bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy, Human Dignity, and the Right to Healthcare: A Dutch Perspective
Authors: BUIJSEN MARTIN
Published: May 2010

Dutch medical ethics policy is renowned for being highly liberal, due largely to the Dutch law on euthanasia. The Netherlands is one of the very few countries in which euthanasia performed by physicians and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) has been legalized. Acts of euthanasia and PAS go unpunished, provided certain conditions are fulfilled.
Capacity and Consent in England and Wales: The Mental Capacity Act under Scrutiny
Authors: HERISSONE-KELLY PETER
Published: May 2010

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 came into force in England and Wales in 2007. Its primary purpose is to provide “a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves.” Examples of such people are those with dementia, learning disabilities, mental health problems, and so on. The Act also gives those who currently have capacity a legal framework within which they can make arrangements for a time when they may come to lack it. Toward this end, it allows for them to make advance decisions (in effect, refusals of consent to certain forms of treatment) or to appoint proxy decision makers with lasting powers of attorney.
“Indigenizing” Bioethics: The First Center for Bioethics in Pakistan
Authors: JAFAREY AAMIR M. , MOAZAM FARHAT
Published: May 2010

Contemporary bioethics has evolved over the past 40 years predominantly as a “Western” construct drawing fundamental inspiration for its conceptual and methodological frameworks from secular, Anglo-American philosophical traditions. American bioethicists can be credited with playing a defining role in the globalization of this new discipline to the developing countries of the world, but in this process, in the words of LaFleur, “Bioethics has become international without becoming internationalized.” Among the criticisms leveled against the dominant American model of bioethics is that in its focus on universalism it ignores local cultural and religious influences that are vital to the comprehension of the moral life in many societies. Medical sociologist Renée C. Fox and historian Judith P. Swazey have termed this as a form of “cultural myopia.”
Commanding the “Be Fruitful and Multiply” Directive: Reproductive Ethics, Law, and Policy in Israel
Authors: SPERLING DANIEL
Published: May 2010

As of June 2009, Israel’s population was 7,424,400 people, 5,604,900 of which were Jewish, 1,502,400 were Arabs, and approximately 317,200 had no religion or are non-Arab Christians. Established in 1948, Israel is a highly urban and industrialized country. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (based on exchange rate) is US$23,257, positioning it among the European developed countries. Life expectancy is 79 years for males and 82 years for females, with infant mortality rate of 4 cases per 1,000 live births. Of Israel’s GDP, 7.7% is spent on health.
Developing a Model of Healthcare Ethics Support in Croatia
Authors: BOROVEČKI ANA , MAKAR-AUS̆PERGER KSENIJA , FRANCETIĆ IGOR , BABIĆ-BOSNAC SANJA , GORDIJN BERT , STEINKAMP NORBERT , OREŠKOVIĆ STJEPAN
Published: May 2010

Croatia is a transitional society in that it is a country emerging from a socialist command economy toward a market-based economy with ensuing structural changes of a social and political nature—some extending into the healthcare system. A legacy from our past is that, until now, Croatian healthcare institutions have had no real experience with clinical ethics support services. When clinical cases arise presenting complex ethical dilemmas in treatment options, the challenges presented to the medical team are substantial. The case described below recently occurred on a ward in a university hospital in Croatia. An unexpected request from the patient’s parents created a number of issues that needed to be addressed by the medical team, which was made more difficult by the lack of clinical ethics support services. Such cases press the question currently being debated as to what type of ethics support services would be suitable for Croatia and why.
Commentary: Weighing the Balance
Authors: Goldworth Amnon
Published: May 2010

I am inclined to agree with Arthur Caplan that a less invasive means than was employed in the case of Ashley X would have been preferable. But, such means do not, as yet, exist. Given these circumstances, what are the issues that the bioethics committee needs to consider prior to making a recommendation to the surgeon?
Effect of maturation on the expression of aquaporin 3 in mouse oocyte
Authors: Jo Jun Woo , Jee Byung Chul , Suh Chang Suk , Kim Seok Hyun , Choi Young Min , Kim Jung Gu , Moon Shin Yong
Published: May 2010

This study aimed to investigate whether aquaporin 3 (Aqp3) mRNAs are expressed in immature oocytes and altered duringin vitromaturation process. Five- to 6-week-old female ICR mice were primed by gonadotropin for 24 and 48 h. Immature oocytes obtained 48 h after priming were also maturedin vitrofor 17 to 18 h.In vivomatured oocytes were obtained after 48 h priming followed by hCG injection. Total RNAs were extracted from 80 to 150 oocytes in each experimental group, and the levels ofAqp3mRNA were quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The experiments were repeated twice using different oocytes. TheAqp3mRNA was expressed in immature oocytes, as well as inin vitroandin vivomatured oocytes. The expression level was higher in immature oocytes obtained 48 h after priming (17.2 ± 8.6, mean ± SD) than those with no priming (5.7 ± 0.8) or obtained 24 h after priming (2.5 ± 0.8). The expression ofAqp3mRNA decreased afterin vitromaturation (1.2 ± 0.5), which was similar toin vivomatured oocytes (1.0 ± 0.0). Our work demonstrated thatAqp3mRNA expression increased during the development of immature oocyte but decreased after completion ofin vitromaturation. The results indicate that AQP3 is certainly needed for the acquisition of immature oocytes’ full growing potential within antral follicles.
Die Begleitanämie oder Anämie bei chronischen Erkrankungen – Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie
Authors: Demarmels Biasiutti Franziska
Published: May 2010

