bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“What's Wrong with Grandma?”
Authors: Sakai Erin Y. , Carpenter Brian D. , Rieger Rebecca E.
Published: September 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects the entire family system, including young children. Yet there are few resources to help children understand AD. Storybooks are used to educate children about other diseases and may be useful in AD as well. In this study, we examined the depiction of AD in 33 English-language children’s storybooks written specifically about AD. As a group, storybooks present AD as a brain disease, but provide little information about the diagnostic process or treatments. Clinical presentations are diverse among characters with AD, and no single book presents a comprehensive depiction of the cognitive, behavioral, affective, and functional symptoms of the disease. In fact, the prevalence of some symptoms in this “population” of storybook characters diverges substantially from epidemiological reports. Books designed to familiarize children about AD should be comprehensive and accurate. Current resources, while useful, could be improved to ensure health literacy about AD in young children.
Using a Mixed Methods Content Analysis to Analyze Mission Statements From Colleges of Engineering
Authors: Creamer Elizabeth G. , Ghoston Michelle
Published: September 2012

A mixed method design was used to conduct a content analysis of the mission statements of colleges of engineering to map inductively derived codes with the EC 2000 outcomes and to test if any of the codes were significantly associated with institutions with reasonably strong representation of women. Most institution’s (25 of 48) mission statement had two or fewer of the outcomes endorsed by the accrediting agency. The diversity code was significantly related to the representation of women, but is not one of the outcomes identified by the accrediting agency. The research demonstrates how mixed methods can be applied to content analysis.
Lymphatic endothelial cells induce tolerance via PD-L1 and lack of costimulation leading to high-level PD-1 expression on CD8 T cells
Authors: Tewalt Eric F. , Cohen Jarish N. , Rouhani Sherin J. , Guidi Cynthia J. , Qiao Hui , Fahl Shawn P. , Conaway Mark R. , Bender Timothy P. , Tung Kenneth S. , Vella Anthony T. , Adler Adam J. , Chen Lieping , Engelhard Victor H.
Published: September 2012

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) induce peripheral tolerance by direct presentation to CD8 T cells (TCD8). We demonstrate that LECs mediate deletion only via programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1, despite expressing ligands for the CD160, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and lymphocyte activation gene-3 inhibitory pathways. LECs induce activation and proliferation of TCD8, but lack of costimulation through 4-1BB leads to rapid high-level expression of PD-1, which in turn inhibits up-regulation of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor that is necessary for TCD8 survival. Rescue of tyrosinase-specific TCD8 by interference with PD-1 or provision of costimulation results in autoimmune vitiligo, demonstrating that LECs are significant, albeit suboptimal, antigen-presenting cells. Because LECs express numerous peripheral tissue antigens, lack of costimulation coupled to rapid high-level up-regulation of inhibitory receptors may be generally important in systemic peripheral tolerance.
Combinatorial control of temporal gene expression in the Drosophila wing by enhancers and core promoters
Authors: O’Keefe David D , Thomas Sean R , Bolin Kelsey , Griggs Ellen , Edgar Bruce A , Buttitta Laura A
Published: September 2012

Background

The transformation of a developing epithelium into an adult structure is a complex process, which often involves coordinated changes in cell proliferation, metabolism, adhesion, and shape. To identify genetic mechanisms that control epithelial differentiation, we analyzed the temporal patterns of gene expression during metamorphosis of the Drosophila wing.

Results

We found that a striking number of genes, approximately 50% of the Drosophila transcriptome, exhibited changes in expression during a time course of wing development. While cis-acting enhancer sequences clearly correlated with these changes, a stronger correlation was discovered between core-promoter types and the dynamic patterns of gene expression within this differentiating tissue. In support of the hypothesis that core-promoter type influences the dynamics of expression, expression levels of several TATA-box binding protein associated factors (TAFs) and other core promoter-associated components changed during this developmental time course, and a testes-specific TAF (tTAF) played a critical role in timing cellular differentiation within the wing.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the combinatorial control of gene expression via cis-acting enhancer sequences and core-promoter types, determine the complex changes in gene expression that drive morphogenesis and terminal differentiation of the Drosophila wing epithelium.
“Looking back to my family”: Indigenous Australian patients’ experience of hemodialysis
Authors: Anderson Kate , Cunningham Joan , Devitt Jeannie , Preece Cilla , Cass Alan
Published: September 2012

Background

In common with Indigenous populations elsewhere, Indigenous Australians have higher incidence of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), but lower transplantation rates than their non-Indigenous counterparts. Understanding how the demands of dialysis impact on, and are impacted by, the lives of Indigenous patients may provide important insight into treatment pathways and decision-making.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews in 2005–06 with 146 Indigenous and 95 non-Indigenous patients from nine hospital renal wards and 17 associated dialysis centres, which together treat the majority of Indigenous Australian ESKD patients.

Results

Factors influencing treatment experience included: the impacts of late diagnosis; family separations associated with relocating for treatment; the physical and psychosocial demands of hemodialysis; and ineffective communication between health care providers and patients. Although not unique to them, Indigenous patients were more likely to experience the combined effect of all factors.

Conclusions

Social/situational circumstances profoundly affect Indigenous Australian dialysis patients’ ability to fully engage with treatment. This may ultimately affect their likelihood of receiving optimal treatment, including transplantation. Areas for improvement include: earlier diagnosis; improved linkages between specialist renal services and primary care in regional settings; more effective communication and patient education; and more systematic, transparent approaches to patient “compliance” in transplant and home dialysis guidelines.
Probable levetiracetam-related serum alkaline phosphatase elevation
Authors: Xiong Nian , Hou Lingling , Lu Na , Mohamed Asrah A , Wang Tao , Huang Yaling
Published: September 2012

Background

Levetiracetam (LEV) is an antiepileptic drug with a favorable tolerability and safety profile with little or no effect on liver function.

Case presentation

Here, we reported an epileptic pediatric patient who developed a significant elevation in serum alkaline phosphatase level (ALP) during LEV monotherapy. Moreover, the serum ALP level was surprisingly decreased to normal after LEV discontinuation. The Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale score was 6, indicating firstly LEV was a probable cause for the increased serum ALP.

Conclusions

Cautious usage and concerns of the LEV-associated potential ALP elevation should be considered when levetiracetam is prescribed to epilepsy patients, especially pediatric patients.
A cost-effective method for Illumina small RNA-Seq library preparation using T4 RNA ligase 1 adenylated adapters
Authors: Chen Yun-Ru , Zheng Yi , Liu Bao , Zhong Silin , Giovannoni Jim , Fei Zhangjun
Published: September 2012

Background

Deep sequencing is a powerful tool for novel small RNA discovery. Illumina small RNA sequencing library preparation requires a pre-adenylated 3’ end adapter containing a 5’,5’-adenyl pyrophosphoryl moiety. In the absence of ATP, this adapter can be ligated to the 3’ hydroxyl group of small RNA, while RNA self-ligation and concatenation are repressed. Pre-adenylated adapters are one of the most essential and costly components required for library preparation, and few are commercially available.

Results

We demonstrate that DNA oligo with 5’ phosphate and 3’ amine groups can be enzymatically adenylated by T4 RNA ligase 1 to generate customized pre-adenylated adapters. We have constructed and sequenced a small RNA library for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using the T4 RNA ligase 1 adenylated adapter.

Conclusion

We provide an efficient and low-cost method for small RNA sequencing library preparation, which takes two days to complete and costs around $20 per library. This protocol has been tested in several plant species for small RNA sequencing including sweet potato, pepper, watermelon, and cowpea, and could be readily applied to any RNA samples.
Direct Activation of Xenopus Iodotyrosine Deiodinase by Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Remodeling Intestine during Amphibian Metamorphosis
Authors: Fujimoto Kenta , Matsuura Kazuo , Das Biswajit , Fu Liezhen , Shi Yun-Bo
Published: September 2012

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays critical roles during vertebrate postembryonic development. TH production in the thyroid involves incorporating inorganic iodide into thyroglobulin. The expression of iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD; also known as iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1) in the thyroid gland ensures efficient recycling of iodine from the byproducts of TH biosynthesis: 3′-monoiodotyrosine and 3′, 5′-diiodotyrosine. Interestingly, IYD is known to be expressed in other organs in adult mammals, suggesting iodine recycling outside the thyroid. On the other hand, the developmental role of iodine recycling has yet to be investigated. Here, using intestinal metamorphosis as a model, we discovered that the Xenopus tropicalis IYD gene is strongly up-regulated by TH during metamorphosis in the intestine but not the tail. We further demonstrated that this induction was one of the earliest events during intestinal metamorphosis, with IYD being activated directly through the binding of liganded TH receptors to a TH response element in the IYD promoter region. Because iodide is mainly taken up from the diet in the intestine and the tadpole stops feeding during metamorphosis when the intestine is being remodeled, our findings suggest that IYD transcription is activated by liganded TH receptors early during intestinal remodeling to ensure efficient iodine recycling at the climax of metamorphosis when highest levels of TH are needed for the proper transformations of different organs.
Divergent Roles of the CRH Receptors in the Control of Gonadotropin Secretion Induced by Acute Restraint Stress at Proestrus
Authors: Traslaviña Guillermo A. Ariza , Franci Celso Rodrigues
Published: September 2012

CRH has been implicated as a mediator of stress-induced effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, acting via CRH receptors in various brain regions. We investigated whether the effects of restraint stress on the secretion of gonadotropins on the morning of proestrus are mediated by the CRH-R1 or CRH-R2 receptors in the oval subdivision of the anterolateral BST, the central amygdala, the locus coeruleus (LC), or the A1 and A2 neuron groups in the medulla. At proestrus morning, rats were injected with antalarmin (a CRH-R1 antagonist), asstressin2-B (a CRH-R2 antagonist) or vehicles. Thirty minutes after the injection, the animals were placed into restraints for 30 min, and blood was sampled for 2 h. At the end of the experiment, the brains were removed for immunofluorescence analyses. Restraint stress increased the levels of FSH and LH. Antalarmin blocked the stress-induced increases in FSH and LH secretion, but astressin2-B only blocked the increase in FSH secretion. LC showed intense stress-induced neuronal activity. FOS/tyrosine-hydroxylase coexpression in LC was reduced by antalarmin, but not astressin2-B. The CRH-R1 receptor, more than CRH-R2 receptor, appears to be essential for the stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis by acute stress; this response is likely mediated in part by noradrenergic neurons in the LC. We postulate that the stress-induced facilitation of reproductive function is mediated, at least in part, by CRH action through CRH-R1 on noradrenaline neurons residing in the LC that trigger GnRH discharge and gonadotropin secretion.
Deficiency of Angiotensin Type 1a Receptors in Adipocytes Reduces Differentiation and Promotes Hypertrophy of Adipocytes in Lean Mice
Authors: Putnam Kelly , Batifoulier-Yiannikouris Frederique , Bharadwaj Kalyani G. , Lewis Eboni , Karounos Michael , Daugherty Alan , Cassis Lisa A.
Published: September 2012

Adipocytes express angiotensin receptors, but the direct effects of angiotensin II (AngII) stimulating this cell type are undefined. Adipocytes express angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1aR) and AT2R, both of which have been implicated in obesity. In this study, we determined the effects of adipocyte AT1aR deficiency on adipocyte differentiation and the development of obesity in mice fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets. Mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the aP2 promoter were bred with AT1aR-floxed mice to generate mice with adipocyte AT1aR deficiency (AT1aRaP2). AT1aR mRNA abundance was reduced significantly in both white and brown adipose tissue from AT1aRaP2 mice compared with nontransgenic littermates (AT1aRfl/fl). Adipocyte AT1aR deficiency did not influence body weight, glucose tolerance, or blood pressure in mice fed either LF or high-fat diets. However, LF-fed AT1aRaP2 mice exhibited striking adipocyte hypertrophy even though total fat mass was not different between genotypes. Stromal vascular cells from AT1aRaP2 mice differentiated to a lesser extent to adipocytes compared with controls. Conversely, incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AngII increased Oil Red O staining and increased mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) via AT1R stimulation. These results suggest that reductions in adipocyte differentiation in LF-fed AT1aRaP2 mice resulted in increased lipid storage and hypertrophy of remaining adipocytes. These results demonstrate that AngII regulates adipocyte differentiation and morphology through the adipocyte AT1aR in lean mice.
The Effects of Exile on English Monastic Spirituality: William Peryn’s Spirituall Exercyses
Authors: Erler Mary C.
Published: September 2012

In 1557, William Peryn, an Oxford graduate and a Dominican, published his Spirituall Exercyses. A notable conservative preacher, he had left England, probably after the Act of Supremacy in 1534. The two nuns to whom he dedicated the book, Katherine Palmer of Syon and Dorothy Clement, a Poor Clare, were among the first English members of the Louvain diaspora. Peryn’s book was heavily influenced both by Ignatian and by Low Countries spirituality. The opportunity to make such ideas available in English, for English nuns, was the fruit of religious exile with its consequent direct exposure to Continental writing and thought. Peryn’s book, intended to provide spiritual direction for exiled English nuns, then subsequently published at home in England under Queen Mary, continued to be read in the seventeenth century, as the institution of female religious life moved permanently out of England.
Pancortins interact with amyloid precursor protein and modulate cortical cell migration
Authors: Rice Heather C. , Townsend Matthew , Bai Jilin , Suth Seiyam , Cavanaugh William , Selkoe Dennis J. , Young-Pearse Tracy L.
Published: September 2012

Neuronal precursor cell migration in the developing mammalian brain is a complex process requiring the coordinated interaction of numerous proteins. We have recently shown that amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a role in migration into the cortical plate through its interaction with two cytosolic signaling proteins, disabled 1 (DAB1) and disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). In order to identify extracellular factors that may signal through APP to regulate migration, we performed an unbiased mass spectrometry-based screen for factors that bind to the extracellular domain of APP in the rodent brain. Through this screen, we identified an interaction between APP and pancortins, proteins expressed throughout the developing and mature cerebral cortex. Via co-immunoprecipitation, we show that APP interacts with all four of the mammalian pancortin isoforms (AMY, AMZ, BMY, BMZ). We demonstrate that the BMZ and BMY isoforms of pancortin can specifically reduce β-secretase- but not α-secretase-mediated cleavage of endogenous APP in cell culture, suggesting a biochemical consequence of the association between pancortins and APP. Using in utero electroporation to overexpress and knock down specific pancortin isoforms, we reveal a novel role for pancortins in migration into the cortical plate. Interestingly, we observe opposing roles for alternate pancortin isoforms, with AMY overexpression and BMZ knock down both preventing proper migration of neuronal precursor cells. Finally, we show that BMZ can partially rescue a loss of APP expression and that APP can rescue effects of AMY overexpression, suggesting that pancortins act in conjunction with APP to regulate entry into the cortical plate. Taken together, these results suggest a biochemical and functional interaction between APP and pancortins, and reveal a previously unidentified role for pancortins in mammalian cortical development.
Maternal Cdx2 is dispensable for mouse development
Authors: Blij Stephanie , Frum Tristan , Akyol Aytekin , Fearon Eric , Ralston Amy
Published: September 2012

In many invertebrate and vertebrate species, cell fates are assigned through the cellular inheritance of differentially localized maternal determinants. Whether mammalian embryogenesis is also regulated by deterministic mechanisms is highly controversial. The caudal domain transcription factor CDX2 has been reported to act as a maternal determinant regulating cell fate decisions in mouse development. However, this finding is contentious because of reports that maternal Cdx2 is not essential for development. Notably, all of the previously published studies of maternal Cdx2 relied on injected RNA interference constructs, which could introduce experimental variation. Only deletion of the maternal gene can unambiguously resolve its requirement in mouse development. Here, we genetically ablated maternal Cdx2 using a Cre/lox strategy, and we definitively establish that maternal Cdx2 is not essential for mouse development.
Intraflagellar transport proteins cycle between the flagellum and its base
Authors: Buisson Johanna , Chenouard Nicolas , Lagache Thibault , Blisnick Thierry , Olivo-Marin Jean-Christophe , Bastin Philippe
Published: September 2012

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is necessary for the construction of cilia and flagella. IFT proteins are concentrated at the base of the flagellum but little is known about the actual role of this pool of proteins. Here, IFT was investigated in Trypanosoma brucei, an attractive model for flagellum studies, using GFP fusions with IFT52 or the IFT dynein heavy chain DHC2.1. Tracking analysis by a curvelet method allowing automated separation of forward and return transport demonstrated a uniform speed for retrograde IFT (5 µm s−1) but two distinct populations for anterograde movement that are sensitive to temperature. When they reach the distal tip, anterograde trains are split into three and converted to retrograde trains. When a fast anterograde train catches up with a slow one, it is almost twice as likely to fuse with it rather than to overtake it, implying that these trains travel on a restricted set of microtubules. Using photobleaching experiments, we show for the first time that IFT proteins coming back from the flagellum are mixed with those present at the flagellum base and can reiterate a full IFT cycle in the flagellum. This recycling is dependent on flagellum length and IFT velocities. Mathematical modelling integrating all parameters actually reveals the existence of two pools of IFT proteins at the flagellum base, but only one is actively engaged in IFT.
An effective method for terrestrial arthropod euthanasia
Authors: Bennie Neil A.C. , Loaring Christopher D. , Bennie Mikaella M.G. , Trim Steven A.
Published: September 2012

As scientific understanding of invertebrate life increases so does the concern for how to end that life in a way that not only minimises (potential) suffering and is non-recoverable, but is also safe for those carrying out the procedure. There is increasing debate on the most appropriate euthanasia methods for invertebrates as their use in experimental research and zoological institutions grows. Their popularity as pet species has also lead to an increase in the need for greater veterinary understanding. Through the use of a local injection of potassium chloride (KCl) initially developed for use in American lobsters, this manuscript describes a safe and effective method for euthanasia in terrestrial invertebrates. Initial work focused on empirically determining the dose for cockroaches then extrapolating to other arthropod species. For this method of euthanasia, we propose the term 'targeted hyperkalosis' to describe death through terminal depolarisation of the thoracic ganglia as a result of high potassium concentration.
A Satisficing Choice Model
Authors: Stüttgen Peter , Boatwright Peter , Monroe Robert T.
Published: September 2012

Although the assumption of utility-maximizing consumers has been challenged for decades, empirical applications of alternative choice rules are still very new. We add to this growing body of literature by proposing a model based on the idea of a “satisficing” decision maker. In contrast to previous models (including recent models implementing alternative choice rules), satisficing depends on the order in which alternatives are evaluated. We therefore conduct a visual conjoint experiment to collect search and choice data. We model search and product evaluation jointly and allow for interdependence between them. The choice rule incorporates a conjunctive rule for the evaluations and, contrary to most previous models, does not rely on compensatory trade-offs at all. The results strongly support the proposed model. For instance, we find that search is indeed influenced by product evaluations. More importantly, the model results strongly support the satisficing stopping rule. Finally, we perform a holdout prediction task and find that the proposed model outperforms a standard multinomial logit model.
Candidate Socioemotional Remediation Program for Individuals with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Glaser Bronwyn , Lothe Amelie , Chabloz Mélanie , Dukes Daniel , Pasca Catherine , Redoute Jérôme , Eliez Stephan
Published: September 2012

The authors developed a computerized program, Vis-à-Vis (VAV), to improve socioemotional functioning and working memory in children with developmental disabilities. The authors subsequently tested whether participants showed signs of improving the targeted skills. VAV is composed of three modules: Focus on the Eyes, Emotion Recognition and Understanding, and Working Memory. Ten children with idiopathic developmental delay completed four 20-min weekly sessions of VAV for 12 weeks with an adult. Participants were evaluated before (Time 0) and after (Time 1) training and 6 months after remediation (Time 2). Subjects improved on all three modules during training and on emotion recognition and nonverbal reasoning post-VAV. These gains were still present at Time 2. VAV is a promising new tool for working on socioemotional impairments in hard-to-treat pediatric populations.
Using Response-prompting Procedures During Small-group Direct Instruction: Outcomes and Procedural Variations
Authors: Ledford Jennifer R. , Lane Justin D. , Elam Katherine L. , Wolery Mark
Published: September 2012

Research was reviewed on small-group instruction for learners with disabilities. The review was conducted for articles published between 1990 and 2010 on the application of small-group direct instruction to teach discrete skills using prompting procedures. A total of 47 articles with 197 participants and 687 replications of effects was located. Small-group instruction was effective for 195 of 197 participants and across variations in implementation and contexts. Implementers were primarily special education personnel, and instruction typically occurred in special education settings. Rigorous designs were used in all studies, and fidelity was assessed in 46 of 47 studies and was uniformly high. Students consistently reached criterion on their own target behaviors, generalized those behaviors, maintained them, and learned the behaviors taught to their peers (when this was measured, which occurred in a majority of the studies). Future research should examine comparisons of procedural variables and promoting social behaviors between group mates.
Physical Properties of Whole Rye Seed (Secale cereal)
Authors: Jouki Mohammad , Emam-Djomeh Zahra , Khazaei Naimeh
Published: September 2012

Certain physical properties of rye – density, true density, angle of internal friction, porosity and static coefficient of friction – are necessary for the design of transport, storage and processing equipment. . These properties were evaluated as a function of moisture content of grain. The grain was tested for bulk density, density, porosity, angle of internal friction and coefficient of friction with various materials at 9% and 13% moisture content (dry basis, db). The average length, width and thickness of the rye grains were 7.11mm, 4.65mm and 3.18mm. It was observed that bulk density decreased linearly from 598.41 to 580.76 kg/m3, as moisture content increased, while density increased linearly from 922.43 to 991.56 kg/m3. The porosity and angle of internal friction increased as moisture increased. The porosity increased linearly from 37.00% to 40.50%, and the angle of internal friction increased from 21.500 to 25.000. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.283 to 0.412, 0.345 to 0.438, and 0.380 to 0.461 for glass, galvanized iron and wood surfaces respectively.
Physicochemical and colour properties of organic and conventional kiwifruits as affected by storage periods
Authors: Islam Ali , Altuntas Ebubekir , Cangi Rustem , Kaya Cemal , Yildiz Aylin
Published: September 2012

In this study, the effect of storage periods (0, 2, 3 and 4 months) on physico-chemical and colour properties of organic and conventional kiwifruits were investigated. The fruit mass, geometric mean diameter, volume of organic and conventional kiwifruits decreased with increasing storage period. The skin and flesh firmnesses were higher in organic kiwifruits than that of conventional kiwifruits. The organic acid contents was higher in conventional kiwifruits than that of organic kiwifruits; the sugar contents was higher in organic kiwifruits than that of conventional kiwifruits. Colour characteristics (L*, a*, b*) for skin fruit and fruit juice in organic and conventional kiwifruits were higher in conventional kiwifruits than that of organic kiwifruits. Results from this study showed that the physico-chemical properties and colour characteristics of organic and conventional kiwifruits were affected by storage periods.
Study on the solidification kinetics of high-density polyethylene during thin-walled injection molding process
Authors: Deng Shuang-quan , Yang Bin , Miao Ji-bin , Xia Ru , Qian Jia-sheng , Chen Peng , Yang Ming-bo
Published: September 2012

In this work, the effect of the initial and secondary temperature differences on the solidification behaviors of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) during the thin-walled injection molding (TWIM) was intensively investigated. Simulated temperature profiles using the enthalpy transformation methodology were compared with an in situ temperature measurement, and reasonable agreement was achieved between calculations and measurements. Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffraction characterization shows that the formation of oriented crystal structures was considerably affected by the thermal gradient within the injection-molded article. The present study can be practically significant to the optimization of the cooling parameters during the TWIM of crystalline polymers as well as to the further study on the relationship among “processing-structure-property” of polymeric materials.
Trade-off Between Selection for Dosage Compensation and Masculinization on the Avian Z Chromosome
Authors: Wright Alison E , Moghadam Hooman K , Mank Judith E
Published: September 2012

Following the suppression of recombination, gene expression levels decline on the sex-limited chromosome, and this can lead to selection for dosage compensation in the heterogametic sex to rebalance average expression from the X or Z chromosome with average autosomal expression. At the same time, due to their unequal pattern of inheritance in males and females, the sex chromosomes are subject to unbalanced sex-specific selection, which contributes to a nonrandom distribution of sex-biased genes compared to the remainder of the genome. These two forces act against each other, and the relative importance of each is currently unclear. The Gallus gallus Z chromosome provides a useful opportunity to study the importance and trade-offs between sex-specific selection and dosage compensation in shaping the evolution of the genome as it shows incomplete dosage compensation and is also present twice as often in males than females, and therefore predicted to be enriched for male-biased genes. Here, we refine our understanding of the evolution of the avian Z chromosome, and show that multiple strata formed across the chromosome over ∼130 million years. We then use this evolutionary history to examine the relative strength of selection for sex chromosome dosage compensation vs. the cumulative effects of masculinizing selection on gene expression. We find that male-biased expression increases over time, indicating that selection for dosage compensation is relatively less important than masculinizing selection in shaping Z chromosome gene expression.
Giuseppe Verdi and the Italian Risorgimento
Authors: Gossett Philip
Published: September 2012

In the effort to show the extent to which the myth-making tendencies of the later 19th century have falsified the historical record, some non-Italian scholars have gone so far as to assert that Giuseppe Verdi and the operas he wrote were not prime figures in the Italian Risorgimento. But no Italian scholar has accepted this position, since it self-evidently flies in the face of so much evidence to the contrary. This paper will present evidence of the significance of Verdi and his music to several key moments of the Italian Risorgimento (the period leading up to the 1848 revolutions; the Cinque Giornate in Milan and their influence throughout the Italian peninsula; the strong Austrian reaction, particularly in the form of state censorship, to movements for national unity during the 1850s; the formation of the first Italian Parliament in 1861). Through a consideration of Verdi’s music and his letters it will demonstrate Verdi’s fundamental role in the Italian Risorgimento, a role that could be explicit in moments of relative freedom or implicit in moments of severe oppression.
„Ein unglückselig Doppelwesen“. Heinrich August Marschners Hans Heiling in der Debatte zur deutschen Oper
Authors: Fahrholz Merle
Published: September 2012

In most opera manuals Heinrich A. Marschner receives but common-place epitheta like German composer — intermediary between Weber and Wagner — advocate of a national opera. To which extend does this point of view originate in consciously launched and passed-on notions? Regarding the opera Hans Heiling (1833), Marschner’s history of reception will be examined exemplarily.
Acidentes de trabalho no Brasil: prevalência, duração e despesa previdenciária dos auxílios-doença
Authors: Almeida Paulo César Andrade , Barbosa-Branco Anadergh
Published: September 2012

RESUMO OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência, a duração e a despesa previdenciária dos benefícios de Auxílio-Doença por Acidente do Trabalho (ADAT) pagos pelo Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (INSS) aos segurados empregados no Brasil em 2008. MÉTODO: As variáveis ADAT foram estratificadas segundo sexo, idade e agravos categorizados em capítulos da CID-10. RESULTADO: foram concedidos 306.908 ADAT com prevalência de 94,2 por 10.000 vínculos. Os agravos mais prevalentes foram os do capítulo XIX - Lesões, envenenamento e algumas outras consequências de causas externas, do XIII - Doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo, e do V - Transtornos mentais e comportamentais. A prevalência dos benefícios foi maior no sexo masculino (111,2) e na faixa etária ≥ 40 anos (116,9). A duração média foi de 75 ± 64 dias e a despesa média de R$ 2.181,00 ± 2.769,00, sendo maior para o Capítulo II - Neoplasias (R$ 5.083,00 ± 5.702,00). A despesa-dia média foi R$ 29,00 ± 18,00, sendo superior para o Capítulo V (R$ 39,00 ± 23,00). A idade ≥ 40 anos apresentou maior prevalência, duração e despesa entre todos os capítulos, à exceção do XIX, que foi o mais prevalente entre os mais jovens. CONCLUSÃO: os dados de ADAT são sugestivos de subcaracterização da relação com o trabalho. A alta prevalência de agravos do Capítulo XIX sugere precariedade das medidas de segurança no trabalho. Homens e mulheres apresentam diferentes perfis de acidentabilidade sem interferência na duração do benefício.
O Rugby em Cadeira de Rodas: aspectos técnicos e táticos e diretrizes para seu desenvolvimento
Authors: Campana Mateus Betanho , Gorla José Irineu , Duarte Edison , Scaglia Alcides José , Tavares Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes , Barros Jonatas de França
Published: September 2012

O objetivo desse relato de experiência foi descrever aspectos técnicos e táticos do Rugby em Cadeira de Rodas e oferecer indicações de como trabalhá-los para um melhor rendimento do time. Utilizando o método de pesquisa observacional, coletamos informações de times nacionais e internacionais no período de setembro/2008 a dezembro/2009. A observação incluiu treinamentos e competições nacionais e internacionais. Nos resultados apresentamos três elementos técnicos: passe, recepção e domínio de bola. Ainda, jogadas de defesa e ataque, usadas nos âmbitos nacional e internacional são descritas. Concluímos que há um domínio de técnicas e táticas na equipe nacional, mas que a experiência de jogo, a falta de comunicação em quadra e o desconhecimento das regras são elementos que prejudicam o rendimento do time. Esperamos que este estudo auxilie pesquisadores e técnicos a dar continuidade à pesquisa e às ações em quadra, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da modalidade no Brasil.
The Effect of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization on Hepatitis C Viremia
Authors: Mahale Parag , Kaseb Ahmed , Davila Marta , Torres Harrys A.
Published: September 2012

A retrospective study analyzing patient medical records examined the effect of transarterial chemoembolization on hepatitis C virus viremia in patients with hepatitis C virus–associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Transarterial chemoembolization did not lead to a substantial increase in hepatitis C virus viral load.
In Reply
Authors: Sansonno Domenico , Lauletta Gianfranco , Russi Sabino , Conteduca Vincenza , Sansonno Loredana , Dammacco Franco , Marano Giuseppe
Published: September 2012

Data are presented confirming the findings of Torres and colleagues that hepatitis C virus RNA levels are not significantly impacted by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.
Waterborne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium at river beaches in Southern Europe (Portugal)
Authors: Júlio Cláudia , Sá Cátia , Ferreira Idalina , Martins Susana , Oleastro Mónica , Ângelo Helena , Guerreiro José , Tenreiro Rogério
Published: September 2012

Giardia and Cryptosporidium are the most frequent enteric protozoa causing gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Intense recreational activity at Portuguese river beaches triggered the opportunity for a 2-year seasonal survey of 19 large river basin beaches. A total of 74 samples were collected and processed according to USEPA Method 1623 to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts. Faecal indicators (thermotolerant/total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci) and physicochemical parameters were also analysed according to the EU Bath Water Directive (BWD). Results pointed to a widespread presence of these protozoa at Portuguese river beaches. The percentage of samples testing positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium were 85 and 82% respectively, with no significant differences between wet and dry seasons (p > 0.05). Although Portuguese river beaches present a very low exposure risk for infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium (under 10−3), a few particular cases revealed values over 0.2%, and were related to stormy wet events. The correlation between levels of Giardia and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and enterococci, was high (r ≥ 0.87, p < 0.001), suggesting the need to carry out specific procedures for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium whenever the values of those faecal indicators approach the maximum allowed level of the EU BWD.
The photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in water using visible light with a new expanded porphyrin
Authors: Rossi G. , Goi D. , Comuzzi C.
Published: September 2012

In this work, the results of the application of organic expanded porphyrins in the disinfection of water by the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) technique are presented. The photoinactivation properties of a novel, expanded porphyrin, namely 20-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2,13-dimethyl-3,12-diethyl-(22π) pentaphyrin (PCCox), were tested in the disinfection of water using Staphylococcus aureus as a Gram-positive bacteria model. The data showed that PCCox was effective against S. aureus bacteria at nanomolar concentrations. The variation with irradiation time and concentration was studied using both a multi-LED monochromatic light (λ = 470 nm) and an incandescent light bulb with a wide emission spectrum. A PCCox dosage of 5 μM was sufficient to achieve a 99.997% abatement of S. aureus within 1 h of 40 W/m2 irradiation with monochromatic light (λ = 470 nm), whereas under the same conditions using irradiation with white light, the abatement was 99.9997%.
Opportunistic pathogens and faecal indicators in drinking water associated biofilms in Cluj, Romania
Authors: Farkas A. , Drăgan-Bularda M. , Ciatarâş D. , Bocoş B. , Ţigan Ş.
Published: September 2012

Biofouling occurs without exception in all water systems, with undesirable effects such as biocorrosion and deterioration of water quality. Drinking water associated biofilms represent a potential risk to human health by harbouring pathogenic or toxin-releasing microorganisms. This is the first study investigating the attached microbiota, with potential threat to human health, in a public water system in Romania. The presence and the seasonal variation of viable faecal indicators and opportunistic pathogens were investigated within naturally developed biofilms in a drinking water treatment plant. Bacterial frequencies were correlated with microbial loads in biofilms as well as with physical and chemical characteristics of biofilms and raw water. The biofilms assessed in the current study proved to be extremely active microbial consortia. High bacterial numbers were recovered by cultivation, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, intestinal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens. There were no Legionella spp. detected in any biofilm sample. Emergence of opportunistic pathogens in biofilms was not significantly affected by the surface material, but by the treatment process. Implementation of a water safety plan encompassing measures to prevent microbial contamination and to control biofouling would be appropriate.
UK experience in the monitoring and control of lead in drinking water
Authors: Hayes Colin R. , Hydes Owen D.
Published: September 2012

At the zonal scale (e.g. a city or town), random daytime (RDT) sampling succeeded in demonstrating both the need for corrective action and the benefits of optimised orthophosphate dosing for plumbosolvency control, despite initial concerns about sampling reproducibility. Stagnation sampling techniques were found to be less successful. Optimised treatment measures to minimise lead in drinking water, comprising orthophosphate at an optimum dose and at an appropriate pH, have succeeded in raising compliance with the future European Union (EU) lead standard of 10 μg/L from 80.4% in 1989–94 to 99.0% in 2010 across England and Wales, with compliance greater than 99.5% in some regions. There may be scope to achieve 99.8% compliance with 10 μg/L by further optimisation coupled to selective lead pipe removal, without widespread lead pipe removal. It is unlikely that optimised corrosion control, that includes the dosing of orthophosphate, will be capable of achieving a standard much lower than 10 μg/L for lead in drinking water. The experience gained in the UK provides an important reference for any other country or region that is considering its options for minimising lead in their drinking water supplies.
FGF-23 and the Progression of Coronary Arterial Calcification in Patients New to Dialysis
Authors: Khan Abigail May , Chirinos Julio A. , Litt Harold , Yang Wei , Rosas Sylvia E.
Published: September 2012

Background and objective

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), a regulator of phosphorus metabolism, is a risk marker in CKD. FGF-23 has been associated with coronary arterial calcification (CAC), but it is not known whether FGF-23 predicts CAC progression in CKD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of FGF-23 with CAC progression in advanced CKD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

FGF-23 levels and CAC were measured by electrocardiography-triggered multislice computed tomography in 99 individuals initiating dialysis. Patients were enrolled in the study from April 2008 to July 2010. CAC was calculated using Agatston and calcium volume score. Sixty-seven study participants had repeat CAC measures at 1 year. Linear regression was used to assess the association of FGF-23 with CAC.

Results

The mean age of study participants was 50 years; 33% were women, and 64% were black. The median FGF-23 level was 1238 relative units (RU)/ml (interquartile range, 515–2218 RU/ml). According to Agatston score, FGF-23 was not associated with baseline CAC (P=0.14) but was significantly associated with CAC progression. There was a 192.3–Agatston unit change in CAC score per 1-SD change in FGF-23 (P=0.008) in models adjusting for known risk factors for CAC and serum phosphate. This association persisted after adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 25-OH vitamin D levels, and the use of phosphorus binders. Results were similar when change in calcium volume score was used.

Conclusions

In individuals with advanced CKD, serum FGF-23 is strongly associated with CAC progression. FGF-23 may be a marker of cardiovascular risk in CKD.
Use of antithrombotic agents in patients with intracerebral cavernous malformations
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Link Michael J. , Christianson Teresa J. H. , Brown Robert D.
Published: September 2012

Object

The goal of this study was to determine the risk of using antithrombotic agents in patients with established intracerebral cavernous malformations (ICMs).

Methods

From a previously described cohort of 292 patients with radiographically defined ICMs, 40 required an antithrombotic after the ICM was diagnosed. Patients underwent follow-up to determine the incidence of hemorrhage.

Results

The mean age of these 40 patients was 62.4 years; there were 21 male and 19 female patients. Five (12.5%) of the 40 patients initially presented with hemorrhage and 4 (10%) had multiple ICMs. Of these patients, 32 were placed on an antiplatelet agent alone, 6 on an anticoagulant alone, and 2 were placed on both. In patients necessitating any antithrombotic agent, 1 patient developed a prospective hemorrhage over the 258 person-years of follow-up (prospective hemorrhage rate 0.41% per person-year).

Conclusions

Antithrombotics likely do not precipitate hemorrhage in patients with known ICMs. However, caution should be exercised in the use of antithrombotics in patients with ICMs at high risk for hemorrhage. The risks and benefits of antithrombotics in each situation should be carefully weighed against the natural history of ICM.
Aromatic Plants as a Source of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Christaki Efterpi , Bonos Eleftherios , Giannenas Ilias , Florou-Paneri Panagiota
Published: September 2012

Aromatic plants, also known as herbs and spices, have been used since antiquity as folk medicine and as preservatives in foods. The best known aromatic plants, such as oregano, rosemary, sage, anise, basil, etc., originate from the Mediterranean area. They contain many biologically active compounds, mainly polyphenolics, which have been found to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. Currently, the demand for these plants and their derivatives has increased because they are natural, eco-friendly and generally recognized as safe products. Therefore, aromatic plants and their extracts have the potential to become new generation substances for human and animal nutrition and health. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature surrounding the in vivo and in vitro use of aromatic plants.
Inhibition of GTRAP3-18 May Increase Neuroprotective Glutathione (GSH) Synthesis
Authors: Aoyama Koji , Nakaki Toshio
Published: September 2012

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide consisting of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine; it has a variety of functions in the central nervous system. Brain GSH depletion is considered a preclinical sign in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and it promotes the subsequent processes toward neurotoxicity. A neuroprotective mechanism accomplished by increasing GSH synthesis could be a promising approach in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In neurons, cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for GSH synthesis. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) is a neuronal cysteine/glutamate transporter in the brain. EAAC1 translocation to the plasma membrane promotes cysteine uptake, leading to GSH synthesis, while being negatively regulated by glutamate transport associated protein 3-18 (GTRAP3-18). Our recent studies have suggested GTRAP3-18 as an inhibitory factor for neuronal GSH synthesis. Inhibiting GTRAP3-18 function is an endogenous mechanism to increase neuron-specific GSH synthesis in the brain. This review gives an overview of EAAC1-mediated GSH synthesis, and its regulatory mechanisms by GTRAP3-18 in the brain, and a potential approach against neurodegeneration.
Restoration of Reflection Spectra in a Serial FBG Sensor Array of a WDM/TDM Measurement System
Authors: Hwang Dusun , Seo Dae-Cheol , Kwon Il-Bum , Chung Youngjoo
Published: September 2012

A restoration method for reflection spectra in a serial FBG sensor array with spectral shadowing is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in a WDM/TDM combined multiplexing system. The SNR of each FBG sensor is formulated and analyzed as a function of the number and reflectivities of serial FBG sensors. The maximum number of FBG sensors in a single fiber line can be determined by the approximate formula. In the test using two FBG sensors, the restored reflection spectrum of second FBG sensor is shown to be very well matched with the original reflection spectrum. Using the proposed restoration method, the maximum peak detection error in a strain experiment is suppressed drastically by almost seven-fold, from 0.074 nm to 0.011 nm.