bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Synthesis of (2S,3S,4R,5S)‐5‐Methylpyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol Derivatives that Are Highly Selective α‐L‐Fucosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Carmona Ana T. , Mora Federico , Vogel Pierre , Robina Inmaculada
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Mediated Enantioselective Synthesis of Acyclic Pyrrole Carbinols.
Authors: Dixon Darren J. , Scott Mark S. , Luckhurst Chris A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amination/Annulation of Chlorobutenones with Chiral Amine Compounds: Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Trisubstituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Demir Ayhan S. , Igdir A. Cigdem , Guenay N. Batuhan
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochromic Dihetarylethylenes. Part 21. Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of 1,2‐Bis{5‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)‐2‐ethylthieno [2,3‐b]thiophen‐3‐yl}hexafluorocyclopentene.
Authors: Krayushkin M. M. , Kalik M. A. , Kozhinov D. V. , Martynkin A. Yu. , Strokach Yu. P. , Barachevsky V. A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Addition of Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate to Lactones: Reactivity and Stereoselectivity.
Authors: Cuenca Ana B. , D'Hooge Francois , Gouge Vanessa , Castelot‐Deliencourt Geraldine , Oulyadi Hassan , Leclerc Eric , Jubault Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier , Quirion Jean‐Charles
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Fluorination of Coumarin, 6‐Methyl‐coumarin and 7‐Alkoxy‐coumarins.
Authors: Holling Darren , Sandford Graham , Batsanov Andrei S. , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fused Polycyclic Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 14. Intramolecular Cyclization of 4‐Azidocarbonyl‐2,5‐diphenylthiazole. New Route to Isoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Mamedov V. A. , Nurkhametova I. Z. , Gubaidullin A. T. , Rizvanov I. Kh. , Litvinov I. A. , Levin Ya. A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7(8H)‐one Derivatives from 5‐Acetyl‐4‐aminopyrimidines (I) and β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Komkov A. V. , Yakovlev I. P. , Dorokhov V. A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel CCR1 Antagonists with Oral Activity in the Mouse Collagen Induced Arthritis.
Authors: Revesz Laszlo , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Orally Bioavailable Highly Potent HIV Protease Inhibitors Against PI‐Resistant Virus.
Authors: Lu Zhijian , et al. et al.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benzamidines in Cyclocondensation with Hexafluoroacetone and Methyl Trifluoropyruvate Acyl‐ and Ethoxycarbonylimines.
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu. , Epishina T. A. , Goreva T. V. , Martynov I. V.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Dilactones Through Lipases.
Authors: Bosch M. Pilar , Guerrero Angel
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z,E)‐2‐Silyl‐Substituted 1,3‐Dienes via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Cai Ming‐Zhong , Ye Xing‐Lin , Wang Ping‐Ping
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Inhibitory Effect of Novel Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives on IL‐1β‐Induced Prostaglandin E2 Production in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts.
Authors: Tsukahara Michiko , Nishino Takeshi , Furuhashi Ikue , Inoue Hideo , Sato Toshitsugu , Matsumoto Hiroatsu
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Saponins from Zygophyllum atriplicoides.
Authors: Ahmad Viqar Uddin , Iqbal Shazia , Kousar Farzana , Bader Sadia , Arshad Saima , Tareen Rasool Bakhsh
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Bisabolane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from the Aerial Parts of Lippia dulcis.
Authors: Ono Masateru , Morinaga Hiroaki , Masuoka Chikako , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Okawa Masafumi , Kinjo Junei , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis of Acutifolone A, a Pinguisane‐Type Sesquiterpenoid Isolated from the Japanese Liverwort Porella acutifolia subsp. tosana.
