bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construção de uma biblioteca de fragmentos de anticorpos monoclonais de galinhas com cadeia única (scFv) por phage display com reatividade cruzada para estirpes heterólogas do vírus da bronquite infecciosa aviária
Authors: Fernandes Camila Cesário , Caetano Aline Gonçalves , Gonçalves Mariana Costa Mello , Montassier Maria de Fátima Silva , Gibertoni Aliandra Maura , Montassier Hélio José
Published: July 2010

Anticorpos monoclonais constituem a base de vários testes usados na detecção e na identificação de antígenos. Nesse contexto, tais imuno-reagentes têm sido extensivamente empregados na identificação de estirpes virais envolvidas na etiologia de surtos de bronquite infecciosa a campo, permitindo o aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de detecção e caracterização antigênica do vírus da bronquite infecciosa das galinhas (VBI). No presente estudo, uma biblioteca de fragmentos de anticorpos de galinha originalmente preparada por phage display contra a estirpe vacinal (H120) do VBI foi usada para a seleção de fragmentos de anticorpos recombinantes com reatividade cruzada para as estirpes heterólogas IBVPR01 e IBVPR05, isoladas de surtos a campo no Brasil e a estirpe SE-17, isolada nos Estados Unidos. Após três ciclos de panning, foi identificado, pelo ELISA, um conjunto de 15 anticorpos scFv expressos em fagos e com reatividade cruzada para essas mesmas estirpes do VBI. A análise por Western-blotting revelou que dois desses clones apresentavam fagos expressando fragmentos de anticorpos monoclonais com reatividade cruzada para a nucleoproteína N das três estirpes do VBI e também para a forma recombinante dessa nucleoproteína derivada da estirpe M41. Concluindo, os fragmentos de anticorpos monoclonais recombinantes scFv-N produzidos em fagos interagem com um epítopo mais conservado da proteína N do VBI e apresentam um grande potencial para utilização na detecção e no diagnóstico direto desse vírus.
Laminosioptes cysticola in free-range chickens in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Martins Nelson Rodrigo da Silva , Resende José Sérgio de , Marques Marcus Vinícius Romero , Barrios Priscilla Rochelle , Fernandes André Almeida , Montresor Lângia Colli , Cunha Lucas Maciel
Published: July 2010

The subcutaneous acarid parasite Laminosioptes cysticola, the fowl cyst mite, has been found for a number of years in free-range chickens of peri-urban and rural Minas Gerais, forming collagen cysts which may be subsequently calcified after the parasite's death. The role of free-range chickens as hosts and the possible risk of food-borne human allergy, as a result of its consumption in feed, are considered.
Heparina e Na2EDTA como anticoagulantes para surubim híbrido (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans): eficácia e alterações hematológicas
Authors: Ishikawa Márcia Mayumi , Pádua Santiago Benites de , Satake Fabiana , Hisano Hamilton , Jerônimo Gabriela Tomas , Martins Maurício Laterça
Published: July 2010

Este estudo avaliou o efeito da heparina 100UI e do Na2EDTA nas concentrações de 3, 5 e 10% sobre a coagulação sanguínea e os parâmetros hematológicos de surubim híbrido. Foram utilizados 10 peixes, com peso médio de 386,7±24,3g e comprimento total médio de 38,7±6,4cm, para colheita das amostras sanguíneas e determinação do percentual do hematócrito, teor de proteínas plasmáticas totais e teste de fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos (FOE). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. A coagulação foi eficientemente inibida quando utilizado o Na2EDTA; já as amostras com heparina coagularam 10 horas após a coleta. Houve aumento na fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos (P<0,01), especialmente quando utilizado o Na2EDTA 10 e 5%, não havendo diferença entre o controle e a heparina. No hematócrito e teor de proteínas plasmáticas totais, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas. O Na2EDTA 3% é seguro e eficiente como anticoagulante para surubim híbrido, prevenindo a coagulação por mais de 10h e ocasionando discreto efeito sobre a fragilidade osmótica dos eritrócitos.
A cerebralização da fadiga: uma análise da hipótese cerebral no caso da síndrome da fadiga crônica
Authors: Ortega Francisco , Zorzanelli Rafaela
Published: July 2010

Analisam-se algumas condições que permitiram ao cérebro estabelecer-se como hipótese etiológica, no caso da síndrome da fadiga crônica (SFC), junto com outras hipóteses relacionadas a causas orgânicas, como os vírus e a imunidade. Aborda-se, a partir do uso de neuroimageamento para pesquisa e fins diagnósticos, o processo de cerebralização da identidade, segundo o qual o cérebro se constitui como lugar preferencial para a busca de causa das doenças - incluída a SFC - no contexto de uma cultura somática, acirrada no final do século XX.
Physical anthropology and the description of the 'savage' in the Brazilian Anthropological Exhibition of 1882
Authors: Sánchez Arteaga Juanma , Niño El-Hani Charbel
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses attempts to popularize scientific knowledge about anthropology through exhibitions of natives in the United States and Brazil from the nineteenth century to the beginnings of the twentieth century. In the First Brazilian Anthropological Exposition (Rio de Janeiro, 1882), a group of Botocudos was characterized in a manner that can be related to the reification of the myth of the savage, an important part of the European culture that played a significant role in the construction of anthropological knowledge in the nineteenth century. From the analyses of such exhibitions, we derive implications for science popularization and education, concerning the ideological undertones of scientific knowledge.
Incontinência pigmentar ligada ao X ou síndrome de Bloch-Sulzberger: relato de um caso
Authors: Pereira Marcela A. C. , Mesquita Lismary A. de F. , Budel Anelise R. , Cabral Carolina S. P. , Feltrim Amanda de S.
Published: July 2010

