bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Genetic Architecture of Bran Friability and Water Retention Capacity, Two Important Traits for Whole Grain End-Use Quality in Winter Wheat
Authors: Navrotskyi Sviatoslav , Belamkar Vikas , Baenziger P. Stephen , Rose Devin J.
Published: July 2020

Bran friability (particle size distribution after milling) and water retention capacity (WRC) impact wheat bran functionality in whole grain milling and baking applications. The goal of this study was to identify genomic regions and underlying genes that may be responsible for these traits. The Hard Winter Wheat Association Mapping Panel, which comprised 299 lines from breeding programs in the Great Plains region of the US, was used in a genome-wide association study. Bran friability ranged from 34.5% to 65.9% (median, 51.1%) and WRC ranged from 159% to 458% (median, 331%). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 5D were significantly associated with bran friability, accounting for 11–12% of the phenotypic variation. One of these SNPs was located within the Puroindoline-b gene, which is known for influencing endosperm texture. Two SNPs on chromosome 4A were tentatively associated with WRC, accounting for 4.6% and 4.4% of phenotypic variation. The favorable alleles at the SNP sites were present in only 15% (friability) and 34% (WRC) of lines, indicating a need to develop new germplasm for these whole-grain end-use quality traits. Validation of these findings in independent populations will be useful for breeding winter wheat cultivars with improved functionality for whole grain food applications.
Overview of Retrogressive Landslide Risk Analysis in Sensitive Clay Slope
Authors: Richer Blanche , Saeidi Ali , Boivin Maxime , Rouleau Alain
Published: July 2020

Sensitive clays are known for producing retrogressive landslides, also called spread or flowslides. The key characteristics associated with the occurrence of these landslides on a sensitive clay slope must be assessed, and the potential retrogressive distance must be evaluated. Common risk analysis methods include empirical methods for estimating the distance of potential retrogression, analytical limit equilibrium methods, numerical modelling methods using the strength reduction technique, and the integration of a progressive failure mechanism into numerical methods. Methods developed for zoning purposes in Norway and Quebec provide conservative results in most cases, even if they don’t cover the worst cases scenario. A flowslide can be partially analysed using analytical limit equilibrium methods and numerical methods having strength reduction factor tools. Numerical modelling of progressive failure mechanisms using numerical methods can define the critical parameters of spread-type landslides, such as critical unloading and the retrogression distance of the failure. Continuous improvements to the large-deformation numerical modeling approach allow its application to all types of sensitive clay landslides.
Reliability-Based Design of Protection Net Fences: Influence of Rockfall Uncertainties through a Statistical Analysis
Authors: Marchelli Maddalena , Biagi Valerio De , Peila Daniele
Published: July 2020

Net fences are among the most widespread passive protective measures to mitigate the risk from rockfall events. Despite the current design approach being based on partial safety factors, a more efficient time-dependent reliability approach has been recently introduced by the authors. This method is influenced by various parameters related to the geometry and the kinematics of the block, i.e., the uncertainty related to the distribution of the size of the impacting block, its occurrence probability, and the shape of the right-tail of the distributions of its velocity and trajectory height at the location of the net fence. Furthermore, the block size distribution of the deposit greatly affects the results. The present work focuses on the possible range of such parameters to encompass the great majority of real events. The obtained results are compared with the current design approaches based on fixed partial safety factors. It emerges that the choice of the characteristic mass of the block and the failure probability greatly influence the results. Moreover, if a set of partial safety factors is assigned to different sites, an intrinsic variability in the failure probability has to be accepted. Suggestions for an accurate procedure and future developments are provided.
Guidelines for the Evaluation of Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy in Stroke Patients
Authors: Cho Sung-Hyoun , Choi Ki-Bok
Published: July 2020

Evaluation of stroke patients is prioritized over therapeutic interventions to restore cardiorespiratory capacity. This study aimed to develop a clinically applicable guideline to evaluate cardiorespiratory physiotherapy in stroke patients based on a literature review and a modified Delphi survey. The literature search included 13,498 articles in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library electronic databases. We surveyed previous articles between January 2010 and June 2019. After the option elimination process, a total of 27 documents were selected and analyzed (draft: 18, modified Delphi survey: 9). The results of this research are roughly divided into two categories. First, 31 draft items were extracted, and a modified Delphi survey questionnaire was created from a literature review. Second, an expert was asked to make two modified Delphi surveys and to modify, delete, and supplement the entries in the statistical analysis at each level to finalize the steps to 20 items. The guidelines developed in this study reflect the selective use of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy evaluation methods in the clinical setting, based on the health status of individual patients. Moreover, the guidelines may help physiotherapists make informed decisions based on expert knowledge, thereby playing a crucial role in the patient-centered treatment planning process.
Factors Affecting Mistreatment of the Elderly in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Lim Jeongmi
Published: July 2020

