bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

The Introduction nuances our familiar conception of interwar architectural history as fundamentally split between ‘Modernism’ and ‘Traditionalism’ by exploring the German Expressionist Erich Mendelsohn’s first visit to Britain in 1930. It uses this occasion to look at common critical concerns for both ‘camps’ and proposes an alternative explanatory framework that captures prevalent anxieties, dynamic attempts at problem-solving, and new modes of criticism and practice, especially civic design and the emergence of the interwar ‘architect-planner’. The second part of the Introduction reframes the 1920s and 1930s in terms of post-war reconstruction. From 1917, the energies of the state, industry, and institutions were turning towards reconstruction—economic, social, and physical. The professions and their corporate bodies were also prompted to reflect. Architects anxiously seized the opportunity to engage with bold and radical ideas to strengthen, or even remake, their own profession and definitively resolve tensions which had dogged them for decades. They began to think more corporately and to champion a professional ideal which ultimately overrode the sometimes internecine rhetoric of architectural discourse—the ‘battle of the styles’—which has been overemphasized in existing accounts of the period. All architects had designs on democracy; they sought to shape and co-opt it, and to preserve the precarious privileges of professional status. This is the driving thesis of the book and the Introduction ends with an overview of its structure.
Propaganda
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

The first chapter explores the idea of ‘propaganda’ in architecture and design reform, using the British Empire Exhibition (BEE) at Wembley as a case study. The BEE was arguably the most significant exposition of imperial trade and commerce in early twentieth-century Britain. The chapter centres on a detailed account of its Palace of Industry and the UK exhibits, under the directorship of architectural impresario, Lawrence Weaver. The Palace of Industry and BEE should be read as a manifestation of the enduring principles of nineteenth-century design reform, and an expression of the ideals of the Design and Industries Association. Weaver influenced a paradigmatic shift in architectural culture towards publicity and public relations. As advertising grew more respectable, architects, as the most professionally oriented of industrial designers and craftspeople, were best placed to ally themselves with industry. This shift in the presentation of professional services to a mass public had important consequences for architectural practice. This chapter and the next trace this changing attitude to publicity and public relations in architectural culture. Publicity and public relations became paradigmatic concepts through which architects increasingly understood their place in the wider political economy, and they opened up new prospects for practice and professionalism.
Manners
Authors: Shasore Neal
Published: September 2022

