bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practice
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the goal of developing a new way of thinking about public administration is not only to improve research and teaching but also, ultimately, to improve professional practice. This can be done in two ways. Most directly, one can show leaders how to improve in crafting, executing, and adapting strategies for governing. All leaders use some sort of strategy to guide their decision-making, but these strategies may be poorly reasoned simply because leaders are unaware that they are engaged in strategy-making. As a result, they make strategies unconsciously and haphazardly. One's purpose should be to show leaders how strategy-making can be done deliberately, through an explicit assessment of goals, contexts, and methods. In particular, one wants leaders to think carefully about the challenge of executing strategy through the design and administration of state institutions. Decisions about strategy ought to be driven by an understanding of what institutions can or cannot do, as well as an understanding of the work involved in renovating existing institutions and building new ones. The connection between strategy and state architecture is critical, and it is a subject in which public administration scholars should have distinctive competence.
Conclusion
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter looks at the National Academy of Public Administration's project in which they made a public call for comments about the “grand challenges of public administration.” Specifically, it sought advice on two questions, capitalizing for emphasis: “WHAT government must do over the next decade and HOW it should do it.” In other words, the academy wondered what the strategy for governing the United States should be in the coming decade. The field of public administration has been caught out at a critical moment. The problems that will confront the American state in the mid-twenty-first century are no less substantial than those of writer Walter Lippmann's time. Climatic disruption, shifts in the global power balance, demographic changes, technological revolutions, fiscal pressures, infrastructural shortfalls-all of these trends could jeopardize security, order, and citizens' well-being if government does not anticipate the dangers and organize itself properly in response. And people know from experience that it takes years to build agreement on strategy and reconstruct institutions so that they give expression to it. Choices made in the next few years will shape the contours of American public administration for decades to come.
Decisions and Politics
Authors: Jervis Robert
Published: May 2020

This chapter illustrates how the perceived lessons of Vietnam were in the back of policy makers' minds as they considered the US predicament in Iraq, and notes that this episode demonstrates the power of bureaucracies in shaping information flows and policy options, as well as—paradoxically—of presidents in using their power and persuasion to bring reluctant bureaucracies along. The participants could not avoid remembering the conventional wisdom that the American defeat in Vietnam emboldened adversaries, sowed disunity at home, and crippled the military for years to come. Whether this is an accurate picture can be debated, but not the pervasiveness and power of this narrative within Bush's policy-making team. While there certainly were grounds for believing that for the US to withdraw without having established at least a modicum of order would have had unfortunate consequences for the region, America's reputation, and its self-image, Vietnam may have made it harder to make an unbiased estimate of the likely magnitude of these effects. Vietnam also influenced the way the military fought: the reaction to the war was that it was the kind of conflict the US should never fight again.
Civil-Military Relations and the 2006 Iraq Surge
Authors: Schake Kori
Published: May 2020

This chapter challenges the notion that the surge effort emerged from a process characterized by high degrees of internal dysfunction and civil–military discord. Instead, the challenges and frustrations in the Bush administration stemmed primarily from difficulties among the president's civilian advisors, not between civilians and the uniformed military. The president and his closest advisors acknowledged from the outset that removing the bureaucratic impediment of an opposing secretary of defense would be essential and worked that problem in parallel. They allowed misplaced concern about veteran criticism to delay the process, but developing and reaching consensus on the new strategy might have taken as long even without that concern. The president's closest advisors also understood that the president needed a different approach himself to engaging on the issues; he had to become a different kind of commander in chief for the strategy reviews to produce a better outcome in the war. Ultimately, the very different civil–military relationship that produced the 2006 surge was entirely a function of changes on the civilian side of the equation.
The President as Policy Entrepreneur
Authors: Dueck Colin
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter focuses on the role of George W. Bush himself, arguing that by 2006–2007, the president had become a more mature and assertive commander-in-chief who asked hard questions of his military commanders and pushed the policy process to deliver strategic alternatives. The president successfully related the policy advice he received to the political requirements and constraints he faced to fashion a new strategy for the Iraq War. His success in doing so might constitute the basis for a modest form of “Bush revisionism.” The chapter also defines the concept of policy entrepreneurship, including the ability to connect three distinct streams: problems, policies, and politics. It then analyzes these three streams as they existed regarding US policy in Iraq by mid-2006, and describes how and why Bush was able to connect the three streams.