Authors: Shiina Junichi , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On the Formation of 4‐[N,N‐Bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]phenyl Acetic Acid Esters of Hecogenin and Aza‐Homo‐Hecogenin and Their Antileukemic Activity.
Authors: Camoutsis Charalambos , Trafalis Dimitrios , Pairas George , Papageorgiou Athanasios
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of α‐Amino Squaric Acids Using an Aminomalonate Equivalent Bearing a Squaryl Group.
Authors: Ishida Toshikazu , Shinada Tetsuro , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Containing Plants Used in Mongolian Traditional Medicine: Lappula myosotis Moench.
Authors: Wiedenfeld Helmut , Amarsanaa B. , Altanchimeg D. , Narantuya S.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Glycosylation: Synthesis of α‐Indoline Nucleosides.
Authors: Brown Kenneth L. , Chandra Tilak , Zou Shawn , Valente Edward J.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual Olefin Formation by PhSe‐F trans‐Elimination.
Authors: Du Jinfa , Shi Junxing , Chun Byoung‐Kwon , Hobbs Ann , Hollecker Laurent , Watanabe Kyoichi A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Constituents of Mushrooms. Part 24. Two New Aromatic Compounds from Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr.) Pers.
Authors: Yaoita Yasunori , Danbara Kuniko , Kikuchi Masao
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Apiosporamide: Assignment of Relative and Absolute Configuration.
Authors: Williams David R. , Kammler David C. , Donnell Andrew F. , Goundry William R. F.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and SAR/3D‐QSAR Studies on the COX‐2 Inhibitory Activity of 1,5‐Diarylpyrazoles to Validate the Modified Pharmacophore.
Authors: Singh Sunil K. , Saibaba V. , Rao K. Srinivasa , Reddy P. Ganapati , Daga Pankaj R. , Rajjak S. Abdul , Misra Parimal , Rao Y. Koteswar
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Activity Relationship of Trihexyphenidyl Analogues with Respect to the Dopamine Transporter in the Ongoing Search for a Cocaine Inhibitor.
Authors: Dar D. E. , Thiruvazhi M. , Abraham P. , Kitayama S. , Kopajtic T. A. , Gamliel A. , Slusher B. S. , Carroll F. I. , Uhl G. R.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic and Charge Correlations in La2‐x‐yNdySrxCuO4: Raman Scattering Study
Authors: Gozar A. , Komiya Seiki , Ando Yoichi , Blumberg G.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in Design and Synthesis of Well‐Defined Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts— A Highly Successful Opening for Intricate Organic Synthesis
Authors: Dragutan Ileana , Dragutan Valerian , Filip Petru
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quinquevalent Phosphorus Acids
Authors: Skowronska A. , Bodalski R.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Concise Account of Recent SN2′ Grignard Coupling Reactions in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Kar Anirban , Argade Narshinha P.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Divergent Synthesis of Triyne Natural Products and Glycosylated Analogues Using a Carbenoid Rearrangement.
Authors: Luu Thanh , Shi Wei , Lowary Todd L. , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development and Applications of Amino Acid Derived Organometallics
Authors: Rilatt Ian , Caggiano Lorenzo , Jackson Richard F. W.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Pincers for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Hintermann Lukas
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diels—Alder Reactions of Imino Dienophiles
Authors: Heintzelman Geoffrey R. , Meigh Ivona R. , Mahajan Yogesh R. , Weinreb Steven M.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Diversity and Catalytic Mechanism of Peptide Dendrimers
Authors: Delort Estelle , Darbre Tamis , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A novel spectroscopic probe for molecular chirality
Authors: Ji Na , Shen Yuen‐Ron
Published: January 2006

