bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histamine in the kidneys: what is its role in renal pathophysiology?
Authors: Grange Cristina , Gurrieri Maura , Verta Roberta , Fantozzi Roberto , Pini Alessandro , Rosa Arianna Carolina
Published: February 2019

Starting with a role for histamine role in renal haemodynamics, evidence has accumulated, over time, suggesting a wider range of actions on renal function and this has renewed interest in the pathophysiological role of histamine in the kidney. Here we provide an up‐to‐date review of this topic. As the kidney expresses enzymes that synthesize and metabolise histamine, along with its receptors, all the components for histaminergic transmission are present in this tissue. The distribution of histamine receptors matches a wide range of effects. We address the questions of the redundancy of H1and H2receptors in renal haemodynamics, the complementary role of H1and H4receptors in renal filtration and reabsorption, and the dichotomy between local and neuronal H1and H3receptors. Experimental models of renal disease raise the possibility of new therapeutic approaches based on histamine. The effects of histamine on renal function are not yet fully understood and their elucidation is still ongoing.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
Designers as the determinants of design innovations
Authors: Fjællegaard Cecilie Bryld , Beukel Karin , Alkærsig Lars
Published: February 2019

Design innovations have become increasingly important appropriation mechanisms for firms. Since 2003, the number of applications for design rights (protecting design innovations) has tripled compared to a doubling in the numbers of both patent and trademark applications. However, despite the growing interest of firms in design innovations, knowledge of the determinants of design innovations is limited. Prior work on labour mobility within the innovation studies literature has focused primarily on the discussion of scientists as being crucial for the creation of technological innovations. The present paper expands on this discussion by drawing parallels with the relation between scientists and technological innovation and the relation between designers and design innovation. We explore whether a similar positive relationship exists between the labour mobility of designers and the generation of design innovations and which determinants influence this relation. We employ a unique Danish dataset containing information on firms, their hiring of designers, and their design innovation activity measured by design rights. Our findings show that hiring a designer does increase the likelihood of producing a design innovation. Hence, designers are a determinant of design innovations. However, in order for the firm to benefit fully from hiring a designer, prior experience in design innovation is required.
Intraflagellar transport 20 promotes collective cancer cell invasion by regulating polarized organization of Golgi‐associated microtubules
Authors: Aoki Tomoaki , Nishita Michiru , Sonoda Junya , Ikeda Taro , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Minami Yasuhiro
Published: February 2019

Collective invasion is an important strategy of cancers of epithelial origin, including colorectal cancer (CRC), to infiltrate efficiently into local tissues as collective cell groups. Within the groups, cells at the invasive front, called leader cells, are highly polarized and motile, thereby providing the migratory traction that guides the follower cells. However, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We have previously shown that signaling emanating from the receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 can promote invasion of human osteosarcoma cells and that intraflagellar transport 20 (IFT20) mediates its signaling to regulate Golgi structure and transport. Herein, we investigated the role of Ror2 and IFT20 in collective invasion of CRC cells, where Ror2 expression is either silenced or nonsilenced. We show by cell biological analyses that IFT20 promotes collective invasion of CRC cells, irrespective of expression and function of Ror2. Intraflagellar transport 20 is required for organization of Golgi‐associated, stabilized microtubules, oriented toward the direction of invasion in leader cells. Our results also indicate that IFT20 promotes reorientation of the Golgi apparatus toward the front side of leader cells. Live cell imaging of the microtubule plus‐end binding protein EB1 revealed that IFT20 is required for continuous polarized microtubule growth in leader cells. These results indicate that IFT20 plays an important role in collective invasion of CRC cells by regulating organization of Golgi‐associated, stabilized microtubules and Golgi polarity in leader cells.
Expressive Vocabulary Predicts Nonverbal Executive Function: A 2‐year Longitudinal Study of Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Jones Anna , Atkinson Joanna , Marshall Chloe , Botting Nicola , St Clair Michelle C. , Morgan Gary
Published: February 2019

Numerous studies suggest an association between language and executive function (EF), but evidence of a developmental relationship remains inconclusive. Data were collected from 75 deaf/hard‐of‐hearing (DHH) children and 82 hearing age‐matched controls. Children were 6–11 years old at first time of testing and completed a battery of nonverbal EF tasks and a test of expressive vocabulary. These tasks were completed again 2 years later. Both groups improved their scores on all tasks over this period. DHH children performed significantly less well than hearing peers on some EF tasks and the vocabulary test at both time points. Cross‐lagged panel models showed that vocabulary at Time 1 predicted change in EF scores for both DHH and hearing children but not the reverse.
Masticatory ability improves after maxillary implant overdenture treatment: A randomized controlled trial with 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Boven Geessien C. , Speksnijder Caroline M. , Meijer Henny J.A. , Vissink Arjan , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: February 2019

Background

The effect of maxillary implant overdentures on masticatory ability in edentulous patients with complaints regarding their conventional maxillary dentures is unknown.

