bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Consumer Satisfaction in Mediating Service Quality and Brand Image on Consumer Loyalty
Authors: Bayu Putra Ramdani , Yeni Fitri , Fitri Hasmaynelis , Hutapea Noftalia
Published: July 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis peran kepuasan kerja dalam memediasi pengaruh kualitas layanan dan citra merek terhadap loyalitas konsumen di Toko Sepatu Padang Holic. Populasi dan sampel penelitian adalah 80 konsumen Holic Shoes Shop Padang. Teknik pengumpulan sampel menggunakan metode sensus dengan model penelitian Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dengan alat uji analisis menggunakan perangkat lunak SmartPLS 3. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa kualitas layanan dan kepuasan pelanggan adalah faktor yang mempengaruhi loyalitas pelanggan. Sedangkan citra merek bukan merupakan faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi dan menentukan loyalitas pelanggan. Temuan lain juga menunjukkan bahwa kualitas layanan juga merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kepuasan pelanggan, sedangkan citra merek masih merupakan faktor yang tidak mempengaruhi kepuasan konsumen. Untuk efek tidak langsung, kualitas layanan mempengaruhi loyalitas pelanggan melalui kepuasan pelanggan sementara citra merek tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan melalui kepuasan pelanggan. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of job satisfaction in mediating the effect of service quality and brand image on consumer loyalty at the Holic Padang Shoe Store. The population and sample of the study were 80 consumers of Holic Padang Shoes Shop. The sample collection technique is used the census method with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) research models with SmartPLS software tools. The results of the study concluded that service quality and customer satisfaction are factors that influence customer loyalty. While brand image is not a factor that can influence and determine customer loyalty. Other findings also indicate that service quality is also a factor influencing customer satisfaction, while brand image is still a factor that does not affect consumer satisfaction. For indirect effects, service quality affects customer loyalty through customer satisfaction while brand image does not have a significant effect on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction.
OBJEKTIVITAS DAN VALIDITAS ORIENTALISME SEBAGAI PELETAK SUMBER KAJIAN ISLAM DI BARAT : (Studi Hadis Menurut Fazlur Rahman)
Authors: Sadari Sadari
Published: July 2020

Studi Fazlur Rahman terhadap hadis memiliki arti yang sangat penting terhadap pembaharuan pemikiran Islam, khususnya sumbangannya dalam bidang metode dan pendekatan. Pendekatan historis yang ia tawarkan adalah kontribusi positif terhadap studi hadis yang selama ini disibukkan oleh studi sanad, yang menurut ia, walau memberi informasi biografis yang kaya, tetapi tidak dapat dijadikan argumentasi positif yang final. Umat Islam dewasa ini, menurut Rahman, membutuhkan upaya yang metodologis untuk mencairkan kembali hadis-hadis yang ada ke dalam bentuk sunnah yang hidup (living sunnah) melalui studi historis terhadapnya. Fazlur Rahman telah menelaah karya-karya intelektual sebelumnya yang terkait dengan studi hadis, antara lain Ignaz Goldziher, Margoliouth, H. Lammens, dan Joseph Schacht. Ruang lingkup studi Rahman adalah hadis yang dimulai kajiannya dari konsep-konsep sunnah pada awal sejarah Islam sampai formalisasi hadis, serta menawarkan sebuah pendekatan historis dalam studi tersebut. Maka kata kuncinya adalah sunnah yang hidup (living sunnah), idea moral (ratio legis), dan legal spesifik. Studi hadis Fazlur Rahman memberikan beberapa kontribusi yaitu pengetahuan baru tentang metode kritik terhadap hadis, memberi jalan alternatif atas kebekuan metodologis pemikiran Islam, khususnya pemikiran hukum Islam yang selama ini mensandarkan diri pada bangunan metodologis ulama madzab yang beraroma formalistik, skripturalistik dan atomistik, dan memberi sumbangan signifikan untuk merekonstruksi metode-metode istinbath sehingga lebih feasible terhadap tantangan jaman. Fazlur Rahman mengawali penulisannya dengan memaparkan secara singkat kegelisahan intelektualnya tentang kondisi real umat Islam yang terbelenggu dengan tertutupnya pintu ijtihad. Selanjutnya Rahman menguraikan evolusi historis hadis dari perkembangan awal hadis di masa Nabi. Pada akhirnya Rahman menawarkan metodologi dalam studi hadis untuk mengembalikan kembali hadis menjadi sunnah yang hidup (living sunnah) melalui pendekatan historis yang dipadu dengan pendekatan sosiologis sehingga hasilnya hadis tetap menjadi objektif untuk dijadikan sumber dalam kajian Islam baik dikalangan Islam itu sendiri maupun di Barat. Kata Kunci : Hadist , Objektivitas-Validitas, dan Hukum Islam
REFORMULASI FIKIH MELALUI MAQASID SHARI‘AH
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad
Published: July 2020

Dinamika hukum Islam (fiqh) disamping dilandasi oleh  epistemologinya yang kokoh juga perlu memformulasikan dan merekonstruksi basis teorinya. Basis teori hukum Islam sebagaimana dibahas oleh para usuliyyin terdahulu adalah keharusan mengetahui tujuan ditetapkannya hukum Islam (maqasid shari‘ah) yang menjadi salah satu syarat penting bagi mujtahid dalam melakukan ijtihadnya.Relevansi Maslahat di masa kini dan mendatang, bertumpu pada Syariat (dengan kajian usul fiqh-nya sebagaisebuah metodologi pemecahan masalah telah banyak diakui para pemerhati dan praktisi hukum Islam. Banyak masalah kontemporer yang dapat ditelaah dengan menggunakan syariat, dan berbagai alternatif kebijakan dapat dikembangkan sehingga menjadi sebuah bagian integral dari hukum Islam. Secara sosiologis, dinamika masyarakat dapat mempengaruhi pola pikir dan tata cara yang ada pada masyarakat itu. Semakin maju cara berfikir masyarakat, akan semakin terbuka untuk menerima kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Pemecahan atas masalah sosial-keagamaan pun sangat diperlukan, sehingga syariat Islam dapat dibuktikan tidak bertentangan dengan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi.Kata Kunci : Reformulasi Fikih dan Maqasid al-Shari‘ah
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAFSIR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and Thailand)
Authors: Asari Amirulloh Sain
Published: July 2020

