bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying the best plant water status indicator for bio‐energy poplar genotypes
Authors: Navarro Alejandra , Portillo‐Estrada Miguel , Ceulemans Reinhart
Published: April 2020

This contribution provides better insights in the water relations and the physiological traits of four commercial poplar genotypes of different genetic background, 'Bakan', 'Oudenberg', 'Koster' and 'Grimminge'. The main continuous (nondestructive and providing continuous and automated data records) and discontinuous (destructive and not allowing automation) plant water status (PWS) indicators were monitored at a multigenotype, commercial‐scale short‐rotation coppice plantation in East‐Flanders (Belgium), and their relationships with the principal environmental variables were assessed. All measurements were performed during the entire 2016 growing season on the third year of the third rotation in multistemmed trees. The discontinuous PWS indicators were measured on 10 separate days with a different evaporative demand and soil water content, while the continuous PWS indicators were recorded from April to November. The genotypes responded differently to environmental drivers and to soil conditions, based on the PWS indicators, featuring a different water behaviour in relation to the level of isohydricity. Poplar genotypes 'Koster' and 'Bakan' showed the typical water‐conserving behaviour of isohydric species, while 'Grimminge' was more in line with the anisohydric ones. A principal component analysis showed that sap flow (Fs) was the most suitable PWS indicator. The Fs and therefore the sap flow‐based canopy transpiration (Ec) were tightly linked to the phenological stage of the trees as well as to vapour pressure deficit and photosynthetic photon flux density, based on relationships between Ec and environmental variables. A quantitative predictive model was developed to estimate the crop water requirements for specific genotypes, by calculating transpiration per unit of ground area with a few environmental variables, monitored with easy‐to‐handle sensors.
Interaction of diet and habitat predicts Toxoplasma gondii infection rates in wild birds at a global scale
Authors: Wilson Amy G. , Lapen David R. , Mitchell Gregory W. , Provencher Jennifer F. , Wilson Scott
Published: April 2020

Aim

Free‐ranging wildlife are valuable sentinels for zoonotic, multi‐host pathogens, and new insight into parasite transmission patterns is possible through a macroecological approach. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan capable of infecting all warm‐blooded animals, including humans, primarily through a free‐living oocyst and/or tissue cyst life stage. Anthropogenic disturbance is facilitating the spread of T. gondii, making it crucial to understand the general ecological and life‐history drivers of T. gondii infections in wild birds, which are important intermediate hosts. Our goal was to determine how habitat (terrestrial versus aquatic), dietary trophic level and scavenging behaviour influence the prevalence of T. gondii infection in wild birds at a global scale.

Location

Global.

Time period

1952–2017.

Major taxa studied

Birds.

Methods

Our analysis used the serological, bioassay and molecular prevalence data of T. gondii in avian species compiled from 81 studies conducted worldwide and encompassing 24,344 individuals from 393 avian species from 84 families.

Results

We showed that at a global scale, trophic level and habitat interacted significantly to influence T. gondii prevalence in avian intermediate hosts. In the terrestrial environment, T. gondii prevalence increased with trophic level, consistent with predominant tissue cyst transmission. The highest prevalence was in terrestrial omnivores, which might reflect their synanthropic foraging behaviour. In aquatic species, prevalence was more consistent across trophic levels, but high prevalence in aquatic herbivores and insectivores reflects significant waterborne exposure to oocysts. Contrary to our predictions, generalized scavenging per se was not associated with increased prevalence.

Main conclusions

This study highlights the value of comparing pathogen prevalence among multiple ecological guilds and ecosystem types for a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of generalist pathogens, such as T. gondii. Increased effort is needed to reduce T. gondii spillover from the domestic cat cycle into wildlife populations.
Additive manufacturing of zirconia parts with organic sacrificial supports
Authors: Li Wenbin , Armani Amir , McMillen Devin , Leu Ming , Hilmas Gregory , Watts Jeremy
Published: April 2020

Ceramic On‐Demand Extrusion (CODE) process has been recently proposed for additive manufacturing of strong ceramic components via extrusion. This paper focuses on fabricating 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) components using CODE process, and enabling CODE to produce parts with support structures. A colloidal suspension of 3YSZ was developed and deposited through the main nozzle, and an organic feedstock was developed and deposited by means of another nozzle to fabricate supports. After printing and drying of raw parts, supports were removed by increasing the temperature and parts were then sintered to near theoretical (~99%) density. The maximum overhang angle that could be built with no support was also found out to be approximately 60 degrees. Three organic support materials, that is, polycaprolactone (PCL), silicone, and petrolatum were prepared and tested. PCL and petrolatum were identified as feasible support materials. Specimens were fabricated to validate the efficiency of the support materials and to evaluate CODE's capability for building parts with complex geometry. The microstructures of these parts were also analyzed via scanning electron microscopy.
National narratives in language classrooms: Documenting mezzo‐spaces between the macro and micro of national reproduction
Authors: Meadows Bryan
Published: April 2020

