bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersed reinforcement of columns of a high-rise building
Authors: Kleshchevnikova Varvara , Strelets Ksenia , Belyaeva Svetlana , Nikonova Olga , Volkova Yulia , Panfilov Aleksandr
Published: March 2020

The article deals with the application of combined reinforcement of concrete with steel and basalt fibers. A model of a high-rise building was calculated in the LIRA-SAPR 2013 software. Design and characteristic strength of steel fiber and basalt fiber reinforced concretes to compression and tension and the initial elastic modulus were determined to calculate the model. Comparison of the effect of B40 concrete steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) on column reinforcement was performed by comparing the required areas of reinforcement, as well as the percentage of reinforcement, taking into account crack resistance. The total area of reinforcement decreased with the addition of steel fiber by 36.9% and basalt fiber by 39.9%. The percentage of reinforcement also decreased, taking into account crack resistance, from 0.694 for columns with concrete B40 to 0.437 for SFRC columns and to 0.417 for BFRC columns. The addition of fiber increases the strength characteristics of concrete: compressive strength increased by 35.8% and 77.2%, tensile strength by 150.2% and 75.7%, crack resistance by 37% and 39.9%, the initial modulus of elasticity of the material increased by 8.7% and 3.7% for SFRC and BFRC respectively compared with concrete B40.
Welche Faktoren fördern und behindern die Umsetzung
migrationssensibler Versorgung?
Authors: Aksakal Tuğba , Yılmaz-Aslan Yüce , Langbrandtner Jana , Deck Ruth , Razum Oliver , Brzoska Patrick
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund nehmen trotz eines
höheren Bedarfs rehabilitative Leistungen seltener in Anspruch und
weisen ungünstigere Ergebnisse auf als Menschen ohne
Migrationshintergrund. Migrationssensible Versorgungsstrategien können
einen Beitrag leisten, Barrieren abzubauen, denen Menschen mit
Migrationshintergrund im Gesundheitssystem begegnen. Ziel der vorliegenden
Studie ist es, hindernde und fördernde Faktoren für die
Implementierung solcher Strategien aus der Perspektive von Gesundheitspersonal
zu ermitteln.

Methodik Die Untersuchung basiert auf 8 qualitativen
leitfadengestützten Fokusgruppeninterviews mit insgesamt 50
MitarbeiterInnen unterschiedlicher Berufsgruppen in orthopädischen
Rehabilitationseinrichtungen in Nordrhein-Westfalen und Schleswig-Holstein.

Ergebnisse Das Gesundheitspersonal erachtet eine migrationssensible
Versorgung als notwendig und ist motiviert, entsprechende Maßnahmen
umzusetzen. Als Hindernis für die Implementierung werden v. a. fehlende
personelle und finanzielle Ressourcen genannt, u.a. für das Einstellen
zusätzlicher mehrsprachiger MitarbeiterInnen. Optimierungspotenziale
wurden im Hinblick auf die fehlende Migrationssensibilität von
Versorgungsträgern gesehen.

Schlussfolgerung Die aufgezeigten Barrieren müssen
überwunden werden, um den Einsatz migrationssensibler
Versorgungskonzepte zu fördern. Diese können der Ausgangspunkt
für eine über Migrationssensibilität hinausgehende
diversitätssensible Versorgung sein, die auch der Rolle weiterer
Diversitätsmerkmale Rechnung trägt.
The Unique Bioorthogonal Chemistry of Isonitriles
Authors: Franzini Raphael M. , Deb Titas
Published: March 2020

The isocyano group is the structurally most compact bioorthogonal group known. It reacts with tetrazines under physiological conditions and has great potential for widespread use in the biosciences. In this account, we highlight the unique properties of the isocyano group as a bioorthogonal functionality. Protecting group chemistry based on the reaction of isonitriles and tetrazines that allows releasing payloads is a particular focus of the article. We further discuss the atypical steric attractions that take place in the transition state of the reaction between isonitriles and tetrazines, which result in an increase in the rate of the reaction with steric bulk of the tetrazine substituents. These findings will open up new possibilities in bioorthogonal chemistry where reactivity and stability are simultaneously desired.

1 Introduction

2 The Isocyano Group: A Structurally Compact Group for Bioorthogonal Chemistry

3 Bioorthogonal Protecting Group Chemistry

4 Steric Attractions in the Transition State Accelerate the Cycloaddition of Isonitriles and Tetrazines

5 Reactions of Tetrazines and Isonitriles are Compatible with Biomolecules and Living Organisms

6 Conclusions
Mapping Patient Data to Colorectal Cancer Clinical Algorithms for Personalized Guideline-Based Treatment
Authors: Becker Matthias , Böckmann Britta , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Stuschke Martin , Paul Andreas , Kasper Stefan , Virchow Isabel
Published: March 2020

Background Colorectal cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in Germany, and the second and third most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and men, respectively. In this context, evidence-based guidelines positively impact the quality of treatment processes for cancer patients. However, evidence of their impact on real-world patient care remains unclear. To ensure the success of clinical guidelines, a fast and clear provision of knowledge at the point of care is essential.

