bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance, carcass quality, and gastric alterations in fattening pigs fed additives containing formic acid either coated with sorbate or mixed with lactic acid
Authors: PARTANEN K. , KARHAPÄÄ M. , SILJANDER-RASI H.
Published: December 2006

The growth-promoting effects of two dietary acidifiers based on formic acid were studied with 320 fattening pigs from ca 21 kg to ca 105 kg of body weight. The sorbate-coated formic acid contained formic acid and ammonium formate which were absorbed in diatomaceous earth and coated with potassium sorbate. The investigated liquid blend contained formic and lactic acids as the major components. These acidifiers were added to grower and finisher diets at levels of 3, 6, and 12 g kg-1 of feed. The grower and finisher diets in the negative control treatment contained no growth promoters, but the grower diet in the positive control treatment was supplemented with avilamycin (40 mg kg-1). The investigated acidifiers did not influence the performance of growing pigs (P > 0.05). In finishing pigs, all additions of the sorbate-coated formic acid improved daily weight gain compared to the negative control (P < 0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio was improved by additions of 3 and 12 g kg-of the acidifier. During the total fattening period, 6 and g kg-of the sorbate-coated formic acid improved daily weight gain compared to the situation in the negative control (P < 0.05), and g kg-improved the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). The addition of 3 g kg-of the blend of formic and lactic acids improved the daily weight gain of the finishing pigs and during the total fattening period, whereas the feed conversion ratio was improved by all the addition levels (P < 0.05). The growth promoting effect of the two acidifiers did not differ significantly, and no significant linear or quadratic trends were found in the pigs performance results between the addition levels from 3 to 12 g kg-1. The sorbcarcass quality of the pigs was not influenced by the acidifiers (P > 0.05). The frequency of severe gastric alterations tended to be smaller when the diets contained 12 g kg-of the sorbate-coated formic acid (P = 0.07), but the results of the other acidifier treatments did not differ significantly from those in the negative control. In conclusion, both the sorbate-coated formic acid and the blend of formic and lactic acids have a growth-promoting effect in fattening pigs already in small dosages, but they do not influence carcass quality or cause gastric alterations.;
Process flow diagram of an ammonia plant as a complex network
Authors: Jiang Zhi‐Qiang , Zhou Wei‐Xing , Xu Bing , Yuan Wei‐Kang
Published: January 2007

Complex networks have attracted increasing interests in almost all disciplines of natural and social sciences. However, few efforts have been afforded in the field of chemical engineering. An example of complex technological network, investigating the process flow of an ammonia plant (AP) is presented. The AP network is a small‐world network with scale‐free distribution of degrees. Adopting Newman's maximum modularity algorithm for the detection of communities in complex networks, evident modular structures are identified in the AP network, which stem from the modular sections in chemical plants. In addition, it is found that the resultant AP tree exhibits excellent allometric scaling. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2007
Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste–tribe continuum in India
Authors: Chaubey Gyaneshwer , Metspalu Mait , Kivisild Toomas , Villems Richard
Published: December 2006

In recent years, mtDNA and Y chromosome studies involving human populations from South Asia and the rest of the world have revealed new insights about the peopling of the world by anatomically modern humans during the late Pleistocene, some 40,000–60,000 years ago, over the southern coastal route from Africa. Molecular studies and archaeological record are both largely consistent with autochthonous differentiation of the genetic structure of the caste and tribal populations in South Asia. High level of endogamy created by numerous social boundaries within and between castes and tribes, along with the influence of several evolutionary forces such as genetic drift, fragmentation and long‐term isolation, has kept the Indian populations diverse and distant from each other as well as from other continental populations. This review attempts to summarize recent genetic studies on Indian caste and tribal populations with the focus on the information embedded in the socially defined structure of Indian populations. BioEssays 29: 91–100, 2007. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Fluorous, Pummerer Cyclative‐Capture Strategy for the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: McAllister Laura A. , McCormick Rosemary A. , James Karen M. , Brand Stephen , Willetts Nigel , Procter David J.
Published: January 2007

A fluorous, cyclative‐capture strategy based on a new Pummerer cyclization process allows rapid access to tagged, heterocyclic frameworks. Convenient modification of the fluorous, heterocyclic scaffolds by using a variety of approaches including Pd‐catalyzed cross‐couplings is possible. Traceless, reductive cleavage of the fluorous‐phase tag or oxidative cleavage and further elaboration, completes a strategy for the high‐throughput, fluorous‐phase synthesis of a diverse range of N‐heterocycles.
Environmental deterioration and human agency in ancient Macedonia: A case study
Authors: Wiseman James
Published: December 2006

