bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
129 EFFECT OF CHILLING ON RESPIRATION AND INDUCTION OF CYANIDE-RESISTANT RESPIRATION IN CUCUMBER AND PEA ROOTS
Authors: Reyes Eleazar , Jennings Paul H.
Published: February 2019

The effect of chilling stress on respiration and induction of the cyanide-resistant pathway was investigated using roots of cucumber and pea grown at 26°C and 23°C and exposed to 2°C,. 10°C or 15°C for either 24 or 96h. Oxygen uptake of 2°C treated cucumber roots decreased between 24 and 96 h of chilling and then dramatically increased between 96 and 192h. The cyanide-resistant pathway did not change in cucumber roots at 10°C or 15°C for 24h or 96h, nor after a 24h recovery period at 26°C. At 2°C, cyanide resistant O2 uptake increased during the 24h recovery period following a 24h chilling but not after 96h chilling. Cyanide resistant oxygen uptake in pea roots was unaffected by 10°C and 15°C for 24h or 96h and a 24h recovery at 23°C. At 2°C, no effect in cyanide resistant O2 uptake was observed by 24h chilling but a significant increase occurred after 96h which returned to pre-stress levels with a 24h recovery at 23°C.
130 SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION BY MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM CHILLING-SENSITIVE PLANT TISSUE
Authors: Purvis A. C. , Shewfelt R. L.
Published: February 2019

An emerging theory contends that chilling injury is due to oxidative damage resulting from the metabolic generation of active oxygen species. Mitochondria were isolated from chilling-sensitive (CS) and from conditioned chilling-resistant (CR) bell pepper fruit and their ability to generate superoxide determined by measuring the formation of adrenochrome from epinephrine. Mitochondria from CS fruit were sensitive to cyanide and produced superoxide when supplied with NADH, succinate, or malate-pyruvate. Mitochondria from CR fruit were insensitive to cyanide and sensitive to SHAM and produced little superoxide when supplied with respiratory substrates. ATP enhanced the production of superoxide and ADP reduced the production. Results suggest that the mitochondria are a major source of superoxide in CS plant tissue and the presence of the alternative pathway reduces the production of superoxide.
132 A PERMEABLE MEMBRANE RESPIROMETER
Authors: Beaudry Randolph M. , Dube Niti
Published: February 2019

The dynamic physiological processes of CO2 production, O2 uptake and ethylene synthesis for ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and banana (M usa sp. cv `Valery') fruit were measured using a novel approach. Fruit were sealed in low density polyethylene pouches of known permeability to O2, CO2 and C2H4. The flux of these gases during the climacteric was closely tracked by their respective partial pressure in the headspace of the pouches. Some limitations in application exist due to modification of the atmosphere (primarily O2) within the pouch, however, the system provides some distinct advantages. These include the absence of gas handling equipment, measurement of O2 uptake despite high background levels of O2, measurement of the respiratory quotient, and measurement of low rates of ethylene production. Compared to low-flow, flow-through respirometers, this type of respirometer has the potential to permit the accumulation of several-fold higher levels of some gases due to the property of differential gas permeabilities possessed by polymer films.
133 MODIFIED-ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING OF LIGHTLY PROCESSED APPLE FRUIT: PACKAGE OXYGEN PERMEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Lakakul Ruomwadee , Beaudry Randolph M. , Hernandez Ruben J.
Published: February 2019

Reduced O2 and elevated CO2 atmospheres have the potential to control browning, decay and texture changes in sliced apples. Modified-atmosphere packaging (MAP) was used as a tool for obtaining respiratory data needed to calculate permeability characteristics of packaging films that will obtain and maintain target gas levels in the package headspace at 0, 5, 10 and 15C. Respiratory data collected for sliced apple fruit include the K1/2 (the O2 level at the half-maximal respiratory rate), RRO2max (the maximal respiratory rate) and the Lower O2 limit for aerobic respiration. The K1/2 and RRO2max appeared to increase exponentially with temperature. The lower O2 limit was approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.35 kPa at 0, 5, 10 and 15C, respectively. Permeability characteristics needed for various storage strategies were calculated based on these data.
134 A NOVEL TECHNIQUE TO MODULATE OXYGEN DIFFUSION IN BANANA FLESH
Authors: Perez Rufino , Beaudry Randolph M.
Published: February 2019

Oxygen diffusive resistance of preclimacteric banana flesh is considered to be much lower than skin resistance such that negligible internal gradients in O2 are expected. Therefore, blocking O2 influx and CO2 efflux of banana by sealing 100% of the pores over fractions of one 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 7/8 of the surface, should generate an internal modified atmosphere similar to that achieved by using fruit coatings which cover 100% of banana surface but block only a fraction of the pores. Using gas trapping vials to determine internal O2 and CO2 levels, we followed O2 and CO2 behavior along the length of the fruit. Gradients for O2 and CO2 were found indicating sufficient flesh resistance exists to prevent consideration of internal resistances as negligible. Internal gas gradients were linked to ripening in that firmness and greenness were higher at the coated end. These results imply that banana flesh can not be treated according to the hollow sphere models previously suggested.
138 LIPID CHANGES IN TOMATO FRUIT MICROSOMAL MEMBRANES DURING RIPENING
Authors: Whitaker Bruce D.
Published: February 2019

