bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Nissen S. L. , Sharp R. L.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to quantify which dietary supplements augment lean mass and strength gains during resistance training. Peer‐reviewed studies between the years 1967 and 2001 were included in the analysis if they met a predetermined set of experimental criteria, among which were at least 3‐week duration and resistance training two or more times a week. Lean mass and strength were normalized for meta‐analysis by conversion to percent change per week and by calculating the effect size for each variable. Of the 250 supplements examined, only six had more than two studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Creatine and β‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB) were found to significantly increase net lean mass gains of 0.36%/week and 0.28%/week and strength gains of 1.09%/week and 1.40%/week (P<0.05), respectively. Chromium, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and protein did not significantly affect lean gain or strength. In conclusion, two supplements, creatine and HMB, have data supporting their use to augment lean mass and strength gains with resistance training.
Explosive‐strength training improves 5‐km running time by improving running economy and muscle power
Authors: Paavolainen L. , Hakkinen K. , Hamalainen I. , Nummela A. , Rusko H.
Published: July 2003

To investigate the effects of simultaneous explosive‐strength and endurance training on physical performance characteristics, 10 experimental (E) and eight control (C) endurance athletes trained for 9 weeks. The total training volume was kept the same in both groups, but 32% of training in E and 3% in C was replaced by explosive‐type strength training. A 5‐km time trial (5K), running economy (RE), maximal 20‐m speed (V20 m), and 5‐jump (5J) tests were measured on a track. Maximal anaerobic (MART) and aerobic treadmill running tests were used to determine maximal velocity in the MART (VMART) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). The 5K time, RE, and VMART improved (P<0.05) in E, but no changes were observed in C. V20 m and 5J increased in E (P<0.01) and decreased in C (P<0.05). VO2 max increased in C (P<0.05), but no changes were observed in E. In the pooled data, the changes in the 5K velocity during 9 weeks of training correlated (P<0.05) with the changes in RE [O2 uptake (r=−0.54)] and VMART (r=0.55). In conclusion, the present simultaneous explosive‐strength and endurance training improved the 5K time in well‐trained endurance athletes without changes in their VO2 max. This improvement was due to improved neuromuscular characteristics that were transferred into improved VMART and running economy.
Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players: a prospective intervention study over three seasons
Authors: Myklebust G. , Engebretsen L. , Braekken I. H. , Skjolberg A. , Olsen O. E. , Bahr R.
Published: July 2003

Objective: To assess the effect of a neuromuscular training program on the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female team handball players. DESIGN: Prospective intervention study.

Setting: Female team handball: Division I–III in Norway.

Participants: Players from the top three divisions: control season (1998–1999), 60 teams (942 players); first intervention season (1999–2000), 58 teams (855 players); second intervention season (2000–2001), 52 teams (850 players).

Intervention: A five‐phase program (duration, 15 min) with three different balance exercises focusing on neuromuscular control and planting/landing skills was developed and introduced to the players in the autumn of 1999 and revised before the start of the season in 2000. The teams were instructed in the program and supplied with an instructional video, poster, six balance mats, and six wobble boards. Additionally, a physical therapist was attached to each team to follow up with the intervention program during the second intervention period.

Main Outcome Measures: The number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the three seasons and compliance with the program.

Results: There were 29 anterior cruciate ligament injuries during the control season, 23 injuries during the first intervention season (OR, 0.87; CI, 0.50–1.52; P=0.62), and 17 injuries during the second intervention season (OR, 0.64; CI, 0.35–1.18; P=0.15). In the elite division, there were 13 injuries during the control season, six injuries during the first intervention season (OR, 0.51; CI, 0.19–1.35; P=0.17), and five injuries in the second intervention season (OR, 0.37; CI, 0.13–1.05; P=0.06). For the entire cohort, there was no difference in injury rates during the second intervention season between those who complied and those who did not comply (OR, 0.52; CI, 0.15–1.82; P=0.31). In the elite division, the risk of injury was reduced among those who completed the anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program (OR, 0.06; CI, 0.01–0.54; P=0.01) compared with those who did not.

Conclusions: This study shows that it is possible to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries with specific neuromuscular training.
High‐intensity training with a bi‐directional bicycle pedal improves performance in mechanically unstable ankles – a prospective randomized study of 19 subjects
Authors: Høiness Per , Glott Thomas , Ingjer Frank
Published: July 2003

A bi‐directional bicycle pedal that combines proprioceptive training and evertor strengthening has been developed for the treatment of residual instability after ankle sprains. A prospective randomized study was carried out on 19 subjects with recurrent ankle sprains and positive stress X‐ray films. The subjects were randomized to use either a bi‐directional test pedal or a traditional uni‐directional bicycle pedal and then completed a 6‐week high‐intensity training program on a cycle ergometer. Assessment of training intensity level was based on maximum oxygen uptake values, heart rate and lactate concentration in blood at various submaximal workloads. After completion of the training program, the subjects who had used the test pedal increased peak eversion torque at 180°°s−1 by 14.2% (P = 0.020), reduced figure‐of‐eight running time by 0.24 s (P = 0.003), improved single leg stance speed from 72.5% to the maximum speed of 80% (P = 0.005), and improved Karlsson functional score by 5.1 points (P = 0.005). In the control group, single leg stance improved from 56.1 to 67.8% (P = 0.018), but otherwise no significant effects were found.

