bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
О распределении времени первого прохождения случайным блужданием произвольной удаленной границы
Authors: Borovkov Alexander Alekseevich
Published: August 2016

В работе при условиях, близких к минимальным, найдены локальная и интегральная асимптотики для совместного распределения времени первого прохождения случайным блужданием произвольной удаленной границы и величины перескока через эту границу.
Стохастическая интерпретация квазилинейных параболических систем с кросс-диффузией
Authors: Belopol'skaya Yana Isaevna
Published: August 2016

В работе построена вероятностная интерпретация обобщенного решения задачи Коши для сильно связанной системы квазилинейных параболических уравнений. С этой целью выведена система стохастических уравнений, решение которой позволяет получить вероятностное представление решения исходной задачи и изучить свойства этого решения. Предложенная конструкция вероятностного представления решения задачи Коши существенно опирается
на результаты теории стохастических потоков.
Аналитические диффузионные процессы: определение, свойства, предельные теоремы
Authors: Ibragimov Il'dar Abdullovich , Smorodina Natal'ya Vasil'evna , Faddeev Mikhail Mikhailovich
Published: August 2016

В работе вводится понятие аналитического диффузионного процесса. Всякий такой процесс является пределом некоторой последовательности случайных блужданий, но предел понимается не в смысле сходимости мер, а в смысле сходимости обобщенных функций. С использованием аналитических диффузионных процессов удается получить вероятностные аппроксимации решений эволюционных уравнений типа Шрeдингера, но содержащих в правой
части эллиптический оператор с переменным коэффициентом.
Линейное стохастическое дифференциальное уравнение в банаховом пространстве
Authors: Mamporia Badri
Published: August 2016

Рассматривается линейное стохастическое дифференциальное уравнение в сепарабельном банаховом пространстве, для решения которого строится соответствующее линейное стохастическое дифференциальное уравнение для обобщенных случайных процессов и выводится его решение как обобщенный процесс Ито. Находятся условия, при которых полученный обобщенный процесс является процессом Ито в банаховом пространстве; тем самым получается решение рассматриваемого линейного стохастического дифференциального уравнения. В основе предлагаемого подхода лежит переход к обобщенному случайному процессу, нахождение обобщенного решения и затем поиск условия, при котором полученный обобщенный случайный процесс является случайным процессом со значениями в банаховом пространстве.
Случайные подстановки с простыми длинами циклов
Authors: Timashev Aleksandr Nikolaevich
Published: August 2016

Рассматривается множество подстановок степени $n$, имеющих длины циклов, являющиеся простыми числами. Получена асимптотическая оценка числа всех таких подстановок при $n\to\infty.$ В предположении, что на множестве этих подстановок задано равновероятное распределение, получена локальная предельная теорема, оценивающая распределение числа циклов $\nu_n$ в случайно выбранной подстановке; из этой теоремы, в частности, следует, что при $n\to\infty$ случайная величина $\nu_n$ асимптотически нормальна с параметрами ($\ln\ln n$, $\ln\ln n$). Показано, что случайная величина $\nu_n(p)$ ($p$ - простое число), равная числу циклов фиксированной длины $p$ в такой подстановке, имеет в пределе распределение Пуассона с параметром ${1}/{p}.$ Считая, что подстановка степени $n$ выбирается случайно равновероятно из класса всех подстановок с простыми длинами циклов, каждая из которых имеет ровно $N$ циклов $(1\le N\le[{n}/{2}]),$ получены предельные теоремы, оценивающие распределение случайной величины $\mu_p(n, N),$ равной числу циклов простой длины $p$ в этой подстановке. Для вывода изложенных результатов используется асимптотический закон распределения простых чисел и применяется метод перевала, а также теория обобщенных схем размещения.
Вероятности больших уклонений для системы $M/G/1/\infty$ с ненадежным прибором
Authors: Aibatov Serik Zhagalbaevich
Published: August 2016

Рассматривается одноканальная система обслуживания с ненадежным прибором. В предположении, что время ремонта прибора и время обслуживания требования имеют "тяжелые хвосты", найдено асимптотическое поведение вероятностей больших уклонений для процесса виртуального времени ожидания в стационарном режиме.
Несколько замечаний об асимптотическом поведении выборочного коэффициента готовности
Authors: Bevrani H , Korolev Viktor Yur'evich
Published: August 2016

Рассматривается асимптотическое поведение выборочного коэффициента готовности - важного показателя надежности технических, коммуникационных, информационных и транспортных систем - при нарушении классических предположений однородности потока отказов или восстановлений, существования математического ожидания времени безотказной работы или ремонта. Рассмотрена как классическая ситуация, когда объем исходной выборки неслучаен, так и ситуация, в которой число анализируемых данных заранее не известно, т.е. объем выборки случаен. В специальном частном случае, в котором объем выборки имеет отрицательное биномиальное распределение, доказан аналог закона больших чисел для случайных сумм необязательно одинаково распределенных независимых случайных величин, описывающий условия сходимости распределений отрицательных биномиальных сумм к обобщенным гамма-распределениям. Тем самым предложена простая асимптотическая схема, в рамках которой обобщенные гамма-распределения оказываются предельными законами. Как следствие, получены условия сходимости распределений геометрических случайных сумм независимых
неодинаково распределенных случайных величин к распределению Вейбулла.
Скорость сходимости в стохастических системах частиц с синхронизацией
Authors: Karpushin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Published: August 2016

