bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sheep linkage mapping: RFLP markers for comparative mapping studies
Authors: Montgomery G W , Penty J M , Henry H M , Sise J A , Lord E A , Dodds K G , Hill D F
Published: February 2013

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected using cDNA probes for conserved genes provide an important set of markers that anchor or link syntenic groups in a range of divergent mammalian species. DNA probes from sheep, cattle, pig, human and mouse were screened against sheep DNA samples and 24 new RFLP markers for sheep were identified. Among the loci tested, 22 had a homologue that has been mapped in humans. An RFLP for fibronectin (FN1) was linked to α‐inhibin (INHA) at a distance of 5cM. The FN1 locus has been assigned to sheep chromosome 2q41–q44 and linkage between FN1 and INHA assigns INHA to the same chromosome in sheep. In addition to the new loci reported here, 28 RFLPs have been published previously by this group and these are collated together with RFLPs published from other laboratories. RFLPs have been reported for 86 loci in sheep. Fifty‐four loci have been mapped to 16 different chromosomes.
Global Asymptotics for Meixner‐Pollaczek Polynomials with a Varying Parameter
Authors: Wang Jun , Qiu Weiyuan , Wong R.
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we study the uniform asymptotics of the Meixner‐Pollaczek polynomials with varying parameter as , where A > 0 is a constant. Two asymptotic expansions are obtained, which hold uniformly for z in two overlapping regions which together cover the whole complex plane. One involves parabolic cylinder functions, and the other is in terms of elementary functions only. Our approach is based on the steepest descent method for oscillatory Riemann‐Hilbert problems first introduced by Deift and Zhou [1].
NEW FRONTIERS OF IMMIGRATION RESEARCH: CITIES AND FIRMS*
Authors: Ottaviano Gianmarco , Peri Giovanni
Published: February 2013

ABSTRACT The increase in international migration to rich countries during the last two decades has spurred research and policy questions. The economic determinants of national and international migrations and the impact of immigrants on labor markets have been investigated by economists, geographers, and regional scientists for a long time. Recently, however, the availability of new and detailed individual data on migrants across regions and localities in several countries has made it possible to analyze the impact of immigration on a richer set of socio‐economic outcomes. Two avenues of research have emerged as particularly interesting and are the focus of this special issue. First, international migrants are particularly concentrated in urban areas but their impact on some outcomes that are particularly relevant in cities (such as crime and housing markets) are not well understood yet. Second, immigrants not only increase labor supply but also affect firms’ productivity, survival and growth through their impact on localized externalities. These two themes link all the contributions of this special issue and show new directions for future research on the impact of immigration.
Gene expression analysis of protein synthesis pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells purified from milk during lactation and short‐term restricted feeding
Authors: Sigl T. , Meyer H. H. D. , Wiedemann S.
Published: February 2013

The objective of the study was to investigate selected key regulatory pathways of milk protein biosynthesis in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of dairy cows during the first 155 days of lactation. In addition, cows were exposed to feed restriction for a short period (FR) during different stages of lactation (week 4 and 21 pp) to study adjustment processes of molecular protein biosynthesis to metabolic challenge. Morning milk samples from twenty‐four Holstein–Friesian cows were collected throughout the experimental period (n = 10 per animal). MEC from raw milk were purified using an immunomagnetic separation technique and used for real‐time quantitative PCR analyses. As was seen in transcript abundances of all major milk proteins, mRNA levels of E74‐like factor 5 (ELF5), an enhancer of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) action, concomitantly decreased towards mid‐lactation. Expression of ELF5 as well as of all milk protein genes showed a similar increase during FR in early lactation. Occasional changes in expression could be seen in other Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT factors and in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway elements. Amino acid transfer and glucose transporter and the β‐casein expression were also partially affected. In conclusion, our findings suggest a pivotal role of the transcription factor ELF5 in milk protein mRNA expression with complementary JAK/STAT and mTOR signalling for the regulation of protein biosynthesis in the bovine mammary gland.
Liver disease in adult transfusion‐dependent beta‐thalassaemic patients: investigating the role of iron overload and chronic HCV infection
Authors: Kountouras Dimitrios , Tsagarakis Nikolaos J. , Fatourou Evangelia , Dalagiorgos Efthimios , Chrysanthos Nikolaos , Berdoussi Helen , Vgontza Niki , Karagiorga Markissia , Lagiandreou Athanasios , Kaligeros Konstantinos , Voskaridou Ersi , Roussou Paraskevi , Diamanti‐Kandarakis Evanthia , Koskinas John
Published: February 2013

Background

Iron overload and hepatitis‐C virus (HCV) infection, have been implicated in the evolution of liver disease, in patients with transfusion‐dependent beta‐thalassaemia major (BTM). However, the impact of these factors in late stages of liver disease in adults with BTM, has not been extensively studied.

