Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): A nationwide collaborative study in the Greek population
Authors: Lampidi Stavroula , Maritsi Despoina , Charakida Marietta , Eleftheriou Irini , Farmaki Evangelia , Spyridis Nikos , Charisi Konstantina , Vantsi Petrina , Filippatos Filippos , Skourti Kleopatra , Papadopoulou-Alataki Efimia , Papadopoulou-Legbelou Kyriaki , Kampouridou Parthena , Grivea Ioanna N. , Vergadi Eleni , Gkentzi Despoina , Dimou Despina , Koletsi Patra , Fotis Lampros , Liakopoulou Theodota , Agrafiotou Aikaterini , Kourtesi Katerina , Tsolas Georgios , Kafetzis Dimitrios , Papaevangelou Vassiliki , Dimitriou Gabriel , Galanakis Emmanouil , Syrogiannopoulos George A. , Spoulou Vassiliki , Michos Athanasios , Roilides Emmanuel , Tsolia Maria N. 
Published: January 2024

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but severe hyperinflammatory condition that may occur following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This retrospective, descriptive study of children hospitalized with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in 12 tertiary care centers from 3/11/2020 to 12/31/2021. Demographics, clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment and outcomes are described. Among 145 patients (95 males, median age 8.2 years) included, 123 met the WHO criteria for MIS-C, while 112 (77%) had serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fever was present in 99%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 77%, mucocutaneous involvement in 68% and respiratory symptoms in 28%. Fifty-five patients (38%) developed myocarditis, 29 (20%) pericarditis and 19 (13%) coronary aneurysms. Among the above cases 11/55 (20%), 1/29 (3.4%) and 5/19 (26.3%), respectively, cardiac complications had not fully resolved at discharge. Underlying comorbidities were reported in 18%. Median CRP value was 155 mg/l, ferritin 535 ng/ml, PCT 1.6 ng/ml and WBC 14.2 × 109/mm3. Most patients had elevated troponin (41.3%) and/or NT-pro-BNP (49.6%). Intravenous immunoglobulin plus corticosteroids were used in 117/145 (80.6%), monotherapy with IVIG alone in 13/145 (8.9%) and with corticosteroids alone in 2/145 (1.3%). Anti-IL1 treatment was added in 15 patients (10.3%). Thirty-three patients (23%) were admitted to the PICU, 14% developed shock and 1 required ECMO. Mortality rate was 0.68%. The incidence of MIS-C was estimated at 0.69/1000 SARS-CoV-2 infections. Patients who presented with shock had higher levels of NT-pro-BNP compared to those who did not (p < 0.001). Acute kidney injury and/or myocarditis were associated with higher risk of developing shock.

Conclusion: MIS-C is a novel, infrequent but serious disease entity. Cardiac manifestations included myocarditis and pericarditis, which resolved in most patients before discharge. Timely initiation of immunomodulatory therapy was shown to be effective. NT-pro-BNP levels may provide a better prediction and monitoring of the disease course. Further research is required to elucidate the pathogenesis, risk factors and optimal management, and long-term outcomes of this clinical entity.

What is Known:• MIS-C is an infrequent but serious disease entity.• Patients with MIS-C present with multi-organ dysfunction, primarily involving the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems.

What is New:• NT-pro-BNP levels may provide a better prediction and monitoring of the disease course.• Acute kidney injury and/or myocarditis were associated with higher risk of developing shock.