bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic behavior of water droplets and flashover characteristics on a superhydrophobic silicone rubber surface
Authors: Li Yufeng , Jin Haiyun , Nie Shichao , Zhang Peng , Gao Naikui
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a superhydrophobic surface is used to increase the flashover voltage when water droplets are present on a silicone rubber surface. The dynamic behavior of a water droplet and the associated flashover characteristics are studied on common and superhydrophobic silicone rubber surfaces under a high DC voltage. On common silicone rubber, the droplet elongates and the flashover voltage decreases with increasing droplet volume and conductivity. In contrast, the droplet slides off the superhydrophobic surface, leading to an increased flashover voltage. This droplet sliding is due to the low adhesion of the superhydrophobic surface and a sufficiently high electrostatic force provided by the DC voltage. Experimental results show that a superhydrophobic surface is effective at inhibiting flashover.
Spectral-temporal dynamics of multipulse mode-locking
Authors: Yu Ying , Li Bowen , Wei Xiaoming , Xu Yiqing , Tsia Kevin K. M. , Wong Kenneth K. Y.
Published: May 2017

In addition to stable pulse generation, passively mode-locked fiber lasers can easily run into an unstable regime of multipulse mode-locking. The birth and dynamic behaviors of multipulse mode-locking so far have rarely been experimentally explored, particularly in the spectral domain. In this letter, several kinds of multipulse spectral-temporal dynamics of a passively mode-locked fiber laser are observed in a single-shot manner, e.g., energy quantization, self-phase modulation spectral broadening, wavelength shifting, spectral interfering, and ultraweak pulse interaction. This study is enabled by the high temporal resolution of spectral-temporal technology, i.e., 50 ps in the time domain and tens of nanoseconds in the spectral domain. Moreover, a wide observing time span of our spectral-temporal analyzing system, i.e., >6 ms—equivalent to 100 000 round trips, enables evolutionary characterization of individual pulses. The results will have a significant impact on optimizing the performance of mode-locked fiber lasers and understanding the nonlinear physics in a dissipative system.
Linearly enhanced response of thermopower in cascaded array of dual-stripe single-metal thermocouples
Authors: Li Gang , Han Danhong , Yang Fan , Wang Zhenhai , Pi Yudan , Wang Wei , Xu Shengyong
Published: May 2017

Based on the width dependence of thermopower, cascaded single-metal thermocouples were demonstrated in this report. The cascaded thermocouples were made from 100 nm thick Ni films with a 100 μm wide stripe and a 5 μm narrow stripe. The experiment results showed a linearly enhanced response of thermopower. The 64-cascaded thermocouple achieved an equivalent Seebeck coefficient of up to 55.69 μV/K, which is higher than that of a commercial type-K thermocouple (39.6 μV/K). The single-metal thermocouples were also fabricated on flexible substrates. With the simple fabrication process and remarkable temperature sensing ability, the cascaded single-metal thermocouples may find promising applications in temperature measurement of modern flexible electronic products and wearable devices.
Spatial structure of radio frequency ring-shaped magnetized discharge sputtering plasma using two facing ZnO/Al2O3 cylindrical targets for Al-doped ZnO thin film preparation
Authors: Sumiyama Takashi , Fukumoto Takaya , Ohtsu Yasunori , Tabaru Tatsuo
Published: May 2017

Spatial structure of high-density radio frequency ring-shaped magnetized discharge plasma sputtering with two facing ZnO/Al2O3 cylindrical targets mounted in ring-shaped hollow cathode has been measured and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin film is deposited without substrate heating. The plasma density has a peak at ring-shaped hollow trench near the cathode. The radial profile becomes uniform with increasing the distance from the target cathode. A low ion current flowing to the substrate of 0.19 mA/cm2 is attained. Large area AZO films with a resistivity of 4.1 – 6.7×10-4 Ω cm can be prepared at a substrate room temperature. The transmittance is 84.5 % in a visible region. The surface roughnesses of AZO films are 0.86, 0.68, 0.64, 1.7 nm at radial positions of r = 0, 15, 30, 40 mm, respectively, while diffraction peak of AZO films is 34.26°. The grains exhibit a preferential orientation along (002) axis.
Mapping workforce configuration and operational models in Australian emergency departments: a national survey
Authors: Gardner Glenn , Gardner Anne , Middleton Sandy , Considine Julie , Fitzgerald Gerard , Christofis Luke , Doubrovsky Anna , Adams Margaret , O'Connell Jane
Published: May 2017

