bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Commentary on the Life of a Text
Authors: Troxel Ronald L.
Published: November 2016

In preparing to construct a new critical edition of Isaiah 1-39, the author argues that textual criticism is not merely preparatory to exegesis and literary criticism, but is best presented in the form of a commentary on the life of the text. Doing so requires eliminating the old divide between ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ criticism, only the former of which Eichhorn mentioned in order to commend literary-critical reading over against theological reading, not philological. The later backformation ‘lower criticism’ designated textual criticism practiced on the basis of rules and stemmata that made it a substantially mechanical task. Study of manuscripts from the Judaean desert has already raised questions about the validity of the divide for some books, and Troxel’s analysis of problems in Isaiah 6:13b raises similar skepticism for study of the text of Isaiah. Accordingly, he proposes writing a commentary on the life of Isaiah’s text, without the ‘higher’/‘lower’ divide.
Water, Wisdom, and Life: Literary Insights on the Use of נַחַל in Job 28:4 with Reference to 28:1-28 and 38:22-30
Authors: Hom Mary Katherine Yem Hing
Published: November 2016

נַחַל in Job 28:4, an unusual use of a word in a profoundly nuanced passage, is discussed—first with regard to the popular interpretation of ‘(mine) shaft’ (and, relatedly, ‘excavation’), then with regard to a proposed literary reading for נַחַל within the broader context of Job 28 and beyond. Key to interpretation is the pairing of waterways and forceful verbs, along with the absence or presence of water, which has associations with life. Thus, in Job 28:1-11, seemingly incompatible concepts concerning the presence of water are created across the prototypical and cognitive levels, creating tension and driving the narrative forward towards resolution in 28:23-28 and, ultimately, to YHWH’s appearance and rhetorical self-declarations in Job 38:22-30. The point is made that humanity and YHWH both conduct works that offer what is life-giving, but only YHWH truly delivers this, whether it be water, wisdom, or life itself.
Noch einmal: Das Verhältnis von Ez 40:44-46 und 44:14-16
Authors: Kilchör Benjamin
Published: November 2016

In this article it is argued that according to Ez 40:46b both, the priests mentioned in v45b and those mentioned in v46a, are Zadokites (against the majority of interpreters who relate v46b to v46a only). Since the temple is not designated as „sanctuary“ unless the Kabod of YHWH returns (Ez 43:1-12), the duty of the priests in 40:45b is called משׁמרת הבית, a term that is ascribed in Ez 44:14 to the Levites. However, while בית in 40:45 clearly refers to the temple building and thus is a suitable designation for the priestly duty, it refers to the whole temple area in 44:14.
Hebrew taḥaš and the West Semitic Tent Tradition
Authors: Mastnjak Nathan
Published: November 2016

The Hebrew lexeme taḥaš, which designates one of the materials of the outer layer of the priestly tent sanctuary, has puzzled interpreters for hundreds of years. This article surveys the recent discussion of the term and provides evidence in favor of a parallel to the Akkadian duḫšum/tuḫšum. So far overlooked in this discussion is the functional parallel between the use of Hebrew taḥaš for the covering of the tent sanctuary and the use of tuḫšum at Mari for the covering of a large, royal tent structure (ḫurpatum). Buttressing the phonological and functional parallel between Hebrew taḥaš and Mari duḫšum/tuḫšum are a series of other terminological connections between Mari’s ḫurpatum, the tent-dwelling of Ugaritic ʾIlu, and the Israelite priestly tent sanctuary.
Overseas-Chinese Women and Education (华侨妇女与教育)
Authors: Wong (黄以琳) Yee Lam Elim
Published: November 2016

Traditionally, Chinese women were seen as homemakers. They were expected to stay home and to take care of their children while their husbands were out at work. The overseas Chinese in Japan were no exception. Most of the first generation who followed their husbands to Japan were housewives. Although a number of women helped out in the family business alongside their husbands, overseas-Chinese women were positioned as “stay-home mothers” and “helping wives.” This research aims to question and reposition the perception of overseas Chinese women in Japan. I utilized fieldwork, primary and secondary textual sources, and oral-history interviews to study the representation of overseas-Chinese women in Yokohama’s Chinatown. Analysis of my fieldwork materials and life stories of the overseas-Chinese women allows me to argue that the second and third generations of overseas-Chinese women in Yokohama were no ordinary housewives but pioneers in supporting overseas-Chinese education. I explored how members of a women’s Association founded and managed education services and cultural activities in the Yokohama’s Chinatown community. This research is the first English-language project that investigates the relationship between overseas-Chinese women and education. It fills in the gaps in existing literature by highlighting the role of overseas-Chinese women, the history of overseas-Chinese education, and the relationship between ethnic-Chinese identity formation and the input of overseas-Chinese women in Yokohama’s Chinatown.

传统中国妇女被一向视为主妇，以在家中照顾孩子扶助丈夫为业。在日华侨妇女也并无例外: 不少跟随丈夫来日的第一代华侨妇女一般都是家庭主妇。 虽然仍一有小部分华侨妇女与丈夫一同打理家庭生意，总的来说，第一代华侨妇女被塑造为「留家母亲」及「协助丈夫的妻子」的形象。 此研究旨在提出及重新检视在日华侨妇女的角色。 笔者以亲身考察与口述历史访问的方法，以一手及二手资料佐证，探讨日本横滨中华街的华侨妇女之情况。 透过实地考察和华侨妇女们的真实故事，笔者发现第二及第三代华侨妇女经已不在单单担任持家的主妇及母亲的角色，更是推动在日华侨教育的先锋。 此研究将深入探讨横滨一华侨妇女团体成立及发展华侨教育及文化活动的历史，为首个以英文撰写有关在日华侨妇女与华侨教育发展的学术论文。，旨在填补现时学述上有关华侨研究的空隙，包括华侨妇女角色、在日华侨教育之历史及在日华侨民族认同华侨教育的关系。

This article is in English.
The Perception of the Importance of Chinese Cultural Values (马来西亚和台湾华商对华人文化价值观认同的比较分析)
Authors: Siah (谢保泉) Poh Chua , Chong (张敬豪) Keng How
Published: November 2016

The main objective is to compare the perception of the importance of Chinese cultural values by Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia and Taiwan. A questionnaire that included demographic data and a survey of Chinese values was distributed by mail to Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia and Taiwan. A total of 95 questionnaires from Malaysia and 70 from Taiwan were returned. The results showed that perceptions of the importance of Chinese values are quite similar among Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia and Taiwan, and that some differences might be explained by social context. Overall, Chinese entrepreneurs in Malaysia perceived Chinese values to be more important than did Chinese entrepreneurs in Taiwan.

这个研究报告的主要目的在比较马来西亚和台湾华裔企业家对华人文化价值观重要性的认同。研究是以问卷调查方式进行, 并以邮寄方式分发给在马来西亚和台湾的华裔企业家。 问卷内容包括了一些个人基本资料的测量及华人价值观量表。这项研究一共回收了95 份来自马来西亚华裔企业家及70份来自台湾华裔企业家的问卷。分析结果显示马来西亚和台湾华裔企业家对华人文化价值观的重要性认同相当类似，而一些不同的华人文化价值观的重要性的认同可能和他们所处的社会情况有关。整体而言，马来西亚华裔企业家对华人文化价值观的重要性认同稍高于台湾华裔企业家。

This article is in English.
Transfers and Learning in the Framework of Bulgarian Legal Reforms (1990–2013)
Authors: Delpeuch Thierry , Vassileva Margarita
Published: November 2016

Since the fall of communism and all the way up to the present day, various international initiatives aimed at influencing justice reform in Bulgaria have sought to compel domestic actors to abandon inherited practices characterised by patrimonialism and political clientelism through imported professional and organisational standards. On the basis of an extensive qualitative study of the implementation of international technical assistance initiatives in the Bulgarian judicial system, we revisit the theory of relations between transfers and learning as it has been elaborated in studies of Europeanisation. Starting with an examination of specific reforms to modify the methods of recruiting, appointing and promoting magistrates, the article tackles the construction of an alternative conceptualisation that understands learning as the emergent and cumulative effect of a conjunction of social processes. This effect not only puts into play the process of appropriating exported elements but also carries with it endogenous dynamics, in particular political struggles between groups of justice professionals.
Ten Years of eu-Driven Judicial Reforms in Southeastern Europe: The eu Leverage and Domestic Factors at Stake
Authors: Dallara Cristina
Published: November 2016

During the last twenty years, all the countries of Southeastern Europe have been engaged in reforming their judicial systems under Europe’s influence, exerted throughout the Enlargement process. The aim of this article is to analyze judicial reform paths and trajectories in four countries of this area: Slovenia, Croatia, Romania and Serbia. In each country, in fact, the effectiveness of the eu’s leverage was conditioned by some intrinsic properties of eu conditionality (namely, credibility of the membership prospective and determinacy of the eu’s recommendations). Moreover, some domestic factors and conditions coincided to strengthen (or contrarily, to hamper) the efficacy of the eu’s influence at a national level. After reviewing the main theoretical approaches used to study eu-driven judicial reforms, this article aims to identify some explanatory factors and conditions that could account for the reform paths and outcomes in the four case studies. In conclusion, some reflections on current and future challenges to the eu rule of law promotion strategy will be presented.
Islamophobia: What’s in a Name?
Authors: Bangstad Sindre
Published: November 2016

The term Islamophobia is not of recent vintage. However, while its origins date back to the 1910s, its current usage is relatively new, and dates back to the 1990s. It is also a heavily contested term, not only in far-right circles in the West, but also among liberal elites, and even within academia itself. In its current usage, it has a genealogy dating to the emergence of scholarly literature on ‘cultural’ and/or ‘neo-racism’ in the 1980s and 1990s. In the legal arena in Norway, the term itself consequently carries no weight whatsoever, and the very meanings of the term ‘racism’ have, until recently, been limited to classical ‘biological racism’ in a strict and narrow sense. In a landmark case before the Kristiansand Magistrate’s Court in March 2015, the court acquitted a local imam of charges of alleged ‘defamation’ of the erstwhile leader of the far-right and Islamophobic organisation Stopp Islamiseringen av Norge (Stop The Islamisation of Norway, sian), Arne Tumyr. The accused had alleged in a media interview that Tumyr and his organisation “based their activities on racism.” Thus, a Norwegian lower court had for the first accepted arguments based on ‘cultural’ or ‘new racism.’ The author of this article was an expert witness in this civil lawsuit, and this essay analyses the rhetorical representation of Islam and Muslims in the far-right and Islamophobic discourse of sian.
“Most Muslims are Like You and I, but ‘Real’ Muslims . . .”
Authors: Larsson Göran
Published: November 2016

The aim of this article is to analyse the views of a public critic of Islam, namely the Swedish Somali-born former Muslim Mona Walter (b. 1973). She has been selected because she has been very active in online media, social media and more ‘traditional’ forms of media such as print, radio and broadcasting. In my analysis I will discuss whether her thoughts can be viewed as Islamophobic, and if so to what extent. To decide on this matter, I have compared her statements about Islam with how the Runnymede Trust and the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (brå) define Islamophobia. The empirical data consist of an online interview with Mona Walter for the Swedish podcast rlm. This particular interview has been chosen for analysis because this program has been associated with anti-Muslim views and is renowned for its strong criticism of Sweden’s migration policies and its multicultural society. The interview with Walter is analysed with the help of a content analysis.
Islamophobia in Belgium
Authors: Maréchal Brigitte , Bocquet Celestine , Dassetto Felice
Published: November 2016

This article represents one part of a vast research project undertaken between 2013 and 2015 on the reciprocal views Muslims and non-Muslims in Belgium, and particularly in Brussels, have of one another, and the relationships they maintain. It is above all a question of understanding how reciprocal tensions and adjustments are constructed. The various treatments the topic of Islamophobia receives represent one of them. Hence this article tries to evaluate the attitudes on each side with respect to this societal phenomenal and this concept. In addition to year-long observations carried out in Brussels, it is based on three evenings during which ten privileged interlocutors discussed this topic in-depth. Carried out before the Brussels attacks of March 22nd, 2016, this study provides a better grasp of how anxieties, or even a spiral of reciprocal accusations, are able to develop, and questions the uses of the category Islamophobia and its counterproductive character.
A new species of Neojobertia Baill. (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) from Brazil
Authors: FARIA JAIR EUSTÁQUIO QUINTINO , ZANATTA MARIA ROSA VARGAS , DE SOUZA LUZIA FRANCISCA , PROENÇA CAROLYN ELINORE BARNES
Published: November 2016

A new species of Neojobertia is described from Brazil, Neojobertia alboaurantiaca. With the inclusion of this new species into the genus, Neojobertia includes three species, all of which are endemic to Brazil. Neojobertia alboaurantiaca grows predominantly in savannas and occurs in four neighbouring Brazilian states, Maranhão, Piauí, Goiás and Tocantins. In this study, we describe the new species, its habitat, distribution and evaluate its conservation status, as well as present a distribution map, illustrate key features and discuss the morphological features that distinguish it from Neojobertia mirabilis. The conservation status of the species has been evaluated as EN (endangered).
Retypification of Bignonia marginata (Bignoniaceae)
Authors: ARBO MARIA M.
Published: November 2016

Adenocalymma marginatum (Cham.) DC. is a Neotropical liana, with yellow flowers that grows on humid forests from Southern South America. The revision of Bignoniaceae type materials of species native to Argentina raised the need for a new typification of Bignonia marginata Chamisso, the basionym of Adenocalymma marginatum (Cham.) DC. A neotype and a holotype were designated for the basionym by previous workers. I here designate a lectotype for Bignonia marginata that is part of the original material, superseding the previous typifications.
An Evaluation of the North American Regional Reanalysis Simulated Soil Moisture Conditions during the 2011–13 Drought Period
Authors: Leeper Ronald D. , Bell Jesse E. , Vines Chanté , Palecki Michael
Published: November 2016

Accurate and timely information on soil moisture conditions is an important component to effectively prepare for the damaging aspects of hydrological extremes. The combination of sparsely dense in situ networks and shallow observation depths of remotely sensed soil moisture conditions often force local and regional decision-makers to rely on numerical methods when assessing the current soil state. In this study, soil moisture from a commonly used, high-resolution reanalysis dataset is compared to observations from the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN). The purpose of this study is to evaluate how well the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) captured the evolution, intensity, and spatial extent of the 2012 drought using both raw volumetric values and standardized anomalies of soil moisture. Comparisons revealed that despite a dry precipitation bias of 22% nationally, NARR had predominantly wetter 5-cm volumetric soil conditions over the growing season (April–September) than observed at USCRN sites across the contiguous United States, with differences more pronounced in drier regions. These biases were partially attributed to differences between the dominant soil characteristics assigned to the modeled grid cells and localized soil characteristics at the USCRN stations. However, NARR was able to successfully capture many aspects of the 2012 drought, including the timing, intensity, and spatial extent when using standardized soil moisture anomalies. Standardizing soil moisture conditions reduced the magnitude of systematic biases between NARR and USCRN in many regions and provided a more robust basis for utilizing modeled soil conditions in assessments of hydrological extremes.
A Potential Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Scheme for the Shallow-Water Equations Extended to Generalized Curvilinear Coordinates
Authors: Toy Michael D. , Nair Ramachandran D.
Published: November 2016

An energy and potential enstrophy conserving finite-difference scheme for the shallow-water equations is derived in generalized curvilinear coordinates. This is an extension of a scheme formulated by Arakawa and Lamb for orthogonal coordinate systems. The starting point for the present scheme is the shallow-water equations cast in generalized curvilinear coordinates, and tensor analysis is used to derive the invariant conservation properties. Preliminary tests on a flat plane with doubly periodic boundary conditions are presented. The scheme is shown to possess similar order-of-convergence error characteristics using a nonorthogonal coordinate compared to Cartesian coordinates for a nonlinear test of flow over an isolated mountain. A linear normal mode analysis shows that the discrete form of the Coriolis term provides stationary geostrophically balanced modes for the nonorthogonal coordinate and no unphysical computational modes are introduced. The scheme uses centered differences and averages, which are formally second-order accurate. An empirical test with a steady geostrophically balanced flow shows that the convergence rate of the truncation errors of the discrete operators is second order. The next step will be to adapt the scheme for use on the cubed sphere, which will involve modification at the lateral boundaries of the cube faces.
The treatment of schizophrenia: Can we raise the standard of care?
Authors: Catts Stanley Victor , O’Toole Brian Ignatius
Published: November 2016

Objective:

There is evidence that over time health outcomes of people with schizophrenia are deteriorating rather than improving both in terms of mortality rate and levels of morbidity, even in Australia where service resourcing is substantial. Our objective was to examine the evidence of whether poor outcomes reflect decreases in treatment effectiveness and, if so, what are the barriers to improving standards of care. This review will argue that the confidence of clinicians to diagnose schizophrenia early, and provide assertive and long-term care, may be being undermined by a series of controversies in the published literature and discrepancies in clinical practice guidelines.

Method:

A critical review was conducted of the evidence regarding six issues of high clinical relevance to the treatment of schizophrenia formulated as questions: (1) Is schizophrenia a progressive disease? (2) Does relapse contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance? (3) When should the diagnosis of schizophrenia be made? (4) Should maintenance antipsychotic medication be discontinued in fully remitted first-episode patients? (5) Do antipsychotic medications cause deleterious reductions in cortical grey matter volumes? and (6) Are long-acting injectable antipsychotics more effective in reducing relapse rate compared to oral formulations?

Results:

There is reliable evidence for schizophrenia being a progressive disease with emergent treatment resistance in most cases, that relapse contributes to this treatment resistance, that maintenance antipsychotic medication should not be discontinued in remitted first-episode patients, that antipsychotic medication does not appear to cause deleterious grey matter volume changes, that maintenance antipsychotic medication reduces the mortality rate in schizophrenia and that long-acting injectable antipsychotics are more effective in preventing relapse than oral formulations.

Conclusion:

There is an urgent need to re-engineer the early management of schizophrenia and to routinely evaluate this type of innovation within practice-based research networks. A proposal for an assertive treatment algorithm is included.
Mother Blame and the Just World Theory in Child Sexual Abuse Cases
Authors: Toews Kelsi , Cummings Jorden A. , Zagrodney Jessica L.
Published: November 2016

Mothers are blamed for a variety of negative experiences and outcomes of their children, including child sexual abuse (CSA). According to just world hypothesis (JWH), people have a need to view the world as one where there is no such thing as an innocent victim; that is, the world is fair and just. These beliefs predict victim blaming in situations such as sexual abuse, physical abuse, and robbery. However, JWH has not been applied to the examination of mother blame, a situation in which the blame target did not directly experience the traumatic event. We examined this application in two studies: (a) a thematic analysis of focus group discussions and (b) a correlational study. Across both studies, participants identified personal characteristics of the mother that either increased or decreased blame, consistent with JWH. However, when directly asked, most participants denied holding just world beliefs, particularly as related to child sexual abuse. Our results indicate that methodological choices might affect results, and that socially constructed views of “ideal mothers” influence mother blame. We discuss implications for validity of just world theory (JWT), methodological choices, and reduction of mother blame.
Understanding Commitment
Authors: Womack Anna , Leuty Melanie E. , Bullock-Yowell Emily , Mandracchia Jon T.
Published: November 2016

Various factors have shown to relate to different forms of career commitment (i.e., affective, continuance, and normative commitment). Commitment has been associated with intent to remain within a profession or organization, suggesting that commitment is an important component of career retention. Correspondingly, commitment to one’s academic major may also provide information about university retention. The current study examined fit (e.g., objective and subjective), attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment, satisfaction, involvement, and intention to quit), and demographic (e.g., semesters in major) factors that have been previously related to career commitment to investigate the construct of major commitment of undergraduate students ( N = 303). Using canonical correlation analysis, several significant relationships were found with approximately 69% and 67% of the shared variance between the three forms of major commitment and other variables for Black and White students, respectively, being explained.
Robust L∞ convex optimisation for UAVs cooperative motion estimation
Authors: Boulekchour Mohammed , Aouf Nabil , Richardson Mark
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a system for real-time cooperative monocular visual motion estimation with multiple unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed. Distributing the system across a network of vehicles allows for efficient processing in terms of both computational time and estimation accuracy. The resulting global cooperative motion estimation employs state-of-the-art approaches for optimisation, individual motion estimation and registration. Three-view geometry algorithms are developed within a convex optimisation framework on-board the monocular vision systems of each vehicle. In the presented novel distributed cooperative strategy a visual loop-closure module is deployed to detect any simultaneously overlapping fields of view of two or more of the vehicles. A positive feedback from the latter module triggers the collaborative motion estimation algorithm between any vehicles involved in this loop-closure. This scenario creates a flexible stereo set-up which jointly optimises the motion estimates of all vehicles in the cooperative scheme. Prior to that, vehicle-to-vehicle relative pose estimates are recovered with a novel robust registration solution in a global optimisation framework. Furthermore, as a complementary solution, a robust non-linear H∞filter is designed to fuse measurements from the vehicles’ on-board inertial sensors with the visual estimates. The proposed cooperative navigation solution has been validated on real-world data, using two unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with monocular vision systems.
The Double Parallel Curriculum in Palliative Care: Teaching Learners to Teach End-of-Life Care at the Bedside
Authors: Healy Jennifer , Chappell Phylliss , Lee Shuko , Ross Jeanette , Sanchez-Reilly Sandra
Published: November 2016

Context:

Dying is a natural process, yet physicians are often uncomfortable caring for dying patients. Learners have limited exposure to curriculum on caring for dying patients and often navigate these encounters without appropriate skills and confidence. We developed and implemented the Double Parallel Curriculum in Palliative Care (DP-PC): End-of-Life (EOL) module. The DP-PC focuses on teaching third-year medical students (MS3) to not only take care of patients in their last hours of life but give learners the confidence to teach patient’s families what to expect as they hold vigil at their loved one’s bedside.

Objectives:

To develop and implement an educational intervention that improves learners’ knowledge and confidence in EOL patient and family care. To expand learner confidence to a dual level (learners become teachers) with a simplified and culturally sensitive electronic bedside teaching tool designed to guide learners and patients/families conversations.

Methods:

Curriculum was completed during MS3 ambulatory rotation and included pre-/posttests, an online case-based module, faculty demonstration, and learner role-play using the bedside teaching tool.

Results:

A total of 247 participants took the pretest, 222 participants took the posttest, and 222 participants matched the pre-/posttest surveys. Students’ knowledge of EOL care and the confidence to teach other learners and families about EOL care significantly improved after completing the curriculum.

Conclusion:

The DP-PC is a technology-savvy educational intervention that improves learner confidence and knowledge toward caring for dying patients and their families. Easy access, technology-based teaching tools may enhance bedside teaching of health-care learners and improve the care of patients and their families at the end of life.
The Promises and Pitfalls of 311 Data
Authors: White Ariel , Trump Kris-Stella
Published: November 2016

Local governments operate 311 service request lines across the United States, and the publicly available data from these lines provide a continuously measured, geographically fine-grained, and non-self-reported measure of citizens’ interactions with government. It seems a promising measure of neighborhood political participation. However, these data are empirically and theoretically different from many common citizen-level participation measures. We compare geographically aggregated 311 call data with three other measures of political and civic participation: voter turnout, political donations, and census return rates. We show that rates of 311 calls are negatively related to lower cost activities (voter turnout and census return rates), but positively related to the high-cost activity of campaign donation. We caution against interpreting 311 data as a generic measure of political engagement or participation, at least in the absence of high-quality controls for neighborhood condition. However, we argue that these data are still potentially useful for researchers, because they are by definition a measure of the service demands that neighborhoods place on city governments.
Assessment as learning in music education: The risk of “criteria compliance” replacing “learning” in the Scandinavian countries
Authors: Ferm Almqvist Cecilia , Vinge John , Väkevä Lauri , Zandén Olle
Published: November 2016

Recent reforms in England and the USA give evidence that teaching methods and content can change rapidly, given a strong external pressure, for example through economic incentives, inspections, school choice, and public display of schools’ and pupils’ performances. Educational activities in the Scandinavian countries have increasingly become dominated by obligations regarding assessment and grading. A common thread is the demand for equal and just assessment and grading through clear criteria and transparent processes. Torrance states that clarity in assessment procedures, processes, and criteria has underpinned widespread use of coaching, practice, and provision of formative feedback to boost achievement, but that such transparency encourages instrumentalism. He concludes that the practice of assessment has moved from assessment of learning, through assessment for learning, to assessment as learning, with “assessment procedures and practices coming completely to dominate the learning experience” and “criteria compliance” replacing “learning”. Thus, formative assessment, in spite of its proven educational potential, threatens to be deformative. In this article we will explore to what extent and how this development is visible in two cases, presenting music education in one Norwegian and one Swedish compulsory school setting. Three thematic threads run through this exploration: quality, power, and instrumentalism.
Rereading assent in critical literacy research with young children
Authors: Rogers Rebecca , Labadie Meredith
Published: November 2016

Literacy researchers often include young children in the research process. Yet discussions about the complexities of gaining and keeping assent are often missing in research reports. In this paper, we report on our attempts to make the assent process, a typical requirement for Institutional Review Boards, an educative experience for children in a critical literacy Kindergarten classroom. We asked: When assent is treated as a text to be read, revisited, interpreted and negotiated, what meanings are made by young children? We designed research lessons and collected artefacts of students’ learning, including interviews. Our analysis traced children’s developing recognition and critical analysis of concepts such as voluntary participation, understanding of procedures, confidentiality, benefits and risks of the study, and the right to ask questions. We found that when assent is treated as an educative process, particularly in the context of critical literacy education, young children learn and make meaning about their rights and responsibilities as participants. We present evidence of meaning-making, transfer and voluntariness of each ethical concept. Implications for literacy research with young children are discussed.
Modeling and simulation support to the defense planning process
Authors: Çayırcı Erdal , Özçakır Lütfü
Published: November 2016

Defense planning is a crucial part of the defense process. It identifies the capabilities required for the future defense environment, analyzes the capability shortfalls, prioritizes them, and provides the fundamental inputs for their development. Modeling and simulation may significantly contribute to the success of defense planning. However, neither the theory nor the tools are mature enough to fulfill the defense planning requirements. Various types of simulation tools, such as static, dynamic, deterministic, stochastic, closed, discrete, continuous, and symbiotic, in multiple levels of resolution and fidelity are needed to support the different stages and phases. The verification and validation of the models and the analysis of the input and output data are critical. Yet another challenge is that the uncertainties related to the contemporary defense scenarios are mostly not in aleatory but in the epistemic domain. In this paper, we briefly present a new computer-assisted defense planning process. Then, we introduce the service-oriented cloud approach for the modeling and simulation support to the process.
Toward an Attention-Based Diagnostic Tool for Patients With Locked-in Syndrome
Authors: Lesenfants Damien , Habbal Dina , Chatelle Camille , Soddu Andrea , Laureys Steven , Noirhomme Quentin
Published: November 2016

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a supplemental tool for reducing clinical misdiagnosis in severely brain-injured populations helping to distinguish conscious from unconscious patients. We studied the use of spectral entropy as a measure of focal attention in order to develop a motor-independent, portable, and objective diagnostic tool for patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS), answering the issues of accuracy and training requirement. Data from 20 healthy volunteers, 6 LIS patients, and 10 patients with a vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) were included. Spectral entropy was computed during a gaze-independent 2-class (attention vs rest) paradigm, and compared with EEG rhythms (delta, theta, alpha, and beta) classification. Spectral entropy classification during the attention-rest paradigm showed 93% and 91% accuracy in healthy volunteers and LIS patients respectively. VS/UWS patients were at chance level. EEG rhythms classification reached a lower accuracy than spectral entropy. Resting-state EEG spectral entropy could not distinguish individual VS/UWS patients from LIS patients. The present study provides evidence that an EEG-based measure of attention could detect command-following in patients with severe motor disabilities. The entropy system could detect a response to command in all healthy subjects and LIS patients, while none of the VS/UWS patients showed a response to command using this system.
Preclinical evaluation of drugs to block inflammation-driven preterm birth
Authors: Ireland Demelza J , Nathan Elizabeth A , Li Shaofu , Charles Adrian K , Stinson Lisa F , Kemp Matthew W , Newnham John P , Keelan Jeffrey A
Published: November 2016

Intrauterine inflammation, the major cause of early preterm birth, can have microbial and sterile aetiologies. We assessed in a Transwell model the anti-inflammatory efficacies of five drugs on human extraplacental membranes delivered after preterm spontaneous labour (30–34 wk). Drugs [TPCA1 (IKKβ inhibitor), 5 z-7-oxozeaenol (OxZ, TAK1 inhibitor), inhibitor of NF-κB essential modulator binding domain (iNBD), SB239063 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) and N-acetyl cysteine (free radical scavenger free radicals)] were added after 12 h equilibration to the amniotic compartment. Concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β and PGE2 in the media, and IL6, TNFA and PTGS2 mRNA expression levels in membranes, were determined after 12 h. Data were analysed using mixed models analyses. Thirteen of the 28 membranes had histological chorioamnionitis (HCA+); five were positive for bacterial culture and six for fetal inflammatory reaction. Baseline PGE2 and cytokine production was similar between HCA– and HCA+ membranes. Anti-inflammatory effects were also similar between HCA– and HCA+ membranes. TPCA1 and OxZ were the most effective drugs; each inhibited amniotic secretion of 4/5 pro-inflammatory mediators and mRNA levels of 2/3, regardless of stimulus. We conclude that treatment with TPCA1 or OxZ, in combination with antibiotics, may minimise the adverse effects of intrauterine inflammation in pregnancy.
Disorders of puberty
Authors: Marshall-Andon Tess
Published: November 2016

Disorders of puberty are relatively common problems that affect young people and include precocious puberty and delayed puberty. The disorders of puberty may go unrecognised, as the signs and symptoms may be subtle, and the patient may be embarrassed to bring concerns to the attention of the GP. They are not only a source of significant emotional distress for young people, but also can also lead to long-term adverse consequences, such as failure to achieve target height. Disorders of puberty may also be a sign of a serious underlying condition, which if promptly diagnosed may be treatable. Therefore, early recognition of such disorders by GPs is vital for both the psychological and physical health of the patient. This article aims to give an overview of normal pubertal development, as well as the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of both precocious and delayed puberty.
Chronic graft-versus-host disease: biological insights from preclinical and clinical studies
Authors: MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Hill Geoffrey R. , Blazar Bruce R.
Published: November 2016

With the increasing use of mismatched, unrelated, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood stem cell donor grafts and successful treatment of older recipients, chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) has emerged as the major cause of nonrelapse mortality and morbidity. cGVHD is characterized by lichenoid changes and fibrosis that affects a multitude of tissues, compromising organ function. Beyond steroids, effective treatment options are limited. Thus, new strategies to both prevent and treat disease are urgently required. Over the last 5 years, our understanding of cGVHD pathogenesis and basic biology, born out of a combination of mouse models and correlative clinical studies, has radically improved. We now understand that cGVHD is initiated by naive T cells, differentiating predominantly within highly inflammatory T-helper 17/T-cytotoxic 17 and T-follicular helper paradigms with consequent thymic damage and impaired donor antigen presentation in the periphery. This leads to aberrant T- and B-cell activation and differentiation, which cooperate to generate antibody-secreting cells that cause the deposition of antibodies to polymorphic recipient antigens (ie, alloantibody) or nonpolymorphic antigens common to both recipient and donor (ie, autoantibody). It is now clear that alloantibody can, in concert with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-dependent donor macrophages, induce a transforming growth factor β–high environment locally within target tissue that results in scleroderma and bronchiolitis obliterans, diagnostic features of cGVHD. These findings have yielded a raft of potential new therapeutics, centered on naive T-cell depletion, interleukin-17/21 inhibition, kinase inhibition, regulatory T-cell restoration, and CSF-1 inhibition. This new understanding of cGVHD finally gives hope that effective therapies are imminent for this devastating transplant complication.
Classification systems for chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Lee Stephanie J.
Published: November 2016

Chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Clinically, chronic GVHD is a pleiotropic, multiorgan syndrome involving tissue inflammation and fibrosis that often results in permanent organ dysfunction. Chronic GVHD is fundamentally caused by replacement of the host’s immune system with donor cells, although the heterogeneity of clinical manifestations suggests that patient, donor, and transplant factors modulate the phenotype. The diagnosis of chronic GVHD and determination of treatment response largely rely on clinical examination and patient interview. The 2005 and 2014 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Projects on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic GVHD standardized the terminology around chronic GVHD classification systems to ensure that a common language and procedures are being used in clinical research. This review provides a summary of these recommendations and illustrates how they are being used in clinical research and the potential for their use in clinical care.
Prediction of residual oil saturation by using the ratio of amplitude attributes of time-lapse seismic data
Authors: Li Meng , Liu Zhen , Liu Minzhu , Zhang Huilai
Published: November 2016

Subtraction of baseline and monitoring seismic data is a common step in highlighting reservoir changes in time-lapse seismic interpretation. However, ambiguity exists in the interpretation of the amplitude difference, which is controlled by fluid change and reservoir thickness. To estimate the residual oil saturation quantitatively, we have developed a time-lapse seismic interpretation method that uses the ratio of amplitude attributes extracted from the baseline and monitoring seismic data. The relationship between impedance change and the ratio of the baseline and monitoring amplitude attributes is determined to avoid the influence of reservoir thickness. Subsequently, the fluid saturation is calculated from the impedance change by using a proper petrophysical relationship. We have tested our new method on a real time-lapse seismic data set from a water-flooded reservoir in the deepwater area of West Africa. The water-flooded area determined from the amplitude difference does not completely match the production logs because of the influence of variations in the reservoir thickness. However, the residual oil distribution calculated with the proposed method matches the production logs well. The connectivity of sandstone bodies is also evaluated based on an integrated interpretation of estimated oil saturation. With its simple principles and easy accessibility, our method improves the accuracy of time-lapse seismic data interpretation in water-flooded oil reservoirs. Furthermore, the quantitative interpretation of fluid change enables the time-lapse seismic technology to guide reservoir development directly.
Dispersion-relation preserving stereo-modeling method beyond Nyquist frequency for acoustic wave equation
Authors: Jing Hao , Chen Yushu , Yang Dinghui , Wu Rushan
Published: November 2016

