bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moments and Temporalities of the Avant-Garde “in, of, and from the feminine”
Authors: Pollock Griselda
Published: April 2011

Why has modernist culture been so unable imaginatively to integrate women’s creativity into its narratives of radicalism, innovation, dissidence, and transgression when gender has to be recognized as one of the neuralgic points of modernity itself? If the canonical story of art wrote gender into modernism only in the negative, by effacement of its most agitating bearers–women avant-gardists—how can a retrospective archaeology of the avant-garde, not as a single vanguard but as a constellation of historically contingent moments and radical self-positionings vis-à-vis the triangulation of family, state, and religion typical of Western bourgeois modernity, open up new lines of analysis that reveal the oscillating place of “the feminine/ le feminine ” in all avant-garde formations? Drawing on Zygmunt Bauman’s sociology of contemporary liquid modernity and Julia Kristeva’s ever fertile thoughts on the temporalities of sexual difference, this article argues, firstly, that in liquid times the relatively solid ground against which avant-garde transgression operated is no longer operative, displacing the classic model of the avant-garde, while, secondly, the feminist perspective on the long durée of the phallocentric symbolic order places an intervention “in, of and from the feminine” continuously in a historically strategic position of transformative dissidence. My argument weaves historical materialism, psychoanalysis, and feminist theories of aesthetics and sexual difference, contesting the rapid shifts in intellectual fashion typical of liquid modernity that are seeping into the academy and leading to premature abandonment of certain intellectual-political projects. For all the dangers and complexities of thinking about “the feminine” in any form at all, and certainly now, when high feminist theories of sexual difference are apparently so démodé , I show how this troubled and troubling concept is still historically significant and theoretically relevant to rethinking the avant-garde.
Psychogeography, Détournement , Cyberspace
Authors: Elias Amy J.
Published: April 2011

This essay explores web-based art practices congenial to an avant-garde aesthetics defined by Guy Debord, Raoul Vaneigem and others affiliated with the Situationist International. Today, some cyberartists are redefining (and extending into new territories) key concepts of the 1960s Situationist avant-garde: psychogeography and détournement . An avant-garde arts counterculture is emerging on the web that takes as its starting point, in the manner of the SI, an attack on spectacular aesthetics in the interest of intellectual emancipation. New postconvergent media arts now extend SI concepts into new, dematerialized territories. I identify SI aims and principles that seem central to this new media art and examine some specific examples of net.art, Flash art, and Situationist- inspired art in Second Life ® to contextualize the cyberarts within a Situationist effort to revitalize human experience, ironically from within its most spectacular creation.
Avant-Garde and Neo-Avant-Garde: An Attempt to Answer Certain Critics of Theory of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Bürger Peter
Published: April 2011

Peter Bürger reflects on the reception of his

Theory of the Avant-Garde

and crafts a spirited response to his critics, while expanding on and refining his original claims. For Bürger, what continues to distinguish the avant-garde are two interrelated principles: the attack on the institution of art and the revolutionary transformation of everyday life. Underscoring the explicitly theoretical, rather than merely historical, thrust of this definition, he defends this generalizing strategy as a necessary means of achieving clarity about the changing role of art in society. He reiterates his argument about the failure of the historical avant-garde (to overcome the distinction of art and life), while placing a new emphasis on its equal measure of success (in transforming the internal logic of the art institution). The avant-garde’s appropriation of outdated and popular materials, for example, played a key role in challenging the norms of the art world, helping to bring about the leveling of distinctions often associated with postmodernism. On the one hand, the avant-garde failed in its attempt to revolutionize social reality; on the other hand, its impact on the norms and values of the art institution was significant and far-reaching. Contemporary or neo-avant-gardes remain caught on the horns of this contradiction, insofar as their aesthetic experiments—whatever the explicit intentions of the artist—only shore up the walls of the institution rather than breaking them down.
The Radical Avant-Garde and the Contemporary Avant-Garde
Authors: Sers Philippe
Published: April 2011

This essay invokes the ontological ethos of the avant-garde work as a particular way of disclosing meaning. The avant-garde, according to Philippe Sers, signals not the ruin of representation but its redefinition; not the debunking of truth but a new relationship to truth. Here Sers manifests his impatience with current accounts of the avant-garde that remain fixated on its nihilism, formal novelty, and value-leveling dimensions. The contemporary infatuation with transgression epitomizes a false transcendence that only plays into the logic of contemporary capitalism. Highlighting the strains of iconophobia that pervades language-based aesthetic theories, the essay calls for a new reassessment of the cognitive and transformative power of images. The status of the original avant-garde work as even lies not in its negativity but its utopianism, its harboring of a moment of transcendence that is profoundly ethical in its implications.
How Avant-Gardes End—and Begin: Italian Futurism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Adamson Walter L.
Published: April 2011

