bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperação e integração regional em saúde na América do Sul: a contribuição da Unasul-Saúde
Authors: Buss Paulo Marchiori , Ferreira José Roberto
Published: June 2011

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o processo de integração da América do Sul na área da saúde, desde a constituição da União de Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul), em maio de 2008, até o surgimento do Conselho de Saúde da Unasul, em 2009, e seu ulterior desenvolvimento no último ano (2009-2010). Este estudo é de caráter descritivo e o meio de investigação foi o estudo de caso. Apresentam-se os principais elementos constitutivos da Agenda de Saúde Sul-Americana, com especial destaque para a área de desenvolvimento e gestão de recursos humanos em saúde, que esteve sob a coordenação do Brasil no último ano. Os autores concluem que esse intercâmbio contribuirá para minimizar as assimetrias entre os países, colaborando para a melhoria das condições de vida e saúde da região.
Organização de redes regionalizadas e integradas de atenção à saúde: desafios do Sistema Único de Saúde (Brasil)
Authors: Silva Silvio Fernandes da
Published: June 2011

O artigo refere-se às causas da segmentação/fragmentação na atenção à saúde e aos benefícios da integração e constituição de redes para racionalizar gastos, otimizar recursos e promover uma atenção condizente com as necessidades dos usuários. Tem como principal objetivo analisar os desafios presentes no Sistema Único de Saúde para promover uma melhor integração entre os serviços e organizar redes. Entre os desafios abordados, destacam-se os relacionados à insuficiência de recursos decorrentes do baixo financiamento público, aos processos de formação e educação e seus reflexos na disponibilização dos profissionais para o sistema público e às dificuldades inerentes à descentralização de ações e serviços de saúde no contexto do pacto federativo brasileiro. O artigo conclui que, além de esforços para enfrentar esses desafios, a organização de redes regionalizadas e integradas no SUS depende de aperfeiçoamento na gestão intergovernamental nas regiões de saúde para qualificar a pactuação de responsabilidades entre as esferas de governo e de qualificação da atenção primária à saúde para coordenar o cuidado e ordenar sua continuidade nos outros níveis do sistema.
La sostenibilidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud en España
Authors: Martín José Jesús Martín , González Maria del Puerto López del Amo
Published: June 2011

El Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) español presenta problemas de sostenibilidad derivados de deficiencias en su diseño institucional y de gobierno, agravadas por la crisis económica que padece. La crisis económica mundial ha tenido una repercusión especialmente virulenta en España, caracterizada por altos niveles de desempleo y de deuda pública y privada. Las políticas de ajuste fiscal emprendidas pueden deteriorar el SNS significativamente. Junto a problemas de financiación general, la fuerte descentralización territorial de competencias sanitarias en las Comunidades Autónomas no ha sido acompañada de un marco eficaz de coordinación sanitaria a nivel de Estado. El SNS adolece de problemas en sus reglas de gobierno, su sistema de financiación autonómica, las políticas de recursos humanos y la diversidad de formas de gestión directa e indirecta que funcionan en las distintas Comunidades Autónomas. Una estrategia de reformas en el gobierno de la sanidad española debe articularse en el marco de una revisión más amplia de las políticas públicas que permita estabilizar las líneas de defensa del Estado del Bienestar. En el ámbito del sector sanitario se debe mejorar su sistema de financiación y desarrollar cambios institucionales para aumentar la eficiencia.
Atenção primária em saúde: um estudo multidimensional sobre os desafios e potencialidades na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (SP, Brasil)
Authors: Heimann Luiza Sterman , Ibanhes Lauro Cesar , Boaretto Roberta Cristina , Castro Iracema Ester do Nascimento , Telesi Júnior Emilio , Cortizo Carlos Tato , Fausto Márcia Cristina Rodrigues , Nascimento Vânia Barbosa do , Kayano Jorge
Published: June 2011

Este artigo apresenta resultados de estudo de caso na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (SP) desenvolvido no âmbito de estudo multicêntrico na Argentina, no Brasil, no Paraguai e no Uruguai. O objetivo é analisar a Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) como estratégia para alcançar sistemas integrais e universais. A abordagem metodológica se pautou em cinco dimensões de análise: condução política; financiamento; provisão; integralidade e intersetorialidade. As técnicas incluíram revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e entrevistas com informantes-chave: gestores, especialistas, usuários e profissionais. Os resultados foram organizados em função dos desafios e das possibilidades da APS como estruturante do sistema segundo as cinco dimensões. Das entrevistas emergiram: distintas interpretações do conceito e papel da APS e o consenso como porta de entrada do sistema; debilidades no financiamento; desafios na gestão do trabalho e a necessidade de novo desenho jurídico-institucional para a gestão regional. Como potencialidades: a extensão de cobertura/universalidade, base da organização do sistema, na vinculação com o território e na compreensão das especificidades da população.
Dioxin-induced changes in epididymal sperm count and spermatogenesis
Authors: Foster Warren G. , Maharaj-Briceño Serena , Cyr Daniel G.
Published: June 2011

