bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The systematic position of Pachyglossa and Clasmatocolea (Jungermanniopsida: Lophocoleaceae) inferred from nrDNA ITS sequences and morphology
Authors: Hentschel Jörn , Feldberg Kathrin , Zündorf Hans-Joachim , Hellwig Frank H. , Schneider Harald , Heinrichs Jochen
Published: May 2010

Maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of 67 nrITS sequences of various genera of the liverwort families Lophocoleaceae and Plagiochilaceae as well as Herbertaceae (outgroup) lead to a fully resolved phylogeny with the separation of Lophocoleaceae and Plagiochilaceae having a bootstrap support of 93 to 99. The monospecific genus Leptophyllopsis is placed sister to the remainder of Lophocoleaceae. Heteroscyphus is found to be monophyletic (ML) or paraphyletic (MP) with Chiloscyphus polychaetus nested in a robust subclade of Heteroscyphus. Leptoscyphus is nested in Chiloscyphus and placed sister to a clade including Chiloscyphus subgenera Chiloscyphus, Lophocolea and Notholophocolea (Chiloscyphus clade I). Chiloscyphus subg. Connati is placed sister to this Leptoscyphus/Chiloscyphus clade. Several accessions of Chiloscyphus, which have also been treated as genus Clasmatocolea are nested in Chiloscyphus clade I. The generitype of Pachyglossa is part of Chiloscyphus clade I and placed sister to Chiloscyphus subg. Notholophocolea. Pachyglossa differs only by its multistratose leaves from Chiloscyphus subg. Notholophocolea. Based on morphological similarities and the outcome of the molecular investigation, Pachyglossa is transferred to Chiloscyphus and Chiloscyphus polychaetus to Heteroscyphus. Five new combinations are introduced.
Angiosperm biodiversity, endemism and conservation in the Neotropics
Authors: Morawetz Wilfred , Raedig Claudia
Published: May 2010

We analyze distributional patterns of Neotropical flowering plants between 38° N and 55° S. Along with identification of centers of angiosperm biodiversity and endemism, we explore range size patterns and discuss implications for angiosperm evolution and conservation. Based on monographic and herbarium specimen data, a database for Neotropical angiosperms was created containing distributional and ecological data of more than 4,000 species and subspecific taxa, representing approximately 5% of all Neotropical angiosperms. Maps of species richness and endemism at 1° grid resolution were produced using a geographical information system (GIS). We found that the distribution area of most species was small (1% or less of the total Neotropical area) and that centers of narrow endemism were irregularly distributed, not coinciding with the hypothesized Pleistocene refugia and diversity hotspots. Based on identified centers of narrow endemism and forest conversion rates, we estimate that approximately 100 narrow endemic species are lost annually. Areas rich in narrow endemics but without protection status according to the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) Consortium are recognized. Our results suggest that the success of long‐term conservation of angiosperm diversity relies on future protection of areas covering a larger portion of the identified centers of narrow endemism.
Questions about indigenous plants and anecophytes
Authors: Scholz Hildemar
Published: May 2010

Anecophytes are anthropogenic taxa which evolved under the influence of human activities in man‐made habitats. Like other taxa they can be divided into indigenous (natives) and non‐indigenous (aliens). Included in the anecophytes are cultigenic taxa and the hybrids between alien taxa as well as between alien and native taxa. They are native to the area where they originated. Proposed is the new term “cryptic anecophyte” for anthropogenic taxa with altered genetic structures (genotypes) not affecting the phenotypes.
An unusual new species of Trevesia from Vietnam and its implications on generic delimitation in Araliaceae
Authors: Wen Jun , Lôc Phan Ke , Hiep Nguyen Tien , Regalado Jacinto , Averyanov Leonid V. , Lee Chunghee
Published: May 2010

Trevesia vietnamensis J. Wen & P.K. Lôc (Araliaceae) is described as an unusual new species from northwestern Vietnam. This species has 4–5‐merous flowers with a 4–5‐locular ovary and palmately compound leaves and would thus fit well within Brassaiopsis morphologically. Phylogenetic analysis using the nuclear ribosomal ITS and the chloroplast ndhF and trnL‐F sequences, however, clearly places the new taxon in Trevesia, defined to include species with 6–16‐merous flowers with 6–16‐locular ovaries, and palmately lobed simple leaves. The discovery of Trevesia vietnamensis thus blurs the generic boundary between Trevesia and Brassaiopsis. The phylogenetic analysis suggests a sister‐species relationship between Trevesia vietnamensis and T. lateospina from northern Thailand, a finding supported by a shared morphological character—the presence of setose hairs on the inflorescences and young stems. Trevesia vietnamensis is restricted to two localities in northwestern Vietnam. It grows in limestone areas in valleys and on shady mountain slopes at 500–700 m in primary, tropical, monsoon, broad‐leaved forests.
Names for lichen‐forming fungi introduced by Ciferri and Tomaselli are illegitimate and not available for use, except for three cases
Authors: Lücking Robert , Hawksworth David L.
Published: May 2010