This study extends the current scholarship on language classrooms as sites of national reproduction. Informed by theories of discursive nationalism, the study proposes the term, national narrative, to refer to the collection of ideological affordances (i.e., nationalized potentials) that circulate in mezzo‐levels of society between macro‐level ideological structure and micro‐level national claims. Through the decisions they make regarding what and how to represent nationalized cultures, language teachers participate directly in the reproduction of nationalism in language classrooms. Qualitative analysis of survey data provided by 195 English Language Teaching (ELT) practitioners provide an empirical illustration of the national narrative concept. For language educators, the national narrative account draws attention to their role to both reproduce and transform nationalism in the representational choices they make.
Evaluation of antioxidative capacity and lipidomics profiling of big eye tuna (Thunns obesus) head soup with different colloidal particle size
Authors: Zhang Jing , Tao Ningping , Qian Xueli , Wang Xichang , Wang Mingfu
Published: April 2020

Big eye tuna head soups with different colloidal particle sizes were prepared through various filtration ways, and their antioxidative capacities and lipidomics profiling were evaluated. The original soup (OGS) (filtrated by gauze) had the highest antioxidative activities in chemical evaluation methods. Meanwhile, OGS and microfiltration soup (MFS) (micro filtrated by 0.45 μm membrane) showed higher cellular antioxidant activities (CAA) at 20 and 40 times dilution of soup, and ultrafiltration soup (UFS) (100 ku ultrafiltration) has stronger CAA at low dilution ratios (5 and 10 times) in HepG2 cells. There were 631 lipid molecular species detected in the soup, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA) were mainly attached in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules, respectively. Based on the results, a speculation that the lipid molecule profile, especially the distribution of EPA/DHA in different lipid molecules, might contribute to the diversities of size of self‐assembled colloidal particles and antioxidative activities was concluded in this study.
High‐temperature phase and microstructure evolution of polymer‐derived SiZrCN and SiZrBCN ceramic nanocomposites
Authors: Feng Bo , Peter Johannes , Fasel Claudia , Wen Qingbo , Zhang Yue , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Ionescu Emanuel
Published: April 2020

A zirconium and a zirconium/boron containing single‐source precursor were synthesized via chemical modification of a commercially available polysilazane (Durazane 1800) with tetrakis (dimethylamido) zirconium (IV) (TDMAZ) as well as with both TDMAZ and borane dimethyl sulfide complex, respectively. The polymer‐to‐ceramic transformation of the precursors into SiZrCN and SiZrBCN ceramics as well as the thermal evolution of their phase composition and microstructure was studied. The pyrolysis of the precursors led to the formation of amorphous SiZrCN and SiZrBCN ceramics. Interestingly, the as prepared SiZrBCN ceramic was single‐phasic and fully featureless; whereas SiZrCN exhibited the presence of nano‐sized ZrO2 particles; however, only very localized in close proximity to internal surfaces. Heat treatment at higher temperatures induced crystallization processes in both prepared ceramics. Thus, at temperatures beyond 1500°C, cubic ZrCxNy, β‐Si3N4 as well as β‐SiC were generated. It was shown that the incorporation of B into SiZrCN suppressed the crystallization of ZrCxNy and, in addition, impeded the reaction of SiNx with C, resulting in an improved thermal stability of SiZrBCN compared to SiZrCN ceramic. Moreover boron was shown to be mainly located in the sp2‐hybridized “free” carbon present in SiZrBCN, forming a turbostratic BCN phase which has been unequivocally detected by means of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Effects of boron content on the microwave‐transparent property and high‐temperature stability of continuous SiBN fibers
Authors: Long Xin , Shao Changwei , Wang Yingde
Published: April 2020

Owing to their high‐temperature stability and microwave‐transparent properties, SiBN fibers are promising reinforcement materials for microwave windows or radomes in harsh environments. This work investigates the high‐temperature properties of continuous SiBN fibers with different boron contents. Compared with Si3N4 fibers, the SiBN fibers demonstrated superior high‐temperature stability, retaining their original tensile strength up to 1600°C with a smooth surface and amorphous structure. The boron‐containing microstructure improved the microwave‐transparent properties of the SiBN fibers by decreasing their dielectric constant and loss. The values were stabilized at temperatures up to 1200°C. The high‐temperature stability and microwave transparency of the SiBN fibers were likely contributed by the synergistic effect of the amorphous BN phase and the Si–N–B networks (the main existing state of the boron atoms).
Mitochondrial biogenesis: An update
Authors: Popov Lucia‐Doina
Published: April 2020

In response to the energy demand triggered by developmental signals and environmental stressors, the cells launch the mitochondrial biogenesis process. This is a self‐renewal route, by which new mitochondria are generated from the ones already existing. Recently, considerable progress has been made in deciphering mitochondrial biogenesis‐related proteins and genes that function in health and in pathology‐related circumstances. However, an outlook on the intracellular mechanisms shared by the main players that drive mitochondrial biogenesis machinery is still missing. Here, we provide such a view by focusing on the following issues: (a) the role of mitochondrial biogenesis in homeostasis of the mitochondrial mass and function, (b) the signalling pathways beyond the induction/promotion, stimulation and inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis and (c) the therapeutic applications aiming the repair and regeneration of defective mitochondrial biogenesis (in ageing, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration and cancer). The review is concluded by the perspectives of mitochondrial medicine and research.
HOTAIR/miR‐125 axis‐mediated Hexokinase 2 expression promotes chemoresistance in human glioblastoma
Authors: Zhang Jinnan , Chen Guangyong , Gao Yufei , Liang Huaxin
Published: April 2020

