bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Involvement of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to tic disorder in Chinese Han population
Authors: Zheng Ping , Li Erzhen , Wang Jianhua , Cui Xiaodai , Wang Liwen
Published: January 2013

Background

Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is a potential candidate gene for screening tic disorder (TD).

Methods

A case–control study was performed to examine the association between the TPH2 gene and TD. The Sequenom® Mass ARRAY iPLEX GOLD System was used to genotype two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TPH2 gene in 149 TD children and in 125 normal controls.

Results

For rs4565946, individuals with the TT genotype showed a significantly higher risk of TD than those with TC plus CC genotypes [odds ratio (OR) =3.077, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.273–7.437; P = 0.009], as did male TD children with the TT genotype (OR = 3.228, 95% CI: 1.153–9.040; P = 0.020). The G allele of rs4570625 was significantly more frequent in TD children with higher levels of tic symptoms (Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, YGTSS) than those in controls among the male children (OR = 1.684, 95%: 1.097–2.583; P = 0.017]. TD children with severe tic symptoms had significantly higher frequencies of rs4546946 TT genotype than did normal controls in boys (OR = 3.292, 95% CI: 1.139–9.513; P = 0.022). We also found that genotype distributions of both SNPs were different between the Asian and European populations.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that the TT genotype of rs4565946 is a potential genetic risk factor for TD, and the allele G of rs4570625 might be associated with the severity of tic symptoms in boys. These polymorphisms might be susceptibility loci for TD in the Chinese Han population. Because of the confounding of co-existing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),these findings need to be confirmed by studies in much larger samples.
Effect of pre-cooking times on enzymes, properties, and melanosis of Pacific white shrimp during refrigerated storage
Authors: Manheem Kusaimah , Benjakul Soottawat , Kijroongrojana Kongkarn , Faithong Nandhsha , Visessanguan Wonnop
Published: January 2013

Pre-cooked shrimp have gained interest due to their attractive color and flavor. However, shrimp without sufficient pre-cooking have faced melanosis, particularly during the extended storage. This leads to the rejection by consumers and the market. Therefore, pre-cooking with appropriate time would be a means to tackle such a problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-cooking times on enzyme activities, properties, microstructure, and melanosis of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Pacific white shrimp were subjected to pre-cooking at 80°C for various times (0 to 120 s). The residual activities of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and protease decreased with increasing pre-cooking times (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the increasing pre-cooking time resulted in more cooking loss. With cooking time above 60 s, a cooking loss of 9.85% was obtained (p < 0.05). Marked decreases in the relative PPO and protease activities were observed within the first 30 s of pre-cooking, and negligible activities were detected after 120 s. The microstructure study revealed that the muscle fibers of pre-cooked shrimps were less attached with concomitantly higher shrinkage of the sarcomere, compared with those of the raw counterpart. Shrimps pre-cooked with longer time showed a lower development of black spots as evidenced by a lower melanosis score throughout storage of 7 days at 4°C. Therefore, a pre-cooking time of 30 s at 80°C was sufficient to lower PPO and protease activities with the minimized cooking loss and melanosis during refrigerated storage.
Antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Shorea roxburghii and its silver reducing power
Authors: Subramanian Ramasamy , Subbramaniyan Palanivel , Raj Vairamuthu
Published: January 2013

A detailed study has been performed on the antioxidant activity of the acetone and methanol extracts of the stem bark of the plant,Shorea roxburghii. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined by DPPH, radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing power, hydroxyl radical, ABTS.radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Reducing efficiency of theS. roxburghiitowards silver nanoparticles has been evaluated using surface plasmon resonance and transmission electron microscope. Spherical shapes of particles with 4–50 nm have been reported. Formation of silver nanoparticles ascertains the role of the water soluble phenolic compounds present inS. roxburghii. Both acetone and methanol extracts ofS. roxburghiistem bark was found to be a potent antioxidant. This work provides a scientific support for the high antioxidant activity of this plant and thus it may find potential applications in the treatment of the diseases caused by free radical. The extract of this plant could be used as a green reducing agent for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles.
Comparative study on the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on structural changes and hormonal output of the adrenal cortex in male Wistar rats
Authors: Elahi-Moghaddam Zohreh , Behnam-Rassouli Morteza , Mahdavi-Shahri Naser , Hajinejad-Boshroue Roya , Khajouee Elaheh
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin function, or both. Causing dysfunction in the body general metabolism, diabetes-induced chronic hyperglycemia leads to alterations in those endocrine glands involved in regulating the body metabolism. In this line, the present study has been conducted to investigate the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on the structural changes and hormonal output of the adrenal cortex in male Wistar rat.

Methods

Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups including control, experimental type 1 diabetes (subcutaneous injection of 135 mg/kg alloxan) and experimental type 2 diabetes (8 weeks treatment with drinking water containing 10% fructose). Two months after the induction of both types of diabetes, the level of blood biochemical factors (glucose, insulin, cortisol, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL) were measured. Structural changes of the adrenal cortex were then evaluated, using stereological techniques.

