bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Motivation of Human Potential via Identifying with the Meaning of the Business Activity
Authors: Hriníková Dominika
Published: January 2020

Objective: The purpose of this article was to analyse the impact of the meaning of business activity on employees’ motivation. In the article, the basic contexts between the terms within the studied issue were presented.

Methodology: Several methods and thought processes have been used in the article, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, or questionnaire survey. After analysing the theoretical background, questionnaires, interviews and observations were conducted and evaluated and their results led to the creation of specific recommendations. The research was carried out periodically in 2016 and subsequently in 2018.

Findings: The basic sense of the functioning of the company must be properly explained to the employees in order to increase the level of their motivation. Only if employees identify themselves with the tasks assigned, they will take responsibility for them and will be willing to work with enthusiasm and interest. Such behaviour will have an impact on improving the efficiency of work performance and individual processes, which will also increase the overall efficiency of the organization.

The first questionnaire survey revealed the high positive impact of several factors on increasing employee motivation. For example: interest in work; strive to be a good employee of the company; involvement in the workplace. The respondents of the second survey identified involvement in decision-making and participation in problem solving as important factors.

Value Added: The core value of this article is based on the recommended model. In addition to the model that illustrates the basic elements in employee identification with the business meaning, a mechanism has been created to achieve this goal. If this mechanism, consisting of six key points, is used to implement a project, it can be assumed that employees will understand the importance of specific tasks.

Recommendations: Motivation as an inner force of shifting a person – an employee – to achieve specific goals can be influenced by the motivation process. This process uses specific motivational tools to influence the behaviour of individuals. In line with this idea, the motivation of employees should be explored and encouraged. The main recommendation is to pay attention to identification of employees with the business meaning. In this case, employees will be involved in the decision-making, will be identified with the assigned tasks and will be willing to work with enthusiasm and interest.
CRISPR-Cas9 in agriculture: Approaches, applications, future perspectives, and associated challenges
Authors: Adhikari Prabin , Poudel Mousami
Published: January 2020

The discovery of an adaptive immune system especially in archae and bacteria, CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized the field of agriculture and served as a potential gene editing tool, producing great excitement to the molecular scientists for the improved genetic manipulations. CRISPR/Cas9 is a RNA guided endonuclease which is popular among its predecessors ZFN and TALEN’s. The utilities of CRISPR from its predecessors is the use of short RNA fragments to locate target and breaking the double strands which avoids the need of protein engineering, thus allowing time efficiency measure for gene editing. It is a simple, flexible and highly efficient programmable DNA cleavage system that can be modified for widespread applications like knocking out the genes, controlling transcription, modifying epigenomes, controlling genome-wide screens, modifying genes for disease and stress tolerance and imaging chromosomes. However, gene cargo delivery system, off target cutting and issues on the safety of living organisms imposes major challenge to this system. Several attempts have been done to rectify these challenges; using sgRNA design software, cas9 nickases and other mutants. Thus, further addressing these challenges may open the avenue for CRISPR/cas9 for addressing the agriculture related problems.
An insight on spectral, microstructural, electrical and mechanical characterization of ammonium oxalate monohydrate crystals
Authors: Mary S. Stella , Kirupavathy S. Shahil
Published: January 2020

Single crystals of ammonium oxalate monohydrate (AO) were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique. The cell parameters obtained from the single crystal diffraction experiments matched with those known earlier showed that the grown crystals were composed of AO. The variation of dielectric constant as a function of frequency shows that the dielectric constant is relatively high in low frequency region and low in the high frequency region. Microhardness study indicates that the grown AO crystal is of a soft nature. The TG and DTA studies reveal that the grown crystal has good thermal stability and can be exploited in various applications up to 100 °C. There is a change in morphology of etch pits on prolonged etching. A very low value of dielectric constant supports that the material can be exploited in photonic and electro-optic devices. Thermal stability of the grown crystal is good.
Effect of L-asparagine as dopant on the growth and characteristics of ammonium tetroxalate dihydrate single crystal
Authors: Jerusha Eunice , Kirupavathy S. Shahil
Published: January 2020

Single crystals of L-asparagine doped ammonium tetroxalate dihydrate were grown using slow evaporation solution growth technique with deionized water as a solvent. The shift and intensity of the peaks in the single crystal X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analyses confirmed the inclusion of L-asparagine in the ammonium tetroxalate dihydrate crystal structure. The optical transmission characteristics viz. optical band gap, optical conductivity, etc., were determined. Thermal studies revealed the occurrence of anomalies at 135.3 °C and 221.7 °C leading to the possibility of phase transitions and thereby, ferroelectric behavior. Vickers microhardness studies enabled determination of various microhardness parameters. Dielectric behavior was analyzed by varying the temperature and frequency. Anomalies were observed at 135 °C and 221 °C suggesting the existence of ferroelectric nature of the compound. Self-defocusing effect was observed. The polarization-electric field hysteresis loops showed a pinched effect due to defects induced by inclusion of dopant. The crystals were characterized by single crystal XRD, FT-IR, DRS, UV-Vis-NIR, Vickers microhardness test as well as thermal and dielectric techniques. In brief, L-asparagine as a dopant in ammonium tetroxalate dihydrate altered various physical properties of the crystals. They were highly transparent in the visible region with a wider optical band gap, softer material than the parent, higher phase transition temperature of 135 °C, negative nonlinearity and self-defocusing ability.
Analysis of Semester 4 Student Procedural Error Knowledge In Determining Minimum Path Using Dijkstra Algorithm
Authors: . Zaini
Published: January 2020