Рассмотрен многомерный марковский процесс $x(t) = (x_1(t),\ldots,x_N(t))$, $t \in \mathbf{R}_+$, описывающий систему $N$ идентичных броуновских частиц с синхронизирующим взаимодействием. В относительных координатах, связанных с подвижным наблюдателем, получены близкие верхние и нижние оценки скорости сходимости к предельному распределению в метрике расстояния по вариации.
Независимые случайные величины на абелевых группах с независимой суммой и разностью
Authors: Feldman Gennadiy Mikhailovich
Published: August 2016

Пусть $X$ - локально компактная абелева группа, удовлетворяющая второй аксиоме счетности. Пусть $\xi_1$, $\xi_2$ - независимые случайные величины со значениями в группе $X$, имеющие распределения
$\mu_1$, $\mu_2,$ причем сумма $\xi_1+\xi_2$ и разность $\xi_1-\xi_2$ независимы. В предположении, что связная компонента нуля группы $X$ содержит конечное число элементов порядка два, мы описываем возможные распределения $\mu_k.$
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Infection in Nigeria: A National Survey
Authors: Olayinka Adebola T. , Oyemakinde Akin , Balogun Muhammad S. , Ajudua Anthonia , Nguku Patrick , Aderinola Moses , Egwuenu-Oladejo Abiodun , Ajisegiri Simeon W. , Sha'aibu Samuel , Musa Bolanle O. P. , Gidado Saheed , Nasidi Abdulsalami
Published: August 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for about 1 million deaths worldwide annually. This study was to determine the prevalence, distribution of HBV, and factors associated with infection in an apparently healthy population in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study among the general population was conducted employing a multistage sampling technique. Data on demographic, social, and behavioral indicators were collected using questionnaires and blood samples tested for HBV seromarkers. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were done. Prevalence of hepatitis B infection was 12.2% (confidence interval [CI] = 10.3–14.5). Of the participants, more than half, 527 (54.6%), had evidence of previous exposure to HBV, while 306 (31.7%) showed no serologic evidence of infection or vaccination. Only 76 (7.9%) participants showed serologic evidence of immunity to HBV through vaccination. Factors associated with testing positive for HBV infection were dental procedure outside the health facility (odds ratios [OR] = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.52–7.70), local circumcision (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.17–2.57), and uvulectomy (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.06–2.57). With logistic regression, only dental procedure outside the health facility (adjusted OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.38–7.97) remained significant. This first national survey on seroprevalence of hepatitis B describes the epidemiology and high prevalence of HBV infection in Nigeria and highlights the need for improved vaccination against HBV.
Aeromonas-Associated Diarrhea in Children Under 5 Years: The GEMS Experience
Authors: Qamar Farah Naz , Nisar Muhammad Imran , Quadri Farheen , Shakoor Sadia , Sow Samba O. , Nasrin Dilruba , Blackwelder William C. , Wu Yukun , Farag Tamer , Panchalingham Sandra , Sur Dipika , Qureshi Shahida , Faruque Abu S. G. , Saha Debasish , Alonso Pedro L. , Breiman Robert F. , Bassat Quique , Tamboura Boubou , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Kanungo Suman , Ahmed Shahnawaz , Hossain Anowar , Das Sumon K. , Antonio Martin , Hossain M. Jahangir , Mandomando Inacio , Tennant Sharon M. , Kotloff Karen L. , Levine Myron M. , Zaidi Anita K. M.
Published: August 2016

We report the clinical findings, epidemiology, and risk factors for moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) associated with Aeromonas species in children 0–59 months of age, from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, conducted at three sites in south Asia and four sites in sub-Saharan Africa. Children with MSD were enrolled along with controls matched for age, gender, and neighborhood. Pooled, age-stratified conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association of Aeromonas infection controlling for coinfecting pathogens and sociodemographic variables. A pooled, age-stratified, multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify risk factors associated with Aeromonas positivity in MSD cases. A total of 12,110 cases and 17,291 matched controls were enrolled over a period of 48 months. Aeromonas was identified as a significant pathogen in 736 cases of MSD in Pakistan and Bangladesh (22.2%). Aeromonas remained a significant pathogen even after adjustment for the presence of other pathogens and sociodemographic factors. Odds ratio (OR) for Aeromonas were higher in the presence of Shigella (matched OR: 6.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9–20.2). Cases of Aeromonas were likely to present with dysentery, particularly in the 0–11 months (OR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.0) and 12–23 months (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3–2.5) age group. The odds of Aeromonas increased with increasing degree of stunting, being highest for severe stunting (OR: 10.1, 95% CI: 3.6–28.9). Aeromonas is a significant pathogen for MSD in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Presence of dysentery and co-occurrence with other pathogens, notably Shigella spp. are significant features of Aeromonas-associated diarrhea.
A Prospective Case-control Study on the Comparison of Postoperative Pain Relief with Transdermal Diclofenac Patch and Injection Diclofenac
Authors: Das Subbhabrata
Published: August 2016

