bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcrop analysis and facies model of an Upper Permian tidally influenced fluvio-deltaic system: Northern Sydney Basin, SE Australia
Authors: Breckenridge Jake , Maravelis Angelos G. , Catuneanu Octavian , Ruming Kevin , Holmes Erin , Collins William J.
Published: March 2019

An integrated study of sedimentological, sequence-stratigraphic and palaeodispersal analysis was applied to the Upper-Permian clastic sedimentary succession in the Northern Sydney Basin, Australia. The succession is subdivided into fifteen facies and three facies associations. The facies associations are further subdivided into eight sub-facies associations. The sedimentary evolution involves progradation from delta-front to delta-plain to fluvial depositional environments, with a significant increase in sediment grain size across the unconformable contact that separates the deltaic from the overlying fluvial system. In contrast to the delta front that is wave/storm- and/or river-influenced, the delta plain is significantly affected by tides, with the impact of tidal currents decreasing up-sequence in the delta plain. The general lack of wave-influenced sedimentary structures suggests low wave energy in the delta plain. The abrupt termination of the tidal impact in the fluvial realm relates to the steep topographic gradients and high sediment supply, which accompanied the uplift of the New England Orogen. The sequence-stratigraphic framework includes highstand (deltaic forest and topset) and lowstand (fluvial topset) systems tracts, separated by a subaerial unconformity. In contrast to most of the mud-rich modern counterparts, this is an example of a sand-rich tidally influenced deltaic system, developed adjacent to the source region. This investigation presents a depositional model for tidal successions in regions of tectonic uplift and confinement.
Modeling fossil plant form-function relationships: A critique
Authors: Niklas Karl J.
Published: March 2019

Attempts to model form-function relationships for fossil plants rely on the facts that the physiological and structural requirements for plant growth, survival, and reproductive success are remarkably similar for the majority of extant and extinct species regardless of phyletic affiliation and that most of these requirements can be quantified by means of comparatively simple mathematical expressions drawn directly from the physical and engineering sciences. Owing in part to the advent and rapid expansion of computer technologies, the number of fossil plant form-function models has burgeoned in the last two decades and encompasses every level of biological organization ranging from molecular self-assembly to ecological and evolutionary dynamics. This recent and expansive interest in modeling fossil plant form-function relationships is discussed in the context of the general philosophy of modeling past biological systems and how the reliability of models can be examined (i.e., direct experimental manipulation or observation of the system being modeled). This philosophy is illustrated and methods of validating models are critiqued in terms of four models drawn from the author's work (the quantification of wind-induced stem bending stresses, wind pollination efficiency of early Paleozoic ovulate reproductive structures, population dynamics and species extinction in monotypic and “mixed” communities, and the adaptive radiation of early vascular land plants). The assumptions and logical (mathematical) consequences (predictions) of each model are broadly outlined, and, in each case, the model is shown to be overly simplistic despite its ability to predict the general or particular behavior or operation of the system modeled. Nonetheless, these four models, which illustrate some of pros and cons of modeling fossil form-function relationships, are argued to be pedagogically useful because, like all models, they expose the internal logical consistency of our basic assumptions about how organic form and function interrelate.
Cryogenic setup for MJ class laser targets
Authors: Rybakov A. S. , Demikhov E. I. , Kostrov E. A. , Litvin V. S. , Sobolevsky N. M. , Latysheva L. N. , Borisenko N. G.
Published: March 2019

The cryogenic system for maintaining a target at a constant temperature in the range 5–25 K after shutting off the pulse tube (PT) cryogenic refrigerator is developed and tested. The temperature stability at the sample is ±2 mK for at least 20 hours. The cryogenic setup consists of cryostat, PT cryocooler, liquid helium vessel, helium gas supply, thermo-radiation shield, thermal resistance. The system provides 0.25 W of cooling power at the target. The appropriate thermal resistance should be used for different temperatures. The designed operation mode is 3 minutes off and 15 minutes on. The deactivation of PT cryocooler allows to achieve the target position stability of 1 micrometer or less during the X-ray characterization. The effect of neutron-shield was estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation.
Evolutionary Algorithms-Based Multi-Objective Optimal Mobile Robot Trajectory Planning
Authors: Sathiya V. , Chinnadurai M.
Published: March 2019

