bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Synthesis Method for Pt Catalysts Supported on Highly Mesoporous Carbon Xerogel and Vulcan Carbon Black on the Electro-Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Alegre Cinthia , Gálvez María , Moliner Rafael , Lázaro María
Published: March 2015

Platinum catalysts supported on carbon xerogel and carbon black (Vulcan) were synthesized with the aim of investigating the influence of the characteristics of the support on the electrochemical performance of the catalysts. Three synthesis methods were compared: an impregnation method with two different reducing agents, sodium borohydride and formic acid, and a microemulsion method, in order to study the effect of the synthesis method on the physico-chemical properties of the catalysts. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were applied. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used for studying carbon monoxide and methanol oxidation. Catalysts supported on carbon xerogel presented higher catalytic activities towards CO and CH3OH oxidation than catalysts supported on Vulcan. The higher mesoporosity of carbon xerogel was responsible for the favored diffusion of reagents towards catalytic centers.
Ricci Curvature, Isoperimetry and a Non-additive Entropy
Authors: Kalogeropoulos Nikos
Published: March 2015

Searching for the dynamical foundations of Havrda-Charvát/Daróczy/ Cressie-Read/Tsallis non-additive entropy, we come across a covariant quantity called, alternatively, a generalized Ricci curvature, an N-Ricci curvature or a Bakry-Émery-Ricci curvature in the configuration/phase space of a system. We explore some of the implications of this tensor and its associated curvature and present a connection with the non-additive entropy under investigation. We present an isoperimetric interpretation of the non-extensive parameter and comment on further features of the system that can be probed through this tensor.
Applying TRIZ and Fuzzy AHP Based on Lean Production to Develop an Innovative Design of a New Shape for Machine Tools
Authors: Hsieh Ho-Nien , Chen Jeng-Fung , Do Quang
Published: March 2015

Companies are facing cut throat competition and are forced to continuously perform better than their competitors. In order to enhance their position in the competitive world, organizations are improving at a faster pace. Industrial organizations must be used to the new ideals, such as innovation. Today, innovative design in the development of new products has become a core value in most companies, while innovation is recognized as the main driving force in the market. This work applies the Russian theory of inventive problem-solving, TRIZ and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) to design a new shape for machine tools. TRIZ offers several concepts and tools to facilitate concept creation and problem-solving, while FAHP is employed as a decision support tool that can adequately represent qualitative and subjective assessments under the multiple criteria decision-making environment. In the machine tools industry, this is the first study to develop an innovative design under the concept of lean production. We used TRIZ to propose the relevant principles to the shape’s design with the innovative design consideration and also used FAHP to evaluate and select the best feasible alternative from independent factors based on a multiple criteria decision-making environment. To develop a scientific method based on the lean production concept in order to design a new product and improve the old designing process is the contribution of this research.
Corrosion Behavior of Detonation Gun Sprayed Fe-Al Type Intermetallic Coating
Authors: Senderowski Cezary , Chodala Michal , Bojar Zbigniew
Published: March 2015

The detonation gun sprayed Fe-Al type coatings as an alternative for austenitic valve steel, were investigated using two different methods of testing corrosion resistance. High temperature, 10-hour isothermal oxidation experiments at 550, 750, 950 and 1100 °C show differences in the oxidation behavior of Fe-Al type coatings under air atmosphere. The oxide layer ensures satisfying oxidation resistance, even at 950 and 1100 °C. Hematite, α-Al2O3 and metastable alumina phases were noticed on the coatings top surface, which preserves its initial thickness providing protection to the underlying substrate. In general, only negligible changes of the phase composition of the coatings were noticed with simultaneous strengthening controlled in the micro-hardness measurements, even after 10-hours of heating at 1100 °C. On the other hand, the electrochemical corrosion tests, which were carried out in 200 ppm Cl− (NaCl) and pH ~4 (H2SO4) solution to simulate the acid-rain environment, reveal higher values of the breakdown potential for D-gun sprayed Fe-Al type coatings than the ones for the bulk Fe-Al type alloy and Cr21Mn9Ni4 austenitic valve steel. This enables these materials to be used in structural and multifunctional applications in aggressive environments, including acidic ones.
Could a Change in Diet Revitalize Children Who Suffer from Unresolved Fatigue?
Authors: Steenbruggen Tessa , Hoekstra Sietske , Van der Gaag Ellen
Published: March 2015

Many children deal with fatigue for which no proper treatment can be given. A possible explanation for their fatigue is a micro deficiency of minerals and vitamins. In this non-randomized controlled trial, we clinically evaluated symptoms of fatigue in children for whom a nutrient-rich diet was advised. A group of 98 children (2–18 years old) with unexplained symptoms of fatigue was examined. The dietary modifications consisted of green vegetables, beef, whole milk and full-fat butter. Children in the intervention group were asked to follow the diet for three months, whereas the control-group followed their normal diet. The primary outcome was symptoms of fatigue, as determined by a PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, and secondary outcomes were compliance with the diet and BMI. Children, who followed the diet showed a significant decrease in the need to sleep (CI 0.83; 14.86, p = 0.03). They slept better through the night and took fewer naps. When analyzing components of the advised diet separately, a significant larger decrease in cognitive fatigue symptoms was seen for eating green vegetables according to the diet guidelines (CI 2.27; 30.63, p = 0.024). Furthermore, a lower need to sleep was seen when whole milk was consumed almost daily (CI 0.02; 14.62, p = 0.049). Our study showed that nutritional advice is an elegant, and effective method for decreasing some symptoms of medically unresolved fatigue in children.
ASTC-MIMO-TOPS Mode with Digital Beam-Forming in Elevation for High-Resolution Wide-Swath Imaging
Authors: Huang Pingping , Xu Wei
Published: March 2015