Objective Hospital emergency departments (ED) in Australia and internationally have been experiencing increased demand, resulting in reduced hospital quality, impaired access and adverse health outcomes. Effective evaluation of new ED service models and their effect on outcomes is reliant on baseline measures of the staffing configuration and organisational characteristics of the EDs being studied. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively measure these variables in Australian EDs. Methods Australian hospital EDs with 24-h medical and nursing cover were identified and invited to participate in the study. Telephone interviews were conducted with nursing or medical department managers to collect data related to hospital characteristics, ED workforce and training and ED service and operational models. Results Surveys were completed in 87% of the population sample (n = 135). Metropolitan EDs were significantly more likely to retain higher full-time equivalents (FTEs) in several medical (staff specialist, registrar, resident and intern) and nursing (nurse practitioner (NP), nurse educator, nurse unit manager and registered nurse) positions. NPs were employed by 52% of Australian EDs overall, but this ranged from 40% to 75% depending on jurisdiction. The most commonly used operational models were FastTrack teams (72% of EDs), short-stay/observational unit (59%) and patient liaison models for aged care (84%) and mental health (61%). EDs that employed NPs were significantly more likely to use FastTrack (P = 0.002). Allied health services most frequently available within these EDs were radiology (60%), social work (69%), physiotherapy (70%) and pharmacy (65%). Conclusions The present study has established a baseline measure of the staffing configuration and organisational characteristics of Australian EDs. What is known about the topic? EDs are overcrowded due, in part, to the combined effect of increased service demand and access block. Innovative service and workforce models have been implemented by health departments aiming to improve service and performance. National uptake of these service and workforce innovations is unknown. What does this paper add? The present study is the most comprehensive to date profiling Australian EDs covering hospital characteristics, workforce configuration, operational models and NP service patterns and practice. What are the implications for practitioners? Information from the present study will assist health service planners to evaluate workforce and service reform models, and to monitor trends in emergency service development.
Digital disruption ‘syndromes’ in a hospital: important considerations for the quality and safety of patient care during rapid digital transformation
Authors: Sullivan Clair , Staib Andrew
Published: May 2017

The digital transformation of hospitals in Australia is occurring rapidly in order to facilitate innovation and improve efficiency. Rapid transformation can cause temporary disruption of hospital workflows and staff as processes are adapted to the new digital workflows. The aim of this paper is to outline various types of digital disruption and some strategies for effective management. A large tertiary university hospital recently underwent a rapid, successful roll-out of an integrated electronic medical record (EMR). We observed this transformation and propose several digital disruption “syndromes” to assist with understanding and management during digital transformation: digital deceleration, digital transparency, digital hypervigilance, data discordance, digital churn and post-digital ‘depression’. These ‘syndromes’ are defined and discussed in detail. Successful management of this temporary digital disruption is important to ensure a successful transition to a digital platform.

What is known about this topic?
Digital disruption is defined as the changes facilitated by digital technologies that occur at a pace and magnitude that disrupt established ways of value creation, social interactions, doing business and more generally our thinking. Increasing numbers of Australian hospitals are implementing digital solutions to replace traditional paper-based systems for patient care in order to create opportunities for improved care and efficiencies. Such large scale change has the potential to create transient disruption to workflows and staff. Managing this temporary disruption effectively is an important factor in the successful implementation of an EMR.

What does this paper add?
A large tertiary university hospital recently underwent a successful rapid roll-out of an integrated electronic medical record (EMR) to become Australia’s largest digital hospital over a 3-week period. We observed and assisted with the management of several cultural, behavioural and operational forms of digital disruption which lead us to propose some digital disruption ‘syndromes’. The definition and management of these ‘syndromes’ are discussed in detail.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Minimising the temporary effects of digital disruption in hospitals requires an understanding that these digital ‘syndromes’ are to be expected and actively managed during large-scale transformation.
Enhancing composition and persistence of mixed pasture swards in southern New South Wales through alternative spatial configurations and improved legume performance
Authors: Hayes Richard C. , Li Guangdi D. , Sandral Graeme A. , Swan Tony D. , Price Andrew , Hildebrand Shane , Goward Laura , Fuller Chris , Peoples Mark B.
Published: May 2017

