bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cornell Realism, Explanation, and Natural Properties
Authors: Oliveira Luis R.G. , Perrine Timothy
Published: August 2017

The claim that ordinary ethical discourse is typically true and that ethical facts are typically knowable (ethical conservativism) seems in tension with the claim that ordinary ethical discourse is about features of reality friendly to a scientific worldview (ethical naturalism).Cornell Realismattempts to dispel this tension by claiming that ordinary ethical discourse is, in fact, discourse about the same kinds of things that scientific discourse is about: natural properties. We offer two novel arguments in reply. First, we identify a key assumption that we find unlikely to be true. Second, we identify two features of typical natural properties that ethical properties lack. We conclude that Cornell Realism falls short of dispelling the tension between ethical conservativism and ethical naturalism.
Parallel‐stranded DNA and RNA duplexes – structural features and potential applications
Authors: Szabat Marta , Kierzek Ryszard
Published: August 2017

Nowadays, decades after the discovery of the right‐handed B form of DNA, it is well known that nucleic acids have great conformational flexibility, exhibiting a large degree of variation in their structure. In nature, DNA and RNA exist in an antiparallel orientation, stabilized by Watson–Crick base pairs. However, in some cases, nucleic acid fragments with specific nucleotide sequences can adopt a parallel orientation involving non‐canonical base pairing. Interestingly, parallel‐stranded duplexes have been found in specific chromosome regions. Furthermore, parallel oriented regions have also been found in bacterial (Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua) and insect genomes (Drosophila melanogaster). These unusual structures could have a remarkable evolutionary role, as well as significant impact on biological processes. For example, parallel stretches were shown to be involved in processing the 3′ ends of mRNAs and in specific gene silencing. Moreover, certain types of parallel‐stranded duplexes may be useful tools, with several practical applications. They can constitute excellent templates for the formation of other structures and for the development of antigene and antisense approaches.
Determination of Trace Element Mass Fractions in Ultramafic Rocks by HR‐ICP‐MS: A Combined Approach Using a Direct Digestion/Dilution Method and Preconcentration by Coprecipitation
Authors: Rospabé Mathieu , Benoit Mathieu , Candaudap Frédéric
Published: August 2017

A procedure is described for the determination of thirty‐seven minor and trace elements (LILE, REE, HFSE, U, Th, Pb, transition elements and Ga) in ultramafic rocks. After Tm addition and acid sample digestion, compositions were determined both following a direct digestion/dilution method (without element separation) and after a preconcentration procedure using a double coprecipitation process. Four ultramafic reference materials were investigated to test and validate our procedure (UB‐N, MGL‐GAS [GeoPT12], JP‐1 and DTS‐2B). Results obtained following the preconcentration procedure are in good agreement with previously published work on REE, HFSE, U, Th, Pb and some of the transition elements (Sc, Ti, V). This procedure has two major advantages: (a) it avoids any matrix effect resulting from the high Mg content of peridotite, and (b) it allows the preconcentration of a larger trace element set than with previous methods. Other elements (LILE, other transition elements Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, as well as Ga) were not fully coprecipitated with the preconcentration method and could only be accurately determined through the direct digestion/dilution method.
Hafnium Isotope Characteristics of Palaeoarchaean Zircon OG1/OGC from the Owens Gully Diorite, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Kemp Anthony I. S. , Vervoort Jeffrey D. , Bjorkman Katarina E. , Iaccheri Linda M.
Published: August 2017

We report Hf isotope data for 3467 Ma igneous zircons from the Owens Gully Diorite of the Pilbara Craton. These zircons, designated OG1 or OGC, have simple, well‐defined U‐Pb age systematics. Measurements obtained by single crystal dissolution yield a moderate range in 176Hf/177Hf (mean 0.280633 ± 34) and 176Lu/177Hf (mean 0.00119) that translate into initial (3467 Ma) 176Hf/177Hf values that are equivalent within measurement uncertainty (mean 0.280554 ± 7, εHf = +0.6 ± 0.2, 2s). Laser ablation analysis yielded clustered initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios (mean 0.280560 ± 20, 2s) indistinguishable from those obtained by solution analysis. The antiquity and moderately high 176Lu/177Hf of these zircons result in significant corrections for radiogenic ingrowth of 176Hf (to 6 εHf units). Depth profiling by concurrent Pb‐Hf isotope determination reveals trends to lower 207Pb/206Pb in several crystals, although these are not accompanied by shifts in 176Hf/177Hf. We conclude that zircons from the Owens Gully Diorite are homogeneous for Hf isotopes at the scale of sampling and within the uncertainty limits of the measurement techniques employed. Zircon OG1/OGC would appear to be an ideal quality monitor for laser ablation Hf isotope determination in ancient zircons, and for laser ablation techniques where Hf isotope and age information are determined concurrently or simultaneously.
Disciplining Gender in Environmental Organizations: The Texts and Practices of Gender Mainstreaming
Authors: Arora‐Jonsson Seema , Sijapati Bimbika Basnett
Published: August 2017

