bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Five‐point liquid rhinoplasty: Results from a retrospective analysis of a novel standardized technique and considerations on safety
Authors: Josipovic Leonard Nenad , Sattler Sonja , Schenck Thilo L. , Sattler Gerhard
Published: August 2022

Background

Nonsurgical aesthetic improvement of the nose with hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers is becoming increasingly popular but comes with important safety considerations.

Aims

To assess the safety and effectiveness of the standardized “five‐point liquid rhinoplasty” approach.

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center analysis of consecutive adult patients undergoing nonsurgical aesthetic treatment of the nose. All had one of the three main indications (insufficient nasal projection, nasal hump, or deep glabella) and were injected using HA fillers with high elastic modulus. Treatments were given using some or all of the injection points of the “five‐point liquid rhinoplasty” technique: P1 (nasal tip, 0.2–0.3 ml supracartilaginous); P2 (nasal root, 0.1–0.2 ml supraperiostal); P3 (cartilaginous dorsum, 0.1–0.2 ml supracartilaginous/supraperiostal); P4 (subnasal, 0.1–0.2 ml supraperiostal); and P5 (nasal alar, 0.1–0.2 ml per side supraperiostal). The risk of complications was minimized by injecting deep and staying in the midline as far as possible.

Results

Twenty patients were enrolled (n = 15 female [75%]; mean age: 37.8 ± 11.7 years). The mean volume of filler used was 0.66 ± 0.35 ml per patient. Nineteen subjects (95%) said they were “very satisfied” with results, and the physician was also “very satisfied” with outcomes in 19 patients (95%). Two individuals experienced hematoma, which was managed conservatively; there were no other significant complications.

Conclusions

The “five‐point liquid rhinoplasty” is a simple and effective method designed to maximize safety. It offers a good alternative to surgery in selected patients.
Strongyloides stercoralis infestation mimicking recurrence of ovarian cancer in the liver
Authors: Comba Cihan , Erdogan Sakir Volkan , Buyukasik Suleyman , Alis Esra Ergun , Altinok Ozge , Gunaldi Meral
Published: August 2022

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer and can recur in most cases. Surgery is an option for recurrent ovarian cancer. Parasitic infestation disseminated in an immunocompromised host can be fatal. The case is here presented of a female patient diagnosed with early‐stage ovarian cancer. Chemotherapy was initiated for treatment. At the follow‐up examination, masses in the liver suggestive of recurrence were detected on positron emission tomography computed tomography. Surgery was performed. A Strongyloides stercoralis infestation mimicking relapsing ovarian cancer in the liver was diagnosed.
A continuous model of strong and weak ties
Authors: Griffith Alan
Published: August 2022

When individuals interact in a network, links are often asymmetric and of varying intensity. I study a model whereby networks emerge from agents maximizing utility from continuous linking decisions and self‐investment. The joint link surplus function allows arbitrary, bounded heterogeneity in the benefit to forming links. Under decreasing returns to scale in link surplus, the set of Nash equilibria is well‐behaved. In contrast, with constant or increasing returns to scale, heterogeneity and returns to self‐investment limit the set of Nash equilibria. This model rationalizes equilibrium networks in which individuals simultaneously hold ties that are asymmetric and of varying intensity.
The spatiotemporal distribution of pollen traits related to dispersal and desiccation tolerance in Canarian laurel forest
Authors: Nogué Sandra , de Nascimento Lea , Graham Laura , Brown Luke A. , González Luís Antonio Gómez , Castilla‐Beltrán Alvaro , Peñuelas Josep , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Willis Kathy J.
Published: August 2022

Questions

Pollen traits (e.g., size, wall thickness, number of apertures) have been suggested to be relevant in terms of pollination mechanisms and the ability of the male gametophyte to withstand desiccation. We examined the spatiotemporal distribution of pollen traits related to dispersal (ornamentation and dispersal unit) and desiccation tolerance (wall thickness, presence of furrows and pores and pollen size). Specifically, we address two questions: how are the pollen traits distributed in relation to different levels of aridity? And, how did the pollen trait composition change with changing past environmental conditions?

Location

Laurel forests of La Gomera and Tenerife (Canary Islands).

Methods

We used pollen rain from 19 forest plots on an elevational gradient of 1050 m and all laurel forest types (cold, dry, humid and ridge crest) to quantify pollen trait composition using community‐weighted means. In addition, we used fossil pollen to examine the composition of pollen traits over 9600 years in response to known intervals of regional past climate change.

Results

Our results demonstrated increased prevalence of desiccation tolerance‐related pollen traits over drier areas of the laurel forest distribution. We also found increased prevalence of rich pollen grain ornamentation in the core of the laurel forest distribution. Holocene pollen functional diversity increased during a trend towards drier conditions as did the proportion of pollen grains with apertures and thicker walls to indicate desiccation tolerance.

Conclusions

Our study provides the first step towards understanding the role of pollen traits when quantifying the dynamics of different plant communities.
The role of preterm birth, retinopathy of prematurity and perinatal factors on corneal aberrations in adulthood: Results from the Gutenberg prematurity eye study
Authors: Fieß Achim , Berger Lina Amalia , Riedl Jana C. , Mildenberger Eva , Urschitz Michael S. , Hampel Ulrike , Wasielica‐Poslednik Joanna , Zepp Fred , Stoffelns Bernhard , Pfeiffer Norbert , Schuster Alexander K.
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated with altered corneal shape and reduced visual acuity in childhood, but their long‐term effects on corneal shape in later life are still unclear. This study evaluated whether prematurity and related perinatal factors are associated with corneal aberrations in adulthood.

