bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystallization of High‐Amylose Starch by the Addition of Plasticizers at Low and Intermediate Concentrations
Authors: Zhang Yachuan , Han J.H.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  The antiplasticization effect of plasticizers (that is, polyols and monosaccharides) in starch films was investigated. Pea starch films were plasticized by various polyols and monosaccharides at the levels of 0% to 25% (w/w, plasticizer/starch). After 14 d of storage at 50% relative humidity, the crystallinity of pea starch films increased with increasing concentration of plasticizers from 0% to 20%. Accordingly, moisture content, water vapor permeability, oxygen permeability, and elongation decreased with increasing plasticizer concentration from 0% to 20%, showing the antiplasticization effect. The addition of plasticizers above 20% reduced the crystallinity of starch films, consequently showing the plasticization effect. The results showed that the addition of the plasticizers facilitated the crystallization of the polymer chains through the antiplasticization phenomenon at the concentration range below 15%. Above 20%, plasticizers performed the conventional plasticization effect. Each plasticizer had different critical concentration where the antiplasticization was converted to plasticization.
α‐Mangostin, A Novel Dietary Xanthone, Suppresses TPA‐Mediated MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 Expressions through the ERK Signaling Pathway in MCF‐7 Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Bing , Ko Kung‐Chung , Shi Ming‐Der , Liao Yi‐Chen , Chiang Tai‐An , Wu Pei‐Fen , Shih You‐Xin , Shih Yuan‐Wei
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  This study first investigates the anti‐metastatic effect of α‐mangostin on 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) expressions in human breast adenocarcinoma cells, MCF‐7. First, the result demonstrated α‐mangostin could inhibit TPA‐induced abilities of the adhesion, invasion, and migration by cell‐matrix adhesion assay and Boyden chamber assay. Data also showed α‐mangostin could inhibit the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) involved in the downregulation the enzyme activities, protein, and messenger RNA levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 induced by TPA. Next, α‐mangostin also strongly inhibited TPA‐induced degradation of inhibitor of kappaBα (IκBα) and the nuclear levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), c‐Fos, and c‐Jun. Also, a dose‐dependent inhibition on the binding abilities of NF‐κB and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) by α‐mangostin treatment was further observed. Further, the treatment of specific inhibitor for ERK (U0126) to MCF‐7 cells could inhibit TPA‐induced MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expressions along with an inhibition on cell invasion and migration. Presented data reveal that α‐mangostin is a novel, effective, antimetastatic agent that functions by downregulating MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 gene expressions.
Whey Protein Solution Coating for Fat‐Uptake Reduction in Deep‐Fried Chicken Breast Strips
Authors: Dragich Ann M. , Krochta John M.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the use of whey protein, as an additional coating, in combination with basic, well‐described predust, batter, and breading ingredients, for fat‐uptake reduction in fried chicken. Chicken breasts were cut into strips (1 × 5 × 10 cm) and coated with wheat flour (WF) as a predust, dipped in batter, coated with WF as a breading, then dipped in 10% denatured whey protein isolate (DWPI) aqueous solution (wet basis). A WF‐batter‐WF treatment with no DWPI solution dip was included as a control. Coated chicken strips were deep‐fried at 160 °C for 5 min. A Soxhlet‐type extraction was performed to determine the fat content of the meat fraction of fried samples, the coating fraction of fried samples, raw chicken, and raw coating ingredients. The WF‐batter‐WF‐10% DWPI solution had significantly lower fat uptake than the WF‐batter‐WF control, by 30.67% (dry basis).

Practical Application: This article describes applied research involving fat reduction in coated deep‐fried chicken. The methods used in this article were intended to achieve maximized fat reduction while maintaining a simple procedure applicable to actual food processing lines.
Assignation of Sweet Cherry Selections to 3 Taste Groupings Based on Perceived Sweetness and Sourness
Authors: Ross Carolyn F. , Chauvin Maite A. , Whiting Matthew
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Providing consumers with basic taste properties of sweet cherries at point of purchase would allow consumers to make purchase decisions based on fruit's intrinsic sensory attributes. The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict taste‐grouping assignation of cherries into the following categories: (1) low sweetness/high sourness, (2) balance between sweetness and sourness, and (3) high sweetness/low sourness. A sensory panel (n = 10) was trained to recognize sweetness and sourness in 5 cultivars of sweet cherries and assign a taste grouping based on the perceived balance of sweetness and sourness. Four of these same cultivars were then evaluated for sweetness and sourness by a consumer panel (n = 117) and instrumentally for titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids concentration (SSC). Results showed that for 3 of the 4 cherry cultivars, the sweetness/sourness balance of the cherries was not significantly different as evaluated instrumentally or by the trained panel. However, the balance determined by the consumer and the trained panel was different for 3 of the 4 cherry cultivars (P < 0.05). Based on trained panel perceived sweetness and sourness, a multinomial logit model was developed to predict the assignation of cherry taste grouping. The likelihood of group assignment depended on both the perceived sweetness and sourness of the cherry, with taste groupings agreed upon for 3 of 5 sweet cherry cultivars. As previous studies have indicated a positive relationship between cherry sweetness and sourness to consumer acceptance, these groupings show promise for assisting consumers in cherry selection at the point of purchase.