Gender experts are being recruited and gender routinized in the everyday work of international environmental organizations today. To what extent do these changes open up spaces for reorienting sustainability debates in terms of normative commitments to promoting gender equality and justice? We explore this question by studying how gender is done in one such organization meant to work towards sustainability. We examine how work with gender is organized — the experts employed and their possibilities to influence events as well as how gender is addressed in the texts produced in the course of organizational work. We find that while abstractions for a global audience may distance debates on sustainability from people on the ground, contrary to current thinking, the depoliticized and disciplined narrative on gender can also open up a space for counter discourses on gender by providing a platform from which to destabilize dominant debates on sustainability. We suggest that a close analysis of the shaping of global and official discourses on sustainability can provide insights into how we may interrupt discourses that re/produce inequalities.
Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of chrome alumina as a high temperature pink pigment
Authors: Shafiei Chafi Mahdi , Ghasemi Behrooz , Arabi Amir Masoud
Published: August 2017

In this article, one step synthesis of the chrome alumina pink pigments is investigated. Results indicated that adjusting ignition parameters such as the fuel type (glycine, citric acid, and urea) and the oxidizer to fuel ratio, is the essential factor to obtain the straight corundum structure of the pigment. According to this, chrome alumina pink pigment was just synthesized by the urea fuel in 1.8 oxidizer to fuel (O/F) ratio. The effect of ignition parameters on the morphology was also studied. The microstructure was changed from ultra‐fine irregular agglomerates to sponge‐like flakes by the change in the fuel type from citric acid to urea. Colorimetric characteristics confirmed the relationship between the formation of the corundum structure and one step synthesis of the pink pigment. The pink color of synthesized pigments was comparable with commercial purplish pink pigments of tiles.
Effective reduction of sintering temperature and breakage ratio for a low‐cost ceramic proppant by feldspar addition
Authors: Ma Haiqiang , Tian Yuming , Zhou Yi , Li Guoming , Wang Kaiyue , Bai Pinbo
Published: August 2017

The second grade bauxite and feldspar were used to synthesize ceramic proppant materials. Phase structure and microstructure of the samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. It was found that the feldspar, as a sintering aid, was beneficial to generate liquid phase during the sintering process. The formed liquid phase, not only promoted the densification of the samples, but also reduced the sintering temperature. With the content of feldspar increasing, the sintering temperature gradually decreased. When the content of feldspar was 4 wt.%, the breakage ratio of the samples was reduced to the lowest level of 2.2% at 1400°C under 52 MPa closed pressure, which met the requirement of Chinese Petroleum and Gas Industry Standard (SY/T 5108‐2014). Moreover, the sintering temperature was reduced by 100°C compared with the proppants without adding feldspar.
Full‐field measurement of contact‐point and crack‐tip deformations in soda‐lime glass. Part‐II: Stress wave loading
Authors: Sundaram Balamurugan M. , Tippur Hareesh V.
Published: August 2017

Transparent brittle ceramics such as soda‐lime glass pose unique challenges for performing full‐field optical measurement of deformations and stresses to characterize fracture and failure behaviors. Low fracture toughness coupled with high stiffness and elastic wave speeds are among the factors responsible for some of these challenges as deformations tend to be confined to an extremely small region near an almost mathematically sharp growing crack. Need for strong birefringence, elaborate optics, or lack of sufficient measurement sensitivity are some of the factors against legacy techniques such as photoelasticity, optical interferometry, and speckle methods, respectively, to study soda‐lime glass. Motivated by these factors, the feasibility of digital gradient sensing (DGS) method to measure impact induced deformations near a contact‐point and a dynamically growing crack‐tip in soda‐lime glass are demonstrated in this work. This second of a two‐part paper demonstrates the applicability of DGS for the problems under stress wave loading conditions. Ultrahigh‐speed photography (1 million frames per sec) in conjunction with DGS and a Hopkinson pressure bar to load soda‐lime glass specimens are employed. The optical measurements are postprocessed to obtain relevant engineering parameters and stress field near dynamically loaded crack‐tip, both while stationary and during propagation.
Changes in the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels from different cultivars after in vitro digestion
Authors: Su Dongxiao , Liu Hesheng , Zeng Qingzhu , Qi Xiangyang , Yao Xueshuang , Zhang Jie
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of in vitro digestion on the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of citrus peels. Three different varieties of citrus peels (mandarin, ponkan and red tangerine) were treated with simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). The results showed that the SGF or SIF treatments of the citrus peels did not significantly increase the total phenolic content (TPC) or total flavonoid content (TFC), except for that of the TFC of ponkan peel treated with SGF. However, simulated in vitro digestion did improve the antioxidant activities measured with FRAP and ABTS methods. The effect of SGF was more positive than those of SIF for the FRAP assay, but the opposite was true for ABTS. Notably, both simulated digestion techniques decreased the DPPH free radical scavenging abilities. Simulated digestion in vitro changed the antioxidant activities of the citrus peels.
Isolation, characterisation and fermentation optimisation of glucansucrase‐producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides DRP105 from sauerkraut with improved preservation stability
Authors: Du Renpeng , Xing Hanwen , Zhou Zhijiang , Han Ye
Published: August 2017

