bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemie im Kampf gegen Malaria
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: December 2010

Die Probleme, mit denen uns die Malaria konfrontiert, sind nicht nur wissenschaftlicher Natur. Es gibt vielversprechende Ansätze in der Entwicklung von Medikamenten und Impfstoffen, doch sind, wenn die Tropenkrankheit wirklich ausgerottet werden soll, auch die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen neu zu gestalten.
So findet das Produkt seinen Preis
Authors: Jung Udo
Published: December 2010

Preismanagement wirkt sich einerseits unmittelbar auf das Unternehmensergebnis aus, andererseits ist gerade dieser Werthebel für die Führungsebenen in Unternehmen häufig am wenigsten transparent.
Katalyseworkshop in Heidelberg
Authors: Kunz Doris
Published: December 2010

Der Heidelberger SFB 623 „Molekulare Katalysatoren: Struktur und Funktionsdesign”︁ hat Anfang Mai zusammen mit der University of Berkeley und der Northwestern University den Workshop „Concepts and Advances in Modern Catalysis”︁ veranstaltet. Insgesamt waren je zehn Teilnehmer (Professoren und Mitarbeiter) aus Illinois und Kalifornien nach Heidelberg gereist, um Aspekte der Katalysatorforschung zu diskutieren. Ziel des Workshops war, das im November 2005 verabschiedete Kooperationsabkommen dieser drei Katalysezentren durch ein erstes Kennenlernen aller Beteiligten zu starten.
Polysaccharide ‐ Basis für Polymermaterialien der Zukunft
Authors: Heinze Thomas
Published: December 2010

Rohstoff Biopolymer: Sphärische Partikel variabler Funktionalität und maßgeschneiderte Membranen sind zwei Anwendungen, die sich mit Polysacchariden verwirklichen lassen‐wenn man über das Know‐how zur selektiven Funktionalisierung verfügt.
Das Chemical Genomics Centre
Authors: Arndt Sabine
Published: December 2010

„Aufklärung biologischer Prozesse mit wirkstoffartigen Molekülen als Sonden”︁ lautet kurz gefasst das Forschungsprogramm des Chemical Genomics Centre in Dortmund. Entstanden aus einer Initiative der Max‐Planck‐Gesellschaft und Unternehmen der Wirkstoffindustrie, kooperieren hier Forschergruppen aus Max‐Planck‐Instituten mit Expertise in Chemie und Biologie und neu eingerichteten Nachwuchsgruppen.
Weiße Biotechnologie: Status quo und Zukunft
Authors: Antranikian Garabed
Published: December 2010

Der Einsatz biotechnischer Verfahren und Produkte mit dem Ziel der Umweltentlastung und Ressourcenschonung bringt auch Wettbewerbsvorteile und Produktivitätssteigerung. Mit Methoden und Disziplinen wie „Omics‐Techniken”︁, Systembiologie, gerichtete molekulare Evolution oder (Bio‐)Verfahrenstechnik als Basis für weitere Entwicklungen erfährt die Weiße (Industrielle) Biotechnologie derzeit besondere Aufmerksamkeit.
Kleine schnelle Alleskönner
Authors: Engel Thomas , Engel Thomas
Published: December 2010

Sie sind eine moderne Form der eierlegenden Wollmilchsau und vereinen Adressbuch mit Terminplaner, Minicomputer und z. T. auch Telefon, passen aber dennoch in jede Westentasche: die PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) oder Smartphones.
Innovationsmanagement ‐ Die Chemie bleibt unzufrieden
Authors: Jung Udo , Klein Jörg , Trill Henning , Smits Bas , Waiboer Jan Dirk
Published: December 2010

Forschung und Entwicklung allein führen nicht zum wirtschaftlichen Erfolg. Umsatzsteigerung erfordert auch ein transparentes Innovationsmangement.
12. Deutscher Fluortag
Authors: Finze Maik
Published: December 2010

Zum zwölften Mal bot der Deutsche Fluortag Nachwuchswissenschaftlern die Möglichkeit, einem Fachpublikum aus Hochschule und Industrie neueste Forschungsergebnisse zu präsentieren. Insgesamt 30 Doktoranden und Postdocs gingen in fünfzehnminütigen Vorträgen auf Themen aus der Anorganischen und Organischen Chemie sowie der Biochemie und der Theoretischen Chemie ein – alles in Bezug zum Element Fluor.
Hans Meerwein – Pionier der Carbokationen‐Chemie
Authors: Reichardt Christian
Published: December 2010

Eine neue „Historische Stätte der Chemie”︁ erinnert an Hans Meerweins Arbeitsort. Für Nobelpreisträger George Olah ist der 1965 im Alter von 86 Jahren verstorbene Marburger Professor einer der größten Chemiker überhaupt.

