bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive fitness of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of the potent estrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) in a whole lake exposure experiment
Authors: Werner Julieta , Palace Vince P. , Wautier Kerry G. , Mills Kenneth H. , Chalanchuk Sandra M. , Kidd Karen A.
Published: October 2008

The synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2), has been identified in many aquatic environments. EE2 induces biochemical and physiological effects in exposed fish, but linkages to widespread reproductive dysfunction in populations have not been established. Mortality in early life stages has only been documented at relatively high concentrations, above those found in the environment. To examine the potential effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2, reproductive endpoints were examined in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) captured from a lake experimentally treated with ~5 ng/L EE2. Monitoring began two years prior to EE2 additions in the lake and for 3 years of additions. A nearby lake in which no EE2 was added was used as a reference. Eggs from fish in each lake were fertilised with milt from the same fish stocks. Fertilization and hatch, mortality, deformities, and size of the fry at swim up were not negatively affected by EE2 exposure. While our earlier studies have reported impaired reproductive success in small-bodied fish exposed to EE2 in the same system, lake trout appear to be less affected at the biochemical level and no impacts were determined in other reproductive and population level impacts.
Postflexion larvae and juvenile daily growth patterns of the Alborán Sea sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.): influence of wind
Authors: Alemany Francisco , Álvarez Itziar , García Alberto , Cortés Dolores , Ramírez Teodoro , Quintanilla José , Álvarez Federico , Rodríguez José María
Published: October 2008

The Alborán Sea is a hydrographically complex and variable area in which wind-driven coastal upwelling occurs. Its most abundant small pelagic resource is the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), which is subject to major interannual oscillations. Postflexion stages of sardine larvae were sampled in their main nursery grounds in the north Alborán Sea, and sardine juveniles were sampled periodically throughout the recruitment season. Daily growth analysis was used to identify periods favourable for larval survival and to assess the evolution of daily increment widths during the first months of life. The results showed that juveniles born later in the spawning season grew relatively faster than those born earlier. Two main growth phases were observed in juveniles: an initial one in which daily increment widths increased progressively, and a second one in which widths fluctuated, showing a decreasing trend. The beginning of the second phase was almost synchronous among different sub-cohorts, suggesting that it was triggered by environmental factors. The estimated mean daily growth rates during the larval phase were higher in surviving juveniles than in postflexion larvae born in the same month, supporting the “bigger is better” hypothesis in relation to larval survival. The influence of the environmental regime on growth was explored, and the evolution of a growth-related index, derived from otolith increment width variability, was compared with a single environmental descriptor, a “wind index” based on wind stress and direction. This analysis suggested that larval survival and larval and juvenile growth rates showed a positive correlation with NW component winds, associated with upwelling events on the continental shelf and calm sea weather conditions in the inshore nursery grounds. Conversely, Levantine and southern wind periods, which interrupt the upwelling and create rough seas in the inshore bays, lead to a decrease in growth rates in juveniles and low larval survival.
Opheliidae (Polychaeta) collected by the R/V Hero and the USNS Eltanin cruises from the Southern Ocean and South America
Authors: Maciolek Nancy J. , Blake James A.
Published: October 2008

Opheliid polychaetes collected by the United States Antarctic Research Program and additional material from South America were made available for study through the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA. The Opheliidae from Antarctic seas were treated by Hartman (1966, 1967, 1978), who summarized earlier work and also described several new species. Of the five genera she recorded, two (Travisia and Kesun) have since been synonymized and one, Ammotrypane, has been referred to Ophelina; Hartman’s records therefore encompass four genera, three of which are represented in the present collections. No representatives of Euzonus (Thoracophelia) were found. The following species were recorded from Antarctica in the present study: Ophelia algida n. sp., Ophelina breviata (Ehlers, 1913), Ophelina cf. cylindricaudata (sensu Hartmann-Schröder and Rosenfeldt, 1989), Ophelina nematoides (Ehlers, 1913), Ophelina scaphigera (Ehlers, 1900), Ophelina cf. setigera (Hartman, 1978), Ophelina syringopyge (Ehlers, 1901), Travisia antarctica Hartman, 1967 (emended 1978), Travisia kerguelensis McIntosh, 1885, Travisia kerguelensis gravieri Monro, 1930, Travisia palmeri n. sp. and Travisia tincta n. sp. The new species of Ophelia is distinguished by having branchiae starting on chaetiger 2 (rather than on or after chaetiger 8 as in most species of this genus). Travisia palmeri has 22 chaetigers and is distinguished by long branchiae. Travisia kerguelensis gravieri is raised to full species status and renamed T. monroi. Travisia tincta n. sp., distinguished by a distinctive Methyl Green staining pattern and long branchiae, is described from off Peru.
Redescription of Parophryotrocha isochaeta (Eliason, 1962) and a new species of Parophryotrocha (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) from the Skagerrak and North Sea
Authors: Oug Eivind
Published: October 2008

