bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Bedeutung von hohen Aluminiumgehalten für die Humusanreicherung in sauren Waldböden
Authors: Blaser Peter , Klemmedson James O.
Published: February 2007

Am Beispiel von zwei repräsentativen Bodenprofilen in der Kastanienstufe des Kantons Tessin (Schweiz) wurde die Wirkung von hohem Aluminiumgehalt auf die Humusbildung untersucht. Der Kryptopodsol repräsentiert die sauren Waldböden, welche auf Al‐reichen Gneisen und Glimmerschiefern verbreitet sind. Das Vergleichsprofil, eine saure Braunerde, entspricht dagegen einem sauren Waldboden, der aus einem Kalksilikatgestein hervorgegangen ist. Dieses Gestein enthält ca. 20 mal weniger Aluminium als der Gneis.

Die Extraction der Bodenproben mit HNO3, Ammoniumacetat‐EDTA, NH4Cl, KCl und NH4F‐HCl erlaubt eine Beurteilung der relativen Bindungsstärken und ‐formen wichtiger Elemente in den beiden Böden. Im Al‐reichen Kryptopodsol ist Aluminium vorwiegend an die organische Substanz gebunden. Dieser Boden ist sehr humusreich und bis in 70 cm Tiefe schwarz gefärbt. Es wird vermutet, daß die Humusmineralisation durch die Bindung von Aluminium an die organische Substanz gehemmt wird. Die hohen Anteile an organischem Phosphor bei gleichzeitig geringen Mengen von NH4F‐HCl‐Orthophosphat deuten in die selbe Richtung. Die Kryptopodsole besitzen morphologische, chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften, die jenen von nicht allophanhaltigen Andosolen ähnlich sind. Bei der sauren Braunerde fehlen diese Eigenschaften.
Exogenous application of vitamins as regulators for growth and development of plants — a review
Authors: Oertli J. J.
Published: February 2007

A survey of the recent literature on plant responses to exogenous vitamin application yielded the following results:

Vitamins have been applied by soaking seeds, dipping cuttings, by sprays or dusts and as drenches to soils.

Substantial yield increases due to exogenous vitamin application have been reported by a number of researchers.

Vitamins may cause morphogenetic responses in plants. Most pronounced is the stimulation of root formation and of flowering under non‐inductive conditions.

Certain vitamins protect plants against ozone and sulfur dioxide, two important agents of air pollution.
Reclamation of a fine clayey montmorillonitic soil with high‐salt water under laboratory conditions
Authors: Misopolinos N. D.
Published: February 2007

An impermeable fine clayey montmorillonitic soil (Aquic Xerofluvent) was reclaimed using high‐salt water and the addition of a constant quantity of Ca at each step in successive dilutions. The soil attained the theoretically expected values of ESP and the depth of water which passed through the soil was close to the theoretical level. The leachate was studied throughout the process of reclamation and the following results obtained: At the end of the reclamation all ions were seen to be decreasing. The percolation rate of the soil and the „valence‐dilution”︁ effect of the reclaiming water permitted a satisfactory exchange of Na by Ca and Mg keeping the quantity of water close to the theoretically expected levels. The mean hydraulic conductivity (MHC) is strongly depended on the electrolyte concentration and the sodium/total concentration (Na/C) or Ca+Mg/total concentration (R) values of the leachate.
Lignin signature of subalpine Rendzinas (Tangel‐ and Moderrendzina) in the Bavarian Alps
Authors: Kögel Ingrid , Ziegler Frank , Zech Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Simple phenolic lignin degradation products released from alkaline CuO oxidation are used to characterize the lignin component of a Tangelrendzina and a Moderrendzina. The sum of CuO oxidation products describes the overall lignin decomposition pattern. The ratio of acid/aldehyde of the vanillyl unit and the ratio of syringyl/vanillyl units give an indication of the alteration of the remnant lignin molecule.

In both soils the sum of lignin oxidation products shows a pronounced decrease with depth. In the Oh, Ca horizon of the Tangelrendzina and the Ah of the Moderrendzina an accumulation of lignin‐derived phenolic compounds is observed. The strong increase of the acid/aldehyde ratio at the transition from the humus to the mineral horizons in both soils and the decrease of the syringyl/vanillyl ratio in the Moderrendzina demonstrate a considerable chemical alteration of the remnant lignin molecule (oxidation of side‐chain, enrichment with vanillyl units) with progressive decomposition and humification of litter material. The depth functions of the lignin parameters are influenced by decomposition of lignin, accumulation of water‐soluble lignin fragments and the input of root litter.
Einfluß langjähriger Gülledüngung auf den Nährstoffhaushalt des Bodens. 1. Mitteilung: N‐Akkumulation und N‐Nachlieferungsvermögen
Authors: Scherer Heinrich W. , Werner Wilfried , Kohl Andrea
Published: February 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß der Gülledüngung im Vergleich zur Mineraldüngung auf den Stickstoff‐Haushalt und das Stickstoff‐Nachlieferungsvermögen von 3 Lößparabraunerden bis in 90 cm Tiefe untersucht.

Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt:

– Langjährige Gülledüngung resultierte in einem Anstieg des Gesamt‐N‐Gehaltes nicht nur in der Krume sondern bis in die Schicht 60–90 cm.

– Der Anstieg des Gesamt‐N‐Gehaltes ist in 2 Böden sehr deutlich auf die hydrolysierbaren organischen N‐Verbindungen und in dem Boden mit der absolut geringeren N‐Anreicherung auf die nicht hydrolysierbaren organischen N‐Verbindungen zurückzuführen.

– Der Einfluß der Gülledüngung auf die Gehalte an spezifisch gebundenem NH4+ erwies sich als von der K‐Absättigung der Tonminerale abhängig.

– Im Bebrütungsversuch zeigten die begüllten Böden sowohl zu Beginn als auch am Ende der Vegetationsperiode bis in die Tiefe von 90 cm ein signifikant höheres N‐Mineralisierungsvermögen.

– Zwischen dem N‐Nachlieferungsvermögen und dem Gehalt an hydrolysierbaren organischen N‐Verbindungen bzw. der mittels EUF ermittelten Norg‐Fraktion besteht eine hoch signifikante Korrelation.

– Langjährige Gülledüngung führte erwartungsgemäß während der gesamten Vegetationsperiode zu höheren Nmin‐Gehalten.
Zum Vergleich von Penetrometermessungen, durchgeführt bei unterschiedlichem Wassergehalt
Authors: Borchert Heinz , Graf R.
Published: February 2007

Mit Hilfe einer großen Zahl von Geländemessungen wurde eine empirische Beziehung zwischen Bodenwassergehalt und Penetrometerwiderstand hergeleitet. Die untersuchten Böden wurden dabei unterteilt aufgrund der Bodenart und der Rohdichte. Die gezeigten Kurven ermöglichen einen Vergleich von Penetrometermessungen, welche bei unterschiedlichem Bodenwassergehalt durchgeführt wurden.
An Improved Turbidimetric Estimation of Total Sulfur in Plant Samples
Authors: Mathur P. N. , Sharma D. D. , Jain G. L.
Published: February 2007

The estimation of total sulfur content in plant samples by the nitric acid‐perchloric acid wet oxidation, when used with the Tabatabai and Bremner's adaptation of the Barium chloride‐gelatin method of Dodgson, gives lower results as compared to the magnesium nitrate oxidation, particularly for samples low in sulfur content. For samples containing relatively high sulfur content, both methods of oxidation give comparable results.
Investigation on the Stabilization of the Humus in Mollisols
Authors: Tsutsuki Kiyoshi , Suzuki Chikage , Kuwatsuka Shozo , Becker‐Heidmann Peter , Scharpenseel Hans‐Wilhelm
Published: February 2007

Soil organic matter in Mollisols is often preserved for an extremely long period (e.g. > 3000 years). We confirmed that the stable organic matter in Mollisols is the medium to coarse sized (0.2–2.0 μm) clay‐humus complex with humic acid combined with calcium as the main organic constituent. The argillic horizon contained relatively large amounts of clay‐humus complexes and had relatively high carbon contents, humic acid/fulvic acid ratios and degrees of humification of humic acid. Medium clay and coarse clay fractions preserved the organic carbon most efficiently. Highly humified humic acid could be detected even in the uppermost part of the Ah horizon and was probably stabilized in lower horizons by forming a complex with clay fractions.
Spatial variability of groundwater solute concentrations at the water table under arable land and coniferous forest. Part 3: Field data for a coniferous forest and statistical analysis
Authors: Böttcher Jürgen , Strebel Otto
Published: February 2007

The spatial variability of groundwater solute concentrations at the water table beneath a fine to medium sandy soil (Gleyic Podzol) under a 45‐years old pine stand was investigated. Samples were taken within the first decimeter below the groundwater table at horizontal intervals of 0.5 m along a 30 m transect in between two rows of trees. Nitrate, sulfate, and aluminum concentrations and pH were determined and analyzed by geostatistical and spectral analysis methods.

Semivariance analysis shows spatial dependence in the data (except for nitrate) up to ranges of between 1.7 and 3 m. Spectral analysis indicates periodic variations with a period of 4 ‐ 5 m. The periods for sulfate and aluminum are synchronous and 180° out‐of‐phase with the pH curve. The sulfate and aluminum maxima and pH minima correspond to areas within edges of the tree canopies (canopy drip). Differences in the acid input into the weakly buffering soil caused by the interception deposition of atmospheric constituents at the canopy result in a regular pattern in the concentrations of certain solutes in the uppermost groundwater. The variogram and spectrogram of the nitrate concentration indicate the presence of a trend. The cospectrogram for nitrate and pH has a peak that corresponds to synchronous short‐range (about 2 m) variations, i.e. a small‐scale correlation between nitrate concentration and pH.
Effect of the herbicide MCPA on VA mycorrhizal infection and growth of Pisum sativum
Authors: Garcia‐Romera Inmaculada , Ocampo Juan A.
Published: February 2007

The effect of the hormonal herbicide MCPA on VA mycorrhizal infection and on pea plant growth was examined. Plant growth was decreased by MCPA applied at the rate of 120 ppm. The VA infections of pea roots inoculated with G. mosseae was decreased by the MCPA when applied at high dosis (120 ppm), but those of indigenous endophytes were decreased at the rate of 12 and 120 ppm. MCPA applied to VA inoculated pots eight weeks before pea planting also decreased the VA infection of these plants. These results suggest that VA mycorrhizas was affected not only through the plant but also directly by the application of the herbicide.

Glomus mosseae may help plants recover from the deleterious effect of MCPA when applied at intermediary (12 ppm) but not at high dosis (120 ppm).
Einige Bemerkungen zur Bestimmung der Wasserleitfähigkeit mit der Bohrlochmethode
Authors: van der Ploeg Rienk R. , Huwe Bernd
Published: February 2007

Mit der Bohrlochmethode erzielte Leitfähigkeitswerte können, in Abhängigkeit von der benutzten Rechenprozedur, variieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden mit dem Verfahren von Ernst (1950) errechnete Werte verglichen mit Werten, die mit der Methode von Boast und Kirkham (1971) erzielt wurden. Unterschiede von mehr als 25 Prozent wurden festgestellt. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß Vorsicht angebracht ist bei der Berechnung von Leitfähigkeitswerten nach der Bohrlochmethode. Das Verfahren von Boast und Kirkham (1971) erscheint am zuverlässigsten.
Nitrifikation von Gülle‐N in Abhängigkeit von Ausbringungstermin, pH‐Wert des Bodens und Dicyandiamidzusatz
Authors: Amberger Anton , Vilsmeier Klaus
Published: February 2007

In Modellversuchen wurde die Nitratbildung nach Gülledüngung in Abhängigkeit vom pH‐Wert des Bodens und Dicyandiamidzusatz unter simulierten Freilandtemperaturen von Oktober bzw November bis Juli untersucht.

Im Boden mit pH 5.7 war ein Zusatz von 20 mg/kg DCD zu im Oktober ausgebrachter Gülle ausreichend, um die erst im März beginnende Nitrifikation sehr deutlich zu reduzieren.

Im Boden mit pH 7.2 wurde die vor Winter bereits größtenteils ablaufende NO3‐Bildung durch 20 mg/kg DCD bis April/Mai verzögert. Höhere DCD‐Mengen bewirkten eine weitere Verzögerung um ca. einen Monat.

Nach Gülledüngung Ende November (Bodentemperatur 0°C) wurde die Nitrifikation durch den Dicyandiamidzusatz um bis zu 3 Monate verzögert.
Note on the genesis and ecology of “White Pulp Soils” in NE‐ China
Authors: Rong‐ji Xia , Schlichting Ernst
Published: February 2007

“White Pulp Soils” are eutric Planosols, their permeability profile being caused more by stratification than by lessivage and most likely not by ferrolysis. For climatic reasons their water/air regime differs very much from many other surface water soils, dry periods being more typical for the early and wet ones for the late summer. This may influence the diagnostic weight of the profile morphology and the transferability of ecological threshold values from stagnosols of other regions.
Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: The humus layer
Authors: Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid , Zech Wolfgang , Hatcher Patrick G.
Published: February 2007

Decomposition and humification were studied within three types of forest humus (mull, moder, and mor) by means of CPMAS13C NMR spectroscopy combined with degradative methods. The NMR data show that O‐alkyl carbon decreases in all soils, and alkyl as well as carboxyl carbon increase as depth and decomposition increase; the percentage of aromatic carbon remains constant at about 25%. With increasing depth the amount of carbon that can be identified as belonging to specific compound classes by wet chemical methods decreases from 60% to 40%. Microbial polysaccharides and the proportion of non polysaccharide O‐alkyl carbon increase with depth. A selective preservation of recalcitrant, condensed lignin structural units is also observed.

In order to relate the spectroscopic and chemical data from investigations of whole soils with studies of humification, samples were fractionated into fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin fractions. The fulvic acid fraction contains large concentrations of carbohydrates irrespective of the soil horizon. The humic acid fraction contains less polysaccharides, but high amounts of alkyl carbon and aromatic structures. The percentage of aromatic carbon existing in the humic acid fraction increases with depth, probably reflecting the amount and degree of oxidative decomposition of lignin. A loss of methoxyl and phenolic groups is evident in the13C NMR spectra of the humic acid fraction. The humin fraction resembles relatively unchanged plant‐derived materials as evident from the lignin parameters and carbohydrate contents. All the observed data seem to indicate that humic acids originate form oxidative degradation of humin or plant litter.
Influence of prolonged use of sewage effluent in irrigation on heavy metal accumulation in soils and plants
Authors: Aboulroos S. A. , Holah Sh. , Badawy S. H.
Published: February 2007

Total content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni and Co in soils irrigated with sewage effluent increased with increasing years of using sewage effluent in irrigation. Iron and Co applied to the soil from sewage effluent were immobilized mainly in unavailable form; Pb, Cd, and Ni in moderately available form; and Mn, Zn, and Cu in highly available form. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in tops of alfalfa and leaves of corn grown on these soils increased substantially with increased levels of available metal content of the soil, while those of other metals were little affected. As for orange, continuous increase in leaves metal content with time was found for Fe, Mn, Zn, Co and Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in corn grains and orange fruits were several times higher than normal, and this reduces their suitability for human consumption.
Greenhouse Study on the Effects of the Urease Inhibitors Phenyl Phosphorodiamidate and N‐(n‐butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide on the Efficiency of Urea Applied to Flooded Rice
Authors: Byrnes Bernard H. , Gutser Reinhold , Amberger Anton
Published: February 2007

Urea was split applied to transplanted rice in a greenhouse experiment with two‐thirds applied as labeled15N urea at 15 days after transplanting (DAT) and one‐third (not labeled) at 42 DAT to determine the effect of the urease inhibitors phenyl phosphorodiamidate (PPDA) and N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on urea hydrolysis, plant uptake, yield, and loss of fertilizer N. An acidifying agent [Al2(SO4)3] and an algicide were used to reduce the floodwater pH and thus slow the degradation of PPDA, keeping it effective for a longer period. Algicide addition extended the effectiveness of PPDA inhibition by about 2 days and increased plant uptake and grain yield significantly over that with urea use alone. Al2(SO4)3addition extended the effectiveness of PPDA only about 1 day, increased N uptake slightly, but failed to increase grain yield. NBPT effectively slowed urea hydrolysis, more than doubled plant uptake over that with urea alone, and increased grain yield by 38%. Percolation at 0.5 cm per day caused plant N uptake to increase by about 6% in all treatments but it was not essential for the inhibitors to have a beneficial effect. For the first split application, fertilizer losses of 50% from urea were decreased to about 10% by use of NBPT and to 28% with PPDA alone, and by combination of PPDA with the algicide losses were 22%.
Nitrogen supply to cereals and sugar beet by mass flow and diffusion on a silty loam soil
Authors: Strebel Otto , Duynisveld Wilhelmus H. M.
Published: February 2007

In a four‐year field study the nitrogen supply by mass flow and diffusion to cereals (spring wheat, winter barley, winter wheat) and sugar beet was investigated on a silty loam soil. The rates of water withdrawal, N mass flow and N diffusion were determined as a function of soil depth and time.

The contribution to the N supply to roots by mass flow was 15–33% and mainly confined to the topsoil layer. The N supply by diffusion plays with 67–85% the dominant role, particularly in deeper rootzone layers. During periods of high N uptake, the N inflow (per unit root length and time) ranges between 0.26–2.07 μmol/(m · d) at various rootzone layers for cereal, and between 3.80–8.98 μmol/(m · d) for sugar beet, respectively. As a consequence of the high proportion of diffusion supply, at harvest the whole rootzone was largely depleted of nitrate. Thus, nitrate leaching losses during winter were small, the average nitrate concentration of the yearly groundwater recharge being only 7.9 mg N/l.

Additionally, some results on supply of K, Ca, Mg and Cl for spring wheat and sugar beet are given. Diffusion supply prevails for K, and in the case of sugar beet for Mg and Cl also. Mass flow of Ca exceeded uptake considerably.
Mobilization and turnover of soil phosphorus in the rhizosphere
Authors: Helal Helal M. , Dressler Arthur
Published: February 2007

Recent progress in methods enables a better understanding of the turnover of P in the rhizosphere. Examples of this progress are the separation of soil layers differing in proximity to the roots, improved methods for extraction and fractionation of soil P, application of 32P isotope dilution analysis to follow P fluxes between various fractions and direct determination of microbially bound P and of root phosphatases.

These methods were combined to investigate the following aspects

–labile P pools, the P fluxes between these pools and their contribution to the P supply to growing maize roots

–the role of microbial biomass in these interactions and the partition of mobilized P between plants and microorganisms

–modifications of sorption and transport of P in the rhizosphere

–plant availability of native and added organic phosphates, and the relative significance of root and soil phosphatases.

There is a significant transformation of P in the rhizosphere with a corresponding redistribution among fractions of different plant availability. About 9% of the inorganic 32P added to soil were incorporated within 2 weeks into microbial and organic fractions. The transfer of P from non‐exchangeable forms exceeded the depletion of the exchangeable P by a factor of 5. About 53% of the mobilized P originated from inorganic, the remaining 47% from organic fractions. Of the mobilized P 80% was taken up by the plants and 20% was found in the microbial biomass. Up to 90% of the P in the rhizosphere soil solution was organic with a maximum just outside the root zone. Soluble inositol hexaphosphate modified the sorption of inorganic P, thus shifting its equilibrium solution concentration. The phosphatase activity of the roots is considerable. Both root phosphatase activity and the utilization of inositol hexaphosphate depend on the P supply and nutritional status of plants with regard to P.

It is concluded that the rhizosphere is a key site of P transformation with a significant mobilization of P from the non‐exchangeable inorganic and organic fractions. Organic P fractions not only play a significant role as a P source but also modify important soil parameters related to the sorption and transport of P in the rhizosphere.
pH values and redox potentials in microsites of the rhizosphere
Authors: Fischer Walter R. , Flessa Heiner , Schaller Günther
Published: February 2007

Redox potentials (Eh) and pH values in the rhizosphere 0–2 mm from growing roots of field beans (Vicia faba L.) indicated reducing conditions near the root tip and along the zone of elongation which were probably caused by root exudates. For roots of other plant species (e.g. maize), a drop of Eh in the rhizosphere does not necessarily reflect reduction processes, but may be due to pH changes, according to the Nernst equation. Eh values near dying roots decreased due to the O2 consumption by microorganisms, this effect being detectable at a distance greater than 3 mm from the root surface.
Plant nutritional and soil factors in relation to microbial activity in the rhizosphere, with particular emphasis on denitrification
Authors: Trolldenier Günter
Published: February 2007

Examples of the effect of mineral nutrition of plants (N, P, K, Mg, Fe) on microbial activity in the rhizosphere are presented with emphasis on our own studies related to root exudation, bacterial numbers, oxygen consumption and denitrification. Direct effects concern changes of pH, e.g. by liming. As the microbial community in the rhizosphere depends on decomposable organic substances released from roots, plant nutrition also indirectly affects microbial activity via its influence on plant metabolism and growth. Important factors affecting denitrification in the rhizosphere are, besides stimulation of denitrifiers by root exudation, air‐filled porosity and readily decomposable organic matter content of the soil.
Hormonal interactions in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.) and their effects on plant development
Authors: Müller Martin , Deigele Claudia , Ziegler Hubert
Published: February 2007

The phytohormones indole acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), isopentenyladenosine (iPA), dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), and zeatinriboside (ZR) were determined quantitatively using monoclonal antibodies by an enzyme immunoassay in the following samples: a) culture filtrates of known bacterial species, growing naturally in close, loose or without contact with higher plants; b) culture filtrates of heterogeneous populations of microorganisms, isolated from the rhizoplane and rhizosphere of maize as well as from root‐free soil; c) sterile and nonsterile maize root exudates; d) in the rhizosphere of field‐grown maize plants and in soil fractions distant from the roots (bulk soil).

ABA was not detected in the culture filtrates of bacteria and ZR was not found in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil of field‐grown maize. All phytohormones were present in the other samples analyzed. Bacterial cultures with cell concentrations roughly equal to those in the rhizosphere of field‐grown maize may produce under optimal laboratory conditions phytohormone concentrations comparable to those measured in the rhizosphere of field‐grown maize. During the whole vegetation period there was a steep phytohormone gradient in the first centimeter of soil around a maize root in the field. Inoculation of maize seedlings growing in nutrient solution with rhizosphere bacteria resulted in a synergistic increase in phytohormone concentration in comparison to the sum of hormone production by sterile plant roots and by bacteria cultures.

Using regression analysis, the relationship between phytohormone concentration changes in the rhizosphere and different morphological characteristics of the maize plant were shown to be highly significant.
Carbon and nitrogen mineralization of white clover plants (Trifolium repens) of different age during aerobic incubation with soil
Authors: Kirchmann Holger , Bergqvist Roger
Published: February 2007

A 4‐month aerobic incubation experiment was conducted measuring carbon and nitrogen mineralization from white clover in soil at 25°C and optimal moisture conditions. Cumulative carbon mineralization from clover followed a double exponential function and was similar for tops and roots amounting to 77.5% of non‐lignin carbon initially present. Rate constants for the rapidly and slowly mineralized carbon fractions amounted to 0.21 d−1and 0.02 d−1respectively and were identical for tops and roots. Cumulative mineralization of nitrogen followed single first‐order kinetics and was lower for older tops (31%) than younger ones (42%) and roots mineralized least relative amounts (28%). Rate constants of nitrogen mineralization from tops of different ages were fairly similar (0.058 d−1) whereas those for roots were lower (0.035 d−1). A simple predictive measure for potential N mineralization of plant material was proposed assuming a C/N ratio of 8 in the stabilized material and a constant fraction of the non‐lignin carbon to be mineralized.
Utilization of mineral nitrogen in the subsoil by winter wheat
Authors: Kuhlmann H. , Barraclough P. B. , Weir A. H.
Published: February 2007

Uptake of nitrogen from the subsoil (30–200 cm) by winter wheat has been measured in field experiments on deep loess‐parabrown soils in northern Germany and at Rothamsted (England) for different crop rotations and manuring schemes. The results can be summarised as follows:

The mineral nitrogen content of the subsoil varies widely depending on farming practice.

The effective depth limit for N uptake by winter wheat appears to be 150 cm.

Averaged over 22 sites, 33% of the total N uptake was from the subsoil (range 9–75%); 25% was from the 30–90 cm soil layer and 8% from the 90–150 cm soil layer.

Decreasing the N supply to the topsoil increased N uptake from the subsoil.

N uptake from the subsoil is not dependent on water uptake from the subsoil; nitrate is readily transported to absorbing roots by diffusion.

When deciding on the rate of fertilizer N to apply in early spring, soil mineral N to a depth of 90 cm should be taken into account. For subsequent dressings, the soil mineral N between 90–150 cm depth needs to be considered.
Zur Parametrisierung der Stickstoff‐Mineralisierung in einem Ackerboden unter Feldbedingungen
Authors: Lochmann Roland , Van Ploeg Rienk R. Der , Huwe Bernd
Published: February 2007

Zur Charakterisierung der Stickstoff‐Mineralisierung in einem Parabraunerde‐Pseudogley unter Acker wurde in einem Laborbrutversuch eine Schätzfunktion der N‐Mineralisierung in Abhängigkeit von Bodentemperatur und Wassergehalt ermittelt. Gleichzeitig wurde im Felde mit Runge‐Proben die Mineralisierung über eine Vegetationsperiode gemessen. An den Feldergebnissen wurde die im Labor bestimmte Schätzfunktion überprüft. Der Vergleich zeigte eine erhebliche Überschätzung der Mineralisierung beim Laborversuch. Eine Anpassung der Funktion war deshalb notwendig. Daneben wurde ein deutlicher Einfluß von Bewirtschaftungsmaßnahmen (Düngung, Ernte, Bodenbearbeitung) auf Mineralisierungshöhe und ‐verlauf beobachtet.
Mineralization of Soil Organic Matter and Added Carbon Substrates in Two Acidic Soils with High non‐exchangeable Aluminum
Authors: Brunner Walter , Blaser Peter
Published: February 2007

Mineralization of soil organic matter and of added14C labelled substrates were studied on samples from two acidic forest soils, “Cademario”‐sample from the Bh‐horizon of a cryptopodzolic soil rich in humus and nonexchangeable Al and “Sagno”‐sample from the A‐horizon of a Haplumbrept with moderate humus‐ and Al‐content. The respiration rates for the two soils were not different when related to the content of organic matter. When treated with Na2CO3, the CO2production rate in the Sagno soil increased about three fold whereas no significant difference was observed for Cademario samples. This is attributed to the more pronounced dissolution of organic matter due to the pH increase in the Sagno soil.

N‐mineralization was different in the two soils. During a 28 day incubation period, 0.11% and 0.34% of the total organic N was released in the Cademario and Sagno samples, respectively. Na2CO3treatment stimulated N‐mineralization in both soils but the mineral N‐form was primarily nitrate in the Sagno sample and ammonium in the aluminum‐rich sample from Cademario.

Glucose, succinate and salicylate added to the soils were mineralized in this order. However, CO2evolution was much slower in the case of salicylate, especially in the untreated soils, a fact which is attributed to the Al‐complexing power of this substrate.
Über die Humusdynamik in vier österreichischen Waldböden
Authors: Gerzabek Martin H. , Pichlmayer Friedrich , Blochberger Karl , Schaffer Kriemhilde
Published: February 2007

Die Huminstoffe von vier österreichischen Waldböden wurden horizontweise mittels einer chromatographischen und einer massenspektrometrischen Methode charakterisiert. Die Kombination beider Methoden ermöglichte eine Gewichtung der Faktoren, die zu einer Änderung der Huminstoffsysteme in den Profilen führten. So zeigte die basenarme Braunerde deutliche Huminstoffverlagerungen durch beginnende Podsolierung. Ebenso wurde die Depolymerisationstendenz im Sw1‐Horizont eines Pseudogleys und die Erhöhung der Nichthuminstoffanteile im Profilverlauf einer Kalkpaternia nachgewiesen. Die δ15N‐Werte stiegen in allen Böden mit der Tiefe wesentlich stärker an als die δ13C‐Werte, was auf eine rasche Umsetzung des organischen Stickstoffs schließen ließ.
Zinc requirement of corn grown on two calcareous soils of Pakistan
Authors: Rashid A. , Rafique E.
Published: February 2007

In greenhouse studies, corn (Zea mays L.) growth increased with Zn fertilization of two alkaline calcareous soils. Zinc concentration and total uptake increased with Zn application. Very high correlations were recorded between plant tissue Zn concentration, total Zn uptake and soil Zn levels determined by DTPA and AB‐DTPA soil tests. Correlation between Zn concentration in plants and relative yield was poor. However, close relationships were revealed between extractable soil Zn and relative yield.

Near maximum dry matter yield of corn was associated with a fertilizer rate of 2 mg Zn/kg soil. Plant tissue Zn‐requirement was 27 mg/kg in 15 days old plants and 32 mg/kg in corn shoots of 40 day age. Critical soil test Zn level was 1.2 mg/kg by DTPA and 1.7 mg/kg by AB‐DTPA method. Use of AB‐DTPA soil test is suggested for evaluating Zn status of calcareous soils.
Zur Herstellung von Platinelektroden für Redoxmessungen
Authors: Pfisterer Ulrich , Gribbohm Sabine
Published: February 2007

Bei selbstgebauten Pt‐Elektroden mit Kunstharzeinbettung besteht oft eine mangelhafte Verbindung zwischen Metall und Kunstharz. Bei langfristigen Messungen in feuchtem Milieu kommt es durch Wassereintritt zu chemischen Reaktionen an der Lötstelle und dem Kupferableitdraht und damit zu schlecht reproduzierbaren Meßwerten. Eine Sinterung des Platins und des Kupferdrahtes mit einer Keramikummantelung verhindert das Eindringen von Wasser.
The fractal dimension of the pore‐volume inside soils
Authors: Ahl Christian , Niemeyer Jürgen
Published: February 2007

This paper deals with the applicability of the theory of fractal geometry on the pore‐volume V. It describes the porous medium [soil] by characterizing the pore‐size distribution over a range of pore sizes through a single number, the fractal dimension D. D is calculated from the relation Vp ± PD‐3, where P is the pressure of the water‐retention curve and Vp is the cumulated pore volume. The fractal dimension D for the different pore‐size distributions ranges from 2.1 to 2.8 and is an intrinsic measurement for the degree of space filling of the different pore systems.
Verteilungsmuster lithogener, pedogener und anthropogener Schwermetalle in Böden
Authors: Filipinski Marek , Grupe Marianne
Published: February 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Zusammenhänge zwischen lithogen, pedogen und anthropogen angereicherten Schwermetallen und ihren Konzentrationsgradienten dargestellt. Aus den vertikalen und horizontalen Verteilungsmustern der Schwermetalle lassen sich Rückschlüsse auf die Art bzw. Herkunft ihrer Anreicherung ziehen, von der auch ihre Mobilität entscheidend bestimmt wird.

Lithogen angereicherte Schwermetalle zeigen relativ gleichmäßige wie auch geschichtete Konzentrationsgradienten im Profil. Vom Zentrum der lithogenen Anreicherung findet eine flächenhafte Verringerung der Gehalte in alle Richtungen statt. Pedogenetische Prozesse führen zu Konzentrationserhöhungen aller Elemente in bestimmten Bodenhorizonten. Lateraler Transport bewirkt den Anstieg der Schwermetallgehalte in den Böden der Senken im Vergleich zu den Kuppen. Anthropogen angereicherte Schwermetalle werden hauptsächlich in den Oberböden akkumuliert. Schwermetallanreicherung durch staubförmige Immissionen zeichnen sich durch eine deutliche Abnahme der Konzentrationen in Hauptwindrichtung aus. Schwermetallanreicherungen durch gezielten anthropogenen Eintrag folgen den Grundstücksgrenzen.
Background level of indium and gallium in soil with special reference to the pollution of the soils from zinc and lead smelters
Authors: Asami Teruo , Yoshino Akio , Kubota Masatsugu , Gotoh Shigeyoshi
Published: February 2007

The mean and range of indium content in unpolluted soils (Humic Andosols, Eutric Fluvisols, and Mollic Gleysols) was found to be 0.037 (0.016–0.078) μg/g dry wt. In soils polluted by common heavy metals, elevated values of indium up to 1.92 μg/g dry wt were observed together with an increase of cadmium, zinc, and lead. In contrast to indium, gallium content in polluted soils was nearly the same as that in unpolluted soils throughout the profiles. The mean and range of gallium content in all unpolluted and polluted samples was 14.2 (12.8–16.3) μg/g dry wt. The indium and gallium contents in 4 Canadian reference soils were also analyzed.
Die Standortsbewertung der biologischen Aktivität von Böden über Ermittlung der Bodenatmung und der zellulolytischen Aktivitatät im Feld
Authors: Beyer Lothar
Published: February 2007

Es wird ein aus mehrjährigen Feldmessungen der Bodenatmung und der zellulolytischen Aktivität abgeleitetes, temperaturdifferenziertes Bewertungsschema vorgestellt. Dieses erlaubt die Beurteilung der biologischen Aktivität am Standort und den Vergleich von verschiedenen Böden‐Ökosystemen. Messungen im Frühjahr erbringen repräsentative Ergebnisse und könnten im Rahmen der Kartierung von Boden‐Ökosystemen durchgeführt werden. Es besteht eine enge Korrelation zur Qualität des Humuskörpers und zum Nährstoffangebot.
Application of an Improved Antimony Microelectrode for Measuring pH‐Changes at the Soil‐Root Interface of Maize
Authors: Baghdady Nabil H. , Sommer K.
Published: February 2007

In both buffer solutions and soil‐water suspensions linear correlations with highly significant coefficients were found between pH‐values (glass electrode) and mV‐values measured with an improved Sb‐microelectrode. Addition of 20% (w/w) CaCO3 to the original soil gave an increase in the pH‐values (glass electrode) and also mV‐values (Sb‐electrode). Liming the soil with more than 20% CaCO3 showed no effect on both pH‐ and mV‐values. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between pH‐ and mV‐values at all different‐percentages of soil water holding capacity.

In a pot experiment the pH‐ and mV‐values in maize rhizosphere were lower in localized fertilizer spots than in the bulk soil. The pH‐values calculated from mV‐measurements in both bulk soils and localized fertilizer spots were lower than pH‐values measured directly using the glass electrode. These variations were related to the type and the combinations of applied fertilizers in the localized spots.
Influence of Nitrogen Supply on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet
Authors: Märländer Bernward
Published: February 2007

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, cv Novadima) was grown from 1980 to 1988 on a luvisol from loess in Northwest‐Germany always at the same uniformly cropped site. N‐fertilizer levels ranged from 2 to 211 kg N/ha. Root yield, sugar yield and white sugar yield increased with increasing N‐supply and reached maximum values at 159, 136 and 129 kg N/ha, respectively. Root yield showed no or only a slight decrease, whereas sugar yield and white sugar yield decreased with N‐levels beyond optimum. Sugar concentration and white sugar concentration decreased with increasing N‐supply, white sugar concentration showed a greater response. Sugar concentration was highest at 32 kg N/ha and decreased slightly with less N‐supply. Concentration of potassium was not altered, the concentration of amino‐N showed a great increase and sodium increased slightly with more N, being lowest at 36 kg N/ha with a very small increase with less N. Sugar loss was less affected than concentration of sodium and amino‐N and response of sugar gain was lower than response of sugar loss. White sugar yield formed a broad optimum and decreased by only 2% from the maximum value within a range of approx. 100 kg N/ha.
Pflanzenaufnahme und Extrahierbarkeit von lithogen, pedogen und anthropogen angereichertem Cadmium in einem Parabraunerde‐Ap‐Horizont aus Löß
Authors: Filipinski Marek , Kuntze Herbert
Published: February 2007

In einem Gefäßversuch wurde ein Parabraunerde‐Ap‐Horizont aus Löß mit cadmiumhaltigem Material lithogener, pedogener und anthropogener Herkunft zusätzlich belastet. Dieser Versuch wurde im Konzentrationsbereich zwischen 1,5 und 6 mg Cd/kg Boden durchgeführt.

Die Belastung des Bodens mit CdO (anthropogene Cd‐Quelle) hatte eine zwei bis dreifache Erhöhung der Konzentration im Welschen Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum) und im Spinat (Spinacae oleracea) gegen‐über der Cd‐Anreicherung lithogener (Gesteinsmehl) und pedogener (Ah‐bzw. By‐Material) Herkunft zur Folge. Die DTPA‐Extraktion erfaßte mehr als 60% des anthropogen angereicherten Cadmiums. Bei der lithogenen bzw. der pedogenen Cd‐Quelle lag der extrahierbare Anteil um den Faktor 2 bis 3 niedriger. Die CaCl2‐ und die Säuren‐Extraktion (0, 1 M HCl + 0, 125 M H2SO4) gaben diese Unterschiede nur unzureichend wieder. Zwischen dem DTPA‐extrahierbaren Cadmium im Boden und den Cd‐Gehalten in den Testpflanzen bestanden die engsten statistischen Beziehungen.
Comparison of German and Swiss rainfall simulators ‐ Relative drop energies and their distribution in time and space for simulated rains
Authors: Becher Hans H.
Published: February 2007

Using a drop impact transducer, the relative energy and distribution of rains simulated by five different field simulators at almost the same rainfall intensity were monitored along runoff plots. Evaluation of the impact pulses registered with a highly‐resolving X‐t‐recorder indicated that the rainfall energies of all simulators varied with time and position. Despite this variability, in many cases differences between the different rainfall simulators were significant. It was also found that the energy of one simulator was not typical for natural rainstorms and that that of another one was sensitive to wind conditions. Rainfall simulators with moving nozzles as dropformers showed characteristic periodicities in their energy distribution.
Phosphate Diffusion Coefficients in Soil as Affected by Bulk Density and Water Content
Authors: Bhadoria P. B. S. , Kaselowsky J. , Claassen N. , Jungk A.
Published: February 2007

Phosphate diffusion coefficients (De) were determined by the quantity of P that diffused from a soil block with P addition into a soil block without P addition. To compare the results with theoretical concepts and to quantify the influencing factors, De was also calculated using the equation of Nye (1968). This equation takes into account the P diffusion coefficient in water, D1, the volumetric water content, θ, the impedance factor, f, and the buffer power, b, of the soil. The results show that De strongly depends on volumetric water content whereas the effect of bulk density on De values was relatively small. If the weighted average buffer power was used, calculated De values were in good agreement with measured values at higher soil moisture contents. At θ < 0.22 g cm−3 the measured values for De were smaller than the calculated. This effect is attributed to incomplete contact between the two soil blocks. The only small influence of bulk density on De is caused by the fact that bulk density affects both θ and b in a way which compensates each other.
Chemische und mikrobiologische Veränderungen in einem Rigosol nach mineralischer Düngung im langjährigen Feldversuch und kurzzeitigen aeroben Inkubationsversuch
Authors: Schmitt Liliane , Müller Karl , Ahrens Erhard
Published: February 2007

Ein sandig toniger Lehm, der im langjährigen unterschiedlich gedüngten Feldversuch (ungedüngt, 120 kg N/ha, 240 kg N/ha) wiederholt zu Priming‐Effekten bei der N‐Mineralisierung neigte, wurde aerob inkubiert (25°C), und auf chemische und mikrobiologische Parameter untersucht Die Nt‐ und Corg‐Gehalte der mit 240 kg N/ha gedüngten Variante waren deutlich niedriger als die der ungedüngten und die der mit 120 kg N/ha gedüngten Variante. Langjährige Düngung von 240 kg N/ha erhöhte die Dehydrogenase‐Aktivität um 34% gegenüber der Kontrolle, bzw. um 54% gegenüber der mit 120 kg N/ha gedüngten Variante und förderte die Vermehrung insbesondere der Aminosäuren‐Ammonifikanten sowie der Proteolyten. Nach einer dem Feldversuch analogen N‐Düngung im Modell zeigten sich erneut positive wie negative Priming‐Effekte, wobei aber keine lineare Beziehung zum Düngungsniveau bestand. Die bodenbiologischen Parameter wurden durch die erneute Düngung im Labor in ähnlicher Weise beeinflußt wie durch die langjährige Felddüngung. Im Nt‐ und Corg‐Gehalt einzelner Huminstofffraktionen ergaben sich teilweise düngungsbedingte Unterschiede.
Huminstoffbildung während der Kompostierung
Authors: Bannick Claus G. , Ziechmann Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Während der Kompostierung von Stroh (mit und ohne N‐Zugabe) in einem Modellkomposter kommt es mit zunehmendem Rotteverlauf zu einer Zunahme der Huminsäurefraktion, bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme ihrer Vorstufen. Die Huminsäuresynthese ist dabei im thermophilen Bereich am stärksten ausgeprägt.

Gegenüber der Nullvariante werden bei Stickstoffzugabe bis zu 30 Gew.‐% mehr Huminsäuren gebildet.

