bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical, histochemical and immuno-cytochemical changes in the adrenal cortex of adult male domestic pigeon, Columba livia in relation to annual testicular and environmental cycles
Authors: Madhu Nithar Ranjan , Sarkar Bhanumati , Manna Chanchal Kumar
Published: April 2011

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal physiological relationship between the gonad and adrenal gland of the adult male domestic pigeon, Columba livia. This study reports the seasonal activity cycle of the testes and adrenal gland in relation to lipids, ascorbic acid, alkaline and acid phosphatases and P450 side chain cleavage enzyme (SCC). The mean maximum daily temperature and minimum relative humidity were recorded in April, 2007 (primary breeding phase) during which both testicular and adrenal cholesterol and ascorbic acid levels were significantly low. Maximum relative humidity was lowest in December. The maximum total monthly rainfall was recorded in June and the minimum in December, January and February. Cholesterol and ascorbic acid levels in the testis and adrenal gland increased in June, July, August, December, January and February. Testicular and adrenal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity was found to be higher during the breeding period (March, April and May) and lowest in the non-breeding period (June, July and August). The accumulation of sudanophilic lipid materials was found to increase within the seminiferous tubules and decrease in both the sub-capsular (SCZ) and central zone (CZ) during the primary breeding phase. Sudanophilic lipids increased in the interstitium of testes, SCZ and CZ during regressive phase-I. High intensities of alkaline phosphatase activity were found to be localized within the interstitium and basement membrane during the breeding period. Acid phosphatase was also higher in the interstitium regions during the breeding period. The reactions of SCC enzymes were highly positive in the CZ than in the SCZ during the primary breeding phase. Keywords: adrenal gland; acid phosphatase; alkaline phosphatase; gonadal; histochemistry; immuno-cytochemistry; primary breeding phase; regressive phase. DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v39i2.3000 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 39 (2): 137-146, 2010
Notch3 and Canonical NF-κB Signaling Pathways Cooperatively Regulate Foxp3 Transcription
Authors: Barbarulo Alessandro , Grazioli Paola , Campese Antonio F. , Bellavia Diana , Di Mario Giuseppina , Pelullo Maria , Ciuffetta Ambra , Colantoni Sara , Vacca Alessandra , Frati Luigi , Gulino Alberto , Felli Maria Pia , Screpanti Isabella
Published: April 2011

Notch3 overexpression has been previously shown to positively regulate the generation and function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells and the expression of Foxp3, in cooperation with the pTα/pre-TCR pathway. In this study, we show that Notch3 triggers the trans activation of Foxp3 promoter depending on the T cell developmental stage. Moreover, we discovered a novel CSL/NF-κB overlapping binding site within the Foxp3 promoter, and we demonstrate that the activation of NF-κB, mainly represented by p65-dependent canonical pathway, plays a positive role in Notch3-dependent regulation of Foxp3 transcription. Accordingly, the deletion of protein kinase Cθ, which mediates canonical NF-κB activation, markedly reduces regulatory T cell number and per cell Foxp3 expression in transgenic mice with a constitutive activation of Notch3 signaling. Collectively, our data indicate that the cooperation among Notch3, protein kinase Cθ, and p65/NF-κB subunit modulates Foxp3 expression, adding new insights in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in regulatory T cell homeostasis and function.
Revisiting the role of woman pastors in the church in Tshwane
Authors: Wagner-Ferreira Elizabeth C.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article was to obtain feedback from women pastors in and around the Tshwane metropole in South Africa on their experiences of their role as pastors. The question at stake was: are woman pastors more often approached for counselling? Therefore, half structured interviews were conducted in order to explore their life stories. The four core tasks of practical theological interpretation, according to Richard Osmer, were used as the framework for this article.
F.F. Bosworth: A historical analysis of his ministry development using social cognitive career theory
Authors: Barnes Roscoe , Duncan Graham A.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article was to discuss the findings related to research on the life history of Fred Francis Bosworth (1877�1958). This article explored his life story and critically analysed the influential factors that may have contributed to his success in the ministry. It seeks to answer the question: �How did Bosworth develop into a famous healing evangelist?� The historical case study method was used as the research design. It also employed a variant of Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), which suggests that a person�s career choice can be determined by his or her self-efficacy beliefs, goals and expected outcomes. This article is the first to offer a critical analysis of Bosworth�s entire life and ministry and is also the first to use the concepts of SCCT to show how his adulthood success may have been influenced by the experiences of his childhood and youth. This article argued that several factors played a critical role in Bosworth�s development. Although Bosworth and others have attributed his success primarily to his Pentecostal experience, this study contends that his childhood, as well as secular and business experiences played a more important role than has been reported in the literature. Furthermore, this article showed that Bosworth�s path to success can be understood through the elements of SCCT. Through SCCT, one can see how Bosworth developed an interest in the healing ministry, how he chose to pursue the ministry as a career, and how he performed and set goals as an evangelist.
A Review of Tobacco Use Treatments in U.S. Ethnic Minority Populations
Authors: Cox Lisa Sanderson , Okuyemi Kolawole , Choi Won S. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S.
Published: April 2011

Background.

Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Among racial and ethnic minorities, disparities in tobacco use, knowledge of health risks and treatment resources, and access to and utilization of treatment contribute to a disproportionate disease burden from tobacco use. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minorities have been underrepresented within tobacco treatment studies.

Purpose/Objective.

This paper provides a review of published studies examining tobacco treatment interventions among ethnic and minority populations in the United States.

Study Design/Methods.

Literature searches were used to identify smoking cessation interventions involving racial/ethnic minority populations. Identified studies were published between 1985 and 2009 involving African-American, Latino, Native American, and Asian or Pacific Islander smokers. Studies included in the review (1) targeted one or more ethnic minority group or had at least 10% of study participants from ethnic minority groups and (2) reported abstinence outcomes.

Results.

Sixty-four studies were included in this review. Of studies meeting inclusion criteria, 28 included a primary focus on African-Americans, 10 focused on Latinos, 4 focused on Native Americans, and 3 focused on Asian-American smokers. An additional 19 studies reported samples including participants from more than one minority group. Sample inclusion criteria, intervention content and duration, follow-up, abstinence assessment, and limitations of these studies were reviewed.

Conclusions.

Individuals from racial and ethnic minority populations are interested in stopping smoking and willing to participate in treatment research. Variations in the content of treatment intervention and study design produced a range of abstinence outcomes across studies. Additional research is needed for all groups, including African-American smokers, and special attention is warranted for Latino, Native American, and Asian groups given the paucity of published studies. Although there were limited evaluations of pharmacotherapy, the existing data support use of pharmacotherapy in addition to counseling for enhancing abstinence outcomes. Further attention to level of individual smoking, variability in smoking patterns, and use of other tobacco products is needed, given known variation within and between racial and ethnic groups. Overall, findings are consistent with recommendations from the 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines calling for increased research devoted to evaluating and enhancing tobacco use treatment interventions among racial and ethnic minority populations. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:S11-S30.)
Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Hispanics/Latinos Living in Multiunit Housing: Exploring Barriers to New Policies
Authors: Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes A. , Weich-Reushé Kimberly , Espinoza Lilia , Portugal Cecilia , Barahona Rosa , Garbanati James , Seedat Faatima , Unger Jennifer B.
Published: April 2011

Purpose.

Despite a high prevalence of voluntary home smoking bans and laws protecting Californians from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in the workplace, many Hispanic/Latino (H/L) residents of multiunit housing (MUH) are potentially exposed to SHS from neighboring apartments. An advocacy/policy intervention was implemented to reduce tobacco-related health disparities by encouraging H/L living in MUH to implement voluntary policies that reduce exposure to SHS. This article presents findings from qualitative and quantitative data collected during development of the intervention, as well as preliminary results of the intervention.

Design, Setting, and Subjects.

MUH residents in Southern California participated in focus groups (n = 48), door-to-door surveys (n = 142), and a telephone survey (n = 409).

Measures.

Exposure to SHS, attitudes toward SHS, and attitudes toward policies restricting SHS in MUH were assessed.

Results.

H/L MUH residents reported high levels of exposure to SHS and little ability to protect themselves and their families from SHS. Respondents expressed positive attitudes toward adopting antismoking policies in MUH, but they also feared retaliation by smokers. The cultural values of familismo, respeto, simpatía, and personalismo influenced their motivation to protect their families from SHS as well as their reluctance to ask their neighbors to refrain from smoking. Nonsmokers were more likely to favor complete indoor and outdoor smoking bans in MUH, whereas smokers were more likely to favor separate smoking areas. The Regale Salud advocacy/policy intervention, implemented to reduce SHS exposure, prompted the passage of seven voluntary policies in apartment complexes in Southern California to prevent smoking in MUH.

Conclusions.

H/L in California support voluntary policies, local ordinances, and state laws that prevent exposure to SHS in MUH, especially those that are consistent with H/L cultural values and norms for interpersonal communication. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:S82—S90.)
Lentiviral Transduction and Clonal Selection of hESCs with Endothelial‐Specific Transgenic Reporters
Authors: James Daylon , Zhan Qiansheng , Kloss Christopher , Zaninovic Nikica , Rosenwaks Zev , Rafii Shahin
Published: April 2011

Generation of vascular endothelial cells (EC) from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is a vital component of cell‐based strategies for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Before hESC‐derived ECs can be administered in therapeutic modalities, however, chemically defined culture conditions must be developed that reproducibly and robustly induce vascular differentiation. One approach to screening for culture conditions that support differentiation of hESCs to any cell type is their genetic modification with exogenous DNA sequence comprising a tissue‐specific gene promoter driving reporters such as fluorescent protein or antibiotic drug resistance. The protocols herein provide instructions for the generation of clonal hESC lines containing a reporter transgene that is specifically expressed in vascular endothelial derivatives. Additionally, they demonstrate the methodology employed to assess vascular differentiation from clonal lines. Together, these protocols provide a solid foundation for study of vascular differentiation, and may also be applied, in principle, to studies of other specialized cell types derived from hESCs. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 17:1F.12.1‐1F.12.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finding Auxetic Frameworks in Periodic Tessellations
Authors: Mitschke Holger , Schwerdtfeger Jan , Schury Fabian , Stingl Michael , Körner Carolin , Singer Robert F. , Robins Vanessa , Mecke Klaus , Schröder‐Turk Gerd E.
Published: April 2011

