bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of pillar stresses and interaction effects for twin rock caverns
Authors: Zhang Wengang , Goh Anthony T.C.
Published: May 2014

Large underground caverns are increasingly being considered for the construction of industrial facilities and transportation infrastructure in order to optimize the use of surface land in large urban cities. Due to the geological constraints underground, it is sometimes necessary to construct a cavern close to an existing cavern. Pillars serve as an underground support element in twin caverns, without which it is difficult to sustain the weight of the overburden materials. If the strength of a pillar is exceeded, it will fail, and the load that it carried will be transferred and thereby contribute to the collapse of the twin caverns. The lack of confinement in slender pillars also contributes to the complete collapse of pillars at relatively low stress magnitudes. From a design point of view, understanding the pillar failure mechanism and the interaction effect between twin caverns is essential. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the influence of various design parameters on twin cavern interaction. Pillar performances with respect to the changes to the maximum principal stress in the pillar, the peak vertical stress, and the peak principal stress difference in the pillar core are studied in order to examine the failure mechanisms and to identify situations in which there is significant cavern interaction and overlap of the plastic zones. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on phosphorus halogen‐free flame‐retardancy systems in short glass fiber‐reinforced PC/ABS composites under rapid thermal cycle molding process condition
Authors: Wang Weihua , Zhao Guoqun , Wu Xianghong , Li Xiuhong , Wang Chenggong
Published: May 2014

In this study, standard test specimens with flame‐retarded short glass fiber‐reinforced PC/ABS materials were fabricated under rapid thermal cycle injection molding condition by selecting a potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate flame retardant specially used for PC, FR2025, and two kinds of aryl phosphorus halogen‐free flame retardants, UN707 and PX‐220. The flame‐retardancy effect of the above different flame retardants on the studied systems was compared through combustion tests of the specimens. Meanwhile, the thermal and mechanical properties of flame‐retarded composites were studied by using the thermogravimetry analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and universal testing machine. The results show that the “candlewick effect” of fibers exacerbates the fire behavior of composites. With the increase of the aryl phosphorus halogen‐free flame retardants, the flame‐retardancy effect of composites is obviously improved, and the maximum thermal degradation rate of composites is significantly decreased. The UL94 combustion rating is improved, and the time of residual flame is substantially reduced with the increase of PC content under the same content of flame retardant. The DMTA results show that the flame retardants have a reinforcement action on PC/ABS matrix. However, the macroscopic mechanical properties are slightly decreased in the glass fiber‐reinforced composites because of the destructive effect of the flame retardants on the interface compatibility between matrix and fibers; the scanning electron microscopic micrographs of tensile fracture fully prove this action mechanism of flame retardants. In addition, the addition of toughener and antidripping additive significantly affects the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1653–1663, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of ageing on viscoelastic properties of PMMA/ATH modified bitumen
Authors: Šušteršič Ema , Nikonov Anatoly , Valant Andreja Zupančič
Published: May 2014

This article deals with the influence of the ageing treatment on the viscoelastic behavior of PMMA/ATH modified paving bitumen. Waste composite powder (polymethyl methacrylate filled with aluminium trihydrate)—PMMA/ATH and Fischer–Tropsch wax were used as modifying agents for 70/100 paving grade bitumen. Measurements in intermediate temperature range were carried out under oscillatory shear conditions on a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Creep testing in low temperature range was conducted on a bending beam rheometer (BBR). The time‐dependent behavior of investigated samples was presented in a form of relaxation moduli G(t) and E(t). Dynamic moduli, i.e., G′(ω) and G″(ω), were converted to relaxation modulus G(t) using the Schwarzl method. The interconversion between tensile creep compliance D(t), and tensile relaxation modulus E(t) was performed using the Hopkins and Hamming approach. It was found that modified binders are less susceptible to the oxidation process during bitumen ageing, since the viscoelastic properties changed less than for the base bitumen. Our results indicate that the use of waste PMMA/ATH in the selected bitumen altered the time‐dependent deformation behavior of asphalt binder. The effect of ageing treatment on material functions was particularly manifested at longer times. Different stress relaxation behavior of modified binders could result in higher deformation resistance of asphalt mixture. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1738–1747, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Bionanocomposites based on alginate and chitosan/layered double hydroxide with ciprofloxacin drug: Investigation of structure and controlled release properties
Authors: Rezvani Zolfaghar , Shahbaei Malihe
Published: May 2014

In this research work, the antibiotic drug Ciprofloxacin (CFX) was intercalated into interlayer space of Zn/Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) by coprecipitation method and CFX‐LDH nanohybride was obtained. Then, the Alginate/LDH and Chitosan/LDH bionanocomposites were prepared by coating of CFX‐LDH nanohybride with Alginate and Chitosan. The LDH‐CFX nanohybride and the bionanocomposites were characterized using the powder X‐ray diffraction, the scanning electron microscope, the thermogravimetric analyses, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro release behavior of the CFX from LDH and bionanocomposites is observed in buffer solution under pH conditions (pH = 1.2, 6.8, 7.4) which have been chosen from a model of the passage materials through the gastrointestinal tract. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1819–1825, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Environmental degradation of E‐glass/nanocomposite under the combined effect of UV radiation, moisture, and rain
Authors: Agubra Victor A. , Mahesh Hosur V.
Published: May 2014