Methods

The Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) is a cohort study using Scheimpflug imaging of the cornea. Associations were assessed between corneal Zernike aberrations and gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), BW percentile, ROP occurrence, ROP treatment and other perinatal factors using univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses.

Results

This study involved 444 eyes of 256 individuals born preterm (aged 28.1 ± 8.4 years, 146 females) and 231 eyes of 132 individuals born full‐term (aged 29.8 ± 8.9 years, 77 females). Multivariable analyses revealed an association between corneal higher‐order aberrations and lower birth weight percentile (B = −0.001, p < 0.001) as well as ROP treatment (B = 0.120, p = 0.03). Corneal lower‐order aberrations were also associated with lower birth weight percentile (B = −0.004; p = 0.001) and ROP treatment (B = 0.838, p = 0.01) but not with ROP occurrence. Increased corneal aberrations were correlated with lower visual acuity and the spherical equivalent refractive error.

Conclusions

Perinatal factors, particularly low birth weight percentile and ROP treatment lead to a more irregular corneal shape in adulthood, thereby reducing optical image quality and potentially contributing to reduced visual acuity and altered refractive error.
Impact of adverse childhood experience on physical and mental health: A life‐course epidemiology perspective
Authors: Fujiwara Takeo
Published: August 2022

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to have long‐term effects on physical and mental health, not only in the US, but also other countries, including Japan. In this paper, measurement of assessment of ACEs has been discussed, that is, concept (what is ACEs), inquiry (how to ask about ACEs), scoring (how to count the number of ACEs), and prevalence (how many ACEs do we have). In addition, a possible mechanism on how ACEs affect health was summarized from a life‐course perspective, using the critical/sensitive period model, pathway model, and cumulative model with recent evidence on neurological findings. Intergenerational transmission, that is, maternal ACEs affecting the health of the offspring was also reviewed. Finally, future directions on how to prevent and remedy the impact of ACEs on health was discussed.
Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, A Swimming Pool Disinfectant: New Developments and Role in UV‐Induced Skin Inflammation†
Authors: Chhabra Gagan , Ahmad Nihal
Published: August 2022

This article is a highlight of the paper by Snell et al. in the current issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology (Snell et al. Photochem. Photobiol. 2022). The authors utilized an organotypic human skin model and transgenic SKH‐1 mice to determine the oxidative stress response induced by topical treatment of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCIC), a common disinfectant used in swimming pool. Additionally, they determined molecular mechanisms associated with topical TCIC pretreatment followed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. This work provides the first example that cutaneous delivery of TCIC significantly increases UV‐induced skin inflammation, suggesting a previously unidentified potential of TCIC. If translatable to human skin, these findings could be important for human skin health implications.
Fitting Multivariate Multilevel Models under Informative Sampling
Authors: Silva Pedro Luis do N. , Moura Fernando Antônio da S.
Published: August 2022

A model-dependent approach for multivariate multilevel normal modelling that accounts for informative sampling of group and unit level population elements is developed. The approach involves extracting the multilevel model holding for the sample data, given the selected sample, as a function of the corresponding population model and the sample selection probabilities, and then fitting the resulting sample model using Bayesian methods. A model-based simulation study is carried out to study the performance of our approach under one scenario motivated by a Brazilian nationwide proficiency assessment exercise. Results indicate that our approach enables improved inference under the informative sampling considered.
Issue linkage versus ringfencing in international agreements*
Authors: Long Ngo Van , Richardson Martin , Stähler Frank
Published: August 2022

Issue linkage is often regarded as a means to enhance international cooperation in the presence of a sovereignty constraint. This constraint means a country can leave an agreement whenever it likes, if the perceived gains from leaving are larger than the gains from staying in the agreement. We set up a model of international agreements in which future gains from cooperation are uncertain, and it is bad realizations that can lead to exit. In this environment, we show that ringfencing dominates issue linkage, even in the absence of complementarities between separate issues, if the degree of uncertainty is sufficiently large.
Sovereign anxiety in Myanmar: An emotional geopolitics of China's Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Mostafanezhad Mary , Farnan Robert A. , Loong Shona
Published: August 2022

Geographers have increasingly attended to the role of emotion in geopolitical encounters and the geopolitics of cross‐border infrastructure projects. While scholars have theorised fear as an emotion produced by elite geopolitical discourses and encounters between bodies, we know much less about how infrastructure's materialities provoke fear and anxiety. Furthermore, key distinctions between anxiety – or a psychological state of insecurity and unease – and fear, which is attached to a specific target object, are still not fully understood. Focused on the uncertainties over China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), we develop the concept of sovereign anxiety – a generalised condition of unease over the security of one's political community – to account for how the BRI generates not only the hard materials of infrastructure (e.g., roads, dams and pipelines), but also the social practices of affect and emotion. Sovereign anxiety, we argue, is heightened by the absence of transparency over China's infrastructure investments in Myanmar. In this paper, we trace how sovereign anxiety is variously experienced and grounded in residents' observations, personal biographies, social histories, and sense of community belonging. We also identify three themes by which fears of the BRI are articulated: relations, roads, and resources. This article contributes an emotional geopolitics perspective to grounded studies of the BRI, while also demonstrating the geopolitical significance of attending to the emotional lives of infrastructure in relation to the BRI and beyond.
Why the majority of on‐site repeat donor deferrals are completely unwarranted…
Authors: Janssen Mart P.
Published: August 2022

