bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wear Measurements in I. C. engines
Authors: Moore C.C. , Kent W.L.
Published: February 2008

The rapid assessment of rale of wear of engine parts by radioactive methods is proving of great value in connection with the testing of lubricating oils. The two papers below were presented at the recent Summer Meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers at Atlantic City, New Jersey, and show the advantages of this method over the more conventional physical and chemical wear tests.
ADDITIVES Molecules of Mystery
Authors: NUTTALL J.M.
Published: February 2008

To anyone concerned with the use of lubricants the word “additive” is nowadays commonplace, but just what an additive is or what is meant by additive treatment is not so widely understood. Any attempt at a simple explanation would undoubtedly err on the side of understatement and leave a lot unexplained but some form of definition is necessary as a basis from which to work.
CUTTING OILS
Authors: Boston O.W.
Published: February 2008

Two committees have been working for several years on the standardisation of Cutting Fluid nomenclature and summarised symbols which can be used by both the oil chemist and production men to avoid misunderstandings and yet present the clear simple truth of the subject matter. The material given below has been approved both by the Research Committee on Cutting Fluids of the ASTM and the ASME, and they are presented here for the purpose of bringing them to the attention of more people interested and inviting comments from those wishing to improve this standard.
overseas experiences with the Lubrication of High Speed Steam Engines
Authors: Tong R.W.
Published: February 2008

Readers will remember previous contributions by Mr. Tong in which he tells of some of the difficulties he encounters in his work with engines in remote overseas stations, and the practical ways in which he overcomes them.
Oils for Textile Treatments:
Authors: AREND A.G.
Published: February 2008

The selection of oils for various textile uses has been improved to no small extent in recent years with the advent of self‐emulsifying petroleum oils. While the textile field is broad, and includes cottons, rayons, and cordage fibres, besides woollens and worsted fabrics, all of these are to‐day treated with one or other type of petroleum oil.
TURBINE OILS and Turbine Lubricating Oil Systems
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

During recent years many outstanding papers have been given on the subject of steam turbine lubrication with particular reference to the development of modern inhibited turbine oils. This series of articles will supplement this work. Particular attention is paid to practical aspects such as descriptions of typical oil systems, their cleaning and maintenance, and also interpretation of laboratory test results.
OILS FOR METAL ROLLING
Authors: PERRY A.L.H.
Published: February 2008

OF the whole range of metal rolling operations, almost the only section in which rolling oils are normally employed is in the cold rolling of flat material in plain cylindrical rolls. The metal for cold rolling has usually first been hot rolled in plain cylindrical rolls, but only in a few cases are rolling oils used in the hot rolling operation. These exceptions are referred to when considering the particular metals.
Turbine Oils and Turbine Lubricating Oil Systems
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

BROADLY speaking, the testing of turbine oils by B laboratory methods can be divided into two classes, firstly the evaluation of the oils to assess their fitness for use in steam turbines, and secondly, the testing of turbine oils in service to assess their condition.
Mechanical Testing of Cutting Fluids
Authors: Bingham H.L.
Published: February 2008

THIS paper dealt with a very important branch of lubricant testing. Methods of field testing cutting oils have presented difficult problems since they were first used and laboratory tests are also difficult because of the many varying operating conditions during test. The author described tests for drilling and turning which are designed to evaluate cutting oils. This work emphasises the difficulties involved. The efficiency of a cutting tool is dependent mainly upon cooling and lubrication, the physical requirements of the former being known. Reduction in friction will lower the cutting forces at the tool and result in more economical cutting, but the complex nature of the cutting process does not lend itself readily to a fundamental study of these properties, for the many variables present influence the chip form on which depends the ability of the lubricant to penetrate into the cutting region.
TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS ON ROLL NECKS
Authors: SNEDDEN W.P.
Published: February 2008

The Tapered Roller Bearing had its origin as far back as 1895 when H. H. Timken of America first designed and manufactured the tapered roller bearing for application to the wheel hubs of horse drawn waggons and carriages. That the original design was correct has been substantially proven by the fact that despite continued research we have not been able to depart fundamentally from the basic principles governing the original conception of a tapered roller bearing. In his paper, the late Mr. Snedden (British Timken Ltd.) outlined these basic principles and then went on to discuss the application of tapered roller bearings to rolling mill roll necks, and this is the section of his paper that we reproduce below.
The Reclamation of Used Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

HAVING described in some detail the various soluble and insoluble bodies which, to one extent or another, have to be removed or in other ways eliminated from used oil, we shall now go on to consider the various processes which are commonly used for this purpose.
An Accelerated Method to Determine Mean Hertz Loads for E.P. Oils
Authors: GIRELLI A. , PALEARI C. , SINIRAMED C.
Published: February 2008

