bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of an existing Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) cold disinfestation treatment schedule for Ceratitis cosyra
Authors: Manrakhan Aruna , Daneel John-Henry , Serfontein Leani , Mauda Evans , Sutton Guy F , Hattingh Vaughan
Published: April 2023

The efficacy of an existing cold disinfestation postharvest treatment targeting Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in citrus was determined for the marula fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker). The cold tolerances of C. capitata and C. cosyra were first quantified in artificial diet at 3.5 °C at different exposure periods for up to 18 days. Ceratitis capitata was found to be more cold tolerant than C. cosyra. At 3.5 °C, the duration to achieve 99.9968% mortality was calculated to be 11.57 days for C. capitata and 9.10 days for C. cosyra. Under an existing C. capitata cold treatment schedule at 1 °C for 14 days, the conditions required for complete mortality of the third larval stage of C. cosyra in orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia, were then determined. No survivors of C. cosyra in oranges were recorded beyond 11 days of cold treatment at 1 °C. The efficacy of this C. capitata treatment for disinfestation of C. cosyra was thereafter confirmed in large scale trials in Valencia oranges. In the large-scale trial at the lowest mean temperature of 1.19 °C for 14 days, there were no survivors from a total of 85 490 treated C. cosyra third instars in oranges. Since C. capitata was shown to be more cold tolerant than C. cosyra and a large scale test demonstrated at least 99.9965% efficacy after 14 days at 1.19 °C, compared with the established effective C. capitata cold treatment of 14 days at 1.11 °C, cold disinfestation treatments for C. capitata should be at least equally effective against C. cosyra.
What drives organizational missions in the nonprofit sector? An institutional logic dependence perspective
Authors: Hwang Hyunseok , Lee Young-joo
Published: April 2023

This study examines how institutional multiplicity shapes nonprofit organizations’ mission-oriented actions by using the institutional logics perspective. We test how different institutional logics (professional, market, state, and community logics) independently and collectively affect mission-oriented actions of nonprofit organizations, focusing on the two focal subsectors: human service organizations and art and culture organizations. Using a panel dataset of 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations between 2000 and 2010, we find that multiple institutional logics jointly as well as independently affect nonprofits’ mission-oriented actions and this relationship varies between the two subsectors. The findings offer empirical evidence of how multiple logics co-exist and how the dynamics among multiple logics may shape nonprofits’ actions across different subsectors.
‘Circumstances Sufficiently Appalling to the Country People’: Suicide Burial in Thomas Hardy’s ‘The Grave by the Handpost’
Authors: Dillion Jacqueline
Published: April 2023

Thomas Hardy’s 1897 short story, ‘The Grave By the Handpost,’ set in early nineteenth-century Dorset, explores the custom of suicide burial at the crossroads before the practice was outlawed in 1823. The story, which draws from family history, local accounts, and articles in the Dorset County Chronicle, tells of a widowed sergeant who feels forsaken by his son, and in a state of despair, takes his life. The coroner rules a felo de se (or ‘felon of himself’), and the sergeant’s body is buried at the parish boundary between two villages. In contrast with other customs, suicide burial was characterized by a unique capacity to shame both the deceased and the deceased’s family in perpetuity. While suicide itself would not be decriminalized until 1961, I argue that Hardy sought to destigmatize the coupling of suicide and shame that had predominated in British culture for centuries. This approach follows from Thomas Hardy: Folklore and Resistance (2016) in reading Hardy’s view of folk culture in flux, as rural communities evolved to reimagine their inherited customs. Hardy espoused what he called ‘evolutionary meliorism’, a belief that communities might develop more ethical responses to human situations than were codified in the law. I argue that the villagers’ response in ‘The Grave’ demonstrates this idea in practice, and I conclude that their decision to reject this custom on ethical grounds marks ‘The Grave’ as an important late Hardy work.
Dehydrozingerone enhances the fungicidal activity of glabridin againstSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandCandida albicans
Authors: Yamano Saya , Tsukuda Yuka , Mizuhara Naoko , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Ogita Akira , Fujita Ken-Ichi
Published: April 2023

Drug resistance commonly occurs when treating immunocompromized patients with fungal infections. Dehydrozingerone—a phenolic compound isolated from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale—inhibits drug efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Pdr5p. We aimed to investigate whether dehydrozingerone enhances the antifungal activity of glabridin—an isoflavan isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.—by attenuating multidrug resistance through the intrinsic expression system of multidrug-efflux-related genes in a wild-type strain of the model yeast. The antifungal activity of 50 μmol l−1 glabridin alone was weak and temporary against S. cerevisiae; however, cell viability was significantly inhibited when the cells were co-treated with glabridin and dehydrozingerone. This enhancement was also observed in human pathogenic Candida albicans. Glabridin efflux did not depend on a particular drug efflux pump; instead, the transcription factors PDR1 and PDR3—regulating the transcription of multiple genes encoding drug efflux pumps—were involved in the antifungal activity and efflux of glabridin. qRT–PCR analysis revealed that dehydrozingerone reduced glabridin-induced overexpression of the ABC transporter-related genes PDR1, PDR3, and PDR5 to the levels observed in untreated cells. Our findings indicated that dehydrozingerone potentiates the efficacy of plant-derived antifungals through its effects on ABC transporters.
Hacking stylometry with multiple voices: Imaginary writers can override authorial signal in Delta
Authors: Skorinkin Daniil , Orekhov Boris
Published: April 2023

It is a basic assumption of stylometry that texts written by the same person show greater stylometric similarity even if published under multiple pennames. Statistical authorship attribution strongly relies on the ability of Burrows’s Delta and its variants to cluster one author together regardless of pseudonyms. At the same time, the very first computational discoveries by the founder of modern stylometry showed that a single author is capable of producing multiple voices (Burrows, 1987, Computation into Criticism: A Study of Jane Austen’s Novels and an Experiment in Method. Clarendon Press). We investigate two authors whose stylistically autonomous pennames seem to deceive Delta and override authorial signals: a Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa and a French novelist Romain Gary. Pessoa managed to create at least three pennames (the author himself used the term ‘heteronym’) who exhibit all traits of individual human beings from the stylometric point of view. Gary’s alter ego Emile Ajar, who was an intentional literary mystification, also demonstrates traits of stylometric autonomy. At the same time, other pseudonyms used by Gary lack that autonomy completely. Our investigation shows that there appears to be a continuum between a purely formal use of a penname, which brings almost no distinction from the real name of an author, and a strong literary sub-personality such as those created by Pessoa.
Evaluation of the PneumoGenius® PCR assay for the diagnosis ofPneumocystispneumonia and the detection ofPneumocystisdihydropteroate synthase mutations in respiratory samples
Authors: Guegan Hélène , Roojee Maël , Le Gal Solène , Artus Mathilde , Nevez Gilles , Gangneux Jean-Pierre , Robert-Gangneux Florence
Published: April 2023

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is the most frequent fungal opportunistic infection defining AIDS in HIV-infected patients, and is of growing importance in HIV-negative patients. In this latter category of patients, the diagnosis mainly relies on real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pj) on respiratory samples. The PneumoGenius® kit (PathoNostics) allows the simultaneous detection of Pj mitochondrial large subunit (mtLSU) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) polymorphisms, which could be of interest to anticipate therapeutic failure. This study aimed at evaluating its clinical performance on 251 respiratory specimens (239 patients), (i) for P. jirovecii detection in clinical samples, and (ii) for DHPS polymorphisms detection in circulating strains.

Patients were classified according to modified European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) criteria, as having proven PCP (n = 62), probable PCP (n = 87), Pneumocystis colonization (n = 37), and no PCP (n = 53).

Compared with in-house qPCR, the sensitivity of PneumoGenius® assay for P. jirovecii detection reached 91.9% (182/198), the specificity was excellent (100%, 53/53) and the global concordance was 93.6% (235/253). A total of four diagnoses of proven/probable PCP were missed by the PneumoGenius® assay, reaching a 97.5% sensitivity (157/161) in this sub-group. The 12 other ‘false–negative’ results were obtained in patients diagnosed as colonized using the in-house PCR. DHPS genotyping was successful for 147/182 samples with PneumoGenius® and revealed dhps mutation in 8 samples, which were all confirmed by sequencing.

In conclusion, PneumoGenius® assay missed the detection of low-burden PCP. This lower sensitivity for PCP diagnosis can be balanced by a higher specificity (P. jirovecii colonization less frequently detected) and the efficient detection of DHPS hot spot mutations.
The Hamiltonian for von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai oscillations
Authors: Tremaine Scott
Published: April 2023

The Hamiltonian used in classical analyses of von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai or ZLK oscillations in hierarchical triple systems is based on the quadrupole potential from a distant body on a fixed orbit, averaged over the orbits of both the inner and the outer bodies (‘double averaging’). This approximation can be misleading, because the corresponding Hamiltonian conserves the component of angular momentum of the inner binary normal to the orbit of the outer binary, thereby restricting the volume of phase space that the system can access. This defect is usually remedied by including the effects of the octopole potential, or by allowing the outer orbit to respond to variations in the inner orbit. However, in a wide variety of astrophysical systems, non-linear perturbations are comparable to or greater than these effects. The long-term effects of non-linear perturbations are described by an additional Hamiltonian, which we call Brown’s Hamiltonian. At least three different forms of Brown’s Hamiltonian are found in the literature; we show that all three are related by a gauge freedom, although one is much simpler than the others. We argue that investigations of ZLK oscillations in triple systems should include Brown’s Hamiltonian.
Identifying and characterizing ultracool dwarfs ejected from post-encounter disintegrating systems
Authors: Yip Alexandra K P , Kurtev Radostin , Pinfield David J , Marocco Federico , Gromadzki Mariusz , Carballo-Bello Julio A
Published: April 2023

Disintegrating multiple systems have been previously discovered from kinematic studies of the Hipparcos catalogue. They are presumably the result of dynamical encounters taking place in the Galactic disc between single/multiple systems. In this paper, we aim to expand the search for such systems, to study their properties, as well as to characterize possible low-mass ejecta (i.e. brown dwarfs and planets). We have assembled a list of 15 candidate systems using astrometry from the Tycho-Gaia astrometric solution (later upgraded with Gaia DR3), and here we present the discovery and follow-up of five of them. We have obtained DECam imaging for all five systems and by combining near-infrared photometry and proper motion, we searched for ultracool ejected components. We find that the system consisting of TYC 7731-1951-1, TYC 7731-2128 AB, and TYC 7731-1995-1ABC?, contains one very promising ultracool dwarf candidate. Using additional data from the literature, we have found that three out of five disintegrating system candidates are likely to be true disintegrating systems.
Likelihood of Martian moons as dust sources in light with Juno observations
Authors: Pabari J P
Published: April 2023

Juno observations show dust halo near Mars, contributing to Zodiacal light, the source of which is yet to be known. It is interesting for scientists to understand whether dust primarily comes from the Martian moons. Here, we investigate Phobos/Deimos as likely sources of interplanetary dust near Mars. Incoming dust at the Martian moons impact their surface and produce ejecta, a part of which can escape easily to space. Results of escaping mass rates are presented and compared with incoming mass rates through a parameter called mass escape ratio. The results show higher ratio for a wide range of particles, inferring a large amount of effective mass loss from the moons. From whatever is lost, smaller particles (<0.1 µm) can escape, while larger particles are influenced by the gravitational pull of Mars. Furthermore, from the larger particles, those with sizes greater than critical size (i.e. ∼10 µm) remain in a ring/torus for a specific lifetime and afterwards, they get released from the gravitational effect of Mars. Since, incoming dust creates the ejecta continuously from Phobos/Deimos, the process of the release of particles after the lifetime is also continuous. On the other side, flux of interplanetary dust is derived from Juno observations of dust impact rates between 1 and 5 au heliocentric distance. An increase in the flux observed by Juno around 1.5 au and the results of larger, continuous escaping mass from the moons indicate Phobos and Deimos to be the local sources of dust bands observed by Juno spacecraft.
Revised physical parameters and study on magnetic activities for the eclipsing binary USNO-B1.0 1387-0467554
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Gu Shenghong , Wang Xiaobin , Yeung Bill , Ng Eric , Yu Kamfung , Sun Leilei , Xiang Yue , Cao Dongtao , Bai Jinming , Fan Yufeng , Xu Fukun , Liu Yisi , Xu Xiaoyun , Luo Nanping
Published: April 2023

We present optimized physical parameters of the active eclipsing binary system USNO-B1.0 1387-0467554 discovered recently in Yunnan–Hong Kong wide-field photometric (YNHK) survey, based on the analysis of its two colour light curves and low resolution spectra obtained at Yunnan Observatories, China. Its spot distributions are derived by means of the Wilson–Devinney code, using photometric data of the YNHK survey from 2016 to 2021. There exist active longitude belts for the spot activities on the primary star, for which the effect of tidal force seems dominant comparing with the one of common magnetic field of the binary system. We have investigated its chromospheric activities through the indicators including Hα, Hβ, CaII H&K, and HeI D3 lines covered by the low resolution spectroscopic observations. There are obvious spatial correlations between the magnetic activities in its photosphere and chromosphere. The EHα/EHβ values suggest that both plages and prominences led to the emissions seen in the Balmer lines at most phases. A prominence structure appeared around the phase of 0.8 on 2018 October 25 and evolved in November and December, 2018. The spectra demonstrate that there were frequent flare events in the system. Moreover, the decay part of a white-light flare event was hunted by the YNHK survey on 2021 October 26.
Origin and evolution of ultradiffuse galaxies in different environments
Authors: Benavides José A , Sales Laura V , Abadi Mario G , Marinacci Federico , Vogelsberger Mark , Hernquist Lars
Published: April 2023

We study the formation of ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) using the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation TNG50 of the Illustris-TNG suite. We define UDGs as dwarf galaxies in the stellar mass range $\rm {7.5 \le log (M_{\star } / {\rm M}_{\odot }) \le 9 }$ that are in the 5 per cent most extended tail of the simulated mass–size relation. This results in a sample of UDGs with half-mass radii $\rm {r_{h \star } \gtrsim 2 \ kpc}$ and surface brightness between $\rm {24.5}$ and $\rm {28 \ mag \ arcsec^{-2}}$, similar to definitions of UDGs in observations. The large cosmological volume in TNG50 allows for a comparison of UDGs properties in different environments, from the field to galaxy clusters with virial mass $\rm {M_{200} \sim 2 \times 10^{14} ~ {\rm M}_{\odot }}$. All UDGs in our sample have dwarf-mass haloes ($\rm {M_{200}\sim 10^{11} ~ {\rm M}_{\odot } }$) and show the same environmental trends as normal dwarfs: field UDGs are star-forming and blue while satellite UDGs are typically quiescent and red. The TNG50 simulation predicts UDGs that populate preferentially higher spin haloes and more massive haloes at fixed $\rm {M_{\star }}$ compared to non-UDG dwarfs. This applies also to most satellite UDGs, which are actually ‘born’ UDGs in the field and infall into groups and clusters without significant changes to their size. We find, however, a small subset of satellite UDGs ($\lesssim 10~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) with present-day stellar size a factor ≥1.5 larger than at infall, confirming that tidal effects, particularly in the lower mass dwarfs, are also a viable formation mechanism for some of these dwarfs, although sub-dominant in this simulation.
Modelling dark matter halo spin using observations and simulations: application to UGC 5288
Authors: Ansar Sioree , Kataria Sandeep Kumar , Das Mousumi
Published: April 2023

Dark matter (DM) halo properties are extensively studied in cosmological simulations but are very challenging to estimate from observations. The DM halo density profile of observed galaxies is modelled using multiple probes that trace the DM potential. However, the angular momentum distribution of DM halos is still a subject of debate. In this study, we investigate a method for estimating the halo spin and halo concentration of low surface brightness (LSB), gas-rich dwarf barred galaxy UGC 5288, by forward modelling disc properties derived from observations – stellar and gas surface densities, disc scalelength, H i rotation curve, bar length, and bar ellipticity. We combine semi-analytical techniques, N-body/SPH, and cosmological simulations to model the DM halo of UGC 5288 with both a cuspy Hernquist profile and a flat-core pseudo-isothermal profile. We find that the best match with observations is a pseudo-isothermal halo model with a core radius of rc = 0.23 kpc and halo spin of λ = 0.08 at the virial radius. Although our findings are consistent with previous core radius estimates of the halo density profile of UGC 5288, as well as with the halo spin profiles of similar mass analogues of UGC 5288 in the high-resolution cosmological-magneto-hydrodynamical simulation TNG50, there still remain some uncertainties as we are limited in our knowledge of the formation history of the galaxy. Additionally, we find that the inner halo spin (r < 10 kpc) in barred galaxies is different from the unbarred ones, and the halo spin shows weak correlations with bar properties.
A novel approach to correcting Te-based mass–metallicity relations
Authors: Cameron Alex J , Katz Harley , Rey Martin P
Published: April 2023

Deriving oxygen abundances from the electron temperature (hereafter the Te method) is the gold standard for extragalactic metallicity studies. However, unresolved temperature fluctuations within individual H ii regions and across different H ii regions throughout a galaxy can bias metallicity estimates low, with a magnitude that depends on the underlying and typically unknown temperature distribution. Using a toy model, we confirm that computing Te-based metallicities using the temperature derived from the [O iii] λ4363/λ5007 or [O ii] λλ7320, 7330/[O ii] λλ3727 ratio (‘ratio temperature’, Tratio) results in an underprediction of metallicity when temperature fluctuations are present. In contrast, using the unobservable ‘line temperatures’ (Tline) that provide the mean electron and ion density-weighted emissivity yields an accurate metallicity estimate. To correct this bias in low-mass galaxies, we demonstrate an example calibration of a relation between Tratio and Tline based on a high-resolution (4.5 pc) ramses-rtz simulation of a dwarf galaxy that self-consistently models the formation of multiple H ii regions and ion temperature distribution in a galactic context. Applying this correction to the low-mass end of the mass–metallicity relation shifts its normalization up by 0.18 dex on average and flattens its slope from 0.87 to 0.58, highlighting the need for future studies to account for, and correct, this bias.
Hydrophobicity-Driven Increases in Editing in Mitochondrial mRNAs during the Evolution of Kinetoplastids
Authors: Rusman Fanny , Floridia-Yapur Noelia , Díaz Anahí G , Ponce Tatiana , Diosque Patricio , Tomasini Nicolás
Published: April 2023

Kinetoplastids are a diverse group of flagellates which exhibit editing by insertion/deletion of Us in the mitochondrial mRNAs. Some mRNAs require editing to build most of their coding sequences, a process known as pan-editing. Evidence suggests that pan-editing is an ancestral feature in kinetoplastids. Here, we investigate how the transition from nonedited to pan-edited states occurred. The mitochondrial mRNAs and protein sequences from nine kinetoplastids and related groups (diplonemids, euglenids, and jakobids) were analyzed. RNA editing increased protein hydrophobicity to extreme values by introducing Us in the second codon position, despite the absence of editing preferences related to codon position. In addition, hydrophobicity was maintained by purifying selection in species that lost editing by retroposition of the fully edited mRNA. Only a few hydrophobic to hydrophilic amino acid changes were inferred for such species. In the protein secondary structure, these changes occurred spatially close to other hydrophilic residues. The analysis of coevolving sites showed that multiple changes are required together for hydrophobicity to be lost, which suggest the proteins are locked into extended hydrophobicity. Finally, an analysis of the NAD7 protein–protein interactions showed they can also influence hydrophobicity increase in the protein and where editing can occur in the mRNA. In conclusion, our results suggest that protein hydrophobicity has influenced editing site selection and how editing expanded in mRNAs. In effect, the hydrophobicity increase was entrenched by a neutral ratchet moved by a mutational pressure to introduce Us, thus helping to explain both RNA editing increase and, possibly, persistence.
Surgery and proton radiation therapy for pediatric base of skull chordomas: Long-term clinical outcomes for 204 patients
Authors: Ioakeim-Ioannidou Myrsini , Niemierko Andrzej , Kim Daniel W , Tejada Athena , Urell Tobias , Leahy Shannon , Adams Judy , Fullerton Barbara , Nielsen G Petur , Hung Yin P , Shih Angela R , Patino Manuel , Buch Karen , Rincon Sandra , Kelly Hilary , Cunnane Mary Beth , Tolia Maria , Widemann Brigitte C , Wedekind Mary F , John Liny , Ebb David , Shin John H , Cote Gregory , Curry William , MacDonald Shannon M
Published: April 2023

Background

Data on clinical outcomes for base of skull (BOS) chordomas in the pediatric population is limited. We report patient outcomes after surgery and proton radiotherapy (PRT).

Methods

Pediatric patients with BOS chordomas were treated with PRT or combined proton/photon approach (proton-based; for most, 80% proton/20% photon) at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1981 to 2021. Endpoints of interest were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival, progression-free survival (PFS), freedom from local recurrence (LC), and freedom from distant failure (DC).

Results

Of 204 patients, median age at diagnosis was 11.1 years (range, 1–21). Chordoma location included 59% upper and/or middle clivus, 36% lower clivus, 4% craniocervical junction, and 1% nasal cavity. Fifteen (7%) received pre-RT chemotherapy. Forty-seven (23%) received PRT, and 157 (77%) received comboRT. Median total dose was 76.7 Gy (RBE) (range, 59.3–83.3). At a median follow-up of 10 years (interquartile range, 5–16 years), 56 recurred. Median OS and PFS were 26 and 25 years, with 5-, 10-, and 20-year OS and PFS rates of 84% and 74%, 78% and 69%, and 64% and 64%, respectively. Multivariable actuarial analyses showed poorly differentiated subtype, radiographical progression prior to RT, larger treatment volume, and lower clivus location to be prognostic factors for worse OS, PFS, and LC. RT was well tolerated at a median follow-up of 9 years (interquartile range, 4–16 years). Side effects included 166 patients (80%) with mild/moderate acute toxicities, 24 (12%) patients with late toxicities, and 4 (2%) who developed secondary radiation-related malignancies.

Conclusion

This is the largest cohort of BOS chordomas in the literature, pediatric and/or adult. High-dose PRT following surgical resection is effective with low rates of late toxicity.
Competition on robust deep learning
Authors: Dong Yinpeng , Liu Chang , Xiang Wenzhao , Su Hang , Zhu Jun
Published: April 2023

This perspective paper proposes a new adversarial training method based on large-scale pre-trained models to achieve state-of-the-art adversarial robustness on ImageNet.
Bone Metastases Detection in Patients with Breast Cancer: Does Bone Scintigraphy Add Information to PET/CT?
Authors: Cristo Santos Joana , Henriques Abreu Miguel , Seoane Santos Miriam , Duarte Hugo , Alpoim Tiago , Próspero Inês , Sousa Susana , Henriques Abreu Pedro
Published: April 2023

Background

Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has become in recent years a tool for breast cancer (BC) staging. However, its accuracy to detect bone metastases is classically considered inferior to bone scintigraphy (BS). The purpose of this work is to compare the effectiveness of bone metastases detection between PET/CT and BS.

Materials and Methods

Prospective study of 410 female patients treated in a Comprehensive Cancer Center between 2014 and 2020 that performed PET/CT and BS for staging purposes. The image analysis was performed by 2 senior nuclear medicine physicians. The comparison was performed based on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity on a patient and anatomical region level and was assessed using McNemar’s Test. An average ROC was calculated for the anatomical region analysis.

Results

PET/CT presented higher values of accuracy and sensitivity (98.0% and 93.83%), surpassing BS (95.61% and 81.48%) in detecting bone disease. There was a significant difference in favor of PET/CT (sensitivity 93.83% vs. 81.48%), however, there is no significant difference in eliminating false positives (specificity 99.09% vs. 99.09%). PET/CT presented the highest accuracy and sensitivity values for most of the bone segments, only surpassed by BS for the cranium. There was a significant difference in favor of PET/CT in the upper limb, spine, thorax (sternum) and lower limb (pelvis and sacrum), and in favor of BS in the cranium. The ROC showed that PET/CT has a higher sensitivity and consistency across the bone segments.

Conclusion

With the correct imaging protocol, PET/CT does not require BS for patients with BC staging.
Geographically consistent hybridization dynamics between the Black-crested and Tufted titmouse with evidence of hybrid zone expansion
Authors: Semenov Georgy A , Curry Claire M , Patten Michael A , Weir Jason T , Taylor Scott A
Published: April 2023

We studied hybridization between the Black-crested and Tufted titmouse across two geographically distinct transects that differ in the timing of secondary contact by hundreds to thousands of years. We found that hybridization patterns correspond to localized hybrid swarms and that the titmouse hybrid zone is likely slowly expanding over time, a product of short post-natal dispersal distances coupled with weak or absent selection against admixture. We show the southern part of the hybrid zone located in Texas is four times wider than the northern region of hybridization in Oklahoma, which is likely due to geographic differences in hybrid zone age. Despite differences in width, most individuals in both transects are advanced-generation hybrids and backcrosses, suggesting geographically consistent hybridization dynamics. We documented a strong correlation between genotypes and plumage index, suggesting that hybridization has not yet resulted in the decoupling of plumage and genome-wide ancestry as observed in some other avian hybrid zones. Although our results suggest the ongoing expansion of the hybrid zone, the rate of expansion appears to be slow, on the scale of tens of meters a year, and it will likely take hundreds of thousands to millions of years before homogenization of the parental populations. While we did not find support for partial reproductive isolation in the hybrid zone itself, there is the possibility that ecological or sexual selection limits introgression into allopatric regions. Broadly, the results of our study highlight the value of multiple, geographically distant, transects across a hybrid zone for assessing the evolutionary dynamics of hybridizing lineages.
Conditions, Actions and Purposes (CAP): A Dynamic Model for Community Policing in Europe
Authors: O’Neill Megan , van der Giessen Mark , Bayerl Petra Saskia , Hail Yvonne , Aston Elizabeth , Houtsonen Jarmo
Published: April 2023

Despite its popularity as a policing method and evidence of its positive affect on communities, community policing has defied attempts to establish a clear definition and replicable form. Often regarded as an Anglo-American policing method in origin, community policing is now found across the world and is growing in influence. The need for differentiated local implementation raises important questions regarding the core features of community policing to guide the work of practitioners. Integrating insights from the existing literature and a trans-European project involving 323 interviews with community members and police officers across eight countries, we propose a dynamic model for community policing. In this original model, we differentiate between the conditions, actions and purposes of community policing (CAP) and describe how these core components are required for effective community policing, interrelated, and flexible enough for local implementation. Accordingly, we show how the CAP model is adaptable while at the same time retaining a sense of what makes ‘community policing’ a unique and identifiable policing method. We conclude our study with a discussion of the implications for research and practice internationally.
Police Use of Twitter During a Sporting Mega-Event
Authors: Aitken Adam , Ralph Liam , Robinson Paul
Published: April 2023

There exists a range of sporting mega-event security case studies from respective Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, International Association Football Federation (FIFA) World Cup, and Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Championships. This literature tends to focus on outlining the policing and physical security arrangements at respective Games and the social consequences of these. However, no studies have examined police use of social media at a mega-event. This article addresses this gap by analysing the Twitter activities of social media accounts from police forces and units within Glasgow and London during the Euro 2020 Finals. The article makes an empirical contribution to the mega-events and policing literature by identifying that the police used Twitter in five strategic ways: security spectacle, demonstration of effective partnership working, responsibilization of citizens, public feedback and reporting, and real-time crowd management. Such findings have important implications for the use of social media by police practitioners at future mega-events and for football policing.
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping MRI in Deep-Brain Nuclei in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: García Saborit Marisleydis , Jara Alejandro , Muñoz Néstor , Milovic Carlos , Tepper Angeles , Alliende Luz María , Mena Carlos , Iruretagoyena Bárbara , Ramirez-Mahaluf Juan Pablo , Diaz Camila , Nachar Ruben , Castañeda Carmen Paz , González Alfonso , Undurraga Juan , Crossley Nicolas , Tejos Cristian
Published: April 2023

Background

Psychosis is related to neurochemical changes in deep-brain nuclei, particularly suggesting dopamine dysfunctions. We used an magnetic resonance imaging-based technique called quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to study these regions in psychosis. QSM quantifies magnetic susceptibility in the brain, which is associated with iron concentrations. Since iron is a cofactor in dopamine pathways and co-localizes with inhibitory neurons, differences in QSM could reflect changes in these processes.

Methods

We scanned 83 patients with first-episode psychosis and 64 healthy subjects. We reassessed 22 patients and 21 control subjects after 3 months. Mean susceptibility was measured in 6 deep-brain nuclei. Using linear mixed models, we analyzed the effect of case-control differences, region, age, gender, volume, framewise displacement (FD), treatment duration, dose, laterality, session, and psychotic symptoms on QSM.

Results

Patients showed a significant susceptibility reduction in the putamen and globus pallidus externa (GPe). Patients also showed a significant R2* reduction in GPe. Age, gender, FD, session, group, and region are significant predictor variables for QSM. Dose, treatment duration, and volume were not predictor variables of QSM.

Conclusions

Reduction in QSM and R2* suggests a decreased iron concentration in the GPe of patients. Susceptibility reduction in putamen cannot be associated with iron changes. Since changes observed in putamen and GPe were not associated with symptoms, dose, and treatment duration, we hypothesize that susceptibility may be a trait marker rather than a state marker, but this must be verified with long-term studies.
Shared and Disorder-Specific Alterations of Brain Temporal Dynamics in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia
Authors: Luo Lekai , Li Qian , Wang Yaxuan , He Ning , Wang Yuxia , You Wanfang , Zhang Qian , Long Fenghua , Chen Lizhou , Zhao Youjin , Yao Li , Sweeney John A , Gong Qiyong , Li Fei
Published: April 2023

Background

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia have distinct but also overlapping symptoms. Few studies have examined the shared and disorder-specific disturbances in dynamic brain function in the 2 disorders.

Study Design

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 31 patients with OCD and 49 patients with schizophrenia, all untreated, and 45 healthy controls (HCs) were analyzed using spatial group independent component (IC) analysis. Time-varying degree centrality patterns across the whole brain were clustered into 3 reoccurring states, and state transition metrics were obtained. We further explored regional temporal variability of degree centrality for each IC across all time windows.

Study Results

Patients with OCD and patients with schizophrenia both showed decreased occurrence of a state having the highest centrality in the sensorimotor and auditory networks. Additionally, patients with OCD and patients with schizophrenia both exhibited reduced dynamics of degree centrality in the superior frontal gyrus than controls, while dynamic degree centrality of the cerebellum was lower in patients with schizophrenia than with OCD and HCs. Altered dynamics of degree centrality nominally correlated with symptom severity in both patient groups.

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence of transdiagnostic and clinically relevant functional brain abnormalities across OCD and schizophrenia in neocortex, as well as functional dynamic alterations in the cerebellum specific to schizophrenia. These findings add to the recognition of overlap in neocortical alterations in the 2 disorders, and indicate that cerebellar alterations in schizophrenia may be specifically important in schizophrenia pathophysiology via impact on cerebellar thalamocortical circuitry.
Bidirectional associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms and sleep quality among older survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
Authors: Yazawa Aki , Shiba Koichiro , Okuzono Sakurako Shiba , Hikichi Hiroyuki , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: April 2023

Study Objectives

We sought to examine the bidirectional associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and sleep quality in a sample of older disaster survivors.

Methods

We used 4 waves (2010, 2013, 2016, and 2020) of the Iwanuma Study, which included pre-disaster information and 9 years of follow-up data among older survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the bidirectional associations between sleep problems and PTSS.

Results

Individuals reporting sleep problems before the disaster were more likely to develop PTSS after exposure to disaster trauma, while there was no effect modification, i.e. prevalence ratio for sleep problems did not differ by the magnitude of disaster damages. Individuals reporting sleep problems after the disaster were less likely to recover from PTSS, and more likely to develop the delayed onset of PTSS 5 years after the disaster. While individuals who recovered from PTSS 9 years after the disaster were still at slightly higher risk of having sleep problems compared to those who never had PTSS, none of the sleeping problems were found to be significantly prevalent after the Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions

Pre-disaster sleep problems predicted PTSS onset independently of experiences of disaster trauma. The association between PTSS and sleep problems was bidirectional. Intervening to mitigate lingering sleep problems may benefit the recovery of disaster survivors from post-traumatic symptoms.
Sensitizing Blinders: Theorizing Theory in a Post-Colonial Era
Authors: Spickard James
Published: April 2023

Theories in the sociology of religion do more than identify the patterns that shape religious life. They also systematically hide other patterns from easy view. This often stems from the unexamined assumptions that each theory inherits from its cultural and historical context. This address presents three examples from the sociology of religion’s recent past. The first is an “underlying forces” theory that traces religious developments to long-term social trends. The second is an “individual-based modeling” theory that bases social outcomes on individual actions. The third is a “response-to-loss” theory, which connects religious innovation to unwanted social change. Each sees, and fails to see, different things. The address then examines some approaches to globalization, showing their presumption of the centrality of the developed West. Recent work on religions in the Global South, however, paints a different picture. The post-colonial patterns found there may well shape religion worldwide in ways that our current theories fail to see.
Neuroprotective Effects of Genome-Edited Human iPS Cell-Derived Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells on Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Imai Ryotaro , Tamura Ryota , Yo Masahiro , Sato Mizuto , Fukumura Mariko , Takahara Kento , Kase Yoshitaka , Okano Hideyuki , Toda Masahiro
Published: April 2023

Despite developing neurosurgical procedures, few treatment options have achieved functional recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) may produce a long-term effect on neurological recovery. Although induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can overcome ethical and practical issues of human embryonic or fetal-derived tissues in clinical applications, the tumorigenicity of iPSC-derived populations remains an obstacle to their safe use in regenerative medicine. We herein established a novel treatment strategy for TBI using iPSCs expressing the enzyme-prodrug gene yeast cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (yCD-UPRT). NS/PCs derived from human iPSCs displayed stable and high transgene expression of yCD-UPRT following CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. In vivo bioluminescent imaging and histopathological analysis demonstrated that NS/PCs concentrated around the damaged cortex of the TBI mouse model. During the subacute phase, performances in both beam walking test and accelerating rotarod test were significantly improved in the treatment group transplanted with genome-edited iPSC-derived NS/PCs compared with the control group. The injury area visualized by extravasation of Evans blue was smaller in the treatment group compared with the control group, suggesting the prevention of secondary brain injury. During the chronic phase, cerebral atrophy and ventricle enlargement were significantly less evident in the treatment group. Furthermore, after 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) administration, 5-fluorouracil converted from 5-FC selectively eliminated undifferentiated NS/PCs while preserving the adjacent neuronal structures. NS/PCs expressing yCD-UPRT can be applied for safe regenerative medicine without the concern for tumorigenesis.
Functional Synthetic Biology
Authors: Aldulijan Ibrahim , Beal Jacob , Billerbeck Sonja , Bouffard Jeff , Chambonnier Gaël , Ntelkis Nikolaos , Guerreiro Isaac , Holub Martin , Ross Paul , Selvarajah Vinoo , Sprent Noah , Vidal Gonzalo , Vignoni Alejandro
Published: April 2023

