bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural characteristics and formation mechanisms of Bayanhushu Sag in Hailar Basin, north‐east China: A study based on structural physical simulation
Authors: Liu Heng‐Lin , Li Zhong‐Quan , Peng Yang , Meng Qi‐An , Li Gen , Hu Yi‐Ling , Zhang Peng‐Hui , Li Dian , Su Gui‐Ping , Long Wei , Li Jing‐Sheng , Ding Xiao
Published: October 2021

The Hailar Basin, located in north‐east China, is a typical continental rifted basin that contains oil and gas. The basin formation process comprised several stages of construction and reformation with complex formation mechanisms. The Bayanhushu (BYHS) Sag is a secondary structural unit in the south‐west Hailar Basin with a significant resource potential, but its current poor exploration and insufficient understanding of the structural evolution characteristics are restricting further oil and gas exploration. Therefore, the study of the structural evolution of the BYHS Sag plays a pivotal role in the future exploration and development of oil and gas. There are different hypotheses on the formation mechanisms and structural evolution of the BYHS Sag. To further understand the evolutionary history of the BYHS Sag, a structural physical simulation experiment was used based on the structural interpretation and geometric analysis of a seismic section. Inversion validation was then undertaken by the 2DMove equilibrium profile recovery technology. It was found that the formation process of the BYHS Sag was mainly controlled by the western Adunchulu Fault. Faults on the section developed in succession from top to bottom. The fault plane experienced multiple changes, thus forming a special seat‐shaped structural pattern. Structural inversion occurred twice during the evolution of the sag. The compressive stress during the tectonic inversion mainly acted in a SE direction. It is inferred that this was related to the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate under the Eurasian Plate and the intermittent compression caused by the transmission of stress of the arc–continent collision.
Geochemical and geochronological study of rodingites from the northeast India ophiolites: Petrogenetic significance and timing of rodingitization
Authors: Bidyananda Maibam , Sharma Kakchingtabam Anil , Shukla Anil D. , Kapsiotis Argyrios , Belousova Elena
Published: October 2021

The Indo‐Myanmar Range is thought to represent a relict eastward‐dipping subduction zone that runs from the eastern edge of the Himalayan Range. In the Indo‐Myanmar Ophiolite (IMO) Belt rodingite is present as discontinuous lenses, dikes, and small‐ to medium‐sized blocks in the serpentinized zones of ultramafic rocks. Petrological and geochronological studies of rodingite from the IMO Belt have been carried out to characterize and elucidate the timing and genesis of the rodingite. Petrography and mineral chemistry indicate that rodingites are composed of grossular garnet, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, actinolite, chlorite, albite, prehnite, apatite, and sphene (titanite). The investigated rodingite samples show variability in mineralogical assemblage and geochemical composition. Two mineral assemblages have been identified: (a) grossular, diopside, vesuvianite, apatite, and titanite, observed in veins and dikes; (b) chlorite, epidote, prehnite, diopside, apatite, anatase, and sphene, observed in the samples exposed as blocks. Rodingites are classified into different categories based on their occurrence, and mineralogical and chemical composition. Subtype 1B rodingite is enriched in Al2O3 and incompatible trace elements, most likely formed during seawater infiltration as it contains minerals typically formed during ocean floor alteration. Subtypes 1A and Type 2 rodingite are highly enriched in CaO, Fe2O3T, MgO, and compatible trace elements. The formation of these types of rodingites probably followed serpentinization of the oceanic lithosphere as they contain minerals characteristic of high‐Ca, low‐Si fluid infiltration. These variations might have resulted due to infiltration of a metasomatic fluid that interacted with two different protoliths or infiltration of different fluids that may have interacted (at different times) with the same protolith. Complex variations in mineral assemblages and chemical compositions of Subtype 1 and Type 2 rodingites are the result of compositional variations in their protoliths and the degree of rodingitization. Our data indicate that the T of formation for the investigated rodingites varied from ~435 to ~200°C, corresponding to greenschist facies. The T estimates deduced from the mineralogy of rodingites are consistent with the ambient T during cooling of an oceanic lithospheric slab. Development of a low‐ to medium‐T oceanic environment may be a result of exothermic reactions concurrent to serpentinization. The rodingitization in the study area most likely happened within a rift‐produced oceanic setting during a late period of cooling between 114 and 137 Ma as evidenced by zircon geochronological data.
Checked Out? Videogame Programming in U.S. Libraries and Implications for Videogame Literacies
Authors: Abrams Sandra Schamroth , Van Eck Richard N.
Published: October 2021

Videogames and videogame literacies are an important and growing aspect of education, yet videogaming remains poorly understood and even viewed with suspicion by many who are charged with promoting them. In the case of libraries, such views can lead to insufficient funding and policies that reduce the presence of youth programing that includes videogame play, and, therefore, it is important to understand the factors that support or inhibit videogame programming in libraries. This article presents findings from a national survey of more than 1,000 U.S. librarians in all 50 states to begin to understand the factors that might promote the presence (and absence) of videogame programming; the factors that support and impede the success of such programming; and the literacies that such youth programming might foster. Although this study focuses on videogame programming in libraries, its findings are relevant to anyone who promotes the development of youth literacies.
Social integration in recovery living environments: A dynamic network approach
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Bobak Ted , Islam Mohammed , Guerrero Mayra , Light John M.
Published: October 2021