Stobi, a city inhabited from at least the 4th century B.C. to the late 6th century A.D., is at the confluence of the Vardar and Crna Rivers, now in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Archaeological and geologic evidence was used in the 1970s by R. L. Folk to develop a scenario of local environmental degradation, resulting from a postulated widespread climate change (4th–8th centuries A.D.), as a major cause of the decline and eventual abandonment of Stobi. The data for increasingly xeric conditions, catastrophic floods, and mudslides along the Crna River are reviewed and other paleoenvironmental evidence is considered. Subsequent archaeological investigations and a refined chronology reveal repeated episodes of rebuilding along the Crna between periods of flooding. After that portion of the city was abandoned in the mid‐5th century, Stobi achieved new prosperity as reflected in the construction of large‐scale ecclesiastical architecture and houses outside the south city wall. Human agency and periodic extreme weather are proposed as causes of environmental degradation at Stobi. The city's demise is attributed mainly to hostile invasions, plague, earthquake, and the collapse of imperial administrative and economic networks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The geographies of ancient ephesus and the Artemision in Anatolia
Authors: Kraft John C. , Bückner Helmut , Kayan Ilhan , Engelmann Helmut
Published: December 2006

This study is a sedimentologic and geomorphologic analysis of ancient geographies of the floodplains and delta of the Küçük Menderes (ancient Cayster River) around the city of Ephesus and the Artemision in Aegean coastal Anatolia. The authors emphasize the interrelationship of archaeological dating and structure, and historical comment in interdisciplinary analysis of ancient geographies and their paleoenvironments. In some cases, the historical literature is specific and factual. In other cases, legend from prehistory may provide important clues to the reconstruction of ancient environments as related to archaeological and historical settings. Ephesus and the closely related Artemision, or Temple of Diana of the Ephesians, offer a chance to link the disciplines of geology, physical geography, archaeology, history, and epigraphy in a composite of paleoenvironmental/paleogeographical interpretations of geomorphology over the past three millennia. Holocene sea‐level rise and marine transgression provide the raised paralic settings of the harbors of Ephesus and the Artemision. The settings of the harbors were altered by continuing progradation of the ancient Cayster River delta‐floodplain over the past three millennia. This research shows how interdisciplinary research greatly enhances our understanding of the ancient geographies of Ephesus and the Artemision.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A convenient synthesis of 2‐alkoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,4,2‐oxazaphosphinanes
Authors: Wang Bin , Miao Zhiwei , Huang You , Chen Ruyu
Published: January 2007

A study on the synthesis of the novel cyclic α‐aminophosphonates and 2‐alkoxy‐2‐oxo‐1,4,2‐oxazaphosphinanes 4a‐r has been carried out. The title compounds were obtained in good yields by one‐pot procedure using o‐aminophenol, alkyl dichlorophosphinite, and ketones or benzaldehyde. One of their geometric stereoisomers was isolated and characterized. Configurations of 4k and one isomer of 4r have been established by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The synthetic methods provide an easy access to the organophosphorus heterocycles with the ring system mentioned above. The abnormal chemical shifts of alkyl‐substitute protons in 1H NMR spectra were given reasonable explanation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:65–69, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20258
The immunosuppressant FTY720 inhibits tumor angiogenesis via the sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor 1
Authors: Schmid Gerald , Guba Markus , Ischenko Ivan , Papyan Armine , Joka Mareile , Schrepfer Sabine , Bruns Christiane J. , Jauch Karl‐Walter , Heeschen Christopher , Graeb Christian
Published: January 2007

FTY720, a sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) analog, acts as an immunosuppressant through trapping of T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. FTY720 was also shown to prevent tumor growth and to inhibit vascular permeability. The MTT proliferation assay illustrated that endothelial cells are more susceptible to the anti‐proliferative effect of FTY720 than Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) cells. In a spheroid angiogenesis model, FTY720 potently inhibited the sprouting activity of VEGF‐A‐stimulated endothelial cells even at concentrations that apparently had no anti‐proliferative effect. Mechanistically, the anti‐angiogenic effect of the general S1P receptor agonist FTY720 was mimicked by the specific S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871. Moreover, the anti‐angiogenic effect of FTY720 was abrogated in the presence of CXCR4‐neutralizing antibodies. This indicates that the effect was at least in part mediated by the S1P1 receptor and involved transactivation of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Additionally, we could illustrate in a coculture spheroid model, employing endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), that the latter confer a strong protective effect regarding the action of FTY720 upon the endothelial cells. In a subcutaneous LLC1 tumor model, the anti‐angiogenic capacity translated into a reduced tumor size in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Consistently, in the Matrigel™ plug in vivo assay, 10 mg/kg/d FTY720 resulted in a strong inhibition of angiogenesis as demonstrated by a reduced capillary density. Thus, in organ transplant patients, FTY720 may prove efficacious in preventing graft rejection as well as tumor development. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 259–270, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sharing experience, conveying hope: Egalitarian relations as the essential method of Alcoholics Anonymous
Authors: Borkman Thomasina
Published: December 2006

The predictions of Max Weber's “iron cage” of bureaucracy and Michels's “iron law of oligarchy” failed to materialize in Alcoholics Anonymous. AA has maintained an alternative form of collectivistic‐democratic voluntary organization for more than seventy years. Its organizational form was developed within its first five years and articulated in its foundational text,Alcoholics Anonymous, published in 1939. Based on detailed histories of its early years, an analysis of AA's crucial ingredients suggests that six factors interacted to avoid the temptations of power, money, and professionalization that would have resulted in a bureaucratic form of organization or oligarchic leadership. In order to avoid death and to obtain or maintain abstinence, the desperate cofounders stumbled on the essential method: egalitarian peers share their lived experiences, conveying hope and strength to one another. In the context of the essential method, the two cofounders, from the Midwest and New York City, held similar spiritual beliefs and practiced a self‐re?exive mode of social experiential learning gained from the Oxford Group, a nondenominational group that advocated healing through personal spiritual change; they downplayed their charismatic authority in favor of consulting with and abiding by the consensus of the group.
Social marketing and advocacy
Authors: Mirabella Roseanne M.
Published: December 2006

