bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring motivations for consumer Web use and their implications for e‐commerce
Authors: Joines Jessica L. , Scherer Clifford W. , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: May 2003

This study examines the influence of demographic variables and dimensions of motivational factors of two types of consumer Web use: percentage of weekly Web surfing time spent searching for product and service‐related information and online shopping and transactions. It combines data from two sources: a self‐administered survey of 59 undergraduates in an introductory communication course at Cornell University; and a mail/Web survey of 59 New York State residents who had reported subscribing to an online service in a previous mail survey. We found distinctively different patterns of relationships among demographics and motivational factors for the two types of dependent variables. Most importantly, transactional privacy concerns were found to be negatively related to percentage of time spent on product searches and online shopping, while economic motivations had a positive influence. In addition, online shopping was found to be predicted by information motivations, interactive control motivations, and socialization motivations. Implications for Web‐based commerce and advertising are discussed.
Actively influencing consumer loyalty
Authors: Divett Megan , Crittenden Nadia , Henderson Ron
Published: May 2003

Previous attempts to enhance consumer loyalty have failed, including point reward schemes such as frequent fliers. In response to the poor performance of existing loyalty programs, this study explores an alternative way of actively influencing consumer loyalty and subsequent purchase behavior. A field experiment was conducted on 240 customers of a theater subscription, using a Solomon Four Group design to evaluate the impact of an intervention on loyalty and subsequent purchase behavior. The intervention increased levels of perceived approachability and responsiveness to customer voice. Initial results indicated that greater perceived approachability and responsiveness led to greater loyalty toward the theater, and greater purchase behavior.
Compulsive buying behavior
Authors: Shoham Aviv , Makovec Brenčič Maja
Published: May 2003

Consumer compulsive buying is an important area of inquiry in consumer behavior research. The importance of studying compulsive buying, stems, in part, from its nature as a negative aspect of consumer behavior. Specifically, exploring negative consumption phenomena could provide modified or new perspectives for the study of positive consumption behaviors. Moreover, research on negative facets of consumption is useful because it can potentially contribute to society’s wellbeing, an important criterion for usefulness of any research. This paper builds on earlier papers to propose a model of compulsivity antecedents. Gender, consumers’ tendency to make unplanned purchases, and their tendency to buy products not on shopping lists, serve to predict compulsive tendencies in a sample of Israeli consumers. The findings suggest that these antecedents affect compulsive tendencies.
Parental influence on the purchase of luxury brands of infant apparel: an exploratory study in Hong Kong
Authors: Prendergast Gerard , Wong Claire
Published: May 2003

With a focus on the purchasing behaviour of parents buying luxury brands of infant apparel, this paper considers the concepts of buying roles, conspicuous consumption/social consumption motivation, and materialism. A survey of 134 mothers who had purchased luxury brands of clothing for their infants found that parents are motivated by the good quality and design associated with the luxury brands. The relationship between the amount of money spent by parents on luxury brands of infant apparel and social consumption motivation was not significant. However, interviewees who spent more on luxury clothing brands for their infants were determined to be more materialistic. It is thus recommended that marketers should emphasise the good quality and design of their luxury brands of infant apparel. In addition, marketers should promote the materialistic values of purchasing luxury brands of infant apparel, showing that buying luxury brands of infant apparel may be a route to happiness, rather than being a route for impressing others.
Not financial issues alone: moving towards better resource sharing in Pakistan
Authors: Jalaluddin Haider Syed
Published: May 2003

Awareness of resource sharing in Pakistan in its present day form is a phenomenon of the 1980s. This is primarily attributed to problems encountered by libraries with regard to the paucity of resources, lack of funds and absence of bibliographic and physical accessibility to limited resources. Projects directed towards resource sharing were planned and directed in the areas of business and economics (LABELNET), legislative information (Parliamentary Development Project) and agriculture (MART). But none could be implemented owing to the absence of proper planning, lack of competent human resources, non‐availability of standards, non‐existence of bibliographic apparatus and absence of leadership. Suggestions include: formation of a task force for development of standards; need for an active role on the part of the Pakistan Library Association and National Library of Pakistan for the development of awareness of computers in library operations to accelerate cooperative activities; and revision of the curriculum and improving the quality of library school faculty.
Managing library association finances, two scenarios: American Association of Law Libraries and the Metropolitan Toronto Lawyers Association
Authors: Matthewman Anne C.
Published: May 2003

