bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual search for high‐level configural differences as well as low‐level critical features is highly efficient early in childhood
Authors: Gerhardstein Peter , Kraebel Kimberly S. , Gillis Jennifer , Lassiter Shana
Published: October 2002

Visual search, or the ability to locate a single target from a field of distractors, is used as a means of assessing the capacity of the visual system with regard to the detection of low‐level stimulus dimensions such as color, line orientation, and other specific perceptual features and higher level characteristics such as three‐dimensional (3‐D) orientation implied by pictorial cues to depth or occlusion. Target‐distractor differences of importance to the visual system result in rapid (and possibly preattentive) target location while differences of lesser importance (or differences that are less salient) tend to elicit slower, less efficient search performance (search in this latter case may require attentional resources.) Adult abilities in this type of task have been tested extensively, but comparatively little is known about the development of these abilities. The present investigation was conducted to test, across a range of ages in childhood, the ability to detect visual search targets defined by a low‐level critical feature (a texton; B. Julesz, 1981) and by static (pictorial) cues to depth. Children 2 to 9 years of age and adults were tested with each type of target. Previous data from infant studies predicted that the texton‐defined differences would elicit highly efficient search performance, and this proved to be the case. When no texton difference was present, however, children's search was highly inefficient. Children between 4 to 9 years of age also proved to be quite efficient at locating a target, differing only by a pictorially rendered 3‐D orientation from the distractors, but were much less efficient when the static cues to 3‐D orientation were removed. These findings confirm previous reports that the basic processes underlying visual search are functional early in development, but suggest that children's search is less efficient than adult search when attention is required for object localization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 241–252, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10074
Expression of Peg1 (Mest) in the developing mouse heart: Involvement in trabeculation
Authors: King Tim , Bland Yvette , Webb Sandra , Barton Sheila , Brown Nigel A.
Published: October 2002

Peg1 (Mest) is an imprinted gene of unknown function widely expressed in the mouse embryo, predominantly in cells of the mesodermal lineage. We have revealed a restricted expression pattern within the developing heart. Initial uniform expression throughout the linear heart tube subsequently becomes restricted, primarily to the developing myocardial trabeculae of both the atria and ventricles, where it persists into late development. Expression in the atrial appendage myocardium precedes the emergence of trabeculae (pectinate muscles), and occurs earlier and to a greater extent on the right than on the left, reflecting the spatial and temporal pattern of trabeculation. Analysis of myocardial morphology in mice lacking the Peg1 gene, which are viable and appear grossly normal, reveals a subtle alteration in the pattern of trabeculation: an increase in thickness and reduction in density of the compact myocardium, similar to that seen in the human cardiomyopathy ventricular noncompaction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Video scalability rate control method by dynamic controlling of hierarchical bit allocation ratio
Authors: Kasai Hiroyuki , Kodama Mei , Tominaga Hideyoshi
Published: October 2002

This paper considers the hierarchical video coding system, and proposes a bit allocation rate control method by dynamic control of the hierarchical bit allocation ratio. As the first step, the MPEG‐2 SNR scalability method is considered as the hierarchical video coding, and the relation between the hierarchical bit allocation and the basic/enhancement layer quality is analyzed. It is shown that the intermediate bit allocation ratio may degrade greatly the quality in the enhancement layer. The dependency of the image quality on the hierarchical bit allocation is noted, and video coding bit allocation control is proposed, where the hierarchical loss can be suppressed by dynamically controlling the bit allocation ratio for each picture. A control method is proposed particularly, where the optimal bit allocation ratio is calculated so that the characteristic function is maximized under the constraint that the bit allocation ratio for each GOP is kept constant. Lastly, a simulation experiment is presented. It is shown that the hierarchical loss, which is generated in the conventional bit allocation control, can be suppressed by the proposed control method, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 83–96, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1149
A trainable freehand curve identifier using a fuzzy neural network
Authors: Mori Saori , Saga Sato
Published: October 2002

The authors have proposed the Fuzzy Spline Curve Identification (FSCI) method, which is a basic technology of general‐purpose freehand‐curve input for a CAD system. FSCI identifies seven curve primitives which are basic elements of CAD patterns from freehand drawings by assuming the simplest curve primitives in ambiguous freehand curves. However, this method requires considerable user training in drawing due to the fixed fuzzy rules used in FSCI.

