bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitreous fluorophotometry and changes in blood‐retinal barrier permeability induced by Bendazac lysine
Authors: Nuzzi Giuseppe , Venturini Ivan , De Gregorio Mauro , Arsenio Leone , Maraini Giovanni
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Vitreous fluorophotometry was used to investigate the effect of Bendazac lysine on the blood retinal barrier in 12 insulin‐dependent diabetics with mild background retinopathy. The study was a randomized, double blind, cross‐over trial, drug versus Placebo. Each treatment period was of 4 months. The vitreous penetration coefficient was reduced by 21% (95% c.i. 12, 30; p = 0.001) by treatment with respect to Placebo.
The role of Serratia marcescens in soft contact lens associated ocular infections
Authors: Parment Per Arne
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Serratia marcescens is a Gram negative rod which for a century and a half was considered a harmless saphrophyte. However, medical technology and the use of antibacterial agents have created ecological niches for this bacterium, which is now a medical problem. The bacterium is encountered in connection with contact lens keratitis, often associated with contaminated contact lens solutions. The concentrations of chlorhexidin and thiomersal required in contact lens solution to suppress the bacterium have been proved toxic to the eye. Modern contact lens solutions with biguanids have rapid killing kinetics, while in solutions with polyquaternium S. marcescens can survive in reduced numbers for up to 72 hours. The adherence of a specific isolate of Serratia to hydrogel lenses increased with decreased water content of the lenses. However, there has been no correlation between hydrophobicity markers or hemagglutinins and adherence to contact lenses or urinary tract epithelium. When handling medical plastic devices, such as contact lenses, strictly inforced hygiene remains the most important method to combat environmental bacteria such as Serratia marcescens.
Endophthalmitis following penetrating eye injuries
Authors: Duch‐Samper Antonio M. , Menezo Jose L. , Hurtado‐Sarrió Mercedes
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Postinjury endophthalmitis is the eye infection with the worst prognosis. A retrospective 9‐year study was made of penetrating eye injuries, with an analysis of the incidence of infection and its relation to the type of wound and the presence of intraocular foreign bodies. There were 403 cases of penetrating eye injury; of these, 233 affected the cornea and 170 involved the posterior pole. Intraocular foreign bodies were present in 40 cases. Endophthalmitis developed in 4.2% of cases (17/403), and was more common in patients with posterior pole involvement (7%) than in purely corneal trauma (2.1%) (p = 0.03, Chi‐square). Infection was in turn more frequent in the presence of intraocular foreign bodies (15%) (p = 0.17, Chi‐square). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common cause (23.4%), while in three cases (17.6%) mixed infection was detected. The visual results were evisceration or non‐perception of light in 82.3% of cases.
How are macular changes reflected in pattern visually evoked cortical potentials?
Authors: Shimada Yoshiaki , Adachi‐Usami Emiko , Murayama Koichiro
Published: May 2009

To investigate the macular contribution to the amplitude and latency of pattern visual evoked cortical potentials (PVECPs), we recorded PVECPs in patients with unilateral macular disease (retinal diseases involving the macular region) and optic neuritis. We selected patients with visual acuities better than 0.3, which is thought to be the minimum acuity to provide clearly discernible responses. The visual stimulus was a checkerboard. We varied the check size in 4 steps as 7, 14, 28, and 56 min of arc, and the contrast was 20% or 80%. The amplitude of the sinusoidal wave of steady‐state VECPs (12 Hz) and the P100 component of a transient VECP (3 Hz) were measured. Significant attenuation and delay of PVECPs in the affected eye were found in the macular disease group. Macular disease may cause an increase of VECP latency. However, VECP seemed to be a more sensitive test of optic nerve disease than of macular disease, when patients had similar visual acuities.
Bilateral clinical anophthalmos
Authors: Young Alvin , O'Keefe Michael
Published: May 2009

We report on the risk factors, associations and outcome of 5 children with bilateral clinical anophthalmos. Our study showed no gestational, environmental or hereditary association but confirmed strong association with multiple systemic abnormalities.
Reliability of egg morphology to detect conspecific brood parasitism in goldeneyes Bucephala clangula examined using protein fingerprinting
Authors: Pöysä Hannu , Lindblom Kari , Rutila Jarkko , Sorjonen Jorma
Published: May 2009

Eadie (1989) developed a method based on variation between females in egg length, width and weight to detect conspecific brood parasitism in the field: using these three egg measures, Euclidean distance between all pairs of eggs within a clutch is calculated, and if maximum Euclidean distance (MED) between any two eggs exceeds a threshold value the nest is considered parasitized. The MED method has been tested in Finnish and Scottish common goldeneye Bucephala clangula populations but the results have been contradicting. Here we use protein fingerprinting to assess the validity of the MED method. Data comprised 35 clutches of which we knew, based on protein fingerprinting, how many different females laid the clutch (range 1–5 females). The mean MED of non‐parasitized clutches (laid by 1 female only) was 1.470 (95% CI: lower 1.169, upper 1.771; n=21) and that of parasitized clutches (laid by 2 or more females) was 3.654 (95% CL: lower 3.083, upper 4.225; n=14). Using a MED>3.0 as a criterion to identify parasitized clutches 89% of all clutches were classified correctly either parasitized or non‐parasitized when compared to the identification based on protein fingerprinting. Clutch size and the number of females (beyond 2 females) did not affect the clutch MED, whereas the status of parasitism did. Repeatability of egg length, width and weight were: 0.63, 0.76 and 0.80, respectively, implying that, variation in these egg measures occurs among rather than within females. Our new results confirm that the MED method is reliable enough to detect parasitism in common goldeneye.
Flexibility in the bimodal foraging strategy of a high Arctic alcid, the little aukAlle alle
Authors: Welcker Jorg , Harding Ann M. A. , Karnovsky Nina J. , Steen Harald , Strøm Hallvard , Gabrielsen Geir W.
Published: May 2009