A incontinência pigmentar é uma genodermatose rara, ligada ao X, que afeta, principalmente, neonatos do sexo feminino. As manifestações cutâneas são as mais prevalentes, e ocorrem em quatro fases bem distintas. Lactente feminina com lesões vesicobolhosas em tronco e membros e lesão verrucosa em palma. À biopsia, observou-se exocitose eosinofílica e derrame pigmentar, compatível com a suspeita clínica. Apesar de incomum, a incontinência pigmentar deve ser lembrada entre os diagnósticos diferenciais, de lesões vesicobolhosas e verrucosas da infância.
A educação nutricional nos programas oficiais de prevenção da deficiência da vitamina A no Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues Lívia Penna Firme , Roncada Maria José
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a inserção da Educação Nutricional nos programas oficiais brasileiros de combate à deficiência de vitamina A no Brasil, no período de 1968 a 2008. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental, onde foram analisados documentos oficiais, arquivados na Coordenação Geral de Políticas de Alimentação e Nutrição, do Ministério da Saúde, referentes aos programas governamentais nacionais para a prevenção e controle da Deficiência de Vitamina A. Descreve-se a trajetória da Educação Nutricional nos programas oficiais de combate à Deficiência de Vitamina A no Brasil, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais, constatando-se que a prática de Educação Nutricional é recomendada, porém não executada. Isso ocorre porque as ações propostas nos programas oficiais são sugeridas como ações pontuais, ao invés de estarem inseridas em uma política pública de promoção da saúde. Nesse sentido, o atual programa de prevenção e combate a essa Deficiência evoluiu, pois recomenda o aleitamento materno e a alimentação saudável - medidas de promoção da saúde -, como essenciais para a sua prevenção. Conclui-se que, à medida que a Educação Nutricional avance e se estabeleça como parte de uma política pública intersetorial de promoção para a saúde, a alimentação saudável passe a fazer parte da vida dos brasileiros, prevenindo não apenas a Deficiência de Vitamina A, mas, também, outras doenças carenciais e as crônicas não transmissíveis.
Trabalho infantil: persistência intergeracional e decomposição da incidência entre 1992 e 2004 no Brasil rural e urbano
Authors: Aquino Juliana Maria , Fernandes Maurício Machado , Pazello Elaine Toldo , Scorzafave Luiz Guilherme
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é diagnosticar a existência da transmissão intergeracional do trabalho infantil, utilizando modelos Probit para as regiões rurais e urbanas do Brasil. Além disso, decompomos a variação do trabalho infantil entre 1992 e 2004 para investigar os fatores determinantes na queda do trabalho infantil no período. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o fato de os pais terem sido trabalhadores infantis tem um efeito positivo e significante sobre a probabilidade de seus filhos trabalharem, tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto rurais do Brasil. Entretanto, a magnitude desse impacto é muito mais acentuada na zona rural. Além disso, um dos fatores principais para a queda da incidência do trabalho infantil no período foi o aumento da escolaridade dos pais e mães.
Implementation of a performance indicators system in a beef cattle company
Authors: Rosado Júnior Adriano Garcia , Lobato José Fernando Piva
Published: July 2010

It was aimed to propose a methodology for implementing a performance indicator system in a beef cattle company. Strategic goals and prioritization of process previously performed in the company was used as a support to the implementation. Possible indicators were listed and confronted with occasional restraints to its implementation and further analyzed by the Balanced Score Card (BSC) point of view. Subsequently, indicators were individually analyzed and their relationship with the company's strategic goals was determined. Seventeen indicators were selected, two under financial perspective, nine under process perspective, four under customer perspective, and two under development and learning perspective. The relationship analysis showed that the indicators support appropriate monitoring of the critical processes to achieve the strategic goals, thereby consolidating the management system.
Achados audiológicos e queixas relacionadas à audição dos motoristas de ônibus urbano
Authors: Lacerda Adriana , Figueiredo Gisele , Massarolo Neto Jeane , Marques Jair Mendes
Published: July 2010

