bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The knowledge hiding loop: exploring the boundary conditions
Authors: Sun Yunpeng , Ayub Arslan , Fatima Tehreem , Aslam Hassan Danial , Bahoo Salman
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Using norms of reciprocity, this study explores how employees' exposure to workplace ostracism (WO) affects their task performance through the mediating role of knowledge hiding (KH). Moreover, drawing on social identity theory, this research outstretches the boundary conditions of KH, i.e. under which KH is less likely to occur.

Design/methodology/approach

Time-lagged, multisource data collected from 297 employees in service sector organizations in Pakistan were analyzed using SMARTPLS (v 3.3.3).

Findings

The findings reveal that perception of WO provokes KH behavior in employees, which, in turn, deteriorates their task performance. Results also disclose that moral identification (MI) and organizational identification (OI) buffer against the positive association between WO and KH, such that the ostracism-KH link is weaker at higher levels of MI and OI, and vice versa.

Practical implications

The study envisages that a KH loop occurs between the knowledge hider and the knowledge seeker, which fosters spirals of conflict that might prevail in organizations over an extended period of time. Therefore, the occurrence context of KH should be mitigated through appropriate managerial interventions. In addition, nurturing self-identities will be beneficial for both employees and organizations.

Originality/value

This is the first study that investigates the relationship between WO and task performance while also considering the mediating role of KH and the moderating roles of MI and OI.
Doctoral writing: learning to write and give feedback across cultures
Authors: Carter Susan , Sun Qiyu , Jabeen Farrah
Published: August 2021

Purpose

This study aims to broaches several endemic challenges for academics who support doctoral writing: writers are emotionally protective of their own writing; writing a thesis in English as a second language is a challenging, complex task; and advising across cultures is delicate. Giving constructive feedback kindly, but with the rigour needed to raise writing quality can seem daunting. Addressing those issues, the authors offer a novel way of working with writing feedback across cultures.

Design/methodology/approach

The case study research team of two candidates and one supervisor stumbled onto an effective way of working across cultural and institutional difference. What began as advisory feedback on doctoral writing became an effective collaborative analysis of prose meaning-making. The authors reflected separately and collectively on how this happened, analysed reflections and this narrative inquiry approach led to theories of use to writing feedback practice.

Findings

The authors cross between theory and praxis, showing that advisors and supervisors can create Bhabha’s post-colonial third space (a promising social space that sits between cultures, beyond hierarchies, where new ways of thinking can be collaboratively generated) as a working environment for international doctoral writing feedback. Within this zone, Brechtian alienation, a theory from theatre practice, is applied to prompt emotional detachment that enables focus on writing clearly in academic English.

Research limitations/implications

Arguably the writing feedback session the authors described remains bound by the generic expectations of a western education system. The study is exegetical, humanities reading of practice, rather than a social science gathering of empirical data. Yet the humanities approach suits the point that a change of language, attitude and theory can give positive leverage with doctoral writing feedback.

Practical implications

The authors provide a novel practical method of supporting international doctoral candidates’ writing with feedback across cultures. It entails attracting the writers’ interest in theory and persuading them, via theory, to look objectively and freshly at their own writing. Also backed by theory, a theoretical cross-cultural space allows for discussion about differences and similarities. Detachment from proprietorial emotions and cross-cultural openness enables productive work amongst the mechanics of clear academic English text.

Originality/value

Underpinned by sociocultural and metacognitive approaches to learning, reflection from student and supervisor perspectives (the data), and oriented by theory, the authors propose another strategy for supporting doctoral writing across cultures. The authors demonstrate a third space approach for writing feedback across cultures, showing how to operationalise theory.
Functional traits shape tree species distribution in the Himalayas
Authors: Maharjan Surya Kumar , Sterck Frank J. , Dhakal Bishnu Prasad , Makri Marina , Poorter Lourens
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Plant functional traits determine plant performance and have therefore the potential to shape and predict species distributions along environmental gradients. This study analyses how traits affect tree species distribution along an elevational gradient in the Himalayas, Nepal. We addressed three questions: (a) what plant strategies can be distinguished among tree species? (b) how are plant traits and strategies associated with elevation? and (c) what plant traits are the best predictors of species positions along elevational gradient?

We quantified for 31 tree species a set of 39 plant traits related to resource uptake, use and conservation. We analysed how traits cluster into separate functions using a cluster analysis, and how traits and clusters associate into distinct plant strategies using a principal component analysis.

The cluster analysis showed five clusters of traits, reflecting (a) efficiency in vertical expansion, (b) efficiency in horizontal expansion, (c) efficiency in metabolism, (d) physical defence and (e) tree functional groups (conifers vs. broadleaf species). The first PCA axis reflects trade‐offs in traits and clusters linked to elevation: highland species had trait values that increase safety against freezing induced cavitation, high solar radiation and strong wind, and that increase resource conservation. In contrast, lowland species had trait values that increase efficiency of resource acquisition, metabolism and expansion. Additionally, a bivariate analysis showed that the first PCA axis is more strongly related to elevation than the individual traits, indicating that the combination of traits is more important than the individual traits. An all subsets regression analysis showed that a small set of traits best explain species distribution: highland species had smaller size (low basal area), safer hydraulics (low conduit diameter) and lower leaf and branch display efficiency (low leaf area per xylem area, specific branch length) that increase persistence under harsh conditions. Remarkably, leaf traits were poor predictors of species' elevational positions.

