bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of hatchability dynamics (CAHD) of eggs in selected hatcheries in Ibadan metropolis
Authors: Dauda T. O. , Omotoso S. O. , Ojuade V. A. , Ojuade V. A. , Akinwale M. K.
Published: February 2021

We carried out this study to evaluate the plausibility of the representativeness of time series analysis results using egg hatchability data from 2 selected hatcheries: Bronco and Foresight hatcheries, Oluyole, Ibadan (both at Latitude 7º 23´ N and Longitude 3º 82´ E). The initial summary statistics of egg variables showed that in Bronco hatchery, the quantity of eggs set peaked (14935.53) in the months of November but lowest (11298.91) in the months of March. However, variance of eggs set in the months of September was highest (41018287) but lowest (1613430) in the months of March. The quantity of fertile eggs ranged between 10216.96 (March) and 13527.58 (November). Total number of chicks produced was highest (11966.15) in the months of November and lowest (9265.86) in the months of March. The time plot of egg set for hatching returned an unconditional cyclic variance and similarly with egg transferred. Although, total eggs hatched into chicks had different time plot pattern but it was also an unconditional cyclic variation. The Jarque-Bera (JB) statistics returned for egg set, egg transferred, total chicks hatched and ratio for Bronco hatchery are 1654.92, 1011.46, 38.721 and 57.855, respectively, while that of foresight hatchery are 25.038, 27.006, 235.897 and 365.734, respectively. The acf(x …x ) of the egg variable presented a wider value than that of acf of (x …x ) for foresight hatchery hence, the acf (x …x ) =(x …x ) could not be said to be strictly stationary. However, the acf of the x …x presented a cyclical and reducing acf like the original acf hence, (x …x ) =(x …x ). The acf of the ratio of egg set to total chicks hatched gave cyclical but reducing trend for both Bronco and Foresight hatcheries. These trends were also maintained for the x …x hence xtk+h …x = x …x . TheARIMAmodel of the ratio of the egg hatchability variables has the least corrected akaike information criteria nd Bayesian Information Criteria hence it could be adjudged the most parsimonious.
Physico-chemical composition of feed grade cassava peel meal fermented with different levels of baker's yeast
Authors: Obasi I. U. , Obasi E. N. , Ezeokeke C. T. , Etuk E. B.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical composition of cassava peel meal fermented with varying levels of baker's yeast. Fresh cassava peels (CPM) were milled and divided into four groups and each group was randomly assigned toAngel baker's yeast at 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, respectively. Each group (0.00%, 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60%) was further divided into four subgroups and each subgroup again randomly assigned to 0- hours, 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours fermentation duration, respectively in a 4x4 factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design (CRD). The treated CPM samples were thereafter sundried, analysed for proximate and gross energy composition as well as Bulk density (BD) and water holding capacity (WHC). Results from this study indicated a significant (p
Fatal post-parturient diarrhoea in a nursing cow transported to Akinyele International Cattle Market, Ibadan, Nigeria: A case report
Authors: Adeyemi I. G.
Published: February 2021

A pregnant cow of Kuri breed, estimated age of six years old with second calving was transported on land from Maiduguri, Borno state Nigeria. The journey took four days to the Akinyele International Cattle Market. The pregnant cow calved immediately on arrival at the market. A week after calving, the nursing cow was offered for sale and slaughter. The nursing cow and the calf were purchased and put under intensive medical and management care of an experienced cattle stockman in the market. The nursing cow became diarrheic on the second week of arrival at the market. Clinical examination by visual observation revealed projectile watery faeces, stained hindquarter and the pair rectal sterile swab samples were collected. Though the temperature and pulse rate were within the normal range. Standard bacteriological faecal culture of the rectal swab incubated overnight at 370C in selenith F- broth, Nutrient and blood agars at 370C for 24 hours were done, revealing heavy mixed growth of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Bacillus species. Identification of colonies were based on morphology, gram staining, cultural and biochemical characteristics. In-vitro Antibiotic sensitivity testing on discrete colonies of bacteria faeces were done, using agar- Disk diffusion method. The E. coli, Klebsiella and Bacillus species were sensitive to ciprofloxacin® (10μg) and pefloxacin® (30μg). Sulfanol® (sulphadimidin) a broad spectrum antibiotic was administered immediately intramuscularly at 333mg in 3ml per 10kg for four days. Defaecation of the nursing cow stopped for two days after treatment. On the third day of the treatment, the faeces became pasty but the cow died overnight despite the good response to therapy.
Prediction of body weight from linear body measurements in Japanese quail
Authors: Dudusola I. O. , Adeyemi E. A. , Oyeromi O. F.
Published: February 2021

