bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Effects of a Home-Based and Group-Based Resistance Training Program on Functional Ability in Older Adults
Authors: Cyarto Elizabeth V. , Brown Wendy J. , Marshall Alison L. , Trost Stewart G.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To compare the effectiveness of home- and group-based, progressive resistance training programs and a group walking program in improving functional performance in older adults.

Design.

A quasi-experimental trial, in which retirement villages were assigned to one of three groups: home-based resistance training, group-based resistance training and group-based walking.

Subjects.

One hundred sixty-seven retirement village residents aged 65 to 96 years.

Intervention.

Nine resistance training exercises, using graded exercise bands and body weight, two balance exercises, and 10 stretches. Home-based participants were given an exercise booklet, 8 hours of instruction, and telephone support. Instructors supervised the group-based resistance training and walking programs. Each group exercised twice weekly for 20 weeks.

Measures.

Functional performance (strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance) was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test.

Analysis.

Intervention effects were evaluated using mixed-model, repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results.

Significant between-group differences were observed only for the lower-body flexibility test. Group resistance training participants improved, but home resistance training and walking participants did not. However, strength, lower-body flexibility, and agility/dynamic balance improved in the group-based resistance training participants, and strength and upper-body flexibility improved in the home-based participants. No improvements were observed in the walking group.

Conclusion.

Findings support the implementation of both home- and group-based resistance training programs in retirement villages. Encouraging residents to adopt and maintain a resistance training program remains a research priority.
An Investigation of ADA Compliance of Aquatic Facilities in the North Texas Area
Authors: Pike Hilary , Walker Joseph , Collins John , Hodges Jan
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

The study expands research on accessibility, comparing compliance scores of aquatic facilities in North Texas built before the 1991 Title III Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) with facilities built after the 1991 ADAAG and the proposed 2002 supplement.

Design.

A quasi-experimental design directed the selection of 52 facilities where measurements were taken to determine compliance with ADAAG and the supplement. A focus group provided insight into interpreting which features functioned as barriers or constraints to participation.

Setting.

Metropolitan statistical area in North Texas.

Subjects.

A total of 52 aquatic facilities and 12 focus group participants (University of North Texas institutional review board 07–283).

Measure.

ADA aquatic facility compliance instrument.

Analysis.

Frequency, ratios.

Results.

No facilities were 100% ADA compliant overall, although some facilities were 100% compliant with specific structural domains. Women's restrooms rated lowest (average = 55%), and men's restrooms received the second lowest rating (average = 64%). Focus group results indicated that improperly designed restrooms and pool entries are primary barriers to participation.

Conclusion.

The findings support a need for stronger enforcement of policies that improve accessibility of facilities. Architectural reviews and construction practices need to be improved. The structural barriers and constraints identified can be limiting factors in efforts aimed at increasing physical activity among individuals with disabilities and individuals with physical limitations.
The Environment and Urban Adolescents' Use of Recreational Facilities for Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Ries Amy V. , Gittelsohn Joel , Voorhees Carolyn C. , Roche Kathleen M. , Clifton Kelly J. , Astone Nan M.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Investigate environmental factors influencing the use of recreational facilities for physical activity by urban African-American adolescents.

Design.

Qualitative in-depth interviews and direct observation.

Setting.

Two public high schools and 24 public recreational facilities in Baltimore, Maryland.

Participants.

Forty-eight African-American adolescents aged 14 to 18 years.

Methods.

Data from 48 in-depth interviews and 26 observations were coded using NVivo software and analyzed using the constant comparative method.

Results.

Facility use is influenced by characteristics of the physical, social, organizational, and economic environments. Adolescents are attracted to low-cost, well-maintained facilities that offer preferred activities and that are within close proximity to home. Adolescents with limited access to facilities use alternative play spaces, like the streets or vacant lots, where they risk injury from falling or being hit by a car. They are drawn to facilities where they find active adolescents, and they avoid those where young people are engaged in drug or gang activity. Concerns about facility safety largely determine use, particularly for adolescent girls.

Conclusion.

Previous research points to the importance of increasing facility availability as a means of promoting physical activity, particularly in minority communities in which availability is disproportionately limited. This study shows that, while availability is important, additional facility characteristics should be considered when using environmental change to promote facility use for physical activity.
Relationship of Alcoholic Beverage Consumption to Food Habits in a Mediterranean Population
Authors: de Asis Carmona-Torre Francisco , Garcia-Arellano Ana , Marques-Lopes Iva , Basora Josep , Corella Dolores , Gómez-Gracia Enrique , Fiol Miquel , Covas Maria-Isabel , Aros Fernando , Conde Manuel , Lapetra Jose , Estruch Ramon , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel Angel
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Wine consumption has been related to a reduced cardiovascular risk. This effect has been attributed partly to the healthier diet of wine drinkers. We compared food habits according to alcoholic beverage preference in a Mediterranean population.

