bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Two Moralities of Spinoza
Authors: McRae Robert
Published: March 2013

The philosophers of the ancient world believed that philosophical knowledge was essential to the attainment of the good life. Rarely has this value been placed upon it in the modern world. No one denied the ancient claim for philosophy more emphatically than Kant himself. “We do not,” he said, “need science and philosophy to know what we should do to be honest and good, yea, even wise and virtuous.” It is significant that in the search for his supreme principle of morality Kant had proceeded by an analysis of the moral judgments of ordinary men. It was then possible for him to say that in giving the principle an explicit formulation he was not teaching men anything new, but was only directing their attention to a principle that they themselves always employed in their moral decisions. Thus the knowledge necessary for the attainment of wisdom and virtue is not philosophical but vulgar knowledge, possessed by the simplest and least educated of men. It is significant also that Kant's conclusion that this is so is something he supposed would already be taken for granted by his readers. “Indeed,” he says, “we might well have conjectured beforehand that the knowledge of what every man is bound to do, and therefore also to know, would be within the reach of every man, even the commonest.” To emphasize this point Kant went even further. He argued that the common man not only has as good a hope as any philosopher of making a correct moral decision, but is more likely to do so. The philosopher is at the disadvantage of being able to use his philosophical skills to argue on the side of his desires and inclinations against the strict laws of duty, to question their validity, and to corrupt them.
A Common Ancestry: Literature in Australia and Canada
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Even the most diligent search will yield only a few documents that could be used to illustrate directly the cultural relations between Australia and Canada. Writers in the two countries have, for instance, lived and worked in almost complete ignorance of each other. Only two minor exceptions come to mind, and in each case it is a matter of a general interest in the other country rather than of any specific interest in its literature. Gilbert Parker, who was, for a short time during the nineties, a journalist in Australia, collected his articles under the title Round the Compass in Australia. It is a good travel book, based on solid information and firsthand knowledge, and written in a vigorous and incisive style. Parker's book is balanced on the Australian side by A. G. Stephens' A Queenslander's Travel Notes, a fugitive production much less significant than Round the Compass in Australia, although Stephens, the most influential of the Australian literary critics, is a more important literary figure than Parker. Stephens' book, with its brief and melancholy coda on Canada, follows the pattern of the nineteenth-century traveller's report on his American tour. The book, like Parker's, came out in the nineties, and its comments—sharply critical and often openly contemptuous—are to be read in the light of the depression both political and cultural which, at that time, afflicted Canada. Since there have been almost no direct literary contacts between the countries, it would be logical to expect no popular acceptance by the one country of the other's literature. That is in fact largely the case, although here Canada fares rather better: she has been more successful in producing the international best-seller; that strangely assorted trio, Leacock, Service, and de la Roche, are perhaps just as well known in Sydney and Adelaide as they are in Toronto or, enjoying the same kind of reputation in Canada.
Literature and Nationalism after Confederation
Authors: Bailey Alfred
Published: March 2013

If a choice had to be made of the year, more than any other, that marked a climax in the development of English-Canadian literature in the nineteenth century it would almost certainly be 1893, for it was then that five of Canada's most accomplished poets completed volumes of verse that reflected the maturing of their powers as creative artists. As we look back from the vantage-point of more than half a century upon the work of Roberts, Lampman, Carman, Scott, and Campbell, we can see that, although earlier writers had enjoyed some successes, the general level of the new work was higher than anything that had gone before. Throughout the eighties and early nineties the poets of the school of Roberts had been engaged in perfecting their craft, and with the possible exception of Scott, it is doubtful whether their work of later date ever much excelled the achievements of that climactic moment. Its significance did not entirely escape the notice of interested Canadians, although they were inclined to magnify it by making brash comparisons with what was being done across the border, where, it is true, a relative dearth had followed hard upon the brilliant expression of the New England genius.
Preface to Lyrical Ballads: A Portent
Authors: Whalley George
Published: March 2013

The Preface to Lyrical Ballads has secured to itself generations of superstitious veneration. To pedagogues it has commended itself as a solid handhold where so much else eludes the grasp. It has been treated as central, not so much because it was unquestionably central, but because it was portable and expoundable. “To be mistaught,” Wordsworth observes drily in the Essay Supplementary, “is worse than to be untaught; and no perverseness equals that which is supported by system, no errors so difficult to root out as those which the understanding has pledged its credit to uphold.” It would be difficult to decide which has done more disservice to the understanding of Wordsworth and Coleridge: the careless habit of bundling them together into the capacious bosom of “Romanticism,” or the amiable device of fitting them out in football jerseys of different colours and playing them off one against the other with the final result decided before the match begins. Wordsworth and Coleridge do not accommodate us by being either heavenly twins or sworn enemies.
French Composers of Today
Authors: Demuth Norman
Published: March 2013

