bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work, Money and Duality
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

This book provides readers a rare opportunity to hear from some of the most hidden off-street sex workers in the population, those living dual lives, trading sex alongside ‘square’ mainstream employment. Stereotypes about who trades sex, of ‘exiting’ and transitioning to and from sex work as being chaotic, as well as simplistic, binary framings of sex work as something one is either in or out of, trapped or survived, are challenged by these sex workers whose practices uncover a fluid Continuum of Sex Industry Work and Square Work (SIWSQ) Involvement. Sex workers (Contributors) share lived experiences of combating labour precarity and insecure work, concerns about Brexit, and the UK Whorearchy that stratifies the sex industry and influences pricing and value, along with the stress of keeping secrets while living under the constant threat of being outed. Contributors engage in skilful stigma-avoidance, selective disclosure, on-and offline audience/information segregation, and manage people and devices to conceal stigmatised work in the digital age. The phenomenon of duality is thoroughly examined and in doing so we learn about the impacts of constructing a precarious labour markets while legislating poverty, and the lies we propagate about who trades sex and how we treat them. Ultimately, those living dual lives do so in response to economic conditions that we co-create. Our focus must be on reshaping the structures, systems and social forms that circumscribe our social realities and not in the vilification of these innovators.
Introduction
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

Introduction Part One: ‘You might as well just hang up your bra and go home’ contains the research study design, interpretive phenomenology as the theoretical approach and methodology, and shares the central research question and the challenges of enumerating sex industry workers. It discusses ethical considerations and explains why ethnographic and biological information is presented in aggregate and anonymous forms that prevents the reverse engineering of Contributor profiles. Introduction Part Two: The Contributors presents ethnographic and aggregate statistical information about Contributor’s biographies in terms of work experience, gender and age for example. Contributors discuss their high educational attainment, skills and the status frustration that comes about as a result of the lack of opportunities for full-time, meaningful, liveable waged jobs commensurate with education.
“I am the same me in bookings as I am out”: Sage
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

Contributors’ choices about identification with sex work and square work are related to post-structural theories of identities and inform elements of macro and micro role transitioning necessary for duality. Insights from Stuart hall, as well as Goffmanian, Du Boisian approaches to understanding social identities, double consciousness, and the differing presentations of self, necessary for managing identity and information, aid in deepening understanding of role transition as it relates to stigmatised workers. Literature on macro and micro role transition and rites of passage supplement descriptions of Contributors’ rituals of movement and the mental shifts made between roles and how they construct their work environments and social life-worlds in ways that promote seamless role transitions and separation for those who work from home.
“I was an escort on a bike”: Kora
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

Goffman’s works on strategies about concealing stigmatised identities that relate to double, double biographies, line and face and appearance management are brought to life through the experiences of Contributors. Some of these sex workers create psychological and geographical distance between work sites and personal lives, transition roles, personas and attire in the liminal spaces and manage audiences and information across employment settings in sex work and square work. The Dual-life Relational Paradigm Venn diagram illustrates seven relational fields in which information and relationships from sex work, square work and personal lives may collide. Contributors safeguard against accidental revelation and the intermingling of people who ‘know’ them differently or being caught in the wrong place with the wrong face. Contributors discuss their experiences of managing information communication technologies (ICTs), devices, and the risks and experiences of being ‘outed’ through technology and ends with their commentary on digital surveillance when living a dual life.
“Maybe it will be good for British girls because less Europeans coming into the industry”: Darcy
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

This chapter opens with the diverse perspectives of Contributors about Brexit and how they anticipated leaving the EU would affect their (sex) work and identities. Their insights were collected beginning just before the June 23rd 2016 EU referendum and Contributors were particularly concerned with the anticipated economic outcomes of leaving the single market but doubly so, as this geo-political decision had already begun to affect both their sex industry work and mainstream jobs. The sex industry is shaped by a range of sentiments heard in the public domain among Brexiteers and Remainers and this discourse ‘visibilised’ a UK Whorearchy, a hierarchy that ranks desirable race and gender qualities and other factors for example, and in this case, cultural origin to organise sex workers from most valuable and high priced to less so. This Brexit-inspired UK whorearchy highly valued ‘white Britishness’ such that white migrant Eastern Europeans were virtually constructed out of whiteness, slipping down the rungs of the UK Whorearchy. Literature on Balkanism and colourism help make the argument that the UK Whorearchy is reflective of mainstream societal values and must be viewed in relation to similar stratifications in the dual labour market.
“I was outed in one of the tabloid newspapers”: Anonymous
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