Cherokee and Creek Victual Warfare in the Revolutionary South
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the victual warfare that prevailed in the southern colonies and then states. Three periods of bad food diplomacy, victual warfare, or a combination of the two methods of communication—during 1775–1778, 1779, and 1780–1782—illustrate how confused policy, hunger, and violence became intertwined. The first time span reveals inadequate food diplomacy and changes in victual warfare. Indians'—Cherokees and Creeks—behavior shifted from killing and maiming animals to stealing, butchering, and eating them. During the second period, previous changes, in combination with the death of John Stuart—the southern agent for British Indian Affairs and a key official among the Creeks—disrupted Anglo-Indian alliances. This was characterized by extreme confusion caused by shoddy British food diplomacy, and by increased American attempts to create Native hunger, which they did by intensifying their victual warfare and circumscribing food-aid distributions. From 1780 to 1782 power relations were hard to predict. As British military leaders deprioritized Indian diplomacy, American states grew more likely to use the threat of victual warfare to try to create hunger and control people. At the same time, the states' Indian policies became inconsistent. Ultimately, unsuccessful food diplomacy had three results: it created confusion, it made white Americans reluctant to distribute food aid, and it forced people to associate victual warfare with famine creation, famine prevention, and violence.
Repercussions
Authors: Romilly Jacqueline de
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the events following Alcibiades' death. Alcibiades was dead; his story, however, was not over. On the contrary, after his death and the end of the Peloponnesian War, all the Athenians were fascinated by him. He became the center of intense literary activity. Historians studied his career and attempted to assess it. First Thucydides, and shortly after, Xenophon's Hellenica. Questions about Alcibiades and opinions of him preoccupied many others. Alcibiades' son also underwent trials. Socrates was tried and condemned to death at this time, an event that provided an opportunity to inquire into the role he had played in the life of Alcibiades. Plato, Xenophon, all or almost all the Socratic philosophers started writing about Alcibiades, drawing inspiration from the lessons of his life. Ultimately, his personal history created a barrage of analysis extending to this day.
Historical Perspectives
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the emergence of modern speed politics. Cinema, the most innovative medium of the early twentieth century, created a captivating visual imaginary for the energizing yet frightening experience of modern speed politics. Two of the most iconic films of the Weimar period—Walter Ruttmann's Berlin: Symphony of a Great City and Fritz Lang's Metropolis—explored the city as a site of a contradictory modernity. On the one hand, these films celebrate modern technologies, the pleasure of speed, and the visual stimuli unleashed by a world that is constantly in motion; on the other hand, however, they bring into view the uncontrollable effects of a runaway world in which machines begin to transform human behavior. Released in 1927, both films created a striking visual aesthetic of urban modernity that exploited the technical opportunities of film to new effect. Meanwhile, from the 1870s, psychologists, philosophers, writers, and artists addressed the urgent question as to whether and how the modern subject would cope with the rate of change and the experience of social and technological acceleration. Attention, distraction, lateness, and slowness emerged as central tropes in a far-ranging discourse that foregrounded the precariousness of modern subjectivity, while also exploring modern reactions and coping mechanisms.
Narrating Precariousness
Authors: Fuchs Anne
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the experience of precarious times in contemporary German fiction. The first part queries the binary distinction between modernist and postmodernist literature in the light of striking epistemological and narratological continuities that capture the uneven experience of time. Brian McHale argued in his classic study of the postmodern novel that the narratological experiments of modernist novels pose epistemological questions, such as “What is there to be known?; Who knows it?; How do they know it, and with what degree of certainty?... How does the object of knowledge change as it passes from knower to knower?” By contrast, the postmodern text asks ontological questions: “What is a world?; What kinds of world are there, how are they constituted, and how do they differ?... What is the mode of existence of a text?” The chapter then analyzes diverse articulations of precariousness in contemporary literature. Julia Schoch's novel Mit der Geschwindigkeit des Sommers (With the Speed of the Summer, 2009), Karen Duve's Taxi (2008), and Clemens Meyer's Als wir träumten (When We Were Dreaming, 2006) deal with protagonists for whom 1989 represents a nonevent yet also, paradoxically, a disturbing rupture in their biographies. The chapter also looks at Jenny Erpenbeck's novel Gehen, ging, gegangen (2015; Go, Went, Gone, 2017), which tackles one of the most urgent political issues of the times: the refugee crisis.