In long-term care facilities, elderly mistreatment occurs routinely and frequently. However, few studies have empirically explored the multifaceted risk factor of mistreatment. The purpose of this paper was to explore the factors affecting elderly mistreatment by care workers in Japanese long-term care facilities and to examine the relationship between these factors and mistreatment. This analysis was based on a sample of 1473 care workers from long-term care facilities and used multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that the nursing care level, work period, resilience, and attitude towards mistreatment among residents and staff were factors significantly associated with the degree of mistreatment. Facility size, an institutional environment that does not limit the behavior of residents, and family and community support for the elderly were among the institutional environment factors that had significant relationships with mistreatment. Staff gender, care-related qualifications, and workload were not associated with mistreatment. These findings suggest that strengthening the staff’s attitude and coping skills to prevent mistreatment, as well as interventions for changes in the institutional environment, are needed to prevent and reduce the prevalence of mistreatment in Japan. In addition, raising staff resilience to stress situations and building a resident-centered facility care environment is an important measure to reduce mistreatment.
Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies in Epidemiology
Authors: Canova Cristina , Cantarutti Anna
Published: July 2020

Birth cohort studies are the most appropriate type of design to determine the causal relationship between potential risk factors during the prenatal or postnatal period and the health status of the newborn up to childhood and potentially adulthood. To date, there has been a growth in interest regarding observational population-based studies which are performed to provide answers to specific research questions for defined populations, for instance, assessing the exposure to environmental pollutants or drugs on the risk of developing a disease. Birth cohorts based on the recruitment and active follow-up of mothers and children allow the collection of biological material, and specific clinical and genetic information. However, they require a considerable amount of time and resources and, besides being usually of limited size, they are exposed to the risk of the loss of subjects to follow-up, with decreased statistical power and possible selection bias. For these reasons, linking the medical birth register with administrative health records for mothers and babies is increasingly being used in countries with a universal healthcare system, allowing researchers to identify large and unselected populations from birth, and to reconstruct relevant traits and care pathways of mothers and newborns. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health focuses on the current state of knowledge on perinatal and postnatal exposures and adverse pregnancy, maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes through population-based birth cohort studies, with a specific focus on real-word data. The 12 accepted articles covered a wide range of themes that can be addressed specifically through birth cohort study design; however, only three were based on real word data with record-linkage to health administrative databases. In particular, two papers have addressed the topic of socioeconomic status considering several indicators both at the individual and contextual level. Two papers focused on inflammatory bowel diseases, both as an outcome of perinatal and antibiotic exposure in early life and as a condition associated with asthma, among children identified in a birth cohort based on a Regional Medical Birth Register. Three articles focused on medication use during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal health. The effect of exposure to prenatal environmental risk factors on perinatal and childhood outcomes has been considered in two papers. Two papers analyzed ad hoc nationwide prospective birth cohorts set in Japan and UK. Finally, we included a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the relation between growth restriction at birth and congenital heart defects. We think that this Special Issue may contribute to enriching the discussion of future challenges, opportunities, strengths and limitations for all research topics that can be investigated using a population-based birth cohort study design.
Promoting Evidence-Based Practice for Improved Occupational Safety and Health at Workplaces in Sweden. Report on a Practice-Based Research Network Approach
Authors: B. Jensen Irene , Björk Brämberg Elisabeth , Wåhlin Charlotte , Björklund Christina , Hermansson Ulric , Lohela Karlson Malin , Schäfer Elinder Liselotte , Munck af Rosenschöld Peter , Nevala Tarja , Carter Ned , Mellblom Bodil , Kwak Lydia
Published: July 2020

Despite the rapid growth in research and R&D expenditures, the translation of research into practice is limited. One approach to increase the translation and utilization of research is practice based research networks. With the aim of strengthening evidence-based practice (EBP) within occupational health services in Sweden (OH-Services), a practice-based research network (PBRN-OSH) was developed. The PBRN-OSH includes researchers and representatives from end-users. This paper reports on the development, outputs and lessons learned in the PBRN-OSH. The PBRN-OSH resulted in several practice-based research projects as well as different measures to ensure EBP in OSH such as the governmentally sanctioned national guidelines for the OH-services. Moreover, results show that the competence in EBP increased among practitioners at the OH-services. Conducting research in a PBRN is more resource demanding; however, this does not imply that it is less cost effective. To succeed in increasing the utility of research findings via PBRN, resources must be invested into an infrastructure that supports collaboration in the PBRN, including costs for a variety of means of dissemination. Further, translation activities need to be included in academic career paths and reward systems if a major improvement in the impact and return of investments from research is to be expected.
A Clustering Approach to Classify Italian Regions and Provinces Based on Prevalence and Trend of SARS-CoV-2 Cases
Authors: Maugeri Andrea , Barchitta Martina , Agodi Antonella
Published: July 2020