This paper proposes a new learning‐type FSCI in which the rules are flexible so that user training can be reduced. The method is a combination of fuzzy theory and the learning capability of a neural network. It realizes a learning‐type FSCI which matches the type of each user drawing without losing the features of conventional FSCI. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 51–59, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10089
Interactive system of real‐world video based on self‐organized data structure
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroshi , Yatabe Tomoyuki , lkeuchi Katsushi , Sakauchi Masao
Published: October 2002

With recent development of digital broadcasting and networks, the volume of image data to be handled has rapidly increased. To handle massive amounts of image data on a network, the authors have proposed “advanced database TV” (ADTV) in which image data on the network can be shared. This paper proposes a real‐world video system which is a realization of ADTV, with examples. In this paper, a method of a self‐organized data structure based on image objects is proposed, since the structural elements of images (e.g., scenes, cuts, and objects) are essential elements. The method can be realized by matching a real‐world video of a city and its map. It is shown that a significant improvement of the matching accuracy can be achieved by obtaining three‐dimensional information from the images. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 60–70, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10090
Breakdown characteristics of oil and paper insulation for a very fast transient voltage
Authors: Ikeda Masami , Fukumoto Susumu , Takao Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Shinya , Haginomori Eiichi , Hikita Masayuki
Published: October 2002

This paper describes the dielectric breakdown characteristics of oil and oil‐impregnated paper for very fast transient (VFT) voltages. Blumlein circuits generate VFT voltages of 60 and 300 ns in a pulse width that simulates disconnecting switching surges in gas‐insulated switch gears. We measured the breakdown voltages of needle‐to‐plane, plane‐to‐plane oil gaps and several pieces of paper between plane electrodes for VFT and lightning impulse voltages. The measured data were formulated inV‐tcharacteristics and Weibull probability distributions. The inclinationnofV‐tcharacteristics of insulating paper is 150, which is less thann= 13.7 of the plane‐to‐plane oil gap in the VFT time range. The shape parameters of Weibull distribution obtained in this study show that the scattering of breakdown voltages of paper is much less than that of oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(4): 16–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10043
Generating single‐unit residue concentration distributions based on maximum likelihood estimation from composite data
Authors: Valdez‐Flores Ciriaco , Holden Larry R. , Sielken Robert L.
Published: October 2002

The USDA and FDA databases on pesticide residues in foods contain the residue concentrations in composites (e.g. 5 pounds of apples) as opposed to the value in a single unit (e.g. an apple). However, for assessments of acute dietary intake of pesticides it is more helpful to know the residue concentrations in units that more closely correspond to what is eaten on a single occasion. Rather than assuming that all of the pesticide detected in a composite is concentrated in one single unit or making some other worst‐case assumption, a new statistical procedure based on maximum likelihood estimation and Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to impute the frequency distribution of the single‐unit residue concentration of a chemical from composite residue concentration data. This maximum likelihood imputation procedure (or MaxLIP) incorporates censored observations (e.g. below different limits of detection), mixtures of single‐unit residue concentration distributions, correlations of single‐unit values within a composite, different numbers of units in different composites, mixtures of treated and untreated single units in the same composite, and mixtures of treated and untreated composites in the database.

In several examples with simulated data and in a validation field study, MaxLIP predicts the single‐unit residue concentration distribution well and is quite robust.

MaxLIP provides a practical example of a potentially widely applicable approach in which Monte Carlo simulation makes maximum likelihood estimation possible when the probability density and cumulative distribution functions in the likelihood are not analytically tractable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data analysis and entropy steered discrete filtering for the numerical treatment of conservation laws
Authors: Grahs Thorsten , Sonar Thomas
Published: October 2002

This paper describes the construction of a discrete filter algorithm for second‐order oscillatory schemes applied to scalar conservation laws in two space dimensions. Starting from a modification of the Lax–Wendroff scheme proposed by LeVeque (Numer. Meth. Fluids 1993; 4: 175; SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 1996; 33(2): 627) we extend this algorithm with an anisotropic diffusion procedure in order to smooth the spurious oscillations in the vicinity of a shock. To locate the regions identified with the discontinuity we analyse the discrete data with the help of an indicator for entropy production origin from a discrete entropy inequality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel multigrid orientated solution adaptive time‐step approaches
Authors: Tucker P. G.
Published: October 2002

New performance‐improving natural compatabilities between multigrid convergence acceleration and adapted time‐step solution procedures are discussed. Echoing the multigrid‐coarsened space‐steps and interpolations, a novel adaptive temporal ‘subcycling’ strategy is presented. Tests show, saving storage by basing time‐steps on a focused relatively high unsteadiness region, a focused range of variables or multigrid restricted/injected variables can be effective. A novel strategy of advancing comparative solution elements on coarser multigrid levels is found to give time savings. Higher frequency spatial components are accounted for on coarse levels through the multigrid forcing function. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of flow arising from insect wing flapping motion
Authors: Szmelter J. , Żbikowski R.
Published: October 2002

