bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Co-Culture Model of the Human Respiratory Tract to Discriminate the Toxicological Profile of Cationic Nanoparticles According to Their Surface Charge Density
Authors: Arezki Yasmin , Cornacchia Juliette , Rapp Mickaël , Lebeau Luc , Pons Françoise , Ronzani Carole
Published: September 2021

This study aimed at discriminating with sensitivity the toxicological effects of carbon dots (CDs) with various zeta potential (ζ) and charge density (Qek) in different cellular models of the human respiratory tract. One anionic and three cationic CDs were synthetized as follows: CD-COOH (ζ = −43.3 mV); CD-PEI600 (Qek = 4.70 µmol/mg; ζ = +31.8 mV); CD-PEHA (Qek = 3.30 µmol/mg; ζ = +29.2 mV) and CD-DMEDA (Qek = 0.01 µmol/mg; ζ = +11.1 mV). Epithelial cells (A549) and macrophages (THP-1) were seeded alone or as co-cultures with different A549:THP-1 ratios. The obtained models were characterized, and multiple biological responses evoked by CDs were assessed in the mono-cultures and the best co-culture model. With 14% macrophages, the 2:1 ratio co-culture best mimicked the in vivo conditions and responded to lipopolysaccharides. The anionic CD did not induce any effect in the mono-cultures nor in the co-culture. Among the cationic CDs, the one with the highest charge density (CD-PEI600) induced the most pronounced responses whatever the culture model. The cationic CDs of low charge density (CD-PEHA and CD-DMEDA) evoked similar responses in the mono-cultures, whereas in the co-culture, the three cationic CDs ranked according to their charge density (CD-PEI600 > CD-PEHA > CD-DMEDA), when taking into account their inflammatory effect. Thus, the co-culture system developed in this study appears to be a sensitive model for finely discriminating the toxicological profile of cationic nanoparticles differing by the density of their surface charges.
Comparative Assessment of Physical and Chemical Cyanobacteria Cell Lysis Methods for Total Microcystin-LR Analysis
Authors: Greenstein Katherine E. , Zamyadi Arash , Wert Eric C.
Published: September 2021

Standardization and validation of alternative cell lysis methods used for quantifying total cyanotoxins is needed to improve laboratory response time goals for total cyanotoxin analysis. In this study, five cell lysis methods (i.e., probe sonication, microwave, freeze-thaw, chemical lysis with Abraxis QuikLyseTM, and chemical lysis with copper sulfate) were assessed using laboratory-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells. Methods were evaluated for destruction of cells (as determined by optical density of the sample) and recovery of total microcystin-LR (MC-LR) using three M. aeruginosa cell densities (i.e., 1 × 105 cells/mL (low-density), 1 × 106 cells/mL (medium-density), and 1 × 107 cells/mL (high-density)). Of the physical lysis methods, both freeze-thaw (1 to 5 cycles) and pulsed probe sonication (2 to 10 min) resulted in >80% destruction of cells and consistent (>80%) release and recovery of intracellular MC-LR. Microwave (3 to 5 min) did not demonstrate the same decrease in optical density (<50%), although it provided effective release and recovery of >80% intracellular MC-LR. Abraxis QuikLyseTM was similarly effective for intracellular MC-LR recovery across the different M. aeruginosa cell densities. Copper sulfate (up to 500 mg/L Cu2+) did not lyse cells nor release intracellular MC-LR within 20 min. None of the methods appeared to cause degradation of MC-LR. Probe sonication, microwave, and Abraxis QuikLyseTM served as rapid lysis methods (within minutes) with varying associated costs, while freeze-thaw provided a viable, low-cost alternative if time permits.
Erratum: Tetreau et al. How Does Bacillus thuringiensis Crystallize Such a Large Diversity of Toxins? Toxins 2021, 13, 443
Authors: Tetreau Guillaume , Andreeva Elena A. , Banneville Anne-Sophie , De Zitter Elke , Colletier Jacques-Philippe
Published: September 2021

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Consideration of Additive Quantum Numbers of Fermions and Their Conservations
Authors: Ma Xin-Hua
Published: September 2021

Two new flavor quantum numbers D and U for down and up quarks, respectively, are introduced, and then quark quantum number H is proposed as the sum of the flavor quantum numbers of quarks. Moreover, lepton quark-like quantum number HL and finally fermion quantum number F are brought forward. Old and new additive quantum numbers are conserved at three different levels in weak interaction, and F builds up a clear relationship to the electric charge of fermions.
Local Correlation among the Chiral Condensate, Monopoles, and Color Magnetic Fields in Abelian Projected QCD
Authors: Suganuma Hideo , Ohata Hiroki
Published: September 2021