A total of 168 two-weeks-old Japanese quail chicks of mixed sex were used to study the relationship between Body weight and linear measurements in Japanese quail. Data were collected on body weight, body length, body girth, wing length, shank length and drumstick length fortnightly for eight weeks to predict body weight. Data were subjected to SAS for analysis. The mean body weights were 38.31, 81.12, 121.38 and 132.15g, respectively. Body weight gain increased as the birds advance in age and the highest body weight gain was between week 2 and week 4. Female birds were significantly (P< 0.05) heavier than male. Body weight had a positive correlation with all linear body measurements at week 2 except for drumstick length. The best correlation was obtained between body weight and body girth at the 2nd week of age (0.82) (P< 0.05). The estimates of coefficient of determination which ranged from 0.0043 to 0.68 and predictive equations show that body weight in Japanese quail is linearly related to body measurements especially with body girth and body length. The study showed that Body girth and Body length could be used as criteria for assessment and early selection of Japanese quail for body weight.
Ameliorative effects of Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) juice on survival, performance and lipid peroxidation status of heat-stressed broiler chickens
Authors: Jimoh A. A. , Ahmed A. , Agaie B. M. , Umaru M. A , Ibrahim A. , Jelani I. , Suleiman N. , Jibril A. H. , Ibitoye E. B.
Published: February 2021

Heat stress is highly detrimental to the wellbeing of broiler chickens especially at the finisher stage (4-8 weeks) of production. Ameliorative effects of watermelon juice (WJ) supplement were investigated over three weeks period to monitor survival, performance and lipid peroxidation of finisher broiler chickens raised during hot season. Proximate and phytochemical analyses of the WJ were conducted. Then, one hundred five-week-old broiler chickens of 0.9kg average body weight were allotted into 4 groups- (Control, Test 1, Test 2 and Reference) each in 3 replicates in a completely randomised design. The control group received non-supplemented water, the test groups (T1 and T2) received 20% and 40% WJ respectively, and the reference group (RG) received 200mg of ascorbic acid (AA) /litre of water. Data were analysed using one way ANOVA. The results showed that relatively high survival rates were recorded in the test (T1: 84.0%, T2:100.0%) and reference (RG: 80.0%) groups compared to the control group (CG: 36.0%). Feed intake and weight gain improved significantly (p<0.05) in all the supplemented groups. The best ameliorative effects of the WJ on weight gain (1.60kg/b), Feed Conversion Ratio (0.90), survival rate (100%) and malodialdehyde (MDA) concentration (3.25) were obtained at 40% supplementation level (T2) compared to other treatments. In conclusion, WJ effectively alleviated negative impacts of heat stress in the finisher broilers at 40% supplementation level. Its supplementation is therefore recommended for broiler chickens to minimise economic loss commonly encountered in the tropical regions where extreme ambient temperature is a major constraint to poultry production.
Evaluation of maize-yam peel meal based diets supplemented with exogenous cocktail enzymes on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and metabolisable energy in finisher broiler chickens.
Authors: Oguntoye M. A. , Samuel T. , Usman I. , Ahmed A. , Maikano Y.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of maize and yam peels meal based diets with and without enzyme supplementation on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens at finisher phase. One hundred and eighty (180), one day-old broiler chicks were fed six diets in two groups. The experiment was arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental layout of two levels of enzyme (0g/100kg diet and 50g/100kg diet) and three levels of yam peels inclusion (0kg, 15kg and 30kg). Each treatment was replicated 3 times consisting of 10 chicks per replicate. The experiment lasted 4 weeks. Main effect of graded levels of yam peel meal and enzymes supplementation on growth performance of starter broiler chickens showed significant (P ? 0.05) influence on final weight, total weight, total weight grain and daily weight grain. Birds fed 0% YPM recorded higher statistical value of 2549.00g for final weight. Interaction effect of YPM and enzyme showed significant (<0.05) effect on growth performance of finisher broiler chickens. Final weight, total weight gain and daily weight gain were significantly (<0.05) influenced by interaction of YPM and enzyme. Birds fed control diet (T1 ) recorded higher significant (P<0.05) values for final weight of comparative level. Least value of 2220.00g was recorded for final weight in the birds fed 15% YPM without enzyme (T2 ). Varying levels of YPM as a partial replacement for maize had no significant (P>0.05) effect on nutrient digestibility. Higher values were recorded for birds fed 0% inclusion level of YPM across the parameter determined with the exception of ether extract and ash. Inclusion of YPM with enzyme supplementation had significant (P<0.05) interaction effects on percentage dry matter digestibility, crude protein digestibility and crude fibre digestibility. Dry matter digestibility decreased with increased level of YPM with or without enzyme. Inclusion of yam peels meal up to 30% level of replacement for maize with or without enzyme supplementation could be recommended for appreciable nutrient digestibility and improved growth performance of finisher broiler chickens.
Performance, carcass, organs, haematology and serum biochemical indices of rabbits fed graded levels of mulberry leaf meal in replacement of soybean meal
Authors: Olajide R. , Garus-Alaka A. W.
Published: February 2021