Recent advances in developing sum frequency generation (SFG) as a novel spectroscopic probe for molecular chirality are reviewed. The basic principle underlying the technique is briefly described, in comparison with circular dichroism (CD). The significantly better sensitivity of the technique than CD is pointed out, and the reason is discussed. Bi‐naphthol (BN) and amino acids are used as representatives for two different types of chiral molecules; the measured chirality in their electronic transitions can be understood by two different molecular models, respectively, that are extensions of models developed earlier for CD. Optically active or chiral SFG from vibrational transitions are weaker, but with the help of electronic‐vibrational double resonance, the vibrational spectrum of a monolayer of BN has been obtained. Generally, optically active SFG is sufficiently sensitive to be employed to probe in‐situ chirality of chiral monolayers and thin films. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality
Migration der kontinuierlichen Phase beim Trocknen von Suspensionstropfen in einer Trocknungskammer
Authors: Monse Karsten , Koch Markus , Walzel Peter
Published: January 2006

Ein Halbtropfen wird an einer gekühlten Glasscheibe aufgehängt, so dass durch diese die Umlagerungsprozesse im Inneren des trocknenden Tropfens beobachtet werden können. Diese bisher unbekannte Methode in der Verfahrenstechnik zum Trocknungsverhalten und der damit verbundenen Strukturbildung von Suspensions‐ oder Lösungstropfen erlaubt, die sprühtrocknungsrelevanten Einflussgrößen im kleinen Maßstab zu untersuchen und zu beurteilen.
Equivalent circuits for small signal performance of spin ½ particles
Authors: Civalleri Pier Paolo , Gilli Marco , Bonnin Michele
Published: January 2006

A quantum system composed of a large number of non‐interacting spin ½ particles, biased by a large constant magnetic field along the z‐axis and excited by a small circularly polarized electromagnetic wave in the xy‐plane is considered. Its small signal reflectance about the equilibrium state resulting from the biasing field and a pumping activity is calculated in the complex frequency plane. It is suggested that the equilibrium state can be locally passive or active depending on the pumping sign and level. Equivalent circuits containing imaginary resistors, i.e. frequency independent reactances, are presented for both passive and active cases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembly of a Tetranuclear CoIII‐Metallacycle from the Reaction of a Bis(benzene‐o‐dithiolato) Ligand with CoII and Subsequent Aerial Oxidation (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 3/2006)
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Kreickmann Thorsten , Pape Tania
Published: January 2006

The cover picture shows the self‐assembly of a tetranuclear CoIII metallacycle from the reaction of a bis(benzene‐o‐dithiolato) ligand and CoII after aerial oxidation. Two differently coordinated metal centres (syn and anti) are observed in the metallacycle even though a ligand with two identical donor sites has been used. This unusual structural motif is formed in order to avoid strong steric interactions between the ortho‐sulfur atoms, which would result in a hypothetical dinuclear complex. Details are discussed in the article by F. E. Hahn et al. on p. 535 ff.
Prolonged seizures recruit caudal subventricular zone glial progenitors into the injured hippocampus
Authors: Parent Jack M. , von dem Bussche Nicolas , Lowenstein Daniel H.
Published: January 2006

Neurogenesis persists in the adult rat rostral forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and is stimulated by status epilepticus (SE). More caudal SVZ (cSVZ) neural progenitors migrate to the hippocampus after ischemic injury and contribute to CA1 pyramidal cell regeneration. Because SE also damages the hippocampus, we examined the effects of SE on cSVZ precursors. SE was induced in adult rats with pilocarpine, and cell proliferation in cSVZ and hippocampus was examined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and retroviral reporter labeling. Neural precursors were assayed by immunostaining for specfic markers between 1 and 35 days after SE. BrdU‐positive cells labeled prior to SE markedly increased in numbers within 1–2 weeks in the cSVZ and infracallosal region, but not in the corpus callosum. Doublecortin‐, polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule‐, and TUC‐4 (TOAD/Ulip/CRMP family‐4)‐immunostained cells with migrating morphology increased with a similar time course after SE and extended from the cSVZ to CA1 and CA3 regions. Retroviral reporters injected into the cSVZ of controls showed labeled cells with oligodendroglial morphology located in the cSVZ and corpus callosum; when injected 2 days prior to SE, many more reporter‐labeled cells appeared several weeks later and were located in the cSVZ, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. Labeled cells showed glial morphologies and expressed astrocyte or oligodendrocyte markers. Neither BrdU‐ nor retroviral reporter‐labeled cells coexpressed neuronal markers in controls or pilocarpine‐treated rats. These results indicate that SE increases cSVZ gliogenesis and attracts newly generated glia to regions of hippocampal damage. Further study of seizure‐induced gliogenesis may provide insight into mechanisms of adult neural progenitor regulation and epileptogenesis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On an anti‐Ramsey problem of Burr, Erdős, Graham, and T. Sós
Authors: Sárközy Gábor N. , Selkow Stanley
Published: January 2006

Given a graph L, in this article we investigate the anti‐Ramsey number χS(n,e,L), defined to be the minimum number of colors needed to edge‐color some graph G(n,e) with n vertices and e edges so that in every copy of L in G all edges have different colors. We call such a copy of L totally multicolored (TMC).

