bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life history evolution in cichlids 1: revisiting the evolution of life histories in relation to parental care
Authors: Kolm N. , Goodwin N. B. , Balshine S. , Reynolds J. D.
Published: August 2005

Empirical links between egg size and duration of parental care in fishes have generated a considerable amount of theory concerning life history evolution. However, to date, this link has not been investigated in relation to other important life-history traits such as clutch size and body size, or while controlling for shared ancestry between species. We provide the first phylogenetically based tests using a database with information on egg size, clutch size, body size and care duration in cichlid fishes (Cichlidae). Multiple regression analyses, based on independent contrasts on both the species and the genus level, showed that clutch size is the variable most closely related to duration of care. This pattern appeared to be driven by post-hatch care relationships. Our results show that, contrary to expectation, there is no positive link between egg size and care duration in Cichlidae. Instead, greater reproductive output through increased clutch size investment appears to have coevolved with greater care of offspring. We suggest that re-evaluation of the generality of current models of the evolution of egg size under parental care in fishes is needed.
Life history evolution in cichlids 2: directional evolution of the trade-off between egg number and egg size
Authors: Kolm N. , Goodwin N. B. , Balshine S. , Reynolds J. D.
Published: August 2005

The negative relationship between offspring number and offspring size provides a classic example of the role of trade-offs in life history theory. However, the evolutionary transitions in egg size and clutch size that have produced this negative relationship are still largely unknown. Since body size may affect both of these traits, it would be helpful to understand how evolutionary changes in body size may have facilitated or constrained shifts in clutch and egg size. By using comparative methods with a database of life histories and a phylogeny of 222 genera of cichlid fishes, we investigated the order of evolutionary transitions in these traits in relation to each other. We found that the ancestral large-bodied cichlids first increased egg size, followed by a decrease in both body size and clutch size resulting in the common current combination of a small-bodied cichlid with a small clutch of large eggs. Furthermore, lineages that deviated from the negative relationship between clutch and egg size underwent different transitions in these traits according to their body size (large bodied genera have moved towards the large clutch/small egg end of the continuum and small bodied genera towards the small clutch/large egg end of the continuum) to reach the negative relationship between clutch size and egg size. Our results show that body size is highly important in shaping the negative relationship between clutch size and egg size.
Subcutaneous Sumatriptan Provides Symptomatic Relief at any Pain Intensity or Time During the Migraine Attack
Authors: Linde M , Mellberg A , Dahlöf C
Published: August 2005

Over the years the paradigm of treating early during the migraine attack has become well established in clinical practice. It is also recommended that the 5-HT1B/1D agonists be administered early during the migraine attack for efficacy. This is because it has been proposed that most migraineurs are less responsive to delayed treatment, owing to the development of central sensitization of the pain transmission. The main objective of this prospective, cross-over study at a specialist clinic was to evaluate if these recommendations should also apply to the subcutaneous formulation of sumatriptan. Results are based on 20 adult International Headache Society migraineurs. Two attacks ( n = 40) were treated with 6 mg subcutaneous sumatriptan as early as possible after the onset of migraine headache and two attacks ( n = 40) as late as the patients could bear. The median intra-individual difference between the two strategies in time from first occurrence of pain to injection was 5.7 h and the median intra-individual difference in pain intensity at the time of injection was 29 visual analogue units. No significant differences were found in time to freedom from pain, pain severity at 1 and 2 h, area under the curves from injection to pain free or in headache recurrence after injection. At the end of the study, most of the patients claimed that their medication was as effective when given early as when given late in the course of the attack. The discrepancy between our present findings and retrospective analyses of trials on oral triptans probably has more to do with the less disturbed pharmacokinetics early during the migraine attack than with central sensitization. Consequently, we recommend nonoral formulations of triptans, which do not necessarily have to be administered early during the migraine attack to provide efficacy. In conclusion, it is reassuring for migraineurs that it is worthwhile taking their medication in an appropriate formulation even if they have not been able to do so early in the course of the attack.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
Authors: Green G. H. , Donovan J. W.
Published: August 2005

Of a total of 576 patients with cervical carcinoma in situ, 75 have shown evidence of persistent disease after various initial treatments. None of the 75 have developed invasive cervical cancer during follow‐up.

This result is used to obtain confidence limits for the probability with which carcinoma in situ will become invasive and for the period after which it does so. Two separate assumptions about the distribution of latent periods give comparable values for these limits, which imply a low invasive potential in conservatively treated carcinoma in situ.

With the further assumption that the treatments used have not altered the course of the disease, the need for any treatment at all and the effectiveness of cervical cytology screening programmes are questioned.
LOW SERUM B12 LEVELS AND LATENT ADDISONIAN ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Hibbard Elizabeth D. , Spencer William J.
Published: August 2005

Investigation of B12 status during pregnancy in 518 women with anaemia or with a history of previous severe anaemia indicates that low serum B12 levels are not uncommon. In a number of cases with serum B12 levels below 50 pg. per ml., gastric parietal cell antibodies were detected. In two of these patients Schilling 57Co tests were positive. A diagnosis of latent Addisonian anaemia is made in these two women and the extent to which such a diagnosis must be considered in anaemic pregnant women is discussed.
TREATMENT OF PRIMARY AMENORRHOEA WITH HUMAN PITUITARY AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Gemzell C. , Carlborg L. , Johansson E. D. B. , Roos P.
Published: August 2005

