bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Research on Mechanical and Shrinkage Properties of Alkali Activated Low-Carbon Green Concrete
Authors: Xu Shaoyun , Gao Peiwei , Huang Lingling , Tang Longlong , Gu Xingqing , Wang Limin
Published: August 2022

This paper describes orthogonal experiments to investigat the effects of content of fly ash and slag, sol ratio, modulus of sodium silicate and expander on the compressive strength and shrinkage of alkali activated low-carbon green concrete (AAGC) of different ages. The microstructures and hydration product compositions of AAGC with different proportions were further studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP). The results show that with an increase of fly ash content, the compressive strength of AAGC gradually decreases, the decline of compressive strength at 28 d is smaller than that of 7 d, and the shrinkage strain gradually increases at 28 d. As the sol ratio increases, the compressive strength increases first and then decreases. When the sol ratio is 0.42, the compressive strength is maximal at 28 d; the same is true for compressive strength at 7 d. Additionally, an increase of sol ratio can reduce the shrinkage strain at 28 d. Finally, when the sol ratio was 0.46, the shrinkage decreased by 30.5% compared with 0.40 at 28 d. As the modulus of sodium silicate (Ms) increases, the compressive strength first increases and then decreases. When Ms is 1.4, the compressive strength reaches the maximum. As Ms increases, the shrinkage strain decreases first and then increases at 28 d. When Ms is 1.0, the shrinkage strain is the maximum at 28 d. Finally, with an increase in the content of expander, the compressive strength decreases at 7 d and 28 d, and the shrinkage strain decreases at 28 d. The shrinkage strain at 28 d is the minimum with 9% content. AAGC mixed with a small amount of fly ash and expander has more hydration products and significantly reduced cracks. In addition, the proportion of small hole volume of AAGC increases, while the proportion of large hole volume decreases. AAGC mixed with fly ash and slag without expander has more unhydrated particles and its structure is loose.
Characterizations of Alpha-Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Cocoa Pod Husk as a Potential Pharmaceutical Excipient
Authors: Adeleye Olutayo A. , Bamiro Oluyemisi A. , Albalawi Doha A. , Alotaibi Amenah S. , Iqbal Haroon , Sanyaolu Saheed , Femi-Oyewo Mbang N. , Sodeinde Kehinde O. , Yahaya Zwanden S. , Thiripuranathar Gobika , Menaa Farid
Published: August 2022

Cellulose is a non-toxic, bio-degradable, and renewable biopolymer which is abundantly available in nature. The most common source of commercial microcrystalline cellulose is fibrous wood pulp. Cellulose and its derivatives have found wide commercial applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, paper, textile, and engineering industries. This study aims to isolate and characterize cellulose forms from cocoa pod husk (CPH) and to assess its mechanical and disintegration properties as a direct compression excipient in metronidazole tablets. Two isolated cellulose types (i.e., cocoa alpha-cellulose (CAC) and cocoa microcrystalline cellulose (C-MCC)) were compared with avicel (AV). CAC and C-MCC were characterized for their physicochemical properties using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). Metronidazole tablets were produced by direct compression with cellulose. The mechanical and disintegration properties of the tablets were evaluated. CAC and C-MCC yield was 42.3% w/w and 38.25% w/w, respectively. Particle diameters were significantly different with CAC (282.22 μm) > C-MCC (161.32 μm) > AV (72.51 μm). CAC and C-MCC had a better flow than AV. SEM revealed the fibrous nature of the cellulose. FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose with crystallinity index of 69.26%, 43.83%, and 26.32% for AV, C-MCC, and CAC, respectively. C-MCC and AV are more crystalline and thermally stable at high temperatures compared to CAC. The mechanical and disintegration properties of C-MCC and AV tablets complied with pharmacopeia specifications. Taken together, C-MCC isolated from CPH displayed some fundamental characteristics suitable for use as a pharmaceutical excipient and displayed better properties compared to that of AV.
Fluorocarbosilane-Based Protective Coatings for Concrete
Authors: Szubert Karol , Dutkiewicz Agnieszka , Nowicki Marek , Maciejewski Hieronim
Published: August 2022

The effectiveness of protective coatings based on 3-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyloxy)propyltriethoxysilane (OFTES) in protecting concrete surfaces against water was tested. For the synthesis of OFTES, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentanol, which is a by-product in the synthesis of poly(tetrafluoroethylene), was used. The proposed silane is a cheaper alternative to the fluorinated organosilicon compounds currently used. The coatings were deposited by the sol-gel method. As a result of the creation of chemical bonds between the concrete surface and the silane, a coating was created that permanently increases the hydrophobicity of the concrete. Fluorine chains attached to silicon atoms are an effective barrier that prevents access to water and limits its impact on the concrete surface. As a result of the proposed silanization, the concrete surface obtained a hydrophobic character at contact angles of up to 126°, and the water absorption of the concrete decreased by up to 96%.
New PEDOT Derivatives Electrocoated on Silicon Nanowires Protected with ALD Nanometric Alumina for Ultrastable Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Dietrich Marc , Paillardet Loïc , Valero Anthony , Deschanels Mathieu , Azaïs Philippe , Gentile Pascal , Sadki Saïd
Published: August 2022

