bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Factors in Treatment of Raw Sewage in Artificial Ponds
Authors: BARTSCH A. F. , ALLUM M. O.
Published: March 2010

Ninety‐nine communities in the northern plains area use artificial ponds as the sole method of sewage treatment. Five ponds, selected for variability in design and loading, were studied intensively during each season for one year.

A typical biota principally composed of algae and bacteria becomes established and participates in the treatment process. Reduction in coliform density (most probable number) was 99% more than half the time and always 95% or greater. Oxygen demand (B.O.D.) was typically reduced by 70–90%. Total suspended matter was reduced 80% or more in winter, but sometimes was increased up to 258% in summer as result of algal production.

Various factors affect the treatment process. Depth of the euphotic zone ranged from 0.1–0.7 meter. Bottle tests gave oxygen production rates between zero and 3.6 g/m2/hr at different times of day, and total respiration rates from 0.1–2.4 g/m2/hr. Oxygen demand from contributed sewage was only 6–7% of total respiratory demand. Vertical gradients, diurnal variations, ice cover, and other factors prevent simple projection of bottle test data to the ponds.
The Vitamin‐B12 Activity of Mullet and Shark Serum
Authors: STARR THEODORE J. , MARTINEZ DOMINGO , FOSBERG WALTER
Published: March 2010

Microbiological assay procedures using Euglena gracilis, z strain, were employed to measure the vitamin‐B12 activity of samples of mullet, shark, and human sera. The average activity was 10.7, 0.84, and 1.15 mµg/ml, respectively. The relatively higher activity of mullet sera compared to shark sera may reflect significant physiological differences between these subclasses of fish and possibly different feeding habits.

Bacteria isolated from mullet intestinal contents were grown in a vitamin B12‐deficient medium. Of 8 cultures tested, 6 had vitamin‐B12 activity when assayed with Escherichia coli 113‐3 and 1 had activity for Euglena. In other experiments concentrates of cell residues were assayed. Two out of 4 supposedly negative vitamin‐B12 producers had activity for Euglena.
Studies of algal antibiosis using Haematococcus and Chlamydomonas
Authors: PROCTOR VERNON W.
Published: March 2010

Five common freshwater algae were grown in the ten possible two‐membered combinations. No two species grew as well in mixed cultures as they did separately. One combination, Haematococcus‐Chlamydomonas, was selected for more detailed study. When grown together in the same container, Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas reinhardi were found to be incompatible. The latter invariably dominated the cultures, usually within 3–5 days after inoculation. The rate at which Chlarmydomonas eliminated Haematococcus was influenced by a number of factors, the most important being light intensity and nitrogen source. Inhibition of Haematococcus was due to a fat‐like extracellular substance that was soluble in alkaline medium, somewhat heat stable, and steam distillable from an acid medium. The inhibitor was produced by Chlamydomonas and liberated upon the death of the cells. It is suggested that the inhibitor is probably a long‐chain fatty acid or mixture of such acids.

Eight long‐chain, unbranched, saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids of known composition were assayed against six algae. Palmitic was the most toxic saturated acid tested, linoleic the most toxic unsaturated. Haematococcus was the most sensitive alga tested, Chlorella and Scenedesmus the least sensitive. There was a relatively narrow range of concentrations between those causing no inhibition and complete inhibition in the case of Haematococcus.

The results of the present study are compared with those from other investigations of algal antibiosis.
Short‐Term Variations in Phytoplankton Chlorophyll and Their Significance1
Authors: YENTSCH C. S. , RYTHER J. H.
Published: March 2010

Diurnal fluctuations were observed in the chlorophyll a content of natural phytoplankton populations, with the highest concentrations during the morning and afternoon, low values at midday and at night. This periodicity is similar to the daily rhythm of photosynthesis with which it appears closely related. The rate of synthesis of chlorophyll at optimal light intensity is dependent upon its previous rate of synthesis and concentration in the organisms, All of these factors strongly influence the capacity for photosynthesis at optimal light intensity and are probably the basis for the photosynthetic daily periodicity reported elsewhere.
The Chemical Composition of Some Natural Waters in the Cairn Gorm‐Strath Spey District of Scotland1
Authors: GORHAM EVILLE
Published: March 2010

Some chemical properties of natural waters in the Cairn Gorm‐Strath Spey area have been investigated. Differences of ionic concentrations in twenty‐four waters analyzed for pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, PO4 and SiO2 are interpreted in terms of variation in geology, topography, local climate and vegetation.
The Effects of Winds on Water Levels on the New England Coast1
Authors: MILLER ARTHUR R.
Published: March 2010

Tidal records from Nantucket Sound, Cape Cod; Montauk, Long Island; and Portland, Maine, have been studied along with wind and barometric observations from each location. Results of this study show that departures from mean sea level due to wind may be resolved into two components. The first is a component which refers to symmetrical sinusoidal variation of sea level departure as a function of wind direction and applies to the outer coast and to the general level of Nantucket Sound in particular.