This study indicates that short‐term high‐intensity training with a bi‐directional pedal improves ankle performance and may be an option in the treatment of recurrent ankle sprains.
Sustained linked stimulation via CD3 and CD4 is required for the IL‐4‐independent development of IL‐4 synthesizing CD4+ T cells
Authors: Komata Tadashi , Cruikshank William W , Kelso Anne
Published: July 2003

Previous work has shown that CD4 engagement can promote the development of interleukin‐4‐producing cells from naive CD4+ T cells activated with anti‐CD3 antibody and interleukin‐2 in the absence of other exogenous signals, including interleukin‐4 itself. When CD44low CD4+ T cells were activated with immobilized anti‐CD3 antibody and interleukin‐2, they proliferated and produced interferon‐γ but not interleukin‐4. Co‐immobilization of antibodies to CD3 and CD4 enhanced cell recoveries and induced interleukin‐4 as well as interferon‐γ synthesis. Here we show that these effects of CD4 ligation were not observed when anti‐CD4 antibody was replaced with another CD4 ligand, interleukin‐16, or when the anti‐CD3 and anti‐CD4 antibodies were spatially separated by immobilization on different beads. Removal of the anti‐CD4 antibodies within the first three days of stimulation also prevented the development of detectable interleukin‐4‐producing cells. The data suggest that interleukin‐4‐independent priming of interleukin‐4‐producing cells in this system requires sustained stimulation via both the T cell receptor and CD4 with close physical association between the ligands for these two receptors.
Knockout B lymphoma cell lines as biochemical tools to explore multiple signalling pathways
Authors: Veale Margaret F , Dietrich Wendy M , Corcoran Lynn M
Published: July 2003

Studies on B lymphocyte signalling pathways using B lymphocytes from genetically modified mice have the disadvantages of primary cell polyclonality and finite life span. B lymphoma cell lines have been generated from mice with targeted mutations in the oct‐2, OBF‐1, vav‐1 and btk genes, as a model system that lacks these limitations and possesses additional potential for experimental manipulation. To assess their utility, activation of the B cell receptor using anti‐µ, the Toll‐like receptor‐4 using lipopolysaccharide and the interleukin‐4 receptor were assessed in these cell lines. Differential tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins was measured in the wild‐type controls compared to the corresponding mutant cell lines after B cell receptor stimulation. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) was mobilized in the control cell lines but not in the OBF‐1 and Vav1‐deficient cells, while Xid B cell lines (btk mutant) showed a reduced Ca2+ mobilization. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in response to anti‐µ or lipopolysaccharide stimulation was significantly reduced in Vav1‐deficient cells. Interleukin‐4 stimulation of wild‐type cells resulted in a 2−3‐fold increase in Stat‐6 phosphorylation. These results indicate that the cell lines mimic the biochemical responses of the corresponding primary B cells. They therefore represent a useful model system to investigate the regulation and roles of these and other gene products in B cell signal transduction and activation.
A 5‐μm filter does not reduce propofol‐induced pain
Authors: Hellier C. , Newell S. , Barry J. , Brimacombe J.
Published: July 2003

We assessed the effectiveness of a 5‐μm filter in reducing propofol‐induced pain and determined whether any reduction is due to removal of contaminants or an alteration in flow characteristics. A total of 120 unpremedicated women (ASA 1–3, aged 18–70 yr) were randomly allocated to one of three equal‐sized groups. In group A, propofol was drawn up and injected through an unfiltered plastic cannula. In group B, propofol was drawn up through a 5‐μm filter needle and injected through an unfiltered plastic cannula. In group C, propofol was drawn up and injected through a 5‐μm filter needle. Unmodified propofol from a 20‐ml rubber topped vial at room temperature was used. A 22‐g cannula was inserted into the largest visible vein on the dorsum of the non‐dominant hand. Propofol was administered at 0.5 ml.s−1 and patients were asked about pain every 10 s until unresponsive, by a blinded observer. The pain score for the patient was the taken as the most severe pain documented. The frequency and severity of pain were similar among groups. We conclude that a 5‐μm filter does not reduce pain associated with injection of propofol drawn from a vial with a rubber bung.
Structure and process quality illustrated by fibreoptic intubation: analysis of 1612 cases*
Authors: Heidegger T. , Gerig H. J. , Ulrich B. , Schnider T. W.
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this investigation was the description of structure and process quality based on the analysis of 1612 fibreoptic intubations. We evaluated all fibreoptic intubations (nasotracheal in awake patients and orotracheal in anaesthetised patients) from a previously described database over a period of 2 years. We assessed structure quality by evaluating the distribution of the fibreoptic intubations across all staff anaesthetists, and process quality by analysing the number of attempts, the time required, the cases where we had to switch to conventional intubation and the complications. In all, 955 nasotracheal and 657 orotracheal intubations were evaluated. Almost all anaesthetists performed at least 15 nasotracheal and 10 orotracheal intubations. The success rate was 85.2% at the first attempt. Within 3 min, 93.9% of all fibreoptic intubations were successfully completed. In 24 cases, fibreoptic intubation was abandoned. Severe nasal bleeding as a major complication occurred in 1.3% of the nasotracheal intubations.
To shape or not to shape…Simulated bougie‐assisted difficult intubation in a manikin*
Authors: Hodzovic I. , Wilkes A. R. , Latto I. P.
Published: July 2003

