bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Liberalization Policies for Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: MENGISTEAB KIDANE , LOGAN BERNARD I.
Published: March 2007

The 1980s have been characterized by strong advocacy for liberalization policies that attempt to expand the boundaries of the market and to reduce the role of the state in economic activity in developing countries. Such a drive is based on the assumption that less interventionist economies outperform interventionist ones. This study has a dual objective. It attempts to test this assumption using the agricultural sector of African countries and examines the potential impacts of liberalization policies on agricultural development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Electoral Influence of Party Leader Images in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: BEAN CLIVE
Published: March 2007

Although the electoral influence of voter attitudes toward American presidential candidates has never seriously been questioned, only in relatively recent times has the existence of an equivalent effect for political party leaders in parliamentary systems become well-accepted. This analysis seeks to extend the understanding of the nature of parliamentary leadership effects to encompass the types of specific leadership qualities that influence electoral choice. Data from open-ended questions in surveys conducted in Australia in 1979 and New Zealand in 1981, taken together with earlier research, indicate a broad similarity of voter responses to different political leaders, in parliamentary as well as presidential systems. In particular, the criteria voters take into account most consistently when making leadership-based electoral decisions are positive perceptions of the “performance relevant” qualities of competence and integrity. This is evidence against the argument that voting on the basis of leadership personality is in some sense “irrational.”
Cultural Transmission Versus Perceptions of the Economy
Authors: ROHRSCHNEIDER ROBERT
Published: March 2007

The formal division of Germany in 1949 and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 demarcate a monumental quasi-experiment. Whereas the political culture aspects of this experiment have been studied extensively, the implications of these events for the economic culture in West and East Germany have received less attention. This article attempts to fill this gap in scholarship by examining the basic economic values of parliamentarians in East and West Germany. To this end, I interviewed 168 parliamentarians from the united Parliament in Berlin (79 from the East, 89 from the West). The study finds that the socialist order successfully imbued East MPs with socialist economic values—especially among the postwar cohort—independent of MPs' evaluation of contemporary economic conditions. In contrast, West MPs' economic values reflect the social market system of the West German economy. These results suggest that basic institutional arrangements, once put into place, have a substantial influence on individuals' ideological predispositions.
Political Identities in the Initial Phase of Systemic Transformation in Poland
Authors: SHABAD GOLDIE , SLOMCZYNSKI KAZIMIERZ M.
Published: March 2007

The basic premise of this article is that, contrary to the tabula rasa hypothesis, individuals in the new democracies of post-Communist Eastern Europe have been able to form meaningful political identities even under conditions of great fluidity and uncertainty. These identities are expressed through the pattern of voting choices that individuals make during successive elections. The authors based their analysis on a 1993 panel survey of a national sample of the adult Polish population first interviewed in 1988. They show that when political identity is conceptualized in a dynamic manner, the majority of the Polish electorate exhibit patterns of electoral choice that conform well to interpretable types of political identity. Such political identities are shaped by social group memberships and individuals' experiences under communism. These identities, in turn, shape individuals' orientations toward crucial issues related to the systemic transformation of their society.
The Karelian Question
Authors: JOENNIEMI PERTTI
Published: March 2007

The Karelian question shows signs of transforming from a divisive issue to a matter of cooperation. It seems to be shifting from a unresolved territorial issue involving the correction of borders towards a resource with strong European and integration-oriented connotations. The traditional statist stances are still to some extent there, but have become less distinct as more space has been provided for various `low policy' initiatives that reach across borders. It hence appears that the territorial determinants of political processes and social life are declining in importance in the case of the ceded Karelia, thereby promoting a return of the Karelian question in a manner beyond restitution and an adjustment of statist borders.
The Effect of Employee Uniforms on Employee Satisfaction
Authors: Nelson Kathy , Bowen John
Published: March 2007

Many hospitality-industry employees must wear uniforms, and those outfits can affect employees' attitudes. In turn, those attitudes almost certainly affect customer satisfaction, if only because the employees are a part of a property's atmosphere. One might guess that some uniform attributes (e.g., appearance, function, character, and comfort) make a difference to employees, while others have no effect. A survey of 201 employees at Las Vegas casino-resorts found a significant relationship between uniform design and employee attitudes. The study found, for instance, that uniforms can increase employees' self-confidence and enhance their credibility. On the other hand, certain costume designs actually elicit rude reactions from guests (who comment on the uniforms). Surprisingly, the level of contact between employees and guests had no influence on the how employees viewed their uniforms. The wisest course is for managers to involve employees in uniform selection.
Applying Value Drivers to Hotel Valuation
Authors: Ganchev Oggie
Published: March 2007

