bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’archive retrouvée. Enquêter sur le rôle de la France au Rwanda
Authors: Robinet François
Published: April 2022

Depuis 1994, journalistes, militants et chercheurs collectent les traces documentaires du génocide des Tutsi, de sa préparation et du rôle joué par les différents acteurs. Cet article tente de retracer l’histoire de cette quête des « archives » pour documenter le rôle joué par la France au Rwanda. Dans un contexte français où les archives publiques d’État sont longtemps restées peu accessibles, le texte interroge les singularités des conditions de travail des historiens spécialistes du génocide confrontés à des expertises concurrentes, à une grande profusion de documents en circulation ainsi qu’à la prétention du pouvoir politique d’encadrer les modalités d’écriture de cette histoire particulièrement sensible.
L’ouverture des archives des régimes communistes trente ans après. Les voies divergentes de la Roumanie et de la Russie
Authors: Cœuré Sophie , Ţurcanu Florin
Published: April 2022

Cet article se situe dans la perspective d’une nécessaire histoire comparée des archives des régimes communistes dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est après la chute du mur de Berlin. Le choix des cas russe et roumain éclaire les voies divergentes qu’a prises en l’espace de trois décennies la politique des archives dans les deux pays en contribuant à la mise en lumière de la diversité des rapports au passé dans les pays « de l’Est » en général. Russie et Roumanie offrent l’exemple d’évolutions contrastées concernant l’ouverture et les usages sociaux et historiographiques des archives « sensibles ». À une première décennie postcommuniste synonyme de restrictions massives, voire de destruction de fonds d’archives en Roumanie correspond, en Russie, un accès sans précédent aux archives soviétiques. À partir du début de notre siècle, la politisation de l’histoire par le régime Poutine restreint l’accès aux archives tandis que l’entrée de la Roumanie dans l’OTAN et l’UE favorise la demande académique et citoyenne d’une ample ouverture des archives qui finit par se produire dans les années 2004-2007.
La dégradation d’un métier rare : les fabricants d’arbalètes (Saint-Empire, XVI e siècle)
Authors: Delle Luche Jean-Dominique
Published: April 2022

L’arbalète, arme essentielle dans l’armement urbain à la fin du Moyen Âge en Europe, devient obsolète militairement avec le progrès des armes à feu. L’article examine l’évolution du métier des fabricants d’arbalètes dans le Saint-Empire au xvi e siècle et propose d’examiner, à partir d’une documentation dispersée et hétérogène (suppliques, livres de bourgeoisie, délibérations du conseil, registres de tir), le processus de déclin progressif et de mutation d’un métier médiéval. L’effondrement de la demande bouleverse un métier jusque-là vital, puisque l’entretien des arsenaux publics et privés favorise l’emploi de ces experts militaires dans chaque ville. Les arbalétriers deviennent des artisans dépendants d’une clientèle réduite, celle des sociétés de tir, dont le maintien de cette sociabilité des élites garantit la survie précaire du métier. Le déclin de la spécialité, avec la concentration de l’activité sur un seul poste par ville, et une diminution progressive des villes pratiquant le tir à l’arbalète entraînent néanmoins des stratégies de redéfinition du métier ou d’autres stratégies pour obtenir les postes vacants. La qualification comme métier libre permet aux artisans de rechercher pour eux ou leurs fils des formations de substitution dans le travail du bois ou de la corne, ou complémentaires comme le manchage d’arquebuse ; des stratégies de réseau familiales et professionnelles permettent de postuler aux postes les plus opportuns dans le Saint-Empire.
Chine : l’autre superpuissance
Authors: Shieh Shawn , Wayllace Ana
Published: April 2022

Par une série de réformes, Xi Jinping a réussi à concentrer le pouvoir entre ses mains et au sein du Parti. Cela a été de pair avec l’ambition de refaire la société civile à l’image du Parti-État. Confrontée à une dynamique de cooptation, de contrôle et de répression, la société civile chinoise n’est pas pour autant restée passive, tentant de s’adapter et d’apporter des contre-réponses à cette politique.
Egg fatty acid profiles and potential health risk from defatted insect meal in laying hens’ diets
Authors: Chatzidimitriou E. , Davis H. , Maurer V. , Leiber F. , Leifert C. , Stergiadis S. , Butler G.
Published: April 2022

