bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intra‐ and inter‐annual variability of nitrification in the rhizosphere of field‐grown bioenergy sorghum
Authors: Burnham Mark B. , Simon Sandra J. , Lee DoKyoung , Kent Angela D. , DeLucia Evan H. , Yang Wendy H.
Published: January 2022

Biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) and plant–microbe competition for ammonium (NH4+) by sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) have the potential to suppress nitrification, reducing nitrate (NO3−) and nitrous oxide (N2O) production for more sustainable bioenergy feedstock production. However, it is unknown how variability in environmental factors, field management, and plant growth affect the suppression of nitrification. We conducted a field trial with four genotypes of energy sorghum and four fertilization rates in central Illinois, USA, and measured soil N pools, potential nitrification and denitrification rates, and microbial community composition in bulk and rhizosphere soils to assess nitrification suppression throughout the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. Concentrations of NO3−and NH4+were very low in rhizosphere soil regardless of fertilization level, suggesting strong N demand by plants and microbes. Potential nitrification was lower in the rhizosphere soil than bulk soil, and this suppression was strongest mid‐season ~2 months after planting in both years (20% suppression in 2018 and 58% in 2019). Since precipitation was lower during the mid‐growing season of 2019 compared to 2018, we speculate that hydrophilic BNI root exudates accumulated in the rhizosphere and suppressed nitrification more than in 2018 when soil moisture was higher. Unfertilized plots had greater nitrification suppression than fertilized plots during the mid‐season in 2018, but otherwise nitrification suppression was insensitive to fertilizer treatment. Potential denitrification was stimulated in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil in both study years, suggesting that heterotrophic activity was stimulated by plant carbon inputs, possibly further suppressing slower‐growing chemoautotrophic nitrifying microbes. Overall, we found inter‐ and intra‐annual variation in nitrification suppression in the rhizosphere of field‐grown biomass sorghum, suggesting that plant phenology and environmental conditions should be considered when devising strategies to improve the nitrogen sustainability of this annual bioenergy crop.
Prevalence of chewing difficulty in older people in long‐term care: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abreu Maria Helena Dantas , da Silva Anayza Priscila Lourenço , Cavalcanti Renata Veiga Andersen , Cecilio Hallak Regalo Simone , Siéssere Selma , Gonçalves Flávio Magno , de Araujo Cristiano Miranda , Taveira Karinna Veríssimo Meira
Published: January 2022

Background

Many factors can influence chewing, including age. The ageing process causes morphophysiological changes in the body, including in the performance of the stomatognathic system, which directly affect chewing and swallowing.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of chewing difficulty in older people in long‐term care.

Methods

We searched six electronic databases and the grey literature. Qualitative and quantitative analyses, including risk of bias, were performed on studies that met the inclusion criteria. The meta‐analysis of proportions with a random effects model was performed, and heterogeneity was explored by meta‐regression. Risk of bias was determined using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist. The certainty of evidence was verified using the GRADE tool.

Results

Twelve articles were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate was 35% (95% confidence interval, 0.19‐0.54). As heterogeneity still persisted even after sensitivity analysis, the predictors of mean sample age and sample size were meta‐regressed to assess whether these covariates explained the variance between effect sizes. The covariable sample size of the study included in the analysis explained 84.3% of the heterogeneity existing in the analysis (R2 = 84.3%; P = .0008). The risk of bias was low in three studies, eight studies had a moderate risk of bias and one study had a high risk of bias. As for the prevalence of chewing difficulty, the GRADE criteria were considered very low.

Conclusion

About one in three older people in long‐term care have difficulty in chewing.
Bone mineral density in haemophilia – a multicentre study evaluating the impact of different replacement regimens
Authors: Klintman Jenny , Akesson Kristina E , Holme Pål André , Fischer Kathelijn
Published: January 2022

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate if prophylactic treatment in severe haemophilia impact on bone mineral densisty (BMD) in adults with haemophilia A/B.

Methods

Subjects with haemophilia (n = 120) underwent bone‐density measurement and clinical data was collected. BMD in subjects with severe haemophilia on high‐dose prophylaxis (n = 41) was compared to BMD in subjects with mild haemophilia (n = 33) and to severe haemophilia treated with intermediate‐dose prophylaxis (n = 32) or on‐demand replacement therapy (n = 14).

Results

Subjects with severe haemophilia on high‐dose prophylaxis showed BMD at total hip comparable to subjects with mild haemophilia (median BMD 955.8 and 977.4 mg/cm2 (P = .17), respectively). No difference in BMD was found related to type of prophylactic regimen (median BMD 955.8 and 942.4 mg/cm2, in high‐dose and intermediate dose groups, respectively; P = .70). Subjects with severe disease treated on‐demand had significantly lower BMD compared to subjects on a high‐dose prophylactic regimen (median BMD 771.8 and 955.8 mg/cm2 (P = .001), respectively). BMD decreased significantly with age, regardless of severity of haemophilia disease. In a multivariate analysis, adjusted for disease status and age, type of prophylactic regimen was not significantly associated with osteoporosis development.