It appears that most models for micro‐structured materials with auxetic deformations were found by clever intuition, possibly combined with optimization tools, rather than by systematic searches of existing structure archives. Here we review our recent approach of finding micro‐structured materials with auxetic mechanisms within the vast repositories of planar tessellations. This approach has produced two previously unknown auxetic mechanisms, which have Poisson's ratio νss = ‐1 when realized as a skeletal structure of stiff incompressible struts pivoting freely at common vertices. One of these, baptized Triangle‐Square Wheels, has been produced as a linear‐elastic cellular structure from Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy by selective electron beam melting. Its linear‐elastic properties were measured by tensile experiments and yield an effective Poisson's ratio νLE ≈ ‐0.75, also in agreement with finite element modeling. The similarity between the Poisson's ratios νSS of the skeletal structure and νLE of the linear‐elastic cellular structure emphasizes the fundamental role of geometry for deformation behavior, regardless of the mechanical details of the system. The approach of exploiting structure archives as candidate geometries for auxetic materials also applies to spatial networks and tessellations and can aid the quest for inherently three‐dimensional auxetic mechanisms.
Effect of surface‐modified zinc oxide as cure activator on the properties of a rubber compound based on NR/SBR
Authors: Taghvaei‐Ganjali Saeed , Malekzadeh Mercedeh , Farahani Mona , Abbasian Ali , khosravi Morteza
Published: April 2011

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and nano‐zinc oxide (nZnO) were surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly propylene glycol (PPG). Modification of particles were controlled by transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer, Emmett, Teller specific surface area measurement, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. IR spectra were shown that the interactions between surface modifiers and particles are hydrogen bonding. Modified particles were applied as an activator in vulcanization of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blend. Dispersion of modified particles in rubber matrix was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and shown good results. Blend properties were improved by using modified particles. These improvements were due to the better hydrophobicity of modified particles, which were more compatible with nonpolar rubber matrix and caused better participation in curing process. Modification by PEG and PPG were shown better compound properties for ZnO and nZnO, respectively. Application of ZnO‐modified particles were presented better compound properties in comparison with nZnO‐modified particles. It has confirmed more effective mixing of ZnO‐modified particles in rubber matrix by using ordinary mixers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Curing kinetics and mechanism of novel high performance hyperbranched polysiloxane/bismaleimide/cyanate ester resins for resin transfer molding
Authors: Guan Qingbao , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li , Liao Fan , Gong Yingwei
Published: April 2011

Curing kinetics and mechanism determine the structure and property of thermosetting resins and related composites. The curing kinetics and mechanism of a novel high performance resin system based on hyperbranched polysiloxane (HBPSi), 2,2′‐diallylbisphenol A modified bismaleimide (BD), and cyanate ester (CE) resins for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) technique were systemically studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, and torque rheometer. Results show that the addition of HBPSi to BD/CE resin not only decreases the initial curing temperature and apparent activation energy, but also changes the curing mechanism, and thus the structure and properties of resultant crosslinked networks. An “Interpenetrating network (IPN)‐coupling structure” is proposed to be formed in the HBPSi/BD/CE system, which is different from traditional “IPN” structure in BD/CE resin. The simulation of curing reaction suggests that the variety of the curing activity leads to the difference between the curing behaviors of BD/CE and HBPSi/BD/CE resins, which is in good agreement with FTIR and DSC analyses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
SPES‐SiO2 hybrid proton exchange membranes from in situ sol–gel process of negatively charged alkoxysilane
Authors: Wu Cuiming , Xiao Xinle , Xiao Wenchang , Wu Yonghui , Cui Peng , Xu Tongwen
Published: April 2011

One type of negatively charged alkoxysilane, that is, sulfonated 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (SMPTS), has been developed from 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) and hydrogen peroxide. SMPTS is used to modify sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) through in situ sol–gel process. The membranes with proper SMPTS dosage show enhanced ion exchange capacity (IEC), hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, chemical stability, and proton conductivity, which prove that SMPTS is an effective modifier for preparing proton‐exchange hybrid membranes. With MPTS of 5–20%, the hybrid membranes exhibit IEC 1.34–1.50 mmol g−1, thermal stability 264–316°C, and proton conductivity 0.0015–0.0102 S cm−1 and thus recommended for potential application in fuel cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Accurate kinetic parameter estimation during progress curve analysis of systems with endogenous substrate production
Authors: Goudar Chetan T.
Published: April 2011