While several efforts have been made to control the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Italy, differences between and within regions have made it difficult to plan the phase two management after the national lockdown. Here, we propose a simple and immediate clustering approach to categorize Italian regions working on the prevalence and trend of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases prior to the start of phase two on 4 May 2020. Applying both hierarchical and k-means clustering, we identified three regional groups: regions in cluster 1 exhibited higher prevalence and the highest trend of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases; those classified into cluster 2 constituted an intermediate group; those in cluster 3 were regions with a lower prevalence and the lowest trend of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases. At the provincial level, we used a similar approach but working on the prevalence and trend of the total SARS-CoV-2 cases. Notably, provinces in cluster 1 exhibited the highest prevalence and trend of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Provinces in clusters 2 and 3, instead, showed a median prevalence of approximately 11 cases per 10,000 residents. However, provinces in cluster 3 were those with the lowest trend of cases. K-means clustering yielded to an alternative cluster solution in terms of the prevalence and trend of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Our study described a simple and immediate approach to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic at the regional and provincial level. These findings, at present, offered a snapshot of the epidemic, which could be helpful to outline the hierarchy of needs at the subnational level. However, the integration of our approach with further indicators and characteristics could improve our findings, also allowing the application to different contexts and with additional aims.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Mobile Health (mHealth) Interventions for Older Adults: Systematic Review
Authors: Ghani Zartashia , Jarl Johan , Sanmartin Berglund Johan , Andersson Martin , Anderberg Peter
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study was to critically assess and review empirical evidence on the cost-effectiveness of Mobile Health (mHealth) interventions for older adults. We systematically searched databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature (CINAHL) for peer-reviewed economic evaluations published in English from 2007 to 2018. We extracted data on methods and empirical evidence (costs, effects, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) and assessed if this evidence supported the reported findings in terms of cost-effectiveness. The consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (CHEERS) checklist was used to assess the reporting quality of the included studies. Eleven studies were identified and categorized into two groups: complex smartphone communication and simple text-based communication. Substantial heterogeneity among the studies in terms of methodological approaches and types of intervention was observed. The cost-effectiveness of complex smartphone communication interventions cannot be judged due to lack of information. Limited evidence of cost-effectiveness was found for interventions related to simple text-based communications. Comprehensive economic evaluation studies are warranted to assess the cost-effectiveness of mHealth interventions designed for older adults.
Comparison of the Level of Awareness about the Transmission of Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis between Pet Owners and Non-Pet Owners in Greece
Authors: Kantarakia Christina , Tsoumani Maria E. , Galanos Antonis , Mathioudakis Alexander G. , Giannoulaki Eleni , Beloukas Apostolos , Voyiatzaki Chrysa
Published: July 2020

Ζoonotic parasitic diseases that can occur through animal contact pose risks to pets, their owners and to their bond. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge about zoonoses, specifically echinococcosis and toxocariasis, among cat/dog owners and non-pet owners in Greece. Multiple-choice questionnaires were designed to obtain data regarding the knowledge of pet and non-pet owners on echinococcosis and toxocariasis, including signs and symptoms of these zoonoses, ways of transmission and precautions that need to be taken into account in order to avoid it. A total of 185 questionnaires were retrieved and data was expressed as absolute (Ν) and relative frequencies (%). Associations between pet ownership, residence and outcome variables were evaluated using the Fisher exact test and Chi-squared test, respectively. Multifactorial linear regression analysis was used to investigate the cross-sectional association between demographic characteristics and the awareness of helminthic zoonoses. All tests were two-sided and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Our study revealed a disturbing lack of awareness of echinococcosis and toxocariasis (mean zoonotic knowledge score 8.11 ± 3.18) independently of pet ownership. Surprisingly, in some cases the ignorance of pet owners exceeded that of non-pet owners. Given the progressive impact of toxocariasis in public health and the high prevalence of echinococcosis in the Mediterranean region, measures should be taken to inform people about zoonoses and eliminate their putative transmission.
The Northumberland Exercise Referral Scheme as a Universal Community Weight Management Programme: A Mixed Methods Exploration of Outcomes, Expectations and Experiences across a Social Gradient
Authors: Dodd-Reynolds Caroline J. , Vallis Dimitris , Kasim Adetayo , Akhter Nasima , Hanson Coral L.
Published: July 2020

