bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding traffic capacity of urban networks
Authors: Loder Allister , Ambühl Lukas , Menendez Monica , Axhausen Kay W.
Published: November 2019

Traffic in an urban network becomes congested once there is a critical number of vehicles in the network. To improve traffic operations, develop new congestion mitigation strategies, and reduce negative traffic externalities, understanding the basic laws governing the network’s critical number of vehicles and the network’s traffic capacity is necessary. However, until now, a holistic understanding of this critical point and an empirical quantification of its driving factors has been missing. Here we show with billions of vehicle observations from more than 40 cities, how road and bus network topology explains around 90% of the empirically observed critical point variation, making it therefore predictable. Importantly, we find a sublinear relationship between network size and critical accumulation emphasizing decreasing marginal returns of infrastructure investment. As transportation networks are the lifeline of our cities, our findings have profound implications on how to build and operate our cities more efficiently.
The integration of metabolome and proteome reveals bioactive polyphenols and hispidin in ARTP mutagenized Phellinus baumii
Authors: Zhang Henan , Chen Ruibing , Zhang Jingsong , Bu Qitao , Wang Wenhan , Liu Yanfang , Li Qing , Guo Ying , Zhang Lei , Yang Yan
Published: November 2019

Phellinus baumii, also called “Sang Huang” in China, is broadly used as a kind of health food or folk medicine in Asia for its high biological activities, e.g. anti-tumor, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activities. Although some previous studies have indicated that polysaccharides and flavonoids showed the activity of inhibiting tumor cells, the active metabolites ofP. baumiineeds further research. In our study, a stableP. baumiimutant (A67), generated by ARTP mutagenesis strategy, showed more significantly inhibiting tumor cells and enhancing antioxidant activity. Our further studies found that the increase of polyphenols content, especially hispidin, was an important reason of the biological activity enhancement of A67. According to the results of the integrated metabolome and proteome study, the increase of polyphenol content was caused by upregulation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study expanded the understanding of active compounds and metabolic pathway ofP. baumii.
Reinforcement of Epoxy Composites with Graphite-Graphene Structures
Authors: Mostovoy A. S. , Yakovlev A. V.
Published: November 2019

As a result of the research, the possibility of directional control of the operational properties of epoxy composites by the use of small additives of thermally expanded graphite-graphene structures has been proved. The rational content of the structuring additive in the composition of the epoxy composite (0.05 parts by mass.) was selected, which ensured an increase in the studied complex of physico-mechanical properties. The influence of thermally expanded graphite on the process of structure formation of an epoxy composite has been established. The addition of thermally expanded graphite increases thermal, fire and heat resistance as well as the coefficient of heat-conducting epoxy composite.
Room-Temperature Graphene-Nanoribbon Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Hwang Wan Sik , Zhao Pei , Kim Sung Geun , Yan Rusen , Klimeck Gerhard , Seabaugh Alan , Fullerton-Shirey Susan K. , Xing Huili Grace , Jena Debdeep
Published: November 2019

Controlled, tunable, and reversible negative-differential resistance (NDR) is observed in lithographically defined, atomically thin semiconducting graphene nanoribbon (GNR)-gated Esaki diode transistors at room temperature. Sub-10 nm-wide GNRs patterned by electron-beam lithography exhibit semiconducting energy bandgaps of ~0.2 eV extracted by electrical conductance spectroscopy measurements, indicating an atomically thin realization of the electronic properties of conventional 3D narrow-bandgap semiconductors such as InSb. A p–n junction is then formed in the GNR channel by electrostatic doping using graphene side gates, boosted by ions in a solid polymer electrolyte. Transistor characteristics of this gated GNR p–n junction exhibit reproducible and reversible NDR due to interband tunneling of carriers. All essential experimentally observed features are explained by an analytical model and are corroborated by a numerical atomistic simulation. The observation of tunable NDR in GNRs is conclusive proof of the existence of a lithographically defined bandgap and the thinnest possible realization of an Esaki diode. It paves the way for the thinnest scalable manifestation of low-power tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs).
Retracted Article: Microelectrochemical cell arrays for whole-cell currents recording through ion channel proteins based on trans-electroporation approach
Authors: Zheng Tianyang , Baaken Gerhard , Behrends Jan C. , Rühe Jürgen
Published: November 2019

A novel chip based method is able to record the whole-cell currents through biological cell membrane with high electrostability.
Photoinduced H-aggregation of cationic dyes on metal-oxide surfacesvialight activated molecular migration
Authors: Fujisawa Jun-ichi , Murai Karin , Hanaya Minoru
Published: November 2019

Molecular transport by use of light energy is a new photofunction for light powered molecular carriers and light induced nano-structure formation on a substrate.
Solvent- and anion-dependent rearrangement of fluorinated carbene ligands provides access to fluorinated alkenes
Authors: Hall Lewis M. , Milner Lucy M. , Hart Sam J. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Lynam Jason M. , Slattery John M.
Published: November 2019

The construction of fluorocarbene ligands using sequential nucleophilic and electrophilic addition to a ruthenium vinylidene complex is described. These undergo solvent- and anion-dependent rearrangement to liberate free fluorinated alkenes.
Enhanced sampling of cylindrical microphase separation via a shell-averaged bond-orientational order parameter
Authors: Seo Bumjoon , Ha Min Young , Yu Ji Woong , Lee Won Bo
Published: November 2019