A total of fifty‐six strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Chinese sauerkraut juice from Shenyang were screened for glucansucrase production. Among them, strain DRP105 was detected to produce highest yield of glucansucrase in MRS broth, which was identified to be Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Based on Plackett–Burman Experiment, sucrose, sodium acetate and initial pH were found to be the most significant factors for glucansucrase production of L. mesenteroidesDRP105. Afterwards, effects of the three main factors on glucansucrase activity were further investigated by central composite design, and the optimum composition was sucrose 35.74 g L−1, sodium acetate 6.46 g L−1 and initial pH 5.90. Optimum results showed that glucansucrase activity was increased to 6.26 ± 0.09 U mL−1 in 24 h fermentation, 33.19% higher than before. Our study also suggested that Tween 80 and dextran have potential to improve glucansucrase stability at temperature (30 °C) higher than enzyme storage temperature in crude fermented broth.
Sex‐specific compensatory growth in the larvae of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella
Authors: Kecko S. , Mihailova A. , Kangassalo K. , Elferts D. , Krama T. , Krams R. , Luoto S. , Rantala M. J. , Krams I. A.
Published: August 2017

Deficiency of food resources in ontogeny is known to prolong an organism's developmental time and affect body size in adulthood. Yet life‐history traits are plastic: an organism can increase its growth rate to compensate for a period of slow growth, a phenomenon known as ‘compensatory growth’. We tested whether larvae of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonellacan accelerate their growth after a fast of 12, 24 or 72 h. We found that a subgroup of female larvae showed compensatory growth when starved for 12 h. Food deficiency lasting more than 12 h resulted in longer development and lower mass gain. Strength of encapsulation reactions against a foreign body inserted in haemocoel was the weakest in females that showed compensatory growth, whereas the strongest encapsulation was recorded in the males and females that fasted for 24 and 72 h. More specifically, we found sex‐biased immune reactions so that females had stronger encapsulation rates than males in one group that fasted for 72 h. Overall, rapidly growing females had a short larval development period and the shortest adult lifespan. These results suggest that highly dynamic trade‐offs between the environment, life‐history traits and sex lead to plasticity in developmental strategies/growth rates in the greater wax moth.
Longitudinal Cognitive Profiles in Diabetes: Results From the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data
Authors: Sano Mary , Zhu Carolyn W. , Grossman Hillel , Schimming Corbett
Published: August 2017

Background

Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment and possibly for accelerated progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) and other dementias, though the trajectory of cognitive decline in general and in specfic cognitive domains by diabetes is unclear.

Methods

Using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data Det (NACC‐UDS) to identify cohorts of elders with normal cognition (N = 7,663) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 4,114), we compared overall cognitive composite and domain specific sub‐scores and their progression over time between diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects.

Results

Diabetes was more common among those with MCI (14.7%) than among subjects who were cognitively normal (11.7%). In subjects who were cognitively normal, baseline cognitive composite scores, attention, and executive function sub‐scores were lower in diabetics than non‐diabetics (by 0.098, 0.066, and 0.015 points, respectively). Over time, cognitive composite score showed subtle worsening in non‐diabetics (0.025 points every 6 months), with an additional worsening of 0.01 points every 6 months in diabetics compared to non‐diabetics. In the MCI groups, baseline cognitive composite as well as attention and executive domain sub‐scores were lower in diabetics than non‐diabetics (by 0.078, 0.092, and 0.032 points, respectively). Over time, cognitive composite (by 0.103 points every 6 months) and all domain specific sub‐scores showed subtle worsening in non‐diabetics, but diabetics had significantly slower worsening than non‐diabetics on both cognitive composite (by 0.028 points) and domain specific sub‐scores.

Discussion

Among elders, diabetes may be associated with lower cognitive performance, primarily in non‐memory domains. However it is not associated with continued worsening, suggesting a static deficit with minimal memory involvement. This data suggest that diabetes may contribute more to a vascular profile of cognitive impairment than a profile more typical of AD.
Reduced Cerebral White Matter Integrity Assessed by DTI in Cognitively Normal H63D‐HFE Polymorphism Carriers
Authors: Meadowcroft Mark D. , Wang Jianli , Purnell Carson J. , Eslinger Paul J. , Neely Elizabeth B. , Yang Qing X. , Connor James R.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The H63D‐HFE single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been associated with brain iron dysregulation; however, the emergent role of this missense variant in brain structure and function has yet to be determined. Previous work has demonstrated that HFE SNP carriers have reduced white matter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton relaxation rates. The mechanism by which white matter alterations perturb MRI relaxation is unknown as is how these metrics are related to myelin integrity.

METHODS

Fifteen subjects heterozygous for the HFE‐H63D SNP and 25 controls with wild‐type HFE had diffusion‐weighted, anatomical MRIs taken, and underwent cognitive assessment. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), and mode of anisotropy (MO) were calculated from the diffusion dataset to investigate the relationship between the H63D‐HFE SNP and myelin integrity.

RESULTS

A decrease in FA, an increase in MD, and an increase in MO are demonstrated in multiple H63D‐HFE polymorphism carrier white matter tracts. Regions with altered diffusion metrics are notably located in heavily myelinated white matter association fibers, such as the anterior corona radiata and longitudinal fasciculi.

