bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A “Left Turn” in Latin America? Explaining the Left’s Resurgence
Authors: Cleary Matthew R.
Published: January 2007

Abstract: The resurgence of leftist parties in recent Latin American elections is best understood as a regional wave, in which extreme socioeconomic inequality has generated broad support for leftist candidates in many countries, while international factors including the diffusion of democratic norms and increased economic integration have encouraged moderation among both leftist governments and their traditional antagonists. This leftward shift in electoral politics will most likely be an enduring feature of Latin America's democratic future.
A “Left Turn” in Latin America? Colombia Hews to the Path Of Change
Authors: Posada-Carbó Eduardo
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Beyond its impact on parties and the party system, President Alvaro Uribe’s reelection raises questions about the future shape of Colombia’s democratic polity. In a country where for almost two centuries, presidential terms have generally been four years, having a president in power for eight continuous years is a substantial break with tradition that may yield unforeseen consequences. In order to overcome the internal armed conflict that Colombia has been facing for the last several decades perhaps the country needed to extend the time horizon of its government as the best guarantee for the continuity of a policy that has had some successes.
A “Left Turn” in Latin America? The Urgent Need for Labor Law Reform
Authors: Sabatini Christopher , Farnsworth Eric
Published: January 2007

Abstract: Latin America may be approaching a historic turning point in the areas of political incorporation and labor relations. The levels of economic and social dislocation and political flux in the region are opening up an opportunity for creative, entrepreneurial leaders to change the direction of employment, labor rights, and politics for a new generation. Doing nothing will ensure only that the promising shores of opportunity become the menacing shoals of crisis as the unbending realities of demographics, globalization, and populist opportunism threaten the political and economic fortunes of the region.
Consumers for the Nation: Women, Politics, and Consumer Organization in France, 1944-1965
Authors: Pulju Rebecca
Published: January 2007

This article explores consumer organization and action as an avenue for women's social, political, and economic influence in postwar France. Historical treatments of women and politics in this period typically concentrate on the lack of a feminine presence in formal political organizations. Broadening our definition of "the political" to include public and political actions outside the traditional structures of republican citizenship creates a very different view of women in the postwar period. Women's, family, and consumer organizations worked to create a sphere for women's political action through the role of the "consumer for the nation"; the woman consumer who benefited family and nation through her consumer demands and purchases. While this role naturalized women's position in the home, the effectiveness of women's consumer demands also make necessary a revision of our understanding of women, politics, and the growth of consumer society in postwar France.
The Historical Trajectory of Civil Rights Enforcement in Health Care
Authors: Bonastia Christopher
Published: January 2007

Since the late 1960s, federal civil rights enforcement initiatives in health have been half-hearted and ineffective. The historical failure of the federal government to address the possible role of racial discrimination has taken place despite considerable evidence that, for a number of services, racial and ethnic minorities continue to receive inferior treatment to that accorded to whites. In many cases, these treatment differences remain even after controlling for socioeconomic and insurance statuses, and standard covariates such as patient age, health status, and gender.
The Best Defense Is a Good Offense: The Stennis Amendment and the Fracturing of Liberal School Desegregation Policy, 1964–1972
Authors: Crespino Joseph
Published: January 2007

In December 1969, Governor John Bell Williams of Mississippi, one of the most notorious southern segregationists, proposed a $1 million program financed by the Mississippi state legislature to file school desegregation suits in northern states. “For fifteen years we have been on the defense,” Williams said. “Now we are going on the offense.” Williams's campaign was just one example of an odd but familiar trend that had emerged by 1970. Some of the most determined southern segregationists became enthusiastic supporters of northern school desegregation. In January 1970, the attorneys general in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida announced plans to intervene as friends of the court in a Pasadena, California, school desegregation case. In February 1970, the governor of Louisiana appealed to citizens of his state to fund a nationwide television campaign calling for equal treatment between northern and southern schools. Most important, that same month, U.S. Senator John C. Stennis of Mississippi carried the fight to the floor of the Senate. He introduced an amendment to a federal education bill that called for equal desegregation efforts in both the North and the South, regardless of whether the segregation resulted from state action or residential patterns. Stennis complained that the federal government was pursuing a regional desegregation plan. His ostensible goal was to bring about “one uniform policy” on school desegregation, “applicable nationwide.” But the real motivation, which almost every southern official conceded, was the hope that accelerated desegregation in the North would spark a broader, national backlash against school desegregation.
The Science of Spices: Empiricism and Economic Botany in the Early Spanish Empire
Authors: De Vos Paula Susan
Published: January 2007