Using the lattice gauge field theory, we study the relation among the local chiral condensate, monopoles, and color magnetic fields in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). First, we investigate idealized Abelian gauge systems of (1) a static monopole–antimonopole pair and (2) a magnetic flux without monopoles, on a four-dimensional Euclidean lattice. In these systems, we calculate the local chiral condensate on quasi-massless fermions coupled to the Abelian gauge field, and find that the chiral condensate is localized in the vicinity of the magnetic field. Second, using SU(3) lattice QCD Monte Carlo calculations, we investigate Abelian projected QCD in the maximally Abelian gauge, and find clear correlation of distribution similarity among the local chiral condensate, monopoles, and color magnetic fields in the Abelianized gauge configuration. As a statistical indicator, we measure the correlation coefficient r, and find a strong positive correlation of r≃0.8 between the local chiral condensate and an Euclidean color-magnetic quantity F in Abelian projected QCD. The correlation is also investigated for the deconfined phase in thermal QCD. As an interesting conjecture, like magnetic catalysis, the chiral condensate is locally enhanced by the strong color-magnetic field around the monopoles in QCD.
Diagnostic Accuracy of HPV Detection in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Jakobsen Kathrine Kronberg , Carlander Amanda-Louise Fenger , Bendtsen Simone Kloch , Garset-Zamani Martin , Lynggaard Charlotte Duch , Grønhøj Christian , von Buchwald Christian
Published: September 2021

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) techniques in oropharyngeal cancer. PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.org were systematically searched for studies reporting methods of HPV detection. Primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of HPV detection. In this case, 27 studies were included (n = 5488, 41.6% HPV+). In this case, 13 studies evaluated HPV detection in tumour tissue, nine studies examined HPV detection in blood samples and five studies evaluated HPV detection in oral samples. Accuracy of HPV detection in tumour tissue was high for all detection methods, with pooled sensitivity ranging from 81.1% (95% CI 71.9–87.8) to 93.1% (95% CI 87.4–96.4) and specificity ranging from 81.1% (95% CI 71.9–87.8) to 94.9% (95% CI 79.1–98.9) depending on detection methods. Overall accuracy of HPV detection in blood samples revealed a sensitivity of 81.4% (95% CI 62.9–91.9) and a specificity of 94.8% (95% CI 91.4–96.9). In oral samples pooled sensitivity and specificity were lower (77.0% (95% CI 68.8–83.6) and 74.0% (95% CI 58.0–85.4)). In conclusion, we found an overall high accuracy for HPV detection in tumour tissue regardless of the HPV detection method used. HPV detection in blood samples may provide a promising new way of HPV detection.
Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Authentic SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants Harboring L452R and T478K/E484Q
Authors: Wilhelm Alexander , Toptan Tuna , Pallas Christiane , Wolf Timo , Goetsch Udo , Gottschalk Rene , Vehreschild Maria J. G. T. , Ciesek Sandra , Widera Marek
Published: September 2021

The capacity of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants is currently of high relevance to assess the protection against infections. We performed a cell culture-based neutralization assay focusing on authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), all harboring the spike substitution L452R. We found that authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring L452R had reduced susceptibility to convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and mAbs. Compared to B.1, Kappa and Delta showed a reduced neutralization by convalescent sera by a factor of 8.00 and 5.33, respectively, which constitutes a 2-fold greater reduction when compared to Epsilon. BNT2b2 and mRNA1273 vaccine-elicited sera were less effective against Kappa, Delta, and Epsilon compared to B.1. No difference was observed between Kappa and Delta towards vaccine-elicited sera, whereas convalescent sera were 1.51-fold less effective against Delta, respectively. Both B.1.617 variants Kappa (+E484Q) and Delta (+T478K) were less susceptible to either casirivimab or imdevimab. In conclusion, in contrast to the parallel circulating Kappa variant, the neutralization efficiency of convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera against Delta was moderately reduced. Delta was resistant to imdevimab, which, however, might be circumvented by combination therapy with casirivimab together.
Mammals Preferred: Reassortment of Batai and Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus Occurs in Mammalian but Not Insect Cells
Authors: Heitmann Anna , Gusmag Frederic , Rathjens Martin G. , Maurer Maurice , Frankze Kati , Schicht Sabine , Jansen Stephanie , Schmidt-Chanasit Jonas , Jung Klaus , Becker Stefanie C.
Published: September 2021

Reassortment is a viral genome-segment recomposition known for many viruses, including the orthobunyaviruses. The co-infection of a host cell with two viruses of the same serogroup, such as the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus and the Batai orthobunyavirus, can give rise to novel viruses. One example is the Ngari virus, which has caused major outbreaks of human infections in Central Africa. This study aimed to investigate the potential for reassortment of Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus and the Batai orthobunyavirus during co-infection studies and the replication properties of the reassortants in different mammalian and insect cell lines. In the co-infection studies, a Ngari-like virus reassortant and a novel reassortant virus, the Batunya virus, arose in BHK-21 cells (Mesocricetus auratus). In contrast, no reassortment was observed in the examined insect cells from Aedes aegypti (Aag2) and Aedes albopictus (U4.4 and C6/36). The growth kinetic experiments show that both reassortants are replicated to higher titers in some mammalian cell lines than the parental viruses but show impaired growth in insect cell lines.
Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Influenza Hemagglutinin Ectodomain Fusions
Authors: Mittal Nidhi , Sengupta Nayanika , Malladi Sameer Kumar , Reddy Poorvi , Bhat Madhuraj , Rajmani Raju S. , Sedeyn Koen , Saelens Xavier , Dutta Somnath , Varadarajan Raghavan
Published: September 2021