Future spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) missions require complete and frequent coverage of the earth with a high resolution. Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans (TOPS) is a novel wide swath mode but has impaired azimuth resolution. In this paper, an innovative extended TOPS mode named Alamouti Space-time Coding multiple-input multiple-output TOPS (ASTC-MIMO-TOPS) mode combined with digital beam-forming (DBF) in elevation and multi-aperture SAR signal reconstruction in azimuth is proposed. This innovative mode achieves wide-swath coverage with a high geometric resolution and also overcomes major drawbacks in conventional MIMO SAR systems. The data processing scheme of this imaging scheme is presented in detail. The designed system example of the proposed ASTC-MIMO-TOPS mode, which has the imaging capacity of a 400 km wide swath with an azimuth resolution of 3 m, is given. Its system performance analysis results and simulated imaging results on point targets demonstrate the potential of the proposed novel spaceborne SAR mode for high-resolution wide-swath (HRWS) imaging.
Intercomparison of UAV, Aircraft and Satellite Remote Sensing Platforms for Precision Viticulture
Authors: Matese Alessandro , Toscano Piero , Di Gennaro Salvatore , Genesio Lorenzo , Vaccari Francesco , Primicerio Jacopo , Belli Claudio , Zaldei Alessandro , Bianconi Roberto , Gioli Beniamino
Published: March 2015

Precision Viticulture is experiencing substantial growth thanks to the availability of improved and cost-effective instruments and methodologies for data acquisition and analysis, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), that demonstrated to compete with traditional acquisition platforms, such as satellite and aircraft, due to low operational costs, high operational flexibility and high spatial resolution of imagery. In order to optimize the use of these technologies for precision viticulture, their technical, scientific and economic performances need to be assessed. The aim of this work is to compare NDVI surveys performed with UAV, aircraft and satellite, to assess the capability of each platform to represent the intra-vineyard vegetation spatial variability. NDVI images of two Italian vineyards were acquired simultaneously from different multi-spectral sensors onboard the three platforms, and a spatial statistical framework was used to assess their degree of similarity. Moreover, the pros and cons of each technique were also assessed performing a cost analysis as a function of the scale of application. Results indicate that the different platforms provide comparable results in vineyards characterized by coarse vegetation gradients and large vegetation clusters. On the contrary, in more heterogeneous vineyards, low-resolution images fail in representing part of the intra-vineyard variability. The cost analysis showed that the adoption of UAV platform is advantageous for small areas and that a break-even point exists above five hectares; above such threshold, airborne and then satellite have lower imagery cost.
Mapping Natura 2000 Habitat Conservation Status in a Pannonic Salt Steppe with Airborne Laser Scanning
Authors: Zlinszky András , Deák Balázs , Kania Adam , Schroiff Anke , Pfeifer Norbert
Published: March 2015

Natura 2000 Habitat Conservation Status is currently evaluated based on fieldwork. However, this is proving to be unfeasible over large areas. The use of remote sensing is increasingly encouraged but covering the full range of ecological variables by such datasets and ensuring compatibility with the traditional assessment methodology has not been achieved yet. We aimed to test Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) as a source for mapping all variables required by the local official conservation status assessment scheme and to develop an automated method that calculates Natura 2000 conservation status at 0.5 m raster resolution for 24 km2 of Pannonic Salt Steppe habitat (code 1530). We used multi-temporal (summer and winter) ALS point clouds with full-waveform recording and a density of 10 pt/m2. Some required variables were derived from ALS product rasters; others involved vegetation classification layers calculated by machine learning and fuzzy categorization. Thresholds separating favorable and unfavorable values of each variable required by the national assessment scheme were manually calibrated from 10 plots where field-based assessment was carried out. Rasters representing positive and negative scores for each input variable were integrated in a ruleset that exactly follows the Hungarian Natura 2000 assessment scheme for grasslands. Accuracy of each parameter and the final conservation status score and category was evaluated by 10 independent assessment plots. We conclude that ALS is a suitable data source for Natura 2000 assessments in grasslands, and that the national grassland assessment scheme can successfully be used as a GIS processing model for conservation status, ensuring that the output is directly comparable with traditional field based assessments.
Monitoring of Evapotranspiration in a Semi-Arid Inland River Basin by Combining Microwave and Optical Remote Sensing Observations
Authors: Hu Guangcheng , Jia Li
Published: March 2015

