bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DANCING WITH THE SACRED: EXCERPTS
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. In excerpts from my Dancing with the Sacred (2002), I use ideas from modern science, our world's religions, and my own experience to highlight three themes of the book. First, working within the framework of a scientific worldview, I develop a concept of the sacred (or God) as the creative activity of nature, human history, and individual life. Second, I offer a relational understanding of human nature that I call our social‐ecological selves and suggest some general considerations about what it means to live meaningfully and morally in an evolutionary world. Third, I explore how we might be at home in a universe that is constantly changing and in which suffering and death are interwoven with life and new creation.
DANCING WITH KARL PETERS
Authors: Peterson Gregory R.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Dancing with the Sacred by Karl Peters provides a coherent and at times moving portrait of the religious naturalist position. I highlight three broad issues that are raised by the kind of religious naturalism that Peters develops: (1) the meaning of the term natural, (2) the nature of God in Peters's naturalistic framework, and (3) the question of eschatology. In each area, I believe that Peters's work raises many questions that need to be addressed and also provides openings for further dialogue.
Chronocentrism and British criminology*
Authors: Rock Paul
Published: September 2005

Criminologists display a largely unexamined propensity to ignore writings that are more than fifteen or so years old, with evident consequences for the public presentation and validation of expert knowledge. A citation study was combined with detailed observations from British criminologists to ascertain quite how that disavowal of the past was accomplished.
Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator‐monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases: in vitro studies on antioxidant activity, prevention of lipid peroxide formation and monoamine oxidase inhibition
Authors: Zheng Hailin , Gal Shunit , Weiner Lev M. , Bar‐Am Orit , Warshawsky Abraham , Fridkin Mati , Youdim Moussa B. H.
Published: September 2005

Iron‐dependent oxidative stress, elevated levels of iron and of monoamine oxidase (MAO)‐B activity, and depletion of antioxidants in the brain may be major pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative diseases. Accordingly, iron chelators, antioxidants and MAO‐B inhibitors have shown efficacy in a variety of cellular and animal models of CNS injury. In searching for novel antioxidant iron chelators with potential MAO‐B inhibitory activity, a series of new iron chelators has been designed, synthesized and investigated. In this study, the novel chelators were further examined for their activity as antioxidants, MAO‐B inhibitors and neuroprotective agents in vitro. Three of the selected chelators (M30, HLA20 and M32) were the most effective in inhibiting iron‐dependent lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates with IC50 values (12–16 µm), which is comparable with that of desferal, a prototype iron chelator that is not has orally active. Their antioxidant activities were further confirmed using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In PC12 cell culture, the three novel chelators at 0.1 µm were able to attenuate cell death induced by serum deprivation and by 6‐hydroxydopamine. M30 possessing propargyl, the MAO inhibitory moiety of the anti‐Parkinson drug rasagiline, displayed greater neuroprotective potency than that of rasagiline. In addition, in vitro, M30 was a highly potent non‐selective MAO‐A and MAO‐B inhibitor (IC50 < 0.1 µm). However, HLA20 was more selective for MAO‐B but had poor MAO inhibition, with an IC50 value of 64.2 µm. The data suggest that M30 and HLA20 might serve as leads in developing drugs with multifunctional activities for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders.
Purification of neuronal inclusions of patients with Huntington's disease reveals a broad range of N‐terminal fragments of expanded huntingtin and insoluble polymers
Authors: Hoffner Guylaine , Island Marie‐Laure , Djian Philippe
Published: September 2005

Huntington's disease resulting from huntingtin containing an expanded polyglutamine is associated with aggregates largely confined to neuronal inclusions, and with neuronal death. Inclusions are thought to originate from discrete N‐terminal fragments of expanded huntingtin produced by specific endopeptidases. We have now purified the neuronal inclusions of Huntington's disease brain. When incubated in concentrated formic acid, purified inclusions release a polymer, an oligomer and a broad range of N‐terminal fragments of expanded huntingtin. The fragments and the polymeric forms are linked to each other by non‐covalent bonds as they are both released by formic acid, whereas the polymeric forms themselves are presumably stabilized by covalent bonds, as they are resistant to formic acid. We also demonstrate the presence in affected areas of the brain but not in unaffected areas of a broad range of soluble N‐terminal fragments of expanded huntingtin not yet associated with the inclusions and which are likely to be the precursors of the inclusions. Fragmentation of expanded huntingtin in Huntington's disease must result from the operation of multiple proteolytic activities with little specificity and not from that of a specific endopeptidase; subsequent aggregation of the fragments by covalent and non‐covalent bonds leads to the formation of the inclusions.
Characterization of the BM88 promoter and identification of an 88 bp fragment sufficient to drive neurone‐specific expression
Authors: Papadodima Olga , Sergaki Maritina , Hurel Catherine , Mamalaki Avgi , Matsas Rebecca
Published: September 2005

