bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Risks of Climate Change on Irrigation Water in Arid Regions
Authors: Elnashar Walaa , Elyamany Ahmed
Published: August 2022

Abnormal changes in temperature, precipitation, atmospheric carbon dioxide, or solar radiation are examples of climate change that may affect irrigation water demand. Studies show an increasing trend in the earth’s surface temperature, with decreasing trends in rainfall. With most studies focused on predicting the extent of climate change, fewer studies focused on developing appropriate response strategies. This paper aims to propose a systematic approach to identify, analyze, and respond to the risks of climate change on irrigation water in arid regions using the Risk Management process. The compound effect of these risks was analysed using Monte Carlo Simulation, which indicated a 69% loss in crop production due to climate change at a 90% confidence level. The proposed responses to the risks of climate change include strategies to avoid, transfer, mitigate, and/or accept these risks. The study has made three contributions to the state of the art. First, to adopt a well-recognized risk management methodology in climate change studies. Second, to quantify the compound effect of climate change risks on irrigation water in arid regions. Third, to recommend a set of response strategies to help policymakers mitigate the inevitable harmful effect of climate change on irrigation water.
Examining the regulation of motivational and comprehension-related problems during collaborative learning
Authors: Melzner Nadine , Dresel Markus , Kollar Ingo
Published: August 2022

To be able to collaborate effectively and efficiently has been described as a complex and crucial twenty-first century skill. During collaboration, however, a variety of problems may emerge that require groups to engage in effective regulation processes, which is a complex task in itself. Up to now, little is known about (a) what types of strategies learners of such groups typically apply to regulate their learning, and (b) on which social levels (self vs. co vs. shared-level) they apply these strategies to account for different kinds of problems that may surface during collaboration. To address these questions, we developed four case vignettes that described a study group during exam preparation, in which problems were systematically varied in a 2 × 2 within-subjects design (present vs. absent motivational or comprehension-related problems). Using an open-ended format, N = 278 students were asked to describe (a) the strategies they would apply, and (b) the social levels at which they would apply these strategies in each of the four problem situations. Answers were coded and quantified by aid of an in-depth, theory-based coding scheme. Results showed that students react to motivational problems with more motivational but less cognitive strategies and to comprehension-related problems with more cognitive, but a similarly high use of motivational strategies. Thus, students seem to tackle motivational problems in a more problem-sensitive way than comprehension-related problems – a finding which was found also across social levels. These findings bear important implications for process-related research on social regulation and for the design of interventions.
At Least Agree on the Important Things: The Impact of Issue Distance, Intracoalition Heterogeneity, and Salience on Voters’ Coalition Preferences
Authors: Welz Robert
Published: August 2022

The 2021 German federal election led to the formation of the so-called traffic-light coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party, and the Free Democratic Party, which had never before been agreed upon at the federal level. Over a long period, German parties had competed for government in relatively clear and ideologically homogeneous camps. However, fragmentation of the party system made majorities for two-party alliances more and more unlikely, and party elites needed to reassess new partnerships. Most of these novel coalitions, like the traffic-light coalition, are also cross-cutting dimensions of political competition in Germany. This raises the question of how voters reflect upon these novel government alternatives and make up their minds about which of them they would like to see in office.

In this paper, I argue that a nuanced view on issues rather than general ideology offers more precise insights on the origins of voters’ coalition preferences. Furthermore, as salience theory suggests, not every issue is equally important for every part of the citizenry. Therefore, it is expected that the effects of voter–coalition distance as well as intracoalition heterogeneity on specific issues are moderated by individuals’ saliency of the respective issues. These expectations are tested using data from the 2021 preelection cross-section survey of the German Longitudinal Election Study. The results emphasize the relevance of specific issues as well as salience in the formation of voters’ coalition preferences.
Is an Early Resumption of a Regular Diet After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Safe?
Authors: Chevallay Mickael , Gialamas Eleftherios , Giudicelli Guillaume , Vuagniaux Aurélie , Guarino Laetitia , Worreth Marc , Saillant Stéphane , Diana Michele , Saadi Alend
Published: August 2022

Background

Return to a normal diet is a crucial step after bariatric surgery. Proximal anastomosis is a source of concern for early feeding as the passage of solid food through a recent anastomosis could well increase pressure and the risk of leakage. This study aims to assess the safety of an early normal diet after a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).

Materials and Methods

All consecutive patients undergoing primary LRYGB between January 2015 and December 2020 were included prospectively. Three postoperative pureed diets were compared at 4 weeks, 2 weeks, and 1 week. All-cause morbidity at 90 days was the main outcome. Overall complications, severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ grade 3a), length of hospital stay, number of emergency, and unplanned consultations during the 3 postoperative months were recorded for each group.