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Lohnt sich „Riestern”︁ und warum mit der GDCh?
Authors: Farhadi Hassan , Schultheiß‐Reimann Petra
Published: December 2010

Viele GDCh‐Mitglieder haben sich bereits für den „GDCh‐Riester”︁ interessiert. Hassan Farhadi und Dr. Petra Schultheiß‐Reimann beantworten die zwei am häufigsten gestellten Fragen.
Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry
Authors: Herrmann Andreas , Hoge Berthold , Maison Wolfgang
Published: December 2010

Nach drei bilateralen deutsch‐amerikanischen Treffen von Nachwuchswissenschaftlern in Seeon (2000, 2004) und Durham, New Hampshire (2002), waren in diesem Jahr erstmals britische Kollegen mit von der Partie: Statt „German‐American Frontiers of Chemistry”︁ nun der Ausbau des Erfolgsmodells zu den „Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry”︁.
Does diabetes put you at risk of tetanus?
Authors: Soulsby H , Russell‐Jones D
Published: December 2010

This 81‐year‐old man with a history of type 2 diabetes presented with a cramping right arm, trismus, stiffness in the jaw, swallowing and breathing difficulties. He developed respiratory failure shortly after admission so was intubated on the intensive therapy unit where he received tetanus immunoglobulin and a course of metronidazole.

Kilic et al. compared the level of tetanus antitoxin between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. They found a statistically significant difference between the groups, with people with diabetes having lower antitoxin levels. A further study shows that serum levels of tetanus antibody significantly decrease in diabetic patients older than 50 years of age. Among patients with diabetes only 55.9% had protective levels of antitoxin when aged 50–64 compared to 73.8% of controls. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Leptin signaling and apoptotic effects in human prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Samuel‐Mendelsohn Sigal , Inbar Michal , Weiss‐Messer Esther , Niv‐Spector Leonora , Gertler Arieh , Barkey Ronnie J.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) progression is often associated with transactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) by endogenous hormones/growth factors. One such factor affecting growth, proliferation, and apoptostis (pro‐/anti‐) in various cancers is the adipokine leptin. This research studied leptin‐induced signaling and apoptosis in androgen sensitive (LNCaP, PC3/AR) and insensitive (PC3, DU145) PCa cell lines.

METHODS

Signaling was studied by immunoblotting in cells overexpressing leptin receptors (LRb), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and kinase negative‐HER2‐YFP cDNAs. Apoptosis was measured by immunoblotting of apoptotic proteins and by Hoechst staining of condensed DNA.

RESULTS

Leptin rapidly induced activation of JAK2, STAT3, and MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling cascades; it may also induce HER2 transactivation via leptin‐induced phospho‐JAK2. Leptin was then shown to exert clear pro‐apoptotic effects, increasing levels of caspase 3, cleavage of its substrate, poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) to cleaved PARP89, levels of CK 18, a cytoskeletal protein formed during apoptosis, and DNA condensation. Kinase inhibitors indicated that leptin‐induced apoptosis is probably mediated by balanced activation of JAK2/STAT3, p38 MAPK, and PKC pathways in PCa cells. A human leptin mutein LRb antagonist, L39A/D40A/F41A, fully inhibited leptin‐induced phosphorylation of JAK2, ERK1/2, and Akt/PKB, and partially abrogated effects on apoptotic proteins. In LNCaP and PC3/AR cells, leptin increased AR protein levels in correlation with raised apoptotic markers. Thus, AR may mediate, at least partly, the leptin‐induced apoptotic response.

CONCLUSIONS

Leptin can clearly induce apoptosis in human PCa cell lines. These findings could lead to development of new leptin agonists with enhanced pro‐apoptotic effects and targeted for use in human PCa. Prostate 71: 929–945, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional annotation of risk loci identified through genome‐wide association studies for prostate cancer
Authors: Lu Yizhen , Zhang Zheng , Yu Hongjie , Zheng S. Lily , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng , Sun Jielin
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND

The majority of established prostate cancer (PCa) risk‐associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from genome‐wide association studies do not fall into protein coding regions. Therefore, the mechanisms by which these SNPs affect PCa risk remain unclear. Here, we used a series of bioinformatic tools and databases to provide possible molecular insights into the actions of risk SNPs.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

We performed a comprehensive assessment of the potential functional impact of 33 SNPs that were identified and confirmed as associated with PCa risk in previous studies. For these 33 SNPs and additional SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (LD) (r2 ≥ 0.5), we first mapped them to genomic functional annotation databases, including the encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE), 11 genomic regulatory elements databases defined by the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) table browser, and androgen receptor (AR)‐binding sites defined by a ChIP‐chip technique. Enrichment analysis was then carried out to assess whether the risk SNP blocks were enriched in the various annotation sets. Risk SNP blocks were significantly enriched over that expected by chance in two annotation sets, including AR‐binding sites (P = 0.003), and FoxA1‐binding sites (P = 0.05). About one‐third of the 33 risk SNP blocks are located within AR‐binding regions.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

The significant enrichment of risk SNPs in AR‐binding sites may suggest a potential molecular mechanism for these SNPs in PCa initiation, and provide guidance for future functional studies. Prostate 71: 955–963, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure of a bacterial phosphoglucomutase, an enzyme involved in the virulence of multiple human pathogens
Authors: Mehra‐Chaudhary Ritcha , Mick Jacob , Tanner John J. , Henzl Michael T. , Beamer Lesa J.
Published: December 2010

