bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia
Authors: Deshmukh Chandra S. , Susanto Ari P. , Nardi Nardi , Nurholis Nurholis , Kurnianto Sofyan , Suardiwerianto Yogi , Hendrizal M. , Rhinaldy Ade , Mahfiz Reyzaldi E. , Desai Ankur R. , Page Susan E. , Cobb Alexander R. , Hirano Takashi , Guérin Frédéric , Serça Dominique , Prairie Yves T. , Agus Fahmuddin , Astiani Dwi , Sabiham Supiandi , Evans Chris D.
Published: April 2023

Tropical peatlands cycle and store large amounts of carbon in their soil and biomass1–5. Climate and land-use change alters greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of tropical peatlands, but the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain6–19. Here we measure net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide, methane and soil nitrous oxide fluxes between October 2016 and May 2022 from Acacia crassicarpa plantation, degraded forest and intact forest within the same peat landscape, representing land-cover-change trajectories in Sumatra, Indonesia. This allows us to present a full plantation rotation GHG flux balance in a fibre wood plantation on peatland. We find that the Acacia plantation has lower GHG emissions than the degraded site with a similar average groundwater level (GWL), despite more intensive land use. The GHG emissions from the Acacia plantation over a full plantation rotation (35.2 ± 4.7 tCO2-eq ha−1 year−1, average ± standard deviation) were around two times higher than those from the intact forest (20.3 ± 3.7 tCO2-eq ha−1 year−1), but only half of the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 emission factor (EF)20 for this land use. Our results can help to reduce the uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, provide an estimate of the impact of land-use change on tropical peat and develop science-based peatland management practices as nature-based climate solutions.
Blinded, randomized trial of sonographer versus AI cardiac function assessment
Authors: He Bryan , Kwan Alan C. , Cho Jae Hyung , Yuan Neal , Pollick Charles , Shiota Takahiro , Ebinger Joseph , Bello Natalie A. , Wei Janet , Josan Kiranbir , Duffy Grant , Jujjavarapu Melvin , Siegel Robert , Cheng Susan , Zou James Y. , Ouyang David
Published: April 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been developed for echocardiography1–3, although it has not yet been tested with blinding and randomization. Here we designed a blinded, randomized non-inferiority clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05140642; no outside funding) of AI versus sonographer initial assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to evaluate the impact of AI in the interpretation workflow. The primary end point was the change in the LVEF between initial AI or sonographer assessment and final cardiologist assessment, evaluated by the proportion of studies with substantial change (more than 5% change). From 3,769 echocardiographic studies screened, 274 studies were excluded owing to poor image quality. The proportion of studies substantially changed was 16.8% in the AI group and 27.2% in the sonographer group (difference of −10.4%, 95% confidence interval: −13.2% to −7.7%, P < 0.001 for non-inferiority, P < 0.001 for superiority). The mean absolute difference between final cardiologist assessment and independent previous cardiologist assessment was 6.29% in the AI group and 7.23% in the sonographer group (difference of −0.96%, 95% confidence interval: −1.34% to −0.54%, P < 0.001 for superiority). The AI-guided workflow saved time for both sonographers and cardiologists, and cardiologists were not able to distinguish between the initial assessments by AI versus the sonographer (blinding index of 0.088). For patients undergoing echocardiographic quantification of cardiac function, initial assessment of LVEF by AI was non-inferior to assessment by sonographers.
Extensive MHC class IIβ diversity across multiple loci in the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula)
Authors: Gaigher Arnaud , Rota Alessia , Neves Fabiana , Muñoz-Mérida Antonio , Blasco-Aróstegui Javier , Almeida Tereza , Veríssimo Ana
Published: April 2023

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a multigene family responsible for pathogen detection, and initiation of adaptive immune responses. Duplication, natural selection, recombination, and their resulting high functional genetic diversity spread across several duplicated loci are the main hallmarks of the MHC. Although these features were described in several jawed vertebrate lineages, a detailed MHC IIβ characterization at the population level is still lacking for chondrichthyans (chimaeras, rays and sharks), i.e. the most basal lineage to possess an MHC-based adaptive immune system. We used the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula, Carcharhiniformes) as a case-study species to characterize MHC IIβ diversity using complementary molecular tools, including publicly available genome and transcriptome datasets, and a newly developed high-throughput Illumina sequencing protocol. We identified three MHC IIβ loci within the same genomic region, all of which are expressed in different tissues. Genetic screening of the exon 2 in 41 individuals of S. canicula from a single population revealed high levels of sequence diversity, evidence for positive selection, and footprints of recombination. Moreover, the results also suggest the presence of copy number variation in MHC IIβ genes. Thus, the small-spotted catshark exhibits characteristics of functional MHC IIβ genes typically observed in other jawed vertebrates.
Hydroxychloroquine is neutral on incidental cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Zhang Zhibo , Ma Xin , Wang Yu-Hsun , Shi Xiaofei , Wei James Cheng-Chung
Published: April 2023

To study whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy increases the risks of cataracts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this retrospective cohort study, 2821 treatment-naive RA patients, collected from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, were enrolled from 2000 to 2012 and followed up monthly until secondary cataracts were detected but no later than Dec 31, 2013. All participants were split into two groups according to the usage of HCQ in one year: the HCQ group (465 patients), with a usage duration higher than 90 days, and the non-HCQ group (465 patients), with a usage duration less than 30 days. The HCQ and non-HCQ groups were age-, sex-, complication- and drug combination-matched. There was no significant difference in survival rate between the two groups (p > 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression model was applied. Of all participants, 173 were diagnosed with secondary cataracts in both the HCQ and non-HCQ groups, with 28.8/1000 and 36.5/1000 person-years, respectively. After adjustments for other predictors, patients in the HCQ group had no increased (or decreased/equal) hazard of secondary cataract (hazard ratio (HR): 1.17; confidence interval (CI): 0.86–1.59; p > 0.05). HR analysis of HCQ usage duration, age, sex and corticosteroids showed that the CI of the adjusted HR was not statistically significant. This study showed that HCQ usage was not associated with the risk of cataracts in RA patients.
Exploring body weight-influencing gut microbiota by elucidating the association with diet and host gene expression
Authors: Nemoto Shino , Kubota Tetsuya , Ohno Hiroshi
Published: April 2023

We aimed to identify gut microbiota that influences body weight by elucidating the association with diets and host genes. Germ-free (GF) mice with and without fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) were fed a normal, high-carbohydrate, or high-fat diet. FMT mice exhibited greater total body weight; adipose tissue and liver weights; blood glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol levels; and oil droplet size than the GF mice, regardless of diet. However, the extent of weight gain and metabolic parameter levels associated with gut microbiota depended on the nutrients ingested. For example, a disaccharide- or polysaccharide-rich diet caused more weight gain than a monosaccharide-rich diet. An unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet had a greater microbial insulin-increasing effect than a saturated fatty acid-rich diet. Perhaps the difference in microbial metabolites produced from substances taken up by the host created metabolic differences. Therefore, we analyzed such dietary influences on gut microbiota, differentially expressed genes between GF and FMT mice, and metabolic factors, including body weight. The results revealed a correlation between increased weight gain, a fat-rich diet, increased Ruminococcaceae abundance, and decreased claudin 22 gene expression. These findings suggest that weight regulation might be possible through the manipulation of the gut microbiota metabolism using the host’s diet.
Quantitative prediction of ternary mixed gases based on an SnO2 sensor array and an SSA-BP neural network model
Authors: Li Meihua , Gu Yunlong , Zhang Yunfan , Gao Xiaodong , Ge Shikun , Wei Guangfen
Published: April 2023

Gas sensor arrays have been prepared using tin oxide gas sensing materials synthesized by biotemplate method and hydrothermal reaction, combined with neural network algorithms to predict the concentration of gas mixtures.
Emerging metallenes: synthesis strategies, biological effects and biomedical applications
Authors: Lu Chenxin , Li Ruoyao , Miao Zhaohua , Wang Fei , Zha Zhengbao
Published: April 2023

This review summarizes the synthesis, properties, classification, biological effects, and biomedical applications of emerging metallenes.
Optical neuromodulation at all scales: from nanomaterials to wireless optoelectronics and integrated systems
Authors: Karatum Onuralp , Gwak Min-Jun , Hyun Junghun , Onal Asim , Koirala Gyan Raj , Kim Tae-il , Nizamoglu Sedat
Published: April 2023

This review summarizes optical nanomaterials, devices, and systems for neuromodulation. We describe their structures, working principles and bioelectronic applications with challenges and prospects.
Evaluating the energy landscape of an out-of-equilibrium bistable [2]rotaxane containing monopyrrolotetrathiafulvalene
Authors: Neumann Mathias S. , Smith Amanda F. , Jensen Sofie K. , Frederiksen Rikke , Skavenborg Mathias L. , Jeppesen Jan O.
Published: April 2023

An out-of-equilibrium bistable [2]rotaxane was used to make a complete profiling of the energy landscape when a tetracationic ring (blue) moves across a stimuli-induced electrostatic barrier (green) carrying two positive charges.
Probing water mobility in confining channels of reverse wormlike micelles
Authors: Nogueira Hilda Camila Nascimento , da Rocha Daniela Almeida Vieira Fogaça , Sabadini Edvaldo
Published: April 2023

The higher the cohesive energy of alkanes, the narrower the aqueous channel, the lower is the water mobility and the less viscous the solution.
Selective enhancement of organic dye properties through encapsulation in rotaxane orientational isomers
Authors: Andreoni Leonardo , Cester Bonati Federica , Groppi Jessica , Balestri Davide , Cera Gianpiero , Credi Alberto , Secchi Andrea , Silvi Serena
Published: April 2023

A stilbazolium derivative encapsulated in a calix[6]arene host forms two orientational isomers that display different and complementary properties.
Triisobutylaluminium-promoted formation of lanthanide hydrides
Authors: Moinet Eric C. , Tardif Olivier , Maichle-Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner
Published: April 2023

Treatment of homoleptic silylamide Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3with TIBA affords distinct heteroaluminato ligands revealing both Ln(iii)-amido→Ln(iii)-alkyl and Ln(iii)-amido→Ln(iii)-hydrido transformations.
Novel three-dimensional TiO2 structure with a unique quasi-direct band gap for photocatalysts
Authors: Guo Jiayi , Xu Wangping , Cao Juexian , Wei Xiaolin
Published: April 2023

The schematic of screening the new 3D TiO2 structure. The relationship between the atomic coordination number, bond length, and band gap in different phase centers of TiO2. The new 3D ζ-TiO2 with excellent photocatalytic performance is predicted.
Predicting liquid–liquid phase separation in ternary organic–organic–water mixtures
Authors: Hyttinen Noora
Published: April 2023

This study presents the computational liquid–liquid phase separation behavior of ternary atmospherically relevant mixtures that cannot be accessed experimentally.
Hydrogen sharing between two nitroxyl radicals in the gas phase and other microsolvation effects on the infrared spectrum of a bulky hydroxylamine
Authors: Fischer Taija L. , Tepaske Martijn A. , Suhm Martin A.
Published: April 2023

Despite OH stretch excitation, the hydrogen atom between two TEMPO radicals does not tunnel fast enough to show up as a splitting in the supersonic jet infrared spectrum.
Fluorescence of pyrene and its derivatives to reveal constituent and composition dependent solvation within hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Deepika  , Juneja Shreya , Pandey Siddharth
Published: April 2023

The constituent/composition of hydrophobic DESs govern the behavior of solvatochromic probes: pyrene and pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde; intramolecular excimer formation efficiency of dipyrenylpolydimethylsiloxane indicates the good solvation ability.
Electrochemical decarboxylation of acetic acid on boron-doped diamond and platinum-functionalised electrodes for pyrolysis-oil treatment
Authors: Ashraf Talal , Rodriguez Ainoa Paradelo , Mei Bastian Timo , Mul Guido
Published: April 2023

Tuning the surface of boron-doped diamond functionalised with platinum nanoparticles and thin films alters the selectivity of hydroxyl-radical-mediated indirect electrooxidation of acetic acid to the Kolbe product.
Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques
Authors: Evans E. Hywel , Pisonero Jorge , Smith Clare M. M. , Taylor Rex N.
Published: April 2023

This review covers advances in atomic spectrometric techniques, including atomic emission, absorption, fluorescence and mass spectrometry. Material on speciation and coupled techniques is not covered as this is included in a separate ASU review.
A versatile artificial skin platform for sweat sensor development
Authors: Moonen Emma J. M. , ul Islam Tanveer , van Kemenade Sebastiaan , Pelssers Eduard , Heikenfeld Jason , den Toonder Jaap M. J.
Published: April 2023

We present a versatile artificial skin platform that can be tuned to mimic the specifications of the targeted body location and sweating characteristics. It recapitulates skin topography, active sweat pores, skin wetting behaviour and sweat rate.
A Critical Analysis of Standardized Testing in Speech and Language Therapy
Authors: Nair Vishnu KK , Farah Warda , Cushing Ian
Published: April 2023

Purpose:

This review article critically interrogates the history and the current practice of standardized assessment in speech and language therapy. Speech and language assessments utilizing standardized linguistic norms are a critical tool for constructing disability and controlling disabled individuals. Such practices are rooted in a medical model of disability where the linguistic practice(s) of the individual is pathologized to create normalcy and disorder.

Method:

We examine how these practices are anchored in eugenics and the racist logics of intelligence testing in which racialized populations were rendered as linguistically and biologically inferior.

Results:

This review article shows how ideologies governing standardized assessments are influenced by racism, ableism, and the nation-state and serve as foundational mechanisms to enable surveillance and capital production. It demonstrates how standard language ideologies are central to standardized testing. Speech and language therapy practices upholding these ideologies contribute to unrestrained wealth generation for the testing industry.

Conclusions:

The review article ends with a call for clinicians, educators, and researchers to critically examine the relationship between standardized assessment, race, disability, and capitalism in speech-language therapy. This process will contribute toward dismantling the hegemonic role of standardized assessment in oppression and marginalization of speech and language−disabled individuals.
Éducation Thérapeutique du Patient (ETP) dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et les maladies apparentées en France : état des lieux et retours d’expérience
Authors: Derollez Céline , Loreaux Aude , Mahée Diane , Thévenet Marie , Pasquier Florence , Cassagnaud Pascaline
Published: April 2023

Introduction : L’Éducation Thérapeutique du Patient (ETP) fait partie des approches non médicamenteuses proposées aux patients atteints de maladie d’Alzheimer et maladies apparentées (MA2). Elle est recommandée par la Haute Autorité de santé et les plans Alzheimer mais reste peu développée. Objectifs : Nos objectifs sont (i) exposer l’offre d’ETP s’adressant à ces patients en France, (ii) recueillir les retours d’expérience des professionnels de santé, patients et aidants impliqués, (iii) décrire les difficultés rencontrées et les pistes proposées. Méthode : Nous avons répertorié les programmes d’ETP validés par les Agences Régionales de Santé (ARS) s’adressant aux patients atteints de MA2, ayant réalisé au moins un cycle d’ETP. Les retours d’expérience ont été recueillis par entretiens semi-dirigés. Résultats : Parmi les 49 programmes validés par les ARS, 30 répondaient à nos critères. Nous avons constaté une grande hétérogénéité territoriale, organisationnelle et clinique. Établir un schéma d’ETP classique auprès d’une population atteinte de troubles cognitifs s’avère complexe, néanmoins les équipes s’adaptent. Conclusion : Notre travail souligne la dimension psycho-sociale de l’ETP dans le parcours de soin des patients atteints de MA2. Son développement reste un défi et doit être facilité via une coordination des équipes et une harmonisation des pratiques portées entre autres par la Fédération des Centres Mémoire (FCM).
Robotic-assisted Gynecological Surgery in Older Patients – a Comparative Cohort Study of Perioperative Outcomes
Authors: Mothes Anke R. , Kather Angela , Cepraga Irina , Esber Anke , Kwetkat Anja , Runnebaum Ingo B.
Published: April 2023

Study design Because of current demographic developments, a hypothesis was proposed whereby older female patients aged > 65 years can be safely operated using minimally invasive,
robotic-assisted surgery, despite having more preoperative comorbidities. A comparative cohort study was designed to compare the age group ≥ 65 years (older age group, OAG) with the age
group < 65 years (younger age group, YAG) after robotic-assisted gynecological surgery (RAS) in two German centers.

Patients and methods Consecutive RAS procedures performed between 2016 and 2021 at the Women’s University Hospital of Jena and the Robotic Center Eisenach to treat benign or
oncological indications were included in the study. The age groups were compared according to their preoperative comorbidities (ASA, Charlson comorbidity index [CCI], cumulative illness
rating scale – geriatric version [CIRS-G]) and perioperative parameters such as Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification of surgical complications. Analysis was performed using Welch’s
t-test, chi2 test, and Fisher’s exact test.

Results A total of 242 datasets were identified, of which 63 (73 ± 5 years) were OAG and 179 were YAG (48 ± 10 years). Patient characteristics and the percentage of benign or
oncological indications did not differ between the two age groups. Comorbidity scores and the percentage of obese patients were higher in the OAG group: CCI (2.7 ± 2.0 vs. 1.5 ± 1.3;
p < 0.001), CIRS-G (9.7 ± 3.9 vs. 5.4 ± 2.9; p < 0.001), ASA class II/III (91.8% vs. 74.1%; p = 0.004), obesity (54.1% vs. 38.2%; p = 0.030). There was no difference between age
groups, even grouped for benign or oncological indications, with regard to perioperative parameters such as duration of surgery (p = 0.088; p = 0.368), length of hospital stay (p = 0.786;
p = 0.814), decrease in Hb levels (p = 0.811; p = 0.058), conversion rate (p = 1.000; p = 1.000) and CD complications (p = 0.433; p = 0.745).

Conclusion Although preoperative comorbidity was higher in the group of older female patients, no differences were found between age groups with regard to perioperative outcomes
following robotic-assisted gynecological surgery. Patient age is not a contraindication for robotic gynecological surgery.
Synthesis of (±)-Phyltetralin by Cu/Pd-Catalyzed Arylboration
Authors: Trammel Grace L. , Kerlin Abby C. , Brown M. Kevin , Zachau Christian
Published: April 2023

A synthesis of (±)-phyltetralin is reported. Notable features of the synthesis include a diastereoselective Cu/Pd-catalyzed arylboration reaction and a Matteson homologation.
Incidence and Risk Factors for the Development of New-Onset Diabetes after Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Elamouri Jamila S.
Published: April 2023

Objective New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT), also known as posttransplant diabetes mellitus, is a common complication after kidney transplantation. It is associated with an increased risk of graft failure and death. Therefore, minimizing the risk of NODAT is a priority after kidney transplantation. This study aimed to determine the incidence of NODAT, the risk factors for its development, and the therapeutic drugs used for its management.

Patients and Methods This is an observational, retrospective study on kidney recipients who were followed up in our center in 2021. After excluding known diabetic patients, second transplant patients, and those with follow-up periods less than 6 months, 308 recipients were included in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from the patient records. The patients were categorized as diabetic or nondiabetic.

Results All patients' mean age was 35.9±11.6 years (standard deviation). The male-to-female ratio was 2.13:1. The overall incidence of NODAT was 38.3%. The median time to NODAT diagnosis was 6 months. Patients older than 40 were more likely to develop NODAT (61.1%; p = 0.000). The prevalence of pretransplant body mass index (BMI) more than 25 was significantly higher (67.6%) in diabetic than among nondiabetic patients (p = 0.000). NODAT patients were more likely to have had a rejection episode (65 vs. 35% in nondiabetic patients; p = 0.011). A high trough level of calcineurin inhibitors carried a significant risk of NODAT development. Tacrolimus trough level more than or equal to 10 ng/mL had an odds ratio of 57.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.689–1262.2; p = 0.0007) for the development of NODAT. Likewise, a cyclosporine-A trough level more than or equal to 150 ng/mL had an odds ratio of 100.7 (95% CI: 7.31–4293.5; p = 0.0028).

Conclusion NODAT incidence was high in this study. Older age, high BMI, prior rejection episode, steroid dose, and high calcineurin inhibitors trough levels were significant risk factors for developing NODAT.
Spectral invariants of the magnetic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Liu Genqian , Tan Xiaoming
Published: April 2023

This paper is devoted to investigating the heat trace asymptotic expansion associated with the magnetic Steklov problem on a smooth compact Riemannian manifold (Ω, g) with smooth boundary ∂Ω. By computing the full symbol of the magnetic Dirichlet-to-Neumann map M, we establish an effective procedure, by which we can calculate all the coefficients a0, a1, …, an−1 of the asymptotic expansion. In particular, we explicitly give the first four coefficients a0, a1, a2, and a3. They are spectral invariants, which provide precise information concerning the volume and curvatures of the boundary ∂Ω and some physical quantities.
Analytic theory of coupled-cavity traveling wave tubes
Authors: Figotin Alexander
Published: April 2023

Coupled-cavity traveling wave tube (CCTWT) is a high power microwave vacuum electronic device used to amplify radio frequency signals. CCTWTs have numerous applications, including radar, radio navigation, space communication, television, radio repeaters, and charged particle accelerators. Microwave-generating interactions in CCTWTs take place mostly in coupled resonant cavities positioned periodically along the electron beam axis. Operational features of a CCTWT, particularly the amplification mechanism, are similar to those of a multicavity klystron. We advance here a Lagrangian field theory of CCTWTs with the space being represented by one-dimensional continuum. The theory integrates into it the space-charge effects, including the so-called debunching (electron-to-electron repulsion). The corresponding Euler–Lagrange field equations are ordinary differential equations with coefficients varying periodically in the space. Utilizing the system periodicity, we develop instrumental features of the Floquet theory, including the monodromy matrix and its Floquet multipliers. We use them to derive closed form expressions for a number of physically significant quantities. Those include, in particular, dispersion relations and the frequency dependent gain foundational to the RF signal amplification. Serpentine (folded, corrugated) traveling wave tubes are very similar to CCTWTs, and our theory applies to them also.
Thermal cycling at constant stress for thin films over a wide temperature range: Design and fabrication of a specific device for the study of microactuators
Authors: Malvasio Bruno F. , Isola Lucio M. , Malarria Jorge A.
Published: April 2023

The characterization of the mechanical behavior of shape memory thin film alloys is essential for their application as microactuators. Depending on the particular application, different elements have been considered for the fabrication of ternary NiTi-based alloys in order to shift the martensitic transformation toward a lower or a higher temperature range. This work presents the design and implementation of a specific device to perform thermal cycles at constant stress on film-like samples over a wide temperature range, between −130 and 300 °C. The uniaxial stress application, the elongations and contractions measurements associated with the martensitic transformations, and the cooling and heating methods are detailed in the present work. The fabrication and operation features of this relatively low cost device facilitate and promote the study of shape memory thin films.
Full-f gyrokinetic simulations of Ohmic L-mode plasmas in linear and saturated Ohmic confinement regimes
Authors: Idomura Y. , Dif-Pradalier G. , Garbet X. , Sarazin Y. ,   Tore Supra Team
Published: April 2023

Two time slices in linear and saturated Ohmic confinement (LOC and SOC) regimes in a Tore Supra Ohmic L-mode discharge are analyzed using nonlinear global full-f gyrokinetic simulations, and qualitative features of the LOC–SOC transition are reproduced. The exhaust of carbon impurity ions is caused by ion mixing, which is driven by the toroidal field stress. The intrinsic rotation develops in the opposite direction between the LOC and SOC phases, which is characterized by different features of the mode asymmetry between trapped electron modes (TEMs) in the LOC phase and ion temperature gradient-driven modes in the SOC phase, leading to the change of the profile shear stress. Here, the mode asymmetry or the ballooning angle depends not only on the profile shear and the Er shear but also on the radial electric field Er itself. The energy fluxes of electrons and deuterium ions are dominant in the LOC and SOC phases, respectively, and the ratio of the energy confinement time between the two phases agree with the experimental value. Turbulent frequency spectra are characterized by quasi-coherent modes (QCMs) and broad-band spectra in the LOC and SOC phases, respectively. The QCMs are produced by a split of the toroidal mode number spectra of TEMs induced by the Doppler shift of poloidal E × B rotation due to Er, which is sustained in the electron diamagnetic direction by the ripple induced counter-current rotation, and enhanced by higher temperature in the LOC phase.
Observers-based event-triggered adaptive fuzzy backstepping synchronization of uncertain fractional order chaotic systems
Authors: Dong Hanlin , Cao Jinde , Liu Heng
Published: April 2023

In this paper, for a class of uncertain fractional order chaotic systems with disturbances and partially unmeasurable states, an observer-based event-triggered adaptive fuzzy backstepping synchronization control method is proposed. Fuzzy logic systems are employed to estimate unknown functions in the backstepping procedure. To avoid the explosion of the complexity problem, a fractional order command filter is designed. Simultaneously, in order to reduce the filter error and improve the synchronization accuracy, an effective error compensation mechanism is devised. In particular, a disturbance observer is devised in the case of unmeasurable states, and a state observer is established to estimate the synchronization error of the master–slave system. The designed controller can ensure that the synchronization error converges to a small neighborhood around the origin finally and all signals are semiglobal uniformly ultimately bounded, and meanwhile, it is conducive to avoiding Zeno behavior. Finally, two numerical simulations are given to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed scheme.
Low-frequency shear Alfvén waves at DIII-D: Theoretical interpretation of experimental observations
Authors: Ma Ruirui , Heidbrink W. W. , Chen Liu , Zonca Fulvio , Qiu Zhiyong
Published: April 2023

The linear properties of the low-frequency shear Alfvén waves such as those associated with the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmodes (BAEs) and the low-frequency modes observed in reversed-magnetic-shear DIII-D discharges [W. Heidbrink et al., Nucl. Fusion 61, 066031 (2021)] are theoretically investigated and delineated based on the theoretical framework of the general fishbone-like dispersion relation (GFLDR). By adopting representative experimental equilibrium profiles, it is found that, even though both modes are predominantly of Alfvénic polarization, the low-frequency mode is a reactive unstable mode with weak coupling to the energetic particles, while the BAE involves a dissipative instability due to resonant excitation by the energetic ions. Thus, the low-frequency mode is more appropriately called a low-frequency Alfvén mode (LFAM). Moreover, the ascending frequency spectrum patterns of the experimentally observed BAEs and LFAMs can be theoretically reproduced by varying qmin and also be well interpreted based on the GFLDR. The present analysis illustrates the solid predictive capability of the GFLDR and its practical usefulness in enhancing the interpretative capability of both experimental and numerical simulation results.
Role of functionalization in the fluorescence quantum yield of graphene quantum dots
Authors: Du Tingli , She Jie , Yang Xiaowei , Zhao Yanyan , Zhou Si , Zhao Jijun
Published: April 2023

As graphene is sculptured into quantum dots, quantum confinement and edge effects induce a finite energy gap and trigger exotic photoluminescent behavior. However, synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with high fluorescence quantum yield and designated emission color remains challenging, due to a lack of knowledge in the exact influences of various structural and chemical factors. Herein, we explore the optical absorption and emission in GQDs with surface functionalization, heteroatom doping, or edge modification. Their fluorescence spectra are systematically compared by time-dependent density functional theory calculations. It shows that the sp3-type surface functionalization by O, OH, or F groups can effectively increase the fluorescence intensity by five orders of magnitude with regard to pristine GQDs, ascribed to the localization of excited carriers that enlarges the transition dipole moment for radiative decay. The functional groups also play a key role in fluorescent sensing of toxic metal species with high selectivity and sensitivity.
Transient attacks against the Kirchhoff–Law–Johnson–Noise (KLJN) secure key exchanger
Authors: Ferdous Shahriar , Kish Laszlo B.
Published: April 2023

We demonstrate the security vulnerability of an ideal Kirchhoff–Law–Johnson–Noise key exchanger against transient attacks. Transients start when Alice and Bob connect a wire to their chosen resistor at the beginning of each clock cycle. A transient attack takes place during a short duration of time, before the transients reflected from the end of Alice and Bob mix together. The information leak arises from the fact that Eve (the eavesdropper) monitors the cable and analyzes the transients during this time period. We will demonstrate such a transient attack, and then, we introduce a defense protocol to protect against the attack. Computer simulations demonstrate that after applying the defense method the information leak becomes negligible.
Modeling and validation of coarse-grained computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method for dense gas–solid flow simulation in a bubbling fluidized bed
Authors: El-Emam Mahmoud A. , Agarwal Ramesh
Published: April 2023

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combined with the discrete element method (DEM) are powerful tools for analyzing dense gas–solid flows. However, the computational cost of CFD–DEM will be unfeasibly great when simulating large-scale engineering applications with billions of particles. Accordingly, the coarse-grained (CG) CFD–DEM method is applied to solve this problem. This investigated method replaces several smaller particles with larger ones called parcels, aiming to reduce the number of particles and fully consider the collision of particles between composition parcels and the collision of particles within composition parcels. First, high-speed photography verifies the numerical simulation's reliability. Then, the CG CFD–DEM was used to analyze the transient spatial distribution, transient average velocity, pressure drop, bed height, and the mixing state of particles in a dense gas–solid fluidized bed. The CG CFD–DEM was also compared with the CFD–DEM results, which showed a good agreement with the calculation results and proved the accuracy and applicability of the method. Finally, the computation time of the CG CFD–DEM was evaluated, showing a significant decrease in computation time with an increasing coarse ratio (k). This investigation can provide theoretical reference for the numerical simulation of the CG CFD–DEM method in dense gas–solid flow.
A fitness trade-off explains the early fate of yeast aneuploids with chromosome gains
Authors: Pompei Simone , Cosentino Lagomarsino Marco
Published: April 2023

The early development of aneuploidy from an accidental chromosome missegregation shows contrasting effects. On the one hand, it is associated with significant cellular stress and decreased fitness. On the other hand, it often carries a beneficial effect and provides a quick (but typically transient) solution to external stress. These apparently controversial trends emerge in several experimental contexts, particularly in the presence of duplicated chromosomes. However, we lack a mathematical evolutionary modeling framework that comprehensively captures these trends from the mutational dynamics and the trade-offs involved in the early stages of aneuploidy. Here, focusing on chromosome gains, we address this point by introducing a fitness model where a fitness cost of chromosome duplications is contrasted by a fitness advantage from the dosage of specific genes. The model successfully captures the experimentally measured probability of emergence of extra chromosomes in a laboratory evolution setup. Additionally, using phenotypic data collected in rich media, we explored the fitness landscape, finding evidence supporting the existence of a per-gene cost of extra chromosomes. Finally, we show that the substitution dynamics of our model, evaluated in the empirical fitness landscape, explains the relative abundance of duplicated chromosomes observed in yeast population genomics data. These findings lay a firm framework for the understanding of the establishment of newly duplicated chromosomes, providing testable quantitative predictions for future observations.
Sensitive and selective polymer condensation at membrane surface driven by positive co-operativity
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Yethiraj Arun , Cui Qiang
Published: April 2023

Biomolecular phase separation has emerged as an essential mechanism for cellular organization. How cells respond to environmental stimuli in a robust and sensitive manner to build functional condensates at the proper time and location is only starting to be understood. Recently, lipid membranes have been recognized as an important regulatory center for biomolecular condensation. However, how the interplay between the phase behaviors of cellular membranes and surface biopolymers may contribute to the regulation of surface condensation remains to be elucidated. Using simulations and a mean-field theoretical model, we show that two key factors are the membrane’s tendency to phase-separate and the surface polymer’s ability to reorganize local membrane composition. Surface condensate forms with high sensitivity and selectivity in response to features of biopolymer when positive co-operativity is established between coupled growth of the condensate and local lipid domains. This effect relating the degree of membrane–surface polymer co-operativity and condensate property regulation is shown to be robust by different ways of tuning the co-operativity, such as varying membrane protein obstacle concentration, lipid composition, and the affinity between lipid and polymer. The general physical principle emerged from the current analysis may have implications in other biological processes and beyond.
Toward quantification of hypoxia using fluorinated Eu
II/III
-containing ratiometric probes
Authors: Subasinghe S. A. Amali S. , Ortiz Caitlyn J. , Romero Jonathan , Ward Cassandra L. , Sertage Alexander G. , Kurenbekova Lyazat , Yustein Jason T. , Pautler Robia G. , Allen Matthew J.
Published: April 2023

Hypoxia is a prognostic biomarker of rapidly growing cancers, where the extent of hypoxia is an indication of tumor progression and prognosis; therefore, hypoxia is also used for staging while performing chemo- and radiotherapeutics for cancer. Contrast-enhanced MRI using Eu
II
-based contrast agents is a noninvasive method that can be used to map hypoxic tumors, but quantification of hypoxia using these agents is challenging due to the dependence of signal on the concentration of both oxygen and Eu
II
. Here, we report a ratiometric method to eliminate concentration dependence of contrast enhancement of hypoxia using fluorinated Eu
II/III
-containing probes. We studied three different Eu
II/III
couples of complexes containing 4, 12, or 24 fluorine atoms to balance fluorine signal-to-noise ratio with aqueous solubility. The ratio between the longitudinal relaxation time (
T
1
) and
19
F signal of solutions containing different ratios of Eu
II
- and Eu
III
-containing complexes was plotted against the percentage of Eu
II
-containing complexes in solution. We denote the slope of the resulting curves as hypoxia indices because they can be used to quantify signal enhancement from Eu, that is related to oxygen concentration, without knowledge of the absolute concentration of Eu. This mapping of hypoxia was demonstrated in vivo in an orthotopic syngeneic tumor model. Our studies significantly contribute toward improving the ability to radiographically map and quantify hypoxia in real time, which is critical to the study of cancer and a wide range of diseases.
Uncoordinated chemistry enables highly conductive and stable electrolyte/filler interfaces for solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Zhu Yanfei , Zhang Qi , Zheng Yun , Li Gaoran , Gao Rui , Piao Zhihong , Luo Dan , Gao Run-Hua , Zhang Mengtian , Xiao Xiao , Li Chuang , Lao Zhoujie , Wang Jian , Chen Zhongwei , Zhou Guangmin
Published: April 2023

Composite-polymer-electrolytes (CPEs) embedded with advanced filler materials offer great promise for fast and preferential Li
+
conduction. The filler surface chemistry determines the interaction with electrolyte molecules and thus critically regulates the Li
+
behaviors at the interfaces. Herein, we probe into the role of electrolyte/filler interfaces (EFI) in CPEs and promote Li
+
conduction by introducing an unsaturated coordination Prussian blue analog (UCPBA) filler. Combining scanning transmission X-ray microscope stack imaging studies and first-principle calculations, fast Li
+
conduction is revealed only achievable at a chemically stable EFI, which can be established by the unsaturated Co–O coordination in UCPBA to circumvent the side reactions. Moreover, the as-exposed Lewis-acid metal centers in UCPBA efficiently attract the Lewis-base anions of Li salts, which facilitates the Li
+
disassociation and enhances its transference number (t
Li
+
). Attributed to these superiorities, the obtained CPEs realize high room-temperature ionic conductivity up to 0.36 mS cm
−1
and t
Li
+
of 0.6, enabling an excellent cyclability of lithium metal electrodes over 4,000 h as well as remarkable capacity retention of 97.6% over 180 cycles at 0.5 C for solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries. This work highlights the crucial role of EFI chemistry in developing highly conductive CPEs and high-performance solid-state batteries.
Oncogenic signaling is coupled to colorectal cancer cell differentiation state
Authors: Sell Thomas , Klotz Christian , Fischer Matthias M. , Astaburuaga-García Rosario , Krug Susanne , Drost Jarno , Clevers Hans , Sers Christine , Morkel Markus , Blüthgen Nils
Published: April 2023

Colorectal cancer progression is intrinsically linked to stepwise deregulation of the intestinal differentiation trajectory. In this process, sequential mutations of APC, KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4 enable oncogenic signaling and establish the hallmarks of cancer. Here, we use mass cytometry of isogenic human colon organoids and patient-derived cancer organoids to capture oncogenic signaling, cell phenotypes, and differentiation states in a high-dimensional single-cell map. We define a differentiation axis in all tumor progression states from normal to cancer. Our data show that colorectal cancer driver mutations shape the distribution of cells along the differentiation axis. In this regard, subsequent mutations can have stem cell promoting or restricting effects. Individual nodes of the cancer cell signaling network remain coupled to the differentiation state, regardless of the presence of driver mutations. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to link the (phospho-)protein signaling network to transcriptomic states with biological and clinical relevance. Our work highlights how oncogenes gradually shape signaling and transcriptomes during tumor progression.
Double-checking chromosome segregation
Authors: Maiato Helder , Silva Sónia
Published: April 2023

Enduring chromosome segregation errors represent potential threats to genomic stability due to eventual chromosome copy number alterations (aneuploidy) and formation of micronuclei—key intermediates of a rapid mutational process known as chromothripsis that is found in cancer and congenital disorders. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) has been viewed as the sole surveillance mechanism that prevents chromosome segregation errors during mitosis and meiosis. However, different types of chromosome segregation errors stemming from incorrect kinetochore–microtubule attachments satisfy the SAC and are more frequent than previously anticipated. Remarkably, recent works have unveiled that most of these errors are corrected during anaphase and only rarely result in aneuploidy or formation of micronuclei. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the origin and fate of chromosome segregation errors that satisfy the SAC and shed light on the surveillance, correction, and clearance mechanisms that prevent their transmission, to preserve genomic stability.
Blue flash sheds light on the roles of individual phosphoserines in CFTR channel activation
Authors: Csanády László
Published: April 2023

Light-controlled availability for phosphorylation reveals dominant roles of select R-domain serines in CFTR channel activation.
Identification of acoustic point sources in a two-layered medium from multi-frequency sparse far field patterns
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Shi Qingxiang
Published: April 2023

We consider the reconstruction of point sources in a two layered medium from the multi-frequency sparse far field patterns taken on the upper half sphere. The point sources are located in both the upper half space and the lower half space, and consequently bring difficulty for the inverse problem because of the combination of two different types of far field patterns. After establishing the uniqueness of the point sources by the multi-frequency far field patterns at properly chosen sparse observation directions, we introduce a multi-step numerical scheme for identifying all the points sources. Numerical examples show that the proposed sampling methods work very well for locating the positions and the formulas for determining the corresponding scattering strengths are valid and stable with respect to the noises.
Robust pure spin currents in a binuclear ferric phthalocyanine junction driven by the photogalvanic effect
Authors: Zhang Bo , Tao Bairui , Li Hua , Liu Xiaojie , Wang Yin , Yin Haitao
Published: April 2023

The investigation of optical methods for generating pure spin current at the molecular level is of critical importance. We investigated the spin-related photocurrent produced by the photogalvanic effect in a binuclear ferric phthalocyanine (Fe2Pc2) junction with spatial inversion symmetry. When the magnetic moment directions of Fe atoms at the center of each phthalocyanine are in parallel configuration (PC) or antiparallel configuration (APC), the molecular junction exhibits different photoresponses. In contrast to the PC, which lacks both charge and spin current, the APC produces pure spin current. Additionally, the pure spin current exhibits robustness with respect to polarization type and polarization angle. This difference in characteristics between the PC and APC stems from the different symmetry of their spin densities, which can be altered by the direction of the magnetic moments of two Fe atoms at the center of the molecule.
Current and deformation induced by voltage in the single LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particle from atomic force microscopy technique and phase field simulation
Authors: Wang Miao , Zhu Zhe , Liu Yao
Published: April 2023

One of the key factors affecting lithium-ion battery electrode materials’ efficiency is the process of lithiation and delithiation. Studies of the electrochemical behavior of Ni-rich active electrode materials at the nanoscale have largely been focused on macroscopic measurements, but few have investigated the intrinsic microscopic mechanism underlying their failure. In this paper, lithium-ion diffusion current and surface deformation of single LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) nanoparticles under external electric fields were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Then, the current and deformation of NCM811 single particle under the applied voltage were simulated by phase field method to analyze electrochemical behaviors of the particle from experiments based on the electrochemical-mechanical coupled model. The simulation results revealed that the change of lithium-ion concentration and stress in particles are the factors leading to the evolution of current and deformation under applied voltage observed by AFM.