No Farewell to Yesterday
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies Alexander Kluge's reflections on the organizational politics that gave rise to New German Cinema as seen through the uncertainty of cinema's future in the new millennium. It has been nearly fifty years since a group of young filmmakers, who up until that point had distinguished themselves only with shorts, spoke up at the Short Film Festival in Oberhausen. In their now-famous Oberhausen Manifesto they demanded a renewal of the intellectual attitude in filmmaking in a direction toward authenticity and away from commerce; an intellectual center for German film, meaning film education; and opportunities for young filmmakers to make their first films. The Kuratorium junger deutscher Film (Board for Young German Film) emerged out of the final demand with an endowment of five million marks. North Rhine-Westphalia's funding agency for short film, which formed the foundation of the Oberhausen group, added up to 800,000 marks distributed over six years. A shift in German film occurred right from the start. At that point, the history of film was seventy years old. What later grew out of the Oberhausen movement up until Rainer Werner Fassbinder's death filled a quarter of this history. This included lots of mistakes, a lot of claims to fame, variety, enthusiasm, and many works that have enriched the history of film.
An Answer to Two Opera Quotations
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter highlights Alexander Kluge's engagement with opera. In this essay, Kluge addresses two quotations from opera. The first is from Guiseppe Verdi's Aida (1871): “Do you see? The angel of death…” This line is spoken by the main character Aida. Kluge investigates the concept of the angel of death. He then explains that the mission of the twentieth century is to tell counter-stories to the collected stories of the nineteenth century. The second quote is from Richard Wagner's The Flying Dutchman (1843): “Here I am, true to you till death!” This line is spoken by the character Senta. Feelings take time to develop. It therefore seems unlikely that love at first sight is mutual. Thus, the suddenness of the Dutchman's and Senta's fatal and mutual falling in love has something of an act of force. One could call it a putsch in the domain of emotion. Kluge then discusses the unfulfilled program of the bourgeois tragic drama.
The Opera Machine
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the dialogue between Christian Schulte and Alexander Kluge wherein they talked about opera's historical relationship to film. In Kluge's film The Power of Emotions (1983), he describes opera as a power station of emotions. He uses this image to talk about the nineteenth century, while in the first half of the twentieth century film took on the role of mobilizing and connecting the masses. He further explains that opera is a power station of emotions in the rather extreme sense insofar as it vicariously carries out emotional waste removal without actually being the power station. The power is generated elsewhere. Kluge then agrees that the opera is primarily defined through tragedy and fundamentally follows victim logic. When watching opera, the audience mainly watches a victim. In almost every opera one can make out a victim somewhere. This is a ritual in opera. One can also find mourning that comes with sacrifice as well as consolation. In this respect, the original, seventeenth-century operas were cast from the same rigid mold, one that cannot be changed for entertainment's sake.
Planting Gardens in the Data Tsunami
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the dialogue between Uwe Ebbinghaus and Alexander Kluge wherein they talked about the Internet. While the Internet floods people with its overwhelming mass of information, it evokes a counterreaction at the same time: people tend to dismiss everything that is superfluous and unimportant to them. According to Kluge, this reaction presents a new form of intelligence, and it also poses a challenge to art. There is a new longing for sustainability and a longing for a new “hortus conclusus,” a walled-off garden; a heightened interest in boundaries and containers has emerged. This is art's new calling. Art will connect everything that opera, oil paintings, and literary texts once accomplished on their own by rearranging the material according to a constellative dramaturgy that obeys nonvisible forces. The new challenge for art is to create beacons of light, harbors, and rafts.
Critique, Up Close and Personal
Authors: Kluge Alexander
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the dialogue between Joseph Vogl and Alexander Kluge, which illustrates the origins and consequences of Kluge's theory of feeling for critique. Kluge explains that the critical capacity—the capacity to differentiate practically at the crucial moment—is an undercover characteristic that people know nothing about. He then mentions that Sigmund Freud speaks of the two-staged development in humans. First, an entire being, along with its sexuality and capacity for differentiation, is formed between infancy and the age of six or seven. This is followed by a latency period when the creature can learn—humans have a genuine period of learning—until puberty upends everything again and a second being, equally sexual, develops. This is the adult. Kluge then claims that classical writers use the word “critique” much differently. He says that critique is the positive capacity to differentiate between something new and an old falsehood.
Conclusion
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter argues that the book's analysis confirms previous research on Latin American domestic workers' experiences published mostly in Spanish and Portuguese, while generating new insights. The book's findings, when viewed along with research from other parts of Latin America, suggest that the experiences of nonmigrants, internal migrants, and international migrants in the region are quite similar. Their working conditions are equally dismal. Domestic workers are exploited as a subclass of worker, a subclass of human, whether they were born in the same country as their employers or not. They are always the other. Setting migration aside, then, as the primary variable explaining exploitation, the book's analysis focuses on three dimensions of oppression that act as obstacles to domestic workers' rights: social reproduction, informality, and class. Scholars and activists can target these obstacles in the effort to improve working conditions.