The focus of this research is the determination of the shortest route by students by applying the Dijkstra algorithm which has many benefits in the informatics area. The sample of this research were 4 students who had heterogeneous abilities. The results showed that 75% of the failed samples due to calculation errors. Students with high abilities are easier to understand and skilled at using procedural knowledge compared to students with medium and low abilities.
Pre-service Teachers Perspectives towards English Teaching as a Career Option
Authors: Mela Tustiawati Ida Ayu
Published: January 2020

Education is one of the parameters to the success of a country. As part of the education system, teachers play an important role. The teaching profession that is now considered to be a well-respected profession in society used to be considered as a way to show your dedication to the country. With the change of view towards the teaching profession, more people are attracted to this profession. However, the number of students who enroll themselves in the teaching training universities and the numbers of graduates who become teachers are not the same. Some of them may become teachers but some of them decide to choose a different career path. This study tries to identify the initial perspectives of the pre-service teachers on the English teaching as a career option through the application of questionnaires. The result shows that majority of the participants have positive perspectives towards English teaching as a career option. They view English teaching as a career that will give them a chance to work with the younger generation and help others. It is also viewed as a respectable job that is quite flexible in their application. Even though the current teaching profession offers good financial support, the finding shows that it is not the main reason why the participants decide to be a teacher.
UV-B Radiations and Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Yavaş İlkay , Ünay Aydın , Ali Shafaqat , Abbas Zohaib
Published: January 2020

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 280 to 320 nm) radiations have appeared to be detrimental to plants, due to their damaging effects on proteins, lipids, membranes and DNA. UV-B radiations are a significant regulator of plants‘ secondary metabolites. High intensity of ultraviolet radiations may interfere with growth and productivity of crops. But low levels of UV-B radiations give rise to changes in the plants‘ secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids and glucoseinolates. Therefore, low intensity of UV-B radiations may be used to generate plants, enriched with secondary metabolites, having improved reproductive ability, early ripening and tolerance against fungi, bacteria and herbivores.
A Comparison of Myrosinase Activity and Stability in Fresh Broccoli (B. oleracea var. Italica) and Brown Mustard (B. juncea) Seeds
Authors: Okunade Olukayode Adediran , Methven Lisa , Niranjan Keshavan
Published: January 2020

The effects of temperature and pressure processing on myrosinase extracted from fresh broccoli and brown mustard seed was studied. Brown mustard seeds had higher myrosinase activity (2.75 un/mL) than fresh broccoli (0.58 un/mL). The extent of enzyme inactivation increased with pressure (200-800 MPa) and temperature (30-80Â°C) for both brown mustard seeds and fresh broccoli myrosinase. However, at combinations of lower pressures (200-400 MPa) and temperatures (30-80Â°C), there was less myrosinase inactivation. When processing at a pressure of 300 MPa with a temperature of 70Â°C for 10 minutes, there was 65% myrosinase activity for brown mustard while at 300 MPa and 60Â°C, activity retention in fresh broccoli was 30%. Whereas, the corresponding activity retentions when applying only heat (70Â°C for 10 minutes) was 35% for brown mustard myrosinase, while there was no measurable myrosinase activity for fresh broccoli (60Â°C, 10 minutes). Thus, application of moderate pressures (200-400 MPa) on brown mustard and fresh broccoli can potentially be used to retain myrosinase activity needed for subsequent glucosinolate hydrolysis.
Anti-Biofilm and Antimicrobial Activities of Five Edible and Medicinal Macrofungi Samples on Some Biofilm Producing Multi Drug Resistant Enterococcus Strains
Authors: Karaca Başar , Çöleri Cihan Arzu , Akata Ilgaz , Altuner Ergin Murat
Published: January 2020

It is commonly well-known that biofilms are the predominant mode of bacterial growth, reflected in the clinic observations, where approximately 80% of all bacterial infections are related to biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are well protected against environmental stresses, antibiotics, disinfectants and the host‘s immune system and are usually extremely difficult to eradicate. Due to common problems caused by biofilms, alternative anti-biofilm strategies must be developed. Enterococcus strains are able to form complex surface-associated communities (biofilms), which contribute to its resistance and persistence in both host and non-host environments, and are especially important in food processing and clinical environments. Enterococcus biofilms showed increased antimicrobial resistance to the most of antibiotics as compared to the planktonic bacteria, which make them difficult to combat. There is an increasing evidence that biofilms are often associated with infectious diseases. Novel anti-biofilm strategies must be designed to include natural bio products instead of common antibiotics. Mushrooms are a nutritionally functional foods and a source of pharmaceuticals having functions such as antitumor, immunomodulating, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic. In addition, they have a notable activity against biofilms. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of some medicinal and edible mushrooms, namely Morchella angusticeps Peck, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Cerioporus squamosus (Huds.) Quél., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Singer were screened against multi drug resistant Enterococcus strains. As a result, it was observed that these mushrooms have notable potency to develop alternative medicines to struggle infectious diseases and biofilms.
Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesinde Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Özellikleri ve Süt Sığırcılığı Faaliyetinde Yem Kullanım Durumu
Authors: Yılmaz Hilal , Ayasan Tugay , Sağlam Cengiz , Gül Mevlüt
Published: January 2020