CONCLUSIONS

The MRI data presented here demonstrate that H63D‐HFE polymorphism carriers have diffusivity changes in white matter compared to wild‐type subjects. The reduced integrity white matter tracts in H63D‐HFE carriers are hypothesized to be related to increased susceptibility of these late‐myelinating regions to cellular stress induced by oligodendrocyte iron dyshomeostasis.
What is wrong with this X‐ray?
Authors: Binns Emma Luisa , Edmonds Liza , Dobson Jo , Barker David
Published: August 2017

See Answer
Evaluation of enrollee satisfaction with Iowa's Dental Wellness Plan for the Medicaid expansion population
Authors: Reynolds Julie C. , McKernan Susan C. , Sukalski Jennifer M.C. , Damiano Peter C.
Published: August 2017

Background

Dental coverage for Iowa's Medicaid expansion population is provided through the Dental Wellness Plan (DWP), implemented in May 2014. The plan targets healthy behavior incentives via an earned benefits structure, whereby additional services are covered if enrollees return every 6‐12 months for routine dental visits. This study examines enrollee satisfaction with the DWP.

Methods

We surveyed a random sample of DWP enrollees 1 year after program implementation about their experiences. Survey items covered dental plan satisfaction, self‐rated measures of health, and knowledge and attitudes toward the earned benefits approach.

Results

Dental plan satisfaction was rated as low by 38 percent of respondents (n = 416), moderate by 25 percent (n = 276), and high by 37 percent (n = 402). A majority of respondents (66 percent) did not know about the earned benefits structure. Regression analysis indicated that respondents most likely to have low plan satisfaction were those who felt it was difficult to earn benefits (OR 3.66, P < 0.001) and those who were unable to find (OR 3.17, P < 0.001), or did not try to find (OR 3.51, P < 0.001), a regular dentist in the plan.

Conclusions

Satisfaction with a new model of dental insurance was influenced by whether enrollees had a regular source of care and their perceived ability to return for regular checkups in order to earn covered benefits.
Algorithm of Golgi protein 73 and liver stiffness accurately diagnoses significant fibrosis in chronic HBV infection
Authors: Cao Zhujun , Li Ziqiang , Wang Hui , Liu Yuhan , Xu Yumin , Mo Ruidong , Ren Peipei , Chen Lichang , Lu Jie , Li Hong , Zhuang Yan , Liu Yunye , Wang Xiaolin , Zhao Gangde , Tang Weiliang , Xiang Xiaogang , Cai Wei , Liu Longgen , Bao Shisan , Xie Qing
Published: August 2017

Background & Aims

Serum Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is a potential biomarker for fibrosis assessment. We aimed to develop an algorithm based on GP73 and liver stiffness (LS) for further improvement of accuracy for significant fibrosis in patients with antiviral‐naïve chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

Methods

Diagnostic accuracy evaluation of GP73 and development of GP73‐LS algorithm was performed in training cohort (n = 267) with an independent cohort (n = 133) for validation.

Results

A stepwise increasing pattern of serum GP73 was observed across fibrosis stages in patients with antiviral‐naïve chronic HBV infection. Serum GP73 significantly correlated (rho = 0.48, P < .001) with fibrosis stage and was an independent predictor for the presence of significant fibrosis (OR, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.01‐1.03, per increase in 1 ng/mL, P < .001). Both LS (AUROC, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.77‐0.87, accuracy: 74.7%) and GP73 (AUROC, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.71‐0.82, accuracy: 71.5%) well‐predicted significant fibrosis and outperformed APRI (AUROC, 95%CI: 0.69, 0.63‐0.76, accuracy: 66%) and FIB‐4 (AUROC, 95%CI: 0.66, 0.60‐0.73, accuracy: 63.6%). Using GP73‐LS algorithm, GP73 < 63 in agreement with LS < 8.5 provided accuracy of 81.7% to excluded significant fibrosis. GP73 ≥ 63 in agreement with LS ≥ 8.5 provided accuracy of 93.3% to confirm significant fibrosis. Almost 64% or 68% of patients in the training or validation cohort could be accurately classified.

Conclusions

Serum GP73 is a robust biomarker for significant fibrosis diagnosis. GP73‐LS algorithm provided better diagnostic accuracy than currently available approaches. More than 60% antiviral naïve CHB patients could use this algorithm without resorting to liver biopsy.
Norwegian national day oratory: constructing and reconstructing a national we
Authors: Buxrud Bjørnar , Fangen Katrine
Published: August 2017

National day speeches play an explicit part in defining national identities. In this article, we examine how mayors in Norwegian municipalities reflect on Norway's increased diversity in their 17 May speeches. National day speeches in Norway are supposed to focus on unity, not conflict. Yet, what have they become in the context of diversity? In applying theoretical perspectives on nations, rituals and language to data consisting of a selection of speeches, our analysis identifies themes that structure a typical 17 May speech. We explore the use of plural pronouns in the speeches and how they make Norwegian national identity more or less accessible for people with minority backgrounds. By including ethnic minorities in national day rhetoric, the speakers negotiate who belongs in the Norwegian community in a less directly political way than in everyday life. Yet, whilst the genre is celebratory, the national day speeches also echo different political attitudes towards diversity and integration.
If You Don't Have Solid Borders, You Get Walls
Authors: Gardels Nathan
Published: August 2017