As a typical inland river basin, Heihe River basin has been experiencing severe water resource competition between different land cover types, especially in the middle stream and downstream areas. Terrestrial actual evapotranspiration (ETa), including evaporation from soil and water surfaces, evaporation of rainfall interception, transpiration of vegetation canopy and sublimation of snow and glaciers, is an important component of the water cycle in the Heihe River basin. We developed a hybrid remotely sensed ETa estimation model named ETMonitor to estimate the daily actual evapotranspiration of the Heihe River basin for the years 2009–2011 at a spatial resolution of 1 km. The model was forced by a variety of biophysical parameters derived from microwave and optical remote sensing observations. The estimated ETa was evaluated using eddy covariance (EC) flux observations at local scale and compared with the annual precipitation and the MODIS ETa product (MOD16) at regional scale. The spatial distribution and the seasonal variation of the estimated ETa were analyzed. The results indicate that the estimated ETa shows reasonable spatial and temporal patterns with respect to the diverse cold and arid landscapes in the upstream, middle stream and downstream regions, and is useful for various applications to improve the rational allocation of water resources in the Heihe River basin.
Evaluation and Intercomparison of MODIS and GEOV1 Global Leaf Area Index Products over Four Sites in North China
Authors: Li Zhenwang , Tang Huan , Zhang Baohui , Yang Guixia , Xin Xiaoping
Published: March 2015

This study investigated the performances of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOLAND2 Version 1 (GEOV1) Leaf Area Index (LAI) products using ground measurements and LAI reference maps over four sites in North China for 2011–2013. The Terra + Aqua MODIS and Terra MODIS LAI retrieved by the main algorithm and GEOV1 LAI within the valid range were evaluated and intercompared using LAI reference maps to assess their uncertainty and seasonal variability The results showed that GEOV1 LAI is the most similar product with the LAI reference maps (R2 = 0.78 and RMSE = 0.59). The MODIS products performed well for biomes with low LAI values, but considerable uncertainty arose when the LAI was larger than 3. Terra + Aqua MODIS (R2 = 0.72 and RMSE = 0.68) was slightly more accurate than Terra MODIS (R2 = 0.57 and RMSE = 0.90) for producing slightly more successful observations. Both MODIS and GEOV1 products effectively followed the seasonal trajectory of the reference maps, and GEOV1 exhibited a smoother seasonal trajectory than MODIS. MODIS anomalies mainly occurred during summer and likely occurred because of surface reflectance uncertainty, shorter temporal resolutions and inconsistency between simulated and MODIS surface reflectances. This study suggests that further improvements of the MODIS LAI products should focus on finer algorithm inputs and improved seasonal variation modeling of MODIS observations. Future field work considering finer biome maps and better generation of LAI reference maps is still needed.
Multi-Temporal Patterns of Urban Heat Island as Response to Economic Growth Management
Authors: Gusso Anibal , Cafruni Cristina , Bordin Fabiane , Veronez Mauricio , Lenz Leticia , Crija Sabrina
Published: March 2015

For a reliable assessment of sustainability in big cities, it is imperative to evaluate urban ecosystem conditions and the environment of the cities undergoing economic growth. Urban green spaces are valuable sources of evapotranspiration, which is generated by trees and vegetation; these spaces mitigate urban heat islands in cities. Land surface temperature (LST) is closely related to the distribution of land-use and land-cover characteristics and can be used as an indicator of urban environment conditions and development. This study evaluates the patterns of LST distribution through time by employing the thermal spatial distribution signature procedure using thermal infrared data obtained from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper. A set of 18 images, between 1985 and 2010, was used to study the urban environment during summer in 47 neighborhoods of Porto Alegre, Brazil. On a neighborhood scale, results show a non-linear inverse correlation (R² = 0.55) between vegetation index and LST. The overall average of the LST is 300.23 K (27.8 °C) with a standard deviation of 1.25 K and the maximum average difference of 2.83 K between neighborhoods. Results show that the Thermal Spatial Distribution Signature (TSDS) analysis can help multi-temporal studies for the evaluation of UHI through time.
Street-Level Bureaucrats at Work: A Municipality-Level Institutional Analysis of Community-Based Natural Resource Management Implementation Practice in the Pasture Sector of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Crewett Wibke
Published: March 2015

The article looks into lowest-level policy implementers’ (street-level bureaucrats’) role in donor-initiated natural resource governance reforms. The article employs an institutional analysis framework with a specific policy implementation focus. A multiple case study reviews a resource user information campaign during the early phase of a community-based pasture management reform in Kyrgyzstan. It finds implementation rule simplification by policy implementers at the expense of full resource user involvement as a result of an insufficient contextual fit of the formal information rules. The results emphasize the need of well-designed implementation rules in order to ensure full and equitable resource user involvement in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM).
Emergent Toxins in North Atlantic Temperate Waters: A Challenge for Monitoring Programs and Legislation
Authors: Silva Marisa , Pratheepa Vijaya , Botana Luis , Vasconcelos Vitor
Published: March 2015

Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) are complex to manage due to their intermittent nature and their severe impact on the economy and human health. The conditions which promote HAB have not yet been fully explained, though climate change and anthropogenic intervention are pointed as significant factors. The rise of water temperature, the opening of new sea canals and the introduction of ship ballast waters all contribute to the dispersion and establishment of toxin-producing invasive species that promote the settling of emergent toxins in the food-chain. Tetrodotoxin, ciguatoxin, palytoxin and cyclic imines are commonly reported in warm waters but have also caused poisoning incidents in temperate zones. There is evidence that monitoring for these toxins exclusively in bivalves is simplistic and underestimates the risk to public health, since new vectors have been reported for these toxins and as well for regulated toxins such as PSTs and DSTs. In order to avoid public health impacts, there is a need for adequate monitoring programs, a need for establishing appropriate legislation, and a need for optimizing effective methods of analysis. In this review, we will compile evidence concerning emergent marine toxins and provide data that may indicate the need to restructure the current monitoring programs of HAB.
Assessment of Long-Term Evolution of Groundwater Hydrochemical Characteristics Using Multiple Approaches: A Case Study in Cangzhou, Northern China
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Ming-Yu , Liu Li-Ya , Yan Yan
Published: March 2015

