bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ms. Williams
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

Ethics is more than confronting extraordinary moral dilemmas and making difficult decisions; it also concerns the process by which everyday decisions are made (see Chapter 19). The ethical practice of medicine includes the art of developing an effective relationship between patients and physicians, a relationship in which both are comfortable. The scenarios in this chapter, as in Chapter 11, raise issues that are not usually addressed by principle-based ethics, but are nevertheless genuine moral concerns.
The Smyth Saga
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

“Robert? Are you asleep yet, dear? The dance tonight for all those poor children. . . . I really think I’d like to be more involved with a charity like that. Maybe with my advertising background I could be of some help.”

“Hmm?”

“I don’t know what I’d do ifl had to cope with a handicapped child. Maybe we shouldn’t have children. Maybe we’re too old, too settled in our professional lives. Do you think so? But then I think of my niece, Amy—she’s so precious, so cute. It would be fun. I’d even cut back my work at the agency for one like that.
The Perfect Rexford
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

Mom, it’s all decided, and we want you to be the first to know. The baby’s name will be Shiboan Katherine. Don’t you love it? It seems very regal to us and speaks to our Irish heritage. And we’ve agreed that she will be tall, with red hair and green eyes. Brad wants her to be cuddly as a youngster and independent as an adult. We thought about naming her Lucretia, but that went with a tall dark girl and it didn’t sound like the rest of the family. It’s amazing to sit in front of a computer and, starting with your own genetic characteristics, choose what you want for your child.
1922–1923
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Writing in mid-summer of 1923 in the preface to his latest Best Plays, Burns Mantle made a startling statement. “If the particular season of which this volume is a record, does not recommend itself to future historians of the theatre as the most notable of a generation,” he remarked, “it should at least be given credit for being the first theatrical season in a generation that has not been described as ‘the worst in years.’ “ That last clause is the eye-catcher. After all, in his first volume Mantle had called the 1919-20 season “the best we have enjoyed in years in the general quality of the productions made,” and he had more or less echoed those sentiments in subsequent years. (And we have quoted the excited commentary those same seasons evoked elsewhere.) The rash of failures and poor turnout at the box office last year was a minor matter when put in perspective. Indeed, producers began raising ticket prices again this season, with many straight plays now asking a $3.50 top ($3.85 with tax). In the fall these increases met with some resistance, especially the still higher admissions for musicals. And a few plays that relied heavily on cut-rate tickets, such as Abie’s Irish Rose, saw a goodly portion of the increase go into the pockets of Leblang’s and other cut-raters. Yet by early December, Variety noted that half the shows on Broadway were pulling in “exceptional profits,” and at year’s end its front page banner read “Wealth of Broadway Hits.”
1925–1926
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Looking back, decades later, the 1925-1926 season seems very good indeed. Like the rest of the nation, Broadway was raking in the money. Variety counted a record 178 new plays. And the quality of these new plays was often high. Yet contemporaries were not entirely pleased. They perceived a discernible drop from the preceding season. There was no smash hit on the order of What Price Glory? or Is Zat So?. Proportionately fewer novelties were seen as truly exciting. To many commentators the swelling list of revivals suggested a shortage of good new works rather than, as it probably should have, a healthy attempt to balance the new with the old, to keep alive bygone traditions. Possibly the season’s dreadfully bad and slow start set the stage for subsequent judgments. Only one squeak-by hit overcame the exceptionally hot weather in the first two and a half months. The lone late June entry was a return of last season’s controversial A Good Bad Woman, which Brady, forgetting his arguments that he had produced it to provoke an outcry from right-thinking folk, restored to his Playhouse on the 22nd. Its return was shortlived. (Hereafter, the season’s numerous return engagements will be ignored unless they hold some special interest.)
1929–1930
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Having been dealt a shaking blow by the advent of sound films in 1927, live theatre was hit hard again in the new season-this time by the stock market crash and the onset of the Depression. After an all too brief period in which it seemed like the crash downtown would not seriously affect playhouses uptown, business tumbled. A very few hits bucked the trend for a while, but failures were more frequent and more quickly hurried off the stage. Nearly seventy, or approximately half the new plays which premiered, ran three weeks or less. Several of these three-week runs were forced, since twenty four or more performances allowed a producer to share in screen rights and other additional royalties. Twenty-five of these duds were so feeble that a forced run was out of the question and they were closed in the same week in which they opened. As usual, statisticians and commentators could not agree on figures or evaluations. Both Variety and the Times reported a very slight increase in the number of new plays offered (giving 169 and 156 as their respective totals), while Burns Mantle insisted, “We had fewer plays last year.” Brooks Atkinson became curiously equivocal when assessing the merits of the season, noting that “thoughtful observers” found Broadway “steadily improving,” but nonetheless continuing, “People who love the theatre repeatedly discover that their love is not returned.” On the other hand, at year’s end Mantle looked back to hail “a more interesting season than many of those that have preceded it.”
1930-1931
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Without question the double whammy of talkies and the Depression took a sharp toll on Broadway in the new season. As usual, figures varied from one commentator to the next. Variety recorded 187 openings, of which 130 were new plays. The Times counted 197 and 124 respectively. Bums Mantle offered merely a total, without a breakdown. But he rationalized, “190 is enough.” Whichever count was accepted, it represented a stunning drop of approximately 20 percent in one year. Yet bad times, ironically, did not discourage bad plays. In the 1920s many of these had been mounted to launder bootleg money, display some gangster’s favorite, or assuage the ego of one of the more legitimately nouveau riche.
1932-1933
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

