bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Mass Caused by Fasciola Hepatica: A Tricky Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Yılmaz Bülent , Köklü Seyfettin , Gedikoğlu Gökhan
Published: October 2013

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infestation caused by the trematode fasciola hepatica. It presents a wide spectrum of clinical pictures ranging from fever and eosinophilia to ambiguous gastrointestinal symptoms in the acute phase. However, it may often be overlooked, especially in the acute phase, because of uncertain symptoms. Fasciola hepatica can have an initial presentation similar to the presentation of malignancy. Here, we report a case of a hepatic mass caused by fasciola hepatica.
Urban Leptospirosis in Africa: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Leptospira Infection in Rodents in the Kibera Urban Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Halliday Jo E. B. , Knobel Darryn L. , Allan Kathryn J. , de C. Bronsvoort B. Mark , Handel Ian , Agwanda Bernard , Cutler Sally J. , Olack Beatrice , Ahmed Ahmed , Hartskeerl Rudy A. , Njenga M. Kariuki , Cleaveland Sarah , Breiman Robert F.
Published: October 2013

Leptospirosis is a widespread but under-reported cause of morbidity and mortality. Global re-emergence of leptospirosis has been associated with the growth of informal urban settlements in which rodents are thought to be important reservoir hosts. Understanding the multi-host epidemiology of leptospirosis is essential to control and prevent disease. A cross-sectional survey of rodents in the Kibera settlement in Nairobi, Kenya was conducted in September–October 2008 to demonstrate the presence of pathogenic leptospires. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that 41 (18.3%) of 224 rodents carried pathogenic leptospires in their kidneys, and sequence data identified Leptospira interrogans and L. kirschneri in this population. Rodents of the genus Mus (37 of 185) were significantly more likely to be positive than those of the genus Rattus (4 of 39; odds ratio = 15.03). Questionnaire data showed frequent contact between humans and rodents in Kibera. This study emphasizes the need to quantify the public health impacts of this neglected disease at this and other urban sites in Africa.
Development of an Ambulatory Geriatrics Knowledge Examination for Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Kalender-Rich Jessica L. , Mahnken Jonathan D. , Dong Lei , Paolo Anthony M. , Hayley Deon Cox , Rigler Sally K.
Published: October 2013

Background

The number of older adults needing primary care exceeds the capacity of trained geriatricians to accommodate them. All physicians should have basic knowledge of optimal outpatient care of older adults to enhance the capacity of the system to serve this patient group. To date, there is no knowledge-assessment tool that focuses specifically on geriatric ambulatory care.

Objective

We developed an examination to assess internal medicine residents' knowledge of ambulatory geriatrics.

Methods

A consensus panel developed a 30-question examination based on topics in the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Certification Examination Blueprint, the ABIM in-training examinations, and the American Geriatrics Society Goals and Objectives. Questions were reviewed, edited, and then administered to medical students, internal medicine residents, primary care providers, and geriatricians.

Results

Ninety-eight individuals (20 fourth-year medical students, 57 internal medicine residents, 11 primary care faculty members, and 10 geriatrics fellowship-trained physicians) took the examination. Based on psychometric analysis of the results, 5 questions were deleted because of poor discriminatory power. The Cronbach α coefficient of the remaining 25 questions was 0.48; however, assessment of interitem consistency may not be an appropriate measure, given the variety of clinical topics on which questions were based. Scores increased with higher levels of training in geriatrics (P < .001).

Conclusion

Our preliminary study suggests that the examination we developed is a reasonably valid method to assess knowledge of ambulatory geriatric care and may be useful in assessing residents.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study of the Adsorption of Surfactant Corrosion Inhibitor Films
Authors: Xiong Yao , Brown Bruce , Kinsella Brian , Nešić Srdjan , Pailleret Alain
Published: October 2013

The properties of an adsorbed corrosion inhibitor—tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) imidazolium chloride—on mica, gold, and X65 steel were studied using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Topography images and thickness measurements show that the structure of inhibitor film changes from monolayer to bi-layer as inhibitor concentration exceeds its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Further kinetic study indicates that the developing of a full film took about 6 h. Quantitative force measurements were performed to evaluate the forces associated with adsorption of inhibitor films. Results show that the mechanical stress needed to physically remove adsorbed inhibitor molecules is of the order of MPa.
Recruiting Strategically: Increasing Enrollment in Academic Programs of Agriculture
Authors: Baker Lauri M. , Settle Quisto , Chiarelli Christy , Irani Tracy
Published: October 2013