In current seasonal influenza vaccines, neutralizing antibody titers directed against the hemagglutinin surface protein are the primary correlate of protection. These vaccines are, therefore, quantitated in terms of their hemagglutinin content. Adding other influenza surface proteins, such as neuraminidase and M2e, to current quadrivalent influenza vaccines would likely enhance vaccine efficacy. However, this would come with increased manufacturing complexity and cost. To address this issue, as a proof of principle, we have designed genetic fusions of hemagglutinin ectodomains from H3 and H1 influenza A subtypes. These recombinant H1-H3 hemagglutinin ectodomain fusions could be transiently expressed at high yield in mammalian cell culture using Expi293F suspension cells. Fusions were trimeric, and as stable in solution as their individual trimeric counterparts. Furthermore, the H1-H3 fusion constructs were antigenically intact based on their reactivity with a set of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies. H1-H3 hemagglutinin ectodomain fusion immunogens, when formulated with the MF59 equivalent adjuvant squalene-in-water emulsion (SWE), induced H1 and H3-specific humoral immune responses equivalent to those induced with an equimolar mixture of individually expressed H1 and H3 ectodomains. Mice immunized with these ectodomain fusions were protected against challenge with heterologous H1N1 (Bel/09) and H3N2 (X-31) mouse-adapted viruses with higher neutralizing antibody titers against the H1N1 virus. Use of such ectodomain-fused immunogens would reduce the number of components in a vaccine formulation and allow for the inclusion of other protective antigens to increase influenza vaccine efficacy.
Generation of Nucleic Acid Aptamer Candidates against a Novel Calicivirus Protein Target
Authors: Faircloth Jeremy , Moore Matthew D. , Stoufer Sloane , Kim Minji , Jaykus Lee-Ann
Published: September 2021

Human norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne illness globally. One of the challenges in detecting noroviruses is the identification of a completely broadly reactive ligand; however, all detection ligands generated to date target the viral capsid, the outermost of which is the most variable region of the genome. The VPg is a protein covalently linked to the viral genome that is necessary for replication but hitherto remains underexplored as a target for detection or therapeutics. The purpose of this work was to generate nucleic acid aptamers against human norovirus (Norwalk) and cultivable surrogate (Tulane) VPgs for future use in detection and therapeutics. Eight rounds of positive-SELEX and two rounds of counter-SELEX were performed. Five and eight unique aptamer sequences were identified for Norwalk and Tulane VPg, respectively, all of which were predicted to be stable (∆G < −5.0) and one of which occurred in both pools. All candidates displayed binding to both Tulane and Norwalk VPg (positive:negative > 5.0), and all but two of the candidates displayed very strong binding (positive:negative > 10.0), significantly higher than binding to the negative control protein (p < 0.05). Overall, this work reports a number of aptamer candidates found to be broadly reactive and specific for in vitro-expressed VPgs across genus that could be used for future application in detection or therapeutics. Future work characterizing binding of the aptamer candidates against native VPgs and in therapeutic applications is needed to further evaluate their application.
A Transient Increase in the Serum ANCAs in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Signal of Subclinical Vasculitis or an Epiphenomenon with No Clinical Manifestations? A Pilot Study
Authors: Gelzo Monica , Cacciapuoti Sara , Pinchera Biagio , De Rosa Annunziata , Cernera Gustavo , Scialò Filippo , Comegna Marika , Mormile Mauro , Gallicchio Antonella , Fabbrocini Gabriella , Parrella Roberto , Corso Gaetano , Gentile Ivan , Castaldo Giuseppe
Published: September 2021

A relationship is emerging between SARS-CoV-2 infections and ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) because: (i) the pulmonary involvement of COVID-19 may mimic that observed in patients with AAV; (ii) the two diseases may occur together; (iii) COVID-19 may trigger AAV. However, few cases of AAV have been identified so far in COVID-19 patients. To define the frequency of ANCA autoimmunity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the serum ANCAs and the serum PR3 and MPO antigens by immunoassays in 124 adult patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection (16 were asymptomatic and 108 were hospitalized) and 48 control subjects. The serum ANCAs were significantly higher in the hospitalized patients compared with either the controls or the asymptomatic patients and increased with the progression of the COVID-19 severity. After one week of hospitalization, the values were significantly lower. In contrast, no differences emerged among the controls, asymptomatic and hospitalized patients for the PR3 and MPO serum levels. None of the patients had clinical signs of AAV with the exception of a severe pulmonary involvement. Further studies are necessary to define whether the increase in the serum ANCAs might mask subclinical vasculitis in a percentage of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or it is an epiphenomenon of SARS-CoV-2 infection with no clinical manifestations.
Validation of a Genotype-Independent Hepatitis C Virus Near-Whole Genome Sequencing Assay
Authors: Lapointe Hope R. , Dong Weiyan , Dong Winnie W. Y. , Kirkby Don , Woods Conan , Poon Art F. Y. , Howe Anita Y. M. , Harrigan P. Richard , Brumme Chanson J.
Published: September 2021