Aims

To investigate serum indices of iron overload, HCV infection and liver disease, in a cohort of 211 adult Greek patients with BTM, in relation with the findings from liver biopsies.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 211 patients with BTM were enrolled and studied, in relation with HCV infection, ferritin, transaminases, chelation treatment and antiviral treatment. Based on 109 patients biopsied, we correlated liver fibrosis, haemosiderosis and inflammation, with serum indices and HCV status

Results

Among all patients, 74.4% were anti‐HCV positive (HCV+). Ferritin was positively correlated with transaminases and negatively correlated with age, while it was not significantly different among HCV+ and HCV− patients. Among the HCV+ patients, 55.4% reported antiviral treatment, while genotype 1 predominated. In a subfraction of 109 patients, in which liver biopsy was performed, 89% were HCV+ and 11% HCV−. Fibrosis was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.046), AST (P = 0.004), ALT (P = 0.044) and inflammation (P < 0.001). Advanced fibrosis was present with even minimal haemosiderosis, independently of ferritin values or HCV history.

Conclusions

These data suggest that in the late stages of liver disease in BTM patients, iron overload may be the critical determinant, since fibrosis is related to the minimal haemosiderosis, independently of HCV history.
Normal enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) values in apparently healthy subjects undergoing a health check‐up and in living liver donors in South Korea
Authors: Yoo Eun Jin , Kim Beom Kyung , Kim Seung Up , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Kim Hyon‐Suk
Published: February 2013

Background

The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) value is a non‐invasive serum marker used for assessing liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. To use the ELF value for the purpose of screening the general population and selecting subpopulations at high risk, it is important to know the normal range of ELF values as a prerequisite.

Aims

We aimed to define the normal range of ELF values by recruiting apparently healthy subjects and investigating factors influencing ELF values in subjects with minimal fibrotic burden.

Methods

ELF values were determined in a cohort of healthy subjects who underwent a health check‐up and in healthy living liver donors who were screened for transplantation. None of subjects suffered from chronic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus infection, systemic autoimmune disease or liver dysfunction.

Results

Among 183 subjects analyzed, the normal ELF 5th through 95th percentile range was 5.95–8.73. Body mass index (P = 0.014) and male gender (P = 0.015) showed significant positive correlations with ELF value, whereas age did not. In multivariate linear regression analysis, platelet count was identified as the only independent factor influencing the ELF value (β=−0.006, P = 0.016). When considering the difference in ELF values between genders, the normal range of men was defined to be 6.72–8.93, this was slightly higher than that of women, 5.69–8.67.

Conclusions

We identified the normal range of ELF values and found that it can be significantly influenced by platelet count even in the healthy population.
Ascorbate Reduces Mouse Platelet Aggregation and Surface P‐Selectin Expression in an Ex Vivo Model of Sepsis
Authors: Secor Dan , Swarbreck Scott , Ellis Christopher G. , Sharpe Michael D. , Tyml Karel
Published: February 2013

Objective

Compromised perfusion of the capillary bed can lead to organ failure and mortality in sepsis. We have reported that intravenous injection of ascorbate inhibits platelet adhesion and plugging in septic capillaries. In this study, we hypothesized that ascorbate reduces aggregation of platelets and their surface expression of P‐selectin (a key adhesion molecule) in mice.

Methods

Platelets were isolated from control mice and subjected to agents known to be released into the bloodstream during sepsis (thrombin, ADP or U46619, thromboxane A2 analog). Platelet aggregation was analyzed by aggregometry and P‐selectin expression by flow cytometry.

Results

Platelet‐activating agents increased aggregation and P‐selectin expression. Ascorbate inhibited these increases. This inhibitory effect was NOS‐independent (LNAME had no effect). In contrast to the platelet‐activating agents, direct stimuli lipopolysaccharide, TNFα, or plasma from septic mice did not increase aggregation/expression, a finding consistent with the literature. The results suggest a complex mechanism of platelet aggregation and P‐selectin expression in sepsis, where generation of platelet‐activating stimuli is required first, before platelet aggregation and adhesion in capillaries occur.

Conclusion

The ability of ascorbate to reduce platelet aggregation and P‐selectin expression could be an important mechanism by which ascorbate inhibits capillary plugging in sepsis.
Fit Happens Globally: A Meta‐Analytic Comparison of the Relationships of Person–Environment Fit Dimensions with Work Attitudes and Performance Across East Asia, Europe, and North America
Authors: Oh In‐Sue , Guay Russell P. , Kim Kwanghyun , Harold Crystal M. , Lee Jong‐Hyun , Heo Chang‐Goo , Shin Kang‐Hyun
Published: February 2013

In this cross‐cultural meta‐analysis, we examine the relationships between person–environment [P–E] fit and work attitudes (organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and intent to quit) as well as job performance based on 96 studies (110 independent samples) conducted in East Asia, Europe, and North America. We compare the results across cultures while focusing on 4 dimensions of P–E fit (person‐job fit, person–organization fit, person–group fit, and person–supervisor fit) separately and jointly. Findings suggest that the effects of rational fit (person–organization and person–job fit) are (relatively) stronger in North America and, to a lesser extent, Europe than in East Asia. However, the effects of relational fit (person–group and person–supervisor fit) are (relatively) stronger in East Asia than in North America. This highlights that in collectivistic and high power distance (vs. individualistic and low power distance) cultures, relational (vs. rational) fit is more salient in influencing employees’ perceptions about their work environments. Results are less clear concerning job performance. What is common across cultures is that, regardless of which dimension of P–E fit is being considered, fit happens and high levels of fit lead to positive outcomes, confirming the universal relevance of fit phenomenon.
Be Happy, don't Wait: The Role of Trait Affect in Job Search
Authors: Turban Daniel B. , Lee Felissa K. , Veiga Serge P. da Motta , Haggard Dana L. , Wu Sharon Y.
Published: February 2013

