bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing production of integration system of corn and beef cattle in Gowa, South Sulawesi
Authors: Amna Lu’ulul , Sariubang Matheus , Nurhayu Andi
Published: September 2021

An integrated bioindustry agricultural system of sustainable bio-industrial agricultural system based on the integration of corn and beef cattle has been developed in Gowa Experimental Station, The Assessment Institute of Agriculture Technology South Sulawesi. The aim of this study was to build a waste-free agricultural system, using minimum input of production and energy from outside, the biomass and waste processing system into new high-value, environmentally friendly bio-products. Implementation stages consisted of two parts i.e., corn planting, and maintenance of beef cattle. Corn was planted on area of 1.5 ha by implementing Integrated Crop Management, while eighteen cows were used which were divided into three treatments with six replications. A completely randomized design was used in the study. The results indicated that the integration of corn-beef cattle at the Experimental Station was able to produce 5 tons/ha of shelled corn. Corn straw produced was as much as 3751 kg/ha and corn cob up to 1289 kg/ha for animal feed. The use of fermented corn straw and corn cob as a concentrate was able to increase body weight of cattle by 0.28 kg/head/day. The integration of corn-beef cattle based on bioindustry is potential to increase corn production and improve performance of beef cattle.
Response of young Bali bulls given Gliricidia and Cassava leaves in rations as a substitute for grass in Bangka Belitung
Authors: Hidayat Zikril , Nuraini  , Rubiyo  , Mariyono
Published: September 2021

Gliricidia (Gamal) is a high protein forage source. Gamal contains 24-25% crude protein. In Bangka Belitung Islands, Gamal is deliberately cultivated as a climbing pole and shade for pepper plants. Usually, Gamal shoots are trimmed once every three months, the leaves can be used as feed. Apart from Gamal, Cassava leaves are also a nutritious feed ingredient. Cassava leaves contain 23.04% crude protein, 24.86% dry matter, and 64.87% dry matter digestibility. This study aims to determine feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of young Bali bulls into small farmers. This research was conducted in Simpang Perlang Village, Central Bangka Regency from June to October 2016. The sample used was 24 young Bali bulls aged 1-3 years with an average live weight of 186.3 kg, which were grouped into 4 (four) feed treatments and 2 (two) age groups, namely 1-2 years and 2-3 years, where each was given 3 (three) replications. Data was analyzed using a completely randomized design and the DMRT test. The results showed that the feed factor and age factor significantly (P < 0.05) had an effect on feed consumption, body weight gain, and FCR.
Potential of sago hampas for ruminants feed
Authors: Wardono Heru Ponco , Agus Ali , Astuti Andriyani , Ngadiyono Nono , Suhartanto Bambang
Published: September 2021

Indonesia has the biggest sago palm forest and cultivation as well as its rich of genetic diversities. Sago planting area in Indonesia has a land area more than 5.5 million hectare (85% of world’s sago land area). Currently, the use of sago only focuses on the starch contained in it. Sago hampas is starchy lignocellulosic by-product generated from pith of sago palm after starch extraction. Sago hampas in Indonesia is very abundant, cheaply and not used optimally. Due to its fiber and starch content, sago hampas could be utilized as animal feed especially for ruminants. Sago hampas are limited in their use in making ruminants feed, because it has a high crude fiber and low protein content. Therefore, before the sago hampas is given as ruminant feed, the quality of sago hampas needs to be improve by processing technology. One method of processing sago hampas that can be applied is fermentation. The present study showed that of the utilization of sago hampas had a positive effect on ruminants performance. This review aims to examine the potential of sago hampas as basal feed ruminant as well as efforts to improve their nutritional value.
Solid palm oil as poultry feed and growth media of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae
Authors: Widjaja Ermin , Utomo Bambang Ngaji
Published: September 2021

The poultry industry in Indonesia has big challenges due to the high price of feed. It is important to use local feed resources as an alternative to reduce production costs. The local feed that has big potential is solid palm oil. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of solid palm oil as a source of protein for poultry feed, and as the growth media of Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSF). The research was conducted to grow BSF solid palm oil as a growth media for 20 days. Solid palm oil was analyzed its nutrient content before and after it was used as the growth media of BSF. The BSF was also analyzed its nutrient content. The results showed hat the content of fresh solid, BSF, and solid used for BSF growth media ware energy 3336.6 kcal/kg, 4773.2 kcal/kg, 1201,8 kcal/kg, crude protein 13.55%, 29.05%, 8.03%, crude fat 12.46%, 33.72%, 2.62%, and crude fiber 15.47%, 11.49%, 6.68%. The research results showed that solid palm oil contains nutrients that are good for poultry feed and for the growth of BSF larvae.
Antibacterial activity of Nickel-doped ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid prepared by sol–gel technique
Authors: AL-Jawad Selma M.H. , Shakir Zahraa S. , Ahmed Duha S.
Published: September 2021

ZnO/MWCNTs and Ni-doped ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid with different concentration of Nickel element was prepared by using sol–gel technique. The produced samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The polycrystalline nature with hexagonal wutzite structure of ZnO/MWCNTs and Ni-doped ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid was shown by X-ray diffraction. The hybrid nanostructure's crystalline size increased from 23.73 nm to 34.59 nm. Furthermore, UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals a significant decrease in band gap values from 2.97 eV to 2.01 eV. The FE-SEM analysis, on the other hand, confirms the formation of spherical shapes of ZnO NPs diffused on the surface of MWCNTs. The antibacterial activity showed that the inhibition zone of Ni doped-ZnO/MWCNTs hybrid was 28.5 mm for E. coli and 26.5 mm for S. aureus bacteria, respectively.
Primäre Knochenlymphome
Authors: Krome Susanne
Published: September 2021

