bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acute Vestibular Lesions on Visual Orientation and Spatial Memory, Shown for the Visual Straight Ahead
Authors: Hamann Karl‐Friedrich , Weiss Udo , Ruile Andrea
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between the vestibular system and orientation in space and the role of acute vestibular lesions in spatial memory. In a first step it could be shown that determining the visual straight ahead is systematically influenced by caloric irrigation: deviations up to 10° appeared, which are directed to the slow phase of the simultaneously provoked nystagmus. In a second step, 20 healthy subjects and 20 patients suffering from an acute vestibular disorder were asked to adjust a luminous point visual straight ahead. Whereas the healthy subjects’ visual straight ahead was in a range of ±2°, the vestibular patients showed significantly greater deviations. If healthy subjects and patients were asked to replace a luminous point, which was exposed for a short time, to its original position, young and older healthy subjects showed good performance, with an error not greater than 3°, whereas the vestibular patients showed significantly greater inaccuracy. We conclude that the visual straight ahead is a vestibular‐dependent parameter of visual orientation and that spatial memory is influenced by acute vestibular lesions. For the first time it is shown that acute vestibular lesions impair spatial memory. This can be explained by the close relationship between the vestibular system and the hippocampus.
Progressive Vestibular Impairment in Patients with Polyneuropathy
Authors: Straumann D. , Schmid‐Priscoveanu A. , Studer A. , Hess K. , Palla A.
Published: May 2009

It is generally assumed that imbalance in patients with polyneuropathy (PNP) results from deficient proprioceptive input arriving from the lower limbs. Polyneuropathic processes, however, may also impair vestibular function. In fact, we observed that two‐thirds of patients with PNP show unilateral or bilateral impairment of vestibular function as assessed with search‐coil head impulse testing. In the present work, we analyzed the same database of 37 polyneuropathic patients to find out whether the presence of a unilateral or bilateral vestibular deficit reflects a progression of the vestibular impairment. Results suggest that vestibular function in PNP patients deteriorates asymmetrically, first affecting one side and later both sides.
How Vestibular Neurons Solve the Tilt/Translation Ambiguity
Authors: Angelaki Dora E. , Yakusheva Tatyana A.
Published: May 2009

The peripheral vestibular system is faced by a sensory ambiguity, where primary otolith afferents respond identically to translational (inertial) accelerations and changes in head orientation relative to gravity. Under certain conditions, this sensory ambiguity can be resolved using extra‐otolith cues, including semicircular canal signals. Here we review and summarize how neurons in the vestibular nuclei, rostral fastigial nuclei, cerebellar nodulus/uvula, and thalamus respond during combinations of tilt and translation. We focus primarily on cerebellar cortex responses, as nodulus/uvula Purkinje cells reliably encode translation rather than net gravito‐inertial acceleration. In contrast, neurons in the vestibular and rostral fastigial nuclei, as well as the ventral lateral and ventral posterior nuclei of the thalamus represent a continuum, with some encoding translation and some net gravito‐inertial acceleration. This review also outlines how Purkinje cells use semicircular canal signals to solve the ambiguity problem and how this solution fails at low frequencies. We conclude by attempting to bridge the gap between the proposed roles of nodulus/uvula in tilt/translation discrimination and velocity storage.
Computer Confirmation of Improved Blood Pressure Control in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Swislocki Arthur , Noth Robert H. , Volpp Bryan , Meier Joy , Siegel David
Published: May 2009

In order to evaluate efforts to improve blood pressure (BP) control in veterans with diabetes, the authors performed a retrospective review of computerized health records in the Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System (VANCHCS). A total of 6624 diabetic patients with BP data were identified and a comparison was made to earlier surveys. There was an overall improvement in BP control. In a cohort of 1791 patients followed since 1999, there was a progressive improvement in both systolic BP (patients at goal increased from 28% to 35%; P<.001, χ2) and diastolic BP (patients at goal increased from 69% to 79%; P<.001). There was a corresponding increase in both number of drug classes used and use of antiangiotensin treatment. The authors conclude that the improvement in BP control in these veterans with diabetes was temporally associated with intensification in antihypertensive pharmacotherapy and sustained provider education and patient‐specific computerized reminders.
Is Surgery the Next Answer to Treat Obesity‐Related Hypertension?
Authors: Frezza Eldo E. , Wei Cai , Wachtel Mitchell S.
Published: May 2009

