bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Adrenaline on Blood Flow and Metabolism in the Human Forearm
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Svedmyr Nils
Published: December 2008

Lundholm. L. and N. Svedniyr. Infuence of adrenalbie on blood fow and metabolism in the human forearm. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 65. 344–351. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline appreciably raised the blood flow. oxygen consumption, CO2‐‐production, CO2‐‐tension and lactic acid elimination in the human forearm. The interrelationship of these effects is discussed. The rise in CO2‐‐production is assumed to have been due to increased oxygen consumption as well as to an increase in the lactic acid content of the tissues. The rise in GO2‐‐tension resulted from an augniented CO2 production. Adrenaline's observed vasodilator effect is attributed at least in part. to heighted CO2 tension of blood and tissues.
Fluorometric Assays of Glutamic‐Pyruvic Transaminase Activity in Microdissected Pancreatic Islets from Obese‐Hyperglycemic Mice
Authors: Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Hellman, B. Fluorometric assays of glutamicpyruvic transaminase activity in microdissected pancreatic islets from obese‐hyperglycemic mice. Actaphysiol. scand. 1965. 65. 357–363. — The glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (GF'T) activity was determined in microdissected pancreatic islets from obese‐hyperglycemic mice. The optimal assay conditions for measuring this enzyme in the islet homogenates using a very sensitive procedure based on the fluorescence of pyridine nucleotides in highly alkaline solutions were analysed. An increased islet GPT‐activity was noted in the presence of 2.5 mg % carbutamide, while concentrations above the therapeutic range in the incubation medium inhibited the enzyme in the islets as well as in the exocrine pancreas and liver. When the animals had free access to food the islet GPT‐activity was 0.79 ± 0.07 MKH units as compared with 3.42 ± 0.36 for the exocrine parenchyma and 5.15 ± 0.73 for the liver. A starvation period of 7 days resulted in a 40 % reduction of the islet GPT‐activity: no corresponding decrease being noted in the enzyme activities of the other two tissues. The higher GPT‐activity in the endocrine pancreas in connection with intense insulin secretion supports the view that transamination processes represent an important metabolic feature in the maintenance of the specific endocrine function of the β cells.
Serotonine and Temperature Control
Authors: Andersson B. , Jobin M. , Olsson K.
Published: December 2008

At normal body temperature as well as during pyrogen‐induced fever, injections of 5‐HT into the 3rd brain ventricle were found to cause peripheral vasodilatation, polypnea and a marked fall in brain, blood (right heart) and rectal temperature in 2 out of 3 goats. In the 3rd goat, which later developed encephalitis, 5‐HT caused a short initial period of peripheral vasodilatation, followed by a syndrome, having all the characteristics of pyrogen‐induced fever. Injections of small amount of catecholamines into the 3rd brain ventricle did not alter significantly the rectal temperature of the goats. The findings are discussed in relation to a recent hypothesis according to which body temperature is the outcome of a fine balance in the release of catecholamines and of 5‐HT in the hypothalamus.
Connections between Adrenergic Nerves and other Tissue Components in the Eye
Authors: Ehinger Berndt
Published: December 2008

The connections between adrenergic nerve fibres and other ocular structures were studied in normal embryonic material (man, dogs, cats, guinea‐pigs, and rats) as well as with a special vessel injection technique (adult rats, guinea‐pigs, and rabbits). It was established that adrenergic fibres are a normal constituent of the cornea. The adrenergic nerves were more numerous in the embryo than in the adult, and also occurred within the embryonic corneal epithelium. These intraepithelial fibres disappear shortly after birth. Adrenergic fibres running in the connective tissue without connection to vessels were further found in the iris, the limbus region, the chamber angle (of the guinea‐pig predominantly) and in the chorioid. It cannot be excluded that these fibres innervate some connective tissue component. In the sphincter pupillae, only a few adrenergic fibres were connected to the vessels, such as was the case also in the ciliary muscle of the guinea‐pig. Under the ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body and the ciliary processes there was a thick and dense plexus of adrenergic fibres. Only a restricted number of them was associated with the vessels. The “capillaries” of the ciliary processes were remarkable in that they seemed to possess adrenergic fibres. No adrenergic innervation to the melanophores was apparent.
Studies on the Stimulating Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on Respiration in Man
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Svedmyr Nils
Published: December 2008

Adrenaline infused intravenously at a rate of 0.15 μg/kg/min increased the ventilation and CO2‐elimination by a maximum of 45% in experiment on man. Since adrenaline increased the CO2 tension and decreased the pH in the plasma of arterial blood, the respiratory increase after adrenaline was assumed to depend, at least in part, on an increased CO2‐production of metabolic origin. About half of the increase in CO2‐production was estimated to be due to raised oxygen consumption and the remaining half to have come from the plasma and tissue bicarbonate. The reduction of tissue bicarbonate was to a large part caused by an increased lactic acid and FFA concentration. The stimulating effect on respiratin of noradrenaline was initially associated with a decrease in plasma pCO2 and an increased plasma pH. The initial increase in CO2‐elimination which took place was assumed ro result from washing out of CO2 The possibility that noradrenaline had stimulated O2‐sensitive chemoreceptors is discussed. In a later stage noradrenaline probably stimulated the respiration through an increased oxygen consumption and CO2‐production.
Respiratory Enzyme Activities in Neurons and Glial Cells of the Hypoglossal Nucleus during Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Hamberger Anders , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: December 2008