This chapter opens with literature around stigma and presents Contributors’ insights and challenges with concealing discrediting information, as well as their fears and lived experiences of being outed as sex workers. Unfortunately, we do not treat active or former sex workers with compassion for the contexts in which they (and the rest of us) make decisions about their livelihoods. They experience status loss and social death as a result of the deleterious effects of ‘whore’ stigma. Blending literature on deception and secret-keeping, Contributors express the costs associated with hiding in plain sight and concealing work to protect themselves and their loved ones from us.
“Don’t judge us as different from you”: Wyatt
Authors: Bowen Raven
Published: January 2022

This chapter reflects on Contributors’ experiences and major themes discussed in the book. It highlights the need for sex worker control over sex industries and the hypocrisy in how we treat people who trade sex. No other contemporary population of marginalised, poor (mostly women) in the UK context are prevented from defining harm and speaking their situations in order to influence policies. Blocking sex workers from the chance to educate the community, politicians, police and the policymakers about what it will take to expand choice and increase safety and security for their populations is unethical. This chapter presents the argument that active sex workers must be meaningfully involved in interventions that are meant to improve their lives and that in fact, we do not treat sex workers as we do other victims. Many choose to cleave to notions of sex workers as sinners and deviant fallen women without explicitly admitting to this. As a consequence, sex workers receive conditional social and legal protections if they declare sex work as inherently violent and accept rescue. The chapter appeals to the better angels of our nature, in a call to transcend polarising ideologies and exclusionary practices, to respect the self-definitions, analyses, priorities of adults in sex industries, and work together with them to end exploitation and violence against sex workers
Concepts and misconceptions
Authors: Darko Natalie
Published: January 2022

Terms such as race, ethnicity, BME (Black and Minority Ethnic) and BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) are commonly used in health practice and research. However, understandings of the terms vary and are commonly misunderstood. This chapter provides an outline of the meanings frequently used for these terms and how they are applied in this text. Attention focuses on the concept of hard to reach and its assignment to BME populations who are presumed to not engage in health services and research. The reasons as to why BME people are conceptualised in this way in health services and research is also discussed.
It is acknowledged that academics and practitioners have been debating this term for some time but little progress has been made in advancing it and the exclusionary practices that accompany it. Reflecting on when and why this has occurred, is an important starting point for introducing this text. Therefore, a historical account of the concept of hard to reach and of the challenges faced when doing inclusive research are discussed. This chapter aligns to existing research in this field that acknowledges BME people are still being treated differently by service providers and feel unequal to White -British groups.
The importance of intersectionality
Authors: Darko Natalie
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on current academic definitions of intersectionality and highlights why this term is important for the delivery of health interventions for BME groups. In recognition of recent research on intersectionality, additional dimensions of difference and marginality for ethnic minority groups are discussed here.A brief exploration of some of the current health interventions and studies that employ an intersectional approach is also provided. However, it is argued that few in the UK facilitate a focus on this approach. Furthermore, few apply the theory to examine the interconnected ways in which multiple aspects of identity impact on health and access to healthcare interventions for BME people. This chapter sets the context for the subsequent chapter, in which a research case study is presented about why intersectionality theory assists in addressing misconceptions about BME groups as being hard to reach in health intervention delivery.
Practical prescriptions for governing fragmented governments
Authors: Swann William L , Kim Seo Young
Published: January 2022

This chapter elaborates the Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework, which has emerged as an analytical lens for understanding collaboration in fragmented governance. It reviews how ICA dilemmas or situations in which an authority's incentives do not align with collectively desired outcomes, arise from spillovers of policy choice and design that transcend jurisdictions. It also talks about ICA dilemmas that stem from fragmentation and lead to inefficient behaviour, such as free riding and service duplication. The chapter extracts practical lessons and theoretical propositions from ICA research that is focused on fragmented arenas, such as watershed management, environmental policy, emergency management and economic development. It mentions that policymakers can reduce collaboration risk and uncertainty with multiple strategies that can facilitate the adoption of more self-organized integrative mechanisms.
No Jobs, No Hope: The Future of Youth Employment in Spain
Authors: Arco-Tirado José L. , Fernández-Martín Francisco D. , Jagannathan Radha
Published: January 2022