Summary Thirty anaesthetists attempted to place a derived ‘optimal’ curve bougie or a straight bougie in the trachea of a manikin, in a randomised cross‐over study. A Grade 3 Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopic view was simulated. The anaesthetists were blinded to success (tracheal placement) or failure (oesophageal placement). The success rates with the curved and straight bougies were 83 and 7%, respectively, giving a difference (95% confidence interval) of 77% (54–87%) between the two bougies (p < 0.0001). On a separate occasion, under identical laboratory conditions, 30 anaesthetists attempted to place a straight coudé (angled)‐tipped bougie or a straight straight‐tipped bougie in the trachea of a manikin. The success rates with the coudé‐ and straight‐tipped bougies were 43 and 0%, respectively, giving a difference (95% confidence interval) of 43% (21–61%) between the two bougies (p < 0.001). These results suggest that bougies used to facilitate difficult intubation should be curved and have a coudé tip.
Transurethral vaporisation of the prostate and irrigating fluid absorption
Authors: Gray R. A. , Moores A. H. , Hehir M. , Worsley M.
Published: July 2003

Transurethral vaporisation of the prostate gland (TUVP) is an emerging surgical alternative to conventional electroresection (TURP). This study examined vesical pressure and fluid absorption during TUVP in 35 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The irrigating fluid was a solution of glycine 1.5% and ethanol 1%. Intraoperative intravesical pressure was monitored continuously and absorption of irrigating fluid was detected by ethanol analysis in expired breath. The incidence of absorption during TUVP was 34%. Intravesical pressures were higher amongst patients who went on to absorb than amongst patients who did not. Combining data from the current study and from 35 patients in our previous investigation into TURP (Gray et al.: Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 461–4), urological trainees operated at higher mean pressure and for longer than their consultant colleagues and their resections were significantly more likely to result in absorption. The incidence of irrigating fluid absorption during trainees’ operations appeared to be less using TUVP than using conventional TURP.
A national survey of the provision for patients with latex allergy
Authors: Yuill G. M. , Saroya D. , Yuill S. L.
Published: July 2003

The prevalence of latex allergy has increased since the 1980s. As latex is found throughout hospitals and operating theatres, careful planning is required for latex‐allergic patients who present pre‐operatively. We conducted a postal survey of 269 departments of anaesthesia in England and Wales; responses were received from 208 (77%). Of these, 198 (95%) had a latex allergy protocol and 181 (87%) had a store of latex‐free equipment. Only 113 (54%) had a named nurse and 58 (28%) had a named consultant responsible for the update of latex allergy provisions. Access to allergy clinics and further investigations were available to 189 (91%). Many respondents called for national guidelines. We are reassured that the majority of trusts have an up‐to‐date latex allergy protocol and latex‐free equipment store. However, relatively few have nominated members of staff responsible for these and peri‐operative care of susceptible patients.
Orthopaedic theatre noise: a potential hazard to patients
Authors: Nott M. R. , West P. D. B.
Published: July 2003

Potentially hazardous noise levels are generated in the course of major orthopaedic surgery. The risk to staff is probably real but very small. We used a sound level meter to record maximum and mean levels and found peak values which exceeded 100 dB(A). If sustained, there is a possibility of significant inner ear damage and perhaps permanent troublesome tinnitus, especially among elderly and already hearing‐impaired patients. This could be eliminated by the use of ear defenders or disposable earplugs.
Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio‐pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions*
Authors: Subbe C. P. , Davies R. G. , Williams E. , Rutherford P. , Gemmell L.
Published: July 2003

The effects of introducing Modified Early Warning scores to identify medical patients at risk of catastrophic deterioration have not been examined. We prospectively studied 1695 acute medical admissions. All patients were scored in the admissions unit. Patients with a Modified Early Warning score > 4 were referred for urgent medical and critical care outreach team review. Data was compared with an observational study performed in the same unit during the proceeding year. There was no change in mortality of patients with low, intermediate or high Modified Early Warning scores. Rates of cardio‐pulmonary arrest, intensive care unit or high dependency unit admission were similar. Data analysis confirmed respiratory rate as the best discriminator in identifying high‐risk patient groups. The therapeutic interventions performed in response to abnormal scores were not assessed. We are convinced that the Modified Early Warning score is a suitable scoring tool to identify patients at risk. However, outcomes in medical emergency admissions are influenced by a multitude of factors and so it may be difficult to demonstrate the score's benefit without further standardizing the response to abnormal values.
The use of remifentanil for intubation in paediatric patients during sevoflurane anaesthesia guided by Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring
Authors: Weber F. , Füssel U. , Gruber M. , Hobbhahn J.
Published: July 2003

