bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Coan Andrew
Published: January 2019

The history and law of special prosecutors teach a single overarching lesson. The rule of law is as strong as the American people choose to make it—and no stronger. In some sense, this is heartening. It is also a sobering reminder. The democratic institutions and traditions handed down by previous generations are not indestructible. Like any other inheritance, they can be squandered, and there are real reasons to fear we are doing just that. In these unsettled times, special prosecutors might serve as highly visible catalysts for democracy. Or they might be swept asunder by the floodtides of populism and political polarization. These large structural forces are central features of contemporary American politics, but scratch the surface and those forces comprise millions of individual citizens with minds of their own. The choices of those individuals—our choices—will determine the fate of constitutional democracy in America.
Acoustic realization of vowels as a function of syllabic position
Authors: Gendrot Cédric , Adda-Decker Martine , Santiago Fabián
Published: January 2019

Corpora of prepared speech were compared between two Romance languages: French and Spanish. Results of this comparison show that owing to its presence of lexical stress—itself involving acoustic strengthening—Spanish, in contrast to French, reveals acoustic strengthening with word-final lengthening. However, acoustic variations due to other factors such as vowel duration, speech rate, and presence of pause are similar in both languages, contradicting some findings of previous studies in this domain. Spanish Prosodic Words and French Accentual Phrases are closely analyzed, with data normalized by speaker. The major result of this study is that, while for both languages an overall strengthening of the vowels with a longer duration and a slower speech rate is observed, vowel strengthening due to syllable position within the word reveals significant differences between French and Spanish.
An articulatory account of rhotic variation in Tuscan Italian
Authors: Celata Chiara , Vietti Alessandro , Spreafico Lorenzo
Published: January 2019

Rhotic variation in a spoken variety of Tuscan Italian is investigated. The chapter takes a multilevel articulatory approach, based on real-time synchronization and analysis of acoustic, electropalatographic (EPG), and ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI) data. Contrary to the expectations based on the received dialectological literature, it emerges that speakers produce various alveolar variants: taps, trills, fricatives, and approximant realizations. To examine the factors that may constrain the variation of /r/, a multiple correspondence analysis is carried out. The result is that there are significant associations between the phonetic properties of /r/ variants and their preferred contexts of occurrence. A particular focus is then placed on the articulatory properties of the singleton–geminate distinction. It is shown that the length contrast is maintained but contrary to expectation, trills are not primarily used for geminates. Instead, each speaker differentiates the singleton from the geminate according to a variety of production strategies.
Vowels and diphthongs
Authors: Chitoran Ioana , Marin Stefania
Published: January 2019

This study compares the acoustic and articulatory properties of the Romanian mid diphthong /ea/ to the hiatus sequence /e.a/, and the high diphthong /ja/ to the hiatus sequence /i.a/. Both acoustic and articulatory (EMA) data support the analysis of the mid diphthong as forming a complex nucleus, consistent with its phonotactic behavior. This diphthong exhibits the greatest temporal overlap between the two vowels and the largest coarticulation/blend between its vocalic targets. The hiatus sequence /i.a/, which spans two syllables, shows the least overlap and coarticulation. The high diphthong /ja/ is a tautosyllabic sequence, displaying an intermediate degree of overlap, more similar to /ea/ than to hiatus sequences in its timing properties.
Temporal organization of three-consonant onsets in Romanian
Authors: Marin Stefania
Published: January 2019

This study investigates on the basis of EMA data from five speakers the temporal organization of three-consonant onsets in Romanian. In terms of onset-to-vowel timing, the results show that three-consonant clusters do not conform to the predictions of a c-center organization for onsets, and it is argued that this is due to factors pertaining to the degree of coarticulation resistance of the vowel-adjacent consonant and the following vowel. In terms of intra-cluster timing, the results show that timing among the consonants in clusters /spl/, /spr/, /skl/, /skr/ is affected both locally and non-locally by the identity of the liquid.
Modeling assimilation
Authors: Campos-Astorkiza Rebeka
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses recent developments in the study of voicing assimilation as manifested in Spanish preconsonantal sibilants. It uses experimental results to develop a model to capture the observed patterns and make predictions about the behavior of voicing assimilation in Spanish. The central argument is that voicing assimilation in Spanish is the result of gestural blending at the laryngeal level and can be couched within the framework of Articulatory Phonology. The main evidence for the gestural blending account comes from a review of the data available on the topic and, more precisely, from the reanalysis of the data from two experiments run by Rebeka Campos-Astorkiza that provide acoustic data to substantiate the claims put forward here. Furthermore, these experiments allow the evaluation of some of the challenges of working with acoustic data when analyzing voicing assimilation.
‘The Idol of State Innovators and Republicans’
Authors: Kewes Paulina
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the seventeenth-century afterlife of the most daring political tract of the Elizabethan era, A Conference About the Next Succession to the Crowne of Ingland (1594/5) by the Jesuit Robert Persons. The chapter begins by explaining what is distinctive about A Conference, notably its direct attack on the hereditary principle and on the pre-eminence of the monarchy itself, and gives an overview of its transmission, reception, and appropriation. It goes on to trace the text’s signal and varied influence on Protestant writers from Henry Walker and Henry Parker during the Puritan Revolution and John Somers and Algernon Sidney during the Exclusion Crisis, to the defenders of the ‘Glorious’ Revolution. It thus invites a rethinking of the republican and Whig traditions in English political thought by revealing their dependence on the work of an Elizabethan Jesuit.
Stuart Coronations in Seventeenth- Century Scotland
Authors: Rickard Jane
Published: January 2019

