bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deliberative Democracy and Two Models of Pragmatism
Authors: Festenstein Matthew
Published: September 2004

This article examines the relationship of pragmatism to the theory of deliberative democracy. It elaborates a dilemma in the latter theory, between its deliberative or epistemic and democratic or inclusive components, and distinguishes responses to this dilemma that are internal to the conception of deliberation employed from those that are external. The article goes on to identify two models of pragmatism and critically examines how well each one deals with the tension identified in deliberative democracy.
Pragmatism and Feminist Theory
Authors: Mottier Véronique
Published: September 2004

Although pragmatism and feminism share a number of key features, pragmatist philosophy has had little influence on feminist thought. This article explores the reasons for this failed rendezvous. Focusing particularly on Rorty’s neo-pragmatism, it is argued that neo-pragmatism’s lack of an adequate political theory, particularly regarding key issues in current feminist theory such as the conceptualization of the relations between the public and private spheres and the understanding of subjectivity, is a particularly important factor here. Earlier versions of pragmatist thought, however, might make more useful contributions to current feminist debates, particularly on the issues of rationality and ethics of care.
William James: Pragmatism, Social Psychology and Emotions
Authors: Barbalet Jack
Published: September 2004

At the core of pragmatism is the idea of an active projection of experience into the future. William James’s contribution to pragmatism included an emphasis on emotions in the apprehension of possible futures and related processes. After presenting a summary of Jamesian pragmatism, and especially the significance of emotions in it, the article notes the reception of James’s writings in Europe and their influence on European intellectual developments. Max Weber, for instance, studied James closely. He treated James’s approach to religion as a negative example. While Emile Durkheim rejected the individualist approach of James, he nevertheless found much of value in James’s conceptualization of religious experience, including its emotional underpinnings. Discussion below explores the neglected Jamesian quality of Durkheim’s account of religion. It is noted in conclusion that the more recent sociological neglect of James and the failure to appreciate his particular approach in pragmatism, coincided with the rise of Freudian psychology in the early decades of the twentieth century.
Pragmatism as a Philosophy of the Social Sciences
Authors: Baert Patrick
Published: September 2004

This article introduces and critically analyses Richard Rorty’s neo-pragmatism as a contribution to the philosophy of social sciences. Although Rorty has written little about philosophy of social sciences as such, it is argued that his overall philosophical position has significant ramifications for this subject area. The first part of the article sets out the implications of Rorty’s neo-pragmatism for various issues in the philosophy of social sciences, for instance, the doctrine of naturalism, the nineteenth-century Methodenstreit, the philosophical tenets of Marxism, and the relatively recent wave of post-structuralism. The second part presents a constructive critique of Rorty’s neopragmatist philosophy of social sciences. Although critical of some aspects of Rorty’s argument, it is argued that his stance could provide a base for a fruitful view of social sciences, aiming at enlarging human potentialities rather than representation.
Democracy in One Country?
Authors: Turner Bryan
Published: September 2004

This article undertakes a critical examination of the political philosophy of Richard Rorty with special reference to his treatment of patriotism, pragmatism and democracy. Pragmatism, especially in the work of John Dewey, provided an energetic defence of American democracy, claiming that American democratic culture did not require any philosophical lessons from European social theory. American pragmatism is in this sense a celebration of indigenous political traditions. In his defence of pragmatism and patriotism against the cosmopolitanism of Left cultural critics, Rorty advocates pragmatic ethnocentrism. Through a parallel commentary on socialist internationalism, this article asks whether ‘democracy in one country’ - the United States of America - is either feasible or compatible with the critical legacy of pragmatism. In its response to the growth of international terrorism, especially in its ‘liberation of Iraq’, the United States is in danger of becoming a ‘predatory democracy’. While Rorty has in the past argued that America cannot function as a global policeman, the trend of contemporary international relations is to create an American Empire. The article concludes by arguing that Rorty’s patriotism functions as ‘a final vocabulary’ that contradicts his postmodernism and makes it difficult for modern pragmatism to remain a critical theory.
Migrants and Employment
Authors: Ho Christina , Alcorso Caroline
Published: September 2004

The Australian government claims that its emphasis on skills in the migration program has paid off, with recent migrants achieving superior labour market outcomes to previous cohorts, and contributing more to the ‘productive diversity’ of the Australian workforce. Such sentiments are supported by most contemporary scholars of migration. Their conclusions stem from the adoption of a human capital approach where migrants’ labour market outcomes are seen to directly reflect their individual skills and other attributes, as opposed to social and institutional practices such as discrimination or exclusion. In this article we subject the prevailing ‘success story’ about skilled migration to scrutiny, and point to alternative ways of interpreting the empirical evidence (namely, longitudinal survey data) as well as alternative ways of explaining the incorporation of migrants in the Australian workforce.
On the Everyday Life of a Significant Sociologist
Authors: Germov John
Published: September 2004

