bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SIPHONAPTERA COLLECTION FROM SMALL MAMMALS BY THE CANOL ROAD, YUKON TERRITORY
Authors: Haas Glenn E. , Johnson Loyal
Published: December 2009

Stephen S. Beare, Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, studied martens (Martes americana) in the Evelyn Creek area, Nisutlin River drainage, near the Canol Road, 60°47′; 133°15′ in 1980 and collected a marten flea and a woodchuck flea from them. In addition, he trapped other small mammals from 15 July to 28 September and collected 109 flea specimens of nine taxa from them.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, PSILA ROSAE (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE), RELATIVE TO TEMPERATURE IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

The effect of temperature on development of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (F.), was determined at constant temperatures in the laboratory. The relationship between rate of development and temperature was essentially linear from 10° to 17.5°C but began to diverge from linearity between 17.5° and 20°C. Estimated threshold temperatures (t) and thermal constants (K) for development of overwintered pupae were 2.3°C and 319 degree-days (dd) for first emergence and 1.8°C and 368 dd for 50% emergence. For laboratory-reared stages, t and K values were 4.1°C and 102 dd for egg hatch, 2.0°C and 642 dd for development from egg to mature larvae, and 3.0°C and 107 dd for pupation. Development in the laboratory from egg (less than 24 h old) to adult was completed in 59, 70, and 81 days at 20°, 17.5°, and 15°C respectively; no threshold or thermal constant was estimated because few or no individuals completed development to adult at 12.5° or 10°C within expected times, presumably because diapause was induced at these temperatures.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A SAMPLING SCHEME FOR THE GYPSY MOTH EGG PARASITOID OOENCYRTUS KUVANAE (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Authors: Brown M. W. , Rosenberger James L. , Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

Four sampling methods for Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) populations were compared for efficiency using coefficients of variation. On this basis, none of the sampling methods was uniformly superior to any other, but a cluster of 0.01 ha subplots was chosen as the best method because of the aggregation of both gypsy moth egg masses and parasitoids. From the estimated population variance per egg mass it was calculated that 150 egg masses should be sampled per plot to provide an error bound of 0.2 parasitoid per egg mass (α = 0.1). An analysis of variance indicated that variation among study areas was the largest source of variation, and that among day, within day, and plot configuration variation were significant. Estimates of parasitoid activity are most reliable during the period between 1300 and 1600 h EST. Activity of parasitoids was reduced on overcast days. In August, the distribution of O. kuvanae approximates that of the negative binomial but with too many individuals in the high frequency classes. In a compromise between cost and accuracy, the sampling scheme selected consists of thirty 0.01 ha subplots per plot sampled between 1300 and 1600 h EST on sunny days. This sampling scheme was found satisfactory using field evaluation.
BIONOMICS OF THE ALFALFA BLOTCH LEAFMINER, AGROMYZA FRONTELLA (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE), IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

The alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani), typically develops through three complete generations a year. It overwinters as a partially developed pupa that completes its development in mid-May. Three distinct adult flight periods occur: mid-May to mid-June, late June to late July, and early to late August. Eggs are deposited singly in alfalfa leaflets beneath the lower epidermis and on hatching, the larvae move toward the upper leaflet surface where they feed on the mesophyll and develop through three instars to form blotch mines, each representing about 27% of the leaflet area. The mature larvae emerge from the mines and drop to the soil to form light brown puparia, mainly in the top 2.5 cm of soil.

Duration of each stage decreased with rise in temperature up to 25° but none of the stages survived 30°C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature gave highly correlated linear relationships for all stages. The theoretical threshold for the egg, larva, and pupa was 7°, 3°, and 4°C, respectively; thermal requirements for these stages were 55, 123, and 333°D, respectively.

Survival of the larvae was higher in leaflets with solitary mines than in those with multiple mines; only 25% of the leaflets with two mines gave rise to two mature larvae. Three larvae seldom survived in a single leaflet.
A THERMAL SUMMATION MODEL FOR PREDICTING SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

A thermal summation model based on heat units above 9°C accurately predicted peak hatch of eggs, an event critical to management of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in southern Ontario. The model also gave accurate predictions for maximum numbers of the larval and pupal stages, as well as other significant events such as cocooning and adult emergence.
NOCTURNAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA) IN ALPINE TUNDRA
Authors: Kendall Deborah M. , Kevan Peter G. , LaFontaine J. Donald
Published: December 2009

A blacklight trap was established at 3790 m in 1978 and at 3505 m, 3657 m, 3790 m, and 3810 m, in 1979, on the alpine tundra in Colorado. Weekly catches from 6 July to 4 August 1978, and 26 June to 14 September 1979, resulted in ca. 3500 individuals of over 48 species of moths. These results establish that a greater diversity of moths exists and greater nocturnal flight activity occurs than was previously supposed for alpine tundra communities. The implications for pollination and insect foraging are discussed.
OLFACTORY AND ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OFPSEUDOHYLESINUS NEBULOSUS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ON DOUGLAS-FIR BARK
Authors: Oester P. T. , Rudinsky J. A. , Ryker L. C.
Published: December 2009

