bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating Pointillism Paintings Based on Seurat's Color Composition
Authors: Wu Yi‐Chian , Tsai Yu‐Ting , Lin Wen‐Chieh , Li Wen‐Hsin
Published: July 2013

This paper presents a novel example‐based stippling technique that employs a simple and intuitive concept to convert a color image into a pointillism painting. Our method relies on analyzing and imitating the color distributions of Seurat's paintings to obtain a statistical color model. Then, this model can be easily combined with the modified multi‐class blue noise sampling to stylize an input image with characteristics of color composition in Seurat's paintings. The blue noise property of the output image also ensures that the color points are randomly located but remain spatially uniform. In our experiments, the multivariate goodness‐of‐fit tests were adopted to quantitatively analyze the results of the proposed and previous methods, further confirming that the color composition of our results are more similar to Seurat's painting style than that of previous approaches. Additionally, we also conducted a user study participated by artists to qualitatively evaluate the synthesized images of the proposed method.
Extended implied weighting
Authors: Goloboff Pablo A.
Published: July 2013

Several extensions to implied weighting, recently implemented in TNT, allow a better treatment of data sets combining morphological and molecular data sets, as well as those comprising large numbers of missing entries (e.g. palaeontological matrices, or combined matrices with some genes sequenced for few taxa). As there have been recent suggestions that molecular matrices may be better analysed using equal weights (rather than implied weighting), a simple way to apply implied weighting to only some characters (e.g. morphology), leaving other characters with a constant weight (e.g. molecules), is proposed. The new methods also allow weighting entire partitions according to their average homoplasy, giving each of the characters in the partition the same weight (this can be used for dynamically weighting, e.g. entire genes, or first, second, and third positions collectively). Such an approach is easily implemented in schemes like successive weighting, but in the case of implied weighting poses some particular problems. The approach has the peculiar implication that the inclusion of uninformative characters influences the results (by influencing the implied weights for the partitions). Last, the concern that characters with many missing entries may receive artificially inflated weights (because they necessarily display less homoplasy) can be solved by allowing the use of different weighting functions for different characters, in such a way that the cost of additional transformations decreases more rapidly for characters with more missing entries (thus effectively assuming that the unobserved entries are likely to also display some unobserved homoplasy). The conceptual and practical aspects of all these problems, as well as details of the implementation in TNT, are discussed.
Magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: a comparison with the findings at surgery
Authors: Fallis S. A. , Murphy P. , Sinha R. , Hawker P. , Gladman L. , Busby K. , Sanders S.
Published: July 2013

Aim

Magnetic resonance (MR) enterography is a radiation‐free small bowel investigation which identifies luminal and extra‐luminal pathology in patients with Crohn's disease. Most studies have validated MR against conventional radiology. We evaluated the results of MR enterography by comparison with findings at elective surgery for patients with Crohn's disease, including complex pathology.

Method

Between January 2007 and March 2012 the results of preoperative MR enterography for Crohn's disease in consecutive patients in one unit were compared with the detailed findings at surgery.

Results

Fifty‐one patients underwent 55 laparotomies during the study period. MR enterography identified the presence of Crohn's disease in the distal ileum in 33/34 patients, in the proximal ileum in 7/12 patients, in the jejunum in 7/8 patients, in the large bowel in 10/11 patients and in the duodenum in one of two patients. MR enterography identified ileo‐enteric fistula in 10/12 patients, ileosigmoid fistula in all of seven patients and other fistulae in 10/11 patients. An abscess was identified on MR enterography in eight of nine patients. Within abnormal distal ileal segments, the mean contrast enhancement ratio of acute inflammation was 2.39 ± 0.59 compared with 1.82 ± 0.63 (P < 0.05) in segments with fibrosis only.

Conclusion

Magnetic resonance enterography identifies small bowel Crohn's disease with an accuracy similar to or better than those of previously published series. Fistulation, abscess formation and large bowel disease can be reliably identified and disease activity assessed. Normal, uninvolved small bowel length can also be measured. Discrete proximal small bowel lesions may not always be detected. In our practice, MR enterography has replaced conventional radiology in the assessment of symptomatic patients with Crohn's disease.
Strength and size ratios between reciprocal muscle groups in the thigh and lower leg of male collegiate soccer players
Authors: Akagi Ryota , Tohdoh Yukihiro , Takahashi Hideyuki
Published: July 2013

