bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐sectional investigation of adolescent perceptions of gender roles
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L.
Published: August 2006

Data from a sample of youngsters, 12 through 18 years old, are analysed to examine the difference in gender role perceptions across age groups. A series of multivariate correlational analyses are employed to examine the relationship between respondent gender, age and self‐reported perceptions of gender identity. The results of the study indicate indirect support for Erikson's speculations about resolution of Identity “Crisis”. The youngest respondents showed the greatest disparity between male and female role perceptions. The older subjects, those in adolescence, displayed greater ambiguity toward gender roles. Finally, the oldest respondents, approaching adulthood, indicated a stronger perceived gender identity.
The representation of authority: an adolescent viewpoint
Authors: Murray Chris , Thompson Frank
Published: August 2006

It is argued in this paper that participation of young people in society is to a degree a function of their attitudes towards those in authority. More specifically the research reports results from an investigation designed to assess young people's attitudes (n = 2046) to parents, teachers and police taken together as a multivariate representation of authority. The results, at both scale and item level, provide little support for the position often taken in the literature that adolescents are generally anti‐authority. On the contrary the evidence points in the opposite direction with favourable attitudes being displayed to all three authority roles but in particular towards police and parents. Some of the complexities inherent in such research are pointed up with attitude to authority, represented as a tripartite dependent vector variable, being seen to vary with individual attributes such as sex and age and contextual variables such as school attended. In general girls exhibit a more favourable attitude to authority than boys, authority relationships weaken with age and organisation of schools in terms of “caring” principals result in a weakening of adult‐authority relationships.
Staff perceptions of adolescent behaviour problems
Authors: Mathai John , Taylor Bill
Published: August 2006

Staff in three residential units completed a 25 item behaviour problem questionnaire. From analysis of questionnaires a rank order of behaviours according to rated severity was made for each Unit. Comparisons of ranking were made between the Units and, from factor analysis, perceptions of these items of behaviour by staff in the three Units were studied.

We were able to establish three hypotheses regarding the severity of problem behaviours and their perceptions by staff. We suggest that staff support has a major function in influencing them.
Extra meetings: a tool for decisions and therapy
Authors: O'Brian Charles , Bruggen Peter , Dunne Carol
Published: August 2006

An Adolescent Unit uses the tool of any member of staff or patient group having the right to call a meeting. The development of this idea, anxieties about it, its usefulness and examples are presented.

The meetings are used for communication, support or decisions and are often in themselves the vehicles for change.
“A bucket of cold water”: a follow‐up study in a residential special school
Authors: Lampen John , Neill Tony
Published: August 2006

This paper reports the initial findings of a follow‐up study of the 75 young men who were admitted in their early teens to a residential school for maladjusted boys over a five year period. Sixty were traced and interviewed in depth, using an approach based on methods established at the Institute of Psychiatry. A structured interview was used which covered the individual's recollections of family, peer experiences, schools and adult life, with a special section on the residential therapeutic environment. The data allowed an assessment of their overall psycho‐social adjustment. The preliminary analysis indicates that two‐thirds had no current problems of note, and that just under two‐fifths had had no history of problems since leaving. With only a few exceptions, the ex‐boys' evaluation of the school's regime was positive.

“At Shotton Hall you were forced to face up to your problems in no uncertain way. It's like a bucket of cold water over your head—you're woken up immediately—and with me it worked. My problems melted away. Within the first two years what I would call the symptoms of my problems went. The root causes of my problems nobody ever knew, and nobody knows today as far as I know—I don't know. But I learnt at Shotton how to cope with myself and life in general. And that, I think, is what took my second two years there, to learn to live with myself and other people, to accept them. The last two years, I learnt what I expected the real world to be like—and grew a bit cynical about it.”
Elective mutism—an atypical antecedent of schizophrenia
Authors: Eldar Sophie , Bleich Avi , Apter Alan , Tyano Sam
Published: August 2006

Elective mutism (EM) is a rare psychiatric condition of childhood involving refusal to speak in social situations. We herewith describe such a case which developed into a full‐blown schizophrenic illness. This may be the first detailed report of such an outcome in the literature.
Some thoughts about therapeutic change in families at adolescence (a psychoanalytic approach)
Authors: Box Sally
Published: August 2006

This paper draws on recent psychoanalytic concepts to understand some of the obstacles that may obstruct the major life tasks of adolescence, the achievement of emotional separateness and differentiation. It describes how the family therapist may learn to recognise projective identifications emanating from families and how by means of the therapists' containment and interpretation hitherto unconscious aspects of family life may become available to the family and start to unblock the functioning of family members.
A systems approach to child effeminacy and the prevention of adolescent transsexualism
Authors: Wrate R.M. , Gulens V.
Published: August 2006