We have modelled the aerodynamics of the flapping insect wing to provide insight into the aerodynamics of flapping wing micro air vehicles. The complexities of the physics of the flow have been highlighted and methodologies which could be used to explore it have been defined. Initial solutions have been obtained which qualitatively agree with experiments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive mesh refinement for three‐dimensional off‐line tracer advection over the sphere
Authors: Hubbard M. E.
Published: October 2002

This paper describes briefly the application of a WAF‐type finite volume scheme and a standard Cartesian adaptive mesh refinement algorithm to three‐dimensional tracer advection over the sphere. Some preliminary results are shown for standard, simple test cases in two and three dimensions which illustrate the effectiveness of the WAF scheme and the improvement in efficiency obtained by the adaptive meshing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive grid generation by minimizing residuals
Authors: Roe Philip , Nishikawa Hiroaki
Published: October 2002

We describe recent developments in the method of fluctuation splitting, in particular the minimization of residuals with respect to both the nodal values of the solution and also the nodal co‐ordinates. For elliptic problems, including external (lifting) flows, obtaining good results requires that the residuals be evaluated to third order. Solutions to typical airfoil problems can then be obtained with very economical grids. For hyperbolic problems, only a second‐order evaluation of the residual is needed. Shocks can be incorporated with arbitrarily high resolution by allowing elements to shrink to zero area, but to exclude the possibility of rarefaction shocks an adaptive quadrature must be employed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateralized activation in the inferior frontal cortex during syntactic processing: Event‐related optical topography study
Authors: Noguchi Yasuki , Takeuchi Tatsuya , Sakai Kuniyoshi L.
Published: October 2002

Functional imaging with near‐infrared light has the potential to provide novel information that cannot be obtained with other imaging techniques. An event‐related paradigm has not been fully established for studying human cognitive functions with near‐infrared optical imaging. We conducted language experiments to develop an event‐related paradigm with optical topography (OT). We directly compared cortical activation during syntactic and semantic decision tasks, both of which involved error detection in a sentence stimulus that consisted of a noun phrase and a verb. In the syntactic decision task, subjects judged whether the presented sentence is syntactically correct, where the syntactic knowledge about the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs was required. In the semantic decision task, subjects judged whether the presented sentence is semantically correct, where the lexico‐semantic knowledge about selectional restrictions was indispensable. We found local increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration, which were selectively associated with the syntactic decision task. Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus was detected when syntactically anomalous sentences were presented, whereas there was no significant activation in this region when semantically anomalous sentences were presented. Moreover, identical stimuli of normal sentences elicited activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, only when the employment of syntactic knowledge was required. This task‐selective activation was not observed in any other measured regions, including the right homologous region. These results demonstrate that OT techniques, when coupled with the event‐related paradigm, are useful for studying the higher cognitive functions of the human cerebral cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:89–99, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase for human buccal squamous‐cell carcinomas: Immunohistochemical, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ RT‐PCR studies
Authors: Chen Yuk‐Kwan , Hsue Shui‐Sang , Lin Li‐Min
Published: October 2002

Background

The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is involved primarily in inflammatory and carcinogenesis processes. An enhanced expression of iNOS at the protein level has been reported previously for human oral squamous cell carcinoma; however, the expression of iNOS at the mRNA level has not yet been demonstrated. Furthermore, no studies have addressed whether iNOS expression at mRNA level correlates with cervical lymph node metastasis.

Methods

Specimens of the squamous cell carcinoma of the buccal mucosa obtained from tissue samples of surgically resected tumors from 25 male patients were evaluated with immunohistochemical assessment of iNOS protein and IS‐RT‐PCR, as well as RT‐PCR for iNOS mRNA. We also analyzed the iNOS expression status with clinical parameters to determine whether it had any prognostic significance in this homogenous population.

Results

Inducible NOS protein (16 of 25, 64%) and mRNA (13 of 25, 53%) activities were detected for the oral carcinoma specimens examined in this study. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear stainings were observed in the specimens of both well‐differentiated SCC (10 of 15, 67%), and moderately to poorly differentiated SCC (6 of 10, 60%). The cellular location of iNOS mRNA was noted to be consistent with the finding using immunohistochemical technique (cytoplasm and/or nuclei stainings of the tumor islands). Using in situ RT‐PCR, iNOS mRNA activity was detected in nine specimens of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (9 of 15, 60%) and four specimens of moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (4 of 10, 40%). With RT‐PCR, an electrophoretic band corresponding to a 907‐bp PCR product was observed for nine specimens of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (9 of 15, 60%) and four specimens of moderately to poorly differentiated squamous‐cell carcinoma (4 of 10, 40%). Neither iNOS protein nor mRNA was noticed in the samples of normal buccal mucosa or in the negative control samples. There was a significant relationship between iNOS expression (at both protein and mRNA levels) and whether patients had nodal disease.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated an enhanced expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in a number of human buccal carcinomas compared with normal buccal mucosa. Such an observation suggests that the iNOS protein and mRNA expression is chiefly derived from a subset of oral cancerous tissues. Our observation also indicates that iNOS expression correlates with cervical lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Therefore, it may also indicate that a subset of oral cancers with greater metastatic potential, as evidenced by increased expression iNOS protein and mRNA, is identified. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accident risks in disturbance recovery in an automated batch‐production system
Authors: Toulouse G.
Published: October 2002

