bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing high oil content seeds in continuous screw presses
Authors: Ward J. A.
Published: April 2007

This paper covers a range of oilseeds from rapeseed to copra‐including groundnuts, cocoa beans, and palmkernels—and gives a very brief definition of screw press operation and its terminology. Screw press operation and its essential similarity to that of the hydraulic stroking press are discussed, including an outline of the functions of the various worm assembly stages and how they are basically achieved and essential objectives which must be met as meal passes along the barrel. Also covered are radial and axial pressure gradients within the machine and their effect on processing of high oil content seeds; rates of pressure buildup within the press and their effect on various different high oil content seeds; and materials of construction. Finally, the effect of seed pre‐treatment cooking and fines handling on the operation of a screw press on various seeds and essential differences between high pressure pressing and pre‐pressing for solvent extraction are discussed.
Continuous solvent extraction of soybeans and cottonseed
Authors: Hutchins R. P.
Published: April 2007

The current trend in soybean processing in the United States is toward ever larger capacities handled through single extractors and desolventizer‐toasters. There are 20 such plants which average over 2,000 tons per day, with the largest handling over 3,000 tons per day. Slight differences in extraction efficiency, in heat economy, in solvent loss, and in plant reliability make or lose thousands of dollars each day for such plants. The operating characteristics of these 20 plants which now crush over half of all the U.S. soybean production are detailed.

Cottonseed is the most complex and variable of all the oilseeds. A review of the corresponding variation in the processing conditions required to obtain quality products is made.
Continuous solvent extraction of sunflower, seed, groundnuts, palmkernels, rapeseed, and copra
Authors: Stein W. , Glaser F. ‐W.
Published: April 2007

In principle, the oil milling process is straightforward. The wide variety of equipment in use reflects, however, a multiparametric process. The main limiting parameters are kind of seed, oil content, particle strength, particle structure, temperature, moisture, particle size, residence time, mechanical forces, etc. Additionally, the seed specific parameters vary not only between kinds of seed but also for the same seed, due to different conditions in climate, soil, and harvesting. Therefore, equipment design must be widely based on statistical averages of the limiting parameters. In other words, exact precalculation of the single technological steps is impossible. As a consequence, for more than 5,000 years, the oil milling process has been in the stage of being optimized. The acutal technical standard is very satisfying, but there is still a strong need for further research and development. Currently, as in the past, the oil milling process seems to be not so much a science as an art.
Survey of current solvent extraction equipment
Authors: Milligan E. D.
Published: April 2007

The various designs and types of equipment currently in use are reviewed with the objective of presenting a survey of current practice in continuous extraction with comments on special features, innovations, and improvements.
Safety in solvent extraction plants—Europe
Authors: Critchfield C. E. M.
Published: April 2007

The solvent extraction process is recognized as having a high hazard potential, arising from the use of large quantities of volatile and possibly explosive liquids. However, when statistical records are studied, it is found that most accidents in this industry, as in all industry, are caused not by technological failure but by human error.

However, technical precautionsmust be taken, especially those relating to the prevention of any sources of ignition which might initiate a dust or solvent explosion. To ensure complete study, the whole process must be examined so that consideration is given not only to the hazards of solvent vapor ignition but also to the equal risks of dust explosion in either seed preparation or post‐extraction processing. In this connection, it must be remembered that a major dust explosion can be equally as devastating, if not more so, as a solvent explosion.

It is assumed in this paper that managers of solvent extraction plants will be aware of the relevant laws and codes of practice developed in most industrialized countries to counter these fire and explosion hazards; therefore, apart from some discussion of the problems of static electricity, rules and regulations are not duscussed in detail.

Most important, because of the far‐reaching implications, is a consideration of plans for the safety education of people at all levels—a program considered by the author to be a necessary foundation for safety training.

It is concluded that “safety” must no longer be mistakenly regarded as an extra work load for hard‐pressed management, but that itmust be accepted as a normal part of everyday life by people at all levels.
Processing effects on oil quality
Authors: Ohlson J. S. R.
Published: April 2007

Processing can have rather strong effects on oil quality. It is very important to avoid deleterious factors such as long processing times, contact with oxygen, high temperature, light, and other oxidation catalysts if high quality oils are to be obtained. The initial quality of the oil‐bearing material should be very high, and the processing should be continuous and rapid.
Whole seed processing by extrusion cooking
Authors: Nielsen Erik
Published: April 2007

Extrusion cooking of full fat soy eliminates heat labile growth inhibitors and beany bitterness in soy. The basic principles, advantages, and limitations of this process are explained. A typical processing line for the production of full fat soy for man and animal is reviewed.
Small scale processing of vegetable oils
Authors: Baumann C.
Published: April 2007

Economic factors affecting small scale vegetable oil processing operations are discussed, together with the advantages and disadvantages of such systems.
Hydrogenation of Edible oils
Authors: Coenen J. W. E.
Published: April 2007

