bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing remission and good clinical functioning in schizophrenia: Predictors of best outcome with long-term risperidone long-acting injectable treatment
Authors: Lambert M. , De Marinis T. , Pfeil J. , Naber D. , Schreiner A.
Published: November 2009

Objective

To measure symptomatic and functional remission in patients treated with risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI).

Methods

Stable patients with psychotic disorders requiring medication change were switched to open-label RLAI in the switch to risperidone microspheres (StoRMi) trial. In this post-hoc analysis of the trial extension, follow-up was ≤18 months. Symptomatic remission was based on improvement in positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores and global remission (best outcome) was based on symptomatic remission, functional level, and mental-health quality of life. Predictive factors were evaluated.

Results

Among 529 patients from seven European countries, mean participation duration was 358.7 ± 232.4 days, with 18 months completed by 39.9% of patients. Symptomatic remission lasting ≥6 months occurred at some point during treatment in 33% of patients; predictors included comorbid disease, country, baseline symptom severity, baseline functioning, type of antipsychotic before switching, and duration of untreated psychosis. Best outcome occurred in 21% of patients; predictors included baseline symptom severity, baseline functioning, country, schizophrenia type, and early positive treatment course.

Conclusions

One in three patients with stable schizophrenia switching to RLAI experienced symptomatic remission, with combined symptomatic, functional, and quality-of-life remission in one in five patients. Symptomatic remission was predicted by better baseline symptom severity and country of origin, with a significantly greater likelihood of remission occurring among patients in Estonia/Slovenia compared with Portugal. Relapse was predicted by higher mode doses of RLAI, additional use of psychoactive medications, male gender, and country of origin, with relapse occurring most frequently in France and least frequently in Portugal. RLAI dose, additional use of psychoactive medications, and country of origin predicted best outcome, with best outcome occurring most frequently in Estonia/Slovenia and least frequently in Portugal.
Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking
Authors: Tonetti L. , Adan A. , Caci H. , De Pascalis V. , Fabbri M. , Natale V.
Published: November 2009

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between circadian preference and sensation seeking. To this aim 1041 university students (408 males and 633 females), ranging in age between 18 and 30 years, filled the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQr) and the Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V). Males scored higher than females in SSS-V total score and all subscales, except experience seeking (ES). As regards circadian preference, evening types scored higher than morning types in SSS-V total score and all subscales, except boredom susceptibility (BS) where they significantly differed only from intermediate types. On the whole our results highlight a significant relationship between circadian preference and sensation seeking.
Plant FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 expressed in a eukaryotic host: GTPase activity and self‐assembly
Authors: Smith Aaron G. , Johnson Carol B. , Vitha Stanislav , Holzenburg Andreas
Published: November 2009

Plants and algae contain the FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 protein families that perform specific, non‐redundant functions in plastid division. In vitro studies of chloroplast division have been hampered by the lack of a suitable expression system. Here we report the expression and purification of FtsZ1‐1 and FtsZ2‐1 from Arabidopsis thaliana using a eukaryotic host. Specific GTPase activities were determined and found to be different for FtsZ1‐1 vs. FtsZ2‐1. The purified proteins readily assembled into previously unreported assembly products named type‐I and ‐II filaments. In contrast to bacterial FtsZ, the Arabidopsis proteins do not form bundled sheets in the presence of Ca2+.
Aberrations of ERBB2 and TOP2A genes in breast cancer
Authors: Nielsen Kirsten Vang , Müller Sven , Møller Susanne , Schønau Andreas , Balslev Eva , Knoop Ann S. , Ejlertsen Bent
Published: November 2009

Copy number changes in TOP2A have frequently been linked to ERBB2 (HER2) amplified breast cancers. To study this relationship, copy number changes of ERBB2 and TOP2A were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in two cell lines; one characterized by having amplification of both genes and the other by having amplification of ERBB2 and deletion of TOP2A. The characteristics are compared to findings on paired ERBB2 and TOP2A data from 649 patients with invasive breast cancer from a previously published biomarker study. The physical localization of FISH signals in metaphase spreads from cell lines showed that simultaneous amplification is not a simple co‐amplification of a whole amplicon containing both genes. Most gene signals are translocated to abnormal marker chromosomes. ERBB2 genes but not TOP2A genes are present in tandem amplicons, leading to a higher ERBB2 ratio. This observation was confirmed by patient FISH data: among 276 (43% of all patients) abnormal tumors, 67% had different ERBB2 and TOP2A status. ERBB2 amplification with normal TOP2A status was found in 36% of the abnormal tumors (15% of all patients). Simultaneous amplification of both genes was found in 28% of the abnormal tumors (12% of all patients) while TOP2A deletion and ERBB2 amplification was observed in 16% of the abnormal cases (8% of all patients). A small number of tumors had TOP2A amplification (4%) or deletion (6%) without simultaneous changes of the ERBB2 gene. ERBB2 deletion was also observed (5%) but only in tumors with simultaneous TOP2A deletion. The average gene/reference ratio was significantly different: 5.0 for TOP2A but 7.2 for ERBB2 in the amplified tumors (P<0.01). Amplification of the two genes may be caused by different mechanisms, leading to higher level of amplification for ERBB2 compared to TOP2A. In the majority of breast cancer patients, simultaneous aberration of ERBB2 and TOP2A is not explained by simple co‐amplification.
“Ottoman Street” in America: Turkish Leatherworkers in Peabody, Massachusetts
Authors: Acehan Işil
Published: November 2009

