bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient round‐robin multicast scheduling for input‐queued switches
Authors: Rasmussen Anders , Yu Hao , Ruepp Sarah , Berger Michael S. , Dittmann Lars
Published: July 2014

The input‐queued (IQ) switch architecture is favoured for designing multicast high‐speed switches because of its scalability and low implementation complexity. However, using the first‐in‐first‐out (FIFO) queueing discipline at each input of the switch may cause the head‐of‐line (HOL) blocking problem. Using a separate queue for each output port at an input to reduce the HOL blocking, that is, the virtual output queuing discipline, increases the implementation complexity, which limits the scalability. Given the increasing link speed and network capacity, a low‐complexity yet efficient multicast scheduling algorithm is required for next generation high‐speed networks. This study proposes the novel efficient round‐robin multicast scheduling algorithm for IQ architectures and demonstrates how this algorithm can be implemented as a hardware solution, which alleviates the multicast HOL blocking issue by means of queue look‐ahead. Simulation results demonstrate that this FIFO‐based IQ multicast architecture is able to achieve significant improvements in terms of multicast latency requirements by searching through a small number of cells beyond the HOL cells in the input queues. Furthermore, hardware synthesis results show that the proposed algorithm can be very efficiently implemented in hardware to perform multicast scheduling at very high speeds with only modest resource requirements.
Toward transferable interatomic van der Waals interactions without electrons: The role of multipole electrostatics and many-body dispersion
Authors: Bereau Tristan , von Lilienfeld O. Anatole
Published: July 2014

We estimate polarizabilities of atoms in molecules without electron density, using a Voronoi tesselation approach instead of conventional density partitioning schemes. The resulting atomic dispersion coefficients are calculated, as well as many-body dispersion effects on intermolecular potential energies. We also estimate contributions from multipole electrostatics and compare them to dispersion. We assess the performance of the resulting intermolecular interaction model from dispersion and electrostatics for more than 1300 neutral and charged, small organic molecular dimers. Applications to water clusters, the benzene crystal, the anti-cancer drug ellipticine—intercalated between two Watson-Crick DNA base pairs, as well as six macro-molecular host-guest complexes highlight the potential of this method and help to identify points of future improvement. The mean absolute error made by the combination of static electrostatics with many-body dispersion reduces at larger distances, while it plateaus for two-body dispersion, in conflict with the common assumption that the simple 1/R6 correction will yield proper dissociative tails. Overall, the method achieves an accuracy well within conventional molecular force fields while exhibiting a simple parametrization protocol.
Reduction of thermal conductivity in porous “gray” materials
Authors: Tarkhanyan Roland H. , Niarchos Dimitris G.
Published: July 2014

The reduction in lattice thermal conductivity (LTC) of porous materials is investigated in “gray medium” approximation. Four different models of thermoelectric materials are examined including model with randomly distributed hollow pores of varying diameter from nano- to micro-scale sizes. In all cases we have suggested simple and general relations for the LTC taking into account pore size effect.
Polarimetry of uncoupled light on the NIF
Authors: Turnbull D. , Moody J. D. , Michel P. , Ralph J. E. , Divol L.
Published: July 2014

Polarimetry has been added to the full aperture backscatter diagnostic on the NIF. Wollaston prisms are used to sample a small region of a beam's backscatter, effectively separating it into two linear polarizations, one of which is parallel to the incident beam. A time-averaged measurement of each polarization is obtained by imaging the separated spots off of a scatter plate. Results have improved understanding of crossed beam energy transfer, glint, and sidescatter, and motivated plans to upgrade to a time-resolved polarimeter measuring the full Stokes vector.
Digital holography for in situ real-time measurement of plasma-facing-component erosion
Authors: Thomas C. E. (Tommy) , Granstedt E. M. , Biewer T. M. , Baylor L. R. , Combs S. K. , Meitner S. J. , Hillis D. L. , Majeski R. , Kaita R.
Published: July 2014

In situ, real time measurement of net plasma-facing-component (PFC) erosion/deposition in a real plasma device is challenging due to the need for good spatial and temporal resolution, sufficient sensitivity, and immunity to fringe-jump errors. Design of a high-sensitivity, potentially high-speed, dual-wavelength CO2 laser digital holography system (nominally immune to fringe jumps) for PFC erosion measurement is discussed.
On inverse scattering problem for the Schrödinger equation with repulsive potentials
Authors: Ishida Atsuhide
Published: July 2014

We study multidimensional inverse scattering for Hamiltonians with repulsive potentials. Assuming short-range conditions for the interaction potential, the high velocity limit of the scattering operator determines uniquely the short-range part, using the Enss-Weder time-dependent method (1995). This work improves on a previous result obtained by Nicoleau (2006). We can allow interaction potentials to have not only slower decays but also Coulomb-like singularities.
On the Rayleigh problem in the transitional regime: The sign change effect of the energy flux and other effects
Authors: Abramov A. A. , Butkovskii A. V.
Published: July 2014

