bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DAS MARGENS À SUBMERSÃO: NOVA IORQUE-MA E SUA CULTURA ESCOLAR (1938-1968)
Authors: DE SOUSA LIRA JOÃO ANTONIO
Published: February 2024

Este artigo é recorte da dissertação de mestrado defendida em 2019 no Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão e tem por objetivo analisar a cultura escolar da cidade de Nova Iorque - MA no período de 1938 a 1968 através das memórias de alunas e professoras, a fim de descrever os aspectos da cultura escolar no período estudado e identificar as representações construídas por elas sobre as escolas onde estudaram e lecionaram. Foi utilizado como método de pesquisa a História Oral mediante aplicação de entrevista de história de vida temática. Utilizou-se como aporte teórico Chartier (1991), Castro (2017), Castanho (2019), Certeau (2011), Julia (2001), Alberti(2000; 2005). A partir das narrativas elegeu-se como categorias empíricas de análise para esse artigo instituições escolares que correspondem ao Grupo Escolar Anália Neiva e Escola Municipal Senador Neiva e, materiais e disciplinas escolares. Constatou-se nas representações das pesquisadas que a escola Municipal Senador Neiva era conhecida como "rasguete" por ser frequentado por crianças de famílias menos abastadas e por se tratar de uma escola reunida em contraposição ao Grupo Escolar Anália Neiva com estrutura arquitetônica adequada e com professoras normalistas que vinham da cidade de São Luís-MA e Floriano-PI. Quanto aos materiais e disciplinas escolares identificamos em primeiro momento, aproximadamente de 1938 a 1950, a fabricação de carteiras de modo artesanal pelos pais de alunos com caixas de sabão recolhidas em comércios locais e, em segundo momento a partir de 1950 a responsabilização em parte do poder público com os materiais escolares, sobretudo com livros de didáticos para o Grupo Escolar. Este trabalho se constitui como uma forma sistematizada e uma representação sobre a cultura escolar de Nova Iorque-MA.
DO ENSINO TRADICIONAL À APLICAÇÃO DE METODOLOGIAS ATIVAS: DIVULGANDO EM NÚMEROS UM HISTÓRICO DESDE A PUBLICAÇÃO DO LIVRO “PEDAGOGIA DA AUTONOMIA: SABERES NECESSÁRIOS À PRÁTICA EDUCATIVA” DE PAULO FREIRE
Authors: CAMAROTTI DE LIMA BATISTA ANABELLE , DE BARROS BATISTA JEFFERSON
Published: February 2024

No Brasil, um dos primeiros autores a falar sobre o protagonismo e autonomia estudantil foi Paulo Freire. Em razão disso, o presente trabalho objetiva reunir informações quanto à aplicação de metodologias ativas em diferentes níveis de ensino, com um olhar a partir de 1996, ano da publicação do livro Pedagogia da Autonomia, de Paulo Freire. O presente estudo teve como base a pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho exploratório. Sistematizamos pesquisas publicadas em artigos, dissertações ou teses no período de janeiro de 1996 a abril de 2022. Como parâmetros de inclusão, selecionamos publicações brasileiras, que contemplam diretamente a aplicação de alguma metodologia ativa, independentemente do nível de ensino para o qual foi proposto (infantil, fundamental – anos iniciais ou finais – médio ou graduação). A palavra-chave selecionada foi “metodologia ativa” escrita entre aspas para melhorar o refino das buscas. As buscas ocorreram nos sites scielo.br (https://www.scielo.br/) e Catálogo de teses e dissertações da Capes. Dentro dos parâmetros, a pesquisa analisou um universo de 18 artigos e 198 dissertações/teses sem repetições entre eles. Embora a publicação tenha sido um marco na educação, vemos demonstrar em números que a situação do ensino no Brasil demorou para mudar. A partir do ano de 2014, houve a aplicação das estratégias de metodologias ativas diretamente no “ensinar”, contudo, ainda muito dentro das universidades, com várias pesquisas desenvolvidas com graduandos. A partir de 2017, iniciaram as defesas de dissertações e teses, oriundas de Pós-graduações, que exigiam que o pós-graduando aplicasse no ensino fundamental ou médio as metodologias ativas. Ao final da pesquisa, percebemos que as metodologias ativas só serão eficazmente difundidas, em todos os níveis de ensino quando estas forem discutidas, ensinadas, treinadas durante os cursos de formação de professores e nas licenciaturas.
FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE NO BRASIL: UMA ANÁLISE HISTÓRICA, POLÍTICA E SOCIAL ATÉ O SÉCULO XXI
Authors: DA SILVA ALMEIDA LUCIANA
Published: February 2024

A luta pelo direito a uma educação pública, gratuita, laica e de qualidade é histórica na educação brasileira. Também é histórico o direito a uma formação docente que garanta autonomia crítica ao profissional da educação. Esses direitos estão garantidos na Constituição Federal de 1988 e são confirmados pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional - LDBEN (9.394/96) e debatidos em diversos estudos e pesquisas realizados no meio acadêmico. Com base nesse pressuposto, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar o trajeto da formação docente no Brasil, delineando seu perfil em relação ao desenvolvimento profissional nos contextos político, social e histórico até o século XXI. Para isso, utilizou-se a pesquisa bibliográfica como opção metodológica para coletar dados e apresentar os resultados baseados nas referências teóricas de autores como Saviani (2009), Romanelli (2010), Libâneo (2011), entre outros. A partir das leituras teóricas foi possível concluir que mesmo com as várias transformações culturais da sociedade, a formação docente e a escola ainda conservam vestígios da formação docente e modelos educacionais da escola que foram implantados no Brasil no século XVI.
IDEÁRIOS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO DE PESSOAS ESCRAVIZADAS
Authors: BARROS VIEIRA MARIA ALVENI
Published: February 2024