Purpose

To assess the change in objective masticatory ability (mixing ability index, MAI), patient reported masticatory ability (questionnaire), and patient satisfaction (GSS) after maxillary implant overdenture treatment with either solitary attachments or bars.

Materials and Methods

Two groups randomly received four‐implant maxillary overdentures on either solitary attachments (group I, n = 25) or bars (group II, n = 25). The MAI, questionnaire, and GSS were scored before (T0) and 12 months (T12) after treatment.

Results

After treatment, both groups had significantly better MAI outcomes, better questionnaire scores and better GSS. Post‐treatment questionnaire scores and GSS were significantly better for group II. Before treatment a strong, positive correlation between the MAI and the questionnaire was found for all participants who had had full conventional dentures combined (group I, n = 17; group II, n = 3).

Conclusion

Mixing ability was the same for all the participants treated with maxillary implant overdentures on either solitary attachments or bars. Patient reported masticatory ability and satisfaction was better for participants treated with maxillary implant overdentures on bars. There was a correlation between MAI and patient reported masticatory ability in participants with full conventional dentures.
A 2‐year prospective case series on volumetric changes, PROMs, and clinical outcomes following sinus floor elevation using deproteinized bovine bone mineral as filling material
Authors: Younes Faris , Cosyn Jan , De Bruyckere Thomas , Cleymaet Robbert , Eghbali Aryan
Published: February 2019

Background

A sinus floor augmentation may be indicated when a lack of hard tissue impedes implant placement. Although clinically successful, evidence supporting the long‐term three‐dimensional stability of the grafted volume is scarce. Second, evidence on the patient's acceptance of this type of treatment is limited.

Purpose

First is to evaluate the changes in graft volume after lateral wall sinus lifting based on superimposed cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and then to assess patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) and clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods

Partially edentulous patients in need of a sinus lift and fixed reconstruction on at least two neighboring implants were selected for a prospective case series. Lateral wall sinus augmentation was performed using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) as the only filling material. Volumetric changes were quantified on the basis of a preoperative CBCT and three postoperative CBCTs (at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 2 years). PROMs and clinical parameters were registered.

Results

Twenty‐two patients (7 males, 15 females; mean age 59 years) participated of which three patients dropped out during the follow up. Graft volumes amounted to 1418.26 mm3 at 2 weeks, 1201.21 mm3 at 3 months, and 1130.13 mm3 at 2 years postoperative pointing to a relative graft volume stability of 79.7%. Swelling was the leading symptom during the first week. A peak in visual analogue scale scores was observed for pain, swelling, and hematoma the day of surgery and 1 day postoperation with a statistically significant decline between days 3 and 7. Hemorrhage and nose bleeding occurred in 18.2% and 27.3% of the subjects, respectively. About 95.5% of the subjects would undergo the treatment again. All implants integrated successfully and demonstrated healthy clinical conditions.

Conclusion

Lateral wall sinus augmentation using DBBM as the only filling material is a viable treatment concept given limited graft resorption, good patients' tolerance, and clinical outcomes.
Impact of patient characteristics on edentulous subjects’ preferences for prosthodontic rehabilitation with implants
Authors: Leles Cláudio R. , Dias Danilo R. , Nogueira Túlio E. , McKenna Gerald , Schimmel Martin , Jordão Lidia M. R.
Published: February 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of patient characteristics on edentulous subjects’ preferences for different prosthodontic treatments with implants.

Materials and methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out with 131 edentulous subjects referred for treatment at a university clinic. Participants received detailed information about available treatment options and were asked to rank their preferences among three alternatives for rehabilitation of the maxilla and mandible: conventional dentures (CD), 2‐implant‐retained overdentures (IOD), or 4‐implant fixed dentures (IFD). Individual data and prosthodontic‐related variables were assessed through interviews. Oral health‐related quality of life impacts was measured using the Brazilian version of the Oral Health Impact Profile for edentulous subjects (OHIP‐Edent). Descriptive statistics, bivariate tests, and binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used for data analysis.

Results

The majority of participants chose CD as their most preferred treatment for the maxilla (45.8%), while IFD was the most prevalent choice for the mandible (38.9%). Regression analysis showed that the OHIP‐Edent “oral pain and dysfunction” (OPD) domain scores were positively associated with IOD preference for the maxilla (OR = 1.31; p = 0.010) and mandible (OR = 1.46; p = 0.002) and with IFD preference for the mandible (OR = 1.20; p = 0.031). Subjects with lower levels of formal education and those with lower income levels were less likely to choose IFD.

Conclusion

Level of education, income, and perceived quality of life impacts are potentially predictive variables of edentulous patients’ preference for rehabilitation with implants. These factors may constitute important aspects to be considered by clinicians when treatment planning for edentulous patients.
A case‐control study of the association between sialolithiasis and osteoporosis
Authors: Hung Shih‐Han , Xirasagar Sudha , Cheng Yen‐Fu , Lin Herng‐Ching
Published: February 2019

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between osteoporosis and salivary gland stone using a population‐based claims database.

