bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituents of the Green Tea Seeds of Camellia sinensis
Authors: Hasegawa Toshio , Akutsu Kensuke , Kishi Yasuhiro , Nakamura Kouji
Published: March 2019

Green tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves are known to contain active ingredients such as catechins and caffeine, and are widely useful materials. Recently, green tea flowers also have been in the spotlight. However, little attention has been paid to the tea seeds. In this work, the constituents of green tea seeds and green tea leaves were compared. Caffeine was found in the seeds, whereas catechins (usually obtained from green tea leaves) were not observed. Next, we investigated the constituents of hexane extracts and methanol extracts of green tea seeds. We found that the hexane extracts contained high amounts of oleic glyceride (79.9%) in addition to linoleic glyceride (20%). We confirmed the structures of these glycerides by NMR spectroscopy and by synthesis from a fatty acid and glycerol. The methanol extract was found to contain naringenin glucosides by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopic analysis.
Estimation of Cholinesterase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Effects of the Leaf Extracts of Anatolian Ficus carica var. domestica and their Total Phenol and Flavonoid Contents
Authors: Orhan Ilkay Erdogan , Üstün Osman , Şener Bilge
Published: March 2019

Ficus carica var. domestica Tsch. & Rav. (common fig) is widely grown in Turkey and exported for its edible fruits. In this study, the n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, n-butanol, and water extracts of the leaves of F. carica var. domestica were screened for their cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Cholinesterase inhibition against acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was measured by the spectrophotometric method of Ellman at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL., while antioxidant activity was tested using three in vitro methods; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, metal-chelation capacity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically. Our results revealed that the n-hexane and acetone extracts exerted a notable inhibition against both AChE (62.9±0.9% and 50.8±2.1%, respectively) and BChE (76.9±2.2% and 45.6±1.3%, respectively). However, they had low activity in the antioxidant tests. The chloroform extract was found to be the richest in total flavonoid content (252.5±1.1 mg/g quercetin equivalent), while the n-butanol extract had the highest total phenol amount (85.9±3.2 mg/g extract gallic acid equivalent).
Reliable Identification and Quantification of Volatile Components of Sage Essential Oil Using Ultra HRGC
Authors: Tedone Laura , Bonaccorsi Ivana , Dugo Paola , Cotroneo Antonella , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi
Published: March 2019

Salvia officinalis (common sage) essential oil was chemically characterized by means of GC-MS, using 100 meter capillary columns with two different stationary phases. Identification of the analytes was carried out by means of the FFNSC mass spectrum library and the use of the Linear Retention Index (LRI) as an extra criterion of library searching. Quantitative analysis was also carried out by means of GC-FID with the internal standard method and the use of relative response factors determined for each chemical class of components. A total of 45 compounds were identified and quantified and reported with their experimental LRI values.
A Facile and Efficient Four-Step Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Vernolepin from (+)-Minimolide, the Major Germacranolide of Mikania minima
Authors: Bach Sandra M. , Díaz Fernando R. , Bach Horacio , Catalán César A. N.
Published: March 2019

Enantiomerically pure (+)-vernolepin was semi-synthesized for the first time using the synthon (6 S,7 R,8 S)-8,14-diacetoxy-15-hydroxygermacra-1(10),4,11(13)-trien-6, 12-olide [(+)-minimolide], the major sesquiterpene lactone of the Argentinean vine Mikania minima. After performing four consecutive reactions (Cope rearrangement, two oxidations, and selective hydrolysis of the acetate groups) on the synthon (+)-minimolide, a (+)-vernolepin yield of ca. 40% was achieved, proving to be a suitable semisynthetic strategy for the production of quantities between 0.5-1.0 g of (+)-vernolepin. The transformations described here mimetize the biogenetic pathway for the production of (+)-vernolepin in the genus Vernonia. The synthesized (+)-vernolepin, but not its precursors, shows antifungal activity similar to amphotericin B. The semisynthesis reported here combines affordable and easily available chemical reagents with classical organic methodologies.
Use of the Plant Bellardia trixago for the Enantiospecific Synthesis of Odorant Products
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Herrador M. Mar , Arteaga Pilar , Castillo Alexis , Arteaga Alejandro F.
Published: March 2019

An easy procedure to obtain extracts enriched in trixagol monomalonylesther (1) from aerial parts of the plant Belladia trixago chemotype Trix was developed. Preparation of (+)-dihydro-γ-ionone (4) was carried out directly from the extracts with good yields by selective oxidation. Other interesting odorant products as α-ambrinol (5), ambraldehyde (6) and the tricyclic compound 7 were synthesized very efficiently using (4) as intermediate.
Synthesis of Pyrrolidinoindolines from 2-(2-Oxo-3-indolyl)acetates: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Morales-Ríos Martha S. , Rivera-Becerril Ernesto , González-Juárez Daphne E. , García-Vázquez Juan Benjamín , Trujillo-Serrato Joel J. , Hernández-Barragán Angelina , Joseph-Nathan Pedro
Published: March 2019