In this research study, trajectory planning of mobile robot is accomplished using two techniques, namely, a new variant of multi-objective differential evolution (heterogeneous multi-objective differential evolution) and popular elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). For this research problem, a wheeled mobile robot with differential drive is considered. A practical, feasible and optimal trajectory between two locations in the presence of obstacles is determined through the proposed algorithms. A safer path is obtained by optimizing certain objectives (travel time and actuators effort) taking into account the limitations of mobile robot’s geometric, kinematic and dynamic parameters. Robot motion is represented by a cubic NURBS trajectory curve. The capability of the proposed optimization techniques is analyzed through numerical simulations. Results ensure that the proposed techniques are more desirable for this problem.
A PARTICULAR BIDIMENSIONAL TIME-DEPENDENT RENEWAL RISK MODEL WITH CONSTANT INTEREST RATES
Authors: Fu Ke-Ang , Ni Chang , Chen Hao
Published: March 2019

Consider a particular bidimensional risk model, in which two insurance companies divide between them in different proportions both the premium income and the aggregate claims. In practice, it can be interpreted as an insurer–reinsurer scenario, where the reinsurer takes over a proportion of the insurer's losses. Under the assumption that the claim sizes and inter-arrival times form a sequence of independent and identically distributed random pairs, with each pair obeying a dependence structure, an asymptotic expression for the ruin probability of this bidimensional risk model with constant interest rates is established.
Travelling Theatre: Saadallah Wannous's Journeys between the Local and the International
Authors: HAMADAH FAISAL ADEL
Published: March 2019

This article examines the legacy of Syrian dramatist Saadallah Wannous through his early commitment to internationalism, with specific attention to his practice as a translator. It argues that to see Wannnous as an international playwright allows for an understudied dimension of the playwright's oeuvre to emerge and sheds light on an important era of post-colonial theatrical practice. By focusing on one of Wannous's most-staged plays, his adaptation of a little-known Peter Weiss play, the article places Wannous in his historical moment and sees how he was affected not just by international developments in theatre and performance, but also by a global geopolitics in which he was deeply invested.
Japanese Politics: Focusing on the National Diet
Authors: Izumi Shoichi
Published: March 2019

A modern political structure was introduced to Japan by the Meiji Constitution of 1889. The basic principle of this constitution was Ten-no-Sei, a form of absolute monarchism. Sovereignty belongs to Ten-no by right of inheritance from imperial ancestors in a “Lineal succession unbroken for ages eternal” (Article I). Ten-no is described as “sacred and inviolable” (Article III).
Current Legal Research in Indonesia
Authors: Radhie Teuku Mohammad
Published: March 2019

Systematical legal research in Indonesia has only developed in the last few years in conjunction with the implementation of the country's national law development program which is aimed at the creation of a new legal system. Efforts to develop a new and national legal system to replace the existing system inherited from the colonial period actually started as early as 1958 when the government set up the Institute for National Law Development. It is a matter of much regret that despite the good start it made and the favourable atmosphere it enjoyed, the Institute ultimately did not produce any significant results which could form the basis for a new national legal system. The deterioration of the political climate in the sixties made it impossible for the Institute to carry out its task properly.
European Convention on Information on Foreign Law
Authors: Perl Raphael
Published: March 2019

The European Convention on Information on Foreign Law came into being as a result of formal recognition by the Council of Europe that increasing movement of persons and goods across European frontiers has resulted in an interpenetration of laws and the attendant need to take foreign law into consideration. Thus, in its explanatory report on the Convention, the Council of Europe noted that it “often happens that, under a rule of conduct or laws, a court is called upon to apply a principle of foreign law, particularly in questions of contract and of family law or of the status and capacity of persons.”
Human Rights Documentation
Authors: Feliciano Myrna S.
Published: March 2019

Studies on international human rights had amorphous beginnings before 1945, which gradually evolved into an intricate but “untrodden area of systematic research.” This is largely attributed to the adoption of the United Nations Charter which sets forth the international protection of human rights as a basic purpose. The proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in December 10, 1948, provided the impetus for the development of new rules of international law defining in specific terms, individual rights and freedoms. The result is not only a substantial and rapidly developing body of law, both substantive and procedural, that has called for a systematic scholarly analysis but a bibliographic output on the subject which has reached alarming proportions to what is now being referred to as “the human rights documentation explosion.”
Photocopying, Libraries and the Copyright Law of the United Kingdom
Authors: Cornish W. R.
Published: March 2019

The present Copyright Act of the United Kingdom was passed in 1956, when modern photocopying was in its comparative infancy. The lusty cries of the novel technology were echoed in the Act. For instance, publishers secured a new form of copyright -in the typographical arrangement of an edition– which was protected against unauthorised reproduction by any photographic or similar process for 25 years from first publication of the edition. The Act also attempted to strike a balance over photocopying and similar practices. But the result was a cautious compromise which simply has not worked.
Development and Present Level of Documentation of Legal Informatics in Europe
Authors: Unger Werner
Published: March 2019

