bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENSINO DE TRIGONOMETRIA NUMA ABORDAGEM HISTÓRICA – UM PRODUTO EDUCACIONAL
Authors: Gomes Severino Carlos
Published: August 2015

Esse trabalho objetiva relatar a construção de um caderno de atividades para o ensino de trigonometria enfocando a fusão possível entre a abordagem histórica e o ensino de matemática. Para isso são feitas considerações sobre a história da matemática enquanto metodologia de ensino, sobre a formação do professor de matemática que vai ensinar trigonometria e sobre curso de extensão realizado com participação de professores de matemática do ensino básico. Por fim, apresentamos argumentos utilizados no curso sobre a sequência de ensino e a tênue relação entre história da matemática e conteúdo matemático escolar.
Purytanizm a islamizm. O pewnych aspektach „protestantyzacji” islamu
Authors: Stawiński Piotr
Published: August 2015

The transformations within modern Islam are more and more often compared to the situation prevailing in Christianity during the Reformation. However, it seems necessary to substantiate the comparison of a Muslim to a Puritan. It may be assumed that both a 17ᵗʰ century Puritan and a modern Muslim may have been regarded as people facing modernity. It is the reaction to modernity, although it takes different forms (ranging from fundamentalism to secularism) that may constitute the grounds for making comparisons. Puritanism as a lifestyle characterized by maintaining Puritan virtues draws  parallel to Islamism, which is also treated as a lifestyle understood in terms of return and renewal. Puritans strongly stressed contact with God which was nonmatrixed by clergy or sacraments and the necessity to constantly fight one’s weakness and sin (not in terms of saving merits, however, as such do not exist in Calvinist theology). They were constantly concerned with the religious state of their own souls, hence constant introspection – examining your own self, an obsessive (as some put it) fear of depravity. It can safely be called “Puritan jihad” in its most noble meaning given to the spiritual struggle by the Prophet and the first Muslims.
Odpowiadając islamowi – protestanci w dialogu i polemice z muzułmanami
Authors: Turek Przemysław
Published: August 2015

The main issues on which a Christian-Muslim polemic focuses are: the status of the Bible and the figure of Jesus. The main sources to be used by Protestants in their polemic with Muslim clearly are the Bible and the Koran. Book and electronic publications require examination of  several subjects: 1) The authenticity of the Bible (i.e. the Torah and Gospel), 2) The divinity of Jesus- the Savior, 3) Islam and Christianity, 4) The status of the Koran, 5) The so-called “false testimony”, e.g. Gospel of Barnabas, the issue of Paraclete. It should be remembered that in most cases a rather radical attitude of some Protestant studies is connected with the impossibility of having a real dialogue between the two religions based on the mutual exegesis of letters and dogmas and the text hermeneutics – the Bible is analyzed by Muslim theologians with regards to its contents to the Koran, and the Koran may not be subject to the classic text criticism applied by bibliologists with reference to the Hebrew Bible or to the New Testament books. Presenting someone with the Koran constitutes a call to accept Islam, whereas presenting someone with the Bible is regarded as an act of Christian missionary activity, naturally rejected by  Muslims. Religious pluralism, which constitutes a base for a dialogue between religions, is unknown to numerous Muslim clergymen. As Bassam Tibi put it, “both parties of the dialogue have to acquire unprejudiced theological and historical knowledge”.
Wszyscy wspinamy się na tę samą górę, choć ścieżki są różne. Teodor Monod i islam
Authors: Grodź Stanisław
Published: August 2015

Teodor Monod (1902–2000) scientist, explorer, Protestant, worked on improving Christian and Muslim relations by means of his own private contact with Muslims. In doing so he was not interested in combining ideas and practices coming from different sources into one syncretic form. However, being open to searching for – as he put it – the manifestations of God’s Spirit, he was not limited to his own religious tradition and perceived the manifestations of God’s Spirit beyond the conventional limits of his own religion, which confirmed him in his own religious beliefs. For Teodor Monod the contact with Islam through the teaching of Muslim mystics (Sufis) of the tijaniyya-hammaliyya brotherhood – Cerno Bokar and Amadou Hampâté Bâ – constituted a practical confirmation of his already shaping views on the possibility to reach the truth and its consequences as well as on religious pluralism. In the multi-religious world Monod looked for the solutions to give testimony of his own faith in a non-intrusive yet firm way, believing that there are numerous paths leading to God. His admiration for Islam referred firstly not to the system itself – if you may put it so – but to the particular people living in the system and observing its indications in a way which did not result in a hiatus between the faith and the practice of life. It harmonized strongly with the ideals inherited by Monod with his religious and family tradition. Neither Teodor Monod’s attitude nor the ideas that he proclaimed and put into practice constitute a model followed by a significant group of his fellow believers. Monod was more of a “lone sailor” wandering through life and showing that the goals which may seem impossible to some can be reached, in fact.
Życie, działalność i wkład wielebnego Zakarijji Buṭrosa w dialog z islamem
Authors: Grysa Bartłomiej
Published: August 2015

The aim of the paper is to present Rev. Zakariyya Butros. Born 1934 in Egypt, he studied and graduated in history and archeology at the Faculty of Arts of Alexandria University in 1957. Afterwards he started teaching in a public school and after a year was offered to join the Coptic clergy. Having accepted the offer, he was ordained a priest in 1958 and a year later became an archpriest (qummus) in the Coptic church hierarchy. In 1969 Butros began giving masses in the church in Masr il-Gadida quarter in Cairo, where he delivered a series of lectures on comparative religious studies for both Christians and Muslims until 1978. In the meantime he started a strong Christian movement “The Global Mission”. Unfortunately, after a short time he was forced to stop performing services in the wake of evangelizing efforts among the Muslims. It was the first time Butros had been imprisoned. Later he was condemned to death, however, the penalty was changed into expulsion due to the efforts of the Coptic Pope. Rev. Butros Zakariyya is now living in the USA, where he regularly appears on Life TV (Al- Hayat) evangelizing Muslims around the world, hosting programs and writing books (in Arabic) discussing various aspects of Islam and Christianity. “Accused” of joining the Pentecostal church by the Coptic Egyptian hierarchy, he holds the view that he can cooperate with all who wish to seek the truth not by an argument of strength but by the strength of arguments. His endeavors seem to fall on deaf ears of the Islamic clergymen, however.
Protestants among Kurds and some problems of translations of the Bible into Kurdish in the 19ᵗʰ century
Authors: Rzepka Marcin
Published: August 2015

The first Kurdish translations were not addressed to native Kurds, if it had been so, the translators-missionaries should have considered the oral literary tradition among Kurds and done thorough research on Kurdish dialectical differentiation as well as on the crucial culture-rooted words. Unfortunately, the 19ᵗʰ century translations into Kurdish had no impact on the Kurdish language or culture, nevertheless, they still constitute interesting material for studies on the stereotype-oriented translation strategies of the time.
Od Antychrysta do sprzymierzeńca Goga – zmieniająca się rola islamu w interpretacjach premillenarystów
Authors: Boroński Łukasz
Published: August 2015

It was after the September 11, 2001 that Islam began to play a role in American Protestant visions of Armageddon. However, the Islam issue appeared in Protestant prophetic theology much earlier. Premilleniarians’ interpretations of the Holy Bible frequently concentrate on Islam and the Muslim world as an important factor of Armageddon.In the United States the Protestant concept of Armageddon was based in the 19ᵗʰ century in the theological stream of dispensationalism. According to this concept the identity of Antichrist was changed several times but it was the Islam world which influenced this identity most.Theories about Islam and Armageddon have been arising since the 7ᵗʰ century. Especially, during the Peasant Crusade the negative attitudes towards the Muslims were natural. Christian authorities started to identify Mahomet with Antichrist, the synonym of plagues and apocalyptic disaster. In the 11ᵗʰ century, for instance, it was the result of growing position of the Muslim world and the decline of Christianity and its culture in the Near East.Martin Luther in his Bile in 1534 tried to compare Turkey to GOG (from the Book of Ezekiel). This vision of Martin Luther was present till the 19ᵗʰ century, till the collapse of Ottoman Empire. Then it was Russia (communism) and their allies in the Near East: Egypt, Iran and Algeria which took the place of GOG. After 1979 and the revolution in Iran American Protestant thinkers focused on ayatollahs as precursors of the Antichrist. In his 1994 book Hal Lindsey tried to convince the readers that the Islamic Ayatollah constituted the greatest threat to Christianity. The origins of the conflict between Islam and Christianity are partly embedded in the Holy Bible (Book of Ezekiel, Book of Daniel, Book of Revelation). However, new modern prophetic visions, which describe the representative of Islam and a full complexity of religious issues are very often an oversimplification.
Syriaco-Slavica. What did the Syriac medieval writers know about the Slavs
Authors: Bednarowicz Sebastian
Published: August 2015

In one of the Old Church Slavonic documents, the Life of Constantine, the Apostle to the Slavs, appears an interesting mention about a man who Cyril-Constantine met in the Crimean Chersonesus and who had the Gospels and Psalter written in “rosky” or “rusky” letters. The question, “what did the author of the Life mean writing rosky/rusky,” has been discussed by scholars for many years but there has not been any satisfactory explanation as yet. Usually, three attempts to answer it have been offered.1 The first attempt claims that it was a writing system of the Russian Slavs, the second one perceives the runic letters of the Goths that inhabited the Crimean Peninsula at least till the 16ᵗʰ century in the word “rosky/rusky.” Nevertheless, the third solution seems to be very convincing, namely, some scholars think that the term “rosky/rusky” is a mistake of the copyist and originally it was written “sursky”, which means Syriac.
The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus in Syriac and Arab sources – a comparative study
Authors: Grysa Bartłomiej
Published: August 2015

The Legend of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, in the Syriac tradition known as Aḥē Dmīḥē or Ṭalyē d-Efesōs, in Arabic as Ahl al-Kahf or Aṣḥāb al-Kahf, is one of many examples of borrowings from the Christian tradition made by the Muslim one and above all by the Koran. In the region where Islam evolved in the beginning, there was a population professing Judaism and Christianity. Judaism was professed by ca. 1 per cent of the population of the Arabian Peninsula. Christianity, for its part, was professed by ca. 10 per cent. Thus Mohammed had an easy access to the monotheistic religious ideas that existed on the Arabian Peninsula.
The School of Nisibis: an ancient religious community?
Authors: Izdebski Adam
Published: August 2015

For the first modern scholars, the School of Nisibis constituted a primitive form of what they believe to be an early university. For this reason the School became known as a “theological academy” and many people still think that the community at Nisibis should be understood as a school similar to our modern institutions of advanced education, The trouble with this view is its anachronism. It can be very deceptive to reduce past cultural phaenomena to what we know from our own times. The aim of this paper is to place the School of Nisibis in the context of similar ancient institutions and thus properly understand its idea of education and the spiritual formation it offered to its disciples.
Between the Syriac heritage and the Papacy. The cultural influence and contribution of the Maronite Church to the growth of the Middle East in the 14ᵗʰ–19ᵗʰ centuries
Authors: Kościelniak Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

Taking into account the Maronites connections with the West the article rises aquestion: in what areas did the Syriac Christian community constitute a bridge between the East and the West? Although not all critical remarks of Kamāl Ṣalībī (b. 1929) on the Maronite view of history are accepted without reservation, his remark that “the awareness of the historic truth constitutes the ultimate foundation for the possibility to build a healthy society” seems valuable. The postulate of the verification of over-interpretation is always valid, nevertheless the discussion: what is a myth and what is the truth in the history of Lebanon continues.
Payām-e Āšuriyān – the Assyro-Chaldean publications in the Persian language in postrevolutionary Iran
Authors: Rzepka Marcin
Published: August 2015

The problem of issuing the press and publications by one of the constitutionally recognized religious minorities (aqaliyat-e dini) in the Islamic Republic of Iran should involve us in a discussion on some main questions. Firstly, how big the community is; secondly, in which language its books or press are published, and finally, what titles and with what frequency are issued.
Comments on the templon screens of the churches in Kefr Zeh and Arnas, located on the Tur ‘Abdin plateau
Authors: Szymaszek Maciej
Published: August 2015

The Tur ‘Abdin plateau is located in the south-eastern part of Turkey, near the Syrian border.The northern and eastern end of this area is demarcated by the Tigris River. The cities of Mardin, Dara and Nisibis determine the western and southern edges of the plateau. For the next 1,000 years after the conquest of Alexander the Great Tur ‘Abdin was in the zone of the Roman-Greek and Persian influence. The inhabitants, representing a variety of cultures and religions, contributed to the development of the region as well.
The 30ᵗʰ Ode of Solomon as the oldest example of the great Syriac poetry and the development of Syriac prosody
Authors: Turek Przemysław
Published: August 2015

The famous collection of the Odes of Solomon consisted originally of 42 psalms. Unfortunately, their full version has survived in none of the four extant manuscripts, i.e., two Syriac, one Greek and one Coptic. Ode 2 is still missing as well as the beginning of Ode 3 and probably the passages of Ode 1, which is known only in the Coptic version.
The legend of Shirin in Syriac sources. A warning against caesaropapism?
Authors: Żelazny Jan
Published: August 2015

The article seeks an answer for several questions, as: Why was Syriac Christianity not an imperial Church? Why did it not enter into a relationship with the authorities? It might be explained by pointing to the political situation of the Syriac Chrstianas community under the reign of the Persian king Chosroes II Parviz.
A synthesis of the elements of the Orthodox Christian faith, Buddhism and the Enlightenment in Tolstoy’s moral-ethical doctrine
Authors: Abassy Małgorzata
Published: August 2015

This article aims at following Tolstoy’s ideological growth and analysing the content of his most important texts in the light of the changes within the Russian culture of the second half of the 19th century. A selective synthesis of different elements in Tolstoy’s doctrine provokes a reflection about the consequences of merging ideas from different sources, sometimes fundamentally contradictory to one another.
On Christianity in the Indian Malabar Coast and on the arrival of the Portuguese in a Syriac document from 1504
Authors: Abdalla Michael
Published: August 2015

The early presence of Christians in India is documented with numerous confirmed accounts referring to St. Tomas and with material monuments among which the two copper tablets (one of them dated back to the 3rd or 4th century, while the 2nd one to the 8th century) are the most important ones. The text engraved on them includes the names of Mesopotamian shepherds and Christian notables who arrived to India in the 4th, 8th and 9th centuries and mentions privileges granted to them in the local caste system.  Before the Portuguese came to India the Church of Malabar had still had contacts with the Mesopotamian homeland. Information referring to this fact can be found in the document in the Syriac language translated in this article. Its content reflects the joy of the local Syriac Christians on the arrival of the Portuguese. However, later the relations with the visitors deteriorated, which gave rise to a great deal of bad emotions, mainly, due to the preplanned policy of proselytism and hegemony pursued by Rome and its European allies in the 16th century.
Jewish and Christian religious influences on pre-Islamic Arabia on the example of the term RḤMNN (“the Merciful”)
Authors: Kościelniak Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

The well known epithet, RḤMNN is constantly confirmed in inscriptions particularly from so-called “Late Sabaean Period” (after 380) which were associated with monotheism. In this time Judaism and Christianity attempted to replace the traditional South Arabian religion. In this context RḤMNN was used by polytheists Arabs, Jews and Christians.
Akbar the Great (1542–1605) and Christianity. Between religion and politics
Authors: Kuczkiewicz-Fraś Agnieszka
Published: August 2015

The second half of the 16th century, during the reign of India’s third, and widely regarded as the greatest, ruler of the Mughal dynasty, Jalāl ud-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, was also the time when the Europeans were becoming increasingly present on the Indian Subcontinent. Especially active among them were the Portuguese – both in the political and economic sense as well as in the cultural and the religious dimension.
Syriac Heritage of the Saint Thomas Christians: Language and Liturgical Tradition Saint Thomas Christians – origins, language and liturgy
Authors: Turek Przemysław
Published: August 2015

According to the anonymous Syriac apocryphal Acts of Thomas from the first half of the 3rd century, the apostolic mission to India began during the first half of the first century CE. Thomas the Apostle himself is supposed to bring the Gospel to India’s king and eventually to die as a martyr in South India near Madras. As mentioned in the Indian tradition, St Thomas did not travel directly to Madras but made landfall in the coastal region of Kerala. The historical sources mentioned the existence of an ancient group of Christians from Kerala, traditionally called Saint Thomas Christians, since the end of the 2nd century. We have no detailed information about Christianity in Kerala in the first three centuries. One could only speculate what language was used in prayers (most probably Aramaic, and later Syriac), what the early liturgy looked like (doubtless similar to the early Christian one).
Crucifixion of Jesus – Historical Fact, Christian Faith and Islamic Denial
Authors: Turek Przemysław
Published: August 2015

There is no scientific reason to question the existence of Jesus as an authentic historical figure. It means that all the scholars who acknowledge the historicity of Jesus at least as a Jewish teacher and healer accept the fact of his death on the cross. The reasons and the details of the crucifixion given by commentators of the historical sources vary. One thing remains invariable: Jesus was sentenced to death and crucified in Jerusalem on the order of the Roman Prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, most probably on the charge of incitement to rebellion against the Roman Empire.
The mystery in the community. Isaac of Nineveh and his instructions
Authors: Żelazny Jan
Published: August 2015

When in one of the scenes in “The Karamazov Brothers” by F. Dostoevsky, the works of the mystic Isaac appear on the table, only few readers are aware that the history of Christianity has come full circle. The author from the Assyrian Eastern Church, recognised by his contemporary Church in Constantinople as a heretic, a Nestorian, becomes the moral and spiritual authority for the Orthodox clergyman. Is the mystic or a heretic? The history of Isaac’s texts, which made their way to the Orthodox Church through the anchor of orthodoxy – the community of the Mount Athos, is even stranger.
The tradition of St. Thomas’ mission to India in the light of Patristic sources
Authors: Żelazny Jan
Published: August 2015

The Church tradition calls the followers of Christ in India Saint Thomas Christians. Where does this designation come from and why is it connected with the name of one of the Apostles of Christ? Taking into account the extant records, it seems that the appearance of Christ’s disciples in India was formerly associated with another Apostle, St. Bartholomew. According to Ecclesiastical History written by Eusebius of Caesarea, the hypothetical founder of the Catechetical School of Alexandria, Pantaenus, travelled to India in the middle of the 2nd century.
Działalność misjonarska europejskich kościołów protestanckich na terenach wschodnich prowincji osmańskich w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku
Authors: Kościelniak Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

From the beginning of the 19ᵗʰ century a significant restoration of the idea of the Christian mission among Protestant Churches can be observed. The visible result of such a revival being the missionary activity undertaken in different countries, also Turkey. The most active organizations included: Church Missionary Society launched on 14ᵗʰ April 1799. Missioners of the C. M. S. mostly worked in the regions under British rule (including the Near East). London Jews Society (the common name for the London Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews) established in 1809, which originally played a significant role in the evangelization of the Jews in Palestine. The development of the Protestant mission in the Near East was based on the following factors: increasing the role of British colonialism and the collapse of the Ottoman Turkey regime, strengthening relations with Muslim civilization and the continuation of the European idea of a “Focus on the Orient”. Furthermore, the development of Protestant missions was connected with the name Cleardo Naudi (1780–1837) of  British Malta. He encouraged the representatives of CMS to begin their work in the Near East. The coordinator of such an activity became William Jowett, whose main idea was to support the Christian minority in the Near East mostly by delivering religious publications to the territory. Apart from this, the evangelization among Jewish and Muslim communities had been planned. There were also ideas of the evangelization of the region by using the Christian minority from the Near East. This task was implemented by Baselermissionsgesellschaft (A Protestant Missionary Society from Basel). Knowing the culture and the language, the Christian minority from the Near East was the best candidate for developing Christianity in the Muslim world. In one of his first reports, Christian Researches in the Mediterranean from 1815 to 1820, W. Jowett emphasized the need to build educational centers and charity societies. As the result of such Protestant missions in the Near East, Christianity in this region became more active, but on the other hand new conflicts and divisions emerged – e.g. after 1850, when the Protestant churches fell under the influence of millets.
Toxicological Evaluation of Anti-Scrapie Trimethoxychalcones and Oxadiazoles
Authors: FIGUEIREDO CLAUDIA P. , FERREIRA NATALIA C. , PASSOS GISELLE F. , COSTA ROBSON DA , NEVES FERNANDA S. , MACHADO CLARICE S.C. , MASCARELLO ALESSANDRA , CHIARADIA-DELATORRE LOUISE D. , NEUENFELDT PATRÍCIA D. , NUNES RICARDO J. , CORDEIRO YRAIMA
Published: August 2015

An altered form of the cellular prion protein, the PrPScor PrPRes, is implicated in the occurrence of the still untreatable transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. We have previously synthesized and characterized aromatic compounds that inhibit protease-resistant prion protein (PrPRes) accumulation in scrapie-infected cells. These compounds belong to different chemical classes, including acylhydrazones, chalcones and oxadiazoles. Some of the active compounds were non-toxic to neuroblastoma cells in culture and seem to possess drugable properties, since they are in agreement with the Lipinski´s rule of 5 and present desirable pharmacokinetic profiles as predicted in silico. Before the evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of the aromatic compounds in scrapie-infected mice, safety assessment in healthy mice is needed. Here we used Swiss mice to evaluate the acute toxicity profile of the six most promising anti-prionic compounds, the 2,4,5-trimethoxychalcones (J1, J8, J20 and J35) and the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Y13 and Y17). One single oral administration (300 mg/kg) of J1, J8, J20, J35, Y13 and Y17 or repeated intraperitoneal administration (10 mg/kg, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks) of J1, J8 and J35, did not elicit toxicity in mice. We strongly believe that the investigated trimethoxychalcones and oxadiazoles are interesting compounds to be further analyzed in vivo against prion diseases.
Continuidade, Ruptura ou Reciclagem? Uma Análise do Programa Político do Banco Mundial após o Consenso de Washington
Authors: Pereira João Márcio Mendes
Published: August 2015

O presente artigo analisa a evolução do programa político do Banco Mundial entre os anos de 1989 e 2014, com base na documentação da própria instituição, considerada a partir da sua condição singular de emprestador, formulador e articulador de políticas e veiculador de ideias e prescrições sobre o que fazer em matéria de desenvolvimento capitalista, em clave anglo-saxônica. Argumenta-se que tal programa se reciclou, se expandiu e se diversificou, uma vez que, além da liberalização, da privatização e do ajuste macroeconômico, passou a impulsionar a reconstrução abrangente da economia, da relação sociedade-natureza, do Estado, da sociedade civil e do próprio self,em chave liberal, nos países clientes. Destaca-se a importância da incorporação do neo-institucionalismo para tal expansão e reciclagem e ressalta-se como esse processo foi concomitante ao alargamento contínuo do mandato do Banco Mundial.
Permeabilidade ao Ar da Cama de Semeadura do Solo em Sistema Semeadura Direta
Authors: Guedes Filho Osvaldo , Silva Alvaro Pires da , Giarola Neyde Fabíola Balarezo , Tormena Cássio Antônio
Published: August 2015

A permeabilidade ao ar pode ser utilizada como indicador da qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a permeabilidade ao ar e os índices de continuidade de poros para a cama de semeadura em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico cultivado no sistema semeadura direta e submetido à escarificação mecânica e escarificação biológica, utilizando a cultura do nabo forrageiro. O estudo foi conduzido em área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Estado do Paraná. Os tratamentos implantados foram: sistema semeadura direta por 18 anos consecutivos (SD); semeadura direta submetido à escarificação mecânica (SDE); e semeadura direta submetido à escarificação biológica por meio da cultura do nabo forrageiro (SDNF). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As amostragens de solo foram feitas aos seis e 18 meses após a implantação dos tratamentos, correspondentes às semeaduras das culturas do milho (outubro de 2009) e da soja (novembro de 2010), respectivamente, nas camadas de 0,00-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m de profundidade. A permeabilidade ao ar foi determinada pelo permeâmetro de carga constante nos potenciais mátricos -6, -10, -30 e -100 kPa. Foram definidos os seguintes índices de continuidade de poros: índice N, índice K1 e volume de poros bloqueados; e a porosidade de aeração. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativos, as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05). Para a camada de 0,00-0,05 m, a permeabilidade ao ar e o índice K1 no SDNF no potencial mátrico de -6 kPa foram significativamente maiores que em SD e SDE. O índice N, o volume de poros bloqueados e a porosidade de aeração não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos em ambas as profundidades. Os efeitos benéficos da escarificação biológica na permeabilidade do solo ao ar e no índice de continuidade de poros K1 persistiram aos 18 meses após sua aplicação. A escarificação mecânica resultou em maior continuidade do sistema poroso do solo, avaliado pelo índice K1, com persistência desse efeito aos 18 meses após sua aplicação.
Boundary between Soil and Saprolite in Alisols in the South of Brazil
Authors: Pedron Fabrício de Araújo , Oliveira Rodrigo Bomicieli de , Dalmolin Ricardo Simão Diniz , Azevedo Antonio Carlos de , Kilca Ricardo Vargas
Published: August 2015

Despite numerous studies conducted on the lower limit of soil and its contact with saprolite layers, a great deal of work is left to standardize identification and annotation of these variables in the field. In shallow soils, the appropriately noting these limits or contacts is essential for determining their behavior and potential use. The aims of this study were to identify and define the field contact and/or transition zone between soil and saprolite in profiles of an Alisol derived from fine sandstone and siltstone/claystone in subtropical southern Brazil and to subsequently validate the field observations through a multivariate analysis of laboratory analytical data. In the six Alisol profiles evaluated, the sequence of horizons found was A, Bt, C, and Cr, where C was considered part of the soil due to its pedogenetic structure, and Cr was considered saprolite due to its rock structure. The morphological properties that were determined in the field and that were different between the B and C horizons and the Cr layer were color, structure, texture, and fragments of saprolite. According to the test of means, the properties that support the inclusion of the C horizon as part of the soil are sand, clay, water-dispersible clay, silt/clay ratio, macroporosity, total porosity, resistance to penetration, cation exchange capacity, Fe extracted by DCB, Al, H+Al, and cation exchange capacity of clay. The properties that support the C horizon as a transition zone are silt, Ca, total organic C, and Fe extracted by ammonium oxalate. Discriminant analysis indicated differences among the three horizons evaluated.
Atributos do Solo e Acúmulo de Carbono na Integração Lavoura-Pecuária em Sistema Plantio Direto
Authors: Costa Nídia Raquel , Andreotti Marcelo , Lopes Keny Samejima Mascarenhas , Yokobatake Kazuo Leonardo , Ferreira João Paulo , Pariz Cristiano Magalhães , Bonini Carolina dos Santos Batista , Longhini Vanessa Zirondi
Published: August 2015

Em sistemas de produção como a integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) em sistema plantio direto (SPD) têm sido observadas melhorias nos atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo. Sendo assim, objetivou-se avaliar as alterações nos atributos químicos e físicos do solo e o acúmulo de carbono (C) num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico argiloso utilizado em sistema de ILP em SPD com irrigação, no Cerrado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, e as parcelas experimentais foram compostas pelas culturas do milho e do sorgo forrageiro cultivadas exclusivamente ou consorciadas com as espécies forrageiras Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Megathyrsus maximum cv. Tanzânia para ensilagem; pelas espécies forrageiras no período de entressafra; e pela cultura da soja em sucessão. Foram realizadas durante a condução dos experimentos, além da análise com a caracterização inicial do solo, cinco avaliações (épocas) dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo ao final de cada ciclo produtivo durante os anos agrícolas 2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. Os sistemas de produção na ILP em SPD, mesmo com alta exportação de nutrientes e tráfego de máquinas, foram eficientes para manutenção e melhoria da fertilidade e dos estoques de C do solo. Ao longo de três anos, os sistemas de ILP promoveram redução da compactação do solo pelo efeito positivo de incremento da macroporosidade e porosidade total e diminuição da resistência mecânica à penetração e densidade do solo, nas camadas de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m.
Contribution of Topography and Incident Solar Radiation to Variation of Soil and Plant Litter at an Area with Heterogeneous Terrain
Authors: Nettesheim Felipe Cito , Conto Tiago de , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Machado Deivid Lopes
Published: August 2015

Natural processes that determine soil and plant litter properties are controlled by multiple factors. However, little attention has been given to distinguishing the effects of environmental factors from the effects of spatial structure of the area on the distribution of soil and litter properties in tropical ecosystems covering heterogeneous topographies. The aim of this study was to assess patterns of soil and litter variation in a tropical area that intercepts different levels of solar radiation throughout the year since its topography has slopes predominantly facing opposing geographic directions. Soil data (pH, C, N, P, H+Al, Ca, Mg, K, Al, Na, sand, and silt) and plant litter data (N, K, Ca, P, and Mg) were gathered together with the geographic coordinates (to model the spatial structure) of 40 sampling units established at two sites composed of slopes predominantly facing northwest and southeast (20 units each). Soil and litter chemical properties varied more among slopes within similar geographic orientations than between the slopes facing opposing directions. Both the incident solar radiation and the spatial structure of the area were relevant in explaining the patterns detected in variation of soil and plant litter. Individual contributions of incident solar radiation to explain the variation in the properties evaluated suggested that this and other environmental factors may play a particularly relevant role in determining soil and plant litter distribution in tropical areas with heterogeneous topography. Furthermore, this study corroborates that the spatial structure of the area also plays an important role in the distribution of soil and litter within this type of landscape, which appears to be consistent with the action of water movement mechanisms in such areas.
Altura de Pastejo de Braquiária e Carga Animal Limitada pelos Atributos Físicos do Solo em Sistema Integração Lavoura-Pecuária com Soja
Authors: Fidalski Jonez , Alves Sérgio José
Published: August 2015

O manejo da altura de pastejo das forrageiras pelos bovinos pode comprometer os atributos físicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da altura de pastejo de braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) e a carga animal média, após três anos de sistema integração lavoura-pecuária com soja, nos atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Cinco tratamentos com 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura de pastejo, após 84 dias de pastejo contínuo mantidos com carga variável de bovinos, e um tratamento testemunha sem pastejo foram avaliados em parcelas experimentais de 1 ha. Em novembro de 2012, após o terceiro período de pastejo, com carga animal média de 1.262, 919, 892 e 724 kg ha-1 de peso vivo, respectivamente, para as alturas de pastejo de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, coletaram-se amostras indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, as quais foram utilizadas para determinar as curvas de retenção de água e de resistência do solo à penetração e a densidade do solo (Ds), bem como para calcular o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO). A menor Ds ocorreu na camada de 0-10 cm para a altura de pastejo de 31 cm da braquiária que correspondeu a 72 % da carga animal máxima. O maior IHO ocorreu na camada de 10-20 cm para a altura de pastejo de 23 cm da braquiária que correspondeu a 83 % da carga animal máxima. O manejo da altura de pastejo da braquiária foi limitado em 23 cm pela maior carga animal e melhores atributos físicos na camada de 10-20 cm do Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico.
Hemodialysis services: are public policies turned to guaranteeing the access?
Authors: Barbieri Ana Rita , Gonçalves Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone , Cheade Maria de Fátima Meinberg , Souza Cristina , Tsuha Daniel Henrique , Ferreira Kássio Costa , Rasi Lucas , Paranhos Filho Antonio Conceição
Published: August 2015

The increasing incidence of chronic renal failure in Brazil and the consequential expansion of hemodialysis as a choice for treatment in final stage have to be taken into account to guarantee access to those in need. The ecological study conducted in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in 2012, using data from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) and from the analysis of medical records in 12 clinics, identified and mapped patients on hemodialysis, the distance they travelled and the estimated number of patients. The prevalence of hemodialysis patients in Mato Grosso do Sul State, about 55 per 100,000 inhabitants, is similar to the national average. The analyses indicated concentration of patients in counties with clinics and also geographical gaps that generate displacement of over 100km for more than 16% of patients. The results point to the necessity of strengthening public policies that consider, for decision-making, the decentralization of service, the expansion of home care and the follow-up education for professionals.
Conhecimento dos agentes comunitários de saúde sobre a tuberculose, suas medidas de controle e tratamento diretamente observado
Authors: Rocha Gustavo Silva Souto , Lima Marina Guimaraes , Moreira Joyce Laura , Ribeiro Kennedy Crepalde , Ceccato Maria das Graças Braga , Carvalho Wânia da Silva , Silveira Micheline Rosa
Published: August 2015

Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, realizado mediante a aplicação de questionário em uma amostra aleatória e representativa de 489 agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) a respeito da tuberculose (TB), suas medidas de controle e o tratamento diretamente observado (TDO), em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A proporção média de itens acertados foi de 74,6%. A proporção média de acertos no domínio TB foi 81%; no domínio medidas de controle, 84,1%; e sobre TDO, 59,4%. Verificou-se uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre a identificação de pacientes com TB pulmonar, o público-alvo do TDO, e a técnica adequada para supervisão do tratamento. Foi observada associação entre maior conhecimento e tempo de atuação igual ou superior a três anos (RC = 2,3) e acompanhamento de casos nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista (RC = 1,7). Este trabalho apresentou informações inéditas na literatura científica sobre o nível de conhecimento dos ACS sobre TDO, e poderá subsidiar estratégias destinadas ao aperfeiçoamento das atividades de controle da tuberculose.
The “Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls” randomized controlled trial for girls: study design, protocol, and baseline results
Authors: Leme Ana Carolina Barco , Philippi Sonia Tucunduva
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this article is to describe the study design, protocol, and baseline results of the “Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls” program. The intervention is being evaluated through a randomized controlled trial in 10 public schools in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Data on the following variables were collected and assessed at baseline and will be reevaluated at 7 and 12 months: body mass index, waist circumference, dietary intake, nutrition, physical activity, social cognitive mediators, physical activity level, sedentary behaviors, self-rated physical status, and overall self-esteem. According to the baseline results, 32.4% and 23.4% of girls were overweight in the intervention and control groups, respectively, and in both groups a higher percentage failed to meet daily recommendations for moderate and vigorous physical activity and maximum screen time (TV, computer, mobile devices). There were no significant differences between the groups for most of the variables, except age (p = 0.000) and waist circumference (p = 0.014). The study showed a gap in the Brazilian literature on protocols for randomized controlled trials to prevent obesity among youth. The current study may thus be an important initial contribution to the field.
A relação entre potencial de aprendizagem e desempenho acadêmico: predição pelo Teste Dinâmico Informatizado de Raciocínio Indutivo para Crianças
Authors: MUNIZ Monalisa , SEABRA Alessandra Gotuzo , PRIMI Ricardo
Published: August 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a predição do potencial de aprendizagem do raciocínio indutivo, avaliado pelo Teste Dinâmico Informatizado de Raciocínio Indutivo para Crianças, em relação ao desempenho acadêmico. Participaram do estudo 317 crianças de ambos os sexos, que cursavam da 1ª à 5ª série. A amostra foi submetida à aplicação do Teste Dinâmico, da Prova de Raciocínio Abstrato da Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio Infantil, bem como foi coletada a média final referente às matérias estudadas pelos alunos. Adicionalmente os professores indicaram, segundo sua percepção, os alunos com maior ou menor capacidade para aprender. Os resultados encontrados indicaram diversas correlações positivas, moderadas e baixas, entre o Teste Dinâmico e o desempenho acadêmico. Utilizando a prova de Raciocínio Abstrato efetuou-se uma análise de regressão linear, que apontou validade incremental para o Teste Dinâmico. Por meio desses dados pode-se constatar evidência de validade para o Teste Dinâmico e sua predição para o desempenho acadêmico.
Naturalização da Fenomenologia e perspectivas metodológicas na pesquisa experimental em Psicologia
Authors: CASTRO Thiago Gomes de , GOMES William Barbosa
Published: August 2015

O artigo explora a relação entre Fenomenologia e Ciências Cognitivas a partir da literatura internacional denominada naturalização da fenomenologia. São discutidas as tendências de pesquisa na área. O estudo contrasta a pesquisa com métodos introspectivos da metodologia básica em Ciências Cognitivas e Fenomenologia Experimental. Nas tendências de naturalização da Fenomenologia, destaca-se a Fenomenologia front-loaded, caracterizada como um tipo de fenomenologia experimental, que utiliza a fenomenologia filosófica para informar e redefinir desenhos experimentais na pesquisa com processos psicológicos básicos. A prerrogativa do modelo front-loaded é o fomento de variações experienciais em seres humanos, por meio de ilusões perceptivas e desempenho cognitivo, sob condições de controle experimental. Ao final, são discutidos os limites da relação entre Fenomenologia e Ciências Cognitivas, apontando a distinção necessária entre Fenomenologia como ciência de fundação e Fenomenologia como pré-ciência experimental aberta ao diálogo interdisciplinar.
Self-handicapping strategies for learning of preservice teachers
Authors: GANDA Danielle Ribeiro , BORUCHOVITCH Evely
Published: August 2015

The aim of the study was to investigate self-handicapping strategies applied by students in an academic context and to analyze the relationship between the use of these strategies and the students' gender, age and course year. The sample consisted of 164 students of both genders aged 18 to 48 years and enrolled in the second and fourth years of the undergraduate program in pedagogy at Brazilian public universities. The data were collected through open-ended questions and a self-reported Likert scale instrument. Students reported applying several self-handicapping strategies, such as procrastination and not reading the recommended texts. Young students and women reported a more frequent use of these strategies. The importance of identifying the self-handicapping behavior of college students is discussed in this article.
Uma revisão crítica de três perspectivas sobre o desenvolvimento da escrita
Authors: POLLO Tatiana Cury , TREIMAN Rebecca , KESSLER Brett
Published: August 2015

Aprender a ler e a escrever está entre os maiores desafios de uma criança. Um componente importante da alfabetização é a escrita. Apesar do aumento de interesse pela escrita nos últimos anos, seu estudo ainda não atrai tanta atenção quanto o da leitura. Este artigo revisa três perspectivas no estudo do desenvolvimento da escrita: fonológica, cons-trutivista e da aprendizagem estatística. Atenção especial é dada aos estudos que examinam o desenvolvimento da escrita de forma translinguística, já que são cruciais para diferenciar as propriedades do desenvolvimento da escrita que são universais, daquelas que são específicas ao sistema de escrita da criança. As tradicionais perspectivas fonológicas e construtivistas são revisadas e criticamente avaliadas sob a perspectiva da aprendizagem estatística, mediante a revisão de seus conceitos fundamentais, com base estudos recentes que corroboram algumas de suas premissas.
Sonoridades da vida conjugal registradas em versos de canções brasileiras produzidas entre 1940 e 1960
Authors: COUTINHO Sabrine Mantuan dos Santos , TRINDADE Zeidi Araújo , MENANDRO Maria Cristina Smith , MENANDRO Paulo Rogério Meira
Published: August 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar elementos de representações sociais de casamento, marido e esposa, presentes em letras de canções populares gravadas nos anos de 1940 e 1950. Foram selecionadas 306 letras de canções, a partir de consulta a acervos particulares. Na análise dos dados foi utilizado o softwareAlceste, que apontou a existência de quatro classes, que diferentes formas de discurso acerca das relações conjugais e dos papéis de gênero no casamento, indicando elementos de representações sociais. Um primeiro grupo, constituído pelas classes 1, 3 e 4, pode ser considerado um eixo na organização das representações sociais de casamento, marido e esposa. Esse eixo, aqui denominado Papel feminino e masculino no casamento: real versus ideal, caracteriza-se por apresentar um discurso predominantemente masculino quanto aos aspectos do cotidiano conjugal, com indicações da esposa ideal e da esposa inadequada, retratando o marido como trabalhador/provedor financeiro. Já o outro eixo temático, constituído pela classe 2, tem como tema a desilusão amorosa e a separação. Os resultados exemplificam o papel dos fatores sociais, históricos e culturais na construção das configurações reais com que as relações conjugais são vividas. Apontam, também, como tais relações são orientadas e justificadas por representações sociais flexíveis, associadas aos contextos nos quais foram produzidas, consolidadas e/ou transformadas.
O luto pelo filho adulto sob a ótica das mães
Authors: FRANQUEIRA Ana Maria Rodrigues , MAGALHÃES Andrea Seixas , FÉRES-CARNEIRO Terezinha
Published: August 2015

Este artigo se propõe a discutir o processo de luto de mães que perderam filhos adultos, dando ênfase aos recursos utilizados por elas no enfrentamento da perda. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram entrevistadas cinco mulheres: três casadas, uma viúva e uma separada, com idade entre 50 e 75 anos de idade, pertencentes ao segmento socioeconômico médio da população carioca. Da análise das entrevistas emergiram quatro categorias temáticas: estratégias de enfrentamento do luto; continuidade do vínculo com o filho morto; reações iniciais e sentimentos diante da morte do filho; e relacionamento conjugal/parental. Neste trabalho, são discutidas as duas primeiras. Os resultados apontaram a importância do suporte social, da religiosidade e da continuidade do vínculo com o filho morto como poderosos recursos de enfrentamento da perda.