Water shortage is severe in the North China Plain (NCP). In addition to a deficiency of water resources, deterioration of groundwater quality should be of great concern. In this study, hydrogeological analysis was conducted in combination with principal component analysis, correlation analysis and the co-kriging method to identify factors controlling the content of major ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) in areal shallow and deep groundwater and to assess groundwater evolution in Cangzhou, China. The results suggested that groundwater quality degradation occurred and developed in the study area, as indicated by increasing concentrations of major ions, TDS and hardness in both shallow and deep groundwater. In shallow groundwater, whose hydrochemical water types changed from HCO3–Ca.Na.Mg and HCO3.Cl–Na in the west (Zone II) to Cl.SO4–Na and Cl–Na in the east (Zone III). Areas with TDS concentrations between 1500 and 2000 mg/L occupied 79.76% of the total in the 1980s, while areas with a TDS concentration ranging from 2500 to 3000 mg/L comprised 59.11% of the total in the 2010s. In deep groundwater, the area with TDS over 1000 mg/L expanded from 5366.39 km2 in the 1960s to 7183.52 km2 in the 2010s. Natural processes (water-rock interactions) and anthropogenic activities (groundwater exploitation) were the dominant factors controlling the major ions’ content in local groundwater. Dissolution of dolomite, calcite, feldspar and gypsum were the primary sources of major ions in groundwater, and the ion exchange reaction had a strong effect on the cation content, especially for deep groundwater.
Wie schreibe ich eine gute Übersichtsarbeit?
Authors: Khan C. , Antoch G. , Kotzerke J. , Hosten N. , Krause B. J.
Published: March 2015

Übersichtsarbeiten stellen einen wichtigen Teil medizinischer Literatur dar und ermöglichen dem Leser innerhalb kurzer Zeit einen umfassenden Überblick über ein bestimmtes Thema zu bekommen. In der Radiologie und der Nuklearmedizin haben Übersichtsarbeiten oft einen erzählenden/narrativen Charakter und somit ein hohes Maß an Subjektivität. Diese Subjektivität ist letztlich ausschlaggebend dafür, dass narrative Übersichtsarbeiten bei der Erstellung wissenschaftlicher Leitlinien nicht berücksichtigt werden.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Kriterien für die Erstellung einer systematischen Übersichtsarbeit zu beleuchten und den Leser so bei der Erstellung einer systematischen und strukturierten Übersichtsarbeit zu unterstützen.
Matsuda–Heck reaction with arenediazonium tosylates in water
Authors: Kutonova Ksenia V , Trusova Marina E , Stankevich Andrey V , Postnikov Pavel S , Filimonov Victor D
Published: March 2015

An environmentally friendly Matsuda–Heck reaction with arenediazonium tosylates has been developed for the first time. A range of alkenes was arylated in good to quantitative yields in water. The reaction is significantly accelerated when carried out under microwave heating. The arylation of haloalkylacrylates with diazonium salts has been implemented for the first time.
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE PROPERTIES OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC STIFFNESS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE ON THE DISPLACEMENT OF VERETBRAE / STUBURO JUOSMENINĖS DALIES TARPSLANKSTELINIO DISKO STANDUMO CHARAKTERISTIKŲ ĮTAKOS SLANKSTELIŲ POSLINKIAMS TYRIMAS
Authors: Linkel Artūras , Griškevičius Julius , Jonaitis Gintaras
Published: March 2015

The article proposes the method for evaluating angular and linear changes in intervertebral discs of the spine depending on linear and nonlinear intervertebral disc stiffness. A dynamic made of 5 solid bodies connected by damping and stiffness components and applied for 2-D 10 degrees of freedom of the lumbar spine has been used for calculations. The system of the equation has been written in a matrix form. Lumbar intervertebral discs stiffness and damping properties have been selected from scientific articles and make from 200 N/mm to 1200 N/mm and from 229 Ns / mm to 5100 Ns/mm respectively for non-linear calculation and 800 N / mm – 2637 Ns/mm for linear displacement calculation. External loads applied to the model are 1648 N, 2957 N, 3863 N and 4542 N. The basic task of the paper is to calculate the biggest difference in linear and angular displacement considering 2 cases: linear and non-linear stiffness value. The greatest estimated difference, under the highest load, makes 0.6 mm for linear and 0.95 degrees for angular displacement. Because of the fast response of the model to the load, the damping value could not affect displacement.
Tyrimo objektas yra stuburo trapslankstelinių diskų poslinkių skirtumai esant tiesiniam ir netiesiniam jų standumo koeficientui. Taikomas 10 laisvės laipsnių 2-D stuburo juosmeninės dalies dinaminis modelis, kuris susideda iš 5 juosmens slankstelių, sujungtų standumo ir slopinimo ryšiais. Modeliui nustatomos juosmens apkrovos, kurios susidaro važiuojant dviračiu. Tarpslankstelinių diskų savybės parenkamos iš mokslinės literatūros. Sudarytas matematinis modelis leido apskaičiuoti stuburo slankstelių linijinius ir kampinius poslinkius įvertinant tarpslankstelinio disko standžio netiesiškumą. Atlikti skaičiavimai parodė, kad didžiausi skirtumai susidaro esant maksimaliai apkrovai. Didžiausi linijinių poslinkių skirtumai yra 0,6 mm, o kampinių – 0,95 laipsnio. Nustatytos slopinimo koeficiento reikšmės dėl greito modelio atsako poslinkių skaičiavimams įtakos neturėjo.
RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING RATES ON MACROGEOMETRY DEFLECTIONS OF SURFACES UNDER PROCESSING COMPLEX FORM PRODUCTS MADE OF ALUMINIUM ALOYS / PJOVIMO REŽIMŲ ĮTAKOS PAVIRŠIŲ MAKROGEOMETRINIAMS NUOKRYPIAMS, APDIRBANT SUDĖTINGOS FORMOS DETALES IŠ ALIUMINIO, TYRIMAS
Authors: Švagždytė Ieva , Jurevičius Mindaugas
Published: March 2015