In this study we developed and tested a self‐regulatory model of trait affect in job search. Specifically, we theorized that trait positive and negative affect would influence both motivation control and procrastination, and these mediating variables would, in turn, influence job search outcomes through job search intensity. Using longitudinal data from 245 graduating students who were searching for a full‐time position, we found that positive, but not negative, affect influenced the self‐regulatory variables of motivation control and procrastination, which in turn influenced the job search outcomes. Procrastination had direct effects on the number of first interviews, controlling for job search intensity, and on the number of second interviews, controlling for first interviews, suggesting the importance of timeliness of job search activities. We discuss the implications of such results for understanding the role of affect and self‐regulation in the job search process and for measuring the quality as well as quantity (i.e., intensity) of job search tactics.
Three dimensional reciprocal space measurement by x-ray diffraction using linear and area detectors: Applications to texture and defects determination in oriented thin films and nanoprecipitates
Authors: Gaudet Simon , De Keyser Koen , Lambert-Milot Samuel , Jordan-Sweet Jean , Detavernier Christophe , Lavoie Christian , Desjardins Patrick
Published: February 2013

The authors present a method for the fast and efficient measurement of volumes of reciprocal space by x-ray diffraction using linear and area detectors. The goal of this technique is to obtain a complete overview of the reciprocal space to detect and characterize the nature and orientation of all the phases present. They first explain the detailed procedures and scan strategies required for transforming raw scattering data into three-dimensional maps of reciprocal space and present a complete open-source software package for advanced data processing, analysis, and visualization. Several case studies, chosen to highlight the overall capabilities of the technique, are then introduced. First, thermal diffuse scattering from a monocrystalline Si substrate is characterized by the presence of lines linking diffraction peaks in reciprocal space. Second, a detailed investigation of texture in multiphase thin layers permits us to reveal the unambiguous presence of fiber, axiotaxial, and epitaxial components in oriented films. The visualization of a significant fraction of reciprocal space has allowed us to identify an unexpected metastable phase, which could not be deduced from measurements carried out in the Bragg–Brentano geometry. The technique is then used to study planar defects in nickel silicides formed by solid-state reactions and micro twins in a GaP matrix containing coherent MnP precipitates. Overall, the authors show that the systematic acquisition of significant volumes of reciprocal space permits us to observe behaviors that might otherwise remain undetected when analyses are restricted to typical measurement scans.
Mucosal Imprinting of Vaccine-Induced CD8
+
T Cells Is Crucial to Inhibit the Growth of Mucosal Tumors
Authors: Sandoval Federico , Terme Magali , Nizard Mevyn , Badoual Cécile , Bureau Michel-Francis , Freyburger Ludovic , Clement Olivier , Marcheteau Elie , Gey Alain , Fraisse Guillaume , Bouguin Cécilia , Merillon Nathalie , Dransart Estelle , Tran Thi , Quintin-Colonna Françoise , Autret Gwennhael , Thiebaud Marine , Suleman Muhammad , Riffault Sabine , Wu Tzyy-Choou , Launay Odile , Danel Claire , Taieb Julien , Richardson Jennifer , Zitvogel Laurence , Fridman Wolf H. , Johannes Ludger , Tartour Eric
Published: February 2013

Mucosal vaccination induces targeted CD8
+
T cell homing to inhibit mucosal tumors.
Vaccination Route Matters for Mucosal Tumors
Authors: Nardelli-Haefliger Denise , Dudda Jan C. , Romero Pedro
Published: February 2013

Immunization route may be pivotal for tissue-specific localization of the effector T cell response (Sandoval
et al
., this issue).
You Want To Give Me WHAT?
Authors: Calfee Carolyn S.
Published: February 2013

Administration of feces proves superior to antibiotics for treatment of a common and frequently fatal bowel infection.
Revisiting Metformin
Authors: Nakamura Takahisa
Published: February 2013

Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signaling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP.
Activity of Daptomycin with or without 25 Percent Ethanol Compared to Combinations of Minocycline, EDTA, and 25 Percent Ethanol against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Embedded in Biofilm
Authors: Estes R. , Theusch J. , Beck A. , Pitrak D. , Mullane Kathleen M.
Published: February 2013

