bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The potential of artificial intelligence to improve patient safety: a scoping review
Authors: Bates David W. , Levine David , Syrowatka Ania , Kuznetsova Masha , Craig Kelly Jean Thomas , Rui Angela , Jackson Gretchen Purcell , Rhee Kyu
Published: March 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a valuable tool that could be used to improve the safety of care. Major adverse events in healthcare include: healthcare-associated infections, adverse drug events, venous thromboembolism, surgical complications, pressure ulcers, falls, decompensation, and diagnostic errors. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the relevant literature and evaluate the potential of AI to improve patient safety in these eight harm domains. A structured search was used to query MEDLINE for relevant articles. The scoping review identified studies that described the application of AI for prediction, prevention, or early detection of adverse events in each of the harm domains. The AI literature was narratively synthesized for each domain, and findings were considered in the context of incidence, cost, and preventability to make projections about the likelihood of AI improving safety. Three-hundred and ninety-two studies were included in the scoping review. The literature provided numerous examples of how AI has been applied within each of the eight harm domains using various techniques. The most common novel data were collected using different types of sensing technologies: vital sign monitoring, wearables, pressure sensors, and computer vision. There are significant opportunities to leverage AI and novel data sources to reduce the frequency of harm across all domains. We expect AI to have the greatest impact in areas where current strategies are not effective, and integration and complex analysis of novel, unstructured data are necessary to make accurate predictions; this applies specifically to adverse drug events, decompensation, and diagnostic errors.
Lin28, a major translation reprogramming factor, gains access to YB-1-packaged mRNA through its cold-shock domain
Authors: Samsonova Anastasiia , El Hage Krystel , Desforges Bénédicte , Joshi Vandana , Clément Marie-Jeanne , Lambert Guillaume , Henrie Hélène , Babault Nicolas , Craveur Pierrick , Maroun Rachid C. , Steiner Emilie , Bouhss Ahmed , Maucuer Alexandre , Lyabin Dmitry N. , Ovchinnikov Lev P. , Hamon Loic , Pastré David
Published: March 2021

The RNA-binding protein Lin28 (Lin28a) is an important pluripotency factor that reprograms translation and promotes cancer progression. Although Lin28 blocks let-7 microRNA maturation, Lin28 also binds to a large set of cytoplasmic mRNAs directly. However, how Lin28 regulates the processing of many mRNAs to reprogram global translation remains unknown. We show here, using a structural and cellular approach, a mixing of Lin28 with YB-1 (YBX1) in the presence of mRNA owing to their cold-shock domain, a conserved β-barrel structure that binds to ssRNA cooperatively. In contrast, the other RNA binding-proteins without cold-shock domains tested, HuR, G3BP-1, FUS and LARP-6, did not mix with YB-1. Given that YB-1 is the core component of dormant mRNPs, a model in which Lin28 gains access to mRNPs through its co-association with YB-1 to mRNA may provide a means for Lin28 to reprogram translation. We anticipate that the translational plasticity provided by mRNPs may contribute to Lin28 functions in development and adaptation of cancer cells to an adverse environment.
Myopathy associated LDB3 mutation causes Z-disc disassembly and protein aggregation through PKCα and TSC2-mTOR downregulation
Authors: Pathak Pankaj , Blech-Hermoni Yotam , Subedi Kalpana , Mpamugo Jessica , Obeng-Nyarko Charissa , Ohman Rachel , Molloy Ilda , Kates Malcolm , Hale Jessica , Stauffer Stacey , Sharan Shyam K. , Mankodi Ami
Published: March 2021

Mechanical stress induced by contractions constantly threatens the integrity of muscle Z-disc, a crucial force-bearing structure in striated muscle. The PDZ-LIM proteins have been proposed to function as adaptors in transducing mechanical signals to preserve the Z-disc structure, however the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that LDB3, a well-characterized striated muscle PDZ-LIM protein, modulates mechanical stress signaling through interactions with the mechanosensing domain in filamin C, its chaperone HSPA8, and PKCα in the Z-disc of skeletal muscle. Studies of Ldb3Ala165Val/+ mice indicate that the myopathy-associated LDB3 p.Ala165Val mutation triggers early aggregation of filamin C and its chaperones at muscle Z-disc before aggregation of the mutant protein. The mutation causes protein aggregation and eventually Z-disc myofibrillar disruption by impairing PKCα and TSC2-mTOR, two important signaling pathways regulating protein stability and disposal of damaged cytoskeletal components at a major mechanosensor hub in the Z-disc of skeletal muscle.
Development of a functional salivary gland tissue chip with potential for high-content drug screening
Authors: Song Yuanhui , Uchida Hitoshi , Sharipol Azmeer , Piraino Lindsay , Mereness Jared A. , Ingalls Matthew H. , Rebhahn Jonathan , Newlands Shawn D. , DeLouise Lisa A. , Ovitt Catherine E. , Benoit Danielle S. W.
Published: March 2021

Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers causes salivary gland dysfunction leading to permanent xerostomia. Limited progress in the discovery of new therapeutic strategies is attributed to the lack of in vitro models that mimic salivary gland function and allow high-throughput drug screening. We address this limitation by combining engineered extracellular matrices with microbubble (MB) array technology to develop functional tissue mimetics for mouse and human salivary glands. We demonstrate that mouse and human salivary tissues encapsulated within matrix metalloproteinase-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels formed in MB arrays are viable, express key salivary gland markers, and exhibit polarized localization of functional proteins. The salivary gland mimetics (SGm) respond to calcium signaling agonists and secrete salivary proteins. SGm were then used to evaluate radiosensitivity and mitigation of radiation damage using a radioprotective compound. Altogether, SGm exhibit phenotypic and functional parameters of salivary glands, and provide an enabling technology for high-content/throughput drug testing.
Exploration of natural red-shifted rhodopsins using a machine learning-based Bayesian experimental design
Authors: Inoue Keiichi , Karasuyama Masayuki , Nakamura Ryoko , Konno Masae , Yamada Daichi , Mannen Kentaro , Nagata Takashi , Inatsu Yu , Yawo Hiromu , Yura Kei , Béjà Oded , Kandori Hideki , Takeuchi Ichiro
Published: March 2021

Microbial rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins, which are used as molecular tools in optogenetics. Here, a machine learning (ML)-based experimental design method is introduced for screening rhodopsins that are likely to be red-shifted from representative rhodopsins in the same subfamily. Among 3,022 ion-pumping rhodopsins that were suggested by a protein BLAST search in several protein databases, the ML-based method selected 65 candidate rhodopsins. The wavelengths of 39 of them were able to be experimentally determined by expressing proteins with theEscherichia colisystem, and 32 (82%,p = 7.025 × 10−5) actually showed red-shift gains. In addition, four showed red-shift gains >20 nm, and two were found to have desirable ion-transporting properties, indicating that they would be potentially useful in optogenetics. These findings suggest that data-driven ML-based approaches play effective roles in the experimental design of rhodopsin and other photobiological studies. (141/150 words).
Cancer genome datamining and functional genetic analysis implicate mechanisms of ATM/ATR dysfunction underpinning carcinogenesis
Authors: Waskiewicz Erik , Vasiliou Michalis , Corcoles-Saez Isaac , Cha Rita S.
Published: March 2021

ATM and ATR are conserved regulators of the DNA damage response linked to cancer. Comprehensive DNA sequencing efforts identified ~4,000 cancer-associated mutations in ATM/ATR; however, their cancer implications remain largely unknown. To gain insights, we identify functionally important conserved residues in ATM, ATR and budding yeast Mec1ATR via cancer genome datamining and a functional genetic analysis, respectively. Surprisingly, only a small fraction of the critical residues is in the active site of the respective enzyme complexes, implying that loss of the intrinsic kinase activity is infrequent in carcinogenesis. A number of residues are solvent accessible, suggestive of their involvement in interacting with a protein-partner(s). The majority, buried inside the respective enzyme complexes, might play a structural or regulatory role. Together, these findings identify evolutionarily conserved ATM, ATR, and Mec1ATR residues involved in diverse aspects of the enzyme function and provide fresh insights into the elusive genotype-phenotype relationships in ATM/ATR and their cancer-associated variants.
Wound-inducible ANAC071 and ANAC096 transcription factors promote cambial cell formation in incised Arabidopsis flowering stems
Authors: Matsuoka Keita , Sato Ryosuke , Matsukura Yuki , Kawajiri Yoshiki , Iino Hiromi , Nozawa Naoyuki , Shibata Kyomi , Kondo Yuki , Satoh Shinobu , Asahina Masashi
Published: March 2021

ANAC071 and its homolog ANAC096 are plant-specific transcription factors required for the initiation of cell division during wound healing in incised Arabidopsis flowering stems and Arabidopsis hypocotyl grafts; however, the mechanism remains mostly unknown. In this study, we showed that wound-induced cambium formation involved cell proliferation and the promoter activity of TDR/PXY (cambium-related gene) in the incised stem. Prior to the wound-induced cambium formation, both ANAC071 and ANAC096 were expressed at these sites. anac-multiple mutants significantly decreased wound-induced cambium formation in the incised stems and suppressed the conversion from mesophyll cells to cambial cells in an ectopic vascular cell induction culture system (VISUAL). Our results suggest that ANAC071 and ANAC096 are redundantly involved in the process of “cambialization”, the conversion from differentiated cells to cambial cells, and these cambium-like cells proliferate and provide cells in wound tissue during the tissue-reunion process.
Monopole matter from magnetoelastic coupling in the Ising pyrochlore
Authors: Slobinsky D. , Pili L. , Baglietto G. , Grigera S. A. , Borzi R. A.
Published: March 2021