This article examines the role of “Turkish” leatherworkers in New England’s labor movement in the early twentieth century. It begins with the exodus of a large Ottoman population from eastern Anatolian provinces to eastern Massachusetts, and their employment in New England’s leather factories. Throughout the article, the rise of the leather business in eastern Massachusetts cities (including Peabody and Salem), the Turkish immigrants’ concentration on Peabody’s Walnut Street (which came to be called “Ottoman Street”), the importance of kin and friends in providing practical information vital for adjusting to the new environment, and the coffee house as a response to industrial conditions are discussed at length. The author argues that, although many of the Turkish leatherworkers originated from rural backgrounds and had no experience in unionizing and striking, their quick adjustment to the industrial city and their growing awareness of labor rights was a result of lectures given within the Turkish community, changing circumstances in the old country and in the United States, such as the Balkan Wars and World War I, and their unchallenged place in the tanneries of Peabody, MA.
Working in a Fez Factory in Istanbul in the Late Nineteenth Century: Division of Labour and Networks of Migration Formed along Ethno-Religious Lines
Authors: Erdem Kabadayı Mustafa
Published: November 2009

In terms of production volume, most Ottoman state factories cannot be regarded as success stories, yet the labour relations they initiated, engendered, and supervised were important for the emergence of factory labour in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish republic. One of those state factories was the Imperial Fez Factory, where, throughout the nineteenth century, approximately 500 workers were employed, making it the second highest concentration of industrial workers in the empire after the Imperial Arsenal. Very recently, a limited number of wage ledgers for the fez factory became available for research. Those ledgers provide unprecedented information not only on remuneration but also on the production process and labour-control practices in the fez factory. Those ledgers enable us, for the first time, to formulate research questions within the framework of a broad labour history, in particular for the Ottoman factory workforce in the late nineteenth century. This article examines the effects of the ethno-religious characteristics and gender of Ottoman factory labourers on employment practices and wage-earning at the fez factory.
The “Spring Rise” in the Nematode Egg-Count of Sheep
Authors: Spedding C. R. W. , Brown T. H.
Published: November 2009

1. Observations carried out on four groups of sheep during the spring of 1954 are described.

2. A spring-rise in the worm-egg output was found to occur in all the groups studied.

3. The management of the animals precluded rcinfestation during the spring and, in two instances, from 8th January and 22nd, respectively.

4. Time of lambing and nutritional level appeared to influence the onset and magnitude of the spring increase.
Stem Eelworm Attacking Carrots
Authors: Goodey J. B. , Brown E. B.
Published: November 2009

In July, 1952, carrots growing in the Chatteris area of the Isle of Ely were found to be attacked by Ditylenchus dipsaci. The preceding crop had been wheat and for the previous twenty years the crop rotation of the field had been carrots, potatoes and wheat with an occasional crop of celery. There have been two previous records of stem eelworm attack on carrots in this country, both from the Chatteris area, the first in 1981 and the second in 1941.
On the Control of the Root Knot Eelworm, Heterodera radicicola Müll
Authors: Miles Herbert W. , Turner W. H.
Published: November 2009

The Root Knot disease of tomatoes and cucumbers, caused by the attacks of Heterodera radicicola Müll., is of widespread occurrence and under certain conditions, notably in the presence of fungi, may cause serious losses. Under some conditions considerable infestation may be present and yet produce no apparent ill-effects on the plants.

Experiments having indicated that sodium cyanide was beneficial in reducing the amount of eelworm infestation and pot trials having suggested that calcium cyanide might also prove effective, trials with calcium cyanide were carried out at various centres in 1926 and 1927.
The Species of the genus Aphelenchus
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In a paper published towards the end of last year the author (Goodey, 1927) described a new free-living species of Aphelenchus, A. winchesi, and dealt with the type species of the genus A. avenæ, discussing its affinities to certain nearly related species. A further paper was promised dealing with the various species of the genus and the present communication is an attempt to fulfil that promise.
Interview with Tom McArthur
Authors: Graddol David
Published: November 2009

A few years ago, David Graddol interviewed Tom McArthur about his early background, and about a range of issues concerning the spread of English as a global language. This interview is reprinted here.
Multiple voices and modern phonology
Authors: Shaw Philip
Published: November 2009

Review of McCully, Chris. 2009. The Sound Structure of English: An
Introduction (Cambridge Introductions to the English Language) 264.
pp Hardback 978 0 521 85036 0, UK £45, US $90; Paperback 978 0 521
61549 5, UK £15.99, US $32.99; Adobe eBook Reader 978 0 511 51258 2,
$26
I. Essay on the Philosophy of the Hindus. Part V.
Authors: Colebrooke Henry Thomas
Published: November 2009