This work deals with electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) used as a complementary component on purely capacitive silicon nanowires protected by a 3 nm alumina layer. Accordingly, in this work, we use a fast and simple deposition method to create a pseudocapacitive material based on the electropolymerization in aqueous micellar media (SDS and SDBS 0.01 M) of hydroxymethyl-EDOT (EDOT-OH) onto 3 nm alumina-coated silicon nanowires (Al3@SiNWs). The composite material displays remarkable capacitive behavior with a specific capacitance of 4.75 mF·cm−2 at a current density of 19 µA·cm−2 in aqueous Na2SO4 electrolyte.
Spatial Constitutive Modeling of AA7050-T7451 with Anisotropic Stress Transformation
Authors: Wang Zhenda , Fu Xiuli , Xu Nianwei , Pan Yongzhi , Zhang Yijia
Published: August 2022

The mechanical properties of anisotropic materials are generally characterized based on the orthotropy or transverse isotropy. However, the two-dimensional plane stress problems cannot comprehensively characterize the anisotropy of materials. In this study, based on the theory of elasticity and the transformation of the three-dimensional space coordinate system, combined with the projection relationship of the Cauchy stress tensor of an arbitrary section, the transformation relationship of the elastic modulus, shear modulus, and stress–strain between the orthogonal and load coordinate systems are obtained. The orthotropic Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model of AA7050-T7451 aluminum alloy is modified by fitting, and the constitutive relationship at any spatial angle is theoretically calculated by combining the obtained spatial coordinate transformation matrix. The generated spatial constitutive model is verified and modified through experiments. The results demonstrate that the theoretical mechanical properties and the modified spatial constitutive model can accurately reflect the effect of the spatial angle on the material stress distribution.
3D/4D Printing Application for Shape Memory Materials
Authors: Ehrmann Andrea
Published: August 2022

This new Special Issue of Materials entitled “3D/4D Printing Application for Shape Memory Materials” aims to publish original and review papers dealing with basic and applied research on this emerging technology [...]
Growth of Nitrogen Incorporated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Coating on Graphite by Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Villarreal Daniel , Sharma Jyoti , Arellano-Jimenez Maria Josefina , Auciello Orlando , de Obaldía Elida
Published: August 2022

This article shows the results of experiments to grow Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (N-UNCD) films on commercial natural graphite (NG)/Cu anodes by hot chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) using a gas mixture of Ar/CH4/N2/H2. The experiments focused on studying the effect of the pressure in the HFCVD chamber, filament-substrate distance, and temperature of the substrate. It was found that a substrate distance of 3.0 cm and a substrate temperature of 575 C were optimal to grow N-UNCD film on the graphite surface as determined by Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM imaging. XPS analysis shows N incorporation through the film. Subsequently, the substrate surface temperature was increased using a heater, while keeping the substrate-filament distance constant at 3.0 cm. In this case, Raman spectra and SEM images of the substrate surface showed a major composition of graphite in the film as the substrate-surface temperature increased. Finally, the process pressure was increased to 10 Torr where it was seen that the growth of N-UNCD film occurred at 2.0 cm at a substrate temperature of 675 C. These results suggest that as the process pressure increases a smaller substrate-filament distance and consequently a higher substrate surface temperature can still enable the N-UNCD film growth by HFCVD. This effect is explained by a mean free path analysis of the main precursors H2 and CH3 molecules traveling from the filament to the surface of the substrate The potential impact of the process developed to grow electrically conductive N-UNCD films using the relatively low-cost HFCVD process is that this process can be used to grow N-UNCD films on commercial NG/Cu anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), to enable longer stable capacity energy vs. charge/discharge cycles.
Region Collaborative Network for Detection-Based Vision-Language Understanding
Authors: Li Linyan , Du Kaile , Gu Minming , Hu Fuyuan , Lyu Fan
Published: August 2022

Given a query language, a Detection-based Vision-Language Understanding (DVLU) system needs to respond based on the detected regions (i.e.,bounding boxes). With the significant advancement in object detection, DVLU has witnessed great improvements in recent years, such as Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Visual Grounding (VG). However, existing DVLU methods always process each detected image region separately but ignore that they were an integral whole. Without the full consideration of each region’s context, the image’s understanding may contain more bias. In this paper, to solve the problem, a simple yet effective Region Collaborative Network (RCN) block is proposed to bridge the gap between independent regions and the integrative DVLU task. Specifically, the Intra-Region Relations (IntraRR) inside each detected region are computed by a position-wise and channel-wise joint non-local model. Then, the Inter-Region Relations (InterRR) across all the detected regions are computed by pooling and sharing parameters with IntraRR. The proposed RCN can enhance the features of each region by using information from all other regions and guarantees the dimension consistency between input and output. The RCN is evaluated on VQA and VG, and the experimental results show that our method can significantly improve the performance of existing DVLU models.
Two-Phase Flow of Eyring–Powell Fluid with Temperature Dependent Viscosity over a Vertical Stretching Sheet
Authors: Aljabali Ahlam , Mohd Kasim Abdul Rahman , Arifin Nur Syamilah , Ariffin Noor Amalina Nisa , Ling Chuan Ching Dennis , Waini Iskandar , Khashi’ie Najiyah Safwa , Zainal Nurul Amira
Published: August 2022

