bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Design and Resurgent Creationism
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the antievolutionists' move away from arguing with scientists and toward providing a scientific-sounding argument for mass consumption, usually in the guise of “intelligent design” (ID)—a tactic that allowed creationism to appeal to a broader audience. It first considers initiatives meant to make creationism attractive to the scientifically unlettered before discussing how proponents made individual rights and freedom of expression consistent themes in the fight to teach creationism in public schools. It then looks at two books that reenergized the fight against evolution and became central to the new offensive: Phillip E. Johnson's Darwin on Trial (1991) and Michael Behe's Darwin's Black Box (1996). It also describes the approaches adopted by creationists in the face of court rulings that rejected the teaching of creationism and ID in public schools. The chapter concludes with an assessment of ID advocates' “wedge strategy,” The Wedge Document, and the collection of papers titled Mere Creation: Science, Faith & Intelligent Design.
Into the Mainstream
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how creationists were able to work their way into the political mainstream that allowed them to carve a prominent place on the national agenda from the mid-1990s to about 2005. Although the creationists lost in Dover and Kansas, the events reflected a movement that had crept from an intellectual backwater to the center of U.S, politics. Before 2005, the teaching of evolution already was designated marginal to failing in half of the states, as various legislatures and local school boards avoided, disclaimed, and renounced evolution. This chapter first considers the creationists' participation in a May 2000 congressional briefing on intelligent design before discussing how creationism became an issue in the 1996 and 2008 presidential elections and in the Republicans' presidential candidacy in 2012. It also looks at President George W. Bush's endorsement of creationism via “teach the controversy” in 2005 and the backlash against creationism in less conventional mass media. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the institutionalization of creationism led by the Discovery Institute.
Reimagining the Caribbean
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the author's reflections about one of her journeys loaded with personal and epic meaning, from Grenada to Carriacou. Deliberately recapturing lost personal history, she retraces the journey that Avey makes in Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow (1983). On the way, she learns from a feisty Jamaican writer that the turbulence one experiences, and to which Marshall gives epic meaning, is actually the result of volcanic action that is producing another island. She contemplates three frames of engagement in an exercise of seeing, reading, imagining, outside of the parameters we have been given, outside of the boundaries we assume, outside of the definitions we take as normative. Here theory and creativity will be allowed to collapse and collide.
My Father Died a Second Time
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the author's thoughts about her father's death. When she first saw her father alive, after his first purported death, it was in a beautiful little village past Grenville called Paraclete. He kept repeating that he knew she would find him one day and that he had been waiting for this moment. From his telling, it was her mother who kept him at bay. She then received word that her father had died a second time one sunny morning in Miami, about a week after she had returned from a semester-long stay in Trinidad. She did not go to the funeral. She did not feel sad, only a sense of years that could not be recovered but the security of having the final piece in a jigsaw puzzle finally put in place and the picture finally completed. Still, she would have liked to have known him as a younger man.
Introduction
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter analyzes how conflicting impulses for loyalty and liberty shaped the politics of countersubversion between World War I and the McCarthy era. By examining the ways this intellectual problem manifested in various historical contexts, the chapter uncovers a history of fits and starts rather than simple, linear progression: waves of growth in political policing followed by undercurrents of reform. The contradictory effort to retain historic freedoms while simultaneously limiting them is what gave American countersubversion its distinctively American character: populist, legalistic, voluble, and partisan. The chapter also seeks to explain how a country with a long-standing hostility to the centralization of power, and a strong disposition to associate activist government with tyranny, gradually reconciled itself to a domestic security state.
Subversive Capitalism
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how, in the Fordist system, national concerns over the relationship between loyalty and liberty were translated anew in relationships between employees and management. Much as the wartime loyalty campaigns were presented as a harmonious, popular national project of liberation, Ford Motor's reforms were sold as an expression of mutual interests of employer and employee, a demonstration of the natural harmony between labor and capital. Whereas an employer could impose upon the employee because he better perceived the worker's interests, other organizations that purported to act for the worker were denounced as alien. Ford attributed expressions of employee dissatisfaction to the subversive influence of outsiders, and as war fever began to grip the United States this equation became increasingly explicit.
A Mirror Image
Authors: Goodall Alex
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains how as a chaotic product of political realignment, the mirrored antifascist countersubversion that emerged in the 1930s strengthened the New Deal reform project and forced right-wingers to reexamine their relationships with each other. At the same time, though, it strengthened support for the idea that individuals and groups should be challenged for their political loyalties, thus helping to restrict the boundaries of legitimate dissent. During Roosevelt's second term, pro- and antigovernment forces battled over who could challenge the other side's loyalty more effectively and which group was best placed to defend traditional liberties. Reformers attacked conservatives for fascism; conservatives responded by accusing the New Deal of being infiltrated by Communists.