The article examines the Italian futurist movement for clues about how we ought to understand “avant-gardes.” It argues that the futurists (like subsequent early twentieth-century avant-gardes) should be understood as “aesthetic ironists,” that is, as inventors of new cultural vocabularies aimed both at overcoming anxieties of influence and at bringing a desirable cultural trajectory into view. From this perspective, avant-gardes may be understood to end when their vocabularies are no longer creatively reworked but become static and fixed; or when their vocabularies are actually “betrayed” (contradicted or repudiated by their creators); or when the creators of avant-garde vocabularies cease to be self-determined. The article suggests that Italian futurism did not cease to be an avant-garde during World War I when it was transformed from a myth about regenerative violence into a utopian program for a political party, but that its avant-gardism did cease when it moved decisively into the fascist orbit in 1923. The article then seeks to understand how the futurists might have transformed themselves creatively at that point into an “immanent” rather than an “oppositional” avant-garde. In the final section of the article, this latter contrast is used as a way of exploring the possibility of avant-gardism in the contemporary world.
My Avant-Garde Card
Authors: Perelman Bob
Published: April 2011

I differentiate avant-garde used as a critical term with precise historical entailments from the use of avant-garde in innovative poetry circles, where it is a loose synonym (along with such adjectives as experimental, modernist, postavant, postmodern, etc.) used to mark affiliation. The poetic avant-garde is both sequential (involving a sense of advance in the present) and transhistorical (involving a historically mixed archive of examples); it cannot be defined by any sequence of formal features. I then discuss my poem “Confession” in the context of Language writing, focusing on the lines “I / seem to have lost my avant-garde // card in the laundry.” To clarify the ironic play of the poem, I borrow a pair of terms from religious studies: orthodoxy/orthopraxis. An avant-garde orthopraxis is a permanently paradoxical notion; in the present, avant-garde orthodoxy is a stultifying danger.
Mapping Existing and Potential River Cane ( Arundinaria gigantea ) Habitat in Western North Carolina
Authors: Bugden Joni L. , Storie Christopher D. , Burda Carey L.
Published: April 2011

El entender la extensión y el hábitat potencial de la caña de río ( Arundinaria gigantea ) es esencial para una economía sostenible en la Banda Oriental de los indígenas cherokee. El objetivo de este proyecto es cartografiar el hábitat actual y potencial de la caña de río utilizando una base de datos en SIG que contiene información biofísica de los paisajes de caña de río en el oeste de Carolina del Norte. Tres conjuntos de datos de percepción remota basados en cubierta regional, resolución espectral y resolución espacial fueron seleccionados para cartografiar lugares donde hay presente caña de río. Ninguno de estos conjuntos de datos fueron exitosos en identificar la caña de río entre la otra vegetación presente en la zona. Sin embargo, este estudio proporcionó contexto para el uso en el futuro de la resolución espacial y espectral adecuada. Dos conjuntos de datos se utilizaron para cartografiar el hábitat potencial de la caña de río, basados en datos disponibles de 2006 y 2008. Usando la hidrología, la elevación del suelo y capas digitales dentro de un SIG, la hidrología basada en LIDAR y datos de elevación produjeron las estimaciones más exactas posibles del hábitat para la caña de río.
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) BASED ON THE CEPHALIC STRUCTURES OF THE FINAL INSTAR LARVA AND BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Čapek M.
Published: April 2011

The cephalic structures of the final instar larva of 278 species of 140 genera of Braconidae were examined. On the basis of these and biological data, modifications are proposed in the classification of the higher categories. Zele (Helconinae) and Eubadizon (Blacinae) are placed in the Macrocentrinae (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera) and Meteoridea is moved from the Helconinae and ranked as an independent subfamily. The Blacinae is completely dismembered: Aliolus, Triaspis, Urosigalphus, Blacus, and Calyptus form a tribe of the Helconinae (endoparasites of larval Coleoptera); Microtypus, Orgilus, and Stantonia form a tribe of the Agathidinae (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera); and Pygostolus, Centistes, and Syrrhizus a subfamily near Euphorinae with Cosmophorus (endoparasites of adult Coleoptera). Present genera of Microgasterinae are separated into two tribes with the addition of the Cardiochilini as a third tribe. The Dacnusinae is reduced to a tribe of the Alysiinae. The Rogadinae is reduced to one tribe, Rogadini, containing only Rogas and allied genera (endoparasites of larval Lepidoptera). Rhyssalus is transferred to the Hecabolini, and Exothecini, Pambolini, Hormiini, and ectoparasitic Rogadini to the Braconinae (ectoparasites of larval Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, etc.). The problematic genus Gnaptodon is also placed in the Braconinae.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE APPLE RUST MITE, ACULUS SCHLECHTENDALI (PROSTIGMATA: ERIOPHYOIDAE), AND ITS DENSITY ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: April 2011

The apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.), is active on the apple leaves from late May until early August and passes through three generations as indicated by the peak numbers of eggs. This species overwinters as deutogynes under bud scales and crevices in the bark. During the latter part of May the deutogynes lay eggs that develop into first generation primaries, followed by a second generation the latter part of June. Eggs laid by the second generation primaries produce the overwintering deutogynes. Injury to the leaves, mainly bronzing to the ventral surfaces, becomes noticeable early in July. The numbers of A. schlechtendali varied between cultivars within orchards. The differences were not consistent between orchards.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON COTTON IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Ehler L. E. , van den Bosch R.
Published: April 2011