We investigate the Rayleigh problem for the transitional regime of a flow. To study this problem, we solve the Boltzmann equation using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method for a large range of plate velocities (relative to the thermal speed of the undisturbed gas) and plate temperatures (relative to the temperature of the undisturbed gas). We consider the energy flux transferred to the plate, the shear stress, and the normal momentum flux transferred to the plate versus time. We determined that the energy flux transferred to the plate changes sign at some moment after the plate starts moving, if the temperature and velocity of the heated plate are within a certain range. The energy flux later presents a negative local minimum. At certain modes, it is shown that the shear stress varies non-monotonically and reaches a maximum at a certain time. In all the calculations, the normal momentum that is transferred to the heated plate has a maximum. For a cooled plate, the normal momentum flux increases monotonically if the plate velocity is sufficiently low. All results are explained on the basis of the qualitative analysis of the transition over time from an initial free molecular flow to a Navier-Stokes flow.
Imaging surface plasmon polaritons using proximal self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots
Authors: Bracher Gregor , Schraml Konrad , Blauth Mäx , Wierzbowski Jakob , López Nicolás Coca , Bichler Max , Müller Kai , Finley Jonathan J. , Kaniber Michael
Published: July 2014

We present optical investigations of hybrid plasmonic nanosystems consisting of lithographically defined plasmonic Au-waveguides or beamsplitters on GaAs substrates coupled to proximal self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots. We designed a sample structure that enabled us to precisely tune the distance between quantum dots and the sample surface during nano-fabrication and demonstrated that non-radiative processes do not play a major role for separations down to ∼10 nm. A polarized laser beam focused on one end of the plasmonic nanostructure generates propagating surface plasmon polaritons that, in turn, create electron-hole pairs in the GaAs substrate during propagation. These free carriers are subsequently captured by the quantum dots ∼25 nm below the surface, giving rise to luminescence. The intensity of the spectrally integrated quantum dot luminescence is used to image the propagating plasmon modes. As the waveguide width reduces from 5 μm to 1 μm, we clearly observe different plasmonic modes at the remote waveguide end, enabling their direct imaging in real space. This imaging technique is applied to a plasmonic beamsplitter facilitating the determination of the splitting ratio between the two beamsplitter output ports as the interaction length Li is varied. A splitting ratio of 50:50 is observed for Li∼9±1 μm and 1 μm wide waveguides for excitation energies close to the GaAs band edge. Our experimental findings are in good agreement with mode profile and finite difference time domain simulations for both waveguides and beamsplitters.
Analysis of stimulated Raman backscatter and stimulated Brillouin backscatter in experiments performed on SG-III prototype facility with a spectral analysis code
Authors: Hao Liang , Zhao Yiqing , Yang Dong , Liu Zhanjun , Hu Xiaoyan , Zheng Chunyang , Zou Shiyang , Wang Feng , Peng Xiaoshi , Li Zhichao , Li Sanwei , Xu Tao , Wei Huiyue
Published: July 2014

Experiments about the observations of stimulated Raman backscatter (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin backscatter (SBS) in Hohlraum were performed on Shenguang-III (SG-III) prototype facility for the first time in 2011. In this paper, relevant experimental results are analyzed for the first time with a one-dimension spectral analysis code, which is developed to study the coexistent process of SRS and SBS in Hohlraum plasma condition. Spectral features of the backscattered light are discussed with different plasma parameters. In the case of empty Hohlraum experiments, simulation results indicate that SBS, which grows fast at the energy deposition region near the Hohlraum wall, is the dominant instability process. The time resolved spectra of SRS and SBS are numerically obtained, which agree with the experimental observations. For the gas-filled Hohlraum experiments, simulation results show that SBS grows fastest in Au plasma and amplifies convectively in C5H12 gas, whereas SRS mainly grows in the high density region of the C5H12 gas. Gain spectra and the spectra of backscattered light are simulated along the ray path, which clearly show the location where the intensity of scattered light with a certain wavelength increases. This work is helpful to comprehend the observed spectral features of SRS and SBS. The experiments and relevant analysis provide references for the ignition target design in future.
Uncooled bolometer based on Mn1.56Co0.96Ni0.48O4 thin films for infrared detection and thermal imaging
Authors: OuYang Cheng , Zhou Wei , Wu Jing , Hou Yun , Gao Yanqing , Huang Zhiming
Published: July 2014

Polycrystalline films of Mn1.56Co0.96Ni0.48O4 (MCN) were evaluated for uncooled bolometric applications grown by chemical solution deposition on amorphous Al2O3 substrate. The microstructural characterizations showed that the films were of excellent crystallization and compact surface morphology. Electrical results showed that the temperature coefficient of resistance reached −3.8%/K at 295 K. Low excess noise (normalized Hooge parameter αH/n of 7.6 × 10−28 m3) was achieved owing to the good epitaxial quality of the prepared films. Infrared bolometers were fabricated to evaluate the performance on infrared detection. It exhibited a noise equivalent temperature as low as 2.1 × 10−7 K/Hz1/2, responsivity of 330 V/W, detectivity of 0.6 × 108 cm Hz1/2/W, and noise equivalent power of 3.7 × 10−10 W/Hz1/2 at 30 Hz. The feasibility of the MCN films was demonstrated to be used for uncooled bolometric applications by thermal imaging. One can expect to get a responsivity of about 1 × 103 V/W and detectivity higher than 6 × 108 cm Hz1/2/W at 30 Hz for thermally isolated MCN film bolometer. The results of MCN showed its great potentiality for future room-temperature detection.
Investigation of ferroelectric domains in thin films of vinylidene fluoride oligomers
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Poddar Shashi , Korlacki Rafal , Ducharme Stephen , Gruverman Alexei
Published: July 2014