Fifteen infertile women with primary amenorrhoea and pronounced oestrogen deficiency were treated with human pituitary gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin 71 times; 61 ovulations (86 per cent) were recorded. Eleven patients conceived (73·5 per cent), three of them twice and one three times, giving 16 pregnancies in all. There were 12 single births and four sets of twins. Two pregnancies ended in abortion. On average one pregnancy resulted from 4·5 treatments and clinical symptoms of overstimulation occurred in 2 cycles (2·8 per cent).
THE PROGNOSIS OF THE CHIARI‐FROMMEL SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Jaszmann L. , van Lith N. D.
Published: August 2005

This paper continues the previously published case history of a patient with the Chiari‐Frommel syndrome in whom there was spontaneous disappearance of the symptoms and who successfully carried a pregnancy.
A CASE OF COMPLETE TRANSURETHRAL INVERSION OF THE BLADDER
Authors: St. George John
Published: August 2005

A case of spontaneous complete transurethral inversion of the bladder in a postmenopausal woman is reported.
FETAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE VOLUME AND COMPOSITION OF LIQUOR AMNII*
Authors: Abramovich D. R.
Published: August 2005

At 18 weeks gestation the liquor volume increases by 10–13 ml. per day. The fetus swallows 4–11 ml. per day and may void 7–17 ml. per day, while fetal renal function matures with increasing age. Some anencephalic fetuses can swallow considerable volumes of liquor, but the presence or absence of swallowing plays little part in the aetiology of polyhydramnios in this condition.

A review of clinical evidence, together with these experimental findings, throws considerable doubt on present theories that fetal swallowing and voiding are important factors in controlling the liquor volume.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURFACE LAYER OF FULL‐TERM HUMAN UMBILICAL CORD EPITHELIUM
Authors: Parry E. W. , Abramovich D. R.
Published: August 2005

The surface layer of the epithelium of the umbilical cord at term consists of two distinct cell types with intermediate forms. The majority of the cells appear to be inert, while the remainder have well‐developed microvilli and normal cellular organelles.

The architecture of this surface layer of epithelium suggests that it cannot control fluid exchange between liquor and fetal plasma.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUGAR CONTENT OF ENDOMETRIAL SECRETION
Authors: Douglas C. P. , GarrowAND J. S. , Pugh Elizabeth Wyn
Published: August 2005

The glucose and fructose content of the endometrial secretion was measured in 60 patients. The fluid was obtained by introducing a dialysis bag into the uterine cavity.

The range of glucose concentration in the uterus was 10 to 200 mg. per 100 ml., the concentration in the majority of cases being between 41 and 100 mg. per 100 ml. The fructose range was 5 to 55 mg. per 100 ml., two‐thirds of the results being between 6 and 20 mg. per 100 ml.

The higher fructose concentrations were found after the 11th day of the cycle. Both glucose and fructose appeared to be present in higher concentrations in nulliparous patients.
OBESITY IN THE JAMAICAN PARTURIENT
Authors: Roopnarinesingh S. S. , Pathak U. N.
Published: August 2005

The reproductive performance of one hundred obese negro women was compared with that of an equivalent number of negro women of average weight. The main hazards of obesity were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The incidence of prolonged labour was not increased, and there was a low incidence of prematurity. The infants were significantly larger in the obese group but despite this, dispropor‐tion seldom occurred. The obese patients gained less weight antenatally, and lost more in the puerperium, than the controls. There was an age‐related difference in mean antenatal weight‐gain and puerperal weight‐loss in the obese, but not in the controls.
TRANSIT TIME IN THE SMALL INTESTINE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Parry E. , Shields R. , Turnbull A. C.
Published: August 2005

The transit time of a mercury loaded capsule in the small intestine was estimated in 22 pregnant subjects. The results obtained were compared with 8 non‐pregnant controls. The transit time in pregnancy was significantly increased.
ANTENATAL DETECTION OF CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Butler L. J. , Reiss H. E.
Published: August 2005

Techniques are described for obtaining amniotic fluid by abdominal amniocentesis and for the subsequent culture of the cells contained in the fluid for karyotyping and other studies. Problems relating to fluid collection and cell culture are discussed. Some general comments are added on the feasibility of using the technique in the management of high risk pregnancies and in large‐scale screening for chromosome abnormalities.
THE EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE ON THE RESPONSES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TO INTRAVENOUS INFUSIONS OF ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Lloyd I. J. , Burstyn P. G. , Horrobin D. F. , Kahuho S. K. P. , Mulimba O. , Webala G. S. R.
Published: August 2005

The effects on arterial pressure of giving intravenous infusions of aldosterone to untreated rabbits were compared with the effects in rabbits pre‐treated with progesterone for two weeks. The rise in pressure began approximately one hour earlier in the pre‐treated animals. After five hours of infusion the mean pressure rise in the pre‐treated animals was approximately 45 per cent while in the untreated animals it was approximately 20 per cent.
THE USE OF THE CORD BLOOD SAMPLE FOR THE DETECTION OF SICKLE‐CELL ANAEMIA IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Metters J. S. , Huntsman R. G. , Yawson G. I.
Published: August 2005

Children with sickle‐cell anaemia, a potentially lethal condition, are being born in increasing numbers in the United Kingdom. This paper recommends suitable screening techniques for the early diagnosis of sickle‐cell anaemia in the newborn by using a sample of cord blood.
STUDIES ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF GONADOTROPHINS DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN
Authors: Papanicolaou A. D. , Adamopoulos D. A. , Loraine J. A. , Lunn S. F.
Published: August 2005

Excretion values for urinary follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and pregnanediol during the menstrual cycle have been reported in six young women. In five out of the six cycles ovulation as judged by pregnanediol assays took place.