This study investigated the strength and size ratios between reciprocal muscle groups in the thigh and lower leg of soccer players. In 11 male collegiate soccer players and 21 male non‐soccer players, the joint torques developed during isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the knee extensors (TQKE) and flexors (TQKF), plantar flexors (TQPF) and dorsiflexors (TQDF) were determined using a dynamometer. The muscle volumes of the same muscles (i.e. MVKE, MVKF, MVPF and MVDF) were determined by magnetic resonance imaging. There were no significant differences in any of the joint torques or muscle volumes between soccer and non‐soccer players. TQKE/TQKF was significantly lower for soccer players than for non‐soccer players. On the other hand, no significant difference in TQPF/TQDF was found between soccer and non‐soccer players. MVKE/MVKF and MVPF/MVDF for soccer players were not significantly different from those for non‐soccer players. Additionally, there were no significant correlations between MVKE/MVKF and TQKE/TQKF and between MVPF/MVDF and TQPF/TQDF of soccer players. Thus, the strength ratios appear not to be affected by the size ratios between the knee extensors and flexors and between the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors in soccer players.
Is valganciclovir really effective in primary effusion lymphoma: case report of an HIV(−) EBV(−) HHV8(+) patient
Authors: Ozbalak Murat , Tokatlı Ilyas , Özdemirli Metin , Tecimer Tülay , Ar Muhlis Cem , Örnek Serdar , Koroglu Aykut , Laleli Yahya , Ferhanoglu Burhan
Published: July 2013

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) associated lymphoproliferative disease characterized by effusions in body cavities, and lack of tumor mass. Valganciclovir is a treatment option in PEL, however, little is known about its clinical efficacy. Ganciclovir has been reported to be effective in HHV8(+) multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) by decreasing the plasma HHV8 load, which is an important factor in the induction and persistence of MCD, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and PEL. But there is no information about the efficacy of valganciclovir on HHV8 associated lymphoproliferative diseases. Here, we present the first EBV and HIV negative, HHV8 positive PEL case treated with valganciclovir; for whom it initially reduced the viral load leading to a transient partial improvement in the clinical status, but failed to induce a complete and durable remission.
Spatio‐temporal trends of sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus catch rates in relation to spawning ground and environmental factors in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Mourato Bruno L. , Hazin Fábio , Bigelow Keith , Musyl Michael , Carvalho Felipe , Hazin Humberto
Published: July 2013

Spatial and temporal trends of sailfish catch rates in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean in relation to environmental variables were investigated using generalized additive models and fishery‐dependent data. Two generalized additive models were fit: (i) ‘spatio‐temporal’, including only latitude, longitude, month, and year; and (ii) ‘oceanographic’, including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll‐a concentration, wind velocity, bottom depth, and depth of mixed layer and year. The spatio‐temporal model explained more (average ~40%) of the variability in catch rates than the oceanographic model (average ~30%). Modeled catch rate predictions showed that sailfish tend to aggregate off the southeast coast of Brazil during the peak of the spawning season (November to February). Sailfish also seem to aggregate for feeding in two different areas, one located in the mid‐west Atlantic to the south of ~15°S and another area off the north coast of Brazil. The oceanographic model revealed that wind velocity and chlorophyll‐a concentration were the most important variables describing catch rate variability. The results presented herein may help to understand sailfish movements in the Atlantic Ocean and the relationship of these movements with environmental effects.
Backcasting the decline of a vulnerable Great Plains reproductive ecotype: identifying threats and conservation priorities
Authors: Worthington Thomas A. , Brewer Shannon K. , Grabowski Timothy B. , Mueller Julia
Published: July 2013

Conservation efforts for threatened or endangered species are challenging because the multi‐scale factors that relate to their decline or inhibit their recovery are often unknown. To further exacerbate matters, the perceptions associated with the mechanisms of species decline are often viewed myopically rather than across the entire species range. We used over 80 years of fish presence data collected from the Great Plains and associated ecoregions of the United States, to investigate the relative influence of changing environmental factors on the historic and current truncated distributions of the Arkansas River shiner Notropis girardi. Arkansas River shiner represent a threatened reproductive ecotype considered especially well adapted to the harsh environmental extremes of the Great Plains. Historic (n = 163 records) and current (n = 47 records) species distribution models were constructed using a vector‐based approach in MaxEnt by splitting the available data at a time when Arkansas River shiner dramatically declined. Discharge and stream order were significant predictors in both models; however, the shape of the relationship between the predictors and species presence varied between time periods. Drift distance (river fragment length available for ichthyoplankton downstream drift before meeting a barrier) was a more important predictor in the current model and indicated river segments 375–780 km had the highest probability of species presence. Performance for the historic and current models was high (area under the curve; AUC > 0.95); however, forecasting and backcasting to alternative time periods suggested less predictive power. Our results identify fragments that could be considered refuges for endemic plains fish species and we highlight significant environmental factors (e.g., discharge) that could be manipulated to aid recovery.
Environmental controls of temporal and spatial variability in CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a neotropical peatland
Authors: Wright Emma L. , Black Colin R. , Turner Benjamin L. , Sjögersten Sofie
Published: July 2013

Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global storage and cycling of carbon (C) but information on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from these systems is sparse, particularly in the Neotropics. We quantified short and long‐term temporal and small scale spatial variation in CO2 and CH4 fluxes from three contrasting vegetation communities in a domed ombrotrophic peatland in Panama. There was significant variation in CO2 fluxes among vegetation communities in the order Campnosperma panamensis > Raphia taedigera > Cyperus. There was no consistent variation among sites and no discernible seasonal pattern of CH4 flux despite the considerable range of values recorded (e.g. −1.0 to 12.6 mg m−2 h−1 in 2007). CO2 fluxes varied seasonally in 2007, being greatest in drier periods (300–400 mg m−2 h−1) and lowest during the wet period (60–132 mg m−2 h−1) while very high emissions were found during the 2009 wet period, suggesting that peak CO2 fluxes may occur following both low and high rainfall. In contrast, only weak relationships between CH4 flux and rainfall (positive at the C. panamensis site) and solar radiation (negative at the C. panamensis and Cyperus sites) was found. CO2 fluxes showed a diurnal pattern across sites and at the Cyperus sp. site CO2 and CH4 fluxes were positively correlated. The amount of dissolved carbon and nutrients were strong predictors of small scale within‐site variability in gas release but the effect was site‐specific. We conclude that (i) temporal variability in CO2 was greater than variation among vegetation communities; (ii) rainfall may be a good predictor of CO2 emissions from tropical peatlands but temporal variation in CH4 does not follow seasonal rainfall patterns; and (iii) diurnal variation in CO2 fluxes across different vegetation communities can be described by a Fourier model.
Improving pooled calibration of a rising‐plate meter for estimating herbage mass over a season in cool‐season grass pasture
Authors: Nakagami K. , Itano S.
Published: July 2013

To construct a new calibration method that combines usability and accuracy for estimating herbage mass from rising‐plate meter readings, we derived four models differing in the way their parameters are related to sampling date and compared their estimation accuracies using cross‐validation. The parameters of the linear regression for each sampling date showed seasonal variations, which had a steep decrease from early April to early June and a gradual increase thereafter. The pooled models were less accurate for estimating herbage mass than a separate model, which had specific parameters for each sampling date (S model). Among the pooled models, however, those in which the parameters were assumed to be linear functions (PL model) or combined functions (PC model) of the sampling date showed substantively improved estimation accuracy compared with the traditional pooled model, in which the parameters were assumed to be fixed throughout the year (PF model). Moreover, at the beginning of the season, the models derived from previous years' data were suggested to be applicable as a practical method. Thus, it can be concluded that these types of pooled calibration could be used as ‘compromise methods’ that combine both accuracy and usability.
Pulmonary metastatic nodules of uterine low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 10 cases
Authors: Park Ji Young , Sung Chang Ohk , Jang Se‐Jin , Song Sang Yong , Han Jung Ho , Kim Kyu‐Rae
Published: July 2013

Aims

To identify histopathological and immunohistochemical findings that aid diagnosis of metastatic endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) in small biopsy specimens of the lung.

Methods and results

We reviewed the histology of 46 lung nodules from 10 cases of pulmonary metastatic ESS. Biopsy sections were analysed by immunohistochemistry to highlight blood and lymphatic vasculature, and for expression of CD10 and oestrogen receptor (ER). Various histological changes were identified that could mislead in making a diagnosis on small biopsy samples: haemangiopericytomatous blood vessels (39%), absence of characteristic spiral arteriole‐like vasculature (26%), intratumoral cysts formed by dilatation of airways (22%) or intratumoral myxoid change (11%), prominent interstitial collagen deposits (48%), foam cell infiltration (4%) and smooth muscle differentiation (2%). Peribronchial/peribronchiolar distribution of tumour cells with juxtaepithelial growth was a frequent feature, observed in 59% of nodules. In two very small nodules the lesion was barely recognizable histologically; tumour cells were detected only by expression of ER and CD10.

Conclusions

Combined staining for ER and CD10 can be helpful in avoiding an erroneous diagnosis. As lymphatics are not normally present in the juxtaepithelial bronchial/bronchiolar wall, juxtaepithelial tumour growth beneath the bronchial epithelium in early metastatic lesions indicates a haematogenous metastastic route through the bronchial artery.
Temporal changes and regional differences in treatment uptake of hepatitis C therapy in EuroSIDA
Authors: Grint D , Peters L , Schwarze‐Zander C , Beniowski M , Pradier C , Battegay M , Jevtovic D , Soriano V , Lundgren JD , Rockstroh JK , Kirk O , Mocroft A ,   EuroSIDA in EuroCoord
Published: July 2013

Objectives

All HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected patients with chronic HCV infection and ≥ F2 fibrosis should be considered for HCV therapy. This study aimed to determine the rate of HCV treatment uptake among coinfected patients in Europe.

Methods

EuroSIDA patients with viraemic HCV infection were included in the study. Poisson regression was used to identify temporal changes and regional differences in HCV treatment uptake.

Results

A total of 1984 patients were included in the study, with a median follow‐up time of 168 months [interquartile range (IQR) 121–204 months]. To date, 501 (25.3%) HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients have received HCV therapy. Treatment incidence rose from 0.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.50] per 100 person‐years of follow‐up (PYFU) in 1998 to 5.93 (95% CI 4.49–7.38) in 2007, falling to 3.78 (95% CI 2.50–5.07) in 2009. After adjustment, CD4 cell count > 350 cells/μL [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.33 (95% CI 1.06–1.67) vs. CD4 count 200−350 cells/μL] and ≥F2 liver fibrosis [IRR 1.60 (95% CI 1.14–2.25; P = 0.0065) vs. < F2 fibrosis] were predictors of anti‐HCV treatment initiation. However, 22% of patients who remain untreated for HCV, with fibrosis data available, had ≥F2 fibrosis and should have been considered for treatment, while only 36% of treated patients had ≥F2 fibrosis.