Agriculture continues to struggle to find enough qualified students to advance the industry. Thus, recruiting practice improvement is imperative. This study assessed the efficacy of message strategies, message
channels, recruiting materials, and messages for recruiting students into an academic program with low
enrollment. Focus groups were conducted with agriculture students outside of the department of interest
to address the following objectives: 1) identify the most effective message strategies and message channels to reach and attract potential students, and 2) conduct testing of strategically developed recruitment
materials and messages. Results indicated job stability and positive contextual messages would be effective for recruiting. Participants preferred messages delivered in person, targeted online advertisements,
and campus publications. Additionally, findings showed participants wanted full-color materials with
pictures; messages with statistics on the industry; online videos that are 1-2 minutes, with videos on a
website based on user interest; and testimonials from a range of individuals in the industry. Participants
were mixed on the perceived effectiveness of Facebook advertisements. The results of this study indicate
an increased need to target recruitment efforts through a strategic communication process. This research
has implications for recruiting the millennial generation using both gain and non-loss framed messages.
Sensitivity of simulated climate to latitudinal distribution of solar insolation reduction in SRM geoengineering methods
Authors: Modak A. , Bala G.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering has been proposed as a potential option to counteract climate change. We perform a set of idealized geoengineering simulations to understand the global hydrological implications of varying the latitudinal distribution of solar insolation reduction in SRM methods. We find that for a fixed total mass of sulfate aerosols (12.6 Mt of SO4), relative to a uniform distribution which mitigates changes in global mean temperature, global mean radiative forcing is larger when aerosol concentration is maximum at the poles leading to a warmer global mean climate and consequently an intensified hydrological cycle. Opposite changes are simulated when aerosol concentration is maximized in the tropics. We obtain a range of 1 K in global mean temperature and 3% in precipitation changes by varying the distribution pattern: this range is about 50% of the climate change from a doubling of CO2. Hence, our study demonstrates that a range of global mean climate states, determined by the global mean radiative forcing, are possible for a fixed total amount of aerosols but with differing latitudinal distribution, highlighting the need for a careful evaluation of SRM proposals.
Opportunities from low-resolution modelling of river morphology in remote parts of the world
Authors: Nones M. , Guerrero M.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The study of rivers morphodynamics requires modelling of a variety of processes ranging from the typical small scale of fluid mechanics (e.g. flow turbulence dissipation) to the large scale of landscape evolution (e.g. fan deposition). However, simplifications inherent in the long-term modelling of large rivers derive from limited computational resource and the high level of processes detail (i.e. spatial and temporal resolution). These modelling results depend on processes parameterization and calibration over detailed field data (e.g. initial morphology). Thus, in these cases, simplified tools are attractive. Here, a simplified 1-D code is used for the modelling of very large rivers. A synthetic description of the variation of cross-sections shape is implemented on the basis of satellite images, typically available also in remote parts of the world. The model's flexibility is highlighted here, by presenting two applications. In the first case the model is used for analysing the long-term evolution of the Lower Zambezi (Africa) related to the construction of two reservoirs for hydropower exploitation; while, in the second case, the same code is applied for studying the evolution of the Middle and Lower Parana (Argentina) in light of climate variability. In both cases, having only basic data for boundary and initial conditions, the 1-D model provides results that are in agreement with past studies and that may be used to assist sediment management at watershed scale or at boundaries of more detailed modelling.
Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-data set synthesis
Authors: Mueller B. , Hirschi M. , Jimenez C. , Ciais P. , Dirmeyer P. A. , Dolman A. J. , Fisher J. B. , Jung M. , Ludwig F. , Maignan F. , Miralles D. G. , McCabe M. F. , Reichstein M. , Sheffield J. , Wang K. , Wood E. F. , Zhang Y. , Seneviratne S. I.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Land evapotranspiration (ET) estimates are available from several global data sets. Here, monthly global land ET synthesis products, merged from these individual data sets over the time periods 1989–1995 (7 yr) and 1989–2005 (17 yr), are presented. The merged synthesis products over the shorter period are based on a total of 40 distinct data sets while those over the longer period are based on a total of 14 data sets. In the individual data sets, ET is derived from satellite and/or in situ observations (diagnostic data sets) or calculated via land-surface models (LSMs) driven with observations-based forcing or output from atmospheric reanalyses. Statistics for four merged synthesis products are provided, one including all data sets and three including only data sets from one category each (diagnostic, LSMs, and reanalyses). The multi-annual variations of ET in the merged synthesis products display realistic responses. They are also consistent with previous findings of a global increase in ET between 1989 and 1997 (0.13 mm yr−2 in our merged product) followed by a significant decrease in this trend (−0.18 mm yr−2), although these trends are relatively small compared to the uncertainty of absolute ET values. The global mean ET from the merged synthesis products (based on all data sets) is 493 mm yr−1 (1.35 mm d−1) for both the 1989–1995 and 1989–2005 products, which is relatively low compared to previously published estimates. We estimate global runoff (precipitation minus ET) to 263 mm yr−1 (34 406 km3 yr−1) for a total land area of 130 922 000 km2. Precipitation, being an important driving factor and input to most simulated ET data sets, presents uncertainties between single data sets as large as those in the ET estimates. In order to reduce uncertainties in current ET products, improving the accuracy of the input variables, especially precipitation, as well as the parameterizations of ET, are crucial.
Endometriosis Presenting with Massive Ascites and Pleural Effusion: A Case Report
Authors: Packard Lisa K. , Adamson G. David
Published: October 2013

