bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate change will increase aflatoxin presence in US Corn
Authors: Yu Jina , Hennessy David A , Tack Jesse , Wu Felicia
Published: April 2022

The impacts of climate change on agricultural production are a global concern and have already begun to occur (Kawasaki 2018Am. J. Agric. Econ.101172–92; Ortiz-Bobeaet al2021Nat. Clim. Change11306–12), with major drivers including warmer temperatures and the occurrence of extreme weather events (Lobell and Field 2007Environ. Res. Lett.2014002; Challinoret al2014Nat. Clim. Change4287; Rosenzweiget al2001Glob. Change Hum. Health290–104; Schlenker and Roberts 2009Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA10615594–8; Lobellet al2014Science344516–9; Ortiz-Bobeaet al2019Environ. Res. Lett.14064003). An important dimension of the climate change-crop yield relationship that has often been overlooked in the empirical literature is the influence that warming temperatures can have on plant damage arriving through biotic channels, such as pest infestation or fungal infection (Rosenzweiget al2001Glob. Change Hum. Health290–104). Aflatoxins are carcinogenic chemicals produced by the fungiAspergillus flavusandA. parasiticus,which commonly infect food crops. Currently, in the United States, aflatoxin is a perennial contaminant in corn grown in the South, but rare in the Corn Belt and northern states. Climate change may expand aflatoxin’s geographical prevalence, however; because hot, dry summers promote aflatoxin accumulation. Here we model aflatoxin risk as a function of corn plant growth stages and weather to predict US regions with high aflatoxin risk in 2031–2040, based on 16 climate change models. Our results suggest that over 89.5% of corn-growing counties in 15 states, including the Corn Belt, will experience increased aflatoxin contamination in 2031–2040 compared to 2011–2020. Interestingly, the results are spatially heterogeneous and include several southern counties expected to have lower aflatoxin risk, because the causative fungi become inactivated at very high temperatures.
Passive cooling performance on Indonesia contemporary tropical facade in producing the present comfortable space
Authors: Nugroho A M
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates passive cooling solutions on an Indonesia Contemporary House in response to housing challenges in dense urban areas. The research approach involves detecting temperature and humidity in current settings, then using ventilated and bioclimatic facade to reduce the room’s temperature and compare it to its neutral temperature value. The bioclimatic facade has the best performance, lowering the temperature by 2.5°C when compared to the ventilated wall, which reduced the temperature by 2.2°C. Passive cooling techniques, such as bioclimatic and ventilated facade applications, can create a comfortable space all day long.
Influence of landscape material properties on microclimate change in a tropical area with case in Manado City
Authors: Sangkertadi S , Syafriny R , Wuisang C E V , Zahra Z
Published: April 2022

The objective of this research is to show the influence of thermal properties of landscape materials on microclimate change of tropical environment in the city of Manado. The microclimatic variables of this study include surface temperature, air temperature, and solar radiation. The landscape materials as object of the research were bricks, hard-soil, concrete-block, trees, and garden-pond water. The research used descriptive quantitative method. Measurement of thermo-physical characteristic of brick and paving stone were conducted by using calorimeter and quick-thermal-conductivity meter. Measurements of solar radiation, and temperatures were also performed in a commercial area in Manado city. Calculations of heat exchanges were realized by using HEAT2 computer program in order to evaluate magnitude of surface temperature of various landscape materials. The results show that a dense leaves tree can reduce solar radiation in its shade by up to 80% at a mid-daytime. The landscape materials of red brick, light concrete-block and hard soil can cause a surface temperature by up to 50 °C under a clear open sky. Water surface temperature of garden pond can also reach 50 °C, while at a depth 50 cm can decrease to 25 °C.
Measurement and calculation of indoor climate of swallow’s nests house in Minahasa
Authors: Lambey L J , Sangkertadi  , Regar M , Syafriny R , Umboh S J K
Published: April 2022

Swallow birds (Collocalia fuciphaga) are found in many islands in Indonesia. In general, swallows like sites which are warm and humid for their house and making nests. Swallow’s nest is a product of high economic value. Many people are interested in building houses for swallow to gain profit from the nest. The aim of the study is to describe the thermophysical characteristics of building materials of the house, and its indoor air temperature. The methodology used is descriptive analysis. The study includes measurements of outdoor and indoor climate variables which are air temperature, surface temperature and humidity. Identification of thermophysical material include heat specific capacity, thermal conductivity and density of wall and roof material. The results of climatic measurements carried out on 7 and 8 May 2021 in Minahasa showed that the indoor temperature was in the range of 25 to 27 °C, and relative humidity of around 84 to 85 %. Geometric and thermophysical modelling were made for simulation calculations by using HEAT2 software. The calculation results show that the distribution of indoor air temperature is in range of 25.6 to 25.8 °C, where in average there is a difference of about 0.5 °C lower than the measurement results.
Arranging here and there: A microlens observation on domestic waste separation
Authors: Karimah A , Suryantini R , Harahap M M Y
Published: April 2022