The sound financial management of an association requires more than creating and following a budget. It needs accountability, a complete knowledge of the association and its purpose, an awareness of its membership and environment, and an eye for day‐to‐day detail. This article compares the financial management practices of two library associations.
Operational efficiencies in acquisitions to minimize the impact of budget cuts upon library materials budgets
Authors: Flowers Janet L.
Published: May 2003

Because of recent US economic decline, the impact of budget cuts has been felt in most US economic sectors, including the materials budgets in libraries. Budget cuts or reversions obviously have a negative impact upon the dollars available for purchasing library materials. However, dealing with ambiguity regarding the amount of funds the library has to spend, plus the large number of vendor sources upon which the library must depend, creates a great deal of stress upon effective use of the limited library materials dollars. These uncontrollable factors are further exacerbated by delays in obtaining information regarding available funding. During these times of crises, operational efficiencies in the acquisitions policies, procedures, and methods can all play an important role in stretching scarce dollars, with very tight deadlines, as far as possible. This article outlines some of the operational efficiencies in place in a University Acquisitions Department before the latest crisis hit and the new ones that have been put into place as a result of closer scrutiny of the existing practices.
What are the fiscal impacts and/or challenges for libraries belonging to consortia? A bibliographic guide
Authors: Bruxvoort Barbara
Published: May 2003

Provides a brief bibliographical guide to five articles covering success factors for consortia. Outlines cumulative findings.
Transformational leadership effects on teachers’ commitment and effort toward school reform
Authors: Geijsel Femke , Sleegers Peter , Leithwood Kenneth , Jantzi Doris
Published: May 2003

This article examines the effects of transformational school leadership on the commitment of teachers to school reform, and the effort they are willing to devote to such reform. It does so by building on the knowledge from both educational and non‐educational research into such effects. A model of such effects is tested using two approximately comparable sets of data collected from samples of Canadian and Dutch teachers. Structural equation modeling is applied to test the model within each data set. Results of the Canadian and Dutch studies are then compared. The findings show transformational leadership dimensions to affect both teachers’ commitment and extra effort. The effects of the dimension's vision building and intellectual stimulation appear to be significant in particular. Overall, the findings clearly indicate the importance of analyzing dimensions of transformational leadership for their separate effects on teacher commitment and extra effort within the context of educational reform.
Structural antecedents and psychological correlates of teacher empowerment
Authors: Dee Jay R. , Henkin Alan B. , Duemer Lee
Published: May 2003

Empowered teachers participate in critical decisions that directly affect teaching and learning. Empowering work environments may enhance professionalism, facilitate teacher leadership, improve the quality of work life, and enable effective implementation of school reform. Process‐based views of empowerment suggest associations between school organizational structures and teacher empowerment, while psychological perspectives on empowerment suggest potential relationships between the phenomenon and cognitive and affective outcomes. Empowerment is considered in terms of teams and teamwork in schools, and relationships between empowerment and commitment to the school are examined.
Women into educational leadership and management: international differences?
Authors: Cubillo Leela , Brown Marie
Published: May 2003

The under‐representation of women in positions of senior management within educational institutions continues to be a matter of some concern, particularly as the teaching force is largely dominated, nationally and internationally, by women. Studies on gender and leadership have revealed a number of barriers to women seeking educational leadership and management positions. This paper is based on narratives drawn from women aspiring to leadership and management in different educational contexts, from very different parts of the world. The study examines the “glass ceilings” and “glass walls”; that is, horizontal and vertical barriers faced by each of the women within their cultures and environments.
The professional development school partnership
Authors: Frampton Pamela , Vaughn Vicki L. , Didelot Mary J.
Published: May 2003

The 1980s brought some fundamental changes to American public schools. The first wave of reform stressed academic rigor and teacher accountability, while the second wave emphasized professionalization. This emphasis resulted in the Professional Development School (PDS). The Holmes Group prioritized the relationship between teachers and principals, and partnerships between teachers, principals, and university faculty for the improvement of teaching and learning. From this PDS purpose identified by the Holmes Group, this pilot study examines the perceived effectiveness of PDS on teachers’ practice as realized by a purposeful sample of Midwest PDS teachers and principals. PDS has improved teacher practice in several areas. However, teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of teacher practice are not congruent. The teacher, administrator, and university faculty relationship has potential to improve teaching and learning, but it has yet to be realized.
The influence of time on student perceptions of service quality
Authors: O'Neill Martin
Published: May 2003

The paper argues that existing measures of service quality within the higher education sector are fundamentally flawed due to the ignorance of the effects of time on student perceptions. The paper takes the view that it is the perception of service quality over time that may better explain longer‐term relationship building and recommendation intention. A longitudinal study employing a modified SERVQUAL scale observed that perceptions of service quality related to a student orientation process declined with the passage of time.
Digitizing the customer: the digital moat
Authors: Albrecht Karl
Published: May 2003