Endometriosis is a complex disease commonly encountered by gynecologists. We report the case of an otherwise healthy young nullipara who presented with massive ascites, pleural effusion and shortness of breath and was subsequently diagnosed with endometriosis. This case demonstrates that, with a careful history, physical examination and appropriate tests, patients may be effectively treated with minimally invasive procedures and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, and avoid major emergency surgery.
Social contexts and the occurrence of episodic heavy drinking
Authors: Piontek Daniela , Kraus Ludwig , Rist Fred
Published: October 2013

Piontek, D., Kraus, L., & Rist F. (2013). Social contexts and the occurrence of episodic heavy drinking. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(2), 45-52. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.106 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i2.106)Aims: This study aims to investigate the influence of social context variables on Episodic Heavy Drinking (EHD) among young adults. It will assess (a) whether EHD is predicted by characteristics of the specific drinking situation and drinking motives, and (b) whether the influence of drinking motives is moderated by public versus private drinking.Design/Setting: Data were collected by means of an online survey conducted at the University of Münster (Germany) in December 2008.Participants: The analytical sample consisted of 1,638 students.Instruments: Information was collected on socio-demographics, habitual drinking behavior (beverage-specific quantity and frequency within the past 30 days, EHD, drunkenness), and drinking motives (Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised, DMQ-R). Moreover, participants described a recent drinking situation (beverage-specific quantity, drunkenness) as well as the social context related to this situation (time, place, people present, other substances used). Multivariate regression analyses were used to test the influence of context variables and their interaction with drinking motives.Findings: Drinking at a birthday or special party, during the weekend, or in a group where many people were drunk and playing drinking games increased the risk of EHD. Social and enhancement motives were associated with a higher risk for EHD, whereas conformity motives had a protective effect on heavy drinking. The effect of conformity motives was only present in public drinking situations.Conclusions: Drinking in young people is a social phenomenon related to situational influences as well as individual characteristics. In addition, there seems to be situational moderation of the impact of specific drinking motives.
Die Bedeutung von Biomarkern für eine personalisierte Medizin
Authors: Großhennig A. , Benda N. , Koch A.
Published: October 2013

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Relevanz von Biomarkern zur Bewertung des Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnisses eines Arzneimittels und deren Validierung im Rahmen von klinischen Studien dargelegt. Zu diesem Zweck werden die wichtigsten Studiendesigns zur Validierung vorgestellt und diskutiert. Am Beispiel der Entwicklung von Rosuvastatin und der Validierung von hs-CRP (JUPITER-Studie) werden Aspekte, die bei der Planung eines gemeinsamen Entwicklungsprogramms für ein Arzneimittel und einen Biomarker notwendig sind, erörtert. Darüber hinaus werden Alternativen diskutiert, wie die Validierung des Biomarkers in das gesamte Entwicklungsprogramm des Arzneimittels eingebunden werden kann.
Prognostic Implications of Radioiodine Avidity and Serum Thyroglobulin in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma with Distant Metastasis
Authors: Kim Hye Jeong , Lee Ji In , Kim Na Kyung , Min Yong‐Ki , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon
Published: October 2013

Background

Although differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) rarely develops distant metastases, the present study was performed to evaluate factors that affect the survival of patients with DTC who present with distant metastasis.

Methods

Among 4,989 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for DTC, 82 presenting with distant metastasis were analyzed. Based on radioiodine (131I) avidity and the thyroid‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated serum thyroglobulin (sTg) level at the time of metastasis, patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (131I uptake + sTg ≤ 215 ng/mL, n = 46), group 2 (131I uptake + sTg > 215 ng/mL, n = 24), group 3 (no 131I uptake, n = 12). Disease‐specific survival (DSS) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Factors predicting the outcome were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.

Results

The age of patients (p = 0.04), frequency of follicular thyroid carcinoma (p = 0.002), tumor size (p < 0.001), and number of multiple metastatic sites (p = 0.004) differed significantly among the groups. With a median follow‐up after surgery of 72 months, the 5‐ and 10‐year DSSs for all patients were 84 and 69 %, respectively. The predictors of survival were age (p = 0.004), symptoms at the time of presentation (p = 0.045), histology (p = 0.01), sites of metastasis (p = 0.03), and 131I avidity and sTg level at the time of metastasis (p = 0.002). In the multivariate analysis, age, histology, and 131I avidity and sTg level at the time of metastasis remained significant factors for survival.