Conclusion

We show that BMD differs in persons with severe haemophilia on propylaxis as compared to those treated on‐demand, but that type of prophylactic regimen does not reflect on BMD. The difference between treatment groups was mainly explained by an age difference between groups. However, patients on prophylaxis displayed a high degree of normal BMD not far from mild haemophilia at comparative age.
Die Bruder‐Problematik in Thomas Manns »Fiorenza« und im Essay über den Künstler und den Literaten
Authors: Banuls André
Published: January 2022

In Thomas Manns eigenen Interpretationen seines Theaterstücks erscheint Savonarola manchmal als sein Fürsprecher, ein andermal sieht er in ihm den politischen Agitator, den er in seinem Bruder eine Zeitlang verurteilte. Dies ist auf die lange Zeit, die zwischen Konzeption und endgültiger Fertigstellung des Stückes verlief, zurückzuführen. Thomas Manns ‘Notizbücher’ beleuchten diese Entwicklung.

Der zweite Teil des Aufsatzes interpretiert den nie untersuchten Essay von 1913 über den Künstler und den Literaten. In verschlüsselter, nicht leicht durchschaubarer Form werden hier zwei Typen von Literatur gegenübergestellt: der »Künstler« ist objektiv‐humorvoll, der »Literat« steht im Dienst politischer Anschauungen, die, falls er ihnen wirklich folgen würde, ihn zur Toleranz und »Güte« führen müßten, was TM aber gerade bei seinem Bruder am ehesten vermißt, wenn er ihn auch zuletzt (anonym) noch beschwört, diese Tugenden zu praktizieren. Dies alles kurz vor dem offenen Konflikt der Kriegsjahre (Zola‐Essay und Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen).
Single‐cell RNA‐seq reveals altered NK cell subsets and reduced levels of cytotoxic molecules in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Ren Conglin , Li Mingshuang , Zheng Yang , Cai Bingbing , Du Weibin , Zhang Helou , Wu Fengqing , Tong Mengsha , Lin Fu , Wang Jinfu , Quan Renfu
Published: January 2022

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. To unravel the mechanisms mediating AS pathogenesis, we profiled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AS patients and healthy subjects using 10X single‐cell RNA sequencing. The frequencies of immune cell subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. NK cells were purified from PBMCs using isolation kit and were examined for gene expression by RT‐qPCR. Plasma levels of cytolytic molecules were examined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Compared to healthy controls, AS patients showed a significant decrease in total NK cells as well as CD56dim NK subset, whereas CD56bright NK cells were increased. Additionally, impaired expression of cytotoxic genes in NK cells of AS patients was observed by bioinformatics algorithm and verified by RT‐qPCR and flow cytometry. Consistent with changes in transcriptomics, we found decreased plasma levels of granzymes, but not granulysin, in AS patients. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between plasma GZMB levels and disease activity (r = −0.5275, p = 0.0358). No correlation was observed between plasma cytolytic molecules and biochemical indexes (ESR and CRP). Our findings uncover altered NK cell subsets and cytotoxic profiles in peripheral circulation of AS patients at single‐cell resolution.
Microstructural considerations for novel lithium disilicate glass ceramics: A review
Authors: Phark Jin‐Ho , Duarte Sillas
Published: January 2022

Objective

To review the ultrastructural characteristics of novel lithium disilicate based glass ceramics (LDC), how their manufacturing process influences their structure and their clinical use.

Overview

Lithium disilicate based glass ceramic has been successfully used for indirect restorations ranging from partial tooth coverage up to tooth replacement for over 20 years. It combines esthetic and mechanical properties, unlike any other indirect material which makes it an indispensable part of esthetic and restorative dentistry. Recently, novel LDCs have been introduced to the market. Parameters for their use and their microstructure are still not been widely known. This article will review these materials and highlight with high‐resolution scanning electron microscopic images their structural aspects and their resulting clinical relevance.

Conclusion

Restorations made from LDCs are reliable and can be predictably used only when proper guidelines and protocols during manufacturing and clinical use are followed. For novel LDCs manufacturing and long‐term bonding protocols still must be established. Moreover, novel LDCs machinable blocks should be crystallized or heat‐treated after milling for superior performance.

Clinical significance

With more and newer etchable LDC materials entering the market, clinicians and technicians need to be aware of the differences in manufacturing and the resulting microstructure to ensure a successful treatment outcome that will last.
Navigation guided socket‐shield technique for implant and pontic sites in the esthetic zone: A proof‐of‐concept 1‐year prospective study with immediate implant placement and loading
Authors: Pozzi Alessandro , Arcuri Lorenzo , Kan Joseph , Londono Jimmy
Published: January 2022

Objective

To assess clinical, radiological performance of novel navigation guided socket‐shield technique (NSS) with immediate implant placement and loading.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen patients (12 females; age 52.54 ± 4.92; 33–72) treated between January 2018 and June 2019, were investigated, and followed for at least 1 year after definitive prosthesis placement (mean 20.1 months, 18–23). Primary outcomes: implant and prosthetic success rates, surgical, biologic, prosthetic complications. Secondary outcomes: marginal bone loss (MBL), implant stability quotient (ISQ), pink esthetic score (PES), plaque and bleeding indexes.

