bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ProQ/FinO‐domain proteins: another ubiquitous family of RNA matchmakers?
Authors: Olejniczak Mikolaj , Storz Gisela
Published: March 2017

Small RNAs (sRNAs), particularly those that act by limited base pairing with mRNAs, are part of most regulatory networks in bacteria. In many cases, the base‐pairing interaction is facilitated by the RNA chaperone Hfq. However, not all bacteria encode Hfq and some base‐pairing sRNAs do not require Hfq raising the possibility of other RNA chaperones. Candidates are proteins with homology to FinO, a factor that promotes base pairing between the FinP antisense sRNA and the traJ mRNA to control F plasmid transfer. Recent papers have shown that the Salmonella enterica FinO‐domain protein ProQ binds a large suite of sRNAs, including the RaiZ sRNA, which represses translation of the hupA mRNA, and the Legionella pneumophila protein RocC binds the RocR sRNA, which blocks expression of competence genes. Here we discuss what is known about FinO‐domain structures, including the recently solved Escherichia coli ProQ structure, as well as the RNA binding properties of this family of proteins and evidence they act as chaperones. We compare these properties with those of Hfq. We further summarize what is known about the physiological roles of FinO‐domain proteins and enumerate outstanding questions whose answers will establish whether they constitute a second major class of RNA chaperones.
Global regulatory roles of the cAMP/PKA pathway revealed by phenotypic, transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic analyses in a null mutant of the PKA catalytic subunit in Candida albicans
Authors: Cao Chengjun , Wu Mei , Bing Jian , Tao Li , Ding Xuefen , Liu Xiaoyun , Huang Guanghua
Published: March 2017

The conserved cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) plays critical roles in the regulation of morphological transitions and virulence in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. It has long been thought that the PKA catalytic subunit is essential for cell viability in this fungus. Paradoxically, the single adenylyl cyclase‐encoding gene, CYR1, which is required for the production of cAMP in C. albicans, is not essential for cell growth. Here, a double mutant of TPK1 and TPK2 (tpk2/tpk2 tpk1/tpk1, t2t1), which encode two isoforms of the PKA catalytic subunit was successfully generated, suggesting that this subunit is not essential for cell viability. Inactivation of the PKA catalytic subunit blocked filamentation and dramatically attenuated white‐to‐opaque switching, but promoted sexual mating. Comparative transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the t2t1 and cyr1/cyr1 mutants exhibited similar global gene expression profiles. Compared with the WT strain, the general transcriptional activity and metabolism were significantly decreased in both the t2t1 and cyr1/cyr1 mutants. Using combined phosphoproteomic and bioinformatic analyses, we identified 181 potential PKA phosphorylation targets, which represent 148 unique proteins involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes. The study sheds new insights into the global regulatory features of the cAMP/PKA pathway in C. albicans.
Animal models of maternal high fat diet exposure and effects on metabolism in offspring: a meta‐regression analysis
Authors: Ribaroff G. A. , Wastnedge E. , Drake A. J. , Sharpe R. M. , Chambers T. J. G.
Published: March 2017

Animal models of maternal high fat diet (HFD) demonstrate perturbed offspring metabolism although the effects differ markedly between models. We assessed studies investigating metabolic parameters in the offspring of HFD fed mothers to identify factors explaining these inter‐study differences. A total of 171 papers were identified, which provided data from 6047 offspring. Data were extracted regarding body weight, adiposity, glucose homeostasis and lipidaemia. Information regarding the macronutrient content of diet, species, time point of exposure and gestational weight gain were collected and utilized in meta‐regression models to explore predictive factors. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression test.

Maternal HFD exposure did not affect offspring birthweight but increased weaning weight, final bodyweight, adiposity, triglyceridaemia, cholesterolaemia and insulinaemia in both female and male offspring. Hyperglycaemia was found in female offspring only. Meta‐regression analysis identified lactational HFD exposure as a key moderator. The fat content of the diet did not correlate with any outcomes. There was evidence of significant publication bias for all outcomes except birthweight.

Maternal HFD exposure was associated with perturbed metabolism in offspring but between studies was not accounted for by dietary constituents, species, strain or maternal gestational weight gain. Specific weaknesses in experimental design predispose many of the results to bias.
Comparison of Posteromedial Versus Posterolateral Approach for Posterior Malleolus Fixation in Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures
Authors: Zhong Sheng , Shen Lin , Zhao Jia‐guo , Chen Jie , Xie Jin‐feng , Shi Qi , Wu Ying‐hua , Zeng Xian‐tie
Published: March 2017

Objective

To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of posterior malleolar fractures (PMF) treated with lag screws from anterior to posterior versus posterior to anterior approach.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 48 patients with trimalleolar fractures who underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with either posteromedial (PM) or posterolateral (PL) approaches between January 2012 and December 2014. Fixation of the posterior malleolus was made with anteroposterior screws in 20 patients using the PM approach and posteroanterior screws in 28 patients using the PL approach. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores and range of motion (ROM) of the ankle were used as the main outcome measurements, and results were evaluated at the 6‐month, 12‐month and final follow‐up. Postoperative radiographs and computed tomography scans were used to evaluate the residual gap/step‐off. The degree of arthritis was evaluated on final follow‐up using Bargon criteria. Other complications were also recorded to compare the clinical outcomes of the two approaches.

