bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Knowledge and Work Jurisdiction in Management
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: March 2007

Relations between formal, academic knowledge, training in high-level expert ise and practical problem-solving activities vary considerably across fields of practice, as well as across societies. Four major kinds of skills development, certification and extent of jurisdictional control over tasks and jobs can be distinguished: craft professional, academic professional, contested academic and research based. Most academically credentialed managerial skills are sim ilar to contested academic skills. These variations in types of skill formation and jurisdiction result from differences in dominant institutions and char acteristics of fields of practice. Of particular importance are: the extent of professional élite power, state licensing, the prestige of modern science and of universities, the level of student demand, the nature of the employment system and labour-market organization and the contextual dependence of prob lems and issues. Academics in some managerial fields have extended their jurisdictional control in some countries by developing technical skills for dealing with complex, yet well-bounded and general, kinds of problems invol ving quantitative information.
Telling Organizational Tales: On the Role of Narrative Fiction in the Study of Organizations
Authors: Phillips Nelson
Published: March 2007

In this article, I argue for the benefits of encouraging the use of novels, short stories, plays, songs, poems, and films as legitimate approaches to the study of management and organization. In particular, I argue that these forms of narrative fiction provide a useful addition to our ways of thinking about organ izations and an indispensable approach to strengthening the connection between organizational analysis as an academic discipline and the subjective experience of organizational membership. I begin by arguing that the division between narrative fiction and traditional forms of organizational analysis is overdrawn — that organizational researchers and writers of fiction share important interests and use complementary methods in investigating social phenomena. In the latter portion of the article I suggest some specific applica tions of the techniques and products of narrative fiction including narrative fiction as a teaching tool, as a source of data, as a method for exploring the applicability of theoretical perspectives, and as a resource useful in embel lishing papers and presentations.
The Emergence of Post-Communist Management in the Czech Republic
Authors: Soulsby Anna , Clark Ed
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the sources and processes of management learning in four large, former state enterprises in the Czech Republic. These enterprises have all been privatized, but have not enjoyed foreign direct investment, which is often cited as a major source of post-communist management development. The findings indicate that current managerial knowledge in the enterprises has originated from a variety of domestic and foreign sources, but that the flow of ideas has been affected by a number of important filters, arising from the complexity of the Czech context, and the motives of the enterprise managers. In particular, the paper documents the continuing role of managerial knowledge emanating from pre-1989 sources, a factor which may have crucial implica tions for the nature of the emerging institution of post-communist Czech management.
An American in Paris: The Influence of Nationality on Organization Theories
Authors: Hofstede Geert
Published: March 2007

A report of a discussion in Paris between U.S. economist Williamson and French social scientists Favereau and Lazega is used as a demonstration of the influence of nationality on organization theories. This influence has played a role in the founding of the European Group for Organizational Studies (EGOS) and of the journal Organization Studies. The General Hierarchy of Systems shows why a universal consensus about any theory of organization is basically impossible. People from different countries, including authors of theories, have different paradigms in mind as to 'in the beginning was', like the market in the U.S.A., and power in France. The paper pleads for giving more attention to the nationality of organization theories, and for lifting the existing taboo on discussing the role of nationality in our theorizing.
Organization Contra Organizations: Professions and Organizational Change in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ackroyd Stephen
Published: March 2007

Professions in the United Kingdom have been periodically marginalized and their growth suspended, but they have shown considerable capacity to adapt. The evolution of 'new model' professions at the end of the last century and the beginning of the present one, which occurred without governmental regula tion or patronage, was associated with the development of an effective and independent form of occupational organization for professional groups. This organization combines control of the labour market with informal cooperation and control within employing organizations, and is identified as a form of occupational 'double closure'. It is characteristic for occupations organized in this sort of way to become encapsulated groups or quasi organizations within formal organizations. This argument is developed in the body of the paper through a consideration of the contemporary situation of professionals in man ufacturing industry and the public services, where new model professions have established themselves firmly in the present century, and where there are some very similar informal structures. The influence of current social and economic change on these forms of professional organization is then discussed, and it is argued that although they are clearly embattled in some of the areas of their traditional strength, because of their developed organizational attributes, professional groups are likely to persist. Contemporary management of profes sional services is not without difficulty in these circumstances; and, in areas where professions are well-established, re-organization is taking place round encapsulated professional groups rather than by re-constructing them. Despite some superficial similarities, therefore, the management of services is different between traditional professional services and newer commercial ones. More over, if the account of professional self-organization developed here is a reli able guide, in the longer term we may expect it to extend to new services, despite current differences in their organization and forms of managerial control.
Leadership and Strategic Change under Ambiguity
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Langley Ann , Cazale Linda , Denis Jean-Louis , Cazale Linda , Langley Ann
Published: March 2007