This study examined the nutritional value of Mulberry leaf meal (MLM) as substitute for soybean meal (SBM) at graded levels. Forty cross-bred young rabbits of mixed sexes used for the study were purchased from a reputable farm in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. The animals were balanced for the initial weight and randomly allocated to five experimental dietary treatments of 8 rabbits per treatment. There were 4 replicates of 2 rabbits per replicate. The rabbits were provided with pelletized experimental diets and clean water ad libitum for 2 weeks pre-experimental period and thereafter for 8 weeks during which data were collected. Five (5) diets containing 0 (0.00% MLM, control), 25 (1.25% MLM), 50 (2.50% MLM), 75 (3.75% MLM) and 100% (5.00% MLM) as replacement for SBM were formulated and contained ME ranging from 2617 – 2661 kcal/kg and crude protein ranging from 15.01 – 16.00%. The average daily weight gain (8.71 g/R/d) obtained in control was similar to 8.03 g/R/d (25.00% MLM), and both significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 6.75 g/R/d (50.00% MLM), 6.73 g/R/d (75.00% MLM) and 5.98 g/R/d (100.00% MLM). The average daily feed intake (60.08 g/R/d) obtained in animals fed the control diet reduced (P < 0.05) to 53.44 g/R/d (25.00% MLM), 53.44 g/R/d (50.00% MLM), 55.36 g/R/d (75.00% MLM) and 51.52g/R/d (100.00% MLM) respectively. Cost of feed per kg live weight gain were ? 471.39 (0.00% MLM), ? 396.80 (25.00% MLM), ? 459.52 (50.00% MLM), ? 454.67 (75.00% MLM), and ? 473.24 (100.00% MLM). The percentage dressed weight, head, feet, shoulder, loin, thigh and fore legs were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. The highest dressed weight (55.12%) was obtained in rabbits fed 0.00% MLM-based diet compared with 45.51, 46.32, 50.28 and 44.88% respectively in animals fed 25.00, 50.00, 75.00 and 100.00% MLM. All the organs (heart, lung, kidney and stomach) except the liver were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. All haematological (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell and red blood cell); and serum (glucose and total protein) metabolites except albumin investigated were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. It was concluded that MLM can economically replace 75% SBM (5%) in growing rabbits' diets; but 25% (1.25%) level of substitution was the cheapest and most economical level with no deleterious effects on carcass and health status of the animals.
Organosomatic indices and histopathological response of Clarias gariepinus fed Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) meal diets
Authors: Adewole A. M.
Published: February 2021

In the study, the effects of different dosages of Hibiscus sabdariffa meal diets on the organosomatic indices and histopathology of organs (n=20) of juvenile Clarias gariepinus was evaluated. The fish with initial mean weight and length: 10.94±0.02g and 10.28±0.04cm were stocked in triplicates per treatments. The fishes were fed twice daily at 5% body weight, for 12 weeks. Six isonitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein were formulated and coded as Hibiscus sabdariffa meal1 (SM1Control), Hibiscus sabdariffa meal 2 (HSM2), Hibiscus sabdariffa meal 3 (HSM3), Hibiscus sbadariffa meal 4 (HSM4), Hibiscus sbadariffa meal 5 (HSM5) and Hibiscus sabdariffa meal 6 (HSM6), respectively. Organosomatic indices such as cardiosomatic index (CSI), Hepatosomatic index (HIS), Renalsomatic index (RSI), Visceralsomatic index (VSI), Cerebrosomatic index (CBSI) and Fat deposit index (FDI) of the fish were measured using standard methods. Histopathological examinations of the organs were carried out following routine laboratory techniques. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at á 0.05. The result revealed asignificant differences in all the orgaosomatic indices except VSI within the treatments and control. The histopathological examinations of the liver of C. gariepinus revealed a gradual changes from mild to moderate and severe diffuse hepatic vacuolar degenerations as the concentrations of H. sabdariffa meal diets increased. The intestine showed a mild stunted gastric villi in fish fed HSM4 diet which had the highest growth data not shown. The study revealed that the consumption of unnecessarily high dose of H. sabdariffa for a long period should be taken with caution, despite the improved growth performance observed. Further studies on the effect of processing cum detoxification of the Roselle in fish as an animal model should be undertaken.
Growth performance of broiler birds fed varying dietary levels of artemisia annua (sweet wormwood)
Authors: Ani A. O. , Iyida D. U. , Ogwuegbu M. C. , Osita C. O. , Edeh H. O.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to investigate the growth performance of broiler birds fed varying dietary levels of Artemisia annua. A total of 90 broiler chickens (Arbor Acre strain) were used. The study lasted for eight weeks. At the starter phase, 90 fourteen-day old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five groups and fed starter diets containing five levels of A. annua (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g per kg of diet, respectively). At the finisher phase, 90 forty-two-day old finisher broilers were randomly allocated to five groups and fed finisher diets containing five levels of A. annua (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g per kg of diet, respectively). Each group was replicated three times with six birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Parameter measured includes body weight, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The result of the proximate composition showed that Artemisia annua leaf meal contained 10.50% moisture, 26.27% crude protein, 5.00% crude fibre, 9.60% ash, 2.00% ether extract and 46.63% nitrogen-free extract. The result showed that at the starter phase, the inclusion of varying levels of A. annua in the starter diets had significant (p < 0.05) effect on the final body weight (FBW) of birds. Birds fed diet 2 (diet containing 50g of A. annua per kg diet) had significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight (FBW) value (1115.00g) than those fed diet 5 (diet containing 200g of A. annua per kg of diet) which had FBW value of 915.00g. Dietary treatments had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on average daily feed intake (ADFI), total weight gain (TWG), average daily weight gain (ADWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficient ratio(PER) of the birds. At the finisher phase, significant (p < 0.05) differences existed among treatments in ADWG, TWG, FBW and ADFI. Birds fed diet containing 50 g A. annua per kg diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher ADWG, TWG and FWG values than those fed the control diet. However, no significant (p > 0.05) differences existed among treatments in FCR and PER. It is concluded that A. annua leaf meal can be included in the diet of starter and finisher broilers at 200g per kg of diet without any deleterious effect on the growth performance of birds.
Air-dried neem leaf extract: effects on the growth performance and blood profile of broiler chicken
Authors: Egbeyale L. T. , Ijaduola O. A. , Sogunle O. M. , Sonibare A. O. , Ayo-Ajasa O. Y. , Adeleye O. O. , Adewole F. A.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous extract of air-dried neem leaves on growth performance and blood profile of broiler chickens. One hundred and sixty (160) broiler chicks were used for the experiment and were intensively managed. The chicks were randomly assigned into four treatment groups administered, 30, 40 and 50mLs of 4% aqueous neem leaf extracts and defined as T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Growth parameters (daily weight gain, feed intake, water intake and feed conversion ratio) and both haematological and serum indices were measured. Data were subjected to One-way Analysis of Variance and significant means were separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 95% probability. Result showed a significant (p<0.05) influence of aqueous neem leaf extract on feed conversion ratio only at starter phase. The birds on 50 mLs aqueous neem leaf extract had poorest (1.58) feed conversion ratio while best (1.48) values were observed from those in the control and 40 mLs. It also showed that neem leaf extracts had no significant (P>0.05) effect on all the haemetaological parameters and serum indices at both starter and finisher phases. It was concluded that the use of air-dried neem leaf extract can be adopted as a replacement to antibiotics in broiler chicken production without any adverse effect on their growth performance and blood status.
Quality of ensiled Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) at varying proportions with sweet potato peels for ruminant production in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Lamidi A. A. , Akhigbe J.
Published: February 2021