Results

Sixty‐nine navigation guided socket‐shield procedures were performed (27 implant‐sites and 42 pontic‐sites) and 27 implants (NobelParallel, NobelBiocare AG) positioned and immediately loaded. Mean insertion torque and ISQ at implant positioning were 49 ± 5.34 Ncm (36–74), 73 ± 5.72 (68–81). No implant failure was experienced. Two root‐shield exposures with mucositis, ulceration and bleeding were reported at two pontic‐sites (2.9%) and successfully treated. No complications were experienced at implant‐site leading to an overall NSS success‐rate of 100%. No prosthetic complications occurred. Mean MBL was −0.72 ± 0.26 mm (−0.42 to −1.06 mm). PES final at the last follow‐up 12.84 ± 0.92. The plaque and bleeding scores were 18.5 ± 6.12 and 3.15 ± 2.21.

Conclusions

Within study limitations, dynamic navigation was effective to streamline execution of socket‐shield technique at implant and pontic sites, shortening treatment time and reducing complications. Navigation guided socket‐shield technique was reliable to achieve digitally planned shield‐to‐implant distance, facilitate immediate implant placement and loading and establish the mucosal dimension needed for underlying bone‐to‐implant protection and esthetic integration.

Clinical Significance

The investigated NSS technique overcomes the difficulties related to root preparation at implant and pontic‐sites, facilitating immediate implant placement and loading. Dynamic guided surgery contributed to make socket‐shield technique less technical‐sensitive, shortening time for execution, reducing complication rate.
Somatic infraciliature in tintinnid ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Spirotricha): An ultrastructural comparison*
Authors: Agatha Sabine , Gruber Michael S. , Bartel Heidi , Weißenbacher Birgit
Published: January 2022

A recent ultrastructural study on the tintinnid ciliate Schmidingerella meunieri displayed unique types of somatic kinetids. The dikinetids (paired basal bodies) have, besides kinetodesmal fibrils and transverse ribbons, some special features, that is, overlapping postciliary ribbons and three extraordinary microtubular ribbons, which together form a conspicuous network in the ciliated anterior cell portion. The distribution of this feature among tintinnids is studied in chemically fixed and ultrathin‐sectioned specimens from six genera and five families collected in European coastal waters. The taxa are scattered across the molecular tree. Actually, the somatic kinetids of these six genera share the special features discovered in S. meunieri. Accordingly, the overlapping postciliary ribbons and the three extraordinary ribbons were already present in the early stages of tintinnid evolution, namely in the last common ancestor of tintinnids with hard loricae. Owing to the lack of ultrastructural data in the basally branching Tintinnidiidae with their soft loricae and in aloricate choreotrichids other than the aberrant strobilidiids, the first appearance of the structures is still uncertain. The related oligotrichids do not possess overlapping postciliary ribbons, but show electron‐dense material at the sites where the ribbons I–III originate in tintinnids. None of these features is found in any other spirotrich ciliate.
Assembly of yield heterosis of an elite rice hybrid is promising by manipulating dominant quantitative trait loci
Authors: Shen Guojing , Hu Wei , Wang Xianmeng , Zhou Xiangchun , Han Zhongming , Sherif Ahmed , Ayaad Mohammed , Xing Yongzhong
Published: January 2022

In the past, rice hybrids with strong heterosis have been obtained empirically, by developing and testing thousands of combinations. Here, we aimed to determine whether heterosis of an elite hybrid could be achieved by manipulating major quantitative trait loci. We used 202 chromosome segment substitution lines from the elite hybrid Shanyou 63 to evaluate single segment heterosis (SSH) of yield per plant and identify heterotic loci. All nine detected heterotic loci acted in a dominant fashion, and no SSH exhibited overdominance. Functional alleles of key yield‐related genes Ghd7, Ghd7.1, Hd1, and GS3 were dispersed in both parents. No functional alleles of three investigated genes were expressed at higher levels in the hybrids than in the more desirable parents. A hybrid pyramiding eight heterotic loci in the female parent Zhenshan 97 background had a comparable yield to Shanyou 63 and much higher yield than Zhenshan 97. Five hybrids pyramiding eight or nine heterotic loci in the combined parental genome background showed similar yield performance to that of Shanyou 63. These results suggest that dominance underlying functional complementation is an important contributor to yield heterosis and that heterosis assembly might be successfully promised by manipulating several major dominant heterotic loci.
Transgender man receiving testosterone treatment became pregnant and delivered a girl: A case report
Authors: Yoshida Atsuko , Kaji Takashi , Imaizumi Junki , Shirakawa Aya , Suga Kenichi , Nakagawa Ryuji , Maeda Kazuhisa , Irahara Minoru , Iwasa Takeshi
Published: January 2022

