bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: NITRILE 2. MITT. SYNTH. VON BETA,BETA‐DICHLOR‐ACRYLNITRIL UND SEINE RK. MIT EINIGEN NUCLEOPHILEN REAGENTIEN
Authors: HASHIMOTO N. , KAWANO Y. , MORITA K.
Published: February 2016

Die Copyrolyse von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (I) und Acetonitril (II) um 900°C liefert das β,β‐Dichlor‐acrylnitril (III) neben Chlor‐cyano‐acetylen (IV) u.a..
ChemInform Abstract: PERCARBONATE MIT PEROXYALKYLGRUPPEN
Authors: TROFIMOV N. N. , BESENOVA E. P. , ETLIS V. S.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Peroxyalkoholen (I) und Phosgen (II) werden in 7l‐8l%iger Ausbeute die Chlorameisensäureester (III) dargestellt, die mit Na2O2 in Äther zu den Peroxydicarbonaten (IV) umgewandelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE UND PHYSIK DES KOHLENSUBOXIDS
Authors: KOSCHEL D.
Published: February 2016

Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über das Kohlensuboxid (I) gegeben, das als Keten aufzufassen ist, eine lineare zentralsymmetrische Struktur besitzt und mitzahlreichen organischen und anorganischen Reagentien durch Addition an der C=C‐Doppelbindung Malonsäurederivate bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRAMETHYL‐CYCLOHEXAN‐GRUPPE 10. MITT. HYDROCHLORIERUNG VON BETA‐PYRONEN
Authors: UZAREWICZ ARKADIUSZ , ZAIDLEWICZ MAREK
Published: February 2016

Die Behandlung von β‐Pyronen (I) mit HCl liefert ein Gemisch der Chlorcyclohexene (II)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: VORSTUFEN ZUR TOTALSYNTH. VON BETA‐VETIVON
Authors: MUKHARJI P. C. , SEN GUPTA P. K.
Published: February 2016

Durch Cyanäthylierung von m‐Kresylmethyläther in Gegenwart von AlCl3 und Chlorwasserstoff wird 2‐(2‐Methyl‐4‐methoxyphenyD‐propionitril (Ia) erhalten, das sich alkalisch zur Propionsäure (Ib) verseifen läßt. Entmethylierung liefert das Phenol (IIa), das man auch durch Hydrolyse von (Ia) nach der Bromwasserstoff/Eisessig‐Methode direkt erhalten kann.
ChemInform Abstract: MASSENSPEKTRALER BEWEIS FUER DIE BLDG. VON CATENANEN NACH EINEM ′MOEBIUS‐BAND′‐MECHANISMUS
Authors: BEN‐EFRAIM D. A. , BATICH C. , WASSERMAN E.
Published: February 2016

Die bei der Metathese‐Reaktion von Cyclododecen gebildeten cyclischen Polyolefine (I) (schematische Zeichnung, nur 2 Doppelbindungen angegeben) können eine weitere intramolekulare Metathese‐Reaktion eingehen, wobei vor diesem Schritt jedoch eine Drehung des Molekül‐"Bandes" (nach Art des Möbius‐Bandes), z.B. um 360°C, erfolgen kann.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS VON ELEKTROLYTEN AUF DIE RK. ZWISCHEN NITRO‐HALOGEN‐BENZOLEN UND AMINEN
Authors: BUNTON C. A. , ROBINSON L.
Published: February 2016

Für die Umsetzung zwischen den beiden Dinitro‐halogenbenzolen (I) und den Aminen bzw. den Aminosäureanionen (II), (III) wurde ein Effekt zugesetzter Salze festgestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRAZOLIDINE 14. MITT. EINFLUSS DER ENOLISIERUNG AUF DIE STABILITAET DER N‐N‐BINDUNG DES 3,5‐DIOXOPYRAZOLIDINRINGES
Authors: MOLDAVER B. L. , ARONZON M. E. , PAPIRNIK M. P.
Published: February 2016

Bei der katalytischen Hydrierung von 1,2,4‐trisubstituierten 3,5‐Dioxopyrazolidinen (II) in Äthanol tritt Aufspaltung des Ringes unter Bildung der Malonsäuredianilide (III) ein.
ChemInform Abstract: UMWANDLUNG EINIGER CYCLISCHER PHENYLHYDRAZINE IN PHENYLAZO‐VERBINDUNGEN DURCH PERJODSAEURE
Authors: FATIADI A. J.
Published: February 2016

Aus den tautomeren Cyclohexandionen (I) und (II) erhält man mit Phenylhydrazin die Kondensate (III), die durch Perjodsäure glatt zu den Phenylazo‐Verbindungen (IV) oxidiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: EINSTUFEN‐MONOBROMIERUNG VON RESORCIN‐AETHERN
Authors: SCHLEGEL D. C. , TIPTON C. D. , RINEHARDT K. L.
Published: February 2016

Resorcin‐dimethyläther (Ia) und 2‐Methyl‐resorcin‐dimethyläther (Ib) werden durch Dioxan‐dibromid (II) bei ‐20°C glatt zu (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) monobromiert.
ChemInform Abstract: EINIGE DERIVATE DES PHENAETHANOLAMINS ALS MONOAMINOOXIDASE‐INHIBITOREN
Authors: WELLS J. N. , SHIELDS J. K.
Published: February 2016

Die N‐Methyl‐Derivate (II) wurden durch reduktive Methylierung von (I) mit Ameisensäure und Formaldehyd dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFONIERUNG NEGATIV SUBSTITUIERTER TERT.‐BUTYLBENZOL‐DERIVATE
Authors: GILBERT E. E.
Published: February 2016

Die systematische Untersuchung der Sulfonierung p‐substituierter tert.‐Butylbenzole zeigt, daß eine Einführung einer Sulfonsäuregruppe in o‐Stellung zum tert.‐Butylrest nicht erreicht werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: UNGESAETTIGTE HARNSTOFF‐ UND OXALSAEUREDERIVATE
Authors: DIEFENBACH H. , RINGSDORF H.
Published: February 2016

Durch Umsetzung der ungesättigten Amide (I) mit Benzoylisocyanat bzw. Phenylsulfonylisocyanat wurden die ungesättigten Acylharnstoffe (III) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: BETA‐KETO‐SULFOXIDE 8. MITT. SAUER‐KATALYSIERTE RK. VON BETA‐HYDROXY‐SULFIDEN UND DIE HYDRATISIERUNG VON VINYL‐SULFIDEN, SYNTH. VON KETENMERCAPTALEN, ALPHA‐SUBSTITUIERTEN PHENYLTHIOESSIGSAEUREN UND ALPHA‐SUBSTITUIERTEN PHENYL‐ACETALDEHYDEN
Authors: RUSSELL G. A. , OCHRYMOWYCZ L. A.
Published: February 2016