A single in utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on gestation day 15 decreased epididymal sperm count in adult rats and thus was used to establish a tolerable daily intake for TCDD. However, several laboratories have been unable to replicate these findings. Moreover, conflicting reports of TCDD effects on daily sperm production suggest that spermatogenesis may not be as sensitive to the adverse effects of TCDD as previously thought. We performed a PubMed search using relevant search terms linking dioxin exposure with adverse effects on reproduction and spermatogenesis. Developmental exposure to TCDD is consistently linked with decreased cauda epididymal sperm counts in animal studies, although at higher dose levels than those used in some earlier studies. However, the evidence linking in utero TCDD exposure and spermatogenesis is not convincing. Animal studies provide clear evidence of an adverse effect of in utero TCDD exposure on epididymal sperm count but do not support the conclusion that spermatogenesis is adversely affected. The mechanisms underlying decreased epididymal sperm count are unknown; however, we postulate that epididymal function is the key target for the adverse effects of TCDD.
Influência de fatores sociossanitários na qualidade de vida dos idosos de um município do Sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Pereira Renata Junqueira , Cotta Rosângela Minardi Mitre , Franceschini Sylvia do Carmo Castro , Ribeiro Rita de Cássia Lanes , Sampaio Rosana Ferreira , Priore Silvia Eloiza , Cecon Paulo Roberto
Published: June 2011

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as condições sociossanitárias e o impacto das delas na qualidade de vida de idosos residentes no município de Teixeiras (MG), na região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram aplicados dois questionários: um criado especificamente para caracterizar a população quanto às características sociossanitárias, e o WHOQOL-bref para avaliar a qualidade de vida. A associação entre as características sociossanitárias e os escores de qualidade de vida foi analisada por meio de análises de regressão logística. Dentre as variáveis mais fortemente associadas aos escores de qualidade de vida destacaram-se: utilização de medicamentos, necessidade de cuidados médicos, ausência de cobertura por plano de saúde privado, presença de comorbidades, problemas do sono e aposentadoria. Os resultados do estudo apontam os fatores sociossanitários citados como fatores de risco para baixos escores de qualidade de vida no idoso, o que deve ser considerado ao se estabelecerem estratégias e políticas voltadas a esse grupo populacional.
Quem acessa o Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil? Aspectos do fornecimento público de medicamentos
Authors: Santos-Pinto Cláudia Du Bocage , Costa Nilson do Rosário , Osorio-de-Castro Claudia Garcia Serpa
Published: June 2011

Em 2004, o Governo federal lançou o Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil, que surge como uma inovação para a política pública de assistência farmacêutica através da adoção do copagamento como estratégia de ampliação do acesso a medicamentos. O trabalho analisou o modelo inicial do Programa, baseado na implantação das unidades de dispensação de medicamentos. Os dados foram obtidos por entrevistas com atores-chave, análise documental e registros de atendimentos. A análise permitiu identificar a origem da população que utiliza o Programa e descrever o perfil de utilização dos medicamentos dispensados. Os resultados demonstraram grande expansão da rede e do número de atendimentos. Observou-se grande demanda por parte dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Do ponto de vista do pacto federativo, o Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil reedita o modelo de compra centralizada de medicamentos essenciais, que, na lógica do sistema público descentralizado, está sob responsabilidade de provisão dos estados e municípios. As evidências apontam para problemas com a provisão descentralizada, principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, fazendo com que a população usuária do SUS recorra ao PFPB para provisão dos medicamentos que não logram obter nas unidades públicas de dispensação.
A confusão de línguas e os desafios da psicanálise de grupo em instituição
Authors: Campos Denise Teles Freire , Campos Pedro Humberto Faria , Rosa Carlos Mendes
Published: June 2011

Este trabalho é uma reflexão sobre os desafios da psicanálise de grupo na instituição. O texto faz uma análise do contexto institucional desde a reforma psiquiátrica, que buscou o enfrentamento da exclusão social, como processo sociohistórico e simbólico que atinge a identidade do portador e a dos familiares. Assim, a relação entre o cuidado com o sofrimento e a assistência à exclusão é discutida sob o prisma da integração e da revalorização da dimensão clínica do tratamento. A distinção entre demanda, necessidade e desejo é retomada para apontar a importância de manter o sujeito portador no centro do modelo. Em seguida, examina-se a confusão de línguas entre psicanálise, psicoterapia e psiquiatria, apontando algumas das principais questões clínicas e sociais relativas ao atual fazer do analista. O presente trabalho se funda na reflexão sobre o trabalho de grupo em instituição, inspirada em atendimentos semanais a três grupos de pacientes de um CAPS, e coloca a transferência e a mediação grupal como dispositivos necessários para o trabalho em grupo. A psicanálise de grupo é sustentada como forma de elaboração do sofrimento psíquico, redirecionando a própria noção de sujeito.
Enfrentamento de estresse no trabalho: relações entre idade, experiência, autoeficácia e agência
Authors: Fontes Arlete Portella , Neri Anita Liberalesso , Yassuda Mônica Sanches
Published: June 2011

