bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobile mercury species in soils of natural and natural-technogenic landscapes
Authors: Malikova I.N. , Anoshin G.N. , Badmaeva Zh.O.
Published: February 2011

Literature data on mercury contents in natural waters are reviewed. Soils from natural and natural-technogenic landscapes of southern West Siberia are studied, and the solubility of their mercury in water, ammonium acetate, and hydrochloric extracts is determined. The concentrations of mercury from natural soils in water and ammonium extracts (0.045–0.060 μg/l) are consistent with its calculated approximate average solubility in unpolluted waters reported in the literature.

The average content of mercury in extracts from urbanized soils is higher: its solubility in water extracts is 5.6–6.9 times higher; in ammonium acetate extracts, 3.8–12.4 times; and in hydrochloric extracts, 1.3–1.6 times. The boundary values of mercury solubility in water and ammonium acetate extracts from the studied soils (0.07–0.10 μg/l) permit revealing technogenic pollution at its early stages.
Changes in the daily geomagnetic variation during the total solar eclipse of 1 August 2008
Authors: Ladynin A.V. , Semakov N.N. , Khomutov S.Yu.
Published: February 2011

Geomagnetic measurements during the total solar eclipse of August 1, 2008 in Novosibirsk (Klyuchi Observatory, NVS) and at the Burmistrovo station located on the total eclipse axis revealed eclipse-induced changes against the background of the normal daily variation. The main changes are a decrease in the X (north) component and an increase in the inclination I. Similar changes were recorded at the LZH observatory in China. Analysis of data on the eclipse of August 11, 1999 in Europe failed to unambiguously reveal eclipse effects against intense variations of ionospheric origin which occurred at the same universal time (UT). The geomagnetic effect of the solar eclipse may be due to a decrease in the electron concentration in the ionosphere and the corresponding decrease in the ionospheric current density.
Fluid-dynamic modeling of mud volcanism
Authors: Domanskii A.V. , Ershov V.V.
Published: February 2011

The eruptive behavior of mud volcanoes has been explored in several forward and inversion models. The forward models, based on classical continuum-mechanics, simulate the non-stationary processes of gas seepage and two-phase gas-mud flow through the conduit of a mud volcano, as well as the quasi-stationary gas frontal drive that pushes mud out, and the subsequent gas escape into the air. Forward modeling is performed with reference to the pressure and temperature dependence of the gas viscosity and compressibility. The inversion for the depth to the mud column base has yielded an unambiguous solution. According to the modeling results, the depths to the mud base and to the gas reservoir are controlled mainly by conduit permeability, while the interval between two successive eruption events depends on the gas/mud viscosity ratio. The modeling has allowed estimates for the mud breccia portion remaining in the conduit by the time of eruption, and for the subsurface volcano thickness inferred using a hydraulic-fracture model of the related gryphon field, and for the rate of gas release at the beginning of an eruption.
Women and the Bush
Authors: Schaffer Kay
Published: February 2011

Images of Australian identity, and of Australian nationhood, are social and cultural constructs. There are several dominant themes and elements, one of the most pervasive being the Australian bushman confronting a vast and barren landscape. This is a specifically Australian conception of the battle between Man and Nature. Throughout the myths, traditions and literary creations of Australia are underlying assumptions about gender and sexual difference: assumptions about masculinity and femininity within the nationalist tradition, which affect perceptions today. In this new critique, Kay Schaffer applies the insights of feminist scholarship and of literary analysis to examine the national character. She looks at how the concept of 'the typical Australian', and the woman who stands in relation to him, has evolved across a range of cultural forms, including historical and literary texts, film and the media. She concentrates in particular on the writings of Henry Lawson and of Barbara Bayton. The circulation of ideas about these writers, their contribution to a national mythology, and the different ways their importance has been represented to modern readers, is explored and discussed. This thoughtful and provocative study will interest readers concerned with Australian literary and cultural history, as well as the broader questions of Australia's changing self-image. It will be of particular value to those interested in feminist approaches to culture and society.
Economic Forecasting
Authors: Holden Ken , Peel David A. , Thompson John L.
Published: February 2011

This book provides an introduction to the methods employed in forecasting the future state of the economy. It provides a comprehensive coverage of methods and applications in this fast-growing area and is intended for use in postgraduate and upper-level undergraduate courses. Part I outlines the available techniques, particularly those used in business forecasting and econometric forecasting. The state of the art in time series modelling is reviewed and includes a discussion of Box-Jenkins models, the vector autogressive approach and cointegration. Ways of combining forecasts are also examined in detail. Part II considers the most important applications of forecasting. Applications in microeconomics include demand and sales forecasting, the use of anticipations data, leading indicators and scenario analysis. In macroeconomics the emphasis is on why errors occur in forecasting asset market prices, including implications of the efficient markets hypothesis for foreign markets, stock market prices and commodity market prices. The book ends with a discussion of the appropriateness of various techniques, recent developments in forecasting, and the links between economic forecasting and government policy.
The Economic Theory and Measurement of Environmental Benefits
Authors: Johansson Per-Olov
Published: February 2011