Synthetic biologists have made great progress over the past decade in developing methods for modular assembly of genetic sequences and in engineering biological systems with a wide variety of functions in various contexts and organisms. However, current paradigms in the field entangle sequence and functionality in a manner that makes abstraction difficult, reduces engineering flexibility and impairs predictability and design reuse. Functional Synthetic Biology aims to overcome these impediments by focusing the design of biological systems on function, rather than on sequence. This reorientation will decouple the engineering of biological devices from the specifics of how those devices are put to use, requiring both conceptual and organizational change, as well as supporting software tooling. Realizing this vision of Functional Synthetic Biology will allow more flexibility in how devices are used, more opportunity for reuse of devices and data, improvements in predictability and reductions in technical risk and cost.
Survey of the use of beef semen in dairy herds in Pennsylvania and nearby states
Authors: Felix T L , Emenheiser J C , Govoni K E , Zinn S A , Reed S A
Published: April 2023

Because dairies across the United States have rapidly adopted breeding to beef breed sires, the use of beef semen has increased dramatically in recent years. The objective of this survey was to gather information about the use of beef semen by dairy producers in the Northeast United States to generate beef × dairy cattle for beef markets. The survey was conducted using the services of the Center for Survey Research at the Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg campus. Respondents had two options for returning their responses: 1) mail the paper survey to CSR in the postage-paid business-reply envelope included in the mailing, or 2) complete the survey online via an open-access web survey link. A total of 669 surveys were received and a final number of 617 surveys were included in the responses based on completeness and validity of the responses. Because of the broad electronic distribution, a true response rate cannot be calculated. Of these, 463 (75.0%) were completed via returned paper survey, and 154 (25.0%) were completed via web, between November 9, 2021 and February 16, 2022. Of the 617 respondents, 539 were from Pennsylvania. Due to the large variations in returned survey copies by state, results are reported without state separation. Across all respondents, 69.7% reported milking 100 or fewer cows and over 90% of collected responses reported Holsteins as the predominant dairy breed in the Northeast. Only 18.8% of the respondents did not currently, nor plan to, breed with beef semen. Deciding which beef bulls to use on Northeast dairy farms was primarily based on the recommendation of the semen sales representative (54.5%) and the price of the semen purchased (42.3%). In addition, 89.7% of respondents cited using Angus genetics in their beef bull selections. However, there was no difference in reported profitability of crossbreeding between respondents who indicated using other beef breeds vs. those who indicated just using Angus (P ≥ 0.19). In conclusion, using beef sires on dairy females, regardless of the breed of beef sire, adds value to the resulting progeny from dairy farms in the Northeast.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nonpharmacological pain management trials in military and veteran healthcare settings: an evaluation informed by implementation science
Authors: Midboe Amanda M , Javier Sarah J , Salsbury Stacie A , Katsovich Lily , Burgess Diana J , King Heather A , Taylor Stephanie L , Martino Steve , Mayer John M , Wallace Robert B , Der-Martirosian Claudia , Kerns Robert D
Published: April 2023

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted healthcare and clinical research, including a suite of 11 pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs), across clinics within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Defense (DOD). These PCTs were designed to evaluate an array of nonpharmacological treatments and models of care for treatment of patients with pain and co-occurring conditions.

The aims of the study are to (a) describe modifications to PCTs and interventions to address the evolving pandemic and (b) describe the application of implementation science methods for evaluation of those PCT modifications.

The project used a two-phase, sequential, mixed-methods design. In Phase I, we captured PCT disruptions and modifications via a Research Electronic Data Capture questionnaire, using Periodic Reflections methods as a guide. In Phase II, we utilized the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Expanded (FRAME) taxonomy to develop a focus group interview guide and checklist that would provide more in-depth data than Phase I. Data were analyzed using directed content analysis.

Phase I revealed that all PCTs made between two and six trial modifications. Phase II, FRAME-guided analyses showed that the key goals for modifying interventions were increasing treatment feasibility and decreasing patient exposure to COVID-19, while preserving intervention core elements. Context (format) modifications led eight PCTs to modify parts of the interventions for virtual delivery. Content modifications added elements to enhance patient safety; tailored interventions for virtual delivery (counseling, exercise, mindfulness); and modified interventions involving manual therapies.

Implementation science methods identified near-real-time disruptions and modifications to PCTs focused on pain management in veteran and military healthcare settings.