The recent uptake of the name Sclerophytonomyces Cif. & Tomas. sets a precedent for the potential use of 215 alternative generic names established by Ciferri and Tomaselli for lichen‐forming fungi. It is generally believed that the intention of these authors was an alternative nomenclature for lichenized mycobionts, assuming that lichen names covered the entire symbiosis and were thus nomenclaturally incorrect. However, being aware of Art. 76 in the Stockholm Code (“… names given to lichens shall be considered as applying to their fungal components”; Art. 13 in subsequent Codes), the original idea of Ciferri and Tomaselli was not to replace these names, but to introduce a dual nomenclature that permitted separate naming of isolated fungal cultures, which appeared very different from the corresponding lichen mycobionts. Since Art. 76 did not allow such a dual nomenclature, the authors presented Proposal 46 to amend the Code, but at the same time published their new names separately. The names are conceptually illegitimate, but according to Art. 52.1, legitimacy is formally tied to the identity of the type specimens as governed by Art. 10.1. No type specimens were cited, yet the names are validly published since types were not required for valid publication of names prior to 1958. This has led to inconsistent interpretations of their use, and at least five generic names threaten more recently introduced generic names (Adelolecia, Allocetraria, Caleniopsis, Parmelina, Poeltinula), with about 100 species, many of which are widely distributed and well‐known. About 75 of the 215 generic names were thought to be potentially available for use, because their presumed types are not types of previously published names of lichen genera. However, the species names cited as types of the 203 generic names published in the original paper lacked Latin diagnoses and so have no status under the Code, so the generic names are automatically typified under Art. 10.2 and 10.3 based on their diagnoses, which by use of the phrase “Ut in …” make direct reference to previously established generic names, and are thus formally illegitimate. Only three generic names are available for use because they are based on species with validly published names that are not the types of names of previously established genera of lichenized fungi: Coenomycogonium (based on Coenogonium interpositum), Dictyonematomyces (based on Dictyonema sericeum), and Mycocoenogonium (based on Coenogonium curvulum). However, these names are younger taxonomic synonyms of Coenogonium and Dictyonema, respectively.
Typification of Sicilian Helichrysum (Compositae) revisited
Authors: Aghababyan Mariam , Greuter Werner , Mazzola Pietro , Raimondo Francesco Maria
Published: May 2010

Typification of the 13 validly published, pre‐1958 names of Helichrysum taxa based on Sicilian material is reassessed. Five of the types designated by Galbany‐Casals & al. in their recent studies are confirmed (in some cases with additional precision), two neotypes proposed by them are superseded by lectotypes, and six lectotypes are newly designated. The correct name of the species known as H. rupestre, an illegitimate name, is H. panormitanum (or, if taken in a wide sense, H. pendulum).
Effects of Curriculum Maps and Guiding Questions on the Test Performance of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lenz B. Keith , Adams Gary L. , Bulgren Janis A. , Pouliot Norman , Laraux Michelle
Published: May 2010

Previous research on students with learning disabilities has indicated that they benefit most from explicit instruction. However, few studies have examined how explicit instruction may be translated to the logistical demands associated with large-group instruction in high school general education settings in ways that are socially acceptable to high school teachers. This intervention study evaluated the effects of two types of explicit instruction, curriculum maps and guiding questions, compared to the use of simple reviews of repeated information. Each was used to teach core curriculum content in a group-instruction format with 30 high school students with learning disabilities. A repeated-measures research design was used. Results of the comparison of student test scores associated with the three interventions indicated that the use of the curriculum maps significantly enhanced learning for students with learning disabilities more than guiding questions, and the use of guiding questions enhanced learning more than simple reviews of repeated information. Based on these findings, core curriculum general education teachers may be able to begin making their instruction more explicit and powerful by incorporating simple routines comprised of the use of curriculum maps to depict the importance and structure of the content and using these maps to lead and review learning through guided and interactive questioning.
Perceived Control and Adaptive Coping: Programs for Adolescent Students who have Learning Disabilities
Authors: Firth Nola , Frydenberg Erica , Greaves Daryl
Published: May 2010

This study explored the effect of a coping program and a teacher feedback intervention on perceived control and adaptive coping for 98 adolescent students who had specific learning disabilities. The coping program was modified to build personal control and to address the needs of students who have specific learning disabilities. The teacher feedback program emphasized use of effort and strategy in the face of difficulty. Oneway analyses of covariance of student responses indicated a greater perceived control of external situations and increased use of productive coping strategies for the group who received the coping program. There was no change in internal control of feelings or of use of non-productive coping. These results were maintained over the two-month follow-up period. The study provides preliminary evidence that it is possible to facilitate positive change in both sense of control and coping patterns for students who have learning disabilities.
Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Impact of Age and Learning Disabilities
Authors: Miranda Ana , Soriano Manuel , Fernández Inmaculada , Meliá Amanda
Published: May 2010