Practical Applications: The prediction models proposed in this study suggest that both sweetness and sourness are important in the cherry characterization and the ratio between the 2 attributes may be appropriate for making taste‐grouping assignments. These groupings may then be used to provide additional sensory information to consumers to assist them in cherry selection at the point of purchase.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Soup with Added Glutathione and/or MSG
Authors: Jung D.W. , Hong J.H. , Kim K.O.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  The sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef soup with added glutathione (GSH) and/or monosodium glutamate (MSG) were investigated to examine the feasibility of GSH as a flavor enhancer. The sensory characteristics of beef soup samples, containing only GSH or MSG at different levels or a mixture of these, were examined by descriptive analysis. Principle component analysis was conducted to summarize the relationships between the beef soup samples and the attributes. In consumer testing, separate groups of consumers evaluated overall liking as well as the flavor intensities of beef, seasoning, and MSG. Partial least square regression was conducted to observe the relationships between the descriptive data and consumer data. The samples containing GSH had stronger “beef flavor,”“garlic flavor,” and “green onion flavor” while the samples containing MSG had stronger “salty taste,”“sweet taste,”“MSG taste,” and “potato flavor.” The consumers preferred samples containing both GSH and MSG, which had higher perceived flavor intensities of beef, seasonings, MSG. This study indicates that GSH has potential as a flavor enhancer, but more tests in different food systems with additions of GSH at varying levels are required to elucidate its effectiveness as a flavor enhancer more clearly.
Effect on Orange Juice of Batch Pasteurization in an Improved Pilot‐Scale Microwave Oven
Authors: Cinquanta L. , Albanese D. , Cuccurullo G. , Di Matteo M.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  The effects on orange juice batch pasteurization in an improved pilot‐scale microwave (MW) oven was evaluated by monitoring pectin methyl‐esterase (PME) activity, color, carotenoid compounds and vitamin C content. Trials were performed on stirred orange juice heated at different temperatures (60, 70, 75, and 85 °C) during batch process. MW pilot plant allowed real‐time temperature control of samples using proportional integrative derivative (PID) techniques based on the infrared thermography temperature read‐out. The inactivation of heat sensitive fraction of PME, that verifies orange juice pasteurization, showed a z‐value of 22.1 °C. Carotenoid content, responsible for sensorial and nutritional quality in fresh juices, decreased by about 13% after MW pasteurization at 70 °C for 1 min. Total of 7 carotenoid compounds were quantified during MW heating: zeaxanthin and β‐carotene content decreased by about 26%, while no differences (P < 0.05) were found for β‐cryptoxanthin in the same trial. A slight decrease in vitamin C content was monitored after MW heating. Results showed that MW heating with a fine temperature control could result in promising stabilization treatments.
Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Mussel Meat
Authors: Silva Vanessa M. , Park Kil J. , Hubinger Míriam D.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Mussel meat was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using Protamex. The relationship of temperature (46 to 64 °C), enzyme : substrate ratio (0.48% to 5.52%), and pH (6.7 to 8.3) to the degree of hydrolysis were determined. The surface response methodology showed that the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of mussel meat were pH 6.85, temperature 51°C, and enzyme : substrate ratio of 4.5%. Under these conditions a degree of hydrolysis of 26.5% and protein recovery of 65% were obtained. The produced hydrolysate, under optimum condition, was characterized in terms of chemical composition, electrophoretic profile, and amino acid composition.