The crystal structure of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase from Salmonella typhimurium (StPGM) is reported at 1.7 Å resolution. This is the first high‐resolution structural characterization of a bacterial protein from this large enzyme family, which has a central role in metabolism and is also important to bacterial virulence and infectivity. A comparison of the active site of StPGM with that of other phosphoglucomutases reveals conserved residues that are likely involved in catalysis and ligand binding for the entire enzyme family. An alternate crystal form of StPGM and normal mode analysis give insights into conformational changes of the C‐terminal domain that occur upon ligand binding. A novel observation from the StPGM structure is an apparent dimer in the asymmetric unit of the crystal, mediated largely through contacts in an N‐terminal helix. Analytical ultracentrifugation and small‐angle X‐ray scattering confirm that StPGM forms a dimer in solution. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic studies show that a distinct subset of bacterial PGMs share the signature dimerization helix, while other bacterial and eukaryotic PGMs are likely monomers. These structural, biochemical, and bioinformatic studies of StPGM provide insights into the large α‐D‐phosphohexomutase enzyme superfamily to which it belongs, and are also relevant to the design of inhibitors specific to the bacterial PGMs. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of RNA‐binding residues in proteins from primary sequence using an enriched random forest model with a novel hybrid feature
Authors: Ma Xin , Guo Jing , Wu Jiansheng , Liu Hongde , Yu Jiafeng , Xie Jianming , Sun Xiao
Published: December 2010

The identification of RNA‐binding residues in proteins is important in several areas such as protein function, posttranscriptional regulation and drug design. We have developed PRBR (Prediction of RNA Binding Residues), a novel method for identifying RNA‐binding residues from amino acid sequences. Our method combines a hybrid feature with the enriched random forest (ERF) algorithm. The hybrid feature is composed of predicted secondary structure information and three novel features: evolutionary information combined with conservation information of the physicochemical properties of amino acids and the information about dependency of amino acids with regards to polarity‐charge and hydrophobicity in the protein sequences. Our results demonstrate that the PRBR model achieves 0.5637 Matthew's correlation coefficient (MCC) and 88.63% overall accuracy (ACC) with 53.70% sensitivity (SE) and 96.97% specificity (SP). By comparing the performance of each feature we found that all three novel features contribute to the improved predictions. Area under the curve (AUC) statistics from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was compared between PRBR model and other models. The results show that PRBR achieves the highest AUC value (0.8675) which represents that PRBR attains excellent performance on predicting the RNA‐binding residues in proteins. The PRBR web‐server implementation is freely available at http://www.cbi.seu.edu.cn/PRBR/. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersion modeling of leaks of low global warming potential refrigerant HFO‐1234yf in an automobile garage
Authors: Koban Mary E. , Herrmann David D.
Published: December 2010

HFO‐1234yf (Hydrofluoro‐Olefin) is a new, low global warming refrigerant developed for automotive air‐conditioning (A/C) systems [Nielsen et al., Chem Phys Lett 439 (2007), 18–22]. It was developed to replace R‐134a, which is being phased out in the European Union because of its high global warming potential (IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report—Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, 2007). HFO‐1234yf is highly energy efficient, exhibits low toxicity, and can be potentially used in direct expansion automotive A/C systems with minimal design modifications. Significant work has been previously completed to confirm the mild flammability characteristics of HFO‐1234yf. To understand the impact of accidental releases of HFO‐1234yf into a garage environment, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was used to simulate releases of HFO‐1234yf under various A/C line rupture scenarios. In particular, releases were simulated using a leak source in a calm open area, a room with no forced ventilation and the same space but impinging on a flat plate. The refrigerant concentration was determined as function of distance (x, y, and z directions) from the leak point during leak event. The size and shape of the portion of the refrigerant plume above the lower flammability limit was also determined. This work enforces the benefit of using the inherently safer practice of minimization of refrigerant quantities. This article will review CFD modeling results for given refrigerant leak scenarios. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Risk‐based fault diagnosis and safety management for process systems
Authors: Bao Huizhi , Khan Faisal , Iqbal Tariq , Chang Yanjun
Published: December 2010

An innovative methodology of risk‐based fault diagnosis and its integration with safety instrumented system (SIS) is proposed in this article. The proposed methodology uses control chart technique to distinguish abnormal situation from normal operation based on three‐sigma rule and linear trend forecast. Time series moving average techniques are used to perform real‐time monitoring and noise filtering in fault diagnosis processes. Furthermore, risk indicators are used to identify and determine potential fault(s) to minimize the number of false alarms. The proposed methodology is implemented in G2 development environment. Two case studies of a tank filling system and a steam power plant system with SIS1s and SIS2s are conducted in G2 environment. A technique breakthrough from univariate monitoring to multivariate monitoring for fault diagnosis has been achieved during the verification in the steam power plant system. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Heinrich and beyond
Authors: Collins Robert L.
Published: December 2010

In this article, the author will summarize and review Heinrich's work originally published in 1931. The author will then supplement that original work with accident data collected and compiled by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics over a recent 17‐year period. This additional data will then be used to expand the top layer of Heinrich's Triangle to include accidents resulting in OSHA recordable cases, lost workday cases, and fatalities. The result will be an updated version of Heinrich's Triangle consisting of five levels instead of the original three. These will start at the top with accidents resulting in fatalities and work down through lost workday cases, OSHA recordable incidents and first‐aid cases to accidents with no injuries. Analysis of this additional data will lead to some interesting and significant conclusions about the validity of the underlying data. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Root cause analysis of primary reformer catastrophic failure: A case study
Authors: Ramzan Naveed , Naveed Shahid , Rizwan Muhammad , Witt Werner
Published: December 2010