Conclusions

Although treatment incidence for HCV has increased, there remain a large proportion of patients indicated for treatment who have yet to be treated.
Potential Mesozoic reference zircon from the Unazuki plutonic complex: geochronological and geochemical characterization
Authors: Horie Kenji , Takehara Mami , Suda Yoshimitsu , Hidaka Hiroshi
Published: July 2013

OT4 zircon collected from Oto‐dani quartz diorite in Unazuki, in the northeastern part of the Hida Belt, Southwest Japan, was evaluated using microbeam analysis for its qualification as a Mesozoic reference zircon based on U–Pb dating. The characterization of OT4 zircon was carried out using a sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP II). Chemical zoning was revealed in some of the grains with a relatively high concentration of U and Th (up to 988 and 1054 ppm, respectively). The weighted mean 206Pb/238U age corrected by 207Pb was 191.1 ± 0.3 Ma (95% confidence limit) and was found to be almost constant for all the grains. The high crystallinity, the constant REE abundance patterns, and the homogeneous Hf concentrations (8651 ± 466 ppm) indicate that the grains were not affected by any geological events after crystallization. Furthermore, the homogeneous Hf concentrations and consistency of the Ti‐in‐zircon temperature (733 ± 34°C) and the Zr saturation temperature (728°C) suggest that the OT4 zircon crystallized over a short time. The OT4 zircon contains enough radiogenic 206Pb (>2 ppm) and 207Pb (>0.1 ppm) to be detected by microbeam analysis, which indicates its potential of being an effective Mesozoic reference used in microbeam U–Pb dating.
A cytokine‐controlled mechanism for integrated regulation of T‐lymphocyte motility, adhesion and activation
Authors: Bergström Sten‐Erik , Bergdahl Eva , Sundqvist Karl‐Gösta
Published: July 2013

The co‐ordination of T‐cell motility, adhesion and activation remains poorly understood. It is also unclear how these functions are co‐ordinated with external stimuli. Here we unveil a series of molecular interactions in cis at the surface of T lymphocytes with potent effects on motility and adhesion in these cells, and communicating with proliferative responses. These interactions were controlled by the signature cytokines of T helper subsets interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) and IL‐4. Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) was found to play a key role for T‐cell motility by promoting development of polarized cell shape and cell movement. Endogenous thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) enhanced cell surface expression of LRP1 through CD47. Cell surface expressed LRP1 induced motility and processing of TSP‐1 while inhibiting adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and fibronectin. Interleukin‐2, but not IL‐4, stimulated synthesis of TSP‐1 and motility through TSP‐1 and LRP1. Stimulation of the T‐cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex inhibited TSP‐1 expression. Inhibitor studies indicated that LRP1 regulated TSP‐1 expression and promoted motility through JAK signalling. This LRP1‐mediated motogenic signalling was connected to CD47/Gi protein signalling and IL‐2‐induced signalling through TSP‐1. The motogenic TSP‐1/LRP1 mechanism antagonized TCR/CD3‐induced T‐cell proliferation. These results indicate that LRP1 in collaboration with TSP‐1 directs a counter‐adhesive and counter‐proliferative motogenic cascade. T cells seem programmed to prioritize movement before adhesion through this cascade. In conclusion, vital decision‐making in T lymphocytes regulating motility, adhesive interactions and proliferation, are integrated through a molecular mechanism connecting different cell surface receptors and their signalling pathways.
Workplace trade union activists in UK service sector organising campaigns
Authors: Simms Melanie
Published: July 2013

This article examines the roles of activists as they develop during campaigns to establish a workplace union presence. Evidence shows that there is surprising variation within and between campaigns, which is explained by (i) management decision making; (ii) union policies and structures; and (iii) the skills of the activists themselves. This suggests UK union organising places considerable emphasis on supporting workplace activists with the knowledge, skills, and expertise of organisers and officers in the wider union.
Pleomorphic Lipoma: Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: DIGREGORIO FIORINO , BARR RONALD J. , FRETZIN DAVID F.
Published: July 2013

Two patients are reported with pleomorphic lipoma, a benign subcutaneous fatty tumor showing atypia in which histologic diagnosis may be difficult. The tumors are well circumscribed lesions, most commonly occurring in the neck and shoulder of middle aged men. An important histologic criteria is the presence of floret‐like multinucleated giant cells embedded in a myxoid stroma. Pleomorphic lipoma may be confused with several malignant soft‐tissue neoplasms, including myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma and variants of liposarcoma. It is important to establish the correct diagnosis to avoid unnecessary radical surgery.
Sequential Infravermilion and Supravermilion Lip Reconstruction: A New Concept
Authors: FIELD LAWRENCE M.
Published: July 2013