Quality of ensiled Panicum maximum with different proportion of sweet potato peels for ruminant production was studied. Panicum maximum (PAM) were harvested at 4-week regrowth, chopped to 2-3 cm, wilted and ensiled with sweet potato peel (SPP) at different proportions (%) to have seven experimental treatments: T1 (100 PAM/ 0 SPP); T2 (90 PAM/ 10 SPP); T3 (80 PAM/ 20 SPP); T4 (70PAM/ 30 SPP); T5 (60 PAM/ 40 SPP; T6 (50 PAM/ 50 SPP); T7 (40 PAM/ 60 SPP). Bamma bottles (960mL) were used as laboratory silos. Each treatment had three replicates in completely randomize design. The ensiled materials were kept for 270 days. Physical characteristics, chemical composition and fiber fractions were examined. The colour observed were yellowish-green to olive-green, while the aroma was mild sweet in all the treatments except T3 and T6 with 20% and 5% mouldiness, respectively. Firm texture was recorded for all the treatments, while the pH values ranged from 2.9 – 3.7. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in DM, CP, CF, ash, NFE, NDF, ADF and NFC except ether extract. There was no significant (P>0.05) different in the Ca, P, Na and Mg content of the silage. The value of Fe and Zn was significantly different (P<0.05) and ranged from 165.7 – 169.2 mg/kg and 22.30 – 23.70 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the 24hrs gas production, methane production (CH4), short chain fatty acid (SCFA), organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME), while similar (P>0.05) value was recorded for dry matter digestibility(DMD) and fermentation efficiency (FE) across the experimental treatments. The qualities recorded for the experimental treatments at the end of 270 days ensiled period, showed that the silage of Panicum maximum with different proportions of sweet potato peel especially T4 (70 PAM/30 SPP) could sustain ruminant production especially during the dry season.
Growth response and cost benefits of growing pigs to different herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry
Authors: Njoku C. P. , Fasakin A. O. , Ayano T. R. , Aweda F. T. , Amaihian O. O. , Apata S. D. , Mobolaji O. O. , Fakokunde E. O.
Published: February 2021