We have identified an error in the published integral form of the modified Michaelis–Menten equation that accounts for endogenous substrate production. The correct solution is presented and the error in both the substrate concentration, S, and the kinetic parameters Vm, Km, and R resulting from the incorrect solution was characterized. The incorrect integral form resulted in substrate concentration errors as high as 50% resulting in 7–50% error in kinetic parameter estimates. To better reflect experimental scenarios, noise containing substrate depletion data were analyzed by both the incorrect and correct integral equations. While both equations resulted in identical fits to substrate depletion data, the final estimates of Vm, Km, and R were different and Km and R estimates from the incorrect integral equation deviated substantially from the actual values. Another observation was that at R = 0, the incorrect integral equation reduced to the correct form of the Michaelis–Menten equation. We believe this combination of excellent fits to experimental data, albeit with incorrect kinetic parameter estimates, and the reduction to the Michaelis–Menten equation at R = 0 is primarily responsible for the incorrectness to go unnoticed. However, the resulting error in kinetic parameter estimates will lead to incorrect biological interpretation and we urge the use of the correct integral form presented in this study. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2499–2503. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pore‐network modeling of biofilm evolution in porous media
Authors: Ezeuko C.C. , Sen A. , Grigoryan A. , Gates I.D.
Published: April 2011

The influence of bacterial biomass on hydraulic properties of porous media (bioclogging) has been explored as a viable means for optimizing subsurface bioremediation and microbial enhanced oil recovery. In this study, we present a pore network simulator for modeling biofilm evolution in porous media including hydrodynamics and nutrient transport based on coupling of advection transport with Fickian diffusion and a reaction term to account for nutrient consumption. Biofilm has non‐zero permeability permitting liquid flow and transport through the biofilm itself. To handle simultaneous mass transfer in both liquid and biofilm in a pore element, a dual‐diffusion mass transfer model is introduced. The influence of nutrient limitation on predicted results is explored. Nutrient concentration in the network is affected by diffusion coefficient for nutrient transfer across biofilm (compared to water/water diffusion coefficient) under advection dominated transport, represented by mass transport Péclet number >1. The model correctly predicts a dependence of rate of biomass accumulation on inlet concentration. Poor network connectivity shows a significantly large reduction of permeability, for a small biomass pore volume. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2413–2423. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrolysis of fish oil by hyperactivated rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilized by multipoint anion exchange
Authors: Filice Marco , Marciello Marzia , Betancor Lorena , Carrascosa Alfonso V. , Guisan Jose M. , Fernandez‐Lorente Gloria
Published: April 2011

Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) is greatly hyperactivated (around 20‐ to 25‐fold toward small substrates) in the presence of sucrose laurate. Hyperactivation appears to be an intramolecular process because it is very similar for soluble enzymes and covalently immobilized derivatives. The hyperactivated enzyme was immobilized (in the presence of sucrose laurate) on cyanogen bromide‐activated Sepharose (very mild covalent immobilization through the amino terminal residue), on glyoxyl Sepharose (intense multipoint covalent immobilization through the region with the highest amount of Lys residues), and on different anion exchangers (by multipoint anionic exchange through the region with the highest density of negative charges). Covalent immobilization does not promote the fixation of the hyperactivated enzyme, but immobilization on Sepharose Q retains the hyperactivated enzyme even in the absence of a detergent. The hydrolysis of fish oils by these hyperactivated enzyme derivatives was sevenfold faster than by covalently immobilized derivatives and three and a half times faster than by the enzyme hyperactivated on octyl‐Sepharose. The open structure of the hyperactivated lipase is fairly exposed to the medium, and no steric hindrance should interfere with the hydrolysis of large substrates. These new hyperactivated derivatives seem to be more suitable for hydrolysis of oils by RML immobilized inside porous supports. In addition, the hyperactivated derivatives are fairly stable against heat and organic cosolvents. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Exploitation of Surface‐Sensitive Electrons in Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveals the Formation Mechanism of New Cubic and Truncated Octahedral CeO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Asahina Shunsuke , Takami Seiichi , Otsuka Takeshi , Adschiri Tadafumi , Terasaki Osamu
Published: April 2011

Development of new analytical tools for nanostructures directly contributes to the study of catalysts. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a newly designed signal enhancer, we study cubic and truncated octahedral cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, which are composed of smaller primary octahedral CeO2 and are formed through bond formation with hexanedioic acid. The signal enhancer is designed to efficiently collect secondary electrons of kinetic energy less than 10 eV; thus, it greatly improves the S/N ratio. On the basis of the observed SEM images and electron backscattered diffraction patterns of the cross section of the nanoparticles, we discuss the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles and speculate that the primary CeO2 nanocrystals share their edges in the cubic nanoparticles and truncated octahedral nanoparticles. These results will contribute to the preparation of nanostructured metal oxide surfaces with controlled morphologies that could enhance catalytic activity.
A Ligand Structure–Activity Study of DNA‐Based Catalytic Asymmetric Hydration and Diels–Alder Reactions.
Authors: Rosati Fiora , Roelfes Gerard
Published: April 2011

A structure–activity relationship study of the first generation ligands for the DNA‐based asymmetric hydration of enones and Diels–Alder reaction in water is reported. The design of the ligand was optimized resulting in a maximum ee of 83 % in the hydration reaction and 75 % in the Diels–Alder reaction, and some guidelines for ligand design were formulated. A comparison between these two reaction classes using salmon testes DNA/Cu2+‐L catalysts, showed that the enantioselectivity in the hydration reaction was not the result of selective shielding of one π face of the enone. In contrast, the structure of the ligand was suggested to be crucial to position and orient the substrate bound Cu2+ complex optimally with respect to the structured first hydration layer of the DNA. Likely, the DNA activates and directs the H2O nucleophile for attack to one preferred π face of the enone.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Properties of UV Excitable Blue Emitting Phosphors MSr4(BO3)3:Ce3+ (M: Li and Na).
Authors: Guo Chongfeng , Ding Xu , Seo Hyo Jin , Ren Zhaoyu , Bai Jintao
Published: April 2011