Drug resistance is one of the major obstacles in glioblastoma (GBM) treatments using temozolomide (TMZ) based conventional chemotherapy. Recent studies revealed that Hexokinase 2 (HK2)‐mediated glycolysis is one of the sources, as the association of chemoresistance and the expression of HK2 was confirmed in multiple cancers. However, there has been little knowledge of the functional contribution of HK2 to TMZ resistance in GBM. In our study, we found that HK2 expression is crucial for GBM proliferation and chemoresistance. In contrast to the healthy brain, HK2 expression is much higher in human GBM, especially in those patients with GBM recurrence. High HK2 expression is negatively related to the overall survival in GBM patients. HK2 depletion in GBM cells suppressed the GBM cell proliferation and increased sensitivity to TMZ‐induced apoptosis. Both HK2‐mediated glycolysis and mitochondria permeability transition pore opening (MPTP) were associated with its function in chemoresistance. Furthermore, we also revealed that the abnormal expression of HK2 was modulated by the expression of HOTAIR, a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA). The absence of HOTAIR in GBM cells suppressed the HK2 expression in protein and mRNA level and, therefore, inhibited the cell proliferation and enhanced the cytotoxicity of TMZ both in vivo and in vitro. HOTAIR promoted the expression of HK2 by targeting mir‐125, which suppressed the GBM cell proliferation and increased the TMZ‐induced apoptosis. These findings shed light on a new therapeutic strategy in modulating HOTAIR/miR‐125, which may interfere with the expression of HK2, and enhance the therapeutic sensitivity of GBM to TMZ.
Ligand‐specific recycling profiles determine distinct potential for chronic analgesic tolerance of delta‐opioid receptor (DOPr) agonists
Authors: Bagheri Tudashki Hanieh , Haddad Youssef , Charfi Iness , Couture Rejean , Pineyro Graciela
Published: April 2020

δ‐opioid receptor (DOPr) agonists have analgesic efficacy in chronic pain models but development of tolerance limits their use for long‐term pain management. Although agonist potential for inducing acute analgesic tolerance has been associated with distinct patterns of DOPr internalization, the association between trafficking and chronic tolerance remains ill‐defined. In a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic neuropathy, deltorphin II and TIPP produced sustained analgesia  following daily (intrathecal) i.t. injections over six days, whereas similar treatment with SNC‐80 or SB235863 led to progressive tolerance and loss of the analgesic response. Trafficking assays in murine neuron cultures showed no association between the magnitude of ligand‐induced sequestration and development of chronic tolerance. Instead, ligands that supported DOPr recycling were also the ones producing sustained analgesia over 6‐day treatment. Moreover, endosomal endothelin‐converting enzyme 2 (ECE2) blocker 663444 prevented DOPr recycling by deltorphin II and TIPP and precipitated tolerance by these ligands. In conclusion, agonists, which support DOPr recycling, avoid development of analgesic tolerance over repeated administration.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a key cytokine for the immunomodulation of atherogenesis with Freund's adjuvant
Authors: Steinmetz Martin , Laurans Ludivine , Nordsiek Sarah , Weiß Lena , van der Veken Bieke , Ponnuswamy Padmapriya , Esposito Bruno , Vandestienne Marie , Giraud Andreas , Göbbel Cristina , Steffen Eva , Radecke Tobias , Potteaux Stephane , Nickenig Georg , Rassaf Tienush , Tedgui Alain , Mallat Ziad
Published: April 2020

Adaptive immune responses regulate the development of atherosclerosis, with a detrimental effect of type 1 but a protective role of type 2 immune responses. Immunization of Apolipoprotein E‐deficient (ApoE−/−) mice with Freund's adjuvant inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL7‐like cytokine with essential impact on type 2 immune responses (Th2). Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is strongly expressed in epithelial cells of the skin, but also in various immune cells following appropriate stimulation. In this study, we investigated whether TSLP may be crucial for the anti‐atherogenic effect of Freund's adjuvant. Subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) rapidly led to the expression of TSLP and IL1β at the site of injection. In male mice, CFA‐induced TSLP occurred in immigrated monocytes—and not epithelial cells—and was dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL1β‐signalling. In females, CFA‐induced TSLP was independent of IL1β and upon ovariectomy. CFA/OVA led to a more pronounced imbalance of the T cell response in TSLPR−/− mice, with increased INFγ/IL4 ratio compared with wild‐type controls. To test whether TSLP contributes to the anti‐atherogenic effects of Freund's adjuvant, we treated ApoE−/− and ApoE−/−/TSLPR−/− mice with either CFA/IFA or PBS. ApoE−/− mice showed less atherogenesis upon CFA/IFA compared with PBS injections. ApoE−/−/TSLPR−/− mice had no attenuation of atherogenesis upon CFA/IFA treatment. Freund's adjuvant executes significant immune‐modulating effects via TSLP induction. TSLP‐TSLPR signalling is critical for CFA/IFA‐mediated attenuation of atherosclerosis.
Effects of liraglutide and empagliflozin added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Nakaguchi Hirotatsu , Kondo Yoshinobu , Kyohara Mayu , Konishi Hiromi , Oiwa Koji , Terauchi Yasuo
Published: April 2020