Result

The mean duration of follow‐up regardless of the approaches was 21.1 months (range, 15–54 months). None of the patients developed delayed union or nonunion. Functional bone healing was obtained in all patients at 10.7 weeks (range, 8–16 weeks). The mean AOFAS scores of the PM group at the postoperative 6‐mouth, 12‐month, and final follow‐up were 91.4 (range, 82–100), 92.5 (range, 84–100), and 92.9 (range, 86–100), respectively. In the PL group, the mean AOFAS scores were 89.9 (range, 72–100), 91.4 (range, 77–100), and 91.9 (range, 77–100), respectively. At the final follow‐up, the median loss of range of motion (ROM) for dorsiflexion and plantaflexion were 0°(0°, 5°) and 0°(0°, 0°), respectively, in both groups. There were no significant differences between the two approaches in AOFAS scores and ROM of the ankle in each period postoperatively (P > 0.05). Two patients in the PL group and 1 in the PM group developed Bargon grade 2 or 3 arthritis. We detected a 2‐mm and 3‐mm step‐off in 1 patient in the PM and PL groups, respectively.

Conclusion

Satisfactory results were obtained by using the two approaches for fixation of posterior malleolus, and the approaches have similar clinical and radiographic outcomes. Surgeons should choose the appropriate approach based on their experience.
Effect of Femoral Component Flexion Implantation on the Mediolateral Bone‐prosthetic Fit in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Chen Shi‐chang , Zeng Yi‐ming , Yan Meng‐ning , Yue Bing , Zhang Jun , Wang You
Published: March 2017

Objective

Femoral component overhang in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been reported in previous studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of femoral component flexion implantation on mediolateral bone‐prosthetic fit in TKA.

Methods

Virtual prosthesis implantations were performed on computed tomographic models of 10 Chinese knees with femoral prostheses of the Advance Medial‐Pivot knee system (MicroPort Orthopedics, Arlington, TN, USA), with the femoral component positioned at 0°, 3°, or 6° of flexion in the sagittal plane. For each degree of flexion implantation, the differences between the knee and femoral component models on the lateral and medial sides at trochlea (zone 1), anterior‐distal condyle (zone 2), posterior‐distal condyle (zone 3), and posterior condyle (zone 4) were measured. Positive difference values indicate component overhang, and negative difference values indicate component underhang. The values of component overhang (underhang) in each zone were statistically analyzed across the 3° of flexion implantation.

Results

With a greater degree of flexion implantation, overhang was reduced and even changed to underhang. With 0° of flexion implantation, an overhang exceeding 3 mm existed mainly on the medial side of zone 1 (5.81 mm) and the lateral side of zone 2 (3.39 mm). With 3° of flexion, overhang exceeding 3 mm was observed only on the medial side of zone 1 (3.10 mm), and underhang was observed only on the medial side of zone 4 (−0.32 mm). No overhang exceeding 3 mm was observed for 6° of flexion, while underhang was observed except on the lateral sides of zone 2 (1.32 mm) and zone 4 (1.10 mm) and on the medial side of zone 1 (1.54 mm). A significant difference in overhang values on the lateral and medial sides of zone 1 was observed between 0 and 6° of flexion (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that femoral component flexion implantation by 3° can reduce excessive overhang, although 3.10 mm of overhang remained at the medial side of zone 1. Conversely, 6° of flexion implantation can avoid 3 mm of overhang for any zone, but increases the risk of underhang. Slight flexion implantation may be an effective alternative technique to prevent excessive component overhang, especially in the trochlea and anterior region of the distal condyle, in Chinese patients with standard TKA prostheses.
Heat shock factor C2a serves as a proactive mechanism for heat protection in developing grains in wheat via an ABA‐mediated regulatory pathway
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Jun , Chen Dandan , Lynne Mclntyre C. , Fernanda Dreccer M. , Zhang Zheng‐Bin , Drenth Janneke , Kalaipandian Sundaravelpandian , Chang Hongping , Xue Gang‐Ping
Published: March 2017

High temperature at grain filling can severely reduce wheat yield. Heat shock factors (Hsfs) are central regulators in heat acclimation. This study investigated the role of TaHsfC2a, a member of the monocot‐specific HsfC2 subclass, in the regulation of heat protection genes in Triticum aestivum. Three TaHsfC2a homoeologous genes were highly expressed in wheat grains during grain filling and showed only transient up‐regulation in the leaves by heat stress but were markedly up‐regulated by drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Overexpression of TaHsfC2a‐B in transgenic wheat resulted in up‐regulation of a suite of heat protection genes (e.g. TaHSP70d and TaGalSyn). Most TaHsfC2a‐B target genes were heat, drought and ABA inducible. Transactivation analysis of two representative targets (TaHSP70d and TaGalSyn) showed that TaHsfC2a‐B activated expression of reporters driven by these target promoters. Promoter mutagenesis analyses revealed that heat shock element is responsible for transactivation by TaHsfC2a‐B and heat/drought induction. TaHsfC2a‐B‐overexpressing wheat showed improved thermotolerance but not dehydration tolerance. Most TaHsfC2a‐B target genes were co‐up‐regulated in developing grains with TaHsfC2a genes. These data suggest that TaHsfC2a‐B is a transcriptional activator of heat protection genes and serves as a proactive mechanism for heat protection in developing wheat grains via the ABA‐mediated regulatory pathway.
Genetic differences in oestrous signs and oestrogen metabolism‐related genes between Chinese Mi and European Landrace‐Large White pigs
Authors: Chu Q , Liang T , Zhou B
Published: March 2017