Synthesis. Multiple trade‐offs in plant size, hydraulics and light competitiveness shape species distribution along the elevational gradient. Along this extreme environmental gradient, stem and branch traits that integrate multiple plant organs and functions are better predictors of species' elevational distributions than leaf traits.
How the past becomes the past: The temporal positioning of collective memory
Authors: Adams Tracy , Edy Jill A.
Published: August 2021

Recognizing that the past does not necessarily pass of its own accord but rather is made to pass is crucial for understanding relationships between collective memory, temporality and the past. Analyzing processes of temporal negotiation reveals that changing the ending (or, in some cases creating one at all) requires re‐envisioning the entire sequence of events. Thus, the ending (if there is one) depends on the beginning. British prime ministers' references to 9/11 in public addresses demonstrate this process of temporal negotiation about whether and how to create an ending. Tony Blair constructed the attacks as a legacy, thus sustaining the past as part of the present. To unwind this construction and consign 9/11 to the past, Gordon Brown and David Cameron needed to disrupt the flow of contingent incidents in which Blair had embedded 9/11. By redefining the narrative's beginning, they made it possible to bring 9/11 to an end.
Methods for estimating the cost of treat‐and‐release emergency department visits
Authors: Pickens Gary T. , Moore Brian , Smith Mark W. , McDermott Kimberly W. , Mummert Amanda , Karaca Zeynal
Published: August 2021

Objective

To evaluate and compare approaches to estimating the service delivery cost of emergency department (ED) visits from total charge data only.

Data Sources

The 2013–2017 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's (HCUP) State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Healthcare Cost Report Information System (HCRIS) public use files.

Study Design

Compare a baseline approach (requiring cost‐center‐level charge detail) and four alternative methods (relying on total charges only) for estimating ED visit costs. Estimation errors are calculated after applying each method to a sample of ED visits, treating estimates from the baseline approach as the “true” cost. Performance metrics are calculated at the visit and hospital levels.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

The charges, revenue center codes, and patient/hospital characteristics were extracted from the SEDD. Detailed costs and charges were extracted from HCRIS public use files.

Principal Findings

Baseline (“true”) ED visit costs increased from $383 to $420 per visit between 2013 and 2017. Three methods performed comparatively well estimating mean cost per visit. The method using an overall cost‐to‐charge ratio (CCR) for all ancillary cost centers without regression adjustment (ANC‐CCR) performed the worst, overestimating “true” costs by $63–$113 per visit. The other three methods, which used CCRs computed from selected cost centers, exhibited much smaller bias, with two of the methods yielding estimates within $2 of the “true” cost in 2017. Compared with ANC‐CCR, the other three methods had more compact estimation error distributions. The estimated mean visit costs from all four methods have relatively small statistical variance, with 95% confidence intervals for mean cost in a hospital with 25,000 ED visits ranging between $4 and $7.

Conclusions

When cost‐center‐level charge detail for ED visits is unavailable, alternative methods relying on total ED charges can estimate ED service costs for patient and hospital segments.
Police brutality and unmet need for mental health care
Authors: Alang Sirry , Rogers Taylor B. , Williamson Lillie D. , Green Cherrell , Bell April J.
Published: August 2021

Objective

National movements have raised awareness of the adverse mental health effects of police brutality. This study examines the relationship between perceived police brutality and unmet need for mental health care.

Data Sources

We used the 2018 Survey of the Health of Urban Residents (N = 4338), a quota sample survey of adults in urban areas in the contiguous United States.

Study Design

Multivariate regressions were used to understand the association between police brutality and unmet need for mental health care. Unmet need was regressed on police brutality (the independent variable), controlling for sociodemographic and health status characteristics of respondents and access to care. We then stratified the sample by experiences of police brutality (no negative encounters with the police, encounters that were perceived as necessary, and encounters that were considered unnecessary) and described how medical mistrust and perceived respect within health care settings were associated with odds of unmet need for each subsample.

Data Collection

Data were collected online.

Principal Findings

Negative police encounters perceived as necessary were associated with greater odds of unmet need compared to no negative police encounters (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98, confidence interval [CI] = 1.30–2.65). Odds of unmet need were also higher among persons with negative and unnecessary police encounters (OR = 1.28, CI = 1.05–1.56). Greater respect was associated with lower odds of unmet need among persons who reported negative unnecessary encounters with the police (OR = 0.88, CI = 0.72–0.97). Medical mistrust was associated with greater odds of unmet need among those with negative unnecessary police encounters (OR = 1.52, CI = 1.12–1.93).