Este trabalho constitui um estudo descritivo que investigou as relações entre as estratégias de enfrentamento de estresse no trabalho e o estresse percebido, a idade, o cargo e a experiência de trabalho, mediadas pelas crenças de autoeficácia e de agência, entre 71 líderes de uma companhia. Método: o trabalho incluiu um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, de escalas de avaliação do grau de estresse percebido, do enfrentamento no trabalho, de crenças de autoeficácia e de agência. O grau de estresse percebido foi 7(0-10). As estratégias de controle foram frequentemente utilizadas (M = 3,73 ; DP = ,49), esquiva, algumas vezes (M = 2,07 ; DP = ,50), e manejo de sintomas, raramente (M = 1,86 ; DP = ,44). A autoeficácia foi moderada (3,23, DP= 3,37). Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre experiência de trabalho e autoeficácia (,27), autoeficácia e controle (,53), crenças de agência pessoal e controle e autoeficácia (,67 e ,57, respectivamente). A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que líderes com escores mais altos em estratégias de controle apresentaram escores mais altos em autoeficácia e agência. Conclusão: os resultados apontam o valor da experiência de trabalho, da autoeficácia e da agência para o envelhecimento e o enfrentamento dos estressores de trabalho, principalmente em tarefas que envolvem risco de vida, mostrando que as organizações deveriam valorizar sua mão de obra madura.
Vulnerabilidade social: o psicodiagnóstico como método de mapeamento de doenças mentais
Authors: Grana Leila , Bastos André G.
Published: June 2011

O presente estudo demonstra a experiência de trabalho em um Centro de Referência de Assistência Social do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um mapeamento de doenças mentais na população em vulnerabilidade social, através do processo de psicodiagnóstico, em caráter de estudo-piloto. Foram escolhidos três sujeitos como amostragem: uma mulher, uma adolescente e um menino. Foram analisados os fatores psicossociais, e os resultados revelaram que essa população está mais sujeita ao desenvolvimento de psicopatologias. O estudo demonstrou que a inserção do psicodiagnóstico pode contribuir como instrumento de diagnóstico da população. É necessário que haja interesse por parte das políticas públicas em ofertar os serviços de saúde à população para trabalhar com os fatores de risco socioemocionais de maneira satisfatória.
Princípios norteadores da prática psicológica na atencão básica: em busca da integralidade
Authors: Freire Francisca Marina de Souza , Pichelli Ana Alayde Werba Saldanha
Published: June 2011

A interdisciplinaridade é uma das principais estratégias empregadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para o oferecimento de serviços no setor público, especialmente os que envolvem os cuidados primários; nesse quadro, encontra-se a Psicologia. Este estudo busca verificar quais princípios servem de norte à prática dos psicólogos de João Pessoa, PB nos serviços de Atenção Básica à Saúde. Participaram 17 psicólogos, a maioria do sexo feminino, com idade que variava entre 23 e 58 anos (M=44; DP=11,8). Dos princípios norteadores à prática desses profissionais, levantados por meio de um questionário sociolaboral, emergiram três categorias temáticas: 1) os princípios e diretrizes do SUS, 2) os valores pessoais e 3) a concepção de saúde. Ademais, como condições influenciadoras, obtiveram destaque as questões referentes às experiências pessoais e profissionais anteriores. Diante disso, pôde-se verificar uma deficiência no conhecimento dos psicólogos diante das políticas públicas, em especial, no que tange ao SUS, o que demanda não só urgentes transformações em sua formação acadêmica mas também em seu envolvimento político frente às questões sociais e aos usuários.
Identificação do lactato mínimo de corredores adolescentes em teste de pista de três estágios incrementais
Authors: Sotero Rafael da Costa , Cunha Verusca Najara de Carvalho , Madrid Bibiano , Sales Marcelo Magalhães , Moreira Sérgio Rodrigues , Simões Herbert Gustavo
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Analisar a possibilidade de se determinar a velocidade de lactato mínimo (LM) em corredores adolescentes utilizando-se apenas três estágios incrementais. MÉTODOS: Onze indivíduos (13,7 ± 1,0 anos; 47,3 ± 12,1kg; 160,0 ± 1,0cm; 18,3 ± 1,8kg/m²) realizaram três testes de corrida em pista de atletismo em dias distintos: 1) desempenho de 3.000m (Vm3.000); 2) teste de LM que consistiu de um sprint de 500m para indução a hiperlactatemia, seguido de 10min de recuperação e seis séries de 800m em intensidades de 83, 86, 89, 92, 95 e 98% da Vm3.000; 3) teste de LM com três estágios (LMp3) semelhante ao protocolo anterior, porém, com três séries de 800m em intensidades de 83, 89 e 98% da Vm3.000. Durante o primeiro minuto de recuperação entre os estágios dos testes dois e três foram coletadas amostras de sangue para dosagem de lactato sanguíneo. Para determinação do LM foram empregadas: a) inspeção visual (LM) e b) função polinomial de segunda ordem para identificar o LM em seis estágios (LMp) e três estágios (LMp3). RESULTADOS: ANOVA demonstrou não haver diferenças entre as velocidades de lactato mínimo (m.min-1) identificadas pelos diferentes métodos (LM = 221,7 ± 15,4 vs. LMp = 227,1 ± 10,8 vs. LMp3 = 224,1 ± 11,2;). Altas correlações foram observadas entre os protocolos estudados e destes com a Vm3.000 (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível identificar a velocidade de corrida correspondente ao LM em adolescentes mesmo utilizando-se de apenas três estágios incrementais (LMp3).
Análise comparativa histopatológica entre a hérnia de disco contida e extrusa
Authors: Rodrigues Luciano Miller Reis , Rachell Thérèse Theodoro , Mader Ana Maria , Milani Carlo , Ueno Fabrício Hidetoshi , Pinhal Maria Aparecida da Silva
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Nosso estudo tem o objetivo de estudar as alterações histopatológicas, tais como neovascularização, infiltrado inflamatório, celularidade, apoptose, degeneração mucoide, alterações granulares e calcificação presentes nos tipos de hérnia (contida e extrusa), e também avaliar essas diferenças entre o núcleo pulposo e ânulo fibroso. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 65 discos lombares, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: hérnia extrusa com 25 casos, hérnia contida com 28 casos e 12 discos sem alteração degenerativa. Os fragmentos removidos foram separados em ânulo fibroso e núcleo pulposo. Foi realizada análise semiquantitativa por microscopia óptica das alterações histopatológicas. RESULTADO: Em relação aos parâmetros avaliados na análise comparativa entre ânulo fibroso e núcleo pulposo não houve variação estatística significativa entre os grupos, o que mostra que ambas as regiões são semelhantes. A hérnia extrusa apresentou maior proporção de infiltrado inflamatório e neovascularização. As alterações degenerativas não apresentaram uma variação significante conforme o tipo de hérnia. CONCLUSÕES: Na hérnia de disco há uma relação entre neovascularização, infiltrado inflamatório e o tipo de hérnia. Não há diferença histopatológica em relação à porção do disco intervertebral analisada.
Instrumentos de avaliação clínica e funcional em cirurgia da coluna vertebral
Authors: Falavigna Asdrubal , Teles Alisson Roberto , Braga Gustavo Lisbôa de , Barazzetti Daniel Ongaratto , Lazzaretti Lucas , Tregnago Aline Caldart
Published: June 2011