The pattern of LH output was reasonably consistent being characterized by a sharp peak at midcycle. The mean value was 11·1±1·1 i.u. per 24 hours (S.E.). No consistent pattern of FSH output was observed although levels tended to be at their maximum following the midcycle LH peak. The mean value was 7·3±0·7 i.u. per 24 hours (S.E.).

The ratio FSH/LH was higher in the luteal phase of the cycle than at midcycle and immediately before the occurrence of menstruation.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EXOGENOUS ATP FOR THE TREATMENT OF FETAL HYPOXIA DURING DELIVERY
Authors: Horská S. , Hodr J. , Brotánek V.
Published: August 2005

Changes in uterine blood flow, the fetal heart rate, maternal pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded in healthy pregnant women before and after intramuscular ATP administration. The authors postulate that the temporary increase in uterine blood flow following ATP administration and depending on the duration of the pregnancy might be connected with the vasodilatator effect of ATP, which might also explain its beneficial effect in fetal hypoxia.
THE CURVE OF LABOUR USED AS A TEACHING DEVICE IN UGANDA
Authors: Glick Eugene , Trussell Richard R.
Published: August 2005

An adaptation of Friedman's dilatation‐time curve (mean curve of labour) was used in Uganda to help medical students recognize abnormal labour. A printed form allowed all important aspects of labour to be recorded at regular intervals. Students were expected to predict the time of delivery, based on the normal sigmoid curve. At weekly seminars these records were analyzed and students quickly learned to detect protracted labour and to determine the cause. While especially helpful in Uganda where the anatomical peculiarities of some tribes regularly present difficulties, this approach can be modified to facilitate the teaching of obstetrics elsewhere.
GENITAL CANDIDAS1S AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Rohatiner J. J. , Grimble A.
Published: August 2005

In spite of contrary reports this study confirms the view of the majority of workers that the incidence of candidial vulvo‐vaginitis is not greater in women who take the contraceptive pill than in those who do not and shows that with the combined type of oral contraceptive the dose of oestrogen or convertible progestogen is more important than their relative amounts in contributing to the presence of Candida.
VAGINAL TRICHOMONIASIS AND PRECANCEROUS STATES OF THE CERVIX: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: de Carneri I. , Di Re F.
Published: August 2005

Trichomonas vaginalis infection was found by culture of vaginal material in CPLM medium in 18·2 per cent of 1732 unselected adult women in the course of mass screening for the early detection of cancer of the uterus in a town in Lombardy.

The differences between the incidence of infection in the various cytological classes according to Papanicolaou were statistically significant. In Class I the observed incidence of trichomoniasis was 34 per cent less than expected, in Class II it was 94 per cent greater; in Class III it was 221 per cent greater; and in Classes IV and V taken together it was 119 per cent greater than expected.
POSTABORTAL AND POSTPARTUM TETANUS
Authors: Adadevoh B. Kwaku , Akinla Oladele
Published: August 2005

A report is presented of 27 cases of postabortal and postpartum tetanus seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital between 1963 and 1967. Twenty‐two of them were associated with abortion and carried a mortality of 50 per cent while one out of 5 postpartum cases died. Uterine tetanus appears to be more severe than other forms and carries a distinctly higher mortality. A reason for this is suggested.
OUT‐PATIENT DIAGNOSTIC CURETTAGE
Authors: Holt E. M.
Published: August 2005

A trial of the Vabra aspirator, a sterile disposable suction curette, was carried out on 60 patients. The apparatus is designed to allow full curettage of the uterine cavity to be performed without anaesthetic on an outpatient basis.

The method produced satisfactory specimens for diagnostic histology in all but four cases. Patient acceptability was high and side effects were minimal.
SUCTION EVACUATION OF UTERUS FOR INCOMPLETE ABORTION
Authors: Rashid Sakena , Smith P.
Published: August 2005

Two hundred and fifty patients with incomplete abortion have been treated by suction evacuation of the uterus. The benefits and complications of the procedure have been recorded.
EFFECT OF ERGOMETRINE ON THE CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE IN THE THIRD STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Greenhalf J. O. , Evans D. J. E.
Published: August 2005

Patients in whom intravenous ergometrine had been given in the management of the third stage of labour showed a significantly prolonged rise in the central venous pressure, when compared with those patients who did not receive intravenous ergometrine. Two further patients who received intravenous diazepam (Valium) as well as intravenous ergometrine did not show this pronounced rise in the central venous pressure.
DRUG DEPENDENCE AND PREGNANCY: A REVIEW OF THE PROBLEMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Authors: Neuberg Roger
Published: August 2005

The effect of drug‐dependence on pregnant women and their newborn infants is described and the management of these patients is discussed.
THE RELATION OF CERVICAL MUCUS PROTEINS TO SPERM PENETRABILITY
Authors: Elstein Max , Macdonald R. R.
Published: August 2005