Central venous catheters commonly develop central line-associated bloodstream infections.
In vitro
antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) was simulated on 10 methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) clinical isolates imbedded in biofilm-coated silicon disks. Five days of 4-h daily exposures to daptomycin (2.5 mg/ml) in 25% ethanol or minocycline (3 mg/ml) plus 25% ethanol and 30 mg/ml EDTA resulted in significantly greater elimination of MRSA colonization than treatment with minocycline alone.
Transcriptional Profiling of Candida glabrata during Phagocytosis by Neutrophils and in the Infected Mouse Spleen
Authors: Fukuda Yuichi , Tsai Huei-Fung , Myers Timothy G. , Bennett John E.
Published: February 2013

Expression microarray analysis of
Candida glabrata
following phagocytosis by human neutrophils was performed, and results were compared with those from
C. glabrata
incubated under conditions of carbohydrate or nitrogen deprivation. Twenty genes were selected to represent the major cell processes altered by phagocytosis or nutrient deprivation. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) with TaqMan chemistry was used to assess expression of the same genes in spleens of mice infected intravenously with
Candida glabrata
. The results in spleen closely paralleled gene expression in neutrophils or following carbohydrate deprivation. Fungal cells responded by upregulating alternative energy sources through gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate cycle, and long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Autophagy was likely employed to conserve intracellular resources. Aspartyl protease upregulation occurred and may represent defense against attacks on cell wall integrity. Downregulated genes were in the pathways of protein and ergosterol synthesis. Upregulation of the sterol transport gene
AUS1
suggested that murine cholesterol may have been used to replace ergosterol, as has been reported
in vitro. C. glabrata
isolates in spleens of gp91
phox−/−
knockout mice with reduced oxidative phagocyte defenses were grossly similar although with a reduced level of response. These results are consistent with reported results of other fungi responding to phagocytosis, indicating that a rapid shift in metabolism is required for growth in a carbohydrate-limited intracellular environment.
Quorum-Sensing Systems LuxS/Autoinducer 2 and Com Regulate Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilms in a Bioreactor with Living Cultures of Human Respiratory Cells
Authors: Vidal Jorge E. , Howery Kristen E. , Ludewick Herbert P. , Nava Porfirio , Klugman Keith P.
Published: February 2013

Streptococcus pneumoniae
forms organized biofilms in the human upper respiratory tract that may play an essential role in both persistence and acute respiratory infection. However, the production and regulation of biofilms on human cells is not yet fully understood. In this work, we developed a bioreactor with living cultures of human respiratory epithelial cells (HREC) and a continuous flow of nutrients, mimicking the microenvironment of the human respiratory epithelium, to study the production and regulation of
S. pneumoniae
biofilms (SPB). SPB were also produced under static conditions on immobilized HREC. Our experiments demonstrated that the biomass of SPB increased significantly when grown on HREC compared to the amount on abiotic surfaces. Additionally, pneumococcal strains produced more early biofilms on lung cells than on pharyngeal cells. Utilizing the bioreactor or immobilized human cells, the production of early SPB was found to be regulated by two quorum-sensing systems, Com and LuxS/AI-2, since a mutation in either
comC
or
luxS
rendered the pneumococcus unable to produce early biofilms on HREC. Interestingly, while LuxS/autoinducer 2 (AI-2) regulated biofilms on both HREC and abiotic surfaces, Com control was specific for those structures produced on HREC. The biofilm phenotypes of strain D39-derivative Δ
comC
and Δ
luxS
QS mutants were reversed by genetic complementation. Of note, SPB formed on immobilized HREC and incubated under static conditions were completely lysed 24 h postinoculation. Biofilm lysis was also regulated by the Com and LuxS/AI-2 quorum-sensing systems.
Participation of MyD88 and Interleukin-33 as Innate Drivers of Th2 Immunity to Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Scalfone Lisa K. , Nel Hendrik J. , Gagliardo Lucille F. , Cameron Jody L. , Al-Shokri Shaikha , Leifer Cynthia A. , Fallon Padraic G. , Appleton Judith A.
Published: February 2013

Trichinella spiralis
is a highly destructive parasitic nematode that invades and destroys intestinal epithelial cells, injures many different tissues during its migratory phase, and occupies and transforms myotubes during the final phase of its life cycle. We set out to investigate the role in immunity of innate receptors for potential pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs). Focusing on the MyD88-dependent receptors, which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, we found that MyD88-deficient mice expelled worms normally, while TLR2/4-deficient mice showed accelerated worm expulsion, suggesting that MyD88 was active in signaling pathways for more than one receptor during intestinal immunity. A direct role for PAMPs in TLR activation was not supported in a transactivation assay involving a panel of murine and human TLRs. Mice deficient in the IL-1 family receptor for the DAMP, IL-33 (called ST2), displayed reduced intestinal Th2 responses and impaired mast cell activation. IL-33 was constitutively expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, where it became concentrated in nuclei within 2 days of infection. Nuclear localization was an innate response to infection that occurred in intestinal regions where worms were actively migrating. Th2 responses were also compromised in the lymph nodes draining the skeletal muscles of ST2-deficient mice, and this correlated with increased larval burdens in muscle. Our results support a mechanism in which the immune system recognizes and responds to tissue injury in a way that promotes Th2 responses.
The development and validation of a scoring system for shoulder injuries in rugby players
Authors: Roberts Simon Benedict , Funk Lennard
Published: February 2013

Background

Shoulder injuries are relatively common among professional rugby players and result in a large proportion of days absent from training and competition. No instrument exists that is designed and validated to assess function or outcome following therapeutic interventions in rugby players sustaining shoulder injuries. The objective was to develop and validate an athlete-reported scoring system to assess shoulder function in rugby players following shoulder injuries.