The chapter considers the writing and campaigning of the Welsh architect-planner and critic Arthur Trystan Edwards in order to unpack the perceived need for public propriety, decorum, and manners, alongside a developing sense of a proprietary public. For Trystan Edwards manners was a foundational principle of civic design. ‘Manners’ became intrinsic to a neo-Georgian, and neo-Regency, approach to urban design which aspired to be contextualist, restrained, and nationalistic; it related not only to the quotidian but also to the ideal of public service. The first sections of the chapter look more closely at Trystan Edwards’s architectural thought and writing, placing his ideas about ‘manners’ and public propriety in the broader context of his principles of civic design. In his socio-political vision of civic life—in which design and architecture were central—manners had a bearing not only on criticism but also on practice, through campaigning and voluntary activity. The remainder of the chapter turns to Edwards’s campaigning vehicle, the Hundred New Towns Association (HNTA), established in 1933, which advocated a national programme of low-rise, high-density house-building and associated public amenity. It was a vision of a good-mannered and well-ordered society, in which urbanity was celebrated and fostered through a civic spirit. The HNTA provides an almost anti-history of mainstream planning and architectural approaches to the housing question in this period. The chapter explores Edwards’s surprising connections to movements in heterodox economics, liberal Anglicanism, and positive eugenics—discourses which were intrinsic to liberal intellectual culture, and posed fundamental questions about community need and benefit, as well as social control. For Edwards, they were a means of bolstering a well-mannered physical and social public realm.
The Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Koivisto Ida
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses the theme of the gaze, which is central to transparency as a metaphor. The chapter deliberates on Rousseau’s utopia of reciprocal transparency and shows that it cannot underpin the modern transparency ideal. Instead, transparency utilizes unilateral gazing. In the chapter, this unilateral gaze is broken down into four categories. ‘The observing gaze’ merely registers the existence of its object. ‘The revelatory gaze’ questions the apparent exterior of an object and exposes how things are behind it. ‘The transforming gaze’ can change its object, as the object is aware of the gaze, and acts according to the perceived expectations of the gazer. ‘The projecting gaze’ suggests that the gazer may project whatever image or idea onto the object, regardless of what that object ‘is’. It is argued that these modalities of the gaze complicate the way in which the object—here, governance—appears to its gazers.
Transparency and Social Life
Authors: Koivisto Ida
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses transparency as a value judgement. The idea is that although transparency is considered widely positive, it has also a negative connotation, referring to unwanted or unauthorized exposure (‘You are so transparent!’). The duality of connotations implies that transparency is esteemed only when it is intentional and deliberately performed. Unintended transparency, in turn, can lead to undesired outcomes, such as shame or the unwanted exposure of a chosen strategy. This performativity of transparency is theorized through the allegory of a theatre, and the imperative of impression management it entails. It is argued that the attempt to manage an impression in the name of transparency is peculiar to interpersonal relations, and also shapes the transparency practices of different institutions. Hence, when referring to social relations, transparency as the ‘cultural signifier of neutrality’ translates into something else: a value judgement pertaining to the credibility of a social performance.
Christology and Metaphysics in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This book explores the largely uncharted territory of seventeenth-century Christology, paying close attention to its metaphysical and semantic presuppositions and consequences. The book achieves this by a distinction between two fundamental approaches to Christology. One, associated with Aquinas, maintains that the union between the divine person and human nature is immediate. Once joined, the two items cling together simply in virtue of their intrinsic structures, so to speak. The other, associated with Duns Scotus, maintains that the union of these two items requires some additional relational tie, over and above the divine person and the human nature. The book shows that theologians of all stripes develop and expand these two theories during the seventeenth century. Italian and French Dominicans follow Aquinas closely, read through the lens of Cardinal Cajetan. But Iberian Dominicans incorporate Suárez’s theory of modes into their account, and Suárez, whose account is in other respects more or less Scotist, is in turn followed by his fellow Jesuits. Lutherans use a theory that ultimately derives from Cajetan’s to fill explanatory gaps in their own accounts; and Reformed theologians by and large adapt the position associated with Duns Scotus.
Modes, Distinctions, and Theories of Predication
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides some miscellaneous background necessary for understanding developments in the seventeenth century. It shows how Pedro da Fonseca introduced the notion of modes as a way of trying to understand Cajetan’s claim that subsistence is some kind of entity distinct from the nature whose subsistence it explains. Since the nature is non-mutually separable from the subsistence-entity, we might naturally think of this entity as some kind of mode. A parallel development in the Reformed theologians shows how divine subsistence might likewise be understood as a mode, and the views of Zacharias Ursinus and Girolami Zanchi are contrasted with each other. The chapter then introduces in a very rough way different varieties of distinction relevant for understanding the Christological discussions. A further section examines different standard medieval theories of predication: identical predication and formal predication, and shows that Lutheran Christology, which fundamentally understands Christ as a union of divine person and a human being (a homo assumptus Christology) requires a quite different account of predication to deal with the Christological case, since the divine person and the assumed human being are distinct subjects somehow united as one thing. The Lutherans label this kind of predication ‘inusitata’. A final section shows how Martin Chemnitz introduces the anhypostasia–enhypostasia binary, found in John of Damascus, into later Christology.
Communion Theories in Protestant Theology (2)
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter shows how those Lutheran theologians who accepted Brenz’s homo assumptus Christology incorporated the notion of the communication of subsistence into their Christological thinking, as a way of explaining the union of natures. Matthias Hafenreffer and Balthasar Meisner both develop accounts of predication to allow for the truth of personal predications without requiring identity of supposition, while allowing the suppositions of ‘God’ and ‘man’ to be distinct but united substances. Meisner follows the Thomists in allowing that both the divine subsistence and divine existence are communicated to the human nature. Later Lutherans—Johann Gerhard, the Tübingen theologian Theodor Thumm, Abraham Calov, and Andreas Quenstedt—more or less follow Meisner’s semantics. They hold too that the divine subsistence is communicated to the human nature, but that this nature has its own existence. In addition, while Meisner and Gerhard hold that there is no created relation, consequent on the union, between the human nature and the divine person, Calov and Quenstedt both affirm such a relation.
The Genus Maiestaticum (2)
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a brief account of the objections to the genus maiestaticum offered by two Catholic (Francisco Suárez and Gregorio de Valencia). It then goes on to consider some more irenic approaches: first of all, those of two Anglican theologians (Richard Hooker and Joseph Hall), both of whom try to find moderate formulations that might be acceptable to both sides in the debate; and, secondly, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Leibniz twice engages in Christological discussion of a broadly ecumenical kind. In the first, in the early 1680s, he rejects the genus maiestaticum, and formulates a loosely Thomistic Christology on the basis of Robert Bellarmine’s De controversiis. In the second, an attempt at reconciliation between Lutheran Hanover and Reformed Brandenberg, Leibniz tries to show, on the basis of a formulation in the Colloquy of Kassel (1661), that Martin Chemnitz should not be understood as affirming that divine attributes can be predicated of the human nature, but merely that the human nature is united to them such that it can be said to have them, or to be them merely by an extrinsic denomination.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a brief summary and appraisal of the various theories described in the book. It begins by noting that the homo assumptus view is only with difficulty made consistent with conciliar teaching, and that speculations about a genus maiestaticum and genus tapeinoticum owe their origins to such a Christology. The bulk of the chapter briefly tests the other theories for coherence and plausibility (union theories, divided into the types encountered in the book—categorial relations, modes of union, transcendental relations, union by absolute accident, union by absolute mode; and communion theories, likewise divided into its types—voluntarist theories, minimalist theories, non-explanatory theories, explanatory theories). The chapter ends by arguing for the desirability of the communication of subsistence over the (Thomist) communication of esse (the former view adopted by Fonseca, and the Lutherans after Meisner: Gerhard, Calov, Quenstedt).
Party Support and Voting Behaviour
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen
Published: September 2022