The authors propose an accelerated method for determination of Mean Hertz Load of E.P. lubricants in order to save time and materials in the lubricant research and testing laboratory. The proposed method is based on a “compensation line” which allows elimination of runs at loads lower than the initial seizure load. Readers interested in securing the whole paper (the following is a shortened version) can refer to this in La Rivista Dei Combustibli, May, 1954.
MARINE LUBRICATION NEW APPLICATION OF OIL AT SEA
Authors: WATSON ALAN S.
Published: February 2008

EVER since the time when Archimedes, in his gallant bid to defend Syracuse, devised machines which lifted the Roman ships out of the sea and dropped them back with such force that they sank, producers of marine lubricants have been trying to keep their heads above water.
RATIONALISATION OF OIL PURCHASES
Authors: SNOW H.A.
Published: February 2008

DURING the past fifteen to twenty years the demands of the engineering industry have resulted in the development of a great number of new ferrous and non‐ferrous alloys, the efficient use of which has necessitated the development of new methods of fabrication and production. Manufacturers of machine tools and other plant have enabled industry to maintain its high position in world markets by producing large numbers of special purpose and high production machines for this purpose. The successful operation of these machines depends almost entirely upon the lubricants, metal cutting and drawing oils, etc., available and developments in this field have likewise been considerable.
The Correct Lubrication of TEXTILE MACHINERY
Authors: CHISHOLM S.F. , COATS R.
Published: February 2008

Drawing Frames, Combers and Roving Frames. Drawing Frames (Fig. 3) are simple in construction, yet they must be in good mechanical condition and carefully maintained in order to produce uniform, strong, high‐quality yarn. Roll bearings present an important lubrication problem. The weighting of the top rolls is distributed both to top‐roll and bottom‐roll bearings. Microscopic tenacious persistent films of lubricating oil must prevent metallic contact with the roll necks inorder to minimise friction, wear and power consumption. This must be accomplished with sparing application of correct oil if throw and spotting are to be prevented. It is the practice in some mills to use a fluid grease in order to minimise the possibility of oil creeping from the bearings and staining the slivers.
some notes on the lubrication of AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

From the point of view of lubrication the agricultural tractor compels attention if only because of its very large and rapidly increasing numbers. At the outbreak of war the United Kingdom was already one of the most advanced countries in respect of farm mechanisation, with an agricultural tractor population of about 55,000. During the past fifteen years, however, the number of tractors in service in the United Kingdom, excluding the small machines classed with cultivators, has increased to about 400,000 and new tractors are entering the home market at the present day at a rate of about 35,000 a year. In many other countries a similarly spectacular increase has taken place in the tractor population. At the same time the tractor has become a particularly important field of application of the diesel engine : in the United Kingdom the number of diesel tractors was insignificant before the war, but now accounts for about one tractor in six, and a large majority of tractors in current production in this country are diesel driven.
Centralised Lubrication in Motor Cars
Authors: GUIDO SALVAGNINI ING.
Published: February 2008

The problem of lubrication of the various bearings and joints of steering gears and suspensions has been solved by a method which is almost universally accepted for both motor cars and industrial vehicles, i.e. the periodic injection of lubricating grease by means of a high pressure, hand‐operated grease gun.
Albert Inhibited
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

THERE WAS A TIME, gentle reader, and not so very long ago either, when the lubricant business was very much simpler than it is to‐day ; or at least as we understand it to be from our reading of the technical press. Our childlike and trusting mind is often puzzled, by the amount of erudite scientific effort devoted to problems which we, in our happy ignorance, believed to have been solved long before either we or the boffins were born. And if the years have not brought wisdom we have at least acquired a certain low cunning, whereby we usually manage to get by. Alas, this was not so with our well‐meaning, bright eyed, clean‐souled little friend Albert at the time of which we write.
Oil Cooling and Oil Coolers
Authors: Montgomerie G.A
Published: February 2008

This series is divided into three articles. Part Two will deal with Oil Coolers in General and Part Three covers Aircraft Oil Coolers.
Oil Cooling and Oil Coolers
Authors: Montgomerie G.A
Published: February 2008

Part One, in oar March issue, dealt with the Theory of Cooling. Part Three will cover Control Valves and Air Cooled Oil Coolers. Part Four will deal with Aircraft Oil Coolers.
Oil Cooling and Oil Coolers
Authors: Montgomerie G. A
Published: February 2008

Parts One and Two (in our March and April issues) dealt respectively with the Theory of Cooling and Oil Coolers in General. Part Three (in May) dealt with Control Valves and Air Cooled Oil Coolers.
THE DESIGN OFPISTONS and PISTON RINGS
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

This is a chapter from Mr. Clark's forthcoming book on “Marine Lubrication”, which we shall publish early next year. This book will be the most comprehensive work on this subject ever published and will deal with all aspects of lubrication of marine machinery.
THE NEED FOR
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