OBJETIVO: Investigar os achados audiológicos e as queixas relacionadas à audição dos motoristas de ônibus urbano. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 24 motoristas de ônibus da cidade de Francisco Beltrão (PR), com média de idade de 44 anos e três meses e com tempo de exposição total ao ruído de tráfego de 18,8 anos. Aplicou-se uma anamnese com questões referentes à história de saúde geral e auditiva, hábitos de vida e história ocupacional. Posteriormente, realizou-se a audiometria convencional analisada segundo a Portaria 19 do Ministério do Trabalho (1998) e os testes de percepção da fala. RESULTADOS: Com relação aos problemas que acometem a audição, 66,6% dos motoristas não referem dificuldades para ouvir, 29,2% referem zumbido e 12,3% referem ocasionalmente sensação de plenitude auricular. As audiometrias demonstraram que 70% dos participantes apresentaram audiogramas sugestivos de perda auditiva induzida por ruído. As frequências mais acometidas foram 4000 e 6000 Hz caracterizando configuração em entalhe bilateral em 83,3% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Verifica-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de ações preventivas voltados à saúde auditiva visando à melhoria das condições de trabalho e a preservação auditiva destes motoristas.
Considerações sobre modificações vocais e laríngeas ocasionadas pelo som basal em mulheres sem queixa vocal
Authors: Brum Débora Meurer , Cielo Carla Aparecida , Finger Leila Susana , Manfrin Jorge Alexandre
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as mudanças vocais e laríngeas ocasionadas pelo som basal em cinco indivíduos adultos do sexo feminino sem alterações vocais e laríngeas. Para isso, realizou-se gravação digital da emissão da vogal /a/ e do exame videolaringoestroboscópico. Em seguida, os sujeitos realizaram o som basal durante três séries de 15 repetições, com intervalo de 30 segundos entre cada série, e realizaram-se novamente o exame laríngeo e a gravação da vogal /a/ sustentada. Os dados laríngeos e vocais pré e pós-realização da técnica foram submetidos às análises acústica, perceptivo-auditiva e videolaringoestroboscópica. A análise acústica foi gerada pelo programa Multi Speech. Constatou-se, após o som basal: aumento da vibração da mucosa das pregas vocais; alteração ou manutenção do tipo de voz e do pitch; diminuição ou manutenção das medidas relacionadas ao jitter e shimmer e do índice que sugere ruído glótico; diminuição do índice de fonação suave; manutenção ou alteração da qualidade vocal e do foco ressonantal, com predomínio laringofaríngeo; diminuição da frequência fundamental; e aumento da variação da frequência e da amplitude. Concluiu-se que, nesta sequência de casos, o som basal promoveu efeito positivo sobre a vibração da mucosa das pregas vocais e sobre o ruído da voz, e efeito negativo sobre a ressonância e a estabilidade da voz.
Molecular signatures of thyroid follicular neoplasia
Authors: Borup Rehannah , Rossing Maria , Henao Ricardo , Yamamoto Yohei , Krogdahl Annelise , Godballe Christian , Winther Ole , Kiss Katalin , Christensen Lise , Høgdall Estrid , Bennedbæk Finn , Nielsen Finn Cilius
Published: July 2010

The molecular pathways leading to thyroid follicular neoplasia are incompletely understood, and the diagnosis of follicular tumors is a clinical challenge. To provide leads to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of the tumors, we examined the global transcriptome signatures of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FC) and normofollicular adenoma (FA) as well as fetal/microFA (fetal adenoma). Carcinomas were strongly enriched in transcripts encoding proteins involved in DNA replication and mitosis corresponding to increased number of proliferating cells and depleted number of transcripts encoding factors involved in growth arrest and apoptosis. In the latter group, the combined loss of transcripts encoding the nuclear orphan receptors NR4A1 and NR4A3, which were recently shown to play a causal role in hematopoetic neoplasia, was noteworthy. The analysis of differentially expressed transcripts provided a mechanism for cancer progression, which is why we exploited the results in order to generate a molecular classifier that could identify 95% of all carcinomas. Validation employing public domain and cross-platform data demonstrated that the signature was robust and could diagnose follicular nodules originating from different geographical locations and platforms with similar accuracy. We came to the conclusion that down-regulation of factors involved in growth arrest and apoptosis may represent a decisive step in the pathogenesis of FC. Moreover, the described molecular pathways provide an accurate and robust genetic signature for the diagnosis of FA and FC.
Engineering properties of concrete made with slate waste
Authors: Oti J. E. , Kinuthia J. M. , Bai J. , Delpak R. , Snelson D. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper reports on the engineering properties and microstructure of concrete incorporating slate waste aggregates generated from roofing slate production in the UK. Various concrete mixtures were designed using different sizes of slate waste as aggregate replacement. Concrete produced with limestone aggregate was used as control. The results showed that concrete produced with limestone aggregate tended to fail predominantly through the interfacial zone between the aggregate surface and the cement paste and mortar, without any observed aggregate fragmentation. In contrast, the concrete made with slate waste aggregate showed signs of failure emanating from both the interfacial zone as well as from the cracking and subsequent fragmentation of the aggregates. The findings show that the concrete made with slate waste aggregates attained compressive strength of 25–30 N/mm2, splitting strength of 2–3 N/mm2 and elastic modulus of 25–32 kN/mm2 thus indicating potential for using slate waste as a replacement for limestone aggregate in most low- to medium-strength engineering applications.
Fire safety of multistorey timber buildings
Authors: Frangi A. , Fontana M.
Published: July 2010