This paper describes the history and development of tafsir in Southeast Asia, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darusalam, Singapore and Thailand, aimed at providing a new discourse to the academic world, that Islam has another treasure in Far Asia, which is known as a pluralistic country because Islam entered in those countries without any wars. And to provide information related the books, author influence, and method of their tafsir in general.Keyword: History, Development Tafsir, and Southeast Asia
REINTERPRETASI HADIS-HADIS PEREMPUAN
Authors: Suratmaputra Ahmad Munif
Published: July 2020

Apa yang di sampaikan dalam artikel ini terkait dengan beberapa upaya pemahaman kembali beberapa hadis-hadis perempuan dalam tataran prinsip Imkaniyyat al-Ijtihad fi alAdillah adz-Dzanniyyat. Artikel ini kemudian menjelaskan pula, bahwa semua Hadis sekalipun otentisitasnya dapat dipertanggung-jawabkan, namun dilalah-nya dzanni, yang oleh karenanya dalam memahami dan menangkap pesan-pesan dari Hadis-Hadis tersebut tidak aneh kalau terjadi perbedaan pendapat (hhilaf al-Ara'), suatu hal yang memang ditolerir oleh Islam. Sisi lain yang perlu dicatat bahwa tidak semua hadis tersebut disampaikan dalam konteks Tasyri' al-Ahkam (penetapan hukum Islam). Ada di antara Hadis yang disampaikan oleh Rasul dalam konteks Fadlail A'mal dan Targhib wa-Tarhib (Menyangkut masalah tatakrama dan etika pergaulan serta anjuran), dari dasar-dasar inilah kemudian perlu adanya sebuah reinterpretasi hadis, terutama dalam konteks hadis tentang perempuan. Karena banyak tafsiran hadis tentang perempuan tidak dipahami sesuai dengan konteknya, seperti tantang hadis penciptaan terhadap perempuan, hadis tentang kepemimpinan terhadap perempuan, hadis tentang laknat malaikat kepada istri, hadis tentang puasa sunah bagi istri, dan hadis tentang peminangan (khitbah).Kata Kunci : Reinterpretasi, Hadis dan Perempuan
ISTIBDᾹL WAKAF: Ketentuan Hukum dan Modelnya
Authors: Fahruroji Fahruroji
Published: July 2020

Wakaf merupakan ibadah māliyah atau ibadah dengan harta benda dengan tujuan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah Swt. Wakaf akan bernilai ibadah yang berpahala manakala harta benda yang telah diwakafkan itu bermanfaat untuk umat, bahkan wakaf akan terus menerima pahala meskipun ia telah meninggal dunia selama harta benda yang telah diwakafkannya itu bermanfaat. Jadi, kemanfaatan harta benda wakaf untuk kemaslahatan umat merupakan prinsip utama dari ibadah wakaf. Dari sinilah kemudian muncul pendapat fuqaha yang menyatakan bahwa harta benda wakaf yang sudah tidak bermanfaat atau tidak menghasilkan boleh ditukar atau diganti dengan harta benda lainnya yang bermanfaat atau menghasilkan (istibdāl wakaf) berdasarkan pertimbangan kemaslahatan. Kebolehan penukaran harta benda wakaf atau istibdāl  wakaf berdasarkan pertimbangan kemaslahatan tersebut, diakomodir dalam peraturan perundang-undangan tentang wakaf yang membolehkan penukaran harta benda wakaf demi menjaga manfaat harta benda wakaf. Hanya saja, peraturan perundang-undangan tentang wakaf belum mengakomodir semua model istibdāl wakaf yang ada dalam fiqh, seperti istibdāl wakaf parsial dan istibdāl wakaf dengan harta benda pengganti yang tidak sejenis. Peraturan perundang-undangan tentang wakaf hanya mengatur penukaran harta benda wakaf dengan harta benda pengganti yang sejenis. Kata Kunci: Istibdāl, Wakaf dan Ketentuan Hukum
PROBLEMATIKA UANG HARAM DALAM KAJIAN FIQH
Authors: Suratmaputra Ahmad Munif
Published: July 2020

Pada dasarnya uang adalah alat untuk pembayaran suatu barang terkait kebutuhan yang diminiati, namun akan menjadi salah dalam realisasinya pada nilai kandungan hukumnya. Uang akan menjadi alat tidak hanya sekedar transaksi jual beli, namun uang juga menjadi alat ambisius seseorang dalam segala kepentingan yang dituju. Oleh karena itu uang harus diberikan tuntunan yang syar’i sesuai hukum Islam, tentunya dengan perspektif ushul fiqh. Tuntunan dalam Islam bukan menghukumi uang dalam label halal ataupun haram, namun lebih menekankan pada pengguna uang tersebut. Dalam kondisi ekonomi sulit bahkan ekonomi yang semapan apapun dari zaman kezaman harus ada regulasi terkait dengan ketentuan hukum terkait uang.Konsep ushul fiqh telah dijelaskan untuk senantiasa menjaga harta/uang (hifdzul mal), dalam menjaga atau melindungi harta/uang sedari dulu, setiap orang menjaga harta/uang dengan cara-cara manual dan klasik, namun pada saat zaman modern sekarang menjaga harta/uang tentunya melalui perantara Bank, baik Bank Konvensional maupun Bank Syariah. Untuk itulah apapun dan bagaimanapun sulit serta mudahnya menggunakan harta/uang maka perlu ada cara-cara baik, santun adil serta bermanfaat untuk kemaslahatan umat.Dalam menghadapi masalah-masalah hal ini, Islam memandang fenomena uang haram terkait kegunaan dan fungsi harus berimplikasi pada ajaran-ajaran agama. Artikel ini akan menganalisis bagaimana ungkapan "uang haram" dalam arti majazi, apakah uang haram itu dilihat dari sudut diper­oleh lewat jalan haram atau uang yang haram tersebut harus di-tasarruf-kan. Kata Kunci : Problematika, Uang Haram, dan Kajian Fiqh
SYARIAH ISLAM DAN KEKUASAAN : Diskursus Kepala Negara Wanita
Authors: Sadari Sadari
Published: July 2020

