bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time and Temporal Content
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a metaphysics-first treatment of time and temporal concepts and language, opposed to all forms of subjectivism about time. It defends phenomenal externalism about time, and also aims to explain away temptations to subjectivism about time. It argues that we cannot explain the distinction between mere sensitivity to time and representation of time in terms of perceptual constancies. Nor can we explain it in terms of mere sensitivity to time that is coordinated with other genuinely representational states and capacities. A different theory of the distinction is developed, labelled representational preservation, which has to do with the preservation and updating of representations over time. An account of three different kinds of present-tense content in experience is developed. The correct characterization of the kinds can explain away some metaphysical illusions about time and the experience of temporal passage.
Numbers
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: July 2019

This chapter develops a metaphysics-first view of natural numbers and real numbers. The account gives a philosophical priority to applications: to the application of natural numbers as numbering property-instances, and to the application of real numbers as ratios of extensive magnitudes. Each natural number is individuated by the condition for it to be the number of a property. The account is contrasted with the neo-Fregean approach to natural numbers advocated by Wright; but it does have a natural marriage with the postulationist approach of Fine. This metaphysics of numbers can then be deployed in combination with the principle that, for these ontologies, Individuation Precedes Representation. To be capable of representing numbers of these kinds is to have tacit knowledge of the principles that individuate them. The resulting account has both differences from and affinities with the views of Carnap.
Leaves of Grass and Real Estate
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on the period leading up to the publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855, revealing how Whitman financed his poetic output by successfully negotiating the unstable Brooklyn real estate market. He bought and sold several properties, moving from house to house as he went along. In the years up to 1855, Whitman forged an adaptable marketplace persona, deploying it repeatedly while composing receipts, contracts, and house-plans. Whitman’s worldly experiences of moneymaking inform his narratives of transcendence and organic wholeness. In the attempt to transcend the particularities of his urban activity, he ends up building his poetic vision out of the rhythms and inflections of the real estate market. This has significant implications for the way we read his later works: for the rest of his career, Whitman concentrated on tearing down, annexing, and building over again his subsequent poetic projects.
Classical Modernism and Impersonal Poetic Labor
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the emergence of a cultural logic that continues to inform the vocational contours of standard poetic biographies. It argues that a group of transatlantic literary modernists extended the logic of vocational modernity by exemplifying an influential figuration of poetic calling through their personal careers choices. By aligning an anti-Romantic patrician “classicism” with a Progressive-era literary professionalism, they secured the parameters of an exceptional poetic labor now defined strictly in opposition to quotidian work. Classical modernism subsequently promoted a series of Manichean icons—T. S. Eliot, Bank Clerk; Wallace Stevens, Insurance Salesman among them—reinforcing a dialectical relationship between distinct, though mutually reassuring spheres. These poets came to encapsulate a parable of threatened vocational integrity, drawing on the anxieties of the era while capitalizing on stable and well-paid employment. It is suggested that poetic careers are still read through this particular cultural lens.
Making Ends Meet
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the continually waylaid career of Hart Crane. Working contra the vocational arrangement set out by his modernist colleagues, Crane consistently produced work that undermined the very possibility of a discrete poetic labor. His erratic career represents an important alternative to the binary vocational model exactly because this model always eluded him. He provides an insight into what happens when the modernist poet falls just short of the necessary privilege, infrastructural trappings and consistencies possessed by an Eliot or a Stevens. In his continual crossings out and rewritings, you see the drafts of poetry working themselves up into such a state that, perhaps inevitably, they start speaking in symptomatic shaking suspension bridges and apocalyptic vortices: a symbolic register that repeatedly refers back to, and reimagines, the shifting political and economic terrain beneath his feet.
Molecular-physics aspects of cold chemistry
Authors: Merkt FrÉdÉric
Published: July 2019

Molecular-physics aspects of cold chemistry are introduced with the example of few-electron molecules. After a brief overview of general aspects of molecular physics, the solution of the molecular Schrödinger equation is presented based on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and the subsequent evaluation of adiabatic, nonadiabatic, relativistic and radiative (QED) corrections. Low-temperature chemical phenomena are introduced with the example of ion-molecule reactions, using the classical Langevin model for barrier-free exothermic reactions as reference. Then, methods to generate cold few-electron molecules by supersonic-beam-deceleration methods such as Stark, Zeeman, and Rydberg-Stark decelerations are presented. Two astrophysically important reactions, the reaction between H2 and H2+ forming H3+ and H, a very fast reaction following Langevin-capture going over to quantum-Langevin capture at low temperature, and the radiative association reaction H+ + H forming H2+, a very slow reaction in which quantum effects (shape resonances) become important at low temperatures, are used to illustrate the concepts introduced.
Macroscopic scale atom interferometers: introduction, techniques, and applications
Authors: Kovachy Tim , Sugarbaker Alex , Notermans Remy , Asenbaum Peter , Overstreet Chris , Hogan Jason M. , Kasevich Mark A.
Published: July 2019