This paper draws on a case study of a large public hospital to examine the processes of leadership and strategic change in organizations where goals are unclear and authority is fluid and ambiguous. The case history describes the evolution of leadership roles during a period of radical change in which a general hospital acquires a university affiliation while moving towards a more integrated form of management. The study traces the tactics used by members of the leadership group to stimulate change, and the corresponding impact of these tactics on both the progress of change and on leadership roles themselves. It is suggested that strategic change in these organizations requires collaborat ive leadership involving constellations of actors playing distinct but tightly-knit roles. Yet, collaborative leadership is fragile and can easily disintegrate due to intemal conflict or to discreditation associated with more unpopular (although potentially effective) change tactics. Thus, under ambiguity, radical trans formations may tend to occur in a cyclical non-linear pattern with periods of substantive change alternating with periods of political realignment. The paper concludes with a series of five propositions concerning the collaborative, cyc lical, interpretative, and entropic nature of leadership and strategic change pro cesses under ambiguity.
Renegade and Rational Championing Strategies
Authors: Shane Scott , Venkataraman S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how national cultural values influence the preferences of managers in 28 countries for resolving the tension of whether to promote innovation inside (rational championing) or outside (renegade championing) organizational norms, rules and procedures. The study finds that managers in individualistic, high power-distant and uncertainty accepting societies prefer renegade strategies, while managers in collectivist, low power-distant and uncertainty avoiding societies prefer rational championing.
Society, Nature, and Critical Theory
Authors: Greisman H.C.
Published: March 2007

Nature has been viewed as a curative for the problems of urbanized society, and primitivism has been forwarded as a viable alternative to modification of the industrial world. Critical theory maintains that the current phase of social development tends toward 'total administration', and that escapes to nature are them selves administered and controlled by the larger society. Back-to-nature is critiqued as an unproductive strategy whose middle-class origins render it élitist.
Le Comportement Spatial Des Groupes Linquistiques
Authors: Laponce J.A.
Published: March 2007

En l'absence d'une langue unique, la vie en société rend le bilinguisme souvent nécessaire, mais ce dernier n'en reste pas moins une aberration psychologique. La pente naturelle de l'individu comme du groupe mène au monolinguisme. Les conséquences géographiques et politiques de cette tendance universelle sont fort importantes: le moindre effort et le rejet de la confusion sémantique mènent à la concentration géographique des langues, concentration qui a pour corollaire, chez une minorité, un besoin de frontières sécurisantes. On ne saurait donc traiter des minorités linguistiques comme si elles étaient des minorités raciales ou religieuses. Les solutions 'personnelles' du type utilisé dans I'Estonie des années 1920 apparaissent moins fonctionnelles que les solutions de type 'territorial' utilisées en Suisse et en Belgique. L'article compare a ce sujet les politiques divergentes des gouvernements du Canada et du Québec.
Alternative Methods of Regionalization
Authors: Berglund Sten , Hallin BO , Lindström Ulf , Ricknell Lars
Published: March 2007

Political scientists have a long-standing interest in identifying regions which are defined in terms of political stability. That is also what we set out to do, and in the process we get to evaluate two alternative methods of regionalization which are based on different theoretical models. The two models are geared to the specific requirements of longi tudinal analyses and represent recent efforts at methodological improvements. In both cases, the regionalization is performed on the basis of the distances between the geo graphical units with respect to component scores obtained from principal components analyses of Swedish community-level data over time. In the first case, the principal components analysis is carried out on the correlation matrix generated on party-strength data cast as percentages from the local arena at different points in time; in the second case, the principal components analysis is performed on the residual matrix, which is obtained by correlating the election-year specific error terms or residuals generated by regressing the community-level party-strength data on a series of socioeconomic indi cators, such as class structure and degree of industrialization.
Party Activists in Syria and Egypt
Authors: Hinnebusch Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

Using data from questionnaires given to Ba'th activists in Syria and Wafd activists in Egypt, this article examines the character of political activism in Third World authoritarian regimes. Both class and ideology appear to be significant determinants of the party chosen for participation. A complex set of motivational considerations rooted in personal and primordial relationships is often found to blend and coexist with class and ideological interests. Autonomous and publicly purposive political activism is possible under such regimes, albeit over a narrower range of concerns than in electoral democ racies.
Clientélisme et Patrimonialisme dans le Monde Arabe
Authors: Leca Jean , Schemeil Yves
Published: March 2007

