bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is There Life After The Dead? Deadheads and the Death of Jerry Garcia
Authors: Pearce Maryanne
Published: April 2021

The Grateful Dead is a rock and roll band formed in 1965. For thirty years the Grateful Dead have attracted a following of faithful fans, numbering in the hundreds of thousands, known as Deadheads. The lead singer, guitarist, composer and figurehead of the band was Jerry Garcia. Beginning in the late 1960s, a community grew around the band. To some Deadheads, Jerry represented a father, grandfather, guru, spiritual leader or a god. I argue that this community of fans constitutes a subculture. A discussion and description of this subculture is included. In August of 1995, Garcia died in his sleep. Six months later the surviving band members announced their decision not to continue as the Grateful Dead. Many Deadheads were deeply affected by the loss of Jerry and the end of the Grateful Dead. This paper examines the mourning of Deadheads: who was affected, how it was expressed, and the reasons behind it. Many feared the loss of the subculture, although a strong commitment to continue was evident. A discussion of the future of Deadheads, the possible role of cyberspace, and the commitment of Deadheads to retaining their community is included.
"Zones of Conflict": Exploring the Ethics of Anthropology in Dangerous Spaces
Authors: Khasnabish Alex
Published: April 2021

In recent years, anthropologists have become increasingly involved in work surrounding issues of human rights, democracy, social justice, and conflict. In doing so, ethical questions concerning the authority, obligations, and, most broadly, the role of anthropologists working in areas and with populations experiencing circumstances of violence, suffering, and oppression have come to the fore. The central theme of this paper is to engage the ethics of not only doing fieldwork in such places and with people experiencing these social realities, but to also consider whether it might be considered an "ethical imperative" on the part of anthropologists to conduct such work. Ultimately, I intend to address the conflicted ethics of anthropology conducted in dangerous spaces and to confront the concept of an "anthropology of liberation" and what it signifies for the discipline and its practitioners both as an academic endeavour and as a field of practice which is profoundly and intimately enmeshed in the often harsh realities of human existence.
Disrupting Lunar Cycles: Selling Seasonal Menses
Authors: Dol Christine
Published: April 2021

Women's embodied experience of menarche, menses, and menopause can reveal underlying misogynist biosocial assumptions embedded within medical and political policies and practices designed specifically for women based solely on our uniquely physiological embodied experiences. A new menstrual suppressing drug - Seasonale is the latest pharmaceutical insult/assault against women by the pharmaceutical industry capitalizing on the traditional Victorian misconceptions regarding the female body as being the diseased body in need of cultural control. This essay takes up Arthur Kleinman 's concept of 'explanatory models' to analyze the hidden issue of the gendered nature of biomedical discourse and the issue of medical knowledge production. The focus of this paper is on how biomedical discourses in the form of 'scientific' pharmaceutical rhetoric is actually constructing 'explanatory models' for women to practice and conform to a specific notion of the ideological woman in American society - the seasonal bleeder. I argue that well into the 21st century, the female body embodied in natural reproductive functions is produced discursively as an idiom of pathology ill the 'explanatory models' produced by Western biomedical discourse.
Health and morbidity in ancient Chilean populations: Preliminary perspectives using subadult data
Authors: Boston Christine Elisabeth.
Published: April 2021

Bioarchaeological studies have suggested a general trend whereby the health of past populations degraded as they transitioned from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary, agricultural lifestyle. Ancient societies of northern Chile provide a unique perspective on this debate in that while the earliest societies relied on hunting and gathering they were at the same time sedentary. Furthermore, later agricultural Chilean societies had relatively balanced diets since they also relied on fishing. Thus, this study examined four skeletal markers of health on sixty-one subadults ranging from the Archaic (7000-1000 B.C.) to Late Horizon (A.D. 1476-1532) periods in order to prove the impact of subsistence strategies and social organization on individuals’ health. These health markers were cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis, trauma, dental pathological conditions, and infections. Despite the small sample size, this study gives a glimpse of childhood health conditions and morbidity patterns in northern Chile. The results showed no statistical differences of morbidity patterns between preagricultural and agricultural societies, a contradiction to previous assumptions about morbidity differences between preagricultural and agricultural societies.
Bones, people and communities: Tensions between individual and corporate identities in secondary burial ritual
Authors: Chénier Ani
Published: April 2021