Nach der Überführung in die Anionen (II) werden die beiden Carbinole (I) mit Tosylchlorid oder Thionylchlorid unter Annahme der Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) unter Wanderung einer Methylmercaptogruppe in die Vinylthioäther (V) übergeführt, die als Gemisch aus cis‐ und trans‐Isomeren erhalten und durch Säure in die trans‐Isomeren übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: ALPHA‐ALKENYL‐ISOCYANATE
Authors: SAMARAJ L. I. , VISNEVSKIJ O. V. , DERKAC G. I.
Published: February 2016

Die Ketimine (I) reagieren mit Phosgen (II) in Toluol in 70‐75%iger Ausbeute zu den Isocyanaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MONO‐ UND DIBENZOYLIERUNG VON M‐DIMETHOXYBENZOL
Authors: ZEMZINA I. N. , CUKERVANIK I. P. , STENINA Z. M.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reaktion der Titelverbindung (I) mit Benzoylchlorid in Gegenwart von FeCl3 oder Eisenpulver (3 Stunden bei 220°C) wird in 85%iger Ausbeute das Benzophenon (III) erhalten; daneben entsteht etwas (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ZERS. EINES TETRAHYDROMETHANOPHTHALAZINS, RETRODIEN‐RK. IN KONKURRENZ ZUR STICKSTOFF‐ELIMINIERUNG UND ELEKTROCYCLISCHE UMWANDLUNG EINES TRICYCLO(6,1,0,0(2,7))NONADIENS
Authors: LAY W. P. , MACKENZIE K.
Published: February 2016

Behandlung von (I) mit Schwefelsäure liefert unter Decarboxylierung das Salz (II), das durch Neutralisation und Oxidation in die Azoverbindung (III) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ABFANGEN EINER RADIKAL‐ZWISCHENSTUFE BEI DER PHOTOCHEMISCHEN UMLAGERUNG EINES ALLYLCHLORIDS
Authors: JARVIS B. B. , FITCH R. O.
Published: February 2016

UV‐Belichtung der Trichlormethyl‐Verbindung (I) bei 25°C in BrCCl3 führt über das Allyl‐Radikal (II) zu den β‐Chlor‐ bzw. β‐Brom‐dichlormethylen‐Verbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. STEREOISOMERER AMINOALKOHOLE DER FURANREIHE
Authors: KRALININA L. N. , KRUGLIKOVA R. I. , BOGOMOLOVA V. I.
Published: February 2016

Durch Anlagerung sekundärer Amine (Dimethyl‐, Diäthyl‐, Dipropylamin, Piperidin) in wäßriger Lösung (Rohr, 25 Stdn., Dampfbad) an 2,5‐Dialkoxy‐3,4‐epoxytetrahydrofuran (I) entsteht nur ein Aminoderivat (II).
ChemInform Abstract: AMINIERUNGSRK. AN DIHYDROFURANO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDINEN
Authors: CAMPAIGNE E. , ELLIS R. L.
Published: February 2016

Ausgehend von Isobutyrophenon (I) erhält man in bekannter Weise das Lacton (II), das mit Phosphoroxychlorid zu (III) dehydratisiert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON BETA‐(BENZOFURYL‐(3))‐AETHYLAMINEN UND EINIGEN DERIVATEN
Authors: FOURNIER CLAUDE , BOYER FRANCOIS
Published: February 2016

Aus den Methylestern (I) werden durch Curtius‐Abbau der entsprechenden Azide zu den Isocyanaten (II) und anschließende Hydrolyse die Äthylamine (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON ALPHA‐METHYLEN‐GAMMA‐BUTYROLACTONEN
Authors: BEHARE E. S. , MILLER R. B.
Published: February 2016

Reaktion des trans‐Octahydrobenzofuranons‐(2) (I) in Dioxan mit 30%igem, wäßrigem Formaldehyd, Dimethylamin und Dimethylaminhydrochlorid liefert in hoher Ausbeute das Amin (II), das bei 20°C mit Methyljodid in Methanol zum Salz (III) quaternisiert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: THIO‐CLAISEN‐ UND THIOPROPINYL‐UMLAGERUNGEN VON PROPIN‐2‐YL‐ UND ALLENYL‐PHENYL‐SULFIDEN
Authors: KWART H. , GEORGE T. J.
Published: February 2016

Thermolyse des Sulfids (I) in Chinolin bei 200°C liefert hauptsächlich das Thionaphthen (II) und das Phenyl‐allenylsulfid (III), das mit Cyclopentadien (V) bei 200°C unter Bildung des Diels‐Alder‐Addukts (VI) abgefangen werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPHEN‐ANALOGA DES PHENANTHRENS 1. MITT. BENZO(1,2‐C, 3,4‐C′)DITHIOPHEN
Authors: MACDOWELL D. W. H. , MAXWELL M. H.
Published: February 2016

3,4‐Dibrom‐thiophen (I) kann mit Butyllithium bei ‐78°C selektiv metalliert und in Gegenwart von Cu(II) zum 4,4′‐Dibrom‐3,3′‐dithienyl (II) kondensiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UNGESAETTIGTER KETONE UND DELTA(2)‐PYRAZOLINDERIVATE, DIE DAS INDOLRINGSYSTEM ENTHALTEN
Authors: CUKERMAN S. V. , BUGAJ A. I. , NIKITCENKO V. M. , LAVRUSIN V. F.
Published: February 2016

Durch Kondensation von 3‐Acetylindolen (I) mit Aldehyden (II) bzw. 3‐Formylindolen (IV) mit Methylketonen (V) in alkalischer Lösung wurden zahlreiche ungesättigte Ketone der Struktur (III) (40 ‐ 62%) bzw. (VI) (25 ‐ 66%) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON HEXAMETHYLBICYCLO(2,2,0)HEXADIEN MIT CYANAZID UND BENZOLSULFONYLAZID
Authors: ANASTASSIOU A. G. , EACHUS S. W.
Published: February 2016