Anti‐immigrant populists seek to create a familiar space for their own kind in a world of tumult fomented by strangers.
Macron's Victory Does Not Mean Liberalism Is Safe
Authors: Emmott Bill
Published: August 2017

The West isn't in the clear—elections aren't everything.
Agroecological transition: A viability model to assess soil restoration
Authors: Durand Marie‐Hélène , Désilles Anna , Saint‐Pierre Patrick , Angeon Valérie , Ozier‐Lafontaine Harry
Published: August 2017

Since the 1950s, intensive and specialized agricultural systems using a few select species and relying heavily on agrochemical inputs have enabled a huge increase in food production. However, in parallel, drawbacks appeared including biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emission, erosion, and water pollution. Today shifting farming systems to mitigate soil degradation trends is indispensable. Using viability theory, we propose a dynamic model of the sequence of agricultural productions and practices that can be implemented in the long term to restore soil quality while respecting a set of agronomic and economic constraints. The paths to soil restoration vary depending on agronomic and economic constraints, the time available for restoration, the initial soil conditions, and investment capacities. Economic valuation of the minimum cost of restoration shows that the agroecological transition may be costly and that farmers can have difficulty meeting the costs, thus raising the question of how the cost of agroecological transition is to be shared.
A prototype matching model of satisfaction in same‐sex friendships
Authors: FEHR BEVERLEY , HARASYMCHUK CHERYL
Published: August 2017

The hypothesis that people experience greater friendship satisfaction when their friendship matches the prototype of intimacy interactions was tested. Consistent with this hypothesis, both women and men reported the greatest satisfaction when their “real‐world” friendship matched the prototype of intimacy interactions. This relation was even stronger when the friendship matched prototypical intimacy interaction patterns (e.g., self‐disclosure) than when it matched nonprototypical patterns (e.g., practical support). Thus, there is evidence that people rely on relational knowledge—in this case, complex knowledge of patterns of relating—when evaluating the quality of their friendships.
Nursing professionals' experiences of the facilitators and barriers to the use of telehealth applications: a systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Koivunen Marita , Saranto Kaija
Published: August 2017

The aim of the study was to synthesise the best available research evidence on nursing professionals' experiences of the facilitators and barriers to the use of online telehealth services in nursing practice. Telehealth is used to deliver healthcare services and health‐related information by means of information and communication technology (ICT). The systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted using thematic synthesis of previous studies. International electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Eric, Web of Science/Web of Knowledge and Scopus, and Finnish databases Medic and Ohtanen were searched in spring 2013. In addition, the search was complemented in fall 2015. Following critical appraisal, 25 studies from 1998 to fall 2015 were reviewed and the findings were synthesised. Both facilitators and barriers were grouped into five main categories which were related to nurses' skills and attitudes, nurses' work and operations, organisational factors, patients and technology. The highest number of facilitators and barriers was found in the category focusing on nurses' work and operations. Based on the findings, nurses' skills and attitudes are preventing factors in the implementation of telehealth. There is also a need to focus on patients' role in telehealth usage although the findings support positive adoption of ICT tools among patients. The findings call for further development of technological tools used in nursing practice and healthcare services. The change from traditional face‐to‐face nursing to the use of telehealth calls for local agreements and further discussions among professionals on how this change will be accepted and implemented into practice. In addition, organisations need to make sure that nurses have enough resources and support for telehealth use.
The effects of peer support on post‐traumatic stress reactions in bereaved parents
Authors: Aho Anna Liisa , Malmisuo Jaana , Kaunonen Marja
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of peer support on post‐traumatic stress disorder in parents who have experienced the death of a child, the factors associated with the parents' post‐traumatic stress reactions and the parents' experiences of peer support. The research data comprise the responses of parents who participated in a family weekend organised by Child Death Families Finland (KÄPY). The data were collected 2 weeks before (n = 110) and 2 weeks after (n = 73) the family weekend by a questionnaire consisting of items designed to identify the relevant background variables and the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R), a self‐report measure for assessing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Statistical methods were applied in the data analysis. No statistically significant differences were observed in the parents' stress reactions 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the family weekend. The stress reactions, on the other hand, had a statistically significant association with the self‐perceived health of the parents, the age at which their child had died and the time that had elapsed since the death. Two‐thirds of the parents regarded the peer support provided during the family weekend as supportive or very supportive. The parents also regarded the support provided during the weekend as important, although the support had no statistically significant impact on their stress reactions. One can draw the conclusion that the parents experienced the family weekend and the peer support provided during it as supportive.
Advice as a form of social influence: Informational motives and the consequences for accuracy
Authors: Rader Christina A. , Larrick Richard P. , Soll Jack B.
Published: August 2017