The majority of lip repairs may be better facilitated by initially repairing the infravermilion cutaneous defect and then separately considering repair of the mucosal and, when present, submucosal defect. These sequential considerations allow a variety of reconstructive approaches to be applied to the different types of tissue lost above and below the vermilion border. Many of the sequelae of standard wedge excisions and their resultant repairs may be avoided by utilizing sequential infravermilion and supravermilion lip reconstruction.
Liposculpture 4
Authors: FISCHER GIORGIO
Published: July 2013

The fundamentals for good liposculpture are discussed. Horizontal tunneling is to be avoided because the more horizontally the tunnel is angled, the more likely the overlying skin will drape in folds, resulting in poor cosmesis. Superficial tunneling (less than 1 cm) is to be avoided. The author believes that it is important to maintain the adhesive forces and lymphatics of the superficial layer of fat because it leads to more even healing and remodelling postoperatively. Liposuction within 3 cm of the subgluteal fold should be avoided because it can lead to ptosis of the buttocks postoperatively.
The individual counts: within sex differences in foraging strategies are as important as sex‐specific differences in masked boobies Sula dactylatra
Authors: Sommerfeld Julia , Kato Akiko , Ropert‐Coudert Yan , Garthe Stefan , Hindell Mark A.
Published: July 2013

Understanding how animals allocate their foraging time is a central question in behavioural ecology. Intrinsic factors, such as body mass and size differences between sexes or species, influence animals’ foraging behaviour, but studies investigating the effects of individual differences in body mass and size within the same sex are scarce. We investigated this in chick‐rearing masked boobies Sula dactylatra, a species with reversed sexual dimorphism, through the simultaneous deployment of GPS and depth‐acceleration loggers to obtain information on foraging movements and activity patterns. Heavier females performed shorter trips closer to the colony than lighter females. During these shorter trips, heavier females spent higher proportions of their flight time flapping and less time resting on the water than lighter females did during longer trips. In contrast, body mass did not affect trip duration of males, however heavier males spent less time flapping and more time resting on the water than lighter males. This may occur as a result of higher flight costs associated with body mass and allow conservation of energy during locomotion. Body size (i.e. wing length) had no effect on any of the foraging parameters. Dive depths and dive rates (dives h−1) were not affected by body mass, but females dived significantly deeper than males, suggesting that other factors are important. Other studies demonstrated that females are the parent in charge of provisioning the chick, and maintain a flexible investment under regulation of their own body mass. Variation in trip length therefore seems to be triggered by body condition in females, but not in males. Consequently, shorter trips are presumably used to provision the chick, while longer trips are for self‐maintenance. Our findings underline the importance of accounting for the effects of body mass differences within the same sex, if sex‐specific foraging parameters in dimorphic species are being investigated.
Genetic Variation for Heat Tolerance During the Reproductive Phase in Brassica rapa
Authors: Annisa  , Chen S. , Turner N. C. , Cowling W. A.
Published: July 2013

We investigated heat tolerance at the reproductive stage in six spring‐type B. rapa accessions and one B. juncea accession as a control. Plants were subjected to two temperature treatments for seven days in controlled environmental rooms, beginning one day before the first open flower on the main stem inflorescence. The high‐temperature treatment ranged from 25 °C to 35 °C during 16 h light and 25 °C during 8 h dark. The control temperature treatment was set at 23 °C during 16 h light and 15 °C during 8 h dark. Soil moisture was maintained at close to field capacity to avoid drought stress. Main stem buds that emerged during the treatment period were tagged, and pod and seed production was recorded at each reproductive node. Leaf temperature depression and leaf conductance increased in the high‐temperature treatment which indicated that plants were not drought stressed. A leafy vegetable type of B. rapa from Indonesia was the most tolerant to high temperature, as defined by its ability to set seed equally well in the control and high‐temperature treatments, followed by an oilseed type from Pakistan. Pollen viability remained above 87 % in all accessions and treatments. We conclude that bud number and length, and pod number produced under high temperatures, might provide a useful preliminary screen for high‐temperature tolerance and that B. rapa may be a valuable source of heat tolerance in canola (B. napus).
A continued examination of the inverse relationship between political skill and strain reactions: exploring reputation as a mediating factor
Authors: Zinko Robert
Published: July 2013

The positive correlation between political skill and the reduction of the effects of stressors (i.e., strain reaction) in the workplace is well documented. This paper furthers the examination of this correlation by examining the impact of reputation as a mediator. It is posited that individuals possessing political skill are likely to build positive reputations, which, in turn, aid in the reduction of perceived stressors in the workplace. It is hypothesized that it is one's reputation rather than one's social ability (i.e., political skill) that affects an individual's response to stressors. One hundred and eighty‐one professionals were surveyed. Both their political skill and also stress levels were examined, as well as the perceptions held by their coworkers of their reputations. Results demonstrated a mediating effect of reputation between political skill and strain reactions.
Scaling pairwise β‐diversity and α‐diversity with area
Authors: Mokany Karel , Jones Mirkka M. , Harwood Thomas D.
Published: July 2013

Aim

The relationship between species richness (α‐diversity) and area is well studied; however, the way in which compositional dissimilarity between pairs of sites (β‐diversity) scales with area has only recently attracted research attention. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area, to illuminate ecological processes structuring the distribution of biodiversity and enable prediction of α‐ and β‐diversity for large regions from much smaller samples.

