bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trace Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Using a Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Chemical Sensor
Authors: Lu Yijiang , Meyyappan M. , Li Jing
Published: May 2011

The sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide in the vapor phase is achieved using a nanochemical sensor consisting of single‐walled carbon nanotubes as the sensing material. The interdigitated electrode‐based sensor is constructed using a simple and standard microfabrication approach. The test results indicate a sensing capability of 25 ppm and response and recovery times in seconds. The sensor array consisting of 32 sensor elements with variations in sensing materials is capable of discriminating hydrogen peroxide from water and methanol.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Performance in Oxidation of Styrene and α‐Methyl Styrene of a Nickel(II) Complex Derived from a Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Heshmatpour Felora , Rayati Saeed , Afghan Hajiabbas Mona , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: May 2011

A tetrahedrally‐distorted square‐planar nickel(II) complex of tetradentate Schiff base ligand derived from 2‐hydroxypropiophenone and 2,2′‐dimethylpropandiamine [bis(2‐hydroxypropiophenone)2,2′‐dimethylpropylenediimine] (H2L) was prepared and used as catalyst for oxidation of styrene and α‐methyl styrene with tert‐butylhydroperoxide (TBHP). Oxidation of styrene with TBHP gave benzaldehyde and styrene oxide, but in the case of α‐methylstyrene a mixture of α‐methylstyrene oxide and acetophenone was obtained. The structure of nickel(II) complex (NiL) was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Crystal data for NiL at –173 °C: orthorhombic, space group P212121, a = 907.7(1), b = 1289.4(1), c = 1752.4(1) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0454.
α‐Defensin Expression of Inflammatory Response in Open and Laparoscopic Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tsimogiannis Konstantinos E. , Telis Konstantinos , Tselepis Alexandros , Pappas‐Gogos George K. , Tsimoyiannis Evangelos C. , Basdanis George
Published: May 2011

Background

Surgical procedures are related to the activation of the inflammatory reaction. This is called surgical stress. It is believed that diminished surgical trauma reduces surgical stress. The laparoscopic approach reduces trauma, but the systemic immune responses are still invariably activated. Cytokines and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are the main markers in the study of inflammatory or stress response. α‐Defensins play an important role in host defense, acting early in phagocytosis. α‐Defensins, as early markers—earlier than cytokines—of the inflammatory response, have been used, together with high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), to determine the inflammatory response in laparoscopic and open colectomy for cancer.

Materials and methods

A total of 40 patients with colorectal cancer were randomized to two groups: group A (n = 20), open colectomy; group B (n = 20), laparoscopic colectomy. One hour preoperatively an epidural catheter was placed in all patients and rupivacaine was administered perioperatively and again 48 h postoperatively. Blood samples were taken for calculating α‐defensins, IL‐6, and hs‐CRP levels preoperatively, 5 min after division of the colon (group A), or 5 min after deflation of pneumoperitoneum (group B), 6 h and 24 h postoperatively.

Results

The mean operative time was 115 min for group A and 142 min for group B (p < 0.05). The mean blood loss was 240 ml and 105 ml, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean hospital stay was 8 days and 5 days, respectively (p < 0.05). α‐Defensin levels were statistically significantly lower in group B than in group A, 5 min and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.002 and p < 0.007, respectively). The IL‐6 levels were statistically significantly lower in group B than in group A, 6 h and 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.0001 at both time intervals), whereas the levels of hs‐CRP were significantly lower in group B than in group A 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The present study confirms the results of previous studies, that the inflammatory immune response and surgical stress are significantly less after laparoscopic colectomy versus open colectomy for colorectal cancer. More investigation is needed to study if surgical stress has any influence on survival of these patients.
Direct evidence of tidally oriented behavior of the copepod Eurytemora affinis in the Seine estuary
Authors: Schmitt François G. , Devreker David , Dur Gaël , Souissi Sami
Published: May 2011

The calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis dominates the zooplankton communities in most northern hemisphere estuaries. A recurrent behavior noticed in several estuaries suggests that this species maintains its horizontal position through vertical migration. In order to investigate this behavioral strategy in detail, we sampled E. affinis nauplii, copepodids and adults at high frequency at a fixed point in the low salinity zone of the Seine estuary. We took water samples in sub‐surface and near bottom during a 12‐ and 50‐h tide cycle, in May 2002 and May 2004, respectively. Since nauplii have weak swimming capabilities compared to copepodid and adult stages, we proposed here to consider them as passive particles. The variation of the relative abundances of nauplii to older stages regarding the vertical position was therefore viewed as direct evidence of the behavior of later stages. We showed that copepodids and adults tried to stay close to the bottom during the ebb, were re‐suspended in the water column 1 h after the low tide during the maximum current velocity, and then vertically migrated back to the bottom layer when current velocity decreased. We also showed that copepodids behaved as adults, with only a lower velocity, taking more time to go near the bottom.
Is the Fatty Acid Composition of Freshwater Zoobenthic Invertebrates Controlled by Phylogenetic or Trophic Factors?
Authors: Makhutova Olesia N. , Sushchik Nadezhda N. , Gladyshev Michail I. , Ageev Alexander V. , Pryanichnikova Ekaterina G. , Kalachova Galina S.
Published: May 2011