The second is an asymmetrical component which refers the responses of sea level at each observing station to local wind force, direction, fetch length, and local topography. Under different circumstances these components vary in relative importance in determining the local departure from mean sea level. In addition to wind direction and velocity, duration and size of wind field may determine whether one component is more important than the other.

The varying importance of each component probably governs the time‐lag between peak winds and maximum sea level departures which will vary from several hours to as much as twenty hours.
An Approach to Some Problems of Secondary Production in the Western
Authors: REGION LAKE ERIE , DAVIS CHARLES C.
Published: March 2010

It has been suggested by Pennak (1955) that tripton, rather than phytoplankton, is the main food of zooplankters in lakes. This concept is based upon his findings that the zooplankton biomass regularly exceeds the phytoplankton biomass, but that the mass of the tripton is greater than that of the zooplankton. In the present study samples of water were gathered from western Lake Erie and from several ponds. These were analyzed for dissolved organic matter, dissolved inorganic matter, volume of phytoplankton, volume of zooplankton, volume of µ‐cells (mostly bacteria), and volume of organic and inorganic tripton. The phytoplankton biomass exceeded that of the zooplankton in nearly all samples. The average phytoplankton volume was 4.08 times greater than the average zooplankton volume. Furthermore, the phytoplankton volume usually was greater than that of the organic tripton, the ratio of the average volumes being 2.43 to 1. The reported results support the traditional concept that the zooplankton consumes primarily the phytoplankton. Consideration also is given of the bearing upon this problem of the dynamics of phytoplankton production and of grazing by zooplankters.
The Rate of Development of Balanus balanoides (L.) Larvae1
Authors: BARNES H. , BARNES MARGARET
Published: March 2010

Experiments are described on the rate of transition of State I to State II B. balanoides larvae at a series of temperatures. A value of 2.2 was found for Q10 between 1° and 18° C. The data regarding the length of the planktonic phase over the area of distribution are reviewed and new data also given. There is little indication of a high correlation with temperature. The discrepancy may be accounted for by acclimation, but it is suggested that the quality and quantity of food should be considered as interacting with and perhaps compensating for the effect of temperature.
Some Biochemical Aspects of Red Tides and Related Oceanographic Problems1
Authors: COLLIER ALBERT
Published: March 2010

“Red Tides” are blooms of plankton organisms which may or may not be lethal to aquatic organisms. The sudden increase in multiplication rates of the organisms is caused by a complex of biological factors, and physical factors play a major role in effecting mechanical concentration.

This paper deals with the biological factors operative in the genesis of blooms. Nutritional studies show that organic factors which occur naturally in the water are important. The existence of biologically active organic compounds and possible modes of action are discussed. The method of measurement of “carbohydrates” is explained and their production by bacteria‐free cultures of Prorocentrum is demonstrated. Such organic compounds could serve as substrates for vitamin B12‐producing bacteria and thus play a role in the conditioning of water for succeeding populations.

Gymnodinium breve, the causative organism of the Florida Red Tide, responds differentially to Gulf of Mexico waters of different origins. A suggested explanation is the interaction between environmental copper and hydrogen sulfide. Once started, a bloom may replenish the required nutrients by the decomposition of the fish that it kills.
The Physical Limnology of Northern Britain: an Epitome of the Bathymetrical Survey of the Scottish Freshwater Lochs, 1897 19091
Authors: GORHAM EVILLE
Published: March 2010

Interrelations between drainage area, lake area, length, mean breadth, mean depth, and maximum depth are examined in 262 rock basins and 137 basins lying in or dammed by glacial drift. The effect of lake dimensions upon the time taken for complete water replacement is calculated, and an illustration is given of the influence of lake area and mean depth upon the temperature of surface and bottom waters. No relation is evident between lake dimensions and the organic content (ignition loss) of the profundal muds.
Seasonal Characteristics of Two Saline Lakes in Washington
Authors: ANDERSON G. C.
Published: March 2010

The limnology of two highly saline lakes in Washington was studied in relation to the physical and chemical conditions which influence the growth and distribution of phytoplankton. The lakes were sampled at frequent intervals for a period of more than a year in 1950 and 1951. Morphometric conditions were determined, and routine sampling included measurements of temperature, transparency, oxygen, pH, alkalinity, phosphate, chlorophyll, and quantitative samples of phytoplankton. Lake Lenore, the less saline of the two (T.D.S. 14 g/liter), is shallow and was unstratified during the investigation. Dissolved nutrients were high and showed erratic variations during the summer. The phytoplankton population was taxonomically simple and was made up mainly of two species of diatoms—Amphora sp. which formed the spring bloom, and Chaetoceros elmorei which made up the late summer bloom. Soap Lake is relatively deep, meromictic, and saline (T.D.S. 35 g/liter). Temperature conditions were dichothermic, and the nutrient content was high, especially in the monimolimnion. A winter maximum and a summer minimum was observed in the phytoplankton population, and a change in the biota has been noted during dilution of the lake in recent years. Indication of grazing by zooplankton was found in both lakes.
Coliform Bacteria in Sediments Around Three Marine Sewage Outfalls1
Authors: RITTENBERG SYDNEY C. , MITTWER TOD , IYLER DANIEL
Published: March 2010