Die Begleitanämie ist die zweithäufigste Anämie nach der Eisenmangelanämie, und bei Patienten mit chronischen Krankheiten, insbesondere Infektionen, Tumoren und Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie generell bei hospitalisierten Patienten ist sie gar die häufigste Anämieform. Morphologisch gehört sie zu den hyporegeneratorischen, normochromen, normozytären Anämien. Ihre pathogenetische Grundlage besteht zum einen in einer Eisenverwertungsstörung, zum andern in einer verminderten Ausschüttung und Effektivität von Erythropoetin. Nebst der Behandlung der Grundkrankheit besteht der therapeutische Ansatz in der Verabreichung von Eisen in Kombination mit Erythropoetin in pharmakologischen Dosen. Die Begleitanämie ist nicht nur wegen ihrer Häufigkeit bedeutungsvoll, sondern auch wegen ihres ungünstigen Einflusses auf die Leistungsfähigkeit, die psychische Verfassung und letztlich die Lebensqualität des betroffenen Individuums.
Autoimmunhämolytische Anämien
Authors: Gerber Bernhard , Schanz Urs , Stüssi Georg
Published: May 2010

Die Autoimmunhämolytischen Anämien (AIHA) sind seltene aber potentiell lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen, die einer raschen Abklärung und Therapie bedürfen. Die Diagnose wird durch den gleichzeitigen Nachweis einer Hämolyse und von antierythrozytären Autoantikörpern gestellt. Der wichtigste diagnostische Test in der Abklärung einer AIHA ist der direkte Antiglobulin Test (DAT, direkter Coombs-Test). AIHA können gemäß der optimalen Wirktemperatur der antierythrozytären Autoantikörper in AIHA vom Wärme- respektive vom Kältetyp und aufgrund ihrer Ätiologie in primäre oder sekundäre AIHA unterteilt werden. Da die AIHA nicht selten mit einer Grundkrankheit assoziiert ist, muss gezielt nach dieser gesucht werden, bevor von einer primären AIHA gesprochen werden kann. Die Therapie unterscheidet sich je nach Typ der AIHA. Bei den häufigeren Wärme-Antikörpern besteht die Erstlinientherapie neben der Behandlung der Grundkrankheit in der Gabe von systemischen Kortikosteroiden und in zweiter Linie in der Verabreichung des anti-CD20-Antikörpers Rituximab, der Gabe anderer Immunsuppressiva oder der Splenektomie. Die AIHA vom Kälte-Typ ist seltener und bedarf meist nur supportiver Maßnahmen (Vermeidung von Kälteexposition und Transfusion von Erythrozytenkonzentraten). Die paroxysmale Kältehämoglobinurie (PCH) ist heutzutage hauptsächlich eine infektgetriggerte Ursache kindlicher Hämolysen, während Medikamente weitere wichtige Auslöser autoimmunhämolytischer Anämien auch im Erwachsenenalter sind.
Klinisches Management einer Thalassämie beim erwachsenen Patienten
Authors: Tichelli André , Rovó Alicia
Published: May 2010

Die klinische Betreuung von Patienten mit einer Thalassämie hat sich in den letzten 40 Jahren dramatisch verändert. Mit zunehmendem Verständnis der Pathophysiologie der Erkrankung hat die Einführung einer modernen Transfusionsstrategie und einer konsequenten Eisenchelation die Lebenserwartung der Patienten wesentlich verbessert. Heute erreichen Kinder mit einer Thalassämie major die korrekt behandelt werden mehrheitlich das Erwachsenenalter. Folglich sind nun neue Spätkomplikationen zu erwarten. Die Betreuung eines Patienten mit einer symptomatischen Thalassämie benötigt eine hochspezialisierte multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit bei welcher der Hämatologe eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Gleichzeitig wird der behandelnde Arzt in der Praxis immer häufiger involviert. In diesem Manuskript haben wir uns auf die wichtigsten Aspekte der Komplikationen und deren Behandlung konzentriert, die bei erwachsenen Thalassämiepatienten auftreten: Es sind dies die Eisenüberladung, die Knochenerkrankung, die extramedulläre Blutbildung, die Hyperkoagulabilität, die gestörte Fertilität und die Probleme einer Schwangerschaft.
Die Bluttransfusion in der Behandlung der chronischen Anämie
Authors: Buser Andreas , Sigle Jörg , Halter Jörg
Published: May 2010

Die Bluttransfusion ist eine nicht kausale Therapieoption der symptomatischen Anämie. Seit der Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs im 17. Jahrhundert und der ersten Transfusion von Blut von Mensch zu Mensch 1818 war die Transfusion lange die einzige Möglichkeit, die periphere Sauerstoffversorgung zu verbessern. Die prätransfusionellen Untersuchungen bei Spendern und Empfängern und die daraus resultierende Verbesserung der Qualität der Blutprodukte haben die Sicherheit der Bluttransfusion massiv erhöht. Unerwünschte Transfusionsreaktionen sind somit im Laufe der Zeit deutlich zurückgegangen. Die kritische Indikationsstellung zur Transfusion hat zu einer Reduktion von Bluttransfusionen geführt; die Indikation für eine Transfusion von Erythrozytenkonzentraten bei einem Hämoglobin über 100 g/l wird heute nur noch äußerst selten gestellt, ein Hämoglobin von 70 g/l wird im klinischen Alltag immer mehr zum Transfusionstrigger beim Patienten ohne signifikante Komorbiditäten. Der – nach sorgfältig erfolgter Diagnostik – gezielte Einsatz von Erythropoiese stimulierenden Medikamenten ist heute eine außerordentlich wichtige Therapieoption und sehr gute Alternative bei Patienten mit chronischem Transfusionsbedarf.
Stellenwert der Erythropoietine in der Therapie der Anämie bei Tumorpatienten
Authors: Burger Sabine , Lehnert Martina , Ludwig Heinz
Published: May 2010

