bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent backscattering in quasi-ballistic ultra-high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES
Authors: Samaraweera R. L. , Liu H.-C. , Gunawardana B. , Kriisa A. , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Mani R. G.
Published: June 2018

A small and narrow negative-magnetoresistance (MR) effect that appears about null magnetic field over the interval −0.025 ≤ B ≤ 0.025 T in magnetotransport studies of the GaAs/AlGaAs 2D system with μ ≈ 107cm2/Vs is experimentally examined as a function of the sample temperature, T. The temperature dependent magnetoresistance data were fit using the Hikami et al. theory, without including the spin-orbit correction, to extract the inelastic length, li, which decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. It turns out that li < le, where le is the elastic length, for all T. Thus, we measured the single particle lifetime, τs, and the single particle mean free path ls = vFτs. A comparison between li and ls indicates that li > ls. The results suggest that the observed small and narrow magnetoresistance effect about null magnetic field could be a manifestation of coherent backscattering due to small angle scattering from remote ionized donors in the high mobility GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES.
ChemDIS-Mixture: an online tool for analyzing potential interaction effects of chemical mixtures
Authors: Tung Chun-Wei , Wang Chia-Chi , Wang Shan-Shan , Lin Pinpin
Published: June 2018

The assessment of bioactivity and toxicity for mixtures remains a challenging work. Although several computational models have been developed to accelerate the evaluation of chemical-chemical interaction, a specific biological endpoint should be defined before applying the models that usually relies on clinical and experimental data. The development of computational methods is desirable for identifying potential biological endpoints of mixture interactions. To facilitate the identification of potential effects of mixture interactions, a novel online system named ChemDIS-Mixture is proposed to analyze the shared target proteins, and common enriched functions, pathways, and diseases affected by multiple chemicals. Venn diagram tools have been implemented for easy analysis and visualization of interaction targets and effects. Case studies have been provided to demonstrate the capability of ChemDIS-Mixture for identifying potential effects of mixture interactions in clinical studies. ChemDIS-Mixture provides useful functions for the identification of potential effects of coexposure to multiple chemicals. ChemDIS-Mixture is freely accessible at http://cwtung.kmu.edu.tw/chemdis/mixture.
Lipid rafts are essential for release of phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles from platelets
Authors: Wei Hao , Malcor Jean-Daniel M. , Harper Matthew T.
Published: June 2018

Platelets protect the vascular system during damage or inflammation, but platelet activation can result in pathological thrombosis. Activated platelets release a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs shed from the plasma membrane often expose phosphatidylserine (PS). These EVs are pro-thrombotic and increased in number in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The mechanisms by which PS-exposing EVs are shed from activated platelets are not well characterised. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts provide a platform for coordinating signalling through receptors and Ca2+channels in platelets. We show that cholesterol depletion with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or sequestration with filipin prevented the Ca2+-triggered release of PS-exposing EVs. Although calpain activity was required for release of PS-exposing, calpain-dependent cleavage of talin was not affected by cholesterol depletion. P2Y12and TPα, receptors for ADP and thromboxane A2, respectively, have been reported to be in platelet lipid rafts. However, the P2Y12antagonist, AR-C69931MX, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, aspirin, had no effect on A23187-induced release of PS-exposing EVs. Together, these data show that lipid rafts are required for release of PS-exposing EVs from platelets.
Female Japanese quail visually differentiate testosterone-dependent male attractiveness for mating preferences
Authors: Hiyama Gen , Mizushima Shusei , Matsuzaki Mei , Tobari Yasuko , Choi Jae-Hoon , Ono Takashi , Tsudzuki Masaoki , Makino Satoshi , Tamiya Gen , Tsukahara Naoki , Sugita Shoei , Sasanami Tomohiro
Published: June 2018

Biased mating due to female preferences towards certain traits in males is a major mechanism driving sexual selection, and may constitute an important evolutionary force in organisms with sexual reproduction. In birds, although the role of male ornamentation, plumage coloration, genetic dissimilarity, and body size have on mate selection by females have been examined extensively, few studies have clarified exactly how these characteristics affect female mate preferences. Here, we show that testosterone (T)-dependent male attractiveness enhances female preference for males of a polygamous species, the Japanese quail. A significant positive correlation between female mating preference and circulating T in the male was observed. The cheek feathers of attractive males contained higher levels of melanin and were more brightly colored. The ability of females to distinguish attractive males from other males was negated when the light source was covered with a sharp cut filter (cutoff; < 640 nm). When females were maintained under short-day conditions, the expression of retinal red-sensitive opsin decreased dramatically and they became insensitive to male attractiveness. Our results showed that female preference in quail is strongly stimulated by male feather coloration in a T-dependent manner and that female birds develop a keen sense for this coloration due to upregulation of retinal red-sensitive opsin under breeding conditions.
High level of IgG4 as a biomarker for a new subset of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Wang Zhujun , Zhu Min , Luo Chengxin , zhen Yu , Mu Jingxi , Zhang Wenyan , Ouyang Qin , Zhang Hu
Published: June 2018