The article reviews the influence of cutting rates on macrogeometry deflection of milling complex form products and turning an outside surface. For that purpose, one of the most popular aluminium alloys 6082 has been chosen. A ball nose mill of 8 mm in diameter has been milled employing CNC vertical centre HAAS MINI MILL and applying CNC lathe HAAS ST 20 for turning. Measurements have been carried out using coordinate measuring machine DEA micro-hite DCC, applying the probe sphere of 3mm in diameter and the probe equipped with a needle. A deviation of the surface profile from tangent to therophore parabola has been investigated. The determinants R2 of the obtained regressive equation have disclosed that the depth of the cut has the biggest influence on macrogeometry deflections, whereas feed rate has a slighter influence and cutting speed has no radical influence. For the turning process, the depth of the cut has the strongest influence on circularity while cilindrisity has been mainly affected by cutting speed.
Darbe atlikti tyrimai, kaip pjovimo režimai daro įtaką paviršiaus formai ir jo kokybei frezuojant sudėtingos formos detales ir tekinant išorinį paviršių. Pasirinktas vienas populiariausių aliuminio lydinių 6082. Frezuota vertikalaus apdirbimo CNC centru HAAS MINI MILL, naudota sferinė fasoninė freza, kurios skersmuo 8 mm, tekinta CNC tekinimo staklėmis HAAS ST 20, matavimai atlikti koordinatine matavimo mašina DEA micro-hite DCC, liestuko sferos skersmuo 3 mm, naudotas liestukas su adatėle. Tirtas paviršiaus profilio nukrypimas nuo glaustinės parabolės. Pagal gautus regresinės lygties determinantus R2 paaiškėjo, kad didžiausią įtaką profilio nuokrypiams turi pjovimo gylis, mažesnę įtaką turi pastūma, pjovimo greitis esminės įtakos neturi. Tekinant, apskritumui labiausiai įtaką darė pjovimo gylis, o cilindriškumui – pjovimo greitis.
RESEARCH ON CUTTING CRYSTALS SOLUBLE IN WATER / VANDENYJE TIRPIŲ KRISTALŲ PJAUSTYMO TYRIMAI
Authors: Vilkelis Rimantas , Jurevičius Mindaugas
Published: March 2015

The paper presents the results of measuring surface roughness and cutting techniques of a water-soluble potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP, KH2PO4) crystal. This study is a continuation of the previous research; however, this time, for cutting, a crystal of different nature has been chosen. For research purposes, diamond wire cutting machine RTS 440 has been used. The experiments have been performed changing a single cutting parameter – the vertical feed rate of wire under constant wire speed, tension, cutting method and cutting angle. The obtained results have been presented as the graphs of the dependence of arithmetic average deviation Ra of the surface profile on the feed rate of diamond wire. Also, the dependence of KDP crystal plate cutting time on the feed rate of wire has been established thus obtaining the most optimal feed rate range.
Straipsnyje pateikta vandenyje tirpaus kalio divandenilio fosfato (KDP, KH2PO4) kristalo pjovimo metodika, pateikti supjauto kristalo paviršiaus šiurkštumo matavimo rezultatai. Šis tyrimas yra anksčiau atliktų tyrimų tęsinys, tačiau šį kartą pjauti buvo pasirinktas kitokios prigimties kristalas. Tyrimo metu buvo naudotos deimantinės vielos pjaustymo staklės „RTS 440“. Bandymai buvo atliekami keičiant tik vieną pjovimo parametrą – deimantinės vielos vertikalią darbinę pastūmą, kiti pjovimo parametrai (vielos greitis, įtempimas, pjovimo būdas, įsipjovimo kampas) buvo nekeičiami. Rezultatai pateikti kaip KDP paviršiaus vidutinio aritmetinio profilio nuokrypio Ra priklausomybės nuo vertikaliosios pastūmos grafikai. Nustatyta KDP plokštelės atpjovimo laiko priklausomybė nuo pastūmos. Nustatytas optimaliausias pastūmų intervalas, kuriam esant gaunamas mažiausias paviršiaus šiurkštumas ir didžiausias našumas.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE FRICTION AND ROUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF PRINTS USING CONVENTIONAL AND UV INKS / UV IR ĮPRASTAIS DAŽAIS SPAUSDINTŲ ATSPAUDŲ ŠIURKŠTUMO IR TRINTIES SAVYBIŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Giraitytė Giedrė , Sidaravičius Jonas
Published: March 2015