A preceding essay on Indian philosophy contained a succinct account of the Carma-mímánsá. The present one will be devoted to the Brahma-mímánsá; which, as the complement of the former, is termed uttara, later, contrasted with púrva, prior, being the investigation of proof deducible from the védas in regard to theology, as the other is in regard to works and their merit. The two together, then, comprise the complete system of interpretation of the precepts and doctrine of the védas, both practical and theological. They are parts of one whole. The later mímánsá is supplementary to the prior, and is expressly affirmed to be so: but, differing on many important points, though agreeing on others, they are essentially distinct in a religious as in a philosophical view.
IV.—A Description of the Agricultural and Revenue Economy of the Village of Pudu-vayal, in that part of the Peninsula of India called the Carnatic
Authors: Hodgson John
Published: November 2009

In submitting these notices to the attention of the Society, the object is to bring under its view the internal revenue economy of a Hindu village that has never been under the direct control of any European officer of the East-India Company, in order to exhibit a fair specimen of ancient usages in the south of India, and to shew with accuracy, the proportion of the produce of the soil customarily taken in kind, in latter times, as land revenue, the rights of the parties paying revenue, and those of the individual who, by grant from the sovereign, is entitled to collect that revenue.
IX. On Hindu Courts of Justice
Authors: Colebrooke Henry Thomas
Published: November 2009

The composition of an Indian court of justice, conformably with the ancient Hindu institutions, being very imperfectly understood, and many erroneous notions having become prevalent on this subject, it appears to deserve a more full investigation than it has yet undergone; and, with this view, I submit to the Society the result of a careful perusal of original authorities of Hindu law relating to that point.
XI. Some Account of the Ruins of Ahwuz
Authors: Mignan Robert , Taylor Robert
Published: November 2009

It having been my intention for some time to visit a few of the ruined cities whose decay has converted realms into desarts, and strewed the path of the shepherd with fragments of arches and pillars that once arose in majesty over heroic warriors, I set out in September 1826, for the purpose of examining the remains of the once celebrated city of Ahwuz, lying on the banks of the noble river Karun.
XIV. An Account of the Sculptures and Inscriptions at Mahámalaipur; illustrated by Plates
Authors: Babington Benjamin Guy
Published: November 2009

The remains of ancient sculpture, called by Europeans the Seven Pagodas, on the Coromandel Coast, thirty-five miles south of Madras, have long attracted the attention of those who feel an interest in Hindu Archæology; and, so long ago as the year 1788, formed the subject of a paper in the first volume of the Asiatic Researches. The author, Mr. William Chambers, wrote from memory, after an interval of twelve years from the period at which he had visited the scene which he described, His account, unaccompanied as it was by drawings or fac similes of the inscriptions, could therefore scarcely be expected to be sufficiently minute to answer any further purpose than that avowed by himself, of exciting public attention, and “giving rise to more accurate observations, and more complete discoveries on the same subject.” In the fifth volume of the Asiatic Researches, published in 1798, there is a more descriptive account of these temples and excavations, written by Mr. Goldingham, a gentleman of well-known talent, on whose observations, as they were recorded on the spot, we may with confidence rely. Mrs. Graham is indeed a later writer on the subject: but her remarks are desultory, and her information imperfect, as might be expected from the opportunities presenting themselves to a casual and hasty visitor. In Bishop Heber's narrative three pages are devoted to a notice of Maha-Bali-poor. (Pages 216–218, vol. iii.) But the author merely follows the legends of the place, and evidently aims at nothing more than a record in his journal of his impressions on a cursory visit. The testimony, however, which this lamented prelate bears to the degree of skill displayed in these sculptures must, from his acknowledged taste, be looked upon as peculiarly valuable; and it is gratifying to one who has taken much interest in them to find, that he considered “some of the porticoes, temples and bas-reliefs as very beautifully executed,” and pronounced “the general merit of the work as superior to that of Elephanta.”
XVII. Remarks on certain Sculptures in the Cave Temples of Ellora
Authors: Tod James
Published: November 2009

It being deemed desirable that some explanation should accompany the interesting drawings, particularized in the preceding article on ancient Hindu sculptures from the Cave Temples of Ellora, made by Captain Grindlay, I hasten to fulfil the wishes of the council.

There are two modes by which they might receive illustration: one, supposing them to contain an astronomical allusion, as suggested by Dr. B. G. Babington; the other, from an allegory in the Hindu theogonies. A knowledge of the relative position of these sculptures in the Cave Temple would materially influence my decision on this point, as regards the two plates to which I shall chiefly confine my observations, viz. one, (No. 1) which I designate “The Fable of Dacsha Prajapáti, or Máhádéva, Dacsha, and Nanda;” the other (No. 2) Víra-Bhadra.” If these sculptures are contiguous to each other in the cave, then I have no doubt they represent the fable of the sacrifice of Sati, the consort of Máhádéva, and the formation of the giant Víra-Bhadra, to revenge her death by that of Dacsha: though even this allegory may possibly conceal an astronomical period.
Palatalisability via feature compatibility
Authors: Kurisu Kazutaka
Published: November 2009