Insects, a staple feed for wild birds and free ranging poultry, have a relatively high protein quality and are a promising feed for commercial poultry. Replacing soybean meal with insect derived feeds potentially reduces dependency on feed imports, increasing the sustainability of egg production – but only if maintaining or enhancing their nutritional quality. This study investigated egg fatty acid (FA) profiles from replacing soyabean meal with Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) meal (HIM) for laying hens. A three-week trial with 30 organic Lohman Selected Leghorn hens between 64-74 weeks old was repeated with four flocks at the end of their first laying cycle. In all replicate trials, ten birds were randomly allocated to each of three diets: (1) control with 360 g soybean/kg and no HIM; (2) H12 with 120 g HIM and 156 g soybean/kg; and (3) H24 with 240 g HIM/kg and no soybean. Complete replacement of soya (H24) increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and decreased total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFA concentrations in eggs. The intermediate H12 diet (replacing 33% soya) gave similar n-3 and MUFA concentrations to control eggs but significantly increased SFA and reduced total PUFA. However, birds moderated the transfer of high intakes of potentially damaging C12:0 and C14:0 into eggs and although differences in eggs were highly significant and great (relative to very low levels in control eggs) concentrations were substantially lower than in insect meal itself and some commonly consumed foods.
Fourier transform of surface–carried measures of two-dimensional generic surfaces and applications
Authors: Cuenin Jean-Claude , Schippa Robert
Published: April 2022

We give a simple proof of the sharp decay of the Fourier-transform of surface-carried measures of two-dimensional generic surfaces. The estimates are applied to prove Strichartz and resolvent estimates for elliptic operators whose characteristic surfaces satisfy the generic assumptions. We also obtain new results on the spectral and scattering theory of discrete Schrödinger operators on the cubic lattice.
Fixed point theory in complex valued controlled metric spaces with an application
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Suhail , Chowdhury Mohammad Showkat Rahim , Guran Liliana , Alqudah Manar A. , Abdeljawad Thabet
Published: April 2022

In this article we have introduced a metric named complex valued controlled metric type space, more generalized form of controlled metric type spaces. This concept is a new extension of the concept complex valued $ b $-metric type space and this one is different from complex valued extended $ b $-metric space. Using the idea of this new metric, some fixed point theorems involving Banach, Kannan and Fisher contractions type are proved. Some examples togetheran application are described to sustain our primary results.
Los espacios urbanos de la democracia. Del ágora a la plaza
Authors: Colom González Francisco
Published: April 2022

A lo largo de la historia la ciudad ha constituido el espacio por excelencia de la democracia. Esta es la razón por la que reconstruyendo la cambiante funcionalidad de los espacios urbanos podemos rastrear la genealogía de la esfera pública. Este artículo aborda el estudio de las prácticas democráticas a través de los lugares de la ciudad en los que se han desarrollado, particularmente las plazas públicas. Las plazas se presentan desde esta perspectiva como un espacio agonístico añadido a las instituciones formales de representación política.
De la sociedad fósil a la sociedad hipocarbónica: la ciudad inteligente como estrategia facilitadora
Authors: López-Mesa Belinda
Published: April 2022

Los problemas ambientales actuales tienen su origen en los cambios de fuentes de energía y de metabolismo productivo (circular-lineal) a lo largo de la historia. En respuesta a dichos problemas, Europa ha definido una estrategia de transición energética, reforzada con estrategias de economía circular y de captura de carbono, con el fin de convertirse en el primer continente climáticamente neutro. Las ciudades desempeñan un papel muy relevante en la transición energética porque acogen una buena parte de las actividades humanas y son responsables de una buena parte de los consumos. En este artículo proponemos una clasificación de las distintas sociedades a lo largo de la historia desde el punto de vista medioambiental y energético, que distingue cuatro sociedades: la orgánica, la mineral, la fósil y la hipocarbónica. Las analizamos considerando aspectos urbanos, tecnológicos y relativos a las fuentes de energía y consumos. Las transiciones energéticas a lo largo de la historia se han prolongado mucho en el tiempo. La ciudad smart se vislumbra como una de las innovaciones que permitirán implementar la transición energética en Europa de forma rápida y progresiva. La escala global de la descarbonización se ve, sin embargo, como uno de los mayores retos a superar.
Programar y gobernar. Disputas tecnológico-políticas en la época de las smart cities
Authors: Maximiliano Tello Andrés
Published: April 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la emergencia reciente del discurso político-corporativo en torno a la noción de smart city, describiendo el vínculo entre las tecnologías digitales que conforman su infraestructura básica y las relaciones de poder que subyacen a sus modos de aplicación y gestión en el espacio urbano. Adoptamos el enfoque analítico de los estudios de gubernamentalidad (Foucault), pues esta perspectiva crítica de las racionalidades de gobierno sobre las conductas de la población considera tanto los dispositivos de control como los procesos de subjetivación y resistencia que atraviesan a las nuevas formas de gobierno smart-neoliberal de la vida urbana. El análisis de las estrategias gubernamentales de las smart cities mostrará que sus apuestas de gobierno en las ciudades consisten principalmente en la programación de las dinámicas urbanas. De ese modo, apuntaremos a una necesaria reflexión sobre las disputas tecnológico-políticas que surgen en el corazón de las llamadas ciudades inteligentes, tensionando así tanto sus premisas como sus prácticas de gestión de la población asociadas a las tecnologías digitales.
Espumas y espacio basura: movilidad y conformación del sujeto político postmetropolitano según Peter Sloterdijk y Antonio Negri
Authors: León Casero Jorge
Published: April 2022