The Scottish coronations of Stuart monarchs were highly politically significant—and controversial—occasions. When, in 1633, Charles I finally visited Scotland to be crowned, the manner of the coronation and of the king’s conduct bred anxiety and resentment among the Scots. His son would be crowned in Edinburgh long before being crowned Charles II in England: taking place in 1651, this Scottish coronation was a defiant challenge to the Commonwealth regime. Restored to the throne of England in 1660, Charles II was crowned in London in a ceremony that did not acknowledge his earlier Scottish coronation. This chapter examines the literature surrounding and linking these three coronation ceremonies that was published in Scotland, and, in some cases, republished or answered in England. It argues that this succession literature both illuminates and plays a dynamic role in shaping Scottish cultural identity and Anglo-Scottish relations.
Royal Entries, the City of London, and the Politics of Stuart Successions
Authors: Archer Ian W.
Published: January 2019

Royal entries to the city of London formed part of the succession protocols and as a form of political communication offer an opportunity to explore the dialogue between the Crown and its subjects, but issues relating to their reception remain underexplored. This chapter seeks to address this gap by comparing the 1604 and 1661 entries in the context of other forms of cultural production at the time of the accessions and with close attention to the evolving political context. It is argued that while James I could count on a rough-and-ready consensus over his political objectives, the entry of 1661 was compromised by deep ideological divisions and the legacy of the civil war.
Royal Mothers, Sacred History, and Political Polemic
Authors: Smuts R. Malcolm
Published: January 2019

In addition to participating in individual successions, queens consort provided for future successions by giving birth to heirs to the throne. In doing so they also perpetuated ties of kinship between the Stuarts and foreign dynasties. Under James VI and I, royal marriage and procreation were treated as religious mysteries, by which God perpetuated legitimate rule through successive generations, and sometimes unified kingdoms through the laws of dynastic inheritance. But the Catholic religion of several Stuart queens rendered this attitude problematical, giving rise to a counter-current of polemical literature portraying consorts as threats to British Protestantism. This chapter explores literature concerning the roles of British queens as royal wives and mothers, and vehicles for dynastic alliances, over the century 1585–1685. It argues that both positive and negative depictions of queens were much more varied than scholars have often recognized, due in part to constantly changing contextual circumstances produced by the highly complex interplay of confessional and dynastic politics.
One wave: plane or curved
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reviews simple wave solutions, in particular plane waves and spherical waves. The behaviour of plane waves inside a medium and at an interface is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how lenses change the wave-front curvature.
Optical phenomena in the time domain
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses a sum of many waves with different frequencies, resulting in wave forms with particular time dependence. The propagation of the time-dependent wave solution through free space, or media with a particular dispersion relation, are analysed. Interesting cases such as the effect of group velocity dispersion, slow light, and fast light are highlighted.
Light propagation: beams and guides
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the propagation of laser beams in free space and laser cavities, and light propagating in waveguides such as optical fibres.
Vector light fields
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers how all light fields contain non-transverse components. Situations where it is possible to make the longitudinal component larger than the transverse component are highlighted.
Drakon and Solon
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the place of kinship in the law of Drakon on homicide and in Solon’s laws, examples of legislation as a response to crisis situations. The implications of Solon’s measures to regulate class relations are explored in detail, especially the removal of the horoi and subsequent impact on the hektemoroi, as well as laws governing the oikos.
Marriage with Kin
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Marriage was often used to strengthen links between kin: an Athenian could marry any kinswoman except a direct ascendant, a direct descendant, a full sibling, or a matrilateral half-sibling. This chapter covers the law governing the marriages of epikleroi, interests in property, status anomaly, and propinquity.
Names
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Reflecting increasing interest in the study of names and naming practices, this chapter examines naming after kin, women’s names, nicknames, and names of slaves, dogs, horses, and ships. The Athenian three-part name system immediately made clear the individual’s civic status, incorporating a personal name, patronymic, and deme affiliation, while personal names provided additional clues to status and origin.
Funerals and Burials
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on funerals, burials (both formal and more informal), and commemorative reunions, examining both the textual sources and the archaeological residues: mounds, Opferrinne, and material culture.
Young Men’s Social Groupings
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Male adolescence in Athens covered the period between puberty and the early thirties, with young men acquiring citizenship and deme membership at eighteen, which conferred certain rights but not all privileges, such as that of speaking in the Assembly. This chapter examines the social groupings of young Athenian men, including the links between kin in the society of Plato’s dialogues and the participants in the scandals of 415 and the mutilation of the Hermai.
Ambassadors, Generals, Military Commands
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the differences between democratic election and selection by lot, and how this affected the appointments of high-ranking officials, including ambassadors and generals (with the added dimension of intra-tribal rivalry), as well as minor military commands and the organization of armies and ships’ crews.
The Genê
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

