bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bullying, in Teen Sports and Elsewhere, Requires Parent Intervention
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2015

Bullying is harmful to both the victim and the bully, but in teen sports, one of the main causes is jealousy. If your child is a competitive athlete, the bully may be on the same team, or in a solo sport like figure skating, may be a friend. In either case, the friendship or team‐player attitude can dissolve under the powerful emotion of jealousy. And the bullying can take on a vicious aura because it is so taboo to sabotage your teammate or competition — unsportsmanlike to the nth degree — so it's not overt.
Suppression of postsurgical recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma treated with autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccine, with special reference to glypican‐3
Authors: Kawashima Issei , Kawashima Yuri , Matsuoka Yasuo , Fujise Kiyotaka , Sakai Hideki , Takahashi Mari , Yoshikawa Toshiaki , Nakatsura Tetsuya , Ishihara Takeshi , Ohno Tadao
Published: April 2015

Key Clinical Message

Autologous formalin‐fixed tumor vaccine (AFTV) suppressed re‐recurrence for more than 32 months of multiple‐recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma based on hepatitis C virus‐induced liver cirrhosis in a case with previous recurrence interval, 51‐, 28‐, 12‐, and 4‐months. We detected glypican‐3‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood at 12 months after AFTV.
Aqueous Rechargeable Battery Based on Zinc and a Composite of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2
Authors: Wang Faxing , Liu Yu , Wang Xiaowei , Chang Zheng , Wu Yuping , Holze Rudolf
Published: April 2015

A composite of rod‐shaped LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with graphene nanosheets and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is assembled by using a hydrothermal method. In the composite, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and MWCNTs are wrapped into graphene nanosheets. It exhibits better rate capability in comparison with plain LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 as a positive electrode for an aqueous rechargeable battery, using zinc as the negative electrode. The average charge and discharge voltages of this aqueous rechargeable battery are 1.80 and 1.65 V, respectively. Based on the total weight of the electrode materials of the composite and Zn, its energy density can reach 154 Wh kg−1, which is comparable with that of Ni‐MH batteries. Its cycling behavior is satisfactory.
Facile Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous CoFe2O4 Nanospheres and Graphene Composites as High‐Performance Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dong Yucheng , Chui Ying‐San , Yang Xia , Ma Ruguang , Lee Jong‐Min , Zapien Juan Antonio
Published: April 2015

A novel, facile, self‐assembly approach, based on a gas‐bubble‐template model and assisted by graphene oxide, is developed to fabricate hollow 3D mesoporous CoFe2O4 nanospheres (NSs) and graphene composites. During the hydrothermal process, the oxygen‐containing functional groups and defect sites on the graphene sheets act as nucleation centers to anchor released gas bubbles, providing a soft template for the aggregation of nanosized CoFe2O4 crystallite building blocks to form NSs. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between the hollow 3D mesoporous CoFe2O4 NSs and graphene, the electrode exhibited remarkable electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity (≈1030 mA h g−1 after 60 cycles at 100 mA g−1), enhanced rate capability (≈970, ≈850, ≈555 mA h g−1 at 100, 500, 5000 mA g−1, respectively), and superior cyclic stability (≈805 mA h g−1 after 305 cycles at 2000 mA g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of ≈99.5 %); these composites are thus high‐performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
High‐Capacity NiO–(Mesocarbon Microbeads) Conversion Anode for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Verrelli Roberta , Hassoun Jusef
Published: April 2015

A conversion‐type, NiO–MCMB (mesocarbon microbeads) composite anode prepared by high‐energy ball milling is here characterized and tested in lithium half and full cells. An optimized and submicrometric morphology allows the NiO–MCMB electrode to achieve high cell performance and excellent rate capability, that is, delivering specific capacities of 515 and 450 mAh g−1 when cycled at current densities as high as 545 and 1090 mA g−1, respectively. The NiO–MCMB composite anode is studied in a full lithium‐ion battery using a high‐voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode that is considered a suitable cathode in combination with conversion‐type electrodes. The battery delivers a specific capacity of 90 mAh g−1 with high coulombic efficiency and an average working voltage of 4.1 V. The electrochemical results suggest the viability of the alternative cell configuration here adopted for the development of low‐cost, high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries.
Manganese Tetraboride, MnB4: High‐Temperature Crystal Structure, p–n Transition, 55Mn NMR Spectroscopy, Solid Solutions, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Knappschneider Arno , Litterscheid Christian , Brgoch Jakoah , George Nathan C. , Henke Sebastian , Cheetham Anthony K. , Hu Jerry G. , Seshadri Ram , Albert Barbara
Published: April 2015