Aims/Introduction

Liraglutide and empagliflozin suppress cardiovascular events. However, reports on their long‐term combined use with insulin therapy or direct comparisons of these drugs are limited.

Materials and Methods

This open‐label, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial compared the effects of liraglutide and empagliflozin combined with insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes patients. Adult type 2 diabetes outpatients undergoing stable insulin therapy with glycated hemoglobin levels of 7.0–9.5% were enrolled. Participants received 0.9 mg/day liraglutide or 10 mg/day empagliflozin for 24 weeks. The primary end‐point was the change in glycated hemoglobin levels from week 0 to 24. Body composition was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

A total of 64 insulin‐treated patients were randomized to receive liraglutide or empagliflozin. We analyzed 61 patients (30 liraglutide and 31 empagliflozin) who could be followed up. Liraglutide induced greater changes in glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin than empagliflozin (glycated hemoglobin −1.24 ± 0.15% vs −0.35 ± 0.11%, P < 0.0001; glycated albumin −4.4 ± 0.6% vs −2.4 ± 0.5%, P < 0.01). Bodyweight (−1.3 ± 0.4 kg vs −1.5 ± 0.3 kg, P = 0.69) or body fat mass/lean tissue mass; urinary albumin excretion (median −5.3 mg/g‐creatinine [interquartile range −60.6, 9.9 mg/g‐creatinine] vs −12.9 mg/g‐creatinine [interquartile range −70.8, −2.0 mg/g‐creatinine], P = 0.23); and frequency of hypoglycemia did not differ significantly between the groups over a period of 24 weeks. There were no cases of study discontinuation owing to adverse effects.

Conclusions

Liraglutide addition to ongoing insulin therapy more effectively reduced glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin levels than empagliflozin in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.
Tumor‐like features of gene expression and metabolic profiles in enlarged pancreatic islets are associated with impaired incretin‐induced insulin secretion in obese diabetes: A study of Zucker fatty diabetes mellitus rat
Authors: Hayami Tomohide , Yokoi Norihide , Yamaguchi Takuro , Honda Kohei , Murao Naoya , Takahashi Harumi , Wang Shujie , Seino Yusuke , Kamiya Hideki , Yabe Daisuke , Sweet Ian R , Mizoguchi Akira , Nakamura Jiro , Seino Susumu
Published: April 2020

Aims/Introduction

Pancreatic islets are heterogenous. To clarify the relationship between islet heterogeneity and incretin action in the islets, we studied gene expression and metabolic profiles of non‐large and enlarged islets of the Zucker fatty diabetes mellitus rat, an obese diabetes model, as well as incretin‐induced insulin secretion (IIIS) in these islets.

Materials and Methods

Pancreatic islets of control (fa/+) and fatty (fa/fa) rats at 8 and 12 weeks‐of‐age were isolated. The islets of fa/fa rats at 12 weeks‐of‐age were separated into non‐large islets (≤200 μm in diameter) and enlarged islets (>300 μm in diameter). Morphological analyses, insulin secretion experiments, transcriptome analysis, metabolome analysis and oxygen consumption analysis were carried out on these islets.

Results

The number of enlarged islets was increased with age in fatty rats, and IIIS was significantly reduced in the enlarged islets. Markers for β‐cell differentiation were markedly decreased in the enlarged islets, but those for cell proliferation were increased. Glycolysis was enhanced in the enlarged islets, whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle was suppressed. The oxygen consumption rate under glucose stimulation was reduced in the enlarged islets. Production of glutamate, a key signal for IIIS, was decreased in the enlarged islets.

Conclusions

The enlarged islets of Zucker fatty diabetes mellitus rats, which are defective for IIIS, show tumor cell‐like metabolic features, including a dedifferentiated state, accelerated aerobic glycolysis and impaired mitochondrial function. The age‐dependent increase in such islets could contribute to the pathophysiology of obese diabetes.
Lipopolysaccharide activates microglia via neuraminidase 1 desialylation of Toll‐like Receptor 4
Authors: Allendorf David Hans , Franssen Elske Helena , Brown Guy Charles
Published: April 2020