Rethinking African American Migration
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between migration, displacement, and the Underground Railroad movement. More specifically, it considers the processes of community building and the causes of migration that led Blacks to live where they did and to flee when they had to. It shows how migration became a means of escape from slavery, first by discussing maroon settlements that functioned as the African diaspora's first communities for free Blacks and began the progression to the Underground Railroad. It then explains how Black community formation and the Underground Railroad shifted between constant migration and displacement that began with the Middle Passage, and how emigration and colonization schemes of the pre-Civil War abolitionist era influenced displacement and migration patterns. This analysis looks at African American migration from a new perspective by sifting through the range of ways in which people of color entered into and interacted with their surroundings. It suggests that migration, both voluntary and forced, courses through the Black experience.
Family, Church, Community
Authors: LaRoche Cheryl Janifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the roles played by family, church, and community in the Black Underground Railroad movement. By mapping Black settlements, it clarifies and exposes the relationship between African American churches, settlements, and historic Underground Railroad routes. It shows how Black families sustained an important family organizational structure that drove the Underground Railroad. It explains how African American communities connected through family relations and intermarriage, church organizations, benevolent societies, and the fraternal structure of the Prince Hall Masons. It considers how maintaining family connections motivated escape from slavery, particularly when imminent sale threatened to break up the family. Finally, it highlights the ways that Black churches and their ministers helped free Blacks, or self-liberated men and women, to succeed in winning freedom for themselves and their loved ones.
1877 and the Formation of a Law-and-Order Consensus
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of the Chicago Police Department in putting down the massive strikes that erupted in 1877 as well as the response of the city's business elite to the crisis. The strikes marked a turning point for the department and its response provides a vivid illustration of how the Chicago police reconciled democratic politics with the industrial capitalist order through violence. In these strikes, the most dramatic and disorderly they had yet to confront, the police seemed little more than hired thugs of the city's businessmen. In part, the police played this role because Chicago's businessmen organized themselves as never before. This chapter explores how the breakdown of ethnic solidarity and the beginnings of relatively coordinated working-class action pushed Chicago's businessmen to consolidate around a law-and-order program as never before by forming new powerful organizations, including the Citizens' Association of Chicago and the Commercial Club of the City of Chicago, that solidly supported law and order.
Chicago’s Anarchists Shape the Police Department
Authors: Mitrani Sam
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Chicago Police Department was transformed by its struggle with the city's anarchist and socialist movement during the 1870s and 1880s. Compared with the department's interaction with the wider labor movement and the working class generally, the relationship between the police and the militant workers' organizations varied solely in degree. The police and the anarchists consistently faced each other with unmistakable hostility. The first real mass confrontation between the anarchists and the police took place during the 1877 upheaval, when the police broke up their meetings with violence. But in the 1880s, the anarchist organizations grew rapidly in size and increasingly set themselves against the police. This chapter shows that the conflict between the police and the anarchists shaped the development of the Chicago Police Department, in part due to the threat of mass strikes, riots, and revolution that pushed the city's elite to seek a strong force that could be relied on to respond to the workers' movement.
Undercover Asian
Authors: Nishime Leilani
Published: May 2017

This first book-length study of media images of multiracial Asian Americans, tracing the codes that alternatively enable and prevent audiences from recognizing the multiracial status of Asian Americans. The book's perceptive readings of popular media—movies, television shows, magazine articles, and artwork—indicate how and why the viewing public often fails to identify multiracial Asian Americans. Using actor Keanu Reeves, the Matrix trilogy, and golfer Tiger Woods as examples, the book suggests that this failure is tied to gender, sexuality, and post-racial politics. Also considering alternative images such as reality TV star Kimora Lee Simmons, the television show Battlestar Galactica, and the artwork of Kip Fulbeck, this incisive study offers nuanced interpretations that open the door to a new and productive understanding of race in America.
Introduction
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Mormon question. In the 1830s, a young American named Joseph Smith founded a new religion that would come to be called The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—commonly known as the Mormons. As the Church developed, the practice of plural marriage became central to Mormon theology. Polygamy generated decades of cultural conflict that contemporaries broadly referred to as “the Mormon question.” The conflict was more than a simple condemnation of sexual and marital practices unacceptable to Victorian norms. Rather, it was a contest over the very meaning of Americanness. The Mormon question then generated national discussions about gender, family, and the nature of citizenship that would define the parameters of membership in the late-nineteenth-century American body politic.