The valuation framework provided by calculating discounted cash flow (DCF) remains an accurate and well-accepted approach to determining hotel value. While the accounting measures provided by the Uniform System of Accounts for the Lodging Industry contain the necessary information, its format is not investor friendly. By comparison, the value-driver DCF approach is more effective because it rests on the drivers of hotel value-namely, growth, market share, level of services and amenities, profit margin, and cost of capital. The success of a hotel investment depends on those value drivers. An investor who can make an improvement in any one (or more) of those drivers is able to create value and improve the return on the investment. Paying attention to the value drivers is as important for short-term investors who plan to turn a hotel around (and thus capture a quick increase in value) as for long-term holders who intend to build value for a brand.
ClubCorp Goes to School
Authors: Clemenz Candice E. , Weaver Pamela A. , Gore Frank
Published: March 2007

When Club Corporation of America wanted to develop a computer-based training program for its managers, it turned to a team led by faculty members at Virginia Tech. In addition to representatives from ClubCorp, the team comprised members of the university's art, English, hospitality, theatre, and visual communication departments. The team decided to distribute the training applications on CD-ROMs, based on their ability to store large amounts of material that can be retrieved quickly.
How Restaurant Features Affect Check Aberages
Authors: Susskind Alex M. , Chan Edwin K.
Published: March 2007

A study of 63 Toronto restaurants found that certain attributes or amenities had a statistically significant effect on average check, as well as customers' ratings of decor and service quality. The features tested were offering catering, a dress code, late-night dining, live entertainment, outside seating, parking, smoking, take out, and some form of internet activity. Specifically, a dress code boosted check averages and improved ratings for decor, service, and food quality. Offering parking also boosted check averages. In contrast, offering takeout depressed check averages and reduced the ratings for decor. Offering a late-night menu had a significant negative effect on perceptions of food and service quality. The restaurant features offered most frequently were catering, takeout, and a smoking section.
Linen and Uniform Control
Authors: Schweid Paul
Published: March 2007

Most hoteliers recognize the importance of estab lishing controls over china, silverware, food, liquor, and other supplies. But few attempt to minimize the costs of another expensive commodity by estab lishing
Straight Talk to Hoteliers
Authors: Hall Raymond J.
Published: March 2007

Hoteliers can profit from the current business climate -if they learn how to meet the specific needs of the meetings market. The author works both sides of the street in the following discussion, with recommendations for surmounting the current shortcomings of both hotel management and meeting planners
Gender-based Differences in Business Travelers'
Authors: McCleary Ken W. , Weaver Pamela A. , Lan Li
Published: March 2007

This article explores gender-based differences in hotel-selection and service-use preferences, based on a survey of 250 male and female business travelers. As one might expect, both men and women consider basic services, such as clean, comfortable rooms and free local phone service, to be important. But businesswomen consider security, in-room services and amenities (such as hair dryers and minibars), and low price to be more important selection criteria than do businessmen. Male business travelers are more likely to value business-related services and facilities (such as fax machines and suites). One intriguing finding of the study is that, although businesswomen take an average 7.4 domestic trips per year compared to businessmen's 11.1, women take more international business trips than men and their stays tend to be nearly twice as long.
Vietnam's Tourism Industry
Authors: Hobson, J. S. Perry , Heung Vincent C. S. , Chon Kye-Sung
Published: March 2007

Vietnam has emerged from political isolation and its economy is now open to foreign investment. There exists great potential for the growth of tourism in the country. Numerous hotel projects are already under way and many more are planned. However, problems with financing, bureaucracy, government regulation of labor and land ownership, and a lack of tourism infrastructure remain a hindrance to foreign investment. Moreover, the former U.S. economic embargo has until recently hampered the involvement of U.S. companies in Vietnam's development.
Sustainable Tourism
Authors: Manning Edward W. , Dougherty T. David
Published: March 2007

To prevent environmental or cultural damage that curtails tourism, operators and planners need to cooperate with government authorities and managers in other industries to establish planning strategies and other mechanisms to ensure that tourism to a locale does not exceed the capacity of that destination. The goal of sustainable tourism can be achieved if the capacity of the many attributes of a destination to support human activity can be assessed and not exceeded. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one mechanism for determining that capacity. An EIA should take into account the relationship between demand from travelers and the sensitive environmental characteristics of the site. Unfortunately the actual capacities of many locations are only partially known or have been learned only in retrospect. An ecosystem approach to travel planning, one that accounts for demands of other industries on the environment, will help create plans for sustainable tourism and development. Such a plan is in effect in such places as Prince Edward Island and the Maldive Islands. Ecotourism promises to be one aspect of sustainable tourism, although the current concept of ecotourism is so ill defined as to be deceiving.
What Is a Capital Expenditure?
Authors: Schmidgall Raymond S. , Damitio James W. , Singh A. J.
Published: March 2007

