bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sports and Recreation Activity of Varus and Valgus Ankle Osteoarthritis before and after Realignment Surgery
Authors: Pagenstert Geert , Leumann André , Hintermann Beat , Valderrabano Victor
Published: October 2008

Background: Realignment-surgery to unload ankle osteoarthritis (OA) has been proposed as treatment alternative for varus and valgus ankle OA. Sports activity after this procedure has not been analyzed. Realignment-surgery increases sports activity. Sports activity correlates with ankle pain, function, and alignment, but does not influence revision rate. Materials and Methods: Prospective case series of 35 consecutive patients with post-traumatic varus or valgus ankle OA limited to half tibiotalar joint surface were treated by OA unloading realignment-surgery. Distal tibia osteotomy was used in all cases; additional osteotomies, tendon, ligament procedures in 92% of cases. Main Outcome Measurements: Pain (visual-analogue-scale; VAS), ankle range-of-motion (ROM); function (American-Orthopaedic-Foot-and-Ankle-Society (AOFAS) ankle-score; Swiss-symptom-related-Ankle-Activity-Scale (SAAS); Sports-Frequency-Score (SFS), OA and tibiotalar-alignment-grade (Takakura-Score), and revision surgery. Mean followup was 5 years. Results: Mean values from preoperative to followup: VAS decreased ( p = 0.0001) 4 points; ankle ROM increased ( p = 0.001) 5 degrees; AOFAS-Score increased ( p = 0.0001) 46 points; SAAS increased ( p = 0.0001) 42 points; SFS increased ( p = 0.02) 0.5 grades; Takakura-score decreased ( p = 0.0001) 1.0 grades. Revision surgery was performed in 10 cases (29%). Three of these were revised to ankle arthroplasty. At follow-up, SAAS correlated with VAS, AOFAS score, Takakura score, and not with ROM or SFS. SFS did not correlate with other variables. Patients needing revision surgery had a higher ( p = 0.003) SFS than patients who needed no revision. Conclusion: Realignment-surgery increased sports activity of ankle OA patients. Improved ankle pain and function correlated with ability to perform activity without symptoms; however, sports frequency had no correlation to patients' symptoms but showed higher revision rate.

Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study
Tibiocalcaneal Arthrodesis Using the Ilizarov Technique in the Presence of Bone Loss and Infection of the Talus
Authors: Rochman Robert , Hutson James Jackson , Alade Oladapo
Published: October 2008

Background: Infected nonunions and extrusions of the talus can often lead to below-knee amputation. Limb-salvage procedures have goals of eradicating infection and creating a painless, stable limb. Often, a tibiocalcaneal fusion is the best option; however, in the presence of infection and bone loss, it can be difficult to achieve a successful outcome using internal fixation. We review the results of circular ring external fixation to obtain a tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis despite these obstacles. Methods: A retrospective review of 11 patients who underwent tibiocalcaneal arthodesis using an Ilizarov external fixator for infected talar nonunions or extrusions was performed. Each patient had a debridement of all nonviable talus. The bony surfaces were prepared for the fusion followed by application of a circular ring fixator. Clinical outcomes were measured using the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale. There was a mean followup of 35 months. Results: Nine of the 11 patients had successful fusions. One fused successfully after a revision and the other developed a stable pseudoarthrosis. Eight patients underwent concomitant lengthening with the Ilizarov fixator. Mean AOFAS score at final followup was 65. This was out of a maximum of 86 since the tibiotalar and subtalar joint motion were removed. There were no recurrent deep infections or amputations. Conclusions: Tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis using the Ilizarov technique is a viable alternative to amputation in patients with infected nonunions or large bone loss of the talus.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study
Lateral Talar Process Fracture and Peroneal Tendon Dislocation: A Previously Unrecognized Injury Complex
Authors: Klein Sandra E. , Varner Kevin E. , Marymont John V.
Published: October 2008

Background: Lateral talar process fractures and peroneal tendon dislocations are frequently unrecognized at the time of injury. Lateral process fractures were initially classified by Hawkins as three types. Type II injuries are comminuted fractures involving both the talofibular and talocalcaneal articular surfaces. The purpose of this retrospective chart review was to describe an injury complex of Type II lateral talar process fracture with peroneal tendon dislocation. Materials and Methods: Between January of 1995 and December 2006, 13 patients were seen for a lateral talar process fracture. Patients' charts were reviewed for fracture classification, mechanism of injury, radiographic studies, treatment, secondary procedures, length of followup and return to previous activity level. Concurrent peroneal tendon dislocations were identified in a subset of these patients. Results: Thirteen patients were identified with lateral talar process fractures all of which were classified as a Hawkins Type II. Six patients (46%) had a simultaneous peroneal tendon dislocation. All patients underwent operative excision of the comminuted lateral process. Patients with the injury complex were more likely to undergo additional operative procedures, and were more likely to develop subtalar arthritis. At final followup, 71% of patients with isolated lateral process fractures and 33% of injury complex patients had returned to their previous level of activity Conclusion: An injury complex of Hawkins Type II lateral talar process fractures and peroneal tendon dislocation exists. Patients with comminuted lateral talar process fractures, especially those resulting from high-energy injuries, should be carefully evaluated for the possibility of concurrent peroneal tendon dislocation.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study
Proximal Spherical Metatarsal Osteotomy for the Foot with Severe Hallux Valgus
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhito , Takakura Yoshinori , Kumai Tsukasa , Sugimoto Kazuya , Taniguchi Akira , Hattori Koji
Published: October 2008