In 7 among many other interesting results and problems, Burr, Erdős, Graham, and T. Sós asked the following question: Let L be a connected bipartite graph which is not a star. Is it true then that

In this article, we prove a slightly weaker statement, namely we show that the statement is true if L is a connected bipartite graph, which is not a complete bipartite graph. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 147–156, 2006
Effect of young woody plantations on carbon and nutrient accretion rates in a redeveloping soil on coalmine spoil in a dry tropical environment, India
Authors: Singh A. N. , Zeng D. H. , Chen F. S.
Published: January 2006

We compared the effects of young high‐density plantations of three native trees (legumes: Albizia lebbeck, A. procera and a non‐legume: Tectona grandis) and one fast growing woody grass species (Dendrocalamus strictus) on carbon and nutrients stock and their accretion rates in a redeveloping soil. This soil was the early phase of mine spoil restoration in a dry tropical environment. The soil bulk density and accumulation rates of C, N and P at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depth were determined in 4‐ to 5‐year‐old plantations. The total nutrient stock of soil C, N, P significantly varied in redeveloping soil according to plantation type, plantation age and soil depth. A. lebbeck greatly improved C and N content followed by D. strictus, A. procera and T. grandis plantations. However, accretion rates of C and N were substantially high in the D. strictus plantation. Therefore, D. strictus, contributed significantly to the redevelopment of mine spoil soils. In the case of total P nutrient, A. procera showed the greatest amount among the plantations but the accretion rate was also high for T. grandis followed by A. procera, A. lebbeck and D. strictus. This study indicates that all N‐fixing species may not be equally efficient in improving soil qualities especially N in the soil. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Did Gustav Mahler have Sydenham's chorea?
Authors: Cardoso Francisco , Lees Andrew J.
Published: January 2006

Sydenham's chorea (SC), a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever (RF), is characterized by chorea and other motor and nonmotor features. Among the latter are behavioral symptoms, including obsessive–compulsive disorder. Although SC is typically a self‐limited condition, up to 50% of patients may evolve with persistent chorea. There is evidence that Gustav Mahler had a movement disorder, but its nature remains undetermined. There are witnesses describing him as having facial dyskinesia and a gait disorder consistent with chorea. His conducting performance was notorious for obsessive attention to details of the staging and musical production. Mahler was diagnosed with a valvulopathy in 1907 and died of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 1911. It is possible that the composer suffered from RF in childhood with carditis and SC, which may left him with valvulopathy, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and persistent chorea. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Medical and non‐medical barriers to outpatient treatment of fever and neutropenia in children with cancer
Authors: Quezada Gerardo , Sunderland Theresa , Chan Ka Wah , Rolston Kenneth , Mullen Craig A.
Published: January 2006

Background

A number of clinical trials have employed clinical criteria that can identify pediatric patients at low‐risk for complicated episodes of fever and neutropenia (F&N) and have successfully treated low‐risk patients in the outpatient setting. Despite this, inpatient management remains the standard of care. This trial tested the hypothesis that a strategy of initial hospitalization followed by continuation of therapy in the outpatient setting could be practically implemented in the majority of episodes.

Procedure

Patients presenting with F&N were initially evaluated to determine if they had high‐risk clinical criteria that would exclude them from this approach. Eligible patients were then hospitalized and treated with iv antibiotics. On subsequent days the attending physician determined whether the patient had exhibited improvement and could continue therapy in the outpatient setting with oral antibiotics. Outpatients were seen three times weekly and continued antibiotics until recovery from F&N.

Results

Outpatient oral antibiotic therapy was practically implemented in less than one‐quarter of episodes of pediatric F&N. Forty‐nine percent of episodes were excluded from study by medical and social protocol exclusion criteria. One hundred five episodes were enrolled and among these 59 episodes included outpatient management. Common barriers to outpatient care included serious medical comorbidities, non‐medical barriers including language and distance of residence from the medical center, and lack of interest. The average duration of outpatient care was 3.6 days following an average of 3.5 days of hospitalization. Ninety percent did not require rehospitalization. They experienced no complications.