A bimodal foraging strategy has previously been described for procellariiform seabird species and is thought to have evolved in response to local resource availability being too low for adult birds to meet chick requirements and simultaneously maintain their own body condition. Here, we examine the dual foraging trip pattern of an alcid, the little aukAlle alle, at five colonies with contrasting oceanographic conditions. In spite of large variation in local conditions, little auks at all colonies showed the same general pattern of alternating a single long‐trip with several consecutive short‐trips. However, we found that the foraging pattern was flexible and could be adjusted at three levels: (1) the length of long‐trips, (2) the frequency of short‐trips, and (3) the total time spent foraging. Birds facing unfavorable conditions increased the duration of long‐trips and reduced the number of short‐trips. These adjustments resulted in reduced provisioning rates of chicks despite the fact that birds also increased the time allocated to foraging. Travel times during foraging trips were positively correlated to the total duration of the trip suggesting that differences in trip length among colonies were partly driven by variation in the distance to foraging areas. Most birds spent substantially more time traveling during long compared to short‐trips, indicating that they accessed distant foraging areas during long‐trips but remained close to the colony during short‐trips. However, the difference in travel times was small at the site with the most favorable conditions suggesting that bimodal foraging in the little auk may be independent of the existence of high‐quality areas at distance from the breeding ground.
Maxillary sinus floor elevation using the (transalveolar) osteotome technique with or without grafting material. Part I: implant survival and patients' perception
Authors: Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Rast Claude , Brägger Urs , Schmidlin Kurt , Zwahlen Marcel , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: May 2009

Objectives: To analyze the survival and success rates of implants installed utilizing the (transalveolar) osteotome technique, to compare peri‐implant soft tissue parameters and marginal bone levels of osteotome‐installed implants with implants placed using standard surgical procedures, and to evaluate patient‐centered outcomes.

Material and methods: During 2000 to 2005, 252 Straumann® dental implants were inserted in 181 patients. The surgical technique was a modification of the original osteotome technique presented by Summers. In addition to the clinical examination, the patients were asked to give their perception of the surgical procedure, utilizing a visual analogue scale.

Results: The cumulative survival rate of the osteotome‐installed implants after a mean follow‐up time of 3.2 years, was 97.4% (95% confidence intervals: 94.4–98.8%). From the 252 implants inserted, three were lost before loading and another three were lost in the first and second year. According to residual bone height the survival was 91.3% for implant sites with ≤4 mm residual bone height, and 90% for sites with 4 mm and 5 mm, when compared with that of 100% in sites with bone height of above 5 mm. According to implant length the survival rates were 100% for 12 mm, 98.7% for 10 mm, 98.7% for 8 mm and only 47.6% for 6 mm implants. Soft tissue parameters (pocket probing depth, probing attachment level, bleeding on probing and marginal bone levels) did not yield any differences between the osteotome‐installed and the conventionally placed implants. More than 90% of the patients were satisfied with the implant therapy and would undergo similar therapy again if necessary. The cost associated with implant therapy was considered to be justified.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the osteotome technique was a reliable method for implant insertion in the posterior maxilla, especially at sites with 5 mm or more of preoperative residual bone height and a relatively flat sinus floor.
Long‐term follow‐up of melatonin treatment in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia
Authors: Hoebert Michel , Van Der Heijden Kristiaan B. , Van Geijlswijk Ingeborg M. , Smits Marcel G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  We conducted this study to assess long‐term melatonin treatment course, effectiveness and safety in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronic sleep onset insomnia (CSOI). This was conducted by means of a structured questionnaire for the parents. The subjects of this study consisted of participants who previously participated in a randomised clinical trial on melatonin efficacy. The response rate was 93% (94/101). The mean time to follow up was 3.7 yr. No serious adverse events or treatment related co‐morbidities were reported. Sixty‐five percent of the children still used melatonin daily and 12% occasionally. Temporal discontinuation of treatment resulted in a delay of sleep onset in 92% of the children. Nine percent of the children could discontinue melatonin completely because of improvement of sleep onset insomnia. Long‐term melatonin treatment was judged to be effective against sleep onset problems in 88% of the cases. Improvement of behaviour and mood was reported in 71% and 61% respectively. We conclude that melatonin remains an effective therapy on the long term for the treatment of CSOI in children with ADHD and has no safety concerns regarding serious adverse events or treatment related co‐morbidity. Discontinuation of melatonin treatment usually leads to a relapse of sleep onset insomnia and in resuming melatonin treatment, even after several years of treatment.
Nudel Promotes Axonal Lysosome Clearance and Endo‐lysosome Formation via Dynein‐Mediated Transport
Authors: Zhang Qiangge , Wang Fubin , Cao Jingli , Shen Yidong , Huang Qiongping , Bao Lan , Zhu Xueliang
Published: May 2009

Axonal transport is critical for neuronal function and survival. Cytoplasmic dynein and its accessory complex dynactin form a microtubule minus end‐directed motor in charge of retrograde transport. In this study, we show that Nudel, a dynein regulator, was highly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Microinjection of anti‐Nudel antibody into cultured DRG neurons abolished retrograde transport of membranous organelles in the axon and led to dispersions of Golgi cisternae in the soma. As a result, lysosomes, which are normally enriched in the soma, moved persistently into and thus accumulated in axons. Endo‐lysosome formation was also markedly delayed. As anterograde motility of mitochondria was not inhibited, the antibody apparently did not abolish retrograde transport by destructing axonal microtubule tracks. Similar results were obtained by microinjecting N‐terminal Nudel, anti‐dynein antibody or a p150Glued mutant capable of abrogating the dynein–dynactin association. These results indicate a critical role of Nudel in dynein‐mediated axonal transport. Moreover, the effects of dynein on endolysosome formation and regional sequestration of lysosomes may contribute to defects in the endocytic pathway seen in neurons of patients or animals with malfunction of dynein.
The Problem of Natural Evil II: Hybrid Replies
Authors: Gelinas Luke
Published: May 2009