Application of automated processing (ADP) became self evident in recent times in nearly all technical and scientific disciplines. In this field, too, jurisprudence is the “tail light” in development – perhaps apart from some pure theoretical subjects. It has always been difficult for the legal procedure to employ technical innovations and regulate their legal consequences in a convenient and suitable way. No wonder that too often development passed the lawyers by and those normally came too late to have directing influence. Opposite to this in a surprisingly short time-lag (for lawyers) the (social-)legal problematic connected with the installation of ADP was recognized at least at the start. Early – in the middle of the sixties – out of the scattered single efforts a new field of science was built up in outlines: legal informatics. It can be defined as the discipline that contains the mutual context of ADP and law, i. e., all questions of application of ADP in jurisdiction and administration (automation of law): on the other hand new legal problems, however, arose with the application of ADP (law of automation).
Law Libraries and Legal Documentation in the Philippines
Authors: Feliciano Myrna S.
Published: March 2019

The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,107 islands, (about 2,000 of which are inhabited) with a land area of 115,600 square miles, has a population of 42 million. Some 87 major dialects are spoken all over the islands. English and Filipino are the official languages with English as the medium of instruction in higher education. According to the latest census, the literacy rate is 83.4 per cent. Agriculture constitutes the largest single sector of the economy. The Philippines has a total labor force of 14.2 million.

Filipino culture is a blend of East and West, although foundationally and originally Malay. Its Eastern heritage – the result of centuries of interaction with neighboring countries of Asia – is a synthesis of three mainstreams: the Malay, Chinese and Hindu. Its Western cultural traits are the result of her colonization by two Western powers: Spain and the United States.
How to use the Primary Source Material of the European Communities (EC)
Authors: Heydt Volker
Published: March 2019

Publications of the EC ought to be published by the Office for Official Publications of the EC (henceforth cited as “Office”) in Luxembourg. However, the five institutions which are jointly responsible for the Office (European Parliament, Council, Commission, Court of Justice, Economic and Social Committee) also publish documents and papers themselves. Moreover, a clearly defined publication policy does not exist neither in the Office nor in the institutions. These two factors, the variety of publishers and the lack of concept, make it particularly difficult to know what has been published in the EC, all the more for persons from non-member countries. The “Catalogue of the publications of the European Communities Institutions 1972–1973” (476 pages) does not provide complete information on the publications, although this catalogue is, of course, helpful. The enormous bulk of paper issued by the EC is partly for sale, partly for distribution free of charge, only a part of the documents are printed, others are duplicated typescripts; a lot of paper is brought out for the information of the general public, whereas legal and scientific texts are only of interest for a smaller number of persons. For a librarian in charge of getting adequate information on the EC, I should like to propose the acquisition of the following minimum set of EC publications:

Primary legislation (foundation treaties),

Official Journal (L and C),

Official Journal– Annex (Debates of the European Parliament),

Working documents of the European Parliament,

Reports of Cases before the Court,

General Reports on the Activities of the EC,

Bulletin of the EC and Supplement thereto.
Socialist Law and its Legal Literature
Authors: Liivak Arno
Published: March 2019

In August 1977 approximately 70 members of the International Association of Law Libraries representing 16 different countries gathered at Budapest, Hungary to attend the 6th IALL Seminar. The topic for this seminar dealt with “Socialist Law and its Legal Literature”, with papers presented by representatives of the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The Seminar was hosted by the Hungarian Library of the Parliament and its Director, Dr. Gabor Valyi, as well as his colleagues. At the seminar I was designated as its reporter by the IALL and assigned the task of presenting the substance of the course content to the rest of the IALL membership. For reasons of economy and space, it is not possible to reproduce each article verbatim as it was written and delivered. It is hoped that the edited or abstracted versions as they are set forth below are successful in reciting the salient features and substance of each paper. For those who are interested in obtaining the full text of the papers, it is expected that these will be commercially available.
Judicial Reference Work and its Means in the European Socialist Countries
Authors: Nagy Lajos
Published: March 2019

The following selected bibliographical summary contains a compilation of the material by the individual countries. Abbreviations used for distinguishing the individual countries concerned: Bulg. = People's Republic of Bulgaria; Czechosl. = Czechoslovak Socialist Republic; Germ. = German Democratic Republic; Hung. = Hungarian People's Republic; Pol. = Polish People's Republic; Rum. = Socialist Republic of Rumania; USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Yug. = Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. In order to facilitate identification, the titles are given in the language of the original publication, with an English or French translation of the title in the required cases.
Planning Law Libraries for the 1980's
Authors: Mudin Deborah
Published: March 2019

An outline is given of the various types of law libraries in Australia, a survey of law publications, a review of law library technology, and a brief survey of overseas legal developments which may influence trends in relation to collections, technical innovations and information retrieval in Australia.