Contents

Oestrous signs affect timely mating and reproductive efficiency in swine breeding herds. To study the genetic difference of oestrous signs between Chinese and European pigs, 100 Landrace‐Large White (LLW) cross gilts and 50 Chinese Mi gilts were assessed for oestrous signs and the concentrations of serum estradiol‐17β and progesterone were determined. The genotype of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 oestrogen metabolism and function‐related genes was determined by Sequenom iPLEX platform. Compared with LLW gilts, Mi gilts had longer time of standing reflex (p < .001), higher scores of vulva reddening (p = .001) and greater serum estradiol‐17β concentration (p < .01). Gilts with greater serum estradiol‐17β concentrations also had greater (p < .05) scores for oestrous signs. Genetic polymorphisms of nine genes in oestrogen metabolism pathways had significant differences (p < .05) between LLW and Mi gilts. There were three and six haploblocks of SNPs in LLW and Mi, respectively. Compared with LLW, the distribution of haplotypes was more centralized in Mi pigs. Genetic polymorphisms of oestrogen metabolism‐related genes have considerable differences between Chinese Mi and European LLW pigs. Because of the important roles of oestrogen during the oestrus, some genes of oestrogen metabolism pathway could be considered as candidate genes for oestrous signs.
Lower‐limb muscle function is a determinant of exercise tolerance after lung resection surgery in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Burtin Chris , Franssen Frits M.E. , Vanfleteren Lowie E.G.W. , Groenen Miriam T.J. , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Spruit Martijn A.
Published: March 2017

Background and objective

This study aims to investigate the association between exercise tolerance, pulmonary function and lower‐limb muscle function in patients with lung cancer who underwent lung resection surgery in the previous year.

Methods

Sixty‐four patients (age: 67 ± 11 years, 66% males) performed a symptom‐limited incremental cycle test to define peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and peak workload (Wpeak). The best of two 6‐min walking distance (6MWD) tests was also included. Isometric quadriceps strength and isokinetic quadriceps endurance were measured. Post‐bronchodilator spirometry, lung volumes and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO
) measurements were assessed. Univariate correlation analysis and multiple regression analyses were performed.

Results

VO2 peak, W peak and 6MWD showed moderate to strong correlations with quadriceps strength/endurance and DLCO
while weak to moderate correlations were found with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1

), functional residual capacity (FRC) and body weight. Multiple regression showed that peak isometric quadriceps strength (P < 0.001) and DLCO
(P < 0.001) were significant predictors of VO2
peak (explained variance R2
 = 0.67), while quadriceps endurance (P = 0.0015) and DLCO
(P < 0.0001) were significant predictors of W peak (R2
 = 0.61). Quadriceps endurance capacity (P = 0.013), but not DLCO
, significantly contributed to the 6MWD model (R2
 = 0.29).

Conclusion

We identified a strong significant relationship between peak aerobic capacity and quadriceps muscle function and lung diffusing capacity. 6MWD was significantly related to quadriceps muscle function but not to pulmonary function. These findings suggest that accurate assessment of lower‐limb muscle strength has a role in the accurate interpretation of exercise tests and in selecting optimal candidates for resistance training interventions targeting the lower‐limb muscles after resection surgery.
Experimental Investigation of Endwall Heat Transfer With Film and Impingement Cooling
Authors: Li Xueying , Ren Jing , Jiang Hongde
Published: March 2017

The switch from diffusive combustion to premixed combustion in a modern gas turbine changes the combustor exit temperature profile to a more uniform one. This will directly affect the cooling of the first stage vane especially the endwall region. A typical endwall configuration with matched nondimensional parameters to the engine condition was investigated experimentally in this study. Two endwall cooling arrangements at four different coolant to mainstream mass flow ratios (MFR) were tested in a linear cascade. Detailed measurements of pressure distribution, heat transfer coefficient, adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, and overall effectiveness of the endwall were performed. The temperature-sensitive paint (TSP) and pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) were used to acquire these parameters. The conjugate heat transfer characteristic of endwall with film cooling and impingement cooling was discussed. Moreover, the influence of coolant mass flow rate on conjugate heat transfer of endwall was analyzed. One- and two-dimensional methods for overall effectiveness prediction based on experimental data for separate parameters and correlations were also studied.
Flexible and stretchable nanowire-coated fibers for optoelectronic probing of spinal cord circuits
Authors: Lu Chi , Park Seongjun , Richner Thomas J. , Derry Alexander , Brown Imogen , Hou Chong , Rao Siyuan , Kang Jeewoo , Moritz Chet T. , Fink Yoel , Anikeeva Polina
Published: March 2017

Stretchable optoelectronic fibers interrogate spinal cord circuits during free behavior.
Financialization impedes climate change mitigation: Evidence from the early American solar industry
Authors: Jerneck Max
Published: March 2017