This review of archaeological and ethnographic literature on secondary burial practices explores how different theoretical understandings of the body inform interpretations of mortuary practice as a forum for negotiations of identity and community among the living. Tension between various scales of identity – personal and corporate – assumed by the deceased are shown to be key elements in many of these negotiations. The materiality of the body can allow participants to explore these tensions through physical manipulations that are part of ritual practice. However, ethnographic examples suggest that multiple interpretations can exist for similar practices, and that secondary burial practices are often mutable and fluid in meaning. While historically contingent, variations in practice can become a means of group identification or differentiation.
The social, political, and economic causes of violence in Argentine soccer
Authors: Paradiso Eugenio
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the changing character of Argentine political culture has influenced the ways in which groups of soccer fans organize themselves around political and economic goals. Argentine soccer clubs have always had strong ties to local and national politics. In this article, I examine the relationships between Argentine political culture and corruption in soccer since 1976, the year in which the last military regime took power. During the dictatorship, acts of violence were unregulated. The so-called Grupos de Tarea (death squads) found themselves in a position of absolute power, meaning that they had the freedom to act independently without having to justify their actions in front of a centralized authority. Present-day barrabravas (Argentine hooligans) have copied the behaviour of the death squads. Contrary to what happens in other national contexts, the spread of violence in Argentine soccer is encouraged by social leaders through corrupt political and economic arrangements that benefit all parties involved. Being a barrabrava is a full time job based on the use of violence. By using a comparative approach, I emphasize the need to understand local specificities when examining soccer violence in different national contexts. The structure of Argentine soccer allows fans to penetrate the political sphere of soccer clubs. This, in turn, creates an environment where organized groups of fans develop strong ties to club officials. By contrast, soccer violence in Italy and Holland remains apolitical. Soccer hooliganism has no universal causes and no universal solutions.
Book review: Bones and Ochre: The Curious Afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland. Marianne Sommer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, xii + 398 pp, list of archives consulted, 14 figures, 2 appendices.
Authors: Battles Heather T.
Published: April 2021

In Bones and Ochre, author Marianne Sommer, a historian of science, aims to address her discipline’s neglect of paleoanthropology and prehistoric archeology (11). Sommer situates her book among other recent works in the history of science, such as Keller (2000), Secord (2000), and Daston (2000; 2004), as well as those which contextualize the anthropological sciences, including Hammond (1980), Bowler (1986), and Delisle (2007). Drawing on both published and archival sources, Sommer takes on the large task of tracing the history of paleoanthropology through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as she follows the changing biography of the “Red Lady of Paviland.” She uses this ochre-stained fossil skeleton and its role (along with that of associated artifacts) as an “anthropological object,” at once a natural, material object and meaningful concept (6), to demonstrate the historically contingent nature of anthropological interpretation, as the Red Lady’s age, sex, ethnicity, and place in human history shift multiple times from discovery in 1823 to the present day.
Health Risks Among the Elite: An Ecological-Political Approach to Life in Ancient Pompeii
Authors: Bishop Katherine G
Published: April 2021

This investigation challenges the assumption that reduced health is attributed to lower class individuals only. Skeletal indicators of illness and disease found on the osteological remains at ancient Pompeii are associated with an elite diet. The chronic conditions include dental caries, brucellosis, dental abrasion, dental abscesses, fluorosis, Forestier’s Disease (DISH), Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna (HFI), spina bifida occulta, and tuberculosis. The volcanic eruption in 79 CE provided exceptional preservation of the remains of flora, fauna, artwork, and architecture, which are used to recreate the diet and lifestyle of members of Pompeian society. Past analyses of the osteological remains include the disarticulated skeletal elements in the bath complexes and the burial of a large family within a dwelling at Pompeii. These remains are representative of a sample of the living population and contain paleopathological markers that are attributed to the consumption of food items specific to an elite diet. This case study demonstrates another avenue of research within the ecological-political model in archaeological context and illustrates many health risks associated with the lifestyle of members of higher socioeconomic status.
Hard and Soft Power and the Cultural Heritage Industry: an Australian example.
Authors: Tutchener David
Published: April 2021

This paper will address the question: Does development-based archaeological work in the Pilbara lead to management outcomes that adequately protect Indigenous heritage values? This question will be addressed from three perspectives; firstly from that of the developers, secondly from the heritage community and thirdly from the position of Indigenous stakeholders. The overall scope of this argument will be based on recent archaeological consultancy work in the Pilbara, Western Australia.The key component of this discussion is the application of Nye’s neo-realist concept of power relationships, as normally applied to nation states, to the heritage industry in Australia, drawing upon heritage work in the Pilbara as an example. The application of this paradigm to the heritage industry will also be discussed in regards to positivist and negativist approaches to power.
Losing My Language: How the Subaltern Speaks
Authors: Pashby Kate
Published: April 2021

The stories of immigrant communities throughout the world are fairly well-documented—most face some combination of assimilation, segregation, and unification. However, scholars and journalists alike have paid far less attention to those who fall somewhere in between these immigrant communities and in-state nationals. People often struggle to fit into the group they identify with when they are multiracial or their family immigrated one or more generations ago. Through previously conducted ethnographic case studies and autoethnography, this article seeks to examine the contested relationship between language, culture, and identity. Specifically, the article investigates how language ideology affects this language-identity-culture bind. The author’s experiences add a further dimension to the problem: minority individuals interested in another minority group’s history, language, or culture. Ultimately, the objective of this article is to stimulate greater conversation in the academic community about the relationship between language and culture.
The Mask of Janus: A Re-analysis of the Concept of Pollution in the New Guinea Highlands
Authors: Paine Pauline
Published: April 2021

