bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Software change‐proneness prediction through combination of bagging and resampling methods
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyan , He Yueyang , Cheng Long , Jia Xiaolin , Zhu Lei
Published: October 2018

Identifying the change‐prone parts of software could help managers and developers to effectively allocate maintenance resource and time during early phases of software life cycle. Change‐proneness prediction on file level with binary classification methods makes such identification possible. As the fact that change‐prone files frequently account for a small part of all the files, the prediction performance of standard classification methods is not satisfying. In this paper, we employ imbalanced learning methods, including bagging, resampling, and especially their combination to reduce the performance decrease of standard classifiers caused by the class imbalance problem in change‐proneness prediction. Besides, we propose a boxplot‐based partition method to provide more proper change‐proneness label designation for the training data. Eight open‐source Java projects are chosen in the empirical study to validate the effectiveness of the combination methods in change‐proneness prediction. The experimental results of the empirical study show that combining bagging with resampling can significantly improve the prediction performance of only bagging or resampling. Of all the combination methods employed, combination of bagging with undersampling performs better than others. And support vector machine is more effective as a base classifier than J48 and naive Bayes.
Evaluating the effects of analogy enriched text on the learning of science: The importance of learning indexes
Authors: Vosniadou Stella , Skopeliti Irini
Published: October 2018

Research has shown that differences in the prior knowledge of the participants and in the learning indexes adopted can explain why some studies show positive learning effects of analogy enriched text while others do not. In the present studies, these two factors were combined into one through the construction of a learning index that measured incremental positive changes in the participants' prior knowledge after reading an analogy enriched or no analogy text. A second learning index was also used to evaluate whether the participants created well‐formed conceptual models after reading the science text. These learning indexes were used in two studies in which the effects of analogy enriched versus no analogy text were compared on the learning of the scientific explanations of the day/night cycle and of the seasons. The participants were 3rd and 5th graders in the first study and 6th graders and college students in the other. Although only few of the participants learned the correct scientific explanation, those who read the analogy enriched text produced more incremental positive changes in their pretest explanations at posttest and delayed test and created more well‐formed conceptual models close to the scientific one than those who read the no analogy text. They also recalled more information and created fewer invalid inferences in their recalls. The results indicate that analogies can be used without reservation to facilitate the learning of science and have broader implications about how to evaluate the learning of science in general.
Logic gates based on electrically driven nanoelectromechanical switches
Authors: Van Toan Nguyen , Zhao Dong , Inomata Naoki , Ono Takahito
Published: October 2018

This letter reports the design, fabrication, and evaluation of logic gates including NAND and NOR gates which are composed of electrically driven nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches. These logic gates are formed by four NEM switches consisting of four cantilevers, two input ports, two source ports, and an output. Devices are successfully fabricated by a combination of electron beam lithography, deep reactive ion etching (RIE), and selective tungsten (W) chemical vapor deposition. Truth tables of NAND and NOR are examined and demonstrated. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of betaine in liver injury induced by the exposure to ionizing radiation
Authors: Shedid Shereen M. , Abdel‐Magied Nadia , Saada Helen N.
Published: October 2018

Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis may play a major role in the development of radiation‐induced liver damage. Betaine, a native compound widely present in beetroot, was reported to possess hepato‐protective properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of betaine on radiation‐induced liver damage. Animals were exposed to 9 Gy applied in 3 doses of 3 Gy/wk. Betaine (400 mg/kg/d), was orally supplemented to rats after the first radiation dose, and daily during the irradiation period. Animals were sacrificed 1 day after the last dose of radiation. The results showed that irradiation has induced oxidative stress in the liver denoted by a significant elevation in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine with a significant reduction in catalase activity and glutathione (GSH) content. The activity of the detoxification enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP450) increased while GSH transferase (GSH‐T) decreased. The activity of the apoptotic marker caspase‐3 increased concomitant with increased hyaluronic acid, hydroxyproline, laminin (LN), and collagen IV. These alterations were associated with a significant increase of gamma‐glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase markers of liver dysfunction. Betaine treatment has significantly attenuated oxidative stress, decreased the activity of CYP450, enhanced GSH‐T, reduced the activity of caspase‐3, and the level of fibrotic markers concomitant with a significant improvement of liver function. In conclusion, betaine through its antioxidant activity and by enhancing liver detoxification and reducing apoptosis may alleviate the progression of liver fibrosis and exert a beneficial impact on radiation‐induced liver damage.
The neglected costs of water peace
Authors: Dell'Angelo Jampel , D'Odorico Paolo , Rulli Maria Cristina
Published: October 2018