This chapter introduces the fundamental principles and some of the applications of light-pulse atom interferometry. It includes tutorials on various atom optics techniques and on interferometer phase shift calculations. Recent advances in large momentum transfer atom optics and in the generation and manipulation of ultra-low-velocity-spread atom clouds have enabled atom interferometers that cover macroscopic scales in space (tens of centimeters) and in time (multiple seconds), dramatically improving interferometer sensitivity in a wide range of applications. This chapter reviews these advances and recent experiments performed with macroscopic scale atom interferometers in the 10-meter-tall atomic fountain at Stanford.
Quantum jumps, Born’s rule, and objective classical reality via quantum Darwinism
Authors: Zurek Wojciech Hubert
Published: July 2019

Emergence of the classical from the quantum substrate is a long-standing conundrum. The chapter describes its resolution based on three insights that stem from the recognition of the role of the environment. The chapter begins with the derivation of preferred states that define “events”, the essence of everyday classical reality. They arise from the tension between the unitary quantum dynamics and the nonlinear amplification inherent in replicating information. The resulting pointer states are consistent with these obtained via environment-induced superselection (einselection). They determine what can happen by defining events such as quantum jumps without appealing to Born’s rule for probabilities. Probabilities can be now deduced from envariance (a symmetry of entangled quantum states). With probabilities at hand one can quantify information flows accompanying decoherence. Effective amplification they represent explains perception of objective classical reality arising from within the quantum universe through redundancy of the pointer state records in their environment—through quantum Darwinism.
Generation of high-order harmonics and attosecond pulses
Authors: L’Huillier Anne
Published: July 2019

The interaction of atoms with intense laser radiation leads to the generation of high-order harmonics of the laser field. In the time domain, this corresponds to a train of pulses in the extreme ultraviolet range and with attosecond duration. The first section introduces the physics of high-order harmonic generation and attosecond pulses on the single atom level while the second section discusses phase matching and propagation effects. The attosecond time scale is that of the electron motion in atoms and molecules. Attosecond light pulses are used to study, for example, the dynamics of atomic or molecular photoionization. The third section will present an interferometric method developed for measuring attosecond pulses and discuss some of the applications, in particular concerning photoionization dynamics.
Ultrafast electron dynamics as a route to explore chemical processes
Authors: Kuleff Alexander I.
Published: July 2019

These lecture notes give a concise overview of the problem of describing quantum-mechanically the correlated motion of electrons and nuclei in a molecule. The focus is put on the methodology allowing to study the ultrafast, pure electron dynamics triggered by ionization of a molecule. It is shown that due to the electron correlation the removal of an electron from a molecular orbital can create electronic coherences manifesting in the migration of the positive charge throughout the system on a few-femtosecond time scale; a phenomenon known as correlation-driven charge migration. Some interesting perspectives for designing schemes to influence the chemical reactivity of the molecule by manipulating the charge migration dynamics are also briefly discussed.
Religious Thought in Medieval Rus
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 explores the beginning of Russian religious thought in light of the relationship between faith and reason, Christian revelation and ancient philosophy. Two tendencies in Eastern Christian cosmology, reflecting two of the aspects (the transcendent and the immanent ones: the divine essence and the divine energies) of God are analyzed. The first one is typical for, and supposes that there is a clear-cut borderline between, the divine essence and creation and, respectively, between theology and science. Consequently, the task of philosophy is nothing other than to expose the limits of human reasoning and especially scientific knowledge. The second tendency claims that since the divine energies penetrate the empirical realm, therefore, cosmology is considered a part of theology. In Medieval Rus both approaches concerning the possibility of cognition of God through creation and, as one of the consequences, a link between theology and science, were adopted.
Peter Chaadaev
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 examines the topic of the relationship between faith and reason in the thought of Peter Chaadaev, recognized as the first original Russian philosopher. He treated faith and reason as two reliable paths representing feeling (of a temporary nature) and reasoning (which is more constant and stable) respectively, and both leading to God. Opposed to materialism and the newly found positivism, he tried to build a harmonious correlation between faith and natural science. It is argued that, according to Chaadaev, faith is the first stage of cognition but, on the other hand, it demands the confirmation of reason. Therefore, theology and science are complementary disciplines.
Fr. Pavel Florensky
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 9 considers the philosophy of Fr. Pavel Florensky, “the Russian Leonardo da Vinci” who presented the most impressive attempt at the reconciliation of faith and science. Florensky was skeptical about the possibility of the rational expression of the content of revelation and maintained that a rational system violates the one religious Truth. At the same time, he tried to create a fusion of science and faith in the spirit of concordism. Emphasizing the antinomic character of the universe, he nevertheless believed in the possibility of overcoming the antinomy between science and religion, and of creating religious science and scientific religion.
The Project of Russian Cosmism
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 13 describes the original project of Russian Cosmism, as exemplified especially by Nikolai Fedorov, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Vladimir Vernadsky, in the context of the relation between science and theology. Although they had a somewhat critical attitude toward the official doctrine of the Orthodox Church, the representatives of scientific cosmism professed a faith based on universal Reason, Order, and Harmony. The cosmists drew scientists’ attention to moral responsibility, the aims of scientific progress, and problems of ecology. For this reason, this concept is of particular importance nowadays. The chapter also discusses the limitation of Russian Cosmism, especially its speculative and esoteric character.
The Bristol Bay Salmon Fishery
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

