bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Makber Poemi Ekseninde Abdülhak Hâmid’de Tezatların Varlığı ve Öznellik İlişkisi
Authors: Feyzioğlu Fatma Şeniz
Published: May 2024

Romantik söylemin en belirgin vasıflarından biri olan öznellik, çok kez tezatların varlığından beslenir. Romantik metafizik bağlamında insan için ilksel tezat, ben ve ben olmayan’ın amansız çatışması üzerine kurulur. Buna göre insan, özünün derinliklerinde yer alan ‘ben’i dolaysız tanıyamaz, onun farkına varamaz. Ben olmayan’ın perdelediği reel saha, ben’e direnen bir varlık alanıdır ve aralarında yaşanan çarpışma sonrası ben’lik ortaya çıkar. Nihayetinde varılmak istenen yer geleneğin, aklın kayıt altına aldığı sahadan, kayıt-dışı, sınırsız hürriyet sahasına geçiştir. Tanzimat devri Doğu ve Batı medeniyetlerine ait fikirlerin uzlaştırılmasında da buna benzer bir tezat yaşanır. Bu manada en büyük sorun; ben ve ben olmayan ayrışımının nasıl yapılacağı, hangisinin ben’e, hangisinin ben olmayan’a ait olduğunun idrakidir. Bu tezat metafizik manada bir ilksel tezat olarak kabul edildiğinde, çarpışma ve sonrasında kayıt-dışı sahaya taşmalar, hürriyet, öznellik ve görelilik kavramlarının da Türk edebiyatına girişinin zeminini hazırlar. Bu makalede, on dokuzuncu asırla beraber Osmanlı topraklarında siyasi ve içtimai sahada tesirini arttıran romantik söylemin Türk edebiyatındaki ferdiyetçi tezahürleri; hem bir geçiş süreci olan Tanzimat devrinin tezatlarını besleyen düalist (doğu-batı sentezi) uzlaşım çabasının ürünü, hem de Abdülhak Hâmid’in mizacından beslenen tezatlarla beliren, öznel temayül çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. İncelememize konu olan Abdülhak Hâmid, kendine dair şahsi tecrübeleri, asrına ait siyasi çözüm çarelerinden daha çok önemseyen romantik bir özne gibidir. Hâmid, Batılı düşün ile zorunlu olarak yüz yüze gelen Tanzimat devri Osmanlı kimliğinin, iki farklı medeniyeti uzlaştırma tezadının tam da ortasında kalmış, kafası epeyi karışık kimliklerden biridir. Bu bağlamda onun izini takip ettiği Namık Kemal’i örnek aldığına fakat çok kez kalemini, vatan ve hürriyet kavramları haricinde kullandığına da şahit oluruz. Bu nedenle de Hâmid, Namık Kemal’den farklı olarak, iç dünyası ile var olma çabasıyla özellikle metafizik meseleleri daha ziyade kurcalar. İncelememizde Hâmid’in söz konusu meseleleri; ferdî tezatlarının gölgesinde, ait olduğu geleneğin hadlerini zorlayarak okurları ile paylaştığı en belirgin eseri olan Makber seçilmiştir. Bu uzun poem ekseninde şairin; his-his ve akıl-his tezatlarının izleri sürülerek, açığa çıkan ferdî duyuş ve düşünüşü besleyen tezat kaynağının; romantiklerde sınırsız hürriyetle eşdeğer algılanan, ben’ ile dolaysız temasa geçme talebinden mi yoksa özde sadece ait olduğu geleneğin etrafını kuşatan, Batılı düşünün açığa çıkardığı tezatlarla beslenen öznenin zorunlu, köksüz bir savruluşundan mı ibaret olduğu sorusuna cevap aranmıştır.
Azerbaycan Edebiyatında Eleştirel Realizm Akımı ve Temsilcileri
Authors: Koç Elif
Published: May 2024

Azerbaycan edebiyatında, Çarlık Rusyası döneminde ortaya çıkmaya başlayan eleştirel realizm, çoğunlukla toplumsal yapıda meydana gelen problemleri ifade etmek için kullanılan edebî bir akımdır. 19. yüzyıl başlarında Azerbaycan’da ilmi, edebî ve felsefi yapının gelişmesine ve Mirza Fetali Ahundov’un sanatsal faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak Azerbaycan edebiyatında kendini göstermeye başlayan bu edebî akım, Celil Memmedguluzade ve Mirza Elekber Sabir ile en etkili ve en parlak dönemini yaşamıştır. Bu akımda, mizahi bir üslup kullanılmış ve özellikle eğitim, dil, din, kadının toplumdaki yeri ve cehalet gibi konularda ortaya çıkan toplumsal meseleler üzerine eleştirel eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Basın ve yayın organlarında neşredilen yazılarda da büyük ölçüde etkili olan eleştirel realizm edebî akımı, Azerbaycan Edebiyatında “tenkidi realizm”, “maarifçiperver realizm” ve “20. asır realizmi” gibi çeşitli terimlerle isimlendirilmiştir. Bu akım, 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru önemli derecede gelişme kaydetmiş, özellikle 1905’ten sonra bu gelişim giderek ivme kazanmış ve edebiyat sahasında etkili olmaya başlamıştır. 20. yüzyıla gelindiğinde ise eleştirel realizm, Azerbaycan tenkidinin en geniş ve en güçlü kolu olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak bu yüzyılda eleştirel realizm edebî akımı etrafında toplanan Abdürrahim Bey Hakdediyev, Necef Bey Vezirov, Memmed Said Ordubadi gibi birçok yazar, eserlerinde devamlı olarak demokratik temellere dayanan bağımsız devlet fikrini öne sürmüş, köylü ve işçinin haklarını savunmuş, ilmin ve eğitimin önemini vurgulayarak dini fanatizmi ağır bir şekilde eleştirmişlerdir. Eleştirel üslubun güçlü olduğu bu edebî akım, edebiyat ve sanatta sosyalist realizm varlık gösterinceye kadar etkili bir şekilde devam etmiştir. Çalışmamızda eleştirel realizmin Azerbaycan edebiyatındaki yeri ile bu akımın önemli temsilcileri olan Mirza Fetali Ahundov, Celil Memmedguluzade ve Sabir gibi aydınlar üzerinde durulacaktır.
Türk İHA'larının Rönesansı: Türkiye'nin Güvenlik Anlayışı Nasıl Değişti?
Authors: Koç Tuğba
Published: May 2024

