bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints: 1,2-Indanedione Has Come of Age
Authors: Wiesner S , Springer E , Sasson Y , Almog J
Published: August 2015

The performance of 1,2-indanedione as a latent fingerprint reagent on some types of paper was found to exceed that of DFO, the leading fluorogenic fingerprint reagent. It even exceeds the performance of the sequence, DFO, followed by ninhydrin. No new prints could be observed when ninhydrin was applied after indanedione. On a large number of actual exhibits (used checks) indanedione developed 46% more identifiable prints than the sequence DFO-ninhydrin.

A standard procedure for fingerprint development by indanedione is proposed. Best results are obtained with a 0.2% indanedione solution in HFE7100 solvent containing 7% ethyl acetate, but no acetic acid. It can be recommended to start using 1,2-indanedione, which is already commercially available, in actual fingerprint casework.
Systematic Analysis of Bulk Blue Ballpoint Pen Ink by FTIR Spectrometry
Authors: Wang J , Luo G , Sun S , Wang Z , Wang Y
Published: August 2015

A classifying method on bulk blue ballpoint pen ink has been studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By using this method, a total of 108 blue ink samples have been divided into two groups depending on their main component. Spectral characteristics of these inks such as frequency and absorbance are described by way of artificial intelligence of pattern recognition, and 35 subgroups from the 108 inks are distinguished by their correlation coefficient (λ). Under heat or exposure to ultraviolet light a mode of change in the age of the inks has been obtained. This approach has provided a reliable and nondestructive method for the characterization of bulk ballpoint writing ink, and more importantly, it might be a basis for dating of the blue ballpoint pen ink.
Extraction of Human DNA for PCR from Chewed Residues of Betel Quid Using a Novel “PVP/CTAB” Method
Authors: Chiou FS , Pai CY , Hsu YPP , Tsai CW , Yang CH
Published: August 2015

Residues of chewed betel quid (BQ) are often found on crime scenes in Taiwan and possibly some of the Southeast Asian countries. Although these residues are important biological evidences relating to the suspects, the forensic analysis of BQ evidence has been hindered by failures in extraction of human DNA for PCR analysis. Therefore, it is a prerequisite for relevant forensic casework to establish a reliable method for extracting DNA from chewed BQ residues.

Three conventional methods (salt/chloroform, 5% Chelex-100 resin, and QIAamp) were first tested for extraction of human DNA from 33 mock BQ samples, which had been stored for less than two months, and 50 four-year-old forensic BQ samples. PCR amplifications from the HLA-DQA1&PM and the STR loci were then used to test the quality of the extracted DNA. For the mock samples, three observations were made. First, PCR amplification of DNA extracted by using these conventional methods had low success rate. Second, the addition of extra Taq DNA polymerase could compensate the lost enzyme activities due to putative inhibitors and, thus, increase the yield. Third, using the Centricon™-100 column to remove putative inhibitors substantially improved the efficiency of PCR. However, for the four-year-old forensic BQ samples, none of the attempts for PCR were successful.

In order to solve the problem in PCR analysis of DNA from old BQ samples, we developed a DNA extraction method based on the use of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which bind to two common classes of PCR inhibitors in plants, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, respectively. The result showed that this “PVP/CTAB” method is completely successful for the mock BQ samples, and 92% (46 out of 50) successful for the four-year-old forensic BQ samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of a reliable method for the extraction of human DNA for PCR from chewed BQ residues. This method should provide a useful means for forensic identification in countries where betel chewing is common.
Glycine Toxicity and Unexpected Intra-Operative Death
Authors: Byard RW , Harrison R , Wells R , Gilbert JD
Published: August 2015

A rare complication of the use of glycine irrigation fluid during prostatic surgery in a 69-year-old man is described. Following cystolithopexy and transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatomegaly, abdominal distension developed with increasing ventilatory pressures. Despite retroperitoneal fluid evacuation at subsequent urgent laparotomy, cardiac arrest occurred that was not amenable to resuscitation. At autopsy a traumatic defect in the posterior bladder wall filled with calculus debris was confirmed that did not communicate with the peritoneal cavity. Hyponatremia with markedly elevated levels of blood, urine, and body fluid glycine were demonstrated. Death was, therefore, attributed to glycine toxicity following tracking of glycine through a surgical defect in the posterior bladder wall. Careful dissection of surgical sites is required in such cases to demonstrate any additional trauma that may be associated with the fatal episode. Analysis of body fluids for glycine and electrolytes is also necessary to assist in the determination of possible mechanisms of death.
Review of: Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
Authors: Houck MM
Published: August 2015

An old parable says that the Zen Master Fa-Yen, was once asked by an initiate, “What is the First Principle?” Fa-Yen replied, “If I should tell you, it would become the Second Principle.” This terse rejoinder describes how most forensic scientists approach the philosophic basis of their discipline: If I should tell you, it would no longer be what it is. Many in the field are of the opinion that we have been applying our methods for too long without sufficient consideration for the underlying principles of what we do. What are “class characteristics”? What is an “association”? We assume we know what these mean but in an open discussion between forensic scientists about our individual assumptions, disagreement would invariably ensue.
Review of: Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science, Seventh Edition
Authors: Harris HA
Published: August 2015