This article describes the investigation of an incident of catastrophic failure of a primary reformer in an ammonia plant. The lessons learned from the root cause analysis of the event are of interest. The reformer is one of the critical unit operation in an ammonia plant. Under normal operating conditions, reformer tubes get aged and progressively develop “creep” in metal leading to a possible catastrophic failure. This event of total failure occurs when one tube fails and results in destroying the neighbouring tubes. Such a situation may occur during start up. A failure diagnosis model is developed, and several hypotheses were tested to determine most likely causes. The analysis revealed that, due to short supply of nitrogen, the start‐up procedure of the reformer was modified on expert's advice shortly before the operation. This change was not reviewed by the whole team. The important parameters in view of the changed procedures were not monitored. This communication gap resulted in severe damage to the reformer melting almost all of the tubes and convection zone coils. It may be observed that the primary reformer amounts to 25% cost of whole ammonia plant. The systematic root cause analysis, thus, clearly identified the reason of catastrophic failure as incomplete analysis and nonconformity of procedures. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Analysis of multiple mycotoxins in beer employing (ultra)‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Zachariasova Milena , Cajka Tomas , Godula Michal , Malachova Alexandra , Veprikova Zdenka , Hajslova Jana
Published: December 2010

The objective of the presented study was to develop and optimize a simple, high‐throughput method for the control of 32 mycotoxins (Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, aflatoxins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, and sterigmatocystin) in beer. Due to the broad range of their physicochemical properties, the sample preparation step was simplified as much as possible to avoid analyte losses. The addition of acetonitrile to beer samples enabled precipitation of abundant matrix components. The clean‐up efficiency was controlled by ambient mass spectrometry employing a direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source. For determination of analytes, ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high‐resolution mass spectrometry utilizing an orbitrap (U‐HPLC–orbitrapMS) or time‐of‐flight (TOFMS) technology was used. Because of significantly better detection capabilities of the orbitrap technology, the U‐HPLC–orbitrapMS method was chosen as a determinative step and fully validated. To compensate matrix effects, matrix‐matched calibration was employed. The lowest calibration levels for most of the target mycotoxins ranged from 1 to 8 µg L−1 beer and the recoveries of analytes were in range from 86 to 124%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporating scientific knowledge into phenotype development: Penalized latent class regression
Authors: Leoutsakos Jeannie‐Marie S. , Bandeen‐Roche Karen , Garrett‐Mayer Elizabeth , Zandi Peter P.
Published: December 2010

The field of psychiatric genetics is hampered by the lack of a clear taxonomy for disorders. Building on the work of Houseman and colleagues (Feature‐specific penalized latent class analysis for genomic data. Harvard University Biostatistics Working Paper Series,Working Paper 22, 2005), we describe a penalized latent class regression aimed at allowing additional scientific information to influence the estimation of the measurement model, while retaining the standard assumption of non‐differential measurement.

In simulation studies, ridge and LASSO penalty functions improved the precision of estimates and, in some cases of differential measurement, also reduced bias. Class‐specific penalization enhanced separation of latent classes with respect to covariates, but only in scenarios where there was a true separation. Penalization proved to be less computationally intensive than an analogous Bayesian analysis by a factor of 37.

This methodology was then applied to data from normal elderly subjects from the Cache County Study on Memory and Aging. Addition of APO‐E genotype and a number of baseline clinical covariates improved the dementia prediction utility of the latent classes; application of class‐specific penalization improved precision while retaining that prediction utility. This methodology may be useful in scenarios with large numbers of collinear covariates or in certain cases where latent class model assumptions are violated. Investigation of novel penalty functions may prove fruitful in further refining psychiatric phenotypes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the anomalous social behaviours with a learning model
Authors: Nemiche Mohamed , Pla‐Lopez Rafael
Published: December 2010

In this paper our objective is to understand the process of emergence in the study of social behaviours evolution with a learning model. When the system is too complex to study it is important to recreate an artificial universe in which experiments' simulation can help to understand the mechanisms of human social behaviours. In Previous work we determined the conditions that favour the perpetuity of the Capitalist Globalization, the possibility of its overcoming with a Free Scientific Society and the possibility of the Ecological Hecatomb. In this paper we have theoretically explained the emergence of the anomalous behaviours and developed statistical studies of the conditions that favour their apparitions and finally their geographical repartition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of the Torre Bosquemar and Olas buildings in San Pedro de la Paz and the Pedro de Valdivia building in Concepción in the 27 February 2010 offshore Maule, Chile earthquake
Authors: Youssef Nabih F. , Tunick Daniel , Naeim Farzad , Lew Marshall , Carpenter Lauren D. , Rojas Fabian , Saragoni G. Rodolfo , Adaros Macarena Schachter
Published: December 2010