In the New Guinea Highlands the concert of pollution is utilized rather narrowly by anthropologists within the context of male/female relations and intersexual opposition; as such it has come to signify the capacity women have to endanger and contaminate males. Various structural features such as the separation of the sexes, male initiation ceremonies, and secret cults are commonly cited as evidence of the dangerous effects of females on males. In this paper I demonstrate that pollution beliefs cannot be reduced to a simplistic male/female dichotomy, as previously maintained in the literature, for such an opposition has no overall relevance for an understanding of pollution beliefs in the Highlands. The ability to contaminate another is a transitory phenomenon that is not transmitted solely along sex lines; it is neither a capacity residing only in women, nor are all women considered polluting. Instead, pollution beliefs must be viewed as embedded in a larger system of ideas concerning the life process itself.
Transvestites as Actors and Transactors
Authors: McLellan Susan
Published: April 2021

In this essay I shall be dealing, first of all, with western categories of sex and gender and examining how these are dichotomised into a dualistic opposition of male and female. This dualism may even entail the surgical "correction" of bodies so as to·ensure a congruence of gender assignment, identity and role. Western dualism is opposed to 'anomalous' categories. It becomes evident that such classification rests on culturally specific views of both natural and social reality. Material will be presented here to show exactly how culturally relative these concepts are; in Bali for example, the religious and social order pivots on the unity of males and females which correlates with the unity and oneness of the Hindu gods. This oneness is also manifested by the important role that both male and female transvestites play as transactors between 'this world and the other world' in temple ritual and dances. With the decline of the Hindu pantheism and the rise of monotheistic Islam in Java, the former unity developed into a dichotomy of male and female. Here the only legitimate role for the transvetite is as a low status actor protraying old heroines and redundant gods. In Malaysia, the transvestite may be an actor or even a shaman dealing in 'unorthodox' religious categories which, somehow, equate with ambiguous roles in modern day society. Here again, with the rise of a theocentric Islam male and female roles became dichotomised in society, although both folk drama and shamanistic ritual performances are evocative and reminiscent of the former Hindu 'unity'. It is apparent that transvestites perform on the 'periphery' of society. A special 'liminal' niche is set aside and bounded, yet it is clear that the very context of "betwixt and betweeness" may also he functional for the wider society - be it of a religious, magical, dramatic or even a sexual nature. In South East Asia the recognised roles of the transvestite lends a legitimacy to potential ambiguity which contrasts, somewhat starkly, with the rigid insistence in western societies on the duality of gender, emphasis on conforminity, and a negation or intolerance of anomalous categories of gender.
'GILDED CARRIAGES AND LIVERIED SERVANTS': Thackeray, Bourdieu, and Material Culture
Authors: Miller Andrew
Published: April 2021

The writings of William Thackeray (1811-1863) are dominated by his experience of the commodity form; his apprehension not only of objects and material reality, but also of his own literary productions emerges from economic experience. Working from Pierre Bourdieu's materialist analysis of spatial relationships, the following paper first examines the consequences of commodification on Thackeray's representation of space and material culture, and then briefly analyzes that representation as a product of Thackeray's habitus, understood as the dialectical product of his position within a series of social transformations in mid-Victorian England.
CRISIS, AUSTERITY AND METHODENSTREIT: Postgraduate Education in Canada a la Fun Du Siecle
Authors: Lyons Andrew P.
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the current predicament of Canadian anthropology in terms of its potential and the constraints that inhibit the realization of its possibilities. A general historical consideration of 'interpretive anthropology', as formulated in the American context, forms the basis for a call to 'moral nerve'.
What is Good for Anthropology in Canada?
Authors: Howes David
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the nature of Canadian Anthropology in terms of a fundamental bicentricity. It is argued that the binarism of Canadian Anthropology reflects the constitution of Canadian society and marks it off from its American counterpart where difference in general, and binarism in particular, are submerged in a "unity of we". The argument is constructed in the context of a consideration of which texts might be rightfully installed in a Canadian anthropological canon.
Response to Reimer
Authors: Laurie Peter
Published: April 2021

It would be tempting indeed to simply concur with Gwen Reimer's incisive comments on my paper and be done with it, since I believe the two of us are fundamentally in agreement about what sorts of changes might help bring about a more historically and materially grounded form of tourism studies.
Deciphering the Natures of Lust
Authors: St. Christian Douglass P.
Published: April 2021