Results

Three hundred and sixty-seven patients with a mean BMI of 42.10 kg/m2 (± SD: 4.78) were included. All-cause morbidity at 90 days was 11.7% (43/367) and no significant difference was observed between the 3 groups. Adjustment for patients and operative cofounders did not demonstrate any increased risk of postoperative complications between the 3 groups, with an odds ratio of 1, 1.23(95% CI [0. 55–2.75]), and 1.14 (95% CI [0.49, 2.67]) for groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ grade 3a) and emergency or unplanned consultations were also similar in the 3 groups.

Conclusion

Return to a normal diet 1 week after LRYGB did not increase short-term morbidity and unplanned consultations. It may be safe and contribute to patient comfort.

Graphical abstract
Criticality Metrics for Automated Driving: A Review and Suitability Analysis of the State of the Art
Authors: Westhofen Lukas , Neurohr Christian , Koopmann Tjark , Butz Martin , Schütt Barbara , Utesch Fabian , Neurohr Birte , Gutenkunst Christian , Böde Eckard
Published: August 2022

The large-scale deployment of automated vehicles on public roads has the potential to vastly change the transportation modalities of today’s society. Although this pursuit has been initiated decades ago, there still exist open challenges in reliably ensuring that such vehicles operate safely in open contexts. While functional safety is a well-established concept, the question of measuring the behavioral safety of a vehicle remains subject to research. One way to both objectively and computationally analyze traffic conflicts is the development and utilization of so-called criticality metrics. Contemporary approaches have leveraged the potential of criticality metrics in various applications related to automated driving, e.g. for computationally assessing the dynamic risk or filtering large data sets to build scenario catalogs. As a prerequisite to systematically choose adequate criticality metrics for such applications, we extensively review the state of the art of criticality metrics, their properties, and their applications in the context of automated driving. Based on this review, we propose a suitability analysis as a methodical tool to be used by practitioners. Both the proposed method and the state of the art review can then be harnessed to select well-suited measurement tools that cover an application’s requirements, as demonstrated by an exemplary execution of the analysis. Ultimately, efficient, valid, and reliable measurements of an automated vehicle’s safety performance are a key requirement for demonstrating its trustworthiness.
Disaster Journalism in Print Media: Analysis of the Top 10 Hydrogeomorphological Disaster Events in Portugal, 1865–2015
Authors: Antunes Michele Nacif , da Silva Pereira Susana , Zêzere José Luis , Oliveira Adauto Emmerich
Published: August 2022

Disaster communication guidelines emphasize that journalists should be aware of past major disasters and draw lessons from the coverage of those events. The press is an important source for the evolution of historical disaster and risk research paradigms over time. This study explored the top 10 damaging hydrogeomorphological events in Portugal selected from the disaster database, which includes events that caused human damages (fatalities, injured, missing, evacuated, and displaced) reported over a period of 151 years (1865–2015) by the Portuguese newspaper Diário de Notícias (DN). News analysis was guided by the news protocol. The analysis of the news published in DN enabled us to identify textual marks that present interconnections in the journalistic coverage and produce discursive standards for these disasters. The textual marks were associated with the hazard and risk paradigms. The discursive standards of DN did not clearly reflect the ruptures in the hazard paradigms. As a rule, the journalistic reports contributed to the naturalization of disasters and the gap in public understanding of risks, by presenting an approach focused on relief actions—ignoring social issues, vulnerability, and population resilience—reducing the discourse of preparedness for future disasters.
Extreme Weather Loss and Damage Estimation Using a Hybrid Simulation Technique
Authors: Doktycz Charles , Abkowitz Mark , Baroud Hiba
Published: August 2022

History has shown that occurrences of extreme weather are becoming more frequent and with greater impact, regardless of one’s geographical location. In a risk analysis setting, what will happen, how likely it is to happen, and what are the consequences, are motivating questions searching for answers. To help address these considerations, this study introduced and applied a hybrid simulation model developed for the purpose of improving understanding of the costs of extreme weather events in the form of loss and damage, based on empirical data in the contiguous United States. Model results are encouraging, showing on average a mean cost estimate within 5% of the historical cost. This creates opportunities to improve the accuracy in estimating the expected costs of such events for a specific event type and geographic location. In turn, by having a more credible price point in determining the cost-effectiveness of various infrastructure adaptation strategies, it can help in making the business case for resilience investment.
The development of a high-performance Ni-superalloy additively manufactured heat pipe
Authors: Li Sheng , Essa Khamis , Carr James , Chiwanga States , Norton Andrew , Attallah Moataz M.
Published: August 2022