A previous study of lipids from pericarp tissue of tomato fruit ranging from mature-green to red-ripe showed a large increase in total sterols accompanied by dramatic changes in sterol composition and conjugation with ripening. This study was conducted to determine whether similar changes occur in microsomal membranes derived from tomato fruit pericarp. Acylated steryl glycoside (ASG), the predominant steryl lipid, declined during ripening, with increases in steryl glycoside (SG) and free sterol (FS). Only minor changes in fatty acid composition were associated with the drop in ASG. The stigmasterol:sitosterol ratio increased throughout ripening, but much more in Fs than in SG or ASG. The ratio of FS to phospholipid (PL) increased with ripening. However, FS was never greater than 10 percent of the total membrane sterol (TMS), and TMS:PL actually declined over the middle stages of ripening. It is not known why tomato tissues maintain such high levels of ASG and SG, but sterol conjugation is thought to regulate the physical properties of cell membranes.
139 STABILITY OF MICROSOMAL AND MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES AGAINST PEROXIDATIVE ATTACK
Authors: del Rosario Brenda A. , Shewfelt Robert L. , Purvis Albert C.
Published: February 2019

Evidence is accumulating that mitochondria possess defense mechanisms which effectively protect component membranes from the attack by active oxygen species which are produced continuously within the organelle. This study compared the stability of microsomal (from bell pepper fruit pericarp and cauliflower florets) and mitochondrial (from bell pepper fruit pericarp) membranes against peroxidative challenge systems (cumene hydroperoxide and iron-ascorbate). Protein concentration, (i-tocopherol levels, and total lipids were observed to decrease for both membranes when challenged. The onset of peroxidation was observed to be earlier and at higher levels in microsomes than in mitochondria. These results demonstrate the increased stability of mitochondrial membrane fractions to peroxidative challenge and suggest that the level of antioxidants and not fatty acid composition is the critical factor in resistance to oxidative stress in plant mitochondria.
141 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH TO ASSESS `GALA' APPLE QUALITY.
Authors: Plotto A. , Azarenko A. N. , McDaniel M. R. , Mattheis J.P.
Published: February 2019

`Gala' apples were harvested at weekly intervals for 6 weeks, refrigerated at 0C, and evaluated by a consumer panel monthly over a 6 month period for overall liking, firmness, sweetness, tartness and flavor intensities. Firmness, titratable acidity and soluble solids concentration were also measured. Initial analysis of sensory data revealed multicollinearity for overall liking, sweetness, and flavor. The five descriptors explained 75 % of the dataset variation in the first two factors. An orthogonal rotation separated overall liking, flavor and sweetness, and firmness and tartness into two independent factors. The distribution of mean scores along these independent factors showed that panelists could perceive changes due to ripening and maturation. The multivariate factor analysis was better than univariate ANOVA at illustrating how apple maturity stages were apparent to untrained panelists. Firmness was the only instrumental variable correlated to firmness ratings in the sensory tests. None of the analytical measurements could explain overall liking.
143 COLOR AND QUALITY OF `DELICIOUS' APPLES BY DELAYED HARVEST DATE AND CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE STORAGE
Authors: Drake S.R. , Eisele Tom
Published: February 2019

Red color of 2 strains (`Bisbee' and `Red Chief) of `Delicious' apples was increased (25%) by a 10 day delay beyond recommended harvest date. Color of `Oregon Spur' did not change during this 10 day period. Soluble solids content and size were also increased, but firmness decreased by 12%. In 2 of 3 years, firmness at harvest was 73 N or greater in all strains and these fruit lost little firmness during 9 months of CA. Poor firmness (<63 N) at harvest resulted in fruit with unacceptable firmness (53 N) after storage regardless of harvest time or strain. Loss in fruit quality was evident after a 5 day delay in atmosphere establishment with no further loss after a 10 day delay. `Oregon Spur' had the best color regardless of harvest, followed by `Bisbee' and `Red Chief. All strains (`Oregon Spur', `Bisbee' and `Red Chief) had good quality after long term CA. Sensory panelists could not distinguish flavor differences between strains, harvest dates or delay in storage establishment.
145 IS DIPHENYLAMINE A NATURAL PRODUCT IN APPLES?
Authors: Bramlage William J. , Ju Zhiguo , Potter Thomas L.
Published: February 2019

Diphenylamine (DPA) is applied postharvest to apples and pears to control scald development after storage. Using GC - MS analyses of hexane extracts of fruit surfaces, about 0.1 ug/g of DPA was measured on apples after 7 months of storage, even though no fruit in the storage were treated with DPA. Residues also were present on walls in the storage rooms. There is a report that DPA can be produced in plants. Therefore, fruit of 5 cvs. were harvested in mid-August and at commercial maturity and immediately extracted for measurement. A signal similar to that of DPA was detected in all extracts, but concentrations were too low for positive identification. Results show that presence of DPA residue on stored fruit is not proof that DPA was applied before storage. Extracts from freshly harvested fruit are being concentrated to try to ascertain the identity of the indicated material(s).
146 STORABILITY OF APPLES DAMAGED BY TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH
Authors: Barden C. L. , Greene G. M. , Hull L. A.
Published: February 2019