Kontroversi peran wanita dalam politik (kekuasaan) menjadi ajang menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Pro dan kontra tak dapat terhindarkan. Satu sisi ada yang menaruh harapan, namun disisi lain merasakan kekhawatiran dan ketakutan yang luar biasa. Dualisme pro dan kontra tersebut karena dipicu oleh suatu polemik yang dipahami secara berbeda dari hadis yang berbunyi: “mereka yang mempercayakan urusan mereka kepada wanita, tidak akan merasakan kemakmuran”. Hadis tersebut kemudian menghasilkan dua pendapat, untuk pendapat pertama berusaha mengkultuskan peran kelelakian sehingga hadis tersebut di jadikan ‘senjata pamungkas’ untuk meng-counter dan memarginalkan peran wanita dalam kanca politik (kepala Negara), sedangkan pendapat yang kedua berusaha mendobrak kultus kelelakian, sehingga pendapatnya berusaha menggugat keberadaan dan keabsahan hadis tersebut. Artikel ini menganalisis bagaimana dalam konteks syariah Islam memberikan ruang dalam kekuasaan terhadap perempuan untuk menjadi pemimpin kepala Negara. Kata Kunci : Islam Kekuasaan, dan Pemimpin Wanita
CORE ETHICAL VALUES PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER (Berbasis Falsafah Negara)
Authors: Widiantari Dian
Published: July 2020

Karakter adalah kesatuan antara pola pikir (logos), nurani (ethos), dan sikap (patos). Karakter adalah nilai-nilai perilaku manusia yang berhubungan dengan Tuhan, manusia, lingkungan, kebangsaan dan dirinya sendiri yang tercermin dalam fikiran, sikap, perasaan, perkataan, perbuatan berdasarkan norma agama, hukum, tata karma, budaya dan adat istiadat. Pendidikan karakter adalah penanaman nilai-nilai luhur kepada anak didik untuk mewujudkan pengetahuan, kesadaran atau kemauan, dan tindakan untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai tersebut. Karakter bangsa merupakan cerminan karaktersitik warga negaranya  yang beragam budaya. Oleh karena itu karakter bangsa dibentuk berdasarkan nilai-nilai tradisi budaya masyarakat dan berdasarkan nilai luhur yang bersifat umum dan dapat diterima oleh semua masyarakat. Pancasila merupakan falsafah Negara Indonesia yang merupakan sumber dari segala sumber hukum. Oleh karena itu pancasila dijadikan sebagai salah satu core ethical values dalam mewujudkan pendidikan karakter di Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Nilai, Pendidikan Karakter dan Falsafah Negara
PERNIKAHAN WANITA YANG HAMIL DI LUAR NIKAH DAN AKIBAT HUKUMNYA : Telaah Atas Dualisme Fikih dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam
Authors: Millah Saiful
Published: July 2020

Perbedaan aturan dalam Fikih dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) dalam memutuskan perkara yang sama seringkali menimbulkan dualisme yang membuat masyarakat muslim harus memilih, mengingat fikih itu sudah menjadi aturan hukum yang hidup (living law) dalam kehidupan masyarakat muslim sejak lama dan telah menjadi pijakan utama dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan sosial, sedangkan KHI baru muncul di Indonesia pada tahun 1991 dan merupakan hasil ijtihad kolektif para ahli hukum Islam Indonesia berdasarkan kitab-kitab fikih dari para imam mazhab yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi kehidupan masyarakat muslim Indonesia.Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa eksistensi KHI di masyarakat masih lemah dibandingkan dengan fikih disebabkan kurangnya sosialisasi KHI dan adanya perbedaan aturan dalam KHI dan fikih yang menimbulkan dualisme dalam permasalahan sosial, seperti kasus pernikahan wanita hamil di luar nikah dan akibat hukumnya yaitu persoalan nasab anak lahir dari perkawinan tersebut. Namun, dalam lingkungan Pengadilan Agama, KHI merupakan rujukan utama bagi Hakim untuk memutuskan perkara yang dihadapinya. Meskipun demikian, keputusan akhir diserahkan kepada pengambil keputusan untuk menggunakan aturan mana yang diyakininya dan membawa maslahat bagi masyarakat, karena fikih dan KHI adalah keduanya hasil ijtihad yang bersifat relatif atau tidak mutlak untuk diikuti, bahkan menurut Abdul Gani Abdullah, tidak menggunakan fikih atau KHI tidaklah berdosa, namun, meninggalkan masalah sosial di masyarakat tanpa solusi, itulah yang berdosa. Artikel ini sependapat dengan pandangan dari para pakar hukum Islam yang mengharapkan ada titik temu antara aturan dalam fikih dan KHI melalui evaluasi dan penyempurnaan KHI, sehingga KHI yang merupakan fikih Indonesia dapat diterapkan secara menyeluruh dan memberikan solusi atas masalah sosial yang terjadi.Kata Kunci : Pernikahan Wanita Hamil, Fikih dan KHI
VAKSIN MENINGITIS DALAM KAJIAN FIQH
Authors: Suratmaputra Ahmad Munif
Published: July 2020