Lodging-industry financial executives have yet to achieve consensus on the criteria for identifying capital expenditures. When, in the absence of specific IRS guidelines or other accounting norms, those financial experts are uncertain whether to categorize an expenditure as operating (revenue) expenses or a capital expenditure, they use a variety of criteria to make that determination, most often using cost as the deciding factor. Other criteria were used inconsistently by the study participants. These included identifying an expense as capital when the purchase is part of property and equipment at the time a hotel is purchased or as part of a hotel renovation; when the useful life of purchase is more than one year or when the improvement prolongs the useful life of the property; when instructed to do so by owners or upper management; and when the improvement increases the earning capacity of the property. The study confirmed a strong desire among respondents for guidelines that will help lodging-industry financial executives determine whether an expenditure is capital in nature.
TQM in American Hotels
Authors: Breiter Deborah , Bloomquist Priscilla
Published: March 2007

This 1997 study of 230 AH&MA-member properties is the first to attempt a summary survey of TQM programs in the hotels in the United States. The survey found that 116 of the properties responding practice TQM. Three-quarters of these TQM properties are full-service hotels. Statistical tests on the responses showed that size, affiliation, and lodging segment are significantly associated with hotels' using TQM. Generally, the larger the hotel, the more likely it is to have a TQM system, and chain hotels are more likely than independents to have TQM systems. The most common barrier to TQM success is failure of management leadership. One caveat to the findings is that AH&MA-member hotels are, on average, larger than the hotels as a group, possibly skewing the results to show a larger proportion of TQM programs in place than occurs in the industry as a whole.
Managing Capital Expenditures
Authors: Denton Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

To offset the expense of capital projects, most hotel contracts require the operating firm to set aside a percentage of revenues each year in a reserve for replacement. While this practice does provide funding for capital projects, it uses capital inefficiently and may not provide adequate reserves for all capital expenses. Instead of setting aside a “standard” percentage of revenues, asset managers can establish a calendar of anticipated capital projects and use the costs of those replacements to create a more accurate schedule of contributions to a reserve account. Basing reserve-account contributions on a calculation of actual anticipated capital requirements frees funds in the early years of a hotel's life, while ensuring that sufficient funds will be available in later years for major rehabilitation projects.
Developing a Restaurant Revenue-management Strategy
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E. , Barrash Deborah I. , Alexander John E.
Published: March 2007

Propounding theories is one thing, but too often the intended beneficiary hasn't the time or tools to check their usefulness. Here's a case where researchers worked with a local restaurant to test their ideas, make recommendations for improvement, and track the results.
Suicide
Authors: Westefeld John S. , Range Lillian M. , Rogers James R. , Maples Michael R. , Bromley Jamie L. , Alcorn John
Published: March 2007

Suicide is a major mental health problem in the United States and an issue that significantly impacts the mental health treatment community. Although the suicide rate remains relatively stable, the discipline of counseling psychology has broadened in scope and work settings have diversified. Thus, counseling psychology trainees are increasingly exposed to suicidal clients. Despite this reality, research suggests that comprehensive, systematic training in suicidology in counseling psychology programs rarely occurs. One reason for this state of affairs may be that the suicide literature is spread across a variety of disciplines, making it difficult for educators and practitioners to stay informed about the knowledge base in suicidology. The purpose of this contribution, therefore, is to provide counseling psychology educators and practitioners with an overview of the field of suicidology as it applies to the training and practice of counseling psychology.
Stereotypes about Chicanas and Chicanos
Authors: Niemann Yolanda Flores
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature on stereotypes about Chicanas/os reveals that people of Mexican descent are perceived predominantly in derogatory terms, with the few positive terms primarily related to the centrality of the family for this ethnic community. This review also indicates that Chicanas/os themselves often endorse these stereotypes. However, the extant literature has not examined the counseling process in relation to consensual, social stereotypes of this ethnic group. This article serves to bridge that gap in the literature. Counselors are strongly encouraged to be cognizant of how stereotypes may affect Chicanas/os, especially in areas related to identity, risky behavior, stereotype threat, education, gender roles, and stigmatization. Counselors are encouraged to increase racial awareness as part of the mental health development of their Chicana/o clients. Counselors are particularly challenged to examine how their own conscious and unconscious stereotypes may affect the counselor-client relationship. Future research directions are also discussed.
The Interface of Work and Relationships
Authors: Blustein David L.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces the Major Contribution in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist on the interface of work and interpersonal relationships. Initially, the various lines of literature that highlight the central place that work plays in human life are reviewed and integrated. The critically important perspectives offered by the relational movement are then reviewed with a particular focus on how this emerging body of work is transforming some fundamental beliefs within psychology. The existing literature on the connections between work and relationships is summarized next with attention to identifying the considerable needs for continued research and theory development in this line of inquiry. The article concludes by providing the reader with a framework with which to derive maximal meaning from the qualitative, discovery-oriented findings presented in the three articles by Phillips, Christopher-Sisk, and Gravino; Schultheiss, Kress, Manzi, and Glasscock; and Blustein, Fama, White, Ketterson, Shaefer, Schwam, Sirin, and Skau that collectively make up this Major Contribution.
The Unretiring John Krumboltz
Authors: LaFromboise Teresa D. , Neumann Harly
Published: March 2007