Obesity is related to multiple comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and sleep apnea. Comorbidities burden the health care system, such that in the United States, 6% to 8% of health care costs are related to obesity. Obesity‐induced hypertension has multiple potential etiologic pathways, the most well established being increased renal sodium reabsorption with impaired pressure natriuresis via (1) activation of the renin‐angiotensin system, (2) stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, and (3) altered intrarenal physical forces. Weight loss is the best means to reduce obesity‐related hypertension. For every 3 patients who lose 10 pounds of weight and maintain the weight loss for 4 years, 1 of them will eliminate the use of antihypertensive medication. Whereas nonsurgical therapy ineffectually treats extreme obesity, bariatric surgery yields durable weight loss, as well as resolution of some of the comorbidities associated with obesity, including hypertension. Increase in anti‐inflammatory factors secreted by adipocytes may explain some of the improvement in blood pressure in the first 3 years post‐procedure. Bariatric surgery safely and effectively improves and may improve or eliminate obesity‐related hypertension. More data need to be collected to substantiate the same results over periods of time longer than 3 years.
Transgenic expression of glucose dehydrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii enhances mineral phosphate solubilization and growth of sorghum seedlings
Authors: Sashidhar Burla , Podile Appa Rao
Published: May 2009

The enzyme quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid by direct oxidation in the periplasmic space of several Gram‐negative bacteria. Acidification of the external environment with the release of gluconic acid contributes to the solubilization of the inorganic phosphate by biofertilizer strains of the phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria. Glucose dehydrogenase (gcd) gene from Escherichia coli, and Azotobacter‐specific glutamine synthetase (glnA) and phosphate transport system (pts) promoters were isolated using sequence‐specific primers in a PCR‐based approach. Escherichia coli gcd, cloned under the control of glnA and pts promoters, was mobilized into Azotobacter vinelandii AvOP and expressed. Sorghum seeds were bacterized with the transgenic azotobacters and raised in earthen pots in green house. The transgenic azotobacters, expressing E. coli gcd, showed improved biofertilizer potential in terms of mineral phosphate solubilization and plant growth‐promoting activity with a small reduction in nitrogen fixation ability.
Tooth loss, the wearing of dentures and the demand for dental care in the south‐east of South Australia
Authors: Roder D. M. , Selge B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of more than 1,000 residents was undertaken. Of those aged 16 years and older, 31.4 per cent were edentulous and 83 per cent of these had full upper and lower dentures and 15 per cent had none; only 1.3 per cent were edentulous in the lower jaw and 12.6 per cent were edentulous in the upper jaw. Reasons for attending and receiving treatment were classified.
Periodontosis
Authors: Keys D. W. , Danes G. N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Periodontosis is defined as rapid irregular loss of alveolar bone in the incisor and molar regions of young patients. Two examples show differences in treatment based on progress.
Exostoses of the maxillary sinus wall A diagnostic problem
Authors: Herd John R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An unusual case of exostoses taking origin from the maxillary sinus wall is repoited. The necessity of multiple radiographic views for the purposes of diagnosis and surgical planning is emphasized.
Extraoral radiographic technique for third molars
Authors: Fisher Dan
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A technique using an occlusal film extraorally for obtaining roentgenograms of the third molar regions is described. A case report shows its value in disclosing a dentigerous cyst in the upper third molar region.
Minimizing radiation exposure in dental radiology: 1. Hazards and precautions*
Authors: Lilienthal B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Natural background radiation and man‐made radiations contribute to the individual and population radiation risks. These are discussed together with the recommendations for population protection. The contribution of dental radiography to these risks is small. The sources of unnecessarily high radiation in dental radiography are discussed. High quality diagnostic X‐rays are an essential part of high quality dental service — these can readily be obtained with minimum radiation exposure to the patient. The important factors to be considered include rectangular collimation of the X‐ray beam.
A treatment for damaged anterior teeth associated with bruxism
Authors: Cosgrove D. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method of treating a patient with a bruxism problem has been discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of this method have been enumerated.
Topical fluorides and hardness of enamel*
Authors: Westbrook S. D. , Shannon I. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2) solutions applied to acetic acid etched and unetched human enamel shows that two 2 minute applications of APF on the etched enamel significantly softened it, but there was no significant change when SnF2 was used.
Facial trauma in children*
Authors: Hall Roger K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Records for 1959–1969 from a children's hospital show that falls, play and motor vehicles are equally and mainly responsible for facial fractures in children up to 14 years of age. Methods of treatment and the effect of pre‐existing medical disorders on treatment are given and the necessity for complete history and examination at the time of admission is emphasized.
Early Australian dental literature—prior to 1900*
Authors: Levine Sydney
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Between 1830 and 1897 six books on dentistry were published in Australia. The first and last were written by medical men and the others by dentists; two of the authors lived in Sydney, two in Adelaide, one in Tasmania, and one in Melbourne. The books were written for popular and not professional reading, and varied considerably in size and quality.