Results

Serum biochemical analysis showed significant difference in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, insulin and cortisol in experimental groups, compared to the control. The results of structural alterations were also indicative of increase in adrenal cortex volume in both types of diabetes.

Conclusion

Probably through increasing HPA axis activity, type1 diabetes-induced hyperglycemia leads to adrenal hypertrophy and increase the hormonal output of adrenal gland.
Intra-articular delivery of adipose derived stromal cells attenuates osteoarthritis progression in an experimental rabbit model
Authors: Desando Giovanna , Cavallo Carola , Sartoni Federica , Martini Lucia , Parrilli Annapaola , Veronesi Francesca , Fini Milena , Giardino Roberto , Facchini Andrea , Grigolo Brunella
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Cell therapy is a rapidly growing area of research for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). This work is aimed to investigate the efficacy of intra-articular adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) injection in the healing process on cartilage, synovial membrane and menisci in an experimental rabbit model.

Methods

The induction of OA was performed surgically through bilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) to achieve eight weeks from ACLT a mild grade of OA. A total of 2 × 106 and 6 × 106 autologous ASCs isolated from inguinal fat, expanded in vitro and suspended in 4% rabbit serum albumin (RSA) were delivered in the hind limbs; 4% RSA was used as the control. Local bio-distribution of the cells was verified by injecting chloro-methyl-benzamido-1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetra-methyl-indo-carbocyanine per-chlorate (CM-Dil) labeled ASCs in the hind limbs. Cartilage and synovial histological sections were scored by Laverty's scoring system to assess the severity of the pathology. Protein expression of some extracellular matrix molecules (collagen I and II), catabolic (metalloproteinase-1 and -3) and inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor- α) markers were detected by immunohistochemistry. Assessments were carried out at 16 and 24 weeks.

Results

Labeled-ASCs were detected unexpectedly in the synovial membrane and medial meniscus but not in cartilage tissue at 3 and 20 days from ASC-treatment. Intra-articular ASC administration decreases OA progression and exerts a healing contribution in the treated animals in comparison to OA and 4% RSA groups.

Conclusions

Our data reveal a healing capacity of ASCs in promoting cartilage and menisci repair and attenuating inflammatory events in synovial membrane inhibiting OA progression. On the basis of the local bio-distribution findings, the benefits obtained by ASC treatment could be due to a trophic mechanism of action by the release of growth factors and cytokines.
The effect of acute kidney injury on long-term health-related quality of life: a prospective follow-up study
Authors: Hofhuis José GM , van Stel Henk F , Schrijvers Augustinus JP , Rommes Johannes H , Spronk Peter E
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in critically ill patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). We hypothesized that ICU survivors with AKI would have a worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcome than ICU survivors without AKI.

Methods

We performed a long-term prospective observational study. Patients admitted for > 48 hours in a medical-surgical ICU were included and divided in two groups: patients who fulfilled RIFLE criteria for AKI and patients without AKI. We used the Short-Form 36 to evaluate HRQOL before admission (by proxy within 48 hours after admission of the patient), at ICU discharge, hospital discharge, 3 and 6 months following ICU discharge (all by patients). Recovery in HRQOL from ICU-admission onwards was assessed using linear mixed modelling.

Results

Between September 2000 and January 2007 all admissions were screened for study participation. We included a total of 749 patients. At six months after ICU discharge 73 patients with AKI and 325 patients without AKI could be evaluated. In survivors with and without AKI, the pre-admission HRQOL (by proxy) and at six months after ICU discharge was significantly lower compared with an age matched general population. Most SF-36 dimensions changed significantly over time from ICU discharge. Change over time of HRQOL between the different AKI Rifle classes (Risk, Injury, Failure) showed no significant differences. At ICU discharge, scores were lowest in the group with AKI compared with the group without AKI for the physical functioning, role-physical and general health dimensions. However, there were almost no differences in HRQOL between both groups at six months.

Conclusions

The pre-admission HRQOL (by proxy) of AKI survivors was significantly lower in two dimensions compared with the age matched general population. Six months after ICU discharge survivors with and without AKI showed an almost similar HRQOL. However, compared with the general population with a similar age, HRQOL was poorer in both groups.
CGAL: computing genome assembly likelihoods
Authors: Rahman Atif , Pachter Lior
Published: January 2013

Assembly algorithms have been extensively benchmarked using simulated data so that results can be compared to ground truth. However, in de novo assembly, only crude metrics such as contig number and size are typically used to evaluate assembly quality. We present CGAL, a novel likelihood-based approach to assembly assessment in the absence of a ground truth. We show that likelihood is more accurate than other metrics currently used for evaluating assemblies, and describe its application to the optimization and comparison of assembly algorithms. Our methods are implemented in software that is freely available at http://bio.math.berkeley.edu/cgal/.
Accelerated exon evolution within primate segmental duplications
Authors: Lorente-Galdos Belen , Bleyhl Jonathan , Santpere Gabriel , Vives Laura , Ramírez Oscar , Hernandez Jessica , Anglada Roger , Cooper Gregory M , Navarro Arcadi , Eichler Evan E , Marques-Bonet Tomas
Published: January 2013

Background

The identification of signatures of natural selection has long been used as an approach to understanding the unique features of any given species. Genes within segmental duplications are overlooked in most studies of selection due to the limitations of draft nonhuman genome assemblies and to the methodological reliance on accurate gene trees, which are difficult to obtain for duplicated genes.