BM88 is a neurone‐specific protein implicated in cell cycle exit and differentiation of neuronal precursors. It is widely expressed in terminally differentiated neurones but also in neuronal progenitors, albeit in lower levels. Thus BM88 expression shows a tight correlation with the progression of progenitor cells towards neuronal differentiation. Here we report the genomic organization and proximal promoter characterization of the human and mouse BM88 genes. Both promoters lie in a CpG island, are TATA‐less and have multiple transcription start sites. Deletion analysis performed on the human BM88 gene revealed an 88 bp minimal promoter fragment that is preferentially active in neural cells. Importantly, this minimal promoter is sufficient to confer specific transcriptional activity in primary neurones, but not in glial cells. Within the promoter region there are four functional Sp1‐binding sites. Simultaneous mutations to all four Sp1 sites results in complete loss of promoter activity. Transactivation experiments revealed that Sp1 directly activates the BM88 promoter while activation also occurs in the presence of neurogenin‐1. Characterization of the promoter elements that control neurone‐specific and developmental expression of BM88 should contribute to the elucidation of the transcriptional networks that regulate the transition from a proliferative neural progenitor to a post‐mitotic neurone.
Regulation of intracellular cyclic GMP levels in olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Moon Cheil , Simpson Phyllis J. , Tu Yajun , Cho Helen , Ronnett Gabriele V.
Published: September 2005

Cyclic AMP is the primary second messenger mediating odorant signal transduction in mammals. A number of studies indicate that cyclic GMP is also involved in a variety of other olfactory signal transduction processes, including adaptation, neuronal development, and long‐term cellular responses in the setting of odorant stimulation. However, the mechanisms that control the production and degradation of cGMP in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remain unclear. Here, we investigate these mechanisms using primary cultures of OSNs. We demonstrate that odorants increase cGMP levels in intact OSNs in vitro. Different from the rapid and transient cAMP responses to odorants, the cGMP elevation is both delayed and sustained. Inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase and heme oxygenase blocks these odorant‐induced cGMP increases, whereas inhibition of cGMP PDEs (phosphodiesterases) increases this response. cGMP PDE activity is increased by odorant stimulation, and is sensitive to both ambient calcium and cAMP concentrations. Calcium stimulates cGMP PDE activity, whereas cAMP and protein kinase A appears to inhibit it. These data demonstrate a mechanism by which odorant stimulation may regulate cGMP levels through the modulation of cAMP and calcium level in OSNs. Such interactions between odorants and second messenger systems may be important to the integration of immediate and long‐term responses in the setting odorant stimulation.
Cystamine treatment is neuroprotective in the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington disease
Authors: Van Raamsdonk Jeremy M. , Pearson Jacqueline , Bailey Craig D. C. , Rogers Daniel A. , Johnson Gail V. W. , Hayden Michael R. , Leavitt Blair R.
Published: September 2005

Huntington disease (HD) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective atrophy and cell loss within the striatum. There is currently no treatment that can prevent the striatal neuropathology. Transglutaminase (TG) activity is increased in HD patients, is associated with cell death, and has been suggested to contribute to striatal neuronal loss in HD. This work assesses the therapeutic potential of cystamine, an inhibitor of TG activity with additional potentially beneficial effects. Specifically, we examine the effect of cystamine on striatal neuronal loss in the YAC128 mouse model of HD. We demonstrate here for the first time that YAC128 mice show a forebrain‐specific increase in TG activity compared with wild‐type (WT) littermates which is decreased by oral delivery of cystamine. Treatment of symptomatic YAC128 mice with cystamine starting at 7 months prevented striatal neuronal loss. Cystamine treatment also ameliorated the striatal volume loss and striatal neuronal atrophy observed in these animals, but was unable to prevent motor dysfunction or the down‐regulation of dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophsophate‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP‐32) expression in the striatum. While the exact mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects of cystamine in YAC128 mice is uncertain, our findings suggest that cystamine is neuroprotective and may be beneficial in the treatment of HD.
Aquaporin‐4 gene deletion in mice increases focal edema associated with staphylococcal brain abscess
Authors: Bloch Orin , Papadopoulos Marios C. , Manley Geoffrey T. , Verkman A. S.
Published: September 2005