The distribution of coliforms in the sediments around three marine sewage outfalls was investigated. It was found that coliform fields extended for considerable distances around the two outfalls discharging unchlorinated primary treatment effluent and that a less extensive field existed around the outfall discharging more highly treated sewage. In general, the coliforms in the sediments were found in areas beneath the path of movement of the effluent field in the surface water. It is probable that the bulk of the coliforms reach the sediments by sedimentation from the overlying waters. Although the coliforms in the sediments must persist for a sufficiently long period to permit the accumulation of large numbers by deposition from low count waters, no precise estimate of the survival time in the sediment could be made.
A Comparison of Drogue and GEK Measurements in Deep Water1
Authors: REID JOSEPH L.
Published: March 2010

Two series of current measurements made with GEK and drogues are shown to agree closely, not only in the averaged results of three days’ data, but in short‐period variations about the mean. The variations measured are probably too large to be the ordinary tide, and the possibility of their being the orbital velocities of internal waves is discussed.
The Chaetognatha of the Inshore Waters of North Carolina1
Authors: PIERCE E. LOWE
Published: March 2010

Plankton samples were taken along the coast and in the sounds of North Carolina to determine the inshore distribution of the Chaetognatha. Five species were found within ten miles of the coast. The large northern sounds with water of reduced salinity do not appear to support an appreciable chaetognath population. Sagitta hispida and S. tenuis, the two characteristic inshore species, were common in the small bays and sounds south of Pamlico. Cape Hatteras with the colder Virginian water to the north appears to be a barrier to the northward occurrence of S. hispida. A more concentrated population of chaetognaths was found inshore than collections made a few years earlier indicated for the offshore waters. The same five species were also found along the west coast of Florida in an earlier study.
Turbulence Spectrum Studies in the Sea with Hot Wires
Authors: PATTERSON ASHTON M.
Published: March 2010

Turbulence measurements of scales as small as two inches have been made in the ocean with hot‐wire equipment which was especially designed for use in sea water. Observations have been made of the variation of the turbulence spectrum over a tidal cycle in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and of the influence of an underwater obstacle in altering the spectral distribution. A preliminary experiment has been carried out to correlate velocity and pressure fluctuations due to turbulence in the ocean. From the work done to date the specifications for a hot‐wire instrument for use in the sea can be outlined. A review of several types of turbulence measuring instruments that have been used in water is included.
A Portable Core Sampler for Lake Deposits
Authors: MACKERETH F. J. H.
Published: March 2010

A pneumatically operated core sampler is described which is easily portable and may be used by two men from a rowing boat. The apparatus takes an undisturbed sediment core 6 m long and is substantially independent of water depth up to a limit of some 250 m. The hydrostatic pressure operating on a cylindrical anchor chamber embedded in the sediment is used to hold the apparatus in contact with the bottom while the coring tube is driven downwards by compressed air. On completion of the coring operation, the anchor chamber is automatically filled with air, the coring tube is extracted from the sediment, and the apparatus brought to the water surface by the buoyancy lift. The use of heavy weights and the associated lifting tackle is therefore avoided.
Measurements of Primary Production on Southampton Island in the Canadian Arctic1
Authors: PREY D. G. , STAHL J. B.
Published: March 2010

Primary production in two lakes of contrasting morphometry in the Canadian Arctic was estimated independently from the differences in oxygen, pH, and carbon14 uptake between light and dark bottles. The estimates were in general agreement. Together with production estimates from two other high latitude lakes reported in the literature the data show that the morphometry of the lake basins exerts a considerable control over rate of production, with the shallower lakes having a higher intensity of production (g C/m3/day) than the deeper lakes. The available data also suggest strongly that the rate of production is generally low in the Arctic, and that the amount of production accomplished by the more productive lakes is roughly the same order of magnitude as that of the least productive temperate lakes reported in the literature.
The Seasonal Growth and Succession of Plankton Algae in the White Nile
Authors: PROWSE G. A. , TALLTNG J. F.
Published: March 2010

A description is given of the seasonal growth and succession, over five years, of planktonic algae in a region of the White Nile affected by a reservoir. Dense populations develop during the period of water storage, and are dominated by the diatom Melosira granulata and the bluegreen alga Anabaena flos aquae var. intermedia f. spiroides. The sequence of their development is related to their abundance in the river water entering the reservoir basin. Reactions of algal development upon water characteristics include a considerable increase in pH and depletion of nitrate, phosphate, and probably silicon concentrations. Deficiency of inorganic nitrogen probably limits the maximum densities of Melosira. Maximum algal densities were in the range 20 ± 8 mm3 cell volume (or approximately mg dry weight) per L, and were associated with high rates of photosynthetic production, estimated in 1953 as approximately 2.2 g carbon/m2/day. The variation of photosynthetic rates with depth and population density is described for the decline of the 1953 population maximum.
Some Limnological Features of a Shallow Saline Meromictic Lake
Authors: ANDERSON G. C.
Published: March 2010

