bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colonizing Resistance
Authors: Dalton David S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses two venues that continued to debate the relationship between modernity, technological hybridity, and mestizaje as the postrevolutionary state began to lose credibility during the 1960s. It focuses primarily on El Santo’s Mexploitation cinema and on Carlos Olvera’s novel Mejicanos en el espacio (1968). The novel satirizes statist discourses while the movies (ironically) support mestizo nationalism. Due in part to a desire to placate the censors, the directors of lucha libre cinema validated statist ideals of mestizaje and modernity. El Santo played an authentically Mexican, mestizo superhero who defended the nation against both the threat of external empire—symbolized by aliens and foreign mad scientists—and from the specters of the indigenous past. El Santo thus asserted mestizo Mexico’s right to colonize its indigenous population while also resisting foreign attempts to meddle in the country. Olvera’s novel belongs to the countercultural onda movement, and it deconstructs and ridicules official discourses that justified internal empire. It imagines a 22nd century Centroméjico that attempts to assert its modernity by mimicking the imperial behavior of nations like the US. The novel ultimately suggests that the mestizo drive for empire validates global hierarchies of power that marginalize Mexico.
Detain and Punish
Authors: Lindskoog Carl
Published: January 2019

In Detain and Punish, Carl Lindskoog provides the first in-depth history of immigration detention in the United States. Employing extensive archival research to document the origins and development of immigration detention in the U.S. from 1973 to 2000, it reveals how the world’s largest detention system originated in the U.S. government’s campaign to exclude Haitians from American shores, and how resistance by Haitians and their allies constantly challenged the detention regime. From the Krome Avenue Detention Center in Miami, to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and to jails and prisons across the country, Haitians have been at the center of the story of immigration detention. Contrary to the notion that immigration detention serves a merely administrative function, this history shows the intentionally punitive design of the modern detention regime. From its origin, immigration detention was designed to deter asylum seekers and unauthorized migrants by depriving them of their liberty; to detain and punish. And while Haitians were the first to be targeted by this deterrence-through-punishment policy, Central American asylum seekers and many others were soon ensnared in the expanding web of detention. Just as immigration detention was re-emerging in the late-1970s, taking root in the 1980s, and then exploding in the 1990s, the United States was constructing a parallel system of mass incarceration for its own citizens. Racialized mass incarceration for both citizens and non-citizens thus emerged as a critical element of social, political, and economic life in the United States in the late-twentieth century. This book explains how it came to be.
The Refugee Crisis of 1980
Authors: Lindskoog Carl
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 examines the Caribbean refugee crisis of 1980 and the government’s response. After more than one hundred thousand Cubans and tens of thousands of Haitians arrived on American shores in a matter of months, the Carter administration implemented a policy of detention for both groups. But this temporary response mutated into a more permanent policy of long-term detention for Haitians (as well as several hundred Cubans) and ultimately into the more widespread use of detention for asylum seekers. This chapter also explores the origins and early history of the Krome Avenue Detention Center in Miami, a site that remained central to the history of immigration detention and also documents attempts by the government to create its first refugee processing center and detention facility outside of the mainland United States, in Fort Allen, Puerto Rico. Ultimately, the Carter administration’s treatment of Haitian asylum seekers at this critical moment in 1980 enabled the succeeding administration to dramatically expand the role of detention in the U.S. government’s immigration enforcement arsenal.
Reinforcing the Detention System, 1994–2000
Authors: Lindskoog Carl
Published: January 2019

Haitian detention at Guantanamo Bay continued to focus attention on U.S. detention practice in 1995 as the government’s detention of hundreds of unaccompanied Haitian youth generated enormous controversy and loud calls for their freedom. Chapter 6 documents this struggle over child detention before it moves to an examination of two key pieces of legislation in 1996 that had a decisive impact on the history of immigration detention in the U.S. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and the Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) were measures that consummated the marriage of immigration restriction and mass incarceration, devastated immigrant communities, and led to an enormous expansion of the immigration detention system. Finally, chapter 6 illustrates what the immigration detention system had become by the late 1990s and how, despite the extraordinary power and cruelty of the system, detainees continued to exercise resistance.
Introduction
Authors: Wong Wai Ching Angela , Chiu Patricia P. K.
Published: January 2019

The Introduction traces the important turns of missionary history in China since the nineteenth century and identifies the contribution of key women leaders, educators, women medical workers, bible women and missionary wives who were called to take up roles beyond the traditional domestic sphere. Set out to evangelize women and make better wives and mothers for Christian homes, women missionaries and the Chinese women converts took part in reforming and transforming Chinese society and gender hierarchy unexpectedly. More importantly, through responding actively to a noble calling to serve, women Christians, both the missionaries and Chinese converts, have contributed at the centre of the Christian mission to raise up successive generations of women leaders for modern China.
“A Nation Cannot Rise above Its Women”
Authors: Liu Judith
Published: January 2019