Background

On‐site deferral for low hemoglobin (Hb) is common in most countries and deferral rates commonly vary between 1% and 20%. Blood banks continuously strive to reduce deferral rates as these imply an immediate loss of products, a waste of materials, a waste of staff and donor time, and potential loss of donors. Despite many efforts, the main cause of donor deferral—the variability in hemoglobin measurement outcomes—remains largely unaddressed.

Study Design and Methods

Repeated hemoglobin measurements obtained at donor intake were used to estimate the variability in measurement outcomes (measurement variability). This information is incorporated in a new algorithm for donor deferral where the mean hemoglobin level of a donor is used to determine both donor eligibility and the deviance of individual measurement outcomes. The algorithm was tested on a cohort of new Dutch donors that started between 2012 and 2022 to evaluate its impact on the donor deferral rate.

Results

Historical data from 439,376 new donors with a deferral rate of 5.3% were analyzed by applying the new donor deferral algorithm. It was found that 92% of all deferrals were unnecessary as Hb levels were within the range of expected measurement variability. Contrarily, it appeared that 460 donors (0.10%) made 704 donations (0.06%) whilst not complying with donor eligibility criteria.

Discussion

Not accounting for measurement variability can be shown to not only result in unnecessary on‐site deferrals but also results in donations by donors that can be shown not to comply with the legally required minimum Hb levels.
Evidence for the in vivo existence and mobilisation of myeloid angiogenic cells and pericyte‐like cells in wound patients after skin grafting
Authors: Uusitalo‐Kylmälä Liina , Joensuu Katriina , Hietanen Kristiina , Paloneva Juha , Heino Terhi J.
Published: August 2022

Myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) and pericyte‐like cells, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) by in vitro culturing, are suggested as relevant cell types for angiogenesis and tissue repair. However, the in vivo existence and relevance of these cells has so far remained unknown. Our aim was thus to study, if MACs and pericyte‐like cells exist in circulation during the wound healing of skin graft patients, and to evaluate the cellular features of wound repair. MNCs were isolated from blood samples of healthy controls (n = 4) and patients with a traumatic full thickness skin defect (n = 4) before skin grafting and on postoperative days 1 and 6. The numbers of circulating CD14+CD45+CD31+CD34− MACs and CD14+CD45+NG2+ pericyte‐like cells were assessed by flow cytometry, and gene expression of various pro‐angiogenic factors was analysed by qPCR. Wound bed biopsies were taken on postoperative days 6 and 14, and MAC (CD31, CD14 and CD45) and pericyte‐related markers (NG2 and PDGFRβ) were histologically studied. MACs and pericyte‐like cells were detected in both healthy controls and in patients. Before reconstruction, on average 18% of all circulating MNCs represented MACs and 2% pericyte‐like cells in wound patients. Number of MACs significantly increased 1.1−1.7‐fold in all patients 1 day after skin grafting (p < 0.01). In addition, histological analysis demonstrated effective vascularization of skin grafts, as well as presence of pericytes, and CD14 and CD45 expressing myeloid cells during wound healing. In conclusion, our data shows, for the first time, the presence and mobilisation of MACs and pericyte‐like cells in human circulation.
What the Home of the Future is Missing Today
Authors: Sukel Kayt
Published: August 2022

A few household robots are on the market today. But, none of those could be confused with Rosie the Robot, the muliply capable robot on The Jetsons. That raises the question: As technology advances, what will it take for the promise of the home of the future—powered by intelligent domestic robots—to finally be realized?
Mathematical and Experimental Analysis of an Internally Finned Double Pipe Heat Exchanger for Coupling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode Exhaust Heat and Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System on Refrigerated Trucks
Authors: Amakiri Eridei , Al-Sagheer Yousif , EL-Kharouf Ahmad , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert
Published: August 2022

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) generate electricity with high quality waste heat which if harnessed and used as energy source for vapor absorption refrigeration systems (VARS) will address the emission issues related to refrigerated transport infrastructure. The temperature range of the heat source required at the desorber of the VARS is between 120 °C and 200 °C, while SOFCs cathode exhaust heat temperatures are 600 °C and above. Therefore, an internally finned double pipe heat exchanger (DPHX) was used in this study with thermal oil as the coupling fluid to experimentally couple the SOFC cathode exhaust heat with the VARS indirectly. The experimental setup mimics a 5 kWe SOFC stack. Results showed that 1.84 kW of heat was recovered at a cathode exhaust flowrate of 24.64 L s−1 resulting in a heat exchanger effectiveness of 12.22% and overall heat transfer coefficient of 60.15 W m−2 K−1. The recovered 1.84 kW of heat are able to power a single effect VARS on board a small, refrigerated truck to supply 1 kW of cooling load. Results also revealed an exchanger effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient increase by 70.2% and 19.4%, respectively, at a reduced exhaust flowrate of 7.347 L s−1. Further improvement of 81.1% and 39.22%, respectively, of exchanger effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient was achieved at 4.653 L s−1 exhaust flowrate.
5 μm Level Long Photon Tunneling Distance in Near Field Thermal Radiation Through Metallic Patterns With/Without Dielectric Structures
Authors: Wen Sy-Bor , Jakkinapalli Aravind
Published: August 2022