We seem a curiously cursed species, caught in a dichotomizing combination of a lusting subjectivity and the experience of being an object of lust. We know we desire and we know we are desired, subject and object in a web of arousals and genders and roles and impersonations of natural order. It is the naturalness of engendered sexuality which is being Questioned now, as anthropologists turn the subtlety of our analytic lens on a close examination of what, at least for those of us encultured into the European tradition, is a fundamental attribute of personhood and being. In this discussion I want to extend the range of Questions which the insightful papers gathered here raise to a more general concern for how we 'read' sexual meaning from the anthropological evidence. What follows is in two parts. The first Questions recent evidence from Brazil regarding the coexistence of mutually exclusive schemes of sexual classification in a single social milieu. My concern in that discussion is how frames of observation applied to novel contexts distort our ability to see sex and sexuality as they are lived. The second section of this discussion considers why Western analysts appear to be trapped in these limiting frames by deciphering the Eurocentric assumptions which are embedded in much research and writing on sex and sexuality in other cultures.
A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE: Anthropology, Free Trade, and Britain's Empire
Authors: Black J. David
Published: April 2021

Diffusionist and evolutionist models of cultural change indicate a telling correspondence with historical trends in Britain's foreign policy and liberal philosophy in the nineteenth-century. Anthropological theory provided a convenient cultural rationale for the effects of mid-century free trade and, later, the new empire-building of liberal imperialism on subject peoples. The ideological compact of liberalism, imperialism and anthropology made liberal social and political norms a standard for colonial societies. Bourgeois self-projection gave energy to this liberal imputation; moreover, this imputation also served as a covert criticism of organicist claims by conservatives and socialists. Contemporary neo-conservatism and the rhetoric of globalization exhibit a similar content and project.
Could the Next Antibiotic Emerge from Bacteria?
Authors: Labib Bichoy
Published: April 2021

An intrinsic bacterial mechanism could play a fundamental role in the future of antibiotics. Using cryo-EM, the structural resolution of the effector protein complexed with its chaperone and other accessory proteins reveals the mechanism of action of type VI bacterial secretion system. The importance of the chaperone protein, used to prime the toxic effector protein, was previously identified. Future research efforts should encompass the immunity protein that may allow bacteria to evade the lethal effects of this mechanism.
Diagnosing Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Pajankar Netri
Published: April 2021

The definition of consciousness has long been debated in a scientific and philosophical context due to its ambiguous nature. Recent developments in the concept of consciousness have contributed to a better understanding of associated Disorders of Consciousness (DOC). However, there has not been an equivalent rise in the accuracy of diagnostic measures for DOC. About half of the patients with DOC are incorrectly diagnosed due to significant reliance on subjective and inaccurate behavioural scales. Consequently, the misrepresentation of a patient’s present residual consciousness severely affects the treatment and rehabilitation measures that they receive. These inaccurate diagnoses ultimately influence the patient’s chance of survival. Thus, it is necessary to critique the current methods of evaluating consciousness. Neurophysiological scales are explored as a possible alternative method of evaluating consciousness, which is characterized by high sensitivity and objectivity. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of different consciousness-evaluating techniques can aid in the advocacy of their widespread use for DOC patients.
Bioethical Analysis of Gene Editing
Authors: Reintjes Caitlin Marie , Dewey Isabel
Published: April 2021

New developments in gene editing methods include the possibility to alter embryos for disease resistance. This could allow for increased immunity in the future, but at what cost? Gene editing may have unintended consequences. Some alterations may prevent the development of one disease but increase susceptibility to another. Other genes persist in populations for complex evolutionary reasons. Scientists must therefore consider the consequences and bioethics associated with these genetic changes. With examples such as the CCR5 coreceptor and major histocompatibility complex, it becomes clear that this type of genetic enhancement is immoral when evaluating it from biological, evolutionary, social, and economic perspectives. First, having the ability to select for certain desirable genes limits genetic diversity, which creates a barrier for evolution. Selecting for certain genes perpetuates the concept of ideal genes resembling dangerous eugenic ideologies. Should these procedures become more prevalent, the issue of accessibility arises. If these expensive procedures are only available to those who can afford them, the opportunity gap between the poor and the rich will widen. An investigation of case studies and ethical implications demonstrates that genomic editing is immoral and impermissible.
Assessing the Efficacy of Plant-Based Alternatives in Mitigating Climate Change
Authors: Sadeghighazichaki Pouriya , Sabzvari Tara , Oliaei Ava
Published: April 2021

Meat consumption and current livestock farming practices have a multitude of detrimental impacts on climate change and human health. Today, livestock farming is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). The manure and chemicals used in livestock farms also seep into the water supplies and degrade the quality of water. Furthermore, livestock require a vast expanse of land for grazing and feeding, which leads to deforestation and habitat fragmentation. High meat consumption and its associated effects have also been implicated in causing various health complications in humans such as a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and an overall increase in mortality. Transitioning towards plant-based diets could not only mitigate the impacts of climate change, but it could also improve human health. This paper assesses the efficacy of transitioning towards plant-based diets and the overall benefits and challenges of this transition. This literature review is crucial as it compiles recent data about climate change and various studies about plant-based dietary transitions, as well as their impacts on the environment, human health, and climate change mitigation efforts.
The Role of Public Health Communication in Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: A Historical Comparison
Authors: Dewey Isabel
Published: April 2021