An investigation correlating protein analyses of cervical mucus with sperm penetration tests and an assessment of consistency is presented. When the protein content was below 1·5 μg. per mg. of wet mucus and only albumin was present, sperm penetrability was optimal. When the protein content was greater than 12·5 μg. per mg. of wet mucus and transferrin and immunoglobulin were present in addition to albumin, sperm penetration was severely restricted. Protein analyses are proposed as a useful method of assessing cervical mucus function with particular reference to the effect of progestogens on the genital tract.
THE ROLE OF FETAL DEATH IN THE PROCESS OF THERAPEUTIC ABORTION INDUCED BY INTRA‐AMNIOTIC INJECTION OF HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Kovács L. , Resch B. , Szöllósi J. , Herczeg J.
Published: August 2005

In 21 pregnancies in which therapeutic abortion was induced by intra‐amniotic hypertonic saline injection in the second trimester of the pregnancy, the moment of fetal death and the maximum hypertonicity of the amniotic fluid were established. Comparing these with each other and with the onset and the duration of the abortion process, a close correlation could be found only between the time till death of the fetus and the hypertonicity of the amniotic fluid.
PLACENTA PERCRETA WITH PENETRATION OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Grabert H. , Mossa A. , Oliveira S. F. , Hutzler I. , Fainzielber S. , De Lima G. Rodrigues
Published: August 2005

A case of placenta percreta invading the posterior wall of the bladder caused dysuria, frequency and hematuria. The patient had had four previous Caesarean sections.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT‐STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN MATERNAL SERUM AND URINARY OESTROGEN OUTPUT
Authors: Curzen Peter , Southcombe Coral
Published: August 2005

One hundred and sixty‐five paired estimations on serum heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase concentration and urinary oestrogen output were performed on 65 patients who were thought to show clinical features of placental dysfunction. Significant degrees of correlation were demonstrated between the following pairs of parameters: serum HSAP level and urinary oestrogen output; serum HSAP level and crude placental weight; urinary oestrogen output and crude placental weight; urinary oestrogen output and fetal weight.
A MANAGEMENT OF THE THIRD STAGE TO REDUCE FETO‐MATERNAL TRANSFUSION
Authors: Terry M. F.
Published: August 2005

The size of feto‐maternal transfusion which occurs when fetal blood is allowed to run away from the divided umbilical cord as soon as the baby is delivered, is compared with that following the more orthodox management of the third stage. By using this method the average volume of transplacental transfusion and the incidence of detectable bleeds are reduced.
TRANSPLACENTAL HAEMORRHAGE DUE TO TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Walsh J. J. , Lewis B. V.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of transplacental haemorrhage has been estimated in 200 women undergoing termination of pregnancy. Vaginal termination by curettage or vacuum aspiration carried a 25 per cent risk of transplacental haemorrhage determined by acid elution. Similarly, hysterotomy carried a 23 per cent risk.

Hysterectomy or intra‐amniotic injection of glucose were less likely to cause transplacental bleeding.

One rhesus negative patient showed a rapid rise in incomplete anti‐D six months after termination by curettage.
FETO‐MATERNAL HAEMORRHAGE AT THERAPEUTIC ABORTION
Authors: John A. Howard , Martin Roger , Bothamley J.
Published: August 2005

Fetal cells were found in the blood of 19 per cent of 106 patients after termination of pregnancy. A case is described of rhesus immunization after therapeutic abortion in which no feto‐maternal haemorrhage was detected.
PLACENTAL LOCALIZATION USING 113mINDIUM AND A PORTABLE SCINTILLATION DETECTOR: A COMPARISON WITH DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
Authors: Wood S. M. , Jones L. , Maisey M. N.
Published: August 2005

A technique of radio‐active isotope placental localization using 113mlndium and a portable scintillation detector is described. It gave reliable results in 80 per cent of patients. The results were equivocal in 20 per cent. There were two false positive, but no false negative results. Doppler ultrasound was compared but gave unsatisfactory results in that a false negative rate of 28·5 per cent was obtained for placenta praevia.
THE EFFECT OF PARITY ON BIRTHWEIGHT
Authors: Camilleri A. P. , Cremona V.
Published: August 2005

Records were examined of 2,517 births representing about 44 per cent of all births in Malta in 1965.

Mean overall birthweights were 3,446 g. for males and 3,358 g. for females at a mean gestation of about 39·75 weeks.

The effect of parity on birthweight was examined after adding a sample of 290 infants born in earlier years to women of parity 5 or greater. There was a convincing progression of birthweight with increasing parity up to ten.
THE VALUE OF THE NILE BLUE TEST IN ESTIMATING FETAL MATURITY IN NORMAL AND COMPLICATED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Barnett Hanna R. , Nevin Margaret
Published: August 2005

A study of the cytology of the amniotic fluid suggests that the fat cell count is a valuable guide to fetal maturity. A fat cell count of over 10 per cent justifies a confident assessment of a period of gestation longer than 36 weeks. A low fat cell count (under 10 per cent) suggests a fetal maturity of shorter duration, although this statement needs to be qualified. Between 32 and 36 weeks it is only possible to suggest the more likely of the two dates given. In the 15 patients comprising Group 2 this test was carried out at the instigation of the obstetrician in order to provide guidance in the management of a complicated pregnancy. In 14 out of 15 patients in this group the results of the test were correct and helpful in the management.
EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON THE RESPONSE OF THE NON‐PREGNANT HUMAN UTERUS TO OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M. , Filho J. Adeodato , Xavier Rui , Fuchs Anna‐Riitta , Fuchs Fritz
Published: August 2005