It was not a good season. Broadway, like the rest of the nation, was mired deep in the Depression. The total number of productions plunged. Of new comedies and dramas, there were only somewhere between 109 and 124, depending on who counted what. And runs were shorter, too. Seventy-seven non-musicals ran a month or less, and of these, a whopping thirty-two lasted no more than one week. Prices also tumbled, with even hits having to shave figures. Bums Mantle rued, “The day of the $3, $4, $5 and $6 theatre is about over.” Several playhouses, either determined to remain in the legitimate fold or poorly situated, stayed dark all season. And rather than help in such hard times, unions acted up, forcing a number of additional closings.
1935-1936
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

After several seasons of holding more or less steady, the number of new plays plunged tellingly during the new theatrical year. The Times, which counted only unquestionably commercial Broadway productions, came up with the then startling figure of 89 (as opposed to 113 one season earlier). Mantle and Variety, casting wider nets, listed 102 and 108 respectively. However, never again after 1935-36 would any major accounting exceed l00 plays. Indeed, figures would continue to slip, and once the prosperous years of World War II were gone, the figures would never surpass 50.
1937-1938
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Production figures continued to drop. The Times, ignoring Federal Theatre Project offerings, counted seventyfour new plays; Variety, apparently taking into account some of them, tallied eighty-two. Thirty of these plays ran a week or less. Waving aside the implications of the on going numerical decline and the percentage of very short stays, most commentators were not unhappy. The new season seemed to them better balanced than the previous one. If there were considerably fewer of the deliciously madcap comedies the 1936-37 season had enjoyed, there were noticeably more good, substantial dramas. Several outstanding instances of fresh staging ideas also whetted interest.
1943-1944
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Warbom prosperity was evident on Broadway. Attendance was up, and more shows were produced. The number of novelties jumped to the upper fifties. Quality was another matter. As far as introducing meritorious new dramas and comedies, the season was virtually a washout. Because of additional money floating around, business during the summer perked, prompting several producers to risk hot-weather entries. The season’s opener was Edward Chodorov’s Those Endearing Young Charms (6-16-43, Booth). His friend Jerry (Dean Harens) introduces Lieutenant Hank Trosper (Zachary Scott) to Helen Brandt (Virginia Gilmore). Hank is a handsome, spoiled-rotten, reptilian navigator on a Flying Fortress. Helen is a pretty girl who sells lingerie in a New York City department store.
1947-1948
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Contemporary historians could not agree either about the statistics or the quality of the new season. The number of new plays was given variously as forty-three or forty-four, making for a very slight rise or else a slight drop compared to the previous season--depending on what figure the source had offered a year ago.
1959-1960
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Long before the season’s first play arrived, the new theatrical year got off on the wrong foot. On June 2, Actors’ Equity called the first general strike since 1919. Although the walkout ended on the 12th, it set a troubling tone for the rest of the year. At the season’s other end, statisticians could not agree on numbers. Variety saw the count of new plays rise by one to thirty-eight; the Times said it dropped to thirty-four. And there was little celebration of quality. In fact, in sharp contrast with last season, only four plays surpassed the 200- performance mark, while only five others slipped beyond the 100-performance figure. Time and again, critics suggested the acting was far better than the play. When prizes were announced, the Pulitzer committee bestowed its award on a musical (Fiorello!), only the third occasion it saw fit to do that.
1965-1966
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