Erythropoese-stimulierende Proteine (ESPs) sind für die Behandlung bei Patienten mit Chemotherapie-induzierter Anämie zugelassen und führen bei etwa 60 – 70 % der Patienten zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der Hämoglobinwerte und zu einer signifikanten Reduktion des Transfusionsbedarfs. Eine deutliche Erhöhung niedriger Hämoglobinspiegel ist meist auch mit einer Verbesserung der Lebensqualität verbunden. Zu den wesentlichen Nebenwirkungen von ESPs zählen thromboembolische Komplikationen sowie, bei Einsatz im nicht zugelassenen Bereich, eine geringgradige Erhöhung des Mortalitätsrisikos, welches bei indikationsgerechtem Einsatz nicht beobachtet wird. Die Therapie sollte bei Hb-Werten von < 100 g/l eingeleitet und ein Zielwert von 120 g/l nicht überschritten werden.
Compliance, Konkordanz, Adhärenz
Authors: Urquhart John , Demonceau Jenny , Vrijens Bernard
Published: May 2010

Die ambulante Pharmakotherapie bei der Medikamenteneinnahme ist durch viele – meist abwärts weisende – Abweichungen von der verordneten Therapie gekennzeichnet. Stichhaltige zusammengetragene Daten über das Therapieverhalten gehen auf das Jahr 1977 zurück. Sie basieren auf dem elektronischen Messen von Datum und Uhrzeit medikamentöser „Ereignisse“: den Zeitpunkten des Medikamentenzugriffs, die es zuerst mit Augentropfenspendern für Glaukom-Arzneimittel gab. Elektronische Monitor Verpackungen für orale Medikationen stammen aus dem Jahr 1988. Seither haben die erweiterten Daten für viele Überraschungen gesorgt, da Nachweise der Abweichungen zwischen Verordnung und Realität die Klischeevorstellung ersetzt haben. Die wichtigsten Merkmale elektronischer Überwachung sind: Automatisches Speichern von Datum und Uhrzeit, objektive Daten und eine große Anzahl an Daten (60 / Std. gegenüber 2 – 12 / Jahr mit älteren Methoden), die einen Effekt der Tageszeit, des Wochentags und des Arztkittels („white coat“ effect) aufzeigen, was das Medikationsmanagement erleichtert und somit neue Wege zur Verbesserung der Betreuung eröffnet.
Pharmakogenetik, Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring und Non Compliance
Authors: Stieffenhofer Viktoria , Hiemke Christoph
Published: May 2010

Damit ein Medikament seine Wirkung entfalten kann, muss es den Wirkort und die Wirkstruktur in ausreichend hoher Konzentration erreichen und dort ausreichend lange verbleiben. Eine Ursache für unzureichendes Ansprechen kann ein zu niedriger Wirkspiegel sein bedingt durch mangelhafte Compliance des Patienten. Aber auch verminderte Bioverfügbarkeit oder beschleunigte Elimination des Medikamentes können ein Grund dafür sein. Um die Ursache eines zu niedrigen Wirkspiegels herauszufinden, sind Messungen der Plasmakonzentrationen – Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring (TDM) – und gegebenenfalls auch eine Genotypisierung nützliche Werkzeuge. Bei richtiger Anwendung kann damit der Grund für suboptimale Wirkspiegel identifiziert und somit in der Akuttherapie das Therapieansprechen verbessert und in der Erhaltungstherapie und Rückfallprophylaxe das Rückfallrisiko vermindert werden.
Nucleosome occupancy landscape and dynamics at mouse recombination hotspots
Authors: Getun Irina V , Wu Zhen K , Khalil Ahmad M , Bois Philippe R J
Published: May 2010

During meiosis, paternal and maternal homologous chromosomes recombine at specific recombination sites named hotspots. What renders 2% of the mammalian genomes permissive to meiotic recombination by allowing Spo11 endonuclease to initiate double‐strand breaks is largely unknown. Work in yeast has shown that chromatin accessibility seems to be important for this activity. Here, we define nucleosome profiles and dynamics at four mouse recombination hotspots by purifying highly enriched fractions of meiotic cells. We found that nucleosome occupancy is generally stable during meiosis progression. Interestingly, the cores of recombination hotspots have largely open chromatin structure, and the localization of the few nucleosomes present in these cores correlates precisely with the crossover‐free zones in recombinogenic domains. Collectively, these high‐resolution studies suggest that nucleosome occupancy seems to direct, at least in part, how meiotic recombination events are processed.
Electrical parameters of niobium-based overdamped superconductor-normal metal-insulator-superconductor Josephson junctions for digital applications
Authors: Febvre Pascal , Bouis David , De Leo Natascia , Fretto Matteo , Sosso Andrea , Lacquaniti Vincenzo
Published: May 2010