Comorbidity with other psychological problems (PP) complicates the course of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and makes treatment more difficult. The purpose of the present study was to (a) study the correspondence between the perceptions of parents and teachers about PP, (b) determine which PP predict the severity of the manifestations of ADHD, and (c) analyze the role of age and learning disabilities (LD) in the development of PP and ADHD. The participants were 72 children with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. The PP were measured using rating scales filled out by parents and teachers. The results showed high correspondence between the two informant groups in rating the problems of behavior and overactivity. However, agreement on emotional symptoms was much lower. Inattention, emotional lability, and conduct problems predicted the severity of the ADHD. Finally, the younger children with ADHD+LD experienced more associated problems than the older children.
What is the Reading Component Skill Profile of Adolescent Struggling Readers in Urban Schools?
Authors: Hock Michael F. , Brasseur Irma F. , Deshler Donald D. , Catts Hugh W. , Marquis Janet G. , Mark Caroline A. , Stribling Jean Wu
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the component reading skills of adolescent struggling readers attending urban high schools. Specifically, 11 measures of reading skills were administered to 345 adolescent readers to gain a research-based perspective on the reading skill profile of this population. Participants were assessed in the domains of word level, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Analysis of the results found that 61% of the struggling adolescent readers had significant deficits in all of the reading components listed above. Subgroups of struggling readers showed similar but more severe patterns. For example, students with learning disabilities scored significantly below the levels of the struggling reader group at large. In contrast, most proficient readers scored high on all measures of reading with above-average component reading skills in word level, vocabulary, and comprehension. The lowest skill area for the proficient reader group was fluency, where they scored at the average level. Implications for policy and instructional programming are discussed.
Classification of Students with Reading Comprehension Difficulties: The Roles of Motivation, affect, and Psychopathology
Authors: Sideridis Georgios D. , Mouzaki Angeliki , Simos Panagiotis , Protopapas Athanassios
Published: May 2010

Attempts to evaluate the cognitive-motivational profiles of students with reading comprehension difficulties have been scarce. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to assess the discriminatory validity of cognitive, motivational, affective, and psychopathological variables for identification of students with reading difficulties, and (b) to profile students with and without reading comprehension difficulties across those variables. Participants were 87 students who scored more than 1.3 SD below the mean on a standardized reading comprehension battery and 500 typical students in grades 2 through 4. Results using linear discriminant analyses indicated that students with reading comprehension difficulties could be accurately predicted by low cognitive skills and high competitiveness. Using cluster analysis, students with significant deficits in reading comprehension were mostly assigned to a low skill/low motivation group (termed helpless) or a low skill/high motivation group (termed motivated low achievers). Based on these findings, it was concluded that motivation, emotions, and psychopathology play a pivotal role in explaining the achievement tendencies of students with reading comprehension difficulties.
Effects of two Types of Self-Regulatory Instruction Programs on Students with Learning Disabilities in Writing Products, Processes, and Self-Efficacy
Authors: García-Sánchez Jesús-Nicasio , Fidalgo-Redondo Raquel
Published: May 2010

We examined the differential effects of the social cognitive model of sequential skill acquisition (SCM intervention) and the self-regulated strategy development model (SRSD intervention) for writing. One hundred and twenty-one 5th- and 6th- grade Spanish students with learning disabilities (LD) and/or low achievement (LA) were randomly assigned either to an experimental intervention group or the standard instruction group. Both self-regulatory interventions showed a significant improvement with a large effect size in the structure, coherence, and quality of students' writing products, as determined in terms of reader- and text-based measures. Additionally, both interventions demonstrated a substantial increase in the time students spent on writing and revising their texts; the latter was noted especially in the SCM intervention group although only the SRSD intervention showed a significant increase in the time students dedicated to planning text. Finally, with regard to writing self-efficacy, only the SCM intervention group experienced a significant improvement.
Scaffolding the Writing of Students with Disabilities through Procedural Facilitation: Using an Internet-Based Technology to Improve Performance
Authors: Englert Carol Sue , Zhao Yong , Dunsmore Kailonnie , Collings Natalia Yevgenyevna , Wolbers Kimberly
Published: May 2010

Relatively little is known about the potential of web-based programs to support and scaffold the writing performance of students with disabilities. In this study, an experimental and control group of students planned and organized their ideas in order to write expository papers about self-selected topics. The experimental group used a web-based environment that scaffolded performance by prompting attention to the topical organization and structure of ideas while students were in the situated act of composing their papers. Control students used similar writing tools, but in traditional paper-and-pencil print formats. The results of the quasi-experimental study revealed that the students in the web-based scaffolding condition produced lengthier pieces and received significantly higher ratings on the primary traits associated with writing quality. The greatest effects were evident in terms of experimental students' abilities to produce topic sentences and to generate more topically coherent pieces overall. These findings suggest the web-based software can be designed to offer universally available supports to improve the performance of struggling writers.
Perceptions of Adolescent Girls with LD regarding Self-Determination and Postsecondary Transition Planning
Authors: Trainor Audrey A.
Published: May 2010