Alguns dos indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de coluna vertebral terão desfechos pós-operatório desfavoráveis, independente do êxito técnico. Esse insucesso gera aumento da morbidade e dos custos socioeconômicos. Sabe-se que fatores psicossociais interferem na impressão do sujeito. Com o propósito de identificá-los, tem-se estimulado a busca de preditores prognósticos por meio de instrumentos de triagem. Porém, a eleição do mais adequado pode ser difícil, já que existe um grande número de questionários. Entre os aspectos abordados por eles, podemos citar: incapacidade funcional, qualidade de vida, satisfação, dor, depressão, distúrbios do humor e atividade funcional. O trabalho objetiva revisar as particularidades, indicações e limitações dos instrumentos de avaliação do paciente com doença na coluna vertebral.
New Completion Methodology To Improve Oil Recovery and Minimize Water Intrusion in Reservoirs Subject to Water Injection
Authors: Sierra Leopoldo , East Loyd , Soliman M.Y.. Y. , Kulakofsky David
Published: June 2011

Implementing water injection during the early stage of a new reservoir's development is a process that is gaining popularity around the world. This is especially true in Saudi Arabia, where water injection is used both to improve oil recovery and to maintain pressure by placing short or long horizontal water-injection wells around the reservoir flanks.

For cases where water-injection wells are placed in reservoir flanks, some of the producing wells are perforated transverse to the water-injection wells to improve the oil recovery around the involved areas. For this specific exploitation strategy, there is a potential risk of water channeling from the injector to the producing well toe, which, once it happens, might jeopardize recovery efficiency.

For the referenced exploitation strategy, a new completion methodology is proposed that considers the placement of a fracture barrier at the toe of the producing well to delay water intrusion and improve recovery efficiency. This paper discusses the use of nonconductive barrier fractures and the benefits of the completion methodology, supported with extensive simulations for the different scenarios.
Practice and Understanding of Separate-Layer Polymer Injection in Daqing Oil Field
Authors: Yaning Liang , Shicheng Zhang , Xiaohan Pei , Hong Duan
Published: June 2011

Daqing oil field is one of the earliest to develop displacement technology by polyacrylamide (HPAM). One tonne of polymer can increase 100 to 120 tonnes of oil; the recovery increases from 40% (OOIP) to 50% (OOIP). In view of the geological and physicochemical characteristics, a series of technologies have been developed, such as polymer-flooding mechanism, productivity forecasting, proposal optimization, domestic excellent-quality polymer production, surface injection, downhole separate-layer injection, and separate-layer testing during injection. The oil field is characterized as a heterogeneous multilayer sandstone reservoir. During polymer flooding, separate-layer injection technology is also needed to mitigate the interlayer differences, enhance oil recovery, and improve the whole development effect.

After polymer flooding in main oil layers, polymer flooding in Daqing oil field turned to lower-permeability layers. To obtain a better displacement effect, the injected-polymer molecular weight is usually determined according to the injectivity of high-permeability layers. However, if polymer solution with the same molecular weight is injected in each layer, it will cause blockage in low-permeability layers. In order to solve this problem, a new technology is developed that can control both separate-layer polymer molecular weight and injection rate; the injection profile was improved greatly in later field applications.