The first edition of this book was published in 1977, which means it has been in continuous production for about 24 years. There has to be a reason for such success and I believe that reason is that it fulfills a need for a simple readable text for college and training courses in forensic science. A part of this success is also due to ability to bridge the gap between the science oriented “doer” and the law enforcement “user” of forensic science. This is no small problem and it imposes limitations on the book for both applications. This is the strength of the book in its market place and the weakness of the book for those who wish to use it in one of those two arenas.
Review of: Forensic Evidence: Science and the Criminal Law
Authors: Melson KE
Published: August 2015

Professor Kiely, who established the Center for Law and Science at DePaul University, presents the reader with a review of the uses of forensic science in criminal cases. The book is not intended as an instructional guide on the forensic sciences, but rather as a compendium of illustrations highlighting the investigative uses of forensic science and the judicial responses to its use as evidence.
Artificial Radiocarbon as an Indicator of Recent Origin of Organic Remains in Forensic Cases
Authors: Ubelaker DH
Published: August 2015

From 1950 to 1963 atmospheric testing of thermonuclear devices produced elevated levels of artificial carbon-14 in the atmosphere. Terrestrial organic material from that time period displays carbon-14 activity nearly twice the pre-1950 levels. Measurement of the carbon-14 activity within organic specimens from forensic cases can reveal if the material dates before or after about 1955. Such information can prove important in some cases in determining if the material is sufficiently recent to be of forensic concern. Application of this technique to an unidentified human skeleton from the American southwest is discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Sharp-Force Trauma: An Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Bartelink EJ , Wiersema JM , Demaree RS
Published: August 2015

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has occasionally been used by anthropologists and forensic scientists to look at morphological characteristics that certain implements leave on bone. However, few studies have addressed techniques or protocols for assessing quantitative differences between tool marks on bone made by different bladed implements. In this study, the statistical variation in cut mark width was examined between control and test samples on bone using a scalpel blade, paring knife, and kitchen utility knife. Statistically significant differences (p < .0005) were found between cut marks made by the same knife under control and test conditions for all three knife types used in the study. When the control sample and test samples were examined individually for differences in mean variation between knife types, significant differences were also found (p < .0005). While significant differences in cut mark width were found, caution should be used in trying to classify individual cut marks as being inflicted by a particular implement, due to the overlap in cut mark width that exists between different knife types. When combined, both quantitative and qualitative analyses of cut marks should prove to be more useful in trying to identify a suspect weapon. Furthermore, the application of SEM can be particularly useful for assessing many of these features.
Forensic Dental Identifications in the Greater Houston Area
Authors: Delattre VF
Published: August 2015

In order to confirm the identity of the deceased, 1.7% of the deaths (162 cases) evaluated at the Harris County Medical Examiner's Office during the time period of this study required a forensic dental evaluation. Data were collected and analyzed. The manner of death was ranked in order as follows: 30% homicide; 20% accident of various types other than motor vehicle accidents; 18% motor vehicle accidents; 16% remain undetermined; 9% natural causes; and 7% suicide. The cause of death was: 24% asphyxia, smoke inhalation, or thermal burn injuries; 23% blunt-force trauma; 18% miscellaneous causes of death; 15% undetermined; 13% gun shot wounds; and 7% asphyxia. The condition of the remains were: 38% charred or incinerated; 31% decomposing; 18% skeletal remains; 6% “fresh” or recently deceased; 4% fragmented; and 3% severely beaten or mangled with displacement of the maxillomandibular region, complicating the dental identification procedure. The gender was: 62% male; 34% female; and 4% undetermined. The race was: 55% Caucasian; 19% Hispanic; 14% black; 1% Asian; and 11% undetermined. The age was: 2% from 0 to 10 years of age; 9% from 11 to 20; 21% from 21 to 30; 18% from 31 to 40; 13% from 41 to 50; 8% from 51 to 60; 5% from 61 to 70; 4% from 71 to 80; 1% from 81 to 90; and 19% undetermined. Further evaluation of these and future dental identification cases will provide valuable data to help prepare the forensic dentist for the wide variety of cases that must be evaluated in the course of their careers.
Stability and Detectability of Lachrymators and Their Degradation Products in Evidence Samples
Authors: Kataoka M , Seto Y , Tsuge K , Noami M
Published: August 2015

