bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentinel Injuries: It’s What’s Inside That Counts
Authors: Zito Madeline , Shah Summit , Barata Isabel A. , Kaplan Dana
Published: February 2023

This chapter of the What Do I Do Now series on Pediatric Radiology discusses the indicated approach to imaging when evaluating an infant when there is a suspicion for physical abuse. The chapter addresses when clinicians should be concerned for abusive injuries, regardless of the provided history. The chapter reviews and discusses the mechanism of the most commonly seen inflicted injuries, including classic metaphyseal lesions (CML), rib fractures, and subdural hematomas (SDH). It also reviews the most commonly conducted imaging studies to identify inflicted injuries, including head computed tomography (CT) scans and skeletal surveys as recommended by the American College of Radiology and the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Shouldn’t This Be Connected?
Authors: Rocker Joshua , Sokoloff William C. , Thomas Anna
Published: February 2023

Pediatric cervical spine injuries following blunt trauma, though rare, have a high risk for devastating neurological sequelae. Atlanto-occipital injuries are one type of cervical spine injury which occurs when there is abnormal widening or distraction of the occiput from the atlas (C1). Providers must have a high index of suspicion for these injuries in young children who have sustained high-energy traumas as there is a significant risk for devastating neurological damage and other comorbidities. This chapter discusses the risk factors for a pediatric patient presenting with a cervical spine injury and the anatomy and physiology that predispose children to different types of traumatic cervical spine injuries. It then discusses atlanto-occipital injuries in further detail, including the methods for evaluating atlanto-occipital injuries on CT imaging, the role of MRI in evaluating these injuries, and their potential management by the emergency medicine and surgical teams.
Head First into the Pool
Authors: McAllister Aaron , Das Kristol
Published: February 2023

Although spinal injuries are uncommon in pediatrics, the effects can be devastating. A structured approach to a patient with a potential spinal injury is critical. PECARN has identified factors associated with cervical spine injuries in children which include altered mental status, focal neurologic deficits, neck pain, torticollis, substantial torso injury, predisposing condition for C-spine injury, high-risk MVC or a diving injury. In this chapter, the diagnostic evaluation for traumatic injuries to the spine are discussed with attention to aspects unique to children and axial load mechanisms, such as diving. Imaging modalities, including indications for CT and MRI, are reviewed.
Pain in the Back
Authors: Margius Deanna , Gorgens Sophia , Foster David , Ganapathy Shankar Srinivas
Published: February 2023

Pediatric patients with back pain should always be screened for red flag findings that are associated with potentially high morbidity or mortality conditions. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are a common cause of low back pain in children, particularly among young athletes. Spondylolysis refers to fracture or a congenital defect of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra. Spondylolisthesis results from progression of spondylolysis, in which there is anterior dislocation of the vertebra. Patients present with intermittent low back pain that is worse with activity and midline lumbar spinal tenderness to palpation, typically along L4 or L5. In addition, neurological abnormalities may be present. Diagnosis is made with plain radiographs of the lumbar spine. Advanced imaging with CT or MRI may be necessary if clinically warranted and if initial radiographs show no signs of fracture or displacement. The treatment is typically conservative, with physical activity restrictions, bracing, and rehabilitation exercises. However, refractory pain or neurologic impairment may require spinal fusion surgery.
H
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter H
T
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter T
Z
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter Z
A
Authors: Dickman Andrew
Published: February 2023

This chapter includes drugs beginning with the letter A
Biosignature line ratios of [P ii] in exoplanetary and nebular environments
Authors: Hoy Kevin , Nahar Sultana N , Pradhan Anil K
Published: February 2023

Being the backbone element of deoxyribonucleic acid, phosphorus is a key component in the search for life in the Universe. To aid in its detection, we present line emissivity ratios for the five lowest-lying forbidden [P ii] transitions, namely those among the levels 3s23p2(3P0, 3P1, 3P2, 1D2, and 1S0). The wavelengths range between 0.44 and 70 µm, and several lie within the spectroscopic domain observable with the JWST. These line ratios have been calculated using a new collisional-radiative-cascade (CRR) model combining calculated collision strengths and level-specific recombination rate coefficients, with both data sets computed using the accurate Breit–Pauli R-matrix method. The CRR model includes a new scheme for (e + ion) recombination to emission-line formation. We compare its effect to models incorporating only electron-impact excitation and spontaneous radiative decay. We find that (e + ion) recombination has a significant impact on all line ratios, and represents a major improvement in physical accuracy of emission-line models.
Safety incidents and obstructive sleep apnoea in railway workers
Authors: Abeyaratne M , Casolin A , Luscombe G
Published: February 2023

Background

Current evidence is lacking to justify more stringent screening for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in the rail industry. Population-based studies indicate a complex association between body mass index, age, apnoea–hypopnoea index and vehicle crash risk.