Como foi pensada a educação de pessoas negras escravizadas no Brasil colonial? A quem coube a tarefa de pensar, de forma sistematizada, a educação de pessoas negras escravizadas no Brasil colonial? O presente artigo remete a uma reflexão preliminar acerca da educação de pessoas negras escravizadas no contexto brasileiro da primeira metade do século XVIII tendo como referência um conjunto de obras produzidas no período composto por crônicas religiosas, normas canônicas, tratados de economia e tratados de cunho moralista. Especificamente, pretende-se apresentar alguns elementos teóricos materializados nas fontes em estudo que permitem compreender como foi perspectivada a educação para esse segmento da sociedade colonial. Para a feitura do trabalho, as fontes foram analisadas como ideários que sinalizam práticas culturais e históricas, tributárias do tempo e do espaço em que foram produzidas e que, diante do temário aqui delineado, permitiram a verificação de aspectos relevantes, tais como: os sentidos e os significados atribuídos às expressões ensinar, instruir, doutrinar, catequisar e educar, além da identificação de propostas educativas com indicativos das modalidades de ensino, dos mestres e dos saberes a serem transmitidos, das metodologias, dos tempos e dos espaços em que seriam desenvolvidas as práticas educativas para pessoas negras escravizadas.
OS CICLOS ECONÔMICOS E A EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA: E NESSA HISTÓRIA QUEM APRENDEU MENOS E QUEM SAIU PERDENDO MAIS?
Authors: GOMES DE OLIVEIRA LIDIANA , DOS SANTOS RODRIGUES ELEOMAR
Published: February 2024

O presente trabalho aborda os ciclos econômicos do Brasil compreendidos entre meados do século XVI e início do século XX e a relação com o contexto educacional de cada período, refletindo sobre as consequências causadas aos segmentos populacionais menos favorecidos economicamente. Busca analisar, nesse percurso histórico, quem teve menos acesso a educação e quem foi menos favorecido economicamente, e por outro lado, quem teve mais acesso à educação e quem foi mais privilegiado economicamente. Metodologicamente, a análise é do tipo qualitativa, consistindo em um estudo bibliográfico, a partir dos estudos das obras de Bianchi (2012), Dias (1921) e Fausto (1996) que fundamentaram a pesquisa sobre a história do Brasil e a implantação dos ciclos econômicos. Já o recorte sobre a evolução da educação no Brasil foram embasados em: Arelaro (2007), Fonseca (2014), Gadotti (1996) e Saviani (2008, 2010). A formação econômica foi fundamentada em Furtado (2005), Souza (2011) e Vares (2012), entre outros autores. Os resultados preliminares indicam a ocorrência de exclusões sociais e econômicas sofridas por significativa parcela da população brasileira e os impactos educacionais negativos que perduram até os dias atuais. Por essa análise, pode-se concluir provisoriamente, que a educação no Brasil vai para além de uma crise de um sistema que não deu certo ao longo da história, e vai na direção de um projeto elitista que deixou à margem as populações mais pobres, e por consequência, destituídas de direitos.
UMA APROXIMAÇÃO ENTRE O CONCEITO DE PEDAGOGO EM PLATÃO E TEÓRICOS DO SÉCULO XIX
Authors: CAETANO FRANÇA MARIA LENILDA
Published: February 2024

O nascimento do Paidagogo ocorreu na Grécia antiga, cujo significado paidós “criança” e agodé “condução”, condutor de criança, um humilde escravo que ganha relevo no processo filosófico-pedagógico-educacional, por ser o responsável pela educação moral. Nesse diapasão, o propósito desse artigo foi analisar o conceito e as práticas constituintes do Pedagogo na teoria de Platão, buscando aproximações com as teorias do século XIX, verificando quem foi e qual o papel a ele atribuído pelos teóricos que fundamentam a educação. Desse modo, foram compulsadas obras de Platão, Comênio, Pestalozzi, Herbart, entre outros e de seus comentadores, caracterizando um processo descritivo sobre o ideário do pedagogo, delineando as transformações de suas atribuições na trajetória educacional. Nessa perspectiva, há um entendimento da importância do pensamento de Platão para os teóricos posteriores, bem como àqueles do século XIX, apogeu da modernidade, caracterizado por grandes revoluções, período em que as indústrias e as comunicações cresceram significativamente, influenciando o aumento da população urbana, que vai desembocar numa expansão da educação primária pública. É nesse século que teremos no campo educativo a influência de vários estudiosos que buscam inovar a educação, refletindo sobre as necessidades sociais e o tipo de sujeitos para atuar na sociedade. Os direcionamentos tomados nesse estudo permitiram ratificar a importância do pedagogo desde sua nascitura como “Condutor da criança”, ampliando sua função ao longo dos séculos até assumir o protagonismo no campo educacional.
Floreana Lava-Lizard (Microlophus grayii)
Authors: Arteaga Alejandro , Aguiar Gabriela , Guayasamin Juan Manuel
Published: February 2024

This is the species account about the Floreana Lava-Lizard (Microlophus grayii), a chapter in the Reptiles of Ecuador book. This account summarizes novel as well as historical information (recognition, natural history, distribution, conservation, etymology, and relevant literature) about the species and provides maps and images to facilitate identification of this reptile in the field.
Peruvian Lava-Lizard (Microlophus peruvianus)
Authors: Quezada Amanda
Published: February 2024

This is the species account about the Peruvian Lava-Lizard (Microlophus peruvianus), a chapter in the Reptiles of Ecuador book. This account summarizes novel as well as historical information (recognition, natural history, distribution, conservation, etymology, and relevant literature) about the species and provides maps and images to facilitate identification of this reptile in the field.
Forest Whiptail (Kentropyx pelviceps)
Authors: Arteaga Alejandro
Published: February 2024

This is the species account about the Forest Whiptail (Kentropyx pelviceps), a chapter in the Reptiles of Ecuador book. This account summarizes novel as well as historical information (recognition, natural history, distribution, conservation, etymology, and relevant literature) about the species and provides maps and images to facilitate identification of this reptile in the field.
Marchena Lava-Lizard (Microlophus habelii)
Authors: Arteaga Alejandro , Aguiar Gabriela , Guayasamin Juan Manuel
Published: February 2024