The writings have been discussed in relation to the dental and medical knowledge of their times, and some indications of the comparative general development of Australian society is also mentioned. It is impossible to know the distribution of these books but it is interesting that they were written by local authors when facilities for formal dental education were lacking.
Soft tissue surgical procedures in treatment of advanced periodontal disease*
Authors: Shrimpton Blair A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An attempt has been made to establish some basic principles underlying the proper handling of soft tissues in the surgical treatment of advanced periodontal disease. These elementary principles have been based on known or presumed histology.
Methods of attaining sedation for dental procedures*
Authors: Stacy G. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Sedation using oral, intramuscular and intravenous techniques with diazepam, methohexitone, pethidine, and supplemented by relative analgesia with N2O is described. A procedure is outlined for its use in the young and elderly.
Dental health of junior dental students
Authors: Smales R. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of 48 dental students aged 19–30 years revealed one‐third had or were receiving orthodontic treatment, seven had evidenoe of TMJ dysfunction, four wore bridges or partial dentures, and five needed some prosthesis; the DMFT and S was 14–57 and 26–85 but some of the restorative treatment was defective. Various dental anomalies were present and oral hygiene was similar when compared with other groups. Modified oral hygiene and periodontal disease indices were used.
The effect of some surface treatments to dental modelling stones
Authors: Bajada S. B. , Makinson O. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three surface treatment agents were applied to specimens of hardened modelling stone and diestone mixed according to instructions. A polystyrene solution had no effect on the hardness, while a concrete hardener and an epoxy resin adhesive softened the surface. Three agents increased resistance to absorption except for the epoxy resin on one of the stones. Film thickness was negligible and no dimensional change was shown with the concrete hardener and polystyrene solution.
The reproducibility of two methods of lateral skull radiograph for cephalometric analysis*
Authors: Cavallaro A. , Winzar C. F. , Kruger B. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Studies on two groups of 20 subjects produced comparable reproducible roentgenograms when the modified Mills' method with standard radiographic equipment and inexpensive accessories or the Broadbent‐Bolton technique was used.
The endurance limit of dental porcelain*
Authors: Southan David E. , Jorgensen Knud Dreyer
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Dental porcelain is subject to static fatigue and has an endurance limit to stress. There is great variation to subdestructive loading above that limit. Its reliability necessitates stress be kept below that limit but chemical treatment can raise the endurance limit.
Identification of skeletal remains from dental evidence
Authors: Tyas M. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Dontal records together with dental and pathological examination of skeletal remains found in a remote area of the Northern Territory enabled cause of death and identification of a person reported missing for about five years. The value of co‐operation between Police. Forensic Odontologist and Forensic Pathologist is shown.
Prosthetic management in the geriatric patient*
Authors: Lechner Sybille. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Changes in the oral tissues of the aged edentulous patient have been described and the advantages or disadvantages of new, or remodelled dentures, or not making dentures are discussed. Stages in construction of the denture for the particular conditions are described and the value of special materials compatible with reduced tissue tolerance is assessed. Good patient relations are essential for success in prosthetics for the geriatric patient.
Fractures of the dento‐facial skeleton in the Northern Territory
Authors: Boyd T. Paul
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The records of fractured jaws suffered by 90 patients treated at the Darwin Dental Clinic shows that 52 per cent were aged 20–25 years and that fighting, motor vehicle accidents, sport and industrial accidents in descending order are the main causes. Fixation by wiring was used in 75 per cent of cases.
South Australian kindergarten children: dental health factors in urban and country families
Authors: Fanning Elizabeth A. , Somerville C. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract: Data obtained in a survey by questionnaire to parents and kindergarten directors of the dental health practices of 4,381 children aged 2½‐6 years from kindergartens in metropolitan Adelaide and country centres revealed that the practice of eating sweet biscuits between meals was common and that 55 per cent of children 5–6 years had never visited a dentist. Eleven per cent of city and 19 per cent of country children rarely or never used a toothbrush. Taking of fluoride tablets was associated with better dental health practices. Between 7 and 13 per cent of all children had a deficiency in vitamin C intake.
Intravenous sedation—a review*
Authors: Sara C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The intravenous injection of diazepam as an analgesic has limitations and there is an urgent need for reappraisal of the rationale for its use. Evidence presented by various writers on its value is criticized, particularly the absence in the literature of reports on the prevalence of complications which are known to occur. Supplementation of diazepam with methohexitone is not recommended.
Anatomy of root canals II. Permanent maxillary molars
Authors: Barker B. C. W. , Parsonsm K. C. , Mills P. R. , Williams G. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Using an epoxy resin injection technique the root canal form of more than 100 soun maxillary molars waw demonstrated. It is rnost complex in the mesio‐buccal root, usually two canals intercommunicate and have fork‐like terminations. Disto‐bueeal and palatal roots usually have less complexity hut the form often is “S” shaped.
Minimizing radiation exposure in dental radiology
Authors: Lillenthal B. , Rak Dianne , Wang J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Rectangular field collimation gives high quality roentgenograms and reduces unnecessary exposure of radiation to the patient by 73–96 per cent.
An assessment of antibiotics for the treatment of pyogenic dental infections
Authors: Woods Robin
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Tests made with a series of antibiotics against a number of different organisms indicate that if clinical evidence suggests a streptococcal infection, penicillin should be used otherwise erythromycin is preferred.
A restraining device for irradiating rats
Authors: Faulkner K. D. B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The construction and use is described of a holding device which ensures replication of irradiation procedures for rats and the location of the animal for maximum ionization in the selected area.
The effects of additives on the thermal behaviour of Gypsum‐bonded casting investments. Part I
Authors: Earnshaw R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In the formulation of gypsum‐bonded casting investments, small amounts of certain modifiers are sometimes added to increase the investment's thermal expansion.