Conclusions

Persons who are exposed to police brutality are also likely to be those who experience unmet need for mental health care. Ensuring that they feel respected within medical settings and establishing conditions that build trust in medical institutions are important for eliminating unmet need for mental health care.
From Ghana to India, Saving the Global South’s Mothers with a Digital Solution
Authors: Al Dahdah Marine
Published: August 2021

With the widespread use of mobile phones in the Global South, digital tools are attracting growing interest from international aid actors as well as local governments – positioning digital technology as an essential driver of economic growth and an obvious solution to many social problems. Initiated by multiple actors from the digital industry, these programs reconfigure the state, the rights of citizens, the perimeter and access to health services. Through the study of the Motech Global Mobile Health Program (mHealth) implemented in Ghana and India to improve maternal health, this paper explores the way in which processes of medical globalization and privatization come into being through digital technology. It shows how forms of philanthrocapitalism drive such digital programs. By confronting the stories of the techy philanthropists promoting such solutions and the global south’s mothers that are supposedly benefiting from it, this paper also illustrates the gap between the promise of better healthcare offered by such digital solution and the realities experienced on the ground by its users, on gender and empowerment issues or accessibility and quality of healthcare.
The Appropriated Body: Biometrics Regime, The Digital State and Healthcare in Contemporary India
Authors: Mishra Rajiv K.
Published: August 2021

The sheer size of the Indian population and its presence in a gigantic biometrics database has made possible the appropriation and control of millions of bodies on an everyday basis. It is being done at different levels by players operating the Digital State, with a markets‐based approach aiming to provide governance and development entitlements, healthcare being one among them. However, at the receiving end of this appropriative force are the 22 percent below poverty line (BPL) population, accounting for around 300 million people living at less than 1.25 dollars per day. These tend to be bodies facing a double jeopardy of historical‐social‐economic inequalities and negotiating the biometric means of accessing healthcare entitlements. Specifically, this refers to an arduous process of proving one's 'mistrusted' self to be able to enter the process of availing medical treatment. Based on qualitative fieldwork in Jharkhand and Delhi, the paper argues that the very process of biometrics‐based access to healthcare appropriates the bodies of BPL families even before they get any medical treatment. Findings reflect that the biometrics (technological) means for identifying the mistrusted bodies of BPL populations adds to the existing social inequalities.
The effect of rotary instrumentation on dentin thickness in the danger zone of the MB2 canal of maxillary first molars
Authors: Heyse Jeffrey D. , Ordinola‐Zapata Ronald , Gaalaas Laurence , McClanahan Scott B.
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to measure the initial and remaining dentin thickness in the danger zone of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal of maxillary first molars after rotary instrumentation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. After determining initial dentin thickness, each sample was subjected to a standardized protocol of rotary instrumentation files: ProTaper Gold Sx Orifice Opener (maximum depth of 7 mm); Vortex Blue 15.04, 20.04, 25.04, ProTaper Gold S1, S2, F1, F2, and finally Vortex Blue 30.06. Subsequent CBCT measurements were made to compare changes in remaining dentin thickness in comparison to initial presentation. Preoperative dentin thickness in the danger zone had a mean of 0.82 ± 0.17mm. Significant levels of dentin removal in the danger zone were noted after all instrumentation groups when compared to the pre‐instrumentation mean (Sx P < 0.001, 25.04 P < 0.0006, F2 P < 0.0001, 30.06 P < 0.0001). It was concluded that a thin area of dentin exists along the distal wall of the MB2 (danger zone) from the furcation to 4 mm apically.
Integrated microRNA–mRNA analysis reveals the roles of microRNAs in the muscle fat metabolism of Yanbian cattle
Authors: Zhang J. S. , Xu H. Y. , Fang J. C. , Yin B. Z. , Wang B. B. , Pang Z. , Xia G. J.
Published: August 2021

Fat deposition is an important economic trait in farm animals. However, it is difficult to genetically improve intramuscular fat deposition via trait‐based cattle breeding. The main objectives of this study were to analyze the factors about beef flavor, and to detect functional microRNA (miRNA, miR) associated with intramuscular fat deposition in Yanbian cattle. Longissimus dorsi samples from six steers were separated into high‐ and low‐fat groups (n = 3 each) based on the marbling score, and transcriptomic analysis was performed using miRNA sequencing. A total of 33 miRNAs and 38 genes were found to be differentially expressed in the high‐ and low‐fat groups. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the sequencing results. Integrated miRNA–mRNA analysis revealed that miRNA‐associated target genes were primarily associated with skeletal muscle development. However, some of the miRNAs (miR‐424 etc.) and genes (ATF3 etc.) were also associated with fat metabolism. A targeted relationship between miR‐22‐3p and the WFIKKN2 gene and its involvement in adipocyte differentiation were confirmed experimentally. The study findings may provide potential candidate molecular targets for the selection of cattle with improved meat quality.
Individualised music for people living with dementia and the experiences and perceptions of residential aged care staff: A qualitative study
Authors: Gaviola Minah Amor , Higgins Isabel , Dilworth Sophie , Holliday Elizabeth , Inder Kerry J.
Published: August 2021

Objective

To explore the experiences and perceptions of staff regarding the use of individualised music for people with dementia living in residential aged care.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive methodology was used. Methods included a focus group and face‐to‐face interviews, open‐ended responses to a pre‐post survey and relevant clinical notes about older participants’ responses. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data.