This article provides a brief overview of Stephen Crook’s scholarly and professional work as a prelude to the articles by Malcolm Waters and Jan Pakulski and Bruce Tranter. His scholarly work particularly focused on the theorization of social differentiation and social order in studies of everyday life. Through the critical appraisal of postmodernist approaches, he developed his own post-foundational radicalist approach that transcended the determinism of unitary meta-narratives, but also avoided relativistic and atheoretical descriptions of the plurality of ‘the everyday’. Yet the everyday relevance of sociological practice was a defining feature of Steve’sweltanschauung, epitomized in his professional service and role as a public intellectual.
Modernist Radicalism, Postmodernization and Orderings
Authors: Waters Malcolm
Published: September 2004

The article is a survey of the opus of the late Stephen Crook. The work is analysed in three phases: meta-theoretical treatments of foundationalism and mundaneity; substantive theoretical analyses of postmodernization, especially in the areas of culture, science and the environment; and principles along which everyday life is ordered under conditions of structural complexity, uncertainty and radical change. Crook’s work is found to have the potential to offer superior analytic capacity relative to other arguments.
Environmentalism and Social Differentiation
Authors: Pakulski Jan , Tranter Bruce
Published: September 2004

This is a tribute to the late Steve Crook who shared with us the excitement of research on environmentalism. As we predicted, environmental activism in Australia remains socially circumscribed, but its scope, and the scope of environmental concerns, have been widening. Differentiation and proliferation of environmental issues combine with social diffusion and routinization. The proportion of people who see the environment as a salient issue continues to be relatively high, in spite of an increasing competition from new issue concerns, including security and illegal migration. The new ‘white’ environmental issues enter the public arena reflecting widespread (though less urgent) concerns about genetic modification of food-crops and cloning of human tissue – all interpreted as ‘interference with nature’. The ‘white’ environmental issues attract the concern of new social categories of ‘conscience environmentalists’ who are more likely to be women, tend to be older, religious, and less attracted by green organizations. They are also less metropolitan in their location, and not as leftist and postmaterial in their value preferences as their ‘green’ and ‘brown’ predecessors. The formation of the ‘white’ environmental issue cluster and constituency opens the way for new ideological reinterpretations of environmental outlook – and for new political alliances.
The Most Influential books in Australian sociology (MIBAS), 1963–2003
Authors: Skrbis Zlatko , Germov John
Published: September 2004

To mark the 40th anniversary of the Australian Sociological Association (TASA), a survey on the Most Influential Books in Australian Sociology (MIBAS) was conducted. In this article we discuss the MIBAS process, its findings, and provide some reflections on the top 10 most influential books. We also situate the MIBAS survey among other attempts to compile lists of the most influential books in the discipline of sociology, and discuss the benefits and limits of such endeavours. We argue that the MIBAS exercise was useful not only as a commemorative device, but as an opportunity to reflect on the breadth and influence of Australian sociological scholarship.
Why are the Most Influential Books in Australian Sociology not Necessarily the Most Highly Cited Ones?
Authors: Gläser Jochen
Published: September 2004

The vote by TASA members on the ‘Most Influential Book in Australian Sociology’ (MIBAS) provides an opportunity to compare quantitative indicators based on citations with the peer review represented by the MIBAS votes. While it is generally agreed that citations are only a partial indicator of such a complex phenomenon as quality, citations are regarded as a reflection of a publication’s, author’s or research group’s ‘impact’ or influence. This assumption is explored by applying several interpretations and operationalizations of the concept of ‘influence’, by discussing their validity, and by comparing the respective citation rankings to the MIBAS poll. The major lessons of the comparison are that citation-based indicators should not be applied in diachronic comparisons, for evaluating publications on nationally specific topics, or in fields in which books are an important part of the research output.
Ethnographic Macro-Tropes and Anthropological Theory
Authors: Rumsey Alan
Published: September 2004

Many accounts of the use of tropes in ethnography have not taken them seriously enough as potential sources of insight. Particularly important in this respect are ‘ethnographic macro-tropes’, which operate at the level of an entire ethnography to model its subject matter in particular ways. Thornton’s (1988) pioneering work on the ‘rhetoric of ethnographic holism’ focused on one such trope as if it were the only available one: the trope of ‘classification’, through which textual part–whole relations are used to build up an image of corresponding social ones. Through a close reading of four sample ethnographies I show that other, quite different macro-tropes have also been used, and that their use has contributed in an essential way to anthropological understanding, in at least some cases running ahead of related developments in theory rather than merely changing in response to them.
Ancestral Vigilance and the Corrective Conscience
Authors: Akin David
Published: September 2004