This study seeks to investigate how the enhanced properties of the nanoclay E‐glass/epoxy composite can withstand the combined effects of ultraviolet radiation, moisture, and rain. The montmorillonite nanoclay's affinity to moisture compounded the moisture absorption ability of the nanoclay E‐glass/epoxy composites. The moisture in the polymer structure caused delamination, debonding of the fibers/matrix, microvoids, and fiber pullouts. The high clay content (2 wt %), therefore, recorded the highest rate of degradation of 15% in flexural stress for the first 20 days, compared to about 8 and 6% loss for the unmodified (0 wt %) and 1 wt % composites respectively. However, as the aging progressed beyond 20 days, the rate of degradation of the nanoclay E‐glass/epoxy composites laminates was steady at 10 and 18%, respectively, for the 1 and 2 wt %, while that of the unmodified polymer continued to degrade progressively. On the contrary, the viscoelastic properties of the nanoclay E‐glass/epoxy composites continued to deteriorate at a faster rate than the unmodified polymer composite. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1024–1029
Zerumbone Suppresses IL‐1β‐induced Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting IL‐8 and MMP‐3 Expression in Human Triple‐negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Han Jeonghun , Bae Soo Youn , Oh Soo‐Jin , Lee Jeongmin , Lee Jun Ho , Lee Hyun‐chul , Lee Se Kyung , Kil Won Ho , Kim Seok Won , Nam Seok Jin , Kim Sangmin , Lee Jeong Eon
Published: May 2014

Inflammation is a key regulatory process in cancer development. Prolonged exposure of breast tumor cells to inflammatory cytokines leads to epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, which is the principal mechanism involved in metastasis and tumor invasion. Interleukin (IL)‐1β is a major inflammatory cytokine in a variety of tumors. To date, the regulatory mechanism of IL‐1β‐induced cell migration and invasion has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of zerumbone (ZER) on IL‐1β‐induced cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. The levels of IL‐8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3 mRNA were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The levels of secreted IL‐8 and MMP‐3 protein were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell invasion and migration was detected by Boyden chamber assay. The levels of IL‐8 and MMP‐3 expression were significantly increased by IL‐1β treatment in Hs578T and MDA‐MB231 cells. On the other hand, IL‐1β‐induced IL‐8 and MMP‐3 expression was decreased by ZER. Finally, IL‐1β‐induced cell migration and invasion were decreased by ZER in Hs578T and MDA‐MB231 cells. ZER suppresses IL‐1β‐induced cell migration and invasion by inhibiting IL‐8 expression and MMP‐3 expression in TNBC cells. ZER could be a promising therapeutic drug for treatment of triple‐negative breast cancer patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H2 and O2 Activation—A Remarkable Insight into Hydrogenase
Authors: Ogo Seiji
Published: May 2014

This article summarizes the development of a range of organometallic, biomimetic analogues of [NiFe]hydrogenases and their employment in a new generation of H2‐O2 fuel cells. It begins with a summary of O2‐sensitive and O2‐tolerant enzyme chemistry before detailing the properties and functionality of our biomimetic complexes, including: the first ever fully functional model, selective H2 and O2 activation, and the first catalyst using only common metals. These systems are centered on Ni–Fe, Ni–Ru, Ir–Ir, and Rh–Rh cores and use a range of ligands that all follow a set of design principles described herein.
Multi‐hazard reliability assessment of offshore wind turbines
Authors: Mardfekri Maryam , Gardoni Paolo
Published: May 2014

A probabilistic framework is developed to assess the structural performance of offshore wind turbines under multiple hazards. A multi‐hazard fragility surface of a given wind turbine support structure and the seismic and wind hazards at a specific site location are incorporated into the probabilistic framework to assess the structural damage due to multiple hazards. A database of virtual experiments is generated using detailed three‐dimensional finite element analyses of a set of typical wind turbine systems subject to extreme wind speeds and earthquake ground motions. The generated data are used to develop probabilistic models to predict the shear and moment demands on support structures. A Bayesian approach is used to assess the model parameters incorporating the information from virtual experiment data. The developed demand models are then used to estimate the fragility of the support structure of a given wind turbine. As an example of the proposed framework, the annual probabilities of the occurrence of different structural damage levels are calculated for two identical wind turbines, one located in the Gulf of Mexico of the Texas Coast (prone to hurricanes) and one off the California Coast (a high seismic region). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of acetoin production in a budC gene disrupted mutant of Serratia marcescens G12
Authors: Gao Songsong , Guo Wenyi , Shi Litao , Yu Yue , Zhang Cuikun , Yang Hongjiang
Published: May 2014

The 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) dehydrogenase gene budC of Serratia marcescens G12 was disrupted to construct the acetoin (AC) producing strain G12M. In shake-flask cultures, AC production was enhanced by increased concentrations of glucose or sodium acetate in G12M. In fed-batch fermentation, G12M produced 47.5 g/L AC along with 9.8 g/L 2,3-BD. The expression of the key enzymes for AC synthesis was further investigated. Alpha-acetolactate synthase gene budB decreased its expression significantly in G12M compared with G12. This probably explained the moderate AC production in G12M cultures. Additionally, overexpression of budB gene and α-acetolactate decarboxylase gene budA was conducted in G12M and no significant increase of AC was observed. The results suggested that intracellular AC accumulation might inhibit the expression of budB and budA gene and induce budC gene expression in G12M. Our analyses offered the bases for further genetic manipulations in improving AC production in microbial fermentations.
Postapproval Clinical Experience in the Treatment of Dupuytren's Contracture with Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum (CCH): The First 1,000 Days
Authors: Schulze Scott M. , Tursi James P.
Published: May 2014