The parade of disappointing seasons continued. Only somewhere between thirty-three and thirty-eight new opened at the Shubert on May 3, remained before the footlights for only six weeks. plays opened, and the few truly memorable works all came from overseas. Neither the Pulitzer committee nor the Drama Critics Circle bestowed their awards on any native effort. In the former instance, it meant that no Pulitzer Prize had been awarded in three out of the last four seasons. If things were bad onstage, playgoers occasionally found some small relief at the box office, where a cut in the tax on theatre tickets reduced prices fractionally. Of course some producers tried to keep the difference for themselves, with the result that top tickets, heretofore basically uniform, now could be $7.00, $7.20, $7.25, or $7.50. In a few instances, such as The  Impossible Years, patrons did not benefit, since the comedy’s producers did away with a cheaper weekday top and asked $7.50 for all performances.
1966-1967
Authors: Bordman Gerald
Published: November 2023

Thanks to a creeping inflation in ticket prices, Broadway grossed more than $55,000,000 during the new season, a record up to its time-and one, of course, created in large part by Broadway’s successful musicals. But that was virtually all the good news to report. By general agreement the season marked another dismal year for American playwriting. Of the ten top entries awarded a place in the annual Best Plays, only three were by American dramatists (and one of these came from Off Broadway). Three others were musicals-admittedly American-and the remaining four were British. At season’s end the New York Drama Critics Circle passed over native entries and crowned a British play as the year’s top offering. And the total number of new plays also plunged, to thirty or less.
New Orleans Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: November 2023

With the lifting of trade restrictions on the Mississippi River following the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the New Orleans economy entered a period of unprecedented prosperity that would last over half a century. The population of the city had already doubled by the time, less than a decade later, that the first steamboat—aptly named the New Orleans—was put into service on the Mississippi, facilitating upstream navigation and further enhancing New Orleans’ position as a major hub of commerce. The effect of this shift can be measured by the staggering growth in downriver cargo received at the port: between 1801 and 1807, an average of $5 million dollars worth of goods came downstream each year, but in 1851 alone almost $200 million dollars worth of freight was measured.
Diachronic Analysis: Early Right-Branching Structures
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I discuss three structures that underwent the shift from left to right branching at an early time: the prepositional phrase, the comparative construction, and the relative clause. As a first step I analyze the rise of prepositional phrases, which were RB in Latin, although one still finds instances of the former LB period. I then set out to analyze the comparative construction and the relative clause: the modern RB sequences arc the result of a long and complex evolution.
Sport and American Identity
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

Between the 1876 centennial and the 1926 sesquicentennial, a national sporting culture was firmly established in the United States. During this era, which one sport scholar has characterized as the “cusp between America’s Century of Work and its Century of Play,” baseball became the acknowledged national pastime; basketball was invented; boxing exploded in popularity under new rules; football grew into a national, widely attended spectator sport; a recreation movement blossomed on the nation’s playgrounds; and sports became central to the educational curriculum. In addition, tennis, golf, and bicycling swept through the middle class, while workers started their own semiprofessional and amateur leagues in a variety of team sports. Organizational and business structures arose to regulate and rationalize these new activities, which were enjoyed by professionals, college students, military personnel, industrial workers, African-Americans, Indians, town teams, and schoolchildren; games were played on sandlots, and in cow pastures, playgrounds, public parks, and modern stadiums.
Amateurism
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

Popular wisdom has it that amateurism is the original, pure state of sport. Every four years, during the Olympics, a bevy of sportswriters and cultural commentators credit the ancient Greeks for having initiated competitive athletics out of a deep, genuine love of sport for sport’s sake, and as an appropriate activity for praising their gods. In stark contrast, contemporary labormanagement disputes in American sports evoke diatribes about the “corrupting” influence of professionalism. For example, in 1995, the distinguished New York Times columnist Robert Lipsyte lamented that sports now “show us spoiled fools as role models, cities and colleges held hostage and games that exist only to hawk products.” Not only do athletes not “stand for anything beyond themselves,” Lipsyte says, but the “connection between player and fan has been irrevocably destabilized.” “Instead of sports,” he writes, “we happily root for cartoons competing in athletic theme parks fueled without apology by violent thrills and endorsement dollars.” Although Lipsyte notes that Americans lost faith in the promise of sport during the late stages of the Vietnam War (“Vietnam punched out the lights of manhood,” he says), such statements about the corrupting influence of commercialism and professionalism on sports are nothing new.
Fourth-of-July Sporting Celebrations
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

Since its inception in 1777, Americans have regarded the Fourth of July as the national Sabbath-a sacramental occasion to affirm popular sovereignty, protest against aristocratic privilege, and celebrate the idea of American unity through impassioned oration, parades, patriotic sermons, and nationalistic bombast (all of which derived from the British). Coming once a year between planting season and harvest, the midsummer Fourth-of-July celebration marked the defining historical moment and confirmed the stability of the republic. Like Thanksgiving, the Fourth presented many pseudoreligious trappings that blurred distinctions between the sacred and secular. Historian John Miller has observed similarities to religion in the Fourth’s symbolism; its glorification of the nation’s patron saints; its emphasis on the sanctity of the written text; its missionary fervor that focused on the United States as a redeemer nation; and its power to weld people into a community.
The World War I American Military Sporting Experience
Authors: Pope S W
Published: November 2023