John D. Krumboltz continues to contribute to the field of counseling psychology, including the subspecialty of career counseling, after five decades of professional experience. Inspired by B. F. Skinner, John operationalized a behavioral approach to counseling. After 4 years at Michigan State University, where he initiated research on programmed instruction, he moved to Stanford University to help establish a program of research in counseling and to build a counseling psychology doctoral program that implemented the scientist-practitioner model. His major objective in life continues to be making counseling interventions useful in everyday life.
The Research Training of Counseling Psychologists
Authors: Royalty Georgia M. , Reising Gregory N.
Published: March 2007

Participants were 355 randomly selected Division 17 members who responded to a survey concerning their assessment of their own research skills, their research training, and the major influences on their research skill and interest. Respondents reported that graduate programs contribute adequately to their skills in research design, statistics, and writing, but contribute less to their computer skills and practical research skills. Respondents, on average, felt confident about their research skills with the exception of statistical and computer skills. These perceptions were independent of sex, number of years post doctorate, graduate training department, American Psychological Association accreditation, and primary employment setting. Programs and training activities were consistently viewed as having a positive effect on research interest. Practical implications for the training program, the professional, and the profession are discussed.
The Division 17 Principles Concerning the Counseling/Psychotherapy of Women
Authors: Fitzgerald Louise F. , Nutt Roberta
Published: March 2007

In 1978 the Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) approved the Principles Concerning the Counseling and Psychotherapy of Women as an official policy statement for the Division. These Principles, subsequently endorsed by Divisions 16,29, and 35, have also served as a general resource document for the APA, and are cited as a resource in the Guidelines for the Provision of Counseling Psychological Services (APA, 1983).

Almost from the inception of the Principles, the Division 17 Committee on Women, which authored them, had anticipated the need for an extensive exposition of each principle, to guide psychologists seeking to implement both their spirit and their content. Thus, the present document, which presents the background and rationale for each principle as well as suggestions for implementation, was born. The result of over 5 years of work, the document has been extensively reviewed, revised, and again reviewed-not only by the committee and its various resource and support persons but also by psychologists from all across the country, both within and without Division 17. The process of cooperation, incorporation, and revision has been both frustrating and inspiring, as we worked to produce a document that could stand as a guide to our science and our profession for at least a decade. The final version was approved by the Division 17 Executive Committee at its 1984 midyear meeting.

This document is the product of literally hundreds of women (and men) who have contributed time, thought, and effort over nearly half a decade to bring this project to fruition, and thus, to contribute to the welfare of women everywhere. Although it bears our names, we are intensely aware that it is truly a cooperative product of the committee, the division, and ultimately, our profession as a whole.
Knowing that Versus Knowing How
Authors: Johnson Samuel D.
Published: March 2007

Methods of training counselors and others for intercultural effectiveness are examined as a vehicle for addressing the question of how cultural expertise is utilized in multicultural training. The notion of expertise is explored as a content issue and an outcome criterion in efforts to train counselors to be more widely effective with culturally diverse populations. Operational concepts of expertise are illustrated and suggested as evaluation criteria in research and training for intercultural effectiveness in counseling.
Career Counseling Research and Hispanics
Authors: Arbona Consuelo
Published: March 2007