Çalışmada, araştırma sahası olarak belirlenen Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi içerisinde yer alan illerde (Adana, Osmaniye, Mersin, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş) süt sığırcılığına yer veren tarım işletmelerinin sosyo-ekonomik yapılarının ortaya konulması ve süt sığırcılığı faaliyet kolunda yem kullanımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre süt sığırcılığı üretim faaliyetinde aile işgücünün yabancı işgücüne göre daha yüksek oranda kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. İşletmelerin %62‘sinde yem bitkisi üretimi yapıldığı ve yem bitkileri içerisinde de sırasıyla silajlık mısır, yonca, arpa ve fiğin en fazla ekim alanına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin büyük bir oranında sağım makinesi (%85,81) bulunmaktadır. İşletme büyüklüğü arttıkça kaba yem kullanımının kesif yem kullanımına göre daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.
La dimensión temporal de la convivencia: tensiones entre los tiempos escolares y los ritmos juveniles
Authors: Nuñez Pedro
Published: January 2020

En este artículo exploramos los procesos de convivencia escolar que tuvieron lugar en la última década en la Argentina, en particular en tres centros urbanos (Ciudad de Buenos Aires, localidades de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y Comodoro Rivadavia en Chubut). El estudio da cuenta de las tensiones entre los pasos previstos por las políticas públicas y los ritmos escolares, el uso del tiempo escolar como aspecto regulable y el rol de los espacios institucionales. El trabajo de campo se realizó en nueve establecimientos donde se aplicó una encuesta, se hicieron entrevistas con estudiantes y docentes y utilizamos materiales institucionales como los Acuerdos Institucionales de Convivencia y las actas de sanción. Los resultados sugieren que las políticas de convivencia escolar, si bien implican propuestas que incentivan otros modos de regular los conflictos, preservan formas tradicionales de pensar la disciplina, orientadas a regular el control de los horarios y los cuerpos juveniles.
Polifonías de memoria revitalizadoras de la lengua y de la educación comunal: un proyecto educativo emergente desde el corazonar
Authors: Street Susan
Published: January 2020

ReseñaMoreno, R. (coord.), Concejo Mayor del Gobierno Comunal de Cherán y Universidad de Guadalajara. (2019). Cherán K’eri: Xanaruecha engajtsïni miatántajka juchaari jurhéntperakuani / Caminos para recordar nuestra educación. 232 pp. ISBN: 978 84 17840 04 4
THE EFFECT OF LCDS-BASED INTERACTIVE E-SCHOOLBOOK (ESB) AGAINST HOTS AND SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS
Authors: Marsakha Annisa Tasya , Suyatna Agus , Herlina Kartini
Published: January 2020

This study was aimed to determine the effect of the use of LCDS-based interactive electronic schoolbook (ESB) on atomic nuclei material with a scientific approach to Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) and scientific attitudes of students and to investigate the average HOTS value of students after both using interactive and non-interactive ESB. The research design was a Non-equivalent Control Group Design, involving students as the research subjects from one of the State High Schools in Kotabumi, with XII IPA 5 as an experimental class and XII IPA 4 as a control class. Data processing techniques were performed by T-test. The results of the HOTS pretest-posttest students in the experimental class revealed that the Sig. (2-Tailed) value was smaller than 0.05, which was equal to 0,000, indicating that there was an effect of the use of LCDS-based interactive ESB with a scientific approach to the material of the atomic nuclei on HOTS students. The test results of the differences in scientific attitudes of students between the two classes enclosed that the Sig. (2-Tailed) value of 0.001 was smaller than 0.05. This implied the great influence of the use of LCDS-based interactive ESB on the scientific attitude of students. HOTS results of students in both classes also obtained the Sig. (2-Tailed) value of 0,000, stating that there was a significant difference in the average N-gain HOTS value of students who learned with LCDS-based interactive ESB against the non-interactive model.
N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Reduce and Functionalize Copper Oxide Surfaces in a Single Step
Authors: Veinot Alex , al-rashed abrar , Padmos J. Daniel , Narouz Mina R. , Lummis Paul A. , Baddeley Christopher J. , Crudden Cathleen , Horton J. Hugh
Published: January 2020

Benzimidazolium hydrogen carbonate salts have been shown to act as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors which can remove oxide from copper oxide surfaces and functionalize the resulting metallic surfaces in a single step. Both the surfaces and the etching products are fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Analysis of surfaces before and after NHC treatment by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the complete removal of copper(II) oxide. Using 13C-labelling, we determine that the products of this transformation include a cyclic urea, a ring-opened formamide and a bis-carbene copper(I) complex. These results illustrate the potential of NHCs to functionalize a much broader class of metals, including those prone to oxide treatment, greatly facilitating the preparation of NHC-based films on metals other than gold.
Formulation and evaluation of third-generation Cefpodoxime proxetil as an Oro-dispersible tablets for treating infections
Authors: Akshay Kumar S  , Gowda D V  , Sharadha M  , Famna Roohi N K
Published: January 2020

