bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the Arabian Sea Upwelling from the Last Millennium to the Future as Simulated by Earth System Models
Authors: Yi Xing , Hünicke Birgit , Zorita Eduardo
Published: April 2021

Arabian Sea upwelling in the past has been generally studied based on the sediment records. We apply two earth system models and analyze the simulated water vertical velocity to investigate coastal upwelling in the western Arabian Sea over the last millennium. In addition, two models with slightly different configurations are also employed to study the upwelling in the 21st century under the strongest and the weakest greenhouse gas emission scenarios. With a negative long-term trend caused by the orbital forcing of the models, the upwelling over the last millennium is found to be closely correlated with the sea surface temperature, the Indian summer Monsoon and the sediment records. The future upwelling under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario reveals a negative trend, in contrast with the positive trend displayed by the upwelling favorable along-shore winds. Therefore, it is likely that other factors, like water stratification in the upper ocean layers caused by the stronger surface warming, overrides the effect from the upwelling favorable wind. No significant trend is found for the upwelling under the RCP2.6 scenario, which is likely due to a compensation between the opposing effects of the increase in upwelling favorable winds and the water stratification.
Distinct Outcomes of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients after Distant Failure According to p16 Status: Implication in Therapeutic Options
Authors: Modesto Anouchka , Siegfried Aurore , Lusque Amelie , Vergez Sébastien , Sarini Jerome , Brouchet Laurent , Uro-Coste Emmanuelle , Graff-Cailleaud Pierre , Delord Jean Pierre
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Recent modifications in the epidemiology of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have led to the increase of Human papillomavirus (HPV) related metastatic head and neck cancer patients with high life expectancy even at advanced stage, low comorbidity and still restricted systemic therapy opportunities. In the recent era of ablative therapies’ development, oligometastatic HPV OSCC patients are indubitably good candidates for intensified treatment. However, data related to outcomes after optimised management of metastatic sites are dramatically missing. Materials and patients: In our cohort of 186 unselected consecutive OSCC patients treated with curative intent at our institution between 2009 and 2013, we analysed the incidence, treatment and outcomes of distant metastatic (DM) failure according to p16 status. Results: After a median follow-up of 4.2 years (95% CI: 3.8–4.4) from primary diagnosis of OSCC, 21/95 p16− patients (22.1%) vs. 8/91 (8.8%) p16+ patients presented DM failure with a median interval of 11 (range 0–46) and 28 months (range 0–71), respectively (p = 0.10). Overall survival (OS) after DM failure was significantly higher in p16+ patients with a two-year OS rate of 75% and 15% for p16+ and p16−, respectively (p = 0.002). In eight HPV-related metastatic patients, three underwent ablative lung metastasis treatment and are still complete responders four to five years later. Conclusion: This study highlights distinct outcomes of metastatic HPV-related OSCC patients emphasised by three long-term complete responders after lung ablative treatment. In patients with high life expectancy and limited tumour burden, the question of ablative treatment such as metastasectomy or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SBRT) should be addressed.
Theranostics in Oncology—Thriving, Now More than Ever
Authors: Werner Rudolf A. , Higuchi Takahiro , Pomper Martin G. , Rowe Steven P.
Published: April 2021

Tracing its roots back to the 1940s, theranostics in nuclear oncology has proved successful mainly due to the beneficial effects of image-guided therapeutic concepts for patients afflicted with a variety of different cancers. The majority of these treatments are not only characterized by substantial prolongation of progression-free and overall survival, but are also generally safe, rendering theranostic agents as an attractive treatment option in various clinical scenarios in oncology. In this Special Issue Novel Theranostic Agents, nine original articles from around the globe provide further evidence on the use of the theranostic concept for neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN), prostate cancer (PC), meningioma, and neuroblastoma. The investigated diagnostic and therapeutic radiotracers target not only established structures, such as somatostatin receptor, prostate-specific membrane antigen or norepinephrine transporter, but also recently emerging targets such as the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4. Moreover, the presented original articles also combine the concept of theranostics with in-depth read-out techniques such as radiomics or novel reconstruction algorithms on pretherapeutic scans, e.g., for outcome prediction. Even 80 years after its initial clinical introduction, theranostics in oncology continues to thrive, now more than ever.
Universal Detection of Mia Antigen and Frequencies of Glycophorin Hybrids among Blood Donors in Taiwan by Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Mia (MNS7), Mur (MNS10), and MUT (MNS35) Antigens
Authors: Yang Meng-Hua , Chen Jen-Wei , Sayaka Kaito , Uchikawa Makoto , Tsuno Nelson H. , Wei Sheng-Tang , Hou Sheng-Mou , Chen Yann-Jang
Published: April 2021