The underlying free energy surfaces for the order–disorder transition of hexagonal mesophase were identified along with the metstable state.
Correction: Highly ordered columnar superlattice nanostructures with improved charge carrier mobility by thermotropic self-assembly of triphenylene-based discotics
Authors: Bi Jingze , Wu Hao , Zhang Zhenhu , Zhang Ao , Yang Huanzhi , Feng Yuwen , Fang Yi , Zhang Lina , Wang Zhengran , Qu Wentao , Liu Feng , Zhang Chunxiu
Published: November 2019

Correction for ‘Highly ordered columnar superlattice nanostructures with improved charge carrier mobility by thermotropic self-assembly of triphenylene-based discotics’ by Jingze Bi et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 12463–12469.
Effect Of The Engine Speed And Loading On The Heat Transfer Within Exhaust Valves
Authors: Cerdoun Mahfoudh , Farsaoui Bouziane , Khalfallah Smail , Lankri Rafik , Carcasci Carlo
Published: November 2019

The aim of the present paper is to investigate numerically the heat transfer within exhaust valves by considering the actual boundary conditions provided from an internal combustion engine at differentload and speed. For this purpose, the valve is subdivided into seven adequate subdivisions to better assess the effect of each engine parts, therefore, an average value of the transient heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the adiabatic wall temperature (AWT) for each subdivisions are evaluated during one cycle. These two parameters are introduced as boundary condition in a FEM model. The simulations are done at diverse engine regime, and therefore, the trend of the real boundary condition in term of HTC and AWT are given versus engine speed at different load. The findings show that the HTC increases linearly with engine speed however, the AWT decrease slightly at partial load and increase in the case of full engine load. The obtained model is used to highlight the temperature map, which will certainly help to avoid any damage to the exhaust valve.
Modeling of dendrite growth in undercooled solution sodium acetate trihydrate
Authors: Kumar Chanchal , Monde Aniket D. , Bhattacharya Anirban , Chakraborty Prodyut R.
Published: November 2019

The sodium acetate trihydrate is commonly used as energy storage phase change material in heating pads for body or hand warmer in cold climates. The undercooled melt of sodium acetate trihydrate kept at room temperature results in an exothermic reaction when solidification seed is nucleated. In presentwork, modeling of denritic growth in an undercooled solution of sodium acetate trihydrate has been carried out. The enthalpy method has been used to compute solid-liquid interface growing in undercooled melt. The interface temperature, concentration and grain growth have been modeled considering curvatureeffect and solutal undercooling. A 2-D computational grid of square control volumes has been used and discreatized governing equations were solved explicitly. The crystal anisotropy was imposed explicitly. The results are validated using experimental data.
A new concept of surgical patch used in vascular surgery
Authors: Lewandowska Natalia , Ciałkowski Michał
Published: November 2019

During the surgery of atherosclerotic plaques removal, a longitudinal artery incision is made. Frequently used practice is sewing a patch in the incision area. It reduces the risk of narrowing of the artery but also causes its widening. The channel expansion leads to the enhancing separation of the boundary layer and vortexes creation. The selection of the patch size is based on the surgeon’s experience. The purpose of the studies is to determine a new geometric concept of a patch. The resultingpatch is fully parameterizedand can be influenced by its geometric shape, adapting it to the patient’s diameter. Simulations of blood flow in the artery were performed, with the patch used during the surgery and a patch developed by the authors. The analysis of the flow field in terms of the wall shear stresses (WSS) and velocity distribution has shown, that the patch developed by authors give the most satisfactory results.
Numerical Simulation and Analyses of Flow Rate Exchange between Accumulator and Main loop
Authors: Qingliang Meng , Zhenming Zhao , Huandong Zhang
Published: November 2019

In order to study the dynamic behaviors of heat and mass transfer between accumulator and mechanically pumped two–phase loop (MPTL) system, a transient numerical model is developed by using thetime–dependent Navier–Stokes equations. By comparison between simulation and test results, it is found that the error of numerical model is in the range of ±10%, which verifies the validityand accuracy of the model. Simulation results show that the accumulator will exchange fluid with the main loop in responseto heat load variations. In this case, the temperature and pressure of two phase fluid in accumulator, and the total system flow resistance will be affected. The rate of mass transferbetween accumulator and main loop will increase along with the charge amount of working fluid, and also for the variation trend of temperature and pressure of two phase fluid in the accumulator. The model can be used to study the operating state, flow and heat characteristics of MPTL system.
Thermal performance analysis of a residential house equipped with Phase Change Material
Authors: GOUNNI Ayoub , LOUAHLIA Hasna
Published: November 2019

In the objective to enhance the thermal inertia of the light envelopes, the integration of the phase change materials in these envelopes is suggested. This work reports the results of a numerical studyto qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the thermal performance of a residential house built in France and equipped with Phase Change Materials. The impacts of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) equipped in a residential house on heating loads and the indoor comfort are analyzed by means of dynamic simulation using TRNSYS software. Thermal performance of the PCMs are assessed by comparison to a reference case identical to the PCM house but without the PCM layer. The results show that the PCMs have a remarkable effect on the indoor air temperature, thermal comfort and thermal load of the house comparedto the reference house. The integration of the PCMs to the building, leads to better thermal comfort conditions compared to the conventional case. A reduction of 52.28 kWh/m2/an is reached when integrating the PCM layer.
Swirled injector modeling for cavitating multiphase flow
Authors: Ziegler Bartosz , Mosędrżny Jędrzej , Lewandowska Natalia
Published: November 2019