Chapter 5 provides an in-depth analysis of the party support and voting behaviour of Catholics, in Britain as a whole and separately for Scotland. This is important given the Catholic community’s historical importance as a key constituency of support for the Labour Party, one of the traditional party-denominational links of the 20th century. The chapter reviews the long-term patterns of party support at British post-war general elections amongst Catholics, based on analyses of opinion polling and long-running surveys. It then assesses the long-term patterns of party support at general elections and—for more recent decades—elections for the Scottish Parliament. The chapter then uses the new ‘Catholic in Britain’ survey to analyse Catholics’ voting preferences at the 2017 general election, focusing on the demographic, religious, and attitudinal sources of variation in support for political parties.
‘The injustice of the world’
Authors: Foley Hugh
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at questions of closure, integrity, and self-identity in the work of Jorie Graham. It reads Graham’s poetry against a background in which the critique of liberal individualism in lyric becomes explicitly theorized. Beginning with a discussion of the ways in which Graham’s work does or does not oppose anthropomorphism to ecological thinking, it considers her use of a range of critiques of anthropomorphism. The chapter connects a critique of lyric, as the avant-garde movement of Language Poetry often does in its legitimating narratives, to the legacy of the Vietnam War. It then demonstrates how Graham attempts to use the resources of lyric to reimagine the idea of individual agency in response to a variety of drastic reconceptions of what subjectivity is. In each case, it argues that Graham is invested in showing that imaginative agency can be envisioned as an emergent property of larger phenomena; in such a way, the subject need not be enclosed or separated from the world. The chapter considers how she uses the lyric exchange to make this argument, and finishes by reading ‘Evolution’ (2000) from Never.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Hugh
Published: September 2022

The conclusion begins by discussing the poem ‘where you are planted’ by Evie Shockley. It connects Shockley’s poems to the various functions of the lyric exchange that the book has discussed as a whole. It argues that Shockley’s poem demonstrates the same capacity to critique the historical entanglements of the tropes it uses. It then positions the book’s interventions in the context of recent discussions about contemporary poetry, politics, form, and the lyric. After recapitulating what the individual claims of each chapter were, it finishes with a brief discussion of Walt Whitman’s ‘of the terrible doubt of appearances’, making a claim for the value of certain kind of intensities the works discussed embody.
Imagination and Suppositional Thought
Authors: Berto Francesco
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores a reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as capturing a certain kind of imaginative exercise, Reality-Oriented Mental Simulation (ROMS): the activity one engages in, when one supposes that something is or had been the case and wonders what else will be or would have been the case in the hypothetical scenario. In this reading, the TSIM Iφψ says that in an imaginative act starting from supposition φ, one imagines that ψ is the case. The chapter argues that imagination, of this sort, can have epistemic value insofar as its departure from reality is regimented and only partly voluntary, and connects ROMS to the formation of conditional beliefs. The chapter also explores the idea of equivalence in imagination: what it means that φ and ψ play the same cognitive role in one’s mental life, in particular when one engages in suppositional thinking. It proposes the addition of a constraint on the semantics of the TSIMs, which allows them to capture such cognitive equivalence. Finally, it discusses the suggestion that full topic-inclusion of the topic of ψ in that of φ may be too draconian a constraint for our TSIMs, at least (and perhaps not only) in the ROMS setting.
Hyperintensional Belief Revision
Authors: Berto Francesco
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores a reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as expressing conditional belief or (static) belief revision. In this setting, the TSIM Bφψ says that conditional on φ, one believes that ψ, or that if one were to learn that φ, one would believe that ψ was the case. The reading is enforced by adding to the basic TSIM semantics a total preordering of worlds, understood as representing relative plausibility: the closer a world, the more plausible the scenario it represents for the believing agent. The chapter argues that, thanks in particular to the hyperintensionality of TSIMs, this setting reduces the logical idealization of cognitive agents in the standard AGM belief revision theory as well as in non-hyperintensional modal logics of belief revision. It also argues that the represented agents are not vulnerable to a complete trivialization of their belief system based on inconsistent information. The chapter concludes by hinting at a way to expand the setting into a dynamic framework, as in Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL), via a dynamics representing how the agent can come to grasp new subject matters.
Introduction
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