The supply and demand of edible oils and fats is briefly reviewed, and certain trends, relevant for the application of fat modification techniques, are noted. The effect of hydrogenation conditions on a number of selectivity aspects in hydrogenation with nickel catalysts is explained in terms of mass transport effects for hydrogen and triglycerides. The effect of selectivity on stability and melting behavior is also discussed. The limitations of the existing hydrogenation process with nickel are pointed out, and possible extensions by use of other catalysts, such as sulphur poisoned nickel, copper, and chromium complexes, are mentioned. Some technological aspects of the process are briefly reviewed.
Finished oil handling and storage in the U.S.
Authors: Wright L. M.
Published: April 2007

Various techniques are practiced in the U.S. to prevent deterioration of vegetable oils following the final stage of processing through deodorization. Because oxidation; free fatty acid development, or adulteration by impurities are the primary concerns, the general practice is to keep oils in closed vessels in an atmosphere that excludes oxygen and moisture and where temperatures are controlled at minimum levels. The technology of sparging and blanketing finished oils with nitrogen during storage and transfer from vessel to vessel is shown. Also, a typical blanketing system for a series of vessels, pressure controllers, and techniques to avoid vacuum conditions is described.
Finished oil handling and storage in Europe
Authors: Johansson Gösta M. R.
Published: April 2007

Quality characteristics of newly deodorized oils are covered. During handling and storage, the quality of the deodorized oil deteriorates. How to protect the achieved quality against oxidative deterioration and different types of contamination is discussed. The effects of temperature, oxygen, heavy metals, and antioxidants are also described.
Specialty fats
Authors: Paulicka F. R.
Published: April 2007

The scope of this presentation is limited to hard butters. Their production technology is reviewed briefly with emphasis on principal raw materials and processing. Hard butters are described in terms of composition, certain thermal properties, and end uses. Confectionery and imitation dairy applications are identified as the major world markets for hard butters.
Lecithin production and properties
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyzen W.
Published: April 2007

Soy lecithins are important emulsifiers used in the food, feed, pharmaceutical, and technical industries. Native lecithin is derived from soybean oil in four steps: hydration of phosphatides, separation of the sludge, drying, and cooling. Such lecithin has both W/O and O/W emulsifying properties. Products with improved emulsifying properties can be obtained by modifications, involving mainly fractionation in alcohol, hydrolysis (enzymatic, acid, or alkali), acetylation, or hydroxylation. Careful processing is required to produce lecithins of a high chemical, physical, and bacteriological quality.
Use or disposal of by‐products and spent material from the vegetable oil processing industry in the U.S.
Authors: Watson Kenneth S. , Meierhoefer Curt H.
Published: April 2007

During processing of vegetable oils, certain by‐products and waste materials are generated. Where and how the by‐products are recovered and used and how the solid wastes are handled and disposed of are considered. Several suggestions for the future are explored.
Effect of storage on lipids of fish protein concentrate
Authors: Medwadowski Barbara , Haley Alleah , van der Veen John , Olcott H. S.
Published: April 2007

Fish protein concentrates (FPC) made from pout, alewife and Gulf menhaden were stored for 6 months at temperatures of 37 C and 50 C with no attempt to control humidity. When the amount of extractable lipid was 0.1% or less there were small changes in the lipid pattern: a small decrease in the amount of neutral lipid‐free fatty acid fraction and larger decreases in the long chain, unsaturated fatty acids (C20:5, C22:6 for pout and C20:5 for alewife). In the FPC sample containing residual lipid of about 0.5% there were decreases in the amount of lipid extractable after 6 months, appreciable in the 37 C sample, and greater in the sample stored at 50 C. These samples also showed decreases in the neutral lipid plus free fatty acid fractions and decreases in the long chain, unsaturated fatty acids C20:5 and C22:6.
Properties of aqueous solution of sodium cyclododecyl sulfate
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Nakamura Minori , Machida Satoru , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: April 2007

Sodium cyclododecyl sulfate was prepared from cyclododecyl alcohol and chlorosulfonic acid to investigate the physical and surface active properties of the surfactant. Its Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension, emulsifying power, wetting time and dispersing power were examined and compared with those of sodium dodecyl sulfate which has a linear structure and contains the same number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic portion. The sodium cyclododecyl sulfate, in contrast to the sodium dodecyl sulfate, had a higher (about two times) Krafft point, much larger (about 10 times) CMC, showed the same excellent wetting property, but exhibited lower emulsifying power. Also the sodium cyclododecyl sulfate is more insoluble (as shown by the Krafft point) than the sodium dodecyl sulfate, while calcium ion stability of the cyclododecyl sulfate surfactant is greater than that of the linear anionic surfactant.
Derivatives of long chain fatty acids as lubricant components
Authors: Eisner A. , Perlstein T. , Maerker G. , Stallings L.
Published: April 2007