Respiratory enzyme activities were measured in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rabbit, 6, 14, 28, and 48 days after unilateral hypoglossal nerve crush in order to evaluate the changes in nerve and glial cells during axon regeneration. Succinoxidase activity was measured by the Warburg technique on homogenates of the hypoglossal nuclei and by Zeuthen's micro‐diver technique in single nerve and glial cells. Activity of succinate tetrazolium reductase, cytochrome oxidase and NADH2‐tetrazolium reductase were analyzed histochemically. Succinoxidase activity increased in single neurons up to the 14th postoperative day, both on the unoperated and operated side and was on a high level until the 28th day. A striking increase in NADH2‐tetrazolium reductase was demonstrated in the neurons on the operated side from the beginning of the second postoperative week. In the micro‐diver experiments, the glial cells of the operated side revealed a significant increase in Succinoxidase activity from the sixth to the 48th postoperative day. The histochemical study of respiratory enzymes did not reveal any change in glial enzyme activity in the hypoglossal nucleus, although morphological studies have shown hypertrophic astrocytes and reactive microglial cells in this region.

The importance of analyzing nerve and glial cells separately and to consider volume and mass changes in single cells is stressed.
Effect of Prostaglandin E1 on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in the Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 48
Authors: Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars
Published: December 2008

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was infused into anesthetized dogs in aorta or i.v. in doses from 0.12 to 1.2 μg/kg/min. In all dogs a reproducible fall in blood pressure and increase in heart rate was obtained. Administration in aorta produced more pronounced changes than i.v. administration and infusion high in aorta was more effective than low in aorta. Infusion of PGE1 into a common carotid artery elevated the blood pressure slightly in 6 of 8 dogs. PGE1 produced a fall in blood pressure also in dogs treated with the sympathetic ganglionic blocking agent AgentitR and reserpine and with the beta‐adrenergic receptor blocking agent, propranolol (InderalR). In the AgentitR‐treated animals infusion of PGE1 into a common carotid artery produced a blood pressure fall, similar to that seen during i.v. infusion. There was no increase in heart rate during infusion of PGE1 into the animals treated with AgentitR or reserpine. In dogs receiving continuous infusions of PGE1 in doses lowering the blood pressure, infusions of noradrenaline or adrenaline still induced a marked rise in blood pressure. Infusion of the sympathetic ganglionic stimulating agent DMPP or electrical stimulation of the central ends of the cut vagus nerves also raised the blood pressure in dogs receiving PGE1 The hypothesis was discussed that PGE1 lowers the blood pressure by actions independent of catecholamines.
Gradients of CO2 Tension in the Brain
Authors: Pontén U. , Siesjö B. K.
Published: December 2008

In cat experiments measurements were made of the CO2 tensions in arterial and cerebral venous blood, in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and on the surface of the cerebral cortex. It was found that both the CSF CO2 tension and the CO2 tension measured on the surface of the brain exceeded the arithmetic mean of the arterial and the venous CO2 tensions by 0.5–1 mm Hg. This means that the CSF and the cortical surface CO2 tensions coincided with the mean tissue CO2 tension, which can be calculated from the diffusion equations, and they were distinctly different from the cerebral venous CO2 tension.

The arterio‐venous PCO2 difference was found to change linearly from 12 to 4 mm Hg when the arterial CO2 tension increased from 30 to 90 mm Hg. The arterio‐venous difference was found to be very sensitive to the experimental conditions. Thus, it was influenced by the craniotomy and the other procedures connected with the tissue measurements, and also by the sampling of CSF.

It is recommended that mean tissue CO2 tensions in the brain are obtained by means of direct measurements on cisternal CSF, or by means of calculation from the arterial and the cerebral venous CO2 tensions. In the latter case, a fairly exact value is obtained by adding 1 mm Hg to the arithmetic mean of the blood tensions. Tissue measurements are recommended for studies of CO2 transients, or for conditions with a disturbed local circulation. If none of these measurements are feasible, the tissue CO2 tension can be approximately calculated from the arterial CO2 tension, as described in the text.
Effect of Prostaglandin E1on Plasma Free Fatty Acids and Blood Glucose in the Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 51
Authors: Bergström Sune , Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars
Published: December 2008

Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E1(PGE1) 0.2 μg/kg/min, during 30 min into 3 fasting, nonanesthetized dogs induced a rise of venous levels of FFA and glycerol followed by a decrease after the infusion. Infusion of PGE1high in aorta, 0.12–1.0 μg/kg/min, during 20–30 min into fasting, anesthetized dogs raised the arterial FFA levels in 9 of 12 dogs. In several of these experiments the FFA level started to decrease before the end of infusion. In the remaining 3 dogs the FFA level decreased during the infusion. Increase in plasma FFA was also seen in anesthetized dogs during administration of PGE1i.v. or in a common carotid artery. Studies on turnover rate of plasma FFA showed that the increased as well as the decreased concentration of FFA was entirely caused by changes in the rate of mobilization of FFA into blood plasma. The plasma levels of glycerol followed the same pattern as the FFA concentration. Neither in the nonanesthetized nor in the anesthetized dogs did PGE1produce any signiñcant effects on blood glucose. Administration of PGE1high in aorta into fasting, anesthetized dogs, 0.3–0.8 μg/kg/min, inhibited the enhanced FFA mobilization induced by noradrenaline, adrenaline or isoprenaline. The increase in FFA concentration induced by the sympathetic ganglionic stimulating agent DMPP was also inhibited by PGE10.4/μg/kg/min, but the DMPP induced rise in blood glucose concentration was unaffected.
Utilization of Palmitate in the Epididymal Adipose Tissue from New Zealand Obese Mice
Authors: Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of 14C1‐palmitate was studied in the isolated epididymal adipose tissue from fed and starved New Zealand obese mice. Animals with lower total weight of the fat pads, which also have smaller fat cells, showed a higher rate of incorporation of the precursor into tissue lipids per unit weight tissue than animals with larger fat pads and larger cells. The addition of glucose to the incubation medium influenced the formation of neutral fat from exogenous palmitate differently in starved and fed animals. The effect of starvation was greater in the small fat cells. The recovery of palmitate carbon in tissue free fatty acids and the release or uptake from the medium of free fatty acids was also influenced both by previous starvation and addition of glucose in vitro.
Histochemical Studies on a Special Catecholamine‐ Gontaining Cell Type in Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Norberg Karl‐Axel , Ritzén Martin , Ungerstedt Urban
Published: December 2008

Sympathetic ganglia have been found to contain a population of small monoamine storing cells, distinct from the sympathetic nerve cells. The small cells in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat have been subjected to histochemical and microspectrophotometric investigations. Fluorescence spectra from these cells, and from sympathetic nerve cells, after formaldehyde treatment according to Falck and Hillarp, have been found to be identical to those of catecholamines in model systems, processed in the same way. Results from experiments using varying reaction conditions indicate that the small cells mainly store a primary catecholamine. Judging from experiments with reserpine and metaraminol, they seem to have a slower turnover of their amines than the nerve cells. The functional role of these cells is not clear, but they might be a reminiscence of a primitive catecholamine storing cell system.
Some Quantitative Studies on the Noradrenaline Content in the Cell Bodies and Terminals of a Sympathetic Adrenergic Neuron System
Authors: Dahlström Annica , Häggendal Jan
Published: December 2008

The noradrenaline (NA) content of one pair of the cervical sympathetic ganglia of cat was estimated. In the same cats the area innervated by these ganglia, i.e the head and neck tissues, were also examined for NA. The ganglia were found to contain 104 ng NA per pair and the innervated tissue 32 μg on the average. The ratio between cell bodies and terminals for NA content was thus about 1: 300. Using results from earlier studies of the NA content per varicosity and values of the number of cells in these ganglia obtained by other investigators, the average total length of the terminal system of each neuron was calculated to be in the order of 10 cm.
The Noradrenaline Content of the Varicosities of Sympathetic Adrenergic Nerve Terminals in the Rat
Authors: Dahlström Annica , Häogendal Jan , Hökfelt Tomas
Published: December 2008

The noradrenaline (NA) content of the iris and vas deferens (1 cm) of the rat was determined spectrophotofluorimetrically. Using the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and co‐workers the number of varicosities of adrenergic nerve terminals in iris and in 1 cm of vas deferens was estimated. It was found that the NA content per iris and in 1 cm of vas deferens was 4.7 and 310 ng as a mean, respectively. The amount of NA per varicosity was found to be about 4.2 × 10‐3 pg in the iris and about 5.9 × 10‐3 pg in the vas deferens. The concentration of NA in the varicosities was calculated to be in the order of 0.1–0.3 per cent, and the number of amine granules in a varicosity to be in the order of 1.500.
Uptake of 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5‐Hydroxytryptophan by Gatecholamine Forming Mast Cells in the Hamster
Authors: Adams‐Ray J. , Dahlström A. , Sachs Ch.
Published: December 2008

The uptake of L‐DOPA, D‐DOPA and 5‐HTP in the CA forming mast cells in the hamster was studied by means of the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and coworkers. It was found that the mast cells of the cheek pouch did not develop any fluorescence even after high doses of L‐DOPA. The mast cells of the ear, on the other hand, which normally show a weak green fluorescence, were able to take up both DOPA and 5‐HTP, but not DA. The amount of precursor taken up and/or decarboxylated by the cells was by far largest after L‐DOPA treatment, but much smaller after D‐DOPA or 5‐HTP administration. Decarboxylase inhibition (NSD‐1015) prevented to a large degree the development of fluorescence after L‐DOPA treatment. MAO‐inhibition did not increase the fluorescence intensity in normal animals, whereas pretreatment with the MAO‐inhibitor nialamide was necessary to give an obvious yellow fluorescence in the mast cell granules after 5‐HTP administration. It is suggested that these mast cells contain a true DOPA decarboxylase with a certain stereospecificity for the L‐isomer. The presence of a weak MAO‐activity in the cells is also discussed.
Release of Free Fatty Acids from Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Dogs Following Sympathetic Nerve Stimulation1
Authors: Rosell Sune
Published: December 2008