“More the Companion and Much Less the Subordinate”
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines one of the paradoxes that has vexed the historiography of Mormon women since its inception: activist Mormon polygamous women who claimed access to citizenship in the name of women's rights. It then studies how and why a community rooted in ecclesiastic patriarchy was among the first to enfranchise women. While polygamy marked woman's ecclesiastical subordination to men, it enabled her civic equality. By undermining the concept of marital unity, plural marriage facilitated women's political equality. Moreover, Mormons, women especially, claimed that plural marriage was compatible with American citizenship and facilitated woman's citizenship because it made her “more the companion and much less the subordinate” of man.
“Suffer a Surrender … ? No, Never!”
Authors: Talbot Christine
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how anti-polygamy legislation emerged from a particular imagining of the meaning of America. The Edmunds and Edmunds-Tucker Acts of 1882 and 1887, respectively, mobilized a particular vision of the nation to drive into submission Mormonism's challenge to American political culture. Anti-Mormonism had therefore accomplished its cultural work by constituting Mormons as an un-American threat to the nation and its legal work by taking aim at the citizenship rights of Mormons. Ultimately, the controversy over polygamy helped formulate the multiple meanings of citizenship and national identity as the Mormon question became a location at which the gendered, marital, and religious limits of the body politic were tried.
A Distinctive Generation
Authors: Hendricks Wanda A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the unprecedented growth in activity and the coalescence of women's local and regional clubs in the early 1890s, a period that also saw Fannie Barrier Williams increase her reform activities in the black community and with the black women who had come to her aid. It begins with a discussion of Barrier Williams' involvement in the women's equality movement, citing in particular her membership in the Colored Women's League in Chicago that ushered in what she later referred to as the beginnings of “a reformatory movement” created entirely by women. It then considers how the push for political equality linked club women in Chicago to black club women across the country, along with Barrier Williams' belief in the ballot as a means of maintaining and improving black women's constitutional rights as well as her belief in black women's role in guiding the progress of the race in the new century. The chapter shows how Barrier Williams emerged as a leading representative and promoter of reforms and women's activism in the West/Midwest.
Fighting the “Battle to Be Boring”
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how leading gay rights activists staged the issue of gay marriage for mainstream media audiences, and particularly how they developed narratives about same-sex marriage as well as gay and lesbian life. It first puts the U.S. gay rights movement and the media in perspective before looking at the internal struggle over marriage that has been at the center of debate within the gay community. More specifically, it explores how the movement split over competing definitional strategies—whether to define marriage as a package of rights and responsibilities or as the ultimate expression of love and commitment. It also considers how activists crafted their strategies to “do battle” over marriage in the mainstream press and concludes by explaining how the gay marriage debate increased the visibility of a number of LGBT concerns, provided a space for new, “reformed” images of the community, and boosted mobilization efforts of the gay rights movement.
Confronted with Too Much
Authors: McGowan Todd
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the films of Spike Lee. Lee's films employ types of excess such as unconventional shots, extreme characters, and improbable scenes to intervene in critical issues that trouble the contemporary world—the question of the subject's singularity, the role that fantasy plays in structuring our reality, the political impact of passion, the power of paranoia in shaping social relations, the damage that the insistence on community inflicts, the problem of transcendence, and the struggles of the spectator. Above all, Lee is known for being a political filmmaker and the concept of excess holds the key to understanding the politics of his films. Excess has enabled Lee to create a varied corpus of films that treat a broad spectrum of fundamental social and political problems. These films include She's Gotta Have It (1986), Do the Right Thing (1989), Jungle Fever (1991), and Malcolm X (1992).
The Development of a Dissenter (1847–1870)
Authors: Franzen Trisha
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the early life of Anna Howard Shaw. Anna was born on St. Valentine's Day in 1847 to Thomas and Nicolas Shaw, in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne in northeast England, the sixth child and the third daughter of a bankrupt Scottish family. While all members of such struggling families in the mid-nineteenth century faced bleak and limited futures, girl-children, if they survived, had even fewer opportunities. In 1849, her father Thomas sailed for the United States, and in August 1851 Nicolas and her six children boarded the Jacob A. Westervelt in Liverpool for what was to be a seven-week passage to New York. The family made their first American home in the old whaling town of New Bedford, Massachusetts. They then moved to a new mill town, Lawrence, in the North on the Merrimac River, which would be their home for the next seven years, during the nation-changing decade of the 1850s. When the Civil War started in April 1861, Anna's two brothers and father volunteered. At only sixteen, Anna shouldered the responsibility for her family's survival.