This paper describes the treatment of a boy with transsexual behaviour by means of family therapy supplemented by group therapy. It argues that a family systems approach can grasp dimensions of the problems of transsexualism that are missed if an exclusively individual treatment approach is adopted, and concludes that a family systems approach should be part of the assessment and treatment of all children and adolescents presenting with effeminacy or transsexual problems.
A brief family intervention with an adolescent referred for drug taking
Authors: Seligman Philippa
Published: August 2006

This paper is a description of three family sessions with parents and their 19 year old and 17 year old sons. Their GP had referred the older son to the Family Institute, Cardiff as an “urgent” case saying that the son was taking LSD and cannabis and spending periods of time away from home. The paper argues in favour of a “non‐pathological” approach to some adolescents who are on the brink of receiving serious psychiatric labels.
A time for differentiation
Authors: Kearney Jeremy
Published: August 2006

Many social workers have found great difficulty in applying family therapy to the context of Social Services Departments. This article suggests some reasons why this is so and also looks at some of the ways that workers within Social Services can use a more broad based systems approach to exert a positive and effective influence both on the families they work with and the agency systems they work for. The involvement of social workers with adolescents provides an important focus for illustrating how this approach can be used successfully. These ideas were developed from the experience of the author as an unsuccessful family therapist within one local authority and a successful systemic social worker within another.
Consulting to children's hearings in West Lothian
Authors: Aspin John
Published: August 2006

This is an account of the application of consultation and family therapy teaching skills in a non‐clinic setting. Adolescents and their families are observed in the context of children's hearings. The effect on the functioning and process of the hearing is then fed back at the end of the session to panel members in order to increase their sensitivity and improve the quality of decision taking.
Parental attributes and adolescent drug use
Authors: Vicary Judith R. , Lerner Jacqueline V.
Published: August 2006

While many studies have examined the relationship of family and parent factors to adolescent drug use, few have had the opportunity to examine these longitudinally. Most measures of various family patterns, including discipline, conflict and rejection, have been concurrent with the adolescents' drug use and usually are reported by the youths themselves. The study reported here is unique in its thirty year data base on 133 subjects and their families. Data collection in the New York Longitudinal Study included extensive interviews with the parents during the subjects' very early childhood which detailed their parenting attitudes and practices. Five of these clusters as reported in other concurrent studies were used to test whether the parental factor scores could discriminate between those adolescent subjects who were users of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana and those who were not users. Results of the Discriminant Function analyses showed that parental conflict in childrearing practices, inconsistent discipline, restrictive discipline and maternal rejection were associated with marijuana and alcohol use in older adolescents. The need for early parent education and skill building in order to prevent later developmental difficulties is indicated.
An out‐patient treatment programme for adolescent substance abusers
Authors: Birmingham Marina S.
Published: August 2006

This treatment programme is based on the model of Developmental Habilitation being the essence of change for adolescent substance abusers. The practical operation of the programme involves: individual counselling; socialization group; recreational activities; group therapy; parent support group and family counselling. Where possible, it is based on experiental learning (whilst “straight”/“sober”) due to the belief that such learning has been forsaken, resulting in a developmental deficit. Therefore, expectations of clients' progress and achievements need to be realistic and related to functional age rather than chronological age.

According to clients who have achieved the goal of “living the lifestyle they choose, without the need to use substances” the three most helpful provisions of the programme were: stability; consistency; and realism.
Recent changes in suicide among adolescents in England and Wales
Authors: McClure G.M.G.
Published: August 2006

This paper examines suicide statistics in the 15–19 years group in England and Wales between 1950 and 1984. There was an increase in suicide rate for both sexes between 1950 and the mid 1960's, largely due to suicide using domestic gas. The rate then decreased as domestic gas was detoxified, and this was followed by a further increase in suicide associated with poisoning with solids and liquids until the late 1970's. More recently there has been an increase, particularly for males, in suicide by hanging, strangulation and suffocation, poisoning with vehicle exhaust gas and firearms and explosives.
Ego‐identity differences among Anglo‐American and Mexican‐American adolescents
Authors: Abraham Kitty G.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated potential differences in Ideological/Occupational and Interpersonal ego‐identity among Anglo‐American and Mexican‐American adolescents. Subjects were 841 9th–12th graders attending high school in a southwestern state. All students were administered the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status to determine their level of identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement. Multivariate analyses of co‐variance with discriminant analysis were conducted separately for the two types of identity. Mothers' and fathers' education were included as covariates. Results indicated that Mexican‐American youth are more foreclosed than Anglo‐American youth in Ideological/Occupational identity, and may therefore be more inclined to adopt their parents' commitments to religious and political beliefs, occupational preferences, and philosophical lifestyles. Results also indicated that Mexican‐American youth differ from Anglo‐American youth in Interpersonal Identity as a function of grade. Discussion focused on interpretation of these results from both cultural and minority status perspectives.
Images of adolescence: an investigation into the accuracy of the image of adolescence constructed by British newspapers
Authors: Falchikov Nancy
Published: August 2006