The effect of ethanol on the response of the human uterus to oxytocin and vasopressin was studied in 11 women during the menstrual cycle. In 4 cases, the response was enhanced and in 5 it was unchanged. In 2 subjects the response after ethanol was reduced, but no more than was seen with successive doses of oxytocin and vasopressin without ethanol. It is concluded that ethanol, in doses giving blood concentrations up to 0·18 per cent, does not inhibit the response of the nonpregnant uterus to the neurohypophysial hormones.
MYOMECTOMY AT THE CHELSEA HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN
Authors: Loeffler F. E. , Noble A. D.
Published: August 2005

Out of 180 patients who had a myomectomy at the Chelsea Hospital for Women between 1954 and 1962, 116 were followed for more than one year. One in four of these patients had a subsequent hysterectomy and about one in three conceived after surgery. Of the patients known to have conceived only three out of four carried pregnancies beyond 28 weeks. Myomectomy did not seem to alter the high incidence of abortions and perinatal deaths in patients found to have fibromyomata. Pregnancies occurring after myomectomy required close specialist supervision and often ended in Caesarean section.
DIAPHORASE DEFICIENCY METHAEMOGLOBINAEMIA MIMICKING CARDIAC DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Vassallo Luis , Cauchi Maurice
Published: August 2005

Two cases of congenital methaemoglobinaemia during pregnancy are described.
TRANSFER OF LIMECYCLINE AND CEPHALORIDINE FROM MOTHER TO FETUS—A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Prakash A. , Chalmers J. A. , Onojobi O. I. A. , Henderson R. J. , Cummings P.
Published: August 2005

Limecycline was given by mouth 6‐hourly and cephaloridine was given intramuscularly 12‐hourly in two doses to 60 women undergoing amniotomy for induction of labour in order to study the absorption and transfer of the antibiotics to the fetus as a protection against intrapartum infections.

Both drugs were shown to provide useful inhibitory concentrations in maternal serum, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood.

The advantages and disadvantages of the two drugs, and the appropriate dose schemes for each antibiotic are discussed.
PRE‐ECLAMPTIC TOXAEMIA: POSSIBLE RELEVANCE OF PROGESTERONE, SALT AND FRUSEMIDE
Authors: Horrobin D. F. , Lloyd I. J.
Published: August 2005

Progesterone given to rabbits in amounts per kilogram approximately similar to the amounts per kilogram produced by women towards the end of pregnancy can raise the arterial pressure of the animals. The hypertensive action of the progesterone is greatly diminished by giving the animals one per cent saline solution to drink instead of water. This suggests that progesterone‐induced sodium loss may be important in initiating the hypertension. Frusemide also opposes the progesterone‐induced pressure, but surprisingly actually inhibits the sodium‐losing action of pregesterone.
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE AND ITS COMPLICATIONS IN THE STATE OF VICTORIA
Authors: Beischer N. A. , Bettinger H. F. , Fortune D. W. , Pepperell R.
Published: August 2005

In a series of 328 consecutive molar pregnancies in the State of Victoria the incidence of malignant sequelae was 4·3 per cent.

The incidence of hydatidiform mole and its complications was higher in patients over 40 years of age and of parity three or more.

In 3 of the 14 patients with malignancy the diagnosis was evident before expulsion of the mole and 6 others were over the age of 40 years.

It is concluded that Tow's recommendation for primary prophylactic hysterectomy in patients over 40 is valid for this community but is not indicated for those of parity three or more who are aged less than 40 years.

In this community 55 per cent of trophoblastic malignancies follow hydatidiform moles.

It is suggested that race influences the behaviour of hydatidiform mole as well as its incidence. Our findings are similar to those reported from Norway with regard to incidences of molar pregnancy and of malignant complications, but are different from the findings reported from Asia.
PRIMARY ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Lewis B. V. , Diaz P. R. L. , Stallworthy J. A. , Ellis F. E.
Published: August 2005

A series of 73 cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix has been analyzed. The five‐year survival rate for all patients seen was 41 per cent. The survival for 28 Stage I and II growths treated by combined radiotherapy and Wertheim's hysterectomy was 64 per cent.
THE EFFECT OF LABOUR ON THE MATERNAL BLOOD‐GAS AND ACID‐BASE STATUS
Authors: Andersen G. J. , Walker James
Published: August 2005

The arterial blood‐gas and acid‐base status of 46 women during normal labour and of 16 women at the end of the puerperium have been measured and compared with results previously obtained for pregnancy.

Between contractions in the first stage the maternal blood‐gas and acid‐base status differed little from that during pregnancy. It is suggested that apart from the distress of contractions no other stimulus to ventilation occurs in labour other than that which exists during pregnancy.

There was no evidence to indicate that normal labour is associated with a progressive maternal metabolic acidosis.

Severe degrees of maternal hypocapnia were observed in the second stage of normal labour.

The maternal blood‐gas and acid‐base status returned to within non‐pregnant limits by the end of the puerperium.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF FETAL SCALP BLOOD SAMPLING
Authors: Farr Valerie
Published: August 2005

The value of fetal scalp sampling in reducing perinatal mortality, birth asphyxia and Caesarean section rate was assessed by a retrospective study of 2638 booked patients who were delivered in 1966.

By using this technique it is possible that the perinatal mortality rate might be reduced from 15·9 to 15·2 per thousand, i.e., by 2 deaths per year.

The incidence of birth asphyxia might be improved, but for this to be significant all patients would require repeated monitoring during labour, since about 40 per cent of asphyxiated babies showed no evidence of clinical fetal distress during labour.