Seasonal variations of some physical, chemical, and biological features were studied from December 1954 to October 1956 in Hot Lake, a shallow saline body of water occupying a former epsom salt excavation in north central Washington. The lake is meromictic and during the period of study had an average salt gradient of approximately 100 g/liter at the surface to 400 g/liter at the bottom, the major salt being magnesium sulfate. The mixolimnion was thin enough that the monimolimnion was heated directly by the sun, with the result that temperatures in excess of 50°C were recorded in the monimolimnion during summer. Much of this heat was retained during the winter. The calculated value of heat gain in the monimolimnion agreed reasonably well with the observed value. The flora consisted mainly of Chara, a bottom mat of blue‐green algae, and a dense population of green sulfur bacteria in the upper part of the monimolimnion. Artemia salina was the dominant zooplankter, and some features of its life history as affected by the unusual thermal properties of the lake are described.
Observations on the Formation and Breakdown of the Oxidized Microzone at the Mud Surface in Lakes1
Authors: GORHAM EVILLE
Published: March 2010

Evidence is presented indicating that the winter thickness of the oxidized microzone at the surface of lake muds may depend upon turbulent displacement of the uppermost sediments into the overlying aerated water, as well as upon the reducing power of the sediments themselves. It is also suggested that this winter oxidized layer may disappear mainly from the surface downward, owing to the greater oxygen consumption there brought about by decomposition of sedimented plankton. Lastly, evidence for a final evolutionary phase of lake sterility, due to development of extremely reducing conditions in the bottom mud, is examined and rejected.
Diurnal Fluctuation in Photosynthetic Rate and Chlorophyll “a” Content of Phytoplankton from Eastern Pacific Waters
Authors: SHIMADA BELL M.
Published: March 2010

Measurements were made of photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll “a” content of phytoplankton samples taken at regular intervals over a 46‐hour period in May 1957, from surface waters near Clarion Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Results confirm previous observations of a diurnal periodicity in photosynthesis which, in this particular instance, appears to be correlated with variations in chlorophyll content. The photosynthesis‐chlorophyll relationship gives an estimated value of 4.24 mg C/hr per mg of chlorophyll “a” at a light intensity of 1000 foot‐candles.
Uptake of P32 and Primary Productivity in Marine Benthic Algae1
Authors: ODUM EUGENE P. , KUENZLER EDWARD J. , BLUNT SISTER MARION XAVIER
Published: March 2010

The rate of uptake of tracer P32 from normal sea water and the primary productivity of seven species of large intertidal benthic algae were measured simultaneously in light and dark bottles suspended in a running seawater aquarium under constant light and temperature. Per cent uptake of P32 per hour per gram biomass was similar in the light and dark for a given species, but markedly different between species. In the extremes of the series the relative rate of uptake was 25 times greater in Cladophora than in Fucus. Both the uptake rate and gross productivity were proportional to the surface‐per‐volume ratio in the series of species. These data suggested that when environmental concentration of phosphorus is low, as is usual in the sea, it is absorbed at a rate related to the inherent surface area features of the alga, high surface‐to‐volume ratio increasing the rate of uptake as well as increasing the ability of a given biomass of plant to fix energy under favorable light conditions. Therefore, under these conditions uptake is related to potential productivity and not to the current metabolic level.
Orientation of fish to gravity1
Authors: BRAEMER WOLFGANG , BRAEMER HELGA
Published: March 2010

The equilibrium position about the transverse axis was studied in three species of Characinoidei, following the original work of von Holst.

The equilibrium position was measured in intact fish and in fish with one utricular statolith removed, under conditions in which the weight was increased from 1.0 to 2.2 g through centrifuging. Some specimens were fixed and cleared so that the position of the utricular statoliths relative to the long axis could be photographed.

The experiments show: (1) The equilibrium function is a feedback process of peripheral and central factors, with the sensory receptor built into the system as the external control element. (2) Removal of one utricular statolith results in a marked weakening of the peripheral equilibrium component, but is not equal to an exact halving as should be expected from the results of other workers. This suggests that one of the other statoliths may be acting in maintaining the equilibrium position around the transverse axis. (3) The direct measurement of the morphological angle of the utricular statoliths imbedded in the body of the fish was compared with the calculated value obtained by centrifuging the whole animal.
A Volumetric Study of Zooplankton Distribution in the Cape Hatteras Area1
Authors: ST. JOHN PHILIP A.
Published: March 2010

The displacement volumes of 82 zooplankton samples, collected from the offshore waters of North Carolina during May and June of 1953 and January 1954, are determined and reported. A brief review is given of the topographic and hydrographic features of the area. A comparison of zooplankton volumes is made with other areas in the eastern and western North Atlantic. In the present area, the mean zooplankton volume in May was 0.29 cc/m3; in June, 0.28 cc/m3; in January, 0.20 cc/m3. The volumes of zooplankton are shown to be least in shallow coastal areas and in offshore Florida Current water and to be generally at a maximum near the mid‐shelf region.

