bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Studies of Oxygen Reactivity of Free‐Standing and Supported Boron‐Doped Graphene
Authors: Di Valentin Cristiana , Ferrighi Lara , Fazio Gianluca
Published: May 2016

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Cristiana Di Valentin at the University of Milano‐Bicocca. The image represents the oxygen reactivity at the interface between graphene and a copper foil. The Review itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201501439.
Simultaneous texturization and extraction of phospholipids from liquid egg yolk using renewable solvents
Authors: Wang Hui , Yao Linxing , Lee Show‐Ling , Wang Tong
Published: May 2016

A simultaneous texturization and extraction of phospholipids (STEP) technique was developed to extract phospholipids (PL) from liquid egg yolk. Three solvents, 100% butanol, 80% butanol, and 95% ethanol, were tested. All solvents can texturize the liquid yolk at the same time recover the lipid with greater than 90% total lipid recovery after five sequential extractions. It is shown that 100 and 80% butanol can extract the total lipid faster (i.e., more at the earlier stage) than the ethanol, and they are more effective in extracting total yolk lipids but with little preference for PL. On the contrary, 95% ethanol has high preference for PL than for neutral lipids. PL can be enriched to 80% purity directly from liquid yolk with a total PL yield of 78% using 95% ethanol under the first stage of the STEP conditions. Therefore, this 95% ethanol solvent has a great potential to process liquid yolk into a yolk lecithin concentrate, a neutral lipid‐rich fraction, and a defatted and texturized yolk protein. The uniqueness of this study is the simultaneous texturization and the strengthening of the yolk protein network that allows the extraction of lipids without the generation of the protein fines which could greatly reduce processing efficiency.

Practical applications: The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and infant formula industry can adopt this technology to more efficiently extract the highly nutritional and functional yolk lecithin or phospholipids from liquid yolk. Yolk drying is not necessary and ethanol is a desirable green solvent for yolk protein and lipid fractionation.

Texturized egg yolk and total lipid extract at three stages of extraction using alcohol.
Analysis of Amino Acid Mixtures by Voltammetric Electronic Tongues and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Faura Georgina , González‐Calabuig Andreu , del Valle Manel
Published: May 2016

A new voltammetric electronic tongue formed with graphite‐epoxy composite electrodes which were modified with metal‐oxide nanoparticles is presented for the quantification of tryptophan, tyrosine and cysteine aminoacid mixtures. The signals were obtained by cyclic voltammetry, and data was processed using two different chemometric techniques, artificial neural networks and partial least squares regression, for comparison purposes. Before performing artificial neural networks data was compressed by fast Fourier transform or discrete wavelet transform. The best results were attained using artificial neural networks with previous fast Fourier transform compression of the data with a normalized root‐mean‐square error of 0.032 (n=15) for the external test subset. The present method shows results comparable to other similar approaches, but with a much easier sampling process for the training set and new electrode modifiers to form the voltammetric sensors.
Complex discharge‐affecting networks in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: A simultaneous EEG‐fMRI study
Authors: Dong Li , Luo Cheng , Zhu Yutian , Hou Changyue , Jiang Sisi , Wang Pu , Biswal Bharat B. , Yao Dezhong
Published: May 2016

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a common subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) and is characterized by myoclonic jerks, tonic‐clonic seizures and infrequent absence seizures. The network notion has been proposed to better characterize epilepsy. However, many issues remain not fully understood in JME, such as the associations between discharge‐affecting networks and the relationships among resting‐state networks. In this project, eigenspace maximal information canonical correlation analysis (emiCCA) and functional network connectivity (FNC) analysis were applied to simultaneous EEG‐fMRI data from JME patients. The main findings of our study are as follows: discharge‐affecting networks comprising the default model (DMN), self‐reference (SRN), basal ganglia (BGN) and frontal networks have linear and nonlinear relationships with epileptic discharge information in JME patients; the DMN, SRN and BGN have dense/specific associations with discharge‐affecting networks as well as resting‐state networks; and compared with controls, significantly increased FNCs between the salience network (SN) and resting‐state networks are found in JME patients. These findings suggest that the BGN, DMN and SRN may play intermediary roles in the modulation and propagation of epileptic discharges. These roles further tend to disturb the switching function of the SN in JME patients. We also postulate that emiCCA and FNC analysis may provide a potential analysis platform to provide insights into our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of epilepsy subtypes such as JME. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3515–3529, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional fiber‐optic readout of single‐neuron‐resolved fluorescence in living brain of transgenic mice
Authors: Fedotov I. V. , Pochechuev M. S. , Ivashkina O. I. , Fedotov A. B. , Anokhin K. V. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: May 2016

A bundle of individually addressable optical fibers is shown to enable three‐dimensional optical readout from single neurons in live brain, as well as in intact brain extracted from transgenic mice. With individual fibers in the bundle being only a few microns in diameter, single neurons are readily resolved in brain images transmitted by the fiber bundle. The third dimension is added by scanning the fiber in the longitudinal direction, with the fluorescence return read out from only one of the fibers in the bundle.

magnified image
Distinctly different bubble behaviors in a bubble column with pure liquids and alcohol solutions
Authors: Guo Kunyu , Wang Tiefeng , Yang Guangyao , Wang Jinfu
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Bubble column reactors are widely used in chemical processes and wastewater processing. The relevant properties of surface tension play important roles in the hydrodynamics and bubble coalescence and breakup. However, the underlying mechanisms are complicated and need further research. In this work, the bubble behaviors were studied in a bubble column of 0.1 m i.d. with pure liquids of different surface tension and alcohol solutions varying in concentration and alcohol type.

RESULTS

The bubble size and shape were measured by the photographic technique. The gas holdups of small bubbles and large bubbles were measured by dynamic gas disengagement (DGD) experiments. In the pure liquids, the bubble size decreased and the total gas holdup increased with decreasing liquid surface tension. In the alcohol solutions, the liquid surface tension was almost unchanged with a little addition of ethanol to pure water, but the bubble size decreased and the total gas holdup increased significantly. In the ethanol solutions, the gas holdup reached its maximum at a critical ethanol volumetric concentration of about 3%.

CONCLUSIONS

The bubble behaviors in pure liquids and alcohol solutions were very different. The coalescence of small bubbles was inhibited more significantly in alcohol solutions than in pure liquids. The dynamic surface tension effect strongly affected the bubble behaviors in the alcohol solutions, and the predicted critical concentration based on this effect agreed well with the experimental value. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The hospitalist perspective on opioid prescribing: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Calcaterra Susan L. , Drabkin Anne D. , Leslie Sarah E. , Doyle Reina , Koester Stephen , Frank Joseph W. , Reich Jennifer A. , Binswanger Ingrid A.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Pain is a frequent symptom among patients in the hospital. Pain management is a key quality indicator for hospitals, and hospitalists are encouraged to frequently assess and treat pain. Optimal opioid prescribing, described as safe, patient‐centered, and informed opioid prescribing, may be at odds with the priorities of current hospital care, which focuses on patient‐reported pain control rather than the potential long‐term consequences of opioid use.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to understand physicians' attitudes, beliefs, and practices toward opioid prescribing during hospitalization and discharge.

DESIGN

In‐depth, semistructured interviews.

SETTING

Two university hospitals, a safety‐net hospital, a Veterans Affairs hospital, and a private hospital located in Denver, Colorado or Charleston, South Carolina.

PARTICIPANTS

Hospitalists (N = 25).

MEASUREMENTS

We systematically analyzed transcribed interviews and identified emerging themes using a team‐based mixed inductive and deductive approach.

RESULTS

Although hospitalists felt confident in their ability to control acute pain using opioid medications, they perceived limited success and satisfaction when managing acute exacerbations of chronic pain with opioids. Hospitalists recounted negative sentinel events that altered opioid prescribing practices in both the hospital setting and at the time of hospital discharge. Hospitalists described prescribing opioids as a pragmatic tool to facilitate hospital discharges or prevent readmissions. At times, this left them feeling conflicted about how this practice could impact the patient over the long term.

CONCLUSIONS

Strategies to provide adequate pain relief to hospitalized patients, which allow hospitalists to safely and optimally prescribe opioids while maintaining current standards of efficiency, are urgently needed. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:536–542. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Seasonal variability of saltwater intrusion at a point‐source submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Parra Sabrina M. , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Mariño‐Tapia Ismael , Enriquez Cecilia , Candela Julio , Sheinbaum Julio
Published: May 2016

Submarine groundwater discharge provides freshwater and nutrients to coastal environments. In some places throughout the world, this direct connection between aquifers and oceans may also allow saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion was studied at a submarine spring within a fringing reef lagoon on the eastern Yucatán Peninsula by observing its intratidal and synoptic‐scale variations during wet and dry periods. Saltwater intrusion was linked to wave‐driven setup, no rain, high tides, and sea‐level rise caused by remote forcing from Yucatán Current variability. Jet discharge velocities were inversely related to tidal oscillations, with maximum velocities at low tides. The wet period produced saltwater intrusion at high tides associated with three different conditions: syzygy tides, wave setup, and Yucatán Current weakening. During the dry period, saltwater intrusion occurred throughout most high tides and was aided by Yucatán Current weakening and wind‐driven setup within the lagoon. These results suggested that seasonal precipitation was most important in modulating spring discharge, followed by syzygy tides, Yucatán Current variability, and wave events. The spring discharge was modeled with a modified Bernoulli energy equation that included a friction term. Aquifer elevation and a friction factor were used as free parameters. The dry period produced the best model results because of infrequent rainfall that yielded a relatively steady aquifer level. Precipitation during the wet period most likely led to a more variable aquifer level, reducing the variance explained by the model that assumes a constant aquifer elevation. Nevertheless, the model predicted saltwater intrusion events reasonably well using simplified physics.
Obesity and overweight: Impact on maternal and milk microbiome and their role for infant health and nutrition
Authors: Garcia‐Mantrana Izaskun , Collado Maria Carmen
Published: May 2016

Obesity, particularly in infants, is becoming a significant public health problem that has reached “epidemic” status worldwide. Obese children have an increased risk of developing obesity‐related diseases, such as metabolic syndromes and diabetes, as well as increased risk of mortality and adverse health outcomes later in life. Experimental data show that maternal obesity has negative effects on the offspring's health in the short and long term. Increasing evidence suggests a key role for microbiota in host metabolism and energy harvest, providing novel tools for obesity prevention and management. The maternal environment, including nutrition and microbes, influences the likelihood of developing childhood diseases, which may persist and be exacerbated in adulthood. Maternal obesity and weight gain also influence microbiota composition and activity during pregnancy and lactation. They affect microbial diversity in the gut and breast milk. Such microbial changes may be transferred to the offspring during delivery and also during lactation, affecting infant microbial colonisation and immune system maturation. Thus, an adequate nutritional and microbial environment during the peri‐natal period may provide a window of opportunity to reduce the risk of obesity and overweight in our infants using targeted strategies aimed at modulating the microbiota during early life.
Maximal isometric muscle strength values obtained By hand‐held dynamometry in children between 6 and 15 years of age
Authors: Escobar Raul G. , Munoz Karin T. , Dominguez Angelica , Banados Pamela , Bravo Maria J.
Published: May 2016

Introduction: In this study we aimed to determine the maximal isometric muscle strength of a healthy, normal‐weight, pediatric population between 6 and 15 years of age using hand‐held dynamometry to establish strength reference values. The secondary objective was determining the relationship between strength and anthropometric parameters. Methods: Four hundred normal‐weight Chilean children, split into 10 age groups, separated by 1‐year intervals, were evaluated. Each age group included between 35 and 55 children. Results: The strength values increased with increasing age and weight, with a correlation of 0.83 for age and 0.82 for weight. The results were similar to those reported in previous studies regarding the relationships among strength, age, and anthropometric parameters, but the reported strength differed. Conclusions: These results provide normal strength parameters for healthy and normal‐weight Chilean children between 6 and 15 years of age and highlight the relevance of ethnicity in defining reference values for muscle strength in a pediatric population. Muscle Nerve 55: 16–22, 2017
Solution‐processable colorless polyimides with ultralow coefficients of thermal expansion for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Hasegawa Masatoshi , Watanabe Yuhei , Tsukuda Soichi , Ishii Junichi
Published: May 2016

This work reports colorless polyimides (PIs) that are applicable as plastic substrates in image display devices, which produce an ultralow coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) by solution casting without thermal imidization and mechanical stretching. An effective monomer molecular design is proposed for this purpose. Chemical imidization (CI) process compatibility is the key factor in attaining the target properties. We focused on a PI system derived from 1,2,3,4‐cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) and a novel para‐amide‐linked diamine (AB‐TFMB) with CF3 groups as it has great potential as an ultralow CTE material, although it offers no CI process compatibility because of its poor solubility. The CBDA/AB‐TFMB system was modified by copolymerizing with 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride. This approach drastically improved CI process compatibility. The CTE of the PI films linearly decreased with increasing CBDA content. At a CBDA content of 70 mol%, the PI achieved an ultralow CTE of 7.3 ppm K−1, non‐coloration/non‐turbidity, a very high glass transition temperature of 329 °C and sufficient ductility. The ultralow CTE results from the highly oriented main chains along the X–Y direction during the casting process as supported by the very high birefringence exceeding 0.1. Thus, our materials almost achieved the target properties required for novel coating‐type high‐temperature plastic substrate materials. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetically polymeric nanocarriers for targeting delivery of curcumin and hyperthermia treatments toward cancer cells
Authors: Kuo Chih‐Yu , Liu Ting‐Yu , Hardiansyah Andri , Chiu Wen‐Yen
Published: May 2016

Magnetically polymeric nanocarriers, Cur‐FA‐SAMN, were designed and synthesized for targeting, therapeutic treatments to cancer cells. Amine‐group immobilized iron oxides, Fe3O4‐NH2, were attached on the surface of self‐assembled tri‐block copolymer, poly[(acrylic acid)‐block‐(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐block‐(acrylic acid)] synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization. For the purpose of targeting effect, folic acid was grafted on the surface of Fe3O4‐NH2 attached nanoparticles. The nanocarriers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and UV‐Vis spectral analysis. Therefore, a hydrophobic anti‐cancer drug, curcumin, gained water dispersity, and stable storage via encapsulating into and on the magnetically polymeric nanocarriers, and the release behaviors were studied in vitro, with and without high frequency magnetic field. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of inherent and curcumin‐loaded nanocarriers were investigated by MTT assay. Results displayed that our nanocarriers have no cytotoxicity while curcumin‐loaded nanocarriers offered significant death to MCF‐7, human breast camcer cells. Intracellular‐uptake experiments demonstrated tremendous uptake and the destroying effect to MCF‐7 cells, most of the cancer cells were killed and the surviving ones were surrounded by the curcumin‐loaded nanocarriers. According to the aforementioned characteristics, these magnetically polymeric nanocarriers will be able to apply as a potential device for practical therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2706–2713
Significance of epoxy network properties for the toughening effect of flaky and fullerene‐like WS2 nanoparticles
Authors: Haba Dietmar , Barbezat Michel , Ayalur‐Karunakaran Santhosh , Schlögl Sandra , Brunner Andreas J. , Pinter Gerald
Published: May 2016

This work deals with the toughening effect of flaky WS2 and fullerene‐like WS2 (IF‐WS2) nanoparticles on epoxy with varying network properties. Reducing the amount of curing agent resulted in decreased crosslink density as measured by dynamic‐mechanic analysis and double‐quantum nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Although that lead to moderate changes in the epoxy's tensile properties, its fracture toughness dropped drastically, probably due to an increased defect fraction. IF‐WS2 could be dispersed significantly more effectively within epoxy resin than flaky WS2, possibly due to its spherical shape, but caused less toughening. IF‐WS2 tended to debond from the epoxy, while flaky WS2 introduced more secondary cracks. Both increased the fracture toughness of the (brittle) substoichiometric, but not that of the (tough) stoichiometric epoxy, possibly due to their interaction with molecular defects. Irrespective of which mechanism resulted in the toughening effect, its effectiveness depended strongly on the epoxy matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1738–1747
Step‐flow growth of GaN(0001) on 4H‐SiC(0001) by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Tingberg Tobias , Larsson Anders , Ive Tommy
Published: May 2016

We report on step‐flow growth of GaN(0001) on 4H‐SiC(0001) substrates by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The GaN layers were deposited directly on the substrate without using a buffer layer. A growth temperature of and above resulted in an atomically flat surface morphology with locally straight steps indicating step‐flow growth. The step height was 0.21 nm corresponding to one‐half unit cell. The terrace width was 97 nm and the root‐mean‐square roughness was 0.06 nm. Samples grown below exhibited a surface morphology consisting of spiraling terraces forming hexagonal hillocks. The full‐width at half‐maximum for X‐ray rocking‐curves recorded across the (0002) and (105) reflections was as narrow as 62 and 587 arcsec, respectively. We show that the high growth temperature in conjunction with Ga adlayers on the growth front provides a path for achieving step‐flow growth of GaN by MBE.
Performance improvement of starch films reinforced with starch nanocrystals (SNCs) modified by cross‐linking
Authors: Ren Lili , Fu Youjia , Chang Yanjiao , Jiang Man , Tong Jin , Zhou Jiang
Published: May 2016

Starch nanocrystals (SNCs) obtained from acid hydrolysis of waxy corn starch were modified by cross‐linking using either sodium hexametaphosphate or glutaraldehyde in water. The cross‐linking preserved the crystalline structure of SNCs and improved the dispersion of SNCs in water. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) nanocomposite films reinforced with SNCs or the cross‐linked SNCs were prepared by casting and evaporation. Compared with the SNCs/TPS film, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the cross‐linked SNC‐reinforced TPS films were increased and the Young's modulus was remained almost unchanged. Moreover, the moisture barrier was enhanced for TPS nanocomposite films reinforced with cross‐linked SNCs. The performance improvement of the cross‐linked SNC‐reinforced TPS nanocomposite films was attributed to better dispersion of the cross‐linked SNCs in TPS matrix and different reinforcement/matrix interactions.
Teaching First Graders to Comprehend Complex Texts Through Read‐Alouds
Authors: Witte Priscilla G.
Published: May 2016

This formative and design study examined how the Complex Text Analysis (CTA) instructional approach provided support for first‐grade students to increase their comprehension of texts of increasing complexity. The students in the diverse class participated in weekly lessons during which fictional texts were read aloud and analyzed in terms of key events, characters' actions and/or feelings, and central message. The responsibility for analyzing the text was gradually released to the students. Analysis of the data indicated that all students made significant progress in the ability to analyze texts of increasing complexity. The CTA approach was enhanced by intentional book selection, extensive scaffolding, and students' use of dialogic discussions. Additional positive effects produced by the CTA approach included increased vocabulary knowledge and improved ability to write stories with clear central messages.
The Role of Planned and On‐Demand Relaparotomy in the Developing World
Authors: Scriba M. F. , Laing G. L. , Bruce J. L. , Sartorius B. , Clarke D. L.
Published: May 2016

Introduction/background

This study compares planned repeat laparotomy (PR) with on‐demand repeat laparotomy (OD) in a developing world setting.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted over a 30‐month study period (December 2012–May 2015) at Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. All trauma and general surgery adult patients requiring a single relaparotomy were included in this study. Prospectively gathered data entered into an established electronic registry were retrospectively analysed. Full ethical approval for the registry and this study was granted by the University of KwaZulu‐Natal Biomedical Ethics Committee.

Results

A total of 162 patients were included, with an average age of 36 years (standard deviation 17) and 69 % male predominance. Appendicitis and stab abdomen were the most common underlying diagnoses. PR strategy was used in 46 % and an OD approach in 54 %. Patients selected for the PR strategy had higher admission pulse rates, higher Modified Early Warning System (MEWS) scores and significantly higher rates of diffuse intra‐abdominal sepsis at initial laparotomy. However, findings at relaparotomy were similar in both groups. The PR group had a much shorter time between operations, but much higher need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. There was no difference between the groups in terms of open abdomen at discharge, length of hospital stay, morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion

In our environment, a planned approach to relaparotomy shows no major outcome advantages over an on‐demand approach. There is however increased need for ICU admission with the PR approach. This is in keeping with international literature. Of concern is the much longer time delay between index procedure and repeat operation in the OD group. Improved post‐operative decision making may help address this.
Efficacy of Supraglottic Airway for Preventing Lung Injury Associated with Coughing at Extubation after Pulmonary Lobectomy
Authors: Ishibashi Hironori , Kobayashi Masashi , Takasaki Chihiro , Ishikawa Seiji , Miura Yutaka , Makita Koshi , Okubo Kenichi
Published: May 2016

Background

The use of double‐lumen endobronchial tubes (DLTs) is necessary for differential lung ventilation during pulmonary lobectomy. However, when used with conventional extubation procedures, coughing is more likely and is associated with an increased risk for parenchymal air leak along the staple line and possible subsequent lung injury. We examined the prevalence of coughing‐associated air leaks at extubation and the efficacy of using supraglottic airways (SGAs) to prevent air leaks with post‐lobectomy extubation.

Methods

This study included 150 patients with pulmonary emphysema diagnosed using preoperative computed tomography, who underwent pulmonary lobectomy between April 2010 and March 2015. The patients were chronologically enrolled in two groups: the DLT group (60 patients) from April 2010 to August 2012, and the SGA group (90 patients) from September 2012 to March 2015. (Note: the DLT group only included cases without air leak present just prior to extubation). Data were collected on specific patient characteristics and operative and postoperative factors.

Results

Coughing at extubation occurred in 15 (25.0 %) of 60 DLT patients, and parenchymal air leaks developed in 10 (66.7 %) of these 15. Comparison of groups revealed the SGA group was significantly lower for the following: patients with coughing at extubation (P < 0.001), coughing‐associated air leaks at extubation (P < 0.001), air leaks >7 days (P = 0.006), reoperation due to air leaks (P = 0.013), and duration of chest tube drainage (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The SGA is effective for preventing air leaks associated with coughing during conventional DLT extubation in post‐lobectomy patients.
Morphological description of the alimentary tract of Geoica
utricularia (Passerini, 1856) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Eriosomatinae)
Authors: Mróz E. , Kertowska D. , Nowińska A. , Baran B. , Węgierek P. , Depa Ł.
Published: May 2016

Existing literature data report the lack of stomach and crenated intestine in the aphid species Geoicasetulosa (Passerini, 1860), a representative of subfamily Eriosomatinae. This odd anatomical feature seemed remarkable, due to the presence of fully developed intestine in closely related genera and mutualistic relationship with ants of this genus. The study aimed at repeated anatomical research of Geoicautricularia (Passerini 1856), in order to confirm what seemed to be a generic feature. Standard histological methods were applied, with addition of oblique light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results indicated the existence of a fully developed intestine, with broad sac-shaped stomach and loops of the crenated intestine. The general anatomy of the alimentary tract of G. utricularia resembles that of other representatives of the tribe Fordini. Also well-developed rectal gland is present, most probably playing a role in modifying the carbohydrate composition of excreted honeydew.
Deepwater occurrence of a newGlyptocrinus(Crinoidea, Camerata) from the Late Ordovician of southwestern Ohio and northern Kentucky: revision of crinoid paleocommunity composition
Authors: Kallmeyer Jack W. , Ausich William I.
Published: May 2016

A new crinoid association reported from the Kope Formation (Katian, Ordovician) of northern Kentucky and southwestern Ohio changes the model for facies distribution of crinoids along an Ordovician onshore-offshore depth gradient.Glyptocrinus nodosusn. sp.,Plicodendrocrinus casei(Meek, 1871),Cincinnaticrinus varibrachialis(Warn and Strimple, 1977), andEctenocrinus simplex(Hall, 1847) are reported from a suspension-feeding assemblage with 26 taxa. This assemblage developed above an argillaceous packstone with most of the fossils preserved in shale. The fauna was comprised principally of secondary epifaunally tiered suspension feeders, deposit feeders, and predators. This is the first reported occurrence ofGlyptocrinusHall, 1847 andPlicodendrocrinusBrower, 1995 from the Kope Formation (lower Cincinnatian), andGlyptocrinusis represented by a new species,G.nodosus. Also, this is the first report of pinnulate camerate crinoids from the deep-water facies of the Kope Formation. Thus, deep-water Cincinnatian crinoid assemblages were comprised of disparids, cladids, and camerates; and the assemblage was characterized by a variety of filtration fan types for acquisition of resources.
Ceratiocarisfrom the Silurian Waukesha Biota, Wisconsin
Authors: Jones Wade T. , Feldmann Rodney M. , Schweitzer Carrie E.
Published: May 2016

Phyllocarids of the Waukesha Biota were systematically and taphonomically evaluated. ThreeCeratiocarisspecies are present in the biota:C. macrouraCollette and Rudkin, 2010;C. papilioSalterinMurchison, 1859; andC. pusillaMatthew, 1889. Specimens range in completeness from nearly complete, including the cephalic to caudal regions, to isolated telsons and furcae. Evidence of Salter’s position is present in only three specimens. Relatively complete specimens are interpreted to represent corpses, rather than molts; whereas specimens including only the pleon and caudal region, or caudal region, and specimens with evidence of Salter’s position likely represent exuviae. Specimens are preserved essentially as compression fossils exhibiting two types of preserved cuticle: brown inner cuticle, which tends to be impressed over the topography of bedding planes on which specimens are preserved, and blue-gray phosphatized cuticle exhibiting sub-millimeter scale relief. Cuticle phosphatization likely occurred during early diagenesis. The presence of characteristic near-shore species andC. pusilla, only known from turbidite facies, interpreted to possibly represent a marine trough, suggests that the Waukesha phyllocarid assemblage might represent a transported assemblage, rather than a biota, or thatC. pusillafrom the Jones Creek Formation was transported basinward in sediment gravity flows.
Requirements and limits of anatomy-based predictions of locomotion in terrestrial arthropods with emphasis on arachnids
Authors: Weihmann Tom , Goetzke Hanns Hagen , Günther Michael
Published: May 2016

Modern computer-aided techniques foster the availability and quality of 3D visualization and reconstruction of extinct and extant species. Moreover, animated sequences of locomotion and other movements find their way into motion pictures and documentary films, but also gain attraction in science. While movement analysis is well advanced in vertebrates, particularly in mammals and birds, analyses in arthropods, with their much higher variability regarding general anatomy and size, are still in their infancies and restricted to a few laboratory species. These restrictions and deficient understanding of terrestrial arthropod locomotion in general impedes sensible reconstruction of movements in those species that are not directly observable (e.g., extinct and cryptic species). Since shortcomings like over-simplified approaches to simulate arthropod locomotion became obvious recently, in this review we provide insight into physical, morphological, physiological, behavioral, and ecological constraints, which are essential for sensible reconstructions of terrestrial arthropod locomotion. Such concerted consideration along with sensible evaluations of stability and efficiency requirements can pave the way to realistic assessment of leg coordination and body dynamics.
Hot subdwarf stars in the Galactic halo Tracers of prominent events in late stellar evolution
Authors: Geier Stephan , Kupfer Thomas , Schaffenroth Veronika , Heber Ulrich ,   the MUCHFUSS collaboration
Published: May 2016

Hot subdwarf stars (sdO/Bs) are the stripped cores of red giants located at the bluest extension of the horizontal branch. They constitute the dominant population of UV-bright stars in old stellar environments and are most likely formed by binary interactions. We perform the first systematic, spectroscopic analysis of a sample of those stars in the Galactic halo based on data from SDSS. In the course of this project we discovered 177 close binary candidates. A significant fraction of the sdB binaries turned out to have close substellar companions, which shows that brown dwarfs and planets can significantly influence late stellar evolution. Close hot subdwarf binaries with massive white dwarf companions on the other hand are good candidates for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae. We discovered a hypervelocity star, which not only turned out to be the fastest unbound star known in our Galaxy, but also the surviving companion of such a supernova explosion.
Halo formation and evolution: unification of structure and physical properties
Authors: Ernest Allan D. , Collins Matthew P.
Published: May 2016

The assembly of matter in the universe proliferates a wide variety of halo structures, often with enigmatic consequences. Giant spiral galaxies, for example, contain both dark matter and hot gas, while dwarf spheroidal galaxies, with weaker gravity, contain much larger fractions of dark matter, but little gas. Globular clusters, superficially resembling these dwarf spheroidals, have little or no dark matter. Halo temperatures are also puzzling: hot cluster halos contain cooler galaxy halos; dwarf galaxies have no hot gas at all despite their similar internal processes. Another mystery is the origin of the gas that galaxies require to maintain their measured star formation rates (SFRs). We outline how gravitational quantum theory solves these problems, and enables baryons to function as weakly-interacting-massive-particles (WIMPs) in Lambda Cold Dark Matter (LCDM) theory. Significantly, these dark-baryon ensembles may also be consistent with primordial nucleosynthesis (BBN) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies.
Subaru Hyper Suprime Cam Survey of the Andromeda Halo
Authors: Chiba Masashi , Tanaka Mikito , Komiyama Yutaka
Published: May 2016

We present a progress report on our deep and wide-field imaging survey of the Andromeda halo with Hyper Suprime Cam (HSC) mounted on Subaru. HSC is the upgraded prime focus camera after Suprime-Cam, having a field of view of 1.77 square degree (1.5 degree in diameter), namely about 10 times larger than that of Suprime-Cam. This camera will thus offer us great opportunities to explore unique and legacy surveys for the Andromeda halo, as well as for other Galactic Archaeology science cases.
CNO abundances in giants of the peculiar globular cluster NGC 1851
Authors: Tautvaišienė G. , Drazdauskas A. , Lardo C. , Martell S. L. , Pancino E. , Stonkutė E. ,   Gaia-ESO Consortium
Published: May 2016

We provide CNO and Fe abundance investigations for a sample of up to 45 NGC 1851 giants. High-resolution spectra were obtained with the VLT UVES spectrograph in the framework of the Gaia-ESO Survey. The stars in our sample can be separated into two groups with a difference of 0.1 dex in the mean metallicity, 0.3 dex in the mean C/N, and no significant difference in the mean values of C+N+O.
Two New Ultra-Faint Star Clusters in the Milky Way Halo
Authors: Kim Dongwon
Published: May 2016

Kim 1 & 2 are two new star clusters discovered in the Stromlo Missing Satellite Survey. Kim 1, located at a heliocentric distance of 19.8 ± 0.9 kpc, features an extremely low total luminosity (MV = 0.3 ± 0.5 mag) and low star concentration. Together with the large ellipticity (ε = 0.42 ± 0.10) and irregular isophotes, these properties suggest that Kim 1 is an intermediate mass star cluster being stripped by the Galactic tidal field. Kim 2 is a rare ultra-faint outer halo globular cluster located at a heliocentric distance of 104.7 ± 4.1 kpc. The cluster exhibits evidence of significant mass loss such as extra-tidal stars and mass-segregation. Kim 2 is likely to follow an orbit confined to the peripheral region of the Galactic halo, and/or to have formed in a dwarf galaxy that was later accreted into the Galactic halo.
Globular clusters as tracers of the halo assembly of nearby central cluster galaxies
Authors: Hilker Michael , Richtler Tom
Published: May 2016

The properties of globular cluster systems (GCSs) in the core of the nearby galaxy clusters Fornax and Hydra I are presented. In the Fornax cluster we have gathered the largest radial velocity sample of a GCS system so far, which enables us to identify photometric and kinematic sub-populations around the central galaxy NGC 1399. Moreover, ages, metallicities and [α/Fe] abundances of a sub-sample of 60 bright globular clusters (GCs) with high S/N spectroscopy show a multi-modal distribution in the correlation space of these three parameters, confirming heterogeneous stellar populations in the halo of NGC 1399. In the Hydra I cluster very blue GCs were identified. They are not uniformly distributed around the central galaxies. 3-color photometry including the U-band reveals that some of them are of intermediate age. Their location coincides with a group of dwarf galaxies under disruption. This is evidence of a structurally young stellar halo “still in formation”, which is also supported by kinematic measurements of the halo light that point to a kinematically disturbed system. The most massive GCs divide into generally more extended ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) and genuine compact GCs. In both clusters, the spatial distribution and kinematics of UCDs are different from those of genuine GCs. Assuming that some UCDs represent nuclei of stripped galaxies, the properties of those UCDs can be used to trace the assembly of nucleated dwarf galaxies into the halos of central cluster galaxies. We show via semi-analytical approaches within a cosmological simulation that only the most massive UCDs in Fornax-like clusters can be explained by stripped nuclei, whereas the majority of lower mass UCDs belong to the star cluster family.
Origins of Stellar Halos
Authors: Johnston Kathryn V.
Published: May 2016

This contribution reviews ideas about the origins of stellar halos. It includes discussion of the theoretical understanding of and observational evidence for stellar populations formed “in situ” (meaning formed in orbits close to their current ones), “kicked-out” (meaning formed in the inner galaxy in orbits unlike their current ones) and “accreted” (meaning formed in a dark matter halo other than the one they currently occupy). At this point there is general agreement that a significant fraction of any stellar halo population is likely “accreted”. There is modest evidence for the presence of a “kicked-out” population around both the Milky Way and M31. Our theoretical understanding of and the observational evidence for an “in situ” population are less clear.
The Dynamical Evolution of Galactic X-ray Coronae in Clusters
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Rukmani , Ricker Paul
Published: May 2016

Galaxies in group and cluster environments are subject to ram pressure stripping by the hot intracluster medium, resulting in gas loss and the eventual suppression of star formation. Recent Chandra observations of galaxies in group and cluster environments show that 60 - 80% of these galaxies have compact (1-4 kpc), hot (~ 1 keV) X-ray coronae centered on their cores. These coronae have survived stripping and evaporation in the cluster, and their long-term survival poses a test of our understanding of the physical processes in the ICM. In this poster, I summarize results from Vijayaraghavan & Ricker (2015), where we simulated the evolution of populations of galaxies and their hot coronal gas in group and cluster environments, and evaluated their detectability with existing and future X-ray catalogs.
Several evolutionary channels for bright planetary nebulae
Authors: Richer Michael G. , McCall Marshall L.
Published: May 2016

The populations of bright planetary nebulae in the discs of spirals appear to differ in their spectral properties from those in ellipticals and the bulges of spirals. The bright planetary nebulae from the bulge of the Milky Way are entirely compatible with those observed in the discs of spiral galaxies. The similarity might be explained if the bulge of the Milky Way evolved secularly from the disc, in which case the bulge should be regarded as a pseudo-bulge.
From the Outskirts of Galaxies to Intra Cluster Light
Authors: Dolag Klaus , Remus Rhea-Silvia , Teklu Adelheid F.
Published: May 2016

We use the Magneticum Pathfinder (www.magneticum.org) hydro-dynamical cosmological simulation set to investigate the buildup of the stellar component within cosmological structures. These simulations result in the self-consistent formation of ICM, AGNs, and both spheroidal and disk galaxy populations, which properly reproduce the observed properties.
Kinematics and Angular Momentum in Early Type Galaxy Halos
Authors: Brodie Jean P. , Romanowsky Aaron ,   the SLUGGS team
Published: May 2016