Background: A proximal spherical metatarsal osteotomy was devised to correct not only varus deviation of the first metatarsal, but also dorsiflexion. We expected to increase the medial longitudinal arch by adding plantar flexion at the osteotomy site. To investigate the limitations of this procedure for feet with severe hallux valgus, a followup study was performed on patients with preoperative hallux valgus angles greater than or equal to 40 degrees. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight feet in 37 patients (10 male, 27 female) (60 years; range, 20 to 84 years) were investigated. Mean followup was 4 years and 1 month, ranging from 2 to 8 years. The spherical osteotomy was performed using a curved chisel. A distal soft tissue procedure was done at the same time. Twenty feet received combined operations for their combined deformities. Results: While 81% of patients were satisfied with the results, 50% of those with preoperative hallux valgus angles greater than or equal to 50 degrees had postoperative hallux valgus angle greater than or equal to 20 degrees. In these patients, correction of metatarsus primus varus was good, but correction of valgus deviation of the hallux was fair. Mean correction toward plantar flexion was 1.5 degrees and no increase in arch height was achieved. Conclusion: The proximal spherical osteotomy could consistently achieve satisfactory results for the patients with hallux valgus angles less than 50 degrees. However, the corrections were worse in feet with more severe deformities. Furthermore, plantarflexion at the osteotomy site was offset by displacement at the first tarsometatarsal joint. If plantarflexion is indispensable, arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint is recommended.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Lateral and Medial Plantar Pressures after Split versus Whole Anterior Tibialis Tendon Transfer
Authors: Henderson Christopher P. , Parks Brent G. , Guyton Gregory P.
Published: October 2008

Background: If whole and split transfer of the anterior tibialis tendon (SPLATT) do not differ in balancing the forefoot, whole tendon transfer would provide a simpler alternative as part of treatment of an equinovarus deformity. We hypothesized that no significant differences in percent plantar lateral forefoot pressures would be observed between split and whole tendon transfer. We used a spastic model to test the hypothesis that overcorrection would not occur with whole tendon transfer. Materials and Methods: In ten specimens from five lower extremity matched pairs, a SPLATT was anchored to the cuboid. After loading, simulated whole tendon transfer to the lateral cuneiform was done. Normal loading was Achilles, 250 N, tibialis anterior, 200 N, peroneals/tibialis posterior, 142 N; and spastic loading was Achilles, 500 N, tibialis anterior, 400 N, peroneals/tibialis posterior, 142 N. Pressure data were collected for both normal and spastic conditions. Percent of forefoot pressure was calculated for the lateral and medial sector. Results: Percent lateral pressure was slightly lower after whole tendon transfer (normal, p < 0.01; spastic, p < 0.01). This difference was not clinically important. Medial pressure did not differ in the spastic versus the normal model after split or whole tendon transfer. Conclusion: Whole and split anterior tibialis tendon transfer both resulted in a balanced forefoot. Neither whole tendon nor split tendon transfer resulted in overcorrection in a simulated spastic model. Clinical Relevance: Whole tendon transfer may be an effective and simpler alternative to SPLATT for unloading the lateral forefoot in both a normal and a spastic foot.
Variation of Nerve to Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Authors: Chou Loretta B. , Choi Lisa E. , Ramachandra Tara , Ma Gene
Published: October 2008

Background: Hallopeau's nerve is a branch of the lateral plantar nerve that supplies the flexor hallucis brevis muscle while also forming an anastomosis with the medial plantar nerve. In this study, the presence of this neural anastomosis was determined through dissection of cadaveric specimens. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six fresh-frozen adult feet (13 matched pairs) were dissected to assess the presence or absence of Hallopeau's nerve. Results: Dissections revealed four out of 26 specimens had this anastomosis. Conclusion: This study confirms this anatomic variation. Clinical Relevance: The clinical significance of these anastomoses remains unknown. These anastomoses are analogous to some in the hand and forearm.
Open Calcaneal Fractures in Diabetic Patients with Neuropathy: A Report of Three Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Athans William , Stephens Heidi
Published: October 2008

Level of Evidence: V, Case Report
Peripheral intracranial aneurysms: management challenges in 60 consecutive cases
Authors: Nussbaum Eric S. , Madison Michael T. , Goddard James K. , Lassig Jeffrey P. , Nussbaum Leslie A.
Published: October 2008

Object

The authors report the management and outcomes of 55 patients with 60 intracranial aneurysms arising distal to the major branch points of the circle of Willis and vertebrobasilar system.

Methods

Between July 1997 and December 2006, the authors' neurovascular service treated 2021 intracranial aneurysms in 1850 patients. The database was reviewed retrospectively to identify peripherally located intracranial aneurysms. Aneurysms that were mycotic and aneurysms that were associated with either an arteriovenous malformation or an atrial myxoma were excluded from review.