The detectability and stability of lachrymators [2-chloroacetophenone (CN), o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and synthetic capsaicin (nonivamide)] were investigated using dichloromethane extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ultrasonication at 40°C slightly improved the extraction yields of nonivamide to almost quantitative yield, compared to low yields (30 to 40%) of CN and CS. In terms of the stability of low spiked concentrations (6 to 7 _g), from the surface of glass and stainless steel (60 to 100 cm square), CN rapidly disappeared, CS disappeared gradually, and nonivamide was almost quantitatively recovered. The three lachrymators in absorbent cotton (0.3 g) gradually disappeared. From water (20 mL), nonivamide gradually disappeared and was undetectable after eleven days. CN decreased gradually, and instead, acetophenone appeared. CS disappeared rapidly, and o-chlorobenzaldehyde, o-chlorobenzyl alcohol, and ochlorobenzoic acid were produced. The stability of high spiked concentrations of CN and CS in water (0.5 to 0.6 mg per 20 mL) was also investigated using liquid chromatography. CN was quantitatively recovered. The concentrations of CS decreased to about an8 % recovery level within 2 h. Concomitantly, o-chlorobenzaldehyde appeared at a concentration of about 80% recovery.
Constructing Universal Multiplex Pcr Systems for Comparative Genotyping
Authors: Wallin JM , Holt CL , Lazaruk KD , Nguyen TH , Walsh PS
Published: August 2015

Analysis of length polymorphisms at STR loci in the human genome has become a standard approach for comparative genotyping in many areas including disease research and diagnostics, parentage assessment, investigations of human diversity, and forensic science. The simultaneous analysis of multiple STR loci through multiplex PCR and multicolor fluorescence detection offers sample conservation, high throughput, and automated genetic analysis. Careful design and optimization of tetranucleotide STR multiplexes has led to reliable, standardized systems that powerfully differentiate and distinguish individual human DNA profiles. The development of these multiplex systems involved a rigorous experimental strategy that included careful selection of PCR primer sequences (for yield, specificity, and multiplex compatability), along with optimization of PCR component concentrations, thermal cycling parameters, and fluorescence detection conditions. This developmental approach rendered well-characterized DNA typing systems that are high performing (sensitive, specific, and balanced), optimized to universal parameters (same reaction conditions), resilient to fluctuations in reaction conditions, and simple to implement and use routinely.
Twgdam Validation of Ampf_str•: PCR Amplification Kits for Forensic DNA Casework
Authors: Holt CL , Buoncristiani M , Wallin JM , Nguyen T , Lazaruk KD , Walsh PS
Published: August 2015

Laboratory procedures used in short tandem repeat (STR) analysis were subjected to various scenarios that assessed reliability and identified potential limitations. These validation studies were designed as recommended by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) and the DNA Advisory Board (DAB) (17,18). Various DNA samples were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using AmpF_STR• PCR Amplification Kits (i.e., AmpF_STR Green I, Profiler•, Profiler Plus•, and COfiler• kits), detected with ABI Prism instrumentation, and analyzed using GeneScan and Genotyper software. Data acquired in these studies reinforced an existing body of knowledge and expertise regarding application and interpretation of STR typing in the forensic science community. Consistent STR genotypes were detected in various body tissues and fluids. Inter-laboratory comparisons produced concordant genotype results. Quantitative interpretational aids for DNA mixtures were characterized. Ability of the typing systems to type potentially compromised samples reliably was evaluated. Nonprobative case evidentiary DNA was successfully amplified, genotyped, and interpreted. Potential limitations or cautionary factors in the interpretation of minimal fluorescence intensity were demonstrated. Differential amplification between loci was observed when PCR was inhibited; preferential amplification typically was not. Single AmpF_STR locus amplification did not offer consistent benefit over AmpF_STR multiplexing, even in cases of DNA degradation or PCR inhibition. During rigorous evaluation, AmpF_STR PCR Amplification Kits reproducibly yielded sensitive and locusspecific results, as required in routine forensic analyses.
The Efficiency of an X-Ray Screening System at a Mass Disaster
Authors: Goodman NR , Edelson LB
Published: August 2015

This is a study to determine the efficiency and efficacy of using an X-ray security screening system to locate both dental fragments and other foreign objects that might be commingled with fragmented remains in a mass disaster.

A controlled study by the Pennsylvania Dental Identification Team (PADIT) revealed that a manual examination of simulated body bags containing commingled dental parts and foreign objects by a team of trained forensic odontologists was very effective in locating dental fragments and in finding foreign objects.

Although this was effective, it was not efficient, because it was very time consuming. With the use of an X-ray security screening system, the time factor could be reduced. This study also revealed that even though this sophisticated equipment could reduce the time factor in locating commingled dental and foreign objects, a forensic odontologist should be utilized to be most effective.
Suicide by Drowning: A 20-Year Review
Authors: Wirthwein DP , Barnard JJ , Prahlow JA
Published: August 2015

Drowning as a method of suicide is known to occur, but has primarily been described in environments with readily available access to water, such as coastal regions. In this study, we describe and analyze a series of suicidal drownings occurring in a noncoastal area of Texas. Between 1977 and 1996, 52 cases of suicidal drowning were investigated at the Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences in Dallas, Texas. Such deaths accounted for only 0.85% of all suicides and 4% of all drowning deaths. In contrast, suicidal drownings reportedly account for 2.8 to 8.9% of all suicides in regions with easy access to water. As with other studies of suicidal drowning, the victims are usually sober white males over the age of 40 years. Our results also confirm that certain individuals who commit suicide by drowning use weights to facilitate the process. A detailed analysis of the cases is provided, as is a synopsis of several questions that may aid in determining the manner of death in suicidal drowning cases.
Stalking: Developing an Empirical Typology to Classify Stalkers
Authors: Ben KD , Fremouw W
Published: August 2015