Poetry as Conversation
Authors: McCarthy Kathleen
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the conversational model of positioning the agency of the poet in relation to the speech and events depicted in the storyworld. This model quite strongly segregates the poet's artistic motivations from those of the speaker by heightening the sense that the speaker is reacting to his immediate context and minimizing his consciousness of the poetic status of his words. Poems structured on this model may or may not give a full picture of storyworld events, but the speaker's language tends to highlight features like questions and imperatives or shorter and simpler sentences. This model can be called “conversational,” not because its style is particularly colloquial, but because it situates the speaker's language as an attempt to meet needs in his social and emotional environment. Significantly, such poems exhibit a high degree of artistic polish and thus offer ample evidence of the poet's artistic agency and motivations, but these discursive features are not linked to the speaker's agency in the storyworld. The overall effect, then, makes clear the distance between the speaker's wholehearted focus on his own world and the poet's careful orchestration of the poetic discourse, thus expressing structurally the distinction between speaker and poet, in spite of the first-person form and in spite of the speaker's characterization as a poet. The chapter then analyzes the poems in Sextus Propertius's first book, which forcefully demonstrates this model.
A Quantitative Test
Authors: Henke Marina E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents a quantitative test of the theory that extensive diplomatic embeddedness between pivotal states and third parties is likely to increase the likelihood of coalition contributions. The results of the quantitative analysis reveal that diplomatic embeddedness matters greatly. Diplomatic embeddedness is, however, not the only factor influencing troop deployments. When it comes to U.S.-led coalitions, some proxy variables for the preference convergence theory matter equally, although, arguably less consistently than diplomatic embeddedness. The same is true for multilateral coalitions. Here, being located in the region of operation has a strong and consistently positive effect on the probability of deploying forces. In addition, democracies are more likely to join such multilateral coalitions. Moreover, simultaneous deployments increase the likelihood of coalition participation. This indicates that a particular set of countries has a special penchant to deploy military forces abroad, even simultaneously in different theaters.
The Violence of Care
Authors: Aulino Felicity
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses questions of structural violence and stasis in relation to the hierarchy and habituation in various forms of care. In many powerful analyses, structural violence is the term given to systematic limits placed on individual agency. This naming has served to illuminate systems of oppression and inequality. And yet, notions of individual agency, like intention, emerge differently in different historical and philosophical traditions. The chapter then demonstrates how Thai social worlds habituate people to feel themselves as part of collectives and to provide for one another through maintaining differentiated roles within groups, which forces one to consider anew people's complicity with repressive social forms. That is, one must reckon with the forms of care that emerge in and sustain oppression. Compassion and pity can thus come into view as two sides of what may be the same coin, with implications for humanitarianism beyond the borders of Thailand. Limitations are placed on individual agency in a multitude of ways in contemporary Thai society. As such, the stakes of altering norms are high because care is enacted through patronage and patterned into micro- and macrostructures. Ultimately, understanding the social training of awareness toward different modes of providing for others may lead to novel ways of approaching social change and working for social justice, in Thailand and elsewhere.
The Soldier’s Body
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines soldiers' bodies to look at the diversity of cadres entering the Red Army. In the course of the war, the Red Army had to transform millions of Soviet citizens into usable components of its war machine. The immense scale of the war would bring people into the army who would otherwise never have served. The government laid claim to the bodies of these men and women, handing them over to the commanders who were deputized to use these human resources to wage war. Commanders were tasked with training, tracking, and properly exploiting their soldiers and given almost total control over their subordinates' bodies. With this power came great responsibility: a good commander was supposed to be able to turn anyone into a soldier. Both the government and its deputies were forced to reckon not only with the physical bodies of soldiers but also with the souls that animated them. This was made all the more difficult by the demographic diversity of those serving: men aged seventeen to fifty-five, women, former criminals, and almost all of the ethnic groups of the heterogeneous USSR. The chapter then provides a brief “life cycle” of soldiers in service, from induction through training to the front and eventual wounding into the system of hospitals and back again.