Brain abscess is associated with local vasogenic edema, which leads to increased intracranial pressure and significant morbidity. Aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) is a water channel expressed in astroglia at the blood–brain and brain–CSF barriers. To investigate the role of AQP4 in brain abscess‐associated edema, live Staphylococcus aureus (105 colony‐forming units) was injected into the striatum to create a focal abscess. Wild‐type and AQP4‐deficient mice had comparable immune responses as measured by brain abscess volume (∼ 3.7 mm3 at 3 days), bacterial count and cytokine levels in brain homogenates. Blood–brain barrier permeability was increased comparably in both groups as assessed by extravasation of Evans blue dye. However, at 3 days the AQP4 null mice had significantly higher intracranial pressure (mean ± SEM 27 ± 2 vs. 17 ± 2 mmHg; p < 0.001) and brain water content (81.0 ± 0.3 vs. 79.3 ± 0.5 % water by weight in the abscess‐containing hemisphere; p < 0.01) than wild‐type mice. Reactive astrogliosis was found throughout the abscess‐containing hemisphere; however, only a subset of astrocytes in the peri‐abscess region of wild‐type mice had increased AQP4 immunoreactivity. Our findings demonstrate a protective effect of AQP4 on brain swelling in bacterial abscess, suggesting that AQP4 induction may reduce vasogenic edema associated with cerebral infection.
Demographic Responses by Birds to Forest Fragmentation
Authors: LAMPILA PETRI , MÖNKKÖNEN MIKKO , DESROCHERS ANDRÉ
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  Despite intensive recent research on the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on bird populations, our understanding of underlying demographic causes of population declines is limited. We reviewed avian demography in relation to habitat fragmentation. Then, through a meta‐analysis, we compared specific demographic responses by forest birds to habitat fragmentation, providing a general perspective of factors that make some species and populations more vulnerable to fragmentation than others. We obtained data from the scientific literature on dispersal, survival, fecundity, and nesting success of birds. Birds were divided into subgroups on the basis of region, nest site, biogeographical history, and migration strategy. Species most sensitive to fragmentation were ground‐ or open‐nesters nesting in shrubs or trees. Residents were equally sensitive to fragmentation in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, but Nearctic migrants were more sensitive than Palearctic migrants. Old World species were less sensitive than New World species, which was predicted based on the history of forest fragmentation on these two continents. Pairing success was the variable most associated with fragmentation, suggesting an important role of dispersal. Fledgling number or condition, timing of nesting, and clutch size were not associated with sensitivity to fragmentation, suggesting that negative fragmentation effects on birds do not generally result from diminished food resources with increasing level of fragmentation. Future studies on demographic responses of birds to habitat fragmentation would be more effective if based on a combination of measures that can distinguish among the demographic mechanisms underlying population changes related to habitat fragmentation.
Rizatriptan 10‐mg Wafer Versus Usual Nontriptan Therapy for Migraine: Analysis of Return to Function and Patient Preference
Authors: Pascual Julio , García‐Moncó Carlos , Roig Carles , Yusta Izquierdo Antonio , López‐Gil Arturo ,   on behalf of the eMAX Study Group
Published: September 2005

Background.—More than half of patients with migraine suffer moderate to severe functional disability during migraine attacks.

Objective.—To compare effects on functional disability at 2 hours after treating a migraine with rizatriptan 10‐mg wafer versus usual nontriptan therapy for triptan‐naïve patients with migraine.

Design.—Open‐label, prospective, two‐attack study conducted at 111 neurology clinics.

Methods.—Adult patients with migraine treated two migraine attacks, the first with their usual nontriptan therapy (nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, 57%; analgesics, 27%; or ergot derivatives, 16%) and the second with rizatriptan 10‐mg wafer. Patients recorded pain intensity and functional disability at the start, and functional disability at 2 hours, as well as the time of return to normal function.

Results.—A total of 1353 patients, 76% of them female, completed the study and were considered evaluable. During first and second migraine attacks, 55% and 63% of patients, respectively, reported severe disability or requiring bed rest. At 2 hours after treatment, the likelihood of experiencing any disability was more than five times greater after usual nontriptan therapy than after rizatriptan (odds ratio, 5.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.66 to 6.94; P < .001). Rizatriptan was twice as likely to return patients to normal function than usual nontriptan therapy after adjusting for confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.92 to 2.25; P < .001). Assessed over all time points up to 6 hours, the speed of return to normal function was 52% faster after rizatriptan therapy (P < .001). Significantly more patients preferred rizatriptan than usual nontriptan therapy (78.8% vs. 21.2%; P < .001). The most common reasons cited for preference for rizatriptan were faster relief of headache pain and faster return to normal function.

Conclusions.—Patients in this study were more likely to experience a return to normal function at 2 hours after receiving rizatriptan than after their usual nontriptan therapy for migraine. The results of this study, using patient‐oriented, clinically relevant endpoints such as functional disability and preference, will help to guide practitioners in making recommendations for acute migraine treatment.
Lumiracoxib Is Effective in the Treatment of Episodic Tension‐Type Headache
Authors: Packman Elias , Packman Barry , Thurston Helen , Tseng Lillian
Published: September 2005

Objective.—To evaluate the efficacy of single doses of lumiracoxib, the most selective cyclo‐oxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitor, in the treatment of episodic tension‐type headache (ETTH), with particular emphasis on time to onset of analgesia.

Background.—ETTH is the most frequently occurring type of headache with an annual prevalence rate of up to 40%. Some patients with ETTH do not respond to currently available therapies, thus an effective analgesic is needed that provides a rapid onset of analgesia alongside significant pain relief. Lumiracoxib is the most selective COX‐2 inhibitor developed for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.