Objectives The objectives of this study are to model machine-readable clinical algorithms for colon carcinoma and rectal carcinoma annotated by Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) based on clinical guidelines and the development of an open-source workflow system for mapping clinical algorithms with patient-specific information to identify patient's position on the treatment algorithm for guideline-based therapy recommendations.

Methods This study qualitatively assesses the therapy decision of clinical algorithms as part of a clinical pathway. The solution uses rule-based clinical algorithms, which were developed based on the corresponding guidelines. These algorithms are executed on a newly developed open-source workflow system and are visualized at the point of care. The aim of this approach is to create clinical algorithms based on an established business process standard, the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), which is annotated by UMLS terminologies. The gold standard for the validation process was set by manual extraction of clinical datasets from 86 rectal cancer patients and 89 colon cancer patients.

Results Using this approach, the algorithm achieved a precision value of 87.64% for colon cancer and 84.70% for rectal cancer with recall values of 87.64 and 83.72%, respectively.

Conclusion The results indicate that the automatic positioning of a patient on the decision pathway is possible with tumor stages that have a less complex clinical algorithm with fewer decision points reaching a higher accuracy than complex stages.
Efficacy of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Bakri Intrauterine Balloon Placement: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review
Authors: Nagase Yoshikazu , Matsuzaki Shinya , Kawanishi Yoko , Nakagawa Satoshi , Kakigano Aiko , Takiuchi Tsuyoshi , Mimura Kazuya , Tomimatsu Takuji , Endo Masayuki , Kimura Tadashi
Published: March 2020

Objective Bakri intrauterine balloon (BIUB) placement is an effective treatment for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). This study aims to evaluate the risk of infection during BIUB placement.

Study Design Data for all deliveries (n = 2,144) at our institution between January 2014 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients diagnosed with PPH (n = 758) were included in our analysis, further divided into BIUB (n = 80) and non-BIUB groups (n = 678), and subdivided into vaginal delivery (VD), elective cesarean delivery (CD), and emergency CD groups. Postpartum endometritis rate was compared in each group. A single dose of prophylactic antibiotics was administered for BIUB placement in the VD group. In the CD groups, antibiotics were administered preoperatively once, and no additional antibiotics for BIUB placement were administered. To obtain an antibiotics administration protocol to be applied during BIUB placement, we electronically searched the PubMed and Scopus databases.

Results No significant differences were observed in endometritis rates between BIUB and non-BIUB groups of all groups. In the literature review, of 27 suitable publications identified, multiple doses of antibiotics were administered in 17 (62.9%) studies and none investigated the efficacy of a protocol for antibiotic.

Conclusion Our protocol might be effective and sufficient in preventing postpartum BIUB placement-related endometritis.
Averaged electron densities of the helium-like atomic systems
Authors: Liverts Evgeny Z. , Krivec Rajmund
Published: March 2020

Different kinds of averaging of the wavefunctions/densities of the two-electron atomic systems are investigated. Using several fully three-body methods of variational and direct types, the ground state wave functions Ψ of the helium-like atomic systems with nucleus charge 1 ≤ Z ≤ 5 are calculated in a few coordinate systems including the hyperspherical coordinates R,α,θ. The wave functions Ψav(R) of the hyperspherical radius R are calculated numerically by averaging Ψ over the hyperspherical angles α and θ. The exact analytic representations for the relative derivatives Ψav′(0)/Ψav(0) and Ψav′′(0)/Ψav(0) are derived. Analytic approximations very close to Ψav(R) are obtained. Using the Pekeris-like wave functions Ψ, the one-electron densities ρ(r) are calculated as functions of the electron–nucleus distance r. The relevant derivatives ρ′(0)/ρ(0) and ρ″(0)/ρ(0) characterizing the behavior of ρ(r) near the nucleus are calculated numerically. Very accurate analytical approximations, representing the one-electron density both near the nucleus and far away from it, are derived. All the analytical and numerical results are supplemented with tables and graphs.
Photolithographic shape control of DNA hydrogels by photo-activated self-assembly of DNA nanostructures
Authors: Kasahara Yu , Sato Yusuke , Masukawa Marcos K. , Okuda Yukiko , Takinoue Masahiro
Published: March 2020

We report a photolithographic method for the shape control of DNA hydrogels based on photo-activated self-assembly of Y-shaped DNA nanostructures (Y-motifs). To date, various methods to control the shape of DNA hydrogels have been developed to enhance the functions of the DNA hydrogel system. However, photolithographic production of shape-controlled DNA hydrogels formed through the self-assembly of DNA nanostructures without the use of radical polymerizations has never been demonstrated, although such a method is expected to be applied for the shape-control of DNA hydrogels encapsulating sensitive biomolecules, such as proteins. In this study, we used a photo-activated linker to initiate the self-assembly of Y-motifs, where the cross-linker DNA was at first inactive but was activated after UV light irradiation, resulting in the formation of shape-controlled DNA hydrogels only at the UV-exposed area produced by photomasks. We believe that this method will be applied for the construction of biohybrid machines, such as molecular robots and artificial cells that contain intelligent biomolecular devices, such as molecular sensors and computers.
Roller nanoimprint lithography for low-cost nanoscale random lattice diffractive optical elements
Authors: Zhang Man , Xia Liang-ping , Dang Sui-hu , Cao A-xiu , Shi Li-fang , Du Chun-lei
Published: March 2020