Social Marketing in the 21st Century, by Alan R. Andreasen. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006. 280 pp., $72.95 cloth, $36.95 paper.
Latin America's philanthropic traditions
Authors: Wagner Lilya
Published: December 2006

Philanthropy and Social Change in Latin America, edited by Cynthia Sanborn and Felipe Portocarrero. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. 480 pp., $24.95 paper.

New Patterns for Mexico: Observations on Remittances, Philanthropic Giving, and Equitable Development, edited by Barbara J. Merz. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006. 312 pp., $19.95 paper.
Hybrid ZnO/III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes: modelling analysis of operation
Authors: Bulashevich K. A. , Evstratov I. Yu. , Karpov S. Yu.
Published: January 2007

Using simulations, we have analysed basic mechanisms of hybrid II–O/III–N light‐emitting diode operation. Factors largely affecting the internal quantum efficiency of hybrid single‐ and double heterostructures, including operation temperature, are examined in detail. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An output feedback nonlinear decentralized controller for unmanned vehicle co‐ordination
Authors: Orqueda O. A. A. , Zhang X. T. , Fierro R.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents vision‐based control strategies for decentralized stabilization ofunmanned vehicleformations. Three leader–follower formation control algorithms, which ensure asymptotic co‐ordinated motion, are described and compared. The first algorithm is afull state feedbacknonlinear controller that requires full knowledge of the leader's velocities and accelerations. The second algorithm is arobust state feedbacknonlinear controller that requires knowledge of the rate of change of the relative position error. Finally, the third algorithm is anoutput feedbackapproach that uses ahigh‐gain observerto estimate the derivative of the unmanned vehicles' relative position. Thus, this algorithm only requires knowledge of the leader–follower relative distance and bearing angle. Both data are computed using measurements from a single camera, eliminating sensitivity to information flow between vehicles. Lyapunov's stability theory‐based analysis and numerical simulations in a realistic 3D environment show the stability properties of the control methodologies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate may be curative in early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Hoffmann G. F. , Schmitt B. , Windfuhr M. , Wagner N. , Strehl H. , Bagci S. , Franz A. R. , Mills P. B. , Clayton P. T. , Baumgartner M. R. , Steinmann B. , Bast T. , Wolf N. I. , Zschocke J.
Published: December 2006

Neonatal epileptic encephalopathy can be caused by inborn errors of metabolism. These conditions are often unresponsive to treatment with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Six children with pyridox(am)ine‐5′‐phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency presented with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy. Two were treated with pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) within the first month of life and showed normal development or moderate psychomotor retardation thereafter. Four children with late or no treatment died or showed severe mental handicap. All of the children showed atypical biochemical findings. Prompt treatment with PLP in all neonates and infants with epileptic encephalopathy should become mandatory, permitting normal development in at least some of those affected with PNPO deficiency.
Nonlinear evolution PDEs in $\mathbb R^{+}\times \mathbb C^{d}$: existence and uniqueness of solutions, asymptotic and Borel summability properties
Authors: Costin O. , Tanveer S.
Published: December 2006

We consider a system of

n

-th order nonlinear quasilinear partial differential equations of the form

\mathbf{u}_{t} + \mathcal{P}\left(\partial _{\mathbf{x}}^{\mathbf{j}}\right)\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{g}\left(\mathbf{x},t,\left\{\partial _{\mathbf{x}}^{\mathbf{j}}\mathbf{u}\right\}\right) = 0;\:\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{x},0) = \mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{I}}(\mathbf{x})

with

\mathbf{u}∊\mathbb{C}^{r}

, for

t∊(0,T)

and large

|\mathbf{x}|

in a poly-sector

S

in

\mathbb{C}^{d}

(

\partial _{\mathbf{x}}^{\mathbf{j}} \equiv \partial _{x_{1}}^{j_{1}}\partial _{x_{2}}^{j_{2}}⋯\partial _{x_{d}}^{j_{d}}

and

j_{1} + ⋯ + j_{d}⩽n

). The principal part of the constant coefficient

n

-th order differential operator

\mathcal{P}

is subject to a cone condition. The nonlinearity

\mathbf g

and the functions

\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{I}}

and

\mathbf u

satisfy analyticity and decay assumptions in

S

.

The paper shows existence and uniqueness of the solution of this problem and finds its asymptotic behavior for large

|\mathbf{x}|

.

Under further regularity conditions on

\mathbf g

and

\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{I}}

which ensure the existence of a formal asymptotic series solution for large

|\mathbf{x}|

to the problem, we prove its Borel summability to the actual solution

\mathbf u

.