The main problems to humans include the infection caused in the respiratory tract and urinary tract, namely respiratory tract infection (RTI) and urinary tract infection (UTI). Cefpodoxime Proxetil drug is available in the market that has a problem with drug release profile and flows property. To overcome this problem, the compacted powder form made into a micro-ionized form for its better flow property and drug release by using a direct compression technique. The study was based on the aim to evaluate and formulate oro-dispersible tablets as an effective approach via orally for the treatment of RTI & UTI prepared by direct compression technique. FTIR and DSC showed no incompatibility between drugs and excipients. The pure drug Cefpodoxime Proxetil and the excipients were blended using an octagonal blender. The Pre-formulation study was performed for this blend and pure drug. Further, the blend was made compressed into a tablet by direct compression technique. Two factorial design was implemented. Prepared tablets were evaluated for drug content, hardness, thickness, uniformity in the weight, friability, disintegration test, dispersion time, in-vitro studies, release kinetics, and also stability studies. The optimized formulation A6 found to have good flow property. The evaluation results of optimized formula A6 showed 99.60% drug content, 390mg average weight, 0.91% weight uniformity, 3.80 kg/cm2 hardness, 0.67%, friability, 23.70sec, disintegration time, 16 sec dispersion time and 95.5% drug release than the other formulation batch. The current study showed that the optimized formula A6 exhibited good disintegration time, drug release, and friability than marketed product X and other batches.
Spectral Investigation on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Crystals of Thiourea Succinic Acid Single Crystal.
Authors: Kannan.P  , Thambidurai.S  , Suresh.N
Published: January 2020

Growth of optically transparent single crystals of thiourea succinic acid (TUSA) was grown successfully from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was elucidated using the single crystal XRD. The various functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. The optical absorption studies indicate that the optical transparency window is quite wide making its suitable for NLO applications. Thermal stability of the crown crystal carried out by TGA-DTA analysis.
KAJIAN KEBUTUHAN PERLINTASAN TIDAK SEBIDANG JALUR KERETA API DENGAN JALAN RAYA DI TITIK PERLINTASAN GANEFO KECAMATAN MRANGGEN
Authors: Sudarmanto Bambang
Published: January 2020

The crossing railway line with the highway is quite a lot in several places in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java. This is a problem in itself because it considers this crossing to have a negative impact on users of land transportation. Moreover, the government does not yet have a policy relating to planning, regulation, supervision and supervision at a level crossing and is discussed with traffic accidents at the intersection of a basic plot to develop systems and procedures at level crossings.The crossing between the Semarang-Purwodadi highway and the Semarang-Surabaya / Solo railway line across the crossing lane on Ganefo still uses a level crossing. In the end, it caused a quite serious problem, namely severe congestion at the time of leaving and returning to work and even frequent traffic accidents. The existence of level crossings at this point is the focus of research by using proposals issued by the Ministry of Attention regarding railway crossings with highways can be made without a door, or can be in a plot with doors equipped, or can be made a plot, according to the research objectives. this is knowing the type of crossing that is right at the crossing of Ganefo. The results of the calculation of the Daily Average Daily Traffic of the Purwodadi-Semarang Directions traffic on the Ganefo pathway found numbers of 15928.2 pcu with the percentage of motorcycle transportation modes (motor cycle) amounting to 87.47%. Whereas the opposite direction, namely Semarang-Purwodadi, is 12784.8 pcu and the percentage of motorbikes is 78.85% of the total traffic volume. The direct observation of the train journey at the Ganefo crossing point shows the number of train trips that cross the Ganefo as many as 18 trains / day. The average length of the vehicle is at 191,429 meters during peak hours. Charting the criteria for selecting the crossing type of the Ministry of Transportation shows that the crossing point of Ganefo still depends on the position of the point where it is still permitted to use level crossings with safety doors. However, taking into account the increasing number of train trips and considerations of inconvenience and security of road users, this is at risk because depending on the position of the point required the type of crossing is not as large.
PENERAPAN KESELAMATAN DAN KESEHATAN KERJA (K3) PADAPEKERJAAN PEMBANGUNAN GEDUNG TAHAP II KANWILDIRJEN BEA DAN CUKAI JAWA TENGAH DAN D.I YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Nugroho Himawan Ady , Pudjihardjo Hari Setijo , Hadi Saputro Muhammad Wahyu
Published: January 2020

                                            ABSTRAK

Jasa konstruksi adalah salah satu sektor yang memiliki resiko. Maka dari itu diambil penelitian tentang penerapan Keselamtan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) pada proyek Pembangunan Gedung Tahap II Kanwil Dirjen Bea dan Cukai Jawa Tengah dan D.I Yogyakarta yang berada di Jl. A. Yani No. 139 di kota Semarang dan dikerjakan oleh kontraktor KSO. PT. Satriamas Karyatama-PT. Gala Tama. Karena proyek tersebut memiliki tingkat kerawanan yang tinggi terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis Penerapan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3 ). Pada Pekerjaan Pembangunan Gedung Tahap II Kanwil Dirjen Bea dan Cukai Jawa Tengah dan D.I. Yogyakarta. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner sebanyak 35 responden.. Setelah menyebarkan kuesioner dan didapat data dari responden selanjutnya dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus IKR. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebagian besar responden adalah pekerja dengan presentase 62.8% dan berpengalaman lebih dari lima tahun dengan usia 20-50 tahun dan sebagian besar berpendidikan SMA sederajat dengan presentase 60%. Untuk jaminan K3 yang paling besar cukup baik dan penyebab timbulnya kecelakaan kerja yang paling banyak adalah kurangnya kesadaran pekerja itu sendiri sedangkan aturan yang diterapkan cukup baik. Untuk fasilitas APD yang sering digunakan helm proyek sampai dan taat pada rambu-rambu K3. Artinya program-program penerapan K3 pada proyek sudah dilaksanakan dengan baik. Kata Kunci : keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, konstruksi, proyek, penyebaran kuesioner, hasil penelitian.
PENGARUH PEMODELAN MASSA PADA ANALISIS DINAMIK STRUKTUR
Authors: Purnijanto Bambang , Widorini Trias , Kustirini Anik
Published: January 2020