Genos in this chapter is used in a technical sense that did not become common in Attika until the fourth century BCE: to denote a named corporate group owning rights to office. Discussion covers the early evidence for genê, Solon and the archonship, Eleusis, the Dipolieia, Eupatridai, and the Lykomidai, as well as the age of the tyrants, parasites, the Salaminioi, the Lykourgan period, the Hellenistic revival, and the Pythais.
The Demes: Introduction
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

The Attic demes have been the focus of considerable attention during the last half-century, though much work remains to be done on in-depth studies of settlement history, place-names, and patterns of exploration in order to better assess the location of demes. This chapter stresses the importance of studying variation among demes, and covers the deme names, Upper/Lower divisions, use of demotics, deme ‘boundaries’, and officials, inscriptions, finances, and disputes.
I Erechtheis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This section of the volume examines deme documents, archaeological evidence, and prosographical data, tribe by tribe and deme by deme. It is possible by detailed analysis to recover something of the significance of kinship in the local community from which the individual character of each deme emerged, and which contributed to changes in that character over time. This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Euonymon, Pergase?, Kedoi? Pambotadai? Inland trittys: Kephisia. Coastal trittys: Anagyrous, Lamptrai.
II Aigeis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Bate, Diomeia, Ankyle, Kolonos. Inland trittys: Kydantidai, Ionidai, Gargettos, Erchia, Iphistiadai? Coastal trittys: Philaidai, Halai Araphenides, Phegaia, Myrrhinoutta, Teithras?.
VI Oineis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Boutadai, Kothokidai, Lakiadai, Epikephisia. Inland trittys: Acharnai. Coastal trittys: Thria, Phyle.
VIII Hippothontis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Peiraios, Thymaitadai, Koile, Keiriadai. Inland trittys: Dekeleia, Oion Dekeleikon, Acherdous? Anakaia? Hamaxanteia? Coastal trittys: Eleusis, Kopros, Azenia?
X Antiochis
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the following: City trittys: Alopeke. Inland trittys: Kolonai, Eitea. Coastal trittys: Thorai, Aigilia, Anaphlystos, Besa, Amphitrope, Atene.
Complex Thought, Simple Talk
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

It is argued that to understand change in organizations better, we need to move away from a mechanistic imagery to embrace an ecological imagery, inspired by complexity thinking. An ecological imagery better reflects our common experience of change in organizations, especially if due attention is given to language. Drawing on Bakhtin and Wittgenstein, this chapter pays particular attention to dialogicality as a process of bringing about change from “within.” It describes the importance of moments of common reference created between interlocutors, which join individuals as co-participants in a situation and give their interactions a common orientation. Put simply, co-participants in a dialogue form both transitory understandings of where the discussion has got to so far and certain anticipations as to where it might go next. The change that may be brought about though re-orientation by simple, ordinary language is illustrated with a dialogue between a researcher and an IT manager.
Making Strategy
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that to appreciate what strategy-as-practice (SAP) has to offer strategy researchers, and to fully realize its potential, it needs to be grounded on an onto-epistemology that acknowledges the various ways through which strategies qua practices may develop, as well as the various modes of intentionality and language use that, crucially, underlie strategy-making. A fully developed Heideggerian onto-epistemological framework provides a coherent way for different types of strategy-making to be researched from a practice perspective. A Heideggerian lens on SAP first brings intentionality under scrutiny and shows how it is constructed in strategizing episodes through practitioners drawing upon particular sociomaterial practices. Secondly, it shows the “inherited background” from which practitioners engage in coherent practical coping, and explores how aspects of this “inherited background” are brought to explicit awareness in the face of breakdowns.
Strategic Decision Making and Knowledge
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