This study examined whether the productivity and persistence of mixed pastures that included subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), and/or phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were improved if species were spatially separated rather than being sown together in each drill row. The study also compared the productivity and persistence of subterranean clover with alternative annual legume species biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) and strand medic (Medicago littoralis Rhode ex Loisel). Twelve pasture treatments were sown in replicated field experiments at five locations across the medium-rainfall region of south-western New South Wales in 2012 and monitored for 3 years. Pastures that included lucerne, phalaris and subterranean clover were generally more productive than pastures with only one or two of those species, regardless of sowing configuration. Averaged across sites, subterranean clover regeneration in year 3 was 29% higher and total cumulative biomass 13% higher where subterranean clover was sown in a 1 : 1 configuration with lucerne than where the species were mixed together in every drill row. There were fewer consistent benefits of alternative spatial configurations on swards containing phalaris with subterranean clover or with lucerne. Results of the present study appeared to be highly site-specific, or season-dependent, and therefore alternative spatial configurations cannot be recommended as a universal strategy at this time. More research is required to understand the factors driving the responses to alternative spatial configurations observed in the present study. Neither biserrula nor strand medic was superior to subterranean clover in a 3-year pasture phase with lucerne, despite abundant rhizobia compatible with all species at all sites. The density of subterranean clover in year 3 was 29% and 41% higher than of biserrula and strand medic, respectively. A narrow choice of adapted cultivars as well as excessive levels of hard seed for the legumes used in phased pastures with lucerne are suggested as contributing to the inferior performance of the alternative legumes species tested in the study.
High Arctic Holocene temperature record from the Agassiz ice cap and Greenland ice sheet evolution
Authors: Lecavalier Benoit S. , Fisher David A. , Milne Glenn A. , Vinther Bo M. , Tarasov Lev , Huybrechts Philippe , Lacelle Denis , Main Brittany , Zheng James , Bourgeois Jocelyne , Dyke Arthur S.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Reconstructions of past environmental changes are important for placing recent climate change in context and testing climate models. Periods of past climates warmer than today provide insight on how components of the climate system might respond in the future. Here, we report on an Arctic climate record from the Agassiz ice cap. Our results show that early Holocene air temperatures exceed present values by a few degrees Celsius, and that industrial era rates of temperature change are unprecedented over the Holocene period (∼12,000 y). We also demonstrate that the enhanced warming leads to a large response of the Greenland ice sheet; providing information on the ice sheet's sensitivity to elevated temperatures and thus helping to better estimate its future evolution.
Shear bands as manifestation of a criticality in yielding amorphous solids
Authors: Parisi Giorgio , Procaccia Itamar , Rainone Corrado , Singh Murari
Published: May 2017

Significance

The art of making structural, polymeric, and metallic glasses is rapidly developing with many applications. A limitation is that, under increasing external strain, all amorphous solids have a yield stress, which when exceeded, results in a plastic response leading to mechanical failure. Understanding this is crucial for assessing the risk of failure of glassy materials under loads. The universality of the mechanical yield requires a theory that is general enough to transcend the microscopic details of different glasses, which all show similar stress–strain curves with a yield point. We provide a general theory that is thermodynamic in nature, showing that the mechanical yield is a spinodal criticality in an appropriately constructed free energy landscape.
Increasing intracellular magnesium levels with the 31-amino acid MgtS protein
Authors: Wang Hanbo , Yin Xuefeng , Wu Orr Mona , Dambach Michael , Curtis Rebecca , Storz Gisela
Published: May 2017

Significance

Proteins of fewer than 50 amino acids are overlooked by most genomic and biochemical approaches and their functions are generally unknown. Here we report that a 31-amino acid inner membrane protein synthesized in response to limiting Mg
2+
binds and stabilizes the major Mg
2+
importer, thereby leading to increased intracellular levels of this critical ion. This discovery further supports the hypothesis that many of these overlooked small proteins regulate the functions and stabilities of larger membrane proteins.
Approach to the translation ofsoundin comic books
Authors: Igareda Paula
Published: May 2017

The relationship between texts and images in comics is essential from the graphic point of view and for the understanding of the story. Hence, the translation of comics has certain peculiarities that other literature genres do not have, partly due to its combination of iconic language and literary language.

Among the wide array of interesting topics within this field, we are going to focus on a great challenge for translators: the graphic and phonetic values of the sounds in comics. Technical advances have improved comic books translation: nowadays modifying an element of the vignette no longer involves redrawing the whole animation. Thus, the translation of this literature genre can now focus on other problematic issues, such as the translation of sounds. Taking into account the lack of categorization of these sounds, this article deals with the translation of inarticulate sounds, interjections and onomatopoeias from English comic books into Spanish in order to observe the existing trends in these issues and to confirm if the new technologies have changed the translators’ task in the last 25 years.
Skype appearances, multiple greetings and ‘coucou’
Authors: Licoppe Christian
Published: May 2017