In this paper, effective fabrication of high-resolution diffractive optical elements on a polymer substrate is demonstrated using roller nanoimprint lithography. A nanoscale diffraction grating mold, which can generate a random laser pattern, is fabricated by scan-and-repeat projection lithography. The mold is imprinted to a thin polymer on the soft substrate via roller nanoimprint lithography, which has high efficiency, high fidelity, and high throughput for mass production. This fabrication process can produce high-resolution nanostructures while reducing the cost substantially. We obtained large-area polymer diffractive optical elements with a flexible substrate, which can generate high-quality diffraction random lattice patterns with sub-250 nm resolution for an 808-nm wavelength laser. The diffractive optical elements have about 83.2% diffraction efficiency and 99.7% uniformity of random pattern intensity. It is believed that this fabrication technique can promote practical applications of diffractive optical elements, such as laser wavefront correction, face and activity recognition, and optical communication.
Groups, Jacobi functions, and rigged Hilbert spaces
Authors: Celeghini E. , Gadella M. , del Olmo M. A.
Published: March 2020

This paper is a contribution to the study of the relations between special functions, Lie algebras, and rigged Hilbert spaces. The discrete indices and continuous variables of special functions are in correspondence with the representations of their algebra of symmetry, which induce discrete and continuous bases coexisting on a rigged Hilbert space supporting the representation. Meaningful operators are shown to be continuous on the spaces of test vectors and the dual. Here, the chosen special functions, called “algebraic Jacobi functions,” are related to the Jacobi polynomials, and the Lie algebra is su(2, 2). These functions with m and q fixed also exhibit a su(1, 1)-symmetry. Different discrete and continuous bases are introduced. An extension in the spirit of the associated Legendre polynomials and the spherical harmonics is presented introducing the “Jacobi harmonics” that are a generalization of the spherical harmonics to the three-dimensional hypersphere S3.
Room-temperature operation of near-infrared light-emitting diode based on Tm-doped GaN with ultra-stable emission wavelength
Authors: Ichikawa S. , Yoshioka N. , Tatebayashi J. , Fujiwara Y.
Published: March 2020

Near-infrared (NIR) light with a wavelength of 650–950 nm is used for various biomedical applications. Although NIR emitters are typically based on GaAs-related materials, they contain toxic elements, and the emission wavelength can easily shift during the device operation due to temperature changes and current injection levels. On the other hand, Tm3+, which is one of the rare-earth ions, can generate ultra-stable NIR luminescence with a wavelength of ∼800nm, based on 3H4–3H6 transitions in a 4f shell, and we have recently focused on Tm-doped GaN (GaN:Tm) based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as novel NIR emitters. In this paper, we present a demonstration of a NIR-LED based on GaN:Tm grown by the organometallic vapor phase epitaxy method with optimized growth conditions and structures, where the parasitic reaction is well suppressed. NIR luminescence from the GaN:Tm-based LED is derived from 3H4–3H6 transitions of Tm3+ ions and consists of three dominant peaks at 795, 806, and 814 nm. The turn-on voltage of the NIR-LED is ∼6.9 V, and it is significantly lower than the previously reported electroluminescent devices based on GaN:Tm with impact ionization processes. From a current dependence of the electroluminescence spectra and temperature-dependent photoluminescence for the NIR-LED, the peak shifts are determined to be <7.6 pm/mA and ∼1.3 pm/K, respectively.
Palladium forms Ohmic contact on hydrogen-terminated diamond down to 4 K
Authors: Xing Kaijian , Tsai Alexander , Rubanov Sergey , Creedon Daniel L. , Yianni Steve A. , Zhang Lei , Hao Wei-Chang , Zhuang Jincheng , McCallum Jeffrey C. , Pakes Christopher I. , Qi Dong-Chen
Published: March 2020

A hydrogen-terminated diamond (H-terminated diamond) surface supports a two-dimensional (2D) p-type surface conductivity when exposed to the atmosphere, as a result of the surface transfer doping process. The formation of reliable Ohmic contacts that persist to cryogenic temperature is essential for the exploration of quantum transport in the diamond 2D conducting channel. Herein, the contact properties of Pd on H-terminated diamond have been fully investigated down to 4 K using transmission line method measurements. Pd is shown to form an Ohmic contact on H-terminated diamond with linear I–V characteristics and low specific contact resistance in the range of (8.4 ± 1) ×10−4 Ω·cm2 to (1.3 ± 0.2) ×10−3 Ω·cm2 for the temperature range of 300 K–4 K. This is in stark contrast to reference devices with Au/Pt/Ti contacts, which exhibit a significant temperature dependence and non-Ohmic behavior at low temperature. Using 2D thermionic emission theory, a negative Schottky barrier height (SBH), − 23 ± 1 meV, between Pd and H-terminated diamond has been determined, in comparison to a positive SBH of 42 ± 1 meV for the Au/Pt/Ti/H-terminated diamond interface. These results show that Pd serves as an excellent candidate for forming reliable Ohmic contacts on H-terminated diamond for enabling precise electrical transport measurements at cryogenic temperature.
Propagative block diagonalization diabatization of DFT/MRCI electronic states
Authors: Neville Simon P. , Seidu Issaka , Schuurman Michael S.
Published: March 2020

We present a framework for the calculation of diabatic states using the combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) method. Due to restrictions present in the current formulation of the DFT/MRCI method (a lack of analytical derivative couplings and the inability to use non-canonical Kohn–Sham orbitals), most common diabatization strategies are not applicable. We demonstrate, however, that diabatic wavefunctions and potentials can be reliably calculated at the DFT/MRCI level of theory using a propagative variant of the block diagonalization diabatization method (P-BDD). The proposed procedure is validated via the calculation of diabatic potentials for LiH and the simulation of the vibronic spectrum of pyrazine. In both cases, the combination of the DFT/MRCI and P-BDD methods is found to correctly recover the non-adiabatic coupling effects of the problem.
Investigation of n-type gallium nitride grating for applications in coherent thermal sources
Authors: Janonis Vytautas , Tumėnas Saulius , Prystawko Pawel , Kacperski Jacek , Kašalynas Irmantas
Published: March 2020

In this study, polarized reflection and emission spectroscopy was employed in order to describe experimentally and numerically the coherent behavior of surface plasmon phonon polaritons in shallow n-type gallium nitride grating. For the grating with a 1 μm depth and an 11 μm period, polariton coherence was observed measuring the reduction of the linewidth and the redshift of the resonance position in both reflection and emission spectra with the increase in the incident angle. Maximum coherence conditions were found at a frequency of 562 cm−1 and an angle of 37°, demonstrating the coherence length value up to 724 μm (41λ).
Machine learning the magnetocaloric effect in manganites from compositions and structural parameters
Authors: Zhang Yun , Xu Xiaojie
Published: March 2020

Solid-state refrigeration techniques have drawn increasing attention due to their potential for improving the energy efficiency of refrigeration and temperature-control systems without using harmful gas as in conventional gas compression techniques. Research on magnetocaloric lanthanum manganites with near-room-temperature Curie temperature shows promising results for development of magnetic refrigeration devices. Chemical substitutions are one of the most effective methods to tune the magnetocaloric effect, represented by the maximum magnetic entropy change (MMEC), through the incorporation of various lanthanides, rare-earth elements, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, transition metals, and other elements. Some theories based on lattice distortions and double-exchange interactions show that ionic radii of the dopants and final compositions correlate with the MMEC, but the correlations are generally limited to A-site substitutions and become less applicable to multi-doped manganites than single-doped ones. In this work, the Gaussian process regression model is developed as a machine learning tool to find statistical correlations between the MMEC and structural parameters among lanthanum manganites. More than 70 lattices, cubic, pseudocubic, orthorhombic, and rhombohedral, with the MMEC ranging from 0.65 J kg−1 K−1 to 8.00 J kg−1 K−1 under a field change of 5 T are explored for this purpose. Structural parameters utilized as descriptors include ionic radii at both A- and B-sites, ⟨Mn–O⟩ bond length, ⟨Mn–O–Mn⟩ bond angle, and compositions consisting of up to six elements. The modeling approach demonstrates a high degree of accuracy and stability, contributing to efficient and low-cost estimations of the magnetocaloric effect.
Preparation and study of Ce2Fe17N3 microflakes with easy-plane anisotropy and high working frequencies
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhang Junming , Wang Guowu , Duan Benfang , Wang Tao , Li Fashen
Published: March 2020

Soft magnetic composites (SMCs) are effective as magnetic powder cores in power transformers. Currently, SMCs used in transformers are mostly prepared from NiZn ferrites. One example of this type of material is NiZnCu ferrite, whose working frequency limit is 40 MHz. Above this frequency, its large magnetic loss angle tangent ( tanδm), approximately equal to 0.29 at 100 MHz, seriously impairs the property of transformers. Generally, the magnetic losses in the MHz frequency band result from eddy-current loss, domain wall resonance, and natural resonance, specifically the high natural resonance loss. A way to decrease it is by increasing the resonance frequency (fr). However, the increase in fr is very difficult for the uniaxially anisotropic NiZnCu ferrite due to the Snoek limit. We present a composite of oriented Ce2Fe17N3 microflakes and polyurethane in this letter. Although its true permeability is not as high as that of NiZnCu, the fr reaches 7.5 GHz. As a result, the tanδm at 100 MHz is decreased to 0.015. This indicates that our material has a higher working frequency than NiZnCu and should make fabrication of a 100 MHz transformer possible.
Molecular dissection of pheromone selectivity in the competence signaling system ComRS of streptococci
Authors: Ledesma-Garcia Laura , Thuillier Jordhan , Guzman-Espinola Armando , Ensinck Imke , Li de la Sierra-Gallay Inès , Lazar Noureddine , Aumont-Nicaise Magali , Mignolet Johann , Soumillion Patrice , Nessler Sylvie , Hols Pascal
Published: March 2020

Competence allows bacteria to internalize exogenous DNA fragments for the acquisition of new phenotypes such as antibiotic resistance or virulence traits. In most streptococci, competence is regulated by ComRS signaling, a system based on the mature ComS pheromone (XIP), which is internalized to activate the (R)RNPP-type ComR sensor by triggering dimerization and DNA binding. Cross-talk analyses demonstrated major differences of selectivity between ComRS systems and raised questions concerning the mechanism of pheromone-sensor recognition and coevolution. Here, we decipher the molecular determinants of selectivity of the closely related ComRS systems from
Streptococcus thermophilus
and
Streptococcus vestibularis
. Despite high similarity, we show that the divergence in ComR-XIP interaction does not allow reciprocal activation. We perform the structural analysis of the ComRS system from
S. vestibularis.
Comparison with its ortholog from
S. thermophilus
reveals an activation mechanism based on a toggle switch involving the recruitment of a key loop by the XIP C terminus. Together with a broad mutational analysis, we identify essential residues directly involved in peptide binding. Notably, we generate a ComR mutant that displays a fully reversed selectivity toward the heterologous pheromone with only five point mutations, as well as other ComR variants featuring XIP bispecificity and/or neofunctionalization for hybrid XIP peptides. We also reveal that a single XIP mutation relaxes the strictness of ComR activation, suggesting fast adaptability of molecular communication phenotypes. Overall, this study is paving the way toward the rational design or directed evolution of artificial ComRS systems for a range of biotechnological and biomedical applications.
Translating swear words from English into Galician in film subtitles
Authors: Díaz-Pérez Francisco Javier
Published: March 2020

As stated byJay and Janschewitz (2008), the primary pragmatic function of swear words is to express emotions, such as anger and frustration. The main objective of the present paper is to analyse the translation of the two commonest English swear words,fuckandshit(Jay 2009: 156) – together with their morphological variants – into Galician. The research instrument used for this purpose has been the Veiga Corpus, a bilingual English-Galician corpus of subtitles. Regarding the results obtained in this study, the most frequent solution has been pragmatic correspondence, followed by omission, softening, and de-swearing. However, descending in the analysis, clear differences emerge between the treatment of the two words. Thus, the tendency to sanitize the Galician subtitles by omitting, neutralizing or smoothing swearwords is much more evident in the case offuck. This finding may be explained by the difference in tone between the two taboo words analysed. Asshitis considered milder, translators may feel there is no need to tone it down. In addition, whileshithas a literal translation which is perfectly natural in Galician, that is not the case withfuck. Finally, the grammatical category variable has also been found to have an effect on the choice of translation solution.
Trees, assemblies, chains, and windows
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: March 2020

For describing grammatical organization, metaphors based on a variety of source domains – including trees,
networks, chains, paths, and windows – all appear to have some validity. In Cognitive Grammar, they pertain to facets of
assemblies, where semantic and phonological structures are connected by relations of symbolization, composition, and
categorization. Assemblies have a temporal dimension; consisting in sequenced processing activity that runs concurrently on
different time scales, they involve both seriality and hierarchy. In their hierarchical aspect, they are comparable to
constituency trees, and in their connections, to dependency trees. Assembly elements, which can be characterized at any level of
specificity, are connected in both syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. A person’s linguistic ability comprises a vast assembly
of conventional units, a portion of which are activated as part of the transient assembly constituting a particular expression.
Lexicon and grammar effect the implementation of semantic functions – affective, interactive, descriptive, and discursive – which
emerge with varying degrees of salience depending on their symbolization by segmental, prosodic, and other means. Assemblies thus
make possible a unified approach to processing, structure, function, and use.
From construction grammar to embodied construction practice
Authors: De Knop Sabine
Published: March 2020

In recent years, foreign language pedagogy has recognized the need to focus on larger meaningful sequences of words and on communicative goals. Construction grammar (CxG) has a number of assets to address these issues. First, with the postulate of meaningful schematic templates, CxG makes it possible to establish a structured inventory of abstract constructions. In this paper, this is illustrated by the inventory of German constructions with the prepositionbis‘up to, until’. Second, constructions, having a certain degree of schematicity, are particularly suitable to be practiced as whole sequences. Interactive activities based on ‘embodied teaching and learning’ can help foster the entrenchment of constructions.
Advances in Embodied Construction Grammar
Authors: Feldman Jerome A.
Published: March 2020

This paper describes the continuing goals and present status of the ICSI/UC Berkeley efforts on Embodied
Construction Grammar (ECG). ECG is semantics-based formalism grounded in cognitive linguistics. ECG is the most explicitly
inter-disciplinary of the construction grammars with deep links to computation, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Work
continues on core cognitive, computational, and linguistic issues, including aspects of the mind/body problem. Much of the recent
emphasis has been on applications and on tools to facilitate new applications. Extensive documentation plus downloadable systems
and grammars can be found at the ECG Homepage.1
The evolution of the elevator pictogram
Authors: Schlaich Sibylle , Meier-Walter Anita
Published: March 2020

This study draws attention to the challenging perception of two public information pictograms, ‘elevator’ and ‘toilet’. Both indicate the location of a destination. Although the semantic information is completely different, both pictograms partly depict the same: front view of standing human figures. In certain contexts (e.g., at airports or train stations), with people in a hurry and with users from different cultures, this can lead to confusion. In addition, the representation of human figures is increasingly being questioned on the basis of public and political discussions on gender issues. Moreover, attention to accessibility is also being incorporated in these two pictograms. Thus, both pictograms are undergoing an evolutionary process in order to meet current requirements. Do more messages require more complex pictograms? As a starting point, we conducted a comprehension test based on the method recommended by iso 9186-1. The results showed trends, but some questions regarding the two pictograms were not clearly understood by the test group members. Therefore, we conducted another test designed to determine the limits of the graphics depicted in these pictograms. We hope this study will help raise awareness about these issues. Finally, we offer five pointers for consideration when designing the elevator pictogram in the future.
The great temptation
Authors: Hilpert Martin
Published: March 2020

This paper examines the potential large diachronic corpora hold for
the study of social change. Resources such as COHA or Google Books
allow us to detect shifts in the frequencies of linguistic elements, which can then be
interpreted as reflections of developments in society. This paper addresses the
practicalities of this question in two parts. The theoretical part surveys a series of
problems that need to be controlled for in analyses of diachronic textual data. The
second part implements these ideas in a study of the English
make-causative over the past 150 years. Examining the variables of
animacy and verb semantics, the study explores whether the diminishing social value of
interpersonal authority is reflected in changing patterns of language use.
Semantic neology
Authors: Renouf Antoinette
Published: March 2020

This study deals with contemporary real-world social change and its
linguistic expression by means of neosemes, with the help of the WebCorpLSE automated
collocation analysis software. The study briefly outlines the history and pattern of
diffusion of each of the five user-defined neosemes, noting where possible the tipping
point of popularization. We examine these modern neosemes in a series of case studies,
focussing on the challenges faced in this task, for instance in the form of rarity of
occurrence, as emergent or ephemeral formations. The functionality of the software is
examined in each case, in order to demonstrate various measures which can be undertaken
to allow or enhance its performance in teasing out collocational profiles from sparse
data.
That’s absolutely fine
Authors: Aijmer Karin
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates the meanings and functions of the
intensifier absolutely, both synchronically and diachronically. The
research questions are asked against the background of absolutely
becoming more frequent over a short period of time as shown by a comparison of the
BNC1994 and the BNC2014. The results show that the developments undergone by
absolutely can be described as a trajectory from degree modifier to
emphasizer and to discourse marker, as absolutely increases in
subjectivity. The description of the semantic and pragmatic developments also requires a
sociolinguistic analysis of factors such as age and gender. The analysis shows that
young speakers use it less often than older speakers and that it was first used by male
speakers and only later by females.
The development and pragmatic function of a non-inference marker
Authors: Brinton Laurel J.
Published: March 2020

That is not to say (that) is an introductory
clause refuting an inference that could be drawn from the previous discourse; it often
occurs in a negative context (with a positive reading) and is characteristic of written
genres, with lowest frequency in fiction. The earliest examples date from the 16th
century but the next examples found date from the mid- to late-19th century. The gap in
the corpus data may be explained by the predominantly fiction/drama make-up of available
corpora. The development of that is not to say (that) is not an
entirely prototypical case of grammaticalization as certain parameters (loss of
that, contracted forms) are inconclusive and there are no ‘lexical’
uses of the form and hence no ‘divergence’.
Influence of self-heating on the millimeter-wave and terahertz performance of MBE grown silicon IMPATT diodes
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. J. , Mukherjee Prajukta , Acharyya Aritra , Mitra Monojit
Published: March 2020

The influence of self-heating on the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) performance of double-drift region (DDR) impact avalanche transit time (IMPATT) sources based on silicon (Si) has been investigated in this paper. The dependences of static and large-signal parameters on junction temperature are estimated using a non-sinusoidal voltage excited (NSVE) large-signal simulation technique developed by the authors, which is based on the quantum-corrected drift-diffusion (QCDD) model. Linear variations of static parameters and non-linear variations of large-signal parameters with temperature have been observed. Analytical expressions representing the temperature dependences of static and large-signal parameters of the diodes are developed using linear and 2nd degree polynomial curve fitting techniques, which will be highly useful for optimizing the thermal design of the oscillators. Finally, the simulated results are found to be in close agreement with the experimentally measured data.
Enhancement of photocatalytic activity by femtosecond-laser induced periodic surface structures of Si
Authors: Satapathy P. , Pfuch A. , Grunwald R. , Das S. K.
Published: March 2020

Laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) represent a kind of top down approach to produce highly reproducible nano/microstructures without going for any sophisticated process of lithography. This method is much simpler and cost effective. In this work, LIPSS on Si surfaces were generated using femtosecond laser pulses of 800 nm wavelength. Photocatalytic substrates were prepared by depositing TiO2 thin films on top of the structured and unstructured Si wafer. The coatings were produced by sputtering from a Ti target in two different types of oxygen atmospheres. In first case, the oxygen pressure within the sputtering chamber was chosen to be high (3 × 10–2 mbar) whereas it was one order of magnitude lower in second case (2.1 × 10–3 mbar). In photocatalytic dye decomposition study of Methylene blue dye it was found that in the presence of LIPSS the activity can be enhanced by 2.1 and 3.3 times with high pressure and low pressure grown TiO2 thin films, respectively. The increase in photocatalytic activity is attributed to the enlargement of effective surface area. In comparative study, the dye decomposition rates of TiO2 thin films grown on LIPSS are found to be much higher than the value for standard reference thin film material Pilkington ActivTM.
Simulation analysis of a high efficiency GaInP/Si multijunction solar cell
Authors: Benaicha M. , Dehimi L. , Pezzimenti F. , Bouzid F.
Published: March 2020

The solar power conversion efficiency of a gallium indium phosphide (GaInP)/silicon (Si) tandem solar cell has been investigated by means of a physical device simulator considering both mechanically stacked and monolithic structures. In particular, to interconnect the bottom and top sub-cells of the monolithic tandem, a gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based tunnel-junction, i.e. GaAs(n+)/GaAs(p+), which assures a low electrical resistance and an optically low-loss connection, has been considered. The J–V characteristics of the single junction cells, monolithic tandem, and mechanically stacked structure have been calculated extracting the main photovoltaic parameters. An analysis of the tunnel-junction behaviour has been also developed. The mechanically stacked cell achieves an efficiency of 24.27% whereas the monolithic tandem reaches an efficiency of 31.11% under AM1.5 spectral conditions. External quantum efficiency simulations have evaluated the useful wavelength range. The results and discussion could be helpful in designing high efficiency monolithic multijunction GaInP/Si solar cells involving a thin GaAs(n+)/GaAs(p+) tunnel junction.
Trends in urban land expansion, density, and land transitions from 1970 to 2010: a global synthesis
Authors: Güneralp Burak , Reba Meredith , Hales Billy U , Wentz Elizabeth A , Seto Karen C
Published: March 2020

The physical expansion of urban areas lead to lasting impacts on landscapes and livelihoods. Here, we conduct a global synthesis of trends in urban land expansion, in urban population densities, and lands converted into urban from 1970 to 2010. We find that small-medium urban areas lead their larger counterparts in both rates of urban land expansion and decreases in urban population densities. Urban population densities have consistently declined only in India, China, North America, and Europe with significant exceptions across city sizes. Over 60% of the reported urban expansion was formerly agricultural land with China, Southeast Asia, and Europe in the lead. Counterfactual analysis suggests that, due to the decrease in urban population densities, an estimated 125 000 km2 land was converted to urban land uses that could have otherwise remained in cultivation or as natural vegetation. In particular, in India and Nigeria, with much of their populations dependent on agriculture, 85% and 30% more land, respectively, was converted to urban land due to decreasing urban population densities. With increasing urbanization, proactive management of urban land expansion, especially in small and medium cities, will be critical for saving agricultural lands in peri-urban regions while creating equitable and affordable urban landscapes.
Semmes surfaces and intrinsic Lipschitz graphs in the Heisenberg group
Authors: Fässler Katrin , Orponen Tuomas , Rigot Séverine
Published: March 2020

A Semmes surface in the Heisenberg group is a closed set

S
S

that is upper Ahlfors-regular with codimension one and satisfies the following condition, referred to as Condition B. Every ball

B
(
x
,
r
)

B(x,r)

with

x
∈
S

x \in S

and

0
>
r
>
diam
⁡
S

0 > r > \operatorname {diam} S

contains two balls with radii comparable to

r
r

which are contained in different connected components of the complement of

S
S

. Analogous sets in Euclidean spaces were introduced by Semmes in the late 1980s. We prove that Semmes surfaces in the Heisenberg group are lower Ahlfors-regular with codimension one and have big pieces of intrinsic Lipschitz graphs. In particular, our result applies to the boundary of chord-arc domains and of reduced isoperimetric sets. The proof of the main result uses the concept of quantitative non-monotonicity developed by Cheeger, Kleiner, Naor, and Young. The approach also yields a new proof for the big pieces of Lipschitz graphs property of Semmes surfaces in Euclidean spaces.
Does postoperative delirium following elective noncardiac surgery predict long-term mortality?
Authors: Ziman Nathan , Sands Laura P , Tang Christopher , Zhu Jiafeng , Leung Jacqueline M
Published: March 2020

Objective

to determine whether incident postoperative delirium in elective older surgical patient was associated with increased risk for mortality, controlling for covariates of 5-year mortality.

Design

secondary analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Setting

academic Medical Center.

Subjects

patients ≥65 years of age undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery.

Outcomes

postoperative assessments of delirium measured using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), mortality within 5 years of the index surgery was determined from National Death Index records.