Despite the effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral agents in treating hepatitis C virus (HCV), cases of treatment failure have been associated with the emergence of resistance-associated substitutions. To better guide clinical decision-making, we developed and validated a near-whole-genome HCV genotype-independent next-generation sequencing strategy. HCV genotype 1–6 samples from direct-acting antiviral agent treatment-naïve and -treated HCV-infected individuals were included. Viral RNA was extracted using a NucliSens easyMAG and amplified using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Libraries were prepared using Nextera XT and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. Data were processed by an in-house pipeline (MiCall). Nucleotide consensus sequences were aligned to reference strain sequences for resistance-associated substitution identification and compared to NS3, NS5a, and NS5b sequence data obtained from a validated in-house assay optimized for HCV genotype 1. Sequencing success rates (defined as achieving >100-fold read coverage) approaching 90% were observed for most genotypes in samples with a viral load >5 log10 IU/mL. This genotype-independent sequencing method resulted in >99.8% nucleotide concordance with the genotype 1-optimized method, and 100% agreement in genotype assignment with paired line probe assay-based genotypes. The assay demonstrated high intra-run repeatability and inter-run reproducibility at detecting substitutions above 2% prevalence. This study highlights the performance of a freely available laboratory and bioinformatic approach for reliable HCV genotyping and resistance-associated substitution detection regardless of genotype.
Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections in the Lungs: Dangerous Liaisons
Authors: Oliva Justine , Terrier Olivier
Published: September 2021

Respiratory tract infections constitute a significant public health problem, with a therapeutic arsenal that remains relatively limited and that is threatened by the emergence of antiviral and/or antibiotic resistance. Viral–bacterial co-infections are very often associated with the severity of these respiratory infections and have been explored mainly in the context of bacterial superinfections following primary influenza infection. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these co-infections between respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2) and bacteria, at both the physiological and immunological levels. This review also explores the importance of the microbiome and the pathological context in the evolution of these respiratory tract co-infections and presents the different in vitro and in vivo experimental models available. A better understanding of the complex functional interactions between viruses/bacteria and host cells will allow the development of new, specific, and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Glycoproteins of Predicted Amphibian and Reptile Lyssaviruses Can Mediate Infection of Mammalian and Reptile Cells
Authors: Oberhuber Martina , Schopf Anika , Hennrich Alexandru Adrian , Santos-Mandujano Rosalía , Huhn Anna Gesine , Seitz Stefan , Riedel Christiane , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus
Published: September 2021

Lyssaviruses are neurotropic rhabdoviruses thought to be restricted to mammalian hosts, and to originate from bats. The identification of lyssavirus sequences from amphibians and reptiles by metatranscriptomics thus comes as a surprise and challenges the mammalian origin of lyssaviruses. The novel sequences of the proposed American tree frog lyssavirus (ATFLV) and anole lizard lyssavirus (ALLV) reveal substantial phylogenetic distances from each other and from bat lyssaviruses, with ATFLV being the most distant. As virus isolation has not been successful yet, we have here studied the functionality of the authentic ATFLV- and ALLV-encoded glycoproteins in the context of rabies virus pseudotype particles. Cryogenic electron microscopy uncovered the incorporation of the plasmid-encoded G proteins in viral envelopes. Infection experiments revealed the infectivity of ATFLV and ALLV G-coated RABV pp for a broad spectrum of cell lines from humans, bats, and reptiles, demonstrating membrane fusion activities. As presumed, ATFLV and ALLV G RABV pp escaped neutralization by human rabies immune sera. The present findings support the existence of contagious lyssaviruses in poikilothermic animals, and reveal a broad cell tropism in vitro, similar to that of the rabies virus.
Endocytic Motif on a Biotin-Tagged HIV-1 Env Modulates the Co-Transfer of Env and Gag during Cell-to-Cell Transmission
Authors: Barría María Inés , Alvarez Raymond A. , Law Kenneth , Wolfson Deanna L. , Huser Thomas , Chen Benjamin K.
Published: September 2021

During HIV-1 transmission through T cell virological synapses, the recruitment of the envelope (Env) glycoprotein to the site of cell–cell contact is important for adhesion and for packaging onto nascent virus particles which assemble at the site. Live imaging studies in CD4 T cells have captured the rapid recruitment of the viral structural protein Gag to VSs. We explored the role of endocytic trafficking of Env initiated by a membrane proximal tyrosine motif during HIV transfer into target cells and examined the factors that allow Gag and Env to be transferred together across the synapse. To facilitate tracking of Env in live cells, we adapted an Env tagging method and introduced a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) into the V4 loop of Env gp120, enabling sensitive fluorescent tracking of V4-biotinylated Env. The BAP-tagged and biotinylated HIVs were replication-competent in cell-free and cell-to-cell infection assays. Live cell fluorescent imaging experiments showed rapid internalized cell surface Env on infected cells. Cell–cell transfer experiments conducted with the Env endocytosis mutant (Y712A) showed increased transfer of Env. Paradoxically, this increase in Env transfer was associated with significantly reduced Gag transfer into target cells, when compared to viral transfer associated with WT Env. This Y712A Env mutant also exhibited an altered Gag/biotin Env fluorescence ratio during transfer that correlated with decreased productive cell-to-cell infection. These results may suggest that the internalization of Env into recycling pools plays an important role in the coordinated transfer of Gag and Env across the VS, which optimizes productive infection in target cells.
Rapid Extraction and Detection of African Swine Fever Virus DNA Based on Isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay
Authors: Ceruti Arianna , Kobialka Rea Maja , Ssekitoleko Judah , Okuni Julius Boniface , Blome Sandra , Abd El Wahed Ahmed , Truyen Uwe
Published: September 2021

