bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential occupational and respiratory hazards in a Minnesota cannabis cultivation and processing facility
Authors: Couch James R. , Grimes George R. , Wiegand Douglas M. , Green Brett J. , Glassford Eric K. , Zwack Leonard M. , Lemons Angela R. , Jackson Stephen R. , Beezhold Donald H.
Published: July 2019

Background

Cannabis has been legalized in some form for much of the United States. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a health hazard evaluation request from a Minnesota cannabis facility and their union to undertake an evaluation.

Methods

NIOSH representatives visited the facility in August 2016 and April 2017. Surface wipe samples were collected for analysis of delta‐9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), delta‐9 tetrahydrocannabinol acid (Δ9‐THCA), cannabidiol, and cannabinol. Environmental air samples were collected for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), endotoxins (limulus amebocyte lysate assay), and fungal diversity (NIOSH two‐stage BC251 bioaerosol sampler with internal transcribed spacer region sequencing analysis).

Results

Surface wipe samples identified Δ9‐THC throughout the facility. Diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione were measured in initial VOC screening and subsequent sampling during tasks where heat transference was greatest, though levels were well below the NIOSH recommended exposure limits. Endotoxin concentrations were highest during processing activities, while internal transcribed spacer region sequencing revealed that the Basidiomycota genus, Wallemia, had the highest relative abundance.

Conclusions

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first published report of potential diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione exposure in the cannabis industry, most notably during cannabis decarboxylation. Endotoxin exposure was elevated during grinding, indicating that this is a potentially high‐risk task. The findings indicate that potential health hazards of significance are present during cannabis processing, and employers should be aware of potential exposures to VOCs, endotoxin, and fungi. Further research into the degree of respiratory and dermal hazards and resulting health effects in this industry is recommended.
Bowl Inversion in an Exo‐type Supramolecule in the Solid State
Authors: Liu Yu‐Min , Huang Yu‐Qian , Liu Shun‐He , Chen Dandan , Tang Chun , Qiu Zhen‐Lin , Zhu Jun , Tan Yuan‐Zhi
Published: July 2019

Bowl inversion is a unique property of buckybowls. The polarity and assembly configuration of buckybowls are reversed after bowl inversion. So far, this unique phenomenon has been studied in solution and on surface, but not in solid state due to spatial constraint. Now a series of exo‐type supramolecular assemblies of trithiasumanene and nanographene are investigated. Tuning the electron density of the nanogaphene component was found to directly affect the binding constant of the complex. Reversible bowl inversion in the solid state was then successfully achieved by subjecting the trithiasumanene–nanographene assembly with the weakest binding strength to repeated heating–cooling cycles, which was unambiguously observed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Formulierung von Elektrolyten mit gemischten Lithiumsalzen für Lithium‐Batterien
Authors: Xu Gaojie , Shangguan Xuehui , Dong Shanmu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei
Published: July 2019

Durch einfaches Mischen verschiedener Lithiumsalze im Elektrolyten werden Gemischtsalz‐Elektrolyte formuliert, um einen synergistischen Effekt zu bewirken. Auf dem Gebiet der Lithium‐Batterien der nächsten Generation wurden große Fortschritte mit Gemischtsalz‐Elektrolyten erzielt. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Entwicklung derartiger Gemischtsalz‐Elektrolyten näher ausgeführt. Die Ziele der Formulierung von Gemischtsalz‐Elektrolyten für Lithium‐Batterien werden zusammengefasst: Verbesserung der thermischen Stabilität (Sicherheit), Verhindern der Korrosion der Aluminiumfolie des Kathoden‐Stromkollektors, Steigerung der Leistung über einen breiten Temperaturbereich (oder bei niedrigen oder hohen Temperaturen), Bildung günstiger Grenzflächenschichten an beiden Elektroden, Schützen der Lithium‐Metall‐Anode, Erreichen einer hohen Ionenleitfähigkeit usw. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir wesentliche Aspekte bei der Formulierung von Gemischtsalz‐Elektrolyten für Lithium‐Batterien.
The Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum Does Not Have Two Layers and Is Confluent with the Interspinous Ligament: Anatomical Study with Application to Surgical and Interventional Pain Procedures
Authors: Iwanaga Joe , Ishak Basem , Saga Tsuyoshi , Singla Amit , Impastato David , Chapman Jens R. , Oskouian Rod J. , David Glen , Porzionato Andrea , Reina Miguel Angel , Macchi Veronica , de Caro Raffaele , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: July 2019

Numerous authors over the years have reported that the lumbar ligamentum flavum has two layers. Our routine cadaveric dissections raised the question whether this understanding is correct, as we always have observed only one layer. Thus, the goal of this cadaveric study was to reevaluate the layers of the ligamentum flavum. Twenty lumbar levels from five fresh‐frozen cadaveric specimens were used in this study. After dissection of the lumbar spine, the ligamentum flavum and interspinous ligament were exposed. Each lumbar level was transected through the zygapophyseal joint, and hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining and Verhoeff‐van Gieson staining were performed. Continuation of the interspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum were observed invariably. There was no evidence of the existence of a two‐layered ligamentum flavum. The lumbar ligamentum flavum does not consist of two layers, but is confluent instead with the interspinous ligament that attaches to the zygapophyseal joints. To convey this anatomy better, we suggest describing the lumbar ligamentum flavum as a structure that consists of interlaminar and interspinous parts. Precise knowledge of the ligamentum flavum's anatomy can be of clinical value, particularly when epidural anesthesia or lumbar puncture are performed. Clin. Anat. 32:34–40, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Bio‐Inspired Structurally‐Responsive and Polysulfides‐Mobilizable Carbon/Sulfur Composite as Long‐Cycling Life Li−S Battery Cathode
Authors: Cheng Mengying , Liu Jinyun , Zhang Haikuo , Han Tianli , Zhang Min , Cheng Dong , Zhai Muheng , Zhou Ping , Li Jinjin
Published: July 2019

High energy density Li−S battery has attracted wide attention because of its promising application in long driving‐range electric vehicles. However, the shuttle effect of polysulfides, electrical insulation and volume‐change of sulfur, remain great challenges. Herein, inspired from a natural mimosa pudica structure, we present a novel nanocomposite which consists of a mimosa pudica‐structured carbon matrix coating with sulfur. The biomimetic configuration is able to structurally‐respond to the volume‐change of sulfur during charge/discharge; and the carbon matrix provides a good conductivity for rapid electron transfer. The carbon/sulfur composite‐based Li−S batteries exhibit a good electrochemical performance including a stable capacity after 1000 cycles, along with a Coulombic efficiency as high as 99.6 %, and an excellent rate‐performance even after three rounds of measurements. In addition, the density function theory modeling is investigated, which confirms the adsorption effect of carbon towards the polysulfides including Li2S4, Li2S6, and Li2S8, enabling a long‐term cycling stability.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Heavier Group 14 Enolates
Authors: Haas Michael
Published: July 2019

Recently heavier Group 14 enolates showed their importance and applicability in a broad range of chemical transformations. They were found to be key intermediates during the synthesis of photoinitiators, as well as during the formation of complex silicon frameworks. This Minireview presents general strategies towards the synthesis of heavier Group 14 enolates (HG 14 enolates). Structural properties, as well as their spectroscopic behavior are outlined. This study may aid future development in this research area.
Formation of Transient Anionic Metal Clusters in Palladium/Diene‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Kolter Marlene , Koszinowski Konrad
Published: July 2019

Despite their considerable practical value, palladium/1,3‐diene‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions between Grignard reagents RMgCl and alkyl halides AlkylX remain mechanistically poorly understood. Herein, we probe the intermediates formed in these reactions by a combination of electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. According to our results and in line with previous hypotheses, the first step of the catalytic cycle brings about transmetalation to afford organopalladate anions. These organopalladate anions apparently undergo SN2‐type reactions with the AlkylX coupling partner. The resulting neutral complexes then release the cross‐coupling products by reductive elimination. In gas‐phase fragmentation experiments, the occurrence of reductive eliminations was observed for anionic analogues of the neutral complexes. Although the actual catalytic cycle is supposed to involve chiefly mononuclear palladium species, anionic palladium nanoclusters [PdnR(DE)n]−, (n=2, 4, 6; DE=diene) were also observed. At short reaction times, the dinuclear complexes usually predominated, whereas at longer times the tetra‐ and hexanuclear clusters became relatively more abundant. In parallel, the formation of palladium black pointed to continued aggregation processes. Thus, the present study directly shows dynamic behavior of the palladium/diene catalyst system and degradation of the active catalyst with increasing reaction time.
CFD study on the flow distribution of an annular multi‐hole nozzle
Authors: He Yu , Sun Zhibin , Shen Baojun , Guo Fang , Yang Yili , Zhan Xiaobin , Li Xiwen
Published: July 2019

Annular multi‐hole nozzles are commonly used to disperse one or more types of material in chemical processing, agricultural irrigation, firefighting, and so on. In this study, the LES (large eddy simulation) method combined with the VOF (volume of fluid) model was employed to investigate the impacts of inlet volume flow rate, hole diameter, and distance downstream of nozzle on the flow distribution of the nozzle. To quantify the uniformity of the flow distribution, the non‐uniformity parameter, wetted area, and uniformity index were introduced. The sprays ejected from the nozzle are separated into two modes in accordance with their structure, namely partially impinging sprays (PIS) and fully impinging sprays (FIS). Compared with the three other types of nozzles investigated in this study, the nozzles with a 400 μm hole diameter can achieve the most uniform flow distribution of the nozzle outlet. In addition, the nozzle with larger holes and a higher inlet volume flow rate can easily achieve a large wetted area. However, the nozzle with smaller holes and a relatively low inlet volume flow rate is more inclined to achieve a uniform flow distribution. The larger the inlet volume flow rate, the larger the holes that should be adopted to achieve a relatively uniform flow distribution.
An Angle on MK2 Inhibition—Optimization and Evaluation of Prevention of Activation Inhibitors
Authors: Hedström Ulf , Norberg Monica , Evertsson Emma , Lever Sarah R. , Munck af Rosenschöld Magnus , Lönn Hans , Bold Peter , Käck Helena , Berntsson Pia , Vinblad Johanna , Liu Jianming , Welinder Anette , Karlsson Johan , Snijder Arjan , Pardali Katerina , Andersson Ulf , Davis Andrew M. , Mogemark Mickael
Published: July 2019

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38α pathway has been an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. While a number of p38α inhibitors have been taken to the clinic, they have been limited by their efficacy and toxicological profile. A lead identification program was initiated to selectively target prevention of activation (PoA) of mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) rather than mitogen‐ and stress‐activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), both immediate downstream substrates of p38α, to improve the efficacy/safety profile over direct p38α inhibition. Starting with a series of pyrazole amide PoA MK2 inhibitor leads, and guided by structural chemistry and rational design, a highly selective imidazole 9 (2‐(3′‐(2‐amino‐2‐oxoethyl)‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl)‐N‐(5‐(N,N‐dimethylsulfamoyl)‐2‐methylphenyl)‐1‐propyl‐1H‐imidazole‐5‐carboxamide) and the orally bioavailable imidazole 18 (3‐methyl‐N‐(2‐methyl‐5‐sulfamoylphenyl)‐2‐(o‐tolyl)imidazole‐4‐carboxamide) were discovered. The PoA concept was further evaluated by protein immunoblotting, which showed that the optimized PoA MK2 compounds, despite their biochemical selectivity against MSK1 phosphorylation, behaved similarly to p38 inhibitors in cellular signaling. This study highlights the importance of selective tool compounds in untangling complex signaling pathways, and although 9 and 18 were not differentiated from p38α inhibitors in a cellular context, they are still useful tools for further research directed to understand the role of MK2 in the p38α signaling pathway.
Growth morphologies and plausible stressors ruling the formation of Late Pleistocene lacustrine carbonate buildups in the Maquinchao Basin (Argentina)
Authors: Eymard Inès , Bilmes Andrés , Alvarez María del Pilar , Feo Rodrigo , Hunger Gabriel , Vasconcelos Crisogono , Arizteguí Daniel
Published: July 2019

In a seminal paper regarding the mechanisms of carbonate stromatolite formation, Ginsburg (1991, Controversies in Modern Geology, pp. 25–36) emphasized the need to question the relative role of microbes versus environment in their formation. The Maquinchao Basin is a continental lacustrine system in southern Argentina. It provides an ideal site to study carbonate buildups, the role of microbes and environmental stressors in their development and their implications in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Presently, the basin encompasses two lakes (Carri Laufquen Grande and Carri Laufquen Chica) joined by the ephemeral Maquinchao River. Fossil microbialites are found south and southwest of the largest lake. Preferential areas of development for fossil microbialites have been mapped using a high‐resolution differential Global Positioning System. Outcrops are located between 820 and 830 m elevation, higher than actual lake levels and the Maquinchao River where living microbialites have been observed. Field data along with microscopical observations and X‐ray diffraction analyses have revealed a heterogeneity in both distribution and macro‐morphotypes since carbonate buildups display different morphologies such as crust, columns, open flower‐like, rounded and ellipsoids. Conversely, on the meso and micro‐scale they show more homogeneous morphologies including laminations and shrubs. These microbial buildups are associated with basaltic substrates of variable size from pebbles to boulder. The homogeneity in meso and micro‐structures argue in favour of stable intrinsic parameters (i.e. microbial communities) whereas the variable macro‐morphotypes indicate changing extrinsic constraints such as steepness, energy and turbidity. The occurrence of distinctive morphotypes in buildups separated by outcrop and topography suggest that the Maquinchao microbialites are indicative of a former larger lake. Thus, the Maquinchao microbial buildups are a valuable proxy for water‐level evolution and therefore palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. They can be further used to interpret the apparently random distribution of morphological types and extension of microbialites in the geological past.
Shifts in phenological mean and synchrony interact to shape competitive outcomes
Authors: Carter Shannon K. , Rudolf Volker H. W.
Published: July 2019

Climate change–induced phenological shifts are ubiquitous and have the potential to disrupt natural communities by changing the timing of species interactions. Shifts in first and/or mean phenological date are well documented, but recent studies indicate that shifts in synchrony (individual variation around these metrics) can be just as common. However, we know little about how both types of phenological shifts interact to affect species interactions and communities. Here, we experimentally manipulated the hatching phenologies of two competing species of larval amphibians to address this conceptual gap. Specifically, we manipulated the relative mean hatching time (early, same, or late relative to competitor) and population synchrony (high, medium, or low levels of variation around the mean) in a full 3 × 3 factorial design to measure independent and interactive effects of phenological mean and population phenological synchrony on competitive outcomes. Our results indicate that phenological synchrony within a population strongly influences intraspecific competition by changing the density of individuals and relative strength of early‐ vs. late‐arriving individuals. Individuals from high‐synchrony populations competed symmetrically, whereas individuals from low‐synchrony populations competed asymmetrically. At the community scale, shifts in population phenological synchrony interact with shifts in phenological mean to affect key demographic rates (survival, biomass export, per capita mass, and emergence timing) strongly. Furthermore, changes in mean timing of species interactions altered phenological synchrony within a population at the next life stage, and phenological synchrony at one life stage altered the mean timing of the next life stage. Thus, shifts in phenological synchrony within populations cannot only alter species interactions, but species interactions in turn can also drive shifts in phenology.
Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Carbolines from O‐Methylketoximes and Styrenes via Palladium‐Catalyzed C–H Activation and Sequential Annulation
Authors: Fu Xiao‐Pan , Tang Shi‐Biao , Yang Jin‐Yue , Zhang Li‐Li , Xia Cheng‐Cai , Ji Ya‐Fei
Published: July 2019

A novel cascade reaction has been described for the synthesis of Carbolines via palladium‐catalyzed successive C–C/C–N formation from O‐methylketoximes and styrenes. The oxime ether auxiliary not only serves as a traceless directing group, but is also partly transformed into the value‐added pharmacophore in a two‐step, one‐pot fashion.
Research of the combined reforming of bio‐oil model compound for hydrogen production
Authors: Xu Qingli , Feng Peng , Huang Kai , Xin Shanzhi , Wei Ting , Liao Lifang , Yan Yongjie
Published: July 2019

The combination of steam and CO2 reforming of bio‐oil is proposed in this article. The combined reforming can make good use of the advantages of steam reforming and CO2 reforming. The results indicate that H2 yield, potential H2 yield, and H2/CO were 60.23, 81.97, and 2.77%, respectively, at the condition of 700°C and bio‐oil:CO2:H2O = 1:0.5:1.5. Bio‐oil:CO2:H2O has a significant effect on the H2 yield, potential H2 yield, and H2/CO in the process of combined reforming. A different ratio of H2/CO can be obtained by adjusting the proportion of bio‐oil:CO2:H2O, which can meet different industry requirements. The results of X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses indicate that the catalyst deactivation was the result of a combination of carbon deposition and Ni grain sintering, and the carbon deposition was a main reason for the catalyst deactivation.
Fetal hypoxia and hyperglycemia in the formation of phenytoin‐induced cleft lip and maxillary hypoplasia
Authors: Ritchie Helen E. , Oakes Diana , Farrell Emma , Ababneh Deena , Howe Andrew
Published: July 2019

Objective

Phenytoin exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of maxillary hypoplasia and cleft lip. The etiology of phenytoin embryopathy is unknown. Interestingly, phenytoin is also known to induce hyperglycemia in humans as well as rats. This study uses a rat model of fetal phenytoin syndrome to examine the role of hyperoxia, hyperglycemia, and arachidonic acid deficiency in the development of cleft lip and maxillary hypoplasia.

Methods

Pregnant rats were dosed with phenytoin during the critical period of lip development (day 11 of pregnancy) with or without supplemental oxygen, insulin, or arachidonic acid. The fetuses from all studies were examined at term.

Results

The frequency of cleft lip and maxillary hypoplasia was reduced by treating dams at the time of phenytoin exposure with either increased oxygen or insulin. However, in fetuses from phenytoin‐treated dams dosed with arachidonic acid, the incidence of severe lip deformities remained the same although there was an increase in normal and mildly affected fetuses. Interestingly, this occurred in embryos from hyperglycemic dams.

Significance

Together, the results from these experiments suggest phenytoin‐induced malformations may be a multifactorial process as malformations were not solely linked to a hyperglycemic state of the dam.
Soil particle size distribution and induced soil carbon transport by ephemeral gully erosion in Mediterranean mountain arable land
Authors: Quijano Laura , Kuhn Nikolaus J. , Navas Ana
Published: July 2019

In Mediterranean mountain agroecosystems, soil erosion associated with the development of ephemeral gullies is a common environmental problem that contributes to a loss of nutrient‐rich topsoil. Little is known about the influence of ephemeral gully erosion on particle size distribution and its effect on soil organic (SOC) and inorganic (SIC) carbon among different sized soil particles in agricultural soils. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted using velocity settling tube experiments to examine the effects of erosion on sediment particle size distributions from an incised ephemeral gully, associated with an extreme event (235 mm). We also consider subsequent deposition on an alluvial fan in order to assess the distribution of SOC and SIC concentrations and dissolved carbon before and after the extreme event. Soil fractionation was carried out on topsoil samples (5 cm) collected along an ephemeral gully in a cultivated field, located in the lower part of a Mediterranean mountain catchment. The results of this study showed that the sediment transported downstream by runoff plays a key role in the particle size distribution and transportability of soil particles and associated carbon distribution in carbonate rich soils. The eroding sediment is enriched in clay and silt‐sized particles at upslope positions with higher SOC contents and gradually becomes coarser and enriched in SIC at the end of the ephemeral gully because the finest particles are washed‐out of the study field. The extreme event was associated with an accumulation of dissolved organic carbon at the distal part of the depositional fan. Assessment of soil particle distribution using settling velocity experiments provides basic information for a better understanding of soil carbon dynamics in carbonate rich soils. Processes of soil and carbon transport and relationships between soil properties, erodibility and aggregate stability can be helpful in the development of more accurate soil erosion models. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytogenomic array detects a subset of myelodysplastic syndrome with increased risk that is invisible to conventional karyotype
Authors: Choi Sarah M. , Van Norman Steven B. , Bixby Dale L. , Shao Lina
Published: July 2019

Conventional karyotyping is essential standard practice in the initial evaluation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and is the most impactful single component of the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS‐R). While single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP‐A) has demonstrated the ability to detect chromosomal defects with greater sensitivity than conventional karyotype, widespread adoption is limited by the unknown additional prognostic impact of SNP‐A analysis. Here, we investigate the significance of additional SNP‐A abnormalities in the setting of MDS and demonstrate differences in survival of patients with additional abnormalities, even those initially characterized as relatively lower risk either by cytogenetic score or IPSS‐R. Our findings identify specific abnormalities, particularly KMT2A partial tandem duplication, that are invisible to conventional karyotype and potentially contribute to the poor prognosis of MDS patients. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the added value of SNP‐A analysis in identifying patients who may benefit from more aggressive therapy, particularly those who would otherwise be classified into lower risk categories.
Low Levels of Alcohol Consumption, Obesity, and Development of Fatty Liver With and Without Evidence of Advanced Fibrosis
Authors: Chang Yoosoo , Ryu Seungho , Kim Yejin , Cho Yong Kyun , Sung Eunju , Kim Han‐Na , Ahn Jiin , Jung Hyun‐Suk , Yun Kyung Eun , Kim Seolhye , Sung Ki‐Chul , Sohn Chong Il , Shin Hocheol , Wild Sarah H. , Byrne Christopher D.
Published: July 2019

Background and Aims

The effects of low‐level alcohol consumption on fatty liver disease and the potential for effect modification by obesity is uncertain. We investigated associations among low‐level alcohol consumption, obesity status, and the development of incident hepatic steatosis (HS), either with or without an increase in noninvasive liver fibrosis score category (from low to intermediate or high category).

Approach and Results

A total of 190,048 adults without HS and a low probability of fibrosis with alcohol consumption less than 30 g/day (men) and less than 20 g/day (women) were followed for up to 15.7 years. Alcohol categories of no, light, and moderate consumption were defined as 0, 1‐9.9, and 10‐29.9 g/day (10‐19.9 g/day for women), respectively. HS was diagnosed by ultrasonography, and the probability of fibrosis was estimated using the fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4). Parametric proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 43,466 participants developed HS, 2,983 of whom developed HS with an increase in FIB‐4 index (to intermediate or high scores). Comparing light drinkers and moderate drinkers with nondrinkers, multivariable‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for incident HS were 0.93 (0.90‐0.95) and 0.90 (0.87‐0.92), respectively. In contrast, comparing light drinkers and moderate drinkers with nondrinkers, multivariable‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for developing HS plus intermediate/high FIB‐4 were 1.15 (1.04‐1.27) and 1.49 (1.33‐1.66), respectively. The association between alcohol consumption categories and incident HS plus intermediate/high FIB‐4 was observed in both nonobese and obese individuals, although the association was stronger in nonobese individuals (P for interaction by obesity = 0.017).

Conclusions

Light/moderate alcohol consumption has differential effects on the development of different stages of fatty liver disease, which is modified by the presence of obesity.
Episodic memory: Neuronal codes for what, where, and when
Authors: Sugar Jørgen , Moser May‐Britt
Published: July 2019

Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall events in a spatiotemporal context. Formation of such memories is critically dependent on the hippocampal formation and its inputs from the entorhinal cortex. To be able to support the formation of episodic memories, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation should contain a neuronal code that follows several requirements. First, the code should include information about position of the agent (“where”), sequence of events (“when”), and the content of the experience itself (“what”). Second, the code should arise instantly thereby being able to support memory formation of one‐shot experiences. For successful encoding and to avoid interference between memories during recall, variations in location, time, or in content of experience should result in unique ensemble activity. Finally, the code should capture several different resolutions of experience so that the necessary details relevant for future memory‐based predictions will be stored. We review how neuronal codes in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus follow these requirements and argue that during formation of episodic memories entorhinal cortex provides hippocampus with instant information about ongoing experience. Such information originates from (a) spatially modulated neurons in medial entorhinal cortex, including grid cells, which provide a stable and universal positional metric of the environment; (b) a continuously varying signal in lateral entorhinal cortex providing a code for the temporal progression of events; and (c) entorhinal neurons coding the content of experiences exemplified by object‐coding and odor‐selective neurons. During formation of episodic memories, information from these systems are thought to be encoded as unique sequential ensemble activity in hippocampus, thereby encoding associations between the content of an event and its spatial and temporal contexts. Upon exposure to parts of the encoded stimuli, activity in these ensembles can be reinstated, leading to reactivation of the encoded activity pattern and memory recollection.
Optical fan for single‐cell screening
Authors: Liu Xiaoshuai , Li Yuchao , Xu Xiaohao , Zhang Yao , Li Baojun
Published: July 2019

The single‐cell screening has attracted great attentions in advanced biomedicine and tissue biology, especially for the early disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In this work, by using a specific‐designed fiber probe with a flat facet, we propose an “optical fan” strategy to screen K562 cells at the single‐cell level from a populations of RBCs. After the 980‐nm laser beam injected into the fiber probe, the RBCs were blown away but holding target K562 cells in place. Further, multiple leukemic cells can be screened from hundreds of red blood cells, providing an efficient approach for the cell screening. The experimental results were interpreted by the numerical simulation, and the stiffness of optical fan was also discussed.
Studies on hepatotoxicity and toxicokinetics of colchicine
Authors: Guo Xiucai , Chen Yan , Li Qingmei , Yang Xiaojing , Zhao Guode , Peng Ying , Zheng Jiang
Published: July 2019

Colchicine (COL) is an alkaloid existing in plants of Liliaceous colchicum. It has widely been used in the treatments of many diseases, such as gout, Familial Mediterranean Fever, and tumor. However, the adverse effects of COL are an obstacle to its safe use. The present studies explored the role of metabolic demethylation in the development of COL‐induced hepatotoxicity. We found that inhibition of CYP3A increased the susceptibility of mice to COL hepatotoxicity, and induction of CYP3A decreased the susceptibility of animals to the hepatotoxicity. The toxicokinetic study demonstrated that pretreatment with ketoconazole caused elevated area under the concentration‐time curve of COL. Three demethylation metabolites of COL were found to be less hepatotoxic than the parent compound. It appears that the formation of electrophilic demethylation metabolites was not involved in the development of COL‐induced liver injury.
Cholinesterase inhibition and its association with hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in chronic pesticide exposed agriculture workers
Authors: Kori Rajesh Kumar , Hasan Whidul , Jain Abhishek Kumar , Yadav Rajesh Singh
Published: July 2019

The present study investigated the pesticide induced adverse health effects, hematological and biochemical alterations among agriculture workers. A cross sectional study of 51 agriculture workers and 54 unexposed subjects was carried out to evaluate hematological and biochemical alterations in blood. Pesticide exposed individuals were reported adverse clinical outcomes, including tingling, muscle pain, headache, skin disease, etc. A significant alterations in the level of hematological parameters, liver and renal dysfunctions markers and lipid profile suggested hematological, hepatic and renal dysfunctions. A significant decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and increased level of lipid peroxidation was also observed in these agriculture workers. Correlation coefficient analysis showed a positive correlation of chronic exposure with most of the hematological and biochemical parameters. The results demonstrate that the chronic exposure of pesticides cause reduction in the acetylcholinesterase activity and enhanced the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in agriculture workers.
Adult attachment: Investigating the factor structure of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire
Authors: Zortea Tiago C. , Gray Cindy M. , O'Connor Rory C.
Published: July 2019

Objective

In this study, we aimed to conduct an in‐depth psychometric investigation of the Relationships Scales Questionnaire (RSQ).

Method

About 717 UK‐based participants responded to an online questionnaire (F = 540, M = 177; age range 18–66 years, M = 25, SD = 8.46). We conducted (a) a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to test previously published factor models of the RSQ, (b) traditional (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) and contemporary (exploratory graph analysis) exploratory techniques, followed by (c) validity and reliability analyses.

Results

Although the RSQ was developed to assess four categories of adult attachment (typological approach – i.e., secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful), our findings do not support the hypothesis that the RSQ delivers a psychometrically consistent measure of adult attachment styles.

Conclusion

The results of the present study suggest that a two‐dimensional approach (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) to assessing adult attachment is optimal.
Impact of perceived social support on depression in Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants: The mediating effects of loneliness and resilience
Authors: Liang Dekuo , Teng Mingjun , Xu Dawei
Published: July 2019

The present study aimed to examine whether loneliness and resilience played the roles of mediators on the relationship between perceived social support and depression. A total of 712 Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants from Nanjing, who were measured with perceived social support, resilience, loneliness, and depression, participated in the study. Results indicated that perceived social support and resilience were negatively associated with depression. Loneliness was a significant and negative predictor for depression. In addition, we also revealed that resilience and loneliness partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and depression. These findings might develop a better understanding of depression in the course of migration.
miR‐363‐3p inhibits migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by targeting NEDD9 and SOX4 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Chang Jingxia , Gao Feng , Chu Heying , Lou Lili , Wang Huaqi , Chen Yibing
Published: July 2019

miR‐363‐3p is downregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and can inhibit tumor growth. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of miR‐363‐3p on non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metastasis. In our study, miR‐363‐3p overexpression inhibited cell migration and invasion via epithelial–mesenchymal transition inhibition, while miR‐363‐3p knockdown exhibited the opposite effects. Further studies demonstrated that miR‐363‐3p bound to 3′‐untranslated regions of NEDD9 and SOX4, and negatively regulated their levels. Interestingly, NEDD9 or SOX4 knockdown rescued the metastasis‐promoting effects of antagomiR‐363‐3p. The inhibitory effects of agomiR‐363‐3p were also blocked by NEDD9 or SOX4 overexpression. Moreover, lentivirus particles carrying pre‐miR‐363 (LV‐pre‐miR‐363) significantly decreased, while LV‐miR‐363‐3p inhibitor increased metastatic nodule numbers and the levels of NEDD9 and SOX4 in lungs. In conclusion, tumor suppressor miR‐363‐3p may be a potential target in NSCLC therapy.
Preparation of mesoporous double‐layer carbon microsphere‐based solid acid catalyst by hydrothermal method and its application in catalytic transesterification of waste frying oil
Authors: Yang Lijuan , Wang Siyu , Yuan Hong , Liu Hai
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Mesoporous double‐layer carbon microspheres (DCSs) were synthesized using hollow tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) microspheres as hard template and sucrose as carbon precursor via the hydrothermal method. Sulfonic acid groups (‐SO3H) were introduced onto the surfaces of DCS by sulfuric acid heating and sulfanilic acid diazonium coupling, respectively, to form two solid acids (DCS‐SS and DCS‐DS, respectively).

RESULTS

The transmission electron microscopy images showed that the carbon microspheres possessed a hollow double‐layer structure with diameters of about 200 to 300 nm and shell thickness of about 30 to 50 nm. Furthermore, the sulfonate treatments caused no changes in the morphology of carbon microspheres. The nitrogen (N2)‐Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results indicate that DCS, DCS‐SS, and DCS‐DS featured mesopores with an average pore size of 4.5 to 4.8 nm and BET surface areas of 75 m2/g, 57 m2/g, and 53 m2/g, respectively. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared results confirmed that the DCS‐SS and DCS‐DS contained a ‐SO3H group and their surface acid densities are 4.5 and 4.1 mmol/g, respectively.

CONCLUSION

DCS‐SS and DCS‐DS were used to catalyze the transesterification of waste frying oil, and the highest yields of fatty acid methyl esters, that is, 85% and 80%, respectively, could be obtained. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolorization of dye solutions by tyrosinase in enzymatic membrane reactors
Authors: Veismoradi Ali , Mousavi Seyed Mahmoud , Taherian Mostafa
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

The main aim of this study was to investigate the decolorization performance of enzymatic membrane reactors (EMRs) using tyrosinase, including direct contact membrane reactor (DCMR) and immobilized enzyme membrane reactor (IEMR). The crosslinked polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/chitosan composite membrane was employed in a separation unit as support for tyrosinase immobilization to decolorize two common Acid Blue 113 (AB113) and Direct Black 22 (DB22) azo dyes for the first time.

RESULTS

According to the obtained results, the optimum enzyme amount, which could be immobilized on the membrane surface, was 25 units. The proper operating conditions for both DCMR and IEMR were determined as pH 6.5 and temperature 30 °C. Both the reactors initially accounted for around 96% and 94% decolorization for AB113 and DB22, respectively. To determine the reusability of EMRs after 10 cycles, 83.1% and 78.5% dye removal were achieved using IEMR for AB133 and DB22, respectively; while for DCMR, this amount reduced to 60.5% and 58.3% for AB113 and DB22, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The proposed IEMR maintained a high dye removal amount through the studied pH and temperature ranges. However, the performance of DCMR considerably reduced under the intensive operating conditions as well as in the long‐term operation. As a result, the suggested immobilized enzyme showed superior and stable performance compared to the free one in the long‐term operation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
An integrated approach to study the molecular aspects of regulatory peptides biological mechanism
Authors: Vyunova Tatiana V. , Andreeva Lioudmila A. , Shevchenko Konstantin V. , Myasoedov Nikolai F.
Published: July 2019

An integrated methodological approach to study the molecular aspects of short regulatory neuropeptides biological mechanism is proposed. The complex research is based on radioligand‐receptor method of analysis and covers such points of peptides molecular activity as: specific binding of peptides to brain cells plasmatic membranes, formation of tissue specific synacton, influence of peptides (as allosteric modulators) on functionality of different neuroreceptors as well as delayed in time effects of peptides on receptor‐binding activity of well‐known neuroreceptor systems. Radiolabeled ligands in such complex study are the one of the best and precision instruments to uncover the molecular mechanism of multiple and multitarget biological effects of regulatory peptides. In this issue we used heptapeptide Semax as a model regulatory peptide, [3H]Ach and [3H]GABA as an effector molecules, and the rat model of stress‐induced memory and behavior impairment as a morbid state. We showed the ability of Semax to modulate in a dose‐dependent manner [3H]Ach and [3H]GABA specific binding to some of its corresponding receptors as well as to affect the number of [3H]GABA specific binding places on rat neurons plasmatic membranes after complex stress exposure.
Ultrafine organic aerosol particles inhaled by mice at low doses remain in lungs more than half a year
Authors: Parkhomchuk Ekaterina V. , Prokopyeva Elena A. , Gulevich Dayana G. , Taratayko Anrey I. , Baklanov Anatoly M. , Kalinkin Peter N. , Rastigeev Sergey A. , Kuleshov Dmitry V. , Sashkina Kseniya A. , Parkhomchuk Vasiliy V.
Published: July 2019

Experimental results of the second series of experiments on the penetration of monodisperse polymeric particles, inhaled at low dose by mice, to different organs using direct way of particle registration, based on the ultra‐sensitive accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), are presented. Polystyrene (PS) beads, composed of radiocarbon‐labeled styrene, were produced for testing them as model organic aerosols. Mice inhaled 14C‐PS aerosol of 3·105 ultrafine particles per 1 cm3 for 30 minutes every day during 5 days. Long‐term investigation showed that PS ultrafine particles have been effectively accumulated in lungs with the maximum content in the fifth day of postexposure, and have also appeared in liver on the fifth day of exposure and in the brain on the 30th day of experiments. No particles have been detected in kidneys, spleen, and excrements. Thirty‐five millions of particles remained in the lungs after half a year of postexposure showing extremely slow removal of such particles from the organ.
Cardiac T1 mapping: Techniques and applications
Authors: Aherne Emily , Chow Kelvin , Carr James
Published: July 2019

A key advantage of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging over other cardiac imaging modalities is the ability to perform detailed tissue characterization. CMR techniques continue to evolve, with advanced imaging sequences being developed to provide a reproducible, quantitative method of tissue interrogation. The T1 mapping technique, a pixel‐by‐pixel method of quantifying T1 relaxation time of soft tissues, has been shown to be promising for characterization of diseased myocardium in a wide variety of cardiomyopathies. In this review, we describe the basic principles and common techniques for T1 mapping and its use for native T1, postcontrast T1, and extracellular volume mapping. We will review a wide range of clinical applications of the technique that can be used for identification and quantification of myocardial edema, fibrosis, and infiltrative diseases with illustrative clinical examples. In addition, we will explore the current limitations of the technique and describe some areas of ongoing development.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1336–1356.
Changes in unfrozen water content and dielectric properties during pulse vacuum osmotic dehydration to improve microwave freeze‐drying characteristics of Chinese yam
Authors: Li Linlin , Zhang Min , Song Xiaoning , Wang Weiqin , Bhandari Bhesh
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

As a pretreatment before drying, the purpose of osmotic dehydration (OD) is to reduce the initial water content of samples and shorten the drying time. When OD is combined with pulse vacuum, the mass transfer is enhanced. Furthermore, the properties of materials, which affect the absorption and dissipation of microwaves, can be changed by OD. In this work, pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) with sucrose solution was adopted before microwave freeze‐drying (MFD). The effects of PVOD on the drying characteristics and quality of dried products were studied.

RESULTS

Results showed that the unfrozen water content was increased by PVOD, which made the dielectric constant and loss factor of Chinese yam larger than that of untreated samples, and the difference amplified with the increasing temperature. Thus, the shortened drying time (up to 38.5%) and increased average drying rate (up to 16.8%) were achieved by MFD combined with PVOD. While in traditional freeze‐drying, PVOD resulted in slightly shortened drying time but decreased drying rate. The mechanism of PVOD on improving drying rate of MFD was analyzed from the perspective of unfrozen water content and dielectric properties. Furthermore, the quality assessments indicated that PVOD treatment retained a better color and improved the total phenolic content of dried yams compared to untreated and dried samples.

CONCLUSION

PVOD using sucrose solution was an effective method to change the characteristics of yam, enhancing the MFD rate and improving the product qualities. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Going to great lengths in the pursuit of luxury: How longer brand names can enhance the luxury perception of a brand
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Velasco Carlos , Petit Olivia , Calvert Gemma Anne
Published: July 2019

Brand names are a crucial part of the brand equity and marketing strategy of any company. Research suggests that companies spend considerable time and money to create suitable names for their brands and products. This paper uses the Zipf's law (or Principle of Least Effort) to analyze the perceived luxuriousness of brand names. One of the most robust laws in linguistics, Zipf's law describes the inverse relationship between a word's length and its frequency i.e., the more frequently a word is used in language, the shorter it tends to be. Zipf's law has been applied to many fields of science and in this paper, we provide evidence for the idea that because polysyllabic words (and brand names) are rare in everyday conversation, they are considered as more complex, distant, and abstract and that the use of longer brand names can enhance the perception of how luxurious a brand is (compared with shorter brand names, which are considered to be close, frequent, and concrete to consumers). Our results suggest that shorter names (mono‐syllabic) are better suited to basic brands whereas longer names (tri‐syllabic or more) are more appropriate for luxury brands.
Mathematical model of the pipeline with angular joint of elements
Authors: Rukavishnikov Viktor A. , Tkachenko Oleg P.
Published: July 2019

A mathematical model of the pipeline as a Koiter‐Vlasov moment shell with kink lines of the surface at the junctions of the pipe segments was constructed and substantiated. The following tasks are solved: The geometric parameters of the mechanical system as a three‐dimensional elastic body and as a shell are found; force factors of the shell are expressed in terms of displacements of the middle surface of the wall, taking into account the presence of a kink line; equations of pipe equilibrium are derived as Koiter‐Vlasov shells with an edge along the line; forces on oblique sections are expressed as functions of shell movements; the conjugation conditions on the pipe joint line for displacements and the angle of rotation of the normal are imposed and justified; conjugation conditions for bending moments, shear forces, transverse and normal forces are imposed and justified. The presence of the solution singularity at points on the connection line of the pipe segments is theoretically established and illustrated by the numerical example.