This introduction outlines the central argument of the book and also suggests its relevance for contemporary discussions in LGBTQI+ politics and theory. It opens with a dispute about the language to use on a plaque celebrating the life of Anne Lister in which different versions used the terms “gender nonconforming” and “lesbian” to show how nineteenth-century figures such as Lister can be embroiled in current controversies such as the increasingly tense opposition between transgender activists and gender critical feminists. Such disputes illustrate a continuing tension between models of identity that are primarily based on sexual preference and those focused on gender identity, suggesting tensions within the broad LGBTQI+ coalition that recent developments such as “LGB alliances” also document. As such, the introduction suggests that we return to the nineteenth century in a spirit of humility, not assuming that we have solved past problems but instead being open to learning from earlier theories, models, and experiences.
Ulrichs’ Riddles
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the pamphlets that have constituted an origin story of modern male homosexuality, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs’ The Riddle of “Man-Manly” Love. Works of homophile advocacy designed to advance legal reforms, Ulrichs’ pamphlets aimed to systematize and integrate diverse strands of thinking into a coherent account of homosexual identity. Tracking the evolution of Ulrichs’ thought and his proliferation of sub-categories indicates how cross-gender identification emerged as the key component of gay male identity by the mid-nineteenth century. Ulrichs’ insistence on gender transitivity, codified in his Latin slogan anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa (typically translated as the feminine soul in a masculine body), has been the subject of intense resistance by lesbian/gay activists and theorists, in part because it formed the ground of homophobic practices such as aversion and conversion therapies. Arguing for re-examining Ulrichs’ work and the sexological tradition it helped to initiate, this chapter make two central claims. First, that Ulrichs was unable to wall off soul from body or “masculine” from “feminine,” writing of these terms as relative to each other and as inadequate to account for the diversity of lived experience. Second, the development of a classificatory system forced Ulrichs to address valuable questions that are implicit but unaddressed by our current positing of an umbrella LGBTQIA+ alliance, most notably, how to think about the potential commonalities of interest between identities that are primarily organized around sexual orientation and others organized around gender.
Bodies in Transition
Authors: Joyce Simon
Published: September 2022

As a genre, pornography is uniquely in a position to imagine sexual possibilities and gendered selves without reference to actually existing practices and bodies, and as such it has none of the limitations of law or medicine. As a consequence, late-Victorian erotica is a place to look for two configurations that appealed to and eluded the figures in previous chapters: fully mutual and reciprocated same-sex relationships and bodies that seem to transition themselves under the pressure of cross-gender identification to the extent that the anatomical components of the body are made to match outside signs of a gender expression. This chapter explores these possibilities in readings of the multiple authored Teleny (1893) in which Wilde is sometimes thought to have participated and Le Roman De Violette (1891), a French text now ascribed to Henriette de Mannoury d’Ectot. These sections bracket readings of two other texts, Sins of the Cities of the Plain (1881) and Letters from Laura and Eveline (1883) in which Fanny and Stella appear as characters. In the process of imagining them as transsexual figures, these novels amplify dissonant notes that could not be incorporated into the narratives offered at their trial, in the process allowing for more complicated intersections between gender and sexual identity.
Introduction
Authors: Stolte Tyson
Published: September 2022