Indonesia adalah negara yang rawan terjadi bencana alam gempa bumi sebab lokasi Indonesia di  pertemuan tiga lempeng (pelat) tektonik yang aktif yaitu lempeng Samudra Hindia, Eurasia dan Pasifik.  Akibat dari adanya gempa bumi tersebut dapat menyebabkan banyak korban harta benda dan jiwa. Kebanyakan penyebab korban jiwa akibat gempa bumi ini adalah tertimpa reruntuhan bangunan. Kerusakan bangunan tersebut pada umumnya disebabkan oleh faktor desain dan pelaksanaan yang kurang tepat. Penelitian yang dilakukan mempunyai tujuan untuk membandingkan respons struktur yang terjadi akibat beban gempa pada gedung dengan konfigurasi yang tidak simetris berbentuk T dan L pada modelmassaterpusat terhadap modelmassatersebar. Berdasarkan hasil analisis struktur untuk denah bangunan berbentuk T dan L dengan pemodelanmassayang berbeda maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa modelmassaterpusat menghasilkan simpangan yang lebih besar dibandingkan modelmassatersebar sehingga akan menghasilkan kondisi yang lebih aman.

Kata kunci : pemodelan massa; simpangan; gedung; analisis dinamik.
چه‌مكی ئه‌ده‌ب و ڕه‌خنه‌ی ئه‌ده‌بی‌ له‌تێڕوانینه‌كانی ( كامیل حه‌سه‌ن به‌سیر)دا.
Authors: رەسوڵ هاوکار قادر
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT

 The current study entitled The Concept of Literature and Literary Criticism in Kamil Hassan Basirs’ Views” is a critical study that deals with Kamil Hassan Basirs’ literary views and criticism as far as theoretical basis is concerned. Therefore, the study revolves around what is called ( critical criticism). The purpose behind choosing his works is related to his well- informed knowledge regarding literature in general and criticism in particular. Furthermore, it serves to be a scientific reflection on the works of a treasury and outstanding critic in the country considering that his works have not been paid much attention within the field of literary criticism as well as in an academic setting.

 The aim behind this study is to review and evaluate, on one hand, Basirs’ views which have a remarkable position within literary essays in general and critical essays in particular. On the other hand, his views carry his own forms and distinguishing features. For this reason, the researcher has found it necessary to take his views into consideration under the concept critical criticism.

 The method of the study is analytical descriptive. It consists of two main parts. The first part sheds some light on Basirs’ views regarding poetry, poets and specifying the role and the participation of Kurdish literature in Kurdish society. The second part is devoted to the terms and concepts concerning criticism in Basirs’ viewpoints. It also studies the qualifications of the critic and the requirements of the scientific criticism. The paper ends with the conclusion in which some important points are concluded.
بیرکردنەوەی ناعەقڵانی لای خوێندکارانی زانکۆی ڕاپەڕین
Authors: برایم پێشەوا بابەكر , اسماعیل سیڤان عمر
Published: January 2020

وێژینەوە گرنگەی بابەتی بیركردنەوە لەوەدایەكەزۆر لەسایكۆلۆجستەكان وبەتایبەتیش پێشەنگەكانی قوتابخانەی مەعریفی باوه‌ڕيان وايه‌‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ يان به‌گشتى مه‌عريفه‌ ڕۆڵێكى سه‌ره‌كى و گرنگى هه‌يه‌ له‌ چۆنيه‌تى ده‌ركه‌وتنى ڕه‌فتارى مرۆڤ، يه‌كێك له‌ شێوازه‌كانى بيركردنه‌وه‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ى  ناعه‌قڵيه‌ كۆمه‌ڵێك بيرو باوه‌ڕ كه‌ له‌ ناو ئه‌واندا زۆرلێكردن ، ئه‌رك و ڕه‌ها گه‌راى به‌شێوه‌يه‌كى به‌رچاو بوونيان هه‌يه‌، وه‌ده‌ببێته‌ هۆى ده‌ركه‌وتن و تێكدانى هه‌ست و ڕه‌وفتاره‌كان،

ئه‌م توێژينه‌وه‌يه‌ هه‌وڵێكه‌ بۆ زانينى ئاستى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى له‌لاى خوێندكارانى زانكۆ به‌شێوه‌يه‌كى گشتى، هه‌روه‌ها زانينى ئاستى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى له‌لاى خوێندكارانى زانكۆبه‌پێى گۆڕاوه‌كانى(ڕه‌گه‌ز، قۆناغ،كۆلێژ)

ئه‌م توێژينه‌وه‌يه‌ له‌ چوار به‌ش پێك هاتوه‌ به‌شى يه‌كه‌مى تايبه‌ته‌به‌ ناساندنى چه‌مكى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌شى دووه‌مى تايبه‌ته‌ به‌لايه‌نى تێۆرى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌شى سێيه‌مى تايه‌به‌ته‌ به‌ لايه‌نى مه‌يدانى توێژينه‌ونه‌كه‌ به‌شى چواره‌مى تايبه‌ته‌ به‌شيكردنه‌ونه‌ى ئه‌نجامه‌كان خستنه‌ ڕووى پێشنيار و ڕاسپارده‌كان ، هه‌روه‌ها توێژه‌ران ميتۆدى وه‌صفى به‌كارهێناوه‌ له‌توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌دا ،كۆمه‌ڵگاى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ى پێكهاتوه‌ له‌ كۆى خوێندكارانى زانكۆى ڕاپه‌ڕێن، مشته‌ى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ى پێكهاتوه‌ به‌شێوه‌ى هه‌ڕه‌مه‌كى هه‌ڵبژێردراوه‌ كه‌له‌ (200)خوێندكارى كۆلێژى زانست و كۆلێژى په‌روه‌رده‌ى بمه‌ڕه‌ت قۆناغى يه‌كه‌م قۆناغى چواره‌م، ئه‌و كه‌ره‌سه‌ى به‌كار هاتوه‌ بريتيه‌له‌ پێوه‌رى بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى(خلافى،2016).