Existing research has documented disparate outcomes between young women and men with disabilities in many transition domains, including employment, postsecondary education, and parenting. Similarly, students with learning disabilities (LD) have unique postsecondary transition needs. Promoting self-determination and active participation in transition is recommended in practice regardless of gender and disability type. Because both gender and disability status impact the postsecondary trajectories of young adults, helping young women with LD meet the demands of adulthood, including responding to opportunities for self-determination, is a salient issue. Using qualitative interview data and analysis, this study examined the perceptions of adolescent females with LD regarding self-determination during transition. Findings indicated that participants perceived they were self-determining individuals, yet several key component skills necessary for self-determination were missing. Connections to practice and future research are presented.
Employment Outcomes of University Graduates with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Madaus Joseph W.
Published: May 2010

Limited research exists related to the employment outcomes of adults with learning disabilities (LD) who graduate from postsecondary institutions. The current study presents the results of a followup investigation of 500 graduates with LD from three universities in the United States. Results indicated that levels of full-time employment, employment benefits, and salary earned were competitive with statistics related to the American work-force, in general, and exceeded statistics on adults with LD who are not college graduates, in particular. Data are also presented on post-graduation education levels achieved, type of employment, number of jobs held, and LD disclosure in the workplace.
Assessing Learning Styles among Students with and without Learning Disabilities at a Distance-Learning University
Authors: Heiman Tali
Published: May 2010

Differences in the learning styles of students with and without learning disabilities (LD) at a distance-learning university were examined. Two hundred and twelve students answered self-report questionnaires on their learning styles. Results revealed that students with LD preferred to use more stepwise processing, including memorizing and drilling, than NLD students. In addition, students with LD reported a higher need for self-regulation strategies than their NLD peers, including controlling their learning process, self-orientation, planning, monitoring, and continuous evaluation of their learning process and results. LD students also claimed to lack regulation, noting their difficulties with the learning process. Findings are discussed in relation to how distance-learning universities can better cultivate the abilities of their LD and NLD students.
Promoting Awareness of Sounds in Speech (PASS): The Effects of Intervention and Stimulus Characteristics on the Blending Performance of Preschool Children with Communication Impairments
Authors: Roth Froma P. , Troia Gary A. , Worthington Colleen K. , Handy Dianne
Published: May 2010

The primary purpose of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of the blending portion of the Promoting Awareness of Sounds in Speech (PASS) program, a comprehensive and explicit phonological awareness intervention curriculum designed for preschool children with speech and language impairments. A secondary purpose was to examine the effects of stimulus characteristics on responsiveness to the phonological awareness intervention via post-hoc analysis. A single-subject design was used to examine treatment effects among children with varying levels of communicative abilities. The PASS blending module was implemented with 11 children with speech and/or language impairments, following the establishment of a stable pretreatment baseline on a series of phonological awareness probes.

After instruction, the children demonstrated substantial improvement in their blending ability, which appeared to be attributable to the intervention rather than environmental or maturational factors. These findings suggest that PASS blending training was an effective approach to phonological awareness instruction for the preschoolers with disabilities in our sample. Additionally, word frequency and neighborhood density were found to influence performance on some phonological awareness tasks. Specifically, children correctly blended high-frequency words more than low-frequency words, but they correctly blended words from lower-density neighborhoods more than words from higher-density neighborhoods. Findings are discussed with respect to predictions of the lexical restructuring hypothesis.
Developing Automaticity in Multiplication Facts: Integrating Strategy Instruction with Timed Practice Drills
Authors: Woodward John
Published: May 2010

Automaticity in math facts has been of considerable interest to special educators for decades. A review of the intervention literature suggests at least two common approaches to developing automaticity in facts. One is grounded in the use of strategies for teaching facts, the other emphasizes the use of timed practice drills. Recent research indicates that students might benefit from an integration of these two approaches. This experimental study contrasted an integrated approach (i.e., strategies and timed practice drills) with timed practice drills only for teaching multiplication facts. Participants were 58 fourth-grade students with a range of academic abilities. Fifteen of the students in the study had IEPs in math. Results indicated that both approaches were effective in helping students achieve automaticity in multiplication facts. However, students in the integrated approach generally performed better on posttest and maintenance test measures that assessed the application of facts to extended facts and approximation tasks. These results have implications for teaching a range of skills and concepts that are considered important to overall mathematical competence in the elementary grades.
Increasing Story-Writing Ability through Self-Regulated Strategy Development: Effects on Young Writers with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Saddler Bruce
Published: May 2010