Primäre Lymphome des Skelettsystems sind sehr selten. Daher gibt es keine eindeutige Definition dieser Entität sowie keine international konsentierten Empfehlungen zum diagnostischen und therapeutischen Vorgehen. In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurden jetzt die Daten von 2558 Patienten mit primären Knochenlymphomen ausgewertet, die in den Jahren 1973–2016 erkrankten. Untersuchte Endpunkte waren u. a. das krankheitsspezifische und Gesamtüberleben.
Einflussfaktoren auf die Kaiserschnittraten in deutschen
Krankenhäusern in den Jahren 2015–2017. Eine ökologische
Studie
Authors: Zipfel Linda , Weidmann Christian
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund Studien in diversen anderen Ländern haben gezeigt, dass
es Stadt-Land-Unterschiede bei der Kaiserschnittrate gibt. Dabei zeigte der
städtische Raum mehrheitlich höhere Kaiserschnittraten. Deshalb
sollten die Kaiserschnittraten nun auch in Deutschland zwischen
Krankenhäusern im städtischen und ländlichen Raum
verglichen werden. Darüber hinaus sollten weitere Faktoren identifiziert
werden, welche die Kaiserschnittrate beeinflussen.

Methodik Zur Untersuchung des vorliegenden Forschungsgegenstandes wurde
eine Sekundärdatenanalyse der Kaiserschnittraten in deutschen
Krankenhäusern mit Geburtsstationen durchgeführt. Betrachtet
wurden dabei die Jahre 2015–2017. Die Kaiserschnittraten wurden den
Qualitätsberichten der Krankenhäuser entnommen. Mithilfe des
Statistikprogramms SPSS wurden Mittelwertvergleiche und multiple lineare
Regressionen zur Erklärung der Kaiserschnittraten in den
Krankenhäusern durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Die Mittelwertanalyse ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei
der Kaiserschnittrate zwischen städtischen und ländlichen
Krankenhäusern (2015: Stadt=31,87% und
Land=31,6%, 2016: Stadt=31,09% und
Land=31,04%, 2017: Stadt=31,26% und
Land=31,03%). Die multiple lineare Regression hat ergeben, dass
die Variablen „Bettenzahl“ (2015: b=0,005, 2016:
b=0,007, 2017: b=0,006), „Lehrtätigkeit“
(2015: b=− 1,42, 2016:
b=− 1,351, 2017: b=− 1,823),
„Anzahl der Frauenärzte je 100 000 Einwohner“
(2015: b=0,198, 2016: b=0,241, 2017: b=0,254) sowie der
„Anteil der Bevölkerung mit Fach-/Hochschulabschluss
in%“ (2015: b=− 0,45, 2016:
b=− 0,507, 2017: b=− 0,392) in
allen Untersuchungsjahren signifikante Prädiktoren für die
Kaiserschnittrate sind.

Schlussfolgerung Die Studie konnte Krankenhausmerkmale sowie
bevölkerungs- bzw. versorgungsspezifische Merkmale als
Prädiktoren der Kaiserschnittraten identifizieren. Besonders relevant
war das durchschnittliche Bildungsniveau des Landkreises, in dem sich das
Krankenhaus befand. Kaiserschnittraten scheinen also weniger durch die
Bevölkerungsdichte als vielmehr durch das regionale Bildungsniveau
beeinflusst.
Coffee Leaves: An Upcoming Novel Food?
Authors: Stévigny Caroline , Van Antwerpen Pierre , Montis Andrea , Souard Florence , Delporte Cédric , Stoffelen Piet
Published: September 2021

Unlike those of coffee beans, the healthy properties of coffee leaves have been overlooked for a long time, even if they are consumed as a beverage by local communities of several African countries. Due to the presence of xanthines, diterpenes, xanthones, and several other polyphenol derivatives as main secondary metabolites, coffee leaves might be useful to prevent many daily disorders. At the same time, as for all bioactive molecules, careless use of coffee leaf infusions may be unsafe due to their adverse effects, such as the excessive stimulant effects on the central nervous system or their interactions with other concomitantly administered drugs. Moreover, the presence of some toxic diterpene derivatives requires careful analytical controls on manufactured products made with coffee leaves. Accordingly, knowledge about the properties of coffee leaves needs to be increased to know if they might be considered a good source for producing new supplements. The purpose of
the present review is to highlight the biosynthesis, metabolism, and distribution of the 4 main classes of secondary metabolites present in coffee leaves, their main pharmacological and toxicological aspects, and their main roles in planta. Differences in coffee leaf chemical composition depending on the coffee species will also be carefully considered.
Suchtkrank in der Pandemie? – COVID-19 und
Abhängigkeitserkrankungen
Authors: Erbas Beate , Strauch Hannah
Published: September 2021

Ziel Es soll dargestellt werden, inwiefern sich das Konsumverhalten
insbesondere in Deutschland verändert hat und welche
Bevölkerungsgruppen von gesteigertem Konsum, erhöhtem
Infektionsrisiko und der Gefahr eines problematischeren Krankheitsverlaufs von
COVID-19 betroffen sind.