The impact of natural enemies on Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) is reviewed. Disappearance of eggs and small larvae (presumably due to predation) is consistently the major intrageneration mortality. Parasitoids and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus effect mortality of larvae surviving early-instar predation. From the analysis, it is argued that natural enemies capable of effective colonization of the habitat and rapid exploitation of the prey population (i.e., r-strategists) are suitable agents for biological control of pests of annual or short-cycle crops. Polyembryony, polyphagy, and polyhedrosis represent attributes which enable the particular natural enemy to implement the rapid-host-exploitation strategy. This interpretation gives added theoretical support for importation of exotic natural enemies of pests of non-perennial crop plants.
FECUNDITY OF MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAYFLIES OF A BROWN-WATER STREAM OF ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Clifford Hugh F. , Boerger Hans
Published: April 2011

A review of studies of mayfly fecundity (number of eggs produced per life span) indicates that some of the larger mayflies, e.g. Palingenia and Hexagenia, have total potential fecundity values that are higher than found in most other insect groups. For 12 mayfly species of a brown-water stream in Alberta, Canada, fecundity of the subimagoes was generally predictable from the size of the female regardless of the particular species. An exception was Leptophlebia cupida, which, for a given length, had a much higher fecundity than any of the other species and a much larger increase in fecundity per unit increase in body length. L. cupida averaged 362 eggs/mm body length, while the other species had an average egg production of between 100 and 200 eggs/mm body length. The small species, although having a relatively low total fecundity, produced more eggs per unit volume of abdominal space than did the larger species. By combining quantitative emergence data and fecundity data, we calculated that the entire mayfly fauna produced about 300,000 eggs/m2 per year and that it takes an average of 934 eggs to produce one subimago of the next generation.
METHODS FOR AND COMPARISON OF SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR ESTIMATING WITHIN TREE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE POPULATIONS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Nebeker T. E. , Hackney O. P. , Hocking R. R. , Paz M. , Lashomb J. H.
Published: April 2011

Nine sampling units for estimating southern pine beetle population within a tree are compared according to unit size, strata size, and number and type of sampling allocation. As a measure of performance of different sampling schemes or different unit sizes the ratio of the variances of the estimate is used, i.e. relative efficiency.

Relative efficiency decreases as unit size increases, where equal surface area is sampled. Unequal stratification, which allocates smaller area to the upper and lower strata, results in higher relative efficiencies than equal stratification. Thus, unequal stratification is recommended. Samples should be allocated to these strata according to the optimal sampling ratios.
SEXING AND REARING THE BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Godbee John F. , Franklin Rudolph T.
Published: April 2011

Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) adults may be accurately sexed by means of the seventh abdominal tergite. Stridulation sound and stridulation movement are useful especially in field observations but not completely accurate because some male beetles do not stridulate and some females do.

Laboratory rearing is accomplished by the introduction of parent beetles to fresh pine bolts. Development takes ca. 78 days at 23 °C ± 2 °C or ca. 1302 degree days of effective temperature.
EFFECTS OF ALTOSID AND DIMILIN ON BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE): LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS
Authors: McKague A. B. , Pridmore R. B. , Wood P. M.
Published: April 2011

Adult emergence of Simulium verecundum S. and J. and S. decorum Walk. was reduced 58–94% by exposure of late instar larvae to 0.1 ppm Altosid or Altosid SR-10 for 1 h. Pupae were not affected by the presence of 0.1 ppm Altosid SR-10 in the rearing water. Adult emergence of S. verecundum was reduced 95% when mixed larval instars were reared in the presence of 0.001 ppm Dimilin. Last instar larvae died as a result of abnormal metamorphosis. Black fly mortality was 86–100% with 1-h exposures to 0 1–0.2 ppm Dimilin, and 100% with a 15-min exposure to 1 ppm at 22 ± 2 °C, lower temperatures giving similar results.

Release of Altosid over a 48-h period from formulated blocks gave a concentration of 0.002–0.006 ppm in a small stream. Emergence of adults was completely suppressed for 23 days 18 m downstream and 17 days 43 m downstream. Applications of 1 ppm Dimilin for 15 min to two streams resulted in the gradual elimination of black fly larvae from artificial substrates, a high reduction in adult emergence, and the formation of abnormal larvae following the tests. The maximum concentration of Dimilin detected in the water was 0.31 ppm during application; however, submerged vegetation residues as high as 18.9 ppm were found 1 h following the second application, decreasing to less than 0.05 ppm 14 days later.
HEMITHEA AESTIVARIA, A GEOMETRID NEW TO NORTH AMERICA, ESTABLISHED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE: GEOMETRINAE)
Authors: Doǧanlar Miktat , Beirne Bryan P.
Published: April 2011

Hemithea aestivaria, “the common emerald” in Britain, is common throughout most of Europe and in Eastern Asia. The larva feeds on many herbaceous plants before hibernation and on a wide variety of woody plants in the spring.

Forty of the distinctively-marked larvae were collected on cherry, apple, wild plum, and species of Rubus and Crataegus at Burnaby, New Westminister, and Langley, in British Columbia, between 1.IV.78 and 18.V.78. A sample reared produced a male that was identified by Dr. K. B. Bolte, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, as of Hemithea aestivaria, a species and genus apparently not recorded previously from North America.
OLFACTORY REPELLENCY OF HERBICIDES TO FORAGING HONEY BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R.H. , Cmiralova D. , Wellington W.G.
Published: April 2011

Foraging honey bees were offered various sucrose–herbicide solutions. Despite the visual attractiveness of the feeding dishes to foragers, six of seven herbicides significantly reduced the incidence of feeding and were judged to be olfactory and gustatory repellents. The most repellent herbicide was 2,4,5-T, which totally inhibited feeding at concentrations as tow as 1000 ppm. The next most repellent was 2,4-DB, followed by linuron, picloram, 2,4-D, and monuron. Paraquat was the only herbicide that did not exhibit marked repellency at concentrations up to 4000 ppm.

