bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology of crosslinked poly(ε-caprolactone) microparticles
Authors: Friess Fabian , Lendlein Andreas , Wischke Christian
Published: June 2013

In order to explore the feasibility for preparing defined crosslinked particulate structures, oligo(ε-caprolactone) [oCL] derived microparticles (MPs) were crosslinked in non-molten, non-dissolved, i.e. solid state in aqueous suspension by applying a controlled regime with well-defined polymer network precursors either with or without photoinitiator. The MPs (diameter ∼ 40 μm) were prepared by an oil-in-water emulsion process from linear 2oCL or 4-arm star-shaped 4oCL with methacrylate end groups. Crosslinking was initiated by UV-laser irradiation (308 nm) at room temperature. Conversion of methacrylate was monitored by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and crosslinking was confirmed by a lack of MP dissolution in dichloromethane. In a quantitative evaluation of swelling by dynamic light scattering, higher swelling ratios were detected for particles synthesized with photoinitiator. Wrinkled particle surfaces and distorted particle shapes were observed by light microscopy in the solvent-swollen state and by scanning electron microscopy after deswelling. This work indicated some limitations due to internal inhomogeneity of the MP, but particle crosslinking in solid state was generally possible and may be further improved by higher chain mobility during crosslinking.
Correlating the Uptake and Dendritic Cell Activation by MDP-loaded Microparticles
Authors: Schmidt Stefanie , Roch Toralf , Mathew Simi , Ma Nan , Wischke Christian , Lendlein Andreas
Published: June 2013

Polymer-based, degradable microparticles (MP) are attractive delivery vehicles for vaccines as the polymer properties can be specifically tailored and the carrier can be loaded with adjuvant. For all newly developed carrier systems it is important to analyze cellular uptake efficiency and the specific effects mediated by the encapsulated agent when phagocytosed by the cells, which is barely reported so far. By the encapsulation of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) labeled with fluoresceinisothiocyanat (FITC) in poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) MP, the MP was fluorescent and used to visualize the phagocytic uptake. Since encapsulated MDP can activate dendritic cells (DC) via the cytosolic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD), it can be investigated whether only cells that have phagocytosed the MP are activated or whether bystander effects occur, resulting in activation of cells, which did not take up MDP-FITC loaded MP. Here, it is demonstrated that increasing MP concentrations in the culture medium had no impact on the viability of DC and that the MP uptake efficiency was dose dependent. Interestingly, it could be shown by the CD86 expression, that only DC, which had engulfed MP, were significantly stronger activated than DC, which had not phagocytosed MDP-FITC loaded MP. On the one hand these results indicate that sufficient amounts of MDP were released from the PLGA carriers into the cytosol of the DC. On the other hand, based on the correlation of uptake and activation on the single cell level, minimal MP induced bystander effects may be expected for in vivo applications.
Calibration and validation of parking search-time function
Authors: Balijepalli Narasimha C. , Shepherd Simon P. , Kant Pankaj
Published: June 2013

Large off-street car parks are traditionally modelled as self-standing traffic zones representing origins/destinations in standard network assignment models. However, such a treatment precludes the drivers from choosing alternative car parks as it assumes the car parks are their final destinations. This paper discusses the feasibility of bringing car park choice and the effects of capacity within a traditional network assignment model. The search time within car parks depends on the car park occupancy and can be represented by a flow-delay type function on the car park occupancy/capacity. This research calibrates the search-time function based on practically observed occupancy and search time at two city-centre car parks in Leeds, England. The analysis follows a simple fixed search-time method as well as a sophisticated variable search-time method. The results are validated against the observed occupancies at the car parks. A car park specific constant was introduced to account for the unobserved preference for a given type of parking facility. In a multiperiod assignment, when car park occupancies are passed on dynamically, both fixed and variable search-time approaches are seen as an improvement over the standard approach, with the variable search time outperforming the fixed time approach.
Effects of plant genotype and insect dispersal rate on the population dynamics of a forest pest
Authors: Moran Emily V. , Bewick Sharon , Cobbold Christina A.
Published: June 2013

It has been shown that plant genotype can strongly affect not only individual herbivore performance, but also community composition and ecosystem function. Few studies, however, have addressed how plant genotype affects herbivore population dynamics. In this paper, we used a simulation modeling approach to ask how the genetic composition of a forest influences pest outbreak dynamics, using the example of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and forest tent caterpillars (FTC; Malacosoma disstria). Specifically, we examined how plant genotype, the relative size of genotypic patches, and the rate of insect dispersal between them, affect the frequency, amplitude, and duration of outbreaks. We found that coupling two different genotypes does not necessarily result in an averaging of insect dynamics. Instead, depending on the ratio of patch sizes, when dispersal rates are moderate, outbreaks in the two‐genotype case may be more or less severe than in forests of either genotype alone. Thresholds for different dynamic behaviors were similar for all genotypic combinations. Thus, the qualitative behavior of a stand of two different genotypes can be predicted based on the response of the insect to each genotype, the relative sizes of the two patches, and the scale of insect dispersal.
Social Responsibility - A Comparative Study of Oil Majors - Who is the Best?
Authors: Yousefi Abouzar , Aldeanueva Carlos Mataix
Published: June 2013

Nowadays requirements of society are a priority for many organizations. Expectations of society define the elements of social responsibility which are due to change over time as a result of change in the society’s concerns.

As sustainable development is about the economic, social and environmental goals common to all people, it can be used as a way of summing up the broader expectations of society that need to be taken into account by organizations seeking to act responsibly.

Oil &Gas activities take place in different environments (e.g. offshore, jungle, desert, arctic, etc.) and face variable challenges (e.g. sensitive areas, protected areas, isolated communities, etc.). Hence this industry deals with a set of specific risks and opportunities which could significantly impact societies, the environment and associated economic activities. Incorporating the Social Responsibility concept into business practices can play a significant role in management of major risks and opportunities.

To gain an understanding of how the industry manages social responsibility aspects a sample group of major companies have been selected for this study from the top 10 of "2012 Fortune Global 500 list" (Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil, BP, Sinopec, CNPC, Chevron and ConocoPhillips) plus Total and Repsol. The study has been undertaken based on the available information on the webpages of the companies and the latest published reports on social responsibility and/or sustainable development.

These companies do not approach in a same way the incorporation of social responsibility aspects into their business, and do not even report their performance similarly but mostly consider Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guideline and "Oil and Gas Industry Voluntary Guidance on Sustainability Reporting" by the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues (IPIECA), the American Petroleum Institute (API) and International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) for reporting their performance.

Considering the indicators of IPIECA/API/OGP and GRI guidelines it is worthwhile to develop a management system based on the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA) cycle in order to identify Social Responsibility aspects of the business, assess the risks/opportunities and define control/recovery measures. Then to continue by implementing the measures, monitoring the performance and conducting regular reviews to achieve continual improvement.

A specific Social Responsibility Index developed by international bodies in the petroleum sector would help to compare these companies and develop positive competition among them. Resulting eventually in improve Social Responsibility and sustainable development performance in the industry.
Integral Management of Risks: From Corrective to Preventive Approach
Authors: Montes E. F.Oliveros
Published: June 2013

The Pipeline Trnsmission System of Camisea, in Peru, consists of a pipeline of Natural Gas (NG) and other Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) and crosses regions Jungle, mountain and Coast. Due to its geotechnical, socio-environmental and operational complexity, some important activities have been developed with a corrective approach, which has led to problems for the normal development of the operation.

Since 8 years ago and as a part of the current operation of the system, maintenance activities are being carried which, within its objectives for improvement, seek to establish a preventive approach through interaction and communication among the areas that had worked under conditions of corrective jobs. The involved areas are geo-technics, pipelines, environment, communities and integrity.

This paper describes the process named Integral Plan for Operating Risks. This process is a result of the updating of the geological-geotechnical base-line, in relation to the environmental and social context, allowing a comprehensive analysis of the status of the relation between the Community, environment and works as well as planning prevention tasks able to guarantee the stability of the right of way (RoW) and the pipeline integrity. This job is performed by both desk work (remote interpretation) and field work conducted by multidisciplinary teams, which ensures a transverse communication flow. All of this is backed by a digital database and a geographical information system (GIS). A Technical Atlas is constructed as a graphic document containing a series of cartographic and text cards regarding the sector under study as a useful instrument of preventive management for intervention in a given area.

To date, a comprehensive remote analysis of the RoW has been completed and an in-site field analysis has started, upon which strategies are being developed in order to control items such as geological hazards, geological architecture, vegetation architecture, RoW stability, etc. Jobs were competed along the first 12 km as a pilot experience, which is being replicated all along the RoW.
Benefits of a Dedicated Industrial Water Treatment Plant
Authors: Aldaz K. Pazmiño , Kohatsu J.
Published: June 2013

An oilfield services company’s activities at its operations base in Ecuador have expanded in recent years, generating increasing volumes of aqueous fluid mixed with materials such as grease, oil, hydrocarbons and suspended solids. This aqueous fluid was being treated off-site, incurring increasing transport and treatment requirements.

An analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits and operational requirements of a dedicated on-site industrial water treatment plant. Objectives included reducing the need for transport services, effectively managing maintenance of grease traps, reducing treatment costs, and meeting Ecuadorian and provincial regulatory requirements.

A new water treatment plant was built, providing a process that comprised the separation of fats and oils, followed by dissolved air flotation (DAF), then filtering through an activated carbon filter and a nutshell and rice filter. As a result of the new treatment plant, overall expenditure for industrial water treatment at the base decreased significantly. In 2010, 581,000 liters of industrial water required transporting for treatment off-site. In 2012, despite an increase in the level of field operations, only 145,000 liters of industrial water effluent required transporting for further treatment: a 75% reduction.

The plant has the ability to treat up to one cubic meter per hour, but is currently working at 50% of its capacity at 5,500 liters per working day. This gives sustainability to the project, as the plant has capacity to accommodate increases in industrial water treatment requirements at the base and/or support water treatment for some of the company’s other bases in the area.

The water treatment operations comply with the Ecuadorian legislation and the bylaws where the operations are located, as well as the company’s own stringent standards. The treatment process is helping to maintain the integrity of natural water resources because no industrial water is discharged. In addition, treated water is being reused for processes such as washing tools, reducing overall resource usage.
Integrity Management System Based on Risk Analysis: A Tool To Prevent Failures on Pipelines Which Crossing Amazonian Jungles and the Andes
Authors: Moya J. Malpartida
Published: June 2013

The hydrocarbon transmission system belonging to Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) and operated by Compañia Operadora del Gas del Amazonas (COGA), consist of two parallel pipelines that start their route in the Amazonian jungle of Cuzco-Peru, cross the Andes arriving at 4827masl and go down to the Pacific Ocean coast. One of the pipelines, with a length of 557 km, transports Natural Gas Liquids and the other one, with a length of 729Km plus 105km of Loop in its coastal area, transports Natural Gas.

As a part of the Integrity Management Program (IMP), it has been identified, Weather and Outside Forces as main threat which increases the risk of the system in environmentally sensible areas as jungle and mountains. This threat produces mainly ruptures (leak or spill of hydrocarbon). TgP’s Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) uses and manages the information provided by the various techniques of inspections and monitoring of the pipeline and Right of Way (ROW), and perform accurate risk analysis. All this information is supported in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which allows viewing and analyzing spatially the data and the risk assessment, making easy to take decisions.

The article discusses the various techniques and methodologies of monitoring and risk assessment (focused on geohazards), estimation of exposure to hazards, calculation of risk and reduction/mitigation techniques. The IMP based on Risk Analysis comprises the following steps: Input data and test its availability/quality.Quantitative Risk Assessment.Customized geohazard evaluation.Integrity assessments (each threat).Post integrity assessment actions.Specialized analyses (site-specific geotechnical investigations or reliability-based QRA studies).

By means of the pipeline Integrity Management System, it has been able to mitigate risks. We have been able to act before any event becomes critical, in other words, with no occurrence of ruptures. This system allows us simultaneously to optimize efforts and preserve the mechanical integrity of the pipelines. TgP NGL pipeline’s rupture rate (number of ruptures per 1000 kilometers years) decreases substantially from 5.4 to 0.9. For the whole system that rate decreases from 2.3 to 0.36.

Integrating inspections and monitoring systems as part of a PIMS based on risk assessments, it is possible to act in advance to potential critical events, mitigating and/or minimizing the occurrence of failures, optimizing efforts to preserve the integrity and minimizing personal, environmental and business impact.
Integrity Management for Third Party Damage of Transportadora de Gas del Peru Camisea Project
Authors: Astorayme Carlos Del
Published: June 2013

The Pipeline Transportation System of Transportadora de Gas del Peru (TGP) crosses diverse areas of population density. The lack of awareness about the risk of their activities, the industry development and population growth, have led to significantly raise the number of activities carried out by third parties with potential risk of damage to pipeline integrity of TGP system. Moreover, there is no strict regulation by the authorities of these activities.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the management of third threat on TGP system. It seeks to mitigate risks and potential harm to people, the environment and the integrity of its facilities. Is worth mentioning that the energy mix of the country is changing to NG as new source (it only has 8 years). For the development of this management, TGP uses Preventive and Corrective methods: –Identification of third party–Communication program–Prevention and awareness workshops–Patrol Program–Survey of possible occurrence–Risk and issue action plan for possible occurrences–Using technology to detect possible occurrences–Using database in GIS–Review and continuous improvement process

Due to the nature of the threat, the control is not always predictive. However, third party management of TGP can effectively mitigate the risks associated with those activities. In addition, it is subject to continuous improvement on a regular basis so that the lessons learned are taken in order to safeguard the integrity of the people, the environment and company assets.

Managing risk mitigate the damages by third parties, which is the leading cause of pipeline failure worldwide, is developed by the establishment of preventive and corrective processes, (including working with GIS database). Management is subject to continuous improvement and is based on best industry practices.

Also, TGP management can be applied similarly to any system near urban development zones. This is important considering that the NG pipelines will be increase in Peru and this system will apply to all of them.
Working Together: Community Environmental Monitoring Program In Upper Urubamba
Authors: Guarderas R. , Urrutia A. M.
Published: June 2013

The jungle of Cusco forms part of the ecosystem of the Amazon and is one of the áreas with greatest biodiversity in the planet. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges for Transportadora de Gas del Peru (TgP) was to develop -and afterwards, operate-such a complex project in harmony with the environment and without affecting the quality of life of the inhabitants of the area.

Conscious of this responsibility, TgP has decided to implement a set of measures to prevent, control, and mitigate the possible environmental impacts of its activities; while having the support and involvement of the communities. Thus, the Community Environmental Monitoring Program was born (PMAC-AU). PMAC-AU is an independent and original program -in its application within the hydrocarbon sector- with the goal to promote the effective participation of native communities and rural population of the area of direct influence of TgP’s Pipeline Transportation System in the social and environmental watch of the activities carried out by the company; and, at the same time, to strengthen bonds of trust and transparency between the company and the community.

By implementing participatory workshops, community monitors are trained by a specialized technical entity - other than TgP- in order to identify and act in a timely manner while facing possible environmental and social impacts; as well as to guarantee transparency in the activities carried out by the company. The monitors are chosen in a voluntary and independent fashion by their communities of origin. Additionally, each monitor disseminates the results of the monitoring in their respective communities, strengthening their leadership capacities, and turning them into agents of change within their communities.

The PMAC has worked in a continuous manner for more than 8 years, which shows the commitment of communities with the program. Likewise, by the end of 2011, 100% of the observations registered by the PMAC have been addressed by TgP, which reveals the commitment between company and community in order to mitigate and prevent any potential socioeconomic impact. In this fashion, TgP has managed to establish relationships of trust and cooperation with the native communities in the areas of influence.
Mature Field Subsurface Integrity: Formulation of New Paradigm Through Hollistic Diagnostic Approach for D-Field, Malaysia
Authors: Ismail Wan Rokiah , Pradana Almag Fira
Published: June 2013

Adherence to prudent implementation of subsurface integrity assurance activities, as one of the crucial responsibilities of the field operators, has often been sidelined due to the obscure nature of potential hazards in the wellbore. With the previous Gulf of Mexico oil spill incident still fresh in mind, immense attention in safety should be given to the integrity assurance of subsurface apparatus in the field operation philosophy.

As a field matures, to sustain production over the life span of the field, there is a crucial need to focus on integrity related issues such as hazard prevention and mitigation. The necessity to properly acknowledge and execute subsurface integrity assurance activities, are crucial in order to avoid such incident from happening within the wellbore by routinely ensuring the reliability of multiple downhole safety barriers in place.

The main challenge for D-field in Malaysia is related to CO2 corrosion as the field contains up to 70% of CO2. During the initial field development, the well design has been made as fit for purpose to cater the production need as per the reservoir data obtained from series of appraisal wells. However, extension of production requirements contrary to the early plans, together with production driven operation philosophy, and irregular well integrity surveillance, have exacerbated the integrity issues.

Diagnostic surveys and integrity logging were conducted to evaluate the current condition of completion strings, casing and cement. Furthermore, severe internal and external corrosion was observed from the retrieved completion strings during workover.

Consequently, production deferment as a result of the aggravated integrity problems has impacted the field’s revenue from the oil sale.

A series of concrete steps were taken as part of the field redevelopment such as: utilization of 13 chrome completion strings for all producers, carbon steel lined galvanized reinforced epoxy (GRE) with rice wrap, and 25 chrome accessories for injectors, upgrading water injection facility to achieve zero ppm oxygen in injected water and executing scheduled diagnostic surveys.

These steps have successfully ensured the longevity of the wells and reduce the production deferment. This paper will further expound on the journey of integrity assessments conducted, formulation of new production philosophy by the team in order to sustain production and ensuring the health and safety aspects of D-field operation.
Recycling Water: Case Studies in Designing Fracturing Fluids Using Flowback, Produced, and Nontraditional Water Sources
Authors: Fontenelle Lucas , Weston Melissa , Lord Paul , Haggstrom Johanna
Published: June 2013

Well stimulation flowback water generally contains the chemicals and/or byproducts of a hydraulic fracturing process used on a specific well. Produced water is a different category, which is naturally occurring formation brine that is produced along with the hydrocarbons from the well, and can contain large quantities of dissolved salts, dispersed hydrocarbons, and other materials. Both of these waters are considered waste by-products of oil and gas production and typically present logistical difficulties for operators. Some of the challenges include transportation of waste water over long distances as well as local government and environmental regulations related to the safe disposal of the water from oil fields.

The ability to recycle flowback and produced water provides great opportunities for service providers and producers to help reduce the total amount of fresh water that is used in their operations. By reducing the volumes of fresh water that are used in hydraulic fracturing and, at the same time, reducing the amount of flowback and produced water that has to be transported and disposed, operators are able to show their commitment to the community, the environment and can potentially minimize logistics. These benefits, however, can come with difficulty. For example, the cost of purifying flowback and produced water to near potable quality might not be financially feasible, while bypassing treatment entirely can pose difficulties in using the water effectively for fracturing fluids. In this paper, new and customized fluid compositions that can be used effectively with recycled waters are discussed, as well as successful case studies.
North Atlantic Youth Justice Policy and Practice: Misplaced in Translation?
Authors: Hester Richard
Published: June 2013

The article discusses the influence of ‘North Atlantic’ youth justice policy and practice on nation states in central Europe both within the European Union and those that may be wishing to join in the future. There is particular emphasis on how the concept of risk and the hegemony of the ‘risk factor prevention paradigm’ can influence practice. The influence of the ‘RNR’ model (‘risk, ‘need’ and ‘responsivity’) is also discussed. The article examines to what extent this model is helpful as a template for policy and practice and to what extent some of the features of the model are ‘misplaced in translation’ as the model is globalized.
Relaxin Treatment Reverses Insulin Resistance in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Authors: Bonner Jeffrey S. , Lantier Louise , Hocking Kyle M. , Kang Li , Owolabi Mark , James Freyja D. , Bracy Deanna P. , Brophy Colleen M. , Wasserman David H.
Published: June 2013

The endogenous hormone relaxin increases vascular reactivity and angiogenesis. We demonstrate that acute relaxin infusion in lean C57BL/6J mice enhances skeletal muscle perfusion and augments muscle glucose uptake during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. However, an acute effect was absent in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 13 weeks. In contrast, mice fed an HF diet for 13 weeks and continuously treated with relaxin for the final 3 weeks of the diet exhibited decreased fasting blood glucose. Insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disappearance and percent suppression of hepatic glucose production are corrected by chronic relaxin. The increase in peripheral glucose utilization is a result of augmented in vivo skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Relaxin intervention improves endothelial-dependent vascular reactivity and induces a two-fold proliferation in skeletal muscle capillarity. The metabolic effects of the treatment are not attributed to changes in myocellular insulin signaling. Relaxin intervention reverses the accumulation of collagen III in the liver and collagen III and collagen IV in the heart; this is induced by HF feeding. These studies show the potential of relaxin in the treatment of diet-induced insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction. Relaxin provides a novel therapeutic approach targeting the extramyocellular barriers to insulin action, which are critical to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
Evaluation of neutrophil apoptosis in horses with acute abdominal disease
Authors: Krista Kathryn M. , White Nathaniel A. , Barrett Jennifer G. , Furr Martin O. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia A.
Published: June 2013

Objective—To quantify peripheral blood neutrophil apoptosis in equine patients with acute abdominal disease (ie, colic) caused by strangulating or nonstrangulating intestinal lesions and compare these values with values for horses undergoing elective arthroscopic surgery.

Animals—20 client-owned adult horses.

Procedures—Peripheral blood was collected from horses immediately prior to and 24 hours after surgery for treatment of colic (n = 10) or elective arthroscopic surgery (10), and neutrophils were counted. Following isolation by means of a bilayer colloidal silica particle gradient and culture for 24 hours, the proportion of neutrophils in apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric evaluation of cells stained with annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D. Values were compared between the colic and arthroscopy groups; among horses with colic, values were further compared between horses with and without strangulating intestinal lesions.

Results—Percentage recovery of neutrophils was significantly smaller in preoperative samples (median, 32.5%) and in all samples combined (35.5%) for the colic group, compared with the arthroscopy group (median, 66.5% and 58.0%, respectively). No significant differences in the percentages of apoptotic neutrophils were detected between these groups. Among horses with colic, those with strangulating intestinal lesions had a significantly lower proportion of circulating apoptotic neutrophils in postoperative samples (median, 18.0%) than did those with nonstrangulating lesions (66.3%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The smaller proportion of apoptotic neutrophils in horses with intestinal strangulation suggested that the inflammatory response could be greater or prolonged, compared with that of horses with nonstrangulating intestinal lesions. Further investigations are needed to better understand the relationship between neutrophil apoptosis and inflammation during intestinal injury.
Quebec, Daycare, and the Household Strategies of Couples with Young Children
Authors: Stalker Glenn , Ornstein Michael
Published: June 2013

In 1997 Quebec adopted a policy providing universal pre-school daycare for five dollars per day. Comparing Quebec to the rest of Canada, we use the 1996, 2001, and 2006 Canadian censuses to determine the impact of this policy on couples’ strategies for combining employment and child care. As well as increasing female labour force participation, the policy reduced the number of families with a traditional division of labour, showing greater effects on common-law than on married couples. These effects, however, are considerably smaller than are differences related to the two parents’ human capital.
What are the Clinical Questions of Practicing Veterinarians?
Authors: Ebell Mark H. , Budsberg Steven , Cervero Ronald , Shinholser JoAnna , Call Marlene
Published: June 2013

Clinical questions are central to learning among veterinarians and drive informal learning during clinical practice. We set out to classify the clinical questions of practicing veterinarians using a taxonomy previously validated in human medicine. This prospective observational study used a convenience sample of 12 veterinarians in private, small-animal practices. We used three methods to gather clinical questions from the veterinarians: direct observation (asking veterinarians after each encounter), self-report via e-mail, and self-report via data-collection pocket cards. We then classified these questions using a validated taxonomy of question types, as well as by clinical category. A total of 157 clinical questions were collected; 99 were about dogs, 33 were about cats, and 25 were about multiple species or did not specify a species. Nearly half of the questions were rated as high priority, and only 11.5% as low priority. Over half of the questions (53%) were about treatment and 20% were about diagnosis. The two most common question types were “Is drug X indicated in situation Y or for condition Y?” and “How should I treat finding/condition Y (given situation Z)?” Overall, 5 of 57 question-type categories accounted for over half of the questions. The most common clinical categories were pharmacology, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and general surgery. This is the first study to systematically identify and classify the clinical questions of veterinarians. A better understanding of these questions can be used to inform the development of continuing-education (CE) activities that are directly responsive to the information needs of participants.
“Wall Street Lays an Egg”: Financial Drama and the 1933 Banking Collapse in Archibald MacLeish’sPanic: A Drama of Industrial Crisis(1935)
Authors: Currell Susan
Published: June 2013

Asserting that the Wall Street Crash was a drama staged in the public arena of the early 1930s, this essay examines the context and performance history of the poet Archibald MacLeish’s verse drama about the suicide of a banker, Panic: A Drama of Industrial Crisis (1935). The play is one of very few representations onstage of the banking crash of 1933 and marks a turning point in the politics of both the writer and his audience. Looking through the prism of contemporary reviews, letters, and memoirs from the era, the article pieces together historical fragments about this play and its performances to explain how a liberal, pro-capitalist writer, such as MacLeish, came together with the Marxist critics of the New Masses magazine to create a historic final-night performance of his now-forgotten play.
The Habit of Art: In the Beginning Was the Word
Authors: Morra Irene
Published: June 2013

The mainstream stage in England is dominated by implicit aesthetic expectations of a national drama. These expectations, formulated around the perceived revolution in drama that took place in the 1950s, inscribe a fundamentally literary aesthetic that is most apparent in plays that invoke musical effect and allusion only to qualify its dramatic worth. Plays such as Tony Harrison’s The Prince’s Play, Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus, Tom Stoppard’s Rock ’n’ Roll, and Alan Bennett’s The Habit of Art reveal a simultaneous wistfulness for and suspicion of music as an inherently foreign mode of dramatic expression. These entrenched suspicions are similarly evident in many mainstream critical appraisals.
Relating Deformation and Thermodynamics: An Opportunity for Rethinking Basic Concepts of Continuum Mechanics
Authors: Guzzetta Giuseppe
Published: June 2013

In order to treat deformation as one of the processes taking place in an irreversible thermodynamic transformation, two main conditions must be satisfied: (1) strain and stress should be defined in such a way that the modification of the symmetry of these tensorial quantities reflects that of the structure of the actual material of which the deforming ideal continuum is the counterpart; and (2) the unique decomposition of the above tensors into the algebraic sum of an isotropic and an anisotropic part with different physical meanings should be recognized. The first condition allows the distinction of the energy balance in irrotational and rotational deformations; the second allows the description of a thermodynamic transformation involving deformation as a function of both process quantities, whose values depend on the specific transition, or path, between two equilibrium states, and of state quantities, which describe equilibrium states of a system quantitatively. One of the main conclusions that can be drawn is that, dealing with deformable materials, the quantities that must appear in thermodynamic equations cannot be tensorial quantities, such as the stress tensor and the infinitesimal or finite strain tensor usually considered in continuum mechanics (or, even worse, their components). The appropriate quantities should be invariants involved by the strain and stress tensors here defined. Another important conclusion is that, from a thermodynamic point of view, the consideration of the measurable volume change occurring in an isothermal deformation does not itself give any meaningful information.
Comparison of Membrane Targeting Strategies for the Accumulation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus p24 Protein in Transgenic Tobacco
Authors: Virgili-López Goretti , Langhans Markus , Bubeck Julia , Pedrazzini Emanuela , Gouzerh Guillaume , Neuhaus Jean-Marc , Robinson David , Vitale Alessandro
Published: June 2013

Membrane anchorage was tested as a strategy to accumulate recombinant proteins in transgenic plants. Transmembrane domains of different lengths and topology were fused to the cytosolic HIV antigen p24, to promote endoplasmic reticulum (ER) residence or traffic to distal compartments of the secretory pathway in transgenic tobacco. Fusions to a domain of the maize seed storage protein γ-zein were also expressed, as a reference strategy that leads to very high stability via the formation of large polymers in the ER lumen. Although all the membrane anchored constructs were less stable compared to the zein fusions, residence at the ER membrane either as a type I fusion (where the p24 sequence is luminal) or a tail-anchored fusion (where the p24 sequence is cytosolic) resulted in much higher stability than delivery to the plasma membrane or intermediate traffic compartments. Delivery to the tonoplast was never observed. The inclusion of a thrombin cleavage site allowed for the quantitative in vitro recovery of p24 from all constructs. These results point to the ER as suitable compartment for the accumulation of membrane-anchored recombinant proteins in plants.
A Novel 3a-p-Nitrobenzoylmultiflora-7:9(11)-diene-29-benzoate and Two New Triterpenoids from the Seeds of Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L)
Authors: Tanaka Reiko , Kikuchi Takashi , Nakasuji Saori , Ue Yasuhiro , Shuto Daisuke , Igarashi Keishi , Okada Rina , Yamada Takeshi
Published: June 2013

Three novel multiflorane-type triterpenoids, 3a-p-nitrobenzoylmultiflora-7:9(11)-diene-29-benzoate (1), 3a-acetoxymultiflora-7:9(11)-diene-29-benzoate (2), and 3a-acetoxymultiflora-5(6):7:9(11)-triene-29-benzoate (3), along with two known related compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from the seeds of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L). Their structures were determined on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HREIMS. Triterpenoids possessing a nitro group were not isolated previously.
Assessment of Daily Food and Nutrient Intake in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Dietary Reference Intakes
Authors: Kobayashi Yukiko , Hattori Mikako , Wada Sayori , Iwase Hiroya , Kadono Mayuko , Tatsumi Hina , Kuwahata Masashi , Fukui Michiaki , Hasegawa Goji , Nakamura Naoto , Kido Yasuhiro
Published: June 2013

Medical nutrition therapy for the management of diabetes plays an important role in preventing diabetes complications and managing metabolic control. However, little is known about actual eating habits of individuals with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), especially in Japan. Therefore, we sought to (1) assess the dietary intake of individuals with T2DM, and (2) characterize their intake relative to national recommendations. This cross-sectional study involved 149 patients (77 males and 72 females) aged 40–79 years with T2DM recruited at a Kyoto hospital. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Under-consumption, adequacy, and over-consumption, of nutrients were compared to the age- and sex-based standards of the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. Among the results, most notable are (1) the inadequacy of diets in men with respect to intake of vitamins and minerals, likely owing to low intake of vegetables and fruits; (2) excess contributions of fat intake to total energy in both sexes; and (3) excess consumption of sweets and beverages relative to the national average. The prevalence of diabetes complications may be increasing because of a major gap between the typical dietary intake of individuals with T2DM and dietary recommendation.
The Importance of Free and Open Source Software and Open Standards in Modern Scientific Publishing
Authors: Wilson Michael , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang
Published: June 2013

In this paper we outline the reasons why we believe a reliance on the use of proprietary computer software and proprietary file formats in scientific publication have negative implications for the conduct and reporting of science. There is increasing awareness and interest in the scientific community about the benefits offered by free and open source software. We discuss the present state of scientific publishing and the merits of advocating for a wider adoption of open standards in science, particularly where it concerns the publishing process.
Peace of mind for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer?
Authors: Gerss J. , Maier T. , Schober O. , Vrachimis A. , Riemann B.
Published: June 2013

Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC) have an excellent prognosis, with 10-year overall survival rates over 90%. In addition, DTC patients benefit from their lifelong medical surveillance. The aim of the study was to compare the patients’ overall survival with that of a matched general population. Patients and methods: We have analyzed 1497 consecutive patients with DTC, who underwent radioiodine therapy in Münster, Germany, according to international standards. We classified our patients according to the current 7th edition of the UICC (Union Internationale Contre le Cancer) classification and we compared the overall survival of the patients with the expected survival based on age and sex of the general population as provided by the Federal Statistical Office, Germany. Results: There were no significant differences in overall survival rates between DTC patients of the cohort in stages I to IVa compared to the expected survival based on age and sex of the general population. However, patients in stage IVc showed a significantly worse overall survival rate using the log-rank test (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Patients with DTC showed excellent overall survival rates in stages I, II, III and IVa. All patients, except for those in stage IVc (M1 ≥ 45 years), had overall survival rates similar to the general population.
Primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy of the canine elbow
Authors: Gielen I. , Saunders J.H. , Polis I. , Vermeire S. , Peremans K. , Dewulf J. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. , de Bakker E.
Published: June 2013

Objectives: To report the characteristics of two types of flexor enthesopathy, primary and concomitant, based on different diagnostic techniques.

Materials and methods: Over a period of three years a prospective study was performed on dogs admitted for the complaint of elbow lameness. Based on the radiographic findings a selection of dogs underwent a complete series of different imaging modalities. With each technique, pathology of the medial epicondyle and the presence of other elbow disorders were recorded. All joints with signs of flexor pathology apparent with at least three techniques were selected. A distinction was made between primary and concomitant flexor enthesopathy based on the absence or presence of other elbow disorders.

Results: Primary flexor enthesopathy was diagnosed in 23 joints and concomitant flexor enthesopathy in 20 joints. In 43% of the joints with primary and in 75% of the joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy, pathology at the medial epicondyle was demonstrated by all techniques. All joints with concomitant flexor enthesopathy had a diagnosis of medial coronoid disease, osteochondritis dissecans, or both.

Clinical significance: Pathology at the medial epicondyle is a sign of flexor enthesopathy. It may be present as the only sign in a joint with primary flexor enthesopathy or concomitant with other elbow pathology. In both groups flexor lesions can be demonstrated with different imaging techniques. The distinction between the primary and concomitant form is based on the presence or absence of other elbow pathology, mainly medial coronoid disease. Recognizing both types is important for a correct treatment decision.
Carpal joint injuries in cats – an epidemiological study
Authors: Brunnberg M. , Gross M. , Nietz H. , Nakladal B. , vom Hagen F. , Brunnberg L.
Published: June 2013

Objective: Injuries of the carpal joint are rare in cats. The most common cause is a fall from a height, known as ‘high-rise syndrome’. So far, only limited data about carpal joint injuries (CJI) in cats are available. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology, aetiology, location, and type of CJI in cats.

Methods: Case records of cats diagnosed with CJI between 1998 and 2010 were retrospectively analysed. Data concerning signalment, history and type of CJI, accompanying systemic injuries and further orthopaedic injuries were collected.

Results: During the study period, 73 cats were diagnosed with CJI (87 injured carpal joints) and the prevalence in our hospital population was 0.26% (73 out of 28,482). Cats with CJI were more likely to be presented in the period from April-October (85%, p = 0.003) compared with the rest of the year. Carpal joint injuries were caused by a fall from a height in 72.6% of the cases. Of all carpal joints, the ante-brachiocarpal joint was predominantly injured (50.6%, p = 0.001) and this was commonly caused by a fall from the fourth floor or higher (p = 0.002). The carpometacarpal joint was predominantly affected by a fall from heights up to the third floor (p = 0.004).

Clinical significance: The data of this study confirm previous data with respect to time of occurrence and cause of injury. Of note, the height of the fall appears to influence the location of the injury within the carpus of cats.
In vitro biomechanical comparison of load to failure testing of a canine unconstrained medial compartment elbow arthroplasty system and normal canine thoracic limbs
Authors: Wendelburg K. L. , Tepic S. , Stover S. M. , Garcia-Nolen T. , Stearns P. B. , Hayashi K. , Smith Z. F.
Published: June 2013

Elbow dysplasia, primarily affecting the medial compartment, is the most common cause of lameness in the thoracic limb. Elbow arthroplasty is an option for end stage or severely affected patients. The purpose of this study was to compare ex vivo axial load to failure of an implanted novel elbow arthroplasty system to control limbs. The partial arthroplasty is a medial compartmental, unconstrained system, intended to allow conversion to total arthroplasty. We hypothesized that there would not be any significant difference between implanted and controlled limbs when loaded to failure. Six pairs of medium mixed breed canine cadaveric thoracic limbs were prepared for comparison of failure loading of control and implanted limbs. Axial compression was performed using a mechanical testing system. Failure loads were normalized to bodyweight. The mean normalized failure load (N/kg) for the implanted limbs and control limbs were 2.47 (range: 1.62-3.38) and 2.68 (range: 2.25-3.25), respectively. An implanted to control ratio of 0.93 ± 0.19 was calculated. The difference between paired control and implanted limbs in normalized failure loading was not significant (p = 0.38). There were not any differences noted in the yield load (p = 0.30), stiffness (p = 0.62), or energy (0.58). Failure modes were recorded. We concluded that the differences between implanted and control limbs in supra-physiologic axial load to failure were not significant.