Referring to the analytical definition of water wars, several scholars have coherently argued against the “water leads to war thesis.” There are four arguments that have contributed to successfully dispel the myths of water wars: (a) interstate cooperation prevails over conflict; (b) development of new technologies increases freshwater availability; (c) the intrinsic characteristics of water as a resource do not justify interstate military intervention; (d) virtual water trade provides the opportunity to circumvent local water scarcity. These arguments converge demonstrating that rather than water wars in the future, water peace will prevail. While we agree with these arguments on the low likelihood of future water wars, we find that hydropolitical theories have generally neglected the fact that the conditions for interstate water peace come with high socio‐environmental costs. In particular, the central idea that virtual water trade resolve issues of local water scarcity and therefore reduces tensions and escalation of violence among different countries does not fully take into account the fact that dynamics of transnational water appropriation have serious socio‐environmental impacts on the virtual water exporting countries. To conceptualize this phenomenon we introduce the notion of “hidden socio‐environmental costs of virtual water transfer,” which is understood as a specific form of environmental cost‐shifting. The empirical support to our reasoning comes from the study of transnational large‐scale land acquisitions which represent an expanding phenomenon central in the contemporary global agrarian transformation.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Rights to Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Reintegrating the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) in the urban landscape
Authors: Bailey David R. , Dittbrenner Benjamin J. , Yocom Ken P.
Published: October 2018

In recent decades, ecological restoration and landscape architecture have focused on reintegrating ecological processes in the urban environment to support greater habitat complexity and increase biodiversity. As these values are more broadly recognized, new approaches are being investigated to increase ecosystem services and ecological benefits in urban areas. Ecosystem engineers, such as the North American beaver (Castor canadensis), can create complex habitat and influence ecological processes in natural environments. Through dam building and wetland formation, beaver can create fish habitat, diversify vegetation in riparian zones, and aggrade sediment to increase stream productivity. As beaver populations have increased in urban areas across North America, their presence presents challenges and opportunities. Beaver can be integrated into the design of new and established urban green spaces to improve ecosystem functions. If managed properly, the conflicts that beaver sometimes create can be minimized. In this paper, we examine how landscape architects and restoration ecologists are anticipating the geomorphic and hydrological implications of beaver reintroduction in the design of wetlands and urban natural areas at regional and site levels. We present an urban beaver map and three case studies in Seattle, WA, USA, to identify various approaches, successes, and management strategies for integrating the actions of beaver into project designs. We make recommendations for how designers can capitalize on the benefits of beaver by identifying sites with increased likelihood of colonization, leveraging ecosystem engineers in design conception, designing site features to reduce constraints for the reintroduction and establishment of beaver, and anticipating and managing impacts.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Possible power of down‐regulated offshore wind power plants: The PossPOW algorithm
Authors: Göçmen Tuhfe , Giebel Gregor , Poulsen Niels Kjølstad , Sørensen Poul Ejnar
Published: October 2018

This paper proposes a method for real‐time estimation of the possible power of an offshore wind power plant when it is down‐regulated. The main purpose of the method is to provide an industrially applicable estimate of the possible (or reserve) power. The method also yields a real‐time power curve, which can be used for operation monitoring and wind farm control. Currently, there is no verified approach regarding estimation of possible power at wind farm scale.

The key challenge in possible power estimation at wind farm level is to correct the reduction in wake losses, which occurs due to the down‐regulation. Therefore, firstly, the 1‐second wind speeds at the upstream turbines are estimated, since they are not affected by the reduced wake. Then they are introduced into the wake model, adjusted for the same time resolution, to correct the wake losses. To mitigate the uncertainties due to dynamic changes within the large offshore wind farms, the algorithm is updated at every turbine downstream, considering the local axial and lateral turbulence effects.

The PossPOW algorithm uses only 1‐Hz turbine data as inputs and provides possible power output. The algorithm is trained and validated in Thanet and Horns Rev‐I offshore wind farms under nominal operation, where the turbines are following the optimum power curve. The results indicate that the PossPOW algorithm performs well; in the Horns Rev‐I wind farm, the strict power system requirements are met more than 70% of the time over the 24‐hour data set on which the algorithm was evaluated.
Cover Image, Volume 7, Issue 6
Authors: Moner‐Girona Magda , Puig Daniel , Mulugetta Yacob , Kougias Ioannis , AbdulRahman Jafaru , Szabó Sándor
Published: October 2018

The cover image is based on the Overview Next generation interactive tool as a backbone for universal access to electricity by Magda Moner‐Girona et al., DOI: 10.1002/wene.305. © EU, by Grégoire Dubois. The authors would like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their contribution to the cover image: Sara Andre, Katalin Bódis, and Grégorie Dubois.