This paper introduces the development and practice of separate-layer polymer-injection technologies, and presents the principle, string structure, and parameters of eccentric different-molecular-weight polymer-injection technology and its field applications in Daqing oil field.
Drilling Through Gas-Hydrate Sediments: Managing Wellbore-Stability Risks
Authors: Khabibullin T.. , Falcone G.. , Teodoriu C..
Published: June 2011

As hydrocarbon exploration and development moves into deeper water and onshore Arctic environments, it becomes increasingly important to quantify the drilling hazards posed by gas hydrates. To address these concerns, a 1D semianalytical model for heat and fluid transport in the reservoir was coupled with a numerical model for temperature distribution along the wellbore. This combination allowed the estimation of the dimensions of the hydrate-bearing layer where the initial pressure and temperature can dynamically change while drilling. These dimensions were then used to build a numerical reservoir model for the simulation of the dissociation of gas hydrate in the layer. The bottomhole pressure (BHP) and formation properties used in this workflow were based on a real-field case. The results provide an understanding of the effects of drilling through hydrate-bearing sediments (HBS) and of the impact of drilling-fluid temperature and BHP on changes in temperature and pore pressure within the surrounding sediments. It was found that the amount of gas hydrate that can dissociate will depend significantly on both initial formation characteristics and bottomhole conditions) namely, mud temperature and pressure). The procedure outlined in the paper can provide quantitative results of the impact of hydrate dissociation on wellbore stability, which can help in better design of drilling muds for ultradeepwater operations.
Novel Analytical Methods of Temperature Interpretation in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Muradov K.M.. M. , Davies D.R.. R.
Published: June 2011

Long (horizontal) completion intervals typically show a wide variation in the inflow distribution along their length because of either formation heterogeneity or (frictional) flow pressure losses. Monitoring of the inflow profiles in such wells is an important step in efficient reservoir management. Accurate temperature measurements [using distributed temperature sensors (DTSs), permanent downhole gauges (PDGs), or other forms of production logging] have become more widely available in recent years. Many published papers describe temperature sensing and its phenomenological interpretation, but few attempts have been made recently to develop a comprehensive mathematical basis for the analysis of downhole temperature behavior.

This paper presents a holistic, analytical, mathematical model for calculation of the temperature profile in horizontal wells producing liquids for reservoirs where thermal recovery methods are not being employed. The model presented in this paper rigorously accounts for (1) the Joule-Thomson (JT) effect, (2) convection, (3) transient fluid expansion, and (4) time-dependent heat loss to the surrounding layers.

A synthetic horizontal-well model has been built using a commercial, scientific simulator as a test bed to provide the data to allow evaluation of the efficacy of our novel analytical methods. Asymptotic analytical solutions have also been found for transient and steady-state flow. It has also been found possible, in addition to these constant-flow-rate solutions, to apply the well-known pressure-analysis solution techniques for the estimation of (1) thermal properties and (2) inflow profiling.

The methods proposed here can be applied to a wide variety of well completion types, flow conditions, and system properties. These methods form the basis for the calculation of oil-and water-flow phase cuts and distributions that are based purely on temperature measurements. Their use will further increase the potential applications of the modern downhole monitoring and control capabilities currently being installed in wells.
Three-Phase Equilibrium Study for Heavy-Oil/Solvent/Steam System at High Temperatures
Authors: Jia Na , Memon Afzal , Gao Jinglin , Zuo Julian Y. , Zhao Hongying , Ng Heng-Joo , Huang Haibo
Published: June 2011

Reservoir simulation and research activities of heavy oil production processes (steam-assisted gravity drainage, vapour extraction, or the steam/solvent combined hybrid process) require accurate values of equilibrium constants (K-values) at elevated temperatures. However, such data are rarely available in open literature either because of the temperature limitation of pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) equipment or difficulties in performing high-temperature three-phase vapour/liquid equilibrium (VLE) experiments.

In this paper--with the assistance of a state-of-the-art fully visual PVT cell that was specifically developed for heavy viscous oils, is capable of performing fluid-phase-behaviour studies at temperatures up to 250°C, and that effectively mixes samples with viscosity up to 1,000 cp at test temperature--a heavy-oil/solvent/steam equilibrium case study is presented. The heavy oil was mixed with solvent and water at a specified weight ratio, temperature, and pressure in the heavy-oil PVT cell. After achieving equilibrium, the volumes of vapour, liquid, and water phases were measured. The samples from each phase were drawn for compositional analysis using gas chromatography (GC), and K-values of the hydrocarbon components were examined. The component compositions from this experiment were used for equation-of-state (EOS) model tuning. This case study shows that with proper care, the EOS can be characterized and used to match with experimental data for heavy oil.
Precise 3D Numerical Modeling of Fracture Flow Coupled With X-Ray Computed Tomography for Reservoir Core Samples
Authors: Watanabe N.. , Ishibashi T.. , Hirano N.. , Tsuchiya N.. , Ohsaki Y.. , Tamagawa T.. , Tsuchiya Y.. , Okabe H..
Published: June 2011