In the 1992-93 experiments tufted apple bud moth (TABM) damage generally had little effect on at-harvest maturity/quality indices of `Golden Delicious', `Delicious' or `York Imperial' apples. However, at harvest starch scores of `Golden Delicious' and the soluble solids (SS) of `York Imperial' were higher in fruit with TABM damage. Following storage however, there were little or no effects of TABM damage on firmness or SS in any of the 3 cultivars. Percent decay was 0 and 18% in `Golden Delicious' and 2 and 6% in `Delicious' for control fruit and those with the most TABM damage (> 10 mm aggregate diameter), respectively. These were significant linear relationships - R2 = 0.41 and 0.12 for `Golden Delicious' and `Delicious', respectively. Weight loss increased by 2-3 fold in the apples in the highest damage category. These results show that the post-storage quality of apples with slight TABM damage did not differ from that of undamaged fruit. Good CA atmospheres for storage of undamaged fruit were also good for storage of damaged fruit. Additional studies done in 1993-94 included experiments attempting to mimic TABM damage artificially on fruit while still on the trees. Apples with natural TABM damage were inoculated with P. expansum before storage to insure decay potential.
152 GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CUCUMBER QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN THE PARENTS AND THEIR F1 DIALLEL ANALYSIS
Authors: El-Hak Seif H. Gad , Mahmoud Saved. H. , Abobakr Mohamed A.. , Alv Ragab M.
Published: February 2019

Five lines of cucumber and their 10 F1 diallel crosses were statistically and graphically analyzed to evaluate their performance for eight quantitative traits. Additive and non-additive gene effects were involved in the inheritance of all traits. The variances due ro GCA and SCA effects were highly significant for all traits, but the GCA effect was much greater than SCA except In the case of plant height. The cucumber “TMG-1” and “Yomaki” genotypes were superior for GCA as well as SCA for early and total yields per plant, respectively. Therefore, they can be involved in hybrid programs improvement for cucumber yield under similar conditions.
157 SUITABILITY OF A SHREDDED NEWSPAPER, KITCHEN WASTE COMPOST AS A ROOT SUBSTRATE FOR TOMATO SEEDLINGS
Authors: Bearce Bradford C. , Diener R.G. , Collins A.R. , Bissonette G.
Published: February 2019

A small, continuous flow compost reactor was employed to produce a compost from a shredded newspaper/kitchen waste mixture. Transit time through the reactor was 4 weeks and the compost was then stockpiled for 5, 7, 8 or 9 weeks prior to evaluation. Cress seed germination was not reduced in graded aqueous compost extracts, however, seedling radicle length was significantly reduced in the nondiluted extract.. Elemental analysis of the compost showed PO4 ond K to be about 20 and 2 times recommended levels and No 5 times the maximum level at 577 mg. liter-1. Electrical conductivity of the compost was 5 dS.m-1 and pH range was 6.2-7.3. Composts were leached with water to E.C.'s of 1-1.5 dS.m-1 before planting tomato seedlings. Dry weights of tomato seedlings grown 5 weeks in the composts were equal to those in a peat vermiculite control, except that dry weights of seedlings in the compost stockpiled for 5 weeks were less than those of control plants. Some residual inhibition of growth may hove remained in the compost for at least 5 weeks after the production dote but by the 7th week, no growth inhibition was apparent.
162 GROWTH AND FLOWERING RESPONSES OF `DARK RED HEGG' POINSETTIAS IN COAL ASH-AMENDED ROOT MEDIA TO 3 NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS IN A CLOSED-LOOP NUTRICULTURE SYSTEM
Authors: Engstrom Kristen B. , Myers Susan G. , Bearce Bradford C.
Published: February 2019

Rooted cuttings of `Dark Red Hegg' poinsettia were potted in root media containing 0, 50, or 100 percent by volume of coal bottom ash in peat::vermiculite (50:50, v/v), one cutting per 1 liter pot. The plants were placed in a closed loop nutriculture system and irrigated with 200 mg N.liter-1 of (N-P-K) 20-8.8-17.8. 15-2.2-22.25. or 20-4.8-21.6 (commercial Hydrosol + Ca(NO3)2). each with soluble trace elements. Fertilizer solutions were maintained at pH=6.0-6.5 and E.C.=1.6-2.5 dS.m-1. Media pH and E.C. tended to increase with amount of ash in the media. The 20-8.8-17.8 fertilizer reduced pH values 0.6-0.8 in all media. Plants were of equal height in all media. Average bract cluster diameters of plants in 100 percent coal ash were reduced compared to those in 0 and 50 percent coal ash by the 15-2.2-22.25 fertilizer. but not by the other two fertilizers. Plant top dry weights in 100 percent ash were reduced below those in 0 and 50 percent ash by the 20-8.8-17.8 and the 15-2.2-22.25 fertilizers.
163 THE EFFECTS OF HYDROPHILIC GELS ON PETUNIA GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN A COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE
Authors: Panter Karen L.
Published: February 2019

A study was undertaken between June 30 and September 15, 1993 to determine the effects of five different hydrophilic gels on petunia `Supercascade Red' dry weights, stem lengths, and bud counts. Data were compiled on growing medium and plant tissue analyses as well as days between waterings of gel-amended versus control media. A completely randomized design was utilized with six treatments (five gels and control), 15 pots per treatment, five plants per ten-inch banging basket. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences either within or among treatments for stem lengths or bud counts, or among treatments for plant dry weights. Two cases of significant differences among pots within treatments did occur. Plant tissue analyses run before and after the study showed consistent increases in N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and B; decreases in Fe, Cu, and Na; and mixed changes in K and Mn over the 11-week study. Growing medium analyses run before and after the study showed consistent increases in Fe; decreases in EC, % organic matter, NH4-N, K, Mg, SO4 S, Mn, and Cu; and mixed changes in pH, NO3-N, P, Ca, and Zn. There were no significant differences in either the number of waterings or the days between waterings among the six treatments.
166 NITROGEN UPTAKE BY ROSES IS ENHANCED BY INTERMITTENT N DEPRIVATION.
Authors: Cabrera Raul I. , Evans Richard Y. , Paul J. L.
Published: February 2019

N deprivation is known to increase the rate of N uptake by graminaceous plants, but such response has not been reported for mature woody plants. A recirculating nutrient solution system was utilized to study the effect of intermittent N-deprivation on N uptake by mature `Royalty' rose plants. Plants received a nutrient solution lacking N for 4, 8 or 16 days, after which one containing N was supplied for 4 days. N-deprivation resulted in a 2-3 fold increase in N uptake rate compared to control plants supplied continuously with N (e.g., 143 vs 62 mg N plant-1 day-t). The magnitude of this deprivation-enhanced N uptake was not affected by either the duration of N-deprivation or the plant developmental stage.