Many transgender men receive testosterone therapy to achieve virilization. The therapy is often mistaken for having a contraceptive effect because it causes amenorrhea. However, some treated patients become pregnant, which is not well known. A 25‐year‐old transgender man who had received testosterone for 3 years had an unplanned pregnancy during discontinuation of treatment. He was unaware of his pregnancy, resumed testosterone, and continued treatment until pregnancy was confirmed. His female child was exposed to androgens during the fetal period; thus, careful, long‐term observation was required. He developed insomnia and depression during the postpartum, and giving birth made it difficult for him to change his family register to male. Transgender men can become pregnant through sexual intercourse with biological men, even during hormone replacement therapy, so correct contraception is necessary to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Transgender sex education is important to increase awareness of this issue among individuals and medical professionals.
Cephalic version by postural management in the lateral position without the knee‐chest position for primiparous breech presentation: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shinmura Hiroki , Matsushima Takashi , Okuda Naofumi , Watanabe Asako , Nagashima Asako , Yamada Mayu , Harigane Eika , Tsunoda Youhei , Ichikawa Go , Suzuki Shunji
Published: January 2022

Aim

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of postural management in the lateral position for primiparous breech presentation.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single institution from January 2020 through December 2020. Participants were singleton primiparous pregnant women diagnosed with breech presentation between 28 + 0 and 29 + 6 weeks of gestation. The exclusion criteria were scheduled cesarean delivery, uterine malformation, transverse position, and scheduled delivery at another hospital. A doctor instructed the women in the intervention group to lie on their right sides several times a day if the fetal back was on the left side or lie on their left sides if the fetal back was on the right side. The knee‐chest position and other methods were not recommended. The control group received expectant management care. The primary endpoint was the percentage of fetuses in a cephalic presentation 2 weeks later.

Results

Of the 56 women included in the study, 17 women were instructed to lie in the lateral position, and 39 women received expectant management care only. After 2 weeks, women who were instructed to lie in lateral position had a higher rate of fetal cephalic version than the control group (82.4% [14/17] vs. 43.6% [17/39], p = 0.017). No study participants experienced adverse effects.

Conclusions

Two weeks of postural management in the lateral position without the knee‐chest position significantly reduced the rate of primiparous breech presentation in the third trimester of pregnancy.
On Weber, Pathogens, and Culture: A Global Empirical Analysis of Religion and Individualism
Authors: Ciftci Sabri
Published: January 2022

Collectivism‐individualism framework is widely employed to explain differences in economic development and democratization. However, little empirical work has been done about the religious microfoundations of this framework. This study closes this gap by providing a global empirical analysis of religion and individualism. Distinguishing between piety and religious identity, the study proposes theoretical mechanisms linking religion to varieties of individualism controlling for diffusive effects of denominational size and collectivism inducing exogenous factors. A series of multilevel model estimations using the World Values Surveys along with denominational composition and historical pathogen prevalence confirm that religiosity inhibits social and expressive individualism but engenders economic individualism. Some support is found for Weber's religious ethic thesis as differences emerge among religious denominations. Pathogen prevalence and denominational size somewhat strengthens the negative correlation between religiosity and individualism. These results are robust to alternative specifications and have significant implications about the role of religiosity in shaping individualistic attitudes.
Risk factors associated with short‐term mortality and recurrence of status epilepticus in dogs
Authors: Fentem Rory , de Stefani Alberta , Quintana Rodrigo Gutierrez , Alcoverro Emili , Jones Gareth Michael Couper , Amengual‐Batle Pablo , Gonçalves Rita
Published: January 2022

Background

Status epilepticus (SE) is an emergency associated with serious consequences for both patient and owner. Data regarding risk factors for short‐term mortality or recurrence in dogs with SE is limited.

Objective

Identify risk factors associated with short‐term mortality (euthanasia or spontaneous death) and recurrence of SE in dogs.

Animals

One hundred twenty‐four client‐owned dogs that sustained an episode of SE.

Methods

Retrospective multicenter study using data collected from medical records of dogs presented in SE to the contributing institutions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using a manual backwards stepwise approach to identify risk factors associated with short‐term mortality and recurrence of SE after discharge.

Results

Short‐term mortality for affected dogs was 29.8%. Factors significantly associated with short‐term mortality included increased patient age, shorter duration of hospitalization, development of SE before arrival, and SE caused by a potentially fatal etiology. Status epilepticus recurred in 27% of dogs that survived to discharge. Factors significantly associated with recurrence of SE included prior history of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and predominance of a focal seizure phenotype.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Our results may be used to inform clinicians and dog owners regarding risk factors for both short‐term mortality and recurrence in dogs with SE.
Lifestyle changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic impact metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Nakamura Naotoshi , Fukumoto Shinya , Kimura Tatsuo , Nakano Akemi , Nadatani Yuji , Tauchi Yukie , Nishii Yuuko , Takashima Shingo , Kamada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Toshio , Kawada Norifumi
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic precipitated lifestyle changes. We aimed to clarify whether COVID‐19–induced lifestyle changes affected the development of metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).