Glycophorin hybrids such as GP.Mur are common in Southeast Asians. In Taiwan, clinically significant alloantibodies to the GP.Mur phenotype are the most important issue in blood banks. A large-scale screening of glycophorin hybrids in the Taiwanese population is urgently needed to ensure transfusion safety. Four clones of human hybridomas that secrete anti-Mia, anti-MUT, and anti-Mur were established by fusing human B-lymphocytes and myeloma cells (JMS-3). The specificity of each monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was characterized. Three MoAbs were applied on an Automated Pretransfusion Blood Testing Analyzer (PK7300/PK7400) for donor screening. Genotyping was performed to determine the detailed subgrouping of glycophorin hybrids. Four MoAbs are IgM antibodies. Anti-Mia (377T) binds to 46DXHKRDTYA54, 48HKRDTYAAHT57 peptides, and anti-Mia (367T) binds to 43QTNDXHKRD51 peptides (X indicates T, M, or K). Anti-Mur is reactive with 49KRDTYPAHTA58 peptides. Anti-MUT is reactive with 47KHKRDTYA54. A total of 78,327 donors were screened using three MoAbs, and 3690 (4.71%) were GP.Mur, 20 (0.025%) were GP.Hut, and 18 (0.022%) were GP.Vw. When the Mia antigen was introduced as routine screening, the frequency of Mi(a+) among blood donors in Taiwan was 4.66% (67,348/1,444,541). Mia antigen was implemented as a routine blood testing, and the results were labeled on all red blood cell (RBC) units.
A New Family of Bivariate Exponential Distributions with Negative Dependence Based on Counter-Monotonic Shock Method
Authors: Bentoumi Rachid , El Ktaibi Farid , Mesfioui Mhamed
Published: April 2021

We introduce a new family of bivariate exponential distributions based on the counter-monotonic shock model. This family of distribution is easy to simulate and includes the Fréchet lower bound, which allows to span all degrees of negative dependence. The construction and distributional properties of the proposed bivariate distribution are presented along with an estimation of the parameters involved in our model based on the method of moments. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the suggested estimators. An extension to the general model describing both negative and positive dependence is sketched in the last section of the paper.
Design of Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Model Based Intelligence Computing for Efficient State Estimation of Underwater Passive Target
Authors: Ali Wasiq , Khan Wasim Ullah , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , He Yigang , Li Yaan
Published: April 2021

In this study, an intelligent computing paradigm built on a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) feedback neural network model with the strength of deep learning is presented for accurate state estimation of an underwater passive target. In underwater scenarios, real-time motion parameters of passive objects are usually extracted with nonlinear filtering techniques. In filtering algorithms, nonlinear passive measurements are associated with linear kinetics of the target, governing by state space methodology. To improve tracking accuracy, effective feature estimation and minimizing position error of dynamic passive objects, the strength of NARX based supervised learning is exploited. Dynamic artificial neural networks, which contain tapped delay lines, are suitable for predicting the future state of the underwater passive object. Neural networks-based intelligence computing is effectively applied for estimating the real-time actual state of a passive moving object, which follows a semi-curved path. Performance analysis of NARX based neural networks is evaluated for six different scenarios of standard deviation of white Gaussian measurement noise by following bearings only tracking phenomena. Root mean square error between estimated and real position of the passive target in rectangular coordinates is computed for evaluating the worth of the proposed NARX feedback neural network scheme. The Monte Carlo simulations are conducted and the results certify the capability of the intelligence computing over conventional nonlinear filtering algorithms such as spherical radial cubature Kalman filter and unscented Kalman filter for given state estimation model.
Dual Effects of Partner’s Competence: Resource Interdependence in Cooperative Learning at Elementary School
Authors: Buchs Céline , Dumesnil Anissa , Chanal Julien , Butera Fabrizio
Published: April 2021

A partner’s competence should logically favor cooperative learning. However, research in cooperative learning has shown that a partner’s competence may or may not activate a threatening social comparison and yields dual effects: It is beneficial when students work on complementary information while it is detrimental when students work on identical information. Two studies conducted at elementary school (study 1 with 24 fourth graders working on encyclopedic texts, and study 2 with 28 fifth graders working on argumentative texts) replicated that interaction: Information distribution (complementary vs. identical information) moderated the relationship between partner’s competence and pupils’ learning outcomes. The relation between partner’s competence and students’ performances was positive when working on complementary information, but negative when working on identical information. A third study confirmed that working on identical information led to a competitive social comparison whereas complementary information reinforced the pupils’ cooperation perception. Contributions to cooperative learning research are discussed in terms of the competitive comparisons that may arise during cooperative learning at elementary school.
A Versatile Analog Electronic Interface for Piezoelectric Sensors Used for Impacts Detection and Positioning in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Systems
Authors: Capineri Lorenzo , Bulletti Andrea
Published: April 2021