Between 1917 and 1919, the armed services made sports and athletic training a central component of military life. Millions of enlisted men participated in organized sports at domestic training camps and behind the front lines in France. On playing fields at home and in Europe, “narrow-chested clerks made three-base hits on the same ball teams with college athletes and lean-visaged philosophers learned how to use their fists,” boasted Scientific American. At Camp Devens, one could see Walter R. Agard, a former Amherst College Greek instructor, spar with light-heavyweight champion “Battling” Levinsky (aka Barney Lebrowitz). “Uncle Sam has created not only an army of soldiers,” one writer observed, but “an army of athletes.” Sportswriter Albert Britt suggested that every high school and college construct memorial lists alongside the playing fields-these would bear the names of the soldier athletes who had made the ultimate sacrifice. “Let their memory be an inspiration,” Britt declared, “to bodily fitness and clean, hard sportsmanship for every boy who comes after.”
Single-Chain Fv Design and Production by Preparative Folding
Authors: Tai Mei-Sheng , McCartney John E , Jin Donald , Segal David M , Keck Peter , Oppermann Hermann
Published: November 2023

Although the first single-chain Fv proteins were described only six years ago, in 1988,1•2 they engendered widespread application of single-chain immunotechnology to Fv regions from antibodies and other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily.3•4 Engineering of antibody combining regions has shown the single-chain Fv (sFv) to be a readily accessible and stable form of the Fv region. Self-targeted sFv fusion proteins may also be constructed by recombinant DNA methods,3-11 to yield fusion of an effector protein at either the amino terminus or carboxyl terminus of an sFv. For example, an sFv-toxin fusion protein exhibited cytotoxicity that was significantly enhanced over the crosslinked immunotoxin control.8 Fusion of sFv to the gene III coat protein of fd filamentous phage led to assembled particles termed phage antibodies, which express their genomically encoded sFv on the bacteriophage surface.T hese are vehicles for refinement of sFv binding sites, as well as for selection of murine or human sFv protein of any desired specificity that may be derived from V gene libraries.9•12 An alternative to phage antibodies involves fusion of sFv genes to the peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (PAL), which upon expression in E. coli results in sFv-PAL
The Oratorio Year: 1843
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Late in June 1843, Schumann noted in the marriage diary: “Now Clara 1s putting her lieder and several piano pieces in order. She wants to press forward [with composition]; but Marie is tugging at her dress, Elise [born just two months before] is keeping her busy, and her husband sits absorbed in Peri thoughts.”1 Apparently Schumann’s self-indulgent cogitation paid off; shortly before making the diary entry, he completed his most sustained effort in a larger musical form to date, the secular oratorio Das Paradies und die Peri, op. 50. The result of four months of almost steady labor, Schumann’s latest composition would belie a suspicion he had voiced in a review of 1841, namely that a few notable exceptions aside (such as Mendelssohn’s St. Paul), the oratorio was in danger of becoming extinct. Not only would the Peri contribute to the revivification of a languishing genre, it would establish Schumann in contemporary opinion as one of the undisputed masters of his time. The Peri, a work heard all too infrequently today, marks a watershed in Schumann’s career. And if we linger over this composition, it will not only be because of its historical importance for the unfolding of Schumann’s artistic life; the oratorio merits a closer look on strictly aesthetic grounds.
Unbounded Creativity
Authors: Daverio John
Published: November 2023

Writing to Hiller on 10 April 1849, Schumann vividly juxtaposed the incredible surge in his own rate of production with the equally incredible upheavals then sweeping though western and central Europe: “For some time now I’ve been very busy-it’s been my most fruitful yearit seemed as if the outer storms impelled people to turn inward, and only therein did I find a counterforce against the forces breaking in so frightfully from without:’ At the end of the next month, safely ensconced in Bad Kreischa, the village where he and his family had temporarily repaired following on the outbreak of revolution in Dresden, Schumann again boasted of his productivity in a letter to Liszt: “Recently and in the whole preceding year I’ve been incessantly activequite a bit, large and small, will soon appear:’ During the months ahead, Schumann continued to compose with Mozartean fluency. In 1849 alone, he would complete nearly forty works, many of them cycles, collections, or multi-movement compositions of considerable dimensions. If the period from mid-1848 to mid-1849 marked his most fruitful year to date, the stretch from the beginning to the end of 1849 proved to be more fruitful still. Apparently unruffled by the outward storminess of world events, Schumann appears to have put those “recent times of gloomy moods” (to which he counted the Second Symphony, the canonic Studien for pedal piano, and portions of the D-minor Piano Trio) definitively behind him. Since then, as he put it to Louis Ehlert the performance of the piece to a specific time of the year.
America Divided
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