The structural and electronic properties of MnB4 were studied by high‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction and measurements of the conductivity and Seebeck coefficient on spark‐plasma‐sintered samples. A transition from the room‐temperature monoclinic structure (space group P21/c) to a high‐temperature orthorhombic structure (space group Pnnm) was observed at about 650 K. The material remained semiconducting after the transition, but its behavior changed from p‐type to n‐type. 55Mn NMR measurements revealed an isotropic chemical shift of −1315 ppm, confirming an oxidation state of Mn close to I. Solid solutions of Cr1−xMnxB4 (two phases in space groups Pnnm and P21/c) were synthesized for the first time. In addition, nanoindentation studies yielded values of (496±26) and (25.3±1.7) GPa for the Young’s modulus and hardness, respectively, compared to values of 530 and 37 GPa obtained by DFT calculations.
Prediction of a Neutral Noble Gas Compound in the Triplet State
Authors: Manna Debashree , Ghosh Ayan , Ghanty Tapan K.
Published: April 2015

Discovery of the HArF molecule associated with HAr covalent bonding [Nature, 2000, 406, 874–876] has revolutionized the field of noble gas chemistry. In general, this class of noble gas compound involving conventional chemical bonds exists as closed‐shell species in a singlet electronic state. For the first time, in a bid to predict neutral noble gas chemical compounds in their triplet electronic state, we have carried out a systematic investigation of xenon inserted FN and FP species by using quantum chemical calculations with density functional theory and various post‐Hartree–Fock‐based correlated methods, including the multireference configuration interaction technique. The FXeP and FXeN species are predicted to be stable by all the computational methods employed in the present work, such as density functional theory (DFT), second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), coupled‐cluster theory (CCSD(T)), and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI). For the purpose of comparison we have also included the Kr‐inserted compounds of FN and FP species. Geometrical parameters, dissociation energies, transition‐state barrier heights, atomic charge distributions, vibrational frequency data, and atoms‐in‐molecules properties clearly indicate that it is possible to experimentally realize the most stable state of FXeP and FXeN molecules, which is triplet in nature, through the matrix isolation technique under cryogenic conditions.
Diborylated Magnesium Anthracene as Precursor for B2H5−‐Bridged 9,10‐Dihydroanthracene
Authors: Pospiech Steffen , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: April 2015

9,10‐(Bpin)2‐anthracene (3, HBpin=pinacolborane) was synthesized from 9,10‐dibromoanthracene in a stepwise lithiation/borylation sequence. The reaction of 3 with highly activated magnesium furnished the diborylated magnesium anthracene 4, which was quenched in situ with ethereal HCl to yield cis‐9,10‐(Bpin)2‐DHA (cis‐5, DHA=9,10‐dihydroanthracene). Compound cis‐5, in turn, can be reduced with Li[AlH4] in THF to give its diborate Li2[cis‐9,10‐(BH3)2‐DHA] (Li2[cis‐6]). In the crystal lattice, the THF solvate Li2[cis‐6]⋅3 THF establishes a dimeric structure with Li‐(μ‐H)‐B coordination modes. Hydride abstraction from Li2[cis‐6] with Me3SiCl yields the BHB‐bridged DHA Li[7]. This product can also be viewed as a unique cyclic B2H7− derivative with a hydrocarbon backbone. Treatment of Li2[cis‐6] with the stronger hydride abstracting agent Me3SiOTf (HOTf=trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) in THF affords the THF diadduct of cis‐9,10‐(BH(OTf))2‐DHA.
Phosphoester Hydrolysis: The Incoming Substrate Turns the Bridging Hydroxido Nucleophile into a Terminal One
Authors: Gouré Eric , Carboni Michaël , Troussier Angélique , Lebrun Colette , Pécaut Jacques , Jacquot Jean‐François , Dubourdeaux Patrick , Clémancey Martin , Blondin Geneviève , Latour Jean‐Marc
Published: April 2015

Identifying the active nucleophile in hydrolysis reactions catalyzed by binuclear hydrolases is a recurrent problem and a matter of intense debate. We report on the phosphate ester hydrolysis by a FeIIIFeII complex of a binucleating ligand. This complex presents activities in the range of those observed for similar biomimetic compounds in the literature. The specific electronic properties of the FeIIIFeII complex allowed us to use 1H NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopies to investigate the nature of the various species present in the solution in the pH range of 5–10. Both techniques showed that the hydrolysis activity is associated to a μ‐hydroxido FeIIIFeII species. Further 1H NMR experiments show that binding of anions or the substrate changes this bonding mode suggesting that a terminal hydroxide is the likely nucleophile in these hydrolysis reactions. This view is further supported by the structure determination of the hydrolysis product.
Exploiting the Brønsted Acidity of Phosphinecarboxamides for the Synthesis of New Phosphides and Phosphines
Authors: Jupp Andrew R. , Trott Gemma , Payen de la Garanderie Éléonore , Holl James D. G. , Carmichael Duncan , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: April 2015

We demonstrate that the synthesis of new N‐functionalized phosphinecarboxamides is possible by reaction of primary and secondary amines with PCO− in the presence of a proton source. These reactions proceed with varying degrees of success, and although primary amines generally afford the corresponding phosphinecarboxamides in good yields, secondary amines react more sluggishly and often give rise to significant decomposition of the 2‐phosphaethynolate precursor. Of the new N‐derivatized phosphinecarboxamides available, PH2C(O)NHCy (Cy=cyclohexyl) can be obtained in sufficiently high yields to allow for the exploration of its Brønsted acidity. Thus, deprotonating PH2C(O)NHCy with one equivalent of potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS) gave the new phosphide [PHC(O)NHCy]−. In contrast, deprotonation with half of an equivalent gives rise to [P{C(O)NHCy}2]− and PH3. These phosphides can be employed to give new phosphines by reactions with electrophiles, thus demonstrating their enormous potential as chemical building blocks.
Carbon Anionic Chiral Initiators for Asymmetric Anionic Polymerization of Achiral Isocyanates
Authors: Hu Wei , Cao Jing , Huang Yi‐Ling , Liang Sai
Published: April 2015