The original description of Parophryotrocha isochaeta (Eliason, 1962; as Ophryotrocha (?) isochaeta) was based on three specimens collected in the deepest part of the Skagerrak in 1933. The species is here redescribed from new material collected at the type locality in 1990. Its most characteristic features pertain to jaw morphology and the presence of only one type of simple chaeta in all parapodia. Several structures, such as prostomial appendages, parapodia and parapodial cirri, were not depicted in the original description, but were found to be present and are here characterised. A new species, Parophryotrocha rhadina n. sp., is described from material collected from the northern North Sea. It differs from P. isochaeta by being smaller and of slimmer size, by lacking ventral cirri and by the shape of the mandibles and maxillae. The genus Parophryotrocha Hartmann-Schröder, 1971 was originally erected for O. (?) isochaeta with lack of antennae, palps, parapodia and composite chaetae as diagnostic features. The generic definition is here emended. The status of the genus is discussed with regard to related genera. The presence of prostomial and parapodial structures implies that the difference between P. isochaeta and the species currently placed in Ophryotrocha is not as great as had previously been considered.
Pleijelius longae n. gen., n. sp., a remarkable deep water polychaete from the Northwestern Atlantic (Polychaeta: Hesionidae)
Authors: Salazar-Vallejo S. I. , Orensanz J. M. (Lobo)
Published: October 2008

A new genus and species, Pleijelius longae n. gen., n. sp., is proposed for a small hesionid from deep water off Woods Hole, in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The new genus can be separated from other members of the family by having six pairs of enlarged anterior cirri, abundant dorsally-oriented notochaetae, provided with a single row of 2-4 denticles, and 10 cushion-shaped marginal pharynx papillae. A cladistic analysis indicates that this new taxon falls within Hesionidae and is the sister group to Hesioninae. A key to all ‘hesionid’ genera is also included.
Sewage-induced disturbance on polychaetes inhabiting intertidal mussel beds of Brachidontes rodriguezii off Mar del Plata (SW Atlantic, Argentina).
Authors: Elías Rodolfo , Rivero María S. , Palacios Julieta R. , Vallarino Eduardo A.
Published: October 2008

Continuous and short-term disturbances are produced on intertidal Brachidontes rodriguezii mussel beds by the sewage outfall of Mar del Plata, SW Atlantic. The effects on the associated polychaetes living on and between mussels were investigated, in both the spatial and short-term temporal scales. Multivariate methods show that the polychaete fauna was influenced by tidal level, total amount of sediment accumulated between mussels, distance from the sewage outfall, organic carbon of interstitial sediments, and sewage volume before and after the summer season. Environmental variables in the water column fitted with a spatial and temporal organic gradient. Capitella ‘capitata’ sp. showed typical opportunistic behaviour in relation to organic enrichment, as did Neanthes succinea, both being numerically dominant near the sewage discharge. Cirratulus sp., Caulleriella alata, and Boccardia polybranchia were common at intermediate distances from the outfall. Syllis prolixa, S. gracilis, and Protoariciella uncinata reached their highest abundance at intermediate stations and were characteristic of the control site. Close to the outfall mussel density and dominance is low, and opportunist polychaetes successfully colonize organically enriched interstitial sediments. At intermediate distances from the outfall sediments retained by mussels reach their maximum values, and density of polychaetes is also high. The control station is characterized by monolayered mussel beds and very low diversity of polychaetes. Opportunistic polychaetes increase in response to short-term increases of sewage discharge during the summer season (November-March).
Spatial distribution of soft-bottom polychaete annelids in the Ensenada de Baiona (Ría de Vigo, Galicia, north-west Spain)
Authors: Moreira Juan , Quintas Patricia , Troncoso Jesús S.
Published: October 2008

The spatial distribution of the polychaete fauna in the subtidal soft-bottoms of the Ensenada de Baiona (Galicia, NW Spain) was studied by means of quantitative sampling and multivariate analyses. Several faunistic assemblages were determined, which were closely related to the sediment distribution pattern in the inlet. The coarse-medium sand fauna was mainly dominated by syllids and pisionids. Finer sediments (fine sand to mud) showed a greater abundance of deposit-feeding species, mostly spionids, cirratulids and capitellids. The greatest number of species and diversity were found in mixed sediments with medium and fine sand. Organically enriched muds around Baiona harbour have an impoverished fauna, with a high dominance of Cossura pygodactylata Jones, 1956.
Distribution patterns of Terebellidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): an application of Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE)
Authors: Senna Garraffoni André Rinaldo , Shigueo Nihei Silvio , Da Cunha Lana Paulo
Published: October 2008