Kastom is a Melanesian Pijin word (from English ‘custom’) denoting ideologies and activities formulated in terms of empowering indigenous traditions and practices. This article examines kastom among Kwaio people in the Solomon Islands, particularly how it has meshed with aspects of Kwaio culture to profoundly change people’s lives. The case exemplifies how anxieties at encroaching modernity can lead people to elaborate – rather than abandon or simply reify – ancestral traditions, as objectified kastom is transformed, extrapolated, and absorbed into everyday practice. It shows how this can occur through subjective processes that transcend the realm of overt cultural politics that has preoccupied so many anthropological studies of Melanesian kastom. With our attention so focused on the objectification of culture as kastom, anthropologists have neglected the concurrent subjectivization of kastom as culture. The two processes are constantly in play, each continuously shaping the other over time. It can become problematic to starkly differentiate kastom from culture except as analytical constructs.
Talking about Culture
Authors: Markowitz Fran
Published: September 2004

Culture talk, when analyzed from and within the powerful combination of globalization and human rights discourses, is not exclusively or necessarily a gloss for racism or xenophobia. Rather, as the universally accepted criterion for human belonging and the rights that it confers, culture emerges as the primary means for gaining positive recognition and a valuable place in the emerging global community. People everywhere, as they contend with global flows, express desires for dignity and claim human rights, are therefore invoking, manipulating and solidifying their culture to accord with contemporary discursive demands. Conversely, recognizing its fragmented, invented and historicized nature, many anthropologists are rejecting the reification of culture as they search for alternative ways to express cultural process and human creativity. Following a contextualized analysis of Russians’ talk about their culture, and the Black Hebrews’ assertions of their once-lost, now-found heritage, the article ends by suggesting that anthropologists reinsert culture into the center of anthropology. But now, instead of an impossibly metaphysical concept or reified trait inventory, culture and its genealogy should be interrogated and studied both as it is described and practiced from the natives’ point of view and as embedded within wider social processes of discourse, power and history.
Dual Systems in Rwanda
Authors: Taylor Christopher C.
Published: September 2004

The Rwandan social system has habitually been depicted as something of a ‘dual system’ in which Tutsi are opposed to Hutu. Forgotten in this description are the country’s least numerous group, the Twa. Although Twa constitute less than 1 per cent of Rwanda’s total population and thus appear to be politically negligible, this article maintains that they were historically more important in the symbolic construction of ethnic difference than the present literature would indicate. The Twa was the first of Rwanda’s three groups to suffer practices of social exclusion, practices called kuneena batwa which continue to this day . Associated with the forest, Twa were ascribed the negativity of ‘nature’, and perceived as not fully human by other Rwandans. Later, but before the arrival of Europeans, Hutu ethnicity began to crystallize and to be negatively compared to Tutsi. European notions of biological determinism worsened these ethnogenetic processes, but it did not invent them.
Genetics, Normativity, and Ethics
Authors: Shildrick Margrit
Published: September 2004

Where feminist critiques of bioscience have uncovered a whole set of operations that range round the Foucauldian notions of biopower and normativity, and have explored genetic discourse in particular to question the stability of self-identity, feminist bioethics has lagged behind. Despite an engagement with the technologies of postmodernity, including those associated with genetic research (and especially in its relation to reproduction), there has been, with relatively few exceptions, a reluctance to explore the implications of postmodernist theory. The difficulty is that bioscience itself is now throwing up a problematic that destabilizes the central agent of ethical theory - the modernist sovereign subject. Using the field of genetics and the mapping of the human genome as a focal point, this paper suggests that bioethics should move on from conventional analytic strategies and, like feminist science studies, embrace uncertainty and complexity. The task is to fashion a new form of ethical response grounded in the notions of embodied connection and fluidity.
The Challenge of HIV for Feminist Theory
Authors: Rosengarten Marsha
Published: September 2004

