bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disrupted myelin and axon loss in the anterior commissure of the aged rhesus monkey
Authors: Sandell Julie H. , Peters Alan
Published: September 2003

This study assesses the effects of age on the composition of the anterior commissure of the rhesus monkey. The anterior commissures of nine young (5–10 years), five middle‐aged (15–20 years), and eight old (25–35 years) monkeys were examined by light and electron microscopy. In all, 90–95% of the nerve fibers in the anterior commissure are myelinated. With age, the structure of the myelin sheaths of some nerve fibers is altered. Some of the axons also show signs of degeneration and this leads to a loss of nerve fibers. Thus, in young and the middle‐aged monkeys the mean number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure is 2.2 × 106, while in the old monkeys the mean is 1.2 × 106. Increasing age is correlated with a reduction in the number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure, an increase in the frequency of structural alterations in myelin sheaths, and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of degenerating axons. However, the number of myelinated nerve fibers is the only variable that correlates with cognition: in monkeys 5–20 years of age the fewer the number of nerve fibers the poorer the cognitive performance, as measured by our Cognitive Impairment Index (CII). The most common neuroglial cells in the anterior commissure are oligodendrocytes. They account for 86% of all neuroglial cell profiles, while astrocytes account for 9%, and microglial cells for 5% of profiles. There is no apparent change with age in the total numbers of neuroglial cells, although as they age each of the neuroglial cell types acquires some inclusions in their cytoplasm. The data, together with those from previous studies, support the concept that in aging there is a ubiquitous loss of myelinated nerve fibers from the brain and that fiber loss is preceded by alterations in the structure of many of the myelin sheaths. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:14–30, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid turnover of T cells in acute infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Macallan Derek C. , Wallace Diana L. , Irvine Andrew J. , Asquith Becca , Worth Andrew , Ghattas Hala , Zhang Yan , Griffin George E. , Tough David F. , Beverley Peter C.
Published: September 2003

During acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM), large clones of Epstein‐Barr virus‐specific T lymphocytes are produced. To investigate the dynamics of clonal expansion, we measured cell proliferation during AIM using deuterated glucose to label DNA of dividing cells in vivo, analyzing cells according to CD4, CD8 and CD45 phenotype. The proportion of labeled CD8+CD45R0+ T lymphocytes was dramatically increased in AIM subjects compared to controls (mean 17.5 versus 2.8%/day; p<0.005), indicating very rapid proliferation. Labeling was also increased in CD4+CD45R0+ cells (7.1 versus 2.1%/day; p<0.01), but less so in CD45RA+ cells. Mathematical modeling, accounting for death of labeled cells and changing pool sizes, gave estimated proliferation rates in CD8+CD45R0+ cells of 11–130% of cells proliferating per day (mean 47%/day),
equivalent to a doubling time of 1.5 days and an appearance rate in blood of about 5×109 cells/day (versus 7×107 cells/day in controls). Very rapid death rates were also observed amongst labeled cells (range 28–124, mean 57%/day),indicating very short survival times in the circulation. Thus, we have shown direct evidence for massive proliferation of CD8+CD45R0+ T lymphocytes in AIM and demonstrated that rapid cell division continues concurrently with greatly accelerated rates of cell disappearance.
Effect of ethyl oleate on drying characteristics of mulberries
Authors: Doymaz İbrahim , Pala Mehmet
Published: September 2003

In this study, air‐drying experiments in thin layers of mulberry grown in Istanbul, Turkey, were conducted. The effect of ethyl oleate solution on drying time of mulberry samples was investigated in a pilot air‐dryer. When ethyl oleate was used as pretreatment solution, the drying time of samples was decreased. Drying curves were obtained using the Page model. The effective diffusivity varied from 2.326×10–10 to 1.809×10–9 m2/s the temperature range. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity coefficient was described by the Arrhenius type relationship. The activation energy for moisture diffusion was found to be 50.87 kJ/mol for treated samples and 51.85 kJ/mol for untreated samples.
Remediation and stewardship: Coexisting processes to protect health and the environment
Authors: Lowrie Karen , Greenberg Michael , Simon Darien , Solitare Laura , Killmer Margaret , Mayer Henry
Published: September 2003