I consider two views that combine different elements of general theistic replies to natural evil, those of Peter van Inwagen and William Hasker. I end with a Hasker‐style defense – one that, unlike Hasker's, denies the existence of pointless natural evils – and some brief observations on the direction of future debate.
NG2+/Olig2+ Cells are the Major Cycle‐Related Cell Population of the Adult Human Normal Brain
Authors: Geha Sameh , Pallud Johan , Junier Marie‐Pierre , Devaux Bertrand , Leonard Nadine , Chassoux Francine , Chneiweiss Hervé , Daumas‐Duport Catherine , Varlet Pascale
Published: May 2009

A persistent cycling cell population in the normal adult human brain is well established. Neural stem cells or neural progenitors have been identified in the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus subgranular layer (SGL), two areas of persistent neurogenesis. Cycling cells in other human normal brain areas, however, remains to be established. Here, we determined the distribution and identity of these cells in the cortex, the white matter and the hippocampal formation of adult patients with and without chronic temporal lobe epilepsy using immunohistochemistry for the cell cycle markers Ki‐67 (Mib‐1) and minichromosome maintenance protein 2. Rare proliferative neuronal precursors expressing the neuronal antigen neuronal nuclei were restricted to the SGL. In contrast, the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell markers Olig2 and the surface antigen NG2 were expressed by the vast majority of cycling cells scattered throughout the cortex and white matter of both control and epileptic patients. Most of these cycling cells were in early G1 phase, and were significantly more numerous in epileptic than in non‐epileptic patients. These results provide evidence for a persistent gliogenesis in the human cortex and white matter that is enhanced in an epileptic environment.
Obscured Inequalities in Mechanisms for Managing Workplace Disputes
Authors: Hoffmann Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2009

Although the law gives workers a variety of rights, actually implementing them is a battle in itself. When settling workplace disputes outside the courtroom, the dispute is met with a mandate to compromise, often ignoring the parties’ rights. If dispute resolution occurs within the workplace, employees often face an even more uneven playing field when confronting their employers, who enjoy greater experience, the appearance of legitimacy, and substantial experience with many such grievances. Moreover, the hierarchical organization of the workplace further hampers employees’ abilities to effectively resolve their disputes if they are able to raise the grievance at all.
AUGENSYMPTOME BEI MALIGNEN RHINOPHARYNXTUMOREN*)
Authors: Godtfredsen Erik
Published: May 2009

Die Symptomatologie der malignen Rhinopharynxtumores wird auf Grundlage ihrer topographischen Anatomie, Wachsart und lymphatischen Ausbreitung dargestellt.

Die vage und uncharakteristische von der Kleinheit des Primärtumors bedingte Art der Initialsymptome wird hervorgehoben, die lymphatischen Halsdrüsen‐metastasen sind frühzeitig. Die enge Beziehung des Tumors zur Basis cranii und seine Neigung in dieselbe hinein zu wachsen verursachen Craniennerven‐Läsionen, insbesondere der Augennerven.

Aus der Radiumstation, Kopenhagen, wo 1931‐40 im ganzen 64 Patienten mit malignen Rhinopharynx‐Tumoren behandelt wurden, wird über 20 dieser Fälle berichtet, welche ophtalmologische Symptome aufwiesen, und zwar am häufigsten Abducensparese, am seltensten Opticusläsion. Bei den betreffenden 20 Patienten wurden im ganzen 50 Augennervenläsionen constatiert.

Verlauf und Behandlung werden besprochen.

Die Bedeutung einer frühzeitigen Diagnose wird hervorgehoben, weil sich nämlich durch moderne Strahlenbehandlung das Leiden beseitigen lässt.
ÜBER DEN LUNGENBEFUND BEI DER CHRONISCHEN UND AKUTEN IRIDOZYKLITIS, SCLEROKERATITIS UND CHORIOIDITIS
Authors: Essen‐Möller Lars
Published: May 2009

Über das Vorkommen röntgenologisch nachweisbarer Lungenveränderungen bei der chronischen sowie akuten Iridozyklitis, Sclerokeratitis und Chorioditis sind die Ansichten noch geteilt. Dies beruht offenbar zum grossen Teil darauf, dass das jeweils untersuchte Material verschieden zusammengesetzt und eingeteilt war. So fasste man z. B. häufig alle die genannten und dazu noch u. U. andere Augenkrankheiten zu einer einzigen Gruppe zusammen. Die Annahme, dass sich diese Erkrankungen in bezug auf die Lungenveränderungen identisch verhalten, ist jedoch völlig unbegründet. Die Fälle sind ausserdem von den einzelnen Autoren nach verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten bearbeitet und beurteilt worden.

Um die Bedeutung der in einem klinischen Material vorhandenen Lungenveränderungen beurteilen zu können, muss man wissen, wie oft diese bei der Normalbevölkerung vor‐han den sind. Angaben hierüber fehlen jedoch.

Der Verf. hat deshalb ein Vergleichsmaterial von 442 röntgenuntersuchten Fällen gesammelt. Nach eingehender Prüfung seiner Zuverlässigkeit wird damit ein klinisches Material von chronischen Iridozyklitiden (186 Fällen), akuten Iridozyklitiden (140 Fällen), Sclerokeratitiden (62 Fällen) und Chorioiditiden (44 Fällen) unter Zuhilfenahme statistischer Berechnungen verglichen.

Die Ergebnisse sind im wesentlichen folgende:

Bei den akuten Iridozyklitiden konnte keine erhöhte Frequenz der Lungenveränderungen, weder der ausgeheilten noch der aktiven Veränderungen, im Hilus oder Lungenfeld, mit Sicherheit nachgewiesen werden.

Bei den Sclerokeratitiden war ebenso häufig wie bei den chronischen Iridozyklitiden ein positiver Lungenbefund vorhanden, d. h. in ca. der Hälfte der Fälle. Diese Tatsache ist bei den Sclerokeratitiden auf ein vermehrtes Vorkommen ausgeheilter Lungenveränderungen, vermutlich hauptsächlich tuberkulösen Ursprungs, zurückzuführen. Eine Häufung von Hilusadenitiden oder sonstigen aktiven intrathorakalen Veränderungen wurde nicht gefunden.