İnsansız hava araçlarının dünya genelinde birçok kullanım alanı mevcuttur. Multidisipliner alanda kullanılan bu araçlar Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin terörle mücadele sürecinde taktiksel değişimi beraberinde getirmiş ve Millî Teknoloji Hamlesi kapsamında Türkiye’nin uluslararası güvenliğe katkısı açısından büyük öneme sahip olmuştur. IHA/SIHA üretimi sürecinde bu konuda çığır açan çalışmalar resmî kurumlar ve BAYKAR gibi şahsi girişimler tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Türkiye’nin liderlik ettiği sınır ötesi operasyonlarda önemli başarılar kat edilmiş ve bölgesel güvenliğin sağlanmasında Türkiye önemli bir rol oynamıştır. 1990’lardan bu yana yurtdışı bağımlılık neticesinde satın alınan cihaz ve silahların veri güvenliği sağlanamadığından ülke kendi savunma sanayi stratejisini oluşturmuş ve başarılı bir istihbarı temel ile havadan havaya füze atma kapasiteli son teknoloji savaş uçakları ve insansız hava araçları ile yapılan operasyonlar başta DAEŞ olmak üzere terör örgütlerinin hareket kabiliyetlerini önemli ölçüde kısıtlamış ve Türkiye’yi bölgesel ve uluslararası güvenlik alanında önemli bir oyuncu hâline getirmiştir. Ülkelerin bağımsızlığının sadece özgürlük ve demokrasi yönetimi ile sınırlandırılamayacağı günümüzde bir ülkenin kendi güvenliği için özellikle savunma sanayisinde yenilikler yapıp ilerleme kaydedebilmesi gerekmektedir. Türkiye’nin son yıllarda önemli bir ivme kazandığı insansız hava aracı sistemleri hem devlet güvenliği hem de bölgesel ve uluslararası güvenlik hususlarında ülkenin yeni bir rol elde etmesini sağlamıştır. Bir başka deyişle bu araçlar geleneksel askeri hava araçlarına kıyasla maliyet etkinliği ve riskin az olması gibi avantajlara sahip olup ayrıca Türkiye’nin IHA/SIHA’larını kendi iç güvenlik operasyonlarında ve sınır güvenliği gibi alanlarda kullanması bu teknolojinin stratejik önemini artırmıştır. Türkiye’nin bu alandaki ilerlemesi, uluslararası güvenlik politikaları ve savunma sanayisi trendleri açısından da önemli bir gelişme olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu teknolojik gelişmelerin, Türkiye’nin dış politika ve savunma stratejilerini nasıl etkilediği konusunda detaylı bir analiz yapmak, bu konunun karmaşıklığını daha iyi anlamamıza yardımcı olabilir.
Automated Matching Skills to Improve the Accuracy of Job Applicant Selection Using Indonesian National Work Competency Standards
Authors: Ajhari Abdul Azzam , Priambodo Dimas Febriyan , Yulianti Henny
Published: May 2024

The high number of cyberattack anomalies and data leaks in Indonesia increases the need for cybersecurity in various companies. Cybersecurity capabilities and skills in Indonesia are divided into three categories based on the Indonesian National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI), namely Security Operation Center (SOC), Cybersecurity test/Penetration testing (Pentest), and Information Security Audit. Although various approaches have been applied in different companies to select job applicants, a new method with automated matching is explored in this study. This method matches the skills possessed by prospective job applicants with the profile of their job task requirements based on the SKKNI Decree of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia using Machine Learning (ML) models. The empirical comparison of results comes from automated matchmaking processed by Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB) and Decision Tree algorithm models. Before modeling, the data is trained and evaluated for testing. Then to assess the most optimal algorithm between MNB and Decision Tree, a confusion matrix is proposed and used to find the best model. From the evaluation results, both models performed well and were highly accurate during training and test evaluation. The Decision Tree model performs slightly better than the MNB model, but both still provide satisfactory results in classifying data based on the Indonesian National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI) categories. This study offers a solution to minimize the number of potential applicants who are not competent in the three SKKNI cybersecurity job categories due to the mismatch of their abilities and skills.
Classification of Dermoscopic Images Using CNN-SVM
Authors: Minarno Agus Eko , Fadhlan Muhammad , Munarko Yuda , Chandranegara Didih Rizki
Published: May 2024