Organizations that manage property that poses risks for surrounding communities need to practice stewardship.
Stewardship is defined as carrying out the responsibility to manage land and facilities in a sustainable manner,
while being accountable to others who have a stake in those resources. This article reviews six case studies of
organizational stewardship and derives a set of five lessons learned, along with four challenges. Lessons include
developing stewardship goals, good stakeholder relationships, multiple approaches to safety, and encouraging
innovation and stable funding. Challenges include bureaucratic processes, burdensome regulations, organizational
continuity, and inter‐organizational cooperation. These crosscutting lessons learned about how to achieve
success or avoid failure in long‐term management of resources can be applied to all types of public and
private agencies, including the long‐term management of environmental contamination. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Origin of extracellular dopamine from dopamine and noradrenaline neurons in the medial prefrontal and occipital cortex
Authors: Devoto Paola , Flore Giovanna , Longu Giorgio , Pira Luigi , Gessa Gian Luigi
Published: September 2003

Our recent studies suggest that extracellular dopamine (DA) in the cerebral cortex not only originates from dopaminergic terminals but is also coreleased with noradrenaline (NA) from noradrenergic terminals [Devoto et al. (2001) Mol Psychiatry 6:657–664]. To further clarify this issue, the concentrations of extracellular DA, its deaminated metabolite, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and NA were compared by microdialysis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an area densely innervated by NA and DA neurons, and in the occipital cortex (OCC), equally innervated by NA but receiving scarce DA projections. Moreover, the effect of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist clonidine locally perfused into the locus coeruleus (LC) on extracellular NA, DA, and DOPAC in the mPFC, OCC, and ventral striatum was investigated. Consistent with the homogeneous NA innervation, extracellular NA concentration was similar in both cortices, while extracellular DA in the OCC, in spite of the scarce DA afference in this area, was only 37% lower than in the mPFC; extracellular DOPAC in the OCC was 81% lower than in the mPFC. Consistent with its ability to inhibit NA neurons, clonidine (10 μM) reduced extracellular NA by about 65 and 80% in the OCC and the mPFC, respectively, but also reduced extracellular DA by 70 and 50% in the OCC and the mPFC, respectively. Clonidine reduced DOPAC in the OCC (by about 40%) but not in the mPFC. In the ventral striatum clonidine reduced NA (by 30%) but not DA and DOPAC. After inhibition of the DA and NA transporter, by perfusing 100 μM desmethyl‐imipramine into the mPFC, clonidine perfusion into the LC reduced extracellular NA and DA in the mPFC by about 50%. The results indicate that most of extracellular DA in the OCC and a significant portion in the mPFC reflect the activity of NA neurons and support the hypothesis that extracellular DA in the cerebral cortex may originate not only from DA but also from NA neurons. Synapse 50:200–205, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonconscious processing, anterior cingulate, and catatonia
Authors: Badgaiyan Rajendra D.
Published: September 2003

A composite cognitive model of a neuropsychiatric condition should integrate clinical symptoms with the impairments of cognitive information processing. A model of catatonia, for example, should emphasize deficits of nonconscious information processing that impair a patient's ability to use implicit motor feedback for execution and termination of a voluntary motor activity.
Catatonia, motor neglect, and hysterical paralysis: Some similarities and differences
Authors: Marshall John C. , Gurd Jennifer M. , Fink Gereon R.
Published: September 2003

We outline some ways in which motor neglect (the underutilization of a limb despite adequate strength) and hysterical paralysis (failure to move a limb despite no relevant structural damage or disease) may throw light on the pathophysiology of catatonia. We also comment on the manifold inadequacies of distinguishing too firmly between symptoms of “neurologic origin” and of “psychiatric origin.”
Blind men, elephants, and dancing information processors
Authors: Westbury Chris
Published: September 2003

Whatever else language may be, it is complex and multifaceted. Shanker & King (S&K) have tried to contrast a dynamic interactive view of language with an information processing view. I take issue with two main claims: first, that the dynamic interactive view of language is a “new paradigm” in either animal research or human language studies; and second, that the dynamic systems language-as-dance view of language is in any way incompatible with an information-processing view of language. That some information is defined in coregulated social interaction guarantees the dancing. That all information is composed of relevant differences guarantees the information processing.
Language and conceptual development: Words as essence placeholders
Authors: Xu Fei
Published: September 2003

Perhaps in addition to language being a potential medium of domain-general thought, as suggested by Carruthers, language may also play another role in conceptual development: Words are “essence placeholders.” Evidence is presented from studies on categorization, object individuation, and inductive inference in infancy. The assumption that words are essence placeholders may be a mechanism by which infants acquire kind concepts.
Distinct Effects of Protein Kinase C on the Barrier Function at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Sjö Anita , Magnusson Karl-Eric , Peterson Kajsa Holmgren
Published: September 2003

We show here, that activation of protein kinase C by the phorbol ester PMA improves barrier function in colon carcinoma (HT 29) cells. By contrast, in canine kidney (MDCK I) cells it caused increased permeability and opening of tight junctions; the latter has also been noticed in other studies. Thus, with PMA confluent HT 29 cells responded with a reduced passage of 330 kDa sodium fluorescein, increased transepithelial electrical resistance, and a change in the cell shape of the HT 29 cells from an irregular to a regular, hexagonal form. Confocal imaging revealed parallel distinct changes in the staining of occludin and caludin-1, viz. a translocation from cytoplasmic clusters to apical cell–cell contacts. Interestingly, in both cell lines protein kinase A activation caused a decreased in the threonine phosphorylation of occludin that correlated with tight junction assembly in HT 29 cells and tight junction disassembly in MDCK I cells. We conclude that protein kinase C regulation of the epithelial barrier involves specific molecular mechanisms and achieves distinct effects at different developmental stages.
BRCA1 Testing: Genetic Counseling Protocol Development and Counseling Issues
Authors: Baty Bonnie Jeanne , Venne Vickie L. , McDonald Jamie , Croyle Robert T. , Halls Corinne , Nash Jean E. , Botkin Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2003

This article discusses the genetic counseling protocols which were developed and counseling issues that have arisen in the first 2 years of evaluating a large kindred with a BRCA1 mutation. The rationale for the development of the genetic counseling protocols and specific genetic counseling visual aids are presented and discussed. The protocols and counseling aids can serve as models for other programs offering cancer susceptibility testing. The observations of study counselors about study subject concerns and responses to genetic testing at the time of the pretest and posttest counseling sessions are presented.
Chemical composition of Asian continental outflow over the western Pacific: Results from Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P)
Authors: Russo R. S. , Talbot R. W. , Dibb J. E. , Scheuer E. , Seid G. , Jordan C. E. , Fuelberg H. E. , Sachse G. W. , Avery M. A. , Vay S. A. , Blake D. R. , Blake N. J. , Atlas E. , Fried A. , Sandholm S. T. , Tan D. , Singh H. B. , Snow J. , Heikes B. G.
Published: September 2003

We characterize the chemical composition of Asian continental outflow observed during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) mission during February–April 2001 in the western Pacific using data collected on the NASA DC‐8 aircraft. A significant anthropogenic impact was present in the free troposphere and as far east as 150°E longitude reflecting rapid uplift and transport of continental emissions. Five‐day backward trajectories were utilized to identify five principal Asian source regions of outflow: central, coastal, north‐northwest (NNW), southeast (SE), and west‐southwest (WSW). The maximum mixing ratios for several species, such as CO, C2Cl4, CH3Cl, and hydrocarbons, were more than a factor of 2 larger in the boundary layer of the central and coastal regions due to industrial activity in East Asia. CO was well correlated with C2H2, C2H6, C2Cl4, and CH3Cl at low altitudes in these two regions (r2 ∼ 0.77–0.97). The NNW, WSW, and SE regions were impacted by anthropogenic sources above the boundary layer presumably due to the longer transport distances of air masses to the western Pacific. Frontal and convective lifting of continental emissions was most likely responsible for the high altitude outflow in these three regions. Photochemical processing was influential in each source region resulting in enhanced mixing ratios of O3, PAN, HNO3, H2O2, and CH3OOH. The air masses encountered in all five regions were composed of a complex mixture of photochemically aged air with more recent emissions mixed into the outflow as indicated by enhanced hydrocarbon ratios (C2H2/CO ≥ 3 and C3H8/C2H6 ≥ 0.2). Combustion, industrial activities, and the burning of biofuels and biomass all contributed to the chemical composition of air masses from each source region as demonstrated by the use of C2H2, C2Cl4, and CH3Cl as atmospheric tracers. Mixing ratios of O3, CO, C2H2, C2H6, SO2, and C2Cl4 were compared for the TRACE‐P and PEM‐West B missions. In the more northern regions, O3, CO, and SO2 were higher at low altitudes during TRACE‐P. In general, mixing ratios were fairly similar between the two missions in the southern regions. A comparison between CO/CO2, CO/CH4, C2H6/C3H8, NOx/SO2, and NOy/(SO2 + nss‐SO4) ratios for the five source regions and for the 2000 Asian emissions summary showed very close agreement indicating that Asian emissions were well represented by the TRACE‐P data and the emissions inventory.
Airborne tunable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during TRACE‐P: Distributions and box model comparisons
Authors: Fried Alan , Crawford James , Olson Jennifer , Walega Jim , Potter William , Wert Bryan , Jordan Carolyn , Anderson Bruce , Shetter Rick , Lefer Barry , Blake Donald , Blake Nicola , Meinardi Simone , Heikes Brian , O'Sullivan Daniel , Snow Julie , Fuelberg Henry , Kiley Christopher M. , Sandholm Scott , Tan David , Sachse Glen , Singh Hanwant , Faloona Ian , Harward Charles N. , Carmichael Gregory R.
Published: September 2003

Airborne measurements of CH2O were acquired employing tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy during the 2001 Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) study onboard NASA's DC‐8 aircraft. Above ∼2.5 km, away from the most extreme pollution influences and heavy aerosol loadings, comprehensive comparisons with a steady state box model revealed agreement to within ±37 pptv in the measurement and model medians binned according to altitude and longitude. Likewise, a near unity slope (0.98 ± 0.03) was obtained from a bivariate fit of the measurements, averaged into 25 pptv model bins, versus the modeled concentrations for values up to ∼450 pptv. Both observations suggest that there are no systematic biases on average between CH2O measurements and box model results out to model values ∼450 pptv. However, the model results progressively underpredict the observations at higher concentrations, possibly due to transport effects unaccounted for in the steady state model approach. The assumption of steady state also appears to contribute to the scatter observed in the point‐by‐point comparisons. The measurement‐model variance was further studied employing horizontal flight legs. For background legs screened using a variety of nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) tracers, measurement and model variance agreed to within 15%. By contrast, measurement variance was ∼60% to 80% higher than the model variance, even with small to modest elevations in the NMHC tracers. Measurement‐model comparisons of CH2O in clouds and in the lower marine troposphere in the presence of marine aerosols suggest rather significant CH2O uptake by as much as 85% in one extreme case compared to expectations based on modeled gas phase processes.
Antiretroviral therapy‐induced psychosis: case report and brief review of the literature
Authors: Foster R , Olajide D , Everall I P
Published: September 2003

Objective

We present a case of psychosis in an individual with known HIV infection whose symptoms developed approximately 1 month following the commencement of combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of abacavir (ABC), nevirapine and combivir. She presented with severe persecutory delusions, accompanied by mutism, posturing and catatonia. Following cessation of therapy and the introduction of a low‐dose antipsychotic, her mental state resolved to a stable premorbid level, and no further disturbances of behaviour were noted. Furthermore, when re‐challenged with the above combination minus ABC, there were no further episodes of psychosis. It is proposed that the aetiology of the psychosis was related to her antiretroviral therapy.

Methods

Cessation of antiretroviral medication and initiation of antipsychotic medication with appropriate monitoring and assessment.

Results

Subjective and objective improvements in psychotic symptoms and presentation.

Conclusion

The current case suggests that sudden onset psychotic disturbances in HIV‐infected individuals in the absence of other known organic or other causal factors could be related to treatment with antiretroviral therapy, and that cessation of this can markedly improve psychiatric morbidity. Furthermore, treatment with antipsychotic medication can lead to alleviation of psychotic symptoms and enable the re‐introduction of antiretroviral medication.
Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the occurrence of bacteraemia in HIV‐infected patients and their epidemiologic characteristics
Authors: Meynard J‐L , Guiguet M , Fonquernie L , Lefebvre B , Lalande V , Honore I , Meyohas M‐C , Girard P–M
Published: September 2003

Objective

1. to assess the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the occurrence of bacteraemia in HIV‐infected patients and their clinical and microbiological characteristics.

2. to identify risk factors for bacteraemia in this setting.

Methods

The files of all HIV‐infected patients hospitalized for an episode of bacteraemia in a 28‐bed infectious diseases unit between January 1995 and December 1998 were reviewed. Cases occurring during HAART were compared to cases occurring in patients not receiving HAART. Furthermore, in a case‐control study, patients with bacteraemia occurring during HAART were compared with other patients receiving HAART.

Results

There were 74 episodes of bacteraemia in patients not receiving HAART and 31 episodes in patients receiving HAART. The occurrence of bacteraemia fell from 10.5/100 hospitalizations in 1995 to 5.5/100 in 1998 (P = 0.02 trend test). The occurence of P. aeruginosa bacteraemia fell sharply (9/398 vs 1/273, P = 0.05). A significant fall in catheter‐related infections was observed between 1995 and 1998 (5.5% vs 1.8%). The two‐thirds/one‐third distribution of hospital‐acquired and community‐acquired infections remained stable throughout the period study.

In patients receiving HAART, the case–control study showed by multivariate analysis, that a CD4 cell count of less than 100/µL [OR = 7.3 (1.9–49.7)], and the use of exogenous devices [OR = 13.3 (2.5–71)] were significantly associated with the risk of bacteraemia.

Conclusion

The introduction of HAART has been associated with a significant fall in the occurrence of bacteraemia. However, patients with a low CD4 cell count remain at risk of bacteraemia with similar microbiological and epidemiological characteristics than in the pre‐HAART era.
The Minimum Data Set Weight‐Loss Quality Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care Processes Related to Weight Loss?
Authors: Simmons Sandra F. , Garcia Emily T. , Cadogan Mary P. , Al‐Samarrai Nahla R. , Levy‐Storms Lene F. , Osterweil Dan , Schnelle John F.
Published: September 2003

Objectives: To determine whether nursing homes (NHs) that score differently on prevalence of weight loss, according to a Minimum Data Set (MDS) quality indicator, also provide different processes of care related to weight loss.

Design: Cross‐sectional.

Setting: Sixteen skilled nursing facilities: 11 NHs in the lower (25th percentile—low prevalence) quartile and five NHs in the upper (75th percentile—high prevalence) quartile on the MDS weight‐loss quality indicator.