Fire safety is the main precondition for the use of wood for multistorey timber buildings and is therefore an important criterion for the choice of material for buildings. The Institute of Structural Engineering at ETH Zurich has accomplished several research projects on the fire behaviour of timber structures over the past 15 years. The research projects aimed at supplying basic data and information on the safe use of timber, in particular for multistorey buildings. Further novel fire design concepts and models have been developed based on extensive theoretical studies, element and full-scale testing as well as a large statistical database on fires in timber. The better knowledge in the area of fire design of timber structures from the research projects, combined with technical measures, especially sprinkler and smoke detection systems, as well as well-trained and equipped fire brigades allow the safe use of timber and a wider field of application of timber for buildings. As a result the Swiss fire regulations of 2005 allow the use of timber structures in multistorey medium-rise residential buildings with up to six storeys. Many other countries have also liberalised the use of timber for buildings or introduced fire regulations that allow for the use of timber on the basis of performance. This paper describes the background of the design concept assumed for multistorey medium-rise buildings. It further presents an overview of two novel calculation models for the verification of the separating function of wall-and-floor timber assemblies as well as for the fire resistance of timber connections.
Salinity‐Fertility Interactions in Relation to the Growth and Composition of Beans. II. Varying Levels of N and P1
Authors: Lunin J. , Gallatin M. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yields increased with increasing P fertilization but decreased with increasing salinity. At the highest saline level vine yields at the high P level were twice those of the no‐P treatment, and pod yields were 2½ times greater. Evapotranspiration per unit weight of leaves decreased with increasing salinity and increasing P fertilization. Decreases in pod yields with increasing N were attributable to the increased salinity caused by the nitrate fertilizer added. N had no effect on evapotranspiration. Salinity significantly affected both the N and P contents of the plant.
Nutritive Value of Nitrogen‐Fertilized Orchardgrass Pasture at Different Periods of the Year1
Authors: Reid R. L. , Jung G. A. , Kinsey C. M.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the nutritive quality of orchardgrass fertilized at four nitrogen levels (0, 56, 168, and 504 kg/ha) and either free‐grazed or zero‐grazed by sheep at four periods of the year (May, June, September, March). Effects of fertilization and growth period on nitrogen, fiber, and mineral components of the herbage were noted. In trials with cut herbage fed ad libitum to sheep indoors, level of fertilization had a significant effect on protein digestibility but little effect on dry matter and cellulose digestibility or on intake. Consumption levels of the harvested grass were higher in June than in May or September, and there was a marked decline in both the digestibility and intake of frost‐killed herbage in March. A hay cutting made from first growth grass at the end of the grazing trials in May showed decreases of approximately 15% in digestible dry matter and 40 to 45% in intake when compared to cut herbage.

Regressions calculated between dry matter digestibility and percentage of fecal nitrogen in the indoor trials were found to have a seasonal bias. The differences between digestibility coefficients as measured directly with cut herbage and as estimated by regression for grazing animals were most marked in the May and March trials, with approximate increases of 8 to 15 percentage units due to selection. Differences with regrowth herbage in June and in September were minor. The estimated consumption of orchardgrass by grazing sheep tended to decline from period to period, and there were significant effects of level of nitrogen fertilization on intake. An increase in intake associated with nitrogen fertilization was most evident in the May and March growth periods. Nitrogen fertilization also improved the relative acceptance of herbage as measured in palatability experiments with grazing sheep. A comparison of the intake of digestible dry matter by sheep under the free‐grazing or the zero‐grazing systems indicated significantly higher values for the grazing animals in the May, September, and March growth periods. No differences were apparent on regrowth herbage in June.
Quality and Yield of Corn Plants and Component Parts when Harvested for Silage at Different Maturity Stages1
Authors: Cummins D. G.
Published: July 2010

The influence of maturity and rainfall distribution on quality of component parts (ear, leaf, and stalk) and whole plants of corn (Zea mays, L.) harvested as silage was studied over a 3‐year period at Experiment, Georgia. Seven harvests were made at weekly intervals from the late milk to mature stage of the grain. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total available carbohydrate (TAC) content of ears increased with maturity then leveled off, and IVDMD reached a maximum later (dough stage) than did carbohydrate content (early dough stage). The time of maximum ear IVDMD was delayed when adequate rainfall was received during the harvest period. Leaf IVDMD and TAC content generally decreased with maturity. Both IVDMD and TAC content of the stalks were closely related to the rainfall received during the maturing period, decreasing with maturity when rainfall was limited, increasing when rainfall was received after a drought period, or remaining constant when rainfall was well distributed. The changes noted in ear and stalk quality were reflected in whole plant quality. Green forage yields generally decreased with maturity, but when adequate rainfall was received before the dough stage this decrease was delayed. Dry forage yields increased until the fourth harvest then decreased with maturity. Ear content increased until the dough stage then leveled off, while stalk content decreased to this stage then leveled off. Leaf content generally decreased with maturity.
Ionic Balance and Growth of Five Plant Species in Four Soils1
Authors: Watanabe F. S. , Olsen S. R. , Cole C. V.
Published: July 2010

The concentration of organic anions or organic salts in plants was determined as the difference between the concentration of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and the concentration of inorganic anions (Cl−, NO3−, H2PO4−, SO42−). The organic anion concentration in plants has been related with yield and the nutrient status of the plant in previous investigations. These reports suggested that a given plant species regulated the organic salt content within a narrow range of values at optimal growth rates. A normal organic salt content, the value observed at optimal growth, was postulated as one of the conditions for good growth. A low organic salt content was never accompanied by an optimal growth rate.