The goal of this study is to present a comparison between different approaches to multiphase injection modeling of self-pressurized rocket engine propellant. Swirled, tangential orifice injector of nitrous oxide, for an “N” class hybrid rocket motor is the object of the study. A brief descriptionof the injector purpose and geometry is provided, followed by a description of different approaches for flow modeling. Examined techniques range from 0D, Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM) to 3D multiphase with mass and heat exchange between phases. Results of analyses are provided and compared with experimental data. The discrepancies between results are of significant magnitude but expected nature. Co clusions about most feasible approaches for engineering calculations are drawn.
Hall effect on steady mhd flow and heat transfer of a viscous fluid in a rectangular channel with suction and injection
Authors: Josyula Venkata Ramana Murthy , Muduganti Pavankumar Reddy
Published: November 2019

The flow of an incompressible viscous fluid under the influence of an applied uniform magnetic field in a rectangular channel with suction at the adjacent two side walls is studied by considering Hall current and Joule heating effects. The rectangular channel is subjected to a uniform suction from top wall and injection from right wall. An external uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicular tothe flow. Two sides (left and bottom) of the channel are kept at two constant but different temperature and other two sides (right and top) are maintained at constant heat flux. Viscous and Joule dissipations are considered in the energy equation. The relevant equations of motion are solved numericallyto yield the velocity and the temperature distribution. The current density is also studied
Numerical and experimental analysis of the air stream generated by square ceiling diffusers
Authors: Jaszczur Marek , Madejski Pawel , Kleszcz Slawosz , Zych Marcin , Palej Patryk
Published: November 2019

Ceiling diffusers are one of the most important elements of ventilation and air-conditioning installations. They have a significant impact on the speed and temperature distribution of air. The basic task of these devices is to provide the required air stream while maintaining its appropriate parameters in the occupied zone and low noise levels in the room. Square ceiling diffusers are designed for use in low- and medium-pressure ventilation systems. The diffusers allow obtaining 1, 2, 3 or 4-way air supply. Knowledge of the airflow formed by the diffuser is essential in order to ensure the comfort of people staying in a ventilated room. Designers of the diffusers nowadays mainly use advanced software and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling technique. CFD methods allow to quickly analyse the fluid flow. However, an very important problem is the consistency of the results obtained by numerical methods with the results obtained on an experimental way. The work presents a laboratory stand designed to test ceiling diffusers. In this research study the single square ceiling diffuser was experimentally and numerically analysed.
Suggestion for the Proper Treatment of Buoyancy Force Effect on Single Phase Thermal Stratification Phenomenon
Authors: Lee Gong-Hee
Published: November 2019

In the operating nuclear power plant, piping and components installed in the in-service testing (IST) systems connected to the reactor coolant system are potentially exposed to fatigue caused by thermal stratification flow, possibly threatening its integrity. The emergency core cooling system (ECCS) is one of candidates for which the thermal stratification phenomenon can occur. During the ECCS operating period, buoyancy due to density difference may have significant influence on thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the mixing flow. Therefore, in this study, the need to consider proper buoyancy models in governing equations, especially turbulent transport equations, for accurate prediction of single phase thermal stratification by ECCS injection was numerically studied using ANSYS CFX R17.2.
Improvement of technical and methodical means of local control burst- hazard of rock mass
Authors: Tereshkin Andrei , Rasskazov Igor , Anikin Pavel , Gladyr Andrei , Migunov Dmitry , Rasskazov. Maxim
Published: November 2019

At a number of ore deposits of the Far East and the Kola Peninsula dangerous for mining impacts, measurements of acoustic emission parameters have been carried out and new data have been obtained on the specific features of the manifestation of dangerous forms of rock pressure in various sections of the mine field. A method for measuring the local control device “Prognoz L” has been developed and additional criteria for the impact hazard of an array of rocks from a number of deposits developed by the underground method have been substantiated.
Assessment of category of the rock burst hazard for the Charmitan gold deposit
Authors: Mukhitdinov Shuchrat , Kazakov Aziz , Khakberdiev Muzzafar
Published: November 2019

The article analyzes the results of studying the physical-mechanical properties of the rocks of the Charmitan gold deposit (Uzbekistan) and estimates the liability of the deposit to rock bursts. It is shown that there are rocks and ores at the deposit with high strength properties that are capable to accumulate significant potential energy and undergo brittle failure. It is concluded that the Charmitan field, by the physical-mechanical parameters of host rocks, belongs to the category characterized by the manifestation of rock pressure in a dynamic form.
Estimating the rockburst hazard of hard rocks based on laboratory test results
Authors: Fedotoval Iuliia , Kuznetcov Nikolay , Kasparyan Eduard
Published: November 2019