Soaps ofcis‐9,10‐epiminostearic acid have been synthesized and tested as components of lubricating greases. The lithium, sodium and potassium soaps were obtained by the reaction ofβ‐iodocarbamates with the proper alkali metal hydroxides in the ring closure step of the iodine isocyanate (INCO) procedure for the synthesis of internal aziridines. The soaps of other metals, namely barium, lead, aluminum and indium, were prepared from the alkali metal epiminostearates by metathetical reactions. As a result of this method of preparation, the aluminum and the indium soaps were isolated as the dicarboxylates rather than as the tricarboxylates. For the purpose of comparison a sample of lithium 9,10‐epiminostearate was also prepared from theβ‐chlorocarbamate obtained by the addition of dichlorourethane (DCU) to methyl oleate. Since DCU addition is nonstereospecific, the soap obtained in this preparation was a mixture ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines. Evaluation of the metal soaps as grease thickeners was made. The lithium derivative showed considerable promise as thickener having additional desirable properties.
Flavors and odors of fish oils
Authors: Stansby Maurice E.
Published: April 2007

Off odors and flavors in fish oils arise from contamination from metabolites, from the spoilage of fish protein, or from oxidation products of the oil itself. The resulting odors and flavors can render the oil less desirable for many applications. Odors or flavors in the flesh of animals or poultry fed fish oil come more from the polyunsaturated nature of the fish oil than from the oxidation products or flavor and odor of the oil that is fed. Odors and flavors can be removed by refining methods or in some cases, masked by use of certain additives.
Char‐ashing of glyceride oils preliminary to the atomic absorption determination of their copper and iron contents
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Black L. T.
Published: April 2007

Trace amounts of copper and iron were determined by char‐ashing samples of molecularly distilled glyceride oil, copper hydrogenated edible oils and salad oils with added copper salts and copper‐chromite catalysts. Char‐ashing, coupled with the atomic absorption method of analysis, gave excellent reproducibility in a salad oil for copper at 0.025 ± 0.002 ppm and for iron at 0.082 ± 0.012 ppm. Agreement was excellent between the char‐ashing method and the direct solvent method of analysis when levels of the two trace metals were high enough to be analyzed by direct atomic absorption. Copper in edible oils can be accurately analyzed at levels of less than 10 ppb by the char‐ashing technique.
A review of rapeseed oil uses for edible purposes
Authors: Riiner U. , Ohlson R.
Published: April 2007

Food technological aspects on the use of rape‐seed oil and otherCruciferae seed oils as salad oils, in margarine, shortenings and some other foods are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that these oils in hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated form may compete favorably with other vegetable oils and animal fats.
The feed value of rapeseed meal
Authors: Rutkowski Antoni
Published: April 2007

Rapeseed meal is a high protein‐containing material that can be used as a feed for livestock and poultry. Typical meal contains a little less than 40% of protein; however it also contains about 12% crude fiber and glucosinolates, specific components ofCruciferae plants. Thus it is not very popular as a protein component of high quality feed mixtures for animals, and is used mostly in ruminant feeding. The protein value of rapeseed meal is higher than that of the majority of other vegetable proteins containing both lysine and sulphur amino acids. The amino acids of isolated rapeseed protein have been shown to be similar in composition to those of soybean protein, and present in higher concentrations. Rapeseed meal, in comparison with other vegetable oil seed meals, has a relatively high content of crude fiber, lowering its value as a feed component for nonruminants and especially for poultry. The amounts of minerals Ca and P of the vitamin niacin and of choline are rather high, exceeding the amounts of these components in other valuable oil meals, i.e., soybean or sunflower. Glucosinolate derivatives occurring in rapeseed meal are goitrogenic, causing considerable changes in thyroid from initial feeding. This has a negative effect on the biological value of rapeseed as a feed component and as evidenced, among other symptoms, by slower growth of young animals and their utilization of protein. These effects are especially evident in thein the feeding of growing chickens particularly when a protein deficiency exists in the diet. The presence of glucosinolates in feed has not as yet been demonstrated definitely to have a negative effect on the nutritive value of meat and eggs. Penetration and accumulation have not been found in those products. Glucosinolates and their derivatives such as L‐5‐vinyl‐2‐oxazolidinethione and isothiocyanates are not transmitted to the milk, although the thiocyanates content of milk evidently increases when cows are fed rapeseed meal. Goitrogenic symptoms have not been detected by consumption of this milk type. In the near future, the elimination of factors limiting the feeding value of rapeseed meal, such as glucosinolates and crude fiber, through breeding of new strains of rapeseeds, will permit their use in high quality protein mixtures not only for ruminant feeding but also in poultry and swine rations.
Isomerizations accompanying friedel‐crafts alkylations of benzene by detergent range alkylating agents
Authors: McGuire S. E. , Nicks G. E.
Published: April 2007

The Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of benzene with linear detergent range olefins and chloroparaffins in the presence of AlCl3 and HF catalysts was investigated. Evidence is presented to support the argument that isomerization occurs both in the alkylating agent prior to alkylation and in the product arenes following alkylation. Data on product phenylalkane isomer distributions is presented. The alkylation of benzene with 2‐hexyl‐1‐decene in the presence of AlCl3 was shown to initially yield only one phenylhexadecane isomer, probably 7‐methyl‐7‐phenylpentadecane, with subsequent product isomerization to other isomeric hydrocarbons.
Elution and analysis of volatiles in vegetable oils by gas chromatography
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Fore S. P. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: April 2007