Introduction
Authors: Schultz Jaime
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter considers how something as seemingly mundane as a ponytail is actually shot through with substantial and varied cultural significance. Unquestionably, the hairstyle provides a practical solution for dealing with longer hair, but what it comes to mean, how it is taken up in mediated discourse, the ways it becomes synonymous with female athletes, and its relationships to sexuality, age, race, nationality, and culture engender a normative, athletic femininity in the context of U.S. women's sports. At the same time, there are dynamics of power, pleasure, agency, and resistance involved with the everyday act of styling one's hair. It is difficult to imagine women's sport without the ponytail, but the chapter argues that it is precisely because they seem so commonsense and commonplace that they are powerfully connected to gendered ideologies.
Marching under Flags Black and Red
Authors: Heroux Gaetan , Palmer Bryan D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes a close look at turn-of-the-twentieth century Toronto, offering an account of mass distress that considers how the poor, waged and unwaged, were subjected to state-based regimes of disciple and how they struggled to fight back. By the time Toronto had embarked on its Age of Industry in the 1870s and 1880s, major enterprises employed almost thirteen thousand workers in a population of roughly eighty-five thousand. Decades of socioeconomic differentiation and dislocation had served as the primitive accumulation that fueled the Queen City's material development. Economic crises, devastating in their human toll, punctuated the 1830s, the 1850s, and the 1870s, and would close the century in the 1890s.
Soviet Workers and Stalinist Terror
Authors: Goldman Wendy
Published: May 2017

This chapter reconceptualizes the Depression-era Soviet experience, using Marx's concept of primitive accumulation, with its emphasis on dispossession, proletarianization, and violence. Primitive accumulation is a process that characterized the transition from feudalism to capitalism. For Marx, what distinguished capitalism from earlier forms of wealth accumulation through trade was the dispossession of the peasantry, an agricultural population set free with nothing to sell but its labor power: “The so-called primitive accumulation, therefore, is nothing else than the historical process of divorcing the producer from the means of production.” This central element of capitalism—dispossession and the creation of waged labor—set other great historical changes in motion. It destroyed rural domestic industry and created vast national and international markets for goods. The small property of the many became the great property of the few, and individual landowners took over the commons. The newly dispossessed were forced to work through an array of laws, punishments, and institutions, including whipping, workhouses, forced indentures, slavery, branding, and execution.
Politics and Policies in the 1970s and Early Twenty-first Century
Authors: Stein Judith
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the political economy created by politicians and business leaders in the 1970s and its links to the Great Recession. It argues that the economies of the 1970s and the contemporary world are global. Both contained imbalances among the major trading nations that led to recession. In the 1970s, the most important change that affected workers in the public and private sectors was that the long period of postwar economic growth ended between 1973 and 1975. In the United States, as classic Keynesianism employing macroeconomic techniques and free trade faltered, the labor movement proposed microeconomic industrial policy to address the crisis. A reformed Democratic party, less responsive to labor, was uninterested. Unable to govern effectively, in 1980 Democrats yielded power to a Republican party that promised to restore prosperity. President Ronald Reagan's policies did bring back growth, but they also altered the postwar mixed economy, privileging capital and sacrificing manufacturing for the chimera of high technology, finance, and real estate. This sectoral shift profoundly changed the size and composition of the labor movement. The distortions produced by this recomposition of the economy also led in time to the Great Recession.
Introduction
Authors: Gold Roberta
Published: May 2017

This book explores the emergence of New York City's tenant movement as the leading voice for an alternative vision of residence and citizenship against the backdrop of suburban expansion. It considers how tenants responded to the unprecedented housing crisis that faced New Yorkers at the end of World War II and discusses their positions on three public policy questions: public housing, slum clearance, and civil rights. It also examines the tenants' creation of labor-union cooperatives and their fight against “urban renewal”; the struggle over the rent strikes that erupted in Harlem and other ghettos in 1963; and how community politics played out in racially mixed neighborhoods where tenants waged campaigns against redevelopment in the mid-1960s. The book highlights the variety of ways in which New York tenants laid claim to what Marxists have called “the right to the city”: a kind of democratic say over the uses of capital to shape the urban environment and the lives of its inhabitants.