Les questions classiques relatives au patronage (est-ce que les différentes formes de patronage peuvent être regroupées sous une seule catégorie? peut-on opposer "clientélisme dyadique" et "clientélisme corporatif"? quelle est la relation entre le comportement clicntéliste et l'économie politique d'une société donnée?) ne sont pas inconnues des spećialistes d'une région où le phénomène est endémique et dont on trouve trace durant une période de temps exceptionnellement longue. La première partie de cet article traite des formes et des significations du patronage telles qu'exprimées par la langue arabe et la (ou les) culture(s) politiques(s) du "monde arabe" (meme si l'homogénéite de la région peut être mise en doute). Les liens avec la parenté, l'esclavage, la protection, l'inter-mediation, le leadership et l'honneur sont analysés. D'autres termes sont utilisés pour désigner le patronage lorsqu'il n'est relié ni à l'honneur ni à la famille mais à des clans ou à des malversations. La deuxième partie essaye de rendre compte du patronage en tant que forme de pouvoir dans le cadre des principaux modes de domination de la région: les modes traditionnels (tribal ou "Khaldunien" et partimonial, particulièrement les formes otto- manes et mamelouks), les empires coloniaux et les états-nations contemporains. Les principates caractéristiques des états-nations sont analysées afin de mettre en contraste le clientélisme et la citoyenneté moderne ainsi que pour souligner les traits spécifiques aux communautés politiques arabes (importance du système international, économique et religieux; faiblesse de la classe ouvrière et de la société civile; primauté du politique). La perspective du clientélisme au niveau national et local amène l'auteur à conclure que la modernisation n'est pas du tout synonyme de déclin du patronage.
Clientélisme et Elections
Authors: Diniz Eli
Published: March 2007

Cet article est une tentative de caractérisation des principaux traits de la machine politique mise en oeuere pied et consolidée dans l'état de Rio de Janeiro depuis 1965 sous le leadership de Chagas Freitas, un politicien dont l'expérience remonte aux années 1950. En suivant la trajectoire du groupe chaguiste, l'auteur montre comment celui-ci en est venu à exercer un contrôle oligarchique du parti d'opposition à Rio. Ce faisant, les Chaguistes ont monopolisé le vote d'opposition dans le système à deux partis existant de 1965 à 1979. L'organisation, les dynamiques internes et le style de la politique de la machine du parti sont analysés spécifiquement, aussi bien que l'identification des ressources utilisées pour attirer de nouveaux appuis. Une emphase particuliére est mise sure les stimulants et sur les récompenses matérielles visant à se frayer un chemin dans la compétition entre partis et à maximiser les gains électoraux dans le contexte d'une politique de "machines". De tels aspects révèlent le caractère essentiellement clientéliste et pragmatique de la soi-disant machine chaguista. De plus, l'article montre que le clientélisme tend à favoriser un modèle fragmenté tant des demandes que de la décision. Ces éléments définissent l'impact essentiellement conservateur d'une politique de "machines" puisque ses politiques sont limitées au domaine distributif.
The Glory That Was?
Authors: Korany Bahgat
Published: March 2007

Egypt and Saudi Arabia were crucial for the initiation and success of two sets of decisions that jolted the Middle East and world economy in October, 1973: the Egyptian-Syrian surprise attack that initiated the fifth Arab-Israeli war, and the oil-producing countries' oil embargo. Here, general data are scrutinized to see when, how, in what context, and with what objectives these decisions took place. General conclusions are that: (a) while the presidential center or the royal palace is the major locus of decisions, especially in national security or basic policy questions, geopolitical factors have been the major pressures behind the decisions; (b) when the adversary is deemed inflexible and no political alternative seems probable, moderate governments make radical decisions; and (c) despite the resultant quadrupling of oil prices in a short time, political objectives were paramount in both sets of decisions.
Space and Freedom
Authors: Deutsch Karl W.
Published: March 2007

An examination of the problems posed to freedom by the severe incompatibility of human groups that live in close contact and have a high level of mutual interdepen dence; and an examination of some techniques — temporary separation in particular — by which these problems can be, if not resolved, at least rendered manageable.
The Politics of Survival
Authors: Mawhood Philip
Published: March 2007