Continuous monitoring of mechanical impacts is one of the goals of modern SHM systems using a sensor network installed on a structure. For the evaluation of the impact position, there are generally applied triangulation techniques based on the estimation of the differential time of arrival (DToA). The signals generated by impacts are multimodal, dispersive Lamb waves propagating in the plate-like structure. Symmetrical S0 and antisymmetrical A0 Lamb waves are both generated by impact events with different velocities and energies. The discrimination of these two modes is an advantage for impact positioning and characterization. The faster S0 is less influenced by multiple path signal overlapping and is also less dispersive, but its amplitude is generally 40–80 dB lower than the amplitude of the A0 mode. The latter has an amplitude related to the impact energy, while S0 amplitude is related to the impact velocity and has higher frequency spectral content. For these reasons, the analog front-end (AFE) design is crucial to preserve the information of the impact event, and at the same time, the overall signal chain must be optimized. Large dynamic range ADCs with high resolution (at least 12-bit) are generally required for processing these signals to retrieve the DToA information found in the full signal spectrum, typically from 20 kHz to 500 kHz. A solution explored in this work is the design of a versatile analog front-end capable of matching the different types of piezoelectric sensors used for impact monitoring (piezoceramic, piezocomposite or piezopolymer) in a sensor node. The analog front-end interface has a programmable attenuator and three selectable configurations with different gain and bandwidth to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and distortion of the selected Lamb wave mode. This interface is realized as a module compatible with the I/O of a 16 channels real-time electronic system for SHM previously developed by the authors. High-frequency components up to 270 kHz and lower-frequency components of the received signals are separated by different channels and generate high signal-to-noise ratio signals that can be easily treated by digital signal processing using a single central unit board with ADC and FPGA.
A Saliency-Based Patch Sampling Approach for Deep Artistic Media Recognition
Authors: Yang Heekyung , Min Kyungha
Published: April 2021

We present a saliency-based patch sampling strategy for recognizing artistic media from artwork images using a deep media recognition model, which is composed of several deep convolutional neural network-based recognition modules. The decisions from the individual modules are merged into the final decision of the model. To sample a suitable patch for the input of the module, we devise a strategy that samples patches with high probabilities of containing distinctive media stroke patterns for artistic media without distortion, as media stroke patterns are key for media recognition. We design this strategy by collecting human-selected ground truth patches and analyzing the distribution of the saliency values of the patches. From this analysis, we build a strategy that samples patches that have a high probability of containing media stroke patterns. We prove that our strategy shows best performance among the existing patch sampling strategies and that our strategy shows a consistent recognition and confusion pattern with the existing strategies.
Optimization of Kiloampere Peltier Current Lead Using Orthogonal Experimental Design Method
Authors: Liu Linying , Zou Shengnan , Deng Shutong , Lai Lingfeng , Gu Chen
Published: April 2021

Reducing heat leakage is crucial for the development of practical superconducting devices. In this work, orthogonal experimental design method is first used to optimize the design of hundred-ampere and kiloampere Peltier current leads (PCLs). Geometry and arrangement of Peltier materials and conductive materials of the current lead are analyzed. Through our simulation, we find that the coupling effect between the radius of Bi2Te3 (r2) and the length of Bi2Te3 (L2) has the greatest effect on the heat leakage of PCLs at the cold end for both PCLs. Furthermore, numerical simulations suggest that the lowest heat leakage at the cold end (approximately 30.0 W/kA) is at the same level for both hundred-ampere and kiloampere PCLs. If taking the heat dissipation area at the hot end into account, multiterminal solutions are better solutions for kiloampere current leads.
Determination of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Pyrolysis of Coal and Sugarcane Bagasse Blends Pretreated by Ionic Liquid: A Step towards Optimization of Energy Systems
Authors: Saeed Saad , Saleem Mahmood , Durrani Abdullah , Haider Junaid , Riaz Muzaffar , Saeed Sana , Qyyum Muhammad Abdul , Nizami Abdul-Sattar , Rehan Mohammad , Lee Moonyong
Published: April 2021

Pyrolysis behavior of ionic liquid (IL) pretreated coal and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) blends through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was studied. Three blends of coal and SCB having 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios by weight were treated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) at 150 °C for 3 h. Untreated and IL treated blends were then analyzed under pyrolytic conditions in a TGA at a constant ramp rate of 20 °C/min. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using ten Coats-Redfern (CR) models to assess reaction mechanism. Results showed that the untreated blends followed a definite pattern and were proportional to the concentration of SCB in the blends. IL treated blends exhibited a higher average rate of degradation and total weight loss, indicating that IL had disrupted the cross-linking structure of coal and lignocellulosic structure of SCB. This will enhance the energy generation potential of biomass through thermochemical conversion processes. The lower activation energy (Ea) was calculated for IL treated blends, revealing facile thermal decomposition after IL treatment. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH), Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), and entropy change (ΔS), revealed that the pyrolysis reactions were endothermic. This study would help in designing optimized thermochemical conversion systems for energy generation.
Thermal Behavior of a BIPV Combined with Water Storage: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Lourenço José Marco , Aelenei Laura , Sousa Miguel , Facão Jorge , Gonçalves Helder
Published: April 2021