Novel optically active carbon anionic initiators bearing a chiral oxazole substituent on fluorene ring, (S)‐1‐(9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐4‐isopropyl‐4, 5‐dihydrooxazole lithium ((S)‐1‐FIDD‐Li) and (S)‐2‐(9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐4‐isopropyl‐4, 5‐dihydrooxazole lithium ((S)‐2‐FIDD‐Li), were synthesized. Anionic polymerizations of achiral polyisocyanates with the chiral initiators were investigated and optical rotation of the obtained polymers were attributed to asymmetric induction of the chiral initiators. The crowded substituent of initiator ((S)‐2‐FIDD‐Li) seems to reduce the polymerizability of isocyanates and yet enhances the chiral induced ability in polymerization. Chirality 27:449–453, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergetic Effect Between Plasma and UV for Toluene Conversion in Integrated Combined Plasma Photolysis Reactor with KrCl/KrBr/XeCl/Xe2 Excilamp
Authors: Ye Zhao‐Lian , Han Qiu‐Yi , Jiang Yi‐Fei , Zhang Shan‐Duan , Shu Li , Zhang Ren‐Xi
Published: April 2015

An integrated combined plasma photolysis (CPP) reactor, which simultaneously produced dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and excimer UV radiation, was employed to decompose toluene gas. The study of toluene degradation by the separate processes, realized in three reactors (DBD, UV, and CPP), showed that toluene conversion by CPP was higher than the sum of the conversions for DBD and UV alone, indicating a synergetic effect in CPP between plasma and UV occurred. The degradation performance of gaseous toluene in CPP using different excimer UV sources (XeCl*, KrCl*, KrBr*, Xe2*) was compared, and a regression analysis showed that CPP can enhance toluene conversion by about 50 % and energy yield by 90 %. Radiant spectra and efficiency of excimer UV sources were recorded in detail. Further, it was observed that carbon balance and CO2 selectivity were greatly increased in the CPP in comparison with DBD, accompanied by NO, CO, and O3 being effectively suppressed. Intermediate products in effluent gas using CPP treatment for toluene included formic acid, acetic acid, benzene, benzaldehyde, phenol, benzoic acid, etc. Based on by‐product analysis and excimer UV radiant efficiency, we concluded that toluene degradation is due to electron impact dissociation, excited species and free radical reaction from background gases dissociation, direct photolysis by excimer UV, and synergy between plasma and UV. Among these, electron impact, free radical reaction, and plasma‐UV synergy played critical roles on toluene conversion, while direct UV contribution seems to be minor.
Modelling and Experimental Study of Membrane Wetting in Microporous Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors
Authors: Cui Liyun , Ding Zhongwei , Liu Liying , Li Yunpeng
Published: April 2015

A kinetic model has been developed to predict the distribution of wetness along a hollow fiber and the average wetness as a function of time in hollow fiber membrane (HFM) contactors. The membrane absorption experiments were conducted using the diethanolamine (DEA) solution as absorbent to absorb CO2 in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polypropylene (PP) HFM contactors. The influences of operating conditions (such as solution concentration, temperature, liquid and gas flow rates) on the membrane wetting process in a HFM contactor were also investigated in experiments. The experimental data were fitted to the proposed kinetic equations. The fitting results indicate that the proposed kinetic equation successfully described the membrane wetting process and prove that the membrane wetting rate was controlled by the solute adsorption on the bare pore wall. Therefore, this model may provide support for the design of membrane contactors suffering from membrane wetting.
Acceleration of Trimethylamine Removal Process Under Synergistic Effect of Photocatalytic Oxidation and Surface Discharge Plasma Reactor
Authors: Assadi Aymen Amine , Bouzaza Abdelkrim , Lemasle Marguerite , Wolbert Dominique
Published: April 2015