Founded in 1875 originally as the Jane Bohlen School for Girls in Wuchang, Hubei Province, St. Hilda’s would become known as a Christian “oasis” in Central China. Behind the school’s compound walls, St. Hilda’s created a space where new gender roles and expectations for Christian women could be nurtured through the fusion of the social gospel with the dramatic historical events of the period. St. Hilda’s illuminates the liberating qualities of a faith-based education, the impact of a complex and communal adaptation of Christianity, and the power of interpersonal encounter for both teachers and students.
The Wolfe Sisters of Foochow, China
Authors: Slater Frances
Published: January 2019

In the late nineteenth century after schooling in England, three sisters returned to their birthplace, Fuzhou, China to become CMS missionaries. They were the daughters of the “Fukien Moses,” Archdeacon J. R. Wolfe and his wife Mary, and cousins of the author’s maternal grandfather. Letters written by Minnie, Annie and Amy Wolfe to CMS Headquarters in London, for the first time, tell the story of the scope and nature of their interaction with Chinese women and girls in a significant cultural exchange. This particularly occurred through CMS schools, which, using Fujian dialects, provided grounding in Christianity, reading and writing. In addition, the sisters acknowledge their personal dependence upon, and valuing of Chinese Christian women with whom they worked. Born to evangelise, Annie once wrote “In spite of anxieties and disappointments this is the happiest work anyone could wish for.”
Anglican Women and Social Service in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Jane
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the contribution of Anglican women, Chinese and British, in the promotion of welfare for women and children in Hong Kong from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The narrative covers four areas of progress in chronological order, which include: Elevating Social Status through Education, Advocating Women’s Rights through Social Movements, the establishment of the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Women’s League, and women leaders in social services. It presents an account of change and continuity in the development of women’s work for women: from British women’s work of charity and evangelism to Chinese women’s assumption of leadership roles; from protection of girls and women in the nineteenth century, to pioneering nursery and child care in postwar rehabilitation, and providing holistic care to the elderly and marginalised in twenty-first century.
Why We Need a Real History of Philosophy
Authors: Marenbon John
Published: January 2019

The main value of the history of philosophy is not in how philosophers can use it, but its intrinsic value as an independent discipline. A ‘real history of philosophy’ maximises this value. It must meet criteria with regard to method, breadth and comprehensiveness. The method of approach requires a rejection of the usual division of labour between history of philosophy and intellectual history. Although analytical historians rarely recommend such a method in theory, they often follow it in practice. But, as a field, analytic history of philosophy fails drastically in breadth and comprehensiveness. It is highly concentrated around a short list of names, historically on just two short periods, and geographically on a small area within the broad Western tradition. As a result, students of analytical philosophy are likely to finish their courses more ignorant of the real history of their subject than when they began.
Meaning, the History of Philosophy, and Analytical Philosophy: A Parmenidean Ascent
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: January 2019

This chapter seeks to shed light on the relation between philosophy and the study of the history of philosophy by resisting certain misconceptions of this relation both on the part of relatively anti-historical analytical philosophers and on the part of certain apparently pro-historical historians of philosophy. The vehicle of this resistance is a Bradleyan argument that isolates the source of these failures and advances a radical holism of meaning. Once this radical holism of meaning is in place, we will be in a position to make a Parmenidean Ascent with regard to meaning and to take up a wholly new perspective on the relation between philosophy and its history.
Hegel on the Political Significance of Collective Self-Deceit
Authors: Pippin Robert
Published: January 2019

In a famous passage in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Hegel claimed that ‘philosophy is its own time comprehended in thought’. But our time is very different from Hegel’s, so two approaches have developed to understanding the relevance of his work for the contemporary world. One looks to remaining points of contact, such as his criticism of a contractualist view of the state. Another tries to apply his general approach to contemporary issues. Both are valuable, but in this article, the latter is taken up, and one issue is the focus. The question is, assuming there can be collective intentionality and collective agency (what Hegel calls Geist (spirit)), how should we understand Hegel’s claim that such group agents can be collectively self-deceived? And how would that claim bear on the contemporary political world?
Street Cries and the urban ritornelle
Authors: Kreutzfeldt Jacob
Published: January 2019