A series of 1,3a,8-alkylpyrrolidinoindolines have been synthesized. The scope and limitations of the alkylation of starting methyl oxindol-3-acetates are explored employing electron-rich and electron-poor alkylating agents. Hydrolysis and reductive lactonization of the resulting carboxylic γ-oxindolic acid derivatives proceeds with good yields to afford 2-oxofuroindolines providing ready access to the pyrrolidinoindoline derivatives.
Diterpene Lactones with Labdane, Halimane and Clerodane Frameworks
Authors: Silva Lúcia , Gomes Arlindo C. , Rodilla Jesus M. L.
Published: March 2019

The labdane, halimane and clerodane type diterpenoids are compounds that have been isolated in plants of several families. These molecules and their derivatives with a lactone group on the side chain or on the decaline system, have a great interest because of their biological properties as insect antifeedant, antiviral, cytotoxic and trypanocidal. The scope of this review is lactones diterpenoids with labdane, halimane and clerodane frameworks.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Five Biologically Active, Naturally Occurring Medium and Large Ring Lactones
Authors: Marco J. Alberto , Carda Miguel
Published: March 2019

Stereoselective syntheses of five naturally occurring, pharmacologically active medium and large ring lactones are described. Key synthetic methods used were, depending on the cases, olefin metatheses, asymmetric allylations and C-glycosidations.
Hyaluronan: From Biomimetic to Industrial Business Strategy
Authors: Murano Erminio , Perin Danilo , Khan Riaz , Bergamin Massimo
Published: March 2019

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide of a linear repeating disaccharide unit consisting of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucopyranuronic acid and β-(1→3)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, which is present in extracellular matrices, the synovial fluid of joints, and scaffolding that comprises cartilage.

In its mechanism of synthesis, its size, and its physico-chemical properties, hyaluronan is unique amongst other glycosaminoglycans. The network-forming, viscoelastic and its charge characteristics are important to many biochemical properties of living tissues. It is an important pericellular and cell surface constituent; its interaction with other macromolecules such as proteins, participates in regulating cell behavior during numerous morphogenic, restorative, and pathological processes in the body. The knowledge of HA in diseases such as various forms of cancers, arthritis and osteoporosis has led to new impetus in research and development in the preparation of biomaterials for surgical implants and drug conjugates for targeted delivery.

A concise and focused review on hyaluronan is timely. This review will cover the following important aspects of hyaluronan: (i) biological functions and synthesis in nature; (ii) current industrial production and potential biosynthetic processes of hyaluronan; (iii) chemical modifications of hyaluronan leading to products of commercial significance; and (iv) and the global market position and manufacturers of hyaluronan.
Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from Corydalis Cava (Fumariaceae)
Authors: Chlebek Jakub , Macáková Kateřina , Cahlíková Lucie , Kurfürst Milan , Kuneš Jiří , Opletal Lubomír
Published: March 2019

Tubers of Corydalis cava were extracted with ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform and ethanol. Repeated column chromatography, preparative TLC and crystallization led to the isolation of fifteen isoquinoline alkaloids. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature data. All isolated compounds were tested for human blood acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) inhibitory activity. (+)-Canadaline inhibited acetylcholinesterase as well as butyrylcholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 20.1 ± 1.1 μM and 85.2 ± 3.2 μM, respectively. (+)-Canadine, with an IC50 value of 12.4 ± 0.9 μM, was the most potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, whilst (±)-corycavidine and (+)-bulbocapnine were effective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 46.2 ± 2.4 uM and 67.0 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. The other isolated alkaloids were considered inactive (IC50 > 100 μM).
Simultaneous Quantification of Echinacea Species, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellaria and Fructus Forsythiae Combinations by Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ma Jie , Ma Yuan-Chun , Cai Carina , Wang Daniel , Hou Fei Fei , Luo Mai , Lu Shane , Gorecki Dariusz C. , Patel Asmita V. , Chen Alice , Jin Peter
Published: March 2019

Echinacea angustifolia and E. purpurea are commonly used in North America for their antibacterial effects. Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellaria and Fructus Forsythiae are traditional Chinese medicinal herbs commonly used for the treatment of complaints such as pneumonia, acute upper respiratory tract infection, and acute bronchitis. A reproducible, simple, and reliable rapid resolution liquid chromatographic (RRLC) method has been developed to analyze extracts of products formulated containing E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae simultaneously in one run in less than 6 minutes. The method uses a C18-HST column, a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile, and UV detection at 327 nm and 229 nm. A stability test was performed that revealed that chlorogenic acid is more stable in acidic pH, and hence it is best to keep the extract of E. augustifolia, E. purpurea, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Scutellariae and Fructus Forsythiae in mild acidic conditions at approximately pH 5.
Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) Analysis for Quality Control of Rhodiola Rosea Roots and Commercial Standardized Products
Authors: Ma Yuan-Chun , Wang Xiao-Qiang , Hou Fei Fei , Ma Jie , Luo Mai , Lu Shane , Jin Peter , Terevsky Nelly , Chen Alice , Xu Iris , Patel Asmita V. , Gorecki Dariusz
Published: March 2019