This is the species account about the Marchena Lava-Lizard (Microlophus habelii), a chapter in the Reptiles of Ecuador book. This account summarizes novel as well as historical information (recognition, natural history, distribution, conservation, etymology, and relevant literature) about the species and provides maps and images to facilitate identification of this reptile in the field.
Pengaruh Media Boneka Tangan terhadap Keterampilan Berbicara Siswa Kelas III di SD Muhammadiyah 11 Randegan Tanggulangin
Authors: Sa’adah A’imatus , Liansari Vevy
Published: February 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan adanya “Pengaruh Media Boneka Tangan terhadap Keterampilan Berbicara Siswa Kelas III di SD Muhammadiyah 11 Randegan Tanggulangin”. Media Boneka tangan dipilih karena pada dasarnya anak senang mendengarkan cerita. Jenis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain One Group Pretest Posttest. Subjek penelitian yaitu seluruh siswa kelas III SD Muhammadiyah 11 Randegan. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini berupa tes, dimana ada pretest (tes awal) dan postest (tes akhir). Indikator keberhasilan dalam penelitian ini adalah apabila sekurang-kurangnya 80% dari jumlah anak mendapat mendapat nilai baik. Data yang diperoleh nilai thitung (16.040) ttabel (2,008). Sedangkan hasil dari uji signifikan Effect size diperoleh hasil 0,64 yang berartinya terdapat pengaruh yang tidak begitu besar antara Media Boneka Tangan terhadap Keterampilan Berbicara Siswa Kelas III di SD Muhammadiyah 11 Randegan Tanggulangin.
Analysis of Nahwu Learning by Using the Book of Al-Ajurumiyah at Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual Junwangi
Authors: Riska Lailatul Maulidah , Fauji Imam
Published: February 2024

Qowaid nahwiyah merupakan salah satu ilmu yang harus dipelajari di kalangan pesantren. Ilmu nahwu adalah jenis mata pelajaran yang diajarkan di Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual Junwangi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui sistematika dan isi kitab al-Ajurumiyah yang digunakan di kelas 10 Sanggar Kutub at-Turost (SKT) Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual, untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan pembelajaran nahwu dengan menggunakan kitab al-Ajurumiyah di kelas Sanggar Kutub at-Turost (SKT) Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual, untuk mengetahui alasan mengapa Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual sebagai pondok pesantren modern masih menggunakan kitab-kitab kuning (klasik) sebagai media pembelajaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Subyek penelitian yaitu koordinator program SKT, guru pengampu nahwu, dan santri kelas 10 SKT. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa susunan materi ilmu nahwu dalam kitab al-Ajurumiyah berjumlah 25 pembahasan. Pembelajaran nahwu dengan menggunakan kitab al-Ajurumiyah di kelas 10 Sanggar Kutub at-Turost (SKT) terdapat tiga tahapan yaitu perencanaan, proses pembelajaran, dan evaluasi. Alasan Madrasah Aliyah Bilingual tetap mempelajari kitab kuning yaitu mengacu kepada pondasi pendidikan Rasulullah SAW. Karena  pendidikan modern tidak boleh meninggalkan warisan ilmu yang telah disampaikan oleh Nabi dan Ulama Salafiyah.
Interação genótipos x ambientes e desempenho produtivo de híbridos triplos de milho em ambientes tropicais do Brasil
Authors:   , Reis Helber Moreira dos
Published: February 2024

A seleção de cultivares de milho estáveis e adaptados às diversas condições de cultivo são muito importantes para maximizar a produtividade de grãos. Entretanto, a seleção de cultivares com ampla adaptação aos ambientes de cultivo é dificultada pela interação genótipos × ambientes (G x A) e, consequentemente, a identificação de cultivares adequados aos diversos ambientes de cultivo requer avaliação desses em múltiplos ambientes. Os híbridos triplos de milho apresentam uma base genética mais larga que os híbridos simpes e, assim, podem ser uma excelente opção para ambientes com alguma limitação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a interação G x A de híbridos triplos de milho desenvolvidos pelo programa de melhoramento genético da Universidade Federal de Viçosa em ambientes tropicais do Brasil. Para isso, 160 híbridos triplos de milho e cinco híbridos comerciais, utilizados como testemunhas, foram avaliados em oito ambientes tropicais no Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos incompletos (alfa látice 15x11) com duas repetições. Cada parcela foi composta de duas linhas de quatro metros espaçadas em 0,8 metros. Os caracteres avaliados foram o número de dias até o florescimento masculino e feminino, altura da planta, altura de inserção da espiga e produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variâncias individuais e conjunta. Posteriormente, foram realizadas estimativas dos parâmetros de adaptabilidade e estabilidade produtiva dos híbridos através dos métodos Genotype Main Effects Plus Genotype Environment Interaction (GGE biplot) e Média Harmônica da Performance Relativa dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG). Observou-se diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os genótipos (G), ambientes (A) e para o efeito da interação G x A para todos os caracteres avaliados. Com base no método GGE biplot identificou-se quatro mega-ambientes, e os híbridos HT143 (94V3138), HT22 (94V3017), HT116 (94V3111) e as testemunhas C02 (B2433PWU) e C04 (BM709PRO2) como os mais adaptados a esses ambientes. Além desses híbridos, verificou-se ainda, com base no método MHPRVG, os híbridos HT23 (94V3018) e HT31 (94V3026) com ampla estabilidade nos ambientes avaliados. Conclui-se que há híbridos triplos com potencial agronômico para serem cultivados em ambientes tropicais do Brasil. Palavras-chave: Zea mays L. Adaptabilidade e estabilidade. GGE biplot.
قيمة نقطة التعادل الكهربائية وفعالية إنزيم البيتالاكتاميز لعزلات Proteus mirabilis المسببة لالتهابات المسالك البولية
Authors: الميسري محمد فضل
Published: February 2024