Street cries, though rarely heard in Northern European cities today, testify to ways in which audible practices shape and structure urban spaces. Paradigmatic for what Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari call ‘the refrain’, the ritualised and stylised practice of street cries may point at the dynamics of space-making, through which the social and territorial construction of urban space is performed. The article draws on historical material, documenting and describing street cries, particularly in Copenhagen in the years 1929 to 1935. Most notably, the composer Vang Holmboe and the architect Steen Eiler Rasmussen have investigated Danish street cries as a musical and a spatial phenomenon, respectably. Such studies – from their individual perspectives – can be said to explore the aesthetics of urban environments, since street calls are developed and heard specifically in the context of the city. Investigating the different methods employed in the two studies and presenting Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of the refrain as a framework for further studies in the field, this article seeks to outline a fertile area of study for sound studies: the investigation of everyday refrains and the environmental relations they express and perform. Today changed sensibilities and technologies have rendered street crying obsolete in Northern Europe, but new urban ritornells may have taken their place.
Michael Jackson's Sound Stages
Authors: Michelsen Morten
Published: January 2019

In order to discuss analytically spatial aspects of recorded sound William Moylan’s concept of ‘sound stage’ is developed within a musicological framework as part of a sound paradigm which includes timbre, texture and sound stage. Two Michael Jackson songs (‘The Lady in My Life’ from 1982 and ‘Scream’ from 1995) are used to: a) demonstrate the value of such a conceptualisation, and b) demonstrate that the model has its limits, as record producers in the 1990s began ignoring the conventions of stereo recording’s illusion of three dimensions and reached for a severing of the intimate relations between sound and Euclidic space.
The musicalized soundtracks of Armadillo. Emotional realism and real emotions
Authors: Have Iben
Published: January 2019

“To you it’s film, to them it’s reality” is the translated poster headline of the Danish war documentary Armadillo (Janus Metz, May 2010), a much-debated Cannes award-winning film that follows Danish soldiers stationed in Afghanistan. The article uses this headline as a framework for analyzing, comparing and discussing the film’s “musicalized” soundtracks on various media platforms (cinema, YouTube, television, DVD), and it argues that these soundtracks contribute to the viewer’s experience of emotional realism, as well as to an experience of the emotional reality – the soldiers’ or the viewer’s own. The political, journalistic and in particular aesthetic ambitions of producers and directors have contributed to developing Danish documentary films into a successful brand within the last decade. Using examples from the public reception of and debate on Armadillo, the article discusses how this development may have led to an increased emphasis on the emotional impact of musicalized soundtracks and a new premise for documentary reception.
Hearing through the théâtrophone: Sonically constructed spaces and embodied listening in the late nineteenth-century French theatre
Authors: Van Drie Melissa
Published: January 2019

This article presents a historical and theoretical reflection of the théâtrophone, a late nine- teenth-century telephone broadcast service that allowed users at a distance to listen in live to local theatre performances (spoken theatre, opera and musical concerts). Often cited as the first binaural experience in 1881, the théâtrophone’s much longer history as a subscription service, which operated in Paris from 1889 through the mid-1930s, is relatively unknown. This article considers what hearing through a théâtrophone meant to nineteenth- and twentieth- century users beyond its initial 1881 prototype. To hear through the théâtrophone means adopting a methodology mirroring the artefact itself: moving between social, professional, artistic, sensory registers. In doing so, the ways in which the théâtrophone was attuned to dis- course and practice emerge, as do more subtle processes involved in new nineteenth-century constructs of hearing and listening. Precisely the théâtrophone’s development is examined in relation to its particular social context: its installation on the spectacular Parisian boulevards and its relation to fin de siècle theatre culture. The article first investigates how theatrophonic listening was accorded to existent practices of theatre-going. Second, the article explores the more radical propositions of the théâtrophone in relation to important aesthetic and prac- tical changes occurring simultaneously in theatre culture. The théâtrophone’s virtual sonic experience multiplied the forms of a performance and its modalities of creation and recep- tion. Through accounts of ‘listening in’ the aspects of the new sonically constructed space are described, as are postures of early mediatised listening. The article posits that new modalities of listening are articulated through the théâtrophone, with certain users, including Proust, defining it as a monitoring and creative tool. In this capacity, ‘theatrophonic’ listening contrib- uted to the development of a refined ear, capable of detecting sonic nuance, which was central to artistic sensibilities at the time.
‘New Gay Sincerity’ and Andrew Haigh’s Weekend (UK, 2011)
Authors: Moor Andrew
Published: January 2019