The definitive interpretive survey of the political, social, and cultural history of 1960s america, America Divided is written by two of the top experts on the era -- Maurice Isserman, a scholar of the Left, and Michael Kazom, a specialist in Right-wing politics and culture. Arguing that the period marked the end of the country's two-century-long ascent toward widespread affluence, domestic consensus, and international hegemony, the authors take readers on a tour of the turbulent decade, exploring what did and did not change in the 1960s, and why American culture and politics have never been the same since. Considering the factors which led up to the sixties, and issues such as the changing mind and condition of black America, the heyday and limitations of liberalism, youth culture, Vietnam, the New Left, the conservative revivial, Nixon, and the search for spirituality, Like a Civil War, explains what made the 1960s a decade in which people felt they could ‘make history’ and why, in the following decades, the history that was made has been so troubling to Americans. Also shedding some much-needed light on the era's often overlooked rise of the New Right and its far-reaching implications, Like A Civil War is an exciting and educational narrative for students of American history and general readers alike.
Black Ordeal, Black freedom
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

One morning in July of 1944, a civilian bus driver at Fort Hood, Texas, ordered a black army lieutenant to “get to the back of the bus where the colored people belong.” The lieutenant refused, arguing that the military had recently ordered its buses desegregated. MPs came and took him into custody. Four weeks later, the black officer went on trial for insubordination. If convicted by the court martial, he faced a dishonorable discharge-which would have crippled his job opportunities for the rest of his life. The lieutenant’s name was Jackie Robinson. Three years later, Robinson would don the uniform of the Brooklyn Dodgers to become the first African American man in the twentieth century to play major league baseball.
1968
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

Significant change seldom respects the calendar. But, on occasion, a single year fills up with revolutions-attempted and dreaded, imagined and repressed. In 1848 the common people of every major nation in western and central Europe revolted against their hereditary monarchs and landlords. In 1919 mass uprisings led by radical socialists erupted in Italy, Germany, and Hungary. In China the Communist Party was born amid a nationalist uprising. That same year, one-fifth of all U.S. workers went out on strike, and many Americans feared (while a few hoped) that the Bolshevik victory in Russia was about to be repeated on their side of the Atlantic. Then, in 1989, citizen movements helped bring about the collapse of European communism in a heap of debased ideals, authoritarian governments, and falling walls. Many of the revolutions launched in those years failed or took decades more to triumph. But, in each case, what had occurred transformed utterly what was to come.
Choosing the Teacher
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne
Published: November 2023

Having decided that it is time to select a music teacher foe you child, how will you go about it? Certainly with the same care and research that you would use to select a family physician or purchase a car.

There are similarities in choosing a doctor or music teacher. In both cases, you have every reason to expect qualified, educated individuals, and you want technical and interpersonal skills to be equally balanced. In some ways, of course, choosing a music teacher is not like choosing a physician. Music study is not a matter of life and death. While no one ever died of musical malpractice, many have been turned off for life by making the wrong choice.

When buying a car, most people research cost, reputation, comfort, and reliability. The car must meet your standards as confirmed by Consumer’s Report or other guides. You also want to be sure you won’t be “taken for a ride” by incompetent maintenance personnel. Some of the same factors are important when looking for a music teacher.
Tools for the Advancement of Objective Logic: Closed Categories and Toposes
Authors: Lawvere F William
Published: November 2023

The thesis is that the explicit adequate development of the science of knowing will require the use of the mathematical theory of categories. Even within mathematical experience, only that theory has approximated a particular model of the general, sufficient as a foundation for a general account of all particulars. Arising 50 years ago from the needs of geometry, category theory has developed such notions as adjoint func•• tor, topos, fibration, closed category, 2-category, etc., in order to provide:

(1) A guide to the complex, but very non-arbitrary constructions of the concepts and their interactions which grow out of the study of space and quantity.