Removal of trimethylamine (TMA) from the air is experimentally investigated by combining photocatalysis with a DBD plasma reactor, at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Many parameters are investigated in this work, such as flowrate, inlet concentration, relative humidity of effluent, and specific energy of discharge. By combining non‐thermal plasma and photocatalysis, a synergy effect on the removal efficiency of TMA has been observed under different experimental conditions. Moreover, we note that adding a photocatalyst in the zone of plasma inhibits ozone formation. The formation of by‐products due to TMA removal is also studied. The identified and analyzed by‐products are classified into four groups: intermediary products, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ozone and nitrogen oxides.
Dynamic Risk Assessment of a Nonlinear Non‐Gaussian System Using a Particle Filter and Detailed Consequence Analysis
Authors: Zadakbar Omid , Khan Faisal , Imtiaz Syed
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a dynamic risk assessment using a comprehensive economic consequence methodology in combination with a multivariate model‐based fault detection method. The proposed approach aims to calculate process risk dynamically at each sampling instant, and also to identify and screen the faults that are not hazardous. The approach relies on a particle filter combined with a comprehensive economic consequence methodology. The fault detection module uses a state space model of the process plant and a particle filter algorithm that calculates the probability of the fault. The output of this module is then combined with the consequence module, which uses loss functions to relate process deviations to economic losses. The consequence module identifies, quantifies, and integrates losses for a given scenario. Combining the two modules for risk assessment makes this approach more reliable in the analysis of realistic nonlinear process systems, and improves decision‐making for process design and risk management.
Feedback control strategies for a cerium‐catalyzed Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical reaction system
Authors: Fatoorehchi Hooman , Abolghasemi Hossein , Zarghami Reza , Rach Randolph
Published: April 2015

A number of control schemes including nonlinear feedback, dislocated feedback, and speed feedback have been proposed and assessed for a bromate‐malonic acid‐cerium Belousov–Zhabotinsky batch reaction process. The tuning parameters of the Oregonator model were firstly adjusted based on a UV‐vis spectrophotometric analysis in the experimental part of the research. The adjusted Oregonator model successfully reproduced the innate induction time and periodicity of the BZ‐batch system. Subsequently, the controllers were implemented and numerical simulations were carried out by employing the multi‐stage Adomian decomposition method. The nominal analysis method was used to study the linear stability of each design. All the controlled systems were found to be linearly stable for certain continuous regions of controller gain. The performance of the proposed control laws was assessed and the dislocated feedback control strategy was shown to be able to drive the system states toward desired setpoints quickly. Furthermore, the validity of the dislocated feedback control design was doubly ensured by the sliding mode control theory. It was found that those feedback schemes which manipulate cerium ion concentration can be practically realized by means of electrochemical oxidation or oxygen aeration. Our results were confirmed by the Simulink software package and the block diagram representations are included in the paper.
Simulation Studies of Process Improvement of Three‐Tower Low‐Temperature Distillation Process to Minimize Energy Consumption for Separation of Produced Gas of CO2‐Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Rongwong Wichitpan , Liang Zhiwu , Gao Hongxia , Idem Raphael O. , Tontiwachwuthikul Paitoon
Published: April 2015

High concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) obtained from the associated gas of CO2‐based Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process need to be recovered and re‐injected into the oilfield in order to improve the amount of extracted crude oil and reduce total operational cost. A three‐tower low‐temperature distillation process is one of the effective technologies for the CO2 recovery process. However, its high energy consumption is a major drawback. In this work, an improved three‐tower low‐temperature distillation process which adds two intermediate reboilers in the stripping section of the CO2 recovery column and uses the overhead vapour of the demethanizer to pre‐cool the feed gas is proposed, in order to reduce the total energy consumption compared with the conventional process. The simulation was performed using ProMax3.2 software. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to evaluate the effects of key parameters (e.g. solvent flow rate, feed inlet stage, solvent inlet stage, reboiler inlet stage, and intermediate reboiler flow ratio) on the energy requirement. The simulation results showed that for a CO2 product purity of 96 %, the methane gas aligned with the GB17820‐2012 natural gas II requirements, and no solid CO2 existed. The reboiler heat duty of the CO2 recovery column of the improved process was reduced by 66.6 % compared with the conventional process. The total equivalent work of the improved process was 1.066 GJ/tCO2,13.4 % lower than the 1.231 GJ/tCO2 of the conventional process.
Transport Properties of Asymmetric Hollow Fiber Membrane Permeators for Practical Applications: Mathematical Modelling for Binary Gas Mixtures
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Saeid , Roodashti Seyed Mehrdad , Kundu Prodip K. , Tan Nicolas R.
Published: April 2015

Hollow fiber membrane permeators have gained widespread acceptance for a variety of applications, including gas separation. This study presents our efforts to develop an appropriate methodology and mathematical modelling for the analysis of the transport properties and separation performance in hollow fiber membrane permeators with asymmetric structure. A relatively simplified model, developed based on ideal conditions, provides the opportunity for having a quick and overall prediction of the separation performance; while a comprehensive model developed by incorporation of non‐ideal conditions enables a more accurate prediction of the membrane performance. The real gas behaviour, temperature, pressure, and concentration dependence of gas viscosity, as well as pressure changes on both sides of hollow fibers, concentration polarization, temperature change due to permeation, and temperature dependence of permeance are considered non‐ideal parameters in development of the model. The integrated models with associated parameters in the form of differential equations are coded in MATLAB and solved as initial value problem using appropriate numerical methods. The validity of the developed models is examined, indicating close agreement between predictions and the experimental data provided in literature. The proposed methodology and developed models provide valuable opportunities for researchers in designing appropriate hollow fiber membrane permeators and processes for practical gas separation applications.
CHEM2DO
Authors: Tausch Michael W. , Anton Michael A.
Published: April 2015

In einem Kooperationsprojekt zwischen der Fachdidaktik, der Industrie und den Schulen wurde ein Materialienkoffer für experimentelle Zugänge zu innovativen Inhalten des Chemieunterrichts entwickelt, evaluiert und optimiert.
A Risk Score for No Reflow in Patients With ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Wang Jin‐Wen , Zhou Zi‐Qiang , Chen Yun‐Dai , Wang Chang‐Hua , Zhu Xiao‐ling
Published: April 2015

Background

Many factors are associated with no‐reflow (NRF) phenomenon in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), including plasma glucose, age, and pre–percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) thrombus score. Initial clinical assessment would benefit from accurate NRF prediction. This study aimed to develop a simple scoring system to predict the risk of NRF in patients undergoing primary PCI with STEMI.