Location

We examined both simulated spatial community data and measurements from tropical forest tree plots in Panama.

Methods

We applied the simulated and measured community data to assess how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area. Then we examined how accurately community α‐diversity and pairwise β‐diversity can be extrapolated from small sample areas of different size within each community, using the species–area power relationship.

Results

For both the simulated and tree plot data, pairwise β‐diversity scaled with area in a corresponding manner to the much more familiar species–area relationship. By altering the attributes of the simulated communities, we found that α‐ and β‐diversity saturated at smaller areas where abundances were more even, species distributions were less aggregated and regional richness was lower. Estimates of α‐ and β‐diversity for a pair of communities generally increased in accuracy with the size of the local sample areas from which extrapolations were made.

Main conclusions

These analyses suggest that the most robust estimates of α‐ and β‐diversity for a larger area will be obtained by local samples that are greater than 10% the size of that larger area. Our results emphasize the fundamental link in how both α‐ and β‐diversity scale with area, and demonstrate how simple knowledge of these scaling relationships can be used to predict the diversity of larger areas from smaller samples.
Host–parasite coevolution favours parasite genetic diversity and horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Schulte R. D. , Makus C. , Schulenburg H.
Published: July 2013

Host–parasite coevolution is predicted to favour genetic diversity and the underlying mechanisms (e.g. sexual reproduction and, more generally, genetic exchange), because diversity enhances the antagonists' potential for rapid adaptation. To date, this prediction has mainly been tested and confirmed for the host. It should similarly apply to the parasite. Indeed, our previous work demonstrated that experimental coevolution between the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis selects for genetic diversity in both antagonists. For the parasite, the previous analysis was based on plasmid‐encoded toxin gene markers. Thus, it was restricted to a very small part of the bacterial genome and did not cover the main chromosome, which harbours a large variety of virulence factors. Here, we present new data for chromosomal gene markers of B. thuringiensis and combine this information with the previous results on plasmid‐encoded toxins. Our new results demonstrate that, in comparison with the control treatment, coevolution with a host similarly leads to higher levels of genetic diversity in the bacterial chromosome, thus indicating the relevance of chromosomal genes for coevolution. Furthermore, the frequency of toxin gene gain is significantly elevated during coevolution, highlighting the importance of horizontal gene transfer as a diversity‐generating mechanism. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the strong influence of antagonistic coevolution on parasite genetic diversity and gene exchange.
Convergent evolution of morphology and habitat use in the explosive Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar radiation
Authors: Kawahara A. Y. , Rubinoff D.
Published: July 2013

Species occurring in unconnected, but similar habitats and under similar selection pressures often display strikingly comparable morphology, behaviour and life history. On island archipelagos where colonizations and extinctions are common, it is often difficult to separate whether similar traits are a result of in situ diversification or independent colonization without a phylogeny. Here, we use one of Hawaii's most ecologically diverse and explosive endemic species radiations, the Hawaiian fancy case caterpillar genus Hyposmocoma, to test whether in situ diversification resulted in convergence. Specifically, we examine whether similar species utilizing similar microhabitats independently developed largely congruent larval case phenotypes in lineages that are in comparable, but isolated environments. Larvae of these moths are found on all Hawaiian Islands and are characterized by an extraordinary array of ecomorphs and larval case morphology. We focus on the ‘purse cases’, a group that is largely specialized for living within rotting wood. Purse cases were considered a monophyletic group, because morphological, behavioural and ecological traits appeared to be shared among all members. We constructed a phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from 38 Hyposmocoma species, including all 14 purse case species and 24 of non‐purse case congeners. Divergence time estimation suggests that purse case lineages evolved independently within dead wood and developed nearly identical case morphology twice: once on the distant Northwest Hawaiian Islands between 15.5 and 9 Ma and once on the younger main Hawaiian Islands around 3.0 Ma. Multiple ecomorphs are usually found on each island, and the ancestral ecomorph of Hyposmocoma appears to have lived on tree bark. Unlike most endemic Hawaiian radiations that follow a clear stepwise progression of colonization, purse case Hyposmocoma do not follow a pattern of colonization from older to younger island. We postulate that the diversity of microhabitats and selection from parasitism/predation from endemic predators may have shaped case architecture in this extraordinary endemic radiation of Hawaiian insects.
Clinal variation in a brown lemur (Eulemurspp.) hybrid zone: Combining morphological, genetic and climatic data to examine stability
Authors: Delmore K. E. , Brenneman R. A. , Lei R. , Bailey C. A. , Brelsford A. , Louis E. E. , Johnson S. E.
Published: July 2013