The Introduction to Dickens and Victorian Psychology details both Dickens’s immersion in the psychology of the nineteenth century and the terms of Victorian psychological debate, arguing that Dickens employs the introspective mode—by which Dickens and Victorian Psychology denotes a range of narrative strategies, from free indirect discourse to first-person narration, that reflect the central methodology of Victorian dualist psychologies—to make a case for the immateriality of the mind and the irreducibility of consciousness, positions necessitated by the growth of physical psychologies in the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite a long critical tradition of dismissing Dickens as an entertainer rather than a thinker, that is, this Introduction positions him as deeply informed about Victorian theories of mind and an active contributor, through his fiction, to nineteenth-century psychological thought. Dickens’s psychological position also comes into focus as inextricably linked with his religious beliefs: his argument for a dualist theory of mind is ultimately an argument for the immortality of the soul. But this Introduction also gestures toward the strategies that allowed psycho-physiologists to overcome the resistance of dualists like Dickens. Key among those strategies was the erasure from the essential terms of psychological debate of any meaning that pointed beyond the body.
The Latent and the Manifest
Authors: Stolte Tyson
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines Dickens’s return to first-person narration in Great Expectations, arguing that Pip’s frequent invocations of the mental work that goes on outside his consciousness are part of Dickens’s efforts to undergird his soul-based psychology with the metaphysical latency theorized by Sir William Hamilton. But while Hamilton’s model of latency appears to conflate unconsciousness with the powers of the soul when freed of the body, other theories of unconsciousness suggested that what was latent to the mind was merely the body, the nerves and fibers that underlay consciousness. Key here are two such theories, those offered by Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, both of whom melded their physical models of unconsciousness with the latest advances of associationist psychology, rendering especially problematic for Dickens’s anti-materialist project the ambiguities inherent in the language of association. In considering Spencer’s psychological work, this chapter situates Great Expectations in the midst of evolutionary debate, but evolution of a sort quite different from Darwin’s natural selection. Instead, Spencer’s evolutionary psychology, which posited the hereditary transmission of inherited characteristics, redefined the notion of habit—so central to Great Expectations—as the source of those innate qualities that were seen by faculty psychologists to be the gifts of God. Great Expectations’s deployment of the discourse of habit, like Martin Chuzzlewit’s treatment of Jonas Chuzzlewit, thus inadvertently threatens to deny the immortal soul that, for Dickens, separates humankind from the beasts and serves as evidence of the existence of God.
Life-Writing
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses Pater’s imaginary portraits as precursors of ‘the New Biography’, defined by the modernists in rebellion against Victorian life-writing. The Imaginary Portraits constitute a set of alternative lives to Leslie Stephen’s Dictionary of National Biography: international in scope, they pose a counter discourse to the patriotic monument. The conflation of commemoration and resurrection links biography to the obituary; Pater toys with the brief life, or the obituary, in the final summing up the protagonist’s life which concludes most of the portraits. Focusing on ‘An English Poet’, the chapter explores Pater’s merging of life-writing with the literary portrait, with the portrait as literary criticism, in dialogue with Sainte-Beuve’s portraits littéraires and Macmillan’s ‘English Men of Letters’. Editor John Morley’s view that it took one man of letters to write the life of another resulted in compressed biographies mixed with literary criticism, composed by the leading writers of the day. The final section deals with some of the heirs to Pater’s imaginary portraits. Marcel Schwob’s Vies imaginaires spanned similar historical and geographical ranges as Pater’s, revolving around sudden deaths, while reflecting the authors’ awareness of their power to cut lives and narratives short. For modernist life-writing (Strachey, Nicolson, Woolf) Pater became an influential presence: Nicolson’s ‘method of writing about people and about himself as though they were at once real and imaginary’ was praised by Woolf whose own Orlando is as much a reader as a poet; her imaginary portrait becomes a piece of criticism, a catalogue of influence.
Narrating the Self
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

The chapter explores Pater’s work with literary form and voice, demonstrating his ability to construct narrative, drama, and fictitious personalities. It revolves around the diary format as a narrative device in ‘A Prince of Court Painters’ and ‘Sebastian van Storck’. With their French and Dutch settings, these two portraits explore Pater’s own European ancestry and employ paintings as plot devices, chronicling the rise of the modern self. Redefining the epistolary genre, Pater added layers of nineteenth-century interiority in a process of deformation which selected certain aspects of the diary novel, while suppressing others. As the chapter traces Pater’s version of the female complaint in ‘A Prince of Court Painters’, it also discusses interiority as a feature of modernity and the act of writing as an addictive one, related to the ‘talking cure’ of psychoanalysis. Pater was much inspired by Senancour’s novel Obermann and Amiel’s journal intime. His Sebastian constitutes a fictitious counterpart to these two popular nineteenth-century texts. His journal is both symptom and cause of mental illness, a fetishistic addiction where the boundaries between self and diary are erased as an instance of ‘pathographesis’, the sustained writing out of bodily and mental pathology. Like the wave of publications of the private diaries of near contemporaries, of recently deceased figures of the immediate past which flooded the French market at the fin de siècle, ‘Sebastian van Storck’ taps into a new fashion for self-centred, introspective intimistes who convey their rich interior worlds to the modern reader.
Character and Caricature
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