The chapter authors Jose Luis Arco-Tirado, Francisco D. Fernández-Martín, and Radha Jagannathan take an empirical perspective to the chronically high youth unemployment in Spain and provide details on its correlates. After a review of comparative unemployment statistics for youth in Spain and in the EU, the chapter presents a historical record of the reforms Spain implemented in its education and vocational systems and whether these reforms have been effective. It then undertakes a review of the active labor market policies aimed at skills activation and skills matching that Spain implemented immediately following the great recession under the Youth Guarantee program, and provides a discussion on whether these efforts have been productive. The chapter concludes with (a) a comparison of the existing VET system with the German apprenticeship model and the barriers that need to be overcome before the latter can fully be transplanted in Spain, and (b) some final thoughts on the paradoxical nature of the data on entrepreneurship gleaned from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM).
The Criminal Process and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Criminal investigations and the criminal justice system are popularly characterised as a pursuit of the truth. Underlying this is the notion that there is a single, objectively verifiable truth. Chapter 1 starts by situating the trial in historical context and reviews earlier means of ascertaining liability. Many of the processes described appear absurd (and often barbaric) to contemporary eyes, but, historically, there was an acceptance that the methods had probative value. There was also a belief in absolute truth, which these techniques would expose. However, the Chapter reveals truth to be conceptually complex and contested. Attention will also be given to lying, showing that falsity does not necessitate bad faith. This finding is vital to later Chapters as it shows that erroneous conclusions can be drawn despite all parties acting in good faith and believing in the veracity of their accounts.
Allegations
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Crimes seldom come to official attention unless an allegation is made by a member of the public. Chapter 2 considers the manner in which allegations are made and are responded to. Given the centrality to the criminal justice process, this is an under-explored research area. This chapter considers allegations in the context of historical child sexual abuse cases has focused attention on a number of associated issues. It explores the nature of allegations in the criminal justice process and the ways in which ‘credibility’ and ‘truth’ is examined and evidenced. The chapter will consider the work of Janice Haaken, and approaches to ‘false allegations’ including the work of Engle and O’Donoghue and the position of allegations made by the honest but mistaken witness. False allegations are sometimes made and a balance has to be struck between encouraging victims to report crimes and subjecting their evidence to scrutiny so that miscarriages of justice are avoided.
Confessions
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Confessions are commonly viewed as determinative of guilt. Psychological research and documented miscarriages of justice, however, show that confessions are not always reliable: some are induced through oppression, whilst some feel a pressing need to admit ‘guilt’ despite bearing no responsibility. The implications for truth-finding are obvious – ascribing ‘guilt’ to the wrong party leads to an unjust outcome for the confessor and may result in the guilty party evading detection. The legal response recognises a need for protection, both from factual miscarriages of justice and from oppressive or unfair investigatory practice. Here another limitation on truth-finding will be discussed; namely where a truthful confession is excluded because of how it was obtained.
Truth and the Criminal Trial: Competing Stories
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

In a contested trial, the defence has the opportunity to submit a counter narrative. These alternative narratives are considered in Chapter 7. Considering the centrality of the contested criminal trial in the popular imagination, there is a surprising lack of academic research into how contested trials operate. By design, alternative narratives are constructed and presented to the fact-finder that dispute the factual and legal culpability of the accused. The rules of engagement are strict. Evidence that juries may find of relevance may sometimes be withheld, for example, evidence of previous bad character relating to an accused or evidence of a complainant’s sexual history in a rape case. This suggests that juries may attach disproportionate weight to evidence jeopardising the fairness of the trial. Issues also surround the use of expert witnesses. The presentation of complex evidence can lead to misunderstanding on the part of lay people and can also mask the fact that there can be scientific disagreement over the interpretation of evidence (as was seen famously in the ‘cot death’ cases). The way in which evidential rules concerning trials hinder truth-finding is the central focus of this Chapter.
Truth, Sentencing and Punishment
Authors: Hillier Tim , Dingwall Gavin
Published: January 2022