In this replication study, supplemental writing instruction in strategic planning was used to improve the story writing ability of young writers with learning disabilities (LD) and poor writing skills. Six 2nd-grade students with learning disabilities who experienced difficulty with story writing were taught a strategy for planning and writing stories using the Self-Regulated Strategy Development approach. The effects of the strategy were assessed through a multiple-baseline-across-subjects design. After learning the strategy the stories written by the students at post-instruction and maintenance became more complete, longer, and qualitatively better. In addition, planning time at post-instruction and maintenance increased. Limitations of the study and implications for practice are discussed.
Use of Evidence-Based, Small-Group Reading Instruction for English Language Learners in Elementary Grades: Secondary-Tier Intervention
Authors: Kamps Debra , Abbott Mary , Greenwood Charles , Arreaga-Mayer Carmen , Wills Howard , Longstaff Jennifer , Culpepper Michelle , Walton Cheryl
Published: May 2010

This experimental/comparison study of secondary-level, small-group instruction included 318 first- and second-grade students (170 ELL and 148 English-only) from six elementary schools. All schools served high numbers of ELL students with varying school SES in urban and suburban communities. Experimental schools implemented a three-tier model of intervention. In addition to primary-tier reading instruction, the second-tier, small-group experimental interventions included use of (a) evidence-based direct instruction reading curricula that explicitly targeted skills such as phonological/phonemic awareness, letter-sound recognition, alphabetic decoding, fluency building and comprehension skills; and (b) small groups of 3 to 6 students. Students at comparison schools were not exposed to a three-tier reading program but received (a) an ESL intervention using balanced literacy instruction with a focus on word study, group and individual story reading, and writing activities; and (b) small groups of 6 to 15 students. The ESL/balanced literacy intervention was generally in addition to primary reading instruction. Results indicated generally higher gains for ELL students enrolled in direct instruction interventions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Determining English Language Learners' Response to Intervention: Questions and Some Answers
Authors: Linan-Thompson Sylvia , Cirino Paul T. , Vaughn Sharon
Published: May 2010

Using an extant database, we examined three grade 1 criteria for identifying response to intervention (RTI) in English language learners (ELLs): (a) set benchmark criteria with a standard score above 95 (37th %ile) on both decoding and comprehension measures and a raw score of 40 or more correct words per minute (CWPM) on oral reading fluency; (b) discrepancy benchmark criteria, with performance on these measures at or above the mean of not-at-risk peers; and (c) discrepancy slope criteria, with growth during grade 1 on these measures at or above the mean of not-at-risk peers. The sample consisted of 81 students (41 intervention, 40 comparison) who were bilingual (Spanish/English) and were part of a supplemental reading instruction study during first grade. The three grade 1 criteria were evaluated in relation to a set benchmark criteria in grade 2. Results indicated that approximately 80% of the students did not meet any criteria in either year, but that the discrepancy slope criteria in grade 1 were most predictive of set benchmark criteria in grade 2. Recognizing that we applied highly stringent criteria, implications and issues are presented related to using RTI with ELLs to facilitate decision making about further intervention and referral for special education.
Promises and Cautions regarding Using Response to Intervention with English Language Learners
Authors: Haager Diane
Published: May 2010

This article provides a commentary on issues regarding the use of response to intervention (RTI) with English language learners (ELLs). The commentary draws on current literature on reading instruction, ELLs, RTI, and students with learning disabilities and highlights key points from the articles in this special issue. The discussion includes future directions for research.
B-type natriuretic peptide for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with heart failure undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Zhang Jing , Fu Xianghua , Jia Xinwei , Fan Xinna , Gu Xinshun , Li Shiqiang , Wu Weili , Fan Weize , Su Jianling , Hao Guozhen , Jiang Yunfa , Xue Ling
Published: May 2010

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired renal failure and increase in the mortality and length of hospital stay after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Purpose: To evaluate the protective effect of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) on CIN in patients with heart failure undergoing PCI.

Material and Methods: In the prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, 149 consecutive acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with heart failure undergoing primary PCI received recombinant human BNP (rhBNP) or placebo from the time of admission to 24 h after PCI. Serum creatinine (SCr) levels were measured to evaluate the protective effect of rhBNP on renal function. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the simplified modification of diet in renal disease study equation. CIN was defined as a postprocedure peak increase in SCr of >0.5 mg/dl or >25% from baseline.

Results: The baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. The SCr significantly increased after PCI, with the peak value at 48 h, and then began to decrease. At day 7 after PCI, the SCr had lowered to the baseline level in the BNP group, but it failed to do so in the control group. At 24, 48, and 72 h and 7 days after PCI, the SCr was lower in the BNP group than that in the control group. The eGFR decreased significantly after PCI, with the lowest value at 48 h, and then it began to increase. The eGFR after PCI was higher in the rhBNP group than that in the control group. The occurrence of CIN was significantly lower in the rhBNP group than in the control group.

