bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anellierte Lactone aus Bay‐K‐8644 und Dihydropyridin‐Nebenprodukten der Hantzsch‐Synthese
Authors: Görlitzer Klaus , Schmidt Eckhardt
Published: January 2011

Bay‐K‐8644 (1) reagiert mit Pyridiniumbromidperbromid (PBPB) zum anellierten 1,4‐Dihydropyridin (DHP)‐lacton 7 und der Pyridiniumverbindung 8; mit UV A‐Licht entstehen daraus die 3‐Pyridinole 10 und 11. Aus dem Diester‐1,4‐DHP 2 können mit PBPB das Monolacton 12, das Bislacton 13 und das Dibrommethylderivat 14 isoliert werden. Das zu 1 isomere 1,2‐DHP 4 liefert mit PBPB nur das Oxidationsprodukt 17, während das Diester‐1,2‐DHP 5 außer dem Pyridin (Py) 18 zu den anellierten 1,2‐DHP‐lactonen 19 und 24 führt. Aus 24 wird durch Solvolyse 25 erhalten. Alle DHP werden zu den korrespondierenden Pyridinen dehydriert. Durch anodische Oxidation werden die Halbstufenpotentiale für das System DHP/Py bestimmt, deren Abhängigkeit von strukturellen Parametem wird diskutiert. Bei der polarographischen Bestimmung des Pyridinbislactons 16 entsteht in zweielektroniger Reaktion das 1,4‐DHP 13, was durch präparative kathodische Reduktion bewiesen wird.
[4+1]‐Cycloaddition von Benzylisonitril an cyclische Azadiensysteme des 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazins und 1,2,4‐Triazins
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Guang , John Rainer , Seitz Gunther
Published: January 2011

Eine Reihe donorsubstituierter 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine wie 1a‐e sowie die 1,2,4‐Triazine 7a und b reagieren mit Benzylisonitril in einer Reaktionsfolge von [4+1]‐Cycloaddition und [4+2]‐Cycloreversion zu instabilen, antiaromatischen Zwischenstufen 4a‐e bzw. 8a,b. In einem weiteren, stabilisierenden Reaktionsschritt erfolgt 1,5‐Wasserstoffverschiebung zu den entspr. Azomeihinen. Die neuen Pyrazole 5a‐e sind als stabile, kristalline Verbindungen in hohen Ausbeuten isolierbar; im Gegensatz dazu werden die Pyrrole 9a und b mit Kieselgel/Wasser zu Benzaldehyd und den entspr. Aminopyrrolen 10a und b hydrolysiert.
Absence of preference for social novelty and increased grooming in integrin β3 knockout mice: Initial studies and future directions
Authors: Carter Michelle D. , Shah Charisma R. , Muller Christopher L. , Crawley Jacqueline N. , Carneiro Ana M. D. , Veenstra‐VanderWeele Jeremy
Published: January 2011

Elevated whole blood serotonin 5‐HT, or hyperserotonemia, is a common biomarker in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The integrin β3 receptor subunit gene (ITGB3) is a quantitative trait locus for whole blood 5‐HT levels. Recent work shows that integrin β3 interacts with the serotonin transporter (SERT) in both platelets and in the midbrain. Furthermore, multiple studies have now reported gene–gene interaction between the integrin β3 and SERT genes in association with ASD. Given the lack of previous data on the impact of integrin β3 on brain or behavioral phenotypes, we sought to compare mice with decreased or absent expression of the integrin β3 receptor subunit (Itgb3 + / − and −/ −) with wildtype littermate controls in behavioral tasks relevant to ASD. These mice did not show deficits in activity level in the open field or anxiety‐like behavior on the elevated plus maze, two potential confounds in the evaluation of mouse social behavior. In the three‐chamber social test, mice lacking integrin β3 were shown to have normal sociability but did not show a preference for social novelty. Importantly, the absence of integrin β3 did not impair olfaction or the ability to recall familiar social odors. Additionally, mice lacking integrin β3 showed increased grooming behavior in novel environments. These preliminary studies reveal altered social and repetitive behavior in these mice, which suggests that the integrin β3 subunit may be involved in brain systems relevant to ASD. Further work is needed to fully characterize these behavioral changes and the underlying brain mechanisms.
Aromaticity in Group 14 Homologues of the Cyclopropenylium Cation
Authors: Fernández Israel , Duvall Matthew , I‐Chia Wu Judy , Schleyer Paul von Ragué , Frenking Gernot
Published: January 2011

The nature of the bonding and the aromaticity of the heavy Group 14 homologues of cyclopropenylium cations E3H3+ and E2H2E′H+ (E, E′=C–Pb) have been investigated systematically at the BP86/TZ2P DFT level by using several methods. Aromatic stabilization energies (ASE) were evaluated from the values obtained from energy decomposition analysis (EDA) of charged acyclic reference molecules. The EDA‐ASE results compare well with the extra cyclic resonance energy (ECRE) values given by the block localized wavefunction (BLW) method. Although all compounds investigated are Hückel 4n+2 π electron species, their ASEs indicate that the inclusion of Group 14 elements heavier than carbon reduces the aromaticity; the parent C3H3+ ion and Si2H2CH+ are the most aromatic, and Pb3H3+ is the least so. The higher energies for the cyclopropenium analogues reported in 1995 employed an isodesmic scheme, and are reinterpreted by using the BLW method. The decrease in the strength of both the π cyclic conjugation and the aromaticity in the order C≫Si>Ge>Sn>Pb agrees reasonably well with the trends given by the refined nucleus‐independent chemical shift NICS(0)πzz index.
Pentanary Cross‐Diffusion in Water‐in‐Oil Microemulsions Loaded with Two Components of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction
Authors: Rossi Federico , Vanag Vladimir K. , Epstein Irving R.
Published: January 2011

We measure cross‐diffusion coefficients in a five‐component system, an aerosol OT (AOT) water‐in‐oil microemulsion loaded with two constituents of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction (H2O/AOT/BZ1/BZ2/octane). The species BZ1 is either NaBr, an inhibitor of the BZ reaction, or ferroin, a catalyst for the reaction. As species BZ2, we choose Br2, an intermediate in the reaction. The cross‐diffusion coefficients between BZ1 and BZ2 are found to be negative, which can be understood in terms of complexation between these species. Using a four‐variable model for the BZ reaction, we find that the cross‐diffusion coefficients measured here can lead to a noticeable shift in the onset of Turing instability in the BZ–AOT system.
Photoactive RuII–Polypyridyl Complexes that Display Sequence Selectivity and High‐Affinity Binding to Duplex DNA through Groove Binding
Authors: Ghosh Amrita , Das Priyadip , Gill Martin R. , Kar Prasenjit , Walker Michael G. , Thomas Jim A. , Das Amitava
Published: January 2011

The duplex‐DNA binding properties of a nonintercalating polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complex that incorporates a linear extended ligand with a catechol moiety has been probed with a variety of photo‐ and biophysical techniques. These studies reveal that the complex groove binds to DNA sequences biphasically, and displays binding constants equivalent to those of high‐affinity metallointercalators. The complex also displays preferential binding to AT‐rich sequences. Changes in the structure of the coordinated catechol ligand and the incorporation of intercalating ancillary ligands into the complex were found to modulate both the optical‐binding response and binding parameters of the system, which indicates that the catechol moiety plays a crucial role in the observed enhancement to binding affinities.
Low voltage low power fully differential self‐biased 1.5‐bit quantizer with built‐in thresholds
Authors: Figueiredo M. , Goes J. , Oliveira L. B. , Steiger‐Garção A.
Published: January 2011

A new fully differential self‐biased 1.5‐bit flash quantizer with built‐in threshold voltages, suitable for high speed ADCs and low voltage operation, is described. The proposed circuit is very simple, and simulation results in a 65 nm standard CMOS technology demonstrate that, following the suggested design methodology, it is able to achieve low offset, low kickback noise, low metastability probability errors and fast regeneration time with very low power dissipation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging circuit formation in zebrafish
Authors: Nikolaou Nikolas , Meyer Martin P.
Published: January 2011

The study of nervous system development has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in molecular biology and imaging techniques. These approaches are perfectly suited to young transparent zebrafish where they have allowed direct observation of neural circuit assembly in vivo. In this review we will highlight a number of key studies that have applied optical and genetic techniques in zebrafish to address questions relating to axonal and dendritic arbor development, synapse assembly and neural plasticity. These studies have revealed novel cellular phenomena and modes of growth that may reflect general principles governing the assembly of neural circuits. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 346–357, 2012
Development of the cerebellum and cerebellar neural circuits
Authors: Hibi Masahiko , Shimizu Takashi
Published: January 2011

The cerebellum, a structure derived from the dorsal part of the most anterior hindbrain, is important for integrating sensory perception and motor control. While the structure and development of the cerebellum have been analyzed most extensively in mammals, recent studies have shown that the anatomy and development of the cerebellum is conserved between mammals and bony fish (teleost) species, including zebrafish. In the mammalian and teleost cerebellum, Purkinje and granule cells serve, respectively, as the major GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Purkinje cells originate in the ventricular zone (VZ), and receive inputs from climbing fibers. Granule cells originate in the upper rhombic lip (URL) and receive inputs from mossy fibers. Thus, the teleost cerebellum shares many features with the cerebellum of other vertebrates, and is a good model system for studying cerebellar function and development. The teleost cerebellum also has features that are specific to teleosts or have not been elucidated in mammals, including eurydendroid cells and adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, the neural circuitry in part of the optic tectum and the dorsal hindbrain closely resembles the circuitry of the teleost cerebellum; hence, these are called cerebellum‐like structures. Here we describe the anatomy and development of cerebellar neurons and their circuitry, and discuss the possible roles of the cerebellum and cerebellum‐like structures in behavior and higher cognitive functions. We also consider the potential use of genetics and novel techniques for studying the cerebellum in zebrafish. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 282–301, 2012
Thy‐1 (CD90) regulates the extravasation of leukocytes during inflammation
Authors: Schubert Kathleen , Polte Tobias , Bönisch Ulrike , Schader Sina , Holtappels Rafaela , Hildebrandt Guido , Lehmann Jörg , Simon Jan C. , Anderegg Ulf , Saalbach Anja
Published: January 2011

Human Thy‐1 (CD90) has been shown to mediate adhesion of inflammatory cells to activated microvascular endothelial cells via interaction with Mac‐1 (CD11b/CD18) in vitro. Since there are no data showing the physiological relevance of Thy‐1 for the recruitment of inflammatory cells in vivo, different inflammation models were investigated in Thy‐1‐deficient mice and littermate controls. In thioglycollate‐induced peritonitis, the number of neutrophils and monocytes was significantly diminished in Thy‐1‐deficient mice. During acute lung inflammation, the extravasation of eosinophils and monocytes into the lung was significantly reduced in Thy‐1‐deficient mice. Moreover, during chronic lung inflammation, the influx of eosinophils and monocytes was also strongly decreased. These effects were independent of Thy‐1 expression on T cells, as shown by the transplantation of WT BM into the Thy‐1‐deficient mice. In spite of the strong Thy‐1 expression on T cells in the chimeric mice, the extravasation of the inflammatory cells in these mice was significantly diminished, compared to control mice. Finally, the altered number and composition of infiltrating leukocytes in Thy‐1‐deficient mice modified the chemokine/cytokine and protease expression at the site of inflammation. In conclusion, Thy‐1 is involved in the control of inflammatory cell recruitment and, thus, also in conditioning the inflammatory microenvironment.
Determination of ester‐bound 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol and glycidol in fats and oils – a collaborative study
Authors: Fiebig Hans‐Jochen
Published: January 2011

In 2009, the Joint Committee of DIN and DGF for the Analysis of Fats, Oils, Fatty Products, Related Products and Raw Materials (GA FETT) published the German Standard Method C‐III 18 (09) – Ester‐bound 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD‐Esters) and 3‐MCPD forming substances – Determination in fats and oils by GC‐MS. This method was validated in a collaborative trial organised by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Following further work on bound 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) as a possible precursor for 3‐MCPD‐Esters, the German Standard method was modified in 2009 to determine ester‐bound 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propandiol and 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol. The modified DGF standard method, together with a similar method, developed by SGS Hamburg (Kuhlmann method), was validated in an international collaborative study. The results of this collaborative study are reported for vegetable fats and oils, using GC with mass spectrometric detection and two different deuterated internal standards. Altogether, 17 laboratories from 5 countries (D – E – F – HU – USA) expressed interest in participation. The test was carried out according to ISO 5725:1994 – Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results and the Guidelines for Collaborative Study Procedures To Validate Characteristics of a Method of Analysis (AOCS 2002). The results are reported.

Practical application: For the quantitative determination of 3‐MCPD‐ and glycidyl‐esters in refined fats and oils standardised methods are not yet available. Two similar methods for the quantification of the sum of ester‐bound 3‐MCPD and glycidol and for ester‐bound 3‐MCPD alone were tested in an international collaborative trial.
Single‐laboratory validation of a method to quantify bound 2‐chloropropane‐1,3‐diol and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification, HFBI derivatisation and GC/MS detection
Authors: Hamlet Colin G. , Asuncion Lisa
Published: January 2011

A protocol for the measurement of bound 2‐chloropropane‐1,3‐diol (2‐CPD) and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol 3‐CPD) in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification and GC/MS/MS has undergone single‐laboratory validation. Validation of the method included an assessment of recovery (bias) of 3‐CPD from reference 3‐CPD mono‐ and diesters using a range of fortified and unfortified cereal, oil and potato products and participation in a EC proficiency test on 3‐CPD‐esters. Method repeatability was assessed by measuring bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD present in a processed cereal product. The results indicated that the method was fit for purpose for the measurement of bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD over concentration ranges of 40–10 000 µg/kg for oils, and 4–4000 µg/kg for foodstuffs depending on the fat content. The selectivity/robustness of the method was demonstrated by fortifying samples with ‘free’ 3‐CPD, chloride ions, glycerol and glycidyl butyrate: the procedure was found to be selective for ‘bound’ 3‐CPD and no adventitious formation of 2‐ or 3‐CPD occurred during analysis.

Practical applications: This method provides a single‐laboratory validation of a method to measure amounts of bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD in a wide range food. The method provides the information necessary to assist researchers engaged in the selection and validation of analytical methods to measure these contaminants in foods.
To live or to die: a matter of processing damaged DNA termini in neurons
Authors: El‐Khamisy Sherif F.
Published: January 2011

Defects in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage underpin several hereditary neurological diseases in humans. Of the different activities that repair chromosomal DNA breaks, defects in resolving damaged DNA termini are among the most common causes of neuronal cell death. Here, the molecular mechanisms of some of the DNA end processing activities are reviewed and the association with human neurodegenerative disease is discussed.
Instrumental and sensory aroma profile of pomegranate juices from the USA: differences between fresh and commercial juice
Authors: Vázquez‐Araújo L. , Koppel K. , Chambers IV E. , Adhikari K. , Carbonell‐Barrachina A. A.
Published: January 2011

Fourteen pomegranate juices (one fresh‐squeezed and 13 commercial juices) were studied to determine the aromatic profile of the products. Headspace–solid phase micro‐extraction and sensory flavour profile analysis were used to determine the aromatic composition of the juices and were related using partial least squares regression. Up to 83 different aromatic compounds were found in the juices, including terpenes, benzene derivatives, furans, esters, acids, ketones, alcohols and aldehydes. Commercial pomegranate juices did not present a unique sensory or instrumental aromatic profile. The three attributes common to the majority of the juices were an overall sweetness and musty/earthy and grape notes. This study shows the large heterogeneity of the pomegranate juices found on the market, which might be related to the fact that companies are looking for different successful pomegranate juice products using different raw ingredients and processes. Further studies are required to clarify what consumers are expecting in a typical ‘pomegranate juice’, and which aromatic profile could be successful in improving the acceptance of this healthy product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementary role of vitamin D deficiency and the interleukin-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism in predicting antiviral response in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Bitetto Davide , Fattovich Giovanna , Fabris Carlo , Ceriani Elisa , Falleti Edmondo , Fornasiere Ezio , Pasino Michela , Ieluzzi Donatella , Cussigh Annarosa , Cmet Sara , Pirisi Mario , Toniutto Pierluigi
Published: January 2011

The widely accepted interleukin-28B (IL-28B) rs12979860 C/T polymorphism and the more recently proposed vitamin D serum concentration are two novel predictors of the response to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study aimed to verify whether the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism and pretreatment serum vitamin D levels have independent or complementary roles in predicting the rates of sustained viral response (SVR). The present study included 211 consecutive, treatment-naïve chronic HCV patients who had their pretreatment serum 25-OH vitamin D level and IL-28B rs12979860 C/T genotype determined. Overall, SVR was achieved by 134/211 (63.5%) patients and by 47/110 (42.7%) patients infected with difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes. On multivariate analysis, SVR was predicted by the HCV genotype, the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HCV RNA, cholesterol, and 25-OH vitamin D serum levels, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.827. When difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes were analyzed separately, the SVR was predicted by the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism, viral load, and serum vitamin D level, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.836. Moreover, by categorizing these latter patients into four groups—C/C homozygotes with vitamin D levels >20 ng/mL (group A) or ≤20 ng/mL (group B) and C/T heterozygotes or T/T homozygotes with vitamin D levels >20 ng/mL (group C) or ≤20 ng/mL (group D)—a significant linear trend was observed, with SVR rates in the following descending order: group A, 18/21 (85.7%); group B, 6/11 (54.5%); group C, 14/38 (36.8%); and group D, 9/40 (22.5%) (

P

< 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Vitamin D serum levels are complementary to the IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphism in enhancing the correct prediction of the SVR in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis C. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis in patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: results from an integrated analysis
Authors: Pettengell R , Schwenkglenks M , Bacon P , Lawrinson S , Duehrsen U
Published: January 2011

Severe neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) are serious, dose‐limiting side effects of chemotherapy for aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Observational data suggest that with current practice neutropenia management up to 23% of patients receiving CHOP‐like regimens experience FN, and around half of patients do not receive the planned relative dose intensity (RDI). In this integrated analysis we assessed the efficacy of pegfilgrastim for preventing FN and related outcomes in patients with NHL. A literature search was used to identify chemotherapy regimens with an FN risk ≥15% that are used to treat lymphoma. Search results were then used to identify clinical trials in which these regimens were administered with pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis. Individual patient data were available for three trials meeting the inclusion criteria, and these were combined in an integrated analysis. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of FN in any cycle. A total of 282 patients were included in the analysis [mean age 65 years (SD ± 12.5 years); 172 (61%) aged ≥ 65 years]. All patients had NHL and 244 (87%) received RCHOP‐21. The incidence of FN in any cycle was 16% (95% CI 12–20%) (13% in patients aged <65 years; 18% in patients aged ≥65 years). Chemotherapy dose delays >3 days occurred in 26% (95% CI 20–31%) of patients, and was relatively consistent across age groups. Chemotherapy dose reductions ≥10% were seen in 43% (95% CI 37–49%) of patients and were more frequent in the elderly. Overall, 83% (95% CI 78–87%) of patients received ≥90% RDI (89% of patients aged <65 years; 78% of patients aged ≥65 years). In this integrated analysis of NHL patients at higher risk of FN receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis, the overall incidence of FN was 16% and a high proportion of both younger and elderly patients achieved RDI ≥90%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment balance for the mainstem of Changjiang (Yangtze River) in the period 1964–1985
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Church Michael , Yan Yunxia , Slaymaker Olav , Xu Jiongxin
Published: January 2011

Suspended sediment dynamics during the period 1964–1985 are examined along the mainstem of Changjiang (Yangtze River). The period represents a basin condition prior to major changes in land management policy and dam building on the river's mainstem. The downstream sediment dynamics reflect basin geology and topography and channel morphology. Sediment exchange within the mainstem was calculated by the development of reach sediment balances that reveal complex temporal and spatial patterns. There is relatively little sediment exchange in the upper, bedrock‐controlled reaches, with systematic increases in the downstream alluvial reaches. Degrading, transfer, and aggrading reaches were identified. Relations between input and output in all reaches were significant but no relation was found between sediment exchange and input/output. Comparison between ‘short‐term’ (22 years) and ‘long‐term’ (52 years) records demonstrates the importance of the record length in studying the suspended sediment dynamics in a large fluvial system. The longer record yielded better correlation and different trends than the shorter record. Sediment transfer (output/input ratio) changes downstream: the dominance of the upstream contributing area in sustaining the appearance of net degradation through most of the river system highlights the importance of reach length on characterisation of suspended sediment dynamics in large fluvial systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding soil‐pipe flow and its role in ephemeral gully erosion
Authors: Wilson Glenn
Published: January 2011

The role of soil pipeflow in ephemeral gully erosion is not well understood. Experiments were conducted on continuous soil pipes to better understand the role of internal erosion of soil pipes and its relation to ephemeral gully development. Soil beds of 140 cm length, 100 cm width and 20 cm depth had a single soil pipe of different initial sizes (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm diameter) extend from a water reservoir to the outlet. Experiments were run on Providence silt loam and Smithdale loam soils under a constant head of 15 cm established for 30 min. Either the tunnel collapsed or the head could not be maintained. Soil pipes that were initially 2 and 4 mm clogged instantaneously at their mouth and did not exhibit flow, whereas, pipes initially ≥ 6 mm enlarged by 268, 397, and 699% on average for the 6, 8, and 10 mm diameters, respectively. Critical shear stress values were found to be essentially zero, and erodibility values gave erosion indexes that were extremely high. The rapid internal erosion resulted in erratic flow and sediment concentrations with periods of no flow as pipes were temporarily clogged followed by surges of high flow and high sediment concentrations. Tensiometers within 6 cm of the soil pipes did not exhibit pressure increases typically associated with pipe clogging. Flow through 10 mm diameter soil pipes exhibited tunnel collapse for both soils tested. Tunnel collapse typically occurred within minutes of flow establishment suggesting that ephemeral gullies could be misinterpreted as being caused by convergent surface flow if observations were made after the runoff event instead of when flow is first established through soil pipes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvial transport of suspended sediment and organic carbon during flood events in a large agricultural catchment in southwest France
Authors: Oeurng Chantha , Sauvage Sabine , Coynel Alexandra , Maneux Eric , Etcheber Henri , Sánchez‐Pérez José‐Miguel
Published: January 2011

Water draining from a large agricultural catchment of 1 110 km2 in southwest France was sampled over an 18‐month period to determine the temporal variability in suspended sediment (SS) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) transport during flood events, with quantification of fluxes and controlling factors, and to analyze the relationships between discharge and SS, DOC and POC. A total of 15 flood events were analyzed, providing extensive data on SS, POC and DOC during floods. There was high variability in SS, POC and DOC transport during different seasonal floods, with SS varying by event from 513 to 41 750 t; POC from 12 to 748 t and DOC from 9 to 218 t. Overall, 76 and 62% of total fluxes of POC and DOC occurred within 22% of the study period. POC and DOC export from the Save catchment amounted to 3090 t and 1240 t, equivalent to 1·8 t km−2 y−1 and 0·7 t km−2 y−1, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that total precipitation, flood discharge and total water yield were the major factors controlling SS, POC and DOC transport from the catchment. The relationships between SS, POC and DOC and discharge over temporal flood events resulted in different hysteresis patterns, which were used to deduce dissolved and particulate origins. In both clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis, POC mainly followed the same patterns as discharge and SS. The DOC‐discharge relationship was mainly characterized by alternating clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis due to dilution effects of water originating from different sources in the whole catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drainage development: Driving forces, conducive conditions and development trajectories
Authors: Smedema Lambert K
Published: January 2011

The core of this paper consists of an analysis of the forces and conducive conditions which historically have driven the drainage development of agricultural land. Such forces and conditions are recognised at three levels of discretion: (i) the generic level (ii) the government level (iii) the on‐farm level. The drainage development for salinity control of irrigated land in the (semi) arid zone is treated as a special case of drainage development driven by its own specific forces and considerations. Relevant comparisons have also been made with the development and adoption of other agricultural technologies such as farm mechanisation the seed–fertiliser package and irrigation. It is concluded that drainage development in regular rainfed agricultural land is primarily driven by its (farm) economic utility as an instrument for achieving more profitable land use and for overcoming constraints to further agricultural development. For drainage development to become a priority the level of agricultural development must generally have passed the threshold level at which the prevailing drainage conditions of the land have become a critical constraint to higher yields crop choice and efficient farm operations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
HOW DOES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE INSURANCE MARKET AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH? SOME INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Chen Pei‐Fen , Lee Chien‐Chiang , Lee Chi‐Feng
Published: January 2011

This article investigates the effect of life insurance on economic growth and what conditions affect the insurance‐growth nexus. These conditions include the degree of financial development, private saving rates, interest rates, social security expenditures, income, young dependency ratio, life expectancy, and geographic regions. The main findings confirm the positive impact of the development of the life insurance market on economic growth. The insurance‐growth nexus varies across countries with different conditions. For example, the positive impact on economic growth is mitigated in the middle‐income countries, but amplified in the low‐income countries. Moreover, both the development of stock market and the life insurance market are substitutes rather than complements. Based on our findings, this study offers useful insights for policy‐makers and insurers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The last deglacial history of Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Yamane Masako , Yokoyama Yusuke , Miura Hideki , Maemoku Hideaki , Iwasaki Shogo , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2011

Past fluctuations of the Antarctic ice sheet are poorly understood because of a lack of datable materials, radiocarbon reservoir ages and severe environments. Direct evidence of the timing of ice retreat is important in order to understand the Antarctic contribution to global sea‐level rise since the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the first exposure ages constraining the timing of the last deglaciation from Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica. Our data suggest that the final retreat of the ice sheet in the region occurred rapidly in the early Holocene and the reduction of the ice thickness in the region was at least 350 m. This occurred after the major Northern Hemisphere deglaciation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective analysis of the management of acne post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments in oriental patients
Authors: Ho S.G.Y. , Yeung C.K. , Chan N.P.Y. , Shek S.Y. , Kono T. , Chan H.H.L.
Published: January 2011

Background

Post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is characterized by an acquired increase in pigmentation secondary to an inflammatory process, and is a commonly observed response to cutaneous injury in Fitzpatrick types III–VI patients.

Objectives

To determine the effectiveness and safety of using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments to treat acne PIH in Oriental patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 34 randomly selected Chinese patients with acne PIH. They were divided into three groups, and treated with topical agents, 595 nm long pulsed dye laser and/or 1064 nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG, or combination topical and laser treatments. An independent clinician assessed pre‐ and post‐treatment photographs to determine efficacy and timing to visible and optimum improvement.

Results

There was significant global and focal improvement of acne PIH in patients in all three groups. However, no significant difference was found between the groups. An investigator global assessment showed improvement with all treatment modalities, with 70.6% moderate to marked improvement seen in the combination treatment group, compared to 55.6% in the laser only group, and 50% in the topical treatment only group. Visible and optimum improvement was seen by 3 months in majority of patients treated. One patient developed PIH as a result of laser treatment.

Conclusion

Topical treatment, laser therapy, and combination topical and laser treatments all appear to be effective management strategies for acne PIH in Fitzpatrick types III and IV skin with little complications. Topical agents may be considered as first‐line therapy for acne PIH, taking into consideration its effectiveness, ease of use and cost. Combined topical and laser therapy is also effective, and may be considered as second‐line treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:1–7, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2‐micrometer continuous wave laser treatment for multiple non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer with intravesical instillation of epirubicin
Authors: Liu Haitao , Xue Song , Ruan Yuan , Sun Xiaowen , Han Bangmin , Xia Shujie
Published: January 2011

Background and Objectives

We have reported the efficacy and safety of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser resection of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder tumor (NMIVBC) (World J Urology 2010;28:157–161). In this study, we evaluated the use of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser resection in combination with intravesical instillation of epirubicin for the treatment of multiple NMIVBC.

Materials and Methods

From September 2007 to April 2008, sixty patients with multiple NMIVBC were included in this study (44 cases of low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, 10 cases of high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and six cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential). Imaging examinations including pelvic computer tomography (CT) and intravenous urography showed no extravesical extension, lymphatic metastasis or any lesions of upper urinary tract. All patients received 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser therapy under continuous epidural anesthesia, and intravesical chemotherapy with epirubicin 1 week later (intravesical instillation weekly for 8 weeks, followed by monthly maintenance to 12 months).

Results

Totally 211 tumors in 60 patients were successfully removed with 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser. The mean operation time was 48 minutes per patient (ranged 20–90 minutes) and 13.6 minutes per tumor (range 5–25 minutes). No obturator nerve reflection or bladder perforation occurred during the procedure. All patients finished 12 months of intravesical chemotherapy without severe complications. The mean followed‐up time was 23 months. Tumor recurrences were found in 13 patients (22%).

Conclusions

The combination of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser and intravesical chemotherapy is feasible, safe, and efficacious for the treatment of multiple NMIVBC. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:15–20, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A transmissive laser speckle imaging technique for measuring deep tissue blood flow: An example application in finger joints
Authors: Dunn J.F. , Forrester K.R. , Martin L. , Tulip J. , Bray R.C.
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective

Laser speckle perfusion imaging (LSPI) is a minimally invasive optical measure of relative changes in blood flow, providing real‐time, high resolution, two‐dimensional maps of vascular structure. Standard LSI imaging uses a light‐reflective geometry that limits the measurement to a thin surface layer of 0.2–1 mm. The objective of this study was to test a new LSI instrument geometry with the laser source opposed to the image capture plane (light transmissive). Captured light then travels the entire tissue thickness (10–15 mm), sampling much deeper regions of interest than conventional optical imaging techniques.

Study Design

Reflective‐light (conventional) and transmissive‐light LSI modes were used to measure finger joint blood flow during a timed tourniquet occlusion of the brachial artery in volunteer participants.

Results

There was greatly increased visibility of vessels underlying the skin in the light‐transmissive mode LSI mode. Established LSI algorithms were shown to still work in the light‐transmissive mode, despite decorrelation due to finite laser coherence length and the light passing through a tissue thickness of 10–15 mm.

Conclusion

Transmissive LSI can be used to measure blood flow deep (10–15 mm) into tissues. This could be useful for non‐invasive measurements of finger joint synovial blood flow in diagnosing and treating peripheral vascular disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:21–28, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria
Authors: Hsu Chia-Yang , Huang Yi-Hsiang , Chiou Yi-You , Su Chien-Wei , Lin Han-Chieh , Lee Rheun-Chuan , Chiang Jen-Huey , Huo Teh-Ia , Lee Fa-Yauh , Lee Shou-Dong
Published: January 2011

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) are used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was designed to compare the long-term survival of HCC patients within the Milan criteria who underwent RFA or TACE. In all, 315 RFA patients and 215 TACE patients with HCC within the Milan criteria were analyzed. Propensity scores were generated to select matched patients. For the propensity model, 101 patients were selected from each arm of the study. Independent prognostic predictors were determined with the Cox proportional hazards model. The long-term survival was significantly better for the RFA group in the univariate survival analysis (P = 0.048). In the Cox model, the following were identified as independent predictors of poor prognosis (TACE was not): age > 69 years (P = 0.026), serum α-fetoprotein level > 20 ng/mL (P = 0.003), ascites (P < 0.001), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 1 (P = 0.004), total tumor volume (TTV) > 8.2 cm3 (P = 0.020), and vascular invasion (P = 0.023). With similar baseline patient characteristics generated in the propensity score model, there was no significant difference in the long-term survival rates of the 2 groups of patients. A subgroup analysis showed that among patients with a TTV < 11 cm3, the RFA group had significantly better long-term survival than the TACE group (P = 0.032). In conclusion, TACE and RFA lead to comparable long-term survival rates for HCC patients within the Milan criteria. Patients with a smaller TTV (<11 cm3) are likely to benefit more from RFA treatment. Further studies are needed to compare RFA and TACE in patients with early-stage cancers. Liver Transpl 17:556-566, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Preoperative estimation of the liver graft weight in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation using maximal portal vein diameters
Authors: Wang Frank , Pan Kuang-Tse , Chu Sung-Yu , Chan Kun-Ming , Chou Hong-Shiue , Wu Ting-Jung , Lee Wei-Chen
Published: January 2011

An accurate preoperative estimate of the graft weight is vital to avoid small-for-size syndrome in the recipient and ensure donor safety after adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Here we describe a simple method for estimating the graft volume (GV) that uses the maximal right portal vein diameter (RPVD) and the maximal left portal vein diameter (LPVD). Between June 2004 and December 2009, 175 consecutive donors undergoing right hepatectomy for LDLT were retrospectively reviewed. The GV was determined with 3 estimation methods: (1) the radiological graft volume (RGV) estimated by computed tomography (CT) volumetry; (2) the computed tomography-calculated graft volume (CGV-CT), which was obtained by the multiplication of the standard liver volume (SLV) by the RGV percentage with respect to the total liver volume derived from CT; and (3) the portal vein diameter ratio-calculated graft volume (CGV-PVDR), which was obtained by the multiplication of the SLV by the portal vein diameter ratio [PVDR; ie, PVDR = RPVD2/(RPVD2 + LPVD2)]. These values were compared to the actual graft weight (AGW), which was measured intraoperatively. The mean AGW was 633.63 ± 107.51 g, whereas the mean RGV, CGV-CT, and CGV-PVDR values were 747.83 ± 138.59, 698.21 ± 94.81, and 685.20 ± 90.88 cm3, respectively. All 3 estimation methods tended to overestimate the AGW (P < 0.001). The actual graft-to-recipient body weight ratio (GRWR) was 1.00% ± 0.19%, and the GRWRs calculated on the basis of the RGV, CGV-CT, and CGV-PVDR values were 1.19% ± 0.25%, 1.11% ± 0.22%, and 1.09% ± 0.21%, respectively. Overall, the CGV-PVDR values better correlated with the AGW and GRWR values according to Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and the Landis and Kock benchmark. In conclusion, the PVDR method is a simple estimation method that accurately predicts GVs and GRWRs in adult LDLT.
Liver Transpl, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Continuous‐wave scanning terahertz near‐field microscope
Authors: Guillet J.‐P. , Chusseau L. , Adam R. , Grosjean T. , Penarier A. , Baida F. , Charraut D.
Published: January 2011

A versatile cw measurement setup for terahertz near‐field reflectometry is proposed. Propagation, coupling, and focusing of wire guided modes are used to achieve a λ/33 resolution while imaging a metal corner deposited on glass. The setup is source and detector independent owing to wave coupling and decoupling with differential phase plates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:580–582, 2011; View this article at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25754
Low‐cost and high‐gain dual‐polarized antenna for millimeter‐wave applications: Experimental results
Authors: Perron Alexandre , Denidni Tayeb A. , Sebak Abdel R.
Published: January 2011

This article presents a new dual‐fed dual‐polarized antenna for millimeter‐wave applications.Measurements show that both a wide impedance bandwidth and a relatively high gain are achieved with a simple hybrid configuration. In addition, the measured isolation between the two ports is better than 20 dB across most of the operating band. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:569–571, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25755
Particle swarm optimization in the determination of the optimal bias current for noise performance of gallium nitride HEMTs
Authors: Ross Tyler , Cormier Gabriel , Hettak Khelifa , Amaya Rony E.
Published: January 2011

Gallium nitride has attracted a great deal of interest in recent years due to its power handling ability. In addition, its noise performance is known to be good. In this letter, we present a method for determining the bias current density needed to obtain optimal noise figure for gallium nitride high‐electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Particle swarm optimization is used to fit transistor S parameters to a model, enabling the calculation of the transistor's two‐port noise parameters. This process is performed for different bias points for different‐sized transistors, leading to the conclusion that a current density of 0.3 mA/μm yields the best minimum noise figure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:652–656, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25758
A stub‐loaded perturbed monopole antenna for wireless USB dongles
Authors: Hwang Keum Cheol
Published: January 2011

A compact monopole antenna with a tuning stub for USB dongle applications is proposed. The proposed stub‐loaded monopole antenna covers the WiBro, WLAN, WiMAX, and S‐DMB (Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcast) bands. The overall dimension of the fabricated antenna is 20 × 50 × 0.8 mm3. The measured −10 dB reflection bandwidths for two resonant frequencies are 25.5% (2105–2720 MHz) and 12.8% (5145–5848 MHz). The radiation patterns approximate an omni‐directional pattern. The measured peak gain of the antenna is 3.67 dBi. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:519–523, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25760
Experimental demonstration of left‐handed transmission properties of metamaterials based on split‐ring pairs
Authors: Cheng Zhengze , Cheng Yongzhi
Published: January 2011

We investigated numerically and experimentally the left‐handed (LH) properties of the metamaterial based on square split‐ring resonator (SRR) pairs. The square SRR pairs metamaterial simultaneously show an electric and magnetic response to incident electromagnetic wave, and exhibit broad LH bandwidth by the standard retrieval methods. The thickness of dielectric substrate spacer was varied to examine the LH transmission properties of the SRR pairs structure by experiments. It was found that the LH transmission passband slightly shift to low frequency with increasing of thickness ts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:615–618, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25764
A novel miniaturized dual‐band power divider using microstrip coupled transmission lines
Authors: Faraji Tayeb , Nosrati Mehdi , Hazeri Alireza
Published: January 2011

A miniaturized dual‐band Wilkinson power divider is designed and proposed using coupled transmission lines. The main part of the component consists of a microstrip hairpin resonator, which is implemented in a way to provide an artificial inductor and a capacitor between the two output ports. A lucid equivalent circuit model is synthesized for this model. To optimize the performance of the power divider, electromagnetic simulation has been used to tune its dimensions. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:676–679, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25767
Dual‐mode bandpass filter using internally coupled stub‐loaded resonators
Authors: Hua Changzhou , Miao Chen , Li Bo , Wang Hui , Wu Wen
Published: January 2011

A dual‐mode bandpass filter using stub‐loaded resonators with internal coupled lines for high‐selectivity application has been presented. Based on the odd‐ and even‐mode equivalent circuits, the resonant characteristics of the proposed microstrip resonator are investigated. The proposed resonator is found to have the merit that the even‐mode resonant frequencies can be flexibly controlled, whereas the odd‐mode resonant frequencies are unaffected. It is also found that there is a finite‐frequency transmission zero inherently through the stopband. Based on the proposed resonator, a compact and high‐selectivity bandpass filter is demonstrated. Experimental results are presented, which confirm our idea. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:643–646, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25769
Design of tapered slot Vivaldi antenna for UWB breast cancer detection
Authors: Lazaro A. , Villarino R. , Girbau D.
Published: January 2011

A tapered slot antenna to be used in ultra wideband microwave imaging systems aimed for early breast cancer detection is presented. A synthetic array is designed to operate across the ultra wideband frequency band in the air. The mutual coupling effects between the antennas have been investigated to verify the feasibility of the antenna for medical imaging applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:639–643, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25770
Simultaneous generation of AND and OR gates by dark–bright soliton conversion
Authors: Phattaraworamet Thanawat , Jomtarak Rangsan , Mitatha Somsak , Yupapin P. P.
Published: January 2011

In this article, a novel system of simultaneous optical logic AND and OR gates using dark–bright soliton conversion within the add/drop optical filter system is proposed. The input logic “0” and control logic “0” are formed by using the dark soliton pulse (D) trains. We found that the simultaneous optical logic AND and OR gates at the drop and through ports can be formed, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:514–516, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25776