Questions of fact remain vital after a determination or admission of guilt. An initial task is to decide precisely what the offender has admitted to? ‘Negotiated justice’ may be a more explicit process in other jurisdiction, but serious charges are sometimes dropped in England and Wales where a willingness to admit guilt to a lesser charge is made known. This has the effect of distorting the reality of the event by minimising its seriousness. English law (generally) requires proportionality between the seriousness of the offence and the resultant punishment. Misrepresenting the truth of the criminal event leads to an unmerited punishment. Sentencers in England and Wales must follow sentencing guidelines which specify factors of relevance. The Chapter concludes with an assessment of how this process prescribes factual relevance at the sentencing stage.
The Fetus
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the legal status of the fetus and debates around its moral status. These demonstrate what is seen as necessary or valuable for human beings. The chapter highlights how the law and some moral theories elevates the importance of intellectual capacity as key to moral value. It promotes a view that relationships of care should be seen as central to moral value.
Childhood
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the legal and social responses to childhood. It explores the contradictory messages that are sent by the law about children. It also considers the importance attached to the concept of “Gillick competence”. The chapter highlights how childhood is seen in distinction from adulthood and the debates around the “goods of childhood”. The concepts of children’s rights and the best interest of the child are explored.
Old Age
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the legal and social responses to old age. It considers the competing images of “active ageing” and “vulnerable older people”. It considers the legal response to age discrimination and elder abuse and the assumptions around old which underpin them.
Death
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter consider the debates around the definition of death. It argues that these reveal much about what is thought to be important in life. It also shows tensions about who has the authority to define issues such as death. The chapter also considers the debates around assisted dying.
Mental Capacity
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the issue of mental capacity. It examines how the law assesses whether a person has capacity. It also explains the weight the law attaches to the decisions of those with capacity. It explores the debates around advance directives and how these deal with the interests of people at different stages of their life course.
Introduction
Authors: Chakma Bhumitra
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines how the chapters explain the politics of regionalism in South Asia and trace the origins and evolution of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) from its inception to the present day.
The ‘Risk’ Society Thesis and the Culture(s) of Crime Control
Authors: Arrigo Bruce A. , Sellers Brian G.
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses three issues of philosophical and criminological significance. The significance to which we refer is the “risk” society thesis and its elaboration. This elaboration provides relevant contextual grounding for the chapters that make up this volume. In Section I, we explain how risk-as-currency (i.e., the management of human relating) is both historically contingent and made manifest through the process of reification, and we review reification’s modern, late modern and postmodern risk-as-currency incarnations. In Section II, we specify what the psychoanalytic and jurisprudential forces of reification are, and we explain how their interdependencies produce interrelated forms (i.e., reified forms) of risk management. In Section III, we speculate on what the currency of human relating and of economic exchange is in the current or ultramodern era, and we consider the ontological and epistemological captivity that follows from excessive investments in this era’s reified forms of risk management.
Towards Predictivity? Immediacy and Imminence in the Electronic Monitoring of Offenders
Authors: Nellis Mike
Published: January 2022

The electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders bestowed on community corrections a hitherto unattainable capacity for remote, real-time oversight (“immediacy”) over offenders’ movements and schedules. Emerging forms of algorithmic prediction may shift EM’s focus to “imminence detection” via smartphones and the vastly increased datasets they generate. Some EM vendors anticipate this, and even the National Institute of Justice is considering Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a means of managing community correctional processes. AI and smartphone monitoring could have a transformational impact on community corrections, and the cultural allure of predictivity will play a part in establishing that, but the perceived need to punish will impede the full organizational adoption of predictivity. Tangible immediacy will still matter more than nebulous imminence.
Big Data, Cyber Security and Liberty
Authors: Lee Jin Ree , Holt Thomas J.
Published: January 2022

Big data, generally defined as voluminous datasets that cannot be processed by traditional information technology within a tolerable time, is increasingly used by both industry personnel and academic researchers to examine various trends that can support and/or challenge wider assumptions. The benefits of analyzing big data rests in its ability to consolidate an enormous amount of data resulting in more accurate predictions. Despite its various benefits, big data presents many challenges to both its participants and users. This chapter will examine the benefits and concerns of big data, beginning with an introduction of big data and its defining characteristics. Then, we consider how big data is used by both industry and academic researchers. The chapter will conclude with a discussion on the risks and implications posed by using big data.
Towards Theory: People, Places and Voices
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a brief overview of the research undertaken. Whilst a technical appendices goes into more detail, here Szifris describes what the research involved, where it was delivered, and the people who participated. The chapter details data collection methods and analysis and outlines the preparation and pilot work.
Survival, Plato and the Ideal Society
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on context, specifically the prison context. Introducing the theme through classroom discussions of Plato and the ideal society, the chapter describes previous work around the prison society. Drawing explicitly on classic and more recent prison sociological texts, Szifris outlines what is currently understood about how prisons work and what they are like for the individual entering them. The chapter concludes with a clear articulation of the survival identity.
‘Why Do You Think That?’ Descartes, Hume and Knowledge
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This chapter is the first of five ‘findings’ chapters and focuses on the them of ‘openness’. Beginning, as the research did, at Grendon the chapter provides a rich and detailed description of the therapeutic environment of Grendon. Drawing explicitly on the words of the participants and their experience of philosophy, the chapter defines open-mindedness and describes how the philosophy class encouraged more open ways of thinking. Finally, drawing on sessions discussing Descartes and Hume, the chapter provides an insight into pedagogy offering an explanation of how philosophy broadens perspectives.
Final Reflections
Authors: Szifris Kirstine
Published: January 2022