Methode Mittels Literaturrecherche wurden in den Datenbanken PubMed und
PubPsych zur Beantwortung der Fragestellungen geeignete Befragungen und
Experteneinschätzungen ausgewählt.

Ergebnisse Bei Alkohol und Tabak ist ein leichter Anstieg des
alltäglichen Gebrauchs zu beobachten, während der Konsum
illegaler Drogen in Europa etwas abnimmt. Insgesamt ist bei
Gelegenheitskonsumierenden eher ein Rückgang und bei Hochkonsumierenden
ein Anstieg des Konsums zu verzeichnen. Auch Medien- und Internetnutzungszeiten
nahmen bei Erwachsenen und Kindern während der Pandemie zu.
Ängste, Depressionen und Stress können zu einer Konsumsteigerung
führen. Bereits suchtkranke Menschen sind psychisch stark belastet und
weisen zeitgleich ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine
SARS-CoV-2-Infektion und einen schweren Krankheitsverlauf auf.

Schlussfolgerung Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse liefern hilfreiche Trends,
die zukünftig durch repräsentative Studien abgesichert werden
müssen. Der Schutz von Risikogruppen und speziell an die Pandemie
angepasste Präventionsmaßnahmen erscheinen notwendig.
Frühes und fortgeschrittenes NSCLC
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: September 2021

Beim nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC) wird die Therapie mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren (CPI) jetzt erfolgreich auch in frühen Krankheitsstadien eingesetzt. Das zeigen Studien, die auf der virtuell stattfindenden Tagung der American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) vorgestellt wurden.
Evolution and History of Osteoimmunology
Authors: Pietschmann Peter , Föger-Samwald Ursula , Butylina Maria , Sipos Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

This narrative review focuses on the evolution and history of osteoimmunology,
which is a research field that investigates the interactions between bone and
components of the immune system. Looking at the evolution of bone, bone
development dates back approximately 540 million years. Osteoimmune aspects can
also be found in different bone-related diseases like osteoporosis, which is a
frequent age-related disease and was first recognized in 1751. Moreover,
rheumatoid arthritis is known as the prototype of an osteoimmune disease, which
was first clinically described in 1800. A further important component of this
field are osteoclasts, a term that was coined by Kölliker in 1873. For
the treatment of osteoporosis different therapeutic options are available, among
which 2 antibodies (denosumab and romosozumab) were currently approved by the
European Medicines Agency in 2010 and 2019, respectively, thus showing the
importance of osteoimmunological research for patients’ sake.
Strength Training in Professional Soccer: Effects on Short-sprint and
Jump Performance
Authors: Nuñez Javier , Suarez-Arrones Luis , de Hoyo Moisés , Loturco Irineu
Published: September 2021

Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of strength training to maximize
soccer player performance during competition. The aim of this meta-analysis was
to determine the effects of different strength training protocols on
short-sprint and vertical jump performance of professional soccer players from
the first division of their countries. The following inclusion criteria were
employed for the analysis: (a) randomized studies; (b) high validity and
reliability instruments; (c) studies published in a high-quality peer-reviewed
journal; (d) studies involving professional soccer players from the first
division; (e) studies with descriptions of strength training programs; and (f)
studies where countermovement jump and 10-m sprint time were measured pre and
post training. Overall, the different strength-oriented training schemes
produced similar performance improvements, which seem not to depend on the
training strategy. Strength training appears to have a lower effect when applied
during in-season than when applied in pre-season periods in first division
soccer players. In this meta-analysis it is not possible to confirm that
strength training in isolation is capable of improving the short-sprint and jump
performance of elite soccer players. The congested fixture schedule and, thus,
the limited time to perform complementary (non-specific) training sessions, may
contribute to these reduced effects.
Impact of Catheter Choice on Procedural Success of Minimally Invasive Surfactant Therapy
Authors: Bhattacharya Soume , Read Brooke , Miller Michael , da Silva Orlando
Published: September 2021

Objective Surfactant delivery via a thin endotracheal catheter during spontaneous breathing; a technique called minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) is an alternative to intubation and surfactant administration. Procedural details among different centers vary, with marked differences in the choice of catheter to instill surfactant. Studies report use of feeding catheters, multiaccess suction catheters, vascular catheters, and more recently custom-built catheters for this purpose. The impact of choice of catheter on procedural success and procedural adverse effects has not been reported. Our present study compares the procedural success and adverse effects of MIST using a semirigid vascular catheter (16G Angiocath-Hobart Method) versus a flexible multiaccess catheter (MAC).

Study Design This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data at a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit in Southwestern Ontario. All neonates who received surfactant via MIST between May 1, 2016 and September 30, 2020 were included in the study. Relevant baseline characteristics and data on procedural details (premedication, type of catheter, etc.) were collected. The procedural success, number of attempts, and adverse effects between neonates who received MIST via MAC and 16G Angiocath was compared by using Chi-square test or Fisher's test as appropriate. A p-value of less that 0.05 was considered significant.

Results A total of 139 neonates received surfactant via MIST method during the study period. Moreover, 93 neonates received the surfactant via MAC, while 46 received it via Angiocath. The baseline demographic characteristics in the two group were similar. A higher proportion of neonates in Angiocath group received Atropine (100 vs. 76%, p = 0.002) and Fentanyl (98 vs. 36%, p < 0.001) than the MAC group.

The procedural success was 91% in the Angiocath group and 89% in the MAC group (p > 0.99). Multiple attempts were needed in 24% of neonates in the Angiocath group and 37% in the MAC group (p = 0.158). More episodes of desaturations were noted in the Angiocath group (89%) than the MAC group (69%; p = 0.012). Other rates of common adverse effects were similar between the two groups. On exploratory analysis fentanyl use held significant association with less success, more desaturation, apneic episodes, and need of positive pressure ventilation /intubation.

Conclusion The overall procedural success of MIST is similar in both catheter groups. The proportion of neonates requiring multiple attempts was lower with the Angiocath, though difference was not statistically significant. Desaturation episodes were seen more frequently in the Angiocath group, which was related to higher use of procedural sedation in this group.

Key Points
Wind Noise Management in Hearing Aids
Authors: Korhonen Petri
Published: September 2021

Many hearing aid users are negatively impacted by wind noise when spending time outdoors. Turbulent airflow around hearing aid microphones caused by the obstruction of wind can result in noise that is not only perceived as annoying but may also mask desirable sounds in the listening environment, such as speech. To mitigate the adverse effects of wind noise, hearing aid developers have introduced several technological solutions to reduce the amount of wind noise at the hearing aid output. Some solutions are based on mechanical modifications; more recently, sophisticated signal processing algorithms have also been introduced. By offering solutions to the wind noise problem, these signal processing algorithms can promote more optimal use of hearing aids during outdoor activities. This article reviews how wind noise is generated in hearing aids, outlines the technological challenges in wind noise management, and summarizes the technological solutions that have been proposed and/or implemented in modern hearing aids.
The Collaboration between Hearing Aid Users and Artificial Intelligence to Optimize Sound
Authors: Balling Laura Winther , Mølgaard Lasse Lohilahti , Townend Oliver , Nielsen Jens Brehm Bagger
Published: September 2021

Hearing aid gain and signal processing are based on assumptions about the average user in the average listening environment, but problems may arise when the individual hearing aid user differs from these assumptions in general or specific ways. This article describes how an artificial intelligence (AI) mechanism that operates continuously on input from the user may alleviate such problems by using a type of machine learning known as Bayesian optimization. The basic AI mechanism is described, and studies showing its effects both in the laboratory and in the field are summarized. A crucial fact about the use of this AI is that it generates large amounts of user data that serve as input for scientific understanding as well as for the development of hearing aids and hearing care. Analyses of users' listening environments based on these data show the distribution of activities and intentions in situations where hearing is challenging. Finally, this article demonstrates how further AI-based analyses of the data can drive development.
Endoscopic Keyhole Approach for Intracranial Epidermoid
Authors: Verma Pawan K. , Singh Amanjot , Dikshit Priyadarshi , Das Kuntal Kanti , Mehrotra Anant , Jaiswal Sushila , Behari Sanjay , Jaiswal Awadhesh K.
Published: September 2021

Objective In contemporary neurosurgical practice, keyhole endoscopic approach has established its role in various neurosurgical pathologies. Intracranial epidermoid is an ideal pathology for endoscopic keyhole approach as epidermoid is well encapsulated, extra-axial, avascular, and easily suckable. The objective of this study is to share our experience of endoscopic keyhole approach for intracranial epidermoids at various locations as a new minimally invasive neurosurgical approach to deal with these lesions.

Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective study on 26 patients who underwent keyhole pure endoscopic excision of intracranial epidermoid between July 2015 and December 2019. Patient's demographics, clinical features, radiological imaging, and postoperative complications were noted. Follow-up outcome of preoperative symptoms and postoperative complications were also analyzed.

Results The mean age of the study population was 30.5 years with a mean follow-up of 30 months. The common presenting features were headache, hearing loss, and trigeminal neuralgic pain. Gross total resection was achieved in 73.1% cases, while near total resection and subtotal resection were achieved in 19.2 and 7.7% cases, respectively. In the follow-up, maximal improvement was seen in trigeminal neuralgic pain (83%) and headache (66.7%). Major postoperative complications were facial nerve paresis, lower cranial nerve paresis, and transient facial hypoesthesia, most of which improved over time. None of the patients required resurgery till date.

Statistical Analysis Patients' data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM, Chicago, United States).

Conclusion This study demonstrates that with careful patient selection, endoscopic keyhole excision of epidermoid is a good alternative to conventional microsurgical excision with comparable surgical and functional outcomes.
Management of Traumatic Soft Tissue Injuries of the Face
Authors: Cho Daniel Y. , Willborg Brooke E. , Lu G. Nina
Published: September 2021

Facial soft tissue injuries encompass a broad spectrum of presentations and often present significant challenges to the craniofacial surgeon. A thorough and systematic approach to these patients is critical to ensure that the patient is stabilized, other injuries identified, and the full extent of the injuries are assessed. Initial management focuses on wound cleaning with irrigation, hemostasis, and debridement of nonviable tissue. Definitive management is dependent on the region of the face involved with special considerations for critical structures such as the globe, lacrimal apparatus, facial nerve, and parotid duct. Following sound surgical principles, these injuries can be managed to maximize both functional and aesthetic outcomes while minimizing complications.
Improved approach to separating sunlight types for renewable energy systems
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: September 2021

Splitting diffuse and direct components of sunlight for solar energy systems can be hard.
Coarsening of polycrystalline patterns in atomically thin surface crystals
Authors: Wang Mengyuan , Peng Yuan , Wang Hailong , Upmanyu Moneesh
Published: September 2021

Atomically thin phases that crystallize on the surfaces of liquids above their melting point represent an emerging class of 2D crystals. Using AuSi as a model system, we show that their formation results in polycrystalline patterns that, unlike current generation 2D crystals, naturally coarsen as they form. The dynamics of the low-dimensional grain boundaries and their junctions is strongly coupled to the supporting liquid. The reorientation necessary for curvature driven interfacial kinetics entails diffusional dissipation with the liquid via mobile antisite defects, leading to a scale-independent power law dependence of the coarsening rate. Our study highlights natural thermal evolution of these polycrystals as a viable pathway for engineering the grain boundary networks in 2D surface crystals, motivating the search for a broader set of stable 2D surface crystals in multicomponent liquids and amorphous solids.
GaAs quantum dots grown by droplet etching epitaxy as quantum light sources
Authors: da Silva Saimon Filipe Covre , Undeutsch Gabriel , Lehner Barbara , Manna Santanu , Krieger Tobias M. , Reindl Marcus , Schimpf Christian , Trotta Rinaldo , Rastelli Armando
Published: September 2021

This Perspective presents an overview on the epitaxial growth and optical properties of GaAs quantum dots obtained with the droplet etching method as high-quality sources of quantum light. We illustrate recent achievements regarding the generation of single photons and polarization entangled photon pairs and the use of these sources in applications of central importance in quantum communication such as entanglement swapping and quantum key distribution.
Study of interface trap density of AlOxNy/GaN MOS structures
Authors: Song Jianan , Han Sang-Woo , Luo Haoting , Rumsey Jaime , Leach Jacob H. , Chu Rongming
Published: September 2021

GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor structures were fabricated by atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxynitride thin films on bulk GaN substrates with c-, a-, and m-plane surfaces. Capacitance–voltage measurements ranging from 5 kHz to 1 MHz were conducted at room temperature. The interface trap number density (Nit) and interface trap level density (Dit) of the devices were extracted. A Nit of less than 2 × 1011 cm−2 and a Dit of less than 2 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 were obtained on the a-plane and m-plane samples. Nit and Dit values were larger for c-plane samples, with the largest interface trap density observed on the c-plane sample with the highest dislocation density. The different Nit and Dit values can be attributed to different dislocation densities and dangling bond densities among different samples.
Off- and on-surface studies on flow development from various vortex generators configurations at Mach 2.0
Authors: Chidambaranathan Manisankar , Singh Ishan , Narayanan Sathia , Verma Shashi Bhushan
Published: September 2021

An experimental investigation was conducted to study off- and on-surface flow developments behind various mechanical vortex generators configurations at Mach 2.0. The control configurations used in this study include rectangular vane, ramp vane, delta-ramp, and split delta-ramp. The primary objective of this study was to understand the effectiveness of control in terms of adding fullness to the boundary layer, wake liftoff, and spanwise uniformity when placed in an array. Pitot rake surveys were carried out both in spanwise and three streamwise locations, namely, x/δ = 5, 10, and 15. The velocity profile is found to be much fuller for rectangular vane relative to other control configurations. The iso-velocity contours captured the wake growth and vortex liftoff features for all the control configurations. The surface oil visualization shows the vortex trail for the rectangular vane to be the widest and for delta-ramp to be the least. The Pressure Sensitive Paint tests show surface flow features similar to that from oil flow visualization results for all control configurations. The quantitative data from these tests further helped to understand the flow development features in detail.
Quasi-static secondary flow regions formed by microfluidic contraction flows of wormlike micellar solutions
Authors: Jafari Nodoushan Emad , Lee Young Ju , Lee Gwan-Hyoung , Kim Namwon
Published: September 2021

This study investigates the effects of yield stress (τ0) and shear banding on the fluidic behaviors of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium salicylate wormlike micellar solutions flowing through a microfluidic planar contraction (8:1) geometry. Test solutions with different surfactant concentrations (Cd = 75, 87.5, and 100 mM) at a fixed molar ratio of salt to surfactant (R = 0.32) were characterized by shear and extensional rheometry. While the lower concentrated test solution (Cd = 75 mM) with low τ0 (≈ 0.02 Pa) and no shear banding showed a Newtonian-like flow behavior for Mach number, Ma < 1, the flow with corner vortices was formed when Ma exceeds unity. For higher Cd (87.5 and 100 mM), new fluidic phenomena are documented: (i) even at a low volumetric flow rate (Q), the fluid velocity at upstream corners was slower than that of Newtonian-like flows and (ii) at higher Q, the secondary flow with a quasi-static condition was formed at Ma well lower than unity. Micro-particle image velocimetry showed the lower shear rates at upstream corners, which can be understood by the effects of contraction entry, shear thinning, and high yield stress. The quasi-static secondary flow region was not induced by generation of elastic shock waves; instead the shear banding was found to be the underlying mechanism for the separation of the region from the main flow. In addition, the length of secondary flow regions showed a close correlation with the Deborah number, which was calculated using the extensional relaxation time.
Stochastic forcing for sub-grid scale models in wall-modeled large-eddy simulation
Authors: Blanchard S. , Odier N. , Gicquel L. , Cuenot B. , Nicoud F.
Published: September 2021

In the framework of wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES), the problem of combining sub-grid scale (SGS) models with the standard wall law is commonly acknowledged and expressed through multiple undesired near-wall behaviors. In this work, it is first observed that the static Smagorinsky model predicts efficiently the wall shear stress in a wall-modeled context, while more advanced static models like wall-adapting local eddy (WALE) viscosity or Sigma with proper cubic damping fail. It is, however, known that Smagorinsky is overall too dissipative in the bulk flow and in purely sheared flows, whereas the two other models are better suited for near-wall flows. The observed difficulty comes from the fact that the SGS model relies on the filtered velocity gradient tensor that necessarily comes with large errors in the near-wall region in the context of WMLES. Since the first off-wall node is usually located in the turbulent zone of the boundary layer, the turbulent structures within the first cell are neither resolved by the grid nor represented by the SGS model, which results in a lack of turbulent activity. In order to account for these subgrid turbulent structures, a stochastic forcing method derived from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models is proposed and applied to the velocity gradients to better estimate the near-wall turbulent viscosity while providing the missing turbulent activity usually resulting from the WMLES approach. Based on such corrections, it is shown that the model significantly improves the wall shear stress prediction when used with the WALE and Sigma models.
Beyond the hockey stick: Climate lessons from the Common Era
Authors: Mann Michael E.
Published: September 2021

Significance

I review the significant developments, current challenges, and prospective future directions in the subfield of paleoclimatology of the Common Era since the publication of the now iconic “hockey stick” curve by the author and collaborators more than two decades ago, with a focus on how paleoclimate information can inform our understanding of the impact of human-caused climate change.
BTK operates a phospho-tyrosine switch to regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity
Authors: Bittner Zsófia Agnes , Liu Xiao , Mateo Tortola Maria , Tapia-Abellán Ana , Shankar Sangeetha , Andreeva Liudmila , Mangan Matthew , Spalinger Marianne , Kalbacher Hubert , Düwell Peter , Lovotti Marta , Bosch Karlotta , Dickhöfer Sabine , Marcu Ana , Stevanović Stefan , Herster Franziska , Cardona Gloria Yamel , Chang Tzu-Hsuan , Bork Francesca , Greve Carsten L. , Löffler Markus W. , Wolz Olaf-Oliver , Schilling Nadine A. , Kümmerle-Deschner Jasmin B. , Wagner Samuel , Delor Anita , Grimbacher Bodo , Hantschel Oliver , Scharl Michael , Wu Hao , Latz Eicke , Weber Alexander N.R.
Published: September 2021

Activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a critical mediator of inflammation, is controlled by accessory proteins, posttranslational modifications, cellular localization, and oligomerization. How these factors relate is unclear. We show that a well-established drug target, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), affects several levels of NLRP3 regulation. BTK directly interacts with NLRP3 in immune cells and phosphorylates four conserved tyrosine residues upon inflammasome activation, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, BTK promotes NLRP3 relocalization, oligomerization, ASC polymerization, and full inflammasome assembly, probably by charge neutralization, upon modification of a polybasic linker known to direct NLRP3 Golgi association and inflammasome nucleation. As NLRP3 tyrosine modification by BTK also positively regulates IL-1β release, we propose BTK as a multifunctional positive regulator of NLRP3 regulation and BTK phosphorylation of NLRP3 as a novel and therapeutically tractable step in the control of inflammation.
A 6.5 nm thick anti-ferroelectric HfAlO
x
film for energy storage devices with a high density of 63.7 J cm−3
Authors: Zhou Jiuren , Kang Yuye , Wang Xinke , Zhou Zuopu , Ni Haotian , Jiao Leming , Zheng Zijie , Gong Xiao
Published: September 2021

In this work, we experimentally demonstrate comprehensively optimized anti-ferroelectric HfAlO
x
films, achieving high saturated polarization charge density and doping concentration in doped-HfO2 films. This allowed us to produce an ultrathin anti-ferroelectric energy storage device with high energy storage density (ESD). With the optimized deposition temperature of 300 °C, Hf:Al ratio of 18:1 and an electrode of tungsten, a 6.5 nm thick anti-ferroelectric HfAlO
x
film is realized with a high ESD of 63.7 J cm−3, which is the thinnest anti-ferroelectric film among all the reported works, associated with such a high ESD. This not only provides an effective way to improve the scaling ability of anti-ferroelectric HfAlO
x
films, but also demonstrates a new approach to strengthen the control of the phase transition.
Combining cosmological and local bounds on bimetric theory
Authors: Caravano Angelo , Lüben Marvin , Weller Jochen
Published: September 2021

Ghost-free bimetric theory describes two nonlinearly interacting spin-2 fields, one massive and one massless, thus extending general relativity.
We confront bimetric theory with observations of Supernovae type 1a, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and the Cosmic Microwave Background in a statistical analysis, utilising the recently proposed physical parametrisation.
This directly constrains the physical parameters of the theory, such as the mass of the spin-2 field and its coupling to matter.
We find that all models under consideration are in agreement with the data.
Next, we compare these results to bounds from local tests of gravity.
Our analysis reveals that all two- and three parameter models are observationally consistent with both cosmological and local tests of gravity.
The minimal bimetric model (only β1) is ruled out by our combined analysis.
Investigating the thermal conductivity of materials by analyzing the temperature distribution in diamond anvils cell under high pressure
Authors: Jia Caihong , Cao Min , Ji Tingting , Jiang Dawei , Gao Chunxiao
Published: September 2021

Investigating the thermal transport properties of materials is of great importance in the field of earth science and for the development of materials under extremely high temperatures and pressures. However, it is an enormous challenge to characterize the thermal and physical properties of materials using the diamond anvil cell (DAC) platform. In the present study, a steady-state method is used with a DAC and a combination of thermocouple temperature measurement and numerical analysis is performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the material. To this end, temperature distributions in the DAC under high pressure are analyzed. We propose a three-dimensional radiative–conductive coupled heat transfer model to simulate the temperature field in the main components of the DAC and calculate in situ thermal conductivity under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The proposed model is based on the finite volume method. The obtained results show that heat radiation has a great impact on the temperature field of the DAC, so that ignoring the radiation effect leads to large errors in calculating the heat transport properties of materials. Furthermore, the feasibility of studying the thermal conductivity of different materials is discussed through a numerical model combined with locally measured temperature in the DAC. This article is expected to become a reference for accurate measurement of in situ thermal conductivity in DACs at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.
Advances in the long-pulse steady-state high beta H-mode scenario with active controls of divertor heat and particle fluxes in EAST
Authors: Wan B.N. , Gong X.Z. , Liang Y. , Xiang N. , Xu G.S. , Sun Y. , Wang L. , Qian J.P. , Liu H.Q. , Zhang B. , Xia T.Y. , Huang J. , Ding R. , Zhang T. , Zuo G.Z. , Sun Z. , Zeng L. , Zhang X.J. , Zang Q. , Lyu B. , Garofalo A.M. , Li G.Q. , Li K.D. , Yang Q.Q. , for the EAST Team and Collaborators
Published: September 2021

Since the last IAEA-Fusion Energy Conference, the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) research program has been, in support of ITER and CFETR, focused on development in terms of the long-pulse steady-state (fully noninductive) high beta H-mode scenario with active controls of the stationary and transient divertor heat and particle fluxes. The operational domain of the steady-state H-mode plasma scenario has been significantly extended with ITER-like tungsten mono-block divertor, plasma control and heating schemes. EAST has achieved several important milestones in the development of high β
p H-mode scenario and its key physics and technologies. A 60 s-scale long-pulse steady-state high β
p H-mode discharge with the major normalized plasma parameters similar to the designed performance of the CFETR 1 GW fusion power operation scenario has been successfully established and sustained by pure RF heating and current drive. Several feedback control schemes have been developed for a sustained detachment with good core confinement. This includes control of the total radiation power, target electron temperature, and particle flux measured using divertor Langmuir probes or a combination of the control of target electron temperature and AXUV radiation near the X point. The detachment feedback control schemes have been integrated with small-ELM regimes and high β
p scenario via neon seeding, enabling a core and edge compatible integrated high-beta scenario applicable to long-pulse operations. ELM suppression has been achieved using various methods, including resonant magnetic perturbations and impurity seeding. Full suppression of ELMs by using n = 4 RMPs has been demonstrated for ITER for the first time in low input torque plasmas in EAST. EAST has been operated with helium to support the ITER research requirements for the first time. For a long-pulse, high bootstrap current fraction operation, a new lower tungsten divertor with active water-cooling has been installed, along with improvements in the heating and current drive capability.
Corrigendum and improvements to “Carleman estimates, observability inequalities and null controllability for interior degenerate non smooth parabolic equations”, and its consequences
Authors: Fragnelli Genni , Mugnai Dimitri
Published: September 2021

This paper is a corrigendum of one hypothesis introduced in Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 242 (2016), no. 1146, and used again in J. Differential Equations 260 (2016), pp. 1314–1371 and Adv. Nonlinear Anal. 6 (2017), pp. 61–84]. We give here the corrected proofs of the concerned results, improving most of them.
Marmot mass gain rates relate to their group’s social structure
Authors: Philson Conner S , Todorov Sophia M , Blumstein Daniel T
Published: September 2021

Mass gain is an important fitness correlate for survival in highly seasonal species. Although many physiological, genetic, life history, and environmental factors can influence mass gain, more recent work suggests the specific nature of an individual’s own social relationships also influences mass gain. However, less is known about consequences of social structure for individuals. We studied the association between social structure, quantified via social network analysis, and annual mass gain in yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer). Social networks were constructed from 31 738 social interactions between 671 individuals in 125 social groups from 2002 to 2018. Using a refined dataset of 1022 observations across 587 individuals in 81 social groups, we fitted linear mixed models to analyze the relationship between attributes of social structure and individual mass gain. We found that individuals residing in more connected and unbreakable social groups tended to gain proportionally less mass. However, these results were largely age-dependent. Adults, who form the core of marmot social groups, residing in more spread apart networks had greater mass gain than those in tighter networks. Yearlings, involved in a majority of social interactions, and those who resided in socially homogeneous and stable groups had greater mass gain. These results show how the structure of the social group an individual resides in may have consequences for a key fitness correlate. But, importantly, this relationship was age-dependent.
Authenticated Tree-Based R-LWE Group Key Exchange
Authors: Hougaard Hector , Miyaji Atsuko
Published: September 2021