Before considering the possible state of law and law library technology in the 1980's, I want to mention briefly some of the trends to be seen in Australia today in legal literature and the organization of legal institutions.
Comments on Foreign Law Surveys
Authors: Sprudzs Adolf
Published: March 2019

Surveys and comparisons are always very difficult, if not impossible, when the same criteria cannot be applied to all objects of the survey.

The surveys undertaken by Kurt Schwerin in 1960 and Igor Kavass in 1972 belong to this category of nearly impossible tasks and their results should therefore not be considered as the “absolute” or “pure truth”. Why? Basically, because they attempt to measure and compare collections in libraries which have different rules, policies and practices of classifying and handling them.
National Information Systems and the Law Library
Authors: Dahlmanns Gerhard J.
Published: March 2019

A new acronym, NATIS, has officially entered our professional langugage. It stands for National Information System and signals nothing less than an all-out attempt to cope, on a national, regional and global level, with the staggering problems of information gathering and control on “Spaceship Earth”.
Problems and Possibilities of Indexing Legal Periodical Literature in the International Field
Authors: Steiner W. A.
Published: March 2019

Law may be considered as an intellectual construction and thus an object of theoretical study or as a social science and thus to be studied in its social setting or it may be considered as a technique. Whatever view may be taken, it is suggested that the raison d'être of the law is to bring about the greatest measure of peace and justice. It is this which gives it its greatest importance and its dignity. Whatever view may be taken however, and for whatever purpose the law may be either studied or applied, it is undeniable that its study and application will become more effective by an increase of information about it.
The British and Irish Association of Law Librarians
Authors: Breem W. W. S.
Published: March 2019

At a conference on Law Librarianship held at Harrogate in 1968 the question of forming some sort of Association was tentatively discussed. It was felt by all present that there was need for an association that could bring law librarians together to discuss aspects of their work and so provide a common pool of experience and knowledge in which all who were interested might share. It was also suggested by some that the Association should become a group within an existing organisation and that membership should be confined accordingly. This, however, was not thought advisable for to do so would have meant excluding from membership almost all the great law libraries of the British Isles as well as the majority of their staffs. It would also have meant excluding many potential members from the smaller libraries, particulary those of a professional nature. And this itself would have been a negation of one of the principal purposes of the association, which was to embrace all who were interested in law librarianship, who worked professionally in law libraries and who were concerned with improvements in everything which tended to their administration and their service they offered.
Some Structural Reflections in a Nutshell
Authors: Dahlmanns Gerhard J.
Published: March 2019

The IALL BULLETIN has become the International Journal of Law Libraries. Is this merely a change of names, or the final farewell to the long familiar white-and-blue publication which, for many years, has been the primary link between the members of the growing IALL family that it has helped create and shape?
The Canadian Association of Law Libraries
Authors: Priestly Diana M.
Published: March 2019

The history of the Canadian Association of Law Libraries (C.A.L.L.) has many parallels with the history of the International Association as set out by Dr. Dahlmanns in No. 28 of this Bulletin. The year 1960 seems to have been a turning point in law library development in Canada and the decade following it was a period of rapid and extensive growth both in the number of law libraries and in the size and scope of their collections. Before 1960 the possibility of a law library organization had been discussed, but in 1960 it became a reality. Under the guidance of Eunice Beeson, the newly appointed law librarian at the Dalhousie University Law School in Halifax, C.A.L.L. first came into being as a chapter of the American Association of Law Libraries. Eunice brought with her to Canada valuable experience in the American organization and she lost no time in getting the five or six widely scattered Canadian law librarians into touch with one another in a way in which they could work together on common projects and share similar concerns. She drafted the constitution of the organization, articulated ideas for co-operative ventures, and indicated practical ways of achieving what had to be done. Her death in the spring of 1966 was a great loss, but she had laid a firm foundation for the future development of the Association.
Library Computer System (LCS) and the Law Library: An Experience at the University of Illinois
Authors: Kim Chin , Mansfield Frederic E.
Published: March 2019

The main campus of the University of Illinois, commonly known as the UI-UC campus, is located at the twin cities of Urbana-Champaign, about 135 miles south of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. The campuses of Chicago Circle and the Medical Center, both located in Chicago, are other components of the University of Illinois system. Many departments and colleges of the UI-UC campus, especially in the fields of science and technology, have outstanding reputations for research achievement. The University Library ranks first in size among state universities and third among all universities in the United States. Its total collection reaches approximately 5.5 million volumes.
The History and Background of American Copyright Law: An Overview
Authors: Magavero Gerard
Published: March 2019