Sejalan dengan kemajuan di bidang teknologi, kini masalah kesucian dan kehalalan menjadi problem global. Menurut sebuah penelitian ratusan makanan, minuman, obat-obatan dan kosmetika yang beredar di tengah-tengah masyarakat, baik bahan pembantu maupun proses pembuatannya banyak yang bersinggungan dengan najis dan yang haram, sehingga dinding antara najis dan suci, halal dan haram perbedaannya menjadi sangat tipis.Hal ini dapat dimaklumi, karena kebanyakan produsen produk tersebut adalah negara-negara sekuler yang mengabaikan tentang suci dan najis, halal dan haram. Sementara bagi kaum muslimin hal tersebut jelas menjadi problem yang krusial. Di sinilah arti pentingnya untuk memahami seluk beluk najis dan teknik pencuciannya.Berbicara tentang problematika najis di abad modern ini tentu kisahnya tidak seperti cerita sewaktu di kampung yang tersenggol babi misalnya, yang cara mencucinya cukup sederhana, yaitu dibasuh dengan air mutlak tujuh kali dan salah satunya dicampur dengan tanah. Di abad modern ini apa lagi di kota-kota besar jelas tidak aka nada cerita seperti itu. Kota cukup bersih dan tertata rapi, orang-orangnya berdandan rapi berdasi, hewan yang biasa membuang najis tidak berkeliaran. Tidak ada babi atau anjing jalan-jalan di jalan raya.Tetapi najis atau yang haram justru amat dekat dengan keseharian. Sebab setiap saat dapat ditemukan di rumah tangga, kantor, restoran, hotel, super market, dan seterusnya. Bisa lewat busana, makanan, minuman, obat-obatan, kosmetika. Atas dasar itulahartikel ini mengkaji masalah tersebut, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan vaksin meningitis yang tengah diperbin-cangkan diabad modern ini. Kata Kunci : Kemaslahatan, Pensyari’atan dan Hukum Islam
PONDOK PESANTREN DAN PENDIDIKAN : RELEVANSINYA DALAM TUJUAN PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Karimah Ummah
Published: July 2020

Abstrak Pondok pesantren merupakan lembaga pendidikan non formal yang memperdalam ilmu atau pendidikan agama Islam dan mengamalkannya sebagai pedoman hidup sehari-hari dengan mementingkan moral dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini melalui wawancara terstruktur kepada kepala sekolah Madrasah Tsanawiyah yang juga terdapat pondok pesantren, wakil kepala Sekolah Dasar, alumnus pondok pesantren, pegawai LPMP Jakarta, alumnus pondok pesantren Tebuireng Jawa Timur serta orang tua murid yang memiliki putranya di pondok pesantren. Hasil wawancaranya menjelaskan pendidikan di pondok pesantren yang merupakan usaha sadar dewasa, dimaksud seorang kyai dan ustadz atau ustadzah dalam pergaulan dengan para santri untuk memimpin perkembangan jasmani dan rohani santri ke arah kedewasaan, menuju terbentuknya kepribadian yang utama serta memiliki tujuan pendidikan, yaitu menyeimbangkan ranah kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik, yang sesuai dengan tujuan pendidikan nasional. Sebagaimana dalam firman Allah dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 31. Pondok pesantren salah satu bentuk pendidikan secara historis memberikan kontribusi dan cukup penting peranan terhadap kemajuan bangsa Indonesia dengan mencerdaskan para santri melalui pendidikan di pondok pesantren. Kata Kunci : Pondok Pesantren, dan Tujuan Pendidikan
AGAMA DALAM KEHIDUPAN KELUARGA MENURUT PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Sadari Sadari
Published: July 2020

Artikel ini mengkaji dan menganalisis bagaimana kehidupan berkeluarga bisa berintegrasi dengan aturan main dalam agama. Agama dan keluarga adalah dua ketentuan yang tidak bisa dipisahkan, keduanya harus berkelindan. Dimana ada agama disitu ada eksistensi untuk berkeluarga, begitupun sebaliknya dimana ada keluarga maka sudah dipastikan ada ketentuan agama. Bila dipisahkan satu sama lainnya, niscaya akan ada bentuk chaos (kekacauan) di segala lini kehidupan. Terbukti dalam rentang sejarah yang silam, banyak para sarjana barat yang menanggalkan agama dalam kehidupan terutama dalam kehidupan keluarga. Dalam artikel ini secara sosiologis telah memotret dua aliran yang saling bertentangan, yakni aliran pertama aliran Marxis atheisdan kedua aliran agama atau idealis, yang dinut Max Weber, Ciceron, Emanuel kant, Herbert Spencer, Max Moller.Atas dasar itu artikel ini untuk menjembatani pertentangan dua aliran tersebutmelalui perspektif filsafat hukum Islam, dimana agama adalah sesuatu yang berasal dari Tuhan dan tujuan hukum Islam adalah mengacu pada pandangan hukum yang bersifat telogis. Artinya Islam itu diciptakan karena memiliki maksud dan tujuan. Tujuan hukum Islam adalah terciptanya kedamaian di dunia akhirat. Untuk bisa menegakkan itu, hukum Islam harus siap menghadapi kejadian-kejadian baru yang timbul termasuk dalam urgensi agama dalam kehidupan keluarga. Untuk itu pengkajian filsafat hukum Islam mutlak diperlukan, karenamampu menjawab tantangan zaman dan merupakan hukum terbaik sepanjang zaman bagi semesta alam.Menurut perspektif hukum Islam agama adalah sesuatu yang maha penting dalam kehidupan keluarga, syarat wajib hal yang sangat fundamental. Dan itu adalah salah satu tujuan dari maqhasid al-syari’ah dalam bidang mu’amalah. Dijelaskan bahwa tujuan hukum Islam ada lima unsur yang harus dipelihara dan diwujudkan dalam bidang mu’malahyakni: Agama, Jiwa, Akal, Keterunan dan Harta. Kata Kunci : Agama, Keluarga, dan Filsafat Hukum Islam
TRADISI QIRA’AT AL-QUR’AN : Resepsi Atas Kitab Faidhul Barākat fī Sab’il Qirā’at Karya K.H. Muhamad Arwani bin Muhamad Amin al-Qudsi
Authors: Lisan Ade Chariri Fashichul
Published: July 2020