Results

There were four themes: (1) transcendental reminiscing, the calm, the joy and the elation; (2) optimism, excitement and the snowball effect; (3) pitching in for older person, it is not rocket science and the hurdles; and (4) music beyond the intervention.

Conclusions

Overall, the individualised music was a generally positive experience. While some older participants reported discomfort with the use of headphones, staff concerns related to care and accessibility of music equipment.
Incidence of self‐induced abortion with misoprostol, admitted to a provincial hospital in Papua New Guinea: A prospective observational study
Authors: Bolnga John W , Lufele Elvin , Teno Mitilam , Agua Vero , Ao Paula , DL Mola Glen , Pomat William , Laman Moses
Published: August 2021

Background

Misoprostol is a life‐savingmedication in obstetric practice but the prevalence of misoprostol‐related self‐induced abortion is increasing in many communities.

Aims

To investigate the hospital incidence, clinical management, and legal framework of self‐induced abortions with misoprostol.

Materials and Methods

This was a prospective observational study conducted over 18 months. All patients <20 weeks pregnant who were admitted with a diagnosis of misoprostol‐induced abortion were included in the study.

Results

Of 186 women with abortion‐related admissions during the study period, 51 (27.4%) women reported using misoprostol to induce abortion. The majority were young (27.8 ± 5.5) married women (32/51: 62.7%), particularly educated (27/51: 52.9%) employed women (27/51: 52.9%), who were not on any contraception (46/51: 90.1%). Most abortions were induced in the first trimester (39/51: 76.5%) and patients were admitted because of prolonged bleeding (23/51: 45.1%). A significant proportion of participants who did not receive the correct dose of misoprostol developed sepsis compared to those who received a correct dose (6/18 (33.3%) vs 1/30 (3.3%); P = 0.008).

Conclusion

The use of misoprostol as an abortifacient is increasing in Papua New Guinea, particularly among educated and employed women. A review of the laws to meet the demand for abortion services and to limit complications of unsafe abortion practices is required.
The Humber is a Haunting: Settler Deathscapes, Indigenous Spectres, and the Memorialisation of a Canadian Heritage River
Authors: Fortier Craig
Published: August 2021

This paper argues that state‐sponsored memorialisation is a critical enterprise in creating and maintaining a national cultural identity that softens or erases the ongoing process of death‐making and dispossession wrought by settlers on the land and Indigenous peoples. Drawing on the work of Toronto‐based Cree scholar Karyn Recollet, I further argue that this death‐making is not a given. Indigenous peoples assert their presence and relationships to the Humber River and its adjacent lifeforces alongside and in opposition to official memorialising projects. The 20thanniversary of the Humber River’s designation as a Canada Heritage River in 2019, the first in the era of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s Calls to Action, begs the question as to the role memorial and commemoration ceremonies play in the coalescence of a particular settler colonial story/myth that stabilises geographies as “memorial spaces” while simultaneously narrating Indigenous peoples through erasure, assimilation, and as historical ghosts.
Switching of oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A narrative review
Authors: Kefale Adane Teshome , Peterson Gregory M. , Bezabhe Woldesellassie M. , Bereznicki Luke R.
Published: August 2021

Approval of direct‐acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) was an important milestone, providing a wider range of treatment options and creating the possibility for drug switching after initiation. In addition to improved utilisation of oral anticoagulants (OACs) for stroke prevention, reports of switching among OACs are growing in the literature; switching may influence clinical outcomes, healthcare costs and patient satisfaction. This review aimed to summarise the current literature on the pattern of OAC switching in patients with AF, including reasons for switching and clinical consequences following switching. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Embase on 27 June 2020. We included 39 articles published after 2013, following the introduction of apixaban. The review found that switching among OACs was common in clinical practice, significantly varying with the type of OAC. Studies reporting the reason for switching and clinical outcomes were comparatively limited. The decision to switch was often related to safety issues (usually bleeding), poor anticoagulation control and ease of use. Patient characteristics, clinical conditions and drug interactions were found to be associated with switching from OACs. Findings regarding bleeding outcomes following switching were inconsistent, possibly confounded by the rationale for switching and the switching protocol. Noting the limited number of studies included and their relatively short follow‐up periods, switching did not have a significant impact on the risk of stroke and other thrombotic outcomes. Further prospective studies are needed to understand better potential rationales for switching and the clinical outcomes.
Clinical implementation of pre‐biopsy magnetic resonance imaging pathways for the diagnosis of prostate cancer
Authors: Israël Bas , Immerzeel Jos , van der Leest Marloes , Hannink Gerjon , Zámecnik Patrik , Bomers Joyce , Schoots Ivo G. , van Basten Jean‐Paul , Debruyne Frans , van Oort Inge , Sedelaar Michiel , Barentsz Jelle
Published: August 2021