We studied the fatty acid (FA) content and composition of ten zoobenthic species of several taxonomic groups from different freshwater bodies. Special attention was paid to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6); and the n‐3/n‐6 and DHA/ARA ratios, which are important for consumers of higher trophic levels, i.e., fish. The content and ratios of these FA varied significantly in the studied zoobenthic species, consequently, the invertebrates were of different nutritional quality for fish. Eulimnogammarus viridis (Crustacea) and Dendrocoelopsis sp. (Turbellaria) had the highest nutrition value for fish concerning the content of EPA and DHA and n‐3/n‐6 and DHA/ARA ratios. Using canonical correspondence analysis we compared the FA profiles of species of the studied taxa taking into account their feeding strategies and habitats. We gained evidence that feeding strategy is of importance to determine fatty acid profiles of zoobenthic species. However, the phylogenetic position of the zoobenthic species is also responsible and may result in a similar fatty acid composition even if species or populations inhabit different water bodies or have different feeding strategies.
Pragmatisme logique et probabilisme radical dans La philosophie italienne du XXe siècle
Authors: Parrini Paolo
Published: May 2011

L’article esquisse les traits principaux d’un courant philosophique qui a rencontré en Italie bien des difficultés, malgré l’importance reconnue de ses représentants. Le texte illustre les idées qui sont à la base du pragmatisme logique et méthodologique de Giovanni Vailati et Mario Calderoni, idées qui auraient refait surface dans le débat international à propos du principe de vérification et du concept d’analyticité. Sont également abordés les liens entre ces idées et le développement de la conception subjective des probabilités chez Bruno de Finetti.
The effects of guided discontinuation of antipsychotics on neurocognition in first onset psychosis
Authors: Faber G. , Smid H.G.O.M. , Van Gool A.R. , Wiersma D. , Van Den Bosch R.J.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To assess the effects of second generation antipsychotics on neurocognitive function in patients with stable remission of first episode psychosis.

Methods

Fifty-three patients with first onset psychosis in the schizophrenia spectrum entered a randomised controlled trial of guided discontinuation (GD) versus maintenance treatment (MT) with second generation antipsychotics. A comprehensive neurocognitive test battery was administered at the time of remission and shortly after dose reduction or discontinuation (GD-group) or at the same time in the MT-group.

Results

With the exception of negative symptoms, PANSS scores decreased over time and neurocognition improved significantly on most tests in both groups. The GD-group, however, improved significantly more than the MT-group on three neurocognitive measures in the domain of speed of processing.

Conclusion

These data suggest that, in first episode patients, dose reduction or discontinuation of second generation antipsychotics after stable remission is achieved, might improve neurocognitive function more than continuing second generation antipsychotics, suggesting a negative role for second generation antipsychotics, specifically in the domain of speed of processing.
Interventions to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia–A review of the past decade
Authors: Barkhof E. , Meijer C.J. , de Sonneville L.M.J. , Linszen D.H. , de Haan L.
Published: May 2011

Objective

Nonadherence to antipsychotic medication is highly prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and has a deleterious impact on the course of the illness. This review seeks to determine the interventions that were examined in the past decade to improve adherence rates.

Method

The literature between 2000 and 2009 was searched for randomized controlled trials which compared a psychosocial intervention with another intervention or with treatment as usual in patients with schizophrenia.

Results

Fifteen studies were identified, with a large heterogeneity in design, adherence measures and outcome variables. Interventions that offered more sessions during a longer period of time, and especially those with a continuous focus on adherence, seem most likely to be successful, as well as pragmatic interventions that focus on attention and memory problems. The positive effects of adapted forms of Motivational Interviewing found in earlier studies, such as compliance therapy, have not been confirmed.

Conclusion

Nonadherence remains a challenging problem in schizophrenia. The heterogeneity of factors related to nonadherence calls for individually tailored approaches to promote adherence. More evidence is required to determine the effects of specific interventions.
Splint therapy for disc displacement with reduction of the temporomandibular joint. Part I: Modified mandibular splint therapy
Authors: Huang I‐Yueh , Wu Ju‐Hui , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Chen Chao‐Ming , Chen Chun‐Ming , Yang Yi‐Hsin
Published: May 2011