The results of laboratory tests of samples are used to estimate rock proneness to dynamic fractures, in particular, by brittleness index. A common drawback of the approaches in use is that they do not expressly consider the main condition of dynamic rock fracture – rock mass ability to accumulate energy when loaded. The article discusses the results of studies of the nature of elastic energy accumulation during loading and deformation of samples of various rocks under uniaxial compression in order to assess the degree of their explosion. The approach is original as it studies the deformation curve of rocks at the pre-peak stage that may be obtained with any standard equipment without the use of special-purpose test (“rigid”) devices. Results of the studies conducted on standard test devices have allowed us to identify two different deformation patterns for the rock type tested with further establishment of criteria of rock classification by the degree of proneness to dynamic fractures. This approach is of practical value as it specifies the geomechanics zoning method of the rock mass and improves the assessment of rockburst hazard degree of specific areas at deposits being developed.
Assessment of the geomechanical state of the rock mass in the Streltsovsk ore field region according to high-precision deformation measurements
Authors: Lugovoi Vladimir , Rasskazov Igor , Tsoi Denis , Gladyr Andrey , Rasskazov Maksim
Published: November 2019

The paper presents a measuring set – a single-component laser strainmeter – for geodynamic monitoring within the Streltsovsk ore field. The results of experimental studies with the participation of a laser strainmeter (deformograph) are presented and the influence of external factors on the state of the massif has been estimated. The influence of distant earthquakes on the state of the mountain massif has been estimated. The features of the deformation field behavior during preparation and implementation of a rock burst have been noted. Characteristics of rock burst precursors in the low-frequency measurement region have been given.
Forecast for the formation of zones of high rock pressure in the conditions of mining ore deposits in a combined way
Authors: Potapchuk Marina , Saksin Boris , Sidlyar Aleksandr , Tereshkin Andrey , Rasskazov Maksim
Published: November 2019

The prospect of mining the majority of deposits in the Far Eastern region is associated with the need to switch from the open-pit to the underground method of developing deep-lying ore bodies. Ensuring the safest conditions for the combined development of the field is possible only after comprehensive studies have been carried out that make it possible to establish the peculiarities of the formation of the stress state in the rock mass taking into account the influence of various natural and technogenic factors. An assessment of the stability of structural elements of the proposed development systems at the deposits will allow identifying potentially impact hazardous areas and developing measures to maintain and protect mine workings, which will reduce the risk of dynamic manifestations of rock pressure.
U-slot patch antenna with low RCS based on a metaferrite substrate
Authors: Liu Yujie , Beal Philip , Giddens Henry , Hao Yang
Published: November 2019

Metamaterial ferrites or metaferrites are artificial magnetic materials which mimic the properties of ferrites at a certain frequency operation. Antenna engineers are therefore able to design and create artificial substrates which replicate the electrical properties of ferrites without actually using any in the construction. This is advantageous as ferrites can offer performance improvements to microstrip antennas, such as size reduction and wideband impedance matching. In this paper, a metaferrite substrate designed by the use of a genetic algorithm is presented. The metaferrite was optimized in order to obtain the magnetic responses at 9GHz, for its use as the substrate of a microstrip antenna. As an example, a U-slot patch antenna based on the metaferrite is demonstrated, which can achieve stable radiation and 14 dB radar cross section (RCS) reduction performance in the measurement.
Optimization of SnO2/Ag nanowire transparent hybrid electrodes for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Mouchaal Younes , Khelil Abdelbacet
Published: November 2019

Silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks are gaining more interest as promising candidates for the substitution of indium tin oxide (ITO) for top electrodes in optoelectronic devices. In this work we investigated the electrical, optical, structural, and morphological properties of SnO2/Ag NW hybrid film deposited by spray pyrolysis root. We showed that annealing at appropriate temperature improves optoelectronic and morphological properties of the SnO2/AgNWs electrodes; the optimal annealing temperature was 180 °C for 20 min. These annealing conditions allow better homogenization of the nanowires and their welding at the intersection nodes ensuring conduction of the charge carriers along the conductive grid formed of nanowires. The optimized SnO2/AgNWs electrodes have a large optical window covering the near-UV, Vis and IR range, with an average transparency of 85% and a sheet resistance of 6.1 Ω/sq. These optoelectronic performances have led to a merit factor of 2.5 × 10−2 Ω−1 being a competitive performance among the currently developed electrodes that can be promising candidates for applications as a transparent electrodes in optoelectronic devices.
Exact simulation of first exit times for one-dimensional diffusion processes
Authors: Herrmann Samuel , Zucca Cristina
Published: November 2019

The simulation of exit times for diffusion processes is a challenging task since it concerns many applications in different fields like mathematical finance, neuroscience, reliability… The usual procedure is to use discretization schemes which unfortunately introduce some error in the target distribution. Our aim is to present a new algorithm which simulates exactly the exit time for one-dimensional diffusions. This acceptance-rejection algorithm requires to simulate exactly the exit time of the Brownian motion on one side and the Brownian position at a given time, constrained not to have exit before, on the other side. Crucial tools in this study are the Girsanov transformation, the convergent series method for the simulation of random variables and the classical rejection sampling. The efficiency of the method is described through theoretical results and numerical examples.
Der sichere Lappen – Präoperatives Gefäß-Mapping und intraoperative Perfusionsmessung zur Reduktion der lappenbedingten Morbidität
Authors: Schmauss D. , Beier J.P. , Eisenhardt S.U. , Horch R.E. , Momeni A. , Rab M. , Rieck B. , Rieger U. , Schaefer D.J. , Schmidt V.J. , Kneser U.
Published: November 2019