Aims

To study the association between OSA severity and the occurrence of safety incidents in safety-critical rail workers with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA, and to identify if OSA treatment is associated with the occurrence of fewer safety incidents.

Methods

A retrospective medical file audit was conducted on railway workers attending health assessments between 2016 and 2018, who met the criteria to be referred for sleep studies. The association between OSA severity, treatment and the number of incidents in the 3 years before their health assessment appointment was explored using a Poisson log-linear regression.

Results

A substantial proportion (44%, 274/630) of railway workers with confirmed OSA had at least one incident in the 3 years prior to appointment. The odds of an incident were significantly reduced in those with moderate OSA compared with severe OSA (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–0.98), but not those with mild OSA (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.76–1.24). There was a statistically significant relationship between combined OSA severity and treatment status, where the likelihood of an incident increased in those with severe untreated OSA compared with those receiving treatment (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.16–2.64).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that more stringent screening to identify severe OSA early, and close surveillance of treatment of those with severe OSA, should be considered.
More Streams at the Saṅgam
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C.
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 further situates the Khrist Bhaktas by exploring them within the broader context of Christianities in South Asia up through the contemporary period, in the more particular context of Catholicism in Banaras, and in the geographical locus of Khrist Bhakta activity today, Mātṛ Dhām Āśram. The Āśram is an index of Indian Catholicism’s shifting trends in post-Independence India, beginning as a space for seminarians of the Indian Missionary Society, becoming a center for inculturating Catholicism in the 1970s, and is now a North Indian home for the Indian Catholic Charismatic movement. This development occurred during broader emancipatory stirrings involving Dalits and Śūdras—legally designated SCs and OBCs, those classes representing the majority of Banaras’s Khrist Bhaktas. The chapter concludes by focusing on the history of modern movements of social emancipation among the region’s subalterns, for whom the veil between liberation in this world and the next is understandably thin.
East Meets West
Authors: Fu Po-Shek
Published: February 2023

The Cold War and the Chinese civil war converged in the crossroads of British Hong Kong. It was a base for the opposing powers’ cultural and propaganda war to win the hearts and minds of Chinese diaspora around the world. This chapter maps out the confluence of propaganda and psychological warfare, colonial surveillance and censorship, and industrial and business environment that shaped the multivalent history of China, Taiwan, and the United States’ contest for the hearts and minds of overseas Chinese in the region. It focuses on the émigré Mandarin film world, what began with the migration of filmmakers and political exiles from the mainland on the eve of the Communist victory, and which was to cast a long shadow of uncertainty and political antagonism to the British colony.
Bentham’s Chapter III
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Although IPML is focused on the role that penal law can play in reducing the amount of wrongdoing, Bentham acknowledges that other forces can have this effect through their “sanctions.” His concept of a sanction is explained. He somewhat mischaracterizes the religious and moral sanctions. For his purposes the religious sanction should be defined so as to include social processes premised on false religious beliefs. Bentham sometimes connects the moral sanction to the love of reputation, but in effect benevolence is the “internal” or psychological manifestation of moral consciousness. Bentham’s discussion here and elsewhere in IPML makes clear that the “political sanction,” or “penal law,” is what’s now called criminal law.
Bentham’s Chapter XIII
Authors: Sverdlik Steven
Published: February 2023

Chapter XIII begins Bentham’s treatment of punishment. His first topic is the three main categories of cases where punishment is “unmeet,” or inappropriate. These all are cases where punishment fails to produce the most happiness. The main examples of cases where punishment is “groundless” occur when an action that was right is to be punished. Bentham’s account is explained. “Cases in which punishment must be inefficacious” largely involve psychological states of the offender at the time of an offense. This category includes the cases where a person should have a legal excuse. Bentham’s argument for saying this is that when agents are in certain psychological states, they’re undeterrable. The third category is cases where punishment is unprofitable. This occurs if the moral “expense” of a type of punishment is relatively large, and the reduction in crime that it produces is relatively small. This possibility is explained with an example.
Graphs
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Diagrams of musical spaces often take the form of graphs in the sense of mathematical graph theory. The fundamental principles and some musical applications of graph theory are presented in this chapter. In addition to finite undirected graphs, there are discussions of directed graphs, graphs with loops and multiple edges, and infinite graphs, as well as the concepts of dual graphs, graph isomorphisms, and lattices. Illustrations include several kinds of tonnetz graphs, both finite and infinite; subset lattices; “ski-hill lattices” displaying metric relationships; and several versions of a graph depicting smooth voice-leading relationships between triads in a hexatonic collection. The chapter concludes with an introduction to transformation graphs and networks, including the distinction between event networks and spatial networks.
Groups I
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