image
Universal structure of covariant holographic two-point functions in massless higher-order gravities
Authors: Li Yue-Zhou , Lü H. , Mai Zhan-Feng
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We consider massless higher-order gravities in general D = d + 1 dimensions, which are Einstein gravity extended with higher-order curvature invariants in such a way that the linearized spectrum around the AdS vacua involves only the massless graviton. We derive the covariant holographic two-point functions and find that they have a universal structure. In particular, the theory-dependent overall coefficient factor

$$ {\mathcal{C}}_T $$

C
T

can be universally expressed by

$$ \left(d - 1\right){\mathcal{C}}_T = \ell \left(\partial a/\partial \ell \right) $$

d
−

1

C
T

=
ℓ

∂
a
/
∂
ℓ

, where a is the holographic a-charge and ℓ is the AdS radius. We verify this relation in quasi-topological Ricci polynomial, Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet, Einstein-Lovelock and Einstein cubic gravities. In d = 4, we also find an intriguing relation between the holographic c and a charges, namely

$$ c=\frac{1}{3}\ell \left(\partial a/\partial \ell \right) $$

c
=

1
3

ℓ

∂
a
/
∂
ℓ

, which also implies

$$ {\mathcal{C}}_T=c $$

C
T

=
c

.
Strange metal crossover in the doped holographic superconductor
Authors: Giordano Gastón , Grandi Nicolás , Lugo Adrián , Soto-Garrido Rodrigo
Published: October 2018

Abstract

In a recent paper, Kiritsis and Li presented a holographic model to study the competition between different orders at finite doping in holographic superconductors. In the present work, we introduce fermions into such model and study the fermionic spectral functions in the normal phase at zero and finite temperatures. Combining analytic and numerical methods, we found that there is a crossover from a strange metal with short lived excitations at small doping, into a Fermi liquid with well defined quasiparticles at large doping. The critical doping at which excitations becomes long lived increases with temperature. The emerging phase diagram is qualitatively similar to that of High Temperature Superconductors.
The infrared structure of Nambu-Goldstone bosons
Authors: Low Ian , Yin Zhewei
Published: October 2018

Abstract

The construction of effective actions for Nambu-Goldstone bosons, and the nonlinear sigma model, usually requires a target coset space G/H. Recent progresses uncovered a new formulation using only IR data without reference to the broken group G in the UV, by imposing the Adler’s zero condition, which can be seen to originate from the superselection rule in the space of degenerate vacua. The IR construction imposes a nonlinear shift symmetry on the Lagrangian to enforce the correct single soft limit amid constraints of the unbroken group H. We present a systematic study on the consequence of the Adler’s zero condition in correlation functions of nonlinear sigma models, by deriving the conserved current and the Ward identity associated with the nonlinear shift symmetry, and demonstrate how the old-fashioned current algebra emerges. The Ward identity leads to a new representation of on-shell amplitudes, which amounts to bootstrapping the higher point amplitudes from lower point amplitudes and adding new vertices to satisfy the Adler’s condition. The IR perspective allows one to extract Feynman rules for the mysterious extended theory of biadjoint cubic scalars residing in the subleading single soft limit, which was first discovered using the Cachazo-He-Yuan representation of scattering amplitudes. In addition, we present the subleading triple soft theorem in the nonlinear sigma model and show that it is also controlled by on-shell amplitudes of the same extended theory as in the subleading single soft limit.
Designing a Comprehensive Undergraduate Medical Education Radiology Curriculum Using the 5C's of Radiology Education Framework
Authors: Visscher Kari L. , Faden Lisa
Published: October 2018

The 5C's of Radiology Education is a tool created from a recent qualitative study designed to explore how radiology exposures impact medical student opinions and perceptions of radiology and radiologists. It outlines the factors that the medical students identified as important for their radiology education. These factors are curriculum, coaching, collaborating, career, and commitment. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature of undergraduate medical education both broadly and more specifically to radiology education using the 5C's of Radiology Education framework.
Leisure‐time physical activity sustained since midlife and preservation of cognitive function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Palta Priya , Sharrett A. Richey , Deal Jennifer A. , Evenson Kelly R. , Gabriel Kelley Pettee , Folsom Aaron R. , Gross Alden L. , Windham B. Gwen , Knopman David , Mosley Thomas H. , Heiss Gerardo
Published: October 2018

Introduction

We tested the hypotheses that higher levels of and persistence of midlife leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) are associated long‐term with lower cognitive decline and less incident dementia.

Methods

A total of 10,705 participants (mean age: 60 years) had LTPA (no, low, middle, or high) measured in 1987‐1989 and 1993‐1995. LTPA was assessed in relation to incident dementia and 14‐year change in general cognitive performance.