Most cell surface receptors are sialylated, i.e. have sialic acid as the terminal residue of their sugar chains, but can be desialylated by sialidases, such as neuraminidase 1 (Neu1). Desialylation by Neu1 can activate immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes. We investigated the role of Neu1 in activation of microglia using BV‐2 cells (a murine microglial cell line) by cytokine ELISAs, enzyme activity assays, antibody/lectin binding and proximity labelling. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation caused an increase in Neu1 protein on the cell surface, and an increase in surface sialidase activity that was prevented by Neu1 knockdown. Moreover, LPS induced interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and MCP‐1 release, which was reduced by Neu1 knockdown and increased by Neu1 over‐expression. Neu1 knockdown also prevented the maintenance of IL‐6 release by microglia after LPS was removed. Sialidase treatment of the cells was sufficient to induce IL‐6 release, prevented by inhibiting toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Neu1 was found in close proximity to TLR4 on the surface of cells, and LPS induced desialylation of TLR4 on the cell surface, prevented by Neu1 knockdown. Sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin E was found to bind to TLR4 via sialic acid residues and inhibit IL‐6 release by BV‐2 cells. We conclude that LPS causes Neu1 to translocate to the cell surface, where it desialylates TLR4, releasing inhibitory sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin E, enhancing and maintaining inflammatory activation of the microglia. Thus, sialylation is a potent regulator of microglial activation, and Neu1 may be a target to reduce activation of microglia.

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Transcription factor Creb3l1 regulates the synthesis of prohormone convertase enzyme PC1/3 in endocrine cells
Authors: Greenwood Mingkwan , Paterson Alex , Rahman Parveen Akhter , Gillard Benjamin Thomas , Langley Sydney , Iwasaki Yasumasa , Murphy David , Greenwood Michael Paul
Published: April 2020

Transcription factor cAMP responsive element‐binding protein 3 like 1 (Creb3l1) is a non‐classical endoplasmic reticulum stress molecule that is emerging as an important component for cellular homeostasis, particularly within cell types with high peptide secretory capabilities. We have previously shown that Creb3l1 serves an important role in body fluid homeostasis through its transcriptional control of the gene coding for antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin in the neuropeptide‐rich magnocellular neurones of the supraoptic nucleus. In response to osmotic stimuli such as dehydration, vasopressin magnocellular neurones undergo remarkable transcriptome changes, including increased Creb3l1 expression, to ensure that the supply of vasopressin meets demand. To determine where else Creb3l1 fits into the secretory cell supply chain, we performed RNA‐sequencing of Creb3l1 knockdown anterior pituitary mouse corticotroph cell line AtT20. The target chosen for further investigation was Pcsk1, which encodes proprotein convertase enzyme 1 (PC1/3). PC1/3 is crucial for processing of neuropeptides and peptide hormones such as pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC), proinsulin, proglucagon, vasopressin and oxytocin. Viral manipulations in supraoptic nuclei by over‐expression of Creb3l1 increased Pcsk1, whereas Creb3l1 knockdown decreased Pcsk1 expression. In vitro promoter activity and binding studies showed that Creb3l1 was a transcription factor of the Pcsk1 gene binding directly to a G‐box motif in the promoter. In the dehydrated rat anterior pituitary, Creb3l1 and Pcsk1 expression decreased in parallel compared to control, supporting our findings from manipulations in AtT20 cells and the supraoptic nucleus. No relationship was observed between Creb3l1 and Pcsk1 expression in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary, indicating a different mechanism of PC1/3 synthesis by these POMC‐synthesising cells. Therefore, Creb3l1, by regulating the expression of Pcsk1, does not control the processing of POMC peptides in the intermediate lobe.
GHR−/− Mice are protected from obesity‐related white adipose tissue inflammation
Authors: Young Jonathan A. , Henry Brooke E. , Benencia Fabian , Bell Stephen , List Edward O. , Kopchick John J. , Berryman Darlene E.
Published: April 2020

Growth hormone (GH) excess in bovine (b)GH transgenic mice has been shown to alter white adipose tissue (WAT) immune cell populations. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of GH resistance on WAT immune cell populations using GH receptor knockout (GHR−/−) mice. Eight‐ and 24‐month‐old, male GHR−/− and wild‐type mice were used. Body composition and tissue weights were determined, and systemic inflammation was assessed by measuring serum cytokine levels. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was isolated from three distinct WAT depots, and immune cell populations were quantified using flow cytometry. GHR−/− mice at both ages had decreased body weight but were obese. Although no significant changes were observed in serum levels of the measured cytokines, SVF cell alterations were seen and differed from depot to depot. Total SVF cells were decreased in epidydimal (Epi) depots, whereas SVF cells per gram adipose tissue weight were increased in mesenteric (Mes) depots of GHR−/− mice relative to controls. T cells and T helper cells were increased in Mes at 8 months old, whereas cytotoxic T cells were decreased in subcutaneous (SubQ) at 24 months old. Other cells were unchanged at both ages measured. The present study demonstrates that removal of GH action results in modest and depot‐specific changes to several immune cell populations in WAT of intra‐abdominal depots (Epi and Mes), which are somewhat surprising results because the SubQ has the largest change in size, whereas the Mes has no size change. Taken together with previous results from bovine GH transgenic mice, these data suggest that GH induces changes in the immune cell population of WAT in a depot‐specific manner. Notably, GHR−/− mice appear to be protected from age‐related WAT inflammation and immune cell infiltration despite obesity.
Effect of resistance training on quality of life in older people with sarcopenic obesity living in long‐term care institutions: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Chang Shu‐Fang , Chiu Shu‐Ching
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To measure the effect of chair resistance training (RT) on the quality of life (QoL) of older long‐term care residents with sarcopenic obesity (SO).