The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the impact of herbicide applications on honey bee foraging behaviour, brood development, pollination, and honey production.
ENTOMOPHTHORA CRUSTOSA N. SP. AS A PATHOGEN OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: MacLeod Donald M. , Tyrrell David
Published: April 2011

Entomophthora crustosa n. sp. pathogenic for Malacosoma species (principally M. disstria Hbn.), is described. It is characterized in the conidial state by a hymenial coating which, at maturity, forms a crust-like covering, cinnamon brown, over the surface of infected insects, and by conidial size. In the resting spore (zygospore) state the distinguishing attributes are ornamentation of the zygospores and their mode of development. The pathogen grows readily on coagulated egg-yolk media.

The fungus is briefly compared with 10 other closely related Entomophthora species. Entomophthora crustosa seems to be of widespread occurrence in eastern North America.
ANNOTATED LIST OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) COLLECTED AT CHURCHILL, MANITOBA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A.G.
Published: April 2011

An annotated list is given of 48 species of aphids collected 1974–1977 at Churchill, Manitoba. Four new species are described: Acyrthosiphon churchillense new species from Oxytropis hudsonica (Greene) Fern, Aphis madderae new species from Taraxacum lacerum Greene, Capitophorus hudsonicus new species (collected by sweeping), and Macrosiphum subarcticum new species from Epilobium angustifolium L. It is suggested that Macrosiphum valerianae (Clarke) be declared a nomen dubium.
THE LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) AND ITS PARASITES: II. THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES OF LARIX OCCIDENTALIS FOLIAGE ON CASEBEARER DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL
Authors: Ryan R. B.
Published: April 2011

Last-stage larvae of Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) were transferred to foliated Larix occidentalis Nutt. trees in four stages of growth for feeding. Based on insect survival, development rate, and size, trees with newly flushing foliage were best for rearing; trees which had completed shoot elongation were nearly as favorable. Both were distinctly superior to trees with elongating shoots and to trees with foliage so old that the current year’s buds were breaking. It is important to recognize the effects of tree growth stage when rearing C. laricella parasites in the laboratory, because parasite survival and sex ratio can be significantly influenced.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE WHITE APPLE LEAFHOPPER, TYPHLOCYBA POMARIA (HEMIPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), AND ON THE MIRID PREDATOR BLEPHARIDOPTERUS ANGULATUS, AND MEASUREMENTS OF THEIR COLD-HARDINESS
Authors: MacPhee A. W.
Published: April 2011

Typhlocyba pomaria McA., with two generations per year, damages the leaves and defaces the fruit of apple. It was reduced in numbers in an experimental orchard by the predatory mirid Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.) which attacked the second generation. The cold-hardiness of T. pomaria and B. angulatus overwintering eggs, which had mean freezing points of −35 °C and −34 °C respectively, was sufficient to protect these species from winter low temperatures in Nova Scotia.
BEHAVIOURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF PEA APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) TO HIGH GROUND TEMPERATURES AND PREDATOR DISTURBANCE
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D. , Myers Judith H.
Published: April 2011

Pea aphids can avoid ladybug predators by dropping from the food plant when disturbed. Once off the plant the aphid must find another food plant. If temperatures on the ground are high, the aphid may die before finding a new food plant. In Kamloops, B.C., summers are hot and dry, compared with Vancouver where the climate is warm and moist. Pea aphids from Kamloops generally exhibit back-up behaviour and rarely drop from the plant when approached by a ladybug. By contrast, Vancouver pea aphids readily drop from the plant when disturbed by a predator. Adult aphids from Kamloops are more tolerant of heat under moist conditions at 37.5 °C than Vancouver adults but under dry conditions and at 42 °C, both groups have similar survival times. First instars of both aphid biotypes die sooner at high temperatures than adults. Mortality of aphids on the ground is sufficiently high to select against dropping behaviour as a first line defense against predators in areas with hot, dry climates.
DEDA, A NEW GENUS OF SAWFLIES FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA, TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Gibson Gary A. P.
Published: April 2011

The genus Deda (Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) is newly described for D. ferula n. sp., Macrophya annulipes Cresson, and Sciapteryx coquilletti Rohwer. A key to species is given and the genus is compared with similar genera of Tenthredininae.
ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG,LYGUS LINEOLARIS(HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA): MIRIDAE), ON GREEN BEANS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Stewart R. K. , Khattat A. R.
Published: April 2011

Caged microplots of “Contender” green beans,Phaseolus vulgarisL., were artificially infested with various densities ofLygus lineolaris(Palisot de Beauvois) to determine the effect of feeding on yield and quality, and to establish economic injury levels. Plants infested at bloom or pod set stage were more severely injured than those infested at the flower bud stage. Higher infestation levels reduced crop yield, but the percentage of crude protein in bean seeds was not affected. Based on 1975 crop values and chemical control costs, economic injury levels ranged between 0.3 and 4.4 insects/10 plants depending on crop use, chemical control, and plant stage infested.
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR THE ADULT PARASITOID ITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: April 2011