The present study focuses on the feasibility of a precise 3D numerical modeling coupled with X-ray computed tomography (CT), which enables simple analysis of heterogeneous fracture flows within reservoir core samples, as well as the measurement of porosity and permeability. A numerical modeling was developed and applied to two fractured granite core samples. One of the samples had an artificial single fracture (sample dimensions: 100 mm in diameter, 150 mm in length), and the other had natural multiple fractures (sample dimensions: 100 mm in diameter, 120 mm in length). A linear relationship between the CT value and the fracture aperture (fracture-aperture calibration curve) was obtained by X-ray CT scanning for a fracture-aperture calibration standard while varying the aperture from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. With the fracture-aperture calibration curve, 3D distributions of the CT value for the samples (voxel dimensions: 0.35×0.35×0.50 mm3) were converted into fracture-aperture distributions in order to obtain fracture models for these samples. The numerical porosities reproduced the experimental porosities within factors of approximately 1.3 and 1.1 for the single fracture and the multiple fractures, respectively. Using the fracture models, a single-phase flow simulation was also performed with a local cubic law-based fracture-flow model for steady-state laminar flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid. The numerically obtained permeabilities were larger than the experimentally obtained permeabilities by factors of approximately 2.2 and 2.7 for the single fracture and the multiple fractures, respectively. However, these discrepancies can be reduced to approximately 1.3—2.1 and 1.6-2.6, respectively, by simply using the correction factor for the cubic-law equation proposed by Witherspoon et al. (1980). Consequently, a precise numerical modeling coupled with X-ray CT is essentially feasible. Furthermore, the development of preferential flow paths (i.e., channeling flow) was clearly demonstrated for multiple fractures, which is much more challenging to achieve by most other methods. Further progress in modeling should enable the in-situ evaluation of heterogeneous fracture flow within reservoir core samples, as well as the clarification of the impacts of the heterogeneity on the productivity of wells and, for example, the efficiency of recovery by water-/gasflooding.
Hermine Hug-Hellmuth, the First Child Psychoanalyst: Legacy and Dilemmas
Authors: Plastow Michael
Published: June 2011

Objective: Despite being the first psychoanalyst of children, Hermine Hug-Hellmuth's history and writings remain relatively unknown. This paper endeavours to examine the way in which the history of the psychoanalysis of children is marked by the history of its protagonists. In particular, Hug-Hellmuth's treatment of children is divided between an educational approach and a more properly psychoanalytical aspect. Her theory and practice heavily influenced the directions taken after her, in particular by Anna Freud and Melanie Klein, even if this influence is essentially unacknowledged by these authors.

Conclusions: Hug-Hellmuth's contribution to the psychoanalysis of children and consequently to child psychiatry are considerable and include technical innovation with the introduction of play into the treatment of children, the elaboration of the place of the analyst in regard to the child and notably the establishment of the place of the parents in regard to the treatment of the child. It is proposed that the very duality of her approach is what allowed her to be able to distinguish the place of the parent from that of the analyst. Nonetheless, her insistence on the place of education within the treatment and its effects on later theorists continue to raise dilemmas today.
Doctors and Medical Students Case Managed by an Australian Doctors Health Program: Characteristics and Outcomes
Authors: Wile Cheryl , Frei Matthew , Jenkins Kym
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of participants with an Australian physician health program, the Victorian Doctors Health Program (VDHP), for case management of substance use disorder (SUD) and/or significant mental illness.

Method: As part of quality assurance, processes data, including demographic information, care plan components and outcomes, were analysed.

Results: Between 2001 and 2008, 115 participants undertook case management plans with the VDHP. The majority (n = 71, 62%) had some involvement with the Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria (MPBV). Case management included facilitating referrals to addiction specialists, psychiatrists, counsellors and peer-based support. Ninety (78%) participants reported SUD, the remainder having mental illness (n = 25, 22%). Alcohol was the main drug reported by the SUD group (n = 44, 49%). Most of the SUD participants undertook biochemical monitoring. On commencement with the VDHP, 39 (34%) participants were on leave due to illness. The majority of participants case managed for 5 years were in medical work (n = 31, 84%).

Conclusions: Case management by an independent physician health program may protect the health of the doctor and the community, and could be considered in other jurisdictions.
Acceptability of Internet Treatment of Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Gun Shih Ying , Titov Nickolai , Andrews Gavin
Published: June 2011

Objective: The Internet is increasingly used to deliver treatment programs for common mental disorders. However, little is known about the acceptability of online interventions. The present study used an online survey to explore levels of acceptability of Internet-based treatment programs for anxiety and depression.

Methods: Visitors to websites operated by the Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression (CRUfAD), were invited to complete an online questionnaire during 16 weeks in 2008.

Results: Of 1543 people who began the survey, 1104 (72%) Australian health professionals and lay people completed it. Internet treatment programs for people with mild or moderate symptoms were more acceptable than programs for people with severe symptoms. There were no differences between health professionals and non-health professionals in acceptability ratings. As expected, previous users of Internet treatments reported significantly greater acceptability and preference for Internet treatments than non-users.