Accident risks in automated production systems occur mainly during system disturbance. However, few studies have dealt with this issue. We were able to investigate it by studying accident risks during the recovery of incidents occurring in the running of an automated bread production system in an industrial bakery. This problem was examined through worker interviews. The main results indicate that the accident risks associated with system disturbance are due to accessibility problems and the need to operate quickly to avoid production shutdowns or material damage. Different solutions have been implemented to reduce the disturbances and accident risks. The development of these solutions seems related to the managers' and operators' concepts of what constitutes a disturbance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Invited reaction: Cultivating problem‐solving skills through problem‐based approaches to professional development
Authors: Mayer Richard E.
Published: October 2002

In her article in this issue, Margaret Lohman distinguishes among four problem‐based approaches to

professional development: case study, goal‐based scenario, problem‐based learning, and action

learning. Based on a review of more than a hundred articles, Lohman compares the four approaches in terms of the

degree to which the problems used in the training are ill‐ versus well‐defined and are either

routine or nonroutine, the degree to which the training provides low versus high guidance, the degree to which the

learning outcomes support near versus far transfer, and the relative costs of the approaches in terms of

development and implementation. Future work is needed to (1) more sharply distinguish among the kinds of

problem‐based approaches to professional development, (2) relate problem‐based training

methods to cognitive theories of learning and problem solving, and (3) build a solid empirical research

base for evaluating the cognitive outcomes of participation in various kinds of problem‐based training. In

particular, research is needed to determine which features of problem‐based training promote which kinds of

learning outcomes for which kinds of learners.
A study of the influence of promotions on promotion satisfaction and expectations of future promotions among managers
Authors: De Souza Gita
Published: October 2002

The influence of past promotions on the promotion outcomes of satisfaction with promotion magnitude,

opportunity, policies and practices, and expectations of future promotions are studied for managers. Data

collected from and analyzed for 183 male and female managers in organizations across the United States reveal a

significant positive relationship between the number of previous promotions awarded to managers by the

employing organization and the satisfaction with promotion magnitude, opportunity, and policies and practices.

The data further reveal a significant positive relationship between the number of prior promotions received

within management and the manager's expectations of future promotions from the employing organization. The

findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance for the field of human resource

development.
Circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐I and risk of ovarian cancer
Authors: Lukanova Annekatrin , Lundin Eva , Toniolo Paolo , Micheli Andrea , Akhmedkhanov Arslan , Rinaldi Sabina , Muti Paola , Lenner Per , Biessy Carine , Krogh Vittorio , Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte Anne , Berrino Franco , Hallmans Göran , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf
Published: October 2002

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I, a mitogenic and anti‐apoptotic peptide, has been implicated in the development of several cancers. We hypothesized that high circulating IGF‐I concentrations may be associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. A case–control study was nested within 3 prospective cohorts in New York (USA), Umeå (Sweden) and Milan (Italy). One hundred thirty‐two women with primary invasive epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosed at least 1 year after blood donation were case subjects. For each case, 2 control subjects were selected, matching the case subject on cohort, menopausal status, age and date of recruitment (n = 263). Only women who did not use exogenous hormones at blood donation were included in the study. There was no association between IGF‐I concentrations and ovarian cancer risk in the study group as a whole. In analyses restricted to subjects who had developed ovarian cancer at a young age (<55), circulating IGF‐I was directly and strongly associated with ovarian cancer risk (OR = 4.97; 95% CI = 1.22–20.2 for the top vs. the bottom IGF‐I tertile after adjustment for parity, BMI categories and smoking). There was no significant association of IGF binding protein‐3 with ovarian cancer risk. We found a strong direct relationship between circulating IGF‐I levels and risk of developing ovarian cancer before age 55. Additional, larger studies of this association are needed to provide more precise estimates of effect. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing endogenous ceramide using inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism maximizes ionizing radiation‐induced mitochondrial injury and apoptotic cell killing
Authors: Rodriguez‐Lafrasse Claire , Alphonse Gersende , Aloy Marie‐Thérèse , Ardail Dominique , Gérard Jean‐Pierre , Louisot Pierre , Rousson Robert
Published: October 2002