Summary We studied the intubating conditions, haemodynamic and endocrine changes following tracheal intubation during sevoflurane anaesthesia guided by Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring in 40 children who received either remifentanil 1 µg.kg−1 (group R) or saline 1 ml.kg−1 (group S). Acceptable intubating conditions were found in all patients in group R (n = 20), compared to only 12 patients in group S (p = 0.002). There were no intergroup differences in heart rate, systolic blood pressure and plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at any time point and changes in haemodynamic variables throughout the study period were moderate. Titration of sevoflurane delivery to a target BIS of 35 ± 5 led to almost equal end‐tidal sevoflurane concentrations in either group and remifentanil did not affect the BIS. There were no side‐effects in either group that required intervention. Intubating conditions during sevoflurane anaesthesia in children were found to be improved by a single bolus dose of remifentanil 1 µg.kg−1.
Effect of supplemental pre‐operative fluid on postoperative nausea and vomiting*
Authors: Ali S. Z. , Taguchi A. , Holtmann B. , Kurz A.
Published: July 2003

In a prospective, double‐blind, randomised controlled trial, we studied the effects of pre‐operative fluid load on post‐operative nausea and vomiting. Eighty patients attending for laparoscopic cholecystectomy or gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated to receive 2 ml.kg−1 (conservative) or 15 ml.kg−1 (supplemental) Hartmann's solution intravenously, shortly before induction of anaesthesia. During the operation, fluid management was identical in both groups. During the first post‐operative 24 h, post‐operative nausea and vomiting occurred in 29 patients (73%) in the conservative fluid group and nine patients (23%) in the supplemental fluid group (p = 0.01). Supplemental pre‐operative fluid is an inexpensive and safe therapy for reducing post‐operative nausea and vomiting.
Pain during awake nasal intubation after topical cocaine or phenylephrine/lidocaine spray*
Authors: Cara D. M. , Norris A. M. , Neale L. J.
Published: July 2003

Although several local anaesthetic techniques are described for nasal analgesia during awake intubation, there has been little attempt to evaluate their effectiveness. We examined pain scores associated with nasal intubation in a randomised cross‐over study of 25 volunteers. Local anaesthesia consisted of topical aerosol spray using either cocaine 5% or Co‐phenylcaine Forte (a proprietary mixture of phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5% and lidocaine hydrochloride 5%), followed by lidocaine gel. Topical anaesthesia using an atomiser resulted in incomplete analgesia for insertion of nasopharyngeal airways. Larger diameter tubes resulted in higher pain scores. There was no difference in pain scores between the two drugs.
Delivery times for caesarean section at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi: is a 30‐minute ‘informed to start of operative delivery time’ achievable?
Authors: O'Regan M.
Published: July 2003

A timesheet questionnaire was used to assess the time it took from informing the anaesthetist about a case to the start of operative delivery in 78 consecutive patients undergoing caesarean section. Median (IQR [range]) times for grade‐1 cases (immediate threat to the life of the mother or fetus) and grade‐2 cases (fetal or maternal compromise without immediate threat to life) were 20 (17–35 [6–75]) min and 41 (27–60 [17–136]) min, respectively. Delays occurred in all the component time intervals examined. The primary avoidable delay was the patient's late arrival in theatre. Many significant delays were apparently not perceived by the anaesthetist. In nine (69%) grade‐1 cases, the 30‐min target decreed by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland and the Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association was achieved.
Pulmonary mechanics during isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia
Authors: Dikmen Y. , Eminoglu E. , Salihoglu Z. , Demiroluk S.
Published: July 2003

This study was designed to investigate the effects of desflurane on bronchial smooth muscle tone, following intubation and to compare these effects with isoflurane and sevoflurane. Patients were randomly divided into three groups to receive, isoflurane (n = 22), sevoflurane (n = 23), or desflurane (n = 22). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), respiratory resistance (Rr) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) measurements were recorded at three time points; After the beginning of ventilation and before inhalation agent was started, following 5 min of ventilation with 1 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) inhalation agent and following 5 min of 2 MAC inhalation agent. We found that all inhalation agents caused a significant decrease in Peak Inspiratory Pressure (PIP) and respiratory resistance (Rr), and an increase in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) at 1 MAC concentrations. When the agent concentration was increased to 2 MAC, desflurane caused a significant increase in Rr and PIP and a decrease in Cdyn. We concluded that desflurane, like isoflurane and sevoflurane, exhibits a bronchodilator effect at 1 MAC concentration. However, increasing the concentration to 2 MAC caused an increase in airway resistance with desflurane, whilst sevoflurane and isoflurane continued to have a bronchodilator effect.
A new formulation of nasal fentanyl spray for postoperative analgesia: a pilot study
Authors: Paech M. J. , Lim C. B. , Banks S. L. , Rucklidge M. W. M. , Doherty D. A.
Published: July 2003