The Opening Salvos
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the opening salvos in the legal battle between the Federal League and the American and National Leagues that lasted from December 1913 to June 1914. It all began on December 27, 1913, when star shortstop and future Hall of Famer Joe Tinker signed a three-year contract with the Chicago Federals, or “ChiFeds.” Tinker jumped to the Federal League after his contract was sold from the Cincinnati Reds to the Brooklyn Dodgers. His defection forced organized baseball to begin taking the Federal League challenge more seriously. The Federal League was able to secure a total of fifty big league players for the start of the 1914 season, with catcher William Killefer proving to be the most significant legally. This chapter examines the lawsuits in which the Federal League lost, including the ones involving Killefer and Samuel “Howie” Camnitz.
The Long Wait
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis's delayed decision in Federal League of Professional Base Ball Clubs v. National League spanning the period February 1915 to February 1916. After attorneys for organized baseball filed their formal answers to the Federal League's allegations on behalf of each of the twenty-one defendants, all that remained was for the parties to wait for Landis to issue his opinion. The Federal League continued its preparations for the 1915 season while also also fighting off attempts by the American and National Leagues to steal back more of its players. As the weeks continued to pass without a decision, the Federals once again began to explore a possible settlement with both leagues. This chapter discusses the Federal League's petition asking Landis to lift the preliminary injunction against Armando Marsans, its settlement negotiations with organized baseball and how the peace process was impacted by the Baltimore Federals's grievances, and Landis's dismissal of the Federal antitrust suit “without prejudice.”
Baltimore Goes to Trial, Again
Authors: Grow Nathaniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Baltimore Federals' lawsuit, this time filed in Washington's federal district court, against organized baseball. Baltimore separated its case into two separate antitrust claims, one alleging that organized baseball had illegally monopolized—or attempted to monopolize—the baseball industry following the formation of the National Agreement in 1903, and the other focusing on the major leagues' conspiracy to destroy the Federal League, ultimately culminating in the peace agreement of 1915. The team asserted that organized baseball's activities violated not only federal antitrust law but also the common law of monopoly and conspiracy. This chapter first considers the Baltimore Federals' settlement negotiations with organized baseball in 1917 before discussing each party's legal representation in the case, opening statements, and the plaintiff's witness testimony.
Introduction
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the major themes that have informed the news coverage of Hillary Clinton since the start of her public life. In particular, emphasis is placed on news media and its preoccupation with “authenticity”—an issue that has often permeated media coverage of Clinton. This chapter briefly sets out the evolutionary news narratives and visual framing devices used to cover one very public political woman over the span of sixteen years. Furthermore, it considers the historical and gendered spaces of the American nation-state, wherein this coverage is situated. As the chapter shows, scholarship on nationalism and its connection to theories of character and authenticity, gendered politics, and news function as the primary critical lenses used to examine the television news coverage of Hillary Clinton.
Conclusion
Authors: Slusser George
Published: May 2017

This conclusion considers one particular aspect of Gregory Benford's science fiction, an open process of creation, which means not only his interest in collaborating with other writers, but in actually writing sequels to their work, in which he continues a story they started, and in the manner of a creative dialogue, blends his vision skillfully with theirs. One notable example is Beyond the Fall of Night (1990), a rewrite of Arthur C. Clarke's Against the Fall of Night (1953). Writing this novel seems to have spurred Benford, in turn, to write a sequel to his own sequel, the novel Beyond Infinity (2004). This chapter looks at Benford's collaborations with authors such as Gordon Eklund, William Rotsler, and David Brin, as well as his participation in the project known as the Second Foundation Trilogy, a series of novels that proposed to fill in gaps in Isaac Asimov's original Foundation cycle.
Backstage
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the practice of forcing slaves to perform continued offstage. It looks at the backstage to expose the private world of bondsmen and bondswomen. Through an analysis of slave narratives and autobiographies, it shows how slaves used the performing arts to gain agency and autonomy, create family and community bonds, and preserve homeland cultures while their own unique traditions emerged. It discusses the ways in which music and dance as well as song contributed to the development of a dual world that blacks continually straddled, one side representing entertainment and subjugation and the other symbolizing resistance and an emerging culture. The chapter reveals how blacks manipulated the negativity of the performing arts and transformed their backstage performances into an expression of power.