Exercise referral schemes (ERS) are internationally recognised, yet little attention has been paid to discrete referral groups or the influence of wider social determinants of health. The primary quantitative element of this mixed methods study used a mixed effects linear model to examine associations of sociodemographic predictors, obesity class and profession of referrer on weight and physical activity (PA) variables for weight-related referrals (n = 3624) to an established 24-week ERS. Chained equations modelling imputed missing data. The embedded qualitative element (n = 7) used individual semi-structured interviews to explore participant weight-related expectations and experiences. Age, gender and profession of referrer influenced weight loss. PA increased and was influenced by age and gender. The weight gap between the most and least obese narrowed over time but the PA gap between most and least widened. Age, employment and obesity class were most predictive of missing data but would unlikely alter overall conclusions. Qualitative themes were weight-loss support, personal circumstances and strategies, and weight expectations versus wellbeing rewards. This ERS worked, did not widen existing obesity inequalities, but demonstrated evidence of PA inequalities for those living with deprivation. To improve equity of experience, we recommend further stakeholder dialogue around referral experience and ongoing support needs.
The Sustainability and Scalability of Private Sector Sanitation Delivery in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Mixed Methods Follow Up of a Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Snyder Jedidiah S. , Prentice-Mott Graeme , Boera Charles , Mwaki Alex , Alexander Kelly T. , Freeman Matthew C.
Published: July 2020

There are considerable challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals’ target of universal access to basic sanitation in schools. Schools require safe, clean, and sex-segregated facilities for a large number of students. Robust and affordable solutions are needed to address the economic, spatial, social, institutional, and political factors which contribute to poor sanitary conditions in informal settlements. In 2015, we undertook a randomized controlled trial to assess the feasibility of private sector sanitation delivery (PSSD) in 20 primary schools, in informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Our preliminary evaluation after one year of service delivery suggested that PSSD of urine-diverting dry latrines with routine waste collection and maintenance provided a feasible, lower-cost alternative to the government standard delivery (GSD) of cistern-flush toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines. We conducted a mixed-methods follow-up study to assess sanitation delivery over 3–4 years and investigate prevailing drivers and barriers that may influence the scalability of PSSD. The conditions of newly constructed and rehabilitated GSD facilities diminished quickly, reverting to the conditions of existing facilities, indicating lower sustainability compared to sanitation delivered from the private sector. Barriers in financial aspects related to the ongoing implementation of PSSD emerged, particularly among public schools, and few were able to pay for continued service. Our study demonstrates that the engagement of the private sector may lead to improvements in affordable, safely managed sanitation for schools and their students. Yet, to reach a sustained scale, additional guidance is needed on how to develop these partnerships, streamline procurement and contracting processes, and incorporate appropriate financing mechanisms.
Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model
Authors: Zhang Haigang , Zhao Chengji , Na Hui
Published: July 2020

A phthalic acid ester’s (PAEs) comprehensive biodegradability three-dimensional structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was established, to design environmentally friendly PAE derivatives, which could be simultaneously degraded by plasticizer-degrading bacteria, such as Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Only three derivatives of diethyl phthalate (DEP (DEP-27, DEP-28 and DEP-29)) were suited for their functionality and environmental friendliness, which had an improved stability in the environment and improved the characteristics (bio-toxicity, bioaccumulation, persistence, and long-range migration) of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The simulation inference of the microbial degradation path before and after DEP modification and the calculation of the reaction energy barrier exhibited the energy barrier for degradation being reduced after DEP modification and was consistent with the increased ratio of comprehensive biodegradability. This confirmed the effectiveness of the comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) model of the PAE’s comprehensive biodegradability. In addition, a molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the binding of the DEP-29 derivative with the three plasticizer-degradation enzymes increased significantly. DEP-29 could be used as a methyl phthalate derivative that synergistically degrades with microplastics, providing directional selection and theoretical designing for plasticizer replacement.
Assessment of Attitudes Toward Physical Education by the Implementation of an Extracurricular Program for Obese Children
Authors: Romero-Pérez Ena Monserrat , Núñez Enríquez Oscar , Gastélum-Cuadras Gabriel , Horta-Gim Mario Alberto , González-Bernal Jerónimo J , de Paz José Antonio
Published: July 2020