The chapter discusses how Pater conceives of and constructs character. It adopts a prismatic approach, stressing parallels between the portraits, tragedy, and the character study, placing Pater in dialogue with Euripides, Philostratus, and Theophrastus. As Pater aestheticizes classical tragedy, he recreates Euripides’ Bacchae in ‘Denys l’Auxerrois’ and rewrites his fragmentary Hippolytus play. Philostratus’ Imagines serve as likely intertexts for Pater’s mythological portraits, as they employ the ekphrastic form of the short prose narrative in a transformation of the plots and characters of Greek tragedy into brief descriptions of paintings. The Theophrastan Characters form counterparts to Philostratus’ Imagines: a short, isolated form, centring on the individual, arranged in a sequence which may be rearranged, like the portraits in a picture gallery. The fluid boundaries between character and caricature are explored with the underlying argument that some of Pater’s own emotional detachment from his characters, often expressed through ironizing narrators, derives from his need to respond to the criticism of his style, person, and ideas. The chapter makes a case study of Rothenstein’ s Oxford Characters which includes a portrait of Pater and Pater’s character sketch of Frederick Bussell. Oxford Characters addresses the essence of Oxford life, implicitly asking what an Oxford character is. The Paterian educator becomes a recognizable type who speaks Pateresque and holds aesthetic ideals, most of which can be traced back to misreadings of The Renaissance. A subversive form, parody dissolves boundaries between one author and another, questioning our ideas about the integrity of personality and artistic product.
The Poetics of Space
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

The chapter examines the physical and emotional life of the Paterian self in dialogue with architectural space, from the tiny house of the reliquary to the vast spaces of the cathedral. Whether as home to dislodged human remains, shifted about through history, or as a religious edifice, Pater’s houses constitute significant shells for the self in which interior and exterior interact. Bachelard’s phenomenological topoanalysis plays some part in the discussion of architecture as a container of memories across Pater’s writings. The chapter discusses the notion of ‘home’, central to Pater’s circular narratives as a place from which to depart and return. It traverses a range of domestic interiors, from Pater’s own at Brasenose College to the aesthetic interior in Gaston. Like Shakespeare’s birthplace, the evocative empty space of Montaigne’s tower becomes a site of memory, embodying a sense of absence, while serving as a stimulus to the imagination. Pater had a claustrophobic fear of death; the dead are often exhumed or erupt to the surface in his writing. The chapter traces his concern with exhumations and resurrections from ‘Denys l’Auxerrois’ to ‘Gaudioso the Second’. Pater’s love of the gothic is reflected in his obsession with death; the architectural framework of his exhumations resides in that northern European architectural style which Ruskin had promoted so forcefully. Pater’s gothic almost becomes a character in its own right. The poetics of Pater’s space is both national and European, domestic and public, as the journey from Pater’s college rooms to the French cathedrals demonstrates.
The Poetics of Time
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses Pater as a ‘maker of time’, forming, rather than finding the past. It places the imaginary portraits in the contexts of the historical novel, of Pater’s dialogue with Jules Michelet, and the Bildungsroman, demonstrating the complexity of Pater’s argument with the past. The linearity of unbroken time is part of the romantic narrativization of history in a century when history became an academic discipline, when the emerging nation-states developed philosophies of history, when the historical novel came into its own and vied with the Bildungsroman about how to chronicle the life and development of the individual in relation to major historical events. Questioning such concepts as the truth and the factual by alluding to the historian’s ‘imaginative sense of fact’, Pater challenged fact-based positivism and claimed history as a literary art. Chapter 7 suggests Pater as the missing link between Walter Scott and Virginia Woolf in the construction of a collective memory, bridging the gulf to the past. The poetics of time may mould history, but the reverse is equally relevant: time moulds people. The Hegelian view of history as a series of conflicts underlies Scott’s novels and Pater’s portraits. With their interest in the minor figures of history rather than the stars, they explored the impact of war and crises on the individual. Collapsing the boundaries between past and present they forged an alliance between fiction, memory, and identity in a century when Europe was finding its feet after the Napoleonic Wars.
Advertising and News
Authors: Rosenberg Anat
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2 examines the dilemma of differentiating adverts from news. It begins in 1848 with the successful campaign to free the press from the so-called taxes on knowledge, one of which was the advertisement duty. The campaign relied on a theory of advertising as essential information, which undergirded a liberal-individualist account of the market. However, newspapers owners, who became free to print adverts without tax inhibitions, discovered that advertisers threatened their control of the medium. It was not clear how adverts differed from news when both were described as information, and both were produced in a commercialized environment. Newspapers therefore engaged in boundary work through trade-wide legal practices that included recommended policies, articulations of the roles of journalists, editors and departments, flaggings of violations, and examinations and channelling of everyday contracts. While these treated advertising as an informational category, they also developed theories that conceptualized it as inherently biased and therefore inferior to news. The persistent informational focus thus celebrated news as the main public service of the press and elevated it over advertising, which appeared compromised. However, the same focus legitimized advertising within the terms of a disenchanted modernity. Legitimation and degradation were both necessary for newspapers to operate on a commercial model based on advertising revenues. The informational hierarchy had little to hang on in theory and in practice, yet gradually assumed the status of common sense. Meanwhile, it marginalized the possibility that information was simply an incomplete framework for assessing advertising. Enchantment, irreducible to biased information, was absent from the discussion.
Gambling, Indecency, and the Bounded Realms of Enchantment
Authors: Rosenberg Anat
Published: September 2022