A characteristic diurnal pattern of N uptake was observed in both N-starved and control plants. Uptake oscillated between minimum rates in the morning and maximum rates in the evening, the latter occurring 4-6 hr after the maximum transpiration rates.

The ability to increase the rate of N uptake in roses by depriving them of N for several days may be of practical importance for increasing N fertilizer use efficiency and decreasing N losses to leaching.
167 COMPARISONS OF GREENHOUSE BENCHING / IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR WATER USE, FERTILIZER USE, AND CROP QUALITY WITH POINSETTIAS AND GERANIUMS.
Authors: Alleman Dawn M. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: February 2019

Four experiments were conducted over 2 years focusing on water and fertilizer delivery methods with emphasis on minimal resource use. Poinsettia `Freedom', `Celebrate 2'. `Peppermint Pink', `Angelika White', `Lilo' and `Angelika Marble' and geranium `Kim', `Aurora', Ritz', and `Melody' cuttings were grown in 6 inch pots with peat-lite mix and were harvested at marketable size. Nitrogen efficiency was compared by replicating each irrigation treatment with soluble fertilizer (SF) and controlled release fertilizer (CRF). Crops grown with SF were started at 225ppm N for several weeks, then finished at 125ppm N after monitored EC had dropped below 1000μS. CRF treatments were potted up with 1.6 total grams of N available to the plant and irrigated throughout production with tap water. Irrigation treatments included: drip tube leaching, drip tube, ebb & flow, trough. trough lined with capillary mat, trough lined with plastic-covered capillary mat, flats of capillary mat, flats with plastic-covered capillary mat. Daily irrigation volumes were recorded. Weekly data collection included EC, pH, nitrate nitrogen. and ammonium nitrogen. Harvest data included plant dry weight, and total nutrient analyses of plants and substrate. Water efficiency was significantly improved in recirculating systems and with capillary mat systems. No significance was noticed in dry weight or final nutrient analyses across treatments. Significance existed in water quality throughout crop production.
168 EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND ROW COVER UTILIZATION ON YIELD OF `CHANDLER' IN A HIGH-DENSITY ANNUAL SYSTEM
Authors: Fiola Joseph A. , Probasco Peter , Garrison Stephen
Published: February 2019

An RCB (4 replicates - 4 m plots) planting of `Chandler' was established to test the effects of planting date and floating row covers (FRC) in a high density strawberry planting system under NJ conditions. Transplant “plugs” from runner tips were planted on a double row (0.5 m × 0.3 m) on a raised plastic mulch bed (1.5 m centers), with trickle irrigation. Treatments included: plant 9/18/91 w/FRC on 10/7/92; plant 9/18/91 w/FRC on 12/2/92; plant 9/18/91 w/noFRC; plant 10/7/91 w/noFRC; plant 9/14/92 w/FRC on 10/7/92; plant 9/14/92 w/noFRC. In 1992, `Chandler' yield increased with earlier planting date and earlier FRC application (range: 8,600 to 13,400 kg/ha). There were no significant differences in cull or fruit weight. In 1993, there were no significant differences in 2nd year yield for 1991 treatments (range: 19,198 to 20,531 kg/ha). However, the 1992 treatments again showed the benefit of FRC (range: 13,437 to 20,531 kg/ha) for improved first year production. One year old plots had significantly larger average fruit weight than two year plots (range: 10.3 to 13.7 g). Early planting date with early applied FRC was the best treatment, combining high yield and good fruit weight.
169 NURSERY SOIL FUMIGATION TREATMENT, STOLON PRODUCTION, AND SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF STRAWBERRY PLANTS IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Larson Kirk D.
Published: February 2019

Replant soil fumigation with mixtures of methyl bromide (MeBr) and chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane) is a standard practice for pest and disease control in fruit crop nurseries in California. The proposed phase-out of MeBr by the year 2001 requires that alternative soil sterilants be studied for nursery use. Therefore, on 5 April, 1993, three preplant soil treatments were applied to new strawberry ground: 1) MeBr/chloropicrin (67:33) at 392 kg/ha: 2) chloropicrin, a possible MeBr substitute. at 140 kg/ha: and 3) nonfumigation. The experimental design was a RCB: there were two plots (each 10′ × 15′) for each of two cultivars (`Chandler' and `Selva') for the 3 soil treatments in each of 3 blocks. Mother plants were planted 26 April, and plots were machine-harvested in October, 1993. All plants from each plot were uniformly graded, after which mean stolon yield per mother plant, mean crown diameters, and crown and root dry wts were determined. Cultivar effects and cultivar × treatment interactions were not observed, so data for the two cultivars were pooled. Stolon production per mother plant was greatest for trt 1 (18.56 stolons), intermediate for trt 2 (15.75 stolons), and least form 3 (7.89 stolons). For trt 3, crown dieters. and crown and root dry wts were reduced relative to those of trts 1 or 2. Stolons from all trts were planted in a fruit production field on 13 October, 1993. After two months, canopy diameters were greatest for plants from trt 1 (27.1 cm), intermediate for plants from trt 2 (26.2 cm) and least for plants from trt 3 (24.9 cm). The results indicate that, compared to standard soil fumigation with MeBr/chloropicrin. small, but significant, reductions in runner production and plant vigor can be expected following nursery soil fumigation with intermediate rates of chloropicrin.
171 GROUNDCOVER AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION INFLUENCES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RED RASPBERRIES
Authors: Percival David C. , Proctor John T. A. , Sullivan J. Alan
Published: February 2019