Dupuytren's contracture is a benign fibromatosis of the palmar and digital fascia of the hand of uncertain etiology, resulting in nodules and cords beneath the skin of the palm of the hands that may lead to the development of contractures. Surgical intervention is often considered when metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint contracture is 30° or more, or when there is any degree of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint contracture. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is a nonsurgical, minimally invasive enzymatic drug indicated for the treatment of adult patients with Dupuytren's contracture (DC) and palpable cord. CCH has been available for approximately 3.5 years, and postapproval experience indicates that the effectiveness of CCH is equivalent to or better than efficacy observed in clinical trials, as seen by lower injection rates to achieve clinical success. Postapproval experience has shown a risk-benefit profile that favors CCH for patients not indicated for surgery based on current recommendations and shows also that treating earlier-stage vs later-stage joint contracture results in significantly better outcomes on average. Postapproval surveillance reveals a safety profile similar to that observed in clinical trials. Nonserious adverse events are mainly local reactions; tendon rupture, a serious adverse event, is reported rarely in the clinical practice setting and at a lower rate than in clinical trials. Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) training is designed to mitigate benefit vs risk to achieve safe and effective use of CCH.
The high-Reynolds-number asymptotic development of nonlinear equilibrium states in plane Couette flow
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Hall Philip
Published: May 2014

The relationship between nonlinear equilibrium solutions of the full Navier–Stokes equations and the high-Reynolds-number asymptotic vortex–wave interaction (VWI) theory developed for general shear flows by Hall & Smith (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 227, 1991, pp. 641–666) is investigated. Using plane Couette flow as a prototype shear flow, we show that all solutions having $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}O(1)$ wavenumbers converge to VWI states with increasing Reynolds number. The converged results here uncover an upper branch of VWI solutions missing from the calculations of Hall & Sherwin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 178–205). For small values of the streamwise wavenumber, the converged lower-branch solutions take on the long-wavelength state of Deguchi, Hall & Walton (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 721, 2013, pp. 58–85) while the upper-branch solutions are found to be quite distinct, with new states associated with instabilities of jet-like structures playing the dominant role. Between these long-wavelength states, a complex ‘snaking’ behaviour of solution branches is observed. The snaking behaviour leads to complex ‘entangled’ states involving the long-wavelength states and the VWI states. The entangled states exhibit different-scale fluid motions typical of those found in shear flows.
Experimental investigation of flow behind a cube for moderate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Klotz L. , Goujon-Durand S. , Rokicki J. , Wesfreid J. E.
Published: May 2014

The wake behind a cube with a face normal to the flow was investigated experimentally in a water tunnel using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) visualisation and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. Measurements were carried out for moderate Reynolds numbers between 100 and 400 and in this range a sequence of two flow bifurcations was confirmed. Values for both onsets were determined in the framework of Landau’s instability model. The measured longitudinal vorticity was separated into three components corresponding to each of the identified regimes. It was shown that the vorticity associated with a basic flow regime originates from corners of the bluff body, in contrast to the two other contributions which are related to instability effects. The present experimental results are compared with numerical simulation carried out earlier by Saha (Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, 2004, pp. 1630–1646).
A numerical study of the dynamics of a particle settling at moderate Reynolds numbers in a linearly stratified fluid
Authors: Doostmohammadi A. , Dabiri S. , Ardekani A. M.
Published: May 2014

In this paper, the transient settling dynamics of a spherical particle sedimenting in a linearly stratified fluid is investigated by performing fully resolved direct numerical simulations. The settling behaviour is quantified for different values of Reynolds, Froude and Prandtl numbers. It is demonstrated that the transient settling dynamics is correlated to the induced Lagrangian drift of flow around the settling particle. A simplified model is provided to predict the maximum velocity of the settling particle in linearly stratified fluids. The peak velocity can be followed by the oscillation of the settling velocity and the particle can even reverse its direction of motion before reaching to its neutrally buoyant level. The frequency of oscillation of settling velocity scales with the Brunt–Väisälä frequency and the motion of the particle can lead to the formation of secondary and tertiary vortices following the primary vortex.
Prediction of the hub vortex instability in a wind turbine wake: stability analysis with eddy-viscosity models calibrated on wind tunnel data
Authors: Viola F. , Iungo G. V. , Camarri S. , Porté-Agel F. , Gallaire F.
Published: May 2014

The instability of the hub vortex observed in wind turbine wakes has recently been studied by Iungo et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 737, 2013, pp. 499–526) via local stability analysis of the mean velocity field measured through wind tunnel experiments. This analysis was carried out by neglecting the effect of turbulent fluctuations on the development of the coherent perturbations. In the present paper, we perform a stability analysis taking into account the Reynolds stresses modelled by eddy-viscosity models, which are calibrated on the wind tunnel data. This new formulation for the stability analysis leads to the identification of one clear dominant mode associated with the hub vortex instability, which is the one with the largest overall downstream amplification. Moreover, this analysis also predicts accurately the frequency of the hub vortex instability observed experimentally. The proposed formulation is of general interest for the stability analysis of swirling turbulent flows.
Ion energy enhancement from TNSA plasmas obtained from advanced targets
Authors: Torrisi L.
Published: May 2014