In the present investigation, a systematic study has been made of the effects on thermal expansion of adding boric acid and sodium chloride to the investment powder, and glycerol to the mixing water. The combination of 0.2 per cent of sodium chloride in the powder, and 10 per cent of glycerol in the mixing water, appears to offer most promise in the formulation of an investment with a high thermal expansion.
Oral hygiene home care kits: Effects on the dental behaviour of kindergarten children
Authors: Fanning Elizabeth A. , Leppard P. I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Oral hygiene kits issued directly to children of kindergarten age positively influenced their dental care behaviour. Significantly increased percentages of children changed to using the clinically proven fluoride toothpaste, an approved type of toothbrush, and disclosing tablets, the three oral hygiene aids included in the kit.
Effect of manipulative variables on the properties of a polycarboxylate cement*
Authors: Kafalias M. C. , Swartz M. L. , Phillips R. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Strength and film thickness increased in polycarboxylate cement as the powder liquid ratio is increased and there is a tendency to reduction in adhesion which was more marked when cementation was delayed for three minutes with a 2:1 powder liquid ratio.
Dental health on Mornington Island
Authors: Yule A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A group of remote island Australian Aborigines was examined for dental caries, periodontal disease, pathologic disorders and orthodontic problems and the results were recorded. It would appear that race and heredity may influence periodontal disease.
Six years of fluoridation on the goldfields of Western Australia
Authors: Medcalf G. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The Kalgoorlie‐Boulder‐Kambalda area in arid inland Western Australia receives its water supply from distant Perth, through a pipeline constructed in the fabulous goldrush period at the turn of the century. This water was fluoridated at the source in 1968. Comparison of dental data obtained by examination of goldfields schoolchildren before and after 6 years of fluoridation shows improved dental health through reduced caries rates, less tooth loss, and a change in the pattern of child dental care.
Periodontal treatment requirements of a group of defence forces' personnel
Authors: Newcomb Guy M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The periodontal treatment requirements of 187 Royal Australian Air Force men aged 18–54 years based on clinical signs and symptoms were assessed. Every man required some treatment; 60 per cent needed surgery in one or more segments of the mouth.
Metallographic changes and phase identification in a nickel base alloy upon fusion and casting
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced from new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group and, together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope in order to determine the nature and extent of the metallographic changes resulting from fusion and casting of the alloy.
Darwin dental survey—1972
Authors: Barnard P. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An examination limited to the recording of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral hygiene of 1592 children aged 3–14 years resident in Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia was made in August, 1972.