Productive palatalisation is a striking property of Japanese mimetic items. The docking site of the [−anterior] feature is contingent on consonantal place, and rhotics resist palatalisation. Cross-linguistically, consonantal places differ in palatalisability, and palatalised apical rhotics are not preferred. Bringing together the cross-linguistic insights offered by Rose (1997b) and Hall (2000), I offer a new account of Japanese mimetic palatalisation, which crucially appeals to the notion of feature compatibility. The proposed analysis is attractive for two reasons. First, feature compatibility is firmly grounded in robust cross-linguistic tendencies. Second, the analysis covers a much wider range of data than that proposed by Zoll (1996, 1997), which is based on constituent-initial licensing of complex segments. The analysis defended in the present work is thus desirable both cross-linguistically and empirically.
Durational correlates of English sublexical constituent structure
Authors: Sugahara Mariko , Turk Alice
Published: November 2009

This study investigates whether differences (a) in word-internal morphological structure and (b) in lexical stress patterns are reflected in prosodic constituent structure, by examining duration measurements in Scottish English. In Experiments 1 and 2, at a slow speech rate, stem-final rhymes followed by Level II suffixes were on average 4–6% longer than corresponding strings in monomorphemic words, and 7–8% longer than stem-final rhymes followed by Level I suffixes. These results are consistent with the view that stems preceding Level II suffixes are mapped onto prosodic words in the prosodic representation. Experiment 3 obtained no reliable durational differences, even at a slow speech rate, between the initial syllable rhymes of SS words and SW words, which does not provide evidence for the hypothesis that these different stress patterns are represented as differences in foot structure.
Genetic analysis of mango landraces from Mexico based on molecular markers
Authors: Gálvez-López Didiana , Hernández-Delgado Sanjuana , González-Paz Maurilio , Becerra-Leor Enrique Noe , Salvador-Figueroa Miguel , Mayek-Pérez Netzahualcoyotl
Published: November 2009

Genetic diversity and relationships among 112 mango (Mangifera indica) plants native to 16 states of Mexico and four controls [three mango cultivars (Ataulfo, Manila and Tommy Atkins) and one accession ofMangifera odorata] were evaluated based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Mango germplasm shows broad dispersion through Mexico and genetically similar germplasm from different agroecological regions has previously been found by our group. Both AFLP and SSR analyses indicated high genetic similarity among mango populations that were clustered in two major groups: mangos from Gulf of Mexico coastline and mangos from Pacific Ocean coastline and locations far away from the sea. The highest genetic diversity was found within plants from each state, and significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.1921, AFLPs and 0.1911, SSRs) was also observed among mango populations based on geographical origin and genetic status (cultivars versus landraces). Heterozygosity values ranged from low (0.38) to moderate (0.68), and no heterozygote deficits were found. The highest genetic variability was found in mango populations from Tabasco, Michoacán and Oaxaca. Data suggested that mangoes are subjected to natural or induced pollination, so segregation as well as genetic recombination plays major roles on genetic diversification of Mexican mangos. AFLP analysis was more robust than SSR for determining the genetic relationships among mango landraces from Mexico.
Nutritional and quality characteristics expressed in 31 perennial wheat breeding lines
Authors: Murphy Kevin M. , Hoagland Lori A. , Reeves Philip G. , Baik Byung-Kee , Jones Stephen S.
Published: November 2009

Soil erosion due to annual cropping on highly erodible farmland is a major ecological concern in the wheat growing regions of Washington State. In response to requests from farmers, the winter wheat breeding program at Washington State University has been developing perennial wheat selected from crosses between wild wheatgrass species and commonly grown annual wheat cultivars. In 2005/06, we conducted field trials of the most promising perennial wheat breeding lines derived from interspecific crosses between tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum elongatum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Thirty-one perennial breeding lines and two annual winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for nutritional value in the form of grain mineral concentration, multiple baking and milling quality traits, and ease of grain threshability. The objective of this study was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these post-harvest traits in the perennial wheat lines derived from these interspecific crosses. Mineral nutrient concentrations in the perennial lines were 44, 40, 24, 23, 32, 30 and 33% higher than the annual control cultivars for calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus and zinc, respectively. The annual cultivars had a higher grain mineral content per unit area of land than the perennial lines, due primarily to the higher grain yields of the annual cultivars. Compared to the annual wheat cultivars, the perennial lines produced grain with smaller seed size, lower test weight and reduced flour yield, mix time and loaf volume. Protein content was 3.5–4.5% higher in the perennial lines than in the annual cultivars. The threshability index (TI) ranged from 0.63 to 0.89 in the perennials (μ=0.75); significantly lower than the mean TI of the annual cultivars (μ=0.97). The significant genotype×location interaction found for TI suggests that the variation in annual precipitation positively influenced some perennial lines to express greater threshability. In addition to transferring traits important to the perennial growth habit in wheat, the wild wheatgrass species also introduced beneficial characteristics (i.e. increased protein and mineral concentration) and deleterious traits (poor threshing grain and inferior baking qualities). This research gives researchers a platform from which to direct further research and selection in the development of perennial wheat.
Foreword: Socio-legal studies and the humanities
Authors: Feenan Dermot
Published: November 2009