A diferencia de la ciudad medieval y de la metrópolis decimonónica, la lógica de funcionamiento de las actuales postmetrópolis se basa en un incremento sin parangón de la movilidad de personas, mercancías y capitales. Frente a la división ciudad (fueros)-campo (feudalismo), propia del medioevo, y a la división producción (colonia y/o fábrica-suburbio)-consumo, característica de la metrópolis clásica, la postmetrópolis ha multiplicado exponencialmente la diversidad y transversalidad de sus principales divisiones. En consecuencia, el sujeto político hegemónico generado por la nueva condición postmetropolitana ya no coincide con los desarrollados anteriormente. Este artículo indaga en los dos principales modelos concebidos por la filosofía contemporánea a partir de un análisis de las nuevas condiciones urbanas en las que se desarrollan esos sujetos: el concepto de multitud de Negri y el de emprendedor creativo descrito por Sloterdijk. Aunque sus concepciones y categorías sociopolíticas difieren, ambos autores coinciden en establecer una relación productiva bidireccional entre el medio y el sujeto.
La ciudad como escenario donde afrontar el reto medioambiental del siglo XXI. Una revisión urbanística del caso español
Authors: Zulategui Beñarán Javier
Published: April 2022

El presente del ser humano es urbano. Si la pandemia de la COVID-19 no varía la tendencia actual, el futuro va a serlo en mayor medida. Esto convierte a las ciudades en el principal foco de recepción y emisión de materia y energía a escala global. Debido a esta repercusión, el reto medioambiental al que se enfrenta la sociedad del siglo XXI obliga a centrarse en la ciudad. Puede que transformando la ciudad sea posible avanzar hacia horizontes ambientales más favorables. Pero para convertir a la ciudad en el escenario principal donde afrontar este reto, es necesario transformar el modo de entender y de hacer ciudad. Para ello se debe revisar y comprender la forma en la que la ciudad se ha relacionado con la naturaleza. Este artículo analiza, desde una perspectiva ambiental, el discurso urbano español de las últimas décadas. Permite reconstruir el camino recorrido y descubre algunas directrices sobre cuál debería ser el camino correcto hacia el que deberían dirigirse los planteamientos urbanos futuros. La ciudad va a adquirir paulatinamente un mayor papel en la mejora ambiental del planeta y, en el caso de España, este horizonte se encuentra marcado por la Agenda Urbana Española 2019.
« Un asile d’humanité  » L’asile dans les consulats de France pendant la guerre d’indépendance grecque (1821-1832)
Authors: Massé Alexandre
Published: April 2022

En 1821, lorsque l’insurrection grecque éclate, les consuls de France en poste dans l’Empire ottoman voient affluer des civils qui se réfugient dans leurs consulats pour échapper à la violence d’un conflit aux relents de guerre civile. Privés d’instructions, ils prennent l’initiative d’accueillir au moins 6 000 Grecs et plusieurs centaines de Turcs, ce qui mécontente la population et les autorités locales. Les consuls doivent alors expliquer leur geste pour éviter une violation de leur consulat. Ils doivent aussi justifier leur décision auprès de leur hiérarchie. Après une longue tergiversation, le ministère reprend à son compte leurs discours humanitaires et entérine le droit d’asile consulaire.
Political science and the history of migration
Authors: Kleist J. Olaf , Lachenicht Susanne
Published: April 2022

Olaf Kleist points out how political scientists use historical analysis in migration studies in three ways: tracing developments, comparing cases, and analyzing the political use of migration history. Problems arise from the eclectic use of historical contexts and data, the ignorance of migration phenomena prior to 1648 and how political scientists tend to ignore complex historical developments. Kleist argues for better comparisons between the analysis of today’s phenomena and past migration experiences – going back to Antiquity, Medieval and Early Modern History. However, in the field of migration studies, historians could also learn from political scientists in focusing more on institutions as relevant actors and on structures. This could help us understand how asylum is negotiated, how actors on different levels co-operate and how the political organisation of society forms a most relevant background for the accommodation of refugees.
Récupérer une nationalité européenne. Quand des descendants d’Argentins et d’Israéliens mobilisent leurs origines familiales migratoires
Authors: Jedlicki Fanny , Lamarche Karine , Noûs Camille
Published: April 2022

Ces dernières décennies, le nombre de pluri-nationalités a connu une augmentation sans précédent. En Argentine comme en Israël, cette augmentation s’explique en partie par la possibilité offerte par certaines législations, à des descendants d’émigrés européens de recouvrir la nationalité de leur ancêtre. À partir d’enquêtes empiriques menées dans deux contextes a priori éloignés, cet article se propose d’examiner les processus d’acquisition de nationalités additionnelles en vertu d’origines familiales et non de la résidence dans un pays d’immigration. Il cherche à dévoiler les raisons qui poussent des Argentins d’origine espagnole ou italienne et des Israéliens originaires d’Europe centrale ou de l’Est à se lancer dans les procédures longues et souvent coûteuses nécessaires pour devenir citoyens de l’UE.
COVID-19 and the Tourism Industry
Authors: Taneja Vikramaditya Kumar , Mandal Pratap Chandra
Published: April 2022