We have demonstrated superconductor-normal metal-insulator-superconductor Nb/Al–AlOX/Nb Josephson junctions developed with Al layer thicknesses between 30 and 100 nm, resulting in nonhysteretic current-voltage characteristics for critical current densities between 20 and 60 kA/cm2. Specific capacitances ranged from 180 to 480 fF/μm2, depending on temperature and of barrier deposition conditions. It is shown that the high capacitance seen by the junction depends on the Josephson junction barrier but only to a least extent on the parasitic environment. Although the specific capacitance is unusually high, Stewart–McCumber parameters from 1 to 3, at 4.2 K, optimum for digital single-flux-quantum applications were obtained without external shunting.
Highly-selective wettability on organic light-emitting-diodes patterns by sequential low-power plasmas
Authors: Svarnas P. , Yang L. , Munz M. , Edwards A. J. , Shard A. G. , Bradley J. W.
Published: May 2010

Patterned organic light-emitting-diode substrates were treated by oxygen (O2) and tetrafluoromethane (CF4) radio-frequency (rf, 13.56 MHz) plasmas of low-power (close to 1 W) that were capacitively-coupled. An unexpected wettability contrast (water contact angle difference up to 90°) between the indium-tin-oxide anode and the bank resist regions was achieved, providing excellent conditioning prior to the ink-jet printing. This selectivity was found to be adjustable by varying the relative exposure time to the O2 and CF4 sequential plasmas. Static contact angle measurements and extensive x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that the wetting properties depend on the carbon and fluorine chemical functional groups formed at the outermost surface layers, whereas atomic force microscopy images did not show a morphological change. Plasma optical emission spectroscopy and ion mass spectroscopy suggested that surface functionalization was initiated by energy transfer from ionic species (O+, O2+, CF+, CF2+, and CF3+) and excited neutrals (O∗ and F∗). The absolute ion fluxes measured on the substrates were up to 1014 cm−2 s−1 and the ion energies up to 20 eV, despite the low powers applied during the process.
A superspace formulation of Yang–Mills theory on sphere
Authors: Banerjee Rabin , Deguchi Shinichi
Published: May 2010

A superspace approach to the Becchi–Rouet–Stora–Tyutin (BRST) formalism for the Yang–Mills theory on an n-dimensional unit sphere S1n is developed in a manifestly covariant manner based on the rotational supersymmetry characterized by the supergroup OSp(n+1∣2). This is done by employing an (n+2)-dimensional unit supersphere S1n∣2 parametrized by n commutative and two anticommutative coordinate variables so that it includes S1n as a subspace and realizes the OSp(n+1∣2) supersymmetry. In this superspace formulation, referred to as the supersphere formulation, the so-called horizontality condition is concisely expressed in terms of the rank-3 field strength tensor of a Yang–Mills superfield on S1n∣2. The supersphere formulation completely covers the BRST gauge-fixing procedure for the Yang–Mills theory on S1n provided by us [R. Banerjee and S. Deguchi, Phys. Lett. B 632, 579 (2006); arXiv:hep-th/0509161]. Furthermore, this formulation admits the (massive) Curci–Ferrari model defined on S1n, describing the gauge-fixing and mass terms on S1n together as a mass term on S1n∣2.
Hamiltonians of quantum systems with positions and momenta in GF(pℓ)
Authors: Vourdas A.
Published: May 2010

A quantum system with positions and momenta in GF(pℓ) is considered. Such a system can be constructed from ℓ smaller systems, in which the positions and momenta take values in Zp, if the Hamiltonian of this ℓ-partite system is compatible with GF(pℓ). The concept of compatibility of a Hamiltonian with GF(pℓ) allows the quantum formalism in the ℓ-partite system to be expressed in terms of Galois arithmetic. Transformations of the basis in GF(pℓ) produce unitary transformations of the quantum states, which form a representation of GL(ℓ,Zp). They are used to define which subset of the general set of Hamiltonians in the ℓ-partite system is compatible with GF(pℓ).
Do nanomaterials form truly homogeneous alloys?
Authors: Eccles J. W. L. , Bangert U. , Bromfield M. , Christian P. , Harvey A. J.
Published: May 2010

The application of gold and silver nanoparticles to areas such as medical research, is based on optical properties which are a direct consequence of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurring at visible frequencies. The exact frequency of the SPR can be “tuned” by varying the relative concentrations of gold and silver within an alloy nanoparticle. The common practice of determining the frequency of alloy nanoparticles using techniques that average over the multiple particles such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy cannot detect variation in the composition of individual alloy nanoparticles. Here we demonstrate that by using electron energy loss spectroscopy the SPR can be determined for individual gold/silver alloy nanoparticles, for the purpose of determining the extent of their homogeneity. Importantly, we observe dramatic variation in SPR frequency between particles and even within the same particle, indicative of large variations in alloy composition.
Reversible electron-induced conductance in polymer nanostructures
Authors: Laracuente A. R. , Yang M. , Lee W. K. , Senapati L. , Baldwin J. W. , Sheehan P. E. , King W. P. , Erwin S. C. , Whitman L. J.
Published: May 2010