It was only the relentless adherence to the needs of that basic subject that made category theory so well-determined yet powerful. When some schools of category theory have gone astray, it has usually been due either to neglecting too long that specific goal of studying space and quantity better, or to ossifying some partial determination of what space and quantity are. If we replace “space and quantity” in (1) above by “any serious object of study,” then (1) becomes my working definition of objective logic.
The Semantics of Syntactic Categories: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Bach Emmon
Published: November 2023

And so we might go on examining the various parts of speech and showing how they not merely grade into each other but are to an astonishing degree actually convertible into each other. The upshot of such an examination would be to feel convinced that the “part of speech” reflects not so much our intuitive analysis of reality as our ability to compose that reality into a variety of formal patterns. A part of speech outside of the limitations of syntactic form is but a will o’ the wisp. For this reason no logical scheme of the parts of speech – their number, nature, and necessary confines – is of the slightest interest to the linguist. Each language has its own scheme. Everything depends on the formal demarcation which it recognizes.

Yet we must not be too destructive. It is well to remember that speech consists of a series of propositions. There must be something to talk about and something must be said about this subject of discourse once it is selected. This distinction is of such fundamental importance that the vast majority of languages have emphasized it by creating some kind of formal barrier between the two terms of the proposition.
Patient Spending Decisions
Authors: Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

In most sectors of the economy, it would seem ludicrous to even consider whether the primary authority for making spending decisions should reside with someone other than consumers. Take, for instance, the production of automobiles. It would be inconceivably socialistic for the government to decide how many cars of each size, shape, and color to produce and who is to receive them, and we would view it as an equally repulsive form of corporate fascism to give the auto industry itself binding authority to make these decisions. Our society determines how many cars of what kind and quality go to which people through the aggregate forces of supply and demand, as expressed through millions of individual purchasing and nonpurchasing decisions. Government regulates the accuracy of information we receive through ads and sales pitches and it sets safety standards for quality defects that are impossible to detect by simple inspection. But these decisions are only at the periphery of the industry. The great bulk of decisions made by the auto industry are directly responsive to consumer desires.

Likewise, it is difficult to conceive of any other good or service where it is even plausible to frame the central inquiry of this book in the way I have. In almost every other area of commercial life, it is assumed without further inquiry that consumers decide how much to spend on what goods and services of which quality. We might debate precisely what role government officials or expert technicians should have in the shadows of the market, but the core resource allocation decisions are presumptively consumer-driven throughout almost all of the economy. Therefore, it is appropriate to start the analysis of health care allocation decisions by explaining why this same response does not end the inquiry here.
Extra-Special Effects
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

Contrary to what the foregoing chapters might suggest, U.S. popular culture has, I think, often negotiated difference among African Americans in ways that, while not perfect, are at least potentially expansive, rather than limiting. Before I consider one instance of such negotiation from the notoriously pervasive medium of network television, let me offer two propositions that I think can serve as generally acceptable premises for my analysis: The first is that the representation of black people on U.S. network TV has been a highly contested phenomenon since at least the days of Amos ‘n’ Andy; the second, which has ramifications for the significance of the first, is that “representation” is an extremely complex affair whose intricacies we have only begun to theorize in the context of African-American cultural studies.
Agreement and Clause Structure
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

Part I discussed non configurationality in polysynthetic languages. In the course of the investigation, it became clear that there are normally three distinct elements involved in expressing the argument of, say, a verb: an empty category that is the true argument of the verb; a morpheme in the word containing that verb that makes the argument visible for 0-role assignment; and, optionally, an NP in adjunct position that expresses most of the semantic content associated with the argument. For the most part, part I concentrated on the relationship between the null argument and the adjoined NP. In part II we now turn to the more fundamental relationship: the one that holds between the null argument and the morpheme on the verb. This inquiry yields a better picture of basic clausal relations in the polysynthetic languages and clarifies some of the detailed operations of the Morphological Visibility Condition. It also develops the idea, introduced in chapter I, that much of the phrase structure in polysynthetic languages shows up on the surface as word structure. Recall that there are two types of morphological entities that can satisfy the MVC: agreement elements and incorporated roots. There are also two major categories that one needs to be concerned with: nouns and verbs. Hence, part II naturally divides into four topics: agreement on verbs, agreement on nouns, incorporation of nouns, and incorporation of verbs. I begin with the most basic of these topics-the syntax of agreement relationships within verbal domains.
Noun Incorporation
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

Chapters 5 and 6 focused on agreement phenomena as a way of satisfying the Polysynthetic Parameter and as a window on clause-internal structure. In this chapter and the next, I turn to the second major way of satisfying the Polysynthetic Parameter: incorporation. In particular, this chapter concentrates on the basic properties of the incorporation relation in the simplest case, that of ordinary noun incorporation. Chapter 8 then extends the results to more complicated cases in which the incorporated element has a nontrivial argument structure of its own. Noun incorporation (NI) is a very salient property of the Northern Iroquoian languages, noticed by all observers. From a cross-linguistic perspective, NI is unusually frequent and productive in these languages, as noted by Boas (1911) and Sapir (1911). Thus, alternations like (l) are quite common in Mohawk. Many other examples are found throughout this book. Similar alternations occur in the other polysynthetic languages; indeed, this was the criteria! feature that was used to identify languages as polysynthetic in the first place.
Adpositional Phrases
Authors: Baker Mark C
Published: November 2023