In this article, we ask how well people fulfill informational motives by using the judgments of others. We build on advice‐taking research from the judgment and decision making literature, which has developed a distinct paradigm to test how accurately people incorporate information from others. We use a literature review to show that people have mixed success in fulfilling informational motives—they increase their accuracy through the use of advice, but not as much as they could. We develop insights about how people perceive advisors and try to pursue advice—and where their perceptions may lead them astray. We conclude by proposing that future work further investigate the reasons people fail to use advice by building on the current advice taking paradigm used in judgment and decision making, but with a richer understanding of advice taking as a dynamic process that often entails complex decisions and normative motives.
The three faces of overconfidence
Authors: Moore Don A. , Schatz Derek
Published: August 2017

Overconfidence has been studied in 3 distinct ways. Overestimation is thinking that you are better than you are. Overplacement is the exaggerated belief that you are better than others. Overprecision is the excessive faith that you know the truth. These 3 forms of overconfidence manifest themselves under different conditions, have different causes, and have widely varying consequences. It is a mistake to treat them as if they were the same or to assume that they have the same psychological origins.
Health decision making and behavior: The role of affect‐laden constructs
Authors: Magnan Renee E. , Shorey Fennell Bethany R. , Brady Jacquelyn M.
Published: August 2017

A common criticism of social cognitive models predicting health behavior is their exclusion of affect—an important component of individual‐level decision processes for behavior change. Yet the role of affect, and its interaction with cognitions, is complex. We provide an overview of affect and pathways through which it is proposed to influence outcomes. Then, we discuss several common social cognitive models of health behavior change. Next, we highlight specific affect‐laden constructs (those that incorporate affective and cognitive components) related to health behavior change. We aim to provide clarity on terminology and measurement of the affect‐laden constructs and evidence associating them with health behavior. Finally, we discuss strategies for incorporating these constructs within popular cognitive‐based theories and provide suggestions for future work.
Nativism Across Time and Space
Authors: Betz Hans‐Georg
Published: August 2017

Contemporary radical right‐wing populism is generally associated with nativism, usually defined as an intense hostility to anything deemed alien and threatening to national cohesion. This article explores the origins and evolution of nativism in three major nineteenth‐century populist movements – antebellum Know Nothingism and post‐civil‐war agrarian populism in the United States and late nineteenth‐century Boulangism in France. All of them advanced nativist propositions to bolster their populist agenda, yet not of the same nature and to the same extent. These differences can largely be explained by the targets of populist mobilization and the constituency at which it was aimed. The cases suggest that nativism plays an important role in populist mobilization, not least because it allows populist movements to transcend differences between social groups and gives them an opportunity to promote themselves as the champions of collective identity – a concern central to the contemporary radical populist right.
The role of ZIP transporters and group F bZIP transcription factors in the Zn‐deficiency response of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Evens Nicholas P. , Buchner Peter , Williams Lorraine E. , Hawkesford Malcolm J.
Published: August 2017

Understanding the molecular basis of zinc (Zn) uptake and transport in staple cereal crops is critical for improving both Zn content and tolerance to low‐Zn soils. This study demonstrates the importance of group F bZIP transcription factors and ZIP transporters in responses to Zn deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seven group F TabZIP genes and 14 ZIPs with homeologs were identified in hexaploid wheat. Promoter analysis revealed the presence of Zn‐deficiency‐response elements (ZDREs) in a number of the ZIPs. Functional complementation of the zrt1/zrt2 yeast mutant by TaZIP3, ‐6, ‐7, ‐9 and ‐13 supported an ability to transport Zn. Group F TabZIPs contain the group‐defining cysteine–histidine‐rich motifs, which are the predicted binding site of Zn2+ in the Zn‐deficiency response. Conservation of these motifs varied between the TabZIPs suggesting that individual TabZIPs may have specific roles in the wheat Zn‐homeostatic network. Increased expression in response to low Zn levels was observed for several of the wheat ZIPs and bZIPs; this varied temporally and spatially suggesting specific functions in the response mechanism. The ability of the group F TabZIPs to bind to specific ZDREs in the promoters of TaZIPs indicates a conserved mechanism in monocots and dicots in responding to Zn deficiency. In support of this, TabZIPF1‐7DL and TabZIPF4‐7AL afforded a strong level of rescue to the Arabidopsis hypersensitive bzip19 bzip23 double mutant under Zn deficiency. These results provide a greater understanding of Zn‐homeostatic mechanisms in wheat, demonstrating an expanded repertoire of group F bZIP transcription factors, adding to the complexity of Zn homeostasis.
Nitrate induction of root hair density is mediated by TGA1/TGA4 and CPC transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Canales Javier , Contreras‐López Orlando , Álvarez José M. , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A.
Published: August 2017