This paper introduces a symposium on socio-legal studies and the humanities, justifying the originality of a dedicated special issue on this topic. The paper identifies and critically examines themes and problems in the literature before introducing the articles in the symposium and, finally, discussing areas for future research.
Socio-legal studies and the humanities – law, interdisciplinarity and integrity
Authors: Williams Melanie L.
Published: November 2009

This paper was delivered as a plenary lecture, designed to respond to the one-day special conference focus upon links between socio-legal studies and the humanities.1The paper focuses in particular upon the relationship between law and the humanities. It may be argued that the role of empirically sourced socio-legal research is well accepted, given its tangible utility in terms of producing hard data which can inform and transform policy perspectives. However, scholarly speculation about the relationship between law and the humanities ranges from the indulgent to the hostile. In particular, legal scholars aligning themselves as ‘black letter’ commentators express strong opinions about such links, suggesting that scholarship purporting to establish links between the two fields is essentially spurious, bearing in mind the purposive role of law as a problem-solving mechanism. The paper sets out to challenge such assertions, indicating the natural connections between the two fields and the philosophical necessity of continued interaction, given the fact that certain aspects of human experience and nature cannot be plumbed by doctrine or empiricism or even by combinations of the two. Law must be understood to stand at the nexus of human experience, in a relationship of integrity, where the word is understood to mean both morally principled and culturally integrated. In particular, the development of human qualities, of character and moral sensibility informing normative values – and, ultimately, engagement with the world of law – is a process of subtle cultural as well as psychological significance, and may benefit from interrogation deriving from the wider fields of human discourse.
The character of social connection in law and literature: lessons fromBleak House
Authors: Watt Gary
Published: November 2009

This paper argues that law and society are disconnected in practice, and that this is attributable, in part, to law’s disconnection from the arts and humanities in our schemes of formal education. When we draw out the legal yarn from its cultural fabric, we find that it is remarkably thin. It is especially inadequate to describe the complexity of human interconnection, and even lacks a language to express such commonplace connections as unmarried romantic cohabitation and non-profit clubs. To understand human interconnection and the law’s connection to society, we must read the law ‘in context’ – as being one fabric, one textile, with other literatures – and we must read with an appropriate ethic. To that end, this paper reads the law in the context of Dickens’sBleak House, which has been called ‘a novel of connections’, and Forster’sHowards End, which exhorts us to ‘connect the prose and the passion’.
«Real-life»-Daten zur Asthmakontrolle mit Budesonid/Formoterol als Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie: die Erfahrung in der Schweiz
Authors: Steurer-Stey  , Courteheuse  , Taegtmeyer  , Leuppi
Published: November 2009

Hintergrund: Die Asthmakontrolle ist bei vielen Patientinnen und Patienten nach wie vor unzureichend. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass ein neuer Ansatz in der Asthmabehandlung – nämlich der Einsatz von Budesonid/Formoterol als Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie – gegenüber konventionellen Therapien eine bessere Asthmakontrolle herbeiführt. Die Schweiz war das erste europäische Land, in dem die Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie mit Budesonid/Formoterol formal zugelassen wurde. Im Januar 2006 wurde daher ein Patienten-Beobachtungsprogramm gestartet, um die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit dieses Therapieansatzes unter realen Bedingungen zu beurteilen. Methoden: In sämtlichen Sprachregionen der Schweiz wurde eine nicht-randomisierte, unkontrollierte Anwendungsbeobachtung durchgeführt, an der 420 Ärzte mitwirkten und in die 2035 Asthmapatienten aufgenommen wurden. Dabei erfolgte eine Erhebung von Daten zur gegenwärtigen Asthmabehandlung, zur Asthmakontrolle sowie zu ungeplanten Arztbesuchen wegen einer Verschlimmerung der Asthmasymptomatik. Die Asthmakontrolle wurde subjektiv von Ärzten und Patienten sowie objektiv anhand des validierten Asthma Control Questionnaire mit 5 Items (ACQ5) beurteilt. Ein ACQ-Score von 0.75 oder weniger entspricht einer guten Asthmakontrolle. Resultate: Es erfolgte eine Analyse der Daten von 2006 von insgesamt 2035 Patienten (mittleres Alter 44.9 ± 19.6 Jahre, 50.5% Frauen). Unter einer Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie mit Budesonid/Formoterol verbesserte sich der mittlere ACQ5-Score um mehr als das Dreifache der definierten kleinsten relevanten Veränderung (minimal important difference; MID). Der Prozentanteil von Patienten mit einem ACQ-Score ≤0.75 stieg von 4.8% bei Studienbeginn auf 58.0% am Ende des Beobachtungsprogramms. Die Zufriedenheit der Patienten mit Budesonid/Formoterol als Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie war hoch. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Erhaltungs- und Bedarfstherapie mit Budesonid/Formoterol verbessert die Asthmakontrolle in einem nicht-randomisierten «real-life-Setting».
Die chronische Rhinosinusitis bei Morbus Widal: Krankheitsbild und Therapiemöglichkeiten
Authors: Jung
Published: November 2009