Die rekonstruktive Mikrochirurgie mittels freier und gefäßgestielter Lappenplastiken ist heutzutage ein zuverlässiges Standardverfahren mit hohen Erfolgsraten. Um die Lappen-bedingte Morbidität noch weiter zu senken und die Eingriffe noch sicherer und vorhersehbarer zu gestalten, gewinnt das präoperative Gefäß-Mapping und die intraoperative Perfusionsmessung immer mehr an Bedeutung. Sowohl für das Gefäß-Mapping, als auch die Perfusionsmessung stehen verschiedene Methoden zur Verfügung, für deren Verwendung es jedoch keine Empfehlung gibt. In einem Konsensus-Workshop der 40. Jahrestagung der deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mikrochirurgie der peripheren Nerven und Gefäße (DAM) wurde die Datenlage in einer Expertenrunde kritisch geprüft und ein Konsensus erarbeitet. Dieser stellt zum einen das Meinungsbild der Expertenrunde dar und gibt zum anderen vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Literatur Empfehlungen zur Verwendung des präoperativen Gefäß-Mappings und der intraoperativen Perfusionsmessung.
Klienten und ihr System im Detail betrachten – Person Environment Occupation Performance (PEOP) Model
Authors: Pellegrom Sanne , van Hartingsveldt Margo
Published: November 2019

Das PEOP-Modell geht davon aus, dass sich Person, Umwelt und Betätigung gegenseitig beeinflussen. Damit tragen sie zu Partizipation, Performanz und Wohlbefinden bei. Das Modell ist eine Unterstützung für Ergotherapeuten, um die Betätigungsanliegen ihrer Klienten ganzheitlich zu betrachten.
Kontinuierliches subkortikales Mapping zur Überwachung der Pyramidenbahn bei der Entfernung von motorisch eloquent gelegenen Hirntumoren
Authors: Seidel Kathleen , Schucht Philippe , Beck Jürgen , Raabe Andreas
Published: November 2019

Die moderne neurochirurgische Onkologie verfolgt das Konzept der maximalen Tumorentfernung mit gleichzeitiger Funktionserhaltung. Dies ist bei Gliomen eine Herausforderung, da Tumorgrenzen nicht immer sichtbar sind und anatomische Landmarken verschoben sein können. Im folgenden Artikel werden intraoperative neurophysiologische Methoden zur Lokalisation und Überwachung des Primär Motorischen Kortex und der Pyramidenbahn in der supratentoriellen Tumorchirurgie diskutiert.
Was ist Telemedizin und wofür brauchen wir sie?
Authors: Dähnert Enrico
Published: November 2019

Wie wäre es, wenn auf Intensivstationen zusätzlich zum bettseitigen Behandlungsteam jederzeit Experten anwesend wären, um das Team der primär behandelnden Intensivstation mit ihrem Know-how in Echtzeit zu unterstützen? Mit Telemedizin ist das möglich. 0057ir stellen das spannende Handlungsfeld vor.
Differentialdiagnose von Beinschmerzen in der Phlebologie
Authors: Mendoza Erika
Published: November 2019

Beinschmerzen, besonders wenn sie plötzlich auftreten, sind oft mit der Angst vor einer Thrombose belegt. Die Tatsache, dass viele Menschen ihre Beine betrachten, nachdem sie dort Schmerzen fühlen und eine Krampfader beobachten, die sie vielleicht vorher noch nicht wahrgenommen haben, führt oft zu der Assoziation, dass die Krampfadern die Schmerz verursachende Grunderkrankung darstellen. Grundsätzlich sind venös bedingte Beinschmerzen sehr selten, es ist vielmehr so, dass Krampfadern einfach zusätzlich vorhanden sind. Venös bedingte Beschwerden sind eher Juckreiz, Schweregefühl, Ödeme, Hautveränderungen. Weitaus häufigere Ursachen für Beinschmerzen sind neurologischer, orthopädischer, arthrogen oder muskulärer Natur. Der Artikel beschreibt venös bedingte Beinschmerzen und bietet Hilfen zur differentialdiagnostischen Abgrenzung gegenüber den anderen Ursachen.
Glücksspielcharakter von Computerspielen
Authors: Schaack Christian , Dreier Michael , Theis Caroline , Krell Mathias , Roth Nina
Published: November 2019

Der Glückspielcharakter von kostenlosen Computerspielen verändert nicht nur das Freitzeiterleben der Spielenden, er hat auch psychosoziale und sozioökonomische Folgen. Ausgeklügelte Bezahlmechaniken verleiten Spielende zu hohen Investitionen ins Spiel. Glücksspielelemente wie z. B. Lootboxen, die Verschleierung von investierten Geldbeträgen und die Ausnutzung des Nutzerverhaltens für Kaufanreize, sind zentraler Bestandteil der Monetarisierungsstrategien der Publisher. Einige Länder wie Belgien oder Holland tragen dieser Entwicklung bereits Rechnung und haben Lootboxen als illegales Glücksspiel eingeordnet und mit einem Verbot belegt. Problematisch sind Spiele mit den genannten Mechaniken allerdings gerade für vulnerable Gruppen wie z. B. Kinder, Jugendliche und riskant bzw. abhängig nutzende, wie die vorliegenden Daten zeigen. Computerspiele mit Glücksspielcharakter stellen somit ein gesellschaftliches Problem mit Handlungsbedarf dar, gerade weil die diskutierten Mechaniken bereits Anwendung in vielen kostenlosen Computerspielen finden. Es stellt sich also längst nicht mehr nur die Frage nach dem kulturellen Mehrwert von Computerspielen. Die Frage nach adäquater und kompetenzfördernder Suchtprävention, welche Kindern, jungen Menschen und Erwachsenen einen selbstbestimmten und ausgeglichenen Umgang mit dem Medium Computerspiel ermöglicht, stellt sich ebenfalls. Die Anpassung der Kriterien für die USK-Altersfreigabe kostenloser Computerspiele mit Glücksspielelementen, flankiert von einem zeitgemäßen Jungendschutz und einer Obergrenze monatlicher Investitionen in Computerspiele mit Mikrotransaktionen, stellen hierfür zentrale Aspekte dar.
Zugang mobiler Gesundheitstechnologien zur GKV
Authors: Gensorowsky Daniel , Düvel Juliane , Hasemann Lena , Greiner Wolfgang
Published: November 2019