We present the first constant round, multicast, authenticated tree-based R-LWE group key exchange protocol with logarithmic communication and memory complexity. Our protocol achieves post-quantum security through a reduction to a Diffie–Hellman-like analogue to the decisional R-LWE problem. We also present a sequential version with constant memory complexity but a logarithmic number of rounds and communication complexity.
Technical feasibility of leadless left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization: a case series
Authors: Elliott Mark K , Jacon Peggy , Sidhu Baldeep Singh , Smith Lucy Jarrett , Mehta Vishal S , Gould Justin , Lee Angela W C , Niederer Steven , Defaye Pascal , Rinaldi Christopher A
Published: September 2021

Background

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is a novel form of conduction system pacing which can reverse left bundle branch block and deliver cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The WiSE-CRT system delivers leadless endocardial pacing with symptomatic and left ventricular (LV) remodelling improvements following intervention. We report the technical feasibility of delivering leadless LBBAP using the WiSE-CRT system.

Case summary

In Case 1, a 57-year-old male with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and complete heart block underwent implantation of the WiSE-CRT system, using a retrograde transaortic approach, after failed conventional CRT. Temporary left bundle stimulation from the LV septum achieved superior electrical resynchronization and equivalent haemodynamic response compared to endocardial pacing at the lateral LV wall. In Case 2, an 82-year-old gentleman with tachyarrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy underwent WiSE-CRT implantation via a trans-septal inter-atrial approach, with the endocardial electrode successfully deployed in the LV septum.

Discussion

Here we report the first case of deployment of the WiSE-CRT endocardial electrode in the LV septum and demonstrate the technical feasibility of leadless LBBAP. Entirely leadless CRT is an attractive option for patients with venous access issues or recurrent lead complications and has previously been successful using the WiSE-CRT system and a leadless pacemaker in the right ventricle. Further studies are required to assess long-term efficacy and safety of leadless LBBAP.
A novel technique for invasive aortic valve pressure gradient measurement using a 6 Fr Swan-Ganz catheter: a case series
Authors: Agarwal Nayan , Rastogi Ujjwal , Mahmoud Ahmed N , Bhatt Deepak L
Published: September 2021

Background

Simultaneous left ventricular (LV) and aortic (Ao) pressure gradient assessment has been rendered challenging since the recall of the Langston catheter. Here we describe a simple method for simultaneous LV and Ao pressure gradient assessment using a Swan-Ganz catheter.

Case summary

We describe two cases where assessment of simultaneous left ventricle and Ao valve gradients was done using a Swan-Ganz catheter to assess the degree of Ao stenosis and dynamic LV outflow obstruction.

Discussion

Using Swan-Ganz catheter assessment of simultaneous left ventricle and Ao valve gradients can simplify the procedure with reduced cost and increased patient safety.
Visa for competitiveness: foreign workforce and Italian dairy farms’ performance
Authors: Antonioli Federico , Severini Simone , Vigani Mauro
Published: September 2021

This paper studies the impact of foreign labour on the competitiveness of Italian dairy farms relying on the theory of foreign labour in profit functions. Application of an endogenous switching regression model identifies the drivers of adoption of the immigrant workforce. A counterfactual analysis performed on unit labour costs between farms employing and non-employing immigrants suggests the essential role of foreign farmworkers on dairy farms’ competitiveness, which provide a cheaper source of labour. The lower unit labour cost for immigrant workers resembles staunch support to the newly introduced ‘social conditionality’, for a CAP delivering also for farmworkers.
Mycndeficiency underlies the development of orofacial clefts in mice and humans
Authors: Yang Ruihuan , Li Ruyi , Huang Zhuo , Zuo Yining , Yue Haitang , Wu Hailin , Gu Fan , Wang Fei , He Miao , Bian Zhuan
Published: September 2021

Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common subphenotype of non-syndromic orofacial clefts arising from genetic and/or environmental perturbations during embryonic development. We previously identified 2p24.2 as a risk locus associated with NSCL/P in the Chinese Han population, and MYCN is a candidate risk gene in this region. To understand the potential function of MYCN in craniofacial development, we generated Wnt1-Cre;Mycnflox/flox mice that exhibited cleft palate, microglossia and micrognathia, resembling the Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) in humans. Further analyses indicated that the cleft palate was secondary to the delayed elevation of palatal shelves caused by micrognathia. The micrognathia resulted from impaired chondrogenic differentiation in Merkel’s cartilage, which limited tongue development, leading to microglossia. In terms of mechanism, Mycn deficiency in cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) downregulated Sox9 expression by inhibiting Wnt5a in a CNCC-derived chondrogenic lineage in Merkel’s cartilage. To investigate whether MYCN deficiency contributed to NSCL/P, we performed direct sequencing targeting all exons and exon–intron boundaries of MYCN in 104 multiplex families with Mendelian NSCL/P and identified a novel pathogenic variant in MYCN. Taken together, our data indicate that ablation of Mycn in mouse CNCCs could resemble PRS by suppressing the Wnt5a-Sox9 signaling pathway in Merkel’s cartilage and that mutations in MYCN may be novel potential causes of NSCL/P.