The structure of the nonlinearity and the complex plane setting preclude standard methods. We use a new approach, based on Borel–Laplace regularization and Écalle acceleration techniques to control the equation.

These results are instrumental in constructive analysis of singularity formation in nonlinear PDEs with prescribed initial data, an application referred to in the paper.

In special cases motivated by applications we show how the method can be adapted to obtain short-time existence, uniqueness and asymptotic behavior for small

t

, of sectorially analytic solutions, without size restriction on the space variable.
An extension theorem to rough paths
Authors: Lyons Terry , Victoir Nicolas
Published: December 2006

We show that any continuous path of finite

p

-variation can be lifted to a geometric

q

-rough path, where

q > p

.

Nous montrons que tout chemin continu de

p

-variation finie peut être relevé en un « geometric

q

-rough path », pour

q > p

.
Clinical trials update from the American Heart Association 2006: OAT, SALT 1 and 2, MAGIC, ABCD, PABA‐CHF, IMPROVE‐CHF, and percutaneous mitral annuloplasty
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Coletta Alison P. , Abdellah Ahmed Tageldien , Nasir Mansoor , Hobson Neil , Freemantle Nick , Clark Andrew L.
Published: December 2006

This article provides information and a commentary on trials presented at the American Heart Association meeting held in November 2006, relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure. All reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication.

The OAT study failed to show a benefit of PCI over optimal medical therapy in patients with persistent total occlusion of the infarct related artery following a myocardial infarction. In SALT 1 and 2, tolvaptan was found to correct hyponatraemia of various aetiologies; however, whether this has an impact on heart failure prognosis requires further evaluation. A placebo controlled study of myocardial implantation of skeletal myoblasts in patients with moderate to severe LVSD (MAGIC) showed equivocal/uncertain effects, long term follow‐up data are awaited. The ABCD study which compared the ability of an invasive and a non‐invasive test to identify patients at risk of arrhythmic events prior to ICD implantation, suggested that the two strategies were comparable, although the practical value of either test remains uncertain and the study had many major flaws. The PABA‐CHF study hinted that pulmonary vein antrum isolation might be more effective than AV node ablation with bi‐ventricular pacing for the treatment of patients with heart failure in atrial fibrillation. In IMPROVE‐CHF, an NT‐pro BNP guided treatment strategy was found to reduce the cost of managing patients with acute breathlessness.
Validity, reliability and objectivity of the family history method in psychiatry: A meta analysis
Authors: Hardt Jochen , Franke Petra
Published: December 2006

Background

The family history is a widely used method in psychiatry; but data on the method's objectivity, reliability and validity shows partly diverging results.

Method

In October 2005, a Medline search was conducted that yielded 7 studies regarding objectivity/reliability and 13 studies regarding validity. Results for six main groups of psychiatric diagnoses and any mental disorder were combined qualitatively for objectivity/reliability, and quantitatively for validity.

Results

Objectivity was generally high (κ in the 0.80 range). Reliability was high for any mental disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse and depression (κ in the 0.70 range), and low or medium for anxiety (κ between 0.30 and 0.50). Results on validity displayed an OR = 148 for the family history for schizophrenia; OR = 64 for mania/bipolar disorder; and OR's between 8 and 194 for substance abuse, between 3 and 37 for depression, between 5 and 350 for personality disorders, between 2.5 and 49 for anxiety, and between 2.4 and 9 for any mental disorder.

Conclusion

There is clear evidence that the family history provides results that are better than chance for all disorders examined. But variance among diagnostic groups and among studies is considerable.
Chronic administration of methylphenidate activates mitochondrial respiratory chain in brain of young rats
Authors: Fagundes Ana O. , Rezin Gislaine T. , Zanette Francine , Grandi Eliane , Assis Lara C. , Dal‐Pizzol Felipe , Quevedo João , Streck Emilio L.
Published: December 2006

Methylphenidate is frequently prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychostimulants can cause long‐lasting neurochemical and behavioral adaptations. The exact mechanisms underlying its therapeutic and adverse effects are still not well understood. In this context, it was previously demonstrated that methylphenidate altered brain metabolic activity, evaluated by glucose consumption. Most cell energy is obtained through oxidative phosphorylation, in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Tissues with high energy demands, such as the brain, contain a large number of mitochondria. In this work, our aim was to measure the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II and IV and succinate dehydrogenase in cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex of young rats (starting on 25th post‐natal day and finishing on 53rd post‐natal day) chronically treated with methylphenidate. Our results showed that mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes activities were increased by chronic administration of this drug. Succinate dehydrogenase was activated in cerebellum, prefrontal cortex and striatum, but did not change in hippocampus and brain cortex. Complex II activity was increased in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex and was not affected in hippocampus, striatum and brain cortex. Finally, complex IV activity was increased in cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and brain cortex, and was not affected in prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to methylphenidate in young rats increases mitochondrial enzymes involved in brain metabolism. Further research is being carried out in order to better understand the effects of this drug on developing nervous system and the potential consequences in adulthood resulting from early‐life drug exposure.
Behavioral alterations induced by HgCl2 depend on the postnatal period of exposure
Authors: Peixoto Nilce C. , Roza Taciane , Morsch Vera M. , Pereira Maria E.
Published: December 2006