Winter volumes in the present area were about 70% of the late spring values, while north of Cape Hatteras the plankton undergoes a 50% reduction between these seasons. Over Georges Bank the winter volumes are about 15% of the spring volumes, and in Norwegian waters the winter plankton volume is less than 3% of the spring value. The relatively slight reduction in plankton volumes from spring to winter in the Cape Hatteras area appears due to (1) the proximity of the Florida Current which supplies the shelf waters with reproducing populations of oceanic plankton species, and (2) the relatively high winter water temperatures and high solar radiation which insure a moderate standing crop of phytoplankton and hence a food supply for the animal fraction of the plankton.
Larvae and Pupae of the Species of Cryptochironomus (Diptera) in Michigan1
Authors: CURRY LAVERNE L.
Published: March 2010

Collections from several diversified habitats in Michigan yielded larvae belonging to the genus Cryptochironomus. Subsequent collections were made to obtain the immature forms for laboratory cultures from which the adult midge was obtained. The reared adults were then associated with their respective immature forms. Information obtained from the associated specimens and museum specimens of other investigators formed the basis of a key for the Michigan species. Thus, the larval and pupal stages for C. sorex, C. fulvus, C. blarina, C. digitatus, and one new provisional species are given. In addition to the larval and pupal morphology, other pertinent facts regarding the biology of the species are given when known.
Phytoplankton Nitrogen in the Oceans1
Authors: YENTSCH CHARLES S. , VACCARO RALPH F.
Published: March 2010

The ratio of cellular nitrogen and chlorophyll has been studied in cultures of marine phytoplankton during and after recovery from nitrogen deficiency. The time factors were observed to vary together; however, the ratio was only constant when the cells were sufficient in nitrogen. Since nitrogen deficiency produced chlorotic cells in all species studied, the degree of deficiency could be ascertained by measuring the ratio of carotenoid to chlorophyll a. Thus an expression utilizing the ratio of plant pigments has been formulated to compute cellular nitrogen from chlorophyll a. This pigment:nitrogen relationship has been applied to estimate the quantity of nitrogen in natural populations of phytoplankton.

The amounts of nitrogen in phytoplankton estimated from plant pigment measurements has been observed to vary between 18–70% of the total particulate matter.
The Seasonal Development of a Population of Diaptomus ashlandi Marsh, and Related Phytoplankton Cycles in Lake Washington
Authors: COMITA G. W. , ANDERSON G. C.
Published: March 2010

The development of a Diaptomus ashlandi population and the simultaneous phytoplankton cycles in Lake Washington, Seattle, were studied in samples taken from October 1949 to October 1950. The lake is 8762 ha in area and 65.2 m deep in its deepest part. Temperature measurements showed that stratification began late in March, and the surface maximum of 22.2° C occurred late in August. Typically the epilimnion was 10 m deep, the thermocline 10 m, and hypolimnion 40 m. Chemical determinations showed the lake to be slightly alkaline usually, but during the summer months the pH was above 8.0. Alkalinity ranged from 0.246 to 0.524 millequivalents/liter. Phosphate determinations showed a winter maximum and summer minimum in the surface and 15 m water, with an accumulation in the bottom waters as summer progressed. Dissolved oxygen was abundant, but in the hypolimnion was depleted at the rate of 2.0 mg/cm2/month during the summer.

Cell volume and chlorophyll measurements showed that a phytoplankton bloom occurred in spring and another in late August. The taxonomic composition of these is presented.

The Diaptomus ashlandi population was found to be monocyclic. The period of greatest sexual activity was noted by counting the number of females carrying spermatophores. By this measure transfer of spermatophores lasted for approximately six months starting in January and continuing through July with the peak occurring in April, but egg production occurred from October to the following August, with the largest pulse occurring from mid‐January to mid‐March. These eggs developed into the nauplius stages which lasted until mid‐June. Development through the copepodid stages was traced to October 28 at which time the single annual cycle was complete. Six nauplius and six copepodid stages were noted in the life cycle. The approximate time required for all the nauplii to undergo their development was 75 days. For the copepodids, I and II together required 65 days; III, 40 days; IV, 84 days; V, 90 days; and VI, 5 to 6 months. Study of separate hauls from the epilimnion and hypolimnion showed that the epilimnion was the site of most of the activity of D. ashlandi during the period of growth and metamorphosis in the summer.

A coefficient of correlation was computed for chlorophyll concentration and mean number of eggs/sac in the epilimnion. This was 0.598, which was significantly different from zero at the 1 per cent level.

Metasome measurements were made on all the copepodids. These showed that the period of maximal size for the adult females occurred from June to September 1950. This increase in size began just as the peak of phytoplankton had passed. The summer females were found to be significantly larger than the winter females at the 1 per cent level.