The biogeography of Terebellidae (Polychaeta) using Parsimony Analysis of Endemism (PAE) is investigated and species and genera distribution in relation to coastal and continental shelf areas of endemism around the world is considered. Hierarchical patterns in PAE cladograms are identified by testing for congruence with patterns derived from cladistic biogeography and geological evidence. The PAE cladogram indicates that many of the extant terebellid worms from the current Southern Hemisphere (“Gondwanan clades”) have originated from Laurasian ancestors or, in the case of the clade formed by Brazilian, South Atlantic and Antarctic taxa, have descended directly from an ancestral lineage common to some Northern areas. The present analysis also shows a high level of endemism at the species level. Relationships of the areas differ slightly from previous biogeographical analyses applied to other polychaete families.
Redescription of two species of Neanthes (Polychaeta, Nereididae) possessing a large notopodial prechaetal lobe
Authors: Bakken Torkild
Published: October 2008

Phylogenetic analyses of “nereidids with paragnaths” indicated that species currently assigned to Neanthes sensu lato possessing a notopodial prechaetal lobe as large as the notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules were grouped in a separate clade with uncertain relationships to nominal Neanthes taxa. Further studies of these species are required to test this theory. Literature studies and examination of material alike prove that redescriptions of several species are needed until phylogenetic analyses can be undertaken. To meet this goal material from two species is included here for redescription, being necessary to reveal as many details as possible for a forthcoming phylogenetic analysis. Neanthes bongcoi Pillai, 1965 was originally described from the Philippines and is redescribed based on a quantity of specimens. It is here reported to be common in northern Australian waters. Neanthes meggitti Monro, 1931 is redescribed based on type material and a lectotype is designated for N. meggitti. Both N. bongcoi and N. meggitti are characterised by presence of a notopodial lobe as large as dorsal and ventral notopodial ligules in anterior chaetigers. Relevance to similar characteristics in related species is discussed.
Fertilization success in Galeolaria caespitosa (Polychaeta: Serpillidae): gamete characteristics, role of sperm dilution, gamete age, and contact time
Authors: Kupriyanova Elena K.
Published: October 2008

Variability in gamete traits and the factors affecting fertilization success were studied in a common gregarious broadcast-spawning serpulid polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa. Variability of egg size and sperm velocity were not related to the adult size. High sperm concentrations (107-108 sperm. ml-1) were required to achieve fertilization rates of 60-80%. The gamete contact time required to achieve high fertilization rates (70-80%) in G. caespitosa did not exceed 5 minutes of gamete exposure given sufficiently high sperm concentrations. This suggests that attachment of sperm to the egg takes place very rapidly, and a short-term exposure to highly concentrated sperm is a common feature of fertilization ecology of this gregarious species. A sharp decline in fertilization rates at high sperm concentrations usually attributable to polyspermy was not observed. Sperm were motile for up to 6 hours after activation; however, swimming velocity and fertilization success decreased after 2 hours. Eggs of G. caespitosa were fertilizable up to 10 hours after spawning, but the number of embryos resulting from fertilizations by fresh sperm decreased after 2 hours. The gamete traits of G. caespitosa appear to have evolved to enable this sessile organism to reproduce under conditions of high population density and increased risk of polyspermy.
Replacement of adult maxillary jaws in Eunicida (Polychaeta)
Authors: Paxton Hannelore
Published: October 2008

Replacement of adult maxillary jaws is reported for Diopatra aciculata. The process is similar to arthropod moulting, commencing with apolysis or retraction of the epidermal cells from the inner surface of the old cuticle, followed by formation of the new cuticle. This results in the jaw-in-jaw or pharate state. Ecdysis or shedding of the old cuticle takes place without any splitting or damage as evidenced by complete, fully articulated shed jaws found in the gut. Newly moulted maxillae are soft and white until they become sclerotized. The new jaws are about 1.4 times the size of the old ones (moult increment). The same process is expected to occur in all extinct and extant Labidognatha. The Recent Lumbrineridae maxillae may not be of the labidognath type, but probably moult in the same manner. Occasional finds of pharate jaws of the extinct Placognatha indicate that they underwent similar jaw replacement. Not enough is known about Prionognatha, although shedding before replacement may occur. Jaw replacement in Ctenognatha, where the new elements form in sac-like epithelial structures ventrolateral to the existing maxillae, is probably limited to this group.
Density-dependent growth of the polychaete Diopatra aciculata
Authors: Safarik Milada , Redden Anna M. , Schreider Maria J.
Published: October 2008