Practical Application: The practical application of mussel meat hydrolysate is its use as flavoring in products such as soups, sauces, and special beverages. In addition, the product is partially digested and has great nutritional value due to its good amino acid profile and thus can be used as a food supplement in special diets.
Rheological Properties of Somen Noodles—A Traditional Japanese Wheat Product
Authors: Katagiri Mina , Kitabatake Naofumi
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  We investigated the rheological properties of the Japanese wheat product tenobe somen noodles manufactured using a unique traditional process—“Te‐nobe (hand‐stretched).” In an extension test, the maximum resistance to extension (Rmax) and extensibility until rupture (Erup) of boiled somen noodles were measured on a Texture Analyzer in the tension test mode and compared with those of machine‐made somen noodles. The Rmax and Erup values per unit cross‐sectional area were significantly higher for boiled tenobe somen noodles than for machine‐made somen noodles, clearly indicating the higher resistance to extension and extensibility of the former. A compression test performed using the Texture Analyzer in the biting‐test mode revealed that although the maximum force of compression (Fmax) was lower for boiled tenobe somen noodles than for machine‐made somen noodles, the former had more characteristic texture than the latter, which was shown by comparing the force‐deformation curve of each somen noodle. Scanning electron microscopy revealed differences between dried tenobe and machine‐made somen noodles, which may reflect their rheological differences. Lateral and sectional micrographs of tenobe somen noodles showed regular arrays of starch granules and gluten networks, and some air spaces. Tenobe somen noodles exhibited significantly higher dityrosine content than the flour used for their manufacture, indicating that tyrosine residues in gluten proteins cross‐link during the manufacturing process; however, the dityrosine content in tenobe somen noodles were not higher than that in machine‐made somen noodles.
Headspace Volume and Percentage of Carbon Monoxide Affects Carboxymyoglobin Layer Development of Modified Atmosphere Packaged Beef Steaks
Authors: Raines Christopher R. , Hunt Melvin C.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Carboxymyoglobin (COMb) development of beef Longissimus lumborum as related to molecular CO availability and package headspace volume was evaluated. Steaks from six pairs of USDA Select strip loins were packaged in modified atmosphere packages with 0.2%, 0.4%, or 0.8% CO and 30% CO2 and balanced with N2 to obtain meat‐to‐gas ratios of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.1, and CO molar concentrations of 0.07, 0.10, and 0.20 mMol. Steak redness (CIE a*), COMb layer thickness, percentage of CO in the headspace, visual display color, and bloom intensity scores were evaluated 4 and 7 d after packaging. Greater concentration of CO in a smaller headspace resulted in a thicker COMb layer compared with lesser concentration of CO in a larger headspace, regardless of moles CO available. The combined effects of concentration of CO and headspace volume had a greater impact on COMb development than millimoles of CO in the package headspace. Package headspace can be reduced and the concentration of CO can be increased without detriment to fresh beef color or consumer safety.
Rethinking the Use of Concrete Materials in Learning: Perspectives From Development and Education
Authors: McNeil Nicole M. , Uttal David H.
Published: November 2009

Abstract— The idea that concrete materials benefit children’s learning has a long history in developmental psychology and education, dating back to M. Montessori (1917), J. Piaget (1970), and J. S. Bruner (1966). Too often, however, scholars use these traditional views to give concrete materials a blanket endorsement. The articles in this issue go beyond traditional views and advance our understanding of the conditions under which students do and do not benefit from using concrete materials. They suggest that some processes involved in using concrete objects are not restricted to children of a certain age but rather apply across ages. They also highlight the need for systematic investigations into the type and amount of direction students need when working with concrete materials in the classroom.
A Theory of Physically Distributed Learning: How External Environments and Internal States Interact in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Martin Taylor
Published: November 2009

Abstract—Researchers, teachers, teacher educators, and national organizations espouse the idea that children learn new concepts in concrete contexts and transfer these concepts to abstract situations. Although people can benefit from working with hands‐on objects and do tend to solve problems more abstractly as they gain knowledge and experience in a domain, this does not imply that a concrete to abstract shift explains this development. In this article, an alternative theory of physically distributed learning (PDL) is presented. In PDL, learning involves changes in internal and external elements of cognitive systems. These changes occur as the internal and external elements coevolve, or change each other, over time.
“Concrete” Computer Manipulatives in Mathematics Education
Authors: Sarama Julie , Clements Douglas H.
Published: November 2009

Abstract— The use of “concrete manipulatives” in mathematics education is supported by research and often accepted as a sine qua non of “reform” approaches. This article reviews the research on the use of manipulatives and critiques common notions regarding concrete manipulatives. It presents a reformulation of the definition of concrete as used in educational psychology and educational research and provides a rationale of how, based on that reformulation, computer manipulatives may be pedagogically efficacious. The article presents 7 hypothesized, interrelated affordances of manipulatives and briefly reviews evidence for their empirical validity.
Transfer of Mathematical Knowledge: The Portability of Generic Instantiations
Authors: Kaminski Jennifer A. , Sloutsky Vladimir M. , Heckler Andrew
Published: November 2009

Abstract— Mathematical concepts are often difficult to acquire. This difficulty is evidenced by failure of knowledge to transfer to novel analogous situations. One approach to this challenge is to present the learner with a concrete instantiation of the to‐be‐learned concept. Concrete instantiations communicate more information than their abstract, generic counterparts and, in doing so, they may facilitate initial learning. However, this article argues that extraneous information in concrete instantiations may distract the learner from the relevant mathematical structure and, as a result, hinder transfer. At the same time, generic instantiations, such as traditional mathematical notation, can be learned by both children and adults and can, in turn, allow for transfer, suggesting that generic instantiations result in a portable knowledge representation.
Dual Representation and the Linking of Concrete and Symbolic Representations
Authors: Uttal David H. , O’Doherty Katherine , Newland Rebecca , Hand Linda Liu , DeLoache Judy
Published: November 2009