In this work, the mixed convection flow of non-Newtonian Eyring–Powell fluid with the effects of temperature dependent viscosity (TDV) were studied together with the interaction of dust particles under the influence of Newtonian Heating (NH) boundary condition, which assume to move over a vertical stretching sheet. Alternatively, the dusty fluid model was categorized as a two-phase flow that consists of phases of fluid and dust. Through the use of similarity transformations, governing equations of fluid and dust phases are reduced into ordinary differential equations (ODE), then solved by efficient numerical Keller–box method. Numerical solution and asymptotic results for limiting cases will be presented to investigate how the flow develops at the leading edge and its end behaviour. Comparison with the published outputs in literature evidence verified the precision of the present results. Graphical diagrams presenting velocity and temperature profiles (fluid and dust) were conversed for different influential parameters. The effects of skin friction and heat transfer rate were also evaluated. The discovery indicates that the presence of the dust particles have an effect on the fluid motion, which led to a deceleration in the fluid transference. The present flow model can match to the single phase fluid cases if the fluid particle interaction parameter is ignored. The fluid velocity and temperature distributions are always higher than dust particles, besides, the opposite trend between both phases is noticed with β. Meanwhile, both phases share the similar trend in conjunction with the rest factors. Almost all of the temperature profiles are not showing a significant change, since the viscosity of fluid is high, which can be perceived in the figures. Furthermore, the present study extends some theoretical knowledge of two-phase flow.
To Solve Forward and Backward Nonlocal Wave Problems with Pascal Bases Automatically Satisfying the Specified Conditions
Authors: Liu Chein-Shan , Chang Chih-Wen , Chen Yung-Wei , Shen Jian-Hung
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the numerical solutions of the backward and forward non-homogeneous wave problems are derived to address the nonlocal boundary conditions. When boundary conditions are not set on the boundaries, numerical instability occurs, and the solution may have a significant boundary error. For this reason, it is challenging to solve such nonlinear problems by conventional numerical methods. First, we derive a nonlocal boundary shape function (NLBSF) from incorporating the Pascal triangle as free functions; hence, the new, two-parameter Pascal bases are created to automatically satisfy the specified conditions for the solution. To satisfy the wave equation in the domain by the collocation method, the solution of the forward nonlocal wave problem can be quickly obtained with high precision. For the backward nonlocal wave problem, we construct the corresponding NLBSF and Pascal bases, which exactly implement two final time conditions, a left-boundary condition and a nonlocal boundary condition; in addition, the numerical method for the backward nonlocal wave problem under two-side, nonlocal boundary conditions is also developed. Nine numerical examples, including forward and backward problems, are tested, demonstrating that this scheme is more effective and stable. Even for boundary conditions with a large noise at final time, the solution recovered in the entire domain for the backward nonlocal wave problem is accurate and stable. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are validated by comparing the estimation results with the existing literature.
Soliton-like Solutions of General Variable Coefficient Cylindrical/Spherical KdV Equation
Authors: Li Lingxiao , Wang Mingliang
Published: August 2022

The general variable coefficient cylindrical/spherical KdV equation has been investigated by using the simplified homogeneous balance method. It has been proven that if its coefficients satisfy certain constraint conditions, then the cylindrical/spherical KdV equation has a nonlinear transformation that converts the solution of the quadratic form equation into the solution of the cylindrical/spherical KdV equation. The quadratic form equation admits a series of solutions expressed by the exponential functions, therefore one soliton-like solution and multi soliton-like solutions of the cylindrical/spherical KdV equation can be obtained exactly.
Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Problem for Linear Stochastic Generalized System in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Ge Zhaoqiang
Published: August 2022

A finite-horizon linear stochastic quadratic optimal control problem is investigated by the GE-evolution operator in the sense of the mild solution in Hilbert spaces. We assume that the coefficient operator of the differential term is a bounded linear operator and that the state and input operators are time-varying in the dynamic equation of the problem. Optimal state feedback along with the well-posedness of the generalized Riccati equation is obtained for the finite-horizon case. The results are also applicable to the linear quadratic optimal control problem of ordinary time-varying linear stochastic systems.
Stochastic Epidemic Model for COVID-19 Transmission under Intervention Strategies in China
Authors: Win Zin Thu , Eissa Mahmoud A. , Tian Boping
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we discuss an EIQJR model with stochastic perturbation. First, a globally positive solution of the proposed model has been discussed. In addition, the global asymptotic stability and exponential mean-square stability of the disease-free equilibrium have been proven under suitable conditions for our model. This means that the disease will die over time. We investigate the asymptotic behavior around the endemic equilibrium of the deterministic model to show when the disease will prevail. Constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional method is crucial to our investigation. Parameter estimations and numerical simulations are performed to depict the transmission process of COVID-19 pandemic in China and to support analytical results.
Anti-Melanogenesis and Photoprotective Effects of Ecklonia maxima Extract Containing Dieckol and Eckmaxol
Authors: Wang Lei , Je Jun-Geon , Kim Hyun-Soo , Wang Kaiqiang , Fu Xiaoting , Xu Jiachao , Gao Xin , Jeon You-Jin
Published: August 2022