Background

Sarcopenia combined with obesity, commonly called SO, is considered to be related to health‐related QoL. Despite concerns regarding SO‐related long‐term healthcare issues, intervention studies on SO residents in nursing homes are scant in Taiwan.

Design

This research was a quasi‐experiment conducted according to the TREND Checklist. A total of 123 older persons were enrolled from six nursing facilities. The RT was implemented between October 2015–March 2016.

Method

The intervention group received progressive RT with sandbags/dumbbells twice a week for 3 months, whereas the comparison group received the usual care. QoL was the major outcome variable. Data were analysed using chi‐square test, Student's t test and generalised estimating equation (GEE).

Results

The various definition criteria for SO can influence the results of QoL in the older persons. From the body composition perspective, in the GEE analysis, the SO cut‐off points for neither skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMMp) nor appendicular skeletal muscle mass index demonstrated significant between‐group differences in the QoL variable after the 3‐month RT intervention. Between‐group analysis revealed a significant effect of time on anxiety/depression [Exp(B): 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.18–0.93, p‐value < .05] in participants who met all three criteria of the definition of SO (low SMMp, low handgrip strength, and obesity). RT was one of the protective factors.

Conclusion

In the SO group, the effect of muscle strength on QoL is greater than the effect of changes in body composition after RT.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study analysed the influence of RT on QoL in subjects with different categories of SO. RT is one of the ways to promote QoL among the SO population. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02912338.
The outcomes and experience of people receiving community‐based nurse‐led wound care: A systematic review
Authors: Dhar Anusuya , Needham Judith , Gibb Michelle , Coyne Elisabeth
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To review the literature related to the outcomes and experience of people receiving nurse‐led care for chronic wounds in the community.

Background

Chronic wounds lead to a poor quality of life and are an economic burden to the Australian healthcare system. A lack of awareness into the significance of chronic wounds leads to limited resources being available to facilitate the provision of evidence‐based care. The majority of chronic wounds are managed by nurses in the community, and a better understanding into current models of care is required to inform future practice.

Design

A systematic quantitative literature review.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: English language, peer‐reviewed, published from 2009–2019 and primary research. The data were compiled into an Excel database for reporting as per the Pickering and Byrne (Higher Education Research & Development, 33, 534.) method of systematic quantitative literature review. This review used the PRISMA checklist. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for quality appraisal.

Results

Twelve studies were included in the review. Home nursing care, social community care and nursing within a wound clinic were identified as three types of nurse‐led care in the literature. The findings demonstrate that nurse‐led care was cost‐effective, reported high levels of client satisfaction and contributed to improved wound healing and reduced levels of pain.

Conclusions

Nurse‐led care is a positive experience for people with chronic wounds and leads to better outcomes. The findings suggested a need for further client education and specialised training for healthcare practitioners managing chronic wounds.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

This review demonstrates that nurse‐led care for people with chronic wounds in the community is cost‐effective and improves client outcomes. Raising awareness into the significance of chronic wounds aims to promote the resources required to facilitate evidence‐based care.
Nurses’ and surgeons’ views and experiences of surgical wounds healing by secondary intention: A qualitative study
Authors: McCaughan Dorothy , Sheard Laura , Cullum Nicky , Dumville Jo , Chetter Ian
Published: April 2020

Aims and Objectives

To explore surgeons’ and nurses’ perspectives of managing surgical wounds healing by secondary intention.

Background

Every year, more than 10 million surgical operations are performed in the NHS in the UK. Most surgical wounds heal by primary intention, where the edges of the wound are brought together with staples, sutures, adhesive glue or clips. Sometimes wounds are deliberately left open to heal, from the base up, known as “healing by secondary intention.” These wounds are often slow to heal, prone to infection and complex to manage.

Design

A qualitative, descriptive approach, using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Interviews with five (general, vascular and plastic) surgeons and 7 nurses (3 tissue viability nurses, 2 district and 1 community nurse, and 1 hospital nurse) working in hospital and community care settings in two locations in the north of England. Data analysis followed the recommended sequential steps of “Framework” approach. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guided the study report.

Results

Participants reported that the main types of wounds healing by secondary intention that they manage are extensive abdominal cavity wounds; open wounds relating to treatment for pilonidal sinus; large open wounds on the feet of patients with diabetes; and axilla and groin wounds, associated with removal of lymph nodes for cancer. Infection and prolonged time to healing were the main challenges. Negative pressure wound therapy was the most favoured treatment option.

Conclusions

Negative pressure wound therapy was advocated by professionals despite a lack of research evidence indicating clinical or cost‐effectiveness. Our findings underscore the need for rigorous evaluation of negative pressure wound therapy, and other wound care treatments, through studies that include economic evaluation.