Conclusions

Certain DTC patients with distant metastasis demonstrate favorable outcomes dependent on age, histology, and 131I avidity and sTg level at the time of metastasis.
Thyroid Lobectomy for Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Long‐term Follow‐up Study of 1,088 Cases
Authors: Matsuzu Kenichi , Sugino Kiminori , Masudo Katsuhiko , Nagahama Mitsuji , Kitagawa Wataru , Shibuya Hiroshi , Ohkuwa Keiko , Uruno Takashi , Suzuki Akifumi , Magoshi Syunsuke , Akaishi Junko , Masaki Chie , Kawano Michikazu , Suganuma Nobuyasu , Rino Yasushi , Masuda Munetaka , Kameyama Kaori , Takami Hiroshi , Ito Koichi
Published: October 2013

Background

Total thyroidectomy is well accepted as initial surgery for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but the extent of the thyroidectomy remains a matter of controversy. This study was designed to investigate the long‐term clinical outcome of PTC patients who had undergone thyroid lobectomy and to elucidate the indications of lobectomy as initial surgery.

Methods

The cases of 1,088 PTC patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy with curative intent at Ito Hospital between 1986 and 1995 were analyzed retrospectively in this study. None of the patients had received postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation therapy. The median follow‐up period was 17.6 years. All clinical outcomes, including recurrence and death as a result of PTC or other reasons, were evaluated. To establish the indications for lobectomy as initial surgery for PTC, the potential risk factors, such as age, sex, primary tumor size, extrathyroidal invasion, and clinical lymph node metastasis at the time of the initial surgery, were assessed statistically for associations with recurrence and disease‐related death.

Results

The remnant‐thyroid recurrence‐free survival (RT‐RFS) rate, the regional‐ lymph‐node recurrence‐free survival (L‐RFS) rate, and the distant‐recurrence‐free survival (D‐RFS) rate as of 25 years after surgery were 93.5, 90.6, and 93.6%, respectively. The cause‐specific survival (CSS) rate at 25 years was 95.2%. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that none of the factors assessed were significantly associated with the RT‐RFS rate. Tumor size, clinical lymph node metastasis, and extrathyroidal invasion were significantly associated with the L‐RFS rate. The D‐RFS and CSS rates were both significantly lower in the group of patients who were aged 45 years old or older, the group whose tumors were larger than 40 mm, and the group with extrathyroidal invasion. Based on the above findings, we classified the patients into four groups according to age <45 or ≥45 years, tumor size ≤40 or >40 mm, whether clinical lymph node metastasis was present, and whether extrathyroidal invasion was present. None of the patients without any of these four risk factors died of PTC. On the other hand, 22 patients who died of PTC were positive for one or more of these four factors.

Conclusions

The long‐term clinical outcome of the PTC patients who had been treated by lobectomy without RAI ablation was excellent. Based on the above results, we concluded that lobectomy is a valid alternative to total thyroidectomy for the treatment of PTC patients who are younger than aged 45 years, whose tumor diameter is 40 mm or less, and who do not have clinical lymph node metastasis or extrathyroidal invasion.
A Hand Surgeon's Guide to Common Onychodystrophies
Authors: Fowler John R. , Stern Elisha , English Joseph C. , Goitz Robert J.
Published: October 2013

The human fingernail contributes to the precise dexterity of the fingers, enhances sensibility, allows manipulation of fine objects, and shields the fingertip from traumatic injury. Nail abnormalities are a common incidental finding in the course of a hand surgeon's daily practice. These abnormalities may be clues to systemic, dermatologic, traumatic, and infectious processes that would benefit from further evaluation and treatment. The purpose of this review is to discuss common nail dystrophies and their related diagnoses.
New result on exponential stability for singular systems with two interval time‐varying delays
Authors: Chen Huabin , Hu Peng
Published: October 2013

This article mainly studies the problem of the exponential stability for singular systems with two interval time‐varying delays. By constructing a modified Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) and utilising a convex polyhedron method to estimate the derivative of LKF, some new delay‐dependent criteria can be established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Compared with some existing literatures, the novelties in this study are that the needed decisive variables are fewer and the obtained delay‐dependent stability criteria are less conservative. Finally, two illustrative numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the derived results.
Adaptive sampling approach for volumetric shadows in dynamic scenes
Authors: Lin Hsiang‐Yu , Chang Chin‐Chen , Tsai Yu‐Ting , Way Der‐Lor , Shih Zen‐Chung
Published: October 2013

Ray marching is an important technique to generate volumetric lighting effects. However, it is very expensive for each pixel on the screen, especially in dynamic scenes. The authors propose an adaptive approach to reduce samples for volumetric shadows in the time domain. In dynamic scenes, shadow volumes of moving objects are created and are rasterised to decide pixels that cannot be reused. The authors use a stencil buffer to maintain the information of screen pixels by recomputing or just using the previous information. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is simple to implement. Moreover, compared to the previous method, the proposed approach achieves a specific speedup and maintains similar visual quality.
Stabilising illumination variations in motion detection for surveillance applications
Authors: Vujović Igor , Šoda Joško , Kuzmanić Ivica
Published: October 2013