Two artificial diets — one liquid, the other candied — developed for adult Itoplectis conquisitor, an ichneumonid parasitoid, proved equal in performance for fecundity to a natural food regimen involving blood of host pupa, Galleria mellonella. Feeding on the liquid diet resulted in a parasitoid emergence rate from host pupae of 42.9 ± 8.6%; on the candy diet, 52.2 ± 15.8%; and on the natural regimen, 54.4 ± 4.0%. Therefore, host material was not needed to feed the adults. Other advantages of these artificial diets include convenience, economy, efficacy, and manageability for proper insect husbandry.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FOR MOTH CONTROL IN STORED WHEAT
Authors: McGaughey Wm. H.
Published: April 2011

Treatment of the surface layer of wheat in 2-m3 bins with a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner controlled Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moths, Ephestia cautella (Walker), for two grain storage seasons. Doses of 100, 125, and 150 mg of formulation/kg of wheat in the 10-cm-deep surface layer reduced moth populations by ≥81%, reduced insect feeding damage by > 92%, and reduced or prevented webbing of the grain surface.
PRODUCTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF DECLINING ALFALFA STANDS AS INFLUENCED BY THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, WEEDS, AND EARLY FIRST HARVEST IN OKLAHOMA
Authors: Latheef M.A. , Berberet R.C. , Stritzke J.F. , Caddel J.L. , McNew R.W.
Published: April 2011

Importance of cultivars, harvest schedules, and pest infestations as determinants of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., productivity and stand persistence was investigated using the unimproved “OK08” (Oklahoma Common) and the multiple-pest resistant “WL 318” cultivars. Beginning in the 5th year of production, treatments including three first-harvest schedules (early bud, early bloom, and full bloom) were imposed in a factorial arrangement with unsprayed subplots and three pesticide options for control of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), or weeds such as downy brome, Bromus tectorum L., or both. In addition to estimating population levels of alfalfa weevil and percentage composition of weeds in forage during each year, alfalfa dry matter yield and stem densities (no. per square metre) were determined during the 3-year period from 1986 through 1988. The seasonal forage production (2-year mean) of WL 318 was nearly 5.4 Mg per hectare greater than that of OK08. There was no consistent trend for greater seasonal alfalfa yield with any of the first-harvest schedules. Timely application of pesticides, as well as use of the improved cultivar were essential for maintaining productivity in years 5 through 7 of stand life. At the termination of the study, only the herbicide + insecticide treatment of WL 318 had close to sufficient stem (and plant) numbers remaining for continued production.
EFFECT OF UROPHORA CARDUI (L.) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) AND CEUTORHYNCHUS LITURA (F.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON THE WEED CANADA THISTLE, CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) SCOP.
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Derby J.L.
Published: April 2011

Stress caused by two biocontrol agents on their weed host Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Asteraceae] was investigated. The combined attack of the gall-fly Urophora cardui (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the stem-mining weevil Ceutorhynchus litura (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) caused a significant reduction in the vigour of the attacked plants as measured by the number of live buds in the 1st year and by the dry weight of the roots in the 3rd year. The attacks did not significantly reduce the number of aborted buds, mature seed heads, and new shoots, nor the combined dry weight of the leaves, stems, and galls as compared with Canada thistle plants that had not been galled or mined, in any of the 3 years. Non-structural carbohydrate content of the roots of attacked shoots was found significantly reduced only at the end of the mining period.
INFLUENCE OF STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION IN APTEROUS VIRGINOPARAE OF THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Kouamé K.L. , Mackauer M.
Published: April 2011

The influence of nutrient stress on growth, development, and reproduction in apterous virginoparae of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), was investigated in the laboratory. We tested the hypothesis that species with a high reproductive investment have low resistance to starvation. Aphids in two groups were starved daily from birth for 4 h and 6 h, respectively, and compared with feeding counterparts reared on leaves of broad beans, Vicia faba L. Aphid wet weight increased as an exponential function of age in all groups. Starved aphids had lower adult weight and required longer from birth to parturition than feeding aphids. These effects increased with the length of daily starvation. The number of offspring produced was correlated with adult dry weight. Aphids were unable to compensate, or to compensate completely, for water and nutrient loss resulting from starvation. It is suggested that pea aphids allocate resources first to maintenance and then to reproduction when deprived of food.
TOXICITY OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES TO SEVERAL LIFE STAGES OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY)
Authors: Hilton S.A. , Tolman J.H. , MacArthur D.C. , Harris C.R.
Published: April 2011