IN considering the properties possessed by lubricating oils priority is generally given to viscosity which is not only a most important criterion of performance but can be measured easily and expressed quantitatively. This is reflected in the systems agreed by such groups as the (American) Society of Automotive Engineers (S.A.E.), the American Gear Manufacturers' Association (A.G.M.A.) and so on. Those who have been associated with the selection and application of lubricants will no doubt have been confused by the various systems which classify viscosity for only limited purposes. In recent years there has developed a greater awareness of the need for a single, logical viscosity system which can be applied to all industrial lubricants regardless of purpose. While it is still true that “there is not enough reliable information now available as regards test methods to permit writing workable oil purchase specifications which would within themselves, without performance tests, serve as a reliable guide in the selection of lubricants”, a necessary first step is the preparation of a universally acceptable viscosity classification.
Marine Diesel Engine Lubrication
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

The SATISFACTORY LUBRICATION OF Diesel engines presents some of the most difficult problems encountered by oil technologists. This is especially true of large marine engines, where, due to low speeds and high loads, it is difficult to establish fluid film lubrication. Cylinder lubrication is particularly difficult due to the high temperatures encountered. This problem is more difficult in two‐stroke engines than in four‐stroke engines as, in the former, there is no non‐working stroke during which it is easier to form an oil film on the cylinder walls. Pressure‐charged two‐stroke engines are the most difficult of all to lubricate satisfactorily. The problem is aggravated in engines operating on residual fuel due to the high sulphur content increasing corrosive wear, and to the abrasive ash forming constituents present in such fuels. In addition, the contaminating influences of partially burnt products of combustion on the crankcase oil have to be considered. The ever‐present risk of water leakage into the crankcase oil, either from condensation, or from leakage of the cooling system, influences and often restricts the use of otherwise beneficial additives.
Marine Diesel Engine Lubrication
Authors: Clark G.H.
Published: February 2008

Part One which appeared in our March issue dealt with Cylinder Lubrication and Wear and referred to Corrosive and Abrasive Wear and the Effects of Sulphur Compounds. This is a further extract from Mr. Clark's book on The Lubrication of Marine Machinery which will be published later this year.
GREASE TESTING
Authors: VOSE J.K.
Published: February 2008

A RECENT CONTRIBUTION to Scientific Lubrication has drawn attention to early work done by Metropolitan‐Vickers Electrical Company Limited in the field of grease‐testing. In his paper ‘The Mechanical Evaluation of Lubricating Greases’ J. H. Harris has referred to the M‐V.E. Co's recent work on the practical rig testing of greases for the lubrication of Rolling Bearings. It may be asked why a firm manufacturing electrical equipment should shew such interest in a subject apparently far removed from its normal activities. In this article an attempt is made to give the basic reasons for the interest displayed, and to describe some of the work which has been done.
TEXTILE OILS
Authors: Hartley R.S.
Published: February 2008

The following article is substantially the same as a lecture given to The Institute of Petroleum at Leeds on 9th April, 1959, and is reproduced here by their kind permission.
New Developments in Soluble Oil Manufacture
Authors: Haden V.G.J.
Published: February 2008

THE TERM “SOLUBLE OIL,” whilst well established in engineering practice is a misnomer, the oils are not soluble but emsulifiable and are blends of mineral oil with a suitable emulsifier. To illustrate this it might even be said that a very crude soluble oil is formed when soap is rubbed into oily hands. Certainly a crude emulsion results when the hands are subsequently rinsed. Modern soluble cutting oils are much more complex than this, the emulsifier usually consisting of a blend of petroleum sulphonates with soaps of fatty acids. Since this emulsifier may not readily form a homogeneous blend with the mineral oil some “coupling” or “linking” agent is often necessary to prevent separation and to ensure rapid and even dispersion of the oil when it is added to water.
Extreme‐Pressure Lubricants for Marine Gears
Authors: Newman A.D.
Published: February 2008

OVER THE PAST FEW YEARS interest has grown in Britain and elsewhere in the use of extreme‐pressure (e.p.) lubricants (or more correctly perhaps, though less conveniently, load‐carrying additive lubricants) for marine main propulsion gearing, and many ships now go to sea with such lubricants in their main systems. Several technical papers on the development of such lubricants have been contributed recently, for example by Elliott and Edwards and Socolofsky and others, the main purpose of this paper is to indicate present and likely future marine main reduction‐gear requirements and to discuss how far these are met by the developments in extreme‐pressure lubricants.
Elements of Hydraulic Systems
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