Methods

This retrospective longitudinal study included 973 participants who underwent health check‐ups between 2018 and 2020. We used data from the MedCity21 health examination registry. Participants' clinical characteristics and lifestyle habits were investigated. Independent lifestyle predictors of MAFLD development before the pandemic (2018‐2019) and during the pandemic (2019‐2020) were identified using logistic regression analysis.

Results

In 2018, 261 (27%) patients were diagnosed with MAFLD. Before the pandemic, 22 patients developed new MAFLD. During this time, routine late‐night meals were identified as an independent lifestyle predictor of MAFLD development (hazard ratio [HR] 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02‐6.36, P = .046). In contrast, 44 patients developed new MAFLD during the pandemic. During this time, higher daily alcohol intake was identified as an independent lifestyle predictor of MAFLD development (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01‐1.05, P = .008). In participants aged <60 years, daily alcohol intake and the proportion of participants who ate 2 times/day were significantly higher in patients who developed MAFLD during the pandemic than in those who did not. In participants aged ≥60 years, no lifestyle habits were associated with MAFLD development before or during the pandemic.

Conclusions

New MAFLD diagnoses increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Changes in lifestyle factors, particularly in those aged <60 years, must be monitored and addressed as the pandemic continues.
Roles for the mycobiome in liver disease
Authors: Zeng Suling , Schnabl Bernd
Published: January 2022

Liver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies have associated changes in gut bacteria with pathogenesis and severity of liver disease, but the contributions of the mycobiome (the fungal populations of the gut) to health and disease have not been well studied. We review recent findings of alterations in the composition of the mycobiota in patients with liver disease and discuss the mechanisms by which these might affect pathogenesis and disease progression. Strategies to manipulate the gut mycobiota might be developed to treat or prevent liver disease.
Differential priority effects impact taxonomy and functionality of host‐associated microbiomes
Authors: Nappi Jadranka , Goncalves Priscila , Khan Tahsin , Majzoub Marwan E. , Grobler Anna Sophia , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Thomas Torsten , Egan Suhelen
Published: January 2022

Most multicellular eukaryotes host complex communities of microorganisms, but the factors that govern their assembly are poorly understood. The settlement of specific microorganisms may have a lasting impact on community composition, a phenomenon known as the priority effect. Priority effects of individual bacterial strains on a host's microbiome are, however, rarely studied and their impact on microbiome functionality remains unknown. We experimentally tested the effect of two bacterial strains (Pseudoalteromonas tunicataD2 andPseudovibriosp. D323) on the assembly and succession of the microbial communities associated with the green macroalgaUlva australis. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, we found that both strains exert a priority effect, with strain D2 causing initially strong but temporary taxonomic changes and strain D323 causing weaker but consistent changes. Consistent changes were predominately facilitatory and included taxa that may benefit the algal host. Metagenome analyses revealed that the strains elicited both shared (e.g., depletion of type III secretion system genes) and unique (e.g., enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes) effects on the predicted microbiome functionality. These findings indicate strong idiosyncratic effects of colonizing bacteria on the structure and function of host‐associated microbial communities. Understanding the idiosyncrasies in priority effects is key for the development of novel probiotics to improve host condition.
Efficient semiparametric estimation of time‐censored intensity‐reduction models for repairable systems
Authors: Wang Jinyang , Chen Piao , Ye Zhisheng
Published: January 2022

The rate reduction models have been widely used to model the recurrent failure data for their capabilities in quantifying the repair effects. Despite the widespread popularity, there have been limited studies on statistical inference of most failure rate reduction models. In view of this fact, this study proposes a semiparametric estimation framework for a general class of such models, called extended geometric failure rate reduction (EGFRR) models. Covariates are considered in our analysis and their effects are modeled as a log‐linear factor on the baseline failure rate. Unlike the existing inference methods for the EGFRR models that assume the failure data are censored at a fixed number of failures, our study considers covariates and time‐censoring, which are more common in practice. The semiparametric maximum likelihood (ML) estimators are obtained by carefully constructing the likelihood function. Asymptotic properties including consistency and weak convergence of the ML estimators are established by using the properties of the martingale process. In addition, we show that the semiparametric estimators are asymptotically efficient. A real example from the automobile industry illustrates the usefulness of the proposed framework and extensive simulations show its outstanding performance when comparing with the existing methods.
I’ve Been Misgendered So Many Times: Comparing the Experiences of Chronic Misgendering among Transgender Graduate Students in the Social and Natural Sciences
Authors: Whitley Cameron T. , Nordmarken Sonny , Kolysh Simone , Goldstein‐Kral Jess
Published: January 2022