The aims of this preliminary study were to present a modified mandibular splint together with a treatment regimen and to evaluate their effects on the treatment of reciprocal joint sounds of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The study participants were recruited from 312 consecutive patients in the temporomandibular disorder clinic of a medical center in Taiwan from January 2003 to December 2003. From among these, 59 cases with typical reciprocal clicking were selected for this study. All participants were treated with a modified mandibular splint and then followed up for 6 months. Successful treatment was defined as leading to the disappearance of the joint sounds of TMJ, as described by patients. Based on clinical evaluation, the overall success rate was 71.2% (42/59) with minimal temporary complications. Patients with clicking at less than 3.5 cm of interincisal opening had a success rate of 92.5%, which was higher than the success rate of patients with clicking at a mouth opening of 3.5 cm or more. This study showed that a modified mandibular splint can be used to treat reciprocal clicking of the TMJ effectively and encouraged us to conduct further study on the efficacy of this splint to treat disc displacement with reduction of TMJ using magnetic resonance imaging examination.
Three-dimensional stability of vortex arrays in a stratified and rotating fluid
Authors: DELONCLE AXEL , BILLANT PAUL , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC
Published: May 2011

This paper investigates numerically and through an asymptotic approach the three-dimensional stability of steady vertical vortex arrays in a stratified and rotating fluid. Three classical vortex arrays are studied: the Kármán vortex street, the symmetric double row and the single row of co-rotating vortices. The asymptotic analysis assumes well-separated vortices and long-wavelength bending perturbations following Billant (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 660, 2010, p. 354) and Robinson & Saffman (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 125, 1982, p. 411). Very good agreement with the numerical stability analysis is found even for finite wavelength and relatively close vortices. For a horizontal Froude number Fh ≤ 1 and for a non-rotating fluid, it is found that the Kármán vortex street for a street spacing ratio (the distance h between the rows divided by the distance b between vortices in the same row) κ ≤ 0.41 and the symmetric double row for any spacing ratio are most unstable to a three-dimensional instability of zigzag type that vertically bends the vortices. The most amplified vertical wavenumber scales like 1/(bFh) and the growth rate scales with the strain Γ/(2πb2), where Γ is the vortex circulation. For the Kármán vortex street, the zigzag instability is symmetric with respect to the midplane between the two rows while it is antisymmetric for the symmetric double row. For the Kármán vortex street with well-separated vortex rows κ > 0.41 and the single row, the dominant instability is two-dimensional and corresponds to a pairing of adjacent vortices of the same row. The main differences between stratified and homogeneous fluids are the opposite symmetry of the dominant three-dimensional instabilities and the scaling of their most amplified wavenumber. When Fh > 1, three-dimensional instabilities are damped by a viscous critical layer. In the presence of background rotation in addition to the stratification, symmetric and antisymmetric modes no longer decouple and cyclonic vortices are less bent than anticyclonic vortices. However, the dominant instability remains qualitatively the same for the three vortex arrays, i.e. quasi-symmetric or quasi-antisymmetric and three-dimensional or two-dimensional. The growth rate continues to scale with the strain but the most unstable wavenumber of three-dimensional instabilities decreases with rotation and scales like Ro/(bFh) for small Rossby number Ro, in agreement with quasi-geostrophic scaling laws.
Nutrient intake variability and number of days needed to assess intake in preschool children
Authors: Erkkola Maijaliisa , Kyttälä Pipsa , Takkinen Hanna-Mari , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Nevalainen Jaakko , Simell Olli , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M.
Published: May 2011

The duration of the period of time during which diet should be recorded for sufficiently accurate results on the usual intake of an individual is an especially challenging issue in prospective studies among children. We set out to describe nutrient intake variability in preschoolers and to determine the number of record days required (D) to estimate intake of energy and thirty-two nutrients. The diet and the use of dietary supplements were assessed with three consecutive daily food records including one weekend day in 1639 children participating in the population-based birth cohort of the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Project (DIPP) in Finland. Variance ratios andDstratified by sex and age groups were calculated for 455 (1-year-old), 471 (3-year-old) and 713 (6-year-old) children (born between 1998 and 2003). Within:between variance ratios andDincrease with increasing age, and are slightly higher for girls. Vitamin A, cholesterol,n-3 andn-6 fatty acids, β-carotene and folate intakes require the most replicates. Including supplemental intake has an impact on the variance estimates according to the proportion of supplement users. In the DIPP Nutrition Study with 3 d food records, the correlation coefficients between observed and true intakes of energy and thirty-two nutrients averaged 0·91 in 1-year-old children, 0·79 in 3-year-old children and 0·74 in 6-year-old children. For providing accurate nutrient intake estimates, three replicates of food records are reasonable in 1-year-old children but must be questioned for several nutrients in 3- and 6-year-old children. The accuracy of ranking boys is greater than that for girls.
Disaggregating Mediations: The Impact of Multiparty Mediation
Authors: Böhmelt Tobias
Published: May 2011

This article disaggregates coalitions of third-party mediators and examines their effectiveness in interventions. First, it is argued that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the size of a mediating coalition and mediation effectiveness. Secondly, mediators sharing a history of conflict and distrust will transfer their past relationships to a mediation attempt, making it less effective. Consequently, states sharing friendly and co-operative ties with each other are more successful in managing conflicts. Finally, a coalition of mediators that is largely democratic should be more effective due to a shared culture of peaceful conflict resolution, inclusivity and increased communication flows. The empirical analysis using data from the Issues Correlates of War Project for 1965–2000 largely provides support for the theory.
Casualties and Incumbents: Do the Casualties from Interstate Conflicts Affect Incumbent Party Vote Share?
Authors: Koch Michael T.
Published: May 2011