Effects of intraspecific density on growth of the tube-building polychaete Diopatra aciculata (Onuphidae) were examined over a three-month period within a marine worm aquaculture facility. Three polychaete densities (500, 1000 and 2000 worms/m2) were represented within triplicate 0.30 m2 boxes containing late juvenile D. aciculata, sandy sediment and recirculating seawater. Daily food ration per worm was held constant across all density levels. Total length, weight and number of segments were recorded for 20 polychaetes randomly removed from each of nine treatment boxes at weeks 1, 7 and 14. Mean daily growth was higher during weeks 1-7 than during weeks 7-14 for all growth variables at each density level. Polychaetes at the highest density level exhibited lower rates of growth and more broken and/or regenerating posterior segments than those at low density. High D. aciculata density was also associated with reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and high polychaete mortality (20%). At medium polychaete density (1000/m2), D. aciculata exhibited low levels of apparent stress and high biomass return per unit area, both of which are important considerations in the aquaculture rearing of this species. We suggest that further studies focus on age- and size-related factors contributing to density effects on polychaete growth.
New systematic results based on chaetal hard structures in Mesochaetopterus (Polychaeta)
Authors: Bhaud Michel , Koh Byoung-Seoul , Martín Daniel
Published: October 2008

Two kinds of chaetal hard structures have been analysed within the genus Mesochaetopterus (Chaetopteridae, Polychaeta): the specialised chaetae of the fourth segment of the anterior part of the body (i.e. the A4 segment) and the uncinal plates present on neuropodia of mid and posterior parts (i.e. B- and C-regions, respectively). The examination of a large number of specimens leads to identification of finer geographic differences based on the morphological variations of these chaetal hard structures than on criteria linked to the soft body structures. These differences may be considered as species-level markers with a high degree of certainty. As a consequence, the reintroduction of M. sagittarius (Claparède, 1870) is proposed for specimens from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, while M. minutus (Potts, 1914) is retained for some specimens from the Pacific Ocean. The specimens from the Persian (= Arabian) Gulf seem to be different from those of the Indian Ocean, likely a new species of the genus. Geographic differentiation is also observed over shorter distances and two morphologies of A4 chaetae are identified on specimens from the Solomon’s archipelago, suggesting also the presence of new species. However, other taxonomically valid characters should be explored, in addition to the chaetal hard structures described herein, to formally describe these species. This research adds to the growing literature that suggests truly cosmopolitan species, specifically within the genus Meesochaetopterus and possibly within the Chaetopteridae as a whole, are increasingly difficult to find.
Eunicidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) associated with Phragmathopoma caudata Morch, 1863 and some coral reefs from Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: De León-González Jesús Ángel , Díaz Castañeda Victoria
Published: October 2008

This study analyses species in the family Eunicidae obtained in the intertidal zones of Veracruz, Mexico. The specimens collected were associated with a sabellariid Phragmatopoma caudata Morch, 1863, and collected directly by scuba diving from some coral reefs in Veracruz. Twelve species were found, six of whish are reported for the first time in the area: Eunice mutilata Webster, 1884, Eunice panamena (Chamberlin, 1919), Eunice pellucida Kinberg, 1865, Eunice unifrons (Verrill, 1900), Marphysa aransensis Treadwell, 1939 and Nematonereis unicornis (Grube, 1840). Furthermore, the descriptions of two new species of the genera Eunice and Marphysa are included.
Social status and shaming experiences related to adolescent overt aggression at school
Authors: Åslund Cecilia , Starrin Bengt , Leppert Jerzy , Nilsson Kent W.
Published: October 2008

Feelings of rejection and humiliation in interpersonal interaction are strongly related to aggressive behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between social status, shaming experiences, gender and adolescent aggressive behavior by using a status–shaming model. A population‐based sample of 5,396 adolescents aged from 15 to 18 completed a questionnaire that asked questions regarding psychosocial background, shaming experiences, social status of family, peer group and school and involvement in physical or verbal aggression at school. Shaming experiences, i.e. being ridiculed or humiliated by others, were strongly related to aggressive behavior. Social status and shaming were related in the prediction of aggressive behavior, suggesting that a person's social status may influence the risk for taking aggressive action when subjected to shaming experiences. Medium social status seemed to have a protective function in the association between shaming experiences and aggression. This study confirms the importance of further evaluation of the role of perceived social status and shaming experiences in the understanding of aggressive behavior. Moreover, the results indicate the need for different kinds of status measures when investigating the associations between status and behavior in adolescent populations. The results may have important implications for the prevention of bullying at school as well as other deviant aggressive behavior among adolescents. Aggr. Behav. 35:1–13, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic Performance of Nanoscopic, Aluminium Trifluoride‐Based Catalysts in the Synthesis of (all‐rac)‐α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Coman S. M. , Wuttke S. , Vimont A. , Daturi M. , Kemnitz E.
Published: October 2008