Chronic misgendering is the process of being repeatedly misgendered (referred to as another gender) after informing an individual of gender pronouns (e.g., “she,” “he,” “they”). Chronic misgendering is symbolic of larger institutional and disciplinary adherence to a paradigm that privileges cisgender people, referred to as a gender essentialist paradigm. In order to understand which disciplines in higher education have more pervasive chronic misgendering, we analyze results from the National Survey of Transgender Graduate Students (n = 245). Graduate students in the natural sciences experience more chronic misgendering compared to graduate students in the social sciences. Those in health and biological science fields (in and closely related to medicine) reported the highest level of chronic misgendering, accounting for the majority of all chronic misgendering in the natural sciences. We argue that not only do these incidents negatively impact transgender graduate students, but they also reflect and reproduce field‐specific expectations for what is considered acceptable misgendering practice in post‐graduate professional environments, such as community health and medicine. As such, chronic misgendering in graduate school functions as unofficial curricula and thus, training for workplace cultures that, to different degrees, devalue transgender people and contribute to structural inequalities.
The stigmatized perceiver: Exploring the implications of social stigma for cross‐race face processing and memory
Authors: Hinzman Lindsay , Lloyd E. Paige , Maddox Keith B.
Published: January 2022

The human face is an important source of information, such as race or ethnicity, which can guide social interaction and outcomes. Research suggests that compared to majority and dominant group members, minority and subordinate group members tend to experience chronic stigma, resulting in more negative life outcomes (e.g., educational and occupational attainment). We argue that theory and research exploring face perception has not led to models that incorporate how the chronic experience of stigma may impact judgments, reflecting a gap with potential consequences for the validity and generalizability of the theories developed. We propose a framework for understanding how experiencing a socially stigmatized racial identity may lead perceivers to engage in face processing differently from their non‐stigmatized counterparts. With a focus on the literature examining the cross‐race effect, we explore the potential impact of chronic social stigma on three theorized moderators guiding processing and memory for same‐versus cross‐race faces. Our analysis suggests that future research focusing on stigmatized perceivers could help to explain some variation in findings, lead to novel theoretical development, and ultimately produce more generalizable research across several domains of inquiry.
On being affected: Desire, passion, and the question of conatus after Spinoza and Deleuze
Authors: Burdon George
Published: January 2022

This paper introduces Spinoza's notion of conatus as the principle of desire that animates how we strive to persist in the world. Spinoza argues that our conatus is affected by the encounters and relations that make up socio‐spatial life, meaning that the desires that animate our striving are more often than not shaped by external powers. Centralising the notion of conatus therefore highlights how what geographers have come to term “affects” can be understood to be thoroughly imbricated in complex conditions of desire. The paper then pulls out the ethico‐political consequences of thinking with conatus. First, this involves engaging the political problem of the “passions” as the affective trace of the processes in which our desires are shaped by powers greater than ourselves and which, Spinoza argues, often leave us striving in ways that are contrary to our flourishing. Second, the paper turns to what Spinoza calls the ‘common notions’ as a way of thinking ethics as a practice for composing more joyful modes of persisting in common. Ethics becomes a practice of thought aimed toward the expression of the numerous ways in which the “I” that desires is inseparable from the powers of others – be they people, ideas, events, institutions, or anything else – such that the very identity of that “I” is thrown into disarray. Throughout, the paper draws on Gilles Deleuze's interpretations of Spinoza for the way that Deleuze foregrounds passivity, the capacity to be affected, not as necessarily a weakness but as a rich field of ethico‐political potential.
HIV responsibilisation: Stigma, disclosure, and care in the age of 90‐90‐90
Authors: King Brian , Rishworth Andrea
Published: January 2022

The announcement that World AIDS Day would mark its 30th anniversary with the theme “know your status” was the result of significant advancements in the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In making this declaration, UNAIDS emphasised that knowing one's status is crucial to achieving the 90‐90‐90 targets, namely that by 2020, 90% of all people living with HIV will know their status, receive sustained antiretroviral therapy, and have viral suppression. Far removed from an earlier period when access to antiretroviral therapy was limited or unavailable, the “know your status” campaign represents a more hopeful moment. Yet even with its laudatory goal, the campaign reflects a larger trend in global health emphasising that being responsible for one's own health obligates caring for the health of others. The intention of this paper is to engage with geographic scholarship on care to examine how living with HIV involves both personal responsibility and responsibilisation. Drawing from fieldwork in rural South Africa, the paper outlines the challenges for those living with HIV, particularly when stigma and other needs remain stark. We conclude by identifying points of convergence and divergence between theories of responsibility, responsibilisation, and an ethics of care.
Flow rates of double‐lumen over‐the‐wire catheters for high‐volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species
Authors: Giffoni Juliana H. , Teixeira Raffaella B. C. , Wenceslau Raphael R. , Abrantes Melina A. F. , Oliveira Jéssica G. , Lima Jorge T. B. , Maranhão Renata P. A. , Palhares Maristela S.
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the maximum in vitro flow rate of 6 types of polyurethane over‐the‐wire double lumen catheters using both ports, for high volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species.