Less developed countries do not conform easily to the accepted patterns of federalism set out in the literature. Third World constitutions tend to be short-lived and in many cases the federations have disintegrated or have become, in real terms, unitary states. Common factors are the strong influence of ethnic or territorial élites, whether of traditional or modern type, and the difficulty experienced by the regime in reversing anti-state norms left over from the preindependence period. Even where a federal solution is successfully legitimized, as in India, Malaysia, and Nigeria, it takes a centrally dominated form. Quasi-federal states such as Sudan and Cameroon exhibit a similar problem of the regime's legitimacy in culturally distinct peripheral areas. Federalism is chosen not for convenience but for survival.
Political Science in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Anckar Dag
Published: March 2007

Political science has traditions in Finland and Sweden, but is a new academic discipline in Denmark, Iceland and Norway where it was introduced only after World War II. The differences in development, however, have not produced differences in style and outlook. Nordic political science has been and still is strongly dependent on basic influences from the US, and descriptions of problem areas and research approaches in the Nordic countries may well be carried out in terms of similarities rather than dissimilarities. Recent discussions about the state of the art have expressed concern about tendencies towards scientific disintegration, manifest in the institutionalization of political-science subfields and in the growth of so-called sector research based on short-term political priorities.
Vision and Practice: The Leader, the State, and the Transformation of Society
Authors: Migdal Joel S.
Published: March 2007

Visionary leaders have sought to use the modern state as the organization through which they could transform society. However, world historical forces largely beyond the control of such leaders have greatly affected their success in using the state to bring about intended social transformations, which constitute the core of their visions. Three such forces have affected the international and domestic environment leaders face, and have influenced their risk calculations as they decide whether to confront organizations in society resisting the leader's desired changes. Three hypotheses concerning these forces of social dislocation, the threat of war, and the opposition to change by leading world powers help explain the necessary conditions for a visionary leader's success. The cases of Lázaro Cárdenas of Mexico, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt, and David Ben-Gurion of Israel illustrate the important influence that world historical forces have had on the success of leaders in realizing their visions
State Formation in Tropical Africa
Authors: Mawhood Philip
Published: March 2007

African states are characterized by their recent date of creation, and nation-building has lagged behind state formation. Ethnic and regional loyalties continue to be important and used, both by government and opposition forces. A convincing parallel can be drawn with the history of European states, and Spain is taken as an example. On the dimension of centralization and regional decentralization, the analysis of Africa has to focus on sub-national government at the local level rather than on regionalism. Larger regional units are too threatening to the survival of state or regime for them to be permitted. However, at the local level, there is a continent-wide swing first towards, then away from centralization, reflecting efforts to create relative efficiency and popular consent. In practice, little difference results from the various shades of ideology.
Thoughts on Political Thought: An Introduction
Authors: Trent John E.
Published: March 2007

The religion that the British and the French brought to the New World was not a natural monotheism, like the Algonquin worship of a Great Spirit, nor an imperial monotheism like that of the Stoics, but a revolutionary monotheism, with a God who took an active part and partisan role in history; and like all revolutionary movements, including Marxism in our time, it equipped itself with a canon of Sacred books and a dialectical habit of mind, a mental attitude in which the neighbouring heresy is much more bitterly hated than the total rejection of faith. The dialectical habit of mind produced the conception of the false god, a conception hardly intelligible to an educated pagan.... The revolutionary aspect of white settlement extended from religion into economics as entrepreneurial capitalism developed.
Global Modeling of the Potential World System
Authors: Gelovani Victor Archilovich , Dubovsky Sergei V.
Published: March 2007

The methodology is first outlined for systems modeling in general, and of global modeling in particular, as developed at the Institute for Systems Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Next, a global model including four individual nations, China, Japan, the United States, and the USSR, and several regions, among them the EEC and OPEC, is used for a scenario study. Special attention is given to the critical role of technology, in particular R&D. The first scenario assumes between five to eight percent growth in R&D for military technology, 1986-2000. The second assumes an annual reduction of World Gross Product in the order of 11 percent annually. The major conclusion is that the reduction is less important than the intellectual conversion process in the R&D sector from military to civilian ends. This contributes to the alleviation of social problems.
Visual Myths of Female Identity in Eighteenth- Century France
Authors: Bellhouse Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Eighteenth-century France experienced a major shift in the position of women, with new value placed on domestic virtue. Analysis of seven representative eighteenth-century French paintings and prints suggests how cultural myths of female identity variously served to uphold and subvert the political, social, and economic status quo. The female gender continues to be reduced to the status of the Other, but now the female Other is increasingly portrayed in a domesticated and privatized way, rather than through gutted classical myths. Non-aristocratic concepts penetrated aristocratic culture through visual art. Spinning and reading become signs which identify middle class females with private domesticity. While feudal folktales and traditional gender inversion images remain popular, representations of poor women produced for privileged audiences begin to change in important ways. For example, the plates of Diderot's Encyclopédie suggest that wage labor outside the home is neither boring nor deforming; the large tractable force of cheap labor demanded by modernity's dreams of rationalist efficiency, new technology, and the industrial age appear in the Enryclopédie plates.
Social Incentives and the Preservation of Reputation in Public-Spirited Collective Action
Authors: Chong Dennis
Published: March 2007

