bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIII The Composition of Congreve's First Play
Authors: Hodges John C.
Published: November 2006

When Dryden read the manuscript of William Congreve's Old Bachelor in 1692, he pronounced it the best “first play” that he had ever seen. Dryden's appreciation of Congreve's first play has been seconded by later critics. Dr. Jonson, for instance, found the comedy “the work of very powerful and fertile faculties; the dialogue ... quick and sparkling, the incidents such as seize the attention, and the wit so exuberant that it ‘o'er-informs its tenement.‘” Macaulay pronounced it “inferior indeed” to Congreve's “other comedies, but, in its line, inferior to them alone.” The dialogue, continued Macaulay, “resplendent with wit and eloquence ... preserves a certain colloquial air, a certain indescribable ease, of which Wycherley had given no example and which Sheridan in vain attempted to imitate.”
LVII Notes on the Stanza of Rossetti's “The Blessed Damozel”
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

Students of Rossetti have felt a certain amount of curiosity about the origin of the stanza of “The Blessed Damozel.” The stanza itself is a matter of no great importance, but its study brings up two rather interesting points: (1) it throws some light on the development of one poet's feeling for verse; (2) it suggests the limitations of our ordinary metrical terminology. Described in conventional terms of accents, feet, and rhyme scheme, Rossetti's stanza is the stanza of “The Village Blacksmith” (which has a gratuitous rhyme in stanza 1, line 3), “The Slave's Dream,” and “The Music Grinders.” Yet, so far as I know, no critic has suggested the influence of Longfellow or Holmes, although the three American poems were published respectively in 1839, 1842, and 1836, and “The Blessed Damozel” in 1850. Nor do I think that, quite apart from the subject matter, any critic could mistake a stanza of “The Blessed Damozel” for the work of either Longfellow or Holmes. Waller, rejecting an Italian original suggested by Mégroz, mentions the six-line stanzas of “The Ancient Mariner,” but doesn't seem to think highly of his own suggestion.
LX Walt Whitman as Civil Servant
Authors: Wecter Dixon
Published: November 2006

Walt Whitman's services as a Federal clerk are treated briefly by all his biographers, and his dismissal from the Office of Indian Affairs is one of the best-known incidents in the poet's life. Yet no systematic canvass of the records in the National Archives, particularly in respect to Whitman's longer employment in the Department of Justice, has been published. In consequence a crop of errors has sprung up among the poet's biographers. For example, Harrison S. Morris's reminiscent Walt Whitman (Harvard University Press, 1929), p. 65, states that “in 1864 Walt had secured a clerkship in the Indian Bureau of the Interior Department”; other biographers state or imply that Whitman's tenure began in February 1865, whereas the records cited hereafter show that his appointment and salary began as of January 1, 1865, although he did not set to work until several weeks later. Clara Barrus's generally admirable Whitman and Burroughs, Comrades (Boston and New York, 1931), p. 25, incorrectly states that Whitman “was removed from his post in the Department of the Interior on June 10, 1865.” The dates of the poet's promotions, from the lowest (first class) to higher ranks of clerkship, are not stated with accuracy in any biography; and his movements during these Washington years are not always carefully described. Bliss Perry, for instance, in writing of Whitman's visit to Dartmouth College in June 1872 for the delivery of his Commencement Poem, says that “by the first of July he was back in Washington”—whereas one of the documents printed below shows that he was lingering in Brooklyn, and applying for extension of leave on grounds of illness, as late as July 9. The clerical duties he performed during these eight years after the Civil War, while of minor import in Whitman's life as an artist—the life that created “When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd” and “Passage to India”—did furnish him a livelihood and the convenience of a bachelor's study after hours, with stationery, free heat, the gas for his “astral lamp,” and the right to order books for the Office library. They may thus repay a brief review.
Setting Adrift in Mediæval Law and Literature
Authors: Reinhard J. R.
Published: November 2006

Midway in his canticus the woeful Troilus laments: “Al sterelees within a boot am I.” This might seem to be nothing more than a felicitous phrase aptly suited to describe the plight of the unhappy lover. But in the Man of Law's Tale Constance actually experienced the dreadful circumstances which gave rise to a metaphor. We remember that the old soldaness, after killing her son and his Christian partisans, caused the Roman bride to be put on a ship without a rudder, and bade her learn navigation back to Italy. What treasure Constance had brought to Syria was put into the boat with her, as well as a considerable supply of victuals and clothes. For a number of years thereafter Constance tossed about on the sea, preserved from harm and death by Him who saved Daniel and Jonah, until her ship stuck fast on the shore of Northumberland, where she was found by the constable of a castle who came down to search the wreck. Soon after Constance's marriage to King Ælla of Northumberland, the monarch was called away to fight his enemies. Ælla's mother, like the old soldaness of Syria, hated her son's wife and plotted her destruction. When Constance's child was born the old queen contrived that the message to Ælla announcing the news should report the birth of a monster, with the suggestion that Constance was an evil fairy; and for the king's reply she substituted a command that the young woman and her offspring should be placed in the ship in which she had been found originally,—that is, a ship without rudder in the beginning, and now, apparently, a wreck,—that she should be pushed out from shore and charged never to return. The salient facts in these two episodes, which we may call Constance I and Constance II, are: Expulsion by sea in an unseaworthy boat, setting adrift in the same kind of boat by reason of a serious indictment, and safe-conduct or protection by a mysterious or divine power.
Four Letters from George Keats
Authors: Stern Madeleine B.
Published: November 2006