Eine chronische Rhinosinusitis ist häufig mit einem Asthma bronchiale verbunden. Kommt eine Analgetika­intoleranz hinzu, so spricht man auch vom Morbus Widal oder der Samter Trias. Vor allem die chronische Sinusitis mit Polyposis nasi ist bei diesen Patienten oft schwer zu behandeln. Es besteht meist aber ein hoher Leidensdruck. In diesem Artikel soll das Krankheitsbild vorgestellt werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Therapie mit Acetylsalicylsäure (ASS), die dazu dient, eine Toleranz gegen ASS und NSAR zu erreichen (Desensibilisierung bzw. «adaptive Desaktivierung») und nachhaltig die Symptome der oberen Atemwege zu verbessern. Ergänzend wird noch eine Nachbeobachtungsstudie aus unserem eigenen Patientengut vorgestellt.
Circumpolar structure and distribution of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 1. Mean circumpolar paths
Authors: Sokolov Serguei , Rintoul Stephen R.
Published: November 2009

High resolution hydrographic sections and maps of the gradient of sea surface height (SSH) reveal that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) consists of multiple jets or frontal filaments. Here we use a 15 year time series of SSH observations to determine the circumpolar structure and distribution of the ACC fronts. The jets are consistently aligned with particular streamlines along the entire circumpolar path, confirming and extending the results of an earlier study restricted to the region south of Australia. The intensity of the fronts (as measured by the cross‐front gradient of SSH) varies along the fronts and the individual branches merge and diverge, often in response to interactions with bathymetry. Maps of absolute velocity at 1000 m depth derived from Argo trajectories confirm the existence of multiple current cores throughout the Southern Ocean. High resolution hydrographic sections and profiles of temperature and salinity from Argo floats are used to show that the front locations derived from fitting SSH contours to maps of SSH gradient are consistent with locations inferred from the traditional criteria based on water mass properties, suitably modified to account for multiple frontal branches. Three regions are examined in detail: the Crozet Plateau, the Kerguelen Plateau and the Scotia Sea. These examples show how recognition of the multiple jets of the ACC can help resolve discrepancies between previous studies of ACC fronts.
Circumpolar structure and distribution of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 2. Variability and relationship to sea surface height
Authors: Sokolov Serguei , Rintoul Stephen R.
Published: November 2009

In Part 1 of this study, we showed that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) consisted of multiple fronts, each of which was consistently associated with a particular contour of sea surface height (SSH) or approximate streamline. In Part 2 we have used maps of SSH to examine the variability of the ACC fronts between 1992 and 2007. The SSH label associated with each frontal branch is nearly constant around the circumpolar belt. The front labels are also nearly constant in time: the bands of enhanced SSH gradient (i.e., fronts) occur along the same streamlines throughout the 15 year period of observations. Both short‐ and long‐period changes of the SSH frontal labels of the ACC are small. Based on a tight relationship between dynamic height and cumulative baroclinic transport of the ACC, the baroclinic transport variability of the individual branches of the ACC is also expected to be small. The major change in the total ACC baroclinic transport occurs in the Drake Passage. The streamline associated with the northern branch of the SAF (SAF‐N) does not pass through Drake Passage and the waters carried by this branch are not observed there. Instead, the transport of the SAF‐N turns north in the Pacific to supply the export of water to the Indian Ocean north and south of Australia. Strong eddy activity in the southeast Pacific acts to dissipate the hydrographic signature of the SAF‐N there. In the Atlantic, the SAF‐N reappears as the same streamline is again associated with enhanced SSH gradients to the east of the Brazil – Malvinas confluence zone. While the large changes in SSH have occurred in the Southern Ocean between 1992 and 2007, there are strong regional differences. Because the ACC fronts are robustly associated with particular SSH contours, the changes in SSH reflect shifts in the position of the ACC fronts. In the circumpolar average, each of the ACC fronts has shifted to the south by about 60 km. The changes in SSH in the Southern Ocean are largely due to changes in ocean circulation, rather than warming and freshening by atmospheric fluxes. Much larger changes in SSH are observed in some locations of the Southern Ocean, particularly where the fronts interact with large‐scale topography. The northern branch of the PF (PF‐N) near the Kerguelen Plateau is an extreme example, where the PF‐N followed a path around the northern end of Kerguelen Plateau between 1992 and 1997, passed through the Fawn Trough after 2003, and oscillated between the two paths between 1997 and 2003.
New Strategic Plan and Data Portal for Past Global Change Science
Authors: Witton Leah , Kiefer Thorsten
Published: November 2009

How did the main climate forcing factors (e.g., solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols) and feedbacks (e.g., greenhouse gases and sea ice) vary in the past? How do climate variability and extreme events relate to the mean state of the climate system? How do large‐scale climate changes in the Earth system affect regional conditions? How can learning from past environmental patterns and interactions improve the understanding and management of natural ecosystems now and in the future?
Richard Honrath (1961–2009)
Authors: Helmig Detley , Jaffe Daniel , Martin Maria Val , Parrish David
Published: November 2009