Results

The authors encountered 60 peripheral intracranial aneurysms in 55 patients. There were 42 small, 7 large, and 11 giant lesions. Forty-one (68%) were unruptured, and 19 (32%) had bled. Fifty-three aneurysms were treated surgically by using direct clip reconstruction in 26, trapping or proximal occlusion with distal revascularization in 21, excision with end-to-end anastomosis in 3, and circumferential wrap/clip reconstruction in 3. Coils were used to treat 6 aneurysms, and 1 was treated by endovascular parent artery occlusion. Overall, 49 patients had good outcomes, 4 were left with new neurological deficits, and 2 died.

Conclusions

Peripherally situated intracranial aneurysms are rare lesions that present unique management challenges. Despite the fact that in the authors' experience these lesions were rarely treatable with simple clipping of the aneurysm neck or endovascular coil occlusion, preservation of the parent artery was possible in most cases, and the majority of patients had a good outcome.
Tethered cord syndrome: nationwide inpatient complications and outcomes
Authors: Lad Shivanand P. , Patil Chirag G. , Ho Christopher , Edwards Michael S. B. , Boakye Maxwell
Published: October 2008

Object

Previous investigations of health outcome after spinal surgery for tethered cord syndrome (TCS) have been single-institution studies. The aim of this study was to report inpatient complications and outcomes on a nationwide level.

Methods

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify patients who underwent spinal surgery for TCS in the US between 1993 and 2002. Patients who had a primary diagnosis of TCS (ICD-9 742.59) and also underwent spinal laminectomies were included in this study. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the effects of patient and hospital characteristics on variables such as mortality rate, nonfatal complications, LOS, and adverse outcomes in general (defined as death or discharge to an institution rather than home).

Results

The NIS sample included data on 9733 patients with TCS who underwent surgery. The means for mortality rate, complication rate, and LOS, respectively, were 0.0005%, 9.48%, and 5.6 days. Postoperative hemorrhages or hematomas (mean rate 2.3%) were the most common complications reported. Age and complications were the only significant predictors of adverse outcome on multivariate analysis. Patients older than 65 years had a threefold increase in risk of adverse outcome compared with patients 18 to 44 years of age. On average, one postoperative complication led to a 3-day increase in mean LOS and added more than $9000 to hospital charges.

Conclusions

This study provides a national perspective on inpatient complications and outcomes after spinal surgery for TCS in the United States. The authors have demonstrated the impact of age, complications, and medical comorbidities on the outcome of surgery for patients with this common disorder.
Décolonisation, néo-colonialisme : essai sur le vocabulaire de la politique coloniale - II.
Authors: Brunschwig Henri
Published: October 2008

H. BRUNSCHWIG — Decolonisation, Neo-colonialism: An Essay on the Vocabulary of Colonial Polilics. The new concepts of "decolonisation" and "neo-colonialism" have been forged in the late fifties. They are ratlier ambiguous and do not carry the same meaning for the former coloniscrs and the former colonized. Thus "decolonisation" can be understood either as a return to the statu quo ante or as a new situation based upon the results of the colonial domination. Similarly "neo-colonialism," understood as a form of continued economic exploitation must be explained less in terms of machiavellian politics on the part of the former colonial power than by reference to an overall economic and technological situation which differs completely frorn that obtaining at the onset of colonialism.
Les Hauka. Une interprétation historique
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: October 2008

F. Fuglestad — The Hauka: A Historical Interprétation. Description of the genesis of the hauka spirit cuit in the late twenties and comparison with the modem forms of the bori and holey cuits, which use the same kind of mimicry of the colonial and post-colonial institutions. The early hauka movement is seen as a defence mechanism invented by a stable society threatened by a crisis, while the modem forms have rather an integrative function in a disrupted society.
Aperçu démographique et socio-économique du groupe babalia (Tchad).
Authors: Bouquet Christian
Published: October 2008

C. Bouquet — A Demographie and Socio-Economie Sketch of the Babalia (Chad). A 1974 field-study has shown that among the 1 699 Babalia living in 23 villages in the Lower-Chari region only 39 elders still spoke their original language (Brage or Beraku), all the others speaking Arabie and, in some cases, Kotoko. A study of the age and sex structures correlated with that of some sociological and economic factors explain the disappearance of the language, which had been forecast as soon as the term of the century by such observers as Carbou.
Une « périphérie recentrée » : à propos d'un système local d'économie de plantation en Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre , Richard Jacques
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chauveau & J. Richard—Recentering a Periphery. A Local System of Plantation Economy in the Ivory Coast. A study of the plantation economy of the Gbâ starting from the neo-marxist assumption that the pre-colonial situation cannot be used as a base for analysis. The authors use wage-earning labour rather than the land-right system as a primary tool for the analysis of social classes. Small land-owners must need employ wage-earning labour to answer the pressure brought to bear on them by the State apparatus and the middlemen of the capitalistic centre. The relationship between this centre and the peripheral systems does not necessarily resuit in the suppression of elements foreign and external to the capitalist mode of production (CMP), nor does it merely preserve it in view of a more efficient exploitation : more likely, it is the CMP which generates those peripheral elements.
Aspects socio-économiques de la préparation et de la circulation de la nourriture dans un village hausa (Niger).
Authors: Raynaut Claude
Published: October 2008