The algebraic structures known as groups underlie many musical concepts, including the operations of pitch-class set theory and twelve-tone theory. In this chapter, musical intervals and transformations are taken as prototypes for the more general concepts of group theory. The group axioms are presented, along with a general method of solving equations in groups. The cyclic group of transposition operators and the dihedral group of transpositions and inversions are studied in detail, including both the finite groups in pitch-class space and the analogous infinite groups in pitch space. Interval spaces (Lewin’s Generalized Interval Systems) are defined, culminating in a discussion of Lewin’s insight about the relationship between interval structures and simply transitive groups of transformations.
Transformations II
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines some formal and theoretical considerations involving transformation graphs and networks, as well as transformational relationships among serial structures. The path consistency condition is presented as a property of some transformation graphs, not (as in Lewin) a requirement for all of them, and other related consistency properties are studied. Several kinds of isomorphism and isography of transformation graphs and networks are defined. The theory of Klumpenhouwer networks is outlined, along with the attendant controversy. Some relationships among twelve-tone rows may be modeled by UTTs and similar transformations, as illustrated by examples from the serial music of Webern; UTTs may also play the role of coordinate transformations relating different schemes for labeling the forms of a row. The duality between pitch-class numbers and order numbers is examined using techniques from group theory and permutation theory; representing a row via a 12-by-12 array aids in visualizing this duality.
Spaces IV
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Several of the most important OPTIC spaces are studied in detail, in as many as four voices and therefore as many as four dimensions. Topologically, many OPTIC spaces are orbifolds, a kind of space that may include singularities (points with exceptional topological characteristics, such as mirror boundaries) and other sometimes counterintuitive features. As equivalence relations are added, the successively smaller spaces that arise can be identified with fundamental regions or normal regions within previously constructed larger spaces, often bounded by axes or planes of symmetry. OP-space takes the form of a Möbius strip in two voices, and analogous but more complex forms in higher dimensions as the number of voices increases. T-, PT-, OPT-, and OPTI-spaces are also studied in two, three, and four voices; OPTI-space is compared with maps of set-class space. Paths traced by musical voice leadings highlight distinctive features of each space. Spaces accommodating cardinality equivalence, mathematically more intractable than the other OPTIC relations, are discussed only briefly.
Distances
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: February 2023

Concepts of distance capture important musical intuitions in many spaces, intuitions not adequately captured by interval functions. This chapter describes distance functions and distance spaces, known to mathematicians as metrics and metric spaces. Some distance functions, especially those in real and modular distance spaces, are closely related to interval functions, but others are not. Among the concepts studied are isometries (distance-preserving mappings), distances derived from graphs or groups, relationships between distances and path lengths, and products and quotients of distance spaces. Several kinds of distance functions may be defined in OPTIC spaces, including the max distance, the Euclidean distance, and the voice-leading distance. As is often the case, spaces involving cardinality equivalence introduce complexities that do not arise in other spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

South Asia’s Christians are vital for understanding the growth of Christianity in the Global South, and yet their stories are often overlooked. What makes them unique is not the dramatic numerical growth, but their history of interaction with other religious traditions, most notably Hindus and Muslims. This interaction traces back to the oldest Christian tradition in India, the Thomas Christians, who maintained ties to the Persian Christians of West Asia while living side by side with Hindu and Muslim neighbors in Malabar. During the modern period, Christians encountered other faiths through knowledge production, interreligious debates, and conversion. By far the greatest response to Christianity came from Dalit or tribal communities, whose mass conversions, poetry, theology, and embrace of Pentecostalism are essential for understanding South Asian Christianity and its place within World Christianity today.
Upper Caste Converts to Protestantism
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