A simple, sensitive and reliable reversed phase Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography (RRLC) method was developed and validated for six biologically active compounds (salidroside, tyrosol, rosarin, rosavin, rosin and rosiridin) in Rhodiola rosea L. roots and powder extracts. The method uses a Phenomenex C18 (2)-HST column at 40°C with a neutral gradient system mobile phase (H2O and acetonitrile), a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection wavelengths set at 205 and 254 nm, simultaneously. Baseline separation of the six active compounds was achieved within 8 minutes. The average percentages of rosavins (rosarin, rosavin, and rosin) in authentic R. rosea roots and root powder extracts were quantitatively determined and a characteristic R. rosea roots RRLC profile was established. The RRLC method is accurate and sensitive; in addition, it effectively increases the sample analysis throughput compared with conventional HPLC.
Investigation of the Antibacterial Mechanism of Aflatoxins in the BioArena System
Authors: Móricz Ágnes M. , Ott Péter G. , Otta Klára H. , Tyihák Ernő
Published: March 2019

The influence of monomethylated basic amino acids [NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (MMA) and Nε-monomethyl-L-lysine (MML)] and ozone capturers (indigo carmine, d-limonene) on the antibacterial effect of the mycotoxins aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was studied in BioArena, which is a complex bioautographic system especially suitable for investigating biochemical interactions. In the presence of the formaldehyde precursors MMA or MML, the antibacterial-toxic activity of all the aflatoxins against the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola was enhanced dose-dependently. Indigo carmine and d-limonene, in appropriate concentrations, decreased the inhibition zones of aflatoxins. These results support the original idea that HCHO and its derivative O3 may be involved in the antibacterial activity of aflatoxins and so, potentially, in their known toxic effect.
Determination of Absolute Stereochemistry of Natural Alicyclic Glycosides by 1H NMR Spectroscopy without Application of Chiral Reagents – An Indication
Authors: Makarieva Tatyana N. , Shubina Larisa K. , Guzii Alla G. , Ivanchina Natalya V. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Afiyatullov Shamil S. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: March 2019

A study has been made of the 1H NMR spectra of peracetylated β-glucopyranosides and α-arabinopyranosides obtained by reaction of D- and L-glucoses, and L- and D-arabinoses with either ( R)- or ( S)-2-octanols. The obtained and literature data show that 1H NMR spectra may be used to determine the absolute configuration of the aglycone moieties of some alicyclic glycosides without the need to synthesize derivatives with chiral reagents, as long as the absolute configuration of their monosaccharide moiety is known or vice versa. Spectra of marine steroid glycosides and their acetates containing glycosylated side chains as alicyclic fragments were also examined. It was shown that analysis of 1H NMR spectra for the determination of the absolute configuration is more applicable in the cases when glycosides have the same substitution in the D-ring of the aglycone moiety.
Essential Oil Composition and Antibacteral Activity of Vismia Baccifera Fruits Collected from Mérida, Venezuela
Authors: Rojas Janne , Buitrago Alexis , Rojas Luis , Morales Antonio , Lucena María , Baldovino Shirley
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the fruits of Vismia baccifera Triana & Planch. (Gutttiferae), collected in June 2009, was analyzed by GC/MS. A yield of 0.6% oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. Twenty-seven components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in the Wiley GC-MS Library data base. The major components were trans-cadin-1,4-diene (36.6%), cis-cadin-1,4-diene (18.8%) and β-caryophyllene (11.9%). The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the important human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25992), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 23357) with MIC values ranging from 9 to 37 μg/mL.
Ecdysterone and its Activity on some Degenerative Diseases
Authors: Cahlíková Lucie , Macáková Kateřina , Chlebek Jakub , Hošt'álková Anna , Kulhánková Andrea , Opletal Lubomír
Published: March 2019

Beside ecdysone (1), ecdysterone (2) is one of the most common 5β-cholest-7-en-6-one (ecdysteroid) derivatives, which, besides having a hormonal effect on invertebrates, possesses a number of favorable non-hormonal biological effects on mammals. The most interesting of these is that on degenerative diseases, one of which, up to now not clarified in detail, is the so-called adaptogenic effect (protection of the organism against adverse stress factors) associated with anabolic, gastroprotective, and antioxidant effects. A second group of favorable effects is the possibility of suppression of neurodegenerative processes and protection of the cardiovascular system (metabolic syndrome symptom suppression, antidiabetic activity, and protection of heart and blood vessels). Because of these properties, ecdysterone has the potential to be developed as a medicinal agent.
Janceolaroside A and Janceoside A, Two New Compounds from the Stems and Roots of Jasminum Lanceolarium
Authors: Lou Lili , Han Lingfei , Meng Dali , Li Ning , Li Xian
Published: March 2019

From the stems and roots of Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb., two new compounds, janceolaroside A and janceoside A, have been isolated along with three known compounds, (-)olivil 4′- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-cycloolivil-6- O-β-D-glucopyranoside and syringin. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods.
Lipophilic Components from the Ecuadorian Plant Schistocarpha Eupatorioides
Authors: Gilardoni Gianluca , Tosi Solveig , Mellerio Giorgio , Maldonado Maria Elena , Chiriboga Ximena , Vidari Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Phytochemical investigation of secondary metabolites of the Ecuadorian plant Schistocarpha eupatorioides (Fenzl) Kuntze (Asteraceae) afforded three phytyl fatty acid esters along with a mixture of unidentified polyprenols, the very well known sterols β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, and their corresponding fatty acid esters and glucosyl derivatives. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of various spectroscopic means. In addition, a volatile fraction was separated the composition of which, comprising sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the main fraction, was determined by GC-MS.
Terpenoid Metabolites from Spongia spp. and Their Effects on Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis in Sea Urchin Eggs
Authors: Ponomarenko Ludmila P. , Terent'eva Natalia A. , Krasokhin Vladimir B. , Kalinovsky Anatoliy I. , Rasskazov Valery A.
Published: March 2019