This paper analyses the organization of ‘openings’ in Skype video-mediated conversation. It uncovers order in their apparent complexity by showing the relevance of a particular sequential adjacent pair organization, the appearing/noticing sequence, and its particular instantiation as an appearance-for-the-first-time greeting. The paper shows how this is a crucial resource in establishing a joint video interactional frame for the parties involved. This accounts for the occurrence of some specific phenomena in Skype openings, such as multiple greetings, and for the use of greetings which reflexively index their being occasioned by an appearance and related greeting, such as the French ‘coucou’, even when these do not occur at the start of Skype calls. When analysed this way, Skype openings, though complex, can be seen as an accomplished ‘dance of appearances and multiple greetings’.
High-temperature deformation mechanism of γ-TiAl-based alloy with ultrafine grains
Authors: Gong Xuebo , Zhou Huimin , Chen Hua
Published: May 2017

Equiaxed ultrafine duplex alloys γ-TiAl and α2-Ti3Al are prepared by high-energy milling and hot pressing sintering. Microstructures presenting in the mixed and sintered powders are studied by scanning electron microscopy. Structural characteristics are investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy before and after compression at 1100–1200°C. The data reveal grain sizes of 300–500 and ∼100 nm for sintered γ-TiAl and α2-Ti3Al alloys, respectively. High deformation temperatures and low strain rates lead to low peak flow stress, and at such conditions the α2/γ and α2/α2 interfaces are prone to forming dislocation structure. The studies also reveal the presence of large-angle grain boundaries for the [Formula: see text] and (0002)α2/(0002)α2 interfaces.
Self-healing conversion coating with gelatin–chitosan microcapsules containing inhibitor on AZ91D alloy
Authors: Song Jiahui , Cui Xiufang , Jin Guo , Cai Zhaobing , Liu Erbao , Li Xinlin , Chen Yanbo , Lu Bingwen
Published: May 2017

The microstructure of cerium-based conversion coatings with and without microcapsules containing Ce(NO3)3 or La(NO3)3 on magnesium alloys were investigated and the corrosion resistance was evaluated as well. The gelatin–chitosan microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation. Microcapsules can effectively avoid the traditional porous state, namely, by releasing active and repairing material immediately after changes in coating integrity. Microcapsules distribute in the tiny cracks of coating deposited on magnesium alloys. The electron probe micro-analyser results characterise the element distribution of coating. The potentiodynamic polarisation curve and impedance spectra show that the conversion coating with microcapsules can enhance the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The microcapsules containing La(NO3)3 show a better corrosion resistance so as to promote a self-healing performance.
Role of base-metal composition in isothermal solidification during diffusion brazing of nickel-based superalloys
Authors: Pouranvari M. , Ekrami A. , Kokabi A. H.
Published: May 2017

The key feature of diffusion brazing, also referred to as transient liquid phase bonding, is isothermal solidification which precludes the formation of intermetallic in the joint centreline. Analysing the available data published in the literature showed that the composition of the nickel-based superalloys plays a strong role in determining the required time for obtaining intermetallic-free joint during diffusion brazing. This effect is not predictable by the standard conventional models. It is proposed that increasing the boride-forming elements in the base superalloy which promotes in situ boride precipitation at the diffusion-affected zone can accelerate the diffusion flux of the boron into the base superalloy, leading to faster isothermal solidification. The higher the Cr + Mo + Nb + Ta + W content in base superalloy, the shorter the isothermal solidification time.
pIgR and PECAM-1 bind to pneumococcal adhesins RrgA and PspC mediating bacterial brain invasion
Authors: Iovino Federico , Engelen-Lee Joo-Yeon , Brouwer Matthijs , van de Beek Diederik , van der Ende Arie , Valls Seron Merche , Mellroth Peter , Muschiol Sandra , Bergstrand Jan , Widengren Jerker , Henriques-Normark Birgitta
Published: May 2017

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of bacterial meningitis, a life-threating disease with a high case fatality rate despite treatment with antibiotics. Pneumococci cause meningitis by invading the blood and penetrating the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Using stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy of brain biopsies from patients who died of pneumococcal meningitis, we observe that pneumococci colocalize with the two BBB endothelial receptors: polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1). We show that the major adhesin of the pneumococcal pilus-1, RrgA, binds both receptors, whereas the choline binding protein PspC binds, but to a lower extent, only pIgR. Using a bacteremia-derived meningitis model and mutant mice, as well as antibodies against the two receptors, we prevent pneumococcal entry into the brain and meningitis development. By adding antibodies to antibiotic (ceftriaxone)-treated mice, we further reduce the bacterial burden in the brain. Our data suggest that inhibition of pIgR and PECAM-1 has the potential to prevent pneumococcal meningitis.
Overproduction, purification and characterization of human interferon alpha2a-human serum albumin fusion protein produced in methilotropic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Ningrum R A , Santoso A , Herawati N
Published: May 2017