Objective

To assess the outcomes of pre‐biopsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pathways, as a tool in biopsy‐naïve men with suspicion of prostate cancer, in routine clinical practice. Secondary outcomes included a comparison of transrectal MRI‐directed biopsy (TR‐MRDB) and transperineal (TP)‐MRDB in men with suspicious MRI.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively assessed a two‐centre cohort of consecutive biopsy‐naïve men with suspicion of prostate cancer who underwent a Prostate Imaging‐Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI‐RADS v2) compliant pre‐biopsy MRI in a single, high‐volume centre between 2015 and 2019 (Centre 1). Men with suspicious MRI scans underwent TR‐MRDB in Centre 1 and TP‐MRDB with additional random biopsies (RB) in Centre 2. The MRI and histopathology were assessed in the same institution (Centre 1). Outcomes included: (i) overall detection rates of Grade Group (GG) 1, GG ≥2, and GG ≥3 cancer in men with suspicious MRI; (ii) Biopsy‐avoidance due to non‐suspicious MRI; and (iii) Cancer detection rates and biopsy‐related complications between TR‐ and TP‐MRDB. To reduce confounding bias for MRDB comparisons, inverse probability weighting (IPW) was performed for age, digital rectal examination, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, PSA density, and PI‐RADS category.

Results

Of the 2597 men included, the overall GG 1, GG ≥2, and GG ≥3 prevalence was 8% (210/2597), 27% (697/2597), and 15% (396/2597), respectively. Biopsy was avoided in 57% (1488/2597) of men. After IPW, the GG 1, GG ≥2 and GG ≥3 detection rates after TR‐ and TP‐MRDB were comparable at 24%, 57%, and 32%; and 18%, 64%, and 38%, respectively; with mean differences of −5.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] −13% to 1.4%), 6.1% (95% CI −2.1% to 14%), and 5.7% (95% CI −1.7% to 13%). Complications were similar in TR‐MRDB (0.50%) and TP‐MRDB with RB (0.62%; mean difference 0.11%, 95% CI −0.87% to 1.1%).

Conclusion

This high‐volume, two‐centre study shows pre‐biopsy MRI as a decision tool is implementable in daily clinical practice. Compared to recent trials, a substantially higher biopsy avoidance rate was achieved without compromising GG ≥2/GG ≥3 detection and coinciding with lower over detection rates of GG 1 cancer. Prostate cancer detection and complication rates were comparable for TR‐ and TP‐MRDB.
Clinical efficacy of anodized dental implants for implant‐supported prostheses after different loading protocols: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nagay Bruna Egumi , Dini Caroline , Borges Guilherme Almeida , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz , Cavalcanti Yuri Wanderley , Magno Marcela Baraúna , Maia Lucianne Cople , Barão Valentim Adelino Ricardo
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To summarize the clinical performance of anodized implants connected to different prostheses design after immediate/early (IL) or conventional loading (CL) protocols.

Materials and Methods

Seven databases were surveyed for randomized (RCTs) and non‐randomized controlled clinical trials (CCTs). Studies comparing ILvs. CL protocol of anodized implants supporting single crown, fixed partial denture (FPD), full‐arch fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), or overdenture were included. Risk‐of‐bias was evaluated using Cochrane Collaboration tools. Meta‐analyses for different follow‐up were analyzed, followed by heterogeneity source assessment and GRADE approach. The outcomes included implant survival rate, marginal bone loss (MBL), implant stability quotient (ISQ), probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), and peri‐implantitis prevalence.

Results

From 24 eligible studies, 22 were included for quantitative evaluation. Most RCTs (58%,n = 11) and all the 5 CCTs had high and serious risk‐of‐bias, respectively. Overall, pooling all prosthesis design, no difference between ILvs. CL protocols was observed for all outcomes (p > .05). However, according to prosthesis type subgroups, CL reduced MBL for full‐arch FDP (p < .05). In a point‐in‐time assessment, with overdenture, although IL presented higher PI (12 months), it showed lower MBL (≥24 months), higher ISQ (3 months), and lower PD (6 and 12 months) (p < .05). Conversely, PD was higher for IL in single crown (3 and 6 months) (p < .05). Regarding MBL, IL demonstrated higher mean difference for full‐arch FDP (36 months) and FPD (12 and 36 months) (p < .05).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, overall, there is no significant difference in the outcomes between IL and CL loading protocols.
The use of rhBMP2 for augmentation of established horizontal/vertical defects may require additional use of rhVEGF to achieve significant bone regeneration: An in vivo experimental study
Authors: Kauffmann Philipp , Raschke David , Tröltzsch Markus , Santander Petra , Brockmeyer Phillip , Schliephake Henning
Published: August 2021

Aim

To test the hypothesis that the use of rhBMP2 in established defects requires additional growth factors such as rhVEGF to accomplish effective bone repair.