Since illumination variations may cause the misinterpretation of data for various higher vision applications and algorithms, this study aims to reduce such influence. In order to obtain a motion mask, which is input for a higher vision application, wavelet coefficients are calculated by applying two‐dimensional lifting wavelet transform with two mother wavelets. Energy is calculated from the obtained wavelet coefficients. Morphological operations are used to improve output image. The developed algorithm is a robust algorithm further reducing false alarm readings caused by illumination variations (better false detection rate and percentage of correct classifications).
Quantum simulations of the hydrogen molecule on ammonia clusters
Authors: Mella Massimo , Curotto E.
Published: October 2013

Mixed ammonia–hydrogen molecule clusters [H2–(NH3)n] have been studied with the aim of exploring the quantitative importance of the H2 quantum motion in defining their structure and energetics. Minimum energy structures have been obtained employing genetic algorithm-based optimization methods in conjunction with accurate pair potentials for NH3–NH3 and H2–NH3. These include both a full 5D potential and a spherically averaged reduced surface mimicking the presence of a para-H2. All the putative global minima for n ⩾ 7 are characterized by H2 being adsorbed onto a rhomboidal ammonia tetramer motif formed by two double donor and two double acceptor ammonia molecules. In a few cases, the choice of specific rhombus seems to be directed by the vicinity of an ammonia ad-molecule. Diffusion Monte Carlo simulations on a subset of the species obtained highlighted important quantum effects in defining the H2 surface distribution, often resulting in populating rhomboidal sites different from the global minimum one, and showing a compelling correlation between local geometrical features and the relative stability of surface H2. Clathrate-like species have also been studied and suggested to be metastable over a broad range of conditions if formed.
Strain relaxation in epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films on LaAlO3 substrates
Authors: Gao M. , Du H. , Ma C. R. , Liu M. , Collins G. , Zhang Y. M. , Dai C. , Chen C. L. , Lin Y.
Published: October 2013

Strain relaxation behavior of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films on (001) LaAlO3 substrates was investigated using high resolution X-ray diffraction. Lattice distortion and dislocation densities were systematically studied with samples under different growth conditions. Reciprocal space maps reveal different strain relaxation behavior in SrRuO3 thin films grown at different temperatures. Two kinds of strain relaxation mechanisms were proposed to understand the growth dynamics, including the evolution of threading dislocations and the tilt of crystalline planes.
Formation of current filaments and magnetic field generation in a quantum current-carrying plasma
Authors: Niknam A. R. , Taghadosi M. R. , Majedi S. , Khorashadizadeh S. M.
Published: October 2013

The nonlinear dynamics of filamentation instability and magnetic field in a current-carrying plasma is investigated in the presence of quantum effects using the quantum hydrodynamic model. A new nonlinear partial differential equation is obtained for the spatiotemporal evolution of the magnetic field in the diffusion regime. This equation is solved by applying the Adomian decomposition method, and then the profiles of magnetic field and electron density are plotted. It is shown that the saturation time of filamentation instability increases and, consequently, the instability growth rate and the magnetic field amplitude decrease in the presence of quantum effects.
Accurate argon cluster-ion sputter yields: Measured yields and effect of the sputter threshold in practical depth-profiling by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Cumpson Peter J. , Portoles Jose F. , Barlow Anders J. , Sano Naoko
Published: October 2013

Argon Gas Cluster-Ion Beam sources are likely to become widely used on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry instruments in the next few years. At typical energies used for sputter depth profiling the average argon atom in the cluster has a kinetic energy comparable with the sputter threshold, meaning that for the first time in practical surface analysis a quantitative model of sputter yields near threshold is needed. We develop a simple equation based on a very simple model. Though greatly simplified it is likely to have realistic limiting behaviour and can be made useful for estimating sputter yields by fitting its three parameters to experimental data. We measure argon cluster-ion sputter yield using a quartz crystal microbalance close to the sputter threshold, for silicon dioxide, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polystyrene and (along with data for gold from the existing literature) perform least-squares fits of our new sputter yield equation to this data. The equation performs well, with smaller residuals than for earlier empirical models, but more importantly it is very easy to use in the design and quantification of sputter depth-profiling experiments.
When deer must die: large uncertainty surrounds changes in deer abundance achieved by helicopter- and ground-based hunting in New Zealand forests
Authors: Forsyth David M. , Ramsey David S. L. , Veltman Clare J. , Allen Robert B. , Allen Will J. , Barker Richard J. , Jacobson Chris L. , Nicol Simon J. , Richardson Sarah J. , Todd Charles R.
Published: October 2013