Laser generated plasmas from target normal sheath acceleration produce energetic ions from the rear side of the target due to the formation of a high directive electric field. Fast electrons are ejected from the rear side of the target and a successive Coulomb explosion is driven by the fast electrons generating a high electric field of double layer. The ion acceleration is mainly controlled by the laser intensity and by the square of the laser wavelength. Literature reports that at intensities of the order of 1018 W/cm2 and at wavelengths of about 1 µm the ion energy is of the order of 5 MeV/nucleon. The use of advanced targets realized with the aim to reduce the surface reflection, to increase the laser absorption coefficient and, with an optimal thickness, to increase the electric field of the double layer, permits to enhance the ion energy acceleration, so that the energy of 5.0 MeV per charge state can be reached at about 1016 W/cm2, as it will be presented and discussed.
Prevention of measles spread on a paediatric ward
Authors: TAPISIZ A. , POLAT M. , KARA S. S. , TEZER H. , SIMSEK H. , AKTAS F.
Published: May 2014

Since measles is a highly contagious respiratory infection with significant airborne transmission risk in hospitals, effective prevention measures are crucial. After a mother accompanying her child on a paediatric ward lacking a negative pressure room was diagnosed with measles, exposed persons without evidence of immunity (documentary evidence of receiving two doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine) were treated with vaccination or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The interruption of transmission with these treatments was evaluated. There were 44 children and 101 adults exposed to the index patient. Twenty-five children and 88 adults were considered immune, providing evidence of immunity. Nineteen children and 13 adults were either given vaccination or IVIG for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). There were no additional cases of measles after 3 weeks follow-up. We conclude that measles is highly preventable by adequate PEP with vaccination or IVIG in a healthcare setting that lacks the benefit of a negative pressure room.
Zur Wirksamkeit des adoleszenzspezifischen Elterntrainings Group Teen Triple P
Authors: Kliem Sören , Aurin Sarah Sophie , Kröger Christoph
Published: May 2014

Obwohl Prävalenzraten psychischer Auffälligkeiten im Jugendalter und diesbezügliche Bedeutsamkeit von Erziehungskompetenzen den Bedarf an evidenzbasierten Präventionsansätzen verdeutlichen, gibt es nur wenige Untersuchungen über Programme zur Stärkung allgemeiner Erziehungskompetenzen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit eines solchen Trainings, dem Group Teen Triple P, aus Sicht der Mütter, Väter und Jugendlichen. In einem randomisierten Prä-Post-Kontrolldesign wurden Familien zufällig einer Interventionsgruppe (n = 42) oder einer Kontrollgruppe (n = 40) zugewiesen. Die Familien vervollständigten eine diagnostische Testbatterie zum Prä- und Postzeitpunkt. Aus Sicht der Mütter werden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten Jugendlicher reduziert, Konfliktverhalten zwischen Jugendlichen und Müttern gesenkt, das psychische Befinden der Mütter verbessert und dysfunktionales Erziehungsverhalten gemindert. Aus Sicht der Väter zeigen sich lediglich Verbesserungen im Konfliktverhalten; in der Einschätzung der Jugendlichen ergeben sich keine bedeutsamen Verbesserungen. Die Ergebnisse geben erste Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit von Group Teen Triple P. Zur Überprüfung der Stabilität der erzielten Effekte sollten zukünftige Studien langfristig angelegt und Fremdeinschätzungen außerhalb der Familie erhoben werden.
Mehrfachdiagnosen bei Schweizer Heimjugendlichen
Authors: Dölitzsch Claudia , Fegert Jörg M. , Künster Anne , Kölch Michael , Schmeck Klaus , Schmid Marc
Published: May 2014

Personen, die unter mehreren, insbesondere ätiologisch und symptomatologisch sehr unterschiedlichen psychischen Erkrankungen leiden, stellen eine besondere Herausforderung für die Behandelnden dar. Heimjugendliche akkumulieren biopsychosoziale Risikofaktoren, weshalb sie eine hohe Prävalenz an komorbiden psychischen Erkrankungen aufweisen. In der Schweiz mangelte es bisher an epidemiologischen Untersuchungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Heimeinrichtungen. Mit 483 in Schweizer sozialpädagogischen Einrichtungen platzierten Heranwachsenden im Alter von 6 bis 25 Jahren wurden klinische Interviews zur Diagnostik psychischer Störungen durchgeführt. Zur Verdeutlichung der Komplexität der vorliegenden komorbiden Störungen wurden Diagnosegruppen in Anlehnung an die von Andrews et al. (2009) vorgeschlagenen Symptomcluster gebildet. Die Prävalenz psychischer Störungen lag bei 74 %. Von den Betroffenen erfüllten 60 % die Kriterien für mehrere Diagnosen, etwa 25 % litten an komplexen psychischen Störungen mit emotionalen und externalisierenden Symptomen. Eine sorgfältige und individuell angepasste kinder-/jugendpsychiatrische/-psychotherapeutische Behandlungsplanung in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den sozialpädagogischen Fachkräften erscheint hier dringend indiziert. Demgegenüber fehlen bislang sowohl in der Grundlagen-, der Psychotherapie- als auch der Versorgungsforschung ätiologische Modelle und Interventionsansätze, die dieser Komplexität gerecht werden.
Evaluation of Ingroup Disloyalty Within a MultiGroup Context
Authors: Rothgerber Hank
Published: May 2014