Results

Over a median follow‐up of 17.4 years, 1063 dementia cases were observed. Compared with no LTPA, high LTPA in midlife was associated with lower incidence of dementia (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.71 [0.61, 0.86]) and lower declines in general cognitive performance (−0.07 standard deviation difference [−0.12 to −0.04]). These associations were stronger when measured against persistence of midlife LTPA over 6 years.

Discussion

LTPA is a readily modifiable factor associated inversely with long‐term dementia incidence and cognitive decline.
Robotic variable fabric formwork
Authors: Yang Xuyou , Loh Paul , Leggett David
Published: October 2018

Casting is one of the most widely used construction techniques. Complex geometries produced via computational design processes are not readily achievable through traditional rigid formwork and are subject to increased material waste. More suitable casting techniques are required to represent digital design output efficiently. This article presents a variable fabric formwork developed to work in conjunction with a 6-axis robotic arm for casting doubly curved panels based on hyperbolic paraboloid geometry. The variable formwork is designed to be extendable in length and width so that it can produce a wide range of outcomes within a single formwork. The interface established in the workflow allows the physical formwork and digital design to influence each other. The article concludes by discussing a verification method used to confirm the accuracy of the outcome. This variable fabric form-work reduces construction waste and is a more sustainable method for casting complex geometries.

Highlights Robotic arm used to manipulate a bespoke mould for fabric formwork casting. Constraints of mould design used to inform robotic arm of its fabrication limits. Workflow allows the physical formwork and digital design to influence each other. Verification of result reveals future area of research.
Introduction to Numerical Linear Algebra and Optimisation
Authors: Ciarlet Philippe G.
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this book is to give a thorough introduction to the most commonly used methods of numerical linear algebra and optimisation. The prerequisites are some familiarity with the basic properties of matrices, finite-dimensional vector spaces, advanced calculus, and some elementary notations from functional analysis. The book is in two parts. The first deals with numerical linear algebra (review of matrix theory, direct and iterative methods for solving linear systems, calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors) and the second, optimisation (general algorithms, linear and nonlinear programming). The author has based the book on courses taught for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students and the result is a well-organised and lucid exposition. Summaries of basic mathematics are provided, proofs of theorems are complete yet kept as simple as possible, and applications from physics and mechanics are discussed. Professor Ciarlet has also helpfully provided over 40 line diagrams, a great many applications, and a useful guide to further reading. This excellent textbook, which is translated and revised from the very successful French edition, will be of great value to students of numerical analysis, applied mathematics and engineering.
Becoming the Rolling Quads: Disability Politics at the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1960s
Authors: Danforth Scot
Published: October 2018

Historical analyses of 1960s university campus activism have focused on activities related to the civil rights movement, Free Speech Movement, and opposition to the Vietnam War. This study supplements the historiography of civil disobedience and political activity on college campuses during that tumultuous era with an account of the initiation of the disability rights movement with the Rolling Quads, a group of disabled student activists at the University of California, Berkeley. This small group, with little political experience and limited connections to campus and community activists, organized to combat the paternalistic managerial practices of the university and the California Department of Rehabilitation. Drawing from the philosophy and strategies of the seething political culture of 1969 Berkeley, the Rolling Quads formed an activist cell that expanded within less than a decade into the most influential disability rights organization in the country.
Actors, Ideas, and Institutions: The Forces Driving Integrated Education Policy in British Columbia, 1947–1951
Authors: Raptis Helen
Published: October 2018

British Columbia (BC) charted its own course in 1949 when it passed legislation permitting Indigenous children to be schooled in provincial public schools. That is, BC's law predated federal legislation allowing integrated schooling by two years. This paper examines how and why BC followed its own policy path with respect to the schooling of Indian children in the years immediately following World War II. It illustrates three key forces propelling BC's integration agenda: policy actors, ideas, and institutional structures. Indigenous and non-Indigenous policy actors were shaped by the discourse of ethical liberalism, an ideology that dominated BC's educational landscape during the first half of the twentieth century. Key policy actors succeeded in implementing integrated schooling in advance of federal legislation due, in part, to Canada's political institutions, which have facilitated regional autonomy in matters such as education. This study highlights the importance of telling regional histories in addition to those of the nation-state.
Control of stationary cross-flow modes in a Mach 6 boundary layer using patterned roughness
Authors: Corke Thomas , Arndt Alexander , Matlis Eric , Semper Michael
Published: October 2018