By integrating wave-type analysis and fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the enhancement of photon tunneling distance in near field thermal radiation through metallic nanopatterns with/without dielectric structures is theoretically studied. When metallic patterns are in the immediate proximity of the conductive emitter, substantial thermal electric enhancement at surface plasmon frequency is observed between the metallic patterns and the emitter when the periodicity of the thermal electric field along the emitter surface is around integer times of the period of the metallic patterns. The mechanism of field amplification is similar to Fabry–Perot type resonance between two reflecting surfaces. The strong thermal electric field from resonance allows long-distance photon tunneling observed in near field radiation at a ∼5 μm separation distance when the same metallic patterns are placed on the collector surfaces. This value is nearly 50 times longer than that with bared emitter surfaces. This long-distance photon tunneling can also happen at a broader range of parallel wavenumbers (i.e., not determined by the period of the metallic patterns) at the surface plasmon frequency when the periodic metallic patterns' sizes are different each period. However, increasing the range of parallel wavenumbers in long-distance photon tunneling with this approach can reduce the strength of photon tunneling. The reduced tunneling strength can be brought up by attaching high refractive index dielectric resonators on top of the metallic patterns. The dielectric resonators on top of the metallic patterns show additional Mie-type resonance when displacement current is induced at the interface between the metallic patterns and the high refractive index dielectric. The higher intensity long-distance photon tunneling with a broad range of parallel wavenumbers can be valuable in harvesting the high intensity and high quality near field radiative energy with engineering feasible micron level vacuum gaps.
Peculiarities of Convective Heat and Mass Transfer in Magnetic Nanofluids
Authors: Suslov Sergey A.
Published: August 2022

Heat transfer enhancement due to thermomagnetic convection arising in nonisothermal electrically nonconducting ferrofluids placed in an external magnetic field is reviewed with an emphasis on realistic applications. It is shown that due to a complex composition of such fluids numerous internal physical processes can lead to directly opposite heat transfer trends. Physical factors influencing such processes are identified. It is concluded that while the complexity of such mechanisms makes designing ferrofluid-based heat exchangers a delicate task when done correctly, it ensures manyfold improvement of heat removal characteristics of such devices compared with their natural convection counterparts. This short review aims to provide a concise starting-point summary of ferrohydrodynamic effects and processes that need to be taken into account when designing practical applications.
The Dawn of the Study of Motor Timing: Wilhelm Camerer (1866) and Karl von Vierordt (1868) on the Time Course of Voluntary Movements
Authors: Wearden John H.
Published: August 2022

This article discusses material from the doctoral thesis of Wilhlem Camerer, which was devoted to the topic of the timing of voluntary movements, and appeared in 1866, thus being one of the earliest studies of any aspect of time perception. It was conducted under the supervision of Karl von Vierordt, at the University of Tübingen in Germany. The data reported come from Camerer’s attempts to make a movement over a distance of about 65 mm, either by flexion or extension of his arm, with the behavior recorded via a kymograph, and measured from its trace. Most of his data come from his attempts to make movements at a constant speed, with the speed varying from one trial to another from 5 to 60 mm/s, but he also conducted a study where the movement was intended to be accelerated or decelerated during the trial. In general, when extension movements were intended to be performed with constant speed, a gradual increase in movement speed usually occurred throughout the movement duration. For flexions the opposite occurred, albeit less clearly. Camerer linked the apparent distortions of speed to Vierordt’s experiments on the perception of time and his thesis contains what is probably the first mention of Vierordt’s Law, the proposition that short times are judged as longer, and long times as shorter, than they really are.
Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars
Authors: Wiens Roger C. , Udry Arya , Beyssac Olivier , Quantin-Nataf Cathy , Mangold Nicolas , Cousin Agnès , Mandon Lucia , Bosak Tanja , Forni Olivier , McLennan Scott M. , Sautter Violaine , Brown Adrian , Benzerara Karim , Johnson Jeffrey R. , Mayhew Lisa , Maurice Sylvestre , Anderson Ryan B. , Clegg Samuel M. , Crumpler Larry , Gabriel Travis S. J. , Gasda Patrick , Hall James , Horgan Briony H. N. , Kah Linda , Legett Carey , Madariaga Juan Manuel , Meslin Pierre-Yves , Ollila Ann M. , Poulet Francois , Royer Clement , Sharma Shiv K. , Siljeström Sandra , Simon Justin I. , Acosta-Maeda Tayro E. , Alvarez-Llamas Cesar , Angel S. Michael , Arana Gorka , Beck Pierre , Bernard Sylvain , Bertrand Tanguy , Bousquet Bruno , Castro Kepa , Chide Baptiste , Clavé Elise , Cloutis Ed , Connell Stephanie , Dehouck Erwin , Dromart Gilles , Fischer Woodward , Fouchet Thierry , Francis Raymond , Frydenvang Jens , Gasnault Olivier , Gibbons Erin , Gupta Sanjeev , Hausrath Elisabeth M. , Jacob Xavier , Kalucha Hemani , Kelly Evan , Knutsen Elise , Lanza Nina , Laserna Javier , Lasue Jeremie , Le Mouélic Stéphane , Leveille Richard , Lopez Reyes Guillermo , Lorenz Ralph , Manrique Jose Antonio , Martinez-Frias Jesus , McConnochie Tim , Melikechi Noureddine , Mimoun David , Montmessin Franck , Moros Javier , Murdoch Naomi , Pilleri Paolo , Pilorget Cedric , Pinet Patrick , Rapin William , Rull Fernando , Schröder Susanne , Shuster David L. , Smith Rebecca J. , Stott Alexander E. , Tarnas Jesse , Turenne Nathalie , Veneranda Marco , Vogt David S. , Weiss Benjamin P. , Willis Peter , Stack Kathryn M. , Williford Kenneth H. , Farley Kenneth A. ,   The SuperCam Team
Published: August 2022