Results

In this work, we detected exons with an accumulation of high-quality nucleotide differences between the human assembly and shotgun sequencing reads from single human and macaque individuals. Comparing the observed rates of nucleotide differences between coding exons and their flanking intronic sequences with a likelihood-ratio test, we identified 74 exons with evidence for rapid coding sequence evolution during the evolution of humans and Old World monkeys. Fifty-five percent of rapidly evolving exons were either partially or totally duplicated, which is a significant enrichment of the 6% rate observed across all human coding exons.

Conclusions

Our results provide a more comprehensive view of the action of selection upon segmental duplications, which are the most complex regions of our genomes. In light of these findings, we suggest that segmental duplications could be subjected to rapid evolution more frequently than previously thought.
Obeah’s Sensations: Rethinking Religion at the Transnational Turn
Authors: Jaudon Toni Wall
Published: January 2013

In a recent journal issue, Jordan Alexander Stein and Justine Murison observe that work on non-Protestant religions has the potential to upend conventional accounts of religion’s place in British America. Taking up that challenge, Jaudon’s essay discusses Revolutionary-era literary representations of obeah, a creole religion practiced by enslaved persons in the British Caribbean, arguing that such narratives use religious experience to craft an alternative transnationalism. Works such as William Earle’s 1800 novel Obi; or, The History of Three-Fingered Jack and similar chapbooks, penny-dreadfuls, and pantomimes share a common fascination with the occult forms of sensation obeah enabled, explaining away these experiences as misrecognitions of a stable material reality. Jaudon draws together recent reassessments of the history of the senses by anthropologists and challenges to secularism by political theorists to unsettle these texts’ easy dismissal of the strange sense perceptions and bodily capacities that obeah cultivated among enslaved persons. In their anxious attempts to debunk obeah, these narratives record what Jacques Rancière calls a “dissensus”: a clash between competing models of sensory perception. Such moments of sensory disjuncture posed a significant threat to a colonial order that claimed universality for its sense perceptions. Obeah narratives indicate that embodied religious experience constitutes a sensual alternative to what Elizabeth Maddock Dillon terms the “Westphalian imaginary” of a world mapped into nation-states. By recharacterizing religion as an alternative to the nation instead of something that circulates across its boundaries, Jaudon suggests new maps for transnational inquiry—ones that focus on the sensual relations religions forge or forbid between their adherents’ bodies and the nation-state’s world.
Harriet Jacobs among the Militants: Transformations in Abolition’s Public Sphere, 1859–61
Authors: Smith Caleb
Published: January 2013

This essay examines previously unexplored divisions within the antislavery movement’s published responses to Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Revisiting Jacobs’s conflict with her editor, Lydia Maria Child, over the suppressed chapter about John Brown, Smith emphasizes reception rather than authorial intention to show how the militant abolitionist James Redpath and his journal, the Anglo-African, aligned Jacobs’s book with the legacy of Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry. While Garrisonian pacifists like Child emphasized the moral influence of Jacobs’s testimony, Redpath saw it as a contribution to a circum-Atlantic project of black resistance, liberation, and uplift that crossed lines of race and gender.
Cosmopolis: Don DeLillo’s Melancholy Political Ecology
Authors: Merola Nicole M.
Published: January 2013

This essay considers Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis (2003) as a literary act of witnessing that diagnoses the devastating socioecological footprint of globalized cybercapitalism. Employing Marxist and ecocritical accounts of materiality and environment as analytic categories, Merola offers a taxonomy of the novel’s three different socioecological spaces: touchless space, material cityspace, and interstitial space. Taking into account its specific geographical and temporal setting, New York City in April 2000, during an era DeLillo terms “the golden age of cybercapital,” Merola examines how the novel repeatedly stages episodes that highlight the particular aliena tions inherent to cybercapitalist labor and the particular metabolisms it demands of human and built materialities. Through its rescripting of Karl Marx’s concept of alienation for the contemporary moment, Merola argues, Cosmopolis functions as a work of cyber naturalism. The question of form and its relationship to refracting global environ men tal crisis is a matter of increasing concern in eco critical scholar ship, which must, Merola insists, consider the ways different formal strategies, genres, and media enable or foreclose how we theorize and encounter human and nonhuman worlds. To this end, she also probes how the novel’s formal composition—two intersecting narrative threads, one running forward in time and one backward—contributes to its ecosocial arguments. Ultimately, Merola contends, the novel’s form, content, and tone coalesce into a melancholy political ecology.
“Search for and Destroy”: US Army Relations with Alaska's Tlingit Indians and the Kake War of 1869
Authors: Jones Zachary R.
Published: January 2013