Stalking has received a great deal of attention from the media and its harmful effects on victims have been well documented. Stalking is also more common than previously thought, leading researchers to classify stalkers into groups in an attempt to predict future behavior. Previous research has grouped stalkers based on theoretical models rather than trying to empirically examine stalking behaviors along with other factors such as motivation, type of relationship, and attachment style in determining a typology of stalkers. Female college students (N_108) who had experienced stalking behaviors responded to questions regarding their perceptions of those behaviors. First, these victim perceptions were factor analyzed. Then, cluster analysis grouped those factors to produce a four-cluster typology of stalkers. Cluster 1 (Harmless) appeared to reflect a more casual, less jealous pattern of behavior. Cluster 2 (Low Threat) appeared the least likely to become physically violent or threatening, or to engage in illegal behaviors. Cluster 3 (Violent Criminal) appeared to be the most likely to engage in physically threatening and illegal behaviors. Cluster 4 (High Threat) was characterized by a more serious type of relationship and may attempt to be more restrictive of their partner when first meeting them.
A Gradient Reversed Phase HPLC Procedure for Smokeless Powder Comparison
Authors: Wissinger CE , McCord BR
Published: August 2015

Smokeless powder comparisons are commonly carried out by extracting additives and stabilizer degradation products from the powder using methylene chloride, and analyzing the results by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Some of these components are thermally unstable, making comparison of similar powders or of powders originating from different manufacturing lots difficult when GC is used. Isocratic HPLC analysis using C-18 stationary columns can be unsatisfactory due to a wide range of polarities of the additives and stabilizer degradation products and the presence of geometrical isomers. In this paper, a gradient procedure using a C-8 column is described for the analysis of smokeless powders. The procedure provides separation of a wide range of components present in smokeless powders. In this work, analytical figures of merit are provided, UV spectra of each of the components are presented, and the procedure is evaluated by comparing four different lots of smokeless powder from the same manufacturer.
Unexpected Death Due to Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Byard RW
Published: August 2015

A 14-year-old boy with infectious mononucleosis died unexpectedly in hospital. The most significant finding at autopsy was the presence of marked bilateral tonsillar enlargement with considerable narrowing of the upper airway. There were no other underlying organic diseases that could have caused or contributed to death. Narcotic analgesia had been administered less than 2 h before death and may have contributed to respiratory compromise. The blood morphine level was 0.08 mg/L. Toxicological evaluation of individuals with obstructive lesions of the upper airway may, therefore, be a useful adjunct to the autopsy assessment of such cases as it may reveal factors exacerbating mechanical blockage.
Allele Frequency Distribution of Two Minisatellite Loci (D19S20 and ApoB 3' VNTR) Among Five Distinct Population Groups of India
Authors: Das B , Chauhan PS , Seshadri M
Published: August 2015

We have analyzed DNA polymorphism at two minisatellite loci (D19S20 and ApoB 3' VNTR) among five anthropologically distinct population groups of India. Two of these belong to the state of Maharashtra in Western India (Konkanasthas and Marathas) and three from the state of Kerala in Southern India (Nairs, Ezhavas, and Muslims). A total of 235 individuals at D19S20 and 246 individuals at ApoB locus were studied.
Development of Fluorescent Markers Using Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Vaseline
Authors: Kurata S , Hirano H , Nagai M
Published: August 2015

Identifiable fluorescent markers were developed as tracers to tail suspects using phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, perylene, and coronene in vaseline. Vaseline was used as a carrier of the marker. Of the six compounds in the vaseline, perylene and fluoranthene were readily observed under ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 365 nm. All six compounds were identified selectively and sensitively without interference of vaseline using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. The detection limit was much less than 1 ng, corresponding to that of the observation behavior under UV light. The results showed that each component with vaseline was more effective than the individual component for the delay in degradation. The case examples of the fluorescent markers are shown.
Evaluation of Some Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium Substituted Ninhydrin Analogues, Nitrophenylninhydrin and Benzo[f]furoninhydrin
Authors: Kobus HJ , Pigou PE , Jahangiri S , Taylor B
Published: August 2015

Six ninhydrin analogues containing oxygen, sulfur, and selenium substituents at the C-5 position, 5-(4-nitrophenyl)ninhydrin, and benzo[f]furoninhydrin were evaluated as fingerprint development reagents. The analogues all showed good fingerprint color development but were not superior to ninhydrin in this respect. The benzo[f]furoninhydrin complex was strongly luminescent at room temperature following zinc complexation, while the remaining analogues required cooling to 196°C to produce optimum luminescence. The benzo[f]furo, nitrophenyl, and methyl selenide analogues showed the best potential as fingerprint reagents with the benzo[f]furo analogue comparing favorably with DFO.
Associating Gunpowder and Residues from Commercial Ammunition Using Compositional Analysis
Authors: MacCrehan WA , Reardon MR , Duewer DL
Published: August 2015