Conclusions

In only a minority of episodes can outpatient antibiotic management be implemented. Medical comorbidities and social barriers can make the transition to outpatient care difficult. However, initial hospitalization followed by oral antibiotic outpatient management appears safe and effective for low‐risk patients who exhibit good responses to initial antibiotic therapy in hospital. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:273–277. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution of ATPase activity in SMC proteins
Authors: Cobbe Neville , Heck Margarete M.S.
Published: January 2006

The SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins are a highly conserved and ubiquitous family of ATPases, found in nearly all living organisms examined, where they play crucial roles in transmission of the hereditary material. However, the extent to which efficient ATP hydrolysis is required for SMC function has been a matter of some debate. Here we investigate the potential functional significance of ATP binding and hydrolysis in different eukaryotic SMC proteins, both by comparing the conservation of conserved ATPase motifs and by exploring potential coevolution between associated domains. In this way, we have been able to account for the reduced requirement for ATPase activity in cohesin's SMC3 and demonstrate the greater apparent conservation requirements for such activity in condensin SMC proteins. Finally, we explore possible interactions between the SMC and non‐SMC components of the condensin complex that are required for full condensin activity and may modulate ATPase activity in the holocomplex. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data and Graph Mining in Chemical Space for ADME and Activity Data Sets
Authors: Wegner Jörg K. , Fröhlich Holger , Mielenz Holger M. , Zell Andreas
Published: January 2006

We present a classification method, which is based on a coordinate‐free chemical space. Thus, it does not depend on descriptor values commonly used by coordinate‐based chemical space methods. In our method the molecular similarity of chemical structures is evaluated by a generalized maximum common graph isomorphism, which supports the usage of numerical physicochemical atom property labels in addition to discrete‐atom‐type labels. The Maximum Common Substructure (MCS) algorithm applies the Highest Scoring Common Substructure (HSCS) ranking of Sheridan and co‐workers, which penalizes discontinuous fragments. For all compared classification algorithms used in this work we analyze their usefulness based on two objectives. First, we are interested in highly accurate and general hypotheses and second, the interpretation ability is highly important to increase our structural knowledge for the ADME data sets and the activity data set investigated in this work.
Generalized Procrustes Analysis
Authors: Gower J. C.
Published: January 2006

Suppose Pi(i) (i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2, ..., n) give the locations of mn points in p-dimensional space. Collectively these may be regarded as m configurations, or scalings, each of n points in p-dimensions. The problem is investigated of translating, rotating, reflecting and scaling the m configurations to minimize the goodness-of-fit criterion Σi=1m Σi=1n Δ2(Pj(i)Gi), where Gi is the centroid of the m points Pi(i) (i = 1, 2, ..., m). The rotated positions of each configuration may be regarded as individual analyses with the centroid configuration representing a consensus, and this relationship with individual scaling analysis is discussed. A computational technique is given, the results of which can be summarized in analysis of variance form. The special case m = 2 corresponds to Classical Procrustes analysis but the choice of criterion that fits each configuration to the common centroid configuration avoids difficulties that arise when one set is fitted to the other, regarded as fixed.
A Sequential Theory of Psychological Discrimination
Authors: Link S. W. , Heath R. A.
Published: January 2006

A theory of discrimination which assumes that subjects compare psychological values evoked by a stimulus to a subjective referent is proposed. Momentary differences between psychological values for the stimulus and the referent are accumulated over time until one or the other of two response thresholds is first exceeded. The theory is analyzed as a random walk bounded between two absorbing barriers. A general solution to response conditioned expected response times is computed and the important role played by the moment generating function (mgf) for increments to the random walk is examined. From considerations of the mgf it is shown that unlike other random walk models [Stone, 1960; Laming, 1968] the present theory does not imply that response conditioned mean correct and error times must be equal. For two fixed stimuli and a fixed referent it is shown that by controlling values of response thresholds, subjects can produce Receiver Operating Characteristics similar or identical to those predicted by Signal Detection Theory, High Threshold Theory, or Low Threshold Theory.
An Empirical Comparison of the Z-Variance and Box-Scheffé Tests for Homogeneity of Variance
Authors: Levy Kenneth J.
Published: January 2006

This brief report provides a comparison of the Z-variance and Box-Scheffé tests for homogeneity of variance. Both procedures are relatively simple to perform and both may be readily utilized in complex, multifactor designs. The Z-variance test is not robust against non-normality; the Box-Scheffé test is robust against non-normality but is not nearly as powerful as the Z-variance test.
Micko's “Halo”-Model for Multidimensional Ratio Scaling
Authors: Lund Thorleif
Published: January 2006

It is argued that (1) the halo-model of Micko is probably too restrictive to fit empirical data, (2) the model misrepresents unrelated percepts as bipolar structures, (3) all variations will probably be interpreted as qualitative, (4) the model requires all dimensions to be bipolar, (5) interpretations of orthogonality of factors and of factor loadings become problematic, (6) the halo may be regarded as a sort of “surface variation,” (7) the common part of two percepts is inadequately defined, and (8) the opposite part of two percepts is neglected.
A Simple Method for Pairwise Monotone Regression
Authors: Johnson Richard M.
Published: January 2006