A Personal Banner
Authors: Schechter Brandon M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an ethnography of soldiers' clothing and explores the meaning of the uniform's iconography. In the summer and fall of 1941, hundreds of thousands of Red Army soldiers and commanders surrendered to the enemy or abandoned their uniforms while fleeing the battlefield. The army was on the verge of disintegrating, but many soldiers continued to believe in their duty to fight on. For those soldiers, the uniform was like a personal banner. This rhetoric was closely associated with a major change in style in 1943, when the army abandoned the uniform that so many soldiers had themselves cast-off or worn into German captivity, introducing a “new-old” uniform that reproduced late tsarist styles. Pogony (shoulder boards), a key old regime symbol, were recast as a point of pride. Along with pogony, a variety of decorations, many of which referenced old regime heroes, formed a rich text that was readable by both soldiers and civilians. The chapter then shows how soldiers' biographies and the state's self-presentation changed via medals and uniforms.
Civilians in Wars
Authors: Dragojević Mila
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter presents the book's argument that collective crimes, or targeted violence against civilians in times of war, are acts with a political goal. But why does targeted violence against civilians occur in some communities and not in others in time of war? This is because the process of ethnicization was triggered there first by two related mechanisms: the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders. Ethnicization can be defined as the fusing of a political goal with ethnicity in order to secure political support. As a result, the range of political options becomes more limited, ambiguity of identification is artificially reduced, and defection from in-group is prevented. Even before the war had started, some communities had already transformed into amoral communities. In these communities, individuals were stripped of the freedom to express themselves or act on the basis of their personal views if those views did not align with one of the dominant and accepted political views. In those communities, eventually, the very definition of crime became altered by the wartime conditions described in the discourse of the local political leaders as the “state of exception,” under which violence against civilians defined as the “enemy” on the other side of the newly drawn border was seen as a form of justified and preemptive self-defense against perceived threats. The chapter then provides a historical context of the first political crises and instances of violence in the territory of Croatia.
The Production of Borders
Authors: Dragojević Mila
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the second mechanism that triggers the formation of amoral communities: the production of borders. When moderates are excluded through social ostracism, threats, violence, or in-group policing, it becomes easier for political leaders to divide people who previously lived peacefully in their communities. When the exclusion of moderates is accompanied by the production of physical borders, or the setting up of barricades, checkpoints, and, eventually, wartime dividing lines, then the conditions for the formation of amoral communities are created. In those communities, physical borders force individuals to choose one of the sides, and the population is both divided and policed accordingly. In the communities in which these processes of creating new political identities—which are ethnically or culturally defined—are set in motion, the military and political leaders gain greater control of the civilian population by limiting their political options, artificially reducing ambiguity in the identification of potential members of the out-group, and preventing in-group defection. Given that in amoral communities individuals' freedom to express or act on the basis of their personal views becomes extremely limited, especially if those views do not fit into the new social ordering, favorable conditions for targeted violence against civilians are created.
The Ambivalent Alliance between Beijing and Jakarta
Authors: Zhou Taomo
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Beijing's strategic collaborations with Jakarta through the second Afro-Asia Conference, the Game of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO), and konfrontasi—Indonesia's campaign to block Britain's plan to merge the remains of its former Southeast Asian colonies into the Federation of Malaysia. However, closer bilateral relations failed to prevent anti-Chinese riots in Indonesia. In May 1963, shortly after Liu Shaoqi's historic visit to Indonesia, which was the first visit by a head of state of the People's Republic of China, a chain of anti-Chinese riots broke out in West Java. Unlike the government-led anti-Chinese acts in 1959–60, the attacks against ethnic Chinese in 1963 were eruptions of popular discontent sparked by economic conditions. Meanwhile, the two countries' common struggle against the Western imperialist presence in Southeast Asia led to new discord. Beijing and Jakarta clashed over policies toward the ethnic Chinese in Malaya, the Chinese-dominated Communist guerillas in Sarawak, and the Chinese-majority country of Singapore.
Journey to the Southwest
Authors: Brazelton Mary Augusta
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses microbiology in China's early twentieth century. In contrast to other narratives, the emergence of microbiology as a discipline in China during the early twentieth century did not rely on any single organization, charismatic leader, or colonial influence. Instead, multiple institutes and universities in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, and other cities emerged as centers for research, and a small group of highly educated physicians and scientists participated in global research networks, even as they trained Chinese students and advised local health administrations. In the 1920s and 1930s, emerging fields such as immunology, virology, and bacteriology were identified with broader categories of inquiry, such as the medical sciences or microbiology. In addition to laboratory research, Chinese researchers translated new terms into Chinese and established professional organizations. Although research programs in microbiology were productive, their applications to public health were limited to specific projects in major cities. One important urban institution was the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau. After its 1919 establishment in Beijing, the bureau became a center for vaccine production and sponsored limited urban immunization campaigns. The outbreak of formal war with Japan in 1937 and the subsequent move of many researchers to the southwest disrupted the development of microbiology in China. Yet it also created opportunities for new cooperative relationships to form in the field of public health.