Bei den Chorioiditiden traten die Lungenveränderungen nicht öfter auf als im Kontrollmaterial. Hilusadenitiden fanden sich in dem allerdings numerisch kleinen Material überhaupt nicht.
ÜBER DEN ASTIGMATISMUS DES BRECHENDEN SYSTEMS DES AUGES UND DEN SEINER KOMPONENTEN
Authors: Stenström Sölve
Published: May 2009

Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die Linse gewöhnlich einen leichten Astigmatismus inversus zeigt. Eingehendere statistische Untersuchungen betreffend den Linsenastigmatismus waren wegen Untersuchungsschwerigkeiten nicht möglich. Durch Rushtons Methode zur Messung der optischen Achse des Auges haben wir ein Mittel in die Hand bekommen, das, zusammen mit den übrigen ophthalmometrischen Methoden verwendet, eine genauere Berechnung der Linsenbrechkraft in den beiden Hauptschnitten möglich macht. Unter Benützung alles dessen hat Verf. 282 Augen an Versuchspersonen im Alter von 20 35 Jahren untersucht und die Verhältnisse statistisch analysiert.

Der Linsenastigmatismus ist im Durchschnitt für das ganze Material 0,64 ± 0,03 dptr invers, mit einer Dispersion von ± 0,42 ± 0,02 dptr. Die entsprechenden Werte für den Hornhautastigmatismus sind 0,58 ± 0,04 dptr direkt und ± 0,68 ± 0,03 dptr. Die Streuung ist also beim Hornhautastigmatismus wesentlich grösser als beim Linsenastigmatismus.

Obgleich das Material von solcher Art ist, dass der Hornhautastigmatismus eine hochgradig schiefe Verteilung zeigt, stimmt die Verteilung des Linsenastigmatismus gut mit der Normalverteilung überein. Der Linsenastigmatismus variiert im Gegensatz zum Hornhautastigmatismus unabhängig von der Refraktion des Auges und seinem Refraktionsastigmatismus. Zwischen dem Hornhautastigmatismus und dem Linsenastigmatismus besteht eine mässige negative Korrelation als Ausdruck der ausgleichenden Wirkung des Linsenastigmatismus auf den Hornhautastigmatismus. Die wichtigsten Kor‐relationskoeffizienten sind in Tab. 10 zu finden. Der Unterschied in der Totalbrechkraft der beiden Hauptsehnitte ist nicht identisch mit dem Refraktionsastigmatismus. Auch Augen ohne nachweisbaren Refraktionsastigmatismus zeigen meistens einen Totalbrechkraftunterschied der im Mittel + 0,11 ± 0,01 dptr ist. Als Folge hiervon ist die Vergrösserung in der Vertikalebene durchschnittlich etwas grösser als in der Horizontalebene.
QUELQUES CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR L'EXTRACTION DE LA CATARACTE
Authors: Larsen Victor
Published: May 2009

L'auteur compose la statistique des cataractes qui ont été opéRées par lui sans iridectomie 123 cas + 116 soit 239 et de celles qui ont été opéRées avec iridectomie par des spécialistes entraînés 176 cas. Les conclusions sont nettement en faveur de l'opération sans iridectomie: acuité visuelle obtenue bien meilleure: 68 p. c. 6/6 contre 20 p. c., 97 p. c. 6/12 contre 72 p. c., retour plus rapide de l'oeil à sa coloration normale (moins de 10 jours dans 64 p.c. des cas sans iridectomie; dans 10 p.c. seulement des cas avec iridectomie, Résultats esthétiques meilleurs, absence d'éblouissement, etc.

Les risques d'un prolapsus irien consécutif ne sont pas tellement accrus par la conservation de l'iris et les risques de la perte du vitRé sont de beaucoup atténués, si bien que le pronostic fonctionnel n'en est pas compromis — au contraire.

Les Résultats favorables sont dus pour beaucoup à la minutie des détails de la technique opératoire et de soins post‐opératoires sur lesquels insiste l'auteur.
ERSTE KLINISCHE ERFAHRUNGEN UND HISTOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR FRAGE DER ANWENDUNG VON GEFRIERGETROCKNETEM HORNHAUT‐MATERIAL BEI DER KERATOPLASTIK
Authors: Günther G. , Gebhardt J. C.
Published: May 2009

Es wird über die ersten 6 Versuche mit lyophilisierter menschlicher Cornea bei der lamellären Keratoplastik berichtet. Die Beobachtungen zeigten ein abwegiges biologisches Verhalten des Spendermaterials. Die histologischen Un‐tersuchungen eines Pfropflings bewiesen die Einheilungsschwierigkeiten in Form von massiven Rundzelleninfiltrationen zwischen Wirt und Spender. Durch Gewebekulturen konnte an lyophilisierten Hornhäuten verschiedener Spezies ein Zellwachstum nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden, die histologischen Befunde am gleichen Material bestätigten den Untergang der Zellelemente.
BESTIMMUNG VON CYTOCHROM C UND DER CYTOCHROMOXIDASETÄTIGKEIT IN DER NETZHAUT BEIM RIND
Authors: Berardinis E. de
Published: May 2009

Der Autor hat die Cytochromoxidasetätigkeit und das Cytochrom C in der Netzhaut beim Rind spektrofotometrisch bestimmt.

Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse haben gestattet, die Gegenwart einer Cytochromoxidasetätigkeit, ausgedrückt als Reduktion des Logarithmus der molaren Konzentration des durch eine 1: 100 Gewebelösung in 1 Minute reduzierten Cytochroms C, die im Durchschnitt 0,36 beträgt, festzustellen. Das Cytochrom C ist in der Netzhaut in einer Menge von ca. 2 μg per Gramm Gewebe vorhanden. Die geringe Cytochromoxidase und Cytochromtätigkeit in der Netzhaut steht angenommenermassen im Zusammenhang mit einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung dieser Substanzen in den verschiedenen, die Netzhaut aufbauenden Lagern.
PROBLEME DER ADAPTATION WÄHREND DER ERG‐REGISTRIERUNG
Authors: Schmöger Elisabeth
Published: May 2009