Oxford Houses (OHs) are a large network of self‐run community‐based settings for individuals with substance use disorders. This present study explored a model based on conceptualizing recovery home social systems as dynamic multirelational (multiplex) social networks. The model is developed from data obtained from 42 OH recovery homes in three parts of the US, addressing whole networks of friendship, close friendship, and willingness to loan money. Findings indicated that close friend and loan relationships mutually reinforced each other over time as they coevolved. These types of insights can help community psychologists to better understand complex network dynamics in community‐based settings.
Immersive virtual reality simulated learning environment versus role‐play for empathic clinical communication training
Authors: Sapkaroski Daniel , Mundy Matthew , Dimmock Matthew Richard
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The use of immersive virtual reality simulated learning environments (VR SLEs) for improving clinical communication can offer desirable qualities including repetition and determinism in a safe environment. The aim of this study was to establish whether the mode of delivery, VR SLE versus clinical role‐play, could have a measurable effect on clinical empathic communication skills for MRI scenarios.

Methods

A split‐cohort study was performed with trainee practitioners (n = 70) and qualified practitioners (n = 9). Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: clinician VR (CVR), clinician role‐play (CRP), trainee VR (TVR), and trainee RP (TRP). Clinical communication skills were assessed using two methods: firstly, a self‐reported measure – the SE‐12 communication questionnaire and, secondly, a training and assessment tool developed by a panel of experts.

Results

Participants in the VR trainee (TVR) and clinician (CVR) groups reported 11% (P < 0.05) and 7.2% (P < 0.05) improvements in communication confidence post training, whereas trainees assigned to the role‐play (TRP) intervention reported a 4.3% (P < 0.05) improvement. Empirical assessment of communication training scores assessing a participant’s ability to select empathic statements showed the TVR group performed 5% better on average than their role‐play counterparts (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The accuracy of participant's selection of appropriate empathic responses was shown to differ significantly following the training intervention designed to improve interactions with patients that present for an MRI scan. The results may demonstrate the capacity for immersion into an emotional narrative in a VR environment to increase the user’s susceptibility for recalling and selecting empathic terminology.
Severe Versus Very Severe Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Outcomes After Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Uppalapati Akhil V. , Hubbell Richard D. , Cheung Anthony Y. , Kakarlapudi Sraavya , Cohen Michael B. , Levi Jessica R.
Published: October 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is generally considered the first line treatment for pediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Pediatric patients with severe OSA have worse outcomes after AT than patients with milder OSA. It is currently unclear if this group of higher morbidity patients should be subdivided further. This study investigates patients with severe pediatric OSA to determine if there are differences in postsurgical outcomes based on initial severity of sleep disordered breathing, medical comorbidities, or demographic factors.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary referral center.

Methods

Patients aged 2–18 who underwent polysomnogram (PSG) from October 2012 to January 2019, had an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) >10, and subsequently underwent AT were identified using a filter through electronic medical record. A total of 112 patients underwent both pre‐ and postoperative PSG. Bivariate analysis was conducted via Pearson chi‐square test. Univariate and multivariate analyses via binary logistic and multinomial linear regressions were performed using SPSS.

Results

Of the 112 patients included in this study, 68 patients were identified as having severe OSA (AHI = 10–20) and 44 as having very severe OSA (AHI > 20). Very severe OSA patients were significantly less likely to be cured of sleep disordered breathing or have their OSA reduced to mild OSA. Obese patients were found to have less reduction in AHI after AT.

Conclusions

The postsurgical outcomes of patients with severe and very severe OSA are significantly different indicating that patients traditionally categorized as having severe OSA may need to be further subcategorized.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1855–1860, 2022
PARP5B is required for nonhomologous end joining during tumorigenesis in vivo
Authors: Wu Jianchun , Crowe David L.
Published: October 2021

Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARP) act as DNA damage sensors that produce poly(ADP‐ribose) (PAR) chains at double‐strand breaks, facilitating the recruitment of repair factors. Cancers with homologous recombination defects are sensitive to small molecule PARP inhibitors. Despite PARP5B gene copy number changes in many cancers, the effects of this genetic alteration on tumor phenotype are largely unknown. To better understand this clinical finding, we characterized a PARP5B null mutation in a carcinogen‐induced in vivo head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) model. Reduced PARP5B expression inhibited tumor growth, induced primary tumor differentiation and apoptosis, and inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis. Loss of PARP5B expression‐induced ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR) activation and depleted the cancer stem cell fraction. PARP5B null tumor cells lacked 53BP1+ double‐strand break foci, ATM activation, and p53 induction compared to PARP5B+/+ cancers. PARP5B null SCC expresses a multiprotein complex containing PML, pRPA, Rad50, Rad51, XRCC1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Mcm2, suggesting an HR‐mediated repair mechanism at DNA replication foci. Low doses of etoposide combined with the PARP5B inhibitor XAV939 induced senescence and apoptosis in human SCC lines. NBS1 overexpression in these cells inhibited the effects of low‐dose etoposide/XAV939 treatment. Our results indicate that PARP5B inhibition is new targeted cancer therapy.
THN 102 for Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Parkinson's Disease: A Phase 2a Trial
Authors: Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Azulay Jean‐Philippe , Bosse Björn , Dauvilliers Yves , Defebvre Luc , Klostermann Fabian , Kovacs Norbert , Maltête David , Ondo William G. , Pahwa Rajesh , Rein Werner , Thobois Stéphane , Valis Martin , Videnovic Aleksandar , Rascol Olivier ,   for the THN102‐202 Study Investigators
Published: October 2021