Buildings play an active role in the global energy consumption and are required to not only minimize their energy use, but also generate energy in a sustainable manner. The integration of renewable energies in building elements can improve their overall performance, as they are able to replace common construction materials, while offering both electrical and thermal energy. The scope of this paper is to present the first results of an experimental study of a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic system combined with a water storage tank (BIPV-WS), a combined integration not extensively studied yet. Both layers are separated by a ventilated air cavity, and the thermal behavior of the system was analyzed experimentally in real functioning conditions. The water tank performs as a thermal storage, maintaining a regular temperature of about 20–30 °C during a typical winter day of Lisbon for a period of 11 h. Moreover, through the ventilation of the air cavity, the heat provided by the solar panel was naturally recovered to the indoors of the building, while keeping the temperature high enough to heat up the water. During summer, the ventilated BIPV-WS enabled beneficial nocturnal heat loss while delaying diurnal space heating.
A Planning Method for Partially Grid-Connected Bus Rapid Transit Systems Operating with In-Motion Charging Batteries
Authors: Díez Andrés E. , Restrepo Mauricio
Published: April 2021

This paper presents an electrical infrastructure planning method for transit systems that operate with partially grid-connected vehicles incorporating on-board batteries. First, the state-of-the-art of electric transit systems that combine grid-connected and battery-based operation is briefly described. Second, the benefits of combining a grid connection and battery supply in Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems are introduced. Finally, the planning method is explained and tested in a BRT route in Medellin, Colombia, using computational simulations in combination with real operational data from electric buses that are currently operating in this transit line. Unlike other methods and approaches for Battery Electric Bus (BEB) infrastructure planning, the proposed technique is system-focused, rather than solely limited to the vehicles. The objective of the technique, from the vehicle’s side, is to assist the planner in the correct sizing of batteries and power train capacity, whereas from the system side the goal is to locate and size the route sections to be electrified. These decision variables are calculated with the objective of minimizing the installed battery and achieve minimum Medium Voltage (MV) network requirements, while meeting all technical and reliability conditions. The method proved to be useful to find a minimum feasible cost solution for partially electrifying a BRT line with In-motion Charging (IMC) technology.
A Substitutive Coefficients Network for the Modelling of Thermal Systems: A Mono-Zone Building Case Study
Authors: Ouhsaine Lahoucine , El Ganaoui Mohammed , Mimet Abdelaziz , Nunzi Jean-Michel
Published: April 2021

A modelling approach based on the Substitutive Coefficients Network (SCN) is developed to predict the thermal behavior of a system in the dynamic state-space, without requiring knowledge of the thermal mass. The method can apply either to large- (building, combined solar systems, geothermal energy, and thermodynamic installations) or to small-scale systems (heat exchangers, electronic devices cooling systems, and Li-ion batteries). This current method is based on a dimensionless formulation of the simplified dynamic thermal balance model, using relaxation time as a key parameter to establish the model. The introduction of relaxation time reduces the parameters set as guidance coefficients. The parameters are finally expressed by a combination of global heat transfer coefficients related to each layer and/or sub-layer of the system. Advantages of the method are reliability, “non-destructibility”, i.e., it allows a reliable prediction of the thermal behavior which experimentally is inaccessible, and reducibility of the parameters size estimate. Additionally, the method is inexpensive in terms of computation memory. It is also easy to implement in practical numerical schemes. In this paper, the method leads to a simplified mathematical model that predicts the thermal behavior of a mono-zone eco-cottage building installed at Lorraine University (in Longwy, France) as a case study. Thermal performance of the building is estimated under the hourly weather conditions onsite, as obtained from the Meteonorm software. The thermal dynamics within hourly Typical Meteorological Year 2 (TMY2) Meteonorm data disturbances and the internal heating input state in the winter period were simulated with a simplified numerical discretization method. Results provide a general dynamic state of the different sub-components of the system, with limited design of the model parameters.
Techno-Economic Assessment of Coal-Fired Power Unit Decarbonization Retrofit with KP-FHR Small Modular Reactors
Authors: Bartela Łukasz , Gładysz Paweł , Andreades Charalampos , Qvist Staffan , Zdeb Janusz
Published: April 2021

The near and mid-term future of the existing Polish coal-fired power fleet is uncertain. The longer-term operation of unabated coal power is incompatible with climate policy and is economically challenging because of the increasing price of CO2 emission allowances in the EU. The results of the techno-economic analysis presented in this paper indicate that the retrofit of existing coal-fired units, by means of replacing coal-fired boilers with small modular reactors, may be an interesting option for the Polish energy sector. It has been shown that the retrofit can reduce the costs in relation to greenfield investments by as much as 35%. This analysis focuses on the repowering of a 460 MW supercritical coal-fired unit based on the Łagisza power plant design with high temperature small modular nuclear reactors based on the 320 MWth unit design by Kairos Power. The technical analyses did not show any major difficulties in integrating. The economic analyses show that the proposed retrofits can be economically justified, and, in this respect, they are more advantageous than greenfield investments. For the base economic scenario, the difference in NPV (Net Present Value) is more favorable for the retrofit by 556.9 M€ and the discounted payback period for this pathway is 10 years.
A Mathematical Description of Selected Energy Transition Scenarios in the 21st Century, Intended to Realize the Main Goals of the Paris Climate Agreement
Authors: Akaev Askar A. , Davydova Olga I.
Published: April 2021