Twenty‐four gynaecological patients receiving postoperative patient‐controlled analgesia were enrolled in an open cross‐over pilot study evaluating two new formulations of nasal fentanyl spray. The primary outcome was the bioavailability of nasal fentanyl in comparison with intravenous fentanyl. This manuscript describes the clinical outcomes of quality of postoperative analgesia and patient acceptability. There were 21 complete data sets for both sequences of the cross‐over design. In randomised order, patients received approximately 50 μg of fentanyl in a single dose by intranasal and intravenous administration, but separated by at least 2 h. Analgesia was of rapid onset (within 5 min) and similar quality. There was no significant difference in side‐effects. Four patients experienced mild nasal stinging and although 10 (42%) preferred intravenous administration, seven (29%) preferred intranasal and six (25%) had no preference. We conclude that these formulations of fentanyl, delivered as nasal spray, have potential clinical utility.
Granular starches as dietary fibre and natural microcapsules
Authors: Lii C. Y. , Tomasik P. , Hung W. L. , Yen M. T. , Lai V. M.‐F.
Published: July 2003

Cassava, corn, mung bean, potato, sweet potato, two varieties of rice, waxy maize and wheat starches were blended with a saturated aqueous NaCl solution. Wheat starch gelatinized and the other starches gave specific shear‐thinning suspensions. The proportion of components providing shear thinning in suspension depended on the starch variety. The shear thinning vanished with time because of water uptake by starch granules. The duration of this shear‐thinning effect, as well as either the Newtonian or Herschel–Bulkley nature of the blends, also depended on the starch origin. The rate of water uptake was lowest for waxy maize and cassava starches and highest for potato starch. Scanning electron microscopy showed that some, especially large, granules cracked and the pattern of the cracks varied for different starches. Powder X‐ray diffractograms revealed that the crystalline structure of granules did not change in any essential way. Potato starch granules seem, based on the extent of their ability to swell, the best source for natural microcapsules.
Influence of whey protein on syneresis of raw milk curds
Authors: Piyasena P. , Chambers J.
Published: July 2003

The influence of whey protein dispersions (WPDs) on syneresis of renneted curd was studied. Homogenized and non‐homogenized WPDs containing 1.353% protein were added to raw milk to give a final concentration of 20.64%. The amount of whey released and the amount of protein and fat retained in the curd was determined at low (6.26) and high (6.5) pH. Adding WPDs to raw milk increased the amount of whey released at pH 6.5; however, no differences were observed at pH 6.26. Homogenization of WPDs tended to reduce whey yield at high pH but tended to increase it at low pH. More whey was released at low pH (34.3–34.4 g) compared to high pH (30.6–32.4 g). The amount of protein lost in whey was greater at low pH (0.298 vs. 0.268 g). Curd produced from milk with added WPDs contained less protein and less fat than that produced from raw milk. These findings reveal the importance of substrate pH in combination with homogenization of added protein dispersions from whey when utilized by cheese producers to optimize cheese yield and composition.
Inactivation characteristics shown by enzymes and bacteria treated with far‐infrared radiative heating
Authors: Sawai Jun , Sagara Koji , Hashimoto Atsushi , Igarashi Hideo , Shimizu Masaru
Published: July 2003

The inactivation of the enzymes lipase and α‐amylase were studied during treatment by far‐infrared (FIR) radiative heating and compared with activity changes due to heating by thermal conduction. The decrease in enzyme activity was found to be largely similar for the two processes, as long as the temperature profiles of the enzyme solutions were identical during heating. The inactivation of α‐amylase was compared with bacterial death (Escherichia coli) using both FIR and conductive heating. The inactivation energy required to inactivate enzymes was an order of magnitude lower than that for inactivation of E. coli and the death rate constants of bacteria (kdeath) became larger than the inactivation rate constant of the enzyme (ken) at about 50 °C or higher. At the given temperatures, the kdeath values for FIR was larger than kdeath values for conductive heating, suggesting that FIR heating may allow a given pasteurization target level to be achieved at lower temperatures than by conductive heating, while maintaining enzyme activity levels.
ESR detection of irradiated broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and kinetics of the radiation induced free radical and Mn2+ signals
Authors: Polat Mustafa , Korkmaz Mustafa
Published: July 2003

An ESR (Electron Spin Resonance) investigation on irradiated dry broad bean gave a spectrum which was composed of an equally spaced sextet and a single resonance line. These lines appeared at g = 2.0045 (±0.0005) and originated from Mn2+ ions and radiation induced radicals, respectively. Ground broad bean was used throughout the work to avoid any artefacts arising from a microwave cavity filling factor. Free radical signal intensity was observed to increase exponentially in relation to the increase in absorbed dose over the dose range 1.25–15 kGy. Although the Mn2+ signal increases below room temperature, the signal due to the natural and radiation induced radicals decreases. Above room temperature, they both decreased and these decreases were irreversible. The kinetics of these decreases were studied in detail over a temperature range of 308–373 K by annealing samples at different temperatures for various times.
The dependence of Ca2+ adsorption by rice bran on surface charge
Authors: Navas Petra Beatriz , Carrasquero‐Durán Armando
Published: July 2003