We report a mechanism for controlling conductance in polymer nanostructures. Poly(3-dodecylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (PDDT) nanostructures were directly written between gold electrodes using thermal dip pen nanolithography and then characterized in UHV. We find that the conductivity of a PDDT nanostructure can be increased by more than five orders of magnitude (from <10−4 to 10 S cm−1) by exposure to energetic electrons, and then repeatedly returned to a semi-insulating state by subsequent exposure to hydrogen. Based on systematic measurements complemented by calculations of electronic structure and electron transport in PDDT, we conclude that the conductance modulation is caused by H desorption and reabsorption. The phenomenon has potential applications in hydrogen sensing and molecular electronics.
Electrical transport properties and magnetoresistance of polycrystalline Fe3O4/p-Si heterostructures
Authors: Mi W. B. , Jiang E. Y. , Bai H. L.
Published: May 2010

Polycrystalline Fe3O4 films were deposited on the p-Si wafers using reactive sputtering to form the polycrystalline Fe3O4/p-Si heterostructures. A rectifying behavior was observed in the polycrystalline Fe3O4/p-Si heterostructures due to the formation of p-n junction between Fe3O4 and p-Si. The metal-insulator transition was observed, and the transition temperature decreases from 250 K at 100 mA to 110 K at 1 mA in the reverse range, but it keeps at 100 K in the forward range. The current-dependent magnetoresistance (MR) crossovers from negative to positive with different manners for the forward and reverse currents. The characteristic MR is thought to be caused by the rectifying effect and band structure of the Fe3O4 near the interface of the heterostructures.
Nanoscale simulations of directional locking
Authors: Koplik Joel , Drazer German
Published: May 2010

When particles suspended in a fluid are driven through a regular lattice of cylindrical obstacles, their average motion is usually not in the direction of the force, and in the high Péclet number limit, particles tend to lock into periodic trajectories along certain lattice directions. By means of molecular dynamics simulations we show that this effect persists for nanometer-sized particles and in the presence of molecular diffusion, provided the Péclet number is not very small. The main effect of diffusion is to smooth the sharp transitions between locking directions found in the convective limit and to suppress the higher-order locking directions. We show that trajectory locking is independent of the driving mechanism and qualitatively insensitive to the particle and obstacle size and spacing. The absolute roughness of the solid surfaces is found to be the relevant quantity in locking. We observe trajectory locking in all cases, and in particular in semidilute suspensions of particles of different sizes. The degree of locking varies with particle size, and therefore these flows can have application as a nanoparticle separation technique.
Electronic structure study of Li+/OH− modified single-walled carbon nanotubes by soft-x-ray absorption and resonant emission spectroscopy
Authors: Zhong Jun , Song Li , Chiou Jauwern , Dong Chungli , Liang Xianqing , Chen Dongliang , Xie Sishen , Pong Way-Faung , Chang Chinglin , Guo Jinghua , Wu Ziyu
Published: May 2010

Li + and OH− modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) treated with the LiOH water solution have been investigated by soft-x-ray absorption and resonant emission spectroscopy. A reconstruction of the band structure after hydroxyl modification and intensity changes between π and σ states in the resonant emission spectra are presented and discussed. A charge transfer induced valence state near Fermi level has been detected at the resonant excitation energy of 285.5 eV, which indicates the tuning of electronic properties of SWNTs by Li+ adsorption.
Transverse-optical phonons excited in Si using a high-numerical-aperture lens
Authors: Kosemura Daisuke , Ogura Atsushi
Published: May 2010

We demonstrate excitation of transverse-optical (TO) phonons in a strained-Si on insulator (SSOI) by using a high-numerical-aperture oil-immersion lens. Using this technique, the TO phonons are excited, even under the (001) Si backscattering configuration. The wave numbers of the TO phonons in SSOI thus excited are different from that of the longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon. This result indicates the coefficients of Raman wave number shift and biaxial stress are different in the LO- and TO-phonon modes. The excitation of the TO phonons allows us to study stress tensors in Si.
A differential dual spin valve with high pinning stability
Authors: Han G. C. , Qiu J. J. , Wang C. C. , Ko V. , Guo Z. B.
Published: May 2010

A differential dual spin valve (DDSV) is very promising for ultrahigh linear density recording. The antiparallel magnetization configuration of two reference layers in a DDSV has been realized by using a double synthetic antiferromagnetic coupling structure (SAF) in one spin valve and a single SAF in the other. A high pinning field has been obtained using a double SAF with a magnetically balanced structure. The observed resistance transitions at low fields can be ascribed to the inconsistent switching of two free layers. By forming a strong ferromagnetic coupling between two free layers, a consistent switching is achieved.
Freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farming affects sediment and pore-water chemistry
Authors: Rooney Rebecca C. , Podemski Cheryl L.
Published: May 2010

Marine aquaculture has come under scrutiny, whereas little is known about the nature and extent of the effects of cage aquaculture in freshwater. We describe the development of changes in sediment and pore-water chemistry caused by an experimental Oncorhynchus mykiss farm located in freshwater Lake 375 (Experimental Lakes Area, north-western Ontario, Canada) during its first two production cycles along a distance transect from the cage. Significant changes in sediment chemistry were quick to develop; pore-water ammonia was elevated under the cage after 1 month and sediment nutrients were elevated 1 month later. The effects on the benthic environment were spatially localised, although variables responded to different extents. Within 16 months, nutrient concentrations in surface sediment reached an asymptote, whereas concentrations of metals and ammonia continued to increase. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations under the cage reached levels that exceed sediment quality guidelines and may cause adverse biological impacts. An anti-fouling coating applied to the net pen was the major source of Cu, whereas Zn originated also from fish feed. Ammonia and pH are recommended for inclusion in monitoring programs because they were sensitive to fish farming and are biologically relevant. We also suggest inclusion of Cu and Zn in monitoring programs at farms with treated nets.
Management implications of juvenile reef fish habitat preferences and coral susceptibility to stressors
Authors: DeMartini Edward E. , Anderson Todd W. , Kenyon Jean C. , Beets James P. , Friedlander Alan M.
Published: May 2010