Artikel ini akan menganalisis bagaimana tradisi qirā’at al-Qur’an, sebagai bagian dari al-Qur’an itu sendiri, dan bagian dari living Qur’an juga perlu mendapatkan resepsi yang serius. Sebab, kelisanan al-Qur’an merupakan titik vokal yang banyak terjadi perbedaan di setiap daerah dan negara. Ada beberapa asusmsi mengapa penelitian ini layak untuk dimunculkan, pertama, qirā’at al-Qur’an merupakan salah satu pokok dari kelisanan al-Qur’an, dimana setiap masyarakat dan wilayah memiliki dialeknya masing-masing, termasuk turunnya al-Qur’an di Arab pada abad ke-7 dan dengan berbahasa Arab, kedua, untuk mengetahui, sejauh mana resepsi dan pengaruh di masyarakat dari kajian kitab faidhul barākat fī sab’il qirā’at karya K.H. Muhamad Arwani bin Muhamad Amin al-Qudsi yang berisi qira’at sab’ah al-Qur’an bagi alumni Pesantren an-Nur Ngrukem, Pendowoharjo, Sewon, Bantul, D.I.Yogyakarta. Sebab, penulisan kitab faidhul barākat fī sab’il qirā’at ini adalah bentuk orientasi dalam menjaga tradisi kelisanan al-Qur’an. Kata Kunci : Qirā’at al-Qur’an, Faidhul Barākat, Sab’il Qirā’at
Osmanlı Döneminde Tokat Şehrinin Fonksiyon Özellikleri
Authors: AKYÜZ Hatice Ö. , CEYLAN Mehmet Akif
Published: July 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Osmanlı döneminde Tokat şehrinin fonksiyon özelliklerini şehir coğrafyası açısından incelemektir. Coğrafya sistematiğine bağlı kalmak suretiyle Cumhuriyet öncesi dönemi ve belirli bir konuyu esas alarak hazırlanan şehir coğrafyası çalışmaları yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu açıdan yaklaşıldığında makale, coğrafya literatüründe ilklerden birini temsil etmektedir. Osmanlı döneminde Tokat şehrinin fonksiyonları konusunda veri ve bilgiler içeren Sivas vilayet salnameleri, Tokat şer'iyye sicilleri ve Tahrir defterleri yararlanılan temel kaynakları oluşturmaktadır. Bunların yanında yerli ve yabancı seyyahların eserleri de önemli kaynaklar arasında yer almaktadır. Yine farklı tarihlerde arazi çalışmaları yapılarak Osmanlı döneminde şehrin yayılışı ve fonksiyon alanları doğrudan yerinde incelenmiştir. Tokat yaklaşık beş asır Osmanlı idaresinde kalmıştır. Bu uzun Osmanlı döneminde Tokat, başta ticaret ve sanayi olmak üzere yönetim, eğitim, sağlık, ulaşım ve tarımı kapsayan çok fonksiyonlu bir şehir özelliğine sahip olmuştur. Bazılarının önemi zamanla değişse de bütün fonksiyonlar, birbirlerini daima desteklemiş ve böylelikle Osmanlı dönemi boyunca şehrin devamlı şekilde canlılığını ve önemini korumasına imkân sağlamıştır.
Türkiye'de İdari ve Askeri Alanda Sözleşmeli Personel İstihdamı
Authors: ÖZKAL SAYAN İpek , Özgür Erdem
Published: July 2020

Türkiye'de bir istihdam şekli olarak tercih edilen sözleşmeli personel statüsü kamu hizmetlerinin görülmesinde memurluk istihdamıyla birlikte kullanılmaktadır. İlk zamanlarda istisnai ve geçici olması planlanan bu istihdam biçimi zamanla “genellik” ve “süreklilik” esası üzerinden uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Halen pek çok farklı alanda sözleşmeli personel istihdam edilmektedir. Bunlardan biri de askeri alandır. İdari ve askeri alanda sözleşmelilik farklı gerekçelerle uygulanmaktadır. Sözleşmeli istihdam alanında önemli bir dönüşüm parlamenter sistemden Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükmet Sistemine geçilmesiyle yaşanmıştır. Özellikle idari alan bu sistem değişikliğinden askeri alana göre daha çok etkilenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu makalenin amacı idari ve askeri sözleşmeli personel istihdamını Parlamenter Sistem ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemi dönemi açısından analiz etmek ve tespit edilen problem alanlarını tartışmaya açmaktır.
Ceride-i Havadis Penceresinden Hint İsyanı (1857-1859)
Authors: ÇELİK SONAR Aysel
Published: July 2020

1857 yılında meydana gelen ve “Sepoy İsyanı” olarak da adlandırılan ayaklanma, Hint ahalisi için Batılı sömürü düzenine karşı bir başkaldırı ve özgürlük mücadelesi olarak görülürken; İngiltere ve Avrupa Devletleri gözünde bir grup başıbozuk asi askerin isyanı olarak görülmüştür. İngiltere'nin vermiş olduğu imtiyaz ile Hindistan'da ticari faaliyetler yürütmek içim kurulan Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyası, zamanla kuruluş amacının dışına çıkarak siyasi, sosyal, iktisadi, askeri gücü ele geçirmiş adeta özerk bir devlet gibi hareket etmiştir. Kumpanyanın bölgeye geldiği ilk zamanlar izlemiş olduğu ılımlı politikaları terk edip baskıcı bir yönetim uygulaması Hint ahalisinin her geçen gün İngilizlere ve dolaylı olarak Avrupalılara kin gütmelerine neden olmuştur. Doğu Hindistan Kumpanyasının idaresine karşı meydana gelen bu askeri nitelikli ayaklanma çok kısa sürede bir halk hareketine dönüşmüş ve tüm Hindistan'a yayılmıştır. İsyan her ne kadar Hint halkı için istenilen sonuca ulaşamamış olsa da şüphesiz Hindistan'da hem Hint halkı hem de İngiltere Devleti için yepyeni bir dönemi başlatmıştır.
Evlilik Kalitesi Ölçeği'nin Geliştirilmesi
Authors: GÜREL Betül , ÇOPUR Zeynep
Published: July 2020