Settings

University teaching hospital.

Design

Prospective in vitro experimental study.

Interventions

The flow rate of both ports of 6 polyurethane double lumen over‐the‐wire catheters (11 and 13–Fr, 15 and 20 cm long, elliptical and tapered tip designs) and 2 types of infusion (with or without pressure bags) were tested on a factorial scheme (6 × 2) in triplicate, using commercial isotonic crystalloid (0.9% NaCl) and synthetic colloid (6% Hydroxyethyl starch, 130/0.4).

Measurements and main results

Flow rates were influenced by catheter diameter, length, tip design and presence or absence of pressure bags (P < 0.05). Mean flow rates during non‐pressurized 0.9% NaCl infusion ranged from 584 mL/min (35 L/h; 11‐Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 905 mL/min (54 L/h; 13‐Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during non‐pressurized synthetic colloid infusion varied from 404 mL/min (24 L/h; 11‐Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 724 mL/min (43 L/h; 13‐Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during pressurized infusion were 1.72 and 2.02 times greater than those obtained by gravity alone for 0.9% NaCl and synthetic colloid, respectively (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Highest in vitro flow rates were achieved when larger diameter, shorter and elliptical tip catheters were used during 0.9% NaCl infusion. Catheter diameter, tip design but not length influenced the flow rate during synthetic colloid infusion. The use of pressure bags significantly increased the flow rate of all catheters, for both solutions.
The Potential of a Separated Electric Compound Spark-Ignition Engine for Hybrid Vehicle Application
Authors: Pipitone Emiliano , Caltabellotta Salvatore
Published: January 2022

In-cylinder expansion of internal combustion engines based on Diesel or Otto cycles cannot be completely brought down to ambient pressure, causing a 20% theoretical energy loss. Several systems have been implemented to recover and use this energy such as turbocharging, turbomechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, or the implementation of Miller cycles. In all these cases however, the amount of energy recovered is limited allowing the engine to reach an overall efficiency incremental improvement between 4% and 9%. Implementing an adequately designed expander–generator unit could efficiently recover the unexpanded exhaust gas energy and improve efficiency. In this work, the application of the expander–generator unit to a hybrid propulsion vehicle is considered, where the onboard energy storage receives power produced by an expander–generator, which could hence be employed for vehicle propulsion through an electric drivetrain. Starting from these considerations, a simple but effective modeling approach is used to evaluate the energetic potential of a spark-ignition (SI) engine electrically supercharged and equipped with an exhaust gas expander connected to an electric generator. The overall efficiency was compared to a reference turbocharged engine within a hybrid vehicle architecture. It was found that, if adequately recovered, the unexpanded gas energy could reduce engine fuel consumption and related pollutant emissions by 4–12%, depending on overall power output.
Numerical Study on Fragmentation Characteristics of Granite Under a Single Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Cutter in Rotary-Percussive Drilling
Authors: Shi Huaizhong , Ji Zhaosheng , Jiang Jinbao , Li Bangmin
Published: January 2022

Fragmentation characteristics of granite in rotary-percussive drilling (RPD) are studied using the distinct element method. We developed a model to investigate the interaction between the rock and a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter. The micro contact parameters in the model are calibrated by conducting a series of simulated mechanical tests of the rock. Sensitivity analyses are then conducted to according the drilling performances which are quantified as the penetration displacement, the fragmentation volume and the specific energy, as well as the lateral force and the particle size distribution. Results show that the model can well represent the typical fracture system under indentation of the cutter, the torque fluctuation phenomenon in drilling, and the formation of lateral chips, which verify the reliability of the model. The cutter with a back rake angle of 55 deg and impact frequency of 30 Hz has the best penetration performance in evaluated parameters. Increasing the frequency has a great effect on the rock breaking speed under the coupling effect of impact and cutting in the low frequency range. Considering crushing efficiency, 50 Hz is the recommended impact frequency. This paper provides a useful tool to represent the fragmentation performance of rotary-percussive drilling and sensitivity analyses shed light on the potential ways to improve the performance.
Effect of Quartz Aperture Covers on the Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Efficiency of Falling Particle Receivers
Authors: Yue Lindsey , Mills Brantley , Christian Josh , Ho Clifford K.
Published: January 2022