The Bristol Bay Salmon Fishery. The Bristol Bay salmon fishery is widely regarded as one of the most sustainable in the world. Fish abundance and catch are at record levels, and the fishery provides employment for thousands of people and subsistence food for the local residents. Despite the industrial harvest, the freshwater ecosystems are largely unchanged. The keys to the sustainability are intact freshwater habitat, a management system that puts sustainability before other factors, and limiting the size of the fishing fleet. Both economic and social sustainability are under management that is less direct and, therefore, are more subject to outside influences.
Who Gets to Fish?
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Who Gets to Fish. Garrett Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the Commons” is the most important concept in managing fisheries. Simplified, it states that when a resource such as a fishery is held in common, everyone will act in their own best interest and, as long as it is profitable, will fish hard enough to deplete the resource. In Western countries, fisheries management has successively restricted who is allowed to fish. The declaration of 200-mile fishing zones around coastal countries closed coastal waters to foreign fleets. Efforts to limit access began by restricting the number of vessels and then progressed to limiting catch or days at sea. Various forms of allocation to fishing vessels, individuals, or groups have in effect privatized the fishery. While leading to generally increased economic efficiency and smaller fishing fleets, the result has often been a concentration of ownership in few hands that are often large corporations.
The Global Status of Fisheries
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

The Global Status of Fisheries: A Long Tale of Scientists, Opinions, and Papers Written and Refuted, All in the Pursuit of the Same Truth. We have good data on the status of fish stocks from most developed countries and international agencies. These well-understood stocks constitute a little over half of global fisheries catch, and the abundance of fish stocks is increasing; fishing pressure has been declining; and overfishing is causing relatively little loss of potential yield. Poorly documented major fisheries are largely in South and South East Asia, and good data are scarce. Yet there is evidence that fishing pressure is intense: most long-lived species are greatly reduced in abundance, and some have even disappeared. While marine ecosystems are likely greatly transformed, they still produce very large amounts of fish—but now, mostly from short- lived species. Some countries are attempting to reduce fishing pressure, but documentation is generally not easily available.
The Environmental Impacts of Fishing
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Environmental Impacts of Fishing. All food production has environmental costs, including greenhouse gases, nutrient release, water use, antibiotic use, soil erosion, and biodiversity loss. Where data are available, we compare the environmental costs of capture fisheries to aquaculture, livestock, and crops. The biodiversity loss through capture fisheries is much lower than through crops or livestock because fisheries depend on sustainably harvesting a natural ecosystem, whereas crops and almost all livestock depend on transforming a natural ecosystem to an artificial production system with most native biodiversity lost. Capture fisheries use little freshwater, no antibiotics, and very little, if any, toxic compounds. Greenhouse gas emissions depend greatly on the kind of fishery.
Freshwater Fisheries
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Freshwater Fisheries. Be it conservation concerns associated with overfishing, food production of large fisheries, or the economic potential of a nation’s fisheries, marine fisheries dominate the political and scientific discussion. However, freshwater fisheries are the most important for food security and employment in areas around tropical river and lake systems. It is estimated that the potential yield from freshwater fisheries is comparable to marine fisheries, but data on catch are poor. What we do know is that in many tropical countries, freshwater fisheries are very important but, generally, they are poorly regulated and studied. Major threats to freshwater fisheries include dam construction, pollution, and introduction of exotic species.
Following the Rules and Illegal Fishing