This article presents an extensive review of the research literature related to career counseling with Hispanics in the U.S. from 1970 to the present. Most of the research reviewed dealt with Mexican-Americans, and only a few studies included Puerto Ricans in their sample. The article is organized into four areas: occupational aspirations, vocational interests, on-the-job behavior; and educational attainment. It was found that Hispanic students tend to have high occupational and educational aspirations, Holland 's hexagonal model of career interests seem to apply to Hispanics, middle-class and college-educated Hispanics and Anglos are similar in terms of work values and career progression behaviors, and educational attainment among Hispanics varies according to their national origin, generational status, and social class. It was concluded that, in general, the career counseling research related to Hispanics is very limited in terms of content, and for the most part lacks a theoretical base. The findings of this research strongly suggest that the lack of occupational mobility among Hispanics is related to structural factors, such as socioeconomic status and lack of opportunities, and not to cultural characteristics. The literature reviewed also shows that Hispanics are not a homogeneous group and that there are important differences between the various Hispanic subgroups as well as between Hispanics from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Suggestions for future research are offered and methodological issues in career counseling research with Hispanics are examined.
Further Reflections on the Public Image of Counseling Psychology
Authors: Lent Robert W.
Published: March 2007

It has recently been argued that the field of psychology suffers from an "image problem," limiting its impact as a science and a means of advancing human welfare (Benjamin, 1986). Although there are limited data addressing counseling psychology 's public image, it is likely that the public generally lacks a clear understanding and appreciation of the specialty's unique contributions. This article explores six potential barriers to an effective public image of counseling psychology; reviews several remedial strategies; and advocates the development of a vigorous, centrally coordinated public image agenda to enhance the profession's future viability and societal impact.
The Effects of Counselor Self-Disclosure
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

Self-disclosure has long been a topic of interest in the counseling and psychotherapy literature. In an effort to provide a more contemporary perspective on the role of self-disclosure in counseling, this article reviews research on the effects of counselor self-disclosure. Studies appearing since the early 1970s up to the present time are examined Once all studies are summarized, observations, evaluations, and recommendations about the counselor self-disclosure literature are made. A number of suggestions are offered on how future research in the area could be improved.
Personal and Professional Issues for the Counseling Psychologist in Private Practice
Authors: Courtois Christine A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses personal and professional issues of private practice for the midcareer counseling psychologist. Independent practice is a new career setting for counseling psychologists and holds many challenges and satisfactions. It requires flexibility in orientation and professional aspects and obligations. The author uses her own experience in practice to illustrate various personal and professional considerations.
Toward Science-Practice Integration in Brief Counseling and Therapy
Authors: Steenbarger Brett N.
Published: March 2007

Increased interest in the practice of brief counseling and therapy has been accompanied by an expansion of research activity. Nevertheless, signs abound of a schism between science- and practice-based understandings. This article outlines major approaches to brief counseling practice, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and strategic; summarizes recent research on brief therapeutic outcomes and processes; and identifies overlapping themes in the science and practice literatures. An integrative model of brief intervention, capable of being flexibly modified for a variety of client populations, is offered as a framework for future practice, research, and training activities.
A Three-Dimensional Model for Counseling Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Atkinson Donald R. , Thompson Chalmer E. , Grant Sheila K.
Published: March 2007

The counseling profession' heavy reliance on the psychotherapy role has been criticized as being unresponsive to the needs and experiences of ethnic-minority clients. The use of other counseling roles and techniques indigenous to the client's ancestral culture have been proposed as alternatives to psychotherapy; however, no schema currently exists to help counselors select an appropriate helping role or strategy. This article describes one schema that is based on the variables of locus of problem etiology, level of acculturation, and goals of counseling. Limitations of the current model and the need to develop other selection schemata are discussed.
Thoughts on Saving Our Planet
Authors: Howard George S.
Published: March 2007

One does not pursue ecological activist efforts long before realizing that an impressive array of forces impede any change efforts. Several of the lessons learned from ecocounseling projects are discussed in detail. Finally, a careful analysis of conservation programs sponsored by public utilities are found to inadvertently produce economic hardships for the poor Part of the research agenda of ecocounseling psychologists might be to develop programs to alleviate the economic hardships that some conservation programs might now unknowingly inflict on lower income groups.
Learning from "The Struggle"
Authors: Stadler Holly A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the author's participation in a faculty exchange program between the University of Missouri and the University of the Western Cape in South Africa The discussion highlights the value of international experiences in a collectivist culture and lessons in courage.
Achieving Ethnic Parity in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Atkinson Donald R. , Brown Michael T. , Casas J. Manuel , Zane Nolan W. S.
Published: March 2007