Three of the tall buildings that members of the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council visited after the 27 February 2010 Chilean moment magnitude 8.8 earthquake were reviewed. The three buildings discussed in this paper are located in the Greater Concepción area in the Biobió Region (Region VIII) of Chile. Two of the buildings (Bosquemar and Olas) are located on the west side of the Bio‐Bio River in San Pedro de La Paz, while the third building (Pedro de Valdivia) is located on the east side of the river south of the downtown area of the city of Concepción. The tower at Bosquemar was the most thoroughly investigated, although the observations from the damage at all three structures offer important insight that can be applied to current and future earthquake engineering practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for the Los Angeles region
Authors: Jones Pierson , Zareian Farzin
Published: December 2010

This study utilized nonlinear response history analysis to compare the seismic demand on three variations of a 40‐storey buckling‐restrained braced frame designed for high seismic hazard in the Los Angeles region. The three designs were referred to as a ‘code‐based design’, based on the 2006 International Building Code, a ‘performance‐based design’, based on criteria published by the Los Angeles Tall Building Design Council (LATBSDC) and a ‘performance‐based design plus’, based on newly developed criteria from The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The response history analysis utilized spectrum‐matched ground motions as well as simulated ground motions for the Puente Hills fault. The spectrum‐matched motions were selected from the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions (NGA) database, which is largely composed of recorded motions and scaled to five hazard levels. The simulated ground motions were broadband signals generated from a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.15 scenario rupture of the Puente Hills fault for two near fault regions and exhibit long period energy content that significantly exceeds the uniform hazard spectrum. Structural performance was assessed in terms of exceedance of a safe inter‐storey drift ratio (IDR). It was seen that the simulated ground motions impose higher IDR demands on the structures than the spectrum‐matched NGA ground motions. Furthermore, the number of instances of exceedance of a safe IDR, considered for this study as IDR = 0.03, is substantially higher for the simulated ground motions, pointing to the importance of considering such motions in the collapse prevention of tall buildings on a site‐specific basis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term Follow‐up of Open and Laparoscopic Repair of Large Incisional Hernias
Authors: Kurmann Anita , Visth Eva , Candinas Daniel , Beldi Guido
Published: December 2010

Background

Long‐term results after laparoscopic repair of large incisional hernias remain to be determined. The aim of this prospective study was to compare early and late complications between laparoscopic repair and open repair in patients with large incisional hernias.

Methods

Only patients with a hernia diameter of ≥5 cm were included in this study and were prospectively followed. We compared 56 patients who underwent open incisional hernia repair with 69 patients who underwent laparoscopic repair. Median follow‐up in the laparoscopic group was 32.5 months (range 1–62 months) and in the open group 65 months (range 1–80 months).

Results

The demographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the median hospital stay (6.0 days, range 1–23 days vs. 7.0 days, range 1–67 days; p = 0.014) and incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) (5.8% vs. 26.8%; p = 0.001) were significantly lower in the laparoscopic group than in the open surgery group. Bulging of the implanted mesh was observed in 17.4% in the laparoscopic group and in 7.1% in the open group (p = NS). The recurrence rate was 18% in the open group and 16% in the laparoscopic group (p = NS). Multivariate analysis revealed that width of the hernia ≥10 cm, SSI, and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 were significant risk factors for hernia recurrence.

Conclusions

The incidence of SSIs was significantly lower after laparoscopic incisional hernia repair. At long‐term follow‐up, the recurrence rate was not different between the two techniques. Abdominal bulging is a specific problem associated with laparoscopic repair of large incisional hernias. Size of the hernia, BMI, and SSI are risk factors for hernia recurrence irrespective of the technique.
Genetic Counselors’ Experiences with Adolescent Patients in Prenatal Genetic Counseling
Authors: Griswold Catherine M. , Ashley Stephanie S. , Dixon Shannan DeLany , Scott Jessica L.
Published: December 2010

Adolescents comprise a portion of women who present to genetic counselors prenatally. In this study, prenatal genetic counselors (N = 128) were surveyed regarding their perceptions of genetic counseling sessions for adolescent (ages 13–19) and adult (ages 20–34) patients. Counselors perceived differences in methods used to communicate risk information for adolescent versus adult populations. Respondents reported that it is more difficult for adolescents to understand prognostic information than adults. They also noted differences between adult and adolescent populations with respect to the people who typically accompany the patient to the session. Respondents stated that adolescents were accompanied by a parent, friend, or sibling, which differed from adults who reportedly were accompanied by a significant other, father of the pregnancy, or by no one. These findings suggest it is important to recognize that adolescent patients are in a unique stage of their development which may influence a prenatal genetic counseling session.
Isoflavones in Seeds of Field‐Grown Soybean: Variation Among Genetic Lines and Environmental Effects
Authors: Britz Steven J. , Schomburg Charlotte J. , Kenworthy William J.
Published: December 2010