Richard Honrath, a highly appreciated colleague, productive and energetic atmospheric scientist, and caring educator, died in a kayaking accident on 17 April 2009. Richard received his B.S. in 1984 from the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena; his M.S. in 1985 from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa.; and his Ph.D. from the University of Alaska Fairbanks in 1992. He became involved in Arctic research at Carnegie Mellon, where his work focused on sulfur and nitrogen in Greenland snow. Upon moving to Alaska in 1987, Richard focused on measurements of atmospheric nitrogen oxides in the Arctic. For this work, he built a high‐sensitivity chemiluminescence analyzer, one of just a handful of such instruments in the world at the time.
AGU Joins MentorNet to Support Young Geoscientists
Authors: Cifuentes Inés
Published: November 2009

AGU has joined MentorNet as a partner in a mentoring network that encourages diversity in the engineering and science professions. MentorNet matches protégés and mentors and provides mentoring advice, suggestions, and gentle reminders to keep the exchange going. This partnership makes it possible for AGU to connect student members who would like a mentor in the geosciences with members who want to mentor.

Mentoring is key to encouraging young people—particularly women, Latinos, and African Americans—to become involved and stay involved with the sciences. MentorNet partners with institutions of higher education, industry, government, and professional societies to provide online programs to serve science professionals and students.
Evolving geometrical and material properties of fault zones in a damage rheology model
Authors: Lyakhovsky Vladimir , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: November 2009

We discuss numerical simulations of evolving fault zone structures in a 3‐D lithospheric model with a seismogenic crust governed by a damage rheology that accounts for large strain associated with permanent brittle deformation. Results for the initial propagation of an existing narrow damage zone subjected to oblique loading exhibit strong asymmetry of the evolving damage with respect to the initial fault orientation and predict out‐of‐plane directions of the propagating damage zones. The orientations of the simulated damage zones agree with analytical expectations based on fracture mechanics for the directions of wing cracks generated at the tips of a crack under mixed mode loading. Lithosphere‐scale numerical simulations for the long‐term evolution of a large strike‐slip fault zone produce initially a system of stepping en echelon segments associated with the asymmetric generation of new damage zones. The simulated fault zone segments evolve with continuing deformation to a throughgoing localized structure. Large‐scale perturbation in the geometry of the Moho interface together with the regional heat regime can reduce considerably the degree of localization of the fault zone structure and the associated deformation fields.
Noble gas constraints on air‐sea gas exchange and bubble fluxes
Authors: Stanley Rachel H. R. , Jenkins William J. , Lott Dempsey E. , Doney Scott C.
Published: November 2009

Air‐sea gas exchange is an important part of the biogeochemical cycles of many climatically and biologically relevant gases including CO2, O2, dimethyl sulfide and CH4. Here we use a three year observational time series of five noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) at the Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study (BATS) site in tandem with a one‐dimensional upper ocean model to develop an improved parameterization for air‐sea gas exchange that explicitly includes separate components for diffusive gas exchange and bubble processes. Based on seasonal timescale noble gas data, this parameterization, which has a 1σ uncertainty of ±14% for diffusive gas exchange and ±29% for bubble fluxes, is more tightly constrained than previous parameterizations. Although the magnitude of diffusive gas exchange is within errors of that of Wanninkhof (1992), a commonly used parameterization, we find that bubble‐mediated exchange, which is not explicitly included by Wanninkhof (1992) or many other formulations, is significant even for soluble gases. If one uses observed saturation anomalies of Ar (a gas with similar characteristics to O2) and a parameterization of gas exchange to calculate gas exchange fluxes, then the calculated fluxes differ by ∼240% if the parameterization presented here is used compared to using the Wanninkhof (1992) parameterization. If instead one includes the gas exchange parameterization in a model, then the calculated fluxes differ by ∼35% between using this parameterization and that of Wanninkhof (1992). These differences suggest that the bubble component should be explicitly included in a range of marine biogeochemical calculations that incorporate air‐sea gas fluxes.
Sources and transformations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Neponset River Watershed
Authors: Huang Wei , Chen Robert F.
Published: November 2009

The major source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in coastal waters is often terrestrial dissolved organic matter originating in coastal watersheds and delivered to the ocean by rivers or streams. While studies of carbon cycling in large rivers dominate the literature, small rivers deliver the bulk of the freshwater to coastal waters (∼60%). However, the variability of organic matter fluxes in small rivers requires high spatial and temporal resolution measurements to adequately represent the processes controlling distributions and fluxes. In this study, CDOM was measured monthly for 2 years at 15 sampling sites throughout a small, coastal, urban watershed (∼300 km2), the Neponset River Watershed, and CDOM variability was found to depend on land use type, discharge/precipitation, and growing degree days (temperature). Forest, wetland, residential, industrial, and golf course CDOM end‐members were measured and differentiated using CDOM fluorescence, CDOM absorbance, absorbance slopes, total organic carbon and total nitrogen, and photo‐ and biological lability. Simple statistical models of CDOM end‐member behavior could explain 40–70% of the observed seasonal variability. Using these simple relationships, trends in total CDOM loading behavior can be predicted under various scenarios of land use change and global warming. Overall, detailed measurements of CDOM throughout the Neponset River Watershed yield new insights into the watershed processes that affect terrestrial CDOM delivery to coastal oceans.
Community shifts of soybean stem-associated bacteria responding to different nodulation phenotypes and N levels
Authors: Ikeda Seishi , Okubo Takashi , Kaneko Takakazu , Inaba Shoko , Maekawa Tomiya , Eda Shima , Sato Shusei , Tabata Satoshi , Mitsui Hisayuki , Minamisawa Kiwamu
Published: November 2009