Aim

This is a randomized case-control study to know the efficacy of postoperative pain relief with transdermal diclofenac patch 200 mg and comparison with injection diclofenac sodium 75 mg.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 patients with head and neck cancer were included in the study and were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). Anesthetic procedure was standardized. A transdermal diclofenac diethylamine patch of 200 mg was applied to group A, just before the skin closure. And in group B, injection diclofenac was given 8 hourly. In group A, injection diclofenac was given on an as-needed basis whenever patient had visual analog scale (VAS) of pain > 5. Visual analog scale at 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, and 24th hour postoperatively was recorded for 5 days. Injection diclofenac needed in groups A and B was recorded for five postoperative days and the mean number of injections of diclofenac per patient per day needed in both groups was calculated.

Results

In group A, we needed only 0.96 injections (diclofenac 75 mg)/patient on the first day and no injection was needed further, while in group B, we had to use three injections/day/ patient. Visual analog scale and pain relief were more steady and better in group A as compared with group B.

Conclusion

Transdermal patch of diclofenac diethylamine 200 mg is very effective in providing postoperative analgesia and is better than intravenous injection diclofenac 75 mg.

How to cite this article

Singh SP, Jain DK, Das S, Jain S. A Prospective Case-control Study on the Comparison of Postoperative Pain Relief with Transdermal Diclofenac Patch and Injection Diclofenac. Int J Head Neck Surg 2015;6(4):129-133.
Influence of Superior Attachment of the Uncinate Process on the Presence of Agger Nasi
Authors: Shivaraj Rahul , Dsouza Cimona , Pinto George
Published: August 2016

Objective

The superior attachment of the uncinate process and the agger nasi cell are important landmarks in frontal sinus surgery and are in close relation with each other. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the two.

Study design

A retrospective radiological study.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 patients with features of chronic sinusitis were evaluated radiographically, i.e., by computed tomography. Hundred sides, i.e., 50 scans, were evaluated for superior attachment of the uncinate process and the presence of agger nasi. Chi-square test was used as a statistical tool for eliciting the relationship between the two.

Results

The agger nasi cell was found in 68 (68%) of 100 sides. The prevalence of agger nasi cell according to the superior attachment of uncinate process types was 64.1% for lamina papyracea, 79.41% for skull base, and 53.84% for middle turbinate. The presence of agger nasi cell according to the superior attachment types of uncinate process was not statistically significant (X2 = 3.5925, p = 0.16592).

Conclusion

The agger nasi cell was found in 68 sides (68%), and there was no statistical significance between the superior attachment of the uncinate process and the presence of agger nasi cell.

How to cite this article

Shivaraj R, Dsouza C, Pinto G. Influence of Superior Attachment of the Uncinate Process on the Presence of Agger Nasi. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):21-23.
Anatomical Variations in Osteomeatal Complex among Patients undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Narendrakumar V , Subramanian V
Published: August 2016

Aims

To study the anatomical variations of osteomeatal complex and the importance of preoperative computed tomography (CT) in patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. We studied the different variations and their frequency of occurrence.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were studied by nasal endoscopy, CT scanning, and at the time of definitive surgery, variations were recorded.

Results

The frequency of occurrence of sinonasal anatomical variations was septal deviation in 76%, agger nasi cells in 71%, concha bullosa in 61%, medialized uncinate process in 48%, prominent bulla ethmoidalis in 41%, paradoxical middle turbinate in 33%, accessory maxillary ostium in 28%, frontal cell in 22%, intumescentia septi nasi anterior in 21%, lateralized uncinate in 15%, pneumatized uncinate process in 4%, Haller cells in 12%, and Onodi cells in 8%.

Conclusion

The high incidence of variations emphasizes the need for proper preoperative assessment for safe and effective endoscopic sinus surgery.

How to cite this article

Narendrakumar V, Subramanian V. Anatomical Variations in Osteomeatal Complex among Patients undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):28-32.
Amphotericin B Emulsion in Rhino-orbital Mucormycosis: Is It Most Effective?
Authors: Patro Sourabha K , Dash Anil K , Patro Subhranshu , Biswal Rudra Narayan
Published: August 2016

Mucormycosis is a fatal infection of the immunocompromised individuals. It is unusual to affect healthy individuals. The main aim of this case report is to highlight the role of amphotericin B emulsion in this disease. The case was managed in our setup with surgical debridement and followed by amphotericin B emulsion for 4 weeks. We did not notice hypokalemia and renal function test abnormality in the entire course of the treatment. We present the case and the review of the literature of newer lipid complex amphotericin.