A technique suitable for quantitative measurements of circulatory and metabolic processes in subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo is described. Electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the adipose tissue induces a net release of FFA as well as vasoconstriction. A maximal release rate of FFA seems to be obtained with a stimulus frequency of about 3/sec. The vasoconstrictor reaction following sympathetic nerve stimulation supresses the release rate of FFA. This is especially true following stimulation with higher frequencies of 5/sec, or more. Provided the stimulation frequencies are within the physiological range the stimulation period must be 2 min, or more, in order to produce a rise in the release rate of FFA. The data indicate that sympathetic nerves to subcutaneous adipose tissue have the ability to mobilize energy for the organism within a few minutes.
Differences in the Uptake of Secondary Catecholamines by the Adrenergic Nerves
Authors: Corrodi H. , Malmfors T. , Sachs Ch.
Published: December 2008

By using the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp on whole mounted stretch‐preparations of rat iris it has been possible to show that adrenaline (A) but not isoprenaline (IP) or N‐isopropyl‐dopamine can be taken up by the adrenergic nerves by a mechanism located in the cell membrane and insensitive to reserpine. This difference in the metabolic fate of NA and A as compared with IP explains certain observations on the effect of these amines in isolated organs and in anesthetized cats and should be kept in mind when the stimulation potency of these amines on the adrenergic α‐ or β‐receptors is studied. The irises from the animals treated with A have furthermore been used to test the reliability of the methods hitherto used for histochemical differentiation between A and NA.
Reciprocal Effects on α‐ and γ‐Motoneurones of Drugs Influencing Monoaminergic and Gholinergic Transmission
Authors: Arvidsson J. , Roos B.‐E. , Steg G.
Published: December 2008

The reflex responses of α‐ and γ‐motoneurones to dorsal root stimulation were recorded in fine ventral roots or ventral root filaments of coccygeal or L6 segments in the lightly anaesthetized (Viadril®) intact rat. After administration of drugs inhibiting monoamine (MA) transmission (reset‐ pine, haloperidol, phenoxybenzamine) or facilitating acetylcholine (ACh) transmission (physostigmine) α‐motoneurone reflex responses increased and γ‐motoneurone responses decreased. After administration of drugs facilitating MA transmission (L‐DOPA) or inhibiting ACh transmission (atropine) α‐motoneurone activation decreased and γ‐motoneurone activation increased. The drugs had always reciprocal effects on α‐ and γ‐discharges,i.e.inhibition of the one type accompanied facilitation of the other. A hypothetical model is presented for the interpretation. The reciprocal changes of α‐ and γ‐motoneurone reflex activation are induced from antagonistic MA and ACh neurone systems (possibly projecting to the neostriatum). A drug induced shift of the MA‐ACh equilibrium in favour of the ACh neurones (by ACh facilitation or MA inhibition) turns muscle control towards a dominance of the a‐route. A shift of equilibrium in favour of MA neurones (by MA facilitation of ACh inhibition) turns motor control to a dominance of the γ‐route.
Monoamines in Brain and Adrenal Glands of Gats after Electrically Induced Defense Reaction
Authors: Gunne Lars‐M. , Lewander Tommy
Published: December 2008

The defense reaction (“sham rage”) was produced in cats by electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid nucleus or the lateral hypothalamus. After 3 hrs of intermittent stimulation a decrease of brain content of noradrenaline and adrenal gland adrenaline and noradrenaline occurred. At the same time there was an increase of normetanephrine but no change of 3‐methoxytyramine. The decrease of brain noradrenaline was more marked after administration of the synthesis inhibitor α‐propyl‐dopacetamide (H 22/54). No changes in brain content of dopamine or 5‐hydroxytryptamine were noticed.
Release and Uptake of Noradrenaline in Adrenergic Nerve Granules
Authors: Euler U. S. Von
Published: December 2008

A brief review is given of some recent findings concerning noradrenaline (NA)1release and uptake in isolated nerve granules and in connection with neurotransmissionin vivo.The main results are summarized in the following points. Rabbit heart granules have similar NA release rate and other properties as bovine nerve granules. Granules from the bovine vesicular gland show about 3 times lower NA release rate and differ in other respects from splenic nerve granules. Tyramine inhibits the uptake of NA in partially depleted isolated splenic nerve granules. Adrenergic a‐ and β‐blockers lower the NA release rate and inhibit NA uptake in splenic nerve granules, suggesting common features of the “receptor” mechanisms in granules and effector cells. Intermittent sympathetic nerve stimulation in decaborane depleted rabbits causes transmission failure which is partially overcome by “neuronal rest” and injection of NA or dopamine. Although homogenization experiments indicate that most of the NA in axones and nerve endings occur in granule bound form it is assumed that part of the NA is present as “transport NA” in loosely bound form available for immediate release.
Studies of Noradrenaline Biosynthesis in Nerve Tissue
Authors: Stjärne L.
Published: December 2008