When, in 1935, the French composers Yves Baudrier (b. 1906), André Jolivet (b. 1905), Daniel Lesur (b. 1908), and Olivier Messiaen (b. 1908), banded themselves into a coterie known as “La Jeune France,” they deliberately acknowledged the continuity of the French Tradition and confirmed their belief in Hector Berlioz as the founder of, and authority for, modern French musical philosophy. It was under this banner that the great Hector fought his many battles; true, he fought them mainly on his own behalf, but he was, nevertheless, concerned also with establishing a standard of judgment and a national sense of cultural values.
On De Quincey's Theory of Literary Power
Authors: Bilsland John
Published: March 2013

De Quincey's various statements on literature of power are in many respects inconsistent, and in dealing with them one must guard against the ever present danger of finding a coherence to which they cannot rightly lay claim. Over the years from 1823 to 1848 his conception of the experience of power obviously underwent marked shifts: the essentially emotional experience described in the Letters to a Young Man Whose Education Has Been Neglected (1823) had assumed a decidedly ethical cast by the time De Quincey turned to it in the essay on The Poetry of Pope (1848). One can, however, despite such shifts, make certain tenable generalizations with regard to De Quincey's several statements, and when doing so one is struck by the fact that all depend upon the fundamental idea that in a full appreciation of a work of literature of power a reader surrenders himself—as does the mystic—to a total absorption in an immediate experience. He knows pleasurably a great stimulation of his being: emotions which ordinary life seldom calls up are both roused and organized. In the period of stimulation, too, he becomes peculiarly aware of the infinite capacities of his own spirit, capacities not only of feeling, but also of vision: he sees embodied in the work of literature ideals and truths which he has never before known. And from the revelation which he now has of life he emerges a purified, morally better and spiritually richer, human being: he not only sees the world about him with cleared eyes, responding to it with heightened sensibilities, but he also moves now with a mystical faith in values living ever beyond the bounds of ordinary life.
Plato and Thrasymachus
Authors: Sparshott
Published: March 2013

One who reads the works of Plato and the commentaries thereon soon learns two things about their author: that he uses Socrates as his mouthpiece, and that he has no use whatever for sophists. Consequently, when such a reader finds Socrates in the Republic not only contradicted but insulted by Thrasymachus, who is plainly a sophist, he concludes that both the opinions and the character of the latter are meant to seem in every way objectionable. But both the reader's premises and his conclusions are altogether too simple.
Meredith on the Nature of Metaphor
Authors: Austin Deborah
Published: March 2013

Meredith has been praised and blamed for making so much use of imagery in his novels, but so far his own pronouncements—and there were many—on the nature and use of metaphor have not been isolated from the rest of his work and made available in one place. They make interesting reading, for they show us that the most conscious stylist among the great English novelists of the nineteenth century was almost pathologically aware of the powers of metaphor to illumine or to obscure meaning.
Taxation and Enterprise
Authors: Streeten Paul
Published: March 2013

Taxation—like economics—deals with two dangerous subjects which, combined, give an explosive mixture: a man's pockets and his ideals. Fuel has been added recently by the publication in England of the three important reports of the Royal Commission on the Taxation of Profits and Income. These lucidly written documents, and especially the final one, will keep the fires of controversy burning for a long time to come, not only inside Great Britain but outside her shores. Although the Commissioners have not reached revolutionary conclusions, many imaginative reform proposals were considered, discussed, and, occasionally rather regretfully, rejected. The general tenor is that the British tax system, although complex and defective in many respects, is, if not the best of all possible systems, at least among the least bad ones—and that most of its evils are necessary.
Aspects of French-Canadian Nationalism
Authors: Leger Jean-Marc
Published: March 2013

Nationalism in the presentday world bas fared badly at the hands of tbe press, at least in the Western world. Countless are the theorists who bave voiced their unreserved condemnation of it, and their judgment is repeated in the most varied modes by a large section of the press which sees in nationalism a harmful attitude and an "outworn" mode of behaviour. However, these very people, whom I shall call in a general term liberals, are paradoxically enough the staunchest supporters of the young Asian and African nationalisms whose aspirations to independence they automatically approve, and whose refusal to comprontise they excuse with indulgent benevolence.
Pater and the Tribulations of Taste
Authors: West Paul
Published: March 2013

Pater has been less fairly though more decisively judged than several of his contemporaries. For instead of being properly studied, he has been paid out with the kind of reputation that immediately discourages intending readers; and this reputation, which is largely composed of rationalized prejudice, is still compelled upon him in even the present age. Not so much, I suggest, on account of the content or method of his critical writing, but rather because of the peculiar appeal and pervasiveness of the myth that has been very gradually compiled about his name.
Humanities
Authors: Brinkley Roberta Florence , Harbage Alfred , Endicott
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1957.
Periodical Writing
Authors: Maclure Millar
Published: March 2013