In the current COVID-19 global health crisis, discussions of vaccine safety and hesitancy are being brought to light, as they were during many historical pandemics. In order to suggest effective public health interventions, it is important to examine the historically conventional interventions implemented during previous pandemics. In this review, the governmental role and communication strategies during the smallpox and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine hesitancies are compared. Specifically, it assesses how these factors may have contributed to vaccine hesitancy and the difference in outcomes. This discussion emphasizes the importance of effective science communication and public health interventions in the prevention and eradication of diseases.
Selective Targeting of Unique Metabolic Properties of Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Brakel Benjamin
Published: April 2021

Current therapeutic options in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia often succumb to high instances of relapse and subsequent mortality. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have long been used as the standard treatment for this disease, remaining stagnant over the past few decades. Recently, a small self-renewing population of leukemic stem cells have been identified as drivers of cancer relapse and progression due to their increased resistance to anticancer therapeutics. This enables these cells to maintain a minimal residual disease and results in downstream differentiation, leading to relapse. Targeting these cells may lead to effective therapies that reduce relapse and mortality. Recently, the metabolic properties of leukemic stem cells have begun to be elucidated. Here, we discuss recent discoveries regarding the metabolism of leukemic stem cells and approaches to targeting their unique metabolic properties.
Agricultural terraces in the Mediterranean: medieval intensification revealed by OSL profiling and dating
Authors: Turner Sam , Kinnaird Tim , Varinlioğlu Günder , Şerifoğlu Tevfik Emre , Koparal Elif , Demirciler Volkan , Athanasoulis Dimitris , Ødegård Knut , Crow Jim , Jackson Mark , Bolòs Jordi , Sánchez-Pardo José Carlos , Carrer Francesco , Sanderson David , Turner Alex
Published: April 2021

The history of agricultural terraces remains poorly understood due to problems in dating their construction and use. This has hampered broader research on their significance, limiting knowledge of past agricultural practices and the long-term investment choices of rural communities. The authors apply OSL profiling and dating to the sediments associated with agricultural terraces across the Mediterranean region to date their construction and use. Results from five widely dispersed case studies reveal that although many terraces were used in the first millennium AD, the most intensive episodes of terrace-building occurred during the later Middle Ages (c. AD 1100–1600). This innovative approach provides the first large-scale evidence for both the longevity and medieval intensification of Mediterranean terraces.
Effect of Specimen Thickness on Threshold Stress Intensity Factor (K
IH) Associated with DHC in Zr-2.5 Nb Alloy Pressure Tube Material
Authors: Sunil Saurav , Bind A. K. , Murty T. N. , Singh R. N. , Avinash G. , Singh I. V.
Published: April 2021

Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) behavior for zirconium alloys is characterized in terms of DHC velocity, VDHC, and Threshold Stress Intensity factor, KIH. The effect of specimen thickness on KIH associated with DHC of unirradiated Zr-2.5 Nb pressure tube material was investigated. For this purpose, KI at crack arrest for 1 mm–, 2 mm–, and 4.5 mm–thick specimens was determined using the load drop technique. Significant tunneling of the crack was observed for 1 mm– and 2 mm–thick specimens in the load drop test at 250°C. The KI at crack arrest was found to be increasing with the decrease in specimen thickness. However, extended finite element model (FEM) simulation revealed that KI at crack arrest in the center of the 1-mm specimen and 2-mm specimen is comparable to the values 9.2 ± 0.5 MPa.m1/2obtained for the 4.5 mm–thick specimen. Hence, if tunneling is not present in the specimen, the KIH was found to be independent of specimen thickness.
Groundwater Recharge for Water Security
Authors: Milman Anita , Bonnell Cameron , Maguire Rita , Sorensen Kathryn , Blomquist William
Published: April 2021

The Arizona Water Banking Authority (AWBA) was established in 1996 to make full use of Arizona’s Colorado River entitlement. It aims to address groundwater depletion in central Arizona and to protect Colorado River water users against future shortages due to interannual variability in water availability. Each year, the AWBA pays the costs to deliver any of the state’s unused entitlement to Colorado River water into central and southern Arizona and to store that water underground. The AWBA stores water on behalf of Central Arizona Project municipal subcontractors, other mainstream municipal Colorado River water rights holders, and tribal entities. Through its interstate banking agreements, the AWBA can also store water on behalf of the states of Nevada and California. Water stored by the AWBA is accounted for using Arizona’s statutorily created system of long-term storage credits (LTSCs), which allow future pumping of stored water within the same hydrologic basin. During shortage conditions in the Lower Basin of the Colorado River, the AWBA will distribute the LTSCs, enabling recipients to pump groundwater that otherwise would not be permitted. In this way, the AWBA serves as a unique insurance mechanism against shortages for users of Colorado River water in Arizona and the Lower Basin. To date, the AWBA’s focus has been on storage, yet in the coming years, its activities will shift to recovery, and it will need to confront additional challenges associated with matching supplies with demands and limitations on water available for recharge.
Groundwater Recharge to Address Integrated Groundwater and Surface Waters
Authors: Miller Kathleen , Goulden Phoebe , Fritz Kate , Kiparsky Michael , Tracy John , Milman Anita
Published: April 2021

The Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) Recharge Program aims to recharge an average of 250,000 AFY to mitigate the effects of groundwater pumping on surface water resources and, in doing so, to reduce conflicts between surface and groundwater users. The Idaho Water Resources Board (IWRB) partners with canal and irrigation companies to use IWRB’s surface water rights to conduct aquifer recharge through in- and off-canal seepage and direct injection wells. The canal and irrigation companies are paid by IWRB to use their canals and property for recharge sites. From 2014 to 2019, the program achieved 249,028 AFY of average recharge per year. The ESPA Recharge Program serves as a good example of a statewide recharge program that addresses challenges in managing highly connected groundwater and surface water. Moreover, it illustrates the incentives that can emerge for joint management of groundwater and surface water based on legal regimes that integrate the two. The ESPA Recharge Program particularly benefited from its centralized structure, with one state agency, IWRB, given sole control of implementing the recharge program. Nevertheless, the program faces some future obstacles, namely, in securing long-term funding, building out conveyance capacity to transport water to recharge sites during wet years, and modeling groundwater resources adequately.
Groundwater Recharge to Address Seawater Intrusion and Supply in an Urban Coastal Aquifer
Authors: Kiparsky Michael , Miller Kathleen , Blomquist William , Holtzapple Annapurna , Milman Anita
Published: April 2021

The Orange County Water District (OCWD) was created in 1933 by the California Legislature and tasked with managing water resources in Orange County. As a part of its strategy to fight seawater intrusion and guarantee a reliable groundwater supply in the basin, OCWD built a recycled wastewater facility that treats wastewater received from the Orange County Sanitation District and recharges the water into the basin through injection wells and infiltration ponds. OCWD’s first recycled wastewater facility, Water Factory 21, began operating in 1975 and was replaced in 2008 by the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS). Recharged water not serving as a barrier for seawater instruction is pumped by local water districts and municipalities (referred to as “producers”), who pay a pumping fee to OCWD. Water provided by GWRS is both more reliable and less expensive for the producers than water acquired from other sources, including imported surface water. In responding to the recognized threat of seawater intrusion, OCWD owes its success to creatively enabling recharge through the development of novel source water. OCWD’s broad purview and authority to manage groundwater, combined with its effective implementation and long-term stewardship of the recharge program as it has evolved over many years, have enabled innovation in MAR using treated wastewater.
Groundwater Recharge for a Regional Water Bank
Authors: Kiparsky Michael , Miller Kathleen , Goulden Phoebe , Milman Anita , Owen Dave
Published: April 2021

The Kern Water Bank is a semi-private groundwater bank operated by the Kern Water Bank Authority in Kern County, CA. The bank stores water from the State Water Project (SWP), Central Valley Project (CVP), and the Kern River. It is massive in scale, covering over 20,000 acres, with approximately 2.5 million acre feet diverted to the bank since 1995. The bank stores water on behalf of its member water agencies, which include both public and private water entities mainly focusing on agricultural use, along with a small number of municipal and residential customers. Water is withdrawn by the member agencies during droughts when surface water supplies from the SWP, CVP, and Kern River are insufficient to meet local demand or when member agencies elect to sell their stored water to outside third parties. In addition, the overlying land and infiltration ponds serve as habitat for some endangered and threatened species. Legal and political controversy surrounded the bank’s creation, but its unique suite of physical assets, creative enabling agreements, and clear operational rules and incentives have enabled it to use managed aquifer recharge to make significant contributions to the flexibility of regional and statewide water systems over decades of operations.
Tree-ring recorded variations of 10 heavy metal elements over the past 168 years in southeastern China
Authors: Chen Shiyin , Yao Qichao , Chen Xiuling , Liu Juan , Chen Deliang , Ou Tinghai , Liu Jane , Dong Zhipeng , Zheng Zhuangpeng , Fang Keyan
Published: April 2021