C. Raynaut—Cooking and Circulating Food in a Hausa Village: Socio-Economic Aspects. The study of the preparation and distribution of food is most likely to cast an interesting light on the deep relational structure under-lying an economic system. In the Hausa village of Soumarana (Niger Republic) the households are not self-sufficient and autarchic as far as food is concerned. They rely to a large extent on commercial transactions to supplement home grown produce. Labour division obtains both in the production of the basic foodstuffs and in their ulterior preparation and circulation. Not only do butchers, for instance, form a special professional category, but men and women cook, sell and buy different kinds of food. Commercial transactions reach their peak during the scarcity season, just before the harvest, when people are short of both food and money. This apparently paradoxical situation is linked with recent social changes and the increase of tensions between elders and youth, and between men and women. Women, especially, have become able to maximize the profit from their own crops while making the men pay for the food they cook for them: exchanges are no longer based on barter and food has become an item in the money-based economy.
Comparaison des affinités linguistiques et biologiques de douze populations de langue bantu.
Authors: Hiernaux Jean , Gauthier Anne-Marie
Published: October 2008

J. Hiernaux & A.-M. Gauthier — A Comparison of the Linguistic and Biological Affinities of Twelve Bantu-Speaking People. Despite a degree of analogy in the mechanism of differentiation, a comparison of biometrie and linguistic materials shows only moderate correlation between the two sets of data. Relative linguistic proximity can go along with an important biological distance and vice versa. The differentiating factors are not of the same order. The available biometric data used are not the most significant ones and a different choice would probably affect the results.
Corporatisme et colonialisme : approche du cas mozambicain, 1933-1979. I. Une genèse difficile, un mouvement squelettique.
Authors: Cahen Michel
Published: October 2008

M. Cahen — Corporatism and Colonialism : An Approach of Mocambique's Case, I933-I979, I- A Troublesome Genesis for a Skeletal Movement.

The first part of this study (to be continuee! in the next issue) raises the general problem of the specifie particulars of Portuguese colonialism, and more precisely of the possible effect on colonial society of a corporativist, fascist metropolitan State. Insofar as Portugal itself is England's 'semi-colony' while Mocambique is fully integrated within South Africa's economie System, are peculiar characte-ristics of the colony to be explained by fascism in its metropolis? A tentative answer is here based upon an analysis of the officiai, legal birth of 'colonial corporatism' (1937) and, later on (1942-1960), of the first 'national trade-unions' and gremios. A study of the actual working of these structures and of their socio-economic role leads one to consider them as operating quite outside the colonial economy and almost completely lacking any social basis for their existence. The same analysis applied to the fascist political structures (single party, youth orga-nization) reveals the regime's failure in its attempts to set up a real movement among the colonial petty bourgeoisie and the White working-class aristocracy.
De la quête de légitimation à la question de la légitimité : les thérapeutiques « traditionnelles » au Sénégal.
Authors: Fassin Éric , Fassin Didier
Published: October 2008

E. Fassin & D. Fassin — From the Quest for Legitimation to the Question of Legitimacy : 'Traditional' Therapies in Senegal.

The quest for new forms of recognition for traditional therapists raises the question of the relations between the different kinds of medical practices and, more precisely, that of medical legitimacy. Through three case studies carried out in Senegal, the authors attempt to show how principles of legitimation are defined today with, as essential characteristics: recognition of the least legitimate of the healers, strengthening of the legitimator's authority, and recourse to legitimating bodies outside of the medical field. This analysis shows the inanity of the classical modem/traditional opposition and leads to an examination of the meaning of a legitimacy crisis which seems to affect both doctors and healers.
Grandeur et décadence des marins bijogo
Authors: Henry Christine
Published: October 2008

C. Henry — Rise and F ail of Bijagos Sailors.

According to all historical sources, the Bijagos were sailors and warriors who practised ocean navigation when they went to attack coastal populations. Their war navy reached its zenith during the slave trade, then fell off as warring activities were repressed and European trade intensified in the area around the archipelago, the last bulwark withstanding Portuguese colonization in what is now called Guinea-Bissao. The inhabitants, proud of their independence, ne ver used their knowl-edge of the sea to serve on European ships. Not much interested in commercial fishing because they have stayed true to traditional ways of life, which assign preeminence to elders and entail sharing catches, the Bijagos have forgotten most of their sea lore and techniques. Having become rice farmers but remaining itinerant, they now use Niominka canoes, which they seldom own or pilot, to transport people and merchandise. This population, who proved capable of adapting new techniques, now depends on another people for navigation.
A Working Class in Formation ? Economic Crisis and Strategies of Survival among Dagara Mine Workers in Ghana
Authors: Lentz Carola , Erlmann Veit
Published: October 2008

C. Lentz & V. Erlmann — Une classe ouvrière en formation ? Crise économique et stratégies ouvrières chez les mineurs dagara du Ghana.