Methods

Potential items for the scoring system were identified by a literature review of shoulder-specific scoring systems (n=46), and by interviewing professional rugby players (n=38) and medical staff (n=12). Redundant and clinician-assessed items were excluded. A second set of interviews with rugby players (n=8) determined the frequency importance product (FIP) of potential items. The 20 items with the highest FIPs were selected for the provisional Rugby Shoulder Score (RSS) that was tested for internal consistency and reliability by administering to rugby players with stable shoulder injuries (n=11).

Results

The literature review and interviews identified 575 items, of which 105 items were neither clinician-assessed nor redundant. Twenty items with the highest FIPs were selected for the RSS. The RSS demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.96) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.941, paired student t test p>0.05).

Conclusions

A reliable athlete-reported scoring system for assessing shoulder injuries in rugby players has been developed that incorporates the most important factors for rugby players recovering from shoulder injuries. Further prospective testing of the instrument is being undertaken to determine its discriminative and evaluative functions and construct validity.
NICE recommendations for the assessment of stable chest pain: assessing the early economic and service impact in the rapid-access chest pain service
Authors: Ashrafi Reza , Raga Santosh , Abdool Ali , Disney Andrew , Wong Peter , Davis Gershan K
Published: February 2013

Background

In 2010, guidelines published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) suggested a change in the way patients with stable chest pain of suspected cardiac origin were investigated. These guidelines removed exercise treadmill testing from routine use and introduced cardiac CT to regular use.

Objective

To investigate whether these guidelines had improved our service provision by reducing the number of further investigations required to make a diagnosis, and to see if our costs had increased now that the less expensive exercise treadmill tests were not recommended.

Methods

Clinic letters were used to assess patients pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease for two six-month cohorts of consecutive patients seen in the rapid access chest pain clinic (January–June 2010 and July–December 2011) using NICE published methodology, and to ascertain which investigations patients had. Using NICE modelled costs, we generated comparative hypothetical costs for each cohort and an average cost per patient.

Results

In the January–June 2010 cohort, 435 patients with chest pain were seen, and in July–December 2011, 334 patients were seen. In the pre-NICE guidelines cohort, 23% of patients required two investigations as compared with 11.4% in the post-NICE guidelines cohort, with no patient requiring three investigations as compared with 3% in the original cohort. There was no significant increase in costs per patient in the post-NICE guidance group.

Conclusions

Implementing NICE guidance reduced the number of investigations needed per patient, and did not prove more expensive for our department in the short term.
Effect of 10-day forced treadmill training on neurotrophic factors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Patel Darpan I. , White Lesley J.
Published: February 2013

The impact of exercise on disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical effects of forced wheel running on rats induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Female Lewis rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups prior to inoculation: EAE exercise (EAE-Ex), EAE sedentary (EAE-Sed), control exercise (Con-Ex), or control sedentary (Con-Sed). Exercise training was composed of forced treadmill running at increasing intensity across 10 consecutive days. No significant differences in clinical disability were observed in the EAE groups at the conclusion of this study. Furthermore, no significant differences in brain mass were observed across groups. Analysis of brain tissue proteins revealed that tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were higher in both EAE groups compared with the control groups (p < 0.05); however, no significant differences were seen between the EAE-Ex and EAE-Sed groups. The Con-Ex group had lower whole-brain TNF-α compared with the Con-Sed group (p < 0.05). Nerve growth factor concentrations were greater in the EAE-Ex animals compared with both control groups (p < 0.05 for both). No differences were seen in brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our results indicate that aerobic exercise can modulate the proteins associated with disability in EAE; however, further research is required to understand the total impact of exercise on EAE disability and disease progression.
Isotopic evidence for dietary flexibility among European Late Pleistocene cave bears (Ursus spelaeus)
Authors: Robu Marius , Fortin Jennifer K. , Richards Michael P. , Schwartz Charles C. , Wynn Jonathan G. , Robbins Charles T. , Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2013