Additively manufacturing (AM) has been used to manufacture fine structures with structured/engineered porosity in heat management devices. In this study, laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was used to manufacture a high-performance Ni-superalloy heat pipe, through tailoring LPBF process parameters to fabricate thin wall and micro-channel. By using novel laser scanning strategies, wick structure heat pipes with maximised surface-area-to-volume ratio, fine features size around 100 µm, and controlled porosity were successfully fabricated. Microscopy and X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) were used to investigate the 3D structure of the void space within the pipe. Wick test results showed that most of the heat pipes made by LPBF had better performance than the conventionally manufactured pipes. This study also investigated the influences of the process parameters on the porosity volume fraction and the feature size. The results showed that LPBF process could fabricate thin structure due to the change of melt pool contact angle. The relationship between process parameters and bead size reported in this study could help design and manufacture heat pipe with complex fine structure.
Zero-shot domain paraphrase with unaligned pre-trained language models
Authors: Chen Zheng , Yuan Hu , Ren Jiankun
Published: August 2022

Automatic paraphrase generation is an essential task of natural language processing. However, due to the scarcity of paraphrase corpus in many languages, Chinese, for example, generating high-quality paraphrases in these languages is still challenging. Especially in domain paraphrasing, it is even more difficult to obtain in-domain paraphrase sentence pairs. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for domain-specific paraphrase generation in a zero-shot fashion. Our approach is based on a sequence-to-sequence architecture. The encoder uses a pre-trained multilingual autoencoder model, and the decoder uses a pre-trained monolingual autoregressive model. Because these two models are pre-trained separately, they have different representations for the same token. Thus, we call them unaligned pre-trained language models. We train the sequence-to-sequence model with an English-to-Chinese machine translation corpus. Then, by inputting a Chinese sentence into this model, it could surprisingly generate fluent and diverse Chinese paraphrases. Since the unaligned pre-trained language models have inconsistent understandings of the Chinese language, we believe that the Chinese paraphrasing is actually performed in a Chinese-to-Chinese translation manner. In addition, we collect a small-scale English-to-Chinese machine translation corpus in the domain of computer science. By fine-tuning with this domain-specific corpus, our model shows an excellent capability of domain-paraphrasing. Experiment results show that our approach significantly outperforms previous baselines regarding Relevance, Fluency, and Diversity.
Prevalence, distribution and control of potato virus Y (PVY) strains in Kenyan potato cultivars
Authors: Onditi John , Nyongesa Moses , van der Vlugt René
Published: August 2022

Potato virus Y (PVY) causes major yield losses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops worldwide. Over the past few decades, two new PVY strains (PVYN−Wi/N:O and PVYNTN) have become prevalent and widely distributed worldwide. In Kenya, there is limited information on the prevalence and distribution of PVY strains in potato cultivars grown in the farmer’s fields. This is a major limiting factor in making decisions for setting up a basis for PVY control. This study was therefore conducted (a) to determine the present prevalence and distribution of the different PVY strains in cultivars grown in different potato-growing counties and (b) to use this knowledge on virus prevalence and distribution in proposing a strategy for PVY control. To this end, a leaf sampling survey was conducted in 354 potato farms in five major potato-growing counties in Kenya with follow-up surveys in two of the five counties for two more seasons. Collected leaf samples were tested using DAS-ELISA, and those found to be infected with PVY were subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) to determine the PVY strains. Overall PVY prevalence was generally low (8.2%). Out of all the PVY-infected plants, PVYN−Wi/N:O was the most prevalent strain (54.9%) followed by PVYO (28.0%) and PVYNTN (17.1%), while PVYN was not detected. The PVYN−Wi/N:O strain occurred across the three seasons and across the counties but only on specific cultivars. Three cultivars were identified as PVY resistant, and the most widely grown cultivar Shangi (60.2%) had only a low PVY prevalence of 0.6%. This is an indication that this cultivar may have already been useful in minimizing virus prevalence in farmer’s fields. This report is the first prevalence survey of PVY strains and resistance; in addition, the results obtained provide a basis for a major focus on PVY resistance breeding in Kenya.
Evaluation methods for surface compression stress measurements with unknown principle stress directions
Authors: Thiele Kerstin , Müller-Braun Steffen , Schneider Jens
Published: August 2022

The birefringent properties of glass can be well utilized for non-destructive testing of thermally tempered glass. The surface compression stress as well as the compression zone depth of thermally tempered glass is commonly measured with a scattered light polariscope. The measurement with scattered light polariscope provides information about stresses acting perpendicular to the measurement direction. Therefore, the measurement depends on the direction. In order to make a statement about the rough level of the prestress, a measurement in one direction can be sufficient, assuming an isotropic stress state and a relatively homogeneous distribution of the surface compression stress. However, in order to be able to make a more detailed statement about a non-isotropic stress state, measurements in up to four directions are necessary. Information about the direction of principal stresses and differences of principal stresses can then be evaluated. In the present work, it is investigated which deviations can be expected by measurements performed in only one direction or by measurements using up to four directions. For this purpose, five methods are introduced, which deviate in the assumptions made for the current stress state. The methods are compared using measurements on thermally tempered glass in a four-point bending test and on thermally tempered glass specimens without any external load.
“There’s no money in community dissemination”: A mixed methods analysis of researcher dissemination-as-usual
Authors: Uphold Heatherlun S. , Drahota Amy , Bustos Tatiana E. , Crawford Mary Katherine , Buchalski Zachary
Published: August 2022