The roles of B and plasma cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are largely unrevealed. Data on the characteristics of IgG4 in patients with IBD are scarce. In this case-control study, serum IgG4 levels were comparable between patients with IBD and healthy individuals, whereas patients with IBD had dramatically higher mucosal IgG4 counts than healthy individuals. In patients with UC, mucosal IgG4 counts were positively correlated with serum IgG4 levels, serum IgG4/IgG ratios, and the Mayo Index; serum IgG4 levels and IgG4/IgG ratios were associated with a history of intestinal surgery and medications. A significant mucosal IgG4 count was found in 33.3% of patients with IBD, whereas, elevated serum IgG4 levels were found in only 9.9% of patients with IBD. Lesions were more severe and extensive in IBD patients with high levels of serum and mucosal IgG4. High levels of serum and mucosal IgG4 decreased after treatment with glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressants. High IgG4 level may be a biomarker for a new subset of IBD. More studies are warranted to explore this new subset of IBD for personalized therapy in the future.
Elimination of all redundant climbing fiber synapses requires granule cells in the postnatal cerebellum
Authors: Bailly Yannick , Rabacchi Sylvia , Sherrard Rachel M. , Rodeau Jean-Luc , Demais Valérie , Lohof Ann M. , Mariani Jean
Published: June 2018

Different afferent synapse populations interact to control the specificity of connections during neuronal circuit maturation. The elimination of all but one climbing-fiber onto each Purkinje cell during the development of the cerebellar cortex is a particularly well studied example of synaptic refinement. The suppression of granule cell precursors by X irradiation during postnatal days 4 to 7 prevents this synaptic refinement, indicating a critical role for granule cells. Several studies of cerebellar development have suggested that synapse elimination has a first phase which is granule cell-independent and a second phase which is granule cell-dependent. In this study, we show that sufficiently-strong irradiation restricted to postnatal days 5 or 6 completely abolishes climbing fiber synaptic refinement, leaving the olivo-cerebellar circuit in its immature configuration in the adult, with up to 5 climbing fibers innervating the Purkinje cell in some cases. This implies that the putative early phase of climbing fiber synapse elimination can be blocked by irradiation-induced granule cell loss if this loss is sufficiently large, and thus indicates that the entire process of climbing fiber synapse elimination requires the presence of an adequate number of granule cells. The specific critical period for this effect appears to be directly related to the timing of Purkinje cell and granule cell development in different cerebellar lobules, indicating a close, spatiotemporal synchrony between granule-cell development and olivo-cerebellar synaptic maturation.
HO-1-derived CO Is a Regulator of Vascular Function and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Schragenheim J. , Maayan O. , Abraham N. G.
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the ability of CO to act as a gasotransmitter, increase the mitochondrial function, and thus inhibit obesity and diabetes through the use of the heme oxygenase (HO)-1/CO/bilirubin pathway. The HO system attenuates the toxic effects of oxidative stress in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-HO-1 pathway has been supported as one of the most potent targets for reversing the malignant effects of oxidative stress and pre-adipocyte differentiation resulting from diminished oxidative capacity in unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. CO as a gasotransmitter is a potent regulator of vascular homeostasis while simultaneously increasing the insulin secretion. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of bilirubin and ferritin attenuate the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) perturbations that elevate the oxidative stress, hypertension, and inflammatory adipokine signaling. Upregulation of HO-1-derived CO by PGC-1α further functions to hinder the proliferation of superoxide and restore the respiratory capacity by increasing the mitochondrial biogenesis and restoring the mtDNA integrity.
Reducing the toxicity of amphotericin B by encapsulation using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-glutamic acid-co-l-phenylalanine)
Authors: Yang Chenguang , Xue Baiji , Song Wantong , Kan Bo , Zhang Dawei , Yu Haiyang , Shen Na , Li Xuefeng , Tang Zhaohui , Chen Xuesi
Published: June 2018

Amphotericin B (AmB) is an antifungal drug used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniosis.
A carbonaceous two-dimensional lattice with FeN4 units
Authors: Maruyama Jun , Amano Taiji , Inoue Satoshi , Muramatsu Yasuji , Yoshizawa Noriko , Gullikson Eric M.
Published: June 2018

Sublimation, deposition, and pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine on a graphene plane at a carbonization-inducing temperature generate a carbonaceous two-dimensional lattice.
Theoretical study of CO2 hydrogenation into formic acid on Lewis acid zeolites
Authors: Thongnuam Worawaran , Maihom Thana , Choomwattana Saowapak , Injongkol Yuwanda , Boekfa Bundet , Treesukol Piti , Limtrakul Jumras
Published: June 2018

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid over Lewis acidic zeolites as catalyst has been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) with the M06-L functional.
Impact of kilobar pressures on ultrafast triazene and thiacyanine photodynamics
Authors: Grimmelsmann Lena , Schuabb Vitor , Tekin Beritan , Winter Roland , Nuernberger Patrick
Published: June 2018

Application of high hydrostatic pressure leads to changes in (sub)picosecond emission dynamics, depending on the mechanism at work for the photoreaction.
Highly responsive hydrazine sensors based on donor–acceptor perylene diimides: impact of electron-donating groups
Authors: Huang Yongwei , Zhang Shasha , Zhong Guangcai , Li Chunli , Liu Zhonghua , Jin Dongzhu
Published: June 2018

This work presents a new protocol for the design of highly responsive hydrazine sensors based on donor–acceptor perylenediimides.
Electrochemical energy storage devices for wearable technology: a rationale for materials selection and cell design
Authors: Sumboja Afriyanti , Liu Jiawei , Zheng Wesley Guangyuan , Zong Yun , Zhang Hua , Liu Zhaolin
Published: June 2018

Fabrication of durable and wearable electrochemical energy storage devices remains challenging. Recent advances in cell designs and performances during mechanical deformations are discussed in detail.
Real-time and selective detection of nitrates in water using graphene-based field-effect transistor sensors
Authors: Chen Xiaoyan , Pu Haihui , Fu Zipeng , Sui Xiaoyu , Chang Jingbo , Chen Junhong , Mao Shun
Published: June 2018