Design.

A cross-sectional study of a large sample of participants at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Setting.

Primary care centers in a Mediterranean country, Spain.

Participants.

A total of 1675 men aged 55 to 80 years old and 2150 women aged 60 to 80 years old who had no documented cardiovascular disease but had either diabetes or at least three major cardiovascular risk factors.

Measures.

A food frequency questionnaire, alcoholic beverage consumption, adherence to Mediterranean diet, age, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and educational level were measured.

Analysis.

We analyzed differences in food consumption according to the type of alcoholic beverage preferentially consumed and adjusted the estimates for age, body mass index, cholesterol level, and total energy intake.

Results.

We found no substantial differences in adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the main type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and we found no evidence that Mediterranean wine drinkers at high cardiovascular risk have a healthier diet than other drinkers. However, a better dietary pattern was found among nondrinkers than among drinkers.

Conclusion.

This large, Mediterranean study does not support an association between wine consumption and healthier dietary habits.
Contextual Effects of Built and Social Environments of Urban Neighborhoods on Exercise: A Multilevel Study in Chicago
Authors: Wen Ming , Zhang Xingyou
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Examine the contextual effects of neighborhood built and social environments on exercise.

Design.

Cross-sectional, multilevel study.

Setting.

City of Chicago.

Subjects.

A probability sample of Chicago adult residents (response rate = 55%).

Measures.

The exercise measures were based on two questions: “How often a week on average do you work out or exercise?” (N = 3530) and, “Did you exercise regularly in the last year?” (N = 907). Neighborhood social environment was measured by socioeconomic and social capital indicators. Neighborhood built environment was captured by pedestrian injury rate, residential density, distance to subway or parks, land use mix, and access to neighborhood amenities.

Analysis.

Random effects logit and multinomial models.

Results.

For weekly workout/exercise, individuals with access to restaurants and bars were more likely to report one to three times of weekly exercise (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19) and four times or more weekly exercise (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26) compared with those who reported no weekly exercise. For regular exercise in the past year, access to restaurants and bars (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.46) and neighborhood social environment (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.69) were significant. The social environment effects were stronger for women.

Conclusions.

Neighborhood social and built environments are both important for exercise independent of an individual's background.
Systematic Review of Physical Activity Interventions Implemented with American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in the United States and Canada
Authors: Teufel-Shone Nicolette I. , Fitzgerald Carrie , Teufel-Shone Louis , Gamber Michelle
Published: June 2010

Objective.

To describe physical activity (PA) interventions implemented in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations in the United States and Canada.

Data Sources.

MEDLINE, PubMed, ERIC, and Sociological Abstracts were used to identify peer-reviewed journal articles. Dissertation abstracts, Web sites, and conference proceedings were searched to identify descriptions within the gray literature from 1986 to 2006.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

The target population had to be described as AI/AN, aboriginal, native Hawaiian, and/or native U.S. Samoan. PA interventions among indigenous populations of Latin America were not included.

Data Extraction.

Descriptions of 64 different AI/AN PA interventions (28 peer-reviewed journal articles and 36 in the gray literature) were identified.

Data Synthesis.

Data were synthesized by geographic region, intervention strategy, target audience, activities, and sustainability.

Results.

Most interventions were conducted in the southwest United States (35.4%), in reservation communities (72%), and among participants 18 years and younger (57.8%). Forty-one percent of the 27 interventions with evaluation components reported significant changes in health, behavior, or knowledge.

Conclusions.

Effective AI/AN PA interventions demonstrated impact on individual health and community resources. Program sustainability was linked to locally trained personnel, local leadership, and stable funding. Culturally acceptable and scientifically sound evaluation methods that can be implemented by local personnel are needed to assess the health and social impact of many long-running AI/AN PA interventions.
Measuring Salt Consumption to Guide Behavior Change in Applied Settings: A Critical Review
Authors: Parkington Sandra R. , Roussos Stergios
Published: June 2010

Objective.

A critical review of the accuracy of salt consumption measurement can enhance future dietary sodium interventions.

Data Source.