This study was carried out to investigate growth performance and cost benefits of growing pigs on different herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry. Fifty-four, 8 weeks old Large White breed of pigs with an average body weight of 15.33±0.2 kg were randomly assigned to nine treatments with each treatment consisting of three replicates of two pigs each. Three diets containing different herbal-mix (Control diet without herbal-mix, moringa-basil meal diet, neem-basil meal diet) were formulated and fed to the pigs for sixteen weeks duration of the study. The moringa-basil and neem-basil leaf meals mixtures were in the ratio of 10 to 2; that is ten percent (10%) moringa or neem to two percent (2%) basil. Parameters determined include growth indices and cost benefits. Data collected were subjected to two-way analysis of variance using SAS (2000). Pigs on control diet had the highest final weight (49. 44, 43.22, 40.67 kg) and daily weight gain (515.87, 401.59, 388.89 g/pig) and the best feed conversion ratio (3.56, 4.59, 4.23) when compared to the values documented for pigs on ration containing different herbal-mix feed additives. The least total feed cost and revenue per pig were noted for pigs on neem-basil dietary treatment while the highest values were documented for pigs on control ration. Homogenous light weight pigs had higher feed intake and total feed cost per pigs when compared to other values noted for pigs on other treatment groups. Heterogeneous weight pigs recorded better feed conversion ratio, lower feed cost per kilogram weight gain and higher gross margin values when compared to the values noted for their homogenous counterparts. It can be concluded from this study that performance indices of growing pigs were affected by the dietary inclusion of herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry. Hence, herbal-mix leaf meals can be integrated into growers ration in order to lower production cost, likewise,unevenly weight growing pigs can be managed together in order to obtain higher production efficiency in terms of feed intake and cost of production.
Haematology and serum biochemical profile of Kalahari Red goats reared in the hothumid south-west Nigeria
Authors: Okwelum N. , Mustapha W. , Oluwatosin B. O.
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and haematological profiles of Kalahari Red goats reared in the tropical environment. The Kalahari Red goats were imported into Nigeria from South Africa by the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria. The study was carried out on fifty animals of both sexes. The animals were managed under semi-intensive system where they were allowed to go out and graze on paddocks during some part of the day and brought back to the pens in the evening. The goats were fed with concentrate and grazed on sown pastures of Chloris gayana and Stylosanthes amata. Water Rwas given ad-libitum. The serum biochemical analysis was determined using Randox analysis kits. The sex of each animal was noted and recorded. The packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were determined as haematological parameters while total protein, albumin, globulin, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were determined in serum analysis. The results showed that there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in all the haematological parameters determined across sex. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in total protein and albumin across sex of which the mean values were higher in the female goats. The value of the mean total protein in the female goats was 5.93±0.88 while the value was 5.31±0.23 in the male goats. It can be concluded that sex did not have any influence on the haematology but had association on only the protein component of the serum biochemistry. This result obtained can be used as a reference value for Kalahari Red goats reared in the tropics and under similar nutrition.
Proximate composition and phytochemical screening of coffee weed (Senna occidentalis ) leaves as phytobiotic additive in poultry diets
Authors: Omoikhoje S. O. , Obasoyo D. O. , Okosun S. E. , Uwaya J. I. , Adamu I. A. , Idahor E. F.
Published: February 2021

The proximate and phytochemical screening of Senna occidentalis were carried out to assess some nutrients and phytobiotic properties of the leaves. The fresh leaves were thoroughly rinsed, sparsely spread on jute mat and dried at room temperature for 6 – 7 days until they became crispy, thereafter they were milled and subjected to proximate and phytochemical analyses. Data showed that the leaves had low moisture (9.35 9.35%), high crude protein (21.88 21.88%), crude fibre, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extract (NFE) , of 19.72, 16.88, 9.70 and 22.47% respectively. The phytochemicals positively present were cardiac glycosides, phenols, flavols, flavonols and alkaloids, while saponnins were largely present. From the results, Senna occidentalis leaf meal can be a potential source of vegetable protein and some vital mineral elements as supplements to poultry feeds. Besides, the high levels of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents present in the sample which are known to promote growth by enhancing nutrient utilization, repair of worn out tissues and disease control could make Senna occidentalis leaves worthy of being a phytobiotic additive in poultry diets.
Blood components and growth indices of West African dwarf goats fed various levels of boiled rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed meal
Authors: Udo M. D. , Ahamefule F. O. , Ibeawuchi J. A. , Eyoh G. D.
Published: February 2021

Growth, haematological and biochemical components of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks fed various inclusion levels of boiled rubber seed meal (Hevea brasiliensis) were investigated in this study. Sixteen WAD bucks aged 6-7 months were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments (0-30%) of boiled rubber seed meal (BRSM). Each treatment has four bucks with a buck as replicate, in a completely randomised design. The experiment lasted for 56 days. Average daily feed intake (g) were 417.90; 428.93; 322.00 and 288.10 for diets A, B, C and D, respectively. Corresponding average daily weight gain (ADWG) were 31.69; 53.92; 46.62 and 34.64 with feed/gain ratio being least (6.90) for goats fed diet C (20% BRSM) which did not differ (P>0.05) significantly from animals fed diet B (7.95 BRSM). Apart from blood cholesterol, all haematological and biochemical parameters were not influenced by dietary treatments. Though all the inclusion levels (10-30%) of boiled rubber seed meal were safe as feed for WAD goat, diet B of 20% inclusion of boiled rubber seed meal enhanced best performance and is therefore recommended for use in formulating supplementary diet for WAD goat.
Phenotypic correlation of linear type measurements and functional type traits in two Nigerian cattle breeds
Authors: Yahaya H. K. , Abare E. A. , Nwagu B. I.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of linear measurements and linear type traits in two breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Observations on linear type traits of 142 cows consisting of 89 Bunaji and 53 Sokoto Gudali breeds were scaled and scored thrice within a period of May to July, 2017. Live weight and nine body linear measurements (Height at Rump-HR, Height at Withers-HW, Body Length-BL, Length of Hip-LH, Rump Length-RL, Width of Hips-WH, Width of Pins-WP, Chest Depth-CD, and Chest Width-CW) and eight linear type traits scores (Stature-ST, Body Depth-BD, Rump Width-RW, Teat Length-TL, Udder Depth-UD, Body Condition Score-BCS, Rear Legs Set (side view), and Fore Udder Attachment) were also measured. Result showed significant (p<0.05) difference for HW (129.61±0.31), BL (107.87±0.32), LGT (85.37±0.34), RL (40.04±0.17) and CW (35.07±0.28) for Bunaji cows which were higher than HW (127.65±0.40), BL (104.02±0.51), LGT (82.22±0.40), RL (37.87±0.91) and CW (30.04±0.29 cm), respectively for Sokoto Gudali cows. The highest live weight was obtained with Sokoto Gudali (230.61 kg) which differed significantly (p<0.05) from the Bunaji cows (219.05 kg). Phenotypic correlation result showed that cumulative index had the highest correlation with body length (0.684) in Bunaji cow and highest correlation with width of pins (0.790) in Sokoto Gudali cows. Live weight had the highest correlation with height at withers (0.701) in Bunaji cows, and highest correlation with chest depth (0.823) in Sokoto Gudali cows. In conclusion, there were considerable variations observed for some body measurements, linear type and functional indices and type trait scores between Bunaji and Sokoto Gudali cows, which indicated clear genetic distinction between them.
Feeding value of defatted cashew kernel as an alternative protein source in broiler diets
Authors: Akande T. O. , Gbadamosi F. A.
Published: February 2021

