bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological and molecular characterization of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolated from Indian soils and their biocontrol potential
Authors: RANA AASHA , BHAT AASHAQ HUSSAIN , CHAUBEY ASHOK KUMAR , SHOKOOHI EBRAHIM , MACHADO RICARDO A. R.
Published: November 2020

Agricultural soils and open fields from Western Uttar Pradesh (India) were surveyed to determine the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes. From the entomopathogenic nematodes isolated, Heterorhabditis isolates were selected and further characterized using morphological, morphometrical and molecular approaches. The results showed that three isolated nematodes were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and were associated with Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. clarkei bacteria, while the rests were identified as Heterorhabditis indica. The biocontrol potential of H. bacteriophora against three agricultural pests was evaluated. Nematode infectivity experiments showed that the nematode isolates DH7 and DH8 were highly pathogenic against cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), and less pathogenic against white grub (Holotrichia serrata) larvae. This study sets the basis for establishing new biocontrol agents to be used in pest management programs in India.
Trapping Using Molecular Dynamics of Natural Gas in Carbon Nanotubes Under the External Uniform Electric Field
Authors: Arouche Tiago S. , Aires Júlio C. N. , Pereira Tais S. S. , Neto Abel F. G. , Costa José F. S. , Oliveira Mozaniel S. , Neto Antonio M. J. C.
Published: November 2020

We perform behavioral analysis of natural gas and SYNGAS molecules interacting with a carbon nanotube at an initial simulation temperature of 300 K, and under a uniform electric field, as a gas sensor system using molecular dynamics. Each gas molecule was relaxed for 50 ps outside the
carbon nanotube, describing each possible arrangement. A constant external electric field was applied longitudinally to this system, along the length of the carbon nanotube, promoting an evanescent effect, capable of trapping each gas molecule by spinning around it. The electric field intensities
were from a range of 10–8 a.u. to 10–1 a.u. were performed, and mean orbit radii and thermodynamic properties were estimated. The results indicate that an external uniform electric field and van der Waals interactions in a carbon-derived nanotube are sufficient
to create an evanescent field of attractive potential, presenting it as a practical system for detecting through temperature and ray analysis, of the GN molecules and the SYNGAS.
Tyrosine Derivative of Aminoacid Produced Bio Inspired Nanotubes and NanovesiclesSynthesis and Characterization
Authors: Govindhan Raman , Karthikeyan Balakrishnan , Giri Aswini Kumar , Hruby Victor J.
Published: November 2020

3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine derivative of tyrosine single aminoacids have produced self-assembled peptide nanotubes and nanovesicles (BTTPNTs) depending on the concentration of the monomer study through optical and microscopic analysis. DFT simulations were carried out for a
system of BTTPNTs and nanovesicles which also experimentally characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorbance. These results are used to examine the morphologies, size of the nanostructure and study its recognition of aminoacid
motif is discussed. However, the length of the nanotubes gets larger with the increases of concentration. UV-Vis spectra clearly showed slight decrease in the intensity in absorption after the formation of nanotubes and nanovesicles. Theoretical calculations indicate that H-bonding is the
key factor in making ring while other interactions including Van der Walls force, π–π stacking plays role to making self-assembled nanotubes and vesicles.
Study on the Regulation of Compound siRNA Nanoparticles on the Rat Model of Kidney Injury Induced by Sepsis by Inhibiting the Expression of NF-κB and P65
Authors: Chen Ye , Liu Xiaoxia , Chen Meiling , Yan Run , Song Wenyu
Published: November 2020

This article explores the pathogenesis of sepsis AKI, and seeks to protect the acute damage of sepsis tissues and organs. This study is to prepare a rat sepsis-induced AKI model by CLP, and to observe the pathological changes of kidney tissue and the function of kidney changes, and
observe the effect of siRNA nanoparticles on its intervention, preliminary explore the protective effect and possible mechanism of siRNA nanoparticles on AKI in sepsis rats, and provide more information for the clinical treatment of siRNA nanoparticles in sepsis theoretical and experimental
basis. We analysis the benefit and deficiency of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis and its regulatory effect on NF-κB activation. In the rat model group, no treatment was given
after injection of nephrotoxic serum, and the rats were sacrificed on the 14th day; the compound siRNA nanoparticle intervention group (treatment group) was given dexamethasone 0.125 daily on the 1st to 14th day after nephrotoxic serum injection. Immunohistochemistry and medical image analysis
system were used to observe NF-κB activation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in glomeruli and tubules, and analyze their relationship with proteinuria and glomerular cells. The results showed that the expression of NF-κB in the glomeruli
and tubules of the model group was significantly up-regulated regarding to the control group, and MCP-1’s expression in the glomeruli and tubules of the model group was higher than that of the control group. The activation of NF-κB and the expression of MCP-1
in glomeruli are closely related to monocyte infiltration and proteinuria; NF-κB activation and MCP-1 expression in glomeruli and tubules of the compound siRNA nanoparticles intervention group were significantly down-regulated. It was concluded that the activation of
NF-κB has great impact on the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis, and inhibition of NF-κB activation may be one of the mechanisms of anti-nephritis effect.
Toxicity Effects of Anthracycline-Converted Herceptin and Azo-Functionalized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on the Heart of Patients with Breast Cancer Based on Echocardiography
Authors: Liu Li , Shen Tingting , Liu Hongfang , Zhang Gen , Shao Yongfu
Published: November 2020