Abstract— As the articles in this special issue suggest, linking concrete and abstract representations remains a fundamentally important challenge of cognition development and education research. This issue is considered from the perspective of the dual‐representation hypothesis—all symbols are simultaneously objects in their own right and representations of something else—which can shed light on the challenges of linking concrete and symbolic representations. Manipulations that lead children to focus on the object properties may actually make it harder for them to focus on what the symbols represent. Conversely, decreasing children’s attention to the object’s properties can make it easier for them to establish a link between concrete and symbolic. The educational implications of the dual‐representation hypothesis are considered.
Using Concreteness in Education: Real Problems, Potential Solutions
Authors: Brown Megan C. , McNeil Nicole M. , Glenberg Arthur M.
Published: November 2009

Abstract— A growing body of research suggests that the use of concrete materials is not a sure‐fire strategy for helping children succeed in the classroom. Instead, concrete materials can help or hinder learning, depending on a number of different factors. Taken together, the articles in this issue highlight the complexities involved in using concrete materials in the classroom and warn educators and researchers that students’ learning from concrete materials can be derailed in a number of ways, such as (a) choosing the wrong types of materials, (b) structuring the environment in ways that do not support learning from concrete materials, and (c) failing to connect concrete representations to abstract representations. Each of these problems is discussed and some potential solutions are offered.
Commentary on the Proposed Abandonment of Multiple Forms of Control
Authors: Grusec Joan E.
Published: November 2009

Abstract— W. S. Grolnick and E. M. Pomerantz’s (2009) distinction between control and structure is attractive because it forces researchers to specify the aspect of control that interests them without having to use adjectives that frequently overlap in meaning and that may be forgotten and/or omitted in discussions of theory and research. The use of the distinction in a particular theoretical context makes it easier to link research on control to research on discipline that has been guided by other theoretical approaches. It is not clear, however, that Grolnick and Pomerantz’s definition of control covers all the previously identified facets of the construct.
Toward a Clear and Inclusive Conceptualization of Parental Control: Reply to the Commentaries
Authors: Pomerantz Eva M. , Grolnick Wendy S.
Published: November 2009

Abstract— In response to J. E. Grusec’s (2009) commentary in this issue, we argue that the conceptualization of control we present in our article is inclusive of multiple forms of control, including those she suggests our definition excludes. We also make the case in response to R. D. Conger's (2009) commentary that structure and control are distinct dimensions of parenting that should not be combined linearly as he recommends.
The Concept of Development in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Sroufe L. Alan
Published: November 2009

Abstract— So important is the perspective of development for understanding psychopathology that it spawned a new discipline—“developmental psychopathology”—which has seen remarkable advances since its introduction but has yet to completely fulfill its promise. To do this requires maintaining a thoroughgoing developmental perspective. When development is taken seriously, there are implications for how to understand psychopathology, describe and conceptualize the origins and course of disorder, and interpret research findings. From this perspective, disorders are complex products of development; for example, neurophysiological associates of disorder can be viewed not as causes but as markers, the development of which needs to be understood. Research on developmental psychopathology requires an examination of the history of problem behavior from early in life, and it unites multiple features of adaptation and maladaptation (contextual, experiential, physiological, and genetic).
Perioperative Outcome and Long‐Term Mortality for Heart Failure Patients Undergoing Intermediate‐ and High‐Risk Noncardiac Surgery: Impact of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Healy Kirsten O. , Waksmonski Carol A. , Altman Robert K. , Stetson Peter D. , Reyentovich Alex , Maurer Mathew S.
Published: November 2009

The impact of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on outcome in patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing noncardiac surgery has not been extensively evaluated. In this study, 174 patients (mean age, 75±12 years, 47% male, mean LVEF (47%±18%) underwent intermediate‐ or high‐risk noncardiac surgery. Patients were stratified by LVEF, and adverse perioperative complications were identified and compared. Adverse perioperative events occurred in 53 patients (30.5%), including 14 (8.1%) deaths within 30 days, 26 (14.9%) myocardial infarctions, and 44 (25.3%) HF exacerbations. Among the factors associated with adverse perioperative outcomes in the first 30 days were advanced age (>80 years), diabetes, and a severely decreased LVEF (<30%). Long‐term mortality was high, and Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that LVEF was an independent risk factor for long‐term mortality.

Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16:45–49. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Who should swing the stethoscope? An audit of baseline physical examination and blood monitoring on new patients accepted by an early intervention in psychosis team
Authors: Crabb Jim , McAllister Mark , Blair Alison
Published: November 2009

Aim: It has been established that patients with severe mental illness are at increased risk of physical illness and that physical health screening should be performed when an individual experiences a first episode of psychosis. The aim of the audit was to examine how physical health screening was achieved in the real world of an early intervention in psychosis (EIP) service in Scotland. Of particular interest was considering if primary or secondary care were more effective in providing specific physical health assessment for those presenting to the service.

Methods: A case note audit was performed.