Studies of hybrid zones can inform our understanding of reproductive isolation and speciation. Two species of brown lemur (Eulemur rufifronsandE. cinereiceps) form an apparently stable hybrid zone in the Andringitra region of south‐eastern Madagascar. The aim of this study was to identify factors that contribute to this stability. We sampled animals at 11 sites along a 90‐km transect through the hybrid zone and examined variation in 26 microsatellites, the D‐loop region of mitochondrialDNA, six pelage and nine morphological traits; we also included samples collected in more distant allopatric sites. Clines in these traits were noncoincident, and there was no increase in either inbreeding coefficients or linkage disequilibrium at the centre of the zone. These results could suggest that the hybrid zone is maintained by weak selection against hybrids, conforming to either the tension zone or geographical selection‐gradient model. However, a closer examination of clines in pelage and microsatellites indicates that these clines are not sigmoid or stepped in shape but instead plateau at their centre. Sites within the hybrid zone also occur in a distinct habitat, characterized by greater seasonality in precipitation and lower seasonality in temperature. Together, these findings suggest that the hybrid zone may follow the bounded superiority model, with exogenous selection favouring hybrids within the transitional zone. These findings are noteworthy, as examples supporting the bounded superiority model are rare and may indicate a process of ecologically driven speciation without geographical isolation.
Water Footprint of Cereals and Vegetables for the Beijing Market
Authors: Huang Jing , Ridoutt Bradley G. , Zhang Hailin , Xu Changchun , Chen Fu
Published: July 2013

Beijing is situated in water‐scarce northern China, where there is a history of policies aimed at constraining local agricultural water use to meet the increasing urban water demand. This has led to a change in local crop production and subsequent effects in terms of the importation of cereals and vegetables grown in other parts of China. The dilemma is that local policies designed to improve Beijing's water resources situation may have the unintended consequence of increasing water stress in other regions. In this article, life cycle assessment approaches were used to model both consumptive and degradative water use for the major cereals and vegetables consumed in Beijing, enabling comparison of local and imported supplies. In the Beijing region, cropping cereals rather than intensive vegetables in greenhouses could reduce local blue water consumption by 7,216 cubic meters per hectare per year (m3 ha−1 yr−1) and nitrogen pollution by 45 kg ha−1 yr−1. However, depending on how the local food shortfall is balanced by imported food, shifts in cropping pattern in Beijing have the potential to cause either an improvement or exacerbation of the nationwide water stress situation (e.g., −42% to 4% for water scarcity footprint). As such, local policy making regarding agricultural land and water use needs to consider the wider food production context. This situation in Beijing is likely to be representative of the challenge facing many of the world's large and mega‐sized cities, where a sustainable means of increasing food supply must be found.
microRNA‐181a is involved in insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐mediated regulation of the transcription factor CREB1
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhao Zhao , Yang Fan , Gao Yimei , Song Jian , Wan Yu
Published: July 2013

microRNAs are a class of small non‐coding RNA molecules negatively regulating gene expression at post‐transcriptional level in many tissues including the central nervous system. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a key nuclear factor highly expressed in hippocampal neurons on which many signal pathways converge. Recent studies have found that microRNA‐181a is rich in mature nerve cells, and bioinformatics analysis shows that the CREB1 mRNA 3′‐untranslated region (3′UTR) contains complementary sequence to the miR‐181a seed region. In this study, we investigated whether miR‐181a is a negative regulator for CREB1 expression in neurons. It was found that the expression of miR‐181a was negatively correlated with Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and CREB1 in the Lewis rat hippocampus. miR‐181a bound to CREB1 mRNA through a specific binding site in the 3′UTR sequence. The expression of CREB1 in PC12 cells was down‐regulated by transfection with a miR‐181a mimic and up‐regulated by a miR‐181a inhibitor. A down‐regulated miR‐181a and an up‐regulated CREB1 were observed in IGF‐1‐stimulated PC12 cells. And miR‐181a inhibited dendritic growth of cultured hippocampus neurons. These suggest that miR‐181a is involved in IGF‐1‐regulated CREB1 expression by targeting its mRNA 3′UTR.

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microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level and are involved in the central nervous system development. Here, we demonstrate that miR‐181a can inhibit the expression of the transcription factor CREB1 by specifically targeting its mRNA 3′UTR and inhibit the development of hippocampus neurons. Repressed expression of miR‐181a is involved in IGF‐1‐mediated up‐regulation of CREB1 in vivo and in vitro. These findings indicate that miR‐181a could be a potential target for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
Using Photos to Develop Text Messages to Promote Walking
Authors: Buchholz Susan Weber , Ingram Diana , Wilbur JoEllen , Pelt Phyllis
Published: July 2013

Purpose

Sending text messages (TMs) is a promising global intervention to help adults increase their engagement in walking as a form of physical activity (PA). But, little is known about how effective and acceptable TMs are developed.

Design

Our study was designed to (a) determine the acceptability, among low‐income adults, of receiving TMs to increase their walking and (b) develop, using photos to prompt discussion, a participant‐generated database of TMs to promote walking.