Research suggests that the costs of international conflict (e.g. casualties) alter public opinion, executive approval and policy positions of elected officials. However, do casualties affect voting in terms of aggregate outcomes and individual vote choices? This article examines how casualties from interstate conflicts affect voter behaviour, specifically incumbent vote share. Using the investment model of commitment to model individual vote choice, it is argued that increases in the costs of conflict (i.e., more casualties) can increase the probability that voters will support the incumbent, increasing incumbent vote share. This model is tested with both cross-national aggregate data from twenty-three countries and individual-level British survey data. The results support the argument.
INTERNATIONAL LAW, PEACE AGREEMENTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION: THE CASE OF THE SUDAN
Authors: Sheeran Scott P
Published: May 2011

This article considers whether the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement for the Sudan (the CPA) gives rise to binding obligations for the parties under international law. The legitimacy and effectiveness of the CPA, and the avoidance of a return to bloody civil war, depends significantly on the Agreement giving rise to legal obligations. While it has been held in arbitration that the CPA is not a treaty, this article suggests that it is a binding international agreement and further that there are obligations concerning the outstanding referendum for the people of the Abyei region. The legal issues of the CPA are more complex than they at first appear and they engage deeper and broader questions of the role of international law. The article will suggest among other things that the Sudan situation demonstrates it is difficult to draw immutable general rules in abstraction about the international law relating to peace agreements and to self-determination.
II. THE PROMOTION OF INVESTMENTS IN NEW MARKETS IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND THE ROLE OF NATIONAL REGULATORY AUTHORITIES AFTER COMMISSION V GERMANY
Authors: Szydło Marek
Published: May 2011

The judgment of 3 December 2009 in Commission v Germany touches upon the issue of improper implementation by a Member State (Germany) of the EU regulatory framework in the electronic communications sector.1 In this sense, the judgment in question belongs to the relatively large group of rulings in which the European Court of Justice (ECJ) categorizes the legislative actions (or inactions) of Member States in the field of electronic communications as infringing the Union secondary legislation.2 Undoubtedly, however, Commission v Germany constitutes a judgment that is of paramount importance within the above-mentioned group of rulings and deserves a particularly close attention. Being confronted here with the German rules that generally exempted the so-called new (emerging) markets in the sector concerned from ex ante regulation, the Court had an opportunity to express its views on such key regulatory issues as:

1)

the position of encouraging efficient investment in infrastructure, and promoting innovation within the hierarchy of objectives that the EU regulation in electronic communications sector aims to achieve;

2)

the scope of discretionary powers of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) in defining the markets susceptible to ex ante regulation, and in regulating those markets, including the markets having a new or emerging character;

3)

the role of national legislators in regulating electronic communications markets, and particularly the relationships between national legislators and NRAs in the field of regulation of the markets in question.

It must be noted at once that this latter issue has its far-reaching implications at the constitutional level of the Member States, because the relations between legislative and executive (administrative) authorities are usually determined constitutionally. As a result, the annotated judgment concerns not only such teleological, procedural and institutional issues that are crucial for the Union's concept of regulation in the electronic communications sector, but also issues that are seminal from the constitutional perspective of the Member States. Moreover, the judgment in question is also of great relevance to other network-bound sectors subject to regulation at the EU and national levels, especially as far as the status of NRAs and their position vis-à-vis national legislators are concerned.
INBREEDING AND POPULATION SUBDIVISION IN CÓRDOBA PROVINCE, ARGENTINA, AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: KÜFFER CLAUDIO F. , COLANTONIO SONIA E.
Published: May 2011

Marital isonymy is frequently used to estimate inbreeding and the repeated pairs method is useful to investigate whether the population under examination has subdivisions. These methods can also be applied to registers, such as population censuses, where both spouses' surnames are noted. In this paper, the 1795 census for Córdoba province is analysed. Numerically speaking, Spanish and mixed-race people are the major ethno-social groups in the register. In order to estimate inbreeding, the isonymic method was applied to both groups, at provincial and at parish level. To appreciate to what extent the parishes were genetically isolated, Wright's Fst was also calculated. The repeated pairs method was also used for both groups to assess if population subdivision existed in the units under study. Finally, to evaluate whether the subdivision based on surnames reflected the ethno-social stratification, the same method was used considering the two groups together. At the provincial scale, both groups displayed low inbreeding and micro-differentiation, although the former was higher for the Spanish and the latter for mixed-race groups, which could indicate a more marked conjugal selectivity in the Spanish. At the parish scale, preferences for isonymic spouses were not pronounced either in Spanish or in mixed-race groups; in the Spanish group population subdivision prevailed, with the opposite occurring in the mixed-race group. The estimations from repeated pairs, taking the two groups together, indicated that for the studied populations the surnames do not allow the two groups to be differentiated into isolated reproductive units.
Towards an exemplar-based model of stress in English noun–noun compounds
Authors: ARNDT-LAPPE SABINE
Published: May 2011