Results: The audit shows that physical examination and blood tests were being completed in the majority of service users under the care of the Esteem service. However, an unacceptably high number were not undergoing sufficient initial screening for metabolic syndrome or having baseline monitoring prior to commencing antipsychotic medication.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that relying on primary care to provide physical health screening was not an effective approach in a population experiencing first‐episode psychosis. Having a psychiatrist motivated to perform physical health screening within the EIP team may help to improve the uptake of physical health screening. Strategies to improve physical health screening in EIP services are discussed.
From bench to bedside: translating new research from genetics and neuroimaging into treatment development for early‐onset schizophrenia
Authors: Kumra Sanjiv , Asarnow Robert , Grace Anthony , Keshavan Matcheri , McClellan Jon , Sikich Linmarie , Wagner Ann
Published: November 2009

Objective: Children and adolescents with schizophrenia share a similar pattern of phenomenological, genetic and cognitive abnormalities to adults with schizophrenia. However, an early‐onset of schizophrenia (EOS) (prior to 18 years of age) is associated with a higher frequency of risk indicators associated with schizophrenia (e.g. developmental delays and familial spectrum disorders) and a worse long‐term outcome. This overview examines recent research on the neurobiological alterations, possible causes, developmental trajectory and treatment of EOS and attempts to identify gaps in the field.

Method: The authors provide a selective review of major findings from genetics, neuroimaging and treatment studies of pediatric schizophrenia that were presented at a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health. These data are synthesized in conjunction with preclinical studies into a model of the pathophysiology of EOS.

Results: EOS is associated with a high frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g. velocardiofacial syndrome, sex chromosome anomalies) and other rare denovo chromosomal aberrations. Brain imaging research in adolescents with EOS has revealed a progressive loss of cortical grey matter post‐onset of psychosis and subtle abnormalities in white matter microstructure. Although EOS patients are more likely to be treatment‐refractory than their adult counterparts, there are substantial data that this subgroup is particularly responsive to clozapine.

Conclusions: Genetic or environmental factors operating during adolescence that reduce frontal capacity might contribute to an EOS in susceptible individuals. Additional longitudinal studies of adolescents with schizophrenia are needed to better understand the relationship between structural changes in fronto‐limbic regions, stress responsivity, and cognitive and neurochemical development.
A comparison of early psychosis treatment services using consensus and evidence‐based performance measures: moving towards setting standards
Authors: Addington Donald , Norman Ross , Adair Carol E. , Manchanda Rahul , McKenzie Emily , Mitchell Beth , Pryce Cathy
Published: November 2009

Objective: This study used data from two Canadian early psychosis programs to assess the feasibility of using common performance measures and to assess the extent to which each program meets suggested standards for early intervention.

Methods: Data were extracted from administrative databases and supplemented by health records for 332 individuals admitted to two services in order to calculate values for 19 performance indicators for January 2000 to January 2004. Inter‐rater reliability was established for data abstraction.

Results: The two samples had similar demographic and clinical profiles. There were no statistically significant differences in 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year admission rates (year 1: 27% vs. 30%, P = 0.625; year 2: 31% vs. 38%, P = 0.248; year 3: 35% vs. 42%, P = 0.260), duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) (24 vs. 28 weeks; P = 0.844) and positive symptom remission at 1 year (72% vs. 78%; P = 0.285). There were statistically significant differences between the two services in mean wait time (18 vs. 13 days; P = 0.045), proportion of patients on second‐generation anti‐psychotics at 1 year (75% vs. 89%; P = 0.002), and proportion of patients adherent to antipsychotic medication for a minimum of 12 months (76% vs. 83%; P = 0.007).

Conclusion: The data provides useful information on the feasibility of implementing key performance measures across early psychosis programs to assess the extent to which they are meeting standards for such services.
Predictors of therapeutic alliance in early psychosis
Authors: Bourdeau Geneviève , Théroux Laurence , Lecomte Tania
Published: November 2009

Aim: To increase our understanding of the therapeutic alliance formation in clients with early psychosis by examining the predictive value of three major factors: symptoms; insight; and global functioning.

Methods: One hundred fifty individuals with early psychosis were recruited from various clinical settings. The measures used were the Working Alliance Inventory, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Insight Scale and the Client Assessment of Strengths Interests and Goals.

Results: Multiple linear regressions were performed and revealed a model including insight, friends, leisure, medication side effects and quality of life explaining 22% of the variance.

Conclusion: The variables included in the model are coherent with the literature on alliance. However, other variables contributing to the establishment of the therapeutic alliance remain to be identified in future research on treatment of early psychosis.
Can targeted early intervention improve functional recovery in psychosis? A historical control evaluation of the effectiveness of different models of early intervention service provision in Norfolk 1998–2007
Authors: Fowler David , Hodgekins Jo , Howells Lawrence , Millward Melanie , Ivins Annabel , Taylor Gavin , Hackmann Corinna , Hill Katherine , Bishop Nick , Macmillan Iain
Published: November 2009

Aims: This paper assesses the impact of different models of early intervention (EI) service provision on functional recovery and inpatient hospital admission. The study compares the outcome of a comprehensive EI team with a partial model (community mental health team (CMHT) plus specialist support) and traditional care (generic CMHT) over a 10‐year period.