Argues that many organizations, particularly large ones, such as banks, insurance companies, telephone companies, and local utilities, are making a mistake in their application of digital technology, namely the electronic customer interface. Describes the trend toward using information technology to depopulate the customer interface and reduce the costs of managing customer relations, with many companies building a “digital moat” around their organizations. Warns of the psychological and cultural downside – the more “wired” human beings become, the more isolated they will feel. A severing of personal connections to real communities will cause psychological stress and a sense of “connected anonymity”. Argues that the “digital society” is a concept embraced and promoted mostly by people with a particular psychosocial orientation, i.e. the “loner” personality, and that to counter this the majority of people will very likely opt for “enclaves of humanity”, i.e. places and cirmcumstances to which they can turn for a genuine sense of contact and community.
Emotional intelligence: fundamental competencies for enhanced service provision
Authors: Bardzil Philip , Slaski Mark
Published: May 2003

This article focuses on the role of emotions within organizations, with particular regard to the climate for services. The concept of emotional intelligence (EQ) is considered as encapsulating many of the key competences involved in creating and maintaining a positive climate for services. The conceptual basis of EQ is examined in some detail, in addition to its practical measurement. Research is reviewed which suggests that EQ can be developed, and which provides support for the argument that higher levels of EQ within organizations will facilitate the appropriate conditions for a positive climate for services to emerge. It is argued that measurement of EQ should form part of the selection process, for management and customer‐facing staff, and that development of emotional intelligence should be incorporated into staff training programs.
Communicating a quality position in service delivery: an application in higher education
Authors: Gutman Jonathan , Miaoulis George
Published: May 2003

This paper describes a method uniquely suited to the problem of coordinating quality service delivery with service quality positioning. The means‐end chain model is used to develop a marketing communications strategy for a university. In this study, first‐year students were asked about their goals in attending college as well as what attributes a college would have to have in order to be able to satisfy their goals. Because the means‐end chain approach provides information about the linkage between attributes, benefits, and personal goals, it is well suited to the needs of service developers as well as those charged with the responsibility for designing the marketing communications that position those services.
To fade or not to fade? That is the question in customer relationships, too
Authors: Tuominen Pekka , Kettunen Ulla
Published: May 2003

In the services literature, there is a significant lack of studies that focus on the phase preceding the ending of a relationship – that is, the phase during which there is a weakening of a customer relationship. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the fading process of customer relationships in the service industry. First, it aims to discover empirical triggers for the fading of customer relationships. Second, it aims to identify dimensions of fading in customer relationships and to reveal underlying elements in these dimensions. Third, it aims to disclose the main critical risk elements of fading in customer relationships in specific fading groups. A mail survey is conducted in one case company in the service industry. The data are reduced by means of factor, discriminant, and classification analysis. Dimensions of fading in customer relationships include alliance partners, personal telephone services, technical support services, and award points.
Calculating the value of customers’ referrals
Authors: Helm Sabrina
Published: May 2003

Word‐of‐mouth is a rarely quantified phenomenon, in spite of its importance for service firms. Therefore, referrals remain a neglected determinant of customer lifetime valuation, although some authors claim them to be the astronomical part of customer equity. The paper discusses different approaches to the calculation of positive word‐of‐mouth, leading to a monetary referral value of a company’s customers.
Understanding the service profit chain in Latin America: managerial perspective from Mexico
Authors: Maranto Daniel , Reynoso Javier
Published: May 2003

This paper reports on the initial results of an ongoing research conducted in Mexican service industries aimed at understanding how value is delivered, measured and continuously improved in the studied firms. Using the service profit chain model data were collected from a sample of 28 supermarkets and 29 hotels in Mexican cities. Results show that both industries are similarly characterized by the service profit chain model (SPCM) tool, thus providing some opportunity for cross‐learning between industries; and some significant differences exist between domestic and foreign firms in both industries, thus providing some benchmark opportunities for industries based on origin of capital. For the sampled firms, categories of the SPCM were grouped into three statistically different ranges (high, medium and low), thus providing additional knowledge as to what strengths and areas of opportunity for improving performance of the studied industries there are.
Quality in the work environment: a prerequisite for success in new service development
Authors: Edvardsson Bo , Gustavsson BengtOve
Published: May 2003