It is well known that stress assignment in English noun–noun compounds is non-uniform (compare e.g. left-prominentópera glassesand right-prominentsteel brídge), and recent corpus-based studies (e.g. Plag et al. 2007, 2008) have shown that categorical, rule-based approaches that make use of argument structure (e.g. Giegerich 2004) or semantics (e.g. Fudge 1984) are not able to account satisfactorily for the existing variability. Using data from the corpus studies by Plag and collegues, I argue in this paper that an exemplar-based approach is better-suited to accounting for stress assignment in English noun–noun compounds than a traditional, rule-based paradigm. Specifically, it is shown that two current implementations of exemplar-based algorithms, TiMBL (Daelemans et al. 2007) and AM::Parallel (Skousen & Stanford 2007), clearly outperform comparable rule models in terms of how well they predict stress assignment in the corpora. Furthermore, systematic testing reveals that the reasons for the differences between exemplar and rule models mainly lie in their ability to incorporate detailed, non-abstract information (specifically, constituent family information). The present study therefore adds to the growing evidence in favour of the importance of constituent family information in compounding (e.g. Gagné 2001, Krott, Schreuder & Baayen 2002).
Sheltered by dhamma: Reflecting on gender, security and religion in Cambodia
Authors: Kent Alexandra
Published: May 2011

This article draws upon recently-gathered anthropological and other data from Cambodia to explore how some Cambodians move beyond the constraints of social differentiation and order to access higher realms of meaning. This enables communion, security and liberation from social patterns of misrecognition. Gender is one of the primary principles of social differentiation and in recent years the relationship between gender, security and development has attracted the interest particularly of feminist scholars. Attention is often focused upon the misogynistic aspects of gender differentiation. Proponents of this kind of discourse tend not to concern themselves with how women and men may actually transcend rather than challenge gender order or with how they may commune with one another in ways that generate security. Focusing instead on the notions that are meaningful to the members of a given society may reveal some of the shortcomings of current security, development and feminist discourse. The material presented here is analysed by adapting some of the ideas that Roy Rappaport developed in his study of the ‘cognized models’ and liturgical rituals of the Maring of New Guinea. Rappaport's model helps to reveal how, by navigating multiple and overlapping levels of meaning, Cambodians may negotiate and even invert social order in ways that can be transformative, emancipatory and healing.
Meeting the income needs of older people in East Asia: using housing equity
Authors: DOLING JOHN , RONALD RICHARD
Published: May 2011

In the welfare systems of East Asian countries, the income, care and other needs of older people have traditionally been met less by state social protection measures and more by the family, supported by what might be termed the first homeownership strategy: widening access to home ownership as a physical, emotional and financial basis of family wellbeing. Recent political, economic and demographic developments, however, have undermined this model. Examining policy responses in the three most advanced East Asian economies, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, but also with reference to Taiwan, the paper identifies common tendencies in the ways in which the ability to use home ownership has been strengthened. As a second strategy, home ownership has been used to reduce geographical constraints on family support, while, as a third strategy, governments have introduced mechanisms through which older people are able to realise some or all of the equity they have built up through the housing market. These mechanisms include, moving down market or even converting to a rental solution, as well as forms of reverse-mortgage products, some available through private financial institutions and some involving state-organised and state-operated devices.
The end of history and the last liberal peacebuilder: a reply to Roland Paris
Authors: COOPER NEIL , TURNER MANDY , PUGH MICHAEL
Published: May 2011

In the April 2010Review of International Studies, Roland Paris argued that liberal peacebuilding is the only viable solution for rebuilding war-torn societies, and supported this by assailing critics of the liberal peace. In this article we challenge four key claims made by Paris: imposed and consensual peacebuilding are different experiences; there are no echoes of imperialism in modern peacebuilding; there is no alternative to the capitalist free market; and critics of the liberal peace are ‘closet liberals’. We argue that Paris ignores the extent to which all peacebuilding strategies have had a core of common prescriptions: neoliberal policies of open markets, privatisation and fiscal restraint, and governance policies focused on enhancing instruments of state coercion and ‘capacity building’ – policies that have proved remarkably resilient even while the democracy and human rights components of the liberal peace have been substantially downgraded. There is little space to (formally) dissent from these policy prescriptions – whether international peacebuilders were originally invited in or not. Furthermore, the deterministic assumption by Paris that ‘there is no alternative’ is unjustifiable. Rather than trying to imagine competing meta-alternatives to liberalism, it is more constructive to acknowledge and investigate the variety of political economies in post-conflict societies rather than measuring them against a liberal norm.
Dissident writings as political theory on civil society and democracy
Authors: GLASIUS MARLIES
Published: May 2011