The proposed dietary pattern of extinct Late Pleistocene cave bears (Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller, 1794) has become controversial, as some authors have suggested that they were strictly vegetarian, whereas others maintain they were omnivores that at times ate large amounts of animal protein. We evaluated these alternatives by compiling stable isotope data of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) from the bone collagen of adult European cave bears from the Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotopic Stage 3). The data include previously published analyses and additional data from the southeastern European (Carpathian) sites of Cioclovina, Muierii, Oase, and Urşilor. The cave bear isotopic values from bone collagen were compared with those from hair keratin occurring in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis Ord, 1815) collected from 1989 to 2009 in the western United States (Yellowstone National Park). The Yellowstone bears have access to a wide diversity of plants and animals, such that their diets can range from vegetarian to carnivorous. Thus, there was considerable δ13C and δ15N variation among the grizzly bear isotopic values, and the cave bear isotopic variation was encompassed within the overall grizzly bear isotopic distribution. More importantly, the δ15N distributions, reflecting principally trophic level, were not different between the cave bears and the grizzly bears; the cave bear values are, on average, slightly higher or lower than those of the grizzly bears, depending on the criteria for inclusion in the comparisons. It is therefore no longer appropriate to view Late Pleistocene cave bears as strictly or even predominantly vegetarian but as flexible omnivores within their diverse communities.
Solid sampling ETV-ICP-OES to study the distribution of elements in clay and soil samples for mineral exploration
Authors: Masquelin Anne-Sophie , Kaveh Farhad , Asfaw Alemayehu , Oates Christopher J. , Beauchemin Diane
Published: February 2013

A simple and fast method, using solid sampling electrothermal vapourization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ETV-ICP-OES), was developed to determine the distribution of elements in clay separates and soil samples from across the Talbot Lake VMS Cu-Zn prospect, in the Flin Flon-Snow Lake terrane, Manitoba, Canada in order to locate the undercover ore deposit, which is buried under Palaeozoic dolomites and Quaternary till. In the development of the method, the mass of sample, the mass of carrier agent (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) or flow rate of reactant gas (dichlorodifluoromethane (R12)), the carrier and bypass gas flow rates and the temperature program were optimised. Under optimal conditions and with a four-step ETV temperature program, the distribution of the pathfinder elements (Zn, P, S and I) in clay separates and soils showed clear anomalies at 400 and 650 m. The results for Zn and P are in very good agreement with results obtained, following aqua regia (AR) digestion, by ICP mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) by Anglo American Exploration Division (AA-ED). Moreover, the distributions of S and I could be precisely determined (these elements were not reported in the AA-ED study). Using 0–4 mg of AA-ED S5 standard mixed with 2 mg PTFE or with 4.1 ml/min R12 as reactant gas, and using internal standardisation with an argon emission line, calibration curves were obtained that, when applied to Talbot clay separates and soil samples, yielded Zn, S and P concentrations in agreement with AR-ICP-MS results previously obtained by AA-ED. Hence, ETV-ICP-OES completely eliminates the need for clay separation and for extraction or digestion of samples prior to analysis, which significantly simplifies the analysis of geochemical exploration samples.
Fine fraction regolith chemistry from the East Wongatha area, Western Australia: tracing bedrock and mineralization through thick cover
Authors: Morris Paul A.
Published: February 2013

The fine fraction (<50 μm; ‘silt – clay’) of regolith from an area dominated by thick (up to 120 m) transported regolith is shown to be a viable sampling medium for detecting bedrock and bedrock-hosted mineralization. A partial digest of the fine fraction of regolith reveals that elements which have migrated vertically from bedrock have become sequestered at a shallow depth in regolith. Nickel, Cr, Li, Mn, V, Co and Rb are useful in tracing the extent of different bedrock types, with Ni, Cr, V and Co particularly useful for identifying more mafic bedrock. Higher concentrations of Au (maximum 29 ppb; median 2 ppb; n = 835) are spatially related to either Archean greenstones or unconformity-related uranium – base metal – gold mineralization. Although some samples with anomalous Au concentrations are carbonate-rich, there is no consistent relationship between elevated Au concentrations and the carbonate content of regolith. Deionized water digestion of the <50-μm fraction of 50 samples correlates with
aqua regia
data for several elements (particularly Au, Ni), suggesting that some mineralization- or bedrock-related elements in the fine fraction of regolith are either labile or microparticulate.
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules reverse leptin resistance induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Zheng Min , Zhang Qinggao , Joe Yeonsoo , Kim Seul-Ki , Uddin Md. Jamal , Rhew Hyunyul , Kim Taeksang , Ryter Stefan W. , Chung Hun Taeg
Published: February 2013

Leptin, a circulating hormone, regulates food intake and body weight. While leptin resistance represents a major cause of obesity, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can contribute to leptin resistance. Carbon monoxide (CO), a gaseous molecule, exerts antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of tissue injury. We hypothesized that CO could inhibit leptin resistance during ER stress. Thapsigargin or tunicamycin was used to induce ER stress in human cells expressing the leptin receptor. These agents markedly inhibited leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, confirming that ER stress induces leptin resistance. The CO-releasing molecule CORM-2 blocked the ER stress-dependent inhibition of leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. CORM-2 treatment induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α and enhanced PERK phosphorylation during ER stress. Furthermore, CORM-2 inhibited X-box binding protein-1 expression, activating transcription factor-6 cleavage, and inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE)1α phosphorylation induced by ER stress. IRE1α knockdown rescued leptin resistance, whereas PERK knockdown blocked CO-dependent regulation of IRE1α. In vivo, CO inhalation normalized body weight in animals fed high-fat diets. Furthermore, CO modulated ER stress pathways and rescued leptin resistance in vivo. In conclusion, the pathological mechanism of leptin resistance may be ameliorated by the pharmacological application of CO.
Improved Barebones Particle Swarm Optimization with Neighborhood Search and Its Application on Ship Design
Authors: Yao Jingzheng , Han Duanfeng
Published: February 2013