Experiments were performed to investigate passive discrete roughness for transition control on a sharp right-circular cone at an angle of attack at Mach 6.0. A cone angle of attack of $6^{\circ }$ was set to produce a mean cross-flow velocity component in the boundary layer over the cone by which the cross-flow instability was the dominant mechanism of turbulent transition. The approach to transition control is based on exciting less-amplified (subcritical) stationary cross-flow modes through the addition of discrete roughness that suppresses the growth of the more-amplified (critical) cross-flow modes, and thereby delays transition. The passive roughness consisted of indentations (dimples) that were evenly spaced around the cone at an axial location that was just upstream of the first linear stability neutral growth branch for cross-flow modes. The experiments were performed in the air force academy (AFA) Mach 6.0 Ludwieg Tube Facility. The cone model was equipped with a motorized three-dimensional traversing mechanism that mounted on the support sting. The traversing mechanism held a closely spaced pair of fast-response total pressure Pitot probes. The measurements consisted of surface oil flow visualization and off-wall azimuthal profiles of mean and fluctuating total pressure at different axial locations. These documented an 25 % increase in the transition Reynolds number with the subcritical roughness. In addition, the experiments revealed evidence of a nonlinear, sum and difference interaction between stationary and travelling cross-flow modes that might indicate a mechanism of early transition in conventional (noisy) hypersonic wind tunnels.
Wall-attached structures of velocity fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Hwang Jinyul , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: October 2018

Wall turbulence is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nature and engineering applications, yet predicting such turbulence is difficult due to its complexity. High-Reynolds-number turbulence arises in most practical flows, and is particularly complicated because of its wide range of scales. Although the attached-eddy hypothesis postulated by Townsend can be used to predict turbulence intensities and serves as a unified theory for the asymptotic behaviours of turbulence, the presence of coherent structures that contribute to the logarithmic behaviours has not been observed in instantaneous flow fields. Here, we demonstrate the logarithmic region of the turbulence intensity by identifying wall-attached structures of the velocity fluctuations ($u_{i}$) through the direct numerical simulation of a moderate-Reynolds-number boundary layer ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\approx 1000$). The wall-attached structures are self-similar with respect to their heights ($l_{y}$), and in particular the population density of the streamwise component ($u$) scales inversely with $l_{y}$, reminiscent of the hierarchy of attached eddies. The turbulence intensities contained within the wall-parallel components ($u$ and $w$) exhibit the logarithmic behaviour. The tall attached structures ($l_{y}^{+}>100$) of $u$ are composed of multiple uniform momentum zones (UMZs) with long streamwise extents, whereas those of the cross-stream components ($v$ and $w$) are relatively short with a comparable width, suggesting the presence of tall vortical structures associated with multiple UMZs. The magnitude of the near-wall peak observed in the streamwise turbulent intensity increases with increasing $l_{y}$, reflecting the nested hierarchies of the attached $u$ structures. These findings suggest that the identified structures are prime candidates for Townsend’s attached-eddy hypothesis and that they can serve as cornerstones for understanding the multiscale phenomena of high-Reynolds-number boundary layers.
Mobility, cohabitation and cultural exchange in the lodging houses of early modern Venice
Authors: SALZBERG ROSA
Published: October 2018

This article examines the thriving lodging house sector in early modern Venice, arguing that such spaces of temporary accommodation offer a valuable key to understanding how mobility and migration shaped the daily lived experience of the city. Lodging houses were important both to the many Venetian residents who profited from renting out rooms, and to the people who stayed in them, and found there companionship, conversation and access to social and professional networks. Considering the kinds of encounters, conflicts and exchanges that unfolded in these shared spaces, the article offers new insight into the functioning of a pre-modern multicultural metropolis.
Who Participates in Local Government? Evidence from Meeting Minutes
Authors: Einstein Katherine Levine , Palmer Maxwell , Glick David M.
Published: October 2018

Scholars and policymakers have highlighted institutions that enable community participation as a potential buffer against existing political inequalities. Yet these venues may bias policy discussions in favor of an unrepresentative group of individuals. To explore who participates, we compile a novel data set by coding thousands of instances of citizens speaking at planning and zoning board meetings concerning housing development. We match individuals to a voter file to investigate local political participation in housing and development policy. We find that individuals who are older, male, longtime residents, voters in local elections, and homeowners are significantly more likely to participate in these meetings. These individuals overwhelmingly (and to a much greater degree than the general public) oppose new housing construction. These participatory inequalities have important policy implications and may be contributing to rising housing costs.
Coverage mandates and market dynamics: employer, insurer and patient responses to parity laws
Authors: Nathenson Robert A.
Published: October 2018