We use the kinematics of discrete tracers, primarily globular clusters (GCs) and planetary nebulae (PNe), along with measurements of the integrated starlight to explore the assembly histories of early type galaxies. Data for GCs and stars are taken from the SLUGGS wide field, 2-dimensional, chemo-dynamical survey (Brodie et al. 2014). Data for PNe are from the PN.S survey (see contributions by Gerhard and by Arnaboldi, this volume). We find widespread evidence for 2-phase galaxy assembly and intriguing constraints on hierarchical merging under a lambda CDM cosmology.
Determination of the spin-lifetime anisotropy in graphene using oblique spin precession
Authors: Raes Bart , Scheerder Jeroen E. , Costache Marius V. , Bonell Frédéric , Sierra Juan F. , Cuppens Jo , Van de Vondel Joris , Valenzuela Sergio O.
Published: May 2016

We determine the spin-lifetime anisotropy of spin-polarized carriers in graphene. In contrast to prior approaches, our method does not require large out-of-plane magnetic fields and thus it is reliable for both low- and high-carrier densities. We first determine the in-plane spin lifetime by conventional spin precession measurements with magnetic fields perpendicular to the graphene plane. Then, to evaluate the out-of-plane spin lifetime, we implement spin precession measurements under oblique magnetic fields that generate an out-of-plane spin population. We find that the spin-lifetime anisotropy of graphene on silicon oxide is independent of carrier density and temperature down to 150 K, and much weaker than previously reported. Indeed, within the experimental uncertainty, the spin relaxation is isotropic. Altogether with the gate dependence of the spin lifetime, this indicates that the spin relaxation is driven by magnetic impurities or random spin-orbit or gauge fields.
Nonlocality-driven supercontinuum white light generation in plasmonic nanostructures
Authors: Krasavin A. V. , Ginzburg P. , Wurtz G. A. , Zayats A. V.
Published: May 2016

Structured plasmonic metals are widely employed for achieving nonlinear functionalities at the nanoscale due to their ability to confine and enhance electromagnetic fields and strong, inherent nonlinearity. Optical nonlinearities in centrosymmetric metals are dominated by conduction electron dynamics, which at the nanoscale can be significantly affected by the nonlocal effects. Here we show that nonlocal corrections, being usually small in the linear optical response, define nonlinear properties of plasmonic nanostructures. Using a full non-perturbative time-domain hydrodynamic description of electron plasma under femtosecond excitation, we numerically investigate harmonic generation in metallic Archimedean nanospirals, revealing the interplay between geometric and nonlocal effects. The quantum pressure term in the nonlinear hydrodynamic model results in the emergence of fractional nonlinear harmonics leading to broadband coherent white-light generation. The described effects present a novel class of nonlinear phenomena in metallic nanostructures determined by nonlocality of the electron response.
Intrinsic correlation between β-relaxation and spatial heterogeneity in a metallic glass
Authors: Zhu F. , Nguyen H. K. , Song S. X. , Aji Daisman P. B. , Hirata A. , Wang H. , Nakajima K. , Chen M. W.
Published: May 2016

β-relaxation has long been attributed to localized motion of constituent molecules or atoms confined to isolated regions in glasses. However, direct experimental evidence to support this spatially heterogeneous scenario is still missing. Here we report the evolution of nanoscale structural heterogeneity in a metallic glass during β-relaxation by utilizing amplitude-modulation dynamic atomic force microscopy. The successive degeneration of heterogeneity during β-relaxation can be well described by the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts equation. The characteristic relaxation time and activation energy of the heterogeneity evolution are in accord with those of excess enthalpy release by β-relaxation. Our study correlates β-relaxation with nanoscale spatial heterogeneity and provides direct evidence on the structural origins of β-relaxation in metallic glasses.
The differential role of cortical protein synthesis in taste memory formation and persistence
Authors: Levitan David , Gal-Ben-Ari Shunit , Heise Christopher , Rosenberg Tali , Elkobi Alina , Inberg Sharon , Sala Carlo , Rosenblum Kobi
Published: May 2016

The current dogma suggests that the formation of long-term memory (LTM) is dependent on protein synthesis but persistence of the memory trace is not. However, many of the studies examining the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors (PSIs) on LTM persistence were performed in the hippocampus, which is known to have a time-dependent role in memory storage, rather than the cortex, which is considered to be the main structure to store long-term memories. Here we studied the effect of PSIs on LTM formation and persistence in male Wistar Hola (n⩾5) rats by infusing the protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin (100 μg, 1 μl), into the gustatory cortex (GC) during LTM formation and persistence in conditioned taste aversion (CTA). We found that local anisomycin infusion to the GC before memory acquisition impaired LTM formation (P=8.9E−5), but had no effect on LTM persistence when infused 3 days post acquisition (P=0.94). However, when we extended the time interval between treatment with anisomycin and testing from 3 days to 14 days, LTM persistence was enhanced (P=0.01). The enhancement was on the background of stable and non-declining memory, and was not recapitulated by another amnesic agent, APV (10 μg, 1 μl), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (P=0.54). In conclusion, CTA LTM remains sensitive to the action of PSIs in the GC even 3 days following memory acquisition. This sensitivity is differentially expressed between the formation and persistence of LTM, suggesting that increased cortical protein synthesis promotes LTM formation, whereas decreased protein synthesis promotes LTM persistence.