This article explores the Spanish crown's efforts to study, cultivate, and transplant
spices from the East Indies to the West Indies and then to Spain in the sixteenth and
early seventeenth centuries. Beginning with Christopher Columbus's first observations
of New World flora, the Spanish crown sought out spices to cultivate for economic
gain. Although they were ultimately unsuccessful in efforts to generate a large-scale
spice trade, colonial officials and local entrepreneurs participated in a coordinated program
of empirical information gathering and botanical experimentation that is itself of
historical significance. For the empirical and experimental—"scientific"—methods
they represented serve to challenge and enhance current understanding of several historiographical
themes: the origins of economic botany and the Scientific Revolution
more generally, the role of human agency in the Columbian exchange, and the dissemination
of knowledge from imperial centers to colonial peripheries.
Section 28 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms : A Purposive Interpretation
Authors: Baines Beverley
Published: January 2007

Concerned about substantive equality and intersectionality, a feminist legal scholar recently cautioned against calling on section 28 to help reinvigorate section 15 analysis. This article examines her concerns about section 28 by posing three questions: Why was section 28 added to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? What are the traditional features of section 28 analysis? And, what does a purposive interpretation of section 28 reveal? The responses reveal that its feminist framers intended section 28 to be rights bearing; that traditional analysis has diminished its status to an interpretive provision; and that purposive interpretation suggests section 28 is consistent not only with substantive equality but also with intersectionality. The article concludes by proposing that we treat section 28 as neither independently rights bearing nor dependently interpretive, but rather as independently rights enhancing. In reconsidering the interpretation of section 28, it is also important to reflect on the intergenerational tensions that may surface between the feminists who framed section 28 and those whose exposure to it is more contemporary and mediated through section 15 jurisprudence.
on indépendante. En remettant en cause l'interprétation de l'article 28, il importe aussi de réfléchir aux tensions intergénérationnelles qui peuvent survenir entre les féministes qui ont participé à la rédaction de l'article 28 et celles qui en ont pris connaissance plus récemment, par le biais de la jurisprudence concernant l'article 15.
The Promise of Brooks v. Canada Safeway Ltd : Those Who Bear Children Should Not Be Disadvantaged
Authors: Turnbull Lorna A
Published: January 2007

This article considers the defining moment embodied in the judgment of Chief Justice Brian Dickson in Brooks v. Canada Safeway Ltd when he proclaimed that it is "unfair to impose all of the costs of pregnancy upon half the population." The author argues that the case is important because of the history that preceded it and because of the breadth of its promise. She suggests that the promise has been somewhat betrayed by more recent cases dealing with the dual roles of many women as mothers and as workers that suggest a return to the formal approach to equality that Brooks clearly rejected.
Le présent article traite du moment décisif que représente le jugement du juge en chef Brian Dickson dans l'arrêt Brooks c. Canada Safeway Ltd où il affirme qu'il est « injuste d'imposer tous les couˆts de la grossesse à la moitié de la population ». L'auteure soutient que cet arrêt est important en raison de ses antécédents historiques aussi bien que par l'ampleur du changement promis. Elle suggère que cette promesse ne s'est pas réalisée dans les décisions récentes portant sur le double rôle de nombreuses femmes qui cumulent la maternité et le travail, ce qui laisse présager un retour à l'approche formelle de l'égalité que l'arrêt Brooks avait clairement rejeté. In 1989, Chief Justice Brian Dickson of the Supreme Court of Canada recognized in Brooks v. Canada Safeway Ltd.1 that a woman who was discriminated against because of pregnancy was discriminated against on the basis of sex and that such discrimination was contrary to both human rights legislation and the equality guarantee of the Canadian Charter of
Compensated Kidney Donation: An Ethical Review of the Iranian Model
Authors: Bagheri Alireza
Published: January 2007

Iran has had a program of compensated kidney donation from living unrelated (LUR) donors since 1997. The aim of the program was to address the increasing demand for kidney transplantation in a morally sound manner. The program was successful in terms of increasing the number of kidneys available for transplantation. This paper presents a critical review of the program and its ethical status. Denying organ donors legitimate compensation because of the understandable fear of an organ trade is not morally justifiable, and the Iranian model of compensated LUR kidney donation offers substantial benefits that overcome these concerns. Despite its benefits, the program lacks secure measures to prevent the risk of a direct monetary relationship between donors and recipients, and it must be revised in order to be morally justifiable.
Procedural Misconceptions and Informed Consent: Insights from Empirical Research on the Clinical Trials Industry
Authors: Fisher Jill A
Published: January 2007

This paper provides a simultaneously reflexive and analytical framework to think about obstacles to truly informed consent in social science and biomedical research. To do so, it argues that informed consent often goes awry due to procedural misconceptions built into the research context. The concept of procedural misconception is introduced to describe how individuals respond to what is familiar in research settings and overlook what is different. In the context of biomedical research, procedural misconceptions can be seen to function as root causes of therapeutic misconceptions.
The Activities of UNESCO in the Area of Ethics
Authors: Have H. ten
Published: January 2007