Parts I and II focused primarily on nouns and noun phrases as the prototypical arguments and verbs as the prototypical predicates. Only in chapter 8 was this perspective opened up somewhat as we considered certain VPs that functioned as arguments and certain nouns that assigned 0-roles. This emphasis has been natural and appropriate for exploring the basic properties of polysynthetic syntax. However, NP is not the only category that can function as the argument of a predicate; for example, English also allows at least adpositional phrases (PPs) and clausal complements. Part III explores the implications of the Polysynthesis Parameter for these category types. This chapter focuses on the morph syntax of adpositional phrases, and chapter 10 will cover embedded clauses.At the level of superficial impressions, the most striking aspect of PPs in Mohawk is their rarity. Indeed, Mohawk has no clear and uncontroversial instances of the category P. It has no dative or benefactive adposition, no instrumental or comitative adposition, nothing corresponding to about or of in English. Instead, dative and benefactive notions are expressed primarily through the benefactive applicative constructions mentioned in chapter 5; instruments are normally expressed with periphrastic verbal constructions with literal translations like “I used a knife as I cut the bread.”
Chapter II
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Jane received the intelligence of her destination without the slightest emotion. The world was “all before her,” and she cared not whither led her “mournful way.”
Chapter III
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

A few weeks before the death of Mrs. Elton, a Mr. Lloyd, a Quaker, who was travelling with his wife and infant child, for the benefit of Mrs. Lloyd’s health, had stopped at the inn in ——. Mrs. Lloyd was rapidly declining with a consumption. On this day she had, as is not un frequent in the fluctuation of this disease, felt unusually well. Her cough was lulled by the motion of the carriage, and she had requested her husband to permit her to ride further than his prudence would have dictated.
Chapter XI
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Jane, exhausted by the agitations of the night, contrary to her usual custom, remained in bed much longer than the other members of the family, and did not awake from deep and unquiet slumbers, till the bell called the household to prayers.
Introduction to German Romanticism
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

These lines, from a poem by Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, typify the poetry written in the period called German Romanticism, poetry full of rich nature images and vivid poetic sensibilities. In this chapter, we summarize the characteristics of the poetry of this period by identifying the predominant themes and images and by demonstrating those features that gave these poems their unique quality. We begin by making the same disclaimer found in every other introduction to German Romanticism, that the jumble of ideas and passions called German Romanticism is too complex to be easily described and that any attempt to categorize or explain this historical period risks oversimplification and even misinformation. We nevertheless include a chapter on this difficult topic because it is so important that performers of this quintessentially Romantic genre understand something of the spirit and historical con text in which these creative works were shaped. For many students, this may be the beginning of a lifelong study of the German Romantic mind and soul, and we hope to convey an approach to learning about this complex subject that will continue to serve performers for years to come.While it might seem easiest to define “romanticism” generally as a contrast to “classicism,” such labels tend to oversimplify the issues and mask the richness of the two historical periods and the creative forces at work within them.
Homosexuality and Utopian Discourse in American Poetry
Authors: Yingling Tom , Wiegman Robyn
Published: November 2023

When Tom Yingling writes in the following essay that “No text exists before history,” he is speaking of the way that textuality has no existence apart from or prior to the cultural contexts and historical contingencies that frame its potential meaning. In varying degrees, this statement accounts for Yingling’s sense that the utopian gesture in American poetry is one of limits, and it is the particular contribution of his essay to this volume that he demonstrates the changing shape of these limits for poets in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In doing so, his essay is an important commentary on the seemingly incommensurate relationship between those entities his title forthrightly couples, “Homosexuality and Utopian Discourse in American Poetry.” As he points out, the utopian is as central to the cultural rhetoric of “America” as homosexuality is antithetical to it. And yet, American poets beginning with Whitman, who is for many scholars the most important and most adhesive of them all, repeatedly set a utopian homoerotic unity against the imperfections of America. In this way, they unsettle those normative evaluations that cast homosexuality’s eradication as the necessary preamble to America’s utopian fulfillment, finding in this strange and seemingly unimaginable wedding something of America transcendent enough to claim. This is a far cry from the popular discourses of the contemporary era which, as Yingling mentions, continue to read homosexuality as the failed and faithless partner in America’s democratic attainment.
Whitman’s Calamus Photographs
Authors: Folsom Ed
Published: November 2023