Large-scale cooperation can often be manufactured out of small- scale relationships. People frequently cooperate in large-scale ventures in order to protect their reputations in everyday relationships, since an esteemed reputation has considerable instrumental value in a community. Moreover, regular social interaction is conducive not only to the develop ment of obligations and commitments, but also to the formation of other- regarding interests. These arguments are illustrated with a series of examples from the civil rights movement in the United States and other instances of collective action.
Recruitment to the British Appellate Judiciary, 1876-1972: Causal Models
Authors: Tate C. Neal
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to advance understanding about the recruit ment of judges to the appellate courts in Great Britain, the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords, from the ranks of those serving in the higher British judiciary between 1876 and 1972. Beginning with a litera ture search to support theory construction to the topic, it postulates a set of interrelated hypotheses explaining this recruitment and states these hypotheses formally and in a causal model. The model is then empirically estimated against data on the background and attributes of the 317 individuals serving in the higher British judiciary from 1876 to 1972. The model confirms well-known propositions about how one advances within the British judiciary, but also documents surprisingly large effects on recruitment for the judges' family social status.
The Game Theory of Language Regimes
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: March 2007

The logic of globalization suggests that world languages such as English will begin to challenge national vernaculars in such a way as to threaten their existence as living languages. The power of nationalism suggests that groups supporting national vernaculars will use all political resources to stem the tide of globalization. This paper analyzes the micro rationality of language choice, seen as an n-person tipping game. It demon strates that for many postcolonial states, multilingual outcomes for individuals is a powerful equilibrium. The maintenance of multilingual repertoires rather than the replacement of competing languages in all domains by English, the paper concludes, will be the mark of the emerg ing world language system.
Conviction Politics and Dynamic Conservatism: Mrs. Thatcher's Managerial Revolution
Authors: Metcalfe Les
Published: March 2007

The main change in British government in the 1980s was that there was no change of government or, more importantly, of prime minis ter. Improving public management was an integral part of Margaret Thatcher's brand of conviction politics. Political continuity provided the conditions for overcoming the dynamic conservatism of public administra tion and implementing irreversible changes. This managerial revolution has redefined the boundaries and relationships between the public and private sectors as well as transforming the public sector itself through the introduction of business models and methods of management.

This paper examines these developments and assesses future prospects by distinguishing four overlapping phases of reform. (1) The Rayner scruti nies of departmental operations. (2) "Lasting Reforms" of departmental systems and structures. (3) The Next Steps programme for the creation of agencies. (4) Structural reorganizations of major public services such as health, education and local government finance. The main thesis is that the reform process is being compromised by its own early successes. The convictions which underpin the reform process have led to the repeated use of management models and methods of managing change which are inappropriate to achieve increasingly ambitious reform objectives.
Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update
Authors: Gray Virginia , Lowery David
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we replicate our 1975 and 1980 analyses of American state interest group system density and diversity with new data from 1990. The results generally support our previous findings with two important exceptions. First, contrary to all theoretical expectations and prior empirical work, including our own, we find economic wealth to be negatively associated with interest group diversity. And second, the curvi linear responsiveness of interest group density to economic size, which was already declining from 1975 to 1980, disappears in the 1990 results. This suggests that states need not drift into hyper-interest group politics as their economies expand.
The Politics of Electoral Reform in Japan
Authors: Shiratori Rei
Published: March 2007

The Japanese electoral system has been distinctive in its use of the single non-transferable vote (SNTV). Under SNTV three to five members were elected from each constituency based on a simple majority of votes. However, a series of corruption scandals damaged confidence in the political system, and undermined the one-party dominance of the Liberal Democratic Party. As a result, in March 1994 the national parlia ment (Diet) passed new measures transforming the electoral system into a mixed-member system, combining single-member districts and PR party lists. Campaign funding laws were also reformed. This article explores the politics behind these developments.
Teaching Values Belongs In Our Public Schools
Authors: Honig Bill
Published: March 2007