A simple and very sensitive technique was devised to analyze volatiles in vegetable oils by direct gas chromatography. A large sample of oil is diffused on glass wool in an injection port liner. After the liner is inserted in the injection port, the volatiles are rapidly swept into the column of the gas chromatograph for analysis.
Fatty acids, fatty alcohols, wax esters, and methyl esters fromCrambe abyssinicaandLunaria annuaseed oils
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Wolff I. A.
Published: April 2007

Crambe abyssinicaandLunaria annua, members of the Cruciferae family, have seed oil glycerides containing ca. 55舑65% of C22and C24unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids were prepared by saponification; fatty alcohols, by sodium reduction of glycerides; liquid wax esters, byp‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with fatty alcohols; and methyl esters, by reaction of fatty acids with diazomethane. Solid hydrogenated glyceride oils and wax esters were compared with several commercial waxes. Chemical and physical constants were determined for the seed oils and their derivatives. Position of unsaturation in theCrambefatty acids was determined by gas chromatographic analysis of the permanganate‐periodate degradation products. The major dicarboxylic acid was brassylic (C13), proving the docosenoic acid to be erucic.
Growth stimulating effects of high levels of vegetable oils
Authors: Isaacks R. E. , Davies R. E. , Reiser R. , Couch J. R.
Published: April 2007

Diets containing up to 30% of vegetable oils resulted in increased growth and feed efficiency in the chick. At 40 and 46% levels, the liquid nature of the mixture, and not a deleterious effect of the fat as such, reduced the availability of the solid constituents and resulted in high levels of mortality.

No beneficial effects on growth or feed efficiency resulted after increases in the levels of vitamin and/or mineral mixtures with increase in energy. The growth response to added vegetable oils does not appear to be caused by an unidentified factor, such as may be found in distillers dried solubles, antibiotic fermentation residue, whey product, fish meal, or condensed fish solubles.
On the orientation of lipids in chloroplast and cell membranes
Authors: Benson A. A.
Published: April 2007

The widespread recognition of the corpuscular nature of membrane ultrastructure demands re‐evaluation of established concepts of their molecular organization. Many aspects of membrane physiology, composition, and metabolism provide support for the proposal that most membranes consist of two‐dimensional polymers of lipoprotein subunits. Such a model allows the activity, specificity, and adaptability attributed to biological membranes. Evidence which supports this corpuscular model for membranes and some inadequacies of the bimolecular lipid leaflet model are pointed out.

The lamellae of plant chloroplasts are membranes which clearly consist of subunits (quantasomes). Their four surfactant lipids and pigments comprise 50% of the lipoprotein subunits. In each of these surfactant lipids there is found a limited and specific group of fatty ester components. This phenomenon suggests that the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty esters may specifically complement certain hydrophobic amino acid sequences in the membrane protein. The protein, then, would determine the sites where the lipid will be most firmly bound. It is proposed that the lipids of membrane subunits are bound by hydrophobic association of the hydrocarbon chains regions within the interior of the protein. The resulting two‐dimensional lipoprotein aggregate would possess the strongly anionic charged groups of the phospholipids on its surface. Metabolically‐driven alterations in conformation of such a flexible lipoprotein ion exchange membrane allows a consistent interpretation of biological membrane transport phenomena.
Serum lipoprotein distribution, flotation rates and protein analysis
Authors: Lindgren F. T. , Freeman N. K. , Ewing A. M. , Jensen L. C.
Published: April 2007

Flotation rates of the major Sf 0舑12 lowdensity lipoprotein component in human serum may be calculated from ultracentrifuge data utilizing two computer programs. One program calculates a classical moving boundary uncorrected flotation rate by a best fit straight line for the points (1n xi, ३2ti). The other program permits erratum for concentration dependence and erratum to standard reference conditions. Preliminary application of these methods indicates significantly greater flotation rates in normal human females than in males for the 35舑49 year age group.

The significance of interrelationships between the serum lipoprotein spectra, the serum lipids and the serum proteins is considered, resulting in the development of a revised method of measuring serum proteins by precision refractometry. The refractometric measurement is corrected in accordance with (any of various) lipid measurements in order to account for the contribution of lipoproteins to the total refractive increment. Such a technique, giving potentially a very accurate protein measurements, has application in screening studies involving abnormalities of both serum lipoprotein and serum protein metabolism.
The control of fatty acid composition in glycerolipids
Authors: Lands William E. M. , Hart Priscilla
Published: April 2007

The continued suggestion that the ratio of saturated to unsaturated acids in the diet can influence the general health of a mammal is still not easily explained at a biochemical level. Studies on the metabolism of glycerophosphatides show that the enzymes involved appear to differ in the degree of selectivity toward substrates with different amounts of unsaturation. In general, each individual acid will have its own characteristic metabolic fate. The acyl‐CoA:acyl‐GPC acyltransferases have a marked specificity for both the position to be acylated and the particular acyl‐CoA involved. In some cases, the observed distributions of fatty acids in naturally occurring lecithins and triglycerides are similar to the distributions predicted from in vitro studies of the acyltransferase enzymes. Other enzymatic steps, such as acid activation and N‐methylation, can also be shown to influence the fatty acid composition of the glycerolipids. The relative importance of these metabolic processes must now be determined.
Some structural investigations on phospholipids from membranes
Authors: van Deenen L. L. M.
Published: April 2007

A complete chemical characterization of phophatidyl glycerol from green leaves and algae demonstrated that 1‐linoleneoyl‐trans‐ख3 represented the major molecular species and its occurrence appeared to be related to photosynthesis.