The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies the importance of implementing physical activity programs such as physical education (PE) classes in schools. This study identifies the attitudes of obese children toward PE, before and after participation in a vigorous-intensity physical exercise program without the participation of normal-weight peers using a questionnaire on Attitudes toward Physical Education (CAEF). 98 children between 8–11 years of age were randomized in an Experimental Group (GE) (n = 48) and a Control Group (CG) (n = 47). They were assessed using a questionnaire on Attitudes toward Physical Education (CAEF). All the study participants exhibited a BMI Z-score ≥ 2. Before the intervention, the only difference between boys and girls was “empathy to teacher and physical education subject” (p = 0.001, d de Cohen = 0.72, r = 0.34). The interaction between gender and training was only present in empathy for the teacher, with a medium effect size (η2 = 0.055). The implementation of PE with two hours per week elicits only a few effects over the attitude of obese children, even though with a certain engagement of gender through training in the adjustment of empathy for teachers and the PE class.
The Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes Following Weight Loss in Premenopausal Women with Obesity: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Apolzan John W. , Beyl Robbie A. , Martin Corby K. , Greenway Frank L. , White Ursula
Published: July 2020

Alcohol (i.e., ethanol) is consumed regularly by much of the adult population; yet, the health effects associated with its use are not well-characterized. Clinical interventions to investigate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on metabolic outcomes, including adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors, are limited and have yielded conflicting data. In addition, no study has reported the effects of routine alcohol intake during weight loss in a controlled feeding trial. We present the first randomized controlled pilot trial to investigate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on metabolic outcomes during weight loss in women with obesity. Both groups consumed 30% energy restricted diets and were randomized to either an ethanol-free control (CTL) group or a group (EtOH) that consumed 35 g ethanol daily for eight weeks. Our findings demonstrate that, despite similar weight loss, the decrease in mean arterial pressure was attenuated in the EtOH group, relative to the CTL group (p = 0.02). In addition, decreases in other outcomes, including visceral adipose tissue (p = 0.23), circulating lipids (triglycerides (p = 0.11) and cholesterol (p = 0.11)), and uric acid (p = 0.07) tended to be attenuated with alcohol consumption. These pilot data provide potential evidence that moderate alcohol consumption may mitigate the beneficial effects of weight loss and support the need for larger Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) to better investigate the metabolic effects of moderate alcohol intake in humans.
Differences in Utilization of Medical and Dental Services among Homeless People in South Korea
Authors: Lee Seung-Hyun , Ryu Jae-In , Jung Se-Hwan
Published: July 2020

(1) Background: Homelessness contributes to both needs for care and barriers to access. This study aimed to explore the utilization of medical or dental services using Andersen’s model for a vulnerable population of homeless in South Korea. (2) Methods: The data were applied from the first national survey for homeless people in South Korea, 2016. Totally 2032 persons participated in the interview survey. This study team requested the raw data through the public portal and analyzed them. (3) Results: The participants who were homeless for more than ten years, staying in small rooming house or shelter, non-employed, earning less than 500,000 won per month, and having a medical condition showed a significantly higher chance of using Medicaid. The use of outreach programs had a significant relationship with gender, duration of homelessness, and monthly income. Among dental patients, the homeless who did not consume alcohol, stayed in a shelter, and were employed had higher chances of using dental service. (4) Conclusions: Medicaid service was strongly related to enabling factors but outreach programs with predisposing factors. Dental service showed strong relationships with the enabling domain, but the pattern was opposite: the jobless had less chance to avail it. The policymakers need to consider these domains of service utilization to provide equitable access to healthcare services.
Risk Assessment of High-Speed Rail Projects: A Risk Coupling Model Based on System Dynamics
Authors: Xue Yutong , Xiang Pengcheng , Jia Fuyuan , Liu Zhaowen
Published: July 2020

Due to their characteristics and multiple objectives, high-speed rail (HSR) projects carry more complex risks than conventional projects and high correlation and conductivity are among the associated risk factors. Previous risk assessment frameworks for rail infrastructure have ignored the effects of risk interactions that inflate risk levels, namely, risk coupling effects. Based on a system dynamics method, this paper develops a risk coupling model for HSR project risk assessments. A risk factor list is established from a literature review, and relationships analysed using a case study and expert interviews. System dynamics equations are constructed and their parameters obtained by expert evaluations of risk factors. The proposed model is applied to a real-world HSR project to demonstrate it in detail. The model can evaluate the risk levels of HSR projects during a simulation period. In particular, it can identify the key coupling effects that are the main increased risk. It provides a significant resource, using which HSR project managers can identify and mitigate risks.
Maternal Sleep Quality is Associated with Personal and Parenting Weight-Related Behaviors
Authors: Eck Kaitlyn M. , Santiago Elena , Martin-Biggers Jennifer , Byrd-Bredbenner Carol
Published: July 2020