19-Norspongia-13(16),14-diene-3-one (1) was isolated for the first time from a natural source, along with a series of known spongiane diterpenoids (2-11) and sesquiterpene (12) from two unidentified species belonging to the genus Spongia. The effects of 1, 4, 5, 8-12 on biosynthesis of nucleic acids and embryonic development of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius have been studied. All the compounds inhibit sea urchin embryo development at concentration of 20 μg/mL and above and DNA biosynthesis at the dose of 10 μg/mL. The inhibitory effect of diterpenoids at least partly may be explained by the inhibition of thymidine kinase activity.
Limonoids from Meliaceae with Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Fowles Robert G. , Mootoo Baldwin S. , Ramsewak Russel S. , Reynolds William F. , Nair Muraleedharan G. G.
Published: March 2019

In this study the antioxidant activity of natural limonoids from Meliaceae swietenolide (1), 3,6-O,O-diacetylswietenolide (2), swietenine (3), swietemahonin G (4) and 2-hydroxyswietenine (5) were investigated along with the semisynthetic analogues (6-25) of compounds 1, 3-4. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibitory assays revealed 85.6, 13.3, 77.3, 61.2 and 24.6 % inhibition for the natural compounds 1-5. Excellent antioxidant activity was seen for the semisynthetic analogues 10 (98.3 %), 16-17, 21-22 and 25 (100 %), which were more active than the positive controls BHA (91.3 %) and TBHQ (95.7 %).
Chemical Diversity of Iridal-Type Triterpenes in Iris Delavayi Collected in Yunnan Province of China
Authors: Hasegawa Yu , Gong Xun , Kuroda Chiaki
Published: March 2019

From Iris delavayi collected in the northwestern Yunnan Province of China, eight iridal-type triterpenoids were isolated, three of which were new. Both 2(7) Z- and 2(7 )E-iridals were isolated in about equal amounts from the sample collected at Laojunshan, while only 2(7 )Z-iridals were isolated from samples collected in Shangrila area, indicating the presence of chemical diversity in the species.
Triterpene Derivatives from Abies Spectabilis Leaves of Nepalese Origin
Authors: Dall'Acqua Stefano , Minesso Paola , Comai Stefano , Shrestha Bharat Babu , Gewali Mohan Bikram , Kumar Jha Pramod , Innocenti Gabbriella
Published: March 2019

Our ongoing studies of Nepalese medicinal plants has led to the isolation and characterization of five new triterpenes, two known triterpenes and two phenolic derivatives from Abies spectabilis (D. Don) Mirb leaves grown in the high mountain. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by means of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and MS techniques.
Quinone Reductase Inducing Activity of the Dichloromethane/Ethanol Extract of the Roots of Pulsatilla Chinensis
Authors: Wang Dan , Han Ling , Guo Zengjun
Published: March 2019

Agents with phase II enzyme inducing activities play important roles in intervening in the carcinogenic process. In the present study, the quinone reductase (QR) inducing activities of nine known triterpene saponins from the dichloromethane/ethanol extract of the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis were tested. The oleanane saponins exhibited more potent QR inducing activities than the lupane saponins, and the CD value of the compound with the most potent QR inducing activity was 1.1 μM. The chemopreventive activity of the dichloromethane/ethanol extract was also evaluated using the DMBA-induced mice model.
Sartoryglabrins, Analogs of Ardeemins, from Neosartorya Glabra
Authors: Kijjoa Anake , Santos Sonia , Dethoup Tida , Manoch Leka , Almeida Ana Paula , Vasconcelos Maria Helena , Silva Artur , Gales Luís , Herz Werner
Published: March 2019

Chemical investigation of a collection of the fungus Neosartorya glabra from Thailand furnished sartoryglabins A-C (1a, 1b and 2) which are analogs of the reverse prenylated indole alkaloids known as (-) ardeemins. Structures of these compounds were established by NMR spectrometry and an X-ray analysis. Sartoryglabins A-C were evaluated for their in vitro growth inhibitory activity on three human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer) and A375-C5 (melanoma). All the compounds exhibited strong to moderate activity against the MCF-7 cell line but weak or no activity against the NCI-H460 and A375-C5 cell lines. Sartoryglabin B was found to exhibit selectivity towards the MCF-7 cell line.
Identification by LC-ESIMS of Flavonoids Responsible for the Antioxidant Properties of Mallotus Species from Vietnam
Authors: Hong Van N.T. , Rivière Céline , Hong Quang T. , Chataigné Gabrielle , Hoai Nam N. , Dejaegher Bieke , Tistaert Christophe , Kim Thanh N.T. , Van Kiem P. , Heyden Yvan Vander , Van Minh C. , Quetin-Leclercq Joëlle
Published: March 2019