On 4 November 2016, the historic Paris Climate Agreement of the United Nations entered into force, requiring signatory countries to maintain global warming at the level of 1.5–2 °C. According to the calculations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to achieve this goal, a 2/3 reduction in greenhouse gas energy emissions into the atmosphere compared with gaseous energy-related emissions in 2019 (33.3 Gt) by about 2050 (1.5 °C) or by 2070 (2 °C) is required. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), this is only possible with the implementation of a great energy transition from the use of currently dominant fossil hydrocarbon fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—to the predominant use of renewable energy sources (RES) by 2040–2050, when the share of renewable energy in the total energy balance will reach 40% and above. In this work, mathematical description of an upcoming energy transition has been carried out, including long-term scenario writing of the world’s demographic dynamics and global energy demand, calculation of the dynamics of industrial CO2 emissions and CO2 accumulation in the Earth’s atmosphere, as well as the corresponding changes in the average global temperature of the Earth’s surface in the 21st century. A mathematical description of the impact of energy consumption on climate change was carried out taking into account long-term trends in the dynamics of energy consumption. Using the performed mathematically-oriented scenario writing, it is suggested that a great energy transition with the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement is possible only by 2060. Renewable energy could sufficiently displace and replace hydrocarbon fuels to achieve climate safety without compromising economic development. As a result, humanity will receive an environmentally friendly decentralized distributed energy system, connected by «smart» grids, controlled by intelligent digital technologies.
Co-Digestion of Rice Straw with Cow Manure in an Innovative Temperature Phased Anaerobic Digestion Technology: Performance Evaluation and Trace Elements
Authors: Muhayodin Furqan , Fritze Albrecht , Larsen Oliver Christopher , Spahr Marcel , Rotter Vera Susanne
Published: April 2021

Rice straw is an agricultural residue produced in abundant quantities. Open burning and plowing back the straw to the fields are common practices for its disposal. In-situ incorporation and burning cause emissions of greenhouse gas and particulate matter. Additionally, the energy potential of rice straw is lost. Anaerobic digestion is a technology that can be potentially used to utilize the surplus rice straw, provide renewable energy, circulate nutrients available in the digestate, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies. An innovative temperature phased anaerobic digestion technology was developed and carried out in a continuous circulating mode of mesophilic and hyperthermophilic conditions in a loop digester (F1). The performance of the newly developed digester was compared with the reference digester (F2) working at mesophilic conditions. Co-digestion of rice straw was carried out with cow manure to optimize the carbon to nitrogen ratio and to provide the essential trace elements required by microorganisms in the biochemistry of methane formation. F1 produced a higher specific methane yield (189 ± 37 L/kg volatile solids) from rice straw compared to F2 (148 ± 36 L/kg volatile solids). Anaerobic digestion efficiency was about 90 ± 20% in F1 and 70 ± 20% in F2. Mass fractions of Fe, Ni, Co, Mo, Cu, and Zn were analyzed over time. The mass fractions of Co, Mo, Cu, and Zn were stable in both digesters. While mass fractions of Fe and Ni were reduced at the end of the digestion period. However, no direct relationship between specific methane yield and reduced mass fraction of Fe and Ni was found. Co-digestion of rice straw with cow manure seems to be a good approach to provide trace elements except for Se.
Rapid Assessment of Tree Damage Resulting from a 2020 Windstorm in Iowa, USA
Authors: Goff Thomas C. , Nelson Mark D. , Liknes Greg C. , Feeley Tivon E. , Pugh Scott A. , Morin Randall S.
Published: April 2021

A need to quantify the impact of a particular wind disturbance on forest resources may require rapid yet reliable estimates of damage. We present an approach for combining pre-disturbance forest inventory data with post-disturbance aerial survey data to produce design-based estimates of affected forest area and number and volume of trees damaged or killed. The approach borrows strength from an indirect estimator to adjust estimates from a direct estimator when post-disturbance remeasurement data are unavailable. We demonstrate this approach with an example application from a recent windstorm, known as the 2020 Midwest Derecho, which struck Iowa, USA, and adjacent states on 10–11 August 2020, delivering catastrophic damage to structures, crops, and trees. We estimate that 2.67 million trees and 1.67 million m3 of sound bole volume were damaged or killed on 23 thousand ha of Iowa forest land affected by the 2020 derecho. Damage rates for volume were slightly higher than for number of trees, and damage on live trees due to stem breakage was more prevalent than branch breakage, both likely due to higher damage probability in the dominant canopy of larger trees. The absence of post-storm observations in the damage zone limited direct estimation of storm impacts. Further analysis of forest inventory data will improve understanding of tree damage susceptibility under varying levels of storm severity. We recommend approaches for improving estimates, including increasing spatial or temporal extents of reference data used for indirect estimation, and incorporating ancillary satellite image-based products.
Chitosan Oligosaccharides Stimulate the Efficacy of Somatic Embryogenesis in Different Genotypes of the Liriodendron Hybrid
Authors: Ali Asif , Zhang Jiaji , Zhou Minmin , Chen Tingting , Shah Liaqat , Rehman Shams ur , Hayat Sikandar , Shi Jisen , Chen Jinhui
Published: April 2021