Producing Immunity across the Hinterlands
Authors: Brazelton Mary Augusta
Published: May 2020

This chapter surveys the history of vaccine research and development in China's wartime hinterlands during the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, considering first a major project launched by the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) and then, in turn, the major cities of Chongqing, Guiyang, and Lanzhou. Although urban areas were not the only places where medical researchers, students, and administrators worked, they were significant hubs for coordination and exchange. The development of vaccine production in cities coincided with the deployment of new and coercive strategies for immunization, reflecting the ongoing militarization of Chinese society. Yet many urban dwellers welcomed vaccination as a means of defending themselves against disease at a time when the Japanese offensive threatened to cause epidemic catastrophe both directly, through biological warfare, and indirectly, by causing large-scale migrations of refugees and soldiers across the country. Attempts to establish a certification system that connected immunization status to free passage on ships and roads suggested the increasing importance of biology to individual rights and freedoms in wartime China.
Vaccination in the Early PRC, 1949–58
Authors: Brazelton Mary Augusta
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on vaccination in the early years of the People's Republic of China. The 1949 establishment of the PRC formally ended the conflicts that had engulfed China for almost twenty years. However, the new nation was still in crisis. The People's Liberation Army continued to wage military campaigns in Tibet and Xinjiang, war loomed in Korea, and infectious diseases still threatened the country's population. In 1949, bubonic plague struck Tianjin and Beijing, and in the following year smallpox broke out in Shanghai. The establishment of national vaccination campaigns, first against smallpox in 1950 and then against tuberculosis, diphtheria, and other diseases in 1952, signaled a national commitment of the new regime to epidemic prevention. Such an achievement was possible, this chapter argues, because new systems of recordkeeping, surveillance, and accountability accompanied the implementation of public health policies. These programs built power over life by self-consciously protecting it from epidemic catastrophe.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the anthropological study of a police department, which combines elements from the ethnographic, institutional, and theoretical narratives. It proposes a general theory of the way Taiwanese policing has been structured by certain cultural values. It also provides a background that criticizes Egon Bittner's essay, “The Functions of the Police in Modern Society,” which proposed the police as a mechanism for the distribution of situationally justified force. This chapter does not criticize Bittner's vision by pointing out its failures but rather, it gives an alternative vision of its success. It also argues that it is possible to imagine the police as something other than a violent addition to the rule of law.
Introduction
Authors: Toth Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a background of the Mettray Agricultural Colony for Boys. The institution was founded by Frédéric Demetz, a Parisian magistrate. Demetz aimed to socialize criminal youth through agricultural work, basic elementary schooling, religious indoctrination, and strict military discipline. The chapter explains through the historical monograph of Mettray how it is considered the most venerated carceral institution of its time. It also provides an introduction to how power was deployed and explains ambitions that were connected to power, and how power was experienced, or in some cases resisted by prisoners. Further, it highlights the ways some young men attempted to circumvent disciplinary control.
Discord
Authors: Toth Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains how Mettray, once universally recognized as a progressive, humanitarian endeavor, come to be understood as a brutal and anachronistic institution. It provides insight on how Mettray had somehow changed or grown callous and cruel with the passage of time. Louis Roubaud, a journalist who conducted a lengthy investigation of Mettray, denounced its staff as intellectually and morally unfit to be educators. Roubaud emphasized that the preventative or repressive severity by which the staff conducted themselves distorted their character and developed in them a certain cruelty and some of them, in turn, became truly crazy persecutors. Subordinates of Mettray regularly bypassed institutional constraints to advance their own ends and perceived needs and sometimes, exceeding their authority, meted out harsh punishments to young inmates in an arbitrary and abusive manner.
Maison Paternelle
Authors: Toth Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the Maison Paternelle, which opened on the grounds of the Mettray agricultural colony. The Maison Paternelle was built to resocialize bourgeois youth who had not broken any laws but whose recalcitrant behaviour was seemingly beyond the control of their parents. Unlike the colons of Mettray, whose upkeep was financed partially through a state subvention, the boys held in the Maison Paternelle were supported by their parents who paid boarding and tutorial fees of between 300 and 500 francs per month to have their sons housed and educated in a facility that bore many similarities to a traditional prison. The students in the Maison Paternelle were not simply passive objects of social control but had some degree of agency. The institution had long been well known to young collegians of France and had been a terror to the lazy and vicious—many still felt the silent influence of its deterrent power.