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Following the Rules and Illegal Fishing. What is the point of rules and management if they are not followed? Whether it is a small fishing community that has agreed on rules or industrial fisheries on the high seas, if the rules are broken, they are meaningless. In our survey of the global status of fish stocks, compliance with rules really matters. Ensuring the fishing regulations are being followed is an essential element in any fisheries management system. Tools available include peer pressure, to at-sea observers, landings inspections, coast guard checks of vessels while fishing, and on-board vessel tracking and cameras. Illegal fishing is a problem throughout the world, and it usually occurs where enforcement is weak or nonexistent.
Seafood Certification and Non-governmental Organizations
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Seafood Certification and Non-governmental Organizations. In the last 20 years, many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become involved in providing advice on what seafood to eat, or in certifying different seafood products as well-managed or sustainable. The same NGOs have also become quite involved in the politics of fisheries management. The Marine Stewardship Council provides the most widely recognized certification of seafood sustainability and is increasingly demanded by major retailers in some countries. NGOs involved in marine conservation have become a roughly $500-million-per-year business, funded by foundations and private donors, and with a business model that compels them to raise concerns about fisheries sustainability to maintain cash flow.
Enhancement and Aquaculture
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Enhancement and Aquaculture. Fish stock enhancement involves growing small fish in a hatchery and releasing them in the wild to augment natural fish production. It is widely practiced for Pacific salmon and hundreds of other marine species, especially in China. Aquaculture is the raising of fish from egg to adult in ponds, net pens, or other controlled conditions, and its harvest now exceeds capture fisheries. Aquaculture impacts wild fish production through disease transmission, genetic impacts from escaped fish, and introduction of exotic species. As fish stocks decline and the political, social, and economic pains of ever-reducing harvests increases, the idea of hatcheries becomes irresistible. Why regulate fisheries when you can produce more fish in a hatchery?
Climate Change
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Climate Change. The oceans are changing. There is no doubt that the oceans are rapidly getting warmer and more acidic, and this will have significant impacts on fish production. Warmer water causes species to migrate toward polar regions, and increasing acidification will make it more difficult for many species for form shells. It is challenging to make detailed predictions in the face of such unprecedented changes, but the important questions are how, whether, and which species will be able to adapt. The key to management in the face of climate change is the adaptability of our fisheries and fisheries management systems.
Epilogue
Authors: Moss Eloise
Published: July 2019

In 1965, London-based Turkish-Cypriot author Taner Baybars’ novel A Trap for the Burglar portrayed a metropolitan couple whose marriage was disintegrating through the constant fear of burglary that ruled their lives, eventually making them suspect each other of being the thief. Its motifs of the psycho-sexual trauma inherent in the burglar’s interference in their happy existence anticipated the new legislation enforced under the Theft Act 1968 (still in use today), which explicitly sought to entwine the issues of burglary and rape. Creating a new, severer penalty for burglary-with-rape, it constituted this phenomenon as a distinctive, more serious strand of criminal enterprise. The epilogue considers the legacy of these shifts into the late twentieth century. Night Raiders has sought to demonstrate the depths to which burglary penetrated into the everyday lives of Londoners between 1860 and 1968. Even those who had no direct experience of being burgled were touched by the crime, whether through the accumulation of sensational stories of dramatic burglaries in the press, theatre, and on film, or through the integration of anti-burglar technologies around their homes. Walking around the city at night, catching glimpse of a broken rooftile or a sudden movement near the perimeter of a house, both residents and police would have likely turned their thoughts to thieves.
Introduction
Authors: Moss Eloise
Published: July 2019