Traditional machine learning methods like GLCM and ABCD rules have long been employed for image classification tasks. However, they come with inherent limitations, primarily the need for manual feature extraction. This manual feature extraction process is time-consuming and relies on expert domain knowledge, making it challenging for non-experts to use effectively. Deep learning methods, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), have revolutionized image classification by automating the feature extraction. CNNs can learn hierarchical features directly from the raw pixel values, eliminating the need for manual feature engineering. Despite their powerful capabilities, CNNs have limitations, mainly when working with small image datasets. They may overfit the data or struggle to generalize effectively. In light of these considerations, this study adopts a hybrid approach that leverages the strengths of both deep learning and traditional machine learning. CNNs are automatic feature extractors, allowing the model to capture meaningful image patterns. These extracted features are then fed into a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, known for its efficiency and effectiveness in handling small datasets. The results of this study are encouraging, with an accuracy of 0.94 and an AUC score of 0.94. Notably, these metrics outperform Abbas' previous research by a significant margin, underscoring the effectiveness of the hybrid CNN-SVM approach. This research reinforces that SVM classifiers are well-suited for tasks involving limited image data, yielding improved classification accuracy and highlighting the potential for broader applications in image analysis.
A Multi-tier Model and Filtering Approach to Detect Fake News Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Chang Yu Chiung , A Hamid Isredza Rahmi , Abdullah Zubaile , Kipli Kuryati , Amnur Hidra
Published: May 2024

Fake news trends have overgrown in our societies over the years through social media platforms. The goal of spreading fake news can easily mislead and manipulate the public’s opinion. Many previous researchers have proposed this domain using classification algorithms or deep learning techniques. However, machine learning algorithms still suffer from high margin error, which makes them unreliable as every algorithm uses a different way of prediction. Deep learning requires high computation power and a large dataset to operate the classification model. A filtering model with a consensus layer in a multi-tier model is introduced in this research paper. The multi-tier model filters the news label correctly predicted by the first two-tier layer. The consensus layer acts as the final decision when collision results occur in the first two-tier layer. The proposed model is applied to the WEKA software tool to test and evaluate the model from both datasets. Two sequences of classification models are used in this research paper: LR_DT_RF and LR_NB_AdaBoost. The best performance of sequence for both datasets is LR_DT_RF which yields 0.9892 F1-Score, 0.9895 Accuracy, and 0.9790 Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) for ISOT Fake News Dataset, and 0.9913 F1-Score, 0.9853 Accuracy, and 0.9455 MCC for CHECKED Dataset. This research could give researchers an approach for fake news detection on different social platforms and feature-based
Figures “Representing the Kingdoms, Grand Principalities, and Other Regions and Provinces of the Russian Empire, with Their Coats Of Arms”: Personifications of Territories in 18th-century Russian Art
Authors: Chebakova Polina
Published: May 2024

Personifications of territories are a part of rich allegorical language of the Baroque, which entered Russian art in the XVIII century. The personification of Russia attracted attention of researchers, but personifications of the territories of the Russian Empire has been so far largely ignored. In the paper allegorical figures of the territories of the Russian Empire are examined on the material of various kinds of art and with the use of information from printed publications (Honoré Lacombe de Prézel’s "Dictionnaire iconologique, ou introduction à la connoissance des peintures, sculptures, médailles, estampes...", descriptions of court celebrations). Personifications embody both administrative units (cities, fortresses, and viceroyalties) and historical ones, namely the Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, and Moscow kingdoms. The latter had the highest status and were of the greatest importance. The article offers analysis of iconography of the personifications of the territories of the Russian Empire, which in most of the cases was a variation of the iconography of the personification of Russia. The main distinguishing feature of such figures was their coat of arms. Unlike personification of the Russian Empire, which always appeared in chaste attire, personifications of territories could be represented semi-naked. Attributes of power, i.e. crowns and royal robes, belonged only to the most significant of them, namely personifications of kingdoms or viceroyalties. Personifications of the kingdoms appeared in works in honour of the events that were paramount for the Russian Empire. Other personifications of territories (historical regions, cities, fortresses) usually appeared in art on the occasion of an addition of territory or in utilitarian objects (maps).
A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF PORTRAIT WORKS ON CERAMIC SURFACES
Authors: Gökçe Can , Feyzoğlu Emre
Published: May 2024