This paper shows the toxicity of mercury (HgCl2 5 mg/kg/day for 5 days, sc) applied at specific stages of development (1–5, 8–12 or 17–21 days old, 1st, 2nd and 3rd phases, respectively) on the performance of rats in three behavioral tasks and on cerebral mercury levels. The mercury exposure at the 1st and 2nd phases affected the performances of rats in the rim escape. Spontaneous alternation behavior was not altered by mercury exposure. In the open field task, habituation was absent when the rats were treated at the 1st phase, and the crossing response number was lower in rats exposed to mercury at the last period. In general, the brain accumulated large quantities of mercury. In short, the first days of postnatal life (1st phase) appeared to be more sensitive to mercury exposure than the other phases studied, since they presented behavioral deficits even at a time period somewhat after the exposure.
Comparing diffusion‐weighted and T2‐weighted MR imaging for the quantification of infarct size in a neonatal rat hypoxic–ischemic model at 24 h post‐injury
Authors: Wang Yanxin , Cheung Pik‐To , Shen Gary X. , Bhatia Inderjeet , Wu Ed Xue , Qiu Deqiang , Khong Pek‐Lan
Published: December 2006

Purpose

In a neonatal rat model of hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain injury, using T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI) and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), we aim to determine the best MRI method of lesion quantification that reflects infarct size.

Materials and methods

Twenty 7‐day‐old rats underwent MRI 24 h after HI brain injury was induced. Lesion size relative to whole brain was measured using T2WI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, applying thresholds of 60%, 70% and 80% contralateral control hemisphere mean ADC, and at day 10 post‐HI on pathology with TTC staining. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to study the relationships between lesion size at MRI and pathology.

Results

Lesion size measurement using all MRI methods significantly correlated with infarct size at pathology; using T2WI, r = 0.808 (p < 0.001), using 80% ADC, 70% ADC and 60% ADC thresholds, r = 0.888 (p < 0.001), 0.761, (p < 0.001) and 0.569 (p = 0.014), respectively. Eighty percent ADC threshold was found to be the only significant independent predictor of final infarct volume (adjusted R2 = 0.775).

Conclusion

At 24 h post‐HI, lesion size on DWI, using 80% ADC threshold is the best predictor of final infarct volume. Although T2WI performed less well, it has the advantage of superior spatial resolution and is technically less demanding. These are important considerations for experiments which utilize MRI as a surrogate method for lesion quantification in the neonatal rat HI model.
On the boundary integral method for the rebounding bubble
Authors: LEE M. , KLASEBOER E. , KHOO B. C.
Published: January 2007

The formation of a toroidal bubble towards the end of the bubble collapse stage in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary has been successfully studied using the boundary integral method. The further evolution (rebound) of the toroidal bubble is considered with the loss of system energy taken into account. The energy loss is incorporated into a mathematical model by a discontinuous jump in the potential energy at the minimum volume during the short collapse–rebound period accompanying wave emission. This implementation is first tested with the spherically oscillating bubble system using the theoretical Rayleigh–Plesset equation. Excellent agreement with experimental data for the bubble radius evolution up to three oscillation periods is obtained. Secondly, the incorporation of energy loss is tested with the motion of an oscillating bubble system in the neighbourhood of a rigid boundary, in an axisymmetric geometry, using a boundary integral method. Example calculations are presented to demonstrate the possibility of capturing the peculiar entity of a counterjet, which has been reported only in recent experimental studies.
Influence of gas molecules on the charge carrier mobility in thin films of semiconducting perylene tetracarboxylic imides
Authors: Graaf Harald , Schlettwein Derck
Published: December 2006

Thin films (30nm) of crystalline N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-biscarboximide (MePTCDI) or amorphous 1,6,7,12-tetrachloro-N,N′-dimethylperylene-3,4,9,10-biscarboximide (Cl4MePTCDI) were prepared by physical vapor deposition and characterized by conductivity and field effect measurements at pristine films and under increasing partial pressure of oxygen, ethanol, acetone, or n-butane. Changes in the conductivity of the films were observed. Field effect measurements served to differentiate between changes in the charge carrier mobility μ and changes of the charge carrier concentration n. μ was found to decrease significantly, whereas rather small changes were found in n. Gas molecules that diffused into the films changed μ at least ten times more efficiently than those molecules just adsorbed on the surface.
Removal of biofilms by impinging water droplets
Authors: Cense A. W. , van Dongen M. E. H. , Gottenbos B. , Nuijs A. M. , Shulepov S. Y.
Published: December 2006

The process of impinging water droplets on Streptococcus mutans biofilms was studied experimentally and numerically. Droplets were experimentally produced by natural breakup of a cylindrical liquid jet. Droplet diameter and velocity were varied between 20 and 200 μm and between 20 and 100 m/s, respectively. The resulting erosion process of the biofilm was determined experimentally with high-speed recording techniques and a quantitative relationship between the removal rate, droplet size, and velocity was determined. The shear stress and the pressure on the surface during droplet impact were determined by numerical simulations, and a qualitative agreement between the experiment and the simulation was obtained. Furthermore, it was shown that the stresses on the surface are strongly reduced when a water film is present.
Mode-conversion enhancement of guided optical waves by magnetostatic surface waves propagating collinearly in obliquely magnetized bismuth-doped yttrium-iron-garnet film waveguide
Authors: Wu Bao-Jian , Wen Feng , Qiu Kun
Published: December 2006