A benzyltriethylammonium chloride-modified graphene field-effect transistor sensor has high sensitivity, high selectivity and rapid response for nitrate detection.
Activating basal plane in NiFe layered double hydroxide by Mn2+ doping for efficient and durable oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhou Daojin , Cai Zhao , Jia Yin , Xiong Xuya , Xie Qixian , Wang Shiyuan , Zhang Ying , Liu Wen , Duan Haohong , Sun Xiaoming
Published: June 2018

Reducing Mn2+ ions were doped to tailor the electronic structure of Ni and Fe sites in NiFe-layered double hydroxides.
The fundamental roles of monovalent and divalent cations with sulfates on molybdenite flotation in the absence of flotation reagents
Authors: Li Yubiao , Lartey Clement , Song Shaoxian , Li Yingjie , Gerson Andrea R.
Published: June 2018

Schematic of molybdenite oxidation and flotation in the presence of various cations. (a) Oxidised molybdenite edge, in the presence of (b) Na+, (c) K+, (d) Ca2+, and (e) Mg2+.
3D web freestanding RuO2–Co3O4 nanowires on Ni foam as highly efficient cathode catalysts for Li–O2 batteries
Authors: Jiang Zhuo-Liang , Xie Jing , Luo Cong-Shan , Gao Meng-Yang , Guo Huan-Liang , Wei Mo-Han , Zhou Hong-Jun , Sun Hui
Published: June 2018

Freestanding RuO2–Co3O4 nanowires on Ni foam were synthesized and applied as a cathode in Li–O2 battery. This cathode can deliver a high capacity of 9620 mA h g−1 and stable long-term operation exceeding 122 cycles at 100 mA g−1.
MgH2–CoO: a conversion-type composite electrode for LiBH4-based all-solid-state lithium ion batteries
Authors: El Kharbachi Abdelouahab , Uesato Hiroki , Kawai Hironori , Wenner Sigurd , Miyaoka Hiroki , Sørby Magnus H. , Fjellvåg Helmer , Ichikawa Takayuki , Hauback Bjørn C.
Published: June 2018

The findings point to a means of guided formation of MgH2–CoO conversion-type nanocomposite electrode for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.
In vivodetection of salicylic acid in sunflower seedlings under salt stress
Authors: Hu Ye , Zhao Jing , Li Haiyang , Wang Xiaodong , Hou Peichen , Wang Cheng , Li Aixue , Chen Liping
Published: June 2018

A Pt nanoflowers/ERGO modified Pt microelectrode was proposed to detect salicylic acid in plants under salt stressin vivo.
A near-infrared photoinverter based on ZnO and quantum-dots
Authors: Kim Byung Jun , Park Sungho , Cha Soon Kyu , Han Il Ki , Kang Seong Jun
Published: June 2018

A near-infrared photoinverter was fabricated based on ZnO and quantum-dots. We found that the small band gap quantum-dots could absorb low-energy near-infrared photons, generate photo-excited carriers, and inject them into the conduction band of ZnO.
Multiphasic aqueous hydroformylation of 1-alkenes with micelle-like polymer particles as phase transfer agents
Authors: Bibouche Bachir , Peral Daniel , Stehl Dmitrij , Söderholm Viktor , Schomäcker Reinhard , von Klitzing Regine , Vogt Dieter
Published: June 2018

Micelle-like polyelectrolyte polymer particles were applied as phase transfer agents and catalyst carriers in the multiphasic hydroformylation of long chain alkenes achieving high turnover frequencies and efficient catalyst recovery.
Iodine-promoted stereoselective amidosulfenylation of electron-deficient alkynes
Authors: Xiao Fuhong , Wang Dahan , Yuan Shanshan , Huang Huawen , Deng Guo-Jun
Published: June 2018

Iodine-promoted three-component synthesis of substituted β-amino sulfides has been developed starting from propargyl ester, aliphatic secondary amine, and disulfide.
Interface engineering using a perovskite derivative phase for efficient and stable CsPbBr3 solar cells
Authors: Li Huan , Tong Guoqing , Chen Taotao , Zhu Hanwen , Li Guopeng , Chang Yajing , Wang Li , Jiang Yang
Published: June 2018

A derivative-phase CsPb2Br5 is introduced into inorganic perovskite solar cells, which will effectively eliminate interface defects, lower the energy barrier of electron transport layer and suppress the recombination at the interface of hole transport layer in the devices.
Reversible light-directed self-organized 3D liquid crystalline photonic nanostructures doped with azobenzene-functionalized bent-shaped molecules
Authors: Wang Meng , Hu Wei , Wang Ling , Guo Duan-Yi , Lin Tsung-Hsien , Zhang Lanying , Yang Huai
Published: June 2018

Self-organized 3D liquid crystalline photonic nanostructures with high light-directed controllability are developed by doping azobenzene-functionalized bent-shaped molecules.
Vaex: big data exploration in the era of Gaia
Authors: Breddels Maarten A. , Veljanoski Jovan
Published: June 2018