Beef‐heart cardiolipin was demonstrated to be identical to synthetic diphosphatidyl glycerol.

Chemical structures of synthetic amino acid esters of phosphatidyl glycerol were compared with those of amino acid and glucosamine containing phospholipids from bacterial cell membranes.

The molecular species of lecithin from animal tissues were recognized and the influence of dietary fats on their composition was determined.

Physical characteristics of natural and synthetic phospholipids indicate that nature is eloquent to preserve the properties offered by particular fatty acid combinations in the phospholipid molecule.

Mammalian tissues were found to contain phospholipase A activity which produces two structurally isomeric monoacyl‐phosphoglycerides.

Utilizing five isomeric lysolecithins of known structure micro methods involving enzymic hydrolysis were developed to distinguish among these isomers. Lysolecithins from different natural sources were demonstrated to consist of both 1‐acyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine and 2‐acyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine.

In connection with the nonrandom distribution of fatty acids of different apolarity at the two positions of phosphoglycerides, the various metabolic pathways of lysolecithin enantiomers in red cell ghosts, yeast and liver were investigated using different doubly‐labeled substrates.
Study of detergency. II. Effect of sodium tripolyphosphate
Authors: Arai Haruhiko , Maruta Iwao , Kariyone Takao
Published: April 2007

A study of the effect of added sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) on oily soil removal efficiency in hard water showed that as the concentration of STPP increases, the water hardness at maximum oil removal efficiency increases and the sharpness of the oil removal peak is lessened. The value of maximum oil removal efficiency was not influenced greatly by the concentration of STPP. The action of STPP on oil removal efficiency in hard water was that of softening the water. The pH of various hard water/STPP/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (0.1 wt. %) solutions had a maximum oil removal efficiency at 7.7.
Autoxidation of drying oils adsorbed on porous solids
Authors: Honn F. J. , Bezman I. I. , Daubert B. F.
Published: April 2007

The rate of oxygen uptake of purified soybean oil was determined as a function of the dispersion of the oil on the surface of highly porous silica gel. The most rapid consumption of characteristic of the specific surface areas of the adsorbents. At these critical concentrations it was shown that the oil constituted a closely packed monomolecular layer. The existence of such critical ratios was regarded as further substantiation of the radical chain mechanism of autoxidation.
Oil production from African oil palms in Honduras
Authors: Reif E. O.
Published: April 2007

The behavior of African oil palms in Honduras was studied with the view of establishing it as an economic crop in Central America. The highest yielding variety for this region was determined to be the Java variety. The influence of post‐harvest handling of fruit on the formation of free fatty acids in palm oil was investigated. Actual plantation yields were obtained by processing plantation‐produced fruit.
The infrared spectra of saturated fatty acids with even number of carbon atoms from caproic, C6 (Hexanoic), to stearic, C18 (Octadecanoic), and of their methyl and ethyl esters
Authors: O'Connor Robert T. , Field Elsie T. , Singleton W. Sidney
Published: April 2007

Infrared spectra from 1 to 12 microns have been obtained for 7 of the homologous series of monobasic, straight‐chain, saturated fatty acids of even carbon atom content from C6 to C18 and of their methyl and ethyl esters.

Infrared data are presented as plots of the percentage transmission against the wavelength in microns on a linear wavelength scale for each compound, and the exact wavelength positions of maxima of the 11 most prominent bands are tabulated.

Correlations of each of these bands with molecular structure are given.

Methods for distinguishing the acids from the esters and of differentiating an ethyl ester from a methyl ester by observation of infrared spectra are described.

An explanation, supported by earlier work with deuterium‐substituted compounds, is given to account for the nonappearance, in the spectra of the fatty acids of any absorption attributable to either the free O—H group or the bonded O—H… O group.

Evidence has been accumulated which indicates an association of some sort of the esters and that this association probably involves the carbonyl and the methyl groups.

Data are presented to show which of the bands in the infrared spectra do and which do not follow Beer's law.
The role of dietary fat in the quality of fresh and frozen storage turkeys
Authors: Klose A. A. , Mecchi E. P. , Hanson H. L. , Lineweaver Hans
Published: April 2007

Groups of turkeys were fed, for eight weeks prior to slaughter, diets varying in the type of animal protein concentrate (fish meal vs. meat scraps) and varying in degree of unsaturation and kind of vegetable oil present (coconut oil vs. linseed oil). Chemical and organoleptic analyses of the fresh and stored carcasses established the following points:

Differences in fatty acid composition of dietary fat of turkeys have a marked effect on the fatty‐acid composition of carcass fat and correspondingly play a decisive role in the storage life of the turkey carcass.