Mature malePseudohylesinus nebulosus(LeConte) walking on Douglas-fir logs were strongly arrested and stridulated at a female gallery or artificial galleries with female frass, but not at artificial galleries without frass. This response diminished after the female had accepted a male in the gallery. Mature males emitted distinctive chirps for stress, attraction, and rivalry, all of which were different from chirps of immature males, and pushed intruding males from the gallery. In contrast, reproductively immature adult males were only weakly arrested both at artificial galleries and those of feeding females, and were not aggressive toward other males. Only stress chirps of immature males were distinguishable from chirps in other contexts. These observations suggest that adult reproductive maturation includes development of close-range olfactory and acoustic signals and territorial behavior.
BIOLOGY, LIFE TABLES, AND INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

Development of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Nova Scotia was studied at three constant temperatures to construct a life table and establish the intrinsic rate of development. The threshold temperature for development was 10.6°C. The duration from the beginning of the egg stage to adult for females was 31.2, 20.5, and 14.0 days and for males 21.9, 19.6, and 12.8 days at 15°, 18°, and 21°C, respectively. The duration in degree-days above 10.6°C for females was 137.3, 151.7, and 145.2 and for males 128.0, 144.9, and 133.1 at the same three temperatures. The duration of the preoviposition period decreased, duration of the oviposition period remained constant, and the number of eggs laid increased with temperature. Life tables were constructed at 15°, 18°, and 21°C; the intrinsic rates of increase were 0.56,.092, and.134; net reproduction rates 10.06, 13.50, and 17.37; and mean generation times were 41.4, 28.3, and 21.3 days, respectively.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF THE ANOBIID BEETLE XYLETINUS PELTATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) ON VARIOUS WOODS
Authors: Williams Lonnie H. , Mauldin Joe K.
Published: December 2009

Although wood species was a statistically significant influence on percentages of eggs that hatched and larvae that tunneled into wood, these percentages were > 85% on most woods tested. Of eight test woods, yellow-poplar sapwood was preferred for egg-laying and was best for larval survival and growth. Slash pine was also favorable for egg-laying, survival, and growth. Beetles laid more eggs on Douglas-fir plywood and sweetgum than on shortleaf pine, but larvae did not survive in the plywood, and tunneled extensively without appreciable growth in sweetgum; larvae survived and grew well in shortleaf pine. The beetle life cycle is at least 2 years in favorable woods and may be 3–5 years in unfavorable woods.
EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDE-TREATED BRAN BAITS FOR GRASSHOPPER CONTROL IN SASKATCHEWAN (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Ewen Al B. , Craig C. H. , Ford R. J.
Published: December 2009

Bran treated with four different insecticides was field-tested as a crop protection measure against mainly third instar grasshopper populations composed mostly of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.). The order of toxicity of these four insecticides was dimethoate 〉 fenvalerate 〉 propoxur 〉 pyridaphenthion. Five dosages of dimethoate were tested against mainly adult grasshopper populations. Rates of mortality due to both aqueous sprays (previously published results) and bran baits were compared. Degradation of both dimethoate and fenvalerate mixed with bran was small when stored in the laboratory at either 1°C or 20°C.
DESCRIPTION OF EURYHAPSIS NEW GENUS INCLUDING THREE NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

All stages of a new genus, Euryhapsis, are described and differentiated from several other genera of primitive Orthocladiinae. Three new species are described: Euryhapsis cilium (type-species), Euryhapsis illoba, and Euryhapsis brevis. Eurycnemus annuliventris (Malloch) is transferred to Euryhapsis. A key to species of males is presented.
AGE, FECUNDITY, WEIGHT, AND THE INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE OF THE LUPINE APHID MACROSIPHUM ALBIFRONS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Gill B.
Published: December 2009

The fecundity, survivorship, and rate of development of the lupine aphid Macrosiphum albifrons Essig were determined and summarized into life tables from which the intrinsic rate of increase was computed. The life tables, using a time scale in days, were converted to a variable life table model using a physiological time scale based on an estimated thermal threshold of development of 3.59° (± 0.587°). A method of determining age and fecundity of adult aphids was developed from weight and embryo content. The use of intrinsic rate of increase and of the method of aging in field population dynamics are discussed.
COMPETITION FOR ATTACHMENT SITES BETWEEN LARVAE OF SIMULIIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Harding J. , Colbo M. H.
Published: December 2009

Many factors have been examined that affect simuliid larval distribution in a stream but little has been published on interspecific competition influencing their distribution. Certain black fly species distribute themselves over a suitable substrate in a regular manner with an open space around each larva. The individuals of these species will strike at others entering within this space resulting in the departure of one or other of the combatants. This establishes a regular pattern of spaced larvae of a certain density, which may be influenced by current velocity, over areas of suitable substrate (Colbo 1979). However, larvae of other species clump without apparent spacing and less readily move when contacted.
A TIMING TRAP FOR SEGREGATING CATCHES OF INSECTS BY DISCRETE INTERVALS
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Croft B. A.
Published: December 2009

Timing traps are widely used to study the diurnal flight activity of insects, their response rhythms to physical and chemical (olfactory) stimuli, and the effect of weather factors on these behaviors. Goetz (1941) used an adhesive-coated horizontal metal disk driven by a mechanical clock to determine the periodicity of male-female attraction in two lepidopterous species on grapes. The area of the disk exposed at any time corresponded to a 1-h sector of the clock dial. The disk completed a full revolution every 12 h and therefore the trap had to be checked twice a day. Also, since the clock speed was not variable, the trapping interval could only be adjusted by decreasing or increasing the opening to the sticky disk.
COLLECTING AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH AN INCREMENT BORER
Authors: Holsten E. H. , Wolfe R. L.
Published: December 2009

An increment borer (5 mm core diam.) was adapted for collecting recently attacking ambrosia beetles, Trypodendron retusum LeC., in trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. Although increment borers have been used to collect stem nematodes and stem fungi (Cordell and Stombaugh 1966), this appears to be the first use for insect collection. Previously, ambrosia beetles were collected using a hatchet and knife which was tedious and injured many specimens.
COLD-HARDINESS IN THE EGGS OF THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, were exposed to temperatures of 0°, −5°, −10°, −15°, and −20°C for 1–8 wk and for 200 days in the laboratory. At −5° and −10°C, there was no death attributable to the cold treatment. At −20°C, the cold treatment caused approximately 15% mortality in the 6- to 8-wk samples and 100% mortality in the 200-day samples. At 0° and −15°C, mortality in the 200-day samples was 39% and 23%, respectively. The data indicate that the embryos of E. americana are able to withstand cold temperatures for long periods and that the optimum temperature range for hibernation (between 0°C and −15°C) is similar to the one this beetle normally experiences in the subnivean air space once the hiemal threshold is established. For Canada, an evaluation of the snow cover and atmospheric air temperature data suggested that egg mortality due to exposure to temperatures of −20°C or lower in the subnivean air space should not occur in the various parts of the red turnip beetle’s range, except possibly the grassland region of the Prairie climatic zone.
THE FEEDING POTENTIAL OF CORTICEUS GLABER AND CORTICEUS PARALLELUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), FACULTATIVE PREDATORS OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Goyer Richard A. , Smith Michael T.
Published: December 2009

Under laboratory conditions, Corticeus glaber (LeConte) and C. parallelus (Melsheimer) adults were facultative predators of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, eggs and first and second instar larvae. Southern pine beetle frass and blue stain fungus, Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt were also suitable for survival for both species of Corticeus. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) phloem was not utilized as a food source by either species. Corticeus spp. larvae were predators of D. frontalis eggs.
MORGEA FREIDBERGI NEW SPECIES, A LIVING SISTER-SPECIES OF THE FOSSIL SPECIES M. MCALPINEI, AND A KEY TO WORLD GENERA OF PALLOPTERIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Morgea freidbergi new species, a living sister-species of the fossil species M. mcalpinei Hennig from Baltic amber (Oligocene), is described and compared with its fossil counterpart. Additional characters are given for Morgea Hennig and its placement in Pallopteridae rather than Lonchaeidae is confirmed. A key to the world genera of Pallopteridae is presented for the first time.
DIET, TEMPERATURE, AND THE LOGISTIC MODEL OF DEVELOPMENTAL RATE FOR TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Lamb R. J. , Loschiavo S. R.
Published: December 2009

The developmental rates of individual larvae of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal were measured at five temperatures on three diets to quantify the interaction between these two environmental factors. No significant differences in survival were detected but developmental times were affected by both factors. A logistic equation accurately described the relationship between mean developmental rate and temperature for each diet. The variance in developmental rate was a linear function of the mean developmental rate, and the mean accounted for more of the differences in variance than diet or temperature.

The effect of diet was greatest at the temperature which caused the highest developmental rate. It decreased as temperature decreased. This effect could be accounted for by varying the coefficient K, the asymptote of the logistic equation. The coefficient K showed a positive linear relationship to the lysine content of the diet. This coefficient may provide a compact and quantitative means of summarizing the interaction of environmental factors such as diet and temperature in the logistic model for the developmental rate of insects.
DISTRIBUTION MODEL OF HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) DEVELOPMENT TIMES
Authors: Sharpe P. J. H. , Schoolfield R. M. , Butler G. D.
Published: December 2009

Two geographical biotypes (G and A) of Heliothis zea Boddie were identified in a constant temperature laboratory study. The G (Georgia) biotype was found to have a mean development rate 5 ± 1% faster and coefficient of variability 44 ± 9% higher than the comparable A (Arizona) biotype. Each geographical biotype was described by a biophysically based, nonlinear development function with an R2 equal to 0.995. At temperature ranging from 15.6° to 35.6°C, the adult emergence distributions transformed to a physiological age scale were shown statistically to be independent of temperature. They could be described by a “same shape” distribution function. The empirical same shape distribution for rate was not significantly different from a hypothetical normal distribution.
GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REPRESENTATIVE POPULATIONS OF FIVE CHORISTONEURA SPECIES: C. OCCIDENTALIS, C. RETINIANA, C. BIENNIS, C. LAMBERTIANA, AND C. FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Stock M. W. , Castrovillo P. J.
Published: December 2009

The genetic make-up of representative populations of five Choristoneura species was compared using starch gel electrophoresis. Species included C. occidentalis Freeman from Idaho, C. biennis Freeman from British Columbia, C. retiniana (Walsingham) (= C. viridis Freeman) from Oregon, C. lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov from Colorado, and C. fumiferana (Clemens) from Maine. When variation at individual gene loci was examined, intraspecific variation was often as great, and sometimes greater, than interspecific variation and few significant differences were noted among the species. The highest levels of overall genetic similarity occurred among C. occidentalis, C. biennis, and C. retiniana. Relatively greater genetic distances were found between this group and C. lambertiana and C. fumiferana. C. fumiferana was most distantly related to all other groups. Genetic identity values fell within the range more commonly associated with conspecific populations rather than with separate species.
PARASITOIDS EMERGING FROM PUPARIA OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) INFESTING HAWTHORN AND APPLE IN CONNECTICUT
Authors: Maier Chris T.
Published: December 2009

Biosteres melleus (Gahan), Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck), D. ferrugineum (Gahan), Opius canaliculatus Gahan, O. downesi Gahan (all Braconidae), and an undescribed Psilus sp. (Diapriidae) emerged from puparia of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) collected in Connecticut during 1977 and 1978. Percentage parasitism ranged from 7.9 to 36.8% in flies on hawthorn and from 0.0 to 23.9% in flies on apple. It exceeded 5.0% in only 5 (22.7%) of 22 samples from apple. Higher rates of parasitism usually occurred at sites where other hosts of apple maggot parasitoids probably infested fruits on nearby plants.
EFFECTS OF VENOMS FROM TWO APHID HYPERPARASITOIDS, ASAPHES LUCENS AND DENDROCERUS CARPENTERI (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE AND MEGASPILIDAE), ON LARVAE OF APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Bocchino Felix J. , Sullivan S.J. Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Venom of the hyperparasitoid Asaphes lucens (Provancher) immediately paralyzed and stopped development of the larva of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao, which did not void a meconium and deteriorated into a soft, blackened mass. On the other hand, venom of a second hyperparasitoid, Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis), did not immediately paralyze the larva of A. smithi, which developed up to the prepupal stage, voided a meconium, and remained bright yellow for up to 4–6 weeks before decaying.
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND OVIPOSITION OF PERIDROMA SAUCIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Simonet D. E. , Clement S. L. , Rubink W. L. , Rings Roy W.
Published: December 2009

Studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to determine the effect of temperature on development and oviposition of the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner). Developmental thresholds and Celsius degree days necessary for completion of a given stage are: egg (threshold 5.6°C) = 89 DD; larvae (threshold 6.2°C) = 387 DD; pupa (threshold 8.5°C) = 210 DD; and total development (threshold 7.2°C) = 676 DD. The threshold for oviposition was 3.5°C with 128 DD necessary for oviposition to occur.

Light trap catches of variegated cutworm moths from 1965 to 1979 were plotted as a function of accumulated heat units based on laboratory data. For the 15-year period, peaks of activity occur at 500 and 1200 DD based on 7.2°C threshold. The data generated in this study would be utilized best in an alert network for determining when scouting should occur, based on peak capture of variegated cutworm moths.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO PARASITES OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Hagley E. A. C. , Pree D. J. , Simpson C. M. , Hikichi A.
Published: December 2009

Cypermethrin was more toxic to adults of the braconid parasite Apanteles ornigis Weed than fenvalerate, permethrin, azinphosmethyl, or methomyl. Endosulfan was the least toxic insecticide. Permethrin, however, was 19 × more toxic to the leafminer host Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.) than to A. ornigis and could be most useful in an integrated pest management program. Several chalcids, Sympiesis spp., showed less sensitivity to azinphosmethyl than did A. ornigis.
TRAPS FOR MONITORING POPULATIONS OF THE CITRUS THRIPS, SCIRTOTHRIPS CITRI (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Moreno D. S.
Published: December 2009

Modified versions of the standard Reed-Rich citrus thrips trap were compared for trapping efficiency and labor required. The number of migrant Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) captured per unit trapping area of a PVC-acetate trap was comparable to the number captured per unit area of the Reed-Rich trap, though the PVC-acetate trapping surface was about 35% that of the 929 cm2 standard trap. The reduced counting surface and the use of disposable acetate sheets reduced to one-quarter the time required for field-laboratory handling, preparing, and processing. The PVC-acetate trap is recommended as a new standard trap for monitoring S. citri population levels in California and Arizona citriculture.
SOIL APPLICATION OF CARBOFURAN TO CONTROL SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN A MANAGED WHITE SPRUCE SEED PRODUCTION AREA
Authors: Fogal W. H. , Winston D. A. , Lopushanski S. M. , MacLeod D. A. , Willcocks A. J.
Published: December 2009

White spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, is a major commercial tree species used in reforestation programs throughout Canada, and seed requirements cannot be met in some years because of insect damage and the periodic nature of cone crops. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), feeds on buds and cones of its hosts, causing a pronounced decrease in cone production (Schooley 1978). A current outbreak in northeastern Ontario poses a serious threat to white spruce seed supply from high value, managed seed production areas. Therefore, in 1979, we began an experiment to determine whether carbofuran, a systemic insecticide, could be used to protect buds and cones when applied to soil. We chose carbofuran because it has proved successful for control of some insects in seed orchards in the southeastern United States (DeBarr 1978)
FEEDING AND EGG PRODUCTION OF TWO SPECIES OF COCCINELLIDS IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Ives P. M.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between feeding rate and egg production of Coccinella trifasciata Mulsant and C. californica Mannerheim feeding on pea aphids, was investigated in the laboratory at 15.0°, 18.5°, 21.5°, and 25.5°C. Both species increase their feeding rate with increasing temperature above 13.6°C, with C. californica, the larger species, increasing its food consumption faster. C. californica also has the higher maintenance requirement but when food consumption is expressed relative to the beetles’ body weight, there is no difference between the species in either attribute. Coccinella californica converts excess food to eggs more efficiently than C. trifasciata.

No significant influence of temperature on either the conversion rate or the maintenance requirement could be detected. The adverse effects of a very low feeding rate, whether due to restricted food supply or low temperature, influenced the beetles’ response to subsequent treatments.
EVALUATION OF IMMUNOELECTROOSMOPHORESIS ON CELLULOSE POLYACETATE FOR ASSESSING PREDATION OF LEPIDOPTERA (TORTRICIDAE) BY COLEOPTERA (CARABIDAE) SPECIES
Authors: Allen Wayne R. , Hagley E. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEO) on cellulose polyacetate strips was found to be a rapid, convenient, and highly sensitive procedure for detecting prey antigens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in predators (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The antisera employed were induced with whole-body extracts of larvae of Choristoneura rosaceana Harris, Grapholitha molesta Busck, and Cydia pomonella L. Extracts of single larvae gave IEO reactions to a dilution of at least 1/1024 (mg fresh wt./μl diluent), when using as little as 1–3μl of the reactants. Larval antigens of G. molesta, C. pomonella, or C. rosaceana were detectable in laboratory-fed Pterostichus melanarius III. for c. 24, 48, or at least 72 h, respectively. Antigens of all prey species were detectable in Amara sp. and Harpalus affinis Schr. for at least 72 h.All antisera also reacted to some extent with 10–15 other Lepidoptera species and reacted slightly with extracts from starved carabids. Manipulations with the antisera (e.g. dilution, cross-absorption, and (or) antibody selection) eliminated reactions with carabids and species of Lasiocampidae, Gracillariidae, and Geometridae, but not with all species of Tortricidae or Noctuidae. The broad antigenic similarities observed among Lepidoptera appear to preclude reliable use of immunoprecipitin procedures for assessing natural predation on specific prey, unless specific antisera can be produced.
EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT ON LETHAL EFFECTIVENESS OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE APPLIED TO MALE AND FEMALE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were performed to determine the role of body weight in the response of last instar western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, to a topically applied juvenile hormone analogue (JHA), Ro 13-5223 (Ethyl [2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate). The response of males in weight classes from 50 to 130 mg was not proportional to their body weight; susceptibility increased drastically in heavier larvae. The susceptibility of females increased in proportion to their body weight. The results of these experiments suggest that future investigations of JHA effectiveness in last instar Lepidoptera should consider both weight and sex as possible relevant variables. Age of the last instar may not, in itself, be an adequate measure by which to quantify JHA effects.
POPULATIONS OF BENEFICIAL AND PEST ARTHROPODS IN AN ORGANIC AND A PESTICIDE TREATED APPLE ORCHARD IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Madsen H. F. , Madsen B. J.
Published: December 2009

A 2-year study was conducted in an organic, essentially pesticide-free orchard and in one which followed a complete pesticide program to assess populations of beneficial arthropods. There were far more beneficial species in the pesticide-free orchard both on the trees and in the cover crop. Spiders increased dramatically in the organic orchard and relatively few spiders were found in the sprayed orchard. Pest species were below treatment thresholds in both orchards with the exception of codling moths. By the second season, codling moth injury was so severe in the organic program that the non-pesticide program had to be abandoned.
LIFE HISTORY AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PRISTHESANCUS PAPUENSIS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Shepard M. , McWhorter R. E. , King E. W.
Published: December 2009

A reduviid predator, Pristhesancus papuensis Stål, was introduced into South. Carolina from Australia in 1979. Its life history is described. Under laboratory conditions, the average number of eggs per mass was 80. Mean incubation time was 15.6 days at 27 °C. Females deposited an average of 568 eggs in 7.7 masses during their adult lifespan of 124 days. Average male longevity was significantly less (93 days) than that of females (124 days). A preoviposition period of 33.5 days was required, and a single mating was sufficient to insure fertilization during the egg-laying period. Developmental time was determined for each immature stage at 27 °C. Five immature stages and adults are described and illustrated.
FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THE WHITE CUTWORM, EUXOA SCANDENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: McLeod D. G. R. , Nagai T. , Starratt A. N. , Bonenfant C. , Rud E. W. , Belloncik S.
Published: December 2009

The white cutworm, Euxoa scandens (Riley), is a sporadic pest of tobacco in Quebec (Mailloux and Desrosiers 1978), asparagus in Michigan (A. L. Wells, pers. comm.), and other vegetable crops grown in light sandy soils (Beirne 1971). The immature larvae overwinter and cause serious damage when they resume feeding in the spring (Hudson and Wood 1930). Moths emerge and oviposit from late June until late July (McLeod and Dupré 1981). An efficient monitoring method utilizing the female sex pheromone would be an important aid in estimating the size and distribution of the adult population and would help in planning insecticide control. We report here some results of electroantennogram screening of potential sex attractants and the results of field tests of the most active of these.
FIELD EVALUATION OF BLACKLIGHT AND SEX ATTRACTANT TRAPS FOR MONITORING SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Field tests were conducted annually near Delhi, Ontario from 1977 to 1981 to evaluate blacklight and sex attractant traps for monitoring adult populations of the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in the major tobacco-producing area. There were no significant differences between the catches of sex attractant traps set at 1.0 m and 0.5 m above ground level. Sex attractant traps were superior to blacklight traps for monitoring populations of this pest species. There was a variation in abundance from year to year, but the time of peak occurrence of E. messoria adults was the same in each of the 5 years.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF THE NORTHERN JUNE BEETLE, PHYLLOPHAGA FUSCA, AND THE COMMON JUNE BEETLE, P. ANXIA (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

In western Quebec, first flight of overwintered adults of the northern June beetle, Phyllophaga fusca (Froelich), and the common June beetle, P. anxia (Le Conte), occurred in mid-May with the accumulation of about 156 degree-days above 5 °C beginning 1 April. When soil temperature was 10 °C or higher, flight started 12–45 min after sunset, apparently in response to an endogenous rhythm that was triggered by low light intensity within the range 1.0 to 96.9 lux; high soil temperature induced early flight. Early in the flight season, duration of flight was 10–46 min and was inversely related to time of flight initiation. In early June, the flight began in darkness and was associated with peak oviposition and ageing; it lasted 20–35 min and was directed into the trees or to oviposition sites within a field.

Males were attracted to light during a pre-copulatory flight which lasted more than 1 h until maximum coupling occurred near 2230 h; beetles remained in copula for 3 h or more. Morning flight directly back to the soil was triggered by light intensity increasing to about 1.0 lux.
COOLING EGGS OF EUTRAPELA CLEMATARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) TO −10°C FORESTALLS DECLINE IN PARASITE PRODUCTION WITH OOENCYRTUS ENNOMOPHAGUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE)
Authors: Drooz A. T. , Weems M. L.
Published: December 2009

Drooz and Solomon (1980) demonstrated that the thelyotokous egg parasite, Ooencyrtus ennomophagus Yoshimoto, could be reared on host eggs stored at −10°C for long periods but they did not investigate the relationship between the age of a multivoltine host's eggs prior to storage and production of parasites. For eggs not stored, Kaya and Anderson (1976) stated, “Only eggs collected before embryonation occurred produced O. ennomophagus.” Bustillo and Drooz (1977) showed a decline in production of the egg parasite Telenomus alsophilae Viereck as age of eggs of the multivoltine geometrid Oxydia trychiata (Guenée) increased. Fedde et al. (1979) also expressed the importance of using fresh host eggs to maintain high rates of parasitism by T. alsophilae on the multivoltine geometrid Eutrapela clemataria (J. E. Smith). We report here that cold treatment of the eggs of E. clemataria alters them, making them more suitable for mass rearing of O. ennomophagus after embryonation has begun.
BIOLOGY OF FRUMENTA NUNDINELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE) ON HORSENETTLE IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Bailey T. E. , Kok L. T.
Published: December 2009

Frurtienta nundinella (Zeller), a moth attacking horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.) in southwest Virginia, has two generations per year. Overwintering adults oviposited on tips of emerging horsenettle shoots in late May. First generation larvae fed on terminal growth points in mid-June; each was enclosed in a characteristic tight hollow chamber formed from leaves. Pupation occurred in mid-June through July and adults emerged from late June to early August. Larvae of the second generation attacked fruits. A single larva was capable of destroying all the seeds within a berry. Second generation larvae pupated inside the berries, emerging as adults between late August and late September. Early stages of infestation of berries were not easily detected until the larvae had reached 4th instar when the infested berries had a characteristic appearance. Just before the full grown larvae pupated, they formed exit holes covered only by thin membrane in the berries. Although damage to the plants resulted from both modes of. feeding, the infestation rate was low as infested plants were frequently in small isolated patches. Life cycle of the moth from egg to adult was about 50 days per generation.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN SEX ATTRACTANT TRAP CATCHES OF SCOTOGRAMMA TRIFOLII (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN RELATION TO ITS BIOLOGY IN MANITOBA
Authors: Ayre G. L. , Turnock W. J. , Struble D. L.
Published: December 2009

Tests of intertrap variability in catches of moths of the clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii (Rottenberg), were conducted by placing two traps baited with an artifical sex attractant at 1 mi (1.6 km) intervals to form a grid covering 25 mi2 (64 km2) near Domain, Manitoba. The 50 traps (2/location) placed near the intersects of the grid were baited with a blend of Z-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate and Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol. This blend was 98.6% species-specific for S. trifolii. Moth catches varied between traps and flights, but the ranking of the traps by catch was consistent during any given flight period. Up to 35 traps would be required within an area of 64 km2 (1 trap/1.8 km2) to give a population estimate within 20% of the true mean. Temperature influenced both the initiation of the flights and the number of moths caught at any given time, but there were no correlations between flights and precipitation or wind. Crop type influenced catches of S. trifolii only when moth populations were large. The catch of second generation moths averaged 9.8× the catch of first generation moths. The consistency of this relationship indicates that the annual differences in population density are controlled by variations in winter survival. The latter was linked to the induction of diapause which is governed by daylength during the larval development of the second generation.
XYLOTOPUS, A NEW GENUS OF ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

Study of the Nearctic members of Brillia showed that one species, Brillia par (Coquillett), belonged to an undescribed genus. To establish a name for use in other publications brief descriptions of all stages of this new genus, Xylotopus, are given. Detailed descriptions will be presented later. The identity of the immature stages have been established by rearing. Terminology follows that of Saether (1980).
MANDIBULAR STRUCTURE AND FEEDING HABITS OF THREE MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR COLEOPTEROUS LARVAE: CUCUJUS CLAVIPES (CUCUJIDAE), DENDROIDES CANADENSIS (PYROCHROIDAE), AND PYTHO DEPRESSUS (SALPINGIDAE)
Authors: Smith D. B. , Sears M. K.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Cucujus clavipes (Fabricius) and Dendroides canadensis (Latreille) are frequently found under bark of decaying hardwood logs and those of Pytho depressus (Linnaeus) under that of dead conifers, especially pine (Pinus spp.) (Anderson and Nilssen 1978). Larvae of all three species have a dorsoventrally depressed, orthosomatic body and are well adapted for activity in the cambial layer. In dead trees, this area contains partially decomposed wood and bark resulting from the activity of phytophagous insects and other small invertebrates. According to textbooks of general entomology and other entomological literature, species within the genera Cucujus, Dendroides, and Pytho are predacious on other insects found in the cambial layer (Arnett 1968; Borrer et al. 1976; Borror and White 1970; Essig 1926; Peterson 1951; Swan and Papp 1972). However, no specific references to original studies demonstrating this type of feeding behaviour could be found. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of food consumed by larvae of these species and to determine if the structure of their mandibles and other mouthparts were indicative of such food consumption.
STRIDULATION IN MEROPE TUBER (MECOPTERA: MEROPEIDAE)
Authors: Sanborne P. M.
Published: December 2009

A stridulatory apparatus consisting of the juga of the forewings and specialized areas of the metanotum of both sexes of Merope tuber Newman (Mecoptera: Meropeidae) is described and illustrated. The sounds produced are discussed in light of their possible role in defence and intraspecific communication. This is the first verified instance of stridulation in the Mecoptera.
SELECTIVE PREDATION IN A EURYPHAGOUS INVERTEBRATE PREDATOR, PARDOSA VANCOUVERI (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE)
Authors: Holmberg R. G. , Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

Selective predation (i.e., non-random feeding) was studied in a laboratory system that allowed individual lycosid spiders, Pardosa vancouveri, to feed on prey populations consisting of one or two kinds of insects. Various combinations of male and female fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), “small” and “large” beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor), and nymphal milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus) were used as prey. Female adult and subadult spiders were used as predators. Generally, fruit flies were selected by the spiders over mealworms or milkweed bugs, and small mealworms over large ones. No selection occurred between male and female flies. Very weak or no selection occurred between small beetle larvae and milkweed bugs. Spiders of both age classes showed similar selective tendencies. Prior feeding experiences did not alter feeding selections, but minor changes in the physical complexity of the environment did. Twelve criteria related to development, survival, growth, and fecundity were monitored for 12 groups of spiders fed either single or two-prey combinations of the five kinds of prey. The hierarchy of benefits conferred by the five kinds of prey was the same as that for selection. Male and female fruit flies equally benefited the spiders. The fruit flies yielded the most and large beetle larvae the least number of statistically superior benefits. Small beetle larvae and milkweed bugs were intermediate and about equal. There was no evidence that a mixed (i.e., two) prey diet is better than a single prey diet. It is hypothesized that selective predation by P. vancouveri involves prey sampling, memory of prey attributes, and selection of prey that possess attributes that are associated with high fitness.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTIVITY OF DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Elliott R. H. , Anderson D. W.
Published: December 2009