Background

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a frequent and disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) without approved treatment. THN102 is a novel combination drug of modafinil and low‐dose flecainide.

Objective

The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of THN102 in PD patients with EDS.

Methods

The method involved a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial testing two doses of THN102 (200 mg/d modafinil with 2 mg/d [200/2] or 18 mg/d flecainide [200/18]) versus placebo; 75 patients were exposed to treatment. The primary endpoint was safety. The primary efficacy outcome was the change in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score.

Results

Both doses of THN102 were well tolerated. ESS significantly improved with THN102 200/2 (least square means vs. placebo [95% confidence interval, CI]: −1.4 [−2.49; −0.31], P = 0.012) but did not change significantly with the 200/18 dosage.

Conclusions

THN102 was well tolerated and showed a signal of efficacy at the 200/2 dose, supporting further development for the treatment of EDS in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Forces Driving the Development of Particle Morphology of Waterborne Polymer Dispersions
Authors: Abdeldaim Hesham , Asua José M.
Published: October 2021

Particle morphology is a key characteristic of the waterborne polymer dispersions and plenty of effort has been dedicated to understand the mechanisms controlling the development of the morphology during polymerization. The availability of new characterization techniques that provide unprecedented quantitative details of the particle morphology have questioned the ideas about the driving forces ruling the development of the morphology. In this article, the case is considered of a seeded emulsion polymerization in which the second stage polymer (Polymer 2) is more hydrophobic than the seed polymer and a water‐soluble initiator is used. Simulations of the effect of the different forces involved in the formation of the particle morphology carried by integrating the Navier–Stokes are compared with available experimental results. If is found that the interfacial tensions are responsible for the penetration of clusters of polymer 2 within the seed polymer and the spread of these clusters over the surface of the particle. On the other hand, van der Waals forces control coalescence of the clusters both at the surface and in the interior of the particle.
Grandparent Inference from Genetic Data: The Potential for Parentage-Based Tagging Programs to Identify Offspring of Hatchery Strays
Authors: Delomas Thomas A. , Campbell Matthew R.
Published: October 2021

Fisheries managers routinely use hatcheries to increase angling opportunity. Many hatcheries operate as segregated programs where hatchery-origin fish are not intended to spawn with natural-origin conspecifics in order to prevent potential negative effects on the natural-origin population. Currently available techniques to monitor the frequency with which hatchery-origin strays successfully spawn in the wild rely on either genetic differentiation between the hatchery- and natural-origin fish or extensive sampling of fish on the spawning grounds. We present a method to infer grandparent–grandchild trios by using only genotypes from two putative grandparents and one putative grandchild. We developed estimators of false-positive and false-negative error rates and showed that genetic panels containing 500–700 single-nucleotide polymorphisms or 200–300 microhaplotypes are expected to allow application of this technique for monitoring segregated hatchery programs. We discuss the ease with which this technique can be implemented by pre-existing parentage-based tagging programs and provide an R package that applies the method.
Testing the use of translation apps to overcome everyday healthcare communication in Australian aged‐care hospital wards—An exploratory study
Authors: Hwang Kerry , Williams Sue , Zucchi Emiliano , Chong Terence W.H. , Mascitti‐Meuter Monita , LoGiudice Dina , Goh Anita M.Y. , Panayiotou Anita , Batchelor Frances
Published: October 2021

Aims and objectives

To trial three mobile translation apps in the healthcare setting to address language barriers in everyday care between healthcare staff and older people with limited English proficiency (LEP).

Design

A mixed‐methods exploratory study.

Methods

A two‐month trial of three translation apps was conducted across four aged‐care hospital wards. Observed interactions during use of translation apps were recorded, and staff surveys regarding the use of translation apps were collected at the end of the trial. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis of open‐ended responses in the surveys and observations. Findings from the thematic content analysis are reported using the Standards for Reporting of Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist.