In the Hawaiian Archipelago, shelter-dependent juvenile stages of many reef fishes and their coral habitats are increasingly put at risk by multiple anthropogenic stressors (e.g. overfishing and habitat loss, coral bleaching and sedimentation, respectively). We assessed coral bleaching (to identify relative susceptibility among growth forms) and the use v. availability of structurally complex and simple corals by juvenile reef fishes in Hawai'i. We use these data in a model that identifies habitats and resource species for managing reef fisheries and conserving coral habitats. Many juvenile reef fishes preferentially inhabit rugose corals. The economic and ecological importance of these fishes varies from those with little value to others, such as highly prized parrotfishes that also serve as ecological engineers. Coral species also differ in their relative susceptibility to anthropogenic and natural stressors – more structurally complex corals tend to be more susceptible to stressors. Our model relates the economic and ecological valuations of fish resources with specific preferences of fish juveniles for corals of varying susceptibility, testing the prediction that risk should co-vary among species of corals and fishes. Managers should use such a model when prioritising habitats and resource species for conservation.
Patterns of variation in the consonantal phonology of Hong Kong English
Authors: Sewell Andrew , Chan Jason
Published: May 2010

This paper examines inter-speaker phonological variation within a mini-corpus of spoken Hong Kong English. The study focuses on consonantal features, and indicates that variation in the use of these features follows patterns that are implicational or hierarchical in nature. The findings are presented in the form of an implicational scale, in which the use of a particular feature by a speaker implies the use of other features by that speaker. The implicational patterns are discussed with reference to the intelligibility characteristics of the features and possible developmental pathways among L2 users. The possible relevance of the findings for areas of study such as the description of new varieties of English is also considered, with particular regard to pedagogical applications.
Believe-type raising-to-object and raising-to-subject verbs in English and Dutch
Authors: Noël Dirk , Colleman Timothy
Published: May 2010

The so-called ‘raising-to-subject’ pattern that verbs of the type believe can occur in is usually treated as the passive alternative for the so-called ‘raising-to-object’ pattern. In addition to broadening the empirical basis for the opposite claim that the English and Dutch raising-to-subject (or ‘nominative and infinitive’) patterns have a special functionality which is different from that of the passive construction, this paper specifically examines the stronger proposition that this has always been the case. It empirically investigates whether this proposition holds equally well for English and Dutch through a comparison of the frequencies of believe-type raising-to-object and raising-to-subject patterns in two diachronic corpora. The methodology makes use of Distinctive Collexeme Analysis.
Linking social axioms with indicators of positive interpersonal, social and environmental functioning in Iran: An exploratory study
Authors: Joshanloo Mohsen , Afshari Samaneh , Rastegar Parviz
Published: May 2010

Social axioms are people's general beliefs about how the world functions and always involve the relationship between two conceptual entities. Social axioms have been proposed as a construct that can be useful in helping researchers interpret cultures and explain people's behaviors in different cultural contexts. Despite the growth of studies on social axioms in various countries, no effort has been made so far to investigate specifically the relation between social axioms and indicators of interpersonal, social, and environmental functioning. To fill this gap, this exploratory study sought to examine the relation between social axioms and a set of variables indicating positive interpersonal, social, and environmental functioning (namely, gratitude, connectedness to nature, social participation, perspective‐taking, and empathic concern) in a sample of 303 Iranian university students. Findings showed that reward for application, religiosity, and social complexity significantly predicted gratitude when sex was controlled for. Social complexity and reward for application significantly contributed to explaining the variance in connectedness to nature over and above sex. Social cynicism and social complexity also predicted perspective‐taking significantly after controlling for sex. Social axioms were not successful in predicting social participation and empathic concern. Overall, it is possible to conclude that the findings support the utility of social axioms in predicting interpersonal, social, and environmental functioning. That is, generalized beliefs about oneself, the social and physical environment, or the spiritual world are associated with individuals’ interpersonal, social, and environmental functioning in this Iranian sample.
Government-Sponsored Iranian Medical Students Abroad (1811–1935)
Authors: Azizi Mohammad Hossein , Azizi Farzaneh
Published: May 2010

The first Iranian to study medicine abroad was sent to Britain by the Iranian government in 1811, during the early decades of the Qajar period (1796–1925). The second student was sent to France in 1815, along with four other students. Another group of five students, including the third student of medicine, was sent to France in 1845. Forty-two others, including five medical students, were dispatched to France in 1858. Most members of the latter group were among the first graduates of Tehran Dar al-Fonun (House of Techniques) School. Then, in 1928, during Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign (1925–41), a special act was passed by the Iranian parliament (Majlis) according to which the Ministry of Education would send 100 students abroad annually for higher education at the government's expense. The practice was suspended in 1935 with the advent of the Second World War. Between 1928 and 1935, a total of 640 students, including 125 medical students, were sent abroad. The majority of the medical students (84 percent) were sent to France. Most of these medical graduates returned to Iran and in subsequent years played a significant role in further propagation of modern medical knowledge in the country. The paper presents a brief historical account of the conditions of public health and medical education between 1811 and 1935 as well as biographical sketches of some of the best-known or most influential medical figures among these graduates.
Introduction: Tales of Power
Authors: Beard Michaell
Published: May 2010