Nach Besprechung der Literatur über das Problem der Readaptation, soweit es die ERG‐Ableitung betrifft, wird über eigene Versuche berichtet. Sie betreffen die Readaptationszeit, wie sie sich im Einzelblitz‐ERG im Anschluss an eine Serie von Flimmerblitzen darstellt. Bei grossen individuellen Unterschieden konnten die Erholungszeiten bis zu 1 Minute betragen, jedoch erfolgte eine Erholung der Amplitude bis auf 80‐90% des Ausgangswertes bereits in 5‐12 Sekunden. Weiterhin wird erörtert, wie stark bereits durch die Beleuchtung mit einer Taschenlampe die ERG‐Ableitung gestört wird. Die Untersuchungen fanden im wesentlichen an gesunden Augen statt.
ZUR FRAGE DER KERATITIS PARENCHYMATOSA LINEARIS MIGRANS
Authors: Fulmek R.
Published: May 2009

Es wird über eine 7 Monate währende Beobachtung eines Falles von Keratitis linearis migrans und eine Kontrollbeobachtung 2 Jahre später berichtet. Die günstige Wirkung von Cortison wird auch bei dieser Abart der Keratitis parenchymatosa festgestellt. Nach eigenmächtigem Absetzen des Medikamentes durch die Patientin kommt es zum Rückfall und zur Wanderung der Keratitis. Die luetische Genese steht im vorliegenden Fall ausser Zweifel, doch war die Differentialdiagnose zwischen angeborener und erworbener Syphilis nicht möglich
NEBENWIRKUNGEN AM AUGE BEI DER RESOCHINBEHANDLUNG
Authors: Heidensleben E.
Published: May 2009

Ein Patientenmaterial von 44 Patienten aus dem Reichshospital in Kopenhagen, alle mit Resochin 250 mg tgl. bis zu 5 Jahren behandelt, lässt vermuten, dass corneale Veränderungen nicht zuzunehmen oder sehhemmende Wirkungen zu bekommen brauchen, auch ganz verschwinden können, obwohl die Resochin‐behandlung bis zu 3 Jahren fortsetzt, nachdem die cornealen Veränderungen erst festgestellt worden sind, und dass kaum eine direkte Relation zwischen den cornealen und retinalen Veränderungen besteht.

Es sei deshalb erlaubt zu schliessen: Falls die Resochinbehandlung eine gute Wirkung auf das allgemeine Leiden des Patienten hat, ist es nicht kontraindiziert fortzusetzen, aber nicht ohne regelmässige und sorgfältige Augenkontrolle, namentlich nachdem letztere Mitteilungen darauf deuten, dass selbst die Re‐tinopathie reversibel sein kann, wenn sie in allererster Phase entdeckt wird.
AUGENÄRZTLICHE REIHENUNTERSUCHUNG VON 1 200 KINDERN IM 2. LEBENSJAHR
Authors: Fabian G.
Published: May 2009

Es wird berichtet über die Ergebnisse einer augenärztlichen Reihenuntersuchung von 1 200 Kindern im 2. Lebensjahr in einer mittelgrossen schwedischen Industriestadt. Zweck, Organisation und Gang der Untersuchung werden geschildert. Die Refraktionsverteilung der Kinder wird mit derjenigen von Neugeborenen und von Schulanfängern verglichen. Das Vorkommen von Astigmatismus, Anisometropie und Schielen wird in Tabellen dargestellt. Schliesslich wird der Wert derartiger Reihenuntersuchungen vora prophylaktischen Standpunkt aus diskutiert.

Diese Untersuchung wurde mit Unterstützung des H. Hierta‐Fonds des Kinderkrankenhauses Samariten, Stockholm, durchgeführt.
DAS VERHALTEN EINIGER INTRAVENÖS ZUGEFÜHRTER METALLE IM GLASKÖRPER*)
Authors: Castrén J. A. , Laamanen A. , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Das Material bestand aus 50 Albinokaninchen. Eine neue Methode ‐ die Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometrie ‐ wurde angewandt. Die Methode wurde, so weit bekannt, zum ersten Mal bei biochemischen Untersuchungen des Auges angewandt. Dei Arbeit ist ein Teil eines Programmes zur Erforschung der Spurenelemente des Glaskörpers.

Der intravenösen Injektion eines löslichen Kupfer‐, Zink‐ oder Magnesiumsalzes, mit der Absicht den Gehalt des bezüglichen Stoffes im totalen Blutvolum zu verdoppeln, folgte ein rasches Absinken der Blutkonzentration. Die entsprechenden Konzentrationen im Glaskörper stiegen nur langsam an und erreichten unerwartet hohe Werte. Die Elimination des Ueberschusses fand langsam statt.

Die Verfasser erörtern die Möglichkeiten den speziellen Charakter des Glaskörpers auch unter Bezugnahme anderer Stoffe zu erforschen.
LIGHT SCATTERING BY PIGMENT EPITHELIUM GRANULES IN THE HUMAN RETINA
Authors: Bülow Niels
Published: May 2009

The light scattering properties of pigment granules are demonstrated. It is emphasized, that in the micro‐environment of the single photoreceptors, each pigment granule is to be regarded as a new source of light.
DER EINFLUSS DER AUGENHÜLLE AUF DAS SCHALLFELD
Authors: OKSALA ARVO , HÄKKINEN LEENA
Published: May 2009

Mit Hilfe von Schweineaugen wurde der Einfluss der Lederhaut und der Hornhaut auf das Schallfeld im Vergleich zu Wasser experimentell untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse haben erwiesen, dass die Lederhaut und die Hornhaut das Schallfeld ein wenig verschmälern, und zwar die Lederhaut etwas mehr als die Hornhaut. Mit wachsender Untersuchungsentfernung sinkt die höchste Amplitude ein wenig; sowohl die Lederhaut als auch die Hornhaut lassen diese Amplitude etwas niedriger werden, wobei wieder der Einfluss der Lederhaut stärker ist als der der Hornhaut. Die Lederhaut und die Hornhaut verursachen keine Brechung des Schallbündels, obwohl dieses schräg (1°, 2° und 15°) durch sie hindurchgeht.
ÜBER DEN MYOPISIERUNGSEFFEKT VON PILOCARPIN (1%)‐, JESTRYL (DORYL) (1%>‐UND NEOESERIN (PROSTIGMIN) (3%)‐AUGENTROPFEN*)
Authors: KERGER H. , PAUL W. , WILD H.
Published: May 2009