Background:

The field of dissemination and implementation science has the potential to narrow the translational research-to-practice gap and improve the use of evidence-based practices (EBPs) within community-based settings. Yet, foundational research related to dissemination efforts, such as understanding researcher attitudes, practices, and the determinants to sharing research findings, is lacking within extant literature.

Methods:

A sequential explanatory (QUAN

$$ \to $$

qual) mixed methods design was used to examine 85 academic researchers’ perspectives and self-reported dissemination methods used to share research outcomes with community stakeholders to better understand researcher’s usual dissemination practices (referred to as dissemination-as-usual). Quantitative surveys collected researcher demographic data, attitudes toward dissemination efforts, and dissemination strategy use.

Results:

Multiple linear regression examined predictors of the quantity of dissemination strategies utilized by researchers, finding that years since earning their degree, time spent disseminating, and the number of reasons for engaging in dissemination efforts predicted greater numbers of dissemination strategies utilized by researchers. Individual, semi-structured interviews with a subset of researchers (n = 18) expanded upon quantitative findings, identifying barriers and facilitators to their dissemination efforts. Data strands were integrated using a joint display, and the Dissemination of Research model guided data interpretation. More established researchers experienced fewer barriers and more facilitators to support their use of a variety of dissemination strategies to share findings with community stakeholders. However, researchers reported needing specific training, institutional support, and/or dedicated time to plan and enact dissemination strategies.

Conclusion:

The necessary first step in research translation is the dissemination of research evidence, and understanding dissemination-as-usual can identify areas of need to advance translational science.
Under the umbrella: components of empathy in psychology and design
Authors: Chang-Arana Álvaro M. , Surma-aho Antti , Hölttä-Otto Katja , Sams Mikko
Published: August 2022

Empathy is argued to be a key factor for a successful design discussion. However, such causality cannot be empirically proven based on how empathy is currently defined in design community. Empathy is used as an umbrella construct, broad and encompassing of diverse phenomena, making it difficult to quantify. We suggest improving such a situation by introducing a definition of empathy based on psychology literature, which provides structure and guidance for studying the role of empathy in design. We first break empathy to components. Then, we review empathy as used in design. Finally, we synthetize the reviewed material. From this synthesis, we conclude that empathy in design shares several key components of empathy in psychology; particularly with state influences, top-down control process and emotional stimuli. These are present in design methods although they have not been studied using such terms. Incorporating psychological components of empathy into design can help conceptualising empathy from a different angle, thus opening interesting new avenues for future research. We hope that our treatment provides present and future designers with some useful guidance.
Drag reduction by a flexible hairy coating
Authors: Mao Qian , Zhao Jiazhen , Liu Yingzheng , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: August 2022

The hydrodynamic mechanism of drag reduction by a flexible hairy coating was explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. A two-dimensional flexible hairy coating is constituted by multiple flexible filaments. A simulation of a cylinder without a hairy coating at a Reynolds number of 100 was also performed for comparison. The results of the simulations show good agreement with the experimental data by Niu & Hu (Phys. Fluids, vol. 23, 2011, 101701), where maximum drag reduction of 22% was attained at a particular length, bending rigidity, coating density and coating angle of the hairy coating. The hydrodynamic mechanism of drag reduction was characterized in terms of the wake pattern, shape deformation and kinetic energy of the hairy coating. The effect of a non-uniform bending rigidity of the hairy coating on drag reduction was explored. A stable streamline shape of the hairy coating was found to delay the vortex formation and stabilize the recirculation zone, resulting in decreased form drag. Active flapping of the hairy coating with enhanced vortex shedding is adverse to drag reduction. A hairy coating with a stiff base and flexible trailing edge is beneficial to maintaining a stable shape.
Changes in the commemorative streetscape of Leipzig over the past 100 years
Authors: Buchstaller Isabelle , Alvanides Seraphim , Griese Frauke
Published: August 2022