This book is an advanced text in welfare economics and its application to environmental economics. It provides, in the first chapters, a comprehensive survey of developments in the theory of measurement of welfare, and then applies this theory to environmental economics. The first part derives consumer surplus measures to be held in a timeless world. Throughout the emphasis is on the circumstances in which a money measure correctly reflects the underlying utility change. Four main cases are considered: unrationed private goods, rationed private goods, public goods or externalities, and discrete choices. Reviews of practical methodologies for the calculation of consumers' surplus for these classes of goods are also given. The second part looks at intertemporal issues. In particular, it derives comsumer faces risk and uncertainty. The book is intended for advanced courses in environmental and welfare economics, and as a reference work for those interested in the theory of measurement of welfare and its application to environmental economics.
Religious and Spiritual Experiences
Authors: Wildman Wesley J.
Published: February 2011

What is the value of religious and spiritual experiences within human life? Are we evolutionarily programmed to have such experiences? How will emerging technologies change such experiences in the future? Wesley Wildman addresses these key intellectual questions and more, offering a spiritually evocative naturalist interpretation of the diverse variety of religious and spiritual experiences. He describes these experiences, from the common to the exceptional, and offers innovative classifications for them based on their neurological features and internal qualities. His account avoids reductionistic oversimplifications and instead synthesizes perspectives from many disciplines, including philosophy and natural sciences, into a compelling account of the meaning and value of religious and spiritual experiences in human life. The resulting interpretation does not assume a supernatural worldview but incorporates religious and spiritual experiences into a positive affirmation of this-worldly existence.
Ethics and Enjoyment in Late Medieval Poetry
Authors: Rosenfeld Jessica
Published: February 2011

Jessica Rosenfeld provides a history of the ethics of medieval vernacular love poetry by tracing its engagement with the late medieval reception of Aristotle. Beginning with a history of the idea of enjoyment from Plato to Peter Abelard and the troubadours, the book then presents a literary and philosophical history of the medieval ethics of love, centered on the legacy of the Roman de la Rose. The chapters reveal that 'courtly love' was scarcely confined to what is often characterized as an ethic of sacrifice and deferral, but also engaged with Aristotelian ideas about pleasure and earthly happiness. Readings of Machaut, Froissart, Chaucer, Dante, Deguileville and Langland show that poets were often markedly aware of the overlapping ethical languages of philosophy and erotic poetry. The study's conclusion places medieval poetry and philosophy in the context of psychoanalytic ethics, and argues for a re-evaluation of Lacan's ideas about courtly love.
The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda
Authors: Clark Phil
Published: February 2011

Since 2001, the Gacaca community courts have been the centrepiece of Rwanda's justice and reconciliation programme. Nearly every adult Rwandan has participated in the trials, principally by providing eyewitness testimony concerning genocide crimes. Lawyers are banned from any official involvement, an issue that has generated sustained criticism from human rights organisations and international scepticism regarding Gacaca's efficacy. Drawing on more than six years of fieldwork in Rwanda and nearly five hundred interviews with participants in trials, this in-depth ethnographic investigation of a complex transitional justice institution explores the ways in which Rwandans interpret Gacaca. Its conclusions provide indispensable insight into post-genocide justice and reconciliation, as well as the population's views on the future of Rwanda itself.
The Economics of John Kenneth Galbraith
Authors: Dunn Stephen P.
Published: February 2011

The recent financial crisis has once again seen John Kenneth Galbraith return to the bestseller lists. Yet, despite the continued popular success of his works, Galbraith's contribution to economic theory is rarely recognized by today's economists. This book redresses the balance by providing an introductory and sympathetic discussion of Galbraith's theoretical contributions, introducing the reader to his economics and his broader vision of the economic process. The book highlights and explains key features of Galbraith's economic thought, including his penetrating critique of society, his distinctive methodology, his specific brand of Keynesianism and his original - but largely ignored - contribution to the theory of the firm. It also presents, for the first time, a detailed examination of Galbraith's monetary economics and revisits his analysis of financial euphoria. This unique work seeks to rehabilitate Galbraith's contribution, setting out several directions for possible future research in the Galbraithian tradition.
Globalizations and the Ancient World
Authors: Jennings Justin
Published: February 2011