Der Myopisierungseffekt der Miotika Pilocarpin (1 %), Jestryl (Doryl) (1 %) und Neoeserin (Prostigmin) (3 %) wurde an 270 glaukomkranken Augen von 143 Personen im Alter zwischen 14 und 60 Jahren untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, dass das Ausmass der transitorischen Myopie bei Pilocarpin und Jestryl (Doryl) deutlich höher als bei Neoeserin (Prostigmin) war.
PIGMENTGESCHWÜLSTE DER BINDEHAUT
Authors: HEYDENREICH A.
Published: May 2009

Der Naevus pigmentosus ist die häufigste Pigmentgeschwulst im Bereich der Bindehaut und wird vor allem im jugendlichen Alter beobachtet. Da er des öfteren maligne entartet, ist seine frühzeitige Entfernung dringend erforderlich. Das maligne Melanom tritt meistens im Alter auf. Trotz Totalexstirpation bzw. Enukleation und Exenteratio orbitae und Röntgenbestrahlung ist der letale Ausgang nicht immer zu verhindern. Die Röntgenbestrahlung epibulbärer Tumoren ist wegen ihrer Gefahren für den Bulbus kein adäquates Verfahren mehr. Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang über schwere Schäden am Augenhintergrund berichtet.
AUTOMATIC DETERMINATION OF THE RESOLVING POWER OF THE EYE
Authors: Krakau C. E. T. , Stigmar G.
Published: May 2009

A luminous test object, randomly presented either as two parallel lines or as a rectangular band, has been used as the stimulus pattern for an automatic determination of the resolving power of the eye.

The effect of blurring of the test object on the resolving power has been investigated in a group of six experimentees.

The relation between resolving power, vernier acuity, and stereoscopic acuity, determined under the same conditions, are discussed with special reference to the retinal light distribution.
ZUR KENNTNIS DER KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA VIII
Authors: SJöGREN HENRIK
Published: May 2009

Die Erfahrungen aus den letzten Jahren zusammen mit Untersuchungen aus früheren Jahren haben gezeigt, dass in den kranken Drüsen die kleinen Blut‐gefässe, d. h. Arteriole, Venolen und Kapillaren, mit Verdickung und fibrinöser Degeneration der Wände und schliesslicher Thrombosierung erkrankt sind.

Alle diese Veränderungen sind auch in Fällen von chronischer Polyarthritis nachzuweisen. Man hat hier auch Neuritis erkannt, wo der angegriffene Nerv von Rundzellen umgeben ist, gleich wie in Fällen des Sicca‐Syndroms, sogar ohne Zeichen gleichzeitiger Arthritis. Man hat weiter oft Vasculitis und Rundzelleninfiltration rund um die kleinen Gefässen beobachtet. Ja, man hat solche Stätte auch in den Muskeln wie in den meisten inneren Organen angetroffen.

Hierdurch erhält die Verbindung zwischen dem Sicca‐Syndrom und der chronischen Polyarthritis eine Erklärung.

In meiner früheren Arbeit habe ich das Sicca‐Syndrom als einen Ausdruck für allgemeine Adenopathie auf autoimmuner Basis beschrieben. Dass die Veränderungen im Anfang der Drüsenkrankheit einen autoimmunen Prozess als Folge haben können, dürfte offenbar sein.

Seit langem hat man im Blut LB‐Zellen nachweisen können, und seit ein paar Jahren sprechen deutsche Forscher von “Sjögren‐Zellen”, d.h. falsche LB‐Zellen, die im Blut beim Sicca‐Syndrom auftreten (Bäumer 1963, Urbaszek et al. 1970).

Wir haben also gefunden:

Fälle von chronischer rheumatischer Arthritis weisen oft Arteriolitis, Venolitis und Kapillaritis an verschiedenen Stellen und in verschiedenen Organen auf.

Fälle von Sicca‐Syndrom leiden oft auch an Arthritis und haben dann auch die gleichen Veränderungen in den kleinen Gefässen.

Fälle von Sicca‐Syndrom kommen nicht selten ohne irgendwelche Zeichen der Arthritis vor. Auch in solchen Fällen sind aber die gleichen Gefässveränderungen vorhanden.

Die gleichen Gefässveränderungen treten also bei beiden Krankheiten auf, und können da sogar früher erscheinen als Veränderungen in Drüsen oder Gelenken.

Infolge dessen betrachte ich die ätiologie des Sicca‐Syndroms als eine Kreislaufstörung in Verbindung mit autoimmunen Prozessen in den verschiedenen Drüsen.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FORCES DETERMINING THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL
Authors: DAVANGER MARTIN
Published: May 2009

The constricting effect of sphincter, and the dilating effect of dilatator, vary inversely proportionally to the size of the pupil.

The forces of dilatator and sphincter, which determine the size of the pupil, may be considered as analogous to the forces determining the caliber of a cylindrical elastic vessel, namely the pressure in the vessel and the tension of its wall. The equation S=d · r is analogous to the law of Laplace T=P · r.

The pupil is at rest when the force of dilatator is 2π times the force of sphincter. This relationship is the condition of equilibrium.

If from a state of equilibrium the force of one or both muscles is changed, the pupil contracts or dilates until the condition of equilibrium, as stated above, is again established.
QUANTITATIVE AMOUNTS OF CONJUNCTIVAL MUCOUS SECRETION AND TEARS
Authors: EHLERS N. , KESSING S. VEDEL , NORN M. S.
Published: May 2009

Normal conjunctival mucous production amounts to about 2–3 μl/day in each eye, estimated from the goblet cell turn‐over and from the movement of the mucous thread in the inferior conjunctival fornix.

Normal tear secretion is 2–3 ml/day in each eye, calculated from dyedilution tests and from corneal epithelial cell desquamation.