The writer of the following letters was George Keats, the brother of the poet. He was born on February 28, 1797, the son of Thomas and Frances (Jennings) Keats. At an early age he had been left an orphan with his two brothers, Thomas and John, and had been placed at a private boarding school in Enfield. After leaving school George worked for a short while in the counting-room of his guardian, Richard Abbey. After a quarrel with Hodgkinson, the junior partner, he left and at the end of May, 1818, married Georgiana Augusta Wylie. At the age of twenty-one he journeyed with her to America, planning to reside in Morris Birkbeck's settlement. Keats travelled by horse and carriage from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, and thence descended the Ohio in a keelboat. For several months the poet's brother resided at the home of Audubon, the naturalist, in Henderson, Kentucky, where he lost his money in a boat speculation. Keats finally became managing partner in a flour and saw-mill concern in which he accumulated a fortune, and settled as a merchant in Louisville. There, with the exception of a few journeys, he remained until his death on December 24, 1841.
Charles Sorel as a Precursor of Realism
Authors: Skornia H. J.
Published: November 2006

Although Charles Sorel was the author of two of the most popular French novels in the seventeenth century, plus a number of other novels, and many scholarly works, including a history of literature, essays on morality and history, and an encyclopedia of science of philosophy, he is rarely heard of today. Born in 1602, in a bourgeois quarter of Paris, Sorel, according to his own statement, wrote his first books when he was only seventeen, and before he was twenty-four years old had written over a dozen works, most of them novels. His family income cut off at an early age as a result of his having abandoned the study of law for literature, Sorel found writing practically his only means of earning a living. In 1635, having shown an early predilection for history, he was able to secure the post of royal historiographer, left vacant by the death of his uncle, Charles Bernard. For several years he mingled with the most important political, social, and literary personages of his time, taking part in the “Querelle du Cid,” making fun of the French Academy at its inception, and attacking Mazarin in a series of comic gazettes and “mazarinades” in Parisian patois. However, as a result of his supreme egoism and his inevitable gift for making influential enemies, he was soon forced from this post and from the “grand monde” which he thereafter never ceased to criticize. Disdaining rich patrons, Sorel withdrew into private bourgeois life, living many years at the home of his sister and her husband, the assistant “procureur général,” Parmentier. Leaving his desk only to secure precise first-hand documentation for his diversified works, he spent the greater part of his time during nearly fifty years writing copiously on nearly every conceivable subject.
Soziologischer Wandel im Weltbild Goethes: Versuch einer neuen Analyse von Wilhelm Meisters Lehr- und Wanderjahren
Authors: Hellersberg-Wendriner Anna
Published: November 2006

Die Irrfahrten des freien Individuums, die mit der Reformation begannen, wurden zugleich vollendet und abgeschlossen durch das Jahr 1789, den Beginn der französischen Revolution. Durch sie sollte der verkümmerte Untertan des absolutistischen Staates vermählt werden mit der unendlichen Freiheit der protestantischen Seele. Das Kind dieser Ehe war der Bürger, der sich freiwillig bindende, in die Gesellschaft einordnende Mensch. Die politische Freiheit existierte nicht mehr wie die religiöse und philosophische Freiheit der vorangehenden Jahrhunderte im unendlichen Raum des Geistes. Der freie Bürger steht im realen Raum des Staates; das bürgerliche Individuum findet seine Grenze in der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Die Rolle des Einzelnen in der Gemeinschaft wurde das beherrschende philosophische, literarische und politische Thema des Zeitalters, das der französischen Revolution folgte. Auch die beiden tiefsten Romane der deutschen Literatur der bürgerlichen Epoche wachsen aus dem Boden dieses Problems auf und sind bis in die feinsten Fasern von ihm durchdrungen: der Wilhelm Meister Goethes und der Grüne Heinrich von Gottfried Keller. Beide führen das an Freiheit leidende Individuum in die Grenzen der bürgerlichen Ordnung. Sie sind beide Geschöpfe des Gedankenkreises der französischen Revolution, aber im Sinne der Gegenwirkung: sie sind aus dem Glauben der notwendigen Begrenzung des Menschen und nicht aus dem Geiste unendlicher Freiheit geboren.
The Spelling Bee: A Linguistic Institution of the American Folk
Authors: Read Allen Walker
Published: November 2006

We resort to many expedients in order to maintain the arbitrary character of English spelling. We ask that our children be drilled endlessly in school, we do homage to “the dictionary” as an arbiter of linguistic matters, and we cast a supercilious smile that cuts deep upon anyone who deviates from conventional orthography. Also among these mechanisms for maintaining our spelling is the spelling bee, and the tracing of its development—from its background in schools, through its flowering as a rural entertainment in New England and later as the principal literary exercise on the frontier, to its revival on the radio—forms a necessary chapter in American linguistic history.
Noah's Wife Again
Authors: Mill Anna Jean
Published: November 2006