Qualitatively identifying and quantitatively determining the additives in smokeless gunpowder to calculate a numerical propellant to stabilizer (P/S) ratio is a new approach to associate handgun-fired organic gunshot residues (OGSR) with unfired powder. In past work, the P/S values of handgun OGSR and cartridges loaded with known gunpowders were evaluated. In this study, gunpowder and residue samples were obtained from seven boxes of commercial 38 caliber ammunition with the goals of associating cartridges within a box and matching residues to unfired powders, based on the P/S value and the qualitative identity of the additives. Gunpowder samples from four of the seven boxes of ammunition could be easily differentiated. When visual comparisons of the cartridge powders were considered in addition to composition, powder samples from all seven boxes of ammunition could be reliably differentiated. Handgun OGSR was also collected and evaluated in bulk as well as for individual particles. In some cases, residues could be reliably differentiated based on P/S and additive identity. It was instructive to evaluate the composition of individual unfired gunpowder and OGSR particles. We determined that both the numerical centroid and dispersity of the P/S measurements provide information for associations and exclusions. Associating measurements from residue particles with those of residue samples collected from a test firing of the same weapon and ammunition appears to be a useful approach to account for any changes in composition that occur during the firing process.
Content Based Information Retrieval in Forensic Image Databases
Authors: Geradts Z , Bijhold J
Published: August 2015

This paper gives an overview of the various available image databases and ways of searching these databases on image contents. The developments in research groups of searching in image databases is evaluated and compared with the forensic databases that exist. Forensic image databases of fingerprints, faces, shoeprints, handwriting, cartridge cases, drugs tablets, and tool marks are described.

The developments in these fields appear to be valuable for forensic databases, especially that of the framework in MPEG-7, where the searching in image databases is standardized. In the future, the combination of the databases (also DNA-databases) and possibilities to combine these can result in stronger forensic evidence.
Assessment of the Quality of Medical Documents Issued in Central Police Stations in Madrid, Spain: The Doctor's Role in the Prevention of III-Treatment
Authors: Petersen HD , Morentin B , Callado LF , Meana JJ , Hougen HP , Idoyaga MI
Published: August 2015

Doctors sometimes assess allegations of ill-treatment. Reports from such examinations may be used if the practice of the police is to be appraised; they should therefore be relevant and exhaustive.

We assessed, retrospectively, the quality of 318 medical documents concerning 100 persons held in central police stations in Madrid, Spain, from 1991 to 1994. In 71 documents concerning 44 persons the doctors quoted the detainee as alleging ill-treatment. Most of the documents appeared to lack significant information on history of ill-treatment and description of the clinical examination. Of 34 conclusions, ten were unacceptable and the premises were insufficient in 16. These observations point to weaknesses and needs for improvements in the fulfillment of the role of doctors as safeguards of the rights of detainees.

Medical examinations should be conducted outside the control of police officers, by a neutral doctor using a check-list/protocol. The quality of the report should fulfill international standards.
The Effect of Oleoresin Capsicum “Pepper” Spray Inhalation on Respiratory function
Authors: Chan TC , Vilke GM , Clausen J , Clark RF , Schmidt P , Snowden T , Neuman T
Published: August 2015

We performed a randomized, cross-over controlled trial to assess the effect of Oleoresin capsicum (OC) spray inhalation on respiratory function by itself and combined with restraint. Thirty-five subjects were exposed to OC or placebo spray, followed by 10 min of sitting or prone maximal restraint position (PMRP). Spirometry, oximetry, and end-tidal CO2 levels were collected at baseline and throughout the 10 min. Data were compared between groups (ANOVA) and with predefined normal values. In the sitting position, OC did not result in any significant changes in mean percent predicted forced vital capacity (%predFVC), percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%predFEV1), oxygen, or CO2 levels. In PMRP, mean %predFVC and %predFEV1 fell 14.4 and 16.5% for placebo and 16.2 and 19.1% for OC, but were not significantly different by exposure. There was no evidence of hypoxemia or hypercapnia in either groups. OC exposure did not result in abnormal spirometry, hypoxemia, or hypoventilation when compared to placebo in either sitting or PMRP.
Skeletal Identification Using the Frontal Sinus Region: A Retrospective Study of 39 Cases
Authors: Kirk NJ , Wood RE , Goldstein M
Published: August 2015

The importance of identification using the frontal sinus has been previously demonstrated in case reports. In this study, 39 cases of identification using frontal sinus comparison from the Ontario Chief Coroner's Office were reviewed and differences between antemortem and postmortem radiographs examined. All cases involved decedents older than twenty years. Three cases were rejected due to poor antemortem and postmortem film quality. One subject had no frontal sinus. Thirty-five cases provided conclusive postmortem to antemortem pattern matches. Sixteen cases also yielded metric (quantitative) matches. Duration between antemortem and postmortem radiographic examinations, age, gender, and cause of death did not affect the ability to obtain a match. This is the largest study undertaken on actual cases and demonstrates the validity of frontal sinus pattern matching for forensic identification.
Forensic Comparison of Soils by Bacterial Community DNA Profiling
Authors: Horswell J , Cordiner SJ , Maas EW , Martin TM , Sutherland KBW , Speir TW , Nogales B , Osborn AM
Published: August 2015