Relevance for clinical practice

Clinical decision‐making in wound care could be optimised through further robust studies to inform practitioners about the cost‐effectiveness of available treatments.
Making sense of blood glucose data and self‐management in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A qualitative study
Authors: Despins Laurel A. , Wakefield Bonnie J.
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To describe individuals' with type 2 diabetes mellitus sense‐making of blood glucose data and other influences impacting self‐management behaviour.

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence is increasing globally. Adherence to effective diabetes self‐management regimens is an ongoing healthcare challenge. Examining individuals’ sense‐making processes can advance staff knowledge of and improve diabetes self‐management behaviour.

Design

A qualitative exploratory design examining how individuals make sense of blood glucose data and symptoms, and the influence on self‐management decisions.

Methods

Sixteen one‐on‐one interviews with adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a semi‐structured interview guide were conducted from March–May 2018. An inductive–deductive thematic analysis of data using the Sensemaking Framework for Chronic Disease Self‐Management was used. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist were used in completing this paper.

Results

Three main themes described participants’ type 2 diabetes mellitus sense‐making and influences on self‐management decisions: classifying blood glucose data, building mental models and making self‐management decisions. Participants classified glucose levels based on prior personal experiences. Participants learned about diabetes from classes, personal experience, health information technology and their social network. Seven participants expressed a need for periodic refreshing of diabetes knowledge.

Conclusion

Individuals use self‐monitored glucose values and/or HbA1C values to evaluate glucose control. When using glucose values, they analyse the context in which the value was obtained through the lens of personal parameters and expectations. Understanding how individuals make sense of glycaemic data and influences on diabetes self‐management behaviour with periodic reassessment of this understanding can guide the healthcare team in optimising collaborative individualised care plans.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses must assess sense‐making processes in self‐management decisions. Periodic “refresher” diabetes education may be needed for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The culture conversation: Report from the 2nd Australasian ILC meeting—Auckland 2019
Authors: Aspinall Cathleen , Parr Jenny M. , Slark Julia , Wilson Denise
Published: April 2020

Aim and objective

This paper reports on the proceedings of the second Australasian International Learning Collaborative conference and summit.

Background

In December 2019, over a hundred people attended the second Australasian International Learning Collaborative Conference and Summit. This was the first to be held in Aotearoa New Zealand, the land where cultural safety was developed, its origins being in nursing education. Perhaps not surprisingly, culture, cultural safety and the context of care featured highly in the presentations and workshops.

Design and methods

Discussion paper.

Results

A key outcome of the conference proceedings and workshops was the call for nurses and the International Learning Collaborative to work in partnership with indigenous groups to iterate the importance of the Fundamentals of Care framework and evaluate the impact of that on health equity. Other essential messages were to value establishing relationships, to continue to talk about the fundamentals of care, to research and to own them. Nurses were reminded to use their humanity to create a climate and culture in which patients and staff feel valued, safe and trusted.

Conclusions

Future iterations of the Fundamentals of Care framework must incorporate indigenous worldviews, which emphasise the importance of relationships, family and spirituality on wellbeing. Such additions will provide an opportunity for the International Learning Collaborative to optimally respond and direct nursing practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

International Learning Collaborative members and conference attendees learned, listened and worked on meeting the challenges of consistently implementing and applying the fundamentals of care in practice and its importance to education, research and policy. The takeaway message is, when this does not happen, nurses must speak up.
Practice priorities for acute care nursing: A Delphi study
Authors: Connell Clifford J. , Plummer Virginia , Crawford Kimberley , Endacott Ruth , Foley Pieternella , Griffiths Debra L. , Innes Kelli , Nayna Schwerdtle Patricia , Walker Lorraine E. , Morphet Julia
Published: April 2020

Aims and objectives

To describe the risk and frequency of challenges in acute care nursing, and the practice priorities in Australian hospital wards based upon expert consensus.

Background

Health care is facing increasing demands that are negatively impacting upon the safety and quality of nursing care.

Design

Delphi Method.

Method

A three‐round electronic Delphi method was used to collect and synthesise expert consensus opinion of 30 participants in Rounds One and Two of the survey, and 12 participants in Round Three. The study was carried out from July to December 2016. This study complied with the STROBE checklist.

Results

High patient acuity or complexity, as well as inadequate bed space on wards, are “very high” risks that occur “often” and “very often,” respectively. The pressure to admit patients, delayed medical review and patient boarding are all “high” risks that occur “often.” Though only occurring “sometimes,” inadequate numbers and skill mix of staff, suboptimal communication and early or inappropriate discharge all pose a “very high” risk to patient care.

Conclusion

The key practice priorities for nurse managers should include the design, implementation and evaluation of sustainable system‐wide frameworks, processes and models of care that address patient boarding, communication and discharge processes, job satisfaction, staffing numbers and expertise.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study provides a description of the challenges that face acute care nursing in the provision of safe and high‐quality care.
A structural equation model of health‐related quality of life among Thai men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Peepratoom Bangorn , Low Gail , Malathum Porntip , Chai‐Aroon Teeradej , Chuchottaworn Charoen , Arpanantikul Manee
Published: April 2020

Aim and objectives

To identify physiological, psychological and socioenvironmental factors that affect the health‐related quality of life of Thai men living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The vast majority of Thai persons living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are men.