Methods

Baseline clinical and procedural variables were used for risk score development (the training dataset, n = 912) and validation (the test dataset, n = 864). Independent predictors of NRF from the multivariable model were assigned integer weights based on their coefficients and incorporated into a risk score. The discriminant ability of the score was tested by receiver operating characteristic analysis using the test dataset.

Results

The final model included 7 significant variables, which were age, pain‐to‐PCI time, neutrophil count, admission plasma glucose level, pre‐PCI thrombus score, collateral circulation, and Killip class. All these variables were then used to build a risk score in terms of the prediction of NRF. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated good risk prediction with a c statistic of 0.800 (95% confidence interval: 0.772‐0.826) in the test dataset.

Conclusions

In patients with STEMI treated by primary PCI, incidence of NRF phenomenon may be predicted with an acceptable accuracy based on a 7‐item simplified risk score.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles forin vivomolecular and cellular imaging
Authors: Sharifi Shahriar , Seyednejad Hajar , Laurent Sophie , Atyabi Fatemeh , Saei Amir Ata , Mahmoudi Morteza
Published: April 2015

In the last decade, the biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g. cell tracking, biosensing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering) have been increasingly developed. Among the various NP types, superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) have attracted considerable attention for early detection of diseases due to their specific physicochemical properties and their molecular imaging capabilities. A comprehensive review is presented on the recent advances in the development ofin vitroandin vivoSPION applications for molecular imaging, along with opportunities and challenges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association of surgeon volume and hospital volume with the outcome of patients receiving definitive surgery for colorectal cancer: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Liu Chia‐Jen , Chou Yiing‐Jenq , Teng Chung‐Jen , Lin Chun‐Chi , Lee Yu‐Ting , Hu Yu‐Wen , Yeh Chiu‐Mei , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Huang Nicole
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who undergo cancer surgeries with higher‐volume providers may have better outcomes. The current debate focuses on whether it is hospital volume or surgeon volume that matters more.

METHODS

The authors conducted a nationwide population‐based study in Taiwan that enrolled all patients who underwent definitive surgery for newly diagnosed CRC between 2005 and 2011. All patients were divided into 4 quartiles according to hospital and surgeon volume. The main outcome was the 5‐year mortality rate, which was analyzed using a frailty model for Cox regression. The authors also conducted fixed and random effects multivariate regression models to examine short‐term outcomes and resource use, including operative mortality, hospital stay, emergency department visits within 30 days, and medical expenses. Analyses were adjusted for patient and provider characteristics.

RESULTS

A total of 61,728 patients with CRC were included in the current study. The 5‐year mortality rates were 38.7%, 32.8%, 32.0%, and 29.1% in descending order of hospital volume quartiles and were 41.4%, 34.1%, 29.8%, and 27.4% in descending order of surgeon volume quartiles. After adjustment for the individual and provider characteristics, surgeon volume, but not hospital volume, remained a significantly predictive factor of death (P<.001). In addition, those patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgeries performed by higher‐volume surgeons had a relatively lower risk of operative mortality, shorter hospital length of stay, and lower medical expenses.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with CRC who underwent definitive surgery performed by higher‐volume providers were found to have better outcomes. Surgeon volume may play a more important role than hospital volume. Cancer 2015;121:2782‐2790. © 2015 American Cancer Society
Darkness before dawn, but will the sun always rise?
Authors: Ou Sai‐Hong Ignatius
Published: April 2015

The treatment of lung cancer has advanced since 2009, the end of the study period for Sacher et al's study. The use of genomic profiling for lung cancer and the use of targeted immunotherapy should be analyzed in the coming years with Sacher et al's study as a reference.
How much do cancer‐related symptoms contribute to health‐related quality of life in lung and colorectal cancer patients? A report from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance (CanCORS) Consortium
Authors: Kenzik Kelly M. , Ganz Patricia A. , Martin Michelle Y. , Petersen Laura , Hays Ron D. , Arora Neeraj , Pisu Maria
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to examine associations of symptoms with physical and mental health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and in patients with lung cancer.

METHODS

Patients with newly diagnosed CRC (n = 3040) or lung cancer (n = 2297) who were participating in the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium study completed surveys on general HRQOL and symptoms. HRQOL was measured by using physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores on the Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item short‐form heath survey. Nonspecific cancer symptoms were measured using items from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer core quality‐of‐life questionnaire. Cancer type‐specific modules developed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer were used to assess CRC‐specific and lung cancer‐specific symptoms. For both cancer types, linear regression models that were controlled for demographic and clinical information were used to examine correlations of nonspecific and cancer‐specific symptoms with PCS and MCS scores.