Reviews of periodical literature published in Canada in 1957.
Les Études Sociales
Authors: Bonenfant Jean-Charles
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on French-Canadian social studies published in Canada in 1957.
The Teaching of History
Authors: Zaionchkovsky  , Sakharov
Published: March 2013

The teaching of history holds a prominent place in the Soviet system of training specialists in different fields of science and technology. It gives students an objective conception of history and social relations, and reveals the laws governing the historical process. The propagation of historical knowledge serves to develop patriotism and feelings of friendship and respect for other peoples and their services in the historical development of human society.
>Basic Trends in Soviet Archaeology
Authors: Rybakov  , Krupnov
Published: March 2013

One of the essential features of modern history is its ability to disclose the complex and varied process underlying the historical development of specific countries and peoples, not only since the appearance of written sources, but from the most ancient times, traced with the aid of excavated monuments of material culture. The purpose, the main substance, of archaeology is the study of the most ancient stages in the development of human society and its culture up to the period when material relics lose their dominating importance (that is, until the later Middle Ages).
The Teaching of Political Economy
Authors: Oparin
Published: March 2013

Political economy is one of the three socio-economic sciences that is studied, on a diversified scale, in all the higher educational institutions of the U.S.S.R., the other two being the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and philosophy.
The Teaching of Music
Authors: Nikolayev
Published: March 2013

Music occupies a place of honour in the cultural life of the Soviet people and particularly in the artistic education of its youth. The chamber and symphony concerts held in city and village, the lectures on music popularizing the work of outstanding composers, the music programmes on radio and television, the extensive support and promotion of amateur art activities at factories and collective farms, public schools, universities, and other educational institutions, all help to bring music closer to millions of people throughout the Soviet Union.
Publication in the Humanities
Authors: Saltanov Yuri
Published: March 2013

Two hundred and five Soviet higher educational establishments in the humanities, out of a total of 306, issued their scholarly works in separate publications last year. These included 37 universities, 134 pedagogical institutes, 18 economics institutes, and 4 law institutes. They brought out a total of 1,129 titles in 1957, including 258 titles on problems of history, 214 on philology, 161 on law, 126 on political economy and different branches of the national economy, 82 on philosophy, 48 on pedagogics, 21 on journalism, 21 on finance, 7 on the arts (fine arts, theatre, and cinema), 6 on bibliology, and 3 on archival studies. Moreover, there were 182 titles on the humanities in general (transactions of different departments published in the form of scholarly notes of individual institutes). These publications include 215 lectures, 188 school manuals, 9 textbooks, 20 collections of student papers, and 96 popular science pamphlets. The higher schools also brought out 411 volumes of scientific notes, 96 collections of scientific articles, 76 monographs, 16 issues of scientific magazines, 5 bibliographical annotations, and 4 collections of postgraduate papers.
Local Colour in Canadian Fiction
Authors: Magee William
Published: March 2013

The pride in local colour that gripped Canadian literature early in the twentieth century squeezed the life out of fiction because the storytellers generally fumbled their technique. Almost every one of them ignored his artistic duty of trying to find a new technique appropriate to his primary interest. Thus the unquestioning reliance on traditional devices which has characterized all Canadian fiction until recently particularly enervated the local colourists. For the problem of integrating this new aspect of fiction into a unified story was one of technique, facing not only Canadians but all novelists who stressed setting or atmosphere as a chief aspect of their art. The problem was basic to the widening art of the novel. In all English fiction regional settings had been growing more prominent and more vivid during the late nineteenth century. Both for huge panoramas of society like Trollope's and George Eliot's and for restricted dramas of small groups like Meredith's, the background was ceasing to be nominal. The regional novel was about to emerge as a distinct type. The first group in the trend appeared in North America, and the Americans and Canadians were the first fully to encounter the special problems involved.
Tragic Effect in Samson Agonistes
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

Misled by Milton's prefatory emphasis on his Greek models, an emphasis entirely justified if properly understood, critics have assumed that the poet intended not only to follow them in structure and convention but to reproduce their spirit and effect, and that hence the only possible criterion for judging Samson Agonistes is Greek tragedy. Opinions on his success have differed. Jebb (to take a famous example) vigorously defends Milton against Johnson's charge that Samson Agonistes has a beginning and end but no middle, that nothing occurs to precipitate the catastrophe. But he goes on to condemn the drama as not truly tragic, as not Hellenic at all in spirit and effect, but thoroughly Hebraic. It does not, like Greek tragedy, pit the hero against superior powers before which he goes down to inevitable defeat, yet demonstrates his heroism even in his defeat. On the contrary, Samson is an instrument of the Supreme Power, and the only possible conclusion is that "All is best." Nor, in the most vigorous and effective defence against Jebb, does W. R. Parker question the assumption that Greek tragedy furnishes the sole and sufficient criterion. But it is precisely this assumption that I would question.
Psychological Ambiguity in La Nouvelle Héloïse
Authors: Wolpe Hans
Published: March 2013