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de geliştirilmiş olan Evlilik Kalitesi Ölçeği (EKÖ) tanıtılmıştır. EKÖ’nün geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması, evli çiftlerden elde edilen iki farklı veri seti (n1 = 422; n2 = 556) üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. EKÖ’nün geçerliği üç farklı yöntemle test edilmiştir: Birincisi, EKÖ’nün geçerliği, 422 evli bireye ilişkin veri seti üzerinde Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ile incelenmiştir. İkincisi, EKÖ’nün geçerliği için 556 evli bireye ilişkin veri seti üzerinde Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA sonuçları, maddelerin beş faktör ile temsil edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Üçüncüsü, EKÖ’nün benzer ölçekler geçerliği, Hilton ve Devall (1997)  tarafından geliştirilen ve araştırmacı tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan Aile Ekonomik Güçlük Ölçeği (AEGÖ) ve Pines (1996) tarafından geliştirilen ve Çapri (2008) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan Eş Tükenmişlik Ölçeği (ETÖ) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular, EKÖ’nün evli bireylerin evlilik kalitesini ölçmek amacıyla güvenle kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
PENGARUH RECEIVABLE TURNOVER TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE) PADA KOPERASI KARYAWAN SEHAT DI PT. SAMWHA INDONESIA
Authors: Yuningsih Any
Published: July 2020

Employee cooperative is a type of cooperative that still survive until today because they are supported by the payment system from the members to the cooperative using salary deduction which resulted the smoothness of the receivables payment from the members to cooperative, but it still has the possibility of other problems in the financial sector. This study aimed to determine the picture of Receivable Turnover and Return on Equity (ROE) and how was the influence of the Receivable Turnover on Return on Equity (ROE) in Koperasi Karyawan Sehat. This research used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The data used were the secondary data from financial report of Koperasi Karyawan Sehat. The sample in this study was the balance sheet in 2010-2015. Non-probability sampling technique presented by purposive sampling was used in this study. Based on the partial hypothesis testing, there was a significant influence between accountsreceivable turnover on Return on Equity (ROE), while the results of the coefficient of determination test indicate that accounts receivable turnover contributes 83, 36% of the variable Return on Equity (ROE). The remaining of 16.64% was contributed by working capital, sales, market share, dividend policy and other factors which was not examined in this study.
Development and evaluation of a standardised means for estimating herbage mass of dairy pastures using the rising plate meter.
Authors: Thomson N.A. , Upsdell M.P. , Hooper R. , Henderson H.V. , Blackwell M.B. , Mccallum D.A. , Hainsworth R.J. , Macdonald K.A. , Wildermoth D.D. , Bishop-Hurley G.J. , Penno J.W.
Published: July 2020

Calibration data for the rising plate meter (RPM) collected from four locations and spanning a period of 10 years (1988-1998) were used to develop a pooled standard set of RPM calibrations to be used to estimate herbage mass of dairy pastures across a number of dairying regions. When evaluated in a farmlet study run over a 2-year period, the standard RPM calibration gave similar estimates of average farm cover, pre and postgrazing herbage mass and consumed DM, as herbage mass estimates calculated from RPM measurements calibrated to the local pasture on each assessment day. Compared with visual estimations, the standard RPM calibration underestimated pre-grazing herbage mass, average farm cover and the amount of pasture consumed, and overestimated post-grazing herbage mass. Reasons for these differences are discussed and an alternative approach to using the RPM for on-farm pasture assessment is presented. Standardised, onfarm herbage mass estimates may be possible using the RPM and standard calibrations to calibrate visual estimations prior to visually assessing pasture across the whole farm. Such a standardised pasture assessment method would assist the grazing management of dairy pastures across a number of New Zealand dairying districts. Keywords: average farm cover, dairy-grazing management, pasture growth, post-grazing herbage mass, pre-grazing herbage mass, rising plate meter
Cocksfoot and lucerne productivity in a Pinus radiata silvopastoral system: a grazed comparison
Authors: Peri P.L. , Varella A.C. , Lucas R.J. , Moot D.J.
Published: July 2020

Plant and animal production from cocksfoot pasture and lucerne under 10-11 year-old radiata pine trees (200 stems/ha) and from adjacent open pastures (without trees) were measured from the Lincoln University Silvopastoral Experiment. Light intensity under trees was 50-60% of the open pasture. Liveweight gain (LWG) from lucerne was 220 g/hd/d in the open and 158 g/hd/d under trees. On cocksfoot, LWG was 132 g/hd/d in the open and 100 g/hd/d under trees. When converted to LWG/ha, lamb production from open pastures was double that from shaded pastures for lucerne (5.1 and 2.5 kg/ha/d) and cocksfoot (3.4 and 1.7 kg/ha/ d). Lucerne produced 11.2 t DM/ha in the open and 7.9 t DM/ha under trees which was 58% and 76% more than cocksfoot in the open and under trees, respectively. However, from September to November, when soil moisture was non-limiting, the lucerne DM production was 36% lower under tree shade than in the open. In comparison, the reduction was only 20% for cocksfoot, which confirms its greater 'shade tolerance'. The reduced lamb LWG produced from lambs on shaded pastures was attributed to the reduced pre-grazing pasture mass and pasture bulk density, leading to reduced apparent intakes. Crude protein and digestibility values were not influenced by shade, and clover content in cocksfoot pastures were low (
Deciduous or evergreen: Does it make a difference to understorey pasture yield and riparian zone management?
Authors: Power I.L. , Dodd M.B. , Thorrold B.S.
Published: July 2020

This paper uses data from an artificial shade trial to compare the impacts of shade duration on pasture production with deciduous and evergreen tree species. Results indicated that light quantity was not the only main limiting factor in understorey pasture yield. At low levels of shade (
Forage crops, their place in reducing the costs of raising emu
Authors: Gray I.L. , Godding A.W. , Godding C.A. , Gray L.F. , Hancox L. , Savill J.R. , Savill F.M. , Hurndell D.L. , Hume D.E.
Published: July 2020