Materials and Methods

Horizontal/vertical defects of 2 cm length and 1 cm height were created bilaterally in the alveolar crest of the maxillae of 18 minipigs together with the extraction of all premolar teeth and one molar tooth on both sides. After 3 months of healing, defects were augmented with 0.5 g particulate PDLLA/CaCO3 composite loaded with 400 µg rhBMP2/50 µg rhVEGF165 on one side and 800 µg rhBMP2 on the other in 12 test animals, whereas defects in six control animals were sham operated and left unfilled on one side and augmented with blank carriers on the other. After 4 and 13 weeks, the animals were evaluated each for area of new bone formation (mm²) and bone density (area %).

Results

Augmentations with carriers loaded with 800 g µrhBMP2 failed to induce significantly more bone than in the augmentations with unloaded carrier after 4 and 13 weeks (p = .1000,p = .381). Augmentations with carriers loaded with 400 µg rhBMP2 and 50 µg erhVEGF165 resulted in significantly increased bone formation after 13 weeks (p = .024) compared to blank carriers. Soft tissue in augmentations with combined rhBMP2/rhVEGF165 loading exhibited numerous microvessels compared to soft tissue in augmentations with rhBMP2.

Conclusions

It is concluded that effective bone regeneration in augmentations of established alveolar ridge defects may require the application of rhVEGF additionally to rhBMP2.
Response of balsam poplar to inoculation withMarssonina balsamiferaefrom Minnesota, USA
Authors: Stanosz Glen R. , Smith Denise R. , Ramsfield Tod D. , McMahon Bernard G. , Berguson William E.
Published: August 2021

Leaf spots of poplar (Populus) species and hybrids in North America commonly are caused by threeDrepanopezizaspecies (previously referred to by their asexual morph names in genusMarssonina). A fourth species,Marssonina balsamiferae, is known only from herbarium specimens and was described from balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) leaves collected in 1966 in Manitoba, Canada. Balsam poplar leaves collected in 2014 in Minnesota, USA bore spots with acervuli and conidia consistent with those ofM. balsamiferae, and isolates were obtained from these leaves. Conidial morphology and analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences distinguished the Minnesota strains from the very common leaf spot pathogen of poplars in the northcentral region of the USA,Drepanopeziza brunnea. Inoculation of rooted balsam poplar cuttings with conidia ofM. balsamiferaestrains from Minnesota resulted in necrotic leaf spots. Acervuli bearing conidia consistent with those ofM. balsamiferaewere observed on symptomatic leaves, and the fungus was reisolated from infected tissues. Contemporary recognition of existence and pathogenicity ofM. balsamiferae, including presence in the USA, should prompt further investigation of its geographic distribution and relationships with hosts and related fungal species.
Understanding long‐term changes in patient identity 15–20 years after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Coleman Honor , McIntosh Anne , Rayner Genevieve , Wilson Sarah J.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Following epilepsy surgery, patients can experience complex psychosocial changes. We recently described a longer term adjustment and reframing (“meaning‐making”) process 15–20 years following surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy, which could involve an ongoing sense of being a “different” person for some patients. Here, we quantitatively examine identity at long‐term follow‐up and how this relates to meaning‐making and postoperative seizure outcome.

Methods

Eighty‐seven participants were included: 39 who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) 15–20 years ago (59% female; median age = 49.2 years, interquartile range [IQR] = 10; median follow‐up = 18.4 years, IQR = 4.4) and 48 surgically naïve focal epilepsy patients (56% female; median age = 34.5 years, IQR = 19). We captured approach to meaning‐making by coding for key narrative features identified in our previous qualitative work. Nonparametric tests and correspondence analysis were then used to explore relationships between a quantitative measure of identity and meaning‐making, as well as seizure outcome, mood, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Results

Patients 15–20 years post‐ATL demonstrated a shift toward increasing identity commitment and exploration compared to the surgically naïve cohort, with this shift significantly linked to seizure outcome. Examining the relationship between identity and meaning‐making also revealed three groups: (1) those who embraced self‐change (29%), (2) those who continued to struggle with this process (60.5%), and (3) those who showed minimal engagement (10.5%). Those who "embraced change" were significantly younger at regular seizure onset and demonstrated a trend toward higher HRQOL.

Significance

Findings suggest that ATL patients show a more developed identity profile compared to surgically naïve controls; however, the majority still struggled with postoperative identity change at long‐term follow‐up. Approximately one third of patients demonstrated positive psychological growth following surgery, reflected in the ability to embrace change. Findings highlight the importance of understanding the impact of surgery on patient identity to maximize the psychosocial benefits.
Deliberate self‐harm among adolescents: A structural equation modelling analysis
Authors: Singtakaew Arunothai , Chaimongkol Nujjaree
Published: August 2021