Methods.—In this single‐center, randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, patients with ETTH were randomly assigned to receive single‐dose lumiracoxib (200 or 400 mg, n = 60 in each group) or placebo (n = 30) within 1 hour of an ETTH. Efficacy was assessed over a 3‐hour period, the primary efficacy variable being the time to onset of analgesia. Other efficacy variables included summed pain intensity difference from 0 to 3 hours after dosing, time‐specific pain intensity difference, time‐specific pain relief, time‐specific pain relief intensity difference, total pain relief over 0 to 3 hours, patient's global evaluation of treatment effect, the proportion of patients who achieved onset of analgesia by 1 hour and time to rescue medication intake. Safety was assessed by monitoring and recording of all adverse events (AEs).

Results.—The median time to onset of analgesia was significantly faster for lumiracoxib 200 mg (47 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 41, 52) and lumiracoxib 400 mg (41 minutes; 95% CI: 36, 48) than for placebo (>3 hours; both P < .001). Both doses of lumiracoxib were significantly superior to placebo for all secondary efficacy variables. There were no AEs recorded in any treatment group.

Conclusions.—Single 200 or 400 mg doses of lumiracoxib provided rapid and effective relief from the acute pain associated with ETTH.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: James Judson L.
Published: September 2005

SETTIING HATIOMALJPRJORITIES: A REVIEW ESSAY

Charles L. Schultze, Setting National Priorities: The 1971 Budget

Charles L. Schultze, Edward R. Fried, Alice M. Rivlin, and Nancy H. Teeters, Setting National Priorities: The 1972 Budget

Charles L. Schultze, Edward R. Fried, Alice H. Rivlin, and Nancy H. Teeters, Setting Rational Priorities: The 1973 Budget

Edward R. Fried, Alice M. Rivlin, Charles L. Schultze, and Nancy H. Teeters, Setting National Priorities: The 1974 Budget

Barry M. Blechman, Edward M. Gramlich, and Robert W. Hartman, Setting National Priorities: The 1975 Budget

Barry M. Blechman, Edward M. Gramlich, and Robert W. Hartman, Setting Rational Priorities: The 1976 Budget

RECENT RELEVANT LITERATURE

Thomas H. Tietenberg and Pierre Toureille, Energy Planning and Policy: The Political Economy of Project Independence

Stanley D. Bachrack, The Committee of one Million: “China Lobby” Politics 1953–1971

Otis L. Graham, Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon

Judith Innes DeNuefville, Social Indicators and Public Policy: Interactive Processes of Design and Application

Cole Blasier, The Hovering Giant: U.S. Response to Revolutionary Change in Latin America

Richard L. Siegel and Leonard B. Weinberg, Comparing Public Policies; United States, Soviet Union, and Europe

Richard D. Bingham, The Adoption of Innovation by Local Government

Henry J, Pratt, The Gray Lobby

BOOK NOTES

Marc Karnis Landy, The Politics of Environmental Reform: Controlling Kentucky Strip Mining

Allen C. Ornstein and Steven I. Miller, eds., Policy Issues in Education

Colm A. O'Muircheartaigh and Clive Payne, eds., Exploring Data Structures

Colm A. O'Muircheartaigh and clive Payne, eds., Model Fitting

Rechard A. Posner, Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective

Lawrence L. Whetten, ed., The Future of Soviet Military Power

THE PROS AND CONS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN POLICY STUDIES

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SPECIFIC PROBLEM AREAS WITHIN POLICY STUDIES
A Review, Comparison, and Evaluation of Some State & Local Data Handbooks
Authors: James Judson L.
Published: September 2005

Bureau of the Census, 1972 Census of Governments

Bureau of the Census, Local Government Finances in Selected Metropolitan Areas and Large Counties: 1974–75

Bureau of the Census, City Government Finances in 1974–75

International City Management Association, The Municipal Year‐book, 1977

Paul Albright, ed., The Book of the States, 1976–77
Historical Experience
Authors: Medelski George
Published: September 2005

The theory of long cycles is a set of propositions about the behavior of the global political system. It has its roots in a tradition of “oceanic” thought and it may be contrasted with two more conventional models of world politics, the states‐system model and the imperial model. The theory offers a basis for strategic analysis and for the derivation of policy implications: The United States is seen as successor to a line of world powers; this world role calls for a defensive strategy that would avoid the “imperial presumption”; on past experience another global war is not imminent in the present phase of the long cycle; the major immediate problem is the nationalist phase of the cycle; but the long‐term problem confronting the global system is the decay of its political structure.
STATE COMPLIANCE WITH WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Thompson Joel A.
Published: September 2005

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established the National Commission on State Workmen's Compensation Laws. The National Commission was directed to “undertake a comprehensive study and evaluation of State workmen's compensation laws in order to determine if such laws provide an adequate, prompt, and equitable system of compensation”. In 1972 the Commission issued its report, and “criticized many aspects of state workmen's compensation programs”. In its report the Commission made eighty–four recommendations for a “moder” workmen's compensation program and designated nineteen of these as “essential”. This research traces state progress in complying with each of these nineteen essential recommendations. Between 1972 and 1977 many states made significant improvements in their workmen's compensation programs and overall there was a 34 percent increase in compliance during this period. Higher levels of compliance were found to be related to two factors: changes in industrial diversification and the involvement and activity of vitally concerned interest groups.
The Odd Compartmentalization: Public Opinion, Aggregate Data, and Policy Analysis*
Authors: Obler Jeffrey
Published: September 2005

This article examines some of the assumptions that underlie the use of aggregate data for policy analysis, In particular, it explores the consequences of the assumption of antagonistic attitudes between “haves” and “have nots” on social welfare policies. Use of public opinion data demonstrates the low salience of regressiveness of taxation and thereby calls into question the validity of a common indice in aggregate analysis. The use of this and related examples is intended to demonstrate the value of supplementing aggregate data analysis of public policy with direct evidence about public attitudes toward those policies.
The Politics of Termination: Concepts and Process
Authors: Bothun Douglas , Comer John C.
Published: September 2005

This article clarifies some of the theoretical issues relevant to the concept of termination of public policies. It distinguishes between functional and structural termination, considering the first to reflect an end to policy or program activities, the second to reflect an end to institutional arrangements that have responsibility for policies or programs. Their Interrelationship is analyzed. The authors find that few programs or policies are terminated; fewer bureaus, agencies, or departments are eliminated. In fact, efforts at termination occasionally lead to an expansion of resources. An application of these concepts and this framework in the case of community health care in Nebraska demonstrates their potential utility for understanding termination.
Executive Policy‐Making Authority and Using Zero‐Base Budgeting for Allocating Resources
Authors: Gordon Lawrence A. , Schick Allen
Published: September 2005

The objective of this article is to examine how executive policy‐making authority is affected by allocating public resources via zero‐base budgeting (ZBB). After reviewing the concept and rationale of ZBB, the article compares incremental policy‐making with scientific policy‐making. This review and comparison are then used to draw implications of using ZBB. Ultimately the article argues that ZBB will result in greater policy‐making authority in the hands of senior management of the executive branch at the expense of the legislative agencies and bureaus. Thus, government's responsiveness toward the particularistic interests of individuals and groups will be reduced as a result of using ZBB.
HOUSING ALLOWANCES AND DEMAND ORIENTED HOUSING SUBSIDIES
Authors: Quigley John M.
Published: September 2005

It is estimated that the Federal government will spend more than $170 million on the Experimental Housing Allowance Program (EHAP). So far more then $50 million has been spent on EHAP research alone. This paper indicates some of the analytical issues in evaluation and suggests that housing allowance policies have ample historical precedent.
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH/NO‐GROWTH DEBATE*
Authors: Humphrey Craig R. , Buttel Frederick H.
Published: September 2005

This theoretical analysis focuses on the properties of conservative, liberal, and radical paradigms in social science and their application to the growth/no‐growth debate in environmental policy literature. We find conservatives working with an evolutionary model of society which suggests that environmental problems are imperfections to be remedied by science, technology, and the free market. Liberals recognize the benefits and costs of growth, and they articulate ways to minimize the costs through state regulation and planning. Radicals argue for state ownership of the means of production and new cultural values about growth as the only effective environmental policies. This analysis closes with a discussion of the future of the growth debate in terms of these paradigms.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: BOUNDED RATIONALITY APPLIED TO UNBOUNDED ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Edmunds Stahrl W.
Published: September 2005

The interaction among myriad species and chemicals in the food chain often yields potential outcomes which are difficult to foresee. In policy terms, these interactions comprise an information load beyond human cognition, resulting in unexpected side effects. The clearest examples are seen in the invasions of species and epidemics, air pollution, toxic substances, and endangered species. The policy process attempts to deal with the information problem by using (1) an incremental approach, (2) a bounding approach, or (3) an uncertainty approach. Unfortunately, the bounding approach excludes all data on interactions outside the apparent cause/effect hypothesis. Possible approaches to augment and improve environmental policy, beyond the bounding approach, are to inquire into uncertainties and side‐effects, choose complex ecologies over simple ones, and sample for uncertain risks by probability assessments.
INCE NTIVE SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION*
Authors: Mitnick Barry M.
Published: September 2005

The central problem of environmental and other regulation is identified as a control problem similar to that faced by principals in controlling their agents. An incentive systems framework, featuring the concept of incentive relation, is offered as a means of integrating and systematizing discussion of alternative means of regulation. The distinction of incentive and directive means of environmental regulation, together with the levels of their targets and the penalties for enforcement, are employed to develop a typology of regulatory means and to categorize environmental regulatory alternatives. Shifting from control of regulatees to control of regulators, some results of a study of the incentive systems facing state reclamation inspectors are reported. Dual external incentive relations (to the mining industry and to the federal Office of Surface Mining) are observed, and the design consequences for regulation in the federal system are discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE: IMPLICATIONS OF THE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Authors: Getz Malcolm , Walter Benjamin
Published: September 2005

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) assigns the Environmental Protection Agency responsibility for protecting the public from hazards created by industrial wastes. The Agency has understandably used its mandate to construct cradle to grave regulation of waste substances that pose health hazards. The regulations, however, are likely to hike costs of legal disposal by increasing the demand for disposal sites, while at the same time reducing the supply. The higher cost of disposal may give an advantage to larger, existing firms, may deter entry of new firms to both waste generating and disposal industries, and promote illicit disposal. RCRA therefore may have the paradoxical result of increasing public exposure to hazardous wastes.
REVIEWING CHILD ABUSE POLICY IN AMERICA: A SOCIAL SERVICE APPROACH
Authors: Nelson Barbara J.
Published: September 2005

For all the recent attention to the problems of child abuse and neglect, this specific policy area has rarely been examined as belonging to the more general area of social service policy. This article begins to remedy this omission. First, the article examines child abuse policy in terms of the conflicts of value faced in the formation of social service policy. Next, the relationship between child abuse and other recent social service issues responding to familial violence or childhood dependency is discussed. Here the article shows that governmental response to child abuse has been used to encourage governmental interest in adoption reform, sexual exploitation of children, domestic violence, and day care.
FROM POLICY SCIENCE TO POLICY ANALYSIS: A QUARTER CENTURY OF PROGRESS?
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: September 2005

This essay on the intellectual history of policy analysis traces the field from Merriam's concept of “intelligent planning” and Lass‐well's vision of “policy sciences” to the present. Lasswell's vision is seen as a relevant if unrealized one in general dimensions. It is argued that the tie of policy analysis to traditional issues in political science is unbreakable and, because of this, attempts to develop an interdisciplinary policy science premised on the supposed unifying force of a common methodological core have led to fragmentation, not theoretical integration. The emergence of the synoptic/empirico‐rational tradition and anti‐synoptic/neo‐pluralist traditions in policy analysis in the 1950's and 1960's are discussed and strengths and weaknesses noted. Divisions over the question of values and normative theory are highlighted. A concluding section discusses alternative views on the proper scope of policy analysis as an emerging discipline, contrasting the “handmaiden” and “ivory tower” alternatives. A six‐dimension outline of a map for policy analysis as a field is presented and the continued utility of Lasswellian concerns emphasized in contrast to the stalemated debate between synoptic and anti‐synoptic viewpoints in American policy analysis.
WHAT DO PLANNING ANALYSTS DO? PLANNING AND POLICY ANALYSIS AS ORGANIZING*
Authors: Forester John
Published: September 2005

Analysts do more than work to solve problems or process information; they organize others' attention to possibilities of action and thus shape expectations, working relationships, participation, political support and opposition, hopefulness and resignation. This analysis suggests a communicative ethics illuminating the practical choices that planning analysts routinely confront: to spread or withhold information, to raise or lower expectations, to encourage and inform citizen action and project review or to discourage them.
APPALACHIAN POLICY, THE CORPORATE STATE, AND AMERICAN VALUES: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Reid Herbert G.
Published: September 2005

This paper explores the historical interplay of Appalachia and America over the past hundred years. The focus is on questions of culture and ideology, policy and values as these have been constituted in the development of our “corporate state” and its penetration and integration of the region. A careful examination of Henry Shapiro's Appalachia on our Mind brings to the surface many of the assumptions and values generally underlying the social and public policies binding the nation and the region. Ideological aspects in the genesis of the region as a social problem receive considerable attention. It becomes apparent that understanding Appalachia hinges on critical, historical perspectives on modern America: the liberal tradition, the technological world‐view, and the politicized economy of the corporate state. The notion that “time stood still” in Appalachia (the static image) has developed in ways that deflect or obscure comprehension of the region's particular form of modernization.
ORGANIZATIONAL VARIABLES AND POLICY IMPACT: EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Stewart Debra W.
Published: September 2005

This paper explores how administrative organization practices mediate the impact of equal employment opportunity policy. Extra organizational variables are discussed as factors influencing the significance of organizational action. Organizational action in EEO may be rooted in a theory of change which views people as the critical variables or in a theory of change which views organizational structures or processes as critical. Intervention strategies flowing from each assumption are catalogued and special issues raised in exploring the impact of alternative strategies are discussed.
THE BASES OF NONCOMPLIANCE WITH A POLICY
Authors: Coombs Fred S.
Published: September 2005

Policies have impact only if they are successful in changing the behavior of target individuals. If one focuses upon the prescription imbedded in any policy, it is possible to gauge the success of implementation by assessing the degree of compliance with the prescription. The target individual may not comply, however, due to (1) lapses or ambiguities in communication; (2) insufficient resources; (3) an objection to the policy itself (i.e., its goals or its assumptions); (4) distaste for the action required; or (5) doubts about the authority upon which the policy is based, or that authority's agents. Appropriate remedies, which may include improved communication, provision of training or resources, evidence of the effectiveness of the program, positive or negative incentives of various kinds, and appeals to authority, will depend upon the type of noncompliance encountered.
CONFOUNDING INFLUENCES, UNINTENDED IMPACTS, AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Authors: Green Phyllis Strong
Published: September 2005

