pain, and suffering to animals, and enhanced reporting requirements for animal research have been developed. These guidelines are referred to as Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE). Henceforth, causing any form of animal suffering for research purposes is not acceptable and cannot be justified under any circumstances. The present report describes a protocol for the development of welfare and reporting guidelines for animal studies conducted in the specialty of Endodontology: the Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studies in Endodontology (PRIASE) guidelines. The PRIASE guidelines will be developed by adapting and modifying the ARRIVE guidelines and the Clinical and Laboratory Images in Publication (CLIP) principles. The development of the new PRIASE guidelines will include a five‐step consensus process. An initial draft of the PRIASE guidelines will be developed by a steering committee. Each item in the draft guidelines will then be evaluated by members of a PRIASE Delphi Group (PDG) for its clarity using a dichotomous scale (yes or no) and suitability for its inclusion using a 9‐point Likert scale. The online surveys will continue until each item achieves this standard, and a set of items are agreed for further analysis by a PRIASE Face‐to‐face Consensus Meeting Group (PFCMG). Following the consensus meeting, the steering committee will finalize and confirm the PRIASE guidelines taking into account the responses and comments of the PFCMG. The PRIASE guidelines will be published and disseminated internationally and updated periodically based on feedback from stakeholders.
Innovative approaches to regulating decent work for domestic workers in Côte d'Ivoire: Labour administration and the judiciary under a general labour code
Authors: BLACKETT Adelle , KONÉ‐SILUÉ Assata
Published: April 2019

The authors offer a contextualized analysis of judicial decisions rendered during 1971–2013 in Côte d'Ivoire, where domestic work is regulated by a general labour code. Assessments of those decisions, alongside qualitative interviews of institutional actors, elucidate how innovative practices were mainly derived from the code by attentive inspectors and by jurisprudence evolving to treat domestic work like any other. Yet limitations emanating from the inability to grapple with the specificity of domestic work are also identified. Reaffirming that the regulation of domestic work must embrace its duality (work like any other and work like no other), the authors conclude with a call for an international community of learning on decent work for domestic workers.
Biostimulatory effects of polydioxanone, poly‐d, l lactic acid, and polycaprolactone fillers in mouse model
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Rin , Han Sung Won , Yeo In Kwon , Kim Jong Hwan , Kim Jae Min , Hong Ji‐Yeon , Lee Byung‐Chul , Lee Sung‐Eun , Moon Ho Sang , Kwon Han Jin , Kim Beom Joon
Published: April 2019

Background

Numerous fillers are increasingly used for augmentation of volume loss and relaxation of facial wrinkles. Collagen stimulators are the latest next‐generation dermal fillers that can induce neocollagenesis. To investigate biophysical characteristics, safety, and efficacy of newly developed polydioxanone (PDO) filler in comparison with poly‐l lactic acid (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) fillers.

Methods

In vitro assay, morphology of particles, and rheological property of fillers were measured. A total of 24 female hairless mice (SKH1‐Hrhr) were randomly divided into three groups and injected with PDO, PLLA, or PCL fillers. Durability of fillers was assessed at 0, 3 days, and 1, 4, 8, 12 weeks after injection using folliscope and PRIMOS. To determine biocompatibility and neocollagenesis, histologic evaluation was performed at 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after injection. Efficacy was also evaluated based on skin surface roughness changes using PRIMOS in a hairless mouse photoaging model.

Results

In the particle morphology test, PDO microspheres had an irregular surface and were spherical and uniformly sized. PDO filler demonstrated similar neocollagenesis and inflammatory response to other collagen stimulators. PDO filler showed better biodegradability than PLLA and PCL fillers. In the hairless mouse photoaging model, there was a statistically significant decrease in skin surface roughness after PDO filler injection.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that newly developed collagen stimulating PDO filler might be a safe and effective option for correction of volume loss and rejuvenation of photoaging skin.
Nonlinearity and Flight‐to‐Safety in the Risk‐Return Trade‐Off for Stocks and Bonds
Authors: ADRIAN TOBIAS , CRUMP RICHARD K. , VOGT ERIK
Published: April 2019