The article experimentally investigates the properties of offset print friction and determines static and kinetic coeffi­cients of friction. Conventional and UV inks have been found to increase the static friction coefficient and re­duce the kinetic friction coefficient between paper and print. The roughness pro­perties of two different types of paper and prints using conventional and UV inks have been examined and compared thus determining that conventional inks strongly increase the roughness of print surface and that the influence of UV inks depend on the type of paper.
Nagrinėjamos popieriaus ofsetinių atspaudų trinties savybės ir nustatyti statinis bei kinetinis trinties koeficientai. Nustatyta, kad įprastiniai ir UV dažai didina atspaudo į popierių statitinio trinties koeficiento dydį ir mažina kinetinio koeficiento dydį. Atliktas dviejų rūšių popieriaus su įprastais ir UV dažais šiurkštumo palyginamasis tyrimas ir nustatyta, kad įprasti dažai atspaudų paviršiaus šiukštumą stipriai didina, o UV dažų poveikis priklauso nuo popieriaus rūšies.
FRICTION PROPERTIES OF INKJET AND FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTS ON DIFFERENT PAPERS / RAŠALINIŲ IR FLEKSOGRAFINIŲ ATSPAUDŲ ANT SKIRTINGŲ POPIERIŲ TRINTIES SAVYBĖS
Authors: Grigaliūnienė Simona , Burkauskaitė Vaida , Kuodė Aura , Sidaravičius Jonas , Turla Vytautas
Published: March 2015

Friction between different papers, inkjet and flexographic prints has been experimentally investigated. Flexographic prints have been made using an anilox roller, and inkjet prints have been produced covering paper with one and four toner layers. Static (SCOF) and kinetic (KCOF) friction coefficients between paper and paper, paper and prints, prints and prints have been determined. Friction properties have been discovered to be different in flexographic and laser prints. The dependence of SCOF and KCOF on pressure (both decrease) together with roughness measurements enables to conclude that the friction of prints is mainly governed by adhesion forces.
Eksperimentiškai ištirtos įvairių rūšių popieriaus bei fleksografinių ir rašalinių atspaudų trinties savybės. Fleksografiniai atspaudai gauti dengiant popierių skirtingo plotinio tūrio aniloksiniais voleliais, rašaliniai atspaudai dengiant popierių vienu ir keturiais dažų (angl. toner) sluoksniais. Nustatytos statinio (STK) ir kinetinio (KTK) trinties koeficientų reikšmės tiriant trintį tarp popieriaus ir popieriaus, tarp atspaudo ir popieriaus ir tarp atspaudo ir atspaudo. Nustatyta, kad trinties savybės priklauso nuo pasirinkto spaudos būdo ir yra skirtingos fleksografiniams ir rašaliniams atspaudams. STK ir KTK vertės mažėja didėjant apkrovai, taip pat joms įtaką turi dažų kiekis, paviršiaus šiurkštumas bei paviršiaus deformacinės savybės.
RESEARCH OF THE RESISTANCE OF CONTACT WELDING JOINT OF R65 TYPE RAIL / R65 TIPO BĖGIO KONTAKTINIO SUVIRINIMO JUNGTIES TYRIMAS
Authors: Dauskurdis Kęstutis , Rudzinskas Vitalijus
Published: March 2015

In the article the R65 type rail joints that were welded by resistance welding are analysed. Survey methodology of the research consists of the following parts: visual inspection of welded joint, ultrasonic rail inspection, hardness test of upper part of the rail, fusion area research, the measurement hardness test of heat-softened area, the measurement microhardness test, microstructure research of the welded joint, impact strength experiments, chemical analysis of welded joint, wheel-rail interaction research using the finite element method (FEM). The results of the research are analysed and the quality of weld is evaluated. The conclusion is based on the results of this research.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama R65 tipo bėgio kontaktinio suvirinimo jungtis. Atlikti svarbūs tyrimai, kuriuos sudaro šios dalys: apžiūrimasis paviršiaus tyrimas, ultragarsinės kontrolės tyrimas, važiuojamasis paviršiaus kiečio bandymas, sulydimo zonos nustatymas, termiškai suminkštintos zonos kiečio matavimas, mikrokietumo matavimas, mikroskopinis jungties matomosios terminio poveikio ir sulydymo zonų tyrimas, smūginio tąsumo bandymas, cheminė analizė, aširačio bandažo ir bėgio sąveikos tyrimas baigtinių elementų metodu (BEM). Išanalizuoti gauti tyrimo rezultatai, kuriais įvertinama suvirinimo siūlės kokybė. Pateiktos tiriamojo darbo išvados.
Sintering Study of Polyamide 12 Particles for Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Zhao Meng , Drummer Dietmar , Wudy Katrin , Drexler Maximilian
Published: March 2015