The Kake War of 1869 was a US Army altercation with the Tlingit Indians of southeast Alaska. In this conflict, the Army's gunship attacked three Kéex' Kwáan Tlingit civilian villages in midwinter, although no active Tlingit resistance was mounted. The Army's intention was to allow starvation and nature's elements to kill the Tlingit survivors of the attack. The conflict transpired fifteen months after Russia sold Alaska to the United States and as the US Army was dispatched to Alaska to oversee its resources, lands, and indigenous population—an undertaking resisted by the Tlingit Indians. In part, the conflict transpired because the two nations, the United States and the Tlingit people, refused to acknowledge each other's claims to Alaskan land and legal systems. A study of the Kake War documents the role of indigenous legal systems in dealing with governing officials, issues of transnational contacts between indigenous people and colonial governments, the dynamic decisions that native leaders made in difficult situations, and the importance of indigenous oral histories in documenting the past.
Race and Indigeneity in the Life of Elisha Apes
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2013

This essay examines cultures of racial categorization in New England and New Zealand through the life of one migrant, Elisha Apes, the younger half-brother of the radical Pequot Indian writer William Apess, who preferred to spell the family name with a second s. Elisha Apes settled in New Zealand in 1839 and married a Maori woman of the South Island. Their six children came to be labeled “half-castes” in the language of the nineteenth-century New Zealand state. If half-caste had been a term in New England, it would have been applied to Elisha Apes, for he was indeed of mixed descent. However, in New Zealand, where native referred to the Maori only, Apes's native origins elsewhere had no bearing. His status as a foreigner who came to settle in New Zealand cast him into the same category as New Zealand's European/white population.
Revisiting Cultivated Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Daily Life in the Guaraní Missions
Authors: Sarreal Julia
Published: January 2013

Both the Crown and Catholic missionaries believed that frontier Indians needed to practice settled agriculture and animal husbandry in order to become civilized. For over a century Jesuit missionaries among the Guaraní Indians of South America tried to Europeanize mission inhabitants. Scholarship about the Guaraní missions portrays the Jesuits as imposing a rigid work schedule based on settled agriculture and instituting reforms so that the missions relied on domesticated rather than hunted cattle. This essay reexamines the roles of both cultivated agriculture and domesticated livestock in the Guaraní missions. A critical reading of Jesuit documents and analysis of mission production and consumption levels reveal that the Jesuits failed to fully institute the rigorous schedule associated with settled agriculture and domesticated livestock, and thus the economic aspect of their civilizing agenda remained unfulfilled.
Cbx4 regulates the proliferation of thymic epithelial cells and thymus function
Authors: Liu Bo , Liu Yuan-Feng , Du Ya-Rui , Mardaryev Andrei N. , Yang Wei , Chen Hui , Xu Zhi-Mei , Xu Chen-Qi , Zhang Xiao-Ren , Botchkarev Vladimir A. , Zhang Yu , Xu Guo-Liang
Published: January 2013

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are the main component of the thymic stroma, which supports T-cell proliferation and repertoire selection. Here, we demonstrate that Cbx4, a Polycomb protein that is highly expressed in the thymic epithelium, has an essential and non-redundant role in thymic organogenesis. Targeted disruption of Cbx4 causes severe hypoplasia of the fetal thymus as a result of reduced thymocyte proliferation. Cell-specific deletion of Cbx4 shows that the compromised thymopoiesis is rooted in a defective epithelial compartment. Cbx4-deficient TECs exhibit impaired proliferative capacity, and the limited thymic epithelial architecture quickly deteriorates in postnatal mutant mice, leading to an almost complete blockade of T-cell development shortly after birth and markedly reduced peripheral T-cell populations in adult mice. Furthermore, we show that Cbx4 physically interacts and functionally correlates with p63, which is a transcriptional regulator that is proposed to be important for the maintenance of the stemness of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data establish Cbx4 as a crucial regulator for the generation and maintenance of the thymic epithelium and, hence, for thymocyte development.
Inner-Sphere Structure of Rhodium Complexes with Tin(II) Chloride in Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Authors: Narita Hirokazu , Tanaka Mikiya , Shiwaku Hideaki , Okamoto Yoshihiro , Ikeda-Ohno Atsushi , Yaita Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2013

The coordination properties of highly concentrated rhodium complexes (Rh: ca. 10 g L−1) in concentrated hydrochloric acid solution upon addition of tin(II) chloride were investigated using Rh and Sn K-edge XAFS spectra. For Rh solutions in the absence of Sn, the Rh ion shows no inner-sphere H2O complexation for [HCl] ≥ 6 M. The coordination structure of Rh in 3 M HCl solution (ca. 1 O(H2O) at 2.06(3) Å and ca. 5 Cl− at 2.321(8) Å) drastically changes with increasing amount of tin(II) chloride added; the Sn directly coordinates to Rh by replacing the H2O/Cl−. At [Sn]/[Rh] = 12.4, the inner coordination sphere of Rh is occupied only by Sn (ca. 5 Sn at 2.510(7) Å). The curve fits of the Sn K-edge EXAFS spectra for the Rh–Sn system show that the Sn has ca. 3 Cl− and ca. 1 Rh in the inner coordination sphere. XANES analysis reveals that the Rh ion is reduced from trivalent to monovalent with concomitant oxidation of the Sn ion, divalent to tetravalent. These results demonstrate that the Rh complexes in 3 M HCl solution transform from [RhIIICl5(H2O)]2− to [RhI(SnIICl3)5]4− through the [RhIIICln(H2O)m(SnIICl3)6−n−m]n−3 complex (1 ≤ n ≤ 5, 0 ≤ m ≤ 1) with an increase in the Sn concentration.
Promotional Marketing or Word-of-Mouth? Evidence from Online Restaurant Reviews
Authors: Lu Xianghua , Ba Sulin , Huang Lihua , Feng Yue
Published: January 2013