Hintergrund An den Einsatz gesundheitsbezogener digitaler Anwendungen auf mobilen Endgeräten („Gesundheits-Apps“) sind große Nutzenerwartungen geknüpft. Die regelhafte Bereitstellung dieser mobilen Gesundheitstechnologien über die Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung (GKV) erfolgt bislang jedoch nicht. Dies lässt die Existenz struktureller Probleme im Zugang zur GKV-Erstattung vermuten.

Ziel Ziel dieser Studie ist die Identifikation von Herausforderungen, welche den erfolgreichen GKV-Zugang mobiler Gesundheitstechnologien erschweren.

Material und Methoden Zwischen acht und zwölf Vertreter zentraler am Zugangsprozess beteiligter Akteursgruppen diskutierten in fünf teilstrukturierten Fokusgruppeninterviews die Herausforderungen entlang potenzieller GKV-Zugangswege. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels zusammenfassender Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring.

Ergebnisse Es wurden zugangswegübergreifende und -spezifische Herausforderungen identifiziert. Übergreifend nahmen die Interviewten Wissens- und Informationsdefizite bezüglich der Zugangsanforderungen sowie die fehlende Vereinbarkeit mobiler Gesundheitstechnologien mit den segmentierten Regelungsbereichen des SGB V als Problemfelder wahr. Die Bereiche Primärprävention und Selektivverträge wurden als bereits gut geebnete Wege in die Erstattung erachtet. Für die Bereiche Neue Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsmethoden, Heil- und Hilfsmittelversorgung wurden größere Herausforderungen identifiziert, die neben unklarer Zugangseignung verschiedene prozessuale Hürden umfassen.

Schlussfolgerung Die bessere Nutzung der Potenziale mobiler Gesundheitstechnologien erfordert die Adressierung der beschriebenen Herausforderungen durch gesetzliche und untergesetzliche Maßnahmen. Angesichts der heterogenen Positionen sollte die Entwicklung dieser Lösungsansätze unter enger Einbindung der Stakeholder erfolgen.
A combing algorithm for orientable braided 3-belts
Authors: Gresnigt N.
Published: November 2019

The Helon model identifies standard model quarks and leptons with framed braids composed of three ribbons joined together at both ends by a connecting node (disk). These surfaces with boundary are called braided 3-belts. The twisting and braiding of ribbons composing braided 3-belts are interchangeable, and any braided 3-belt can be written in a pure twist form with trivial braiding, specified by a vector of three multiples of half integers [a, b, c], a topological invariant. This paper identifies the set of braided 3-belts that can be written in a braid only form in which all twisting is eliminated instead. For these braids, an algorithm to calculate the braid word is determined which allows the braid word of every braided 3-belt to be written in a canonical form. It is furthermore demonstrated that the set of braided 3-belts does not form a group due to a lack of isogeny.
Understanding leakage currents through Al2O3 on SrTiO3
Authors: Miron Dror , Krylov Igor , Baskin Maria , Yalon Eilam , Kornblum Lior
Published: November 2019

Leakage currents through insulators have received continuous attention for several decades, owing to their importance in a wide range of technologies and interest in their fundamental mechanisms. This work investigates leakage currents through atomic layer deposited Al2O3 grown on SrTiO3. This combination is not only a key building block for oxide electronics but also a clean system for studying the leakage mechanisms without interfacial layers that form on most of the conventional bottom electrodes. We show how tiny differences in the deposition process can have a dramatic effect on the leakage behavior. A detailed analysis of the leakage behavior rules out Fowler-Nordheim tunneling (FNT) and thermionic emission. We conclude that the conduction mechanism is trap-related, and we ascribe it to trap-assisted tunneling or to Poole-Frenkel mechanisms. After annealing the sample in air, currents are reduced, which is ascribed to the transition from a trap-based mechanism to FNT, due to the elimination of the traps. The dramatic role of the assumptions regarding the flatband voltage used for analysis is critically discussed, and the sensitivity of the extracted parameters to this magnitude is quantitatively described. We show that future field-effect devices based on structures similar to those described here should be able to modulate >1013 electrons/cm2 in their channels. These results demonstrate ideas for reducing and analyzing leakage currents in insulators and highlight some of the possible approaches and pitfalls in their analysis, stressing the importance of the flatband voltage on the extracted parameters.
Tunable magnetic domain walls for therapeutic neuromodulation at cellular level: Stimulating neurons through magnetic domain walls
Authors: Su Diqing , Wu Kai , Saha Renata , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: November 2019