In her important study of the Wakefield Group in the Towneley cycle, Dr. Millicent Carey has much to say regarding the various English versions of the play of Noah and his wife. Here, says Dr. Carey, “Noah's wife appears as a speaking character for the first time ... Although she is mentioned in all the other versions from the Bible on, she is never known to utter a word until the dramatists of the Middle Ages make her an important member of their dramatis personae.” For the unbiblical Newcastle introduction of the devil and the temptation of Noah's wife—unique in the English miracle plays—Dr. Carey says that she has found no hint in Jewish legend. She considers the suggestion of Brotanek, who favors derivation by analogy with the Eve legend; of Brandl, who argues an approximation to Morality play construction; and of Cushman, who, rejecting the two former theories, remarks on the ubiquitous rôle of the devil as tempter in medieval legend generally. She points out an English dramatic parallel in the incident of the appearance of the devil to Pilate's wife in the York cycle, itself perhaps derived through analogy from the Eve story, and refers to certain other Continental parallels where the devil is a well-recognized device for registering “obstruction to the expressed wishes of God”—a device which may have originated in the Eve story or “may simply be a reflection of the mediaeval tendency to explain all evil as caused by the devil.”
Pléiade Censure of Classic Mendacity
Authors: Clements Robert J.
Published: November 2006

One of the most common standards by which the Pléiade poets judged a writer was that of his truth or sincerity. Although none could be more classically traditional or more psychologically obvious, the wide use of this criterion is surprising. For nowhere in the prose treatises of Du Bellay, Peletier, Sébilet, Ronsard, or the others, are mendacity and sincerity in literature discussed independently. It is true that Ronsard comments in brief fashion upon historical truth and verisimilitude in the Abbrégé de l'arl poétique and in the 1587 preface to the Franciade, but, as we shall explain below, it is truth as an ethical concept that is to be our concern here.
Browning's Sordello and Jung: Browning's Sordello in the Light of Jung's Theory of Types
Authors: Holmes Stewart Walker
Published: November 2006

To read Browning's Sordello and then, concurrently, Jung's expositions of his psycho-therapeutic theories is to be struck by the close similarity of many of the ideas both men have expressed. In Modern Man in Search of a Soul, Jung has described the spiritual malaise of the modern “civilized” world, its causes and cure. In Sordello, begun about one hundred years before Modem Man in Search of a Soul (1933), Browning anticipated Jung in describing minutely, albeit poetically, the same illness and in prescribing a similar cure. Furthermore, he wrote this poem not unconscious of its practical application to his fellow-man, for in Book iii, he speaks personally to the reader, telling him that Sordello may be he and that his creator, Browning, is a Moses to the People, prepared to lead them out of the spiritual desert they are wandering in.
The Exile of Conall Corc
Authors: Hull Vernam
Published: November 2006

The account of Conall Corc's exile from Ireland to Scotland and of his
adventures in that country until his return home to become, eventually, king
of Munster about 400 a.d. is here edited for the first
time from the Book of Leinster. Unfortunately, the loss of one or more
folios of the MS at this point renders the text acephalous so that the
surviving portion commences abruptly in the middle of a sentence with his
departure by sea from Dublin. As the title has also not been preserved, this
fragment is arbitrarily called Longes Chonaill
Chuirc, “The Exile of Conall Corc” for purposes of
convenient reference. But what the actual heading in the MS was, will never
be ascertainable, unless a happy chance leads to the discovery of the
missing leaf or leaves.
Cupid and the Bee
Authors: Hutton James
Published: November 2006

“‘There's some herb that's good for everybody except for them J. that
thinks they're sick when they ain't,’ announced Mrs. Todd, with a truly
professional air of finality. ‘Come, William, let's have Sweet Home, an’
then mother'll sing Cupid an' the Bee for us.'” Accuracy in detail is a
merit that no one would deny to the work of Sarah Orne Jewett and hence some
time ago, on reading the words just quoted from The Country of
the Pointed Firs, the present writer was puzzled at
finding Cupid and the Bee linked with Sweet Home in a setting meant to call
up nothing but the homely reality of Maine. The title suggested Theocritus
(pseudo-Theocritus) or an Anacreon (pseudo-Anacreon) unlikely to be much on
the mind of Mrs. Todd or her aged mother. Sweet Home is duly sung, but we
hear no more of Cupid and the Bee. One only gathers that to Miss Jewett in
1896 it had the color of an old song suitable to the age of the singer. As I
had long been noting down occurrences of the theme,

As Cupid midst the roses played,
Transporting in the damask shade,
A bee stepped unseen among
The silken leaves' his finger stung.

His beauteous cheeks with tears were
drowned;
He stormed, he blew the burning
wound,
Then nimbly running through the grove
Thus plaintive to the Queen of Love:

“I'm killed, Mamma; alas, I die!
A little serpent winged to fly
That's called the bee in yonder
plain,
Has stung me, and I die with pain.”