گرنگترين ئه‌و كه‌ره‌سه‌ته‌ئاماريانه‌ى به‌كار هاتوه‌ پێكهاتوه‌ له‌ ناوه‌نده‌ژمێره‌ى و هه‌گبه‌ى ئامارى (spss)ئه‌لفا كرۆمباخ، گرنگترين ئه‌و ئه‌نجامانه‌ى كه‌ توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌ به‌ده‌ستى هێناوه‌ بريتيه‌له‌ ئه‌وه‌ى كه‌ بيركردنه‌وه‌ى ناعه‌قڵانى هەیە له‌لاى نموونه‌ى توێژينه‌وه‌كه‌، به‌ڵام هيچ جياوازى نيه‌ به‌پێى گۆڕاوى ڕه‌گه‌ز و كۆلێژ.له‌كۆتايشدا پێشنيارو ڕاسپارده‌كان خراونه‌ته‌ ڕوو.
Re- Affixal Regualrity and Generality in Kurdish
Authors: Tahir Roza Raza
Published: January 2020

The present study aims at analyzing the regularity and generality of derivational affixes in Kurdish.  The study chooses ten affixes so as to discover their regularity and generality which are (-y, ba-y, -āna, -i:n, -awa, -āndn, bê-, nā-, -ar, and –ai:y). It will be shown that regularity and generality are strongly tied to productivity. So, the study illustrates the degree of productivity of each affixes so as to show which one has the highest and the lowest degree of productivity.
Structural Equation Modeling for the Effect of Main Factors on Abortion Issue
Authors: Mhamad Aras Jalal , Ahmed Renas Abubaker
Published: January 2020

Based on medical exchange and medical information processing theories with statistical tools, our study proposes and tests a research model that investigates main factors behind abortion issue. Data were collected from the survey of Maternity hospital in Sulaimani, Kurdistan-Iraq. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is a powerful technique as it estimates the causal relationship between more than one dependent variable and many independent variables, which is ability to incorporate quantitative and qualitative data, and it shows how all latent variables are related to each other. The dependent latent variable in SEM which have one-way arrows pointing to them is called endogenous variable while others are exogenous variables. The structural equation modeling results reveal is underlying mechanism through which statistical tools, as relationship between factors; previous disease information, food and drug information, patient address, mother’s information, abortion information, which are caused abortion problem. Simply stated, the empirical data support the study hypothesis and the research model we have proposed is viable. The data of the study were obtained from a survey of Maternity hospital in Sulaimani, Kurdistan-Iraq, which is in close contact with patients for long periods, and it is number one area for pregnant women to obtain information about the abortion issue. The results shows arrangement about factors effectiveness as mentioned at section five of the study. This gives the conclusion that abortion problem must be more concern than the other pregnancy problem.
The efficiencies of teaching process in the faculty member of Koya University according to some changes
Authors: Ibrahim Badrkhan Mustafa
Published: January 2020

University conceders the most important institution in the process of making human forces for any society. One of the any university is whether the faculty members updating their efficiencies in the process of teaching and tutorial application of them.

The aims of this research are to the capacity of teaching among university lecturers in general and according to specialization, gender and scientific title. For this purpose, deceptive method has been used among (80) university lecturer in Koya University for the academic year 2018-2019.

The researcher designed a questioner of 62 items of choosing, yes and no which have specific answers. The results showed that the efficiencies of the teachers and the value of (t) were more than the table-(t) value, which means that the teachers care more about their efficiencies. Concerning of the changing relation of demographical gender, the study showed the differences between the male and female values (264-33) more than the average value of the male (247-33), which means that the female teachers care more about their efficiencies than the male teachers. Concerning the Faculties of sciences and the Faculties of humanities, the experiment of (Anova) showed no differences between the both values.

Based on the results of the study, conducting more research among different and larger sample is recommended. In addition, the students and lecturers should give them an opportunity in the processes of teaching. Finally, the ministry of higher education and scientific research may take advantage from this kind of scientific research.
Similarities and Differences between the Demonstratives in Kurdish and English
Authors: Husein Rezhna Maarwf , Ali Shler Mohammed
Published: January 2020

This study explores the English and Central Kurdish[1] demonstratives as deictic expressions by stating their morphological, syntactical and semantic properties. As a result, the similar and different linguistic properties of the demonstratives of the two languages are pointed out. The outcome of the study may provide more elucidation to linguistics in general. Additionally, it may give clearer vision to language pedagogy and translation.
Assessment of the burden of caregiving among parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder attending Child Autism Center in Sulaimani city
Authors: Abdulla Bakhtyiar Mohammed , Al Kurwi Salwa Shakir
Published: January 2020

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that parent’s caregivers of a child affected with autism spectrum disorder experience high rate of anxiety, stress and poorer overall well-being. Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disability that includes deficits in social, communication and repetitive behaviors. 