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a deadly disease in pigs and is spread rapidly across borders. Samples collected from suspected cases must be sent to the reference laboratory for diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, we aimed to develop a simple DNA isolation step and real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for rapid detection of ASFV. RPA assay based on the p72 encoding B646L gene of ASFV was established. The assays limit of detection and cross-reactivity were investigated. Diagnostic performance was examined using 73 blood and serum samples. Two extraction approaches were tested: silica-column-based extraction method and simple non-purification DNA isolation (lysis buffer and heating, 70 °C for 20 min). All results were compared with well-established real-time PCR. In a field deployment during a disease outbreak event in Uganda, 20 whole blood samples were tested. The assay’s analytical sensitivity was 3.5 DNA copies of molecular standard per µL as determined by probit analysis on eight independent assay runs. The ASFV RPA assay only detected ASFV genotypes. Compared to real-time PCR, RPA diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%. Using the heating/lysis buffer extraction procedure, ASFV-RPA revealed better tolerance to inhibitors than real-time PCR (97% and 38% positivity rate, respectively). In Uganda, infected animals were identified before the appearance of fever. The ASFV-RPA assay is shown to be as sensitive and specific as real-time PCR. Moreover, the combination of the simple extraction protocol allows its use at the point of need to improve control measures.
Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Elicits Cellular Immunity against a Current Feline Calicivirus Field Strain in an Experimental Feline Challenge Study
Authors: Spiri Andrea M. , Novacco Marilisa , Meli Marina L. , Stirn Martina , Riond Barbara , Fogle Jonathan E. , Boretti Felicitas S. , Herbert Imogen , Hosie Margaret J. , Hofmann-Lehmann Regina
Published: September 2021

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus associated with oral ulcerations and virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. The high genetic diversity of FCV poses a challenge in vaccine design. Protection against FCV has been related to humoral and cellular immunity; the latter has not been studied in detail. This study investigates the cellular and humoral immune response of specified pathogen-free (SPF) cats after modified-live FCV F9 vaccinations and two heterologous FCV challenges by the analysis of lymphocyte subsets, cytokine mRNA transcription levels, interferon (IFN)-γ release assays in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), anti-FCV antibodies, and neutralisation activity. Vaccinated cats developed a Th1 cytokine response after vaccination. Vaccination resulted in antibodies with neutralising activity against the vaccine but not the challenge viruses. Remarkably, IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs were detected in vaccinated cats upon stimulation with the vaccine strain and the first heterologous FCV challenge strain. After the first experimental infection, the mRNA transcription levels of perforin, granzyme B, INF-γ, and antiviral factor MX1 and the number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the first challenge virus were higher in vaccinated cats compared to control cats. The first FCV challenge induced crossneutralising antibodies in all cats against the second challenge virus. Before the second challenge, vaccinated cats had a higher number of IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs when stimulated with the second challenge virus than control cats. After the second FCV challenge, there were less significant differences detected between the groups regarding lymphocyte subsets and cytokine mRNA transcription levels. In conclusion, modified-live FCV vaccination induced cellular but not humoral crossimmunity in SPF cats; innate immune mechanisms, secretory and membranolytic pathways, and IFN-γ-releasing PBMCs seem to be important in the host immune defence against FCV.
Use of Autologous Leucocyte- and Platelet-Rich Plasma (L-PRP) in the Treatment of Aural Hematoma in Dogs
Authors: Perego Roberta , Spada Eva , Moneta Elena , Baggiani Luciana , Proverbio Daniela
Published: September 2021

Leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) can accelerate the healing process by providing increased concentrations of platelet-derived growth factors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of L-PRP in the treatment of canine aural hematomas associated with otitis externa. Twenty mL of citrated whole blood was collected from each of the 17 dogs included and autologous L-PRP was produced. The aural hematoma was drained and 0.5–1 mL of L-PRP was injected. The dogs were examined weekly until 7 days after complete clinical healing. A final clinical follow-up was performed 6 weeks after the first treatment with L-PRP. If there was recurrence of the aural hematoma at the first follow-up, the treatment was repeated. In total, 2/17 cases were lost after the first follow-up. In 5/17 dogs, a short-term recurrence occurred. In 12/15 cases, complete clinical resolution was achieved with a single L-PRP application (Group A1) and in 3/15 with two treatments (Group A2). The mean time to complete clinical resolution was 16 ± 8.7 days (A1) and 23.3 ± 4 days (A2), respectively. No side effects were reported. The in situ administration of autologous L-PRP resulted in a complete resolution of the aural hematoma in all dogs that completed the clinical trial.
Feline Leishmaniosis: An Emerging Public Health Problem
Authors: Ahuir-Baraja Ana Elena , Ruiz María Pilar , Garijo María Magdalena , Llobat Lola
Published: September 2021