Human interferon alpha2a (hIFNα2a) is a therapeutic protein that used in cancer and hepatitis B/C therapy. The main problem of using hIFNα-2a is its short elimination half life due to its low molecular weight. Development of higher molecular weight protein by albumin fusion technology is a rational strategy to solve the problem. In our previous research we constructed an open reading frame (ORF) encoding hIFNα2a-human serum albumin (HSA) fusion protein that expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) protease deficient strain SMD1168. This research was performed to overproduce, purify and characterize the fusion protein. To overproduce the protein, cultivation was performed in buffered complex medium containing glyserol (BMGY) for 24 h and protein overproduction was applied in buffered complex medium containing methanol (BMMY) for 48 hours at 30°C. The fusion protein was purified by blue sepharose affinity chromatography. Molecular weight characterization by SDS PAGE corresponds with its theoretical size, 85 kDa. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the fusion protein was recognized by anti hIFNα2 and anti HSA monoclonal antibody as well. Amino acid sequence of the fusion protein was determined by LC MS/MS2 mass spectrometry with trypsin as proteolitic enzyme. There were three fragments that identified as hIFNα2a and seven fragments that identified as HSA. Total identified amino acids were 150 residues with 20% coverage from total residues. To conclude, hIFNα2a-HSA fusion protein was overproduced, purified and characterized. Characterization based on molecular weight, antibody recognition and amino acid sequence confirmed that the fusion protein has correct identity as theoretically thought.
Evidence-Based Treatment and Practice with Older Adults
Authors: Kropf Nancy , Cummings Sherry
Published: May 2017

Evidence Based Treatment with Older Adults: Theory, Practice, and Research provides a detailed examination of five research-supported psychosocial interventions for use with older adults: cognitive behavioral therapy, problem-solving therapy, motivational interviewing, psychoeducational and social support approaches, and life review/reminiscence. Taken together, these interventions address the diversity of mental health conditions and late-life challenges that older adults’ experience. Complementary chapters provide comprehensive treatment and research information for each intervention. In the first chapter for each treatment, theoretical concepts undergirding the intervention are explained and the specific skills and techniques employed are clearly described. Adaptations for use of each intervention with older adults are highlighted. Vignettes demonstrate the application of particular intervention strategies with older clients, while case studies provide a comprehensive presentation of the intervention. In a second chapter on the intervention, the research base supporting the use of the specific approach with older adults is reviewed and analyzed. In addition, the distinct issues, such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse/misuse, behavioral health challenges, and insomnia, for which evidence exists are highlighted. Research support for application of the interventions in community-based, acute care, and long-term care settings and in individual and group formats is discussed. Implementation issues encountered in therapeutic work with older adults are described, as are accommodations to enhance treatment efficacy. Finally, a chapter on future directions in geriatric interventions provides an overview of emerging therapies that hold promise for the treatment of older adult mental health. In sum, this book provides a comprehensive overview of research-supported psychosocial interventions for older adults and their care providers.
Introduction to the Aging Population
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Aging Population,” discusses the prevalent mental health disorders experienced by older adults, including depression, dementia, substance abuse, and severe mental illness. This chapter also sets the context for practice with older clients by examining the factors that influence psychological well-being in late life. As individuals age, they become increasingly diverse. Gender and race differentials found throughout life are accompanied and heightened by disparities in later-life health, physical functioning, and cognitive status. Variations in older adult cohorts, from those who were raised during the Great Depression to baby boomers who came to age during a period of growing prosperity and substance use, are also discussed. Finally, elements of practice with a diverse population of adults are presented.
Problem-Solving Therapy
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6, “Problem-Solving Therapy: Evidence-Based Practice,” details the research evidence concerning the effectiveness of problem-solving therapy (PST) for use with older adults. Only meta-analyses or randomized control trials (RCT) were included in this review. One meta-analysis and fifteen randomized control trials were identified that investigated PST outcomes on older adult depression, health-related quality of life, and coping. Outcomes of these studies determined that this therapy is effective in reducing anxiety and depression, and increasing problem-solving abilities in both community-based and in-home settings. Additionally, consistent support was found for the efficacy of telephone and video-phone PST, suggesting that these alternate means of administration may help overcome barriers to the receipt of mental health services experienced by homebound elders.
Reminiscence and Life Review
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 11, “Reminiscence and Life Review: Theory and Practice,” examines the history and theory of reminiscence and life review, outlining their major tenets and principles. A major function of these two approaches is to foster a sense of meaning within the lives of older adults. Various types of reminiscence and life review are highlighted with the connection to meaning-making activities of older individuals. The therapeutic function of life review, which enables individuals to reconcile past experiences that have left pain or feelings of incompleteness, is discussed, and differing types of life review are described. The primary functions of reminiscence are also examined, as are the practice applications of both approaches. Additionally, particular populations for which these approaches have been successfully implemented are highlighted, including trauma survivors and the cognitively impaired. A case study of life review with an older woman experiencing depression following the loss of a son is provided.
Implementation Issues
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Throughout the previous chapters, five intervention approaches with the older population have been described, applied to case examples, evaluated, and critiqued. Clearly, practitioners with older adults and their families have a body of literature that can serve as a resource in evaluating whether a practice approach has a demonstrated level of effectiveness. In spite of progress, there is still much work to be done in geriatric practice. Questions and limitations remain about the implementation of interventions. Critical questions about treatment fidelity exist, and require attention and evaluation in the evidence-based literature. This chapter addresses the issue of treatment fidelity, including history and definitions. Strategies to enhance treatment fidelity are presented, along with examples of programs that have addressed these implementation issues with older participants.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