Design

A case‐control design.

Setting

Taiwan.

Participants

We retrieved the sample for this case‐control study from the Taiwan “Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005.” All 557 patients aged 40 years or older with a diagnosis of sialolithiasis were cases, and 1671 matched controls (without sialolithiasis) were selected.

Subjects and Methods

We used the chi‐square test to explore differences between cases and controls on socio‐demographic characteristics. Furthermore, conditional logistic regressions were used to examine the association of sialolithiasis with previously diagnosed osteoporosis.

Results

Of 2228 sampled patients, 171 (7.68%) had ever been previously diagnosed with osteoporosis; 58 (10.41%) among cases and 113 (6.76%) among controls (P = 0.005). Conditional logistic regression analysis found that the odds ratio (OR) of prior osteoporosis for cases was 1.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24‐2.59, P = 0.002) relative to controls after adjusting for urbanisation and the selected medical co‐morbidities. Furthermore, we found that among patients aged ≥65 years, the adjusted OR of prior osteoporosis for cases was 1.89 (95% CI = 1.02‐3.51). No significant relationship was observed among patients aged <65 years old.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates an association between sialolithiasis and osteoporosis. Although the finding warrants further investigation, the results call for more awareness of the possible concurrence of osteoporosis among physicians and patients with salivary gland stones.
A cohort study of local excision followed by adjuvant therapy incorporating a contact X‐ray brachytherapy boost instead of radical resection in 180 patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Smith F. M. , Pritchard D. M. , Wong H. , Whitmarsh K. , Hershman M. J. , Sun Myint A.
Published: February 2019

Aim

Recent data have suggested near‐equivalent oncological results when treating early rectal cancer by local excision followed by radio‐ ± chemotherapy rather than salvage radical surgery. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the use of contact X‐ray brachytherapy within this paradigm.

Method

All patients had undergone local excision and were referred to our radiotherapy centre for treatment with contact X‐ray brachytherapy. Postoperative (chemo)radiotherapy was also given in their local hospital in most cases. Variables assessed were local excision method, postoperative therapy received, follow‐up duration, disease‐free survival, salvage surgery and stoma‐free survival.

Results

In total, 180 patients with a median age of 70 (range 36–99) years were assessed. Following local excision, pT stages were pT1 = 131 (72%), pT2 = 44 (26%), pT3 = 5 (2%). All patients received contact X‐ray brachytherapy boosting at our centre and, in addition, 110 received chemoradiotherapy and 60 received radiotherapy alone. After a median follow‐up of 36 months (range 6–48), 169 patients (94%) remained free of local recurrence. Of the 11 patients with local recurrence (three isolated nodal), five underwent salvage abdominoperineal excision. Eight patients developed distant disease, of whom five underwent metastasis surgery. At last included follow‐up 173 (96%) patients were free of all disease and 170 (94%) were stoma free.

Conclusions

Contact therapy can be offered in addition to external beam radio (±chemo) therapy instead of radical surgery as follow‐on treatment after local excision of early rectal cancer. This combination can provide equivalent outcomes to radical surgery. The added value of contact therapy should be formally assessed in a clinical trial.
Shareholder wealth effects of cultural diversity among blockholders: Evidence from cross‐border acquisitions by U.S.‐listed companies
Authors: Chen Victor Zitian
Published: February 2019

Research question/issue

This paper studies whether and how diversity among blockholders in their cultural preferences may affect short‐term shareholder wealth. Blockholders often hold diverse objectives, leading to principal–principal (PP) conflicts in cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs). The literature, however, is unclear on whether they have diverse cultural preferences when it comes to the location choice in CBAs and, if so, how such diversity affects short‐term shareholder wealth surrounding the announcement of a CBA. Integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives, this paper argues that such diversity has an inverted U‐shaped relationship with shareholder wealth.

Research findings/insights

The theory is tested using a sample of 2,571 nonfinancial CBAs made by U.S.‐listed companies between 2002 and 2014. Results suggest an inverted U‐shaped relationship between diversity in host‐market cultural distance propensities among five types of blockholders (family, corporations, bank and insurance companies, resistant financial institutions, and government) and the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) attributable to CBA announcements.

Theoretical/academic implications

First, international corporate governance scholars should understand the nonfinancial motivations of shareholders when evaluating potential conflicts in internationalization strategy and performance. Second, future studies should recognize that PP issues in the multinational firm are a multidimensional construct, composed of multiple sources of conflicts beyond the traditional focus on controlling‐versus‐minority shareholders. Lastly, the PP literature should shift its rhetoric from conflicts to a good balance between benefits and conflicts, depending on the degree of heterogeneity among principals.