Organizations undertake action even in the absence of decisions, and make decisions without necessarily following them through with actions. An outcome that may appear to an observer to be the product of a sequence of decisions, may not be so if approached from the perspective of the actor. How is that possible? A Heideggerian perspective enables us to accommodate most currently available theories of decision making into a new ontology. A lot of what ordinarily passes for “decision making” is nothing else but either practical coping or deliberate coping, both occurring in the midst of action, and a great deal of action routinely undertaken in organizations consists of either spontaneous responses to the circumstances at hand, or deliberate choices often made in an analogical manner. These points are illustrated with the Abu Ghraib prison scandal that was revealed by the award-winning journalist Seymour Hersh in 2004.
In Search of Phronesis
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the process through which people in organizations, especially those in leadership positions, arrive at judgment. The rationalist orientation of the (somewhat limited) literature on judgment in management studies prevents us (scholars and practitioners alike) from properly grasping important features of the hermeneutical-developmental process involved in coming to a judgment. In particular, the role of emotions, moral agency, and language use, and, especially, the selective and integrative nature of perceptual processes are too easily ignored. This chapter makes the case for a particular notion of judgment understood as Aristotelian “phronesis” (practical wisdom). Phronetic leaders are people who, in their search for a way out of their difficulties, have developed a refined capacity to intuitively grasp salient features of ambiguous situations and to constitute a “landscape” of possible paths of response. This chapter sheds light on how this is accomplished, by drawing on neo-Aristotelian, phenomenological, and Wittgensteinian philosophy.
Performing Phronesis
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

Practical wisdom and judgment, rather than seen as “things” hidden inside the mind, are best talked of as emerging developmentally within an unceasing flow of activities in which practitioners are immersed. When practitioners (namely, individuals immersed in a practice, experiencing their tasks through the emotions, standards of excellence, and moral values the practice engenders) face a bewildering situation in which they do not know how to proceed, the judgment they exercise emerges out of seeking to establish a new orientation to their puzzling surroundings. They do so through actively trying to be in touch with their felt emotions and moral sensibilities, while attempting to articulate linguistically the feelings experienced, in order to get a clearer view of relevant aspects of the situation at hand. Coming to a judgment involves moving around within a landscape of possibilities, and in so doing, being spontaneously responsive to the consequences of each move.
The “Metaphor” Metaphor
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter revisits Gareth Morgan’s seminal book Images of Organization and considers its main thesis—that organizations have no essence, but we can bring out their features through the metaphorical lenses we see them through—in the context of pragmatist-hermeneutical philosophy. Morgan’s “metaphor” metaphor approaches organizations as texts, inviting readers to become sophisticated readers of organizational life. Images of Organization, rather than providing ready-made answers, provides its readers with the resources to search for answers, thus enabling readers-practitioners to refine their ordinary practices of understanding, and become phronetic practitioners who must simultaneously maintain what Dewey called “a state of doubt” while searching for better candidates of belief.
Don’t Simplify, Complexify
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that, rather than theory development aiming at simplifying complex organizational phenomena, it should aim at complexifying theories—theoretical complexity is needed to account for organizational complexity. Defining the latter as “nontrivial” action, it explores a complex “system of picturing” of organizations as objects of study that provides an alternative to the dominant disjunctive style of thinking. Complex theorizing is conjunctive: it seeks to make connections between diverse elements of human experience through making those analytical distinctions that will enable the joining up of concepts normally compartmentalized. Insofar as conjunctive theorizing is driven by the need to preserve the “living forwards–understanding backwards” dialectic, it is better suited to grasping the logic of practice and doing justice to organizational complexity. This argument is illustrated with several examples from organizational and management research.
Personalizing the State
Authors: Koch Insa Lee
Published: January 2019