"The land of the chimera is of this world the only worthy dwelling place; and such is the emptiness of all things human, that outside of the self-existing Being, there is nothing beautiful but that which does not exist." This quotation from La Nouvelle Héloïse could symbolize the whole work and serve as its epigraph. For indeed this "book of enchantment," as it has been so aptly called, unfolds in an atmosphere which borrows little, if anything, from objective reality. The distorting effect of Rousseau's imagination has always been fully discussed in any serious analysis of his political writings, but we turn to studies of La Nouvelle Héloïse to find that this factor has been hardly touched upon.
Reviews
Authors: Clifford James , Finch Robert
Published: March 2013

Biography: Art or Craft, reviewed by James L. Clifford

Helmut Hatzfield, Trends and Styles in Twentieth Century French Literature, reviewed by Robert Finch
The Critic's Responsibility
Authors: Peter John
Published: March 2013

It is an occupational hazard of our profession that we should be obliged to read almost anything that can be read, and sometimes a good many things that can't, such as Finnegans Wake or our students' essays. All of us have gory scalps dangling from our belts—books that we've read, books that we hope never to read again—and if I produce one I hope it will be regarded more with the equanimity of the damned than with revulsion. My share in damnation, or part of it, goes by the name of A Short-Title Catalogue of English Books, 1475-1640, a compilation by two minor fiends improbably described as Pollard and Redgrave which I once read all the way through. Among its 26,000 entries there is admittedly much variety. Some of them, such as "A defence of the appendix to the Antidote," are secretive and enigmatic; others, such as "The batchelars banquet: or a banquet for batchelars," almost insultingly well-defined. Still, it isn't what one would call an engrossing book. The style is terse to the point of incomprehensibility, the plot inscrutable, the characters multitudinous and (like Calvin or Queen Elizabeth) poorly drawn. Having finished it one puts it aside concurring with the sentiment expressed on page 484 : "Faultes, faults, and nothing else but faultes."
Politics and Prospects in the Arab Middle East
Authors: Gibb Sir Hamilton
Published: March 2013

The longer my connection with the Middle East, the less sure I am of either my knowledge or my comprehension, and the more unpredictable seem to become the policies and actions of its leaders. Partly, no doubt, this is due to the fact that the generation with which I grew up is now passing from the scene, and a new generation is coming forward, a generation with which I have not had the same close contacts and whose ways of thinking I have not learned by long and intimate personal association. But at the same time, the impulsive, sometimes even irrational, element that has always been present in Middle Eastern politics (and not always absent from politics elsewhere) seems to have grown more pronounced and to have found a freer field of action. Revolutions are always just around the corner, but who could have foretold, even a few days before it was announced, that Egypt and Syria would join in a "United Arab Republic"? Who, even now, can say confidently how solid is the union or what may come of it? It was hailed in some quarters as a "union of peoples," and it is true without doubt that in its first fine glow it offered a measure of satisfaction to a deep-seated and powerful emotional drive for Arab unity. But a real union of peoples? Nobody who has heard the hypnotized masses of German youth chanting "Heil Hitler" will place too much confidence in frenetic demonstrations at Damascus, or Cairo, or Baghdad. Yet they undoubtedly display in some way, or symbolize, a factor that has to be reckoned with in any survey of the contemporary Arab world. The problem is to identify that factor, and to assign to it its true valuation in relation to other factors in the Arab world, and the true measure of its significance for the relations of the Arab world with other nations of the East and West.
Islam in Turkey
Authors: Mango
Published: March 2013

Overlooking the Atatiirk boulevard in the new planned city of Ankara, the imposing Germanic façade of the Faculty of Language and History of the University of Ankara bears in bold letters the inscription "Science is the Truest Guide in·Life. M. K. Atatürk." It would seem that nothing could be more uncompromisingly secularist. Where other and older institutions invoke divine illumination, the university founded by Atatürk seems to pin its hope on human science. Yet that university has also had since the war a Faculty of Theology and all the defenders of the Kemalist revolntion are at one in proclaiming that secularism is not to be equated with atheism. Tbey even go further and assert not ouly that it is compatible with the Islamic religion, but that it is almost the best environment in which that religion can flourish in its purest form. It is this contention which I propose to examine theoretically and practically.
Persia Since the Constitution
Authors: Savory
Published: March 2013