To enhance the killing effects of ionizing radiation, we amplified the endogenous ceramide signal in Jurkat cell cultures using 3 different inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism: DL‐PDMP, D‐MAPP and imipramine. Of the various possible drug combinations, only DL‐PDMP (20 μM) + imipramine (20 μM) and DL‐PDMP (20 μM) + imipramine (20 μM) + D‐MAPP (5 μM) induced a major increase in ceramide levels, reaching 240% and 340% of control values, respectively, after incubation for 48 hr. With these models, we demonstrate that endogenously formed ceramide triggers time‐ and concentration‐dependent apoptosis through induction of mitochondrial injury and activation of the caspase pathway. Cellular dysfunction includes alterations to the cellular redox potential, as assessed by the generation of ROS and total glutathione depletion, and a drop in ΔΨm. A parallel elevation of mitochondrial ceramide levels was also observed. The combination of DL‐PDMP + imipramine ± D‐MAPP with 10 Gy irradiation produced cumulative effects leading to apoptosis via mitochondrial collapse and activation of the caspase cascade. The association efficiency was confirmed in normal and acid sphingomyelinase‐deficient lymphoid cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing endogenous ceramide levels may potentially be very valuable when combined with ionizing radiation in tumor therapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in cancer patient survival in Estonia before and after the transition from a Soviet republic to an open‐market economy
Authors: Aareleid Tiiu , Brenner Hermann
Published: October 2002

Cancer patients' survival is strongly dependent on socioeconomic factors, including access to and quality of medical care. During the past decade, Estonia has undergone a major political and economic change from a Soviet republic to an open‐market economy country, and the health care system was transformed from a centralised state‐controlled system into a decentralised health insurance‐based one. Using data from the population‐based Estonian Cancer Registry, we assessed trends in cancer patient survival before and after this transition by application of period analysis, a new method of survival analysis, which allows more timely disclosure of time trends than traditional survival analysis. Our study included 83,138 patients diagnosed with 1 of the 11 most frequent malignancies in Estonia from 1969–1998. Patients were followed up to the end of 1998. Despite a moderate increase in 5‐ and 10‐year relative survival over time, prognosis for many common forms of cancer, such as stomach, colorectal, breast and ovarian cancer, remained considerably worse than the survival rates achieved in more affluent European countries many years ago. By contrast, a very steep increase in survival rates was observed for common urologic cancers, including prostate, kidney and bladder cancer, which went along with a rise in incidence rates of these cancers over time. For prostate cancer, similar survival rates as in other European countries have now been achieved. The most likely explanation for these trends is enhanced availability and utilization of laboratory and technical diagnostic equipment. Despite recent improvement, major efforts in delivering modern cancer care to the population of Estonia will be required to close the gap that continues to exist between prognosis of cancer patients in this country and other European countries. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Host genetic control of HPV 16 titer in carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri
Authors: Beskow Anna H. , Gyllensten Ulf B.
Published: October 2002

Cervical cancer is strongly associated with infection by oncogenic forms of human papillomavirus (HPV). Although most women are able to clear an HPV infection, some develop persistent infections that may lead to cancer. The determinants of persistent infection are largely unknown. We have previously shown that women developing carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri have higher titers of HPV 16 long before development of cervical neoplasia, indicating that the immune response to HPV is important in determining the outcome of an infection. The HLA class II alleles DRB1*1501 and DQB1*0602 have previously been associated with an increased risk of HPV infection, and carriers of these alleles also tend to have more long‐term infections. Together these results indicate that certain HLA alleles may affect the ability to control the HPV copy number. To evaluate this possibility, we studied the HLA class II DRB1*1501‐DQB1*0602 haplotype, as well as the alleles individually, and the HPV 16 titer in 928 women from a retrospective case‐control study (441 cases and 487 controls). Carriers of the haplotype DRB1*1501‐DQB1*0602 allele have a significantly higher HPV 16 titer compared to noncarriers (t‐test with unequal variance, p = 0.017). An association was found between the HLA haplotype carrier frequency and HPV 16 titer (Mantel‐Haenszel statistics p = 0.005). To study whether titer is related to the persistency of infection, women were divided into groups with long‐term and short‐term infection. A strong correlation is seen between long‐term infection and high viral load and between short‐term infection and low viral load. These results show that host genetic factors, e.g., variation at the HLA class II loci studied, may affect the immune reaction to the virus and thereby indirectly increase the susceptibility to carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Very young foster children and foster families: Clinical challenges and interventions
Authors: Heller Sherryl Scott , Smyke Anna T. , Boris Neil W.
Published: October 2002