We document a highly significant, strongly nonlinear dependence of stock and bond returns on past equity market volatility as measured by the VIX. We propose a new estimator for the shape of the nonlinear forecasting relationship that exploits variation in the cross‐section of returns. The nonlinearities are mirror images for stocks and bonds, revealing flight‐to‐safety: expected returns increase for stocks when volatility increases from moderate to high levels while they decline for Treasuries. These findings provide support for dynamic asset pricing theories in which the price of risk is a nonlinear function of market volatility.
Impact of combined healthy lifestyle factors on survival in an adult general population and in high‐risk groups: prospective results from the Moli‐sani Study
Authors: Bonaccio M. , Di Castelnuovo A. , Costanzo S. , De Curtis A. , Persichillo M. , Cerletti C. , Donati M. B. , de Gaetano G. , Iacoviello L. ,   on behalf of the Moli‐sani Study Investigators
Published: April 2019

Background

There is poor knowledge on the association between combined lifestyles with mortality risk among individuals at high risk, and little is known on the biological mechanisms that could be on the pathway.

Methods

Longitudinal analysis on 22 839 individuals from the Moli‐sani Study (Italy, 2005–2010). Among them, we identified 5200 elderly individuals (≥65 year), 2127 subjects with diabetes and 1180 with cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline. A healthy lifestyle score (HLS) was calculated, allocating 1 point for each of the following: abstention from smoking; adherence to Mediterranean diet; physical activity; absence of abdominal obesity. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by multivariable Cox regression and competing risk models.

Results

During 8.2 years of follow‐up, 1237 deaths occurred. In the general population, adherence to all four healthy lifestyles, compared with none or 1, was associated with lower risk of all‐cause (HR = 0.53; 95%CI:0.39–0.72), CVD (HR = 0.54; 0.32–0.91), cancer (HR = 0.62; 0.39–1.00) and mortality from other causes (HR = 0.39; 0.19–0.81). A 1‐point increase in HLS was associated with 20%, 22% and 24% lower risk of total mortality among the elderly, in subjects with diabetes or CVD, respectively. Traditional (e.g. blood lipids), inflammatory (e.g. C‐reactive protein) and novel biomarkers (e.g. markers of cardiac damage) accounted for up to 24% of the association of HLS with all‐cause mortality risk in the general population.

Conclusions

The impact of combined four healthy lifestyles on survival was considerable, both in the general population and among high‐risk subgroups. Inflammatory and novel biomarkers of CVD risk explained a substantial proportion of this association.
Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners
Authors: Schnitker Sarah A. , Gilbertson Madison Kawakami , Houltberg Benjamin , Hardy Sam A. , Fernandez Nathaniel
Published: April 2019

Objective

To understand how health, prosocial, and spiritual motivations correspond to changes in the virtues of self‐control, patience, and interpersonal generosity among adolescents and emerging adults.

Method

Participants included adolescent and emerging adult athletes (N = 396; 12–22 years, M = 18.42, SD = 2.03) on marathon training teams fundraising for a faith‐based charity. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires four times over six months. Participants were 63% female and identified as 61% Caucasian, 17% Latino/a, 10% African American, 6% Asian American, and 6% other.

Results

Bivariate latent growth curve models showed positive relations between baseline levels of transcendent motivations (spiritual, prosocial) and all three virtues (self‐control, patience, interpersonal generosity) as well as baseline health motivation and self‐control. Linear slopes in all three motivations were positively correlated with change in patience, and greater decreases in these motivations from wave 1 to wave 2 before recovering motivation in subsequent waves correlated with less change in patience. Only the linear slope in prosocial motivation positively correlated with change in generosity. None of the motivation slopes correlated with change in self‐control.

Conclusions

More than just sport participation is required to cultivate virtue in adolescents; instead, transcendent and non‐transcendent motivations are concurrently developing for athletes who increase in prosocial virtues.
Sclerostin and WNT‐5a gingival protein levels in chronic periodontitis and health
Authors: Chatzopoulos Georgios S. , Mansky Kim C. , Lunos Scott , Costalonga Massimo , Wolff Larry F.
Published: April 2019

Background and Objective

Wnt signaling pathways regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation and are associated with inflammatory responses driven by innate and adaptive immunity via the NF‐κB pathway. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of sclerostin (SOST), WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α between chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy sites and determine their value as diagnostic markers of chronic periodontitis.