This paper explores ease of access in the spatial practice of domestic waste separation. Such an ease was observed by investigating how foodstuff is arranged, here and there, as an attempt to bring order. In the process of separating the foodstuff waste, the inhabitant’s body-her position, movement, and technical gestures–interrelates with the foodstuff, utensils, and the surrounding spaces become crucial aspects. Arguably, performing such a spatial practice boosts the inhabitant’s convenience, thus encouraging sustainable waste separation in domestic settings. In particular, this paper employs a microlens observation with a qualitative approach to dismantle the spatiality of the everyday domestic waste separation practice. The findings suggest dimension and adjustability are the essential measurable aspects in obtaining the desired convenience. Such a role raises the awareness for considering ergonomics for obtaining ease of access in separating waste. It drives the utilisations of particular portable objects and working surfaces, to assist in separating waste conveniently throughout the phases of bringing order. Notably, the temporary placement of wanted and unwanted foodstuff parts signifies the arrangement of here and there in such ways. Therefore, these findings expand the discussion of ergonomics, towards a sustained practice of waste treatment.
Impregnation analysis of phenol-formaldehyde resin on sengon wood to explore the potential of sengon wood as construction material
Authors: Birrnaqiy A A , Basyaruddin  , Malik J
Published: April 2022

The current climate emergency is a growing concern, while construction activities are one of the biggest causes. Therefore, research is needed that leads to the application of construction with environmentally friendly materials such as wood. In this study, the wood used is sengon wood (Falcataria moluccana) because it has very abundant availability. However, sengon wood has low strength and durability, so treatment is needed to improve the quality of sengon wood so that its potential can be utilized. There were seven test variables, namely untreated sengon sawn wood, vacuum pressure impregnation with 5%, 10%, 15% phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin solution, cold immersion impregnation with 5%, 10%, and 15% PF. The results of this study showed that treatment of cold immersion concentrate PF 10% increases tensile strength parallel to fibre up to 91.5%, the biggest increase in value against one of the mechanical properties, but to improve the mechanical properties of the highest average is variable B with vacuum pressure treatment of concentrates 5% with the increase up to 9.1%. Regardless of the comparison of these variables, that the value of the mechanical properties of sengon wood as sawn wood without treatment already has the potential to be used as a construction material compared to the value of the lowest strength class of construction sawn wood material. According to this research, the average density of sengon wood is about 300 kg/m3 which tends to be categorized as a lightweight construction material, where the concept of a lightweight structure can trigger increased innovation in creating more varied architectural and structural designs.
Light as medium for time manipulation of Start-Up-Online-Shop office building
Authors: Firliani Z R , Ekasiwi S N N
Published: April 2022

Information and communication technology are multiplying in this era and impacting work-life balance. The discussion starts with issue related to perception of time in work life. People’s perception of time can be faster or slower due to their work environment or the activities they do. Work-life balance become blurred because many workers in big city work more than they should do. Previous research compares this phenomenon with the experience living in space. Based on it, comes a question whether architectural design can substitute timer in a work environment. In this paper, we propose an approach for start-up office with the concept time manipulation using light as medium to influence people’s perception of time. The goal is to influence people’s perception of time and increase productivity in work environment. The theory that used in this paper discusses about relationship between architecture and time and discuss the designer’s approach from design process. The design concept related to the theory then tested on human perception and applied on architectural syntax of building. Using concept-based framework with domain transfer to represent movement of time in building design through experience of space. The design prioritizes the psychology and value of time of the workers.
Barite concrete-based cement composites for 252Cf spontaneous neutron and 60Co/192Ir shielding based on Monte Carlo computation
Authors: Guembou Shouop Cebastien Joel , Bak Sang-In , Mekontso Eric Jilbert Nguelem , Ndontchueng Moyo Maurice , Strivay David
Published: April 2022

Barite concrete composite materials have been investigated for 252Cf spontaneous neutron and 60Co/192Ir gamma sources’ shielding using Monte Carlo computational method. The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) was used to compute the shielding properties of three different materials (barite concrete, barite cement, and barite aggregate) used as structural walls in fixed neutron & gamma industrial radiography for Non-Destructive Testing applications. The obtained results displayed good properties of barite concrete in shielding spontaneous neutrons emitted from the 252Cf source, as the effective dose drops about 108 times in only 140 cm wall thickness, and it was found to be about 10 times more effective than other materials investigated. In addition, the investigated gamma shielding properties of the barite concrete showed a relatively smaller wall thickness compared to the ordinary concrete. The decision-making process based on the ALARA principle of dose limitation showed that the use of barite concrete in such facilities is more effective than the use of barite cement and barite aggregate, for both gamma and neutron radiography shielding design. To achieve an average value of 1 μSv/h, the obtained result shows that 80 cm of Barite concrete is needed, while 125 and 130 cm of barite cement and barite aggregate are needed, respectively to shield the Co-60 source. Meanwhile, 50 cm of wall made of barite concrete is sufficient to cut down the effective dose rate to 1 μSv/h (for 50 Ci and 55 cm for 150 Ci 192Ir), which is an appropriate design for the public area adjacent to the industrial radiographic facility. It was therefore concluded from the obtained data that barite concrete is the most effective shielding material for radioactive sources (60Co, 192Ir, and 252Cf) used in radiographic applications.
Size-dependent frequency of simply supported elastic ultra-thin films with surface effect under periodic vibration
Authors: Huang Dianwu , Wang Wei , Ni Xiaohui , Jiang Yuanhai , Liu Hongfei , Xiong Houren
Published: April 2022