RESULTS

PCS scores for patients with CRC and lung cancer were below the general population norm of 50 (43 and 37, respectively), and MCS scores were at the population norm. For the CRC sample, in the model that included both symptom indices, an increase in nonspecific symptoms was more strongly associated with lower PCS and MCS scores than an increase in CRC‐specific symptoms (PCS, standardized coefficient [β] = −0.41 vs −0.09; MCS, β = −0.38 vs −0.08). In a similar model for lung cancer, increases in lung cancer‐specific symptoms were more strongly associated with lower PCS scores (β = −0.34 vs −0.20), whereas nonspecific symptoms were more strongly associated with lower MCS scores (β = −0.34 vs −0.14).

CONCLUSIONS

Symptoms were associated with HRQOL impairments in recently diagnosed patients. Additional supportive care implemented early in cancer care, regardless of cancer stage, may provide symptom relief and improve HRQOL Cancer 2015;121:2831‐2839. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Prospective evaluation of p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stained cytology for managing women with abnormal Papanicolaou cytology: PALMS study results
Authors: Bergeron Christine , Ikenberg Hans , Sideri Mario , Denton Karin , Bogers Johannes , Schmidt Dietmar , Alameda Francisco , Keller Thomas , Rehm Susanne , Ridder Ruediger ,   for the PALMS Study Group
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Testing for the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely accepted for triaging Papanicolaou cytology results categorized as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US). In contrast, HPV testing has limited use in triaging cytological low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs) due to prevalence rates of typically >80%. In the current study, the authors assessed the diagnostic performance of p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stained cytology in triaging ASC‐US and LSIL cases within the prospective, multicentric Primary ASC‐US LSIL Marker Study (PALMS).

METHODS

A total of 575 ASC‐US cases and 529 LSIL cases from a cohort of 27,349 women who were prospectively enrolled into the PALMS study in 5 European countries were tested with p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stained cytology and Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) HPV testing. Colposcopy‐guided biopsy results of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) were used as clinical endpoints.

RESULTS

p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stained cytology demonstrated comparable (ASC‐US: 94.4% for dual‐stained cytology vs 100% for HC2 testing; P = .317) or lower (LSIL: 85.7% for dual‐stained cytology vs 98.4% for HC2 testing; P = .005) sensitivity for CIN2+, but higher levels of specificity compared with HC2 HPV testing in both ASC‐US (78.7% vs 60.4%; P<.001) and LSIL (53.3% vs 15.6%; P<.001) cases. Positive predictive values for CIN2+ were substantially higher for dual‐stained cytology versus HC2 HPV testing, especially in LSIL, and in ASC‐US cases for women aged <30 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical usefulness and efficiency of triaging women with ASC‐US or LSIL Papanicolaou cytology results by p16/Ki‐67 dual‐stained cytology testing has been confirmed in this prospective, pan‐European study. The high positive predictive value of dual‐stained cytology for the presence of high‐grade CIN may help to reduce the number of unnecessary colposcopy referrals. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:373–81. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Sol‐to‐Gel Transition in Fast Evaporating Systems Observed by in Situ Time‐Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Innocenzi Plinio , Malfatti Luca , Carboni Davide , Takahashi Masahide
Published: April 2015

The in situ observation of a sol‐to‐gel transition in fast evaporating systems is a challenging task and the lack of a suitable experimental design, which includes the chemistry and the analytical method, has limited the observations. We synthesise an acidic sol, employing only tetraethylorthosilicate, SiCl4 as catalyst and deuterated water; the absence of water added to the sol allows us to follow the absorption from the external environment and the evaporation of deuterated water. The time‐resolved data, obtained by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy on an evaporating droplet, enables us to identify four different stages during evaporation. They are linked to specific hydrolysis and condensation rates that affect the uptake of water from external environment. The second stage is characterized by a decrease in hydroxyl content, a fast rise of condensation rate and an almost stationary absorption of water. This stage has been associated with the sol‐to‐gel transition.
Negative Hyperconjugation versus Electronegativity: Vibrational Spectra of Free Fluorinated Alkoxide Ions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Oomens Jos , Berden Giel , Morton Thomas Hellman
Published: April 2015

CO stretching frequencies of free, gaseous, fluorinated alkoxide ions shift substantially to the blue, relative to those of corresponding alcohols complexed with ammonia. Free α‐fluorinated ions, pentafluoroethoxide and heptafluoroisopropoxide anions, display further blue shifts relative to cases with only β‐fluorination, providing experimental evidence for fluorine negative hyperconjugation. DFT analysis with the atoms in molecules (AIM) method confirms an increase in CO bond order for the α‐fluorinated ions, demonstrating an increase in carbonyl character for the free ions.
Sub‐Bandgap Excitation‐Induced Electron Injection from CdSe Quantum Dots to TiO2 in a Directly Coupled System
Authors: Yoshii Mari , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Tada Hiroaki
Published: April 2015