The history of Persia in the nineteenth century is in the main the history of British and Russian political and economic rivalry in the area. During this period the Russian objective, unchanged since the time of Peter the Great, was access to the warm water ports of the Persian Gulf and the securing of an invasion route to India. The underlying theme of British policy in Persia, and indeed in the whole of the Middle East, was the defence of India. Militarily, the nineteenth century is notable for the annexation by Russia of Persia's rich Caucasian provinces and for the completion of Russia's programme of expansion into Central Asia. The boundaries between Russia and Persia were established on the Aras river in the northwest, and on the Atrek river in the northeast. Persia, encircled territorially as the result of these Russian conquests, was subjected to the strongest political and economic pressure by the Russians. Economically, the nineteenth century is notable for the imposition of "capitulations" by the Russians (the Russian example was followed by Britain and other countries), that is to say, extra-territorial rights for foreign officials in Persia, and for the way in which the weak Qajar monarchs, in return for relatively small sums of money which satisfied their immediate needs, made wholesale grants of economic concessions to foreign concessionaires. By the end of the nineteenth century most of Persia's resources were exploited or directed by foreign interests.
Poetry in Modern Persia
Authors: Wickens G.M.
Published: March 2013

This article is restricted to a consideration of poetry rather than of literary developments in general, in modern Persia, for two very convenient reasons: my last article in the Quarterly' said as much about these general developments as might be immediately useful to a non-specialist reader, and it attempted, at the same time, to display in particular some representative samples of modern prose. The situation would seem well suited, therefore, to a closer study of poetry. Nor is this judgment invalidated, I believe, by the opinion expressed in that article (p. 117) that modem Persian writers have been more successful in prose than in poetry; for there is in the West a general, if only partially justified, impression that poetry, until recently, was the very essence of Persian literature, and it is accordingly assumed, with considerable logic and creditable curiosity, that—even in these times, and even allowing for the instability of literary taste and impulse—there must be some poetry of value uttered (Persians do not "write" poetry) by the modem descendants of Firdausi, Sa'di and Hafiz, Rumi, Jami and Nizami. It is to confirm (or possibly confound) such logic, and also to satisfy (or possibly stimulate) such curiosity, that the present article is written and takes the form it does.
Joyce Cary's Second Trilogy
Authors: Kerr Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

Although unfortunately Joyce Cary's Art and Reality makes little reference specifically to his own art, the principles he therein expresses are useful to reinforce the prefaces and the critical articles in which he explains his purpose and method in his trilogies. In analysis, this study is limited to the second trilogy: Prisoner of Grace, Except the Lord, and Not Honour More; the First Trilogy, however, is based upon the same principles, uses substantially the same method, and must equally be viewed as an artistic whole.
Schiller's Maria Stuart
Authors: Field
Published: March 2013

In 1959, his bicentenary year, Schiller attracted most attention outside Germany through his play Maria Stuart, which recently, according to Benno von Wiese, "in Paris was a greater success than any play by a living German dramatist could have been." In New York, Tyrone Guthrie produced a new prose version' which was featured in the 1959 Vancouver Festival and has since been touring the continent. In two major respects the Guthrie adaptation diverges from the original intention. First, the two queens are humanized—even sentimentalized: for instance, in Elizabeth's affectionate dependence on Leicester and in Mary's fear of facing the scaffold. Secondly, the historical element is emphasized, suggesting that the producer saw this work in the tradition of Shakespeare's historical plays. Both these emphases tend to obscure the deeper philosophical meaning. Ouly in a superficial sense is Maria Stuart an historical play, for Schiller used historical material freely to clothe his ideas. Familiarity with Elizabethan history may even be an obstacle to appreciation. As Tonnelat said of Schiller's Maid of Orleans: "A Frenchman will always have some difficulty in enjoying Schiller's drama, if he does not begin by admitting that the heroine has received the name Joan of Arc ouly by accident and that we have to do in fact with a purely imaginary being. "2 Although Elizabeth and Maria are not "purely imaginary beings" to the same degree as Schiller's Joan, the more glaring deviations from historical fact—the youthfulness of both queens,3 the meeting between them, Elizabeth's character—may irk us, whereas a German audience can readily accept Schiller's history—the more so since he held the Chair of History at Jena.
Historical Causation and Human Free Will
Authors: Dray
Published: March 2013

The question which I wish to discuss is whether the assumption of universal causation in history—the assumption that any event or condition studied by the historian can, in principle, be explained by indicating its cause or causes—conflicts with the assumption that human beings, whose actions contribute so largely to these events or conditions, possess free will. That both of these assumptions are made in the course of ordinary historical inquiry, it seems rather difficult to deny; and it is only natural that the recognition of this fact should have embarrassed, not only philosophers of history, but many practising historians as well. Thus, although historians regularly use the word "cause" (or one of its many substitutes) in the explanatory narratives they offer of past happenings, it is a common complaint among them, when confronted with certain theories of the historical process, that such theories mistakenly attempt to represent the course of history as determined. And when a reflective and self-critical historian like Professor Charles A. Beard urges his fellows to abandon causal language altogether on the similar ground that it implies determinism, it may seem that this complaint is only being pressed to its logical conclusion.
The Happy Hunting Ground
Authors: Lennam
Published: March 2013