The present research sought to determine if group vulnerability to ingroup norm violations moderated evaluations of these disloyal acts. Specifically, it tested the notion that smaller groups, groups organized around a moral cause, and groups demanding relatively high sacrifice from members would most harshly evaluate instances of ingroup disloyalty because such actions may be more likely to dissolve the group, undermine its message, or tempt other members to deviate. A first experiment found that the most distinct and vulnerable group – vegans – devalued disloyal ingroup behavior more than others, particularly when the mainstream was salient. A second experiment also found that vegans rated ingroup disloyalty more negatively than vegetarians when the disloyal act was unconcealed, that is, committed in front of outgroup members who knew the violator’s group membership. In addition, this effect was found to be primarily mediated by concerns that disloyalty would undermine intergroup distinctiveness and the ingroup’s message.
When More Depletion Offsets the Ego Depletion Effect
Authors: Xiao Shanshan , Dang Junhua , Mao Lihua , Liljedahl Sophie
Published: May 2014

The ego depletion effect has been consistently replicated using the typical paradigm that consists of two consecutive tasks. However, striking contradiction exists in studies employing multiple tasks. The aim of the current study is to replicate previous studies following a similar procedure and design in a sample of participants from a non-western cultural background (Chinese), while strictly controlling other confounding factors, such as task duration. Results indicated that although ego depletion occurred after performing a single initial self-control task, engaging in multiple tasks did indeed offset the depletion effect. These findings are contrary to the resource-based view of ego depletion (i.e., the strength model) but more consistent with other theoretical frameworks, such as the cognitive control theory.
A Threat-Emotion Profile Approach to Explaining Active Versus Passive Harm in Intergroup Relations
Authors: Johnston Brian M. , Glasford Demis E.
Published: May 2014

Research on the sociofunctional threat approach illustrates that people have distinct emotional reactions to different forms of threat from outgroups, such that there are distinct threat-emotion profiles. Drawing on emotion-appraisal theory, the present research investigated whether three threat-emotion profiles (obstacle-anger, contamination-disgust, and safety-fear) would be differentially related to active versus passive harm. In two studies, participants were randomly assigned to evaluate different outgroups and completed threat, emotion, and harm measures. Whereas the obstacle-anger profile was more likely to be associated with active, but not passive, harm, contamination-disgust, and safety-fear were more likely to be associated with passive harm. Implications for prejudice and prejudice-reduction are discussed.
Interferometry with non-classical motional states of a Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: van Frank S. , Negretti A. , Berrada T. , Bücker R. , Montangero S. , Schaff J.-F. , Schumm T. , Calarco T. , Schmiedmayer J.
Published: May 2014

The Ramsey interferometer is a prime example of precise control at the quantum level. It is usually implemented using internal states of atoms, molecules or ions, for which powerful manipulation procedures are now available. Whether it is possible to control external degrees of freedom of more complex, interacting many-body systems at this level remained an open question. Here we demonstrate a two-pulse Ramsey-type interferometer for non-classical motional states of a Bose–Einstein condensate in an anharmonic trap. The control sequences used to manipulate the condensate wavefunction are obtained from optimal control theory and are directly optimized to maximize the interferometric contrast. They permit a fast manipulation of the atomic ensemble compared to the intrinsic decay processes and many-body dephasing effects. This allows us to reach an interferometric contrast of 92% in the experimental implementation.
Integrating artificial with natural cells to translate chemical messages that direct E. coli behaviour
Authors: Lentini Roberta , Santero Silvia Perez , Chizzolini Fabio , Cecchi Dario , Fontana Jason , Marchioretto Marta , Del Bianco Cristina , Terrell Jessica L. , Spencer Amy C. , Martini Laura , Forlin Michele , Assfalg Michael , Serra Mauro Dalla , Bentley William E. , Mansy Sheref S.
Published: May 2014

Previous efforts to control cellular behaviour have largely relied upon various forms of genetic engineering. Once the genetic content of a living cell is modified, the behaviour of that cell typically changes as well. However, other methods of cellular control are possible. All cells sense and respond to their environment. Therefore, artificial, non-living cellular mimics could be engineered to activate or repress already existing natural sensory pathways of living cells through chemical communication. Here we describe the construction of such a system. The artificial cells expand the senses of Escherichia coli by translating a chemical message that E. coli cannot sense on its own to a molecule that activates a natural cellular response. This methodology could open new opportunities in engineering cellular behaviour without exploiting genetically modified organisms.
Atomic-scale configurations of synchroshear-induced deformation twins in the ionic MnS crystal
Authors: Zhou Y. T. , Xue Y. B. , Chen D. , Wang Y. J. , Zhang B. , Ma X. L.
Published: May 2014