This final, short chapter, offers a brief account of the research and the role philosophy could potentially play in the lives of people in prison.
Guerrilla Democracy
Authors: Bloom Peter , Jones Owain Smolović , Woodcock Jamie
Published: January 2022

This book explores the potential of digital technologies to revolutionise political and economic organizing. To do so, it introduces the new concepts of mobile power and viral hegemony, revealing a new type of domination centred on flexibility, adaptability, and managed innovation. It reveals how neoliberalism draws its strength from the (im)material labour of contemporary subjects to adapt their diverse material and digital contexts to best reflect its capitalist ideologies. Required to counter these “infectious” hegemonic discourses is a radical guerrilla democratic politics which creatively disrupts the status quo in order to concretely reimagine the social and radically reconnect those within it. Emerging is a technologically sophisticated guerrilla democracy in which people can create the conditions for large scale progressive insurrections from the bottom up, opening up previously closed spaces and topics, while fostering a new “commons sense” for reordering and rematerialising our contemporary existence.
Introducing Mobile Power and Guerrilla Politics
Authors: Bloom Peter , Jones Owain Smolović , Woodcock Jamie
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter reveals highlights the need to reveal new mobile technologies as dynamic forces profoundly influencing contemporary power and the possibility of present day revolution.. It combines, in this respect, cutting edge theories of power and post-human theory with in-depth empirical explorations of actually existing examples of guerrilla democracy. A key aspect of its originality, in this regard, is linking economic and political movements, revealing their productive tensions and potential points of solidarity. Emerging from this investigation we hope is a new theory of 21st century “guerrilla democracy”, which will help extend understanding of contemporary politics and movements across disciplinary and practice lines. Concretely, it reflects the creative and disruptive ways these mobile technologies and newly politicised subjects merge to create a novel subjectivity, a post-human counter-hegemony to challenge entrenched power regimes both politically and economically. In this respect, it seeks to refocus radicalism into a revolutionary guerrilla politics that can resist infectious dominant discourses and foster contagious revolutionary alternatives for reimagining, reordering, reconnecting, resituating, rematerialising, and resolidifying the world according to viral and perpetually expanding “commons” based values and practices.
The Spread of Viral Politics
Authors: Bloom Peter , Jones Owain Smolović , Woodcock Jamie
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduced the significance of virality for deepening our understanding of social ordering and hegemony both fundamentally and as specific to the contemporary period. It highlighted the existence of “viral logics” as representative of the capacity of a dominant discourse to spread across contexts. To a certain extent, virality is a foundational dimension to any and all social orders and forms of hegemonic domination. However, it has become especially prescient in this time of greater mobile organisation, where the emphasis is less on controlling territories or conforming populations and more on shaping and forming hegemonic networks and connections. In our viral times it is, hence, not a question of whether or not different and new worlds will be created. The very mobility of power and the virality of modern life make this not only inevitable but a defining feature of our existence. The real question, rather, is what type of mobile and viral worlds will emerge? More precisely, will we be exposed to the infection of more contagious capitalism or can we build our resistances to this viral discourse in the name of spreading a new revolutionary contagion?
Mobile Organizing in the 21st Century
Authors: Bloom Peter , Jones Owain Smolović , Woodcock Jamie
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter focuses on the fundamental and increasing mobility of power and virality of order. In particular, it has sought to highlight the infectious character of hegemonic discourses and their wider epidemic threat. By contrast, it revealed the possibilities of building up glocal resistances to these dominant infectious discourses and ultimately even contagious alternatives that can spread into revolutionary pandemics. Crucial, in this respect, is the challenging and evolution of social innovation for disruptive forms of political creation - ones which materialise and solidify new possibilities for a more egalitarian, free, and “commons” based existence locally and globally.
‘On the Clients’ Terms’: Sex Work Before Decriminalisation
Authors: Jordan Jan
Published: January 2022