Leishmaniosis is the third most important vector-borne disease in humans, preceded by malaria and lymphatic filariasis, and it is considered endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, where higher temperatures favor development of its vector, sandflies. This zoonotic disease is caused by infection of protozoa Leishmania spp. and the most serious mucocutaneous and visceral form is produced by Leishmania infantum, which predominates in the Mediterranean region. The usual hosts for this parasite are dogs and humans, but an increment in cases of L. infantum infection has been observed in cats in the last years. This increase could be due to the use of sandflies repellents in dogs, obligating the parasite to looking for other hosts. The role of cats in the epidemiology of this disease is unknown, although increase of prevalence of feline leishmaniosis has been observed in endemic areas in the last years. Diagnostic techniques and treatments in cats are not standardized, which makes it difficult to establish prevalence and epidemiology of feline leishmaniosis. Furthermore, the clinical signs and immune response against Leishmania in cats are different to those in dogs, with an observed increment of drug resistance. It is necessary to increase our knowledge about L. infantum infection in cats, including clinical signs, transmission, treatments, and the role of cats in the increasing of zoonoses. Finally, new alternative treatments are required for controlling the spread of this disease in all species of mammals.
Droplet Evaporation in a Gas-Droplet Mist Dilute Turbulent Flow behind a Backward-Facing Step
Authors: Pakhomov Maksim A. , Terekhov Viktor I.
Published: September 2021

The mean and fluctuation flow patterns and heat transfer in a turbulent droplet-laden dilute flow behind a two-dimensional single-side backward-facing step are numerically studied. Numerical simulations are performed for water droplets, with the inlet droplet diameters d1 = 1–100 μm; they have a mass fraction of ML1 = 0–0.1. There is almost no influence of a small number of droplets on the mean gas flow and coefficient of wall friction. A substantial heat transfer augmentation in a droplet-laden mist-separated flow is shown. Heat transfer increases both in the recirculating flow and flow relaxation zones for fine, dispersed droplets, and the largest droplets augment heat transfer after the reattachment point. The largest heat transfer enhancement in a droplet-laden flow is obtained for small particles.
Response of Merlot Grapevine to Drought Is Associated to Adjustments of Growth and Nonstructural Carbohydrates Allocation in above and Underground Organs
Authors: Vuerich Marco , Braidotti Riccardo , Sivilotti Paolo , Alberti Giorgio , Casolo Valentino , Braidot Enrico , Boscutti Francesco , Calderan Alberto , Petrussa Elisa
Published: September 2021

Studying changes in partitioning of dry matter and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) content in both aboveground and underground perennial tissues in drought-affected grapevines could provide insights into plant response and carbon allocation strategies during stress periods. The analysis of soluble NSC and starch content in leaf petioles, due to their role in hydraulic segmentation, should also be considered. In the present research, these aspects have been investigated in Merlot grapevines grown in pots and subjected to progressive and increasing soil dehydration, and in well-irrigated vines. Drought conditions caused drastic reduction of shoot elongation and total plant leaf area development in favor of a greater biomass allocation and partitioning towards roots, where most of the NSC reserves were also conserved. Dry matter content of the perennial organs increased in stressed vines due to growth reduction, allocation of carbon reserves and possible anatomical modifications. Vines subjected to drought showed a higher NSC content in petioles, supporting the hypothesis that they are involved as compatible solutes in osmotic adjustments.
Bragg Scattering of Surface Gravity Waves Due to Multiple Bottom Undulations and a Semi-Infinite Floating Flexible Structure
Authors: Kar Prakash , Koley Santanu , Trivedi Kshma , Sahoo Trilochan
Published: September 2021

Surface gravity wave interaction with a semi-infinite floating elastic plate in the presence of multiple undulations has been studied under the assumption of linearized water wave theory and small amplitude structural response. The elastic plate is modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, whilst the multiple undulations are categorized as an array of submerged trenches or breakwaters. The numerical solution obtained in finite water depth using the boundary element method is validated with the semi-analytic solution obtained under shallow water approximation. Bragg resonance occurs due to the scattering of surface waves by an array of trenches or breakwaters irrespective of the presence of the floating semi-infinite plate. The zero-minima in wave reflection occur when the width of the trench and breakwater is an integer multiple of 0.6 and 0.35 times wavelength, respectively, as the number of trenches or breakwaters increases. In contrast to trenches and breakwaters in isolation, non-zero minima in wave reflection occur in the presence of a semi-infinite plate. Moreover, the number of complete cycles in trenches is less than the number of complete cycles in breakwaters, irrespective of the presence of the floating structure. The frequency of occurrence of zero minimum in wave reflection is reduced in the presence of the semi-infinite plate, and wave reflection increases with an increase in rigidity of the floating plate. Time-dependent simulation of free surface displacement and plate deflection due to multiple undulations of seabed in the presence of the semi-infinite floating plate is demonstrated in different cases.
Towards a Cross-Sectoral View of Nature-Based Solutions for Enabling Circular Cities
Authors: Langergraber Guenter , Castellar Joana A. C. , Andersen Theis Raaschou , Andreucci Maria-Beatrice , Baganz Gösta F. M. , Buttiglieri Gianluigi , Canet-Martí Alba , Carvalho Pedro N. , Finger David C. , Griessler Bulc Tjaša , Junge Ranka , Megyesi Boldizsár , Milošević Dragan , Oral Hasan Volkan , Pearlmutter David , Pineda-Martos Rocío , Pucher Bernhard , van Hullebusch Eric D. , Atanasova Nataša
Published: September 2021