A review of the measures of salt consumption was conducted with a focus on the measurement that may facilitate behavior modification. Measures were critiqued for factors known to threaten the validity of behavioral measurement in applied settings.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

The review included observational, interventional, and measurement studies that used at least one measure of behavior indicative of salt consumption.

Data Extraction.

Eighteen articles were retrieved by examining their definitions of salt consumption to ensure a measurement of behavior and a discussion of factors known to influence behavior and its measurement.

Data Synthesis.

Articles meeting the above criteria were critically reviewed for factors related to a valid measurement of behavior: participant and setting characteristics, measurement definitions, and measurement procedures.

Results.

The results indicate that imprecise definitions of salt consumption and insensitive measurement tools limit valid measurement of salt-eating behaviors.

Conclusions.

Further research is needed to improve the specificity of measures of behaviors that are indicative of salt consumption and to produce tools that clinicians and patients may use for more accurate, and possibly real-time, salt consumption measurement. The increasing burden of cardiovascular disease in the aging U.S. population demands better methods to assess and subsequently control salt consumption in applied settings.
Paths to Leisure Physical Activity among Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: Self-Efficacy and Social Support
Authors: Peterson Jana J. , Lowe John B. , Peterson N. Andrew , Nothwehr Faryle K. , Janz Kathleen F. , Lobas Jeffrey G.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

This study tested a path model that included perceptions of social support and self-efficacy for leisure physical activity and leisure physical activity participation among adults with intellectual disabilities.

Design.

A cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected via oral interview.

Setting.

Community-based group, supported-living settings in one Midwestern state.

Sample.

A total of 152 adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, which provided a 39% response rate.

Measures.

Self-efficacy and social support (from family, residential staff, and peers with disabilities) for leisure physical activity were assessed using self-reported scales. Leisure physical activity participation was measured with a self-reported checklist of the frequency of leisure physical activity participation.

Analysis.

Path analysis was conducted for the entire sample and was repeated for younger and older age groups.

Results.

The hypothesized model fit the data from each group. Social support and self-efficacy predicted physical activity participation, and self-efficacy served as a mediator between social support and physical activity. Significant sources of social support differed between groups; among younger participants, social support from family predicted physical activity, whereas, for the older group, social support from staff and peers predicted physical activity.

Conclusion.

Self-efficacy and social support for leisure physical activity are related to leisure physical activity participation among adults with intellectual disabilities who are receiving supported-living services. The results provide information to guide health promotion programs for this group.
Associations between General Parenting Styles and Specific Food-Related Parenting Practices and Children's Food Consumption
Authors: Vereecken Carine , Legtest Erwin , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Maes Lea
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Explore the impact of general parenting style and specific food-related parenting practices on children's dietary habits.

Design.

Cross-sectional study of sixth graders and their parents.

Setting.

Data were gathered (in 2003) in 69 of 100 randomly selected elementary schools in Belgium.

Subjects.

All sixth graders (N = 1957) were invited to participate; 82.4% of their parents gave consent and completed questionnaires, resulting in 1614 parent-child pairs.

Measures.

Children's consumption of breakfast, fruit, vegetables, soft drinks, and sweets was assessed by self-administered food frequency questionnaires. Parents completed questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics, general parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, or neglecting) and specific food-related parenting practices (pressure, reward, encouragement through negotiation, catering on children's demands, permissiveness, avoiding negative modeling, and praise).

Analysis.

Logistic regression analyses were performed, with general parenting style and specific food-related parenting practices as predictors and dietary habits as dependent variables, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and children's weight status.

Results.

General parenting style did not show any significant impact on dietary habits. In contrast, the food-related parenting practice “encouragement through negotiation” showed a significant positive impact, whereas “pressure,” “catering on demand,” and “permissiveness” were practices with an unhealthy impact.

Conclusion.

Nutrition education programs that guide parents in firm but not coercive food parenting skills are likely to have a positive impact upon children's dietary habits.
Understanding Screen-Related Sedentary Behavior and its Contributing Factors among School-Aged Children: A Social-Ecologic Exploration
Authors: He Meizi , Harris Stewart , Piche Leonard , Beynon Charlene
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To explore the factors that contribute to children's screen-related sedentary (S-RS) behaviors.

Settings.

Elementary schools.

Subjects.

A random sample of children in grades five and six and their parents.

Measures.

The outcome measure was children's S-RS activity level measured by a self-administered questionnaire. A full spectrum of potential contributing factors for children's S-RS behaviors was obtained through surveys. Multilevel linear regression methods were used to determine the associations between these factors and children's screen time (hours per day) and results were expressed as regression coefficients (g).