In this book, Justin Jennings argues that globalization is not just a phenomenon limited to modern times. Instead he contends that the globalization of today is just the latest in a series of globalizing movements in human history. Using the Uruk, Mississippian, and Wari civilizations as case studies, Jennings examines how the growth of the world's first great cities radically transformed their respective areas. The cities required unprecedented exchange networks, creating long-distance flows of ideas, people, and goods. These flows created cascades of interregional interaction that eroded local behavioral norms and social structures. New, hybrid cultures emerged within these globalized regions. Although these networks did not span the whole globe, people in these areas developed globalized cultures as they interacted with one another. Jennings explores how understanding globalization as a recurring event can help in the understanding of both the past and the present.
Framing the Race in South Africa
Authors: Ferree Karen E.
Published: February 2011

Post-apartheid South African elections have borne an unmistakable racial imprint: Africans vote for one set of parties, whites support a different set of parties, and, with few exceptions, there is no crossover voting between groups. These voting tendencies have solidified the dominance of the ruling African National Congress (ANC) over South African politics and turned South African elections into 'racial censuses'. This book explores the political sources of these outcomes. It argues that although the beginnings of these patterns lie in South Africa's past, in the effects apartheid had on voters' beliefs about race and destiny and the reputations parties forged during this period, the endurance of the census reflects the ruling party's ability to use the powers of office to prevent the opposition from evolving away from its apartheid-era party label. By keeping key opposition parties 'white', the ANC has rendered them powerless, solidifying its hold on power in spite of an increasingly restive and dissatisfied electorate.
Hyperbole in English
Authors: Claridge Claudia
Published: February 2011

Non-literal language is ubiquitous in everyday life, and while hyperbole is a major part of this, it has so far remained relatively unexplored. This volume provides the first investigation of hyperbole in English, drawing on data from genres such as spoken conversation, TV, newspapers, and literary works from Chaucer to Monty Python. Combining quantitative and qualitative analyses, it uses approaches from semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis and classical rhetoric to investigate in detail both speaker-centered and emotive aspects of hyperbole, and also addressee-related aspects, such as interpretation and interactional uptake. Illustrated with a range of diachronic case studies, hyperbole is also shown to be a main means of linguistic creativity, and an important contributor to language change. The book concludes with an exploration of the role of hyperbole in political speaking, humour, and literature. Original and in-depth, it will be invaluable to all those working on meaning, discourse, and historical linguistics.
The Nets of Modernism
Authors: Ellmann Maud
Published: February 2011

One of the finest literary critics of her generation, Maud Ellmann synthesises her work on modernism, psychoanalysis and Irish literature in this important new book. In sinuous readings of Henry James, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, she examines the interconnections between developing technological networks in modernity and the structures of modernist fiction, linking both to Freudian psychoanalysis. The Nets of Modernism examines the significance of images of bodily violation and exchange - scar, bite, wound, and their psychic equivalents - showing how these images correspond to 'vampirism' and related obsessions in early twentieth-century culture. Subtle, original and a pleasure to read, this 2010 book offers a fresh perspective on the inter-implications of Freudian psychoanalysis and Anglophone modernism that will influence the field for years to come.
The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra
Authors: Nwokeji G. Ugo
Published: February 2011

The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra dissects and explains the structure, dramatic expansion, and manifold effects of the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. By showing that the rise of the Aro merchant group was the key factor in trade expansion, G. Ugo Nwokeji reinterprets why and how such large-scale commerce developed in the absence of large-scale centralized states. The result is the first study to link the structure and trajectory of the slave trade in a major exporting region to the expansion of a specific African merchant group - among other fresh insights into Atlantic Africa's involvement in the trade - and the most comprehensive treatment of Atlantic slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. The fundamental role of culture in the organization of trade is highlighted, transcending the usual economic explanations in a way that complicates traditional generalizations about work, domestic slavery, and gender in pre-colonial Africa.
Independent and Supplementary Prescribing
Authors: Crown June
Published: February 2011

The second edition of Independent and Supplementary Prescribing builds on the success of this classic text by providing a unique resource for prescribing and medicines management for both new and experienced prescribers. This is an essential resource for anyone undertaking the non-medical prescribing programme. The book explores a number of key areas for prescribers, including the ethical and legal issues surrounding prescribing, prescribing within a public health context, evidence-based prescribing, basic pharmacology, medication safety, monitoring skills and drug calculations. Each chapter has been updated for the second edition and an additional chapter 'Minimising the risk of prescribing error' has been added. Written by a group of multi-professional authors working at all stages of the medication management process, this book will be essential reading for all nurses, midwives, pharmacists and allied health professionals qualified to prescribe as independent and/or supplementary prescribers.
Power Crisis
Authors: Cavalier Rodney
Published: February 2011

Written by former minister and Labor historian Rodney Cavalier, Power Crisis is an explosive account of the self-destruction of the New South Wales Labor government, which has seen a turnover of four premiers in five years, and is heading for rejection and even humiliation by voters at the next state election. While the catalyst was the thwarted attempt to privatise electricity, Cavalier reveals that the real issue is the takeover of Labor by a professional political class without connection to the broader community or the party's traditions. Featuring interviews with ex-premiers Iemma and Rees, Power Crisis contrasts the current turmoil and self-indulgence with the stability within New South Wales Labor over generations before, and asks, 'What went wrong?'
Coalition Politics and Economic Development
Authors: Nooruddin Irfan
Published: February 2011

Coalition Politics and Economic Development challenges the conventional wisdom that coalition government hinders necessary policy reform in developing countries. Irfan Nooruddin presents a fresh theory that institutionalized gridlock, by reducing policy volatility and stabilizing investor expectations, is actually good for economic growth. Successful national economic performance, he argues, is the consequence of having the right configuration of national political institutions. Countries in which leaders must compromise to form policy are better able to commit credibly to investors and therefore enjoy higher and more stable rates of economic development. Quantitative analysis of business surveys and national economic data together with historical case studies of five countries provide evidence for these claims. This is an original analysis of the relationship between political institutions and national economic performance in the developing world and will appeal to scholars and advanced students of political economy, economic development and comparative politics.
Greek Tragedy
Authors: Gould T. F. , Herington C. J.
Published: February 2011

The essays in volume 25 of Yale Classical Studies were specially commissioned by the editors to provide a cross-section of contemporary approaches to the interpretation of Greek tragedy. All three Attic dramatists receive attention, some essays being studies of a play as a whole, others concentrating on some particular passage or theme. Greek passages are translated so this volume should be of use and interest not only to classical specialists but also to students in any literary field.
Aristophanes: Essays in Interpretation
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: February 2011

Aristophanes, one of the greatest and most important poets of the golden age of classical Greek literature, has remained, in the English-speaking world at least, one of the most forbidding, because least well understood. This is a collection of critical and interpretative essays in English devoted entirely to this poet. Addressed to specialists and non-specialists alike, its purpose is to bring modern literary and philological methods to bear on some aspects of Aristophanic poetry most crucial for our understanding not only of Greek literature but of Greek history and culture as well. The essays provide fresh insights into three of Aristophanes' richest and most challenging plays (Acharnians, Clouds and Lysistrate), a re-evaluation of the poet's fame as a lyricist, and a consideration of his notoriety as an opponent of the great war with Sparta. It is hoped that these essays will stimulate in all students of classical antiquity renewed interest in this brilliant and provocative poet.
The Cambridge Atlas of Herschel Objects
Authors: Mullaney James , Tirion Wil
Published: February 2011

This superb, all-purpose star atlas is the first of its kind devoted to observing the Herschel objects with binoculars and telescopes. It displays over 2500 of the most visually-attractive star clusters, nebulae and galaxies that were discovered by Sir William, Caroline and Sir John Herschel, and is a must-have for stargazers who want to explore these fascinating objects. Covering the entire sky from the North to the South Celestial Pole, and showing all 88 constellations, it is also a general sky atlas showing variable, double and multiple stars, and the Milky Way. Written by experienced observer James Mullaney and illustrated by renowned celestial cartographer Wil Tirion, this is a magnificent 'celestial roadmap' to some of the finest deep-sky showpieces. Spiral bound and printed in red-light friendly colors for use at a telescope, with color-coded symbols for easy recognition and identification, this is an all-purpose observing reference for all amateur observers. Additional resources, including a target list ordered by Herschel designation, are available to download from www.cambridge.org/9780521138178.
Food, Energy and the Creation of Industriousness
Authors: Muldrew Craig
Published: February 2011

Until the widespread harnessing of machine energy, food was the energy which fuelled the economy. In this groundbreaking 2011 study of agricultural labourers' diet and material standard of living, Craig Muldrew uses empirical research to present a much fuller account of the interrelationship between consumption, living standards and work in the early modern English economy than has previously existed. The book integrates labourers into a study of the wider economy and engages with the history of food as an energy source and its importance to working life, the social complexity of family earnings, and the concept of the 'industrious revolution'. It argues that 'industriousness' was as much the result of ideology and labour markets as labourers' household consumption. Linking this with ideas about the social order of early modern England, the author demonstrates that bread, beer and meat were the petrol of this world, and a springboard for economic change.
Latino Representation in State Houses and Congress
Authors: Casellas Jason P.
Published: February 2011

This book argues that Latino representation in U.S. legislative institutions is shaped not only by demographics but by legislative institutional design, as well as elite-driven methods, features of the electoral system, and the increasing mainstreaming of Latinos in American society. The election of Latino legislators in the United States is thus complex and varied. This book provides evidence on how successful Latinos have been in winning state legislative and congressional districts in which they have no natural advantage. In particular, this book demonstrates that Latino candidates benefit from higher percentages of Latino citizens in the state, more liberal citizenries and citizen legislatures. Jason Casellas argues that the legislatures most conducive to the election of Latino candidates are Florida, New Mexico and California, whereas the least conducive are the U.S. House and New York.
The Nature of Supreme Court Power
Authors: Hall Matthew E. K.
Published: February 2011

Few institutions in the world are credited with initiating and confounding political change on the scale of the United States Supreme Court. The Court is uniquely positioned to enhance or inhibit political reform, enshrine or dismantle social inequalities, and expand or suppress individual rights. Yet despite claims of victory from judicial activists and complaints of undemocratic lawmaking from the Court's critics, numerous studies of the Court assert that it wields little real power. This book examines the nature of Supreme Court power by identifying conditions under which the Court is successful at altering the behavior of state and private actors. Employing a series of longitudinal studies that use quantitative measures of behavior outcomes across a wide range of issue areas, it develops and supports a new theory of Supreme Court power.
Natural convection and the evolution of a reactive porous medium
Authors: RITCHIE LINDSEY T. , PRITCHARD DAVID
Published: February 2011

We describe a mathematical model of buoyancy-driven flow and solute transport in a saturated porous medium, the porosity and permeability of which evolve through precipitation and dissolution as a mineral is lost or gained from the pore fluid. Imposing a vertically varying equilibrium solubility creates a density gradient which can drive convective circulation. We characterise the onset of convection using linear stability analysis, and explore the further development of the coupled reaction–convection system numerically. At low Rayleigh numbers, the effect of the reaction–permeability feedback is shown to be destabilising through a novel reaction–diffusion mechanism; at higher Rayleigh numbers, the precipitation and dissolution have a stabilising effect. Over longer time scales, reaction–permeability feedback triggers secondary instabilities in quasi-steady convective circulation, leading to rapid reversals in the direction of circulation. Over very long time scales, characteristic patterns of porosity emerge, including horizontal layering as well as the development of vertical chimneys of enhanced porosity. We discuss the implications of these findings for more comprehensive models of reactive convection in porous media.
Enclosing in God's Name, Accumulating for Mankind: Money, Morality, and Accumulation in John Locke's Theory of Property
Authors: Ince Onur Ulas
Published: February 2011

John Locke's theory of property has been the subject of sustained contention between two major perspectives: a socioeconomic perspective, which conceives Locke's thought as an expression of the rising bourgeois sensibility and a defense of the nascent capitalist relations, and a theological perspective, which prioritizes his moral worldview grounded in the Christian natural law tradition. This essay argues that a closer analysis of Locke's theory of money in theSecond Treatisecan provide an alternative to this binary. It maintains that the notion of money comprises a conceptual area of indeterminacy in which the theological universals of the natural law and the historical fact of capital accumulation shade into each other. More specifically, the ambiguity of the status of money enables Locke to navigate an antinomy within the natural law such that he establishes a relation ofnecessitybetween the divinetelosand accumulative practices.
Response to “On Communitarian and Global Sources of Legitimacy”
Authors: Chambers Simone
Published: February 2011

Amitai Etzioni has written a stimulating and provocative defense of a communitarian conception of legitimacy. He contrasts this view to what he calls the deliberative view. In what follows, I argue that Professor Etzioni cannot do without the deliberative view and that indeed he has more in common with Habermas than he thinks.
Response to “On Communitarian and Global Sources of Legitimacy”
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J.
Published: February 2011

Martha Nussbaum, in a reaction to the cultural relativism that pervades much of social science, made the following comment:

Highly intelligent people, people deeply committed to the good of women and men in developing countries, people who think of themselves as progressive and feminist and antiracist, are taking up positions that converge … with the positions of reaction, oppression, and sexism. Under the banner of their radical and politically correct “antiessentialism” march ancient religious taboos, the luxury of the pampered husband, ill health, ignorance, and death. (And in my own essentialist way, I say it at the outset. I do hold that death is opposed to life in the most binary way imaginable, and slavery to freedom, and hunger to adequate nutrition, and ignorance to knowledge.)
Doing What Needs to Be Done
Authors: Barber Sotirios A.
Published: February 2011

If the end of a legal system is the well-being of its people, as Madison claims in Federalist, No. 45, and if it is irrational to sacrifice means to ends, as Madison says in Federalist, No. 40, then Cicero was right to conclude that salus populi suprema lex, that the people's welfare is supreme law—that the people's welfare should prevail over conflicting legal arrangements.
Africa and America
Authors: Shepperson George
Published: February 2011

(These notes were offered as a contribution to discussion at the nineteenth and twentieth century sessions of the Third Conference on African History and Archaeology at the London School of Oriental and African Studies, 3 - 7 July, 1961. Two additions - references 3 and 12 - have been made to the original notes.)

The historical position of the United States in Subsaharan Africa has until recently been one of detachment. There have been official moves, as when in 1833 an agreement was concluded with the Sultan of Zanzibar which, among other things, permitted American consuls to reside in his ports and judge disputes involving U. S. citizens; or the recognition of the Congo Free State in 1884. On the whole, however, the United States has left Africa to the European powers who took over the responsibility of governing her peoples.
Revaluations, I: D. H. Lawrence, “Studies in Classic American Literature”
Authors: Welland D. S. R.
Published: February 2011

Obviously, British interest; in American studies is not something which began during the Second World War and matured rapidly after 1945. Yet, no doubt because of post-1945 enthusiasm for American studies in many parts of Great Britain, such an impression has often been engendered – sometimes, indeed, unwittingly by those who ought to know better. It is partly with the object of correcting such an impression that fche Bulletin hopes to publish, from time to time, revaluations of pioneering British works on American subjects. There are at least three other good reasons for attempting a series of this kind: it might help to stimulate British students of American subjects to explore the traditions within which they are working; it could draw attention to neglected but significant British writings on American themes; and it might well produce some articles which are interesting in their own right.
Recalling the Laird of Skibo
Authors: Wall Joseph F.
Published: February 2011

(A new biography of Andrew Carnegie will be of no small interest to members of the B.A.A.S. Because of this, we invited Dr. Joseph P. Wall of Grinnell College, Iowa, who is engaged on a new study of Carnegie to contribute a few remarks on his work to the Bulletin. Dr. Wall will be a Senior Fulbright Scholar in the department of History, University of Edinburgh, during the Academic Year, 1957–8. He would be very grateful to receive information on Carnegie materials in the United Kingdom and to discuss his work with any members who are interested in it. Dr. Wall is the author of Henry Watterson; reconstructed rebel, New York, 1956.)
Welsh Emigration to the United States
Authors: Conway Alan
Published: February 2011

There is a story told in Wales of a certain John Jones, a stalwart of the local choir, who died and arrived up above just in time for a Heavenly Choir practice. He immediately took his place and, looking around, found that there were a thousand tenors, a thousand sopranos and a thousand contraltos but only himself in the bass. Nothing daunted, he gave of his best in the opening chorus until suddenly the Heavenly Conductor rapped on the podium and turning to John Jones, said, “Not quite ao loud in the bass, please, Mr. Jones”. It has been much the same in the field of emigration; for every John Jones who went to America, whole choirs of other nationalities flooded in, and, with a few exceptions, subsequent narrators of the story of the Welsh in America, have sung, on both sides of the Atlantic, very loudly in the bass. The quality of the Welsh contribution to the United States as against the quantity of that contribution has been bolstered by filio-pietistic writers who have claimed for the Welsh nation, Roger Williams (who was not a Welshman), many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson, Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davies, John L. Lewis and Frank Lloyd Wright among many hundreds of other “eminent Welshmen”. Possibly the high water mark of such claims has been that of the discovery of America by Prince Madoc in the twelfth century, and the legend of the Welsh-speaking Welsh Indians, which was taken up again with great zeal in the nineteenth century and has lingered on to the present day despite the researches of Thomas Stephens which have reduced the claim to that of a romantic legend.
The Irish in America
Authors: Green E. R. R.
Published: February 2011

The history of Irish emigration to America is a subject of formidable size of which even the outlines are far from firmly established. Still, as emigration studies develop it seems inevitable that the basic importance and general interest of Irish emigration will be increasingly recognized and attract the attention of scholars on both sides of the Atlantic.
Recent Writing on Utah and the Mormons
Authors: Taylor P. A. M.
Published: February 2011

When, in 1842, Henry Caswall wrote The City of the Mormons, he stated in his preface that his book was “presented to the Christian public with a deep sense, on the author's part, of the iniquity of an imposture which, under the name of religion, is spreading extensively in America and Great Britain”. A few years later, probably in 1850, John Bowes wrote a pamphlet to show that Mormonism was simply a swindle to put money into the pockets of the Church's leaders. His title was Mormonism Exposed, in its swindling and licentious abominations, refuted in its principles and in the claims of its head, the modern Mohammed, Joseph Smith, who is proved to have been a deceiver end no prophet of God; and his chapter, based on the reports of two apostates, on the simple Temple ceremonies of washing, anointing, passwords, grips, oaths, and enacting of the Creation story, was uncompromisingly headed “Orgies”. As late as 1902, in a preface which contrasted his own factual approach with earlier polemic, William A. Linn's Story of the Mormons included the words, “If the fraudulent character of the alleged revelation to Smith of the golden plates can be established, the foundation of the whole Church crumbles”; and Linn went on to devote a quarter of a very long book to the attempt. In 1957, however, in a lecture in the University of Utah, published as ‘The Mormons in American History’ (Bulletin of the University of Utah, Vol. 48, Ho, 11), William Mulder expressed what is nowadays a far more common view than any of those quoted above. “In its New England origins”, he said, “its Utopian experiments and reforms, its westward drive, and its early expansion to Europe resulting in a great programme of immigration and settlement, nineteenth-century Mormonism expressed prominent traits and tendencies that were already shaping American society. It was not simply a colourful reflection of the times; it was a dynamic reworking of the diverse elements of American culture.”
American Literature in British Universities
Authors: Spiller Robert E.
Published: February 2011

At present there is very little American literature taught in the universities of Great Britain. In the London colleges and at Manchester and Nottingham, it is allowed as an elective in the honours course in English Language and Literature and these universities and Leeds accept candidates for higher degrees with some specialization in American literature; but there is no regular offering in the subject or qualified members of the faculty to teach it elsewhere, and even in London it must be taught almost wholly by visiting Americans.
The Impact of the New Deal on British Economic and Political Ideas
Authors: Pear R. H.
Published: February 2011

The most important statement of Britain's economic and social aims to emerge from the experience of the depression and the Second World War was Beveridge's “Full Employment in a Free Society”. Published in 1944 it marks a revolution in the thinking of liberal economists. Laissez-faire is almost totally discarded. What replaces it is not socialism, but the socialisation of effective demand; the responsibility is thrust upon the State for the provision of income sufficiently large for the full employment of the human resource of labour. There were in 1944 (as there still are) many unfinished arguments concerning the best means of implementing the aim of full employment, but the responsibility of Central Governments in this matter is not in doubt. As the Times stated editorially “There is no question whether we can achieve full employment: we must achieve it. It is the central factor which will determine the pattern of national life after the war, including, perhaps, the fate of democratic institutions.” The revolution in thought which this editorial view point represents had something to do with the New Deal, but how much? in what respects was the New Deal influential? Can we separate out from the whole Anglo-American depression experience some particular features of America's recovery programme and distinguish them as influential in British thinking? I think that we cannot; but there is no doubt, on the other hand, that in the long conversation between British and American economists which went on through the 1930's and into the war years, American views and American experience made themselves felt amongst British economists.
Dickens and International Copyright
Authors: Fielding K. J.
Published: February 2011

Before leaving for America, in January 1842, Dickens wrote that he ‘yearned to know its people,’ and that it was the land of his dreams. On returning, only five months later, he declared, “It is no use, I am disappointed. This is not the republic I came to see; this is not the republic of my imagination.” To many of his American critics, the real disappointment was not at what he saw, but at the failure of “an impudent speculative trip” foolishly undertaken in the hope of securing a profitable international copyright agreement. At the time Dickens denied it furiously. There is no doubt that he was right. Yet so great was his fame that we still tend to link Dickens and International copyright, unaware that almost in spite of himself he was caught up in a movement in which he was bound by ties of loyalty to his fellow authors and his own reputation for frankness to assert their rights with all the means he could command. It would be wrong to disassociate Dicken's views on International copyright and his opinions on the United States in general; but the time has come by now to allow that he did not speak solely for himself in the matter, and that he fairly believed that he was acting in the best interests of literature in both Britain and the United States.
Whose Hoo ? A reading of Wallace Stevens' “Bantams in Pine Woods”
Authors: Bradbury Malcolm , Cook F. W.
Published: February 2011

This poem, from Stevens' first volume. Harmonium (1923), is frequently referred to by critics; but few of them have advanced an interpretation. Many have been impressed by its stylistic brilliance, its jazzy rhythms and its surface delights, often adding that in spite of the fact that it is a minor tour de force, it should not be considered one of his best poems. Yet it is certainly a key poem in Stevens' early work, and surely merits the effort of interpretation and analysis. Marius Bewley, in The Complex Fate (1952), makes the one extended attempt at interpretation that is readily available. It is ingenious and relevant to Stevens' themes, but seems to us to be rather over-elaborate, and rather inclined to project the themes of Stevens' later verse back over his earlier work.
Perry Miller and Recent American Historiography
Authors: Reinitz Richard
Published: February 2011

Much less noted than the passing of President Kennedy, but also a grievous loss in the United States in 1963, was the death of one of its greatest historians. Although Perry Miller was not technically an historian – he was Professor of American Literature at Harvard – his contribution to our understanding of the American past was as great as that of any man of his generation.
English Settlers in Early Wisconsin: the British Temperance Emigration Society
Authors: Vale Vivian
Published: February 2011