In this study five plant species were grown in four soils at three levels of phosphorus in order to test these concepts for a wider range of conditions. The plants were grown in the greenhouse with presumably adequate levels of N, K, Fe, and Zn. A major interest was to compare the relation between yield and organic salt content of each species on the four soils at the highest nutrient level. With barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) the yield of dry matter increased as the organic anion concentration increased. With cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) (with one exception) the yields and organic anion concentration were constant on the four soils. With sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) the lowest yields were associated with the highest organic anion concentrations, which were above the normal values apparently because of some nutritional imbalance. With sorghum the nutrient imbalance appeared to be connected with low ratios of K/Ca and possibly with the lime content of the soils.
Alkaloids and Palatability of Phalaris arundinacea L. Grown in Diverse Environments1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Barnes R. F. , Simons A. B. , Wooding F. J.
Published: July 2010

We grew 15 clones of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) of varying palatability in Indiana and Minnesota and nine clones in Pennsylvania and Alaska over a 2‐year period to determine whether diverse environments would influence alkaloid type, alkaloid concentration, and palatability. We also determined the repeatability of a previously‐established correlation between palatability and total basic alkaloids in reed canary.

Major alkaloid types and relative total basic alkaloid concentrations of clones were very repeatable among locations, even though heat units and daylength varied greatly. Of the nine clones grown in all 11 environments, three always contained gramine (3‐dimethylaminomethyl‐indole), two contained N,N‐dimethyltryptamine, and four contained 5‐methoxy‐N,N.dimethyltryptamine. Total basic alkaloid concentrations of clones were highly correlated (r = 0.90 or higher) between all combinations of environments.

Palatability ratings of clones grazed by sheep were highly correlated between Minnesota and Indiana (r = 0.91 or 0.96) and between harvests within locations (r = 0.97 or 0.99). Therefore, palatability was a function of plant rather than of animal differences.

Total alkaloid concentrations and palatability ratings of clones were highly correlated (r = 0.87 to 0.94) when palatability was rated on a scale of 1 (completely consumed) to 10 (completely rejected). These results confirmed previous findings and substantiated the conclusion that determination of total alkaloids is a valid method of screening for palatability in reed canary.
Chemical Changes Occurring in Three Bermudagrass Turf Cultivars in Relation to Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Dunn J. H. , Nelson C. J.
Published: July 2010

Susceptibility to winter injury has limited the use of bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) to a few hardy cultivars in the “upper” South which is an environmental transition area for turfgrass species. An understanding of the nature of winter hardening and the basis for winter injury in bermudagrass would give turf breeders a key to the development of winter‐hardy cultivars which are adapted for use as turf in transition areas where winter injury is like to occur. The purpose of this study was to compare three bermudagrass cultivars differing in winter survival morphologically and by chemical composition. The ‘U‐3’ cultivar was less cold hardy under conditions of the artificial freeze test than the ‘Midway’ and ‘Westwood’ cultivars at several sampling dates during the fall and winter. Midway had more rhizome and stolon tissue per unit area than the other cultivars which may give it some advantage for winter survival. Rhizomes of Westwood were thicker than those of Midway or U‐3. Total carbohydrates and sucrose increased in rhizomes and stolons during fall as hardening occurred. During winter sucrose increased slightly and reducing sugars remained constant while starch and total carbohydrate decreased. Carbohydrate differences among cultivars were slight and not related to winter survival. Stolons appeared to be the principal overwintering storage organ for carbohydrates and source of energy for regrowth in spring. Concentrations of total nitrogen, αNH2‐N, and nitrate N in overwintering tissue appeared to be dependent on the growth activity of the plants during fall and the date of the first killing frost. The U‐3 cultivar had higher total N, αNH2‐N and NO3‐N than the other cultivars. Ranking of cold hardiness of bermudagrass cultivars may be possible by combining morphological and chemical composition features into an index.
Winter Tall Fescue Yield and Quality with Different Accumulation Periods and N Rates1
Authors: Rayburn E. B. , Blaser R. E. , Wolf D. D.
Published: July 2010

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea shreb.) is used extensively for pasture, hay, and accumulated after midsummer (stockpiled) for winter grazing. The stockpiled canopies are suitable for winter grazing because of high yield, and the erect leaves remain green after several freezes, causing rather high protein contents and feeding values. More information is needed on yield and quality; hence, this investigation was planned to measure the quality [crude protein (CP) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC)] and yield of stockpiled growth as influenced by June, July, August, and September dates of applying N and stockpiling the growth. Winter influence on the quality and yield of the stockpiled forage was also measured by sampling the accumulated canopies in early (December) and late winter (February). Summer regrowth yields were also measured and the soil is classified as Groseclose loam (Typic Hapludults, clayey mixed, mesic).

As the age of the tall fescue stockpiled canopies harvested in December decreased from the June to September, stockpiling dates (SD), the dry matter (DM) yields decreased from 3,920 to 840 kg/ha, TNC increased from 15.6 to 23.0%, CP increased from 9.4 to 11.3%, and the chlorophyl index (CI) increased from 32 to 45. When N application was delayed from the June to the September dates, the DM decreased from 3,990 to 3,350 kg/ha, TNC increased from 17.4 to 23.8%, CP increased from 9.0 to 13.2%, and CI increased from 31 to 61. However, a stockpiling date ✕ N interaction occurred because the stock‐piled yields tended to decrease with delayed N applications for the June and July SD but increased for the August and September SD. Total DM yields (stockpiled plus summer growth) were highest for the earliest N applications. Dates of starting stockpiling affected the distribution of grazable forage with the highest summer production being 2,880 kg/ha with the September SD. The early June SD does not provide summer pasture, but would reduce the area needed for winter grazing because of the highest yield.