We used to feel we knew what it meant to say "Iran." We could imagine that cat-shaped territory and visualize a single culture more or less contained by its boundaries. Whatever its fabled diversity, we could imagine a national character shaped by its geography and see its literature as a reasonably direct, unmediated transcription of the national character, a spiritual secretion emerging spontaneously, organically from the national soil. But what do we do with the culture that has been refracted through the events of 1979? Now we are faced with a subject which refuses to be defined by the map—a country whose writers are in large numbers (even more than in the shah's time) living overseas, whose patterns of life at home are molded by a peculiarly distorted version of a popular culture which we have never really had to study as a serious political phenomenon.
The Cow: A screenplay
Authors: Sa'edi Gholamhosayn
Published: May 2010

The chief characters of the story:

Mashd Hasan

Eslam

Kadkhoda

Mashd Jabbar

Mashd Safar's son

Abbas

Esma'il

Musorkheh [Redhead]

Hasani

Mashd Baba

Mashd Zaynal

Mashd Hasan's wife

Abbas's sister

Naneh Khanom

Naneh Fatemeh

Three Purusis

The other inhabitants of the village

Men, women, and children

Bayal. Squat mud huts, twisting alleys. And the village center, a large pool of nothing but stagnant water. And by the pool, an earthen platform; this is the village teahouse. All the alleys lead to the pool. The area surrounding the pool is the public meeting place.
Power, Prudence, and Print: Censorship and Simin Danashvar
Authors: Milani Farzaneh
Published: May 2010

Censorship has been as much a part of Iran's literary history as betrayed love, bewitched lovers, and broken love affairs. In other words, it began long before the establishment of the "Imperial Printing Office" during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (ruled 1848-1896).

In earlier times some dissident writers were forced to lick off the ink from pages of their writings. Others had their mouths filled with gold or silver. Some were thrown in dungeons or seas. Others were exiled or executed.

Modern rulers have been no less adamant or imaginative in their methods of silencing opposition artists. "Mohammad 'Ali Shah had the two writers and orators, Malek-ol-Motakallamin and Sur-e Esrafil, hanged in the Bagh-e Shah Garrison, while he himself sat on the balcony facing the gallows and ate an entire plateful of rice and kabob as he watched." Farrokhi Yazdi (1889-1939) had his lips sewn together.
Hushang Golshiri and Post‐Pahlavi Concerns of the Iranian Writer of Fiction
Authors: Ghanoonparvar Mohammad R.
Published: May 2010

Most Iranian writers view Pahlavi rule over Iran (1921-1979) as a period of secular dictatorship. Many writers during the Pahlavi era responded to what they perceived to be an atmosphere politically repressive and restrictive on their artistic and social activities through the production of a significant amount of fiction, essays, and poetry which may, on the whole, be described as a literature of protest.

Hence, a major concern of Iranian writers since the first days of Reza Shah Pahlavi's rule has been how they could deal with government-imposed censorship of literary works and restrictions on social liberties.
The complexities of change: formative assessment in Scotland
Authors: Hayward Louise , Spencer Ernest
Published: May 2010

Plans for curriculum or pedagogical innovation often lead to little change in practice. Many innovations successful in their early stages fail later, with little post‐innovation analysis to understand why. In Scotland, in 2001, the Scottish Executive Education Department initiated the Assessment is for Learning (AifL) programme. Recognising problems in previous national attempts to improve assessment in Scotland, AifL attempted to explore ways in which an integrated and coherent system of assessment might be developed, with learning and learners at its centre. Two evaluations of the first phase of AifL indicated that the programme was having some impact. Changes in teachers' assessment practices were perceived to have been taking place, but questions remained about why practices were changing and what implications there might be for AifL as it was scaled up. This article offers an interpretative commentary on a study that sought to explore in greater depth issues raised in the two earlier evaluative studies of the AifL programme. While there is widespread recognition that meaningful change is a complex process, the article interrogates ideas of complexity. Finally, the article uses understandings of complexity to challenge simplistic ideas of scaling up projects and concludes that learning how to live with complexity is a necessary feature of designing models for change in classrooms, in schools and in wider educational systems.
Gliding across the liminal space between counsellor and counselling researcher: Using collective biography practices in the teaching of counselling research methodologies
Authors: Dalzell Ann , Bonsmann Christine , Erskine Deborah , Kefalogianni Maria , Keogh Katie , Maniorou Kalliopi
Published: May 2010

Aims: Drawing on their engagement in a specific collective biography research project, the co‐authors aim to demonstrate how the weaving together of creative story‐telling and the theory underlining collective biography practices resulted in an understanding of rhizomatic research methodologies from within the process. This paper aims to demonstrate one way in which research methodologies training can become more firmly embedded within counsellor training courses. Method: A collective of counselling students and a session tutor colleague used collective biography practices to research their memories of traversing the liminal space between ‘counsellor’ and ‘counselling researcher’. Alongside the resulting collective stories, a collaborative review of the research process examined our chosen ways of working within the project. Outcomes: Engaging in collective biography practices resulted in an experiential shift from ‘learning to do counselling research’ to ‘becoming counselling researchers’. Weaving together research processes and researcher reflexivity generated personal and professional learning. Ways in which these research methodologies complement core components of counselling training, within and beyond the teaching of research, were identified. Conclusions: Collective biography practices offer a way of introducing non‐arboreal creative research methodologies into counsellor training. Careful consideration of potential challenges surrounding the introduction of these practices is required.
‘A baptism of fire’: A qualitative investigation of a trainee counsellor's experience at the start of training
Authors: Folkes-Skinner Julie , Elliott Robert , Wheeler Sue
Published: May 2010