This preliminary investigation has shown that a soil microbial community DNA profile can be obtained from the small sample of soil recovered from the sole of a shoe, and from soil stains on clothing. We have also shown that these profiles are representative of the site of collection and therefore could potentially be used as associative evidence to prove a link between suspects and crime scenes. Soil community profiles were obtained using the T-RFLP fingerprinting method that uses fluorescent primer technology and semi-automated analysis techniques similar to those used in human DNA profiling in forensic laboratories.
Radiographic Identification Using the Clavicle of an Individual Missing from the Vietnam Conflict
Authors: Adams BJ , Maves RC
Published: August 2015

A case is reported in which radiographic comparison of a clavicle was used to establish the identification of a civilian missing from the Vietnam conflict. While the use of radiographic comparison of skeletal features is not a newly developed technique for personal identification purposes, this case outlines a unique set of circumstances surrounding the disappearance of an individual during the Vietnam conflict and his eventual identification. A radiographic comparison of a right clavicle was critical in the identification process of this individual almost 34 years after he was reported missing. The use of digital technology for radiographic comparison greatly facilitated the process.
Bizarre Impalement Fatalities—Where Is the Implement?
Authors: Karger B , Teige K , Bajanowski T
Published: August 2015

Two fatalities due to unusual impalement injuries are reported. (1) A large branch broken off during a storm had entered a passing car and perforated the chest of the driver and the back of the seat. The chest organs were grossly lacerated. The car was subsequently stopped by another tree and this second impact removed the wood from the body. (2) A man suffered anorectal impalement by the leg of a stool turned upside down. He had introduced one stool leg into his anus for sexual stimulation and fell onto it. This resulted in a wound channel 36 cm long including perforation of the rectum, urinary bladder, mesentery, transverse mesocolon and liver. Before autopsy, the mode of death was unclear because the man had removed the stool leg himself, his wife had hidden the stool from the scene, and there were no relevant external injuries. In both cases, a reliable reconstruction required investigation of the scene and consideration of extremely unlikely circumstances or of bizarre human activities.
Distribution of DYS19, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS390 Alleles in a Southern Italian Population Sample
Authors: Di Nunno N , Baldassarra SL , Di Nunno C , Boninfante B , Guanti G , Forleo G , Resta N
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were obtained from selected and unrelated individuals. DNA was extracted with the standard Chelex® 100 (Bio-Rad, CA) extraction procedure (1); DNA samples were amplified in a DNA Thermal Cycler 480 (Perkin Elmer Cetus, NJ) using 10 ng of template DNA.
Validation of Chest X-ray Comparisonsfor Unknown Decedent Identification
Authors: Kuehn CM , Taylor KM , Mann FA , Wilson AJ , Harruff RC
Published: August 2015

Comparing skeletal structures between antemortem and postmortem chest radiographs is widely used by forensic specialists from many disciplines to positively identify unknown decedents. However, validity assessments of this method have been fairly limited. This study had three objectives: 1) to quantify the reliability of ante- and postmortem chest radiograph comparison for decedent identification; 2) to identify useful radiologic features supporting decedent identification; and 3) to recognize sources of error in decedent identification related to use of comparative radiographs. A forensic pathologist, a forensic anthropologist, and two radiologists participated in the study. Our results showed that chest radiograph comparisons proved reliable, if basic decedent information was provided, and antemortem and postmortem radiographs were adequately positioned and exposed. A "morphological approach" using normal anatomical structures for comparison may provide the most efficient method for accurate identification.
D1S80 Polymorphism in Istanbul (Turkey)
Authors: Akgunes E , Filoglu G , Yükseloglu H , Abaci-Kalfoglu E , Atasoy S
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were obtained from 78 randomly selected, healthy, unrelated individuals from both sexes and were examined in order to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of D1S80 locus. DNA was extracted using Chelex 100 extraction method (1). The amplification was carried out according to the instructions of AmpliFLP D1S80 PCR amplification kit (2). The PCR products were analyzed using a vertical denaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gels were silver stained. The statistical analysis was done by the gene count method and it revealed no significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The complete data including the comparison with various Turkish and different populations (3) is available at http://istanbul.edu.tr/enstituler/ forensic/popgen-02.htm.
Allele Frequencies for Three STR Loci in Turkish Population of Kosovo
Authors: çerkezi AB , Altunçul DH , Yükseloglu H , Abaci-Kalfoglu E , Atasoy S
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals who claim to have Turkish origin and speak the Turkish language in Kosovo. We analyzed blood samples of volunteer individuals. DNA was extracted using Chelex 100 extraction method (1) and the typing was performed using the Gene print STR systems according to the manufacturer's instructions. The detection was done by silver staining. The statistical analysis revealed no significant deviation from Hardy Weinberg expectations. Parameters like observed and expected heterozygosity, power of exclusion and discrimination, probability of match, paternity index as well as a detailed comparison with various populations (2) are available at http://istanbul.edu.tr/enstituler/forensic/popgen-03.htm.
Concentrated Bleach Burns in a Child
Authors: Telmon N , Allery J-P , Dorandeu A , Rouge D
Published: August 2015