How financialization undermines the development of low-carbon industries, exemplified by photovoltaics in the United States.
Label-free optical detection of single enzyme-reactant reactions and associated conformational changes
Authors: Kim Eugene , Baaske Martin D. , Schuldes Isabel , Wilsch Peter S. , Vollmer Frank
Published: March 2017

Single-molecule enzyme-reactant interactions and the linked conformational changes are monitored via an optical microcavity sensor.
Comment on “Outburst flood at 1920 BCE supports historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xia dynasty”
Authors: Han Jian-Chiu
Published: March 2017

By analyzing the data and methodology of Wu
et al
. (Reports, 5 August 2016, p. 579), I find that their conclusions about the scale of the dammed lake, the dating of the lake, and the peak discharge at the point of dam failure and at the Lajia site cannot be validated. The conjecture of the supposed Great Flood and its impact on the formation of the early Chinese dynasty is not substantiated.
Arylation of hydrocarbons enabled by organosilicon reagents and weakly coordinating anions
Authors: Shao Brian , Bagdasarian Alex L. , Popov Stasik , Nelson Hosea M.
Published: March 2017

Adjacent fluorine and silicon substituents on an aryl ring set the stage for cleavage of strong C–H bonds.
Exploring Human Antimicrobial Antibody Responses on a Single B Cell Level
Authors: Hofmann Daniel , Lai Jonathan R.
Published: March 2017

Analysis of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from single B cell cloning has been highly beneficial for antimicrobial immunotherapy, vaccine design, and advancing our understanding of pathogen-triggered effects on the human immunoglobulin repertoire. Sequencing of variable domains of single B cells, and characterization of binding and functional activities of MAbs derived from those sequences, provides in-depth insight not only into sites of susceptibility for antibody-mediated neutralization or opsonization of the pathogen but also into the dynamics of protective antibody evolution during infection. This information can be utilized to rapidly develop novel immunotherapies of completely human origin and provides a roadmap for structure-based vaccine design that aims to elicit similar protective antibody responses. Here, we summarize recent aspects of the single B cell cloning approach.
ORF7 of Varicella-Zoster Virus Is Required for Viral Cytoplasmic Envelopment in Differentiated Neuronal Cells
Authors: Jiang Hai-Fei , Wang Wei , Jiang Xuan , Zeng Wen-Bo , Shen Zhang-Zhou , Song Yi-Ge , Yang Hong , Liu Xi-Juan , Dong Xiao , Zhou Jing , Sun Jin-Yan , Yu Fei-Long , Guo Lin , Cheng Tong , Rayner Simon , Zhao Fei , Zhu Hua , Luo Min-Hua
Published: March 2017

Although a varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine has been used for many years, the neuropathy caused by VZV infection is still a major health concern. Open reading frame 7 (ORF7) of VZV has been recognized as a neurotropic gene
in vivo
, but its neurovirulent role remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ORF7 deletion on VZV replication cycle at virus entry, genome replication, gene expression, capsid assembly and cytoplasmic envelopment, and transcellular transmission in differentiated neural progenitor cells (dNPCs) and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y (dSY5Y) cells. Our results demonstrate that the ORF7 protein is a component of the tegument layer of VZV virions. Deleting ORF7 did not affect viral entry, viral genome replication, or the expression of typical viral genes but clearly impacted cytoplasmic envelopment of VZV capsids, resulting in a dramatic increase of envelope-defective particles and a decrease in intact virions. The defect was more severe in differentiated neuronal cells of dNPCs and dSY5Y. ORF7 deletion also impaired transmission of ORF7-deficient virus among the neuronal cells. These results indicate that ORF7 is required for cytoplasmic envelopment of VZV capsids, virus transmission among neuronal cells, and probably the neuropathy induced by VZV infection.

IMPORTANCE
The neurological damage caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is commonly manifested as clinical problems. Thus, identifying viral neurovirulent genes and characterizing their functions are important for relieving VZV related neurological complications. ORF7 has been previously identified as a potential neurotropic gene, but its involvement in VZV replication is unclear. In this study, we found that ORF7 is required for VZV cytoplasmic envelopment in differentiated neuronal cells, and the envelopment deficiency caused by ORF7 deletion results in poor dissemination of VZV among neuronal cells. These findings imply that ORF7 plays a role in neuropathy, highlighting a potential strategy to develop a neurovirulence-attenuated vaccine against chickenpox and herpes zoster and providing a new target for intervention of neuropathy induced by VZV.
Efficient and Robust
Paramyxoviridae
Reverse Genetics Systems
Authors: Beaty Shannon M. , Park Arnold , Won Sohui T. , Hong Patrick , Lyons Michael , Vigant Frederic , Freiberg Alexander N. , tenOever Benjamin R. , Duprex W. Paul , Lee Benhur
Published: March 2017

The ability to manipulate the genome of paramyxoviruses and evaluate the effects of these changes at the phenotypic level is a powerful tool for the investigation of specific aspects of the viral life cycle and viral pathogenesis. However, reverse genetics systems for paramyxoviruses are notoriously inefficient, when successful. The ability to efficiently and robustly rescue paramyxovirus reverse genetics systems can be used to answer basic questions about the biology of paramyxoviruses, as well as to facilitate the considerable translational efforts being devoted to developing live attenuated paramyxovirus vaccine vectors.
Lower glycemic load meals reduce diurnal glycemic oscillations in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes
Authors: Kizirian Nathalie V , Goletzke Janina , Brodie Shannon , Atkinson Fiona S , Markovic Tania P , Ross Glynis P , Buyken Anette , Brand-Miller Jennie C
Published: March 2017