According to Nyquist-Shannon sampling theory, two sampling points of the displacements per minimal wavelength are required to reconstruct a wavefield. However, high-frequency components above the Nyquist frequency can be theoretically recovered by introducing spatial derivatives of the displacements. We have developed a new finite-difference scheme for solving the acoustic equation, named the dispersion-relation preserving stereo-modeling method, which is practical for seismic forward modeling beyond the Nyquist frequency. The key idea in this model is to approximate the high-order spatial derivatives with wavenumber-domain optimization in wavefields represented by the wave displacements and their gradients. We investigated the theoretical properties of this method, including the absolute error of spatial operators, numerical error, stability criterion, and computational efficiency. Our results indicated that the method can effectively suppress the numerical dispersion on extremely coarse grids with less than two grid points per minimal wavelength, surpassing the pseudospectral and high-order Lax-Wendroff correction methods. Numerical experiments for the homogeneous medium, layered medium, and 2D SEG/EAGE salt model indicated that the new method performed well in terms of computational efficiency and simulation accuracy, making it a highly useful tool for seismic modeling.
A theoretical investigation of acoustic monopole logging-while-drilling individual waves with emphasis on the collar wave and its dependence on formation
Authors: Zheng Xiaobo , Hu Hengshan
Published: November 2016

To seek measures to weaken the collar wave signals so that the formation arrivals are observable, it is important to make theoretical analysis of separate collar wave and formation arrivals in the acoustic logging-while-drilling environment. However, until now, the collar wave signal and the formation P- and S-arrivals have never been separately calculated. We have obtained individual component waves using the residue theorem and the branch-cut integral method, including residues at leaky poles. The waveform summed up from all individual waves is shown to agree well with the full waveform calculated by real-axis integration. In particular, the formation P-wave is obtained by summing the formation leaky mode and the compressional branch-cut integral for slow formations. The collar wave is found to propagate in the borehole and the formation as well as in the collar. Although the traveling speed of the collar wave is almost irrelevant to the formation, the attenuation and excitation spectrum of the collar wave are significantly affected by the formation, which reveals that an effective collar wave weakening design should be based on a model with the formation being taken into consideration.
RiboCAT: a new capillary electrophoresis data analysis tool for nucleic acid probing
Authors: Cantara William A. , Hatterschide Joshua , Wu Weixin , Musier-Forsyth Karin
Published: November 2016

Chemical and enzymatic probing of RNA secondary structure and RNA/protein interactions provides the basis for understanding the functions of structured RNAs. However, the ability to rapidly perform such experiments using capillary electrophoresis has been hampered by relatively labor-intensive data analysis software. While these computationally robust programs have been shown to calculate residue-specific reactivities to a high degree of accuracy, they often require time-consuming manual intervention and lack the ability to be easily modified by users. To alleviate these issues, RiboCAT (Ribonucleic acid capillary-electrophoresis analysis tool) was developed as a user-friendly, Microsoft Excel–based tool that reduces the need for manual intervention, thereby significantly shortening the time required for data analysis. Features of this tool include (i) the use of an Excel platform, (ii) a method of intercapillary signal alignment using internal size standards, (iii) a peak-sharpening algorithm to more accurately identify peaks, and (iv) an open architecture allowing for simple user intervention. Furthermore, a complementary tool, RiboDOG (RiboCAT data output generator) was designed to facilitate the comparison of multiple data sets, highlighting potential inconsistencies and inaccuracies that may have occurred during analysis. Using these new tools, the secondary structure of the HIV-1 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) was determined using selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE), matching the results of previous work.
Canudos: guerras de memória
Authors: Monteiro Vanessa Sattamini Varão
Published: November 2016

Este artigo tem por objeto a memória da guerra de Canudos. O objetivo primordial é pensar como a aldeia conselherista continuou a representar a delimitação de uma fronteira, um pertencimento, foi um amálgama que unificou uma comunidade formada por afinidade eletiva e lhe deu identidade. Mesmo que durante muito tempo na história oficial que a República nascente pretendeu construir não houvesse espaço para a memória daquele grupo minoritário de sobreviventes. É a partir do entendimento da memória, enquanto instrumento de dominação, que proponho uma reflexão sobre a relação entre história, memória e esquecimento na guerra de Canudos
Memória dos sons e os sons da memória: um encontro entre a História Oral e a Etnomusicologia
Authors: Silva Sinesio Jefferson Andrade
Published: November 2016

O artigo comenta aspectos do uso da história oral em uma pesquisa etnomusicológica. As considerações foram feitas com base numa investigação sobre as memórias das práticas musicais da Maré, uma das maiores favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Na seqüência, apresento primeiro algumas abordagens e questões relativas à etnomusicologia para, em seguida, destacar alguns pressupostos importantes no trabalho com a história oral. Cumprida essa parte, reservei espaço para uma reflexão resumida pela seguinte pergunta: como atender à exigência etnográfica da etnomusicologia a partir da metodologia da história oral? No fim, apresento um roteiro geral de entrevista desenvolvido com base na pesquisa mencionada.