Ce travail examine les réactions des travailleurs migrants dagara à la crise économique et sociale qui frappe l'industrie des mines d'or du Ghana. Au lieu qu'émerge une classe de mineurs de la deuxième ou troisième génération, stable, urbanisée, autonome et dotée d'une solide conscience de classe, on constate que les stratégies de survie des mineurs dagara incluent, en plus du travail salarié, la mobilisation de toute une série de ressources économiques, sociales et culturelles : diversification des sources de revenus ; redéploiement géographique des activités économiques au sein de la famille étendue et maintien de liens étroits avec la région d'origine ; adhésion à des organisations ethniques. Les auteurs abordent également le rôle de la chefferie et de l'ethnicité dans les mines qui, loin d'être de purs instruments au service de la domination du capital, sont une composante essentielle des stratégies de survie des mineurs.
Pastoralism in Fulbe Folktales
Authors: Eguchi Paul K.
Published: October 2008

P. K. Eguchi — Le pastoralisme dans les contes.

La plupart des Fulбe du Nord Cameroun et du Togo sont des agro-pasteurs sédentaires. Cependant, le pastoralisme constitue l'une des composantes essentielles de la « fulanité ». Cet article traite de la représentation du pastoralisme dans les contes. Le mode de vie étant centré autour du gardiennage du bétail, l'auteur analyse en premier lieu ses caractéristiques dans le milieu de la savane. En raison du plurilinguisme qui prévaut en Afrique de l'Ouest, les contes transcendent, en longue période, les frontières ethniques. Ce phénomène engendre une homogénéité et une similarité entre les différents contes de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et, à cet égard, les récits ful6e ne constituent pas une exception. Nombre de récits appartiennent au même type que ceux d'autres ethnies mais, à cause du thème du pastoralisme, certains sont totalement originaux et contiennent des expressions concernant le bétail et des détails sur la culture pastorale, en particulier la traite et le pâturage. Le bétail y est décrit comme richesse et comme un facteur d'abondance, témoignant ainsi de la relation profonde qui unit les Fulbe à leur troupeau.
The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora
Authors: Webb James L.A.
Published: October 2008

This article constructs the general outlines of the precolonial history of the Idaw al-Hajj commercial diaspora, a grouping which linked the Black African Wolof states of northwestern Senegal with the Arabo-Berber world of the western Sahara. The Idaw al-Hajj maintained a broad commercial hegemony from the late seventeenth century until the gum boom of early nineteenth century. Over time, the 'White' Idaw al-Hajj of northwestern Senegal fully integrated them-selves culturally into the Wolof world. The history of the Idaw al-Hajj demonstrates that the ethnie identities of both 'White' Arabo-Berbers and 'Black' Wolof were contextual and subject to transformation as a resuit of changing historical circumstance.
Les courtiers du développement en milieu rural sénégalais
Authors: Blundo Georgio
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Development Brokers in Senegalese Rural Areas.—The context of Sahelian and, in particular, Senegalese development has two characteristics: the growing interest of foreign aid agencies for projects directly proposed by local actors and, given "adjustment programs", the public administration waning role as a "supplier of development". Social actors have thus emerged who propose to serve as intermediaries between foreign aid programs and recipient communities. These middlemen daim to have both modem, technical skills and inside knowledge of local society. Biographical accounts show how this twofold legitimacy is gradually acquired. These "development brokers" do much more than merely serve as interpreters between different cultural systems. They also control channels of communication between development agencies and rural people, and filter aid so as to redistribute it as a form of patronage.
The Prayer Economy in a Malian Town
Authors: Soares Benjamin F.
Published: October 2008

Résumé

L'économie de la prière dans une ville malienne. — Cet article examine le rôle de l'« économie de la prière » dans une ville malienne, c'est-à-dire la gamme de pratiques à la fois complexes et répandues grâce auxquelles des présents sont offerts en abondance à des chefs religieux musulmans. Il est consacré à l'étude des chefs renommés de deux confréries sufi, de leurs nombreux disciples et des relations qui définissent le champ de ces transferts de dons. Il montre que l'« économie de la prière » fonctionne grâce à la circulation intense de capital — économique, politique et symbolique — que les acteurs sociaux convertiraient d'un domaine à l'autre et qui conjoint, en certains lieux, les intérêts des élites économiques et politiques avec ceux des chefs religieux. Les caractéristiques de l'économie de la prière représentent un changement important de l'organisation de la pratique religieuse, situation dans laquelle les relations entre les leaders religieux et les clients des autres élites ne sont plus médiatisées par l'appartenance à une confrérie sufi particulière mais par le recours à des symboles vitaux pour la société. Un tel glissement met aussi en lumière la fragilité de la domination de l'économie de la prière, aspect qui est analysé dans la dernière partie de l'article.
Genèse de la hiérarchie sociale et du pouvoir politique bidân
Authors: Villasante De Beauvais Mariella
Published: October 2008

Abstract

The Origins of Bidân Social Hierarchy and Political Power. — By postulating that oral traditions are ideological reconstructions inseparable from a group's political history, it is shown that the ideas conveyed by contemporary members of the Ahl Sîdi Mahmûd Confederation are not isolated in the Bidân context. Instead, they correspond to the régional context in eastern Mauritania. In particular, these traditions directly challenge: the three orders/ranks of Bidân social structure; the genealogical foundations of this threefold division of society; and the idea that the hierarchy of these ranks is closely linked to a founding historical event.
Making Peace in Somaliland
Authors: Farah Ahmed Y. , Lewis Ioan M.
Published: October 2008