We must transmit a sense Of values to our young people if they are to lead successfu productive lives as member of our free society. And edu cators as well as parents have a role to play in the process.
Ethics vs. Morality
Authors: Wynne Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Morality should be taught in public schools. However, ethics—the effort to apply simple moral rules—is too complex a system to teach t secondary school students, according to this author, wh examines the differences between ethics and moralit on these pages.
Criticism and Deception
Authors: Tauber R.T.
Published: March 2007

Praise doesn't always bring about a positive feeling from the recipient. It can be viewed as a standard of eval uation from which one must measure future actions as well as a method of manipu lating—and being manipulat ed by—other people. Praise should be made selective.
The Why and How— Commitment and Leadership
Authors: Beckner Weldon
Published: March 2007

This writer reviews the back ground of current concepts of leadership, some ideas from the research, and som suggestions for practice. They should, he believes, provide a foundation for leadership preparation efforts.
Creating and Implementing a Vision For the School
Authors: Chance Edward W. , Grady Marilyn L.
Published: March 2007

Administrators, confronted by complex tasks, economic restrictions, and community concerns, need clear visions to guide their schools and staffs toward effective learn ing. How can they clarify and develop vision?
Preparing Principals for Resource Allocation Decisions
Authors: Campbell Trudy , Sparkman William E.
Published: March 2007

These writers describe their perception of current admin istrator preparation pro grams, particularly in regard to the resource allocation component, and look at the collaborative model of administration, which has received an impetus in the school reform movement.
Choices for Effective Communication: Which Channels To Use?
Authors: Pankake Anita M. , Stewart G. Kent , Winn Wynona
Published: March 2007

These writers connect con cepts of effective communi cation with actual situations they have observed in schools, and recommend that inservice administrators use the concepts discussed to analyze and improve their effectiveness as commu nicators.
Let's Build a Firmer Partnership—Sports and Education
Authors: Schwartz Louis O.
Published: March 2007

This writer proposes a unique partnership: Sportscasters, in conjunction with educators and others, urging young people to stay in school and to prepare for the future.
Comprehensive Assessment and School Improvement
Authors: Keefe James W. , Kelley Edgar A.
Published: March 2007

Why are some schools more effective than other schools in achieving high levels of indi vidual student satisfaction and productivity? Why do some schools have environ ments that are perceived to be more positive than those in other schools ? Researchers who have stud ied "effective schools" and "school climate" have sug gested the outlines of a com prehensive theory of school effectiveness.
Reconsidering Obligatory Running and Anorexia Nervosa as Gender-Related Problems of Identity and Role Adjustment
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

A recent study by Yates, Leehey, and Shisslak (1983) noted the dramatic increase of serious runners in the previous decade, and the authors argued on the basis of their research that serious runners shared important character, adaptive, and background qualities with anorexics. This paper extends and refines the researchers' analysis of their findings by examining the possible origins of these obsessions in gender-related problems of identity and role adjustment in American society. Of primary interest are why, when, and how such obsessions develop and what they mean in relation to gender, achievement, and success in America.
Effectiveness of the Mandatory Minority Business Set-Aside Contracting Goals
Authors: Black Dennis E.
Published: March 2007

Section 221 of Public Law 95-507 mandates that the head of each federal agency, after consultation with the Small Business Administration, establish realistic goals for each fiscal year for the award of agency contracts to socioeconomically disadvantaged businesses. This requirement currently represents one of approximately 50 separate federal socioeconomic programs that utilize the federal contracting process as the principal implementing mechanism. Through multiple regression analysis this article concludes that the mandatory goal-setting procedure has had no statistically significant positive effect in increasing federal contract dollars to minority businesses.
Program Evaluation as an Evolutionary Process
Authors: Nielsen Lore , Turner Susan Douglas
Published: March 2007

This article discusses ongoing program evaluation as an evolutionary process in which the form of evaluation changes in response to the questions to be addressed. The concept implies that as programs evolve over time, so should the evaluation designs; furthermore this evolutionary process can result in different evaluation approaches being used in subsequent cycles of investigation. The concept of evaluation as an evolutionary process is illustrated with two examplesfrom a large school district in Florida. One evaluation dealt with a systemwide reading laboratory program at the secondary level; the other was concerned with an alternative educational program for sixth-grade students at a sample of schools. In both examples the form of evaluation used to gather information about ongoing programs evolved over several years of operation in response to evaluation findings and newly identified concerns.
An Evaluation of the Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum
Authors: Bickman Leonard , Hamner Karl M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines to what extent a visit to the major Israeli Holocaust memorial/museum, Yad Vashem, affected the attitudes and knowledge of Israeli high school students. A total of 281 students completed questionnaires measuring general knowledge of the Holocaust, the impor tance of the Holocaust, views related to the Holocaust, and the connection between the Holocaust and attitudes about current issues. Results showed that the visit had little effect on attitudes and no effect on knowledge. Implications for museums as interventions and the use of formal evaluations in these settings are discussed.
The effects of the study of popular music on music education
Authors: Dunbar-Hall Peter , Wemyss Kathryn
Published: March 2007