Root hairs are specialized cells that are important for nutrient uptake. It is well established that nutrients such as phosphate have a great influence on root hair development in many plant species. Here we investigated the role of nitrate on root hair development at a physiological and molecular level. We showed that nitrate increases root hair density in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that two different root hair defective mutants have significantly less nitrate than wild‐type plants, suggesting that in A. thaliana root hairs have an important role in the capacity to acquire nitrate. Nitrate reductase‐null mutants exhibited nitrate‐dependent root hair phenotypes comparable with wild‐type plants, indicating that nitrate is the signal that leads to increased formation of root hairs. We examined the role of two key regulators of root hair cell fate, CPC and WER, in response to nitrate treatments. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that CPC is essential for nitrate‐induced responses of root hair development. Moreover, we showed that NRT1.1 and TGA1/TGA4 are required for pathways that induce root hair development by suppression of longitudinal elongation of trichoblast cells in response to nitrate treatments. Our results prompted a model where nitrate signaling via TGA1/TGA4 directly regulates the CPC root hair cell fate specification gene to increase formation of root hairs in A. thaliana.
Modelling Short-run Money Demand for the US
Authors: Scheiblecker Marcus
Published: August 2017

There is a vast amount of empirical evidence concerning the cointegrating relationship between money demand, some kind of interest rate and income. In contrast to this, short-run dynamics are still opaque. In the existing literature, the return to steady state is modeled quite differently. The range goes from simple error correction models to non-linear approaches.We herewith propose a method for considering not only disequilibria between money demand and its steady state for the last period only, but also for such of the recent past in a parsimonious and economically meaningful way. As different from multicointegration, weights for cumulating steady-state deviations are geometrically decreasing, the more they are located in the past. This model possesses an ARMA (1,1) representation and leads to an ARMAX-model, if combined with a conventional error correction model. This approach is shown to track money demand short-run dynamics better and more parsimoniously than partial-adjustment models.
Inverse Estimation of Main Parameters of Spectral Line-Based Weighted Sum of Gray Gases Model With Few Gray Gases to Simulate the Radiation in Nongray Media
Authors: Dehghanian A. , Hosseini Sarvari S. M.
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study is to present a reduced spectral line-based weighted sum of gray gases (SLW) model to simulate the radiation heat transfer in nongray media at high temperatures. Inverse approach is used to divide the absorption cross section band into a clear gas with one gray gas and two gray gases, which are called the S-1 and S-2 approaches, respectively. The unknown absorption cross sections are determined from the knowledge of measured total incident intensities received by wall surfaces. In order to simulate the exact solution of radiation heat transfer in nongray gaseous media, the discrete transfer method (DTM) in combination with S-20 model is used, where the nongray medium is replaced with a set of a clear gas and 20 gray gases. The inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem to minimize a least square objective function, which is solved by the conjugate gradient method (CGM). The accuracy of the present method is verified by comparing with previous researches and the S-20 approach with a large number of gray gases. The effects of noisy data on the inverse solution are investigated by considering an extreme case with large measurement error. The results show that the unknown absorption cross sections are retrieved well, even for noisy data.
Wave Field Synthesis of moving sources with arbitrary trajectory and velocity profile
Authors: Firtha Gergely , Fiala Péter
Published: August 2017

The sound field synthesis of moving sound sources is of great importance when dynamic virtual sound scenes are to be reconstructed. Previous solutions considered only virtual sources moving uniformly along a straight trajectory, synthesized employing a linear loudspeaker array. This article presents the synthesis of point sources following an arbitrary trajectory. Under high-frequency assumptions 2.5D Wave Field Synthesis driving functions are derived for arbitrary shaped secondary source contours by adapting the stationary phase approximation to the dynamic description of sources in motion. It is explained how a referencing function should be chosen in order to optimize the amplitude of synthesis on an arbitrary receiver curve. Finally, a finite difference implementation scheme is considered, making the presented approach suitable for real-time applications.
Rheology of concentrated bimodal suspensions of nanosilica in PEG
Authors: Daneshfar Zahra , Goharpey Fatemeh , Nazockdast Hossein , Foudazi Reza
Published: August 2017

In this work, we investigate the linear viscoelastic properties, yielding, and shear-thickening behaviors of highly concentrated bimodal suspension of nanosilica in poly(ethylene glycol) with a molecular weight of 400 g/mol at volume fractions, ϕ, of 0.59 and 0.61 and particle size ratio of δ = 3.4. Studied bimodal suspensions have a negligible depletion attraction, whereas they show the re-entrant behavior. The viscoelastic responses are studied as a function of the large particles fraction with respect to total loaded particles (R). A strong reduction in the normalized elastic modulus, liquidlike behavior (no yield strain and stress), and the lowest viscosities are observed in the bimodal sample with R = 0.6. When the relative volume fraction of small spheres exceeds that of large spheres, the elastic modulus, yield stress, and viscosity of the system increase. It was found that the Mode-Coupling theory and the Herschel–Bulkley model can predict the behavior of studied bimodal suspensions at ϕ = 0.61. Additionally, we have modeled the shear thickening behavior to determine the critical Peclet number for the onset of hydrocluster formation, PeHC. The lowest PeHC and the weakest shear thickening are observed for bimodal suspensions with the re-entrant behavior.
Effects of Body Mass Index on Bone Loading Due to Physical Activity
Authors: Smith Tina , Reeves Sue , Halsey Lewis G. , Huber Jörg , Luo Jin
Published: August 2017