Joyce's fascination for Shakespeare and his use of his work fuse in the "Scylla and Charybdis" episode of Ulysses. In that section the Shakespearean parallels, allusions, echoes, and references are ordered into a pattern rich in detail, rare in texture, and weighted with symbolic complexity. Elucidation of the meaning of "Scylla and Charybdis," in relation to the work as a whole, has been the subject of several studies. This essay does not attempt to work that extremely fertile ground. It is simply concerned with the structure of the episode and in particular with a structural pattern which has so far escaped notice.
From Poe to Kafka
Authors: Hofrichter Laura
Published: March 2013

George Santayana once said that the nineteenth century was a divided century; that while it dreamt with Rousseau and speculated with Kant, it moved forward with Marx, Darwin, and Nietzsche. The split which Santayana regards as a characteristic of the century is reflected in virtually all fields of knowledge, above all in philosophy and literature. In philosophy—at least idealistic philosophy—the age-old question whether and to what extent reality and the concept of reality are in accord was posed with renewed intensity and with ever greater urgency, as the century proceeded. In literature the same question arose at the beginning of the century as a split between reality and imagination or between life and the writer's vision of life. The tension between the external object and the inner vision of the artist, which for centuries had been the very substance of art, seemed suddenly eliminated, the invisible cord broken. The word "split," Zerrissenheit, became in Germany a literary slogan, while in France one or the other poet drew the conclusion from this situation and chose the ivory tower as his favourite retreat. All writers and poets felt the split. Many of them did regain the balance by not identifying themselves with their age, thus retrieving the fruitful tension and retaining their individuality, and they explored the rapidly changing world in a variety of ways, seriously or ironically, in praise or in condemnation. But for others, and with them we are concerned here, the split widened and deepened into an abyss. No longer able to rely fully on the old world, and yet disliking the new and coming changes to the point of ignoring them, they created a world of their own. It was a world which consisted in an estrangement from humanity and the love of humanity. At the same time it affords an interesting even fascinating insight into border-cases of experience in art and in life.
Fiction
Authors: Watt
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1959.
Humanities
Authors: Blunden Edmund , Priestley  , MacLure Millar
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1959.
Portrait of a Woman of Affairs—Old Style
Authors: Child Philip
Published: March 2013

It would be a pious act for modern woman, who votes, drives a car, and enters business and the professions, to survey her origins in the life of Mrs. Hannah More, who was one of the first women not born to the purple to achieve fame and a career without being somebody's mistress, and who died exactly a century ago at the ripe age of eighty-eight.
D. H. Lawrence and Katherine Mansfield as Letter-Writers
Authors: Cazamian Louis
Published: March 2013

The letters of D. H. Lawrence and those of Katherine Mansfield are the records of two outstanding personalities; two writers of yesterday, whose voices seem to ring still in our ears. A common virtue of uncompromising sincerity, a nakedness of soul, endears them to us, at a time of stress, when disillusioned man is trying to look unflinchingly at his own self.
Understanding Human Conduct and Social Relations
Authors: Wright
Published: March 2013

The inquiring student of a generation ago who wished to find out what conclusions systematic human thinking had reached regarding the proper guidance of life, in view of the nature of man and his relation to his fellows and the physical world, would unhesitatingly have been referred to the science of ethics. His dean or faculty adviser, particularly if drawn from the Department of Philosophy, might have given his reasons for recommending to such an aspirant the study of ethics. Ethics, he would have said, compares the different objects which men pursue as ends of action, decides which ones furnish the fullest and most enduring satisfaction, and considers how these most worthy ends can be realized in everyday conduct. Since it might thus be claimed for ethics that it alone among the sciences undertakes to say how the whole nature of man in its distinctively human and social capacity can obtain satisfaction, it is small wonder that in the older type of North-American college and university with its definitely religious bent the course in ethics, with perhaps one on “Christian evidences,” was a culminating feature of the curriculum.
Emerson and Evolution
Authors: Beach Joseph Warren
Published: March 2013

Poets, in forming their general views, are not always most influenced by the first-rate thinkers. What they rely on for their own effects is the imagination, and they are likely to receive the greatest stimulus from writers who appeal to that faculty in them. A poet like Shelley read everything, and somewhere behind his poetry lies the discipline of Locke and Berkeley, of Plato and Spinoza. But when we undertake to trace in it the obvious influence of individuals, what we can put our fingers on are concepts derived from D'Holbach and Volney and Godwin. This for his early poems, before Platonism took strong hold upon him. And when his materialism gave way to a large extent before the charms of Platonism, it was quite as much Plotinus as the great original from whom he derived his notion of that mystical system. Thomas Taylor in his translations and interpretations of the Neo-Platonists was, in Shelley's day, the popular exponent of the doctrine of Eternal Ideas; just as D'Holbach and Godwin were the popular exponents of eighteenth-century empirical philosophy.
Tragedy and the First Tragedian
Authors: Owen
Published: March 2013