Instances of conversion among Brahmins and other upper castes were less frequent than those among Dalits, but they carried weighty implications because of their coverage in local print media and transnational missionary publications. By converting to another religion, members of high castes risked losing their reputation, social status, and livelihood. At the same time, they could make a huge impact in the evolving Indian public sphere by discussing their experiences and theology in their writing and through activism and spirited exchanges with their opponents. In many instances, books written about such converts by family members, missionaries, or other admirers amounted to hagiographies. Adulation of these so-called “trophies of grace,” however, paid little attention to the intensity of their struggles as persons caught between different worlds. The case of Pandita Ramabai Dongre (1858–1922) illustrates the unique Christian consciousness arising from the social location of Brahmin converts.
Dalits and Social Liberation
Authors: Mallampalli Chandra
Published: February 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which Christianity has interacted with entrenched social structures in India. Evangelical missionaries encountered caste hierarchies and untouchability in India at the very time when other Evangelicals were engaged in antislavery agitation in England, the islands of the Caribbean, and the American colonies. Comparisons between the two contexts shed light on how Evangelicals understood their mandate and how emancipatory their impact really was. Both Gandhi and Ambedkar championed their own notions of social and political liberation, but it was Ambedkar’s ideas, as we shall see, that won the hearts of both Dalits and Dalit converts to Christianity. Aspects of Ambedkar’s legacy shaped key tropes of Dalit Christian theology, which resisted the oppressive structures of their day and incorporated Dalit experiences into their readings of the New Testament.
Early Childhood Experiences Shape Health Throughout Life
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes the crucial ways in which experiences in early childhood shape adult health. Favorable material and psychosocial conditions early in life—particularly the first 5 years—can launch a child on pathways toward optimal health and well-being. Conversely, unfavorable experiences (e.g., economic insecurity, food insecurity, abuse or neglect, a parent with mental illness, an incarcerated parent, or insufficient stimulation during critical/sensitive periods for brain development) in early childhood can set off a vicious cycle leading to both social disadvantage and ill health in adulthood and, in turn, to disadvantage for the next generation, continuing the vicious cycle. Economic adversity and effects of systemic racism experienced in early childhood are threats to lifelong health in many ways, including through effects of stress, poor nutrition, and exposures to environmental hazards. Chronic stress due to inadequate economic resources can make it more difficult even for motivated parents to provide adequate stimulation for brain development in the crucial early years. Children from middle-class as well as low-income families experience substantial benefits from early childhood interventions such as center-based care and education or home visiting. Psychosocial adversity (e.g., family disruption, domestic violence, and child abuse) in early childhood is strongly associated with adverse adult outcomes; insufficient attention has been given to the economic conditions that produce or exacerbate adverse psychosocial events in families with young children. In this chapter, initiatives to make early childhood healthier and more equitable are discussed.
Making and unmaking kinship
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

This extended chapter tackles two puzzles of Săteni relatedness. First, kinship seems given and permanent yet also appears as created and conditional. Second, relatives should, but not always, act morally toward each other. Villagers have cultural solutions to these problems. Săteni kinship provides a moral contract determined by the facts of nature, genealogy, and ritual. All these forms of relatedness share a common feature, glossed as amity by anthropologists, here treated as trust in the fairness of partners engaged in mutual cooperation. Social expectations of generosity and reciprocity evoke intuitive moral senses, culturally codified in norms of conduct. Conflict and distrust make people stop “holding on to relatives” while enduring cooperation can create kinship out of other social relationships. Inheritance patterns, marriage arrangements, and rituals of kinship show how moral commitments change during one’s life span and how they evolved in recent history in response to societal transformations.
The political stability of social fragmentation
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

A story of distrust turned to trust between two Săteni leaders offers an inside view into the formal institutions and informal mechanisms of local politics. In the background of recurrent state failure or predation, Săteni politics run on trust in persons without trust in formal institutions. In the struggle to control village government and collective resources, allegiances and conflicts follow neither from party ideologies nor essentialized social groups. Strategic and open-ended coalitions emerge in competitive dynamics with opponents by means of personal commitments based on kinship, friendship, and patronage. Despite bitter competition for the spoils of power, a transactional approach to small-scale cooperation maintains political stability but at a low-level equilibrium of underinvestment in public goods, corruption, and the failure of village-wide projects.
Changes in the construction of trust
Authors: Umbreș Radu
Published: February 2023

The moral dilemmas of a Săteni entrepreneur reflect several structural changes in cooperation and trust. Mihai’s initial success in the construction industry benefited from his relationships with relatives and friends. Unpredictability, informality, and other social and technological factors of building a house involve costly commitments requiring a complex balance of trust between parties. However, new opportunities and costs expanded the business outside this safe sphere into the wider local economy. The shift from domestic modes of production to division of labor and market exchanges modifies short- and long-term orientations of actors and, subsequently, the value of relatives and strangers as cooperative partners. Increased affluence, social learning, and technological evolution can explain the extension of the circle of trust and cooperation.
Understanding War Crimes Trials in Postwar Britain
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