Hexamethylbicyclo(2,2,0)hexadien (I) und Cyanazid (II) bilden in Essigsäureäthylester nach 10stündiger Reaktion bei Raumtemperatur das 1:1‐Addukt (IIIa) (30% Ausbeute), dagegen bei 0°C die Verbindung (V) in 23%iger Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: VILSMEIER‐HAACK‐RK. 4. MITT. RK. VON PHOSPHOROXYCHLORID/DIMETHYLFORMAMID MIT SEMICARBAZONEN
Authors: KIRA M. A. , ABOUL‐ENEIN M. N. , KORKOR M. I.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung der Semicarbazone (Ia)‐(If) von Methylketonen mit Phosphoroxychlorid/Dimethylformamid nach Vilsmeier‐Haack liefert die Pyrazol‐aldehyde (II), während aus Benzaldehyd‐semicarbazonen (III) die Salze (IV) erhalten werden, die mit Alkali zu den Azinen (V) neutralisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. EINIGER 2‐SUBSTITUIERTER 1‐PHENYLIMIDAZOLE
Authors: SITKINA L. M. , SIMONOV A. M.
Published: February 2016

Ausgehend vom l‐Phenyl‐2‐formylimidazol (II) wurden zur biologischen Prüfung verschiedene Imidazol‐Derivate hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE KONDENSATIONSRK. VON 1,1,3,3‐TETRAKIS‐2‐CHLORAETHYL‐HARNSTOFF
Authors: SETTEPANI J. A. , PETTIT G. R.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung von Bis‐2‐chloräthyl‐carbamoylchlorid (I) mit den sekundären Aminen (II) erhält man über die Harnstoffstufe (III) hinaus unter Annahme von Zwischenstufen (IV) und Eliminierung von Chlorid (V) die substituierten Imidazolidinone (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON 5‐METHYL‐11H‐ISOINDOLO(2,1‐A)BENZIMIDAZOLIUM‐SALZEN
Authors: IRICK G.
Published: February 2016

Durch Behandlung mit Phosphortribromid erhält man aus dem Benzylalkohol (I) das Cyclisierungsprodukt (II), das mit Alkali in Isoindolo(1,2‐b)benzothiazol (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIELLE ANTINEOPLASTICA 2. MITT. 1‐THIOCARBAMOYL‐3‐METHYL‐4‐ARYLHYDRAZONO‐2‐PYRAZOLIN‐5‐ONE, 2‐AMINO‐4‐PHENYL‐5‐ARYLAZOTHIAZOLE UND N‐PHENYL‐N′‐2‐(4‐PHENYL‐5‐ARYLAZOTHIAZOLYL)‐THIOCARBAMIDE
Authors: GARG H. G. , SHARMA R. A.
Published: February 2016

Das aus (I) und (II) erhaltene Thiosemicarbazon (III) wurde in flüssigem Ammoniak cyclisiert zu dem Pyrazolinon (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISCHE ANALOGA DES CYCLOPENTADIENYLIDENCYCLOHEPTATRIENS VON 1,3,4‐OXADIAZOL UND 1,2,4‐TRIAZOL
Authors: BOYD G. V. , HARMS M. D.
Published: February 2016

Aus dem Hydrazid (I) wird über das Oxadiazol (II) (70%) das quaternäre Salz (III) (71%) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZOPYRANDERIVATE
Authors: TANAKA J. , KATAGIRI T. , YAMADA S. , LIAN YU YEN LIAN YU YEN
Published: February 2016

Hydrochinon (I) reagiert mit 1‐Chlor‐3‐methyl‐buten‐(2) (II) in Gegenwart von Zink(II)‐chlorid in Schwefelkohlenstoff u.a. zu den durch fraktionierte Kristallisation trennbaren Verbindungen (III)‐(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: DITHIAAROMATEN 2. MITT. THIENO(3,2‐C)‐ UND THIENO(2,3‐C)‐THIAPYRYLIUMPERCHLORATE
Authors: YOUNG T. E. , HAMEL C. R.
Published: February 2016

Die beiden noch unbekannten Thieno‐thiapyrylium‐perchlorate (III) und (VI) werden aus den bekannten Ketonen (I) bzw. (IV) durch Reduktion zu den Carbinolen (II) und (V) und nachfolgende Behandlung mit Tritylperchlorat hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. CYCLISCHER SULFIDE 1. MITT. SYNTH. VON 1‐THIADECALIN UND 2‐METHYL‐1‐THIAHYDRINDAN
Authors: DRONOV V. I. , KRIVONOGOV V. P. , NIKITINA V. S.
Published: February 2016

Das Epoxid (I) wird mit Allylmagnesiumbromid (II) und Vinylmagnesiumbromid zu 2‐Allylcyclohexanol‐(1) (III) und 2‐Vinylcyclohexanol‐(1) (V) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HYDROTHIOXANTHENEN 7. MITT.
Authors: CHARCENKO V. G. , RASSUDOVA A. A. , KRUPINA T. I. , KLIMENKO S. K. , CEPURNENKOVA T. P.
Published: February 2016

Die symm.‐Octahydrothioxanthyliumperchlorate (I) geben mit Grignardverbindungen die Octahydrothioxanthene (II), die sich zu Sulfonen oxidieren lassen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RADIKALARTIGE PHENYLIERUNG VON DIMETHYL‐PYRIDINEN 1. MITT. QUANTITATIVE UNTERSUCHUNG DER REAKTIVITAET 2. MITT. IDENTIFIZIERUNG UND SYNTH. DER ERHALTENEN ISOMEREN
Authors: BONNIER J. M. , COURT J. , GELUS M.
Published: February 2016

Durch homolytische Phenylierung der 6 isomeren Lutidine (I) mit Benzoylperoxid bei 80°C (48 Std.) in neutralem bzw. saurem [Eisessig/HCl] Medium entstehen Gemische verschiedener Zusammensetzung der jeweiligen 3 isomeren Monophenylderivate (II), die durch Gaschromatographie getrennt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON OXIMEN 3. MITT. RK. VON JOD/DIMETHYLSULFOXID MIT METHYLPYRIDINEN
Authors: MARKOVAC A. , STEVENS C. L. , ASH A. B. , HACKLEY B. E.
Published: February 2016

Methylpyridine (I) reagieren mit Jod/Dimethylsulfoxid in exothermer Reaktion über die Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) zu den Aldehyden (IV), die sofort weiter in die als Gegenmittel bei einer Vergiftung mit Organophosphorverbindungen interessanten Oxime (V) und ihre Salze (VI) übergeführt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLISCHE ANALOGA DES CYCLOPENTADIENYLIDENCYCLOHEPTATRIENS AUS PYRIDIN
Authors: BOYD G. V. , ELLIS A. W. , HARMS M. D.
Published: February 2016