The 130 extant photographs of Walt Whitman form the most extensive photographic record of any American writer who lived and died in the nineteenth century, but there are some surprising absences among this abundance of images. While most of the photos, as we would expect, are images of himself alone, in fourteen cases Whitman appears with someone else. As we consider these photos of Whitman with others, it is instructive to think about those people with whom he does not appear: he never ap-• pears with any member of his family, for example, though he had many opportunities to be photographed with, especially, his brothers George, Jeff, and Eddie, and with his beloved mother, Louisa Van Velsor Whitman. We can imagine that Whitman might have desired some lasting visual memento of his deep affection for Louisa (he always displayed a photo of her in his bedroom), or of his relationship with Jeff, partner on his New Orleans sojourn; or with George, the brother he traveled to the Fredericksburg battlefield to nurse and with whom he lived for years in Camden; or with Eddie, his retarded youngest brother, whom Whitman slept with and cared for. But, in the visual record of Whitman’s life, his family is entirely absent.
The Literature of Auschwitz
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

In the beginning was the testimony. Any study of the literature of Auschwitz may start with judicial versions. of the way it was, based on eyewitness accounts-but it can ‘ never end there. Readers of the proceedings of the so-called Auschwitz trial of former camp guards that ran for twenty months in Frankfurt (and which I attended for a few days in the summer of 1964) will discover not a narrative leading to insight and understanding, but a futile dispute between accusers and accused. The prisoners in the dock deny virtually everything: Mulka was not there when the prosecution says he was; Kaduk never shot anyone; Boger used his infamous torture instrument, the “Boger swing,” only on rare occasions; Klehr was on leave during Christmas J942, when he was charged with murdering inmates by injecting phenol into the heart. Guilt exists, but the agent is always someone else.
The Psychology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

But can one really pretend? On a purely physiological level it would certainly seem possible. After all, genital stimulation, whether by a man or a woman, sends the same sensory signals to the brain. Yet somehow the sex, appearance, and identity of the person providing the stimulation are all critical determinants of whether or not the stimulation is perceived as pleasurable. Many people, heterosexual and homosexual alike, are strongly attracted to only one of the two sexes. And, all things being equal, most people would prefer an attractive partner to an unattractive one. Even then, whether or not pleasure is experienced is significantly influenced by who the attractive, appropriately sexed pleasure-giver is, not to mention the context in which the stimulation occurs. Certain partners, such as family members, arc taboo. Others arc considered undesirable, or even repulsive, for whatever reason.
Problem Investigation in Epidemiology
Authors: Armenian Haroutune K
Published: November 2023

These are three examples of problems that could be addressed using epidemiologic methods. Epidemiologists have developed systematic approaches that help provide answers to many questions facing health professionals. For these professionals at various levels of decision-making, epidemiologists have the tools to generate information and to conduct a systematic process of making inferences. In the first example, of a suspected increase in the number of cancer cases in a neighborhood, when the state epidemiologist decides to look into the request, details about the cases must be reviewed, diagnoses validated, and expectations of numbers of cancer cases within a similar community established for comparison. The state epidemiologist could also study unusual patterns or characteristics in these cases and decide, based on such data as well as other clinical information, whether the concerns of the reporting physician are warranted and further investigations are needed.
Program Development: A Framework for Health Services
Authors: Shapiro Sam
Published: November 2023

Program development often follows a decision that a problem exists and that a solution to the problem must be sought. The topics of problem investigation and problem-solving were considered in the two previous chapters; this chapter ex tends the discussion into the area of program development. What needs to be taken into account in developing a program? Are there guidelines that help us make a decision to develop a program and measure its outcome? While “why”and “what are the results” may be stated as simple questions in the initiation of a program, the issues underlying them are complex. This is true when we are concerned with such challenges as the possible modification of the management, organization, and financing of health services directed at cost containment, access to care, utilization of appropriate health services, and health status of a population. To a large extent, the goal of program development in these areas is to identify through the application of epidemiologic methods the interventions that are most promising for favorably affecting health care at acceptable costs.
Screening for Secondary Prevention of Disease
Authors: Shapiro Sam
Published: November 2023

Prevention of disease and relief from distress due to adverse health conditions have been major objectives of public health. Primary prevention that seeks to eliminate specific diseases and other departures from good health is central to goals in the field of public health. Immunization against childhood diseases, antismoking campaigns, and reduction of environmental pollutants are examples of Jong-standing activities in which the practitioners of public health have exerted great influence.