The quality and yields of stockpiled tall fescue declined as the winter season advanced. DM, CP, and TNC values of stockpiled tall fescue in February were lower than in December, but highly, and positively correlated to the December values: DM (r = 0.95), TNC% (r = 0.88), TNC yield (r = 0.92), CP% (r = 0.99), CP yield (r =0.95), and CI (r = 0.89). As compared to no N, and N fertilized forage lost more yield and quality in absolute terms, but continued to be higher in DM and quality in February due to high initial levels.
Yield and Nutrient Accumulation of Tifway Bermudagrass and Overseeded Ryegrass as Influenced by Applied Nutrients1
Authors: Sartain J. B. , Dudeck A. E.
Published: July 2010

This study was initiated to evaluate the effect of N fertilization rate on the P, K, and Mg requirements of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. X Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) and to determine the N fertilization requirements of the two turfgrasses. Information gained through this research will be of particular benefit to producers of cool and warmseason turfgrasses on golf courses of the southeastern USA. During the fall ‘Medalist II’ (a mixture of Pennfine and NK100 cultivars) perennial ryegrass was seeded over ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass growing on a loamy fine sand (Typic Quartzipsamment). Treatments were applied in a split‐plot arrangement in plots 1.83 ✕ 2.73 m and replicated five times. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate at 2.5 g N/m2 every 1, 4, and 8 weeks to establish the rates of 20, 5 and 2.5 g N/m2/8 weeks, respectively. Four subplot treatments were applied every 12 weeks using 5, 10, and 5 g/m2 of P, K, and Mg, respectively, as a complete treatment. The three additional treatments were established by excluding one of the three nutrients, respectively. The turfgrasses were mowed at 3‐day intervals. Harvests for yields occurred biweekly and consisted of 3‐day growth of the grasses. Ten harvests were collected per grass species per growing period. The study extended over two growing periods for each grass species and a total of 40 harvests. The two lower N rates (2.5 and 5.0 g/m2/8 weeks) were not adequate to maintain acceptable turfgrass quality. A higher incidence of disease and a lower quality turf resulted from these treatments. Tifway bermudagrass had a higher dry matter yield rate than Medalist II ryegrass at a given N percentage and grew faster at each level of N applied. Ryegrass responded to P on this soil which contained a minimum of 82 ppm double‐acid (0.025N H2SO4 in 0.05N HCl) extractable P. Contrarily, bermudagrass produced the highest yield when P was excluded. Both grasses were reduced in yield by exclusion of K at the high N rate. The minimum double‐acid extractable K level was 33 ppm. Ryegrass accumulated more N, P, K and Mg at each level of N fertilization than bermudagrass. Excluding P tended to reduce the N percentage in ryegrass tissue, but increased the N percentage in bermudagrass. A level of 60 ppm double‐acid extractable Mg was adequate for growth of both grasses even though the Ca:Mg ratio in some cases exceeded 20:1.
Critical Levels of Manganese in Soybean Leaves at Various Growth Stages1
Authors: Mascagni H. J. , Cox F. R.
Published: July 2010

Manganese deficiency in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a common problem in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Leaf Mn concentration may be used to diagnose this disorder. For plant analyses to be effective, critical levels need to be established at different growth stages. Data from 38 experiment‐year field rate studies were used to relate leaf Mn concentration at the R2 growth stage to yield response to fertilization. In three of the experiments, leaf samples were also taken at the V4 and V10 growth stages. The critical Mn concentration varied from 16 to 22 mg kg−1 over the three sampling dates. With a severe Mn deficiency, the critical Mn concentration remained relatively constant at 17 mg kg−1 at the V4, V10, and R2 growth stages. With a less severe deficiency, however, the leaf Mn became greater over the season, and the critical level increased to 22 mg kg−1 at the R2 growth stage. It appears that the R2 growth stage is the most reliable time for plant sampling in order to predict a yield response. The critical Mn concentration may range from 17 to 22 mg kg−1 at that time. Sampling prior to the R2 stage is less reliable. The critical Mn concentration at the V4 growth stage was estimated to be 16 to 17 mg kg−1, but plants with even lower values did not always remain deficient.
Potential of Japanese Millet as an Initial Crop in a No‐Till Forage Renovation Program
Authors: Koch D. W. , Mitchell J. R.
Published: July 2010

No‐till seeding is the only practical method of improving many pastures and fields, yet direct seeding of perennial forages often results in failure. Japanese millet [Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.], an annual, was evaluated following seedings into herbicide‐treated sod for establishment, yield compared to other annuals and to perennial forages, the enhancement of subsequent perennial establishment, and usefulness in a grazing program. Japanese millet was successfully established by sod seeding, with herbicide, in all four locations years. On a Paxton fine sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiochrepts) with low initial fertility, dry matter yields of Japanese millet seeded directly into sod were 8.62 and 9.74 Mg ha−1 in 1981 and 1982, respectively. These yields were three to five times greater the seeding year than those of perennial forages seeded into the same herbicide‐treated sod. Birdsfoot trefoil‐timothy (Lotus corniculatus L.‐Phleum pratense L.) establishment, with tillage, was enhanced by a previous crop of Japanese millet. Japanese millet was no‐till seeded into a permanent pasture with a Sutton loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystrochrepts). Lamb (Oris aries) daily gain was less on Japanese millet than on perennial grasses, but total lamb gain per hectare was similar. Forage availability in July and August increased, compared to the unseeded control. The ease of establishment, competitive ability, yield potential, and mid‐ to late‐summer production of forage makes Japanese millet a promising initial crop in a no‐till forage improvement program in which the goal is to establish improved perennials.
Factors Affecting Preemergence Bioactivity of Diclofop: Rainfall, Straw Retention, and Plant Growth Stage
Authors: Anderson R. L.
Published: July 2010