The multifunctional nano-carrier system can simultaneously achieve multiple functions such as diagnostic imaging, targeted delivery of anti-tumor drugs, and combined therapy. Application potential Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles have the characteristics of low toxicity,
superparamagnetism and good photothermal properties. Therefore, a multifunctional magnetic nanocarrier with both magnetic targeting and photothermal properties can be prepared by surface modification of Fe3O4 o DOX is an anti-tumor drug widely used in clinical treatment,
and its severe toxic and side effects greatly limit its application. In this paper, a temperature-sensitive magnetic nanocarrier was first constructed and proved to have good superparamagnetism, photothermal properties, and biocom-patibility Then, Fe3O4-Azo-DOX drug-loaded
nanoparticles were constructed by covalently bonding DOX. The prepared Fe3O4-Azo-DOX nanoparticles have high stability, sensitive photothermal response and low toxicity. Finally, Fe3O4-Azo-DOX was applied to the study of combined photother-motherapy
and chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles, a temperature-sensitive Fe3O4-Azo nanocarrier was constructed and its related properties were characterized. Furthermore, anthracycline nanodrugs were used in chemotherapy
of breast cancer patients, and their effects were analyzed according to echocardiography parameter change. The results show that Fe3O4-Azo nanoparticles have a good photothermal heating effect. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were selected as a model to investigate the cytotoxicity
of Fe3O4-Azo. The results proved that they have excellent biocompatibility and can be used as drug carriers. A Fe3O4-Azo nanocarrier was used to load DOX to construct a NIR-responsive nano-drug delivery system. By studying the NIR controlled release
of Fe3O4-Azo-DOX under different pH conditions, it can be seen that it has NIR-responsive release function and the best release effect at pH 5.7. It was found that LVEF, LVFS, and E/A were significantly lower after chemotherapy than before (P < 0.05), which
had a certain clinical value in cardiotoxicity The in vitro antitumor effect of Fe3O4-Azo-DOX was studied, and the results showed that the combined effect of photothermal-chemotherapy was significantly better than the photothermal treatment based on Fe3O4-Azo
carrier alone and the chemotherapy based on free DOX alone.
Study on the Mechanism of Probucol Nanosuspension on Hyperlipidemic Pancreatitis and Regulation of Blood Lipid Function
Authors: Wu Zhengmao , Wang Xuan , Jiang Xianxun
Published: November 2020

High-fat pancreatitis and hyperlipidemia refer to disorders of blood lipid metabolism caused by abnormally elevated blood lipids, and are risk factors for high-risk diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and cerebral infarction. Hyperlipidemia is also a common disease
that is common in modern people, and has a tendency to become younger. In this paper, probucol is made into a self-assembled probucol loaded nanosuspensions (SPN) using molecular selfassembly technology for research on improving its oral absorption. The main research contents include: preparation,
prescription screening and characterization of physicochemical properties of SPN nanosuspensions; study of SPN intestinal cell uptake and in vivo dynamic behavior; research on the mechanism of SPN improving oral absorption of probucol and its gastrointestinal Preliminary Evaluation
of Physiological Safety. And by using the method of intraperitoneal injection of SPN to interfere with the retrograde bile duct injection of SPN in the hyperlipidemia model, to make hyperlipidemia combined with severe acute pancreatitis to observe the severity of pancreatitis and lung injury;
discuss the protective effect of SPN on hyperlipidemia combined with severe acute pancreatitis with lung injury and its mechanism.
Effects of Nano-Sulfides on Learning and Memory Abilities and Expression of Related Genes in Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-cAMP Response Element Binding-Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Pathway in Rats
Authors: Chen Weilai , Chen Meng , Jin Shuanghong , Li Shaoxun , Pan Chenwei , Liu Baohua
Published: November 2020

In recent years, with the rapid development of nano-biotechnology and biomedicine, people have provided new ideas and methods for disease diagnosis and treatment. Nano-sulfides with unique two-dimensional structures and special physicochemical properties have begun to be applied to biology and medical field. Relevant research results show that nano-sulfides have good effects in tumor photothermal treatment,in vivomultimodal imaging, antitumor drug delivery, biosensors and tissue engineering, showing their potential application value. In view of the broad application prospects of nano-sulfides in the field of nano-biomedicine, in the image reconstruction stage, before starting to use artificial intelligence algorithm models, first explore the application of iterative optimization algorithms in the process of magnetic resonance image reconstruction. Taking magnetic resonance imaging as an example, for the detected ligament trauma area, we use learned an artificial intelligence model for diagnosis of multiple ligament trauma of the knee joint and postoperative femoral nerve block.
Effect of Tracer Staining Technology Based on Nano-Carbon Suspension on Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Tongwu , Yang Hongyu , Liang Dong
Published: November 2020