The value of promotional marketing and word-of-mouth (WOM) is well recognized, but few studies have compared the effects of these two types of information in online settings. This research examines the effect of marketing efforts and online WOM on product sales by measuring the effects of online coupons, sponsored keyword search, and online reviews. It aims to understand the relationship between firms' promotional marketing and WOM in the context of a third party review platform. Using a three-year panel data set from one of the biggest restaurant review websites in China, the study finds that both online promotional marketing and reviews have a significant impact on product sales, which suggests promotional marketing on third party review platforms is still an effective marketing tool. This research further explores the interaction effects between WOM and promotional marketing when these two types of information coexist. The results demonstrate a substitute relationship between the WOM volume and coupon offerings, but a complementary relationship between WOM volume and keyword advertising.
Active Social Media Management: The Case of Health Care
Authors: Miller Amalia R. , Tucker Catherine
Published: January 2013

Given the demand for authentic personal interactions over social media, it is unclear how much firms should actively manage their social media presence. We study this question empirically in a health care setting. We show that active social media management drives more user-generated content. However, we find that this is due to an incremental increase in user postings from an organization's employees rather than from its clients. This result holds when we explore exogenous variation in social media policies, employees, and clients that are explained by medical marketing laws, medical malpractice laws, and distortions in Medicare incentives. Further examination suggests that content being generated mainly by employees can be avoided if a firm's postings are entirely client focused. However, most firm postings seem not to be specifically targeted to clients' interests, instead highlighting more general observations or achievements of the firm itself. We show that untargeted postings like these provoke activity by employees rather than clients. This may not be a bad thing because employee-generated content may help with employee motivation, recruitment, or retention, but it does suggest that social media should not be funded or managed exclusively as a marketing function of the firm.
Efficient Distribution of Water Between Head-Reach and Tail-End Farms in Developing Countries
Authors: Dawande Milind , Gavirneni Srinagesh , Mehrotra Mili , Mookerjee Vijay
Published: January 2013

The necessity of surface water for irrigation and its increasing scarcity in developing economies motivate the need for its efficient distribution. The inequity in the distribution of surface water arises because of the relative physical locations of the farms. Head-reach (primary) farms are close to the source, whereas tail-end (secondary) farms are relatively farther. The lack of physical infrastructure implies that water allocated to secondary farms must pass through primary farms. Left to their individual incentives, primary farmers use more than their fair share of water by denying its release to secondary farmers. Such an inequitable sharing results in significantly suboptimal productivity of the farming community as a whole. We propose decentralized, individually rational mechanisms to achieve socially optimal distribution of surface water for a farming community under uncertainty in rainfall, choice of multiple crops, and differing risk-bearing abilities of primary and secondary farmers. We show that the mechanisms can be efficiently computed and highlight the impact of the improved sharing of surface water. We also study the movement of the price of water with its scarcity. Ideas that can help administer the mechanisms in practice are briefly discussed.
Corrigenda/Errata
Authors: Villar R. N.
Published: January 2013

Pengas IP, Assiotis A, Nash W, Hatcher J, Banks J, McNicholas MJ. Total meniscectomy in adolescents: a 40-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2012;94-B:1649-1654.
A Friendships and Dating Program for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Formative Evaluation
Authors: Ward Karen M. , Atkinson Julie P. , Smith Curtis A. , Windsor Richard
Published: January 2013

Meaningful relationships with others are often elusive for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, but no less desired for their full inclusion and participation in society. It is well documented that people with disabilities are victims of interpersonal violence at higher rates than peers without disabilities. This article presents a formative evaluation of the Friendships and Dating Program (FDP). The FDP was designed to teach the social skills needed to develop healthy, meaningful relationships and to prevent violence in dating and partnered relationships. Thirty-one adults were recruited by 5 community agencies in Alaska to participate. The results showed the size of the participants' social networks increased and the number of incidents of interpersonal violence was reduced for participants who completed the FDP, and outcomes were maintained 10 weeks later.
Congregational Participation and Supports for Children and Adults with Disabilities: Parent Perceptions
Authors: Ault Melinda Jones , Collins Belva C. , Carter Erik W.
Published: January 2013