Practitioner/policy implications

An optimal ownership structure may involve moderate diversity among blockholders in their nonfinancial preferences. This optimal level should bring in diverse resources and perspectives from different blockholders, while keeping coordinating costs moderate for aligning different goals of these blockholders.
A semi‐aza‐crown‐based chemosensor for colorimetric detection of iron(III) and iron(II) in aqueous media with large bathochromic shift
Authors: Chae Ju Byeong , Kim Cheal
Published: February 2019

A colorimetric chemosensor, EDDAN (1,1′‐((1E,11E)‐5,8‐dioxa‐2,11‐diazadodeca‐1,11‐diene‐1,12‐diyl)bis(naphthalen‐2‐ol)), based on a semi‐aza‐crown structure, was designed and synthesised to sense iron(III) and iron(II). EDDAN showed a unique colour change in the presence of either iron(III) or iron(II), turning from pale yellow to deep purple with large bathochromic shifts. The detection limits of iron(III) and iron(II) were 2.70 and 3.43 μm, respectively. EDDAN displayed a high selectivity for iron ions in the presence of other metal cations except copper(II). In addition, EDDAN showed excellent reversibility by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Moreover, EDDAN was applied to test strips as well. Based on ultraviolet‐visible titrations, Job plots, electron paramagnetic resonance study and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry analyses, a mechanism for the sensing of iron(III) and iron(II) was also proposed.
Polydopamine‐coated silk yarn for improving the light fastness of natural dyes
Authors: Kesornsit Sanhanut , Jitjankarn Phichet , Sajomsang Warayuth , Gonil Pattarapond , Bremner John B. , Chairat Montra
Published: February 2019

One of the problems occasionally associated with the use of natural dyes in the dyeing of silk is the susceptibility of the dyed yarn to fading in light. While a number of approaches have been used to address this problem, the use of polydopamine (PDA), a known agent with photo‐protective properties, has not been assessed previously. In this study, silk was pretreated with nano‐particulate PDA formed in situ by oxidation of a dopamine solution, then dyed with lac dye or annatto dye as model natural dyes. Photofading rates were significantly reduced in the case of annatto‐dyed, PDA‐coated silk relative to uncoated silk, while wash fastness was unaffected and remained only moderately good. In contrast, no significant change was seen in photofading rates with treated or untreated lac‐dyed silk, and wash fastness was also unaffected. The PDA did not adversely affect resultant colour values if the concentration of the dopamine precursor was kept low. When this was done, acceptable colours were obtained in the dyed silk. Further investigation is warranted of PDA as a photofading protectant and mordant with other natural dyes on silk and other fibres.
Understanding species distribution in dynamic populations: a new approach using spatio‐temporal point process models
Authors: Soriano‐Redondo Andrea , Jones‐Todd Charlotte M. , Bearhop Stuart , Hilton Geoff M. , Lock Leigh , Stanbury Andrew , Votier Stephen C. , Illian Janine B.
Published: February 2019

Understanding and predicting a species’ distribution across a landscape is of central importance in ecology, biogeography and conservation biology. However, it presents daunting challenges when populations are highly dynamic (i.e. increasing or decreasing their ranges), particularly for small populations where information about ecology and life history traits is lacking. Currently, many modelling approaches fail to distinguish whether a site is unoccupied because the available habitat is unsuitable or because a species expanding its range has not arrived at the site yet. As a result, habitat that is indeed suitable may appear unsuitable. To overcome some of these limitations, we use a statistical modelling approach based on spatio‐temporal log‐Gaussian Cox processes. These model the spatial distribution of the species across available habitat and how this distribution changes over time, relative to covariates. In addition, the model explicitly accounts for spatio‐temporal dynamics that are unaccounted for by covariates through a spatio‐temporal stochastic process. We illustrate the approach by predicting the distribution of a recently established population of Eurasian cranes Grus grus in England, UK, and estimate the effect of a reintroduction in the range expansion of the population. Our models show that wetland extent and perimeter‐to‐area ratio have a positive and negative effect, respectively, in crane colonisation probability. Moreover, we find that cranes are more likely to colonise areas near already occupied wetlands and that the colonisation process is progressing at a low rate. Finally, the reintroduction of cranes in SW England can be considered a human‐assisted long‐distance dispersal event that has increased the dispersal potential of the species along a longitudinal axis in S England. Spatio‐temporal log‐Gaussian Cox process models offer an excellent opportunity for the study of species where information on life history traits is lacking, since these are represented through the spatio‐temporal dynamics reflected in the model.
Time of emergence of novel climates for North American migratory bird populations
Authors: La Sorte Frank A. , Fink Daniel , Johnston Alison
Published: February 2019