Recent federal reviews of the foster care system in the United States have concluded that the system is “in crisis.” Clinicians familiar with the foster care system are undoubtedly aware of significant stress points directly impacting foster families. In July of 1997, an innovative program was developed to assess and treat young foster children (under 48 months of age). A significant focus of this program's clinical work is supporting foster parents. This article begins with a brief review of the status of foster parenting in the United States. A description of challenges and obstacles faced by foster parents participating in this program and the service providers who work with them follows. Finally, a review of the various intervention strategies used by our program to address clinical challenges inherent in work with foster families is provided. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Evaluating maltreated infants, toddlers, and preschoolers in dependency court
Authors: Malik Neena M. , Lederman Cindy S. , Crowson Mary M. , Osofsky Joy D.
Published: October 2002

Work in the child welfare system is rarely informed by research, particularly in the court system. Resources are limited, despite the fact that it is in juvenile dependency courts that the most serious cases of maltreatment are heard and decisions made about the safety and treatment of maltreated children. Although a disproportionate number of dependent or foster children are infants and toddlers, courts rarely have access to specialized expertise in understanding the needs of young children. In this article, a court‐based evaluation program called PREVENT (Prevention and Evaluation of Early Neglect and Trauma) is presented. The PREVENT protocol is described and the intervention implications for the program are discussed. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Integration: Evaluating faculty work as a whole
Authors: Colbeck Carol L.
Published: October 2002

Faculty work frequently involves joint production of teaching and research, teaching and service, or research and service. Evaluation should recognize and encourage integration of faculty work roles.
The impact of technology on faculty performance and its evaluation
Authors: McInnis Craig
Published: October 2002

A volatile mix—new technologies and academic identities.
Interim impairment reviews: What are the consequences?
Authors: Urbancic Frank R.
Published: October 2002

Goodwill purchased in business combinations must now be reviewed for impairment, rather than amortized. The

author takes a critical look at a controversial issue: the timing and frequency for recognizing an impairment

loss. What are the implications on strategic planning for M&As? © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.
On c‐Bhaskar Rao designs with block size 4
Authors: Greig Malcolm , Hurd Spencer P. , McCranie Judson S. , Sarvate Dinesh G.
Published: October 2002

Several new families of c‐Bhaskar Rao designs with block size 4 are constructed. The necessary conditions for the existence of a c‐BRD (υ,4,λ) are that: (1)λmin=−λ/3 ≤ c ≤ λ and (2a) c≡λ (mod 2), if υ > 4 or (2b) c≡ λ (mod 4), if υ = 4 or (2c) c≠ λ − 2, if υ = 5. It is proved that these conditions are necessary, and are sufficient for most pairs of c and λ; in particular, they are sufficient whenever λ−c ≠ 2 for c > 0 and whenever c − λmin≠ 2 for c < 0. For c < 0, the necessary conditions are sufficient for υ> 101; for the classic Bhaskar Rao designs, i.e., c = 0, we show the necessary conditions are sufficient with the possible exception of 0‐BRD (υ,4,2)'s for υ≡ 4 (mod 6). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 361–386, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10009
Correlation of p21 gene codon 31 polymorphism and TNF‐α gene polymorphism with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Hsui , Chen Wen‐Chi , Tsai Fuu‐Jen
Published: October 2002

Background p21 (WAF1/CIP1) is a downstream protein from p53 and can arrest the cell cycle at the G1/S phase in response to signal from p53. The most frequently seen polymorphic site is at codon 31, where a base change from AGC to AGA causes an amino acid change from serine to arginine. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is a cytokine that is secreted from macrophages, and is related to a sequence of events in the response to inflammation and cancer formation. The TNF‐α gene promoter –308 G/A polymorphism has been reported to be associated with some cancers. In this study, these polymorphisms were proposed to be a candidate genetic marker of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The distribution was analyzed in 47 NPC patients and a control group of 119 healthy people. The association of the p21 codon 31 polymorphism with NPC was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis byBlpI endonuclease, and calculated by the chi‐square test. The TNF‐α gene promoter –308 G/A polymorphism was identified byNcoI endonuclease. The distribution of the gene p21 codon 31 polymorphisms showed no significant difference between the two groups. The serine form of p21 codon 31 was more prominent in smokers than nonsmokers among the NPC patients (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in the distribution of TNF‐α gene promoter –308 G/A polymorphism between control and cancer patients. The results indicate that the gene p21 codon 31 polymorphism and TNF‐α promoter –308 polymorphism are not correlated with NPC. However, the difference between smokers and nonsmokers suggests that an environmental factor may be involved in association with the p21 gene in the formation of NPC. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:146–150, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reflections on practice: Ethics, race, and worldviews
Authors: Bishop Brian J. , Higgins David , Casella Francis , Contos Natalie
Published: October 2002