Participants: Four hundred long‐term residents.

Measurements: Sixteen care processes related to weight loss were defined and operationalized into clinical indicators. Trained research staff conducted measurement of NH staff implementation of each care process during assessments on three consecutive 12‐hour days (7 a.m. to 7 p.m.), which included direct observations during meals, resident interviews, and medical record abstraction using standardized protocols.

Results: The prevalence of weight loss was significantly higher in the participants in the upper quartile NHs than in participants in the lower quartile NHs based on MDS and monthly weight data documented in the medical record. NHs with a higher prevalence of weight loss had a sig‐nificantly larger proportion of residents with risk factors for weight loss, namely low oral food and fluid intake. There were few significant differences on care process measures between low‐ and high‐weight‐loss NHs. Staff in low‐weight‐loss NHs consistently provided verbal prompting and social interaction during meals to a greater proportion of residents, including those most at risk for weight loss.

Conclusion: The MDS weight‐loss quality indicator reflects differences in the prevalence of weight loss between NHs. NHs with a lower prevalence of weight loss have fewer residents at risk for weight loss and staff who provide verbal prompting and social interaction to more residents during meals, but the adequacy and quality of feeding assistance care needs improvement in all NHs.
Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells
Authors: Dong Min , Richards David A. , Goodnough Michael C. , Tepp William H. , Johnson Eric A. , Chapman Edwin R.
Published: September 2003

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism by entering neurons and cleaving proteins that mediate neurotransmitter release; disruption of exocytosis results in paralysis and death. The receptors for BoNTs are thought to be composed of both proteins and gangliosides; however, protein components that mediate toxin entry have not been identified. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches, we report here that the secretory vesicle proteins, synaptotagmins (syts) I and II, mediate the entry of BoNT/B (but not BoNT/A or E) into PC12 cells. Further, we demonstrate that BoNT/B entry into PC12 cells and rat diaphragm motor nerve terminals was activity dependent and can be blocked using fragments of syt II that contain the BoNT/B-binding domain. Finally, we show that syt II fragments, in conjunction with gangliosides, neutralized BoNT/B in intact mice. These findings establish that syts I and II can function as protein receptors for BoNT/B.
Analysing finite locally 𝑠-arc transitive graphs
Authors: Giudici Michael , Li Cai , Praeger Cheryl
Published: September 2003

We present a new approach to analysing finite graphs which admit a vertex intransitive group of automorphisms

G
G

and are either locally

(
G
,
s
)

(G,s)

–arc transitive for

s
≥
2

s \geq 2

or

G
G

–locally primitive. Such graphs are bipartite with the two parts of the bipartition being the orbits of

G
G

. Given a normal subgroup

N
N

which is intransitive on both parts of the bipartition, we show that taking quotients with respect to the orbits of

N
N

preserves both local primitivity and local

s
s

–arc transitivity and leads us to study graphs where

G
G

acts faithfully on both orbits and quasiprimitively on at least one. We determine the possible quasiprimitive types for

G
G

in these two cases and give new constructions of examples for each possible type. The analysis raises several open problems which are discussed in the final section.
Resource‐sharing roles and responsibilities for CISTI: for better or for ILL?
Authors: VanBuskirk Mary , Krym Naomi
Published: September 2003

Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI)’s history in resource sharing, both in Canada and internationally, was described in a previous article. This paper updates CISTI’s resource‐sharing activities in the intervening two years. CISTI, as a document supplier and publisher, continues to ensure that client needs are met in the electronic future.
Synthesis and characterisation of new coumarin derivatives as ultraviolet absorbers
Authors: Asiri A.M.
Published: September 2003

Novel coumarines having an ester group in position 4 had been prepared via a new methodology utilising ylides. Such a new method made it possible to prepare a new class of bis coumarines. The new coumarins derivative obtained showed good UV absorption properties in the range of 250‐410 nm making them good UV absorbers of commercial potential.
Consumer evaluations of price discounts in foreign currencies
Authors: Callow Michael A. , Lerman Dawn B.
Published: September 2003