Results

Translation apps were mostly used for identifying pain and assisting with activities of daily living. Qualitative findings revealed that translation apps aided staff in providing care and improved rapport; however, practical shortcomings were identified.
Application of social cognitive theory in weight management: Time for a biological component?
Authors: Anton Stephen , Das Sai Krupa , McLaren Christian , Roberts Susan B.
Published: October 2021

Despite the utility of social cognitive theory for facilitating individual behavior changes needed for initial weight loss, this model has been less effective in facilitating adherence to recommended lifestyle changes required for sustainable weight‐loss maintenance. One potential reason for the limited long‐term effectiveness of lifestyle interventions guided by this model is that the model does not consider the important influence that biology can have on weight‐relevant behaviors, during both weight loss and weight‐loss maintenance, via sensations of hunger and satiety and changes in energy metabolism (expenditure and fat oxidation). We describe here a proposed revision to social cognitive theory that allows for biological factors to exist in reciprocal determinism with behavioral, environmental, and personal factors, with the goal of creating a theoretical basis for lifestyle interventions with greater personalization in order to facilitate better long‐term adherence and improve weight‐loss maintenance.
Mechanical and thermal characterization of laminar carbon/epoxy composites modified with magnesium oxide microparticles
Authors: Uzay Çağrı
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates the effects of magnesium oxide (MgO) microparticles on the mechanical and thermal properties of laminated carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. The polymer epoxy matrix was modified with 0% (pure), 2 wt%, and 4 wt% MgO fillers. Then the laminar composites were manufactured with the vacuum bag method. The energy absorption capacity and impact strength were determined from the Charpy impact tests, whereas the flexural characteristics were evaluated by conducting three‐point bending experiments. Scanned electron microscopy was used to examine both the dispersion of microparticles and the fracture surface of experimentally tested specimens. Thermal performance of the polymer composites with and without MgO additives was analyzed comparatively by performing the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The decomposition temperatures and glass transition temperatures of the composites were obtained. Approximately 30% increment in impact strength was achieved thanks to the MgO fillers. However, although the flexural strength decreased since the MgO particles caused stress concentration, the flexural modulus was not affected due to the decrease of elongation at break. The TGA and DSC instrumentations showed that the decomposition temperatures increased, and curing behaviors were improved depending upon the MgO content.
Characteristics of the Reacting Flow for the Base‐Bleed Projectile under Dual Stress
Authors: Zhou Shupei , Yu Yonggang , Ye Zhenwei , Ma Longze
Published: October 2021

While the base‐bleed projectile (BBP) is ejected from the muzzle, high‐speed rotation and rapid depressurization in the combustion chamber bring much initial disturbance to the BBP. In order to research the effect of propellant gas on the drag reduction performance for the BBP, a chemical non‐equilibrium flow model is established under the dual environmental stress of high‐speed rotation and rapid depressurization. This numerical model is coupled with a H2‐CO reaction mechanism and propellant burning rate model. Detailed numerical results of flow patterns, heat energy addition, and mass addition for various rotation speeds are discussed. The results show that the supersonic under‐expanded jet gradually transforms into a subsonic jet, and a low‐pressure recirculation zone appears at the wake of BBP. Moreover, the tangential velocity in the combustion chamber presents a typical distribution of the Rankie combined vortex. The high‐pressure jet rapidly expands to the outside low‐pressure environment, and the pressure in the combustion chamber (pc) drops sharply. After 1.15 ms, the outside gas flows back into the combustion chamber, and the rotation increases the fluctuation intensity of the inter flow field. pc reaches 0.718 p0 and remains stable after 4.0 ms. The rotation of BBP increases the pressure and Mach number near the nozzle at 5.0 ms.
The roles of family resources and family structure in moving from the parental home and village among young Indonesians
Authors: Pardede Elda Luciana , Mulder Clara H.
Published: October 2021

This study assesses the effects of family resources and family structure among young Indonesians on the likelihood of leaving the parental home and village in general and for three types of reasons: work, education, and marriage. Using all five waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey, we find that the effects of family resources and structure differ by reason for moving. For example, parental education is positively related to moving for education, but not to moving for work or marriage. We also find that being the oldest child is positively related to moving in general and belonging to an extended family is negatively related to moving for work. Our results suggest that moving from the parental village for work, education, and marriage are different processes. Furthermore, while some of the findings are in line with previous findings for leaving home in Western countries, other findings are typical of developing countries.
On the Temperature Behavior of Optical Gap in Arsenic Sulfide Glasses
Authors: Forsythe James , Shpotyuk Mykhaylo , Shpotyuk Oleh , Golovchak Roman
Published: October 2021

Temperature behavior of optical transmission in the fundamental optical absorption edge region is studied for a broad range of As–S glass compositions covering the entire glass‐forming interval. It is shown that temperature dependences of optical gap values for all bulk glasses can be well fitted by the one‐phonon approximation based on Bose–Einstein statistics. Correlation of fitting parameters with thermodynamic data and compositional structural development published earlier is discussed.
An audit of inter‐hospital transfers of children with abdominal pain and their associated medical imaging findings
Authors: Reddan Tristan , Halligan Toni , Corness Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Ultrasound is a common first‐line examination in acute abdominal pain in children. In rural and regional areas, ultrasound is an important factor in decisions to transfer paediatric patients for tertiary care. Transfers can be over a considerable distance, by road and air, and at great cost. This audit reviewed ultrasound findings in children transferred to an Australian paediatric hospital for acute abdominal pain.