Two case studies involving Indigenous Australians are described, which pose ethical and conceptual problems. Over two decades ago Sarason (1972) gave the warning that we are socialized into a culture so well that our interventions can be ineffective or misguided unless we attempt to come to grips with history and the broader social context. Understanding worldviews of both the targeted community and ourselves is imperative if we are going to do more good than harm. The two case studies involve White practitioners working with Indigenous people, and as such, bring into sharp relief the ethical issues and worldviews of those involved. Reflection on the process of intervention provides a mechanism for insight into informed practice and the development of professional knowledge and theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling and experimental verification of radiative transfer of a flat‐plate photoreactor with immobilized photocatalyst
Authors: Dal Zhiming , Gu Mingyuan , Chen Aiping , Gu Hongchen , Zhu Zhongnan
Published: October 2002

A cost‐effective design of photocatalytic reactor needs efficient contact of the polluted substance with the solid catalyst while uniformly irradiating the solid catalyst with light. In the present paper, an immobilized photocatalyst comprising TiO2 coated on Pyrex‐glass‐coils (abbreviated hereafter as TGC) was developed, and a flat‐plate photocatalytic reactor packed with TGC was designed. The reactor has some advantages such as low pressure drop, intensification of mass transfer; relatively uniform distribution of light radiation; high ratio of illuminated catalyst surface area to volume, and is flexible enough for large‐scale application. The radiation intensity distribution and the two‐flux model parameters were measured, and the two‐flux model was solved numerically. The experimental values were compared with the theoretical predictions. Good agreement was obtained with a maximum deviation about 10%. Finally, the two‐flux model described the radiation intensity distribution and local volumetric rate of energy absorption in the flat‐plate reactor packed with TGC.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic demonstration of a pancreatopleural fistula
Authors: Kumar Atin , Upreti Lalendra , Bhargava Satish K. , Gupta Shefali
Published: October 2002

Pancreatopleural fistula is an uncommon complication of pancreatitis. The presence of a fistulous tract, although not mandatory for diagnosis of pancreatopleural fistula, has been documented previously with contrast‐enhanced radiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. We report the case of a pancreatopleural fistula with right pleural effusion demonstrated sonographically in a 13‐year‐old girl with a history of chronic pancreatitis and upper abdominal pain. Sonography also showed a pseudocyst of the pancreas with pleural effusion. The patient was treated conservatively with nutritional support and intercostal drainage of the pleural fluid. Her symptoms resolved and the pleural effusion gradually disappeared. Sonography is useful in confirming the presence of a suggested pancreatopleural fistula and can avoid the need for other, more technically challenging imaging modalities. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:503–505, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10103
Detection of air microbubbles in the internal jugular vein after intravenous injection of contrast agent for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale
Authors: Ratanakorn Disya , Myers Lawrence G. , Tegeler Charles H.
Published: October 2002

The use of agitated air and saline, injected intravenously, combined with monitoring of the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography, is an effective method for detecting paradoxic cerebral embolism caused by right‐to‐left intracardiac shunting. This technique is particularly useful in patients with a patent foramen ovale. In patients without temporal acoustic windows, the method can be modified by using sonographic monitoring of the common carotid artery. Observation of saline‐contrast microbubbles in the internal jugular vein during this procedure suggests incompetence of the ipsilateral internal jugular valve. This noninvasive method may thus be useful for studying the competence of the internal jugular valve. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:506–509, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10105
Mechanism by which an elevation of extracellular glucide concentration induces pigment aggregation in medaka melanophores
Authors: Fujii Ryozo , Goda Makoto , Oshima Noriko
Published: October 2002

An increase in glucide concentration induces pigment aggregation in melanophores in the skin on scales isolated from the medaka, Oryzias latipes. In this study, hexoses (including the common D‐isomers of glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannitol) were examined. Denervated melanophores were refractory to such stimuli. An α‐adrenolytic agent, phentolamine, effectively blocked the responses of normally innervated melanophores. The pigment‐aggregating action of glucide was inhibited by withdrawal of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from the medium. A specific blocker of voltage‐dependent N‐type Ca2+ channels, the ω‐conotoxin GVIA, also inhibited the glucide action. The conclusion derived is that an elevation of glucide levels acts to open Ca2+ channels of presynaptic membranes of sympathetic postganglionic fibers, and the consequently released adrenergic transmitter acts on the effector cells to induce the aggregation of their pigmentary organelles. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:514–522, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular markers and therapeutic targets in ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Boland Gary P. , Knox W. Fiona , Bundred Nigel J.
Published: October 2002