The new title phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of SrCO3, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, H3BO3, and CeO2 (750 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Single Step Synthesis of GdAlO3 Powder.
Authors: Sinha Amit , Nair S. R. , Sinha P. K.
Published: April 2011

The title compound is an important perovskite oxide with applications as phosphor, scintillator, and as a potential host system for materials with oxygen ion conductivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonmetal‐Catalyzed Insertion Reactions of Diazocarbonyls to Acid Derivatives in Fluorinated Alcohols.
Authors: Dumitrescu Lidia , Azzouzi‐Zriba Kaouther , Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele , Crousse Benoit
Published: April 2011

It allows an efficient access to various acyloxyesters and depsipeptides as well as sulfonate, phosphonate, and boronate derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Ring Opening of Furans as a Route to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Wagschal Simon
Published: April 2011

The presented results support an electrophilic palladation pathway to be operative, which is of general interest for mechanistically related Pd‐catalyzed C—H activation processes of electron‐rich heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Approach to δ‐Amino Acids by Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 5‐Acetylaminopent‐4‐enoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Starodubtseva E. V. , Turova O. V. , Antipova O. M. , Vinogradov M. G. , Sagirova Zh. R. , Malyshev O. R. , Struchkova M. I.
Published: April 2011

Promising results are obtained for the hydrogenation of enamides, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient H2O2‐Based Oxidative Bromination of Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics by a Divanadium‐Substituted Phosphotungstate.
Authors: Yonehara Kazuhiro , Kamata Keigo , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: April 2011

The polyoxometalate catalyst shows significantly enhanced catalytic performance in comparison to previously reported systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Water‐Tolerant Alkyl Indium Reagents and Their Application in Palladium‐Catalyzed Couplings with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Goh Kelvin Kau Kiat , Yang Yong‐Sheng , Lai Yin‐Chang , Wong Colin Hong An , Cheong Hao‐Lun , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: April 2011

Alkyl indium compounds are prepared through a CuCl‐mediated direct insertion of indium into alkyl iodides or bromides under an air atmosphere and even in the presence of water.
ChemInform Abstract: Di‐p‐Nitrobenzyl Azodicarboxylate (DNAD): An Alternative Azo‐Reagent for the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Yang Jianhai , Dai Liyan , Wang Xiaozhong , Chen Yingqi
Published: April 2011

Di‐p‐nitrobenzyl azodicarboxylate is prepared in two steps by a commercially available process and used as azo‐reagent in Mitsunobu reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Magnesiation or Zincation of Highly Functionalized Alkenes and Cycloalkenes Using 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidyl Bases.
Authors: Bresser Tomke , Knochel Paul
Published: April 2011

It is demonstrated, that kinetically highly active magnesium and zinc tetramethylpiperidyl bases allow the metalation of a variety of functionalized olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted N‐Salicylidene‐4‐allyloxyanilines.
Authors: Oleinik I. I. , Oleinik I. V. , Ivanchev S. S. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: April 2011

A more convenient alternative procedure for the synthesis of Schiff bases (V) starting from p‐aminophenol is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Open Vessel and Cooling while Heating Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Pyridinyl N‐Aryl Hydrazones.
Authors: La Regina Giuseppe , Gatti Valerio , Piscitelli Francesco , Silvestri Romano
Published: April 2011

A new microwave‐assisted protocol for a very fast synthesis of pyridyl N‐aryl hydrazones in open vessel mode, under cooling while heating conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Mild Two‐Step Procedure for the Synthesis of Aryl and Heteroaryl Sulfonamides from the Corresponding Iodides.
Authors: Ho Danny K. H. , Chan Lily , Hooper Alice , Brennan Paul E.
Published: April 2011

Copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl iodides with acid (I) give thiobenzoates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Reactions of Isochromenylium Tetrafluoroborates via Non‐Classical [4 + 2]‐Intermediates: Mild One‐Step Metal‐Free Synthesis of Functionalized Dihydronaphthalenes and Tetrahydronaphthalenes.
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Long , Yang Zhen‐Yu , Wang Shaozhong , Yao Zhu‐Jun
Published: April 2011

Three component reaction of stable isochromenylium tetrafluoroborate (I) with aliphatic aldehydes (II), (VI) or (XI) and nitriles (III) or (XIV) proceeds under mild metal‐free conditions to give a wide variety of functionalized dihydronaphthalene derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Carbocyclization of Aryl Propargylic Alcohols: A Facile Synthesis of Diiodinated Carbocycles and Heterocycles.
Authors: Zhu Hai‐Tao , Ji Ke‐Gong , Yang Fang , Wang Li‐Jing , Zhao Shu‐Chun , Ali Shaukat , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: April 2011