Ising models on a pyrochlore oxide lattice have become associated with spin ice materials and magnetic monopoles. Ever more often, effects connecting magnetic and elastic degrees of freedom are reported on these and other related frustrated materials. Here we extend a spin-ice Hamiltonian to include coupling between spins and the O−2 ions mediating superexchange; we call it the magnetoelastic spin ice model (MeSI). There has been a long search for a model in which monopoles would spontaneously become the building blocks of new ground-states: the MeSI Hamiltonian is such a model. In spite of its simplicity and classical approach, it describes the double-layered monopole crystal observed in Tb2Ti2O7. Additionally, the dipolar electric moment of single monopoles emerges as a probe for magnetism. As an example we show that some Coulomb phases could, in principle, be detected through pinch points associated with O−2-ion displacements.
Evolution of aseismic slip rate along plate boundary faults before and after megathrust earthquakes
Authors: Igarashi Toshihiro , Kato Aitaro
Published: March 2021

Similar earthquakes that occur in approximately the same location have the potential to reveal the spatio-temporal changes in aseismic slip along plate boundaries. Here we identify similar earthquakes with moderate magnitudes that occurred worldwide between 1989 and 2016 by using seismograms recorded by the Japanese dense seismic network. The slip rate along the plate boundaries estimated from similar earthquakes increased rapidly followingM > 8 megathrust ruptures and then gradually decayed over periods of ~10 years, which correlates with after-slip progressing around the source areas. More than 30 years after large megathrust earthquakes, the slip rate begins to show a gradual increase. This gradual increase in slip rate after the decay may be due to an increase in stress levels that accumulate during tectonic loading. The spatio-temporal characteristics of inter-plate aseismic slip can be used to provide a valuable framework for understanding the long-term evolution of slip-rate during megathrust earthquake cycles.
Past megadroughts in central Europe were longer, more severe and less warm than modern droughts
Authors: Ionita M. , Dima M. , Nagavciuc V. , Scholz P. , Lohmann G.
Published: March 2021

Megadroughts are notable manifestations of the American Southwest, but not so much of the European climate. By using long-term hydrological and meteorological observations, as well as paleoclimate reconstructions, here we show that central Europe has experienced much longer and severe droughts during the Spörer Minimum (~AD 1400–1480) and Dalton Minimum (~AD 1770–1840), than the ones observed during the 21st century. These two megadroughts appear to be linked with a cold state of the North Atlantic Ocean and enhanced winter atmospheric blocking activity over the British Isles and western part of Europe, concurrent with reduced solar forcing and explosive volcanism. Moreover, we show that the recent drought events (e.g., 2003, 2015, and 2018), are within the range of natural variability and they are not unprecedented over the last millennium.
Temperature and salinity extremes from 2014-2019 in the California Current System and its source waters
Authors: Ren Alice S. , Rudnick Daniel L.
Published: March 2021

The California Current System in the eastern North Pacific Ocean has experienced record high temperatures since the marine heatwave of 2014-2016. Here we show, through a compilation of data from shipboard hydrography, ocean gliders, and the Argo floats, that a high-salinity anomaly affected the California Current System from 2017-2019 in addition to the anomalously high temperatures. The salinity anomaly formed in 2015 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and was subsequently advected into the California Current System, in a generation mechanism different from the events leading to the marine heatwaves of 2013/2014 and 2019 in the North Pacific. The salinity anomaly was unique in at least 16 years with an annual mean deviation from the long-term average greater than 0.2 and anomalies greater than 0.7 observed offshore. Our results imply that different source waters were found in the California Current from 2017-2019, with the near-surface California Current salinity rivaling that of the California Undercurrent.
Passive, high-efficiency thermally-localized solar desalination
Authors: Zhang Lenan , Xu Zhenyuan , Zhao Lin , Bhatia Bikram , Zhong Yang , Gong Shuai , Wang Evelyn N.
Published: March 2021

This review summarizes recent advances in passive thermally-localized solar desalination and provides a roadmap for more efficient, reliable, and commercially feasible solar desalination technologies.
Direct measurement of curvature-dependent surface tension of an alcohol nanomeniscus
Authors: Kim Dohyun , Kim Jongwoo , Hwang Jonggeun , Shin Dongha , An Sangmin , Jhe Wonho
Published: March 2021

The surface tension of alcohol is measured almost twice the bulk value for a meniscus (d) with ∼−0.5 nm radius-of-curvature. The resulting curvature dependency can be applied to other shapes such as convex droplets (b and c) as well.
Bioinspired and eco-friendly high efficacy cinnamaldehyde antibacterial surfaces
Authors: Cox Harrison J. , Li Jing , Saini Preety , Paterson Joy R. , Sharples Gary J. , Badyal Jas Pal S.
Published: March 2021

Cinnamaldehyde essential oil containing surfaces display high levels of antibacterial activity.
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) come of age: entering the third decade of targeted protein degradation
Authors: Bond Michael J. , Crews Craig M.
Published: March 2021

With the discovery of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) twenty years ago, targeted protein degradation (TPD) has changed the landscape of drug development.
Emerging investigator series: local pH effects on carbon oxidation in capacitive deionization architectures
Authors: Landon James , Gao Xin , Omosebi Ayokunle , Liu Kunlei
Published: March 2021

Ion exchange membranes provide stabilized local pH in MCDI.
Ni–rGO–zeolite nanocomposite: an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot synthesis of triazoles in water
Authors: Choudhury Prasun , Chattopadhyay Shreyasi , De Goutam , Basu Basudeb
Published: March 2021