Until 1968, burglary was defined both legally and culturally as an extraordinary form of theft occurring between the ‘night-time’ hours of nine p.m. and six a.m., entwining the crime with visions of a shadowy, nightmarish nocturnal cityscape. Juxtaposing the horror of victims with the glamorous, sexy breed of ‘gentleman’ burglar gracing international cinema screens in phenomenally successful films such as Raffles (1939), the Introduction explores the vastly contradictory responses to the crime during the period 1860 and 1968. Encompassing not only fear-mongering accounts of the crime, but also those designed to excite, to challenge preconceptions, and to entertain, it maps out how these conflicting versions of burglary and burglars articulated broader social, political, and economic concerns. These included: the advent of mass literacy and growing demand for stories of crime that reflected the concerns of an audience of diverse class, age, and gender; the commercial imperatives of the insurance and entertainment industries as the middle classes expanded, including the development of household insurance and the popularity of the ‘true crime’ genre; the backlash against the evolving women’s movement and its alignment with new forms of criminality; and the evolution of new modes of policing and regulation, particularly forensic science. Following social surveyor Charles Booth’s observation that burglary was London’s ‘most characteristic crime’ in the early 1900s, the Introduction examines how the metropolis became peculiarly identified with burglars’ most daring exploits—and how the city itself was transformed by its association with the crime.
Dismantling Checks and Balances (I): The Remaking of the Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

This chapter reveals how, until 2015, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal (CT) was an important counter-majoritarian measure, effectively constraining the legislative and executive branches, and policing the operation of Poland’s democratic system. It discusses how, after the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party came to power, it disabled the CT through legislative bombardment, involving the enactment of numerous laws meant to paralyse its operation, and through court packing, including openly unconstitutional means. Once the pro-PiS judges (including ‘quasi-judges’, illegally appointed) gained a majority in the court in December 2016, the CT transformed from a paralysed, powerless institution into an active government aid, assisting it in its campaign to dismantle all checks and balances and limit civil rights. This chapter records a number of judgments handed down after 2016 that illustrate the role of the CT as an active, indeed enthusiastic, enabler. In addition, new judges have been active in their extra-judicial roles as supporters and defenders of the government. This must be seen against the broader theory of constitutional courts as an ‘insurance policy’ for the current majority. The transformation of the CT in Poland may suggest that the current rulers do not seriously envisage the prospect of losing power.
An Assault on Individual Rights
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

Since coming to power, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party has not engineered any massive breaches of individual rights, but its effective dismantling of checks and balances renders such an assault possible at any time. Selective infringements of rights have, however, occurred. This chapter describes restrictions on the right to assembly, mainly instituted by a new statute privileging so-called cyclical assemblies; on freedom of speech, evident in the law punishing ‘inappropriate’ statements about Holocaust crimes on Polish lands; and on privacy rights through uncontrolled surveillance, evident in the new law on police and anti-terrorism.
Illiberal Democracy or Populist Authoritarianism?
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

Poland’s constitutional breakdown of 2015 constitutes an interesting, if unfortunate, case study of the relationship between populism and democracy, and the related concept of ‘illiberal democracy’. Without generalizing this finding, the chapter argues that in Poland, illiberal democracy is largely an oxymoron. By dismantling various checks and balances, and the many democratic institutions related to elections and judicial review, the ruling party greatly weakens the democratic character of the state. The temptation to consider Poland as a case of ‘political constitutionalism’, in contrast to ‘legal constitutionalism’, should be resisted. The chapter considers how Poland lacks many of the democratic prerequisites critical for ‘political constitutionalism’. The Polish variant of populism is aggressively anti-pluralistic, anti-deliberative, and hostile to minorities. The system can be better described as that of ‘plebiscitarian authoritarianism’. It is also antithetical to the ideal of the rule of law, in particular in its disregard for the various unwritten clauses (constitutional conventions) supplementing the constitutional text.
Afterword
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech
Published: July 2019

While the developments described in the book give great cause for concern, there are nevertheless some democratic resources that may justify moderate optimism: Poland has a lively and pluralistic commercial media, vibrant civil society, individual courageous judges, the Ombudsman, etc. Furthermore, populism often carries seeds of self-destruction. This short concluding chapter ends with an “authoritarian playbook” illustrating the steps that the governing populist party have followed in consolidating its power. But knowing this playbook is useful not only to would-be and actual autocrats: it is also illuminating to those who advocate resistance to today’s enemies of democracy.
France
Authors: Balzacq Thierry
Published: July 2019

France conducted a unique grand strategy, labeled “grandeur,” from the late 1950s to 1989. Its key elements were: the search for global status; the need for independence in decision-making and a related refusal to accept subordination to the United States; and the primacy of nuclear power in its military arsenal. But France has radically reoriented its grand strategy for the last three decades towards a more integrative formulation of “liberal engagement.” This chapter first describes the features of grandeur and then identifies the factors that led France to pursue liberal engagement. It describes and compares the characteristics of the two along three axes: their theoretical bases, causal logic, and policy components. The chapter concludes by examining the impact of liberal engagement on France’s forms of foreign engagement; assesses the ways and extent to which they serve France’s interests; and evaluates the consequences of those choices.
Brazil
Authors: Milani Carlos R. S. , Nery Tiago
Published: July 2019