A novel nanoscopic, partly hydroxylated aluminium fluoride was prepared in a sol‐gel fluorination synthesis and characterised by IR probe molecules. It was shown that this material has, in contrast to high surface area aluminium fluoride (HS‐AlF3) which is one of the strongest Lewis acids, a low amount of strong Lewis acid sites combined with weak and medium strength Brønsted sites. Both materials were tested in the synthesis of (all‐rac)‐α‐tocopherol through the condensation of 2,3,6‐trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ) with isophytol (IP). The activity data indicate the partly hydroxylated aluminium fluoride to be a very efficient and highly selective catalyst for (all‐rac)‐α‐tocopherol (>99.9%, for an IP conversion of 100%) whereas high surface area aluminium fluoride is a poor catalyst for this reaction.
Association between cerebral shape and social use of language in Williams syndrome
Authors: Gothelf Doron , Searcy Yvonne M. , Reilly Judy , Lai Philip T. , Lanre‐Amos Tope , Mills Debra , Korenberg Julie R. , Galaburda Albert , Bellugi Ursula , Reiss Allan L.
Published: October 2008

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurogenetic disorder resulting from a hemizygous microdeletion at band 7q11.23. It is characterized by aberrant development of the brain and a unique profile of cognitive and behavioral features. We sought to identify the neuroanatomical abnormalities that are most strongly associated with WS employing signal detection methodology. Once identified with a Quality Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (QROC), we hypothesized those brain regions distinguishing subjects with WS from controls would be linked to the social phenotype of individuals with this disorder. Thirty‐nine adolescents and young adults with WS and 40 typically developing controls matched for age and gender were studied. The QROC identified a combination of an enlarged ventral anterior prefrontal cortex and large bending angle of the corpus callosum to distinguish between WS and controls with a sensitivity of 85.4% and specificity of 75.0%. Within the WS group, bending angle significantly correlated with ventral anterior prefrontal cortex size but not with other morphometric brain measures. Ventral anterior prefrontal size in subjects with WS was positively associated with the use of social engagement devices in a narrative task assessing the use of social and affective language. Our findings suggest that aberrant morphology of the ventral anterior prefrontal cortex is a pivotal contributing factor to the abnormal size and shape of the cerebral cortex and to the social‐affective language use typical of individuals with WS. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemischer Fingerabdruck von fossilen Harzen und rezenten Pflanzenexsudaten
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Santiago‐Blay Jorge A. , Anderson Ken B.
Published: October 2008

Bernstein ist einer der wenigen Edelsteine mit organischer Struktur. Er ist die fossile Form klebriger Pflanzenexsudate (Harze). Untersuchungen mit modernen analytischen Methoden liefern Strukturdaten und geben Aufschluss über die Pflanzenart, die das ursprüngliche Harz produziert hat. Durch massenspektrometrische Analyse der gaschromatographisch getrennten Stoffe können Verbindungen identifiziert werden, auf deren Grundlage eine zuverlässige Klassifizierung der verschiedenen Bernsteinarten möglich ist. Mithilfe der NMR‐Spektroskopie an festem Bernstein wird die Klassifizierung ergänzt. NMR‐Spektroskopie ermöglicht auch die Charakterisierung moderner Harze sowie anderer Arten von Pflanzenexsudaten, z. B. Gummi, Gummiharz und Kinogummis, die zwar in ihrem Erscheinungsbild den Harzen stark ähneln, jedoch ganz anders aufgebaut sind.
Thermal behavior of PES/PEES copolymers with different sequence distribution: Comparative study of the kinetics of degradation
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ming
Published: October 2008

The degradation of three aromatic thermoplastics copolymers of polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetherethersulfone (PEES) with the same composition but different sequence distribution was performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer in both nitrogen and air environments, in isothermal and dynamic heating conditions. The obtained results suggest that the degradations started by random chain scission under all the experimental conditions. Under N2 flow, branching and crosslinking were superimposed on the initial process, whereas complete oxidative degradation occurred in air. The apparent activation energies associated with the first degradation stage were evaluated and correlated with the sequence linkages present in the copolymer chains. The obtained values indicated that the chemical reactions occurring under nitrogen were different from those in air. In addition, a comparison of activation energies of PES/PEES copolymers with different sequence distribution was also reported. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
PMMA‐based microgels for controlled release of an anticancer drug
Authors: Rao K. S. V. Krishna , Chung Ildoo , Reddy K. Mallikarjuna , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: October 2008