This article offers an analysis of precisely how civil society and its relation to democracy were conceptualised by its East European and South American proponents in their pre-democratic contexts, through an examination of declarations, newspaper articles, samizdat essays, diaries, letters from prison, academic articles and prize acceptance speeches written at the time. The analysis of these source materials is organised under three main themes: the first concerns activists' understanding of the nature of the regime, its aims and its relation to society; the second relates to the features of the emergent civil society the writers of these documents desired, observed, and helped to create; and the final section discusses their strategies and aspirations in relation to ‘democratisation’. On the basis of an analysis of commonalities in ideas across these two very different regional and ideological contexts, hypotheses are formulated as building blocks for a political theory of civil society under authoritarian rule, which may apply in yet other, contemporary contexts.
Quality/control: international peace interventions and ‘the everyday’
Authors: MITCHELL AUDRA
Published: May 2011

Current discourses about the everyday in relation to international peace interventions focus on two main aspects. First, the perceived quality or qualities of everyday life tend to be attributed to ‘local’ organisations or actors and assessed positively. Second, the control of life (including bio-political control and governance) tends to be associated with ‘international’ actors and viewed negatively. This article challenges these key assumptions by contextualising them in social and political theories of the everyday and in two key examples: ‘affective’ peacebuilding in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and ‘threatworks’ in Northern Ireland. It also calls for an approach to the ‘everyday’ in international interventions which moves beyond local/international power dynamics and is attentive to the pluralities of power and practice that emerge in these settings.
Learning Bayesian networks: approaches and issues
Authors: Daly Rónán , Shen Qiang , Aitken Stuart
Published: May 2011

Bayesian networks have become a widely used method in the modelling of uncertain knowledge. Owing to the difficulty domain experts have in specifying them, techniques that learn Bayesian networks from data have become indispensable. Recently, however, there have been many important new developments in this field. This work takes a broad look at the literature on learning Bayesian networks—in particular their structure—from data. Specific topics are not focused on in detail, but it is hoped that all the major fields in the area are covered. This article is not intended to be a tutorial—for this, there are many books on the topic, which will be presented. However, an effort has been made to locate all the relevant publications, so that this paper can be used as a ready reference to find the works on particular sub-topics.
Delimiting tropical mountain ecoregions for conservation
Authors: PLATTS PHILIP J. , BURGESS NEIL D. , GEREAU ROY E. , LOVETT JON C. , MARSHALL ANDREW R. , McCLEAN COLIN J. , PELLIKKA PETRI K.E. , SWETNAM RUTH D. , MARCHANT ROB
Published: May 2011

Ecological regions aggregate habitats with similar biophysical characteristics within well-defined boundaries, providing spatially consistent platforms for monitoring, managing and forecasting the health of interrelated ecosystems. A major obstacle to the implementation of this approach is imprecise and inconsistent boundary placement. For globally important mountain regions such as the Eastern Arc (Tanzania and Kenya), where qualitative definitions of biophysical affinity are well established, rule-based methods for landform classification provide a straightforward solution to ambiguities in region extent. The method presented in this paper encompasses the majority of both contemporary and estimated preclearance forest cover within strict topographical limits. Many of the species here tentatively considered ‘near-endemic’ could be reclassified as strictly endemic according to the derived boundaries. LandScan and census data show population density inside the ecoregion to be higher than in rural lowlands, and lowland settlement to be most probable within 30 km. This definition should help to align landscape scale conservation strategies in the Eastern Arc and promote new research in areas of predicted, but as yet undocumented, biological importance. Similar methods could work well in other regions where mountain extent is poorly resolved. Spatial data accompany the online version of this article.
Tunnel effect and symmetries for Kramers–Fokker–Planck type operators
Authors: Hérau Frédéric , Hitrik Michael , Sjöstrand Johannes
Published: May 2011

We study operators of Kramers–Fokker–Planck type in the semiclassical limit, assuming that the exponent of the associated Maxwellian is a Morse function with a finite number n0 of local minima. Under suitable additional assumptions, we show that the first n0 eigenvalues are real and exponentially small, and establish the complete semiclassical asymptotics for these eigenvalues.
On the local solvability of vector fields with critical points
Authors: Treves François
Published: May 2011

The article discusses the local solvability (or lack thereof) of various classes of smooth, complex vector fields that vanish on some non-empty subset of the base manifold.
Instantons beyond topological theory. I
Authors: Frenkel E. , Losev A. , Nekrasov N.
Published: May 2011

Many quantum field theories in one, two and four dimensions possess remarkable limits in which the instantons are present, the anti-instantons are absent, and the perturbative corrections are reduced to one-loop. We analyse the corresponding models as full quantum field theories, beyond their topological sector. We show that the correlation functions of all, not only topological (or BPS), observables may be studied explicitly in these models, and the spectrum may be computed exactly. An interesting feature is that the Hamiltonian is not always diagonalizable, but may have Jordan blocks, which leads to the appearance of logarithms in the correlation functions. We also find that in the models defined on Kähler manifolds the space of states exhibits holomorphic factorization. We conclude that in dimensions two and four our theories are logarithmic conformal field theories.