In this article I consider the field of HIV treatment and prevention in light of poststructural feminist critiques of the self-evidence of matter. Both HIV and poststructural feminist theory are viewed in relation to the current state of HIV scientific research of which it has been said: ‘ much remains left to the imagination’ (McCune, 2001, emphasis added). Importantly, it is in the absence of ‘real’ knowledge of bodily matter and virus, that imagination is presumed by science as a fall back. Paradoxically, recent debate within feminist theory provides an almost perverse counter to this way of characterizing the struggle against HIV. Rather than considering imagination as something outside or external to the ‘real’, there is now substantial argument suggesting that imagination is always already present and inherent to the ‘real’. In the course of this paper, these differing positions of science and feminist theory are used to challenge and extend each other. The empirical matter of HIV medical science is shown as evidence of matter beyond the normative insistence of (human) language. On this basis, a theory of performativity - devised by Judith Butler and extended by Karen Barad - is argued as grounds for a methodologically expanded science.
The Internal Value of External Options
Authors: Mattli Walter , Plümper Thomas
Published: September 2004

Most of the literature has treated EU enlargement and the transition of Central and Eastern Europe, two of the most memorable events in recent history, as separate events. We argue that such separation is not warranted; it obfuscates an important fact, namely that the reform process in many Central and East European countries has taken a sui generis turn precisely because of the external EU option. We offer a formal model that explains how and why the EU membership option drives regulation in applicant countries beyond their equilibrium level of regulatory quality. We derive a series of hypotheses from our model and test these hypotheses employing standard panel methods. Empirical results support our model and suggest that approximately 40% of the variance in regulatory quality among transition countries is explained by EU conditionality in the enlargement process.
Rapporteurship Allocation in the European Parliament
Authors: Kaeding Michael
Published: September 2004

This study addresses a central aspect of the micromanagement of the European Parliament, the determinants of rapporteurship allocation. Focusing on the period from 1995 to 1999, I match rapporteurship assignments in the committee on environment with occupational, group membership, ideological and national data. The study asks which of the two distinct features of committees, distributional concern or informational provision, determines rapporteurship selection. My analysis shows that the group of rapporteurs does not mirror the composition of the full plenary. Moreover, the results are consistent with the view that a multifaceted combination of the two concepts of ‘demanding’ and ‘informative’ committees promises a richer explanation of rapporteur assignment than any one of those theories alone.
Fairytale Cynicism in the ‘Kingdom of Plastic Bags’
Authors: Blank Diana R.
Published: September 2004

This article explores local transformations of power, and accompanying expressions of communal powerlessness, in Chelnochovskna-Dniestre, a town on the southwestern border of Ukraine where the collapse of the Soviet system has triggered the disintegration of the political, economic and physical infrastructure, as well as the concomitant departure of almost all those able to obtain visas to emigrate. It seeks to understand and articulate the distinctive and complex sense of place that has taken hold of the town, whose collective consciousness is now at once extensively transnational and intensively local, and where place is made palpable as much through what is absent as through what is present. In so doing, it seeks a more profound appreciation of the power of place itself on the lives of ethnography’s subjects.
In the Eye of the Chicken
Authors: Woronov T.E.
Published: September 2004

As Beijing is being transformed into a global city, new kinds of spatial and social hierarchies are produced. Based on ethnographic research conducted among students at a school for the children of migrant workers in China’s capital, this article examines how new hierarchies are continuously produced through embodied spatial practices within city space, and examines how school texts, state ideology, and children’s appearances produce new kinds of marginalities.
The Uncontrollable Afterlives of Ethnography
Authors: Steinmetz George
Published: September 2004

How does the work of ethnographers contribute to policies they did not anticipate, policies they may even abhor? This article explores the ways 19th-century Europeans who would never have considered themselves as policymakers or even policy wonks – writers, artists, missionaries, and ethnographers – influenced colonial ‘native policy’. The article focuses on the case of precolonial European representations of Polynesia (Samoa in particular), tracing the effects of these discourses on the foundational process of colonial state formation in German Samoa after 1900. German colonialism in China and Southwest Africa is also discussed. Both the form and the content of ethnographic discourse influenced colonial interventions, even if these effects were dependent on a contingent array of other determinants. The conclusion discusses various ways in which ethnographers can try to see that their writings are not enrolled into political projects to which they might object.
Theorizing Disaster
Authors: Vaughan Diane
Published: September 2004

Building explanations from data is an important but usually invisible process behind all published research. Here I reconstruct my theorizing for an historical ethnography of the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and the NASA (National Aeronautical and Space Administration) decisions that produced that accident. I show how analogical theorizing, a method that compares similar events or activities across different social settings, leads to more refined and generalizable theoretical explanations. Revealing the utility of mistakes in theorizing, I show how my mistakes uncovered mistakes in the documentary record, converting my analysis to a revisionist account that contradicted the conventional explanation accepted at the time. Retracing how I developed the concepts and theory that explained the case demonstrates the connection between historic political and economic forces, organization structure and processes, and cultural understandings and actions at NASA. Finally, these analytic reflections show how analysis, writing, and theorizing are integrated throughout the research process.
Assessing Multiracial Identity Theory and Politics
Authors: Spencer Rainier
Published: September 2004