To better understand the ecological implications of global climate change for species that display geographically and seasonally dynamic life‐history strategies, we need to determine where and when novel climates are projected to first emerge. Here, we use a multivariate approach to estimate time of emergence (ToE) of novel climates based on three climate variables (precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature) at a weekly temporal resolution within the Western Hemisphere over a 280‐yr period (2021–2300) under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). We intersect ToE estimates with weekly estimates of relative abundance for 77 passerine bird species that migrate between temperate breeding grounds in North America and southern tropical and subtropical wintering grounds using observations from the eBird citizen‐science database. During the non‐breeding season, migrants that winter within the tropics are projected to encounter novel climates during the second half of this century. Migrants that winter in the subtropics are projected to encounter novel climates during the first half of the next century. During the beginning of the breeding season, migrants on their temperate breeding grounds are projected to encounter novel climates during the first half of the next century. During the end of the breeding season, migrants are projected to encounter novel climates during the second half of this century. Thus, novel climates will first emerge ca 40–50 yr earlier during the second half of the breeding season. These results emphasize the large seasonal and spatial variation in the formation of novel climates, and the pronounced challenges migratory birds are likely to encounter during this century, especially on their tropical wintering grounds and during the transition from breeding to migration. When assessing the ecological implications of climate change, our findings emphasize the value of applying a full annual cycle perspective using standardized metrics that promote comparisons across space and time.
Improving functional outcomes in early‐stage bipolar disorder: The protocol for the REsearch into COgnitive and behavioural VERsatility trial
Authors: Cotton Sue M. , Berk Michael , Jackson Henry , Murray Greg , Filia Kate , Hasty Melissa , Chanen Andrew , Davey Christopher , Nelson Barnaby , Ratheesh Aswin , MacNeil Craig
Published: February 2019

Aim

Young people with bipolar disorder (BD) commonly experience reduced quality of life, persistent symptoms and impaired functional recovery despite often superior school performance. Compromised long‐term functioning can ensue. There is evidence that psychological therapies alongside pharmacology may be more efficacious earlier in the course of the disorder. Intervention in the early stages may thus reduce the burden and risk associated with BD and mitigate the impact of the disorder on normal developmental trajectories. To date, however, the availability of evidence‐based psychological therapies for young people with early BD is limited. Furthermore, there are no large‐scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of such interventions.

Methods

The study is a prospective, single‐blind, RCT examining the effectiveness of an adjunctive individualized and manualized psychological intervention, compared with treatment as usual within youth‐specific early intervention services. The REsearch into COgnitive and behavioural VERsatility (RECOVER) intervention is delivered over a 6‐month period. About 122 young people in the early stages of BD‐I (at least one manic episode in the previous 2 years, with no more than five lifetime treated/untreated manic or hypomanic episodes) will be recruited. The assessments will occur at baseline, 3, 6 (primary endpoint, end of treatment), 9, 12, 15 and 18 months.

Results

Recruitment will commence in January 2019 and is anticipated to occur over a 3.5‐year period.

Conclusions

To date, there are no evidence‐based psychological therapies tailored to young people with early BD. We will test whether early psychological intervention in the course of BD can reduce the symptomatic, psychological, vocational and social impacts that are seen in entrenched disorder.
The shape of abundance distributions across temperature gradients in reef fishes
Authors: Waldock Conor , Stuart‐Smith Rick D. , Edgar Graham J. , Bird Tomas J. , Bates Amanda E.
Published: February 2019

Improving predictions of ecological responses to climate change requires understanding how local abundance relates to temperature gradients, yet many factors influence local abundance in wild populations. We evaluated the shape of thermal‐abundance distributions using 98 422 abundance estimates of 702 reef fish species worldwide. We found that curved ceilings in local abundance related to sea temperatures for most species, where local abundance declined from realised thermal ‘optima’ towards warmer and cooler environments. Although generally supporting the abundant‐centre hypothesis, many species also displayed asymmetrical thermal‐abundance distributions. For many tropical species, abundances did not decline at warm distribution edges due to an unavailability of warmer environments at the equator. Habitat transitions from coral to macroalgal dominance in subtropical zones also influenced abundance distribution shapes. By quantifying the factors constraining species’ abundance, we provide an important empirical basis for improving predictions of community re‐structuring in a warmer world.
Functional MRI and direct cortical stimulation: Prediction of postoperative language decline
Authors: Rolinski Rachel , Austermuehle Alison , Wiggs Edythe , Agrawal Shubhi , Sepeta Leigh N. , Gaillard William D. , Zaghloul Kareem A. , Inati Sara K. , Theodore William H.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To assess the ability of functional MRI (fMRI) to predict postoperative language decline compared to direct cortical stimulation (DCS) in epilepsy surgery patients.

Methods

In this prospective case series, 17 patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy had intracranial monitoring and resection from 2012 to 2016 with 1‐year follow‐up. All patients completed preoperative language fMRI, mapping with DCS of subdural electrodes, pre‐ and postoperative neuropsychological testing for language function, and resection. Changes in language function before and after surgery were assessed. fMRI activation and DCS electrodes in the resection were evaluated as potential predictors of language decline.

Results

Four of 17 patients (12 female; median [range] age, 43 [23‐59] years) experienced postoperative language decline 1 year after surgery. Two of 4 patients had overlap of fMRI activation, language‐positive electrodes in basal temporal regions (within 1 cm), and resection. Two had overlap between resection volume and fMRI activation, but not DCS. fMRI demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 46% specificity for outcome compared to DCS (50% and 85%, respectively). When fMRI and DCS language findings were concordant, the combined tests showed 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity for language outcome. Seizure‐onset age, resection side, type, volume, or 1 year seizure outcome did not predict language decline.