Typically fishy flavors and odors in roasted turkey meat, which can be caused by feeding fish (oil) products, can also be produced in the absence of fish products by a highly unsaturated vegetable oil, linseed oil. The fishy flavor is present in the roasted, freshly slaughtered turkey and apparently increases very little if any in intensity during storage.
Sesame oil. VII. Optical rotation and the minor components of sesame oil
Authors: Budowski Pierre
Published: April 2007

The optical rotations of four crude sesame oils were calculated on the basis of their known contents of sesamin, sesamolin, and phytosterols and the reported optical activities for each of these components. The calculated optical rotations were compared with those observed for the oils in the absence of solvent and were found to agree remarkably well.

Sesamin, sesamolin, and phytosterol have been shown to be responsible for the observed optical rotations of several sesame oils and to account for 75 to 85% of the total unsaponifiable matter of these oils.
Effects of heat treatment on the stability of lard
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: April 2007

The storage life of lard was increased by heating it under vacuum to 288–296°C. with 0.1 to 0.5% of various protein and carbohydrate materials (dried whey was the most effective substance used), but undesirable color and odor were produced in the lard by the process, and bleaching and deodorizing to a bland, light colored end‐product resulted in a loss of most of the added stability.
Relationship between nickel content of soap and conversion to polymer in manufacture of synthetic rubber (GR‐S)
Authors: Brice B. A. , Ricciuti C. , Willits C. O. , Swain M. L. , Ault W. C.
Published: April 2007

A number of soaps from hydrogenated fat stocks having good and bad characteristics as emulsifiers in plant production of GR‐S were analyzed for nickel, copper, and iron. A statistical study of the data on polymerization and metal contents indicated that variability in conversion was associated with variations in the metal content of the soap.
The analysis and characterization of the oil from the seed of stillingia sylvatica
Authors: Batterson V. C. , Potts W. M.
Published: April 2007

The characteristics and composition of the oil characterize it as a drying oil. Its high iodine value indicates that it may be suitably used for paints and varnishes and other products requiring a drying oil. The oil dried readily when spread on a glass plate in from 4–6 hours.
Autoxidation of methyl oleate, methyl stearolate, and methyl 9,10‐dieuteroöleate
Authors: Khan N. A. , Brown J. B. , Deatherage F. E.
Published: April 2007

A comparative study of the autoxidation of methyl oleate, methyl 9,10‐dideuteroöleate, methyl stearolate, and stearolic acid has re‐emphasized the complexity of the autoxidation phenomenon. The autoxidation of the acetylenic compounds indicates the importance of peroxidation of the active methylene group as compared to the addition of oxygen at the unsaturated linkages. The importance of olefinic hydrogens and the role of the double bond with respect to the induction periods and possible addition reactions has been brought out by the studies on the autoxidation of the deuteroöleate. Consequently it appears that during autoxidation of methyl oleate, oxidative attack is initiated at the olefinic position and then at α‐methylenic position and that water formation occurs shortly thereafter. At least some of the hydrogen of the water formed during autoxidation comes from the olefinic hydrogens.

It appears that most of the non‐aqueous volatile cleavage products arising from a rupture of a carbon to carbon bond are peroxidic in character. The nature of these volatile peroxides appears different from several commercially available organic peroxides since they are capable of oxidizing methyl oleate in a manner to yield the high melting form of dihydroxystearic acid whereas peracids and some peroxides under similar conditions give only the low melting isomer.
The synthesis and autoxidation of 8,8,11,11‐tetradeutero‐cis‐9‐octadecene
Authors: Max R. A. , Deatherage F. E.
Published: April 2007

8,8,11,11‐Tetradeutero‐cis‐9‐octadecene andcis‐9‐octadecene have been synthesized and their autoxidation studied at 75°. The autoxidation of both compounds proceeded in a similar manner except that the rate of reaction for the deuteroöctadecene was one‐fifth that of the octadecene. This apparently indicates that the important sustaining reaction in autoxidation is oxidative attach at thea methylenic position. That only a very small amount of deuterium was found in the water from the autoxidation of the deuteroöctadecene indicates that water does not come by direct decomposition of thea hydroperoxide.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. IX. Organoleptic identification and probability analysis
Authors: Evans C. D. , Lancaster E. B. , Dutton H. J. , Moser Helen A.
Published: April 2007

In the evaluation or identification of an edible oil it is shown how the probabilities of chance selection for a single taster are dependent upon the manner in which the samples are presented. The probabilities of 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, and 1/8 are all possible, depending upon the method of sample presentation, i.e., as pairs, multiple pairs, odd sample tests, or other combinations.

The expansion of the binomial expression for the probabilities of success and failure for a single taster make it possible to calculate the compound probabilities for taste panels up to 20 members. By knowing the compound probabilities, significance at any level can be easily calculated. Tables showing the number of errors permissible have been calculated for the significant levels of 1% and 5% for panels of 1 to 15 members.