Copyright is a monopoly conferred upon authors or creators of literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works to produce, reproduce, adapt, or perform their works for a limited time. The Copyright Law, by conferring this monopoly upon authors and their assignees, provides an economic incentive “to those with the requisite ability to create intellectual property” and to “publishers, recording firms, and similar enterprises to package and distribute these intellectual creations to the general public.” Prior to the invention of the printing press the possibility of commercial gain from the production of intellectual property was severely limited by the drudgery involved in manual copying of manuscripts, which work was performed by slaves in ancient times and monks under a vow of obedience later. Private patrons and universities provided the only economic incentive to authors to produce intellectual property and the book trade was small. Although both law and literature existed in abundance in ancient and medieval Europe, Copyright Law was unknown.
Legal history of Czechoslovakia: from its creation in 1918 to its peaceful separation in 1992
Authors: Kudej Blanka
Published: March 2019

Czechoslovakia was established on October 28, 1918. For a better understanding of its legal history, allow me to mention first a few historical events that influenced the creation of Czechoslovakia and, in later years its legal development.
Building an Electronic Law Library in a Foreign Country
Authors: Roznovschi Mirela
Published: March 2019

One of the major weaknesses of libraries in developing countries is their scarcity of foreign and international legal collections. In desperate need for reliable and up-to-date foreign jurisdiction resources, these libraries try to fill the gap with ad-hoc solutions. New York University's experiences in offering assistance to some of them clearly show that obtaining out-of-date books from“generous donations”, importing short-term visiting“brains”or buying computers (which are used as furniture covered with elegant red velvet) doesn't solve the problem. On the contrary, these stop-gaps feed frustration.
Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Information
Authors: Rothenberg Jeff
Published: March 2019

The year is 2045, and my grandchildren (as yet unborn) are exploring the attic of my house (as yet unbought). They find a letter dated 1995 and a CD-ROM (compact disk). The letter claims that the disk contains a document that provides the key to obtaining my fortune (as yet unearned). My grandchildren are understandably excited, but they have never seen a CD before—except in old movies—and even if they can somehow find a suitable disk drive, how will they run the software necessary to interpret the information on the disk? How can they read my obsolete digital document?
Ralph Lansky in Conversation
Authors: Kavass Igor I. , Liivak Arno
Published: March 2019

Perhaps the greatest reward for many of us who have participated in the activities of the International Association of Law Libraries over the past decades has been the opportunity to meet colleagues in our profession who work in so many different parts of the world. Unfortunately, there are so many of our members who have not been able to attend our meetings for one reason or another and have not had the opportunity to exchange thoughts on our often surprisingly shared common concerns in our professional work or to develop the friendships which transcend the distances which separate our daily lives.
The Swiss Legal System A Guide for Foreign Researchers
Authors: Walther Fridolin M.R.
Published: March 2019

Switzerland is a federal state that lies in the heart of Europe and is bordered by Germany (to the north), Austria and the Principality of Liechtenstein (to the east), Italy (to the south) and France (to the west).
Recent Developments in Russian Constitutional and Administrative Law
Authors: Belov Sergey A.
Published: March 2019

This article is a brief sketch of recent development of the doctrine and practice in Russian constitutional and administrative law. The focus is made on the controversial issues of state organization and status of individuals, as well as the realization of legal principles established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.
Applying the Access Principle in Law: The Responsibilities of the Legal Scholar*
Authors: Danner Richard A.
Published: March 2019

This article discusses the responsibilities of legal scholars to make their published works openly accessible through the Internet, within the context of efforts to increase free and open access to legal information, and to improve access to scholarly literature in other disciplines. The article also considers the roles and responsibilities of the institutions that support the creation and communication of legal scholarship for improving access to legal information.
South Africa's First Bill of Rights: Random Recollections of One of it's Drafters
Authors: Corder Hugh
Published: March 2019

It is an honor to have been invited to deliver this paper on my experiences as a member of the group drafting South Africa's first Bill of Rights in the course of the constitutional negotiations in 1993 to such an august international audience. I am also very pleased to be sharing the podium with Christina Murray, since we were student contemporaries (although at neighboring universities) and have been close colleagues in the Department of Public Law at the University of Cape Town since early 1988. Despite our close working relationship over these years, however, I think that this is the first occasion upon which we have talked jointly about our experiences in assisting the drafting of the Constitution, which makes it a special occasion for us, too. Mine will be a very personal recollection and assessment of a period in the constitutional history of South Africa which I never believed possible, let alone that I should have played a small part in it.
The South African Constitutional Court Library: A Research Resource for the Nation and the Region
Authors: Luthuli Sheryl , Ward Ruth
Published: March 2019