Throughout history, the primary purpose of ceramic production has been to meet human needs. However, ceramics have also emerged as a means of expression, like developments in painting and sculpture. We frequently see portraits of important figures in ceramic works, just as we do in coins, paintings, and sculptures. While the evolution of portraiture has been conveyed throughout history, the perspectives of ceramic artists on portraiture have gained significant importance in recent times. Portraits have been used to capture an individual's inner journey, as well as to draw attention to political or war-related issues. Technological advancements have enabled technical and decorative innovations in the design process. Furthermore, artists' unique production methods, facilitated by technology, have contributed to this diversity. In addition to printing techniques, scraping, and traditional methods, numerous unique production methods are being employed. The variety of techniques used is constantly expanding, incorporating computer-aided digital applications and traditional decoration methods. Photocopy transfer, mono print, sgraffito, serigraphy, and many other techniques are among those used in these productions. The use of portraits on ceramic surfaces allows for the integration of human expressions, with a focus on conveying emotions through the portraiture. This article serves as a reference document for the works of eleven contemporary Turkish ceramic artists who interpret portraiture, aiming to contribute to the generation of new ideas and perspectives. The artists' works were analyzed through individual interviews or interpretations from their exhibition manifestos.
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Aging impairs cold-induced beige adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolic reprogramming
Authors: Holman Corey D , Sakers Alexander P , Calhoun Ryan P , Cheng Lan , Fein Ethan C , Jacobs Christopher , Tsai Linus , Rosen Evan D , Seale Patrick
Published: May 2024

The energy-burning capability of beige adipose tissue is a potential therapeutic tool for reducing obesity and metabolic disease, but this capacity is decreased by aging. Here, we evaluate the impact of aging on the profile and activity of adipocyte stem and progenitor cells (ASPCs) and adipocytes during the beiging process in mice. We found that aging increases the expression of Cd9 and other fibro-inflammatory genes in fibroblastic ASPCs and blocks their differentiation into beige adipocytes. Fibroblastic ASPC populations from young and aged mice were equally competent for beige differentiation in vitro, suggesting that environmental factors suppress adipogenesis in vivo. Examination of adipocytes by single nucleus RNA-sequencing identified compositional and transcriptional differences in adipocyte populations with aging and cold exposure. Notably, cold exposure induced an adipocyte population expressing high levels of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) genes, and this response was severely blunted in aged animals. We further identified Npr3, which encodes the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor, as a marker gene for a subset of white adipocytes and an aging-upregulated gene in adipocytes. In summary, this study indicates that aging blocks beige adipogenesis and dysregulates adipocyte responses to cold exposure and provides a resource for identifying cold and aging-regulated pathways in adipose tissue.
Revealing intact neuronal circuitry in centimeter-sized formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain
Authors: Lin Ya-Hui , Wang Li-Wen , Chen Yen-Hui , Chan Yi-Chieh , Hu Shang-Hsiu , Wu Sheng-Yan , Chiang Chi-Shiun , Huang Guan-Jie , Yang Shang-Da , Chu Shi-Wei , Wang Kuo-Chuan , Lin Chin-Hsien , Huang Pei-Hsin , Cheng Hwai-Jong , Chen Bi-Chang , Chu Li-An
Published: May 2024

Tissue-clearing and labeling techniques have revolutionized brain-wide imaging and analysis, yet their application to clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks remains challenging. We introduce HIF-Clear, a novel method for efficiently clearing and labeling centimeter-thick FFPE specimens using elevated temperature and concentrated detergents. HIF-Clear with multi-round immunolabeling reveals neuron circuitry regulating multiple neurotransmitter systems in a whole FFPE mouse brain and is able to be used as the evaluation of disease treatment efficiency. HIF-Clear also supports expansion microscopy and can be performed on a non-sectioned 15-year-old FFPE specimen, as well as a 3-month formalin-fixed mouse brain. Thus, HIF-Clear represents a feasible approach for researching archived FFPE specimens for future neuroscientific and 3D neuropathological analyses.
Enabling blockchain for Saudi Arabia drug supply chain using Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors: Alshahrani Saeed M.
Published: May 2024

The availability of drugs across the country is a direct measure for fairer public health. Several issues have been reported drastically related to various organizations that fail to provide quality medicines on time. There has been a consistent increase in cases where the treatment, as well as exempted drugs, were supplied due to the unavailability of proper traceability of the supply chain. Several parties are involved in the supply and have similar interests that may defer the adequate shareability of the drugs. The existing system for managing the drug supply chain suffers from several backlogs. The loss of information, unavailability of resources to track the proper medicinal storage, transparency of information sharing between various stakeholders and sequential access. The applicability of the decentralized model emerging from the blockchain can apply to one of the perfect solutions in this case. The drug traceability chain can be deployed to a Ledger-based blockchain that may result in decentralized information. Continuous supply from the Internet of Things (IoT) based devices might be handy as the middleware for providing a trustworthy, safe, and proper transaction-oriented system. The data integrity, along with the provenance resulting from the IoT-connected devices, is an effective solution towards managing the supply chain and drug traceability. This study presents a model that can provide a token-based blockchain that will help provide a cost-efficient and secure system for a reliable drug supply chain.
Determining the plant-pollinator network in a culturally significant food and medicine garden in the Great Lakes region
Authors: Gibson Shelby D. , Onuferko Thomas M. , Myers Lisa , Colla Sheila R.
Published: May 2024