Application and use of the tables, based on data obtained in the identification of simulated soybean oil by a taste panel of 10 members, are presented and the data discussed.
A comparison of several methods for the separation of unsaponifiable material from carnauba and sorghum grain waxes
Authors: Bunger William B. , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: April 2007

The characteristics of carnauba and four varieties of sorghum grain waxes were compared. The results indicated that sorghum grain wax had higher acetyl, acid, and iodine numbers and a lower saponification number than carnauba wax. Sorghum grain wax also contained a lower percentage of esters and nonsaponifiable material than carnauba wax, and a hydrocarbon fraction which was absent in the latter.

Of four methods tested for the quantitative separation of saponifiable and unsaponifiable components, the best separation was obtained by an extraction of the calcium soaps with di‐isopropyl ether.
An evaluation of methods for production of C. P. Glycerine
Authors: Keller Harold W. , Michalson Arthur W. , Payne A. D.
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews, describes, and evaluates the processes for the production of C. P. glycerine, using ion exchange resins. By using the ion exclusion‐ion exchange processes or the combined process to produce C. P. glycerine from all types of crude glycerines or sweetwaters, the entire yield of glycerine meets and/or exceeds U. S. P. specifications.
Novel method for refining soybean oil
Authors: Hayes Lester P. , Wolff Hans
Published: April 2007

A process for making break‐free soybean oil is described in which crude oil is treated with a small amount of an organic acid anhydride and then degummed by water addition and phase separation. The break‐free oil can be used for industrial applications or processed to an edible grade of oil without alkali‐refining. Laboratory data are presented, comparing quality of edible oils, processing losses, and composition of deodorizer distillates of alkali‐refined soybean oils with oils prepared by the degumming process described in this paper.
Estimating carbonyl compounds in rancid fats and foods
Authors: Henick A. S. , Benca M. F. , Mitchell J. H.
Published: April 2007

A convenient method for the quantitative determination of the carbonyl compounds in fats and oils is described. The procedure is based upon the formation of the 2,4‐dinitrophenyl hydrazones of the carbonyl compounds in the presence of trichloroacetic acid catalyst and the colorimetric determination of the hydrazone compounds in alkaline solution. Standardizations are presented for the simultaneous determination of saturated and allenic carbonyl content from the absorbences at 430 and 460 mµ. Applications of these procedures to edible oils are described, and data are presented showing the carbonyl values in relation to other criteria of change. The problem of correlating changes in the carbonyl content of oils with flavor deterioration is now under investigation.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XV. Formation of 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid and cleavage products in the oxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate in acetic acid
Authors: Knight H. B. , Jordan E. F. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel
Published: April 2007

The autoxidation of oleic acid and methyl oleate in acetic acid solution at 25–30°, 65°, and 115–120° with a cobalt salt as catalyst has been studied. Samples were withdrawn at intervals and the oxidation products were analyzed and then separated into high‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, cleavage products, unoxidized and hydroxy materials, and polymers.

The best yields of desired oxidation products were obtained at 65°. Yields of pure 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid, m.p. ≧128°, were 12–17% and cleavage products 64–68%, thus accounting for about 80% of the starting material. At 25–30° and 115–120°, yields of the above‐mentioned products were low.

A mechanism is proposed which accounts for the formation oftrans‐9,10‐epoxystearic acid from both oleic and elaidic acid autoxidized in the absence of solvent, and the consequent isolation of high‐melting 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid when acetic acid is the solvent.
Yield and chemical composition of sesame,Sesamum indicum L., as affected by variety and location grown
Authors: Kinman Murray L. , Stark S. M.
Published: April 2007

Observation nurseries including 24 varieties of sesame were grown at 23 locations in 16 states. Data for yield, oil and protein content of the seed, and for iodine value of the oil were obtained from certain locations.

Sesame seems reasonably well adapted on the better soils of most of the southern one‐half of the United States. Average seed yield for varieties at 14 locations was 506 pounds per acre. Average yield of seed, oil, and protein per acre for seven varieties grown at eight locations was 662, 344, and 163 pounds per acre, respectively.

The chemical composition of the seed was found to be well within the acceptable range but was markedly influenced both by the varieties and by the locations where they were grown. The average oil and protein contents on a moisture‐free basis were 53.53% and 26.25%, respectively. The average iodine value of the oil was 110.0. Average protein content on the moisture‐ and oil‐free basis was 57.28%.

The genetic and environmental influences that affect protein content of the seed also inversely affected the oil content. It was suggested that in sesame protein synthesis is favored over oil synthesis as the nitrogen supply to the seed increases.
Solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in peanut oil
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. , Freeman Andrew F.
Published: April 2007

Conclusions

Data obtained on the solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in refined peanut oil and the behavior of the mixtures on cooling indicate that freedom from oil separation on storage is largely determined by the nature as well as the amount of solid crystals present in the oil. The results suggest that the best procedure for prevention of oil separation would involve shockchilling the molten mixture to produce the finely divided metastable crystalline modification followed by tempering at such a temperature as to permit transformation of the crystals into the more desirable higher‐melting form without changing the finely divided state necessary for improved palatability.