Since clinical fetal distress was the main reason for Caesarean section in only 18 booked patients, little experience would be gained in the technique of scalp blood sampling and the value of the results would be suspect, and it is likely that in less than half of these cases would operative delivery be prevented.
THE RELATIVE USEFULNESS OF METHODS OF ASSESSING PLACENTAL FUNCTION
Authors: Watney P. J. M. , Hallum J. , Ladell D. , Scott P.
Published: August 2005

Three methods of assessing placental function, measurement of oestriol excretion, measurement of serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase, and vaginal cytology have been compared. Serial urinary oestriol estimation was found to be the most useful and practical for routine use. It gave clear warning of fetal jeopardy in nearly half the cases with placental insufficiency, and some indication in most of these cases.

Serum heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase is abnormally high or low in about one‐third of cases of placental insufficiency but rarely in patients with normal placentae. It may have some value as a test in cases with low oestriol excretion, possibly adding significance to the oestriol results.

Vaginal cytology does not correlate sufficiently well with placental function to be useful clinically.
A CASE OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Wood Eileen E.
Published: August 2005

A fatal case of acute fatty liver of pregnancy is described and the pathology and aetiology is discussed.
TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION WITH CLITORAL ENLARGEMENT
Authors: Williamson Josephine A. , Dewhurst C. J.
Published: August 2005

Two patients—an aunt and a niece—with probable testicular feminization in association with enlargement of the clitoris are described. In the aunt normal breast development occurred at puberty; it cannot be said if the clitoris, noted to be enlarged at that time, had increased from its pre‐pubertal size but a definite masculine change had occurred in the voice. The niece, aged 10 years 9 months, presented a similar picture. The clitoris was enlarged and the labia somewhat rugose but the vulva was otherwise normal. Because of family concern, the child's awareness of the inguinal testes and the possibility of further male changes at puberty the unusual course of orchidectomy during childhood and replacement oestrogen therapy was adopted.
A DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL OF BROMELAINS AS AN ADJUNCT TO VAGINAL PLASTIC REPAIR OPERATIONS
Authors: Cowie D. H. G. , Fairweather D. V. I. , Newell D. J.
Published: August 2005

A controlled double‐blind trial of the prophylactic use of bromelains (Ananase) in elective plastic vaginal surgery has been carried out. In none of the recorded criteria did the placebo group show advantages over the bromelain group, and in many of the criteria the bromelain group seemed rather superior to the control group; in no instance, however, did this reach statistical significance.
A BIOCHEMICAL COMPARISON OF THE MATURE AND POSTMATURE FETUS AND NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Paterson P. J. , Dunstan M. K. , Trickey N. R. A. , Beard R. W.
Published: August 2005

A carefully defined group of postmature and mature fetuses have been compared by determining acid‐base status, and blood gas, haematocrit values and glucose levels during labour and at delivery.

The haematocrit value was the only parameter in which significant differences between the groups were found. These were not related to fetal oxygenation but to probable differences in hydration.

No justification was found for the view that the postmature fetus is more liable to hypoxia before or during labour than its mature counterpart.
PLACENTAL HYPERTROPHY IN SEVERE PREGNANCY ANAEMIA*
Authors: Beischer N. A. , Sivasamboo R. , Vohra S. , Silpisornkosal Suporn , Reid Stanley
Published: August 2005

A prospective combined study of consecutive patients with severe pregnancy anaemia (haemoglobin value less than 8 g. per 100 ml.) was performed in five countries to determine the relationship between maternal anaemia and placental weight. Data were recorded in 732 pregnancies and the important finding was that placental hypertrophy was associated with maternal anaemia in all centres. There was a positive correlation between maternal anaemia and placental weight which was statistically highly significant; Melbourne and Thailand, P = 0·01; India, P<0·025; Singapore and New Guinea, P<0·001.
HUMAN CHORION1C GONADOTROPHIN IN HYDATIDIFORM MOLES
Authors: Sciarra N.
Published: August 2005

The concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin in fluid content from differently‐sized groups of hydatid vesicles, serum and urine was determined in five patients with hydatidiform mole by an immunological method. The HCG concentration of fluid content from small hydatid vesicles (0·3−0·7 cm. in diameter) was significantly higher than that of fluid content from large hydatid vesicles (0·8−1·2 cm.). The HCG value of serum was always much lower than that of fluid content from both small and large hydatid vesicles. The vesicle/serum ratio of HCG concentration ranged from about 1·5 to 4·5. The urinary level of the hormone was higher than that of both serum and vesicular fluid, except in one case. The results have been related to the different hypotheses of the pathogenesis of hydatidiform mole. The results seem to support Hertig's hypothesis which considered (1) the trophoblastic hyperplasia to be a result of the enlargement of the villus‐vesicle and (2) the hydatid fluid to be a product of the active trophoblastic tissue of the mole.
THE YOUNG NEGRO PRIMIGRAVIDA IN JAMAICA
Authors: Roopnarinesingh S. S.
Published: August 2005

The course of pregnancy and labour in 122 Negro primigravidae under 16 years of age has been compared with those in 122 primigravidae aged 22. The average age of menarche was 1·5 years earlier in juvenile primigravidae. The increased hazards to the teenager are toxaemia of pregnancy, prematurity and postpartum haemorrhage.
CARCINOMA OF CERVIX IN THE EASTERN REGION OF SCOTLAND
Authors: Donald John , Walker James
Published: August 2005

A report on a series of 353 cases of carcinoma of the cervix occurring in the years 1955–62 in the area of the Eastern Regional Hospital Board (Scotland) is presented.