Several Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) are used in Vietnam as edible plants or as traditional medicines for different indications, some related to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antioxidant activities of 33 samples from 17 Vietnamese Mallotus species. We also evaluated potential cytotoxic activity against human cervix carcinoma HeLa and human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells. Our aim is to develop safe dietary supplements with a protective effect against various diseases caused by tissue damage and the acceleration of the aging process linked to reactive oxygen species. These tests allowed the identification of non-cytotoxic plant species exhibiting significant antiradical properties. These antioxidant properties may be explained by their polyphenol composition. The antioxidant activity of the most active Mallotus species was further analyzed with and without tannins removal. We also identified by LC-ESIMS some flavonoids responsible for a part of this activity.
Antiradical and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Helichrysum Plicatum Flower Extracts
Authors: Bigović Dubravka , Šavikin Katarina , Janković Teodora , Menković Nebojša , Zdunić Gordana , Stanojković Tatjana , Djurić Zorica
Published: March 2019

Flowers of Helichrysum plicatum were extracted under different experimental conditions, and their antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Extracts obtained with higher concentration of ethyl acetate (90% or 100%) were found to contain the greatest amount of total phenolics (> 250 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dried extract), and high correlation between total phenolic content and antiradical activity was observed (r = −0.79). Based on the total phenolic content and antiradical activity, some extracts were selected for investigation of cytotoxic activity toward PC3, HeLa and K562 human cancer cell lines in vitro. All tested extracts exhibited moderate activity against HeLa cells (41.9-42.1 μg/mL), whereas the extract obtained with 100% ethyl acetate was the most active against K562 and PC3 cell lines (25.9 and 39.2 μg/mL, respectively). Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between total phenolic content and cytotoxic activity against PC3 and K562 cells. HPLC identification of phenolic compounds from the extracts indicated the presence of apigenin, naringenin and kaempferol as free aglycones, and glycosides of apigenin, naringenin, quercetin and kaempferol. Among aglycones, kaempferol displayed moderate cytostatic activity against all cell lines (24.8-64.7 μM).
Tannins of Tamarind Seed Husk: Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Sinchaiyakit Puksiri , Ezure Yohji , Sriprang Sarin , Pongbangpho Supakorn , Povichit Nasapon , Suttajit Maitree
Published: March 2019

The high content (about 39%) of polymeric tannins in tamarind ( Tamarindus indica L.) seed husk (TSH) was demonstrated, and an extract (crude TSE) with a high content (about 94%) of polymeric tannins was prepared from TSH with a one pot extraction using ethanol/water (3:2, v/v). The crude TSE was further purified with Sephadex LH20 to give one fraction (metTSE) eluted with methanol/water (3:2, v/v) and another (acTSE) eluted with acetone/water (3:2, v/v). The tannins of acTSE were established as polymeric proanthocyanidins (PA) by 13C NMR spectroscopy; this was further confirmed by IR and UV spectroscopy, n-BuOH/HCl and vanillin assays, and from HPLC pattern. The ratio of procyanidins to prodelphinidins was 2:3, and the average degree of polymerization of acTSE was 7. Galloylated flavan-3-ols were not detected in acTSE. The main ingredients of metTSE were confirmed to be polymeric PA by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS assays were investigated. The IC50 values of acTSE were 4.2±0.2 (DPPH assay) and 6.2±0.3 μg/mL (ABTS assay).
Synthesis of a 4H-anthra[1,2-b]pyran Derivative and its Antimicrobial activity
Authors: Hussain Hidayat , Aziz Shahid , Schulz Barbara , Krohn Karsten
Published: March 2019

The five-step synthesis of the new 4 H-anthra[1,2- b]pyran derivative 1 is reported. The key steps in this approach included a Marschalk alkylation of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone followed by a Baker–Venkataraman reaction and then an acid-catalyzed cyclization of ring A to form the 4H-anthra[1,2-b]pyran system. Two compounds, the 4H-anthra[1,2-b]pyran 1 and the anthraquinone derivative 6 were evaluated for antimicrobial activity and showed moderate antialgal, antifungal, and antibacterial activities.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Shiitake Mycelial Exudates
Authors: Huang Weihuan , Kim Joo-Shin , Chung Hau Yin
Published: March 2019

Exudates (DE) secreted from two shiitake mushroom mycelia (strains 1358 and L5458) were evaluated for their antioxidative properties and phenolic content. 1358DE and L5458DE showed distinct antioxidant activity in different in vitro assays, including scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, hydroxyl radical, superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide; the ability to chelate ferrous ions; reducing power; hemolysis inhibition activity in rat erythrocyte; and lipid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 values of 1358DE and L5458DE were 3.3 and 132.6; 44.5 and > 1000; 26.9 and 53.7; 153.6 and >175.0; 176.0 and 521.0; 26.7 and 746.4; 47.8 and 736.9; and 3.1 and > 1000 μg/mL, respectively). Their total phenolic content was 237.33 and 24.08 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry DE, respectively. Overall, these results show that 1358DE generally possesses better antioxidant properties than L5458DE, possibly due to its larger total phenolic content. Shiitake mushroom mycelial exudates, particularly of 1358DE, could be a good source of natural antioxidants.
Phenylethyl Cinnamides as Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Solanum Melongena
Authors: Liu Xuchun , Luo Jianguang , Kong Lingyi
Published: March 2019