When Venus smiling thus rejoining:
“My dear, if you such anguish find
From the resentment of a bee,
Think what they feel that's stung by
thee.”
Theodore Jouffroy Et Le Problème De L'imitation Dans Les Arts
Authors: Forest H. U.
Published: November 2006

Le problème fondamental que les réalistes se sont efforcés de résoudre,
c'est celui de l'imitation dans les arts. Dès le début du dix-neuvième
siècle, tout un groupe d'artistes s‘éloignent résolument des procédés de
l'esthétique classique. Au lieu de prendrepour modèle un idéal abstrait,
universel, ils se bornent à imiter un être individuel et concret. C'est ce
qu'on a appelé l‘école du modèle. En 1805, Emeric
David publie son fameux mémoire intitulé Recherches sur l'art
statuaire. Ce mémoire, couronné par l'Institut, non
seulement prône l'imitation de la nature, mais recommande aux artistes de ne
copier que ce qu'ils voient. “Peut-être vous a-t-on dit qu'il ne faut pas
copier servilement la Nature, qu'il faut l'ennoblir. Copiez, au contraire,
ce que vous voyez; ne faites maintenant rien de plus.”
Dialektgeographie und Textkritik
Authors: Springer Otto
Published: November 2006

In seiner Auswahl aus den hochdeutschen Dichtern des
dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1820) hat Lachmann die
methodische Textkritik deutscher Werke des Mittelalters begründet. Er
forderte, von Benecke angeregt und durch textkritische Arbeit an klassischen
Autoren geschult, daβ man zuerst auf Grund des gesamten erhaltenen Materials
die echteste Überlieferung bestimme (recensio)
und darauf dann eine systematische, nach dem Wert der einzelnen
Handschriften abwägende Konjekturalkritik aufbaue
(emendatio). Die sprachliche Form aber suchte
er durch eingehende Reimstudien zu regeln,—doch war es bedenklich, daβ er
sich dabei fast ausschlieβlich auf oberdeutsche, speziell alemannische
Handschriften berief und auf eine möglichst altertümliche Rechtschreibung
ausging.
Literary Problems in More's Richard III
Authors: Dean Leonard F.
Published: November 2006

Sir Thomas More's History of Richard III has been adequately studied as an historical document, but not as a work of literature; and yet since the time of Ascham it has been praised chiefly and properly for its literary qualities. It is the purpose of this article, therefore, to discuss some of the important literary problems presented by Richard III. An attempt will be made to show how closely More's narrative conforms to classical theory and to what extent it is imitative of classical histories. Of chief concern, however, will be More's use of irony. It will be evident throughout that his approach to history writing was that of a Christian humanist.
The Optics of Love: Notes on a Concept of Atomistic Philosophy in the Theatre of Tirso de Molina
Authors: Halstead Frank G.
Published: November 2006

Somewhat more than a century and a quarter past, Dugald Stewart, philosopher and critic second only to Sir William Hamilton, wrote:

In considering the phenomena of perception, it is natural to suppose that the attention of philosophers would be directed, in the first instance, to the sense of seeing. The variety of information and of enjoyment we received by it; the rapidity with which this information and enjoyment are conveyed to us; and above all, the intercourse it enables us to maintain with the more distant part of the universe, cannot fail to give it, even in the apprehension of the most careless observer, a preeminence over all our other perceptive faculties. Hence it is, that various theories, which have been formed to explain the operations of our senses, have a more immediate reference to that of seeing; and that the greater part of the metaphysical language, concerning perception in general, appears evidently, from its etymology, to have been suggested by the phenomena of vision.
An Early Suitor of Mary Wollstonecraft
Authors: Nitchie Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

Amongst the numerous fair ones to whom the singular Rector of Stukeley paid his addresses, was the once famous Mary Wolstonecraft [sic], distinguished during the period of the French Revolution for her democratical writings, and afterwards united to Mr. Godwin, author of St. Leon, &c. Several letters from this intellectual Amazon exist among the papers of the Rev. Gentleman.

These words interrupted a search of the newspaper files for an item about Mary Shelley. Although that search proved futile, the bit of unexpected news about her famous mother was adequate reward for the effort. For the Reverend Joshua Waterhouse, the singular Rector of Stukeley—or more accurately Little Stukeley—was an entirely new character in the drama of Mary Wollstonecraft's life, unmentioned by and apparently unknown to any of her biographers. His identity and his history were soon made clear by other issues of the London newspapers, by the Huntingdon Gazette, and by two little books occasioned by his sudden and sordid death. And knowledge of his existence and of his character throws light on certain passages in Mary Wollstonecraft's writings.
Heines “Vorrede zu den Franzosischen Zuständen.” Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Preussischen Zensur
Authors: Wadepuhl Walter
Published: November 2006

Die “Französischen Zustände” gehören zu den weniger gelesenen Werken Heines. Sie sind hauptsächlich bekannt durch die “Vorrede,” die freilich nichts mit dem, worauf der Titel des Buches hinweist, zu tun hat, sondern sich ausschlieβlich mit Deutschland beschäftigt. Die “Vorrede” wurde zuletzt geschrieben und erst im Oktober 1832 an den Verleger gesandt. Da fast die ganze Korrespondenz Heines mit Campe aus dieser Zeit fehlte, bestanden über die sehr verworrenen Umstände der Entstehung und Veröffentlichung der “Vorrede” bisher groβe Miβverständnisse. Erst durch die Verwertung der noch unveröffentlichten Briefe Campes an Heine, welche mir durch die Güte des Bankiers Albert Strauβ zur Verfügung stehen und welche diese Angelegenheit eingehend behandeln, ist es möglich, im Folgenden eine abschlieβende Aufklärung zu geben.
Use of tanninsulfonic acid in the synthesis of water‐dispersible polyaniline
Authors: Taylor K. K. , Cole C. V. , Berry B. C. , Tito Viswanathan
Published: November 2006

Polyaniline was synthesized in the presence of tanninsulfonic acid to yield a product tanninsulfonic acid‐doped polyaniline (TANI‐PANI) that is water‐dispersible. Several samples ranging from 0 to 70% tanninsulfonate (TS) were prepared. These samples were then evaluated for differences in dispersibility, particle size, and conductivity. As the percent of TS in the samples was increased, the water‐dispersibility of the TANI‐PANI also increased. The particle size of the samples as well as the conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing percentages of TS in the samples. After extensive washings, however, the conductivity remained fairly constant (∼0.5 S/cm) regardless of the amount of TS in the samples. Additionally, elemental analysis, TGA, and IR data were used to demonstrate that the TS may be grafted to polyaniline during the synthesis of TANI‐PANI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2113–2119, 2007
Preparation and characterization of polyether‐based polyurethane dolomite composite
Authors: Ali Vazid , Neelkamal  , Haque Fozia Z. , Zulfequar M. , Husain M.
Published: November 2006

A polyether polyol‐based two‐component polyurethane composite was prepared by a reaction of polypropylene glycol (PPG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) used as a crosslinker. The final reaction for the preparation of composite is carried out with processed polyether polyol and diphenylmethane 4,4′‐diisocyanate (MDI). The physicochemical properties of processed polyether polyol have been measured, such as viscosity, moisture content, and hydroxyl value. The composite has been formed with loading of inorganic filler dolomite [MgCa(CO3)2] with different filler ratios. It shows good adhesive strength and mechanical properties. Composite samples have also been studied for the effects of acids and bases, swelling in solvents, physical and mechanical properties such as compression strength, shore hardness A and D, tensile strength, and elongation. Some electrical properties have also been studied, viz. thermal conductivity, volume resistivity, and dielectric strength. A comparison of prepared polyether‐based polyurethane composite with some conventional polymeric materials suggests their suitability for various applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2337–2342, 2007
Interaction of La3+ and Ce4+ with polyethylene and polypropylene polymeric matrices
Authors: Ibrahim G. M. , Khalil F. H. , El‐Gammal B.
Published: November 2006

The different modes of interaction of La3+ and Ce4+ as simulated radioactive lanthanides found in the backend of the nuclear fuel cycle with polyethylene and polypropylene macromolecules were considered. The various compositions were characterized before and after irradiation at different gamma ray doses. The mechanical properties including stress–strain parameters were also tested. The morphological and mechanical behaviors of the various composites were different from those of the corresponding pure polymers and affected by the chemistry of the interacting elements. Besides, the leaching characteristics were carried out using the short‐ and long‐term procedure; the leaching rates were evaluated as an index for immobilization of these lanthanides. Two semiempirical models were applied to find out the dominant leaching mechanism of La3+ and Ce4+. Dissolution associated with diffusion was the dominant leaching path and the elemental leaching characteristics depended upon its solubility in water. Diffusion coefficients and dissolution rate constants, the main parameters in the long‐term prediction model, were obtained using short‐ and long‐term experimental data. The model was found to be useful in predicting the long‐term behavior of such elements to assess the stability of the used waste forms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2141–2151, 2007
Melt spun thermoresponsive shape memory fibers based on polyurethanes: Effect of drawing and heat‐setting on fiber morphology and properties
Authors: Kaursoin Jasmeet , Agrawal Ashwini K.
Published: November 2006

Thermoresponsive shape memory (SMP) fibers were prepared by melt spinning from a polyester polyol‐based polyurethane shape memory polymer (SMP) and were subjected to different postspinning operations to modify their structure. The effect of drawing and heat‐setting operations on the shape memory behavior, mechanical properties, and structure of the fibers was studied. In contrast to the as‐spun fibers, which were found to show low stress built up on straining to temporary shape and incomplete recovery to the permanent shape, the drawn and heat‐set fibers showed significantly higher stresses and complete recovery. The fibers drawn at a DR of 3.0 and heat‐set at 100°C gave stress values that were about 10 times higher than the as‐spun fibers at the same strain and showed complete recovery on repeated cycling. This improvement was likely due to the transformation brought about in the morphology of the permanent shape of the SMP fibers from randomly oriented weakly linked regions of hard and soft segments to the well‐segregated, oriented and strongly H‐bonded regions of hard‐segments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2172–2182, 2007
Effect of natural coagula maturation on the processability, cure, and mechanical properties of unfilled vulcanizates of Hevea natural rubber
Authors: Fri Pamela Soh , Nkeng George E. , Ehabe Eugene E.
Published: November 2006

Fresh latex from different Hevea brasiliensis clones was naturally coagulated, subjected to different durations of maturation, processed into solid rubber, and compounded into pure gum stocks and vulcanized. Coagula maturation had clone‐specific effects on the processability of the raw rubber: reduced for some clones, while others was less sensitive. The cure and mechanical behaviors of the compounded stocks and vulcanizates, respectively, were not sensitive to the clonal origin of coagula and their duration of maturation. Although coagula maturation could be associated with leaching, deactivation of inherent antioxidants in Hevea latex, as well as crosslinking and/or oxidation of polyisoprene chains, these results show that compounding with a standard pure gum recipe compensates for the Hevea latex constituents affected by maturation. Hence, extended maturation of Hevea coagula, for economic or other reasons, would influence much more the bulk behavior of raw rubber and have insignificant effects on the compounded stocks and vulcanizates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2359–2363, 2007
Kinetics of graft copolymerization of poly(hexanedioic acid ethylene glycol) and methyl acrylate initiated by potassium diperiodatocuprate(III)
Authors: Bai Libin , Liu Yinghai
Published: November 2006

A redox system, potassium diperiodatocuprate(III) [DPC]/poly(hexanedioic acid ethylene glycol) (PEA) system, was employed to initiate graft copolymers of methyl acrylate (MA) and PEA in alkaline medium. The results indicate that the equation of the polymerization rate (Rp) is as follows: Rp = k [MA]1.62[Cu(III)]0.69, and that the overall activation energy of graft polymerization is 42.5 kJ/mol. The total conversion at different conditions (concentration of reactants, temperature, concentration of the DPC, and reaction time) was also investigated. The infrared spectra proved that the graft copolymers were synthesized successfully. Some basic properties of the graft copolymer were studied by instrumental analyses, including thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscope. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2376–2381, 2007
Variety of photoluminescence intensity of fluorescent whitening agents introduced into polyacrylonitrile nanofibers
Authors: Wang Shugang , Yang Qingbiao , Du Jianshi , Bai Jie , Li Yaoxian
Published: November 2006

The major objective in this study was the preparation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers composed of 1,4‐bis(o‐cyanostyryl)benzene (ER) and 1‐(o‐cyanostyryl)‐4‐(p‐cyanostyryl)benzene (EB), two kinds of fluorescent whitening agents widely used in the textile industry. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the diameters of ER/PAN and EB/PAN fibers ranged from 78 to 154 nm. The IR spectra indicated that the peaks of the CN group blueshift and the generation of a shoulder peak were obviously due to the interaction between ER or EB and PAN. Furthermore, the UV spectra demonstrated that the distributive status of ER or EB tended toward the molecular state in PAN nanofibers. Finally, the most interesting finding in this study was that the photoluminescence intensity of EB/PAN nanofibers increased magnificently, whereas that of ER/PAN nanofibers decreased remarkably. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2382–2386, 2007
Radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate initiated by stibonium ylide
Authors: Srivastava Sumita , Srivastava A. K.
Published: November 2006

1,2,3,4‐Tetraphenylcyclopentadiene triphenyl stibonium ylide initiated radical polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA) in dioxane at (60 ± 0.2)°C for 90 min under nitrogen atmosphere has been carried out. The system follows nonideal kinetics, i.e., Rp α [ylide]0.2 [n‐BMA]1.8. The value of k/kt and overall energy of activation have been computed as 0.133 × 10−2 L mol−1 s−1, 33 kJ/mol, respectively. The FTIR spectrum shows a band at 1745 cm−1 due to acrylate group of n‐BMA. The 1H NMR spectrum shows a peak of two magnetically equivalent protons of methylene group at 2.1 δ ppm. The DSC curve shows glass transition temperature (Tg) as 41°C. The presence of six hyperfine lines in ESR spectrum indicates that the system follows free radical polymerization and the initiation is brought about by phenyl radical. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2457–2463, 2007
Thermooxidative aging and kinetics of the thermooxidative degradation of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer‐graft‐maleic anhydride/calcium carbonate composites
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yao Yong‐Zhong , Li Li , Zhou Ning‐Lin , Huang Ying‐Xia , Ma Zhen‐Mao , Shen Jian
Published: November 2006

We report the preparation of five different ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer‐graft‐maleic anhydride/calcium carbonate samples with different calcium carbonate contents by precipitation and their mechanical properties and structural characterization.1 In this study, we tried to analyze the thermooxidative aging and the kinetics of thermooxidative degradation with retained tensile testing for various thermal‐aging times at 150°C and with hot‐loading‐recovery measurements. The results of the hot‐loading‐recovery measurements and retained tensile testing showed that the sample with the best crosslinked structure had the best thermooxidative‐aging resistance of all the samples. The experimental results for the thermooxidative degradation kinetics showed that the sample with the best crosslinked structure had the highest activation energy of thermal decomposition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2395–2401, 2007
Simultaneous determination of seven active components of Fufang Danshen tablet by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wei Ying‐Jie , Li Song‐Lin , Li Ping
Published: November 2006