Material and Methods

In a cross‐sectional assessment 25 chronic periodontitis cases and 25 periodontally healthy controls were selected upon clinical and radiographic periodontal evaluation. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected cross‐sectionally from diseased and healthy sites in periodontitis patients and from healthy sites in each control subject. In a subgroup analysis, ten patients with generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis and ten generalized periodontally healthy individuals were included. The protein levels of SOST, WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α in GCF were measured by sandwich ELISA. The Shapiro‐Wilk test was utilized to assess the normality of the distribution and non‐parametric comparisons were performed.

Results

The protein levels of SOST were significantly higher in the generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis subgroup when compared to the generalized healthy (P = 0.002), while the WNT‐5a and TNF‐α GCF total amounts were similar (P > 0.05). Diseased sites in the periodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher total protein levels of WNT‐5a than in healthy sites (P = 0.017), whereas no differences were detected for SOST and TNF‐α (P > 0.05). The total protein levels of SOST, WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α in GCF were similar in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis patients (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Sclerostin and WNT‐5a gingival protein levels demonstrated a high diagnostic value for generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis, while a low accuracy was detected for localized chronic periodontitis.
The Dune Lakes in central coastal California: Why are they dry?
Authors: Kofron Christopher P.
Published: April 2019

The Dune Lakes comprise 10 natural lakes in the Callender Dunes in central coastal California, USA. These lakes are wetlands in an arid environment, being important habitat for native wildlife and plants, including three occurrences of the federally endangered/State threatened wetland plant, La Graciosa thistle (Cirsium scariosum var. loncholepis; Asteraceae). This plant is known from 21 occurrences, of which only five are extant in 2019. One extant occurrence persists at the lakes and where two other occurrences are likely extirpated. Nine lakes have recently dried, one having been dry for 5 years (2012–2017). Understanding the hydrology of the Dune Lakes is essential for conservation planning and to help prevent extinction of La Graciosa thistle. The best available information points to a combination of two primary causes for drying of the lakes. The first is extensive groundwater extraction beneath Nipomo Mesa to the east. The second is severe drought. The competing demands for water and continued development on the mesa will be obstacles to restoration of the lakes and to recovery of the endangered plant.
Substrate and metabolic promiscuities of d‐altronate dehydratase family proteins involved in non‐phosphorylative d‐arabinose, sugar acid, l‐galactose and l‐fucose pathways from bacteria
Authors: Watanabe Seiya , Fukumori Fumiyasu , Watanabe Yasuo
Published: April 2019

The gene context in microorganism genomes is of considerable help for identifying potential substrates. The C785_RS13685 gene in Herbaspirillum huttiense IAM 15032 is a member of the d‐altronate dehydratase protein family, and which functions as a d‐arabinonate dehydratase in vitro, is clustered with genes related to putative pentose metabolism. In the present study, further biochemical characterization and gene expression analyses revealed that l‐xylonate is a physiological substrate that is ultimately converted to α‐ketoglutarate via so‐called Route II of a non‐phosphorylative pathway. Several hexonates, including d‐altronate, d‐idonate and l‐gluconate, which are also substrates of C785_RS13685, also significantly up‐regulated the gene cluster containing C785_RS13685, suggesting a possibility that pyruvate and d‐ or l‐glycerate were ultimately produced (novel Route III). On the contrary, ACAV_RS08155 of Acidovorax avenae ATCC 19860, a homologous gene to C785_RS13685, functioned as a d‐altronate dehydratase in a novel l‐galactose pathway, through which l‐galactonate was epimerized at the C5 position by the sequential activity of two dehydrogenases, resulting in d‐altronate. Furthermore, this pathway completely overlapped with Route III of the non‐phosphorylative l‐fucose pathway. The ‘substrate promiscuity’ of d‐altronate dehydratase protein(s) is significantly expanded to ‘metabolic promiscuity’ in the d‐arabinose, sugar acid, l‐fucose and l‐galactose pathways.
Dark metabolism: a molecular insight into how the Antarctic sea‐ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus survives long‐term darkness
Authors: Kennedy Fraser , Martin Andrew , Bowman John P. , Wilson Richard , McMinn Andrew
Published: April 2019

Light underneath Antarctic sea‐ice is below detectable limits for up to 4 months of the year. The ability of Antarctic sea‐ice diatoms to survive this prolonged darkness relies on their metabolic capability. This study is the first to examine the proteome of a prominent sea‐ice diatom in response to extended darkness, focusing on the protein‐level mechanisms of dark survival.