High-resolution vector piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has been used to investigate ferroelectric domains in thin vinylidene fluoride oligomer films fabricated by the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique. Molecular chains are found to be preferentially oriented normal to the substrate, and PFM imaging shows that the films are in ferroelectric β-phase with a predominantly in-plane polarization, in agreement with infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray diffraction measurements. The fractal analysis of domain structure has yielded the Hausdorff dimension (D) in the range of ∼1.3–1.5 indicating a random-bond nature of the disorder potential, with domain size exhibiting Landau-Lifshitz-Kittel scaling.
Population biology of Microlaena stipoides in a south-eastern Australian pasture
Authors: Mitchell M. L. , Virgona J. M. , Jacobs J. L. , Kemp D. R.
Published: July 2014

Microlaena (Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides (Labill.) R.Br.) is a C3 perennial grass that is native to areas of south-eastern Australia. In this region, perennial grasses are important for the grazing industries because of their extended growing season and persistence over several years. This series of experiments focused on the population biology of Microlaena by studying the phenology (when seed was set), seed rain (how much seed was produced and where it fell), seed germination, germinable seedbank, seed predation and seedling recruitment in a pasture. Experiments were conducted at Chiltern, in north-eastern Victoria, on an existing native grass pasture dominated by Microlaena.
Seed yields were substantial (mean 800 seeds m–2), with seed rain occurring over December–May. Microlaena has two distinct periods of high seed rain, in early summer and in early autumn. Seed predation is high. Within a 24-h period during peak seed production, up to 30% of Microlaena seed was removed from a pasture, primarily by ants. Microlaena seedlings recruited throughout an open paddock; however, seedling density was low (5 seedlings m–2). Microlaena represented only low numbers in the seedbank (0.01–0.05% of total); hence, any seedlings of Microlaena that germinate from the seedbank would face immense competition from other species. Management strategies for Microlaena-dominant pastures need to focus on the maintenance of existing plants.
Discovery of coesite and stishovite in eucrite
Authors: Miyahara Masaaki , Ohtani Eiji , Yamaguchi Akira , Ozawa Shin , Sakai Takeshi , Hirao Naohisa
Published: July 2014

Significance

Quartz and/or cristobalite in eucrite were transformed into denser minerals, coesite and stishovite, under transient high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Coesite and stishovite probably formed simultaneously under pressures of similar magnitudes but under different temperature conditions. The expected age of the dynamic event that formed coesite and stishovite is
ca.
4.1 Ga ago, which is inconsistent with the predicted formation age (
ca.
1.0 Ga) of the impact basins on 4 Vesta.
Uniform approximation by complete minimal surfaces of finite total curvature in ℝ³
Authors: López Francisco
Published: July 2014

We prove that any compact minimal surface in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

can be uniformly approximated by complete minimal surfaces of finite total curvature in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

. This Mergelyan type result can be extended to the family of complete minimal surfaces of weak finite total curvature, that is to say, having finite total curvature on regions of finite conformal type. We deal only with the orientable case.
Uniform algebras invariant under every homeomorphism
Authors: Izzo Alexander
Published: July 2014

For a broad class of spaces

X
X

, we show that

C
(
X
)

C(X)

is the only uniform algebra on

X
X

that is invariant under every self-homeomorphism of

X
X

. This class of spaces contains the manifolds-with-boundary and the finite simplicial complexes. We also give examples showing that the result fails for CW complexes.
The Academy
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: July 2014

The term “Academy,” even in the context of the ancient world, could mean a number of different things. The most general meaning applies to the gymnasium of Hecademus at Athens (originally Hekademeia) and its immediate vicinity, in which the school was founded. From this is derived the usual meaning, given to the place of education, including a garden, established there by Plato approximately halfway through his life. Teaching there continued until 88 bce, when the politics surrounding the Second Mithridatic War, plus subsequent Roman retaliation against Athens, brought it to an end. Although we often hear of Platonist circles and schools in Athens thereafter, they are not correctly referred to as “Academies,” let alone as “the Academy.” The leaders of the institution may also be referred to collectively as the Academy, just as those of the Stoics could be referred to as the “Stoa” (or “Porch”). A narrower meaning is applied to leaders and prominent pupils of the “skeptical” phase of the Academy, from Arcesilaus to Philo of Larissa, some of whom survived well beyond 88 bce, and that might occasionally be further extended to include later figures such as Favorinus of Arles, who described themselves as “Academics” at a time when teachers of Platonic doctrine preferred the title “Platonic.” This article is intended to concentrate on the period from late in Plato’s life until 88 bce, with some attention also to the aftermath of the breakup of the school, and the focus will be on the principal people involved in the promotion of the school and on their doctrines or strategies. Hence, it is intended to cover (1) the period from the death of Plato until the accession of Arcesilaus, usually known as the “Old Academy” following terminology originally applied by Antiochus of Ascalon; (2) the period from c. 265 bce to c. 95 ce dominated by the “skeptical” innovations of Arcesilaus first and then Carneades; (3) the period immediately preceding and immediately following the breakup of the institution in 88 bce. The target period is thus 347–c. 68 bce, but some of the earliest figures to be considered here were active for many years while Plato was alive and established their reputation during that period, Therefore, the evidence for them will often apply to works written before the death of Plato, although some account should be taken of developments potentially involving the pupils of “Academics” until the time of Augustus. Although some later philosophers were “Academic” in allegiance and show signs of commitment to the Academy’s Socratic-Platonic and dialectical heritage, their links with the original institution are unclear, and Plutarch, the most important, has been allocated a separate article for his Moralia (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article Plutarch’s Moralia).
Marcus Terentius Varro
Authors: Butterfield David
Published: July 2014

Marcus Terentius Varro (b. 116–d. 27 bce) was the most notable polymath of the Roman world. Over the course of his long life, which spanned several of the major events of the late Republic and the birth of the empire, his career brought him to the fore of politics, military service, and (most significantly) scholarship. Educated in Rome by the grammarian L. Aelius Stilo and in Athens by the Platonist Antiochus of Ascalon, Varro produced a remarkably broad spectrum of works that covered almost all areas of intellectual inquiry: history, religion, theology, philosophy, language, literature, metre, music, medicine, geography, agriculture, rhetoric, law, and architecture, all of which were complemented by his own colourful poetic compositions. Not only was Varro’s range of publications enormous, but his scale of output was extraordinary: having declared that he had written 490 books by the age of 78, his subsequent years proved to be among his most productive. Yet, of his vast output, only one work (the three-book De re rustica) survives complete, and the only books that exist intact from any other work (i.e., six of twenty-five books of his monumental De lingua Latina) represent about a fifth of the original treatise. All other works are either represented by small fragments quoted or paraphrased by subsequent ancient authors or entirely lost beyond their title. To piece together the complete picture of Varro’s literary output is therefore inevitably painstaking and tentative and has demanded the formidable labours of generations of scholars ever since Giovanni Boccaccio stumbled across a codex of Varro at Montecassino in 1355; notwithstanding the difficulty of the material, Varronian studies have continued keenly into the 21st century, and significant progress in our understanding of the man and his works proceeds apace. It is now clearer than ever that there are few figures of the ancient world whose study leaves a more vivid and rewarding impression than Varro of Reate.
Ontological Dependence
Authors: Thompson Naomi
Published: July 2014

The notion that ontological dependence is intended to capture is that of a distinctively metaphysical dependence relation. Common examples of ontological dependence proposed in the literature include the following: a nonempty set ontologically depends on its members; the holes in a piece of cheese ontologically depend on the cheese itself; normative facts ontologically depend on nonnormative facts; and mental phenomena ontologically depend on physical phenomena. Ontological dependence is usually thought to help provide for a distinctive kind of metaphysical explanation. It is often proposed that ontological dependence relations structure the world, and so the notion of dependence is closely related to ideas about fundamentality. A common (though disputed) assumption is that whatever is metaphysically fundamental does not ontologically depend on anything else. Foundationalist views of metaphysical structure hold further that everything that is not fundamental ultimately depends on this class of fundamental entities. Most of the recent literature discusses ontological dependence in terms of Grounding, and this entry reflects that. Note, however, that there is a lack of clear consensus about the details of the relationship between ontological dependence and grounding. Some take grounding statements to express facts about the ontological dependence relations between entities of various categories, while others think that grounding relations themselves relate entities of various ontological categories, and sometimes take the term “grounding” to be synonymous with “ontological dependence.” Similar discrepancies arise between different ways of understanding the relationship between ontological dependence and metaphysical explanation (as well as between grounding and metaphysical explanation).
Gunpowder and Colonial Campaigns in Africa
Authors: Stapleton Tim
Published: July 2014

By around 1880, European colonial intrusion in Africa consisted of a series of coastal enclaves and settlements in the Cape in the far south and Algeria in the far north. Up to that point, Europeans had been kept out of most of the interior of Africa both by deadly tropical diseases for which they had little immunity and by powerful African states. Most Africans lived in independent societies that ranged from highly centralized kingdoms to decentralized “stateless” groups. This changed rapidly from around 1880 to 1914 when, in a process called “the Scramble for Africa,” European powers conquered all of Africa except for Ethiopia, which defended itself from Italian invasion, and Liberia, which was a settlement of freed enslaved people from the United States who conquered indigenous Liberians. On the European side, important factors that facilitated this process included superior firepower from new magazine-fed rifles and machine guns, extreme racism, and nationalistic competition. Since they had planned the conquest at the 1884 Berlin Conference, the European powers did not fight each other over parts of Africa. On the African side, rulers did not perceive the European invasion as a common threat and reacted separately, some cooperating and others resisting. While the initial colonial conquest was often achieved by privately owned chartered companies with commercial interests in a particular area, financial problems meant that the respective European governments took over the colonies within a few years. Since these events took place, various theories have sought to explain this dramatic conquest, including Hobson 1902, which sees it as related to the rise of greedy ultrarich businessmen; Lenin 1963, which claims it represented the last stage of the capitalist system that was beginning to tear itself apart; Robinson and Gallagher 1961, which explains it in terms of European powers trying to secure points of strategic importance; and Hopkins 1973 (all cited under General Overviews), which demonstrates that the European desire to secure sources of raw materials related to industry motived the scramble for West Africa. In Southern Africa, the discovery of valuable minerals, diamonds in the late 1860s and gold in the 1880s, prompted the British to secure the interior, which led to a series of wars and eventually the creation of the self-governing and white settler–dominated Union of South Africa in 1910.
Russian Military History, 1762-1825
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: July 2014

The sixty-three years between the accession of Catherine II and the death of Alexander I mark a key moment in Russian history. The Russian state enjoyed a long streak of successful wars and territorial acquisitions and fully established itself as a great European power. The reigns of Catherine II and Alexander I saw Russian conquest and annexation of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, Moldavia, Georgia, and territories on both sides of the Great Caucasian Gorge. Russia also successfully projected its power well beyond its traditional boundary. In 1799, the Russian troops appeared for the first time on the plains of Italy and the mountain valleys of Switzerland while, in 1814, they marched triumphantly along the Champs-Élysées in Paris. Warfare was an almost constant feature of this period as Russia fought three wars against the Ottoman Turks (1768–1774, 1787–1792, 1806–1812), two wars against Sweden (1788–1790, 1808–1809), four campaigns against the Poles (1768–1772, 1793–1795), five campaigns against France (1799–1800, 1805–1814), and one prolonged conflict with Iran (1804–1813). The strain of the Napoleonic Wars, when Russia was almost continually at war between 1805 and 1815, surpassed the impact of all other conflicts that had preceded them.
Diversity of Soils
Authors: Ibáñez J.J.
Published: July 2014

The earth’s surface is heterogeneous in nature. This feature of the earth’s crust implies that the distribution in space of its natural resources is also varied. Most natural resources vary in a continuum rather than in a discrete way. However, our cognitive system works better in discretely classifying the world that surrounds us. Therefore, we divide all the observed features in nature into non-overlapping categories, through a process called “categorization.” Then we order, name, and group objects previously created in our minds in such categories, producing classifications, either consciously or unconsciously. Most of these classifications are hierarchical (splitting the natural continua in discernible classes by using nested classifications of increasing refinement). A scientific universal taxonomy is a mental construct that inventories the diversity of the universe studied at the global level by experts, such as living organisms, rocks, and soils, conforming to explicit rules. The diversity of a natural resource is based on these grounds. Therefore, the quantification of any diversity always depends on the number of classes and categories of the taxonomy used. As a corollary, the inventory of diversities will always suffer biases and limitations, being provisionally from a historical perspective. At first instance, the notion of diversity of a given natural resource is clear and intuitive. All naturalists recognize that some territories are more diverse than others, regardless of whether they are interested in species, soils, landforms, rocks, etc. Therefore, it is impossible to consider a particular naturalist as the founder of the analysis of diversity. In ecology, the first patterns and theories in biodiversity date back to the first decades of the 20th century. In contrast, the interest of the scientific community in the diversity of the abiotic natural resources began in the last decade of the 20th century, although it is possible to find some exceptional publications before that date. The starting point of this article goes back to the first attempts to operationalize the concept and the first indexes for its estimation.
The Linkage Outcomes of a Large-scale, Rapid Transfer of HIV-infected Patients From Hospital-based to Community-based Clinics in South Africa
Authors: Cloete Christie , Regan Susan , Giddy Janet , Govender Tessa , Erlwanger Alison , Gaynes Melanie R. , Freedberg Kenneth A. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Walensky Rochelle P. , Losina Elena , Bassett Ingrid V.
Published: July 2014

Background.  President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) funding changes have resulted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic closures. We evaluated linkage to care following a large-scale patient transfer from a PEPFAR-funded, hospital-based HIV clinic to government-funded, community-based clinics in Durban.

Methods.  All adults were transferred between March and June 2012. Subjects were surveyed 5–10 months post-transfer to assess self-reported linkage to the target clinic. We validated self-reports by auditing records at 8 clinics. Overall success of transfer was estimated using linkage to care data for both reached and unreached subjects, adjusted for validation results.

Results.  Of the 3913 transferred patients, 756 (19%) were assigned to validation clinics; 659 (87%) of those patients were reached. Among those reached, 468 (71%) had a validated clinic record visit. Of the 46 who self-reported attending a different validation clinic than originally assigned, 39 (85%) had a validated visit. Of the 97 patients not reached, 59 (61%) had a validated visit at their assigned clinic. Based on the validation rates for reached and unreached patients, the estimated success of transfer for the cohort overall was 82%.

Conclusions.  Most patients reported successful transfer to a community-based clinic, though a quarter attended a different clinic than assigned. Validation of attendance highlights that nearly 20% of patients may not have linked to care and may have experienced a treatment interruption. Optimizing transfers of HIV care to community sites requires collaboration with receiving clinics to ensure successful linkage to care.
High coverage fluid-phase floating lipid bilayers supported by ω-thiolipid self-assembled monolayers
Authors: Hughes Arwel V. , Holt Stephen A. , Daulton Emma , Soliakov Andrei , Charlton Timothy R. , Roser Steven J. , Lakey Jeremy H.
Published: July 2014

Large area lipid bilayers, on solid surfaces, are useful in physical studies of biological membranes. It is advantageous to minimize the interactions of these bilayers with the substrate and this can be achieved via the formation of a floating supported bilayer (FSB) upon either a surface bound phospholipid bilayer or monolayer. The FSB's independence is enabled by the continuous water layer (greater than 15 Å) that remains between the two. However, previous FSBs have had limited stability and low density. Here, we demonstrate by surface plasmon resonance and neutron reflectivity, the formation of a complete self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold surfaces by a synthetic phosphatidylcholine bearing a thiol group at the end of one fatty acyl chain. Furthermore, a very dense FSB (more than 96%) of saturated phosphatidylcholine can be formed on this SAM by sequential Langmuir–Blodgett and Langmuir–Schaefer procedures. Neutron reflectivity used both isotopic and magnetic contrast to enhance the accuracy of the data fits. This system offers the means to study transmembrane proteins, membrane potential effects (using the gold as an electrode) and even model bacterial outer membranes. Using unsaturated phosphatidylcholines, which have previously failed to form stable FSBs, we achieved a coverage of 73%.
On the coupling number and characteristic length of micropolar media of differing topology
Authors: McGregor M. , Wheel M. A.
Published: July 2014

In planar micropolar elasticity theory, the degree of micropolarity exhibited by a loaded heterogeneous material is quantified by a dimensionless constitutive parameter, the coupling number. Theoretical predictions of this parameter derived by considering the mechanical behaviour of regular, two-dimensional lattices with straight connectors suggest that its value is dependent on the connectivity or topology of the lattice with the coupling number in a square lattice predicted to be notably higher than in its hexagonal counterpart. A second constitutive parameter reflecting the intrinsic lattice size scale, the characteristic length, is also predicted to be topology-dependent. In this paper, we compare the behaviour of alternative two-dimensional heterogeneous materials in the context of micropolar elasticity. These materials consist of periodic arrays of circular voids within a polymeric matrix rather than a lattice of straight connectors. Two material variants that differ only in their matrix topology are investigated in particular. Values of the additional micropolar constitutive parameters are obtained for each material from both experimental tests and finite-element analyses. The values determined for these parameters, particularly the coupling number, suggest that their topological dependence differs appreciably from the theoretical predictions of the lattice models.
Quench dynamics of a disordered array of dissipative coupled cavities
Authors: Creatore C. , Fazio R. , Keeling J. , Türeci H. E.
Published: July 2014

We investigate the mean-field dynamics of a system of interacting photons in an array of coupled cavities in the presence of dissipation and disorder. We follow the evolution of an initially prepared Fock state, and show how the interplay between dissipation and disorder affects the coherence properties of the cavity emission, and show that these properties can be used as signatures of the many-body phase of the whole array.
Red fluorescence increases with depth in reef fishes, supporting a visual function, not UV protection
Authors: Meadows Melissa G. , Anthes Nils , Dangelmayer Sandra , Alwany Magdy A. , Gerlach Tobias , Schulte Gregor , Sprenger Dennis , Theobald Jennifer , Michiels Nico K.
Published: July 2014

Why do some marine fishes exhibit striking patterns of natural red fluorescence? In this study, we contrast two non-exclusive hypotheses: (i) that UV absorption by fluorescent pigments offers significant photoprotection in shallow water, where UV irradiance is strongest; and (ii) that red fluorescence enhances visual contrast at depths below −10 m, where most light in the ‘red’ 600–700 nm range has been absorbed. Whereas the photoprotection hypothesis predicts fluorescence to be stronger near the surface and weaker in deeper water, the visual contrast hypothesis predicts the opposite. We used fluorometry to measure red fluorescence brightness
in vivo
in individuals belonging to eight common small reef fish species with conspicuously red fluorescent eyes. Fluorescence was significantly brighter in specimens from the −20 m sites than in those from −5 m sites in six out of eight species. No difference was found in the remaining two. Our results support the visual contrast hypothesis. We discuss the possible roles fluorescence may play in fish visual ecology and highlight the possibility that fluorescent light emission from the eyes in particular may be used to detect cryptic prey.
Lineage of origin in rhabdomyosarcoma informs pharmacological response
Authors: Abraham Jinu , Nuñez-Álvarez Yaiza , Hettmer Simone , Carrió Elvira , Chen Hung-I Harry , Nishijo Koichi , Huang Elaine T. , Prajapati Suresh I. , Walker Robert L. , Davis Sean , Rebeles Jennifer , Wiebush Hunter , McCleish Amanda T. , Hampton Sheila T. , Bjornson Christopher R.R. , Brack Andrew S. , Wagers Amy J. , Rando Thomas A. , Capecchi Mario R. , Marini Frank C. , Ehler Benjamin R. , Zarzabal Lee Ann , Goros Martin W. , Michalek Joel E. , Meltzer Paul S. , Langenau David M. , LeGallo Robin D. , Mansoor Atiya , Chen Yidong , Suelves Mònica , Rubin Brian P. , Keller Charles
Published: July 2014

Lineage or cell of origin of cancers is often unknown and thus is not a consideration in therapeutic approaches. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is an aggressive childhood cancer for which the cell of origin remains debated. We used conditional genetic mouse models of aRMS to activate the pathognomonic Pax3:Foxo1 fusion oncogene and inactivate p53 in several stages of prenatal and postnatal muscle development. We reveal that lineage of origin significantly influences tumor histomorphology and sensitivity to targeted therapeutics. Furthermore, we uncovered differential transcriptional regulation of the Pax3:Foxo1 locus by tumor lineage of origin, which led us to identify the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat as a pharmacological agent for the potential conversion of Pax3:Foxo1-positive aRMS to a state akin to fusion-negative RMS through direct transcriptional suppression of Pax3:Foxo1.
Fatal Cleistanthus collinus Toxicity: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Hamide Abdoul , Mohanty Manoj K. , Muthusamy Ravichandran
Published: July 2014

Cleistanthus collinus is an extremely toxic plant poison. We report a case of suicidal ingestion of boiled water decoction of C. collinus where the patient presented with abdominal pain and giddiness. There was persistent metabolic acidosis and fluctuation in the level of serum potassium. The ECG changes indicated a probable myocardial injury with conduction abnormality. At autopsy, the viscera were found to be congested. The toxins were detected in the viscera and blood by TLC and HPLC. Cleistanthin A and B, collinusin, and diphyllin are the principal toxic constituents of the plant. Consumption of a boiled decoction of leaves is highly toxic and, medical management of patients is mainly supportive because the molecular mechanisms of toxin action are unknown. In the recent years, C. collinus has created a considerable amount of interest because of its complex metabolites and their cytotoxic activities. Through this study, the authors have tried to highlight different properties pertaining to C. collinus.
Significance chasing in research practice: causes, consequences and possible solutions
Authors: Ware Jennifer J. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: July 2014

Background and Aims

The low reproducibility of findings within the scientific literature is a growing concern. This may be due to many findings being false positives which, in turn, can misdirect research effort and waste money.

Methods

We review factors that may contribute to poor study reproducibility and an excess of ‘significant’ findings within the published literature. Specifically, we consider the influence of current incentive structures and the impact of these on research practices.

Results

The prevalence of false positives within the literature may be attributable to a number of questionable research practices, ranging from the relatively innocent and minor (e.g. unplanned post‐hoc tests) to the calculated and serious (e.g. fabrication of data). These practices may be driven by current incentive structures (e.g. pressure to publish), alongside the preferential emphasis placed by journals on novelty over veracity. There are a number of potential solutions to poor reproducibility, such as new publishing formats that emphasize the research question and study design, rather than the results obtained. This has the potential to minimize significance chasing and non‐publication of null findings.

Conclusions

Significance chasing, questionable research practices and poor study reproducibility are the unfortunate consequence of a ‘publish or perish’ culture and a preference among journals for novel findings. It is likely that top–down change implemented by those with the ability to modify current incentive structure (e.g. funders and journals) will be required to address problems of poor reproducibility.
Can willingness‐to‐pay values be manipulated? Evidence from an organic food experiment in China
Authors: Yu Xiaohua , Yan Binjian , Gao Zhifeng
Published: July 2014

Human behaviors are driven by implicit and explicit motives. Psychologists have developed two main tools, namely time pressure and cognitive load, to disentangle the two motives. This implies values of willingness to pay (WTP) may be sensitive to time pressure and cognitive load levels in practice. An experiment with 233 students was conducted in China to study the willingness to pay for organic food with consideration of different time pressures and cognitive load levels. Results show that (1) increasing cognitive load could significantly reduce consumers’ WTP for organic food; and (2) time pressure does not have a significant impact on WTP values. Such results suggest researchers should be particularly cautious about the cognitive load situations of respondents during a WTP survey.
Impulsivity predicts time to reach euthymia in adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Dawson Erica L , Shear Paula K , Howe Steven R , Adler Caleb M , DelBello Melissa P , Fleck David E , Strakowski Stephen M
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Specific demographic and illness characteristics have been identified as predictors of overall morbidity and treatment course among individuals with bipolar disorder. However, the role of specific cognitive limitations on disease severity and treatment response is unclear. The present study evaluated whether impulsiveness during acute mania was a significant predictor of achieving euthymia within one year following psychiatric hospitalization.