How to cite this article

Dash AK, Patro S, Patro SK, Gupta AK, Biswal RN. Amphotericin B Emulsion in Rhino-orbital Mucormycosis: Is It Most Effective? Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1): 40-42.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of Nasal Cavity
Authors: Meher Ravi , Tandon Swati
Published: August 2016

Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in soft tissues. Extramedullary plasmacytomas constitute 3 to 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. Most lesions occur in the head and neck, primarily in the upper aerodigestive tract, with 75% occurring in nose and paranasal sinuses. To the best of our knowledge, only few cases of sinonasal extramedullary plasmacytomas have been reported in the literature. It is important for otolaryngologists to acquire knowledge of this disease as 80 to 90% occur in the head and neck region. We report a rare case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity in a 60-year-old male managed by surgery and radiotherapy.

How to cite this article

Tandon S, Meher R, Chauhan A. Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of Nasal Cavity. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):50-52.
The Effect of Erythropoietin on Amylase Levels during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Authors: Tsompos Constantinos , Panoulis Constantinos , Toutouzas Konstantinos , Zografos George , Papalois Apostolos
Published: August 2016

The aim of this experimental study was to examine the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on rat model and particularly in an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) protocol. The effect of that molecule was studied biochemically using blood mean amylase levels.

Materials and methods

Forty rats of mean weight 247.7 gm were used in the study. Amylase levels were measured at 60 minutes (groups A and C) and at 120 minutes (groups B and D) of reperfusion. Erythropoietin was administered only in groups C and D.

Results

Erythropoietin administration kept non-significantly increased the A levels by 5.04 ± 6.12% (p = 0.3831). Reperfusion time kept non-significantly increased the A levels by 10.08 ± 5.95% (p = 0.0615). However, EPO administration and reperfusion time together produced a non-significant combined effect in keeping increased the A levels by 4.36 ± 3.65% (p = 0.2258)

Conclusion

Erythropoietin administration, reperfusion time and their interaction kept non-significantly short-term increased the amylase levels. The restorating effect of Epo is satisfactory, since it reduced the discrepancy from baseline values at non-significant level.

How to cite this article

Tsompos C, Panoulis C, Toutouzas K, Zografos G, Papalois A. The Effect of Erythropoietin on Amylase Levels during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(1):18-21.
Every Knee is not Osteoarthritic, Spontaneous Avascular Necrosis of the Medial Tibial Condyle
Authors: Yadav Sanjay , Yadav Chandra Shekhar , Kumar Nishikant , Kumar Ashok
Published: August 2016

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of tibial condyles is an uncommon cause of joint degeneration and it may mimic osteoarthritis. The differentiation between spontaneous and secondary osteonecrosis is important for appropriate management. We present here a case of spontaneous avascular necrosis of the medial tibial condyle causing sudden increase in pain; localization to the medial tibial condyle near joint line with exacerbation on weightbearing and varus deformity. We also aim to recapitulate briefly various types and currently available treatment options. In the present case, considering advanced stage of AVN and associated degenerative changes, total knee replacement (TKR) was performed successfully with good outcomes.

How to cite this article

Yadav S, Yadav CS, Kumar N, Kumar A. Every Knee is not Osteoarthritic, Spontaneous Avascular Necrosis of the Medial Tibial Condyle. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(1):33-35.
Robotic Management of Localized Adenocarcinoma Prostate with Large Vesical Calculus: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Bora Girdhar Singh , Dogra Prem Nath , Singh Prabhjot
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) accounts for more than 75% of cases of vesical calculi in patients aged above 50 years. There are special group of patients who have large vesical calculus with localized adenocarcinoma prostate requiring treatment for both bladder calculi and malignancy. We are sharing our technique of extraperitoneal robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RRP) and removal of vesical calculus in two patients of localized adenocarcinoma prostate with large vesical calculus (≥ 4 cm). Two patients with localized prostate cancer with large vesical stone underwent simultaneous cystolithotomy and extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy. Their perioperative period was uneventful. Large vesical stones with localized prostate cancer can be easily managed simultaneously by an experienced robotic surgeon.

How to cite this article

Bora GS, Dogra PN, Singh P. Robotic Management of Localized Adenocarcinoma Prostate with Large Vesical Calculus: A Report of Two Cases. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(1):36-38.
Intraarticular vs Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Reduction of Blood Loss in Primary Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Vijay Arunkumar , Nageswaran Jambu , Loganathan Senthil , Bedford Samuel Chittaranjan
Published: August 2016

Aim

To study the efficacy of topical intraarticular vs intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing blood loss following primary total knee replacement (TKR).

Materials and methods

A phase 3, single center, double blind and randomized controlled study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. A prospective study of 100 patients lasted from July 2013 to July 2015.

Results

Postoperative transfusion rates were zero in both the groups (intraarticular and intravenous). The mean 48-hour drain collected is 285.6 ml in group A (intraarticular), while it is 325.8 ml in group B (intravenous); the mean drop in hemoglobin is 1.7 gm/dl in group A (intraarticular) while it is 2.4 gm/dl in group B (intravenous).