The presence of a trace of water is essential for the reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of 2,2,5‐Tri‐ and 2,2,5,5,‐Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydrofurans via [4 + 2] Cycloaddition and Ring‐Opening Cross‐Metathesis.
Authors: Benjamin Noah M. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: April 2011

The cycloaddition reaction of the chiral and racemic vinyl sulfoxide with various furan derivatives according to the sequence A) + B) proceeds mostly endo‐selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Rearrangements of 3,3′‐Bis(arylbenzofurans).
Authors: Auzias Mathieu , Haeussinger Daniel , Neuburger Markus , Wegner Hermann A.
Published: April 2011

The reaction under inert nitrogen atmosphere using Rayonet reactor leads to the benzonaphthofurans in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)Chloride‐Mediated Cyclization Reaction of N‐Alkoxy‐ortho‐alkynylbenzamides.
Authors: Jithunsa Manita , Ueda Masafumi , Miyata Okiko
Published: April 2011

The use of CuCl2 along with NCS is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Ring‐Opening of Epoxide and Aziridine Acetates for the Stereodivergent Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy and β‐Amino γ‐Lactams.
Authors: Bisol Tula B. , Bortoluzzi Adailton J. , Sa Marcus M.
Published: April 2011

Efficient methods to prepare β,γ‐disubstituted γ‐lactams with syn and anti configuration are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3‐Promoted Alkylation of Indoles by Enamides.
Authors: Niu Tianmin , Huang Lehao , Wu Tianxing , Zhang Yuhong
Published: April 2011

The Fe(III)‐catalyzed addition of indole derivatives towards enamides can afford either mono‐ (III) or bisadducts (VII) depending on the amount of indole used.
ChemInform Abstract: An Atom‐Economical Access to β‐Heteroarylated Ketones from Propargylic Alcohols via Tandem Ruthenium/Indium Catalysis.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Breder Alexander
Published: April 2011

A variety of secondary propargyl alcohols reacts with furan and indole derivatives to yield the products with complete chemoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Spirooxindole Oxazolines.
Authors: Badillo Joseph J. , Arevalo Gary E. , Fettinger James C. , Franz Annaliese K.
Published: April 2011

Reaction of various isatins with 5‐methoxyoxazoles proceeds regioselectively and with high diastereoselectivity to afford spiro products (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 4,5‐Dihydroxyimidazolidin‐2‐ones in the Reaction of α‐Ureidoalkylation of N‐(Carboxyalkyl)‐, N‐(Hydroxyalkyl)‐, and N‐(Aminoalkyl)ureas. Part 6. Tandem Sequence of α‐Ureidoalkylation and Esterification in the Course of the Reaction of N‐(Carboxyalkyl)ureas with 4,5‐Dihydroxy‐1,3‐dimethyl‐4,5‐diphenylimidazolidin‐2‐one in Alcohols.
Authors: Baranov V. V. , Nelyubina Yu. V. , Kravchenko A. N. , Makhova N. N.
Published: April 2011

The DHI‐analogues (IV), (VI), and (VII) are synthesized with a new substitution pattern.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Some Novel 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles as Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. , Chabukswar Aniruddha R. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: April 2011

This is the first report of a sodium bisulfite promoted synthesis of 2,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Efficient Synthesis of A‐278637 Derivatives as Potential Potassium Channel Opener.
Authors: Li Tuanjie , Feng Xiaodong , Yao Changsheng , Yu Chenxia , Jiang Bei , Tu Shujiang
Published: April 2011

Following a promising scaffold, a series of novel thieno[3,2‐b]quinoline derivatives (IV) are synthesized by one‐pot three‐component reaction under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensed Diazepines. Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐1‐benzofuro[2,3‐d][1,2]diazepin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Eresko A. B. , Tolkunov V. S. , Tolkunov S. V.
Published: April 2011

The title compounds, e.g. (II) and (IV), are available from esters or acids by using hydrazine acetate or hydrate as reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Iodoetherification of Ene or Diene Ketals: Facile Synthesis of Spiroketals.
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Nakahara Kenji , Hirose Hideki , Hirano Kie , Oki Tomohiro , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: April 2011

Chiral spiroketals (II), (VI) and (IX) are synthesized based on remote asymmetric induction.
ChemInform Abstract: Expected and Unexpected Reactions of 1,3‐Benzothiazine Derivatives. Part 2. Formation of Isomeric 5,6‐Dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazocines.
Authors: Fodor Lajos , Csomos Peter , Csampai Antal , Sohar Pal , Holczbauer Tamas , Kalman Alajos
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of 1,5‐benzothiazocines (VI) via ring‐enlargement of benzothiazines (III) is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclopenta‐ and Cycloheptannulation Cascades: A Stereocontrolled Approach to the Scaffold of Frondosins A and B.
Authors: Garayalde David , Krueger Karolin , Nevado Cristina
Published: April 2011

Gold‐catalyzed, highly diastereoselective, three‐step cascade reactions of propargyl acetates with 1,4‐dienes or alkenes give five‐ or seven‐membered carbocycles, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Dimeric Lignans with an Unusual α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone Motif from Zanthoxylum podocarpun and Their Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production.
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Jiang , Chen Xiao‐Liang , Li Xue‐Song , Su Jia , He Jiang‐Bo , Wang Yue‐Hu , Li Yan , Cheng Yong‐Xian
Published: April 2011