Understanding the interactions between plants and pollinators within a system can provide information about pollination requirements and the degree to which species contribute to floral reproductive success. Past research has focused largely on interactions within monocultured agricultural systems and only somewhat on wild pollination networks. This study focuses on the culturally significant Three Sisters Garden, which has been grown and tended by many Indigenous peoples for generations in the Great Lakes Region. Here, the plant-pollinator network of the traditional Three Sisters Garden with the inclusion of some additional culturally significant plants was mapped. Important visitors in this system included the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and the hoary squash bee, Xenoglossa pruinosa (Say) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), as determined by their abundances and pollinator service index (PSI) values. Understanding the key pollinators in the Three Sisters Garden links biological diversity to cultural diversity through the pollination of culturally significant plants. Further, this information could be of use in supporting Indigenous food sovereignty by providing knowledge about which wild pollinators could be supported to increase fruit and seed set within the Three Sisters Garden. Our findings can also lead to more effective conservation of important wild pollinator species.
Prioritizing Food Waste Management for a Greener Tomorrow Beyond Landfills: Strategies to Shrink our Carbon Footprint through Food Waste Reduction
Authors: Eric Kasamba Ilunga
Published: May 2024

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are attracting global attention amid concerns over food security and environmental pollution resulting from the expanding global economy and population growth. Food waste that occurs at all stages of processing is thrown into landfills. This food waste is sent to landfills where it decomposes to produce greenhouse gas emissions. A significant portion of waste thrown into landfills is organic kitchen waste that decomposes to produce greenhouse gases responsible for climate change and environmental risks.
This observation is that of our results, which point out that poor management of food waste, the landfills which receive it are uncontrolled and thus leaving access to human persons due to the proximity to the residential houses, as well as to insects and animals. Incineration is the main method used to dispose of waste, with very few initiatives for recycling or composting of waste, thus leaving their degradation or incineration in the open air with all the consequences on the carbon footprint and the climate.
Initiatives for the good use of waste, in particular: recycling, composting, etc., must be encouraged for the good management of waste and landfill sites in order to preserve our environment from greenhouse gases. For this reason, regulations on waste management and landfills must be considered to prevent the future.
Artificial Intelligence in Occupational Health and Safety Risk Management of Construction, Mining, and Oil and Gas Sectors: Advances and Prospects
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel
Published: May 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has gained much popularity in various sectors and has found applications in multiple areas, including occupational health and safety (OHS) risk management of the high-risk construction, mining, and oil and gas sectors. OHS risk management centers on identifying, assessing and controlling occupational risks systematically to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses and deaths. This review presents the advances in AI applications for OHS risk management in these sectors and synthesizes their barriers for better application prospects. In the construction sector, AI can be employed in building information modeling during the design stage to identify and deal with the hazards of building models. AI can be deployed in construction sites through computer vision, sensor networks, knowledge-based systems, and machine learning to capture real-time site conditions, analyze the videos or pictures captured, and provide feedback to workers for appropriate responses. A similar setup involving the same components is also used for managing the OHS risks of surface or underground mining, particularly for monitoring the environmental conditions, detecting the presence of hazardous gases, and identifying hazards in locations that are remote and difficult to assess. Sensors can be attached to personal protective equipment and watches and the signals transmitted via Bluetooth to permit data collection for analysis and response by AI. In the oil and gas sector, sensors are extensively used to collect process safety data from wells, pipelines, valves, etc. for analytical and predictive Al. Al, especially, machine learning is used to create personalized training for workers based on their learning pace and characteristics. However, the major barriers identified are high cost, lack of support and skilled employees, ethical issues, and the uncertainty of AI.
DO FISIOLOGISMO AO CENTRO DO PODER: as reformas eleitorais e o centrão 2.0
Authors: Testa Graziella , Mesquita Lara , Bolognesi Bruno
Published: May 2024

Este artigo analisa os resultados da reforma política de 2017 no Brasil, que buscou punir partidos com comportamento fisiológico. O estudo utiliza a abordagem do “centrão 2.0”, grupo aglutinado em torno de demandas clientelistas, relegando a agenda ideológica. Foram utilizados três conjuntos de dados: um questionário respondido por cientistas políticos, dados de carreira dos parlamentares e informações sobre o comportamento das bancadas partidárias na Câmara. Os partidos mais fisiológicos na arena legislativa repetem o mesmo comportamento na arena eleitoral, incluindo o Partido Social Democrático (PSD), o Podemos (Pode), o Partido Progressistas (PP) e o Republicanos (Republicanos). As reformas de 2007 e 2017 são analisadas, com destaque para a cláusula de desempenho criada em 2017. Os partidos menores foram mais impactados negativamente, enquanto partidos médios do centrão se beneficiaram ao absorver recursos antes destinados aos menores. A conclusão aponta que a reforma, ao reduzir o número de partidos menores fisiológicos, concentrou recursos e poder nos partidos médios com comportamento semelhante. Isso reforça a ideia de que reformas em democracias tendem a favorecer as elites.
DESINFORMAÇÃO POLÍTICA E O ENIGMA DA TOLERÂNCIA NAS DISPUTAS ELEITORAIS
Authors: Barreiros Neto Jaime
Published: May 2024

O presente artigo tem como objeto uma reflexão acerca da necessária ponderação entre a viabilização do combate à desinformação nas eleições e a ameaça, inerente a este processo, de supressão da liberdade de expressão e da livre circulação das ideias, fundamentais para a plena efetivação da democracia e do pluralismo político. Como viabilizar o combate à disseminação em massa de mentiras ou “fake news”, prejudiciais à manutenção de um ambiente político tolerante e saudável, em face da necessidade de garantia da liberdade e da tolerância próprias das sociedades democráticas e o do risco do autoritarismo estatal? Na busca da resposta a este dilema, foi realizada uma análise de situações concretas vivenciadas no processo eleitoral brasileiro nos últimos quinze anos à luz da filosofia política relativa à temática da liberdade de expressão e ao combate à intolerância, concluindo-se pela necessidade de priorização de medidas preventivas de combate à desinformação, de forma a evitar que a repressão judicial, eleita como método de salvaguarda democrática, violente as liberdades fundamentais e aniquile a própria democracia.
Mineral Nutrients
Authors: Enig Mary G.
Published: December 2010