Conclusion

This study shows that topical intraarticular administration of TXA has better efficacy than intravenous TXA in controlling postoperative blood loss following primary uncomplicated TKR with no significant complications.

How to cite this article

Vijay A, Nageswaran J, Loganathan S, Bedford SC. Intraarticular vs Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Reduction of Blood Loss in Primary Total Knee Replacement. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):64-68.
A Rare Case of Gastric Diverticula on Posterior Wall associated with Cholelithiasis
Authors: Challa SR , Chinamilli Jaahnavi , Langati Rajeshwar Reddy
Published: August 2016

Gastric diverticulum is an extremely rare surgical condition. Most patients are asymptomatic, hence, the diagnosis is more often incidentally made than otherwise. They are usually congenital, solitary and are located on posterior wall and the lesser curvature. Patients presenting are usually between 20 and 50 years of age. Gastric diverticula harbor risk of the same complications as diverticula elsewhere in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as bleeding, diverticulitis, obstruction, perforation, ectopic tissue, and malignant transformation. We present a rare case of a 48-year-old female with gastric diverticula in the posterior wall of fundus of stomach with gallstone disease which was managed surgically and a brief review of literature.

How to cite this article

Challa SR, Chinamilli J, Langati RR. A Rare Case of Gastric Diverticula on Posterior Wall associated with Cholelithiasis. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):100-102.
Primary Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Devaraj Uma , Vellaisamy Gnanapriya , Rout Pritilata , Crasta Julian
Published: August 2016

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma lung (HAL) is an extremely rare type of extrahepatic adenocarcinoma with morphological similarity to hepatocellular carcinoma. We report a case of 59 years male smoker who presented with anorexia, weight loss and cough. Chest X-ray revealed a homogenous opacity in the left upper and mid zone. Computed tomography (CT) chest showed a left upper lobe mass with enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) was normal. Guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the mass revealed a few atypical cells. Endobronchial biopsy showed sheets of polygonal cells with coarsely clumped chromatin, eosinophilic nucleoli and abundant eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells were positive for hepatocyte-1, Carcinogenic embryonic antigen (CEA), Cytokeratin 7 (CK-7) and cytoplasmic positivity for thyroid transcription factor (TTF-1). After 3 months, the tumor had grown significantly. Due to its aggressive behavior, early and accurate diagnosis is necessary.

How to cite this article

Vellaisamy G, Rout P, Crasta J, Devaraj U. Primary Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma of the Lung. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(2):103-106.
Comparison of Two Methods: Problem-based Learning vs Lecture in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Workshops
Authors: Assadi Fardin , Khoshnevisasl Parisa , Sadeghzadeh Mansor , Kamali Korosh
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare problembased learning (PBL) with lecture presentation in education of clinical medical students in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) workshops.

Materials and methods

This crossover interventional study was conducted on clinical medical students in pediatric disease department of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. Fortyfour students were randomly divided into two groups and two subjects in IMCI courses were chosen. One of the topics was presented as lecture for the first group of students and as PBL for the second group. The second topic was presented as PBL for the first group and as lecture for the second group of students.

Results

The students’ scores in intervention groups for both topics of “loss of consciousness” and “management of diarrheal diseases” were significantly higher than controls. Each student got significantly higher score in subject presented as PBL. Students preferred PBL compared to lecture for increasing their motivation, a higher quality of education, knowledge retention, and class attractiveness.

Discussion

Besides the attractiveness of PBL, it seems that this method is more successful than lecture in increasing student's knowledge. We propose to use this method in workshops and medical education in clinic and hospital wards.

How to cite this article

Assadi F, Khoshnevisasl P, Sadeghzadeh M,Kamali K. Comparison of Two Methods: Problem-based Learning vs Lecture in Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Workshops. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):123-126
Biotechnological Inventions and Patent Law: National and International Perspective
Authors: Rattan Jyoti
Published: August 2016

In the knowledge society of 21st century, intellectual property rights (IPRs) are real assets and much more valuable and important than are materialistic assets like house, motor car, and so on. Patents are given for inventions which fulfill few important conditions, such as novelty, inventiveness, industrial application, and written description. Significantly, biotechnological invention involves monopoly over life or living beings or living processes, and morally and ethically these are considered to involve tinkering with life or nature. However, today, biotechnological inventions are patentable because of their benefits and utility to the industry. This article is a humble attempt to examine international and national law and judicial decisions relating to patents and biotechnological inventions from a theoretical perspective.

How to cite this article

Rattan J. Biotechnological Inventions and Patent Law: National and International Perspective. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):132-135.
Pictorial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Common Sports Injuries of Knee
Authors: Khandelwal Niranjan , Sinha Anindita , Dhillon Mandeep , Prakash Mahesh
Published: August 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often modality of choice to evaluate the sports related injuries involving knee joint. It is important for the clinicians to identify the common injuries pattern seen on MRI for quick management.