Die quaternären Pyridiniumsalze (II) mit einer freien 4‐Position reagieren mit Cyclopentadien zu den Pyridinen (I) bzw. mit Inden zu den Analogen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON PYRYLIUMSALZEN MIT HETEROCYCLISCHEN AMINEN
Authors: DOROFEENKO G. N. , NARKEVIC A. N. , ZDANOV JU. A. , SOROKA T. G.
Published: February 2016

2,4,6‐Trimethylpyryliumperchlorat (I) reagiert in Eisessig oder Äthanol mit 2‐Aminothiazol (II), 2‐Aminobenzothiazol (IV), 2‐Aminomethylbenzimidazol (VI) und 3‐Aminopyridin (VIII) zu den Kollidinperchloraten (III), (V), (VII) und (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. SUBSTITUIERTER AMIDINE
Authors: OSZCZAPOWICZ JANUSZ
Published: February 2016

Die Amidine (I) reagieren mit Piperidin (II) zu den Amidinen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. SUBSTITUIERTER 1‐STYRYL‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐ISOCHINOLINE
Authors: HARMON R. E. , JENSEN B. L. , GUPTA S. K. , NELSON J. D.
Published: February 2016

Die Kondensation der Säurechloride (I), die aus 1,1‐Diaryläthylenen mit Oxalylchlorid bzw. den betreffenden Säuren und Thionylchlorid hergestellt und z.Tl. in Form von Stereoisomeren vorliegen, werden mit dem Phenäthylamin (II) über die Amide (III) zu den Isochinolin‐Derivaten (IV) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLEN 3. MITT. SYNTH. VON FURO(2,3‐B)PYRIDIN
Authors: SLIWA HENRI
Published: February 2016

Die Bromierung des Esters (I), nachfolgende Decarboxylierung bei 45°C und Ätherspaltung bei 90°C liefert das Pyridon (II) (58% Ausbeute), das sich mit AgOH in Methanol zum Furopyridin (III) (78%) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER THIENO‐PYRIDINE 8. MITT. SUBSTITUTIONSPRODUKTE AUS THIENO(2,3‐B)PYRIDIN‐7‐OXID
Authors: KLEMM L. H. , BARNISH T. T. , ZELL R.
Published: February 2016

Thieno(2,3‐b)pyridin (I) liefert mit Wasserstoffperoxid das N‐Oxid (II), das bei der Nitrierung in Schwefelsäure bei 90 ‐ 120°C in die 4‐Nitro‐Verbindung (III), bei der Nitrierung in Eisessig bei 120°C jedoch in die 5‐Nitro‐Verbindung (VI) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLEN 2. MITT. UNTERSUCHUNGEN IN DER THIAPYRANO(2,3‐B)PYRIDIN‐REIHE
Authors: SLIWA HENRI
Published: February 2016

Das Chlorpyridin (I) reagiert mit Na‐thioäthylat zum Thioäther (II) (74% Ausbeute), der sich in Gegenwart von Na mit Äthylacetat zum Keton (III) (26%) kondensiert; daneben entsteht das entsprechende 2‐Äthoxypyridin, da die Äthylmercapto‐Gruppe durch das sich bildende Äthoxyl leicht substituiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFACHE SYNTH. DES NAPHTH(2,1‐B)OXEPIN‐ UND DES NAPHTH(2,1‐B)OXOCIN‐SYST.
Authors: JONAS J. , FORREST T. P.
Published: February 2016

In Gegenwart von sauren Katalysatoren (HCl in Eisessig) erhält man bei der Reaktion zwischen β‐Naphthol (I) und dem 2,5‐Dimethoxy‐tetrahydrofuran (II) bzw. dem 2‐Äthoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran (III) über kationische Zwischenstufen die beiden tetracyclischen Kondensate (IVa) und (IVb), die z.B. durch Lithiumalanat in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid zu den Diolen (Va) und (Vb) reduziert oder mit 2,4‐Dinitrophenyl‐hydrazin (VI) zu (VIIa) und (VIIb) kondensiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLISCHE AETHER UND ACETALE 3. MITT. 2,6‐DERIVATE DES 1,4‐DIOXANS
Authors: SMIRNOV V. V. , ANTONOVA N. G. , ZOTOV S. B. , KVASNJUK‐MUDRYJ F. V. , SITANOVA N. A.
Published: February 2016

Aus Epichlorhydrin (I) und Allylalkohol (II) erhält man in konz. Schwefelsäure (6 Stdn. erwärmen) die Verbindung (III), die mit Natrium‐methylat 1‐Alkoxy‐3‐methoxypropanol‐(2) (IV) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFOAETHYLIERUNG 2. MITT. SULFOAETHYLBETAINE AUS TERT. AMINEN
Authors: LE BERRE ANDRE , ETIENNE ANDRE , DUMAITRE BERNARD
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion der entsprechenden, heterocyclischen Amine mit Äthensulfonylchlorid (SC) entstehen in protischen Lösungsmitteln über drei Stufen [Addition des Amins an die Doppelbindung von SC, Hydratisierung und thermische Dehydrochlorierung (120°C) der intermediären Verbindung] Sulfobetaine, wie z.B. (I) (62‐90% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,3‐TRIMETHYL‐CHINOXALINIUMSALZE 1. MITT. DARST. UND ALLGEMEINE EIGENSCHAFTEN
Authors: LE BRIS MARIE‐THERESE
Published: February 2016

Die systematische Untersuchung der Quaternisierung von 2,3‐Dimethyl‐chinoxalin durch Dimethylsulfat ergab, daß die höchste Ausbeute (ca.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLEN 330. MITT. SYNTH. EINER HOMOCULARIN‐ AEHNLICHEN VERBINDUNG
Authors: KAMETANI T. , TERUI T.
Published: February 2016