Minerals that are essential to life are the source of metals and other inorganic elements involved in the most fundamental processes. For example, oxygen is utilized in the human body with the help of metal complexes. The human skeleton is composed of calcium and phosphorus and traces of other metals. The regulation of body‐fluid volume and acid‐base balance requires sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Several vitamins contain sulfur, one contains cobalt. Hormones contain iodine, sulfur, and zinc. States of dynamic equilibrium exist for the various mineral nutrients as well as mechanisms whereby a system can adjust to varying amounts of these minerals in diet. In forms usually found in foods, most mineral nutrients are not toxic when ingested orally. RDAs (recommended dietary allowances) can generally be eaten without concern for safety. The essential minerals are classified as either principal elements or trace and ultratrace elements. Principal elements are calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and magnesium, Trace and ultratrace elements are iron,fluorine, zinc, copper, boron, selenium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, cobalt, tin, vanadium, nickel, and arsenic. All are discussed in this article.
Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys
Authors: Steifel Edward I.
Published: December 2010

Molybdenum is a key industrial element used both in its pure form as a refractory metal and as a an alloying element in irons and steels. Most of the world's supply comes as a by‐product from copper mining. China, the United States, Chile, and Canada provide about 87% of molybdenum contained in concentrate. Only a quarter comes from primary mines. Molybdenum supply, ore processing to commercial products, and the associated environmental effects are reviewed. Because of its position in the Periodic Table, molybdenum has been linked to chromium or other heavy metals. Unlike these elements, molybdenum and its compounds have relatively low toxicity. Molybdenum has been identified as necessary to plant life. Molybdenum as a refractory metal is used in furnaces and electrodes. Alloys are used for tools, pipelines, and various gears and dies, especially in harsh environments. Molybdenum is playing a larger role in green technology focusing on use in biofuels and ethanol, solar panels, and wind power.
Polymer Brushes
Authors: de Vos Wiebe M. , Mieke Kleijn J. , de Keizer Arie , Cosgrove Terence , Cohen Stuart Martien A.
Published: December 2010

A polymer brush can be defined as a dense array of polymers end‐attached to an interface that stretch out into the surrounding medium. Polymer brushes have been investigated for the past 30 years and have shown to be an extremely useful tool to control interfacial properties. This review is intended as an introduction into this very vibrant and diverse topic. We start by giving a clear definition of the polymer brush and we discuss its structure and properties. Next, we give an overview of the wide array of applications of polymer brushes, such as its use to prevent fouling, to stabilize particle suspensions and to reduce friction. We continue by giving an overview of the typical methods to produce polymer brushes, and end by reviewing recent work on the topic of responsive polymer brushes and discussing possible directions for future research.
Effect of the blooming of chemical curatives on the cyclic fatigue life of natural rubber filled with a silanized silica nanofiller
Authors: Saeed F. , Ansarifar A. , Ellis R. J. , Haile‐Meskel Y. , Farid A. S.
Published: December 2010

When partly soluble chemical curatives are mixed with raw rubber, they migrate to the rubber surface, which can be detrimental to the rubber properties. Two rubber compounds with different amounts of curatives were prepared by mixing natural rubber with a high loading of precipitated amorphous white silica nanofiller. The silica surfaces were pretreated with bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐tetrasulfide coupling agent to chemically adhere silica to the rubber. The chemical bonding between the filler and rubber was optimized via the tetrasulfane groups of bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐tetrasulfide by adding accelerator and activator. The rubber compounds were cured and stored at ambient temperature for up to 65 days. One compound showed extensive blooming as a function of storage time. The cyclic fatigue life of the rubber vulcanizates was subsequently measured at a constant strain amplitude and test frequency at ambient temperature. The blooming of the chemical curatives reduced the cyclic fatigue life of the rubber vulcanizate by more than 100%. The migrated chemical curatives produced a thin layer approximately 15 μm in size beneath the rubber surface. When the rubber was stressed repeatedly in the fatigue test, cracks initiated in this layer and subsequently grew, causing the fatigue life of the vulcanizate to decrease. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of Fibrillar Aβ1–40 on the Viability of primary Cultures of Cholinergic Neurons and the Expression of Insulin Signaling–Related Proteins
Authors: Du Yi‐Feng , Yan Peng , Guo Shou‐Gang , Qu Chuan‐Qiang
Published: December 2010