The data imply that under controlled conditions any amount of the high‐melting modification of the hard fat incorporated in peanut oil above the solubility temperature in excess of 2% should produce a mixture free from oil separation under average storage conditions. The choice of the actual concentration of the hard fat, above the minimum amount, would depend upon the degree of plasticity desired. Ambient temperature to which the mixture is likely to be subjected will influence to a considerable extent the selection of the hard fat content. The information obtained is of fundamental importance in connection with the problem of oil separation in peanut butter.
Studies on castor oil. I. Fatty acid composition of castor oil
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Kamath N. R. , Kane J. G.
Published: April 2007

Methyl esters of castor oil were prepared by saponifying the oil with potassium hydroxide in methanol, splitting the potassium soapsin situ with an excess of hydrochloric acid, and esterifying at room temperature. The esters had hydroxyl values comparable with those of the parent oils. The methyl esters were quantitatively resolved into hydroxy and nonhydroxy esters after reacting with succinic anhydride in toluene. The composition of castor oil was calculated from a) amount of nonhydroxy esters, b) methyl linoleate content of methyl esters determined spectro‐photometrically, c) iodine value of the methyl esters determined by the Wijs method at 15–20°C., and d) iodine value of the nonhydroxy esters determined by the Woburn method. This composition was confirmed by the estimation of saturated acids in one sample and dihydroxystearic acid in all. Castor oil was readly hydrogenated with Raney nickel in alcohol at room temperature (30–33°C.) without any hydrogenolysis of the hydroxyl groups. Methyl dihydroxystearate content of the methyl esters of this hydrogenated oil was determined by reaction with 80–100% excess periodic acid at 15–20°C.
Substituted arylimino derivatives of gossypol
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Brown L. E.
Published: April 2007

Seventeen substituted arylimino derivatives of gossypol have been prepared and characterized. Fifteen of these are new compounds.o‐Nitroaniline gave both a mono‐ and a disubstituted derivative with gossypol whilep,p′‐methylenedianiline gave only a monosubstituted derivative.

During experiments designed to prevent color reversion in stored, crude cottonseed oils by treatment with various aromatic amines, onlyp‐aminobenzoic acid formed an oil‐insoluble derivative with the gossypol in the oils.
Estimation of vitamin a in margarine. III. Migration of lecithin from the oil to the aqueous phase and its effect on the spectrophotometric blank
Authors: Luckmann Frederick H. , Gooding Chester M. , Melnick Daniel
Published: April 2007

On the basis of light absorption measurements at 328 mμ, fluorometric tests, stability of oils to oxidative deterioration, and phosphorus analyses it has been shown that the oil separated from margarine contains no lecithin. Phosphorus analyses demonstrated that this migration of added lecithin from the oil to the aqueous phase occurs during the churning operation and prior to chilling the emulsion.

For the spectrophotometric vitamin A assay of the fortified margarine oil prior to margarine manufacture, the control oils used to set the spectrophotometer at 100% transmission must contain the added lecithin. For the assay of the oil separated from the margarine the proper blank oil should contain no lecithin.

Use of improper control oils would be responsible for estimates of vitamin A content which are either erroneously high or low by about 3.5%. Abusive handling (storage at elevated temperatures) of lecithinsupplemented oils and use of improper control oils can be responsible for differences as much as 10% between apparent and true vitamin A content.
Polyhydric alcohol esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids
Authors: Micich T. , Sucharski M. , Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J.
Published: April 2007

Direct esterification of α‐sulfopalmitic and α‐sulfostearic acids with excess ethylene glycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol and 2‐methoxyethanol was carried out in carbon tetrachloride to give products containing essentially monoesters. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured with emphasis on washing ability in combination with soap. The detergency of these esters was compared with those of hexitol and sucrose α‐sulfo fatty acid esters. Although the esters had moderate lime soap dispersing ability, their detergency showed synergism when combined with soap.
Reduction with zinc of triple bonds tocis double bonds in long chain conjugated fatty acids
Authors: Morris S. G. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. , Luddy F. E.
Published: April 2007

The methyl ester of santalbic acid (trans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid) was hydrogenated with powdered zinc in 50% propanol to yield 90% of thecis,trans‐diene ester; similarly, 7,9‐octadecadiynoic methyl ester was converted tocis,cis‐diene ester but yields were no better than 75%.
Headspace gas analysis of salad oils by mass spectrometry
Authors: Evans C. D. , Selke E.
Published: April 2007

A mass spectrometer was used to analyze the content of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon in headspace gas of commercially packaged soybean, cottonseed and corn salad oils. A leakproof sampling system was designed to avoid air contamination and obtain a representative headspace gas sample. Some edible oils are packaged under pure nitrogen, whereas other samples contained various amounts of oxygen in the headspace gas. The presence or absence of argon in the headspace gas indicates that some oils are packaged with pure nitrogen and others with nitrogen obtained by controlled burning of hydrocarbons to remove all the oxygen in air. The presence of hydrogen in some samples where argon was also present suggested that catalytic purifiers were used to remove the last traces of oxygen and to ensure pure nitrogen for packaging oils. The decrease in oxygen of oils bottled in air was followed during storage at room and at elevated temperatures.