Parity in coverage for mental health services has been a longstanding policy aim at the state and federal levels and is a regulatory feature of the Affordable Care Act. Despite the importance and legislative effort involved in these policies, evaluations of their effects on patients yield mixed results. I leverage the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and unique claims-level data that includes information on employers’ self-insurance status to shed new light in this area after the implementation of two state parity laws in 2007 and federal parity a few years later. My empirics reveal evidence of strategic avoidance on behalf of insurers in both states prior to the passage of state parity, as well as positive increases in mental health care utilization after parity laws are implemented – but context matters. Policy heterogeneity across states and strategic behaviors by employers and commercial insurers substantively shape the benefits that ultimately flow to patients. Insights from this research have broad relevance to ongoing health policy debates, particularly as states retain great discretion over many health coverage decisions and as federal policy continues to evolve.
Attachment Styles and Posttraumatic Growth Among Suicide-Loss Survivors
Authors: Levi-Belz Yossi , Lev-Ari Lilac
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Background and aims: The world loses approximately one million people to suicide every year, leaving behind many suicide-loss survivors, family members and friends, who are significantly affected by the traumatic loss. Yet some suicide-loss survivors not only manage to cope with the loss, but actually experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). To date, no studies have fully examined the psychological processes that underlie this personal positive change. We hypothesized that attachment style would predict PTG and this association would be mediated by self-disclosure and social support. Method: A community sample of 131 suicide-loss survivors (108 women), aged 18–70, self-reported on attachment style, self-disclosure, social support, and PTG. Results: Securely attached individuals scored highest on PTG compared with other attachment styles. A structural equation model confirmed that self-disclosure and social support mediated the association between attachment and PTG. Suicide-loss survivors with secure attachment tended to self-disclose more and to perceive greater support from others than did suicide-loss survivors with insecure attachment, thus enhancing their chances of PTG. Limitations: The sample comprised mostly female participants, and the findings may not be directly generalizable to male suicide-loss survivors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that different psychological interventions should be utilized for suicide-loss survivors with particular attachment styles. Psychotherapies aiming to modify internal working models may be useful for enhancing PTG among survivors characterized by insecure attachment styles.
Wintertime Transport of Reactive Trace Gases From East Asia Into the Deep Tropics
Authors: Donets Valeria , Atlas E. L. , Pan L. L. , Schauffler S. M. , Honomichl S. , Hornbrook R. S. , Apel E. C. , Campos T. , Hall S. R. , Ullmann K. , Bresch J. F. , Navarro M. , Blake D. R.
Published: October 2018

Unprecedented growth of East Asian economies has led to increases of anthropogenic pollutants in the regional atmosphere. This pollutant burden is transported into the global atmosphere and is a significant source of intercontinental and transboundary anthropogenic pollution. This work analyzes pollution transport into the western Pacific associated with the dispersion of East Asian pollution during Northern Hemisphere winter. To examine transport characteristics, we use chemical and dynamical data sets obtained during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign, conducted from Guam during January–February 2014. We identify that the evolution of shear lines from decaying cold fronts and their southward advancement facilitates polluted air transport into low latitudes of the Western Pacific Ocean. Observations from two cases of shear line passage are analyzed. The result shows that this transport process significantly elevates anthropogenic trace gases in the marine boundary layer and lowermost free troposphere up to 3–4 km. Results of our analysis show that chemical influence of the shear line on the background tropical marine atmosphere varies as a function of pollution source, intensity, shear line strength, and the speed of advancement, as well as local background conditions. To quantify the contribution of shear‐line‐related transport, we introduce an index, the Anthropogenic Enhancement Factor (AEF), defined as a fractional change in mixing ratio of a gas brought about by the advancing front. This index shows that the most significant enhancements are for species with photochemical lifetimes comparable to their transport times from source regions.
Mentoring365: New and Improved Mentoring Interface
Authors: Davidson Eric
Published: October 2018

With its revamped platform, Mentoring365 strives to improve mentorship opportunities for young geoscientists and early-career professionals.
A Lack of Dynamic Triggering of Slow Slip and Tremor Indicates That the Shallow Cascadia Megathrust Offshore Vancouver Island Is Likely Locked
Authors: McGuire Jeffrey J. , Collins John A. , Davis Earl , Becker Keir , Heesemann Martin
Published: October 2018

Great subduction zone earthquakes vary considerably in the updip extent of megathrust rupture. It is unclear if this diversity reflects variations in interseismic strain accumulation owing to the limited number of subduction zones with seafloor monitoring. We use a borehole seismic‐geodetic observatory installed at the updip end of the Cascadia fault offshore Vancouver Island to show that the megathrust there does not appear to slip in triggered tremor or slow‐slip events when subjected to moderate dynamic stress transients. Borehole tilt and seismic data from recent teleseismic M7.6–8.1 earthquakes demonstrate a lack of triggered slow slip above the Mw 4.0 level and an absence of triggered tremor despite shear‐stress transients of 1–10 kPa that were sufficient to trigger tremor on the downdip end of the interface. Our observations are most consistent with a model in which the Cascadia fault offshore Vancouver Island is locked all the way to the trench.
A Deep Eastern Equatorial Pacific Thermocline During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Ford H. L. , McChesney C. L. , Hertzberg J. E. , McManus J. F.
Published: October 2018