The Constitutional Court is the highest court in South Africa in all matters concerning the interpretation and enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution. The Court was established in 1994 in compliance with the provisions of the Interim Constitution which came into force when the first democratic elections were held, and started hearing its first cases in February 1995. The mission of the Library is primarily to support the work of the Constitutional Court.
Swimming Against the Tide: The Challenge of Legal Publishing in the English Speaking Caribbean
Authors: Randle Ian
Published: March 2019

Book Publishing in the English speaking Caribbean is a relatively recent phenomenon. Prior to the 1960s there were sporadic attempts by individuals and even large firms like the Gleaner Company's Pioneer Press in Jamaica, but some semblance of sustained publishing activity did not come to the region until the post-independence period. In that first immediate post-independence period, the initiative to set up publishing operations came from British educational publishers who established either wholly-owned subsidiaries or went into partnerships with local business interests like the Collins/Sangster imprint in Jamaica. For the most part, these were token operations. They were also essentially the companies’ marketing and sales outlets as all publishing decisions, as well as editorial, design and production work, remained in the UK. Consequently there was no skills transfer or structured training in any aspect of book publishing.
Legal Impediments on the Practical Implementation of the Child Right Act 2003
Authors: Akinwumi Olayinka Silas
Published: March 2019

The general frameworks within which human rights are protected in Nigeria are enshrined in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Chapter IV contains an elaborate Bill of Rights. The right guaranteed include: the rights to life, the rights to personal liberty, the rights to fair hearing and the right to freedom of movement among others. Section 42 prohibits unjustifiable discrimination on basis of “ethnic group, place of origin, sex, religion or political opinion.” As for penal infractions, Nigeria has two separate codes, one applying to Southern Nigeria (Criminal Code) and one applicable to Northern Nigeria (Penal Code). These provide for offences against persons, including homicides, assaults and different kinds of sexual and gender specific violations such as rape.
International Agreements on the Environment and their Sources
Authors: Schwietzke Joachim
Published: March 2019

Though environmental protection is an urgent problem today, the notion as such has only emerged as a legal term in the last 30 years. It was, broadly speaking, not earlier than the 1960's that states began to enact increasingly comprehensive national laws for the protection of their internal environment. If national legislation in this field is a relatively new phenomenon, the conclusion of special international agreements for the protection of the environment is an even more recent activity.
Individual Patrimonial Rights Under the European Human Rights System: Some Reflections on the Concepts of Possession and Dispossession of Property
Authors: Aronovitz Alberto M.
Published: March 2019

Both in general and in regional international law, the subject of private patrimonial rights presents a spectrum of interesting points for discussion. Amid the most notorious issues that have loomed in recent times in relation to this topic, one could refer to the dispute over the dormant accounts of Holocaust victims in Switzerland and other European countries (or, more widely, to the entire question of gold and other property stolen by the Nazis during the Second World War), to the problem of reprivatization of property in Eastern Europe, or to the issue of restitution of property taken in pursuance of communist reforms in the former Soviet Union and its former satellite countries.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child from a Swedish Perspective
Authors: Pennegård Ann Marie , Franzén Anne
Published: March 2019

A little more than seventy years ago a pioneer for children's rights in England, displayed pictures of starving children in other parts of Europe damaged by the war. She was arrested for obscenity. However, people rallied to her support and an international movement for children's rights began to take shape.

This new movement drafted the Declaration on the Rights of the Child which was adopted by the Assembly of the League of Nations in 1924. The first step towards international norms for the protection of children had been taken. The declaration only contained five principles of which the most important said that children should be the first to receive aid in case of an emergency situation.
Content and Quality of Legal Information and Data on the Internet with a Special Focus on the United States
Authors: Germain Claire M.
Published: March 2019

In the United States today, digital versions of current decisions, bills, statutes, and regulations issued by federal and state governments are widely available on publicly accessible Web sites. Worldwide, official (defined as “authoritative,” or “the official” word of the law) legal information issued by international organizations and foreign governments is also becoming available on the Web. However, there are currently no standards for the production and authentication of digital documents. Moreover, the information is sometimes available only for a short time and then disappears from the site. No guidelines exist either to promote a uniform way to cite to digital legal materials.