Abstract

This paper reports the results of a brief anthropological field study, carried out in the summer 1993, on the organisation and progress of grass-roots peace initiatives in the Somaliland Republic. Fieldwork was supplemented by a literature survey and based on the joint authors' previous extensive research in Somalia. When President Siad's government was overthrown in Mogadishu, the Somaliland National movement, based on the Isaaq clans, set up an interim government in the North-West. This administration did not, however, have the authority or means to impose order amongst the country's unruly and abundantly armed clans. Starting in 1991, grass-roots peace initiatives gradually built up a national network of peace conferences. Using traditional institutions and diplomacy, they succeeded to a remarkable degree in restoring relative calm and normalising inter-clan relations on an impressively wide front. The results of this low budget, locally inspired process were much more impressive than those of the lavishly expensive high profile peace conferences engineered by foreign agencies in southern Somalia.
La religion préserve-t-elle du sida ? Des congrégations religieuses congolaises face à la pandémie de l'infection par le VIH
Authors: Gruénais Marc-Eric
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Does Religion Protect from AIDS? Congolese Religious Congregations face Pandemic HIV-Infection. — The representatives of religious congregations have a special place among the actors involved in the fight against AIDS. For the medical profession, they help with prevention work by advocating abstinence and fidelity. Through prayer, they may boost the morale of persons in distress; and some congregations even express compassion by helping the sick. Despite the opposition of certain Christian groups to using condoms (an opposition far from being enforced locally), involving religious congregations in AIDS prevention work seems to have more advantages than disadvantages. However, the ambiguous discourses of health personnel and religious authorities open the way to the idea of "good Christians" being spared, saved and healed thanks to their fath and to discourses and practices that exclude "bad Christians". Insidiously, the religious interpretations of AIDS coming from groups that one might think would be faithful allies in the fight against the illness can lead to attitudes that, at odds with prevention work and medical knowledge, condemn and reject people in order to preserve the community of the "pure".
À propos de souvenirs inédits de Denise Paulme et Michel Leiris sur la création du musée de l'Homme en 1936
Authors: Dupuis Annie
Published: October 2008

Résumé

Des entretiens réalisés avec Denise Paulme et Michel Leiris, en 1987, à propos de la création du musée de l'Homme en 1936, permettent de souligner la permanence des questions qui surgissent lorsqu'il s'agit de mettre en scène la culture des autres. Ils permettent également de mettre en perspective les mutations d'un établissement sur plus d'un siècle, les questions fondamentales de la constitution des collections et de leur présentation. Ils montrent combien la question de l'art a toujours été centrale, et le rôle que l'ethnologie a joué et joue, malgré elle, dans le commerce des objets d'art dit « primitif ».
The Himmät party [Socialism and the national question in Russian Azerbaijan, 1904-1920]
Authors: Swietochowski Tadeusz
Published: October 2008

Tadeusz Swietochowski, The Himmät party. Socialism and the national question in Russian Azerbaijan 1904-1920.

In 1904, a handful of young Azerbaijanis, mainly from among the intelligentsia, initiated propaganda activity directed at their countrymen. The group assumed the name Himmät after the title of the clandestine publication it issued in the Azerbaijani language. The target of its attack was not so much the system of capitalism as the Tsarist bureaucracy and the Moslem clergy. Under the Stolypin reaction, the Himmät came to face the harsh policy of repressions. In 1917 the reborn party, by far more Marxist than ten years ago, failed to recapture its following. It broke up in a manner mirroring the alignment within the Russian Social-Democracy in Transcaucasia. The Baku Himmâtists led by Nanmanov turned pro-Bolshevik, whereas in the provinces the general tendency was to follow the Mensheviks, dominant throughout the rest of the region and notably in Georgia. In 1919, the men linked in the past to the "Tiflis Centre" now labeled as the "Right", kept the name of the Azerbaijani Social-Democratic Party — Himmät. The "Left", which after the split began to call itself the Azerbaijani Communist Party — Himmät, accepted as its goal "power to the Soviets in Azerbaijan".
Soviet politics and the Iranian revolution of 1919-1921
Authors: Blank Stephen
Published: October 2008

Stephen Blank, Soviet politics and the Iranian revolution of 1919-1921.

The Soviet intervention in Iran during 1919-1921 arose out of the conjuncture of historic Russian interest in dominating Iran, Leninist visions of third world revolution, Stalin's personal ambitions, and the Pan-Islamic aspirations of radical Soviet Moslems led by Sultangaliev. This article seeks to trace the interplay between the domestic ramifications of the Soviet debate on tactics in Iran during 1919-1921 and the actual implementation of radical policies on the ground by Soviet troops ultimately commanded by Stalin on the one hand and the Iranian Communists on the other. By exploring the interconnected nature of the resolution of fundamental issues of Soviet nationality policy and foreign policy the article seeks to uncover the roots of Stalin's international activity at this time and the consequences of the Iranian adventure for both domestic and foreign policy after 1921.
Empiriocriticism : a bolshevik philosophy ?
Authors: Kelly Aileen
Published: October 2008

Aileen Kelly, Empiriocriticism: a Bolshevik philosophy?