Advertisement
Authors: Thompson Katrina Dyonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the common order for bondsmen and women to dance, act lively, and smile in the domestic slave trade. Through an analysis of the coffle, slave pen, and auction block experiences of slaves, the chapter reveals the reasons why music and dance often were incorporated into the complex system of the domestic slave trade. It examines how performing coffles functioned as public advertisements for not only planters but also those hoping to achieve planter status. It considers the manner in which these singing and dancing coffles positively promoted the institution of slavery to non-slaveholders. It shows that the coffle served as an organized transportation network of slaves to the auction block within the interstate slave trade. While slave coffle scenes represented to whites a justification of their enslavement of blacks, they represented an avenue of agency for blacks. Dance and music also publicly presented the racial hierarchy of the time.
Why Quakers and Slavery? Why Not More Quakers?
Authors: Frost J. William
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the question of why, after the Quakers began directly addressing the problem of slavery in the 1670s, there was only one period, between 1758 and 1827, during which they achieved any kind of consensus among themselves on the issue. The answer lies in changes within Quakerism itself. It argues that to understand Quaker antislavery, scholars need to understand how the beliefs and practices in the Society of Friends from the 1670s until the Civil War evolved, because these affected Friends'perspectives and actions on slavery. A few Quaker beliefs and practices influenced the variety of stances Friends took on slavery: the Inward Light, progressive revelation, the authority of the Bible, the nature of the church, the “Holy Experiment,” the antiwar stance, and the Quaker family. The chapter discusses these themes in turn because they first facilitated and then hampered antislavery activities.
Corporeal Intentions
Authors: Amico Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how male homosexuality is suggested via the presentation of the sexualized male body as object of the gaze—an objectifying gaze placing the male in the position of the “feminine.” It looks at the efflorescence of images of male physical beauty in the musical discourses of numerous singers and bands in the first two decades of the twenty-first century in Russia and how these images were conflated with homosexuality or homoeroticism. To this end, the chapter examines instances of the male body's foregrounding in the work of Andrei Danilko, the groups Hi-Fi and Smash!!, and singer Dima Bilan (focusing on his appearances at the Eurovision Song Contest). It highlights not only the variable of the body's visibility (and, concomitantly, questions of power), but also the interrelated and phenomenologically inflected dynamics of intentionality, proximity, and orientation. It shows that visible male bodies, invoking the possibility of the homosexual, provide a sight/site for Russian gay men and also serve the goluboi.
Founding the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), an organization founded by C. Francis Jenkins in 1916. The formation of the SMPTE (formerly Society of Motion Picture Engineers, SMPE) was one of Jenkins' most significant and lasting contributions in the film and television industries. In less than four decades, the SMPTE has evolved into an international association with industry, technological, and creative influence around the world. This chapter provides an overview of the atmosphere that led Jenkins to establish the SMPTE, whose sole purpose would be a discussion of technology and its standards. It also considers the first SMPE meeting and how its influence grew since then, along with its final meeting under Jenkins as president, held in Cleveland in November 1918. Finally, it cites the accolades and foundations established for the SMPE and their impact on the industries of motion pictures and later television engineering.
RadioVision: The Genesis and Promotion
Authors: Godfrey Donald G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the history of RadioVision, conceived by C. Francis Jenkins as an instrument of industry and government communication through the wireless transmission of photographs and text messages. While others have been developing radiotransmitted speech, addressed to the ear, Jenkins centered his efforts on the development of radio-transmitted pictures, an address to the eye. RadioVision evolved into a system for transmitting still pictures, maps, messages, and eventually into an early form of televised motion entertainment. By the 1920s, wireless had become “one of the most interesting subjects before the scientific community,” and Jenkins RadioVision would be in the forefront. This chapter discusses Jenkins' pioneering ideas and patents in the field of telecommunication, including designs for prismatic rings and the use of radio for “mailing” messages.
Flexible and Accommodating
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the labor recruitment and retention strategies developed by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) specifically for Filipino U.S. colonials. Learning from the mistakes of Puerto Rican recruitment, the HSPA successfully attracted legally mobile Filipinos to Hawaiʻi through a variety of programs, such as predominantly male migration, free return passage after three years of work, family reunions, and the payment of transport for workers' wives and children to join them in Hawaiʻi. With access to and support for open colonial mobility, intra-colonial Filipino laborers willingly moved to work on sugar plantations in the islands. The chapter shows that the recruitment of Filipinos prevented what could have been grave labor shortages in local plantations. It explains how the HSPA's flexible programs gave Filipinos a range of mobility choices that Puerto Rican intra-colonials did not have.