Results.

Of 955 child-parent pairs in 14 participating schools, 508 pairs (53%) completed the surveys. At an intrapersonal level, protective factors included being a girl (g = − .71); belonging to a sports team inside (g = −.56) or outside (g = −.49) of school; having a negative attitude toward S-RS activities (g = −.13); and having a positive attitude toward physical activity (g = −.48). At the interpersonal and social levels, parental leisure S-RS behaviors (g = .32) were positively associated, whereas strict parental rules on computer use (g = −.27) and family income (g = −.32) were inversely correlated with S-RS behavior. At the environmental level, the presence of TVs in children's bedrooms (g = .44) and owning videogame devices (g = .58) increased the risk of S-RS behaviors, whereas after school programs (g = −.86) and schools' participation in the Turn Off the Screen Week campaign (g = −.91) decreased the risk.

Conclusions.

Public health interventions should target multilevel factors, including increasing children's awareness, promoting parental involvement in healthy lifestyle pursuits, and creating less screenogenic environments.
Adapting a 1% or Less Milk Campaign for a Hispanic/Latino Population: The Adelante Con Leche Semi-Descremada 1% Experience
Authors: Hinkle Arnell J. , Mistry Ritesh , McCarthy William J. , Yancey Antronette K.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Describe and evaluate a media campaign to encourage 1% or nonfat milk consumption.

Design.

Uncontrolled pre/post test.

Setting.

One largely rural (Santa Paula) and one urban (East Los Angeles) California community.

Subjects.

Community residents and milk vendors in primarily low-income Latino/Hispanic communities.

Intervention.

The “1% or Less” milk campaign, which promotes substitution of 2% fat or whole milk with 1% or less fat milk was adapted and implemented.

Measures.

Comparison of post-campaign milk sales with pre-campaign sales.

Analysis.

Chi-square tests of independence used to compare precampaign and postcampaign sales.

Results.

There were decreases in the proportion of whole milk sold and increases in the proportion of reduced-fat, low-fat, and nonfat milk sold in the weeks following each campaign (Santa Paula: p = .0165; East Los Angeles: p < .0001). However, follow-up data from East Los Angeles suggest that these changes were not sustained. The proportions of the different units of milk sold also changed in the weeks following each campaign (p < .0001). Sales of whole milk gallon units decreased from 36.3% to 28.4% in Santa Paula, and from 43.5% to 10.2% in East Los Angeles.

Conclusion.

Highly focused campaigns to promote substitution of high-fat milk with low-fat or nonfat milk can show dramatic initial changes in sales patterns. However, whether such campaigns can have a sustained impact in largely Latino/Hispanic communities is not evident.
Safety of Strength Training in Premenopausal Women: Musculoskeletal Injuries from a Two-Year Randomized Trial
Authors: Warren Meghan , Schmitz Kathryn H.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

The health benefits of strength training must be weighed against risks, including injuries. A prior study observed 4.2 injuries that limited usual activities for a day per 1000 strength training sessions among men and women. The analysis herein explores the incidence rates of musculoskeletal injuries from strength training in women.

Design.

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

Free-living community.

Subjects.

A total of 163 injury-free, overweight, sedentary, premenopausal women aged 25 to 44 years.

Intervention.

Two years of strength training (n = 81) or standard care (n = 82). The intervention followed published guidelines (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) with hypothesized injury prevention strategies.

Measures.

An injury survey was administered at years 1 and 2. Injury was defined as physical activity or strength training associated injuries that limited daily activities for 1 week or more. Denominators for rate calculation were accelerometer-measured physical activity and strength training attendance (strength training only). The between-group probability of injuries was assessed using generalized estimating equations.

Results.

Injury incidence rates were higher in strength training compared with standard care. In strength training the injury rates were 3.6 per 1000 strength training sessions (95% confidence interval: 2.5–4.8 per 1000) for physical activity-related injuries, and 2.6 per 1000 (95% confidence interval: 1.5–3.6 per 1000) for strength training-related injuries.

Conclusions.

Injury rates varied by definition and denominator. Strength training had lower injury rates than previously reported, providing preliminary support for the prevention strategies. The finding of strength training injuries underscores the need for balancing the benefits against the potential risks of this exercise modality.
Are Patterns of Health Behavior Associated with Cancer Screening?
Authors: Meissner Helen I. , Yabroff K. Robin , Dodd Kevin W. , Leader Amy E. , Ballard-Barbash Rachel , Berrigan David
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

This study investigates the relationship between patterns of health behaviors and the use of cancer-screening tests while controlling for sociodemographic and health system factors.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview (NHIS).