With the increasing diversification of the population comes an increased need for ethnic minority psychologists. Most counseling psychology programs will have to dramatically increase the numbers of ethnic minority students they enroll and faculty they hire to achieve parity and meet the need for more ethnic minority counseling psychologists in the future. This article describes the preconditions and strategies needed to recruit, to select, and to support ethnic minority students and faculty in counseling psychology programs.
Race and Criminal Violence: A Demographically Disaggregated Analysis of Urban Homicide
Authors: Sampson Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The most prominent explanation for the disproportionate involvement by blacks in criminal violence is the subculture of violence theory (Wolfgang and Ferracuti, 1967; Curtis, 1975). Recently, several studies have attempted to test the subculture of violence thesis by examining the direct effect of racial composition on the aggregate homicide rate in multivariate analysis. However, the aggregate homicide rate fails to distinguish the effects of racial composition from environmental context, thereby confounding the interpretation of community and individual-level influences. These studies thus have been unable to test key sociological propositions derived from subcultural theory. In this article, we address the race and crime issue by examining the structural sources of variation in age-, race-, and sex-specific rates of homicide offending in major U. S. cities.
Victims' Rights Laws in Illinois: Two Decades of Progress
Authors: McGuire Stephen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss the adjustments made by the criminal justice system during the past two decades in order to safeguard the rights of crime victims and enhance their participation in the process of criminal adjudication. The article discusses traditional approaches to victim assistance and compensation and also presents a more recent and innovative approach in this area. Although the article focuses primarily on legislation, it also discusses the application of legislative changes in the courts as well as initiatives that have come from within the court system.
The Second Step in Double Jeopardy: Appropriating the Labor of Female Street Hustlers
Authors: Romenesko Kim , Miller Eleanor M.
Published: March 2007

“Topical” life histories were obtained from fourteen Milwaukee female street hustlers, aged 18 to 35, eleven of whom are members (or former members) of a “street” institution termed the “pseudo-family” (made up of a “man” and the women who work for him). A putative and potential refuge to women responding to a dearth of licit employment opportunities and to the glitter and economic potential of the street, the pseudo-family actually emerges as a heteropatriarchal mechanism whose character, organization, and context serve to depress further, rather than enhance, the life chances of its female members. Once a woman is “turned out” by the “man” and enlisted in the pseudo-family, she is enmeshed in a tangled skein of conflicting emotions and motives; “wives-in-law” vie for the coveted position of “bottom woman” and for the attentions and regard of their “man,” and the “man” schemes (in concert with other “men”) to maintain his dominance and, above all, the profitability of the union. As female hustlers age, and as their criminal records lengthen, they become marginal even to this world of last resort. Traded as chattel, often stripped entirely of property in the process of exchanging “men,” and finally disowned when competition from other more naive, more attractive, and more obedient women becomes too strong, street women find themselves doubly jeopardized by capitalistic-patriarchal structures that are pervasive in “straight” society and profound upon the street.
Running on Empty: Creativity and the Correctional Agenda
Authors: McShane Marilyn D. , Williams Frank P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critique of contemporary correctional theories and practices, alleging that a paucity of creative ideas characterizes the field of corrections. It takes note of correctional conservatism, financial strains, and the lack of clear, well-articulated, and shared goals plaguing contemporary corrections. The article considers a number of forces that have contributed to this state of affairs. Finally, it offers some suggestions for regenerating the “correctional imagination.”
Measuring Diversion: The Florida Community Control Program
Authors: Baird S. Christopher , Wagner Dennis
Published: March 2007

The prison crowding crisis has caused many states to implement intensive community supervision programs in an attempt to divert convicted offenders from prison. The Florida Community Control Program (FCCP), which places offenders under house arrest or electronic survelliance, is the largest, best-established prison diversion effort in the United States. During the last six years, Florida courts have used objective guideline criteria to sentence more than 25,000 offenders to the community control program. This article describes an effort to evaluate the impact of the FCCP on prison crowding in Florida. The research compares the characteristics of offenders sentenced to prison before and after the FCCP implementation and attempts to account for changes in sentencing policy in order to measure the diversionary effect of the program.
Constructing Felony Sentencing Guidelines in an Already Crowded State: Oregon Breaks New Ground
Authors: Bogan Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

A dozen states and the federal government now use systems for the sentencing of felony offenders which they call sentencing guidelines. The guidelines vary considerably: Many are voluntary rather than mandatory, some cover a limited group of felonies only, and most are developed independently of any consideration of existing state correctional capacity. In 1989, Oregon, one of the newest of the sentencing guidelines states, borrowed some ideas from Minnesota, one of the oldest guidelines states, to develop felony sentencing guidelines for a state with already overcrowded corrections facilities. Crime & Delinquency asked the director of Oregon's Criminal Justice Council to share her state's experiences.
Drug Treatment and Electronically Monitored Home Confinement: An Evaluation of a Community-Based Sentencing Option
Authors: Jolin Annette , Stipak Brian
Published: March 2007