How much of our conception of the Tragic is there in the tragedies of Aeschylus? The name “Tragedy” has in itself no “tragic” implications, and Aeschylus lived before the days of tragic theories. So far as we can see, the thing was largely in his hands to make what he liked of it. Was what he made of it Tragedy in our sense—in substance, I mean, not in form? Was his conception of the “tragic fact” (as Bradley calls it) fundamentally the same as ours or even Aristotle's? Or, rather, did he aim at being “ tragic” at all?
The World of the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Prybyla Jan
Published: March 2013

The Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was published on March 9, 1776, in two quarto volumes, at £1 16s. The Historical Chronicle of the Gentleman's Magazine has nothing of interest to report for that date, and the Wealth of Nations itself went by unnoticed by that journal.
Irony and Humour in the Rambler
Authors: Elder
Published: March 2013

Though Boswell speaks of the Rambler as being "enlivened with a considerable portion of amusement," he stresses Johnson's appearance in it as "a majestick teacher of moral and religious wisdom" and gives his opinion that the title is not well suited to "a series of grave and moral discourses." Sir Leslie Stephen, writing in the nineteenth century, having referred to the "vivid flashes of wit and humour" in Johnson's conversation, passes on to remark of the Rambler that "the wit and humour have, indeed, left few traces upon its ponderous pages ...." In our own century, Sir Walter Raleigh, who is normally fully aware of Johnson's sense ofhumour, in discussing the Rambler, places all his emphasis on its graver aspects: "The pages of The Rambler, if we can read them, are aglow with the earnestness of dear-bought conviction, and rich in conclusions gathered not from books but from life and suffering." A still more recent critic remarks of the periodical: "There are flashes of humour here and there; but were it not for The Idler ... the reader might conclude that Johnson was devoid of humour." This long-standing tendency to stress the gravity of the Rambler, which is reflected in the comments of many critics over the years, suggests the need for a thorough examination of the lighter aspects of the periodical. Professor Wimsatt, in his discussion of Johnson's use of philosophic words, has illuminated a particular facet of the Rambler's humour; a broader survey of the subject may help further to reduce the Rambler's exaggerated reputation for sobriety.
Foreward
Authors: Dobson
Published: March 2013

These seven articles have all been written by orientalists who have come to maturity since World War II. Each scholar has broken new ground in his field, and each to some extent represents a departure from the tradition in which he grew up. There was a time when western scholars of Chinese designated themselves Sinologists without further qualification. They were pre-eminently philologists, and thereafter ranged freely across the wide landscape of Chinese culture, taking the whole of that knowledge as their province. They were Olympians. Their knowledge was often encyclopedic. To them we owe the great works of exploration and initiation. In the modern temper, however, Sinologists are not so far-ranging. The tendency has been less to explore freely than to occupy and cultivate intensively. Historians no longer translate poetry. Translators have become literary critics. The one-volume history (from the Oracle Bones to Mao Tse-tung) has given place to the study in depth. This development in western studies has a parallel in China itself. The great tradition of the scholar-administrator for whom "classical studies" was a discrete body of knowledge has been supplanted by the professional scholar in the various disciplines after the western academic manner. But orientalists old and new still have this in common: their studies are based on a thorough mastery of the language. This, today as in the past, distinguishes the professional from the amateur, and the scholar from the dilettante.
Micius
Authors: Dobson
Published: March 2013

The Hundred Schools posed those problems of life and the world the solutions of which became the matrix in which the distinctive ways and thoughts of the Chinese people have been cast. The Masters of the Schools formulated their philosophical systems, their pupils recorded them, and the literature they left has provided the models not only for thought, but for language itself. for their writings later became classical in the strict sense. The period was China's Periclean Age. The great names of the period are as familiar throughout East Asia as those of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the West. They serve to remind us that the civilizations of the East have been engendered and conditioned by a philosophical tradition as ancient as, though very different from, our own.
Fiction
Authors: Watt
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1960.
Poesie
Authors: Sylvestre Guy
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1960.
The New West Africa State System
Authors: Hodgkin Thomas
Published: March 2013

In seeking to understand the extremely interesting processes of change that are taking place in contemporary Africa, and the new forms of state that are emerging, we—non-Africans, and "Westerners" in particular—must give up altogether any idea that we can any longer control these processes or manipulate these states. This assumption, that we are entitled to try to manage African affairs for our own British, French, American, etc., purposes, too often recurs in the talks and writings of "Westerners"—a regrettable inheritance from our imperial past, which does us no good. Granted we can no longer behave as rulers, we tend to behave as governesses, or maiden aunts, giving unwanted advice. Our real responsibility is simply to understand, as intelligently and sympathetically as possible, these processes of change, recognizing that their eventual outcome must depend upon the decisions of Africans—peoples, parties, governments—not, as in the past, on the decisions of external powers.
Man into Beast in Dickensian Caricature
Authors: McMaster
Published: March 2013