Setting.

Nationally representative sample.

Subjects.

Adults 50 years and older.

Measures.

Use of cancer-screening tests, health behaviors, sociodemographic factors, and health system factors from self-reported responses from the NHIS. Sixteen health behavior patterns were identified based on lifestyle recommendations for physical activity, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and fruit and vegetable consumption.

Results.

Health behavior patterns, age, educational attainment, usual source of care, and health insurance were significantly associated with the use of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening (p < .05). Approximate B2 for the four models ranged from .067 for colorectal cancer screening in women to .122 for cervical cancer screening. Having a usual source of care was the strongest correlate of screening; the magnitude of associations for health behavior patterns and demographic variables and screening was similar and much smaller than those for usual source of care.

Conclusion.

These findings demonstrate relationships between patterns of multiple health behaviors and use of recommended cancer-screening tests, even when accounting for factors known to influence test use. This suggests potential for addressing cancer screening in the context of multiple behavior change interventions once barriers to health care access are removed.
U.S. Consumer Demand for Restaurant Calorie Information: Targeting Demographic and Behavioral Segments in Labeling Initiatives
Authors: Kolodinsky Jane , Reynolds Travis William , Cannella Mark , Timmons David , Bromberg Daniel
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To identify different segments of U.S. consumers based on food choices, exercise patterns, and desire for restaurant calorie labeling.

Design.

Using a stratified (by region) random sample of the U.S. population, trained interviewers collected data for this cross-sectional study through telephone surveys.

Setting.

Center for Rural Studies U.S. national health survey.

Subjects.

The final sample included 580 responses (22% response rate); data were weighted to be representative of age and gender characteristics of the U.S. population.

Measures.

Self-reported behaviors related to food choices, exercise patterns, desire for calorie information in restaurants, and sample demographics.

Analysis.

Clusters were identified using Schwartz Bayesian criteria. Impacts of demographic characteristics on cluster membership were analyzed using bivariate tests of association and multinomial logit regression.

Results.

Cluster analysis revealed three clusters based on respondents' food choices, activity levels, and desire for restaurant labeling. Two clusters, comprising three quarters of the sample, desired calorie labeling in restaurants. The remaining cluster opposed restaurant labeling. Demographic variables significantly predicting cluster membership included region of residence (p < .10), income (p < .05), gender (p < .01), and age (p < .10).

Conclusions.

Though limited by a low response and potential self-reporting bias in the phone survey, this study suggests that several groups are likely to benefit from restaurant calorie labeling. Specific demographic clusters could be targeted through labeling initiatives.
Connecting Children to Recreational Activities: Results of a Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: McNeil Deborah A. , Wilson Brenda N. , Siever Jodi E. , Ronca Margie , Mah Jean K.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Identify if outreach support increases school-aged children's participation in recreational activities.

Design.

Cluster randomized trial.

Setting.

Sixteen schools in economically vulnerable neighborhoods were randomized to either an intervention or control group.

Subjects.

Children in grades 3 to 5 and their families were invited to participate.

Intervention.

Children in intervention schools were assigned a “connector” (outreach worker) to facilitate participation in recreation activities.

Measures.

The Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) was the primary measure at baseline, middle, and end of 1 year. Demographics, body mass index, child physical and psychosocial health, coordination, and self-esteem were measured.

Analysis.

A generalized linear model was used to test differences between intervention and control groups.

Results.

Three hundred and sixty children enrolled, and 306 (85 %) completed the study. A greater proportion of children in the intervention group compared with the control group increased participation in physical activity (21 % vs. 10%, p = .02). Children who increased their activity were more likely to have higher levels of contact with the connectors (31 % vs. 8%, p = .001). Study limitations included (I) 29% of eligible families participated, (2) first use of the CAPE instrument as a longitudinal measure, and (3) connectors were not blinded to group assignment.

Conclusion.

Children living in vulnerable neighborhoods benefit from outreach workers to connect them with physical activity programs.
3 For Life: A Model Pilot Program to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Liver Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Sue Eric , Zola Janet , So Samuel K.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

3 For Life aims to increase hepatitis B virus (HBV) awareness and reduce the high prevalence of undiagnosed chronic HBV infection and susceptibility among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) adults.

Design.

This pilot program offered low-cost HBV vaccination with free HBV testing targeted primarily at foreign-born Chinese adults.

Setting.

Semimonthly screening and vaccination clinics were held in San Francisco, California, for 1 year.