Two new dimeric lignans, zanthpodocarpins A (Ia) and B (Ib), are isolated along with a series of known lignans from the title plant bark.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Brevisin: A Concise Synthesis of a New Marine Polycyclic Ether.
Authors: Kuranaga Takefumi , Ohtani Naohito , Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Baden Daniel G. , Wright Jeffrey L. C. , Satake Masayuki , Tachibana Kazuo
Published: April 2011

The first total synthesis of (I) succeeds in 29 steps from commercially available deoxy‐D‐ribose.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum‐Based Electrocatalysts with Core—Shell Nanostructures
Authors: Yang Hong
Published: April 2011

Review: ≈30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxidoreductase Models
Authors: Schulzke Carola
Published: April 2011

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions in Aqueous Systems: A Two‐Decade Trend Endeavor
Authors: Moulay Saad , Touati Abdelkader
Published: April 2011

Review: 154 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Reactive 4‐Membered Ring Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Aragoncillo Cristina
Published: April 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Heterogenization and Sensing Properties of Melamine‐Bridged Bis‐Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Carofiglio Tommaso , Lubian Elisa , Varotto Alessandro
Published: April 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Catalysts for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Chemicals and Fine Chemicals
Authors: Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara
Published: April 2011

Review: 558 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State [2 + 2] Photodimerization and Photopolymerization of α,ω‐Diarylpolyene Monomers: Effective Utilization of Noncovalent Intermolecular Interactions in Crystals
Authors: Sonoda Yoriko
Published: April 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Telomerization of Butadiene with Polyols: From Mono‐ to Polysaccharides
Authors: Bouquillon Sandrine , Muzart Jacques , Pinel Catherine , Rataboul Franck
Published: April 2011

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acid Building Blocks: Tools for Sensing and Separation
Authors: Nishiyabu Ryuhei , Kubo Yuji , James Tony D. , Fossey John S.
Published: April 2011

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanotoxicology: An Interdisciplinary Challenge
Authors: Krug Harald F. , Wick Peter
Published: April 2011

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Insight into Artificial Leaves for Sustainable Energy Inspired by Natural Photosynthesis
Authors: Zhou Han , Fan Tongxiang , Zhang Di
Published: April 2011

Review: 205 refs.
Removal Of methylene blue dye from simulated wastewater by alginic acid fiber as adsorbent: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Guo Chunxiang , Kong Qingshan , Gao Jixian , Ji Quan , Xia Yanzhi
Published: April 2011

Alginic acid fiber was used as a novel adsorbent to remove methylene blue from aqueous solution, and adsorption mechanisms were investigated. System variables, including contact time, pH, temperature, and initial concentration were examined to investigate the effect on adsorption in batch experiments. The results showed that equilibrium reached in less than 20 min and pH significantly influenced the equilibrium value. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were employed to analyse the isotherm behaviours. It was found the isotherm behaviours conform to Freundlich and Temkin models well, indicating a chemisorption process. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, and intraparticle diffusion models were employed to investigate kinetic behaviours. The kinetic behaviour is best described by pseudo‐second‐order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that the process is spontaneous and exothermic.
A modified Peng–Robinson equation of state for phase equilibrium calculation of liquefied, synthetic natural gas, and gas condensate mixtures
Authors: Haghtalab Ali , Mahmoodi Peyman , Mazloumi Seyed Hossein
Published: April 2011

A modified Peng–Robinson equation of state, MPR2 EOS, is introduced by incorporating a new alpha function and a temperature dependent function for covolume, b. The modified cubic EOS has three input per each substance: critical temperature, critical pressure, and acentric factor. The coefficients of temperature dependence of the alpha and beta functions, relating to the parameters a and b of the new cubic EOS, are obtained by simultaneous fitting of saturated experimental vapour pressure and liquid density data for several pure components. The percent absolute average deviation (AAD%) of 1.38, 4.80 and 2.89 are obtained to correlation of the saturation vapour pressure, liquid density and vapour volume, respectively. Also the ADD% of 2.575 is computed for prediction of saturation enthalpy of vapourisation of the pure compounds. For calculation of phase equilibrium of mixture, the modified PR EOS is used for prediction of liquid density of the LNG mixtures. Also the new EOS is applied for construction of the phase envelop of synthetic natural gas, SNG, mixtures and calculation vapour–liquid equilibria of gas condensates. The results demonstrate that the new MPR2 EOS can be used for calculation of vapour–liquid equilibrium of pure components and mixtures with good accuracy.
Design Strategies for Bivalent Ligands Targeting GPCRs
Authors: Shonberg Jeremy , Scammells Peter J. , Capuano Ben
Published: April 2011