Objective: To assess the type and severity levels of caregiving burden as perceived by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Methods: A quantitative descriptive design is used in this study. A non-probability, purposive sample size of (40) parents (24mothers and 16fathers) assuming the role of caregivers of (40) children with autism spectrum disorder attending Sulaimani Autistic Center. A questionnaire was developed including the Montgomery family caregivers burden scale to measure parent’s burden. An intervention method was used to collect data from parent’s participants. The statistical analysis was performed by statistical package of social science spss-22. 

Results: The children with autism spectrum disorder mostly male, mean age 7.5 years and first child ranking in the family. The mother caregivers mostly housewife and mean age 36.8 years. And father mostly governmental employed and mean age 43.9 years. The parent’s experience high severity level of objective burden (3.37± 1.18) and moderate level of stress burden (2.37± 1.30) and demand burden(2.28± 1.22), no statistically significant difference between total burden scale of caregiving in regard to parents socio-demographic characteristics (P˃0.05

Conclusion: The parent’s caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder experiencing high severity level of objective burden of caregiving was mainly related to decrease time for their personal and social life, and moderate level of subjective stress burden was related to anxiety, worry and nervousness.
Accuracy and similarity aspects in online geocoding services: a comparative evaluation for Google and Bing maps
Authors: KILIÇ Batuhan , GÜLGEN Fatih
Published: January 2020

Geocoding is a method used to convert address information into geographical coordinates. It plays a vital role in displaying the relationship between geographic features and semantic information expressed in texts. The objective of this study is to reveal the quality of online geocoding from postal addresses in Turkey provided by Google Maps and Bing Maps services. The quality of geocoding services in urban areas is evaluated using two particular metrics; positional accuracy and address similarity. Positional accuracy measures the distances between point features obtained through the online geocoding and reference data. Address similarity indicates the relationship between two postal addresses based on a similarity index known as the Levenshtein distance. The same performance assessment was also made with the United States’ address data to make comparisons and discussions. The results show that services have different geocoding capabilities in both countries because of the differences in the addressing formats.
Adaptation of nitrate reductase activity assay for high throughput screening of crops
Authors: Karlov G I. , Litvinov D. Y. , Kharchenko P. N. , Krupin P. Yu. , Shirnin S. Yu. , Chernook A. .G , Nazarova L. А. , Divashuk M. G.
Published: January 2020

The  possibility of freeze drying of plant material and its grinding in a shaking bead mill to determine the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was studied. The effectiveness of applying this approach to high throughput mass screening of crops was shown. The assay was carried out on seedlings of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) of the following cultivars: Altigo, Vassa, Grom, Doka, Soberbash, Starshina, Fisht and spring wheat Novosibirskaya 67. The crops were grown during 4-5 weeks on substrate without nitrogen and on substrate supplemented with 50 millimol / l (mM) of potassium nitrate. Nitrate reductase in plants retained its activity after lyophilization and grinding of dried leaves in a mill. The proposed protocol for NR activity assay is suitable for plant lysates with an NR activity sufﬁ cient to form nitrite in the range of 5–120 micromoles / l (μM) in 800 μl of reaction mix (for instance, freeze-dried sample originated from 100 mg of wheat seedling leaves).  Centrifugation of a plant lysate at 20,000 g almost did not change NR activity compared to 12,000 g that is achievable for most lab centrifuges. Lysates from fresh leaves contained signiﬁ cantly more total protein than lysates from lyophilized leaves (with an equal amount of starting wet material). The difference in the nitrate-reducing activity in lysates from fresh and lyophilized leaves was not as high as the difference in protein concentration. Thus, the activity of NR calculated per g of total protein was higher in lyophilized leaves than in fresh leaves. The activity of NR was signiﬁ cantly induced by nitrate for all cultivars. The basal and nitrate-induced NR activity varied widely between the cultivars, and the induction ranged from 2.5 fold for Novosibirskaya 67 variety and 2.7 fold for Vassa to 5.4 for Altigo and 5.7 fold for Grom.
Evaluation of the individual level of homozygosity of bulls on the basis of genomic information
Authors: Ignatieva L. P. , Belous A. A. , Nedashkovsky I. S. , Kostyunina О. V. , Sermyagin A. A. , Zinovieva N. A.
Published: January 2020

The results of the evaluation of genomic inbreeding of stud bulls of Black-and-White and Holstein breeds of the Central region of Russia are presented. The studies were carried out by detecting long homozygous fragments in the animal genome – runs of homozygosity (ROH), compared to the traditional approach of determining inbreeding by pedigree. ROH analysis was performed using the Illumina Bovine SNP50K v2 BeadChip biochip with the density of 54609 SNP in the population of stud bulls of Black-and-White and Holstein breeds (n = 100) in Moscow and Leningrad regions. The largest number and total length of ROH in the studied population were found on chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 10, 20, and 24, with an average length of 10.34; 9.15; 10.33; 12.37, and 9.05 Mb, respectively. The number of ROH segments varied from 5 to 34, with an average of 19.1. The average ROH size was 8539 ± 161 kb with the total number of nucleotide mutations of 136.2 ± 2.5 SNP and coverage density of 62.2 kb. It was found that the larger the inbreeding value by pedigree, the higher the frequency of occurrence of homozygous segments (on average from 15.5 to 25.7, respectively, with the inbreeding value from 0 to 8.5%). The total length of the fragments and the average value of ROH tend to increase depending on the inbreeding level (271.3 Mb and 10862 kb at the inbreeding value of 5.0% and higher). The highest repeatability with the inbreeding coefﬁ cient was obtained for the sum of homozygous genome patterns and diallelic markers, 0.517 and 0.475, respectively. Monitoring the level of homozygosity on the basis of genomic information most accurately reﬂ ects the true level of inbreeding, and allows more efﬁ cient monitoring of the breeding process in animal populations.
Animal model of diabetic keratopathy
Authors: Dewi Pitra Ariesta Shinta , Sitompul Ratna , Pawitan Jeanne , Naroeni Aroem
Published: January 2020