Methods: The design is in comparison with historical control. The study compares the functional recovery outcomes of three cohorts from the same geographical area over the period 1998–2007. The primary outcomes were partial and full functional recovery defined with respect to readily identifiable UK benefit system thresholds and psychiatric inpatient admission days at 1 and 2 years post‐referral.

Results: Only 15% of individuals made a full or partial functional recovery at 2 years under the care of a traditional generic CMHT in 1998. In 2007, 52% of the cases were making a full or partial functional recovery under the care of the comprehensive EI team. A large reduction in inpatient admissions was associated with the EI strategy.

Conclusions: The implementation of comprehensive EI teams can have a major impact in improving functional recovery outcomes in psychosis and reducing inpatient admissions. Partial implementation using limited funding of specialist workers in collaboration with traditional care appeared to have a more limited effect on these recovery dimensions. The implementation of targeted EI in psychosis strategies can result in substantive functional benefits.
Electrodynamic Disaggregation: Does it Affect Apatite Fission‐Track and (U‐Th)/He Analyses?
Authors: Giese Jörg , Seward Diane , Stuart Finlay M. , Wüthrich Eliane , Gnos Edwin , Kurz Daniel , Eggenberger Urs , Schreurs Guido
Published: November 2009

Apatite fission‐track and (U‐Th)/He analyses require the liberation of intact idiomorphic apatite grains from rock samples. While routinely being carried out by mechanical methods, electrodynamic disaggregation (ED) offers an alternative approach. The high‐voltage discharges produced during the ED process create localised temperature peaks (10000 K) along a narrow plasma channel. In apatite, such high temperatures could potentially reduce the length of fission tracks, which start to anneal at temperatures > 60 °C, and could also enhance He diffusion, which becomes significant at 30–40 °C over geological time scales. A comparison of fission‐track analyses and (U‐Th)/He ages of apatites prepared both by mechanical (jaw crusher, disk mill) and ED processing provides a way of determining whether heating during the latter method has any significant effect. Apatites from three samples of different geological settings (an orthogneiss from Madagascar, the Fish Canyon Tuff, and a muscovite‐gneiss from Greece) yielded statistically identical track length distributions compared to samples prepared mechanically. Additionally, (U‐Th)/He ages of apatites from a leucogranite from Morocco prepared by both methods were indistinguishable. These first results indicated that during electrodynamic disaggregation apatite crystals were not heated enough to partially anneal the fission tracks or induce significant diffusive loss of He.
Creating Synergy in Practice: Promoting Complementarity Between Evidence‐Based and Postmodern Approaches
Authors: Jacobs Stephanie , Kissil Karni , Scott Dalesa , Davey Maureen
Published: November 2009

Postmodern and evidence‐based practice (EBP) are compared and contrasted with the primary aim of adapting evidence‐based practice with a more flexible epistemological lens. We begin by reviewing the epistemological underpinnings of postmodern and EBP within the field of marriage and family therapy (MFT). We next discuss how these contrasting philosophies inform therapists’ traits and practice in the context of translational research and practice‐based evidence. Finally, we point toward some promising directions for a flexible adaptation of evidence‐based practice in which both modern and postmodern clinicians can practice, and ways to incorporate some of these more flexible principles into the clinical training of MFT students.
Moving Up the Continuum of Hope: Developing a Theory of Hope and Understanding its Influence in Couples Therapy
Authors: Ward David B. , Wampler Karen S.
Published: November 2009

For years therapists have suggested that hope is an important catalyst in the process of change. This study takes a grounded theory approach to address the need for a clearer conceptualization of hope, and to place interventions that increase hope within a therapeutic context so that therapists know how and when to use those interventions. Fifteen active and experienced marriage and family therapists from across the United States participated in hour‐long phone interviews about hope in couples therapy.Moving Up the Continuum of Hopeemerged as the core category from the grounded theory analysis of the data. This category represents a process, with general and specific conditions and consequences that increase a couple’s level of hope. This study serves as a foundation for future process research on couples therapy, as well as research on hope in other contexts (e.g., individual and family therapy) and with other perspectives (e.g., clients).
Nonstationary extreme value analysis of annual maximum water levels for designing coastal structures on the German North Sea coastline
Authors: Mudersbach C. , Jensen J.
Published: November 2009