The aims of the present study were to determine any changes in the representation of adolescents by the British press since the beginning of the decade, and to examine the relationship of the media image to facts and figures concerning the age group. Twenty‐one daily and Sunday newspapers were monitored, and items involving adolescents (defined as people aged between 11 and 19 years of age) were noted and subjected to a content analysis. The four most frequently occurring categories (victims, crime, sport and umemployment) were further investigated, and such information as was appropriate to the evaluation of these categories collected. It was found that the emphasis in the reporting of adolescence bore little relationship to the importance or relevance of each area of study. Victimization and criminal activity were overemphasized by the newspapers, whilst sport and unemployment were underemphasized. Furthermore, details of coverage within some categories (e.g. crime) were misleading. The typical adolescent in 1985, according to the newspapers, is a criminally inclined, sporting youngster who is likely to become victim of a wide variety of crimes and accidents. She or he is also very likely to be unemployed.
Problems of therapeutic community practice in two halfway houses for disturbed adolescents: a comparative sociological study
Authors: Bloor M.J.
Published: August 2006

Materials gathered from a participant observation study of two therapeutic communities for disturbed adolescents were used to highlight the respective problems of two contrasting approaches to therapy. Whereas one community pursued the principles of programming and instrumental intervention, the other community's approach centred on minimal supervision and reality confrontation; the two communities mirrored, at a micro‐level, wider divisions of practice within the therapeutic communities movement.
The design of atmosphere: ego‐nurture and psychic change in residential treatment
Authors: Rose Melvyn
Published: August 2006

This paper concerns the very special nature of Peper Harow, a residential establishment for disturbed young people. The paper explores the means by which adolescents become absorbed in, and are helped to identify with, the goals of a therapeutic community, and draws on symbols and metaphors from literature to illustrate the treatment process. Examples are given from the life of the community, and attempts are made to capture the atmosphere of a unique establishment.
A consumer survey of an adolescent unit
Authors: Pyne Nicholas , Morrison Rosemary , Ainsworth Patricia
Published: August 2006

Details are presented of a consumer survey of 60 adolescents and 67 parents, designed to assess attitudes to the treatment components of a regional psychiatric unit for adolescents. Two‐thirds of the adolescents and nearly one half of the parents made a positive valuation of the Unit's treatment. The treatment regime with its emphasis on individual responsibility received the most positive ratings. Over half of the parents and one third of the adolescents felt that the Unit had not been helpful. Parents responded negatively to two particular aspects of the Unit: first the treatment regime because of the lack of control and care, and secondly the Unit's high family involvement and its use of family group therapy. Adolescents criticised the Unit's siting in the grounds of a psychiatric hospital for adult patients. Attention is drawn to the difficulties faced by a general purpose unit in meeting the specific needs of adolescents and their families, and the importance of consumer opinion in the provision and planning of services and their delivery is stressed.
The importance of peer group (“crowd”) affiliation in adolescence
Authors: Brown B. Bradford , Eicher Sue Ann , Petrie Sandra
Published: August 2006

Many researchers have speculated about the role peer groups play in adolescent development, but few have examined teenagers' own perspective on the importance of group affiliations. The two studies reported here, involving 1,300 7th to 12th graders in three Midwestern U.S. communities, assessed teenagers' valuation of belonging to a “crowd” as well as the reasons they cited to support or oppose crowd affiliation. The importance of crowd affiliation declined across age. Younger adolescents generally favored membership, emphasizing the crowd's ability to provide emotional or instrumental support, foster friendships and facilitate social interaction. Older respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the conformity demands of crowds and felt their established friendship networks obviated the need for peer group ties. The importance of crowd affiliation was not related to the strength of respondents' sense of identity but did vary significantly with their willingness to conform to peers and the centrality of their position in peer groups or the type of crowd to which they belonged. Findings emphasized that adolescent peer groups can serve multiple functions, whose salience shifts with age.
Changes in ego and moral development in adolescents: a longitudinal study
Authors: Gfellner Barbara M.
Published: August 2006