Prior to the passing of the PRA in 2003, selling sexual services was effectively illegal and sex workers managed ongoing risks of criminalisation and associated fear. The legal consequences of soliciting charges were severe and had significant and enduring impacts. Sex workers were also highly vulnerable to abuse, violence and exploitation, while their clients were able to operate with relative impunity, representing a significant double standard.
This chapter outlines the history of prostitution in New Zealand, focusing on the social and legal context in the years leading up to the passing of the PRA. It draws on existing research documenting both the social stigma associated with prostitution as well as the legal sanctions against sex workers. As such this chapter provides a contextual framework for the chapters that follow by offering a window into how sex workers’ lives were negatively impacted upon, and their safety compromised, by the legal environment pre-decriminalisation.
Stepping Forward Into the Light of Decriminalisation
Authors: Healy Dame Catherine , Pickering Annah , Hati Chanel
Published: January 2022

The New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective (NZPC), formed in 1987 by sex workers, led the advocacy for the decriminalisation of sex work in New Zealand. Since this time, the organisation has maintained a prominent role in supporting sex workers to realise their rights and is often called upon to assist in addressing situations where sex workers can access justice. Reflecting on times prior to, during, and after the legislative change that decriminalised sex work, this chapter explores key issues that face sex workers in New Zealand’s decriminalised sex industry.
While the decriminalised model has had significant benefits, sex workers continue to negotiate challenges in this context. This chapter outlines the formation of the NZPC, reflecting on the issues facing sex workers prior to the law change, and the process of decriminalisation, before discussing enduring issues relating to its implementation. As such, this chapter outlines the situation regarding sex worker’s rights in the current context, highlighting the strengths and limitations of the decriminalised framework and presenting a vision for the future to further enhance the rights of sex workers in New Zealand and beyond.
The Disclosure Dilemma: Stigma and Talking About Sex Work in the Decriminalised Context
Authors: Armstrong Lynzi , Fraser Cherida
Published: January 2022

It is widely understood that sex workers are particularly vulnerable to being impacted by stigma, which has serious consequences. Stigma is thought to be exacerbated by the criminalisation of sex work and means that sex workers often live ‘double lives’ in largely keeping their work a secret from those around them to manage risks. However, very little is known about how stigma operates in a decriminalised context and specifically its impacts on the disclosure dilemma that many sex workers manage. This chapter examines this issue, drawing on in-depth interviews with 20 sex workers in New Zealand. Specifically, this chapter explores participants’ experiences of telling friends and family members about their work, the process of deciding who to tell, and the emotional labour of managing responses to these disclosures. Examining these experiences in the context of decriminalisation, this chapter considers the extent to which this context is helping to foster an environment in which it is safer and more comfortable for sex workers to talk about their work with people in their lives.
Contested Space: Street-based Sex Workers and Community Engagement
Authors: Abel Gillian
Published: January 2022

Street-based sex workers are part of the community in which they work – some live close to where they work and most contribute to the economy of the community through patronage of cafes, service stations and other shops. Yet they are marginalised and stigmatised and are seldom seen as community members by business owners and residents within that community. This chapter draws on interviews with street-based sex workers, residents, Council representatives and outreach workers in two cities in New Zealand. It discusses the spaces within these two cities where street-based sex work is (and is not) accepted by others in the community, as well as how the tensions within these spaces have been addressed. The chapter argues for a community engagement process to relieve community tensions rather than regulatory approaches, which too often have unintended consequences.
Sharing Care: An Introduction
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Hodkinson Paul
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter sets out the context for the book’s focus on equal and primary carer fathers, establishing the value of greater fatherly involvement in early years care for broader gender equality, and identifying the notion of equal care sharing between fathers and mothers as an understudied area. The authors go on to outline the nature of the research on which the book based and to introduce the book’s focus on journeys in caregiving fathers’ practices and identities over time, particularly in relation to the existing notion of undoing gender and the authors new concept of fatherly care horizons.
Daytime Social Isolation from Other Parents
Authors: Brooks Rachel , Hodkinson Paul
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines how the fathers in the study often felt out-of-place within daytime spaces, experienced difficulties interacting with other parents, and were sometimes isolated on the days they cared for their children alone. Comparing these findings with existing literature, the authors explore the reasons why caregiving fathers tend to stay at home alone with their children and the implications for their own well-being and for the prospects of broader take-up by men of shared care arrangements. While fathers themselves commonly individualised the issue by putting their isolation down to their own introverted nature, the authors’ analysis suggests more collective and structural factors were at play. The chapter explores the implications of these findings for some of the themes raised in previous chapters of the book, including their impact on the establishment of ‘interchangeable’ parental identities and the development of the men’s fatherly care horizons – suggesting that, for many although not all of our fathers, while experiences within the home were largely positive, parenting outside the home and in daytime public spaces presented a challenge.
Personal Happiness, Social Unhappiness: Understanding the Complexity of Individual Happiness Accounts
Authors: Tross David
Published: January 2022