The article notes a trend towards low-key naturalism in twenty-first-century independent
queer cinema. Focusing on work by Andrew Haigh, Travis Mathews and Ira Sachs, it argues
that this observational style is welded to a highly meta-cinematic engagement with
traditions of representing non-straight people. The article coins the term ‘New Gay
Sincerity’ to account for this style, relating it to Jim Collins’s and
Warren Buckland’s writing on post-postmodern ‘new sincerity’. At its
crux, this new style centres itself in realism to record non-metropolitan, intimate and
quotidian gay lives, while acknowledging the high-style postmodernism of oppositional
1990s New Queer Cinema.
Freedom and protection
Authors: Rennie Kriston R.
Published: January 2019

This book examines the history of monastic exemption in France. It maps an institutional story of monastic freedom and protection, which is deeply rooted in the religious, political, social, and legal culture of the early Middle Ages. Traversing many geo-political boundaries and fields of historical specialisation, this book evaluates the nature and extent of papal involvement in French monasteries between the sixth and eleventh centuries. Defining the meaning and value of exemption to medieval contemporaries during this era, it demonstrates how the papacy’s commitment, cooperation, and intervention transformed existing ecclesiastical and political structures. Charting the elaboration of monastic exemption privileges from a marginalised to centralised practice, this book asks why so many French monasteries were seeking exemption privileges directly from Rome; what significance they held for monks, bishops, secular rulers, and popes; how and why this practice developed throughout the early Middle Ages; and, ultimately, what impact monastic exemption had on the emerging identity of papal authority, the growth of early monasticism, Frankish politics and governance, church reform, and canon law.
Commerce, finance and statecraft
Authors: Dew Ben
Published: January 2019

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, historians of England pioneered a series of new approaches to the history of economic policy. Commerce, Finances and Statecraft charts the development of these forms of writing and explores the role they played in the period's economic, political and historiographical thought. Through doing so, the book makes a significant intervention in the study of historiography, and provides an original account of early-modern and Enlightenment history. A broad selection of historical writing is discussed, ranging from the work of Francis Bacon and William Camden in the Jacobean-era, through a series of accounts shaped by the English Civil War and the party-political conflicts that followed it, to the eighteenth-century's major account of British history: David Hume's History of England. Particular attention is paid to the historiographical context in which historians worked and the various ways they copied, adapted and contested one another's narratives. Such an approach enables the study to demonstrate that historical writing was the site of a wide-ranging, politically-charged debate concerning the relationship which existed – and should have existed – between government and commerce at various moments in England’s past.
Giorno Poetry Systems
Authors: Kane Daniel
Published: January 2019

How did music – both in terms of its sound, its lyrics, and its associated recording technologies – encourage St. Mark’s affiliated poets to get their tracks on vinyl and ensure their poetry and poetics became ever more oriented towards a punk-inflected performance aesthetic? This chapter answers this question in part by turning to John Giorno. Giorno, a performance poet active in the St. Mark’s scene since the mid-1960s, who was in many ways downtown’s court jester. Star of Andy Warhol’s durational film Sleep, lover to Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, founder of a pirate radio station broadcast from the bell tower of St. Mark’s Church, organizer of L.S.D fueled poetry performance parties at the Poetry Project, Giorno was perhaps the preeminent figure in the downtown scene determined to refigure poetry as populist outlaw happening. This chapter moves further by exploring how Giorno made the move to vinyl and live performance not just because of earlier examples drawn from the broader history of performance poetry, but because he was determined to mark a break from the urbane literariness associated with the first generation New York School poets.
Introduction
Authors: Matz Jesse
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the problem of impressionism today through a personal-criticism discussion of the work of the Hungarian painter Bela Kontuly and then sets up central questions about impressionism especially as it seems to have survived into the contemporary fiction of Zadie Smith and David Mitchell.
Contemporary Impressions, Kitsch Aesthetics
Authors: Matz Jesse
Published: January 2019

How the impressionist optic persists apparently unchanged in the very different forms of contemporary painting by Peter Doig and Thomas Kinkade—one a cutting-edge post-conceptual artist, the other the “artist in the mall,” but both kitsch in ways that transform the meaning of that term.
Stories of Infertility and its Conquest
Authors: Pinto-Correia Clara
Published: January 2019

The story of assisted reproductive technologies are often told as conquests over adversity, if not conquests over nature, itself. But for many, assisted reproductive technologies have been a double curse: first, the infertility, itself, which is seen as a curse in all cultures; and second, as a curse upon their lives, as the monetarization of the field allows some people to get wealthy on the misfortunes of others. This chapter details both types of curses.
Fertility Rites
Authors: Pinto-Correia Clara
Published: January 2019