Chapter 6 returns to thematic historical controversies about advertising, to examine boundary work on the lines between advertising and so-called moral questions in the debates about gambling and indecency. These were the two areas in which uses of law came closest to conceptualizing enchantment. The theory of gambling in legislation and case law highlighted gamblers’ quasi-mystical views and ecstatic behaviours. The theory of indecency placed primacy on concepts of influence of the print object, which could draw affective responses beyond reason’s control, famously articulated in the 1868 case of R. v Hicklin. In both cases, the unstable boundary between popular culture and enchantment was crossed. They provided conceptual languages that could open up a broader debate about enchanting appeals. However, this conceptual possibility was curbed as the legal logic and practice applied to advertising shielded it from a developed discussion of the role of enchantment. To show this process, Chapter 6 explores select contexts: prize competition adverts, poster censorship, and the medico-legal campaign against adverts for abortion medicines. From differing directions and with no unified perspective, these all demonstrate how even with theories of enchantment at hand, and legal operations intended to apply them, the role of enchantment in advertising remained only minimally acknowledged, while advertising was once again theorized as an inferior part of a disenchanted culture—at that culture’s margins yet within its bounds.
Authority-Based Accountability
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

Having developed the concept of a division of agential labor, I argue that the deliberator in such an arrangement can end up accountable for what the executor does, quite apart from whether the deliberator causally contributes to the executor’s conduct. But what exactly do I mean by “accountability”? This is answered by invoking Gary Watson’s concept of responsibility-as-accountability. It is then argued that, in general, morally evaluating conduct requires adverting to the actor’s motivating reasons in favor of that conduct. But when you serve as a deliberator and I serve as an executor, your motivating reasons determine my purpose, via “protected reasons” to do as you say. The functional relationship between the deliberator and the executor enables the deliberator to furnish a purpose for the executor; by furnishing an inimical purpose, the deliberator is thereby accountable for the fact that what the executor subsequently does is wrongful. This is the argument for authority-based accountability. After contrasting this account with others, it is defended against various criticisms and ostensible counterexamples. In doing so, the worry that this account depends on the view that intentions are deontically relevant is addressed.
Respondeat Superior and Enterprise Liability
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 is concerned with the legal doctrine “respondeat superior”, whereby a person in a position of authority can be held legally liable for the torts that her subordinate commits. Some have analyzed respondeat superior in terms of enterprise liability: insofar as foreseeable employee misconduct counts as a foreseeable negative externality, we have a basis for holding the owner accountable for the employee’s misconduct. But it is argued in the chapter that we cannot make sense of the owner’s liability by appealing to enterprise liability and further, that instead, the owners of a business have a special duty of care toward their patrons. The owner enact these duties vicariously: she serves as a deliberator and her employees serve as executors upon whom she confers the function of enacting the special duties of care. Consequently, the owner is accountable should her employees violate those duties of care. The argument for authority-based accountability, then, plays a role in analyzing respondeat superior in the law.
Institutional Racism
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba
Published: September 2022

Chapter 8 considers how we can make sense of individual accountability in the context of institutional racism. It argues for a version of reductionism account to which an institution qualifies as racist only if at least some of its members are racist. At first, this might seem to narrow the extension of “racist institution”. But, it is argued, an attitude of indifference toward racial injustice itself counts as a racist attitude. As such, authority-based accountability can shed some light on individual accountability for institutional racism. It is argued that the moral effects of racism—including indifference-racism—can “transmit” across individuals, given the argument for authority-based accountability. This means an employee of a racist institution is inculpated in the indifference-racism of her employers, even if a) the employee harbors no racist attitudes, and b) what the employee does is permissible when described absent reference to intentions.
The Lord Admiral’s Droits and His Majesty’s Profit
Authors: Cressy David
Published: September 2022