Oral squamous cell carcinoma has the characteristics of high malignancy, strong invasiveness and special anatomical location. The prognosis of patients is generally poor. Invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma is a complex process involving multiple levels and factors. In order to explore the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy tracked by nano-carbon suspension in the treatment of early oral squamous cell carcinoma, 58 patients with early oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected in this paper. The pathological results of sentinel lymph nodes were analyzed after operation. In this study, the detection rate, sensitivity, accuracy, and false negative rate of the sentinel lymph nodes with the nano-carbon suspension were 95.6%, 86.4%, 92.2%, and 11.4%, respectively. The results show that sentinel lymph node biopsy traced by nano-carbon suspension has certain application value in guiding the treatment of early oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Creating an Opioid Recommendation Card for Trainees: Methods, Use, and Impact
Authors: Freedman-Weiss Mollie R. , Chiu Alexander S. , White Erin M. , Yoo Peter S.
Published: November 2020

Background

In academic hospitals, surgical residents write most of the postoperative prescriptions; yet, few residents are trained on postoperative analgesia. This leads to wide variability in practices and often excess opioid prescribing. We sought to create an opioid guideline pocket card for surgical residents to access when prescribing opioids postoperatively and to evaluate the impact of this initiative.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to generate evidence-based procedure-specific opioid recommendations; additional recommendations were formulated via consensus opinion from surgical divisions at an academic institution. A pocket-sized guideline card was developed to include these procedure-specific recommendations as well as opioid guidelines for discharges after inpatient stays, non-opioid analgesic recommendations, access to opioid safety and disposal instructions for patients discharge, an equianalgesic dosing chart, and instructions for naloxone use. The card was distributed to all General Surgery house staff at a university-affiliated hospital in the spring of 2018. Following the distribution, trainees were surveyed on their use of the card. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey.

Results

Of 85 trainees, 62 (72.9%) responded to the survey in full; 58% use the card regularly. Of the 27 junior resident respondents, 70.4% use the card at least monthly including 48.1% who use the card daily-to-weekly. Overall, 81.6% of residents changed their opioid-prescribing practices because of this initiative and 89.8% believe the card should continue to be distributed and used.

Discussion

An evidence-based guideline card for postoperative analgesia is highly valued and utilized by surgical trainees, especially those most junior in their training.
The Epidemiological and Financial Effects of Pneumococcal Vaccination on Otitis Media Related Admissions in the United States
Authors: Grobman Ariel , Reddy Priyanka , Wolfovitz Amit , Sylvester Michael , Angeli Simon I.
Published: November 2020

Objective:

To quantify the prevalence of hospital admissions, the financial impact, and the trends in surgical procedure rates for AOM and CAOM for all ages before and after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1998 to 2013 to determine the prevalence of AOM/CAOM related admissions and weighted frequencies of AOM/CAOM related International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9) hospital diagnoses. Prevalence of surgical procedures to treat CAOM, cost of admission, length of stay, and cost per day of admission were tabulated. Trend analysis of this data was performed.

Results:

A total of 46 580 patients were hospitalized with AOM in the designated time period, of which 37 366 had CAOM. The prevalence of hospital admission due to AOM had the most pronounced decrease from pre-vaccine era (1998) to post-PCV13 implementation (2013) in age group 0 to 4 (32%) followed by age group 5 to 19 (7%). Age groups 20-64 and 65+ showed slight increases in prevalence. The trend in prevalence of admissions due to CAOM mirrors that of overall admissions with an 18% and 5.8% decrease in age groups 0-4 and 5-19, respectively, and a 1% increase in ages 20+. The inflation adjusted mean cost of admission did not significantly increase between 2001 and 2013. The total cost per admission was $4428 and $7546 for those with AOM and CAOM, respectively. Mastoidectomy rates increased by 17% in hospitalized children during the post-vaccine era but decreased in the elderly population.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of AOM/CAOM hospital admissions decreased from the pre-vaccine era (1998) to post-PCV13 implementation (2013) in pediatric patients. Surgical procedure utilization and cost of hospital admission for AOM/CAOM did not increase throughout the study period.
The Neighborhood According to Women: Understanding Gendered Disorder Perceptions
Authors: Gaub Janne E. , Wallace Danielle , Hoyle Mary Elizabeth
Published: November 2020