SOME of the general principles of the mechanics of fluids—such for example as the laws of liquid equilibrium—have been known since very early times. Because of this the ancient Egyptians were able to produce advanced systems of irrigation and the Romans, much later, their urban water supplies. The crude water wheel, its motive power a bullock or a donkey, replaced man‐power and supplied water to the irrigation ditch while the bucket‐type pump, arranged in stages for short lifts, made deep mining possible. It is somewhat surprising to find that, as early as the seventeenth century, working hydraulic systems were in existence where, cither by a system of balanced buckets or other devices, the prototype of the modern selector valve enabled a continuous supply of water to be maintained.
Lubrication Maintenance of Hydraulically Operated Automobile Transmissions
Authors: RICHARDSON PAUL
Published: February 2008

SIMPLIFIED CONTROL OF THE MOTOR CAR has occupied the minds of designers ever since the earliest days of the industry. In the many attempts to make driving a car easier for the man‐in‐the‐street, steam was one of the forms of propulsion used until the early ‘thirties’ but when the internal combustion engine finally won the day, efforts were concentrated on finding something better than the friction clutch and manually operated gearbox for use in conjunction with this type of engine. Before World War II several fully automatic transmissions for passenger cars had already been developed, especially in the U.S.A., and it was during this war that these transmissions found application in fighting vehicles. With the return of peace, motor manufacturers turned to fully automatic transmissions in a big way. It is hardly surprising, considering the generally advanced state of mechanisation in that country, that in the volume production of this type of transmission the U.S. again took the lead. Also, the large output of the domestic motor industry offered the best chances for a favourable return on the considerable capital investments inherent to volume production of complex transmission designs.
Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluid for Coal Mines in the U.S.A.
Authors: GRINDROD J.
Published: February 2008

AS A RESULT of a co‐operative effort under the leadership of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, an economic fire‐resistant hydraulic water‐in‐oil fluid for coal mine equipment is claimed to have been evolved. Water‐in‐oil emulsions are relatively new. In this instance, a globule of water is forced into a globule of oil. Being on the outside, the oil furnishes a certain amount of the lubricity required to keep the hydraulic pumps operating properly and economically, because the pumps ordinarily depend for self‐lubrication on the hydraulic fluid being pumped. While such a fluid has been used in industrial machinery with good results, as far as is known, no tests have previously been made under actual coal‐mine operating conditions.
What to look for in Chemical Cutting and Grinding Fluids
Authors: SHERWOOD PETER W.
Published: February 2008

FOUR TYPES OF MACHINE COOLANTS are in common use today; straight cutting oils, soluble oils, chemical emulsions, and chemical solutions.
The Testing and Development of Running‐in Oils for Hypoid Gears
Authors: HUGHES J.R. , RUSHTON S.G.
Published: February 2008

SINCE THE INTRODUCTION of the hypoid gear as the right‐angled drive in automotive rear axles there has been a constant demand for specialised lubricants, particularly for running‐in purposes. Requirements are gradually and constantly becoming more severe and standards of performance adequate 5 or 10 years ago may be marginal today and unacceptable in the future.
NEW CARBON MATERIALS FOR MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: ATKINS B.R. , BRADSHAW J.R. , MITCHELL P.J.
Published: February 2008

THE PURPOSE of this contribution is to draw attention to a new development in the field of self lubricating bearing materials. A series of moulded products has been evolved, based on carbon and embodying various additives such as polytetrafluoroethylene and molybdenum disulphide, which improve the wear resisting characteristics of the products, particularly in conditions where normal lubricants fail or are inadmissible.
Oxide Formation from Molybdenum Disulphide
Authors: Vineall G.J.C. , Taylor Alan
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE has become well established in industry as a high temperature lubricant and much evidence has been published to show that it can be safely used in motor ear engines the statement is still often made that it decomposes on heating in air to give abrasive or acidic corrosive products which cause excessive wear.
LUBRICANT ADDITIVES TODAY
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

The use of materials of proved effectiveness for the reduction of friction and wear would be a natural and logical proceeding for the manufacturer of lubricants and it might be expected to be the first choice in the additive field. Historically this was the case and, as we have seen, attempts were made to improve the crude lubricants of the late nineteenth century in this manner.
LUBRICATION OF ROCKET ENGINE PUMPS UTILIZING HIGH ENERGY PROPELLANTS
Authors: Peters Robert L.
Published: February 2008

THE complex problems of lubrication of high energy rocket energy pumps are further complicated by operation parameters, nature of the pumped fluid and space‐vehicle environment. The lubrication must suffice for the total mission period. It must be cryogenic operative. Moreover, critically reactive liquified gases must be pumped without consuming the lubricant in chemical reaction. Lubrication, sealing and containment materials must be compatable with the propellant oxidiser.
MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE
Authors: MAGIE PETER M.
Published: February 2008