Significance

Language localization overlap of fMRI and direct cortical stimulation in the resection influences postoperative language performance. Our preliminary study suggests that fMRI may be more sensitive and less specific than direct cortical stimulation. Together they may predict outcome better than either test alone.
Shift down, look up: A test of the non‐linearity and fear hypothesis in a non‐vocal skink
Authors: Yan Kaylee M. , Pinto Sienna P. , Vartany Celine , Blumstein Daniel T.
Published: February 2019

The non‐linearity and fear hypothesis predicts that certain non‐linear sounds are one way to evoke antipredator responses in both birds and mammals. This hypothesis, however, has not been studied in non‐vocal species or in reptiles. Such a study would be important because if non‐linear sounds are evocative even in a species that does not produce sounds, then there may be generally salient cues of risk in these sounds. We asked whether non‐vocal lizards, white‐bellied copper‐striped skinks (Emoia cyanura), respond to experimentally broadcast non‐linearities. This species is ideal to ask the question in because prior research has shown that they respond to predator sounds and alarm calls of other species even though they are not vocal. We conducted playback experiments with three computer‐generated simulated non‐linearities to assess whether or not skinks increased antipredator behavior after hearing them. We controlled for novelty by broadcasting a 3‐kHz, 500‐ms pure tone and tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) song. Our treatments consisted of a 3‐kHz, 400‐ms pure tone followed by a frequency shift up to 5‐kHz for 100‐ms, a 3‐kHz, 400‐ms pure tone to frequency shift down to 1‐kHz for 100‐ms, and a pure tone followed by 100‐ms of white noise. Following a total of 222 playbacks, we categorized responses into looking, locomotion, and high locomotion, focusing on how skinks changed their rates of time allocation from baseline. We examined 95% confidence intervals to identify whether skinks responded to playbacks and fitted general linear models followed by pairwise comparisons to ask whether skinks discriminated between broadcast stimuli. We found that skinks were especially responsive to frequency downshifts: They significantly increased looking and locomotion, consistent with our predictions based on the non‐linearity and fear hypothesis. Surprisingly, they decreased rates of looking behavior after hearing frequency upshifts, possibly suggesting an increase in relaxed behavior. While skinks responded to noise by increasing their rate of locomotion, this response was not significantly different from controls. We conclude that skinks increase antipredator behavior after hearing downshifts more than any other type of non‐linearity. This provides some support for the non‐linearity and fear hypothesis; even non‐vocal species may respond fearfully to specific types of non‐linear sounds.
The EPO as patent law‐maker in Europe
Authors: Plomer Aurora
Published: February 2019

This article examines the role of the European Patent Organisation (EPO) in the European patent system. It shows how the delineation of European patent law has been handed over by governments to an autonomous, quasi‐judicial technocracy at the EPO and reveals how the process of hollowing out economic and political factors in the grant of patents is assisted by the deference of national courts to the EPO and the creation of the Unified Patent Court. It suggests that these developments pose a threat to democratic governance of the patent system in Europe because the delineation of intellectual property rights has inherent economic and political dimensions which are not reducible to technical legal issues of interpretation or technocratic expertise.
Turbine entrainment and passage of potadromous fish through hydropower dams: Developing conceptual frameworks and metrics for moving beyond turbine passage mortality
Authors: Harrison Philip M. , Martins Eduardo G. , Algera Dirk A. , Rytwinski Trina , Mossop Brent , Leake Alf J. , Power Michael , Cooke Steven J.
Published: February 2019

Potadromous fishes are vulnerable to involuntary entrainment through hydropower turbines. However, turbines can also provide a downstream passage route for potadromous fish. Here, we review evidence for turbine entrainment and passage in potadromous fish, and evaluate the effects of these processes on upstream and downstream populations. We develop conceptual frameworks and metrics to quantify vulnerability to turbine entrainment removals, and to quantify the efficiency of turbines as a downstream passage route. We highlight factors that influence these processes and provide case‐studies demonstrating their applicability. We found that juvenile potadromous fish are being entrained through turbines at rates high enough to impact upstream populations. Given that juvenile passage survival is often high, we argue that turbines provide an important downstream passage route for potadromous fish. We show that entrainment vulnerability is likely a function of interactions between in‐reservoir fish behaviour, habitat configuration and operations and thus not well captured by passage mortality estimates. Similarly, we show that while passage mortality can limit downstream passage efficiency, passage success is also dependent on reservoir and forebay navigation, along with survival and fitness in the downstream river. We advocate for a shift in focus away from estimates of passage mortality and injury, which have previously accounted for the majority of turbine passage research. Instead, we recommend an approach that focusses on quantification of the factors that influence downstream passage efficiency and entrainment vulnerability. Moreover, we highlight the need to better understand the broader scale impacts of these events on upstream and downstream populations.
Managing the fishery commons at Marseille: How a medieval institution failed to accommodate change in an age of globalization
Authors: Grisel Florian
Published: February 2019