In the first decade of this century a group of Bolshevik theorists attempted to construct a new philosophical basis for marxism with the aid of the empiriocriticism of Avenarius and Mach. Their attempt is usually treated by historians as merely a brief episode in Bolshevik party history. This article examines its significance within the wider framework of the collective psychology of the Russian radical intelligentsia, in which voluntarism was uneasily reconciled with a predilection for deterministic philosophies of history. The empiriocriticist movement can be seen as a final attempt on the part of the members of the intelligentsia to achieve a synthesis of these elements in their outlook. Their writings and the ensuing polemics are examined with particular regard to the light which they shed on the social psychology of the Russian radical intelligentsia and on the part played by its subjective aspirations in the formulation of its historical goals.
À propos de l'histoire et de la méthodologie de l'étude de la littérature juive d'expression russe
Authors: Markish Simon
Published: October 2008

Simon Markish, A propos de l'histoire et de la méthodologie de l'étude de la littérature juive d'expression russe.

Dans cet exposé destiné à introduire la Table ronde, quelques questions méthodologiques sont examinées, notamment les questions suivantes : peut-il exister des littératures juives en langues "non juives" ? Quelle influence la littérature juive d'expression russe exerce-t-elle sur les littératures en yiddish et en hébreu, et vice versa ? Quelles sont les relations entre les littératures russe et russo-juive ? Qui faut-il considérer comme un écrivain juif russe (et plus largement comme un écrivain juif) ? On y présente aussi des remarques personnelles sur les oeuvres des auteurs juifs d'expression russe.
L'essor et l'échec du mouvement « paidologique » [De la psychanalyse au « nouvel homme de masse »]
Authors: Etkind Alexandre
Published: October 2008

Alexandre Etkind, Rise and fall of the "paedological " movement. From psychoanalysis to the "new Soviet man."

The article relates the history of paedology (pedologiia) in USSR in the 1920's and 1930's. Elaborated by Stanley Hall, paedology was introduced in USSR at the beginning of the NEP and enjoyed extraordinary success since it was officially implanted in schools. Its objective being the interdisciplinary, total ("complex") knowledge of the child, it came up to the expectations of the regime and of part of the scientific world: it was to result in practical applications tallying with the scheduled "new man." It was, furthermore, a last shelter for the innovative trends in psychology and pedagogy, in particular after the near prohibition of psychoanalysis. It was blacklisted as "bourgeois pseudo-science" in 1936 by a decree of the Central Committee which put an end to the research in this field.
Les Etats occidentaux d'une gouvernementalité à l'autre
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: October 2008

La transformation récente de la gestion publique sur la base de valeurs néolibérales conduit à de nouvelles interactions entre le secteur public et le secteur privé. La doctrine managériale s'est développée au nom de la crise financière et pour faire face à la mondialisation, mais derrière les techniques de gestion se font jour de nouvelles relations de pouvoir : ce sont elles, et non l’affaiblissement de l’Etat, qui constituent le résultat de la "privatisation de l’Etat" dans les pays occidentaux. Celle-ci, que l’on peut comprendre comme la recherche d’une nouvelle forme de gouvernementalité, s'accompagne d'une forte politisation de l'action publique, ne touche pas à la structure des élites et permet de transférer aux autorités locales la gestion des problèmes sociaux : le management est devenu une manière de faire de la politique par d'autres moyens. La multiplication des marchés et des expertises tend à remettre en cause la légitimité de l'action publique. Privatisation de l’Etat et construction européenne se conjuguent pour faire naître une "souveraineté utilitaire", inconnue jusqu’ici de la théorie politique.
L' "espace public européen" : une vue (trop) aérienne
Authors: Smith Andy
Published: October 2008

Jusqu'ici, la légitimation de l'intégration européenne a donné lieu à fort peu de recherches en sciences sociales. Pire encore, les théorisations dominantes sur le sujet sous-estiment fortement la dimension sociale de ce type de processus et n'évitent pas trois écueils : une posture de recherche insuffisamment "interrogative", une conceptualisation de la légitimation de l'Europe trop politique et un découpage arbitraire entre espace public et espace privé. Une alternative peut être proposée, dans laquelle la nature fragmentée de l'Europe est problématisée et où deviennent plus nécessaires les approches "par le bas". Dans cette perspective, l'impact de l'Europe sur les sentiments d'appartenance territoriale et sur les légitimités politiques doivent être étudiées par le biais d'une observation "au plus près" de la lente évolution des représentations et des pratiques sociales.
L'arc et les flèches en Grèce à la fin de l'Âge du Bronze et au début de l'Âge du Fer
Authors: Reboreda Morillo Susana
Published: October 2008

Dans le monde mycénien, l'arc et les flèches avaient une place importante aussi bien dans le domaine de la guerre que dans celui de la chasse, comme le démontre l'analyse des sources archéologiques, iconographiques et écrites /épigraphiques. Néanmoins cette situation se transforme au début de l'âge du Fer et persiste au moins tout au long des siècles obscurs. Nous essaierons de démontrer ici que la raison de ce changement se trouve dans l'instauration d'une nouvelle tactique guerrière qui implique, à son tour, une transformation dans la morale, l'éthique guerrière et dans l'usage des armes à longue portée, en général, et de l'arc et des flèches, en particulier.
The origins of US public utilities regulation: elements for a social history of networks
Authors: Simon Jean-Paul
Published: October 2008