The diversity of stem-associated bacteria of non-nodulated (Nod−), wild-type nodulated (Nod+) and hypernodulated (Nod++) soybeans were evaluated by clone library analyses of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Soybeans were dressed with standard nitrogen (SN) fertilization (15 kg N ha–1) and heavy nitrogen (HN) fertilization (615 kg N ha–1). The relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria in Nod+ soybeans (66%) was smaller than that in Nod− and Nod++ soybeans (75–76%) under SN fertilization, whereas that of Gammaproteobacteria showed the opposite pattern (23% in Nod+ and 12–16% in Nod− and Nod++ soybeans). Principal coordinate analysis showed that the bacterial communities of Nod− and Nod++ soybeans were more similar to each other than to that of Nod+ soybeans under SN fertilization. HN fertilization increased the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria in all nodulation phenotypes (33–57%) and caused drastic shifts of the bacterial community. The clustering analyses identified a subset of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the species level in Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria responding to both the nodulation phenotypes and nitrogen fertilization levels. Meanwhile, the abundance of Betaproteobacteria was relatively constant in all libraries constructed under these environmental conditions. The relative abundances of two OTUs in Alphaproteobacteria (Aurantimonas sp. and Methylobacterium sp.) were especially sensitive to nodulation phenotype and were drastically decreased under HN fertilization. These results suggested that a subpopulation of proteobacteria in soybeans is controlled in a similar manner through both the regulation systems of plant–rhizobia symbiosis and the nitrogen signaling pathway in plants.
Diversification of the gut symbiont Lactobacillus reuteri as a result of host-driven evolution
Authors: Oh Phaik Lyn , Benson Andrew K , Peterson Daniel A , Patil Prabhu B , Moriyama Etsuko N , Roos Stefan , Walter Jens
Published: November 2009

The vertebrate digestive tract, including that of humans, is the habitat to trillions of bacteria that are of significant importance to host biology and health. Although these communities are often postulated to have coevolved with their hosts, evidence is lacking, yet critical for our understanding of microbial symbiosis in vertebrates. To gain insight into the evolution of a gut symbiont, we have characterized the population genetic structure and phylogeny of Lactobacillus reuteri strains isolated from six different host species (human, mouse, rat, pig, chicken and turkey) using Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA). The results revealed considerable genetic heterogeneity within the L. reuteri population and distinct monophyletic clades reflecting host origin but not provenance. The evolutionary patterns detected indicate a long-term association of L. reuteri lineages with particular vertebrate species and host-driven diversification. Results from a competition experiment in a gnotobiotic mouse model revealed that rodent isolates showed elevated ecological performance, indicating that evolution of L. reuteri lineages was adaptive. These findings provide evidence that some vertebrate gut microbes are not promiscuous, but have diversified into host-adapted lineages by a long-term evolutionary process, allowing the development of a highly specialized symbiosis.
Gut wall bacteria of earthworms: a natural selection process
Authors: Thakuria Dwipendra , Schmidt Olaf , Finan Dillon , Egan Damian , Doohan Fiona M
Published: November 2009

Earthworms and microorganisms are interdependent and their interactions regulate the biogeochemistry of terrestrial soils. Investigating earthworm–microorganism interactions, we tested the hypothesis that differences in burrowing and feeding habits of anecic and endogeic earthworms are reflected by the existence of ecological group-specific gut wall bacterial communities. Bacterial community was detected using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of 16S and 23S genes and ribotype data was used to assess diversity and community composition. Using soil and earthworm samples collected from adjacent wheat–barley and grass–clover fields, we found that the anecic Lumbricus terrestris and L. friendi, the endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa and A. longa (classically defined as anecic, but now known to possess endogeic characteristics) contain ecological group-specific gut wall-associated bacterial communities. The abundance of specific gut wall-associated bacteria (identified by sequence analysis of ribotype bands), including Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and an actinobacterium, was ecological group dependent. A microcosm study, conducted using A. caliginosa and L. terrestris and five different feeding regimes, indicated that food resource can cause shifts in gut wall-associated bacterial community, but the magnitude of these shifts did not obscure the delineation between ecological group specificity. Using A. caliginosa and A. longa samples collected in six different arable fields, we deduced that, within an ecological group, habitat was a more important determinant of gut wall-associated bacterial community composition than was host species. Hence, we conclude that the selection of bacteria associated with the gut wall of earthworms is a natural selection process and the strongest determinant of this process is in the order ecological group>habitat>species.