In Part I we describe the class of models under study and present our results in the case of one-dimensional (quantum mechanical) models, which is quite representative and at the same time simple enough to analyse explicitly. Part II will be devoted to supersymmetric two-dimensional sigma models and four-dimensional Yang–Mills theory. In Part III we will discuss non-supersymmetric models.
Design of a compact quarter wave coaxial cavity resonator for plasma ignition applications
Authors: Pertl Franz A. , Clarke Mary Ann , Smith James E.
Published: May 2011

Atmospheric and higher pressure RF and microwave plasma sources have numerous applications including material processing and spectroscopy. More recently, advantages in using such discharges for combustion ignition are being investigated. A particularly simple and compact microwave discharge generating device is the quarter wave coaxial cavity resonator (QWCCR). This paper presents a new, compacted design of such a device. A simple approximate analysis of the quality factor, Q, which is a measure of the resonant electromagnetic potential step-up capability is given, and compared to experimentally measured quality factors showing reasonable agreement. Analytic results indicate that the foreshortened folded cavity quality factors are comparable to tapered coaxial cavity designs.
Compact dual-band axially corrugated profiled horn for prime-focus reflector antenna
Authors: Gupta Ramesh Chandra , Pandya Jigar , Sood Khagindra K. , Jyoti Rajeev
Published: May 2011

This paper reports a new compact dual-band axially corrugated profiled horn feed (DBCPH) for prime-focus reflector antenna at C-band (uplink and downlink frequency bands with bandwidth ratio of 1.6). DBPCH consists of one sinusoid profiled section and two internal axial corrugations (internal short-circuited ring slots), for obtaining a multimode horn feed. Such a blended structure is optimized over the specified frequency bands (3.68–3.70 and 5.865–5.915 GHz) to achieve various performance objectives (such as compactness, return loss, polarization purity, etc.). Measured and predicted results show that DBCPH provides better return loss >18.6 dB, low cross-polarization (better than −32 dB), and adequate edge taper at ±48° (8.5–11.7 dB) along with compact size (1.3λ aperture diameter and 0.88λ length at lower frequency). The horn would be used as a feed element for front-fed prime-focus reflector for pencil beam spacecraft antenna application.
Synthesis of nonuniformly spaced linear array of parallel and collinear dipole with minimum standing wave ratio using evolutionary optimization techniques
Authors: Basu Banani
Published: May 2011

In this paper, the author proposes a method based on two recent evolutionary algorithms (EAS): particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) to design nonuniformly placed linear arrays of half-wavelength long dipoles. The objective of the work is to generate pencil beam in horizontal (for parallel array) and vertical (for collinear array) plane with minimum standing wave ratio (SWR) and fixed side lobe level (SLL). Dynamic range ratio (DRR) of current amplitude distribution is kept at a fixed value. Two different examples have been presented having different array alignments. For both the configurations parallel and collinear, the excitation distribution and geometry of individual array elements are perturbed to accomplish the designing goal. Coupling effect between the elements is analyzed using induced electromotive force (EMF) method and minimized in terms of SWR. Numerical results obtained from both the algorithms are statistically compared to present a comprehensive overview. Beside this, the article also efficiently computes the trade-off curves between SLL, beam width, and number of array elements for nonuniformly spaced parallel array. It featured the average element spacing versus SWR curve for nonuniformly separated arrays. Furthermore, minimum achievable SLL performances of uniformly and nonuniformly spaced parallel arrays are compared for same average spacing in the proposed work.
Operational models and drag‐derived density trends in the thermosphere
Authors: Moe Kenneth , Moe Mildred M.
Published: May 2011

Improvements in knowledge of satellite drag coefficients confirm current reports of a long‐term decline in thermospheric density. Operational thermospheric models, though highly sophisticated, did not predict the extent of the decline, posing a problem for orbit control and maintenance. Evidence is presented that current models could not predict the magnitude of the decline for two reasons: (1) they do not realistically describe the highly variable energy entering the thermosphere from the solar wind at all times, especially at geomagnetically quiet times, and (2) they overestimate the less volatile ultraviolet contribution by ignoring eddy diffusion which transfers energy from the thermosphere to the mesosphere. The historical background of operational thermospheric models and suggestions for improvement are provided.
Flow of partially molten crust and the internal dynamics of a migmatite dome, Naxos, Greece
Authors: Kruckenberg Seth C. , Vanderhaeghe Olivier , Ferré Eric C. , Teyssier Christian , Whitney Donna L.
Published: May 2011