A study examining the influence of trickle irrigation (TI), IRT-76 plastic film (PF) and straw mulch (SM) on the establishment of Rubus idaeus L. cv. `Heritage' micro-propagated raspberries was initiated at Cambridge, Ontario in 1993. Environmental, nutritional, vegetative and reproductive data were collected. Soil temperature and soil water status were greatly affected by TI, PF and SM. TI lowered soil NO3-N and increased soil NH4-N and Mg. PF increased soil NO3-N and NH4-N. Foliar N decreased by 10% with TI and increased by 8% with PF. Foliar P and Ca increased by 45 and 6% respectively, with TI. Node number was not influenced by TI, PF or SM. PF however, increased cane height, cane diameter, dry weight and leaf area by 14, 17, 77 and 11% respectively, and TI increased cane diameter by 13%. Although TI increased the number of fruiting laterals by 63%, there was no effect of TI, PF or SM on harvested berry number or weight.
173 CRANBERRY PLANTS COMPENSATE FOR UPRIGHT TIP DESTRUCTION BY CRANBERRY TIPWORM
Authors: DeMoranville Carolyn , Averill Anne
Published: February 2019

Cranberry tipworm (Dasyneura vaccinii Smith) lays its eggs in the upright tips of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) plants. Feeding damage by newly hatched maggots leads to characteristic cupping of leaves in the upright tip. This damage is readily apparent to growers and has led to concern that damaged tips would not form terminal flower buds for the following season. Insecticide sprays and cultural practices intended to control this insect are generally ineffective. While studying the incidence of return bloom in cranberry uprights (Strik, B. C., et al. 1991. HortScience 26:1366-1367) heavy cranberry tipworm injury with little apparent effect on yield was noted. We initiated a three year study to examine the potential for cranberry plants to recover from tipworm injury and found that cranberry plants recover completely (no effect on flower bud production) from tipworm injury as long as the injury occurs before mid-August. Only 25% recovery from late-season infestations was found. However, such infestations seldom affected more than 5% of the upright tips. Based on our data, we calculated a maximum 6% loss of flower buds to cranberry tipworm in a year of high late-season infestations.
175 GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF COFFEE (COFFEA ARABICA L.) BY AGROBACTERIUM SPP.
Authors: Freire A. Virginia , Lightfoot David A. , Preece John E.
Published: February 2019

Efficient genetic transformation could enhance coffee breeding, which is limited by its long generation time and narrow genetic base. Three explant types of three coffee cultivars were inoculated with 14 strains of Agrobacterium spp. Callus and hairy roots were produced with 13 of the 14 strains tested. With A. tumefaciens, nopaline strains were more effective than octopine strains. Cucumopine and mannopine strains of A. rhizogenes were both effective in inducing hairy roots and callus. PCR amplification of a 0.72 Kb fragment of T-DNA encoding a portion of the ipt gene was achieved with DNA from A. tumefaciens strain A208 and with putatively transformed tissue inoculated with A208. No amplification was observed with virB in putatively transformed tissue which indicates it was not contaminated with Agrobacterium. We conclude that coffee can be genetically transformed by some Agrobacterium strains.
176 DYNAMIC INTERACTION OF INSERTED GENE PRODUCTS AND NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPOUNDS IN CRANBERRY.
Authors: Serres Rodney , McCown Brent
Published: February 2019

The gene encoding β-glucuronidase, GUS, has been inserted into cranberry and is expressed in various tissues. Detectable expression of the GUS gene is enhanced up to 15x when the phenol-adsorbing compound, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, is included in the extraction buffer of the fluorometric MUG assay, indicating that an endogenous, probably phenolic, compound is inactivating the foreign enzyme. Extracts from in vitro-grown cranberry leaves reduce the activity of purified β-glucuronidase in fluorometric assays. This is in contrast to extracts from other plants which have no affect on the enzyme. Detectable expression of the GUS gene for an individual transclone varies with the age of the tissue and the environment in which the plant is grown. The BT gene, which encodes for the Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin, was also inserted into cranberry with the purpose of incorporating lepidopteran insect resistance. Bioassays using an important insect pest on cranberry show generally inconsistent feeding patterns on transgenic plants. These results may be due to the interaction of the endogenous compounds and the B.t. δ-endotoxin.
182 COLOR MACHINE VISION ANALYSIS OF IRREGULARLY PIGMENTED CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES
Authors: Smith M. A. L. , Reid J. , Hansen A. , Li Z. , Madhavi D. L.
Published: February 2019