The dispersion formula and dynamic magnetization for magnetostatic surface waves (MSSWs) under arbitrarily inclined bias magnetic field and the mode-conversion effect of guided optical waves (GOWs) by the MSSWs propagating collinearly in obliquely magnetized bismuth-doped yttrium-iron-garnet film waveguide are studied theoretically. It is shown by our calculation that: (1) by optimizing the direction of bias magnetic field, the mode-conversion efficiency (MCE) of the GOWs can be increased by about 7.3 dB compared with that at the conventional magnetization; (2) at in-plane magnetization, the coupling interaction between the incident light and the frequency-shifted and mode-converted light is so strong that the others can be neglected, and thus the analysis on the GOW mode-conversion with the MSSWs in the case can be simplified further; and (3) under the optimum condition, the linearly dynamic dependence of the mode-conversion and diffraction efficiency on the microwave current is up to 25 dB or so, and the first peak value is 62.7%.
Electrical breakdown in the microscale: Testing the standard theory
Authors: Hourdakis Emmanouel , Bryant Garnett W. , Zimmerman Neil M.
Published: January 2007

We present breakdown voltage measurement data in air taken with a technique we have recently developed and present calculations that show that the common assumption that one protrusion is responsible for the observed current is not warranted. The data suggest that below 10μm of electrode separation the dominant effect is field emission of electrons. Analyzing the data in that regime, using the theory of standard field emission and field amplification on the surface of a conductor, we come to a prediction about the geometry of the surface protrusions on the electrodes. We look for these protrusions using an atomic force microscope. We find several reasons why the standard theory does not appear to explain our data and conclude that the standard theory is not sufficient.
Optimal configuration of a class of endoreversible heat engines with linear phenomenological heat transfer law [q∝Δ(T−1)]
Authors: Song Hanjiang , Chen Lingen , Li Jun , Sun Fengrui , Wu Chih
Published: December 2006

Optimal configuration of a class of endoreversible heat engines with fixed duration, input energy, and linear phenomenological heat transfer law [q∝Δ(T−1)] has been determined. The optimal cycles that maximize the efficiency and the power output of the engine have been obtained using optimal-control theory, and the differential equations are solved by using Taylor series expansion. It is shown that the optimal cycle for maximum efficiency has eight branches including two isothermal branches, four maximum-efficiency branches, and two adiabatic branches, and that the optimal cycle for maximum-power output has six branches including two isothermal branches, four maximum-power branches, and without an adiabatic branch. The interval of each branch has been obtained, as well as the solutions of the temperatures of heat reservoirs and working fluid. Numerical examples are given. The obtained results are compared with those obtained with Newton’s heat transfer law [q∝Δ(T)] for maximum-efficiency and maximum-power output objectives.
Micrometer-scale discharge in high-pressure H2O and Xe environments including supercritical fluid
Authors: Sawada Masayoshi , Tomai Takaaki , Ito Tsuyohito , Fujiwara Hideyuki , Terashima Kazuo
Published: December 2006

We generated micrometer-scale discharge in high-pressure H2O and Xe up to supercritical conditions. In our previous paper, we reported the existence of two peculiar features in the breakdown voltages under high-pressure CO2. The first one was the downward shift at the right-hand side of Paschen’s curve above about 2.5MPa, and the second one was the drastic decrease in the breakdown voltages near the critical point. We have experimentally confirmed that these features are also observed in H2O and Xe, even though there are some differences among these materials. Our theoretical fitting involving a density fluctuation term FD agrees well with the experimental results, especially for Xe. We suppose that these unique features are brought about by decreases in the electron-to-particle cross section σ, ionization potential φi, and secondary electron coefficient γ′ and changes in the discharge space.
Influence of electron-beam and ultraviolet treatments on low-k porous dielectrics
Authors: Martinez E. , Rochat N. , Guedj C. , Licitra C. , Imbert G. , Le Friec Y.
Published: December 2006

The down scaling of complementary metal oxide semiconductor transistors requires materials such as porous low-k dielectrics for advanced interconnects to reduce resistance-capacitance delay. After the deposition of the matrix and a sacrificial organic phase (porogen), postcuring treatments may be used to create porosity by evaporation of the porogen. In this paper, Auger electron spectroscopy is performed to simultaneously modify the material (e-beam cure) and measure the corresponding changes in structure and chemical composition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements in attenuated total reflection mode confirm the Auger results. The porogen removal and matrix cross-linking result in the formation of a Si–O–Si network under e-beam or ultra violet cure. The possible degradation of these materials, even after cure, is mainly due the presence of Si–C bonds.
Molecular dynamics study on Ar ion bombardment effects in amorphous SiO2 deposition processes
Authors: Taguchi Masafumi , Hamaguchi Satoshi
Published: December 2006