Conclusion Current Struggles against U.S. Colonialism and Empire
Authors: Poblete JoAnna
Published: May 2017

This book offers an alternative perspective to the standard narrative that views the history of labor in Hawaiian sugar plantations as an interesting sidebar to U.S. history, arguing that such a marginalization of the islands ignores the role of colonialism in the overall story of the nation. It also challenges the practice of distinguishing sharply between continental versus overseas U.S. expansionism, and especially the claim that the expansion of a nation to contiguous continental areas was a natural part of the development of a country. As it has demonstrated in this text, U.S imperialism manifested in the daily lives of Puerto Rican and Filipino laborers in Hawaiʻi. The book concludes with a discussion of two significant ways that U.S. colonialism still has an active influence on the daily lives of Puerto Ricans and Filipinos: the push for a change in Puerto Rico's temporary territorial relationship with the United States; and the quest for the return of the bells of Balangiga, taken as war booty in 1901 and currently displayed at a U.S. war memorial in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
All in the Junkab’al
Authors: Kistler S. Ashley
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores Q'eqchi' “houses” (junkab'als), as defined by Lévi-Strauss, and analyzes the logic of Q'eqchi' kinship. While consanguinity and marriage play roles in governing Q'eqchi' kin relations, they are not the only, nor the most important, criteria for kinship. Instead, the Q'eqchi' use exchange, among other activities, to create, perform, and maintain relationships of shared substance. Vendors bring new individuals into their families through marketing and use their junkab'alaffiliations to legitimize themselves as marketers. The strong connection between kinship and marketing leads vendors to designate house members as heirs to their positions. It is argues that for Chamelco's marketers and their families, kinship and marketing are mutually encompassing entities.
Epilogue
Authors: Bauman Thomas
Published: May 2017

This epilogue discusses the legacy of the Pekin Theater. Although by the end of World War I the Pekin had sunk back into the notoriety from which it had emerged, its name survived in dozens of other enterprises around the country. Few lasted for very long, and only the one in Savannah came anywhere close to matching the luster and longevity of its namesake, and to duplicating its close identification with its founder; the Savannah Pekin eventually shut down in 1930 when it was destroyed by fire. This epilogue considers what happened to other members of the Motts family and to some prominent figures in Chicago's black gambling world such as Dan Jackson, John “Mushmouth” Johnson, John Weston “Poney” Moore, and Robert T. Motts's early partners, Sam Snowden and William Beasley. It also looks at some of the players and staff who at one time or another had worked together at the “old Pekin,” including Lawrence Chenault and Charles Gilpin.
Inventing Gender
Authors: Jack Jordynn
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies how individuals may invent alternative gendered identities from available gender topoi. Memoirs by Donna Williams and Dawn Prince-Hughes, along with blogs and online forum posts, reveal that autistic individuals offer alternative understandings of gender, using and combining disidentificatory or idiosyncratic terms such as nongendered and third gender or combining terms such as trans, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and androgyne. Indeed, when autistic individuals write about feeling nongendered or ungendered, they contest hegemonic genders and develop new types of gendered characters with which to present themselves and their experiences. Thus, genders can be invented using available terms, in that some autistic individuals employ a gender copia, or multiplicity of gendered topoi, to understand themselves and their roles in the world.
Identity and Consciousness
Authors: Burnham Karen
Published: May 2017

Throughout Greg Egan's career, some of his strongest stories have focused on the theme of identity. This chapter first looks at stories that highlight how malleable our brains are in terms of our neurochemistry. Next, it highlights stories where our consciousness is digitized, eventually becoming immortal. It uses information theory as a lens to examine some of the future consciousnesses proposed in Egan's stories and to consider what it means to divorce consciousness from physical embodiment so strictly. When Egan's fiction takes up the question of identity it generally looks under the skin at the neural system of the brain. There are many questions about neurons and consciousness that science is only now beginning to answer—and the answers provided so far diverge wildly from our day-to-day perceptions of being.
Oprah, Book Clubs, and the Promise and Limitations of Empathy
Authors: Davis Kimberly Chabot
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws distinctions among the reading strategies of white readers in order to shed light on the failures and the political promise of cross-racial empathy. It focuses largely on middle-class white women as they encounter black-authored fiction within book-club settings. In contrast to much of the scholarship on cross-racial sympathy that replicates a monolithic view of whiteness, the chapter emphasizes how multiple identities of gender, class, age, ethnicity, education, and political affiliation work to complicate “white” modes of reading. Given the larger argument that empathy is a key ingredient in the development of anti-racist white identities, this chapter is structured to distinguish among different deployments of empathy and their political consequences.