A simple method of monotone regression is described based on the principle of minimizing pairwise departures from monotonicity.
The Asymptotic Standard Errors of Some Estimates of Uncertainty in the Two-Way Contingency Table
Authors: Brown Morton B.
Published: January 2006

Estimates of conditional uncertainty, contingent uncertainty, and normed modifications of contingent uncertainty have been proposed for the two-way contingency table. The asymptotic standard errors of the estimates are derived.
Solving Implicit Equations in Psychometric Data Analysis
Authors: Ramsay J. O.
Published: January 2006

Many data analysis problems in psychology may be posed conveniently in terms which place the parameters to be estimated on one side of an equation and an expression in these parameters on the other side. A rule for improving the rate of convergence of the iterative solution of such equations is developed and applied to four problems: the principal axis communality problem, individual differences multidimensional scaling, LP norm multiple regression, and LP norm factor analysis of a data matrix. The rule results in substantially faster solutions or in solutions where none would be possible without the rule.
A K-Sample Significance Test for Independent Alpha Coefficients
Authors: Hakstian A. Ralph , Whalen Thomas E.
Published: January 2006

The earlier two-sample procedure of Feldt [1969] for comparing independent alpha reliability coefficients is extended to the case of K ≥ 2 independent samples. Details of a normalization of the statistic under consideration are presented, leading to computational procedures for the overall K-group significance test and accompanying multiple comparisons. Results based on computer simulation methods are presented, demonstrating that the procedures control Type I error adequately. The results of a power comparison of the case of K = 2 with Feldt’s [1969] F test are also presented. The differences in power were negligible. Some final observations, along with suggestions for further research, are noted.
Comments on “the Measurement of Factorial Indeterminacy”
Authors: Mulaik Stanley A.
Published: January 2006

Guttman’s index of indeterminacy (2ρ2 − 1) measures the potential amount of uncertainty in picking the right alternative interpretation for a factor. When alternative solutions for a factor are equally likely to be correct, then the squared multiple correlation ρ2 for predicting the factor from the observed variables is the average correlation ρAB between independently selected alternative solutions A and B, while var (ρAB) = (1 − ρ2)2/s, where s is the dimensionality of the space in which unpredicted components of alternative solutions are to be found. When alternative solutions for the factor are not equally likely to be chosen, ρ2 is the lower bound for E(ρAB); however, E(ρAB) need not be a modal value in the distribution of ρAB. Guttman’s index and E(ρAB) measure different aspects of the same indeterminacy problem.
More Factors than Subjects, Tests and Treatments: An Indeterminacy Theorem for Canonical Decomposition and Individual differences Scaling
Authors: Kruskal Joseph B.
Published: January 2006

Some methods that analyze three-way arrays of data (including INDSCAL and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC) provide solutions that are not subject to arbitrary rotation. This property is studied in this paper by means of the “triple product” [A, B, C] of three matrices. The question is how well the triple product determines the three factors. The answer: up to permutation of columns and multiplication of columns by scalars—under certain conditions. In this paper we greatly expand the conditions under which the result is known to hold. A surprising fact is that the nonrotatability characteristic can hold even when the number of factors extracted is greater than every dimension of the three-way array, namely, the number of subjects, the number of tests, and the number of treatments.
Precriterion Stationarity in Markovian Learning Models
Authors: Halff Henry M.
Published: January 2006

Two forms of stationarity prior to criterion in absorbing Markov chains are examined. Both forms require that the probability of a particular response on a particular trial before absorption be independent of trial number. The stronger of these forms holds that this is true independent of starting state; the weaker, only for a specified set of starting probabilities. Simple, necessary and sufficient conditions for both forms are developed and applied to several examples.
Correlation and Prediction in Ordinal Test Theory
Authors: Schulman Robert S.
Published: January 2006

Based on the test theory model for ordinal measurements proposed by Schulman and Haden, the present paper considers correlations between tests, attenuation, regressions involving true and observed scores, and prediction of test reliability.