To investigate the effects of fibrillar Aβ1–40 on the morphology and viability of cholinergic neurons and the involvement of the insulin‐signaling pathway, we established primary cultures of rat basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and observed their responses to treatment with fibrillar Aβ1–40 at different concentrations for different durations. Cell morphology was examined under microscope after immunofluorescence staining for neurofilament protein, cell vitality accessed by the Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and expressions of a panel of insulin signaling–related proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. We show here that, at low concentrations of 0.1–1.0 μmol/L, fibrillar Aβ1–40 had little effects on the cells; however, at higher concentrations of 2–10 μmol/L, it caused pathological changes, decreased the cell viability, and reduced the expression of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate‐I, Protein Kinase B, and B cell lymphoma/leukemia‐2 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. These results demonstrate that fibrillar Aβ1–40 not only decreases the viability of cholinergic neuron but also down regulates the expression of important proteins in the insulin signal transduction pathway. We speculate that fibrillar Aβ1–40 may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's through disrupting the insulin signaling pathway, therefore decreasing neuronal activity and eventually leading to the apoptosis and cell loss. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Encapsulation and Antitumor Activity of New Betulin Derivatives
Authors: Csuk René , Barthel Alexander , Sczepek Ronny , Siewert Bianka , Schwarz Stefan
Published: December 2010

Novel betulin derivatives were prepared and tested for their antitumor activity. Starting from 3‐O‐acetyl‐ or 3‐O‐methyl‐betulinic aldehyde, the synthesis of C‐28 ethynyl derivatives was performed; their subsequent transformation with several 1,3‐dipolarophiles afforded pyrazoles and 1,2,3‐triazoles. Their screening for antitumor activity was performed in a panel of 15 human cancer cell lines by a colorimetric SRB‐assay. Thereby, several compounds revealed a higher cytotoxicity than betulinic acid. In addition, the encapsulation of the lead structure7into liposomes was investigated. The results from a dye exclusion test and from DNA laddering experiments provided evidence for an apoptotic cell death.
MicroRNA‐126 regulates DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells and contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1
Authors: Zhao Sha , Wang Yu , Liang Yunsheng , Zhao Ming , Long Hai , Ding Shu , Yin Heng , Lu Qianjin
Published: December 2010

Objective

To identify microRNA genes with abnormal expression in the CD4+ T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to determine the role of microRNA‐126 (miR‐126) in the etiology of SLE.

Methods

MicroRNA expression patterns in CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE and healthy control subjects were analyzed by microRNA microarray and stem loop quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Luciferase reporter gene assays were performed to identify miR‐126 targets. Dnmt1, CD11a, and CD70 messenger RNA and protein levels were determined by real‐time qPCR, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. CD11a, CD70, and EGFL7 promoter methylation levels were detected by bisulfite sequencing. IgG levels in T cell–B cell cocultures were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The expression of 11 microRNA was significantly increased or decreased in CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE relative to that in CD4+ T cells from control subjects. Among these, miR‐126 was up‐regulated, and its degree of overexpression was inversely correlated with Dnmt1 protein levels. We demonstrated that miR‐126 directly inhibits Dnmt1 translation via interaction with its 3′–untranslated region, and that overexpression of miR‐126 in CD4+ T cells can significantly reduce Dnmt1 protein levels. The overexpression of miR‐126 in CD4+ T cells from healthy donors caused the demethylation and up‐regulation of genes encoding CD11a and CD70, thereby causing T cell and B cell hyperactivity. The inhibition of miR‐126 in CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE had the opposite effects. Expression of the miR‐126 host gene EGFL7 was also up‐regulated in CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE, possibly in a hypomethylation‐dependent manner.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that miR‐126 regulates DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells and contributes to T cell autoreactivity in SLE by directly targeting Dnmt1.
Continuous‐ and discrete‐time fixed‐gain controller designs for the control of vehicle lateral dynamics
Authors: Hsieh Chien‐Shu , Liaw Der‐Cherng
Published: December 2010

In this paper, fixed‐gain feedback linearization controls are presented to stabilize the vehicle lateral dynamics at bifurcation points for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time cases. Based on the assumption of constant driving speed, a second‐order nonlinear lateral dynamics model is adopted for controller design. Via the feedback linearization scheme and the first‐order Taylor series expansion, a time‐invariant feedback linearization control is proposed as a fixed‐gain linear version of the previously proposed nonlinear one. Furthermore, the conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design is applied to facilitate the choice of the fixed‐gain matrix. Refined controls to compensate the model uncertainty and their local stability analysis are provided. Extension of the continuous‐time design results to discrete‐time cases is also addressed. Numerical simulations for an example model demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed continuous‐time and discrete‐time design results.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
An ILC scheme for a class of nonlinear continuous‐time systems with time‐iteration‐varying parameters subject to second‐order internal model
Authors: Yin Chenkun , Xu Jian‐Xin , Hou Zhongsheng
Published: December 2010

In this paper, a new iterative learning control (ILC) scheme is proposed to deal with unknown time‐iteration‐varying parameters for a class of nonlinear continuous‐time systems. The parametric non‐repetitiveness in the iteration domain is described by a second‐order internal model, which includes systems with iteration‐invariant parameters as a subset. By incorporating the internal model into the parametric learning law, the proposed ILC scheme can handle more generic systems with parametric uncertainties, and includes existing ILC schemes as a special case with the first‐order internal model. The conditions under which the new ILC scheme can guarantee learning convergence are delicately explored. Utilizing the information of the previous two iterations and the method of composite energy function (CEF), it is able to derive pointwise convergence along the time axis and asymptotic convergence along the iteration axis. The controller design is further extended to the case for systems with mixed parameters and unknown time‐varying input gain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Dynamic inversion control for a class of pure‐feedback systems
Authors: Gao Dao‐Xiang , Sun Zeng‐Qi , Liu Jin‐Hao
Published: December 2010

A dynamic inversion control method is proposed for a class of pure‐feedback nonlinear systems. By combing the back‐steeping control method with the singular perturbation theory, the virtual and the final actual control inputs are derived from the solutions of a series of fast dynamical equations. Stability analysis shows that the system output tracks the desired trajectory with bounded errors, which can be made arbitrarily small by choosing appropriate design parameters. Tracking performance is illustrated by simulation results.