Conclusion: Periprocedural use of BNP could further promote the recovery of renal function and decrease the occurrence of CIN compared with routine treatment alone in patients with heart failure undergoing primary PCI.
The Influence of Calcium on the Susceptibility of Peanut Pods to Pythium Myriotylum and Rhizoctonia Solani1
Authors: Moore Laurence D. , Wills W. H.
Published: May 2010

No correlation was found between calcium applied at an equivalent rate of either 897 or 1,793 kg/ha in an artificial medium and the amount of pod breakdown incited by either Pythium myriotylum or Rhizoctonia solani. R. solani appeared to be the dominant organism although the isolates tested exhibited a wide range of pathogenicity to peanut pods.
Effect of N Rate and Application on Spanish Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Yield and Seed Grade, N and Oil.1
Authors: Walker Milton E. , Ethredge Jerome
Published: May 2010

Due to conflicting results of previous studies, experiments were conducted to study the effect of rate and time of application of N on the yield of fruit and on seed grade, percent N and oil content of Spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Rates and times of application of N had no significant effect on yield, grade or percent N in seed of Starr peanuts grown on three different soil types. Application of 134.4 kg of N/ha to Fuquay soil 6 weeks after planting decreased oil content in the seed. When the same rate of N was split into two applications (1/2 at planting and 1/2 at 6 weeks), the oil content was significantly higher than when all the N was applied 6 weeks after planting. On Tifton soil, split applications of N (1/2 at 6 weeks and 1/2 at 12 weeks) tend to reduce the oil content of seeds as the N rates increased. The 134.4 kg/ha rate of N applied by this method produced a significantly lower oil content than where all the N was applied at planting or 6 weeks after planting.
Effect of Calcium Source, Rate, and Time of Application on Soil Calcium Level and Yield of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Daughtry J. A. , Cox F. R.
Published: May 2010

Studies were conducted both in the laboratory and in the field to determine the relative availability of calcium from several calcium sulfate materials, and their effect on the yield and grade of peanuts. The initial rate of Ca leaching in the laboratory study was greatest for Phosphogypsum, medium for the regular finely-ground anhydrite landplaster and least for the granular anhydrite landplaster. With continued leaching the Ca level extracted after applying the three sources became similar. Some differences were noted in the rate of leaching that were associated with soil properties, primarily cation exchange capacity.

In the field, the materials were applied early in the season and at flowering. No consistent difference existed among the sources in soil test Ca or SO4-S levels during the growing period. These levels were lower, however, late in the season if the materials had been applied early rather than at flowering. Similar conclusions were reached when evaluating the temporary pH drop caused by applying the Ca sources.

Yield and grade of peanuts were affected by applying the Ca sources in one field study. The positive response was similar from the three materials which, in this particular study, were applied only at flowering.
Effects of Restoring Peanut Moisture with Aeration Before Shelling
Authors: Blankenship Paul D. , Person Jack L.
Published: May 2010

Moisture was restored to peanuts with aeration at controlled relative humidities before shelling. Restoring peanut moisture from 5 to 8 percent wet basis did not significantly affect milling quality. Elevating peanut moisture to levels that benefited milling quality caused profuse mold contamination of the peanuts. Germination decreased as peanut moisture content (m.c.) increased. Remoisturization caused only small changes in most food quality parameters.
Heat of Respiration of Wet, Spanish Peanuts As Affected by Initial Temperature and Moisture1
Authors: Brusewitz G. H. , Clary B. L. , Herrold B. J.
Published: May 2010

The heat of respiration of high moisture Spanish peanuts was measured for seven tests during 1971 at 60°F and 30% MC and in 1972 for four tests at 70°F, 30% MC and four tests at 70°F, 40% MC. Results at 40% MC show a nearly constant rate of respiration. Including data from Suter, at 30% MC the heat of respiration is higher at temperatures of 60°F and above. In addition, variations between replicates are greater at higher initial temperatures. Differences within the same season were just as large as those between seasons.
Effects of Insecticidal Placement on Non-Target Arthropods in the Peanut Ecosystem1
Authors: Smith J. W. , Jackson P. W.
Published: May 2010

Three methods of applying insecticides to irrigated peanuts for soil insect suppression were compared to evaluate their impact on non-target arthropods. Insecticides were applied as basal directed sprays, broadcast sprays and granules. D-vac suction samples were utilized to compare population densities of non-target arthropods at regular intervals after insecticide application. All application methods showed immediate reductions in most non-target arthropod populations. Granular insecticide applications had the least detrimental impact on non-target arthropods and broadcast sprays the greatest.
Efficacy of Electronic Color Sorting and Hand Picking to Remove Aflatoxin Contaminated Kernels from Commercial Lots of Shelled Peanuts1
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Whitaker T. B.
Published: May 2010