The population correlation between tests is shown to be related to the expected sample correlation for samples of size n1 and n2. Errors of estimation, measurement and prediction are found to be similar to their counterparts in interval test theory, while attenuation is identical to its counterpart. The bias in estimating population reliability from sample data is compared for Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho.
Latent Roots of Random Data Correlation Matrices with Squared Multiple Correlations on the Diagonal: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Montanelli Richard G. , Humphreys Lloyd G.
Published: January 2006

In order to make the parallel analysis criterion for determining the number of factors easy to use, regression equations for predicting the logarithms of the latent roots of random correlation matrices, with squared multiple correlations on the diagonal, are presented. The correlation matrices were derived from distributions of normally distributed random numbers. The independent variables are

log (N − 1) and log {[n(n − 1)/2] − [(i − 1)n]},

where N is the number of observations; n, the number of variables; and i, the ordinal position of the eigenvalue. The results were excellent, with multiple correlation coefficients ranging from .9948 to .9992.
Candelinc: A General Approach to Multidimensional Analysis of Many-Way Arrays with Linear Constraints on Parameters
Authors: Carroll J. Douglas , Pruzansky Sandra , Kruskal Joseph B.
Published: January 2006

Very general multilinear models, called CANDELINC, and a practical least-squares fitting procedure, also called CANDELINC, are described for data consisting of a many-way array. The models incorporate the possibility of general linear constraints, which turn out to have substantial practical value in some applications, by permitting better prediction and understanding. Description of the model, and proof of a theorem which greatly simplifies the least-squares fitting process, is given first for the case involving two-way data and a bilinear model. Model and proof are then extended to the case of N-way data and an N-linear model for general N. The case N = 3 covers many significant applications. Two applications are described: one of two-way CANDELINC, and the other of CANDELINC used as a constrained version of INDSCAL. Possible additional applications are discussed.
Merging Groups to Maximize Object Partition Comparison
Authors: Klastorin T. D.
Published: January 2006

The problem of objectively comparing two independently determined partitions of N objects or variables is discussed. A similarity measure based on the simple matching coefficient is defined and related to previously suggested measures. The problem of merging groups in one partition to maximize this similarity measure is discussed and formulated as a mathematical programming problem; such an approach is useful for determining to what extent the groups in one partition merely represent a finer subdivision of the groups in the other partition. By exploiting the structure of the similarity measure, an efficient algorithm is developed to determine which groups (if any) should be merged to maximize partition similarity.
Generalizations of the Partial, Part and Bipartial Canonical Correlation Analysis
Authors: Lee Sik-Yum
Published: January 2006

The g1- and g2- bipartial canonical correlation analyses are developed as generalizations of the partial, part, and bipartial canonical correlation analysis. Illustrative examples are provided.
On the Mean and Variance of the Tetrachoric Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Brown Morton B. , Benedetti Jacqueline K.
Published: January 2006

Estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the tetrachoric correlation are compared with their expected values in several 2 × 2 tables. Significant bias in the mean is found when the minimum cell frequency is less than 5. Three formulas for the standard deviation are compared and guidelines given for their use.
A Monte Carlo Investigation of Recovery of Structure by Alscal
Authors: MacCallum Robert C. , Cornelius Edwin T.
Published: January 2006

A Monte Carlo study was carried out to investigate the ability of ALSCAL to recover true structure inherent in simulated proximity measures. The nature of the simulated data varied according to (a) number of stimuli, (b) number of individuals, (c) number of dimensions, and (d) level of random error. Four aspects of recovery were studied: (a) SSTRESS, (b) recovery of true distances, (c) recovery of stimulus dimensions, and (d) recovery of individual weights. Results indicated that all four measures were rather strongly affected by random error. Also, SSTRESS improved with fewer stimuli in more dimensions, but the other three indices behaved in the opposite fashion. Most importantly, it was found that the number of individuals, over the range studied, did not have a substantial effect on any of the four measures of recovery. Practical implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
The Approximation of a Group Stimulus Space by Averaging Responses to Selected Subsets of the Stimuli
Authors: Robinson Earl J. , Lissitz Robert W.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents a simple random procedure for selecting subsets of stimulus pairs for presentation to subjects. The resulting set of ratings from the group of subjects allows the construction of a group (average) space through the use of the computer program TORSCA-9 or equivalent programs. The procedure is applied to both real and simulated data. It is found that subjects need only make between 20% and 50% of the usual judgements to reconstruct a reasonably accurate group space.
A Second Generation Nonlinear Factor Analysis
Authors: Etezadi-Amoli Jamshid , McDonald Roderick P.
Published: January 2006