After the civil-military dictatorship (1964–1985), the Brazilian re-democratization process coincided with a “double divorce.” The first was between foreign policy and defense policy, the second between military and civilian authorities. It was only in the aftermath of the inauguration of the 1988 Constitution that the Brazilian federal government began constructing a bridge between these two public policies, their respective administrations, and attendant constituencies under the aegis of a democratic regime. Cardoso’s government began implementing a strategy aimed at placing the armed forces under civilian control. But it was during Lula’s and Rousseff’s subsequent administration’s that they laid out a “sketch of Brazil’s grand strategy,” interrupted by Rousseff’s 2016 controversial impeachment.Â?In this context, we analyze the main challenges concerning the conception and the implementation of Brazil’s grand strategy between 2003 and 2014, thus demonstrating how Brazil’s domestic politics and its development model together played key roles in this process.
India
Authors: Fair C. Christine
Published: July 2019

This chapter maps the historic foundations of Indian grand strategy and the obstacles that have precluded the realization of a new one. First, it describes the elements of Nehru’s grand strategy, and the ways and means that India adopted to pursue them. Second, it examines the factors that have galvanized debates about discarding these Nehruvian commitments. Third, it describes the various contemporary, contending schools of thought about what India’s grand strategy should be. Fourth, it explores the various bureaucratic and political obstacles to transitioning away from this Nehruvian past. The fifth section argues that what has resulted is a form of incrementalism that has nonetheless precipitated important changes in India’s political, diplomatic, and military behavior away from these past Nehruvian commitments. The chapter concludes on a skeptical note by questioning whether the contemporary Indian administration will be able to craft a coherent grand strategy, given the vociferous nature of India’s democracy and decentralized political structure.
The European Union
Authors: Fiott Daniel , Simón Luis
Published: July 2019

Many theorists and policymakers may be surprised to learn that an international organization, such as the European Union, has the capacity to form and articulate its own grand strategy. However, identifying “who” makes EU grand strategy is challenging. A range of institutions and actors play a role in the formulation, consolidation, and execution of the EU’s grand strategy. These institutions, together with EU member states, define “grand strategy” in differing ways. Furthermore, some actors are more conscious than others that they are actually engaged in “grand strategy”–making rather than simply debating policies. This chapter identifies the leading actors in EU grand strategy; why and how these actors pursue grand strategy goals using a variety of instruments; discusses what those goals have been; and the prospects for their attainment.
Conclusion
Authors: Ripsman Norrin
Published: July 2019

This concluding chapter is divided into five sections. The first section considers several methodological challenges that complicate the mission of comparative GS analysis and, consequently, probes the limits of this exercise. The next three sections examine the aggregate insights of the volume regarding: (1) the sources of GS in the states examined in the volume; (2) the range of goals that states pursue with their GSs; and (3) the tools that states use to promote their geostrategic goals. The final section evaluates additional insights suggested by this comparative exercise and explore avenues for inquiry.
Nature’s Mathematics
Authors: Owens Thomas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 explores the geometrical quality of Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s imaginative commitments. Focusing principally on The Pedlar, the Guide to the Lakes, and Coleridge’s Notebooks, the chapter locates the origins of Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s geometric visions in a divinely relational language of shapes which they intuited as children to describe the world about them and which moulded their shared Pedlar consciousness in the 1790s. It proposes that Wordsworth and Coleridge sustained the mathematical expressions of the Pedlar’s ethico-theological vision in their dealings with nature and the mind, perceiving in the material world a language of geometric forms which held it together.
Stellar Revisions
Authors: Owens Thomas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 4 scrutinizes a sequence of changes that Wordsworth made to The Prelude in the 1820s and 1830s which suggest that his numerous scientific connections at Trinity College, Cambridge, rarely mentioned in biographies of the poet, alongside his close friendship with William Rowan Hamilton, spurred him to integrate the latest innovations in mathematics and astronomy into his autobiographical poem. Wordsworth’s proximity to scientific advance in later life effected a ‘transfiguration’ in his poetics, given that his amendments to several passages of The Prelude suggest that he thought language could become outmoded like a mathematical formula or a technical instrument.
Introduction
Authors: Owens Thomas
Published: July 2019