In research on new service development (NSD), the interest has mainly been on structural aspects of the service offering. Not much attention has been paid to work environment conditions forming the basis for service oriented and effective employees. Addresses this issue by focusing on work environment requirements in NSD. Regards employee work environment requirements as a key factor for success when designing and implementing new services. After studying work environment requirements in the working life science literature indentifies five general requirements. These have been used when analyzing data from an empirical study on work environment conditions and requirements in service organizations. The analysis and interpretation shows that many requirements are the same in service organizations as in manufacturing companies but also that there are distinct differences. Based on the analysis presents a sixth requirement. Examples of requirements are: the ability to control the work situation and to be involved in the decision‐making processes, a safe physical work environment and the ability to develop social relationships through the work.
Creating strategies for managing evolving customer service
Authors: Armistead Colin , Kiely Julia
Published: May 2003

This paper reports research that investigates the perceptions of service managers on the future of customer service. It provides insight into the evolving managerial issues through detailed interviews with senior customer‐service directors and managers in different service sectors. Service organisations that will be successful in the future will focus the roles and capabilities of their customer‐service staff on customer needs, and support them through active service leadership. A six‐stage approach to developing the necessary strategies for managing customer service in this environment is deduced.
Exploring efforts to engender on‐line trust
Authors: Durkan Paula , Durkin Mark , Gillen Jenny
Published: May 2003

The Internet presents many possibilities by which small firms can better identify and exploit marketing opportunities. A prerequisite to successful on‐line firm‐customer interactions is the existence of a trusting bond between the network players. This research study examines the extent to which key informants perceive on‐line trust‐mark branding as important in this trust generation process. Results from in‐depth interviews with government support agency staff and other key informants are reported. Findings indicate a general perception among respondents that the generation of on‐line trust is not an area of great importance and the use of trust‐mark brands is a longer‐term consideration.
Differences among entrepreneurs
Authors: Haynes Paula J.
Published: May 2003

Though often considered a critical factor in predicting venture success, past research into the effects of founder experience has often produced mixed results. What factors influence founders’ decisions to use, or not use, experience they possess? This study examines the role job dissatisfaction might play in a founder's decision to leverage multiple types of experience (sector, entrepreneurial, role model and education) on external (sales performance) and internal (founder intrinsic satisfaction) outcomes. Greater dissatisfaction was associated with decreased likelihood of founders building on sector experience. While dissatisfaction influenced the use of experience, greater experience levels did not consistently account for higher levels of venture sales performance. Moreover, no differences were found in founders’ intrinsic satisfaction, regardless of sales performance. The differing results in the two outcome measures suggest potential differences in the goals and consequent actions of entrepreneurs in the study. By examining multiple types of experience, and what might moderate founders’ use of that experience, these findings provide additional insights into the entrepreneurial process.
A contribution towards an analytic theory of violence
Authors: Mizen Richard
Published: May 2003

Abstract This paper considers some of the clinical and theoretical problems contingent upon the imprecision and lack of clarity with which the word and concept ‘violence’ is used. A definition of violence is proposed, which separates the concept of violence from the related concept of aggression and sees the former as a particular form of the latter. This definition also proposes that violence must always have a psychological component aspect. It is contended that clarity is important clinically so that analysts can distinguish psychologically destructive from psychologically creative elements in their patients, in their own psychological functioning and in the countertransference. The phenomenon of violence is considered in the light of Fordham's model of development, in particular that violence may be viewed as a consequence of a failure to integrate normal, aggressive aspects of the personality. Violence is seen as uncontained, split‐off aggression, subjected to psychological projection. It is proposed that a particular quality of the experience that is being projected is an uncontained sense of violation. The notion of ‘mindless violence’ is considered.
Between the analytical and the critical: implications for theorizing the self1
Authors: Jones Raya A.
Published: May 2003

Abstract This article considers some of the implications of the critical standpoint in ‘general’ psychology in view of Jungian assumptions about the development of the self. The first part introduces the critical standpoint, which encompasses a spectrum of postmodern psychologies sharing a critique of the discipline's ‘mainstream’ positivist approach, an interest in human lives as existing in culture and historical time, and sensitivity to the dialogical unfolding of the self. Social constructionism and specifically the theory of positioning, which posits the self as a discursive production, are described. The second part illustrates the contrast between the social constructionist and Jungian viewpoints with two possible interpretations of a four‐year‐old boy's fantasies. Although these viewpoints are diametrically opposed, the possibility of a conceptual ‘middle ground’ between them is indicated here with particular reference to Bakhtin's understanding of the dialogical act.
How I became a Jungian analyst
Authors: Dreifuss Gustav
Published: May 2003