Specifically designed bivalent ligands targeting G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) dimeric structures have become increasingly popular in recent literature. The advantages of the bivalent approach are numerous, including enhanced potency and receptor subtype specificity. However, the use of bivalent ligands as potential pharmacotherapeutics is limited by problematic molecular properties, such as high molecular weight and lipophilicity. This Minireview focuses on the design of bivalent ligands recently described in the literature; discussing the choice of lead pharmacophore, the position and nature of the attachment point for linking the two pharmacophore units, and the length and composition of the spacer group. Furthermore, this Minireview distils the molecular descriptors of the bivalent ligands that exhibit in vivo activity, as well as highlights their ability to access the central nervous system.
Nutzung von Systemreserven bei der Schnittkraftermittlung an Schubwänden
Authors: Jäger Wolfram
Published: April 2011

Der Beitrag zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Aktivierung von systementlastenden Reserven auf der Seite der Schnittgrö�enermittlung bei Schubwänden auf. Als Grundlage dient ein Stabwerkmodell [1], welches durch unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen modifiziert wird. Dadurch kann eine Schubwand, die bei klassischer Schnittkraftermittlung am Kragarm mit horizontalen Lasten aus Wind rechnerisch zu hohe Biegemomente bekommt, näher an den wirklichen Kraftverlauf herangebracht werden.

Utilisation of system reserves in the structural analysis of shear walls. This report shows several options for the mobilization of structure‐reliving resources on the side of structural analysis of shear walls. This is based on a frame model [1], which is modified by different approaches. Thus, a shear wall, which gets too high bending moments from the structural analysis on the classical cantilever beam with horizontal wind loads, can be pushed closer to the real state.
Ansätze zur Ermittlung vertikaler Einwirkungen auf Schubwände
Authors: Ortlepp Sebastian
Published: April 2011

Dieser Beitrag zeigt, wie der Lasteintrag von einer Deckenplatte in eine darunter liegende Wand durch unterschiedliche Parameter beeinflusst werden kann. Durch die vergleichende Betrachtung verschiedener Herangehensweisen an die Ermittlung von Lastgrö�en und ‐position werden Reserven dargestellt, welche sich bei dem Nachweis der tragenden Schubwand positiv auswirken können.

Approaches for determining vertical loads on shear walls. This paper shows how the load introduction from a ceiling into a wall beneath may be influenced by different parameters. Through a comparative analysis of different approaches for the determination of load size and position several reserves are shown, which could be affected as positive by the verifying of a shear wall.
Rhodium and Iridium Complexes with α‐Diketimine Ligands: Oxidative Addition of H2 and O2
Authors: Penner Anna , Braun Thomas
Published: April 2011

The treatment of [M(μ‐Cl)(coe)2]2 (M = Rh, Ir; coe = cyclooctene) with the α‐diketimines ArN=C(Me)C(Me)=NAr (Ar = Ph, Xy; Xy = 2,6‐Me2C6H3) in thf, followed by the addition of CNtBu, gave the α‐diketimine complexes [M(Cl){ArN=C(Me)C(Me)=NAr} (CNtBu)] (1: M = Rh, Ar = Ph; 2: M = Rh, Ar = Xy; 3: M = Ir, Ar = Xy). The reaction of 3 with dihydrogen resulted in the formation of the iridium dihydrido complex [Ir(Cl)(H)2{XyN=C(Me)C(Me)=NXy}(CNtBu)] (4). The complexes 2 and 3 reacted with O2 or 18O2 to yield the peroxido complexes [M(Cl)(O2){XyN=C(Me)C(Me)=NXy}(CNtBu)] (5a: M = Rh; 6a: M = Ir) and [M(Cl)(18O2){XyN=C(Me)C(Me)=NXy}(CNtBu)] (5b: M = Rh; 6b: M = Ir), respectively. All of the complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. In addition, complexes 3 and 5a were characterized by X‐ray crystallography.
Synthesis of 8‐Phenoxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Dahlmann Heidi A. , Sturla Shana J.
Published: April 2011

Nucleobase adducts, which form in vivo by nucleophilic attack of nucleobases on electrophilic chemical species, can impact on the conformation and biological influences of the adducted nucleoside. Contemporary studies aim to address the occurrence and relevance of 8‐phenoxypurine adducts. However, preparative techniques for synthesizing these nucleosides have not previously been described. Reported herein is a relatively facile synthesis of 8‐dG phenol adducts using a wide variety of electron‐donating, electron‐withdrawing, and sterically demanding phenols.
Squalenoyl Gemcitabine Monophosphate: Synthesis, Characterisation of Nanoassemblies and Biological Evaluation (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 14/2011)
Authors: Caron Joachim , Lepeltier Elise , Reddy L. Harivardhan , Lepêtre‐Mouelhi Sinda , Wack Séverine , Bourgaux Claudie , Couvreur Patrick , Desmaële Didier
Published: April 2011

The cover picture shows the overall process leading to the elaboration of a squalenoyl nanomedicine, going from the chemical modification of natural squalene to the biological evaluation of the drug in mice. On a background of nanoparticles observed by electron microscopy, the synthesis of squalenoylgemcitabine monophosphate is depicted in a reaction scheme. This amphiphilic molecule self‐assembles to nanoparticles of about 100 nm in aqueous solution, as shown in the two vials. In the central circle, unilamellar liposomes with a membrane thickness of about 70 Å are seen from a microscope lens. Details are discussed in the article by D. Desmaële et al. on p. 2615 ff.