In this article we propose that the introduction of popular music into Australian music syllabuses during the 1970s caused a disruption in and subsequent rethinking of music education. This was the result of the realisation among music educators that methods of teaching art music, which formed the content basis of syllabuses prior to the 1970s, were not suitable for teaching popular music. Responses to this realisation have resulted in the development of alternative methods of music education, and these in turn have reshaped not only teaching and learning strategies but also the ways music educators theorise music education and conceptualise its object of study, music.
“Obsolescence and Renewal”: (Musical Heritage, Electronictechnology, Education and the Future)
Authors: Williams Edward
Published: March 2007

This article provides an account of the composer's musical and aesthetic development, from early education to involvement in professional musical life within the specialised field of music for films. It considers subsequent personal experience of the radical changes in the technology of music-making which have taken place during the last fifty years or so; their interaction with - and influence on - the composer's musical philosophy; and the resulting changes to many of the working practices and developments in his thinking as a musician. The process of musical and technical change - obsolescence and subsequent renewal in other ways - is outlined, together with a brief description of the way technological developments have helped shape the music composed for documentary films and television programmes. Comparisons are made between music education then and now. New modes of real-time music/dance/video performance are explored, and. the development of Soundbeam (a new way of playing electronic musical instruments) is described. The article concludes with some thoughts on the future of music in an increasingly technological society.
Plato and Aristotle on Music and Music Education: Lessons From Ancient Greece
Authors: Stamou Lelouda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Athenian views of music and music education as these are presented in the works of the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle and to suggest ways in which the issues raised by them are still relevant for music education today. Their philosophical and practical views on music education, apart from being an excellent and very up-to-date source for advocacy, can also initiate thoughts and promote solutions on problems that still remain unsolved. During the study, of their works, the reader surprisingly realizes that these philosophers had stated 2,500 years ago what the music education community has, just recently, come to realize concerning the value of music education, children's musical development, and instructional strategies in music.
A Sociological Basis for Music Education
Authors: Kelly Steven N.
Published: March 2007

This paper seeks to illustrate that the social contributions of music education are vital to the justification of music in the schools. This position is based on the following: 1) Music behaviors are global behaviors associated with the earliest human existence; 2) If humans have maintained music, then some manner of music education has always been associated with humans; 3) If music is a global behavior, then some form of music education is a global practice; 4) If music and music education are globally associated with humans, it seems appropriate both should be part of a school curriculum.
Engaging Students With A Contemporary Music – Minimalism – through Composing Activities: Teachers’ Approaches, Strategies and Roles
Authors: Blom Diana
Published: March 2007

A study inviting teachers at primary, secondary and tertiary level to introduce their students to composing activities through a resource album of minimalist projects noted that some teachers led their students to write “pastiche” compositions while others enabled their student composers to move beyond pastiche to an expansion of the given compositional concepts. Results examined compositions of music as imitating the style of an existing work, or whether teachers enabled their students to move beyond pastiche composition to an expansion of the given compositional concepts. This paper discusses the approaches, strategies, and roles adopted by both groups of teachers.
Music, the universal language: Fact or fallacy?
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: March 2007

In this era of internationalism and multiculturalism, some music programmes may be hanging by this very thread: the belief that through the mere exposure of students to ‘songs from many lands’, a cultural harmony and a multicultural understanding might be achieved. Yet the question must arise among educators as it has frequently done among ethnomusicologists throughout the twentieth century. Is music, in fact, universally understood? And with little or no formal education to undergird the culture-specific meanings that music may encompass? This paper will review relevant ethnomusicological literature from the turn of the century onward, in an attempt to make sense of the truth or deception behind the statement music, the universal language’, and as a means of seeking out why romantic notions and politically-correct directives may be driving the continuance of the premise that ‘all music is created equal’. Emic and etic views of music, and issues of bimusicality and multimusicality are also addressed relevant to teaching music from the perspective of diversity (culture-specific distinctions) or universality (homogenous properties).
Pitch abilities in music and language of Cantonese-speaking children
Authors: Chen-Hafteck Lily
Published: March 2007