Objective

Maternal glycemia plays a key role in fetal growth. We hypothesized that lower glycemic load (GL) meals (lower glycemic index, modestly lower carbohydrate) would substantially reduce day-long glucose variability in women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Research design and methods

A crossover study of 17 women (mean±SD age 34.8±4 years; gestational weeks 29.3±1.3; body mass index 23.8±4.7 kg/m2) who consumed a low GL or a high GL diet in random order, 1-day each, over 2 consecutive days. Diets were energy-matched and fiber-matched with 5 meals per 24 hours. All food was provided. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to assess diurnal glycemia.

Results

Maternal glucose levels were 51% lower on the low GL day with lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC±SEM 549±109 vs 1120±198 mmol/L min, p=0.015). Glycemic variability was significantly lower on the low GL day, as demonstrated by a lower average SD (0.7±0.1 vs 0.9±0.1, p<0.001) and lower mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (2.1±0.2 vs 2.7±0.2 mmol/L, p<0.001).

Conclusions

A lower GL meal plan in pregnancy acutely halves day-long maternal glucose levels and reduces glucose variability, providing further evidence to support the utility of a low GL diet in pregnancy.
Erythromycin: prophylaxis against recurrent small bowel obstruction
Authors: Rea Emily , Husbands Emma
Published: March 2017

We describe three cases where erythromycin suspension has been used successfully in preventing recurrence of small bowel obstruction in patients with terminal illness and for whom it proved more effective than standard preparations such as metoclopramide and domperidone. These patients also experienced a longer term benefit over some months. With recent alerts over longer term use of metoclopramide and domperidone, we demonstrate that erythromycin is a viable alternative prokinetic in patients with terminal illness at risk of small bowel obstruction instead of or alongside metoclopramide and domperidone. More research is required to establish the point at which erythromycin should be considered in the management of symptoms. In addition, research into the possibility of a viable alternative to erythromycin is needed.
Getting the terminology right in sexual health research: the importance of accurately classifying fuck buddies among men who have sex with men
Authors: Bellhouse Clare , Walker Sandra , Fairley Christopher K , Chow Eric PF , Bilardi Jade E
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this report was to raise the issue of the definition and classification of partner terminology in men who have sex with men (MSM) research, particularly in regards to ‘fuck buddies’. If definitions in research differ from general consensus in the MSM population, it is possible that public health strategies will be ineffective as the target population may be inaccurate.

Methods

Thirty semistructured interviews with MSM attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre were conducted, focusing on the willingness to change sexual practices to reduce the risk of pharyngeal gonorrhoea. As part of these interviews, men were also asked their views on the terminology they used to describe their relationships and sexual partners.

Results

The degree of emotional attachment often defined the type or classification of relationships. There was a consensus among men that partners they engaged with for ‘sex only’ were classified as casual partners and partners with whom there was an emotional attachment or formalisation of the relationship were classified as ‘regular partners’. However, the classification of ‘fuck buddy’ as a regular or casual partner was less clear.

Conclusions

Further research is needed to ascertain the ways in which men conceptualise sexual relationships and define or classify partner types, particularly ‘fuck buddy’ relationships. A third category for sexual relationships should be considered to encapsulate fuck buddy relationships.
What can routine germination tests in seed banks tell us about the germination ecology of endemic and protected species?
Authors: Clemente Adelaide S. , Müller Jonas V. , Almeida Erika , Costa Catarina A. , Dias Sara Lobo , Brehm Joana Magos , Rebelo Rui , Martins-Loução Maria Amélia
Published: March 2017

Protocols for the conservation of threatened plants are often constrained by the absence of data on germination ecology. However, seed bank managers periodically monitor the viability of stored seed collections using germination tests. Here, we argue that data from those tests can and should be used to provide information on germination requirements of threatened species. Twelve taxa endemic to Portugal were used as a test case to determine the effect of incubation temperature and pretreatments upon germination and to identify major factors eliciting germination and releasing dormancy. We achieved maximum germination percentages >95% for nine taxa. Temperature significantly affected the final germination and mean germination time in most taxa. Maximum and faster germination at cool temperatures (15 °C or alternate 20/10 °C) was the prevailing trend. Cold stratification improved germination in one species, suggesting physiological dormancy. Scarification increased the germination percentage of one species among those expected to exhibit physical dormancy. Seed bank data provided valuable information on germination ecology, which can be used in in-situ conservation and as a baseline for further germination studies. Given the increasing threats to plant diversity, accessibility to seed bank data are paramount.
Power law inflation with anisotropic fluid in Lyra’s manifold
Authors: Singh S. Surendra , Devi Y. Bembem , Singh M. Saratchandra
Published: March 2017

Field equations of the locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-I metric with anisotropic fluid are constructed within the framework of Lyra’s manifold. Power-law volumetric expansion is used to obtain exact solutions of the models for constant and time-dependent displacement field. We discuss the asymptotic behaviors of the derived models, anisotropic behavior of the fluid, expansion parameter, and the evolution of the model with the age of the universe.
GINGER
Authors: Di Virgilio Angela D. V.
Published: March 2017