Selective Laser Melting is an additive manufacturing technique, using a laser to promote the fusion followed by the solidification of a powder bed into a component. One of the most interesting topics about this process is the coalescence behavior of particles taking place in the powder bed during exposure. The coalescence of particles has been investigated in different fields of materials. Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a polymer material which is usually used in the selective laser melting process. Therefore, the characterization of the sintering behavior of PA12 powder plays an important role to improve the performance of the material and the process.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sintering process of PA12. The main goals are: to calculate the neck growth during isothermal sintering process based on the modified Frenkel´s model; and to compare the sintering model with results from microscopic observation of PA12 powder in the hot stage. Important parameters for the sintering model such as temperature-sensitive viscosity and surface tension are measured in this paper. Furthermore, the effects of heating rate and sintering temperature on the neck growth were investigated by the microscopic observation of molten particles in the hot stage. The modeling showed a reasonable agreement with the microscopic observation in the hot stage. Specially, the effect of the heating rate on the sintering temperature was studied. It was confirmed that the sintering behavior of PA12 powder started at a higher temperature with increasing heating rate. Based on the findings from this study, a preliminary methodology for PA12 powder sintering is proposed. It provides a better understanding of the properties of the material, and more efficient use of the selective laser melting material.
Effects of the Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters on the Functional Properties of the Co-Cr Alloy.
Authors: Grzesiak Dariusz , Krawczyk Marta
Published: March 2015

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of technological parameters on the mechanical properties of the Co-Cr alloy after the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process. The energy density (ε) and the number of the laser beam passes on each melted layer were the variables. The static tensile test was used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the manufactured samples. The results of the study show significant differences in material characteristics resulting from different number of the laser beam passes over the programmed path.
Software Security Engineering – Part I
Authors: Traore Issa , Woungang Isaac
Published: March 2015

It has been reported in the literature that about twenty new software vulnerabilities are reported weekly. This situation has increased the security awareness in the software community. Nowadays, software services are expected not only to satisfy functional requirements but also to resist malicious attacks. As demand for more trustworthy systems is increasing, the software industry is adjusting itself to security standards and practices by increasing security assessment and testing effort. Even though there is a consensus that better software engineering is to improve software quality in the early stage of software development, so far, various approaches that have been proposed to analyze and quantitatively measure the software security target, primarily show the finished software products in their operational life. There are few achievements on how to reduce or effectively mitigate the security risks faced by software products during the development process. In this chapter, the authors introduce a novel model-driven perspective on secure software engineering, which integrates seamlessly software security analysis with traditional software development activities. A systematic security engineering process that starts in the early stages of the software development process and spans the entire software lifecycle is presented. Fundamental software security concepts and analysis techniques are also introduced, and several illustrative examples are presented, with focus on security requirements and risk analysis.
Software Security Engineering – Part II
Authors: Traore Issa , Woungang Isaac
Published: March 2015

This chapter explains the major objectives of a security policy, with focus on how applications that can protect data at all access points can be developed. Access control models and their known issues are discussed. From a security policy prospective, the security design principles and modeling using the UML are also discussed. In addition, an informal discussion on potential software security metrics that can be used for security measurement, and that are currently the purpose of active research, is conducted. Finally, a discussion on security testing involving the use of these metrics, are discussed. Several examples are used to illustrate the studied concepts.
Application Security for Mobile Devices
Authors: Costa Gabriele , Lazouski Aliaksandr , Martinelli Fabio , Mori Paolo
Published: March 2015

In these last years, mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablets, have become very popular. Moreover, mobile devices have become very powerful and commonly run fairly complex applications such as 3D games, Internet browsers, e-mail clients, social network clients, and many others. Hence, an adequate security support is required on these devices to avoid malicious application damage or unauthorized accesses to personal data (such as personal contacts or business email). This chapter describes the security support of the current commercial mobile devices along with a set of approaches that have been proposed in the scientific literature to enhance the security of mobile applications.
Model Development and Hypotheses
Authors: Münstermann Björn
Published: March 2015

In this chapter three research models around BPS are derived in subsections 3.1 to 3.3. These research models shed light on the consequences/value dimensions of BPS (i.e. analyze the impact of BPS on business process performance and its sub-dimensions time, cost, and quality, as well as on business process flexibility).1 In a first step, the chapter introduces the three research models which are used and evaluated throughout the remainder of this book. In a second step, the chapter introduces the individual constructs used in the three research models. Finally, Section 3 establishes links between the constructs and derives a set of research hypotheses per model.2
The “Smart” Regulatory Framework
Authors: Li Siqiwen
Published: March 2015

Based on the recognition that neither the command-and-control nor the self-regulation mode based regulation can accommodate the ever growing complexity of the financial market, this chapter argues that a new regulatory regime is needed. This chapter discusses the four theoretical concepts -- governmentality, reflexivity, responsive regulation and ‘smart' regulation – that anchor a proposed alternative “smart” regulatory framework.
Insights from U.S. Experience to Guide International Reliance on Standardization
Authors: Bagby John W.
Published: March 2015