The Introduction proposes that a series of speculative scientific analogies operate at the very centre of how Wordsworth and Coleridge perceived the world and how they expressed that perception, revealing the brilliant inventiveness with which they transfigured the material universe. It establishes the conceptual value of analogy for the poets and suggests that focusing on the poets’ imaginative uses of analogy is a way to uncover the importance of scientific patterns, principally derived from mathematics and astronomy, for their poetic, religious, philosophical, and critical writing. This overturns the long-standing critical consensus that the Romantic poets were not interested or able to understand hard science and instead highlights the centrality of scientific structures in their creative thinking.
Narrative
Authors: Burnham Michelle
Published: July 2019

This chapter reviews the publication history of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century genre of Pacific travel narratives, and examines its narrative features. During this period, ships moved with increasing regularity on incredibly risky voyages between the world’s oceans. At the same time, novels came to dominate the literary world of fiction. These developments are related by their shared narrative dynamics, especially in the relationship between narrative suspense and numerical speculation, between words and numbers. The short-term risks and losses that attended these voyages were offset by their long-term profits, as the pleasure of accumulation concealed but also depended on the horrors of violence.
Numbers
Authors: Burnham Michelle
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on American mathematical schoolbooks from the age of revolutions, as well as associated genres such as manuals on bookkeeping, navigation, and insurance. Knowledge of these fields was crucial for the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century voyages of commerce and discovery that connected the Atlantic and Pacific, and these books introduced a wide variety of readers, including women, to the world of global trade. In their attention to the interrelated practices of calculation and speculation, these genres—in dialogue with literature on the lottery—taught readers the narrative dynamics of suspense that also informed the emerging genre of the novel. Like transoceanic travel narratives, novels were the textual companions to capitalism, offering readers regular practice in accommodating the sensations of expectation central to a world increasingly penetrated by global trade and its mechanisms of risk-taking and risk assessment. Novels emerged, in other words, as numberless representations of an increasingly number-driven world.
Politics
Authors: Burnham Michelle
Published: July 2019

This chapter argues for a revolutionary Pacific that should be seen as a transoceanic counterpart to the revolutionary Atlantic. The Pacific has been left out of early American studies because the region’s events and actors cannot be accommodated by the central story of the American Revolution, a linear story plotted around the nation that took shape in its aftermath. Yet maritime travel writing from the period routinely describes constant uprisings, rebellions, and acts of resistance throughout the Pacific by reference precisely to the major revolutions of the Atlantic. An attention to empire rather than nation, and to cyclicality rather than linearity, is needed to bring the Pacific and Atlantic worlds into greater dialogue within American literary and cultural history during the age of revolution. Moreover, by paying attention to the embodied experiences of indigenous women in the Pacific, we can recover the violence concealed by triumphant narratives of political revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

Burke’s involvement with the West Indies has attracted little attention. Yet it is a topic that throws important light on his views on the British Empire as a whole and on his work as a political ‘man of business’, as well as raising questions about the extent of his humanitarian sympathies, in this case for enslaved Africans. Burke could be a fierce critic of imperial abuses, but he had high ideals for what the empire ought to be and was willing to take a full part both in shaping policy for the empire and in seeking imperial opportunities for advancement for his family and friends. The Introduction outlines the development of Burke’s concern for the West Indies from the pursuit of personal advantage for his connections, to the political management of West Indian interests, and ultimately to participating in the great public debate on slavery and the slave trade.
Richard Burke and Grenada
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

Grenada was the most important of the new colonies in the Caribbean acquired by Britain in 1763. In 1764 Richard Burke was appointed Collector of Customs and Receiver of the Crown’s Revenue in the island, although he rarely resided there. These were contentious posts. The Collector of Customs had to curb trade outside the terms of the British Navigation Acts, while the Receiver was required to levy, without the consent of the elected assembly, old French taxes and a new British one, which was soon to be declared illegal by the British courts. Richard’s insistence that he handle all monies voted by the Assembly brought him into further conflicts with it. These conflicts between the prerogatives of the crown and claims to privileges by the assembly were similar to those being waged in North American colonies. While generally sympathetic to North American claims, Edmund staunchly supported his brother’s upholding the royal prerogatives. Richard also became mired in disputes with the customs authorities in Britain, who charged him with misappropriating public money. These issues were never fully resolved. Any gains that may have accrued from his offices are likely to have gone to his deputies; they certainly did not go to him. He ended his life in financial embarrassment.
The Setting
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