Gyroscopes IN General Relativity (GINGER) is a proposal of an Earth-base experiment to measure the Lense–Thirring effect. GINGER uses an array of ring lasers, which are the most sensitive inertial sensors to measure the rotation rate of the Earth. GINGER is based on a three-dimensional array of large size ring lasers, able to measure the de Sitter and Lense–Thirring effects. The instrument will be located in the INFN Gran Sasso underground laboratory, in Italy. We describe preliminary developments and measurements. Earlier prototypes based in Italy, GP2, GINGERino, and G-LAS are also described and their preliminary results reported.
SURFACE–INTERFACE REACTION OF SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODE MATERIALS
Authors: CHEN KUNFENG , LIU FEI , LIANG XITONG , XUE DONGFENG
Published: March 2017

Facing the challenge of low energy density of conventional electric double layer supercapacitors, researchers have long been focusing on the development of novel pseudocapacitive electrode materials with higher energy densities. Since capacitive charge storage reaction mostly occurs on the interface of electrode and electrolyte, the interface chemistry determines the achievable power and energy densities of a supercapacitor. Consequently, understanding of surface–interface reaction mechanism is a key towards efficient design of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent advances in the understanding of surfaces–interfaces in the system of pseudocapacitive supercapacitors. With significant research advancements in the understanding of surface–interface of supercapacitors, novel colloidal electrode materials with improved surface–interface structures have been developed in our previous work, which have the potential to deliver both high energy and power densities. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis on the surface–interface control approaches to improve the energy and power densities of supercapacitors.
Immunobiology of Long Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Atianand Maninjay K. , Caffrey Daniel R. , Fitzgerald Katherine A.
Published: March 2017

The discovery of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) has provided a new perspective on gene regulation in diverse biological contexts. lncRNAs are remarkably versatile molecules that interact with RNA, DNA, or proteins to promote or restrain the expression of protein-coding genes. Activation of immune cells is associated with dynamic changes in expression of genes, the products of which combat infectious microorganisms, initiate repair, and resolve inflammatory responses in cells and tissues. Recent evidence indicates that lncRNAs play important roles in directing the development of diverse immune cells and controlling the dynamic transcriptional programs that are a hallmark of immune cell activation. The importance of these molecules is underscored by their newly recognized roles in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the contribution of lncRNAs in the development and activation of immune cells and their roles in immune-related diseases. We also discuss challenges faced in identifying biological functions for this large and complex class of genes.
Neurotrophin 3 upregulates proliferation and collagen production in human aortic valve interstitial cells: a potential role in aortic valve sclerosis
Authors: Yao Qingzhou , Song Rui , Ao Lihua , Cleveland Joseph C. , Fullerton David A. , Meng Xianzhong
Published: March 2017

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a leading cardiovascular disorder in the elderly. Diseased aortic valves are characterized by sclerosis (fibrosis) and nodular calcification. Sclerosis, an early pathological change, is caused by aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC) proliferation and overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. However, the mechanism of aortic valve sclerosis remains unclear. Recently, we observed that diseased human aortic valves overexpress growth factor neurotrophin 3 (NT3). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NT3 is a profibrogenic factor to human AVICs. AVICs isolated from normal human aortic valves were cultured in M199 growth medium and treated with recombinant human NT3 (0.10 µg/ml). An exposure to NT3 induced AVIC proliferation, upregulated the production of collagen and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and augmented collagen deposition. These changes were abolished by inhibition of the Trk receptors. NT3 induced Akt phosphorylation and increased cyclin D1 protein levels in a Trk receptor-dependent fashion. Inhibition of Akt abrogated the effect of NT3 on cyclin D1 production. Furthermore, inhibition of either Akt or cyclin D1 suppressed NT3-induced cellular proliferation and MMP-9 and collagen production, as well as collagen deposition. Thus, NT3 upregulates cellular proliferation, ECM protein production, and collagen deposition in human AVICs. It exerts these effects through the Trk-Akt-cyclin D1 cascade. NT3 is a profibrogenic mediator in human aortic valve, and overproduction of NT3 by aortic valve tissue may contribute to the mechanism of valvular sclerosis.
miR-375 negatively regulates the synthesis and secretion of catecholamines by targeting Sp1 in rat adrenal medulla
Authors: Gai Yedan , Zhang Jinglin , Wei Chao , Cao Wei , Cui Yan , Cui Sheng
Published: March 2017

The adrenal gland is an important endocrine gland in balancing homeostasis and the response to stress by synthesizing and secreting catecholamines (CATs), and it has been confirmed that microRNA-375 (miR-375) is highly expressed in adrenal medulla. However, up to now there are few reports about the functions and related mechanisms in adrenal medulla. The present study was thus designed to study the roles and related mechanisms in rat adrenal medulla. Our results showed that miR-375 was specifically expressed in rat adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, and its expression was downregulated when rats were exposed to stress. The further functional studies demonstrated that the inhibition of endogenous miR-375 induced the secretion of CATs in primary rat medulla chromaffin cells and PC12 cells, whereas miR-375 overexpression resulted in a decline of CAT secretion. In addition, our results showed that miR-375 negatively regulated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and mediated adrenomedullary CAT biosynthesis. These functions of miR-375 were accomplished by its binding to the 3′-untranslated region of Sp1, which was involved in the regulation of TH and DBH expressions. These novel findings suggest that miR-375 acts as a potent negative mediator in regulating the synthesis and secretion of CATs in the adrenal medulla during the maintenance of homeostasis under stress.
Optical clearing: impact of optical and dielectric properties of clearing solutions on pulmonary tissue mechanics
Authors: Schwenninger David , Priebe Hans-Joachim , Schneider Matthias , Runck Hanna , Guttmann Josef
Published: March 2017