Seaweeds are potential ingredients in the cosmeceutical industry. Our previous study demonstrates that the phlorotannin-enriched extract of Ecklonia maxima (EME-EA) containing dieckol and eckmaxol possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity and suggests the cosmeceutical potential of EME-EA. In order to evaluate the cosmeceutical potential of EME-EA, the anti-melanogenesis and photoprotective effects of EME-EA were investigated in this study. EME-EA remarkably inhibited mushroom tyrosinase and melanogenesis in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells. In addition, EME-EA significantly suppressed UVB-induced HaCaT cell death that was consistent with inhibition of apoptosis and reduction in scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, EME-EA significantly inhibited collagen degradation and matrix metalloproteinases expression in UVB-irradiated HDF cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that EME-EA possesses strong anti-melanogenesis and photoprotective activities and suggest EME-EA is an ideal ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.
Early OCTA Changes of Type 3 Macular Neovascularization Following Brolucizumab Intravitreal Injections
Authors: Gigon Anthony , Vadalà Maria , Bonfiglio Vincenza M. E. , Reibaldi Michele , Eandi Chiara M.
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives: Brolucizumab is a novel anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whose efficacy has been shown in the Hawk and Harrier phase 3 clinical studies. The goal of the present case series is to report initial results of brolucizumab intravitreal injections (IVI) on type 3 neovascularization in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Materials and Methods: This is a bicentric retrospective case series. Patients with newly diagnosed type 3 MNV treated with brolucizumab IVI and at least 6 months follow-up were enrolled. OCTA en face images and B-scans were analyzed for lesions at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Whenever detectable, lesion area on outer retina and choriocapillaris layers was measured. Results: Twelve eyes of 12 patients were included into the study. The most consistent OCTA sign at baseline was the presence of a vascular tuft in the outer retina (100%). The highest response was achieved at 3 months, with statistically significant decrease in lesion detection in the outer retina, in the choriocapillaris, and outer retinal lesion size. At 6 months, 58% of outer retinal lesions had disappeared. Conclusions: Brolucizumab IVI shows a good short-term efficacy for the treatment of type 3 neovascularizations. Further studies with greater number of patients and longer follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.
The Evolution of Pulmonary Hypertension and Its Prognostic Implications Post-TAVI—Single Center Experience
Authors: Dumitrof Luiza Cristina , Nedelciuc Igor , Roca Mihai , Crișan-Dabija Radu , Mihăescu Traian , Tinică Grigore
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives: Since the first transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedure was performed in 2002, advances in technology and refinement of the method have led to its widespread use in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and high surgical risk. We aim to identify the impact of TAVI on the clinical and functional status of patients with severe AS at the one-month follow-up and to identify potential predictors associated with the evolution of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in this category of patients. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective study which included 86 patients diagnosed with severe AS undergoing TAVI treatment. We analyzed demographics, clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with AS and PH both at enrolment and at the 30-day follow-up. Results: In our study, the decrease of EUROSCORE II score (p < 0.001), improvement of angina (p < 0.001) and fatigue (p < 0.001) as clinical benefits as well as a reduction in NYHA functional class in patients with heart failure (p < 0.001) are prognostic predictors with statistical value. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (p = 0.001), increase in the left ventricle ejection fraction (p = 0.007) and improvement of diastolic dysfunction (p < 0.001) are echocardiographic parameters with a prognostic role in patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI. The pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) (p < 0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (p = 0.020), pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) (p < 0.001) and the TAPSE/PASP ratio (p < 0.001) are statistically significant echocardiographic parameters in our study that assess both PH and its associated prognosis in patients undergoing TAVI. Conclusions: PAAT, TAPSE, PASP and the TAPSE/PASP ratio are independent predictors that allow the assessment of PH and its prognostic implications post-TAVI.
Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses of Lung Tissue Exposed to Mustard Gas
Authors: Dhummakupt Elizabeth , Jenkins Conor , Rizzo Gabrielle , Melka Allison , Carmany Daniel , Prugh Amber , Horsmon Jennifer , Renner Julie , Angelini Daniel
Published: August 2022

Sulfur mustard (HD) poses a serious threat due to its relatively simple production process. Exposure to HD in the short-term causes an inflammatory response, while long-term exposure results in DNA and RNA damage. Respiratory tract tissue models were exposed to relatively low concentrations of HD and collected at 3 and 24 h post exposure. Histology, cytokine ELISAs, and mass spectrometric-based analyses were performed. Histology and ELISA data confirmed previously seen lung damage and inflammatory markers from HD exposure. The multi-omic mass spectrometry data showed variation in proteins and metabolites associated with increased inflammation, as well as DNA and RNA damage. HD exposure causes DNA and RNA damage that results in variation of proteins and metabolites that are associated with transcription, translation and cellular energy.
Photonic Hooks Generated by a Concave Micro-Cylinder Based on Structure-Constrained Functions
Authors: Zhang Jialing , Han Guoxia , Yang Ze , Xie Shuyue , Zhan Kaiyun
Published: August 2022