Bioassay-guided fractionation against α-glucosidase resulted in isolation and identification of six phenolic compounds (1–6) from the 70% EtOH extract of the roots of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae). Of these, three phenylethyl cinnamides, N-trans-feruloyl tyramine (1), N-trans-p-coumaroyl tyramine (2) and N-cis-p-coumaroyl tyramine (3) possessed inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 500.6, 5.3 and 46.3 μM, respectively. Mechanism analysis revealed these phenylethyl cinnamides were non-competitive inhibitors. This is the first study of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the roots of S. melongena, and this preliminary observation suggested potential medicinal use of this herb.
Orally Administered Dendrobium Officinale and its Polysaccharides Enhance Immune Functions in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Liu Xiao-Fei , Zhu Jun , Ge Shao-Yang , Xia Lin-Jing , Yang Hai-Ying , Qian Yong-Tao , Ren Fa-Zheng
Published: March 2019

The immunoactivity was evaluated of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo, a Chinese herbal plant, and its crude polysaccharides. Different dosages of D. officinale and its polysaccharides were orally administered to healthy BALB/c mice. The control group was given distilled water. After 4 weeks, immune parameters, including cellular immunity (delayed-type hypersensitivity and natural killer cell activity), humoral immunity (serum hemolytic complement activity), nonspecific immunity (peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis) and interferon-γ production by splenocytes were measured. The results showed that D. officinale and its polysaccharides can significantly enhance cellular immunity and nonspecific immunity in mice. Humoral immunity was also enhanced after oral administration of D. officinale, but the polysaccharides had no influence. Both D. officinale and its polysaccharides markedly increased IFN-γ production by murine splenocytes. Six fractions were isolated from the polysaccharides; the molecular weight of the major fraction was 533,700 Da, and composed of mannose, glucose and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 7.3:1.3:1.0.
Comparison of the Essential Oils of Leaves and Stem Bark from Two Different Populations of Drimys Winteri a Chilean Herbal Medicine
Authors: Muñoz Orlando , Christen Phlippe , Cretton Silvian , Barrero Alejandro F. , Lara Armando , Herrador M. Mar
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of stem bark and leaves of Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Foster var. chilensis /DC A. Gray ( Winteraceae) from Chiloe Island (ID) and Continental Chile (Santiago) (CD) were studied by GC and GC/MS. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main chemical groups in the stem bark oils, with α-santalene, trans-β-bergamotene and curcumenes as the major components. Monoterpenes constituted the main chemical groups in the leaves of Island plants with α-pinene (23.1%) β-pinene (43.6%) and linalool (10.5%) as the main components whereas sesquiterpenes (germacrene D 17.6%) and phenylpropanoids (safrole 20.8%) are the most abundant in the leaves of Continental plants.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Larvicidal Activities of the Essential Oils of Annona Salzmannii and A. pickelii (Annonaceae)
Authors: Costa Emmanoel Vilaça , Dutra Lívia Macedo , de Jesus Hugo César Ramos , de Lima Nogueira Paulo Cesar , de Souza Moraes Valéria Regina , Salvador Marcos José , de Holanda Cavalcanti Sócrates Cabral , dos Santos Roseli La Corte , do Nacimento Prata Ana Paula
Published: March 2019

The essential oils from the leaves of Annona salzmannii and A. pickelii (Annonaceae) growing in Sergipe, northeastern region of Brazil, were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Thirty-four compounds were identified in the essential oil of A. salzmannii and twenty-seven in that of A. pickelii; sesquiterpenes predominated in both essential oils. Bicyclogermacrene (20.3%), ( E)-caryophyllene (19.9%), δ-cadinene (15.3%), α-copaene (10.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (5.7%) were the main components of A. salzmannii, and bicyclogermacrene (45.4%), ( E)-caryophyllene (14.6%), and α-copaene (10.6%) of A. pickelii. The essential oils showed significant antioxidant capacity in the ORACFL and DPPH assays. The antimicrobial activity of these essential oils was also evaluated against bacteria and fungi, as well as the larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae.
Does Pseudomonas Fluorescens produce N-mercapto-4-formylcarbostyril?
Authors: Christophersen Carsten , Hammerich Ole
Published: March 2019

The claim that N-mercapto-4-formylcarbostyril was isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain G308 is questioned since N-thiols appear to be unstable compounds at ambient temperature.
Use of Dimethyldioxirane in the Epoxidation of the Main Constituents of the Essential Oils Obtained from Tagetes Lucida, Cymbopogon Citratus, Lippia Alba and Eucalyptus citriodora
Authors: Veloza Luz A. , Orozco Lina M. , Sepúlveda-Arias Juan C.
Published: March 2019

Dimethyldioxirane (DMDO), a widely used oxidant in organic synthesis is considered an environmentally friendly oxygen transfer reagent because acetone is the only byproduct formed in its oxidation reactions. This work describes the isolation of the main constituents (terpenes) in the essential oils obtained from Tagetes lucida, Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia alba and Eucalyptus citriodora, their epoxidation with DMDO in acetone solution and the characterization of the resulting epoxides by GC-MS (EI) and NMR. This is one of the first reports involving the application of dioxirane chemistry to essential oils in order to generate modified compounds with potential uses in several areas of medicine and industry.
Aristolactams from roots of Ottonia Anisum (Piperaceae)
Authors: Marques André M. , Velozo Leosvaldo S. M. , Moreira Davyson de L. , Guimarães Elsie F. , Kaplan Maria Auxiliadora C.
Published: March 2019