Deformation twinning was thought as impossible in ionic compounds with rock-salt structure due to the charge effect on {111} planes. Here we report the presence and formation mechanism of deformation {111} twins in the rock-salt manganese sulphide (MnS) inclusions embedded in a hot-rolled stainless steel. Based on the atomic-scale mapping under aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, a dislocation-based mechanism involved two synchronized shear on adjacent atomic layers is proposed to describe the dislocation glide and consequently twinning formation. First-principles calculations of the energy barriers for twinning formation in MnS and comparing with that of PbS and MgO indicate the distinct dislocation glide scheme and deformation behaviors for the rock-salt compounds with different ionicities. This study may improve our understanding of the deformation mechanisms of rock-salt crystals and other ionic compounds.
Determination of parabens in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lu Shaoyou , Gong Shihan , Ma Shengtao , Zeng Xiangying , Yu Zhiqiang , Sheng Guoying , Fu Jiamo
Published: May 2014

A simple and sensitive method was developed for the simultaneous determination of methyl, ethyl,n-propyl,n-butyl, and benzyl parabens in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).
Angle sensing in magnetotaxis of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1
Authors: Zhu Xuejun , Ge Xin , Li Ning , Wu Long-Fei , Luo Chunxiong , Ouyang Qi , Tu Yuhai , Chen Guanjun
Published: May 2014

The mechanism of how magnetotactic bacteria navigate along the magnetic field has been a puzzle.
Combinative method using multi-components quantitation by single reference standard and HPLC fingerprint for comprehensive evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata H.Ohba
Authors: Du Yiyang , Li Qing , Liu Jingjing , Yin Yidi , Bi Kaishun
Published: May 2014

HPLC-DAD quantitative analysis and chromatographic fingerprint analysis were developed to evaluate the quality of Rhodiola crenulata H.Ohba from different origins.
On-line two-step stacking for the preconcentration and determination of quinolizidine alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Yang Xiumin , Liu Shujing , Zhang Shuaihua , Wang Chun , Wang Zhi
Published: May 2014

Comparison of the electropherograms obtained by typical CZE (A) and sweeping-MSS-CZE (B).
Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for detection of ochratoxin A based on gold nanoparticles-hybridized mesoporous carbon
Authors: Lv Xiaohui , Li Yuyang , Li Yueyun , Cao Wei , Yan Tao , Hu Lihua , Du Bin , Wei Qin
Published: May 2014

Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for detection of ochratoxin A based on gold nanoparticles-hybridized mesoporous carbon.
Pure white-light and yellow-to-blue emission tuning in single crystals of Dy(iii) metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Yang Qing-Yuan , Wu Kai , Jiang Ji-Jun , Hsu Chien-Wei , Pan Mei , Lehn Jean-Marie , Su Cheng-Yong
Published: May 2014

An alternative way to use homogeneous Ln-MOFs as single-phase white-light and color-tunable phosphors has been achieved by assembly of Dy(iii)-MOF.
Rare-earth doped LaF3 hollow hexagonal nanoplates: hydrothermal synthesis and photoluminescence properties
Authors: Gao Dangli , Tian Dongping , Chong Bo , Zhang Xiangyu , Gao Wei
Published: May 2014

The formation of fluoride NCs closely correlates with the pH and the basicity of the base employed to adjust the pH.
Ab initio theoretical investigation of beryllium and beryllium hydride nanoparticles and nanocrystals with implications for the corresponding infinite systems
Authors: Zdetsis Aristides D. , Sigalas Michael M. , Koukaras Emmanuel N.
Published: May 2014

Using judicially chosen DFT calculations for Ben and BenHx nanoparticles we predict correctly the n → ∞ behavior for crystals and polymers.
Is HO3− multiple-minimum and floppy? Covalent to van der Waals isomerization and bond rupture of a peculiar anion
Authors: Varandas A. J. C.
Published: May 2014

The HO3− anion is multiple-minimum and floppy: the two main isomers and isomerization barrier all lie quite below dissociation.
Water adsorption in MOFs: fundamentals and applications
Authors: Canivet Jérôme , Fateeva Alexandra , Guo Youmin , Coasne Benoit , Farrusseng David
Published: May 2014

MOF and water, friend or enemy?
The reductive supercritical hydrothermal process, a novel synthesis method for cobalt nanoparticles: synthesis and investigation on the reaction mechanism
Authors: Seong Gimyeong , Adschiri Tadafumi
Published: May 2014

A schematic of the proposed reaction mechanism for cobalt nanoparticle formation in the reductive supercritical hydrothermal process.
Synthesis of nucleobase-caged peptide nucleic acids having improved photochemical properties
Authors: Watanabe Takayoshi , Hoshida Tomoko , Sakyo Jun , Kishi Mariko , Tanabe Satoshi , Matsuura Junichi , Akiyama Shingo , Nakata Makiko , Tanabe Yasuaki , Suzuki Akinobu Z. , Watanabe Soichiro , Furuta Toshiaki
Published: May 2014

A nucleobase-caged peptide nucleic acid (PNA) having a (6-bromo-7-methoxycoumarin)-4-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Bmcmoc) caging group was newly synthesized.
Side chain thiol-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) by post-polymerization modification of hydroxyl groups: synthesis, crosslinking and inkjet printing
Authors: Southan Alexander , Hoch Eva , Schönhaar Veronika , Borchers Kirsten , Schuh Christian , Müller Michaela , Bach Monika , Tovar Günter E. M.
Published: May 2014