The member states of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) decided in 2002 that ethics is one of the five priority areas of the organization. This article describes three categories of past and current activities in the ethics of science and technology, in particular bioethics. The first category is the global standard setting with the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights as the most recently adopted normative instrument. The second category focuses on capacity building in order to enable member states to apply the provisions of the declarations, through, for example, the establishment of national bioethics committees, the introduction of ethics teaching programs, and drafting of legislation and guidelines. The final category of activities is awareness raising through publications, events, and conferences. The challenges and difficulties UNESCO may face in its various activities are highlighted.
The Repatriation of Castaways in ChosÅn Korea-Japan Relations, 1599-1888
Authors: Lee Hoon
Published: January 2007

In Chosŏn-period Korea, calamities at sea occurred with some frequency, leaving the
ships and their occupants to be washed onto the shores of both Chosŏn and Japan. With
the large number of Koreans drifting to the shores of Japan, the study of repatriation of
castaways illuminates aspects of the historical interactions and relations between the two
countries. This article discusses the question of whether the castaways' drifting was predetermined
and the effect their repatriation had on Chosŏn-Japan relations.
Cacao, Vanilla and Annatto: Three Production and Exchange Systems in the Southern Maya Lowlands, XVI-XVII Centuries
Authors: Caso Barrera Laura , Aliphat Mario
Published: January 2007

In this paper various historic agrosystems in the Maya Lowlands are examined; two of them specialized in semi-intensive and intensive production of three main crops: cacao, annatto and vanilla. The paper also examines the political and military pressure exerted by the Itzá on the Lacandón and Manché Chol territories which produced these valued crops. After the conquest of Verapaz, Spanish civil and religious authorities also exercised constant pressure over these territories and the encomienda towns of Verapaz traded with them to obtain cacao and annato. The Manché Chol cacao orchards are presented as an example of true cacao plantations.
En este artículo se analizan diversos agrosistemas en las tierras bajas mayas, dos de los cuales se especializan en la producción semi-intensiva e intensiva de tres cultivos relevantes: cacao, achiote y vainilla. También se examina la presión política y bélica que ejercieron los itzaes sobre las poblaciones de los lacandones y choles del Manché, en cuyos territorios se producían estos apreciados cultivos. Después de la conquista de La Verapaz, las autoridades civiles y religiosas hispanas también ejercieron una presión constante sobre estos territorios, lo mismo que los pueblos de encomienda que comerciaban con los lacandones y choles para obtener principalmente cacao y achiote. Las huertas de cacao de los choles del Manché pueden considerarse como ejemplos de "verdaderas plantaciones."
Cash Crops, Smallholder Decision-Making and Institutional Interactions in a Closing Frontier: Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Keys Eric , Roy Chowdhury Rinku
Published: January 2007

In Mexico, since the revolution of 1910, agricultural development for subsistence and market has been a priority of diverse stakeholder groups, particularly farmers. Within the last ten years, Mexican federal agricultural policy shifted from a paternalistic to an enterprise model. This shift resulted in benefits for a few farmers while placing most producers at risk of economic failure. In addition to the impacts on the household economy, these policies influence land use and land cover. This paper explores the dynamics of chili production and how these dynamics are influenced by household and policy factors in the municipality of Calakmul in Campeche, Mexico. Jalapeño chili is the foremost market crop in Calakmul, until recently a development frontier for Mexico, and now the site of the largest biosphere reserve in that country and a landscape where priorities for forest conservation meet those for agricultural development. An integration of qualitative and quantitative methods enables a more complete understanding of this important and expanding land use in the region.
En México, desde la revolución, el desarrollo agrícola para la subsistencia y el mercado ha sido una prioridad para diversos grupos, especialmente los agricultores. Durante la última década la política federal mexicana en relación a la agricultura ha cambiado de uno marcado de paternalismo hacia un modelo empresarial. Este cambio benefició a un grupo pequeño de agricultores, pero exponía la mayoría al riesgo de un fracaso económico. Por encima de los impactos en la economía doméstica, esas políticas impactaron en el uso del suelo y la cobertura de la tierra. Este estudio explora los dinámicos de la producción de chili y cómo ellos son influidos por los factores y políticas domésticos dentro el municipio de Calakmul, en Campeche, México. El chili jalapeño es el producto principal del mercado de Calakmul, desde hace poco en la frontera de desarrollo de México, pero ahora la ubicación de la reserva bioesférica más grande de México, y un paisaje en el cual las prioridades de conservación confrontan aquellas del desarrollo. Una integración de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos permiten un mejor entendimiento de este importante y ampliando uso de suelo de la región.
Projecting the End of a Speaker's Turn: A Cognitive Cornerstone of Conversation
Authors: Ruiter Jan-Peter de , Mitterer Holger , Enfield N. J.
Published: January 2007