Industrial-scale cultivation of plant cells for valuable product recovery (e.g. natural pigments, pharmaceutical compounds) can only be considered commercially-feasible when a fully-automated, predictable bioprocess is achieved. Automation of cell selection, quantification, and sorting procedures, and pinpointing of optimal microenvironmental regimes can be approached via machine vision. Macroscopic staging of Ajuga reptans callus masses (ranging between 2-6 g FW) permitted simultaneous rapid capture of top and side views. Area data used in a linear regression model yielded a reliable, non-destructive estimate of fresh mass. Suspension culture images from the same cell line were microscopically imaged at 4x (with an inverted microscope). Using color machine vision, the HSI (hue-saturation-intensity) coordinates were used to successfully separate pigmented cells and aggregates from non-pigmented cells, aggregates, and background debris. Time-course sampling of a routine suspension culture consistently allowed pigmented cells to be detected, and intensity could be correlated with the degree of pigmentation as verified using spectrophotometer analysis of parallel samples.
183 ENDOTHALL, A BLOSSOM-THINNING AGENT FOR APPLES
Authors: Williams Max W. , Bound Sally A. , Hughes Jack , Tustin Stuart
Published: February 2019

Endothall [7, oxybicyclo (2,2,2) heptane-2-3 dicarboxylic acid] is an aquatic herbicide which has potential for use as a blossom thinning agent for apples. Trials conducted in Washington State, New Zealand and Australia on several apple cultivars indicate Endothall is a safe, consistent blossom thinner. Cultivars treated were `Golden Delicious', `Delicious', and `Gala'. Single and repeat applications were used in the New Zealand tests. With multiple applications of Endothall, no fruit marking occurred on any of the test cultivars. In temperate fruit zones with extended apple bloom periods, multiple applications of a low rate of Endothall may he beneficial for reducing fruit set and biennial hearing.
185 BIOASSAYS TO DETERMINE OF APPLE THINNING RESPONSE FROM APPLICATIONS OF NAA
Authors: Flore J. A. , Ventura M. , Neri D. , Sakin M.
Published: February 2019

Auxin induction of ethylene, and fruit growth rates were investigated as early indicators of NAA thinning response for Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, McIntosh, Empire, and Tydeman's Red over a four period. Abscission at the end of the drop period was correlated with ethylene evolution from leaves 24-48 hours after NAA application and with changes in fruit growth at 2-3 day intervals through 10-14 days after application. Variation in ethylene evolution and fruit growth were also associated with environmental conditions prior to and at the time of NAA application to determine which factors have the greatest influence on response. Ethylene was a better predictor of final fruit drop than changes in fruit size for all varieties tested. However both performed very well. The ethylene bioassay requires more equipment, but the response is more-immediate. Bourse, and spur leaves as well as fruit were capable of producing ethylene in response to NAA application. Thinning response was greatest when all leaves and fruit were treated with NAA, followed by the bourse and spur leaves. Little or no response was produced when the fruit alone were treated. Concentration experiments and radioisotope data indicate that ethylene response is directly related to the amount of NAA absorbed. Regression analysis indicates that approximately 60% of the variation in response can be predicted by ethylene evolution
200 STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION IN THE DESERT OF KUWAIT
Authors: Abdal Mahdi S. , Suleiman Majda K.
Published: February 2019

The climate of Kuwait can be characterized as hot (maximumin excess of 45°C), and dry during the summers (May to October), with high evaporation (16 mm/d). Night-time temperatures also remain relatively high during these summer months. Rainfall over the course of the year is very low, usually being limited to less than 100 mm, which falls primarily during the winter months. Likewise, while the country's sand and dust storms occur primarily during the summer months, there may be occasional flurries at almost any time during the year, causing major additional problems with unprotected production of sensitive food crops, like strawberries. Water is also one of the country's most limiting resources, with all ground-water being highly brackish.

Strawberry production, on a commercial basis is a relatively new development in Kuwait. Pre-war production (under protected and unprotected environments) had increased to over 125 tons, on approximately 5 ha of land, providing about 75% of the then existing demand. Strawberry growers set their plants in November and harvest fruit in May. If production could be maintained on a year round basis, at high quality levels, demand would presumably also be significantly higher. While yields had increased to about 25 tons per hectare, production problems include pests (including aphids), cultural practices and adapted cultivars. Current and planned work will be discussed.
201 ALTERNATIVE WEED CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR STRAWBERRIES IN THE ESTABLISHMENT YEAR
Authors: Herman Charlotte , Hoover Emily
Published: February 2019

The objective of our study was to establish first year strawberry plantings without using herbicides. `Honeyoye' transplants were set into plots measuring 6.1m × 7.32m on 21 May, 1993. Four treatments were established: winter wheat, a dwarf Brassica sp., napropamide (2.24kg/h), and no weed management. After the strawberry plants, cover crops (and some weeds) were fairly well established, (18 June) 6 week-old African “weeder” geese were put into half of each plot to graze. Weekly data was taken on the percentage of soil area covered with plant material, height and stage of development of plants, and weeds present. A weed transect was done in 6 July. Plant material was collected from each plot on 26 July and 16 Sept. in a 0.2m2 area, and dried. The most promising cover crop treatment was the dwarf Brassica for early season weed control. However, the herbicide treatment with no geese produced the best strawberry plant growth.
205 THE WASHINGTON STATE CRANBERRY VARIETY `MCFARLIN': YIELD AND COMPONENTS OF YIELD VARIATION
Authors: Vorsa Nicholi , Novy Richard , Patten Kim
Published: February 2019