Thiol functionalized PEG-based polymers were synthesized by post polymerization reactions of hydroxyl functionalized polymers. Applications of the polymers in cell culture and inkjet printing were demonstrated.
In situ synthesis of thermo-responsive ABC triblock terpolymer nano-objects by seeded RAFT polymerization
Authors: Qu Yaqing , Huo Fei , Li Quanlong , He Xin , Li Shentong , Zhang Wangqing
Published: May 2014

Synthesis of thermo-responsive ABC triblock terpolymer nano-objects by seeded RAFT polymerization is achieved. At temperature above LCST, the triblock terpolymer nano-objects convert into multicompartment nanoparticles.
Synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) block copolymers with well-defined structures and their influence on in vivo circulation and biodistribution
Authors: Yu Qingsong , Dong Chengyan , Zhang Jiajing , Shi Jiyun , Jia Bing , Wang Fan , Gan Zhihua
Published: May 2014

PEG-b-PHPMA block copolymers with a precisely controlled composition were synthesized and showed a good biodistribution pattern and long circulation time.
Preparation of P(St-co-MAA)/CeO2 composite microspheres via surface carboxyl oxidation followed by in situ chemical deposition of CeO2 and their catalytic application on oxidative degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Cheng Guanzhi , Huang Xinyi , Zhang Hong , Hu Yang , Kan Chengyou
Published: May 2014

P(St-co-MAA)/CeO2 composites microspheres were fabricated by a novel and facile approach, exhibiting excellent catalytic performance in oxidative degradation.
Directed transport of active particles over asymmetric energy barriers
Authors: Koumakis N. , Maggi C. , Di Leonardo R.
Published: May 2014

We investigate the transport of multiple types of active colloids to target regions and find that transition rates over asymmetric energy barriers can be unbalanced by the variation of a local effective temperature over the barrier sides.
Critical adsorption of a single macromolecule in polymer brushes
Authors: Milchev Andrey , Egorov Sergei A. , Binder Kurt
Published: May 2014

The adsorption of long flexible macromolecules by polymer brush-coated surfaces is studied by molecular dynamics simulations and by calculations using density functional and self-consistent field theories.
Structure of a tractable stochastic mimic of soft particles
Authors: Craven Galen T. , Popov Alexander V. , Hernandez Rigoberto
Published: May 2014

Selected spatial configurations of hard particles with increasing stochastic interpenetrability illustrates the complexity of local clustering also seen in soft particles with increasing softness.
Rationally designed anion-responsive-organogels: sensing F−via reversible color changes in gel–gel states with specific selectivity
Authors: Lin Qi , Zhu Xin , Fu Yong-Peng , Zhang You-Ming , Fang Ran , Yang Li-Zi , Wei Tai-Bao
Published: May 2014

Anion-responsive organogel OGL1 could reversibly sense F−via dramatic color changes under gel–gel states with specific selectivity. OGL1 could act as a facile and reusable smart material for rapid detection of F−.
Modeling the effect of surface forces on the equilibrium liquid profile of a capillary meniscus
Authors: Kuchin Igor V. , Matar Omar K. , Craster Richard V. , Starov Victor M.
Published: May 2014

The effect of the surface force action on the equilibrium profile of a meniscus in the vicinity of an apparent three phase contact line under a combined action of disjoining/conjoining and capillary pressures is modelled and analysed.
Emergence of complex and spinor wave functions in scale relativity. II. Lorentz invariance and bi-spinors
Authors: Célérier Marie-Noëlle , Nottale Laurent
Published: May 2014

Owing to the non-differentiable nature of the theory of Scale Relativity, the emergence of complex wave functions, then of spinors and bi-spinors occurs naturally in its framework. The wave function is here a manifestation of the velocity field of geodesics of a continuous and non-differentiable (therefore fractal) space-time. In a first paper (Paper I), we have presented the general argument which leads to this result using an elaborate and more detailed derivation than previously displayed. We have therefore been able to show how the complex wave function emerges naturally from the doubling of the velocity field and to revisit the derivation of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation of motion. In the present paper (Paper II), we deal with relativistic motion and detail the natural emergence of the bi-spinors from such first principles of the theory. Moreover, while Lorentz invariance has been up to now inferred from mathematical results obtained in stochastic mechanics, we display here a new and detailed derivation of the way one can obtain a Lorentz invariant expression for the expectation value of the product of two independent fractal fluctuation fields in the sole framework of the theory of Scale Relativity. These new results allow us to enhance the robustness of our derivation of the two main equations of motion of relativistic quantum mechanics (the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations) which we revisit here at length.
When a single hole aligns several spins: Double exchange in organic systems
Authors: Trinquier Georges , Chilkuri Vijay Gopal , Malrieu Jean-Paul
Published: May 2014