The introduction identifies depictions of Allied troops’ arrival at Bergen-Belsen in April 1945, and the British-run trial of personnel from the camp held at Lüneberg in September–October the same year, as key reference points for the understanding of the Holocaust in British culture at this period. But other aspects of Nazi criminality, such as the fates of the Allied soldiers who were recaptured after the so-called Great Escape of prisoners of war from Stalag Luft III, or the treatment of Special Operations Executive agents detained while working undercover on mainland Europe, also vied for attention as a narrative of the war began to take shape. Early depictions of the camps show a number of characteristics that persist in the texts to be discussed in detail in later chapters. The names of camps are often used metonymically in place of more extensive descriptions, a device that implies a shared understanding on the part of readers, but which can appear to minimize or pass over important defining details. Similarly, in fictional works, minor characters are often given the burden of representing or standing for the varied fates of the victims of Nazism. While this strategy could also be seen as tokenistic, it often has a disruptive effect on the narrative as a whole. Where autobiographical or biographical accounts are concerned, generic uncertainty is also characteristic, with authors acknowledging, through structural and stylistic experiment, the representational challenges posed by the events they are attempting to describe.
Debating Capital Punishment
Authors: Stewart Victoria
Published: February 2023

The book concludes with a consideration of how Nazi crimes were referenced in debates about the potential abolition of capital punishment in Britain in the period between the late 1940s and the trial and execution of Adolf Eichmann in 1961–1962. One focus will be the work of Victor Gollancz. Gollancz protested against Eichmann’s execution at a time when the death penalty was still in force in Britain, and his interventions show him grappling with the issue of where the boundaries of responsibility for Nazi crimes lie, and arguing against the continued contemplation of Nazi crimes, with looking away constructed as a means of maintaining ‘civilized’ values. These arguments were echoed by Pamela Hansford Johnson in On Iniquity (1967), based on her reports from the 1966 trial of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley. Taking place the year after capital punishment was suspended prior to its abolition, this trial, which centred on the torture and murder of children, prompted discussion about whether imprisonment was sufficient punishment for such crimes. The question of whether certain representations of Nazi crimes should continue to be widely and freely available was also debated once Brady’s interest in the Nazis was made public. The continuities between these engagements with Nazi crimes and those discussed elsewhere in this book are traced to show how, even post-Eichmann, viewing war crimes via the lens of other kinds of criminality continued to provide a strategy for the attempted containment of Nazism’s legacy.
Figures
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay
Published: February 2023

Figures can be an incredibly efficient way to communicate large amounts of information. They also allow a reader to understand even complicated data or concepts with relatively little effort. So, given that we are trying to make things easy for our hypothetical reader, you won’t be surprised to learn that we think good figures are essential to any paper.
Introductions
Authors: West Stuart , Turnbull Lindsay
Published: February 2023

The Introduction is one of the most important parts of your paper. Once published, the Introduction must convince potential readers that the rest of your paper is worth reading. Remember that potential readers are time stressed, and you have to convince them to go on. They are not obliged to finish reading your paper. Why should they read this paper, and not one of the thousands of other papers competing for their attention? The Introduction can also be one of the most daunting sections to write—so much so, that some writers are paralysed into inactivity. Tough questions that need answers include: What should I include? Do I know enough? How long should it be? How should I structure it? How can I convince a referee or hook a potential reader? Where to begin? Fortunately, we can help you address all of these difficult issues.
The Historical Development of War Reparations
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

Reparations have been practised for thousands of years in many cultures and societies around the world to negotiate peace and settle grievances. This chapter does not aim to provide a comprehensive history of reparations in international law, but traces out the broad contours of how such practices have evolved. This chapter begins by briefly discussing some of the reparation practices in ancient times. It then turns to outline the practices of reparations from the emergence of international law from the Treaty of Westphalian, before moving onto focus on the reparation practices around the World Wars. These fashioned epochs demonstrate the use and understanding of reparations in the distant past, the emergence of the nation State, and finally the international legal order based on international peace and security. The reparations that resulted from the two World Wars are explored in depth, given their scale, controversy, and innovation that continue to frame contemporary reparations. These three epochs reflect differing dynamics in how a balance for reparations is struck. Traditionally they reflected victor’s justice, then became more mediated in establishing peace and States settling claims between themselves, and finally part of the Allies’ plans to deal with the past or the wrongdoer State’s effort to make amends to victim groups and injured States.
Victims and Redress: Victimhood, Harm, and Claims-Making
Authors: Moffett Luke
Published: February 2023