But this book is a sociological, study of Pentecostalism inside of the prisons and jails in Rio de Janeiro. It will use data collected through interviews, dozens of visits to prisons and jails, as well as ethnographic data collected while spending two weeks living inside of a prison. Pentecostalism is the most widely practiced faith inside of prison in Rio de Janeiro and this book will argue that it flourishes in this unique space because it offers a belief system and a set of practices that enable an inmate to embody a new, publicly recognizable identity and a platform for prisoners to live a moral and dignified life both in prison and after they are released.
Into the “Belly of the Beast”
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

I started the research by spending two weeks inside of prison in Brazil as an “inmate.” I ate the same food, lived in the same cells, and participated in the same daily routines as the rest of the men in the cellblocks. Those two weeks shaped the methodology for the rest of the project, which was built on ethnography and interviews inside of a jail, a prison, and dozens of churches in Rio de Janeiro over the course of a year. I could not have completed the research without the hospitality and respect that were shown to me by the incarcerated men I met during this project.
The Killable People
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Favelas are places that are fundamentally tied to Rio’s prisons. These neighborhoods supply most of the people in the prison population, and the prisons themselves are the manifestations of the inequality and oppression rooted in centuries of history. The formation of the city’s favelas and subsequent birth and growth of Brazil’s largest narco-gang, the Comando Vermelho will be explored in detail. This chapter introduces the term “killable people” to understand the tremendous violence experienced by residents in these neighborhoods and inside of prison.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Marcio’s mother died when he was ten years old. Her death altered the nature of his childhood and redirected the trajectory of his young life. “She was everything to us,” he said, “she was always at home, the foundation of our family.” Marcio’s father worked long hours to provide for his wife and fifteen children, while his mother stayed at home and kept the family moving forward. She not only cleaned, clothed, and fed her children, but she also steered them away from the ...
Dynamic Securities Markets
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

The dynamic model with time‐additive utility is defined. The intertemporal budget constraint is explained. SDF processes are defined in terms of a martingale property. There is a strictly positive SDF process if and only if there are no arbitrage opportunities. Dynamic complete markets are explained. The difference between the price of an asset and its value calculated from an SDF process is called a bubble. There is no bubble if a transversality condition is satisfied. Some constraints on trading strategies are needed to rule out Ponzi schemes. SDF processes are derived for nominal asset prices and for asset prices denominated in a foreign currency.
Dynamic Portfolio Choice
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

The first‐order condition for optimal portfolio choice is called the Euler equation. Optimal consumption can be computed by a static approach in a dynamic complete market and by orthogonal projection for a quadratic utility investor. Dynamic programming and the Bellman equation are explained. The envelope condition and hedging demands are explained. Investors with CRRA utility have CRRA value functions. Whether the marginal value of wealth is higher for a CRRA investor in good states or in bad states depends on whether risk aversion is less than or greater than 1. With IID returns, the optimal portfolio for a CRRA investor is the same as the optimal portfolio in a single‐period model.
Explaining Puzzles
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

Various models proposed to explain the equity premium or risk‐free rate puzzle are explained: external habits (Abel’s “catching up with the Joneses” model and the Campbell‐Cochrane model), rare disasters, Epstein‐Zin‐Weil utility, long run risks, and idiosyncratic uninsurable labor income risk. External habits allow the SDF to be variable without requiring high variability of consumption. The SDF for a representative investor with Epstein‐Zin‐Weil utility depends on consumption and the market return. It is most useful when the world is not IID, as in the long‐run risks model. With uninsurable labor income risk, there is no representative investor even if investors all have the same CRRA utility, and there is additional exibility to explain asset returns.
Forwards, Futures, and More Option Pricing
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

Forward measures are defined. Forward and futures contracts are explained. The spot‐forward parity formula is derived. A forward price is a martingale under the forward measure. A futures price is a martingale under a risk neutral probability. Forward prices equal futures prices when interest rates are nonrandom. The expectations hypothesis is explained. The option pricing formulas of Margabe (exchange options), Black (options on forwards), and Merton (random interest rates) are derived. Implied volatilities and local volatility models are explained. Heston’s stochastic volatility model is derived.
Global Strategies and the Organization
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

Global organizations are able to send messages to their subsidiaries and other operating units all over the world with remarkable speed with the Internet and computers. The formulation of strategies for these global organizations has to account for increases in volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity on an ongoing basis. This chapter discusses the nature of changes that strategic management of global organizations consider as businesses shift from the OCED nations to emergent economies and adoption of market-oriented policies in all of the major trading nations in the WTO. The development of strategy in the era of globalization is guided by economic, political, cultural, and institutional forces that are vastly different from those that existed after World War II. Implementation of strategy is also considerably different than it was a few decades ago. This is discussed along with the consideration of ethical issues that are emerging on a worldwide scale.
Structuring the Global Organization
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

To implement their strategies on a global scale, global organizations must design appropriate structures that take into account the demands and complexities of their changing environments, such as the diversity of offerings/businesses as a function of the geographical region in which the firm operates. The strategic role of subsidiaries and how they integrate into the overall system have changed and should be considered in the design of the firm—especially the kind of flexibility needed in managing vertical and lateral flows of information as well as integration of various functions. This chapter discusses three different types of design: decentralized federation, coordinated federation, and centralized hub in terms of their significance in accomplishing flexibility, national responsiveness, and the need for global integration. One significant development is the use of global networks and international teams composed of technically competent people who are dispersed across spatial, temporal, cultural, and organizational boundaries.
Global Mindset and the Global Organization
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

Global organizations must make continuous attempts to move and develop the mindsets of senior managers and others involved in global transactions from parochial and diffused ways of thinking to a global mindset. This chapter provides examples of organizations that encountered difficulty in expanding globally because they did not attempt to understand the importance of a global mindset in developing their global strategies and the various modes of expansion on a worldwide scale. The factors that develop a global mindset are discussed with special emphasis on the role of cognitive complexity, nonjudgmental thinking, and emphasis on universalistic versus particularistic modes of decision-making. The role of supportive networks of family and friends in the development of a global mindset is also presented. The chapter ends by presenting a discussion of how organizations can emphasize the paths of moving to a global mindset from a predominantly domestic one.
Developing Effective Global Organizations
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

This book focuses on organizations that function across dissimilar nations and cultures. These organizations are everywhere, regulating economic rhythms of nations and people on a worldwide scale and at an unprecedented rate. Naturally, scholars and practitioners interested in the study of organizations in dissimilar national contexts need to know more about these social systems, how they evolve, what forces affect them positively, and what affects them negatively. This chapter focuses on the issue of developing effective global organizations. Several guidelines are presented with special emphasis on those that deal with converting a global presence into a major competitive advantage on a sustained scale. The notion that globalization in the 21st century is largely a complex phenomenon characterized by high levels of ambiguities and volatility is emphasized. The strategies that global organizations can adopt in this environment are presented.
After the Messianic Idea
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

The modern study of ancient messianism has long been dominated by variations on the messianic idea hypothesis, a legacy of nineteenth-century metaphysical Idealism. Recent research has raised damning objections to this received paradigm, but no better, alternative account has yet emerged. This chapter suggests such an alternative account. It proposes that what we call messianism is most basically a way of talking about the world, a set of linguistic resources—and, equally important, linguistic constraints—inherited from the Jewish scriptures. Ancient Jewish and Christian texts about “messiahs”—from Second Isaiah to the Talmud Bavli, and at myriad points in between—are participants in one great ancient Mediterranean language game. If so, then rather than stipulating a definition of “messiah” and going in search of it in the sources, we ought to return to the sources and follow the way the words run.
Messiahs Born and Made
Authors: Novenson Matthew V.
Published: May 2017

From as far back as we have texts about messiahs, many such texts attest a preoccupation with the ancestry of the messiah whereas others, conspicuously, do not. Beginning from this observation, this chapter examines the rhetoric of ancestry and of merit in ancient messiah texts about Zerubbabel ben Shealtiel, the Hasmoneans, Herod the Great, Jesus of Nazareth, Shimon bar Kosiba, and the rabbinic patriarch and exilarch. It argues that, because of the tension built into the biblical legend of the rise of David (and, mutatis mutandis, of the priests Melchizedek, Aaron, and Phinehas), all subsequent messiah language inherited and had to reckon with the twin ideological poles of ancestry and merit, rightful succession and divine inspiration. In actual practice, each messiah text navigates these poles in creative ways that suit its own rhetorical ends.
Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Nelson Larry J.
Published: May 2017