WA State bogs of the cultivar `McFarlin' exhibit highly variable productivity. Yield and various fruiting characteristics were sampled in 14 WA `McFarlin' bogs, representing two growing areas. Significant differences were found for yield, fruit number/area, percent fruit set, flowers/upright, fruit/upright, fruit weight and seed number/fruit. The variable, flowers/upright, accounted for 69% and 75% of the observed variation for yield and fruit number/area, respectively. A multivariate analysis model accounted for 93% of the variation for yield with 3 variables: flowers/upright (69%), fruit weight (20%), and seed number (4%). Principal component analysis identified three `groups' based on fruiting characteristics. DNA fingerprinting suggests, that variability in yield and fruiting characteristics, has a genetic component.
212 FIELD TESTS OF METHANOL AS A CROP YIELD ENHANCER
Authors: McGiffen Milton E. , Manthey John , Baameur Aziz , Greene Robert L. , Faber Benjamin A. , Downer A. James , Aguiar Jose
Published: February 2019

A 1992 article by Nonomura and Benson (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89:9794-979X) reported increased yield and drought tolerance in a wide range of C3 species following foliar applications of methanol. The article was widely reported in the trade and popular press, which created a huge grower demand for information on the use and efficacy of methanol. To test the validity of the reports, we applied methanol with and without nutrients to a wide range of crops across California following Nonomura and Benson's (1992) protocol. Crops included watermelon, creeping bentgrass, lemons, savoy cabbage, carrots, romaine lettuce, radish, wheat, corn and peas. Environments included the greenhouse and field tests in coastal, inland valley, and desert locations. To test whether methanol improved drought tolerance, the savoy cabbage and watermelon experiments included both reduced and full irrigation. In no case was yield increased or drought tolerance attributable to methanol treatment. In some cases, methanol caused significant injury and decreased yield.
221 MEASURING THE IMPACT OF A COMMUNITY GARDENING PROGRAM
Authors: Hlubik William T. , Hamm Michael W.
Published: February 2019

A comprehensive model for measuring the impact of community gardening on the physical, nutritional, and sociological structures of at-risk, urban communities is desperately needed to ensure the long-term sustainability of such programs.

This presentation will focus on the stepwise formation and implementation of an evaluation tool which was developed to fill this urgent need. The intent of the research approach is to scientifically validate the connection between community gardening and community well-being. In partnership with noted horticultural researchers, urban gardeners, dietitians, and sociologists, we have developed a statistical survey which integrates scientifically proven evaluative methods with new measurement techniques.

Preliminary findings from the first year of survey administration will be shared in order to stimulate further discussion and refinement of this particular model, and to encourage the development and implementation of scientifically-based, evaluative tools for other urban gardening and community development programs.
222 LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES OF ETHNICALLY DIVERSE ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Berge Barbara , Lohr Virginia I.
Published: February 2019

Studies have shown that many people prefer landscapes with vegetation over those devoid of plants. Few studies have looked specifically at adolescents or people of different ethnic heritages. Understanding preferences of such groups could help in designing horticultural education programs for these populations. In this study, high school students were asked to rate their preferences for a series of plant-dominated and urban-dominated slides.

Students generally gave higher ratings to the plant scenes than the urban scenes, indicating that they preferred the plant scenes. Their preferences were similar to what would be predicted from studies with adults. Hispanic students rated urban scenes and formal plant scenes, such as a garden with sculptured shrubs, significantly higher than did Anglo students. Hispanics rated informal scenes, such as a deciduous forest with no ground cover, significantly lower than did Anglo students.
230 MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR EARLY DETERMINATION OF SEX OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS
Authors: Hormaza J.I. , Dollo L. , Polito V.S.
Published: February 2019

The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to develop molecular markers linked to sex expression in Pistacia vera, a dioecious species. Progenies from two female parents (`Lassen' and `Kerman') pollinated by a common male parent (`Peters') were studied. Two bulks of DNA were made in each cross, one from males and one from females. DNA was extracted from each bulked sample as well as from each of the contributing individuals and from 14 additional P. vera cultivars. Twelve hundred decamer oligonucleotide primers were used to perform DNA amplification on the bulk DNA. This analysis led to the identification of one primer (OPO08) that produces a 945 bp. amplification band present only in females and absent in males. The relationship between band presence and female sex expression was conserved in every individual obtained from the two crosses and in 14 cultivars unrelated to the crosses. This band, which we propose is tightly linked to the gene(s) controlling sex determination, provides a reliable marker for sex of pistachio seedlings and should be a useful tool in pistachio breeding.
234 MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR PRESERVING ROOMY RED GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.)
Authors: Wassel Abdel Hameed
Published: February 2019

Spraying Roomy Red grapes with benomyl 15 days before harvesting was effective than the control in decreasing decay percentage during 77 days cold storage(2-3°C). On the other hand, it was of meaningless effect on shattering and bleaching.