A Ni-based ternary nanocomposite, Ni–rGO–zeolite, has been developed as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for on-water regioselective azide alkyne cycloaddition.
Fabrication of chiral polydiacetylene nanotubes via supramolecular gelation of a triterpenoid-derived amphiphile
Authors: Yu Xia , Zhang Hao , Gao Yuxia , Hu Jun , Li Min-Hui
Published: March 2021

Chiral polydiacetylene nanotubes have been fabricated via the supramolecular gelation of PCDA and C4-MOP, which exhibited multiple color transitions to external stimuli.
3D fluorescence confocal microscopy of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well nanorods from a light absorption perspective
Authors: Gu Yan , Liu Yu shen , Yang Guofeng , Xie Feng , Zhu Chun , Yu Yingzhou , Zhang Xiumei , Lu Naiyan , Wang Yueke , Chen Guoqing
Published: March 2021

SEM, confocal XZ and YZ cross-sectional images of nanorod arrays of InGaN/GaN MQW NRs. A(λ), T(λ) and R(λ) of InGaN/GaN MQW NR arrays.
In situ photoconductivity measurements of imidazole in optical fiber break-junctions
Authors: Zhao Zhikai , Guo Chenyang , Ni Lifa , Zhao Xueyan , Zhang Surong , Xiang Dong
Published: March 2021

An approach based on mechanically controllable break junction technique is developed to address properties of single-molecule under illumination, in which a metal-coated tapered fiber serves as both electrodes and light waveguide.
Recent advances in the copper-catalyzed aerobic Csp3–H oxidation strategy
Authors: Kim Hun Young , Oh Kyungsoo
Published: March 2021

This mini-review aims to cover the Cu-catalyzed aerobic benzylic and α-carbonyl Csp3–H oxidations and that of the carbon next to an amine group in the past five years.
Copper(ii) triflate catalyzed three-component reaction for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives using aryl amines, aryl aldehydes and styrene oxides
Authors: Ali Saghir , Khan Abu T.
Published: March 2021

An efficient and expedient synthetic protocol is reported for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives from readily available aryl amines, aryl aldehydes and styrene oxides using 10 mol% copper(ii) triflate by employing three-component reaction.
Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxyarylthiolation of alkynoneO-methyloximes with arylhydrazines and elemental sulfur
Authors: Li Jianxiao , Lin Zidong , He Dan , Lin Zhicong , Zheng Zhixiang , Bi Chunhui , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2021

A novel and practical palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxyarylthiolation of alkynoneO-methyloximes for the assembly of 4-sulfenylisoxazole derivatives is accomplished.
Recent progress of emerging cathode materials for sodium ion batteries
Authors: Xiao Jun , Li Xiao , Tang Kaikai , Wang Dandan , Long Mengqi , Gao Hong , Chen Weihua , Liu Chuntai , Liu Hao , Wang Guoxiu
Published: March 2021

We summarized the recent progress of cathode materials used for SIBs and modified strategies, expecting to give an inspiration for the development of high-performance cathode materials.
Novel enzyme-functionalized covalent organic frameworks for the colorimetric sensing of glucose in body fluids and drinks
Authors: Yue Jie-Yu , Ding Xiu-Li , Wang Ling , Yang Run , Bi Jing-Shu , Song Ya-Wei , Yang Peng , Ma Yu , Tang Bo
Published: March 2021

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising platforms for use in enzyme immobilization.
Mechanical behaviors and probabilistic multiphase network model of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel after being immersed in sodium hydroxide solution
Authors: Zuo Zeyu , Zhang Yongrou , Zhou Licheng , Liu Zejia , Jiang Zhenyu , Liu Yiping , Tang Liqun
Published: March 2021

Phase separation occurs in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel after being immersed in sodium hydroxide solution. The change of the network structure leads to significant changes in the mechanical behaviors.
Surface reaction kinetics of the methanol synthesis and the water gas shift reaction on Cu/ZnO/Al2O3
Authors: Lacerda de Oliveira Campos Bruno , Herrera Delgado Karla , Wild Stefan , Studt Felix , Pitter Stephan , Sauer Jörg
Published: March 2021

Detailed modeling of the methanol synthesis combining theoretical surface kinetics, catalyst structural changes, and a broad experimental validation.
From 1D to 2D: dopamine constructed 2D NiCo-hydroxide nanosheets/graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Xu , Yang Shixuan , Tian Yuhan , Liu Anmin , Lu Wang , Qu Ning , Guo Minggang , Mi Panpan
Published: March 2021

2D NiCo-hydroxide nanosheets/graphene@PDA composites have been successfully fabricated by a dopamine-based construction strategy. The as-obtained positive electrode exhibits high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability.
The role of sodium in stabilizing tin–lead (Sn–Pb) alloyed perovskite quantum dots
Authors: Jiang Junke , Liu Feng , Shen Qing , Tao Shuxia
Published: March 2021