Women perceive higher rates of disorder in their neighborhood than males, though why remains unknown. We hypothesize that the differential role women play in neighborhood social life accounts for their higher disorder perceptions. To test this, we use the Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey and fully interacted regressions with fixed effects for neighborhoods to determine if gendered disorder perceptions are a function of fear of crime, informal social control, and neighboring behaviors. Only the ability to identify strangers on the block predicts gendered disorder perceptions. Moreover, the fully interacted regressions account for most differences in gendered disorder perceptions. Our null findings have significant consequences for the supposed differential social role women have in their neighborhoods and fear of crime.
Trustee professionalism transformed: Recruiting committed professionals
Authors: Aven Håvard Brede , Alm Andreassen Tone
Published: November 2020

This article explores how employing organizations articulate the competencies, values and personal qualities that they expect professionals to possess, and how they envision and appeal to certain professional identities when recruiting new employees. The article is prompted by the influential view put forth by sociologist Steven Brint, i.e. that professional work both consists of and is legitimized as specialized expertise. With the rise of large organizations, professionals no longer identify as the social trustees that the classical sociology of professions posited. If we accept Brint’s and others’ claims that management and organizations increasingly shape professionalism and professional work, it is crucial to understand what professionalism looks like from the employers’ points of view, and, more specifically, whether employers are interested in only expertise. This article explores these implications by analysing Norwegian job advertisements for engineers, trained social workers and registered nurses within both public and private employing organizations, i.e. professional spaces that Brint associates with expert professionalism and social trustee professionalism, respectively. The analysis reveals that public service and private commercial organizations alike appeal to social responsibility and personal commitment, which indicates the presence of persistent, albeit transformed, versions of trustee professionalism.
Evaluating Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia: Dispensing and Administration—2019
Authors: Altyar Ahmed , Sadoun Samaher Abdullah , Aljohani Sarah Sultan , Alradadi Rahaf Saad
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the dispensing and administration processes in hospital settings in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Method: A questionnaire based on the annual ASHP national survey was distributed among 35 hospitals. The response rate was 60%. After a follow-up period of 6 months, the final questionnaire was collected in November 2019. Result: The survey had a 60% response rate. Most surveyed hospitals have centralized pharmacies (76.2%). Few hospitals reported the use of the Bar Code Medication Administration BCMA system (19.0%) to verify doses during dispensing, and only 28.6% use automated dispensing cabinets. The main method to check unit doses in pharmacies is the “technician fills/pharmacist checks” method, as reported by 76.2% of hospitals. Conclusion: The new technologies in the field of healthcare are impacting the practice of medication distribution. Hospital pharmacies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia are implementing many changes to improve the medication-use system. However, more work has to be done to follow the leaders in the area of pharmacy practice.
Understanding the Benefit–Cost Relationship in Long-Standing Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) Partnerships: Findings From the Measurement Approaches to Partnership Success (MAPS) Study
Authors: Lachance Laurie , Coombe Chris M. , Brush Barbara L. , Lee Shoou-Yih Daniel , Jensen Megan , Taffe Brianna , Bhardwaj Prachi , Muhammad Michael , Wilson-Powers Eliza , Rowe Zachary , Caldwell Cleopatra H. , Israel Barbara A.
Published: November 2020

As part of the Measurement Approaches to Partnership Success study, we investigated the relationship between benefits and costs of participation in long-standing community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnerships using social exchange theory as a theoretical framework. Three major findings were identified: (a) the concept of benefits and costs operating as a ratio, where individual benefits must outweigh costs for participation, applies to early stages of CBPR partnership formation; (b) as CBPR partnerships develop, the benefits and costs of participation include each other’s needs and the needs of the group as a whole; and (c) there is a shift in the relationship of benefits and costs over time in long-standing CBPR partnerships, in which partners no longer think in terms of costs but rather investments that contribute to mutual benefits.
Steps-to-War Theory and Interstate Wars in the Middle East: Is State-Sponsored Terrorism Another Escalating Step?
Authors: Khan Akbar
Published: November 2020

I employ Steps-to-War theory to analyze interstate wars in the Middle East by adding an additional escalating step: state sponsorship of non-state actors. Remarkably, however, the present scholarship completely overlooks a comprehensive assessment of the impacts and roles of state-sponsored terrorism on escalation of interstate militarized conflicts. None of the conflict studies focuses on state-sponsored terrorism and escalation of interstate conflict. This gap still exists despite a remarkable growth in the conflict literature. This article argues that the Steps-to-War thesis is a useful framework for understanding why states end up fighting wars by answering the questions: How does state-sponsored terrorism escalate interstate conflict? And how does each step intertwine with other steps and make war more likely? This paper’s primary argument is that state-sponsored terrorism increases the likelihood of war by providing another escalating step in conjunction with other steps and, therefore, aligns with Steps-to-War theory, and is one of the leading escalating factors. Ultimately, this article argues that this claim has a solid basis, and the Middle Eastern cases vividly demonstrate the escalatory ability of state-sponsored terrorism because state-sponsored terrorism interacts with and reinforces other escalating factors.
The Impact of Platform Protection Insurance on Buyers and Sellers in the Sharing Economy: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Luo Xueming , Tong Siliang , Lin Zhijie , Zhang Cheng
Published: November 2020

The sharing economy has radically reshaped marketing thought and practice, and research has yet to examine whether and how platform-level buyer protection insurance (PPI) affects buyers and sellers in this economy. The authors exploit a natural experiment involving an unexpected system glitch during a PPI launch and estimate difference-in-differences models using over 5.4 million data points from a food sharing platform. Results suggest that PPI significantly increases buyer spending and seller revenue, affirming the benefits of this platform-level insurance in the sharing economy. The authors also uncover multifaceted buyer-side and seller-side responses that enable such benefits. PPI increases buyer spending by boosting product orders and variety-seeking behavior. Furthermore, it enhances seller revenue by increasing customer retention and acquisition. This work contributes to the literature by (1) putting a spotlight on the topic of PPI, a platform governance policy that reduces consumer risks and improves the efficacy of sharing platforms; (2) accounting for how PPI alters buyer and seller behaviors on a platform; (3) addressing what types of buyers and sellers benefit more or less from PPI; and (4) offering guidance for managers to improve platform reputation, marketplace efficiency, and consumer welfare in the context of the sharing economy.
A Pretty Queer Thing: Thinking Queerly About Teachers’ Gender and Sexual Diversity–Focused Professional Learning
Authors: Staley Sara , Leonardi Bethy
Published: November 2020

Studying educators’ processes of learning to queer their practice has prompted us to think differently about our own praxis as teacher educators. Thinking differently has meant bringing the assumptions of queer theory and pedagogy to bear on our understanding of what is involved for teachers as they engage with difficult knowledge surrounding gender and sexual diversity in schools. In other words, it has meant organizing our approach to professional development around the assumption that learning, like pedagogy, is a “pretty queer thing.” In this article, we present a conceptual argument for bringing a queer pedagogical lens to bear on teachers’ professional learning in and beyond gender and sexual diversity–focused contexts.
Binge Eating and Addictive-Like Behaviours in Males and Females
Authors: Levallius Johanna , Monell Elin , Birgegård Andreas , Clinton David , Forsén Mantilla Emma
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Binge eating is a common behaviour that is strongly linked to both obesity and eating disorder. There is evidence that binge eating commonly co-occurs with other problematic and addictive-like behaviours; however, this has not been explored systematically. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between binge eating, body weight, disordered eating behaviours and associated addictive-like behaviours, with particular attention paid to gender differences.

Method

A community sample ( N = 500; 75% female, Mage = 32.5 years) reported disordered eating behaviours (i.e. binge eating, purging, restriction of eating, compulsive exercise), body mass index (BMI), food addiction, starvation addiction, exercise dependence, tobacco use and alcohol consumption.

Results

42% of females and 21% of males reported binge eating during the past four weeks. Binge eating was significantly associated with all investigated behaviours in females, and with purging, compulsive exercise and overweight/obesity in males. Controlling for BMI, self-starvation predicted binge eating in males (OR = 1.07), while food addiction (OR = 1.73) and alcohol dependence (OR = 1.11) predicted binge eating in females.

Conclusions

The multiple associations between binge eating and addictive-like behaviors supports broad screening and generalized prevention efforts. Prevention efforts should reflect gender differences.
Psychometric Properties and Measurement Invariance Across Sex of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Di Meilin , Deng Xinping , Zhao Jingjing , Kong Feng
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to validate the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in Chinese adolescents by examining factor structure, sex-related measurement invariance and latent mean differences, reliability, and criterion-related validity.A total of 1674 Chinese adolescents aged 12–17 years old (Mage = 15.26, SD = .58) were recruited. Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the four-factor model of the WLEIS as the best fit to the data. Multi-group CFA suggested that the measurement structure of the WLEIS was invariant across sex. Testing for the latent mean differences showed that male adolescents scored lower on the Other-Emotional Appraisal subscale, but scored higher on the Regulation of Emotion subscale than female adolescents. Furthermore, all the subscales of male and female adolescents had satisfactory composite reliability. Finally, the WLEIS had favorable criterion-related validity with self-esteem, life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect and perceived stress. These findings suggested that the WLEIS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing trait emotional intelligence of adolescents and can be generalized across sex.
A tale of two studies: Reflections on issues faced by novice researchers during data collection and analysis in Pakistan
Authors: Syed Hassan , Syed Ghazal Kazim
Published: November 2020

This paper reports on the challenges faced by two researchers during data collection and translation of data and analysis in two public sector universities in Pakistan. Data collection from each institute involved different procedures and a different set of issues, including negotiating access with gatekeepers and participants, dealing with teachers’ attitudinal issues, and getting consent from female participants. Challenges related to access to the institution, to female participants and recording permissions are discussed. Both researchers faced issues in translation of the key constructs with no equivalent lexical items in the context of study. It is further argued that awareness of such issues beforehand will help novice researchers be better prepared. Implications for novice researchers from Pakistan, and researchers from other contexts, have also been discussed.
Open-ended transitions to adulthood: Metaphorical thinking for times of stasis
Authors: Thomson Rachel , Østergaard Jeanette
Published: November 2020

In this article we engage critically with how metaphors have been used in sociological youth studies, including a turn to new metaphors that capture the foreclosure of futures and experiences of waiting, delay and non-institutional temporalities. Drawing on the resources of queer theory we challenge the developmentalism that underpins youth studies, employing notions of the impasse and growing sideways to capture the open-endedness of young adult lives. Working with data from a qualitative longitudinal study of Danish youth, we focus on how 47 young people responded to an invitation to talk about and through an object that represented the last three years of their lives. These rich accounts can be understood as examples of Paul Riceour’s ‘metaphoric discourse’, characterised by the simultaneity of ‘is’ and ‘is not’. The article first offers a schema of the biographical objects (trophies, hobbies, mortal, connective and protest) that captures the work of ‘being in time’ for young adults, mapping this onto the formal and informal markers of adulthood. We then engage with participants’ own metaphorical thinking in greater depth – suggesting that the paradoxical metaphors that emerge from their talk can expand how we understand the struggle for maturity. The metaphor of open-endedness is offered as a hybrid term, allowing us to look in two directions at once: capturing and comparing transitions as part of a project of social justice, while also recognising the limits of such frameworks for understanding the experiences of a new generation.
Clients or Partners: The Challenge to Engage Families in Baltimore’s Community Schools
Authors: Shiller Jessica T. ,   The Teacher’s Democracy Project (TDP)
Published: November 2020

As community schools grow in numbers, this article argues that the model needs to be interrogated in order to address the power imbalances that exist between non-dominant families and schools. This paper draws on a citywide study of parent interviews as well as public documents and interviews with key community school leaders in Baltimore to understand the state of family engagement with community schools. Using Ann Ishimaru’s equitable collaboration framework, we analyze the data and conclude that while there is a strong foundation, there is room to develop a model that truly engages families as partners with community schools.
Studying Black Student Life on Campus: Toward a Theory of Black Placemaking in Higher Education
Authors: Tichavakunda Antar A.
Published: November 2020

This essay outlines how Black placemaking, a sociological framework used to study Black residents in urban contexts, might be used to study Black students’ experiences at historically White institutions (HWIs) of higher education. Black placemaking engages with the intersection of Blackness, place, structure, and agency. The author argues that this framework has the potential to more expansively study Black students’ lives, experiences, and mechanisms of engagement without discounting realities of oppression. Drawing from research on Black students attending HWIs and data from an ethnography conducted by the author, this essay conceptualizes a Black placemaking approach for higher education.
‘An open secret’: Public housing and downward raiding in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Garmany Jeff , Burdick John
Published: November 2020

This article examines a case of urban displacement currently underway in central Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In some respects, this case represents a classic example of what researchers call ‘downward raiding’: a type of urban displacement whereby low-income housing is exploited by higher-income groups. Yet, in other respects, it also raises important questions about the ways urban displacement happens in public housing, as well as how downward raiding operates on the ground in cities. By exploring these questions, this article aims to accomplish two goals: first, to investigate an overlooked and often hidden form of urban displacement that, in this case, coincides with a large-scale, public–private housing initiative; and, second, to critically interrogate the concept of downward raiding in order to better understand and define the process. It is argued that by placing greater emphasis on how, empirically speaking, urban displacement happens, researchers may gain new insight into diverse forms of urban displacement in cities around the world.
Research serving theology: A model for the era of World Christianity
Authors: Herrmann Simon
Published: November 2020

Christianity is a very diverse religion. People who consider themselves Christians follow different theologies and practise their faith in many different ways. In this era that has become known as ‘World Christianity’, one might question whether the search for what is an appropriate understanding of Christian belief and practice makes sense at all and, if so, who is in charge to set the criteria? In this article, the author argues, against the background of World Christianity, that (1) the development of theology is in fact important; (2) it must spring from people considering the biblical text in their own context in order not to be arbitrary; (3) if research methods are designed well, research can stand in the service of developing theology in context; and (4) in this way, missionary-researchers can help in the development of theology without dominating it. The author illustrates this by referring to his research among the Lele people of Papua New Guinea, where he investigated how ‘mature’ Christians deal conceptually with traditional understandings of sickness and healing.
The Waiving of Parole Consideration by Inmates With Mental Illness and Recidivism Outcomes
Authors: Matejkowski Jason , Ostermann Michael
Published: November 2020

For many adults leaving prison, parole supervision can provide the support necessary for successful adjustment to community life. Those leaving prison who have a mental illness (MI) may benefit particularly from such services. However, many people who are incarcerated waive their opportunity for parole and choose instead to “max out” their sentences. This study explores whether decision-making and community risk predictors differ between people who are incarcerated with ( n = 1,575) and without ( n = 20,220) MI and who choose to voluntarily max out their sentence (i.e., waive parole), who max out involuntarily through denial of parole, and who are released to parole supervision. We found the presence of an MI was associated with the decision to forgo parole, but not recidivism. Those who maxed out their sentence (regardless of voluntariness of decision) had increased likelihood of recidivating. Implications for parole policy, practice, and research are discussed.
Does additional work experience moderate ethnic discrimination in the labour market?
Authors: Ahmad Akhlaq
Published: November 2020

Based on employer responses to 6000 job applications, this article tests whether greater work experience lowers discrimination against job applicants of immigrant origin in the Finnish labour market. It does so by comparing the callbacks received in response to two sets of job applications: applications in which applicants of immigrant background had identical work experience as the majority applicant and those in which they had two years’ more experience than the majority candidate. The article further investigates if additional experience elicits more callbacks in jobs in which higher work experience and a vocational diploma are required and when the vacancies are high-skilled. The findings of this empirical investigation suggest the presence of deep-seated ethnic hierarchies in the Finnish labour market. They clearly demonstrate that immigrants’ chances of securing a job interview offer do not significantly change even when they possess substantially greater work experience than their majority counterparts.
Use of PADIS Assessment Tools by Critical Care Nurses: An Integrative Review
Authors: Waterfield Denise , Barnason Susan
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this integrative review was to evaluate the literature from January 2013 to April 2020 and to explore critical care nurses’ perspectives of and intent to use recommended Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption (PADIS) patient assessment tools in adult critical care units. A literature search was performed with a total of 47 studies included in the final analysis for this review. The studies’ data were organized and further reduced based on The Reasoned Action Approach behavioral theory to reflect the extent to which a nurse plans to use a PADIS assessment tool. Extracted themes were related to behavioral beliefs in patient-centered care and critical thinking; normative beliefs about communication and prioritization; and control beliefs concerning autonomy and confidence. Contextualizing the international phenomenon of variation in PADIS assessment tool use by critical care nurses provides a deeper understanding of its complexity for use in the clinical setting.
The Scales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance–Third Edition: Internal Reliability, Interrater Reliability, and Test–Retest Reliability
Authors: Huscroft-D’Angelo Jacqueline , Wery Jessica , Martin Jodie Diane , Pierce Corey , Crawford Lindy
Published: November 2020

The Scales for Assessing Emotional Disturbance–Third Edition Rating Scale (SAED-3 RS; Epstein et al.) is a standardized, norm-referenced measure designed to aid in the identification process by providing useful data to professionals determining eligibility of students with an emotional disturbance (ED). Three studies are reported to address the reliability of the SAED-3 RS. Study 1 investigated the internal reliability of the SAED-3 RS using data from a nationally representative sample of 1,430 students and 441 with ED. Study 2 examined interrater reliability between 123 pairs of educators who had worked with the student for at least 2 months. Study 3 assessed the test–retest reliability over a 2-week period to determine stability of the SAED-3 RS. Across all studies, scores collected from the SAED-3 RS were determined to be a reliable, stable for measuring the emotional and behavioral functioning of students. Specifically, the averaged coefficient alpha for internal consistency ranged from .79 to .92 for each subscale and .96 for the composite score; interrater reliability coefficients ranged from .77 to .89 for each subscale and .89 for the composite score, and test–retest reliability coefficients ranged from .79 to .92 for each subscale and .96 for the composite score. Limitations, future research and implications for use of the SAED-3 RS are discussed.
Why Do Manuscripts Get Rejected? A Content Analysis of Rejection Reports from the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine
Authors: Menon Vikas , Varadharajan Natarajan , Praharaj Samir Kumar , Ameen Shahul
Published: November 2020

Background:

A proportion of manuscripts submitted to scientific journals get rejected, for varied reasons. A systematic analysis of the reasons for rejection will be relevant to editors, reviewers, and prospective authors. We aimed to analyze the reasons for rejection of manuscripts submitted to the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, the flagship journal of Indian Psychiatric Society South Zonal Branch.

Methods:

We performed a content analysis of the rejection reports of all the articles submitted to the journal between January 1, 2018, and May 15, 2020. Rejection reports were extracted from the manuscript management website and divided into three types: desk rejections, post-peer-review rejections, and post-editorial-re-review rejections. They were analyzed separately for the rejection reasons, using a predefined coding frame.

Results:

A total of 898 rejection reports were available for content analysis. Rejection was a common fate for manuscripts across the types of submission; figures ranged from 26.7% for viewpoint articles to 72.1% for review articles. The median time to desk rejection was 3 days, while the median time to post-peer-review rejection and post-editorial-re-review rejection was 42 days and 96 days, respectively. The most common reasons for desk rejection were lack of novelty or being out of the journal’s scope. Inappropriate study designs, poor methodological descriptions, poor quality of writing, and weak study rationale were the most common rejection reasons mentioned by both peer reviewers and editorial re-reviewers.