The ratio between the amounts of mucous and serous secretion in the conjunctival fluid is on the order of 1 to 1000.
CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL DISSOLUTION OF HUMAN SENILE CATARACTS IN VITRO
Authors: KLEIN JAMES , COTLIER EDWARD
Published: May 2009

The effects of mechanical and chemical dissolution on 100 human senile cataracts were tested in vitro. Senile cataracts obtained immediately after surgical removal were grouped in three classes according to transparency, color and hardness (resistance to perforation). Dissolution of the lenses by various chemicals during push‐pull aspirations was tested by weighing and by photography of cataracts before and after treatment. Mechanical forces deaggregated senile cataracts depending on the specific cataract types. Guanidine hydrochloride in 1 Molar concentration accelerated the rate of cataract breakdown in vitro.
THE EFFECT OF RETROBULBAR TISSUES ON THE ULTRASONIC FIELD*
Authors: OKSALA ARVO
Published: May 2009

Pig eyes and retrobulbar tissues were used in an experimental investigation of the effects on the sound field caused by the sclera with the optic nerve, the sclera with some retrobulbar tissues attached to it, and the retrobulbar tissues alone. The optic nerve had a slight or considerable attenuating effect. The attenuation produced by retrobulbar tissues, which included the optic nerve, fat and muscular tissues, etc., was considerably stronger than that caused by the optic nerve alone. After the sound had travelled through the retrobulbar tissues the sound field was not only strongly attenuated but often also very irregular.
COAGULATION AND FlBRlNOLYTlC STUDIES IN 23 PATIENTS WITH OCCLUSION OF THE RETINAL VESSELS
Authors: PANDOLFI MAURIZIO , ISACSON SUNE , ÅSTEDT BIRGER
Published: May 2009

The authors report the results of coagulation and fibrinolytic analysis in 23 patients with occlusion of the retinal vessels. 13 of these patients showed pathological changes such as increased platelet adhesiveness, factor V, factor VIII, inhibitors of urokinase and plasmin, or decreased fibrinolytic activity of the venous walls. It is suggested that these changes play a role in the occurrence of thrombosis. These results would seem to indicate that coagulation and fibrinolytic analysis should be made in patients with retinal occlusion.
CORNEO‐CONJUNCTIVAL CHANGES IN UREMIA
Authors: EHLERS N. , HANSEN F. KRUSE , HANSEN H. E. , JENSEN O. A.
Published: May 2009

The present study is based on a material comprising 78 patients. Fifty‐one patients had uremia, 8 had well functioning renal allografts, and 7 suffered from hyperparathyroidism. Twelve patients with corneo‐conjunctival changes but normal renal function and normal calcium metabolism served as a control group.

Clinically and histopathologically the corneal changes resembled the limbus girdle of Vogt, while the conjunctival changes were those of a pinguecula with small whitish, amorphous or crystalline precipitates of Casalts, probably phosphates. Distinct changes were found in 50% of the patients with uremia. The occurrence could be correlated with the duration of the renal disease but not with the duration of the uremia or the nature of the renal disease. Within the group of patients with uremia no correlation with serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, serum calcium or alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated. The degree of changes increased with increasing serum phosphate. The changes were not influenced by the number of hemodialyses, but a curative effect of renal transplantation was demonstrated.

Finally, the nature and the pathogenetic possibilities of these changes are discussed, and it is concluded that except for the local presence of proteins and calcium, and the elevated serum phosphate concentration, nothing definite is known.
THE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE ON THE FACILITY OF OUTFLOW IN NORMAL AND BUPHTHALMIC RABBITS
Authors: BROWN JAMES L. , GEERAETS WALTER J.
Published: May 2009

This study confirms the results of other investigators that hyaluronidase temporarily increases the facility of outflow most probably by its effect on a hyaluronic acid‐like substance covering the trabecular meshwork in normal rabbits.

In demonstrating that intracameral hyaluronidase had essentially no effect on outflow facility in congenital buphthalmic rabbits, one might postulate that these rabbits have either a functionless trabecular meshwork or an overlying mucopolysaccharide layer that is unresponsive to hyaluronidase.
A GENETIC STUDY OF CONGENITAL HEREDITARY MACULAR DEGENERATION IN THE COUNTY OF VäSTERBOTTEN, SWEDEN
Authors: NORDSTRöM S. , HOLMGREN G. , THORBURN W.
Published: May 2009

Two pedigrees of two separate families are presented. In one of them, hereditary macular degeneration was confirmed in 24 out of 43 cases examined ophthalmologically. They belonged to 3 generations. By means of the parish catechetical meeting examination records, it has ‐ to a rather high degree of accuracy ‐ been possible to follow the disease back another 4 generations to the 18th century. In the other family, there were 6 patients with congenital macular degeneration. It was only possible to follow the disease in 5 generations because of illegitimacy. The mode of inheritance in both families is autosomal dominant with high penetrance and varied expressivity.
EFFECT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON PHOSPHOLIPID AND CHOLINESTERASE OF THE CHICKEN RETINA
Authors: BAWA S. R. , YASHROY RAKESH C.
Published: May 2009

Chickens were adapted to dark and light for 30 days and their retinas were studied in comparison to the chickens kept in normal environments. Total phospholipid content and cholinesterase activity were determined biochemically in the retinas of each group of animals. An increase of approximately 22% was observed in the phospholipid content of the dark adapted retinas, whereas the light adapted retinas showed no significant change in comparison with the normal counterparts. Retinal cholinesterase activity decreases by about 64% on dark adaptation and increases by about 14% on light adaptation.
EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE ON THE OCULAR PENETRANCE OF AMPICILLIN
Authors: THOMAS JOHN V.
Published: May 2009