Argon ion bombardment effects on growing amorphous SiO2 films during reactive sputtering deposition processes were examined based on molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques. The system we have considered here is a film that is subject to energetic Ar bombardment while it is formed by surface reactions of Si and O atoms separately supplied at low kinetic energies. It has been found that (1) Ar injections preferentially sputter O atoms from the surface over Si and (2) also have a compressing effect on the growing film during the deposition process. In other words, our MD/MC simulations have demonstrated at the atomic level that, with higher energy Ar injections, an amorphous SiO2 film grown in a reactive sputtering deposition process is denser and more Si rich.
First-principles modeling of nonlinear optical properties of C3N4 polymorphs
Authors: Hu Jianming , Cheng Wendan , Huang Shuping , Wu Dongsheng , Xie Zhi
Published: January 2007

Using the first-principles method combined with the anharmonic oscillator model, the electronic, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of four C3N4 polymorphs are investigated. The calculations show that the third-order susceptibilities and nonlinear refractive indices increase with the increase of volume of C3N4 polymorphs below 1.5eV, whereas the plasmon frequencies and relativistic nonlinear refractive indices decrease. The obtained results indicate that the spinel C3N4 has some potential applications in nonlinear optics.
Analogies and differences between two ways to evaluate the global hardness
Authors: Torrent-Sucarrat Miquel , Geerlings Paul
Published: December 2006

The weight of the energetic components (electronic kinetic, electron-nucleus and electron-electron Coulombic, and correlation energies) of the ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential, and global hardness is evaluated and contrasted with the energetic components of the hardness kernel and the experimental values of these properties for 40 systems. The contrast of the hardness terms obtained from finite difference and hardness kernel gives some insight on the possible implications to differentiate the electronic energy with respect to the number electrons or the electron density.
Durability properties of piezoelectric stack actuators under combined electromechanical loading
Authors: Chaplya Pavel M. , Mitrovic Milan , Carman Gregory P. , Straub Friedrich K.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents results on the electro-thermo-mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials for use in actuator applications with an emphasis on durability performance. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of different commercially available actuator systems and to determine the properties necessary for the design of such actuator systems. Basic piezoelectric properties of five stack actuators were determined as a function of mechanical preload and temperature. Changes in these properties during ferroelectric fatigue up to 107cycles were determined from strain-field relations after a specified number of fatigue cycles. Experimental results indicate a strong dependence of piezoelectric properties and power requirements on mechanical loading conditions. Results indicate that the optimum operating conditions (i.e., mechanical preload) that will improve actuation capabilities of piezoelectric stack actuators can be determined. That is, strain output was found to increase by 60% for some actuators upon the application of certain compressive prestress. Results of fatigue tests indicate negligible degradation in strain output for some stack actuators even when operated under mechanical preload that causes large displacements through domain wall motion. Similar trends in strain output and current degradation curves (as a function of fatigue cycles) suggest that material degradation can be indirectly inferred from simply measuring the current being dissipated by the material and the fatigue predicted by measuring the strain output (quantity related to domain motion). Finally, temperature rise of lead zirconate titanate stacks due to self-heating should be taken into account when designing actuator systems, since temperature changes were found to significantly influence both strain output and power required to drive piezoelectric stack actuators. Physical mechanisms of ferroelectric fatigue are explored.
Magnetorotational instability in electrically driven flow of liquid metal: Spectral analysis of global modes
Authors: Khalzov I. V. , Ilgisonis V. I. , Smolyakov A. I. , Velikhov E. P.
Published: January 2007

The spectral magnetohydrodynamics stability of liquid metal differentially rotating in transverse magnetic field is studied numerically by solving the eigenvalue problem with rigid-wall boundary conditions. The equilibrium velocity profile used in calculations corresponds to the electrically driven flow in circular channel with the rotation law Ω(r)∝1∕r2. This type of flow profile is planned to be used in new experimental devices to test the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in the laboratory. Our analysis includes calculations of the eigenfrequency spectra for both axisymmetric (with azimuthal wavenumber m=0) and nonaxisymmetric (m≠0) modes. It is shown that for certain parameters the flow is unstable with respect to MRI with the fastest growth rate corresponding to the axisymmetric mode. For other parameters, the axisymmetric MRI modes can be suppressed and the instability develops only for modes with m≠0.
Twisted phase gratings induced by photoregulated mesogenic molecules on the surface of photoreactive polymer liquid crystal film
Authors: Ono Hiroshi , Sasaki Tomoyuki , Emoto Akira , Uchida Emi , Kawatsuki Nobuhiro
Published: January 2007

Three-dimensional phase gratings with twisted structures were self-organized by photoregulated mesogenic molecules on the surface of photocrosslinkable polymer liquid crystal film. The molecules are selectively photoreacted only at the surface of the film under the polarization holographic illumination, and the resultant photocrosslinked mesogenic molecules induce the three-dimensional twisted gratings in the film during annealing process. The diffraction properties were well explained by means of Jones calculus and diffraction theory.
Mouse oocytes within germ cell cysts and primordial follicles contain a Balbiani body
Authors: Pepling Melissa E. , Wilhelm James E. , O'Hara Ashley L. , Gephardt Grant W. , Spradling Allan C.
Published: December 2006