This chapter connects the economic and administrative history of shipwrecks to the high political history of Elizabethan and Stuart England and reveals that the greatest beneficiaries of wreccum maris were the agents and appointees of the crown. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports enjoyed Admiralty rights in the richest of all wreck zones, from Essex to Sussex, including the Goodwin Sands in the narrow seas off Kent. His lieutenants, sergeants, and droit gatherers policed southern beaches and insisted on his lordship’s share. Competing with him nationwide was the Lord High Admiral of England, who regarded wreck rights as a major perquisite. This rivalry was suspended when the same man held both offices, most energetically under the Duke of Buckingham in the 1620s and the Duke of York in the 1660s. Buckingham monetized the Admiralty, and after his assassination the crown took over the apparatus to maximize ‘his majesty’s profits’ from England’s coasts; its pursuit was an under-recognized element of Caroline fiscal feudalism. Stuart monarchs were jealous of their prerogatives, and challenged encroachments by lords of manors, local vice admirals, and other agencies. The expanding power of the state in the later seventeenth century added more layers of authority to the already crowded arena of claimants. Customs commissioners demanded duty on the ever-plentiful wine from shipwrecks, while vice admirals and lords of manors argued against such meddling. The official, royal, and seigneurial take from shipwrecks by far exceeded the ‘petty pickings’ of the much-maligned country people, on whom the labour of salvage depended.
Eighteenth-Century Wrecking Revisited
Authors: Cressy David
Published: September 2022

Classic accounts of wrecking focus on Hanoverian Cornwall and deal primarily with episodes from the late eighteenth century. This chapter concentrates on the neglected period before 1750 and presents material from several coastlines. It builds on research in the early modern era to examine shoreline activities in a period of social, economic, and legal change. Engaging with current scholarship, it introduces fresh evidence to reveal the social breadth of participation in wrecking, as shore workers contended with their masters and betters, countrymen vied with mercantile interests, and Customs officers impounded dutiable goods. A growing volume of shipping raised the stakes and expanded opportunities. Coastal conflicts may have become more common, and more riotous, while popular culture depicted wreckers as plunderers ‘blest with fortune’s store’. The legal environment was transformed by legislation in 1714 that threatened fines and imprisonment for anyone who boarded wrecks without permission or impeded the saving of their goods. A much harsher law in 1753 railed against the ‘wicked enormities’ of those who stripped shipwrecks and made unauthorized wrecking a felony punishable by death. The courts of the Admiralty played a lesser role, as Quarter Sessions, Assizes, and newspapers generated more evidence. The state’s demands for revenue from Customs became more aggressive, sometimes backed by troops, while manorial proprietors continued to secure their share. It was in this period that the word ‘wrecker’ first appeared. Charges of ‘barbarous’ behaviour continued, but with no more justification than before. A brief Conclusion ties it all together.
Introduction
Authors: Flath David
Published: September 2022

This opening chapter describes what the book is about, how it is organized, and who it is for. The book is all about the Japanese economy, past and present, and is for anyone who is curious about Japan. It is also written for anyone who is interested in economics, whether new to the subject or an expert. Each chapter can be read independently from the others and be understood but the chapters are arranged in a logical sequence. The book begins with a discussion of Japan’s current high level of well-being and the economic history from the sixteenth century to the present that led to this outcome. This is followed by explorations of the Japanese economy in our time—roughly, from 1965 to the present—arranged according to subfields of economics, starting with macroeconomic topics, and proceeding to microeconomic ones. Four themes run through all the chapters: Japan’s economic growth and development, Japan’s integration with the world economy, Japanese government policies and their effects, and Japan’s peculiar economic institutions and practices.
Economic History, Part 1
Authors: Flath David
Published: September 2022

This chapter is devoted to the economic history of Japan during the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) and Meiji era (1868–1912). It first describes how the Japanese economy developed under the baku-han political system erected by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603, a system that persisted until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The durability of the baku-han system owed much to features that themselves had significant economic implications that are also explained. These features included a caste system (shi-nō-kō-shō), a system of collecting rice taxes, seclusion of the country (sakoku), and a requirement that the feudal lords called daimyō alternate their residences between their own domains (han) and the shogunal capital Edo (later renamed Tokyo). The chapter explains how the economic development that did occur within this controlled and oppressive political system comports with the logic of Malthus. Expansion of trade within Japan, epitomized by the Ohmi merchants, and the increasing sophistication of economic institutions, allowed a modest increase in the population during the eighteenth century but without significantly raising the average standard of living. Modern economic growth—sustained rise in income per person—began in Japan only after the 1868 Meiji restoration brought economic freedom. The chapter details the steps taken by the Meiji oligarchs to dismantle the previous system, leading to the formation of a modern market economy. Japan’s experience in the Meiji era fits the Gerschenkron thesis; the country had sophisticated market institutions and its growth was the result of private economic initiative, not government control and direction.