Residual and contact toxicities of several insecticides to larvae and adults of insecticide-susceptible (four insecticides) and insecticide-resistant (three insecticides) Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were measured in laboratory studies. For both methods of exposure, azinphosmethyl was the least toxic to all life stages tested. The residual toxicity of deltamethrin was at least 4.4-fold higher than either cypermethrin or endosulfan. With the insecticide-susceptible strain, residual toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.5, 5.9, and 4.1 times higher to first instars than to adults and 1.2, 8.1, and 1.6 times higher to third instars than to adults. Contact toxicities of azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.3, 2.9, and 1.4 times higher to insecticide-susceptible third instars than to adults. In most comparisons, susceptibilities of fourth and third instars were similar. With the insecticide-resistant strain, azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and deltamethrin were, respectively, 3.2, 1.6, and 8.0 times more toxic to third instars than to adults. The importance of differential life stage toxicity to current control recommendations for Colorado potato beetle is discussed.
GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND EGG-LAYING RESPONSE OF FEMALE WHITE PINE WEEVILS REARED ON ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL DIETS
Authors: Trudel Richard , Lavallée Robert , Bauce Éric
Published: April 2011

Reproductive processes in female Pissodes strobi (Peck) fed with a 5% ground bark artificial diet following summer emergence were studied. Females exposed to different temperature and photoperiod regimes were dissected every other week and their reproductive organs were observed to evaluate the maturation time according to the treatments. After 12 weeks, half the females were transferred onto lateral branch sections of white pine and the other half onto artificial diet supplemented with 10% ground bark of white pine, and their realized fecundity was determined. During the first 12 weeks, ovary development was detected but very few mature oocytes were found. No significant differences were observed for the maturation times between the different abiotic conditions used, but significant differences were observed in female egg-laying response on natural and artificial diets. Females that completed their sexual maturation at 24 °C and 16L: 8D laid over a 3-week period 14.4 ± 8.8 (mean ± SE) and 2.6 ± 2.6 eggs per female on white pine sections and artificial diet, respectively. Oviposition behaviour was compared with results from an earlier experiment conducted with spring-emerging white pine weevils on natural and artificial substrates. The egg-laying responses on white pine seedlings and on an artificial diet with a concentration of 15% ground white pine bark were 0.892 ± 0.124 and 0.171 ± 0.394 eggs per female per day, respectively.
LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS OF ELACHERTUS CACOECIAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), AN ECTOPARASITOID OF SPRUCE BUDWOR LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Fidgen Jeffrey G. , Eveleigh Eldon S.
Published: April 2011

We carried out a 2-year study to elucidate the biology of the gregarious, idiobiont ectoparasitoid Elachertus cacoeciae (Howard) by placing (implanting) laboratory-reared spruce budworm larvae [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)] on current-year balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.) shoots in the field, simulating low (endemic) densities of the budworm. Spring female E. cacoeciae attacked fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar budworm larvae, beginning near the predicted peak of the fourth instar and ending about 10–12 days after the predicted peak of the pupal stage of the wild budworm population. The mean (±SE) brood size of spring females was 2.9 ± 0.3 E. cacoeciae pupae per host. The proportion of females increased during the season, with many broods consisting of 100% females late in the season. In 1994 and 1995, the mean proportion of females was 0.74 ± 0.05 and 0.79 ± 0.05, respectively. In the laboratory, development time from eggs to adults was approximately 20 days at 20.6 °C. Adult males provided with honey water lived 43.6 ± 3.2 days, whereas females provided with hosts and honey water lived 90.1 ± 6.6 days. Spring females had a pre-oviposition period of 11.5 ± 1.3 days, resulting in a generation time (egg to egg) of ~31 days. The oviposition period lasted 76.3 ± 7.7 days during which time spring females parasitized 19.2 ± 1.9 hosts, and produced a clutch size of 4.9 ± 0.4 eggs per host, for a lifetime fecundity of 96.8 ± 14.7 eggs. The post-oviposition period was 18.5 ± 3.7 days. Throughout their lifetime, spring females host fed only (host feeding without oviposition) on an additional 9.3 ± 1.9 hosts. Approximately 2% of pupae developing from spring females overwintered, whereas approximately 95% of pupae developing from summer females overwintered. Laboratory results for summer females suggest that they may be adapted to parasitizing alternate host(s) rather than spruce budworm.
THE LIFE HISTORIES, DISTRIBUTION, AND IMMATURE FORMS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SAWFLIES OF THE GENUS CEPHALCIA (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: April 2011

In North America the genus Cephalcia Panzer includes 10 species. The californica group, californica Middlekauff, frontalis (Westwood), fulviceps (Rohwer), and probably hopkinsi (Rohwer), has large species with gregarious larvae which build frass nests on Pinus. The provancheri group, distincta (MacGillivray), provancheri (Huard), semidea (Cresson), and probably nigra Middlekauff, has smaller species with solitary larvae that build silk-tube shelters on Picea, Abies, or Tsuga. Two species fit in neither group: fascipennis (Cresson), a large species with weakly gregarious larvae that build frass nests on Picea, and marginata Middlekauff, a small species quite unlike those of the californica group, with gregarious larvae that build frass nests on Pinus. Californica and hopkinsi are western species, provancheri and fascipennis are transcontinental, and the others are eastern. Keys are given for larvae and adults.The immature forms are described; the larva of fascipennis in detail. Females have one more instar than males.The eggs of all species are laid on needles of the host tree with a small knob-like part inserted into the host tissue. The larvae, which eat previous years' foliage, develop rapidly and drop to the ground when through feeding. Larvae do not construct cocoons but overwinter in a cell formed in the soil. Pupation and emergence may occur the next spring, or after two or more winters in the soil.Sex is determined by whether or not the egg is fertilized, thus parthenogenesis is facultative and arrhenotokous. An exception is semidea, having thelyotokous parthenogenesis and no known males.
CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS A MONOGRAPH OF THE FLEAS OF NEW GUINEA
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: April 2011