The survey provides base‐line data for future assessment of the value of fluoridation. Forty‐two per cent of the children had received regular fluoride supplements and dental caries prevalence was lower than expected for a non‐fluoridated Australian community.
A clinical trial of the efficacy of a cetylpyridinium chloride‐based mouth wash*: 1. Effect on plaque accumulation and gingival condition
Authors: Holbeche J. D. , Ruljancich M. K. , Reade P. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A commercially available mouthwash, containing 0.05 per cent w/v cetylpyridinium chloride, reduced dental plaque accumulation by 30 per cent in a clinical trial when used briefly, three times a day, after meals.
Analysis of jaw opening reflexes
Authors: Griffin C. J. , Harris R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Electromyograms were compared with kinematograms recorded for 35 male dental students, average age 25 years, with full occlusions and without temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The records were obtained during the open‐close‐clench cycle rhythmically performed as the patient occluded on the molar teeth. The mechanical tracings disclosed seven subjects with centric slide and the duration of the cycle was significantly longer than normal. The kinematographic latency of the jaw opening reflex was found to be about equal to the sum of the electromyographic latency and inhibition.
The value of associating pentazocine with drugs used in accepted intravenous techniques
Authors: Armstrong P. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Pentazocine, a systemic analgesic, can be utilized in local analgesic and intravenous techniques to provide better operating conditions in difficult cases, a reduction in the dosage of other agents employed, and a smoother recovery period.
Ameloblastic fibroma. Case report
Authors: Singh Joginder , Singh Bholla , Saigal R. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A rare odontogenic tumour, ameloblastic fibroma, is presented as a case report and briefly discussed.
Facial pain*
Authors: Goss A. N. , Burns R. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The problems of diagnosis of pain are examined and the more important extraoral causes which may complicate the diagnosis are discussed. The need for a complete and careful history and the use of thorough examination procedures is stressed in order that intraoral causes may be eliminated.
Time of natural exfoliation of deciduous teeth
Authors: Barnard P. D. , Hoffmann Christine
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Over 6000 naturally exfoliated deciduous teeth were sent in to the Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Sydney over a 10‐year period 1964–1974. Adequate histories for 2,828 teeth from 1,558 children were used to determine average ages of children at time of exfoliation of the teeth. Teeth lost at an earlier age were most frequently returned with similar numbers of left and right teeth. There were no differences in exfoliation times for corresponding teeth from left and right sides of arches. Girls had earlier exfoliation times than boys and lower teeth were generally exfoliated prior to upper teeth.
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma in a follicular cyst. Case report
Authors: Singh Joginder , Singh Bholia , Saigal R. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The clinical, radiographic and histopathological features of acanthomatous ameloblastoma occurring in a young patient are described.
Dental treatment for handicapped patients*
Authors: Brown John P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A comprehensive programme of treatment and home care was shown to be effective in greatly reducing dental caries, improving oral cleanliness and controlling gingivitis in handicapped patients. Maintenance required less than half the time and approximately one‐third of the cost of initial restoration.
The effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues*
Authors: Bastiaan Ross J. , Reade Peter C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An attempt has been made in this paper to review the clinical problem of the effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues. Clinicians are alerted to the magnitude of the problem and to its serious sequelae. An appeal is made for clinicians to disseminate preventive information, to exercise increased clinical vigilance and to consider the management of suspected neoplastic lesions as emergency situations.
A simulated clinical appraisal of base materials for amalgam restorations*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Eight materials were placed as bases on the pulpal surfaces of cavities prepared in extracted teeth. Seven minutes after mixing of the material commenced, amalgam was condensed on to the lined cavity. The restored teeth were sectioned subsequently for microscopic examination.

The results suggested that all uniformly mixed, carefully placed base forming materials that have reached the state of “clinical set” are able to withstand loads applied during amalgam condensation irrespective of their strength.
Sedation in dentistry*
Authors: Cosgrove Denis
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A philosophy for the use of sedation and anxiety control in everyday dental practice is described. The need for greater education in basic sedation techniques is emphasized.
Parotid saliva acid phosphatase in health and disease
Authors: Shannon Ira L. , Feller Ralph P. , Beach Prince D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Acid phosphatase levels in serum from 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma were diagnostically higher than those from 5 patients who had undergone prostatectomy. The levels for saliva when compared with those from normal subjects for stimulated (314) and unstimulated (50) salivas could not serve as an index of serum concentration.
The effect of treatment provided by dentists and therapists in the South Australian school dental service. The second report
Authors: Roder D. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A survey of over 2,000 second year high school students at 13 South Australian schools indicated that those who had received school dental care at primary school had fewer carious teeth and, in some respects, better oral hygiene habits. Whilst they were better informed on dental subjects than were control students, fewer had attended a private dentist since leaving primary school.
The rate of development of strength in base forming materials for dental amalgam*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Eleven base forming materials used under amalgam restorations were examined for the rate of development of their compressive and tensile strengths. Materials from three categories were compared.

Under in vitro conditions of testing, it was found that, immediately after a state of clinical set had been reached, the quick‐setting zinc oxide‐eugenol materials possessed strengths significantly greater than the calcium hydroxide cements but significantly weaker than the zinc phosphate cements.

Calcium hydroxide cements possessed the lowest compressive strength to tensile strength ratio and modified zinc oxide‐eugenol materials the highest.
Dentine hypersensitivity
Authors: Harris Robert , Curtin J. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Reports received from 32 dentists on the effect of a complex mixture of calcium sucrose phosphate and calcium orthophosphate used as a gel, toothpaste, or slurry in relieving pain in hypersensitive dentine show, in 137 patients, complete relief in 112. It was found that in 54 patients the prior use of stannous fluoride prophylactic paste was beneficial.
Cryosurgery*
Authors: Jolly Mark
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Cryosurgery offers a means of destroying tissue by subjecting it to extreme cold. The mechanisms by which cells die are as yet poorly understood, but reliable and predictable clinical results have been obtained in the treatment of a wide range of benign and pre‐malignant oral lesions. Its effectiveness in the primary treatment of malignant oral lesions has not been adequately assessed but at least it offers palliation and relief of intractable pain where conventional cancer therapy has failed.