Heavy metal pollution is a serious concern in the urban area of China. Understanding metal pollution history is crucial for setting up appropriate measures for pollution control. Herein, we report a record of concentrations of 10 heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, and Sr) in Pinus massoniana tree rings from Fuzhou City over the past 168 years, which represents the longest tree-ring chronology of heavy metals in China. The studied metals displayed contrasting distribution patterns. Among them, Mn and Sr showed the strongest migration trend with peak concentrations at the pith. Co, Cd, and Pb also showed distinctively high concentrations near the boundary between heartwood and sapwood. Ni, Cu, Cr, and Fe showed an increasing trend possibly due to migration toward bark caused by physiological activities and increasing tourism activities and traffic pollution. The other elements (Cr, Fe, and Zn) with low migration revealed the historical pollution possibly discharged by the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and other anthropogenic activities. Strong correlations between Cu content and temperature were found, which provides an alternative tree-ring proxy for climate reconstruction. This study provides a long-term perspective of the joint impacts of physiological, environmental, and climatological factors on the concentrations of heavy metals in southeastern China.
Metabolic effects of 1-week binge drinking and fast food intake during Roskilde Festival in young healthy male adults
Authors: Demant Mia , Suppli Malte P , Foghsgaard Signe , Gether Lise , Grøndahl Magnus F G , Dalsgaard Niels B , Bergmann Sigrid S , Lanng Amalie R , Gasbjerg Lærke S , Thomasen Martin , Bagger Jonatan I , Strandberg Charlotte , Kønig Merete J , Grønbæk Henning , Becker Ulrik , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai J , Holst Jens J , Knop Joachim , Gillum Matthew P , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K
Published: April 2021

Aims/hypothesis

Metabolic effects of intermittent unhealthy lifestyle in young adults are poorly studied. We investigated the gluco-metabolic and hepatic effects of participation in Roskilde Festival (1 week of binge drinking and junk food consumption) in young, healthy males.

Methods

Fourteen festival participants (FP) were studied before, during and after 1 week’s participation in Roskilde Festival. Fourteen matched controls (CTRL) who did not participate in Roskilde Festival or change their lifestyle in other ways were investigated along a similar timeline.

Results

The FP group consumed more alcohol compared to their standard living conditions (2.0 ± 3.9 vs 16.3 ± 8.3 units/day, P < 0.001). CTRLs did not change their alcohol consumption. AUC for glucose during OGTT did not change in either group. C-peptide responses increased in the FP group (206 ± 24 vs 236 ± 17 min × nmol/L, P = 0.052) and the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity decreased (6.2 ± 2.4 vs 4.7 ± 1.4, P  = 0.054). AUC for glucagon during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) increased in the FP group (1037 ± 90 vs 1562 ± 195 min × pmol/L, P = 0.003) together with fasting fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (62 ± 30 vs 132 ± 72 pmol/L, P < 0.001), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF5) (276 ± 78 vs 330 ± 83 pg/mL, P = 0.009) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (37.6 ± 6.8 vs 42.4 ± 11 U/L, P = 0.043). Four participants (29%) developed ultrasound-detectable steatosis and a mean strain elastography-assessed liver stiffness increased (P = 0.026) in the FP group.

Conclusions/Interpretation

Participation in Roskilde Festival did not affect oral glucose tolerance but was associated with a reduction in insulin sensitivity, increases in glucagon, FGF21, GDF15 and AST and lead to increased liver stiffness and, in 29% of the participants, ultrasound-detectable hepatic steatosis.
Johannes Brahms’s Horn Trio and Its Unique Place in the Chamber Music Repertoire
Authors: Sodonis Chloë
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this research is to explore the elements in Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Horn in E-flat Major, op. 40, that contribute to its unique position in the vast and revered library of chamber music. These include Brahms's use of folksong, five-measure phrases, a variation on sonata form, developing variation, emotional elements, and unique instrumentation. The German folk song, Es soll sich ja keiner mit der Liebe abgeben is almost identical to the opening fourth movement theme of the horn trio. Brahms incorporates portions of this melody throughout all four movements of his horn trio which demonstrates an internal unity and cohesive use of folksong that contribute to his work’s individuality. This is one of many examples of Brahms’s attention to detail and use of surprising elements that allow his horn trio to stand out among thousands of other works. Through studying portions of Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Horn in E-flat Major, op. 40., analyzing distinctive qualities of this work, and comparing these elements to those of other chamber works of the time, one can conclude that this piece has a unique place in the chamber music repertoire.
Philosophy as a Vocation and Personal Commitment: the Young Heidegger and the Question of Philosophy
Authors: Garrido Periñán Juan José
Published: April 2021

Determining what philosophy is for the young Heidegger is a complex task. It is also an ambiguous task in that it is considered unresolved and intricate due to its subsidiary link to factical life. This paper will try to show that from the approach of worried concern and from a critique of the theoretical attitude and worldviews, Heidegger conceives that philosophizing is committing oneself to the possibility of carrying out a personal transformation lived as a commitment of a personal nature. From this situation, which will be critically scrutinized in the development of the present paper, I will determine philosophy to be the setting in motion of the self-enlightenment of the life of each existent.
The Problem of Experience in E. Voegelin’s Philosophy
Authors: Caturianas Dovydas
Published: April 2021