We show that the sub‐bandgap excitation of a directly coupled CdSe quantum dot (QD)–TiO2 system induces electron injection from CdSe levels to the conduction band of TiO2, leading to spectral extension of the light response. We anticipate that this study presents a useful guideline for improving the conversion efficiency of QD‐sensitized solar cells.
Vacuum Surface Science Meets Heterogeneous Catalysis: Dehydrogenation of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier in the Liquid State
Authors: Matsuda Takashi , Taccardi Nicola , Schwegler Johannes , Wasserscheid Peter , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Maier Florian
Published: April 2015

Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science techniques are used to study the heterogeneous catalytic dehydrogenation of a liquid organic hydrogen carrier in its liquid state close to the conditions of real catalysis. For this purpose, perhydrocarbazole (PH), otherwise volatile under UHV, is covalently linked as functional group to an imidazolium cation, forming a non‐volatile ionic liquid (IL). The catalysed dehydrogenation of the PH unit as a function of temperature is investigated for a Pt foil covered by a macroscopically thick PH‐IL film and for Pd particles suspended in the PH‐IL film, and for PH‐IL on Au as inert support. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy allows us to follow in situ the catalysed transition of perhydrocarbazole to carbazole at technical reaction temperatures. The data demonstrate the crucial role of the Pt and Pd catalysts in order to shift the dehydrogenation temperature below the critical temperature of thermal decomposition.
Interpersonal Factors Are Associated with Lower Therapist Adherence in Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy for Panic Disorder
Authors: Zickgraf Hana F. , Chambless Dianne L. , McCarthy Kevin S. , Gallop Robert , Sharpless Brian A. , Milrod Barbara L. , Barber Jacques P.
Published: April 2015

Objective

The contributions of disorder severity, comorbidity and interpersonal variables to therapists' adherence to a cognitive–behavioural treatment (CBT) manual were tested.

Method

Thirty‐eight patients received panic control therapy (PCT) for panic disorder. Trained observers watching videotapes of the sixth session of a 24‐session protocol rated therapists' adherence to PCT and their use of interventions from outside the CBT model. Different observers rated patients' behavioural resistance to therapy in the same session using the client resistance code. Interview measures obtained before treatment included the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, the anxiety disorders interview schedule for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)‐IV and the structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV, Axis II. Questionnaire measures were the anxiety sensitivity index at intake, and, at session 2, the therapist and client versions of the working alliance inventory—short form.

Results

The higher the patients' resistance and the more Axis II traits a patient had, the less adherent the therapist. Moreover, the more resistant the client, the more therapists resorted to interventions from outside the CBT model. Stronger therapist and patient alliance was also generally related to better adherence, but these results were somewhat inconsistent across therapists. Pretreatment disorder severity and comorbidity were not related to adherence.

Conclusions

Interpersonal variables, particularly behavioural resistance to therapy, are related to therapists' ability to adhere to a treatment manual and to their use of interventions from outside of the CBT model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner message

Patients' behavioural resistance to therapy may make it more difficult for cognitive–behavioural clinicians to adhere to a structured treatment protocol and more likely for them to borrow interventions from outside the CBT model.

Patients' Axis II traits may make adherence to treatment CBT protocol more difficult, although whether this is true varies across therapists.

Therapists' adherence to a structured protocol and borrowing from outside of the CBT model do not appear to be affected by disorder severity or Axis I comorbidity.
Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol in the Presence of a Recyclable Cobalt/SBA‐15 Catalyst
Authors: Audemar Maïté , Ciotonea Carmen , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Royer Sébastien , Ungureanu Adrian , Dragoi Brindusa , Dumitriu Emil , Jérôme François
Published: April 2015

The hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol was performed in the presence of a Co/SBA‐15 catalyst. High selectivity (96 %) at a conversion higher than 95 % is reported over this catalytic system. As the conversion of furfural to furfuryl alcohol occurs over metallic Co sites, the effect of reduction temperature, H2 pressure, and reaction temperature were studied. Optimum reaction conditions were: 150 °C, 1.5 h, 2.0 MPa of H2. The catalyst was recyclable, and furfuryl alcohol was recovered with a purity higher than 90 %. The effect of the solvent concentration was also studied. With a minimum of 50 wt % of solvent, the selectivity to furfuryl alcohol and the conversion of furfural remained high (both over 80 %). Likewise, the activity of the catalyst is maintained even in pure furfural, which confirms the real potential of the proposed catalytic system. This catalyst was also used in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid to produce γ‐valerolactone selectively.
Highly Selective Condensation of Biomass‐Derived Methyl Ketones as a Source of Aviation Fuel
Authors: Sacia Eric R. , Balakrishnan Madhesan , Deaner Matthew H. , Goulas Konstantinos A. , Toste F. Dean , Bell Alexis T.
Published: April 2015