This article examines the contents of legal data and information on the Internet, with a special focus on the United States. It then evaluates the quality of the data, its impact on legal research and access to legal information, and addresses some issues raised by the digital medium, such as its reliability and permanent access concerns.
How to Conduct Research in Vietnamese Law: Overview of the Legal System of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Phuong-Khanh
Published: March 2019

The modern history of Vietnam indicates that the country has always had more than one legal system, whether the country was unified or divided. These systems have changed and been influenced by indigenous customs, by Chinese, French, American, and socialist laws, and by other political or violent events. For example, starting from the period when Vietnam was under French domination, the country had three separate sets of laws for its three geographical regions: 1) Tonkin in the North; 2) Annam in the Center; and 3) Cochin China in the South.
Legal Research and the Legal System in Australia
Authors: Bird Ruth
Published: March 2019

The law in Australia is derived from legislation passed in Australian parliaments, at Federal and State level, together with the English Common law tradition and the Australian Common Law which developed from the English Common Law.
Squaring the Circle: How Canada is Dealing with the Legacy of Its Indian Residential Schools Experiment
Authors: O'Connor Pamela
Published: March 2019

Canada, like Australia, is belatedly confronting a problem that has long been denied and ignored. Each country is now reckoning the social costs of past policies which sought to achieve the forced assimilation of indigenous children. In Canada this policy was mainly implemented through laws requiring the compulsory attendance of Indian children at school. Some 100,000 children were directed to church-operated residential schools where their cultural transformation could be effected in isolation from their families and the outside world. That isolation left them highly vulnerable to abuse and neglect.
Australian Federalism and the Role of the Governor-General
Authors: Saunders Cheryl
Published: March 2019

Australia is both a federation and a constitutional monarchy. TheCommonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, which made the Australian Constitution law, refers to the establishment of the federation “under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” In fact, however, since 1973, the appropriate style of the monarch in relation to Australia has been “Queen of Australia.” And ever since federation, the monarch has been represented in Australia by a Governor-General, who progressively has acquired a more significant role, in parallel with the acquisition of Australian independence.
FOI in Ireland and Europe: Progress and Regression
Authors: McDonagh Maeve
Published: March 2019

There has been a high level of activity in the development of standards concerning access to public sector information in Europe in recent years. At domestic level, freedom of information (FOI) legislation has been introduced to the overwhelming majority of member states of the European Union and to a number of former Eastern bloc countries. Freedom of Information has also increased its impact at supra national level, both in terms of progress towards the development by international bodies such as the European Union and the Council of Europe of FOI norms for their Member States and with respect to the opening up of access to documents of the international institutions themselves. There is, however, considerable variation in the content and scope of the various FOI measures introduced. The aim of this paper is to assess the scope and operation of two contrasting examples of recently introduced or proposed FOI measures, namely the Irish FOI Act and the proposed Regulation on Access to Documents of the European Institutions. The overall theme of the paper is that strong FOI measures are needed to combat the tendency toward secrecy in public administration in Europe but that even where access measures are relatively strong in their formulation, their effectiveness can be limited through under-funding or more direct interference with the operation of the access scheme.
Mixed Jurisdictions and Convergence: The Louisiana Example
Authors: Billings Warren M.
Published: March 2019

Once on a plane to New Orleans I chanced to half overhear a conversation between two passengers who shared the same row of seats with me. Somewhere between wakefulness and drowsiness, my ear caught a telltale accent that betrayed one of my seatmates as an Orleanian as they chatted animatedly about the Crescent City, Louisiana, and the ways that both diverged from the rest of the country. The native noted reverently the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, he remarked grandly on the extraordinary cuisine, he waxed pridefully about the city as the birthplace of jazz, and he spoke warmly about the manifold ethnic origins of his fellow Louisianians. Then, as if to fortify his contention that he hailed from a truly unusual place, he pointedly observed that Louisiana was the only state in the nation whose legal system rested upon the Napoleonic Code, even as he confessed to an uncertainty about why that difference existed or what it meant precisely.
Solving the Problems of Finding Law on the Web: World Law and DIAL
Authors: Greenleaf Graham
Published: March 2019

Despite its recent development, the Web already contains an astonishing variety of legal materials from dozens of countries. Significant collections of legislation are already available on the Web from over 50 countries. The full text is available on the Web of all legislation from almost all the jurisdictions of the USA, Canada, Australasia, many Latin American countries and some European countries (such as Norway and Germany), and extensive collections from many other European counties (such as the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Portugal). Substantial collections of legislation are available from many developing countries, including India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Vietnam, Zambia, China, Mexico and Israel.
Electronic Access to Legal Information in Ireland
Authors: Mee John
Published: March 2019

This article addresses the question of electronic access to legal resources in Ireland, with special reference to the British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) project. The first section of the article explains the origins of BAILII and the Irish resources which it makes available without charge on the web (as well discussing as other free websites). The second section considers official sources of access to Irish legal material (i.e. government sites), while a final section outlines the commercial services currently on offer. An Appendix provides some “Notes on Using BAILII.”
Post-Conflict Peace Building: The New Trends
Authors: Šimonović Ivan
Published: March 2019