After a review of the literature on inflicted burns in children, we present a case of caustic burns in a child aged 6 months. Its inter-est lies in the causative agent (concentrated bleach) and in discussion of the intentional nature of the burn.
A Case of Homicide by Lethal Injection with Lidocaine
Authors: Kalin JR , Brissie RM
Published: August 2015

This report describes a homicide by overdosage with lidocaine. The decedent, a 32-year-old male hospitalized for a lengthy period with acute intermittent porphyria and chronic pancreatitis, suffered apparent asystole and seizure. Failed resuscitation preceded death. A forensic autopsy was conducted based upon suspicions of alleged patient mistreatment by one of the attending nurses. Toxicological analyses revealed the presence of lidocaine in blood, liver, kidney, brain, and heart at 22.2 mg/L and 43.6, 28.3, 23.1, and 13.1 mg/kg, respectively. Also present were di-azepam, phenytoin, and promethazine. Both diazepam and phenytoin had been administered during resuscitation, but lidocaine had not. The cause of death was determined to be ventricular arrhythmia precipitated by lidocaine overdosage. The administered dose was calculated to have been ap-proximately 1500 mg. The manner of death was determined to be homicide. The nurse was arrested and subsequently tried for murder by adminis-tering a lethal quantity of lidocaine.
Fetal Gunshot Wound Characteristics
Authors: Catanese CA , Gilmore K
Published: August 2015

Firearm injury in pregnant women is reported in the literature; however, no articles to date address the forensic analysis of the wounds sustained by the fetus. This is a report of a 40 weeks gestational age fetus who died following multiple perforating gunshot wounds, while his mother survived. The fetal wounds were atypical, consisting of irregular perforations with radiating linear lacerations and adjacent abrasions. The unusual wound pattern may have been due to the presence of interposed targets, the shoring of the fetus against itself and the uterine corpus, and the intrinsic character of fetal skin.
Levels of Trace and Major Elements in Illicit Heroin
Authors: Bora T , Merdivan M , Hamamci C
Published: August 2015

Ten elements, aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in 44 illicit heroin samples from Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Illicit heroin samples were dissolved in nitric acid using microwave oven and were quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Cd and Pb) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn). The most abundant element was calcium, 4050 to 14200 μg/g, which could be ascribed to the use of lime in the manufacturing process and/or as diluting agent. Iron (180 to 1470 μg/g), aluminum (42 to 2280 μg/g), and zinc (160 to 210 μg/g) were found at moderately high levels, possibly because of the use of metal pots in the acetic anhydride cooking process and also for storage. Cadmium and lead concentrations were at the lowest measured levels. The amounts of magnesium, manganese, barium, and copper were in the range of 100 to 800 μg/g, 3 to 17 μg/g, 4 to 30 μg/g, and 2 to 46 μg/g, respectively.
A Method for the Determination of Syringe Needle Punctures in Rubber Stoppers Using Stereoscopic Light Microscopy
Authors: Platek SF , Keisler MA , Ranieri N , Reynolds TW , Crowe JB
Published: August 2015

The ability to accurately determine the number of syringe needle penetration holes through the rubber stoppers in pharmaceutical vials and rubber septa in intravenous (IV) line and bag ports has been a critical factor in a number of forensic cases involving the thefts of controlled substances or suspected homicide by lethal injection. In the early 1990s, the microscopy and microanalysis group of the U.S. Food and Drug Ad-ministration's Forensic Chemistry Center (FCC) developed and implemented a method (unpublished) to locate needle punctures in rubber pharma-ceutical vial stoppers. In 1996, as part of a multiple homicide investigation, the Indiana State Police Laboratory (ISPL) contacted the FCC for in-formation on a method to identify and count syringe needle punctures through rubber stoppers in pharmaceutical vials. In a joint project and investigation using the FCC's needle hole location method and applying a method of puncture site mapping developed by the ISPL, a systematic method was developed to locate, identify, count, and map syringe punctures in rubber bottle stoppers or IV bag ports using microscopic analysis. The method requires documentation of punctures on both sides of the rubber stoppers and microscopic analysis of each suspect puncture site. The final result of an analysis using the method is a detailed diagram of puncture holes on both sides of a questioned stopper and a record of the minimum number of puncture holes through a stopper.
3D Measurements on Extrusion Marks in Plastic Bags
Authors: Berx V , De Kinder J
Published: August 2015