From royal families, to farm animals, to the general public, artificial insemination AI has had many guises. One of these is sperm banking, where people can pay to be inseminated with sperm from men having the traits they desire. But it does not always happen that one gets what one pays for. In vitro fertilization, the other widespread reproductive technology, offers hope, the source of both blessings and curses, to many infertile couples.
Glory Days
Authors: Pinto-Correia Clara
Published: January 2019

What was it like to be a young woman in a laboratory that was cloning some of the first mammals? What were the motivations of the people in the laboratory? And why did people want to clone animals in the first place? How did the failure to clone healthy mammals lead to stem cell technology and the banking of umbilical cord stem cells? This first-person account looks at the very human side of cloning.
The Business Of Getting High
Authors: Davis Joshua Clark
Published: January 2019

Chapter three examines countercultural entrepreneurs who sold paraphernalia for enhancing LSD trips or for smoking marijuana at small stores called head shops. Head shop owners hoped their stores would provide hippies with desperately needed public spaces where they could gather in peace without being harassed. More importantly, these entrepreneurs believed their products allowed people to alter their minds – and even their societies – through meaningful drug use. In addition, many head shops collaborated with a small but growing movement to undermine, reform, and eradicate America’s drug laws, while also supporting the anti-war movement. Yet as head shops became increasingly popular, law enforcement, legislators, and parents’ groups assailed them as promoters of a dangerous drug culture with no redeeming social or political value. These attacks on head shops represented one of the first salvos in the cultural and legislative War on Drugs that would escalate in the 1980s.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Joshua Clark
Published: January 2019

Despite its many misappropriations of activist enterprise, America’s business culture in the twenty-first century is more inclusive than the Consumers’ Republic of the mid–twentieth century in several key regards. Through the hard work of advocacy and operating their own companies, activist entrepreneurs proved that business was not the sole preserve of straight white men. Activist businesses have helped to make the country’s business culture more pluralistic in terms of race, gender, sexuality, and lifestyle. They have long welcomed and often been operated by women, people of color, and queer people. Major corporations have taken notice, and, today, retailers pay much more careful attention to the millions of Americans whom they overlooked, ignored, and demeaned in the middle of the twentieth century. The white, male-led, middle-income family is no longer retailers’ only target consumer. Although American corporations have fallen far short of eliminating inequality in their operations, they have made measurable gains in diversifying their staff, management, and advertising since the 1960s, particularly in the areas of racial and gender representation....
Spiritual Diversity
Authors: Callahan Ann M.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 seeks to advance a more nuanced understanding of spirituality as spiritual diversity has implications for patients in need of hospice care. This includes an overview of perspectives and challenges associated with defining spirituality as found in research across disciplines. Spiritual diversity, due to, for example, nationality and religion, can be significant factors in the caregiving relationship (Holloway, Adamson, McSherry, & Swinton, 2011). Challenges in defining spirituality can be negotiated by drawing from a patient’s spiritual worldview, as indicated by a patient’s spiritual needs and resources. Ultimately, hospice social workers are responsible for cultivating a therapeutic relationship that a patient experiences as spiritually supportive.
Relational Spirituality
Authors: Callahan Ann M.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 introduces the concept of relational spirituality to suggest how a therapeutic relationship may support a patient’s spiritual experience of enhanced life meaning. Although different types of relationships may inform spirituality, this chapter focuses on the relationship between a hospice social worker and a patient. Research shows that therapeutic engagement involves a balance between technical skills and relational skills relative to caregiver expertise and patient capacity. This chapter suggests that the manner in which the therapeutic process unfolds as part of hospice social work can facilitate enhanced life meaning, called relational spirituality. A relational model for spiritually-sensitive hospice social work is introduced as a means of describing how this spiritual quality of therapeutic engagement can support patient care.
The New Conservative Mainstream and New Security Policies Under Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, 2012 to 2016
Authors: Oros Andrew L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the return of Shinzo Abe to Prime Minister of Japan from 2012-2015, paying special attention to new security legislation and military capabilities developed in this period.
Foucault’s Children
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: January 2019

Revisits a well-known work, Foucault’s History of Sexuality volume one, from the perspective of its consideration of procreation. Offers a re-reading of the work. Despite Foucault’s discussion of the deadly aspects of biopolitics and his interest in the role of reproduction in biopolitics, he does not consider procreation from this ‘deadly’ perspective. The chapter argues that we can draw differently on Foucauldian resources so as to correct for this missing analysis, and in so doing, also shed light on modern representations of maternal agency all the way through to a new analysis of contemporary abortion wars
Introduction to the American Edition
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: January 2019