Migmatite domes are common in metamorphic core complexes. Dome migmatites deform in the partially molten or magmatic state and commonly record complex form surfaces, folds, and fabrics while units mantling the dome display a simpler geometry, typically formed by transposition during crustal extension. We use field observations and magnetic fabrics in the Naxos dome (Greece) to quantify the complex flow of anatectic crust beneath an extensional detachment system. The internal structure of the Naxos dome is characterized by second‐order domes (subdomes), pinched synforms, and curved lineation trajectories, which suggest that buoyancy‐driven flow participated in dome evolution. Subdomes broadly occur within two compartments that are separated by a steep, N‐S oriented, high‐strain zone. This pattern has been recognized in domes formed by polydiapirism and in models of isostasy‐dominated flow. The preferred model involves a combination of buoyancy‐ and isostasy‐driven processes: the Naxos dome may have been generated by regional N‐S extension that triggered convergent flow of partially molten crust at depth and the upwelling of anatectic migmatites within the dome. This pattern is complicated by gravitational instabilities and/or overturning of the high melt fraction crust leading to the growth of subdomes. As the migmatites within the Naxos dome reached a higher structural level, they were affected by regional top‐to‐the‐NNE kinematics of the detachment system. Dome formation therefore occurred by a combination of coeval and coupled processes: upper crustal extension, deep crust contraction during convergent flow of anatectic crust, diapirism and/or density‐driven crustal convection forming subdomes, and north directed detachment kinematics.
Acceleration and spatial rheology of Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Khazendar A. , Rignot E. , Larour E.
Published: May 2011

The disintegration of several Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves has focused attention on the state of the Larsen C Ice Shelf. Here, we use satellite observations to map ice shelf speed from the years 2000, 2006 and 2008 and apply inverse modeling to examine the spatial pattern of ice‐shelf stiffness. Results show that the northern half of the ice shelf has been accelerating since 2000, speeding up by 15% between 2000 and 2006 alone. The distribution of ice stiffness exhibits large spatial variations that we link to tributary glacier flow and fractures. Our results reveal that ice down‐flow from promontories is consistently softer, with the exception of Churchill Peninsula where we infer a stabilizing role for marine ice. We conclude that although Larsen C is not facing imminent collapse, it is undergoing significant change in the form of flow acceleration that is spatially related to thinning and fracture.
Transcriptome response of high- and low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus strains to changing iron availability
Authors: Thompson Anne W , Huang Katherine , Saito Mak A , Chisholm Sallie W
Published: May 2011

Prochlorococcus contributes significantly to ocean primary productivity. The link between primary productivity and iron in specific ocean regions is well established and iron limitation of Prochlorococcus cell division rates in these regions has been shown. However, the extent of ecotypic variation in iron metabolism among Prochlorococcus and the molecular basis for differences is not understood. Here, we examine the growth and transcriptional response of Prochlorococcus strains, MED4 and MIT9313, to changing iron concentrations. During steady state, MIT9313 sustains growth at an order-of-magnitude lower iron concentration than MED4. To explore this difference, we measured the whole-genome transcriptional response of each strain to abrupt iron starvation and rescue. Only four of the 1159 orthologs of MED4 and MIT9313 were differentially expressed in response to iron in both strains. However, in each strain, the expression of over a hundred additional genes changed, many of which are in labile genomic regions, suggesting a role for lateral gene transfer in establishing diversity of iron metabolism among Prochlorococcus. Furthermore, we found that MED4 lacks three genes near the iron-deficiency-induced gene (idiA) that are present and induced by iron stress in MIT9313. These genes are interesting targets for studying the adaptation of natural Prochlorococcus assemblages to local iron conditions as they show more diversity than other genomic regions in environmental metagenomic databases.
Metabolic diversity among main microorganisms inside an arsenic-rich ecosystem revealed by meta- and proteo-genomics
Authors: Bertin Philippe N , Heinrich-Salmeron Audrey , Pelletier Eric , Goulhen-Chollet Florence , Arsène-Ploetze Florence , Gallien Sébastien , Lauga Béatrice , Casiot Corinne , Calteau Alexandra , Vallenet David , Bonnefoy Violaine , Bruneel Odile , Chane-Woon-Ming Béatrice , Cleiss-Arnold Jessica , Duran Robert , Elbaz-Poulichet Françoise , Fonknechten Nuria , Giloteaux Ludovic , Halter David , Koechler Sandrine , Marchal Marie , Mornico Damien , Schaeffer Christine , Smith Adam Alexander Thil , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Weissenbach Jean , Médigue Claudine , Le Paslier Denis
Published: May 2011

By their metabolic activities, microorganisms have a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of elements. The complete understanding of these processes requires, however, the deciphering of both the structure and the function, including synecologic interactions, of microbial communities. Using a metagenomic approach, we demonstrated here that an acid mine drainage highly contaminated with arsenic is dominated by seven bacterial strains whose genomes were reconstructed. Five of them represent yet uncultivated bacteria and include two strains belonging to a novel bacterial phylum present in some similar ecosystems, and which was named ‘Candidatus Fodinabacter communificans.’ Metaproteomic data unravelled several microbial capabilities expressed in situ, such as iron, sulfur and arsenic oxidation that are key mechanisms in biomineralization, or organic nutrient, amino acid and vitamin metabolism involved in synthrophic associations. A statistical analysis of genomic and proteomic data and reverse transcriptase–PCR experiments allowed us to build an integrated model of the metabolic interactions that may be of prime importance in the natural attenuation of such anthropized ecosystems.