A comprehensive DFT and AIMD study shows that the surface termination engineering of Sn–Pb perovskite QDs plays an important role in maintaining the favorable effect of Na doping for a high and stable PLQY.
Electrospun nanofibers promote wound healing: theories, techniques, and perspectives
Authors: Gao Chen , Zhang Liyuan , Wang Juan , Jin Miao , Tang Qianqian , Chen Zhongrong , Cheng Yue , Yang Runhuai , Zhao Gang
Published: March 2021

We provides a review on how electrospun nanofiber scaffolds promote wound healing and how the technology has been used for fabricating multi-functional nanofiber scaffolds that have greatly promoted the development of wound healing dressings.
Anthracene-based bipolar deep-blue emitters for efficient white OLEDs with ultra-high stabilities of emission color and efficiency
Authors: Zhu Xiangyu , Li Yinghao , Wu Zilong , Lin Chengwei , Ma Dongge , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2021

High-performance two-color hybrid warm white OLEDs are fabricated using TPA-TAn-DMAC as blue emission layer, achieving ultra-high stabilities of EL efficiency and color at high luminance over 30 000 cd m−2.
An overview of biopolymer-based nanocomposites for optics and electronics
Authors: Colusso Elena , Martucci Alessandro
Published: March 2021

We summarize the recent advances in optics and electronics of biopolymer-based nanocomposites. They are emerging as new materials for high-tech applications, thanks to the sustainability of the matrix and the functionalities of the nanofillers.
Adipose tissue: from amorphous filler to metabolic mastermind
Authors: Corvera Silvia
Published: March 2021

Adipose tissue plays a central role in the control of systemic glucose homeostasis through two major mechanisms: fat storage and secretion of specific cytokines known as adipokines. Fat storage in adipose tissue is critically important, as it prevents lipid deposition in liver and muscle, which in turn results in insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Secretion of adipokines, such as leptin, protects from fuel depletion through appetite control, and other adipokines control fuel distribution and utilization. Fat storage capacity of adipose tissue increases through two mechanisms, adipocyte hypertrophy and adipocyte hyperplasia. Adipose tissue depots expand differently in diverse individuals and confer varying degrees of metabolic disease risk. There are multiple adipocyte subtypes that together mediate the functions of adipose tissue. They do so through specialized functions such as thermogenesis, which burns fuel to maintain core temperature, and through selective secretion of different adipokines. Much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which adipose tissue controls systemic metabolism, increasing our hope of developing new, effective therapies for metabolic diseases.
Evolution of biophysical tools for quantitative protein interactions and drug discovery
Authors: Harish Mahalakshmi , Venkatraman Prasanna
Published: March 2021

With millions of signalling events occurring simultaneously, cells process a continuous flux of information. The genesis, processing, and regulation of information are dictated by a huge network of protein interactions. This is proven by the fact that alterations in the levels of proteins, single amino acid changes, post-translational modifications, protein products arising out of gene fusions alter the interaction landscape leading to diseases such as congenital disorders, deleterious syndromes like cancer, and crippling diseases like the neurodegenerative disorders which are often fatal. Needless to say, there is an immense effort to understand the biophysical basis of such direct interactions between any two proteins, the structure, domains, and sequence motifs involved in tethering them, their spatio-temporal regulation in cells, the structure of the network, and their eventual manipulation for intervention in diseases. In this chapter, we will deliberate on a few techniques that allow us to dissect the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of protein interaction, how innovation has rendered some of the traditional techniques applicable for rapid analysis of multiple samples using small amounts of material. These advances coupled with automation are catching up with the genome-wide or proteome-wide studies aimed at identifying new therapeutic targets. The chapter will also summarize how some of these techniques are suited either in the standalone mode or in combination with other biophysical techniques for the drug discovery process.
Differential fault location identification by machine learning
Authors: Baksi Anubhab , Sarkar Santanu , Siddhanti Akhilesh , Anand Ravi , Chattopadhyay Anupam
Published: March 2021

As the fault‐based attacks are becoming a more pertinent threat in today's era of edge computing/internet‐of‐things, there is a need to streamline the existing tools for better accuracy and ease of use, so that we can gauge the attacker's power and a proper countermeasure can be devised in the long run. In this regard, we propose a machine learning (ML) assisted tool that can be used in the context of a differential fault attack. In particular, finding the exact fault location by analysing the output difference (typically the XOR of the nonfaulty and the faulty ciphertexts) is somewhat nontrivial. During the literature survey, we notice that the Pearson's correlation coefficient dominantly is used for this purpose, and has almost become the defacto standard. While this method can yield good accuracy for certain cases, we argue that an ML‐based method is more powerful in all the situations we experiment with. We substantiate our claim by showing the relative performances (we choose the commonly used multilayer perceptron as our ML tool) with two variants of Grain‐128a (a stream cipher, and a stream cipher with authentication), the lightweight stream cipher LIZARD and the lightweight block cipher SIMON‐32 (where the faults are injected at the fifth last rounds). Our results demonstrate that a common ML tool can outperform the correlation with the same training/testing data. We believe that our work extends the state‐of‐the‐art by showing how traditional cryptographic methods can be replaced by a more powerful ML tool.
Charging models for airborne suspended particles around HVDC lines
Authors: He Kun , Ma Xiaoqian , Lu Jiayu , Chen Weijiang , Xie Li , Ju Yong , Zhao Luxing
Published: March 2021