The Intensive Drug Program represents an important innovation in developing sentencing options for offenders with substance abuse problems. By combining mandatory treatment for substance abuse with electronically monitored house arrest the program attempts to reduce criminal behavior and drug use. Statistical analysis of recidivism data and drug test results suggests the program is working. Community-based sentencing options that combine drug treatment with electronic monitoring therefore warrant further consideration as intermediate sentencing options for substance abusers.
Certification to Criminal Court: The Important Policy Questions of How, When, and Why
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Recent juvenile justice commentators have been guilty of serious misrepresentations about the process of transferring juvenile defendants to criminal court. If accepted, these misrepresentations could lead to dramatic changes in juvenile court certification policy. The purposes of this article are twofold. The first is to thoroughly explicate the transfer phenomenon and thereby neutralize the misrepresentations in the literature. The second objective is to identify the perspectives of various juvenile court workers regarding certification so as to further enable policymakers to comprehend and to address this volatile subject.
Racial Politics, Racial Disparities, and the War on Crime
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: March 2007

Racial disparities in the justice system have steadily gotten worse since 1980, primarily because of politically motivated decisions by the Reagan and Bush administrations to promote harsh drug and sanctioning policies that, existing research and broad agreement among practioners concur, could not significantly reduce crime rates or drug use. It is difficult to imagine a persuasive ethical defense of promotion of policies that were unlikely to achieve their ostensible goals but were foreseen to have an adverse disparate effect on Blacks.
Effectiveness of Culturally Specific Community Treatment for African American Juvenile Felons
Authors: Wooldredge John , Hartman Jennifer , Latessa Edward , Holmes Stephen
Published: March 2007

In response to seemingly high recidivism rates among male African American juvenile felons in Cincinnati, a community program was created specifically for these youths. The Community Corrections Partnership (CCP) Program focuses on the cultural regrounding of African American boys to improve their self-esteem and help them to develop a sense of community. The program has received national attention, yet its effectiveness for reducing recidivism remains unknown. This article presents results from a study of rearrests among juveniles who have completed the program and a comparison group of youths who underwent probation. The findings revealed that CCP did no better than regular probation for preventing recidivism among these juveniles.
Electronic House Arrest: An Examination of Citizen Attitudes
Authors: Brown Michael P. , Elrod Preston
Published: March 2007

This study reports the findings of a survey of attitudes toward the use of electronic house arrest. Data are from a sample of 1,000 randomly selected households from a voter registration list in Oneida County, New York. The return rate was 56%. The results indicate strong, yet conditional support for the use of electronic telemetry to control offenders. Level of support is related to how and why electronic house arrest is used as a criminal sanction, offense seriousness, and the extent to which criminals are monitored.
Spare the Needle but Not the Punishment: The Incarceration of Waived Youth in Texas Prisons
Authors: Fritsch Eric J. , Caeti Tory J. , Hemmens Craig
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of judicial waiver is to impose more severe sanctions on offenders than are available in juvenile court. This article explores two dimensions of sanction severity, sentence length and actual time served, to determine if juveniles waived to adult court do receive more severe sanctions. Data were collected on all youth waived to adult court from 1981-1993 and sentenced to prison (n = 946). Juveniles in this population consistently received longer sentences than are available in juvenile court. When actual time served was taken into consideration, however, these youth rarely served more lengthy sentences than are available in juvenile court, serving an average of only 27% of their original sentence.
Risk/Benefit Calculations, Moral Evaluations, and Alcohol Use: Exploring the Alcohol-Crime Connection
Authors: Lanza-Kaduce Lonn , Bishop Donna M. , Winner Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This research explored whether alcohol consumption is related to social-psychological processes that occupy a central place in criminological theories. A quasi-experiment was conducted at college parties to examine the connections between alcohol consumption and moral definitions, risk calculations, and the perceived desirability of crime. Those who did not drink at the parties arrived with the highest perceptions of sanction risk. Preparty levels of moral definitions or perceived desirability of crime did not predict the amount of alcohol consumed. However, heavier drinking during the parties tempered moral condemnation of criminal acts, enhanced the desirability of criminal behavior, and relaxed perceptions of risk regarding crime.
Police Sexual Violence: Civil Liability Under State Tort Law
Authors: Vaughn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