The Piperaceae species are known worldwide for its medicinal properties and its chemical compounds. In Brazil, many species of this family are distributed mainly in Amazon Region and in the Atlantic Forest. The genus Ottonia is known as source of amides, flavonoids, arylpropanoids and terpenes with record biological activities. Six aristolactams, including, aristolactam BII, piperolactam C, goniothalactam, stigmalactam, aristolactam AII and aristolactam BIII were isolated from roots of this species. GC-MS, 1H NMR and NOESY techniques were used to characterize these compounds. This is the first report about the occurrence of aristolactams in the Ottonia anisum Sprengel.
Phenolic Chemical Composition of Petroselinum Crispum Extract and Its Effect on Haemostasis
Authors: Chaves Douglas S. A. , Frattani Flávia S. , Assafim Mariane , de Almeida Ana Paula , Zingali Russolina B. , Costa Sônia S.
Published: March 2019

From the aqueous extract (Pc) of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) flat leaves specimens were isolated and identified the flavonoids apigenin (1), apigenin-7- O-glucoside or cosmosiin (2), apigenin-7- O-apiosyl-(1→2)- O-glucoside or apiin (3) and the coumarin 2″,3″-dihydroxy-furanocoumarin or oxypeucedanin hydrate (4). The inhibitory activity toward clotting formation and platelet aggregation was assessed for Pc flavonoids (1) and (2), and the coumarin (4). Pc showed no inhibition on clotting activity when compared with the control. On the other hand, a strong antiplatelet aggregation activity was observed for Pc (IC50 = 1.81 mg/mL), apigenin (IC50 = 0.036 mg/mL) and cosmosiin (IC50 = 0.18 mg/mL). In all cases ADP was used as inductor of platelet aggregation. Our results showed that Pc, apigenin and cosmosiin interfere on haemostasis inhibiting platelet aggregation. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report for the cosmosiin antiplatelet aggregation in vitro activity.
Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Determination of Phenolic Compounds and HPLC-DAD/ESIMS Profile of Campomanesia Adamantium Leaves
Authors: Pascoal Aislan C.R.F. , Ehrenfried Carlos Augusto , Eberlin Marcos N. , Stefanello Maria Élida Alves , Salvador Marcos José
Published: March 2019

Numerous diseases are induced by free radicals via lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation and DNA damage. It has been known that a variety of plant extracts have antioxidant activity to scavenge free radicals. Campomanesia adamantium (Myrtaceae) is a small tree with edible fruit, commonly known as “guavira” or “guabiroba-branca” that has been used in popular medicine as depurative anti-diarrhoeic, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic and to liver diseases. In this study, the antiradical activities of ethanol crude extract of the leaves from C. adamantium and the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions obtained by partition, were determined using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) and ORAC-FL (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assays. The total phenol content in the samples was estimated by Folin Ciocalteau method (FCR). In an initial evaluation the ethanolic extract and the fractions ethyl acetate and butanol have shown levels of phenolic compounds between 15- 74 mg GAE/g in FCR assay, showed DPPH free-radical scavenging activity with SC50 in the range of 7.77-13.35 μg/mL and demonstrated antioxidant capacity between 2648-3502 μmol TE/g of extract and fractions in the ORAC-FL assay. HPLC-DAD and ESIMS analysis revealed were that the extract of the leaves of C. adamantium studied appears to contain flavonoids as major constituents, including isoquercetrin and quercetin that exhibit proven antioxidant activity.
Propagation and Conservation of Native Forest Genetic Resources of Medicinal Use by Means of In Vitro and ex vitro Techniques
Authors: Sharry Sandra , Adema Marina , Cordal María A. Basiglio , Villarreal Blanca , Nikoloff Noelia , Briones Valentina , Abedini Walter
Published: March 2019

In Argentina, there are numerous native species which are an important source of natural products and which are traditionally used in medicinal applications. Some of these species are going through an intense extraction process in their natural habitat which may affect their genetic diversity. The aim of this study was to establish vegetative propagation systems for three native forestal species of medicinal interest. This will allow the rapid obtainment of plants to preserve the germplasm. This study included the following species which are widely used in folk medicine and its applications: Erythrina crista-galli or “seibo” (astringent, used for its cicatrizant properties and for bronchiolitic problems); Acacia caven or “espinillo” (antirheumatic, digestive, diuretic and with cicatrizant properties) and Salix humboldtiana or “sauce criollo” (antipyretic, sedative, antispasmodic, astringent). The methodology included the micropropagation of seibo, macro and micropropagation of Salix humboldtiana and the somatic embryogenesis of Acacia caven. The protocol for seibo regeneration was adjusted from nodal sections of seedlings which were obtained from seeds germinated in vitro. The macropropagation through rooted cuttings of “sauce criollo” was achieved and complete plants of this same species were obtained through both direct and indirect organogenesis using in vitro cultures. The somatic embryogenesis for Acacia caven was optimized and this led to obtain a high percentage of embryos in different stages of development. We are able to support the conservation of native forest resources of medicinal use by means of vegetative propagation techniques.
Identification of Thiosildenafil in a Health Supplement
Authors: Nicoletti Marcello
Published: March 2019