The mean state and variability of the tropical Pacific is influenced by the depth of the thermocline. During the Last Glacial Maximum (~21,000 years ago), the zonal sea surface temperature gradient across the equatorial Pacific was reduced and productivity was generally lower than modern. To understand the thermocline depth's role in determining the Last Glacial Maximum tropical mean state, we reconstruct the upper ocean δ18O profile from multiple species of planktic foraminifera. We synthesize existing records of surface and subsurface dwelling foraminifera to reconstruct the vertical δ18O gradient throughout the eastern equatorial Pacific. We find the thermocline was deeper during the Last Glacial Maximum than the Holocene throughout the eastern equatorial Pacific region. The thermocline depth's role in the dynamic forcing of the cold tongue contributed to the reduced zonal SST gradient across the equatorial Pacific, decreased productivity, and presumably impacted El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability relative to the Holocene.
An Intensified Mode of Variability Modulating the Summer Heat Waves in Eastern Europe and Northern China
Authors: Deng Kaiqiang , Yang Song , Ting Mingfang , Lin Ailan , Wang Ziqian
Published: October 2018

This study investigates the leading pattern of Eurasian summer heat waves (HWs) using observed and simulated data sets and reveals an intensified mode of variability that bridges the HWs in eastern Europe (EE) and northern China (NC). The concurrent variability of the HWs in EE and NC is primarily driven by an atmospheric circum‐global teleconnection that induces anomalous anticyclones over the two regions. The observed upward trends in EE and NC HW days could be related to the warm sea surface temperatures around Greenland Island, which may weaken the Atlantic westerly jet stream and lead to amplified wave trains at the exit of the jet, resulting in strengthened anticyclones over EE and NC that favor the occurrences of HWs. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory high‐resolution atmospheric model fails to simulate the EE and NC HWs, due probably to the model's poor representation of the South Asian summer rainfall.
Projected Changes in Summertime Circulation Patterns Imply Increased Drought Risk for the South‐Central United States
Authors: Ryu Jung‐Hee , Hayhoe Katharine , Kang Song‐Lak
Published: October 2018

Historically, extreme hot, dry summers over the South‐Central (SC) United States are dominated by an isolated dome of high pressure centered over the region. Applying self‐organizing map techniques to North American Regional Reanalysis reanalysis and historical and future Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5) simulations, we find that as the world warms, this type of high‐pressure system is likely to become stronger and more frequent—even after removing the effect of surface warming on the expansion of the lower atmosphere. These projected changes appear to be related to self‐reinforcing ocean‐atmosphere interactions in a warming world. Specifically, intensified easterly winds over the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico drive an increase in the meridional sea surface temperature gradient due to oceanic Ekman transport, which further enhances the ridge of high pressure extending across the SC United States: a dynamical relationship that increases confidence in regional projections of summer drought risk over the SC United States.
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Signals During the Initial Stage of Negative Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Fan Yanfeng , Lu Gaopeng , Jiang Rubin , Zhang Hongbo , Li Xiao , Liu Mingyuan , Qie Xiushu , Zheng Dong , Lyu Weitao , Zhang Yang , Zhang Yijun
Published: October 2018

With the measurements in SHandong Triggering Lightning Experiment and Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge in China, we examine the electromagnetic signals associated with the upward positive leaders during the initial stage of negative triggered lightning. The magnetic field (B field) signals measured at close range (<100 m) for both sites can be divided into two categories (i.e., impulsive and ripple pulses) according to the discernibility of separation between individual pulses. The impulsive pulses are well simulated by using the transmission line model, which suggests that these pulses are generated by leader current pulses propagating downward along the steel wire. Because the length of extended leader channel ahead of the wire is not negligible during the stage of ripple pulses, the waveform of impulsive current pulses is changed after traveling through the high impedance leader channel. Taking the filtered current pulse as the input variable, the waveform of ripple pulse can be simulated properly, which indicates that ripple pulses are caused by the attenuation of impulsive current along prolonging leader channel. In addition, the paper analyzes the fast electric field (E field) changes measured at 60‐m range from the launching site during the initial stage by using the transmission line model and shows that the polarity of E field change at a given range is determined by the inception height of upward leader, namely the surface E field change caused by the individual charge transfer of initial upward leader also involves the problem of reverse distance as present for a vertical dipole.
The International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMB) System: Design, Theory, and Implementation
Authors: Collier Nathan , Hoffman Forrest M. , Lawrence David M. , Keppel‐Aleks Gretchen , Koven Charles D. , Riley William J. , Mu Mingquan , Randerson James T.
Published: October 2018