This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary project that explores street name changes in Leipzig, a city in eastern Germany, over the past one-hundred years. Our analysis focuses on the ways in which semantic choices in the streetscape are recruited to canonize traces of the national past that are “supportive of the hegemonic socio-political order” (Azaryahu, 1997:480). We triangulate results from variationist sociolinguistics, Linguistic Landscape (LL) studies and geographical analysis to visualize waves of street (re)naming during a century of political turmoil. Drawing on historical archival data allows us to interpret spatial and temporal patterns of odonymic choices as the public embodiment of subsequent political state ideologies. The analysis provides quantitative and longitudinal support to Scollon and Scollon’s (2003) claim that the indexing of officially sanctioned identity and ideology as well as the appropriation of human space are performed by and in turn index state-hegemonic politics of memory.
Zero-electron-mass limit of the compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations with well/ill-prepared initial data
Authors: Li Yeping , Liao Jie
Published: August 2022

In this study, we consider the viscous compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equations, which consist of the balance laws for electron density and moment, and a Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential. The limit of vanishing electron mass of this system with both well/ill-prepared initial data on the whole space is rigorously justified within the framework of local smooth solution. We first make use of the symmetric hyperbolic–parabolic structure of the compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equation to obtain uniform estimate in the short time, by which we show uniform existence of local classical solution to the compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equation in $\mathbb {R}^d(d\geq 1)$. Further, with uniform estimate of time derivatives, we show the zero-electron-mass limit of the solutions for the compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson equation with well-prepared initial data in $\mathbb {R}^d(d\geq 1)$ by using Aubin's lemma. A detailed spectral analysis on the linearized system is done so that we are able to prove the zero-electron-mass limit of the solutions with ill-prepared initial data in $\mathbb {R}^d(d\geq 3)$, where the convergence occurs away from the time $t=0$. Finally, note that the dissipation mechanism for the linearized compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson system is different from that of the compressible Euler equations in Grenier (Commun. Partial Diff. Eqns.21 (1996), 363–394); Grenier (Commun. Pure Appl. Math.50 (1997), 821–865); Ukai (J. Math. Kyoto Univ.26 (1986), 323–331), or that of the compressible Euler–Poisson equations in Ali and Chen (Nonlinearity24 (2011), 2745–2761), since its eigenvalues are somehow similar to that of heat equation, and the fundamental solution contains a part behaving like the heat kernel, thus a big difficulty is the singularity of the heat kernel at $t=0$.
Low dietary sodium potentially mediates COVID-19 prevention associated with whole-food plant-based diets
Authors: Brown Ronald B.
Published: August 2022

Compared with an omnivorous Western diet, plant-based diets containing mostly fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, with restricted amounts of foods of animal origin, are associated with reduced risk and severity of COVID-19. Additionally, inflammatory immune responses and severe acute respiratory symptoms of COVID-19, including pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath, fever and nasopharyngeal infections, are associated with Na toxicity from excessive dietary Na. High dietary Na is also associated with increased risks of diseases and conditions that are co-morbid with COVID-19, including chronic kidney disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes and obesity. This article presents evidence that low dietary Na potentially mediates the association of plant-based diets with COVID-19 prevention. Processed meats and poultry injected with sodium chloride contribute considerable amounts of dietary Na in the Western diet, and the avoidance or reduction of these and other processed foods in whole-food plant-based (WFPB) diets could help lower overall dietary Na intake. Moreover, high amounts of K in plant-based diets increase urinary Na excretion, and preagricultural diets high in plant-based foods were estimated to contain much lower ratios of dietary Na to K compared with modern diets. Further research should investigate low Na in WFPB diets for protection against COVID-19 and co-morbid conditions.
Validity and reproducibility of a FFQ for assessing dietary intake among residents of northeast China: northeast cohort study of China
Authors: Cui Qi , Xia Yang , Liu Yashu , Sun Yifei , Ye Kang , Li Wenjie , Wu Qijun , Chang Qing , Zhao Yuhong
Published: August 2022

The study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of the FFQ for residents of northeast China. A total of 131 participants completed two FFQ (FFQ1 and FFQ2) within a 3-month period, 125 participants completed 8-d weighed diet records (WDR) and 112 participants completed blood biomarker testing. Reproducibility was measured by comparing nutrient and food intake between FFQ1 and FFQ2. The validity of the FFQ was assessed by WDR and the triad method. The Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for reproducibility ranged from 0·41 to 0·69 (median = 0·53) and from 0·18 to 0·68 (median = 0·53) for energy and nutrients and from 0·37 to 0·73 (median = 0·59) and from 0·33 to 0·86 (median = 0·60) for food groups, respectively. The classifications of same or adjacent quartiles ranged from 73·64 to 93·80 % for both FFQ. The crude SCC between the FFQ and WDR ranged from 0·27 to 0·55 (median = 0·46) for the energy and nutrients and from 0·26 to 0·70 (median = 0·52) for food groups, and classifications of the same or adjacent quartiles ranged from 65·32 to 86·29 %. The triad method indicated that validation coefficients for the FFQ were above 0·3 for most nutrients, which indicated a moderate or high level of validity. The FFQ that was developed for residents of northeast China for the Northeast Cohort Study of China is reliable and valid for assessing the intake of most foods and nutrients.
The influence of phosphorus application and varying soil pH on soil and herbage properties across a range of grassland soils with impeded drainage
Authors: Corbett D. , Wall D. P. , Lynch M. B. , Tuohy P.
Published: August 2022