We present a new Python library, called vaex, intended to handle extremely large tabular datasets such as astronomical catalogues like the Gaia catalogue, N-body simulations, or other datasets which can be structured in rows and columns. Fast computations of statistics on regular N-dimensional grids allows analysis and visualization in the order of a billion rows per second, for a high-end desktop computer. We use streaming algorithms, memory mapped files, and a zero memory copy policy to allow exploration of datasets larger than memory, for example out-of-core algorithms. Vaex allows arbitrary (mathematical) transformations using normal Python expressions and (a subset of) numpy functions which are “lazily” evaluated and computed when needed in small chunks, which avoids wasting of memory. Boolean expressions (which are also lazily evaluated) can be used to explore subsets of the data, which we call selections. Vaex uses a similar DataFrame API as Pandas, a very popular library, which helps migration from Pandas. Visualization is one of the key points of vaex, and is done using binned statistics in 1d (e.g. histogram), in 2d (e.g. 2d histograms with colourmapping) and 3d (using volume rendering). Vaex is split in in several packages: vaex-core for the computational part, vaex-viz for visualization mostly based on matplotlib, vaex-jupyter for visualization in the Jupyter notebook/lab based in IPyWidgets, vaex-server for the (optional) client-server communication, vaex-ui for the Qt based interface, vaex-hdf5 for HDF5 based memory mapped storage, vaex-astro for astronomy related selections, transformations, and memory mapped (column based) FITS storage.
The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa to Quantitate Platelet Deposition on Artificial Surfaces
Authors: Mulvihill Juliette N , Huisman Han G , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , van Mourik Jan A , van Aken Willem G
Published: June 2018

A new technique is described to quantitate platelet deposition in vitro on artifical surfaces, based on a surface phase radioimmunoassay using the monoclonal antibody 6C9, directed specifically against the membrane glycoprotein complex IIb-IIIa of human platelets. Results correlate in linear fashion with those obtained using 111Indium labeled platelets. The method offers particular advantages for the measurement of platelet deposition in whole blood, since platelet separation, washing and labeling procedures are eliminated, together with the ensuing possible selection of platelet populations. In vitro perfusion is performed in glass capillaries of precisely defined diameter (0.80 or 0.56 mm i.d.). Blood flow is laminar and accurately controlled over wall shear rates ranging from venous to capillary (50-4,000 s-1). Using glass capillaries precoated with purified human albumin or fibrinogen or bovine collagen, platelet deposition from suspensions of washed human platelets in Tyrode's-albumin buffer in the presence of a 40% hematocrit is (platelets/mm2): 11,000 (albumin), 78,000 (fibrinogen) and 306,000 (collagen) after 5 min perfusion at 2,000 s-1. In heparin, citrate or hirudin anticoagulated whole blood, surfaces are passivated, probably by albumin adsorption from plasma (platelets/mm2): 400 (albumin), 3,600 (fibrinogen) and 48,000 (collagen) after 5 min perfusion in the presence of 13 mM citrate.
A Plastic Substitute for Silicone-Coated Glass Pipettes
Authors: Goulian M
Published: June 2018

Directions are given for construction of plastic 0.1 and 0.2 ml pipettes to replace their silicone-coated glass counterparts in blood coagulation work.
Effet du Bromure de 2-Amino-Ethylisothiouronium (AET) sur l’Hémocoagulation
Authors: Praga C , Jean G , Ferrone S
Published: June 2018

L’AET en solution aqueuse et à un pH physiologique se transforme en MEG.

Les groupes –SH de ce produit agissent sur plusieurs facteurs procoagulants et anticoagulants. La réaction prothrombine-thrombine paraît particulièrement inhibée tandis que la réaction fibrinogène tllrombir→ fibrine ne l’est que faiblement. La transformation de la prothrombine en thrombine est influencée par le temps de contact du plasma avec L’AET et par la concentration d’AET. Les antithrombines semblent progressivement inhibées par des doses croissantes d’AET. L’augmentation de la constante « Am » du thromboélastogramme fait envisager une action de l’AET sur le LLF (Laki-Lorand factor). Le temps de lyse du caillot est allongé par des doses importantes d’AET.

Enfin FAET ne modifie pas la rétraction du caillot et l’adhésivité plaquettaire.
The Plasminogen Content of Thrombi
Authors: Ogston D , Ogston C. M , Fullerton H. W
Published: June 2018

1. The plasminogen content of serum and plasma does not differ. The serum remaining after the production of an in vitro artificial thrombus has a plasminogen content similar to the original plasma. Direct measurement of the plasminogen content of artificial thrombi confirms that little plasminogen is adsorbed onto fibrin during the process of clotting.

2. The lysis of pre-formed artificial thrombi by urokinase is substantially increased in the presence of plasma. This is not due to free plasmin in the medium surrounding the thrombus.

3. Partially purified plasminogen is adsorbed onto artificial thrombi endowing them with the capacity to lyse on the addition of urokinase. In contrast plasminogen from plasma or serum is not adsorbed onto thrombi.

4. We suggest that the lysis of a thrombus results from diffusion of circulating plasminogen into the thrombus and its interaction with activator on the surface of the fibrin fibrils with consequent plasmin formation.
Comparative Research on the Fibrinolytic Action of Different Nicotinic Acid Derivatives Following Their Prolonged Administration into Rabbits
Authors: de Nicola P , Gibelli A , Turazza G
Published: June 2018

Six different nicotinic acid derivatives were given intravenously into rabbits for 28 days. The dosage was calculated on the basis of equivalents of nicotinic acid. Fibrinolytic activity in plasma was studied by means of the fibrin plate method (heated plates; euglobulinic precipitate, with and without the addition of activator). Plasmin and plasminogen activities were evaluated. The most significant results concern the differences in duration, intensity and type (plasmin and/or plasminogen increase) of effect of the different nicotinic acid derivatives.
Coagulation Changes with intravenous Administration of Fat after Blocking the RES
Authors: Kommerell B , Barth P , Pfleiderer Th
Published: June 2018