Samples (200-lb) from 40 commercial lots of shelled peanuts which contained an average concentration of 48 parts-per-billion aflatoxin were sorted with an electronic color sorter 3 to 5 times and then hand picked in an attempt to remove discolored kernels which usually contain higher concentrations of aflatoxin than other kernels. Prediction equations indicated that cumulative removal of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of the kernels from each sample by electronic sorting would remove an average of 16, 28, 37, 45 and 51% of the aflatoxin, respectively. Electronic sorting became less selective for aflatoxin-contaminated kernels during each additional sorting operation. Careful hand picking for discoloration was far more selective for aflatoxin-contaminated kernels than electronic color sorting. An average 72% of the aflatoxin was in kernels that were removed by electronic sorting and subsequent hand picking. The efficacy of aflatoxin removal with electronic sorting was highly variable among lots. This variability indicates that each lot should be pretested to determine if aflatoxin can be effectively removed before the expense of electronic color sorting is incurred.
Resistance of Peanut Genotypes to Cylindrocladium Crotalariae1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Rowe R. C. , Beute M. K.
Published: May 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) genotypes representing Virginia, Spanish, and Valencia botanical types were screened for resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot (Cylindrocladium crotalariae) at two North Carolina locations for two seasons. Means for percentages of visibly infected plants and the degree of pod damage were lower for the Spanish types than for either the Valencia or Virginia types. Some genotypes did not perform consistently at the two locations. NC Acc 3033, a small-fruited Virginia type having Spanish 2B in its parentage, was the most resistant line at both locations and offers a source of germplasm usable in developing CBR-resistant varieties.
Comparative Studies of Seed Proteins and Enzymes of Species and Collections of Arachis by Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Cherry John P.
Published: May 2010

Proteins and six enzymes (esterase, peroxidase, catalase, leucine aminopeptidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, achromatic oxidase) in individual seeds from 36 species and collections of Arachis were characterized by using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoretic techniques. These data were used to evaluate the biosystematics of Arachis. Support was found for the thesis that each wild relative of the cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., has been properly classified into coherent groups of species under the following taxonomic sections: Axonomorphae, Erectoides, Caulorhizae, Rhizomatosae, Extranervosae, Pseudoaxonomorphae and Triseminalae. For example, the mobility of most bands in the gel patterns of proteins and enzymes of A. hypogaea coincided very closely with those of the wild species, A. monticola PI 219824, supporting studies which have shown that these two species are closely related and should be classified together. The Similarity Index method, based upon the percent of protein and enzyme bands with similar and dissimilar mobilities compared among gels of seeds of species and collections, produced s-values that further supported the taxonomy of this genus as it is known today.
Peanut Responses to Soil Water Variables in the Southeast1
Authors: Stansell J. R. , Shepherd J. L. , Pallas J. E. , Bruce R. R. , Minton N. A. , Bell D. K. , Morgan L. W.
Published: May 2010

Three peanut (Arachis hypogaea) varieties were maintained at soil water levels ranging from moderately wet to very dry. Pod yield and quality were significantly reduced in treatments receiving less than about 30 cm of water during the growing season. Although not statistically different, yield and quality tended to increase as irrigation amounts increased from 40 to about 60 cm.

Average harvestable yields for 4 years were 4464, 5080 and 4543 kg/ha for Florigiant, Florunner and Tifspan, respectively, when irrigated to a profile depth of 60 cm when the soil moisture tension in the surface 30 cm reached 0.2 bar. This compares with yields of 2631, 3341 and 3125 kg/ha for Florigiant, Florunner and Tifspan, respectively, when the soil water tension in the surface 30 cm profile was allowed to reach 15.0 bars.

Water extraction to a depth of 106 cm was recorded for all three varieties. Apparent plant use of water from profile depths greater than 60 cm was observed at about 75 days after planting.

Evapotranspiration vs age relationships were developed from daily soil water measurements to a 1.2 m soil depth.
Relationship of Net Photosynthesis to Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Leaf Characteristics in Selected Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari A. S. , Brown R. H.
Published: May 2010

Five genotypes, including two cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. and three wild species of Arachis, were tested for their photosynthetic capacity at atmospheric CO2 concentrations and for photorespiration in CO2-free air. Photosynthetic response to CO2 concentrations in the range of 50 to 600 ppm was also tested. Diffusive resistance (DRH2O) of the adaxial surface of the five genotypes was measured with a diffusive resistance porometer. Several other leaf characteristics related to CO2 exchange were measured.

There was a linear increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) for four of the five genotypes as CO2 concentration was increased from 50 to 600 ppm. The increase in Pn of an A. hypogaea genotype from Tanganyika appeared to be progressively less at CO2 concentrations near 600 ppm. The florunner cultivar of A. hppogaea had the highest Pn at CO2 concentrations of 300 ppm and above; A. pintoi had the lowest. Photorespiration as measured by CO2 evolution into CO2-free air averaged about 4 mg CO2 dm -2 hr -1 and did not differ among genotypes. Dark respiration was higher in leaves of wild species than in the two genotypes of A. hypogaea.