Charity as Social Justice
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that during the thirteenth century, and contemporaneous with the rise of the Franciscan Order in communal Italy, the path to sanctity that remained a true lay option began to veer in a new direction. In Raimondo of Piacenza's vita, the lay saint's charity work became the work of social justice. This new paradigm of an ideal lay life, which can be called the communal lay saint, came to its fullest expression once civic authorities became the primary patrons of contemporary lay saints' cults. As merchants and artisans came to dominate civic governments, the pious layman's commitment to serving his civic lay population through works of charity found a receptive audience. In these cults, the penitential commitment of an extraordinary layman was once again presented as transforming him into a living miracle worker. But this time, the lay saint's charisma was not focused on healing a broken church but rather on identifying, soothing, and sometimes fixing the economic and social inequalities of a commune.
Civic Patron as Ideal Citizen
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the cult of Pier “Pettinaio” or Pier “the comb-maker” of Siena. Pier lived in Siena until his death in 1289, earning first a pious, and then a saintly reputation for his efforts to follow a rigorous schedule of prayer, to deliver charity to his fellow city-dwellers, and finally to resist the more aggressive commercial practices espoused by other urban artisans and merchants. One sees in Pier's vita how the celebration of a contemporary lay patron became an opportunity to think about the role everyday men and women played in the creation of an ideal civic community. As the vita repeatedly argues, Pier's extraordinary spiritual rigor produced the model of good communal citizenship. But one also sees in this vita an expanded understanding of the content and role of lay charisma. At the same time that the vita celebrates Pier's external actions, it also celebrates his internal focus: his embrace of the contemplative life, his prophetic powers, and his ecstatic states. Thus, in the years immediately before the mendicants took over guardianship and control of the lay penitential life, the cult of a pious Sienese comb-maker demonstrates not only a new equation between the ideal lay Christian and the ideal lay citizen but also an expanded notion of the content and power of lay spirituality.
Classifying Laywomen
Authors: Doyno Mary Harvey
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines female lay saints, looking at the cults of Ubaldesca of Calcinaia (d. 1205) and Rose of Viterbo (d. 1251). The comparison between Ubaldesca's and Rose's conversion stories, as well as the trajectories of their cults, illustrates that what mattered most in the creation of the cult of the female lay saint in communal Italy was institutional affiliation and identity. Rose's early cult did not take off precisely because she did not have the institutional affiliation critical for the cults of female lay saints in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. She was not a conversa or lay associate of an established monastic house; nor was she a lay penitent whom the mendicant friars were interested in cultivating. Thus, Alexander IV's translation of Rose's body was more likely an effort to appease the Viterban Poor Clares who were concerned about the competition Rose's cult could potentially present for their own house, rather than evidence that the papacy was working to promote Rose's memory and reputation. In contrast, Ubaldesca's identity as a lay associate of S. Giovannino and Frate Dotto's early patronage offered her cult institutional as well as male legitimacy.
The Fragility of Alliance Diplomacy
Authors: Poast Paul
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a non-signatory's aggression. The documents are written and signed by official representatives of states, and the signatory states become allies. The military action specified in the document can be either offensive or defensive. Defensive action entails protecting another signatory under attack, while offensive action entails protecting a non-signatory by attacking its aggressor. Reflecting the variety of documents that can constitute an alliance treaty, a negotiation can be a simple conversation between diplomats or a series of formal meetings involving officials from numerous countries. A negotiation concludes in either agreement, meaning it produces an alliance treaty signed by all the participants, or nonagreement, meaning the talks end without a signed alliance treaty and the participants have no plans to continue the talks. This book assesses why alliance treaty negotiations end in agreement or nonagreement. Since states have attempted but failed to negotiate alliance treaties, there is a need to explore the process that distinguishes groups of states that form alliances from groups of states that attempt to do so but fail. Only then can one truly understand the meaning and purpose of military alliances.