The five‐year survival rate in all cases was 40·5 per cent, and for Stages I, IIa, IIb, III and IV the rates were 77·3, 61·0, 23·0, 14·7 and 2·1 per cent, respectively.

Treatment in Stages I and IIa cases was mostly by radium followed by X‐ray therapy, but extended (Wertheim) hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed after radium therapy in a selected group of cases, and in these the five‐year survival was Stage I 91·3 per cent and Stage IIa 70·0 per cent.

The results which should be expected and the relative merits of radiation and surgery in the circumstances of the unit at the time of the study are discussed.
PARACERVICAL BLOCK ANAESTHESIA FOR THE EVACUATION OF INCOMPLETE ABORTION—A CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Chatfield W. R. , Suter P. E. N. , Kotonya A. O.
Published: August 2005

A double blind controlled trial of paracervical block anaesthesia for the evacuation of incomplete abortion was conducted. The favourable impressions of previous uncontrolled series were confirmed.
THE USE OF SUCTION CURETTAGE IN INCOMPLETE ABORTION
Authors: Suter P. E. N. , Chatfield W. R. , Kotonya A. O.
Published: August 2005

One hundred and forty‐four patients with incomplete abortion underwent evacuation of the uterus by suction (aspiration) curettage. In uninfected cases when the uterus was the size of a 12‐week pregnancy or less the procedure was rapid, effective and safe. In the presence of uterine infection, tissue was frequently adherent to the uterus and suction evacuation by itself was only successful in half the patients.
PREGNANCY IN A PATIENT WITH DIABETES INSIPIDUS FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF OVULATION WITH CLOMIPHENE
Authors: Gordon George , Bradford William P.
Published: August 2005

A case of impaired anterior and posterior pituitary function, manifested by anovulation and diabetes insipidus is reported. Fertility was diminished in this case but was augmented with clomiphene.

The pitressin requirement increased during pregnancy until pre‐eclamptic toxaemia developed, when it diminished. Labour was satisfactorily stimulated by intravenous syntocinon infusion.

The pitressin requirement was temporarily diminished after delivery. Lactation required to be suppressed.
MATERNAL WEIGHT AND GIRTH CHANGES IN LATE PREGNANCY AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Elder M. G. , Burton Eunice R. , Gordon H. , Hawkins D. F. , Browne J. C. McClure
Published: August 2005

In the absence of dietary advice, the average weight gain in pregnancy of European women living in West London is less if their baby is “small‐for‐dates” than if the baby is of normal weight. The greatest reduction in maternal weight gain associated with intrauterine growth retardation is noted between 34 weeks and delivery.

Static and falling maternal weight and abdominal girth in late pregnancy are all associated with the production of a dysmature baby.

When static or decreasing maternal weight and girth were recorded, fetal distress occurred during labour in 23 per cent of the dysmature babies and in 8 per cent of the normal weight babies.

There may be an increased incidence both of dysmaturity and of fetal distress in labour in babies of normal weight, among patients whose weight decreases after term.

When the uterus is thought to be “small‐for‐dates” in late pregnancy, it is unlikely that the cause is intrauterine growth retardation if the maternal weight is increasing.

Of 52 women with essential hypertension in pregnancy, 10 out of 19 who had static or falling weight in late pregnancy, produced dysmature babies, whilst there was no cases of dysmaturity in the 33 women whose weight increased in late pregnancy.

Women with pre‐eclampsia and static or falling weight were delivered of more dysmature babies (23 per cent) than those who gained weight (9 per cent dysmature).

Of the 9 perinatal losses in the entire study, 8 occurred in cases where there had been static or decreasing weight in late pregnancy.
UNCLASSIFIED ANTEPARTUM HAEMORRHAGE INCIDENCE AND PERINATAL MORTALITY IN A COMMUNITY
Authors: Roberts Geraint
Published: August 2005

In a retrospective study of 13656 single births 663 patients had antepartum haemorrhage (4·8 per cent). The incidences of accidental haemorrhage, placenta praevia and “other antepartum haemorrhage” were 2·05, 0·43 and 2·34 per cent respectively. In cases complicated by antepartum haemorrhage there were 66 perinatal deaths; accidental haemorrhage accounted for 65·2 per cent, placenta praevia only 7·6 per cent and “other antepartum haemorrhage” 27·2 per cent.

The high perinatal loss in cases of “other antepartum haemorrhage” is particularly associated with prematurity. These findings indicate that patients with painless bleeding in late pregnancy should not be discharged early from hospital simply because the placenta is found to be normally situated. It is suggested that in such patients, rest and observation in hospital should be continued for not less than two weeks after the bleeding has ceased.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FETAL CONDITION AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID AT INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Cohen B. M.
Published: August 2005

Amniotic fluid was obtained from 100 patients at the induction of labour by hindwater puncture of the membranes using a Drew‐Smythe catheter. Biochemical estimations of lactate, pyruvate, glucose, urea and Astrup gas analysis of the amniotic fluid were performed. An effort was made to correlate the biochemical findings in the amniotic fluid at the induction of labour with the subsequent occurrence of fetal distress during labour and with the Apgar score at delivery.