This study was undertaken to determine how seed isoflavones from soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines differing in their maturity group, change between locations and years with different weather conditions. Seeds from 15 lines representing four maturity groups grown at three locations in Maryland (full season at all three and double crop at one location) were analyzed from 2001 to 2002, representing one relatively normal and one warm and dry year, respectively. Comparing lines, total isoflavones averaged for both years and all locations/planting dates ranged between 4.7 μmol [g seed dry matter (SDM)]−1 in MD95‐5358 and 8.7 μmol (g SDM)−1 in Stressland. Isoflavones were reduced by about 50% in early maturing soybean lines in 2002 compared to 2001 under warmer conditions on the Eastern Shore of Maryland but not in the cooler central Maryland location. Isoflavones were not affected consistently or to a large extent in later maturity lines at any location or planting date combination. Relative changes in genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavones were similar to each other, whereas glycitein was much more variable. The results suggest that early maturing soybean lines are more likely to be affected by changes in temperature and precipitation.
Agonistic Homegoing: Frederick Douglass, Joseph Lowery, and the Democratic Value of African American Public Mourning
Authors: STOW SIMON
Published: December 2010

What does the furor over the “politicization” of Coretta Scott King's funeral reveal about contemporary black mourning practices? What does it reveal about black political thought, rhetoric, and practice? Identifying two key modes of mourning and their concomitant conceptions of democracy, this article situates the funeral within a tradition of self-consciously political responses to loss that played a significant role in abolitionism and the struggle for civil rights. Tracing the tradition's origins, and employing the speeches of Frederick Douglass as an exemplar, it considers the approach's democratic value and the consequences of its failure. Arguing that the response to the King funeral indicates that the tradition is in decline, the article locates causes of this decline in significant changes among the black population and in the complex consequences of the tradition's previous successes. It concludes by considering the decline's potentially negative impact, both for African Americans and for the broader political community.
THE INVISCID LIMIT OF THE MODIFIED BENJAMIN–ONO–BURGERS EQUATION
Authors: ZHANG HUA , KE YUQIN
Published: December 2010

We prove that the modified Benjamin–Ono–Burgers equation is globally well-posed in Hs for s>0. Moreover, we show that the solution of the modified Benjamin–Ono–Burgers equation converges to that of the modified Benjamin–Ono equation in the natural space C([0,T];Hs), s≥1/2, as the dissipative coefficient ϵ goes to zero, provided that the L2 norm of the initial data is sufficiently small.
REAL IDEALS IN POINTFREE RINGS OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Authors: DUBE THEMBA
Published: December 2010

Real ideals of the ring ℜL of real-valued continuous functions on a completely regular frame L are characterized in terms of cozero elements, in the manner of the classical case of the rings C(X). As an application, we show that L is realcompact if and only if every free maximal ideal of ℜL is hyper-real—which is the precise translation of how Hewitt defined realcompact spaces, albeit under a different appellation. We also obtain a frame version of Mrówka’s theorem that characterizes realcompact spaces.
The effectiveness of BMI, calf circumference and mid-arm circumference in predicting subsequent mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese
Authors: Tsai Alan C. , Chang Tsui-Lan
Published: December 2010

BMI, mid-arm circumference (MAC) and calf circumference (CC) are anthropometric indicators often included in geriatric health measurement scales. However, their relative effectiveness in predicting long-term mortality risk has not been extensively examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of these anthropometrics in predicting long-term mortality risk in older adults. The study prospectively analysed the ability of these indicators in predicting 4-year follow-up mortality risk of a population-representative sample of 4191 men and women, 53 years of age or older in the ‘Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan’. Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of follow-up mortality risk with low ( < 21 kg/m2) or high ( ≥ 27 kg/m2) BMI, low MAC ( < 23·5/22 cm for men/women) and low CC ( < 30/27 cm) respectively, according to Taiwanese-specific cut-off points. Results showed that low CC and low MAC were more effective than low BMI in predicting follow-up mortality risk in 65–74-year-old elderly. But low CC and low BMI were more effective than low MAC in ≥ 75-year-old elderly, and low BMI was more effective than low MAC or low CC in 53–64-year-old persons. High BMI was not effective in predicting mortality risk in any of these age ranges. These results suggest that in elderly adults, CC is more effective than BMI in predicting long-term mortality risk. Thus, more consideration to CC and MAC in designing geriatric health or nutritional measurement scales is recommended.
Overdenture with immediate load: mastication and nutrition
Authors: de Freitas Borges Tânia , Alves Mendes Francielle , Rezende Carvalho de Oliveira Terezinha , Jesus do Prado Célio , Domingues das Neves Flávio
Published: December 2010