Conclusions:

Common reasons for rejection included poor methodology and poorly written manuscripts. Prospective authors should pay adequate attention to conceptualization, design, and presentation of their study, apart from selecting an appropriate journal, to avoid rejection and enhance their manuscript’s chances of publication.
Creative extraction: Black towns in white space
Authors: Purifoy Danielle M , Seamster Louise
Published: November 2020

This article interrogates the “anomalous” case of Black-founded towns, so-called because of their relative absence from discourse on Black place, their unique struggles for self-determined development, and their externally ascribed narratives of absent or dysfunctional governance, frequently invoked to explain their lack of access to basic infrastructure. We propose illuminating some of these so-called anomalies through Charles Mills’ “racial contract,” which we argue structures space at a deeper level than traditional legal arrangements and allows us to look relationally at Black towns in “white space.” We also rely on Cedric Robinson’s “racial capitalism” to demonstrate how white space develops through extraction of value from places racialized as nonwhite. Through the case of Tamina, Texas, we argue that Black towns specifically, and Black places more generally, experience racially predatory governance and resource extraction, often by nearby white places, under the guise of following mundane rules of legal jurisdiction, standard economic planning, and development. To illustrate this, we focus on three overlapping mechanisms of “creative extraction” that reinforce white spatial, political, and economic power at the expense of Black places: theft, erosion, and exclusion. These mechanisms are tied to the environmental harms inflicted on Black towns, as some of the existential threats they face.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging in adult survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Ong Bradley Ashley , Geocadin Romergryko , Choi Chun Woo , Whitman Glenn , Cho Sung-Min
Published: November 2020

Despite the common occurrence of neurologic complications in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), data on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in adult ECMO are limited. We aimed to describe the MRI findings of patients after ECMO cannulation. Records of patients who underwent ECMO from September 2017 to June 2019 were reviewed. MRI studies were performed using multiplanar sequences consisting of T1-, T2-weighted, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and susceptibility weighted images (SWI). Of the 78 adult patients who underwent ECMO, 26 (33%) survived. Of 26, eight patients (31%) had MRI studies, with a median age of 47 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 25–57). The median ECMO support time was 8 days (IQR: 4–25) and the median time from decannulation to MRI was 12 days (IQR: 1–34). Five (63%) of eight patients had ischemic infarcts; 4 (50%) had cerebral microhemorrhage; 2 (25%) had intracranial hemorrhage; and 1 (13%) had thoracic cord ischemic infarct. There were no patients with normal MRI. All patients underwent transcranial Doppler (TCD). Four of 8 (50%) showed presence of microemboli with TCD; 3 of 4 (75%) had ischemic infarcts; and 1 of 4 (25%) had presence of multiple cerebral microhemorrhages on MRI. All ischemic infarcts had diffuse pattern of punctate to small lesions for ECMO survivors. The location of cerebral microhemorrhages included lobar ( n = 4, 100%), deep ( n = 2, 50%), and both ( n = 2, 50%). Of the MRI studies, cerebrovascular related lesions were the most frequent, with punctate ischemic infarct being the most common type that may be associated with TCD microemboli. The results of the study suggest that subclinical cerebral lesions are commonly found in patients with ECMO support. Further research is needed to understand long-term effect of these cerebral lesions.
Pivotal mental states
Authors: Brouwer Ari , Carhart-Harris Robin Lester
Published: November 2020

This paper introduces a new construct, the ‘pivotal mental state’, which is defined as a hyper-plastic state aiding rapid and deep learning that can mediate psychological transformation. We believe this new construct bears relevance to a broad range of psychological and psychiatric phenomena. We argue that pivotal mental states serve an important evolutionary function, that is, to aid psychological transformation when actual or perceived environmental pressures demand this. We cite evidence that chronic stress and neurotic traits are primers for a pivotal mental state, whereas acute stress can be a trigger. Inspired by research with serotonin 2A receptor agonist psychedelics, we highlight how activity at this particular receptor can robustly and reliably induce pivotal mental states, but we argue that the capacity for pivotal mental states is an inherent property of the human brain itself. Moreover, we hypothesize that serotonergic psychedelics hijack a system that has evolved to mediate rapid and deep learning when its need is sensed. We cite a breadth of evidences linking stress via a variety of inducers, with an upregulated serotonin 2A receptor system (e.g. upregulated availability of and/or binding to the receptor) and acute stress with 5-HT release, which we argue can activate this primed system to induce a pivotal mental state. The pivotal mental state model is multi-level, linking a specific molecular gateway (increased serotonin 2A receptor signaling) with the inception of a hyper-plastic brain and mind state, enhanced rate of associative learning and the potential mediation of a psychological transformation.