A framework developed by the COST Action Circular City (an EU-funded network of 500+ scientists from 40+ countries; COST = Cooperation in Science and Technology) for addressing Urban Circularity Challenges (UCCs) with nature-based solutions (NBSs) was analyzed by various urban sectors which refer to different fields of activities for circular management of resources in cities (i.e., reducing use of resources and production of waste). The urban sectors comprise the built environment, urban water management, resource recovery, and urban farming. We present main findings from sector analyses, discuss different sector perspectives, and show ways to overcome these differences. The results reveal the potential of NBSs to address multiple sectors, as well as multiple UCCs. While water has been identified as a key element when using NBSs in the urban environment, most NBSs are interconnected and also present secondary benefits for other resources. Using representative examples, we discuss how a holistic and systemic approach could facilitate the circular use of resources in cities. Currently, there is often a disciplinary focus on one resource when applying NBSs. The full potential of NBSs to address multifunctionality is, thus, usually not fully accounted for. On the basis of our results, we conclude that experts from various disciplines can engage in a cross-sectoral exchange and identify the full potential of NBSs to recover resources in circular cities and provide secondary benefits to improve the livelihood for locals. This is an important first step toward the full multifunctionality potential enabling of NBSs.
Forecasting of Debris Flow Using Machine Learning-Based Adjusted Rainfall Information and RAMMS Model
Authors: Oh Cheong-Hyeon , Choo Kyung-Su , Go Chul-Min , Choi Jung-Ryel , Kim Byung-Sik
Published: September 2021

In recent years, climate change and extreme weather conditions have caused natural disasters of various sizes and forms across the world. The increase in the resulting flood damage and secondary damage has also inflicted massive social and economic harm. Korea is no exception, where debris flows created by typhoons and localized heavy rainfalls have caused human injuries and property damage in the Wumyeonsan Mountain in Seoul, Majeoksan Mountain in Chuncheon, Sinnam in Samcheok, Gokseong in Jeollanam-do, and Anseong in Gyeonggi-do. Disaster damage needs to be minimized by preparing for typhoons and heavy rainfalls that cause debris flow. To that end, we need accurate prediction of rainfall and flooding through simulations based on debris flow models. Most of the previous literature analyzed debris flows using rainfall events in the past before debris flow occurrence, rather than analyzing and predicting based on rainfall predictions. The main body of this study assesses the applicability of hydrological quantitative precipitation forecast (HQPF) generated through a machine learning method named the Random Forest (RF) method to debris flow analysis models. To that end, this study uses scatter plots to compare and analyze the precipitation observation data collected from the areas hit by debris flows in the past, and the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) and HQPF data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Based on the verified HQPF data, runoff was calculated using the spatial runoff assessment tool (S-RAT) model, and the soil amount was calculated to simulate the debris flow damage with a two-dimensional rapid mass movements (RAMMS) model. The debris flow simulation based on the said data indicated varying degrees of flow depth, impact force, speed, and damage area depending on the precipitation. The correction of the HQPF was verified by measuring and comparing the spatial location accuracy by analyzing the Lee Sallee shape index (LSSI) of the damage areas. The findings confirm the correction of the HQPF based on machine learning and indicate its applicability to debris flow models.
Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism
Authors: Martínez Moya Sergio , Boluda Botella Nuria
Published: September 2021

Carbonate scale is one of the main problems in hot water systems, and therefore, interest in this subject has grown since 2000s. Water treatments, based on magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques to prevent scale, are being commercialized, but their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated because it depends on temperature, pressure, dissolved CO2, pH, field intensity, water flow, etc. In this paper, a review of these techniques, together with other classical techniques, such as chemical softening, the use of inhibitors, ion exchange, electrochemical and membrane treatments is presented. The latter alter the composition of the water and generate hazardous waste for health and the environment, unlike magnetic and EM treatments, which are considered non-invasive techniques. Different hypotheses are used to explain the effect of these treatments, such as the formation of aragonite instead of calcite or crystal nuclei formation within the fluid. Analysis of salts formed with SEM, X-ray diffraction, or colorimetric tests seem to support the efficiency of these treatments since study in the fluid is not easy. Dissolution of the formed scale or its prevention endorse the commercialization of these techniques, but their effectiveness must be verified in each installation.
Degradation of Tryptophan by UV Irradiation: Influencing Parameters and Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Kejia , Fei Weicheng , Ji Jingxuan , Yang Yulong
Published: September 2021