Liberal democracy appears in crisis. From the rise of ‘law and order’ and ever tougher forms of means-testing under ‘austerity politics’ to the outcome of Britain’s referendum on leaving the EU, commentators have argued over why democracy has taken an illiberal turn. This book shifts the focus from the ‘why’ to the ‘how’ and the ‘what’: to how citizens experience government in the first place and what democracy means to them. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, it takes these questions to Britain's socially abandoned council estates, once built by local authorities to house the working classes. From the perspective of these citizens, punitive shifts in welfare, housing, and policing are part of a much longer history of classed state control that has acted on their homes and neighbourhoods. But this is only half of the story. Citizens also pursue their own understandings of grassroots politics and care that at times align with, but at others diverge from, official policies. An anthropology of state-citizen relations challenges narratives of exceptionalism that have portrayed the people as a threat to the democratic order. It also reveals the murky, sometimes contradictory desires for a personalised state that cannot easily be collapsed with popular support for authoritarian interventions. Above all, this book exposes the liberal state’s disavowal of its political and moral responsibilities at a time when mechanisms for voicing working class citizens’ demands have been silenced.
Dangerous Streets: Encounters with the Police
Authors: Koch Insa Lee
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 looks at how housing estate residents interact with the police in negotiating the dangers of ‘the street’. Government policies that go tough on ‘law and order’ have focused on young people’s involvement in street-based activities, invoking a language of ‘gang crime’ and ‘gang membership’. However, this language does not easily fit with residents’ own understanding of the dangers of the ‘streets’ that encompasses both the threat of daily victimization and the failures of the criminal justice system. This chapter argues that the daily threat of serious crime alongside mistrust in the police generates seemingly contradictory responses. Residents sometimes appropriate the police as personalized tools into everyday disputes with friends, kin, and neighbours. Meanwhile, in situations of more serious threat, they tend to fall back onto informal mechanisms of policing that the state outlaws as vigilante violence. It is precisely this gap between citizens’ expectations for support and the reality of police performance that is expressed when residents show support for harsher punishment in a system that has become ‘too liberal’ and ‘soft’.
Tower-naves, lordly towers, and the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the construction of tower-naves at lordly residences during the late tenth and eleventh centuries, as part of a wider tradition of aristocratic tower construction in late Anglo-Saxon England. This is argued to have been driven by the increasing localization of social power in the hands of the aristocracy during this period, and their ambition to manifest their power in the landscape. The symbolic role of these towers is discussed, in legitimizing the social position of their lords, as is their usefulness in fulfilling their lords’ military duties. Several of the towers are placed within the context of wider landscapes of defence, in terms of their viability as refuges and watchtowers over war-beacons, assembly-sites, and routes of communication.
Tower-nave churches in comparative perspective
Authors: Shapland Michael G.
Published: January 2019

This chapter seeks a broader perspective on the tower-nave form. It places lordly tower-naves in the general context of the construction of aristocratic towers across Western Europe, and contends that they exerted considerable influence over the form and architecture of early Norman castles. It traces the wider influence of tower-naves on the architecture of early Norman England in the construction of episcopal chapels and detached monastic belltowers, arguing that these buildings perpetuated the Anglo-Saxon association of towers with secular power and high-status devotion. The evidence for the adoption of tower-naves in Scotland is also considered.
Governance in the Holocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

In the late Holocene, humans and their social institutions came to endanger their planetary comfort zone. Holocene institutions have had their successes when it comes to economic prosperity and even (recently) limiting violent conflict. But change that could enable governance to grapple with Anthropocene conditions is blocked where it is most needed. Dominant institutions such as states and markets have found ways to organize feedback that confirms their own necessity. Financial institutions become “too big to fail,” capitalist markets punish governments that depart from neoliberal economic recipes, and global environmental negotiations absorb the energy of activists and civil society even when they are not producing much decisive action. At the same time governance fails to take signals from a changing Earth system seriously enough—let alone anticipate future crises. As a result, institutional and policy innovation is blocked, and dysfunctional institutions and practices constitute highly problematic—even pathological—path dependency.
Democratic Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

The formative sphere is the sum of activity encompassing the creation, questioning, and development of principles for collective action. This sphere gives shape to the meaning of the Anthropocene and how its implications are taken up in collective decision-making. An effective formative sphere should operate as a deliberative and ecological democracy capable of questioning its own foundations. This chapter shows how the formative sphere can operate in interactions between experts and citizens, between the most vulnerable and their advocates, between advocates and discourse entrepreneurs, across local experiments, and across the human and non-human components of the Earth system. Contemplation of Anthropocene conditions shows that in addition to established arguments for ecological democracy, there is a new argument: the agents necessary to rethink core social values and principles to guide practice for the Anthropocene can only flourish under democratic conditions. Democracy itself is transformed in this new encounter.
Conclusion: a practical politics of the Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan
Published: January 2019