Optical clearing allows tissue visualization under preservation of organ integrity. Optical clearing of organs with a physiological change in three-dimensional geometry (such as the lung) would additionally allow visualization of macroscopic and microscopic tissue geometry. A prerequisite, however, is the preservation of the native tissue mechanics of the optically cleared lung tissue. We investigated the impact of optical and dielectric properties of clearing solutions on biomechanics and clearing potency in porcine tissue strips of healthy lungs. After fixation, bleaching, and rehydration, four methods of optical clearing were investigated using eight different protocols. The mechanical and optical properties of the cleared lung tissue strips were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing and by analyzing optical transparency and translucency for red, green, and blue light before, during, and after the biochemical optical clearing process. Fresh tissue strips were used as controls. Best balance between efficient clearing and preserved mechanics was found for clearing with a 1:1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aniline. Our findings show that 1) the degree of tissue transparency and translucency correlated with the refractive index of the clearing solution index ( r = 0.976, P = 0.0004; and r = 0.91, P = 0.0046, respectively), 2) tissue mechanics were affected by dehydration and the type of clearing solution, and 3) tissue biomechanics and geometry correlated with the dielectric constant of the clearing solution ( r = −0.98, P < 0.00001; and r = 0.69, P = 0.013, respectively). We show that the lower the dielectric constant of the clearing solutions, the larger the effect on tissue stiffness. This suggests that the dielectric constant is an important measure in determining the effect of a clearing solution on lung tissue biomechanics. Optimal tissue transparency requires complete tissue dehydration and a refractive index of 1.55 of the clearing solution.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Investigating optical clearing in porcine lung tissue strips, we found that refractive index and dielectric constant of the clearing solution affected tissue clearing and biomechanics. By documenting the impact of the composition of the clearing solution on clearing potency and preservation of tissue mechanics, our results help to compose optimal clearing solutions. In addition, the results allow conclusions on the molecular interaction of solvents with collagen fibers in tissue, thereby consolidating existing theories about the functionality of collagen.
LRRK2 G2019S Mutation: Prevalence and Clinical Features in Moroccans with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Bouhouche Ahmed , Tibar Houyam , Ben El Haj Rafiqua , El Bayad Khalil , Razine Rachid , Tazrout Sanaa , Skalli Asmae , Bouslam Naima , Elouardi Loubna , Benomar Ali , Yahyaoui Mohammed , Regragui Wafa
Published: March 2017

Background. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation is the most common genetic determinant of Parkinson’s disease (PD) identified to date. This mutation, reported in both familial and sporadic PD, occurs at elevated frequencies in Maghreb population. In the present study, we examined the prevalence of the G2019S mutation in the Moroccan population and we compared the motor and nonmotor phenotype of G2019S carriers to patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Methods. 100 PD patients were assessed for motor and nonmotor symptoms, current medication, and motor complication including motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. The LRRK2 G2019S mutation was investigated by direct sequencing in patients and ethnically matched controls, all of Moroccan origin. Results. Among the 100 PD Moroccan patients, 41 (41%) were carriers of the G2019S mutation. The mutation frequency was higher among probands with autosomal dominant inheritance (76%) than among sporadic ones (28%). Interestingly, G2019S mutation was also found in 5% of control individuals. Clinically, patients carrying the G2019S mutation have more dystonia (OR = 4.6, p = 0.042) and more sleep disorders (OR = 2.4, p = 0.045) than noncarriers. Conclusions. The LRRK2 G2019S prevalence in Morocco is the highest in the world reported to date. Some clinical features in G2019S carriers such as dystonia and sleep disturbances are worth noting.
Nonlinear Resonance Analysis of Slender Portal Frames under Base Excitation
Authors: Paullo Muñoz Luis Fernando , Gonçalves Paulo B. , Silveira Ricardo A. M. , Silva Andréa
Published: March 2017

The dynamic nonlinear response and stability of slender structures in the main resonance regions are a topic of importance in structural analysis. In complex problems, the determination of the response in the frequency domain indirectly obtained through analyses in time domain can lead to huge computational effort in large systems. In nonlinear cases, the response in the frequency domain becomes even more cumbersome because of the possibility of multiple solutions for certain forcing frequencies. Those solutions can be stable and unstable, in particular saddle-node bifurcation at the turning points along the resonance curves. In this work, an incremental technique for direct calculation of the nonlinear response in frequency domain of plane frames subjected to base excitation is proposed. The transformation of equations of motion to the frequency domain is made through the harmonic balance method in conjunction with the Galerkin method. The resulting system of nonlinear equations in terms of the modal amplitudes and forcing frequency is solved by the Newton-Raphson method together with an arc-length procedure to obtain the nonlinear resonance curves. Suitable examples are presented, and the influence of the frame geometric parameters and base motion on the nonlinear resonance curves is investigated.
MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review
Authors: Schlesinger Ilana , Sinai Alon , Zaaroor Menashe
Published: March 2017