Sustainability in supply chain operations fundamentally relies on environmental standards, the traditional driver of investment in pollution control and a major factor in facilities site selection. While environmental standardization has traditionally focused on activities in nations and in some multinational regions, in the future a more international perspective is needed. Environmental standards spur investment in technologies enabling sustainable supply chain networks. The complex institutional framework of environmental standardization is a widely misunderstood socio-technical, political process. Experience with the development of legal constraints on standardization in the U.S. has produced problems in areas like intellectual property (IP), antitrust and public participation. Standardization venues often host collaborative development of innovation by uniquely fusing technology design and public policy development. Various constituencies are typically engaged: environmentalists; technologists; legislatures at national, regional or provincial levels; regulators at various levels of government; standards-setting organizations; upstream suppliers; downstream users; the connecting supply chains; and society's varied range of affected communities. This article reviews the role of standardization activities in setting environmental constraints, in the development of green technologies and in establishing metrics for environmental metrology, certification and monitoring. Implications from U.S. experience in managing environmental standardization are examined here to guide participation in international standardization activities. The risks of misunderstanding standardization are so significant that their disregard imperils competitiveness.
Framework Design and Case Study for Privacy-Preserving Medical Data Publishing
Authors: Niu Yu , Yang Ji-Jiang , Wang Qing
Published: March 2015

With the pervasive using of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) and telemedicine technologies, more and more digital healthcare data are accumulated from multiple sources. As healthcare data is valuable for both commercial and scientific research, the demand of sharing healthcare data has been growing rapidly. Nevertheless, health care data normally contains a large amount of personal information, and sharing them directly would bring huge threaten to the patient privacy. This paper proposes a privacy preserving framework for medical data sharing with the view of practical application. The framework focuses on three key issues of privacy protection during the data sharing, which are privacy definition/detection, privacy policy management, and privacy preserving data publishing. A case study for Chinese Electronic Medical Record (ERM) publishing with privacy preserving is implemented based on the proposed framework. Specific Chinese free text EMR segmentation, Protected Health Information (PHI) extraction, and K-anonymity PHI anonymous algorithms are proposed in each component. The real-life data from hospitals are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework and system.
Analyzing Human Factors for an Effective Information Security Management System
Authors: Alavi Reza , Islam Shareeful , Jahankhani Hamid , Al-Nemrat Ameer
Published: March 2015

Managing security is essential for organizations doing business in a globally networked environment and for organizations that are at the same time seeking to achieve their missions and goals. However, numerous technical advancements do not always produce a more secure environment. All kinds of human factors can deeply affect the management of security in an organizational context. Therefore, security is not solely a technical problem; rather, the authors need to understand human factors, which need adequate attention to achieve an effective information security management system practice. This paper identifies direct and indirect human factors that have impact on information security. These factors were analyzed through the study of two security incidents of the UK's financial organizations using the SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) technique. The study's results show that human factors are the main causes for these security incidents. Factors such as training, awareness, and security culture influence organizational strength and opportunity relating to information security. People's irrational behavior and errors are the main weaknesses highlighted in security incidents, which pose threats such as poor reputation and high costs.
Towards an Enhanced Interoperability Service Utility
Authors: Matzakou Irene , Sarraipa João , Markaki Ourania I. , Ergazakis Kostas , Askounis Dimitris
Published: March 2015

This chapter suggests an innovative approach towards establishing Enterprise Interoperability in the everyday electronic transactions among the contemporary enterprise information systems. Based on the rather cutting-edge concept of the “Interoperability Service Utility (ISU),” enriched with a concrete methodology for ontologies' reconciliation, the authors suggest an enhanced ISU that would serve as a mediator among the incompatible enterprise information systems, providing semantic harmonization of the exchanged knowledge and a fertile ground for achieving Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration. The authors' proposition and methodology can constitute a high quality scientific and supportive material for any stakeholder in the enterprise field, giving useful directions for any other similar implementation and contributing to the scientific aspect of Enterprise Interoperability.
Identification of a Distance Education Expert
Authors: Atay Simber
Published: March 2015

We live in postmodern times and Distance Education is a hybrid assemblage formed by education, communication, and advanced technologic systems. There are many people who work for Distance Education institutions and organizations and there are many participants—the principal ones are naturally students/learners—of Distance Education environments. Thus, we could say that each of them is an expert of Distance Education. On the other hand, Distance Education systems are innovative, modular, popular, and easy to access. Distance Education systems become also inspiration source for conventional learning systems. In this chapter, the authors discuss who is/who could be a Distance Education Expert. Because Distance Education systems need Distance Education Theory to develop themselves, we need sophists to produce theory for Distance Education systems. The proposed expert is a sophist; thus, Plato's Sophist is an ideal model! This chapter aims to show the difficulties of identification and evaluates the innovative character and global capacity of Distance Education.
Fatigue Life Prediction of the Rocket Engine’s Pipeline under Random Loads
Authors: Du Zhong Lei , Liao Ri Dong
Published: March 2015

Based on the random vibration theory and numerical analysis method, the paper presents a process of carrying out the fatigue life prediction for pipeline of a rocket engine under random excitation. The numerical analysis adopt the power spectrum density of acceleration as random loads. The material parameters of the simulation contains two straight lines in double logarithmic coordinate. The location of danger points is found and the root mean square stress, fatigue life of it is acquired in different excitation directions. The results show that the root of the ball head is the location of danger points, whose fatigue life is 3763 seconds. Furthermore, the location of danger points and its fatigue life obtained from numerical analysis are consistent with the test.