Methods

Children transferred for acute abdominal pain between July 2018 and June 2019 was identified. Imaging findings at the transferring and receiving facility were reviewed, along with the patient's electronic medical record. Suspected and final diagnoses were recorded, and the accuracy of imaging evaluated.

Results

There were 172 transfers identified, mean age was 6 years 1 month, 66.3% were boys. Mean transfer distance was 55.4 km. The majority were suspected acute appendicitis (63.9%), followed by intussusception (20.3%), and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (14.5%). The majority of suspected diagnoses were ultimately false positives including pyloric stenosis, 52.0%; appendicitis, 50.9% and ileo‐colic intussusception, 74.3% of cases negative.

Conclusion

Improved diagnostic accuracy in evaluating causes of acute paediatric abdominal pain with ultrasound, particularly appendicitis, pyloric stenosis, and intussusception is required. Targeted education and clinical support mechanisms may reduce potentially unnecessary inter‐hospital transfers and their considerable associated costs.
Structural behavior of recycled tire crumb rubber sandwich panel in flexural bending
Authors: Awan Abdul Basir , Shaikh Faiz Uddin Ahmed
Published: October 2021

This study presents the first phase of research, in which recycled tire crumb rubber is used as core in precast concrete sandwich panels. The proposed sandwich panel offers sustainable reuse of waste tires and improved structural efficiency by utilization of natural properties of rubber like high flexibility, thermal and sound insulation. Three types of panels namely solid concrete panel, foam (polystyrene) sandwich panel, and recycled tire crumb rubber sandwich panel are prepared and cast using 50 MPa self‐compacting concrete. A core thickness of 20 mm is provided as insulation in sandwich panels. A total of six specimens having 1100 mm length, 500 mm width, and 100 mm thickness are tested in flexural bending under four‐point loading. The structural performance of crumb rubber sandwich panel is compared against foam panel and solid concrete panel in terms of initial crack load, vertical deflection, critical peak load, strain distribution on concrete surface and in reinforcement, crack pattern, degree of composite action, and deformed shape. Moreover, initial stiffness method at elastic stage and the ultimate strength method at failure is implemented to gauge the percentage of composite behavior in sandwich panels. Both approaches predicted partial composite behavior in all specimens of sandwich panel. The research analysis demonstrated encouraging results in terms of flexural behavior for crumb rubber sandwich panel and feasibility of using it as a structural member in construction industry. The numerical analysis was performed in commercially available software “ABAQUS” in standard/explicit model using in‐built concrete damage plasticity model (CDP). The proposed model is developed as a potential tool for future studies on crumb rubber sandwich panels. The validation phase predicted a good agreement between experimentation and numerical results.
Multivariate genomic analysis and optimal contributions selection predicts high genetic gains in cooking time, iron, zinc, and grain yield in common beans in East Africa
Authors: Saradadevi Renu , Mukankusi Clare , Li Li , Amongi Winnyfred , Mbiu Julius Peter , Raatz Bodo , Ariza Daniel , Beebe Steve , Varshney Rajeev K. , Huttner Eric , Kinghorn Brian , Banks Robert , Rubyogo Jean Claude , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Cowling Wallace A.
Published: October 2021

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is important in African diets for protein, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), but traditional cultivars have long cooking time (CKT), which increases the time, energy, and health costs of cooking. Genomic selection was used to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for grain yield (GY), CKT, Fe, and Zn in an African bean panel of 358 genotypes in a two‐stage analysis. In Stage 1, best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE) for each trait were obtained from 898 genotypes across 33 field trials in East Africa. In Stage 2, BLUE in a training population of 141 genotypes were used in a multivariate genomic analysis with genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from the African bean panel. Moderate to high genomic heritability was found for GY (0.45 ± 0.10), CKT (0.50 ± 0.15), Fe (0.57 ± 0.12), and Zn (0.61 ± 0.13). There were significant favorable genetic correlations between Fe and Zn (0.91 ± 0.06), GY and Fe (0.66 ± 0.17), GY and Zn (0.44 ± 0.19), CKT and Fe (−0.57 ± 0.21), and CKT and Zn (−0.67 ± 0.20). Optimal contributions selection (OCS), based on economic index of weighted GEBV for each trait, was used to design crossing within four market groups relevant to East Africa. Progeny were predicted by OCS to increase in mean GY by 12.4%, decrease in mean CKT by 9.3%, and increase in mean Fe and Zn content by 6.9 and 4.6%, respectively, with low achieved coancestry of 0.032. Genomic selection with OCS will accelerate breeding of high‐yielding, biofortified, and rapid cooking African common bean cultivars.
Social barriers to open (water) data
Authors: Sugg Zachary
Published: October 2021

Although the proliferation of open water data platforms and initiatives in recent years is a laudable phenomenon, there is little empirical evidence indicating whether and to what extent these efforts are generating anticipated benefits of improved transparency, citizen participation, innovation, and water resource decision making. Relatedly, water resource researchers have devoted little attention to identifying and accounting for barriers that may be limiting open water data efforts from realizing their potential. The premise of this overview is that (a) open water data efforts could be improved with a better understanding of the non‐technical challenges and that (b) water researchers interested in open water data would benefit from delving into the emerging body of research in public policy, information science, and other disciplines on open data barriers more broadly. However, the research on open data barriers has neglected water sustainability issues. In light of this asymmetry, the aim of this overview is to foster interdisciplinary engagement on this topic by introducing the water resource community to this literature via a discussion of key social barriers to open data. Additionally, I hope to motivate water resource researchers to develop a two‐way interdisciplinary engagement by making original research contributions to this larger literature.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water