Study of the sex ratios showed that females were in excess for much of the year, although males were in excess for as long as 3 months (April, May, June).
A Simple Counting Chamber for Nannoplankton1
Authors: LUND J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

A simply made, cheap chamber for counting nannoplankton is described with detailed instructions for maintenance, use, and testing its accuracy. If certain precautions are taken the results of counts made therein are distributed according to the Poisson series. The chamber itself is simply a rectangular tube.
The Origin and Distribution of Phosphorus in Western Lake Erie
Authors: CURL HERBERT
Published: March 2010

The phosphate phosphorus distribution in western Lake Erie in May 1951 and the average concentration throughout 1950–1951 are shown to be a result of the drift current pattern and the discharge of the Maumee and Detroit Rivers. The bed rock in the lake appears to provide negligible quantities. The Detroit River supplies 405 metric tons per year at an average concentration of 2.6 µg PO4‐P/L, and the Maumee River supplies 125 tons at an average concentration of 43 µg PO4‐P/L. The remaining streams supply 39 tons at a concentration of 16 µg PO4‐P/L. There is a loss of soluble phosphorus, possibly as precipitating ferric phosphate and by adsorption onto ferric hydroxide. The bottom sediments are considerably enriched in phosphorus.

Phosphate phosphorus and turbidity in the lake are positively correlated (r = +0.65), and evidence from turbidity data indicates that the lake is enriched by a thin‐layered tongue of water from the south shore streams which flow over or under the clearer, nutrient poor water, and then mixes vertically with it.

Removal of fish by man accounts for an annual loss of 29 metric tons, or six per cent of the average annual input of phosphorus. Approximately 94 metric tons, 20 per cent of the average annual input, may be held temporarily as phytoplankton.

Although phosphorus is probably never limiting in the southern waters of western Lake Erie, the accompanying turbidity sometimes prevents any significant phytoplankton growth.
Natural Water as a Monochromator1
Authors: TYLER JOHN E.
Published: March 2010

Many of the spectral data on the optical constants of natural water are suspect because of errors introduced by light “leakage” outside the stated band of the filter used. The magnitude of this error is computed for a specified water sample under specified natural lighting when measured with a specified detector and filter. The errors are large even for measurements at shallow depths. Methods for avoiding this error are suggested.
Bacterial Populations in Sea Water as Determined by Different Methods of Enumeration1
Authors: JANNASCH HOLGER W. , JONES GALEN E.
Published: March 2010

Five different cultural and two direct microscopic methods were employed for estimating the abundance of bacteria in samples of sea water collected from both oceanic and neritic areas. The cultural methods included macrocolony counts on nutrient agar, silica gel, and membrane filters, microcolony counts on membrane filters, and the extinction dilution method. Direct microscopic counts were made of microbes on membrane filters and of microbes transferred from membrane filters to glass slides. Direct counts showed the presence of from 13 to 9,700 times as many bacteria as cultural methods. The extinction dilution method and the microcolony membrane filter method gave counts 20 and 35 times higher, respectively, than did any of the macrocolony methods. Direct microscopic counts on membrane filters were approximately 150 times higher than plate counts, and the numbers of microbes transferred from membrane filters to glass slides were approximately 2,000 times higher than plate counts. In all of the cultural methods, a peptone‐yeast extract medium was used.

Differences in the abundance of microorganisms obtained by the various methods are attributed to a variety of factors: the presence of bacteria in aggregates, selective effects of the media, and the presence of inactive cells. A marked decrease in bacterial numbers was observed just below the thermocline as reflected in the macrocolony methods but not by the direct microscopic methods. A considerable population of spirilli‐like forms was noticed directly under the microscope but not after cultivation.
Limnology of Canyon Ferry Reservoir
Authors: WRIGHT JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

In general, one µg chlorophyll was equivalent to 0.5 mm3 cell volume and 0.12 mg ash‐free dry weight. The average seston content consisted of 34.5% phytoplankton, 9.8% zooplankton, and 55.7% detritus. Optimal photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll and cell volume averaged 0.39 µ mole O2/µg chl/hr and 0.86 µ mole O2/mm3/hr, respectively. The average euphotic zone photosynthetic rate was 52% of the optimal rate. Chlorophyll content per unit volume of cells and photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll or cell volume decreased with increase in population size. Evidence was found of an interacting effect of temperature, light intensity, and phosphates on photosynthesis. An empirical method was described for estimating photosynthesis on the basis of chlorophyll content, optimal ra.te of photosynthesis per unit chlorophyll, extinction coefficient, and the ratio of euphotic zone photosynthesis to optimal photosynthesis. Determinations of phytoplankton respiration were made, and net euphotic zone photosynthesis was computed for various sizes of chlorophyll standing crop. It was concluded that the most frequently occurring values of chlorophyll standing crop were most likely to produce a maximum net production and to be at a steady state level.
Regional and Seasonal Variation in the Respiratory Rate of Marine Copepods1
Authors: CONOVER ROBERT J.
Published: March 2010

The respiratory rate of seven species of marine calanoid copepods was measured at the same temperature, and an attempt was made to find a basis for comparison of respiration in zooplankton crustaceans of different size. When the log of the respiratory rate was plotted against either log length or log dry weight, a positive linear correlation was obtained, but in each case the correlation coefficient was greater than would be expected if metabolism were related to surface area. When the respiratory rate was plotted against dry weight without logarithmic transformation, a linear correlation coefficient r = 0.978 was obtained. When dry weight was used to correct for size differences between populations, Acartia clausi from Southampton water had a statistically higher metabolic rate in laboratory experiments during the cooler months of the year than those from Long Island Sound at the same season. Seasonal variation in metabolism independent of temperature was demonstrated for several species of copepods, and some of the factors that might be responsible for this variation are discussed.
Aggregates of Bacteria in Sea Water as Determined By Treatment With Surface Active Agents1
Authors: JONES GALEN E. , JANNASCH HOLGER W.
Published: March 2010

