bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sikke et ord
Authors: Thrane Torben
Published: February 2017

There is an apparently peripheral construction type that falls outside the normally mandatory V2-structure of Danish main clauses, expressions introduced by the emphatic lexical item sikke (plus inflectional variants sikken, sikket). Such expressions defy standard taxonomic descriptions of Danish and pose a challenge to current formal (GB/PP/Minimalist) generalizations about movement operations. This paper aims to give not only a coherent description of such expressions in morphological, syntactic, and semantic terms, but also proposes a simple mechanism for information-sharing between nodes in addition to overt and - especially - covert movement. Given this mechanism it is shown that the description of a number of other and seemingly disparate aspects of Danish syntax follows naturally from the assumption that they are all instantiations of 'breakstructure'.
The discursive organization of research interviews
Authors: Grinsted Annette
Published: February 2017

The article discusses two methods for assessing beliefs, values etc. and underlying factors, viz. structured and semi-structured interview. The application of semi-structured interviews is exemplified in connection with a study carried out by the author, emphasisíng especially the role of accounts for assessing factors underlying beliefs, judgments, etc.
Kinetics of the LOV domain of ZEITLUPE determine its circadian function in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pudasaini Ashutosh , Shim Jae Sung , Song Young Hun , Shi Hua , Kiba Takatoshi , Somers David E , Imaizumi Takato , Zoltowski Brian D
Published: February 2017

A LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) domain containing blue-light photoreceptor ZEITLUPE (ZTL) directs circadian timing by degrading clock proteins in plants. Functions hinge upon allosteric differences coupled to the ZTL photocycle; however, structural and kinetic information was unavailable. Herein, we tune the ZTL photocycle over two orders of magnitude. These variants reveal that ZTL complexes with targets independent of light, but dictates enhanced protein degradation in the dark. In vivo experiments definitively show photocycle kinetics dictate the rate of clock component degradation, thereby impacting circadian period. Structural studies demonstrate that photocycle dependent activation of ZTL depends on an unusual dark-state conformation of ZTL. Crystal structures of ZTL LOV domain confirm delineation of structural and kinetic mechanisms and identify an evolutionarily selected allosteric hinge differentiating modes of PAS/LOV signal transduction. The combined biochemical, genetic and structural studies provide new mechanisms indicating how PAS/LOV proteins integrate environmental variables in complex networks.
Katalytische Friedel‐Crafts‐C‐H‐Borylierung elektronenreicher Arene: starke Reaktionsbeschleunigung durch Versetzen mit Alkenen
Authors: Yin Qin , Klare Hendrik F. T. , Oestreich Martin
Published: February 2017

Bei einer elektrophilen C‐H‐Borylierung elektronenreicher Arene mit Catecholboran wird die katalytische Bildung des Borelektrophils durch B‐H‐Bindungsheterolyse mit verschiedenen Lewis‐ und Brønsted‐Säuren eingeleitet. Dabei bildet sich nur das Boroniumion. Nach Dissoziation eines Liganden geht das dazugehörige Boreniumion regioselektive elektrophile aromatische Substitutionen mit Anilinderivaten und N‐Heterocyclen ein. Die Katalyse ist für B(C6F5)3 als Initiator optimiert und läuft ohne Zusatz einer externen Base oder eines H2‐Akzeptors ab. Typischerweise werden über 80 °C für einen effizienten Umsatz bei diesen Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktionen benötigt. Mechanistischen Experimenten zufolge ist die Neubildung des Boronium‐/Boreniumions durch Wasserstofffreisetzung geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. Diese Erkenntnis führte zur Entdeckung, dass das Versetzen mit katalytischen Mengen an Alken die Reaktion stark beschleunigt. Damit sind diese katalytischen C‐H‐Borylierungen erstmals bei Raumtemperatur möglich.
Dynamisches makromolekulares Materialdesign – die Vielseitigkeit von Cyclodextrin‐basierter Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie
Authors: Schmidt Bernhard V. K. J. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2017

Dynamische und adaptive Materialien sind leistungsfähige Konstrukte in der Polymerchemie mit einer Vielzahl von Anwendungen im Wirkstofftransport, in biologisch aktiven Systemen oder selbstheilenden Materialien. Sehr häufig werden dynamische Materialien mittels maßgeschneiderter Cyclodextrin(CD)‐Wirt‐Gast‐Wechselwirkungen aufgebaut. Die präzise Einbindung dieser Wirt‐ und Gastbausteine ermöglicht die Bildung komplexer makromolekularer Strukturen, die für den Aufbau von Strukturen höherer Ordnung mit vordefinierten Funktionen verwendet werden können. So können dynamische Materialien mit außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaftsprofilen erzeugt werden. Hier wird die hierarchische Bildung komplexer Architekturen vom molekularen über den makromolekularen und den kolloidalen zum makroskopischen Bereich beschrieben. Dabei wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Funktionalität und Responsivität der Strukturen auf äußere Felder insbesondere im biologischen Kontext gelegt.
Atypical physiological orienting to direct gaze in low‐functioning children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Helminen Terhi M. , Leppänen Jukka M. , Eriksson Kai , Luoma Arto , Hietanen Jari K. , Kylliäinen Anneli
Published: February 2017

Reduced use of eye contact is a prominent feature in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been proposed that direct gaze does not capture the attention of individuals with ASD. Experimental evidence is, however, mainly restricted to relatively high‐functioning school‐aged children or adults with ASD. This study investigated whether 2–5‐year‐old low‐functioning children with severe ASD differ from control children in orienting to gaze stimuli, as measured with the heart rate deceleration response. Responses were measured to computerized presentations of dynamic shifts of gaze direction either toward (direct) or away (averted) from the observing child. The results showed a significant group by gaze direction interaction effect on heart rate responses (permuted P = .004), reflecting a stronger orienting response to direct versus averted gaze in typically developing (N = 17) and developmentally delayed (N = 16) children but not in children with ASD (N = 12). The lack of enhanced orienting response to direct gaze in the ASD group was not caused by a lack of looking at the eye region, as confirmed by eye tracking. The results suggest that direct gaze is not a socially salient, attention‐grabbing signal for low‐functioning children with ASD. Autism Res 2017, 10: 810–820. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants: Developmental advances do not yet achieve normal cortical processing
Authors: Easwar Vijayalakshmi , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Deighton Michael , Papsin Blake , Gordon Karen
Published: February 2017

Background

Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes symmetric development of bilateral auditory pathways but binaural hearing remains abnormal. To evaluate whether bilateral cortical processing remains impaired in such children, cortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was assessed in a unique cohort of 16 children who received bilateral cochlear implants (CIs) simultaneously at 1.97 ± 0.86 years of age and had ~4 years of CI experience, providing the first opportunity to assess electrically driven cortical development in the absence of reorganized asymmetries from sequential implantation.

Methods

Cortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was measured using multichannel electro‐encephalography. Cortical processing in children with bilateral CIs was compared with click‐elicited activity in 13 normal hearing children matched for time‐in‐sound. Source activity was localized using the Time Restricted, Artefact and Coherence source Suppression (TRACS) beamformer method.

Results

Consistent with dominant crossed auditory pathways, normal P1 activity (~100 ms) was weaker to ipsilateral stimuli relative to contralateral and bilateral stimuli and both auditory cortices preferentially responded to the contralateral ear. Right hemisphere dominance was evident overall. Children with bilateral CIs maintained the expected right dominance but differences from normal included: (i) minimal changes between ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral stimuli, (ii) weaker than normal contralateral stimulus preference, (iii) symmetric activity to bilateral stimuli, and (iv) increased occipital lobe recruitment during bilateral relative to unilateral stimulation. Between‐group contrasts demonstrated lower than normal activity in the inferior parieto‐occipital lobe (suggesting deficits in sensory integration) and greater than normal left frontal lobe activity (suggesting increased attention), even during passive listening.

Conclusions

Together, findings suggest that early simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes normal‐like auditory symmetry but that abnormalities in cortical processing consequent to deafness and/or electrical stimulation through two independent speech processors persist.
β2, 2‐Amino Acid N‐Carboxyanhydrides Relying on Sequential Enantioselective C(4)‐Functionalization of Pyrrolidin‐2,3‐diones and Regioselective Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation
Authors: Badiola Eider , Olaizola Iurre , Vázquez Ana , Vera Silvia , Mielgo Antonia , Palomo Claudio
Published: February 2017

A catalytic enantioselective entry to β2, 2‐amino acids enabling their direct coupling with nucleophiles is described. The approach is based upon an effective bifunctional Brønsted base catalyzed construction of a quaternary carbon stereocenter at C4 position of pyrrolidin‐2,3‐diones. Subsequent regioselective Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of the resultant adducts gives β2, 2‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides as the reactive species, which can further react with nucleophiles. Following this strategy both, β2, 2‐amino acid derivatives with different functionalities at the newly created stereocenter, and spirocyclic structures can be efficiently prepared.
Direct Access to π‐Extended Phosphindolium Salts by Simple Proton‐Induced Cyclization of (o‐Alkynylphenyl)phosphanes
Authors: Arndt Sebastian , Hansmann Max M. , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: February 2017

A detailed synthetic and mechanistic study for the synthesis of phosphindolium salts from easy accessible (o‐alkynylphenyl)phosphanes is reported. Mechanistic investigation indicates a fast protonation at phosphorus as evidenced by the isolation of the phosphonium intermediate, followed by a protophosphonylation reaction across the alkyne moiety. DFT calculations support our mechanistic proposal and indicate a reaction highly exergonic compared to our recently reported phosphinoauration. Photophysical measurements recorded fluorescence quantum yields up to 97 % in solution for the phosphindolium core and fluorescence was observed in the solid state.
Immediate effects of microclimate modification enhance native shrub encroachment
Authors: Thompson Joseph A. , Zinnert Julie C. , Young Donald R.
Published: February 2017

Shrubs have become more dense and expanded beyond their range all over the world for a variety of reasons including increased temperatures, overgrazing, and alteration of historical fire regime. Native shrubs have been encroaching on Virginia barrier island grasslands for over half a century for unknown reasons. Species composition, soil nutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and ground and air temperature were recorded across the shrub to grass transition and at free‐standing shrubs in a coastal grassland in order to determine the effect of shrub encroachment on plant community and microclimate. Species richness was significantly lower inside shrub thickets. Soil water content, organic matter, nitrogen (N), carbon (C), and LAI were higher in shrub thickets and free‐standing shrubs compared to grasslands. Summer and fall maximum temperatures were lower and more moderate where shrubs were present. Fall and winter minimum temperatures were highest inside shrub thickets. Native shrubs impact microclimate and species composition immediately upon encroachment. These shrubs lower overall species composition, increase soil nutrients and moisture, moderate summer temperature, and increase winter temperature, which has consequences on a larger scale. As barrier islands are critical for protecting marsh and mainland habitats, understanding this mechanism for shrub expansion is important to predict future encroachment of shrubs and displacement of grassland habitat.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Iron as Photosensitizers for Light‐Induced Water Reduction
Authors: Zimmer Peter , Müller Patrick , Burkhardt Lukas , Schepper Rahel , Neuba Adam , Steube Jakob , Dietrich Fabian , Flörke Ulrich , Mangold Stefan , Gerhards Markus , Bauer Matthias
Published: February 2017

For the first time, the potential of noble‐metal‐free iron‐based photosensitizers for photocatalytic water reduction by using homo‐ and heteroleptic carbene complexes was proven. The development of a facile synthesis route for such carbene complexes was delineated. The complexes were investigated by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, DFT calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Their catalytic performance was compared to that of established noble‐metal‐containing photosensitizers such as [Ir(ppy)2(bpy)][PF6] (Hppy = 2‐phenylpyridine, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine).
Metrics to assess how longitudinal channel network connectivity and in‐stream Atlantic salmon habitats are impacted by hydropower regulation
Authors: Buddendorf Willem B. , Malcolm Iain A. , Geris Josie , Wilkinson Mark E. , Soulsby Chris
Published: February 2017

Habitat fragmentation in channel networks and riverine ecosystems is increasing globally due to the construction of barriers and river regulation. The resulting divergence from the natural state poses a threat to ecosystem integrity. Consequently, a trade‐off is required between the conservation of biodiversity in channel networks and socio‐economic factors including power generation, potable water supplies, fisheries, and tourism. Many of Scotland's rivers are regulated for hydropower generation but also support populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) that have high economic and conservation value. This paper investigates the use of connectivity metrics and weightings to assess the impact of river barriers (impoundments) associated with hydropower regulation on natural longitudinal channel connectivity for Atlantic salmon. We applied 2 different weighting approaches in the connectivity models that accounted for spatial variability in habitat quality for spawning and fry production and contrasted these models with a more traditional approach using wetted area. Assessments of habitat loss using the habitat quality weighted models contrasted with those using the less biologically relevant wetted area. This highlights the importance of including relevant ecological and hydrogeomorphic information in assessing regulation impacts on natural channel connectivity. Specifically, we highlight scenarios where losing a smaller area of productive habitat can have a larger impact on Atlantic salmon than losing a greater area of less suitable habitat. It is recommended that future channel connectivity assessments should attempt to include biologically relevant weightings, rather than relying on simpler metrics like wetted area which can produce misleading assessments of barrier impacts.
New Trends of Acetonitrile Moiety in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrazole Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents
Authors: El‐Mekawy Rasha E.
Published: February 2017

This manuscript describes the synthesis of novel series of pyrazole derivatives 4a–d, 6a–d, and 10a–d, and they were examined for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes as examples of Gram positive bacteria and Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas phaseolicola as examples of Gram negative bacteria and also Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus fumigatus as fungal strains. Different methodologies were employed to construct this scaffold. Among these compounds, a series of pyrazole derivatives 4a–d and 6a–d exhibited a great degree of potency against some microbial strains including multidrug resistant strains. The structure of these compounds was confirmed on the basis of their analytical and spectral data such as UV–Vis, IR, 13C NMR, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectral data.
Specificity of exogenous acetate and glutamate as astrocyte substrates examined in acute brain slices from female mice using methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to inhibit glutamine synthesis
Authors: Andersen Jens Velde , McNair Laura Frendrup , Schousboe Arne , Waagepetersen Helle Sønderby
Published: February 2017

Removal of endogenously released glutamate is mediated primarily by astrocytes and exogenous 13C‐labeled glutamate has been applied to study glutamate metabolism in astrocytes. Likewise, studies have clearly established the relevance of 13C‐labeled acetate as an astrocyte specific metabolic substrate. Recent studies have, however, challenged the arguments used to anchor this astrocyte specificity of acetate and glutamate. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the specificity of acetate and glutamate as astrocyte substrates in brain slices. Acutely isolated hippocampal and cerebral cortical slices from female NMRI mice were incubated in media containing [1,2‐13C]acetate or [U‐13C]glutamate, with or without methionine sulfoximine (MSO) to inhibit glutamine synthetase (GS). Tissue extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Blocking GS abolished the majority of glutamine 13C‐labeling from [1,2‐13C]acetate as intended. However, 13C‐labeling of GABA was only 40‐50% reduced by MSO, suggesting considerable neuronal uptake of acetate. Moreover, labeling of glutamate from [1,2‐13C]acetate in the presence of MSO exceeded the level probable from exclusive labeling of the astrocytic pool, which likewise suggests neuronal acetate metabolism. Approximately 50% of glutamate was uniformly labeled in slices incubated with [U‐13C]glutamate in the presence of MSO, suggesting that neurons exhibit substantial uptake of exogenously provided glutamate. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro fermentation of oat β‐glucan and hydrolysates by fecal microbiota and selected probiotic strains
Authors: Dong Ji‐lin , Yu Xiao , Dong Liang‐er , Shen Rui‐ling
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence suggested that the prebiotic ability of β‐glucan was intimately related to its molecular weight (Mw). However, the effect of oat β‐glucan with differing Mw on gut homeostasis was inconsistent. Importantly, knowledge of the fermentation properties of oat β‐glucan fractions was still limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic potential of raw and hydrolyzed oat β‐glucan during in vitro fermentation by fecal microbiota and selected probiotic strains.

RESULTS

The results obtained showed that both oat β‐glucan (OG) and hydrolysates (OGH) comparably promoted the growth of fecal Lactobacillus counts (P < 0.05). Importantly, OGH revealed greater fermentability compared to OG as denoted by lower pH value and higher short‐chain fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05). Moreover, OGH was found to be more favorable to provide growth substrates for Lactobacillus helveticus R389 (LR389), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536) than OG, and was preferentially utilized by LR389, LGG and BB536 as the sole carbon source.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that oat β‐glucan hydrolysates could serve as a more promising material for developing novel symbiotic foods. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products by high‐performance liquid chromatography based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction
Authors: Wei Tianfu , Li Gongke , Zhang Zhuomin
Published: February 2017

Semicarbazide, a toxic food contaminant, widely exists in food products and it originates from the thermal degradation of a food additive of azodicarbonamide or a metabolite of nitrofurazone abused in meat specimens. Many previous methods for semicarbazide determination usually required expensive instruments, difficult‐to‐prepare monoclonal antibodies, and a long operation time. In this study, a high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the rapid determination of trace semicarbazide coupling with a nucleophilic substitution reaction firstly using 4‐nitrobenzoyl chloride as derivatization reagent. The derivatization reaction was mild at room temperature for 1 min in neutral solution. Then, semicarbazide derivative was separated and quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection under optimal separation conditions at λmax = 261 nm. The proposed method offered the detection limit of 1.8 μg/L and was successfully applied for the rapid determination of trace semicarbazide in flour products. Semicarbazide in positive real samples could be actually found and quantified in the range of 0.47−7.53 mg/kg. The recoveries were 76.6−119% with relative standard deviations of 0.5–9.1% (n = 3). This developed method was rapid, reliable, and convenient for the determination of trace semicarbazide in food.
Improved fat suppression of the breast using discretized frequency shimming
Authors: van der Velden Tijl A. , Luijten Peter R. , Klomp Dennis W.J.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Robust fat suppression is essential in bilateral breast MRI at 7 Tesla. The lack of good fat suppression can result in errors when calculating the enhancement curve from dynamic contrast‐enhanced acquisitions. In this work we propose discretized frequency shimming to improve the quality of fat suppression by exploiting the capabilities of a parallel transmit setup.

Methods

With discretized frequency shimming, different resonance frequencies are used for the different transmitters of the radiofrequency coil. This can be particularly useful for frequency‐selective radiofrequency pulses, such as water excitation. The potential of this method has been investigated by simulations on seven acquired B0 maps. Prospective experiments on phantoms and four healthy volunteers were performed to illustrate the performance of discretized frequency shimming.

Results

Simulations show a decrease in off‐resonance excitation for all subjects when discretized frequency shimming is used. This decrease is highly subject‐dependent, but can result in up to 30% better fat suppression, as observed in phantom and volunteer experiments.

Conclusions

Discretized frequency shimming improves fat suppression in bilateral breast MRI at 7 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 79:593–599, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The Impact of Green Tea Supplementation on Anthropometric Indices and Inflammatory Cytokines in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Mombaini Esmat , Jafarirad Sima , Husain Durdana , Haghighizadeh Mohammad Hossein , Padfar Parivash
Published: February 2017

The present study aimed to determine the effect of a green tea supplement on anthropometric indices and inflammatory factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this randomized clinical trial, 45 women with PCOS were randomly allocated into two groups receiving green tea tablets or placebo. The period of intervention was 45 days. The serum levels of interleukin 6, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor α were measured before and after intervention period using the related kits. Anthropometric indices also were measured. The mean of body mass index, weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage in the green tea group were reduced significantly. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Also, there was no significant effect on the levels of inflammatory factors. The present results suggest that daily consumption of green tea tablets did not cause any effect on inflammation biomarkers in PCOS women. However, it may be effective as a complementary treatment for weight control in these women. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is informal education the answer to increasing and widening participation in STEM education?
Authors: Banerjee Pallavi Amitava
Published: February 2017

This paper summarises research findings from a longitudinal national evaluation of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) ‘enrichment and enhancement activities’. The activities included science practical lessons, supported by ambassador visits, trips to laboratories, STEM centres and higher education institutions. The common theme for these activities was their aim to improve understanding and enjoyment of science in the short term and encourage STEM participation in the long term. The 2007 cohort across all state maintained secondary schools in England was followed up from the beginning of key stage 3 to the end of key stage 5 making use of school and pupil level datasets from the national pupil database. The study investigated whether engaging in these STEM programmes, run for 11–16 year olds, in secondary school is likely to affect subject choices during post‐compulsory education? Do young people sparsely represented in STEM courses such as those from a lower socio‐economic class and black ethnic minority engage better with STEM subjects because of actively participating in these activities? A direct noticeable impact of these activities was not seen on STEM take‐up. The analysis presented here concludes there is no evidence to suggest continued engagement in these activities is manifested in terms of increasing or widening STEM participation.
Abraham Flexner, 1866–1959
Authors: Parker Franklin
Published: February 2017

The death of Abraham Flexner on September 21, 1959 at the age of ninety-three ended a remarkable career. Here was an educational researcher and later a foundation executive who made significant contributions to American education. His report in 1910 of medical schools in the United States and Canada had a phenomenal result. It practically remade medical education and helped it achieve the respected status it now enjoys. How did he do it?
Structure determination from X-ray powder diffraction, DFT calculation, and Hirshfeld surface analysis of two fused bicyclic and tricyclic compounds
Authors: Das Uday , Dey Tanusri , Chatterjee Paramita , Mukherjee Alok K.
Published: February 2017

Crystal structures of two fused cyclic systems have been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data and their molecular geometries and intermolecular interactions have been analyzed by solid state DFT calculation and Hirshfeld surface evaluation, respectively.
ANCIENT MAYA SETTLEMENT, INTERACTION SPHERES, AND GEOPOLITICS IN SOUTH-CENTRAL QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO
Authors: Villamil Laura P. , Sherman R. Jason
Published: February 2017

This paper presents the results of investigations at the ancient Maya site of Margarita in south-central Quintana Roo, Mexico, and relates them to documented patterns at neighboring centers. Following initial settlement of the region in the Middle Preclassic, settlement hierarchies topped by large centers with monumental architecture, carved monuments, and associations with sites to the south emerged in the Late Preclassic to Early Classic periods. In the Late Classic, several primary centers declined and there was a proliferation of affluent urban populations—evidenced by construction of elaborate residential groups—at smaller centers like Margarita. Long-distance cultural affiliations shifted as well, with ceramic and architectural links to western and northern Yucatán becoming pronounced. Many settlements were abandoned in the Terminal Classic, but there is also evidence of the formation of “post-collapse” communities at Margarita and other neighboring sites during the same period.
Chromosome choice for initiation of V–(D)–J recombination is not governed by genomic imprinting
Authors: Gebert Claudia , Correia Lauren , Li Zhenhu , Petrie Howard T , Love Paul E , Pfeifer Karl
Published: February 2017

V–(D)–J recombination generates the antigen receptor diversity necessary for immune cell function, while allelic exclusion ensures that each cell expresses a single antigen receptor. V–(D)–J recombination of the Ig, Tcrb, Tcrg and Tcrd antigen receptor genes is ordered and sequential so that only one allele generates a productive rearrangement. The mechanism controlling sequential rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, in particular how only one allele is selected to initiate recombination while at least temporarily leaving the other intact, remains unresolved. Genomic imprinting, a widespread phenomenon wherein maternal or paternal allele inheritance determines allele activity, could represent a regulatory mechanism for controlling sequential V–(D)–J rearrangement. We used strain‐specific single‐nucleotide polymorphisms within antigen receptor genes to determine if maternal vs paternal inheritance could underlie chromosomal choice for the initiation of recombination. We found no parental chromosomal bias in the initiation of V–(D)–J recombination in T or B cells, eliminating genomic imprinting as a potential regulator for this tightly regulated process.
Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to alkyl levulinate fuel additives over Al2O3/SBA-15 catalyst
Authors: Enumula Siva Sankar , Koppadi Kumara Swamy , Babu Gurram Venkata Ramesh , Burri David Raju , Rao Kamaraju Seetha Rama
Published: February 2017

Al2O3/SBA-15 catalyst is effective in the alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol to alkyl levulinates in both batch and continuous processes at atmospheric pressure.
The effect of the disposition of coordinated oxygen atoms on the magnitude of the energy barrier for magnetization reversal in a family of linear trinuclear Zn–Dy–Zn complexes with a square-antiprism DyO8coordination sphere
Authors: Oyarzabal Itziar , Rodríguez-Diéguez Antonio , Barquín Montserrat , Seco José M. , Colacio Enrique
Published: February 2017

A family of linear trinuclear Zn–Dy–Zn complexes with SIM behaviour and high thermal energy barriers has been prepared.
In situ formation of pyronin dyes for fluorescence protease sensing
Authors: Debieu Sylvain , Romieu Anthony
Published: February 2017

A cutting-edge strategy for fluorogenic sensing of proteases (leucine aminopeptidase for the proof of concept) and based on the “covalent-assembly” principle is reported. Non-fluorescent mixed bis-aryl ethers are readily converted into a fluorescent pyronin through a domino process triggered by the peptide bond cleavage event caused by the targeted enzyme.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of monofluoroalkenes from 3,3-difluoropropenes using dimethylmalonate and derivatives as nucleophiles
Authors: Drouin Myriam , Tremblay Sébastien , Paquin Jean-François
Published: February 2017

The catalytic synthesis of monofluoroalkenes bearing a malonate or its derivatives at the β position from various 3,3-difluoropropenes is presented.
Substituent effects on the aggregation-induced emission and two-photon absorption properties of triphenylamine–dibenzo[a,c]phenazine adducts
Authors: Yang Ji , Gao Yuting , Jiang Tao , Liu Wen , Liu Chenchen , Lu Niannian , Li Bo , Mei Ju , Peng Qian , Hua Jianli
Published: February 2017

Non-substituted and alkyl-substituted triphenylamine–dibenzo[a,c]phenazine adducts (Q1–Q3) showed the combined features of ICT plus AEE, while the alkoxy-substituted Q4–Q5 exhibited obvious AIE effects.
Surgical Treatment of Acquired Atresia of the External Auditory Ear Canal
Authors: Droessaert Valerie , Vanspauwen Robby , Offeciers Erwin , Zarowski Andrzej , Dinther Joost , Somers Thomas
Published: February 2017

Introduction Acquired atresia of the external auditory canal is characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue in the medial part. The causes include chronic otitis externa, perforated chronic otitis media, postoperative or idiopathic healing problems. Acquired atresia presents with hearing loss and can be associated with otorrhea.

Objective We analyzed the results of surgery after six months and two years by checking (1) pre- and postoperative hearing thresholds; (2) presence of otorrhea; and (3) whether a dry and patent ear canal is achieved.

Methods We conducted this retrospective study at a tertiary referral center. In total, 27 ears underwent treatment with resection of the fibrotic plug followed by transplantation of a split-thickness skin graft covering the bare bone and tympanic membrane. When necessary, we combined this with a myringoplasty and a (meato-) canalplasty.

Results Otorrhea was present in 59.3% of the patients initially and in 14.8% at six months and 11% at two years postoperative. A dry and patent ear canal was obtained in 55.6% after six months and in 89% of the patients after two years (n = 27). The pure tone average before surgery was 39.1 dBHL (SD = 20 dBHL), at six months 31.4 dBHL (SD = 16.4 dBHL), and at 24 months postop 30.9 dBHL (SD = 17.1 dBHL). We observed a statistically significant improvement of hearing in 63% of the patients at six months (p = 0.005) and in 65% after two years (p = 0.022).

Conclusions Treatment of acquired atresia remains a challenge. Using the appropriate surgical technique, including skin-grafting and regular postoperative check-up, rendered excellent results regarding otorrhea and a moderate improvement of hearing was achieved in 65% of the patients after two years.
P300: Waves Identification with and without Subtraction of Traces
Authors: Romero Ana , Reis Ana , Oliveira Anna , Oliveira Simões Humberto , Oliveira Junqueira Cinthia , Frizzo Ana
Published: February 2017

Introduction The P300 test requires well-defined and unique criteria, in addition to training for the examiners, for a uniform analysis of studies and to avoid variations and errors in the interpretation of measurement results.

Objectives The objective of this study is to verify whether there are differences in P300 with and without subtraction of traces of standard and nonstandard stimuli.

Method We conducted this study in collaboration with two research electrophysiology laboratories. From Laboratory 1, we selected 40 tests of subjects between 7–44 years, from Laboratory 2, we selected 83 tests of subjects between 18–44 years. We first performed the identification with the nonstandard stimuli; then, we subtracted the nonstandard stimuli from the standard stimuli. The examiners identified the waves, performing a descriptive and comparative analysis of traces with and without subtraction.

Results After a comparative analysis of the traces with and without subtraction, there was no significant difference when compared with analysis of traces in both laboratories, within the conditions, of right ears (p = 0.13 and 0.28 for differences between latency and amplitude measurements) and left ears (p = 0.15 and 0.09 for differences between latency and amplitude measurements) from Laboratory 1. As for Laboratory 2, when investigating both ears, results did not identify significant differences (p = 0.098 and 0.28 for differences between latency and amplitude measurements).

Conclusion There was no difference verified in traces with and without subtraction. We suggest the identification of this potential performed through nonstandard stimuli.
Management of Breast Cancer during Pregnancy: Are We Compliant with Current Guidelines?
Authors: Shlensky Victoria , Hallmeyer Sigrun , Juarez Lourdes , Parilla Barbara
Published: February 2017

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management of patients with breast cancer in pregnancy treated at the Advocate Health Care, to determine whether these patients were treated according to guidelines for pregnant patients, which aim to maximize both fetal and maternal outcomes.

Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at the Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Christ Medical Center, and Illinois Masonic Medical Center from 2002 to 2012 on patients diagnosed with breast cancer during pregnancy using ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases - 9th version) codes.

Results Eleven patients between 12 and 37 weeks' gestation matched the search criteria. One patient terminated the pregnancy. Patients in our study were treated appropriately according to guidelines with the following exceptions. Trastuzumab was used in one patient during pregnancy which likely caused the oligohydramnios resulting in an induction of labor at 33 weeks. Three patients were delivered preterm between 34 and 36 weeks without an obstetric indication. Two patients underwent sentinel node biopsy.

Conclusion The diagnosis of breast cancer in pregnancy is an infrequent but devastating diagnosis that is likely to increase. Although sentinel lymph node biopsy is not generally recommended in pregnancy, this may be an outdated guideline as using a low-dose lymphoscintigraphic technique appears to be safe in pregnancy.
Children’s Rights in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Smith Anne B. , Taylor Nicola J.
Published: February 2017

Children’s rights in early childhood education have provided a new and different lens for how we view and treat young children. Rights are entitlements that every human being has, that are considered essential for their optimal development (Veerman 1992, cited under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child [UNCRC]). That children are human beings with rights has become recognized since the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) (cited under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child [UNCRC]) in 1989. When children’s rights are realized, they are provided with a better quality of life, opportunities for healthy development, and fulfillment of their potential. Children’s rights thinking is transformative, changing the power relations between children, adults, and the state; this is so that children are seen as active subjects rather than the objects of socialization or the chattels of their parents (Tobin 2011, cited under Theoretical Foundations). The UNCRC defines a child as a human being below the age of eighteen. Definitions of early childhood vary in different countries according to the organization of preschool and elementary school systems, but early childhood education is defined here as any center, school, or home-based program catering for the education and care of children up to the age of eight. It is impossible to separate care and education for young children, since caring relationships are an essential influence on children’s learning, so early childhood education includes childcare centers, nursery schools and classes, kindergartens, parent co-operative programs, language immersion centers, Headstart classes, Montessori or Steiner programs, family daycare schemes, and beginning school classrooms. Implementing children’s rights for infants and young children is particularly important since during these early years, children are most vulnerable to rights violations, and they are most able to benefit from their rights being catered for. For example, there is substantial evidence to suggest that children in disadvantaged circumstances achieve much better social and educational outcomes if they have participated in high-quality early childhood education programs (Smith 2015, cited under Early Childhood Policy in a Global Context). This bibliography demonstrates the relevance of the UNCRC for early childhood education, shows the theoretical basis of rights thinking, and focuses on five key areas of children’s rights—education, nondiscrimination, language/culture, participation and curriculum/pedagogy. Finally, it shows how children’s rights have been applied to global early childhood policies and to designing research that is respectful of children’s rights.
Evolution of N/O abundance ratios and ionization parameters from z ∼ 0 to 2 investigated by the direct temperature method
Authors: Kojima Takashi , Ouchi Masami , Nakajima Kimihiko , Shibuya Takatoshi , Harikane Yuichi , Ono Yoshiaki
Published: February 2017

We present N/O abundance ratios, ionization parameters qion, and oxygen abundances O/H for a total of 41 galaxies (11 individual galaxies and a 30-galaxy stack) including Lyα emitters and Lyman break galaxies at z ∼ 2, and investigate galaxy evolution from z ∼ 0 to 2 in conjunction with 208529 local galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and nine green pea galaxies (GPs). In contrast with most of the recent studies, we obtain the N/O ratio, qion, and O/H measurements by direct Te methods using [O iii] λ4363 and O iii] λ1665 lines. Based on these reliable measurements, we find that there are z ∼ 2 galaxies with excesses of N/O falling beyond the N/O–O/H relation of the local galaxies while the majority of the z ∼ 2 galaxies have N/O ratios that are nearly comparable with those of z ∼ 0 galaxies in the N/O–stellar mass relation. Our galaxies place the upper limit of the N/O ratio log(N/O) ≤ −1.26 on average, suggesting that the N/O ratio evolves, if at all, by <0.17 dex. Obtaining the reliable measurements free from the N/O–qion–O/H degeneracies, we demonstrate, for the first time, that z ∼ 2 galaxies with offsets in the Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram show (1) only an N/O excess, (2) only a qion excess, or (3) both N/O and qion excesses. We argue that the BPT offsets at z ∼ 2 are not made by one of the (1)–(3) galaxy populations alone, but a composite of (1)–(3) populations. We confirm that these (1)–(3) populations also exist at z ∼ 0, such as GPs and SDSS low-mass and high-SFR galaxies (LMHSs).
The Associated Factors and Clinical Features of Neuropathic Pain After Brachial Plexus Injuries
Authors: Zhou Yingjie , Liu Peixi , Rui Jing , Zhao Xin , Lao Jie
Published: February 2017

Introduction:

Neuropathic pain in patients with brachial plexus injuries brings complicated obstacles to the treatment and recovery for both surgeons and patients.

Objectives:

The clinical features of neuropathic pain, including pain intensity, type and time phase, need to be investigated. Moreover, possible associated factors need to be explored.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study containing 77 participants was conducted. Their baseline information and injury-related conditions were collected. The Present Pain Index evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale, self-reports using the specific pain questionnaires were used for screening and estimating the patients’ pain. T test, χ2 test, Logistic Regression, and correlation coefficient were used when conducting the statistical analyses.

Results:

The occurrence rate of neuropathic pain in our study was 54.5%. Paresthesia/dysesthesia had the highest average score in our population. Among potential associated factors, smoking (P=0.001), regular alcohol drinking (P=0.001), total brachial plexus injuries (P=0.01), and avulsions (P=0.019) were related to the development of neuropathic pain. Patients with neuropathic pain experienced significantly poorer function of the upper limbs measured by the Disabilities of Arm, Hand and Shoulder questionnaire (P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between the function of the upper limbs and pain intensity (r=0.60, P<0.001).

Discussion:

Though the pain type and time phase manifested differently across patients, paresthesia/dysesthesia occurred most commonly. Patients were more likely to develop neuropathic pain if they had total brachial plexus injuries, avulsion and bad life habits. Moreover, the function of the upper limbs was affected by pain.
Estrogen- and Progesterone-Induced Variation in Corneal Parameters According to Hormonal Status
Authors: Bahadir Kilavuzoglu Ayse Ebru , Cosar Cemile Banu , Bildirici Ibrahim , Cetin Omer , Ozbasli Esra
Published: February 2017

Objectives:

To determine the effects of estrogen and progesterone on corneal thickness, curvature, and biomechanics in healthy corneas according to hormonal status.

Methods:

The study included four groups of females: group A (menstruating, not pregnant, not lactating, and not menopausal; n=100), group B (pregnant; n=50), group C (lactating; n=50), and group D (menopausal; n=50). Group A was subdivided according to age, as subgroup A15–25 (age 15–25 years) and subgroup A>25 (age >25 years). Blood estradiol and progesterone levels were measured in each participant. All the participants underwent a full ophthalmologic examination, including corneal thickness and corneal topography measurement, and evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties.

Results:

The corneal resistance factor and anterior corneal flat keratometry values were significantly higher in group D (P=0.040 and P=0.026, respectively) than in the other three groups. Posterior corneal steep keratometry values were significantly higher in subgroup A>25 during the preovulatory phase than ovulatory and postovulatory phases (P=0.012). In group B, there was a significant negative correlation between gestational week and intraocular pressure (IOP) (r=−0.322, P=0.024). Corneal volume was significantly higher during the early postpartum period than the late postpartum period in group C (P=0.028). Intraocular pressure, Goldman-correlated IOP, and corneal-compensated IOP differed significantly between the groups (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone were associated with variations in IOP, but estrogen and progesterone did not have a consistent effect on topographic parameters or biomechanical properties in healthy corneas.
The Meaning of Giving Birth
Authors: Corbett Cheryl A. , Callister Lynn Clark , Gettys Jamie Peterson , Hickman Jacob R.
Published: February 2017

Increasing knowledge about the sociocultural context of birth is essential to promote culturally sensitive nursing care. This qualitative study provides an ethnographic view of the perspectives on birthing of Hmong mothers living in the highlands of Vietnam. Unique cultural beliefs exist in Hmong culture about the spiritual and physical world as well as ritual practices associated with childbearing. This includes variations of ancestor worship, reincarnation, and healing practices by shamans. Traditionally, Hmong families take an active role in childbirth with birth frequently occurring in the home. Situated within a large collaborative anthropology project, a convenience sample of 8 Hmong women, who had recently given birth, were interviewed regarding the perinatal experience. In addition, ethnic traditional birth attendants (midwives) and other village women contributed perspectives providing richly descriptive data. This ethnographic study was conducted during 6 weeks of immersed participant observation with primary data collection carried out through fieldwork. Data were analyzed to derive cultural themes from interviews and observations. Significant themes included (1) valuing motherhood, (2) laboring and giving birth silently, (3) giving birth within the comfort of home and family, (4) feeling capable of birthing well, (5) feeling anxiety to provide for another child, and (6) embracing cultural traditions. Listening to the voices of Hmong women enhances understanding of the meaning of childbirth. Gaining greater understanding of Hmong cultural beliefs and practices can ensure childbearing women receive respectful, safe, and quality care.
Cultural Resistance to an Obesogenic World
Authors: Bellisle France
Published: February 2017

Large differences exist in the frequency of overweight and obesity between France and the United States. The reasons for this situation have been addressed in the recent American scientific literature. Some of the less frequently examined factors are reviewed here from the standpoint of possible differences in psychosocial and cultural differences. The typical meal and snack patterns of French consumers, the importance of eating as a focal activity, and the role of palatability are examined from a cross-cultural perspective.