Methyl methacrylate (MMA), methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) monomaleate (MPEG), and acrylamidoglycolic acid (AGA) terpolymeric microgels (MGs) have been synthesized by free‐radical surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization. MPEG was synthesized from maleic anhydride and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol). The MGs were crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and the chemical crosslinking was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU), a model anticancer drug, has been loaded into the MGs by in situ and adsorption methods. Empty as well as drug‐loaded MGs were then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). DSC and XRD studies indicated a molecular level dispersion of the drug in PMMA MGs during in situ loading. TEM images showed the formation of spherical MGs. In vitro release of 5‐FU from the crosslinked poly(MMA‐co‐AGA‐co‐MPEG) MGs were investigated at both pH 7.4 and 1.2 buffer medium that controlled release of the drug up to ∼ 18 h. Both the encapsulation efficiency and the release patterns were dependent on the amount of crosslinking agent and the amount of drug loaded. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Esterification on solid support by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone from benzylic hydroxyl‐functionalized Wang resin bead
Authors: Lee Hyo Jin , Ramaraj B. , Yoon Kuk Ro
Published: October 2008

Biodegradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was formed on benzylic hydroxyl‐functionalized Wang resin surface by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization (SI‐ROP). The SI‐ROP of ε‐caprolactone was achieved first by treating Wang resin with Tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)2] to form Tin(II) complex, and then followed by polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in anhydrous toluene at 60°C. Thus, the polymer‐grafted Wang resin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), optical microscopy (OM), and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of polymer‐grafted Wang resin (Wang‐g‐PCL) reveals the formation of ester linkage between PCL and hydroxyl‐terminated Wang resin. The DSC thermogram shows melting peak corresponding to PCL polymer on Wang resin surface. Thermogravimetric investigation shows increase in PCL content on the Wang resin surface in terms of percentage of weight loss with increase in reaction time. The formation of polymeric layers on the Wang resin surface can be directly visualized from OM and SEM images. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The actuation behavior and stability of p‐toluene sulfonate doped polypyrrole films formed at different deposition current densities
Authors: Sui Jing , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka , Chu Shu Yi , Li Kwong Chi , Kilmartin Paul A.
Published: October 2008

Free‐standing films of polypyrrole doped with p‐toluene sulfonate (PPy/pTS) were electropolymerized galvanostatically at different deposition current densities and their electrochemomechanical deformation (ECMD) properties were measured in situ during cyclic voltammetry experiments. It was found that films exhibiting a higher cation‐driven actuation strain were generated when a lower current density was used in electropolymerization, which also led to an increase in PPy conductivity and doping level. A decrease in cation‐driven strain with time was observed in all cases due to a loss of pTS anions from the films. Raman, FTIR, and elemental analyses were used to characterize the films grown at different deposition current densities and no sign of excessive overoxidation was found. SEM images revealed that the morphology of the films was affected by the current density during electropolymerization. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Solid‐state polymerization of bisphenol A polycarbonate with a spray‐crystallizing method
Authors: Kim Jong Hun
Published: October 2008

A novel crystallization method for the production of high‐molecular‐weight bisphenol A polycarbonate by solid‐state polymerization is suggested. In this method, a low‐molecular‐weight polycarbonate prepolymer is dissolved in a solvent and then partially crystallized with a novel spray‐crystallizing method to prepare crystallized polycarbonate particles having a very uniform and porous structure with a narrow melting region. As a result, during solid‐state polymerization, the phenol byproduct can be easily removed from the polymerizing porous polycarbonate particles, and the polymerization rate is dramatically increased. In particular, the effects of the crystallization methods on secondary crystallization during solid‐state polymerization and the melting behavior have been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry studies. The final product, a high‐molecular‐weight polycarbonate, displays a very narrow molecular weight distribution and uniform physical properties. A simultaneous process and an adequate reactor design for spray crystallization and solid‐state polymerization are also suggested. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fallacies in probability judgments for conjunctions and disjunctions of everyday events
Authors: Costello Fintan J.
Published: October 2008