The study compares the impacts of Covid-19 to past disease outbreaks, disruptive events, and examines the current effects of the pandemic in general and on the tourism industry in particular. It aims to discuss the impact on demand and supply of the tourism industry, examines the possible recovery of tourism industry, and opportunities to transform practices, norms, and procedures. It discusses about the opportunities for new firms to enter, opportunities for current firms, and strategies to combat the pandemic. A qualitative and a conceptual analysis of the literature on past disruptive events, effects of Covid-19 on tourism industry, and the possible recovery are performed. It predicts that the recovery of tourism industry will be slow. It suggests the roles to be played by various agencies, the need for changing products and experiences, importance of research, opportunities for market entry, and for making structural changes to the industry, and policy implications.
The Affordances of Video Conferencing Tools in Synchronous Online Sessions in the Turkish EFL Context
Authors: Kaban Aysegul Liman , Yataganbaba Esra
Published: April 2022

In 2020, video conferencing went from a novelty to a necessity, and its usage skyrocketed due to shelter-in-place throughout the world. However, there is a scarcity of academic research on the psychological effects and mechanisms of video conferencing, and scholars need tools to understand this drastically scaled usage. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand EFL teachers’ expectations and needs for video conferencing tools. 578 English as a foreign language education teachers who live in Turkey participated in this study. Mixed-methods research was used to analyze the survey results. The findings of this study can be used to guide the selection of appropriate videoconferencing systems for educational purposes. They also provide information on how to investigate teaching methods and pedagogies for online education. This study also includes a series of suggestions for how to improve videoconferencing tools.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Preconditioning
Authors: Rastaldo R.
Published: April 2022

The prolonged occlusion of a coronary artery followed by reperfusion causes deleterious effects known as “ischemiareperfusion injuries”. In fact, these injuries,which affect both myocardium and coronary endothelium, initiate during ischemia and worsen during reperfusion.Thus, although myocardial infarction is the necrosis occurring as a consequence of the ischemia, its size can increase with reperfusion.Usually two hours of reperfusion are sufficient to induce a noticeable increase in size of the infarct area. In addition to necrosis, also myocardial stunning and arrhythmias are features of the damage. [...]
The Cardiovascular Effect of the Platelet Activator Factor
Authors: Penna C.
Published: April 2022

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is one of the most potent mediators found in mammals. PAF is a phospholipid with diverse and potent physiological effects; it is a mediator of cell – to cell communication,which may function either as a intercellular and an intracellular messenger. PAF is produced by a variety of cells, such as monocytes/macrophages, polymorphonuclear and platelets [1]. It has been shown that PAF is released by human endothelial cells after stimulation with several inflammatory mediators, as well as by cardiac tissue after a period of ischemia. [...]
Periodontal Disease and Oral Ageing: Influence of Genetic (HLA) and Environmental Factors
Authors: Pettenati-Soubayroux I. , Bonfil J. J. , Susini G. , Boëtsch G.
Published: April 2022

The general process of ageing involves both physiological ageing (endogenous and\or innate) and ecological ageing (exogenous and\or acquired). Physiological ageing is the functional ageing that affects all individuals, leading to the decline of organic functions and systems of control.

However, physiological ageing is also programmed genetic ageing, creating disparity among individuals with regard to old age and longevity. [...]
Challenges for the practice of evidence-based medicine during COVID-19 pandemic (practice of evidence-based medicine in the new normal)
Authors: Kotur Premanath Fakirayya , Kotur Pushpa
Published: April 2022

The forces which had kept the evidence-based medicine (EBM) movement alive and ongoing have altered significantly during this coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. There has been discrepancy in the demand and availability of scientific evidence. Deaths of thousands of people including physicians and other health-care workers (while offering COVID-19 care) across the globe have shaken the confidence of the physicians towards the practice of EBM. Journals started publishing in a hurry, incomplete and at times misleading scientific articles, about COVID-19, leaving the physicians in a dilemma about the evidence. The practitioner of EBM has had to turn helplessly to non-documentary evidences to treat COVID-19 patients. Apart from the evidence becoming hyperdynamic and volatile along with a reduction in its quality, the environment got polluted by political interference. In a nutshell, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the practice of EBM and its acceptance in multiple ways.
Comparison of elevated cardiac troponin I with SAPS-II and APACHE-II score in predicting outcome of severe intoxications
Authors: Mirakbari Seyed Mostafa , Kazemifar Amir Mohammad , Namdar Peyman , Seddighi Mahyar , Allami Abbas , Barikani Ameneh
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:

To date, different methods have been invented to risk-stratify critically ill patients, however, there is a paucity of information regarding assessing the severity of poisonings. This study was designed to determine the comparative efficacy of Simplified Acute Physiology Score-II (SAPS-II) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II (APACHE-II)score with cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in predicting severe intoxication outcomes.