The fall of the Berlin Wall has substantially changed the global security architecture. The end of the Cold War has opened a lot of new opportunities for international cooperation: Bi-polar world divisions have disappeared, state borders have become softer, and with the assistance of advanced information and communication technology, the process of globalization has been developing rapidly to an unprecedented level.
Maritime Boundaries and Regional Cooperation in the Baltic
Authors: Franckx Erik
Published: March 2019

The first feature that catches the eye when the Baltic is compared with other regions of the world is that the Baltic Sea area clearly distinguishes itself by the unusual combination of two elements. On the one hand, it is surrounded by nine countries adhering to different political as well as economic systems. On the other hand, apart from a relatively short segment south and southeast of the island of Bornholm between Denmark and Poland, a maritime boundary has been agreed upon in all other areas, at least if one disregards the trijunction points connecting these different lines. In the overwhelming majority of cases, moreover, a single maritime boundary has been established (continental shelf as well as fishery and economic zone). Some doubt may exist with respect to the German-Danish boundary, but the only real exception to this rule is the most southern stretch of the continental shelf delimitation line between Finland and Sweden (West and South of Bogskar), where the municipal legislation of both countries concerning the outer limits of their respective fishery zones corresponds neither inter se nor with respect to the continental shelf boundary. Negotiations on this topic have been initiated between the parties during the fall of 1989. As of today, these negotiations have not yet resulted in a new bilateral boundary agreement. It should also be noted that in all cases of adjacency the territorial sea has been delimited.
Secondary Sources for Research in European Law
Authors: Reynolds Thomas
Published: March 2019

When discussing the subject of access to “the secondary literature” in European law, it is desirable to define terms as precisely as possible. I am limiting my observations to those media providing this access on a transnational basis, rather than strictly national bibliographical publications. In actual practice, this is not much of a limitation, since legal bibliography at the national level is only constrained by language, and the subjects treated frequently cross jurisdictional boundaries and concepts. A further, and more applicable, delimiter for “secondary literature” is to journal articles; that is to say, articles and materials appearing in serial publications of varying degrees of frequency; thus, one excludes monographic literature.
100 Years Ago: A Bibliographical Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In the Years 1916 to 1919
Authors: Macalister-Smith Peter , Schwietzke Joachim
Published: March 2019

This Bibliographical Calendar is the second and concluding installment of our bibliographical calendar of diplomacy and international law to official transactions relating to World War One. The first installment,“100 Years Ago: A Bibliographic Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In The Years 1914 and 1915, “was published in Volume 42, Issue No. 3 of the International Journal of Legal Information, Winter 2014. The first installment of the Calendar covered the years 1914 and 1915. The present installment refers to the years 1916 to 1919.
Sources of Legal Information in Finland
Authors: Tolvanen Marjo
Published: March 2019

An essential factor of Finnish legal history and the Finnish legal system is Finland's organic union with Sweden, which lasted for more than 700 years. The result was that the educated class became predominantly Swedish-speaking; Swedish was also the language of the administration and the courts and of higher education. Many of the similarities currently prevailing between Finland and Sweden in cultural life, as well as in their political and legal system, are explained by the two countries having this joint history.
New Convention on Nuclear Safety
Authors: Schaaf Robert W.
Published: March 2019

The first major legally binding international nuclear safety convention was adopted at the conclusion of a diplomatic conference held at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, June 14-17, 1994. The draft convention had been developed by a group of legal and technical experts from more than 50 countries in the period since 1991 when the Agency's General Conference expressed support for the idea of such a convention. With the fall of communism in the former Soviet bloc, potential safety risks in aging reactors in that region were exposed. States that become parties to the new Convention will bind themselves to a number of important safety rules and accept the obligation of reporting to and participating in periodic peer review meetings to verify the implementation of the treaty obligations. The interval between review meetings is not to exceed three years, and reports of the meetings are to be made public through a document treating the issues discussed and conclusions reached during a session (articles 21 and 25).
Case Citation Formats in the United States: Is a Radical New Approach Needed?
Authors: Bergsgaard Donna M. , Lindberg William H.
Published: March 2019

Several proposals have been introduced in the United States to create new “public domain” or “vendor-neutral” approaches for citing judicial opinions.’ Differing systems for public domain citations have been adopted in the states of Colorado and Louisiana. At this writing, the judiciary in the state of Wisconsin is considering a third approach, one that would radically change the way lawyers and judges cite state cases in that jurisdiction.