Aviation fuel (i.e., jet fuel) requires a mixture of C9–C16 hydrocarbons having both a high energy density and a low freezing point. While jet fuel is currently produced from petroleum, increasing concern with the release of CO2 into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum‐based fuels has led to policy changes mandating the inclusion of biomass‐based fuels into the fuel pool. Here we report a novel way to produce a mixture of branched cyclohexane derivatives in very high yield (>94 %) that match or exceed many required properties of jet fuel. As starting materials, we use a mixture of n‐alkyl methyl ketones and their derivatives obtained from biomass. These synthons are condensed into trimers via base‐catalyzed aldol condensation and Michael addition. Hydrodeoxygenation of these products yields mixtures of C12–C21 branched, cyclic alkanes. Using models for predicting the carbon number distribution obtained from a mixture of n‐alkyl methyl ketones and for predicting the boiling point distribution of the final mixture of cyclic alkanes, we show that it is possible to define the mixture of synthons that will closely reproduce the distillation curve of traditional jet fuel.
Mechanism of Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Glucose Dehydration
Authors: Yang Liu , Tsilomelekis George , Caratzoulas Stavros , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: April 2015

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Dionisios Vlachos and Stavros Caratzoulas at the University of Delaware. The image shows how a multidisciplinary approach can be utilized to solve complex problem in biomass conversion. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201403264.
Measuring murine chromosome orientation in interphase nuclei
Authors: Righolt Christiaan H. , Schmälter Ann‐Kristin , Kuzyk Alexandra , Young Ian T. , van Vliet Lucas J. , Mai Sabine
Published: April 2015

The nuclear architecture of a cell may change as a result of various diseases, including cancer. A variety of nuclear features are, therefore, of interest to cell biologists. Recently, several studies have investigated the orientation of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus either visually or semi‐automatically. In this article an automated method to measure this orientation is presented. The theoretical difference between performing these measurements in two and three dimensions is discussed and experimentally verified. The results computed from measurements of murine nuclei correspond with results from visual inspection. We found significant differences in the orientation of chromosome 11 between nuclei from a PreB cell line of BALB/c origin and primary B nuclei from congenic [T38HxBALB/c]N wild‐type mice. Since our new automatic method concurs with both the visual and semi‐automatic methods, we conclude that the automatic method can replace these methods in assessing chromosome orientation. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Experimental‐numerical research on the seismic performance of URM buildings made of lightweight AAC blocks / Experimentell‐numerische Untersuchung zum seismischen Verhalten von unbewehrten Mauerwerksgebäuden aus Porenbetonblöcken
Authors: Penna Andra , Magenes Guido , Rota Maria , Mandirola Martina , Rosti Annalisa
Published: April 2015

Masonry walls constructed with lightweight AAC blocks and thin‐layer mortar meet the increasingly strict requirements of energy efficiency and sustainability. In this sense, they represent an excellent solution for modern buildings, not only for external cladding but also as loadbearing elements. Despite the possible advantages of using lightweight AAC masonry, a specific assessment of its seismic performance is mandatory in order to set design recommendations allowing to reach safety levels consistent with those required for other masonry types complying with EN 1998 standard requirements.

A comprehensive study on the seismic performance of unreinforced masonry buildings made of lightweight AAC was carried out in an integrated experimental‐numerical approach. The experimental campaign provided the necessary information to setup a reliable numerical model to be extensively used to assess the seismic performance of a number of prototype AAC masonry buildings with different characteristics, by means of both linear and nonlinear static (pushover) analysis.

The results of this systematic numerical assessment were eventually used to draft design recommendations, to set parameters (behaviour factors) to be used in linear analysis and to calibrate rules for simple buildings.
Generation and characterization of PDGFRα‐GFPCreERt2 knock‐In mouse line
Authors: Miwa Hiroyuki , Era Takumi
Published: April 2015

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor play an important role in embryogenesis. PDGF receptor α (PDGFRα) is expressed specifically in the embryonic day 7.5 (E7.5) mesoderm and in the E9.5 neural crest among other tissues. PDGFRα‐expressing cells and their descendants are involved in the formation of various tissues. To trace PDGFRα‐expressing cells in vivo, we generated a knock‐in mouse line that expressed a fusion protein of green fluorescent protein (GFP), Cre recombinase (Cre), and mutated estrogen receptor ligand‐binding domain (ERT2) under the control of the PDGFRα promoter. In these mice, Cre activity in PDGFRα‐expressing cells could be induced by tamoxifen treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that the knock‐in mouse line generated here could be useful for studying PDGFRα‐expressing cells and their descendants in vivo at various stages of development. genesis 53:329–336, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model Forests in the Russian Federation: Local Perspectives, Challenges and Outcomes
Authors: Ulybina Olga
Published: April 2015

We discuss the development, challenges and outcomes of model forests in the Russian Federation as potential tools to help ensure forest‐based sustainable development. We use in‐depth interviews to explore local perspectives on Pskov and Gassinski model forests. We find that despite demand for change from some local non‐governmental and companies, as well as support from international players, the idea of participatory environmental governance is still not widely accepted, the system remains dominated by the traditionally big state and effects of such alternative initiatives remain limited. Using our case studies, we show that unless domestic and international stakeholders of model forests refocus their efforts, model forests are likely to remain unstable ‘islands’ of change with only limited local impact. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment