bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Update and Trends in Hidden Hunger, 1995‐2011
Authors: Ruel‐Bergeron Julie , Stevens Gretchen , Sugimoto Jonathan , Roos Franz , Ezzati Majid , Black Robert , Kraemer Klaus
Published: June 2021

In order to track progress in reducing the persistent burden of micronutrient deficiencies globally, a Hidden Hunger Index (HHI) was developed in 2013. The index is calculated using an unweighted average of prevalence of iron‐deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and stunting (used as a proxy for zinc deficiency). Using newly available data, we updated the HHI in 2014 and assessed progress globally and in 7 regions between 1995‐2011 using population weighted means. Globally, the burden of hidden hunger declined (‐6.7 net change) from 1995‐2011; improvements were observed for all regions except Africa where the HHI increased (+1.9); East Asia and the Pacific performed exceptionally well (‐13.0).

Region
n
Net HHI change 1995‐2011Mean (SE)
HHI 1995Mean (SE)
HHI 2000Mean (SE)
HHI 2005Mean (SE)
HHI 2011Mean (SE)

Africa
46
1.90 (0.11)
35.43 (0.76)
36.85 (0.75)
37.61 (0.69)
37.33 (0.58)

West and Central Africa
24
2.74 (0.12)
34.58 (0.84)
36.34 (0.87)
37.13 (0.85)
37.32 (0.79)

East and Southern Africa
22
1.06 (0.19)
36.29 (1.29)
37.36 (1.24)
38.08 (1.10)
37.34 (0.87)

Americas
33
‐4.83 (0.07)
17.76 (0.68)
15.24 (0.65)
13.85 (0.62)
12.93 (0.53)

Central America
8
‐6.07 (0.11)
20.71 (1.21)
17.63 (1.15)
15.78 (1.18)
14.65 (1.14)

South America
11
‐4.48 (0.10)
16.61 (1.01)
14.25 (1.03)
13.00 (1.41)
12.13 (0.73)

Caribbean
14
‐3.41 (0.06)
17.33 (1.54)
15.38 (1.48)
14.49 (1.41)
13.92 (1.38)

Middle East and North Africa
20
‐3.44 (0.11)
21.67 (1.48)
19.77 (1.61)
19.11 (1.67)
18.23 (1.66)

Middle East
14
‐4.37 (0.07)
20.87 (1.85)
18.67 (1.80)
17.68 (1.84)
16.49 (1.85)

North Africa
6
‐2.47 (0.21)
22.51 (2.70)
20.92 (3.22)
20.60 (3.36)
20.03 (3.24)

Central and Eastern Europe
9
‐4.74 (0.07)
20.06 (1.24)
18.10 (1.41)
16.62 (1.30)
13.33 (1.07)

South Asia
8
‐4.40 (0.21)
40.14 (0.98)
38.63 (1.04)
37.57 (1.08)
35.75 (1.06)

East Asia and the Pacific
21
‐12.97 (0.11)
25.97 (1.42)
19.51 (1.48)
15.17 (1.40)
13.00 (1.18)

Global
138
‐6.72 (0.12)
29.96 (0.81)
26.86 (0.95)
24.81 (1.04)
23.25 (1.04)

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Improvements in HHI were mostly attributable to reductions in zinc and vitamin A deficiencies, whereas iron‐deficiency anemia persisted and even increased in some regions. The HHI was also shown to be highly correlated with other global indices of hunger and development such as the Human Development Index and Global Hunger Index (r=0.91 and r=0.83, respectively). The HHI is a useful tool that can help track the impact of programs and policies aimed at reducing micronutrient deficiencies, and monitor achievement of the current and future Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Sight and Life provided funding to support the preparation of this manuscript.
Stunting during infancy and schooling: a prospective study in Senegal
Authors: Bork Kirsten , Adjibade Moufidath , Delaunay Valérie , Lévi Pierre
Published: June 2021

The objective was to investigate the relationship of stunting in late infancy with school achievement in a rural area of Senegal. A cohort of 4753 subjects born 1987‐95 for whom length‐for‐age at the age of 9 mo had been measured during vaccination was followed for school attendance from 2001 to 2009. Factors associated with outcomes (any school attendance, delayed entry, delay in grades, dropout) were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Potential confounders were year of birth, sex, level of schooling of parents, economic level and size of village. The prevalence of stunting at age 9 mo was 17.5%. One third of subjects never attended school. The risk was independent of early stunting (P>0.20) but closely associated with year of birth, schooling of parents, economic level and size of village (P<0.001 for all). Delayed school entry (蠅8 y) was more common among stunted children (adjusted OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.4, P<0.01) and in smaller villages (2.4, CI: 1.8, 3.2) and less common if the father had secondary education (0.2, CI: 0.0, 0.8). Delay in grades 蠅3y was 28% and 53%, respectively, in grades 4 and 6. Stunted children were at greater risk (1.5, CI: 1.2, 1.9, P=0.001 and 1.6, CI: 1.2, 2.0, P<0.001, respectively), whereas girls and those whose parents had secondary education had lower risks. Girls also had lower risks of dropout before entering the secondary level (0.70, CI: 0.6, 0.9, P<0.01) whereas stunting was not associated with dropout. Progression through grades was independent of stunting (1.00, 0.75, 1.33). In conclusion, children who were stunted during infancy entered school later than other children and did not catch up in grades during primary school. Delay in grades was a universal phenomenon in this population.
Body Composition, Diet Quality, and Changes in CRP in Overweight, Lactating Women
Authors: Shearer Elyse , Wideman Laurie , Lovelady Cheryl
Published: June 2021

Obesity has been linked with elevation of the inflammatory protein, C‐reactive protein (CRP), which increases risk of developing chronic disease. Weight loss, specifically loss of abdominal fat, may decrease CRP. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), which measures overall diet quality, may also be associated with CRP levels. These scores are based on the intake of 12 different food components with a maximum score of 100. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of weight loss and dietary quality on CRP in 36 overweight, postpartum (PP) women from two randomized, controlled weight loss trials. Weight, height, and body composition (determined by DXA) were measured at baseline (4‐14 weeks PP) and endpoint (18‐26 weeks PP). Concentrations of CRP were measured by ELISA. HEI scores were calculated from two 24‐hour recalls obtained using the Nutrition Data System for Research. The intervention group lost significantly more weight than the control group (‐6.86 ± 1.04 kg, ‐3.65 ± 1.14 kg, p=0.02). There were no significant differences between groups for CRP or HEI scores. When analyzing data from all participants, there was a significant positive association between change in CRP (‐0.13 ± 0.49 mg/L) and change in weight (R2=0.12) and trunk fat (R2=0.15). Also, while change in HEI scores was not significantly associated with change in CRP, HEI score at baseline (59.9 ± 2.6) tended to be negatively associated with change in CRP (R2=0.09, p=0.09). The relationship between change in trunk fat and change in CRP was strengthened when HEI scores at baseline were added to the model (R2=0.19). These results suggest that loss of total weight and abdominal fat is associated with a reduction of CRP. Diet quality may mediate the relationship seen between body composition and CRP.
Iron and Complementary Feeding of Breast‐fed Infants: Impact on Gut Inflammation and Microbiota
Authors: Friel James , Azad Elnaz , Azad Meghan , Qasem Wafaa , Cai Chenxi , Kafipour Eshan
Published: June 2021

Rationale

The American Pediatric Society recommends that iron fortified cereal (most iron unabsorbed) or meat (most iron absorbed) be introduced to breast‐fed infants at six months of age.

Objectives

To assess the impact of recommended first solid foods for exclusively breast‐fed infants on gut microbiota and gut inflammation.

Methods

Ninety exclusively breastfed infants were randomized to 1 of 3 groups: iron fortified cereal (FeCer), iron fortified cereal with fruit (FeCer+Fr) or meat (M). Fecal samples were collected before introduction of study foods (4‐5.5 months) and 3 weeks after. Fecal iron was measured by spectrophotometry and calprotectin by ELISA. Gut microbiota were characterized by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA (V4 region).<span style=”mso‐spa
Patterns of Growth Factor Receptor Expression Correlate with Concentrations of Their Respective Growth Factors in Mouse Milk during Lactation
Authors: Zhang Man , Lonnerdal Bo
Published: June 2021

Growth factors (GF) are crucial components in breast milk contributing to regulation of neonatal small intestinal maturation. Concentrations of GF change during the lactation period, but there is limited data on expression of their receptors in the neonatal small intestine during this time. C57BL/6 mice were used as a model to explore expression patterns for milk GF receptors. Small intestines of mice pups were collected at regular intervals during fetal life and up to postnatal day (PD) 60. Gene expression of GF receptors (EGF, TGF‐β family, IGF, VEGF, PDGF, HGF, FGF, NGF and EPO receptors), were determined by qPCR. All receptors showed significantly greater expression in the fetus and a sharp decrease after PD14 [figure 1]. At this time mouse pups start to ingest solid food. Another experiment to avoid a solid food effect was therefore conducted by removing pups when dams were given solid foods. The results showed the same trend – decreasing greatly from PD14, demonstrating that theexpressionof GF receptors was not related to solid food intake. To explore whether thisexpression patternwascorrelated with concentrations of the corresponding GF in the milk, milk samples were collected regularly from PD0 to PD21, and GF were analyzed by ELISA. TGF‐β and VEGF concentrationswere found to show trends similar to their receptor changes in the small intestine, whereas EGF and IGF‐1 reached their maximum level during mid‐lactation. In conclusion, growth factor receptors in the small intestine of mouse pups show a sudden decrease after PD14, which is not caused by solid food intake. Growth factors in milk may regulate their respectivereceptors through different mechanisms due to their different functions during early development of the small intestine.
Maternal beliefs and practices about storage of human milk
Authors: Cheng David , O'Sullivan Elizabeth , Rasmussen Kathleen
Published: June 2021

The majority of human milk (HM)‐feeding mothers in the US express their milk. Expressed HM may be fed directly to the infant or stored for some time. Storage guidelines vary depending on location (countertop, refrigerator, freezer pack or freezer) and guideline source (governmental agency, pump manufacturer or parenting website). HM storage was a theme that emerged in our analysis of qualitative interviews about HM expression conducted with a diverse sample of 41 mothers of children aged ~1‐3 years old. Interviews were transcribed and themes were identified via iterative open and closed coding using Atlas.ti. Subjects had inconsistent beliefs about how long HM could be stored in different locations and many were concerned about HM “expiring” over time. Some felt their HM smelled or tasted bad and attributed this to excess lipase in their milk. Many subjects implemented complex milk rotation strategies, feeding some mixture of fresh, refrigerated, and frozen HM to try to use up HM nearing a perceived expiration date. A few women simply discarded HM they believed to have expired. Research is required to create evidence‐based guidelines for HM storage, which should be disseminated broadly to mothers.
Perceived Pre‐Pregnancy Weight Status among Participants of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)
Authors: Koleilat Maria , Bell Sean , Vargas Nancy , Molina Michael , Whaley Shannon
Published: June 2021

Weight misperception is associated with weight gain in non‐pregnant women, but no data exist regarding pre‐pregnancy weight status perception among low‐income pregnant women in Los Angeles County (LAC). The objective of this study was to examine weight status perception among pregnant WIC participants in LAC. This is a secondary data analysis of data collected for a prospective intervention study to reduce excessive gestational weight gain among WIC participants. Overall, women in this analytical sample (N=505) were aged 28.5±6.1 years. The sample was largely Hispanic (66%) and 64.5% of the women were either overweight or obese. Participants were asked to report their weight, height, and perceived pre‐pregnancy body weight status by questionnaire. Of the 26 women with underweight pre‐pregnancy BMI, 5 (19.2%) accurately perceived their weight. Of the 153 women with normal pre‐pregnancy BMI, 136 (88.9%) accurately perceived their weight. Of the 164 women with overweight pre‐pregnancy BMI, 54 (32.9%) accurately perceived their weight. Of the 162 women with obese pre‐pregnancy BMI, 20 (12.3%) accurately perceived their weight. Overall, concordance between perceived and actual weights was low. Only 42.4% of women accurately identified their weight status (weighted kappa = 0.3; 95% CI 0.26‐0.36). Interventions are needed to correct weight misperception among pregnant WIC participants and potentially reduce the likelihood of excessive gestational weight gain. This research is supported by UCLA Subaward No. 1920 G QA126.
Food Insecurity and its Association with Depression among Injection Drug Users (IDUs) with or without HIV in Chennai, India
Authors: Sackey Joachim , Chui Kenneth , Tang Alice
Published: June 2021

Background

HIV prevalence among IDUs in Chennai is 30‐60%. We have previously shown that there is high food insecurity in this population and depression is a psychological consequence of food insecurity.

Objective

To investigate how changes in food insecurity affect changes in depressive symptoms in a cohort of current and former IDUs.

Methods: 201 recruited men were followed up every six months between 2007 and 2010 with food insecurity, depressive symptoms, and BMI (in kg/m2) measured each time. Food insecurity was measured by the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (possible range:0‐27) and depressive symptoms by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (possible range:0‐60).

Results and

Conclusion

Over the 3‐years, current IDUs had a 2.6 point (95%CI:4.0, 1.1) higher score on the scale for depressive symptoms compared to non‐current IDUs (p=0.0006). A unit increase in BMI was associated with a 0.4 point reduction in depressive symptoms over time (p=0.0005). There was a significant interaction between food insecurity and time (p<0.0001): At baseline, participants who were more food insecure had higher depressive symptoms than those less food insecure. The strength of this association decreased over time.

HIV status was not associated with depressive symptoms. Interventions to improve nutritional status and reduce drug use can reduce depressive symptoms in this population. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the factors that influence the strength of the association between depression and food insecurity.

Grant Funding Source: P30DA013868, R01DA022163
Malnutrition and Food Insecurity in Beneficiary Households from Food Assistance Programs in SLP, Mexico
Authors: Cuevas‐Nasu Lucia , Shamah‐Levy Teresa , Gaona‐Pineda Elsa , Mendez‐Gomez Humaran Ignacio , Avila‐Arcos Marco
Published: June 2021

Objective

Estimate adjusted prevalence of food assistance in households with beneficiary infants from food assistance programs and its association with nutritional status.

Methods: Comparative study to assessing the impact from three different food assistance programs: Prospera program (before Oportunidades); Rescue to malnutrition with amaranth (RMA) and School breakfast program (SBP) versus control group. Were analyzed 1366 households were children under 5y old live in. To measure Food Insecurity (IF) the Latin American and Caribbean household food Security measurement scale (ELCSA) were used. Nutritional status was assessed through height and weight z‐score to age and body mass index by WHO, 2006. We present OR, p value prevalence for each indicator.

Results: OR for stunting was significantly higher for RMA (1.92, p=0.003) and Prospera (1.50, p=0.04) in comparison with control group. The prevalence of stunting adjusted by sex, age and socio economic status was higher in households with FI moderate and sever as follows Prospera 23.3% and 20.2%; RMA 20.5% and 19.1%, respectively in comparison with control group (13% in both categories of FI). The SBP has prevalence similar to control group (13%). In contrast, children with FI have higher prevalence of overweigh or obesity.

Conclusions

The study population displays consistency with epidemiological and nutrition reality of the country. A high proportion of household's beneficiary from any food assistance program perceives food insecurity these may even be sacrificing the quality of family diet.

Supported by FOMIX, SLP‐COPOCYT

Project: FMSLP‐213‐CO2‐208475
Comparison of food prices in the US Affiliated Pacific Region based on the 2002 USDA Food Security Toolkit and the Thrifty Food Plan
Authors: Greenberg Joshua , Luick Bret , Barber Robert , Bersamin Andrea , Coleman Patricia , Ettienne Reynolette , Fleming Travis , Hollyer James , Johnson Emihner , Li Fenfang , Nelson Randall , Novotny Rachel , Remengesau Shelly , Riklon Joeleen , Roberts Kathryn , Wilkens Lynne
Published: June 2021

Food prices are a determinant of food security, particularly in low‐income households. The Children's' Healthy Living Program (CHL) conducted the first US Affiliated Pacific Region (USAPR) wide food cost survey based on the USDA Thrifty Food Plan. We sought to establish the cost and availability of market foods among the USAPR. The weekly cost of food for a family of four with school age children was estimated based on the 2002 USDA Food Security Toolkit. Up to three stores were surveyed in communities of Alaska, America Samoa, CNMI, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Republic of Palau in a two week period in March 2014. 87 food items were priced across 9 food categories. Weekly food costs ranged from $326 in Rota, CNMI, to $168 in Anchorage, Alaska, with a mean of $316 (38.2). Food prices variation was greatest among dairy foods while fruits showed the least. Dairy comprised less than 7% of the total food costs for Hawaii and Alaska communities, but greater than 11% of the weekly food costs in the other USAPR communities. For several USAPR island communities, certain Thrifty Food Plan items were unavailable or exceptionally expensive (bagels, 1% milk). A more complete understanding of costs and their role in food security will require additional information such as income, utilities, housing, education and healthcare. Our results can contribute to locally adapted thrifty menus.
Household Food Insecurity is Associated with Obesity in Mexican Children
Authors: Hernandez Laura , Garcia Olga , Ronquillo Dolores , Caamaño Maria del Carmen , Rosado Jorge , Melgar‐Quinonez Hugo
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity has been found to be prevalent in obese individuals in different populations, but the information has been inconsistent. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the association between household food insecurity and mother's food insecurity during her childhood with the presence of obesity in school‐aged children living in a rural community of Queretaro, Mexico. Weight, height and body composition (DEXA) were measured in 300 children (8.4 y ±1.5). Food insecurity was measured with a modified 17‐item version of the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) and a 6‐item maternal past food insecurity scale. Prevalence and OR from a multinomial regression model were estimated. Overall, 60% of the children lived in a household with some degree of food insecurity and 90% of the mothers had past food insecurity during her childhood. Prevalence of severe food insecurity was significantly higher in children with obesity (20%), compared with children with overweight (6%) or normal weight (5%) (p<0.05). Children with food insecurity were four times more at risk of obesity than secure children (p<0.05). In this population, no association was found between maternal past food insecurity and childhood obesity (p=0.930). In conclusion, household food insecurity, but not mother's past food insecurity, is associated with obesity in Mexican children. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact food insecurity might have in the health and nutritional status of children, which is essential for policy makers and program designers attending vulnerable populations.
Gender Disparities in Perceived Life Satisfaction within Food Insecure Populations
Authors: Graham Elizabeth , Ballard Terri , Viviani Sara , DelGrossi Mauro , Melgar‐Quiñonez Hugo
Published: June 2021

The experience of food insecurity (FI) may be lived differently by men and women; little is known about gender differences in perceived life satisfaction (LS) at the same levels of FI. It is hypothesized that FI is a strong determinant of low LS and that at the same FI level, women will report lower perceived LS than men.
Preliminary analysis used data from 12 Asian and 4 Middle Eastern (ME) countries collected by the Gallup World Poll in 2014, a nationally representative survey of adult individuals worldwide. Cross tab analyses and multiple logistic regression were used to investigate whether being food insecure and being female were risk factors for low LS, controlling for age and marital status. Two dichotomous indicators, LS and FI, were created: one using a single question adapted from The Cantril Self‐Anchoring Striving Scale; and another based on results of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale.
FI was significantly associated with low LS in all 16 countries explored (OR: 2.06‐5.43). Contrary to the hypothesis, in 3 out of 4 ME countries women were significantly less likely than men to report low LS (OR: .478‐.602) at the same FI level. Similarly, in all but 2 Asian countries women were less likely than men to report low LS at the same FI level, with statistically significant ORs < 1.0 in 7 countries (OR:.64‐.79). Exploratory analysis shows women were more likely to be FI than men in all except 2 countries.
Perceptions of life satisfaction differ within food insecure populations, notably between genders. This calls for continued research on why LS is viewed differently by men and women, what the consequences are then for FI populations, and what implications exist for policies aimed at promoting food security.
Prenatal food insecurity: how is it related to pregnancy and birth outcomes among low‐income women
Authors: Nunnery Danielle , Dharod Jigna
Published: June 2021

The objectives were 1) To assess the occurrence/severity of food insecurity; and 2) Examine total weight gain, birth weight, and associations with prenatal food insecurity among low‐income pregnant women.

Women meeting the following criteria: 1) receiving WIC, 2) 蠅 18 years, and 3) in 2nd trimester, were recruited.Women were interviewed at the WIC clinic to collect socio‐demographic data, food security status and pre‐pregnancy BMI. Food security was measured using USDA Food Security scale. Upon delivery, review of pre/post natal records was conducted to collect maternal weight gain, gestational age and birth weight of infants.

In total, 198 pregnant women were recruited. On average participant's monthly income was $576. Half of participants were African American, 21% white and remaining were Hispanic and other origins. Low/very low food security was reported by 51%. A majority of participants (63%) had pre‐pregnancy BMIs in overweight/obese categories. Depression during pregnancy was significantly higher among participants experiencing low/very low food security (p = 0.02). Of the 60 women who delivered babies, only 27% met the IOM recommendations for pregnancy weight gain. Almost 1/3 of newborns had non‐normal birth‐weight (<5.8 lb or >8.0 lb). Though not significant, an overweight/obese pre‐pregnancy BMI was more common among food secure/marginally secure women.

In conclusion, food insecurity appears to be common among low‐income women. They may also be at higher risk of poor pregnancy outcomes as this sample indicates that they are gaining above IOM recommendations and starting pregnancy with higher BMIs. This highlights a need to further examine the role prenatal food insecurity plays in predicting pediatric obesity by mediating weight gain and birth weight. Funded by: NCATS‐NIH, grant #1UL1TR001111.
Micronutrient Intake in Children in Puerto Rico and the Contribution of Dietary Supplement Use
Authors: Lopez‐Cepero Andrea , Torres Roxana , Elias‐Boneta Augusto , Rosal Milagros , Palacios Cristina
Published: June 2021

Multivitamin and multimineral (MVMM) supplement use in children is associated with adequate intake of micronutrients. This has not been properly studied in Hispanic children.

Objective

To assess micronutrient intake and contribution of MVMM supplements in 12‐year‐old children in Puerto Rico (PR). Methods: As part of an “island‐wide” study in 1,550 children, diet and supplement use were assessed with a 24hr recall in a representative subsample (n=796). Micronutrient intake was compared among MVMM users and non‐users from food and beverages sources and supplements using t‐test.

Results

In this analysis, only children using MVMM (9.3%) or not using any supplements and with complete data were included (n=732). Overall, the following nutrients were below the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) from food and beverages: vitamins A, D, E, and K, pantothenic acid, calcium and magnesium. Users had higher intakes of folate and riboflavin from the diet. When nutrients from supplements were added, users had higher intakes of all nutrients except vitamin K. Among non‐users, boys had higher intakes of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, zinc, and most B vitamins than girls. Essential nutrients for bone mass accretion (calcium, magnesium and vitamins D and K) were below the DRIs. When supplements were taken into account, intakes of these nutrients, except vitamin D, were still below the DRIs.

Conclusion

Use of MVMM supplements helped reach the DRIs but important nutrients are still below recommendations. Public health measures to improve micronutrient intake among children in PR are needed.
Principal Components Analysis of Urine Caffeine and Caffeine Metabolites in the US Population
Authors: Pao Ching‐I , Rybak Michael , Sternberg Maya , Ahluwalia Namanjeet , Pfeiffer Christine
Published: June 2021

The NHANES 2009–2010 provides the first nationally representative data on urine caffeine and 14 caffeine metabolite concentrations in the US population 蠅6 y (n=2714). We studied the correlation of these compounds with 24‐h caffeine intake (diet and supplements) and observed two apparently distinct groups. “Group 1” (Spearman |r| with intake: 0.55–0.68, P <0.0001), consisted of caffeine, 3 of its metabolites (paraxanthine, theophylline, 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid) and 5 subsequent metabolites of paraxanthine and/or theophylline. “Group 2” (Spearman |r|: 0.15–0.33, P <0.0001) consisted of theobromine, 3,7‐dimethyluric acid, and related metabolites. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to further describe potential relationships between these apparent groups. After log transformation and centering the data we found that the first two principal components explained 90% of the variability in the entire system. The first principal component (PC1), which can be interpreted as a weighted average of all 15 analytes, explained 77% of the variability and had positive coefficients for all compounds (0.11–0.35, median 0.26). The second principal component (PC2), which explained ~13% of the variability, was a difference between the weighted averages of Group 2 (0.21–0.38, median 0.32) and Group 1 (‐0.34 to‐0.03, median ‐0.19). When caffeine and theobromine intakes were included in the PCA, caffeine intake was associated with Group 1 compounds and theobromine intake with Group 2. These findings support the potential use of the Group 1 compounds as biomarkers of caffeine intake.
Use of NHANES 2007‐2010 Data to Identify Groups Vulnerable for Inadequate Micronutrient Intake
Authors: Akabas Sharon , Paxson Erin , Bailey Regan , Saklani Shilpa , Tucker Katherine
Published: June 2021

Nutrient shortfalls (i.e. not meeting recommendations) occur in several sectors of the US population. Reducing nutrient shortfalls may help improve nutritional status and health. National monitoring data can be used to identify vulnerable subgroups that may require further intervention from healthcare practitioners. Guided by such knowledge, we propose to develop a tool that will heighten the practitioner's index of suspicion that a patient may be at risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. NHANES data (2007‐2010) were analyzed by age, gender, ethnicity and SES for shortfall nutrients, with adjustment using the NCI method, to identify vulnerable subgroups. Data are presented as the % of subgroups < EAR. Age and sex were the primary factors associated with inadequate intakes. Adults aged 蠅71 y, the most rapidly growing subset of the US population, is the subgroup most likely to have low intake of micronutrients, particularly for vitamins D, B6 and B12 and for calcium and magnesium. Women were also at higher risk of low intake for all of these nutrients across the age range. Non‐Hispanic Black adults have lower intakes of several micronutrients, relative to non‐Hispanic Whites, particularly calcium and magnesium. Low income, relative to higher income groups, also show lower calcium intake. Once developed and tested, an ‘index of suspicion tool’ can be used by practitioners to identify vulnerable groups and heighten awareness of the need to address how to improve that individual's nutritional status.
Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome in a Healthy Population could be Related to Diet, Activity Level and Family History
Authors: Vergara‐Jimenez Marcela , Missimer Amanda , DiMarco Diana , Murillo Ana , Brodeur Melanie , Andersen Catherine , Fernandez Maria‐Luz
Published: June 2021

We recruited 24 men and 26 women (18‐30 y) to evaluate whether family history, activity, or diet would influence the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in this population. The mean values for plasma triglycerides (72.5 ± 29.9 mg/dL), HDL‐cholesterol (64.9 ± 18.9 mg/dL), glucose (92.2 ± 6.6 mg/dl), systolic (112.0 ± 12.4 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (72.9 ± 7.0 mm Hg) and waist circumference (81.4 ± 6.5 cm) were within a healthy range. However, 16% of individuals (n=8) had one and 6% (n=3) had two parameters of MetS, with elevated plasma glucose and high blood pressure being the most consistently observed. Of the 11 subjects, 8 were male and 3 female. Family history indicated that 60% of the participants could be at risk for cancer, 46% for heart disease, and 38% for diabetes. For the female participants, low HDL‐cholesterol was related to a history of cancer, and high blood pressure correlated with history of heart disease in male participants. Number of active minutes/week was negatively correlated with LDL‐cholesterol (r = ‐0.339, P < 0.05) and triglycerides (r = ‐0.41, P < 0.01), whereas HDL‐cholesterol was positively correlated with intake of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (r = 0.339, P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure correlated negatively with dietary beta‐carotene (‐0.316, p< 0.05) and dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (r= ‐0.307, P < 0.05). These results suggest that increased physical activity and a diet high in antioxidants favorably affect the parameters of MetS in this population, which may help protect against familial history of chronic disease
Relations among Plasma Ferritin, High Fat Dietary Pattern and Blood Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes: a cohort study
Authors: Jhang Huei‐Ru , Huang Meng‐Chuan , Hsu Chih‐Cheng , Shin Shyi‐Jang
Published: June 2021

Several studies have found associations between iron overload as ferritin and risks of diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Limited studies have been conducted in Asian patients. We undertook this study to examine association between plasma ferritin and blood lipids using five years of repeated measures in type 2 diabetes. A cohort of 651 Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes was followed up at one‐year intervals over five years (2008‐2012). Average levels of ferritin measured in 2008 and 2009 were used. Repeated measures analysis was used to analyze relations between ferritin and lipid profile over the 5 years. Ferritin correlated significantly (p trend<0.001) with high fat western dietary pattern generated using factor analysis in 2008. After adjusting for confounders, hyperferritinemia (ferritin > 250ng/dl) correlated significantly with reduced levels of HDL‐C (45.0 vs. 47.0 mg/dl, p=0.035) and increased triglyceride (175.3 vs.146.9 mg/dl, p<0.001), but not with LDL‐C. The highest quintile of high fat pattern also correlated with triglyceride (p=0.015). Blood ferritin may serve as dietary markers of frequent consumption of high meat and high fat foods. Future prospective studies with longer duration will be needed to confirm relations between iron overload as ferritin and development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
The Relationship between Physical Inactivity, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Woolf Kathleen , Kiely Mary , Yazici Yusuf
Published: June 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and disability. Individuals with RA are often physically inactive, increasing risk of co‐morbid conditions. Study examined the relationship between physical inactivity, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk in adults with RA (n=83; age 53±14 y; BMI 29.3±7.4 kg/m2; disease duration 13.6±9.3 y). Height, weight, and body composition were measured. Fasting blood draws determined glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations. Insulin resistance was assessed using QUICKI. Participants wore Kenz Lifecorder accelerometers during waking hours for 7‐days and noted sleep time on a log. Accelerometer data were analyzed by Kenz Lifecorder Data Analyzer Software. Activity level ranges, expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs), differentiated between no activity (0 METs), sedentary (>0‐<1 METs), light (1‐3 METs), moderate (4‐6 METs) and vigorous (7‐9 METs) intensity. Physical inactivity (PIn) was determined by adding together the no activity and sedentary categories, then subtracting total sleep time. The average time spent in each intensity category was calculated (sleep 494±89, PIn 673±125, light 228±79, moderate 37±31, and vigorous 3±5 min/day). Participants were separated into groups based on PIn (low PIn= 蠄667 min/day; high PIn > 677 min/day). The high PIn group had a greater body fat percent (p=0.006), fat mass index (p=0.002), and insulin resistance (p=0.035) than the low PIn group. In this study, participants spent the majority of their day being physically inactive, possibly contributing to increased cardiometabolic risk. Adults with RA need lifestyle interventions that decrease physical inactivity as a way to improve overall health.
Dietary Inflammatory Index Scores and C‐Reactive Protein Concentrations among Older Adults
Authors: Houdek J , Tangney C , Roehl K , Varady K , Shivappa N , Hebert J , Bennett D , Morris M
Published: June 2021

Background

The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a literature‐derived population based index that has been devised to assess the inflammatory potential of one's diet. It has been previously validated in young and middle aged cohorts in the United States, Australia, and Netherlands.

Objective

To assess whether the DII is associated with serum concentrations of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) among older adults.

Design/Methods

A cross‐sectional examination within the Memory and Aging Project of adults aged 蠅65 years. Further testing of the DII was performed among 376 older adults using dietary data from a 144‐item food frequency questionnaire. Serum concentrations of hsCRP were measured using Multiplex ELISA arrays. Logistic regression analyses were performed for hsCRP (>3 mg/L) and DII scores while controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking history.

Results

Calculated DII scores ranged from ‐5.09, reflective of a strongly anti‐inflammatory diet, to +4.72, indicating a pro‐inflammatory diet, with mean±SD of ‐1.06±2.28. Participants were 80±6 years of age, and mostly non‐Hispanic white (96.8%) and female (71.8%); the average BMI was 27.1±5.2 kg/m2. DII scores were positively associated with serum hsCRP (OR=1.13 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02, 1.25) and BMI (OR=1.08 (95% CI 1.03, 1.12).

Conclusion

DII scores were associated with hsCRP concentrations among overweight, older adults enhancing the generalizability of this tool.

Support: R01AG031553, R01AG17917, and the Rush Translational Sciences Consortium.
An Examination of Nutritional Status and Acculturation among Chinese Senior Immigrants Living in Northern Virginia
Authors: Dong Mengyi , Sun Yingxin , Pawloski Lisa
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the relationship between nutrition status and acculturation among first generation Chinese senior immigrants.

Methods: This descriptive study used a convenience sample from 43 Chinese senior immigrants (ages 66 to 100 years) living in Northern Virginia for 6 to 42 years. Data included: anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and acculturation indicators. T‐tests determined relationships between length of time in the US and nutrition.

Results: 83.8% of participants completed some higher education. 28.6% were overweight and 4.8% were underweight. Those who have higher education, and have been in the US for more than 30 years have significantly higher body mass index (BMI, p=0.026), waist circumference (p=0.016) and waist‐hip‐ratio (p=0.016) than those who have been in the US for less than 30 years. Mean BMI was 26.1 (>= 30 years in the US) and 22.6 (< 30 years in the US) respectively. 43.9% of all participants had systolic pressure over 140 mmHg.

Conclusions

There is little evidence of obesity in this population. As with other immigrant groups in the U.S., the greater the length of time living in the US, the greater risk of obesity. This study presents one of first to examine nutritional status among Chinese senior immigrants.
Lifetime Cognitive Dietary Restraint in Postmenopausal Women: Associations with Weight, Weight Perceptions and Social Physique Anxiety
Authors: Barr Susan , Rideout Candice
Published: June 2021

We recruited 1071 postmenopausal women (initially aged 45‐75 yr) for a survey on eating attitudes and body image. A follow‐up survey was conducted 3 years later. Among other variables, questionnaires assessed self‐reported height and weight, ‘preferred’ weight (what the individual would like to weigh), cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) and social physique anxiety (SPA; feeling of distress associated with perceived evaluation of one's physical self). To characterize lifetime perceptions of CDR, women were given a description of CDR and responded (yes/no) to each of the following statements: Would you consider yourself to be a restrained eater during a) childhood, b) teen years, c) young adulthood (20 ‐ 35 yr), d) mid‐adulthood (36 ‐ 50 yr), and e) currently? 737 women (69%) provided data at both baseline and follow‐up. CDR scores increased over 3 years (10.7 ± 4.1 vs. 9.9 ± 4.4, p <0.001). Mean body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was unchanged (24.4 ± 4.0 vs. 24.3 ± 4.0, p=0.44), but 23% lost >2 kg, 51 were within ± 2 kg and 26% gained >2 kg. Baseline CDR was not associated with current BMI (r = 0.06, NS) and did not differ by 3‐yr weight change group. The proportion considering themselves restrained eaters increased over the lifespan: 4% (childhood), 17% (teens), 33% (young adult), 50% (mid‐adult) and 64% (currently). When grouped according to lifetime periods in which they were restrained eaters (0,1,2,>3), there were no differences in current BMI, ‘preferred’ BMI, or 3‐yr weight change. However, SPA scores increased with more lifetime periods of restrained eating. In summary, CDR increased over the lifespan in women. It was not related to current BMI, preferred BMI or 3‐yr weight change, but was associated with increased SPA. Supported by CIHR.
Effects of Arginine, Citrulline and Glutamine in Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion‐Induced Immune Disorders
Authors: Lo Hui‐Chen , Lee Chien‐Hsing
Published: June 2021

Intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IIR) commonly results in systemic inflammation, multiple organ failure and death. Previous study showed that arginine, citrulline and glutamine may improve IIR‐induced intestinal damage. Herein, we aimed to compare the effects of arginine, citrulline, and glutamine on immune alteration. Male Wistar rats were divided into a healthy group and 4 IIR groups that underwent intestinal ischemia for 60 min and fed with placebo, arginine, citrulline, or glutamine at 15 minutes before and 3, 9 and 21 hr after reperfusion. After 24 hr reperfusion, arginine, citrulline, or glutamine alleviated IIR‐increased monocytes and IIR‐decreased splenocytic TNF‐α productions (P<0.05, one‐way ANOVA). In leukocytes, arginine decreased T‐helper cells and reversed IIR‐decreased IL‐4 production; citrulline and glutamine decreased monocytic TNF‐α and IL‐6 productions; and glutamine further increased phagocytosis activity. In splenocytes, arginine and citrulline increased phagocytosis and IFN‐γ production and further decreased macrophages. Moreover, arginine reversed IIR‐decreased T cytotoxic cells and IL‐4 production; citrulline reversed IIR‐decreased cytotoxicity activity; and glutamine alleviated IIR‐increased TNF‐α and IL‐6 production in macrophages and further decreased IL‐4 production in splenocytes. In conclusion, arginine, citrulline, and glutamine may alleviate systemic inflammatory response in IIR injury. However, arginine, citrulline and glutamine have potential ability to elevate T cell activity, activate innate immunity and alleviate inflammatory response, respectively, in splenocytes of IIR rats. (NSC 98‐2320‐B‐030‐003‐MY3)
Glutamine modulates the changes of intestinal intraepithelial γδT lymphocyte expression in mice with ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Yeh Chiu Li , Pai Man‐Hui , Shih Juey‐Ming , Shih Yao‐Ming
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the effect of glutamine (GLN) on small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) γδT‐cell proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic regulatory factor genes expression in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mice were assigned to a normal (NC) group and 3 I/R groups. Mice in the NC group had no ischemia treatment, whereas I/R groups had hindlimb ischemia 90 min with 0 h or 24 h reperfusion afterwards. IR0 group was sacrificed immediately after reperfusion. IR24S group was injected with saline and IR24G group was given 0.75 g GLN/kg body weight once via tail vein before reperfusion. IR24 groups were sacrificed 24 h after reperfusion. The small intestinal IEL γδT‐cells of the animals were isolated for further analysis. Results showed that IR injury resulted in lower small intestinal IEL γδT‐cells percentage and higher proinflammatory cytokines messenger (m)RNA expressions of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α by IEL γδT‐cells. Compared to the IR24S group, the IR24G group had higher IEL γδT‐cells percentage. The fold changes of mRNA of anti‐apoptosis Bcl‐xl and proliferation gene IL‐7R expression in IR24G were higher in IEL γδT‐cells. Histological findings also showed that damage to the intestinal mucosa was less severe in the IR group with GLN.These results indicated that a single dose of GLN administered before reperfusion maintained small intestinal IEL γδT‐cell population and reduced the intestinal inflammatory cytokine expressions, which may consequently have ameliorated the severity of IR‐induced small intestinal epithelial injury.
A Comparison of Differently Processed Orange Beverages on Self‐Reported Ratings of Hunger and Fullness
Authors: Saunders Caroline , Harkness Laura , Rowland Ian
Published: June 2021

Background

It is well documented that fruit has a strong effect on self‐reported ratings of appetite yet the effects of processing on these effects are less well understood.

Methods

We used a randomized cross over design in 24 normal weight adult subjects (M=17, F=7). Subjects fasted for 12 hours then consumed a standardized breakfast followed by 8 fl oz of either a water control (WC), 100% pure orange juice without pulp (OJWP), processed whole orange (PWO) that contained more fiber than OJWP, or whole orange (WO). Self reported ratings of hunger and fullness (4 questions), measured by Visual Analogue Scales, were collected at baseline and every 15 minutes for the next 2 hours.

Results

Results of a two way repeated measures ANOVA, with baseline as a covariate, showed that all 3 interventions reduced hunger (figure 1) and increased fullness (figure 2) compared to the WC control; OJWP (p<0.0001), PWO (p<0.0001) and WO (p<0.0001). PWO reduced hunger and increased fullness to a greater extent than OJWP (p<0.0001) and to a similar extent as WO (p>0.05).

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Conclusion

These findings suggest that retaining the naturally occurring levels of fiber in orange juice can result in a product which has a strong effect on self‐reported ratings of hunger and fullness which are comparable to that of the whole fruit.
Serum Uric Acid (UA) Levels and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Elementary School Children with Obesity from Nuevo León, Mexico
Authors: Perez Elizabeth Solis , Medina Mario Alberto Gonalez , Lomeli Manuel Lopez‐Cabanillas , González Fernando J Lavalle , Imrhan Victorine , Juma Shanil , Vijayagopal Parakat , Prasad Chandan
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of hyperuricemia and MetS in the Elementary School children from Nuevo León, Mexico and the relationship between serum uric acid and the MetS. A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 299 children (172 boys and 127 girls) aged 6‐12 years, recruited through a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León summer health camps. The diagnosis of the MetS is made as recommended by International Diabetes Federation when all of the children present abdominal obesity (WC 蠅 90th percentile) and two or more of the following criteria: 1) systolic blood pressure 蠅 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 蠅 85 mmHg; 2) fasting triglycerides 蠅150 mg/dL; 3) HDL‐C <40 mg/dL; 4) fasting glucose 蠅 100 mg/dL). The prevalence of MetS was 37.4% in this population. Of those diagnosed with MetS, majority had levels of uric acid in the third and fourth quartile. Compared with the lowest 2 quartiles of UA together (2.0‐4.8 mg/dL) the odds ratios were .764 (95% confidence interval, 0.427‐1.367), for those in the third quartile (4.9 to 5.5 mg/dL) the odds ratios were 1.27 (95% confidence interval, 0.601 to 2.684) and for those in the top quartile (5.6‐8.0 mg/dL) the odds ratios were .481 (95% confidence interval, 0.239‐0.971) after adjustment for age, gender, and Tanner stage. Among Mexican elementary school children from the state of Nuevo León, serum UA is strongly associated with the prevalence and severity of MetS.
Expression and Cellular Distribution of SLC30A Zinc Transporter Family Members in Human Normal and Diabetic Pancreases and in Human Insulin‐secreting b‐cells
Authors: Huang Liping , Kirschke Catherine
Published: June 2021

Zinc has been shown to have important roles in insulin synthesis, maturation, and secretion in pancreatic ß‐cells. Human cellular zinc homeostasis is largely maintained by two zinc transporter families, SLC30A (ZNT1‐10) and SLC39A (ZIP1‐14). This study aimed to demonstrate the protein expression of 10 members of the ZNT family in human pancreases in normal and type 2 diabetic conditions by immunohistochemistry. The protein expression and cellular localization of ZNTs were also illustrated in a human‐derived pancreatic ß‐cell line (1.1B4‐KH5) by immunocytochemistry. Our results revealed that, nine and eight ZNTs were expressed at different levels in acini of normal and diabetic pancreases, respectively. Moreover, nine and ten ZNTs were detected in the islet of Langerhans of normal and diabetic pancreases, respectively. In ß‐cells, most ZNTs were expressed intracellularly except for ZNT1 and ZNT2, which were localized on the cell membrane. These intracellularly expressed ZNTs showed some levels of overlapping with insulin within the cell. Our study suggests that zinc homeostasis is vital for the pancreas function both in the exocrine and endocrine components evident by the extensive expression of ZNTs. Increase in expression of ZNT8 and ZNT10 or decrease in expression of ZNT1 and ZNT2 may complicate with type 2 diabetes.