Jean-Paul SIMON, The origins of US public utilities regulation: elements for a social history of netivorks. This paper deals with the genesis of the regulation of public utilities in the United States. It focuses on the complex interaction among corporate actors, branches of the government (Congress and the courts) and small and large users that led to a dual regulatory system (anti-trust laws/independant commissions). Regulation is seen as both a compromise between conflicting interests (shareholders, users, governments, management) and as a trade-off between government intervention (to protect users) and the establishment of a legal monopoly for private firms (to secure growth).
The regulation of urban technical networks (theories and pending issues)
Authors: Lorrain Dominique
Published: October 2008

Since the 1920s, public authorities, lawyers, and economists have all been involved with the organization of network industries. The study of the current process of deregulation, in the light of past experience and with a distinction between large scale networks and urban service networks, raises new issues relating to three theoretical fields: industrial organization, institutional economics and political science.
Les pratiques politiques «officieuses». Clientélisme et dualisme politique en Corse et en Italie du Sud
Authors: Briquet Jean-Louis
Published: October 2008

■ Jean-Louis Briquet : Les pratiques politiques «officieuses». Clientélisme et dualisme politique en Corse et en Italie du Sud A l'encontre d'une conception qui fait du «dualisme» politique l'effet d'une «permanence de la tradition» dans des contextes sociaux «en voie de modernisation», les pratiques officieuses (clientélisme, amitié instrumentale) participent au fonctionnement des institutions officielles, acteurs de la modernisation (bureaucrates d'État, partis de masse). C'est parce qu'elles sont dévalorisées au regard des modèles dominants de la légitimité politique que cer taines pratiques sont amenées à se replier dans des arènes officieuses de l'espace public. En vue de comprendre la diversité des processus effectifs du «développement politique», l'histoire de ce repli et celle des usages effectifs des institutions «modernes» sont retracées dans les cas de la Corse et de l'Italie du Sud.
Les femmes et les Cours. La difficile mise en œuvre de l'égalité des sexes dans l'accès à la magistrature
Authors: Boigeol Anne
Published: October 2008

■ Anne Boigeol : Les femmes et les Cours. La difficile mise en œuvre de l'égalité des sexes dans l'accès à la magistrature en France L'égalité entre les sexes dans l'accès à des positions professionnelles ou institutionnelles s'est rarement imposé du seul fait de sa rationalité. C'est souvent dans des circonstances exceptionnelles que les droits des femmes ont progressé. L'accès des femmes à la magistrature, il y a exactement cinquante années, en est une parfaite illustration. Ce n'est qu'après un long cheminement tionnel ponctué par différents affrontements, et dans le contexte très particulier de la Libération, que l'égalité formelle dans l'accès à la magistrature est réalisée.
Écrire son autobiographie (les autobiographies communistes d'institution, 1931-1939)
Authors: Pennetier Claude , Pudal Bernard
Published: October 2008

Writing One's Autobiography (institutional Communist autobiographies, 1931-1939). Biographical control was an essential element of leadership policy within the Communist movement. This study is based on the first group of 364 autobiographies made available to scholars by the recent opening of Soviet archives. It proposes a framework for analyzing the texts that is able to account for the tense relations between institutional aims and militants who were more or less predisposed to accomplish the social and psychological work the institution enjoined them to perform by "inviting" them to write their autobiographies. Institutional Communist autobiographies, which belong to the long-term history of institu tional control over "the depths of the heart", reveal a variety of sometimes contradictory modes of self-recall, characteristic of the Community Party world.
Nation, individu et société chez Sieyès
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: October 2008

Nation, Individual and Society according to Sieyès This study is the continuation of a broader reflection aimed at understanding how Sieves built up an equivalence between political language and political : science. While it is well known that Sieyès developed the theory of the nation as a subject entitled to exercise constituting power, a demonstration was still required - and that is the purpose of . this article - as to how the connection between Constitution and Nation and the assimilation between individual and Nation was articulated by Sieves himself.
La mémoire à demi-mots. Analyses d'une commémoration impossible
Authors: Gobille Boris
Published: October 2008

■ Boris Gobille: La mémoire à demi- mots. Analyses d'une commémoration impossible À partir du compte rendu d'une enquête ethnographique menée à Ivry-sur-Seine en 1995, l'auteur montre comment l'enquête impose un double déplacement d'objet: de la mémoire ouvrière de mai 1968, l'intérêt s'est porté sur la mémoire des anciens ouvriers de SKF, centrée sur la reprise de l'usine par les CRS en juin 1985 ; partie du concept polysémique de mémoire, l'enquête a conduit à l'analyse des diverses modalités pratiques de la remémoration qui se révèlent au cours des entretiens et lors d'une cérémonie officielle. La commémoration observée le 3 juin 1995 fait elle-même l'objet d'une double lecture: l'analyse des menues interactions qui peuplent le stand SKF; le rappel des conflits de juin 1985 qui rendent impossibles les récits indigènes de cet événement.