In this paper, a nonstationary extreme value analysis approach is introduced in order to determine coastal design water levels for future time horizons. The nonstationary statistical approach is based on the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and an L‐moment parameter estimation. It is shown that to derive future design water levels, a parametric approach is required for the extrapolation of the time‐dependent parameters. The results are compared with common stationary methods. In addition, some definitions and methods for testing on stationarity or nonstationarity are discussed. All the methods introduced are applied to the annual maximum water levels from 1849 to 2007 at the German North Sea gauge at Cuxhaven. The nonstationary results for the year 2007 are in the range of NN+507 cm (NN: German reference datum), and for the time horizon, 2100 the results vary from NN+542 to NN+546 cm for the 100‐year event. The results show that the nonstationary GEV approach is suitable for determining coastal design water levels.
Opportunities for achieving biodiversity conservation through REDD
Authors: Harvey Celia A. , Dickson Barney , Kormos Cyril
Published: November 2009

The United Nations climate negotiations on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) provide a rare opportunity for conservation of tropical forests and biodiversity. Here, we explore the implications of REDD design and implementation options on biodiversity conservation and ways to link REDD with biodiversity conservation. From both a mitigation and biodiversity perspective, the most important immediate steps are to ensure that REDD is included in the new global climate agreement and maximizes the area of tropical forest conserved. It may also be possible to include guidelines or incentives within a REDD framework or in national implementation to channel funding to areas of high biodiversity. However, if the immediate steps above are not taken first, REDD will reach neither its mitigation nor its biodiversity conservation potential.
Shelter from the storm? Use and misuse of coastal vegetation bioshields for managing natural disasters
Authors: Feagin Rusty A. , Mukherjee Nibedita , Shanker Kartik , Baird Andrew H. , Cinner Joshua , Kerr Alexander M. , Koedam Nico , Sridhar Aarthi , Arthur Rohan , Jayatissa L.P. , Lo Seen Danny , Menon Manju , Rodriguez Sudarshan , Shamsuddoha Md. , Dahdouh‐Guebas Farid
Published: November 2009

Vegetated coastal ecosystems provide goods and services to billions of people. In the aftermath of a series of recent natural disasters, including the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and Cyclone Nargis, coastal vegetation has been widely promoted for the purpose of reducing the impact of large storm surges and tsunami. In this paper, we review the use of coastal vegetation as a “bioshield” against these extreme events. Our objective is to alter bioshield policy and reduce the long‐term negative consequences for biodiversity and human capital. We begin with an overview of the scientific literature, in particular focusing on studies published since the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and discuss the science of wave attenuation by vegetation. We then explore case studies from the Indian subcontinent and evaluate the detrimental impacts bioshield plantations can have upon native ecosystems, drawing a distinction between coastal restoration and the introduction of exotic species in inappropriate locations. Finally, we place bioshield policies into a political context, and outline a new direction for coastal vegetation policy and research.
Spanish Teachers as Impromptu Translators and Liaisons in New Latino Communities
Authors: Colomer Soria Elizabeth , Harklau Linda
Published: November 2009

Abstract: Recent shifts in immigrant settlement patterns are bringing new Latino communities to areas of the Midwest and Southeast that are unaccustomed to educating multilingual students. Schools in these areas often lack resources for communicating with students and their families. In this article we document how Spanish teachers in new Latino communities are being asked to serve as unofficial translators and interpreters in many contexts. We further show that teachers are being asked to take demanding roles as surrogate counselors, administrators, and teachers in other subject areas. We consider teachers' varying attitudes and responses to these new demands and discuss the implications for the field of world language education in terms of professional education and policy.
Rhetorical Strategies in Chinese and English: A Comparison of L1 Composition Textbooks
Authors: Liao Ming‐Tzu , Chen Ching‐Hung
Published: November 2009

Abstract:The present study compared the rhetorical strategies for argumentative writing in Chinese and English composition textbooks. The textbooks were selected based on four criteria. The results of the study revealed that there are similarities and differences in Chinese and English argumentative writing. Both Chinese and English agree upon the function of the argumentative writing, encourage writers to voice their personal opinions, adopt a similar macrostructure for argumentative writing, recommend placing the thesis statement in the introduction, share similar strategies for writing the introduction and the conclusion, and share several strategies to support the argumentation. In addition, they both recommend deductive and inductive reasoning, emphasize emotional appeals, and stress the necessity of addressing the opposing views. However, English textbooks suggest using Toulmin's reasoning system and avoiding logical fallacies, addressing ethos and the needs of different types of audience, and assessing the audience's values, whereas Chinese textbooks highly value appealing to history and moral issues, and using proverbs, set phrases, and analogy. Possible reasons for the similarities and differences in the rhetorical elements are provided. Results provide insights that are of practical use for both the L2 English composition instructor and the Chinese L2 English writer.
Essay Writing in a Mandarin Chinese WebCT Discussion Board
Authors: Zhang De
Published: November 2009