Barebones particle swarm optimization (BPSO) is a new PSO variant, which has shown a good performance on many optimization problems. However, similar to the standard PSO, BPSO also suffers from premature convergence when solving complex optimization problems. In order to improve the performance of BPSO, this paper proposes a new BPSO variant called BPSO with neighborhood search (NSBPSO) to achieve a tradeoff between exploration and exploitation during the search process. Experiments are conducted on twelve benchmark functions and a real-world problem of ship design. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach outperforms the standard PSO, BPSO, and six other improved PSO algorithms.
A Fully Discrete Symmetric Finite Volume Element Approximation of Nonlocal Reactive Flows in Porous Media
Authors: Yin Zhe , Xu Qiang
Published: February 2013

We study symmetric finite volume element approximations for two-dimensional parabolic integrodifferential equations, arising in modeling of nonlocal reactive flows in porous media. It is proved that symmetric finite volume element approximations are convergent with optimal order inL2-norm. Numerical example is presented to illustrate the accuracy of our method.
Dynamics Evolution of Credit Risk Contagion in the CRT Market
Authors: Chen Tingqiang , He Jianmin , Yin Qunyao
Published: February 2013

This work introduces a nonlinear dynamics model of credit risk contagion in the credit risk transfer (CRT) market, which contains time delay, the contagion rate of credit risk, and nonlinear resistance. The model depicts the dynamics behavior characteristics of evolution of credit risk contagion through numerical simulation. Meanwhile, numerical simulations show that, in the CRT market, the contagion rate of credit risk and the nonlinear resistance among CRT activities participants have some significant effects on the dynamics behaviors of evolution of credit risk contagion. Specifically, on the one hand, we find that the status curve of credit risk contagion that causes some significant changes with the increase in the contagion rate of credit risk, moreover, emerges a series of Hopf bifurcation and chaotic phenomena in the process of credit risk contagion. On the other hand, Hopf bifurcation and chaotic phenomena appear in advance with the increase in the nonlinear resistance coefficient and time-delay. In addition, there are a series of periodic windows in the chaotic interval inside, including Hopf bifurcation, inverse bifurcation, and chaos.
Phenomenology of Neutrino Mixing in Vacuum and Matter
Authors: Upadhyay A. , Batra M.
Published: February 2013

The current status and some perspectives of the phenomenology of massive neutrinos is reviewed. We start with the phenomenology of neutrino oscillations in vacuum and in matter. We summarize the results of neutrino experiments using solar, atmospheric. The fundamental theory of flavor changing neutrinos that has confirmed the neutrino oscillations and the various parameters affecting these oscillations have been discussed in detail. Specifically we will take the solar and atmospheric neutrino case. The oscillation plots will be discussed in detail, based on their behavior in vacuum and matter. Both normal and inverted mass hierarchy hypotheses are tested and both are consistent with observation. Finally the sensitivity of theta 13 over these probability oscillations has been analyzed and commented.
Current Direct Neutrino Mass Experiments
Authors: Drexlin G. , Hannen V. , Mertens S. , Weinheimer C.
Published: February 2013

In this contribution, we review the status and perspectives of direct neutrino mass experiments, which investigate the kinematics ofβ-decays of specific isotopes (3H,187Re,163Ho) to derive model-independent information on the averaged electron (anti)neutrino mass. After discussing the kinematics ofβ-decay and the determination of the neutrino mass, we give a brief overview of past neutrino mass measurements (SN1987a-ToF studies, Mainz and Troitsk experiments for3H, cryobolometers for187Re). We then describe the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment currently under construction at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, which will use the MAC-E-Filter principle to push the sensitivity down to a value of 200 meV (90% C.L.). To do so, many technological challenges have to be solved related to source intensity and stability, as well as precision energy analysis and low background rate close to the kinematic endpoint of tritiumβ-decay at 18.6 keV. We then review new approaches such as the MARE, ECHO, and Project8 experiments, which offer the promise to perform an independent measurement of the neutrino mass in the sub-eV region. Altogether, the novel methods developed in direct neutrino mass experiments will provide vital information on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos.
Impact of Duodopa on Quality of Life in Advanced Parkinson's Disease: A UK Case Series
Authors: Foltynie T. , Magee C. , James C. , Webster G. J. M. , Lees A. J. , Limousin P.
Published: February 2013