Science of Water > Methods

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Introduction
Authors: Zieliński Tadeusz
Published: October 2021

Historically, humans have been, and continue to be, active in environments that have accompanied our species since its beginnings. We needed some time to discover these environments and learn how to manage them effectively. Initially, our primary natural environments were land and sea, but over time we also learned to fly, and eventually started to explore the outer space. For decades no one would expect that in addition to these three, and then four, domains, which are currently considered traditional, there is also a fifth—cyberspace, which permeates all the other. The discoverers of the electromagnetic field may have had an inkling that the waves they explored could form part of a new environment. But at that time no one used the term cyberspace, let alone being able to define it. Leaving aside the term itself, which emerged only in the second half of the twentieth century, cyberspace has become another area of exploration that is commonly considered to be interdisciplinary, and which at the same time is generating many new challenges, including especially those related to broadly defined security.
Tasks of the Minister of National Defence in the Field of Cybersecurity
Authors: Wąsowski Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

This article is an attempt to analyse the legal position of the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of Poland in the sphere of the national cybersecurity system. The author distinguishes a large number of types of functions of this public administration entity. On the other hand, the author conducts an analysis of cybersecurity competence of the independent bodies responsible for the cyberspace system security in Poland. The author demonstrates that the Minister of National Defence plays a crucial role in the Polish cybersecurity system in the context of the state’s external security.
Cybercrime in Selected European Countries
Authors: Radoniewicz Filip
Published: October 2021

This study does not claim to exhaust all the abundant comparative legal issues. Therefore, it has been limited to discussing the penal provisions of eight European countries, without going into detailed considerations on issues related to e.g. form of offences committed or the liability of legal persons. The overarching intention was to present as diverse regulations as possible.

All countries whose regulations were discussed have signed and ratified the Convention on Cybercrime and are members (except United Kingdom) of the European Union, which resulted in their obligation to implement Framework Decision 2005/222 on attacks against information systems, and the need to adapt their regulations to the provisions of Directive 2013/40, which has replaced this decision.
Cyberspace as an Area of Legal Regulation
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: October 2021

The rapid development of the Internet, which rose to prominence at the turn of the twenty-first century, is one of the most significant technological breakthroughs in human history. Cyberspace has now become the environment for the functioning of modern society, particularly the young generation. Under the influence of globalisation, computerisation and digitisation, human activity began to penetrate the virtual world. This shift has contributed to raising the standard and quality of life of citizens, increasing the productivity of entrepreneurs and the efficiency of the state. However, the changes have resulted in society’s increasing dependence on cyberspace and created the need to protect the public against potential attacks. Specifying the definition of cyberspace security was required in the course of developing the Cybersecurity Doctrine of the Republic of Poland.
International Regulations of Cybersecurity
Authors: Radoniewicz Filip
Published: October 2021

There is no doubt that, due to the global nature of modern ICT networks, international cooperation plays a key role in ensuring cybersecurity, including in the fight against cybercrime.

This chapter describes initiatives taken within international organizations to ensure cybersecurity and the prevention of cybercrime. The presentation will start with the initiatives of the OECD and the Council of Europe. This is due not only to some kind of “Eurocentrism” but above all to the fact that these two organisations were the first to address cybersecurity and cybercrime issues. In addition, the Council of Europe Convention 185 on CyberCrime of November the 23rd, 2001, an international agreement concluded in the Council of Europe, is a milestone in the prevention of computer crime, remaining the only binding act of international law to combat it. Its importance is best demonstrated by the constantly growing number of signatories (and countries that model without signatures after the provisions, e.g. Pakistan) and the fact that international organisations, or recommend that their members accept (UN, G7/G8, European Union) or “copy” provisions, creating their own model legal acts (e.g. Commonwealth).
The Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland
Authors: Kitler Waldemar
Published: October 2021

Directive 2016/1148 obliged each Member State to have a national strategy in the field of network and information system security, defining strategic goals and specific policy actions to be implemented. The adoption of the “Cybersecurity Strategy of the Republic of Poland” is also a requirement to implement the provision of Article 68 of the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System.

The strategy for the years 2019–2024, which defines targets in the field of cybersecurity, set the main goal, i.e. increasing the level of resilience to cyber threats and increasing the level of information protection in the public, military, and private sectors and promoting knowledge and good practices enabling citizens to better protect their information.