“In France, it’s illegal for a Muslim woman to wear a head scarf at a public school. In the United States, it’s illegal for a clothing store to refuse to hire a Muslim woman because she wore a head scarf to her job interview.”...
Conclusion
Authors: Marzouki Nadia
Published: January 2019

The increasing number of controversies over the practices and symbols of Muslims in Europe and the United States shows that Islam continues to be perceived as an unthinkable and threatening Other.1 The global spread of Islam is accompanied by a surprising standardization of the anti-Muslim argument....
The Promise and Threat of Reproducibility
Authors: Balsom Erika
Published: January 2019

Film theory has largely overlooked the fact that film and video are founded in an economy of the multiple. In this chapter, I outline a theory of the moving image as a reproducible medium that considers the way an image may be copied repeatedly so as to facilitate circulation across distribution networks. By moving into this domain, one confronts not the questions of indexicality, documentary, and realism that so often get asked in relation to the image’s status as a copy of the profilmic; rather, issues of authority, originality, and authenticity become paramount. This chapter unfolds what is at stake in approaching the moving image in this way and will examine how its reproducibility has been conceived of as both a utopian promise and the site of a dangerous inauthenticity since its emergence in the late nineteenth century.
The Limited Edition
Authors: Balsom Erika
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the history of the predominant model for the distribution of artists’ moving image today. This chapter traces out the history of this distribution model from the late nineteenth century to the present and offers hypotheses concerning its steps towards success in the 1990s. It explores the relationship between the limited edition model and the rental model of the cooperatives, outlines the various criticisms this artificial rarity has provoked, and discusses the possible benefits it might have for artists and collectors.
Transmission, from the Movie-Drome to Vdrome
Authors: Balsom Erika
Published: January 2019

Chapter 8 revisits the utopian moment of exhibiting experimental film and video art on television in light of contemporary efforts to develop authorized platforms for the distribution of artists’ moving image on the Internet. This chapter turns to the life and legacy of the late-night programs Screening Room (1971–81) and Midnight Underground (1993–97), comparing and contrasting the broadcasting model with the recent narrowcasting initiative Vdrome, www.vdrome.org, which shows a single artists’ video for a limited period of time, usually ten days.
Taste Modalities and Wine Tasting
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

The word “taste” is confusing. Seven meanings of the word are discussed to help clear up the confusion of what it means when applied to wine tasting. The five primary tastes – sweet, salt, sour, bitter, and umami – are explained. Molecular receptors for sweet, bitter and umami have been identified. The organization of the taste bud and their distribution over the tongue and back of the mouth is explained. Movements of the tongue are critical in exposing the taste buds everywhere to the wine + saliva mixture.
Creating Taste Perception
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M.
Published: January 2019

The pathway from the taste buds through the brainstem to the brain and cerebral cortex is described. In the brain and cortex the taste pathway merges with the pathways for smell and mouth feel. The taste qualities are muted in wine compared with food. The sensory pathways are particularly developed in the human, making the human more adapted for flavor perception than other species. Wine tasting takes advantage of this ability, developed during evolution for survival in selecting foods, and uses it to discriminate and enjoy the flavors of wine.
Training for Space Travel
Authors: Comins Neil F.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 discusses training for extreme acceleration and, conversely, for microgravity. Trains travelers on how to deal with emergency situations. Examines everyday situations like going to the bathroom in space.
Memory Entrepreneurs
Authors: Autry Robyn
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 explores the role of ‘memory entrepreneurs’ in revising historical content. It asks, “If history is written by the victors, then who revises it?” I answer this question by identifying the key actors involved in positioning museums as sites of revision, paying attention to how their institutional locations and interests help explain the cultural politics of revision. I discuss revision in terms of historical content as a gateway to a deeper consideration of revision as a source of renewing social consensus and reshaping public (historical) space. This chapter links the cultural work of museums dedicated to preserving histories of violence to longstanding criticisms of mainstream history and museum culture. The chapter compares the development of a family of black history museums operating in opposition to whitewashing of US history to the overhaul of national museums after the fall of apartheid in South Africa.
The Curated Past
Authors: Autry Robyn
Published: January 2019

In Chapter 2, I examine how violent histories are recounted through the lens of group identity formation in exhibitions. I discuss how relying on the conventions of collective storytelling—the rules and norms around both plot and structure—blunts the sharp edges of history. This chapter analyzes the visual and discursive turns used to construct a metanarrative of group identity forged through collective trauma. In South Africa, this collective experience is articulated as a national one, whereas in the United States interrogation of the society’s racist past is the purview of so-called ethnic or black museums.
Conclusion
Authors: Autry Robyn
Published: January 2019