This study was carried out to determine chemical composition of defatted cashew kernel cake (CKC) and cashew kernel oil (CKO), assess performance characteristics and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets containing two grades of CKC. In the study, 210, one-day old Arbor acre broiler chicks which were stabilized on commercial diets (23% CP and 2900kcal/kgME) for 2 weeks before introduced to the seven experimental diets were used. The experiment was laid out in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement which consisted of a control treatment without CKC while treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7consisted of 33.33%, 66.67% and 100% replacement of groundnut cake (GNC) with grade I and grade II CKC  respectively. Digestibility trial was carried out at the end of eighth week of the study. Data on performance attributes and coefficient of nutrient digestibility were collected and analysed using a general linear model of SAS. The results of proximate composition showed no substantial difference in dry matter, crude protein, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate except ether extract. Caloric content in CKC was slightly higher than GNC. Both physical and chemical properties of the defatted cashew oil were similar to that of groundnut. The performance traits measured in terms of body weight gained, total feed intake and feed conversion were significantly (P<0.05) different across the treatments with birds on CKC showing superior performance than birds on GNC diet with 17.72% and 13.35% higher BWG in grade I and II respectively. Fat deposition was notably (P<0.05) higher in birds on CKC diets. Digestibility of nutrients indicated that the dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibility were significantly (P<0.05) affected across the treatments by the inclusion of CKC in the diets, while the Ash and NFE digestibility were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced. Economically, the use of CKC reduced the heightened cost of production by 9.1%. It can be concluded that grade I CKC could completely and favourably replace GNC in diets of chicken to improve growth, feed efficiency and to reduce the cost of feed per unit egg.
Influence of sire on internal egg quality and linear body traits of Japanese quail raised in the humid tropical environment
Authors: Obi O. C. , Obike O. M. , Oke U. K. , Orji A. C. , Onunkwo D. N.
Published: February 2021

A total of 270 pedigreed-hatched day old chicks of three strains of Japanese quail generated from a base population of 36 adultswere used in a randomized complete block design to estimate the influence of sire on the internal egg quality and linear body traits of the birds. Parameters measured were internal egg quality traits - albumen height, yolk height, albumen weight, yolk weight, albumen diameter, albumen length, yolk width, yolk length, yolk index, and haugh unit, and growth traits - body weight, thigh length, breast length, body length, keel length, wing length, and shank length. Results showed that linear bodyparameters were significant (P<0.05) except body weight at week 9. Panda white x Cinnamon brown (PWxCB) progenies out-performed the progenies of the other strains mainly at week 9. The PWxCB strain had the highest values in the following: body weight (159.30), thigh length (4.76), breast width (7.40), body length (11.94), keel length (6.77), and shank length (3.44). The haugh unit value was significantly (P< 0.05) different among the three strains mainly at week 8 with CBxCB strain having higher value of (89.07) followed by PWxCB strain (89.03). The phenotypic correlations between the linear body parameters andinternal egg quality traits in Cinnamon brown x Cinnamon brown (CBxCB) strain were significant (P<0.01) in keel length and yolk weight (0.534) and between shank length and yolk weight (0.473) at week 9. For PWxCB strain, high significant (P<0.01) correlation were seen between shank lengthand albumen length (0.631) at week 8, body weight and yolk index at week 9. Silver brown x Cinnamon brown (SBxCB) strain also showed high positive significant (P<0.01) correlation between shank length and yolk weight (0.541), breast width and albumen weight (0.537) and between body length and albumen weight (0.625) at week 9.These positive correlations imply that by direct selection for any linear body trait for increased meat production, there will be a remarkable genetic improvement in the internal egg quality trait. It can be concluded that PWxCB is a strain of choice for improved growth and internal egg quality characteristics.
Performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs fed varying levels of beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.) hull in replacement for maize (Zea mays LINN)
Authors: Olajide R. , Asaniyan E. K. , Aro S. M. , Olusegun O. B.
Published: February 2021