The calcium binding capacity of rice bran was evaluated by using adsorption isotherms at several pH values. Adsorption increased with pH and was associated with an increase in negative surface charges in plant fibres. At pH 4.4, the release of endogenous calcium was the main process, while adsorption determined Ca availability at higher pH. The Ca concentrations, at which neither adsorption nor release occurs were as follows: 7.86 × 10−3 m (pH 4.4), 4.14 × 10−3 m (pH 5.0), 2.31 × 10−3 m (pH 6.0) and 0.85 × 10−3 m (pH 7.5). When using NaCl as the electrolyte, the results showed that competition of Na+–Ca2+ for binding sites seemed to be the determinant of the rate of Ca adsorption. Negative electric charges in bran are produced by ionization reactions which depend on solution pH and were evaluated by using the Gouy–Chapman double‐layer model. The value of pH0, at which the surface charge is zero was found to be 5.5.
Osmotic dehydration of strawberry halves: influence of osmotic agents and pretreatment methods on mass transfer and product characteristics
Authors: Taiwo Kehinde A. , Eshtiaghi Mohammad N. , Ade‐Omowaye Beatrice I. O. , Knorr Dietrich
Published: July 2003

The impact of different pretreatment methods [high pressure (HP), high‐intensity electric field pulses and freezing], osmotic solutions (sucrose, glucose and salt–sucrose mix) and osmotic conditions (atmospheric pressure, vacuum and ultrasound treatment) on the mass transfer of strawberry halves during osmotic dehydration (OD) and on some physical characteristics (leaching of cell constituents, colour and texture), were investigated. Highest water loss was obtained in samples treated under vacuum, in a salt–sucrose mix or under HP or in a high‐intensity electric field. The increase in solid gain relative to untreated samples was 96–270% for the prefrozen treatment, 40–160% for high pressure and 50–62% for high‐intensity electric field treatments. OD under vacuum and the use of glucose solutions facilitated greater solid gain. Leaching of cell constituents was high in prefrozen samples, leading to greater change in product colour and softer texture compared with other pretreatments. Although OD under ultrasound treatment enhanced mass transfer, its overall influence was not significant (P > 0.05) compared with atmospheric pressure.
Use of electron spin resonance technique for the detection of irradiated rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Polat Mustafa , Korkmaz Mustafa
Published: July 2003

In the present work, a detailed electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of characteristic features, time stability and temperature dependence of the free radicals produced in a species of rice seeds cultivated in Turkey and irradiated at doses of up to 5 kGy by a γ‐source, is reported. Unirradiated rice seeds did not exhibit any ESR signal. Irradiation produces three different radicals tentatively identified as hydroxyalkyl (I), aldehydalkyl (II) and an unknown species (III). Room temperature dose–response curves and variations of different spectral parameters with temperature were investigated in the range of 130–390 K. The decay characteristics and the spectral parameters of the proposed radical species were also determined by simulating experimental spectra recorded following the irradiation.
Detection of hazelnut DNA traces in chocolate by PCR
Authors: Herman Lieve , Block Jan De , Viane Ronald
Published: July 2003

By use of the DneasyTM Plant Tissue kit (Qiagen Inc.) plant DNA could be extracted from chocolate and related matrices. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of mitochondrial plant DNA is directly correlated with the length of the amplified fragment indicating shearing of DNA during chocolate production. Hazelnut DNA could be specifically detected in chocolate matrices with primers derived from the intron between exon B and C of the mitochondrial gene nad1. Specificity was confirmed towards individual chocolate ingredients and in 20 hazelnut negative chocolates. From taxonomically closely related plant species, only Carpinus turczaninovii, Ostrya carpinifolia and Corylus americana showed cross reaction, this was because of the identical sequence of the nad1 fragment. Application of extra MgCl2 throughout the DNA extraction procedure and of a specially designed Mg2+ buffered PCR, increased the detection sensitivity of co‐processed hazelnut in chocolate to 0.001% or 10 ppm.
Fatty acid content of the seeds from 14 varieties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.
Authors: Al‐Shahib Walid , Marshall Richard J
Published: July 2003

The fat content and fatty acid profiles of 14 varieties of date seeds were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fat content ranged from just over 5% (w/w) to about 9%. Eleven fatty acids were found with nearly 50% oleic acid in most varieties and an overall range from about 12 to 0.2%.

The differences between samples were ascribed to both varietal and cultural differences. Some varieties had similar names but it is not known whether they are identical.