How exactly might ecological reflexivity be established as a core priority of social, economic, and political institutions? Rather than think in terms of any model to aim for, it is better to begin with where we are now and figure out positive moves on many fronts. Living frameworks—embodied in institutions that are flexible enough to respond to changing social and ecological conditions but stable enough to provide a basis for long-term flourishing—can facilitate such efforts. A practical politics of the Anthropocene can involve dismantling aspects of lock-in to the carbon economy and other unsustainable practices, avoiding renewed lock-in that could arise through misguided efforts to solve ecological problems, and cultivating elements of reflexivity through institutional, legal, and cultural change. Introducing elements of reflexivity—and learning from them—can facilitate more effective rethinking of dominant institutions and their pathological path dependencies, and build momentum for transformative change.
Commonplace Failure
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the genre most associated with (but also more often confused with) the miscellany: the commonplace book. Starting from the frequently made observation that commonplace books are strikingly underused, this chapter argues that we should not see this failure as a rejection of the culture of annotation and transcription, but as a reflection of the increasing move towards miscellaneity. Exploring the metaphors used by humanist pedagogues to describe the practice, and examining the mise-en-page of a number of manuscripts, it shows that the spatial disposition of knowledge persisted in miscellaneous manuscripts long after the commonplace book itself faded from use. Both metaphor and mise-en-page, moreover, show that the spatial organization of knowledge was intimately connected with the memorial function of miscellanies, and so also with the vexed questions of search and retrieval and future use. Central to the chapter are John Foxe’s successive attempts to produce printed commonplace books and their use by various owners and readers.
Bacon’s Filing
Authors: Vine Angus
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Francis Bacon’s interest in the management of knowledge, arguing that this was the key to his programme for the reform and advancement of learning. Focusing on his interest in filing as a practice, a process, and a metaphor, and drawing on both his archival and material habits and the discussions of the organization of knowledge in his philosophical works, the chapter uncovers a series of previously unheralded influences on his epistemology. The chapter offers new readings of Bacon’s two most significant manuscript miscellanies, the Promus of Formularies and Elegancies and the Commentarius solutus, before concluding with his equally miscellaneous final work, the Sylva sylvarum. Bacon emerges from this chapter as the crucial figure for Miscellaneous Order as a whole, with many of the book’s key ideas and themes (knowledge as a storehouse, the transfer of information, the mercantile model of waste book and ledger) revisited and re-examined in light of both his practice and his philosophy.
Sovereign Debt and Human Rights: An Introduction
Authors: Bantekas Ilias , Lumina Cephas
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts a synthesis of all various chapters in the book and attempts to show the links between sovereign debt and human rights. It identifies these links by reference to particular rights (socio-economic as well as civil and political) as well as by subject matter. The chapter, in addition, introduces in brief all the chapters of the book, demonstrating that debt has a direct relevance upon all the functions of the state and impacts directly upon all human rights.
The Historical Context of Sovereign Debt
Authors: Oosterlinck Kim
Published: January 2019

Sovereign debt crises are not a new phenomenon. Thus, history offers useful insights into the complex nature of sovereign debts and ways of addressing debt crises. This chapter explores sovereign debt problems and the responses to such problems in historical perspective. The chapter discusses historical episodes of sovereign debt defaults, how such defaults were settled and the impact of sovereign debt defaults on international relations. It also deals with the issues of odious debts, colonial ‘sovereign’ debts, reckless lending and borrowing and fairness to repay.
Sovereign Debt Crises
Authors: María Lastra Rosa , Paliouras Vassilis
Published: January 2019

Creditor responses to sovereign debt crises suggest that they view such crises as problems of debt management on the part of the countries facing debt repayment difficulties. Thus, for example, debt relief and restructuring mechanisms coordinated by the international financial institutions place emphasis on correcting perceived imprudent debt management through a series of economic adjustment measures. Little attention, if any, is paid to addressing the underlying causes of the debt crises. This chapter examines the various causes of sovereign debt crises and the role that debt management plays in their eruption or in addressing them in a sustainable manner.
Private Loans to Sovereign Borrowers
Authors: Megliani Mauro
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the role of syndicated and bonded loans as a source of sovereign financing. This analysis will concentrate on the dynamics of the primary and secondary markets of these debts and the protective clauses reproduced in the loan agreements, with particular reference to the problems originated by a controversial interpretation of the pari passu clause.
The Role of Credit Rating Agencies in Sovereign Debt Markets
Authors: Darbellay Aline
Published: January 2019