Lower conventional complete dentures were converted to overdentures retained by two implants with an immediately loaded bar-clip system (n 16). The masticatory performance test was carried out using ‘Optocal’ after forty chewing strokes. Nutritional condition was evaluated by means of a Mini-Nutritional-Assessment questionnaire. No individual was classified as malnourished. The masticatory performance test demonstrated a statistically significant difference before conversion (baseline) and 3 and 6 months after conversion of the lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture (paired-samples t test; P < 0·05). A statistically significant difference before and after 6 months of conversion for nutritional condition (Wilcoxon test; P < 0·05) was also observed. The association between masticatory performance and nutritional assessment demonstrated that a statistically significant difference between masticatory performance of the subgroups classified at baseline as nourished (22·43 %) and those at risk of malnutrition (3·9 %) was only evidenced before conversion (P = 0·006). After the conversion from a lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture, at 3 months, the risk of malnutrition and nourished at baseline did not present significant differences in masticatory performance. Nonetheless, the mean masticatory performance potential was 19·86 and 31·98 % for subgroups classified at baseline as at risk of malnutrition and nourished, respectively (P = 0·187). The results before conversion were less favourable for masticatory performance and nutritional condition. The increased retention of the mandibular prosthesis allowed improvement in masticatory performance and nutritional condition.
Knowing Persons
Authors: Matheson David
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT: There is an intuitive distinction between knowing someone in a detached manner — impersonally — and knowing someone in a more intimate fashion — personally. The latter seems to involve the specially active participation of the person known in a way that the former does not. In this paper I present a novel, communication account of knowing someone personally that successfully explains this participation. The account also illuminates the propositional and testimonial character of the personal knowledge of persons, the conditions of limited transferability to which such knowledge is subject, and its distinctly meaningful role in everyday life. I conclude by considering a worry about self-knowledge that arises on the communication account.

RÉSUMÉ : Il existe une distinction entre connaître quelqu’un de manière détachée, de façon impersonnelle, et connaître quelqu’un de façon plus intime, de façon personnelle. Cette dernière relation, au contraire de la première, semble impliquer la participation particulièrement active de la personne connue. Dans ce texte, je présente une nouvelle analyse de la connaissance intime de quelqu’un qui est fondée sur la communication et explique de manière satisfaisante une telle participation. Cette analyse éclaire aussi la nature propositionnelle et testimoniale de la connaissance intime des personnes, les limites de la transférabilité d’une telle connaissance et son rôle significatif unique dans la vie quotidienne. Je conclus en examinant un problème touchant la connaissance de soi qui surgit dans l’approche communicationnelle.
Les conditions de possibilité de la théologie comme science
Authors: Piché David
Published: December 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Les théologiens des xiiie et xive siècles ont ardemment débattu à propos de la scientificité de la théologie. J’expose ici la position d’Hervaeus Natalis, un penseur fort singulier du premier quart du xive siècle. Selon Hervé, la notion centrale pour résoudre la question en présence est celle d’abstraction. Cet article offre une analyse historique et philosophique de sa position qui s’appuie sur une traduction française inédite d’une portion significative d’un Quodlibet d’Hervé que j’ai réalisée à partir de ma propre édition de l’original latin.
A numerical investigation of fine particle laden flow in an oscillatory channel: the role of particle-induced density stratification
Authors: OZDEMIR CELALETTIN E. , HSU TIAN-JIAN , BALACHANDAR S.
Published: December 2010

Studying particle-laden oscillatory channel flow constitutes an important step towards understanding practical application. This study aims to take a step forward in our understanding of the role of turbulence on fine-particle transport in an oscillatory channel and the back effect of fine particles on turbulence modulation using an Eulerian–Eulerian framework. In particular, simulations presented in this study are selected to investigate wave-induced fine sediment transport processes in a typical coastal setting. Our modelling framework is based on a simplified two-way coupled formulation that is accurate for particles of small Stokes number (St). As a first step, the instantaneous particle velocity is calculated as the superposition of the local fluid velocity and the particle settling velocity while the higher-order particle inertia effect neglected. Correspondingly, only the modulation of carrier flow is due to particle-induced density stratification quantified by the bulk Richardson number, Ri. In this paper, we fixed the Reynolds number to be ReΔ = 1000 and varied the bulk Richardson number over a range (Ri = 0, 1 × 10−4, 3 × 10−4 and 6 × 10−4). The simulation results reveal critical processes due to different degrees of the particle–turbulence interaction. Essentially, four different regimes of particle transport for the given ReΔ are observed: (i) the regime where virtually no turbulence modulation in the case of very dilute condition, i.e. Ri ~ 0; (ii) slightly modified regime where slight turbulence attenuation is observed near the top of the oscillatory boundary layer. However, in this regime a significant change can be observed in the concentration profile with the formation of a lutocline; (iii) regime where flow laminarization occurs during the peak flow, followed by shear instability during the flow reversal. A significant reduction in the oscillatory boundary layer thickness is also observed; (iv) complete laminarization due to strong particle-induced stable density stratification.
The phase lead of shear stress in shallow-water flow over a perturbed bottom
Authors: LUCHINI PAOLO , CHARRU FRANÇOIS
Published: December 2010

The analysis of flow over a slowly perturbed bottom (when perturbations have a typical length scale much larger than channel height) is often based on the shallow-water (or Saint-Venant) equations with the addition of a wall-friction term which is a local function of the mean velocity. By this choice, small sinusoidal disturbances of wall stress and mean velocity are bound to be in phase with each other. In contrast, studies of shorter-scale disturbances have long established that a phase lead develops between wall stress and mean velocity, with a crucial destabilizing effect on sediment transport along an erodible bed. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the wall-shear stress under large length-scale conditions and provide corrections to the Saint-Venant model.
Turbulent flow over a backward-facing step. Part 1. Effects of anti-cyclonic system rotation
Authors: BARRI MUSTAFA , ANDERSSON HELGE I.
Published: December 2010