The uses of dates seeds, which are currently only used for animal feed, is assessed with suggestions for potential uses as sources of edible oils and pharmaceuticals.
Changes in the microbiological quality of shellfish, brought about by treatment with high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Linton M. , Mc Clements J. M. J. , Patterson M. F.
Published: July 2003

Four types of shellfish, mussels, prawns, scallops and oysters, were pressure treated at 300, 400, 500 and 600 MPa for 2 min at 20 °C and stored for up to 28 days at 2 °C. The shellfish were sampled before and after pressure treatment and at 7‐day intervals for total aerobic counts, psychrotrophic counts, pseudomonads and coliforms. Pressure treatment readily inactivated psychrotrophic bacteria, coliforms and pseudomonads. Randomly selected isolates were identified from the shellfish before and after pressure treatment and after storage at 2 °C. The range of bacteria present in the shellfish decreased after pressure treatment. This was predominantly because of inactivation of Gram‐negative bacteria leading to an increase in the proportion of Gram‐positive species isolated. The main types of bacteria isolated from pressure‐treated shellfish, after storage, were Bacillus, Acinetobacter/Moraxella and lactic acid bacteria. Together these made up 96% of the bacteria isolated from all the pressure‐treated shellfish.
Chemical composition and functional properties of conophor nut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) flour
Authors: Odoemelam Stevens A.
Published: July 2003

Flour produced from whole seeds of conophor nut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) was evaluated for chemical composition and functional properties. The flour was rich in protein (26.3%), fat (46.5%) and some of the essential trace elements. Elements like Cd, Co, Hg, As, Cr, Sn and Sr were not detected. Functional properties were significantly affected by pH and NaCl concentration. The capacity to produce foam was highest in pure water while the capacity to produce an emulsion was maximum at a NaCl concentration of 0.4 m. Nitrogen solubility was lowest at pH 4.0 but showed a remarkable increase on either side of this pH. The capacity to produce foam was pH‐dependent with a minimum at pH 4.0; beyond this pH it increased considerably. The capacity to produce an emulsion increased with pH up to a maximum around pH 12. The flour had a minimum gelation concentration of 8%. This data on functionality suggests that conophor flour may be ideal as a functional ingredient in food systems.
Clinical experience as evidence in evidence‐based practice
Authors: Thompson Carl
Published: July 2003

Background.  This paper's starting point is the recognition (descriptive not normative) that, for the vast majority of day‐to‐day clinical decision‐making situations, the ‘evidence’ for decision‐making is experiential knowledge. Moreover, reliance on this knowledge base means that nurses must use cognitive shortcuts or heuristics for handling information when making decisions. These heuristics encourage systematic biases in decision‐makers and deviations from the normative rules of ‘good’ decision‐making.

Aims.  The aim of the paper is to explore three common heuristics and the biases that arise when handling complex information in clinical decision‐making (overconfidence, hindsight and base rate neglect) and, in response to these biases, to illustrate some simple techniques for reducing the negative influence of heuristics.

Discussion.  Nurses face a limited range of types of uncertainty in their clinical decisions and draw primarily on experiential knowledge to handle these uncertainties. This paper argues that experiential knowledge is a necessary but not sufficient basis for clinical decision‐making. It illustrates how overconfidence in one's knowledge base, being correct ‘after the event’ or with the benefit of hindsight, and ignoring the base rates associated with events, conditions or health states, can impact on professional judgements and decisions. The paper illustrates some simple strategies for minimizing the impact of heuristics on the real‐life clinical decisions of nurses.

Conclusion.  The paper concludes that more research knowledge of the impact of heuristics and techniques to combat them in nursing decisions is needed.
HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk behaviour in Hong Kong Chinese pregnant women
Authors: Choi Fung Ho , Alice Yuen Loke
Published: July 2003

Background. With the increase in HIV infection among childbearing aged women in Hong Kong, health department policy‐makers are considering the implementation of antenatal HIV screening to identify infected mothers. However, little is known about women's understanding of HIV/AIDS, and their attitudes towards HIV screening.

Aim. The aim of this study was to explore pregnant women's knowledge about HIV/AIDS, their perceptions of risk, risk behaviour and management, and their attitudes towards HIV screening.

Methods. A cross‐sectional study was carried out, and all Chinese pregnant women who attended an antenatal clinic of a regional hospital in Hong Kong in the month of December 2000 were invited to complete a questionnaire.

Findings. Hong Kong pregnant women had fairly good general knowledge of HIV/AIDS (mean score = 4·8/6), but were less knowledgeable on specific mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (mean score = 3·6/6). There were statistically significant differences between those with different levels of education (χ2 = 19·81; P < 0·001) and between Hong Kong born residents and immigrants from the Chinese mainland (z = −4·03; P < 0·001). Over a third (36·7%) of all pregnant women perceived a risk of contracting HIV. If HIV infection were suspected, over 70% would have HIV screening together with their spouse. If HIV was confirmed, 24% would terminate the pregnancy. As many as 78·5% and 72·8% of women believed that HIV screening should be carried out before marriage and pregnancy respectively. Only 4·7% would choose universal opt‐out antenatal HIV testing.