Rabbits were treated in 3 groups : Group A received 20 ml/kg Lipofundin, group B received 150 mg/kg india ink and 20 ml/kg Lipofundin, group C received 150 mg/kg india ink and 20 ml/kg isotonic glucose. Group A and B showed a decrease of activity of the factors II, V, VII, serumcomplex and a decrease of the platelet count. The changes were more pronounced in group B and 6 of 8 animals of this group died after the infusion. In group A only 1 animal died. All controll animals (group C) survived. There were no significant changes in the coagulation system in group C. The contact factors showed an activation in group B, little activation in group A and inconsistent activation in group C. In vitro india ink was able to produce a moderate activation of the contact system. The high death rate after administration of india ink and fat is thought to be due to a consumptive coagulopathy.
Studies Regarding the Effect of Foreign-Surface Contact on the One-Stage Prothrombin Time Determination
Authors: Shanberge J. N , Matsuoka T
Published: June 2018

The shortening of the one-stage prothrombin time of plasma brought about by increased foreign surface contact is dependent upon “activation” of factor VII. This activation of VII is the result of a series of activations involving factors XII, IX and probably XI as well. In this it is similar to the activation of factor VIII. Although the prothrombin time in an individual with hemophilia B or the Hageman trait is ‘‘normal”, no shortening occurs after increased foreign surface contact. Factor VII deficient plasma with normal levels of factors XII and IX is “activated” by “contact” in proportion to the level of VII present. No increase in activity of factors II, V, or X was observed after increased foreign surface contact.
The Role of Chelators in Surface Metabolism of Adenosine Nucleotides Added to Native Human Blood Platelets in Vitro
Authors: Kerby G. P
Published: June 2018

The production of ATP and AMP by human platelets exposed in this study to a large excess of exogenous ADP has been confirmed, using nonanticoagulated platelet-rich-plasma. Production of ATP differed from that of AMP in that divalent cation requirements were not the same, and there were differences in sources yielding maximal production. ATP production proceeded in the absence of free calcium ions, although it was enhanced by their presence. AMP production was partially or completely arrested by full EDTA chelation of the same platelet mixture. Citrate anion regularly enhanced the net production of AMP (but not of ATP) when added to native platelet-rich-plasma, provided some free calcium ions were present. When native human platelets were resuspended in serum from autologous platelet-poor-plasma, ATP production was markedly greater with unwashed platelets than with washed (glucose-phosphate buffer) platelets, while the reverse was true of net AMP production. An important initial role by adenylate kinase is therefore unlikely in this in vitro system. The net production of both ATP and AMP was much greater in serum derived from non-anticoagulated platelet-rich-plasma and from whole blood than from serum derived from non-anticoagulant platelet-poor-plasma, again emphasizing the importance of platelet enzymes, among others, in the overall reactions observed.
The In-Vivo-Effect of E-Aminocaproic Acid (EACA) on Human Plasma Fibrinolytic System
Authors: Niewiarowski St , Wołosowicz Nina
Published: June 2018

EACA was administered orally to 30 healthy volunteers in a single doses of 0.1 g per kg body weight. The level of this compound in blood plasma and its effect on the human plasma fibrinolytic system were investigated.

EACA is rapidly absorbed from the intestinal tract, its maximal level in the blood plasma being reached one hour later. The half life of this compound in the blood plasma amounted to two hours on the average.

The following changes in the plasma fibrinolytic system were observed : a) an inhibition of euglobulin fibrinolysis, which was most pronounced three hours after EACA ingestion ; b) a considerable increase in plasminogen, antiplasmin and antitrypsin activities (maximum-five hours after EACA) ; c) slight increase in fibrinogen level (maximum-five hours after EACA).

The conclusion has been reached that EACA induces a rise in endogenous inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system in the normal organism which may reinforce the hemostatic effect of this drug. The observed phenomena may be explained if we assume that the activation of the fibrinolytic system in the organism is continuous.
A Re-Appraisal of the Role of Blood Coagulation and Platelets in the Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Levin J , Beck E
Published: June 2018

The role of intravascular coagulation in the production of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon has been evaluated. The administration of endotoxin to animals prepared with Thorotrast results in activation of the coagulation mechanism with the resultant deposition of fibrinoid material in the renal glomeruli. Anticoagulation prevents alterations in the state of the coagulation system and inhibits development of the renal lesions. Platelets are not primarily involved. Platelet antiserum produces similar lesions in animals prepared with Thorotrast, but appears to do so in a manner which does not significantly involve intravascular coagulation.

The production of adrenal cortical hemorrhage, comparable to that seen in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, following the administration of endotoxin to animals that had previously received ACTH does not require intravascular coagulation and may not be a manifestation of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Antifibrinolytika
Authors: Markwardt F , Klöckingu H.-P , Landmann H
Published: June 2018

Die Wirkung der in der Therapie verwendeten Antifibrinolytika ε-Aminocapronsäure (EACA), p-Aminomethylbenzoesäure (PAMBA) und 4-Amino-methyleyclohexanearbonsäure-( 1 ) (AMCA) wurde in tierexperimentellen und klinischen Untersuchungen vergleichend geprüft. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die zyklischen Aminocarbonsäuren mehrfach stärker wirksam sind als EACA. Ferner wurden Resorption und Ausscheidung der Antifibrinolytika in Tierexperimenten und am gesunden Menschen untersucht.