Results recently obtained in studies of the invitrosynthesis of noradrenaline from tyrosine, dopa and dopamine in various fractions of the bovine splenic nerve homogenate are reviewed. It is concluded that the first two steps in noradrenaline synthesis take place extragranularly, while the last step, the β‐hydroxylation of dopamine, occurs in the granules. Evidence is presented that noradrenaline synthesis may be feed‐back regulated, not only extragranularly by product inhibition of the hydro‐ xylation of tyrosine, but also at the granule level, by competitive inhibition of dopamine penetration to the β‐hydroxylation sites. The newly synthesized noradrenaline appears to be stored separately from the major endogenous noradrenaline store, in a compartment of limited capacity, possibly located in the granule membrane. This membrane appears to have a limited permeability to amines, the passage of tracer amounts of amines being competitively inhibited both by dopamine or noradrenaline in the medium, and by reserpine. Studies of the “wash fraction” in these experiments support the concept that deamination to a large extent occurs in the “granule fraction”, which according to morphological evidence appears to be largely free from contamination with mitochondria. This suggests that monoamine oxidase may be located not only in mitochondria, but also in the noradrenaline storing granules themselves. The results also suggest the existence of several distinct “pools” of noradrenaline in the preparation. The possibility is discussed that monoamine oxidase may attack only one of these “pools”, the non‐bound intragranular amines, while the amines in the remaining “pools” may be protected against this enzyme, either by binding or by staying extragranularly. The results are summarized diagrammatically in a proposed model of the sympathetic neuro‐effector junction.
Mode of Storage of Histamine in Mast Cells
Authors: Thon I. L. , Uvnäs B.
Published: December 2008

Histamine containing granular material was collected from water lysed peritoneal rat mast cells. The histamine was observed to be released in the presence of cations. A re‐uptake of the amine occurred on suspension of depleted granular material in histamine containing solutions. Release as well as uptake of histamine occurred rapidly at 0°C. The results are in accordance with the idea that histamine is electrostatically bound to a granular protein‐heparin complex, the release and uptake of the amine being a physical process depending on the extra‐ and intra‐granular concentration ratios of histamine and cations.
Biochemical and Histochemical Studies on the Effects of Imipramine‐like Drugs and (+)‐Amphetamine on Central and Peripheral Catecholamine Neurons
Authors: Carlsson Arvid , Fuxe Kjell , Hamberger Bertil , Lindqvist Margit
Published: December 2008

Rats were depleted of tissue monoamines by reserpine treatment and were then treated with a monoamine‐oxidase inhibitor (nialamide). Subsequent injection of l‐dopa caused accumulation of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in brain and heart, as well as restoration of the specific histochemical catecholamine (CA) fluorescence in DA and NA nerve fibres. CA accumulation and fluorescence restoration in central and peripheral NA fibres could be largely prevented by the anti‐depressive agents desipramine and protriptyline and — in peripheral tissues only — Lu 3–010. No effect on DA fibres was observed. In‐vitro studies on tissue slices showed a blocking action of these drugs, when added to the medium, on amine uptake by central and peripheral NA fibres, but no effect on amine uptake by DA fibres. When administered to the animals before the in‐vitro experiment, desipramine was active on both central and peripheral NA fibres, Lu 3–010 on peripheral NA fibres only. In similar in‐vivo experiments (+)‐amphetamine was found to largely prevent NA accumulation, to lower the ratio of DA to its metabolite 3‐methoxytyramine, and to largely prevent the restoration of CA fluorescence in both NA and DA fibres. In‐vitro studies showed that (+)‐amphetamine was able to block amine uptake by both NA and DA fibres. The cortical NA fibres were particularly sensitive to (+)‐amphetamine, in vivo and in vitro. — In rats pretreated with nialamide only, (+)‐amphetamine promoted the accumulation of O‐methylated basic CA metabolites and reduced specific fluorescence in central non‐terminal CA axons.

It is concluded that desipramine and protriptyline are able to block the reserpine‐resistant amine‐ concentrating mechanism of central and peripheral NA, but not DA fibres, whereas (+)‐amphet‐ amine appears to cause release of amines from extragranular locations within both NA and DA fibres.
Microspectrofluorometric Identification of Metaraminol in Sympathetic Adrenergic Neurons
Authors: Jonsson Gösta , Ritzén Martin
Published: December 2008

By means of fluorescence microspectrophotometric techniques, it has been possible to demonstrate uptake and accumulation of injected metarminol and a‐methyl‐m‐tyrosine within the adrenergic neuron with and without reserpine pretreatment. The investigation was based on an earlier observation that m‐hydroxyphenylethylamines in a dried protein layer condense with formaldehyde forming fluorescent 6‐hydroxy‐isoquinolines. This reaction is quite analogous to that between formaldehyde and biogenic monoamines used for the histochemical demonstration of these amines according to the method of Falck and Hillarp. Thus appearance of characteristic blue fluorescence (max. at 415 mμ) due to presence of metahydroxy compounds with simultaneous disappearance of the specific catecholamine fluorescence (max. at 470 mμ) could be seen to follow administration of metaraminol and a‐methyl‐m‐tyrosine. The blue fluorescence of the metahydroxy compounds explains earlier failures to visualize these amines intraneuronally with the secondary filters used (strong absorption below 480 mμ). Parallelly performed model experiments with m‐hydroxyphenylethylamines and specificity tests confirmed the identity of the fluorescence observed in the adrenergic neurons.
Effect of Phenoxybenzamine and Hydergine on Urinary Gatechol Amines in Rats during Restraint
Authors: Graham Lindsay A.
Published: December 2008

The technique of restraining rats in wire mesh was used to study urinary catechol amine excretion under stress. Rats restrained for 12 and 16 hrs excreted higher amounts of both A and NA than did free animals. Rats pre‐treated with phenoxybenzamine 10 mg/kg excreted more A and NA than did control animals, and these differences were pronounced during restraint. PBA appears to interfere with either binding of NA at the receptor site, or with its destruction, possibly in the liver or with re‐uptake. Hydergine 1 mg/kg did not alter the resting excretion of A or NA but increased the output of A in urine during restraint.
Surface Properties of Lung Extracts
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Enhörning Goran , Regné‐Karlsson Maud
Published: December 2008

Surface properties of washings and extracts from fetal guinea pig lungs were investigated with the dynamic alveolar model previously described (Adams and Enhörning 1966). The fetuses were of various stages of gestation with weights ranging from 2.2 to 135 g. It was found that: 1. Lung extracts showed more surface activity than did lung washings. 2. Surface tension decreased with time. 3. Stability index and phase difference, reflecting viscosity of the bubble film, increased with time. After 2 min the mean values were significantly higher in lung extracts from fetuses weighing more than 60 g than in lung extracts from fetuses weighing less.—Thus, after only 2 min of measurement and with a small sample (0.2 ml) the method makes it possible to differentiate immature from more mature lung surface properties. The method might also make it possible to differentiate normal infants from those who subsequently develop idiopathic respiratory distress by examining the fluid obtained by aspiration of the upper airways.
A Method for Intracardiac Recording of Monophasic Action Potentials in the Dog Heart in Situ
Authors: Sjöstrand Ulf
Published: December 2008

A technique for intracardiac recording of monophasic action potentials has been developed and some results are presented. The method appears to provide the requirements for extended studies of excitation, rhythmicity and impulse propagation in the heart in situ in both man and lower animals, and gives recordings which can be correlated in time with the conventionally recorded electrocardiogram. The method allows recording of the electrical activity in subendocardially situated atrial and ventricular muscle as well as in subendocardially situated parts of the conducting system; with further development of this method it should be possible to study changes in the amplitude, form and duration of the action potential.
Studies on Adrenergic and Gholinergic Receptors in the Isolated Hearts of Lampetra fluviatilis (Cyclostomata) and Pleuronectes platessa (Teleostei)
Authors: Falck B. , Mecklenburg C. von , Myhrberg H. , Persson H.
Published: December 2008

An attempt has been made to characterize the adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the isolated hearts of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis and the plaice Pleuronectes platessa. In both species hearts respond to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline in the same way as the isolated mammalian heart and the effect of these agents is blocked by a β‐receptor blocking agent. The adrenergic receptors thus are of the β‐type. The cholinergic receptors are different in the heart of the two species. In the lamprey heart the cholinergic receptors are of the curaresensitive type and these receptors seem to be the only existing type of cholinergic receptors in the heart of this species. In the plaice heart, however, the cholinergic receptors are of the same nature as in the mammalian heart i.e. of the hexamethonium and the atropine sensitive type. The effects of nicotine and tyramine on the isolated lamprey and plaice hearts have been discussed with regard to the existence and localization of catecholamines in the hearts of these species.
Motor Deficits after Transsection of a Bulbar Pyramid in the Cat
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt , Wiesendanger Mario
Published: December 2008

The aim of the study was to determine whether the extended position of freely hanging limbs contralateral to transsection of one pyramid in cat is due to extensor hypertonia or deficient flexor reflexes and to determine the duration of motor defects produced by unilateral pyramidotomy. The posture was due to absence of activity in contralateral flexors; action potentials in extensors were absent both on the operated and unoperated side. Placing reactions were delayed or absent in contralateral limbs, struggling was diminished and there was a tendency for the paws to remain in awkward positions. After one month operated cats could be distinguished from unoperated cats only by diminished flexor reflexes in contralateral legs and by a slight delay in contact placing. Damage of the medial lemniscus produced the tendency to place contralateral paws in awkward positions lasting for one week. Unlike pyramidal section, lemniscal damage did not produce deficient flexor reflexes.
Insulin Binding Proteins in Normal Serum. The in vitro Association of Homologous125I Labelled Insulin and Normal Serum Proteins
Authors: Gjedde F.
Published: December 2008

By incubation in vitro of normal human serum with 126I labelled insulin, association of radioactivity with serum protein fractions was demonstrated. Previous findings of an association with two macroglobulins were confirmed and an association with a third fraction observed. The macro‐globulins were identified as alpha‐2‐M and beta‐2‐M globulin by starch gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, chromatography on Sephadex G 200, immunoprecipitation with specific antisera and precipitation with ammoniumsulphate and trichloroacetic acid. The third serum protein fraction was characterized by starch gel electrophoresis as an alpha‐one globulin migrating immediately behind albumin. By gel filtration it was eluted with albumin and it was soluble in 80 % ammonium sulphate, but completely precipitated by tricholoracetic acid and by Rivanol. The proportion of the radioactivity incorporated into the three fractions was independent of the amount of insulin present but proportional to the duration of the incubation. The results indicate that the incorporation of radioactivity into the alpha‐2‐M and alpha‐one globulin continues throughout the incubation period with a constant rate of 1 and 0.5 per cent per 24 hrs respectively, except [or a rapid initial association of approximately 4 per cent to the alpha‐one globulin. In contrast, the incorporation into the beta‐2‐M globulin reaches a constant level within the first week. About 10 per cent of the radioactivity in the macroglobulin fraction and 32 per cent of that in the alpha‐one globulin fraction could be precipitated by immunoprecipitation for insulin.
Heart Volume during Prolonged Exercise in the Supine and Sitting Position
Authors: Ekelund L.‐G. , Holmgren A. , Ovenfors C. O.
Published: December 2008