Deconstructing White Ways of Seeing
Authors: Davis Kimberly Chabot
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the medium of film and a different demographic group and reception context: the college classroom. It analyzes the responses of college students to two films about interracial conflict: Do the Right Thing (produced by the black director and screenwriter Spike Lee) and Crash (produced by the white director and screenwriter Paul Haggis). This chapter also examines how white students' responses to Do the Right Thing became increasingly empathetic when Lee's film was viewed in context-rich ethnic-studies courses, where students were exposed to numerous African American writers and filmmakers. Although this chapter addresses formidable roadblocks to cross-racial empathy, this comparative study of non-empathetic versus empathetic viewers suggests that white ways of seeing, particularly among young adults, are open to revision rather than fixed.
Touching Naked Reality
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Toomer's interest in class-conscious radical politics was at best transitory and immature. Drawing on his early left-wing journalism, correspondence, handwritten 1936 autobiography, and psychoanalytic records from the late 1940s, the chapter argues that Toomer not only held strongly left-wing views during the Cane period but also remained in some respects a man of the left throughout his life. It also proposes that his social constructionist view of race, usually attributed to his situation as a light-skinned black man able to “pass,” is also traceable to his awareness of race as a product of capitalist exploitation and state-sanctioned racial violence—ideas that are allegorically displayed in his poem Banking Coal.
Black and Brown Worlds Heaving Upward
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how Toomer's critique of capitalist modernity comes to the fore in part 2 of Cane. Situated mostly in the nation's capital, the stories and poems here call into question the limitations of metonymic nationalism; if the liberation of the submerged masses is to occur, it will have to be part of a worldwide “heaving upward” of the underground races of the globe. Yet the exchange relation is also shown to dominate each and every human interaction; the very spaces within which modern city dwellers work, live, and revel are confined and constrained by a universal commodification that compels critical commentary. Faced with the task of representing this contradictory modern reality is the figure of the New Negro as artist.
Introduction
Authors: Foley Barbara
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter proposes that African American poet Jean Toomer's 1923 masterwork (Cane) cannot be understood apart from the upsurge of postwar antiracist political radicalism and its aftermath. Toomer does not enthuse about America as the site of cultural pluralism or future racial amalgamation; rather, it is victory in the class struggle against capitalism and imperialism that will put an end to racial division. The violent class struggles that signaled 1919 as a possible revolutionary conjuncture, coupled with the compensatory ideological paradigms adopted by various political actors and cultural producers as insurgency devolved into quietism, supply not just the context, but the formative matrix, from which Toomer's text emerged. The expectations and desires that were aroused and then quashed in the wake of the Great War and the Russian Revolution constitute a spectre haunting the world of Cane.
Introduction
Authors: Moore William F. , Moore Jane Ann
Published: May 2017

This book examines the role played by Abraham Lincoln and Owen Lovejoy in America's road to emancipation, with particular emphasis on how their collaboration contributed to the process of ending slavery. It argues that mutual trust and respect enabled Lincoln and Lovejoy to overcome their differences to forge an unlikely friendship and work toward a shared vision that helped mold (practical) public opinion to accept the (radical) objective of freeing the slaves. It analyzes the nature of Lincoln and Lovejoy's collaboration in the context of the ongoing debate over Lincoln and the radicals, and shows that the trusting relationship between the two men was grounded in the clear evidence of their integrity and wisdom; this relationship persisted despite the inconclusive evidence regarding the success of their differing tactics.
Standing Together Nobly, 1856
Authors: Moore William F. , Moore Jane Ann
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Owen Lovejoy's election to the U.S. Congress in 1856, attributing his victory to various antislavery factors working together to prevent the expansion of slavery. In response to various accusations by the opposition press against the Republicans, including the charge that they were criminals who were breaking the Fugitive Slave Law, members of the Republican Party's Steering Committee developed a new strategy. Lovejoy dubbed this “our short bob sleds” strategy. This chapter first examines the Republicans' implementation of the twin bobsleds strategy before turning to the anti-Nebraska convention held in Bloomington, Illinois, on May 29, 1856, to nominate candidates for statewide offices. It then considers the national Republican Nominating Convention in Philadelphia on June 17, 1856, along with Lovejoy's nomination as the Republican candidate for the Third Congressional District of Illinois. It also compares the campaign strategies of Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln for the 1856 contest in Illinois and concludes by highlighting the significance of Lovejoy's triumph in the congressional elections, noting how “nobly the elements had stood together” throughout the campaign.