bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Korean American Parental Control: Acceptance or Rejection?
Authors: KIM EUNJUNG
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this cross‐sectional descriptive study was to examine relations between parental acceptance‐rejection and behavioral control among 106 Korean American families in the Midwest. Independent self‐report data were gathered from adolescents, mothers, and fathers, and analyzed with descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, analyses of covariance, and Pearson correlations. Both Korean American adolescents and their parents (mothers and fathers) reported the parents as warm and loving, as well as moderate to firm in their behavioral control. Nonetheless, within these ranges, results indicated that both adolescents' and mothers' reports of maternal behavioral control were positively correlated with less overall acceptance. Correlational results for fathers, however, showed that the more behaviorally controlling they reported themselves to be (within the moderate to firm range), the warmer and more affectionate they reported themselves to be—but also the more hostile and aggressive they reported themselves to be. This apparent contradiction seems to be explainable in the context of Korean American adaptation to mainstream American cultural ideology.
Agreement between Children's and Mothers' Perceptions of Maternal Acceptance and Rejection: A Comparative Study in Finland and Pakistan
Authors: ROHNER RONALD P. , KHALEQUE ABDUL , RIAZ MAH NAZIR , KHAN UZMA , SADEQUE SADIA , LAUKKALA HELENA
Published: September 2005

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relative level of agreement or disagreement between mothers' reports versus children's reports of maternal acceptance‐rejection in Finland and Pakistan. Of special interest was the question whether the level of agreement varied significantly in loving families (as defined by children) versus less than loving families (as defined by children). Data were collected from 144 mother/child dyads. The Child version of the Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers (Child PARQ: Mother) and the Parent version of the Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers (Parent PARQ: Mother) were used for these assessments. Results showed that, overall, children in both nations experienced considerable maternal acceptance, and that, overall, there appeared to be a significant level of agreement between mothers' reports and children's reports in both nations; however, the level of agreement was much higher in loving families than in less than loving families.
Bridging Parental Acceptance‐Rejection Theory and Attachment Theory in the Preschool Strange Situation
Authors: HUGHES MARCIA M. , BLOM MARJOLIJN , ROHNER RONALD P. , BRITNER PRESTON A.
Published: September 2005

Parental acceptance‐rejection theory (PARTheory) and attachment theory evolved independently but along parallel lines, creating many similarities but also significant differences. This article is the first attempt to describe these similarities and differences, and to test expected linkages between theories using attachment theory's Preschool Strange Situation procedures. Results of analyses showed that PARTheory's parental behavior measures were highly correlated with a number of attachment theory's parental behavior measures. Included here was a strong positive correlation between PARTheory's main construct of parental acceptance, and attachment theory's main construct of maternal sensitivity. In addition, expected linkages between parental behavior and child attachment classifications were shown using measurements drawn from PARTheory. Results provide strong support for the value of continuing to explore conceptual and empirical links between theories.
Relation between Perceived Parental Acceptance and Intimate Partner Acceptance in Turkey: Does History Repeat Itself?
Authors: VARAN AZMİ
Published: September 2005

Drawing from parental acceptance‐rejection theory (PARTheory), the present study investigated the link between perceived parental acceptance‐rejection in childhood and perceived partner acceptance‐rejection in adulthood. Two hundred forty‐five dating or married individuals were divided into two groups, those who felt satisfied and those who felt dissatisfied in their current intimate relationship. Compared to satisfied respondents, dissatisfied respondents reported significantly higher levels of rejection both in their current intimate relationship and in their childhood relationships with their parents. Respondents who had been accepted by their parents in childhood were also most likely to feel accepted by their intimate partners. The opposite was true, although to a lesser extent, for those respondents who felt rejected in childhood. About a quarter of the respondents who felt rejected in childhood were satisfied in their current intimate relationships. Finally, correlations between childhood and adulthood measures of acceptance revealed that both maternal and paternal acceptance‐rejection were significantly related to intimate partner acceptance‐rejection. There were no significant gender differences between male versus female respondents' perceptions of either partner or parental acceptance‐rejection.
Reading between the Lines: An Approach to the Musical and Sexual Ambiguities of Death in Venice
Authors: LONGOBARDI RUTH SARA
Published: September 2005

Framing opera as a collaborative genre compels an examination of differences. In particular, opera's media may be understood as simultaneous but not necessarily as cooperative or neutral. This conception of opera raises issues of power dynamics and the politics of voice, both within the work and among its artists. In Benjamin Britten's Death in Venice, musico-dramatic dissonances center on the protagonist's homoerotic obsession with a young boy. His momentous “I love you” at the end of the act 1 finale is accompanied by a musical gesture that does not affirm but rather resists this coming-out event. The gesture's subsequent transformations in other passages that contain no text, and two years later in Britten's Third String Quartet, reinforce the sense of musical opposition to the libretto's homosexual trajectory—a trajectory that results in the protagonist's shame and untimely death.

