bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QTL-seq reveals a major root-knot nematode resistance locus on chromosome 11 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Lahari Zobaida , Ribeiro Antonio , Talukdar Partha , Martin Brennan , Heidari Zeynab , Gheysen Godelieve , Price Adam H. , Shrestha Roshi
Published: June 2019

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is a serious pest in rice affecting production in many rice growing areas. Natural host resistance is an attractive control strategy because the speed of the parasite’s life cycle and the broad host range it attacks make other control measures challenging. Although resistance has been found in the domesticated African rice Oryza glaberrima and the wild rice species O. longistaminata, the introgression of resistance genes to Asian rice O. sativa is challenging. Resistance due to a major gene in O. sativa would greatly aid breeding. Recently two accessions resistant to M. graminicola have been identified in a screen of 332 diverse O. sativa cultivars. In this study, these two resistant cultivars, LD 24 (an indica from Sri Lanka) and Khao Pahk Maw (an aus from Thailand), were crossed with a moderately susceptible cultivar, Vialone Nano (a temperate japonica from Italy). Approximately 175 F2 progeny of both populations were screened for susceptibility to M. graminicola infection. Between 20 and 23 individuals with highest and lowest galls per plants were pooled to make susceptible and resistant bulks which were sequenced to conduct bulked segregant analysis using the QTL-seq method. This revealed a nematode resistance locus from 23 Mbp to the bottom of rice chromosome 11 in both crosses suggesting a rare introgression of the same locus is responsible for resistance in both cultivars. While this information can be used in marker-assisted breeding, analysis of available SNP data revealed candidate loci and genes worthy of further investigation for gene identification.
Bio-electrical impedance analysis for perioperative fluid evaluation in open major abdominal surgery
Authors: Ciumanghel Adi-Ionut , Grigoras Ioana , Siriopol Dimitrie , Blaj Mihaela , Rusu Daniel-Mihai , Grigorasi Gabriela Raluca , Igna Alexandru Razvan , Duca Oana , Siriopol Ianis , Covic Adrian
Published: June 2019

Water retention and intercompartmental redistribution occur frequently in association with adverse postoperative outcomes, yet the available strategies for non-invasive assessment are limited. One such approach for evaluating body water composition in various circumstances is bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA). This study aims to appraise the usefulness of the Body Composition Monitor (BCM, Fresenius Medical Care, Germany) in assessing body fluid composition and intercompartmental shifts before and after open major abdominal surgery. This prospective, clinician blinded observational study enrolled all the patients scheduled consecutively for elective major open abdominal surgery during a 1-year period starting from January 1st, 2016. BIA parameters—total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), absolute fluid overload (AFO), and relative fluid overload (RFO) were measured before and after surgery. The results were compared with fluid balance and outcome parameters such as organ dysfunction, ICU-and hospital length of stay (-LOS). The study population included 71 patients aged 60.2 ± 12 of whom 60.6% men and with a BMI of 26.3 ± 5.1 kg/m2. Postoperative acute kidney injury, respiratory dysfunction, and infections occurred in 14.0%, 19.7% and 28.1% of cases, respectively. The median LOS in ICU was 20 h and the hospital-LOS was 10 days. Positive intraoperative fluid balance (2.4 ± 1.0 L) resulted in a significant increase of TBW (1.4 ± 2.4 L) and of ECW (1.4 ± 1.2 L). Intraoperative fluid balance significantly correlated with TBW change (r = 0.23, p = 0.04) and with AFO change (r = 0.31, p < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between pre- and postoperative AFO and RFO on one hand, and ICU-LOS on the other. BIA may be a useful tool for the perioperative assessment of volume status.
The TOC GTPase Receptors: Regulators of the Fidelity, Specificity and Substrate Profiles of the General Protein Import Machinery of Chloroplasts
Authors: Schnell Danny J.
Published: June 2019

More than 2500 nuclear encoded preproteins are required for the function of chloroplasts in terrestrial plants. These preproteins are imported into chloroplasts via the concerted action of two multi-subunit translocons of the outer (TOC) and inner (TIC) membranes of the chloroplast envelope. This general import machinery functions to recognize and import proteins with high fidelity and efficiency to ensure that organelle biogenesis is properly coordinated with developmental and physiological events. Two components of the TOC machinery, Toc34 and Toc159, act as the primary receptors for preproteins at the chloroplast surface. They interact with the intrinsic targeting signals (transit peptides) of preproteins to mediate the selectivity of targeting, and they contribute to the quality control of import by constituting a GTP-dependent checkpoint in the import reaction. The TOC receptor family has expanded to regulate the import of distinct classes of preproteins that are required for remodeling of organelle proteomes during plastid-type transitions that accompany developmental changes. As such, the TOC receptors function as central regulators of the fidelity, specificity and selectivity of the general import machinery, thereby contributing to the integration of protein import with plastid biogenesis.
Prosocial behavior as a protective factor against peers' acceptance of aggression in the development of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence☆
Authors: Jung Janis , Schröder‐Abé Michela
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Although peers' acceptance of aggression is a major risk for the development of aggressive behavior, not all individuals who are situated within an aggression approving peer group engage in aggression. The present longitudinal study examined prosocial behavior as a moderator of the link between peers' acceptance of aggression and individual physical aggression.

Methods

The study used two waves of data of a large longitudinal study conducted in Germany. Self‐reports of 1663 male and female children and adolescents aged between 10 and 20 years were used as measures for physical aggression, peers' acceptance of aggression, and prosocial behavior.

Results

Latent moderated structural equation modeling revealed significant main effects of peers' acceptance of aggression at T1 and prosocial behavior at T1 on aggressive behavior at T2. Most importantly, a significant interaction between both constructs indicated that the increase in individual aggression with peers' acceptance of aggression depended on participants' level of prosocial behavior. Applying the Johnson‐Neyman technique, peers' acceptance of aggression was found to promote aggression only for participants with low levels of prosocial behavior, but not for moderately or highly prosocial individuals.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that prosocial behavior has the propensity to attenuate the negative effect of peers' acceptance of aggression in the etiology of physical aggression in childhood and adolescence.
Biomagnetic biomarkers for dementia: A pilot multicentre study with a recommended methodological framework for magnetoencephalography
Authors: Hughes Laura E. , Henson Richard N. , Pereda Ernesto , Bruña Ricardo , López‐Sanz David , Quinn Andrew J. , Woolrich Mark W. , Nobre Anna C. , Rowe James B. , Maestú Fernando ,   the BioFIND Working Group
Published: June 2019

Introduction

An increasing number of studies are using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study dementia. Here we define a common methodological framework for MEG resting‐state acquisition and analysis to facilitate the pooling of data from different sites.

Methods

Two groups of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 84) and healthy controls (n = 84) were combined from three sites, and site and group differences inspected in terms of power spectra and functional connectivity. Classification accuracy for MCI versus controls was compared across three different types of MEG analyses, and compared with classification based on structural MRI.

Results

The spectral analyses confirmed frequency‐specific differences in patients with MCI, both in power and connectivity patterns, with highest classification accuracy from connectivity. Critically, site acquisition differences did not dominate the results.

Discussion

This work provides detailed protocols and analyses that are sensitive to cognitive impairment, and that will enable standardized data sharing to facilitate large‐scale collaborative projects.
Which Dimensions of Human Sexuality Are Related to Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD)? Study Using a Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire on a Sample of Polish Males
Authors: Kowalewska Ewelina , Kraus Shane W. , Lew-Starowicz Michał , Gustavsson Katarzyna , Gola Mateusz
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Human sexuality is a multidimensional phenomenon related to several factors, such as self-esteem, awareness of sexual needs, and ability to communicate them to others.

Aim

To examine the sexual characteristics of patients seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD)—a clinical diagnosis recently included in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases classification.

Methods

We have investigated the sexual characteristics of 72 Polish men seeking treatment for CSBD compared with 208 men from the Polish general population.

Main Outcome Measures

The Multidimensional Sexual Questionnaire–PL was used to examine 12 sexual aspects of human sexuality. The severity of CSBD symptoms was assessed using Sexual Addiction Screening Test–PL, and the severity of problematic pornography use was measured by Brief Pornography Screener.

Results

Results show that CSBD patients (when compared with the general population) exhibit higher sexual anxiety, sexual depression, external sexual control, and fear of sexual relationship. Furthermore, CSBD severity is negatively related to sexual esteem, internal sexual control, sexual consciousness, sexual assertiveness, and sexual satisfaction.

Clinical Implications

Our findings suggest that the impairment of the abovementioned dimensions warrant attention during clinical work and future studies on CSBD.

Strengths & Limitations

This study was limited to men, most of whom self-identified as heterosexual. Future research should include women and non-heterosexual identified individuals.

Conclusion

Sexual esteem, consciousness, assertiveness, satisfaction and internal sexual control are commonly affected among CSBD individuals and should be properly addressed during the clinical interview and treatment intervention.
POLICY AND PRACTICE IN ODA DISBURSEMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN SOUTH KOREA'S OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
Authors: Patterson Dennis , Choi Jangsup
Published: June 2019

South Korea is the only nation to become an important donor nation after being a recipient of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for several decades. In 2010, it became a member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, and while it has continued to use its experience as a former ODA recipient to inform its distribution practices, it also has evolved its ODA policies in response to changes in international norms and the imperatives associated with being a DAC-member nation. We know that, while policies may change, actual ODA disbursements—which nations are selected as recipients and receive ODA in what amounts—may lag or even remain unchanged. In this paper, we use the case of South Korea to determine how actual ODA disbursements change in response to policy changes. To accomplish this, we use a selection model to conduct a statistical analysis of South Korea's ODA disbursements using dyadic data from 1987 to 2016. Our results indicate that, while there has been continuity in terms of which nations receive South Korean ODA, there were also notable changes in its disbursements. Specifically, the ODA policy changes the South Korean government enacted did result in an altered profile of nations that were targeted by South Korea as ODA recipients.
THE GAME OPERATOR ACTING ON WADGE CLASSES OF BOREL SETS
Authors: DEBS GABRIEL , SAINT RAYMOND JEAN
Published: June 2019

We study the behavior of the game operator $$ on Wadge classes of Borel sets. In particular we prove that the classical Moschovakis results still hold in this setting. We also characterize Wadge classes ${\bf{\Gamma }}$ for which the class has the substitution property. An effective variation of these results shows that for all $1 \le \eta < \omega _1^{{\rm{CK}}}$ and $2 \le \xi < \omega _1^{{\rm{CK}}}$, is a Spector class while is not.
SUR LA PRÉSERVATION DE LA COHÉRENCE PAR IMAGE INVERSE EXTRAORDINAIRE D’UNE IMMERSION FERMÉE
Authors: CARO DANIEL
Published: June 2019

Let${\mathcal{V}}$be a complete discrete valuation ring of unequal characteristic with perfect residue field,$u:{\mathcal{Z}}{\hookrightarrow}\mathfrak{X}$be a closed immersion of smooth, quasi-compact, separated formal schemes over${\mathcal{V}}$,$T$be a divisor of$X$such that$U:=T\cap Z$is a divisor of$Z$, and$\mathfrak{D}$a strict normal crossing divisor of$\mathfrak{X}$such that$u^{-1}(\mathfrak{D})$is a strict normal crossing divisor of${\mathcal{Z}}$. We pose$\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }:=(\mathfrak{X},\mathfrak{D})$,${\mathcal{Z}}^{\sharp }:=({\mathcal{Z}},u^{-1}\mathfrak{D})$and$u^{\sharp }:{\mathcal{Z}}^{\sharp }{\hookrightarrow}\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }$the exact closed immersion of smooth logarithmic formal schemes over${\mathcal{V}}$. In Berthelot’s theory of arithmetic${\mathcal{D}}$-modules, we work with the inductive system of sheaves of rings$\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{(\bullet )}(T):=(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{(m)}(T))_{m\in \mathbb{N}}$, where$\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{(m)}$is the$p$-adic completion of the ring of differential operators of level$m$over$\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }$and where$T$means that we add overconvergent singularities along the divisor$T$. Moreover, Berthelot introduced the sheaf${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{\dagger }(\text{}^{\dagger }T)_{\mathbb{Q}}:=\underset{\underset{m}{\longrightarrow }}{\lim }\,\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{(m)}(T)\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}}\mathbb{Q}$of differential operators over$\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }$of finite level with overconvergent singularities along$T$. Let${\mathcal{E}}^{(\bullet )}\in \underset{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }{LD}\text{}_{\mathbb{Q},\text{coh}}^{\text{b}}(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{(\bullet )}(T))$and${\mathcal{E}}:=\varinjlim ~({\mathcal{E}}^{(\bullet )})$be the corresponding object of$D_{\text{coh}}^{\text{b}}({\mathcal{D}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{\dagger }(\text{}^{\dagger }T)_{\mathbb{Q}})$. In this paper, we study sufficient conditions on${\mathcal{E}}$so that if$u^{\sharp !}({\mathcal{E}})\in D_{\text{coh}}^{\text{b}}({\mathcal{D}}_{{\mathcal{Z}}^{\sharp }}^{\dagger }(\text{}^{\dagger }U)_{\mathbb{Q}})$then$u^{\sharp (\bullet )!}({\mathcal{E}}^{(\bullet )})\in \underset{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }{LD}\text{}_{\mathbb{Q},\text{coh}}^{\text{b}}(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}_{{\mathcal{Z}}^{\sharp }}^{(\bullet )}(U))$. For instance, we check that this is the case when${\mathcal{E}}$is a coherent${\mathcal{D}}_{\mathfrak{X}^{\sharp }}^{\dagger }(\text{}^{\dagger }T)_{\mathbb{Q}}$-module such that the cohomological spaces of$u^{\sharp !}({\mathcal{E}})$are isocrystals on${\mathcal{Z}}^{\sharp }$overconvergent along$U$.
Optimising healthy and safe fish intake recommendations: a trade-off between personal preference and cost
Authors: Persson Maria , Fagt Sisse , Nauta Maarten J.
Published: June 2019

Individuals may perceive personalised dietary advice as more relevant and motivational than national guidelines. Personal preference and food cost are factors that can affect consumer decisions. The objective of this study was to present a method for modelling and analysing the trade-off between deviation from preference and food cost for optimised personalised dietary recommendations. Quadratic programming was applied to minimise deviation from fish preference and cost simultaneously with different weights on the cost for 3016 Danish adults (whose dietary intake and body weight were recorded in a national dietary survey). Model constraints included recommendations for EPA, DHA and vitamin D and tolerable levels for methyl mercury, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. When only minimising deviation from preference, 50 % of the study population should be recommended to increase fish intake, 48 % should be suggested to maintain current consumption and 2 % should be suggested to decrease fish consumption. When only minimising cost, the vast majority (99 %) should be recommended to only consume herring, which is the least-expensive fish species. By minimising deviation from preference and cost simultaneously with different weights on the cost, personalised optimal trade-off curves between deviation from fish intake preference and fish cost could be generated for each individual in our study population, except for twenty-two individuals (0·7 %) whose contaminant background exposure was too high. In the future, the method of this paper could be applied in the personal communication of healthy and safe food recommendations that fit the preferences of individual consumers.
Biological, environmental and socioeconomic determinants of the human birth sex ratio in the Czech Republic
Authors: Houdek Petr , Dvouletý Ondřej , Pažitka Marek
Published: June 2019

The Trivers–Willard Hypothesis (TWH) states that parents in good conditions bias the sex ratio towards sons and parents in poor conditions bias the sex ratio towards daughters. This study used data from a large nationwide population dataset (N=1,401,851) from the Czech Republic – a modern contemporary society. The study included air pollution and property prices in the TWH estimation, and had a more detailed focus on stillbirths than previous studies. Using official natality microdata from the Czech Statistical Office for years between 1992 and 2010 and data on levels of air pollution in the country over the same period, the study assessed whether the biological and socioeconomic status of mothers and environmental factors affected the sex of children. The results were largely insignificant and not robust across specifications. The presented epidemiological evidence suggests that stillbirths are randomly distributed in the Czech Republic and that the sex ratio is not affected by the socioeconomic status of mothers or by environmental characteristics.
Green Edge Outreach Project: A large-scale public and educational initiative
Authors: Sansoulet Julie , Pangrazi Jean-Jacques , Sardet Noé , Mirshak Sharif , Fayad Ghassan , Bourgain Pascaline , Babin Marcel
Published: June 2019

A collective outreach approach is fundamental for a scientific project. The Green Edge Project studied the impact of climate change on the dynamics of phytoplankton and their role in the Arctic Ocean, including the impact on human populations. We involved scientists and target audiences to ensure that the communications strategy was in agreement with scientists and audience requirements. We developed websites (academic site and blogs and an educational platform). Then, we produced a 52-minute documentary, ‘Arctic Bloom’, and infographics were created to explain experiments on the ice. We also organised a photo exhibition and live videos that enabled primary school-age students to ask questions directly of scientists working on the research icebreaker. Finally, both students and professionals drew their own conception of Arctic science, and our social media sites reached diverse groups of people. The evaluation results showed a large number of education structures (approximately 8000 schools and 104 museums or educational organisations) engaged with our communications outputs and encouraging statistics about website visits (117 021 and 3739 visits on the blog and the YouTube channel, respectively). Selecting different, but intersecting techniques, to promote a better understanding of the science contributed to the success of the communication and outreach outputs of the 3-year project.
Fusion of Ship Perceptual Information for Electronic Navigational Chart and Radar Images based on Deep Learning
Authors: Guo Muzhuang , Guo Chen , Zhang Chuang , Zhang Daheng , Gao Zongjiang
Published: June 2019

Superimposing Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC) data on marine radar images can enrich information for navigation. However, direct image superposition is affected by the performance of various instruments such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and compasses and may undermine the effectiveness of the resulting information. We propose a data fusion algorithm based on deep learning to extract robust features from radar images. By deep learning in this context we mean employing a class of machine learning algorithms, including artificial neural networks, that use multiple layers to progressively extract higher level features from raw input. We first exploit the ability of deep learning to perform target detection for the identification of marine radar targets. Then, image processing is performed on the identified targets to determine reference points for consistent data fusion of ENC and marine radar information. Finally, a more intelligent fusion algorithm is built to merge the marine radar and electronic chart data according to the determined reference points. The proposed fusion is verified through simulations using ENC data and marine radar images from real ships in narrow waters over a continuous period. The results suggest a suitable performance for edge matching of the shoreline and real-time applicability. The fused image can provide comprehensive information to support navigation, thus enhancing important aspects such as safety.
Drones as a Threat to Wildlife: YouTube Complements Science in Providing Evidence about Their Effect
Authors: Rebolo-Ifrán Natalia , Graña Grilli Maricel , Lambertucci Sergio A
Published: June 2019

Although drones are becoming very common in the skies, most concerns about their use are not focused on their possible impact on wildlife. We used the information available from the scientific literature on the effects of drones on wildlife and complement it with Internet (YouTube) information to evaluate whether recreational activities using drones produce behavioural responses from wildlife. Scientific papers specifically evaluating the effects of drones on wildlife are scarce but increasing. Nonetheless, we found abundant videos in which many species from different taxonomic groups and multiple countries presented behavioural responses to drone overflights. Furthermore, 26% of the species that were disturbed are included in one of the International Union for Conservation of Nature categories of threat. We found that wildlife that use aerial and terrestrial habitats are more likely to show a behavioural response than those occupying aquatic habitats. The Internet is becoming a source of evidence of disturbances to wildlife that should be considered, particularly for recreational activities. We advocate for the use of technology, but argue that funding and effort should be devoted to evaluating drone impacts on wildlife. We call for educational programmes for laypeople who use drones for recreation and for more research and regulations on their use in sensitive wildlife areas.
Monitoring Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound to evaluate the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area
Authors: Parker S.J. , Mormede S. , Hanchet S.M. , Devries A. , Canese S. , Ghigliotti L.
Published: June 2019

We developed a random, stratified, vertical longline survey in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to compare the local age and size composition, diet and reproductive status of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) with those observed from a vessel-based survey of the southern Ross Sea shelf that includes a McMurdo Sound stratum. Results indicated that southern McMurdo Sound toothfish were larger and older than those a short distance away in northern McMurdo Sound. These data, in addition to recoveries of tagged fish, suggest that the large toothfish in McMurdo Sound may have limited mixing with the rest of the population. The potential effects of climate change and fishing in northern areas on toothfish abundance in McMurdo Sound will depend on the mechanism of toothfish recruitment to McMurdo Sound. Understanding the ecological relationships between McMurdo Sound toothfish and the larger population is required to predict these impacts. Furthermore, because toothfish predators (type C killer whalesOrcinus orca, Weddell sealsLeptonychotes weddellii) are abundant in the south-west margins of the Ross Sea, it is important to monitor toothfish in McMurdo Sound as part of the monitoring programme for the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area.
Living the heart in three dimensions: applications of 3D printing in CHD
Authors: Forte Mari Nieves Velasco , Hussain Tarique , Roest Arno , Gomez Gorka , Jongbloed Monique , Simpson John , Pushparajah Kuberan , Byrne Nick , Valverde Israel
Published: June 2019

Advances in biomedical engineering have led to three-dimensional (3D)-printed models being used for a broad range of different applications. Teaching medical personnel, communicating with patients and relatives, planning complex heart surgery, or designing new techniques for repair of CHD via cardiac catheterisation are now options available using patient-specific 3D-printed models. The management of CHD can be challenging owing to the wide spectrum of morphological conditions and the differences between patients. Direct visualisation and manipulation of the patients’ individual anatomy has opened new horizons in personalised treatment, providing the possibility of performing the whole procedure in vitro beforehand, thus anticipating complications and possible outcomes. In this review, we discuss the workflow to implement 3D printing in clinical practice, the imaging modalities used for anatomical segmentation, the applications of this emerging technique in patients with structural heart disease, and its limitations and future directions.
The association of overall diet quality with BMI and waist circumference by education level in Mexican men and women
Authors: López-Olmedo Nancy , Popkin Barry M , Mendez Michelle A , Taillie Lindsey Smith
Published: June 2019

Objective:

The present study evaluated the association of two measures of diet quality with BMI and waist circumference (WC), overall and by education level, among Mexican men and women.

Design:

We constructed two a priori indices of diet quality, the Mexican Diet Quality Index (MxDQI) and the Mexican Alternate Healthy Eating Index (MxAHEI), which we examined relative to BMI and WC. We computed sex-specific multivariable linear regression models for the total sample and by education level.

Setting:

Mexico.

Participants:

Mexican men (n 954) and women (n 1356) participating in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.

Results:

Total dietary scores were not associated with BMI in men and women, but total MxDQI was inversely associated with WC in men (−0·10, 95 % CI −0·20, −0·004 cm). We also found that some results differed by education level in men. For men with the lowest education level, a one-unit increase in total MxDQI and MxAHEI score was associated with a mean reduction in BMI of 0·11 (95 % CI −0·18, 0·04) and 0·18 (95 % CI −0·25, −0·10) kg/m2, respectively. Likewise, a one-unit increase in total MxDQI and MxAHEI score was associated with a mean change in WC of −0·30 (95 % CI −0·49, −0·11) and −0·53 (95 % CI −0·75, −0·30) cm, respectively, in men with the lowest level of education. In women, the association of diet quality scores with BMI and WC was not different by education level.

Conclusions:

Our findings suggest that a higher diet quality in men with low but not high education is associated with lower BMI and WC.
CARTAN SUBALGEBRAS IN DIMENSION DROP ALGEBRAS
Authors: Barlak Selçuk , Raum Sven
Published: June 2019

We completely classify Cartan subalgebras of dimension drop algebras with coprime parameters. More generally, we classify Cartan subalgebras of arbitrary stabilised dimension drop algebras that are non-degenerate in the sense that the dimensions of their fibres in the endpoints are maximal. Conjugacy classes by an automorphism are parametrised by certain congruence classes of matrices over the natural numbers with prescribed row and column sums. In particular, each dimension drop algebra admits only finitely many non-degenerate Cartan subalgebras up to conjugacy. As a consequence of this parametrisation, we can provide examples of subhomogeneous$\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebras with exactly$n$Cartan subalgebras up to conjugacy. Moreover, we show that in many dimension drop algebras two Cartan subalgebras are conjugate if and only if their spectra are homeomorphic.
A Path out of Patriarchy? Political Agency and Social Identity of Women Fighters
Authors: Tezcür Güneş Murat
Published: June 2019

Violent movements in different parts of the world have employed large numbers of women fighters. I address the question of how and why so many women from diverse backgrounds join an ethnic insurgency. Informed by an intersectional approach, I suggest that when gender and ethnic inequalities overlap, an ethnic insurgency promising gender emancipation would have strong appeal among women. At the same time, the intersection of class and gender shapes distinctive patterns of mobilization among women of an ethnic minority. In particular, uneducated women with lower class backgrounds join the movement because it provides them with the most viable way out of patriarchal relations. I employ a multi-method research design to study a paradigmatic case of women in arms, the Kurdish insurgency. I use an original large dataset containing information about more than 9,000 militants, from extensive fieldwork entailing dozens of in-depth interviews, and an archival study of sources in primary languages. My findings reveal the effects of unequal relationships based on ethnicity, gender, and class on violent political mobilization and the ambivalent relationship between women’s political agency and empowerment.
Influencing Elite Opinion on Gender Equality through Framing: A Survey Experiment of Elite Support for Corporate Board Gender Quotas
Authors: Teigen Mari , Karlsen Rune
Published: June 2019

This article contributes to both the scholarly debates on the controversies over gender quotas and the body of knowledge on framing effects through an investigation of whether national elites, individuals in top positions across 10 sectors of Norwegian society, are susceptible to positive framing of corporate board gender quotas (CBQs). Elites are thought to be more resistant to framing, and their predispositions are found to be stronger and more consistent than those of the general public. However, few, if any, studies have empirically investigated framing effects on national elites. We report on an experiment embedded in a comprehensive survey of Norwegian national elites. The results clearly indicate that elites are susceptible to framing. When exposed to frames highlighting both male dominance among the business elite and the success of CBQs in achieving gender balance on corporate boards, elites were significantly more likely to support gender quotas. Framing effects were primarily found among men, not women, and contrary to expectation, effects were stronger among the business elite. Thus, we should direct our attention to how the framing of issues also influences key stakeholders, and policy makers should consider opposition to gender equality measures as something that has the propensity to change.
Glocalised constitution-making in the twenty-first century: Evidence from Asia
Authors: DE VISSER MAARTJE , SON BUI NGOC
Published: June 2019

How have Asian nations conducted, or how are they conducting, constitution-making in the face of pressures associated with globalisation, and how do they balance those forces with domestic interests and realities? This article aims to develop an analytical framework that can capture this global–local interplay. It introduces the concept of ‘glocalised constitution-making’ to denote the co-existence and relationship between the two governance levels as manifested in the forces, actors and norms pertaining to the process of drafting a new constitution as well as its substance. Glocalisation permeates the entirety of a constitution-making episode, from the impetus to initiate the process, to its design and inclusiveness of interests featured, and the scope of topics considered. The effects of glocalised constitution-making for domestic drafters are arranged along a continuum with approbation and aversion as the polar opposites. The precise location on the continuum will depend on the value preferences of the domestic stakeholders and the matters under consideration. The application of this analytical framework is illustrated with reference to recent constitution-making exercises in Bhutan, Nepal, Thailand, East Timor and Sri Lanka.
Diagnostik von Lernhindernissen auf der Sprachebene
Authors: Baltes Diana
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Sprache im Fachunterricht der Altenpflege ist ­bisher wenig untersucht und ihre Komplexität mit Sicherheit unterschätzt worden. Die sprachlichen Anforderungen an die Lernenden müssen jedoch diagnostiziert werden, um eine effektive Förderung des Kompetenzerwerbs zu ermöglichen. Zu den ­Anforderungen im Bereich Hörverstehen ist nun eine Untersuchung im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit durchgeführt worden.
Ethische Kompetenz in der Pflegeausbildung
Authors: Aurich Eva , Wild Heike
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Ethische Kompetenz wird als fester Bestandteil der pflegerischen Handlungskompetenz angesehen ໿(Riedel et al. 2016). Diese muss während der Ausbildung1 in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege angebahnt werden. Lehrende nehmen dabei eine wichtige Position ein. Dieser Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Forschungsarbeit zur Sicht der Lehrenden auf die ethische Kompetenzentwicklung während der Ausbildung zusammen.
Wie kann hermeneutische Fallkompetenz gelingen?
Authors: Altmeppen Sandra
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Für die berufliche Fachrichtung Gesundheit und Pflege an der TU Dresden wurde ein hochschuldidaktisches Konzept entwickelt, das die Studierenden sowohl bei der Ausbildung eines wissenschaftlichen Habitus als auch in der Anbahnung einer reflexiven Haltung gegenüber der beruflichen Praxis unterstützen soll. Aus dem Konzept wird hier ein zentrales Element genauer beleuchtet: die Arbeit mit realen Unterrichtsvideos in der Hochschullehre. Es geht um die Frage, welche Chancen mit dem Einsatz verbunden sind, was an ihnen erkannt, reflektiert und diskutiert werden kann und welche Grenzen dieses Medium aufweist.
Retrievals of Aerosol Size Distribution, Spherical Fraction, and Complex Refractive Index From Airborne In Situ Angular Light Scattering and Absorption Measurements
Authors: Espinosa W. Reed , Martins J. Vanderlei , Remer Lorraine A. , Dubovik Oleg , Lapyonok Tatyana , Fuertes David , Puthukkudy Anin , Orozco Daniel , Ziemba Luke , Thornhill K. Lee , Levy Robert
Published: June 2019

Aerosol models, composed of size distribution, complex refractive index, and spherical fraction, are derived from a new synergistic retrieval of airborne in situ angular scattering measurements made by the Polarized Imaging Nephelometer and absorption measurements from the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer. The data utilized include phase function (F11), degree of polarization (−F12/F11), and absorption coefficient (βabs) measured at low relative humidities during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) and Deep Convection Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaigns. The Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties (GRASP) is applied to these measurements to obtain summaries of particle properties that are optically consistent with the original measurements. A classification scheme is then used to categorize the corresponding retrieval results. Inversions performed on the DC3 measurements indicate the presence of a significant amount of dust‐like aerosol in the inflow of storms sampled during this campaign, with the quantity of dust present depending strongly on the underlying surface features. In the SEAC4RS data, the retrieved size distributions were found to be remarkably similar among a range of aerosol types, including urban and industrial, biogenic, and biomass burning (BB) emissions. These aerosol types were found to have average fine mode volume median radii 0.155 ≤ rvf ≤ 0.163μm and lognormal standard deviations 0.32 ≤ σf ≤ 0.36. There were, however, consistent differences between the angular scattering patterns of the BB samples and the other particle types. The GRASP retrieval predominantly attributed these differences to elevated real and imaginary refractive indices in the BB samples (m532nm≈1.55+0.007i) relative to the two other categories (m532nm≈1.51+0.004i).
The Effect of Dynamic Stress Cycling on the Compressive Strength of Rocks
Authors: Braunagel Michael J. , Griffith W. Ashley
Published: June 2019

Quasi‐static rock strength is a nonconservative property, as fatigue during cyclic loading reduces the macroscopic strength. When strain rate under compressive loading increases above a lithology‐specific threshold, the primary failure mechanism transitions from localized failure along discrete fractures to distributed fracturing. However, the role of load path under high strain rate conditions has not been explored in any detail. We examine the effect of rapid stress cycles on the dynamic compressive strength of Westerly Granite using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar approach and explore the implications of our results for the formation of pulverized fault zone rocks. Under cyclic loading conditions, the compressive strength can be reduced by a factor of 2, demonstrating that, like the quasi‐static strength, the dynamic rock strength is also a nonconservative property. Therefore, traditional high strain rate experimental approaches utilizing simple load paths may overestimate strength when rocks are subjected to complex load paths.
Multidecadal‐ to Centennial‐Scale 10Be Variations in Holocene Sediments of Huguangyan Maar Lake, South China
Authors: Tang Ling , Zhou Weijian , Wang Xisheng , Xian Feng , Du Yajuan , Zhou Jie , Chu Guoqiang , Zhao Guoqing , Zhang Li
Published: June 2019

We report a new high‐resolution Holocene 10Be record from Huguangyan Maar Lake in subtropical‐tropical South China, aimed to detect the atmospheric 10Be production signal in low‐latitude regions. After minimizing climatic effects by regression analyses between 10Be concentration and climatic proxies from the same archive, we successfully distinguished variations in geomagnetic field intensity and solar activity using 2,000‐year low‐ and high‐pass filtering, respectively, of the residual 10Be record (a proxy of the atmospheric 10Be production rate). The resulting 10Be‐derived record of geomagnetic field intensity is generally comparable with geomagnetic models, and the solar‐modulated 10Be signal shows significant correlations with solar activity proxies. The preservation of 10Be production signal in the sediments of this low‐latitude maar lake highlights the largely unexplored potential as well as limitations of 10Be as a tool to reconstruct variations in solar activity and geomagnetic field intensity.
CUGC for posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD)
Authors: Davidson Alice E. , Hafford-Tear Nathaniel J. , Dudakova Lubica , Sadan Amanda N. , Pontikos Nikolas , Hardcastle Alison J. , Tuft Stephen J. , Liskova Petra
Published: June 2019

Name of the disease (synonyms)

CUGC for posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD).

OMIM# of the disease

122000; 609141; 618031.

Name of the analysed genes or DNA/chromosome segments

OVOL2 (PPCD1); ZEB1 (PPCD3); GRHL2 (PPCD4).

OMIM# of the gene(s)

616441; 189909; 608576.

Review of the analytical and clinical validity as well as of the clinical utility of DNA-based testing for variants in the
OVOL2, ZEB1
and
GRHL2
gene(s) in a diagnostic setting, predictive and parental settings and for risk assesment in relatives.
Inferring causation from time series in Earth system sciences
Authors: Runge Jakob , Bathiany Sebastian , Bollt Erik , Camps-Valls Gustau , Coumou Dim , Deyle Ethan , Glymour Clark , Kretschmer Marlene , Mahecha Miguel D. , Muñoz-Marí Jordi , van Nes Egbert H. , Peters Jonas , Quax Rick , Reichstein Markus , Scheffer Marten , Schölkopf Bernhard , Spirtes Peter , Sugihara George , Sun Jie , Zhang Kun , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: June 2019

The heart of the scientific enterprise is a rational effort to understand the causes behind the phenomena we observe. In large-scale complex dynamical systems such as the Earth system, real experiments are rarely feasible. However, a rapidly increasing amount of observational and simulated data opens up the use of novel data-driven causal methods beyond the commonly adopted correlation techniques. Here, we give an overview of causal inference frameworks and identify promising generic application cases common in Earth system sciences and beyond. We discuss challenges and initiate the benchmark platform causeme.net to close the gap between method users and developers.
A global assessment of marine heatwaves and their drivers
Authors: Holbrook Neil J. , Scannell Hillary A. , Sen Gupta Alexander , Benthuysen Jessica A. , Feng Ming , Oliver Eric C. J. , Alexander Lisa V. , Burrows Michael T. , Donat Markus G. , Hobday Alistair J. , Moore Pippa J. , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Smale Dan A. , Straub Sandra C. , Wernberg Thomas
Published: June 2019

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts to marine life. Despite the serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding of their drivers is largely based on isolated case studies rather than any systematic unifying assessment. Here we provide the first global assessment under a consistent framework by combining a confidence assessment of the historical refereed literature from 1950 to February 2016, together with the analysis of MHWs determined from daily satellite sea surface temperatures from 1982–2016, to identify the important local processes, large-scale climate modes and teleconnections that are associated with MHWs regionally. Clear patterns emerge, including coherent relationships between enhanced or suppressed MHW occurrences with the dominant climate modes across most regions of the globe – an important exception being western boundary current regions where reports of MHW events are few and ocean-climate relationships are complex. These results provide a global baseline for future MHW process and prediction studies.
Chromoselective access to Z- or E- allylated amines and heterocycles by a photocatalytic allylation reaction
Authors: Martínez-Gualda Ana María , Cano Rafael , Marzo Leyre , Pérez-Ruiz Raúl , Luis-Barrera Javier , Mas-Ballesté Rubén , Fraile Alberto , de la Peña O’Shea Víctor A. , Alemán José
Published: June 2019

The most useful strategies for the alkylation of allylic systems are related to the Tsuji–Trost reaction or the use of different Lewis acids. Herein we report a photocatalytic approach for the allylation reaction of a variety of nucleophiles, such as heteroarenes, amines and alcohols. This method is compatible with a large variety of pyrroles and indoles, containing different substituents such as electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups, unprotected nitrogen atoms and bromo derivatives. Moreover, this methodology enables the chromoselective synthesis of Z- or E-allylated compounds. While the use of UV-light irradiation has allowed the synthesis of the previously inaccessible Z-allylated products, E-isomers are prepared simply by changing both the light source to the visible region, and the catalytic system. Based on mechanistic and photochemical proofs, laser flash photolysis studies and DFT calculations, a rational mechanism is presented.
Impact hotspots of reduced nutrient discharge shift across the globe with population and dietary changes
Authors: Wang Xu , Daigger Glen , de Vries Wim , Kroeze Carolien , Yang Min , Ren Nan-Qi , Liu Junxin , Butler David
Published: June 2019

Reducing nutrient discharge from wastewater is essential to mitigating aquatic eutrophication; however, energy- and chemicals-intensive nutrient removal processes, accompanied with the emissions of airborne contaminants, can create other, unexpected, environmental consequences. Implementing mitigation strategies requires a complete understanding of the effects of nutrient control practices, given spatial and temporal variations. Here we simulate the environmental impacts of reducing nutrient discharge from domestic wastewater in 173 countries during 1990–2050. We find that improvements in wastewater infrastructure achieve a large-scale decline in nutrient input to surface waters, but this is causing detrimental effects on the atmosphere and the broader environment. Population size and dietary protein intake have the most significant effects over all the impacts arising from reduction of wastewater nutrients. Wastewater-related impact hotspots are also shifting from Asia to Africa, suggesting a need for interventions in such countries, mostly with growing populations, rising dietary intake, rapid urbanisation, and inadequate sanitation.
XX sex chromosome complement promotes atherosclerosis in mice
Authors: AlSiraj Yasir , Chen Xuqi , Thatcher Sean E. , Temel Ryan E. , Cai Lei , Blalock Eric , Katz Wendy , Ali Heba M. , Petriello Michael , Deng Pan , Morris Andrew J. , Wang Xuping , Lusis Aldons J. , Arnold Arthur P. , Reue Karen , Thompson Katherine , Tso Patrick , Cassis Lisa A.
Published: June 2019

Men and women differ in circulating lipids and coronary artery disease (CAD). While sex hormones such as estrogens decrease CAD risk, hormone replacement therapy increases risk. Biological sex is determined by sex hormones and chromosomes, but effects of sex chromosomes on circulating lipids and atherosclerosis are unknown. Here, we use mouse models to separate effects of sex chromosomes and hormones on atherosclerosis, circulating lipids and intestinal fat metabolism. We assess atherosclerosis in multiple models and experimental paradigms that distinguish effects of sex chromosomes, and male or female gonads. Pro-atherogenic lipids and atherosclerosis are greater in XX than XY mice, indicating a primary effect of sex chromosomes. Small intestine expression of enzymes involved in lipid absorption and chylomicron assembly are greater in XX male and female mice with higher intestinal lipids. Together, our results show that an XX sex chromosome complement promotes the bioavailability of dietary fat to accelerate atherosclerosis.
The hydrolase LpqI primes mycobacterial peptidoglycan recycling
Authors: Moynihan Patrick J. , Cadby Ian T. , Veerapen Natacha , Jankute Monika , Crosatti Marialuisa , Mukamolova Galina V. , Lovering Andrew L. , Besra Gurdyal S.
Published: June 2019

Growth and division by most bacteria requires remodelling and cleavage of their cell wall. A byproduct of this process is the generation of free peptidoglycan (PG) fragments known as muropeptides, which are recycled in many model organisms. Bacteria and hosts can harness the unique nature of muropeptides as a signal for cell wall damage and infection, respectively. Despite this critical role for muropeptides, it has long been thought that pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis do not recycle their PG. Herein we show that M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG are able to recycle components of their PG. We demonstrate that the core mycobacterial gene lpqI, encodes an authentic NagZ β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and that it is essential for PG-derived amino sugar recycling via an unusual pathway. Together these data provide a critical first step in understanding how mycobacteria recycle their peptidoglycan.