Before Perseverance, Jezero crater’s floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification. The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.
An olivine cumulate outcrop on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars
Authors: Liu Y. , Tice M. M. , Schmidt M. E. , Treiman A. H. , Kizovski T. V. , Hurowitz J. A. , Allwood A. C. , Henneke J. , Pedersen D. A. K. , VanBommel S. J. , Jones M. W. M. , Knight A. L. , Orenstein B. J. , Clark B. C. , Elam W. T. , Heirwegh C. M. , Barber T. , Beegle L. W. , Benzerara K. , Bernard S. , Beyssac O. , Bosak T. , Brown A. J. , Cardarelli E. L. , Catling D. C. , Christian J. R. , Cloutis E. A. , Cohen B. A. , Davidoff S. , Fairén A. G. , Farley K. A. , Flannery D. T. , Galvin A. , Grotzinger J. P. , Gupta S. , Hall J. , Herd C. D. K. , Hickman-Lewis K. , Hodyss R. P. , Horgan B. H. N. , Johnson J. R. , Jørgensen J. L. , Kah L. C. , Maki J. N. , Mandon L. , Mangold N. , McCubbin F. M. , McLennan S. M. , Moore K. , Nachon M. , Nemere P. , Nothdurft L. D. , Núñez J. I. , O’Neil L. , Quantin-Nataf C. M. , Sautter V. , Shuster D. L. , Siebach K. L. , Simon J. I. , Sinclair K. P. , Stack K. M. , Steele A. , Tarnas J. D. , Tosca N. J. , Uckert K. , Udry A. , Wade L. A. , Weiss B. P. , Wiens R. C. , Williford K. H. , Zorzano M.-P.
Published: August 2022

The geological units on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars, are part of a wider regional stratigraphy of olivine-rich rocks, which extends well beyond the crater. We investigated the petrology of olivine and carbonate-bearing rocks of the Séítah formation in the floor of Jezero. Using multispectral images and x-ray fluorescence data, acquired by the Perseverance rover, we performed a petrographic analysis of the Bastide and Brac outcrops within this unit. We found that these outcrops are composed of igneous rock, moderately altered by aqueous fluid. The igneous rocks are mainly made of coarse-grained olivine, similar to some martian meteorites. We interpret them as an olivine cumulate, formed by settling and enrichment of olivine through multistage cooling of a thick magma body.
Molecular and cellular evolution of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ma Shaojie , Skarica Mario , Li Qian , Xu Chuan , Risgaard Ryan D. , Tebbenkamp Andrew T. N. , Mato-Blanco Xoel , Kovner Rothem , Krsnik Željka , de Martin Xabier , Luria Victor , Martí-Pérez Xavier , Liang Dan , Karger Amir , Schmidt Danielle K. , Gomez-Sanchez Zachary , Qi Cai , Gobeske Kevin T. , Pochareddy Sirisha , Debnath Ashwin , Hottman Cade J. , Spurrier Joshua , Teo Leon , Boghdadi Anthony G. , Homman-Ludiye Jihane , Ely John J. , Daadi Etienne W. , Mi Da , Daadi Marcel , Marín Oscar , Hof Patrick R. , Rasin Mladen-Roko , Bourne James , Sherwood Chet C. , Santpere Gabriel , Girgenti Matthew J. , Strittmatter Stephen M. , Sousa André M. M. , Sestan Nenad
Published: August 2022

The granular dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is an evolutionary specialization of primates that is centrally involved in cognition. We assessed more than 600,000 single-nucleus transcriptomes from adult human, chimpanzee, macaque, and marmoset dlPFC. Although most cell subtypes defined transcriptomically are conserved, we detected several that exist only in a subset of species as well as substantial species-specific molecular differences across homologous neuronal, glial, and non-neural subtypes. The latter are exemplified by human-specific switching between expression of the neuropeptide somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine production in certain interneurons. The above molecular differences are also illustrated by expression of the neuropsychiatric risk gene
FOXP2
, which is human-specific in microglia and primate-specific in layer 4 granular neurons. We generated a comprehensive survey of the dlPFC cellular repertoire and its shared and divergent features in anthropoid primates.
The new storytellers
Story Machines
Mike Sharples and Rafael Pérez y Pérez
Routledge, 2022. 194 pp.
Authors: Dick Stephanie
Published: August 2022