Historians, as they search the mounting wave of assisted emigration from Britain to North America during the 1830s and 40s, naturally expect the quantity of surviving record to vary with the source of assistance. The wealth of their material, that is to say, is likely to differ according as the emigrants' sponsor was (e.g.) the government, a Poor Law Union, a co-operative society, a trade association, a private philanthropist or a calculating landlord. As a rule, a small number of men and women banding together to leave these shores, and being neither a true group migration nor an experimental community, would leave behind few traces outside the folios of family correspondence. To this the British Temperance Emigration Society was no exception. We cannot be sure what its members really had in common; whether temperance, or Primitive Methodism, or small shopkeeping, or artisanship in distress. Its very existence is discernible this side of the Atlantic only by a few short items in a handful of mid-century provincial journals.
Science, Technology, and Emily Dickinson
Authors: Avery Christine
Published: February 2011

Blake cursed “the single vision and Newton's sleep”. Thomas Hood delineated the effects of industrialization with indignant pity. The Georgians, in their own more limited fashion, carried on the good work with poems like Gordon Bottomley's To Iron-Founders and Others. But today an enthusiastic ode to an aeroplane propeller or to the hypothetical explosion of the universe would arouse no surprise, and it is generally accepted that whether a writer sees science and its technological offspring as a juggernaut or as a beaming sunrise has no direct bearing on the value of his work.
State Rights and the South 1850–1860
Authors: Stein Peter
Published: February 2011

“Our people”, declared Jefferson Davis on February 22, 1862,“have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the rights which they could not peacefully secure”. The President of the newly formed Confederacy was delivering his inaugural address; and, in so doing, was using the language – when he talked about defending ‘rights’ and ‘constitutional government’ – in which Southerners had consistently stated their case over the preceding decade. They had argued, in the main, that the policies to which they objected were not merely harmful; they were unconstitutional. Northern interests had not merely desired the Federal Government to act unfairly; they had desired it to enforce measures it simply had no power to deal with.
American ‘Isolationism’ in the 1920s: is it a useful concept?
Authors: Watt D. C.
Published: February 2011

When I was first told, as a boy, how to keep my petty cash accounts, my instructor, in a rash moment, once let me see her own. The largest single item on the debit side stood opposite the initials “G.O.K.” Intrigued, I asked who the mysterious “Mr. K. was”. “No-one”, was the reply, “it stands for “God only knows”. The money is gone – on what I could not tell you. G.O.K. balances the accounts and takes care of my ignorance”.
John Nichol, American Literature, and Scottish Liberalism
Authors: Hook Andrew
Published: February 2011

The first history of American literature by a British author, John Nichol's American Literature, An Historical Sketch, 1620–1880, was published in Edinburgh in 1882. In several ways the publication was an unlikely event. By 1882 few American scholars had devoted themselves to the study of American literary history. For a British one to do so at that date must have struck most of his contemporaries as scarcely comprehensible. In 1866 Henry Yates Thompson of Liverpool had offered to endow a lectureship at Cambridge in the ‘History, Literature, and Institutions of the United States’—the lecturer to be appointed by the President and Fellows of Harvard. But for a combination of ecclesiastical, political, and academic reasons the offer was rejected as a dangerous novelty. Nothing had happened to make the ‘dangerous novelty’ of 1866 a respectable subject of academic concern in 1882.
Stephen Crane: Classic at the Crossroads
Authors: Bradbury Malcolm , Goldman Arnold
Published: February 2011

Vain, pushing, pretentious and unquestionably naive, Stephen Crane emerges from the collected letters as something less than one's idea of a literary genius. As Professor Stallman says in his introduction, the letters do give us “a new perspective” on Crane. Artists are notoriously self-contradictory, Professor Stallman tells us; but there is something disturbing about the contradictoriness of these letters, where Crane says one thing to one friend and something very different to another, makes high claims for himself in one letter and low ones in the next. The letters, indeed, tempt the reader to make an overall hypothesis about them; they may have the variousness of the complicated mind that makes an interesting personality (Stallman's reading of the case) or they may be the letters of a man whose largest aim in life was to dramatize himself and to impress others. He says in one letter (to John Northern Hilliard):

The one thing that deeply pleases me in my literary life – brief and inglorious as it is – is the fact that men of sense believe me to be sincere…Personally I am aware that my work does not amount to a string of dried beans – I always calmly admit it…I go ahead, for I understand that a man is born into the world with his own pair of eyes, and he is not at all responsible for his vision – he is merely responsible for his quality of personal honesty. To keep close to this personal honesty is my supreme ambition. There is a sublime egotism in talking of honesty. I, however, do not say that I am honest. I merely say that I am as nearly honest as a weak mental machinery will allow. This aim in life struck me as being the only thing worth while. A man is sure to fail at it, but there is something in the failure.