Owing to its crooked trajectory and small full width at half-maximum, photonic hook (PH) has attracted wide attention since its inception and experimental confirmation. However, the present generation and regulation of PH are mostly dependent on the breaking of the symmetry of the system composed of the incident light and the regular structure particles, which inevitably limits the research of PH. In this work, the PH of the irregular particles is demonstrated with the help of a structure-constrained function (SCF). By varying the coefficients of the function, characteristic parameters of the PH, such as the bending angle, the effective length and the bending direction, can be effectively modulated. Meanwhile, high-quality PHs with a bending angle of up to 46∘ and an effective length of up to 11.90λ, as well as PHs with three bends, can be obtained using this method. The formation mechanism of the PH is revealed by simulating the distribution of the field intensity with the finite element method and analyzing with ray optics. This is the first time that we introduce a function into the investigation of PH, paving a new way for a more interesting exploration of PH.
Accumulation and Enrichment of Trace Elements by Yeast Cells and Their Applications: A Critical Review
Authors: Sun Jie , Xu Shiyi , Du Yongbao , Yu Kechen , Jiang Yi , Weng Hao , Yuan Wei
Published: August 2022

Maintaining the homeostasis balance of trace elements is crucial for the health of organisms. Human health is threatened by diseases caused by a lack of trace elements. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a wide and close relationship with human daily life and industrial applications. It can not only be used as fermentation products and single-cell proteins, but also as a trace elements supplement that is widely used in food, feed, and medicine. Trace-element-enriched yeast, viz., chromium-, iron-, zinc-, and selenium-enriched yeast, as an impactful microelements supplement, is more efficient, more environmentally friendly, and safer than its inorganic and organic counterparts. Over the last few decades, genetic engineering has been developing large-scaled genetic re-design and reconstruction in yeast. It is hoped that engineered yeast will include a higher concentration of trace elements. In this review, we compare the common supplement forms of several key trace elements. The mechanisms of detoxification and transport of trace elements in yeast are also reviewed thoroughly. Moreover, genes involved in the transport and detoxification of trace elements are summarized. A feasible way of metabolic engineering transformation of S. cerevisiae to produce trace-element-enriched yeast is examined. In addition, the economy, safety, and environmental protection of the engineered yeast are explored, and the future research direction of yeast enriched in trace elements is discussed.
Gut Microbiota Composition in Undernourished Children Associated with Diet and Sociodemographic Factors: A Case–Control Study in Indonesia
Authors: Gatya Mifta , Fibri Dwi Larasatie Nur , Utami Tyas , Suroto Dian Anggraini , Rahayu Endang Sutriswati
Published: August 2022

Malnutrition, which consists of undernutrition and overnutrition, is associated with gut microbiota composition, diet, and sociodemographic factors. Undernutrition is a nutrient deficiency that that should be identified to prevent other diseases. In this study, we evaluate the gut microbiota composition in undernourished children in association with diet and sociodemographic factors. We observed normal children (n= 20) and undernourished children (n= 20) for ten days in Lombok and Yogyakarta. Diet, sociodemographic factors, and medical records were recorded using food records, screening forms, and standard household questionnaires. Gut microbiota analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3–V4 region. The result showed that the undernourished group had lower energy intake. In addition, the undernourished group had lower quality of medical records, parent knowledge, education, and exclusive breastfeeding. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were significantly different between normal and undernourished children. Based on LefSe, we determined that Akkermansia is a biomarker for undernourished children. In conclusion, diet and sociodemographic factors affect the gut microbiota composition of undernourished children.
Antarctic Salt-Cones: An Oasis of Microbial Life? The Example of Boulder Clay Glacier (Northern Victoria Land)
Authors: Azzaro Maurizio , Papale Maria , Rizzo Carmen , Forte Emanuele , Lenaz Davide , Guglielmin Mauro , Lo Giudice Angelina
Published: August 2022

The evaporation of a localized, highly saline water body of the Boulder Clay debris-covered glacier, in the Northern Victoria Land, probably generated the accumulation of mirabilite (Na2SO4 × 10H2O) and thenardite (Na2SO4) in a glacier salt-cone. Such an extremely cold and salty environment resembles the conditions on Mars, so it can be considered a terrestrial analog. The study was aimed at gaining a first glimpse at the prokaryotic community associated with Antarctic mirabilite and thenardite minerals and also to find clues about the origin of the salts. For this purpose, samples were analyzed by a next generation approach to investigate the prokaryotic (Bacteria and Archaea) diversity. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria as the main bacterial lineages, in addition to Archaea in the phylum Halobacterota. The genera Arthrobacter, Rhodoglobus, Gillisia, Marinobacter and Psychrobacter were particularly abundant. Interestingly, several bacterial and archaeal sequences were related to halotolerant and halophilic genera, previously reported in a variety of marine environments and saline habitats, also in Antarctica. The analyzed salt community also included members that are believed to play a major role in the sulfur cycle.
Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. on Forest Biomass Hydrolysates toward Sustainable Biodiesel Production
Authors: Karageorgou Dimitra , Patel Alok , Rova Ulrika , Christakopoulos Paul , Katapodis Petros , Matsakas Leonidas
Published: August 2022

Environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil fuels, and a growing population have sparked a search for new and renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. The use of waste or residues as substrates for microbial growth can favor the implementation of a biorefinery concept with reduced environmental footprint. Cyanobacteria constitute microorganisms with enhanced ability to use industrial effluents, wastewaters, forest residues for growth, and concomitant production of added-value compounds. In this study, a recently isolated cyanobacterium strain of Pseudanabaena sp. was cultivated on hydrolysates from pretreated forest biomass (silver birch and Norway spruce), and the production of biodiesel-grade lipids was assessed. Optimizing carbon source concentration and the (C/N) carbon-to-nitrogen ratio resulted in 66.45% w/w lipid content when microalgae were grown on glucose, compared to 62.95% and 63.79% w/w when grown on spruce and birch hydrolysate, respectively. Importantly, the lipid profile was suitable for the production of high-quality biodiesel. The present study demonstrates how this new cyanobacterial strain could be used as a biofactory, converting residual resources into green biofuel.
Flotation of Copper Ores with High Cu/Zn Ratio: Effects of Pyrite on Cu/Zn Separation and an Efficient Method to Enhance Sphalerite Depression
Authors: Aikawa Kosei , Ito Mayumi , Orii Nodoka , Jeon Sanghee , Park Ilhwan , Haga Kazutoshi , Kamiya Taro , Takahashi Tatsuru , Sunada Kazuya , Sakakibara Taisuke , Ono Tatsuhiro , Magwaneng Refilwe S. , Hiroyoshi Naoki
Published: August 2022

Porphyry copper deposits are important sources of copper and typically processed by flotation to produce copper concentrates. As mining areas become deeper, the amounts of impurities, such as sphalerite, can be increased in copper ores, so the appropriate depression of sphalerite floatability should be achieved to obtain saleable copper concentrates. In this study, the flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in model samples mimicking copper ores with high Cu/Zn ratios (i.e., the ratio of chalcopyrite/sphalerite = 13:1) were investigated with zinc sulfate as a depressant for sphalerite. In addition, the effect of pyrite—a major gangue mineral in copper ores—on the depression of sphalerite floatability with zinc sulfate was examined. When sphalerite and chalcopyrite coexisted, the floatability of the former was effectively depressed by zinc sulfate (Zn recovery: <12%), whereas the presence of pyrite promoted the release of Cu2+ due to the galvanic interaction with chalcopyrite, which resulted in the elimination of the effectiveness of zinc sulfate in depressing sphalerite floatability (Zn recovery: >90%). Despite the presence of much higher amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite than sphalerite, the application of nitrogen (N2) gas limiting the galvanic interaction between pyrite and chalcopyrite by reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the system effectively depressed the floatability of sphalerite (Zn recovery: <30%).
A Late Cambrian Continental Convergent Margin in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China: Geochemical and Geochronological Evidence from Hongtugou Mafic Rocks
Authors: Wang Jian , Xie Gen , Shi Guanghai , Niu Jian
Published: August 2022

The tectonic setting and subduction polarity of the early Paleozoic North Qilian Orogenic Belt (NQOB) in northwestern China is poorly constrained due to complex tectonic deformation. Mafic and ultramafic rocks in the South Ophiolite Belt of the NQOB are interpreted to be middle ocean ridge ophiolite or suprasubdcution zone ophiolite. To address this, we have conducted geochemical and geochronological investigations of the mafic rock sequence (cumulate gabbros, diabases, isotropic gabbros, and basalts) in Hongtugou in the South Ophiolite Belt. Trace element characteristics of the pillow basalts and the isotropic gabbros with enrichment of Th and La relative to Nb on the N-MORB normalized multi-element diagram are consistent with a suprasubduction setting, where similarities with the Panamanian proto-arc rocks suggest they formed shortly after subduction initiation. Major element modelling for cumulate gabbros and basalts indicates the hydrous condition of crystallization which further supports a suprasubduction setting. The Proterozoic zircon crystals captured in a cumulate gabbro and a diabase suggest this suprasubduction zone is a continental convergent margin. A weighted mean zircon SHRIMP age of 507 ± 6 Ma from an isotropic gabbro is consistent with crystallization ages of other mafic rocks in this belt. This suggests the North Qilian oceanic lithosphere subducted beneath the continent in the late Cambrian. Mafic rocks in this study along with the serpentinized peridotite do not fall into the category of ophiolite, despite displaying an ophiolite sequence.
Geostatistical Modeling of Overburden Lithofacies to Optimize Continuous Mining in the Ptolemais Lignite Mines, Greece
Authors: Modis Konstantinos , Sideri Daphne , Roumpos Christos , Binet Hélène , Pavloudakis Francis , Paraskevis Nikolaos
Published: August 2022

Lignite production in Greece is implemented mainly by the Public Power Corporation (PPC), with the higher production being in the Lignite Center of Western Macedonia. A continuous surface mining method is used in order to satisfy the high production needs combined with the necessity for selective mining; however, the occasional appearance of hard rock formations in the South Field mine overburdens was critical for the adoption of a discontinuous auxiliary method of rock mass removal, at these places, by explosives and large shovels. Furthermore, to minimize the delay of changing the machinery arrangements when a hard rock formation is met, an a priori knowledge of the spatial distribution of these rock masses would be catalytic. In this work, a plurigaussian simulation model of the overburden geological formations is developed in the South Field mine. This model could be used as a guide to schedule and optimize the overburden removal process. Validation of the model was affected in two ways: by direct comparing estimated to real cross-sections as observed on mine slopes or by correlating PPC’s recorded volumetric results to the average simulated hard rock percentages.
Natural Products for Chronic Diseases: A Ray of Hope
Authors: Hassan Syed Shams ul , Abdel-Daim Mohamed M. , Behl Tapan , Bungau Simona
Published: August 2022

This Special Issue includes many high advanced quality papers that focus on natural products with their potent pharmacological potential targeting various areas of diseases [...]
Pyropheophorbide-a/(001) TiO2 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Charge Separation and O2 Adsorption for High-Efficiency Visible-Light Degradation of Ametryn
Authors: Liu Songtao , Yan Rui , Humayun Muhammad , Zhang Huanli , Qu Yang , Jin Yingxue
Published: August 2022

It is highly desired to enhance charge separation and O2 adsorption of the pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) to promote visible-light activity and stability. Herein, Ppa modified 001-facet-exposed TiO2 nanosheets (Ppa/001T) nanocomposites with different weight ratios were fabricated via the self-assembly approach by OH induced. Compared with the bare Ppa, the 8% amount optimized 8Ppa/001T sample displayed 41-fold enhanced activity for degradation of Ametryn (AME) under visible-light irradiation. The promoted photoactivities could be attributed to the accelerated charge carrier’s separation by coupling TiO2 as thermodynamic platform for accepting the photoelectrons with high energy from Ppa and the promoted O2 adsorption because of the residual fluoride on TiO2. As for this, a distinctive two radicals (•O2− and •OH) involved pathway of AME degradation is carried out, which is different from the radical pathway dominated by •O2− for the bare Ppa. This work is of utmost importance since it gives us detailed information regarding the charge carrier’s separation and the impact of the radical pathway that will pave a new approach toward the design of high activity visible-light driven photocatalysts.
Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Enzymatic and Cytotoxic Activity of the Fruits and Roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim
Authors: Graczyk Filip , Gębalski Jakub , Makuch-Kocka Anna , Gawenda-Kempczyńska Dorota , Ptaszyńska Aneta A. , Grzyb Sebastian , Bogucka-Kocka Anna , Załuski Daniel
Published: August 2022

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. is well-known for its adaptogenic properties in traditional Eastern medicine. It has been categorized as an endangered species due to the over-exploitation of the roots. As a result, alternatives must be found, including the usage of renewable aerial parts such as fruits. The goal of this research was to determine the phenolic compounds and the enzymatic, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of the intractum gained from the E. senticosus fruits and the mixture of chloroform-methanol roots extract with naringenin (3:7:5). The obtained results showed, that the intractum contained 1.02 mg/g ext. of polyphenols, 0.30 mg/g ext. of flavonoids, and 0.19 mg/g ext. of phenolic acids. In turn, the mixture of chloroform-methanol roots extract with naringenin (3:7:5) contained 159.27 mg/g ext. of polyphenols, 137.47 mg/g ext. of flavonoids, and 79.99 mg/g ext. of phenolic acids. Regarding the anti-enzymatic assay, the IC50 values for tyrosinase and hyaluronidase were equal to 586.83 and 217.44 [μg/mL] for the intractum, and 162.56 and 44.80 [μg/mL] for the mixture, respectively. Both preparations have possessed significant antioxidant activity in the ABTS, DPPH, and ferrozine tests. No cytotoxic effect on the FaDu and HEP G2 cancer cell lines was observed. Our findings support the traditional use of fruits and roots. Moreover, the results indicate also that adaptogens are rather nontoxic for normal and cancer cells, which corresponds with some hypotheses on adaptogens activity.
Underestimation about the Contribution of Nitrate Reducers to Iron Cycling Indicated by Enterobacter Strain
Authors: Li Ming-Jun , Wei Meng-Yun , Fan Xiao-Ting , Zhou Guo-Wei
Published: August 2022

Nitrate-reducing iron(II) oxidation (NRFO) has been intensively reported in various bacteria. Iron(II) oxidation is found to be involved in both enzymatic and chemical reactions in nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms (NRFOMs). However, little is known about the relative contribution of biotic and abiotic reactions to iron(II) oxidation for the common nitrate reducers during the NRFO process. In this study, the typical nitrate reducers, four Enterobacter strains E. hormaechei, E. tabaci, E. mori and E. asburiae, were utilized as the model microorganisms. The comparison of the kinetics of nitrate, iron(II) and nitrite and N2O production in setups with and without iron(II) indicates a mixture of enzymatic and abiotic oxidation of iron(II) in all four Enterobacter strains. It was estimated that 22−29% of total oxidized iron(II) was coupled to microbial nitrate reduction by E. hormaechei, E. tabaci, E. mori, and E. asburiae. Enterobacter strains displayed an metabolic inactivity with heavy iron(III) encrustation on the cell surface in the NRFOmedium during days of incubation. Moreover, both respiratory and periplasmic nitrate-reducing genes are encoded by genomes of Enterobacter strains, suggesting that cell encrustation may occur with periplasmic iron(III) oxide precipitation as well as the surface iron(II) mineral coating for nitrate reducers. Overall, this study clarified the potential role of nitrate reducers in the biochemical cycling of iron under anoxic conditions, in turn, re-shaping their activity during denitrification because of cell encrustation with iron(III) minerals.
Silver Nanoparticles and Its Mechanistic Insight for Chronic Wound Healing: Review on Recent Progress
Authors: Singh Manoj , Thakur Vanita , Kumar Vikas , Raj Mayank , Gupta Shivani , Devi Nisha , Upadhyay Sushil Kumar , Macho Markéta , Banerjee Avik , Ewe Daniela , Saurav Kumar
Published: August 2022

Wounds are structural and functional disruptions of skin that occur because of trauma, surgery, acute illness, or chronic disease conditions. Chronic wounds are caused by a breakdown in the finely coordinated cascade of events that occurs during healing. Wound healing is a long process that split into at least three continuous and overlapping processes: an inflammatory response, a proliferative phase, and finally the tissue remodeling. Therefore, these processes are extensively studied to develop novel therapeutics in order to achieve maximum recovery with minimum scarring. Several growth hormones and cytokines secreted at the site of lesions tightly regulates the healing processes. The traditional approach for wound management has been represented by topical treatments. Metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver, gold and zinc) are increasingly being employed in dermatology due to their favorable effects on healing, as well as in treating and preventing secondary bacterial infections. In the current review, a brief introduction on traditional would healing approach is provided, followed by focus on the potential of wound dressing therapeutic techniques functionalized with Ag-NPs.
Multimodal Imaging and Phototherapy of Cancer and Bacterial Infection by Graphene and Related Nanocomposites
Authors: Gollavelli Ganesh , Ghule Anil V. , Ling Yong-Chien
Published: August 2022

The advancements in nanotechnology and nanomedicine are projected to solve many glitches in medicine, especially in the fields of cancer and infectious diseases, which are ranked in the top five most dangerous deadly diseases worldwide by the WHO. There is great concern to eradicate these problems with accurate diagnosis and therapies. Among many developed therapeutic models, near infra-red mediated phototherapy is a non-invasive technique used to invade many persistent tumors and bacterial infections with less inflammation compared with traditional therapeutic models such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgeries. Herein, we firstly summarize the up-to-date research on graphene phototheranostics for a better understanding of this field of research. We discuss the preparation and functionalization of graphene nanomaterials with various biocompatible components, such as metals, metal oxides, polymers, photosensitizers, and drugs, through covalent and noncovalent approaches. The multifunctional nanographene is used to diagnose the disease with confocal laser scanning microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging computed tomography, positron emission tomography, photoacoustic imaging, Raman, and ToF-SMIS to visualize inside the biological system for imaging-guided therapy are discussed. Further, treatment of disease by photothermal and photodynamic therapies against different cancers and bacterial infections are carefully conferred herein along with challenges and future perspectives.
Confinement Effects on the Magnetic Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrachloroferrate(III)
Authors: Burba Christopher M. , Chang Hai-Chou
Published: August 2022

Confinement effects for the magnetoresponsive ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(III), [C2mim]FeCl4, are explored from thermal, spectroscopic, and magnetic points of view. Placing the ionic liquid inside SBA-15 mesoporous silica produces a significant impact on the material’s response to temperature, pressure, and magnetic fields. Isobaric thermal experiments show melting point reductions that depend on the pore diameter of the mesopores. The confinement-induced reductions in phase transition temperature follow the Gibbs–Thomson equation if a 1.60 nm non-freezable interfacial layer is postulated to exist along the pore wall. Isothermal pressure-dependent infrared spectroscopy reveals a similar modification to phase transition pressures, with the confined ionic liquid requiring higher pressures to trigger phase transformation than the unconfined system. Confinement also impedes ion transport as activation energies are elevated when the ionic liquid is placed inside the mesopores. Finally, the antiferromagnetic ordering that characterizes unconfined [C2mim]FeCl4 is suppressed when the ionic liquid is confined in 5.39-nm pores. Thus, confinement provides another avenue for manipulating the magnetic properties of this compound.