Ground total electric field (GTEF) is a vital parameter in the field of electromagnetic environment of high voltage direct current (HVDC) lines. Some experimental works reported that airborne suspended particles can be charged in the corona ion flow of the lines and thus affect GTEF. This paper aims at studying the charging models for particles. Equivalent unipolar charging models (EUCMs) and bipolar charging models (BCMs) for describing field and diffusion charging mechanisms in bipolar ion environments are introduced and the Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation is proposed to be incorporated. Besides, the EUCMs and BCMs are analysed and validated through comparisons with experimental data. The results show that BCMs are applicable to describing the particle charging in a bipolar ion environment, while EUCMs are not. The predictions made by BCM that takes into account the Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation are in good agreement with experimental results. Moreover, the BCMs are proposed to analyse the experimental results about GTEF in the presence of particles, which are not understood before. It is demonstrated that the BCMs are able to qualitatively explain these results. Finally yet importantly, a new charging model combining field and diffusion charging mechanism is proposed for airborne suspended particles around HVDC lines and validated by experiments. The results show that the proposed hybrid field‐diffusion charging model is able to give predictions consistent with experiments.
On the (in)stability of sunspots
Authors: Strecker H. , Schmidt W. , Schlichenmaier R. , Rempel M.
Published: March 2021

Context.The stability of sunspots is one of the long-standing unsolved puzzles in the field of solar magnetism and the solar cycle. The thermal and magnetic structure of the sunspot beneath the solar surface is not accessible through observations, thus processes in these regions that contribute to the decay of sunspots can only be studied through theoretical and numerical studies.

Aims.We study the effects that destabilise and stabilise the flux tube of a simulated sunspot in the upper convection zone. The depth-varying effects of fluting instability, buoyancy forces, and timescales on the flux tube are analysed.

Methods.We analysed a numerical simulation of a sunspot calculated with the MURaM code. The simulation domain has a lateral extension of more than 98 Mm × 98 Mm and extends almost 18 Mm below the solar surface. The analysed data set of 30 hours shows a stable sunspot at the solar surface. We studied the evolution of the flux tube at defined horizontal layers (1) by means of the relative change in perimeter and area, that is, its compactness; and (2) with a linear stability analysis.

Results.The simulation shows a corrugation along the perimeter of the flux tube (sunspot) that proceeds fastest at a depth of about 8 Mm below the solar surface. Towards the surface and towards deeper layers, the decrease in compactness is damped. From the stability analysis, we find that above a depth of 2 Mm, the sunspot is stabilised by buoyancy forces. The spot is least stable at a depth of about 3 Mm because of the fluting instability. In deeper layers, the flux tube is marginally unstable. The stability of the sunspot at the surface affects the behaviour of the field lines in deeper layers by magnetic tension. Therefore the fluting instability is damped at depths of about 3 Mm, and the decrease in compactness is strongest at a depth of about 8 Mm. The more vertical orientation of the magnetic field and the longer convective timescale lead to slower evolution of the corrugation process in layers deeper than 10 Mm.

Conclusions.The formation of large intrusions of field-free plasma below the surface destabilises the flux tube of the sunspot. This process is not visible at the surface, where the sunspot is stabilised by buoyancy forces. The onset of sunspot decay occurs in deeper layers, while the sunspot still appears stable in the photosphere. The intrusions eventually lead to the disruption and decay of the sunspot.
Chemical modeling of the complex organic molecules in the extended region around Sagittarius B2
Authors: Wang Yao , Du Fujun , Semenov Dmitry , Wang Hongchi , Li Juan
Published: March 2021

Context. The chemical differentiation of seven complex organic molecules (COMs) in the extended region around Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2) has been previously observed: CH2OHCHO, CH3OCHO, t-HCOOH, C2H5OH, and CH3NH2 were detected both in the extended region and near the hot cores Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M), while CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN were only detected near the hot cores. The density and temperature in the extended region are relatively low in comparison with Sgr B2(N) and Sgr B2(M). Different desorption mechanisms, including photodesorption, reactive desorption, and shock heating, and a few other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed COMs in the cold regions. However, they fail to explain the deficiency of CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN in the extended region around Sgr B2.

Aims. Based on known physical properties of the extended region around Sgr B2, we explored under what physical conditions the chemical simulations can fit the observations and explain the different spatial distribution of these seven species in the extended region around Sgr B2.

Methods. We used the macroscopic Monte Carlo method to perform a detailed parameter space study. A static physical model and an evolving physical model including a cold phase and a warm-up phase were used, respectively. The fiducial models adopt the observed physical parameters except for the local cosmic ray ionization rate ζCR. In addition to photodesorption that is included in all models, we investigated how chain reaction mechanism, shocks, an X-ray burst, enhanced reactive desorption and low diffusion barriers could affect the results of chemical modeling.