As part of the activities planned in the Strategy until 2024, the Government of the Republic of Poland will systematically strengthen and develop the National Cybersecurity System. The activities include systemic organisational, operational, technological, and legal solutions, creating social attitudes and conducting scientific research in order to ensure compliance with high cybersecurity standards in the area of software, devices and digital services. Government activities will be undertaken with respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens and by building trust between individual market sectors and public administration.
Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals: A Comparative and Critical Review
Authors: Calboli Irene
Published: October 2021

This Chapter addresses the topic of intellectual property (IP) exhaustion in the context of the parallel trade of pharmaceuticals. These imports, which are controversial in general, are more complex with respect to pharmaceuticals, which require additional marketing and import authorizations. Nevertheless, individual countries remain free to accept these imports under the flexibility of Article 6 of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects to Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). This Chapter reviews several national approaches—in developed, developing, and least developed countries (LDCs)—from the perspective of the exhaustion of patent rights as well as other IP rights. Through this review, it highlights that several countries today accept parallel trade. A large number of these countries are, however, developed countries, whereas several developing countries and LDCs instead prohibit parallel imports. This finding is perplexing, and the reasons for this restrictive approach are unclear as developing countries and LDCs need flexible policies and can largely benefit from parallel trade. In addition, despite the claim by the pharmaceutical industry that parallel trade would increase the price of medicines in these countries—as originator would increase prices due to the fear of parallel imports—medicines are sold at lower prices mostly because of governments’ pricing or after the expiration of patent protection. Based on this review, this Chapter concludes that national legislations, which are not taking advantage of the flexibility in Article 6 of the TRIPS Agreement, may consider reviewing their policies and allow parallel imports.
Courts and Pharmaceutical Patents: From Formalist Positivism to the Emergence of a Global Law
Authors: Filho Calixto Salomão , Ido Vitor Henrique Pinto
Published: October 2021

This article seeks to repurpose the relation between courts and IP law, avoiding describing them as a purely neutral and unidimensional process whereby ‘courts apply IP law’. Based on two cases from Brazil (Trastuzumab and Sofosbuvir), the article argues that the role of courts in implementing TRIPS flexibilities is in itself a factor that determines or at least influences the behavior of actors in the field. As such, courts are not arenas, but actors that influence competition and restructure markets. This pushes for the recognition that patent use and patent abuse, including practices in patent filings such as evergreening and sham litigation, are legal phenomena that ought to be regulated differently by law. Instead of formalist positivism, law should be more thoughtful of socio-economic consequences and of existing contexts. This aims at addressing economic structures rather than reinforcing them in cases pertaining to pharmaceutical patents.

The article concludes by proposing an interpretation of IP law which is integrated with competition law principles, both oriented towards, and based on, public interest provisions. Overall, the article posits that this is a better framework than regarding IP and competition law as ‘complementary’ and to address issues of how courts may be misused by economic actors due to fragmentation of the two legal fields. Furthermore, such endeavors are part of an emerging body of what some could even call “global law”; in this case, it means a nod for the transnational implications of national IP cases beyond its original realm.
Die Digitalisierung in Studium und Lehre gemeinsam gestalten: Perspektiven aus dem Hochschulforum Digitalisierung
Authors: Janoschka Oliver , Rampelt Florian , Friedrich Julius-David , Rademacher Martin
Published: October 2021

Die Digitalisierung in Studium und Lehre gemeinsam gestalten – dies ist der Anspruch des Hochschulforums Digitalisierung (HFD) seit seiner Gründung 2014. In dieser Zeit hat sich das HFD von einem institutions- und funktionsübergreifendem Expert*innennetzwerk zu einem umsetzungsorientierten Think-&-Do-Tank weiterentwickelt. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei eine beständig wachsende und über institutionelle Grenzen hinweg ausdifferenzierte Community, die gerade in ihrer Bereitschaft, die Aktivitäten des HFD zu unterstützen, tagtäglich unter Beweis stellt, wie produktiv Kollaboration in diesem Handlungsfeld funktionieren kann. Im Sammelband werden nun die Vielzahl von notwendigen Fragestellungen, kreativen Lösungsansätzen und strategischen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Digitalisierung in Studium und Lehre sichtbar, die die vielfältige Arbeit des HFD im Kern prägt. Die programmatische Rahmung dieser Publikation basiert auf vier zentralen Thesen: (1) Zusammenarbeit ist der Schlüssel zum Erfolg, (2) Es braucht Offenheit als Haltung und Strategie, (3) Partizipation und Empowerment bewirken Bildungserfolg, (4) Innovation erfordert Mut zu neuen, ungewöhnlichen Wegen.
Hilfestellung bei der Entwicklung einer Strategie für Digital Credentials im Bildungswesen
Authors: Gottlieb Matthias , Pongratz Hans
Published: October 2021