It is increasingly possible to detect a split in regard to current analyses of multiracial identity in the United States. On the one hand there remains a relatively naÔve brand of multiracial activism and identity politics that has deep roots in the recent movement to institute a US federal multiracial category; while on the other hand we find a steadily maturing body of scholarship on mixed-race identity that is several levels removed in terms of intellectual rigor and objectivity. As this latter movement continues to mature, it increasingly forces the former to acknowledge and to confront important issues of logical consistency in the multiracial identity debate. This article represents an effort to guide and shape that discussion in assessing the ideological foundation of multiracial identity politics in the United States.
Mortality of People with Learning Disability Following Relocation from Long-Stay Hospital to Social Care
Authors: Read Stephen
Published: September 2004

The article examines the results of an 18 month prospective evaluation of relocation effects on 111 people with learning disabilities discharged from long-stay hospital to social care in the community. One of the results found at the end of this period was a high mortality in this group that the investigators deemed worthy of further examination. A number of health related measures are examined to see if any explanation of these deaths is forthcoming. It is suggested that selection bias could account for the apparent high mortality in this group.
Care Staff Awareness Training on Mental Health Needs of Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Tsiantis J. , Diareme S. , Dimitrakaki C. , Kolaitis G. , Flios A. , Christogiorgos S. , Weber G. , Salvador-Carulla L. , Hillery J. , Costello H.
Published: September 2004

The mental health needs of adults with learning disabilities have not been adequately addressed in many European countries. Although carers can play a significant role in identification and referral, they usually lack the expertise necessary to identify signs of mental disorders. This study evaluated a care staff training programme aiming at improving awareness on issues of dual diagnosis in a group of 36 care staff from residential and community centres in Greece. Training was based on the British Mental Health in Learning Disabilities Training Pack and the PAS–ADD Checklist. The overwhelming majority of staff were very satisfied with training. Staff from institutional work settings, with no previous training on dual diagnosis and with a lower level of education, benefited to a significant degree. Changes occurred mostly in their knowledge and attitudes rather than practice. Supervised practical training is vital to transfer, strengthen and maintain positive changes at work.
Evaluation of a Nurse Led Annual Review of Patients with Severe Intellectual Disabilities, Needs Identified and Needs Met, in a Large Group Practice
Authors: Martin Graham , Philip Lynn , Bates Louise , Warwick Jenny
Published: September 2004

A learning disabilities nurse led health review, with doctor backup, was offered to patients with learning disabilities during 2002 in a large general practice. Prior to the check, patients completed an agenda sheet. During the check, the nurse discussed issues with patient and carer and completed a structured questionnaire. Patient and carer were then seen by doctor and nurse and the implementation sheet was completed. Fifty-three patients attended, an uptake of 91 percent. Of these patients and their carers, 34 percent recorded agendas/concerns. The nurse/GP questionnaire identified further interventions in 62 percent. A total of 79 interventions were identified, an average of 1.49 per patient attendance. At 3 months, 84 percent of patients with patient/carer generated, and 88 percent of patients with clinician generated interventions, had had one or more actions implemented. The check met the majority of identified unmet health needs in these adults with learning disabilities. Annual checks will continue to be offered.
Equity of Access to Health Care for People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Sowney Margaret , Barr Owen
Published: September 2004

People with learning disabilities face more challenges than the general population in maintaining an acceptable level of health, and more of their health care needs remain unmet. A range of barriers to ‘equity of access’ have been identified, including a lack of knowledge of people with learning disabilities and their health needs, poor communication and negative stereotypes. This article undertakes an analysis of the concept of ‘equity of access’ to health care using Walker and Avant’s framework. The purpose is to increase clarity of the concept in relation to people with learning disabilities. It is proposed that ‘equity of access’ is related to benefiting from as well as entering a service in which you have confidence. Accessibility also refers not only to distance but also to time and ethos. The implications for practice of the provision of an equitable health service to people with learning disabilities are considered.
Family Placement Schemes for Adult Persons with Intellectual Disabilities Living with Elderly Carers
Authors: McConkey Roy , McConaghie Jayne , Roberts Paul , King Diana
Published: September 2004