Reparations are controversial and politically contested as they speak directly to those individuals and groups worth recognizing as victims and considered deserving of support in a post-conflict society. The chapter is split into two sections. The first unpacks the notions of victims, victimization, and victimhood, and the second analyses hierarchies of victimhood. It begins by briefly outlining the normative dimensions of what constitutes a victim in international law, before discussing victimization in times of war and disputed visions of victimhood. It moves on to examine how such victimhood can be contested, collectively identified with, and used to prioritize certain victims over others. This is contrasted to the everyday experience of victims, which is often detached from the political debates. The second section of the chapter explores hierarchies of victimhood, concentrating on three groups—State forces and civilians; national and foreign victims; and complex victims. The final sub-section discusses how victims experience a range of harms in their daily lives that pervades into the home, culture and society.
Introduction
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the structure of the book and its key arguments, as well as its relationship to the work of John Hart Ely in Democracy and Distrust, and theories of responsive law and regulation, dialogue, and weak review. It points to the key democratic blockages constitutional courts can help counter, as well as create, and how this should inform courts’ approach to construction, including in the context of constitutional implications, doctrines of proportionality, stare decisis, and remedies.
Toward Strong–Weak/Weak–Strong Judicial Review and Remedies
Authors: Dixon Rosalind
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers the notion of strong versus weak judicial review, and the idea of responsive judicial review as a combination of strong and weak remedies and rights-based reasoning. It provides a taxonomy of different forms of judicial weakness, both formal and informal, and explores the role of narrow reasoning, delayed or non-coercive remedies, and weakened norms of stare decisis in reducing the finality of judicial decisions. It further argues that the type and degree of judicial non-finality should match or be responsive to the specific blockage a court is seeking to counter, and risk of reverse inertia, backlash, or debilitation it is seeking to counter. Hence, the chapter proposes different combinations of strong–weak and weak–strong judicial review. It also explores how, in order to promote true dialogue about constitutional norms, weak–strong review must encourage real not just rhetorical dialogue with isolators, and contain incentives for legislative action that translate into a form of “penalty default” logic.
Family First
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

The inevitable juxtaposition of Indira Gandhi with her father Jawaharlal Nehru, and the role played by her own son, Sanjay, in the horrific “family planning” schemes are just two elements in a much broader discursive preoccupation that reads the Emergency in terms denoting family and family life. Chapter 2 moves from a survey of the Emergency escalation of a mass, internationally funded sterilization campaign and the class and caste politics always at its core to a discussion of three novels by Gandhi’s cousin, Nayantara Sahgal, published just before, during, and after the Emergency as well as her three tellingly different versions of Indira Gandhi’s biography (1978, 1982, 2012). Sitting side-by-side in this chapter, the two discourses—elite and subaltern-focused; political and biological; individual and collective—reveal that which was perhaps already evident, that there are individual elite families that need to be guarded and preserved and lower-class families of populations that need to be limited and curtailed. An analysis that takes both into account reveals the class politics of the Emergency, but also of its narration; it reinforces the stakes of the Emergency for the rising Indian middle class.
Realism
Authors: Ben-Yishai Ayelet
Published: February 2023

This chapter attends to the ways that the political and cultural disintegration of the 1970s was figured and explored in the English novel of the period (here Nayantara Sahgal’s 1978 A Situation in New Delhi), and by those returning to it later (Rohinton Mistry’s 1996 A Fine Balance). More precisely, this chapter is dedicated to the period’s dominant, realistic mode, by then in a decades-long slump. Indeed, among novel genres criticized for their political and formal derivativeness, realism might be the most maligned. The postcolonial realist novel tends to be regarded as complicit with imperialist discourse, as hegemonic, elitist, anachronistic, and perhaps most of all, as a reified, stale form. Reading precisely for and with its ostensibly stale reification, I follow Meenakshi Mukherjee’s call to think of realism as a mode of exploration, addressing realism as reification. The lack of formal and thematic innovation that characterizes the anglophone novel of the 1970s becomes an important correlate of the sense of cultural and political impasse of a class, a nation, and a culture, foregrounding the ongoing malaise undergirding Emergency, rather than the singular crisis, by which it was known.
Introduction
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

This is a methodological or philosophical introduction. It analyzes the nature of impossibility theorems (as opposed to other types of mathematical theorems), the difference between meta statements and proper mathematical theorems, the difference between impossibility statements in mathematics and elsewhere and impossibilities as a creative force. Moreover, it introduces a classification of impossibility statements and analyzes why impossibility results have often attracted a great number of amateurs, and why these amateurs have often misunderstood the nature of the impossibility claim.
The Classical Problems
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

After discussing the difference between existence and constructability in ancient Greek geometry, we turn to Pappus’ classification of construction problems into plane, solid, and line-like problems. The plane problems can be solved by a construction using only ruler and compass, whereas solid problems require conic sections. Pappus insisted that if a problem was plane it would be a methodological error to solve it by solid means. He and his contemporaries believed that the classical problems could not be solved by plane means. However, he never came up with a proof. In fact, the idea of such an impossibility proof does not seem to have occurred to him or other Greek mathematicians. We end by studying how Archimedes and Ptolemy used non-constructible quantities.
Euler and the Bridges of Königsberg
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

In 1736 Euler showed that it would be impossible to find a tour through Königsberg that crossed each of the seven bridges exactly once. Euler then generalized the problem to towns with other layouts. Euler’s paper is often mentioned as the first example of graph (or network) theory. We analyze Euler’s proof and point out that his proof of impossibility is, in fact, correct but unnecessarily complicated. However, his proof of possibility in the cases where there is such a tour is not rigorous. Euler presented his paper as a contribution to a new area of mathematics that Leibniz had called geometria situs.
Conclusion
Authors: Lützen Jesper
Published: February 2023

In this book, we have followed the history of some of the most famous mathematical impossibility theorems. These histories have followed paths that were specific to each theorem. Still, we have detected some patterns or common trends across the various examples. This conclusion shall sum up some of these trends including the increasing importance attributed to impossibility theorems; the shift from considering impossibilities as meta-statements to considering them as proper mathematical results; the gradual mastering of different types of proofs for different types of impossibility results; impossibility as a creative force; the great number of controversies.
Why Write a Biography of R. H. Charles? Charles in Context
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter situates R. H. Charles in the history of scholarship on the Bible and fields related to it. It traces the rise of a new approach to the Scriptures—reading them in their original languages and in their historical contexts—during the Renaissance and Reformation periods and subsequent centuries. The rise of higher criticism especially in Germany led to the identification of sources underlying the Pentateuch and eventually to the conclusion that the Priestly source of the Pentateuch was written at a late time, after the exile. The period after the Judean exile became one of little interest to critical scholars, but Charles was a pioneer in highlighting the importance of the Jewish apocalyptic literature from this time for understanding Judaism and the New Testament.
Introduction
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter presents as background for Charles’s early work an account of the University of Oxford in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the educational reforms that took place in it. In these decades, the reforms moved the university beyond some of its traditional ways toward greater inclusion as well as a research culture. The chapter also describes the gradual and not always peaceful development of critical biblical scholarship in Great Britain in the same period. Some of the controversies it aroused are exemplified through surveys of two publications, Essays and Reviews and Lux Mundi, and the varied reactions they aroused.
2 (Slavonic) Enoch
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter describes the way in which Charles became aware of the Slavonic Book of Enoch and the assistance he received from W. R. Morfill in translating it. It describes the content of the book, issues connected with the text and with the last chapters in some copies, the time to which Charles dated it, and the influence of it that he detected in a number of early texts. The chapter also reviews the debate about the book’s astronomy engendered by Charles’s publication and the first-century date to which he assigned it. In addition, the reviews which Charles commentary received and the ongoing influence of the book are examined.
The Assumption of Moses
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter opens by describing the contents of the Assumption of Moses and the single palimpsest copy of it in a Latin translation published by Antonio Maria Ceriani in the early 1860s. It goes on to describe Charles’s translation of and commentary on the Latin text together with his understanding of its main teachings. It takes up the issue of what is the correct name of the text and Charles’s theory that once this text, the Testament of Moses, had been combined with another text, the Ascension of Moses. Charles’s dating of the text along with his hypotheses about its original language and the dislocations in the Latin copy likewise come under consideration. The reviews that Charles’s book elicited are surveyed, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of its influence on scholarship today.
The Ascension of Isaiah
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter deals with Charles’s next edition of an ancient text, Ascension of Isaiah, which he published in 1900. It describes the contents of the ancient work and the distinctive parts of which it seems to consist. This is followed by a review of the history of scholarship on the Ascension of Isaiah before Charles issued his translation and commentary and a description of the textual evidence for it in several languages—Ethiopic, Latin, Greek, and Slavonic. It explains the ways in which Charles determined the relationships between the textual witnesses and how he arrived at the text he translated. It also takes up his dating of the various parts of the composite text that he distinguished—Vision of Isaiah, Martyrdom of Isaiah, Testament of Hezekiah—and his analysis of major themes expressed or reflected in it, especially the Antichrist, Beliar, and Nero myths. The chapter then examines the reviews of Charles’s book and the effect that his research continues to have in contemporary study of the Ascension of Isaiah.