Subjects.

A total of 1206 adults accessed the program.

Intervention.

Participants paid a discounted fee for a full vaccine series against HBV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), or both. Participants also provided blood samples for HBV serologic testing. Test results, recommendations, and appointment reminders were provided by mail.

Measures.

We compared the probability of completing a recommended vaccine series by HBV serologic status and sociodemographic characteristics.

Analysis.

Proportions were compared using multivariate logistic regression models.

Results.

Nine percent of adults were chronically infected with HBV, and 53% were unprotected. In the latter group, 85% completed the HBV vaccine series. The probability of completing a recommended hepatitis vaccine series was similar across most sociodemographic groups, with slightly higher completion rates among middle-aged and Chinese participants.

Conclusions.

Lessons learned from this pilot program have been used toward successful replication in other cities, demonstrating that 3 For Life is an accessible, affordable, reproducible, and sustainable model to increase HBV awareness, testing, and prevention among API adults.
Reported Exposure to Pro-Tobacco Messages in the Media: Trends among Youth in the United States, 2000–2004
Authors: Duke Jennifer C. , Allen Jane Appleyard , Pederson Linda L. , Mowery Paul D. , Xiao Haijun , Sargent James D.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Document changes from 2000 to 2004 in youth reports of exposure to pro-tobacco messages in the mass media, including images of smoking and tobacco advertising.

Design.

Comparison of cross-sectional data from three waves of the school-based National Youth Tobacco Surveys conducted in 2000 (N = 33,772), 2002 (N = 23,439), and 2004 (N = 23,540).

Setting.

Public and private middle schools and high schools across the United States.

Subjects.

Students in grades 6 through 12.

Measures.

Smoking status; exposure to images of smoking on television and in movies; exposure to advertisements for tobacco products in stores, on the Internet, and in newspapers and magazines; demographic data.

Results.

Youth exposure to pro-tobacco messages declined within all media channels studied from 2000 to 2004, except the Internet. Despite these declines, most youth in the United States remain exposed to pro-tobacco messages: 81% saw images of smoking on television or in movies (down from 90%), 85% saw tobacco ads in stores (down from 88%), 50% saw tobacco ads in newspapers and magazines (down from 66%), and 33% saw tobacco ads on the Internet (up from 22%).

Conclusion.

Despite recent progress in this area, most youth in the United States are still at increased risk of smoking as a result of exposure to pro-tobacco messages in the mass media.
Neighborhood Retail Food Environment and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Multiethnic Urban Population
Authors: Zenk Shannon N. , Lachance Laurie L. , Schulz Amy J. , Mentz Graciela , Kannan Srimathi , Ridella William
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To examine relationships between the neighborhood food environment and fruit and vegetable intake in a multiethnic urban population.

Design.

Analysis of cross-sectional survey and observational data.

Setting.

One hundred forty-six neighborhoods within three large geographic communities of Detroit, Michigan.

Subjects.

Probability sample of 919 African-American, Latino, and white adults.

Measures.

The dependent variable was mean daily fruit and vegetable servings, as measured by using a modified Block 98 food frequency questionnaire. Independent variables included the neighborhood food environment: store availability (i.e., large grocery, specialty, convenience, liquor, small grocery), supermarket proximity (i.e., street-network distance to nearest chain grocer), and perceived and observed neighborhood fresh fruit and vegetable supply (i.e., availability, variety, quality, affordability).

Analysis.

Weighted, multilevel regression.

Results.

Presence of a large grocery store in the neighborhood was associated with, on average, 0.69 more daily fruit and vegetable servings in the full sample. Relationships between the food environment and fruit and vegetable intake did not differ between whites and African-Americans. However, Latinos, compared with African-Americans, who had a large grocery store in the neighborhood consumed 2.20 more daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Presence of a convenience store in the neighborhood was associated with 1.84 fewer daily fruit and vegetable servings among Latinos than among African-Americans.

Conclusion.

The neighborhood food environment influences fruit and vegetable intake, and the size of this relationship may vary for different racial/ethnic subpopulations.
Using the RE-AIM Framework to Evaluate the Statewide Dissemination of a School-Based Physical Activity and Nutrition Curriculum: “Exercise Your Options”
Authors: Dunton Genevieve F. , Lagloire Renee , Robertson Trina
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Examine the reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of a physical activity and nutrition curriculum for middle-school students.

Design.

Nonexperimental pilot evaluation of a statewide dissemination trial.

Setting.

California middle schools during the 2006 to 2007 school year.