The presence of a sildenafil derivative, the thiosildenafil, in an herbal product has been evidenced first by HPTLC and later determined by isolation and analysis of spectroscopic data. The analyzed product is nowadays marketed as dietary supplement containing herbal extracts and claimed for male and female sexual improvement. This report is noteworthy since it is clear that adulterated materials can cause serious health problems if they are consumed as herbal “natural” products, generally considered deprived of toxicity by the consumers. The use of a simple and reliable method, based on HPTLC, to determine synthetic adulterations is reported in this paper.
Hypolipidemic Effect of Seed Oil of Noni (Morinda Citrifolia)
Authors: Pazos Diana C. , Jiménez Fabiola E. , Garduño Leticia , López V. Eric , Cruz M. Carmen
Published: March 2019

Morinda citrifolia, has been reported to posses different biological activities and almost all parts of this have been studied phytochemically. However there are few studies on the seeds of fruit. The objective of present study was investigated the effect to Noni Seed Oil (NSO) on serum lipid levels in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic induced mice. We find that administration of noni oil causes a reduction in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in both models. However hypolipidemic effect is higher when hyperlipidemia is presented.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Lantana Camara Var. Moritziana
Authors: Tesch Nurby Rios , Mora Flor , Rojas Luis , Díaz Tulia , Velasco Judith , Yánez Carlos , Rios Nahile , Carmona Juan , Pasquale Sara
Published: March 2019

The essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lantana camara var. moritziana (Otto & Dietr.) López-Palacios collected at Rubio, Táchira State, Venezuela, was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger trap (0.1% yield). The oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) on HP GC-MS System, model 5973, identifying 33 compounds (97.1%) of which the major components were germacrene D (31.0%), followed by β-caryophyllene (14.8%), α-phellandrene (6.7%), limonene (5.7%) and 1,8-cineole (5.2%). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity by agar diffusion method with discs against international reference bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) showed growing inhibition of E. faecalis and S. aureus at MIC of 350 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL, respectively.
Antimycotic Effect of the Essential Oil of Aloysia Triphylla against Candida Species Obtained from Human Pathologies
Authors: de las Mercedes Oliva María , Carezzano María Evangelina , Gallucci Mauro Nicolás , Demo Mirta Susana
Published: March 2019

The research of alternative substances to treat infections caused by Candida species is a need. Aromatic plants have the ability to produce secondary metabolites, such as essential oils (EO). The antimicrobial properties of Aloysia triphylla (L'Her.) Britton (cedrón) EO has been previously described. The aims of this work were to determine the antimicrobial activity and the effect on the cell structure of the EO of A. triphylla against Candida sp isolated from human illnesses. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation of A. triphylla leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed with microdilution method and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined. A. triphylla EO's showed antifungal activity against all yeast: C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis which were resistant to fluconazol (150 mg/mL). The range of MIC values was from: 35 to 140 μg/mL and the MFC: 1842 to 2300μg/mL. The time of killing at the MFC against C. albicans (3 × 105 UFC/mL) was 140 min. The dates of OD620 and OD260 suggest lysis and loss of absorbing material, respectively. The HROM shows distortion in morphology and shape of the cell, with large vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These studies clearly show that A. triphylla EO is a promising alternative for the treatment of candidiasis.
Additional Minor Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana
Authors: Chaturvedula Venkata Sai Prakash , Prakash Indra
Published: March 2019

From the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, two additional new diterpenoid glycosides were isolated and their structures were characterized as 13-[(2- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3- O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and 13-[(2- O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2) on the basis of extensive spectral data (NMR and MS) and chemical studies.
Structure of Cucumariosides H5, H6, H7 and H8, Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix and Unprecedented Aglycone with 16,22-Epoxy-group
Authors: Silchenko Alexandra S. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Avilov Sergey A. , Andryjaschenko Pelageya V. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Yurchenko Ekaterina A. , Kalinin Vladimir I.
Published: March 2019

Four new triterpene glycosides cucumariosides H5 (1), H6 (2), H7 (3) and H8 (4) along with the known cucumarioside H (5) have been isolated from the Far Eastern sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix. The structures of glycosides 1–4 were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (2D NMR and MS). Glycosides 1–4 belong to the group of cucumariosides H, having branched rare pentasaccharide carbohydrate moieties with one sulfate group and 3- O-methyl-D-xylose as a terminal monosaccharide unit. Glycosides 1–3 and 5 differ from each other in structures of side chains of the aglycones, while cucumarioside H8 (4) has a novel aglycone with unprecedented 16(22)-epoxy-group, never found in the sea cucumbers glycosides. Glycosides 1–3, and 5 were cytotoxic against mouse lymphocytes and hemolytic against mouse erythrocytes. Glycoside 2 was less active in comparison with others.
The Therapeutic Potential of Berberis darwinii Stem-Bark: Quantification of Berberine and In Vitro Evidence for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy
Authors: Habtemariam Solomon
Published: March 2019

Berberis darwinii is native to South America but has been widely distributed in Europe and other continents following its discovery by Charles Darwin. Herewith, the therapeutic potential of stem-bark of the plant for treating Alzheimer's disease was studied using an in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay. It was found that the methanolic extract of the stem-bark was a potent inhibitor of the enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.23 ± 0.05 μg/mL. An HPLC-based berberine quantification study revealed an astonishing 38% yield of the dried methanolic extract.