Die Kondensation zwischen dem Phenäthylamin (I) und der Carbonsäure (II) führt zum Amid (III), das nach Bischler‐Napieralski zu den Isomeren (IV) cyclisiert, anschließend reduziert und zu (Va), (Vb) debenzyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN DISPERSER FARBSTOFFE MIT HYDROXYAETHOXYMETHYL‐GRUPPEN
Authors: BORODKIN V. F. , PETROVA R. A. , VICHAREVA N. M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Oxäthylierung von im Phenylrest chlormethylierten Arylaminoanthrachinonen (6 ‐ l0 Stdn. bei 120°C) werden die oxäthylierten Methylarylaminoanthrachinone (I)‐(V) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND ABSORPTIONSSPEKTREN VON PHTHALEINEN 8. MITT. THYMOL‐KRESOL‐PHTHALEINE
Authors: GRONOWSKA JANINA
Published: February 2016

Durch Kondensation der Ketosäure (I) mit den Kresolen (II) werden die Phthaleine (III) dargestellt, die andererseits durch Kondensation der Säuren (IV) mit Thymol (V) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. DES BENZO(A)PHENOXAZINONS‐(9) MIT AETHYLENIMIN
Authors: AFANAS'EVA G. B.
Published: February 2016

Benzo(a)phenoxazinon‐(9) (I) reagiert in Benzol mit Äthylenimin zur Verbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALOIDE VON GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS 3. MITT. SEMPERVIRIN
Authors: BENTLEY R. , STEVENS T. S. , THOMPSON M.
Published: February 2016

Das Indol (Ia), das nach Fischer aus 2‐Acetylpyridinphenylhydrazon dargestellt wird, reagiert mit dem Aldehyd (II) in der 1‐Position und nicht wie gewünscht in der 3‐Position zum quatenären Salz (IIIa), das mit HCl das Indolopyridopyraziniumchlorid (IVa) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLIERUNG UND SYNTH. VON DOLICHOTELIN
Authors: ROSENBERG H. , PAUL A. G.
Published: February 2016

Aus Dolichothele sphaerica, einer im südlichen Texas und im nördlichen Mexiko beheimateten Kakteen‐Art, wurde das Imidazol‐Alkaloid Dolichothelin isoliert und als 4(5)‐(2‐N‐Isovalerylaminoäthyl)‐imidazol (N‐Isovalerylhistamin) (I) charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTALSYNTH. VON LOGANIN
Authors: BUECHI G. , CARLSON JOHN A. , POWELL J. E. JUN. , TIETZE L.‐F.
Published: February 2016

Der Ester (I) setzt sich bei UV‐Bestrahlung mit dem Äther (II) und nachfolgender Behandlung mit Methanol zur Hydroxyverbindung (III) (45% Ausbeute) um, deren Oxidation zum Keton (IV) (45%) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMOLYSE UND PHOTOLYSE VON UNGESAETTIGTEN KETONEN 18. MITT. TOTALSYNTH. VON 12‐KETO‐STEROIDEN DURCH THERMOCYCLISIERUNG VON 3‐(BUTEN‐(3)‐YL)‐CYCLOHEXANONEN
Authors: BESLIN PIERRE , CONIA JEAN‐MARIE
Published: February 2016

Der Ketodiester (I) wird zum entsprechenden Alkohol (95% Ausbeute) hydriert, dessen Oxidation den Ketodiester (II) (69%) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: BIOSYNTH. VON STEROIDEN UND TERPENOIDEN 2. MITT. 24‐METHYLENDERIVATE IN DER BIOSYNTH. VON STEROIDEN UND TERPENOIDEN
Authors: BARTON D. H. R. , HARRISON D. M. , MOSS G. P. , WIDDOWSON D. A.
Published: February 2016

Lanosterinacetat (I) wird mit Monoperphthalsäure in die epimeren Epoxide (II) übergeführt, die mit B‐trifluorid‐Äther zu dem Keton (III) umgesetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLISCHE KETALE UND ACETALE VON DIGITOXIN, DIGOXIN UND OUABAIN
Authors: ISHAQ KH. S. , GISVOLD O.
Published: February 2016

Durch Umsetzung von 2,2‐Dimethoxypropan in Aceton oder mit 1,1‐Dimethoxyäthan und Acetaldehyd in Methylenchlorid in Gegenwart einer Spur Chlorwasserstoff wurden Digitoxin, Digoxin und Ouabain in ihre Isopropyliden‐ und Äthyliden‐Derivate umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON ARGININ‐OLIGOPEPTIDEN
Authors: ITO H. , ICHIKIZAKI I. , ANDO T.
Published: February 2016

Aus Carbobenzoxy‐nitro‐L‐arginin (I) wird mit Chlorameisensäureäthylester (II) und Nitro‐L‐arginin‐methylester (III) in Gegenwart von Tributylamin zunächst Carbobenzoxy‐nitro‐L‐arginyl‐nitro‐L‐arginin‐methylester (IV) synthetisiert (45% Ausbeute).
ChemInform Abstract: ADENOSIN‐5′‐BIS‐(DIHYDROXYPHOSPHINYLMETHYL)‐PHOSPHINAT, DAS ALPHA,BETA, BETA,GAMMA‐BIS‐METHYLENANALOGE VON ADENOSIN‐5′‐TRIPHOSPHAT
Authors: TROWBRIDGE DALE B. , KENYON GEORGE L.
Published: February 2016

Der Ester (Ia) wird mit HBr in die freie Säure (Ib) übergeführt, aus der in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid und Tri‐n‐butylamin mit Cyclohexylamin das Salz (IIa) des cyclischen Bis‐methylen‐Analogen der Trimetaphosphorsäure erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON NUCLEOSIDEN 1. MITT. 9‐(3‐O‐(N‐HEXYL)‐ALPHA,BETA‐D‐XYLOFURANOSYL)‐ADENIN UND 9‐(3‐O‐(N‐HEXYL)‐5‐DESOXY‐ALPHA,BETA‐D‐XYLOFURANOSYL)‐ADENIN
Authors: MURRAY D. H. , PROKOP J.
Published: February 2016

(III) und die Tritylgruppe durch Erhitzen in einer wäßrig‐alkoholischen Lösung von Essigsäure entfernt.
Personal reflections on natural history as common ground for interdisciplinary multispecies socio‐ecological research
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Meredith
Published: February 2016

Interdisciplinary research between social and environmental sciences can meet difficulties when attempting to combine qualitative and quantitative field methods. Natural history, largely sidelined from professional science, may have value as a practice with elements common to the social and environmental sciences. In this commentary, I reflect on my own natural history knowledge and practice related to my primary research habitat in central Chile, and how natural history has helped me to generate interdisciplinary approaches. I propose that three key elements of natural history practice in an interdisciplinary context are observation, interpretation, and the human context of engagement with nature. Natural history practice can help to build consensual knowledge and trust within interdisciplinary teams. It can also generate novel research directions through a return to direct engagement with nature.
Impact of Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection on the Survival of Patients with T3 and T4 Low Rectal Cancer
Authors: Ozawa Heita , Kotake Kenjiro , Hosaka Miki , Hirata Akira , Sugihara Kenichi
Published: February 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to clarify the survival benefit of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) for patients with pathological T3 and T4 (pT3/T4) low rectal cancer.

Methods

We evaluated the impact of LPLND on survival for pT3/T4 low rectal cancer patients. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS). The large‐scale database of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum registration system was accessed and the data were analyzed using a propensity score matching method based on the likelihood of receiving LPLND. Using seven covariates, the propensity scores were calculated with multivariate logistic regression. A total of 499 propensity score‐matched pairs of patients were selected from the entire cohort of 1,840 patients who had received curative resection for pT3/T4 low rectal cancer between 1995 and 2004.

Results

In the matched cohort, the 5‐year OS of the patients who had and had not undergone LPLND were 68.9 and 62.0 %, respectively (p = 0.013; hazard ratio [HR], 0.755; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.604–0.944). The 5‐year OS of the patients with node‐negative disease who had and had not received LPLND differed statistically significantly (5‐year OS were 82.1 and 71.4 %, respectively. p = 0.006; HR, 0.579; 95 % CI 0.389–0.862). However, those with node‐positive disease did not differ significantly (5‐year OS were 55.5 and 53.8 %, respectively. p = 0.415; HR 0.893; 95 % CI 0.681–1.172).

Conclusions

The impact of LPLND on OS for patients with node‐negative pT3/T4 low rectal cancer was suggested in this retrospective cohort study. To determine true benefits and harms of LPLND, further prospective studies may be warranted.
Characteristics of Postoperative Recurrence in Lymph Node‐Negative Superficial Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Ozawa Yohei , Kamei Takashi , Nakano Toru , Taniyama Yusuke , Miyagi Shigehito , Ohuchi Noriaki
Published: February 2016

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the recurrence rates, timings, locations, and risk factors, and survival in patients with lymph node‐negative superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs).

Methods

We investigated 167 patients with pathological T1 thoracic ESCC who underwent curative esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy between 1986 and 2013. They were classified into lymph node‐negative and lymph node‐positive groups, each of which included 15 relapsed patients. The recurrence rates, timings, locations, and risk factors, and survival were examined retrospectively.

Results

Significantly better recurrence (12.4 %) and the 5‐year overall survival (85.7 %) rates were seen in patients with node‐negative superficial ESCC compared with those with node‐positive superficial ESCC. Relapsed patients with node‐negative superficial ESCC showed a 5‐month delay in the time to recurrence compared with relapsed patients with node‐positive superficial ESCC, but the recurrence locations were similar. Upper thoracic tumors and the presence of lymph node metastases were independent risk factors for recurrence in superficial ESCC patients, but we did not determine any risk factors in patients who were node negative only. The 5‐year overall survival rates did not differ between relapsed node‐negative and node‐positive patients. Furthermore, the mean times to death and the survival rates from recurrence to death were similar in the node‐negative (20.3 months and 9.3 %, respectively) and in the node‐positive patients (19.1 months and 13.6 %, respectively) who had relapsed.

Conclusions

Node‐negative and node‐positive superficial ESCC patients should be followed up similarly, because when recurrences occur, the prognoses and the times to death are similar in node‐negative and node‐positive superficial ESCC patients.
Are Routine Blood Group and Save Samples Needed for Laparoscopic Day Case Surgery?
Authors: Thomson Peter M. , Ross Jack , Mukherjee Samrat , Mohammadi Borzoueh
Published: February 2016

Background

Common day case laparoscopic procedures are usually safe, with low rates of bleeding complications. At our trust, most patients undergo pre‐operative group and save (G&S) for these procedures, at a cost of £18.39 per sample excluding laboratory staffing costs. Our aim was to assess if routine G&S is indicated.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIH) and diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in our institution between April 2012 and March 2014. Patients were identified using hospital coding records. Transfusion department records were reviewed to see which patients had undergone pre‐operative G&S or cross‐match, and peri‐operative transfusion.

Results

Five hundred and thirty‐two procedures were performed in 2 years: 293 LC, 123 LIH and 116 DL. G&S was performed in 256 (87 %; LC), 67 (54 %; LIH) and 88 (76 %; DL), respectively. Zero patients were transfused for bleeding complications. One patient was transfused following diagnostic laparoscopy to optimise pre‐existing anaemia. The total cost of G&S over the study period was £7558.

Conclusion

Blood transfusion rates for bleeding complications following laparoscopic day case surgery are 0 % in our unit. G&S samples for these procedures cost £7558 over 2 years. Abandoning pre‐operative G&S for these patients appears to be clinically indicated and would lead to substantial financial savings.
Residual N‐acetyl‐α‐glucosaminidase activity in fibroblasts correlates with disease severity in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB
Authors: Meijer O. L. M. , Welling L. , Valstar M. J. , Hoefsloot L. H. , Brüggenwirth H. T. , van der Ploeg A. T. , Ruijter G. J. G. , Wagemans T. , Wijburg F. A. , van Vlies N.
Published: February 2016

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare genetic disorder in which the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N‐acetyl‐α‐glucosaminidase (NAGLU) results in the accumulation of heparan sulfate (HS), leading to progressive neurocognitive deterioration. In MPS IIIB a wide spectrum of disease severity is seen. Due to a large allelic heterogeneity, establishing genotype‐phenotype correlations is difficult. However, reliable prediction of the natural course of the disease is needed, in particular for the assessment of the efficacy of potential therapies.

Methods

To identify markers that correlate with disease severity, all Dutch patients diagnosed with MPS IIIB were characterised as either rapid (RP; classical, severe phenotype) or slow progressors (SP; non‐classical, less severe phenotype), based on clinical data. NAGLU activity and HS levels were measured in patients’ fibroblasts after culturing at different temperatures.

Results

A small, though significant difference in NAGLU activity was measured between RP and SP patients after culturing at 37 °C (p < 0.01). Culturing at 30 °C resulted in more pronounced and significantly higher NAGLU activity levels in SP patients (p < 0.001) with a NAGLU activity of 0.58 nmol.mg‐1.hr‐1 calculated to be the optimal cut‐off value to distinguish between the groups (sensitivity and specificity 100 %). A lower capacity of patients’ fibroblasts to increase NAGLU activity at 30 °C could significantly predict for the loss of several disease specific functions.

Conclusion

NAGLU activity in fibroblasts cultured at 30 °C can be used to discriminate between RP and SP MPS IIIB patients and the capacity of cells to increase NAGLU activity at lower temperatures correlates with disease symptoms.
A prospective study into the benefits of simulation training in teaching obstetric vaginal examination
Authors: Arias Tatiana , Tran Antoine , Breaud Jean , Fournier Jean Paul , Bongain André , Delotte Jérôme
Published: February 2016

Objective

To assess the benefits of incorporating simulations in obstetric vaginal‐examination training.

Methods

A single‐center, randomized, prospective study was conducted in a French University Hospital. Medical students without obstetric experience were assigned, by simple random sampling, to perform either 10 or 30 vaginal‐examination training procedures using a simulator. A control group of students that had not performed any simulator training procedures was also enrolled. Medical students performed six vaginal examinations on patients who were in labor. The students reported the findings of the examinations in terms of five items (cervical length, position, consistency, dilation, and fetal presentation). The students' findings were then compared with those of experienced midwives (whose answers were considered to be the gold standard) who examined the same patients.

Results

A total of 66 students were included in the analyses. Students who had performed 10 simulated procedures demonstrated significantly greater accuracy in vaginal examination assessments in comparison with the control group (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the results for students that had performed 10 or 30 simulated procedures (P = 0.44).

Conclusion

Simulation training assisted novice students in improving their vaginal‐examination skills before performing such procedures on real patients. Vaginal‐examination simulations should be included in the training curriculum for students who will examine pregnant patients.
Regulatory developments in the conduct of clinical trials in India
Authors: Roy Chaudhury R. , Mehta D.
Published: February 2016

There has been a drop in clinical research in India following stringent conditions put in place by the Indian Supreme Court in 2013. The Court's orders came in the wake of irregularities highlighted in the conduct of clinical trials in the country. This paper highlights the steps taken by the Indian regulator, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation to comply with these directions. These are of three kinds: strengthening regulatory institutions, protecting participant safety and creating regulatory certainty for sponsors and investigators. Examples include the large-scale training of Ethics Committees, framing detailed guidelines on compensation and audiovisual recording of the informed consent process, as well as reducing the time taken to process applications. It is expected that these measures will inspire confidence for the much-needed resumption of clinical research.
Higher dietary diversity is related to better visual and auditory sustained attention
Authors: Shiraseb Farideh , Siassi Fereydoun , Qorbani Mostafa , Sotoudeh Gity , Rostami Reza , Narmaki Elham , Yavari Parvaneh , Aghasi Mohadeseh , Shaibu Osman Mohammed
Published: February 2016

Attention is a complex cognitive function that is necessary for learning, for following social norms of behaviour and for effective performance of responsibilities and duties. It is especially important in sensitive occupations requiring sustained attention. Improvement of dietary diversity (DD) is recognised as an important factor in health promotion, but its association with sustained attention is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the association between auditory and visual sustained attention and DD. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 400 women aged 20–50 years who attended sports clubs at Tehran Municipality. Sustained attention was evaluated on the basis of the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test using Integrated Visual and Auditory software. A single 24-h dietary recall questionnaire was used for DD assessment. Dietary diversity scores (DDS) were determined using the FAO guidelines. The mean visual and auditory sustained attention scores were 40·2 (sd35·2) and 42·5 (sd38), respectively. The mean DDS was 4·7 (sd1·5). After adjusting for age, education years, physical activity, energy intake and BMI, mean visual and auditory sustained attention showed a significant increase as the quartiles of DDS increased (P=0·001). In addition, the mean subscales of attention, including auditory consistency and vigilance, visual persistence, visual and auditory focus, speed, comprehension and full attention, increased significantly with increasing DDS (P<0·05). In conclusion, higher DDS is associated with better visual and auditory sustained attention.
“Documents, Please”
Authors: Hunter Wendy , Brill Robert
Published: February 2016

A birth certificate is essential to exercising citizenship, yet vast numbers of poor people in developing countries have no official record of their existence. Few academic studies analyze the conditions under which governments come to document and certify births routinely, and those that do leave much to be explained, including why nontotalitarian governments at low to middle levels of economic development come to prioritize birth registration. This article draws attention to the impetus that welfare-building initiatives give to identity documentation. The empirical focus is on contemporary Latin America, where extensions in institutionalized social protection since the 1990s have increased the demand for and supply of birth registration, raising the life chances of the poor and building state infrastructure in the process. The authors' argument promises to have broader applicability as welfare states form in other developing regions.
Studies on Animals and the Rise of Comparative Anatomy at and around the Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Schmitt Stéphane
Published: February 2016

Argument

This paper aims to understand the emergence of comparative anatomy in the eighteenth century in the Parisian Académie Royale des Sciences. As early as the 1670s, a program centered on animal anatomy was conceived, which was a first attempt to give some autonomy to studies on animals and to link anatomy with natural history, but it declined after 1690. However, a variety of studies on animals was published in theMémoiresof the Académie during the eighteenth century. We propose a descriptive typology of them in order to explore the status of animals and the significance of anatomy in each type, and to determine, in particular, which elements of Perrault's program were passed on at the Académie throughout the century. We discuss the influence of this legacy on the development of comparative anatomy after 1750, especially in Daubenton's work.
The Receding Animal: Theorizing Anxiety and Attachment in Psychoanalysis from Freud to Imre Hermann
Authors: Marinelli Lydia , Mayer Andreas
Published: February 2016

Argument

Animals played an important role in the formation of psychoanalysis as a theoretical and therapeutic enterprise. They are at the core of texts such as Freud's famous case histories of Little Hans, the Rat Man, or the Wolf Man. The infantile anxiety triggered by animals provided the essential link between the psychology of individual neuroses and the ambivalent status of the “totem” animal in so-called primitive societies in Freud's attempt to construct an anthropological basis for the Oedipus complex inTotem and Taboo.In the following, we attempt to track the status of animals as objects of indirect observation as they appear in Freud's classical texts, and in later revisionist accounts such as Otto Rank'sTrauma of Birthand Imre Hermann's work on the clinging instinct. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Freudian conception of patients' animal phobias is substantially revised within Hermann's original psychoanalytic theory of instincts which draws heavily upon ethological observations of primates. Although such a reformulation remains grounded in the idea of “archaic” animal models for human development, it allows to a certain extent to empiricize the speculative elements of Freud's later instinct theory (notably the death instinct) and to come to a more embodied account of psychoanalytic practice.
How gradual change progresses: The interaction between convention and innovation
Authors: De Smet Hendrik
Published: February 2016

This paper hypothesizes that as an expression becomes more frequent in one grammatical context, its mental retrievability improves, which in turn makes it more easily available in different yet closely related (analogous) grammatical contexts. Such a mechanism can account for the progression of gradual change. The hypothesis generates two testable predictions. First, innovative constructions should be more likely to emerge if their analogical models are better entrenched. Second, an expression's retrievability can also be improved by priming, which in the short term should have a similar effect to entrenchment. These predictions are tested against the development of the noun key into an adjective (as ina very key argument). The change is gradual, starting with increased productivity of compounds withkeyas specifying element, leading later to debonded and clearly adjectival uses. The development ofkeyis analyzed using data from the British Houses of Parliament. The effect of entrenchment is tested against individual variation. Next, situations are investigated wherekeyhas been primed, either by an earlier instance ofkeyor by a collocate ofkey. The evidence supports the hypothesis. Innovative uses ofkeyare favored under conditions that improve the retrievability of its more conventionalized uses.
Toward more accountability: Modeling ternary genitive variation in Late Modern English
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt , Biber Douglas , Egbert Jesse , Franco Karlien
Published: February 2016

Whereas the alternation between thes-genitive (the New Year's message) and theof-genitive (the message of the New Year) is well documented, our study offers a more accountable analysis of genitive variation by including noun-noun (NN)-genitives (the New Year message). We consider four different variable contexts (sversusof, NN versusof, NN versuss, and NN versussversusof ), which we analyze using regression analysis. The dataset consists of 10,054 variable genitives drawn from theRepresentative Corpus of Historical English Registers. The material covers the period between 1650 and 2000, thus enabling us to track the evolution of variable genitive grammar in real time. We report that there is an overall drift toward the NN-genitive, which is preferred over other variants when constituent noun phrases are short, possessor constituents are inanimate, and possessum constituents are thematic. In addition to these substantive contributions, we showcase methods of dealing with a complex dataset covering nonbinary grammatical variation.
Perception of tones by bilingual infants learning non-tone languages
Authors: LIU LIQUAN , KAGER RENÉ
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the ability of bilingual infants who were learning Dutch and another non-tone language to discriminate tonal contrasts. All infants from 5 to 18 months of age succeeded in discriminating a tonal contrast of Mandarin Chinese (Tone 1 versus Tone 4) and showed a U-shaped pattern when facing a less acoustically salient manipulated version (contracted) of the aforementioned contrast. Specifically, infants showed initial sensitivity to the contracted contrast during their early months, followed by a loss of sensitivity at the stage where tonal perceptual reorganization typically occurs, and a sensitivity rebound by the end of the first year after birth. Compared to a previous studying of ours testing monolingual Dutch infants (Liu & Kager, 2014), the discrimination patterns of bilingual infants revealed both similarities and differences. On one hand, as with monolinguals, non-tone-learning bilingual infants’ tonal perception presented plasticity influenced by contrast acoustic salience along the trajectory of perceptual reorganization; as well as a general U-shaped perceptual pattern when discriminating non-native tones. On the other hand, bilingual infants appeared to regain sensitivity to the contracted tonal contrast at an earlier age (11–12 months) in comparison with monolinguals infants (17–18 months). We provide several explanations, stemming from the simultaneous exposure to two languages, to account for the 6-month bilingual perceptual plasticity from linguistic and cognitive perspectives. The overall outcomes of the study offer insights into the infant perceptual reorganization and language development trajectory, expand on the differences between monolingual and bilingual language development, and broaden our understanding of the influence of bilingual exposure to the perception of non-native contrasts in infancy from linguistic and cognitive perspectives.
Chinese animal protection laws and the globalisation of welfare norms
Authors: Sima Yangzi , O'Sullivan Siobhan
Published: February 2016

This paper examines China's emerging animal anti-cruelty law and the extent to which it meets established animal welfare norms or not. Features that render the draft laws distinctly Chinese include the restrictive interpretation of cruelty as deliberate abuse, stringent pet control stipulations, and compromises on the consumption of dogs and cats. Meanwhile, the draft laws also reflect the Western experience. Animals are categorised according to their use; the ‘unnecessary suffering’ concept is the central philosophical tenet; and the enactment of the law will certainly result from strategic, pragmatic compromise. We conclude that 200 years of animal protection policy-making, the involvement of policy elites in drafting the Chinese laws, and the globalisation of trade, have made it difficult for China to do anything other than develop an animal protection regime broadly consistent with what exists in the West, although some unique Chinese features can also be identified in the proposed laws.
How international law impacts on statelessness and citizenship: the case of Kurdish nationalism, conflict and peace
Authors: Tas Latif
Published: February 2016

This paper argues for a new approach to understanding statelessness. It explores the limits of international laws on statelessness and the relationships between statelessness, diaspora and nationalism. It discusses how the condition of statelessness has affected Kurds, and how statelessness has been constructed and experienced at an individual and collective level in the diaspora. It argues for an expanded definition of the international laws of ‘stateless’ person: adding to the accepted de jure and highly contested de facto definitions, by also suggesting a third, new, category of ‘socially stateless’ people. The paper examines the concept of diaspora itself from the perspective of Kurdish interviewees and explores how, for stateless groups like Kurds, ‘living in diaspora’ can mean more than one place, including their land of origin. It will suggest the concept of ‘double’ or ‘multiple’ diasporas, where stateless people do not feel that they belong either to their country of origin or to the country in which they now live. The paper discusses the idea that when an ethnic community is stateless, then even those individuals who have an official nationality, citizenship or passport may often describe themselves as stateless. The relationship between statelessness, diaspora and nationalism is highlighted; and the impact of this on diaspora involvement in homeland politics, conflict and peace is explored. The paper also argues that the lack of protection which international law(s) offer around statelessness paradoxically create new forms of nationalism.
Solar Storms Are More Predictable Than Hurricanes
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: February 2016

An encouraging new study finds that solar storms don't propagate chaotically like hurricanes—their arrivals are more predictable, which should make it easier for our planet to prepare for them.
Honoring Earth and Space Scientists
Authors:   AGU
Published: February 2016

AGU members and others in the news