The relationship between musical and linguistic pitch abilities in young children was explored. Developmental research demonstrated that abilities in pitch perception and production in early music and language development are closely integrated. Cross-cultural evidence also illustrated the influence of language characteristics on music, children's songs and spontaneous singing. A close examination into the singing ability of the Cantonese-speaking children in Hong Kong showed that pitch abilities in language can possibly enhance pitch accuracy in singing. It was therefore suggested that musical and linguistic abilities should be encouraged in close connection during early childhood.
Music and the special challenges of aging: A new frontier
Authors: Prickett Carol A.
Published: March 2007

The special challenges which aging people face, both the well-elderly and those manifesting dementia, are discussed. Data-based literature demonstrating ways in which music or music activities can uniquely address these challenges is outlined and discussed. Protocols which can help build a stronger body of information are reviewed.
Out of Africa: The evolution of the human capacity for music
Authors: Bannan Nicholas
Published: March 2007

Research in a variety of disciplines during the last twenty years has thrown new light on the question which all music educators must consider: what is the nature of the human capacity for music? This paper will confine itself to reflecting on new discoveries and theories in molecular biology, archaeology, palaeozoology, comparative linguistics and psychobiology which converge to suggest a hypothesis which promises to become highly influential on both the intrinsic practice of music education, and the extrinsic justification for its promotion and funding. And geographically, in time, the place to which all these current findings point, where the well-springs of musical experience arose in the human species, is Africa.
Historical panorama of music education in Latin America: Music training institutions/ Panorama histórico de la educación musical en Latinoamérica: las instituciones de formación musical
Authors: De Couve Alicia C. , Dal Pino Claudia
Published: March 2007

This article reports on ongoing research project concerned with the history of music education, both institutionalised and non-institutionalised, in Latin America. It describes the application of a data collecting framework for the analysis of printed sources as a means of obtaining information on the aims, methods, outcomes and personnel of a range of music teaching and learning situations. A general panorama on music teaching institutions in Latin America from the sixteenth up to the twentieth century is presented.
Social Psychology and Language: a Taxonomy and Overview
Authors: Smith Philip M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this overview is briefly to summarise the distinctive contributions of social psychology to the study of language, speech and communi cation. The breadth and depth of these contributions is indicated with the help of a two-dimensional taxonomy in which research is classified according to its emphasis on language production or language reception, and according to its focus on individual, interpersonal or group processes. The cells of this taxonomy are illustrated with reference to research on: attitudes and motivation in second language learning; the externalisation of personality and emotion in speech; the inference of personality and emotion from speech; lexical influences on message reception; interpersonal constructs and impression formation; interaction chrono graphy ; speech accommodation; speech style evaluation; language and social identity; language attitudes and intergroup relations. Two strong themes that cross-cut this taxonomy are research into the influence of social-developmental and situational factors on language production and reception, each of which is briefly considered. This is followed by a survey of interpretive frameworks that have been imported by social psychologists interested in language to aid their endeavours, and an introduction to the applications to which this work has been put. The final section includes a breakdown of the contributions into methodological types, and a brief discussion of theoretical matters in the investigation of language.
In the Throes of Divorce
Authors: Straker David
Published: March 2007

People who are in the process of separation in Leicestershire are being offered a course run by the divorce court welfare staff. In its narrowest context it is offered as a useful facility for people who are separating. In a broader sense it is an expression of a fresh approach and is a major response to the problem of those who are affected by family splitting.
conference miscellany
Authors: Lewis Ron
Published: March 2007

The contributions in this section have been written with Conference in mind, but we hope they will be of interest to attenders and non- attenders alike. They include: discussions of the future of NAPO; the relationship between professional and wider political and social issues; the place of community service and the principles of 'alterna tives to custody'; comments on the immigration laws. Finally, there are two pieces in lighter vein: reminiscences of conferences past, and some first-hand information about what to do in Bournemouth when you're not engrossed in Conference business.
Barnsley Community Workshop: a new Approach to the Unemployed Offender
Authors: Birkbeck J.N. , Illingworth Tom
Published: March 2007

The author describes the aims, structure and achievements of a suc cessful project for unemployed offenders in Barnsley. He suggests that such work is one way of providing an effective alternative to custody.
Who is Responsible for Children?
Authors: Brooks E.W.
Published: March 2007

The question is posed as to whether social work agencies and the courts have reduced the authority and responsibility of parents for their children. Are probation officers and social workers sufficiently conscientious, committed or well-informed to direct their work towards helping parents to face and accept their real responsibilities?