Egypt versus Israel
Authors: Avey Paul C.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the Egyptian–Israeli dispute following the 1967 Six Day War. Egypt had an intense political dispute with Israel centering on the Sinai Peninsula that Israel captured during the 1967 Six Day War. Egyptian leaders settled on force when diplomatic and military trends seemed to make recovering the Sinai less likely. Conversely, when the diplomatic situation improved after 1973, particularly with more direct American involvement, Egypt avoided military action. Egypt's strong interests, rooted in recovering territory, did not cause its leaders to ignore the Israeli nuclear arsenal. They believed that so long as they executed only limited campaigns, the benefits to Israeli of using its nuclear weapons would be low. At the same time, Cairo sought to raise the costs of Israeli nuclear use by developing its own unconventional weapons and relying on the superpowers, in particular the United States, to constrain Israel. Thus, while the Israeli nuclear arsenal did not deter a conventional attack, it is not the case that Egyptian leaders ignored the Israeli nuclear arsenal in 1973.
Evaluating Urban Governance
Authors: Hughes Sara
Published: May 2020

This chapter develops a framework for understanding and evaluating the tools available to, and deployed by, city governments for governing, foregrounding the “how” of urban climate change mitigation. The framework has three components. First, city governments make choices about the policies and governing modes they will use to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These choices represent each city's unique route to climate change mitigation and are shaped by the broader social, political, institutional, and physical context. Second, regardless of the specific route a city chooses, there are shared governing strategies city governments can and do use to mobilize participants and resources: institution building, coalition building, and capacity building. These strategies allow city governments to reduce key sources of uncertainty, mobilize the participants, and coordinate the resources needed for change. Third, evaluating urban climate change governance requires evaluating its impacts. These are both reductions in city-scale GHG emissions and broader changes in the city, and beyond, catalyzed by efforts to reduce urban GHG emissions.
Take Back Our Future
Authors: Lee Ching Kwan
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of the Umbrella Movement, which emerged in the fall of 2014. The genesis of the Umbrella Movement can be traced to an intensification of popular discontent against the Hong Kong government and its principal, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Since China's resumption of sovereignty in July of 1997, the end of British colonialism has been experienced by many Hong Kong citizens as the beginning of another round of colonization, this time by the Mainland Chinese communist regime. Such recolonization, which proceeded with fits and starts in the early years after the handover and had become more aggressive since 2003, can be broken down into three constitutive processes: political disenfranchisement, colonization of the life world, and economic subsumption. Increasing encroachment by China to turn Hong Kong into an internal colony has spurred the rise of new political actors and groups to defend Hong Kong's way of life and liberal civic values. The chapter then looks at the series of contentious mobilizations leading up to the Umbrella occupations, to trace how the contradiction constitutive of this Hong Kong regime in transition from liberalism to authoritarianism have contributed to nurturing and growing the collective capacity of at least three general categories of political actors who would converge during the Umbrella protests: the self-mobilized citizenry, the localists, and the student activists.
Transgressive Politics in Occupy Mongkok
Authors: Yuen Samson
Published: May 2020

This chapter reveals the complexities of the Umbrella Movement by shifting the focus to the Mongkok protest camp, known as Occupy Mongkok. Occupy Mongkok was not just an extension of the Admiralty camp where the Umbrella Movement originated. Instead, Occupy Mongkok developed a movement environment and dynamics that not only distinguished it from the Admiralty camp but also challenged the city's political culture. First, despite sharing similar demographic features with their Admiralty counterparts, Mongkok protesters showed greater inclination to behave militantly, eschewing the civic, nonviolent repertoires that were characteristic of previous protests. Second, even though Occupy Mongkok drew cross-class participation, the protest camp also highlighted the role of the grassroots citizens—defined more in cultural than socioeconomic terms—in political contention, which had been neglected in the city's protracted struggle for democracy. Ultimately, Occupy Mongkok could be regarded as a transgressive episode of contention in Hong Kong's history of political activism.
The Return of Muslim Granada
Authors: Green-Mercado Mayte
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how the newly converted Muslims of Castile dealt with the trauma of forced assimilation into Catholic society from the 1530s to the 1560s. It looks at the cultural resources that the Morisco rebels relied on to construct that rhetoric and discourse of mobilization, focusing on the cultural idioms with which the Moriscos who participated in the rebellion expressed their grievances—the apocalyptic prognostications known as “jofores.” The “jofores” that circulated during the rebellion were aimed at creating affective associations that would reinforce the Muslim identity of the Morisco rebels and their potential supporters. This chapter also analyzes the significance of apocalyptic prophecy in mobilizing the Morisco population for collective action. More specifically, it demonstrates that the rebellion of the Moriscos in the Alpujarras mountains was encouraged by a discourse of martyrdom that was articulated in an apocalyptic key, an element that has hitherto been overlooked in the historiography of the Alpujarras revolt.