No significant correlation was found between the various factors analyzed and the later status of the fetus. High levels of lactate were found in the amniotic fluid together with low levels of pH and buffer base associated with high Pco2 values.
THE DETERMINATION OF ZYGOSITY—A STUDY OF 608 PAIRS OF TWINS BORN IN ABERDEEN
Authors: Nylander P. P. S.
Published: August 2005

In a survey of 608 pairs of twins born in the city of Aberdeen between 1950–65, zygosity was determined in 440 pairs by sex, blood groups (using nine systems), general appearance and finger printing. There were 345 pairs of dizygotic twins, and 95 pairs were regarded as monozygotic, while 168 pairs of like sexed twins were not available for investigation because of death of one or both twins or migration of the mother.

General appearance of the twins and dermatoglyphics gave quite good results when compared with those obtained by blood groups. Placentation as recorded at delivery was not of much help in determination of zygosity.

The twinning rate over the 15 years was 12·5 per 1000 deliveries. The expected number of monozygotic twins, calculated by Weinberg's formula, was disproportionately higher in the group of twins that were not available for investigation than in those investigated. The difference was presumed to be due to the higher mortality rate in the former group.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND PREGNANCY COMPLICATED BY HYPERTENSION
Authors: Benster B. , Wood E. J.
Published: August 2005

Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) were measured in 15 non‐pregnant women, 51 normal pregnant women and 83 women with hypertension in pregnancy. In normal pregnant women the mean IgG level was lower than in non‐pregnant women. The mean IgM level rose in late pregnancy, though primigravidae had higher levels than multigravidae. The mean IgA level was increased in pregnant women aged over 25. In patients with hypertension the IgG levels were markedly reduced. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON THE ENZYME HISTOCHEM1STRY OF PLACENTAL VILLI MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: Fox H. , Kharkongor N. F.
Published: August 2005

Enzyme histochemical studies have been made on the trophoblast of placental villi maintained in organ culture, some under fully oxygenated conditions and others under hypoxic conditions. Over a period of 96 hours there was little change in the demonstrable trophoblastic enzyme activity of the fully oxygenated villi. In those villi subjected to hypoxia the most notable change was a reduction in trophoblastic dehydrogenase and diaphorase activity; this was noticeable after 48 hours of hypoxia and marked after 96 hours.

It is suggested that histochemical demonstration of diminished trophoblastic dehydrogenase activity may be of value in the detection of villous ischaemia.
KARYOTYPIC ABERRATIONS IN CHROMATIN POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS WITH PRIMARY OVARIAN FAILURE
Authors: Turner J. Howard , Charles David , Rankin Joel S.
Published: August 2005

Forty chromatin positive females with primary ovarian failure were studied by cytogenetic and hormonal methods.

Aberrant karyotypes were found in 40 per cent. Although a relationship exists between the proportion of chromatin‐positive cells in the buccal smear and the relative frequency of 45X cells in subjects with a 46XX/45X karyotype, many shortcomings are encountered in using buccal smears as an index of the karyotypic status.

This study also includes that a constant phenotype can exist in conjunction with a wide range of sex chromosomal patterns.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH FETAL BLOOD pH MEASUREMENT IN FETAL DISTRESS
Authors: Galloway R. K.
Published: August 2005

Experience with estimation of pH of fetal blood in 100 cases of apparent fetal distress in the first stage of labour is described. The importance of the length of time between sampling and delivery on the accuracy of prediction of the fetal state is demonstrated.
PREGNANCY FOLLOWING INSERTION OF CARDIAC VALVE PROSTHESES: A REVIEW AND FURTHER CASE REPORT
Authors: Macdonald Hamish N.
Published: August 2005

A case of pregnancy after insertion of an aortic Starr Edwards valve is described and other reports have been reviewed.

From study of 35 pregnancies in 31 patients with prosthetic heart valves it appears that pregnancy is not an unacceptable hazard. Despite frequent use of anticoagulant drugs, the recorded perinatal mortality is not greatly increased. It is suggested that the best plan is to use long‐acting oral anticoagulants during the antenatal period and heparin over the period of labour.

Family planning advice is an important aspect of the problem and for reversible contraception oral contraceptives may be chosen as the risk of thrombo‐embolism will be minimal with the patients on anticoagulants.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON THE COLONIC ABSORPTION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND WATER
Authors: Parry E. , Shields R. , Turnbull A. C.
Published: August 2005

The effect of pregnancy on colonic absorption of sodium, potassium and water was studied in fifteen pregnant patients using a technique of colonic perfusion. The results were compared with five non‐pregnant subjects. In pregnancy, colonic absorption of sodium and water was significantly increased. The implications of these findings are discussed.
PREDICTION OF URINARY TOTAL OESTROGEN LEVELS FROM THE BLOOD NEUTROPHIL COUNT AND HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION IN WOMEN ATTENDING AN INFERTILITY CLINIC
Authors: Cruickshank J. M.
Published: August 2005

From a survey on 20 infertile women attending an endocrine clinic for a course of gonadotrophic hormone injections, an indirect method of indicating oestrogen production has been devised. By the use of a regression technique pre‐ovulatory urinary total oestrogens can be accurately predicted from haemoglobin and neutrophil values in 70 per cent of cases.

As urinary total oestrogen values reflect oestrogen production 24–36 hours previously, the method may provide even more accurate predictions of changing plasma oestradiol levels. The limitations of the technique for indicating urinary oestrogen levels in normal women, and in placental insufficiency and fetal distress, were briefly discussed.