Abstract: This article reports on a classroom‐based study on the use of a Mandarin Chinese WebCT discussion board to support essay writing in a second‐year Chinese language class consisting of mostly heritage learners at a midwestern U.S. university. The researcher describes the design and the implementation of essay writing and evaluates its effectiveness. The results indicate that essay writing in the Chinese WebCT discussion board is effective in terms of creating a supportive learning community among diverse Chinese language learners and being instrumental in students' Chinese language acquisition.
The Amount, Purpose, and Reasons for Using L1 in L2 Classrooms
Authors: De La Campa Juliane C. , Nassaji Hossein
Published: November 2009

Abstract: This study examined the amount, the purposes, and the reasons why L1 is used in L2 classrooms. Data consist of video and audio recording of samples of two instructors' L2 classes over the course of a 12‐week semester in two second‐year German conversation university courses, instructor interviews, and stimulated recall sessions. Results revealed that the instructors used L1 quite frequently in their classrooms and that they did it for many reasons and purposes. They also believed that L1 should be used in L2 classrooms and that its use facilitates L2 learning. Findings provide evidence that despite disagreement on the use of L1 among L2 researchers, these instructors of German as a foreign language used L1 in their classrooms for important instructional purposes.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: a new target for neurogenic hypertension
Authors: Feng Yumei , Xia Huijing , Santos Robson A. , Speth Robert , Lazartigues Eric
Published: November 2009

Overactivity of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, and an overactive brain RAS has been highlighted in several genetic and experimental models. Until now, angiotensin II (Ang II) was thought to be the main effector of this system, and the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)–Ang II–Ang II type 1 receptor axis was the main target for antihypertensive therapies. A new member of the RAS, ACE2 (angiotensin‐converting enzyme type 2), has been identified in organs and tissues related to cardiovascular function (e.g. heart, kidney and blood vessels) and appears to be part of a counter‐regulatory pathway to buffer the excess of Ang II. We recently identified the ACE2 protein in brain regions involved in the central regulation of blood pressure and showed that it regulates, and is regulated by, other components of the RAS. Here, we present evidence for the involvement of brain ACE2 in the central regulation of blood pressure, autonomic and cardiac function. We show that lack of ACE2 is deleterious for the central regulation of blood pressure and that brain ACE2 gene therapy can restore baroreflex and autonomic functions and prevent the development of hypertension. Additionally, and independently of a reduction in Ang II levels, we will highlight some of the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of central ACE2 in cardiovascular function.
Wearable Engine-Driven Vapor-Compression Cooling System for Elevated Ambients
Authors: Ernst Timothy C. , Garimella Srinivas
Published: November 2009

The development of a wearable cooling system for use in elevated-temperature environments by military, fire-fighting, chemical-response, and other hazardous duty personnel is underway. Such a system is expected to reduce heat-related stresses, increasing productivity and allowable mission duration, to reduce fatigue, and to lead to a safer working environment. The cooling system consists of an engine-driven vapor-compression system assembled in a backpack configuration, to be coupled with a cooling garment containing refrigerant lines worn in close proximity to the skin. A 2.0 l fuel tank powers a small-scale engine that runs a compressor modified from the original air compression application to the refrigerant compression application here. A centrifugal clutch and reduction gear train system was designed and fabricated to couple the engine output to the refrigerant compressor and heat rejection fan. The system measured 0.318×0.273×0.152 m3 and weighed 4.46 kg. Testing was conducted in a controlled environment to determine performance over a wide range of expected ambient temperatures (37.7–47.5°C), evaporator refrigerant temperatures (22.2–26.1°C), and engine speeds (10,500–13,300 rpm). Heat removal rates of up to 300 W, which is the cooling rate for maintaining comfort at an activity level comparable to moderate exercise, were demonstrated at a nominal ambient temperature of 43.3°C. The system consumes fuel at an average rate of 0.316 kg/h to provide nominal cooling of 178 W for 5.7 h between refueling.
Vapor Chamber Acting as a Heat Spreader for Power Module Cooling
Authors: Zhang Y. P. , Yu X. L. , Feng Q. K. , Zhang L. H.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents an integrated power electronics module with a vapor chamber (VC) acting as a heat spreader to transfer the heat from the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module to the base of the heat-sink. The novel VC integrated in a power module instead of a metal substrate is proposed. Compared with a conventional metal heat spreader, the VC significantly diffuses the concentrated heat source to a larger condensing area. The experimental results indicate that the VC based heat-sink will maintain the IGBT junction temperature 20°C cooler than a non-VC based heat-sink with high power density. The junction-to-case thermal resistance of the power module based on the VC is about 50% less than that of the power module based on a copper substrate with the same weight. The chip overshooting temperature of the copper substrate module with the same weight goes beyond 10°C against the junction temperature of the VC module at a given impulse power of 225 W. Consequently, thanks to a longer time duration to reach the same temperature, a power surge for the chip can be avoided and the ability to resist thermal impact during the VC module startup can be improved as well. The investigation shows that the VC power module is an excellent candidate for the original metal substrate, especially for an integrated power module with high power density.