Diclofop {(±)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid} controls downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) when mechanically incorporated after application, but preemergence surface applications result in erratic control of downy brome. To determine the physical factors that enhance diclofop bioactivity, laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted with two soils: sand (Ustic Torripsamment) and sandy clay loam (Aridic Paleustoll). An oat (Avena sativa) root bioassay was used to measure bioactivity of diclofop. Movement of diclofop downward by simulated rainfall was affected by soil type and time of rainfall event. Oat root growth of seed planted 25 mm deep was reduced by >80% in the sand when 25 mm of rain was applied, but less than 30% in the sandy clay loam. Diclofop movement was reduced if the rainfall event was delayed by 4 d after application to the sand soil, indicating the need for precipitation within a few days after diclofop application. Surface straw interception and retention reduced diclofop activity by 20 to 30%, but simulated rainfall reduced this retention. Diclofop bioactivity was greatest when applied before oat seed germination. Diclofop applied to the soil surface after oat seedlings had emerged reduced plant growth 20 to 30%, while diclofop applied before oat germination reduced plant growth 75 to 85%. Preemergence surface applications of diclofop to the sand soil would be suitable for irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production on the sand, provided that diclofop was applied before weed germination and an irrigation of 25 mm occurred within 2 to 4 d after application.
Winter Wheat Mainstem Leaf Appearance and Tiller Formation vs. Moisture Treatment
Authors: Krenzer E. G. , Nipp T. L. , McNew R. W.
Published: July 2010

Mainstem leaf (MSL) appearance and percent tiller formation (%TF) have been used to evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) development. The assumption is that MSL appearance is a linear relationship to accumulated heat or growing degree days (GDD) and is unaffected by other environmental factors. Young wheat plants were subjected to high (HM) and low (LM) moisture levels to study their effect on leaf appearance, %TF, and the timing of tiller appearance. Four winter wheat cultivars were raised in a growth chamber with a 12‐h photophase at 25 and 15 °C during dark. Leaf psychrometer thermocouple readings (at the end of the study) showed significant leaf water potential differences between LM (−0.61 MPa) and HM (−0.29 MPa) treatments. The final MSL stage of the LM plants (5.5) was lower than the HM plants (6.2). Moisture treatment also reduced %TF of the coleoptile tiller, 0% LM and 36% HM. Moisture treatment did not affect %TF of the first, second, or third tillers. Even though the number of GDD required for tiller appearance was increased under LM; moisture treatment did not influence the MSL stage at which each tiller appeared. The significant effect of moisture treatment on MSL appearance demonstrates that this measurement more accurately reflects the overall growth environment of the plants until the time observations are made, rather than measuring just the preemergent seedbed environment as has been previously suggested.
Corn Production in Relation to Water Inputs and Heat Units
Authors: Liang B. C. , MacKenzie A. F. , Kirby P. C. , Remillard M.
Published: July 2010

Increasing areas available for corn (Zea mays L.) production in eastern Canada have stimulated the search for improved management practices to obtain higher yields. These management practices include hybrid selection, plant density, and fertility optimization. Large year‐to‐year variations in corn yields due to weather, however may mask management effects. The objective of this study was to quantify corn grain yield, stover yield, and total dry‐matter production as functions of heat units (HU) and total seasonal water inputs. A field experiment was conducted on a Brookston sandy clay loam soil (fine‐loamy, frigid, mesic Typic Hapludalf) in Quebec from 1984 to 1989. Empirical equations for corn grain, stover, and total drymatter yield were developed for combinations of two plant populations (65 000 and 90 000 plants ha−1) and two fertilizer rates (170‐44‐141 and 400‐132‐332 kg ha−1 as N‐P‐K). Corn grain yield was a function of HU under conventional management practices with low and high HU reducing yields. Corn grain yield with the higher plant population and the higher fertilizer rate was proportional to the product of HU and water inputs received during the growing season. Interactions between management practices indicated that management practices must be devised for most probable climatic conditions. Optimization of climatic factors and management practices could increase grain corn yield.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Responses of Corn to a Pre‐Anthesis Soil Water Deficit
Authors: NeSmith D.S. , Ritchie J.T.
Published: July 2010