Sea water samples were treated with the surface active agents, Tween 80, MYRJ‐52, Renex 31, and Dow Corning Antifoam AF Emulsion to determine their effect on the dispersal of microbes in aggregates. All of these substances in the concentration of 10 ppm increased the plate counts compared to untreated controls. In the case of Tween 80, the most carefully studied of the wetting agents, the results from different water samples were somewhat variable, with an average of almost twice as many colonies developing from the treated sea waters. Mechanical agitation of the sea water had little effect on the number of colonies developing on plates compared to stationary controls. Maximum development of colonies on agar pour plates occurred when sea water samples were treated with 1 to 10 ppm Tween 80. There was evidence for inhibition of pigmented colonies at concentrations of the wetting agent higher than 10 ppm as indicated by serial dilution and replica plate methods.

Direct microscopic observations of microorganisms from water before and after treatment with the surface active agents indicated the occurrence of cells in large clumps, usually on detritus, and individual cells. Less than 13 per cent of the total number of cells was removed from the aggregates by the surface active substances. There was a tendency for the percentage of clumped bacteria to be inversely proportional to the total microscopic count.

The dispersal of bacterial clumps by the surface active agents is attributed to their surface tension depression.
Uptake, Accumlation and Loss of Radioactive Cerium‐144 by Marine Planktonic Algae1
Authors: RICE T. R. , WILLIS VIRGINIA M.
Published: March 2010

Following the uptake of an element by marine planktonic algae is difficult if the element occurs in both the ionic and particulate states. In this investigation the radioactive cerium (Ce144) occurred mostly in the particulate state when added to sea water. The rate of formation of particles containing Ce144 was influenced by dilution, temperature, salinity, added cerium, and the presence of a chelating compound.

A culture of Nitzschia closterium containing dividing cells removed all the Ce144 originally added to the medium. Different species of algae concentrated cerium from 300 to 3000 times over amounts in the medium in a period of 30 minutes. After 24 hours all 6 species tested had concentrated cerium from about 2,000 to 4,500 times. Radioactive cerium continues to be taken up for as long as three days by non‐dividing Nitzschia cells kept in the dark. The amount of cerium taken up by Nitzschia cells increased as the concentration of cerium in the medium was increased. Particulate cerium became associated with the cells at a faster rate than ionic cerium. The presence of a chelating compound in the medium resulted in a reduction in the uptake of Ce144 by Nitzschia cells.

Radioactive Nitzschia cells resuspended in nonactive medium lost about 25 per cent of their contained Ce144 in 5 hours. More Ce144 was lost from cells resuspended in 4 portions of nonactive medium, one after the other, than from cells remaining in the first portion of nonactive medium. A larger amount of Ce144 was lost from cells to medium containing a chelating compound. The greatest loss of Ce144 per unit of protoplasm in cells in nonactive medium was from “biological dilution.” This loss amounted to ½ of the contained activity of the cells at each division.
Studies on a Kentucky Knobs Lake. IV
Authors: KRUMHOLZ LOUIS A. , COLE GERALD A.
Published: March 2010

Physical and chemical conditions in Tom Wallace Lake, Kentucky, were studied through three intermittent ice covers for a period of 49 days during January and February 1958.

A Birgean heat budget, based on temperatures observed from a station over the deepest part of the basin, involved a loss of 80 g‐cal/cm2 for the entire period. However, temperature profiles made from several stations revealed that there was considerable vertical and horizontal turbulence within the water mass beneath the ice, and that isotherms were not horizontal.

Although temperatures of the sediment and deep waters fluctuated, the direction of heat flow from the thin layer of profundal sediment was always upward into the overlying one or two meters of water. Most temperature changes at mid depths, especially at 5 m, were probably caused by lateral transport of heat, since vertical thermal gradients were nonexistent or very slight at those levels. The direction of thermal gradients in the uppermost one or two meters beneath the ice was more varied. At times heat seemed to be moving downward from the ice; at other times an inverse gradient was observed even though the upper water was gaining heat.

On several days the vertical temperature profile could not be reconciled with the density of water as a function of the prevailing temperatures, and in a few instances these anomalous stratifications could not be correlated with available chemical data. Some relative‐density determinations of water from different depths showed on one occasion that there was no instability in spite of an anomalous temperature profile.

Freezing‐out effects during times of ice formation, and diluting caused by rain and melting were reflected beneath the ice in changing values of total alkalinity, total iron, and total solids.

Stratification and variation in values of dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, iron, and total solids are discussed.
Algal Productivity in Salt Marshes of Georgia1
Authors: POMEROY LAWRENCE R.
Published: March 2010

Gross primary production of algae in the intertidal marshes on the coast of Georgia was measured at various seasons. Measurements were also made of light, temperature, pH, depth of flooding at high tide, and sedimentary chlorophyll. Migration of the algae in the sediments was observed along creek borders.