Many people in later eighteenth-century Britain, varying from rich merchants and absentee planters to workers on ships or in manufactures serving the islands, had concerns with the West Indies. In leading ports like London, Bristol, and Liverpool, West Indians organized themselves into associations to promote their interests. Such people sought to influence government and to act as a group in the House of Commons. Such influence as they were able to exert depended principally on the persuasive case that they were able to establish about the importance for Britain of the wealth generated by the West Indies. Edmund Burke and his political connection, the Rockingham Whigs, were firmly committed to this view and sought to enlist British West Indians as their political allies.
The West Indies and the American Crisis
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

The conflict between Britain and the North American colonies, which led to a worldwide war involving Britain’s European enemies, caused dire problems for the British West Indies. North America was an essential source of foodstuffs and other supplies to the islands. To bring pressure on Britain the American colonies cut off supplies to the British islands, much to their detriment. When war broke out in 1778, the French had the ascendancy in the Caribbean, capturing a number of British islands. Edmund Burke and his associates in the Rockingham party were highly critical of both the government policies that led to war with America and of the way in which the war was conducted. They sought to enlist West Indian interests in Britain in their opposition to Lord North. Although most West Indians saw little alternative to putting their trust in the government, Burke played a part in shaping the London Merchants and Planters’ pleas for moderating policy towards America in 1775. In 1781, in two powerful speeches, he took up the cause of those in Britain and the West Indies who were trying to limit the damage the war was inflicting on them by trading through neutral channels. Admiral Rodney’s seizure of the Dutch island of St Eustatius was a very serious blow to British merchants, which Burke denounced as amounting to robbery.
The Working of the Slave Trade
Authors: Marshall P. J.
Published: July 2019

The slave trade was an essential link in Britain’s system of Atlantic trade. As an MP who specialized in commercial questions, although Burke disliked it, he could hardly have avoided some involvement with it. Two particular instances are discussed in this chapter. As MP for Bristol in 1775, Burke supported his constituents’ objections to the Board of Trade against duties being levied on slave imports into Jamaica with an ostensible aim of controlling the growth of the African population of the island. The duties were disallowed. Between 1772 and 1779 Burke took a close interest in the affairs of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, a body set up to facilitate the slave trade through its posts on the African coast. In Parliament he defended the Company against proposals to change its constitution, and he vindicated the conduct both of the London members of the Company’s committee, which included a close family friend, and of the Company’s servants in Africa. In doing so, he implicitly endorsed the Company’s raison d’être, the supply of slaves from Africa, even though he also publicly expressed his unhappiness about the inhumanity of such a trade.
Probability Mass Functions
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on probability mass functions. One of the primary uses of Bayesian inference is to estimate parameters. To do so, it is necessary to first build a good understanding of probability distributions. This chapter introduces the idea of a random variable and presents general concepts associated with probability distributions for discrete random variables. It starts off by discussing the concept of a function and goes on to describe how a random variable is a type of function. The binomial distribution and the Bernoulli distribution are then used as examples of the probability mass functions (pmf’s). The pmfs can be used to specify prior distributions, likelihoods, likelihood profiles and/or posterior distributions in Bayesian inference.
Probability Density Functions
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter builds on probability distributions. Its focus is on general concepts associated with probability density functions (pdf’s), which are distributions associated with continuous random variables. The continuous uniform and normal distributions are highlighted as examples of pdf’s. These and other pdf’s can be used to specify prior distributions, likelihoods, and/or posterior distributions in Bayesian inference. Although this chapter specifically focuses on the continuous uniform and normal distributions, the concepts discussed in this chapter will apply to other continuous probability distributions. By the end of the chapter, the reader should be able to define and use the following terms for a continuous random variable: random variable, probability distribution, parameter, probability density, likelihood, and likelihood profile.
The Shark Attack Problem Revisited: MCMC with the Metropolis Algorithm
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M.
Published: July 2019

In this chapter, the “Shark Attack Problem” (Chapter 11) is revisited. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is introduced as another way to determine a posterior distribution of λ, the mean number of shark attacks per year. The MCMC approach is so versatile that it can be used to solve almost any kind of parameter estimation problem. The chapter highlights the Metropolis algorithm in detail and illustrates its application, step by step, for the “Shark Attack Problem.” The posterior distribution generated in Chapter 11 using the gamma-Poisson conjugate is compared with the MCMC posterior distribution to show how successful the MCMC method can be. By the end of the chapter, the reader should also understand the following concepts: tuning parameter, MCMC inference, traceplot, and moment matching.