The conjunction fallacy occurs when people judge a conjunction B‐and‐A as more probable than a constituent B, contrary to probability theory's ‘conjunction rule’ that a conjunction cannot be more probable than either constituent. Many studies have demonstrated this fallacy in people's reasoning about various experimental materials. Gigerenzer objects that from a ‘frequentist’ standpoint probability theory is not valid for these materials, and so failure to follow the conjunction rule is not a fallacy. This paper describes three experiments showing that the conjunction fallacy occurs as consistently for conjunctions where frequentist probability theory is valid (conjunctions of everyday weather events) as for other conjunctions. These experiments also demonstrate a reliable correlation between the occurrence of the conjunction fallacy and the disjunction fallacy (which arises when a disjunction B‐or‐A is judged less probable than a constituent B). This supports a probability theory + random variation account of probabilistic reasoning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Dicing of Guanosine‐Rich shRNAs by Quadruplex‐Binding Compounds
Authors: Henn Anja , Joachimi Astrid , Gonçalves Diana P. N. , Monchaud David , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule , Sanders Jeremy K. M. , Hartig Jörg S.
Published: October 2008

RNA interference is triggered by small hairpin precursors that are processed by the endonuclease dicer to yield active species such as siRNAs and miRNAs. To regulate the RNAi‐mediated suppression of gene expression, we imagined a strategy that relies on the sequence‐specific inhibition of shRNA precursor processing by immediate RNA–small molecule interactions. Here, we present a first step in this direction by augmenting shRNAs with guanosine‐rich sequences that are prone to fold into four‐stranded structures. The addition of small molecules that selectively bind to such quadruplex sequences should allow for the specific inhibition of dicing of shRNAs that contain suitable G‐rich elements. In an attempt to find compounds that protect against dicer processing, we have examined the effects of quadruplex‐binding compounds on the dicer processing of shRNAs containing G‐quadruplexes. Although a variety of small molecules that are known to bind to quadruplexes inhibited in vitro dicing of shRNAs, only two substance classes, namely certain porphyrazines and bisquinolinium compounds, showed selective inhibition of G‐rich shRNAs compared to control sequences lacking guanine‐rich elements. The G‐rich shRNAs displayed a potent knockdown of gene expression in mammalian cell culture, but the effect was not influenced by addition of the respective quadruplex‐binding compounds.
Plasmodium Telomeric Sequences: Structure, Stability and Quadruplex Targeting by Small Compounds
Authors: De Cian Anne , Grellier Philippe , Mouray Elisabeth , Depoix Delphine , Bertrand Hélène , Monchaud David , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule , Mergny Jean‐Louis , Alberti Patrizia
Published: October 2008

The increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the most commonly used antimalarial drugs makes it necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. The telomeres of the parasite could constitute an attractive target. They are composed of repetitions of a degenerate motif (5′GGGTTYA3′, where Y is T or C), different from the human one (5′GGGTTA3′). In this report we investigate the possibility of targeting Plasmodium telomeres with G‐quadruplex ligands. Through solution hybridisation assays we provide evidence of the existence of a telomeric 3′ G‐overhang in P. falciparum genomic DNA. Through UV spectroscopy studies we demonstrate that stable G‐quadruplex structures are formed at physiological temperature by sequences composed of the degenerate Plasmodium telomeric motif. Through a FRET melting assay we show stabilisation of Plasmodium telomeric G‐quadruplexes by a variety of ligands. Many of the tested ligands display strong quadruplex versus duplex selectivity, but show little discrimination between human and Plasmodium telomeric quadruplexes.
New Peptolides from the Cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare as Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase
Authors: Mehner Christian , Müller Daniela , Kehraus Stefan , Hautmann Stephanie , Gütschow Michael , König Gabriele M.
Published: October 2008

Eight new cyanopeptolins (insulapeptolides A–H) were obtained from the cyanobacterium Nostoc insulare. Their isolation was guided by their bioactivity toward the target enzyme human leukocyte elastase, molecular biological investigations, and MALDI‐TOF analysis. These peptides are selective inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase with activities in the nanomolar range. Insulapeptolide D (4) was the most potent compound with an IC50 value of 85 nM (Ki value of 36 nM).
A Comparison of the Magnetic Structures of KMn4(PO4)3 and KCo4(PO4)3 Based on the Connectivity of the Coordination Polyhedra
Authors: López María Luisa , Daidouh Abdelaali , Pico Carlos , Rodríguez‐Carvajal Juan , Veiga María Luisa
Published: October 2008

The crystal structures of KMn4(PO4)3 and KCo4(PO4)3 have been determined by neutron diffraction at room temperature. Both compounds are orthorhombic with similar cell parameters, but they crystallize in different space groups, Pnam for the Mn phosphate and Pnnm for the Co analogue. On the basis of the metal cation polyhedra and their connectivity, the crystal structures have been rationalised, which allow interpretation of the main magnetic interactions between them. Magnetic measurements show ferromagnetic behaviour for the Co compound, whereas in the Mn derivative antiferromagnetism is observed. Both magnetic structures are described and qualitatively analysed in terms of superexchange and super–superexchange interactions.
Artificial Enzyme Catalysis Controlled and Driven by Light
Authors: Knör Günther
Published: October 2008