Mothers of young children tend to report poor-quality sleep, yet little is known about links between maternal sleep quality and weight-related behaviors and parenting practices. Thus, mothers of preschoolers completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing their sleep, physical activity, dietary behaviors, eating styles, child feeding practices, family meal behaviors, and health parameters. Comparisons by sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index item (i.e., very bad/bad, n = 87; fair, n = 255; and good/very good, n = 193) revealed mothers with poor-quality sleep had weight-related behaviors associated with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (lower physical activity, fewer fruits/vegetables, more emotional and disinhibited eating). Poor-quality sleepers also engaged in parenting practices contrary to recommendations, such as less frequent modeling of healthy eating and physical activity, more control of child feeding, and fewer family meals. Mothers reporting poor-quality sleep tended to have lower parenting self-efficacy, poorer overall health status, more days of poor mental and physical health, greater depression, more stress, and higher BMIs. Future nutrition research should establish the directionality between sleep quality and health behaviors. Future interventions should help mothers develop strategies for improving sleep quality, such as increased physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake, and helping mothers realize how their sleep quality may affect parenting practices.
Association between Physical Activity Levels and Body Composition among Healthy Older Japanese Adults during a Snowy Winter: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Shimoda Tomoko , Suzuki Teppei , Tsutsumi Kaori , Samukawa Mina , Yoshimura Sadako , Ogasawara Katsuhiko
Published: July 2020

Background: Despite a long average lifespan, increased life expectancy does not guarantee higher quality of life. Methods: To contribute in understanding some determinants of healthy life expectancies in older Japanese individuals in a snowy winter region, we investigated the indicators of health. Local residents (n = 124) in the city of Iwamizawa volunteered for health examinations from January 2016 to March 2016. We recorded activity via daily steps for 2-week periods. In addition, we measured body composition, grip strength, and assessed nutritional status. Results: Analysis of body composition and daily activity indicated that women who walked more than 4000 steps had lower fat mass and increased muscle mass. Men with >3.0 metabolic equivalents (METs) when walking had lower body fat. Conclusion: For healthy older Japanese individuals in this snowy winter region, walking >4000 steps daily for women and exercise of >3.0 METs for men may indicate health-promoting activities.
Influence of Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Air Pollution on Fetal Growth: A Prospective Study
Authors: Chen Meiman Maggie , Chiu Chun-Hui , Yuan Chi-Pin , Liao Yen-Chi , Guo Su-Er
Published: July 2020

Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few studies have evaluated the influences of air quality, including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and particulate matter (PM), on fetal development, which this study examined. This longitudinal correlation study used multiple linear regression data analysis of PM2.5/PM10, self-reported ETS exposure, urinary cotinine level, maternal characteristics, and birth parameters (gestational week, body weight, body length, head, and chest circumferences) with the effect of air quality on fetal growth. The study included 74 pregnant women (mean age 31.9 ± 4.2 years, body mass index 23.6 ± 3.8 kg/m2, average gestational duration 38.5 ± 0.8 weeks). ETS exposure decreased birth length by ≥1 cm, and potentially is an independent risk factor for fetal growth restriction, and pregnant women should avoid indoor and outdoor ETS. However, neither PM2.5/PM10 nor ETS was associated with low birth weight or small for gestational age. This study adds to the evidence base that ETS exposure of nonsmoking pregnant women affects the fetal birth length. Family members should refrain from smoking near expectant mothers, although smoking in the vicinity of their residential surroundings potentially exposes mothers and their fetuses to ETS. Public pollution and childbirth education classes should include details of indoor ETS.
Measuring Community Disaster Resilience in the Conterminous Coastal United States
Authors: Rifat Shaikh , Liu Weibo
Published: July 2020

In recent years, building resilient communities to disasters has become one of the core objectives in the field of disaster management globally. Despite being frequently targeted and severely impacted by disasters, the geographical extent in studying disaster resilience of the coastal communities of the United States (US) has been limited. In this study, we developed a composite community disaster resilience index (CCDRI) for the coastal communities of the conterminous US that considers different dimensions of disaster resilience. The resilience variables used to construct the CCDRI were justified by examining their influence on disaster losses using ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models. Results suggest that the CCDRI score ranges from −12.73 (least resilient) to 8.69 (most resilient), and northeastern communities are comparatively more resilient than southeastern communities in the study area. Additionally, resilience components used in this study have statistically significant impact on minimizing disaster losses. The GWR model performs much better in explaining the variances while regressing the disaster property damage against the resilience components (explains 72% variance) than the OLS (explains 32% variance) suggesting that spatial variations of resilience components should be accounted for an effective disaster management program. Moreover, findings from this study could provide local emergency managers and decision-makers with unique insights for enhancing overall community resilience to disasters and minimizing disaster impacts in the study area.
Characterization of Fluid Biomarkers Reveals Lysosome Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Neuronopathic MPS II Patients
Authors: Bhalla Akhil , Ravi Ritesh , Fang Meng , Arguello Annie , Davis Sonnet S. , Chiu Chi-Lu , Blumenfeld Jessica R. , Nguyen Hoang N. , Earr Timothy K. , Wang Junhua , Astarita Giuseppe , Zhu Yuda , Fiore Damian , Scearce-Levie Kimberly , Diaz Dolores , Cahan Heather , Troyer Matthew D. , Harris Jeffrey M. , Escolar Maria L.
Published: July 2020