It has been suggested that hyaluronidase when given subconjunctivally may increase the penetration of antibiotics such as penicillin into ocular fluids and tissues. Its effect on a synthetic penicillin, viz. ampicillin, has been evaluated here. Forty‐eight New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two numerically equal groups. Group I received 62.5 mg ampicillin and Group II received 62.5 mg ampicillin + 30 T.R.U. of hyaluronidase. All injections were made subconjunctivally. Ampicillin levels in cornea, aqueous, vitreous and optic nerve were determined. The results suggest that hyaluronidase has no effect in increasing the intraocular penetration of antibiotics.
COMPARISON BETWEEN STEREO‐ AND SLIT IMAGE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF THE OPTIC DISC
Authors: KRAKAU C. E. T. , TORLEGÅRD K.
Published: May 2009

The volume of a normal optic disc has been measured with the stereo‐photogrammetric technique and with the slit image method. The measurements indicate that these two methods give similar precision.
APPLANATION OF INTACT ENUCLEATED HUMAN EYES WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO DISPLACED INTRAOCULAR VOLUMES
Authors: LINNÉR ERIK
Published: May 2009

The four factors, applanating force, applanated area, intraocular pressure and displaced intraocular volume were measured simultaneously and independently in enucleated human eyes. The experiments were carried out at constant intraocular pressure.

The relationship between applanating force, intraocular pressure and applanated area was in good agreement with a straight line, but the applanated area was smaller than expected on the basis of the Imbert‐Fick law. The displaced intraocular volumes were larger than would be expected from the corneal applanation alone calculated as spherical segments and indicated additional deformation of the eyeball. The displaced intraocular volume can also be estimated directly from applanating force and intraocular pressure without including applanated areas.
KLINIK UND ULTRASTRUKTUR DER ZENTRALEN SCHEIBE BEIM SOGENANNTEN EXFOLIATIONSSYNDROM
Authors: BENEDIKT O. , GÖTTINGER W. , AUBDÖK L.
Published: May 2009

Eine klinische Untersuchung von 126 Augen mit sogenanntem Exfoliations‐syndrom ergab in 90 %> das Vorhandensein einer zentralen Scheibe als Teilaspekt dieser Erkrankung. Bisher konnte die klinisch oft sehr deutliche Veranderung histologisch entweder nicht dargestellt werden oder es wurden Strukturen beschrieben, die dem Spaltlampenbild nur unvollkommen entsprachen. Raster‐ und transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Unter‐suchungen an 4 Kataraktlinsen mit Kapselabschilferung sicherten nunmehr die Existenz einer zentralen Lamelle von charakteristischem Aufbau als morphologisches Substrat fur die klinisch schon lange bekannte zentrale Scheibe.
DIFFRACTION AND VISUAL RESOLUTION
Authors: HALLDÉN ULF
Published: May 2009

It is known that, when diffraction is the limiting factor of resolution, the resolution of two point sources of light and that of a grating are inversely proportional to the diameter of the aperture. Here it is shown that the same relation is valid for the visual resolution of the Landolt ring test object. A comparison of the resolution, when limited by diffraction, of the Landolt ring and of two point sources of light shows that the resolution of the former is much better. This explains the clinical observation that patients treated with miotics often have better visual acuity than would be expected from the diameters of their pupils.

The visual resolution of two point sources of light is limited by diffraction when the diameter of the pupil is less than 2.5 mm; the corresponding value for the resolution of the Landolt ring is about 1 mm.
FREQUENCY OF CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA IN CENTRAL FINLAND
Authors: KRAUSE ULF
Published: May 2009

In a hospital series of 222 consecutive glaucoma cases in Central Finland, senile open angle glaucoma was observed in 137 patients (61.7 %>. Simple glaucoma was present in 79 (35.6 %>) of these, capsular glaucoma in 58 (26.1 %). The simple glaucomas constituted 57.7% and the capsular glaucomas 42.3 % of the senile open angle glaucomas. The proportion of capsular glaucoma clearly grew with increasing age and constituted 61.5% in the oldest age group (80–89 years). Capsular glaucoma was diagnosed at a mean age of 67.9 years, simple glaucoma 7.3 years earlier. Despite the fact that pseudoexfoliation of the lens is more frequent in Finland than in Norway, the capsular glaucomas constitute about 40 % of the hospitalized senile open angle glaucomas in both countries.
FUNDAL HAEMORRHAGES IN RUPTURED INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS
Authors: FAHMY J. A.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of fundal haemorrhages (FH) was correlated with the various ocular and neurological signs as well as with some factors with possible relation to the intracranial pressure. A positive association was found to papilloedema (P < 0.0005), unconsciousness (P < 0.005) and cerebral vascular sclerosis (P < 0.025).

FH proved to be an important prognostic factor and occurred mostly among fatal cases and disabled survivors (P < 0.0005).

Among all patients with FH, those with the severest changes (grade III) had the poorest prognosis (P < 0.05). This fact, among others, seems to justify a previous suggestion (Fahmy 1972 a, 1973 b) that FH classification, ought to be graded according to severity.
PTERIONAL ORBITAL DECOMPRESSION IN PROGRESSIVE OPHTHALMOPATHY OF GRAVES‘ DISEASE
Authors: ALGVERE P. , ALMQVIST S. , BACKLUND E.‐O.
Published: May 2009

Twenty‐seven patients with Graves' disease and progressive ophthalmopathy in an advanced stage underwent a transtemporal orbital decompression. The short‐term results, i.e. within 2 months, of 48 operations are reported.

Prior to the decompression, oral prednisolone, 20–60 mg daily, was given for 2 to 9 months to 15 patients. A minority of patients experienced temporary improvement during steroid administration. Cushing's syndrome was initiated in all patients. Prednisolone little altered the course of the progressive ophthalmopathy.

Orbital decompression was followed by increasing visual acuity in 8/22 eyes with disturbed vision, a temporary decrease in 6 eyes, and unaltered visual acuity in the remaining 8 eyes. The decompression removed oedema of the optic disc in all eyes, cured glaucoma in 3 out of 5 patients, caused retraction of the eye bulbs by 5–6 mm in almost all operated cases, and increased compressibility of the orbital content from low (2–5 mm) to normal (6–10 mm) values. Surgery also relieved photophobia and lacrimation, but the effect on diplopia was uncertain. Generally, the decompression was followed by a rapid improvement of the orbital congestion and the patients recovered satisfactorily from the surgery.