This opening chapter of the volume provides a broad definition of flourishing and argues that there are a variety of ways to flourish during emerging adulthood. It urges researchers to consider both the positive and negative sides of this time period. Emerging adulthood has been referred to as a time of arrested development, during which young people avoid responsibilities that are thought to be typical of adulthood. Yet this is also a unique developmental time period in which positive development is fostered. There are many opportunities available for positive development, civic engagement, and moral development. There has also been a surge in the study of positive youth development. This chapter reviews this research, and also highlights how the following chapters meet the goals of the volume.
Identity Formation and Moral Development in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Lapsley Daniel , Hardy Sam A.
Published: May 2017

We argue in this chapter that moral development and identity formation are not disjunctive topics, and that morality and identity ramify in the personal formation of emerging adults in ways that have dispositional implications for how the rest of their lives go. Moral self-identity is crucial to living a life of purpose and for setting one’s life projects on a pathway that contributes to well-being, generativity, and integrity. We first review research on the role of moral purpose in personality development and the conditions that encourage it. We then review the major ways that self-identity has been conceptualized in terms of statuses, processes, and narratives, with particular emphasis on the achievement of identity maturity and its contribution to successful adaptation. We then discuss moral self-identity more directly and outline gaps in the literature and possible lines of future research.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Zimmermann Andreas
Published: May 2017

We are three Germans named Lukas (24), Peter (29), and Andy (28). We live in the south of Germany and recently finished our bachelor’s degrees. Peter and Andy studied media and information, and Lukas studied engineering economics. Be japy e.V. was founded during our studies when we had to organize a project, so we thought about how to tell the people that it is so simple to help another person. We got to know each other through the study when Peter and Andy asked for someone who would like to participate at Be japy e.V. as a working member. Lukas thought this was a great idea and said yes....
Healthy Transitions to Work
Authors: Chao Georgia T. , Gardner Philip D.
Published: May 2017

Despite generational stereotypes, young adults have always faced challenges upon transitioning from college into the workforce, with prolonged job searches, early career adjustments, and testing different jobs. Further, the current generation of young adults has been branded as narcissistic, while it has also been anointed as a hero generation, dedicated to the greater good. Reconciling these two perspectives is not easy. Still, young adults can flourish in their early careers, but they approach these years differently than their elders. Centrality of work, person-environment fit, and organizational socialization shed light on how young adults can make healthy transitions to work. Best advice to young adults: find a mentor.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Groves Loren
Published: May 2017

I’m a 30-year-old white male who graduated high school with a 2.0 GPA by turning in a 10-page report two days before I had to walk the stage. I went to one semester of junior college at Evergreen Valley College. At the time I was also in a band and was sleeping through classes. My teachers asked me to sleep outside if I was going to do that, so I did. Then they would lay the notes and transparencies from their lectures on me when I woke up. I passed all my classes but decided it was time to double down on either band or school, and I chose band....
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Thach Vanni
Published: May 2017

For my mother, a woman who learned to read by sitting on the steps of a temple, and my father, a man who was too poor to afford school and had to join the monastery to learn how to read and write, receiving a scholarship to study at a liberal arts school had little value. Instilled to believe a daughter’s worth is in her ability to cook and be obedient, my parents raised three shy, nervous, yet hard-working Cambodian-Chinese daughters meant for Cao Lanh, Vietnam’s farmland. Yet, of seven children, I, the oldest sister, and my oldest brother were among the most ...
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Warren Scott
Published: May 2017

Originally hailing from San Diego, California, my political consciousness came to light as I began moving around the world, living throughout Latin America and Africa as the son of a Foreign Service Officer. The opportunity to see emerging democracies grappling with the thorny realities of individuals expressing their opinions to make a collective difference made an impact on me as a young person that has inspired me to continue to promote the importance of youth political participation....
“I Think, Therefore I Do”
Authors: Nelson Larry J. , Jorgensen Nathan A. , Rogers Adam A.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 9 examines some of the cognitions (i.e., attitudes, beliefs, perceptions) that might be related to flourishing during emerging adulthood. Positive development in emerging adulthood is often examined through the lens of what young people do (e.g., volunteerism, service, political activism, preparation for careers). It may be, however, that the very way in which young people cognitively approach the third decade might influence whether they flourish or flounder. This chapter examines the ways in which beliefs about (a) time, (b) the third decade of life, (c) adulthood, and (d) marriage are tied to indices of flourishing in emerging adulthood. The theory and research that is reviewed begins to paint an increasingly clear picture of the ways in which beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about the present and future can shape the paths that young people take through their twenties.