Context When environmental, economic and/or social effects of wildlife are considered undesirable and need to be reduced, managers require knowledge of the effectiveness of candidate control techniques, particularly the relationship between control effort and change in abundance. Aims We evaluated the effects of control on the abundances of introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon) at three New Zealand forest sites (two North Island, one South Island) in an 8-year adaptive-management experiment. Methods We identified paired areas of 3600 ha at each site that were as similar as possible in geology, physical environments and forest composition and applied deer control (helicopter- and/or ground-based hunting) to a randomly selected member of each pair. The abundances of deer were monitored in each treatment and non-treatment area for up to 7 years by using faecal pellet counts on 50 randomly located transects. Key results The difference between deer abundances in the treatment and non-treatment areas was significantly negative at one site, significantly positive at one site and indistinguishable at the other site. Faecal pellet abundances declined with increasing helicopter-based hunting effort but did not change with increasing ground-based hunting effort. There was evidence that aerially sown 1080 baits used for possum control in two treatment areas reduced deer abundances. Conclusions The substantial uncertainty surrounding the relationships between deer control effort and changes in deer abundance means that managers cannot assume that the environmental, economic and/or social problems caused by deer will be alleviated with the quantum of control effort applied in the present study. Implications Reducing the abundances of deer in forests may require substantially more control effort than is currently believed.
A cytochrome P450 regulates a domestication trait in cultivated tomato
Authors: Chakrabarti Manohar , Zhang Na , Sauvage Christopher , Muños Stéphane , Blanca Jose , Cañizares Joaquin , Diez Maria Jose , Schneider Rhiannon , Mazourek Michael , McClead Jammi , Causse Mathilde , van der Knaap Esther
Published: October 2013

Significance

This study reports the cloning of a tomato gene,
SlKLUH
, that controls fruit mass by increased cell layers and delayed fruit ripening. In addition, we identified a potential regulatory SNP in the promoter of
SlKLUH
that is significantly associated with the fruit mass. Altogether, our study encompasses several genetic analyses, as well as association mapping, plant transformation experiments, and phenotypic evaluations to offer insights into the molecular basis of the regulation of tomato fruit mass, a critical trait in the domestication of fruit and vegetable crops.
Genetic topography of brain morphology
Authors: Chen Chi-Hua , Fiecas Mark , Gutiérrez E. D. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Eyler Lisa T. , Vuoksimaa Eero , Thompson Wesley K. , Fennema-Notestine Christine , Hagler Donald J. , Jernigan Terry L. , Neale Michael C. , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J. , Fischl Bruce , Tsuang Ming T. , Dale Anders M. , Kremen William S.
Published: October 2013

Significance

How diverse functional cortical regions develop is an important neuroscience question. Animal experiments show that regional differentiation is controlled by genes that express in a graded and regionalized pattern; however, such investigation in humans is scarce. Using noninvasive imaging techniques to acquire brain structure data of genetically related subjects (i.e., twins), we estimated the spatial pattern of genetic influences on cortical structure. We developed a genetic parcellation of cortical thickness to delineate the boundaries of cortical divisions that are—within each division—maximally under control of shared genetic influences. We also found differences in genetic influences on cortical surface area and thickness along two orthogonal axes. The concept of gradations is crucial for understanding the organization of the human brain.
Oxygen dynamics in the aftermath of the Great Oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere
Authors: Canfield Donald E. , Ngombi-Pemba Lauriss , Hammarlund Emma U. , Bengtson Stefan , Chaussidon Marc , Gauthier-Lafaye François , Meunier Alain , Riboulleau Armelle , Rollion-Bard Claire , Rouxel Olivier , Asael Dan , Pierson-Wickmann Anne-Catherine , El Albani Abderrazak
Published: October 2013

Significance

The Great Oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere about 2.3 billion years ago began a series of geochemical events leading to elevated oxygen levels for the next 200 million years, with a collapse to much lower levels as these events played their course. This sequence of events is represented in rocks from the Republic of Gabon. We show oxygenation of the deep oceans when oxygen levels were likely their highest. By 2.08 billion years ago, however, oxygen dropped to levels possibly as low as any time in the last 2.3 billion years. These fluctuations can be explained as a direct consequence of the initial oxygenation of the atmosphere during the Great Oxidation Event.
STAT3 activation in response to IL-6 is prolonged by the binding of IL-6 receptor to EGF receptor
Authors: Wang Yuxin , van Boxel-Dezaire Anette H. H. , Cheon HyeonJoo , Yang Jinbo , Stark George R.
Published: October 2013

Significance

An important part of the response to invading pathogens is activation of the transcription factor STAT3 in response to IL-6. This normal response is terminated rapidly by the major negative regulator suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). Abnormal prolonged activation of STAT3 contributes to the pathology of cancer and to chronic inflammatory diseases. We show that prolonged activation of STAT3 results from association of the IL-6 receptor with the epidermal growth factor receptor, which in turn activates STAT3 in a way that is not inhibited by SOCS3. Prolonged STAT3 activation supports sustained expression of a subset of proteins that play important roles in inflammation and in cancer, where both IL-6 secretion and epidermal growth factor receptor levels are often elevated.
Calcitonin gene–related peptide inhibits Langerhans cell–mediated HIV-1 transmission
Authors: Ganor Yonatan , Drillet-Dangeard Anne-Sophie , Lopalco Lucia , Tudor Daniela , Tambussi Giuseppe , Delongchamps Nicolas Barry , Zerbib Marc , Bomsel Morgane
Published: October 2013