The use of carbon dioxide ‘snow’ has been tested and found to be a simple and effective means of treating superficial benign lesions of the mouth.
A clinical study of the effect of a cetylpyridinium chloride‐based mouth wash on the concentration of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque*
Authors: Holbeche J. D. , Ruljancich M. K. , Reade P. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A commercially available mouthwash containing 0.05 per cent weight/volume cetylpyridinium chloride when used regularly in a clinical trial had no effect on the concentration of Streptococcus mutans in plaque.
Premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa*
Authors: Jolly Mark
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The term premalignant lesion is defined and an explanation of the logical use of the term leukoplakia is given. The more common premalignant lesions of the mouth are described. Known and suspected aetiological factors in the development of oral carcinoma are discussed. It is emphasised that oral squamous cell carcinoma is, very largely a preventable disease. Signs of premalignancy in the mucosa can usually be detected clinically and remedial action at an early stage is generally effective in eliminating the lesions and avoiding their recurrence.
A community dental health project
Authors: Woods Robin , Martin Noel D. , Barnard P. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A dental health programme which employed group self prophylaxis by school children aged 5–9 years is described. The group used 10 per cent SnF2‐ZrSiO4 paste and was supervised within the school by an auxiliary of parents under the direction of a dentist. There was a 36 per cent reduction in DMFT increment at the end of two years in the children aged 7–9 years.
The effects of manipulative variables on base forming materials for amalgam restorations*
Authors: Bryant Roland W. , Wing George
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The influence of several manipulative variables on the compressive and tensile strengths of eight base forming materials has been investigated.

The most important manipulative variable from the point of view of influencing the development of strength was found to be the powder‐liquid ratio. In particular, thicker mixes produced greater early strengths.

The setting time of each material was found to be influenced more by the temperature during setting than the ambient temperature or presence of moisture.
The relationship between skeletal maturation, malocclusion, and dentition
Authors: Gupta D. S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Radiographic examination of the wrist bones of 522 school‐age children in Lucknow city showed a relationship between wrist bone maturation and dental and occlusal status.
Laboratory effectiveness of different types of fluoride compounds
Authors: Shannon Ira L. , Wescott Wm. B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The enamel solubility reducing characteristics of four fluorides — sodium fluoride (NaF), acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), each prepared to contain 1.23 per cent F are evaluated. Initial solubility reduction by SnF2, 81.7 per cent was significantly (P < .01) higher than that of 76.9 per cent provided by APF, however, after repeated exposure to acid etches the protection by APF became significantly (P < .01) higher than that derived from SnF2. The durability of protection provided by SnF2 after overnight washing, was significantly (P < .01) higher than that of APF. Results for NaF and MFP were significantly (P < .01) lower than those of either APF or SnF2 at any point in the experiment.
An investigation of full immediate denture treatment*
Authors: Marash Loretta M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Bone changes under full upper immediate dentures were plotted over a period of time. The relevance of the findings to clinical management is discussed.
The use of closed circuit television in the teaching of dental technology
Authors: Gillings Barrie R. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A low cost, single‐operator, four‐camera, closed‐circuit television system was developed to teach dental technology to large classes (120) of second and third year (preclinical) undergraduates. Its use permits demonstrations to be conducted, recorded and played back, with no electronic knowledge, little training, and a minimum of preparation and assistance. The field of view is from above the demonstration table, and is selected by pushbutton in the size range 30 cm × 20 cm down to 3 cm × 2 cm. The system has many advantages, few disadvantages, is reliable in operation, and is acceptable to students.
The clinical effectiveness of a disposable aspirating syringe
Authors: Adams R. A. , Mount G. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In 18 per cent of mandibular block injections and 2 per cent of maxillary infiltrations blood appeared in the carpule aspiration. In 500 mandibular block injections when an aspirating syringe was used in 250, only 0.7 per cent patients suffered toxic side effects compared with 5 per cent when a conventional non‐aspirating syringe was used.
The clinical development of the glass‐ionomer cements. I. Formulations and properties*
Authors: McLean J. W. , Wilson A. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The formulations of the glass‐ionomer cements their properties and clinical development are described.
Anterior tooth positions in prosthodontics
Authors: Murray C. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The problems associated with positioning anterior teeth in prosthetic treatment procedures are discussed and some recent work reviewed. Useful guides for establishing the artificial anterior dental relationship have been described and an application of these guides has been illustrated.
An elementary study of deformation of molar teeth during amalgam restorative procedures*
Authors: Bell J. Gordon
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A technique using an optical comparator was employed to examine the dimensional changes resulting from cavity preparation, application of the matrix and packing with amalgam in three extracted molar teeth. The changes have been reported and the nature of the change discussed. A modification in the use of the matrix and amalgam packing technique is suggested.
The clinical development of the glass‐ionomer cement. III. The erosion lesion*
Authors: McLean J. W. , Wilson A. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A clinical trial of the glass‐ionomer cement, ASPA IV, as a restorative material for erosion lesions is reported. The failure rate, in a three‐year trial, was nine per cent; most failures occurring within the first few months after placement.
A survey of causes of permanent tooth extractions in South Australia
Authors: Johanson S. B. , Johanson J. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Reasons for permanent tooth extractions were studied in a survey in South Australia conducted over a two week period in which 154 dentists participated, a response rate of 43 per cent. Of 2,387 teeth extracted from 1,104 patients, caries accounted for 52 per cent, periodontal and orthodontic causes 25.6 and 11.1 per cent respectively, impacted teeth 6.5 per cent, and prosthetic reasons 2.8 per cent. Caries was the most prevalent cause in the age groups 20–40 and over 70 years. Between 40 and 70 years more than 50 per cent of the teeth were extracted for periodontal reasons.
A comparison of two methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology
Authors: Stevens L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A comparison between conventional and live television methods of demonstrating an exercise in dental technology was carried out and indicated that they were equally effective as judged by grading of students' work. Students' comments suggested that the television method was received less favourably. Their comments form a basis for discussion regarding the use of material recorded on cassette or cartridge with immediate replay facilities rather than television demonstrations in real time.
The influence of the refractory investment on the development of porosity in cast structures
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Four series of standard tensile specimens were produced by casting into moulds composed of silica bonded, gypsum bonded, and phosphate bonded refractories. Two nickel base alloys were employed, one a standard dental casting alloy and the other a specially formulated ductile material. Subsequently, all specimens were subjected to mechanical testing, and radiographic and metallographic evaluation, in conjunction with porosity determinations, in order to ascertain how the nature of the refractory investment influences the structural quality of the castings produced.
The effect of investment type on the fit of cast titanium crowns
Authors: Mori Toshiko , Jean‐Louis Michael , Yabugami Masahiko , Togaya Toshihiro
Published: May 2009