Background

Little is known about the health‐related quality of life of Thai people living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or about the physiological and psychosocial factors that most affect it. Applying a prevailing theoretical model of health‐related quality of life, we explored how physiological, psychological and socioenvironmental factors simultaneously affect the health‐related quality of life of Thai men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Design

A cross‐sectional study design was used, together with the STROBE checklist.

Methods

In this study, 290 Thai male outpatients at a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease specialist clinic near Bangkok were recruited using purposive sampling. The participants completed the Satisfaction With Life Scale, the St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Short Form Health Survey Version 2, the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Self‐Efficacy Scale and the Social Support Questionnaire. A structural equation model was used to examine the relationships between the assessed variables.

Results

Biological function (FEV‐1, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations), symptoms (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depression), functional status, general health perceptions and individual characteristics (age and self‐efficacy to control dyspnoea) accounted for 56.9% of the variance in health‐related quality of life.

Conclusions

Symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and depression were the main factors with statistically significant direct and indirect effects on the health‐related quality of life of the Thai men in this study. The effects of both symptoms included an indirect effect on health‐related quality of life through functional status and general health perceptions.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study findings may help nurses to better understand factors affecting health‐related quality of life among men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Preventing or minimising symptom exacerbations could be important in nursing practice. Cognitive‐behavioural interventions addressing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptom management, depression screening and smoking cessation may improve health‐related quality of life among Thai men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Evaluation of quality improvement intervention with nurse training in nursing homes: A systematic review
Authors: Chen Huijing , Feng Hui , Liao Lulu , Wu Xinyin , Zhao Yinan , Hu Mingyue , Li Hui , Hu Hengyu , Yang Xiufen
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Quality improvement may be a promising approach to improve the quality of care in nursing homes, and nurse training is a key step in a successful quality improvement practice. The implementation of training measures may be related to the quality of quality improvement practice. Little is known about the quality of quality improvement practice or effective nurse training measures that affect the quality of quality improvement interventions in nursing homes.

Aims

The aim of this review was to assess the quality of available quality improvement intervention designs and present effective nurse training measures that contribute to a high‐quality quality improvement intervention.

Methods

We searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library for articles published before March 2019. quality improvement intervention quality was evaluated using a standardised assessment tool. Descriptive synthesis was used for the analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) Checklist was used for transparency.

Results

We included 12 articles, 1 was rated as perfect quality and 7 good quality. Out of these 8 studies, 3 features primarily reflected differences in quality: compliance, sustainability and replication ability of the interventions. They were affected by measures included provision of advanced training, available training resources, feedback process, building quality improvement teams, setting up mentors and nursing leadership training. Other recommended measures included external cooperation and leadership empowerment.

Conclusion

A high‐quality quality improvement intervention should consider how to improve compliance, sustainability and replication ability. Adapting measures that are compatible with nurse training may ensure a successful implementation of quality improvement programmes that are conducive to the effective improvement of service quality.

Relevance to clinical practice

Quality improvement programmes should take into account measures that are compatible with nursing staff training. These measures should help improve the quality of interventions and promote care service of nursing homes.
Effects of increasing alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaf levels on the fattening and slaughtering performance of organic broilers
Authors: Pleger Lydia , Weindl Petra Nicole , Weindl Peter Andreas , Carrasco Luz Salomé , Leitao Céline , Zhao Minjie , Schade Benjamin , Aulrich Karen , Bellof Gerhard
Published: April 2020

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing alfalfa leaf levels on the performance of organic broilers. The impact of drying temperature on the nutritional value of alfalfa leaves and thereby on broiler performance was studied using alfalfa leaves dried at either low (alfalfa leaves low temperature (ALLT)) or high temperatures (alfalfa leaves (AL)). Six hundred male Hubbard JA‐757 broilers were divided into five feeding groups (Control (C), AL2, AL3, AL4 and ALLT5). Alfalfa leaf content was increased in each of the three fattening phases by 5% (C: 0%–0%–0%; AL2: 0%–5%–10%; AL3: 5%–10%–15%; AL4: 10%–15%–20%; and ALLT5: 10%–15%–20%). At the end of the experiment, broilers in group C had the highest body and carcass weights. Groups AL3, AL4 and ALLT5 showed the lowest body and carcass weights. In particular, the early introduction of alfalfa leaves (5% in phase 1) and high alfalfa leaf content (15%–20%) significantly decreased performance. Antinutritional substances such as saponins occur in alfalfa. In fact, the saponin analysis showed high contents of 3‐Glc‐Glc‐28‐Ara‐Rha‐medicagenic acid and HexA‐dHex‐Pen‐Pen‐Pen‐zanhic acid in both high‐ and low‐temperature alfalfa leaves.