Sixty (60) grower-finisher pigs (Landrace x Large white) were used to investigate the nutritional value of beniseed hull (BSH) as substitute for maize on performance, carcass, and organs characteristics of the experimental animals. Five experimental diets were formulated by incorporating BSH into basal diet to replace maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; designated as T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The experimental pigs were individually weighed and assigned to five dietary treatments of three replicates of four animals each in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed for 2 weeks pre-experimental period and thereafter for ten weeks during which data were collected. Feed cost per kg live weight gain (? 668.67) of the animals fed 0% BSH significantly (P<0.05) reduced to ? 620.06 (25% BSH), ? 527.24 (50% BSH), ? 509.74 (75% BSH) and ? 456.73 (100% BSH). The bled weight, scald weight, eviscerated weight, dressing percentage, bacon, fore hock, hind hock and tail were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The biggest liver weight (2.27g/kg) obtained in the animals fed the control diet (0% BSH) reduced significantly (P<0.05) to 2.20 (25% BSH), 1.91 (50% BSH), 1.76 (75% BSH) and 2.00 (100% BSH). Variations obtained in the kidney weight (0.40 g/kg) of the experimental animals fed with 25% BSH-based diets were similar (P>0.05) to 0.38 g/kg in the control (0% BSH) with both significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 0.36 (50% BSH), 0.36 (75% BSH) and 0.32 (100% BSH), respectively. Beniseed hull (BSH) poses no health challenge to the pigs used in this study. There were reductions in the cost/kg and cost of feed per kilogram live-weight gain with increasing levels of BSH in the diets, the lowest being at 100% level of substitution; beniseed hull could economically and safely replace maize in pig's diets up to 100% level.
Growth performance, blood parameters and production cost of broiler chickens fed dietary sweet orange peel meal diets with and without enzyme addition
Authors: Sunmola T. A. , Tuleun C. D. , Oluremi O. I. A.
Published: February 2021

The growth performance, blood parameters and production cost of two hundred and fifty two (252) Abor acre plus broiler chickens fed sweet orange peel meal (SOPM) with and without enzymes were investigated. The experimental diets consist of control (T ), maize was 0 replaced with SOPM at 15, 20 and 25 % without exogenous enzymes to form T , T and T 1 2 3 respectively, and another supplemented with exogenous enzyme to form T , T and T 4 5 6 respectively. The birds were randomly allocated to seven treatment groups replicated three times to have 12 birds per replicate and were fed experimental diet ad-libitum for eight weeks. Result showed that broiler chickens fed control diet (T ) had significantly (P<0.05) 0 higher final weight (FW) of 2.44kg, weight gain (WG) of 42.91, feed intake (FI) of 86.53, better feed conversion ratio (FCR)of 2.01 and protein conversion ratio (PCR)of 0.44 compared to other dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed T and T had significantly 1 4 (P<0.05) higher final weight of 1.98 and 1.98 kg, weight gain of 34.69 and 34.71 g and feed intake of 78.35 and 81.63 g respectively while significantly (P<0.05) least values of 1.75 and 1.80 kg final weight, 30.73 and 31.49 g weight gain and 69.47 and 71.84 g feed intake respectively were recorded in broiler chickens fed T and T . Haematological indices namely: 2 5 PCV, RBC, WBC and Hb were not significantly different (P>0.05) but MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes, heterophil, eosinophil and monocytes differed significantly (P<0.05). Serum biochemical indices namely total protein, albumin, globulin and uric acid were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the experimental diets. Though, there was no detrimental effect of SOPM and enzyme on production cost as profit was made at all replacement levels of SOPM with and without enzyme treatment, but profit per bird (N) and cost to benefit ratio revealed the superiority of the broiler chickens fed control diet (T ). Based on the results obtained, 0 SOPM can replace maize up to 25 % without posing any deleterious effect on the broiler chickens growth performance, blood parameters and production cost. However, the cost to benefit ratio was compromised with the use of SOPM.
Characterization of carbohydrate fractions of cassava plant meal and its utilization by growing pigs
Authors: Akinfala E. O. , Amusan K. O. , Adeyemi M. A.
Published: February 2021