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) and characterized by the accumulation of the primary storage substrate, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Understanding central nervous system (CNS) pathophysiology in neuronopathic MPS II (nMPS II) has been hindered by the lack of CNS biomarkers. Characterization of fluid biomarkers has been largely focused on evaluating GAGs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the periphery; however, GAG levels alone do not accurately reflect the broad cellular dysfunction in the brains of MPS II patients. We utilized a preclinical mouse model of MPS II, treated with a brain penetrant form of IDS (ETV:IDS) to establish the relationship between markers of primary storage and downstream pathway biomarkers in the brain and CSF. We extended the characterization of pathway and neurodegeneration biomarkers to nMPS II patient samples. In addition to the accumulation of CSF GAGs, nMPS II patients show elevated levels of lysosomal lipids, neurofilament light chain, and other biomarkers of neuronal damage and degeneration. Furthermore, we find that these biomarkers of downstream pathology are tightly correlated with heparan sulfate. Exploration of the responsiveness of not only CSF GAGs but also pathway and disease-relevant biomarkers during drug development will be crucial for monitoring disease progression, and the development of effective therapies for nMPS II.
Platelets Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of Cancer Progression—An Updated Perspective
Authors: Żmigrodzka Magdalena , Witkowska-Piłaszewicz Olga , Winnicka Anna
Published: July 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membrane-bound structures secreted in physiological and pathological conditions by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Their role in cell-to-cell communications has been discussed for more than two decades. More attention is paid to assess the impact of EVs in cancer. Numerous papers showed EVs as tumorigenesis regulators, by transferring their cargo molecules (miRNA, DNA, protein, cytokines, receptors, etc.) among cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. During platelet activation or apoptosis, platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are formed. PEVs present a highly heterogeneous EVs population and are the most abundant EVs group in the circulatory system. The reason for the PEVs heterogeneity are their maternal activators, which is reflected on PEVs size and cargo. As PLTs role in cancer development is well-known, and PEVs are the most numerous EVs in blood, their feasible impact on cancer growth is strongly discussed. PEVs crosstalk could promote proliferation, change tumor microenvironment, favor metastasis formation. In many cases these functions were linked to the transfer into recipient cells specific cargo molecules from PEVs. The article reviews the PEVs biogenesis, cargo molecules, and their impact on the cancer progression.
Diatom-Derived Polyunsaturated Aldehydes Activate Similar Cell Death Genes in Two Different Systems: Sea Urchin Embryos and Human Cells
Authors: Galasso Christian , Celentano Susanna , Costantini Maria , D’Aniello Salvatore , Ianora Adrianna , Sansone Clementina , Romano Giovanna
Published: July 2020

Programmed cell death, such as apoptosis and autophagy, are key processes that are activated early on during development, leading to remodelling in embryos and homeostasis in adult organisms. Genomic conservation of death factors has been largely investigated in the animal and plant kingdoms. In this study, we analysed, for the first time, the expression profile of 11 genes involved in apoptosis (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways) and autophagy in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos exposed to antiproliferative polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), and we compared these results with those obtained on the human cell line A549 treated with the same molecules. We found that sea urchins and human cells activated, at the gene level, a similar cell death response to these compounds. Despite the evolutionary distance between sea urchins and humans, we observed that the activation of apoptotic and autophagic genes in response to cytotoxic compounds is a conserved process. These results give first insight on death mechanisms of P. lividus death mechanisms, also providing additional information for the use of this marine organism as a useful in vitro model for the study of cell death signalling pathways activated in response to chemical compounds.
The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis
Authors: Huang Enyu , Peng Na , Xiao Fan , Hu Dajun , Wang Xiaohui , Lu Liwei
Published: July 2020

Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
The Role of the RNA-Binding Protein Family MEX-3 in Tumorigenesis
Authors: Jasinski-Bergner Simon , Steven André , Seliger Barbara
Published: July 2020