Subjects.

Sixteen classes (N = 668 students and 16 teachers) sampled from the statewide pool who used the program.

Intervention.

An eight-lesson nutrition and physical activity curriculum, “Exercise Your Options” (EYO), including a teacher guide, video clips, a student activity booklet, and ancillary materials was made available to teachers.

Measures.

Program records, classroom observations, teacher surveys, and student presurveys and postsurveys (assessing physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and dietary intake).

Analysis.

Descriptive statistics and multilevel random-coefficient modeling.

Results.

The EYO program reached 234, 442 middle-school students in California. During the program, total physical activity increased (p ≤ .001), whereas watching TV/DVDs and playing electronic games/computer use decreased (p ≤ .05). Intake of dairy products increased (p < .05), whereas consumption of sugars/sweets decreased (p < .001). Forty-two percent of eligible middle-school classrooms ordered the program materials. Eighty-six percent of sampled teachers implemented all of the lessons. Over the past 5 years, 51% of all middle-school students in California were exposed to the program.

Conclusions.

The EYO program showed its potential for moderate to high public health impact among California middle-school students.
Physical Activity Patterns of American Indian and Alaskan Native People Living in Alaska and the Southwestern United States
Authors: Redwood Diana , Schumacher Mary C. , Lanier Anne P. , Ferucci Elizabeth D. , Asay Elvin , Heizer Laurie J. , Tom-Orme Lillian , Edwards Sandra L. , Murtaugh Maureen A. , Slattery Martha L.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Assessment of self-reported physical activity (PA) and effects on health measures.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study.

Setting.

Education and Research Towards Health study participants from Alaska and the Southwestern United States enrolled from 2004 to 2007.

Subjects.

Total of 10,372 American Indian and Alaskan Native people (AI/AN) of at least 18 years.

Measures.

Participants completed computer-assisted, self-administered questionnaires, and anthropometric and health measurements were taken of each participant.

Analysis.

Analysis of variance, χ2 tests, and multiple linear regressions were used.

Results.

Almost 23% of participants reported less than 30 minutes per week of moderate or vigorous activities. Half (49%) reported no vigorous activities. Characteristics associated with more time spent performing vigorous activity were male gender, age less than 40 years, higher income and education levels, and living in a rural area. Almost 70 % of Alaskan participants and 36% of Southwest participants engaged in wild food—harvesting activities. Participants with higher levels of activity had significantly better clinical characteristics (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, and waist circumference).

Conclusion.

AI/AN people engage in many different physical activities, including traditional harvesting activities. Women had lower levels of PA than men, and participation in vigorous PA was associated with better clinical characteristics. These data can be used to guide health promotion efforts in AI/AN populations.
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings from a National Survey
Authors: French Michael T. , Popovici Ioana , Maclean Johanna Catherine
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in designing programs to change risky activities.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis.

Setting.

United States.

Subjects.

A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N = 230,856) from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Measures.

Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.

Results.

For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers. Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity. When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7, 10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity. Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to those for women.

Conclusions.

Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels.
The Animadora Project: Identifying Factors Related to the Promotion of Physical Activity among Mexican Americans with Diabetes
Authors: Ingram Maia , Ruiz Maricruz , Mayorga Maria Theresa , Rosales Cecilia
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

There is a dearth of information about factors related to physical activity among Mexican-Americans with diabetes. Self-efficacy and social support are associated with physical activity; however, little is known about their roles within different cultural groups.

Design.

Focus groups were used to identify factors that motivated walking.

Setting.

Two Mexican-American communities located in Tucson, Arizona.

Subjects.

Individuals who attended diabetes education.

Intervention.

A community-based provider organized walking groups with people who previously attended diabetes classes. Walkers participated in focus groups exploring themes related to their experiences.

Measures.

Self-efficacy, social support, and collective efficacy. Grounded theory was used to analyze focus group results using two rounds of analysis; the first identified references to self-efficacy and social support, and the second added collective efficacy as a theoretic basis for walking.

Results.

Among 43 eligible participants, 20 participated in focus groups. Social support was expressed as commitment and companionship. Walkers demonstrated a high level of self-efficacy for walking. Development of group identity/social cohesion was also a motivator to walk. Collective efficacy emerged as an applicable theoretic model encompassing these themes and their interrelationship.

Conclusion.