Deliberate self‐harm is an intentional behaviour involving direct destruction of body tissues that causes non‐fatal physical trauma to the extent that bleeding or bruising occurs without conscious suicidal intent. Adolescents’ self‐harm is an important issue in mental health work due to its high prevalence in Thailand. This study aims to test a causal model of deliberate self‐harm and identify how sex, family relationship, school connectedness, stress, resilience, and self‐control influenced deliberate self‐harm behaviour in Thai adolescents. A model‐testing, cross‐sectional study was conducted to test a causal model of deliberate self‐harm in Thai adolescents. Multi‐stage random sampling was used to recruit 360 adolescents. Adolescents completed six self‐report instruments: the family relationship questionnaire, student‐school connectedness scale, resilience factors scale for Thai adolescents, self‐control questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale‐10 (Thai version), and Deliberate Self‐Harm Inventory. Internal consistencies ranged from 0.81 to 0.89. Data were analysed by using descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling. The findings found sex, resilience, stress, and school connectedness had direct effects on deliberate self‐harm (β = −0.139, β = −0.266, β = 0.163, and β = −0.671, respectively). Resilience and stress also mediated the links between sex (female), family relationship, school connectedness, and deliberate self‐harm. The variables accounted for 65.2% of the variance in the prediction of deliberate self‐harm behaviour in Thai adolescents. These findings suggest the causal model of deliberate self‐harm fit the empirical data. Interventions to reduce stress and strengthen school connectedness, family relationship, and resilience among Thai adolescents should be implemented, particularly for boys, to prevent deliberate self‐harm.
Mesophyll conductance modulates photosynthetic rate in cotton crops exposed to heat stress under field conditions
Authors: Mercado Álvarez Kelly , Bertero H. Daniel , Paytas Marcelo J. , Ploschuk Edmundo L.
Published: August 2021

Cotton is often exposed to high temperatures during the reproductive stage, which can negatively affect its productivity. The objectives were to: i) test whether heat stress impacts during the reproductive stage on photosynthesis are due to instant temperature effects or to acclimation produced during the heat stress period, ii) evaluate the role of stomatal and mesophyll conductance on net photosynthetic rate and iii) identify possible interactions between heat stress and different source/sink ratios during the reproductive period. Two field experiments were carried out in 2016 (Exp. 1) and 2017 (Exp. 2). Two heating treatment periods were imposed as follows: pre‐flowering between 15 days before flower bud and flowering (H1) and post‐flowering between flowering and 15 days later (H2). Each treatment had a control group (C1 and C2, respectively). In Exp. 1, two genotypes with contrasting crop cycles were compared. In Exp. 2, 50% defoliated plants (D‐) were compared with intact plants (D+) under the same temperature treatments using one genotype. Average daily maximum temperature of heated treatments for both experiments was 37.9 ± 0.79ºC, 5.8ºC higher than the controls. Independently of the period, thermal stress had a negative impact on photosynthesis in both genotypes through an acclimation response, reducing it up to 35% compared with controls when heath‐stressed and control plants were measured at the same temperature. Instant responses to temperature were not observed. This decrease was mainly determined by mesophyll conductance, and no recovery was observed 15 days after the end of treatments. Photosynthesis depletion was conditioned by the source/sink ratio, showing a complete recovery only in defoliated plants. It is concluded that thermal stress had a negative acclimation impact on photosynthesis, without responses to changes in instant temperature, and this acclimation is modulated mainly by mesophyll conductance.
Doing Research‐Creation in School: Keeping an Eye on the Ball
Authors: Pahl Kate , Pool Steve
Published: August 2021

This article explores the potential of the idea of ‘research‐creation’ when working with children making films in the context of a project that explored children’s experience of school. The proposition of the article is that rather than see children’s work as something to be discussed or extracted from, if it is seen as ‘the work’ it is differently situated. In the article, an artist and an ethnographer explore the potential of artistic methodologies in working collaboratively with children. The article describes this process and engages with an interdisciplinary lens to explore the nature of this kind of work. The results of the art‐making activities included a series of short films made by children on their experience of feeling odd in school. Within these films, ideas surfaced such as ghosts or day‐dreaming. In the conclusion the implications for artistic research with children are explored.
Fluid shear stress regulates osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis via the lncRNA TUG1/miR‐34a/FGFR1 axis
Authors: Wang Xingwen , He Jinwen , Wang Hong , Zhao Dacheng , Geng Bin , Wang Shenghong , An Jiangdong , Wang Cuifang , Han Hua , Xia Yayi
Published: August 2021

LncRNAs and microRNAs play critical roles in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, their exact roles in osteoblasts under fluid shear stress (FSS) and the possible mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to explore whether and how miR‐34a regulates osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis under FSS. In this study, FSS down‐regulated miR‐34a levels of MC3T3‐E1 cells. MiR‐34a up‐regulation attenuated FSS‐induced promotion of proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐34a directly targeted FGFR1. Moreover, miR‐34a regulated osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis via FGFR1. Further, we validated that lncRNA TUG1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to interact with miR‐34a and up‐regulate FGFR1 protein expression. Furthermore, lncRNA TUG1 could promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Taken together, our study revealed the key role of the lncRNA TUG1/miR‐34a/FGFR1 axis in FSS‐regulated osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis and may provide potential therapeutic targets for osteoporosis.
Corneal confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gad Hoda , Petropoulos Ioannis N , Khan Adnan , Ponirakis Georgios , MacDonald Ross , Alam Uazman , Malik Rayaz A
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a rapid non‐invasive ophthalmic imaging technique that identifies corneal nerve fiber damage. Small studies suggest that CCM could be used to assess patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

Aim

To undertake a systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing the diagnostic utility of CCM for sub‐clinical DPN (DPN−) and established DPN (DPN+).