Cellular-level neuron stimulation has attracted much attention in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders. Herein, we propose a spintronic neurostimulator based on the domain wall movement inside stationary magnetic nanostructures driven by the spin transfer torques. The electromotive forces generated by the domain wall motion can serve as highly localized stimulation signals for neuron cells. Our simulation results show that the induced electric field from the domain wall motion in permalloy nanostructures can reach up to 14V/m, which is well above the reported threshold stimulation signal for clinical applications. The proposed device operates on a current range of several microamperes that is 103 times lower than the current needed for the magnetic stimulation by microcoils. The duration and amplitude of the stimulating signal can be controlled by adjusting the applied current density, the geometry of the nanostructure, and the magnetic properties of the material.
Control of carrier injection and transport in quantum dot light emitting diodes (QLEDs) via modulating Schottky injection barrier and carrier mobility
Authors: Kim Sun-Kyo , Yang Heesun , Kim Yong-Seog
Published: November 2019

Carrier injection and transport in the quantum dot (QD) layer was modulated by tuning the Schottky injection barrier and mobility of charge transport layers. The analyses indicate that stages of the J-V curve for hole injection must match with those of electron injection to achieve the charge balance in the QD layer. In addition, it was demonstrated that not only the parameters investigated but also other parameters such as charge trap density and energy levels must be considered to enhance the efficiency of the QLEDs. With the improved charge balance in the QD layer, the current efficiency of the quantum dot light-emitting diode display was improved from 26 to 40 cd/A.
Electrostatic solvation and mobility in uniform and non-uniform electric fields: From simple ions to proteins
Authors: Matyushov Dmitry V.
Published: November 2019

A number of observations related to interfacial electrostatics of polar liquids question the traditional assumption of dielectric theories that bulk dielectric properties can be continuously extended to the dividing surface separating the solute from the solvent. The deficiency of this approximation can be remedied by introducing local interface susceptibilities and the interface dielectric constant. Asymmetries of ionic hydration thermodynamics and of the mobility between cations and anions can be related to different propensities of the water molecules to orient their dipole toward and outward from solutes of opposite charges. This electrostatic asymmetry is reflected in different interface dielectric constants for cations and anions. The interface of water with neutral solutes is spontaneously polarized due to preferential water orientations in the interface. This phenomenon is responsible for a nonzero cavity potential directly related to a nonzero surface charge. This connection predicts that particles allowing a nonzero cavity potential must show mobility in an external electric field even if the net charge of the particle is zero. The theory predicts that a positive cavity potential and a positive surface charge translate to an effectively negative solute charge reported by mobility measurements. Passing of the cavity potential through a minimum found in simulations might be the origin of the maximum of mobility vs the ionic size observed experimentally. Finally, mobility of proteins in the field gradient (dielectrophoresis) is many orders of magnitude greater than predicted by the traditionally used Clausius-Mossotti equation. Two reasons contribute to this disagreement: (i) a failure of Maxwell’s electrostatics to describe the cavity-field susceptibility and (ii) the neglect of the protein permanent dipole by the Clausius-Mossotti equation. An analytical relation between the dielectrophoretic susceptibility and dielectric spectroscopy of solutions provides direct access to this parameter, confirming the failure of the Clausius-Mossotti equation in application to protein dielectrophresis.
Heat and mass transfer characteristic of vertical falling film generator with annular structure for ammonia-water system
Authors: Huang Weijia , Wu Zhongmin , Cheng Ping
Published: November 2019

Ammonia–water solution is widely used in absorption cycle systems, but the generation of ammonia from solution requires a great amount of heat consumption. In this work, a vertical-tube heat exchanger was adopted as the generator of an ammonia–water absorption cycle. The generation of ammonia from an ammonia–water solution in the generator was experimentally analyzed. The generator has an annular structure: a falling film of ammonia–water solution flows inside the inner tube, and an upflowing water stream flows in the annular space between the outside surface of the inner tube and the inside surface of the outer tube. First, the heat transfer enhancement effect of the annular structure was confirmed using water as the working fluid; then, the effect was tested for an ammonia–water solution. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient of Annulus I (0.5 mm annulus gap) was 316.2% higher than that of Annulus III (2.5 mm annulus gap) at the water flow rate of 50 g⋅s−1 through the annulus space. When the flow rate of the upflowing fluid exceeds a certain value, the effect of heat transfer for these annuli deviates obviously. The solution in the falling film with an initial ammonia concentration of 18.7 wt. % was used in the generation experiment. The outlet ammonia concentration of Annulus I was 12.7% lower than that of Annulus III at the water flow rate of 33.3 g⋅s−1. Based on the Sieder–Tate formula, the Nusselt number correlation equations were developed with ±10% error.
Parametric sensitivity analysis as an essential ingredient of spectroscopic ellipsometry data modeling: An application of the Morris screening method
Authors: Likhachev D. V.
Published: November 2019