IN THE last three years the wire industry has done considerable production testing with molybdenum disulphide as an additive to their wire drawing and forming lubricants, with the result that by the beginning of 1962 an estimated 70% of the U.S. mills were using molybdenum disulphide (moly) in production. The advantages reported by these mills are increased die life, brighter surface finishes, and improved products principally for the heading and wire rope industries. Other reported improvements by these mills have been higher drawing speeds or reduced force necessary to perform the drawing, less wire breakage, reduced wear on machinery, and a slower hardening rate.
Problems of Assessing Quality of Performance of Steam Turbine Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

IN the editorial of the July number of Scientific Lubrication a case is quoted of a user who appar‐ently replenishes his steam turbine with additives while it is in service. It appears that this (Chicago) user finds that this practice serves him well but the Editor finds it rather unusual and invites the opinion of additive manufacturers and further queries whether such self help could be applied to lubricants other than turbine oils.
LOOKING AHEAD IN LUBRICATION
Authors: PRYCE D.R.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICATION, as a natural phenomenon is as ageless as time, its contribution, in early beginnings, to the formation of the terrain on which we live cannot be questioned; it was invaluable, in later times, following the glacial eras, indeed there is still no demonstration of the defeat of friction between two surfaces in close contact to surpass that of wet ice sliding over wet ice.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND APPLICATION TO LIQUID METALS
Authors: HUGHES W.F.
Published: February 2008

Recent interest in high temperature lubrication, in particular liquid metal lubrication, has prompted an investigation of the possible use of hydromagnetic effects to increase bearing pressurisation and load capacity. It has been found that by applying an external magnetic field along with an external current source a significant increase in pressurisation can be achieved over the hydrodynamical bearing. With the application of a magnetic field alone, that is under open circuit conditions, no appreciable pressurisation can be achieved except for extremely large magnetic fields. Several bearing geometries are analysed, the journal bearing, thrust bearing, and slider bearing, all with the same general conclusions. Various possible magnetic field and electrode configurations are discussed.
LUBRICATION UNDER SPACE/VACUUM CONDITIONS
Authors: CLAUSS FRANCIS J.
Published: February 2008

The effects of space environment on friction and wear and on the selection of lubricants and self‐lubricating materials for spacecraft mechanisms are discussed, with special emphasis on the ultrahigh vacuum of space. Experimental studies have demonstrated the feasibility of using selected oils and greases to lubricate lightly loaded ball bearings without replenishment for periods of over one year under the following conditions of operation : speeds of 8,000 rpm, temperatures of 160 to 200°F., and vacuum of 10–8 torr. Over one‐half year of successful operation has been achieved under similar operating conditions with self‐lubricating retainers of reinforced Teflon, provided that the loads were light. Bonded films of molybdenum disulfide have given shorter lifetimes and poor repro‐ducibility. Metal‐to‐metal slip‐ring contacts introduce excessive electrical noise into circuits when operated in vacuum of 10–7 torr. The noise (as well as the friction and wear) can be markedly reduced by providing a small amount of oil vapor, sufficient to maintain a pressure on the order of 10–6 torr, or by incorporating molybdenum disulfide into the brush material.
THE RESEARCH EFFORT SURVEYED
Authors: Smith Edward A.
Published: February 2008

THE HISTORY of Britain's interest in petroleum might well be that of the old Anglo‐Persian Oil Co. Ltd., to become the Anglo‐Iranian Oil Co. Ltd., and finally, in 1954, The British Petroleum Co. Ltd. The Government has always had a large stake in this important company, and indeed, there was a time when this country was heavily committed to BP for her development of the uses of oil both here and in the Commonwealth. Since 1909 many other oilfields have come into commission, and many other commercial interests have taken a hand, so that, today, Britain is no longer dependent on the Middle East fields, in which the Anglo‐Persian Oil Co. grew to such immense stature. Competition has proved beneficial and as a result, BP at present needs to fear no one in providing petroleum products of the right quality and at the competitive level of prices. It would have been easy for this monolithic company to have become a “British Railways” of the petroleum world, but it has chosen to keep abreast of events, and to maintain a lively commercial outlook.
Rolling Oils for Cold Reduction
Authors: HILL R.
Published: February 2008

THE AUTHOR commenced his working life in the Cold‐Rolling Industry in the 1930's at a time when the industry demanded that a boy should serve an apprenticeship. Roll changing was very rare indeed in those days and if a wider section were the “follow‐on” order, this meant an hour or more of roll scouring using a shaped stick and powdered emery. This procedure terminated with improved production techniques but this old practice certainly taught the Roller what the job was all about, for example, when a particular shape of strip was undesirable, the Roller could put his finger on the cause and the remedy.
LUBRICATION OF FABRIC BEARINGS
Authors: MORRIS N.R.W.
Published: February 2008