Abstract This paper is a reflection on the significance of 80 years of my life and the 40 years of it I have spent working as a Jungian analyst in Europe and in Israel. If  my Jewish identity and my experience of the tragic events of the Holocaust have profoundly influenced the course of my life, it has been my training as a Jungian analyst in Zürich that permitted me to establish a new relationship with the traditional Jewish symbols and created the possibility of a new way of experiencing what it means to be a Jew. This new understanding has in turn helped me both in my work with Holocaust survivors and victims of Israel's various wars and in my theoretical reflections on this subject.
Searching for the facts in the clinical setting with couples
Authors: Hewison David
Published: May 2003

Abstract This paper1 describes a research proposal to examine whether or not the underlying analytic concepts behind the couple psychoanalytic psychotherapy model used at the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute in London are sufficiently coherent, both conceptually and clinically, to be used as the basis for a system of audit which respects the unique data produced in analytic psychotherapy. This ‘psychoanalytic’ system of audit is one which is characterized particularly by the use of the therapists’ subjectivity, rather than attempts to be objective and gather data through such things as random controlled trials or generic outcome questionnaires. The paper describes the approach to the subject and the mix of qualitative and quantitative methods used. As the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute has a history of contact with Jungian analysts from the Society of Analytical Psychology, Jungian concepts are included in the model. The research is part of a professional doctorate in couple psychoanalytic psychotherapy at the Tavistock Marital Studies Institute in conjunction with the University of East London, entitled ‘Conceptualising audit in Couple Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy’.
Americanised and Europeanised: UK Social Policy since 1997
Authors: Annesley Claire
Published: May 2003

A number of recent accounts of UK social policy under New Labour have emphasised the continuing Americanisation of the British welfare state. This article does not deny the influence of the US but rather seeks to balance it with an account of the growing Europeanisation of UK social policy. It argues that Americanisation and Europeanisation are distinct in terms of both content and process. Since these are not mutually exclusive, the UK is currently influenced by both. This situation is illustrated by looking at three social policy issues under New Labour: social exclusion, the New Deal and the treatment of lone parents.
Political Participation: The Vocational Motivations of Labour Party Employees
Authors: Fisher Justin , Webb Paul
Published: May 2003

Party employees are an under-researched group in political science. This article begins to address this oversight by examining Labour Party employees using new quantitative and qualitative data. It argues that party employment should be regarded as a form of political participation and as a consequence, existing models of political participation can be utilised to help explain why people work for political parties. After testing these propositions, the article concludes that existing models are indeed helpful in explaining the motivations for party employment.
On-Line and on Message? Candidate Websites in the 2001 General Election
Authors: Ward Stephen , Gibson Rachel
Published: May 2003

The 2001 General Election generated considerable interest and also much criticism of politicians' use of the Internet. Via content analysis, search engines and database material, this article examines candidates' and local constituency parties' on-line activity in three areas: first, the extent of Internet use by candidates and local parties—who and how many candidates had live websites for the election?; second, the pattern of on-line activity at the local level—where were parties/candidates on-line?; and third, what were candidates doing on-line—did candidates experiment with interactivity, or use the new media as another top-down communication tool?

The survey indicates that use of the Internet was patchy and websites often acted as little more than static on-line leaflets. Moreover, the overall impact of the Internet on electoral outcomes was minimal and use of the technology by itself is unlikely to herald the coming of e-democracy. However, we also argue that some of the criticism levelled at parties is misplaced and that there are good reasons why parties have so far behaved cautiously.
The Evolution of Policy Ideas: Tax Policy in the 20thCentury
Authors: Steinmo Sven
Published: May 2003

This analysis traces the evolution of ideas about one of the most important policies facing any state: taxation. The article will demonstrate that elite ideas about tax policy have changed dramatically over the past century and that these ideas have had enormous consequences for the development of the modern state. This article argues that there is an iterative, interdependent and dynamic relationship between policy makers' ideas, political institutions and public policy outcomes.
Beyond the Third Way: The Science of Complexity and the Politics of Choice
Authors: Geyer Robert
Published: May 2003

Focusing on the work of Anthony Giddens, this article reviews his vision of the Third Way and argues that it reflects a new and fundamental ‘complexity’ shift within the social sciences. His ability to partially recognise and integrate this shift into his thinking gives the Third Way much of its power and coherence. However, his unwillingness to accept the shift's full implications and his determination to find the one new way for the left blinds him to its more contingent and complex implications. By coming to terms with the development of complexity theory in the natural and social sciences, this article will attempt to go beyond the Third Way and argue that there is not one, two or three ways, but hundreds.
'Anything you can do, tu can do better': tu and vous as substitutes for indefinite on in French
Authors: Coveney Aidan
Published: May 2003

Research on Montreal French (Laberge and Sankoff 1979; Thibault 1991) has shown a spectacular rise in the use of indefinite tu (or vous) in recent decades, at the expense of the standard form on. Although grammars of French have traditionally passed over indefinite tu/vous in silence, Ashby's study of Tours French (1992) confirmed that the phenomenon exists in metropolitan French also. The historical time‐depth of indefinite tu/vous has apparently not been explored previously, though Posner (1997) has suggested that indefinite tu is a modern feature, found especially in Canada. A survey of indefinite tu/vous in earlier periods and in a range of varieties forms the first part of this paper. Secondly, drawing on a corpus of French spoken in Picardy, northern France, the paper investigates the extent to which this use of the 2nd person pronouns: (i) helps to avoid ambiguity; (ii) co‐occurs with another grammatical variable. Unlike the surveys of Montreal and Tours, the Picardy corpus includes a large majority of informants who used tu to address the interviewer, and this too is explored as a potential influence on speakers’ use of 2nd person pronouns with indefinite reference.
Constructing press releases, constructing quotations: A case study
Authors: Sleurs Kim , Jacobs Geert , Van Waes Luuk
Published: May 2003

This paper reports on empirical research into how press releases are being constructed. It starts from previous discourse‐analytic work which has pointed to the ‘preformulated’ nature of press releases: in particular, it has been shown that through a number of metapragmatic features press releases can easily be copied by journalists in their own news reporting. In this paper we set out to subject one of these features, viz. pseudo‐quotations (or so‐called constructed direct speech), to a further empirical study, in which we scrutinize the process of constructing the press releases. We propose a detailed analysis of this process by combining ethnographic fieldwork with some of the methodology of cognitive psychology, including think‐aloud protocols and on‐line registration of the writing process. On the basis of this case study it is concluded that the design and functions of quotations in press releases are more complex than has been assumed so far. In addition, our preliminary results indicate that the combination of methods that we propose in this paper provides a sound starting point for both quantitative and qualitative analysis, allowing for a detailed analysis and interpretation of how press releases are being constructed.
Creeds, Cultures And The ‘Witchery Of Music’
Authors: HANN C.M.
Published: May 2003

Frazer's brief excursus on the ‘witchery of music’ is the starting‐point for a discussion of the role of music in the eastern Orthodox (Byzantine) and western Roman Catholic (Latin) Christian traditions, with reference to a region of central Europe where these traditions have co‐existed for more than a thousand years. The Greek Catholic Church provides a case of syncretism within one and the same religion. This ‘hybrid’ Church has complicated the religious landscape since it first appeared on the scene in this region in the late sixteenth century, but it has not substantially modified the east‐west dichotomy that dominates both in local models and in influential external perceptions. The Greek Catholics later became strongly associated with the Ukrainian national movement, and their re‐emergence in the post‐socialist period has again been a source of conflict between Ukrainians and Roman Catholic Poles. Sacred music remains an important marker of group differences, but this boundary is evidence of complex social and political processes rather than a ‘civilizational’ divide between East and West.
Participant Objectivation*
Authors: BOURDIEU PIERRE
Published: May 2003

Scientific reflexivity stands opposed to the narcissistic reflexivity of postmodern anthropology as well as to the egological reflexivity of phenomenology in that it endeavours to increase scientificity by turning the most objectivist tools of social science not only onto the private person of the enquirer but also, and more decisively, onto the anthropological field itself and onto the scholastic dispositions and biases it fosters and rewards in its members. ‘Participant objectivation’, as the objectivation of the subject and operations of objectivation, and of the latter's conditions of possibility, produces real cognitive effects as it enables the social analyst to grasp and master the pre‐reflexive social and academic experiences of the social world that he tends to project unconsciously onto ordinary social agents. This does not mean that anthropologists must put nothing of themselves into their work, quite the contrary. Examples drawn from the author's own research (with special focus on field enquiries carried out concurrently in the far‐away colony of Kabylia and in his home village in Béarn) show how idiosyncratic personal experiences methodically subjected to sociological control constitute irreplaceable analytic resources, and that mobilizing one's social past through self‐socio‐analysis can and does produce epistemic as well as existential benefits.
Disguise, Revelation and Copyright: Disassembling the South Indian Leper
Authors: STAPLES JAMES
Published: May 2003

This article explores the ways in which physically deformed people with leprosy in South India conceptualize, experience, and use their bodies in distinctive ways. I consider how such an enquiry might be informed by existing approaches to South Asian personhood, such as those emerging from phenomenology and ethnosociology. Conversely, I ask whether ethnographic analysis of those with different bodies might open up new avenues of exploration and complement our existing methodological tool‐box. A focus on individuated body parts is one such approach that emerged from the latter enquiry. In looking at how leprosy‐affected people perceived, talked about, and made use of their bodies in radically different contexts – at home in rural Andhra Pradesh and out begging in urban Maharashtra – I demonstrate how they might order and/or disassociate themselves from different bodily parts in different social spaces. I also show how the lived experience of leprosy might create a community of the afflicted within which awareness of individuated parts dissolves.
From Secrets of Life to the Life of Secrets: Tracing Genetic Knowledge as Genealogical Ethics in Biomedical Britain
Authors: KONRAD MONICA
Published: May 2003

I argue that the facts of a ‘genealogical ethics’ are built up over time as local moralities of information disclosure and non‐disclosure. In the context of predictive genetic testing technologies, family members must discriminate between genetic information that they think is ‘good’ to know or make known, and knowledge that they think is ‘bad’ to tell and share with others. But attempts to deal with the kinship implications of genetic foreknowledge frequently entail unresolved processes of moral decision‐making, both within and across the generations. Seen as embodied experiences of moral reckoning, these genealogical knowledge dilemmas also implicate a myriad of interests and divergent claims beyond the life of any one person. This article considers why a specifically anthropological formulation of ‘genealogical ethics’ challenges the conceptual premiss of individual autonomy underpinning the ‘right to know’ debates of mainstream Western bioethics.
Convexity and Sheepskin Effects in the Human Capital Earnings Function: Recent Evidence for Filipino Men
Authors: Schady Norbert R.
Published: May 2003

The issue of possible non‐linearities in the relationship between log wages and schooling has received a good deal of attention in the literature. This paper uses data from a recent, high quality household survey for the Philippines, the 1998 Annual Poverty Indicator Survey (APIS), to test the fit of the log‐linear specification for Filipino men. The results are based on a number of estimation strategies, including spline regressions, and semi‐parametric regressions with a large number of dummies for years of schooling and experience. The basic conclusions of the paper are two. First, there appear to be large differences between the rates of return to education across levels in the Philippines. In particular, the returns to both primary and secondary education are lower than those for tertiary education, a difference which persists even after correcting for differences in direct private costs across levels. Second, within a given level, the last year of schooling is disproportionately rewarded in terms of higher wages. That is, there are clear sheepskin effects associated with graduation from primary school, secondary school, and university.
Disaggregate Wealth and Aggregate Consumption: an Investigation of Empirical Relationships for the G7*
Authors: Byrne Joseph P. , Philip Davis E.
Published: May 2003

To date, studies of wealth effects on consumption have mainly used aggregate wealth definitions on a single‐country basis. This study seeks to break new ground by analysing disaggregated financial wealth in consumption functions for G7 countries. Contrary to earlier empirical work, we find that illiquid financial wealth (i.e. securities, pensions and mortgage debt) tends to be a more important long‐run determinant of consumption than liquid financial wealth. These results imply potential instability in consumption functions employing aggregate wealth. Our results are robust using SURE; when testing with a nested specification; and when using a linear model.
Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions and Student Performance: the International Evidence
Authors: Wößmann Ludger
Published: May 2003

This paper estimates the effects of family background, resources and institutions on mathematics and science performance using an international database of more than 260,000 students from 39 countries which includes extensive background information at the student, teacher, school and system level. The student‐level estimations show that international differences in student performance cannot be attributed to resource differences but are considerably related to institutional differences. Among the many institutions which combine to yield major positive effects on student performance are centralized examinations and control mechanisms, school autonomy in personnel and process decisions, individual teacher influence over teaching methods, limits to teacher unions’ influence on curriculum scope, scrutiny of students’ achievement and competition from private schools.
Fractional Integration and the Dynamics of UK Unemployment*
Authors: Gil‐Alana Luis A. , Brian Henry S. G.
Published: May 2003

This article is concerned with estimating the dynamic behaviour of UK unemployment using fractional integration methods. The question it considers is whether an unemployment model using a relatively small set of determinants of unemployment is consistent with the persistence which estimates an integrated model yield, or the much long‐lasting estimates obtained from fractional integration. Our empirical tests favour the latter version. The results show that when accounting for UK unemployment in terms of lagged values of the real oil price and the real interest rate, unemployment appears fractionally integrated. This finding means that although unemployment is mean reverting, once it is shocked it may take a very long time to recover, and our estimates of the response times are considerably in excess of those previously reported in the literature.
Technical Change and Earnings in British Establishments
Authors: Chennells Lucy , Van Reenan John
Published: May 2003