MRI-guided focused ultrasound is a new technology that enables intracranial ablation. Since lesioning ameliorates some of the symptoms of PD, this technology is being explored as a possible treatment for medication resistant symptoms in PD patients. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical use and treatment outcomes of PD patients treated to date with this technology.
Plant Proteinase Inhibitor BbCI Modulates Lung Inflammatory Responses and Mechanic and Remodeling Alterations Induced by Elastase in Mice
Authors: Almeida-Reis Rafael , Theodoro-Junior Osmar A. , Oliveira Bruno T. M. , Oliva Leandro V. , Toledo-Arruda Alessandra C. , Bonturi Camila R. , Brito Marlon V. , Lopes Fernanda D. T. Q. S. , Prado Carla M. , Florencio Ariana C. , Martins Mílton A. , Owen Caroline A. , Leick Edna A. , Oliva Maria L. V. , Tibério Iolanda F. L. C.
Published: March 2017

Background.Proteinases play a key role in emphysema.Bauhinia bauhinioides cruzipaininhibitor (BbCI) is a serine-cysteine proteinase inhibitor. We evaluated BbCI treatment in elastase-induced pulmonary alterations.Methods.  C57BL/6mice received intratracheal elastase (ELA group) or saline (SAL group). One group of mice was treated with BbCI (days 1, 15, and 21 after elastase instillation, ELABC group). Controls received saline and BbCI (SALBC group). After 28 days, we evaluated respiratory mechanics, exhaled nitric oxide, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In lung tissue we measured airspace enlargement, quantified neutrophils, TNFα-, MMP-9-, MMP-12-, TIMP-1-, iNOS-, and eNOS-positive cells, 8-iso-PGF2α, collagen, and elastic fibers in alveolar septa and airways. MUC-5-positive cells were quantified only in airways.Results.BbCI reduced elastase-induced changes in pulmonary mechanics, airspace enlargement and elastase-induced increases in total cells, and neutrophils in BALF. BbCI reduced macrophages and neutrophils positive cells in alveolar septa and neutrophils and TNFα-positive cells in airways. BbCI attenuated elastic and collagen fibers, MMP-9- and MMP-12-positive cells, and isoprostane and iNOS-positive cells in alveolar septa and airways. BbCI reduced MUC5ac-positive cells in airways.Conclusions.BbCI improved lung mechanics and reduced lung inflammation and airspace enlargement and increased oxidative stress levels induced by elastase. BbCI may have therapeutic potential in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Efficacy of Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation versus Nissen Fundoplication for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Short Term: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Ming-yu , Huang Di-yu , Wu Angela , Zhu Yi-bin , Zhu He-pan , Lin Liu-mei , Cai Xiu-jun
Published: March 2017

Background. The efficacy of Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation (MSA) and its outcomes for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) are uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to summarize and analyze the efficacy of two treatments for GERD.Methods. The meta-analysis search was performed, using four databases. All studies from 2005 to 2016 were included. Pooled effect was calculated using either the fixed or random effects model.Results. A total of 4 trials included 624 patients and aimed to evaluate the differences in proton-pump inhibitor use, complications, and adverse events. MSA had a shorter operative time (MSA and NF: RR = −18.80, 95% CI: −24.57 to −13.04, andP=0.001) and length of stay (RR = −14.21, 95% CI: −24.18 to −4.23, andP=0.005). Similar proton-pump inhibitor use, complication (P=0.19), and severe dysphagia for dilation were shown in both groups. Although there is no difference between the MSA and NF in the number of adverse events, the incidence of postoperative gas or bloating (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.54–0.94, andP=0.02) showed significantly different results. However, there is no significant difference in ability to belch and ability to vomit.Conclusions. MSA can be recommended as an alternative treatment for GERD according to their short-term studies, especially in main-features of gas-bloating, due to shorter operative time and less complication of gas or bloating.
A Regional Evaluation of Survival of Infants with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Twichell Sarah A. , Fiascone John , Gupta Munish , Prendergast Michael , Rodig Nancy , Hansen Anne
Published: March 2017

Background: Information regarding morbidity and mortality of infants born with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis early in life is critical to optimize patient care and better counsel families. Objective: We evaluated outcomes of infants born regionally with ESRD, and those within our broader catchment area referred for dialysis. Study Design: We screened deaths at 5 regional referral hospitals, identifying infants with ESRD who did not survive to transfer for dialysis. We also screened all infants <8 weeks old seen at our institution over a 7-year period with ESRD referred for dialysis. We evaluated factors associated with survival to dialysis and transplant. Results: We identified 14 infants from regional hospitals who died prior to transfer and 12 infants at our institution who were dialyzed. Because of the large burden of lethal comorbidities in our regional referral centers, overall survival was low, with 73% dying at birth hospitals. Amongst dialyzed infants, 42% survived to transplant. Conclusion: This study is unusual in reporting survival of infants with ESRD including those not referred for dialysis, which yields an expectedly lower survival rate than reported by dialysis registries.