The paper deals with the problem of E. Voegelin’s notion of experience: the positive meaning of this concept is not specified in any of the author’s works. Based on W. James’s ‘‘Essay on Radical Empiricism” and Voegelin’s late works, it is shown that Voegelin’s theory of consciousness is rooted in James‘s concept of “pure experience”, which essentially sought to close the epistemological chasm between subject and object, phenomena and noumena. According to this notion, mental and physical, subjective and objective realities are merely derivative aspects of a certain primordial pure experience, which is more elementary and fundamental than the two former aspects of reality. Finally, the article exposes other implications of this connection with James’s philosophy for E. Voegelin’s theory of consciousness.
Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists into the Fight against Plague
Authors:   Dobrov Institute for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies, NAS of Ukraine, Gamaliia V.M. , Ruda S.P. ,   Dobrov Institute for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies, NAS of Ukraine, Zabuga G.V. ,   Dobrov Institute for Scientific and Technological Potential and Science History Studies, NAS of Ukraine
Published: April 2021

A review about history of the fighting of Ukrainian scientists against one of the most terrible infectious diseases of mankind is proposed. It is noted that plague epidemics have persecuted mankind during many centuries. For a long time, pandemics of the so-called “black death” broke out in different parts of the world. It is shown how a number of measures were organized in Russian Empire against disease spread: the organization of border outposts, the establishment of quarantine hospitals etc. Ways of searching for the sources of the plague by a number of scientists, in particular, graduates of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, doctors I.A. Poletika, D.S. Samoylovich, K.I. Yagelsky, A.F. Shafonsky are described. The formation of the anti-plague system in Russian Empire is investigated. The activity of the anti-plague laboratory, organized on the initiative of D.K. Zabolotny in 1880 in St. Petersburg, is shown. The contribution of the doctors G.M. Minkh, V.K. Vysokovich and M.F. Gamaliia in revealing the features of the pathogenesis of plague is described. It is noted that only at the beginning of the 20th century laboratories headed by D.K. Zabolotny and I.I. Mechnikov received significant results regarding the distribution of this dangerous infection. It is proved that only the dedicated work of a number of scientists allowed not only to reduce, but also to overcome the sickness rate of plague. It is noted that the first objective confirmation of the fact that the causative agent of the plague can be transmitted from rodents to humans was obtained in 1912. Considerable attention was paid to studies of the plague infection by D.K. Zabolotny during his expeditions to countries where epidemics arose. The role of Ukrainian scientists in establishing the determining factors of the occurrence of plague, as well as the development of methods for preventing this infectious disease, is emphasized.
Distribution Pattern, Nest-Tree Features and Breeding Performance of Population of the Black Stork, Ciconia nigra (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), in Northwestern Serbia
Authors: Rajković D. Z.
Published: April 2021

Distribution pattern, nest-tree characteristics and reproductive features of Black Stork’s population were evaluated in the floodplains of Gornje Podunavlje in Northwestern Serbia over five consecutive years. In total, 44 different nests were discovered and monitored. Nests were mostly placed on wide-diameter European Oaks and White Poplars between 5.5 and 18 m above ground level. Annually, the number of occupied nests varied between 26 and 16 with the declining trend over study years. The mean nesting density was 9.8 ± 2 occupied nests per 100 km2. Through study area, occupied nests were uniformly distributed and very isolated concerning the conspecific pairs. Predominantly, Black Stork preferred to nest on the lateral branches of the autochthonous mature trees with straight trunks and extensive crowns. These results suggest that the existence of old native forest stands represent crucial microhabitat criteria in the choice of the particular nesting site. In almost half of successful nesting cases, the most frequent number of fledglings was three. Overall productivity was relatively low with some variations between years implying poor nesting success.
Existence Results for a Class of p(x)-Kirchhoff Problems
Authors: Allaoui Mostafa
Published: April 2021

This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions to a class of p(x)-Kirchhoff-type equations with Robin boundary data as follows:

Where and satisfies Carathéodory condition. By means of variational methods and the theory of the variable exponent Sobolev spaces, we establish conditions for the existence of weak solutions.
Pollen Morphology of the Genus Tragopogon (Asteraceae)
Authors: Azizi H. , Sheidai M. , Mozaffarian V. , Noormohammadi Z.
Published: April 2021

Tragopogon L. (Cichorioideae, Lactuceae, Scorzonerinae) is an Old World genus with 150 species. Pollen morphology has proved useful in the systematics of some genera and species of Asteraceae as well as in that of some of its genera and species. The pollen morphology of 24 taxa of the genus Tragopogon was investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grain type ranged from suboblate, oblate-spheroidal to prolate-spheroidal in equatorial view and hexagonal, obtuse-hexagonal to hexagonal-angular in polar view. In this study separation of the species of the sections Majores, Profundisulcati, Sosnovsky, Chromopappus, Rubriflori according to Flora Iranica is presented from the other species of Tragopogon. T. jezdianus, T. porphyrocephalus, T. rezaiyensis are suggested to belong to Rubriflori section. The results indicate that the palynological characters of the genus Tragopogon are valuable for taxonomic applications and are useful for classification.