Diabetic keratopathy is one of the most common ocular complications in diabetes mellitus. Protocol for diabetes induction in rat model also has been established in many centers. Nonetheless, method in developing diabetic keratopathy rat model has not been well covered. Streptozotocin (STZ)

-induced diabetes is widely being used as animal diabetic model. The purpose of this study is to obtain an animal model of diabetic keratopathy that can be used to study the morphology, metabolism, and function of

cornea in cases where human samples can be difficult to obtain. A single dose STZ (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to control and intervention group. Plasma glucose level concentrations were tested in day 3 postinjections. Obtained animal model of diabetic keratopathy, with significant difference of blood glucose level between intervention and control group (P<0.00). Sensibility of cornea was decreased by week 14th in intervention group. Epithelial defect were more prominent in diabetic group. Despite the differences between human and animal characteristic of diabetic keratopathy, the use of animal models has contributed to better understanding of this disease and to examine more effective treatment.
Recent Trend in Ozone Levels in the Metropolitan zone of Mexico City
Authors: Audry Sánchez Javier , Garfias Ayala Francisco Javier
Published: January 2020

Ozone concentration in the atmosphere of Mexico City is analyzed for the period 2000-2006, finding an average reduction of 24%, in spite of not meeting the norm of 110 ppb in more than 42% of the days in Pedregal. The maximum ozone levels in the last three years were 250 ppb well above the norm of 110 ppb. The number ofvehicles registered in the Federal District has increased in the period by an average of 35%. Notwithstanding the increase in vehicular fleet, improvement of air quality is ascribed to the replacement of old cars by more efficient and less contaminating new cars. To decrease even more the ozone concentration, it is suggested to decrease furtherthe Reid Vapor Pressure of gasoline to 7.0 psia to reduce the evaporation of light olefins.
Mercury Speciation in Contaminated Soils from Old Mining Activities in Mexico Using a Chemical Selective Extraction
Authors: Gavilán-García Irma , Santos-Santos Elvira , Tovar-Gálvez Luis R. , Gavilán Arturo , Suárez Sara , Olmos Jesús
Published: January 2020

Amalgamation was heavily used in mining since 1557 in Spanish Colonies. In Mexico and other parts of Latin-America,this process generated tailings which were left aside in the mine backyards. In the valley of Zacatecas, tailings were carried out of the mines due to the run-off from the mountains and contaminated most of the Zacatecan Valley which most important economic activity is agricultural (crop and livestock raising). The main concern in this area is the high level of total mercury found in previous studies. So far, various research studies have been conducted in Mexico toidentify the contamination by total mercury in contaminated soils. However, research has not been developed to determine the available fraction by an analysis of the chemical species present in contaminated sites, which represent a risk to human health and the environment. The aim of this study is to develop a mercury sequential chemical extraction methodology with appropriate conditions for identifying: 1) water-soluble fraction, 2) elemental fraction, 3) interchangeable fraction, 4) strongly bound fraction, 5) organic fraction, 6) fraction as sulphides and 7) residual fraction. With this, it might be determined if the mercury species present in mining soils in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico represent a potential risk because of its mobility in the different environmental compartments. Results show that chemical species in the towns of Osiris and La Zacatecana (HgS and amalgamated mercury) have high stability and low mobility.
 
, Soil contamination, Mining wastes,Chemical selective extraction
Intergenerationelle Beziehungen in der Familie
Authors: Buhl Heike M. , Sommer Sabrina
Published: January 2020

Beziehungen zwischen Erwachsenen und ihren Eltern sind durch Interdependenzen und Dependenzen gekennzeichnet. Während das Zusammenleben von Familien mit Kindern im mittleren Erwachsenenalter dabei ganz überwiegend durch Interdependenz geprägt ist, nehmen im Alter Dependenzen durch gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen der Eltern zu. Mit Blick darauf werden im Artikel behaviorale, kognitive und emotionale Merkmale von Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen erläutert und theoretisch in zentrale Konzepte eingebettet. Das Verhalten ist durch Solidarität zwischen den Generationen, aber auch durch Aspekte des Einflusses innerhalb der Beziehung und aufeinander, gekennzeichnet. Um Familienkognitionen zu beschreiben, werden die verwandten Konzepte der Individuation und der filialen Reife herangezogen. Verhalten, wie auch Kognitionen, sind eng mit dem dritten Beziehungsmerkmal, der Affektivität verknüpft, das neben positiven auch negative Gefühle sowie Ambivalenzen umfasst.
Großeltern in der Familientherapie
Authors: Reich Günter
Published: January 2020

Durch die Mehrgenerationenperspektive der psychoanalytisch orientierten Familientherapie kommen die Großeltern, deren Schicksal und aktuelles Interagieren im familiären Kontext in den Fokus. Dies geschieht hinsichtlich der Tendenzen zur Wiederholung problematischer Muster wie auch der Ressourcen und salutogenetischen Potenziale der Mehrgenerationen-Beziehungen. Klinische »Typen« von Großeltern sowie Indikationen zu deren Einbeziehung in Familientherapie und -beratung werden beschrieben. Ein Behandlungsverlauf wird skizziert.