Methods:

This was a prospective study conducted on patients who fulfilled defined severe intoxication criteria necessitating intensive care unit (ICU) admission over a period of 6 months. SAPS-II and APACHE-II scores were calculated and cTnI concentrations were measured. These indicators were compared to determine which has the better ability to prognosticate mortality and complications.

Results:

A total of 55 cases (median age, 35 [24-49] years) were enroled. Eight patients (14.5%) died. Mean SAPS-II, median APACHE-II score and median cTnI concentrations were 32.05 ± 11.24, 13 [10-17] and 0.008 [0.002-0.300] ng/ml, respectively, which were significantly different between the survivors and non-survivors. Receiver operating characteristics curve results of SAPS-II, APACHE-II score and cTnI concentrations in predicting mortality were 0.945, 0.932 and 0.763 and in predicting complications were 0.779, 0.739 and 0.727, respectively. High cTnI concentration (>0.37 ng/ml) correlated with soft clinical outcomes, including length of ventilatory support, length of ICU stay and length of hospital stay (LOS) (r: 0.928, 0.881 and 0.735 respectively; all P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

SAPS-II scores were superior in predicting death and complications, while cTnI correlated more closely with soft clinical outcomes, such as the length of ventilator support, length of ICU stay or LOS.
A comparative study of ultrasound assisted versus landmark technique for combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Khan Mohd Anas , Gupta Madhu , Sharma Siddharth , Kasaudhan Sonia
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:

Spinal anatomy is better visualised in the para sagittal oblique view with the aid of ultrasonography. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether preprocedural ultrasonography can facilitate the ease of establishing combined spinal epidural (CSE) via paramedian approach versus landmark approach in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.

Methods:

This prospective randomised study was conducted in 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I-II patients, aged 18-60 years requiring CSE and randomly divided into two groups: Ultrasound-assisted (USG) group (n = 50) and Surface landmark (SLG) group (n = 50). The primary outcome was to compare the first pass needle success rate to establish CSE and the secondary outcomes were to compare the number of needle puncture attempts, time to establish landmarks (t1), time to accomplish CSE (t2) and complications.

Results:

First pass needle success rate in USG group was 43 (86.0%) versus 36 (60.0%) in SLG group (P = 0.001). Number of attempts taken to establish CSE was lower in USG group as compared to SLG group (P = 0.023).t1 was greater in USG group (1.45 ± 0.47) minutes as compared to (0.79 ± 0.34) minutes in SLG group (P = 0.003). t2 was reduced in USG group (1.47 ± 0.55) minutes versus (2.73 ± 1.36) minutes in SLG group (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

Preprocedural USG for CSE via paramedian approach increases first pass needle success rate and reduces needle puncture attempts in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.
Delirium associated with buprenorphine use in cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Selvaraj Thiruvenkadam , Thangavel Periyasamy , Siddhaarth K
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims:

Delirium is defined as an acute disturbance in consciousness along with impaired thought processing and easy distraction. Buprenorphine is a mixed agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic. Few case reports have been published about the possible association between buprenorphine and delirium. The aim of this study was to look for an association between buprenorphine and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective data from 100 cases of off-pump CABG were collected. The patients were divided into two groups (50 patients each). In group I, buprenorphine was used for postoperative analgesia. In group II, buprenorphine was not used for postoperative analgesia.

Results:

On post-operative day 0, there was no incidence of delirium in both groups. On post-operative days two and three, there was no incidence of delirium in group II, but a statistically significant incidence of delirium was seen in group I (P = 0.012, relative risk >1). The overall (all four days) incidence of delirium was higher in group I which was statistically significant (P = 0.006). The total number of delirium cases was seven (14%) in group I and out of the seven delirium cases, five patients (10%) had hyperactive delirium, and two patients (4%) had hypoactive delirium.

Conclusion:

Use of buprenorphine was associated with post-operative delirium, particularly of the hyperactive motoric subtype in off-pump CABG patients.
Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Low Birth Weight Newborns at Different Types of Feeding
Authors: Chernenkov Yuri V. , Bochkova Larisa G. , Kadymova Irina I. , Kiselev Anton R.
Published: April 2022

Context:

Preterm infants need plenty of energy and nutrients supplied by carbohydrates, in particular glucose.

Aims:

The aim was to study the associations of the carbohydrate content in blood and in feces with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and different types of feeding in low birth weight (LBW) preterm infants.

Subjects and Methods:

This prospective study included 173 preterm infants with LBW, including those with IUGR. The dynamic monitoring of carbohydrates indicators in blood and feces, as well as the analysis of these parameters depending on the birth weight and type of feeding, have been performed.

Results:

Infants with LBW exhibited a higher excretion of carbohydrates with feces in preterm infants who received breast milk by the end of the neonatal period. The low level of glycemia in newborns during breastfeeding is explained by the fact that with this type of feeding the use of glucose is more intensive.

Conclusions:

LBW preterm infants had an increased level of carbohydrates in feces, which implied an enzymatic insufficiency that has persisted throughout the observation period. However, the level of excretion depended, first of all, on the type of feeding of the preterm infants. The level of hypoglycemia was significantly associated with the occurrence of IUGR.
The Neonatal Lung Ultrasound – What Should I Know as a Neonatologist?
Authors: Harohalli A. Venkatesh , Anitha Raju N. M. , Narayanaswamy Vindhya
Published: April 2022

The point-of-care lung ultrasound has been used in the care of sick neonates. With the nonionizing radiation property, portability, repeatability, and quick availability, the ultrasound has taken a big role in the management of neonates with respiratory diseases. The clinician taking care of the sick neonate should be well experienced in performing the ultrasound of the lung. The pleura is the main source of information about lung pathology under ultrasound. This guides the ultrasound in making the diagnosis. The utility of ultrasound in neonatal intensive care includes the common pathological conditions of the lung–respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia pleural effusion, and emergency conditions such as pneumothorax. The knowledge about the normal lung ultrasound, the lung pathology, and its correlation with the lung ultrasound is essential in making the diagnosis. The review article is focused to answer all the aforementioned.
Clinical Outcome of Preterm Babies Managed for Respiratory Distress Syndrome using Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Surfactant
Authors: Adejuyigbe E. A. , Ugowe Osagie Joseph , Anyabolu Chineme Henry , Babalola Toluwani Ebun
Published: April 2022

Background:

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among preterm babies. It is caused by a deficiency of surfactant; hence, there is reduced lung compliance and increased work of breathing. The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation, a noninvasive form of ventilation, as well as the administration of exogenous surfactant, has proven to be very useful in the management of RDS. The use of less invasive techniques in ventilation and administration of surfactant have also been shown to reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adverse effect of intubation.

Objective:

The objective is to determine mean oxygen saturation at 1 h, 6 h, and 12 h after commencement of CPAP, the mean values of FiO2 and positive end-expiratory pressure before and after administration of surfactant, and the overall case-fatality rate and birth weight-specific mortality rates.

Methods:

Study design was a prospective observational study and subjects were inborn babies between 26 and 34 weeks gestation who were managed for RDS with CPAP alone or with additional surfactant.

Results:

All 104 recruited preterm babies were managed with CPAP. Fifty-six (53.8%) babies also had surfactant administered. The mean weight of the babies was 1.35 (±0.322) kg, and the mean gestational age was 30.95 (±2.24) weeks. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), and LBW constituted 11.5%, 55.8%, and 32.7% of the study population, respectively. The mean SPO2 before CPAP and 12 h after were 90.93 (±5.39) % and 96.5 (±3.30) %, respectively. The overall case-fatality rate was 18.2%, and birth-weight-specific mortality rates for ELBW, VLBW, and LBW were 58.3%, 15.5%, and 9.7%, respectively.

Conclusion:

From this study, it is clear that the prompt use of a cost-effective CPAP devices and the administration of surfactant are very effective in reducing morbidity and mortality among VLBW babies. While most local studies focused on the experience with the use of CPAP alone, this study goes further to demonstrate that the use of CPAP and surfactant is more effective in the management of RDS.
Chemical Contents in Relation to the Antimicrobial Efficacies of Solanum Spp. Sect. Petota
Authors: Aladesida Adeyinka A. , Adepoju Adeyinka O. , Adesola-Famade Bunmi , Ajiboye Temitope Olushola , Fagbolu Tolulope A.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Both Solanum lycopersicum and S. Pimpinellifolium possess much nutritional and therapeutic usefulness.

Aim:

This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemical, chemical and antimicrobial contents of foliar extracts of both plants.

Methodology:

The analyses were carried out using standard methods; the organic contents of the extracts were determined by GC-MS before the extracts were tested for antibacterial and antifungal potentials using the disc diffusion method.

Results:

The biochemical analysis revealed the presence of crude fibre, crude fat, crude carbohydrate, moisture content, total ash, dry matter and crude protein. Various mineral elements such as Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron and Phosphorus were detected in the extracts, even as GC-MS revealed 6 different organic compounds belonging to two groups of chemicals (ester and alkanol). The methanolic extract of both plants showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities on some of the test organisms at a dose range of 5 and 25mg/ml. Cardiac glycosides was observed to be the highest constituent of the phytochemicals detected and it has been reported to inhibit sodium and potassium pump which in turn cause an increase in the amount of calcium ions and are thus useful in the treatment of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.

Conclusion:

This study concluded that the leaf extracts of both plants investigated are highly nutritive, containing appreciable amounts of nutrients which are required in human and animal diet. Recommendation: An advocacy for a higher consumption of these tomatoes as well as their use in the formulation of antimicrobial agents and drugs is highly recommended.
Strength and durability properties of concrete using incinerated biomedical waste ash
Authors: Katare Kailash Narayan , Samaiya Nitin Kumar , IyerMurthy Yogesh
Published: April 2022

Biomedical waste is a collection of medical waste from diverse sources that pose a major risk to human, plant, or animal life now or in the future. It cannot be processed or discarded off without proper processing. Biomedical waste is often burnt in incineration plants, yielding Incinerated Biomedical Waste Ash (IBMW) which is disposed off in landfills, which are not completely leak-proof. The impact of IBMW ash as cement replacement on the strength and permeability properties of concrete is discussed in this research. For comparison, a control concrete mix is created, as well as five concrete mixes with varying percentages of IBMW (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%). Lime reactivity test suggests marginal pozzolanic activity of IBMW. The experimental study results suggest that including 7.5% IBMW as a partial cement replacement improves the compressive strength by 20%; improves the split tensile strength by 17% and flexural strength by 14% compared to control mix in 28 days. Compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests is performed up to 90 days of age, and water absorption, sorptivity, and leachate analyses is performed up to 28 days of age. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was also carried out and is discussed.
Comparison of different machine learning algorithms to estimate liquid level for bioreactor management
Authors: Yu Sung Il , Rhee Chaeyoung , Cho Kyung Hwa , Shin Seung Gu
Published: April 2022

Estimating the liquid level in an anaerobic digester can be disturbed by its closedness, bubbles and scum formation, and the inhomogeneity of the digestate. In our previous study, a soft-sensor approach using seven pressure meters has been proposed as an alternative for real-time liquid level estimation. Here, machine learning techniques were used to improve the estimation accuracy and optimize the number of sensors required in this approach. Four algorithms, multiple linear regression (MLR), artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis function kernel were compared for this purpose. All models outperformed the cubic model developed in the previous study, among which the ANN and RF models performed the best. Variable importance analysis suggested that the pressure readings from the top (in the headspace) were the most significant, while the other pressure meters showed varying significance levels depending on the model type. The sensor that experienced both headspace and liquid phases depending on the level variation incurred a higher error than other sensors. The results showed that the ML techniques can provide an effective tool to estimate digester liquid levels by optimizing the number of sensors and reducing the error rate.
GENDER-RELATED IMMUNE STATUS IN ISCHEMIC STROKE
Authors: Maslyakov V. V. , Pavlova O. N. , Fedotova N. N. , Abakumova Yu. V.
Published: April 2022

Research objective – to reveal gender-related features of changes in immune status during acute ischemic stroke.There were enrolled 160 subjects including 100 (50 males and 50 females) apparently healthy (no complaints, no check-ups and no diagnoses). On admission, 60 (30 males and 30 females) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, who were examined for changes in immune status by assessing the following parameters such as T and B-cell subsets: peripheral blood CD3+ (mature T lymphocytes); CD4+ (T helper); CD8+ (cytotoxic T cells) T cells; CD16+ (natural killers); CD20+ (B cells) cells as well as CD4/CD8 ratio. Total amount of IgG, M, A antibodies was measured by simple radial immunodiffusion by Mancini et al., whereas IgE level – by ELISA. Level of serum C3-, C4-complement components, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, INFγ, IL-4, IL-10 was measured by ELISA.Our study revealed that in peripheral blood count of total leukocytes, band neutrophils and lymphocytes was significantly increased in acute ischemic stroke vs healthy subjects in sex-independent manner. Moreover, no pronounced differences between females vs males were observed. Rise in such parameters may be due to host inflammatory response. While examining humoral immunity, it was shown that activity the complement system and cytokine level in patients with acute ischemic stroke had gender-related increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2 that paralleled with decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10, IL-4 and IFNγ. In addition, subjects in both groups demonstrated significantly increased amount of IgG, IgM, IgE, total complement and its С3- and C4 fractions, C1-inhibitor, CIC, factor H, FI, FH, NBT-sp., NBI-st. hence, based on this it may be concluded that patients with ischemic stroke exert signs of marked inflammation. Similar to cellular immune arm, the above parameters revealed gender-related differences so that all immune parameters were significantly increased in males vs females.
ASSESSED EFFICACY OF POLYOXIDONIUM IN MEDICATED TREATMENT OF MODELLED CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)
Authors: Sarkisyan N. G. , Drozdova L. I. , Umarova D. S. , Solovyova D. A. , Khlystova K. A.
Published: April 2022