A key mechanism in the organization of turns at talk in conversation is the ability to anticipate or PROJECT the moment of completion of a current speaker's turn. Some authors suggest that this is achieved via lexicosyntactic cues, while others argue that projection is based on intonational contours. We tested these hypotheses in an on-line experiment, manipulating the presence of symbolic (lexicosyntactic) content and intonational contour of utterances recorded in natural conversations. When hearing the original recordings, subjects can anticipate turn endings with the same degree of accuracy attested in real conversation. With intonational contour entirely removed (leaving intact words and syntax, with a completely flat pitch), there is no change in subjects' accuracy of end-of-turn projection. But in the opposite case (with original intonational contour intact, but with no recognizable words), subjects' performance deteriorates significantly. These results establish that the symbolic (i.e. lexicosyntactic) content of an utterance is necessary (and possibly sufficient) for projecting the moment of its completion, and thus for regulating conversational turn-taking. By contrast, and perhaps surprisingly, intonational contour is neither necessary nor sufficient for end-of-turn projection.
Only , Emotive Factive Verbs, and the Dual Nature of Polarity Dependency
Authors: Giannakidou Anastasia
Published: January 2007

The main focus of this article is the occurrence of some polarity items (PIs) in the complements of emotive factive verbs and only . This fact has been taken as a challenge to the semantic approach to PIs (Linebarger 1980), because only and factive verbs are not downward entailing (DE). A modification of the classical DE account is proposed by introducing the notion of nonveridicality (Zwarts 1995, Giannakidou 1998, 1999, 2001) as the one crucial for PI sanctioning. To motivate this move, it is first shown that two solutions in the direction of weakening classical monotonicity do not work: Strawson DE (von Fintel 1999) and weak DE (Hoeksema 1986). Weakening DE systematically either overgenerates or undergenerates, in either case failing to characterize the correct set of licensers. Nonveridicality is introduced as a conservative extension of DE and is shown to account for PIs also in contexts that are not DE (i.e. questions, modal verbs, imperatives, directive propositional attitudes). This theory, augmented with the premise that certain PIs (i.e. the liberal class represented by any) are subject to a weaker polarity dependency identified not as licensing but as rescuing by nonveridicality, explains the occurrence of this particular class with only and emotive factive verbs. Crosslinguistic comparisons illustrate that the occurrence of PIs with only and emotive factives is not a general phenomenon, and further support the dual nature of polarity dependency and the semantic characterization of the elements that license or rescue PIs.
A Faithfulness Ranking Projected from a Perceptibility Scale: The Case of [+ Voice] in Japanese
Authors: Kawahara Shigeto
Published: January 2007

Within the framework of optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky 2004), Steriade (2001a,b) proposes the P-map hypothesis, whose fundamental tenet is that the rankings of faithfulness constraints are grounded in perceptual-similarity rankings. This article provides empirical support for this hypothesis. In Japanese loanword phonology, a voiced geminate, but not a singleton, devoices to dissimilate from another voiced obstruent within a single stem. Based on this observation, I argue that the [ voice] feature is protected by two different faithfulness constraints,IDENT( voi)Sing and IDENT( voi)Gem, and they are ranked as IDENT( voi)Sing � IDENT( voi)Gem in Japanese. I further argue that this ranking is grounded in the relative perceptibility of [ voice] in singletons and geminates, and this claim is experimentally supported. The general theoretical implication is that phonetic perceptibility can directly influence patterns in a phonological grammar.
Problems for the pronominal argument hypothesis in Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
Authors: LeSourd Philip S.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:
According to the pronominal argument hypothesis, the characteristic features of many so-called nonconfigurational languages may be accounted for on the assumption that affixes of verbs or auxiliaries in such languages either function as syntactic arguments or identify null pronouns that fill this role. Overt NPs then stand as adjuncts to clauses that are formally complete without them. Several studies have proposed analyses of Algonquian languages that incorporate versions of this hypothesis. This article explores data from several areas of the morphology and syntax of the Eastern Algonquian language Maliseet-Passamaquoddy that suggest that it is not such a pronominal argument language.
Centralized vs. Decentralized Systems: Academic Library Models for GIS and Remote Sensing Activities on Campus
Authors: Aufmuth Joe
Published: January 2007

Academic libraries are a prime example of an enterprise whose mission is to support the information needs of its institution. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) are popular topics for academic research and are used globally. Two major enterprise information service and data delivery models, centralized and distributed, describe how enterprises approach information sharing. Simply stated, centralized systems provide services and data through a single individual or departmental unit. Distributed systems rely on many interconnected individuals or units to supply services and data. There are advantages and disadvantages to both, which may lead to a hybrid model of combined elements or a movement away from one and toward the other. This article discusses centralized and distributed enterprise information service and data delivery models and how two Florida university libraries deploy these models to deliver enterprise GIS services and data to their institutions' user communities.
Discourse Analysis and the Study of Communication in LIS
Authors: Budd John
Published: January 2007