Data sources

Databases (PubMed, Embase, Central, ProQuest) were searched for studies using CCM in patients with diabetes up to April 2020.

Study selection

Studies were included if they reported on at least one CCM parameter in patients with diabetes.

Data extraction

Corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), corneal nerve branch density (CNBD), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), and inferior whorl length (IWL) were compared between patients with diabetes with and without DPN and controls. Meta‐analysis was undertaken using RevMan V.5.3.

Data synthesis

Thirty‐eight studies including ~4,000 participants were included in this meta‐analysis. There were significant reductions in CNFD, CNBD, CNFL, and IWL in DPN− vs controls (P < 0.00001), DPN+ vs controls (P < 0.00001), and DPN+ vs DPN− (P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

This systematic review and meta‐analysis shows that CCM detects small nerve fiber loss in subclinical and clinical DPN and concludes that CCM has good diagnostic utility in DPN.
Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Authors: Duckert Clément , Blandenier Quentin , McKeown Michelle , Hohaia Holden , Luketa Stefan , Wilmshurst Janet , Lara Enrique , Mitchell Edward A. D.
Published: August 2021

Eukaryotic microbial diversity is known to be extensive but remains largely undescribed and uncharted. While much of this unknown diversity is composed of inconspicuous flagellates and parasites, larger and morphologically distinct protists are regularly discovered, most notably from poorly studied regions. Here we report a new flagship species of hyalospheniid (Amoebozoa; Arcellinida; Hyalospheniformes) testate amoeba from New Zealand and an unusual story of overlooked description under a preoccupied name and subsequent oversight for nearly one century. Through a process involving The Māori Language Commission, we named the species Apodera angatakere, meaning “a shell with a keel.” This species resembles Apodera vas but differs by the presence of a distinctive hollow keel. Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) sequence data show that this species forms a distinct clade nested within genus Apodera. This conspicuous species is so far known only from New Zealand and is restricted to peatlands. It is one of the few examples of endemic microorganisms from this biodiversity hotspot and biogeographer's paradise. As over 90% of New Zealand's peatlands have been lost since European colonization and much of the remaining surfaces are threatened, Apodera angatakere could be a flagship species not only for microbial biogeography but also for island biodiversity conservation.
Damage to subcutaneous tissue at the catheterization site during chemotherapy: A prospective observational study using ultrasonography
Authors: Abe‐Doi Mari , Murayama Ryoko , Kawamoto Atsuo , Komiyama Chieko , Doorenbos Ardith , Sanada Hiromi
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Chemotherapy administration can affect subcutaneous tissue at the catheterization site with no macroscopic signs or subjective symptoms. Yet clinical studies about the impact of chemotherapy on tissue at the catheterization site, except for apparent extravasation cases, are limited. This study aimed to investigate subcutaneous tissue changes in nonmacroscopically damaged catheterization sites after chemotherapy administration.

Methods

Participants were people with cancer receiving outpatient chemotherapy. Ultrasonographic images were used to assess the condition of subcutaneous tissues, including the vein, at the catheterization site before catheterization, immediately after chemotherapy, and on the next scheduled treatment day. Data on macroscopic inspection, palpation, and subjective symptoms were also collected and analyzed.

Results

Data from 41 participants were analyzed. All had normal subcutaneous tissues before catheterization. After treatment, 16 (39.0%) manifested abnormalities such as subcutaneous edema, vessel wall thickening, and/or thrombosis; there was no extravasation immediately after treatment. On the next treatment day, 15 (36.6.%) showed persistent or new onset of abnormalities, including subcutaneous edema. Eight of the 15 did not exhibit any subjective symptoms or macroscopic or palpation findings.

Conclusion

After chemotherapy administration via peripheral intravenous catheters, it was found that this damage, which was difficult to detect by the conventional assessment method, persisted. Ultrasonography can provide useful information to avoid reusing damaged sites for chemotherapy administration.
Contractual provision of public services, commitment, and trust
Authors: PROSSER TONY
Published: August 2021

Trust is a central concept in the regulation of public services. Two different models of trust can be distinguished, involving the creation of either substantive credible commitments or institutions to promote more collaborative relations. In this article, the differing implications of these two models are assessed through an examination of failed United Kingdom examples of the use of contracts for the provision of public services: the procurement of passenger rail services by means of franchises and the contracting out of a major part of the probation services. It is suggested that their problems can largely be explained through a failure to recognize the second model of trust in contractual provision, and possible institutional alternatives that might do so more fully are explored.