جمعت عينات من أشخاص يعانون التهابات في المسالك البولية، تم الحصول على عزلات بكتيرية تابعة ﻟProteus mirabilis . شخصت بنظام api20E ثم فحص الحساسية تجاه المضادات الحيوية، جرى اختبار قابلية العزلات لإنتاج إنزيمات البيتالاكتاميز بوساطة طريقة اليود السريعة، وقد أعطت (19)عزلة نتيجة موجبة لهذا الفحص، ثم اختبرت قدرتها في إنتاج إنزيمات البيتالاكتاميز واسعة الطيف واٌجرى ذلك بإتباع طريقة الأقراص المتاخمة وقد أعطت (3) عزلات نتيجة موجبة لهذا الفحص، وهي التي اُجري لها ترحيل في هلام الاكريل امايد بوجود المواد الماسخة لتقدير نقطة التعادل الكهربائي وقد أطلق عليها عزلات (UP3,UP2,UP1) وبينت احتوائها على حزم بروتينية وكانت قيمة pH هي (5.6، 7.4 و5.4) على التوالي.
مقارنة بين نوعين من الحاصرات التقويميّة اللسانيّة (STb-7th G) فيما يتعلّق بالأداء اللفظيّ وتقبّل المرضى
Authors: يونس سميحة الحاج , فرح حسان
Published: February 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى مقارنة تأثير اختلاف حجم وأبعاد نوعين من الحاصرات التقويميّة اللسانيّة ( (STb - 7th G على الأداء اللفظي و مدى تقبّل وانزعاج المرضى لتغيّرات الوظائف الفموية التالي لتطبيق كل منهما. تألّفت عيّنة البحث من 46 مريضاً ( 26إناث+20ذكور:متوسط أعمارهم 23 سنة تقريبا) يعانون سوء إطباق من الصنف الثاني نموذج أول يتطلّب العلاج قلع الضواحك الأولى العلوية. تمّ توزيع المرضى عشوائيا إلى مجموعتين. الأولى: 23 مريضاً)14 إناث+ 9 ذكور)تمّت معالجتهم بالحاصرات التقويميّة اللسانيّة من نمط STb من شركة Ormco . الثانية: 23 مريضاً (12إناث+11ذكور) تمّت معالجتهم بالحاصرات التقويميّة اللسانيّة من نمط الجيل السابع 7th G من شركة Ormco. تم تقييم الأداء اللفظي بالتحليل الطيفي لتردد الحرف (س) وكذلك عن طريق التقييم الشخصي بطرح أسئلة الاستبيانات وذلك قبل القلع وتركيب جهاز الدعم (T0) وبعد القلع وتركيب جهاز الدعم بأسبوعين تقريبا وقبل توضيع الحاصرات مباشرة (T1)بعد تطبيق الجهاز بـ 24 ساعة (T2)بعد شهر تقريبا (T3)بعد ثلاثة أشهر تقريبا (T4) و تمّ تقييم تقبّل المرضى من خلال التقييم الشخصي بالاستبيانات أيضا. وتمّ تحليل البيانات الناتجة باستخدام برنامج .(Minitab® v15) أظهرت نتائج الدراسة بأنّ الحاصرات اللسانيّة بنوعيها وباختلاف أحجامها تسبّب تغيّرات باللفظ وانخفاضا بتردد الحرف (س) وتخريش النسج الرخوة الفمويّة وانزعاجا للمرضى ولاسيما في الفترة الأوليّة من توضيع الحاصرات ومع ذلك كانت حاصرات STb التي تتميز بصغر حجمها وأبعادها أقل تخريشا و تأثيرا على المضغ و على تغيّرات اللفظ ولذا فهى أكثر تقبّلأ من قبل المرضى مقارنة مع الحاصرات التقويميّة اللسانيّة من نمط الجيل السابع 7th G.
دراسة مخبرية لمقارنة التسرب الحفافي لترميمات الكمبوزيت على الأسنان المؤقتة المحضرة باستخدام الليزر Er:YAG الناتج عن استخدام نوعين من المواد الرابطة
Authors: عزالدين عمر , دندي لمى
Published: February 2024

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى مقارنة درجة التسرب الحفافي على الأسنان المؤقتة المحضَرة باستخدام الليزرEr:YAG الناتج عن استخدام نوعين من المواد الرابطة(دراسة مخبرية). ، شملت الدراسة على 40 سن لبني بشري حديث القلع بحيث يكون السطح الدهليزي خالياً من النخر.حُضرت حفرة صنف خامس تقليدية على السطح الدهليزي لجميع الأسنان باستخدام الليزرEr:YAG ، بعد ذلك قُسًمت العينة بالتساوي إلى مجموعتين:طبقت المادة الرابطة التقليدية في ترميم أسنان المجموعة الأولي في حين طبقت المادة الرابطة ذاتية التخريش في ترميم أسنان المجموعة الثانية. رُمِمت جميع العينة بكمبوزيت TETRIC N-CERAM. وبعد الانتهاء من الترميم وغُمرت جميع الأسنان بصبغة أزرق الميتيلين 2% لمدة 24 ساعة.ثمَ تمَ قياس درجة التسرب الحفافي للعينات بعد اجراء مقاطع دهليزية-لسانية للسن وفحصها تحت مجهر ستيريو. دُرٍست البيانات الناتجة إحصائياً بإجراء اختبار مان وتني. وبنتيجة هذه الدراسة لم يكن هناك فرق جوهري بين الترميم بمادة رابطة تقليدية أو ذاتية التخريش. وبناءً على نتائج هذه الدراسة تبين أنًه يمكن استخدام المادة الرابطة ذاتية التخريش كطريقة بديلة للمادة الرابطة التقليدية في طب أسنان الأطفال.
The influence of physical form of organic acid and antibiotics on the performance of broiler chickens under bacterial induced challenge
Authors: Alzawqari Mohammed , Al-Baadani Hani Al-Baadani , Qasem Mahmood Abdullah
Published: February 2024

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of physical form of organic acid and antibiotics on the performance of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Two hundred forty 1-d-old male broilers (Cobb 500) were equally distributed into 6 treatment groups with 10 blocks and 24 chicks each. The treatments were: group 1 (positive control, basal diet without any addition, non-medicated and unchallenged), group 2 (negative control, basal diet, non-medicated and challenged), group 3 (basal diet with 0.05 g antibiotic flavomycin /kg diet) and groups 4 and 5 (basal diet with 1 g of commercial mixture powder and coated of organic acids fumaric) and citric acids/kg diet), respectively. Group 6 is a blend coated of organic acids (fumaric and citric) and their ammonium salts 2.5 g/kg diet. At 16 days of age, using oral dose, birds were challenged with S. typhimurium (2×108 CFU/ml). Average body weight of group 3 and 5 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) at 21, 28 and 35 days of age and daily weight gain in the overall period was compared to other treatment groups. The highest value of daily feed intake was observed in dietary supplementation compared to the negative control (group 2), but group 2 had lower significant effect (P < 0.05) compared to the positive control (group 1) during the 15-21 days of age. However, supplementing diets with experimental groups had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on daily feed conversion ratio, during all periods. The results revealed that the supplementation of antibiotics and organic acids as coated capsules into the broiler diets might improve the performance in challenged broiler chicks with S. typhimurium.
Environmental contaminants and their impact on some of ground water quality, in Taiz, Yemen: Study Case
Authors: Al-Shargabi Wadie Ahmed , Ghanem Nabeel Mohammed
Published: February 2024

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of ground water supplies of Taiz city. The results shows that the most parameters analyzed in the study samples, such as conductivity, TDS, hardness, chloride, fluoride etc., were higher than the permissible limit according to WHO and YSMO. The runoff water which carried sewage and other wastes are the main anthropogenic source of water contamination and with interface with natural contamination by the rocks formation in the studied areas. The exacerbates of the problems are the lack of proper treatment of the city sewage, the lack of good drainage system around the wells, and also there are no proper paving surroundings of the city wells.
The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes among secondary school students in Aden city 2013
Authors: Al-Horaibi Reema Khaled A.
Published: February 2024

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading chronic diseases of childhood and adolescent. While it is said that type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in individuals over 30 years old and the incidence increases with age, it seems an alarming number of patients with type 2 diabetes who are barely in their teen years. In fact, for the first time in the history of humans, type 2 diabetes is now more common than type 1 in childhood.The main objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes among secondary school students in Aden city during the period Nov. 20th 2012 - Feb 1st, 2013.
This was a secondary School based cross sectional study, performed in Aden, includes 200 who were students randomly selected.
Prediabetes was highly prevalence among adolescent 35.5%, 1% diabetic and 22.5% obese.
28.9% of the study population who had obesity are prediabetic while diabetic cases it was 2.2% , with 70.7% of the students prediabetic and 3.1% of student with diabetes have positive family history of diabetes.These results shows high risk of diabetes and prediabetes among secondary school students which may expose them to early complications in adult life so early measures must be taken to improve this situation.
تأثير التسميد النتروجيني على بعض صفات نمو محصول القطن طويل التيلة (.Gossypium barbadense L)
Authors: رويس محمد سالم الخاشعة , دولة خالد محمد عثمان , صالح محسن علي احمد
Published: February 2024

نفذت تجربة حقلية في المزرعة البحثية لمحطة البحوث الزراعية /الكود محافظة أبين خلال موسمي الزراعـة 2010م و2011م، بهـدف دراسة تأثير 4 معدلات من التسميد النتروجيني (No ، N30 ، N60، وN90 كجم/هـ) في صورة يوريا 46% N على صفات النمو للقطن طويل التيلة صنف (معلم 2000)، وقد تضمنت التجربة 4 معاملات. أستخدم في التجربة تصميم القطاعات كاملة العشوائية (RCBD) في 4 مكررات وكانت مساحة القطعة التجريبية (4 × 3 = 12 م2 ). أشارت النتائج إلى أنً قيم صفتي تفتح أول زهرة وأول لوزة لم تتأثر معنوياً بمعدلات التسميد النتروجيني خلال موسمي الزراعـة. وأظهرت النتائج أنَ زيادة معدل التسميد النتروجيني أدى إلى زيادة معنوية لكلٍ من طول النبات، وارتفاع أول فرع ثمري، عـدد الفروع الخضرية والثمرية / نبات والمساحة الورقية، إذ تحققت أعلى القيم لتلك الصفات عند المعاملة N90، في حين كان أقلها عند معاملة المقارنة (No) في كلا الموسمين. كما إن التسميد النتروجيني عكس علاقة انحدار خطية معنوية نحو زيادة طول النبات وعدد الفروع الثمرية والمساحة الورقية بالإضافة إلى وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية موجبة مع تلك الصفات.
تقييم بعض أصناف الذرة الشامية عند مستويات مختلفة من الكثافة النباتية
Authors: حسن محمد علي , حامد علي السيد , علي أمين محمد
Published: February 2024

نفذت تجربة حقلية في مزرعة كلية ناصر للعلوم الزراعية خلال الموسمين 2011/2012م و2012/2013م لدراسة بعض صفات النمو والصفات الفسيولوجية والإنتاجية ومكوناتها لثلاثة أصناف من الذرة الشامية (كنيجا-36، سيتي لاجوس 7931 وتهامة-1) عند ثلاثة مستويات من الكثافة النباتية (56000، 67000 و83000 نبات/هكتار). وقد أظهرت نتائج التحليل التجميعي لبيانات الموسمين أنً مستويات الكثافة النباتية أثرت معنوياً على صفات عدد من الأوراق الخضراء/نبات، ودليل مساحة الورقة عند 45 و60 يوما من تاريخ الزراعة ارتفاع النبات، قطر الساق، معدل الكفاءة التمثيلية، معدل النمو النسبي ومعدل نمو المحصول وكذلك مكونات المحصول طول الكوز، عدد الحبوب/صف، عدد الكيزان/نبات، وزن مائة حبة ووزن حبوب الكوز في حين لم يتأثر معنوياً كل من عدد الصفوف / كوز ونسبة التفريط وكذلك محصول الحبوب/هكتار حيث زاد ارتفاع النبات ودليل مساحة الورقة بزيادة الكثافة النباتية بينما زادت القيم لبقية الصفات بتناقص الكثافة النباتية. أظهرت الأصناف اختلافاً معنوياً في جميع صفات النمو والصفات الفسيولوجية ومكونات المحصول قيد البحث باستثناء عدد الكيزان/نبات ومحصول الحبوب/هكتار. و أثر التداخل بين الأصناف ومستويات الكثافة النباتية معنوياً على محصول الحبوب/هكتار حيث تم الحصول على أعلى محصول حبوب من الصنف سيتي لاجوس 7931 عند الكثافة النباتية 83000 نبات/هكتار(4.95 طن/ هكتار) والصنف كنيجا-36 عند الكثافة النباتية 67000 نبات/هكتار (5.15 طن/ هكتار) في حين بلغ أعلى محصول حبوب للصنف تهامة-1 عند الكثافة النباتية 56000 نبات/هكتار( 5.3طن/ هكتار).
تصميم نظام تحكم تقليدي لقيادة الروافع الجسرية
Authors: المسعود توفيق , الفاخوري عمار عبدالبر
Published: February 2024

أنً لعلم التحكم الآلي دوراً أساسياً في تقدم الهندسة والعلوم الحديثة. بالإضافة إلى أهميته الكبيرة في تشغيل سفن الفضاء وتوجيه الصواريخ وعلم الطيران، والأنَ تطبيقات التحكم الآلي أصبحت جزءاً هاماً ومكملاً لمختلف الصناعات و المعدات الهندسية ومنها الروافع الجسرية والتي تُعًد من التطبيقات الصناعية المهمةوالمستخدمة في نقل الحمولات من مكان إلى أخر, وهي تخدم العمليات الإنتاجية في المصانع من خلال تركيب التجهيزات الصناعية في عمليات تحميل المواد وتفريغها في المستودعات وتعد الروافع  عنصراً أساسياً في مكننة العمليات الإنتاجية المتكاملة, و أصبح هذا النوع من الروافع يستخدم بكثرة وسيما عند نقل الحمولات الكبيرة, لذلك برزت أهمية معرفة سلوك هذه الروافع قبل الاستثمار من خلال دراسة اهتزاز الحمولات والعمل على تخفيضها قدر الإمكان عن طريق اختيار سرعة مناسبة للحركة تخفض من تأثير القوى الديناميكية على الهيكل والأجزاء المتحركة للرافعة. ومن هنا أتت الحاجة إلى تصميم أنظمة تحكمية لضبط السلوك الديناميكي لحركة الرافعة الجسرية وتخميد اهتزازات الحمولات باستخدام نظريات التحكم للحصول على الخرج المرغوب وفقاً للمعايير القياسية.
Effect of irrigation intervals and nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of two maize hybrids
Authors: Hassan Mohammed A. , Bamuaafa Maged S. S. , AbdEl-Rahim Husain M.
Published: February 2024

Two field experiments were carried out at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, during 2008 and 2009 seasons, to study the effect of three irrigation intervals (15, 25 and 35 days) and three nitrogen fertilization rates (40, 80 and 120 kg/fed.) on the growth and yield of two maize hybrids (S.C. Watania 4 and T.W.C. 310). Increasing irrigation intervals significantly reduces maize growth and yield and its components as well as the percentage of protein and oil ingrains. This reduction in grain yield (76.28 and 63.07%) is due to irrigation every 35 days compared to irrigation every 15 days for the first and second seasons respectively. The two hybrids significantly differed in most of growth characters in both seasons and grain yield and its components in the second one with superiority of S.C. Watani4. Increasing N-rates significantly increased the growth of maize andgrain yieldand its components as well as the percentage of protein and oil in grains. Interaction between irrigation intervals and N-rates significantly affected grain yield/fed. in the first season and that highest yield, when irrigation every 15 days and application of 120 kg N/fed.
Digestive gland alterations in Bivalves (Tivela ponderosa) exposed to Mareb crude oil, dispersed oil with dispersant, dispersant (Histological study)
Authors: Al-Shaibani Elham , Dobian Aziz S. , Hassan Nada A. , Al-Shwafi Nabil A.
Published: February 2024

This study includes three laboratory experiments for studying toxicity effects of three test chemicals (Mareb crude oil, dispersed oil with dispersant and dispersant) on the tissue of digestive gland of bivalve (Tivela ponderosa).Acute toxicity test was done by exposed bivalve Tivela ponderosa to the concentrations 5, 10, and 15 ml/l of test chemical (Mareb crude oil, dispersed oil with dispersant and dispersant) which was added to see water (exposure time 96 hours). At chronic toxicity study, bivalve Tivela ponderosa was exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 ml/l of the same chemical toxicant which was added to see water (exposure time 3 weeks).Biomarkers was observed in the bivalve Tivela ponderosa when exposed to different concentrations of chemical toxicants. The study showed that only dispersant have a less effect than crude oil or a mixture of dispersed oil with dispersant. The histological changes in digestive gland tissues was proportional to the concentrations in both acute and chronic toxicity test. The digestive gland of bivalve in low concentration of both acute and chronic toxicity test showed expansion of lumen, and the epithelial cells became thinner in the tissue exposed to low concentration of the three test chemicals; and at medium concentrations the digestive gland showed increase in vacuoles and secretions, while at high concentrations more changes appeared, such as general degeneration, and the digestive gland became more vacuolated.
Assessment on hydroquinone levels insome skin lightening creams available in Aden markets, Yemen
Authors: Saleh Shaif M. K. , AbdulGhani Omeima A. , Al-Hariri Fadhl M.
Published: February 2024

Hydroquinone (HQ), a dihydroxylated benzene derivative, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It is used in body care products for the rapeuticaly as a topical agent for the treatment of certain skin conditions but only allowable at a very low concentration. The abuse of HQ will damage the skin and the sensitive area on the face. Due to this, many countries prohibited the use of HQ. Ten (10) samples of skin-lightening creams containing hydroquinone were randomly sampled based on consumer demand from the open market in Aden city, Yemen. The most of labels on the packages did not indicate the presence of hydroquinone. The creams were analyzed for total hydroquinone (by UV spectrophotometr) and pH values (by pH meter).The results indicate that the pH values in all the samples were found out permissible limits. The concentration of hydroquinone in the creams ranged from below 0.076 to 4.533%. Thirty percent (30%) of analyzed cream samples contained hydroquinone levels higher than the international limits, as WHO, EU and USFDA. The use of such creams may lead to health hazards. Therefore, it is recommended that all skin-lightening creams should be checked for hydroquinone levels before marketing.
The dilemma of congestive heart failure among Yemeni patients presented with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Basuraih Rifaat Salem , Alansi Ahmed , Munibari A-Nasser , Almotarreb Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Acute Coronary Syndrome and its consequences is one of the most common cardiac diseases world-wide. Yet in Yemen; Gulf registry of acute coronary events (GULF RACE I) data are the first nation-wide information that highlight the magnitude of this problem. We would like to point out the problem of congestive heart failure among Yemeni Acute Coronary Syndrome population, its prognostic importance and impact in patients outcomes. Yemen data arm and was a part from the GULF RACE phase I.Out of 1054 hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome, 181 patients (17.3%) had congestive heart failure on presenting to the hospital or during hospitalization itself. They were relatively older 63.2 ±10.7 years (P
Rational use of antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infection in Aden city
Authors: Bakathir Hussein Ahmed
Published: February 2024

The term urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to the presence of majority microbial pathogens in the urinary tract producing signs and symptoms of a disease. The diagnosis of bacterial UTI is usually performed by bacteriological methods of isolation and identification of bacterial strains in voided urine. In Yemen, and specially in Aden, there is a lack of information not only about the pattern of used antibiotics in the treatment of UTI but also the prescribing behavior of these drugs This is a retrospective study performed by collecting data from 12 selected urology outpatient clinics in Aden city and analyzed by using the excel program .According to the obtained results most pathogen of the UTi was E-coli (79%) and the most used method for the identification of UTI were the routine test (66%) while only 24% were by culture method. Most prescriptions contained single antibiotic (83%) and the most prescribed antibiotics were Fluoroquinolones, Cephalosporins and others.
Drugs utilization and therapy outcome in patients with heart failure, Aden 2013
Authors: Hussein Ganna Mohammed , Mahmood Samira Abdulla
Published: February 2024

The study evaluated drug utilization in heart failure therapy among inpatients at Al-Gamhuoria Teaching Hospital, Aden, in 2013. This descriptive study was carried out among heart failure patients who were admitted at Al-Gamhoria Teaching Hospital, Aden, during the period April 30thto July 30th, 2013. After obtaining the verbal informed consent, the interviews have been done using a structured data collection form. It covered the patient's general characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, education level, residential area and income, characteristics about medical history(HF symptoms, type of the concomitant disease under treatment) and characteristics about medication history (type of drugs, number of medications, dose, frequency and side effects). The medical charts have been checked to verify the data. The study has included 40 heart failure patients; 33 (82,5%) of them were males and 7 (17.5 %) females. The mean age of the patients was 61.5 ± 10.3 (range 45 - 80) years. More than 79% (23 ∕ 29) of the participants had low educational level and most of the participants came from Aden 67.5% followed by Abyan 22.5% .All admitted study patients (100%) showed the NYHA functional classical signs and symptoms of heart failure, including shortness of breath (dyspnea;87.5 %), Fatigue (57.5%), and peripheral edema (72.5%). Almost half of the study HF patients ( 47.5%) were classified as NYHA functional class ш The mean age increases from 61 ± 4.5 in NYHA functional class II to 68 ± 11.3 years in NYHA functional class IV. 31.6 % of the patients (12 ∕ 38) had more than 100 beats per minute. Treatment of the study sample revealed 62.5% improvement, while one third of the participant (37.5) did not show improvement. Iischemia, non-ischemic heart disease or both made 7.5%, 52.5% and 37.5% of the patients, respectively. The preponderance was for hypertension and diabetes mellitus. 36.1 % of the total main drugs classes for HF treatment were diuretics, including aldosterone antagonist, followed by drugs blocking renin angiotensin system (RAS, 28.7%). Beta-blockers including carvedilol and bisoprolol made only 5.7% of the total drugs used. Diuretics and drugs blocking renin angiotensin system are the most used, but limited practice of carvedilol and bisoprolol. Hypertension and diabetes are the major comorbidities among the patients.
Influence of wood flour on the mechanical properties of birch flour reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite
Authors: Falih Ahmad Kadhum , Zumailan AbuBaker A. Ali , Shanaa Fuad Mohammed
Published: February 2024

The focus of this study is to characterize the mechanical properties of a composition prepared fromwood flour and thermoplastic Polyurethaneat different ratios. Wood flour was mixed with polyurethane at 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. Mechanical properties of the composites have been measured intension, compression, and impact tests. Analyseshave shown an increase in tensile strength with by increasing wood flour content up to 40%, then it decreases when the proportion of wood flourbecomes 50% and 60%. Tensile modulus showed an increasing trend with the increase of fiber content up to 50%, then it drops slightly when the reinforcement ratio becomes60%. Results of compression test showed that 40% reinforcement loading have the peak of compressive strength. High impact resistance was observed with 40% wood flour content. A significantdecrease in impact resistance was observed when the wood flour content ratio exceeded 40%.
Notes on the genus Halothamnus jaub. and Spach Chenopodiaceae in Yemen
Authors: Al-Gifri AbdulNasser A. , Al-Hawshabi Othman S. S. , Ibrahim Hassan , Al-Quhbi Hana A. , Masdus Zamilah , Albukili Abeer A. S.
Published: February 2024

There is no comprehensive flora of Yemen, therefore we as individual botanist at Aden and Sana'a Universities decided to go for such flora in portions. We are going to start with less known genera. The genus Halothamnus Jaub. & Spach (Chenopodiaceae) in Yemen is represented with one species and two subspecies, all are endemic to Arabia and Yemen. A detailed description of the genus and the species occurring in Yemen are given.
Integrated representations of Euler-type for functions related To Kampe' de Fe'rietfunction of the fourth order (III)
Authors: Bin Saad Maged G. , Hasanov Anvar , Seilkhanova Rakhila B.
Published: February 2024

In this work, we obtain certain integral representations for functions related to Kampe' de Fe'rietfunction of the fourth order,which are the sufficiently general in nature and are capable of yielding a large number of simpler and useful results merely by specializing the parameters in them.
MSC. Primary 33C20, 33C65
Diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasound in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma
Authors: Alshabahi Salem H. Z. , Alawi Al-Ass Abdulmajed , Hudeel Awadh
Published: February 2024