Background: Belief in the effectiveness of professional counselling and psychotherapy training is widespread and generally unquestioned. Few studies have attempted to understand the changes experienced by trainees, or identified which aspects of professional training programmes assist them in the process of becoming therapists. Aims: to investigate how a trainee counsellor changes at the start of training, and to identify which aspects of a professional counsellor training programme were helpful in instigating and supporting change. Method: the experience of one trainee counsellor, Margaret, was captured through three semi‐structured interviews conducted at the beginning, middle and end of her first term. The data were subjected to systematic qualitative analysis. Findings: Margaret experienced significant change during her first term. Each interview revealed a different phase of her development. The core categories were: becoming something new (week 3); growth in therapeutic confidence (week 6); surviving ‘stressful involvement’ through supervision (week 11). Experiential learning, in particular group supervision, was helpful throughout. The presence of real clients was identified as the main driver for change. Conclusion: The findings were found to be consistent with a number of other studies, which suggest that training is potentially painful because of the emotional demands it places on trainees, particularly at the start of practice. Consequently trainees require opportunities for experiential learning, peer support and supportive supervision to assist them in their development, but most importantly, given that supportive supervision can only minimise the harm of stressful involvement (Orlinsky & Ronnestad, 2005), they need early positive experiences with clients.
Perceptual and response components in repetition priming of spoken words and pseudowords
Authors: Orfanidou Eleni , Davis Matthew H. , Ford Michael A. , Marslen-Wilson William D.
Published: May 2010

Two experiments explored repetition priming effects for spoken words and pseudowords in order to investigate abstractionist and episodic accounts of spoken word recognition and repetition priming. In Experiment 1, lexical decisions were made on spoken words and pseudowords with half of the items presented twice (∼12 intervening items). Half of all repetitions were spoken in a “different voice” from the first presentations. Experiment 2 used the same procedure but with stimuli embedded in noise to slow responses. Results showed greater priming for words than for pseudowords and no effect of voice change in both normal and effortful processing conditions. Additional analyses showed that for slower participants, priming is more equivalent for words and pseudowords, suggesting episodic stimulus–response associations that suppress familiarity-based mechanisms that ordinarily enhance word priming. By relating behavioural priming to the time-course of pseudoword identification we showed that under normal listening conditions (Experiment 1) priming reflects facilitation of both perceptual and decision components, whereas in effortful listening conditions (Experiment 2) priming effects primarily reflect enhanced decision/response generation processes. Both stimulus–response associations and enhanced processing of sensory input seem to be voice independent, providing novel evidence concerning the degree of perceptual abstraction in the recognition of spoken words and pseudowords.
Internal Facial Features are Signals of Personality and Health
Authors: Kramer Robin S. S. , Ward Robert
Published: May 2010

We investigated forms of socially relevant information signalled from static images of the face. We created composite images from women scoring high and low values on personality and health dimensions and measured the accuracy of raters in discriminating high from low trait values. We also looked specifically at the information content within the internal facial features, by presenting the composite images with an occluding mask. Four of the Big Five traits were accurately discriminated on the basis of the internal facial features alone (conscientiousness was the exception), as was physical health. The addition of external features in the full-face images led to improved detection for extraversion and physical health and poorer performance on intellect/imagination (or openness). Visual appearance based on internal facial features alone can therefore accurately predict behavioural biases in the form of personality, as well as levels of physical health.
Proximity and Precedence in Arithmetic
Authors: Landy David , Goldstone Robert L.
Published: May 2010

How does the physical structure of an arithmetic expression affect the computational processes engaged in by reasoners? In handwritten arithmetic expressions containing both multiplications and additions, terms that are multiplied are often placed physically closer together than terms that are added. Three experiments evaluate the role such physical factors play in how reasoners construct solutions to simple compound arithmetic expressions (such as “2 + 3 × 4”). Two kinds of influence are found: First, reasoners incorporate the physical size of the expression into numerical responses, tending to give larger responses to more widely spaced problems. Second, reasoners use spatial information as a cue to hierarchical expression structure: More narrowly spaced subproblems within an expression tend to be solved first and tend to be multiplied. Although spatial relationships besides order are entirely formally irrelevant to expression semantics, reasoners systematically use these relationships to support their success with various formal properties.
Beyond ß: Lessons Learned from Implementation of the Department of Veterans Affairs Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prevention Initiative
Authors: Garcia-Williams Amanda G. , Miller LaToya J. , Burkitt Kelly H. , Cuerdon Timothy , Jain Rajiv , Fine Michael J. , Jernigan John A. , Sinkowitz-Cochran Ronda L.
Published: May 2010

To describe the key strategies and potential pitfalls involved with implementing the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative in a qualitative evaluation, we conducted in-depth interviews with MRSA Prevention Coordinators at 17 VA ß sites at 2 time points during program implementation.