New Guinea was found to belong to the Australian Region in the classical sense of Wallace insofar as its fleas are concerned. Fifty-eight species, 28 more than hitherto recorded from New Guinea, are discussed, belonging to four families. Six species, representing three families, originated in the Oriental Region or in continental areas contiguous to it, and 52 species, comprising 15 genera of the Pygiopsyllidae, had their primordial evolutionary connections with Australia. There is much endemism of pygiopsyllids in New Guinea, all of the species and 11 of the genera occurring only there, where they are mostly associated with marsupials and murid rodents. The following genera are described as new: Orthopsylloides (type: Stivalius abacetus Jord. and Roths.), Parastivalius (type: Ceratophyllus novaeguineae Roths.), Papuapsylla (type: P. luluai n. sp.), Striopsylla (type: Stivalius rugatus Jord.), Metastivalius (type: Pygiopsylla mordax Roths.), Obtusifrontia (type: O. simplex n. sp.) and Rectidigitus (type: R. traubi n. sp.). The following new combinations for described species in these genera are proposed: in Parastivalius, Stivalius gracilentus Jord.; in Papuapsylla, Stivalius corrugis Jord., S. alticola Jord. and S. papuana Jord. & Roths.; in Metastivalius, Stivalius anaxilas M. Roths., S. lasiurus Jord. & Roths., and S. shawmayeri Jord.; and in Rectidigitus, Stivalius spooneri M. Roths. and S. ancisus Jord. In addition, descriptions of the following new species or subspecies are presented: Porribius papuanus (Ischnopsyllidae), Acanthopsylla aiyurensis, A. monticola, A. eudromiciae, A. bisinuata, Hoogstraalia novaeguineae, Pygiopsylla spinata, P. laciniosa bismarckensis, P. archboldi, P. smitiana, P. traubi, Traubia vandeuseni, T. peristigma, T. kuru, Orthopsylloides o. orthodactylus, O. o. owiensis, Parastivalius brassi, P. gressitti, Papuapsylla barretti, P. minor, Striopsylla vandeuseni, Metastivalius huonensis, M. rothschildae, M. tamberan, and Rectidigitus szentivanyi (Pygiopsyllidae).The hitherto unknown males of Acanthopsylla enderleini (Wagn.), Pygiopsylla l. laciniosa Roths., and Orthopsylloides abacetus (Jord. & Roths.) and the females of Papuapsylla corrugis (Jord.), Striopsylla rugata (Jord.), and Metastivalius anaxilas (M. Roths.) are described.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA OF THE SYRPHINI (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: April 2011

A revised generic classification of world Syrphini is proposed. It is based on a study of characters of the adults of 318 described species plus approximately 85 more species as yet either undescribed or unidentified. Thirty-seven genera are recognized; keys to these genera, and to the smaller number of genera known from each of the major zoogeographic regions (except the eastern Palaearctic and Oriental) are presented. Eight new genera, Notosyrphus (South America), Exallandra (Ethiopian Region), Citrogramma (Oriental Region and Australia), Dideomima (Mexico), Hermesomyia (Ecuador), Pseudoscaeva (North and South America), Antillus (Haiti), and Giluwea (New Guinea), and two new subgenera, Melangyna (Austrosyrphus) (Australia and New Zealand) and M. (Melanosyrphus) (New Guinea), are described. Nine new species, in Melangyna (Melanosyrphus), Citrogramma, Hermesomyia, Antillus, and Giluwea, are described. The genus Orphnabaccha is transferred from the tribe Bacchini to the Syrphini, and the genus Toxomerus (including Mesograpta) is referred to the tribe Toxomerini. Maps showing the world distribution of each genus and subgenus, and figures of the male terminalia of the type-species of almost all genera and subgenera, are presented.The peculiar nature of the Neotropical fauna of Syrphini, with almost all species belonging to two large and very diverse genera, is compared with the situation in the rest of the world, where in most major regions the Syrphini consist mostly of a moderate number of medium-sized genera each of which shows much less diversity. Possible reasons for this difference, and for the great preponderance of more primitive Diptera among those with apparent transantarctic relationships, are suggested.
A GENERIC REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN HELIOTHIDINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hardwick David F.
Published: April 2011