Although religion and spirituality have received relatively limited attention in the literature addressing people with disabilities, each is strongly associated with a host of positive outcomes, including enhanced quality of life. One way to participate in religious activities and enhance spirituality is to participate in a faith community. In this article, we report findings from a survey of 416 parents exploring the ways in which they and their children with disabilities participated in their congregations and examining factors associated with participation and inclusion in those communities. Consistent with findings from general social surveys, the majority of parents indicated their faith was important to them and many—along with their sons or daughters with disabilities—participated in congregational activities. Although parents reported their sons and daughters with disabilities participated in somewhat fewer types of activities than they did, this involvement occurred most often in activities involving peers without disabilities. However, parents generally were not satisfied with the level of supports provided by faith communities, and they highly valued a welcoming and supportive attitude by the community. We discuss implications for extending inclusive efforts into congregational contexts and suggest future research directions.
Intellectual Disability and Space: Critical Narratives of Exclusion
Authors: Gabel Susan L. , Cohen Carie J. , Kotel Kathleen , Pearson Holly
Published: January 2013

The language of intellectual disability is rife with spatial terms. Students labeled with intellectual disability are “placed in” special education where they may be “self-contained,” “segregated,” “excluded,” or “included.” Conversations ensue about where to seat them, next to whom, and at what distance from the teacher and other students. In this article, critical spatial studies and critical narratives are used to illustrate the ways in which power and exclusion constitute intellectual disability.
Surfing Foucault’s panopticopolis: Facebooking our way to a panoptic world
Authors: Gilchrist Brian
Published: January 2013

This article seeks to address the following question: how might analysing the implications of the panopticon for Facebook better inform understanding about social media communication? The panopticon derives from a prison system designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1791. Michel Foucault analyses
the panopticon as a form of surveillance that controls human bodies. Facebook, a popular social networking site, allows users to share content with other users. Although the physical bodies of Facebook users might be invisible, they reveal information about their private lives in the content
of their posts. I suggest that the users’ willingness to divulge information reframes Facebook from a neutral social networking site to a panopticopolis, an online space that controls users. Facebook functions as a panopticon by exercising control over the physical bodies of users in
the real world as a result of surveillance over user content posted in the virtual world.
A British empire of their own? Jewish entrepreneurs in the British film industry
Authors: Spicer Andrew
Published: January 2013

Spicer provides an overview of the contribution of Jewish entrepreneurs to the British film industry from its beginnings through to the present. He argues that film was an open and rapidly expanding industry that offered exciting opportunities in production, distribution and exhibition
for individuals regardless of class, background or ethnicity; it thus provided an arena in which Jewish traditions of risk taking, independence and ambition could thrive, though not without courting anti-Semitic prejudice. As the industry contracted from the 1950s onwards there were less opportunities,
but nevertheless the Jewish presence remained strongly represented. Overall, he argues, the shape and contours of British cinema as it evolved are inconceivable without acknowledging the Jewish influence.
The hate that dared not speak its name: Svengali, anti-Semitism and post-war British heritage cinema
Authors: Stetz Margaret D.
Published: January 2013

At key moments in modern British social history, works of art have been used to consolidate national identity by celebrating ‘Englishness’, while defining Jews as dangerously alien. British heritage cinema was implicated in this process after World War II, with David Lean’s
Oliver Twist (1948) and Noel Langley’s adaptation of Trilby (1894). When the latter became Svengali (1954), it recast the evil Jewish mesmerist’s victim as an innocent German girl – an egregiously offensive development less than ten years after the Holocaust, but one that
British Jews were in no position to protest in the political climate of the Cold War.
Unknown spaces and uncertainty in film development
Authors: Nash Margot
Published: January 2013

This article examines a discovery-driven process to script development as opposed to a formula-driven one. It is an investigation into the uncertain nature of the creative process in general, and the all-pervasive quest for certainty in film development in particular. Development strategies
that value a discovery-driven process are few and far between, as are strategies to explore the gaps, or elisions, within a screenplay where subtext thrives, yet these are transformative spaces that invite an active and creative response. In this article I engage in practice-based research
as a writer/director and as a teacher, and investigate two particular areas of film development. The first is early-stage script development where ideas are still struggling to find form; the second is latter-stage script development where a screenplay is refined in order to create spaces
where others might respond imaginatively. I advocate risk taking, and the use of unconventional models, in order to create new spaces for students to explore their creativity, and I examine the ‘unknown’ and the ‘uncertain’ as active spaces, both for a screenwriter
developing new work and for those who engage creatively with a screenplay as it transforms into a film. I argue that gaps or spaces within a screenplay offer opportunities for directors, actors, key creative crew and eventually an audience to actively participate, and that a development process
that values the unknown offers the screenwriter a gateway to adventure and innovation. Screenwriting textbooks rarely enter the unknown and uncertain spaces of creativity yet, as many artists (albeit working in less-expensive mediums) seem to know instinctively, it is within the interplay
of the known and the unknown, of passion and reason, and of logic and intuition – that creativity lies.
REVIEWS
Authors: Harris Oliver , Newton James , Selbo Jule
Published: January 2013

SCRIPTING HITCHCOCK: PSYCHO, THE BIRDS, AND MARNIE, WALTER RAUBICHECK AND WALTER SREBNIK (2011) Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 131 pp., ISBN 978-0-252-07824-8, p/bk, £14.99