Conclusions: Respondents rated Internet-based treatment programs as acceptable, with higher ratings from previous users. In order to facilitate implementation, program developers need to implement strategies for increasing knowledge about the efficacy and effectiveness of such programs, and engage therapists and consumers in establishing ethical and professional guidelines for their safe and responsible use.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Pleuromutilin Derivatives with Thiazole-5-Carboxamide and Thioether Moiety
Authors: Wang Liang , Dai Fu-ying , Zhu Jie , Dong Kui-kui , Wang Yu-liang , Chen Tian
Published: June 2011

Seven novel pleuromutilin derivatives with thiazole-5-carboxamide and thioether moiety in the C14 side chain were designed and synthesised. The antibacterial activities of the target compounds were tested via agar-well diffusion method in vitro. The results showed that three target compounds still had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC26112 and Staphylococcus aureus SC at a low concentration of 0.05 μg mL−1.
Dynamics of capillary infiltration of liquids into a highly aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube film
Authors: Boncel Sławomir , Walczak Krzysztof Z , Koziol Krzysztof K K
Published: June 2011

The physical compatibility of a highly aligned carbon nanotube (HACNT) film with liquids was established using a fast and convenient experimental protocol. Two parameters were found to be decisive for the infiltration process. For a given density of nanotube packing, the thermodynamics of the infiltration process (wettability) were described by the contact angle between the nanotube wall and a liquid meniscus (θ). Once the wettability criterion (θ < 90°) was met, the HACNT film (of free volume equal to 91%) was penetrated gradually by the liquid in a rate that can be linearly correlated to dynamic viscosity of the liquid (η). The experimental results follow the classical theory of capillarity for a steady process (Lucas–Washburn law), where the nanoscale capillary force, here supported by gravity, is compensated by viscous drag. This most general theory of capillarity can be applied in a prediction of both wettability of HACNT films and the dynamics of capillary rise in the intertube space in various technological applications.
(Pro)renin Receptor in Kidney Development and Disease
Authors: Song Renfang , Yosypiv Ihor V.
Published: June 2011

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a key regulator of the blood pressure and fluid/electrolyte homeostasis, also plays a critical role in kidney development. All the components of the RAS are expressed in the developing metanephros. Moreover, mutations in the genes encoding components of the RAS in mice or humans are associated with a broad spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). These forms of CAKUT include renal papillary hypoplasia, hydronephrosis, duplicated collecting system, renal tubular dysgenesis, renal vascular abnormalities, and aberrant glomerulogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a novel component of the RAS, is essential for proper kidney development and that aberrant PRR signaling is causally linked to cardiovascular and renal disease. This paper describes the role of the RAS in kidney development and highlights emerging insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the PRR may regulate this critical morphogenetic process.
False Oxygen Consumption Effect and Factors Causing It
Authors: Miniaev M. V. , Belyakova M. B. , Kostiuk N. V. , Leshchenko D. V.
Published: June 2011

False oxygen consumption effect characterized by a decrease of the polarographic sensor readings by the introduction of neutral microadditives into the incubation medium was modeled and tested. These neutral microadditives neither consume oxygen nor cause its consumption by other components of the medium. It is shown that microadditives less than 3% of the volume of incubation medium can cause statistically significant effect of false oxygen consumption more than 4% of the initial oxygen content. The effect can reach more than 15% at higher volumes of additives. The most important properties of additives enhancing the effect are low oxygen content, low temperature, and low concentration of oxygen salting out components.
Estolides Synthesis Catalyzed by Immobilized Lipases
Authors: Aguieiras Erika C. G. , Veloso Cláudia O. , Bevilaqua Juliana V. , Rosas Danielle O. , da Silva Mônica A. P. , Langone Marta A. P.
Published: June 2011

Estolides are vegetable-oil-based lubricants obtained from oleic acid or any source of hydroxy fatty acids. In this work, the estolides synthesis from oleic acid and methyl ricinoleate (biodiesel from castor oil), using immobilized commercial lipases (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM, and Lipozyme TL-IM) in a solvent-free medium was investigated. Acid value was used to monitor the reaction progress by determining the consumption of acid present in the medium. Novozym 435 showed the best performance. Water removal improved the conversion. Novozym 435 was more active at atmospheric pressure. Novozym 435 was reused four times with conversion reaching 15% after the fourth reaction at 80°C. Estolides produced under the reaction conditions used in this work presented good properties, such as, low temperature properties as pour point (−24°C), viscosity (23.9 cSt at 40°C and 5.2 cSt at 100°C), and viscosity index (153).
Free boundary regularity for a problem with right hand side
Authors: De Silva Daniela
Published: June 2011

We consider a one-phase free boundary problem with variable coefficients and nonzero right hand side. We prove that flat free boundaries are

C^{1,\alpha}

using a different approach than the classical supconvolution method of Caffarelli. We use this result to deduce that Lipschitz free boundaries are

C^{1,\alpha}

.
Interface conditions for limits of the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg model
Authors: Hermsdörfer Katharina , Kraus Christiane , Kröner Dietmar
Published: June 2011