Results. All gas-grain chemical models based on static physics cannot fit the observations, except for the high abundances of CH3NH2 and C2H5CN in some cases. The simulations based on evolving physical conditions can fit six COMs when T ~ 30−60 K in the warm-up phase, but the best-fit temperature is still higher than the observed dust temperature of 20 K. The best agreement between the simulations and all seven observed COMs at a lower temperature T ~ 27 K is achieved by considering a short-duration ≈102 yr X-ray burst with ζCR = 1.3 × 10−13 s−1 at the early stage of the warm-up phase when it still has a temperature of 20 K. The reactive desorption is the key mechanism for producing these COMs and inducing the low abundances of CH3OCH3 and C2H5CN.

Conclusions. We conclude that the evolution of the extended region around Sgr B2 may have begun with a cold, T ≤ 10 K phase followed by a warm-up phase. When its temperature reached about T ~ 20 K, an X-ray flare from the Galactic black hole Sgr A* with a short duration of no more than 100 yr was acquired, affecting strongly the Sgr B2 chemistry. The observed COMs in Sgr B2 are able to retain their observed abundances only several hundred years after such a flare, which could imply that such short-term X-rays flares occur relatively often, likely associated with the accretion activity of the Sgr A* source.
Numerical study of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and its effect on synthetic emission from magnetized jets
Authors: Borse Nikhil , Acharya Sriyasriti , Vaidya Bhargav , Mukherjee Dipanjan , Bodo Gianluigi , Rossi Paola , Mignone Andrea
Published: March 2021

Context.Nonthermal emission from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets extends up to large scales, even though they are prone to many magnetohydrodynamic instabilities.

Aims.The main focus of this study is to understand the effect of magnetohydrodynamic instabilities on the nonthermal emission from large-scale AGN jets.

Methods.We performed high-resolution three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a plasma column to investigate the dynamical and emission properties of jet configurations at kiloparsec scales with different magnetic field profiles, jet speeds, and density contrast. We also obtained synthetic nonthermal emission signatures for different viewing angles using an approach that assumes static particle spectra and that is obtained by evolving the particle spectra using Lagrangian macroparticles incorporating the effects of shock acceleration and radiative losses.

Results.We find that shocks due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability in the axial magnetic field configurations can strongly affect the jet dynamics. Additionally, we also find weak biconical shocks in the underdense jet columns. The helical magnetic field hinders the vortex growth at the shear surface and thereby stabilizes the jet column. With the evolving particle spectra approach, the synthetic spectral energy distributions obtained for cases with strong KH instability show multiple humps ranging from the radio to the TeV gamma-ray band.

Conclusions.We conclude that high-energy electrons that are accelerated in the vicinity of freshly formed shocks due to KH instability result in high X-ray emission.
Potassium abundances in multiple stellar populations of the globular cluster NGC 4833
Authors: Carretta Eugenio
Published: March 2021

NGC 4833 is a metal-poor Galactic globular cluster (GC) whose multiple stellar populations present an extreme chemical composition. The Na-O anti-correlation is quite extended, which is in agreement with the long tail on the blue horizontal branch, and the large star-to-star variations in the [Mg/Fe] ratio span more than 0.5 dex. Recently, significant excesses of Ca and Sc with respect to field stars of a similar metallicity were also found, signaling the production of species forged in H-burning at a very high temperature in the polluters of the first generation in this cluster. Since an enhancement of potassium is also expected under these conditions, we tested this scenario by analysing intermediate resolution spectra of 59 cluster stars including the K I resonance line at 7698.98 Å. We found a wide spread of K abundances, anti-correlated to Mg and O abundances, as previously also observed in NGC 2808. The abundances of K are found to be correlated to those of Na, Ca, and Sc. Overall, this chemical pattern confirms that NGC 4833 is one of the relatively few GCs where the self-enrichment from first generation polluters occurred at such high temperatures that proton-capture reactions were able to proceed up to heavier species such as K and possibly Ca. The spread in K observed in GCs appears to be a function of a linear combination of cluster total luminosity and metallicity, as other chemical signatures of multiple stellar populations in GCs.
Indicator of geoecological assessment of the region - population health
Authors: Rodionov Stanislav
Published: March 2021

The article shows that an effective indicator of the level of pollution of air, water and soil with toxic compounds of anthropogenic origin is a health of the population in different age groups. As eco-indicators, it is proposed to use diseases of the respiratory system for people under 18 years old, the circulatory and digestive systems - 18-56 years old, the musculoskeletal system - over 56 years old. To carry out ecological diagnostics of negative changes in the natural environment of urbanized areas of small towns, we propose to assess the response (reaction) – hospitalization rate in different age groups of the population: under 18 years old, 19-55 years old, and over 56 years old.
Waste management system for petrochemical industries
Authors: Bormotov Alelexei , Kolobova Ekaterina
Published: March 2021