In order to determine the best laboratory procedure for titanium crown casting, a set of thermal expansion measurements and casting experiments were carried out using a casting machine (argon arc, pressure difference type) and three different investments, two conventional SiO2 based investments and a new Al2O3/MgO based investment. The thermal expansion measurements involved a cycle of heating and cooling. The relatively low mould temperatures recommended (200°C) or chosen (350°C) for the conventional investments provided zero or negative mould expansion for the compensation of metal shrinkage. Crowns made from these investments exhibited heavy reaction with the mould, and the common cleaning method of sand blasting appeared to be essential. This cleaning process, however, was not adequate for the assessment of casting accuracy as the short sand blasting time (15 s) rapidly altered the fit of the crowns. The metal reacted little with the new investment and the best compensation (0.15 mm discrepancy) for the metal shrinkage, as assessed ‘as cast’, was achieved when the investment was heated to 950°C and then cooled to the recommended mould temperature (600°C).
The choice of irrigant during hand instrumentation and ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal: a scanning electron microscope study
Authors: Cameron Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite and 15 per cent EDTAC, either alone or in conjunction, as irrigants during hand instrumentation and ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal. Thirty‐six extracted human teeth, each with a single, straight root 21–25 mm long were hand‐instrumented through a clinical access cavity to file size 40. One millilitre of the test irrigant was used after each instrument size. Canal debridement was completed with an intermittent flush irrigation technique with one or both of the test irrigants activated by ultrasound at a medium effective power output. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally, viewed in a scanning electron microscope and scored for the presence or absence of debris and smear layer at levels less than 1 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm from the apical seat. Under the conditions of this experiment the most effective regime was irrigation with 1 mL EDTAC after each instrument size, followed by two 30 second exposures to ultrasound + EDTAC then four 30 second exposures to ultrasound + 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite. The specimens in this group were free from retained pulp tissue and superficial smear layer, had the lowest debris scores at the < 1 mm and 5 mm levels, and the lowest total debris score. All of the techniques tested produced smear‐free canals at the 10 mm level.
Oral Candida albicans from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and characterization of a genetically distinct subgroup of Candida albicans
Authors: McCullough M. , Ross B. , Reade P. C.
Published: May 2009