The increasing complexity of Earth system models has inspired efforts to quantitatively assess model fidelity through rigorous comparison with best available measurements and observational data products. Earth system models exhibit a high degree of spread in predictions of land biogeochemistry, biogeophysics, and hydrology, which are sensitive to forcing from other model components. Based on insights from prior land model evaluation studies and community workshops, the authors developed an open source model benchmarking software package that generates graphical diagnostics and scores model performance in support of the International Land Model Benchmarking (ILAMB) project. Employing a suite of in situ, remote sensing, and reanalysis data sets, the ILAMB package performs comprehensive model assessment across a wide range of land variables and generates a hierarchical set of web pages containing statistical analyses and figures designed to provide the user insights into strengths and weaknesses of multiple models or model versions. Described here is the benchmarking philosophy and mathematical methodology embodied in the most recent implementation of the ILAMB package. Comparison methods unique to a few specific data sets are presented, and guidelines for configuring an ILAMB analysis and interpreting resulting model performance scores are discussed. ILAMB is being adopted by modeling teams and centers during model development and for model intercomparison projects, and community engagement is sought for extending evaluation metrics and adding new observational data sets to the benchmarking framework.
Recommendations for Next‐Generation Ground Magnetic Perturbation Validation
Authors: Welling D. T. , Ngwira C. M. , Opgenoorth H. , Haiducek J. D. , Savani N. P. , Morley S. K. , Cid C. , Weigel R.S. , Weygand J. M. , Woodroffe J. R. , Singer H.J. , Rosenqvist L. , Liemohn M.W.
Published: October 2018

Data‐model validation of ground magnetic perturbation forecasts, specifically of the time rate of change of surface magnetic field, dB/dt, is a critical task for model development and for mitigation of geomagnetically induced current effects. While a current, community‐accepted standard for dB/dt validation exists (Pulkkinen et al., 2013), it has several limitations that prevent more complete understanding of model capability. This work presents recommendations from the International Forum for Space Weather Capabilities Assessment Ground Magnetic Perturbation Working Team for creating a next‐generation validation suite. Four recommendations are made to address the existing suite: greatly expand the number of ground observatories used, expand the number of events included in the suite from six to eight, generate metrics as a function of magnetic local time, and generate metrics as a function of activity type. For each of these, implementation details are explored. Limitations and future considerations are also discussed.
Communicating Uncertainty and Reliability in Space Weather Data, Models, and Applications
Authors: Knipp Delores J. , Hapgood Michael A. , Welling Daniel
Published: October 2018

Space Weather Journal editors advocate for discussion of uncertainty and reliability in future journal manuscripts and throughout the space weather enterprise.
Glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies
Authors: Moriguchi Sho , Takamiya Akihiro , Noda Yoshihiro , Horita Nobuyuki , Wada Masataka , Tsugawa Sakiko , Plitman Eric , Sano Yasunori , Tarumi Ryosuke , ElSalhy Muhammad , Katayama Nariko , Ogyu Kamiyu , Miyazaki Takahiro , Kishimoto Taishiro , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Meyer Jeffrey H. , Blumberger Daniel M. , Daskalakis Zafiris J. , Mimura Masaru , Nakajima Shinichiro
Published: October 2018

Alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression, and the glutamatergic system represents a treatment target for depression. To summarize the nature of glutamatergic alterations in patients with depression, we conducted a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance (1H-MRS) spectroscopy studies examining levels of glutamate. We used the search terms: depress* AND (MRS OR “magnetic resonance spectroscopy”). The search was performed with MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. The inclusion criteria were 1H-MRS studies comparing levels of glutamate + glutamine (Glx), glutamate, or glutamine between patients with depression and healthy controls. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated to assess group differences in the levels of glutamatergic neurometabolites. Forty-nine studies met the eligibility criteria, which included 1180 patients and 1066 healthy controls. There were significant decreases in Glx within the medial frontal cortex (SMD = −0.38; 95% CI, −0.69 to −0.07) in patients with depression compared with controls. Subanalyses revealed that there was a significant decrease in Glx in the medial frontal cortex in medicated patients with depression (SMD = −0.50; 95% CI, −0.80 to −0.20), but not in unmedicated patients (SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.76 to 0.21) compared with controls. Overall, decreased levels of glutamatergic metabolites in the medial frontal cortex are linked with the pathophysiology of depression. These findings are in line with the hypothesis that depression may be associated with abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission.