bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circles of Dependence
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 defends Metaphysical Holism: the view that there are circles of ontological dependence and grounding. Drawing on the comparison to epistemic coherentism, it is argued that when there is circularity in a chain of dependence, metaphysical explanation must be a holistic phenomenon: it is not primarily the nature of individual entities that is explained, but rather that the nature of the entities in the system as a whole is explained collectively. It is argued that embracing Metaphysical Holism offers us fruitful accounts of mathematical structuralism and the nature of the complex numbers, and of the nature of the self and of social categories like gender and sexuality. The nature of social construction is examined, and it is argued that while Metaphysical Holism in the world as it is given to us is controversial, Metaphysical Holism confined to the socially constructed world should not be.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: March 2022

In this brief conclusion, a plea is made for methodological ecumenicalism: adherence to Metaphysical Foundationalism for no better reason than that it is intuitive risks ruling out interesting metaphysical views, and entire metaphysical traditions, for no good reason. There are interesting and fruitful metaphysics that are allowed by Metaphysical Infinitism and Metaphysical Holism but not by Metaphysical Foundationalism—metaphysics that involve infinite regresses and circles of grounding and ontological dependence—and our inquiry will proceed better if we do not rule such metaphysics out from the outset. Whether chains of being can go in circles or proceed to infinity, or whether every such chain must proceed in a line and terminate in the fundamental, is a substantive metaphysical issue.
The Unfinished NCC Project
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

The so-called NCC project started in the 1990s. But as with the whole idea of a “revival” of consciousness science, there too is a long and often neglected history well before that. Not knowing our history is a problem because we are prone to repeating the same mistakes. The trouble is that some conceptual issues are hard to avoid, even when we think we are focusing on “straight-ahead” empirical studies of consciousness. This chapter illustrates how common notions of “necessity” and “sufficiency” are often applied wrongly. Amid some exciting calls for moving on to more theoretically adventurous endeavors, there is a worry that the empirical project itself could well be derailed. The purpose of this chapter is to set us back on the right path. If we carefully control for the key experimental confounders, the evidence is in favor of the prefrontal cortex’s role in consciousness—although it may not be for the purpose of global broadcast.
A Centrist Manifesto
Authors: Lau Hakwan
Published: March 2022

The main goal of this chapter is to take stock of what we have reviewed so far, and to assess the broader theoretical implications. The previous chapters already covered the first three issues introduced in Chapter 1: the neural correlates of consciousness, the relationship between attention and consciousness, the functions of consciousness, and whether animals and robots can be conscious. To address the remaining two issues we need to make some theoretical generalizations. Fortunately, the previous chapters provide some constraints for what an adequate theory should look like. Overall, neither the global nor local view works well. Instead the evidence points to a synthesis. We will end by discussing some related ideas from current artificial intelligence research.
Unmasking Power
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter establishes the centrality of direct experiential understanding to an unmasking critique of oppression. It argues that attentiveness to the lived experience of oppressed groups is a necessary theoretical and political entailment of the Frankfurt School’s claim that unmasking critique aims to make a practical contribution to their struggles for emancipation. Frankfurt School theory not only fails to attend to the lived reality of oppressed groups, but it is marked by a distinct retreat from experience because of the supposed parochializing effects it is held to have on critique. To offset such parochialism, Frankfurt School theorists have concentrated on issues of normative foundation and context transcendence. This foundational turn has given rise to a mode of ‘paradigm-led theorizing’ that prevents Frankfurt School theorists developing an adequate diagnosis of oppression, exemplified here in their tokenistic treatment of gender oppression. Paradigm-led theorizing also prevents them from realizing the dialogical and reflexive aspects of their theoretical practice, qua practical emancipatory thought. This chapter proposes a model of experience-led theorizing as an alternative to paradigm-led thought and draws on other types of radical theory, notably black feminist theory, to illustrate what this entails. Relativizing lived experience to power allows it to be recast as an indispensable source of knowledge for unmasking critique. It also serves to reconfigure context transcendence in dialogical terms as the insight that comes from reasoning across theoretical and experiential perspectives rather than, pace the Frankfurt School, the definitive viewpoint afforded by a monist paradigm.
Experience at the Limits of Justification
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter focusses on the work of Rainer Forst and his justification-theoretic paradigm. It argues, in relation to issues of gender, that the capacity of justification critique to unmask oppression is limited by its reliance on a tendentious concept of noumenal power. Noumenal power obscures the complexities of oppression at both the level of its lived reality and the level of intersecting vectors of power. The normative reach of justification critique is also stymied by its failure to reckon sufficiently with the latent workings of power which, in the actual conversation about justice, may subvert the formal equality of the right to justification. In neglecting to address how the abstract principle of mutually owed justifications would operate in a real-world context of power disparities between interlocutors, justification critique fails to enact the reflexivity that Forst claims is an indispensable feature of emancipatory theory.
Recognition and Progress in the Family
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers the implications that Axel Honneth’s recent work on recognition and progress have for an account of gender oppression. On the face of it, Honneth’s neoHegelian recognition model is more compatible than the neoKantian model of justification with feminist concerns about gender, in so far as it accords a foundational role to the family and intimate relations in sustaining social justice. It is argued, however, that this affinity is undercut by the distorting effects that Honneth’s teleology of progress has on his understanding of gendered asymmetries of power in the family and other social realms. The inherent bias of recognition monism towards identifying progressive tendencies in the life-world underestimates the persistence of those negative dynamics that are instrumental to the continuing subordination of women. Descriptive shortcomings in recognition monism’s diagnosis of gender oppression have limiting effects on resulting normative proposals which are undetermined and tangential to the correction of entrenched hierarchies of power. Limitations are illustrated through comparison of Honneth’s rather naïve idea of care as ethical mutuality with the more developed work of feminists on, among other things, economies of care.
The Politics of Disclosure
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter considers the work of Italian critical theorist Alessandro Ferrara on exemplarity that forms part of his broader attempt to place a notion of disclosure at the heart of democratic reasoning. At its best, political thought should have the capacity to animate the democratic imagination by disclosing, through exemplary instances, new political possibilities for thought and action. Ferrara’s notion of exemplarity provides important conceptual resources for a regrounding of critical theory in the type of experientially based disclosing critique that has, post Habermas, been marginalized. Exemplary universalism suggests a way of reasoning inductively from concrete particularity that is normatively more inclusive of the voices of the marginalized and disempowered than procedural universalism. Moreover, contra Habermas, far from being an unstable process of meaning creation, exemplary disclosure has a systematic internal rationale that renders it amenable to practical inter-subjective validation. The critical promise of Ferrara’s idea of exemplarity is ultimately unfulfilled however. because of its grounding in the speculative, context-transcending construct of sensus communis understood as a matrix of precultural intuitions about human flourishing. This socially weightless abstraction undermines sensitivity to context and forecloses consideration of how enduring inequalities of race, gender, and class may prevent groups subscribing to shared ideals of flourishing. Drawing on critical race theorists such as Angela Davis, a politicized understanding of exemplary disclosure is proposed, the normative impact of which is located in the dynamics of concrete struggles against oppression.
Critique and the ‘Merely Experienced’
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines Nancy Fraser’s influential writing which, in contrast to the tokenistic approaches of her peers, has been instrumental in moving gender concerns to the heart of critical theory of oppression. In so doing, she has formulated an innovative multidimensional typology of power which, unlike mono-categorial paradigms, is capable of explaining intersectional dynamics of oppression. Likewise, her model of justice as participatory parity rests on a pluralized, ‘neopragmatist’ account of normative reasoning that finds emancipatory responses embedded in concrete situations and hence resonates with the work of other feminist theorists on gender inequality in a global context. However, as ground-breaking as it has been in foregrounding issues of gender oppression and developing a non-monist approach to critique, Fraser’s work is arguably limited by her residual attachment to a certain aspect of paradigm-led theorizing. This is evident in the way she downgrades the value of an experiential perspective for critique and consequently fails to fully think through certain epistemological implications of reasoning dialogically with disempowered interlocutors. Instead, working largely within the normative space of justification, Fraser tends to accord definitive adjudicative authority to the theoretical perspective, qua critique, over the experiential one. This epistemic hierarchy is inconsistent with her claims that critique embodies dialogical and reflexive reasoning as well as narrowing the normative function of radical critique to one of adjudication.
Conclusion
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: March 2022

I conclude that if Frankfurt School theory is to realize its aspiration to be a radical political critique of capitalist society then it needs to pay more heed than it has done recently to the experiences of oppressed groups and what these tell us about the way the world is organized. That these experiences should be of pivotal importance in guiding theory is a direct implication of the Frankfurt School’s claim that unmasking critique ought to make a practical contribution to real-world struggles against oppression. I pull together the various threads of the idea of theorising from experience with a view to specifying its entailments for an unmasking critique of oppression. Critique, on this view, works with a dialogical account of context transcendence, a relational account of experience, is abductive and problem-led in method, and adopts an experientially negativist approach to normativity.
Introduction
Authors: Townley Christopher , Guidi Mattia , Tavares Mariana
Published: March 2022

This chapter provides a background on the International Competition Network (ICN) that was launched in 2001. It explains that ICN is a trans-national network of most national competition authorities (NCAs) from around the world that focuses exclusively on competition law and policy. It also mentions non-governmental actors (NGAs), such as major corporations, law firms, and academics that support and contribute to ICN discussions. The chapter describes ICN as a forum where competition experts discuss ways to improve competition policy and produce products, including an array of surveys, guides, model forms and principles. It points out that international organisations, such as the World Bank, UNCTAD, and OECD are often involved with ICN, however, only NCAs can be its members.
Legitimacy, effectiveness, and efficiency of the ICN
Authors: Townley Christopher , Guidi Mattia , Tavares Mariana
Published: March 2022

This chapter assesses how the International Competition Network (ICN) performs in terms of legitimacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. It recognizes that power must always be exerted in the interest of the people, following the democratic principle. It also addresses the questions of whether the procedures used by national competition authorities (NCAs) to join the ICN take democratic bodies’ input into account and whether national democratic bodies scrutinize what their NCAs do within the ICN. The chapter describes the different ways of legitimizing processes, implying that one’s view of legitimacy links to one’s model of democracy. It examines a select sample of NCAs that complied with their national rules when setting up and participating in the ICN.
Introduction
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter examines the politics of everyday life in urban Nigeria refracted through empirically grounded discussion of corruption, exploitation, and the pursuit of survival in the informal transport sector of Lagos. Building upon the anthropological critique of corruption, the chapter argues that average Nigerians are not passive in the face of corruption but appropriate it in a variety of ways to minimize risk, maximize profit, and impose order and predictability on their workaday world. Hence, the chapter challenges the almost exclusive focus on political corruption, which treats ordinary people as innocent victims of corruption. The chapter draws upon a combination of in-depth interviews, archival sources, mobile ethnography, and cumulative observations on the bottlenecked roads of Lagos.
Corruption and the Crisis of Values
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

While corruption exists in all polities, the form it takes, its extent, and its political and socio-economic functions vary enormously across time and place. This chapter takes a wide and close look at corruption. As wide, the chapter locates corruption within the “gray zones” between the legal and the illegal, and shows how corruption is shaped by the complex and shifting interactions between state and nonstate actors in mobile settings. The chapter challenges the essentialism, cultural determinism, and functionalist explanation that characterizes and constrains dominant approaches to corruption in contemporary Africa, showing how they tend to obscure corruption’s social, historical, and moral underpinnings and logics. As close, the chapter examines elite corruption and profiteering in Nigeria since independence in October 1960, especially the systematic plundering of Nigeria’s oil-dominated national economy and the consequent emergence of a crisis of values in everyday, urban life. The analysis in this chapter extends to the checkered story of post-1999 institutionalist efforts to combat political corruption.
Learning from Corruption
Authors: Agbiboa Daniel E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter returns to a central argument in the book, that is, that corruption is not embedded in Nigerian culture but is in fact shaped by popular efforts to manage precarious livelihoods. Going beyond the dominant approach of simplifying corruption into “petty” versus “grand” and “private” versus “public,” this chapter locates corruption within gray zones between the state and the nonstate, the formal and the informal. The chapter calls attention to how and why the state in Nigeria is localized or made visible in the organization, politics, and especially extortion racket of the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW)—the most politicized and violent trade union in Nigeria. The chapter argues that the struggle for economic survival compels many informal transport operators to participate in the reproduction of the transgressive system they denounce. The chapter concludes that anti-corruption policies have hardly had an impact on levels of corruption on the ground precisely because on the ground realities of corruption have never truly penetrated top-down anti-corruption reforms.
Introduction
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the main tenets of Future-Proofing: Making Practice-Based Design Sustainable. The future-proofing of information technology (IT) solutions makes sense in projects that have a deep impact on users’ practices, and require their designers to make the design results last beyond the project end. The chapter introduces the idea of IT sustainability as a combination of technological qualities and the consolidation of social practices. It also describes the case study perspective and the comparative approach to analysing the projects and cases presented, which is based on a set of ‘sensitizing concepts’, pointing out ways to achieve sustainable innovation.
Emergency and crisis management
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores two different research lines. One is a series of projects carried out in close collaboration with firefighters that resulted in a technically innovative solution. It allows some of the conditions of practice-based research to be examined in a safety-critical domain. The other research line—built around the idea of developing a technology that supports the coordination of professionals and volunteers operating in critical settings—offers the opportunity to learn about the impact of technology choices on the sustainability of a design solution. It also highlights the challenges involved in moving in a highly regulated field characterized by heterogeneous interests.
Projects in developing countries
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

At the core of this chapter is a series of projects in a rural community in South Africa that succeeded in developing a well-functioning community network (CN). The chapter highlights several key conditions to achieving sustainability: the community taking part in all design decisions; the efforts to build local capabilities for running and maintaining the CN; and the steps towards ensuring its financial sustainability, based on legal provisions and a well-considered business model. Research revealing the complex ecology of repair shops in developing countries strengthens some of these insights, in particular the need to practise the ‘creative repurposing’ of materials and design for the easy maintainability and repair of technical devices.
Personal experiences and reflections
Authors: Simone Carla , Wagner Ina , Müller Claudia , Weibert Anne , Wulf Volker
Published: March 2022

The epilogue offers the original point of view of the researchers and provides space to express their feelings and opinions about their research experiences. Nicola Bidwell adopts the notion of ‘meshwork’ to characterize ‘inhabitant’ and ‘occupant’ knowledge, to discuss their differences and mutual interplay, as well as the different temporalities they follow. Ellen Balka provides a report on some of the most difficult moments in the evolution of the ActionADE project when it entered the phase of integrating the solution with the provincial healthcare ecosystem. Myriam Lewkowicz emphasizes her continual focus on research outcomes that have a sustainable impact on the local and regional healthcare communities, connecting them with regional development. Margunn Aanestad presents her long-term experience as an ‘observer and analyst’ and describes the many ways in which ‘users encounter new technologies’, having to deal with problems at the organizational level as well as at the level of national public institutions.
Is Discounting for Tense Rational?
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: March 2022

Social science and philosophy appear to disagree on when or if temporal discounting is rational. Discounting the distant future in favor of the near future is judged irrational by philosophers and as often rational by social scientists. Discounting the past in favor of the future, by contrast, is viewed as rational by some philosophers and as (probably) irrational by social scientists. Are the two fields really in disagreement? With the goal of bridging this divide, the chapter focuses on the neglected fact that both time preferences are typically tensed in nature. Through the lens of tense, we’ll see that the conflict between social science and philosophy on discounting is mostly only apparent; and where genuine, it involves disputes within each field as much as between fields. Keeping an eye on tense will allow us to make several observations that will help us better understand temporal discounting.
The Body as a Time Machine
Authors: Rinaldi Luca , Girelli Luisa
Published: March 2022

Humans show a systematic tendency to perceive the future as psychologically closer than the past. Here, the chapter reviews recent evidence on visually deprived individuals, as well as on clinical (i.e. with depressive and anxiety traits) and non-clinical populations. The chapter suggests that such a temporal asymmetry is a consequence of experiential movement through both space and time, especially during walking behavior. Our everyday life bodily experience, indeed, is clearly asymmetrical along the sagittal axis: in typical forward locomotion, future events are associated with diminishing spatial distance, whereas past events are associated with increasing distance from the body. The chapter, therefore, discusses how a sensorimotor framework can exhaustively account for the general propensity to conceive the future as closer to the present as compared to the past.
Music Therapy in Mental Health for Illness Management and Recovery
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

This purpose of this text is to describe the who, what, when, where, why, and how of music therapy for illness management and recovery for adults with mental health conditions specific to clinical group-based practice within the United States. Other goals of this monograph include informing administrators of music therapy, providing theory-based approaches to music therapy in mental health settings, educating music therapists about related literature outside the profession, stimulating research and employment, increasing access to services, and influencing legislative policies. Perhaps the most essential purpose of this text is to encourage both critical thinking and lifelong learning about issues, ideas, and concepts related to various intersections between mental health and music therapy.
The social impact, prevalence, and contemporary short-term treatment of mental health conditions
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

This first chapter provides readers with a general orientation to mental health conditions. Topics covered include prevalence, costs, and how adults with mental health conditions represent a marginalized and disenfranchised group. The chapter also highlights physical health problems that adults with mental health problems may experience. For a variety of reasons, contemporary inpatient treatment durations settings have become briefer, thus challenging service delivery. The chapter describes how advancements in pharmacological and psychosocial treatments have resulted in music therapists having to adapt to new care models to augment the likelihood of illness management and recovery for adults with mental health conditions.
Substance use disorders
Authors: Silverman Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Addiction is a chronic and complex medical disease characterized by uncontrollable craving, compulsive substance seeking, continued use despite known consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal. Stressors related to work, relationships, loneliness, mental health conditions, pain, and social and environmental cues can function as antecedents for substance craving and use. As such, addiction is often considered a disease of the brain, as it impacts multiple neurological circuits, including those involved in learning and memory, inhibitory control over behavior, reward, and motivation. This chapter providers readers with an overview of substance use disorders as a social problem. The language used to describe aspects of substance use disorders is highlighted to reduce stigma and marginalization. Readers are provided with information about different addiction models, motivation, and the Transtheoretical Stages of Change.
Origins and Scenes
Authors: Hayton Jeff
Published: March 2022

Chapter 1 details the arrival of punk in East and West Germany, first impressions among youths and society, the establishment of scenes in both countries, and the sociological dimensions of the early subculture. Youths learned of punk from the mainstream media (print, images, radio, and television) on both sides of the Iron Curtain and, inspired by what they saw and heard, traveled to London and Budapest to learn so they could recreate the subculture back home. Youths thought punk could help them overcome what they perceived was a period of boredom (an Eternal Seventies), with the genre becoming a vehicle for imagining difference in the present. While never more than a few thousand, predominantly young men in both East and West, the subculture nonetheless provided women with an important entry point into German rock ‘n’ roll culture and had an outsized public presence.
Religion and Resistance
Authors: Hayton Jeff
Published: March 2022

Chapter 6 examines the relationships between punks and the Protestant Churches, and the subculture and the political opposition in East Germany. After Härte gegen Punk, surviving youths retreated into youth outreach programs in the Protestant Churches where they were increasingly socialized into the politics of the opposition groups then beginning to gather there. Engaging in a variety of subversive activities—environmentalism, human rights, pacifism, feminism—punks challenged the regime by publicly eroding the political legitimacy of the communist system with their music and concerts. However, the presence of punks led to countless disputes with religious leaders and dissidents, turmoil which complicates the belief that the churches and political opposition were united against the regime. In the face of the increasing political threat presented by punk, the secret police, the Stasi, infiltrated the scene and co-opted countless youths as informers, although punk spies were not particularly helpful in curbing subcultural opposition.
Epilogue
Authors: Hayton Jeff
Published: March 2022

The Epilogue analyzes punk memory cultures from East and West Germany in reunited Germany since 1989. For former Easterners, punk has become a stand-in for an alternative GDR, a resisting East Germany, a culture that was not gray and stagnant but vibrant and colorful, a subculture in which ex-East Germans can be proud; more than anything, punk is a source of stability and identity for those unhappy with the rigors of reunification. For former Westerners, punk is increasingly integrated into a tradition of national art and music culture, part of Germany’s participation in transnational trends which positions the nation at the forefront of innovation, and a source of diversity and pluralism. In both cases, punk was a fleeting moment of subversion and nonconformity, in which youths were able to construct alternative worlds and pursue unconventional beliefs. And the flourishing punk memory cultures which record these insurgencies tell us much more about the present than they do about the past, a present that speaks for a desire among Germans for difference and alternativeness.
Cross-Border Innovation in a Changing World: An Overview and Perspective on Future Developments
Authors: Castellani Davide , Perri Alessandra , Scalera Vittoria G. , Zanfei Antonello
Published: March 2022

Bridging perspectives from complementary research streams, this chapter offers an overview of the cross-border innovation phenomenon and argues that in recent decades it has not only increased in intensity, but also changed qualitatively. The authors submit that a comprehensive understanding of these profound transformations calls for a renewed research effort that should simultaneously address the evolution of players, places, and policies. The chapter reviews the contributions offered in this book in relation to these cross-border innovation building blocks and proposes future lines of research.
The Evolution of International Networks for Innovation
Authors: Cantwell John , Marra Marianna
Published: March 2022

This chapter describes the evolution of international networks for innovation in international business. It proposes a framework that accounts for two key dimensions: time and the potential for knowledge recombination. Within this framework, the chapter describes the shift of studies from hierarchical to networked Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in relation to the potential for knowledge recombination and, in turn, cross-border innovation. It discusses the crucial role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the information age in enhancing greater connectivity between internal and external knowledge networks and local and global locations. In revising the relevant literature, the authors adopt the lens of the evolutionary theory which helps us in understanding the dynamics of knowledge creation in MNEs’ networks.
The Missing Link: International Migration in Global Clusters of Innovation
Authors: Coda-Zabetta Massimiliano , Chacua Christian , Lissoni Francesco , Miguelez Ernest , Raffo Julio , Yin Deyun
Published: March 2022

This chapter looks at the global network of innovative agglomerations, with a focus on their degree of internationalization and on the actors behind it—particularly high-skilled migrants. Using worldwide patent and publication geo-localized data, it identifies all Global Hotspots of Innovation (GIHs) and Niche Clusters (NCs) worldwideand relates their success to their international connections. In particular, it compares organizational ones, such as international collaborations orchestrated by multinational firms’ collaborations, to personal ones, which may derive from migration to/from the GIHs and NCs. The analysis suggests a strong role for the latter, always comparable and sometimes larger than the former.
Crossing Borders to Innovate: Young Entrepreneurs and the Lure of Major Cities
Authors: Murphree Michael
Published: March 2022

Cross-border entrepreneurship and subsequent host-country innovation may result in global cities increasing their stock of human capital and capabilities at the expense of the sending region. Unlike the immigrant and returnee entrepreneurship studied in the past, cross-border entrepreneurship may be increasingly one-way, involving migration for entrepreneurship rather than migration followed by entrepreneurship. With an increasing focus on service rather than manufacturing industries, the old international and backward ties that once typified cross-border entrepreneurship may no longer apply, leading to increased rates of innovation in host-country global cities and reduced rates in the home region. Using a study of Taiwanese entrepreneurship in Mainland China, this chapter shows how the magnetism of global cities attracts investment, but the patterns of globalization today, including protectionism and technology fragmentation, yield highly unequal innovation benefits from this type of entrepreneurship.
The Role of Non-local Linkages for Innovation: A Commentary
Authors: Boschma Ron
Published: March 2022

Non-local linkages are considered to be crucial for innovation in regions because they provide access to new knowledge and ideas. This helps places to avoid or overcome lock-in situations. The cluster literature has focused on gatekeepers that may diffuse non-local knowledge to cluster firms. In the global city literature, this gatekeeping role is taken up by multinational enterprises and knowledge-intensive business services. However, little attention has yet been focused on the nature of these non-local linkages. Not all non-linkages matter for the capacity of a region to innovate. What matters in particular is the extent to which types of knowledge that flow through non-local linkages are complementary to the local knowledge base. What matters is not being connected to other regions per se, but being linked to regions that give access to complementary capabilities. Also, inflows of external agents are crucial for regional innovation, especially for more radical innovations.
Cross-border R&D Sourcing Strategies: Different Governance Modes and ‘New’ Players
Authors: Nieto María Jesús , Rodríguez Alicia
Published: March 2022

This chapter analyses the relation between different organizational options of international research and development (R&D) activities and firm performance in order to clarify past contributions and outline suggestions for future research. Specifically, it reviews the advantages and challenges associated with international R&D collaboration and offshore R&D outsourcing compared to captive R&D centres abroad—and provides an overview of the empirical research on the implications of external sourcing modes for firm innovation and firm performance. To understand these relations better, an organizing framework is provided that includes large established Western MNEs and new players such as SMEs, family firms, newly born firms, and firms from emerging countries. The specific strategic behaviours, resource endowments, capabilities, and organizational characteristics of these new players merit greater attention. To conclude, the chapter extracts promising insights and avenues for future research by discussing the importance of cross-border R&D sourcing strategies for the competitiveness of the new players.
MNE Cross-border Knowledge Sourcing: A Commentary
Authors: Andersson Ulf
Published: March 2022

The MNE’s proficiency sourcing knowledge across borders is its raison-d’être. The broad knowledge sourcing overcomes the liability of foreignness and facilitates competitive advantage. Understanding the processes of subsidiary learning in local environments and alliance partners and then sharing within the Multinational Enterprise (MNE) is of immense importance to MNE management. This commentary summarizes and critically reflects on two chapters dealing with these issues, Chapter 7 and Chapter 8. The chapters nicely complement each other, one taking a subsidiary perspective and the other a headquarters perspective. Together they span ways of learning through captive, alliance, and market modes from foreign locations. Although there are exciting areas that are not investigated here the two chapters surface many matters for further research and pave the way for a range of urgent projects. MNE innovation performance through foreign knowledge sourcing and cross-border sharing continues to be a vibrant research area and subsidiaries’ roles in innovation processes remain at the centre of contemporary research.
Cross-border Innovation and Knowledge Protection Policies
Authors: Papageorgiadis Nikolaos , McDonald Frank
Published: March 2022

Firms engaged in cross-border innovation operate in diverse national Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) regimes that influence the ability to protect intellectual property assets against infringement. This chapter explores the heterogeneity of IPRs regimes and develops a conceptual framework that identifies four broad categories of IPRs regimes. The framework highlights how the interaction between formal legislative conditions and enforcement issues arising from informal institutional factors and the insider and outsider status of firms affects cross-border innovation. The framework is applied to consider location decisions and the appropriability strategies of firms when cross-border innovation requires firms to engage with different types of IPRs regimes. The chapter highlights the need for research to provide a subtler analysis of how national IPRs regimes influence the ability of firms to effectively protect IP assets in cross-border innovation. The chapter concludes with three recommendations for policy that would help to attract and expand cross-border innovation activities.
Natural Logic
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

This chapter makes the case for the viability of natural logic—an approach to logic in which logical inferences can take place over natural language forms. Ludlow and Živanović argue that Medieval logicians had a handle on a deep insight into natural logic, attempting to simplify classical logic by paying attention to the polarity of natural language forms. They argue that contemporary logical and mathematical tools can revitalize their approach to natural logic. Ludlow and Živanović then show that Medieval logicians also had an insight into a deep connection holding between logical polarity and quantification.
L*: A First-order Polarity Logic for Generalized Quantification
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

In order to show that there is a tight relationship between logical polarity, logical inference, and natural language quantification, this chapter describes a language (L*) in which these relationships can be formalized and in which the properties can be studied in detail. It concludes with concerns as to whether the proposed formal language is too complex and alien from natural language to be used in an account of natural logic.
L**: A First-order Polarity Logic with Plural Domains
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

An alternative formal language (L**) is constructed that better mirrors the structure of natural language (for example, by treating numerical expressions as predicates and thereby divorcing cardinality and quantification). It is shown how directional entailingness can be understood in terms of polarity, and how the properties of generalized quantifier theory can be cashed out within the formal structures of the new formal language.
An Introduction to the Dynamic Deductive System
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

In earlier chapters a formal language (L**) was developed in which directional entailingness can be understood in terms of logical polarity. In this chapter, Ludlow and Živanović begin to develop a theory of deduction for the new language L** and first-order predicate logic in general. They extend the Medieval idea that inferences can proceed by replacing phrases located anywhere in a sentence (always with an eye on polarity). They arrive at a deductive system that is dynamic and that can be seen as a manipulation of a single formula by deploying inline rules. They show how the key to this deductive system is a formal syntactic relation that they call p-scope—a relation that is sensitive to polarity and which can control the movement of material within sentences and deductions of the formal language.
Representational Minimalism and Comparison with Other Natural Deductive Systems
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

It is shown that one of the key advantages of the Dynamic Deductive System is that it is stateless. That is, it does not preserve steps in memory and is thus representationally minimal. Ludlow and Živanović suggest that this tells in its favor from the perspective of cognitive psychology. They then compare the Dynamic Deductive System to Gentzen natural deduction systems and to Deep Inference deductive systems. They suggest that each approach has its advantages, but that the Dynamic Deductive System is superior for accounts that are embedded in contemporary linguistic theory.
Remaining Conceptual Issues
Authors: Ludlow Peter , Živanović Sašo
Published: March 2022

This chapter first looks at the Dynamic Deductive System in the context of human inferential capacities, and argues that if we make a distinction between competence and performance and develop a theory of the heuristics that humans use in making inferences, then the Dynamic Deductive System can illuminate that project in cognitive psychology. Ludlow and Živanović then examine some foundational questions about the nature of polarity and the question of whether proof theory could serve as a theory of meaning. They conclude by returning to a reflection on the Medieval project in logic and discuss the way in which we now understand the nature of that project.
OsNAC016 regulates plant architecture and drought tolerance by interacting with the kinases GSK2 and SAPK8
Authors: Wu Qi , Liu Yingfan , Xie Zizhao , Yu Bo , Sun Ying , Huang Junli
Published: March 2022

Ideal plant architecture and drought tolerance are important determinants of yield potential in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we found that OsNAC016, a rice NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factor, functions as a regulator in the crosslink between brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated plant architecture and abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated drought responses. The loss-of-function mutant osnac016 exhibited erect leaves and shortened internodes, but OsNAC016-overexpressing plants had opposite phenotypes. Further investigation revealed that OsNAC016 regulated the expression of the BR biosynthesis gene D2 by binding to its promoter. Moreover, OsNAC016 interacted with and was phosphorylated by GSK3/SHAGGY-LIKE KINASE2 (GSK2), a negative regulator in the BR pathway. Meanwhile, the mutant osnac016 had improved drought stress tolerance, supported by a decreased water loss rate and enhanced stomatal closure in response to exogenous ABA, but OsNAC016-overexpressing plants showed attenuated drought tolerance and reduced ABA sensitivity. Further, OSMOTIC STRESS/ABA-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE8 (SAPK8) phosphorylated OsNAC016 and reduced its stability. The ubiquitin/26S proteasome system is an important degradation pathway of OsNAC016 via the interaction with PLANT U-BOX PROTEIN43 (OsPUB43) that mediates the ubiquitination of OsNAC016. Notably, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed global roles of OsNAC016 in promoting BR-mediated gene expression and repressing ABA-dependent drought-responsive gene expression, which was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR analysis. Our findings establish that OsNAC016 is positively involved in BR-regulated rice architecture, negatively modulates ABA-mediated drought tolerance, and is regulated by GSK2, SAPK8, and OsPUB43 through posttranslational modification. Our data provide insights into how plants balance growth and survival by coordinately regulating the growth-promoting signaling pathway and response under abiotic stresses.
Race, power, and policy: understanding state anti-eviction policies during COVID-19
Authors: Michener Jamila
Published: March 2022

In the United States, striking racial disparities in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates were one of the core patterns of the virus. These racial disproportionalities were a result of structural factors—laws, rules, and practices embedded in economic, social, and political systems. Public policy is central among such structural features. Policies distribute advantages, disadvantages, benefits, and burdens in ways that generate, reinforce, or redress racial inequities. Crucially, public policy is a function of power relations, so understanding policy decisions requires attentiveness to power. This paper asseses statistical associations between racial power and state anti-eviction policies. Charting the timing of state policy responses between March 2020 and June 2021, I examine correlations between response times and racial power as reflected in state populations, voting constituencies, legislatures, and social movement activities. Ultimately, I do not find any significant associations. The null results underscore the complexities and difficulties of studying race, power, and public policy with theoretical nuance and empirical care. While the findings leave us with much to learn about how racial power operates, the conceptualization and theorizing offered in the paper, instructively underscore the value of centering racial power in analyses of public policy.
Decision flexibilities in autism spectrum disorder: an fMRI study of moral dilemmas
Authors: Tei Shisei , Tanicha Mizuki , Itahashi Takashi , Aoki Yuta Y , Ohta Haruhisa , Qian Chenyu , Hashimoto Ryu-ichiro , Nakamura Motoaki , Takahashi Hidehiko , Kato Nobumasa , Fujino Junya
Published: March 2022

People make flexible decisions across a wide range of contexts to resolve social or moral conflicts. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently report difficulties in such behaviors, which hinders the flexibility in changing strategies during daily activities or adjustment of perspective during communication. However, the underlying mechanisms of this issue are insufficiently understood. This study aimed to investigate decision flexibility in ASD using a functional magnetic resonance imaging task that involved recognizing and resolving two types of moral dilemmas: cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and mitigating inevitable misconducts (MIM). The CBA session assessed the participants’ pitting of result-oriented outcomes against distressful harmful actions, whereas the MIM session assessed their pitting of the extenuation of a criminal sentence against a sympathetic situation of defendants suffering from violence or disease. The behavioral outcome in CBA-related flexibility was significantly lower in the ASD group compared to that of the typical development group. In the corresponding CBA contrast, activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus was lower in the ASD group. Meanwhile, in the MIM-related flexibility, there were no significant group differences in behavioral outcome or brain activity. Our findings add to our understanding of flexible decision-making in ASD.
Neural connectivity underlying adolescent social learning in sibling dyads
Authors: Rogers Christy R , Fry Cassidy M , Lee Tae-Ho , Galvan Michael , Gates Kathleen M , Telzer Eva H
Published: March 2022

Social learning theory posits that adolescents learn to adopt social norms by observing the behaviors of others and internalizing the associated outcomes. However, the underlying neural processes by which social learning occurs is less well-understood, despite extensive neurobiological reorganization and a peak in social influence sensitivity during adolescence. Forty-four adolescents (Mage = 12.2 years) completed an fMRI scan while observing their older sibling within four years of age (Mage = 14.3 years) of age complete a risky decision-making task. Group iterative multiple model estimation (GIMME) was used to examine patterns of directional brain region connectivity supporting social learning. We identified group-level neural pathways underlying social observation including the anterior insula to the anterior cingulate cortex and mentalizing regions to social cognition regions. We also found neural states based on adolescent sensitivity to social learning via age, gender, modeling, differentiation, and behavior. Adolescents who were more likely to be influenced elicited neurological up-regulation whereas adolescents who were less likely to be socially influenced elicited neurological down-regulation during risk-taking. These findings highlight patterns of how adolescents process information while a salient influencer takes risks, as well as salient neural pathways that are dependent on similarity factors associated with social learning theory.