We study the behaviour of the pressure across phase boundaries in liquid-vapour flows. As mathematical model, we consider the static version of the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg model, which belongs to the class of diffuse interface models. From this static equation, a formula for the pressure jump across the phase interface can be derived. If we perform the sharp interface limit, we see that the resulting interface condition for the pressure seems to be inconsistent with classical results of hydrodynamics. Therefore we will present two approaches to recover the results of hydrodynamics in the sharp interface limit at least for special situations.
Origins and composition of fine atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
Authors: Worton D. R. , Goldstein A. H. , Farmer D. K. , Docherty K. S. , Jimenez J. L. , Gilman J. B. , Kuster W. C. , de Gouw J. , Williams B. J. , Kreisberg N. M. , Hering S. V. , Bench G. , McKay M. , Kristensen K. , Glasius M. , Surratt J. D. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. In this paper we report chemically resolved measurements of organic aerosol (OA) and related tracers during the Biosphere Effects on Aerosols and Photochemistry Experiment (BEARPEX) at the Blodgett Forest Research Station, California. OA contributed the majority of the mass to the fine atmospheric particles and was predominately oxygenated (OOA). The highest concentrations of OA were during sporadic wildfire influence when aged plumes were impacting the site. In situ measurements of particle phase molecular markers were dominated by secondary compounds and could be categorized into three factors or sources: (1) aged biomass burning emissions and oxidized urban emissions, (2) oxidation products of temperature-driven local biogenic emissions and (3) local light-driven emissions and oxidation products. There were multiple biogenic components that contributed to OA at this site whose contributions varied diurnally, seasonally and in response to changing meteorological conditions, e.g., temperature and precipitation events. Concentrations of isoprene oxidation products were larger when temperatures were higher due to more substantial emissions of isoprene and enhanced photochemistry. Methyl chavicol oxidation contributed similarly to OA during both identified meteorological periods. In contrast, the abundances of monoterpene oxidation products in the particle phase were greater during cooler conditions, even though emissions of the precursors were lower. Following the first precipitation event of the fall the abundances of the monoterpene oxidation products increased dramatically, although the mechanism is not known. OA was correlated with the anthropogenic tracers 2-propyl nitrate and carbon monoxide (CO), consistent with previous observations, while being comprised of mostly non-fossil carbon (>75 %). The correlation between OA and an anthropogenic tracer does not necessarily identify the source of the carbon as being anthropogenic but instead suggests a coupling between the anthropogenic and biogenic components in the air mass that might be related to the source of the oxidant and/or the aerosol sulfate. Observations of organosulfates of isoprene and α-pinene provided evidence for the likely importance of aerosol sulfate in spite of neutralized aerosol. This is in contrast to laboratory studies where strongly acidic seed aerosols were needed in order to form these compounds. These compounds together represented only a minor fraction (< 1 %) of the total OA mass and suggest that other mechanisms, e.g., NOx enhancement of oxidant levels, are more likely to be responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic enhancement of biogenic secondary organic aerosol observed at this site.
Stand age and tree species affect N2O and CH4 exchange from afforested soils
Authors: Christiansen J. R. , Gundersen P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Afforestation of former agricultural land is a means to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of pedunculate oak and Norway Spruce of different stand ages (13–17 and 40 yr after afforestation, respectively) on N2O and CH4 exchange and identify the environmental factors responsible for the differences in gas exchange between tree species of different ages. N2O and CH4 fluxes (mean ± SE) were measured for two years at an afforested site. No species difference was documented for N2O emission (oak: 4.2 ± 0.7 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1, spruce: 4.0 ± 1 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) but the youngest stands (1.9 ± 0.3 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) emitted significantly less N2O than older stands (6.3 ± 1.2 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1). CH4 exchange did not differ significantly between tree species (oak: −8.9 ± 0.9, spruce: −7.7 ± 1) or stand age (young: −7.3 ± 0.9 μg CH4-C m−2 h−1, old: −9.4 ± 1 μg CH4-C m−2 h−1) but interacted significantly; CH4 oxidation increased with age in oak and decreased with age for Norway Spruce. We conclude that the exchange of N2O and CH4 from the forest soil undergoes a quick and significant transition in the first four decades after planting in both oak and Norway Spruce related to physical changes in the top soil and availability of soil N.
A new tide model for the Mediterranean Sea based on altimetry and tide gauge assimilation
Authors: Arabelos D. N. , Papazachariou D. Z. , Contadakis M. E. , Spatalas S. D.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The tides for the Mediterranean Sea are described through a high resolution model (MEDI10) developed by assimilation of tide-gauge data and T/P data into a barotropic ocean tide model. Tidal parameters from 56 coastal tide-gauge stations around the Mediterranean for eight principal constituents: M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1 and Q1 and from 20 stations for M2, S2, K1, O1 are included in the model. TOPEX/Poseidon data with all corrections applied except for the ocean tides and bathymetry from TOPO 13.1 were used for development of the model. Numerical experiments were carried out for the estimation of the friction velocity and of the decorrelation length scale. The experiments related to the friction velocity showed that the use of spatially varying friction velocity, estimated as a function of position in the model domain, gives better results than a constant value. The experiments related to the estimation of the decorrelation length suggest that the results are not sensitive for lengths close to ten times the length of the grid cell. The assessment of the model is based on ten tide-gauge observations that are not used for the assimilation. Comparisons were carried out with contemporary published global or regional models. The final solution is computed using 76 selected coastal tide-gauge stations. The comparison between the observed and the model constituents results in a Root Sum of Squares (RSS) equal to 1.3 cm.