© 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Quantification of both the presence, and oxidation state, of Mn in Bacillus atrophaeus spores and its imparting of magnetic susceptibility to the spores
Authors: Sun Jianxin , Zborowski Maciej , Chalmers Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2010

Bacillus atrophaeus spores were previously reported to have significant magnetic susceptibility in a magnetic field due to the presence of Mn. However, relatively little is known about the total amount and distribution of the oxidation state of Mn associated with this specific strain's spores. Using the instrument, cell tracking velocimetry (CTV) both magnetically induced velocity and settling velocity was quantitatively measured. Visual observations, and calculated diameter using previously reported densities, indicate that the spores are present in the form of clusters of approximately 3–6 µm. Treatment of these clusters with EDTA or pH of 2.0 or below resulted in not only the disruption of the spore clusters, but also a significant decrease in magnetic susceptibility, in some cases by almost two orders of magnitude. Since the magnetic susceptibility of Mn varies significantly between the three typically reported valance states of Mn, Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn(IV); X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS, was used to determined the valance states of Mn in the spores. This XPS analysis, which penetrates up to 10 nm into the spore, returned the following fractions: 0.41, 0.38, and 0.21 for the valance states: Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn(IV), respectively. The total mass of Mn associated with each spore cluster was determined by ICP‐MS. A second, completely independent estimate of Mn mass associated with each spore cluster was made, by mathematically solving for the amount of Mn per spore cluster using the experimentally measured magnetophoretic mobility and the magnetic susceptibility of each of the three valence states from the XPS analysis. IPC‐MS returned a value of 3.28 × 10−11 g of Mn per spore cluster while the calculated estimation from mobility and XPS analysis retuned a value of 1.16 × 10−11 g, which given the complexity of the two techniques, is a reasonable agreement. Finally, a discussion of potential applications of the magnetic properties of these spores is presented. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1119–1129. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An approach to a faculty professional development seminar
Authors: Bendickson Mary , Griffin Karen
Published: December 2010

This chapter examines Hillsborough Community College's approach to imparting to its faculty members an understanding of the community college as an educational institution.
Faculty issues in rural community colleges
Authors: Cejda Brent D.
Published: December 2010

This chapter reviews the literature regarding the issues and challenges facing rural community colleges in their efforts to attract qualified candidates for full‐time faculty vacancies. It discusses factors related to the socialization of faculty into the rural community college environment and provides recommendations for policy and practice.
Now hiring: The faculty of the future
Authors: Green Donald W. , Ciez‐Volz Kathleen
Published: December 2010

Community colleges across the United States are experiencing an extraordinarily high demand for new instructors. Institutions must make sound, long‐term decisions by selecting candidates who honor the community college's past while heralding its future.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Amines and Amino Acids by Enzyme–Metal Cocatalysis
Authors: Kim Yunwoong , Park Jaiwook , Kim Mahn‐Joo
Published: December 2010

Methods for the conversion of racemates to single enantiomers are of great importance in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Enzymatic kinetic resolution has been most frequently applied for such a conversion. It is particularly useful in preparing both R and S enantiomers at the same time. However, if one enantiomer is needed, the other should be recycled via racemization to enable high yields. Over the last two decades, in situ racemization of the unwanted enantiomers has been intensively studied with the development of metal‐based catalysts. Metal‐catalyzed racemization can be coupled with enzymatic kinetic resolution for the dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic amines and amino acids, which provides single enantiomeric products with yields approaching 100 %. Recent developments in this field are summarized with focus on metal catalysts for racemization.
[{Au(IPr)}2(μ‐OH)]X Complexes: Synthetic, Structural and Catalytic Studies
Authors: Ramón Rubén S. , Gaillard Sylvain , Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: December 2010

The synthesis of a series of dinuclear gold hydroxide complexes has been achieved. These complexes of type [{Au(IPr)}2(μ‐OH)]X (X=BF4, NTf2, OTf, FABA, SbF6; IPr=2,6‐bis(disopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene; NTf2=bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate; FABA=tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) are easily formed in the presence of water and prove highly efficient in the catalytic hydration of nitriles. Their facile formation in aqueous media suggests they are of relevance in gold‐catalyzed reactions involving water. Additionally, a series of [Au(IPr)(NCR)][BF4] (R=alkyl, aryl) complexes was synthesized as they possibly occur as intermediates in the catalytic reaction mechanism. 1H and 13C NMR data as well as key bond lengths obtained by X‐ray diffraction studies are compared and reveal an interesting structure–activity relationship. The collected data indicate a negligible effect of the nature of the nitrile on the reactivity of [Au(L)(NCR)][X] complexes in catalysis.