How to cite this article

Prakash M, Sinha A, Dhillon M, Khandelwal N. Pictorial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Common Sports Injuries of Knee. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):151-155.
An Uncommon Cause of Pathological Fracture: Tenofovir-induced Osteomalacia and acquired Fanconi's Syndrome in a Retroviral Patient
Authors: Vidyasagar Sudha , Komandla Shivaram R , Monigari Naresh K , Danturulu Muralidhar V
Published: August 2016

Here we report a 60-year-old female patient with retroviral illness on antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir/emitricitabine/ efavirenz since 4 years, who presented with fracture of the right 4th metatarsal and bone pains and was found to have hypophosphatemia with normal vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone levels. Further testing revealed elevated serum creatinine, phosphaturia, uricosuria, glycosuria, and metabolic acidosis supporting the diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome. Adverse drug reaction was suspected as the patient was on tenofovirbased regimen. Hence, it was stopped and, subsequently, oral phosphate supplementation was given. Patient improved after discontinuation of drug, confirming tenofovir as a cause of Fanconi syndrome. Serum phosphorous level returned to normal after 3 months of discontinuation of tenofovir. On follow-up, patient's phosphorous level was 3.2 mg/dL and oral phosphorous supplementation was stopped. This case shows the need for screening of proximal tubular function (serum creatinine, vitamin D levels, urine-phosphate, protein, and sugars). Usually tenofovir toxicity is reversible upon discontinuation of drug, but if toxicity goes unrecognized, prolonged usage of drug can cause irreversible tubular damage.

How to cite this article

Komandla SR, Monigari NK, Danturulu MV, Vidyasagar S. An Uncommon Cause of Pathological Fracture: Tenofovir-induced Osteomalacia and acquired Fanconi's Syndrome in a Retroviral Patient. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(3):156-158.
Seasonal Prediction of Winter Haze Days in the North-Central North China Plain
Authors: Yin Zhicong , Wang Huijun
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Recently, the winter (December–February) haze pollution over the North-Central North China Plain (NCP) has become severe. By treating the year-to-year increment as the predictand, two new statistical schemes were established using the multiple linear regression (MLR) and the generalized additive model (GAM) approaches. By analyzing the associated increment of atmospheric circulation, seven leading predictors were selected to predict the upcoming winter haze days over the NCP (WHDNCP). After cross validation, the root mean square error and explained variance of the MLR (GAM) prediction model was 3.39 (3.38) and 53 % (54 %), respectively. For the final predicted WHDNCP, both of these models could capture the interannual and interdecadal trends and the extremums successfully. Independent prediction tests for 2014 and 2015 also confirmed the good predictive skill of the new schemes. The predicted bias of the MLR (GAM) prediction model in 2014 and 2015 was 0.09 (−0.07) and −3.33 (−1.01), respectively. Compared to the MLR model, the GAM model had a higher predictive skill in reproducing the rapid and continuous increase of WHDNCP after 2010.
On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass
Authors: Pye Havala O. T. , Murphy Benjamin N. , Xu Lu , Ng Ng L. , Carlton Annmarie G. , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney , Vasilakos Petros , Appel K. Wyat , Budisulistiorini Sri Hapsari , Surratt Jason D. , Nenes Athanasios , Hu Weiwei , Jimenez Jose L. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel , Misztal Pawel K. , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Organic compounds and liquid water are major aerosol constituents in the southeast United States (SE US). Water associated with inorganic constituents (inorganic water) can contribute to the partitioning medium for organic aerosol when relative humidities or organic matter to organic carbon (OM/OC) ratios are high such that separation relative humidities (SRH) are below the ambient relative humidity (RH). As OM/OC ratios in the SE US are often between 1.8 and 2.2, organic aerosol experiences both mixing with inorganic water and separation from it. Regional chemical transport model simulations including inorganic water (but excluding water uptake by organic compounds) in the partitioning medium for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) when RH > SRH led to increased SOA concentrations, particularly at night. Water uptake to the organic phase resulted in even greater SOA concentrations as a result of a positive feedback in which water uptake increased SOA, which further increased aerosol water and organic aerosol. Aerosol properties, such as the OM/OC and hygroscopicity parameter (κorg), were captured well by the model compared with measurements during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) 2013. Organic nitrates from monoterpene oxidation were predicted to be the least water-soluble semivolatile species in the model, but most biogenically-derived semivolatile species in the CMAQ model were highly water soluble, and expected to contribute to water soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Organic aerosol and SOA precursors were abundant at night; but, additional improvements in daytime organic aerosol are needed to close the model-measurement gap. By taking into account deviations from ideality, including both inorganic (when RH > SRH) and organic water in the organic partitioning medium reduced the mean bias in SOA for routine monitoring networks and improved model performance compared to observations from SOAS. Property updates from this work will be released in CMAQ v5.2.
Global emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases 2005–2050 with abatement potentials and costs
Authors: Purohit Pallav , Höglund-Isaksson Lena
Published: August 2016