Treatment options in advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) include subcutaneous apomorphine, pallidal or subthalamic nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), or levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG/Duodopa). In this study, we describe the outcome of 12 PD patients with PD related complications started on LCIG, with respect to their quality of life measured by a disease specific validated scale—the PDQ39, together with diaries recording time spent “On,” “Off,” “Dyskinetic,” or “Asleep.” At the time of latest follow up, improvements were observed in both the PDQ39 Summary index as well as diary reports of PD symptom control following introduction of LCIG, supporting its use in well selected patients. The use of a trial period of LCIG via naso-jejunal administration allows objective evaluation of improvement in PD symptom control in advance of the placement of the more invasive percutaneous jejunostomy procedure. The decision to embark on LCIG, apomorphine or DBS should be supported by input from centres with experience of all 3 approaches. Since LCIG is an expensive option, development of the most appropriate future commissioning of this therapy in the absence of Class 1 evidence requires careful scrutiny of the outcomes of its use in a broad range of published series.
Sympathoexcitation Associated with Renin-Angiotensin System in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Kishi Takuya , Hirooka Yoshitaka
Published: February 2013

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and RAS inhibitors are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS. Although RAS activation is important for the therapeutic target, underlying sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is critically involved and should not be neglected in the pathogenesis of hypertension with MetS. In fact, previous studies have suggested that SNS activation has the interaction with RAS activation and/or insulin resistance. As a novel aspect connecting the importance of SNS and RAS activation, we and other investigators have recently demonstrated that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockers (ARBs) improve SNS activation in patients with MetS. In the animal studies, SNS activation is regulated by the AT1R-induced oxidative stress in the brain. We have also demonstrated that orally administered ARBs cause sympathoinhibition independent of the depressor effects in dietary-induced hypertensive rats. Interestingly, these benefits on SNS activation of ARBs in clinical and animal studies are not class effects of ARBs. In conclusion, SNS activation associated with RAS activation in the brain should be the target of the treatment, and ARBs could have the potential benefit on SNS activation in patients with MetS.
Sparse Recovery by Semi-Iterative Hard Thresholding Algorithm
Authors: Zhou Xueqin , Feng Xiangchu , Jing Mingli
Published: February 2013

We propose a computationally simple and efficient method for sparse recovery termed as the semi-iterative hard thresholding (SIHT). Unlike the existing iterative-shrinkage algorithms, which rely crucially on using negative gradient as the search direction, the proposed algorithm uses the linear combination of the current gradient and directions of few previous steps as the search direction. Compared to other iterative shrinkage algorithms, the performances of the proposed method show a clear improvement in iterations and error in noiseless, whilst the computational complexity does not increase.
Wound Bed Preparation for Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Mat Saad Arman Zaharil , Khoo Teng Lye , Halim Ahmad Sukari
Published: February 2013

The escalating incidence of diabetic mellitus has given rise to the increasing problems of chronic diabetic ulcers that confront the practice of medicine. Peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, and infection contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of diabetic ulcers. Approaches to the management of diabetic ulcers should start with an assessment and optimization of the patient’s general conditions, followed by considerations of the local and regional factors. This paper aims to address the management strategies for wound bed preparation in chronic diabetic foot ulcers and also emphasizes the importance of preventive measures and future directions. The “TIME” framework in wound bed preparation encompasses tissue management, inflammation and infection control, moisture balance, and epithelial (edge) advancement. Tissue management aims to remove the necrotic tissue burden via various methods of debridement. Infection and inflammation control restores bacterial balance with the reduction of bacterial biofilms. Achieving a moist wound healing environment without excessive wound moisture or dryness will result in moisture balance. Epithelial advancement is promoted via removing the physical and biochemical barriers for migration of epithelium from wound edges. These systematic and holistic approaches will potentiate the healing abilities of the chronic diabetic ulcers, including those that are recalcitrant.
Some Double Sequence Spaces of Fuzzy Real Numbers of Paranormed Type
Authors: Sarma Bipul
Published: February 2013

We study different properties of convergent, null, and bounded double sequence spaces of fuzzy real numbers like completeness, solidness, sequence algebra, symmetricity, convergence-free, and so forth. We prove some inclusion results too.
Development of a Refined Rollover Model That Recognizes the Effects of Suspension and Tire Deformation
Authors: Song Xiaowen , Li Jie , Xu Aiqun
Published: February 2013

Vehicle rollover represents one of the most dangerous traffic accidents in the world. To improve the antirollover capability of a vehicle, we established an improved rollover model with a particular focus on the effects of independent suspensions and the lateral deformation of the tire. Based on this model, we further developed a new method to mitigate the rollover occurrence by adjusting the stiffness of the spring and the damping coefficient of the damper. Through simulation tests with a brand of SUV, we demonstrated that these adjustments improved the mitigation control as evidenced by better confined steady value and decreased overshoot of the roll angle.
Exact Solutions for Nonlinear Differential Difference Equations in Mathematical Physics
Authors: Gepreel Khaled A. , Nofal Taher A. , Alotaibi Fawziah M.
Published: February 2013

We modified the truncated expansion method to construct the exact solutions for some nonlinear differential difference equations in mathematical physics via the general lattice equation, the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger with a saturable nonlinearity, the quintic discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation, and the relativistic Toda lattice system. Also, we put a rational solitary wave function method to find the rational solitary wave solutions for some nonlinear differential difference equations. The proposed methods are more effective and powerful to obtain the exact solutions for nonlinear difference differential equations.