Few family placement schemes involve adult persons, and rarely have they been targeted at older carers. Twenty-five carers, aged 55 years and over, of people with intellectual disabilities using one of two placement schemes in Northern Ireland were studied, along with a further 20 carers recommended for these schemes. Semi-structured individual interviews were used to obtain the views of carers, people with intellectual disabilities and placement providers. The placement schemes were very favourably received. Carers welcomed the break and valued the relationship with the placement provider. Individuals with disability reported greater opportunities to participate in activities. Placement providers were very satisfied with the way the schemes operated: the main complaint was the low level of payments. Key factors affecting the further development of services include recruitment of male providers, registration issues, training of providers and the difficulty in meeting the needs of multiply disabled persons.
Ethical Dilemmas in Community Learning Disabilities Nursing
Authors: Holloway Dave
Published: September 2004

Community learning disability nurses (CLDNs) sometimes face ethical dilemmas arising from choices made by people with learning disabilities. This article reports on the results of a postal questionnaire that asked a sample of CLDNs in England and Wales about support available to them to assist in resolving these dilemmas. They were also asked about their knowledge and use of best interests guidelines. Differences were reported in the availability of support, such as policies and procedures, training, and ethical committees, to help in the areas of relationships and lifestyle, finance, and health care. Additional support was identified by respondents, and the most helpful to CLDNs are characterized by the provision of reflective opportunity and the ability to discuss issues with colleagues and other professionals. This support included talking to colleagues, reflective practice, multidisciplinary working, clinical supervision, access to the evidence base, and training.
How to Build a House from Reading a Drawing: Professional and Popular Mediations of Construction
Authors: Karlsson Anna-Malin
Published: September 2004

This article explores construction discourses as they appear in the professional fields of architecture and design engineering, as well as in hobby magazines; its focus is the semiotic and mediated realization of knowledge. How does the semiotic specialization found in industrial construction drawings relate to the way knowledge is constructed within the professional and academic construction field? In what ways is the popular discourse about construction related to the professional one? In an attempt to answer these questions, the written and visual modes in two industrial drawings and three magazines are analysed using social semiotic methods. In the industrial drawings, the visual is shown in a very conventional way, expressing meaning exactly and systematically; these texts are usually monomodal, with the written text playing a very restricted role. In the magazine drawings, the visual resource is used in a much less conventional way, with the coding orientation varying between a more abstract, scientific orientation and a naturalistic, life-world oriented one. These unstable visual conventions require written language for clarification, which gives the writing a dominant role. The article argues that professional construction discourse is less text-mediated and more action-mediated than popular discourse that heavily relies upon written language.
Perceptual Modes, Semiotic Codes, Social Mores: A Contribution towards a Social Semiotics of Drawing
Authors: Riley Howard
Published: September 2004

This article proposes a systemic-functional semiotic model for the domain of drawing. It is argued that such a model, based upon a synthesis of relevant visual perception theory and visual communication theory, can empower the practice of drawing.
Building the World’s Visual Language: The Increasing Global Importance of Image Banks in Corporate Media
Authors: Machin David
Published: September 2004

Many of the images we now find in magazines, news, promotional material and advertisements are bought cheaply from image banks like Getty Images, which can be accessed by people all around the world. These images are technically of high quality. They have bright lighting and flat colours; attractive models are highly posed and are set in non-descript locations to make them usable across the world. They do not represent actual places or events and they do not document or bear witness, but they symbolically represent marketable concepts and moods such as ‘contentment’ and ‘freedom’. The world in magazines and other similar media therefore comes to resemble the limited world of the image bank categories, which are based on marketing categories. This is therefore an ideologically pre-structured world which is in harmony with consumerism.
The Ryôan-Ji Zen Garden: Textual Meanings in Topographical Form
Authors: McGovern Sean
Published: September 2004

Gardens are created by transforming principally unmodified environmental objects into signs and organizing these into texts. This article examines the compositional arrangements of the Ryôan-ji Zen garden as it constitutes a distinctive medium of communication and a way for complex philosophical perceptions and religious ideals to become tangible in topographical text form.
An Early ‘Denial of Ekphrasis’: Controversy over the Breakout of the Visual in the Jazz Age Tabloids and the New York Times
Authors: Bicket Douglas , Packer Lori A.
Published: September 2004

This case study focuses on the use of visual elements - and the criticism over such use - in 1920s newspapers in New York, applying Jay David Bolter’s concept of ‘denial of ekphrasis’. The pioneering Jazz Age papers, acting as early ‘multimedia screens’, used photographic elements to communicate information in novel ways, contributing to the undermining of the analytical power of the written word. Elite criticism of these papers evinces nothing more than a class-based contempt for popular cultural forms, while examination of the contemporary New York Times shows that, by the mid-1920s, that paper was already paralleling many of the visual and content-based choices selected by its jazz journalism counterparts. Even so, this study finds that, in line with Bolter’s theories, the underlying traditions of the press were not fundamentally altered by technological developments and the spread of the visual form.
User Involvement in Dementia Product Development
Authors: Orpwood Roger , Bjørneby Sidsel , Hagen Inger , Mäki Outi , Faulkner Richard , Topo Päivi
Published: September 2004