The roentgenological heart volume was studied in 10 healthy young men during prolonged continuous exercise of constant intensity in the sitting position and in 6 subjects also in the supinr position. The work load was on an average 760.0 kpm/min in the sitting and 758.3 kpm/min in the supine position. The heart rate in the sitting position after 3–9 min exercise was 139.5 beats/min and 171.0 beats/min at the end of work, mean work time 56.5 min. The corresponding figures in the supine position were 127.8 and 156.7 beats/min, with a mean work time of 64.0 min. The exposure of the roentgen film was made in end‐diastole. During the continuous exercise at a constant load there was a continuous fall of the heart volume in both body positions accompanied by a continuous increase in heart rate. There Lvas a significant regression of total heart volume on heart rate. The rate of change in heart volume was 37.5 ml and 58.3 ml per 10 beats/min change in heart rate in the sitting and supine positions respectively. The maximum decrease was on an average 81.1 ml and 110.5 ml with an increase in heart rate of 28.6 beats/min and 24.8 beats/min in the sitting and supine position respectively. Close to exhaustion, the heart volume increased in 6 of 10 subjects in the sitting position by, on an average, 52.5 ml (probably significant) and in 3 of 6 in supine by. on an average, 42.0 ml in spite of a further increase in heart rate.
Relationship Between Ventricular Pressures and Right and Left Myocardial Blood Flow
Authors: Auklndd Knut , Kiil Fredrik , Kjekshus John
Published: December 2008

The effects of constriction of the pulmonary artery and aorta on myocardial blood flow, measured as local hydrogen clearances, in the anterior parts of the right and the left myocardium have been studied in open chest dogs. The increase in myocardial flow that by progressive constriction rarely exceeded 100 percent of control values was in most experiments confined to the ventricle‐ under increased pressure load. Plots of relative flows and pressures yielded regression lines of similar slopes for both ventricles without significant differences between systolic and mean ventricular pressures as indices of myocardial flow. Left myocardial flow remained unchanged when outflow resistance from the right ventriclc incrcased until aortic pressure fell. The effect of increased aortic pressure on right myocardial flow was more variable. Increase of systolic left ventricular pressure to 250 mm Hg. had slight or no effect on right myocardial flow. More severe aortic constriction which donbled mean left ventricular pressure increased right and left myocardial flow similarly. It is concluded that the relationship between relative flow and ventricular pressure variations previously demonstrated fur the left ventricle also applies to the right ventricle and that myocardial flow is regulnted independently for the two ventricles. except at extreme perfusion pressures.
Effect of Prolonged, Heavy Exercise on Urinary Protein Excretion and Plasma Renin Activity
Authors: Božovć Ljubomir , Castenfors Jan , Piscator Macnus
Published: December 2008

Experimentally induced proteinuria by renin injection is a well‐known phenomenon. The aim of this investigation is to study the effect of prolonged, heavy, muscular exercise on plasma renin activity and its possible connection with exercise proteinuria. In a group of 15 male participants in theVasaloppetin 1965 (85 km ski race) the urinary protein excretion was studied before and during the ski race, and the plasma renin activity at the start and the end of the race. The increase both in plasma renin activity and in urinary protein excretion was statistically significant. During rest, before the ski race there was a significant correlation between plasma renin activity and protein excretion in the urine (r = 0.84), but not during the ski race.
In vitro Assay of the Effect on Bone Marrow Cell Proliferation of Factors in Serum from the Irradiated Rat
Authors: Cederberg A. , Niskanen E. , Rytömaa T.
Published: December 2008

An attempt was made to demonstrate the existence or non‐existence in rat serum of humoral factors which could be held accountable for the true regeneration process in the whole body irradiation‐damaged bone marrow cells. The effects of the test serum, collected at the time of onset of true regeneration (10 days after whole body irradiation of 600 r), were assayed in vitro, using normal bone marrow cells as target tissue. The results demonstrated that, on the average, the proportion of 3H‐thymidine labelled cells was about 24 per cent higher in cultures incubated in the presence of test sera than in the controls.

On the basis of ‘partial’ differential counts (per cent mature granolcytes), and measurements of total radioactivities incorporated in the whole population of cells (both estimations being performed on some of the preparations also analysed by autoradiography), it was concluded that the effect of the WBI serum was due to one or more factors which convert resting progenitor cells to the generative cycle.
On the Firing Pattern of Spinal Neurones Activated from the Secondary Endings of Muscle Spindles
Authors: Jansen Jan K. S. , Nicolaysen Kåre , Rudjord Torstein
Published: December 2008

Some properties of a group of spinal neurones with axons ascending in the dorsolateral funicle are reported. They are excited by muscle stretch, and pause during muscle contraction. Their threshold to electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve is in the group II range. Their latencies are greater than that of the group I activated units. Their firing frequency increases approximately linearly with muscle length. Their discharge pattern is characterizcd by a relatively high degree of regularity. It is suggested that they represent a system relaying information on the length of individual muscles or synergistic muscle groups to the brain.
Effect of Ethacrynic Acid on Plasma Renin Activity during Supine Exercise in Normal Subjects
Authors: Castenfors Jan
Published: December 2008