Methods

Participants were 94 adult inpatients (60 manic) with bipolar I disorder. Baseline symptom severity was assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Impulsivity was measured with the Stop Signal Task, Degraded Stimulus Continuous Performance Task, Delayed Response Task, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale‐11.

Results

Individual predictors of time to reach euthymia included fewer depressive symptoms and better impulse control at baseline, later age at illness onset, shorter illness duration, and the absence of comorbid attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Self‐reported impulsivity was a significant independent predictor of time to euthymia, even after accounting for relevant clinical variables.

Conclusions

Better trait impulse control may be associated with better treatment responsiveness among adults with bipolar disorder.
Co‐administration of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) and TRPV1 antagonists potentiate the effect of each drug in a rat model of cystitis
Authors: Charrua Ana , Cruz Célia D. , Jansen Dick , Rozenberg Boy , Heesakkers John , Cruz Francisco
Published: July 2014

Objective

To investigate transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) expression in bladder afferents and study the effect of TRPV4 and TRPV1 antagonists, alone and in combination, in bladder hyperactivity and pain induced by cystitis.

Material and Methods

TRPV4 expression in bladder afferents was analysed by immunohistochemistry in L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG), labelled by fluorogold injected in the urinary bladder. TRPV4 and TRPV1 co‐expression was also investigated in L6 DRG neurones of control rats and in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cystitis. The effect of TRPV4 antagonist RN1734 and TRPV1 antagonist SB366791 on bladder hyperactivity and pain induced by cystitis was assessed by cystometry and visceral pain behaviour tests, respectively.

Results

TRPV4 is expressed in sensory neurones that innervate the urinary bladder. TRPV4‐positive bladder afferents represent a different population than the TRPV1‐expressing bladder afferents, as their co‐localisation was minimal in control and inflamed rats. While low doses of RN1734 and SB366791 (176.7 ng/kg and 143.9 ng/kg, respectively) had no effect on bladder activity, the co‐administration of the two totally reversed bladder hyperactivity induced by LPS. In these same doses, the antagonists partially reversed bladder pain behaviour induced by cystitis.

Conclusions

TRPV4 and TRPV1 are present in different bladder afferent populations. The synergistic activity of antagonists for these receptors in very low doses may offer the opportunity to treat lower urinary tract symptoms while minimising the potential side‐effects of each drug.
Regulatory T cell microRNA expression changes in children with acute Kawasaki disease
Authors: Ni F-F , Li C-R , Li Q , Xia Y , Wang G-B , Yang J
Published: July 2014

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of systemic vasculitis syndrome related to immune dysfunction. Previous studies have implicated that dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Treg) may be associated with the immune dysfunction in KD. In the absence of microRNAs (miRNAs), forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg develop but fail to maintain immune homeostasis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of miR-155, miR-21 and miR-31 on Treg in children with KD. The proportions of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)-5 and pSTAT-3 protein in CD4+CD25+Treg were analysed by flow cytometry. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 in plasma was measured by cytometric bead array. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of microRNAs and associated factors in CD4+CD25+Treg. The proportion of Treg and the mRNA levels of the associated factors [FoxP3, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor-receptor (GITR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4)] were significantly lower in KD patients (P < 0·05). MiR-155 and miR-21 levels were significantly down-regulated and miR-31 expression was higher in KD patients (P < 0·05). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations, pSTAT-3 protein levels and suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-1 mRNA expression were remarkably elevated in acute KD (P < 0·05), while pSTAT-5 protein levels were remarkably decreased in acute KD (P < 0·05). These findings were reversed after intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (P < 0·05). Our results demonstrate that FoxP3 mRNA levels were primarily affected by the miR-155/SOCS1 and the miR-31 signalling pathways. These results suggest that the decrease in FoxP3+Treg might be associated with decreased expression of miR-155, leading to aberrant SOCS1/STAT-5 signalling and overexpression of miR-31 in patients with acute KD.
Levels of somatic hypermutations in B cell receptors increase during childhood
Authors: Schatorjé E J H , Driessen G J , van Hout R W N M , van der Burg M , de Vries E
Published: July 2014

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is an important step in antigen-driven B cell development creating B lymphocytes expressing high-affinity antibody receptors. It is known that the peripheral B lymphocyte compartments of healthy children and adults differ considerably. However, the development of SHM with age has not been studied in detail previously. Therefore, we used the immunoglobulin (Ig)κ-restriction enzyme hot-spot mutation assay (Igκ-REHMA) to gain an estimation of SHM levels in different age groups in order to relate this to the size of the memory B lymphocyte subpopulations. We show that the level of SHM increases rapidly during the first 2 years of life. This reflects the changes of the memory B cell subpopulations, but also changes in the SHM within memory B cell subsets, probably reflecting an increase of secondary memory B cell responses.