CHARLIE KAUFMAN: CONFESSIONS OF AN ORIGINAL MIND, DOREEN ALEXANDER CHILD (2010) Santa Barbara,
Ca: Praeger, 208pp., ISBN: 978-0313358609, p/bk, £30.35

FUNNY, THE BOOK: EVERYTHING YOU ALWAYS WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT COMEDY, DAVID MISCH (2012) Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Publishing, 173 pp., ISBN: 978-1-55783-829-2, p/bk, $18.99
Vasopressin V1A receptors mediate the increase in gastric mucosal oxygenation during hypercapnia
Authors: Vollmer Christian , Schwartges Ingo , Naber Silke , Beck Christopher , Bauer Inge , Picker Olaf
Published: January 2013

Hypercapnia (HC) improves systemic oxygen delivery (DO2) and microvascular hemoglobin oxygenation of the mucosa (μHbO2). Simultaneously, HC increases plasma levels of vasopressin. Although vasopressin is generally regarded a potent vasoconstrictor particularly in the splanchnic region, its effects on splanchnic microcirculation during HC is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of endogenous vasopressin on gastric mucosal oxygenation and hemodynamic variables during physiological (normocapnia) and hypercapnic conditions. Five dogs were repeatedly anesthetized to study the effect of vasopressin V1A receptor blockade ([Pmp1,Tyr(Me)2]-Arg8-Vasopressin, 35 μg/kg) on hemodynamic variables and μHbO2 during normocapnia or HC (end-tidal CO2 70 mmHg). In a control group, animals were subjected to HC alone. μHbO2 was measured by reflectance spectrophotometry, systemic DO2 was calculated from intermittent blood gas analysis, and cardiac output was measured by transpulmonary thermodilution. Data are presented as mean±s.e.m. for n=5 animals. During HC alone, DO2 increased from 12±1 to 16±1 ml/kg per min and μHbO2 from 70±4 to 80±2%. By contrast, additional vasopressin V1A receptor blockade abolished the increase in μHbO2 (80±2 vs 69±2%) without altering the increase in DO2 (16±1 vs 19±2 ml/kg per min). Vasopressin V1A receptor blockade (VB) during normocapnia neither affected DO2 (13±1 vs 14±1 ml/kg per min) nor μHbO2 (75±3 vs 71±5%). Vasopressin V1A receptor blockade abolished the increase in μHbO2 during HC independent of DO2. Thus, in contrast to its generally vasoconstrictive properties, the vasopressin V1A receptors seem to mediate the increase in gastric microcirculatory mucosal oxygenation induced by acute HC.
Physician Advice to Adolescents About Drinking and Other Health Behaviors
Authors: Hingson Ralph W. , Zha Wenxing , Iannotti Ronald J. , Simons-Morton Bruce
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND:

This report assessed the proportion of US 10th graders (average age, 16) who saw a physician in the past year and were asked and given advice about their drinking. We hypothesized that advice would vary by whether students were asked about drinking and their drinking, bingeing, and drunkenness frequency.

METHODS:

A nationally representative sample of 10th graders in 2010 (N = 2519) were asked their past 30-day frequency of drinking, bingeing, and intoxication and whether, during their last medical examination, their drinking was explored and they received advice about alcohol’s risks and reducing or stopping.

RESULTS:

In the past month, 36% reported drinking, 28% reported bingeing, and 23% reported drunkenness (11%, 5%, and 7%, respectively, 6 or more times). In the past year, 82% saw a doctor. Of that group, 54% were asked about drinking, 40% were advised about related harms, and 17% were advised to reduce or stop. Proportions seeing a doctor and asked about drinking were similar across drinking patterns. Respondents asked about drinking were more often advised to reduce or stop. Frequent drinkers, bingers, and those drunk were more often advised to reduce or stop. Nonetheless, only 25% of them received that advice from physicians. In comparison, 36% of frequent smokers, 27% of frequent marijuana users, and 42% of frequent other drug users were advised to reduce or quit those behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS:

Efforts are warranted to increase the proportion of physicians who follow professional guidelines to screen and counsel adolescents about unhealthy alcohol use and other behaviors that pose health risks.
Prevalência, distribuição geográfica e sazonal de protozoários e mixozoários parasitos de jaú (Zungaro jahu) no Pantanal Matogrossense
Authors: Adriano Edson A. , Ceccarelli Paulo S. , Silva Márcia R.M. , Maia Antonio A.M.
Published: January 2013

Estudo realizado no Pantanal Matogrossense, avaliou a prevalência, a distribuição geográfica e sazonal de protozoários e mixozoários parasitos de jaú (Zungaro jahu). Os peixes foram capturados no Sul do Pantanal, na região dos rios Aquidauana, Miranda e Paraguai, em 2001, 2002 e 2003, na região Central (Parque Nacional do Pantanal - PARNA Pantanal) em 2003, 2004, 2005 e 2008, e na região Norte (rios Cuiabá e Manso, no município de Nobres) em 2003, 2004 e 2005. Foi identificado Trichodina sp. parasitando pele e brânquias de jaú nas três regiões estudadas. Ocorrência de Epistylis sp. na pele e Cryptobia sp. nas brânquias foram restritas às coletas da região Central, enquanto Ichthyophthirius multifiliis foi identificado parasitando a pele nas três regiões estudadas. Também foi observada a ocorrência de mixozoários, Myxobolus cordeiroi parasitando vários órgãos e Henneguya sp. parasitando brânquias de jaú das três regiões estudadas.
Suplementação oral de L-carnitina associada ao treinamento físico e muscular respiratório na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: estudo preliminar
Authors: Silva Matheus Guedes Fernandes , Fernandes Carolina Pereira , Santos Tadeu Candido da Silva , Silva Tatiane Lopes Patrocínio da
Published: January 2013

Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação oral de L-carnitina associada ao treinamento físico e muscular respiratório na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Participaram 14 voluntários com idade de 65±10,4 anos e diagnóstico clínico de DPOC moderado, classificados de acordo com a espirometria prévia. Os voluntários foram divididos em grupo treino esteira (GTE) e grupo treino muscular respiratório (GTMR). Realizaram o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6'), teste de caminhada com carga progressiva (TCP), avaliação nutricional do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), dose diária recomendada de L-carnitina, pressões inspiratórias (PImáx) e expiratórias máximas (PEmáx). Fizeram 30 min de caminhada em esteira, 3 vezes/semana por 10 semanas, e o GTMR realizou, ainda, 10 min de treinamento muscular inspiratório (Threshold® IMT) e 10 min de treinamento muscular expiratório (Threshold® PEP) à 50% da PImáx e PEmáx ajustados semanalmente. Após 10 semanas, foram reavaliados. No TC6' pré e pós-programa de treinamento físico, as variáveis alteradas foram: distância percorrida (DP), frequência cardíaca (FC) final, pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) final, pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) final e Borg final no GTMR, no GTE as variáveis alteradas foram FC repouso, FC final, PAS final, Borg repouso e DP. Comparando os grupos no TC6, o GTE apresentou FC final, PAD final e Borg final maiores do que o GTMR na reavaliação; já no TCP, a FC final, PAS final, Borg final foram maiores no GTE, e DP foi maior no GTMR. Na avaliação respiratória, a PEmáx foi maior no GTMR na reavaliação. O treino aeróbio e suplementação de L-carnitina na DPOC otimizou a performance, a capacidade física e a tolerância ao esforço.
Sustainable waste management by production of activated carbon from agroforestry residues
Authors: Ntuli Victor , Hapazari Innocent
Published: January 2013

Agroforestry waste presents a problem for disposal and negatively impacts on the environment if left to rot or burn. The aim of this study was to reduce environmental problems associated with agroforestry waste by promoting the innovative use of such waste in the production of activated carbons (ACs) using a low-cost production technique, and ultimately delivering more affordable water and effluent treatment adsorbents. Four varieties of ACs from four different agroforestry materials – pine (Pinus contorta) cones (PC), Abies (Abies cilicica) seeds (AS), maple (Acer ginnala) seeds (MS) and peach (Prunus persica) stones (PS) – were prepared by single-step steam pyrolysis and characterised. The raw materials were evaluated for AC yield while the respective ACs were evaluated on the basis of iodine number, phenol specific area, ash content, pH, moisture content and removal of metal ions, nitrates and sulphates from aqueous solution. The AC yields for PS, PC, AS and MS were found to be 23.0%, 18.0%, 17.8% and 14.6%, respectively. The yield for PS (23%) is within the specified commercial limits of 20% to 40%. The phenol specific areas of the ACs ranged between 381 m2/g and 415 m2/g higher than the commercial lower limit (300 m2/g) generally specified. The ACs also showed the capacity to remove heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions. Removal of both nitrates and sulphates in raw water was greater than 50%. Although no quantitative analysis has been performed to date, it is envisaged that the production of AC from agroforestry wastes can contribute to the sustainable management of environmental pollution by these residues and the concomitant delivery of cheaper adsorbents.
Climate trends in southern Africa (with erratum)
Authors: Jury Mark R.
Published: January 2013

The observed and projected changes in the climate of southern Africa in the period 1900–2100 were analysed. Ten observed, reanalysed and model-simulated climate data sets were explored for changes in surface air temperature, rainfall, air pressure, winds, ocean currents and sea surface height. The analysis of spatial and temporal climate trends from historical observations provided a context to assess two coupled model simulations (IPSL, MIROC) based on the A1B emission scenario. Temperatures in the satellite era exhibited upward trends greater than +0.4 °C/year in the MIROC and IPSL A1B model simulations; between +0.02 °C/year and +0.03 °C/year in NCDC, HADCRU, CFS-R and NCEPe data sets; +0.01 °C/year in NCEPr and GHCN observations; and +0.002 °C/year in the ECMWF data set. Although rainfall trends in the satellite era were minimal in many data sets because of drought in the early 1980s, there was a significant downtrend in the IPSL simulation of -0.013 mm/day per year. When averaging the longer data sets together over the 20th century, the southern African rainfall trend was -0.003 mm/day per year. Other key features of the analyses include a poleward drift of the sub-tropical anticyclones and a +1.5 mm/year rise in sea surface height along the coast.