A high‐performance liquid chromatography method was established for simultaneously determining seven major components, i.e. protocatechuic aldehyde, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, salvianolic acid B, ginsenoside Rb1, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA in Fufang Danshen tablet, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicinal combined prescription mainly derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng. These seven compounds, belonging to the chemical types of phenolic acids, diterpenoid quinones and saponins, were simultaneously separated on Zorbax C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm) with the column temperature at 30°C. The mobile phase was composed of (A) aqueous phosphoric acid (0.1%, v/v) and (B) acetonitrile using a gradient elution of 7–17% B at 0–10 min, 17–20% B at 10–12 min, 20–21% B at 12–16 min, 21% B at 16–32 min, 21–29% B at 32–40 min, 29–35% B at 40–55 min, 35–65% B at 55–65 min and 65–80% B at 65–80 min; the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. Detection wavelengths were set at 203 nm for notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1, 281 nm for protocatechuic aldehyde, salvianolic acid B, and 270 nm for cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9992) within test ranges. The established method showed good precision and accuracy with overall intra‐day and inter‐day variations of 0.15–4.35 and 0.61–5.17% respectively, and overall recoveries of 94.8–102.1% for the seven compounds analyzed. The developed method has been successfully applied to simultaneous evaluation of the intrinsic quality of both Danshen and Sanqi in Fufang Danshen tablets from different pharmaceutical companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of lipophilicity of anticancer‐active thioquinoline derivatives
Authors: Bajda Marek , Boryczka Stanisław , Wietrzyk Joanna , Malawska Barbara
Published: November 2006

The lipophilicity of a series of anticancer propargylthioquinoline derivatives has been investigated using chromatographic and computational methods. The parameters of relative lipophilicity (RMO and logk0) of the tested compounds were determined experimentally both by reversed‐phase thin layer (RP‐TLC), and high‐performance liquid chromatographic methods (RP‐HPLC, LiChrospher RP18 column), with mixtures of acetonitrile and water as mobile phases. Their phospholipophilicity (logk0IAM) was determined using immobilized artificial membrane HPLC (IAM. PC DD2 Regis column). Mobile phase acetonitrile concentrations were in the ranges 50–90% (RP‐TLC), 55–90% (RP‐HPLC) and 35–60% (IAM‐HPLC). The RM, logk and logkIAM values of the compounds investigated were linearly dependent on acetonitrile concentration. The analysis led to the calculation of RMO, logk0 and logk0IAM parameter values for each of the tested compounds. Their partition coefficients (logP) were also calculated with the Pallas and CAChe programs. The obtained results indicated that, among experimental methods, both RP‐TLC and RP‐HPLC gave similar results, and these methods enable the determination of lipophilicity of derivatives of thioquinolines. Using the IAM‐HPLC technique a simple method of estimation of phospholipoplilicity was described. The CAChe program might better predict calculated lipophilicity logP values, and therefore is a useful tool for the early stage of design of new propargyl thioquinolines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post TLC developing technique for tyrosinase inhibitor detection
Authors: Wangthong Sakulna , Tonsiripakdee Ilhum , Monhaphol Thitinun , Nonthabenjawan Ratchanee , Wanichwecharungruang Supason Pattanaargson
Published: November 2006

Post TLC developing technique was developed to detect substances which can inhibit tyrosinase activity. The method involved spraying the TLC plate or chromatographic paper containing sample spot(s) with tyrosinase and l‐tyrosine solutions successively. A positive result could be visualized directly as white spot(s) against a brownish‐purple background. The method can either be used as a quick screening method for tyrosinase inhibitor detection or a guiding procedure for an isolation of tyrosinase inhibitors from mixtures or natural product extracts. The technique is sensitive enough to give a clear result in the presence of only 6 ng glabridin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Tautomeric Forms of Cyameluric Acid Derivatives
Authors: El‐Gamel Nadia E. A. , Seyfarth Lena , Wagler Jörg , Ehrenberg Helmut , Schwarz Marcus , Senker Jürgen , Kroke Edwin
Published: November 2006

The tautomerism of cyameluric acid C6N7O3H3 (1 a), cyamelurates and other heptazine derivatives has recently been studied by several theoretical investigations. In this experimental study we prepared stannyl and silyl derivatives of cyameluric acid (1 a): C6N7O3[Sn(C4H9)3]3 (3 a), C6N7O3[Sn(C2H5)3]3 (3 b), and C6N7O3[Si(CH3)3]3 (4). In order to investigate the structure of 1 a the mono‐ and dipotassium cyamelurate hydrates K(C6N7O3H2)⋅2 H2O (5) and K2(C6N7O3H)⋅1 H2O (6) were synthesized by UV/Vis‐controlled titration of a potassium cyamelurate solution with aqueous hydrochloric acid. Compounds 3–6 were characterized by FTIR and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy as well as simultaneous thermal analysis (TGA, DTA). The single crystal X‐ray structures of the salts 5 and 6 show that the hydrogen atoms in both anions are localized on the peripheral nitrogen atoms. This indicates—in combination with the solid‐state NMR studies—that the most stable tautomer of solid 1 a is the triketo form with C3h symmetry. However, derivatives of both the hydroxyl and the amido tautomers may be formed depending on the substituent atoms: The spectroscopic data and single crystal structures of compounds C6N7O3[Si(CH3)3]3 (4) and the solvate C6N7O3[Sn(C2H5)3]3⋅C2H4Cl2 (3 b′) show that the former is derived from the symmetric trihydroxy form of 1 a, while 3 b′ crystallizes as a chain‐like polymer, which contains the tin atoms as multifunctional building blocks, that is, bridging pentacoordinated Et3SnO2 and Et3SnON units as well as non‐bridging four‐coordinated Et3SnN units. The cyameluric nucleus is part of the polymeric chains of C6N7O3[Sn(C2H5)3]3⋅C2H4Cl2 (3 b′), by the action of both tautomeric forms of cyameluric acid, the amide and the ester form.
Organization of endogenous opioids in the rostral agranular insular cortex of the rat
Authors: Evans Joshua M. , Bey Vincent , Burkey Adam R. , Commons Kathryn G.
Published: November 2006