Der Beitrag trägt zur Hilfestellung bei der Bewertung und Strategieentwicklung von Digital Credentials anhand einer Methodik mit definierten Zielen und der Analyse von bestehenden Fragestellungen bei. So erweitern die Ergebnisse des HFD-Workshops die Forschungsergebnisse Vogelsang et al. (2019), um die Anwendung in dem speziellen Szenario der Digital Credentials und zeigen, dass die Forschung der Wirtschaftsinformatik als Bindeglied eine Schlüsseldisziplin darstellt, die es den Nutzenden ermöglicht mit soziotechnischen Systemen einen Beitrag zu leisten. Wissenschaftler*innen beispielsweise aus den Gebieten der Akzeptanz- und Diffusionsforschung, der Psychologie können die Ergebnisse verwenden, um in einen Diskurs für weitere methodische Anwendungen in dem Bereich der Digital Credentials einzutreten. So können nutzerbasierte Systeme mit hoher Akzeptanz erforscht und für die Praxis geschaffen werden, um den dringenden Mehrwert durch die Digitalisierung besonders im Bereich der kleinen und mittelständischen Unternehmen zu erhalten. Auch die anwendungsorientierte Forschung im Bereich der Informatik kann Szenarien und technische Methoden erforschen und mittels Demonstratoren deren Machbarkeit aufzeigen.
Heterogene digitale Kompetenzselbsteinschätzungen bei Lehramtsstudierenden
Authors: Rubach Charlott , Lazarides Rebecca
Published: October 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die digitalen Kompetenzselbsteinschätzungen Studierender in der Lehrkräftebildung. Hier wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern es möglich ist, Lehramtsstudierende im Hinblick auf selbst eingeschätzte digitale Kompetenzen in Gruppen einzuteilen. Eine weitere Forschungsfrage ist, welche individuellen Merkmale sowie spezifischen Einstellungen und Nutzungsverhaltensweisen bezüglich digitaler Medien Studierende aufweisen. Daran anschließend werden Handlungsbedarfe für Strategien einer individuelle Lernvoraussetzungen aufgreifenden Lehrkräftebildung aus den Ergebnissen abgeleitet. Für die Analysen wurden Fragebogendaten von N = 297 Studierenden (61,3 % weiblich) deutscher Universitäten genutzt. Drei unterschiedliche Typen (Profile) Lehramtsstudierender können in Bezug auf digitale Kompetenzselbsteinschätzungen zum Umgang mit digitalen Medien und der Erschaffung digitaler Inhalte identifiziert werden. Die Profile unterscheiden sich signifikant in Bezug auf ihren Studienabschluss, ihre Einstellungen zur Nutzung digitaler Medien und ihr Nutzungsverhalten.
Gamification als didaktisches Mittel in der Hochschulbildung
Authors: Tolks Daniel , Sailer Michael
Published: October 2021

Im Rahmen des Beitrages werden die Potenziale von Gamification für den Einsatz in der Hochschulbildung verdeutlicht. Neben dem empirischen Stand der Forschung werden die Wirkungsweisen und theoretischen Modelle der Wirkung von Gamification auf Lernerfolg und Motivation skizziert. Des Weiteren werden die einzelnen Spielelemente wie Punkte, Leaderboards, Badges, Performance Graphs, Level-ups, Storytelling und Avatare und deren Wirkungsweise erläutert und auf ihre didaktische Eignung geprüft. Einige Empfehlungen für den Einsatz von Gamification in der Hochschulbildung (Designprinzipien) werden auf Basis der aktuellen empirischen Daten gegeben. Ergänzend wird die HFD Community Working Group „Netzwerk Serious Games und Gamification for Health“ vorgestellt. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht die Wirkungsweisen einzelner Spielelemente, um den Leser*innen zu ermöglichen, selbst zu prüfen, welche Spielelemente in der eigenen Lehre sinnvoll sein könnten.
Zukunftsfähige Formate für digitale Lernangebote – innovative didaktische Ansätze am Beispiel einer Lernplattform für Künstliche Intelligenz
Authors: Mah Dana-Kristin , Hense Julia
Published: October 2021

Lernangebote müssen hochwertig und didaktisch innovativ sein, um Lernenden mit ihrem individuellen Bedarf gerecht zu werden. Für digitale Lernangebote gilt dies in besonderem Maße, da zum Beispiel die Möglichkeit des direkten Austauschs wie in Präsenzformaten nicht gegeben ist. Gleichzeitig ermöglichen digitale Lernangebote ein hochgradig individualisiertes und personalisiertes Lernangebot. Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) gewinnt im Alltag und auch als Lerninhalt an Bedeutung. KI findet zunehmend in alle Lebensbereiche Eingang. Entsprechend wichtig ist die Beschäftigung mit der Thematik ebenso wie die Vermittlung von KI-Kompetenzen, um verstehen zu können, wie KI funktioniert. Im Fokus des Beitrags steht deshalb die Frage, welchen didaktisch-methodischen Anforderungen eine digitale Lehr-Lern-Plattform zum Thema KI gerecht werden muss. Dies wird anhand einer Analyse digitaler Lern-/Lehrformate auf etablierten digitalen Lernplattformen diskutiert. Im Fokus steht dabei die Frage, welche didaktischen Lern-/Lehrformate und Lernsettings geeignet sein könnten, um eine Stärkung von KI-Kompetenzen durch vorrangig digitale Lernangebote zu erreichen. In der Diskussion werden Implikationen der Ergebnisse unter Berücksichtigung der Gestaltung und des Aufbaus der digitalen Lernplattform „KI-Campus – Die Lernplattform für Künstliche Intelligenz“ skizziert.