This study demonstrates the relationship among inputs, indirect effects, and intended and unanticipated consequences in determining the content and scope of growth management policies in three California cities. It shows that while a short time frame obfuscates a number of policy impacts, local policymakers can achieve policy objectives if they are aware of and utilize options that are available to them during the implementation process. The study suggests that despite the very real constraints imposed by state legislation and weak regional governments, local governments can more effectively deal with externalities by adopting complementary city‐county policies and negotiating priorities.
THE STUDY OF POLITICAL FEEDBACK USING NONRECURSIVE CAUSAL MODELS: THE CASE OF STATE DIVORCE POLICIES
Authors: Dean Gillian
Published: September 2005

Researchers interested in policy feedback effects can use the nonrecursive modeling strategies proposed here when time series data are not available for assessing feedback dynamics. This strategy is illustrated in a study of the impacts of American state divorce policies on divorce behavior and the responsiveness of policies to divorce rates. The findings show appreciable impact and feedback effects. In states where divorces are easier to obtain, the incidence of divorce is higher; and where divorce is more widespread, states are likely to implement more permissive divorce policies.
POLICY INNOVATION AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION*
Authors: Inqram Helen M. , Ullery Scott J.
Published: September 2005

This article argues that fragmented and decentralized policy making structures can generate major Policy innovation as well as can centralized structures. The fragmented committee structure of Congress is shown to facilitate innovation in the example of federal water pollution control legislation. Thorough consideration of four dimensions of costs and benefits strengthens the case for disjointed Innovation since it “promotes entrepreneurship, encourages competition, minimizes the costs of change, and promotes legitimacy….”
PROBLEMS IN POLICY ANALYSIS AND URBAN GOVERNMENT
Authors: Robey John S.
Published: September 2005

Malcolm C. Getz, The Economics of the Urban Fire Department

Robert K. Yin, Changing Urban Bureaucracies

Pietro S. Nivola, The Urban Service Problem
FEDERAL HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY: A VIEW FROM THE CAMPUS
Authors: Cleary Robert E.
Published: September 2005

During the last generation, the federal government became a major source of financial asssistance to colleges and universities. At the same time, in pursuit of its goals in areas such as affirmative action, collective bargaining, and expenditures control, it became a regulator of campus action to the point where many educators feel it is threatening the autonomy and integrity of institutions of higher education. There is a fear on many campuses that the increased scope and nature of federal activity is causing a fundamental change in the governance of American higher education. We need a major effort to find ways of ameliorating societal problems impacting on the campus within a framework of overall respect for the autonomy of institutions of higher education if the integrity of America's colleges and universities is to be preserved.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Authors: Rich Richard C. , Manheim Jacrol B.
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles:

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY

LIBRARY AND INFORMATION POLICY: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOK REVIEW ESSAYS

Kenneth J. Coffey, Strategic Implications of the All‐Volunteer Force. The Conventional Defense of Central Europe

W. Scott Thompson, ed., National Security in the 1980s: From Weakness to Strength

Lennart J. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and Sweden

Charles T. Stewart, Jr. Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public Policy

Richard J. Tobin, The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air Quality

Lennart J. Lundqvist, The Hare and the Tortoise: Clean Air Policies in the United States and Sweden

Charles T. Stewart, Jr. Air Pollution, Human Health, and Public Policy

Richard J. Tobin, The Social Gamble: Determining Acceptable Levels of Air Quality

Lynton R. Hayes, Energy, Economic Growth, and Regulationism in the West

Helen M. Ingram Nancy K. Laney and John R. McCain, A Policy Approach to Political Representation: Lessons from the Four Corners States

Stuart L. Hart and Gordon A. Enk, Green Goals and Greenbacks: State Level Environmental Review Programs and Their Associated Costs

Alfred A. Marcus, Promise and Performance; Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy

Krause, Lawrence B. and Sekiguchi, Sueo, eds., Economic Interaction in the Pacific Basin

Tasca, Diane, ed., U.S.‐Japanese‐Economic Relations: Cooperation, Competition, and Confrontation

Vasey, Lloyd R. ed., Pacific Asia and U.S. Policies: A Political‐Economic Strategic Assessment

BOOK REVIEWS

Franklin A. Long and Judith Reppy, ed., The Genesis of New Weapons—Decision Making for Military R&D

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Warfare In a Fragile World: Military Impact on the Human Environment

George F, Break, Financing Government in a Federal System

Michael Lipsky, Street‐Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services

Jeffrey A. Raffel, The Politics of School Desegregation: The Metropolitan Remedy in Delaware

BOOKNOTES

Cotton M. Lindsay, ed., NEW DIRECTIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH CAHE: A PRESCRIPTION FOR THE 1980'S

Gautreaux Housing Demonstration: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Participating Households

The Conversion of Rental Housing to Condominiums and Cooperatives
SQUARE PEGS IN ROUND HOLES: PROGRAM EVALUATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Maynard‐Moody Steven , McClintock Charles C.
Published: September 2005