Over the past 5 years, the emu industry has had forced upon it the need to adjust its practices to conditions determined by the meat, oil and hide markets, rather than the inflated prices enjoyed in the honeymoon years when emu breeders were exploiting a highly inflated bird market. The cost of economically raising birds to the slaughter stage is now the major challenge. The use of a forage crop to reduce feeding costs, the single largest cost to raising emu, was trialled in the Franklin County through funding from AGMARDT. Chicory, plantain, white and red clover were sown and rotationally grazed by emu. Emu on this forage crop also received a half ration of grain-based meal pellets (Forage-birds). This was compared with grazing emu on existing pasture and a full ration of meal pellets (Control-birds). The estimated savings per bird averaged $35.50 (excl. GST), or 24%, for the Forage-birds. For two of the three farms, the average saving per bird exceeded $44.00 or 30%, owing to lower costs of establishment for the forage crop and less extra meal feeding during summer/autumn drought and winter cold. Costs were recalculated to allow for economies of scale, and average savings then increased to 34%. It is expected that greater savings, 40% or more, may be achieved through better preparation of the seedbed giving a better establishment of the sown forage species, if more favourable weather conditions prevail when the species are establishing, and through greater experience. However, it requires more land per bird and more watchful management in terms of seasonal change affecting the crop. Meat quality ratings were all within acceptable levels, while fat from Forage-birds was yellow and Control-birds white. There were indications that fat from Forage-birds was healthier for humans through a better linoleic:linolenic fatty acid ratio and a better polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratio than fat from Control-birds. At slaughter, differences in liveweight and meat quality between farms, and between birds, indicated the importance of correct slaughter and transport procedures to minimise stress. Birds from the forage group were more placid. Keywords: chicory, Cichorum intybus, clover, cost:benefit, Dromaius novaehollandiae, emu, fat, Plantago lanceolota, plantain, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens
Methane and climate change
Authors: Ulyatt M.J. , Clark H. , Lassey D.K.R.
Published: July 2020

The New Zealand government has indicated that it will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, which means that legally binding targets will be set for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In "preferred" policies to achieve these targets, the agricultural sector will not be taxed directly but is expected to contribute to research leading to methane mitigation. A wide range of possibilities other than reducing livestock numbers exist for lowering livestock methane emissions: increasing the efficiency of animal production, exploiting betweenanimal variation; anti-methanogenic feed additives; dietary manipulation, including pasture composition modification; immunisation; and, manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem. Reduction in methane will not only have global environmental benefits, but also, as methane represents a loss of about 6% of an animal's energy intake, any reduction should be reflected in increased animal productivity per unit of intake. It should be possible to deliver a win/win situation with respect to methane reduction and increased productivity. Keywords: climate change, inventory, methane, mitigation, ruminants
Evaluation of two potential on-farm measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from an average dairy farm on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand
Authors: De Klein C.A.M. , Ledgard S.F. , Clark H.
Published: July 2020

Agriculture contributes about 60% of New Zealand's total greenhouse gas emissions. Management practices for reducing these emissions will be required to meet our future international commitments. This paper presents estimates of two practical on-farm measures for reducing total greenhouse gas emissions from an average dairy farm on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand: 1) the incorporation of cereal silage into the diet, and 2) the strategic use of a stand-off pad in winter. Total calculated greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by about 14% if fertiliser N-boosted pasture was replaced with bought-in cereal silage grown off-farm. The estimated reduction in emissions was due to reductions in nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions, whereas methane emissions were not significantly affected by this management practice. Reduced methane emissions required an increase in per animal production and a corresponding decrease in stocking rate. The use of a stand-off pad during winter did not significantly affect total greenhouse gas emissions using current inventory calculations. However, recent research suggests that it may reduce emissions by 3 to 8%, when accounting for the seasonal variation in N2O emissions and reduced fertiliser N requirements due to reduced pasture damage. A preliminary assessment of the economic implications of the cereal silage option suggested the cost of using cereal silage is likely to be higher than any savings that could be accrued from carbon credits obtained from reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the costs associated with building and using a stand-off pad are likely to be off-set against a potential increase in pasture production, and carbon credits obtained from a reduction in greenhouse gas emission would represent a net cost saving. Keywords: carbon dioxide, cereal silage, dairying, methane, mitigation options, nitrous oxide, stand-off pad
Can nitrogen-fertilised ryegrass substitute for white clover?
Authors: Cosgrove G.P. , Anderson C.B. , Parsons A.J. , Brock J.L. , Tilbrook J.C.
Published: July 2020

Sheep and cattle have difficulty satisfying their preference for white clover when it's proportion in pastures is low. We tested the hypothesis that they prefer clover because it has a higher concentration of nitrogen (N), and expected that they would reduce their preference for clover (increase their preference for grass) when grass had a higher concentration of N. In two experiments, mature sheep and growing cattle were offered choices between grass, having either a high or a low concentration of N, and white clover, growing as adjacent pure swards. To test the specific role of N in preference they were also offered each grass alone (sheep only) and a choice between the high and low N grass. Sheep and cattle preferred clover (75% of time grazing on clover and 25% on grass), but this preference was not affected by the concentration of N in the grass. They preferred the grass with a high concentration of N to that with a low concentration. Sheep and cattle detect differences in the N concentration of food items, but alter their grazing behaviour (express a preference) only when it does not affect dry matter intake or the proportion of clover in their diet. We conclude that N is not the reason why animals prefer white clover. Manipulating the N concentration in grass will not cause the switch in preference required for animals to easily satisfy their preference from typical mixed species pastures that are grass-dominant and have a low proportion of clover. Keywords: cattle, diet selection, food preference, grazing behaviour, nitrogen, sheep
Post-peak supplementation of pasture fed dairy cows with sulla and maize silages
Authors: Chaves A.V. , Woodward S.L. , Waghorn G.C. , Brookes I.M. , Holmes C.W. , Laboyrie P.G.
Published: July 2020