This paper offers a socio‐historical study of the Prud'homie de pêche (the “Prud'homie”), a common‐pool institution (“CPI”) that has managed the fishery commons at Marseille since the Middle Ages. The evidence presented here sheds light on specific challenges faced by the Prud'homie during the early stages of globalization: one challenge is the import of a new fishing technique (the madrague) in the early 17th century, and another challenge is the arrival of migrant fishermen from Catalonia throughout the 18th century. On this basis, this paper explores the ways in which globalization has impacted the Prud'homie and identifies the mechanisms through which these challenges might threaten the functioning of CPIs.
Analysis of the effect of structural defects on the fatigue strength of RFSSW joints using C‐scan scanning acoustic microscopy and SEM
Authors: Kubit Andrzej , Trzepiecinski Tomasz , Faes Koen , Drabczyk Mateusz , Bochnowski Wojciech , Korzeniowski Marcin
Published: February 2019

Solid‐state refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) technology offers significant benefits in the fabrication of aluminium structures in the transport and aerospace industries. In this paper, the joining of 1.6‐mm‐thick Alclad 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy sheets is investigated. High‐cycle fatigue strength tests of single‐lap welded joints were carried out on an Instron E10000 testing machine with a limited number of cycles equal to 2 × 106. The welding of overlap fatigue specimens was conducted using an RPS100 spot welder by Harms & Wende GmbH & Co KG. C‐mode scanning acoustic microscopy (C‐SAM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilised to evaluate the joint quality and characterise the microstructure. The paper discusses the effect of the maximum load force and defects (voids, hook, kissing bond, bonding ligament, etc) associated with the material flow in the weld on the failure mechanism. Insufficient plasticisation of sheet material and mixing of the material in the weld area are crucial defects that influence the number of destructive cycles. The weld defects in the joint structure are a source of a decrease in the fatigue life compared with the fatigue life of defect‐free welds. It was also found that RFSSW joint defects can be effectively detected by the nondestructive C‐SAM method.
Pockets of resistance: Response of arid‐land fish communities to climate, hydrology, and wildfire
Authors: Gido Keith B. , Propst David L. , Whitney James E. , Hedden Skyler C. , Turner Thomas F. , Pilger Tyler J.
Published: February 2019

Disturbance regimes of arid regions throughout the world are changing along with global warming. Severity of drought associated with decreased stream discharge and increased frequency and intensity of wildfires are increasing in many of these systems. Combined, these factors can have potentially devastating effects on stream fish communities.

To quantify the response of fish communities to annual variation in climate, hydrology, and wildfire, we used long‐term and spatially extensive datasets from the Gila River drainage, NM, U.S.A. Additionally, we tracked the recovery of multiple fish communities within the study area following extreme drought and associated wildfires that occurred between 2011 and 2013.

Twenty‐nine years of monitoring at six sites, beginning in 1988, indicated that fish community richness and density were negatively associated with drought, as quantified by the Palmer Drought Severity Index. Ordination of fish species densities across these sites further suggested that native species were more sensitive to inter‐annual variation in climate than non‐native fishes.

The resistance and resilience of fishes to drought and ash flows following the most severe series of wildfires on record between 2011 and 2013 were highly variable across sites and species. The percent of common species that were able to resist a significant decline ranged from 0 to 70%, depending on location. As of 2017, all but two species (one native and one non‐native) had recovered at one or more sites.

Although we hypothesised that the response to wildfire and drought that occurred between 2011 and 2013 should vary with body size and species provenance (native or non‐native), this was not supported. Rather, resistance of fish communities to these events appeared to be driven primarily by spatial factors, such as intensity of disturbance, and resilience was driven by species ability to rapidly rebound from severely depressed numbers or immigrate from nearby refuge populations.

Current climate trends suggest an increase in the intensity of disturbance associated with wildfire and drought; thus, maintenance of native biodiversity should focus on preservation of habitat integrity and connectivity among habitats that allows for recolonisation of disturbed habitats.
Narration and the Experience of Estrangement in the Fiction of Franz Kafka and Maurice Blanchot
Authors: Cools Arthur , Van de Mosselaer Nele
Published: February 2019

This article addresses connections between the fictional writings of Franz Kafka and Maurice Blanchot by examining the window motif in their stories. This motif has a central meaning for both writers, and exploring it will demonstrate the proximity between their literary works. The following analysis centers on four themes and/or processes associated with the window motif: the experience of estrangement in the narrator's ambiguous relation to the world, the intention to bridge the distance from the world by taking action, the manifestation of an outside in which the world has disappeared, and the text‐immanent reflection of narrative readability. Exploring these topics reveals striking similarities between the two authors’ texts—not only on the level of metaphoric meaning, but also on the level of narrative technique.
Writing and Reading (with) Polar Bears in Yoko Tawada's Etüden im Schnee (2014)*
Authors: McNeill Elizabeth
Published: February 2019