Since the global financial crisis of 2007-2009, the leading credit rating agencies (CRAs) have faced an increasing level of legal and regulatory scrutiny in the United States (US) and in the European Union (EU). This chapter sheds light on the promise and perils of sovereign credit ratings in the light of the European sovereign debt crisis. The leading CRAs have been blamed for providing investors with inaccurate credit ratings, facing inappropriate incentives and lack of oversight. This chapter addresses the evolving function performed by CRAs over the past century. Traditionally, CRAs are private market actors assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers and debt instruments. Since the first sovereign bond ratings assigned in 1918, the rating business has grown in size and importance. Sovereign ratings supposedly predict financial distress of governments. Their role has shifted over the last four decades. Although they have repeatedly been blamed for being poor predictors of sovereign debt crises, CRAs continue to play a key role in modern capital markets.
Debt Crises, Economic Adjustment, and Labour Standards
Authors: Pablo Bohoslavsky Juan , Christian Ebert Franz
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the relation between economic adjustments, on the one hand, and labour standards, on the other. Section I reviews how labour standard issues have been addressed in different economic adjustment programmes, often initiated at the behest of international financial institutions, or the institutions of what was formerly known as the ‘Troika’. Subsequently, Section II analyses the legal and practical implications thereof. It explains how several labour law reforms required by international financial institutions in the context of economic adjustment have, on a number of occasions, driven countries into violations of international human rights law and international labour law in particular. Section III goes on to examine the economic case of deregulatory labour law reforms in the context of economic adjustment. It shows that the empirical evidence for negative economic effects of labour law in general and in the context of financial and economic crises in particular is at best highly controversial and cannot justify the highly problematic social effects and breaches of international law these reforms have often entailed.
Debt, Austerity, and the Structural Responses of Social Rights
Authors: Warwick Ben TC
Published: January 2019

Austerity measures—the set of economic policies implemented with the aim of reducing government budget deficits—are a key component of economic adjustment programmes prescribed by the international financial institutions in the context of their efforts to address sovereign debt and other financial crises. They essentially entail public spending cuts, tax increases, or a combination of both. While multilateral creditors impose austerity in all debt restructuring programmes, economists generally agree that in order to sustain growth, productivity and consumer confidence, it is imperative that in situations of debt crises the government pour money into the economy (as was the case in post-2007 USA) rather than restrict liquidity. Hence, austerity is fundamentally antithetical to financial sense and if the aim is to repay creditors then higher consumer spending is beneficial as are tax decreases. The chapter explains austerity from a legal and financial perspective and argues that its imposition serves political objectives.
The Right to Unilateral Repudiation of Odious, Illegal, and Illegitimate Sovereign Debt as a Human Rights Defence
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: January 2019

States enjoy the right to unilaterally denounce sovereign debt that is odious, illegal and illegitimate under strict circumstances. This entitlement does not exist where the debt(s) was/were incurred lawfully. A particular form of denunciation is sovereign insolvency, whose unilateral manifestation, is treated in practice by similar principles and responses as those apply mutatis mutandis to other forms of debt management. This chapter identifies, in addition to insolvency, five forms of unilateral debt denunciation that arise from the limited practice of states, which are moreover consistent with general international law. These are: (a) repudiation or non-enforcement of arbitral awards on public policy grounds; (b) denunciation on grounds of executive necessity and/or the right to fiscal/tax sovereignty; (c) direct unilateral repudiation on the basis of reports by national debt audit committees; (d) repudiation of contracts when creditor/investor violates human rights and of unconscionable concession contracts; (e) re-negotiation of bilateral investment treaties and concessions.
The Pilgrim
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the transformation which expatriates deliberately sought. Building on the rich work on sacred space, it adds a temporal dimension. The static, the durable, and the territorial have long dominated the study of early modern Catholicism, even of pilgrimage. However, the journey, as well as the destination, was a constitutive part of spiritual travel. Mobility becomes particularly visible when we scrutinize the element of time. Short-term visits by individuals; the long-lasting impact on their lives of the distribution of relics and shrines; the carefully phased process of spiritual exercises; and the sense of a temporal retreat in preparation for the future alert us to a dynamic understanding of English Catholics’ mobility. Their deliberate decision to journey in order to change shows the formative role of the expatriate experience, in these cases characterized by vibrancy rather than victimhood.
Kidnap for Ransom as a Business
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Trading hostages is a highly complex economic transaction, yet most hostages are successfully ransomed. This suggests that there are effective institutions governing the market for hostages. Private governance solutions can emerge spontaneously through repeated interactions, but local norms and institutions would not automatically extend to transnational kidnaps. This chapter introduces insurers as providers of governance in the transnational market for hostages. To create a profitable insurance product, insurers help the insured to prevent kidnaps and resolve the relatively few abductions that occur. Kidnap insurance obliges or encourages the insured to use a wide range of associated services that order and stabilize the market for hostages. The well-governed markets for protection and hostages underpin desirable economic activities such as international trade, investment, development, and aid.
What is Kidnap for Ransom Insurance?
Authors: Shortland Anja
Published: January 2019