The surface of different types of garbage bags was scanned using non-contact laser profilometry. Manufacturing defects known from visual inspection of the bags (fish eyes, arrowheads, and surface scratches) appear as differences in the height profile. Extrusion lines could only be detected in low-density polyethylene bags. Their correlation length is a couple of centimeters, whereas visually they continue over meters. This can be used to link together the end of one garbage bag with the beginning of the subsequent bag. Extrusion lines are of the order of 0.1 μm for highdensity polyethylene garbage bags.
Evaluation of Exhibits from a Murder Case Using the Lead Isotope Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Gulson B , Eames JC , Davis JD
Published: August 2015

We have used a combination of lead isotopes and scanning electron microscopy to determine the relationships between different exhibits in a murder case. Samples involved lead projectiles removed from the deceased's head and a pillow, lead-rich scrapings and particles (gunshot residues) from spent cartridges and a silencer, and particles from a pillowcase. The lead projectiles had the same isotopic composition. with the lead being derived from the same dominantly geologically old source(s). The lead smear from the silencer had the same isotopic composition as the projectiles, and the lead was probably from the same source. The particles from the spent cartridges had varying elemental compositions ranging from PbO to PbCuZn ± Ba with or without Si and are consistent with derivation from the primer. The lead isotopic compositions of the particles from the spent cartridges show some variations, but these are markedly different from those of the projectiles, indicating lead from a mixture of geologically old and geologically young lead. The particles from the pillowcase were extremely small (usually ≮50 μm size) and showed varying isotopic compositions, some consistent with the gunshot residue from the cartridges. As the exhibits had been handled extensively prior to the present investigation, including some being sent to North America, there is a high likelihood that handling was not done in clean room environments and may have been contaminated. In this instance, as we were concerned about contamination, especially of the pillowcase, we felt contamination negated use of the results for assistance in proving the innocence or guilt of the accused. A combination of high-precision lead isotope measurements with scanning electron microscopy provides a powerful tool for forensic investigations if precautions are taken in handling the exhibits.
Allele Frequencies of Y-Chromosome STR Locus DYS445 in a Chinese Population
Authors: Dong JG , Hou YP , Li YB , Wu J , Tang JP , Ji Q
Published: August 2015

Specimens of 126 unrelated male individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Sichuan province of China. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method (1). DNA typing was carried out by PCR. Each PCR reaction contained 2 to 20 ng human genomic DNA,1 × Taq buffer,1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 μM each nucleotide, 1.5 U Taq polymerase, 0.25 μM each primer in a total volume of 37.5 μL. In the PCR Protocol the DNA was initially denatured at 94°C for 1 min. This was followed with 94°C 50 s, 63°C 70 s, and 72°C for 7 s. A total of 38 cycles was carried out in a GenAmp PCR System 9600. The PCR products were analyzed using a horizontal nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a discontinuous buffer system (2). The gels were silverstained (3). Allele determination was carried out by comparison with the sequenced human allele ladder, which was made in-house and contained all the alleles found in this study. Following the recommendations of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (4), the allele classification for the DYS445 locus was based on the number of repeat motifs. The parameters dealing with forensic genetics were calculated according to Hou's method (5).
A Review of: Developmental Juvenile Osteology
Authors: Jantz RL
Published: August 2015

It is hard to imagine that anyone can or will produce a more comprehensive or useful treatment of juvenile osteology than the one presented in this book. It is lengthy, heavy and expensive, but every page is full of information that will be useful to anyone engaged in skeletal research and teaching. For forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists confronted with the skeletal remains of children, it will be the definitive reference for years to come. Here is why. The first four chapters outline the general features of skeletal development, bone development, and embryology. The following seven chapters deal with anatomical regions: head, neck and dentition; vertebral column; thorax; the pectoral girdle; upper limb; pelvic girdle; and lower limb. Each chapter has a detailed anatomical and embryological description, practical notes about siding and possible sources of confusion in identification, measurements by age and a morphological summary.
Review of: Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology
Authors: Logan BK
Published: August 2015

As the publisher's cover notes on this volume point out, the low dose benzodiazepines and gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) escape detection in many laboratories because of their low effective doses and rapid metabolism. This is an important shortcoming because of the forensic consequences of the use and misuse of these drugs. Edited by Dr. Salvatore Salamone, the book is a collection of seven papers, any of which would be at home in the pages of this Journal, and it will be a useful addition to the library of any laboratory looking to improve its performance in the areas discussed. Its focus, however, is on a few of the low dose benzodiazepines, (a fact not clear from the title), and includes only a single chapter on GHB.
PMS, Psychosis and Culpability: Sound or Misguided Defense?
Authors: Downs LL
Published: August 2015

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is believed to affect up to 90% of women of reproductive age. A small subset of women have been identified who actually experience psychotic symptoms in the premenstrual phase of their cycles. Not surprisingly, PMS has made it into the courts where it has been offered as a defense for criminal acts. The defense has generally fared poorly in the United States, although it has been successfully used as a factor in supporting diminished capacity in Great Britain. The following paper sets out to review the medical literature on premenstrual syndrome with a particular focus on premenstrual psychosis. Available literature from both medical and legal sources is then utilized to investigate instances in which premenstrual psychosis has been invoked as a defense in the courts.