Liriodendron hybrid (L. chinense × L. tulipifera), an essential medium-sized tree generally famous for its timber, is also used as an ornamental and greenery tool in many places around the world. The Liriodendron hybrid (L. hybrid) tree goes through many hurdles to achieve its maximum strength and vigor, such as loss of habitat, vast genetic variation, and low seed setting rate. The establishment of an effective and well-organized somatic embryogenesis (S.E.) system could be used to overcome these obstacles, rather than the old-fashioned seed culture and organogenesis. This study is based on the impact of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and its role in the induction of S.E. on the callus of four genotypes of the L. hybrid. The optimal concentration of COS could enhance the momentum and effectiveness in S.E.’s mechanism, which further improves the growth rate of the L. hybrid tree’s plantlets. This study shows that COS has a prominent role in endogenous hormones like indole acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z.T.), and gibberellic acid (GA3). Furthermore, COS improves the growth development, growth speed, as well as the development situation of plant germination ability. COS can also regulate branch development and root growth, which could be linked to the antagonistic effect on growth factors to some extent or by affecting auxin synthesis and polar transport.
An Approach to the Consumption of Smoked Paprika in Spain and Its Impact on the Intake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Coleto José M. , Martín Alberto , Horrillo Andrés , Mesías Francisco J. , Velázquez Rocío
Published: April 2021

“Pimentón de La Vera” smoked paprika is a traditional kind of smoked paprika, the production of which is regulated by a protected designation of origin. The traditional drying/smoking process provides the “Pimentón de La Vera” smoked paprika with a peculiar flavour which has gained acceptance in multiple markets. However, this process also gives rise to non-desirable substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This paper attempts to ascertain the consumption levels of smoked paprika per person in Spain in order to establish the intake of PAHs derived from this food spice. With this purpose in mind, a research study was carried out using questionnaires in three different smoked paprika consumption scenarios: food companies, households and restaurants. The results from this research proved that the average consumption of smoked paprika per person per year in Spain is 139 g. Overall, the intake of PAHs derived from smoked paprika was proven to represent a negligible fraction of the total intake, with this ingredient being far behind the PAH contribution represented by other food products. These results could help consolidate the smoked paprika production sector by providing evidence of the scarce contribution of smoked paprika to PAH intake and justifying the traditional production with smoke drying, which is the differentiating quality trait of this spice.
Textural, Sensory, and Chemical Characteristic of Threadfin Bream (Nemipterus sp.) Surimi Gel Fortified with Bio-Calcium from Bone of Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer)
Authors: Wijayanti Ima , Singh Avtar , Benjakul Soottawat , Sookchoo Pornsatit
Published: April 2021

The effects of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) bio-calcium (ASBB) at different levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) (w/w) on properties of threadfin bream (Nemipterus sp.) surimi gel were investigated. ASBB addition increased breaking force and deformation, while reduced expressible moisture content (p < 0.05) of surimi gel. L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values were increased with augmenting ASBB levels; however, whiteness slightly decreased in surimi gel incorporated with ASBB (p < 0.05). Higher likeness scores were noticed in surimi gel containing ASBB, compared to that of the control. However, a slight decrease in the likeness score was noticed in surimi gel with 10% (w/w) ASBB (p < 0.05). Surimi gel added with 8% (w/w) ASBB possessed the increase in breaking force by 80% from the control and had the highest likeness score. Texture profile analysis of surimi gel added with ASBB showed the improved texture characteristics with coincidentally higher storage modulus of surimi paste. Surimi gel with 8% (w/w) ASBB had a denser and finer microstructure with higher ash, calcium, and phosphorous contents, compared to the control. Thus, incorporation of bio-calcium up to 8% (w/w) not only increased mineral content, but also improved textural, sensory, and microstructural properties of surimi gel.
Effect of Feeding Barley, Corn, and a Barley/Corn Blend on Beef Composition and End-Product Palatability
Authors: Barragán-Hernández Wilson , Dugan Michael E. R. , Aalhus Jennifer L. , Penner Gregory , Vahmani Payam , López-Campos Óscar , Juárez Manuel , Segura José , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana , Prieto Nuria
Published: April 2021