The effects of rotation on turbulent flow with separation and reattachment are investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. The backward-facing step configuration is rotated about a spanwise axis such that the sudden expansion of the channel is on the pressure side. The upstream flow is a fully developed plane Poiseuille flow subjected to orthogonal-mode rotation, which subsequently detaches from the step corner and eventually reattaches further downstream. The size of the resulting separation bubble with recirculating flow diminishes monotonically with increasing rotation rates and the reattachment distance is reduced from about 7 to 3 step heights. This is ascribed to the augmentation of the cross-stream turbulence intensity in theanti-cyclonicshear layer formed between the bulk flow and the recirculating eddy due to the destabilizing influence of the Coriolis force. The spanwise-oriented vortex cells or roller eddies found in non-rotating shear layers were disrupted by the enhanced turbulence. The flow along the planar wall is subjected to an adverse pressure gradient induced by the sudden expansion. The stabilizing influence of the system rotation in thiscyclonicshear layer tends to damp the turbulence, the flow becomes susceptible to flow separation, and a substantial cyclonic recirculation bubble is observed at the highest rotation rates. The resulting meandering of the bulk flow is associated with interactions between the anti-cyclonic shear layer at the stepped side and the cyclonic shear flow along the planar surface. These give rise to enhanced turbulence levels at the cyclonic side in spite of the otherwise stabilizing influence of the Coriolis force. Exceptionally high velocity fluctuations in the spanwise direction are observed in the vicinity of flow reattachment behind the step and ascribed to longitudinal Taylor–Görtler-like roll cells which extend into the backflow region. These roll cells arise from a centrifugal instability mechanism associated with the convex streamline curvature in the reattachment zone.
Dynamics of bead formation, filament thinning and breakup in weakly viscoelastic jets
Authors: ARDEKANI A. M. , SHARMA V. , McKINLEY G. H.
Published: December 2010

The spatiotemporal evolution of a viscoelastic jet depends on the relative magnitude of capillary, viscous, inertial and elastic stresses. The interplay of capillary and elastic stresses leads to the formation of very thin and stable filaments between drops, or to ‘beads-on-a-string’ structure. In this paper, we show that by understanding the physical processes that control different stages of the jet evolution it is possible to extract transient extensional viscosity information even for very low viscosity and weakly elastic liquids, which is a particular challenge in using traditional rheometers. The parameter space at which a forced jet can be used as an extensional rheometer is numerically investigated by using a one-dimensional nonlinear free-surface theory for Oldroyd-B and Giesekus fluids. The results show that even when the ratio of viscous to inertio-capillary time scales (or Ohnesorge number) is as low as Oh ~ 0.02, the temporal evolution of the jet can be used to obtain elongational properties of the liquid.
Parametric study of the transition in the wake of oblate spheroids and flat cylinders
Authors: CHRUST MARCIN , BOUCHET GILLES , DUŠEK JAN
Published: December 2010

An exhaustive parametric study of the transition scenario in the wake of oblate spheroids and flat cylinders placed with their rotation axis parallel to the flow is presented. The flatness of the investigated objects is classified by the aspect ratio χ defined as χ = d/a for spheroids (with d the diameter and a the length of the polar axis) and as χ = d/h) for cylinders (with h the cylinder height). We find a significant qualitative similarity between both configurations. At large aspect ratios (χ > 2.3 for spheroids and χ ≥ 4 for cylinders), the secondary bifurcation giving rise to a periodic state without planar symmetry is subcritical with a hysteresis interval of about two Reynolds number units. For spheroids, the sphere-like scenario is recovered only at aspect ratios very close to one (χ ≥ 1 are considered), while for cylindrical bodies the same holds for χ ≤ 1.7. For intermediate aspect ratios, a domain of states with non-zero net helicity separates states typical for the sphere wake from those of an infinitely flat disk.
Everyday expectations of the state during Pakistan's early years: Letters to the Editor, Dawn (Karachi), 1950–1953
Authors: ANSARI SARAH
Published: December 2010

Accessing the day-to-day, albeit pressing, concerns of Pakistanis in the early 1950s can be difficult as a result of the relative paucity of relevant primary material. One set of sources, however, are the letters written to the editors of contemporary newspapers during this period, in which correspondents outlined their expectations of, made demands on, and aired their frustrations with, the everyday state in the years following independence and Pakistan's creation. This paper draws on a sample of this correspondence on the letter pages of Dawn (Karachi) during 1950–1953 in order to explore the views of ordinary citizens as they grappled with problems of housing, transport, food rationing, water shortage, and corruption.
A Lower Bound for the Size of a Minkowski Sum of Dilates
Authors: HAMIDOUNE Y. O. , RUÉ J.
Published: December 2010

Let A be a finite non-empty set of integers. An asymptotic estimate of the size of the sum of several dilates was obtained by Bukh. The unique known exact bound concerns the sum |A + k⋅A|, where k is a prime and |A| is large. In its full generality, this bound is due to Cilleruelo, Serra and the first author.

Let k be an odd prime and assume that |A| > 8kk. A corollary to our main result states that |2⋅A + k⋅A|≥(k+2)|A|−k2−k+2. Notice that |2⋅P+k⋅P|=(k+2)|P|−2k, if P is an arithmetic progression.