In biochemischen Versuchen wurde neben der Hemmwirkung dieser Verbindungen auf die Plasminogenaktivierung auch ihr Einfluß auf den Fibrinogenabbau durch Plasmin und Trypsin studiert. Hierbei ergab sich, daß PAMBA eine Antitrypsin-und Antiplasminwirkung besitzt, welche diejenige von AMCA und EACA übertrifft.
Localization of Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation by Incubation of Platelet Rich EDTA-Plasma at 37°C
Authors: Gross R , Niemeyer G , Reuter H
Published: June 2018

By photometric and microscopic technics investigations have been carried out to determine the nature of the inhibition of platelet aggregation caused by incubating platelet rich EDTA-plasma at 37° C. The results clearly indicate that the inhibition must arise from alterations in the platelets themselves. The appearance of an inhibitory substance in plasma and the release of such a substance from the platelets into the plasma have been excluded. Addition of ADP to the inhibited platelets did not influence the inhibition of platelet aggregation.
The Effect of Urea on the Aggregation of Normal Human Platelets
Authors: Somer J. B , Stewart J. H , Castaldi P. A
Published: June 2018

Studies have been performed on the effect of urea on platelet aggregation. Over a wide concentration range, urea initially inhibits and later enhances aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin, adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. Urea induces aggregation by a mechanism which differs from that due to ADP and it is suggested that this may reflect platelet damage. Urea alone cannot be held responsible for the qualitative platelet abnormalities and bleeding tendency of the uraemic state, but it may number among a group of harmful influences.
A Method to Correct for the Continuing Activation during the Second Stage in a Two-Stage Assay
Authors: Berg W
Published: June 2018

In coagulation and fibrinolysis, kinetic data are difficult to obtain with ordinary quantitative methods because no simple means are available to stop the reaction before the determination of the activity formed.

This work describes how to calculate, from the data recorded, the amount of activity at the moment the determination is started.

A formula is given for a zero, a first and a second-order reaction.

The method is exemplified by urokinase activation of plasminogen into plasmin. The determination of the plasmin activity is done by means of the lysis time method.
Transformation of Autoprothrombin III to Autoprothrombin C in Sodium Citrate Solution
Authors: Kipfer R , Seegers W. H
Published: June 2018

All reactions studied occurred in 25% sodium citrate solution. The conversion of prethrombin to thrombin with autoprothrombin C was retarded by 3,4,4’-triaminodi-phenyl sulfone. The compound functioned as a competitive inhibitor. Purified autoprothrombin III converted to autoprothrombin C more rapidly when autoprothrombin C was added at zero time. Soybean trypsin inhibitor, which neutralizes autopro-thrombin C activity, blocked the conversion of autoprothrombin III to autoprothrom-bin C, and 3,4,4’-triaminodiphenylsulf one inhibited the development of autoprothrombin C activity. The activation of prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution consists of three main events; namely, 1. the dissociation of prothrombin into subunits, 2. the formation of autoprothrombin C, and 3. the formation of thrombin.
Die Verteilung von EDTA und Zitrat in Blut und Plasma
Authors: Reuter H , Niemeyer G , Gross R
Published: June 2018

Es wird über eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Zitrat und EDTA in Blut und Plasma mit Hilfe 14C-markierter Substanzen berichtet.

Die Methode ermöglicht die rasche Bestimmung der Verteilung der Komplexbildner zwischen zellulären und flüssigen Bestandteilen des Blutes mit Hilfe eines Liquid Scintillation Counters.

Die Abhängigkeit der experimentell bestimmten Verteilungsfaktoren vom Hämatokritwert wird untersucht und die Möglichkeit einer mathematischen Formulierung und Deutung der Beziehung zwischen Verteilungsfaktoren und Hämatokrit diskutiert.
Immunochemischer Nachweis von Fibrinogen-derivaten im Urin bei Verbrauchskoagulopathien
Authors: Herschlein H. J , Steichele D. F
Published: June 2018

Mit immunologischen Methoden werden bei Verbrauchskoagulopathien Fibrinogen-derivate im Urin nachgewiesen, die mit der Immunoelektrophorese charakterisiert werden. Demnach können die bei Verbrauchskoagulopathien im Serum nachweisbaren Fibrinogenderivate die Niere passieren und werden mit dem Urin ausgeschieden.
Hydrolysis of L-Histidine Methyl Ester
Authors: Cole E. R
Published: June 2018

The ratio of TAME esterase activity (or PME esterase activity for α-chymotrypsin) to HME esterase activity has been determined for a number of proteolytic enzymes under identical conditions. Papain showed no attack on HME, but ficin, bromelin, human plasmin, trypsin, thrombin, autoprothrombin C, urokinase and α-chymotrypsin hydrolyze this substrate to varying degrees. Ficin showed a TAME/HME activity ratio of 304 while the lowest ratio (approximately 1) was found for urokinase, an activator of plasminogen. This high relative affinity of urokinase for HME prompted an investigation to determine if this property was also a function of streptokinase-activator complex. Glycerol-activated plasmin had a low relative affinity for HME as a substrate (TAME/HME = 157), but addition of high concentrations of streptokinase increased the relative affinity of the preparation for HME catalysis by 500 to 600% (TAME/HME = 26.4). Human plasminogen activated by high concentrations of streptokinase also demonstrate high relative affinity for HME (TAME/ HME = 20-25). HME esterase activity is largely lost when streptokinase is destroyed by pH 2.0 treatment, but can be regained by readdition of streptokinase to the plasmin preparation. Hydrolysis of HME by plasmin preparations in the presence of streptokinase is believed to be primarily a property of streptokinase-plasmin complex.
Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction of Blood Clotting Enzymes
Authors: Hemker H. C , Hemker P. W
Published: June 2018