Today’s consumers are becoming increasingly exposed to foreign markets through travel or via the Internet. They are facing new challenges in these less familiar shopping environments. One such challenge is the comparison of prices in a foreign currency. This issue is addressed by examining how consumers from different countries evaluate such price discounts. Hypotheses are developed regarding the impact of currency denomination familiarity on consumers’ attitudinal response to changes in prices. The results of an experimental study conducted in Italy and the USA support the proposition that consumers who are more familiar with the foreign currency’s denomination will be more influenced by price differentials than those consumers who are less familiar with the foreign currency’s denomination. The implications of the findings for pricing strategies in regional trade zones, international tourism, and global e‐marketing are discussed.
The powers of the police and the rights of suspects under the amended Criminal Procedure Law of China
Authors: Ma Yue
Published: September 2003

The Chinese criminal justice system has undergone significant changes in the past 20 years. An important aspect of the changes is the promulgation of a series of laws that are essential to the criminal justice operation. In 1996, the National People’s Congress promulgated the amended Criminal Procedure Law (CPL). The amended law in many aspects has expanded the rights of defendants and suspects. But the preliminary research on the implementation of the amended CPL indicates that due to the lack of a culture of respect for the law on the part of the police and the deficiencies contained in the amended CPL, the protections afforded to suspects are far from being properly implemented by the police. Introduces to readers the legislative progress made in the amended CPL, examines various problems that arise in the implementation of the amended CPL, and offers suggestions as to what needs to be done further to assure better protections of suspects’ rights at the police investigatory stage.
Organized Living: From Cell Surfaces to Basement Membranes
Authors: Boudreau Nancy J.
Published: September 2003

Binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to integrin receptors initiates intracellular signaling events that are essential for the differentiation and survival of epithelial cells. However, the propagation and processing of these signals also depend on the cells acquiring an appropriate three-dimensional morphology and polarity after contact with the ECM. In fact, even if adhesion to the ECM is maintained but subsequent cellular organization and polarity are impaired, epithelial cells fail to fully differentiate and become susceptible to apoptotic stimuli. Studies using three-dimensional tissue culture models with reconstituted basement membranes not only demonstrate the central role of tissue organization for differentiation and survival, but also emphasize how acquiring this organized polarized phenotype can override a number of genetic changes that would otherwise disrupt normal tissue function.
Genetic Characterization of Optochin-Susceptible Viridans Group Streptococci
Authors: Martín-Galiano Antonio J. , Balsalobre Luz , Fenoll Asunción , de la Campa Adela G.
Published: September 2003

Two clinical isolates of viridans group streptococci (VS) with different degrees of susceptibility to optochin (OPT), i.e., fully OPT-susceptible (Opt
s
) VS strain 1162/99 (for which the MIC was equal to that for
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, 0.75 μg/ml) and intermediate Opt
s
VS strain 1174/97 (MIC, 6 μg/ml) were studied. Besides being OPT susceptible, they showed characteristics typical of VS, such as bile insolubility; lack of reaction with pneumococcal capsular antibodies; and lack of hybridization with rRNA (AccuProbe)-,
lytA
-, and
pnl
-specific pneumococcal probes. However, these VS Opt
s
strains and VS type strains hybridized with
ant
, a gene not present in
S. pneumoniae
. A detailed characterization of the genes encoding the 16S rRNA and SodA classified isolates 1162/99 and 1174/97 as
Streptococcus mitis
. Analysis of the
atpCAB
region, which encodes the
c
,
a
, and
b
subunits of the F
0
F
1
H
+
-ATPase, the target of optochin, revealed high degrees of similarity between
S. mitis
1162/99 and
S. pneumoniae
in
atpC
,
atpA
, and the N terminus of
atpB
. Moreover, amino acid identity between
S. mitis
1174/97 and
S. pneumoniae
was found in α helix 5 of the
a
subunit. The organization of the chromosomal region containing the
atp
operon of the two Opt
s
VS and VS type strains was
spr1284
-
atpC
, with
spr1284
being located 296 to 556 bp from
atpC
, whereas in
S. pneumoniae
this distance was longer than 68 kb. In addition, the gene order in
S. pneumoniae
was IS
1239
-74 bp
-atpC
. The results suggest that the full OPT susceptibility of
S. mitis
1162/99 is due to the acquisition of
atpC
,
atpA
, and part of
atpB
from
S. pneumoniae
and that the intermediate OPT susceptibility of
S. mitis
1174/97 correlates with the amino acid composition of its
a
subunit.
Prevalence of sensitisation to cellulase and xylanase in bakery workers: Table 1
Authors: Elms J , Fishwick D , Walker J , Rawbone R , Jeffrey P , Griffin P , Gibson M , Curran A D
Published: September 2003