The muscle excess 3 (MEX-3) protein was first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and its respective homologues were also observed in vertebrates, including humans. It is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) with an additional ubiquitin E3 ligase function, which further acts as a post-transcriptional repressor through unknown mechanisms. In humans, MEX-3 proteins post-transcriptionally regulate a number of biological processes, including tumor immunological relevant ones. These have been shown to be involved in various diseases, including tumor diseases of distinct origins. This review provides information on the expression and function of the human MEX-3 family in healthy tissues, as well after malignant transformation. Indeed, the MEX-3 expression was shown to be deregulated in several cancers and to affect tumor biological functions, including apoptosis regulation, antigen processing, and presentation, thereby, contributing to the immune evasion of tumor cells. Furthermore, current research suggests MEX-3 proteins as putative markers for prognosis and as novel targets for the anti-cancer treatment.
Early-Life Maternal Deprivation Predicts Stronger Sickness Behaviour and Reduced Immune Responses to Acute Endotoxaemia in a Pig Model
Authors: Brückmann Roberto , Tuchscherer Margret , Tuchscherer Armin , Gimsa Ulrike , Kanitz Ellen
Published: July 2020

Early-life adversity may have programming effects on neuroendocrine and immune adaptation mechanisms in humans and socially living animals. Using a pig model, we investigated the effect of daily 2-h maternal and littermate deprivation from postnatal days 2–15, either alone (DA) or in a group of littermates (DG) on the neuroendocrine, immunological and behavioural responses of piglets challenged with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 42. LPS increased plasma concentrations of cortisol, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and induced typical signs of sickness in all piglets. DA+DG piglets showed stronger signs of sickness compared to control (C) piglets. Plasma TNF-α concentrations were significantly lower in DA+DG males. In addition, the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio was significantly lower in DA than in DG and C males. Gene expression analyses showed lower hypothalamic TNF-α mRNA expression and diminished mRNA expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and IL-10 in the amygdala of DA+DG piglets in response to LPS. Interestingly, males showed a higher MR- and a lower IL-10 mRNA expression in the amygdala than females. The present data suggest that repeated maternal deprivation during early life may alter neuroendocrine and immune responses to acute endotoxaemia in a sex-specific manner.
Gut Microbiota Metabolites in NAFLD Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Chen Jiezhong , Vitetta Luis
Published: July 2020

Gut microbiota dysregulation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through its metabolites. Therefore, the restoration of the gut microbiota and supplementation with commensal bacterial metabolites can be of therapeutic benefit against the disease. In this review, we summarize the roles of various bacterial metabolites in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and their therapeutic implications. The gut microbiota dysregulation is a feature of NAFLD, and the signatures of gut microbiota are associated with the severity of the disease through altered bacterial metabolites. Disturbance of bile acid metabolism leads to underactivation of bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5, causal for decreased energy expenditure, increased lipogenesis, increased bile acid synthesis and increased macrophage activity. Decreased production of butyrate results in increased intestinal inflammation, increased gut permeability, endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Dysregulation of amino acids and choline also contributes to lipid accumulation and to a chronic inflammatory status. In some NAFLD patients, overproduction of ethanol produced by bacteria is responsible for hepatic inflammation. Many approaches including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, faecal microbiome transplantation and a fasting-mimicking diet have been applied to restore the gut microbiota for the improvement of NAFLD.
The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients
Authors: Kotlega Dariusz , Zembron-Lacny Agnieszka , Golab-Janowska Monika , Nowacki Przemyslaw , Szczuko Malgorzata
Published: July 2020

The study was designed to demonstrate the relationship of free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids levels with the severity of depressive symptoms in stroke. The ischemic stroke patients (n = 74) were included in the prospective study. The risk of depression was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) 7 days and 6 months after the stroke onset. FFAs and inflammatory metabolites were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. In the acute phase of stroke, BDI-II and FFAs inversely correlated with C13:0 tridecanoic acid, C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid, C17:1 cis-10- heptadecanoid acid, C18:0 stearic acid, C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid, C22:1cis13 docosenoic acid and C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA level was significantly lower in patients with low vs. high BDI-II score. In the follow-up examination, BDI-II score directly correlated with C16:0 palmitic acid. The changes in BDI-II score during 6-month observation inversely correlated with lipoxin A4 and protectin D1, and directly correlated with 5-oxo-ETE. Importantly, the severity of depressive symptoms was associated with n3 PUFA level. Diet-derived FFAs were observed to potentially affect the inflammatory pathways in pathogenesis of depression in stroke and reduced DHA levels can attenuate depressive symptoms in stroke patients.