The aim of the current study was to compare bone loading due to physical activity between lean, and overweight and obese individuals. Fifteen participants (lower BMI group: BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 7; higher BMI group: 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 36.35 kg/m2, n = 8) wore a tri-axial accelerometer on 1 day to collect data for the calculation of bone loading. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form) was used to measure time spent at different physical activity levels. Daily step counts were measured using a pedometer. Differences between groups were compared using independentt-tests. Accelerometer data revealed greater loading dose at the hip in lower BMI participants at a frequency band of 0.1–2 Hz (P = .039, Cohen’sd = 1.27) and 2–4 Hz (P = .044,d = 1.24). Lower BMI participants also had a significantly greater step count (P = .023,d = 1.55). This corroborated with loading intensity (d ≥ 0.93) and questionnaire (d = 0.79) effect sizes to indicate higher BMI participants tended to spend more time in very light activity, and less time in light and moderate activity. Overall, participants with a lower BMI exhibited greater bone loading due to physical activity; participants with a higher BMI may benefit from more light and moderate level activity to maintain bone health.
The Perceived Motor Competence Questionnaire in Childhood (PMC-C)
Authors: Dreiskaemper Dennis , Utesch Till , Tietjens Maike
Published: August 2017

The perception of one’s own motor skills can be an important mediator between motor skills and physical activity in childhood. For early childhood, questionnaires are available to measure the self-perception of motor skills (locomotion and object-control) via pictorial scales with one item representing each skill. During childhood, self-perception develops and becomes more complex and differentiated (the physical self-concept). Therefore, the aim of this study was to create a questionnaire in order to adequately assess children’s self-perceptions of fundamental movement skills. A 40-item questionnaire was tested in a pilot study (N = 94) for primary school grades 2–4. Based on the psychometric results, a reduced 24-item questionnaire, Perceived Motor Competence in Childhood (PMC-C), was completed by 197 children between 7 and 13 years of age. The results indicate construct validity (χ2/df = 1.76, N = 197, p < .001, Tucker-Lewis Index = .91, Comparative Fit Index = .90, RMSEA = .06) and internal consistency (object-control .79–.91; locomotion .79–.89) for the 24-item questionnaire. The PMC-C contributes as an extension of the available pictorial scales to assess the skill-oriented physical self-concept in middle and later childhood by covering the perception of multiple aspects of eight different motor skills.
Tracking of Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity: A 16-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Raustorp Anders , Fröberg Andreas
Published: August 2017

Background: The aims of this study were to explore the effect of time and long-termed tracking on pedometer-determined physical activity (PA) from early adolescent to the 30s. Methods: PA was measured with pedometers [Yamax™ (SW-200)] during 2000 (time 1), 2003 (time 2), 2005 (time 3), 2010 (time 4), and 2016 (time 5). Anthropometric data were collected during time 1. Data from 59 participants (n = 32 males) were analyzed from early adolescent (time 1) to the 30s (time 5). Results: There was an effect of time for males (P = .005, η2 = .76) and females (P = .002, η2 = .50) where steps per day decreased. Males steps per day tracked between time 1 and time 2 (r = .41, P = .021), time 1 and time 3 (r = .38, P = .03), time 3 and time 4 (r = .42, P = .015), and time 4 and time 5 (r = .50, P = .003). Females steps per day tracked between time 4 and time 5 (r = .39, P = .04). Males took more steps per day than females during time 1 (P = .018), whereas females took more steps per day during time 2 (P = .043) and time 3 (P = .03). Conclusion: There was a significant effect of time, where steps per day decreased between the 5 times of measurement. Steps per day tracked low to moderate in the short time span, yet tracked nonsignificantly from early adolescent to the 30s.
The size effect in corrosion greatly influences the predicted life span of concrete infrastructures
Authors: Angst Ueli M. , Elsener Bernhard
Published: August 2017

Size significantly affects the ability of reinforced concrete specimens to withstand corrosion under chloride exposure.
Control of nacre biomineralization by Pif80 in pearl oyster
Authors: Bahn So Yeong , Jo Byung Hoon , Choi Yoo Seong , Cha Hyung Joon
Published: August 2017

Pif80 is a key protein for the formation and organization of mineral precursor in pearl oyster nacre biomineralization.
The stem cell skeptic
Authors: Servick Kelly
Published: August 2017

Through 7 years and 2000 blog posts, Paul Knoepfler has insisted that stem cells are being oversold.
Direct atomic-level insight into the active sites of a high-performance PGM-free ORR catalyst
Authors: Chung Hoon T. , Cullen David A. , Higgins Drew , Sneed Brian T. , Holby Edward F. , More Karren L. , Zelenay Piotr
Published: August 2017

Replacing platinum in air-fed fuel cells

Replacing expensive and scarce platinum catalysts in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with ones based on non-noble metals would speed up the adoption of hydrogen fuel vehicles. Most of the candidate replacement catalysts that have shown high performance do so only when running on pure oxygen. Chung
et al.
developed an iron-nitrogen-carbon catalyst from two nitrogen precursors that forms a high-porosity structure and exhibits high ORR performance when running on air. The proposed catalytically active site is FeN
4
.

Science
, this issue p.
479