Results

postoperative delirium occurred in 332/1,315 patients (25%). Five years after surgery, 175 patients (13.3%) were deceased. Older age was associated with an increased odds of mortality [odds ratio (OR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–2.70] for those aged 70–79 years compared to those aged <70 years, and OR 3.29, 95% CI 2.14–5.06 for those aged >80 years. Other variables associated with 5-year mortality on bi-variate analyses were white race, self-rated functional status, lower preoperative cognitive status, higher risk score as measured by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, higher surgical risk score, history of congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, renal disease, cancer, peripheral vascular disease and postoperative delirium. However, postoperative delirium was not associated with 5-year mortality on multi-variate logistic regression (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.85–1.65).

Conclusions

our results showed that delirium was not associated with 5-year mortality in elective surgical patients after consideration of co-variates of mortality. Our results suggest the importance of accounting for known preoperative risks for mortality when investigating the relationship between delirium and long-term mortality.
Feasibility of Measuring Sedentary Time Using Data From a Thigh-Worn Accelerometer
Authors: Hamer Mark , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Chastin Sebastien , Pearson Natalie , Brown Matt , Gilbert Emily , Sullivan Alice
Published: March 2020

In large-scale cohort studies, sedentary behavior has been routinely measured using self-reports or devices that apply a count-based threshold. We employed a gold standard postural allocation technique using thigh inclination and acceleration to capture free-living sedentary behavior. Participants aged 46.8 (standard deviation (SD), 0.7) years (n = 5,346) from the 1970 British Cohort Study (United Kingdom) were fitted with a waterproofed thigh-mounted accelerometer device (activPAL3 micro; PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom) worn continuously over 7 days; data were collected in 2016–2018. Usable data were retrieved from 83.0% of the devices fitted, with 79.6% of the sample recording at least 6 full days of wear (at least 10 waking hours). Total daily sitting time (average times were 9.5 (SD, 2.0) hours/day for men and 9.0 (SD, 2.0) hours/day for women) accounted for 59.4% and 57.3% of waking hours in men and women, respectively; 73.8% of sample participants recorded ≥8 hours/day of sitting. Sitting in prolonged bouts of 60 continuous minutes or more accounted for 25.3% and 24.4% of total daily sitting in men and women, respectively. In mutually adjusted models, male sex, underweight, obesity, education, poor self-rated health, television-viewing time, and having a sedentary occupation were associated with higher device-measured sitting times. Thigh-worn accelerometry was feasibly deployed and should be considered for larger-scale national surveys.
Role of S-Equol, Indoxyl Sulfate, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Vascular Function
Authors: Matsumoto Takayuki , Kojima Mihoka , Takayanagi Keisuke , Taguchi Kumiko , Kobayashi Tsuneo
Published: March 2020

Gut microbiota have been emerging as important contributors to the regulation of host homeostasis. Accordingly, several substances converted by gut microbiota can have beneficial or adverse effects on human health. Among them, S-equol, which is produced from the isoflavone daidzein in the human and animal gut by certain microbiota, exerts estrogenic and antioxidant activities. Indoxyl sulfate, which is metabolized in the liver from indole converted from dietary tryptophan by bacterial tryptophanases in the colon, is known as a protein-bound uremic toxin. Trimethylamine N-oxide, which is generated via the oxidization of gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine by hepatic flavin monooxygenases, is known as an accelerator of atherosclerosis. The aforementioned gut-derived substances could be potential regulators of systematic tissue/organ function, including the vascular system. Macro- and microvascular complications of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes, occur systemically and represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality. Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle dysfunction play pivotal roles in the development and progression of vasculopathies. We herein review the link between the aforementioned gut-derived substances and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function. This information will provide a conceptual framework that would allow the development of novel preventive and/or therapeutic approaches against vasculopathies.
Good Vibrations
Authors: Felski Rita
Published: March 2020

In recent years, the writings of the Frankfurt School have become heavily “sociologized” in form as well as content and no longer register on the radar of literary scholars. Hartmut Rosa’s Resonance (2019) may well reverse this trend. Ranging widely across literature, aesthetics and popular culture as well as sociology and politics, Rosa contends that the idea of resonance can help renew critical theory. Confronting a question that is also exercising literary scholars—Is it possible to orient away from negativity and skepticism without lapsing into dubious universalism or naïve affirmation?—his account of resonance hooks up in suggestive ways with recent literary-critical discussions of attunement, mood, and atmosphere. Rosa’s argument pivots on a contrast between two forms of relation: the world as resonance and the world as resource (material to be exploited in the maximization of profit and the frenetic acceleration of social life). In contrast to the acute pessimism of the early Frankfurt School, however, he stresses the double-sidedness of modernity; rather than simply destroying resonance, modern societies can also heighten or even create new capacities for experiencing resonance.
Reading Matter
Authors: Blair Amy L
Published: March 2020

Three new studies of the history of reading, literacy, and publishing bring together reception studies and book history to offer a nuanced and multifaceted look at the varieties of reading culture in the US during the nineteenth century. This essay offers an overview of the current state of nineteenth-century reception studies and book history, and discusses A Literate South: Reading Before Emancipation (2019) by Beth Barton Schweiger; Colonial Revivals: The Nineteenth-Century Lives of Early American Books (2018) by Lindsay DiCuirci; and Books for Idle Hours: Nineteenth-Century Publishing and the Rise of Summer Reading (2019) by Donna Harrington-Lueker.