Computer-crafted tales offer insight into human creativity
Ancient genomes and West Eurasian history
Authors: Arbuckle Benjamin S. , Schwandt Zoe
Published: August 2022

Storytelling with ancient DNA reveals challenges and potential for writing new histories
The FDA and scientific priorities
Authors: Califf Robert M.
Published: August 2022

Earlier this year, when I was confirmed as the new commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the world faced ongoing public health issues related to the pandemic and war in Ukraine, among other challenges. Most notably, the US is experiencing a flattening or decline in life expectancy compared with other high-income countries. As part of a wider effort to reverse this decline, relationships between FDA and the biomedical ecosystem should be reimagined to facilitate more effective translation of science into successful health interventions.
In Science Journals
Authors: Grocholski Brent , Lavine Marc S. , Erkes Dan A. , Dennis Jonathan , Stern Peter , Osborne Ian S. , Vignieri Sacha , Jiang Di , Ash Caroline , Maroso Mattia , Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: August 2022

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Researchers watch how Arctic storms chew up sea ice
Authors: Hand Eric
Published: August 2022

Airborne campaign to study summer cyclones could reveal air-ice interactions
Multiple-Site SUMOylation of FMDV 3C Protease and Its Negative Role in Viral Replication
Authors: Wu Xiangju , Hu Yue , Sui Chao , Pan Li , Yoo Dongwan , Miller Laura C. , Lee Changhee , Cong Xiaoyan , Li Juntong , Du Yijun , Qi Jing
Published: August 2022

FMD is a highly contagious and economically important disease in cloven-hoofed animals. SUMOylation, the covalent linkage of a small ubiquitin-like protein to a variety of substrate proteins, has emerged as an important posttranslational modification that plays multiple roles in diverse biological processes.
Severe Acute Hepatitis Outbreaks Associated with a Novel Hepacivirus in
Rhizomys pruinosus
in Hainan, China
Authors: Jiang Jianfeng , Hao Yuqing , He Biao , Su Lianhua , Li Xuezheng , Liu Xiangxiang , Chen Chuanwei , Chen Lijuan , Zhao Zihan , Mi Shijiang , Deng Xuming , Gong Wenjie , Tu Changchun
Published: August 2022

Members of the genus
Hepacivirus
have a broad host range, with at least 14 species identified, but none is highly pathogenic to its host except for hepatitis C virus, which causes severe liver diseases in humans. In this study, a new liver-tropic hepacivirus species was identified by high-throughput sequencing as the pathogen associated with two outbreaks of severely acute hepatitis in hoary bamboo rats (
Rhizomys pruinosus
) on two farms in Hainan Province, China; this is the first reported highly pathogenic animal hepacivirus to our knowledge.
Complete Reference Genome Sequence of the Extensively Drug-Resistant Strain Neisseria gonorrhoeae AT159, with Ceftriaxone Resistance and High-Level Azithromycin Resistance, Using Nanopore Q20+ Chemistry and Illumina Sequencing
Authors: Golparian Daniel , Pleininger Sonja , Jacobsson Susanne , Indra Alexander , Unemo Magnus
Published: August 2022

Extensively drug-resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(XDR-NG) strains with resistance to the last remaining first-line treatments (ceftriaxone monotherapy or combined with azithromycin) represent the emerging threat of untreatable gonorrhea. We present the complete reference genome sequence of the XDR-NG strain AT159, with ceftriaxone and high-level azithromycin resistance, from Austria.
Metabolic Modeling and Bidirectional Culturing of Two Gut Microbes Reveal Cross-Feeding Interactions and Protective Effects on Intestinal Cells
Authors: Hirmas Belén , Gasaly Naschla , Orellana Guillermo , Vega-Sagardía Marco , Saa Pedro , Gotteland Martín , Garrido Daniel
Published: August 2022

Microbial interactions represent the inner connections in the gut microbiome. By integrating mathematical modeling tools and microbial bidirectional culturing, we determined how two gut commensals engage in the exchange of cross-feeding metabolites, lactate and succinate, for increased growth in two fibers.
Immunological and Pathological Peculiarity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Beta Variant
Authors: Lee Sunhee , Yoon Gun Young , Lee Su Jin , Kwon Young-Chan , Moon Hyun Woo , Kim Yu-Jin , Kim Haesoo , Lee Wooseong , Jeong Gi Uk , Kim Chonsaeng , Kim Kyun-Do , Kim Seong-Jun , Ahn Dae-Gyun
Published: August 2022

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified. These variants have different infectivity and transmissibility from the ancestral strains.
Twenty-year observational study of paediatric tonsillitis and tonsillectomy
Authors: Hulse Kate , Lindsay Ewan , Rogers Alexander , Young David , Kunanandam Thushitha , Douglas Catriona M
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Tonsillectomy is now only indicated in the UK when specific criteria are met, as outlined by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) and The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). As a result, fewer numbers of tonsillectomy are being performed. Tonsillectomy is the primary treatment for recurrent tonsillitis; therefore, we hypothesise that acute admissions to hospital with tonsillitis and infective complications will have risen since criteria were introduced. Our aim was to assess the rates of acute hospital admissions with tonsillitis in children and the factors associated with this.