The enzyme kinetics of competitive inhibition under conditions prevailing in clotting tests are developed and a method is given to measure relative amounts of a competitive inhibitor by means of the t — D plot.
Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction of Blood Clotting Enzymes
Authors: Hemker H. C , Muller A. D
Published: June 2018

Observations of the clotting time in one-stage tests in the extrinsic system show, after suitable correction, that there is a rectilinear relationship between the clotting time and the inverse of the concentration of the rate-limiting factor. This cannot be explained by the “cascade” or “waterfall” mechanism proposed as a scheme for the interaction of the blood-clotting factors concerned. This relationship can, however, be explained by a slightly different mechanism.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Breakdown in Human Plasma with Reference to Platelet Aggregation and Uraemia
Authors: Gan I. E. T , Firkin B. G
Published: June 2018

1. A correlation between platelet aggregation and the plasma enzyme(s) ability to degrade Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) has been confirmed.

2. This plasma activity has been shown to be reduced in 6 patients with uraemia in whom platelet aggregation was demonstrably impaired but not in two whose platelet function was normal. The incorporation of 14C labelled ADP-8-14C was also only reduced in uraemic patients with abnormal platelet aggregation.

3. These findings are discussed with particular reference to possible implication in mechanism involved in ADP aggregation of platelets.
Particulate Nature of Acid Phosphatase Released from Thrombocytes
Authors: Polášek J
Published: June 2018

Acid phosphatases are released from thrombocytes into serum during coagulation of native PRP or blood in particulate form. Latent activity probably masked in phospholipoprotein structures could be discovered with the use of detergent.

Some physicochemical properties are described with regard to the PF 3 like activity of serum.

Possible connection to platelet lysosomes is discussed.
Antifibrinolytic Action of the Anticoagulant Split Product of Fibrinogen
Authors: Nanninga L. B , Guest M. M
Published: June 2018

The purified anticoagulant split product of fibrinogen has antifibrinolytic and anti-fibrinogenolytic activity. This was investigated by lysis times of fibrin and by the rate of disappearance of fibrinogen in plasma and in a purified system. A new method was used to measure fibrinogenolytic activity. In the experimental system which we have used no indication of additional breakdown of the anticoagulant split product in the presence of fibrinolysin was obtained.
Eine semiquantitative immunologische Methode zur Fibrinolysebestimmung
Authors: Karitzky D , Künzer W
Published: June 2018

Es wurde untersucht, ob die Menge der bei der Fibrinolyse freiwerdenden Polypeptide ein Maß für die Spontanfibrinolyse in vitro darstellt. Es zeigte sich, daß innerhalb 24 Std. nur ein antikörperpositives Polypeptid abgespalten wurde. Dieses wies in der immunelektrophoretischen Analyse β2-Beweglichkeit auf. Die Methode eignet sich zur semiquantitativen Bestimmung der Spontanfibrinolyse in kleinen Plasmamengen.
Degradation of Fibrinogen by Proteolytic Enzymes
Authors: Miller S. P , Sanchez-Avalos J
Published: June 2018

Degradation products of fibrinogen and fibrin resulting from the hydrolytic action of plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and papain were prepared and the two major polypeptide fragments were found to have inhibitory effects on the coagulation mechanism including inhibition of thromboplastin generation and inhibition of the conversion of the fibrinogen to fibrin. The inhibitory actions of each of the isolated components were characterized specifically for their role in each of these coagulation functions.

Both the slow (D) and fast (E) fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin hydrolysis by plasmin degradation showed equally inhibitory effects against fibrinogen to fibrin conversion by thrombin and fibrin monomer polymerization. The slow component of both was more inhibitory. Both fast and slow digestion products of tryptic hydrolysis inhibited thromboplastin generation and fibrinogen to fibrin conversion and fibrin monomer polymerization equally. The fast component of chymotrypsin hydrolysis showed greater inhibition against thromboplastin generation and fibrin monomer polymerization, than did the slow component. Only a slow moving (D) component was obtained with papain digestion. It had no inhibitory function against thromboplastin generation and only minimal effect against fibrin monomer polymerization. The mechanism of inhibition of the thromboplastin generation test by fibrinogen degradation products is a neutralization or inhibition of factor IX.
Différents états moléculaires du facteur II (prothrombine). Leur étude à l’aide de la staphylocoagulase et d’anticorps anti-facteur II
Authors: Josso F , Lavergne J. M , Gouault M , Prou-Wartelle Odette , Soulier J. P
Published: June 2018

La molécule de facteur II supporte au moins trois activités que l’on peut mesurer: une activité prothrombine (transformation en thrombine par la prothrombinase physiologique); une activité prothrombine-coagulase (transformation en thrombine-coagulase par la staphylocoagulase); une activité antigénique (réaction avec des anticorps spécifiques).

Ces trois activités qui, habituellement, varient de façon parallèle dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques, ont été étudiées ici dans le plasma et le sérum de sujets traités par les antagonistes de la vitamine K. L’activité prothrombine est basse ; les activités prothrombine-coagulase et antigéniques du facteur II sont nettement supérieures à l’activité prothrombine, sans toutefois atteindre celles d’un plasma normal. Dans le sérum de ces sujets, il n’y a plus d’activité prothrombine mesurable tandis que persistent des taux élevés de prothrombine-coagulase et de facteur II antigénique. Les mêmes résultats ont été obtenus chez des sujets ayant un déficit en vitamine K d’origine non thérapeutique.