On soils dominated by high proportions of clay and organic matter, soil acidity and poor nutrient use efficiency have a major impact on output potential. Due to the inherent chemical properties of these soils, reducing soil acidity and the prevalence of undesirable metallic cations poses challenges. As a result, these soils have a large capacity for phosphorus (P) fixation, therefore reducing plant P availability. Limestone (CaCO3or MgCO3) is applied to agricultural soils to counteract soil acidity and reduce P fixation. The current study investigates the effects of four contrasting annual P application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg P/ha); split (50:50) between spring and summer, across soils with a range of soil pH values from a previous liming trial. The effect of soil pH ranges and P treatment rates on seasonal herbage growth and herbage P concentration was investigated over three years. Soil nutrient status was also investigated. Soil pH had a significant impact on the rate of mineralization and soil P concentration across each site. A soil pH of 6.2 caused a 1.8 mg/l increase in soil test P. An annual P application was necessary to maintain sufficient herbage P concentration for animal dietary requirements (0.35% DM), however there was no effect of P application or liming rate on herbage productivity across the three sites as all sites possessed sufficient soil P reserves. The current experiment has shown that despite optimal soil fertility status, ensuring sufficient plant available P is a problem on these particular soils.
Temnosewelliaaff.vietnamensis(Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Temnocephalidae) associated with freshwater crabs from Kagoshima, southern Japan, with review of records of the genus from East to South Asian countries
Authors: Uyeno D. , Kaneko T. , Uyeno H. , Miyazaki W. , Tosuji H.
Published: August 2022

Temnocephalids are ectosymbionts of various freshwater animals. A species tentatively identified asTemnosewelliaaff.vietnamensis(Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Temnocephalidae) is reported based on materials collected from the body surface of the freshwater crabsEriocheir japonica(Brachyura: Varunidae) andGeothelphusa exigua(Potamidae) in Kagoshima, southern Japan. The temnocephalid is characterized as follows: the cirrus composed of a cone-shaped shaft and a cylindrical introvert 42–77 μm long; the introvert covered with approximately 30 vertical rows of fine sharp spines; the four seminal receptacles; and a long, curved oviduct with vaginal gland; a pair of gland cells (Haswell's cells) present anterior to the excretory ampullae. Bayesian inference trees using partial nuclear 28S rDNA (28S) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes supported that the specimens collected from both crab species are conspecific but these also showed the geographical variations among them on both 28S and COI. The previous records of the genusTemnosewelliain East to South Asian countries are assembled and shown on the map (fig.7, this paper).
Superficial versus total parotidectomy for metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma of the head and neck: a systematic review
Authors: Leong W S , Gowda S , Jackson R , Chabrillac E , Edafe O
Published: August 2022

Objective

The extent of parotidectomy in the management of regional metastatic disease is controversial. This systematic review aimed to appraise data from studies evaluating superficial and total parotidectomy in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma of the head and neck.

Method

A systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library was performed. The protocol was registered with Prospero (CRD42020217962).

Results

A total of five studies evaluated cutaneous malignant melanoma. Only one compared outcomes of superficial and total parotidectomy: they found higher parotid area recurrence following superficial parotidectomy. Seven studies reported outcomes following cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; some studies found higher regional recurrence and reduced survival in total parotidectomy, but there was likely selection bias in these studies. Others found no difference in survival between superficial and total parotidectomy.

Conclusion

The effect of the extent of parotidectomy on outcomes is unclear in cutaneous malignant melanoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This systematic review highlights the need for well-designed studies to direct better care.
Energy-aware redundant actuation for safe spring-assisted modular and reconfigurable robot
Authors: Singh Christopher , Liu Guangjun
Published: August 2022

A spring-assisted modular and reconfigurable robot (SA-MRR) has been recently developed at our laboratory to reinforce its performance and enable safe and dexterous operation in human–robot environments. Multiple working mode (MWM) control enables each SA-MRR joint module to switch independently between working in a primary actuation mode and a secondary, spring-assisted mode that may improve task-specific energy performance measures and safety in a variety of manipulation tasks. The spring-assisted mode is characterized by synergy of spring and motor energy and may be summoned to offset motor energy demands or to safeguard a reconfigurable set of secondary joint limits. In this research work, two spring-assisted working mode strategies are proposed, and their characteristics have been investigated for SA-MRR actuation energy advantages while safe robot segregation in collaboration tasks is maintained. One MWM strategy has been designed to safeguard task-specific joint limits and is able to decrease motor energy consumption in some tasks. Another MWM strategy has been designed for energy efficiency and was able to reduce motor energy per cycle by
$ \text{72}$
% in a simulated manipulation task while maintaining spatial safety constraints. Numerical simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed spring-assisted working mode strategies for energy-aware safe manipulation applications.
Design and construction of a wireless robot that simulates head movements in cone beam computed tomography imaging
Authors: Baghbani R. , Ashoorirad M. , Salemi F. , Laribi Med Amine , Mostafapoor M.
Published: August 2022