Although surface effects play an important role in the mechanical properties of ultra-thin films, the nonlinear vibrations of ultra-thin films influenced by surface effects have not been fully understood. This paper develops an analytical framework for studying the nonlinear vibrations of simply supported ultra-thin films with surface effects. The framework is based on the modified Kirchhoff plate theory. The surface stress effects are treated by the Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity model and the motion equations include the effects of curvature and classical inertia. The dimensionless frequency of forcibly vibrated ultra-thin films with a simple support and surface effects is explicitly deduced through a series of perturbation procedure. Finally, the surface effects are evaluated in two numerical examples. In these demonstrations, the surface effects significantly influenced the dimensionless frequency when the film thickness reduced to one micrometer or less.
Dissecting central post-stroke pain: a controlled symptom-psychophysical characterization
Authors: Barbosa Luciana Mendonça , da Silva Valquíria Aparecida , de Lima Rodrigues Antônia Lilian , Mendes Fernandes Diego Toledo Reis , de Oliveira Rogério Adas Ayres , Galhardoni Ricardo , Yeng Lin Tchia , Junior Jefferson Rosi , Conforto Adriana Bastos , Lucato Leandro Tavares , Lemos Marcelo Delboni , Peyron Roland , Garcia-Larrea Luis , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Ciampi de Andrade Daniel
Published: April 2022

Central post-stroke pain affects up to 12% of stroke survivors and is notoriously refractory to treatment. However, stroke patients often suffer from other types of pain of non-neuropathic nature (musculoskeletal, inflammatory, complex regional) and no head-to-head comparison of their respective clinical and somatosensory profiles has been performed so far. We compared 39 patients with definite central neuropathic post-stroke pain with two matched control groups: 32 patients with exclusively non-neuropathic pain developed after stroke and 31 stroke patients not complaining of pain. Patients underwent deep phenotyping via a comprehensive assessment including clinical exam, questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing to dissect central post-stroke pain from chronic pain in general and stroke. While central post-stroke pain was mostly located in the face and limbs, non-neuropathic pain was predominantly axial and located in neck, shoulders and knees (P < 0.05). Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory clusters burning (82.1%, n = 32, P < 0.001), tingling (66.7%, n = 26, P < 0.001) and evoked by cold (64.1%, n = 25, P < 0.001) occurred more frequently in central post-stroke pain. Hyperpathia, thermal and mechanical allodynia also occurred more commonly in this group (P < 0.001), which also presented higher levels of deafferentation (P < 0.012) with more asymmetric cold and warm detection thresholds compared with controls. In particular, cold hypoesthesia (considered when the threshold of the affected side was <41% of the contralateral threshold) odds ratio (OR) was 12 (95% CI: 3.8–41.6) for neuropathic pain. Additionally, cold detection threshold/warm detection threshold ratio correlated with the presence of neuropathic pain (ρ = −0.4, P < 0.001). Correlations were found between specific neuropathic pain symptom clusters and quantitative sensory testing: paroxysmal pain with cold (ρ = −0.4; P = 0.008) and heat pain thresholds (ρ = 0.5; P = 0.003), burning pain with mechanical detection (ρ = −0.4; P = 0.015) and mechanical pain thresholds (ρ = −0.4, P < 0.013), evoked pain with mechanical pain threshold (ρ = −0.3; P = 0.047). Logistic regression showed that the combination of cold hypoesthesia on quantitative sensory testing, the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, and the allodynia intensity on bedside examination explained 77% of the occurrence of neuropathic pain. These findings provide insights into the clinical-psychophysics relationships in central post-stroke pain and may assist more precise distinction of neuropathic from non-neuropathic post-stroke pain in clinical practice and in future trials.
A rat model of a focal mosaic expression of PCDH19 replicates human brain developmental abnormalities and behaviours
Authors: Cwetsch Andrzej W. , Ziogas Ilias , Narducci Roberto , Savardi Annalisa , Bolla Maria , Pinto Bruno , Perlini Laura E. , Bassani Silvia , Passafaro Maria , Cancedda Laura
Published: April 2022

Protocadherin 19 gene-related epilepsy or protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy is an infantile-onset epilepsy syndrome characterized by psychiatric (including autism-related), sensory, and cognitive impairment of varying degrees. Protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy is caused by X-linked protocadherin 19 protein loss of function. Due to random X-chromosome inactivation, protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy-affected females present a mosaic population of healthy and protocadherin 19-mutant cells. Unfortunately, to date, no current mouse model can fully recapitulate both the brain histological and behavioural deficits present in people with protocadherin 19 clustering epilepsy. Thus, the search for a proper understanding of the disease and possible future treatment is hampered. By inducing a focal mosaicism of protocadherin 19 expression using in utero electroporation in rats, we found here that protocadherin 19 signalling in specific brain areas is implicated in neuronal migration, heat-induced epileptic seizures, core/comorbid behaviours related to autism and cognitive function.
Selection for nonspecific adhesion is a driver of FimH evolution increasingEscherichia colibiofilm capacity
Authors: Yoshida Mari , Thiriet-Rupert Stanislas , Mayer Leonie , Beloin Christophe , Ghigo Jean-Marc
Published: April 2022

Bacterial interactions with surfaces rely on the coordinated expression of a vast repertoire of surface-exposed adhesins. However, how bacteria dynamically modulate their adhesion potential to achieve successful surface colonization is not yet well understood. Here, we investigated changes in adhesion capacity of an initially poorly adherent Escherichia coli strain using experimental evolution and positive selection for mutations improving adhesion and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. We showed that all identified evolved populations and clones acquired mutations located almost exclusively in the lectin domain of fimH, the gene coding for the α-d-mannose-specific tip adhesin of type 1 fimbriae, a key E. coli virulence factor. While most of these fimH mutants showed reduced mannose-binding ability, they all displayed enhanced binding to abiotic surfaces, indicating a trade-off between FimH-mediated specific and nonspecific adhesion properties. Several of the identified mutations were already reported in the FimH lectin domain of pathogenic and environmental E. coli, suggesting that, beyond pathoadaptation, FimH microevolution favoring nonspecific surface adhesion could constitute a selective advantage for natural E. coli isolates. Consistently, although E. coli deleted for the fim operon still evolves an increased adhesion capacity, mutants selected in the ∆fim background are outcompeted by fimH mutants revealing clonal interference for adhesion. Our study therefore provides insights into the plasticity of E. coli adhesion potential and shows that evolution of type 1 fimbriae is a major driver of the adaptation of natural E. coli to colonization.
Rectifying nematode names
Authors: Hodgkin Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Over the past 50 years, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has become established as one of the most powerful and widely used model organisms. This article explores the origins and subsequent history of a generally accepted system for gene naming and genetic nomenclature in C. elegans.
Development of the ADFICE_IT Models for Predicting Falls and Recurrent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Pooled Analyses of European Cohorts With Special Attention to Medication
Authors: van de Loo Bob , Seppala Lotta J , van der Velde Nathalie , Medlock Stephanie , Denkinger Michael , de Groot Lisette CPGM , Kenny Rose-Anne , Moriarty Frank , Rothenbacher Dietrich , Stricker Bruno , Uitterlinden André , Abu-Hanna Ameen , Heymans Martijn W , van Schoor Natasja
Published: April 2022

Background

Use of fall prevention strategies requires detection of high-risk patients. Our goal was to develop prediction models for falls and recurrent falls in community-dwelling older adults and to improve upon previous models by using a large, pooled sample and by considering a wide range of candidate predictors, including medications.

Methods

Harmonized data from 2 Dutch (LASA, B-PROOF) and 1 German cohort (ActiFE Ulm) of adults aged ≥65 years were used to fit 2 logistic regression models: one for predicting any fall and another for predicting recurrent falls over 1 year. Model generalizability was assessed using internal–external cross-validation.

Results

Data of 5 722 participants were included in the analyses, of whom 1 868 (34.7%) endured at least 1 fall and 702 (13.8%) endured a recurrent fall. Positive predictors for any fall were: educational status, depression, verbal fluency, functional limitations, falls history, and use of antiepileptics and drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence; negative predictors were: body mass index (BMI), grip strength, systolic blood pressure, and smoking. Positive predictors for recurrent falls were: educational status, visual impairment, functional limitations, urinary incontinence, falls history, and use of anti-Parkinson drugs, antihistamines, and drugs for urinary frequency and incontinence; BMI was a negative predictor. The average C-statistic value was 0.65 for the model for any fall and 0.70 for the model for recurrent falls.

Conclusion

Compared with previous models, the model for recurrent falls performed favorably while the model for any fall performed similarly. Validation and optimization of the models in other populations are warranted.
Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging
Authors: Tesařová Markéta , Mancini Lucia , Mauri Edgardo , Aljančič Gregor , Năpăruş-Aljančič Magdalena , Kostanjšek Rok , Bizjak Mali Lilijana , Zikmund Tomáš , Kaucká Markéta , Papi Federica , Goyens Jana , Bouchnita Anass , Hellander Andreas , Adameyko Igor , Kaiser Jozef
Published: April 2022

Background

Lightless caves can harbour a wide range of living organisms. Cave animals have evolved a set of morphological, physiological, and behavioural adaptations known as troglomorphisms, enabling their survival in the perpetual darkness, narrow temperature and humidity ranges, and nutrient scarcity of the subterranean environment. In this study, we focused on adaptations of skull shape and sensory systems in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus, also known as olm or simply proteus—the largest cave tetrapod and the only European amphibian living exclusively in subterranean environments. This extraordinary amphibian compensates for the loss of sight by enhanced non-visual sensory systems including mechanoreceptors, electroreceptors, and chemoreceptors. We compared developmental stages of P. anguinus with Ambystoma mexicanum, also known as axolotl, to make an exemplary comparison between cave- and surface-dwelling paedomorphic salamanders.

Findings

We used contrast-enhanced X-ray computed microtomography for the 3D segmentation of the soft tissues in the head of P. anguinus and A. mexicanum. Sensory organs were visualized to elucidate how the animal is adapted to living in complete darkness. X-ray microCT datasets were provided along with 3D models for larval, juvenile, and adult specimens, showing the cartilage of the chondrocranium and the position, shape, and size of the brain, eyes, and olfactory epithelium.

Conclusions

P. anguinus still keeps some of its secrets. Our high-resolution X-ray microCT scans together with 3D models of the anatomical structures in the head may help to elucidate the nature and origin of the mechanisms behind its adaptations to the subterranean environment, which led to a series of troglomorphisms.
Association of C-reactive Protein and Partial Mayo Score With Response to Tofacitinib Induction Therapy: Results From the Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Program
Authors: Dubinsky Marla C , Magro Fernando , Steinwurz Flavio , Hudesman David P , Kinnucan Jami A , Ungaro Ryan C , Neurath Markus F , Kulisek Nicole , Paulissen Jerome , Su Chinyu , Ponce de Leon Dario , Regueiro Miguel
Published: April 2022

Background

Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule JAK inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). These post hoc analyses assessed associations between C-reactive protein (CRP), partial Mayo score (PMS), and efficacy outcomes during tofacitinib induction in UC.

Methods

Patients received tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily (BID) in an 8-week, phase 2 induction study and 2 identical, 8-week, phase 3 induction studies (OCTAVE Induction 1&2); induction nonresponders (IndNR) received an additional 8 weeks of tofacitinib 10 mg BID in an open-label, long-term extension study. Associations between CRP and PMS, and efficacy outcomes (clinical response, clinical remission, endoscopic improvement, and endoscopic remission) were analyzed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves.

Results

Changes from baseline in the logarithm of CRP ([log]CRP) and PMS at week 4 were associated with clinical response at week 8 (univariate: per unit, odds ratio [OR], 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.48-0.62]; and 0.42 [0.37-0.47], respectively). Among IndNR, change from baseline in PMS at week 8 was associated with clinical response at week 16 (univariate: per unit, OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.46-0.75). C-reactive protein at week 4 (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.6) and PMS at weeks 2 and 4 (AUC, > 0.7) generally exhibited predictive value for week 8 efficacy outcomes.

Conclusions

Patients who achieved clinical response at week 8 had larger decreases in CRP and PMS at week 4 than patients who did not. IndNR who achieved clinical response at week 16 with extended tofacitinib induction had a larger decrease in PMS at week 8 vs those who did not. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT00787202;NCT01465763;NCT01458951;NCT01470612.
Unpacking the Role of Metrics in Global Vaccination Governance
Authors: Pichelstorfer Anna , Paul Katharina T
Published: April 2022

Recent efforts by intergovernmental actors, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), to foster collaboration on vaccine-preventable diseases stand in stark contrast to the contextually contingent nature of national immunization programs: vaccination schedules and delivery differ greatly, and so do the ways in which these programs are assessed by means of coverage rates—a key metric in global health governance. These divergences, we show, are sidelined and resolved diplomatically in WHO assessment practices: here, seemingly standardized metrics and practices of datafication function to translate political differences into technical discussions about “data quality.” Using a practice-based approach, we conceptualize data practices as a form of health diplomacy and their infrastructures as constitutive of global health governance. Drawing on document analysis and interviews, we examine the WHO’s practices of producing coverage rates provided by member states. We argue that these metrics are performative inasmuch as they help frame vaccination as a global concern and mediate between global norms and local practices. We show how datafication is both an effect of, and a means for, health diplomacy and helps sustain the authority of the WHO. Our research further demonstrates the need to attend to practices of datafication and their political implications.
Exclusivity and Circularity in the Production of Global Governance Expertise: The Making of “Global Mental Health” Knowledge
Authors: Littoz-Monnet Annabelle
Published: April 2022

Global mental health expertise favors biomedical explanations of mental disorders that conceive such disorders as stable entities, which can be diagnosed according to universal categories. Following this logic, universal and standardized solutions can also be applied throughout the world, regardless of context. Despite its assumptions and data being contested within the field of psychiatry itself, global mental health expertise has been highly stable. How is such expertise produced? Through what mechanisms are its products, such as reports, studies, or numbers, made and replicated? The article proposes a model of expertise production in global governance that discloses specific mechanisms of circularity and exclusivity in knowledge-making processes, which result in the circular and exclusive character of expertise itself. These include the circulation of profesionals and data across spheres and organizations, as well as the role played by several sites such as boundary expert groups, influential research clusters, and “policy-scientific” journals, which operate as powerful centers of knowledge production at the intersection of the policy, scientific or private spheres. Such sites not only act as loci where people's circulation operates at its best but also as autonomous mechanisms that produce, cement, and perpetuate the circularity and exclusivity of expertise beyond the role of specific individuals.
Electroactive biofilms: how microbial electron transfer enables bioelectrochemical applications
Authors: Conners Eric M , Rengasamy Karthikeyan , Bose Arpita
Published: April 2022

Microbial biofilms are ubiquitous. In marine and freshwater ecosystems, microbe–mineral interactions sustain biogeochemical cycles, while biofilms found on plants and animals can range from pathogens to commensals. Moreover, biofouling and biocorrosion represent significant challenges to industry. Bioprocessing is an opportunity to take advantage of biofilms and harness their utility as a chassis for biocommodity production. Electrochemical bioreactors have numerous potential applications, including wastewater treatment and commodity production. The literature examining these applications has demonstrated that the cell–surface interface is vital to facilitating these processes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the state of knowledge regarding biofilms’ role in bioprocessing. This mini-review discusses bacterial biofilm formation, cell–surface redox interactions, and the role of microbial electron transfer in bioprocesses. It also highlights some current goals and challenges with respect to microbe-mediated bioprocessing and future perspectives.
XTRA study protocol: eXploring medical sTudents’ caReer reAdiness—a cross-sectional study in the UK
Authors: Godoi Amanda , McDade-Kumar Mia , Virk Farazi , Casteleyn Charlotte , Marei Omar , Yang Ting , Moussa Ahmed , Aman Kashif , Byrne Matthew H V , Baptiste Patrice , Babu Priya Rose , Trikha Sanya , Bamdad Kiana , Tombs Michal
Published: April 2022

Background and objectives

Professional and career enhancing opportunities are essential for developing skills required for a successful career in medicine. Research to date has mainly focused on the extent to which medical schools prepare students for clinical work as junior doctors. However, there remains a need to ascertain how students prepare for their career and what facilitates or hinders learning regarding careers in medicine. The purpose of the XTRA study is to examine career readiness of medical students at UK universities and the support they receive during their studies regarding career planning.

Methods

The eXploring medical sTudents’ caReer reAdiness (XTRA) study is a national cross-sectional study of all medical students enrolled at a UK medical school. Data collection will occur via a secure online survey designed as a training need analysis based on the principles of Super’s theory (Super, 1953) of career development. A snowball sampling strategy will be used to recruit participants via social media and networks. Results will be analysed using quantitative analysis and thematic analysis to identify themes in qualitative responses. The primary outcome is to understand the perspective of current medical students on how well prepared they are about entering their careers in healthcare.

Conclusions

We anticipate that findings from this study will help identify career readiness of medical students to facilitate the development of career development programmes and resources to ensure medical students are well equipped for their future careers.
An Extraordinary Sequel: The ‘Russian’ Influenza and Enduring Sequelae in Victorian Culture
Authors: Krishnan Lakshmi
Published: April 2022

In 1895, the crime-writing duo of L. T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, MD, published ‘A Doctor’s Dilemma’ in The Strand Magazine. In it, the young physician Arthur Feveral describes a recent influenza outbreak which has left an ‘extraordinary sequel . . . My health is gone—my nerve has deserted me’. Influenza plays a central role in this fiction, but Feveral’s story is simply one of many – documentary and fictionalized – that populate the pages of late nineteenth-century British periodicals. The ‘Russian’ influenza pandemic of 1889–1894 was the last great European outbreak of the nineteenth century, leaving in its wake such widely discussed neurological effects (neurasthenia, psychosis, and melancholy) that they earned their own nosography: ‘influenza nervosa’. This paper examines the pandemic’s enduring cultural and biosocial impact through the framework of sequelae – chronic conditions arising in the aftermath of acute illness. Drawing on medical case histories, criminal reports, illness narratives, and works of fiction, it explores how the Victorians taxonomized and theorized such long-term effects of infectious disease. First, sequelae became a category separate from ‘complications’, vital to broader preoccupations with prolonged illness, uncertainty, and moral and bodily weakness and degeneracy, and the Victorians scaffolded around it notions of vigour and debility, difference, predisposition, and heredity. Second, they domesticated and repurposed colonial and tropical theories of hygiene as explanatory frameworks. Through close readings of ‘long influenza’ in the clinic and in fiction, this paper also frames the kinds of narratives which gained especial purchase, and the sufferers deemed both susceptible and sympathetic. Finally, it argues that the acute phase of infectious anxiety gave way to a longue durée of sequelae, and that Victorian responses provide critical insights and warnings for our own era.
The ‘Scourge of Modern Times’: Cholera, Race, and Empire in Early Nineteenth-Century British Illustrated Print Culture
Authors: Sciampacone Amanda
Published: April 2022

The coronavirus pandemic has brought to the fore concerns over the emergence of a new deadly disease, its rapid spread across global networks, and the ostensible threat posed by the Other. These concerns are not new. The emergence of an epidemic form of cholera in what European medics described as the fetid jungles of Bengal in 1817 and the five pandemics that swept across the world inspired similar fears. With cholera’s arrival in England in 1831, it took shape in the British cultural imagination as an Indian entity that threatened Britain not just with death, but with degeneration. As medics were unable to identify its cause, cholera was depicted both through its effects on the body and as an embodied figure. Medical and satiric illustrations attempted to make visible the invisible illness. In pictures of the cholera patient, the disease was framed not by its most visceral and racial effects, but by its most visible symptom: the body turned blue. It then became an embodied agent: first as an orientalized scarecrow supposedly used by doctors to frighten the populace and then as a malevolent spectre spreading death. Visually, cholera was characterized by the colour blue, which recalled another apparent product of India, indigo, and served to colonize medical knowledge through an acceptance of certain characteristics over others. Yet, circulated through print, these images depicted the horrors of the disease to the public, visually demonstrating how cholera could corrupt the English body and the heart of the British Empire.
Comprehensive profiling of myxopapillary ependymomas identifies a distinct molecular subtype with relapsing disease
Authors: Bockmayr Michael , Harnisch Kim , Pohl Lara C , Schweizer Leonille , Mohme Theresa , Körner Meik , Alawi Malik , Suwala Abigail K , Dorostkar Mario M , Monoranu Camelia M , Hasselblatt Martin , Wefers Annika K , Capper David , Hench Jürgen , Frank Stephan , Richardson Timothy E , Tran Ivy , Liu Elisa , Snuderl Matija , Engertsberger Lara , Benesch Martin , von Deimling Andreas , Obrecht Denise , Mynarek Martin , Rutkowski Stefan , Glatzel Markus , Neumann Julia E , Schüller Ulrich
Published: April 2022

Background

Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a heterogeneous disease regarding histopathology and outcome. The underlying molecular biology is poorly understood, and markers that reliably predict the patients’ clinical course are unknown.

Methods

We assembled a cohort of 185 tumors classified as MPE based on DNA methylation. Methylation patterns, copy number profiles, and MGMT promoter methylation were analyzed for all tumors, 106 tumors were evaluated histomorphologically, and RNA sequencing was performed for 37 cases. Based on methylation profiling, we defined two subtypes MPE-A and MPE-B, and explored associations with epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics of these tumors.

Results

MPE-A occurred at a median age of 27 years and were enriched with tumors demonstrating papillary morphology and MGMT promoter hypermethylation. Half of these tumors could not be totally resected, and 85% relapsed within 10 years. Copy number alterations were more common in MPE-A. RNA sequencing revealed an enrichment for extracellular matrix and immune system-related signatures in MPE-A. MPE-B occurred at a median age of 45 years and included many tumors with a histological diagnosis of WHO grade II and tanycytic morphology. Patients within this subtype had a significantly better outcome with a relapse rate of 33% in 10 years (P = 3.4e-06).

Conclusions

We unraveled the morphological and clinical heterogeneity of MPE by identifying two molecularly distinct subtypes. These subtypes significantly differed in progression-free survival and will likely need different protocols for surveillance and treatment.
Complications, compliance, and undertreatment do not explain the relationship between cognition and survival in diffuse glioma patients
Authors: van Kessel Emma , Krijnen Eva A , IJpelaar Suzanne , Huenges Wajer Irene M C , Ruis Carla , Seute Tatjana , De Vos Filip Y F L , Verhoeff Joost J C , Robe Pierre A , van Zandvoort Martine J E , Snijders Tom J
Published: April 2022

Background

Cognitive deficits occur in all different grades of glioma. In a recent study, we found these deficits to be independently, and possibly causally, related to survival in diffuse gliomas. In this study, we investigated whether the relationship between cognition and survival was mediated by three different factors: undertreatment, complications of treatment, and compliance. We hypothesized that patients with cognitive impairment may undergo less intensive treatment, be less compliant, and suffer more from complications, resulting in shortened survival for cognitively impaired patients.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing awake craniotomy between operative neuropsychological assessments in five cognitive domains. We used Structural Equation Modeling to perform mediation analyses. Mediation analyses are analyses to evaluate whether a variable is a factor in the causal chain, referred to as an intermediate factor.

Results

In total 254 patients were included, of whom 111 patients were LGG patients and 143 were HGG patients. The most frequently impaired domain was memory (37.8% ≤–2 SD) in HGG and attention and executive functioning in LGG (33.3≤–1.5 SD). We confirmed the significant association between different cognitive domains and survival. These associations could not be explained by one of the aforementioned intermediate factors.