It is argued that variation in uncertainty about social program goals and causal processes should influence the selection of evaluation designs and methods. Eighteen prominent evaluation reports are examined to contrast predicted evaluation strategies derived from theory about organizational uncertainty with the actual evaluation methods used. It was found that the actual design, measurement, and analysis procedures were frequently different from procedures that were compatible with the kinds of program uncertainty described in the evaluation reports. It is suggested that theory and practice in program evaluation can be improved by systematically incorporating organizational concepts that would contribute to the selection of evaluation methods.
THE SOURCES OF PUBLIC POLICY: WELFARE POLICY IN THE AMERICAN STATES
Authors: Stonecash Jeff , Hayes Susan W.
Published: September 2005

The conceptualization of political and economic determinants of public policy as interactive rather than sufficient causes is subjected here to a comparative state analysis. An examination of interactive effects of culture, wealth, and gubernatorial power on AFDC grants and Medicaid benefits offers empirical illustration of Stonecash's reconceptualization of the classic politics‐process‐policy model. The results indicate that political dispositions become more potent in combination with increasing concentrations of wealth and executive power.
IMPACTS OF THE BRITISH NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE: A QUASI‐EXPERIMENTAL STUDY*
Authors: Yantek Thom
Published: September 2005

This paper tests for possible effects of the implementation of the British National Health Service (NHS) upon the health of the British population. Although analysis does reveal statistically significant improvements in Great Britain's infant mortality rate concurrent with the implementation of the NHS, a comparison with other western European nations reveals similar improvements simultaneously with the British policy intervention. Thus, we cannot conclude that the NHS had a significant effect upon British health. A more important result, however, is the demonstration of the utility of both the Box‐Jenkins techniques and, in conjunction, the nonequivalent control group quasi‐experimental design as important tools for performing policy evaluations.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND ECONOMICALLY DISTRESSED COMMUNITIES
Authors: Bendick Marc , Ledebur Larry C.
Published: September 2005

Industrial policy refers to deliberate government actions to affect the growth or decline of firms or industries for the sake of aggregate national prosperity and international competitiveness. This paper presents empirical evidence that policies designed to promote these objectives would be targeted differently from those designed to promote development of economically‐distressed regions and communities. Facing multiple objectives, it is difficult for the public sector to pursue industrial growth directly as effectively as can private entrepreneurs. However, government aid to economically‐distressed locales and dislocated workers and firms may indirectly support national industrial policy goals.
SOCIAL COST MINIMIZATION: A NATIONAL POLICY APPROACH TO THE PROBLEMS OF DISTRESSED ECONOMIC REGIONS*
Authors: Solar Elliott D.
Published: September 2005

This paper makes a distinction between output maximizing and cost minimizing approaches to national economic policy. The paper argues that because the benefits of economic activity and its cost are frequently conferred upon distinct groups in society, it is not automatically true that output maximization is the best strategy, as is presently assumed. This result is especially true when the problems of distressed economic regions are the focus of our concern. The national and multi‐national firms which make decisions pertaining to the economic life of local communities make those decisions not on the basis of the costs and benefits to the community, but with regard to their private balance sheet. As a result, it frequently happens that communities of individuals must bear social costs far in excess of the private gains to the firms in question. From a policy standpoint, this is not an efficient use of our social and economic resources. In the absence of any type of comprehensive economic planning a rational market‐oriented economic strategy would be one which seeks to minimize social costs.
THE INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING OF SOUTH WALES: THE CAREER OF A STATE MANAGED REGION
Authors: Cooke Philip , Rees Gareth
Published: September 2005

This paper examines the causes of the current economic crisis in the industrial region of South Wales. The authors maintain that past as well as current government policies have played a major role in bringing about the crisis by contributing to the vulnerability of communities in South Wales. The authors review the history of the policies which have contributed to the current steel and coal crises. They then provide a brief discussion of current legislative policies designed to combat the crises. Finally, they critique alternative strategies: continued monetarism; a return To Keynesian/‘corporatist’ policies; and the radical restructuring demanded by an ‘Alternative Economic Strategy’ (AES).
THE AMBIGUITIES AND LIMITS OF FISCAL STRAIN INDICATORS
Authors: Stonecash Jeff , McAfee Patrick
Published: September 2005

Several attempts have been made to develop indicators of the fiscal strain conditions of cities. These indicators are meant to represent the existence of conditions which will strain tax bases and produce outmigration from cities with high strain. The indicators which have been developed, however, are not valid representations of what they claim to be. This essay presents the reasons for this assessment, and suggests an alternative approach to assessing fiscal strain.
A PATH ANALYTIC EXPLORATION OF INCOME CLUSTERING AND LOCAL INEQUALITY
Authors: Neiman Max
Published: September 2005

This article explores relationships among income status, economic resources, service needs, and taxing policies for municipalities and schools in 39 metropolitan suburbs of the Milwaukee SMSA. The results indicate some modest support for those who are concerned about the impact of class and income clustering, as well as government fragmentation, on inequalities regarding local tax policy. Use of path analysis to explore some of the possible alternative linkages that account for patterns of fiscal inequality among suburban municipalities shows that fiscal disparities resulting from income clustering by jurisdiction is only partially attributable to resourse and need inequities. It might also be that income status, reflecting differing service preferences, operates directly to generate inter municipal fiscal disparities.