Codling moth eggs were very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin), particularly when treated topically shortly after oviposition. Regression analysis showed a linear relationship between % hatch and the age at which the eggs were treated with diflubenzuron. The LC50 values for 0- to 21/2- and 3-day-old eggs were 1.1 and 17.2 ppm, respectively. Egg hatch was also inversely related to the length of time the chorion was in contact with the diflubenzuron solution. When the compound had dried on fruit or foliage, residual activity against the eggs was excellent and did not decrease markedly over a 10-day period. The surfactant, Tween 20, enhanced the contact ovicidal activity of diflubenzuron especially on older eggs. Tween 20 also improved the residual activity of diflubenzuron on foliage and immature apples but not waxy mature apples.

Diflubenzuron incorporated into artificial diet was toxic to 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae. The LC50s for the two instars were 48.2 and 8.1 ppm, respectively. When 1st instars fed on diflubenzuron + Tween 20-treated foliage for 2 days, larval entry into apples was not impaired but subsequent larval survival was reduced significantly. However, neither fruit entry nor larval survival was affected when 1st instars were reared on apples which had been dipped in 500 ppm diflubenzuron - Tween 20. Adult codling moths dipped in or fed diflubenzuron solutions showed no marked adverse effects although marginal reductions in egg viability were observed.
PTYCHONEURA (DIPTERA) EGGS ON THE THORAX OF ADULT RHOPALUM CLAVIPES (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Sanborne P. M.
Published: December 2009

Smith (Day and Smith 1980) identified mature dipteran eggs attached to the thorax of adult females of European Rhopalum clavipes (L.) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) as Ptychoneura minuta (Fallén) (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae). R. clavipes is widespread in North America (introduced) but examination of previously collected specimens, a literature search, and discussions with specialists (H. K. Townes, American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan and G. E. Shewell, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada) indicated that this behaviour had not previously been recorded in North America.
EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ON WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) 1 AND 2 YEARS AFTER AERIAL APPLICATION
Authors: Shepherd R. F. , Gray T. G. , Cunningham J. C.
Published: December 2009

An understanding of all environmental effects resulting from control actions is important in the selection of a method of managing insect populations. Effects may extend beyond the year of treatment and can modify management decisions. In 1978, a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) were tested as aerial spray applications against the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, on Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, near Cache Creek, British Columbia. The impact on population densities and on the incidence of NPV was measured in the treated and non-treated areas for 2 vears following the year of application, and is reported here.
NEW RECORDS OF EUROPEAN PILOPHORUS AND ORTHOTYLUS IN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

This note deals with three European species of Orthotylinae now known to occur in Canada. Pilophorus confusus was discovered in 1976 in Nova Scotia and is reported for the first time from the Nearctic region. Additional distribution records are given for Orthotylus nassatus and O. viridinervis previously reported from North America by Henry (1977) and Henry and Wheeler (1979), respectively. The three species were likely introduced accidentally into this country some time ago with nursery stock importations but remained undetected until recently. They are predatory and overwinter in the egg stage. The adults of the three species are illustrated.
SURVIVAL OF PUPAE OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS AND HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Eger Joseph E. , Witz John A. , Hartstack Albert W. , Sterling Winfield L.
Published: December 2009

Mortality of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) and H. zea (Boddie) at low temperatures was assessed in the laboratory. Comparison of the exposure time necessary to induce 50% mortality (LT50) indicated that survival of diapausing pupae was significantly higher than that of non-diapausing pupae. Similar comparisons showed no consistent significant differences in mortality of pupae from different geographic locations within Texas or in pupae preconditioned in several different ways. One exception was the response of pupae of H. virescens preconditioned to varying temperatures. This type of preconditioning appeared to increase the cold-hardiness of pupae at subfreezing temperatures. Contact moisture significantly decreased LT50 values of pupae of both species at sub-zero temperatures. Predictive models for low temperature mortality were developed for dry, diapausing pupae.
PATHOGENICITY OF TWO NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES IN THE BLACK CUTWORM, AGROTIS IPSILON (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE),
Authors: Johnson Timothy B. , Lewis Leslie C.
Published: December 2009

LC50 and LT50 values for two multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis viruses isolated from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer), and a mint looper, Rachiplusia ou (Guenée), were determined against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), neonate larvae, 1-day-old larvae reared at 15 °C before testing, and 1-day-old larvae reared at 27 °C before testing. The results showed that black cutworm larvae have low to moderate susceptibility to these viruses. As the larvae developed, their susceptibility to the viruses rapidly declined. Initial growth of larvae surviving sublethal dosages of these viruses was reduced, but pupal weights of these larvae were not significantly different from untreated controls.