A considerable portion of the work that is done in library and information science (LIS) can benefit from discourse analysis as a research method. The two major families of discourse analysis are linguistic-based analysis (such as conversation, which could be applied in any setting where information professionals mediate between the universe of information and information seekers), and culturally or socially based discursive practices (along the lines of the analyses that Michel Foucault has conducted). The potential of both families for LIS inquiry, along with examples of both, are discussed.
Systematic Reviews and Librarians
Authors: McKibbon Ann
Published: January 2007

Systematic reviews are review articles that are completed using predefined methods to minimize bias inherent to observational studies. Systematic reviews are important to librarians because they integrate evidence across studies or data resources to provide knowledge that is useful to good decision making in our profession. In addition, as more systematic reviews are being published in many disciplines, librarians are being asked to assist with the production of them—-comprehensive searching is vital to the strength of the reviews. This article describes the process of producing systematic reviews and also describes their use. Librarians can acquire the skills necessary to use and produce high-quality systematic reviews.
Meta-Analysis in Library and Information Science: Method, History, and Recommendations for Reporting Research
Authors: Saxton Matthew L. (Matthew Locke)
Published: January 2007

Meta-analysis is a method for summarizing statistical findings across multiple research studies. It is a useful method for assessing the level of agreement or disagreement surrounding a given research question. The ability to perform meta-analysis is dependent on the level of consistency in measures and the amount of data shared in published research. Guidelines to minimum standards for reporting research may improve the quality of writing in published research. Inconsistencies in reporting research findings across studies, failing to provide enough detail on method and instrumentation to facilitate replication, and the multiplicity of different operational definitions or measures for the same concept all pose difficulties to successfully attempting any form of research synthesis. This article presents a methodological explanation of meta-analysis, a literature review describing the application of meta-analysis in library and information science, and guidelines for reporting quantitative research that would enable subsequent researchers to perform meta-analysis.
Legal Considerations in the Dissemination of Licensed Digital Spatial Data
Authors: Day Patti , Maene Chieko
Published: January 2007

State and local governments increasingly license digital spatial data, the dissemination of which by academic libraries requires specific legal and operational considerations to reconcile license conditions with public access. We examined this in the context of the American Geographical Society Library (AGSL) at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee during 2000-05. Wisconsin open records law protects the right of access to public records, and geographic data is intended to be in the public domain. Despite this, Wisconsin counties have dramatically increased their use of licenses for geographic data, and the use of these licenses has never been challenged under Wisconsin open records law. The AGSL negotiates existing licenses, conveying to users the licensing conditions and reassuring the data producers. We developed user sublicenses including copyright statements, original licensor's names, and signed user agreements to the terms of the original licenses. Each user agreed that failure to comply with these terms would result in disciplinary action. For security reasons, all licensed data were delivered on CD-ROMs, which incorporated the licensing information, forced users to sign the sublicense, and insured discussion of the licensing issues. To insure consistency, we developed policies and procedures to be followed for each type of data request. We also provided to faculty members and students instruction sessions dealing with data availability and acquisition.
Geospatial Web Services and Geoarchiving: New Opportunities and Challenges in Geographic Information Service
Authors: Morris Steven P
Published: January 2007

Over the course of the past fifteen years the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has changed significantly. Initially the role of the map library was confined to that of building and providing access to collections of hard copy maps and imagery. Later, digital data, whether on CD-ROMs or network based, was added as a new type of resource within that collection and service model. By the late 1990s some academic libraries began to take on a Web map server role, providing interactive Web mapping access to collections of digital geospatial data. In the new era of distributed, interoperable map services, libraries will have an opportunity to explore new roles as portals to streaming content available in the form of geospatial Web services. At the same time, the increasingly ephemeral nature of digital geospatial content will make even more critical the need to address the long-term digital preservation challenges that are facing geospatial content.
GIS Mentoring
Authors: Ricker Kim M
Published: January 2007

The implementation and development of effective mentoring is crucial to the growth and success of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) librarianship and staffing. Mentoring is necessary to fill the gaps for all staff members, especially students. I propose that mentoring can assuage many of the staffing obstacles to successful GIS programs. Effective mentoring will create a healthy and productive work environment as well as nurture future GIS librarians and staff members. Although mentoring within librarianship has been discussed in library literature, unfortunately work on the area of GIS mentoring is lacking. This article discusses the benefits of mentoring and demonstrates how the need for GIS mentoring is different from other library mentoring, specifically because of staffing. It also offers strategies for effective GIS mentoring.
Do You Really Want a Revolution? CyberTheory Meets Real-Life Pedagogical Practice in FrankenMOO and the Conventional Literature Classroom
Authors: Sonstroem Eric
Published: January 2007

This paper is a case study in the pedagogical uses of literary MOOs in a discussion-based undergraduate literature classroom. Student responses to experiences in the author's FrankenMOO, a MOO based on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, test the revolutionary pedagogical promises of cybertext theorists like N. Katherine Hayles, David Bennahum, and Espen Aarseth. This paper examines cybertext theory's relationship with older reader-response theory of Roland Barthes and Wolfgang Iser as a basis for understanding the ways current theoretical approaches to interactive electronic hypertext environments succeed or fail to revolutionize pedagogy and actual classroom practice. The paper highlights practical approaches to using literary MOOs to enhance student learning.
Playing in the Dark: Racial Repression and the New Campus Crusade for Diversity
Authors: Giroux Susan Searls
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the new conservative assault on the university and the relative silence on the part of progressives in response to this challenge. In part, this retreat is a consequence of the vulnerabilities and anxieties of workers in the academy that result from the ongoing corporatization of the university as well as the pervasive culture of fear that permeates the US in the wake of 9/11, which tends to punish critique as anti-American. As important as such factors are, the current analysis focuses more inwardly on processes of internalization and normalization of the tenets of professionalism and (neo)liberalism in the post-civil rights American academy. Upon careful reexamination of the "culture wars" of the 80s and 90s, it locates part of an explanation for such confounding quiet in the ideals that marked the university's "multicultural turn." The often limp endorsement and bland acceptance of principles such as "nondiscrimination," "diversity," and "openness" in the abstract enabled the Right's ruthless appropriation of the vision and language of civil rights, turning fact and history on their heads.
Music and the Allegory of Memory in Margaret Garner
Authors: Fallon Robert
Published: January 2007

This paper demonstrates how the drama, dialogue, and music of Toni Morrison and Richard Danielpour's opera Margaret Garner (2005) serve their project of improving race relations in the United States. Exemplifying Morrison's thesis that remembering slavery can mollify its unhealed wounds, the music and libretto invert the racial roles of her novel Beloved, with which it shares historical source material. The score reinforces the motif of memory by engaging with Scots-Irish songs, Britten's Peter Grimes, Bernstein's West Side Story, and other music. A synopsis of the opera is included.
A "Headless Display": Sula, Soldiers, and Lynching
Authors: Jackson Chuck
Published: January 2007

Even though no lynchings take place in Toni Morrison's Sula (1973), the novel borrows from and rearranges actions and objects typically found in lynching narratives. This article examines how Sula combines the lynching narrative's primary signifiers with the traumatic returns of African American soldiers from the battlefields of World War I. Using a historical materialist approach, the author argues that Sula's soldiers dramatize, sometimes directly, and sometimes abstractly, the psychological intensities and traumas specific to the public, black male body between the war years.
"Something Rogue": Commensurability, Commodification, Crime, and Justice in Toni Morrison's Later Fiction
Authors: Sweeney Megan
Published: January 2007

Drawing on Beloved, Jazz, and Paradise, and offering a close reading of Love, this essay explores how Toni Morrison's later fiction interrogates conceptions of justice that rely on a logic of commensurability (i.e., punishment equal to the crime, redress adequate to the injury, and benefit corresponding to the desert). Commensurability-based notions of justice risk replicating slavery's logic of commodification, Morrison's fiction suggests, by reifying both victims and perpetrators as abstract categories, placeholders in a symbolic exchange, or fungible elements of an equation.
Nathanael West and the Mystery of Feeling
Authors: Greenberg Jonathan Daniel
Published: January 2007

Satire reemerges in modernism because it offers an escape from coercive identifications enacted through sentimentality. As seen in the fiction of Nathanael West, however, satire's rejection of sentiment runs significant risks, threatening to dismiss the acutely felt claims of a suffering public. West's novels thus describe and negotiate a rift between satire and sentiment, between irony and pity, between aesthetics and ethics. In its antisentimental impulse, satire renders the human subject mechanical, insensate, or unable to experience emotion at all, yet this reductive, grotesque vision elicits an uncanny dread that paradoxically reaffirms feeling as a basis for aesthetics.
Mimicry, Spatial Captation, and Feng Shui in Han Ong's Fixer Chao
Authors: Hsu Hsuan L.
Published: January 2007

Han Ong's Fixer Chao revises our understanding of ethnic and cultural mimicry by representing two versions of Feng Shui. On the one hand, the gay Filipino protagonist poses as a Feng Shui master in order to cheat and undermine his rich Manhattanite class enemies. Nevertheless, the environmental alterations he enacts have material and social consequences, and indicate the need for rethinking mimicry not only as a mode of subversion, but also in terms of spatial practices, affective loyalties, and geographical flows.
"Curiously Without Body": The Hidden Language of Zona Gale's Faint Perfume
Authors: Tomlinson Susan
Published: January 2007

This article examines the narrative and political functions of illness in Zona Gale's 1923 novel Faint Perfume. Responding to representations of the female invalid in nineteenth-century domestic fiction, Gale challenges interpretations of the New Woman figure as a corrective to Victorian paradigms of feminine frailty and confinement. Through not only her protagonist's response to illness but also her novel's silences surrounding pain, Gale complicates pathologized notions of femininity by depicting the struggle to resist them. Faint Perfume emerges as a neuritic novel, one whose narrative muscles flare under the strain of political and cultural burden.
Bloodlines: Performing the Body of the "Demos," Reckoning the Time of the "Ethnos"
Authors: Athanasiou Athena
Published: January 2007

Organized around fantasies of endangered national sovereignty, discourses of population decline bespeak a highly politicized cultural anxiety that has come to haunt individual and collective imaginaries in the public life of Greece in the 1990s. The rhetoric of biopolitics about the precarious future presents the nation as a bleeding body and an object of mournful nostalgia and affective idealization. Prompted through normative renderings of time and life, anxiety over population decrease emerges as an idiom of gendered subjectivity, a technology of governmentality, and symbolic capital of national narratives. Despite its volatility, this "truth regime," in a Foucauldian sense, is crucially implicated in the constitution of intimate subjectivities according to the cultural intelligibility of reproductive heterosexuality, familial generationality, and national continuity; it represents, however, a code of intelligibility that is not invariably shared and is widely contested. Since the national-cultural preoccupation with the future has taken on a marked salience as a politics of the present, "time" has emerged as a flexible signifying practice, a strategic force that social actors work as much with as against, while dealing with the spectral limits of the lived temporality of the nation and their own.
Provincial Anthropology, Circumlocution, and the Copious Use of Everything
Authors: Hart Laurie Kain
Published: January 2007

Provincial towns are not miniature replicas of national metropolises but centers with their own trajectories of aesthetic and civic development. They operate in a regional context in relation both to the rural villages within their spheres of influence and to international cultural circuits. Inhabitants of peripheral towns in Greece negotiate the challenges of pluralism, modernization, and the hegemony of the nation state in their own social, political, and cultural idioms of accommodation and distancing. A close analysis of the modern history, city planning, and architecture of Florina in Western Greek Macedonia, particularly in the period between WWI and WWII, shows the development of an eclectic stylistic lingua franca in the aftermath of the appropriation of Muslim property and the demolition and suppression of the Muslim architectural presence. Provincial border towns manage their changing modes of heterogeneity in the context of an intimate space-in-common that generates an ambiguous pluralist semiotics in architecture as in dance.
Sainte-Beuve, critique de George Sand
Authors: Brix Michel
Published: January 2007

Sainte-Beuve took an early interest in the work of George Sand. Beginning with the publication of Indiana in 1832, he indicates his enthusiasm for this novel which he places within the genre of the so-called "roman intime." The roman intime is a concept Sainte-Beuve himself created, and with which he meant to draw a contrast with the Romantic works marked by philosophical and mystical doctrines, systems, hyperbole and grandiloquence. Having found Romantic works to be too far removed from the readers' preoccupations, Sainte-Beuve advocates a return to the observation of everyday reality through the roman intime. In 1833, his judgment of Lélia is less favorable: he deems Lélia to be a declamatory work further characterized by the spirit of system. With the publication of Lélia, Sainte-Beuve laments the opening of a political parenthesis in the career of George Sand. He will not return to the work of George Sand until after the Revolution of 1848, when, upon her return to Nohant, she will devote herself once again to the "peinture du cœur." (In French) (mb)
Les Paradoxes de l'ecrivain: les Nouvelles et les Contes d'Alfred de Musset
Authors: Castagnes Gilles
Published: January 2007

Alfred de Musset (1810-1857), connu surtout comme po�te et auteur dramatique, est peu �tudi� en tant que conteur et nouvelliste. Les douze histoires qui constituent les deux recueils des Contes et des Nouvelles nous r�servent pourtant un certain nombre de surprises int�ressantes. On y voit un auteur, longtemps admir� pour le lyrisme de sa po�sie, choisir un ton neutre et composer des intrigues avec une rigueur tr�s classique; comme s'il faisait tout, en r�alit�, pour qu'on ne le reconnaisse pas � travers cette �criture en prose pour laquelle il n'affiche publiquement que m�pris. Mais c'est pr�cis�ment gr�ce � ce masque sous lequel l'auteur se croit � l'abri des regards indiscrets que, par certains c�t�s, Musset se r�v�le peut-�tre le mieux malgr� lui: les rapports qui unissent l'individu � sa famille, notamment, y affleurent constamment sous le vernis de l'�criture objective, et ces douze textes nous montrent, en d�finitive, un enfant du si�cle qui n'a jamais su v�ritablement grandir. (In French) (gc)
Martyrologe d'un genre nouveau: Le Denouement d' Escal-Vigor de Georges Eekhoud
Authors: Chavasse Philippe
Published: January 2007