The chlorination of dissolved amino acids can generate disinfection by-products (DBPs). To prevent the formation of DBPs, we examined the UV-induced degradation of tryptophan (Trp). In order to further understand the impact of UV disinfection on Trp, the effects of initial concentrations of Trp, pH, temperature, concentrations of NO3−, HCO3− and Cl− on Trp removal were investigated, and a degradation mechanism was also proposed. The results demonstrated that degradation fitted a pseudo first-order reaction kinetic model. The degradation of Trp was mainly caused by direct UV degradation. The apparent rate constant kobs decreased with the increase in initial Trp concentration and increased with increases in pH and temperature. The thermal degradation activation energy was 19.65 kJ/mol. Anions in water also had a significant influence on the degradation of Trp. HCO3− and NO3− contributed to the kobs of Trp, but Cl− inhibited the degradation rate. By electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, ·OH was proven to be formed during the degradation of Trp by UV. Based on the intermediate products of C11H15NO3, C10H15N and C9H13N detected by LC-MS-MS, the degradation pathway of Trp was speculated.
Soil Hydrology Process and Rational Use of Soil Water in Desert Regions
Authors: Guo Zhongsheng
Published: September 2021

There is a balanced plant–water relationship in the original vegetation in the desert area. With the increase in the population and social development of the desert area, people need the goods and services of the forest vegetation ecosystem. To meet the growing demand for plant community goods and services, more original vegetation has been changed into non-native vegetation, such as in the Loess Plateau in China. However, with the plant growth, sometime soil drying happens and becomes gradually serious with time in most desert regions. Serious drying of soil eventually results in soil quality degradation, vegetation decline, and crop failure, which influence the produce and supply of forest vegetation goods and services in the market in dry years or waste of soil water resources in wet years, which wastes precious natural resources. In order to use soil water rationally, soil water must be used in a sustainable way and the plant–water relationship has to be regulated for the Soil Water carrying capacity for vegetation in the key period of plant–water relationship regulation to carry out a sustainable use of natural resources, high-quality sustainable development of forest and grass, and high-quality production of fruit and crops in desert regions.
Local Meteoric Water Lines in a Semi-Arid Setting of Northwest China Using Multiple Methods
Authors: Chen Fenli , Wang Shengjie , Wu Xixi , Zhang Mingjun , Argiriou Athanassios A. , Zhou Xin , Chen Jufan
Published: September 2021

The local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) reflect water sources and the degree of sub-cloud evaporation at a specific location. Lanzhou is a semi-arid city located at the margin of the Asian monsoon, and the isotope composition in precipitation around this region has aroused attention in hydrological and paleoclimate studies. Based on an observation network of stable isotopes in precipitation in Lanzhou, LMWLs at four stations (Anning, Yuzhong, Gaolan and Yongdeng) are calculated using the event-based/monthly data and six regression methods (i.e., ordinary least squares, reduced major axis, major axis regressions, and their counterparts weighted using precipitation amount). Compared with the global meteoric water line, the slope and intercept of LMWL in Lanzhou are smaller. The slopes and intercepts calculated using different methods are slightly different. Among these methods, precipitation-weighted least squares regression (PWLSR) usually had the minimum average value of root mean sum of squared error (rmSSEav), indicating that the result of the precipitation weighted method is relatively stable. Higher precipitation amount and lower air temperature result in larger slopes and intercepts on an annual scale, which is out of accordance with the summertime.
Geospatial Heterogeneity in Monetary Value of Proximity to Waterfront Ecosystem Services in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Dahal Ram P. , Grala Robert K. , Gordon Jason S. , Munn Ian A. , Petrolia Daniel R.
Published: September 2021

Open spaces, including waterfront areas, are critical to coastal communities and provide many benefits, including recreation opportunities, economic development, ecological benefits, and other ecosystem services. However, it is not clear how values of waterfront ecosystem services vary across geographical areas which prevents development and adoption of site-specific natural resource conservation plans and suitable long-term land management strategies. This study estimated the monetary value of distance to different waterfront types in coastal counties of Mississippi and Alabama (U.S.) using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) approach as an extension to a traditional hedonic pricing method (HPM). In addition, the study utilized publicly available data from the U.S. Census Bureau instead of certified rolls of county property assessors and Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data which can be costly and difficult to obtain. Residents valued most waterfront types which was reflected in greater assessed prices for houses in proximity to these waterfronts. However, the value of ecosystem services associated with waterfronts differed geospatially. The marginal implicit prices ranged from −$6343 to $6773 per km depending on a waterfront type. These estimates will be useful to city developers, land-use planners, and other stakeholders to make more informed and balanced decisions related to natural resource preservation associated with coastal areas, land-use planning, and zoning. In addition, information from this study can be used in developing healthy living environments where local economy can benefit from increased property tax revenues associated with waterfronts and their ecosystem services.