Irrigation should be scheduled in order to minimize water application while maximizing crop yield, and such judicious watering requires better understanding of how crops respond to water supply. This field study was initiated to determine the influence of water deficits prior to anthesis on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a sandy soil. A rain shelter was employed to provide periods without water of 21 d in 1988 and 18 d in 1989. Water deficit treatments were begun as the eighth or ninth leaf emerged from the whorl of plants for two corn hybrids. Control plots were irrigated to maintain plant available water (PAW) at 80% or greater throughout the growing season. A correlation between leaf extension and PAW revealed relative growth of deficit plants declined linearly beginning at 85% PAW, and approached zero at 25% PAW. Short‐term effects of the water deficits were delayed leaf tip emergence and decreased production of leaf area. Long‐term consequences were manifested in the form of reduced final sizes of certain leaves and internodes; delays of tassel emergence, silk emergence, the onset of grain filling by 2 to 3 d; and yield losses of 15 to 25%. Decreased yield of deficit plants was attributed to a reduction in the number of well‐developed kernels.
Evaluation of the Nitrogen Fertilizer Value of Plant Materials to Spring Wheat Production
Authors: Mahler R. L. , Hermamda H.
Published: July 2010

Use of green manure crops has become a preferred alternative source of N. The objectives of this 3‐yr field study were to evaluate the N supplying power of 1, 2, and 3 Mg ha−1 of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue. Residues were incorporated in September and the N contribution of each amendment to a subsequent spring wheat crop was calculated. We measured inorganic soil N levels and wheat yields in northern Idaho on Latahco silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) soils. Soil samples were taken during July of each year to determine residual inorganic N. Plant material addition and incorporation affected spring wheat yield and soil inorganic N level in each study. Pea and alfalfa material applied at 3 Mg ha−1 resulted in the highest spring wheat yields. Austrian winter pea residue at 3 Mg ha−1 provided a N credit of 51 to 63 kg ha−1 to spring wheat, compared to 1 to 36 kg ha−1 for alfalfa applied at the same rate. Based on inorganic soil N in July, application of 3 Mg ha−1 of Austrian winter pea, alfalfa, and wheat residue provided an N credit of 16 to 24, 21 to 26, and –1 to –25 kg ha−1, respectively. Average total N credits (soil + plant uptake) for the 3 Mg ha−1 application of Austrian winter pea, alfalfa, and wheat materials were 76, 47, and –35 kg ha−1, respectively. Estimated N recovery of Austrian winter pea material after 10 mo of incorporation was 77% (58% in wheat and 19% in soil).
A Simple Conductimetric CO2 Analyzer with Automatic Recalibration: II. Factors Affecting Calibration
Authors: Wall Gerard W. , Acock Basil , Milliken G. A.
Published: July 2010

Conductimetric CO2 analyzers provide an economical means of monitoring and controlling carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) in enclosed plant growth cabinets. They rely on dissolving CO2 from an air sample in demineralized water and measuring the resulting change in electrical conductivity. Regressing the analog output from the conductivity meter against [CO2] values over the range 200 to 1000 μL L−1 yields a quadratic response. Calibration curves for conductimetric CO2 analyzers are affected primarily by temperature and air and water flow rates. Air and water flow rates are relatively fixed, whereas temperature varies over time in normal operation. A covariate analysis for a three‐way treatment structure in a randomized complete block design determined how the intercept (B0) and the linear and quadratic parameter estimates (B1 and B2) varied with temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40°C, air flow rates of 540, 1880, and 3700 mm3 s−1, and water flow rates of 1.0, 0.66, and 0.33 mL s−1. Temperature effects were greatest, with air flow rate causing minor changes, while water flow rate had no effect. Temperature and air flow rate significantly altered B0, with only minor changes in B1 and B2. Variations in B0 were sufficient enough to alter the [CO2] around the desired set point by 70 μL L−1 for all treatments evaluated. Deviations in [CO2] control due to variation in B1 and B2 were within 10 to 15 μL L−1; only the adjustment in B0 must be made every sampling period (every 900 s) to maintain [CO2] control within 10 to 15 μL L−1 of the set point.
Separation and Dispersion of Conditionally Sampled Eddies through an Intake Tube
Authors: McInnes Kevin J. , Campbell C. S. , Heilman James L.
Published: July 2010

With conditional sampling, atmospheric fluxes are estimated from the difference in mean concentration of a gas between upward and downward moving eddies and a measure of the standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity. Two basic components of a conditional sampling system are a sonic anemometer to measure the direction and standard deviation of the vertical wind velocity, and a valve to separate air sampled from updrafts and downdrafts. Use of the Campbell Scientific CSAT3 three‐axis sonic anemometer to measure the vertical direction of the eddies and to trigger a splitter valve requires building a physical delay into the air sampling line to counter the electronic delay that is built into the anemometer. This physical delay in the form of an intake tube creates a source of dispersion that may reduce concentration differences and affect estimates of fluxes. Our objectives were to determine the proper match of electronic and physical delays to separate eddies, and then to measure the amount of dispersion from the combined mixing in the tube and the splitter valve. A conditional sampling system to measure CO2 fluxes was constructed using a CSAT3 anemometer and a three‐way valve. A physical delay was created by adding tubing on the upstream side of the valve. A simple timing circuit was used to control a highspeed valve that pulsed CO2 in front of the intake tube to mark the locations of eddy transitions. Differences in concentrations between updraft and downdraft lines were measured as flow rates and electronic delays were varied. Tube length based on electronic delay, flow rate, and intake tube geometry was found to be adequate for separation of updrafts and downdrafts. Dispersion in the intake tube was significant and predictable. The effect of the splitter valve on dispersion was minimal. A correction factor to adjust concentration differences in the lines for dispersion may be warranted, but only for eddy reversal frequencies > 2 Hz.