Methods

Data were provided by Information Service Division for all under 16s in Scotland between 1996/1997 and 2016/2017. Socioeconomic background was determined from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) score. Poisson regression analysis was used to model predictors of surgery and correlation analysis to study the relationship between tonsillitis and other factors.

Results

60 456 tonsillectomies were performed. The number of tonsillectomies dropped significantly following the introduction of SIGN guidelines, and the rates of tonsillitis increased; however, admissions with tonsillitis were already on an upward trajectory. Children from the most deprived areas were 72.0% (95% CI 60% to 85%, p<0.001) more likely to receive tonsillectomy and were also more likely to be admitted with tonsillitis than the least deprived areas.

Conclusion

Tonsillectomy and tonsillitis rates are highest in the most deprived; postulated reasons include antibiotic stewardship and difficulty accessing primary care. Current guidelines on tonsillectomy may be disproportionately harmful in children from deprived households.
Growth trajectory during the first 1000 days and later overweight in very preterm infants
Authors: Simon Laure , Hadchouel Alice , Arnaud Catherine , Frondas-Chauty Anne , Marret Stéphane , Flamant Cyril , Darmaun Dominique , Delacourt Christophe , Marchand-Martin Laetitia , Ancel Pierre Yves , Roze Jean-Christophe
Published: August 2022

Objective

To identify the characteristics of early life growth associated with later overweight or obesity (OWO) in very preterm population.

Design

Length, weight and body mass index (BMI) were prospectively recorded from three prospective, population-based cohorts with 5 years (Loire Infant Follow-up Team (LIFT), EPIPAGE2 (Etude EPIdémiologique sur les Petits Ages GEstationnels 2)) and 15 years (EPIPAGEADO, Etude EPIdémiologique sur les Petits Ages GEstationnels-Adolescents) of follow-up. Missing data were imputed.

Setting

Regional (LIFT), national (EPIPAGE2) and multiregional (EPIPAGEADO) cohorts in France.

Patients

Eligible infants born before 33 weeks of gestation in 1997 (EPIPAGEADO), between 2003 and 2014 (LIFT), and in 2011 (EPIPAGE2).

Main outcome measures

OWO was determined as BMI Z-score >85th percentile of the WHO reference curves at 5 years (LIFT, EPIPAGE2) and 15 years (EPIPAGEADO).

Results

In EPIPAGEADO, LIFT and EPIPAGE2, BMI Z-scores were known for 302 adolescents, 1016 children and 2022 children, respectively. In EPIPAGEADO, OWO was observed in 42 (13.9%, 95% CI 10.5 to 18.3) adolescents. In multivariable models, birthweight Z-score, increase in weight Z-score during neonatal hospital stay and increase in BMI between discharge and at 2 years of corrected age were positively associated with OWO at 15 years (adjusted OR (aOR)=3.65, 95% CI 1.36 to 9.76; aOR=3.82, 95% CI 1.42 to 10.3; and aOR=2.55, 95% CI 1.72 to 3.78, respectively, by Z-score), but change in length Z-score during neonatal hospital stay was negatively associated (aOR=0.41, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.78, p=0.007). These four associations with OWO assessed at 5 years were confirmed in the LIFT and EPIPAGE2 cohorts.

Conclusions

Change in length Z-score during hospitalisation, a putative proxy of quality of neonatal growth, was negatively associated with risk of later OWO when change in BMI between discharge and at 2 years was included in the multivariable model.
Controlling glycemic variability in people living with type 1 diabetes receiving insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300)
Authors: Mader Julia K , Gölz Stefan , Bilz Stefan , Bramlage Peter , Danne Thomas
Published: August 2022

Short-term glycemic variability is associated with the risk of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in people living with type 1 diabetes and can potentially affect clinical outcomes. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is of increasing importance to evaluate glycemic variability in greater detail. Specific metrics for assessing glycemic variability were proposed, such as the SD of mean glucose level and associated coefficient of variation, and time in target glucose range to guide study designs, therapy and allow people with diabetes more transparency in interpreting their own CGM data. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and real-world evidence provide complementary information about the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of interventions. Insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) has a longer lasting and less variable action than insulin glargine U100 (Gla-100) with a lower risk of hypoglycemia. While insulin degludec U100 (iDeg-100) was associated with lower glucose values but more time below range in one randomized study compared with Gla-300, Gla-300 was associated with a higher per cent time in range, but also above the therapeutic range. However, a real-world study did not find differences during the day between Gla-300 and iDeg-100. The upcoming InRange RCT is the first head-to-head comparison of Gla-300 with iDeg-100 using CGM in an international population using CGM metrics as the primary endpoint. The non-interventional COMET-T real-world study will determine the real-world effectiveness of Gla-300 using CGM metrics and cover a broad spectrum of clinical practice decisions irrespective of the prior basal insulin.
Exploring the mutational landscape of genes associated with inherited retinal disease using large genomic datasets: identifying loss of function intolerance and outlying propensities for missense changes
Authors: Tanner Alexander , Chan Hwei Wuen , Schiff Elena , Mahroo Omar A , Pulido Jose S
Published: August 2022

Background

Large databases permit quantitative description of genes in terms of intolerance to loss of function (‘haploinsufficiency’) and prevalence of missense variants. We explored these parameters in inherited retinal disease (IRD) genes.