A longitudinal study was designed to examine the relation between Loevinger's measure of ego development and moral development as indexed by Rest's Defining Issues Test in a sample of 123 adolescents at 12 to 14 years of age and four years later. Study I assessed differential rates of change and theoretically predicted directions of change in the two developmental functions and gender differences in ego development. Substantial ego stage movement occurred (60 per cent advancement, 40 per cent stability); moral growth was moderate. Girls scored a half ego stage ahead of boys; patterns of directional change were similar. Ego level and moral development related at either fixed point in time, but ego functioning in early adolescence did not predict subsequent moral development. Study II addressed adolescents' perceptions of parenting styles in relation to these social cognitive functions. Parental behaviours that involve loving or support related to higher ego levels; parental demanding associated with lower ego development in early adolescence. Traditional gender‐related parent socialization was found among girls and boys with greater ego development. The mediating role of perceived childrearing styles was considered in relation to gender differences in ego development.
Identity crisis modality: a technique for assessing the structure of the identity crisis
Authors: Côté James E.
Published: August 2006

In this paper an interpretation of Erik Erikson's theoretical notions of the severity, prolongation, and aggravation of the identity crisis is presented and operationalized in terms of “identity crisis modality”, a concept representing prevailing patterns of identity formation. The reliability and validity of the Identity Crisis Modality Chart (ICMC), an “objective‐projective” instrument, is assessed and its various possible and unique uses, ranging from clinical applications to large scale national surveys, are discussed.
The relative importance of identity status interview components: replication and extension
Authors: Kroger Jane
Published: August 2006

The present study partially replicates and extends the work of Rogow et al. (1983) in probing the relative importance of Ego Identity Status Interview components for both sexes. Eighty female and sixty male students attending a New Zealand university were given the Ego Identity Status Interview with identity components of occupation, religion, politics, and sex role beliefs presented in counterbalanced order. Subjects were then asked to rank components in order of importance to their sense of identity and additional identity contents were explored through open‐ended questions. This investigation revealed few sex differences in terms of number of content areas having a common rating, hit rates between single or paired content areas and overall identity ratings, rank order for importance of identity contents, or reported areas of additional identity concerns. In support of Rogow findings, this study suggests that identity not be viewed as a unitary structure and encourages the reporting of both component and overall identity status ratings to allow a more comprehensive means of researching the identity formation process. In general, the identity status approach provides a useful model for clinical research of ego synthesis in late adolescence.
Psycho‐social aspects of youth unemployment: an interpretative theoretical model
Authors: Hendry L.B. , Raymond M.J.
Published: August 2006

By utilizing representative samples of short‐term (n = 33), long term (n = 14) unemployed adolescents and YTS trainees (n = 49) in North‐East Scotland, the present study attempted to identify psycho‐social variables involved in the individual adolescent's ability to cope with unemployment. The research was built around a series of semi‐structured interviews with all subjects.

Results suggested a variety of apparent contradictions—family support vs. parental pressure; informal community‐based education as helpful vs. school education as irrelevant; high aspirations as reinforcing or frustrating; peer groups as supportive or socially constraining; time structure as welcome or monotonous and restrictive; self‐esteem being sapped or maintained aggressively and defensively high.

From the data a theoretical model is offered which attempts to resolve the paradoxes by interpreting the experience of unemployment for young people in terms of positive and negative “trade‐offs”.
The early outcome of admission to an adolescent unit: a report on 100 cases
Authors: Turner T.H. , Dossetor D.R. , Bates R.E.
Published: August 2006

Data are presented on the outcome of 100 adolescents after discharge from an adolescent inpatient unit. Outcome is recorded in terms of placement at home, day care provision, and partial or full‐time residential care provison, relating this to diagnosis, sex, age, duration of admission and evidence of family pathology. Of these only duration of admission was significantly related to outcome. More than two thirds (69 per cent) of all patients are discharged home. At six months, of those traced, 82 per cent are at home. Stability of outcome is the norm. This reflects the bio‐psycho‐social approach of the unit and refutes the notion that psychiatric institutional care for adolescents merely predicts a continued need for therapeutic resources.
Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Sprecher Susan
Published: August 2006

Theorists such as Farber argue that in adolescence passionate love first appears in all its intensity. Both adolescence and passion are “intense, overwhelming, passionate, consuming, exciting, and confusing”. As yet, however, clinicians have been given little guidance as to how to deal with adolescents caught up in their passionate feelings. Nor has there been much research into the nature of passionate love. In Section 1 of this paper, we define passionate love, explain the necessity of developing a scale to measure this concept, and review evidence as to the nature of passionate love. In Section 2, we report a series of studies conducted in developing the Passionate Love Scale (the PLS). We present evidence as to the PLS's reliability, validity, and relationship to other factors involved in close relationships. We end by describing how we have used this scale in family therapy to open conversations about the nature of passionate love/companionate love/and intimacy … and discussing profitable directions for subsequent research.
The relative value of screening instruments in adolescence
Authors: Place M.
Published: August 2006

The phase of development that equips a child to become an adult is a period of transition. To date no instrument has become established as the routine screening measure for this age group in the same way as the Rutter B2 Scale has in children. During a major population study of adolescent functioning, the pupils drawn from four comprehensive schools were used to compare the validity of several screening measures in this age group. The results show that screen instruments tend to be behaviour specific and that antisocial and neurotic behaviour are relatively sex specific. The Rutter Malaise Inventory had the highest correlation with the psychiatrist's diagnosis of neurotic disorder, although the General Health Questionnaire also proved to be reasonably efficient. The antisocial subscale of the Rutter B2 Scale showed the best correlation with the psychiatrist's diagnosis of conduct disorder.
The similarity of attitudes towards personal and impersonal types of authority among adolescent schoolchildren
Authors: Rigby K. , Schofield P. , Slee P.T.
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the extent to which the attitudes of young adolescents towards personal and impersonal types of authority are differentiated. Reliable measures of attitudes towards personal authorities (parents and teachers) and impersonal authorities (the police and the law) were developed with a preliminary sample of 155 secondary school students. These measures were employed with further samples of (a) third year High School students (n = 77) who also completed the Keeves (1974) Attitudes to School and School Learning Scale, and (b) first year High School students (n = 250) who also completed the Ray and Jones (1983) self‐report measures of authority‐salient behaviours in relation to their parents and teachers. The attitudes of the students were relatively pro‐authority and did not differ according to gender. In general, the younger group of students were the more pro‐authority, significantly so on the measures of attitude towards personal authorities. For each sample the pro‐authority attitude measures loaded substantially (> 0·6) on the first factor of a principal components analysis. Correlations between these measures and (a) attitudes to school and school learning and (b) reported authority‐salient behaviours were positive and, in general, significant for each sex. Overall, the results provided little support for the view that attitudes towards personal and impersonal type of authority are dissimilar.
Residential care of youth: convergent versus divergent thinkers
Authors: Evans John
Published: August 2006

Effective residential care of disturbed adolescents depends on the treatment programmes being integrated. Readily achievable with defined illness, special difficulties exist when dealing with disturbed adolescents.

For a unit to be successful an important function of its director is monitoring the therapeutic input so the recurring but inevitable conflicts of aims (e.g. encouraging independence of adolescents but maintaining control of unit functioning) do not render staff ineffective. Amongst the qualities required are a capacity to be at ease with divergent thinking.
Development of self‐perceived risk behaviour and psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents: a longitudinal approach
Authors: Choquet M. , Menke H.
Published: August 2006

A cohort study on a sample of 327 high school students was carried out between 1983 and 1985. Health and behaviour problems were investigated. During adolescence psychosomatic, depressive and behavioural problems appear to be common. The majority of young people suffer at least one problem at 18 years of age. The type of problems are closely related to gender: among boys behavioural problems (BP), such as alcohol or drug consumption, tobacco smoking and violence, are important; among girls sleep disorders, headaches and depressive symptoms (PDS) are frequent.

During adolescence sex differences become clearly established. Between 16 and 18 years of age the average number of behavioural problems rises from 0·5 to 1·5 for boys and remains stable (around 0·5) for girls. During the same period the PDS average rises from 1·6 to 2·0 for girls and remains stable (around 0·7) for boys.

Even if there exists a correlation between BP and PDS (this correlation is higher in the early age than later on), one type of problem is always predominant, according to sex.

BP as well as PDS are related to the intolerance of frustration. Authors conclude that these problems must be considered as the expression of the inability to metabolize or cope with the conflict.
Obsessive compulsive disorders in adolescence
Authors: Apter A. , Tyano S.
Published: August 2006

This article reports our experience with 14 adolescent cases of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In contradistinction to other reports in the literature, our results were quite good with these patients. Although we used recommended treatment measures (exposure in vivo and clomipramine drug therapy), we found a good prognosis to be independent to these specific measures. In fact, adolescents tend not to cooperate very well with behaviour therapy and medication. Psychotherapy, on the other hand, was often quite useful. Our conclusion is that non‐specific milieu therapy leads to recovery in a majority of adolescent obsessive compulsives. We are not sure as to how long these remissions will last on follow‐up.
Moving to change: Action groups in an out‐patient setting
Authors: Loftus Mark
Published: August 2006

This paper presents an account of setting up and running an “Action Group” in an out‐patient setting. The ideas and aims underlying “Action Groups” are presented through a contrast with Social Skills Training. The paper illustrates the way in which this “therapeutic philosophy” informs the details which are attended to in defining such a group's boundaries, procedure and purpose. A typical group session is described, and the paper seeks to illustrate how the therapeutic potency of such work is intimately related to the clarity of the group's boundaries and structure.
Psychopathology and management of hospitalized Ethiopian immigrant adolescents in Israel
Authors: Ratzoni G. , Apter A. , Blumensohn R. , Tyano S.
Published: August 2006

Over a period of about 12 months a large number of Ethiopian Jews emigrated to Israel under very stressful conditions. Many of these immigrants were adolescents who came on their own, leaving their families behind. Despite the culture shock involved, most have done well. Nine of these youngsters, who developed psychiatric disabilities severe enough to warrant hospitalization, were referred to us. In this paper we describe the clinical and management problems posed by these patients.
Failure in school, family conflicts, and psychosomatic disorders in adolescence
Authors: Hurrelmann Klaus , Engel Uwe , Holler Birgit , Nordlohne Elisabeth
Published: August 2006

Adolescence is considered to be a transitory phase in the life course. It is hypothesized that failure in school, which carries the risk of an occupational and social “downward mobility” in the future life course in comparison to the family of origin, can function as a social “stressor” which has detrimental effects on the social and emotional climate within the family and manifests itself in symptoms of stress such as psychosomatic disorders. The results are based on a questionnaire survey carried out with a representative sample of 1717 students aged 13–16 in West Germany. The data support the hypotheses: psychosomatic symptom frequency is reinforced when adolescents experience failure in school and social and emotional conflict in their relationships with parents. Multivariate analysis shows that these effects are interconnected: failure in school has a direct effect on the frequency of psychosomatic disorders, and an indirect effect by influencing social and emotional conflicts in the family. The underlying causes for the tensions between adolescents and their parents are conceived in the social and economic opportunity structures of the society.
A comparison of childhood backgrounds of teenage mothers and their non‐mother peers: A new formulation
Authors: Oz Sheri , Fine Marshall
Published: August 2006

Thirty‐nine teenage mothers and 35 non‐mothers, acquired by snowball sampling, provided data regarding their demographic and childhood backgrounds for an exploratory, hypothesis‐generating study. Teenage mothers tended to have experienced foster care, family violence, parental substance abuse, lower educational achievements, as well as violence, alcohol abuse, and lower education among their boyfriends to a greater extent than did non‐mothers. These results were discussed in terms of a new formulation of antecedents to teenage pregnancy.
Adolescent mental health in China
Authors: McClure G.M.G.
Published: August 2006

Adolescent Mental Health in China is the responsibility of the wider society and is supported by social, educational and health care resources. With limited facilities, China emphasizes community mental health care, with prevention and health promotion as priorities. Mental health is considered in the context of an orderly socialist society with stable family life supported by the state. Society is currently influenced by a mixture of Communist ideology, ancient tradition and newer Western approaches. Difficulties in reconciling these factors are affecting the attitudes and behaviour of China's youth.
Adolescents' mental health and the Greek family: Preventive aspects
Authors: Ierodiakonou C.S.
Published: August 2006

Preventive mental health measures can be properly planned only if the various factors leading to the adolescent's personality structure are extensively investigated. Starting with the specific attitudes of a couple towards genetic counselling, the disadvantages of urbanization and of the dissolution of the traditional extended family are discussed with regard to their effect on the younger members. Data are produced concerning the child‐rearing practices of Greek in comparison to American parents and their effect on the adolescent's emotional life.

Extreme dependence on the family, pressure for school achievements, lack of sexual education, etc. are characteristic of the stresses a Greek adolescent undergoes. Socio‐cultural conditions, like immigration, adoption, etc. are shown to have a different psychological effect on an adolescent in Greece than in America. Specific stresses regarding the adolescent's future, like preparing for university entrance examinations, are discussed and preventive measures are proposed.
Deaf in a hearing unit: Coping of staff and adolescents
Authors: McCune Noel
Published: August 2006

The call from the U.K. Health Advisory Service to provide adolescents with sensory handicaps with access to psychiatric services is considered in the light of one adolescent unit's experience with a deaf boy.
The development of the individuation process from a social‐cognitive perspective
Authors: Mazor Aviva , Enright Robert D.
Published: August 2006

A sequence of four developmental levels for the individuation process, from a social‐cognitive perspective, was proposed from late childhood to late adolescence. Individuation is defined as the separation of the self from family. The individuation interview, Selman's self‐awareness measure and the Lunzer test were administered in 4th, 7th, 10th grades and a post‐high school group (N = 78). Results confirmed age increases in individuation as follows: late childhood subjects consolidate on level 1, exhibiting the dominance of parental view over individual perspectives; early adolescents on level 2, demonstrating an increased self‐awareness and the beginning decline of parental view; mid‐adolescents, on level 3, characterized by conflicts between the recognition of the autonomous self and the parental views; and late adolescents (young adults) on level 3 and level 4, showing the ability to integrate the parental view within the self‐system without losing individuality. Further, construct validation confirmed the common as well as the discriminant qualities of the individuation sequence to self‐awareness and Piagetian logical development. These results support the uniqueness of the individuation construct within the social‐cognitive domain.
A longitudinal study of ego identity status interview domains
Authors: Kroger Jane
Published: August 2006

The present investigation was designed to explore a series of questions raised by previous developmental, gender, and congruence studies of ego identity status interview domains. A total of 76 late adolescent New Zealanders participated in identity status interviews following their first assessments two years previously. Results provide some support for a “focal model” of domain resolution, whereby psychosocial identity issues are addressed sequentially rather than concurrently. Few sex differences emerged in either developmental patterns of change or in the salience of interview components. The use of domain ratings in ways suggested by this study would allow a clearer picture of the identity formation process to emerge in future identity status research.
“Don't tell us—show us”: the use of role play in the teaching of psychoanalytic theory
Authors: Holmes Paul
Published: August 2006

The psychological concepts associated with psychoanalysis are sometimes considered to be precious and somewhat irrelevant by professionals working with disturbed adolescents. Discussions (at a theoretical level) of these ideas may not highlight their usefulness in clinical situations. This paper describes the use of active role play techniques in a staff training group designed to teach about the “Inner World of the Adolescent”. The fundamental features of “transference” and “counter‐transference” were brought alive during these groups, and several other theoretical contributions of modern psychoanalysis were demonstrated within the setting of a training session. These groups were not intended to train “therapists”, but to support and improve existing styles of work with adolescents.
The impact of cultural changes on the internal experience of the adolescent
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: August 2006

This paper examines the impact on adolescence of major cultural changes brought about by the advent of television, the combined threat of Nuclear War and Aids and changes in social values and family structures. The main thesis is that the volume and pace of these contemporary changes have an unsettling effect on internal experience and create conditions in society that replicate those that give rise to the development of narcissistic disturbance in early childhood development. Narcissism is seen as central in adolescence and inadequately modulated in the prevailing “culture of narcissism”. An example is given of such disturbance in a young man. The relevance of psychoanalysis as a body of knowledge and as an activity concerned with self and object relatedness is discussed, followed by an illustration of psychoanalysis in practice in a therapeutic community for adolescents, Peper Harow.
“It is your decision!”—behavioural effects of a student‐centred health education model at school for adolescents
Authors: Arborelius Elisabeth , Bremberg Sven
Published: August 2006

Since traditional health education commonly does not affect behaviour, an alternative, consistent student‐centred method was developed. Health issues and health‐enhancing activities were determined by the students themselves. The students—15–16‐year‐olds—participated in six 1‐hour sessions, three in small groups and three individually. A quasi‐experimental pre‐/post‐control group evaluation was carried out. Fifty‐one students made up the experimental group and 47 students the control group. Statistically significant differences in favour of the experimental group were obtained with respect to clarification of individual health issues, reported health‐enhancing activities and self‐esteem. A tendency in the same direction was found with respect to internal locus of control. Most health‐enhancing activities reported by the experimental students had not been treated during the educational sessions. Hence, the intervention seemed to have developed the capability of the students to improve their health by means of starting health‐enhancing actions on their own.
A review of the literature on family therapy with adolescents 1979–1987
Authors: Breunlin Douglas C. , Breunlin Cynthia , Kearns David L. , Russell William P.
Published: August 2006

Since the initial publication of our article, significant developments have occurred in the literature pertaining to the application of family therapy to problems of adolescents. A primary change has been quantitative. As is evident from the problem listing above, a great number of articles have been written addressing a continually expanding array of presenting complaints.

Similarly, the recent review clearly indicated that a full range of family therapy models has been represented in the literature since 1979. In a general sense, the family therapy models described in our original paper—Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, and Systems‐oriented (including Structural, and Strategic family therapy)—have continued to receive attention. It is also clear that family therapists working with adolescents have demonstrated a willingness to experiment with new theoretical developments. Especially noteworthy are the relatively recent applications of Systemic family therapy (Milan model) to problems of adolescents. There is also growing evidence that single model approaches to adolescents may be less desirable than approaches that combine the strengths of several models in an integrated or carefully eclectic fashion.

A number of authors have suggested guidlines for planning and conducting family therapy with adolescents. A survey of the various sets of guidelines revealed some of the continuing dilemmas and controversies that exist in the field. The suggestions offered vary according to the authors' theoretical orientations. Of particular interest are guidelines that are organized around such concepts as “stages” or “family typology”. The results reported in the various outcomes studies clearly suggested that family therapy with adolescents is a viable treatment approach, one that in many instances produces results often exceeding those seen when other, more traditional treatments are employed.

In the 1979 article, we took the position that family therapy offered “new and exciting directions” for the treatment of adolescent disturbances. We still think this is true. Family therapy, in its various forms, has proven to be a well established approach to the treatment of adolescent problems. Finally, we believe this area will continue through careful consideration of three issues: first, the continued application of new developments in the field therapy to the treatment of problems of adolescents; second, further elaboration of guidelines for therapy that are based on particular treatment models; and third, the design of more carefully constructed outcome studies that evaluate the comparative effectiveness of different family therapy models in dealing with particular presenting problems, family characteristics, and stages of adolescent development.
Ethnicity as a mediating variable of early adolescent identity development
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L.
Published: August 2006

The variables of race/ethnicity, sex and grade were examined as potential mediating factors of early adolescent identity development. The EOM‐EIS was administered to 367 middle‐school students in an urban southwestern setting. Results provided evidence that the EOM‐EIS is an appropriate instrument for use with this age sample. Additionally, females and older students were found to be more developmentally sophisticated than other groups. Finally, ethnic minorities were found to be significantly more foreclosed than their non‐minority counterparts. As the school was a mandatory desgregation site, implications of school desegregation were discussed.
Ego identity: Developmental differences and experimental substance use among adolescents
Authors: Jones Randall M. , Hartmann Barbara R.
Published: August 2006

A total of 12,988 adolescents completed a questionnaire which assessed experience with cigarettes, inhalants, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and level of ego identity (EOM‐EIS). Discriminant analyses of substance use, across the achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion identity statuses, yielded significant functions for each grade comparison (7th to 12th). Frequencies of experience for diffused respondents were consistently higher than estimates for the achieved and moratorium respondents; and, foreclosed adolescents reported the lowest frequency of experience. Diffused adolescents were about twice as likely to have tried cigarettes and alcohol, three times as likely to have tried marijuana, four times as likely to have tried inhalants, and five times as likely to have used cocaine than their foreclosed peers. The achieved, moratorium, and unclassified respondents reported frequencies of experience that fell between the two extreme groups. Implications for identifying adolescents “at risk”, and tailoring prevention/intervention efforts to address developmental differences are addressed.
Anorexia, psychoanalysis, and feminism: Fantasy and reality
Authors: Sayers Janet
Published: August 2006

Two distinct trends inform current psychoanalytic and feminist approaches to anorexia: one focuses on its roots in the fantasy, the other in the reality of childhood and adolescent deprivation and abuse. In outlining these two approaches, this article shows how both increasingly attend to the place of the mother to the neglect of the father in the genesis of anorexia—a shift of perspective somewhat redressed by systemic family therapy.
Eco‐systemic analysis of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Sheppy Margarette I. , Friesen John D. , Hakstian A. Ralph
Published: August 2006

Aspects of the eco‐systemic approach were used to provide a framework for the understanding of anorexia nervosa and were empirically tested by comparing 30 anorexics and their parents to 34 matched control subjects and their parents. The theoretical model employed was an adaptation of Conger's Ecological‐Systems approach which was based on the principles of Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development. The subjects were compared on selected variables arising from the individual, parent, family, and community systems using (a) theCalifornia Psychological Inventory(CPI), (b) theStructural Analysis of Social Behavior(SASB), (c) theFamily Environment Scale(FES), and (d) thePattison Psychological Inventory(PPI). Discriminant analysis revealed that the Affiliation score (SASB) for the anorexic and the control subjects and the Psychopathic Deviancy score (CPI‐Clinical) of the mothers of the anorexics and the controls were the variables which contributed most to the discrimination between the groups. With the Affiliation and the Psychopathic Deviancy scores alone it was possible to correctly classify 87·5 per cent of the research subjects. Analyses also showed statistically significant results at the individual, parent, and family levels. Interactions within the family, as perceived by the anorexics, were characterized by overprotection and control by the mothers, while the anorexics themselves responded with significantly less affiliation to both their mothers and their fathers. The mothers of the anorexics also viewed their daughters as being less friendly in the relationship. The families of the anorexics were less supportive, helpful, and committed to each other than were the families of the control subjects as measured by the FES.