THE INTRODUCTION of the fabric laminated bearing for heavy‐duty industrial purposes, particularly the steel‐rolling field and its evolution in practice has now reached the stage where some of the misconceptions about its lubrication can be corrected.
Oil Viscosity as a Factor in Cold Starting
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ONE WINTER MORNING, many years ago, we observed with interest a road tank wagon belonging to one of the large oil companies being towed round a piece of waste land by a stable companion, in an endeavour to bring its reluctant engine to life. The vehicle with the dead engine bore a slogan in large letters which read : “Use Pratts for Easy Starting”.
Correlation Between Chemical Composition and Antoxidant Properties of Some Zinc Dialkyl Phosphates
Authors: Cerkovnikov E.T. , Kolombo M.I. , Steiner A.D.
Published: February 2008

THE DEVELOPMENT of motoring influenced an increased interest in the study of the properties of lube oils, especially their antioxidant and anti‐corrosion characteristics. In recent times much effort has been noted in the manufacturing of different additives, which prevent oil oxidation and bearing corrosion, without harmful influence on the other performances of lubricating oils.
Some Friction Studies of Deva Metal
Authors: Smith E.A.
Published: February 2008

IN THE QUEST for more sophisticated bearing alloys, to deal with high temperature operations, considerable attention has been paid in the past two or three years to combinations of solid lubricants and organic and inorganic binders. Thus, sodium silicate and certain synthetic resins have been suggested as means of cohering solid lubricants, to enable them to be formed or moulded. There are obvious difficulties in this approach except for bearings which need have a short life, as in rocketry. On the ground, where weight is not all‐important and where bearing life is important, one wonders whether certain conventional solutions of the problem of high temperature lubrication have received the exploitation they deserve. The performance of solid lubricants have received adequate attention in various countries, and it would seem that graphite and molybdenum disulphide continue to take first place. They exhibit a characteristic coefficient of friction of between 0.09 and 0.11, for continuous thin films formed on smooth substrates.
The Effect of Particle Size on the Lubricating Effect of Molybdenum Disulphide
Authors: DURBRIDGE C.F.D.
Published: February 2008

THE LUBRICATING PROPERTIES and industrial uses of Molybdenum Disulphide are sufficiently known and covered in literature to need no comment. It has been known for some years that this solid lubricant, in common with graphite, offers a performance that appears primarily to be related to the amount of impurities present, and secondly to the particle size of the powder, Thus for some industrial lubrication it appears desirable to aim at a size of powder characterised by a maximum number of particles between 1 and 10µ. At the lower end of the scale it would seem that excessive fineness in dispersions (i.e., below 1µ) tends to militate against performance, although for acid refined powders, the upper limit is considerably extended.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

IN THE concluding paragraphs of the preceding section (October issue) a brief mention was made of grease tests of a special type by which service behaviour under certain conditions—at high or low temperature for example—could be forecasted. This sort of lubricant testing which attempts to simulate actual service conditions, but accelerates them, is a typical feature of today's practice both in the oil industry and also in the laboratories of lubricant users. In fact, so far as lubricating greases are concerned, it was users (in this particular instance the manufacturers) of ball and roller bearings, who were the pioneers in the field. This is understandable, for the overwhelming majority of anti‐friction bearings are grease lubricated and before the maker can give his recommendation for any particular grade, he must make sure that it will give satisfactory service under the anticipated operating conditions. Certain test machines, which naturally incorporate ball or roller bearings, have become so well known that they have been adopted as official standards in some countries.
FUEL OIL COOLING DIESEL ENGINES
Authors: Haith H.
Published: February 2008

IN COUNTRIES where sub‐arctic conditions can occur during the winter months, the cost of maintaining the engine jacket water above freezing point is a major item, particularly on diesel engines used for rail traction purposes. The addition of anti‐freeze to the water system is expensive and unless a close watch is kept on the concentration, trouble can occur in the way of cracked crank cases, radiator water elements, etc., etc.
Some Aspects of Lubricant Development of Centralised Aerosol Lubricating Systems
Authors: CHAPMAN JOHN T.
Published: February 2008

MUCH HAS been written over recent years about the technique involved in, and advantages to be gained from, centralised aerosol lubrication systems for bearings, gears and chains, etc., but not as much attention has been paid to the development of lubricating oils ideally suited for such systems. Some lubricant suppliers are of the opinion that the lubricant supplied should be formulated, taking into consideration only that it will adequately lubricate under the prescribed working conditions, and that the method of application should be made to suit it. This is rather an old fashioned approach, since with the advance of technology new innovations must be adopted, and provided that modifications to the lubricant do not adversely affect its lubricating properties, they should be made. To do this requires an appreciation of the dispensing equipment and necessitates liason between equipment manufacturers and lubricant producers to overcome difficulties, to the ultimate benefit of the consumer.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A series of articles dealing, in as simple a way as possible, with the basic facts of lubrication, lubricants, their selection and prescription, specification, application, and testing. This series is primarily intended for students, engineering personnel who may be unfamiliar with certain aspects and others who, one way or another, are interested in this important subject.
A Contribution Towards the Evaluation of Hypoid Gear Oils
Authors: Neidhart W.
Published: February 2008

IN 1927 PACKARD introduced for the first time a hypoid rear axle in their private cars in order to keep the universal shaft tunnel in the passenger space as small as possible. Since then hypoid rear axles have been fitted to a very large extent in private cars of conventional construction (engine in front and rear wheel drive).
Necessity and Possibilities of Education of Lubrication Technologists
Authors: Scheel W.S.
Published: February 2008

FOR MORE THAN 15 years a team of colleagues, scientists and practicians, have been working in our country officially and voluntarily with the object of reforming Plant Lubrication by appropriate investigations and measures, as well as by recommendations to the competent offices of our government. It was appreciated that it was necessary to make recommendations to the managements of the plants if sufficient interest was to be aroused. Therefore, in 1960 the State Planning Commission of the German Democratic Republic commissioned a selected group of scientists and practicians to investigate :
Lubrication—Eighteen years after, or the Tribolation of a Chemist
Authors: Vineall G.J.C.
Published: February 2008

WHEN SCIENTIFIC LUBRICATION first saw the light in 1948 the Editor kindly suggested that I should contribute, and I risked my reputation in writing an article on “Future Lubricants”, full of faith in a Synthetic Future and hope of a world in which mechanisms would be made to work in ambiences of climbing temperatures and conditions of increasing pressures. My attitude was Wellsian. The future was bright for the chemist.
LUBRICANTS: An Industrial Health Hazard ?
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

THE patrician families of Imperial Rome had relatively short lives and, compared with the average of that era, very small numbers of children. Historians have usually attributed both these phenomena to moral causes but an alternative theory, and one well supported by scientific evidence, is that they suffered from chronic lead poisoning. In those days the metal was relatively cheap, extensively used in cooking vessels and for water pipes and, as lead salts, in cosmetics, medicines, wine and food. The Romans knew lead poisoning of the acute type, among lead workers for example, but did not recognize it as a slow, chronic disease and this environmental health hazard continued undetected.
Planned Lubrication
Authors: Millar R.
Published: February 2008

IT IS even more fashionable than ever to have a plan. Is Planned Lubrication just another fashionable plan? There is no doubt in the writer's mind that many factories install Planned Lubrication so that it looks good and everything “seems” to be getting done.
The Contribution of a Physicist to Tribology
Authors: TABOR D.
Published: February 2008

WHILST Professor Bowden was on a visit to Australia in the second half of 1939, World War II broke out and he was asked by the Australian Government (C.S.I.R.O.) to set up a laboratory to deal with friction, lubrication and bearing problems of relevance to the Australian War Effort. For some time we had been concerned with the choice of a suitable title for the laboratory and when Professor Bowden returned to England in 1945 I suggested to his successor (the late Dr. Stewart Bastow) that we adopt the name of “Tribo‐physics”. We considered this to be not only a legitimate Greek compound word, and therefore of prestigious import; it also served the purpose of mystifying our sponsors so that all sorts of research activities could be undertaken in the course of our more general frictional investigations.
Some Notes on Textile and Non‐Textile Applications of Fatty Acids
Authors: MARSDEN K.E.
Published: February 2008

IN THE DIVISION of organic chemicals into aromatics (benzene derivatives) and aliphatics (methane derivatives or fatty compounds), it has been found with reference to the last‐named that oleic acid is the most widespread of all the natural fatty acids. This acid accounts for more than 30 per cent of total fatty acids found in combination in many fats and oils, while its presence has been noted in all the natural fats and oils known to man.
The Testing of Meter and Instrument Oils
Authors: SHOTTER G.F.
Published: February 2008

THE FRICTION developed in footstep type meter and instrument bearings have always presented a difficult problem to designers due to the mechanical severity, i.e., very high specific pressures, and the information given in this paper is the result of over thirty years of research on the problem carried out on behalf of the Electrical Research Association and also for the Northmet Laboratories.
A Future For Tribology
Authors: WILLMER S.W.
Published: February 2008

THE INTRODUCTION of Tribology, the multidiscipline consequence of the incidence of interacting surfaces in relative motion, gave rise to the recognition of the arising complications not so discernable under the expression Lubrication. The complexity of the subject matter enveloped by Tribology has to be appreciated to be believed and it may be the readiness to appreciate only a fraction of the whole that causes the acceptance of the nondirectional route of the activities of those engaged in the field of Tribology.
The Carcinogenic Action of Mineral Oils
Authors: King P.J.
Published: February 2008

A survey is presented of the potential danger to health of mineral oils and particular attention is given to the recent publication by the Medical Research Council of a report by its committee on the carcinogenic action of mineral oils. Recommendations are made concerning preventive measures which should be observed by all workers who come into prolonged contact with mineral oil.
MoS2 SECOND THOUGHTS
Authors: BRAITHWAITE E.R.
Published: February 2008