Upon its mucosal entry, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is internalized by Langerhans cells (LCs) in stratified epithelia and transferred locally to T cells. In such epithelia, LCs are in direct contact with peripheral neurons secreting calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP). Although CGRP has immunomodulatory effects on LC functions, its potential influence on the interactions between LCs and HIV-1 is unknown. We show that CGRP acts via its receptor expressed by LCs and interferes with multiple steps of LC-mediated HIV-1 transmission. CGRP increases langerin expression, decreases selected integrins, and activates NF-κB, resulting in decreased HIV-1 intracellular content, limited formation of LC–T cell conjugates, and elevated secretion of the CCR5-binding chemokine CCL3/MIP-1α. These mechanisms cooperate to efficiently inhibit HIV-1 transfer from LCs to T cells and T cell infection. In vivo, HIV-1 infection decreases CGRP plasma levels in both vaginally SHIV-challenged macaques and HIV-1–infected individuals. CGRP plasma levels return to baseline after highly active antiretroviral therapy. Our results reveal a novel path by which a peripheral neuropeptide acts at the molecular and cellular levels to limit mucosal HIV-1 transmission and suggest that CGRP receptor agonists might be used therapeutically against HIV-1.
Bayesian Orgulity
Authors: Belot Gordon
Published: October 2013

A piece of folklore enjoys some currency among philosophical Bayesians, according to which Bayesian agents who, intuitively speaking, spread their credence over the entire space of available hypotheses are certain to converge to the truth. The goals of the current discussion are to show that that kernel of truth in this folklore is in some ways fairly small and to argue that Bayesian convergence-to-the-truth results are a liability for Bayesianism as an account of rationality since they render a certain sort of arrogance rationally mandatory.
Establishing British Rule
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: October 2013

This chapter traces the establishment of British rule since the decline of the Mughal Empire, focusing first on the constellations of power in India and in Europe that made British rule possible, and second on the combination of indirect rule and direct administration that was an enduring characteristic of the British Empire in India until 1947. The author explores the conquest of Delhi and the consolidation of British power, arguing that despite their military and political impotence, the Mughal emperors and their capital city Delhi held great legitimizing potential at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The chapter also examines how unrest between the Jains and Muslims in 1807 led to intense discussions about the legitimacy of British rule among Muslim intellectuals and marked the beginning of the entanglement between local and colonial publics that was to characterize the entire nineteenth century.
Families and Communities of Common Descent
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: October 2013

Membership in a family and an extended network of relatives was one of the key factors determining an individual’s social and economic status in Delhi in the first half of the nineteenth century. The first section of this chapter uses an early nineteenth-century Persian text to trace the indigenous representation of social groups, to investigate the roots of this representation, and to ask how it differed from the later colonial ethnography of Muslim castes. The second section examines how the economic situation of the social elite and their family structures was influenced by the bureaucratization of the revenue administration and pension system by the British, a process that began in Delhi and its environs in the Chishti Sufi order in the second decade of the nineteenth century. This development is traced in the third section by taking a closer look at three families.
Civil Society and the Colonial Municipal Administration
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: October 2013

The chapter discusses the emergence of a civil society and the entangled history of Muslim and British public culture. The first section traces the development of the print media, which now accelerated to such a degree that it is possible to speak of a first phase of the ‘print revolution’, both with respect to the expansion of the publishing sector and the increase in the number and circulation of newspapers. The second section examines the foundation of societies, focusing on the ‘Delhi Society’ as an example of a classic debating club, on the societies formed to represent the interests of certain professional groups, and on the religious associations which began to spring up in great numbers at the turn of the century. The third section looks at the colonial administration’s relationship with this emerging public sphere.
The New Woman
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: October 2013

Discussions of women’s behaviour were never concerned exclusively with women; rather, they were central to the definition of an identity and the creation of a community which also included men. This chapter examines the claim that women’s conduct was meant to mark them as the bearers of an unspoilt Indian tradition. The first section discusses educational novels written for women and girls. The second section looks at non-fiction texts, focusing on religious guidebooks for women. The final section considers the women’s journal Ismat, which was founded and published by a man, but to which women also contributed in increasing numbers, and asks how women themselves responded to the qualities expected of them and demands made of them, where they accepted these and where reinterpretations took place.
Integrating media effects research and music psychology
Authors: Shevy Mark
Published: October 2013

The ‘media effects’ paradigm of mass communication research has produced a substantial body of knowledge about the psychological impact of audiovisual media. Although music exists in virtually every type of audiovisual media, relatively little media effects research has focused on the psychology of music. Better integration of media effects research and the study of music psychology would mutually benefit both disciplines. This integration can be established by investigating music in relation to media effects antecedents (causes) such as the attributes of media users, media content and form, and interactivity. Integration can also be achieved by considering the role of music in theories and models used in media effects research. Examples of these theories and models include social cognitive theory, uses and gratifications, limited capacity of cognition, affective disposition, and excitation transfer.
Musical analysis for multimedia: A perspective from music theory
Authors: Bashwiner David
Published: October 2013