Nach dem Überschreiten des Temperaturmaximums kommt die Huminsäurebildung zum Erliegen, womit ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen dem durch Mikroorganismen bedingten Abbau der organischen Substanz und der Huminsäurebildung besteht.

Anhand IR‐spektroskopischer Aufnahmen können Unterschiede in der Qualität der gebildeten Huminsäuren weder innerhalb einer Kompostierungsvariante noch zwischen den Kompostierungsvarianten nachgewiesen werden.
Anionenbestimmung in natürlichen wässrigen Lösungen: ein Methodenvergleich von ionenchromatographischen und Continuous‐Flow‐Verfahren
Authors: Mahr Alexander , Türk Thomas , Dobrowolski Andrea , Horn Rainer
Published: February 2007

Anhand von wässrigen Lösungen aus verschiedenen Kompartimenten von Waldökosystemen, Eichlösungen und mit bekannten Zugaben versetzten Proben wurden mehrere Analysenverfahren für Nitrat, Sulfat und Chlorid in einem Ringversuch auf die Vergleichbarkeit ihrer Ergebnisse untersucht. Beteiligt waren Ionenchromatographen mit und ohne Suppressortechnik sowie Continuous‐Flow‐Analyzer. Eine Clusteranalyse ergab für Nitrat deutliche und für Sulfat bedingte Abhängigkeiten der Meßergebnisse von der Analysenmethodik. Bei der Nitrat‐Analytik weisen die IC‐Systeme bessere Nachweisgrenzen und höhere Wiederfindungsraten der Standards auf. Die mittlere Standardabweichung für alle getesteten Analysenverfahren wurde für den untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich als 15 % für Nitrat 10 % für Sulfat und 14 % für Chlorid berechnet. Diese Ergebnisse repräsentieren Streubreiten wie sie im analytischen Routinebetrieb der Laboratorien bei großen Probenmengen und der Notwendigkeit zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung mehrerer Anionen auftreten können. Die Streuung der Meßergebnisse zeigte bei den untersuchten Anionen keine signifikante Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration gelösten organischen Kohlenstoffs in den Proben.
Changes of Redox and pH Conditions in a Flooded Soil Amended with Glucose and Nitrate under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Glinski Jan , Stahr Karl , Stepniewska Zofia , Brzezinska Matgorzata
Published: February 2007

The changes of soil Eh and pH during decomposition of nitrates at different levels of glucose (0%; 0, 5% and 1.0%) and nitrates (0%; 0,5%; 1% and 2% KNO3) in water saturated soil samples (Ah horizon of a Mollic Gleysol) were examined. It was found that in the presence of 0–2% nitrates and 0,5–1% glucose in the soil with 1–2 days anaerobiosis at 20°C resulted in the increase of reduction processes and a decrease of redox potential up to 500 mV (Eh). Soil pH increased in the range of 2.5 units. The results from the model experiment ‐ implying Eh > 200 mV and pH < 6.5 as range of nitrate stability in the soil studied ‐ can be useful for field conditions both to predict the stability of nitrates in the soil environment and to create proper conditions for the effective use of carbon sources as a main factor of redox transformations.
Beziehungen zwischen “verfügbarem” Bodenphosphat und den Phosphatblattgehalten vonTectona grandis(Teak) in Westafrika
Authors: Glaser Bruno , Drechsel Pay
Published: February 2007

Auf einem breiten Spektrum von Böden in westafrikanischen Teakplantagen (Tectona grandisL.) wurden signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den P‐Blattgehalten vonTectona grandisund den Ergebnissen der P‐Bodenanalysen nachgewiesen, wenn nicht ausschließlich sehr ton‐ oder humusarme Böden (< 15% T bzw. < 1% C) zur Beurteilung vorlagen. Von allen untersuchten Extraktionsmethoden (P‐H2O, P‐Mehlich, P‐CAL, P‐Bray‐1, P‐Soltanpour, P‐Dabin, P‐Resin, P‐H2SO4, P‐550, P‐org) eignen rich am besten das nach Verbrennen bei 550 °C in 1 n H2SO4aufgenommene Phosphat (P‐550, r = 0.548***, n = 63) und die Methode Bray‐1 (r = 0.305***, n = 63). Ersteres beinhaltet zu 80‐90% die organische P‐Reserve und wird zur Abschätzung der Phosphorversorgung empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse multipler Korrelationen ergaben eine Signifikanzsteigerung (R = 0.794***, R2= 0.63, n = 58) gegenüber der einfachen Korrelation unter Einbeziehung von P‐Bray (positiv), dem Sandgehalt der Oberböden (negativ) und deren pH‐Wert (positiv).

Eine ausreichende Versorgung der Teakbäume (Blattgehalt: 0.2% P) liegt in der Regel vor ab 300‐320 kg P pro ha und 15 cm (das heißt ab ca. 150 mg P/kg in skelettfreien Oberböden (P‐550)) im Untersuchungsgebiet zwischen Benin und Liberia.
Immunolabelling of Atrazine Residues in Soil
Authors: Hahn Alexander , Frimmel Fritz , Haisch Albert , Henkelmann Günter , Hock Bertold
Published: February 2007

An immunolabelling procedure was developed to detect bound pesticide residues in soil using atrazine as an example. Polyclonal antibodies directed against atrazine were raised in rabbits. Antigen‐binding fragments (Fab) were prepared and coupled to the fluorescent stain Rose Bengal B. The dye conjugate produced a fluorescence signal which was related to the amount of atrazine found in native soil samples. Preincubation with unlabelled immunoglobulines (IgG) from preimmune sera proved to be essential for blocking unspecific binding of the antibodies which varied greatly between different samples of soil material. Labelled antibodies, whose specific binding sites had been blocked by free atrazine, were used as controls. Strong unspecific labelling, which also could be suppressed with IgG from preimmune sera, was observed in a soil under a barn. Changes due to the permanent dryness and the lack of aeration are discussed as possible causes.