While concerted, inter-disciplinary efforts have been made to measure happiness and wellbeing at national and international levels, an over-reliance on quantitative data generated through numerical self-reports has meant that a limited, thin- sliced picture of happiness has emerged. This chapter explores 200 accounts of happiness, generated through a 2013 Mass Observation directive, that provide a nuanced picture of happiness in the UK. The research found that when individuals talk about their happiness they mainly talk about their personal lives: their relationships and social and cultural engagements. Conversely, when they talk about unhappiness they often focus on social and political factors. This more socially and politically engaged aspect to lay happiness accounts highlights problems with conceptualizing and measuring a country’s happiness as the aggregate of individual self-reports; it also underlines the importance of adopting a qualitative, interpretivist approach in capturing the complex ways in which individuals think about happiness in relation to themselves and their wider social context. The opportunities and challenges of utilising the Mass Observation Archive as a resource for happiness researchers are also addressed.
Developing a Biographical Approach to Happiness and Wellbeing
Authors: Cieslik Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses qualitative research into the biographies of wellbeing. It draws on a definition of happiness that suggests wellbeing is a collaborative practice and illustrates the methods used to map the life histories of interviewees and their webs of relationships. Two biographies of women reveal narratives that suggest patterns of wellbeing emerging from social networks structured through class and gender relationships. Early life events and the women’s creativity and resourcefulness point to the significance of biographies for an understanding of wellbeing across the life course. The chapter employs concepts from Bourdieu to analyse the structuring of wellbeing and how people’s interpretations and actions informed the quality of their lives showing the ebb and flow of happiness as people age.
On Post-traumatic Growth and ‘Choosing’ to be Happy: Stories of Positive Change from African Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Authors: Wenning Brianne
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores happiness and well-being among refugees and asylum seekers by employing a post-traumatic growth (PTG) lens. PTG developed through a recognition that, despite hardships and stressors, most people remain quite resilient. In fact, people often report that certain life domains have even grown because of that hardship. To demonstrate PTG among refugees and asylum seekers, I draw on ethnographic fieldwork from the Gambia and the UK. Three life domains in particular are highlighted in participants’ narratives. These are spirituality, new possibilities and changed relationships. By applying this concept of PTG to refugees and asylum seekers, I elucidate the ‘good’ in their lives and describe how they are continually striving for happiness and well-being.
Using Social Wellbeing to Inform Regeneration Strategies in a Former Colliery Town in Northern England
Authors: Johnson Kelly , Coulthard Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the wellbeing of residents in a former mining community in North East England. It illustrates how a social wellbeing framework can be used to investigate the psychological, relational and material dimensions of wellbeing to offer a complex picture of how wellbeing is experienced by local people and structured by various social processes. Interview data illustrates how wellbeing emerges through dense social networks and which offers insights into policies and practice that can promote better wellbeing for local communities such as those in the North East of England.
A Board Game Approach to Studying the Multidimensionality of Life Satisfaction
Authors: Holthus Barbara , Manzenreiter Wolfram
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a methodological contribution to the study of happiness and life satisfaction by enquiring about definitions of happiness and happiness-related terms through visual props, enabling interviewees to explain their lives and weight elements in their lives as to (1) their respective importance for living a good life and (2) to their positive and negative evaluation. The methodology was tested in semi-structured interviews with 23 men and women in Japan. Interviews consisted of three parts: (a) word association, (b) in-depth conversation on happiness issues using a bullseye structured chart, together with tokens for visualization of factors of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and (c) three written quantitative questions on happiness, followed up by in-depth discussion thereafter. Findings suggest that happiness is an interpretative process, embedded in social networks and across personal biographies. Furthermore, happiness proves to be multidimensional, and the relevance of life domains varies by life-course stage and is influenced by numerous life circumstances. Mapping happiness across multiple domains by using visual props allows to get closer to a more holistic understanding of subjective wellbeing.
Visual Criminology
Authors: McClanahan Bill
Published: January 2022