The various physical and surface‐chemical factors which might affect the lubricating action of molybdenum disulphide are discussed; the importance of particle size and shape are emphasized. Up to date thoughts on lubrication mechanism are examined together with various environmental factors which can affect its industrial use. Recent Climax development work, particularly with respect to MoS2 greases concludes the paper.
A Rational Exposition of Viscosity in Engineers Terms
Authors: WILLMER S.W.
Published: February 2008

THE UNITS of viscosity that have become established by usage are of such a diverse and unconnected nature to have become confusing and difficult to enter into otherwise rational equations. The complexities could well be more confusing with the advent of ‘metrication’. An analysis of viscosity in the relevant dimensional units is therefore given in this paper with usage examples and numerical and graphical conversions.
Iron and Steel
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

IN CONSIDERING the lubrication problems pertinent to the production machinery in this industry, we must, quite naturally, start with the raw product—iron. In other words, its refinement from the ore, by smelting in the blast furnace, and its subsequent conversion to steel in the Bessemer converter, the open hearth or electric furnace. Each has a place in the industry according to the characteristics or chemical properties of the final product.
SEALING ROLLING BEARINGS
Authors: Hardy Norman E.
Published: February 2008

SELECTING the correct bearing for any particular application involves more than the determination of the correct type and size. It is true that the calculation of the nominal working life will give an indication of the operational life before failure, but this calculation only takes into account the fatigue life of the material. If this theoretical life is to be obtained—and perhaps exceeded—then additional factors must be taken into account when initially designing the bearing arrangement. Lubrication and protection from the operating environment are two very important considerations.
OIL SEAL RESEARCH
Authors: Jagger E.T. , Wallace D.
Published: February 2008

This article surveys the present state of knowledge relating to the question of what goes on at the point of contact between the seal and the shaft in the case of the garter spring lip‐type seal. Whilst it is known that there is a thin film of oil present, little or nothing is known about the forces which prevent leakage of oil at the outer edge of the film. Current investigations are showing that the smooth contact area of the rubber is anything but smooth when looked at microscopically and the implications of this in relation to the sealing mechanism are being investigated.
Oil Seals and Oil Sealing
Authors: Walker R.J.G.
Published: February 2008

TO THE SEAL manufacturer, the whole question of sealing is a complex and profound subject, but it is his aim to make it as simple as possible to the people who will actually depend upon the efficient functioning of his product. We have come a long way since the days when oiled lengths of leather and rope were wound into inadequate glands, for it became obvious, almost from the outset, that a more reliable means of sealing had to be discovered. Loss of system pressure, and loss of lubricant can bring machinery to a grinding halt.
The Control of Biodegradation of Gutting Fluid
Authors: Littler E.H. , Purkiss B.E.
Published: February 2008

THE PURPOSE of the following report is to describe a trial set up to test the practicability of extending the effective working life of a cutting emulsion and to investigate the nature of the problems associated with biochemical breakdown. The trial covered a period of more than two years, with a break of two months in the middle, when the treatment was withdrawn to assess the validity of the results of the initial period. It is hoped that the success of this work will be of interest and value to others working in this field.
Rubber Mill and Plastics Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's previous series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility”. The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
Quarry Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's previous series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility”. The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
GLASS PROCESSING OILS
Authors: Nicholson R.A.
Published: February 2008

In the fabricating and finishing operations of glass, various lubricant type processing aids are employed to achieve the high production and quality which has characterized the mechanization and revolutionary progress in the glass industry since 1900.
Lubricating Textile Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's preveious series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility” The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE IN METAL CUTTING
Authors: Crump W.J.J.
Published: February 2008

“The demands on cutting fluids and compounds will no doubt continue to increase and the hard pressed production engineer may find some alleviation of his problem by using molybdenum disulphide”.
SYNTHETIC CUTTING OILS
Authors: Thornhill F.H
Published: February 2008

“The properties of conventional coolants are limited by the natural characteristics of their hydrocarbon bases which can only be varied slightly by complex formulation, whereas a single synthetic coolant can be formulated to cover a wide range of machining operations”.
CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
Authors: WILLMER S.W.
Published: February 2008

THE British Standard 4231 : 1967 “Viscosity Classification for Industrial Liquid Lubricants” together with BS 4475 : 1969 “Specification for Straight Mineral Lubricating Oils” constitute a real step forward for the lubrication world. Not only do they contribute clarity to their respective subjects, they also enable an overall classification of all lubricants and hydraulic fluids based on a common theme to be composed. BS 4231 enables the viscosities of all fluid lubricants including hydraulic media to be identified within one dimensionally rational scale. Though it is specifically for straight mineral oils, BS 4475 suggests a segregation of quality levels appropriate to other than straight oils.