Bio‐inspired chemistry based on photoresponsive molecules is a rapidly developing new strategy to mimic the function of various biological systems. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with molecular systems is ideally suited for the control and powering of dynamic processes at the speed of light. Besides typical applications in artificial photosynthesis, many other aspects, such as the catalytic turnover of substrates or the controlled release or uptake of small bioactive molecules, are readily verified with light‐driven model systems. The potential of this novel approach in biomimetic chemistry is briefly explored in this concept article.
High Diversity on Simple Substrates: 1,4‐Dihalo‐2‐butenes and Other Difunctionalized Allylic Halides for Copper‐Catalyzed SN2′ Reactions
Authors: Falciola Caroline A. , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: October 2008

Enantioselective allylic alkylation with an organomagnesium reagent catalyzed by copper thiophene carboxylate (CuTC) was carried out on difunctionalized substrates, such as commercially available 1,4‐dichloro‐2‐butene and 1,4‐dibromo‐2‐butene, and on similar compounds of higher substitution pattern of the olefin for the formation of all‐carbon chiral quaternary centers. The high regioselectivity obtained throughout the reactions favored good regiocontrol for the addition of phenyl Grignard reagents. Other difunctionalized substrates (allylic ethers and allylic alcohols) also underwent asymmetric SN2′ substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Infrared Spectra, Structure, and Bonding of the GeH3—CrH, HGeMoH3, and HGeWH3 Molecules in Solid Neon and Argon.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Density Functional Study of α‐Mg(BH4)2.
Authors: van Setten Michiel J. , de Wijs Gilles A. , Fichtner Maximilian , Brocks Geert
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Studies of New Sulfito Mercurates(II) with General Formula xM[XHgSO3] ×yHgX2×zMX×nH2O (M: NH4, K; X: Cl, Br).
Authors: Weil Matthias , Baumann Stefan , Breitinger Dietrich K.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a New Strontium Borate, Sr2B16O26.
Authors: Tang Zhi‐Hua , Chen Xuean , Li Ming
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Perovskite Containing Quadrivalent Iron as a Charge‐Disproportionated Ferrimagnet.
Authors: Yamada Ikuya , Takata Kazuhide , Hayashi Naoaki , Shinohara Satoshi , Azuma Masaki , Mori Shigeo , Muranaka Shigetoshi , Shimakawa Yuichi , Takano Mikio
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Catalytic Activities of (S)‐1‐Formylpyrrolidine‐2‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives for the Enantioselective Reductions of Both a Ketone and a Ketimine.
Authors: Chen Zhenfei , Zhang Anjiang , Zhang Lixue , Zhang Jing , Lei Xinxiang
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids by Rh‐Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1,6‐Diynes with Protected Dehydroamino Acid.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Takahashi Maho , Imase Hidetomo , Osaka Takuya , Noguchi Keiichi , Hirano Masao
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes; Difference in Mechanism Between Hydroalkoxylation and Hydroamination.
Authors: Nishina Naoko , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ruthenium‐Based Catalyst System for Hydrovinylation at Room Temperature.
Authors: Sanchez Richard P. Jr. , Connell Brian T.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting the Anders—Gassner Variant on the Wittig Reaction: New Methodology for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Dimethylacroyl Enol Esters.
Authors: Schwartz Brett D. , Williams Craig M. , Anders Ernst , Bernhardt Paul V.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐ or Iron‐Catalyzed Arylation of Phenols from Respectively Aryl Chlorides and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Xia Ning , Taillefer Marc
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Hydroalkylation of Olefins with 1,3‐Diketones Catalyzed by Phosphotungstic Acid.
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Shen Ye‐Bing , Wu Xue‐Liang , Wang Lei
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Organocatalytic Enantioselective Malonate Addition to α,β‐Unsaturated Enones.
Authors: Wascholowski Veit , Knudsen Kristian Rahbek , Mitchell Claire E. T. , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Halides Using K4[Fe(CN)6] as Cyanide Source, Water as Solvent, and Microwave Heating.
Authors: Velmathi Sivan , Leadbeater Nicholas E.
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of an [SNS]Pd(II) Pincer with a Water Ladder and Its Suzuki Coupling Activity in Water.
Authors: Bai Shi‐Qiang , Hor T. S. Andy
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Alkynylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Type Reaction Mediated by TBSOTf/NEt3.
Authors: Miesch Laurence , Rietsch Vincent , Welsch Tania , Miesch Michel
Published: October 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.