Finally, in the conclusion, I revisit the puzzle of collective memory and the politics of representation or the “museumification of memory.” This chapter argues that memory and identity become artifacts in the interest of reconstituting the collective in the aftermath of prolonged and intense conflict. It also questions the motivations for and implications of the construction and production of consensus-driven narratives as the basis of collective memory. Ultimately, this chapter considers the extent to which museum practices can transcend the familiar visual and discursive language of racial and national identities that is itself rooted in histories of oppression and exclusion.
Introduction: Nationality Grasped
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

The introduction makes the case for nationality as a useful category of historical analysis. It characterizes nationality as practical, novel, contingent, strategic, legal, and colonial. In conversation with scholarly histories of citizenship and the nation, the introduction argues that turn-of-the-century Alexandria, with its tremendous jurisdictional complexity, is a privileged place to understand the general phenomenon. The introduction closes with a summary of the sources and outline of the book.
Money
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

Money—as wealth and as currency—was a medium for the spread of nationality in Alexandria. The wealthy were the earliest adopters of nationality practices, such as the use of passports for travel and the acquisition of foreign protection. Poor foreigners, meanwhile, were a burden on foreign communities and consular authorities. This chapter pays special attention to a set of civil and probate cases concerning money-lending and debt, which was a critical line between rich and poor and between foreign and local rights. It also examines official concern over forged currency, which was connected both figuratively and literally to institutional certification of personality through identity documents.
Ottomans
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

Historians agree that Egypt was, for all intents and purposes, independent of the Ottoman empire by the last quarter of the century. This chapter examines legal rather than political citizenship, drawing on travel documents, census categories, and jurisdictional arguments in the realm of private international law. The twenty-thousand-odd Ottoman subjects residing in Alexandria at the turn of the century were not governed by the Capitulations, nor were they subjects of the Egyptian khedive. Both “local” and “foreign,” these Ottomans were imperial citizens at a time of rising nation-state nationality law.
Epilogue
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: January 2019

For a dozen critical years, between 1914 (when Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt was extinguished) and 1926 (when Egypt’s first recognized nationality law was passed), the status of Egyptians under private international law was uncertain. This was a period during which passport controls proliferated, statelessness became an issue of international concern, and many kinds of foreignness (foreign and dual nationals, foreign capital, and the mutamassirun) were under pressure in Egypt itself. This chapter shows the means that Egyptians used to propagate nationalization programs during this period, and the support they gleaned from the gathering international consensus around nationality, which came to be considered (for the first time) a universal and natural human attribute.
The Ends of Love
Authors: Shelden Ashley T.
Published: January 2019

James Joyce asks his readers to suspend the law of non-contradiction in our reading of Molly’s “yes” in the final chapter of Ulysses by interpreting it as a “yes” that is simultaneously a “no.” If we read this word as purely affirming Bloom and Molly’s love, as many critics do, we must fetishistically ignore the divisions, gaps, and negativity that structure their relationship from the very start. Hanif Kureishi takes up the double-valence of “yes” in his contemporary novel, Intimacy. In it, he diagnoses the problem of “fetishistic intimacy” that allows one to believe in a successful love in the future despite a failed love in the past. He also importantly identifies the passion for negativity as that which fuels this desire; for Kureishi, all love has an attachment to the failures that threaten it.
Intelligent Development
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 describes development as also an “intelligent” process, transforming an original “speck” of matter into bodies and brains of dazzling competencies and varieties, all utilizing a single genome. It starts to tell us how potential and variation are actively created through the system dynamics, rather than passively “received” in genes. A dynamical, “intelligent” physiology, coordinating activities in disparate tissues, also has much to tell us about the nature of individual differences. The chapter begins to show how intelligent systems have evolved at many different levels, corresponding with more changeable environments.
Human Intelligence
Authors: Richardson Ken
Published: January 2019

Chapter 9 describes the importance of such new perspectives for understanding human evolution. A review of recent literature indicates how humans evolved as socially cooperative animals, resulting in a new “layer” of dynamic regulation, namely human culture. Much of the chapter goes on to describe the epoch-making fecundity of that unique intelligent system, indicating implications for understanding cognitive functions, and explaining why humans adapt the world to themselves, when all other species are locked in to specific niches.
The Wizard of Ed
Authors: Knee Jonathan A.
Published: January 2019