This research was carried out to evaluate the carbohydrate fractions of Cassava Plant Meal (CPM) and its utilization by growing pigs. CPM was prepared from milled sun-dried unpeeled cassava tuber plus leaves plus tender stems mixed in ratio 2.5:1. The proximate and carbohydrate fractions of CPM were determined. The CPM was included in the diets of growing pigs to replace maize at 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % levels corresponding to T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Twenty growing crossbred (Large White x Hampshire) pigs (10 .0 + 0.5 Kg) were used for the growth trial which lasted eight weeks. The proximate composition showed that CPM had 9.77 % crude protein, 5.35 % crude fibre, 3.38 % ether extract, 4.40 % ash and 65.70 % nitrogen free extract. The starch content of CPM was 1.91 % while the non-starch polysaccharides were 22.32 % for neutral detergent fibre, 10.96 % for acid detergent fibre, 4.15 % for lignin, 11.36 % for hemicelluloses and 6.81 % for cellulose. The final body weight, average daily gain and feed to gain ratio were higher in pigs fed all the CPM diets (p >0.05). However, daily feed intake of the pigs increased (p <0.05) with increasing levels of CPM in the diets. It can be concluded based on the findings in this study that CPM was low in starch, higher in soluble non starch than insoluble non starch polysaccharide with proximate values similar to that of maize. Also, CPM could replace maize completely in the diets of growing pigs without any deleterious effects on the growth response. The inclusion of CPM to replace maize could also lead to reduction in feed cost per kilogram gain of growing pigs
Microbial population and blood parameters of West African dwarf goats fed scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) as additive
Authors: Adebayo K. O. , Aderinboye R. Y, , Sanwo K. A. , Oyewusi I. K. , Isah O. A.
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out to determine the rumen microbial population and blood parameters of 20 West African dwarf goats fed Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) as additive in a concentrate supplement. The goats were divided into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 andT4) with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Four concentrate supplements were formulated to contain scent leaf at levels 0,5,10, and 15g/kg DM. Panicum maximum was the basal diet. Chemical composition of scent leaf and the diets were determined. Rumen fluid and blood were collected from the goats before and after the experiment to determine microbial population and blood parameters. Results showed that scent leaf has moderate crude protein of 10.61% and rich in tannin, saponin and oxalate. At the end of the experiment, bacteria and protozoa counts were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the experimental diets, however there was a reduction in their values. Fungi count was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the diets and their values reduced as the level of scent leaf in the diets increased. The highest count (0.35×106 cfu/ml) was obtained at T1 (control) and the lowest value (0.05×106cfu/ml) obtained in goats fed 15g/kg DM scent leaf (T4). Red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin values increased at the end of the study and were significantly (p<0.05) highest (15.03×1012/l, 36.50% and 13.32g/dl respectively) in goats fed T3 (10g/kg DM of O. gratissimum). Serum urea and cholesterol levels were significantly lowest in goats fed T3 and T4. Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values were reduced by the experimental diets. It can therefore be concluded that scent leaf can be included in the diet of West African dwarf goats up to 10g/kg DM for improved RBC, PCV and Hb, and regulation of serum enzymes, urea and cholesterol levels
Digestive fate of transgenic DNA and protein in livestock tissues fed genetically modified feed ingredients: A review
Authors: Salisu I. B. , Amin A. B. , Ali Q. , Tijjani A. , Ibrahim A. A.
Published: February 2021

The digestive fate of ingested transgenic DNA and/or proteins in livestock fed a diet containing genetically modified (GM) feed is at present the topic of scientific discussion. A number of studies have investigated the possible transfer and accumulation of novel DNA and/or proteins from transgenic plants in tissues samples of various livestock species, but the data reported are sometimes controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential transfer and accumulation of transgenic DNA/ proteins from transgenic feed ingredients to livestock through reviewing scientific publications on experimental studies in large and small ruminants, monogastric and fish. Most of the studied experiments were conducted in Europe, and in majority these experiments, transgenic maize or soybean, or both, expressing insect resistant or herbicide tolerant or combination of both, were fed to the experimental animals. More than 50% of the experimental studies evaluated, reported the detection of transgenic DNA/protein from a number of analyzed samples of various livestock species. Transgene detection either in form of DNA or protein was more prevalence in the experimental studies when monogastric animals or fish were used as the experimental animals. Although, these transgenes were also detected in the tissues, organs and products of large and small ruminants, yet the detection frequency was less when compare with that in non-ruminants and fish. Thus overall, findings from this study indicated that transgenic DNA is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion and that DNA fragments could be detected by well-established detection methods such as PCR or qPCR in a number of organs and tissues of livestock animals.
Performance characteristics of rabbits fed some wild evergreen forages
Authors: Ukorebi B. A. , Gboshe P. N. , Meremikwu V. N.
Published: February 2021

A ten-week trial was conducted to examine the effect of feeding four wild forages (Daniella oliveri, Sarcopcephalus latifolia, Vitex doniana and Ficus thoningii) on the performance characteristics of rabbits; the four forages constituted treatments 1 – 4, respectively. Twenty four unsexed rabbits of mixed breeds aged, between four and five weeks with average weight of 514g were used for the study. The animals were randomly allotted to the four treatments, each with three replicates of two rabbits per replicates. The parameters measured were, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass parts and organs weights. The results o the proximate composition especially crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) were within the ranges of 15-30% CP and 20-45% CF respectively as recommended for optimum performance of rabbits. The results of the performance generally showed positive growth response as all the forages had potentials for supporting rabbit growth. The live weight gain and feed intake of experimental rabbits were significantly different (P<0.05). However, feed conversion ratio was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the treatments. No health hazards of any nature were encountered throughout the experiment which may imply that these forages apart from supporting growth may also be medicinal. From the results, the best of the forages, viewed from the performance perspective, appears to be Ficus thoningi, which suggests that it may have supplied adequate nutrients that may be lacking in grassland pastures in the dry season, it is therefore recommended for feeding of growing rabbits.