Conclusions

This suggests that other mechanisms should be involved in the relation between cognition and survival. Hypothetically, cognitive functioning can act as a marker for diffuse infiltration of the tumor or cognitive functioning and survival could be determined by overlapping germline and somatic tumoral molecular-genetic factors.
Low-energy adsorptive separation by zeolites
Authors: Bai Ruobing , Song Xiaowei , Yan Wenfu , Yu Jihong
Published: April 2022

Separation of mixture is always necessarily required in modern industry, especially in fine chemical, petrochemical, coal chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The challenge of the separation process is usually associated with small molecules with very similar physical and chemical properties. Among the separation techniques, the commonly used high-pressure cryogenic distillation process with combination of high pressure and very low temperature is heavily energy-consuming, which accounts for the major production costs as well as 10–15% of the world's energy consumption. To this end, the adsorptive separation process based on zeolite sorbents is a promising lower-energy alternative and the performance is directly determined by the zeolite sorbents. In this review, we surveyed the separation mechanisms based on the steric, equilibrium, kinetic and ‘trapdoor’ effect, and summarized the recent advances in adsorptive separation via zeolites including CO2, light olefins, C8 aromatics and hydrogen isotopes. Furthermore, we provided the perspectives on the rational design of zeolite sorbents for the absolute separation of mixtures.
The middle Cambrian Linyi Lagerstätte from the North China Craton: a new window on Cambrian evolutionary fauna
Authors: Sun Zhixin , Zhao Fangchen , Zeng Han , Luo Cui , Van Iten Heyo , Zhu Maoyan
Published: April 2022

The rapid appearance of major animal groups and complex marine communities during the Cambrian explosion is recorded in large part in Burgess Shale-type lagerstätten. However, the restricted temporal and spatial distribution of known lagerstätten continues to hinder the formation of a comprehensive perspective on Cambrian evolutionary faunas. Here we describe the Linyi Lagerstätte (ca. 504 mya), a new Cambrian Miaolingian lagerstätte from the Zhangxia Formation in Shandong Province, North China. The Linyi Lagerstätte contains a variety of well-preserved soft-bodied fossils, among which the non-trilobite arthropods, particularly the mollisoniids and radiodonts, are the most important groups. The new assemblage is remarkable for its excellent preservation of arthropod limbs, eyes and guts, as well as for its close similarity in taxonomic composition to Laurentian lagerstätten. The distinctive Linyi Lagerstätte holds great promise for providing additional insights into the morphological disparity, community structure and paleogeographic range of marine faunas during the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian).
Dolutegravir Resistance in Malawi’s National HIV Treatment Program
Authors: van Oosterhout Joep J , Chipungu Chifundo , Nkhoma Lyse , Kanise Hope , Hosseinipour Mina C , Sagno Jean Babtiste , Simon Katherine , Cox Carrie , Hoffman Risa , Steegen Kim , Matola Bilaal W , Phiri Sam , Jahn Andreas , Nyirenda Rose , Heller Tom
Published: April 2022

Dolutegravir HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) data from Africa remain sparse. We reviewed HIVDR results of Malawians on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (November 2020–September 2021). Of 6462 eligible clients, 33 samples were submitted to South Africa, 27 were sequenced successfully, and 8 (30%) had dolutegravir HIVDR. Malawi urgently requires adequate HIVDR testing capacity.
Nonpharmacologic Factors Affecting Milk Production in Pump-Dependent Mothers of Critically Ill Infants
Authors: Bendixen Marion M. , Iapicca Larissa C. , Parker Leslie A.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Improved health outcomes for critically ill infants including neurodevelopmental, immunological, and cost benefits are dependent upon the dose and duration of mother's own milk feedings. However, mothers of infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) must express their milk (pump-dependent) and often struggle with milk production.

Purpose:

To examine the state of the science on nonpharmacologic modifiable expression factors that may influence milk production in pump-dependent mothers of critically ill infants admitted to the NICU.

Data Sources:

PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases from 2005 to 2020.

Search Strategy:

Guided by the lactation conceptual model, the authors searched for peer-reviewed studies with terms related to milk volume, pump dependency, critically ill infants, and modifiable factors, which may influence milk volume and assessed 46 eligible studies.

Data Extraction:

Data were extracted by 3 reviewers with a systematic staged review approach.

Results:

Evidence from 26 articles found expressed milk volume may be influenced by multiple potentially modifiable factors. Simultaneous expression with a hospital-grade electric pump at least 5 times per day beginning 3 to 6 hours after delivery, and adding complementary techniques including hand expression, hands-on-pumping, music, breast massage, warm compresses, skin-to-skin care, and the mother expressing near her infant may promote increased milk volume.

Implications for Practice and Research:

Healthcare providers should assist pump-dependent mothers with early initiation and frequent milk removal with a hospital-grade breast pump. Further research is needed to explore optimal frequency of expressions, dose and timing of skin-to-skin care, and other targeted strategies to improve expressed milk volume.