Abstract. This study uses the GAINS model framework to estimate current and future emissions of the fluorinated greenhouse gases HFCs/HCFCs, PFCs and SF6 (F-gases), their abatement potentials and costs for twenty source sectors and 162 countries/regions, which are aggregated to produce global estimates. Global F-gas emissions are estimated at 0.95 Pg CO2eq in 2005 with an expected increase to 3.7 Pg CO2eq in 2050 if application of control technology remains at the current level. There are extensive opportunities to reduce emissions using existing technology and alternative substances with low global warming potential. Estimates show that it would be technically feasible to reduce cumulative F-gas emissions by 86 percent between 2018 and 2050. A reduction in cumulative emissions by 72 percent is estimated possible at a marginal abatement cost below 10 € / t CO2eq. We also find that future F-gas abatement is expected to be relatively more costly for developing than for developed countries due to differences in the sector distribution of emissions and abatement potentials.
Determination of zenith hydrostatic delays and the development of
new global long-term GNSS-derived precipitable water vapor
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Zhang Kefei , Wu Suqin , He Changyong , Cheng Yingyan , Li Xingxing
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Surface pressure is a vital meteorological variable for the accurate determination of precipitable water vapor (PWV) using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The lack of pressure observations is a big issue for the study of climate using historical GNSS observations, which is a relatively new area of GNSS applications in climatology. Hence the use of the surface pressure derived from either an empirical model (e.g. Global Pressure and Temperature 2 wet, GPT2w) or a global atmospheric reanalysis (e.g. ERA-Interim) becomes an important alternative solution. In this study, pressure derived from these two methods is compared against the pressure observed at 108 global GNSS stations for the period 2000–2013. Results show that a good accuracy is achieved from the GPT2w-derived pressure in the latitude band of −30 to 30° and the average value of Root-Mean-Square (RMS) errors across all the stations in this region is 2.4 mb. Correspondingly, an error of 5.6 mm and 1.0 mm in its resultant zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) and PWV is expected. In addition, GPT2w-derived pressure usually has a larger error in the cold season due to large diurnal ranges, which is not considered in the GPT2w model. The average value of the RMS errors of the ERA-Interim-derived pressure across all the 108 stations is 1.1 mb, which will lead to an equivalent error of 2.5 mm and 0.4 mm in its resultant ZHD and PWV respectively. Our research also indicates that the ERA-Interim-derived pressure has the potential to be used as a useful meteorological data source to obtain high accuracy PWV on a global scale for climate studies and the GPT2w-derived pressure can be potentially used for climatology as well although it may be only suitable for the tropical regions.
An update on the uncertainties of water vapor measurements using cryogenic
frost point hygrometers
Authors: Vömel Holger , Naebert Tatjana , Dirksen Ruud , Sommer Michael
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Long time series of observations of essential climate variables in the troposphere and stratosphere are often impacted by inconsistencies in instrumentation and ambiguities in the interpretation of the data. To reduce these problems of long-term data series, all measurements should include an estimate of their uncertainty and a description of their sources. Here we present an update of the uncertainties for tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor observations using the cryogenic frost point hygrometer (CFH). The largest source of measurement uncertainty is the controller stability, which is discussed here in detail. We describe a method to quantify this uncertainty for each profile based on the measurements. We also show the importance of a manufacturer-independent ground check, which is an essential tool to continuously monitor the uncertainty introduced by instrument variability. A small bias, which has previously been indicated in lower tropospheric measurements, is described here in detail and has been rectified. Under good conditions, the total from all sources of uncertainty of frost point or dew point measurements using the CFH can be better than 0.2 K. Systematic errors, which are most likely to impact long-term climate series, are verified to be less than 0.1 K. The impact of the radiosonde pressure uncertainty on the mixing ratio for properly processed radiosondes is considered small. The mixing ratio uncertainty may be as low as 2 to 3 %. The impact of the ambient temperature uncertainty on relative humidity (RH) is generally larger than that of the frost point uncertainty. The relative RH uncertainty may be as low as 2 % in the lower troposphere and 5 % in the tropical tropopause region.
Inverse scattering problem in turbulent magnetic fluctuations
Authors: Treumann Rudolf A. , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Narita Yasuhito
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We apply a particular form of the inverse scattering theory to turbulent magnetic fluctuations in a plasma. In the present note we develop the theory, formulate the magnetic fluctuation problem in terms of its electrodynamic turbulent response function, and reduce it to the solution of a special form of the famous Gelfand–Levitan–Marchenko equation of quantum mechanical scattering theory. The last of these applies to transmission and reflection in an active medium. The theory of turbulent magnetic fluctuations does not refer to such quantities. It requires a somewhat different formulation. We reduce the theory to the measurement of the low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuation spectrum, which is not the turbulent spectral energy density. The inverse theory in this form enables obtaining information about the turbulent response function of the medium. The dynamic causes of the electromagnetic fluctuations are implicit to it. Thus, it is of vital interest in low-frequency magnetic turbulence. The theory is developed until presentation of the equations in applicable form to observations of turbulent electromagnetic fluctuations as input from measurements. Solution of the final integral equation should be done by standard numerical methods based on iteration. We point to the possibility of treating power law fluctuation spectra as an example. Formulation of the problem to include observations of spectral power densities in turbulence is not attempted. This leads to severe mathematical problems and requires a reformulation of inverse scattering theory. One particular aspect of the present inverse theory of turbulent fluctuations is that its structure naturally leads to spatial information which is obtained from the temporal information that is inherent to the observation of time series. The Taylor assumption is not needed here. This is a consequence of Maxwell's equations, which couple space and time evolution. The inversion procedure takes advantage of a particular mapping from time to space domains. Though the theory is developed for homogeneous stationary non-flowing media, its extension to include flows, anisotropy, non-stationarity, and the presence of spectral lines, i.e. plasma eigenmodes like those present in the foreshock or the magnetosheath, is obvious.
Regional disaster impact analysis: comparing input–output and computable
general equilibrium models
Authors: Koks Elco E. , Carrera Lorenzo , Jonkeren Olaf , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H. , Husby Trond G. , Thissen Mark , Standardi Gabriele , Mysiak Jaroslav
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A variety of models have been applied to assess the economic losses of disasters, of which the most common ones are input–output (IO) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. In addition, an increasing number of scholars have developed hybrid approaches: one that combines both or either of them in combination with noneconomic methods. While both IO and CGE models are widely used, they are mainly compared on theoretical grounds. Few studies have compared disaster impacts of different model types in a systematic way and for the same geographical area, using similar input data. Such a comparison is valuable from both a scientific and policy perspective as the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the estimated losses are born likely to vary with the chosen modelling approach (IO, CGE, or hybrid). Hence, regional disaster impact loss estimates resulting from a range of models facilitate better decisions and policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the economic consequences for a specific case study, using three regional disaster impact models: two hybrid IO models and a CGE model. The case study concerns two flood scenarios in the Po River basin in Italy. Modelling results indicate that the difference in estimated total (national) economic losses and the regional distribution of those losses may vary by up to a factor of 7 between the three models, depending on the type of recovery path. Total economic impact, comprising all Italian regions, is negative in all models though.
The Parallels between Mass Incarceration and Mass Deportation: An Intersectional Analysis of State Repression
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya
Published: August 2016