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a premalignant condition which accounts for approximately 20% of all new breast cancers and up to 40% of neoplastic lesions detected by mammographic screening. Since recurrence is common after DCIS treated with breast conservation surgery, there is a need to determine molecular factors that predict recurrence. In parallel with this and with the finding that oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer can be prevented with anti‐oestrogens, there have been recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of DCIS. Receptor coexpression in DCIS has been determined largely by immunohistochemistry. Animal models have provided evidence for the signalling pathways involved in the regulation and dysregulation of proliferation and apoptosis in both normal breast and in situ cancer. ER‐negative DCIS has been shown to be hormone‐independent. Blockade of the pathways involved in cell proliferation in ER‐negative DCIS is possible and will be necessary to prevent ER‐negative breast cancers if the goal of breast cancer chemoprevention is to be realistically achieved. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:3–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoids and retinoic acid receptors regulate growth arrest and apoptosis in human mammary epithelial cells and modulate expression of CBP/p300
Authors: Dietze Eric C. , Caldwell L. Elizabeth , Marcom Kelly , Collins Steven J. , Yee Lisa , Swisshelm Karen , Hobbs Katherine B. , Bean Gregory R. , Seewaldt Victoria L.
Published: October 2002

Retinoids and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are important mediators of normal epithelial cell homeostasis. To assess the role of retinoids and RARs in regulating growth arrest and apoptosis in benign and malignant mammary epithelial cells, two model systems were developed: 1) RAR function was suppressed in retinoid‐sensitive normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) by the dominant‐negative retinoic acid receptor, RARα403 (DNRAR), and 2) retinoid‐resistant MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were transduced with a functional RARβ2. Inhibition of RAR function by the DNRAR in HMECs resulted in retinoid‐resistance, increased proliferation, and dysregulated growth when cells were cultured in reconstituted extracellular matrix (rECM). Expression of RARβ2 in MCF‐7 cells resulted in sensitivity to retinoid‐induced growth arrest and apoptosis. The CREB‐binding protein (CBP) and the homologous protein p300 are tightly regulated, rate‐limiting integrators of diverse signaling pathways and are recruited during retinoid‐mediated transcriptional activation. The relationship between retinoid receptor expression, growth regulation, and transcriptional regulation of CBP/p300 is poorly understood. Inhibition of RAR function in HMECs by DNRAR suppressed expression of CBP/p300 and expression of RARβ2 in MCF‐7 cells promoted induction of CBP/p300 when cells were treated with 1.0 μM all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA). These results suggest that ATRA and RARs regulate growth arrest of HMECs and modulate CBP/p300 protein expression. Since CBP and p300 are normally present in limiting amounts, their regulation by ATRA and RARs may be an important element in the control of transcriptional activation of genes regulating growth arrest and apoptosis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:23–40, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological examination of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: Potential problems and possible solutions
Authors: Hoda Syed A. , Chiu April , Resetkova Erika , Harigopal Malini , Hoda Rana S. , Osborne Michael P.
Published: October 2002

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has emerged during the last few years as a viable option for staging the axilla in the treatment of breast carcinoma. This procedure can potentially identify patients who would be helped by full axillary lymph node dissection (the SLN‐positive cases), and those who would not (the SLN‐negative cases). Review of the literature confirms the promise of SLN; however, the possible problems in the pathological handling of SLN, including the microscopic misinterpretation of benign structures and “spurious” immunohistochemical staining, need wider recognition. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:85–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple and rapid scanning electron microscope preparative technique for delicate “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellates
Authors: Botes Lizeth , Price Brendon , Waldron Miranda , Pitcher Grant C.
Published: October 2002

Light microscopy (LM) is routinely used to investigate delicate (unarmoured and lightly armoured) “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellate species but at this level of resolution, morphological features such as apical grooves, apical pores, thin thecal plates, and scales are often difficult to observe, thereby necessitating the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Good results were obtained when harvested cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) as the primary fixative, adhered with poly‐L‐lysine to round glass coverslips, dehydrated in an ethanol series, and dried with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Poly‐L‐lysine has in the past effectively been used to adhere biological material such as human red blood cells, mouse leukemic cells, and marine dinoflagellates to glass coverslips. HMDS has been used to substitute critical point drying (CPD) to dry soft insect tissues, rat hepatic endothelial cells, and the cilia of rat trachea. By combining and fine‐tuning these two protocols in SEM studies of delicate “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellates, it is possible to overcome cell distortion such as shrinking and collapsing that result from centrifuging, filtering, and CPD. The combination of poly‐L‐lysine and HMDS not only produces good results but also requires limited expertise and equipment, is inexpensive, and is less time‐consuming. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:128–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.