From its earliest days, criminology has been a visual discipline, and the processes of the visual remain significant in the production and configuration of harm, crime, and justice. Reflecting the foundational power of the image, contemporary criminological and social theory are increasingly engaging with the processes and products of the visual from fine art to popular digital cultures. Following a longstanding and critical theoretical interest in the politics of meaning and the ways that our understandings of the phenomena of crime and justice shape (and are shaped-by) their cultural meaning and significance, visual criminology has begun to address the ways that contemporary social conditions, crime, justice, politics, and history configure the production and meaning of the visual (and vice versa). Detailing and employing the most prominent methodological and theoretical approaches at work in visual criminology, with a focus on the ways in which visually-attentive theory can enrich and enliven critical understandings of social relations, this book traces the development of the visual as a field and object of inquiry in criminology and social science at large. It describes the key methodological tendencies of the field, and theoretically explains and explores the visual perspective in relation to material ecology and environmental harm, drugs and drug culture, prison and punishment, and police and police power. This book broadens the horizons of criminological engagement and reveals how visual criminology—as one dimension of a broader sensory agenda—can offer new and critical ways to understand and theorize crime and harm.
Introducing Visual Criminology
Authors: McClanahan Bill
Published: January 2022

This short chapter introduces the field of visual criminology and describes the context, content, and organization of the book. It introduces the names, concepts, tendencies, and themes that will animate the book including cultural criminology, critical criminology, early criminological interest in graffiti, protest and social movements. Finally, it addresses some key issues and controversies in the field.
Visual Methods in Criminology
Authors: McClanahan Bill
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the methodological dimensions of visual criminology. It describes the key methodological tendencies at play in the field—original photography, documentary criminology filmmaking, photo elicitation interviewing, photo-ethnography, and other techniques and tendencies—including their origins, their limitations, and their contemporary development. The chapter also includes an expanded discussion of some of the ethical issues implicated in and by visual criminology and how they might be negotiated.
Punishment, Prisons, and the Visual
Authors: McClanahan Bill
Published: January 2022

This chapter notes the ways in which the prison has been a key conceptual site in the development of visual criminology. Describing the major trends in the field, the chapter takes up prison architecture, carceral (in)visibility, and the various ways in which punishment outside of the prison is constituted and enacted visually. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the imaginative visualities of prison abolition.
Introduction: Work Beyond the Wage
Authors: Monteith William , Vicol Dora-Olivia , Williams Philippa
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that we need to rethink ‘work’ from the perspective of the global majority for whom wage employment has never been the norm. It outlines three dominant ways of conceptualising work – as commodified, informal and precarious – and demonstrates the ways in which all three are constructed against a particular idea of wage employment. An alternative framework of ‘ordinary work’ is presented which de-centres the wage through a focus on everyday values and practices in diverse economies. This framework proposes to broaden the socioeconomic imaginary of work, opening up new possibilities for how work, identity and security might be woven together differently. The chapter ends by outlining the structure of the book, organised around three key themes: ruptures, struggles and possibilities.
Work Outside the Hamster’s Cage: Precarity and the Pursuit of a Life Worth Living in Catalonia
Authors: Escobar Vinzenz Bäumer
Published: January 2022

This chapter asks why people deliberately choose to engage in precarious forms of work. It brings ethnographic attention to forms of work enacted by people involved in two alternative economic projects in Catalonia: an eco-network and an anti-capitalist cooperative. Members of both the eco-network and the Cooperative aimed to minimize their dependence on wage labour and instead sought out a ‘life worth living’ through forms of ‘alternative work’ (feina) and collective forms of living that offered them a sense of mastery and ownership over their lives. However, in addition to generating feelings of autonomy and empowerment, these activities also created forms of insecurity and exclusion. These findings challenge the materialism present in much of the literature on precarious work and suggest the need to reclaim work not only from the wage relation but also particular ideas of community.
Choosing to Be Unfree? The Aspirations and Constraints of Debt-bonded Brick Workers in Cambodia
Authors: Natarajan Nithya , Brickell Katherine , Parsons Laurie
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the experiences of debt-bonded brick workers in Cambodia, whose unfree labour contributes to the country's construction sector boom. Drawing on recent scholarship on the rise of debt as a coercive form of labour control within late-capitalist exploitation, the chapter asks how unfree labour relations constrain brick workers' aspirations for life beyond the kiln. In doing so, it considers how unfree labour represents a form of escape for many from unsustainable microfinance debt, while trapping them within the structural constraints of unfreedom. The chapter concludes that there is a need to foreground the role of unfreedom, and the constraints it places on worker agency, within accounts of unwaged and informal work.