The double exchange is a well-known and technically important phenomenon in solid state physics. Ionizing a system composed of two antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin units, the ground state of which is a singlet state, may actually produce a high-spin ground state. This work illustrates the possible occurrence of such a phenomenon in organic chemistry. The here-considered high-spin units are triangulenes, the ground state of which is a triplet. Bridging two of them through a benzene ring produces a molecular architecture of singlet ground state. A careful exploitation of a series of unrestricted density functional calculations enables one to avoid spin contamination in the treatment of the doublet states and shows that under ionization the system becomes of quartet multiplicity in its ground state. The possibility to align more than three spins from conjugated hydrocarbon polyradicals is explored, considering partially hydrogenated triangulenes. A dramatic example shows that ionization of a singlet ground state molecule may generate a decuplet.
A 31 T split-pair pulsed magnet for single crystal x-ray diffraction at low temperature
Authors: Duc F. , Fabrèges X. , Roth T. , Detlefs C. , Frings P. , Nardone M. , Billette J. , Lesourd M. , Zhang L. , Zitouni A. , Delescluse P. , Béard J. , Nicolin J. P. , Rikken G. L. J. A.
Published: May 2014

We have developed a pulsed magnet system with panoramic access for synchrotron x-ray diffraction in magnetic fields up to 31 T and at low temperature down to 1.5 K. The apparatus consists of a split-pair magnet, a liquid nitrogen bath to cool the pulsed coil, and a helium cryostat allowing sample temperatures from 1.5 up to 250 K. Using a 1.15 MJ mobile generator, magnetic field pulses of 60 ms length were generated in the magnet, with a rise time of 16.5 ms and a repetition rate of 2 pulses/h at 31 T. The setup was validated for single crystal diffraction on the ESRF beamline ID06.
Proper orthogonal decomposition-based spectral higher-order stochastic estimation
Authors: Baars Woutijn J. , Tinney Charles E.
Published: May 2014

A unique routine, capable of identifying both linear and higher-order coherence in multiple-input/output systems, is presented. The technique combines two well-established methods: Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Higher-Order Spectra Analysis. The latter of these is based on known methods for characterizing nonlinear systems by way of Volterra series. In that, both linear and higher-order kernels are formed to quantify the spectral (nonlinear) transfer of energy between the system's input and output. This reduces essentially to spectral Linear Stochastic Estimation when only first-order terms are considered, and is therefore presented in the context of stochastic estimation as spectral Higher-Order Stochastic Estimation (HOSE). The trade-off to seeking higher-order transfer kernels is that the increased complexity restricts the analysis to single-input/output systems. Low-dimensional (POD-based) analysis techniques are inserted to alleviate this void as POD coefficients represent the dynamics of the spatial structures (modes) of a multi-degree-of-freedom system. The mathematical framework behind this POD-based HOSE method is first described. The method is then tested in the context of jet aeroacoustics by modeling acoustically efficient large-scale instabilities as combinations of wave packets. The growth, saturation, and decay of these spatially convecting wave packets are shown to couple both linearly and nonlinearly in the near-field to produce waveforms that propagate acoustically to the far-field for different frequency combinations.
Electrical conductivity spectra of Sn doped BaTi0.95Zr0.05O3
Authors: Dalal Biswajit , Sarkar Babusona , De S. K.
Published: May 2014

The alternating current (ac) conductivity spectra of Sn doped BaTi0.95Zr0.05O3 prepared by solid state reaction have been studied in the temperature range of 373–473 K. Mixed valency of Sn atoms and the oxygen vacancy controls electrical transport process. The ac conductivity follows Jonscher type power law as a function of frequency. Derived dc conductivity and hopping frequency follow Arrhenius type temperature dependency and have same activation energy. Almost temperature independent nature of frequency exponent indicates that the electrical conduction in Zr and Sn co-doped BaTiO3 relaxor is quantum mechanical electron tunneling. The conductivity spectra are perfectly scaled using the scaling parameters as dc conductivity and hopping frequency.
Interaction of a two-dimensional electromagnetic breather with an electron inhomogeneity in an array of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhukov Alexander V. , Bouffanais Roland , Fedorov E. G. , Belonenko Mikhail B.
Published: May 2014

Propagation of ultrashort laser pulses through various nano-objects has recently became an attractive topic for both theoretical and experimental studies due to its promising perspectives in a variety of problems of modern nanoelectronics. Here, we study the propagation of extremely short two-dimensional bipolar electromagnetic pulses in a heterogeneous array of semiconductor carbon nanotubes. Heterogeneity is defined as a region of enhanced electron density. The electromagnetic field in an array of nanotubes is described by Maxwell's equations, reduced to a multidimensional wave equation. Our numerical analysis shows the possibility of stable propagation of an electromagnetic pulse in a heterogeneous array of nanotubes. Furthermore, we establish that, depending on its speed of propagation, the pulse can pass through the area of increased electron concentration or be reflected therefrom.
Localized surface plasmon resonance in SnS:Ag nano-composite films
Authors: Jain Priyal , Arun P.
Published: May 2014

Nano-composite films of Tin Sulfide (SnS) and silver fabricated by thermal evaporation showed two prominent peaks in the visible region of their extinction spectra. Theoretical modeling of the extinction spectra suggests that these two peaks (≈500 nm and ≈580 nm) correspond to the longitudinal mode and transverse mode surface plasmon resonance peaks arising from oblate silver nano-particles. Using grain size of silver and SnS obtained from structural and morphological characterizations of the samples and dielectric constants as per actuals, we have compared the experimental results with those from theory. The study shows that silver nano-particles efficiently scatters light and can be used for developing plasmonic based SnS solar cells with improved efficiencies.