Methods

In 2011, three focus groups (low‐income, sedentary adults) met at community clinics (one focus group at each of three clinics). To promote dialogue to help develop TMs, we created a discussion guide and a set of 40 photos depicting barriers to increasing PA or showing people walking. A content analysis of TMs developed was done using audiotaped transcripts, photo page notes, flip chart notes, and field notes.

Findings

Twelve TM themes emerged, including 172 TMs developed by the 23 study participants (age 50 ± 6.3 years).

Conclusions

Using TMs to help achieve walking goals is an acceptable method of promoting PA with adults. Using culturally relevant photos to prompt discussion, focus groups can develop a database of PA‐related TMs to promote walking.

Clinical Relevance

Physical inactivity is a significant contributor to adult health problems worldwide, and walking is a realistic method of increasing PA. Using focus groups and photos, individuals can generate acceptable, personalized and innovative TMs to promote walking.
Developing new pharmacotherapies for autism
Authors: Ecker C. , Spooren W. , Murphy D.
Published: July 2013

Developing new pharmacotherapies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a challenge. ASD has a complex genetic architecture, several neurobiological phenotypes and multiple symptom domains. However, new opportunities are emerging that could lead to the development of ‘targeted’ and individualized pharmacological interventions. Here, first we review these important new insights into the aetiology and neurobiology of ASD with particular focus on (i) genetic variants mediating synaptic structure and functioning and (ii) differences in brain anatomy, chemistry and connectivity in this condition. The characterization of the genotypic and phenotypic differences underlying ASD might in the future be invaluable for stratifying the large range of different individuals on the autism spectrum into genetically and/or biologically homogeneous subgroups that might respond to similar targeted interventions. Secondly, we propose a strategic framework for the development of targeted pharmacotherapies for ASD, which comprises several different stages in which research findings are translated into clinical applications. The establishment of animal models and cellular assays is important for developing and testing new pharmacological targets before initiating large‐scale clinical trials. Finally, we present the European Autism Interventions – A Multicentre Study for Developing New Medications (EU‐AIMS) Initiative, which was set up in the context of the EU Innovative Medicines Initiative as the first European platform for integrated translational research in ASD. The EU‐AIMS Initiative consists of academic and industrial partners working in collaboration to deliver a more ‘personalized’ approach to diagnosing and treating ASD in the future.
Third Parties and the Social Scaffolding of Forgiveness
Authors: Walker Margaret Urban
Published: July 2013

It is widely accepted that only the victim of a wrong can forgive that wrong. Several philosophers have recently defended “third‐party forgiveness,” the scenario in which A, who is not the victim of a wrong in any sense, forgives B for a wrong B did to C. Focusing on Glen Pettigrove's argument for third‐party forgiveness, I will defend the victim's unique standing to forgive, by appealing to the fact that in forgiving, victims must absorb severe and inescapable costs of distinctive kinds, a plight that third parties do not share. There are, nonetheless, significant, even essential, roles played by third parties in making forgiveness possible, reasonable, or valuable for victims of serious wrongs. I take a closer look at the links between victims, wrongdoers, resentment, and forgiveness in showing why the victim alone can forgive.
Mothers with an eating disorder: ‘food comes before anything’
Authors: Stitt N. , Reupert A.
Published: July 2013

Accessible summary

Mothers with an eating disorder (ED) are a neglected clinical and research group.

Nine mothers were individually interviewed to discuss how their ED might impact on family life, and how being a parent might impact on their disorder.

Mothers' relationship with food and children was complex – some prioritized food over their children, but were simultaneously concerned about the impact of their disorder on their children.

Clinicians need to identify the parenting status of those with an ED and support them in their parenting role.

There is little research that has presented the voices of mothers with an eating disorder (ED). The aim of this study was to clinicians present the experiences of mothers, drawn from the community, who have an ED and their perceptions regarding how their ED impacts on their children and parenting. Semi‐structured, individual interviews were conducted with nine mothers with various EDs. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, alongside member checks and inter‐rater reliability, was employed to analyze data. Six themes were identified: (1) the impact of an ED on children; (2) modelling disturbed eating behaviours; (3) prioritizing food before children's needs, or as described by one participant, ‘food comes before anything’; (4) children motivate recovery; (5) secrecy within families; and (6) treatment needs. Overall, mothers juggled to balance the competing demands of an ED and the needs of their children. The need for clinicians to acknowledge and support a mother's role when treating EDs is highlighted.
Spectral estimates for high‐frequency sampled continuous‐time autoregressive moving average processes
Authors: Fasen Vicky , Fuchs Florian
Published: July 2013

In this article, we consider a continuous‐time autoregressive moving average (CARMA) process driven by either a symmetric α‐stable Lévy process with α ∈ (0,2) or a symmetric Lévy process with finite second moments. In the asymptotic framework of high‐frequency data within a long time interval, we establish a consistent estimate for the normalized power transfer function by applying a smoothing filter to the periodogram of the CARMA process. We use this result to propose an estimator for the parameters of the CARMA process and exemplify the estimation procedure by a simulation study.