Published in 1899, Escal-Vigor by Belgian author Georges Eekhoud offers an original portrayal of homosexuality at the turn of the century. Preceding Gide, Eekhoud writes a novel entirely devoted to a love story between two men. Interestingly, their tragic destiny is counterbalanced by a formidable enthusiasm inscribed in a final message of hope and faith. Homosexuality is characterized as an "absolute religion," and, in his novel, Eekhoud clearly aims to convert and reform his readers. This unusual and controversial vision of homosexuality is unambiguously articulated in the novel's denouement, when Henry de Kehlmark and his lover Guidon Govaertz are sacrificed by the inhabitants of the island where they had sought refuge. This ending, mirroring the common association in Western cultures between ideal love and death, makes use metaphorically of the legendary figures of Orpheus, Saint Sebastian, and Saint Blandina to instill the revelation of a new religion. The homosexual martyrs are equated with Christlike figures, whose wounded flesh becomes an object of adoration and, ultimately, reformation. Haunted by the necessity to legitimate his sexual orientation, Eekhoud offers in Escal-Vigor an interesting alternative to the moral condemnation of homosexuals in Christian societies, exemplifying a dual tendency between romantic idealism and the awakening of a political consciousness. (In French) (pc)
Jews, Modernity, and the Fiction of Ben-Levi
Authors: Samuels Maurice
Published: January 2007

This article presents the work of Ben-Lévi [pseud. Godchaux Weil, 1806-1878], who published a series of short stories in the Archives Israélites de France, the leading French Jewish newspaper, during the 1840s. One of the first Jews to write fiction in French, Ben-Lévi offers a portrait of a community caught between tradition and progress. Combining the "realist" literary codes of Balzac with the "idealist" codes of Sand, his stories hold up a critical mirror to the assimilating Jewish bourgeoisie of the era and show how a reformed Judaism could help resolve the dilemmas of modernity. Ben-Lévi's forgotten fictions reveal the agency and creativity of nineteenth-century French Jews in the face of momentous social change while also demonstrating the versatility of French literary models. (MS)
The Materiality of Reading
Authors: Bleich David
Published: January 2007

Reading and other meditative activities affect bodily functions and feelings because reading is a material practice. Its social forms derive from the materiality of language, a perspective derived from the Nominalist tradition that has been recently reread by Wittgenstein, Austin, Bakhtin, Whorf, Kristeva, Derrida, and others. In this sense of reading and interpretation, abstractions and generalizations are provisional, applicable in local and instrumental contexts rather than as scientific laws or permanent truths. To read is to describe and/or re-say, while explanation is understood to be a pragmatic action rather than a fixing of knowledge.
Nabokov, Time, and Timelessness: A Reply to Martin Hagglund
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: January 2007

I respond to the two parts of Martin HÃ¤gglund's "Chronophilia: Nabokov and the Time of Desire" in different ways. I note that the second half, on Ada, advances claims for its own original treatment of time in Ada without knowing that much of what it argues has been discussed at length by critics for over twenty years. The first part of HÃ¤gglund's essay observes that Nabokov is an avowed chronophiliac, a lover of time, and a chronophobiac, in that he dreads the loss of things in time. But HÃ¤gglund then accuses me of foisting on Nabokov a desire to transcend time, to escape from the prison of time, which he thinks is my personal philosophy of time and not Nabokov's. It is not mine, but it is Nabokov's, quite explicitly, and many things about timelessness that HÃ¤gglund wishes to claim are logically impossible are actually demonstrated in Nabokov works HÃ¤gglund does not know, does not remember, or suppresses. A philosophical character in Nabokov's The Gift muses on the limits of mortal human knowledge: "'You will understand when you are big,' those are really the wisest words that I know." HÃ¤gglund seems to think he is already big, and understands. Nabokov thought that we are all still small, and imprisoned in time, and do not know enough, and might discover much more if only we could get outside our confinement. He did not claim to know the answers, but, unlike HÃ¤gglund, he did not think we should close off the questions.
Chronophilia: Nabokov and the Time of Desire
Authors: Hagglund Martin
Published: January 2007

A metaphysical conception of desire dominates Nabokov scholarship. Historically, metaphysics has understood desire as the desire for the absolute fullness of timelessness. In contrast, I argue that temporal finitude is not a lack of being that testifies to an absent fullness. Rather, temporal finitude is the condition for both the desirable and the undesirable. I conceptualize this double bind in terms of the constitutive entanglement between chronophobia and chronophilia. The fear of time (chronophobia) does not stem from a metaphysical desire to transcend time. On the contrary, I argue that chronophobia and chronophilia are two aspects of the same condition. It is because one desires temporal phenomena (chronophilia) that one fears losing them (chronophobia). Accordingly, there is an incurable chronophobia at the heart of chronophilia, since whatever one wants to hold on to is constituted by the fact that it will be lost. There is no way out of this double bind because the threat of loss is not extrinsic to what is desired, but intrinsic to its being as such. The essay explores this double bind in a number of Nabokov's texts, mainly focusing on Ada. The logic of "chronophilia" that is developed opens a new perspective on the writing of time and the finitude of desire, which draws on the work of Derrida.