Recent empirical studies point to higher wages enjoyed by workers in environments where new technologies are intensively used. An examination of the 1984 and 1990 establishment‐based WIRS reveals similar patterns. This paper argues that endogeneity bias is endemic in these results. Controlling for this endogeneity bias suggests that the estimated impact of new technologies on wages is seriously upward‐biased. It is more likely that the earnings–technology correlation is driven by the impact of higher earnings on technical change rather than vice versa.
The Economic Determinants of Young People's Household Formation
Authors: Ermisch John , Di Salvo Pamela
Published: May 2003

The paper derives predictions about the impact of the price of housing, young adults’ income and parental income on the probability that a young adult lives apart from his/her parents. It shows that the predicted effect of the price of housing is intimately related to the price elasticity of housing demand. It uses longitudinal data on a cohort of Britons born in 1958 (surveyed in the National Child Development Study) to estimate dynamic models of first departure from the parental home, and particularly to estimate the impact of housing price on the timing and destination of first departure.
Imprecise Preferences and Survey Design in Contingent Valuation
Authors: Dubourg  , Jones‐Lee  , Loomes Graham
Published: May 2003

During recent years, the contingent valuation (CV) method has been widely used to value non‐marketed goods and services. We present the results of a CV study of the value of road safety. We find that stated preferences for road safety exhibit considerable imprecision, appear subject to various systematic biases, and are insensitive to variations in the quantity and quality of the safety improvements concerned. One broad implication of these findings may be that, for an important class of goods (of which safety is one example), standard assumptions about the structure of people's preferences may be much too strong. A more specific implication, concerning the design and conduct of CV surveys, is that the NOAA Panel's widely cited blueprint for ‘good CV practice’ may rely far too heavily on assumptions about the precision and sensitivity of people's preferences.
Amnesties, Settlements and Optimal Tax Enforcement
Authors: Franzoni Luigi Alberto
Published: May 2003

This paper develops a model of tax enforcement in which the tax agency has discretionary power to make pre‐audit settlement offers. Settlements can take the form of either general amnesties or individual deals. It is shown that pre‐audit settlements allow the agency to overcome its limited control over the enforcement parameters (the agency takes the tax and penalty levels as given) and to increase net revenue. Amnesties prove to be superior to individual deals since they allow the agency not only to extract from taxpayers their defence costs, but also to reduce an excessive tax differential.
The Reform of Pension Systems: Winners and Losers Across Generations in the United Kingdom and Germany
Authors: Miles David , Iben Andreas
Published: May 2003

In this paper we perform simulations with a stylized model of the United Kingdom and Germany to show which generations might be gainers, and which losers, from a transition from an unfunded to a funded state pension system. We show that it is likely that more than one generation will be direct losers as a result of a transition (especially in Germany). If more than one generation are direct losers, then, in order for those generations not to be net losers, the chain of bequests (in the initial equilibrium) needs to satisfy a simple condition, which we derive and analyse.
Trade among Similar Countries and the Personal Distribution of Income and Wealth
Authors: Das Satya P.
Published: May 2003

The link between trade among similar countries and personal distribution of income and wealth is explored, with heterogeneous savings rates among households (dynasties) being the source of inequality. The real effect of trade occurs through greater oligopolistic competition and scale economies. The distribution of capital, and hence income distribution, are affected via changes in factor rewards and the price of capital as a tradeable asset.
Strategic Trade Policy in the Presence of Consumer Learning
Authors: Wojcik Charlotte
Published: May 2003

This paper explores the potential role for strategic trade policy when demand is impacted by consumer learning. In a linear Cournot model, the optimal subsidy is shown to be increasing in both the firm‐specific learning and learning spillovers among home firms when firms can precommit; however, when precommitment by firms and/or the government is not possible, strategic behaviour by firms may more than offset the infant industries' incentive for an export subsidy. A calibration exercise illustrates the impact of consumer learning on the optimal subsidies and also demonstrates the sensitivity of the policy prescription.
The Distribution of Wealth with Uncertain Income
Authors: Irvine Ian , Wang Susheng
Published: May 2003

It is well known that an uncertain income stream will induce individuals to save if they are forward‐looking. In this paper we investigate the consequences of such saving on the distribution of wealth among households. The inquiry is motivated by the fact that both the dispersion of the US wealth distribution and the variance of transitory income have increased in the recent past. Surprisingly, we find that an increase in earnings uncertainty is more likely to decrease than increase the inequality in wealth holdings.