This article draws upon Tawada's reflections on language and metamorphosis to argue that the polar bears in Etüden im Schnee (2014) complicate literary animal studies’ tendency to locate the continuity between human and animals in their shared bodily vulnerability. Instead of using language as a mere springboard into theorizing embodiment, Tawada highlights humans’ and animals’ shared capacity to think and speak—abilities that traditionally have been employed to separate humans from animals. Tawada's polar bears not only read and write but play with language and the distinctly “human” spaces and genres in which language has typically been employed. The bears’ games with language throw into relief how specifically lingual spaces, particularly literature, can both border off human from animal and collapse that very border. This article proposes that Tawada's polar bears ultimately articulate a rich theory of language that draws on a German tradition of both theories of language and literary animals.
Futurity, Aging, and Personal Crises: Writing about Refugees in Jenny Erpenbeck's Gehen, ging, gegangen (2015) and Bodo Kirchhoff's Widerfahrnis (2016)
Authors: Steckenbiller Christiane
Published: February 2019

This essay offers a comparative analysis of Jenny Erpenbeck's Gehen, ging, gegangen (2015) and Bodo Kirchhoff's Widerfahrnis (). Both texts refract the massive displacement of refugees and the ways in which white majority culture interacts with black bodies through the lens of the white male retiree. In line with recent trends identified by Stuart Taberner and Karen Leeder, by way of Edward Said, these texts’ male protagonists embody an aging Western society and an attempt to come to terms with the past—Europe's recent past, National Socialism, and its colonial history. Yet although “futurity is pressing” (Leslie Adelson), both men ultimately fail at this endeavor. Thinking through migration in conjunction with the Nazi past, colonialism, European legal frameworks, Bildung, and the German middle class, the two texts thus beg the question of how contemporary Germany might find better strategies to tackle the challenges that mass migration raises for discourses of German futurity.
Analytical Modeling of Well Design in Riverbank Filtration Systems
Authors: Mustafa Shaymaa , Darwish Mohamad , Bahar Arifah , Aziz Zainal Abdul
Published: February 2019

Analytical studies for well design adjacent to river banks are the most significant practical task in cases involving the efficiency of riverbank filtration systems. In times when high pollution of river water is joined with increasing water demand, it is necessary to design pumping wells near the river that provide acceptable amounts of river water with minimum contaminant concentrations. This will guarantee the quality and safety of drinking water supplies. This article develops an analytical solution based on the Green's function approach to solve an inverse problem: based on the required level of contaminant concentration and planned pumping time period, the shortest distance to the riverbank that has the maximum percentage of river water is determined. This model is developed in a confined and homogenous aquifer that is partially penetrated by the stream due to the existence of clogging layers. Initially, the analytical results obtained at different pumping times, rates and with different values of initial concentration are checked numerically using the MODFLOW software. Generally, the distance results obtained from the proposed model are acceptable. Then, the model is validated by data related to two pumping wells located at the first riverbank filtration pilot project conducted in Malaysia.
Early withdrawal and non‐withdrawal death in the months following hemodialysis initiation: A retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Wetmore James B. , Roetker Nicholas S. , Gilbertson David T. , Liu Jiannong
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Whether and how factors associated with elective hemodialysis withdrawal differ from those associated with non‐withdrawal death soon after maintenance hemodialysis initiation have not been well studied.

Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed using USRDS data from 2011 to 2014. Patients were randomly categorized 2:1 into training and validation samples. Elective withdrawal deaths were identified using the Death Notification form. Multinomial logistic regression was used to fit a prediction model for three outcome categories (withdrawal, non‐withdrawal death, survival at 6 months) as a function of demographic, comorbidity, and functional status.

Findings: The training sample comprised 80,284 hemodialysis patients. Mean age was 71.7 ± 11.4 years, 44.9% were female, 72.9% were white, and 22.8% were black. Within 6 months, 19.1% died, of whom 2099 (2.6%) withdrew and 13,223 (16.5%) died of a non‐withdrawal cause; 13.7% of all deaths were withdrawals. Baseline characteristics and event rates were similar among the 40,142 patients in the validation sample. The model was calibrated adequately and could discriminate moderately well between withdrawal and survival (area under ROC curve [AUC]: 0.77) and between non‐withdrawal death and survival (AUC: 0.73). However, discrimination between withdrawal and non‐withdrawal death was relatively low (AUC: 0.62). Older age and white, compared with non‐white, race were each associated with greater odds of death, and these associations were stronger for withdrawal than for non‐withdrawal death.

Discussion: Advanced age and white, as opposed to black, race were most strongly associated with early elective hemodialysis withdrawal compared with non‐withdrawal death. However, it is difficult to differentiate between patients who will experience early withdrawal vs. non‐withdrawal death, as many factors are similarly associated with both outcomes.