More Honors and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs 1901–1908
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter focuses on a period in Charles’s career when he received increasing academic honors and wrote some of his most important books. In the former category, it deals with his becoming a Fellow of the British Academy in 1906 and traces the various roles that he played as a Fellow, including his two terms as a member of the Council, and his being awarded the first British Academy Medal for Biblical Studies. It also describes his Grinfield Lectures on the Septuagint (on Daniel). There is, moreover, coverage of his reception of a D. Litt. Degree from the University of Oxford. The bulk of the chapter studies the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the history of scholarship on it that began already with Robert Grosseteste, Charles’s articles about it and a newly found Aramaic text related to part of it, and Charles’s translation/commentary on the Testaments and his critical edition of the Greek text. The coverage includes his conclusions about the date of the work, its original language, its textual history and growth, and the main ideas in it. The chapter concludes with consideration of the reviews of Charles’s books and their ongoing importance in modern study of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.
The Last Oxford Years 1909–1913 andThe Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter relates information about Charles becoming a Fellow of Merton College Oxford, his lecture before the Church Conference of 1910 critiquing Albert Schweitzer’s views, the Drew Lecture on Immortality in 1912, and his appointment as Speaker’s Lecturer in Biblical Studies (the lectures were on the Book of Revelation). There is also a consideration of the context for his work on the Zadokite Fragments, recently found and published by Solomon Schechter, the controversy about access to the manuscripts of the work, and his translation and commentary on it. The chapter describes the subsequent find of copies of the text among the Dead Sea Scrolls and surveys the contributions they make to study of the text and the community behind it. Much of the chapter sets the context for and describes Charles’s best-known publication, this time as editor, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, a two-volume collection of introductions and annotated translations of the texts that fell into both categories. The Pseudepigrapha volume contains many of his own translations and notes on Jewish texts. There is coverage of reviews of the work and the legacy of the book in modern times.
The Topical Books
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter centers on the three topical books that Charles wrote during the Westminster years. It first takes up his two books on divorce, a topic that was much debated at the time in Great Britain. It sets the stage for Charles’s contribution by describing the history of divorce law in England and attempts to change it in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It describes Charles’s contributions, ones based on sermons he delivered at Westminster. It covers his treatment of the relevant texts in the Bible, especially those in the gospels of Mark and Matthew (and in 1 Corinthians), with Mark seeming to have Jesus forbid divorce and Matthew having him permit it in cases of adultery. It shows how, according to Charles, Mark’s Jesus actually forbade divorce only for lesser causes, not for adultery, and follows his discussion of Greek words used in the key New Testament texts. The lively reaction to the book is covered as well. The chapter then addresses his second book about divorce in which Charles repeated much of the contents of the first but more strongly rejected the text in Mark as unhistorical and argued that the Roman Catholic doctrine of nullity was unsupported by the New Testament. The final section of the chapter describes his book about gambling, his understanding of it as an attempt to stimulate the love of games and adventure but to do so immorally, and the several arguments he formulated against it.
The Book of Revelation
Authors: VanderKam James C.
Published: February 2023

The chapter provides a study of Charles’s work on the Book of Revelation, a book on which he published a great deal of material. It starts with his first book, Studies in the Apocalypse (1913), which was an expanded form of his lectures in the series Lectures in Advanced Theology at the University of London, and summarizes his chapters about the history of interpreting John’s Revelation, on the Hebraic style of John’s Greek, and on Revelation 7–9. The chapter continues with the essay on the last three chapters of Revelation that he delivered before the British Academy, with a parenthetical section on the obituary of his friend Thomas Kelly Cheyne published in the Proceedings of the British Academy. Much of the chapter tackles the great two-volume commentary that he wrote on the Apocalypse of John, his claim that a disciple of John was responsible for the disorder in the last three chapters, and his extensive efforts to establish the best Greek text of the book, even writing a grammar of the Greek language of John. It covers his understanding of which John, among several mentioned in the sources, the author was and of his teachings in the book and use of sources, as well as the way in which Charles interpreted certain sections of Revelation. Some reviews of the commentary are surveyed. The final book addressed is the published form of Charles’s Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, Lectures on the Apocalypse. The chapter concludes with a brief section about the influence of Charles’s two-volume commentary today.