This article is in two parts. The first part describes the design of new assistive technology for people with dementia developed within the ENABLE project, with designs coming from both personal and professional carers as well as design engineers. The second part looks at traditional user-led design methodologies for assistive technology to see what lessons have been learnt from the ENABLE project to adapt these methodologies to make them more appropriate for people with dementia. The article concludes with a series of recommendations for designers to assist the generation of effective new devices for people with dementia.
Development of a Protocol for the Assessment of Assistive Aids for People with Dementia
Authors: Hagen Inger , Holthe Torhild , Gilliard Jane , Topo Päivi , Cahill Suzanne , Begley Emer , Jones Kerry , Duff Pertina , Macijauskiene Jurate , Budraitiene Ausra , Bjørneby Sidsel , Engedal Knut
Published: September 2004

Assistive aids can support some people with dementia in their daily life. Examples are devices designed to facilitate time orientation, use the telephone, and cooker monitors that switch the gas off in case of over-heating. However, there is a dearth of knowledge about the feasibility of using different assistive aids and how to assess the usefulness of such products to the patient and the carer, as well as their costs and benefits for society. This article describes the development of a protocol for a multinational assessment study of different assistive aids to be used by people with dementia living in their own home. Experiences of using the protocol are also reported in this article. This work is part of the ENABLE project.
Ethical Considerations in the ENABLE Project
Authors: Bjørneby Sidsel , Topo Päivi , Cahill Suzanne , Begley Emer , Jones Kerry , Hagen Inger , Macijauskiene Jurate , Holthe Torhild
Published: September 2004

This article describes the ethical considerations and the framework that formed the basis for the design of the research methods, as well as the basis for choosing the devices to be tried out, in the ENABLE project. The principles of autonomy, beneficence and justice are defined and applied to an analysis of researchers’ experience. Some of the ethical difficulties arising from conducting an intervention study of this type with persons with dementia are outlined. The article needs to be read in conjunction with the other ENABLE articles published in this issue of Dementia.
‘I Know Where this is Going and I Know it won’t Go Back’
Authors: Cahill Suzanne , Begley Emer , Topo Päivi , Saarikalle Kristiina , Macijauskiene Jurate , Budraitiene Ausra , Hagen Inger , Holthe Torhild , Jones Kerry
Published: September 2004

While it is generally agreed that any appraisal of quality of life should as far as possible rely on the individual’s own perspective, having people with dementia evaluate their own quality of life remains a much-debated issue. This article reports findings from a longitudinal study (ENABLE) designed to examine the impact of assistive technology on persons with dementia and their family caregivers. The study’s methodology sought to empower people with dementia by engaging them in the research process. Both quantitative and qualitative data on quality of life were collected from a sample of 92 persons with dementia before and after assistive technologies were introduced into their homes. This article presents preliminary baseline data on quality of life prior to when the home interventions (technologies) were introduced. Results demonstrate that people with dementia can competently participate in research on dementia and have more positive appraisals of their lives, roles and relationships than might be expected.
Assessment of a Music-Based Multimedia Program for People with Dementia
Authors: Topo Päivi , Mäki Outi , Saarikalle Kristiina , Clarke Nick , Begley Emer , Cahill Suzanne , Arenlind Jennie , Holthe Torhild , Morbey Hazel , Hayes Karen , Gilliard Jane
Published: September 2004

Music in different forms is widely used in dementia care and several studies have shown that music-based activities support the well-being of people with dementia. The aim of this article is to describe the first results of an assessment study of a music-based multimedia program called ‘Picture Gramophone’ (PG). The assessment was carried out in dementia day care units ( n= 5) in Finland, Ireland, Norway and the UK. In this article we describe the results from the first three weeks. Altogether, 28 people participated in the first interview and five dropped out over the three weeks.