This study evaluated the relationship among palatability attributes, volatile compounds, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in meat from barley, corn, and blended (50:50, barley and corn) grain-fed steers. Multiple correspondence analysis with three dimensions (Dim) explained 62.2% of the total variability among samples. The Dim 1 and 2 (53.3%) separated pure from blended grain-fed beef samples. Blended grain beef was linked to a number of volatiles including (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2,3-octanedione. In addition, blended grain-fed beef was linked to fat-like and rancid flavors, stale-cardboard, metallic, cruciferous, and fat-like aroma descriptors, and negative categories for flavor intensity (FI), off-flavor, and tenderness. A possible combination of linoleic and linolenic acids in the blended diet, lower rumen pH, and incomplete biohydrogenation of blended grain-fed polyunsaturates could have increased (p ≤ 0.05) long-chain n-6 fatty acids (LCFA) in blended grain-fed beef, leading to more accumulation of FA oxidation products in the blended than in barley and corn grain-fed meat samples. The Dim 3 (8.9%) allowed corn separation from barley grain beef. Barley grain-fed beef was mainly linked to alkanes and beef positive FI, whereas corn grain-fed beef was associated with pyrazines, in addition to aldehydes related to n-6 LCFA oxidation.
Environmental Impact of Food Preparations Enriched with Phenolic Extracts from Olive Oil Mill Waste
Authors: Pampuri Alessia , Casson Andrea , Alamprese Cristina , Di Mattia Carla Daniela , Piscopo Amalia , Difonzo Graziana , Conte Paola , Paciulli Maria , Tugnolo Alessio , Beghi Roberto , Casiraghi Ernestina , Guidetti Riccardo , Giovenzana Valentina
Published: April 2021

Reducing food waste as well as converting waste products into second-life products are global challenges to promote the circular economy business model. In this context, the aim of this study is to quantify the environmental impact of lab-scale food preparations enriched with phenolic extracts from olive oil mill waste, i.e., wastewater and olive leaves. Technological (oxidation induction time) and nutritional (total phenols content) parameters were considered to assess the environmental performance based on benefits deriving by adding the extracts in vegan mayonnaise, salad dressing, biscuits, and gluten-free breadsticks. Phenolic extraction, encapsulation, and addiction to the four food preparations were analyzed, and the input and output processes were identified in order to apply the life cycle assessment to quantify the potential environmental impact of the system analyzed. Extraction and encapsulation processes characterized by low production yields, energy-intensive and complex operations, and the partial use of chemical reagents have a non-negligible environmental impact contribution on the food preparation, ranging from 0.71% to 73.51%. Considering technological and nutritional aspects, the extraction/encapsulation process contributions tend to cancel out. Impacts could be reduced approaching to a scale-up process.
Modeling of Spiral Structure in a Multi-Component Milky Way-Like Galaxy
Authors: Khrapov Sergey , Khoperskov Alexander , Korchagin Vladimir
Published: April 2021

Using recent observational data, we construct a set of multi-component equilibrium models of the disk of a Milky Way-like galaxy. The disk dynamics are studied using collisionless-gaseous numerical simulations, based on the joined integration of the equations of motion for the collision-less particles using direct integration of gravitational interaction and the gaseous SPH-particles. We find that after approximately one Gyr, a prominent central bar is formed having a semi-axis length of about three kpc, together with a multi-armed spiral pattern represented by a superposition of m= 2-, 3-, and 4-armed spirals. The spiral structure and the bar exist for at least 3 Gyr in our simulations. The existence of the Milky Way bar imposes limitations on the density distributions in the subsystems of the Milky Way galaxy. We find that a bar does not form if the radial scale length of the density distribution in the disk exceeds 2.6 kpc. As expected, the bar formation is also suppressed by a compact massive stellar bulge. We also demonstrate that the maximum value in the rotation curve of the disk of the Milky Way galaxy, as found in its central regions, is explained by non-circular motion due to the presence of a bar and its orientation relative to an observer.
The Use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Isolating the Contribution of Major Shocks: The Case of the March 2021 Thessaly, Greece, Seismic Sequence
Authors: Tolomei Cristiano , Caputo Riccardo , Polcari Marco , Famiglietti Nicola Angelo , Maggini Massimiliano , Stramondo Salvatore
Published: April 2021

We study the surface deformation following a moderate size M5+ earthquake sequence that occurred close to Tyrnavos village (Thessaly, Greece) in March 2021. We adopt the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to exploit several pairs of Sentinel-1 acquisitions and successfully retrieve the ground movement caused by the three major events (M5+) of the sequence. The mainshocks occurred at depths varying from ~7 to ~10 km, and are related to the activation of at least three normal faults characterizing the area previously unknown. Thanks to the 6-day repeat time of the Sentinel-1 mission, InSAR analysis allowed us to detect both the surface displacement due to the individual analyzed earthquakes and the cumulative displacement caused by the entire seismic sequence. Especially in the case of a seismic sequence that occurs over a very short time span, it is quite uncommon to be able to separate the surface effects ascribable to the mainshock and the major aftershocks because the time frequency of radar satellite acquisitions often hamper the temporal separation of such events. In this work, we present the results obtained through the InSAR data analysis, and are able to isolate single seismic events that were part of the sequence.
Burnout Status of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Peak Period
Authors: Conti Chiara , Fontanesi Lilybeth , Lanzara Roberta , Rosa Ilenia , Doyle Robert L. , Porcelli Piero
Published: April 2021