This chapter examines the contribution that traditional music theory and analysis can make to empirical psychological studies of multimedia. Two pieces are examined in detail: Samuel Barber’s Adagio for Strings, which appears numerous times throughout Oliver Stone’s film Platoon, and the Allegretto from Beethoven’s Seventh Symphony, which accompanies the climactic scene of Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech. The dramatic role played by each of these pieces is highly complex, this chapter argues, and thus not entirely captured by the sorts of descriptors commonly employed in empirical studies, such as ‘sadness’ and ‘positive mood.’ Fully understanding a musical excerpt’s dramatic role in a multimedia context—including interactions with spoken text and camerawork—in many cases requires detailed analysis of musical structure. This chapter aims to inform readers of the value of musical analysis for the study of multimedia and to illustrate instances in which musico-structural analysis clearly contributes to dramatic interpretation.
Children’s media: The role of music and audio features
Authors: Calvert Sandra L.
Published: October 2013

This chapter explores the effects of music, singing, sound effects, and vocalizations on children’s attention and learning in multimedia experiences in both entertainment and educational contexts. Empirical findings in the related research are traced, beginning with studies focusing on infants and young children and then moving to older children and adolescents. The role of music on the moods and feelings of youth, including the link to learning, is examined. The ways that older youth are now creating their own digital stories via a new generation of multimedia authoring tools, employing the same production techniques that they often enjoy as consumers of multimedia, are also considered. Overall, the current research indicates that music, singing, and other auditory features in their multimedia use play a key role in children and adolescents’ emotional regulation, cognitive development, and identity construction. In the concluding remarks, promising research directions for the field are also advanced.
Auditory icons, earcons, and displays: Information and expression through sound
Authors: Roginska Agnieszka
Published: October 2013

Although it is often claimed that we have become a primarily visual-based society, the role of sound and music in communicating and augmenting information transmission has become increasingly important. This chapter examines different types of auditory displays, their functions and applications in multimedia. Auditory displays (including auditory icons, earcons, and data-driven sound) not only give the user a heightened sense of immersion into an environment, improve data and information transmission from a device to a user, and optimize interaction, but also facilitate multitasking by taking some of the perceptual load exerted by visual stimuli and distributing it over the visual and the auditory systems. The role of auditory displays in multimedia environments is to carry information, alert, increase the sense of immersion, complement, and augment visual displays, while transmitting information in the most optimal way.
Introduction
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

This chapter tells the story of the public health problem in post-war Germany and places it in its historical and historiographical context.
A Hard Peace? Allied Preparations for the Occupation of Germany, 1943–1945
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

This chapter sets out the broad parameters of the Allies’ plans for public health work in defeated Germany. It shows that decisions and agreements reached in Washington and London in the early years of the war shaped the work of public health teams until the creation of the two German Republics in 1949
‘Can we distinguish the sheep from the wolves?’: Émigrés, Allies, and the Reconstruction of Germany
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

This chapter looks at members of the German medical professions in war-time exile, and contrasts British, American, French and Soviet responses to their requests to assist in the rebuilding of Germany after 1945. The chapter demonstrates that all four occupiers’ attitudes to the collaboration with émigrés was shaped by their diagnosis of the German problem.
Public Health Work in the British Occupation Zone
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

The four chapters in the second part contrast day-to-day public health work in the four occupation zones. They begin by examining the products of the war-time plans, before going on to show how, in the course of the post-war years, the occupiers’ initial assumptions and plans unravelled. Together, they show that health was at the heart of central questions about German reconstruction, renewal and reform, and involved a series of compromises and confrontations. This chapter identifies a number of consequences of an early British diagnosis of a national German, Nazified mentality for the conduct of public health work and the collaboration between German and British health workers
Public Health Work in the American Occupation Zone
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

This chapter shows that the United States’ more explicit occupation programme in Germany, together with its material wealth, enabled a series of compromises which the British occupiers found much more difficult to achieve.
The Forgotten Zone: Public Health Work in the French Occupation Zone
Authors: Reinisch Jessica
Published: October 2013

This chapter shows that France's occupation project differed in important respects from that of Britain and the United States, which had important consequences for public health work.
Uses of foams
Authors: Cantat Isabelle , Cohen-Addad Sylvie , Elias Florence , Graner François , Höhler Reinhard , Pitois Olivier , Rouyer Florence , Saint-Jalmes Arnaud
Published: October 2013

Are foams really useful? We smile when scientists announce that they study foams, because bubbles are considered child’s play. In this first chapter we will show that the converse is true: liquid foams exhibit a range of complex and unique properties, and are well-adapted to diverse applications in our daily lives and to numerous industrial processes.