Plasma renin activity, clearances of inulin(cin)and para‐aminohippuric acid(cpah), free water clearance(ch2o)and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were measured in 6 normal subjects at rest and during exercise in the supine position on a bicycle ergometer. The mean work load was 667 kpm/min and the duration of exercise 45 min. Ethacrynic acid, 50 mg, was injected i.v. at the start of exercise. Ethacrynic acid did not influence the normally occurring decrease in Cpahand Cinduring exercise but abolished the renal concentration mechanism, indicating an inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle. The urinary sodium cxcrction increased markedly, indicating an increased load of sodium in distal tubules. This was coincident with increased plasma renin activity. The findings indicate that changes in plasma sodium concentration or sodium load in the distal tubules are of minor importance for the increase in plasma renin activity during exercise.
The Role of Phosphorylase a and b for the Control of Glycogenolysis in the Isolated Working Rat Heart
Authors: ØYe Ivar
Published: December 2008

Glycogen breakdown and lactate release have been related to the state of glycogen phosphorylase in the isolated, working rat heart under various experimental conditions. Increased work caused increased rate of glycogen breakdown despite low and constant levels of phosphorylase a. In the absence of added glucose, lactate release was small and unaffected by the work load imposed on the heart. Hypoxia caused a transient increase in the levels of phosphorylase a associated with increased lactate release. This effect of hypoxia was inhibited by the presence of the adrenergic beta receptor blocking agent propranolol and is explained as due to the release of adrenergic transmittor from local stores during hypoxia. Prolonged hypoxia and dinitrophenol caused a fall in the contractile activity and a fall in the levels of ATP. Under these conditions the hearts showed increased glycogenolysis and lactate release at subnormal levels of phosphorylase a. This is in accordance with the hypothesis that glycogenolysis under aerobic conditions is restricted by ATP‐inhibition of phosphorylase b. Although glycogenolysis can be regulated in vitro without participation of phosphorylase b to a transformation, the latter mechanism was found to be responsible for regulation of glycogenolysis during the early phase of hypoxia. This mechanism must be considered as most significant for the regulation of glycogen breakdown in vivo when the hearts are subject to adrenergic control.
Inhibition of Vagally Stimulated Gastric Secretion after Mucosal Mast Cell Degranulation
Authors: Hirvonen Jorma , Kamppuri Veijo , Rasanen Toimi
Published: December 2008

Total vagotomy was carried out on rats through laparotomy. and the peripheral end of the vagus was electrically stimulated for one hour after closing the ventricle with a Shay ligature. after the stimulation, the gastric fluid was collected, its volume, pH and concentration of free HCI were measured. Free HCl was secreted significantly less in the ventricles of rats whose mucosal mast cells had been degranulated by dexamethasone before the vagus stimulation, than in the rats not treated with dexamethasone.

The importance of the synthesis and accumulation of histamine in the mast cells of the gnstrir mucosa as a peripheral link in the stimulatory chain of gastric secretion is discussed.
Sympathetic Control of Rhythmically Active Vascular Smooth Muscle as Studied by a Nerve‐muscle Preparation of Portal Vein
Authors: Johansson Börje , Ljung Bengt
Published: December 2008

Techniques are described for recording directly the contractile responses elicited in the longitudinal smooth muscle of cat or rabbit portal vein by vasomotor nerve stimulation in situ or in vitro. This vascular smooth muscle, which shows a spontaneous rhythmic activity of 3 to 8 contractions per minute, responded to splanchnic or postganglionic nerve stimulation by an increase in the mean level of tension associated with an increased frequency of contractions. Guanethidine abolished these neurogenic responses indicating that they were due to adrenergic sympathetic fibre activation. Effects of vagal nerve stimulation were weak and inconsistent. The quantitative tension responses produced by splanchnic or postganglionic nerve stimulation at graded impulse rates increased steeply in the low frequency range and reached a maximum at 8 to 16 imp/sec. These frequency‐response curves, obtained by direct recording of vascular smooth muscle contractions, are in conformity with those found in previous investigations studying blood flow or regional blood volume in intact vascular beds. The mechanisms by which the sympathetic innervation controls activity in rhythmically active vascular smooth muscle and the quantitative aspects of this influence are discussed in the light of the present results
Effects of Catecholamines on Pulmonary Blood Volume
Authors: Hauge A. , Lunde P. K. M. , Waaler B. A.
Published: December 2008

The effect of arterially injected adrenaline and noradrenaline on lung blood volume has been examined in isolated, blood‐perfused lung preparations from rabbit and cat. Both substances caused rapid and relatively marked reductions in the weight of the preparations, which was followed continuously. This weight reduction is interpreted as being due to constriction of capacitance vessels. This effect on the capacitance vessels was mediated via α‐receptors, as addition of the α‐inhibitor phentolamine abolished the response. Addition of the β‐inhibitor propranolol did not interfere with the effect of the catecholamines on the capacitance vessels. Noradrenaline usually gave an increase, adrenaline usually a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance in this preparation. The effect of the catecholamines on capacitance vessels was dissociated from the effects of these drugs on the vascular resistance in the organ.