Kidnap insurance comes with stringent conditions and access to a range of services for kidnap prevention and kidnap resolution. The market is highly concentrated: there are only around twenty underwriters in this niche business area and all of them operate syndicates at Lloyd’s of London. They have created common protocols to manage adverse selection and moral hazard among the insured and to order transactions across the legal/extra-legal boundary. These protocols are set, monitored, adapted, and enforced by a range of experts. The community of experts is small and cohesive and communication networks are dense. We observe a vibrant market for outstanding governance specialists. Good reputations and successful innovations ensure high incomes, but failures quickly lead to expulsion from the circle of trusted providers.
Greville’s Scantlings
Authors: Murphy Kathryn
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines Greville’s ‘architectonical art’ in his treatise poems: both his use of architectural imagery and proportionate form, and his engagement with Sir Philip Sidney’s discussion, following Aristotle, of poetry’s relationship to the architectonic ‘mistress-knowledge’ of ethics, politics, and virtue, in the Defense of Poesy. The essay begins by establishing the close relationship of Greville’s Dedication to Sidney’s ideas and the Defense, and reads the Dedication as an emulation of the kind of exemplary narrative which Sidney advocated. It then examines the contrast in the ‘characteristical’ poetics of Sidney, which aim to inculcate virtue through example, and the ‘modular’ poetics of the treatise poems, which teach through precept and formal device. The closing passages offer a close reading of the first stanza of Caelica 6 as exemplary of Greville’s engagement with Sidney and his practice of a modular poetics based on ideas of proportion and measure as ethically exemplary.
Parody and the Perversion of Grace at the Crux of Caelica
Authors: Davis Joel B.
Published: January 2019

Poems LXXVI–LXXXII in Greville’s sonnet sequence, Caelica, are among the most heavily revised writings in all of the Warwick manuscripts. The poems struggle to reveal in the lexicon of courtly love the workings of positive law and temporal power, implicitly understood in opposition to natural law and grace. In these poems, grace signifies its very opposite, not just a parody of itself but a perversion of itself, which subjects such as the ‘dull spirits’ of poem LXXX experience as temporal power. But Greville also places in the midst of these analytical poems one gem of clarity, poem LXXXII, shining there like a good deed in a bad world, exhorting the reader to ‘make time, while you be/ but steppes to your eternitie’.
Giordano Bruno, Fulke Greville, and the ‘envious Erinyes’ (1583–85)
Authors: Raimondi Fabio
Published: January 2019

The relationship between Fulke Greville and Giordano Bruno during the years of Bruno’s sojourn in England are difficult to reconstruct due to the scarcity of direct testimonies, and documents that can aid in their reconstruction. This chapter will focus, through the examination of certain political themes shared between Bruno’s Italian dialogues and Greville’s sonnet sequence Caelica, and secondly through a reading of the figure of the invidious Erinys, on the debate on republicanism, in which both shared an interest, and lastly, on the religious differences symbolized by the Erinys, whose consequences at the time were wreaking havoc on England and Europe.
Fulke Greville the Courtier
Authors: Irish Bradley J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that Fulke Greville’s long career of royal service, and many of the literary texts that he created, were shaped by two Elizabethan court luminaries: Sir Philip Sidney and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. Through biographical and literary analysis, I trace the political and intellectual influence of both Sidney and Essex on Greville’s career at court, with special attention to how the Sidney/Essex circle’s famed interest in Senecan neostoicism and Tacitean historiography manifest in Greville’s life and works. Though Greville outlived his former patrons by decades, it is his experience with them in the second half of Elizabeth’s reign that moulded his courtly outlook in the seventeenth century.
Electronic States and Configurations of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 29 problems covering the subject of electronic states and configurations of atoms and molecules, along with the corresponding solutions.
Molecular Orbital Theory
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 68 problems covering the subject of molecular orbital theory, along with the corresponding solutions.
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 22 problems covering the subject of vibrational spectroscopy, along with the corresponding solutions.
Transition Metal Chemistry
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Lee Hung Kay , Ng Dennis Kee Pui , Cheung Yu-San , Mak Kendrew Kin Wah , Mak Thomas Chung Wai
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents 32 problems covering the subject of transition metal chemistry, along with their corresponding solutions.