A trial was carried out at Dexcel in Hamilton to investigate the effects of silage supplementation of grazing dairy cows post-peak lactation. Forage mixtures used in the four week trial were based on previous trial results and information from in vitro and in sacco incubations. Sulla and maize silages were used to supplement pasture and to meet minimum requirements for protein. Five groups of ten cows were grazed on a restricted daily allowance of 18 kg dry matter (DM) pasture/cow to simulate a summer pasture deficit, and four groups received sulla silage (S) or maize silage (M) alone or in mixtures of 25M:15S or 15M:25S to make up 40% of total DM intake. A sixth group was given an unrestricted (38 kg DM/cow/day) pasture allowance. The pasture was of high nutritive value and not typical of usual summer conditions, which limited the effects of supplementation in the trial. The restricted pasture allowance resulted in a low level of substitution (0.29) when the silages were fed and substantially increased feed intakes. Although differences in cow responses to the silage mixtures were minor, liveweight and milk production were improved relative to restricted pasture allowance but not for cows given 38 kg pasture DM/ day. The low level of substitution demonstrated the impact of the restricted pasture allowance on cow performance. In sacco data show highest DM degradation rate (k, h-1) when cows were fed pasture with sulla silage (0.08); diets with a high proportion of maize silage were degraded slowly (P
Effects of dairying on water quality of lowland streams in Westland and Waikato
Authors: Davies-Colley R.J. , Nagels J.W.
Published: July 2020

Several New Zealand studies suggest that pastoral land use causes appreciable water quality degradation particularly in lowland streams. The water quality of eight NZ lowland streams, three near Morrinsville in the Waikato Region and five south of Hokitika in Westland, was sampled monthly for 13 months. Three of the five Westland streams are spring-fed streams on dairy-farmed alluvial plains of large rivers, and have high and steady flows and visually clear water, contrasting with two nearby reference streams in forested land which are more flow-variable and have humic-stained water. The catchments of the three Waikato streams, with the exception of a forested headwater area, are intensively grazed, mostly by dairy cows. Median conductivity, phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, and (to a lesser extent) faecal contamination (as indicated by Escherichia coli concentrations), were all elevated in streams draining dairy pasture, often exceeding water quality guidelines. The most intensively-farmed Waikato stream (Toenepi Stream) has very high concentrations of nutrients and fairly high faecal contamination. At the other extreme, Dunlop Creek (Westland) has very low concentrations of nutrients and faecal contamination, consistent with its minimally-disturbed native forest catchment. The optical variables: humic concentration, turbidity and (inversely related) visual water clarity, show less of a pattern with land use across stream sites, apparently because of the influence of other factors, such as soil characteristics. The area-specific yields of streams in Westland dairy land were comparable with those in the Toenepi Stream, reflecting high rainfall driving runoff and leaching in Westland. However, the concentrations of contaminants mobilised by dairy farming were generally higher in Waikato than in Westland because of dilution in high water flows in the latter region. The water quality degradation of streams draining dairy land will need to be addressed by the dairy industry. Keywords: dairying, faecal contamination, nitrogen, nutrients, phosphorus, turbidity, water quality
Friend or foe? Potential for native biodiversity in West Coast farming
Authors: Boswell C.C. , Espie P.R. , Maegli T.
Published: July 2020

The wet, warm West Coast climate favours tree production and pastures. Much of the land remains in indigenous forest under the control of Government agencies. In the more accessible parts of this land, and in land held under private ownership, we explore the feasibility of "farming" two examples of native biodiversity. Sphagnum moss production varies with location and differences in meso- and micro-climate. A climate model was used to predict where future sustainable sphagnum development may occur; i.e. within farming systems in the areas with the fastest growth rates. At its simplest and cheapest, this may involve flooding unimproved land and managing the moss. Another alternative could involve integration of moss production in the wet "hollow" of "hump and hollow" pasture systems. The West Coast retains several unique populations of kiwis and other indigenous birds. We advocate the future role of private enterprise (i.e. landholders) in protecting kiwi and, in the longer-term, the local communities profiting from ecotourism centred on them. Keywords: climate modelling, eco-tourism, kiwi, sphagnum moss
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH TO NEW ZEALAND'S FUTURE
Authors: Woodfield Derek R.
Published: July 2020

Agricultural research has provided, and will continue to provide, substantial returns on investment for New Zealand. The need for ongoing investment in plant research in New Zealand is highlighted by the fact that 43% of our total export earnings are generated from five major plant species. Estimates of the returns from investment in R&D are about $8 for each $1 invested, which even with discounting for the lag between investment and return, has shown a benefit to cost ratio of approximately 3:1. The current level of public and private investment in R&D is well below average among OECD nations, and New Zealand's R&D environment is unstable, with large shifts in funding leading to loss of key research capabilities. Integrated research teams that have strong industry involvement offer the best conduit for communication between the developers and adopters of new technologies. Identification and support of these teams will improve adoption rates and provide long-term competitive advantages for New Zealand agriculture. Keywords: agricultural research, economic growth, research funding, technology adoption
Minimising endophyte contamination from ryegrass seed in cow dung
Authors: Burggraaf V.T. , Thom E.R.
Published: July 2020

Perennial ryegrass pastures in New Zealand are usually established from seed naturally infected with the wildtype endophyte. New pastures can now be sown with perennial ryegrass that has no endophyte or has been infected with a new endophyte. Cows can contaminate pastures by consuming ryegrass seed infected with the wild-type endophyte on old pastures, and transferring the seed in their dung onto new pastures. A quarantine period before grazing new pastures may allow cows to eliminate wild-type endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed from their digestive tract, preventing contamination from this source. A trial was run at Dexcel, Hamilton, to define an appropriate quarantine period. Cows grazed wild-type (high endophyte) ryegrass pastures containing seedheads for 4 days before grazing Lotus corniculatus (quarantine pasture) for a further 4 days. This procedure was repeated five times from November 2000 to April 2001. Dung samples were collected daily after shifting cows off high endophyte ryegrass. Pastures contained viable ryegrass seed on seedheads from December to April, and ryegrass seedlings germinated in dung samples collected from January to April. Viable endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass seed was present in dung for 2 days after removal from the seed source, with 0.8% of the seed eaten remaining viable. Ryegrass seed endophyte viability was reduced from 100% to 40% after passage through the digestive tract of the cows. It is recommended that cows do not graze endophyte-free pastures or those sown with ryegrass containing a new endophyte for at least 2 days after grazing high endophyte ryegrass pastures containing ryegrass seedheads. Keywords: dairy cows, dung, perennial ryegrass, ryegrass endophyte, seedheads, seed transfer