The rostral agranular insular cortex (RAIC) of rats has opioid receptors and has been implicated in the analgesic and reinforcing effects of opiates. To help in understanding the function of endogenous opioids in this structure, we sought to identify and describe the opioid peptides intrinsic to the RAIC by using immunohistochemical methods. Immunolabeling for proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor to beta‐endorphin, and endomorphin 1 and 2 on sectioned rat forebrain revealed limited labeling consisting of individual varicose fibers. Immunolabeling for prodynorphin and enkephalin revealed numerous immunopositive cell bodies and fibers with distribution and morphology unique to each. Prodynorphin‐immunopositive cell bodies consisted of two types: large, lightly labeled, pyramidal‐shaped cell bodies in lamina V and more intensely labeled, small, ovoid cell bodies scattered in other lamina. Axonal fibers immunolabeled for prodynorphin varied in size and were found in all lamina. Immunolabeling for the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) was rarely found in dynorphin‐containing cell bodies (6%, 10/167) but was visible within a subpopulation of axons. Enkephalin immunolabeling was detected within a single morphological subpopulation of nonpyramidal neurons located predominantly in lamina II/III, 30% (33/109) of which were also GABA immunopositive. Axons immunolabeled for enkephalin were also abundant in lamina II/III. These results suggest that dynorphin and enkephalin peptides are the predominant endogenous opioids in the RAIC and their distinct distributions suggest divergent functional roles. The localization of prodynorphin immunoreactivity to pyramidal cells suggests the possibility that this neuropeptide may be used in RAIC projection neurons, whereas enkephalin distribution was more characteristic of a role in local networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:530–541, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of organizational capabilities in cleaner technology adoption: an analysis of the response of the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector in Ireland to IPC licensing regulations
Authors: Hilliard Rachel M.
Published: November 2006

In introducing integrated pollution control licensing, regulators hope to achieve economic advantages as well as environmental benefits. The licensing is used as a vehicle for encouraging firms to adopt cleaner technology, potentially allowing firms to achieve economic advantages through process efficiencies and reduced environmental control costs. In Ireland, the regulatory approach has been to require firms to make managerial changes in the belief that this is a necessary precursor to the take‐up of new technology. This paper examines how the pharmaceutical manufacturing sector has responded to environmental regulations that require cleaner technology adoption and managerial changes. Quantitative indicators are developed using data reported to the Irish Environmental Protection Agency. Analysis shows that firms were differentially able to implement both cleaner technology and the mandated managerial processes. The implications for policy are that regulatory instruments designed to stimulate cleaner technology may not be sufficient to promote change in firms, given that the influence of these instruments is mediated by the role of firm‐specific, experience‐based organizational capabilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Inverse correlation between serum PGE2 and T classification in head and neck cancer
Authors: Hambek Markus , Baghi Mehran , Wagenblast Jens , Schmitt Johannes , Baumann Helena , Knecht Rainald
Published: November 2006

Background.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) serum levels have been shown previously to be increased in tumor bearing mice as well as in patients with solid tumors; however, the impact on the course or stage of disease has not been shown. We hypothesized that PGE2 is strictly required for aggressive and especially early‐stage tumors of the head and neck to provoke invasion and angiogenesis.

Methods.

We analyzed the serum PGE2 levels of 100 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of different stages before and 1 year after treatment and compared the results with the serum levels of 40 healthy donors and the secretion profile of 8 different squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Results.

Our investigations showed a statistically significant inverse correlation between PGE2 serum levels and tumor stage. Furthermore, this effect has been reflected by the results of our cell culture analyses, which showed an inversely regulated PGE2 secretion into the medium during the process of proliferation. Interestingly, the serum levels of PGE2 were significantly downregulated 1 year after successful treatment.

Conclusions.

We conclude that PGE2 serum level as an indicator for early‐stage cancer of the head and neck may function as a tumor marker during the follow‐up period. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007
Mutant p53 proteins: Between loss and gain of function
Authors: Strano Sabrina , Dell'Orso Stefania , Mongiovi Adriana Maria , Monti Olimpia , Lapi Eleonora , Agostino Silvia Di , Fontemaggi Giulia , Blandino Giovanni
Published: November 2006

Cancer might result from both the aberrant activation of genes, whose physiological tuning is essential for the life of a normal cell, and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose main job is to preserve the integrity of cell genome. Among the latter, p53 is considered a key tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated mainly by missense mutations in half of human cancers. It is becoming increasingly clear that the resulting mutant p53 proteins gain oncogenic properties favoring the insurgence, the maintenance, and the spreading of malignant tumors. In this review, we mainly discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying gain of function of human tumor‐derived p53 mutants, their impact on the chemoresistance and the prognosis of human tumors, with a special focus on head and neck cancers, and the perspectives of treating tumors through the manipulation of mutant p53 proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007