Parametric sensitivity analysis (SA) is an essential tool in optical data analysis aiming to quantify the relative importance of optical model parameters and identify those with a low influence which should remain fixed during analysis in order to simplify a model. Typically, such sensitivity studies are performed using a local sensitivity analysis, also referred to as “one-at-a-time” analysis, which estimates parameter sensitivity by evaluating the changes in model output while perturbing one parameter at a time and holding all other parameters fixed. All the pitfalls of the local sensitivity approach are quite obvious and well known; however, local SA is still prevailing in the area of data analysis for spectroscopic ellipsometry. In this study, we discuss applications of a global qualitative analysis introduced by Morris in 1991 which determines an overall significance for each model parameter and describes its nonlinear effect on model’s output and/or interactions with other parameters. The Morris method allows effective separation of the model parameters into different groups such as parameters with negligible effects, parameters with large linear effects without interactions, and parameters with large nonlinear and/or interaction effects. Here, we carried out the Morris sensitivity analysis to reveal the model parameter significance ranking in a test case of the B-spline model for titanium nitride (TiN). Such a screening approach can be considered as a practical tool for the initial global SA strategy prior to true “all-at-a-time” global sensitivity analysis.
Ferroelectric memory device can be improved with a better understanding of ferroelectric behavior
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: November 2019

Researchers investigated the origins of unusual ferroelectric behavior of newly found thin-film ferroelectric materials for semiconductor memory applications.
Trisomy 21 dysregulates T cell lineages toward an autoimmunity-prone state associated with interferon hyperactivity
Authors: Araya Paula , Waugh Katherine A. , Sullivan Kelly D. , Núñez Nicolás G. , Roselli Emiliano , Smith Keith P. , Granrath Ross E. , Rachubinski Angela L. , Enriquez Estrada Belinda , Butcher Eric T. , Minter Ross , Tuttle Kathryn D. , Bruno Tullia C. , Maccioni Mariana , Espinosa Joaquín M.
Published: November 2019

Trisomy 21 (T21) causes Down syndrome (DS), a condition characterized by high prevalence of autoimmune disorders. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving this phenotype remain unclear. Building upon our previous finding that T cells from people with DS show increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, we have completed a comprehensive characterization of the peripheral T cell compartment in adults with DS with and without autoimmune conditions. CD8+ T cells from adults with DS are depleted of naïve subsets and enriched for differentiated subsets, express higher levels of markers of activation and senescence (e.g., IFN-γ, Granzyme B, PD-1, KLRG1), and overproduce cytokines tied to autoimmunity (e.g., TNF-α). Conventional CD4+ T cells display increased differentiation, polarization toward the Th1 and Th1/17 states, and overproduction of the autoimmunity-related cytokines IL-17A and IL-22. Plasma cytokine analysis confirms elevation of multiple autoimmunity-related cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL17A–D, IL-22) in people with DS, independent of diagnosis of autoimmunity. Although Tregs are more abundant in DS, functional assays show that CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells with T21 are resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, regardless of Treg karyotype. Transcriptome analysis of white blood cells and T cells reveals strong signatures of T cell differentiation and activation that correlate positively with IFN hyperactivity. Finally, mass cytometry analysis of 8 IFN-inducible phosphoepitopes demonstrates that T cell subsets with T21 show elevated levels of basal IFN signaling and hypersensitivity to IFN-α stimulation. Therefore, these results point to T cell dysregulation associated with IFN hyperactivity as a contributor to autoimmunity in DS.
Introduction.
Authors: Sitepu B. , Laksono N. D. , Setiawati U. , Nur F. , Rahmaningsih M. , Anwar Y. , Widodo P. , Forster B. P. , Purba A. R.
Published: November 2019

Field testing - trialling - of oil palm is subject to many factors, chief among them being the basic biological features of the crop (it is a long-lived perennial) and the traits to be assessed (mainly yield, thus mature palms need to be produced). Trialling is the next step after breeders have produced progeny from deliberate crosses, and this in turn is dependent upon the genetic variation available to the breeder (see Setiawati et al., 2018, this series). Trialling allows the selection of progenies and palms based on field performance, and these can then be promoted to variety status and commercial production (see Kelanaputra et al., 2018, this series). Oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, is the world's most important oil crop. Although it has been used to some extent as a food since ancient times in its centre of origin (West Africa), it is a relatively modern crop, with Southeast Asia now being the main production region. A brief history of the development of the oil palm crop (significant dates and eras) is given. Improvement of the crop through breeding and trialling is relatively recent, with beginnings in the early 20th century. Since breeding is dependent upon access to traits of interest, germplasm collections from the centre of origin have been made. In addition, variation is being produced by mutation induction and selection (see Nur et al., 2018, this series). Thus, oil palm breeders have access to a rich germplasm base and can create progenies which combine novel traits (e.g. disease resistance) with traditional traits (e.g. thin-shelled fruit type), which then need to be tested in field trials.
Health and safety considerations.
Authors: Sitepu B. , Laksono N. D. , Setiawati U. , Nur F. , Rahmaningsih M. , Anwar Y. , Widodo P. , Forster B. P. , Purba A. R.
Published: November 2019

Standard health and safety protocols are needed in all breeding trial activities, and these include activities in the field, nursery and the laboratory. The official standards can vary depending on country and regulations, but good standards should be maintained whatever requirements are officially needed. Identification and elimination of hazards and risks, followed by the development of specific safety practices and procedures for preventing and responding to workplace accidents and injuries are important in establishing effective occupational health and safe working conditions. Guidelines in health and safety issues relating to field trials and related nursery and laboratory activities in oil palm breeding are given below. They are also provided by various organisations.