Most participants used the PG and, according to staff, most of them benefited from its use. Our results suggest that multimedia products can be used in dementia care if support is available and the design of the product takes into account the user requirements of people with dementia.
Striving to Provide Safety Assistance for Families of Elders
Authors: Kinney Jennifer M. , Kart Cary S. , Murdoch Latona D. , Conley Cheryl J.
Published: September 2004

We describe the process of installing a monitoring system in the homes of 19 families who were caring for a relative with dementia, and evaluating the use of the system for 24 weeks. The system is Internet-based and consists of cameras and sensors that are routed through a controller unit via a broadband-connected computer to a web site. From the web site, text messages indicating sensor activity are sent to a cell phone that alerts caregivers to activity in the home. Specifically, we discuss ‘behind the scenes’ issues associated with bundling the various technologies together and installing and maintaining the technologies in caregivers’ homes, describe the challenges that caregivers confronted while using the technology, and summarize caregivers’ experiences with the technologies over the 24-week assessment period. Results indicate that, although the use of technology is not without challenge, it has the potential to facilitate family caregiving.
Hume’s Theory of Civil Society
Authors: Finlay Christopher J.
Published: September 2004

This article interprets David Hume’s social and political thought as a ‘theory of civil society’, arguing that as such it constituted an important challenge to the civic humanism of much early 18th-century British political argument. Since republican theorists invoke the historical traditions of civic thought in current debates, Hume’s theory of civil society therefore is of especial interest in relation to the foundations of contemporary neo-republicanism. The first part argues that, in A Treatise of Human Nature, by analysing various different kinds of relation between human beings, Hume articulated a fundamental distinction between society and the state. The second examines Hume’s Essays and Political Discourses, focusing in particular on the relationship between the respective interests of society and government, the effects of commercial refinement on virtues and sociability, and on forms of mediation between society and the state. The concluding section reviews the historical and theoretical significance of Hume’s theory, focusing particularly on concepts of liberty.
The Transformation of the Politics of Crime in High Crime Societies
Authors: Estrada Felipe
Published: September 2004

This study proceeds from the understanding that the past three decades have witnessed a shift in the state response to crime across Western Europe. It focuses on two mechanisms that the research literature has identified as important for this shift in crime policy, namely crime trends and ideology. From an examination of the evidence on crime trends, it is concluded that these do not constitute a fully satisfactory explanation. Instead, the changes in the state response to crime probably arise from a clear political dynamic. There exist clear differences in the way youth crime has been viewed by the different political camps during the period 1970-99. Crime is a social problem that is primarily placed on the political agenda by conservatives when social democratic governments are in power.
Shame as a Consequence of the Parent-Child Relationship
Authors: Svensson Robert
Published: September 2004

The object of this research is to investigate the relationship between gender, parent-child relations, shame and juvenile delinquency. The study proceeds from a social bonding theoretical framework and hypothesizes that shame will act as an intervening mechanism through which poor parent-child relations impact upon delinquency. The present study addresses three key research questions. Are girls more strongly attached to and controlled by their parents than boys are? Do girls feel more shame in the face of significant others than boys do? And, finally, does shame mediate the effect of parent-child relations in the explanation of delinquency? A total of 979 students in grade 8 of the Swedish school system (aged 14; 505 boys and 474 girls) were included in the study. The findings show girls to be more strongly attached to parents, to be more controlled and to feel more shame than boys. Finally, the analyses show that feeling less shame in the face of significant others tended to mediate the effect of poor parent-child relations on delinquency for girls. For boys, both family interaction and shaming components are significantly related to delinquency.
Social Skill, the Milosevic Indictment, and the Rebirth of International Criminal Justice
Authors: Hagan John , Levi Ron
Published: September 2004

This paper is about social skill and norm enforcement in the field of international criminal law and its advancement through the indictment of Slobodan Milosevic at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. We rely on Fligstein’s model of social skill to illuminate tactics applied successfully in inducing norm enforcement and cooperation in this field. The study draws on a mail-back survey ( n = 109) and over 100 in-depth, personal interviews at the Tribunal’s Office of the Prosecutor. The qualitative and quantitative findings provide evidence for the role of institutional entrepreneurs in gaining the cooperation required for the emergence, reproduction, and transformation of fields. In the present study, we find evidence that this momentum has led to a transition in the institutional life of the Tribunal and the broader field of international criminal law.
Crime, Crime Control and Criminology in Post-Communist Estonia
Authors: Saar Jüri
Published: September 2004

Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, crime and crime control have been at the centre of political debate: in fact the new political party, Res Publica, has made ‘strong order’ a central plank of its platform. A rising trend in crime during the transitional period after independence levelled off after 2000. The rate of imprisonment in Estonia remains very high compared with Western European countries, but about half of the rate in Russia. A major reorganization of the prison system has been introduced, with the aim of improving management and prisoner conditions. Since independence, the small body of criminologists in Estonia has formed links with scholars elsewhere in Europe and has carried out substantial empirical research, for example on crime patterns and trends. It is argued that developments in criminal justice policy have been uneven because the Estonian state was re-established at a time when the role and nature of the state were everywhere undergoing transformation.