The pandemic of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has burdened extraordinary psychological stress on the healthcare workforce. The present survey aimed to examine the personal resources and psychological symptoms associated with burnout in 933 healthcare workers in Italy during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Sociodemographic and occupational data, depression, anxiety, burnout, and post-traumatic symptoms, as well as psychological well-being, were cross-sectional assessed through an online questionnaire. A considerable part of the sample scored over the clinical levels of depression (57.9%), anxiety (65.2%), post-traumatic symptoms (55%), and burnout (25.61%). Working in the front-line (p < 0.05), being part of the medical staff (p < 0.05), experiencing lower levels of psychological well-being (p < 0.001), and higher levels of post-traumatic symptoms (p < 0.001) independently explained 38% of burnout variance. The healthcare industry, services, and professionals should be aware of the harmful effects of COVID-19 on healthcare workers and take adequate preventive measures.
The Experienced Benefits of the 17-Item Benefit Finding Scale in Chinese Colorectal Cancer Survivor and Spousal Caregiver Couples
Authors: Chen Meizhen , Gong Jiali , Li Jieyu , Luo Xingjuan , Li Qiuping
Published: April 2021

The specific aims of the present study were twofold: (i) to examine the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the 17-item Benefit Finding Scale (BFS-C), and (ii) to explore the experienced benefits in colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors and their spousal caregivers (SCs). A total of 286 CRC survivors and SCs participated in the investigation, which assessed participant variables of demographic characteristics and benefit finding (BF). Statistical methods applied were confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach’s α, Pearson’s correlation, Kappa coefficient, paired t-tests, and one-way ANOVAs. CFA analysis supported a three-factor model for structure validity. All Cronbach’s α for BFS-C was greater than 0.870 in both CRC survivors and SCs. The test–retest correlations at the scale level ranged from good to excellent for CRC survivors (r = 0.752–0.922), and from moderate to good for SCs (r = 0.469–0.654). There were moderate to high correlations between CRC survivors and SCs in all of the paired BFs (all Ps < 0.001, r = 0.332–0.575). This report provided the satisfactory psychometric properties of the BFS-C in such aspects as construct validity, internal, and test–retest reliability among couples coping with CRC in China. Healthcare professionals need to treat couples as a unit and develop dyadic interventions to improve dyadic BF when supporting CRC survivors.
Physical Activity during COVID-19 Lockdown: Data from an Italian Survey
Authors: Guidetti Matteo , Averna Alberto , Castellini Greta , Dini Michelangelo , Marino Daniela , Bocci Tommaso , Ferrucci Roberta , Priori Alberto
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to impose quarantines and lockdowns as containment strategy, raising concerns about mental health and low level of physical activity performed by quarantined populations. In this study, we assess the level of physical activity and psychological wellbeing in a sample of the Italian population during lockdown through an online format of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Psychological General Well-Being index—Short version (PGWB-S). Of 317 adult responders considered, most were female (61.2%), young adults (52.4%), living in little-to-medium size cities (80.1%) and with high-level education (62.8%). Most of our sample performed physical activity mostly during leisure time and domestic activities, and 60.9% were highly active. No interactions were found between physical activity and the demographic characteristics considered. Subjects performing high level of physical activity felt more energetic and vital than those with moderate (p < 0.0001) and low levels (p < 0.0001) of physical activity. Our participants performed enough activity to satisfy the WHO Guidelines, mainly due to domestic activity and activity performed during leisure time, with an overall moderately positive psychological reaction to lockdown.
Forensic Application of Monoclonal Anti-Human Glycophorin A Antibody in Samples from Decomposed Bodies to Establish Vitality of the Injuries. A Preliminary Experimental Study
Authors: Baldari Benedetta , Vittorio Simona , Sessa Francesco , Cipolloni Luigi , Bertozzi Giuseppe , Neri Margherita , Cantatore Santina , Fineschi Vittorio , Aromatario Mariarosaria
Published: April 2021

Glycophorins are an important group of red blood cell (RBC) transmembrane proteins. Monoclonal antibodies against GPA are employed in immunohistochemical staining during post-mortem examination: Through this method, it is possible to point out the RBC presence in tissues. This experimental study aims to investigate anti-GPA immunohistochemical staining in order to evaluate the vitality of the lesion from corpses in different decomposition state. Six cases were selected, analyzing autopsies’ documentation performed by the Institute of Legal Medicine of Rome in 2010–2018: four samples of fractured bones and three samples of soft tissues. For the control case, the fracture region of the femur was sampled. The results of the present study confirm the preliminary results of other studies, remarking the importance of the GPA immunohistochemical staining to highlight signs of survival. Moreover, this study suggests that the use of this technique should be routinely applied in cases of corpses with advanced putrefaction phenomena, even when the radiological investigation is performed, the macroscopic investigation is inconclusive, the H&E staining is not reliable. This experimental application demonstrated that the use of monoclonal antibody anti-human GPA on bone fractures and soft tissues could be important to verify whether the lesion is vital or not.