The Antarctic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus was grown under continuous light or darkness for 120 d. The whole cell proteome was quantitatively analysed by nano‐LC−MS/MS to investigate metabolic changes that occur during sustained darkness and during recovery under illumination.

Enzymes of metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in respiratory processes, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, the Entner−Doudoroff pathway, the urea cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain became more abundant in the dark. Within the plastid, carbon fixation halted while the upper sections of the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways became less active.

We have discovered how F. cylindrus utilises an ancient alternative metabolic mechanism that enables its capacity for long‐term dark survival. By sustaining essential metabolic processes in the dark, F. cylindrus retains the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus, ensuring rapid recovery upon re‐illumination.
Dying from the lesser of three evils: facilitation and non‐consumptive effects emerge in a model with multiple predators
Authors: Fouzai Nadia , Opdal Anders F. , Jørgensen Christian , Fiksen Øyvind
Published: April 2019

Prey modify their behaviour to avoid predation, but dilemmas arise when predators vary in hunting style. Behaviours that successfully evade one predator sometimes facilitate exposure to another predator, forcing the prey to choose the lesser of two evils. In such cases, we need to quantify behavioural strategies in a mix of predators. We model optimal behaviour of Atlantic codGadus morhualarvae in a water column, and find the minimal vulnerability from three common predator groups with different hunting modes; 1) ambush predators that sit‐and‐wait for approaching fish larvae; 2) cruising invertebrates that eat larvae in their path; and 3) fish which are visually hunting predators. We use a state‐dependent model to find optimal behaviours (vertical position and swimming speed over a diel light cycle) under any given exposure to the three distinct modes of predation. We then vary abundance of each predator and quantify direct and indirect effects of predation. The nature and strength of direct and indirect effects varied with predator type and abundance. Larvae escaped about half the mortality from fish by swimming deeper to avoid light, but their activity level and cumulative predation from ambush predators increased. When ambush invertebrates dominated, it was optimal to be less active but in more lit habitats, and predation from fish increased. Against cruising predators, there was no remedy. In all cases, the shift in behaviour allowed growth to remain almost the same, while total predation were cut by one third. In early life stages with high and size‐dependent mortality rates, growth rate can be a poor measure of the importance of behavioural strategies.
Pricing and Capacity Sizing of a Service Facility: Customer Abandonment Effects
Authors: Lee Chihoon , Ward Amy R.
Published: April 2019

This paper studies the effect of customer abandonment in the economic optimization of a service facility. Specifically, we consider how to jointly set the price and service capacity in order to maximize the steady‐state expected profit, when the system is subject to customer abandonment and the price is paid only by customers that eventually receive service. We do this under the assumption that there is a high rate of prospective customer arrivals. Our analysis reveals that the economically optimal operating regime is consistent with the standard heavy traffic regime. Furthermore, we derive the following economic insight: when the capacity cost is sufficiently high, it can be advantageous for the system manager to “underinvest” in capacity and “take advantage of the abandonments” to trim congestion. Lastly, we show the loss in profit when customer abandonments are ignored is on the order of the square root of the demand rate.
Technology Specifications and Production Timing in a Co‐Opetitive Supply Chain
Authors: Niu Baozhuang , Chen Kanglin , Fang Xin , Yue Xiaohang , Wang Xin
Published: April 2019

Motivated by Google’s technology specifications on Android devices, we consider firms’ decisions on production timing in a co‐opetitive supply chain comprising a manufacturer and an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), where the manufacturer acts as the OEM’s upstream contract manufacturer and downstream competitor. We consider the market acceptance uncertainty of key product designs. If a firm decides to implement ex post production strategy (PS), it can delay the production until the market acceptance uncertainty of its product is resolved. Otherwise, ex‐ante production strategy (AS) is implemented. We find that, due to the co‐opetition, PS does not always benefit either the manufacturer or the OEM, because the value of delayed production is diminished as the competitor may commit a production quantity earlier under AS. Further, firms’ decisions on production timing are dependent on the degree of market acceptance uncertainty of their products and competition intensity. We find that both firms choose PS when uncertainty is high, while only one of them chooses PS when uncertainty is moderate or low. Interestingly, when the competition is intense, the manufacturer tends to choose PS, which can benefit from both the resolved market acceptance uncertainty and OEM’s early commitment of production quantity.