Recommendations. Health educators should provide tailored‐made education programmes for women at risk, particularly those at lower education levels and those who have come from the Chinese mainland, to enhance their knowledge about mother‐to‐child HIV transmission, and to promote awareness of safe sex. Health policy‐makers should consider the possibility of providing pre‐marriage and pre‐pregnancy HIV screening for women.
Patients’ and nurses’ experiences of perioperative dialogues
Authors: Lindwall Lillemor , Von Post Iréne , Bergbom Ingegerd
Published: July 2003

Background. Previous research has shown that perioperative visiting can aid the planning and implementation of nursing care by giving patients an opportunity to express their expectation and to receive information. This is in turn can reduce anxiety and stress. However, patients and nurses’ experiences of this process have not been studied before.

Aim. The aim of the research was to describe and interpret the meaning of nursing care experienced by patients and nurse anaesthetists or operating‐room nurses (referred to as perioperative nurses) through the pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative dialogues.

Methods. A hermeneutic approach was used when interpreting text from interviews with 10 patients after the operation and 10 nurses who were asked to write down their experiences after having conducted pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative dialogues with their patients. The interpretation of the whole was: the common quality of the pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative dialogues was continuity and the distinguishing quality was how the patient and nurse experienced continuity.

Findings. Continuity in ‘the perioperative dialogue’ from the patients’ point of view is expressed as sharing a story and the body is in safe hands. From the nurses’ point of view continuity means that professional nursing care becomes visible and that continuity gives meaning to the work.

Conclusion. If perioperative nurses used the perioperative dialogue they could create continuity for patients and for themselves in the pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative phases. The nurse is, in this context, the continuity and continuity gives the possibility of establishing a caring relationship and caring for the patient in a dignified way.
A chart audit of factors related to urine flow and urinary tract infection
Authors: Wilde Mary H. , Carrigan Mary Jo
Published: July 2003

Background. Clients with long‐term urinary catheters are at risk for urinary tract infection (UTI) and catheter blockage that disrupt client/family daily activities. The United States Centers for Disease Control guideline strongly recommends keeping urine flowing to help prevent UTI in this population, but little is known about factors associated with urine flow and how they are related to UTI.

Aim. The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify urine flow factors contributing to UTI in home care clients who had had an indwelling urinary catheter for at least 3 months.

Methods. Twenty‐four records were reviewed from one home care agency. The sample of 12 males and 12 females ranged in age from 31–102 (mean 70 years, sd 17·2) and they had used a catheter from 5 to 105 months (mean 27·9, sd 32).

Findings. Catheter blockage and low urine output were the only ‘urine flow indicators’ that were significantly related to UTI. Other ‘urine flow indicators’ were not related to UTI, including bloodstained urine, pulling on the catheter, leakage, and sluggish urine. Thirteen people experienced blockage and 11 did not. Of the 13 with blockage, six had UTI and seven did not, during the 6 months of the review. It was particularly notable that, of the 11 people with no blockage, none went on to experience UTI.

Conclusion. This finding raises questions about why some people with blockage developed UTI and some did not. We suggest that nurses taught their clients what to do to get the urine flowing, such as, increasing fluid intake or checking for proper placement. Identifying more information from clients about how they monitor and adjust urine flow will be the next step toward understanding how to prevent UTI in those with long‐term catheters.
Cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia
Authors: Maimbolwa Margaret C. , Yamba Bawa , Diwan Vinod , Ransjö‐Arvidson Anna‐Berit
Published: July 2003

Background. Zambia, one of the world's poorest countries, also has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world. Most pregnant women in Zambia (96%) attend antenatal care, while 53% deliver at home. This may be related to socio‐economic and cultural factors, but cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia have been little documented.

Aim. The aim of this study was to explore cultural childbirth practices and beliefs in Zambia as related by women accompanying labouring women to maternity units. These social support women were also interviewed about their views on providing companionship to labouring women.

Methods. Thirty‐six women accompanying labouring women to urban and rural maternity units in Zambia were interviewed A thematic guide with closed and open‐ended questions was used. EPI INFO, an epidemiological statistical software package, was used to analyse the quantitative data; qualitative data were analysed using content analysis.

Findings. Eighteen of the women considered themselves to be mbusas, or traditional birth assistants and the rest said that they followed labouring women to maternity units. Those who considered themselves traditional birth assistants advised childbearing women on appropriate cultural childbirth practices and assisted with deliveries at home. They also advised women on the use of traditional medicine, for example, to widen the birth canal and to precipitate labour. If something went wrong during labour, they relied on traditional beliefs and witchcraft to explain the mishap and expected the woman in labour to confess her purported ‘bad’ behaviour. Twelve of the women were in favour of providing support to labouring women in maternity units and learning about childbirth care from midwives.

Conclusion. These social support women, including those who considered themselves as mbusas, lacked understanding of the causes of obstetric complications during childbirth, and had inadequate knowledge of the appropriate management of labour. Culturally‐specific knowledge from this study should be used to guide policy‐makers and health planners in the future development of safe motherhood initiatives in developing countries. Midwives have a unique opportunity to ensure that care given during childbirth is clinically safe and culturally sensitive.