In the spring of 2014, President Obama’s administration reached a landmark of over 2 million deportations—more in under six years than the sum total of all deportations prior to 1997. Mass deportation has not affected all communities equally: the vast majority of deportees are Latin American and Caribbean men. Today, nearly 90 percent of deportees are men, and over 97 percent of deportees are Latin American or Caribbean. This article explores the global context under which mass deportation has occurred and draws parallels with mass incarceration. Whereas other scholars have characterized mass deportation as a tool of social or migration control, this article argues that mass deportation is best understood as a racialized and gendered tool of state repression implemented in a time of crisis. I argue that the confluence of four factors has created the conditions of possibility for mass deportation from the United States: (1) nearly all deportees are Latin American and Caribbean men; (2) the rise of a politics of fear in the aftermath of the attacks of September 11th; (3) the global financial crisis; and (4) the utility of deportees
Prospects of Decline and Hegemonic Shifts for the West
Authors: Komlosy Andrea
Published: August 2016

The decline of the “West” and the loss of U.S. global hegemony is accompanied by a three-sided debate. Some scholars have argued that emerging powers in the Global South will succeed the United States and assume a hegemonic role in the world-economy. They argue that China or an alliance of semi-peripheral states in the South will dominate capitalist or post-capitalist cycles of accumulation in the future. Other scholars rather think that China and other emerging states will find it difficult to catch up and assume a hegemonic role. This paper discusses the consequences of decline for the West and describes three possible western responses to its global economic and hegemonic decline: Resisting Decline—The West will seek to maintain its claim to lead by mobilizing defensive and aggressive military forces, searching for new alliances and partnerships, undermining old and new competitors; Suffering (Semi-) Peripheralization—The West will surrender control of global commodity chains, which will move to the new cores, a development that will contribute to social polarization and the precarization of labour-relations in the old core; Accepting Re-regionalization/Provincialization—The West will accept the loss of hegemony and become just another “province” of the world.
Brazil and the BRICS: The Trap of Short Time
Authors: Vieira Pedro Antonio , Ouriques Helton Ricardo
Published: August 2016

In this paper we examine the BRICS by focusing on one of its member states: Brazil. More specifically, we focus on the relationship between Brazilian foreign policy under President Lula (2003-2010), U.S. hegemonic decline, and the commodity boom that provided economic resources to sustain Brazil’s position in world politics. With the world financial crisis of 2008, Lula’s belle époque came to an end. Without the abundant resources of commodity exports, Lula’s successor, Dilma Rousseff, tried unsuccessfully to combat the economic slowdown by further strengthening the economic role of the state. With this expansionist economic policy, she was elected for a second term in office, but immediately embraced the previous orthodox economic policies, what coupled with lack of support from the Congress, threw the government into crisis. As a result, not only has the political economy of Brazil re-aligned with the interests of financial capital, but also its foreign policy has returned to its historical alignment with the United States. Our contention is that the BRICS will soon be of no relevance to Brazil.