Candida albicans has been shown to vary in its phenotypic expression with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study was designed to investigate whether in Category IV HIV infected patients (CDC, Atlanta, USA) these phenotypic changes were related to changes in the genetic strain of the organism. Isolates of C. albicans were obtained from 45 patients with HIV infection during the progression of their disease as determined by percentage T4 lymphocyte count. Isolates were strain differentiated using two methods. In 67 per cent of the patients a single strain of C. albicans, as determined by the DNA analysis, was isolated from each individual over the experimental period. The phenotypic expression of the genetically identical strains isolated from each patient varied considerably over the experimental period with the morphotype 754 being predominant. These results showed that the genotype of C. albicans isolated persisted in the majority of HIV infected individuals, but that the phenotypical expression of this strain changed. A finding in this study was that 18 strains of C. albicans had DNA which did not hybridize to the probe used. These strains were analysed for the presence of two other C. albicans specific DNA segments using PCR. The probe 27A hybridizing strains yielded PCR products which differed from the non‐hybridizing strains. Five of these genetically atypical C. albicans strains and 98 of the C. albicans strains were then analysed for purported virulence factors. The genetically atypical C. albicans strains, by comparison with typical C. albicans strains, produced greater amounts of extracellular proteinase (p = 0.038, Student's t test), adhered to a greater degree to buccal epithelial cells (p = 0.018, Student's nest) and were less susceptible to the anti‐fungal drug flucytosine (p = 0.0003, Mann‐Whitney test). Analysis of these strains with other common antifungal drugs showed no statistically significant variation in susceptibility. The results of this study indicated that these genetically atypical C. albicans strains possess increased virulence by comparison with typical C. albicans strains.
Donor variability in the proliferation of human dental pulp fibroblasts
Authors: Moule Alex J. , Li Huika , Bartold P. Mark
Published: May 2009

Fibroblasts were isolated from human dental pulps of healthy third molars from 49 donors of ages ranging from 17 to 68. Significant variability was noted in the success of obtaining primary cultures from these pulps. Variability between the various cultures was also observed in the reliability of maintaining subcultures of the primary cultures as well as recovery from frozen stocks of established cell lines. Of the original 49 explant cultures studied, only three survived long‐term passage and freezing. In addition to difficulties and variability in establishing cell lines, the human pulp fibroblasts also showed great variability in proliferative activity which could not be accounted for by donor age, source, or passage number. These findings highlight significant difficulties in establishing reliable human pulp fibroblast cultures and the need for great care in interpreting any in vitro data.
Extrusion of root‐filled incisors in beagles — a light microscope and scanning electron microscope investigation
Authors: Weekes W. T. , Wong P. D.
Published: May 2009

The response of the periodontal ligament to orthodontic extrusion of the incisor of a beagle was examined with light microscope and scanning electron microscope techniques. The ligament morphology was slightly altered by the procedure but was essentially normal. Teeth that were extruded and retained for 12 weeks exhibited partial relapse. Where a full thickness mucogingival flap was raised and immediately replaced in lieu of retention, continued extrusion was observed. Root resorption was observed at the interproximal region of the cervical third in three out of five specimens. The resorption had been repaired with cellular cementum.
Ectodermal dysplasia. A case with impacted permanent teeth
Authors: Bilge O. Murat , Dayi Ertunç , Bocutoglu Önder
Published: May 2009

An unusual case of ectodermal dysplasia is presented. Besides the main symptoms of ectodermal dysplasia, congenitally missing teeth and the impaction of all the other existing permanent teeth make this case interesting.
Occlusal reconstruction with implant crown pair prostheses. Case report
Authors: Darveniza M.
Published: May 2009

Occlusal reconstruction of both arches was performed using splinted implant crown pairs. Each pair of crowns was luted to parallel implant abutment pairs and these were screwed and glued into approximately parallel pairs of implant bodies. Paralleling of holes for implant body pairs was performed using a precision guiding device.
The provision of orthodontic services by general dental practitioners. 1. Methods and descriptive results
Authors: Lawrence A. J. , Wright F. A. C. , D'Adamo S. P.
Published: May 2009

Information regarding orthodontic service provision by general dental practitioners in Australia is limited. The aim of this survey was to determine the amount and variety of orthodontic services provided by general dental practitioners in the Melbourne Statistical Division, Victoria, Australia. A random sample of 307 dentists drawn from the Victorian Dentists Register was surveyed by mailed questionnaire: 218 (71%) replied. Data were collected using a fortnight log. During this time 59 per cent of the dentists saw at least one orthodontic patient; one dentist saw 66 orthodontic patients. Removable orthodontic appliances were used by 35 per cent of the dentists and fixed orthodontic appliances by 18 per cent. Twenty‐six per cent provided comprehensive orthodontic treatment, 22 per cent aligned incisors, and 21 per cent corrected anterior cross‐bites. The general dental practitioners surveyed provided a wide range of preventive and interceptive orthodontic services to generally a small percentage of their patients.