This article highlights current issues on medical treatment of chronic periodontitis. The lack of effective comprehensive approach to treatment of chronic periodontitis requires to seek for new treatment strategies, which will be based on pathogenetic features of disease development. Experimental study with Wistar rat strain was used as a model of chronic periodontitis created by inserting a 12 mm needle into the periodontal space of the lower incisor. More than 30 models of chronic periodontitis were obtained. A method of conservative therapy by using an immunomodulator (polyoxidonium) was proposed. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of polyoxidonium in treatment of chronic periodontitis model. To do this, we compared efficacy of treatment with polyoxidonium and treatment with an antibacterial drug, Metrogil Denta gel. Development of model of chronic periodontitis was performed in two groups of our study. In the first group, periodontitis was treated with polyoxidonium injected into alveolar process mucosa of the lower jaw. In the second group – antibacterial gel “Metrogil Denta” was applied to the area of inflammation. Finally, clinical and histological assessment of therapeutic efficacy was performed. It was found that the main clinical parameters after immunomodulatory therapy were not inferior to those obtained after treatment with Metrogil Denta gel. During treatment, hyperemia, edema, and bleeding gums were decreased in both groups. Evaluation of clinical data after treatment with polyoxidonium suggested that improved parameters evidenced about good immune-mediated activity of the drug and need to continue further efficacy examination in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases. To assess the histological picture, 60 decalcified sections were examined (two per each animal, respectively). Data from control group without treatment were described previously, and were used for comparison. Histological examination confirmed ongoing healing process in all three groups. In group 1 treated with immunomodulator, pharmacological properties of polyoxidonium favorably affected regeneration of periodontal tissue, which, however, required longer period of time, more than 20 days. It proves a pronounced efficacy of polyoxidonium in treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases, even as a standalone therapy without combining with antibacterial drugs.
Influence of different kinds of stress on apoptosis of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes upon in vivo blockage of opiate receptors
Authors: Sharavieva I. L. , Gein S. V.
Published: April 2022

The endogenous opioid system is involved in regulation of many body functions, including immune system regulation. Endogenous opioid peptides are released under stress and communicate with opiate receptors, which are found on most immune cells. Apoptosis is one of the most important instruments in the regulation of the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of various types of stress upon apoptosis of CD4+/ CD8+ lymphocytes under conditions of opiate receptor blockade. The objects of this study were white outbred male mice, been kept in laboratory vivarium. The following types of stress were studied: immobilization (6 h in the supine position), rotational (60 min: 10 min rotation at 78 rpm, 5 min rest), two types of acute cold (10 min or 60 min at -20 °С), chronic cold (-4 °С for 4 hours daily, for 7 days). Opiate receptors have been blocked by subcutaneous administration of naloxone hydrochloride at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg 20 minutes before stress, and again 3 hours later, with a stress duration of over 3 hours. Splenocytes were stained with PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies against murine CD4, and antibodies against mouse CD8 (BioLegent, USA); after incubation and washing, they were stained with reagents for determining apoptosis. V-FITC / 7-AAD annexin kit (Beckman Coulter, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Lymphocyte apoptosis was recorded with a CytoFLEX S cytometer (Beckman Coulter, USA). Results. It was found that immobilization stress (lasting 6 h) and acute cold stress (60 min -20 °С), regardless of naloxone administration, enhance apoptosis of mouse CD8+ lymphocytes. Chronic cold stress (-4 °С 4 hours / 7 days) led to a decrease in apoptotic spleen lymphocyte numbers only during the blockade of opiate receptors. The effects of rotational stress and short-term acute cold stress (-20 °С, 10 min) upon apoptosis were not registered. Thus, two types of stress (immobilization and acute cold) caused intensification of CD8+ lymphocyte apoptosis; endogenous opioid system seems not to participate in regulation of these processes. Under conditions of chronic cold stress with naloxone injections, we have noted a decreased Annexin binding by spleen lymphocytes in mice.
Comparative analysis of bactericidal properties of synthetic peptides from the active center of GM-CSF - ZP2 against different gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Gritsenko V. A. , Tyapaeva Ya. V. , Dobrynina M. A. , Zurochka A. V.
Published: April 2022

Objective of this study was to carry out comparative analysis of bactericidal activity of synthetic peptide ZP2 (SP ZP2) against museum strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and methods. We used museum strains of E. coli (ATCC 25922) and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, as well as 104 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli (n = 22) and K. pneumoniae (n = 82), and 98 clinical isolates of non-fermenting Gramnegative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa (n = 43) and A. baumannii (n = 55), isolated from patients with various gynecological and surgical infections. Bactericidal activity of SP ZP2 (final concentration 10 μg/ml) against the microorganisms was assessed by difference in optical density (OD) for experimental and control broth cultures after 20 min of contact of bacterial suspensions (5 x 108 CFU/ml) with SP ZP2 (in control — with distilled water), adding meat-peptone broth and 4-hour incubation at 37 °C. The effect of SP ZP2 was expressed by the Bactericidal Activity Index (BAI, %). Results. Using the in vitro assays, we have found that SP ZP2 had a pronounced bactericidal effect on both the reference strains of E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and majority (95.5-98.2%) of the studied clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, regardless of their species. With regard of the average BAI values, the tested bacterial species may be ranked by increasing their sensitivity to the synthetic ZP2 peptide as follows: P. aeruginosa (74.0±2.3%) — E. coli (77.6±3.5%) — K. pneumoniae (82.8±1.6%) — A. baumannii (84.3±1.7%). In addition, significant intraspecific variability of clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria was revealed for their sensitivity to bactericidal effect of SP ZP2. Conclusion. The synthetic ZP2 peptide is able to inhibit growth of Gram-negative bacteria, as well as exerts a bactericidal effect, thus considering it as a promising candidate for development of new effective drugs with combined immunobiological properties for combatting infectious and inflammatory conditions caused by the indicated microorganisms which show common resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial drugs used in clinical practice.