The IPO of Edison Schools in 1999 was the culmination of building optimism about the potential to transform public education for the better. Edison represented the powerful proposition that a private company could deliver better public schools for less money, leaving taxpayers, investors and children better off. The messianic force behind Edison was Chris Whittle. It failed spectacularly as did widely publicized ventures before and since. The story of Whittle’s ability to continue to raise money from sophisticated individual, institutional and corporate investors over more than twenty years to pursue his educational vision is remarkable on many levels. Following the twenty year trail of unhappy investors in Whittle’s various educational efforts reveals much about K-12 business models and the suspension of disbelief in educational matters by the otherwise sophisticated.
Rupert and the Chancellor
Authors: Knee Jonathan A.
Published: January 2019

There is no more respected educational thinker than Joel Klein and no more visionary media mogul than Rupert Murdoch, but their collaboration to upend the failed educational status quo produced an incoherent business plan that cost News Corp. shareholders over $1 billion by the time the plug was pulled.
What Makes a Good Education Business?
Authors: Knee Jonathan A.
Published: January 2019

Not everyone who has invested in education has gone bust. This chapter includes shorter case studies to demonstrate how applying traditional strategic analysis to the structure of educational markets reveals a path to potential success across a wide range of models – from digital to traditional, from products to services and from K-12 to higher education. The structure and source of competitive advantage is not fundamentally different for educational endeavors. But applying these principles to players across the educational eco-system requires a deep appreciation of the nuances inherent in its highly anachronistic industry structures. Showing how these winners were able to navigate the treacherous shores of educational investing both provides a useful contrast to the case studies of the previous chapters and lays the groundwork for the key lessons outlined in the final chapter.
Lessons from Clown School
Authors: Knee Jonathan A.
Published: January 2019

The final section of Class Clowns tries to draw some conclusions from the analyses and case studies. Ten lessons are drawn that should provide guardrails to anyone seeking to play in the education domain. Broadly, the failures highlighted fall into three broad buckets: misguided ambition, misunderstood markets and faulty execution. None of these phenomena are unique to education, but their application takes on a very particular shape in the educational context.
The Culture of Defeat
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: January 2019

The first chapter defines left-wing melancholy as a culture of defeat, which constitutes a kind of red thread of its history. It depicts the teleological narrative that, from Marx to Hobsbawm, gave meaning to historical downfalls. There was a culture of death and martyrdom—symbolized by iconic figures of fallen leaders and fighters—that built a vision of the past connected to the struggles to come.
Synchronic Times
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: January 2019

The seventh chapter retraces the encounter of the French philosopher Daniel Bensaid and the work of Walter Benjamin, that reveals a resonance between two crucial turns of the twentieth century—1940 and 1990—through a vision of history based on the idea of remembrance. After the fall of Berlin Wall, the survivors of the 1960s and 1970s met a vision of history engendered by the defeats of the 1930s. This encounter reveals the potentialities of a political reinterpretation of the tradition of melancholy Marxism.
Other Math
Authors: Severs Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

In Brief Interviews, Wallace’s most mathematically driven work of fiction, the central lesson is how to value the other in such a way that she is not killed off – not mown down by being remade as a number in the punning meaning behind the Wallace story that gives this chapter its title, “Other Math.” I place this crucial dynamic of combining selves in the context of the many systems of human and economic valuation – from coins, gifts, and contracts to viewing a spouse as “my other half” – that knit together a collection too often read as a disparate assortment of stories. In Brief Interviews Wallace makes his fullest use of paratextual features of story-numbering, series, and page numbers to arrange for the reader an encounter with the stochastic mathematics that drives “Adult World,” which I regard as a take-down of Plato, a watershed in Wallace’s history of unbridled markets and neoliberalism, and the collection’s centerpiece (over the many who have focused on “Octet”). As in chapter 2, a crisis in the value of currency fires Wallace’s imagination, here in a response to the so-called Asian Flu of the late 1990s. Interweaving a genealogy of Wallace’s probability-driven formal experimentation with a history of stochastic math’s importance to modern finance, I describe the dialectic of computerized complexity and balance-scale simplicity that underlies this book’s moral vision.
Introduction
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

The introduction introduces the topic and central argument of the book: that at the heart of the human embryo research debates was the question of how the public should reason together about a domain of science and technology that touches upon the most fundamental dimensions of human life. It introduces the methodological approach and coproductionist theoretical framework of the study. It introduces the idea of the “constitutional position of science” in American democracy, and illustrates the unacknowledged but constitutional position of scientific authority in John Rawls' idea of public reason.
Producing Life, Conceiving Reason
Authors: Hurlbut J. Benjamin
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 examines how during the 1980’s the in vitro embryo went from a rare laboratory object to an element of widespread clinical practice. In response to the rapid growth of this largely unregulated industry the American Fertility Society created an Ethics Committee in 1985. The chapter examines the deliberations of that committee, including how it created a new scientific term—the “preembryo”—to shape public discourse.