Nonlinear common factor models with polynomial regression functions, including interaction terms, are fitted by simultaneously estimating the factor loadings and common factor scores, using maximum-likelihood-ratio and ordinary-least-squares methods. A Monte Carlo study gives support to a conjecture about the form of the distribution of the likelihood-ratio criterion.
When the Data are Functions
Authors: Ramsay J. O.
Published: January 2006

A datum is often a continuous function x(t) of a variable such as time observed over some interval. One or more such functions are observed for each subject or unit of observation. The extension of classical data analytic techniques designed for p-variate observations to such data is discussed. The essential step is the expression of the classical problem in the language of functional analysis, after which the extension to functions is a straightforward matter. A schematic device called the duality diagram is a very useful tool for describing an analysis and for suggesting new possibilities. Least squares approximation, descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, and canonical correlation analysis are discussed within this broader framework.
The use of Latent Class Models for Assessing Prerequisite Relations and Transference Among Traits
Authors: Macready George B.
Published: January 2006

This paper presents a strategy for pairwise assessment which may be used to evaluate the nature of both “prerequisite” and “transference” relations existing among a set of traits. This strategy is appropriate for use both within a confirmatory context, in which an attempt is made to establish the validity of some specified set of relations among traits, as well as within an exploratory context, in which a search is made for unconjectured prerequisite and transference relations existing between pairs of traits. Both uses of this strategy are based on a variety of latent class models which are representative of various possible relational states existing between pairs of traits. Thus, the nature of trait relations may be investigated through the use of statistical assessments of both absolute and relative fit attained by these models. An application is presented to exemplify how this strategy may be used within the exploratory context.
Ordered Binary Trees Constructed through an Application of Kendall's Tau
Authors: Degerman Richard
Published: January 2006

A procedure is described for orienting the nodes of a binary tree to maximize the Kendall rank order correlation (tau) between node order and a given external criterion. The procedure is computationally efficient and is based on application of an ordered set of node tests.
Using Aptitude Measurements for the Optimal Assignment of Subjects to Treatments with and without Mastery Scores
Authors: van der Linden Wim J.
Published: January 2006

For assigning subjects to treatments the point of intersection of within-group regression lines is ordinarily used as the critical point. This decision rule is critized and, for several utility functions and any number of treatments, replaced by optimal monotone, nonrandomized (Bayes) rules. Both treatments with and without mastery scores are considered. Moreover, the effect of unreliable criterion scores on the optimal decision rule is examined, and it is illustrated how qualitative information can be combined with aptitude measurements to improve treatment assignment decisions. Although the models in this paper are presented with special reference to the aptitude-treatment interaction problem in education, it is indicated that they apply to a variety of situations in which subjects are assigned to treatments on the basis of some predictor score, as long as there are no allocation quota considerations.
On Rotating to Smooth Functions
Authors: Arbuckle James , Friendly Michael L.
Published: January 2006

Tucker has outlined an application of principal components analysis to a set of learning curves, for the purpose of identifying meaningful dimensions of individual differences in learning tasks. Since the principal components are defined in terms of a statistical criterion (maximum variance accounted for) rather than a substantive one, it is typically desirable to rotate the components to a more interpretable orientation. “Simple structure” is not a particularly appealing consideration for such a rotation; it is more reasonable to believe that any meaningful factor should form a (locally) smooth curve when the component loadings are plotted against trial number. Accordingly, this paper develops a procedure for transforming an arbitrary set of component reference curves to a new set which are mutually orthogonal and, subject to orthogonality, are as smooth as possible in a well defined (least squares) sense. Potential applications to learning data, electrophysiological responses, and growth data are indicated.
Ordinal Data: An Alternative Distribution
Authors: Schulman Robert S.
Published: January 2006

To date, virtually all techniques appropriate for ordinal data are based on the uniform probability distribution over the permutations. In this paper we introduce and examine an alternative probability model for the distribution of ordinal data. Preliminary to deriving the expectations of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau under this model, we show how to compute certain conditional expectations of rho and tau under the uniform distribution. The alternative probability model is then applied to ordinal test theory, and the calculation of true scores and test reliability are discussed.