Diffusive resistance of A. hypogaea, A. pintoi and A. sp. (glabrata?) leaves remained constant from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST and then increased up to the last measurement at 10 p.m. The DRH2O of A. hypogaea and A. pintoi were similar during the daytime and ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 sec cm -1 between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. A. villosulicarpa and A. sp. (glabrata?) had higher DRH2O values during the same time period, ranging from 5 to 12 sec cm-1. At 10 p.m. DRH2O of A. hypogaea was 84 sec cm-1 compared to only about 20 sec cm-1 for A. pintoi. Net photosynthesis of leaves of the five Arachis genotypes was not closely related to DRH2O nor leaf characteristics including chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency, leaf nitrogen content or specific leaf weight.
Nematode Survey of Peanuts and Cotton in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Motsinger R. E. , Crawford J. L. , Thompson S. S.
Published: May 2010

A random survey of 467 peanut and cotton fields in 17 counties of Southwest Georgia was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence and distribution of parasitic nematodes associated with peanuts and cotton. Meloidogyne species were present in 9.7% of the peanut field soil samples, Pratylenchus spp. (primarily brachyurus) in 16.9% and Criconemoides ornatus in 97%. Sixty-nine percent of the root-knot associated with peanuts was M. hapla, 25% was M. arenaria and 6% was a mixture of both. Sting nematodes, Belonolaimus spp., were not found in peanut fields in the survey. In cotton soils, 11.8% of the samples contained Meloidogyne spp., 5.1% Hoplolaimus columbus, and 0.7% Rotylenchulus reniformis.
The Effect of Rainfall and Irrigation on Recovery of Applied Ca From Soil Under Peanut Culture1
Authors: Jones R. J. , Ashley D. A. , Walker M. E.
Published: May 2010

Field experiments were conducted to obtain information on the effect of rainfall and irrigation on Ca mobility from application of powdered and granular gypsum to peanuts. After receiving 11.27 cm of water, only 15 kg/ha (23%) and 28 kg/ha (21%) of the applied Ca was recovered from the 0–2.54 cm soil depth at the 280 and 560 kg/ha rates of powdered gypsum, respectively. With the same amount of water, recovery of Ca from 560 kg/ha rate of granular gypsum was 30 kg/ha (19%); however, the data indicate that undissolved granules remained after extracting soil treated with this material. Increasing amounts of water applied to the plots decreased the amount of Ca recovered from plots treated with powdered gypsum through four successive samplings; whereas, there was an increase in the amount of Ca recovered from plots treated with granular gypsum. A similar response pattern was obtained when Ca recovery in the primary pegging zone (0–5.08 cm depth) was measured even though total quantities recovered increased with the increase in soil depth.

The 280 kg/ha application of powdered gypsum did not significantly increase available Ca in the 0–15.24 cm soil depth at harvest, but there was a slight increase from the 560 kg/ha rate. The 560 kg/ha rate of granular material significantly increased available Ca at harvest.
Resistance of Wild Species of Arachis to the Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae1,2,3
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Wynne J. C. , Campbell W. V.
Published: May 2010

Wild species of Arachis representing all seven sections of the genus were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Most species of the section RHIZOMATOSAE were found to be highly resistant to the mite. Plant introductions 338296, 338317, 262840, 262827 and several other members of the section RHIZOMATOSAE were virtually mite free throughout the tests.

PI 276203 from section EXTRANERVOSAE, PI 262142 from section ERECTOIDES and PI 331194 from section ARACHIS also had relatively low damage ratings in this study. Section Arachis is the only section with resistance to the mite that will cross readily with cultivated peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L. Thus the utilization of germplasm resistant to the mite from the wild species will require complicated and difficult breeding procedures.
Effect of Seed Size on the Performance of ‘Florunner’ Peanuts1
Authors: Gorbet D. W.
Published: May 2010

Rapid and uniform stand establishment of vigorous seedlings is basic to good crop performance. Seed size has been shown to be an important factor in the production of a number of agronomic crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance of various seed sizes of ‘Florunner’ peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) relative to the rate of emergence, seedling vigor, yield, and grade, when grown under field conditions, and to determine the size distributions of the seed harvested from these plantings. The seed were sized on a nested set of slotted screens of the following slot widths: 1) 8.53 mm, 2) 7.54 mm, 3) 6.75 mm, 4) 5.95 mm, 5) 5.16 mm and a standard slot length of 19.05 mm. Over 40% of the seed passed through the 8.53 mm screen and rode the 7.54 mm screen, and 90% or more of the seed rode the 6.75 mm or larger screen. Rate-of-emergence and seedlingvigor data were significantly affected by planted-seed size and positively associated with increased seed size. Significant differences in yield in favor of the larger seed sizes were noted in two of the three years of testing. When data were combined across years, significant difference for yield was obtained only between the smallest planted-seed size (5.16 mm) and the others. Grading-data responses were similar to those noted for yield. ELK values and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by planted-seed size, with a positive correlation of r = 0.925 between planted-seed size and 100-seed weight of harvested seed. Values for SMK and total meats indicated a highly significant year x size interaction. The planting-seed size had a significant effect on harvested-seed size some years, but the patterns of response were not consistent.