The Balbiani body or mitochondrial cloud is a large distinctive organelle aggregate found in developing oocytes of many species, but its presence in the mouse has been controversial. Using confocal and electron microscopy, we report that a Balbiani body does arise in mouse neonatal germline cysts and oocytes of primordial follicles but disperses as follicles begin to grow. The mouse Balbiani body contains a core of Golgi elements surrounded by mitochondria and associated endoplasmic reticulum. Because of their stage specificity and perinuclear rather than spherical distribution, these clustered Balbiani body mitochondria may have been missed previously. The Balbiani body also contains Trailer hitch, a widely conserved member of a protein complex that associates with endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi-like vesicles and transports specific RNAs during
Drosophila
oogenesis. Our results provide evidence that mouse oocytes develop using molecular and developmental mechanisms widely conserved throughout the animal kingdom.
Atomic Physics and Thermonuclear Fusion Research
Authors: H W Drawin
Published: December 2006

Presently thermonuclear fusion research is faced with a number of atomic and molecular physics problems depending on the type of high-temperature plasma investigated. The present article discusses some particular atomic physics aspects in connection with magnetically confined plasmas (Tokamaks, Stellarators):

(1) rate equations for density, momentum and energy with application to plasmas;

(2) initial phase of Tokamak plasmas;

(3) influence of impurity radiation on operating conditions of fusion plasmas in general and on Tokamak plasmas in particular;

(4) influence of atomic elementary reactions on thermodynamic plasma properties;

(5) level structures of highly ionized atoms;

(6) spectroscopic diagnostic problems.
Dibaryon Colour Isomers
Authors: H Högaasen  , J Wroldsen
Published: December 2006

We assume that multiquark hadrons have been discovered and use the same model that has been successful in the baryon sector to predict observable dibaryon states.
Of Realizations, Completions, Restorations and Reconstructions: From Bach's The Art of Fugue to Beethoven's Tenth Symphony
Authors: Winter Robert S.
Published: January 2007

The assumptions that lie behind what have variously been called ‘realizations’, ‘completions’, ‘restorations’ or ‘reconstructions’ of unfinished works are generally unarticulated. Over the last few years such ‘realizations’ have become media events that threaten to blur the line between scholarship and public relations. Since for most of the general public these projects represent the sole contact with the discipline of musicology, the issue of ‘realizations’ is one that affects all members of our scholarly community. If you look to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians or any other standard music reference work for guidance on the subject of ‘realizations’ or ‘completions’, ‘restorations’ or ‘reconstructions’, you will find no such article. Indeed, I am not aware of any study that examines the conceptual basis of ‘realizations’ in the arts.
Giovanni Francesco Crosa and the First Italian Comic Operas in London, Brussels and Amsterdam, 1748–50
Authors: King Richard G. , Willaert Saskia
Published: January 2007

In the autumn of 1748 the opera audience in London was introduced to a newly arrived troupe of Italian singers, an eccentric impresario and an operatic genre previously unknown in England. The buffo company, led by ‘Doctor’ Giovanni Francesco Crosa, would entertain the King's Theatre public for the first time with full-length Italian comic operas. In May 1750, after two tumultuous seasons which saw the gradual dissolution of the troupe and financial disaster for the management, Crosa fled the country, never to return. The King's Theatre closed its doors, to reopen only in the autumn of 1753 with a programme devoted exclusively to serious opera. It was not until 1766, when Piccini's La buona figliuola conquered the London opera stage, that Italian comic opera found real success at the King's.
Organ Accompaniments in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Cummings W. H.
Published: January 2007

A few preliminary observations are desirable respecting organs and organ music of the centuries prior to the sixteenth.

In the thirteenth century both the Greek and Latin clergy deemed the use of organs in churches profane, and it is matter of common knowledge that the organ remains excluded from the Greek Church to this day.
The Music of Electricity
Authors: Galpin Francis W.
Published: January 2007

The invasion of Electricity into the realms of Art. Greater scope for the musician's skill. Electrical self-expression in Autophonic music. Ways and Means. Duddell's “singing lamp” (1890). Electrical waves and Sound waves. Tone-frequency. The Sphærophon, Theremin or Aetherophon, and Electronde. With manual guides; the Martenot, Hellertion and Trautonium. Application of the keyboard; the Klaviatur-Sphærophon, Emicon, and Coupleux Organ. Electricity on an acoustical basis; the Orgatron, Baird and Puget Pipe Organs, the Neo-Bechstein Piano. Mechanical production; the Telharmonium, Magnetton, Hammond Organ, Wave Organ, Electrone, Superpiano, Phototone and Rangertone. Pros and Cons; and what of the Future?
The Evolution of the Modern French Horn from 1750 To the Present Day
Authors: Morley-Pegge R.
Published: January 2007

Writing in an American journal some years ago on the vagaries of his instrument, an eminent horn player headed his article with the motto: “God in His wrath created the horn.” He might have added that the blue print was lost, for there is probably no orchestral instrument about whose origin and early development so few facts are known.