Falling particle receivers are an emerging technology for use in concentrating solar power systems. In this study, quartz half-shells are investigated for use as full or partial aperture covers to reduce receiver thermal losses. Quartz half-shell aperture covers offer the ability to minimally interfere with incoming solar radiation from the heliostat field while obstructing thermal radiation and advection from leaving the receiver cavity. The fluid dynamics and heat transfer of a receiver subdomain and surrounding air are modeled using ansys®fluent. We compare the percentage of total incident solar power lost due to conduction through the receiver walls, advective losses through the aperture, and radiation exiting the aperture. Contrary to expected outcomes, results show that quartz aperture covers can increase radiative losses and result in modest to nonexistent reductions in advective losses. The increased radiative losses are driven by elevated quartz half-shell temperatures and have the potential to be mitigated by active cooling and/or material selection. Quartz half-shell total transmissivity was measured experimentally using a radiometer and the National Solar Thermal Test Facility heliostat field with values up to 0.97 ± 0.01. Quartz half-shell aperture covers did not yield expected efficiency gains in numerical results due to increased radiative losses, but efficiency improvement in some numerical results and the performance of quartz half-shells subject to concentrated solar radiation suggest that quartz half-shell aperture covers should be investigated further.
A Large Range Compliant Nano-Manipulator Supporting Electron Beam Lithography
Authors: Liu Yijie , Zhang Zhen
Published: January 2022

Electron beam lithography (EBL) is an important lithographic process of scanning a focused electron beam (e-beam) to direct write a custom pattern with nanometric accuracy. Due to the very limited field of the focused e-beam, a motion stage is needed to move the sample to the e-beam field for processing large patterns. In order to eliminate the stitching error caused by the existing “step and scan” process, we in this paper propose a large range compliant nano-manipulator so that the manipulator and the e-beam can be moved in a simultaneous manner. We also propose an optimized design of the geometric parameters of the compliant nano-manipulator, so that the dimensions and rotational stiffness are suitable for EBL applications in a vacuum environment. Experimental results demonstrate 1 mm × 1 mm travel range with high linearity, ∼0.5% cross-axis error and 5 nm resolution. Moreover, the high natural frequency (∼56 Hz) of the manipulator facilitates it to achieve high-precision motion of EBL.
Grooved Cam Mechanism With a Translating Follower Having an Added Ternary-Roller Intermediate Link
Authors: Hsu Kuan-Lun , Pan Tung-Hsin , Wu Long-Iong
Published: January 2022

The paper presents an analytical approach for designing grooved cam mechanisms with a modified arrangement of the common translating follower. That is, an intermediate link having three rollers is added between the cam and the common follower. On the basis of an existing cam mechanism with a common roller follower, an intermediate link that has three rollers is added between the cam and the common follower. Such a cam mechanism has two sets of profile and can create multiple contact points between the cam and the follower at any instant. The two sets of profiles of such a cam mechanism can serve as the grooved types. Since the follower has three rollers that can simultaneously contact the cam at any instant, it can be positively driven along the guided groove of the cam contour. The contact forces and contact stresses of such a cam mechanism are analyzed to illustrate the advantage of spreading the force transmission and reducing the contact stress of this uncommon follower. The obtained results indicate that the contact stress at the surface of the cam and the follower for such a cam mechanism can be reduced by 30 to 47% in comparison with those of the cam mechanism with a common translating roller follower. In conclusion, the cam mechanism with a translating follower having an added ternary-roller intermediate link can be a preferable choice for the applications that follower is against heavy loads or moves at high speed.
The Correlation Between Wear Evolution and Mechanical Property Degradation of Wire Rope in a Multilayer Winding System
Authors: Chang Xiang-dong , Peng Yu-xing , Cheng De-qiang , Zhu Zhen-cai , Wang Da-gang , Lu Hao , Tang Wei , Chen Guo-an
Published: January 2022

Surface wear is one of the major causes of damage to wire ropes in multilayer winding systems. This damage leads to performance degradation and affects the service safety of wire rope. To reveal the wear evolution and the performance degradation of wire rope in service, the correlations between the wear characteristic parameters and the residual strength were investigated. The results show that the variation in the wear parameters is affected by the wear distribution and the structure of the wire rope. The main wear mechanisms between wire ropes are adhesion wear and abrasive wear. Different wear parameters should be combined to evaluate the wear state of the wire rope. The tensile temperature rise could accurately reflect the wear evolution of the in-service wire rope under the condition of a large wear degree. The negative correlation between the residual strength and the wear area of the damaged rope samples is the strongest.
A New Moving Kirchhoff–Love Plate Element for Dynamic Analysis of Vehicle–Pavement Interaction
Authors: Xu Yan , Yang Caijin , Zhang Weihua , Zhu Weidong , Fan Wei
Published: January 2022

A new moving Kirchhoff–Love plate element is developed in this work to accurately and efficiently calculate the dynamic response of vehicle–pavement interaction. Since the vehicle can only affect a small region nearby, the wide pavement is reduced to a small reduced plate area around the vehicle. The vehicle loads moving along an arbitrary trajectory is considered, and the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method is used here for coordinate conversion. The reduced plate area is spatially discretized using the current moving plate element (MPE), where its governing equations are derived using Lagrange’s equations. The moving plate element is validated by different plate subjected to moving load cases. Then a vehicle–pavement interaction case with constant and variable speed is analyzed here. The calculation results from the moving plate element are in good agreement with those from the modal superposition method (MSM), and the calculation time with the moving plate element is only one-third of that using the MSM. The moving plate element is accurate and more efficient than the MSM in calculating the dynamic response of the vehicle–pavement interaction.