An oil refinery and the surrounding natural environment are pre-sented as complex technical systems, as objects of research and modeling. The principles and methods of systems analysis, the theory of mathematical modeling and mathematical statistics, and correlation-regression analysis were used for this. Methodological principles of modeling the interaction of petrochemical production waste with the environment are proposed. On the basis of the proposed principles, a hierarchy of criteria and a systematic analysis of the system “petrochemical production - natural environment” are carried out. As the coordinates of modeling and control, it is proposed to take a set of indicators of the ecological state of an object in the vector space of ecological perfection, which sets all of its ecological, technical and economic properties in a single range of values. The system «petrochemical production - natural environment» is presented as a structural and logical model of a waste management system, showing the properties of synergy and emergence. Proposed methodological approaches and mathematical models of the system «petrochemical production - wastes from oil refineries - natural environment» allow to correctly assess technological risks, the ef-fectiveness of the waste management system at petrochemical enterprises, the impact of unforeseen situations and accidents, the impact on the envi-ronment of waste from petrochemical enterprises, as well as the environ-mental and economic effect of the introduction of new technologies for oil refining and disposal of production waste.
Factors affecting the environment of the city of Vladivostok
Authors: Giyasov Botir , Giyasov Ruslan
Published: March 2021

The problem of environment degradation in cities due to the development of megalopolises is demanding urgent attention. The rapid growth of modern cities caused by the need to improve the living conditions contributes to the construction of new buildings and structures, the development of transport and engineering networks. As a result, the density of urban environment increases, the congestion of transport networks increases, leading to environmental pollution and aggravating the environmental situation in cities. The article is devoted to the analysis of the environment of major cities in Russia using the example of the city of Vladivostok. The main factors influencing the environmental pollution, which are characteristic only of modern cities, have been identified. The relationship between energy consumption by various branches of the economy and environmental pollution has been established. Using the example of the city of Vladivostok, the analysis of the aerodynamics of the urban space is carried out, and the parameters for changing the wind speed with the changes in the height of the building have been revealed. The role of convective flows in improving the urban environment has been justified. The main reasons aggravating the environment of cities have been found out. These include significant harmful emissions from vehicles and air exchange in urban areas disturbed due to dense buildings, which leads to a high concentration of harmful substances that pollute the city.
Content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the wastewater of the processing enterprise
Authors: Kovaleva Olga , Sannikova Natalia , Ilyasov Oleg
Published: March 2021

Wastewater contains stable and unstable pollutants. In the process of self-cleaning, a large amount of bottom sediments accumulates, especially in artificially created storage ponds. As a result of the increasing load on this type of water bodies and the accumulation of bottom sediments, the self-purification ability is sharply reduced, which entails an additional load on the environment. The use of bottom sediments for biological reclamation is allowed after the establishment of the hazard class in accordance with the current regulatory documents and taking measures to neutralize them. The purpose of this separate fragment of work was to study the total content of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of storage ponds of a milk processing enterprise and determine the possibility of their further use. As a result of the data obtained, it can be concluded that the lead content was 14.6-17.3 mg/kg, depending on the depth of the bottom sediment sampling layer. At a sampling depth of 0.5-1.0 meters, the lead content was maximum and exceeded the clarke values of the element by 8.1%. There is a 2 time excess of the clarke values for cadmium at a depth of 1.0-1.5 meters. Indicators for zinc and copper were 12.4-14.1 mg/kg and 5.9-9.8 mg/kg, respectively, and did not go beyond the threshold limits of the compared values. The research results allow concluding that the bottom sediments of the storage ponds of the milk processing enterprise are not toxic. Therefore, they can be used in the composition of soil.
School grounds soil contamination with heavy metals and arsenic compounds in the city of Vladimir
Authors: Selivanov Oleg , Martsev Anton
Published: March 2021

The article presents the content determining results of heavy metals and arsenic in sod-podzolic soils of the school grounds in Vladimir, Vladimir region. According to the accumulation indicator, the accumulation intensity of heavy metals and arsenic in these areas has been determined, which is decreasing in the series of Pb→As→Cu→Zn→Ni. The calculation of the pollutants hazard coefficient showed that their MPC excess decreases in the series of As→Zn→Pb→Cu→Ni. The soil pollution level has been assessed for the school grounds and their ecological situation has been evaluated applying the cumulative indicator of soil pollution with heavy metals and soil pollution index. The values of the soil pollution cumulative indicator of school territories indicate dangerous and moderately dangerous contamination level of the studied soils, and the calculated values of the soil pollution index refer these soils to the category of “contaminated” soils, which poses potential risks for the schoolchildren health.
Natural minerals impact on physical and chemical parameters of potable water
Authors: Martsev Anton , Selivanov Oleg
Published: March 2021

The article presents the research results dealing with the influence of such natural minerals as flint and shungite in relation to the following water parameters pH, TDS, conductivity, cations (NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, F−, СО32−). It was found that crushed flint and shungite added to the water more significantly increases water hydrogen index if compared to sedimentation. Simultaneously total water mineralization decreases (causing electric 28,4 al conductivity decrease). Considerable decrease in calcium ions concentration (by 36.0 %) was detected in the water infused with shungite and by 20.5% in the water infused with flint. Considerable increase in K+ ions concentration in water infused with flint (46.3%) was revealed. As for the anions F− concentration decreased for both minerals - shungite and flint. These natural minerals are recommended for the treatment of tap water characterized with the increased hardness and excessive fluoride ions content.