Production during low tide is 150 mg C/m2/hr in winter and 20–30 mg C/m2/hr in summer. Production under water, during high tide is 200 mg C/m2/hr in August and drops to 50 mg in winter. A relation between the changes in production and the regime of light, temperature, and tides is postulated. Changes in production during high and low tide alternate so as to result in a nearly constant daily production throughout the year. The annual gross algal production is estimated to be 200 g C/m2. Net production is not less than 90 per cent of gross production. Photosynthetic efficiency varied from 3 per cent to less than 0.1 per cent.
The Phytoplankton of Narragansett Bay1
Authors: PRATT DAVID M.
Published: March 2010

The phytoplankton of Narragansett Bay is described on the basis of 927 unpreserved samples taken at a series of stations from 1952 to 1956. The annual cycle is divided into four natural periods: 1 (winter and spring) with diatoms dominant; 2 (usually late spring, early summer), flagellates dominant; 3 (usually late summer), diatoms dominant; 4 (fall), flagellates dominant. The major features of this cycle, with maxima in the first and third seasons, are largely due to changes in the concentrations of diatoms, principally Skeletonema costatum. Although the concentrations of diatoms and of flagellates in any given season are predictable only within wide limits, their average abundance for the entire annual cycle is relatively constant. Average standing crops in the East and West Passages are approximately the same, but the Upper Bay is more than three times as rich as the lower in both diatoms and flagellates. The highly estuarine upper West Passage is characterized by certain neritic dinoflagellates, while the lower East Passage is marked by oceanic diatoms. Microflagellates and Skeletonema costatum are outstanding in frequency of occurrence and as dominants. Each of the four seasons is distinguished by certain dominant species. Correlations of the dominance of the most important species with prevailing temperatures reveal apparent temperature preferences, some species being eurythermal as dominants while other dominants are restricted to narrow temperature ranges. From the first to the third or fourth period there is a progressive increase in the number of species represented, the rate of change in species composition, and the spatial heterogeneity of the population. The average annual standing crop is more than two times as great as that in adjacent coastal waters. This difference is explained by the unusual length of the winter–spring diatom flowering in the Bay (January–May), which results from the combined effects of shallowness, moderate nontidal drift, and turbulence generated by tidal activity. The secondary diatom maximum in the Bay and in the coastal waters of southern New England is typically a summer event and usually precedes the major annual breakdown of stratification in the fall.
Thermal Changes Accompanying the Compression of Aqueous Solutions to Deep‐Sea Conditions1
Authors: ZOBELL CLAUDE E.
Published: March 2010

Apparatus is described for studying the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the viability, reproduction, and physiological reaction rates of bacteria in aqueous solutions. Rapidly compressing such solutions to deep‐sea conditions results in temperature increases ranging from 2 to 5°C. Decompressing the system to ambient pressure results in cooling to a corresponding degree. When the apparatus is submerged in constant temperature water bath, the thermal time constant T‐63 of solutions compressed or decompressed in the steel pressure vessel is generally less than 3 minutes. The degree of heating or cooling is primarily a function of the change in hydrostatic pressure and the ambient temperature. To a lesser extent heating or cooling is influenced by the chemical composition of the solution. The degree and duration of thermal changes may be minimized by the use of small pressure vessels submerged in constant temperature bath and by slow compression or decompression. Thermal changes were measured by bead‐type thermistors, which must be calibrated for use at each pressure and ambient temperature.
Spectrographic Analyses of Marine Plankton1
Authors: NICHOLLS G. D. , CURL HERBERT , BOWEN V. T.
Published: March 2010

The results of spectrographic analyses of ten species of zooplankton are presented. The methods used are described in detail. The elements determined quantitatively were boron, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, titanium, chromium, lead, tin, and copper. Manganese, cesium, rubidium, barium, strontium, and silver were detected in some or all of the specimens. Antimony, germanium, gallium, gold, and arsenic were sought for but not found. Cadmium was just detectable in only one species, the squid Ommastrephes (Illex) illecebrosa. The analytical results support the view that boron is actively concentrated or excluded by some marine animals. There is evidence that sedimentation of pteropod shells could be a major pathway for the removal of vanadium and lead from sea water. Lead was greatly enriched in Centropages. Nickel and cobalt showed random variations with respect to one another.
Light Adaptation by Marine Phytoplankton1
Authors: RYTHER JOHN H. , MENZEL DAVID W.
Published: March 2010

Photosynthesis‐light intensity curves were obtained for natural phytoplankton populations in the Sargasso Sea from surface waters and from depths to which 10% and 1% of the surface light penetrated. In winter, when the water was isothermal and mixed to depths below the euphotic zone, phytoplankton from all three depths behaved like “sun” forms, becoming fully light saturated at 5000 foot candles. In summer, when the water and plankton were stratified, the surface plankton were similar to the winter plankton, those from the 1% light level behaved like “shade” plants, becoming light saturated below 1000 foot candles, those from the 10% light level were intermediate in their response to light. The effect of light adaptation on the calculation of primary production from chlorophyll and light is discussed.