One of the major challenges in the science of maxillofacial radiology imaging is the various artifacts created in images taken by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging systems. Among these artifacts, motion artifact, which is created by the patient, has adverse effects on image quality. In this paper, according to the conditions and limitations of the CBCT imaging room, the goal is the design and development of a cable-driven parallel robot to create repeatable movements of a dry skull inside a CBCT scanner for studying motion artifacts and building up reference datasets with motion artifacts. The proposed robot allows a dry skull to execute motions, which were selected on the basis of clinical evidence, with 3-degrees of freedom during imaging in synchronous manner with the radiation beam. The kinematic model of the robot is presented to investigate and describe the correlation between the amount of motion and the pulse width applied to DC motors. This robot can be controlled by the user through a smartphone or laptop wirelessly via a Wi-Fi connection. Using wireless communication protects the user from harmful radiation during robot driving and functioning. The results show that the designed robot has a reproducibility above 95% in performing various movements.
On the Scope of Institutions for Future Generations: Defending an Expansive Global Constitutional Convention That Protects against Squandering Generations
Authors: Gardiner Stephen M.
Published: August 2022

We are in the early stages of a new “intergenerational turn” in political philosophy. This turn is largely motivated by the threat of global climate change, which makes vivid a serious governance gap surrounding concern for future generations. Unfortunately, there is a lack of fit between most proposed remedies and the nature of the underlying problem. Most notably, many seem to believe that only piecemeal, issue-specific, and predominantly national institutions are needed to fill the intergenerational governance gap. By contrast, I argue that we should adopt a genuinely global approach that treats intergenerational questions as foundational, and advocates for new permanent institutions with ongoing responsibilities to act on intergenerational threats. In this essay, I summarize my diagnosis of the underlying problem—that we face a basic standing threat that I call the “tyranny of the contemporary”—and sketch my proposal for a global constitutional convention aiming at institutions with standing authority and a broad remit. I then develop some of these ideas further through responses to fellow advocates for reform who nevertheless consider my proposals to go too far. In particular, I reject a counterproposal made by Anja Karnein, who argues that reforms should address only threats whose negative impacts would cross a high threshold. I argue that this would leave future generations vulnerable to what I call “squandering generations”. Among other things, these intergenerational squanderers violate appropriate relationships between past, present, and future generations. Yet, in my view, a central task of defensible intergenerational institutions is to protect the future against such abuse.
Global Climate Governance, Short-Termism, and the Vulnerability of Future Generations
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: August 2022

Abstract: Many societies are now having to live with the impacts of climate change and are being confronted with heat waves, wildfires, droughts, and rising sea levels. Without radical action, future generations will inherit an even more degraded planet. This raises the question: How can political institutions be reformed to promote justice for future generations and to leave them an ecologically sustainable world? In this essay, I address a particular version of this question; namely: How can supra–state institutions and transnational political processes be transformed to realize climate justice for future generations? The essay seeks to make two contributions. First, it considers what criteria should guide the evaluation of proposals for reform. It proposes four criteria, and analyzes how they should be interpreted and applied. Second, it considers a raft of different proposals, commenting on their strengths and weaknesses. It presents ten proposals in all, including, among others, establishing a UN high commissioner for future generations, appointing a UN special envoy for future generations, creating a UN agency mandated to protect future generations, instituting representatives for the future in all key UN bodies, ensuring greater youth participation in transnational political decision-making processes, and further developing a global citizens’ assembly. In short, my aim is to outline some of the options available and to defend a normative framework that we can use to evaluate them.
Survival analysis for estimating lamb survival up to weaning in Harnali sheep
Authors: Gaur Parth , Malik Z.S. , Bangar Yogesh C. , Magotra Ankit , Chauhan Ashish
Published: August 2022