Adding sodium bisulfite at a rate of 0.25 and 0.50 gms/skgs fruits just before storage minimized decay and shattering percentage. Simultaneously, no significant influence could be detected concerning its influence on bleaching. Sodium bisulffite reduced losses in grapes, weight as well as total soluble solids and acidity than the control and benomyl treatments. The studied parameters in grapes treated with benomyl and solium bisulfite as a pre and post-harvest treatment did not differ statistically than that of those treated with sodium bisulfite alone.
236 RESPIRATION AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION EFFECTS ON MA PACKAGING OF STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES
Authors: Talasila P. Chowdary , Cameron Arthur C. , Joles Dennis W.
Published: February 2019

Natural variation of product respiration rate and temperature variation during shipping and marketing influence the atmosphere inside MA packages. Respiration rate variation data was collected at 0C and 5.5C for `Allstar' and `Honeoye' strawberries and at 5.5C for `Heritage' raspberries. Coefficient of variation was 8% for raspberries and ranged from 6.5% to 12.5% for strawberries. To determine package-to-package variations, steady-state O2 partial pressures were measured in 100 similarly designed packages and frequency distributions were constructed. For `Honeoye' variety, `O2 partial pressures ranged from 3.5 kPa to 13.7 kPa with a median of 7.5 kPa in one set of packages and from 0.4 to 1.65 kPa with a median of 0.6 kPa in another set of packages with different design. Large variations were also observed for `Allstar' variety and raspberries. The results compared well with package O2 distributions predicted by a mathematical model that was constructed based on respiration rate variation. A modeling approach was used to predict frequency distributions and changes in gas levels in strawberry and raspberry packages for several possible temperature variation situations and for different types of package designs.
237 RETENTION OF RASPBERRY RECEPTACLES DOES NOT IMPROVE QUALITY
Authors: Perkins-Veazie P. , Collins J.K. , Strik B.
Published: February 2019

Harvesting raspberry fruit with an attached receptacle prevents compression of the fruit in storage containers and permits harvesting of immature fruit. This study was done to determine the effects of receptacle retention on fruit quality during storage. `Heritage' raspberry fruit from Oregon and Arkansas were harvested at light red (red ripe) and dark red stages of maturity, and stored at 2C, 95% RH for 7 days. Dark red fruit with receptacles were firmer than those without receptacles, but there were no differences in light red fruit. Ethylene production was higher from raspberries stored with receptacles. Total anthocyanin increased in all fruit after storage and was slightly higher in fruit without receptacles. Soluble solids concentration did not change but titratable acidity decreased during storage for all treatments. When fruit were harvested after several days of rain, decay incidence in fruit held with receptacles increased. Harvesting raspberries with attached receptacles did not increase postharvest fruit quality.
238 EFFECT OF STORAGE INTERVALS ON QUALITY OF KIWIFRUIT (Actinidia chinensis Planch)
Authors: Basiouny Fouad M.
Published: February 2019

Kiwifruits at 3 stages of ripening were stored at 3°C for 4 weeks to study the effect of cold storage on ethylene production and fruit quality. Samples taken weekly were analyzed for firmness, TSS, acidity, tissue chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents. Fruits at early stage of ripening (hard) produced less ethylene than fruits at late ripening stage (soft). Fruit quality attributes vary significantly among the different ripening stages and storage intervals.
244 EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON NET CARBON ASSIMILATION AND PARTITIONING IN WHITE POTATO
Authors: Stutte G.W. , Yorio N.C. , Wheeler R.M.
Published: February 2019

Photoperiod treatments were imposed on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Norland) grown in the Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at Kennedy Space Center under HPS lamps (670 μmol m-2s-1 PPF) at 1200 μmol mol-1 CO2. Stand A decreased with dark cycle length, which correlated with the change in leaf starch concentration during the dark cycle, but not absolute starch concentration. A series of growth chamber experiments were performed to characterize the effect of photoperiod and PPF on CO2 assimilation and starch mobilization in single leaves. Plants grown on a 12/12 photoperiod at either low (300 μmol m-2s-1) or high (600 μmol m-2s-1) PPF were subjected to short-term photoperiod treatments of 8/16, 16/8, and 24/0 and diurnal CO2 assimilation rates, CO2 response curves, and leaf starch content were determined. CO2 compensation point was not affected by either photoperiod or PPF. However, Amax (when normalized for PPF) decreased with increasing photoperiod. Anet correlated with the changes in specific leaf weight and starch content during the dark cycle.
261 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES FOR FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM TO APPLE TREES
Authors: Stiles Warren C.
Published: February 2019

Potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate and potassium acetate were applied as foliar sprays at recommended rates for each material to Empire and McIntosh apple trees in a potassium deficient orchard. Five sprays of each material were applied at approximately one-week intervals beginning in mid-August All sprays were applied by means of a small air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 800 1 ha-1 of a 1.744X tank mix, i.e. equivalent to dilute sprays of 1400 1 ha-1. Total amounts of K applied per ha were 8.6 kg with K-acetate and 28 kg ha-1 with K-nitrate and K-sulfate. Leaf samples were collected from each plot at normal harvest date for each variety and washed prior to drying and analysis. Regression analysis indicated a significant (P=0.05) positive relationship, r = +0.4740, between total amount of K applied and leaf K regardless of the source. Significant positive relationships were found between average fruit weight and percent leaf potassium with both varieties.
264 UPTAKE OF FOLIAR UREA BY PEACH LEAVES
Authors: Johnson R. Scott , Andris Harry , Handley Shanti
Published: February 2019

Foliar urea sprays offer an alternative to soil applied fertilizers which could greatly reduce the potential for nitrate pollution of groundwater, The approach in the past has been to apply relatively small doses of urea in order to minimize leaf phytotoxicity. Our approach is to apply relatively large doses in the fall when leaf phytotoxicity is not a serious concern. Results on peach trees in the field indicated rapid uptake of foliar applied solutions of 4.3 to 8.8% urea (w/w) (2.0 to 4.0% N). About 80-90% of the urea was absorbed by the leaf within 24 hours. Leaf N levels suggest the majority of this urea was translocated from the leaf into the tree within 1 week despite damage to the leaf. There were no negative effects on flowering, fruit set and production in the following year as long as a very low biuret formulation of urea was used.