Collective efficacy, or the belief that the group can improve their lives through collective effort, is a viable theoretic construct in the development of physical activity interventions targeting Mexican-Americans with diabetes.
Disseminating Health Promotion Practices in After-School Programs through YMCA Learning Collaboratives
Authors: Wiecha Jean L. , Nelson Toben F. , Roth Barbara A. , Glashagel Jerry , Vaughan Lynne
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

We describe the perceived usefulness of a learning collaborative for translating obesity prevention science into practice at YMCA after-school programs.

Approach.

We conducted mixed-methods research to identify beneficial aspects of the collaborative and to assess perceived effect of the collaborative on ability to meet goals.

Setting.

Sixty-one YMCA after-school programs serving roughly 2500 children in 21 states.

Participants.

After-school program staff attending learning sessions for the collaborative.

Intervention.

YMCA learning collaboratives comprise a structured organizational change process delivered during 9 to 12 months that aim to empower staff to find local methods for achieving specific program outcomes related to diet and physical activity.

Research Method.

Eight focus groups conducted during the collaboratives assessed their usefulness. A post hoc Web-based follow-up survey (39 respondents; response rate, 40.6%) assessed final perceived effect.

Results.

Qualitative and quantitative data were highly positive about the usefulness of the collaborative. The collaboratives' duration, peer learning, multilevel staff involvement, focus on creating a supportive organization, and regular coaching support enabled many respondents to make program and policy changes consistent with project goals. There was consensus that executive-level commitment to the work was critical.

Conclusion.

Learning collaboratives are a promising tool for embedding health promotion practices in existing after-school programs through a structured organizational change process.
An Environmental Intervention to Prevent Excess Weight Gain in African-American Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Newton Robert L. , Hon Hangmei , Anton Stephen D. , Martin Corby K. , Stewart Tiffany M. , Lewis Leslie , Champagne Catherine M. , Sothern Melinda , Ryan Donna , Williamson Donald A.
Published: June 2010

Purpose.

To examine the influence of an environmental intervention to prevent excess weight gain in African-American children.

Design.

Single-group repeated measures.

Setting.

The intervention was delivered to a school composed of African-American children.

Participants.

Approximately 45% (N = 77) of enrolled second through sixth grade students.

Intervention.

The 18-month intervention was designed to alter the school environment to prevent excess weight gain by making healthier eating choices and physical activity opportunities more available.

Measures.

Body mass index percentile was the primary outcome variable. Body mass index z score was also calculated, and percent body fat, using bioelectrical impedance, was also measured. Total caloric intake (kilocalories) and percent kilocalories from fat, carbohydrate, and protein were measured by digital photography. Minutes of physical activity and sedentary behavior were self-reported.

Analysis.

Mixed-models analysis was used with covarying baseline values.

Results.

Boys maintained, whereas girls increased, percent body fat over 18 months (p = .027). All children decreased percent of kilocalories consumed from total and saturated fat and increased carbohydrate intake and self-reported physical activity during the intervention (p < .025). Body mass index z score, sedentary behavior, and total caloric intake were unchanged.

Conclusion.

The program may have resulted in maintenance of percent body fat in boys. The percent body fat in girls steadily increased, despite similar behavioral changes as boys. School-based interventions targeting African-American children should investigate strategies that can be effective across gender.
Effects of the Built Environment on Physical Activity of Adults Living in Rural Settings
Authors: Frost Stephanie S. , Goins R. Turner , Hunter Rebecca H. , Hooker Steven P. , Bryant Lucinda L. , Kruger Judy , Pluto Delores
Published: June 2010

Objective.

To conduct a systematic review of the literature to examine the influence of the built environment (BE) on the physical activity (PA) of adults in rural settings.

Data Source.

Key word searches of Academic Search Premier, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Sport Discus were conducted.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Studies published prior to June 2008 were included if they assessed one or more elements of the BE, examined relationships between the BE and PA, and focused on rural locales. Studies only reporting descriptive statistics or assessing the reliability of measures were excluded.

Data Extraction.

Objective(s), sample size, sampling technique, geographic location, and definition of rural were extracted from each study. Methods of assessment and outcomes were extracted from the quantitative literature, and overarching themes were identified from the qualitative literature.

Data Synthesis.

Key characteristics and findings from the data are summarized in Tables 1 through 3.

Results.

Twenty studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Positive associations were found among pleasant aesthetics, trails, safety/crime, parks, and walkable destinations.

Conclusions.

Research in this area is limited. Associations among elements of the BE and PA among adults appear to differ between rural and urban areas. Considerations for future studies include identifying parameters used to define rural, longitudinal research, and more diverse geographic sampling. Development and refinement of BE assessment tools specific to rural locations are also warranted.