Methods

IRD genes (from the ‘RetNet’ resource) were classified by probability of loss of function intolerance (pLI) using online Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) and DatabasE of genomiC varIation and Phenotype in Humans using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER) databases. Genes were identified having pLI ≥0.9 together with one or both of the following: upper bound of CI <0.35 for observed to expected (o/e) ratio of loss of function variants in the gnomAD resource; haploinsufficiency score <10 in the DECIPHER resource. IRD genes in which missense variants appeared under-represented or over-represented (Z score for o/e ratio of <−2.99 or >2.99, respectively) were also identified. The genes were evaluated in the gene ontology Protein Analysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) resource.

Results

Of 280 analysed genes, 39 (13.9%) were predicted loss of function intolerant. A greater proportion of X-linked than autosomal IRD genes fulfilled these criteria, as expected. Most autosomal genes were associated with dominant disease. PANTHER analysis showed >100 fold enrichment of spliceosome tri-snRNP complex assembly. Most encoded proteins were longer than the median length in the UniProt database. Fourteen genes (11 of which were in the ‘haploinsufficient’ group) showed under-representation of missense variants. Six genes (SAMD11,ALMS1,WFS1,RP1L1,KCNV2,ADAMTS18) showed over-representation of missense variants.

Conclusion

A minority of IRD-associated genes appear to be ‘haploinsufficient’. Over-representation of spliceosome pathways was observed. When interpreting genetic tests, variants found in genes with over-representation of missense variants should be interpreted with caution.
Asthma control with ICS-formoterol reliever versus maintenance ICS and SABA reliever therapy: a post hoc analysis of two randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hatter Lee , Houghton Claire , Bruce Pepa , Holliday Mark , Eathorne Allie , Pavord Ian , Reddel Helen K , Hancox Robert J , Braithwaite Irene , Oldfield Karen , Papi Alberto , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard
Published: August 2022

Background

In randomised controlled trials, as-needed inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-formoterol reliever therapy reduces severe exacerbation risk compared with maintenance ICS plus short-acting beta2-agonist (SABA) reliever in adolescent and adult asthma, but results in slightly worse control of asthma symptoms, as measured by mean Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5) score.

Objective

To assess the levels and changes in asthma control for as-needed budesonide–formoterol versus maintenance budesonide plus SABA in post hoc analyses from the Novel START and PRACTICAL clinical trials.

Methods

The number and proportion of participants at study end in each ACQ-5 category (‘well-controlled’, ‘partly controlled’ or ‘inadequately controlled’ symptoms), and in each responder category based on the minimal clinically important difference for ACQ-5 of 0.5 (improved, no change and worse) with as-needed budesonide–formoterol and maintenance budesonide plus SABA treatment were calculated.

Results

With last observation carried forwards, 189/214 (88.3%) and 354/434 (81.6%) of patients in the budesonide–formoterol group had ‘well-controlled’ or ‘partly controlled’ symptoms at the end of the study, vs 183/214 (85.5%) and 358/431 (83.1%) in the budesonide maintenance group, for Novel START and PRACTICAL, respectively. The proportion of patients whose symptom control was either improved or unchanged from baseline was 190/214 (88.8%) and 368/434 (84.8%) for budesonide–formoterol, vs 185/214 (86.4%) and 376/431 (87.2%) for maintenance budesonide, in Novel START and PRACTICAL respectively.

Conclusions

There were no clinically important differences in the proportions of patients with ‘well-controlled’ or ‘partly controlled’ asthma symptoms, or proportions who improved or maintained their level of control, with as-needed budesonide–formoterol versus maintenance budesonide plus SABA.
Safe and Healthy Para sport project (SHAPE): a study protocol of a complex intervention within Para sport
Authors: Fagher Kristina , Kunorozva Lovemore , Badenhorst Marelise , Derman Wayne , Kissick James , Verhagen Evert , Ahmed Osman Hassan , Jederström Moa , Heron Neil , Khoshnood Ardavan M , Silva Andressa , Kenttä Göran , Lexell Jan
Published: August 2022

Elite Para athletes report a high incidence of sports injuries, illnesses and other health issues. Despite this, there are few prevention programmes in Para sport, and many of the existing prevention programmes are not adapted to Para athletes. To improve the success of preventive measures, it has been suggested that sports safety work should facilitate health promotion, including athlete health education. Therefore, the overarching aim of this project is to evaluate an accessible health promotion web platform as part of a complex intervention that aims to improve knowledge of athlete health in Para sport. In this protocol, the development, future implementation and evaluation of the intervention are described. To inform the implementation and use of such interventions, it is recommended to involve end users in the development and implementation process. Therefore, a participatory design process, including athletes and the sports organisation, was used to develop an accessible health promotion web platform. To evaluate this complex intervention, a process evaluation combining quantitative evaluation assessing causal pathways with qualitative methods assessing multifaceted pathways will be used. The primary outcomes are injury/illness incidence, athlete health parameters, health literacy and user behaviour. A cohort of elite Para athletes (n=150) from Sweden and South Africa will be invited to participate. This project will be the first that aims to improve athlete health in Para sport through pragmatic and accessible health promotion. It is a boundary-crossing project that will be conducted in a real-world sport setting, including athletes with different socioeconomic backgrounds.