The people and objects of Dickens' world seem caught by surprise in the midst of a universal metamorphosis. Objects behave like people; people verge on the inanimate; or they resemble animals, birds, fish, and other inhuman forms of life. Charming or fearsome, the vision is more than idiosyncrasy: it has the power and consistency of myth. Of the first two phenonema, animism suggests a moral world instinct with power and feeling surrounding the characters, while the reverse effect, de-animation, suggests imaginative and sympathetic atrophy, death in life, in characters like Scrooge, the Murdstones, the Smallweeds, and Mrs. Clennam. Some of the principles of this "gruesome spiritual transformation" have been generally stated in an original exploratory essay by Dorothy Van Ghent, but the characters resembling animals, a more miscellaneous gathering than the petrifted characters, have received less attention, though they form no less a part of the symbolic pattern.
Poetry and Poetic Theory in the Italian Renaissance
Authors: Weinberg Bernard
Published: March 2013

Literary criticism in the Italian Renaissance is so vast, so rich, and so fascinating a subject in literary history that one might conceivably devote oneself extensively and exclusively to its study, without considering any related literary problems. Its vastness, in fact, residing in the many hundreds of books and pamphlets and manuscripts that constitute its bibliography, could profitably engage many experts for many years. Its richness would be completely satisfying: any curiosity about poetic theory or practical criticism, about attitudes towards the art, or about judgements of works would be abundantly rewarded. And its fascination would lie in the discovery that during this sixteenth century in Italy, and in the seemingly parochial area of literary criticism, we encounter one of those rare moments in intellectual history when every aspect of an important question is investigated—even if all the useful answers may not be found. I mean merely that we may discern, here, the source and the bases not only of all those critical postures that were to be taken by Europeans during the succeeding centuries, but also of many of our own ways of thinking about literature.
Coleridge Unlabyrinthed
Authors: Whalley George
Published: March 2013

Perhaps Coleridge will be unlabyrinthed when all the editorial work is finished—the six volumes of letters, the eleven volumes of notebooks, the twenty volumes of the Collected Coleridge. Then at least we should be able successfully to run the labyrinth of our Coleridgean perplexities. In any case, Ariadne's thread will end by being a pretty substantial rope.
The Influence of Wordsworth on Coleridge (1795–1800)
Authors: Buchan
Published: March 2013

Some time in the autumn of 1795 Wordsworth and Coleridge met, apparently for the first time, in Bristol. Both young men were at a parting of the ways. Wordsworth was in happier mood than he had been in almost two years, because he had come to Bristol to take occupancy of Racedown in Dorset as a free gift from a friend, John Pinney, and saw an end to his aimless, jobless wandering. Coleridge was sadly breaking away from the illusion of the Susqueharnna and from Southey and was preparing for his marriage to Sara Fricker. While they were together in town, Southey was still on friendly terms, Wordsworth acknowledging his contribution of the best two lines of a piece of translation from Juvenal, but the rift was opening and by November Southey set sail for Lisbon. The three men talked, as was inevitable, about their common interest in writing, and Wordsworth, on the lookout for a publisher for some recent verses, was introduced to Joseph Cottle.
Swifts Allegory: The Yahoo and the Man-of-mode
Authors: Traugott John
Published: March 2013

As Defoe and Swift, so different, are so strangely paired by history—modern party propagandists both, the one at the First Minister's back door, cap in hand, the other in his parlour, teaching high-born friends not to offer him bribes—so are they forever and as strangely paired by literary history. The two great unromantic writers of the eighteenth century, masters of circumstantial realism, they know nothing of glory or honour or the high quest. A fistula in Louis XIV's anus, Swift called la gloire. Defoe could not afford honour. But a less exalted variety ofthe romantic, that of the great tradition of the English novel, that of Richardson and George Eliot, is equally alien to Defoe and Swift. The very predication of "personality" as coherent, organic, and morally self-conscious—an object, like a Victorian velour chair, prudently covered with antimacassars—is for the twentieth-century novelist only a quaint aspect of bourgeois romanticism. It is a predication incomprehensible to Defoe and unacceptable to Swift. Moll Flanders cannot remember on one page what she did on the last, though she does much the same thing on every page; in Lockean terms, having no self-consciousness, she has no identity at all. For Swift, "personality" is a bad dream of idiot egotism. Both represented, though with wholly different implications, the reality of meaningless solitude. "All of life is only solitude," Defoe writes, and represents that solitude without sympathy or disgust but with flat realism; Swift was terrified by a Hobbesian beast, solipsistic and senselessly egotistic; his violent realism in representing it has been an offence to the romantic mind ever since. Thackeray contrasts in Henry Esmond a bestial Swift to a "human" Dick Steele. But unromantic realism serves such different meanings in the writing of Defoe and of Swift that we can defme Swift's notion of reality by contrasting his realism with Defoe's.