If musical detachment from the libretto suggests subtext, then it also points to alternative voices. Britten's homosexuality, and the pressures that accumulated around sexual identity in postwar England, argue for connections between musical distance and closeted discourse. Analysis must acknowledge the role of the composer's experiences in the varying characterizations of the protagonist but must also cope with the limits to this type of investigation: The attempt to draw definitive connections between music and sexuality limits the suppleness of our critical apparatus. Conceiving of opera as collaboration prompts a reevaluation of the work as potentially contradictory and fragmented but also advocates against the resolution of such contradictions into coherent authorial statements. Collaboration dislodges autonomy and unity and in their place recommends polyphonies—of authors and voices, among media but also within them.
The Pedagogy of Polyphony in Gabriel Sagard's Histoire du Canada
Authors: BLOECHL OLIVIA A.
Published: September 2005

The second edition of Gabriel Sagard's history of the Recollect missions in eastern Canada, the Histoire du Canada (1636), included an unprecedented series of harmonized settings of four previously transcribed indigenous Mi'kmaq and Tupinamba melodies. A reading of the Histoire du Canada's content, structure, and production context demonstrates that the settings supported the apostolic aims of the text, which were rooted in the didactic ethos and methods of the French Counter-Reformation. Specifically, the Histoire du Canada developed the transcribed indigenous chants into devotional exercises by ascribing moral significance to the transformation of the melodies into polyphony. With the harmonized settings Sagard gestured toward the Native Americans' potential for conversion and civilization by the Recollect missionaries in a manner that was edifying for Catholic readers in France and the young colony.
Finishing Josquin's “Unfinished” Mass: A Case of Stylistic Imitation in the Cappella Sistina
Authors: RODIN JESSE
Published: September 2005

In all but one source for Josquin's Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales the Credo mysteriously lacks the text “Et in spiritum … ecclesiam.” A setting of the missing text is found only in a Vatican manuscript (VatS 154) compiled ca. 1550–55 by Johannes Parvus, where it appears in situ as a discrete mass section that incorporates a complete statement of the cantus firmus. Though preserved in a late source, the Et in spiritum is remarkably close in musical style to the remainder of Josquin's mass.

An analysis of the Et in spiritum with respect to the rest of the mass indicates that it is probably not by Josquin. Given the close stylistic connections between the two pieces, however, this finding suggests that the Et in spiritum was a papal singer's self-conscious imitation of a mass composed some 60 years earlier. The new mass section is distinctly unlike most 16th-century “uses” of Josquin, which tend to adapt his music to a thoroughly contemporary aesthetic. By contrast, this “completion” of Josquin's mass, informed by a culture of traditionalism in the papal chapel, alerts us to a rare but significant kind of musical borrowing in mid-16th-century Rome.
Adorno's "Schubert": From the Critique of the Garden Gnome to the Defense of Atonalism
Authors: Buch Esteban
Published: September 2005

This article situates Adorno's "Schubert" in the context of the 1928 centennial, showing the originality of his position on the issue of Schubertian kitsch (as represented by Heinrich BertŽ's operetta Das Dreimaderlhaus). This is related to Adorno's attitude toward organicism, characterized by a critique that was relevant on both the political and the theoretical level. His antiorganicist vision of Schubert's music is compared to the nationalist stance of a Richard Benz, typical of right-wing readings of German cultural greatness, and also to the analytical a prioris of two pupils of Schenker, Felix Salzer and Otto Vrieslander (as shown in their perception of the exposition of the Bb-Major Sonata). Finally, Adorno's attitude toward Schubert is related to his commitment on behalf of a "Schoenbergian politics," which led him to view both Schoenberg's and Schubert's music as an alternative to a musical canon shaped by a shared belief in organicism.
Adorno's Image of Schubert's Wanderer Fantasy Multiplied by Ten
Authors: Dunsby Jonathan
Published: September 2005

AdornoÕs view of Schubert's Wanderer Fantasy is of flawed music. He regards the finale as yet another compositionally disastrous failure by Schubert to know how to round off a sonata or symphony. But he is clearly intrigued by the slow movement's acts of negation and alienation. This article investigates these two crises. First, what is actually--if one may dare ask such a thing--wrong with the finale? That it is all empty mock-fugue and sequence and passage-work? And thus it lacks truth-content? That Schubert is not really composing this finale; it is somehow composing him? Here I investigate analytically what Adorno's "temporal series of atemporal cells" means. Second, how does the slow movement move us from lightness into despair? Death for Schubert, Adorno tells us, is not about pain, but mourning, something Schubert takes us right inside--or to use Adorno's image, through a portal to the underworld (29). I believe that this landscape is also nested within the slow movement of the Wanderer Fantasy. If, as always with variations, the task of the analyst is not so clear here, the task of the (rightly) evidence-bound hermeneut probably is.
What Adorno Makes Possible for Music Analysis
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: September 2005

Conceived as a commentary on four responses to Adorno's 1928 essay, "Schubert," by Esteban Buch, Jonathan Dunsby, Scott Burnham, and Beate Perrey, this article explores some of the implications of Adorno's essay as they center on notions of hybridity, the interstitial and especially the provisional. It urges a critical strategy that is self-critical, that seeks to name without naming, and that draws on rigorous formal analysis without presenting its outcomes as ends but as means toward various narrative ends.
Piers Plowman, Diversity, and the Medieval Political Aesthetic
Authors: STEINER EMILY
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT This essay argues that later medieval English poetry, and William Langland's Piers Plowman in particular, developed strains of political thought that originated with Continental legal scholars. More specifically, Langland, in concert with other fourteenth-century alliterative poets, helped shape political thought about diversity, an “unfinished” project of earlier Continental philosophers and jurists, through radical experiments in poetic form.
The Rhetoric of Exorcism
Authors: Kallendorf Hilaire
Published: September 2005

Abstract Exorcism incorporates all three branches of classical rhet\-oric: judicial (as in a trial, accusing the demon for his actions); deliberative (exhorting the demon to depart); and ceremonial or epideictic (praising the power of God and blaming Satan for taking possession of a human soul). The structure of a typical exorcism follows the classical arrangement of exordium,narratio, divisio,refutatio, probatio, andperoratio. The speaker is the exorcist, a Catholic priest who was often classically educated. There are five audiences in any given exorcism, three supernatural and two human, and each of these requires specific rhetorical strategies.
Prose versus Poetry in Early Greek Theories of Style
Authors: Graff Richard
Published: September 2005

Abstract The rise of prose in Greece has been linked to broader cultural and intellectual developments under way in the classical period. Prose has also been characterized as challenging poetry's traditional status as the privileged expression of the culture. Yet throughout the classical period and beyond, poetry was still regularly invoked as the yardstick by which innovation was measured. This paper investigates how poetry figures in the earliest accounts of prose style. Focusing on Isocrates, Alcidamas, and Aristotle, it argues that although each author distinguishes between the styles of prose and poetry, none is able to sustain the distinction consistently. The criteria for what constitutes an acceptable level of poeticality in prose were unstable. The diverse conceptions of poetic style were tied to intellectual polemics and professional rivalries of the early- to mid-fourth century bce and reflect competing aims and ideals for rhetorical performance in prose.
Seneca the Elder on Plagiarizing Cicero's Verrines
Authors: McGill Scott
Published: September 2005

Abstract In a comment on the age in which he was writing, Seneca the Elder states inSuas. 2.19 that anyone can plagiarize Cicero's Verrines with impunity. Critics have taken Seneca's assertion as a sign of diminished familiarity with the In Verrem and of Cicero's diminished popularity. This article offers a different interpretation. Seneca assails the inattentiveness of contemporary audiences as they listen to declamations in the rhetorical schools, not their ignorance of theVerrines or aversion to Cicero. Seneca incorporates the In Verrem into that critique due to its emblematic length in order to satirize the audiences' carelessness. The use of theVerrines as a symbol relies for its effect on the easy identification of the text and its size, and consequently points to the fame of that title and its length, as well as of its author Cicero, in the 30s CE.
Rhetoric in Hegel and Hegel's Rhetoric
Authors: Morresi Ruggero
Published: September 2005

Abstract “Rhetoric in Hegel” is meant as the treatment of rhetoric in theVorlesungen über die Ästhetik, one of the author's posthumous works. It is a short exposition whose content does not reoccur in Hegel's systematic works. These remarks on persuasive speech, focused on oratorical and historiographical prose, are not significant for the economy of Hegel's thought. Yet in his texts on aesthetics and in his systematic works, traditional elocutionary and argumentative rhetorical figures appear without theoretical or historical justification. Such figures raise questions about the relationships of logic, language, and politics in Hegel and draw attention to analogical semantic isotopes. This is what is meant by “Hegel's rhetoric”: a rhetoric that goes beyond the author's own definition, that deserves analysis from the perspective of Hegel's dialectics, and that reflects in important ways on contemporary topicality.
Photophysical, Photochemical, and Tumor‐selectivity Properties of Bromine Derivatives of Rhodamine‐123
Authors: Lacerda Silvia H. D. , Abraham Bindu , Stringfellow Thomas C. , Indig Guilherme L.
Published: September 2005

The conceptual basis for the development of mitochondrial targeting as a novel therapeutic strategy for both chemotherapy and photochemotherapy of neoplastic diseases rests on the observation that enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential is a common tumor cell phenotype. The potential of this strategy is highlighted by the fact that the toxic effects associated with a number of cationic dyes known to localize in energized cell mitochondria are much more pronounced in tumor cells than in normal cells. Here we evaluate the phototoxic properties of four bromine derivatives of rhodamine‐123 toward human uterine sarcoma (MES‐SA) and green monkey kidney (CV‐1) cells and compare the degrees of tumor cell selectivity associated with these dyes with those associated with two model mitochondrial triarylmethanes (crystal violet and ethyl violet). Selective phototoxicity toward tumor cells was found to be highly dependent upon the lipophilic/hydrophilic character of the cationic photosensitizer. Our experimental data have indicated that the probability of success of mitochondrial targeting in (photo)chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases is higher when the octan‐1‐ol/water partition coefficient of the drug candidate falls within approximately two orders of magnitude from that of the prototypical mitochondria‐specific dye rhodamine‐123.
Epidermal Growth Factor as a Candidate for Ex Vivo Expansion of Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Tamama Kenichi , Fan Vivian H. , Griffith Linda G. , Blair Harry C. , Wells Alan
Published: September 2005

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into several cell types and are thus an attractive cell source for connective tissue engineering. A challenge in such a use is expansion and directed seeding in vitro, requiring proliferation and survival, and directed migration, respectively, prior to functional differentiation. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is the prototypal growth factor receptor and elicits these responses from a wide variety of stromal, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Ligands for this receptor are appealing for use in tissue engineering because they are relatively resistant to biological extremes and amenable to high-volume production. Therefore, we determined whether an EGFR ligand, EGF, could be used for ex vivo expansion of BMMSCs. EGF stimulated motility in rat and immortalized human BMMSCs. EGF-induced proliferation was observed in immortalized human BMMSCs but was not apparent in rat BMMSCs under our experimental conditions. EGF did not, however, rescue either type of BMMSC from apoptosis due to lack of serum. During our examination of key signaling intermediaries, EGF caused robust phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B/akt (AKT) but only minimal phosphorylation of EGFR and phospholipase C-γ in rat BMMSCs, whereas in the human BMMSCs these intermediaries were all strongly activated. EGF also induced robust ERK activation in primary porcine mesenchymal stem cells. EGF pretreatment or cotreatment did not interfere with secondarily induced differentiation of either type of BMMSC into adipogenic or osteogenic lineages. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) effects were similar to but not additive with those elicited by EGF, with some quantitative differences; however, PDGF did interfere with the differentiation of these BMMSCs. These findings suggest that EGFR ligands could be used for ex vivo expansion and direction of BMMSCs.
Methods for Speciation of Metals in Soils
Authors: D'Amore J. J. , Al‐Abed S. R. , Scheckel K. G. , Ryan J. A.
Published: September 2005

The inability to determine metal species in soils hampers efforts to understand the mobility, bioavailability, and fate of contaminant metals in environmental systems, to assess health risks posed by them, and to develop methods to remediate metal contaminated sites. Fortunately, great strides have been made in the development of methods of species characterization and in their application to the analysis of particulates and mixtures of solid phases in physics, analytical chemistry, and materials science. This manuscript highlights a selection of the analytical methods available today offering the greatest promise, briefly describes the fundamental processes involved, examines their limitations, points to how they have been used in the environmental and geochemical literature, and offers some suggested research directions in the hope of stimulating further investigation into the application of these powerful tools to the problems outlined above.
Recovery and Distribution of Biosolids‐Derived Trace Metals in a Clay Loam Soil
Authors: Sukkariyah Beshr F. , Evanylo Gregory , Zelazny Lucian , Chaney Rufus L.
Published: September 2005

The long‐term mobility of trace metals has been cited as a potential hazard by critics of EPA 503 rule governing the land application of biosolids. The objectives of this study were to assess the accumulation of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn within the soil profile; the distribution of exchangeable, specifically adsorbed, organic, and oxide fractions of each metal; and mass balance of Cu, Ni, and Zn 17 yr after a single biosolids application. Biosolids were applied to 1.5‐ × 2.3‐m confined plots of a Davidson clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudult) in 1984 at 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Mg ha−1 The highest biosolids application supplied 4.5, 750, 43, and 600 kg ha−1 of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. Soils were sampled to a depth of 0.9 m and sectioned into 5‐cm increments after separating the Ap horizon. Total (EPA‐3050B), bioavailable (Mehlich‐I), sequential extraction, and dispersible clay analyses were performed on samples from the control, 126 Mg ha−1, and 210 Mg ha−1 treatments. Trace metals are still concentrated in the top 0.2 m with slight enrichment down to 0.3 m. More than 85% of applied Cu, Ni, and Zn are still found in the topsoil where biosolids was incorporated and 95% or more of the applied metals were accounted for with mass balance calculations. Mehlich‐I results showed a slight increase in metal concentration down to 0.35 m. Biosolids application increased the concentrations of trace metals in all the extracted fractions. The major portions of Cu, Zn, and Ni are associated with the metal‐oxides fraction. Dispersible clay content and water‐soluble metal contents were low and except for water‐soluble Zn they were not affected by biosolids application. Results from this study showed that 17 yr after biosolids application there was negligible movement of trace metals through the soil profile and consequently there is little risk of contamination of ground water at this site.
Transformation of Benzothiazole in Estuarine Sediments
Authors: Catallo W. James , Junk T.
Published: September 2005

Benzothiazole (BT) is a natural and synthetic compound occurring in aquatic sediments and wastewater. The purpose of this work was to investigate BT biogeochemistry in controlled Eh/pH microcosms (CEPMs) containing estuarine sediments of different particle sizes (coarse, intermediate, fine) under oxidized and reduced conditions vs. killed controls, and tide simulation mesocosms (TSMs) containing plants and meiofauna under well‐drained (oxidized), consistently saturated/flooded (reduced), and tidal (alternating oxidized/reduced) conditions. Benzothiazole was transformed into complex product mixtures under all conditions. Benzothiazole transformation rates in CEPMs were slower under reduced conditions vs. oxidized conditions in the fine‐ and intermediate‐grain sediments, but the same in the coarse sediment. Quiescent (unstirred) CEPMs showed greatly reduced BT transformation rates in all sediments, with half‐lives on the order of 2200 to >4000 h (unstirred) vs. 640 to 1000 h in the continuously stirred systems. The TSM data showed that tidal and drained systems processed BT at identical rates, far exceeding those observed in statically flooded (reduced) TSMs. Mixing was found to be a more significant variable in BT transformation rate than either Eh or sediment particle size breakdown, with constant stirring increasing observed degradation appreciably. Otherwise, BT was transformed more readily on sediments of high surface area under oxidized conditions vs. coarser sediments and those under reducing electrochemical conditions.
Long Lasting Nitrate Leaching after Bark Beetle Attack in the Highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park
Authors: Huber Christian
Published: September 2005

During the past decade bark beetle (Ips typographus) attacks killed nearly all of the Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in the unmanaged zone in the highlands of the Bavarian Forest National Park. This study was conducted to predict if and how long the catastrophic event might cause elevated nitrate NO3− concentration in seepage water, and if the presence of ground vegetation may reduce NO3− leaching. A chronosequence approach was used to investigate NO3− leaching before and after the death of trees. Additionally, the impact of ground vegetation coverage on NO3− leaching was determined. Flux weighted yearly NO3− concentrations were significantly elevated in the first 5 yr after the dieback compared with intact stands (27 μmolc L−1), with highest concentrations in the fifth year after the dieback (579 μmolc L−1). Lowest NO3− concentrations were observed 17 yr after the dieback (10 μmolc L−1). Suction cups in places without ground vegetation showed significantly higher NO3− concentrations of 163 to 727 μmolc L−1 (Year 2–5 after the dieback) than suction cups without vegetation. However, net uptake of N by ground vegetation observed during the first 7 yr after the dieback was low on a plot scale. Compared with other severe disturbances in forests, NO3− concentrations were elevated for a longer period. Due to high rates of precipitation, NO3− dilution occurred and concentrations remained mostly below the European critical level for drinking water. Part of the observed heterogeneity in NO3− concentrations could be attributed to different patterns of ground vegetation coverage.
Surface Runoff Water Quality in a Managed Three Zone Riparian Buffer
Authors: Lowrance Richard , Sheridan Joseph M.
Published: September 2005

Managed riparian forest buffers are an important conservation practice but there are little data on the water quality effects of buffer management. We measured surface runoff volumes and nutrient concentrations and loads in a riparian buffer system consisting of (moving down slope from the field) a grass strip, a managed forest, and an unmanaged forest. The managed forest consisted of sections of clear‐cut, thinned, and mature forest. The mature forest had significantly lower flow‐weighted concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, total Kjeldahl N (TKN), sediment TKN, total N (nitrate + TKN), dissolved molybdate reactive P (DMRP), total P, and chloride. The average buffer represented the conditions along a stream reach with a buffer system in different stages of growth. Compared with the field output, flow‐weighted concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, DMRP, and total P decreased significantly within the buffer and flow‐weighted concentrations of TKN, total N, and chloride increased significantly within the buffer. All loads decreased significantly from the field to the middle of the buffer, but most loads increased from the middle of the buffer to the sampling point nearest the stream because surface runoff volume increased near the stream. The largest percentage reduction of the incoming nutrient load (at least 65% for all nutrient forms) took place in the grass buffer zone because of the large decrease (68%) in flow. The average buffer reduced loadings for all nutrient species, from 27% for TKN to 63% for sediment P. The managed forest and grass buffer combined was an effective buffer system.
Herbaceous Vegetation Productivity, Persistence, and Metals Uptake on a Biosolids‐Amended Mine Soil
Authors: Evanylo G. K. , Abaye A. O. , Dundas C. , Zipper C. E. , Lemus R. , Sukkariyah B. , Rockett J.
Published: September 2005

The selection of plant species is critical for the successful establishment and long‐term maintenance of vegetation on reclaimed surface mined soils. A study was conducted to assess the capability of 16 forage grass and legume species in monocultures and mixes to establish and thrive on a reclaimed Appalachian surface mine amended with biosolids. The 0.15‐ha coarse‐textured, rocky, non‐acid forming mined site was prepared for planting by grading to a 2% slope and amending sandstone overburden materials with a mixture of composted and dewatered, anaerobically digested biosolids at a rate of 368 Mg ha−1(dry weight). Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasiaL.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaL.), ladino clover (Trifolium repensL.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.), crownvetch (Coronilla variaL.), alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), common sericea lespedeza and AULotan sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneataL.), tall fescue–ladino clover, tall fescue–alfalfa, orchardgrass–birdsfoot trefoil, switchgrass–AULotan, and an herbaceous species mix intended for planting on reforested sites consisting of foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.), redtop (Agrostis albaL.), kobe lespedeza (Kummerowia striataL.), appalow lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneataL.), and birdsfoot trefoil were established between spring 1990 and 1991. Vegetative biomass and/or persistence were assessed in 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The high rate of biosolids applied provided favorable soil chemical properties but could not overcome physical property limitations due to shallow undeveloped soil perched atop a compacted soil layer at 25 cm depth. The plant species whose persistence and biomass production were the greatest after a decade or more of establishment (i.e., switchgrass, sericea lespedeza, reed canarygrass, tall fescue, and crownvetch) shared the physiological and reproductive characteristics of low fertility requirements, drought and moisture tolerance, and propagation by rhizome and/or stolons. Of these five species, two (tall fescue and sericea lespedeza) are or have been seeded commonly on Appalachian coal surface mines, and often dominate abandoned pasture sites. Despite the high rates of heavy metal–bearing biosolids applied to the soil, plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were well within critical concentrations more than a decade after establishment of the vegetation.
Degradation and Movement in Soil of the Herbicide Isoproturon Analyzed by a Photosystem II–Based Biosensor
Authors: Malý J. , Klem K. , Lukavská A. , Masojídek J.
Published: September 2005

We have examined the persistence and movement of a urea‐type herbicide, isoproturon [IPU; 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1′‐dimethylurea], in soil using a novel herbicide‐detection device, the prototype of a portable electrochemical biosensor based on Photosystem II particles immobilized on printed electrodes, and evaluated its results against two other methods: (i) chlorophyll‐fluorescence bioassay based on polyphasic induction curves, and (ii) standard analysis represented by liquid chromatography. The data of the herbicide's content determined in soil extracts from field experiments correlated in all three methods. The biosensor assay was effective in determining the herbicide's concentration to as low as 10−7 M The results of our experiments also showed the kinetics of movement, degradation, and persistence of isoproturon in various depths of soil. After 6 to 9 wk, almost half of the isoproturon was still actively present in the upper soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and only 5 to 10% of biological activity was inhibited in the deeper soil layer tested (20–30 cm). Thus, inhibition within the limit of detection of both bioassays could be observed up to 9 wk after application in all profiles (0–30 cm), whereas inhibition persisted for up to 11 wk in the upper soil profile (0–10 cm). The use of the biosensor demonstrated its possibility for making rapid and cheap phytotoxicity tests. Our biosensor can give preliminary information about the biological activity of isoproturon in hours—much faster than growth biotests that may take several days or more.
Phytoremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Manufactured Gas Plant–Impacted Soil
Authors: Spriggs Thomas , Banks M. Katherine , Schwab Paul
Published: September 2005

Contamination of soil by hazardous substances poses a significant threat to human, environmental, and ecological health. Cleanup of the contaminants using destructive, invasive technologies has proven to be expensive and more importantly, often damaging to the natural resource properties of the soil, sediment, or aquifer. Phytoremediation is defined as the cleanup of contaminated sites using plants. There has been evidence of enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation in rhizosphere soils for a limited number of plants. However, research focusing on the degradation of PAHs in the rhizosphere of trees is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the potential use of trees to enhance degradation of PAHs located in manufactured gas plant–impacted soils. In greenhouse studies with intact soil cores, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P. nigra DN 34) phytoremediation treatments when compared to the unplanted soil control. Increases in PAH microbial degraders in rhizosphere soil were observed when compared to unvegetated soil controls. In addition, the rate of degradation or biotransformation of PAHs was greatest for soils with black willow (Salix nigra Marshall), followed by poplar, ash, and the unvegetated controls. These results support the hypothesis that a variety of plants can enhance the degradation of target PAHs in soil.
Development of Bacteria and Benthic Total Maximum Daily Loads
Authors: Benham Brian L. , Brannan Kevin M. , Yagow Gene , Zeckoski Rebecca W. , Dillaha Theo A. , Mostaghimi Saied , Wynn Jeff W.
Published: September 2005

Two total maximum daily load (TMDL) studies were performed for Linville Creek in Rockingham County, Virginia, to address bacterial and benthic impairments. The TMDL program is an integrated watershed management approach required by the Clean Water Act. This paper describes the procedures used by the Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies at Virginia Tech to develop the Linville Creek TMDLs and discusses the key lessons learned from and the ramifications of the procedures used in these and other similar TMDL studies. The bacterial impairment TMDL was developed using the Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). Fecal coliform loads were estimated through an intensive source characterization process. The benthic impairment TMDL was developed using the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model and the reference watershed approach. The bacterial TMDL allocation scenario requires a 100% reduction in cattle manure direct‐deposits to the stream, a 96% reduction in nonpoint‐source loadings to the land surface, and a 95% reduction in wildlife direct‐deposits to the stream. Sediment was identified as the primary benthic stressor. The TMDL allocation scenario for the benthic impairment requires an overall reduction of 12.3% of the existing sediment loads. Despite the many drawbacks associated with using watershed‐scale models like HSPF and GWLF to develop TMDLs, the detailed watershed and pollutant‐source characterization required to use these and similar models creates information that stakeholders need to select appropriate corrective measures to address the cause of the water quality impairment when implementing the TMDL.
Microbial Response to Heavy Metal–Polluted Soils
Authors: Hinojosa M. Belén , Carreira José A. , García‐Ruíz Roberto , Dick Richard P.
Published: September 2005

Heavy metal pollution of soil is of concern for human health and ecosystem function. The soil microbial community should be a sensitive indicator of metal contamination effects on bioavailability and biogeochemical processes. Simple methods are needed to determine the degree of in situ pollution and effectiveness of remediating metal‐contaminated soils. Currently, phospholipid‐linked fatty acids (PLFAs) are preferred for microbial profiling but this method is time consuming, whereas direct soil extraction and transesterification of total ester‐linked fatty acids (ELFAs) is attractive because of its simplicity. The 1998 mining acid–metal spill of >4000 ha in the Guadiamar watershed (southwestern Spain) provided a unique opportunity to study these two microbial lipid profiling methods. Replicated treatments were set up as nonpolluted, heavy metal polluted and reclaimed, and polluted soils. Inferences from whole community–diversity analysis and correlations of individual fatty acids with metals suggested Cu, Cd, and Zn were the most important in affecting microbial community structure, along with pH. The microbial stress marker, monounsaturated fatty acids, was significantly lower for reclaimed and polluted soil over nonpolluted soils for both PLFA and ELFA extraction. Another stress marker, the monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, only showed this for the PLFA. The general fungal marker (18:2ω6c), the arbuscule mycorrhizae marker (16:1ω5c), and iso‐ and anteiso‐branched PLFAs (Gram positive bacteria) were suppressed with increasing pollution whereas 17:0cy (Gram negative bacteria) increased with metal pollution. For both extraction methods, richness and diversity were greater in nonpolluted soils and lowest in polluted soils. The ELFA method was sensitive for reflecting metal pollution on microbial communities and could be suitable for routine use in ecological monitoring and risk assessment programs because of its simplicity and reproducibility.
Comparison of Atrazine Losses in Three Small Headwater Catchments
Authors: Leu Christian , Singer Heinz , Müller Stephan R. , Schwarzenbach René P. , Stamm Christian
Published: September 2005

Understanding the processes causing herbicide transport to surface waters is crucial to determine mitigation options to reduce these losses. To this end, we investigated the atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) transport in three agricultural catchments (1.1–2.1 km2) in the watershed of Lake “Greifensee” (Switzerland). In 1999, atrazine application data were recorded for all three catchments. Time proportional samples were taken at a high temporal resolution at the catchment outlets. Extremely wet conditions caused large relative losses from the catchments, ranging between 0.6 and 3.5% of the amount applied. Most of the atrazine load was due to event‐driven diffuse losses from the fields. Farmyard runoff contributed less but caused the highest concentrations (up to 31 μg L−1) in the brooks. The maximum concentrations due to diffuse losses varied between 1.2 and 8.2 μg L−1 among the catchments. Despite different absolute concentration levels, the concentration time‐series were very similar. It seems that the travel‐times within the catchments were mainly controlled by the rainfall pattern with little influence of the catchment properties. These properties, however, caused the relative losses to vary by a factor of 6 between the catchments. This variability could be partly explained by differences in the connectivity of the fields to the brooks and by their hydrological soil properties. A comparison of the losses from the three catchments with those from the entire watershed of Lake Greifensee demonstrated that they were representative for the larger area. Hence, the study results provide a good data set to evaluate distributed models predicting herbicide losses.
Oxidative Remobilization of Biogenic Uranium(IV) Precipitates
Authors: Zhong Lirong , Liu Chongxuan , Zachara John M. , Kennedy Dave W. , Szecsody James E. , Wood Brian
Published: September 2005

The oxidative remobilization of uranium from biogenic U(IV) precipitates was investigated in bioreduced sediment suspensions in contact with atmospheric O2 with an emphasis on the influence of Fe(II) and pH on the rate and extent of U release from the solid to the aqueous phase. The sediment was collected from the U.S. Department of Energy Field Research Center (FRC) site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Biogenic U(IV) precipitates and bioreduced sediment were generated through anaerobic incubation with a dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32. The oxidative remobilization of freshly prepared and 1‐yr aged biogenic U(IV) was conducted in 0.1 mol/L NaNO3 electrolyte with variable pH and Fe(II) concentrations. Biogenic U(IV)O2(s) was released into the aqueous phase with the highest rate and extent at pH 4 and 9, while the U remobilization was the lowest at circumneutral pH. Increasing Fe(II) significantly decreased U remobilization to the aqueous phase. From 70 to 100% of the U in the sediments used in all the tests was extractable at the experiment termination (41 d) with a bicarbonate solution (0.2 mol/L), indicating that biogenic U(IV) was oxidized regardless of Fe(II) concentration and pH. Sorption experiments and modeling calculations indicated that the inhibitive effect of Fe(II) on U(IV) oxidative remobilization was consistent with the Fe(III) oxide precipitation and U(VI) sorption to this secondary phase.
Strigolactone biosynthesis in rice can occur via a 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐10′‐apo‐β‐carotenal intermediate
Authors: Wang Jian You , Chen Guan‐Ting Erica , Balakrishna Aparna , Jamil Muhammad , Berqdar Lamis , Al‐Babili Salim
Published: February 2024

Strigolactones (SLs) play a crucial role in regulating plant architecture and mediating rhizosphere interactions. They are synthesized from all‐trans‐β‐carotene converted into the intermediate carlactone (CL) via the intermediate 9‐cis‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal. Recent studies indicate that plants can also synthesize 3‐OH‐CL from all‐trans‐β‐zeaxanthin via the intermediate 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal. However, the question of whether plants can form bioactive SLs from 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal remains elusive. In this study, we supplied the 13C‐labeled 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal to rice seedlings and monitored the synthesis of SLs using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and Striga bioassay. We further validated the biological activity of 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal‐derived SLs using the ccd7/d17 SL‐deficient mutant, which demonstrated increased Striga seed‐germinating activity and partial rescue of tiller numbers and plant height. Our results establish 9‐cis‐3‐OH‐β‐apo‐10′‐carotenal as a significant SL biosynthetic intermediate with implications for understanding plant hormonal functions and potential applications in agriculture.
An arms‐race against resistance: leukemic stem cells and lineage plasticity
Authors: Waclawiczek Alexander , Leppä Aino‐Maija , Renders Simon , Trumpp Andreas
Published: February 2024

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy is undergoing rapid development, but primary and acquired resistance to therapy complicates the prospect of a durable cure. Recent functional and single‐cell multi‐omics approaches have greatly expanded our knowledge of the diversity of lineage trajectories in AML settings. AML cells range from undifferentiated stem‐like cells to more differentiated myeloid or megakaryocyte/erythroid cells. Current clinically relevant drugs predominantly target the myeloid progenitor lineage, while monocyte‐ or stem cell‐like states can evade current AML treatment and may be targeted in the future with lineage‐specific inhibitors. The extent of aberrant lineage plasticity upon therapeutic pressure in AML cells in conjunction with hijacking of normal differentiation pathways is still a poorly understood topic. Insights into the mechanisms of lineage plasticity of AML stem cells could identify both therapy‐specific and cross‐drug resistance pathways and reveal novel strategies to overcome them.
History of Dermatology
Authors: Levell Nick J.
Published: February 2024

Dermatology history teaches us about success, failure, mistakes, innovation and triumphs: how to achieve and how to avoid disaster. It is about the growth of ideas and how changes in medicine mirrored changes in society. Failure to understand the errors of history dooms us to repeat these. Understanding historical triumphs helps us to achieve these in the future. This short chapter discusses key themes of importance in dermatology history.
Structure and Function of the Skin
Authors: McGrath John A. , Uitto Jouni
Published: February 2024

Knowledge of the structure and function of skin is an essential prerequisite to understanding the aetiology and manifestations of skin diseases and their treatment. This chapter provides an outline of skin development and the formation and maintenance of its key structures integrated within the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The text also describes the multiplicity and complexity of all cellular and structural components of skin and their roles in homeostasis and the origins of skin diseases, as well as describing the key functions of healthy skin.
Principles of Evidence‐Based Dermatology
Authors: Bigby Michael , Williams Hywel C.
Published: February 2024

Evidence‐based dermatology simply refers to the integration of the best external evidence to the care of individual patients. Learning to appraise relevant evidence critically is a skill that has to be learnt, as are the principles of applying such filtered evidence to your patient. This chapter covers the rationale and limitations of evidence‐based dermatology and provides practical guidance on how to formulate clinically focused questions, how to search for relevant evidence and how to appraise evidence critically from systematic reviews, clinical trials, diagnostic tests and studies about adverse events. We also cover how to apply evidence to individual patients. We close with short cut methods to help the busy dermatologist to assess clinical research along with a list of recommended further reading.
Principles of Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ibbotson Sally , McKenna Kevin
Published: February 2024

Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used as an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for field change actinic keratosis, Bowen disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma. There is a strong evidence base to support its use and guidelines, which summarise the evidence and clinical utility of this therapy. There are also standards available for guidance with respect to establishing PDT services in dermatology and emphasis is placed on the availability of PDT for practitioners affiliated with a skin cancer multi‐disciplinary team. Developments in photosensitisers and light delivery, such as through the increasing application of daylight PDT, have greatly improved the tolerance, acceptability and uptake of PDT, such that this should be widely available through dermatology services. Further refinements in photosensitiser and light delivery will be expected to continue to improve PDT outcomes and the uptake of this invaluable therapeutic approach.