Ces observations suggèrent qu’un défaut relatif en vitamine K entraîne la synthèse d’une molécule de facteur II anormale (précurseur de la prothrombine ou « préprothrombine »). Cette molécule n’est pas activable en thrombine par la prothrombinase physiologique mais possède les caractères antigéniques du facteur II et son aptitude à former de la thrombine-coagulase. Il semblerait ainsi que la vitamine K agisse à un stade tardif de la synthèse du facteur II.
A Circulating Anticoagulant Directed against Antihaemophilic Globulin (Factor VIII) Combined with Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Winckelmann G , Böttcher D , Groh R ,   with Technical Assistance by M. Rehe
Published: June 2018

A circulating anticoagulant directed against factor VIII (antihaemophilic globulin) is described which developed in association with thrombocytopenia in an otherwise apparently healthy woman. Inactivation of factor VIII by this inhibitor was shown to be progressive and temperature dependent. The circulating anticoagulant was not species specific and produced temporary factor VIII deficiency when injected into dogs. Administration of large doses of corticosteroids to the patient did not affect the factor VIII inhibitor and resulted only in a temporary increase in the platelet counts. In the course of subsequent immunosuppressive treatment with azathioprine, the inhibitor disappeared and clinical symptoms improved, whereas thrombocytopenia persisted.
Über den Einfluß zentralnervöser Irritation auf bestimmte Parameter der Blutgerinnung
Authors: Ströder J , Göltner E , Spuler O
Published: June 2018

Um den Einfluß zentralnervöser Irritation auf bestimmte Parameter der Blutgerinnung kennen zu lernen, werden geprüft:

1. Der Einfluß einer Pneumenzephalographie bei zerebral geschädigten Kindern mit und ohne Anfälle : Ein Einfluß der Pneumenzephalographie auf die geprüften Parameter der Blutgerinnung findet sich nicht, auch ist kein Alterseinfluß auf das Verhalten der Gerinnungsfaktoren zu finden.

2. Werden die Gerinnungsverhältnisse unmittelbar vor und nach stereotaktischen Koagulationen bei Erwachsenen geprüft: Die stereotaktischen Eingriffe ändern die Gerinnungsverhältnisse nicht bis auf den Fibrinogengehalt des Blutes, der 6 und 24 Std. nach der Operation noch signifikant erhöht ist. Alterseinflüsse bestehen nicht und es ist auch keine Korrelation zu den verschiedenen Krankheitsformen festzustellen, welche den stereotaktischen Eingriff notwendig machten. Zwischen Frauen und Männern besteht kein unterschiedliches Verhalten auf stereotaktische Operationen.

3. Nach stereotaktischen Koagulationen des Zwischenhirns von Kaninchen fallen Prothrombin und die Faktoren X und V ab; Prothrombin sowie Faktor X erreichen 24 Std. nach dem Eingriff noch nicht ihre Ausgangswerte. Faktor V ist 24 Std. nach der Stereotaxie noch auf das Doppelte des Ausgangswertes angestiegen. Die geprüften Parameter der Blutgerinnung sind: Heparintoleranzzeit, Rekalzifizierungszeit, Prothrombin, Faktor VII, Stuart-Prower-Faktor, Faktor V, Quick-Wert, Antithrombin 2 sowie Fibrinogen.
Immune Reactions of Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Mueller-Eckhardt Ch , Lüscher E. F
Published: June 2018

The effects of the SH-inhibitors monoiodoacetate (MIA) and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) on washed human blood platelets and on reactions of the platelets with immune complexes and antiplatelet antisera were studied. The following results were obtained:

1. In the concentration range from 0.01 to 1 mM, only MIA in the highest concentration had a direct effect on platelets, discernible by a small but significant release of adenine nucleotides.

2. The reaction of human platelets with heterologous anti-platelet antisera, heat aggregated human gammaglobulin, and gammaglobulin-coated latex particles was inhibited by MIA in concentrations of 0.1 mM and by NEM in concentrations of 1 mM, and higher.

3. The SH-inhibitors tested exerted their influence on the platelet and not on the immune agents.

4. L-cysteine was unable to reverse the effect of the SH-inhibitors on platelets. If added at room temperature in equimolar amounts to MIA and NEM 10 min prior to their contact with platelets, it abolished the effect of NEM, but not of MIA.

5. The inhibition by MIA and NEM of platelet reactions with a variety of immune agents is comparable to the impairment of thrombin-induced viscous metamorphosis by SH-blockers. The obtained results do not support the assumption that immune agents and thrombin react with different, SH-group-containing substrates on the platelet surface.
Immune Reactions of Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Mueller-Eckhardt Ch , Lüscher E. F
Published: June 2018

The effect on human platelets of 2 endotoxin preparations (one had known Shwartzman-activity in rabbits, the other was not tested for its biological activity) was investigated in vitro. The following results were found:

1. Endotoxin has no effect on washed human platelets suspended in isotonic, plasmafree buffer solution.

2. Aggregation or release of adenine nucleotides from human platelets by endotoxin does also not occur if the platelets are suspended in coagulable, complement active, pooled human plasma or plasma fractions.

3. Platelets pretreated with α-chymotrypsin do not show aggregation or release of nucleotides by endotoxin.

4. The ability of human platelets to retract a fibrin clot is not disturbed by endotoxin. This excludes a functional platelet injury by endotoxin not detectable by aggregation or nucleotide release.

5. There is no evidence for the assumption that the effect of endotoxin on platelets is transmitted by yet hypothetical, platelet-damaging mediator substances from leukocytes.

6. These results suggest that an immunological injury of platelets by endotoxin comparable with the effect of immune complexes or aggregated gammaglobulin is highly improbable.