The noctuid subfamily Heliothidinae, which is represented in North America by 158 species, is redefined, largely on the basis of male genitalic characters. Of genera included in the subfamily in McDunnough's 1938 check list, only four are recognized as valid, these being Heliothis Ochs., Schinia Hbn., Heliolonche Grt., and Melaporphyria Grt. Helicoverpa Hdwk., which was described subsequent to the appearance of McDunnough's list, and Protoschinia which is described as new here, are also included. Grotella Harv., Hemigrotella B. & McD., and Neogrotella B. & B. are not considered heliothidine genera and are removed to the Stiriinae.Eight genera, which have been assigned to the Amphipyrinae because they lack the mid and hind tibial setae characteristic of other heliothidine components, have also been incorporated in the Heliothidinae; these genera are Microhelia Hamp., Heliothodes Hamp., Baptarma Sm., Eutricopis Morr., Derrima Wlk., Erythroecia Hamp., Rhodoecia Hamp., and Pyrrhia Hbn. Because of the close similarity in structure and habits between these genera and those previously mentioned, the two groups are considered to constitute a monophyletic assemblage within the Noctuidae, despite the discrepancy with respect to mid and hind tibial setae.A key to the 14 North American genera of the Heliothidinae is presented. Descriptions of genera and figures of the male and female genitalia of the type species of all valid genera and of many genera in synonymy are provided. Canthylidia Butl. and Timora Wlk. are newly synonymized to Heliothis, and Heliosea Grt. to Heliolonche Grt. A check list of the North American Heliothidinae is appended to the text.The possible phylogenetic relationship of the Heliothidinae to the Stiriinae is discussed. The latter group is raised from tribal rank in the Amphypyrinae to subfamily rank; a number of genera are added to it, and a provisional redefinition of the subfamily is presented.
A REVISION OF THE TROGOSITIDAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CLEROIDEA)
Authors: Barron J. R.
Published: April 2011

The species and genera of the family Trogositidae in America north of Mexico are revised. Two subfamilies are recognized: Peltinae and Trogositinae. The Peltinae include:CalitysThomson (2 species),EronyxaReitter (3 species),OstomaLaicharting (3 species),GrynocharisThomson (2 species),LophocateresOlliff (1 species), andThymalusLatreille (1 species). The Trogositinae include:NemosomaLatreille (5 species),CylidrellaSharp (1 species),CorticotomusSharp (6 species),EuschaefferiaLeng (2 species),AiroraReitter (3 species),TemnochilaWestwood (10 species), andTenebroidesPiller and Mitterpacher (18 species).PseudocotomusSchaeffer is placed in synonymy withEuschaefferiaLeng andParafilumisCasey withCorticotomusSharp. New species areTemnochila omolophafrom Arizona and New Mexico andTemnochila rhyssafrom California and Idaho. Synonymies, keys, descriptions, collecting and locality data, and illustrations are included. A checklist places all the species and genera in the proposed classification. Interpretation of relationships of the genera and species is included. The North American taxa are associated with the trogositid taxa from other parts of the world, and with groups within the other families of Cleroidea. Relationships among the taxa are postulated. The inclusion of peltines and trogositines in a single family is upheld.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC AMAUROBIIDAE (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA)
Authors: Leech Robin
Published: April 2011

A revision of the species, genera, and subfamilies of the amaurobiid spiders found in the Nearctic Region is presented. Over 10,600 specimens were examined. Eighty-seven species are recognized, four of which are allochthonous. Forty-one species are described as new:Amaurobius corruptus,A.diablo,A.distortus,A.galeritus,A.intermedius,A.minutus,A.palomar,A.pilosus,A.prosopidus,A.tamalpais,A.transversus,A.triangularis,A.tulare,A.vexans,Callioplus spenceri,C.wabritaskus,Callobius gertschi,C.guachama,C.hyonasus,C.klamath,C.manzanita,C.panther,C.paskenta,C.pauculus,C.paynei,C.rothi,C.sierra,C.tehama,Goeldia chinipensis,Pimus desiccatus,P.eldorado,P.iviei,P.napa,P.nawtawaketus,P.salemensis,Zanomys aquilonia,Z.feminina,Z.hesperia,Z.ochra,Z.sagittaria,Z.ultima. Eleven species names are newly synonymized. One new name, and seven new combinations are proposed.Eleven genera in five subfamilies are recognized:Amaurobius,Callioplus,Callobius,Pimus, andZanomysin the Amaurobiinae;Arctobiusin the Arctobiinae, NEW SUBFAMILY;Ixeuticusin the Desinae;Metaltellain the Metaltellinae;Goeldia,Titanoeca, andTuganain the Titanoecinae. The generic nameWalmusis newly synonymized withAmaurobius.Keys are provided for the subfamilies, genera, and for most of the species. Each genus and species is described and synonymies are listed. The distribution of most of the species is presented by locality records and distribution maps. A subfamily and generic phylogeny, and a short zoogeographic analysis are given. Ichneumonid and dipteran parasites and mermithid (Nematoda) worms in adult or subadult specimens are recorded for the first time for several species.
DIPTERA LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH TREES IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Teskey H.J.
Published: April 2011

This paper treats of larvae of 45 families of North American Diptera which are associated with dead and living trees. A key and illustrations are provided for identification of 43 families whose larvae are sufficiently well known. Also provided is a description of the larvae of each family, the type of larval–tree association, and wherever possible, notes on the life history and behaviour, and an inventory at generic or specific level of the fauna involved.
REVISIONARY NOTES AND KEYS TO WORLD GENERA OF SCELIONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: April 2011

New taxonomic information is given on the identities, generic classification, morphology, relationships, and geographic distribution of several hundred species of proctotrupoid wasps. The paper is based on a study of primary types of 270 species of Scelionidae, many secondary types, and other important material in 40 world museums and private collections with approximately 300,000 specimens of Proctotrupoidea having been examined. Many genera are redefined, and generic diagnoses completed or corrected. The tribal classification is reviewed; four new tribes are proposed in the subfamily Scelioninae, viz. Nixoniini, Sparasionini, Cremastobaeini, and Doddiellini.