bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une table metahistorique en Calabre. Vivants, morts, saints et anges en partageant la nourriture
Authors: Bellio Alfonsina
Published: September 2018

Résumé

Ce texte explore la centralité symbolique et rituelle de l’alimentation, au prisme des pratiques de partage entre vivants, saints et morts en Italie du Sud. Les faits alimentaires instaurent un système de relations entre les humains et les êtres invisibles et représentent également un pôle d'orientation, un repère pour les comportements collectifs et individuels. Le rythme de la vie même est battu par l'expérience alimentaire : on naît au monde par une forme de partage de nourriture et les cérémonies liées aux mets et leurs offrandes signent toutes les étapes décisives du parcours de la vie et après la mort même.

Mots-clés: nourriture et anthropisation, communication avec l’invisible, nourriture et mort, fêtes des morts, Italie du Sud

 

Resumen

Este texto explora la centralidad simbólica y ritual de los alimentos, a través del prisma de las prácticas de uso compartido entre vivos, muertos y santos en el sur de Italia. Los hechos alimentarios instauran un sistema de relaciones entre los seres humanos y los seres invisibles a la par que constituyen una orientación, un punto de referencia para el comportamiento colectivo e individual. Así mismo, el propio ritmo de la vida humana se ve fuertemente afectado por la experiencia de la comida: se inicia nuestra pertenencia al mundo a través de formas de compartir la comida, de las ceremonias relacionadas con los alimentos, de las ofrendas…, marcando así las etapas decisivas del viaje de la vida incluso tras la muerte.

Palabras clave: alimentación y antropización, comunicación con lo invisible, alimentos y muerte, fiestas de muertos, Sur de Italia
La olla, la fuente y el plato. Distintas maneras de compartir en Argentina
Authors: Aguirre Patricia
Published: September 2018

El siguiente artículo ejemplifica con tres elementos del servicio de mesa (la olla, la fuente y el plato) las formas características en que se despliega la comensalidad en diferentes sectores de ingresos, sexos y edades, en Argentina. Diferencia las prácticas, los actores y los sentidos ligados al repartir y al compartir, en cada sector, señalando que el reparto es una obligación ligada a las jerarquías mientras que compartir es una elección libre y afectuosa basada en la amistad y la confianza de la cual se espera reciprocidad. Se señala que tal como muestran el asado y el mate en el pasado, se puede compartir tanto con el alimento más prestigioso (la carne asada) como sin comida: en la ronda del mate.

Palabras clave: Comensalidad, ingresos, compartir, repartir, representaciones

 

Abstract

Through the pot, the platter and the dish —three objects used at meal times— this article exemplifies typical ways of commensality in Argentina, among groups whose income, sex, and age differ. The article points to the differences between practices, actors, and senses involved in distributing and sharing in each sector. It shows that distribution is an obligation related to hierarchy, whereas sharing is a free, loving decision based on trust and friendship and that reciprocity is expected. As shown by asado and mate in the past, it is possible to share regardless of what is being shared. In the example, asado stands for prestigious meat done on a charcoal grill, whereas the mate circle is not about food.

Key words: commensality, income, share, distribute, representations
¿Es el cine japonés un cine nacional?
Authors: Centeno Martín Marcos
Published: September 2018

Resumen

La construcción del cine japonés como cine nacional ha partido a menudo de una visión esencialista que ha ignorado la dimensión transnacional de esta filmografía. Por un lado, el descubrimiento occidental de ciertos autores japoneses en los años cincuenta condujo a la articulación del paradigma del cine nacional japonés a partir de películas dirigidas a asombrar al público europeo con imágenes exóticas de Japón. Los grandes maestros, Kurosawa, Mizoguchi y Ozu fueron escogidos como representantes de una supuesta japonesidad cinematográfica ignorando el peso de Occidente en sus obras. Por otro lado, el estudio de este corpus tradicionalmente ha evolucionado con herramientas teóricas desarrolladas en Occidente y necesita renovarse con conceptos de la tradición cultural, estética y filosófica propia. Pero además, es necesario evaluar cómo se implementaron los elementos del lenguaje fílmico en Japón para entender su relativismo respecto a la historia general del cine. Sus usos y formas no siempre han coincidido con los desarrollos occidentales, de forma que conceptos fílmicos occidentales no han tenido exactamente el mismo significado en el contexto japonés.

Palabras clave: cine japonés, cine nacional, transnacionalidad teoría fílmica, cine de postguerra

 

Abstract

The construction of Japanese cinema as a national cinema has often drawn on a essentialist vision neglecting the transnational nature of this filmography. On the one hand, the Western discovery of certain Japanese authors in the fifties triggered the articulation of the paradigm of the Japanese “national cinema” from films aiming to astonish European audiences with exotic images of Japan. The great masters, Kurosawa, Mizoguchi and Ozu, were chosen as main representatives of the apparent cinematographic japaneseness neglecting the weight of the West on their works. On the other hand, the study of this corpus has been traditionally evolved with theoretical tools developed in the West and need a renewal with concepts taken from Japanese philosophical, aesthetic and cultural tradition. Moreover, it is necessary to assess how the film language elements were implemented in Japan in order to understand its relativism regarding the general film history. Their usages and forms were not always equivalent to those in the West and as a consequence, Western concepts ended up having different meanings in the Japanese context.

Key words: Japanese cinema, national cinema, transnationality, film theory, postwar cinema
Revolución rusa y primera oleada migratoria (1917-1930)
Authors: Pinti Aliona
Published: September 2018

Resumen

La Revolución Rusa de octubre de 1917 fue uno de los acontecimientos más importantes del siglo xx. Surgió la Rusia soviética que realizó importantes cambios políticos, económicos y sociales. Pero este nuevo régimen no se consolidó hasta su victoria en la guerra civil contra las fuerzas contrarrevolucionarias. Fue entonces cuando los rusos blancos derrotados en el conflicto y los descontentos con el régimen soviético comenzaron abandonar el país. Esta primera oleada migratoria entre 1917 y 1930 fue un precedente hasta entonces desconocido en la vida de Rusia. A través del estudio de la historiografía rusa —soviética y emigrada—, así como del análisis de fuentes primarias, el presente trabajo aborda los acontecimientos producidos durante la Revolución Bolchevique, las causas de la emigración rusa y la vida de los emigrantes rusos en los países receptores, situados en Europa, Estados Unidos y Lejano Oriente.

Palabras clave: revolución bolchevique, Guerra Civil rusa, emigración, exilio, Unión Soviética

 

Abstract

The Russian Revolution from October 1917 was one of the most important events in 20th century. The Soviet Republic implemented and made big social, political and economic changes. But this new regime couldn’t established until the victory in the Civil War against the counterrevolutionary forces. It was then when the defeated in this conflict forces, white russians and discontented with the soviet regime began to leave the country. This first wave of emigration between 1917 and 1930 was absolutely new manifestation in the life of Russia. Having studied and analyzed the historiography of russian - soviet and from the part of emigrants, and the analysis of the primary sources, this work comprehends the events occurred during the Bolchevik Revolution, the reasons of the russian emigration and the life of the russian emigrants in the recipient countries, located in Europe, United States and Far East.

Key words: Russian Revolution, russian Civil War, emigration, exile, Soviet Union
"De pobre huerfanita a viuda negra": la agencia de la mujer en las Tristanas de Pérez Galdós y Buñuel
Authors: Otero Luque Frank
Published: September 2018

Las diferencias más obvias entre la novela de Pérez Galdós y el filme de Buñuel son el lugar el tiempo en que están ambientadas las obras: en Madrid alrededor de 1880, y en Toledo por el año de 1929. No tan obvio es el hecho de que sus respectivos autores pertenecen a generaciones diferentes: el primero, a la llamada Generación de 1868; y el segundo a la Generación de 1927. Por tal motivo Galdós y Buñuel tienen ópticas distintas acerca de la mujer y de la causa feminista (avant la lettre en el caso del primero). Más aún, mientras que el escritor isleño era un cultor del realismo literario, defensor de la burguesía y liberal; el cineasta aragonés era surrealista, antiburgués y republicano. Estas diferencias hacen que la comparación entre la obra literaria y la cinematográfica sea particularmente interesante.

 

 

 

 

The transformation of a poor, orphaned little girl into a merciless black widow:

woman’s agency in Pérez Galdós’ and Buñuel’s respective Tristanas

 

Abstract

The space and time settings are the most obvious difference between Pérez Galdós' novel and Buñuel's film: Madrid around 1880, and Toledo near 1929, respectively. Not as obvious is the fact that these authors do not belong to the same generation: Pérez Galdós to the so-called 1868 Generation, and Buñuel to the 1927 Generation. Because of this reason, Pérez Galdós and Buñuel have different views of women and the feminist cause (avant la lettre in the case of the former). Furthermore, the Canarian was a liberal bourgeois writer, representative of the literary realism, while the Aragonese was surrealist, anti-bourgeois and Republican filmmaker. All these differences make the comparison between the literary and the cinematographic art pieces particularly interesting.
Estimation of the treatment efficacy in the wounded persons with the gun–shot polystructural damages of upper extremities
Authors: Strafun S. S. , N. О. Borzykh N. О. Borzykh , Tsymbaliuk Ya. V.
Published: September 2018

Objective. To estimate the results and to reveal the rik factors for low efficacy of treatment in wounded persons with a gun-shot polystructural damages of upper extremities (UE).

Маterials and methods. The UE function was estimated in 220 wounded persons, composing a general totality of the investigation, using two complementary procedures: DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome Measure) and the AOOS systems in modification of І. М. Кurinnyi. Results, obtained in accordance to both approaches are consistent, what confirms their correlational analysis: r=0.883 – before the treatment, r=0.964 – after the treatment.

Results. There was confirmed the efficacy of the surgical treatment tactics for the wounded persons with a gun-shot polystructural injuries of the UE. This tactics consisted of integration of several stages of reconstructive-restorational interventions, what was objectivized by determined indices of the extremity function growth.

Conclusion. The dependence of the UE function restoration from the day of the wounding obtained and till the beginning of reconstructive-restorational interventions in institutions of Level IV was followed-up. This dependence was substantiated in accordance to index of the function growth and its enhanced efficacy was proved, when the terms noted have constituted lesser than 30 days. The risk degree for negative impact of the factors on the UE function restoration was estimated.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS KEHIDUPAN KERJA DAN KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI MELALUI KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL PADA PEGAWAI BALAI PENEMPATAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA (BP3TKI) MATARAM PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT
Authors: Prihatiningsih Fidya Martiyani
Published: September 2018

The research objectives are (1) to find out the significance influence of Quality of Work Life on employees’ Organizational Commitment, (2) to find out the significance influence of Individual Characteristics on employees ‘Organizational Commitment, (3) to find out the significance effect of Quality of Work Life on employees’ work performance, (4) to find out the significance influence of individual characteristics on employees’ work performance, (5) to find out the significance influence of employees’ Organizational Commitment to employees’ work performance, (6) to find out the significance effect of Quality of Work Life on Employees’ work Performance through Organizational Commitment, (7) to find out the significance influence of individual characteristics on Employees’ Performance through Organizational Commitment. This type of research is associative causality. Data collection tool was conducted using questionnaires given to 61 employees of BP3TKI Mataram Nusa Tenggara Barat Province. Data analysis and hypothesis was tested using path analysis. The results showed that (1) Quality of Work Life has significant influence on employees’performance. (2) Individual Characteristics has significant influence on employees’performance. (3) Quality of Work Life significantly affects the Employees’ Organizational Commitment. (4)Individual characteristics significantly influence the Employee Organizational Commitment. (5) Organizational Commitment has significant influence on employees’ performance. (6) Quality of Work Life significantly affects the Employees’ Performance through Organizational Commitment. (7) The individual characteristics significantly influence Employees’ Performance through Organizational Commitment. Keywords: Quality of Work Life, Individual Characteristics, Organizational Commitment, Employee Performance
ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, KUALITAS PELAYANAN, HARGA, DAN LOKASI TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PADA WARUNG-WARUNG PECEL DI BLITAR
Authors: Agustina Fitria Ika , Athar Handry Sudiartha , Rusdan Rusdan
Published: September 2018

Food business in Blitar develop from day to day in number, and this make the management of food business work harder to stay survival in the competition of the food business. This research is aimed at analyzing the effect of product quality, service quality, price, and location either partially or simultaneously on buying decision in pecel stall in Blitar. This research is associative study with quantitative approach. The sample were 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with multiple linear regression. The research showed that product quality, service quality, price, and location have effect either partially or simultaneously on buying decision in pecel stall in Blitar and product quality is most dominant variable to affect the buying decision in pecel stall in Blitar. The management of the stall are suggested that they improve the product quality to make the buyer buying decision.Keyword :  product quality, service quality, price, location, buying decision
THE EFFECT OF RETURN ON ASSETS ON THE PRICE OF SHARE WITH DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO AND DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO AS THE MODERATING VARIABEL. (Manufacture Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012-2015)
Authors: Mulyati Mulyati
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at determining the effect of return on assets (ROA) on the price of share with dividend payout ratio (DPR) and debt to equity ratio (DER) as the moderating variabel in manufacture companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012-2015.The population of this research are manufacture companies listed in Indonesia stock Exchange (ISE) in 2012-2015. The samples are 10 manufacture companies selected through purposive sampling. The data were collected through documentation. The data were examined using Moderated Regretion Analysis with SPSS.The research showed that: (1) ROA has negative and significant effect on the share price, (2) DPR has positive and significant effect in moderating the share price, (3) DER has negative but not significant effect in moderating the effect of ROA on the share price in manufacture companies listed in ISE in 2012-2014.Keywords: return on assets (ROA), dividend payout ratio (DPR), debt to equity ratio (DER), share price.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN, BEBAN KERJA, DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI PETUGAS JAGA DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN KLAS II A MATARAM
Authors: Dilyanti Riva , Suparman Lalu , Hermanto Hermanto
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at (1) determining the significant effect of leadership on theorganization commitment, (2) determining the significant effect of work load on the organizationcommitment, (3) determining the significant effect of work environment on the organizationlcommitment.The data were collected through census method. The population the research are all 57employees working as guard in Correctional Institutions of Class II A Mataram. All of them are therespondents of this research. The analysis is using multiple regression analysis with SPSS version17.0.The research showed that the organization commitment of the guards is very high. This resultis supported by the leadership of the head of Correctional Institutions during the well running of hisfunctions, the work load of the guards is quite hard, and the work environment as the guards felt isvery good. The statistic analysis showed that : (1) the leadership has positive and significant effect onthe organization commitment. This means that the better the head of correctional institutions runshis function, the better the organization commitment of the guards and vice-versa, (2) the work loadof the guards has negative and significant effect on the organization commitment. This means thatthe more work load of the guards, the worse the organization commitment of the guards and viceversa,(3) the work environment has positive and significant effect on the organization commitment.This means that the better the work environment for the guards, the better the organizationcommitment on the guards and vice-versaKeywords : Leadership, Work Load, Work Environment, and Organization Commitment
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL IKLIM ORGANISASI DAN DISIPLIN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PERGURUAN TINGGI SWASTA DI KOTA BIMA
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Abidin Zainal , Nurmayanti Siti
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at determining the effect of transformational leadership, organizational environment and work discipline on the performance of private universities employees in Bima. The analysis is also to determine dominant variable affecting the performance of employees performance. This research is causal associative. The population is the employees of all universities in Bima from which 69 respondent were selected. The data were collected through questionnaires. The test is conducted with validity and reliability test. The data then were analyzed with multiple linear regression along with determination test (R2) t-test (partial), standardized coefficients beta. The research showed that (1). there is significant effect partially of transformational leadership, organizational environment and work discipline on the performance of employees, (2) work discipline is the most dominant affecting variable on the employees performance.Keywords: transformational leadership, organizational environment, work discipline,
Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: Rethinking Poverty and the Ways to End it. Gurgaon, India: Random House. 2011. 499 pages. Indian Rupees 279.00
Authors: Unbreen Qayyum
Published: September 2018

In “Poor Economics”, Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo have put forward an interesting perspective on how to view the issue of poverty and innovative ways for its alleviation. The lessons in the book are rooted in the 15 years of authors’ research in different developing countries across the globe. They advance the debate initiated by Jeffrey Sachs and William Easterly and prudently bring out the way the poor think and behave. Based on randomised controlled trials, Banerjee and Duflo have enriched this compelling piece of work and shed light on the truth of the poverty trap. The book is divided into two main sections. The first section deals with the private lives of poor and sheds light on the ground realities. This section discusses topics like consumption, health, education and reproduction from the perspective of the poor. It addresses, in detail, questions like why poor people, when they do not have enough to eat, splurge on luxuries like television, DVD players, mobile phones etc. Although the poor do send their kids to schools but it makes no difference to their mental capacity. The authors also show that the poor do not care about medicines but they often indulge in drugs. T
Ilhan Niaz. The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan 1947–2008. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. 2010. 320 pages. Pak Rupees 595.00
Authors: Amina Sarwar
Published: September 2018

“The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan 1947–2008” by Ilhan Niaz makes a strong case for the quotation, “the one who does not remember history is bound to live through it”. In the book, the author has tried to trace the current culture of power and governance in Pakistan through the rich history of the subcontinent. He has asked the question that why the State of Pakistan is constantly losing its writ as many incidents, such as the “Laal Masjid” debacle, are challenging the writ of the state. He has also analysed why State of Pakistan is always facing issues in domains of administration, legislation, execution and judiciary. These issues are becoming existential threat to the Pakistani State. The author has blamed the rulers of Pakistan who behave like “Bureaucratic Continental Empires”.
Economics of Property Crime Rate in Punjab
Authors: Shahzad Mahmood Jabbar  , Hasan M. Mohsin
Published: September 2018

This study intends to ascertain the impact of socio-economic, demographic and deterrent variables and the effect of technical criminal know-how and past criminal experience on property crime rate. The property crime equation comprises of the following independent variables: population density, unemployment rate, literacy rate, police strength and number of police proclaimed offenders in a society. The property crime equation has been estimated by using a time-series data set for Punjab from 1978 to 2012. We have applied Johansen cointegration approach to test the long run relationship among the variables. Empirical findings suggest that police strength has a deterrent effect while past criminal experience enhances property crime rate in Punjab. The study finds population density has a significant positive relationship while education has a significant negative relationship with property crime rate. Further we also find a negative relationship between unemployment and property crime which is supported by the concept of ‘consensus of doubt’ in the discipline of crime and economics. JEL Classification: D6
Energy Security and Economic Sustainability: The Way Forward (The Presidential Address)
Authors: Asad Zaman
Published: September 2018

Honourable Minister for Planning, Development and Reforms and Chancellor PIDE, Past Presidents and Distinguished Members of the Society, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to welcome you all to the 29th Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists. On behalf of the members of the PSDE, I would like to thank you, Honourable Prof. Ahsan Iqbal for having spared your precious time to open this important meeting. I would also like to especially thank our members and guests who have come from different parts of the country and from different continents to participate in the Conference. We are extremely pleased to see here today many young students— Pakistan’s future economists and business leaders—who I am sure are enthusiastic to learn from the many leading specialists attending this Conference on the critical issue of ‘Energy’ that we in Pakistan face today. Let me join Dr Durr-e-Nayab in especially welcoming Dr Ilhan Ozturk, Professor at the Çağ Üniversitesi in Turkey who will be delivering the The Mahbub Ul Haq Memorial Lecture. Dr Prof. Zhaoguang Hu, Vice-President and Chief Energy Specialist at the State Grid Energy Research Institute in Beijing who will deliver Gustav Ranis Lecture. Professor Mohan Munasinghe, Chairman of the Munasinghe Institute of Development, Sri Lanka who will be delivering The Allama Iqbal Lecture and Dr Rajendra K. Pachauri, Chief Executive of the Energy and Resources Institute, New Dehli who will deliver The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture this year
Sustainable Energy Development (SED) — New Path for Pakistan (The Allama Iqbal Lecture)
Authors: Mohan Munasinghe
Published: September 2018

Following the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, and the 2012 Rio+20 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development has become a widely accepted concept. World decision makers are seeking a more sustainable development path through the ongoing UN Post-2105 Agenda discussions, which includes key themes like the Green Economy (GE) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). They are hoping to find integrated solutions to many critical problems, including traditional development issues (such as energy scarcity, economic stagnation, poverty, hunger, and illness), as well as newer challenges (like climate change and globalisation). Energy is critical for sustainable development. Sustainable energy development (SED) is an operational framework involving the harnessing of energy resources for human use, in a manner that supports lasting development [Munasinghe (1995)]. We begin with a review of sustainable development itself, before describing the key role of energy. The World Commission on Environment and Development originally defined it as “development which meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”, and there have been many subsequent redefinitions.
Electricity Economics and Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (Gustav Ranis Lecture)
Authors: Zhaoguang Hu
Published: September 2018

Electricity supply economics and electricity demand economics are the two major components of electricity economics. This paper discusses the production functions with electricity, a core principle of electricity demand economics. In this paper, production functions with electricity are introduced at the firm level, sectoral level, industrial level, and national level. This paper also discusses integrated resource strategic planning (IRSP). As a part of electricity supply economics, it is a useful tool for policy study on low-carbon electricity. During the national economic development, low-carbon electricity can be recognised as the IRSP and the implementation of smart grid. The low-carbon electricity would be a great roadmap to Pakistan’s economic development. Pakistan’s economy is in an early phase of industrialisation. China’s economy is in the late phase of industrialisation. Experiences and lessons from China’s economic development would provide references to Pakistan. Keywords: Electricity Economics, Production Functions with Electricity, Integrated Resource Strategic Planning (IRSP), Low-carbon Electricity, Pakistan, China
Interprovincial Differences in Power Sector Subsidies and Implications for the NFC Award
Authors: Umbreen Fatima  , Anjum Nasim
Published: September 2018

Power sector subsidies constituted 83 percent of the federal government’s total subsidies of PRs 558 billion in 2012. The tariff differential subsidy (TDS) amounted to PRs 464 billion (including arrears of PRs 312.8 billion from previous years). The TDS is provided to distribution companies (DISCOs) to cover the difference between the tariff schedules approved by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) (which can differ across DISCOs) and the uniform tariff schedule (by consumer group) notified by the Ministry of Water and Power (MoWP) for all regions of the country. The NEPRA-approved tariff takes account of DISCOs’ revenue requirements and various elements of cost. In calculating the average tariff, NEPRA also takes into account companies’ transmission and distribution (T&D) losses. Both revenue requirements and T&D losses differ across DISCOs, which are duly reflected in NEPRA-approved tariffs. The fact that NEPRA approves different tariffs across DISCOs while the MoWP sets uniform tariffs (by consumer group) implies that each DISCO receives a different TDS from the federal government. This translates into different subsidies for each province. By aggregating the TDS by consumer group across all DISCOs, we can also calculate the aggregate subsidy by consumer group.
The Role of Power Generation and Industrial Consumption Uncertainty in De-industrialising Pakistan
Authors: Bushra Yasmin  , Wajeeha Qamar
Published: September 2018

The term deindustrialisation refers to the process of socio-economic changes taking place due to reduction in the industrial capacity and/or the loss of industrial potential of an economy. This also connotes the secular decline in the share of industrial sector employment as observed in developed countries since 1970s. The secular shift from manufacturing to services sector reflects the impact of discrepancy in productivity growth between the said sectors. A faster rise in productivity in manufacturing sector than in services switches the employment from manufacturing to the services sector, as suggested by Rowthorn and Ramaswamy (1997). Generally, deindustrialisation is considered as the natural outcome of economic development because it involves the transformation from primitive agriculture-based economy to the modern industrial-based. After the establishment of manufacturing sector, the long-run economic growth stimulates an innovation-based economy implying the services sector’s growth [Galor (2005)]. However, the process requires a gradual shift accompanied by allied institutional and infrastructural reforms and the process of deindustrialisation occurs at the later stage of development.
Income Growth, School Enrolment and the Gender Gap in Schooling:
Evidence from Rural Pakistan
Authors: Jacoby Hanan G. , Mansuri Ghazala
Published: September 2018

Household panel data document a remarkable closing of the
gender gap in school enrolment in rural Pakistan between 2001 and 2004.
During this 3-year period, there was an 8 point increase in the
percentage of girls entering school, while the corresponding increase
for boys was less than 2 percentage points. More than half of the rise
for girls can be explained by the substantial increase in household
incomes, whereas comparatively little is accounted for by increased
school availability. Unpacking these enrolment trends and their
determinants requires solving the classic period-age-cohort
identification problem. The paper shows how to do so using auxiliary
information on the distribution of school entry ages. JEL
Classification: O15, O40, I 25, I21 Keywords: School Enrolment, Gender,
Income Growth, Gender Gap
An Empirical Study of Electricity Theft from Electricity
Distribution Companies in Pakistan
Authors: Jamil Faisal , Ahmad Eatzaz
Published: September 2018

Electricity theft is a common problem in many countries and
energy worth billions of dollars is stolen annually from electricity
grids. The problem has socioeconomic, political, environmental and
technical roots, but the solution is generally sought solely through
technical measures. This paper empirically investigates the effects of
various factors including electricity price, per capita income,
probability of detection, fines collected from offenders, weighted
temperature index and load shedding, that may explain the theft. The
study employed annual panel data obtained from nine electricity
distribution companies in Pakistan for the period 1988–2010. The study
estimates the Fixed Effects models through the least squares dummy
variable (LSDV) technique and Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). Our
results indicate that per capita income has significant negative and
electricity price a positive effect on electricity theft with
sufficiently high coefficient values. The probability of detection
variable appears with a positive sign in both estimations indicating a
poor deterrence. The results of LSDV show a positive impact of fine on
conviction on electricity theft. But in GMM estimation, this variable
appears with a right sign. The results from both models are robust in
the case of load shedding and temperature variables. The findings show
that economic variables are most significant in explaining electricity
theft. The findings may also be applicable in other developing countries
where hefty amounts of revenues are lost due to electricity theft.
Keywords: Electricity Theft, Fixed Effects Model, Pakistan
Burning of Crop Residue and its Potential for Electricity
Generation
Authors: Ahmed Tanvir , Ahmad Bashir
Published: September 2018

This paper identified the factors influencing the rice crop
residue burning decision of the farmers and the potential of the burnt
residue to generate electricity. For this study, data were collected
from 400 farmers in the rice-wheat cropping system. Effects of different
variables on the burning decision of rice residue are investigated
through logit model. A number of factors had significant effects on the
burning decision of crop residue. These included farming experience of
the farmer, Rajput caste, farm size, owner operated farm,
owner-cum-tenants operated farm, silty loam soil type, livestock
strength, total cost associated with the handling of residue and
preparation of wheat field after rice, availability of farm machinery
for incorporation, use of residue as feed for animals, use of residue as
fuel, intention of the respondent to reduce turnaround time between
harvesting of rice and sowing of wheat, convenience in use of farm
machinery after burning of residue and the geographic location of farm.
The overall quantity of rice straw burnt is estimated to be 1704.91
thousand tonnes in the rice-wheat cropping areas with a potential to
generate electric power of 162.51 MW. This power generation from crop
residues would be a source of income for the farmers along with
generation of additional employment opportunities and economic
activities on sustainable basis. In order to minimise the cost of
haulage of rice straw, installation of decentralised power plants at
village level would be a good option. Further, use of rice crop residue
as an energy source can help in reducing foreign exchange requirements
for import of furnace oil. JEL Classification: O44, Q12, Q16, Q42, Q48
Keywords: Bioenergy, Crop Residue, Electricity, Energy, Growth,
Rice
Mitigating Vulnerability to Oil Price Risk— Applicability of Risk
Models to Pakistan’s Energy Problem
Authors: Y. Uppal Jamshed , Mudakkar Syeda Rabab
Published: September 2018

The paper examines the prospects of reducing the price risk of
Pakistan’s oil imports through hedging in the oil futures market. The
paper evaluates the ex-ante cross hedge strategies over the 1990–2013
period using 1–4 months futures NYMEX in order to see how to reduce
price risk? Our results indicate that in all cases except one, ex-ante
hedging would have been effective in reducing price risk. We provide
quantitative estimates of the return/risk tradeoffs from hedging
Pakistan’s oil imports, and find that futures hedging offers the country
significant risk-reduction potential. Keywords: Risk-return Trade-off,
Hedging, Oil Prices JEL Classification: G100, G130
The Role of Renewable Energy Supply and Carbon Tax in the
Improvement of Energy Security: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Javed
Published: September 2018

As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and
development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator
of people’s living standards. Due to technological and industrial
development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than
the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe
energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the
government about the energy security and should take actions for the
development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources.
Renewable portfolio supply (RPS), and carbon tax are the two indirect
policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Renewable
Energy Promotion is used to reduce greenhouse gas emission, promote
local energy sources and improve energy security through reducing energy
dependency and diversification of energy sources. Carbon tax is an
indirect policy option for energy security enhancement through emission
reduction. Imposing tax on carbon emission will alter the primary energy
supply mix, more efficient fuel and technologies will be substituted for
less efficient fuel and technologies. This will reduce the primary
energy demand and lead to improved energy security.
Energy Smart Buildings: Potential for Conservation and Efficiency of Energy
Authors: Ajaz Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Energy is the basic ingredient for economic growth and development [Lorde, et al. (2010)]. Presently demand for energy has significantly increased due to the overall expansion of economic and industrial activity in all important economic sectors e.g. industry, agriculture, and services. In addition to the expansion of economic activity and subsequent increase in energy demand at industrial level, population growth and increased consumption are also adding to the demand for energy [OECD (2011)]. In other words, modern economy has become highly dependent on energy resources. In order to meet the increased energy demand and ensure its sustainable supply, there is a need to have strong and robust plans with all options to consider at various levels.
Dynamic Effects of Energy Sector Public Investment on Sectoral Economic Growth: Experience from Pakistan Economy
Authors: Syed Ammad  , Qazi Masood Ahmed
Published: September 2018

The successive economic and financial crisis in recent time has reemphasised the importance of fiscal policy. Modern literature has also revisited the debate regarding the effectiveness of fiscal policy in influencing growth. The issue of the impact of public investment on growth is debated in economic literature since seminal work of Solow (1955). The issue is tackled from different angles. Some have used production function approach [Ligthart (2002), Otto and Voss (1994, 1996), Sturm and de Haan (1995) and Wang (2004)]. Then another seminal work by Aschauer (1989) led a series of work on this issue once again in empirical literature (1989a, 1989b). These approaches used single equation method for estimation and captured only the direct effects of public investment on growth. Periera (2000) gave another twist to this literature by highlighting the indirect effects of public investment on output through its effects on other inputs like private investment and employment. Periera’s works (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2011) also contributed empirically to this literature by using vector autoregressive (VAR) technique. This work accounts for both the direct and indirect effects of public investment on growth and also considers the feedback effects of each input to other and finally their effects on output
Structure and Regulation of the Electricity Networks in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Amir Jahan
Published: September 2018

This paper studies the electricity industry network in
Pakistan, particularly in the context of structural and regulatory
reforms started in the 1990s. Published reports by the regulator show
that the reforms process is not going anywhere even after two decades
and the industry is performing poorly [NEPRA1 (2010)]. The market is not
clearing as load demand is higher than total system supply, particularly
during the summer season.2 There is no electricity, due to load
shedding, for long hours in major parts of country served by the
distribution networks during the hot and long summer period. An effort
is made here to document the basic facts of industry in an orderly
manner and to draw major lessons from the failure of the reforms process
and poor functioning of the electricity market. The focus will be on the
electricity supply chain networks and issues in the regulation of the
electricity industry. The restructuring of the natural monopoly
components of industry will be discussed in detail. The electricity
industry in Pakistan is quite under researched [Pakistan (2013)], the
main source of industry knowledge is based on government publications.
According to available research [NEPRA (2011), Malik (2007)], the rich
information provided in policy documents and regulatory reports has not
been analysed in detail. Therefore, documenting basic industry facts and
related issues in this paper is a contribution to the existing
literature and will be useful for future policy reforms.
Energy Intensity: A Decomposition Exercise for Pakistan
Authors: . Akbar Ullah , Khan Karim , Akhtar Munazza
Published: September 2018

Since the recent energy crises, the research in this strand
has increased considerably. A variety of its dimensions have been
examined in the literature. For instance, higher energy prices;
instability in the supplies of its various components; its rapid
depletion and global warming are some of its dimensions, which have been
the focus of discourse among both researchers and policy-makers.
Equally, energy intensity measuring the energy consumption to GDP ratio
has been an important component of energy policies [Ang (2004); Liu and
Ang (2007); Jimenez and Mercado (2013)]. In particular, there is a
special focus on sorting out the contribution of energy efficiency—
ratio of sectoral specific energy consumption to sectoral GDP—to
alienate the impact of efficiency on energy intensity from other
relevant factors. This is because energy efficiency is recognised as one
of the most cost-effective strategies to address crosscutting issues of
energy security, climate change and competitiveness [IDB (2012)].
Consequently, the information regarding energy intensity, its efficiency
or activity aspects are useful tools for policy decisions and evaluation
and are regularly in practice in most of the advanced
countries
Mediating Effect of Advertising Expenditure on Labour Productivity: A Case of Manufacturing Industries in Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Mahmood
Published: September 2018

This paper explores the possibility that the labour productivity enhancing effects often ascribed to capital intensity may partly act through some mediating variable. The paper uses a mediation model to estimate direct and indirect effects of capital intensity on labour productivity in Pakistan‘s manufacturing industries. The data involve 229 industries at five-digits level of aggregation. The data are taken from Census of Manufacturing Industries for the year 2005-06. Using capital intensity as an independent variable and advertising expenditure as a mediating variable, the paper estimates total, direct, and indirect effects on labour productivity. Approximately 18 percent of total effects on labour productivity are found to be mediated through advertising expenditure. The statistical significance of indirect effects is tested using standard normal tests as well as bootstrap method, and these effects are found to be significant. JEL classification: D24, C31, M37, L60 Keywords: Productivity, Mediation, Advertising, Industries
Inaugural Address
Authors: Sartaj Az1z
Published: September 2018

Dr Asad Zaman, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am very pleased to return to this landmark event, the Annual Meeting of Development Economists, after a long interval and that also on the 30th Anniversary of PIDE. This gathering of intellectuals, economists, worthy panelists and other participants of the conference is important for the academic community and policy-makers alike, to debate current socio-economic challenges and their solutions. The topics for discussion by many eminent scholars and policy-makers over the next 3 days are both important and topical. We would look forward to the recommendations emerging from the Conference, specially on topics like “Inclusive Growth”, “Addressing inequality”, and “Alternate Strategies of Poverty Alleviation”.
Shorter Notices
Authors: M. Ali Kemal
Published: September 2018

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Economic Institutions and Growth Nexus: The Role of Governance and Democratic Institutions—Evidence from Time Varying Parameters’ (TVPs) Models
Authors: Ghulam Murtaza  , Muhammad Zahir Faridi
Published: September 2018

The present study has investigated the channels through which the linkage between economic institutions and growth is gauged, by addressing the main hypothesis of the study that whether quality of governance and democratic institutions set a stage for economic institutions to promote the long-term growth process in Pakistan. To test the hypothesis empirically, our study models the dynamic relationship between growth and economic institutions in a time varying framework in order to capture institutional developments and structural changes occurred in the economy of Pakistan over the years. Study articulates that, along with some customary specifics, the quality of government and democracy are the substantial factors that affect institutional quality and ultimately cause to promote growth in Pakistan. JEL Classification: O40; P16; C14; H10 Keywords: Economic Institutions, Growth, Governance and Democracy, Rolling Window Two-stage Least Squares, Pakistan
Corruption, Political Stability and Economic Growth
Authors: Ghulam Shabbir  , Mumtaz Anwar  , Shahid Adil
Published: September 2018

This paper gives insight of the role of political stability in investigating the two competing hypotheses in Developing Eight Muslim countries, and also investigates whether conditional liaison between corruption and political stability matters or not. The empirical findings indicate that investment, population and political stability play positive role in promoting economic growth. Corruption not only impact growth but also influenced by the institutional quality that a nation experiences. Corruption acts as sands in the wheels in the nations having higher degree of political stability, and greases the wheels in less politically stable countries such as Nigeria and Pakistan. Thus, political stability is conducive to growth, as it reduces the social unrests, political turmoil, and encourages investment, and there by economic growth. JEL Classification: C30, D73, O43, P48 Keywords: Corruption, Economic Growth, Political Stability, Conditional Cooperation
Is Innovation in Pakistan Driven by Specialisation or Diversity?
Authors: Adeel Ali  , Syed Faizan Iftikhar  , Sabihuddin Butt
Published: September 2018

Innovation is among the main drivers of industrial development leading to economic growth. However, the question triggers that what drives innovation? Is innovation driven by specialisation or diversification? The literature has supported both, the specialisation and diversification as driver of innovation. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of innovation in Pakistan with a special emphasis on specialisation and diversity. The analysis is based on the cross sectional data set of 784 firms across 13 different cities of Pakistan, i.e. Investment Climate Survey (ICS) 2007, compiled by the World Bank Enterprise Group. Our findings have showed the positive relation between innovation and diversity i.e. diversity is conducive to innovation. On the other hand, specialisation has a negative effect i.e. it hinders innovation in cities of Pakistan. JEL Classification: C21, C25, O31, O32 Keywords: Innovation, Specialisation, Diversity, Logistic Regression