The purpose of bedside ultrasound (US) in blunt abdominal trauma is to rapidly detecting of free intraperitoneal fluid.The aim of this study to evaluate the diagnostic performance of US in the diagnosis of blunt abdominal traumata at Al-Gamhuria General Hospital- Aden.
Outcomes of US, in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, were evaluated precisely in 159 consecutive patients and compared with the results of the surgical reports in cases undergone surgery and with those of the computed tomography (CT) scan in cases treated conservatively.
Of the 159 patients, 131patients (82.4%) were males and 28 (17.6%) were females. A significantly higher true diagnosis rate was 90.6%.The overall diagnostic accuracy of US in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 95.8%, 75.6%, 91.9% and 86.1% respectively.
US saves the time, gives mostly accurate findings and makes the decision.
Evaluation of environmental hazards resulted from natural radioactivity in rocks from catchment area in Delta Tuban in Yemen
Authors: Saleh Emran Eisa , AlNagashee Ahmed Ali , El Kassas Hesham Ibrahm , ElFiki Soad AbedElmenem , Diab Hanan Ahmed
Published: February 2024

The knowledge of environmental hazards resulted from natural radioactivity and human activities are very important for monitoring environmental contamination. In this study the environmental hazards due to the natural radioactivity in rocks from catchment area of Tuban delta in Yemen were discussed and evaluated. Eight rocks samples were collected from the study area. The results showed that the mean activity concentrations of 238U series (226Ra), 232Th, and 40K were 29.52  1.5, 32.29  2.3, and 817.5  30.1 Bq kg-1, respectively. Also, the physical and chemical properties of some rock samples were examined and evaluated. Radiological parameter, such as absorbed dose rate in air, annually effective dose, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), gamma index (Iɤ), external hazard index (Hex), and internal hazard index (Hin), were calculated and evaluated. The results were compared with those of literatures.
The prevalence of bruxism among students in the Faculty of Dentistry - Aden University
Authors: Ishaq Nadra A. , Yehya Saleh , Alasad Hanan M.
Published: February 2024

The phenomenon of bruxism affects millions of people throughout the world. Tooth grinding is an activity particularly important to the dentist because of breakage of dental restorations, tooth damage, induction of temporal headache and tempromandibular disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bruxism among the college students and associated factors.
The study was carried out in the Department of Prosthodontic, College of Dentistry University of Aden between the period 2009-2010. Clinical record of 177 healthy students were included in a study sample, they are divided into four groups according to the education levels (from second to fifth year), 15 of them were suffering from bruxism in association to 4 major and 3 minor sign and symptom, analyzed by using statistical tools (SPSS V.15).
The prevalence of bruxism among dental student was 15 cases represented by 8.4% of all cases. The prevalence rate of muscle's pain was in the lateral pterygoid muscle 100%, Medial pterygoid muscle pain, Masseter m. and Trapezium m. pain represented with 40% of the cases and the lowest percentages in temporal m. and Sternomastoid m. pain 20%.
According to sign on hard tissues teeth attrition represented the high percentage with 93.3%, followed by malocclusion with 73.3%, then the restorated teeth with 60% and the tooth sensitivity and mobility with 53.3% and 26.7% respectively then the bone exostosis with 6.7%. According to sign on soft tissues the gingival inflammation represented the high percentage of cases with 93.3%, followed by gingival recession with 80% of the cases, then the tongue dentition with 73.3% and 46.7% of cases with pocket.
Prevalence rate of cases of TMJ respondent by deviation of mandibule was 93.3%, followed by 80% of the cases with pain at TMJ, then 66.7% with clicking, 47% with deflection of mandibule, 40% with opening limitation and 6.7% of cases with loss vertical dimension. The prevalence rate of bruxism associated with anxiety 80%, then patients under psychological treatment 40% and then the patients under antidepressiondruge26.7%.
A large proportion of students with bruxism have potential psychological problems. Female gender, advanced educational levels and hostel residence as well as poor socioeconomic status are predisposing factors for pain severity in masticator muscles.
Prevalence of teeth loss related to periodontitis among type 2 diabetic patients and non diabetic patients in Faculty of Dentistry- Aden University
Authors: Ishaq Nadra A. , Al-sakaf Mohamed Hassan
Published: February 2024

Diabetes affects the health of the teeth and periodontal tissue leading to bone destruction and teeth loss. The idea that is present among dentists is that diabetic patients with periodontitis must lose more teeth than non-diabetic patients, but what we notice in our college clinics telling us the opposite.
The aim of this study isto compare the teeth loss of diabetic and non-diabetic patients considering the age, sex and presence of bad habits (smoking and qat chewing).
Teeth loss and depth of periodontal pocket of 65 adult diabetics and 65 adult non diabetic patients were examined. The presence of habits (smoking and qatchewing) among patients were recorded.
In this study, we classifythe number of the lost teeth into four categories: the first category with the least number of teeth loss, and the fourth with the highest number of teeth loss. The number of diabetic patients in the first and second categories were more than non-diabetic, whereas the number of non-diabetic patients was more in the third and fourth category.
Preliminary study of chewing betel leaf and its adverse effects in Aden
Authors: Abdo Gamila Mohammed
Published: February 2024

The presented study was addressed to identify the factors that lead to increase the spreading of chewing betel leaf and its adverse effects in Aden.
The study was performed by direct interviews with consumers of betel leaf, the total number of selected people was 389, including all age group starting from 8 years up to more than 50 years old, both sexes in all of the Aden Governorate, in period from March to June 2014.
3.6% was the starting age of chewing betel leaf 8years old, and the commonest age of the chewer was between15-25 years which formed 59.1%, males more common than females 92. 5%, while education level was 45.2% secondary school students,37.5% university students, 78.9% were singles while21,1 % were married. 86.1% used betel with Zarda and Socka which is the main source of health danger,25 betel leaves are the maximum quantity chewed per day, 20.3% of chewer reflect dependence, and addiction as side effects.
The early age of starting the chewing betel leaf, and its rapid prevalence reflected a serious issue among young students. Chewing betel leaves badly affects the health of chewers as well as the community.