The present study was carried out to estimate lamb survival (in days) from birth to weaning under survival analysis using data records from 2057 Harnali lambs born to 134 sires and 623 dams between the period from 2001 to 2020. The weaning age in resourced population was 90 days from birth. The hazard ratio in terms of risk of death up to weaning was determined using Cox proportional hazards model by subjecting some fixed factors such as year of birth, sex of lamb, birth weight (kg), dam’s weight at lambing (kg) and dam’s age at lambing (years). The overall survivability up to weaning among lambs was 91.59% and Kaplan–Meier estimates of mean survival time up to weaning was 85.77 days. Cox proportional hazard modelling revealed that the hazards of death up to weaning was higher in male lambs [1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22–2.26] compared with female lambs [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.00]. It was also observed that the hazards of death (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.88–0.94) had decreasing trends over years. For birth weight (kg), hazard rate was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.25–0.46), which indicated that the risk of pre-weaning mortality was lower as birth weight increases. The weight and age of dams at lambing did not influence the survival time of studied population. The present findings indicated that survival time increased in studied lambs over the years and it could be increased more by giving more emphasis on better litter weight and general health aspects at farm level.
An empirical study of incorporating syntactic constraints into BERT-based location metonymy resolution
Authors: Wang Hao , Du Siyuan , Zheng Xiangyu , Meng Lingyi
Published: August 2022

Metonymy resolution (MR) is a challenging task in the field of natural language processing. The task of MR aims to identify the metonymic usage of a word that employs an entity name to refer to another target entity. Recent BERT-based methods yield state-of-the-art performances. However, they neither make full use of the entity information nor explicitly consider syntactic structure. In contrast, in this paper, we argue that the metonymic process should be completed in a collaborative manner, relying on both lexical semantics and syntactic structure (syntax). This paper proposes a novel approach to enhancing BERT-based MR models with hard and soft syntactic constraints by using different types of convolutional neural networks to model dependency parse trees. Experimental results on benchmark datasets (e.g., ReLocaR, SemEval 2007 and WiMCor) confirm that leveraging syntactic information into fine pre-trained language models benefits MR tasks.
What does the word healing mean to you? Perceptions of patients with life-limiting illness
Authors: Hendricks Sloan Danetta , BrintzenhofeSzoc Karlynn , Mistretta Erin , Cova Justin , Li Lingsheng , Willis Gordon , Weaver Meaghann S. , Berger Ann
Published: August 2022

Introduction

There is a growing consensus that patient-centered care is more effective in treating patients than a strictly biomedical model, where there are known challenges to involving the patient in assessments, treatment goals, and determining preferred outcomes.

Objectives

The current study seeks to integrate patient values and perspectives by exploring how people diagnosed with a life-limiting disease define healing in their own words.

Methods

As a part of a larger study that included cognitive interviewing, we asked the question “what does the word healing mean to you?” Data were collected during face-to-face interviews with patients from three metropolitan healthcare facilities.

Results

Thirty participants responded to the question “what does healing mean to you?” Seven themes were identified through the data analysis. These themes include acceptance, feeling better, pain, social support, process, religion/spirituality, and make whole. The feeling better, pain, and process themes have subthemes.

Significance of results

Probing to understand patient perspectives and how to provide a holistic approach to care is essential to patient treatment. Patients defined healing in a broader way than how it is typically defined in literature. The patients’ definitions provide greater insight into perceptions and expectations regarding the healing process.
Creation of a tool to evaluate supportive care
Authors: Giacchero Damien , Buiret Guillaume , Bartolini-Grosjean Cécile , Taieb Charles , Saghatchian Mahasti , Krakowski Ivan
Published: August 2022

Rational

The absence of a specific tool to evaluate the impact of supportive care in general and socioesthetics (SE) in particular is undoubtedly at the origin of the lack of published research based on scientific standards.

Objective

We developed a supportive-care, patient-reported outcome questionnaire using the multistep methods, following COSMIN recommendations.

Methods

The Patient Centricity Questionnaire (PCQ) was developed using the standardized methodology for designing patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires according to the following steps: elaboration of the questionnaire, measurement properties of the questionnaire, internal and external validation, test–retest validation and translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and cognitive debriefing. A multidisciplinary work group was designed including professionals, such as physicians, public health experts, sociologists, supportive-care experts, and socioestheticians.

Results

Our questionnaire includes 11 items. It is scored by adding each Visual Analogue Scale [VAS], making it range from 0 to 110, with a higher benefit when the score is higher. The Cronbach's α coefficient is 0.88 for the entire questionnaire. As the questionnaire is a reflection of the patient's feelings, it is quite natural that the name “Patient Centricity Questionnaire” (PCQ) was retained and validated by the Scientific Committee. The PCQ correlated negatively and moderately with the Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], positively and moderately with the mental dimension of the Short Form-12, and poorly with the Well Beng 12 [WB12], the physical dimension of the SF-12, and the satisfaction VAS.

Conclusion

Constructed according to the recommendations, the PCQ meets the prerequisite for this type of questionnaire. Its short format and simplicity of use allow it to be used by a large number of people. The PCQ is a simple, reliable, easy-to-use, and validated tool for research teams, making it possible for randomized studies to prove the impact of supportive care in general and SE in particular, on the patient's quality of life.