This article explores civil liability under state tort law against criminal justice personnel engaged in police sexual violence (PSV). After describing vicarious liability under the doctrine of respondeat superior, the article identifies five theories that courts use in deciding whether criminal justice agents commit PSV within the scope of employment. The article also discusses PSV cases litigated pursuant to intentional and negligence torts. It concludes that governmental entities need to systematically collect data on the prevalence of PSV, and criminal justice agencies need to monitor employees' deviant acts effectively.
Race and Ethnicity and the Controversy Over the US Census
Authors: Anderson Margo , Fienberg Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

The article examines the relationship between the history of the census undercount and classification of race and ethnicity in the United States Census. The US decennial census was created to apportion seats in the House of Representatives among the states. The race classification derives from the provisions of the 1787 federal Constitution, which required that the census differentiate slave and free persons and exclude Indians not taxed for the purposes of Congressional apportionment. The current race and classification used by federal agencies is promulgated by the Office of Management and Budget as `Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Data on Race and Ethnicity'. The article traces the history of the categories, the development of methods for measuring census accuracy, particularly for measuring undercount, and the conceptualization of the differential undercount as a minority undercount. Finally it discusses potential implications of the recent changes in the classification to permit identification with more than one race category on the measurement of census accuracy.
A Dimensional Approach to Measuring Social Capital: Development and Validation of a Social Capital Inventory
Authors: Narayan Deepa , Cassidy Michael F.
Published: March 2007

While social capital is emerging as a theory rich in its potential for understanding the relationships between societal norms and values, and community outcomes, clarification of its measures remains unresolved. This article attempts to contribute to this measurement issue by presenting a reliable self-report instrument for measuring social capital in societal environments. The instrument is grounded in the theoretical and measurement literature of social capital, and proposes an evolving conceptual framework of social capital's dimensions, determinants and outcomes. The instrument was empirically validated using data collected in the African Republics of Ghana and Uganda. The article presents results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses that substantiate a number of robust dimensions of social capital, prominent at the household and aggregate levels, and across the two country data sets. Both recommended and suggested survey questions are documented for use in subsequent research relevant to measuring social capital. Regression analyses supporting the validity of the measures are included, as are reliability measures.
The Family in Latin America: A Gender Approach
Authors: Salles Vania , Tuirán Rodolfo
Published: March 2007

The paper examines recent transformations in Latin American families, emphasizing commonalities between different countries. Such changes are embedded in cultural and historical processes of change that provide the broad interpretational context within which to view the observed microsocial transformations in familial relations. These changes have affected household composition as well as the existing array of family types.

The main transformations observed are illustrated by drawing from a selective set of work. We argue that changes in family life and the foundational relations in the family are in need of reconceptualization capable of capturing the new dimensions that have emerged, and reexamining the main theoretical and analytical schemes underlying the sociology of the family of the past decades.

Among emerging approaches, we argue that the feminist view that adopts a critical and reflexive stance on past family research opens new vistas, as it seeks to study the family not merely as an institution, but as a nexus of organized social relations of a different order, including solidarity and conflict, power and authority, and rights and obligations. An important contribution of the feminist approach is to study relational asymmetries (between gender or generations) inherent in the unfolding of family life.
A Re-Examination of a Test of the "Research and Development Model" of Change
Authors: Clark David L. , Guba Egon G.
Published: March 2007

EAQ published in its Winter, 1972, number an article by Ernest House et al., reporting an empirical test of a well-known model of educational change, the so-called Clark-Guba Model. Clark and Guba have written this article in partial rejoinder to House and his associates and as an extension of their earlier published work on change.
Bureaucratic Role and Socialization: The Influence of Experience on the Elementary Principal
Authors: Bridges Edwin M.
Published: March 2007

Findings of Dr. Bridges in his study of elementary school principals in a large midwestern city suggest that the proportions of role and personality factors determining behavior may vary with the amount of experience in the bureaucratic role. Mr. Bridges is director of the Articulated Media Project sponsored by the University Council for Educational Administra tion in Columbus.
Alternative Perceptions of Cost and the Resource Allocation Behavior of Teachers
Authors: Monk David H.
Published: March 2007

The impact of differences in the perception of costs on the resource allocating behaviors of teachers in classrooms is explored in this article. An economic model is developed which shows that administrators, teachers, students, and parents are likely to disagree over the criteria used to assign value to important educational resources such as students 'time. The administrative implications of these disagreements are explored, and the results of a preliminary attempt to test empirically the explanatory power of the model are included.