Aims:To assess the prevalence of sensitisation to a range of exogenous fungal enzymes used in bakeries, and determine the relation between sensitisation and work related symptoms.

Methods:Serum samples (n = 135) from a previous cross sectional study investigating the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and sensitisation to dust components, were reanalysed for specific IgE to the mixed enzymes cellulase, hemicellulase, and xylanase.

Results:Eight (6%) of sera tested had detectable specific IgE to mixed enzymes (excluding fungal α-amylase) and 16 (12%) to fungal α-amylase. A significant increase (p = 0.03) in nasal symptoms was found in those workers sensitised to enzymes (including α-amylase and the mixed enzymes, but with or without sensitisation to wheat flour) when compared to those sensitised to wheat flour alone. Both groups had significantly greater levels of nasal symptoms in comparison to those with no evidence of sensitisation.

Conclusions:The association between specific IgE to mixed enzymes, and an increased prevalence of nasal symptoms in individuals sensitised to enzymes, highlights the importance of measuring sensitisation to the full range of exogenous enzymes used in the baking industry, as well as to wheat flour.
Pathological Mechanisms of Fatal Late Coronary Stent Thrombosis in Humans
Authors: Farb Andrew , Burke Allen P. , Kolodgie Frank D. , Virmani Renu
Published: September 2003

Background—

Coronary stent deployment is associated with a low incidence of acute thrombosis. However, late stent thrombosis (LST) has likely been underrecognized clinically, and pathological descriptions are lacking.

Methods and Results—

LST was defined as an acute thrombus within a stent that had been in place ≥30 days. Cases of LST were selected from a registry of human coronary stents submitted for analysis. Thirteen cases of LST (9 men, 4 women) were identified. The mean duration from implantation to thrombosis was 3.6±3.5 months (range, 1 to 11.9 months). The causes of death were sudden cardiac death (n=10), acute myocardial infarction (n=2), and heart failure (n=1). The pathological mechanisms of LST were as follows: (1) stenting across ostia of major arterial branches (5 cases); (2) exposure to radiation therapy (3 cases); (3) plaque disruption in the nonstented arterial segment within 2 mm of the stent margin (2 cases); (4) stenting of markedly necrotic, lipid-rich plaques with extensive plaque prolapse (2 cases); and (5) diffuse in-stent restenosis (1 case). Twelve cases demonstrated a failure to form a completely healed neointimal layer overlying stent struts. Underlying in-stent restenosis was present in only 4 (31%) of 13 cases.

Conclusions—

LST is a potentially fatal complication of coronary stenting. Stenting across branch ostia, disruption of adjacent vulnerable plaques, radiation therapy, and extensive plaque prolapse can precipitate LST. Impaired intimal healing (ie, the failure to form a complete neointimal layer over stent struts) extends the window during which stents are prone to thrombosis.
Diverse Contribution of Bone Marrow Cells to Neointimal Hyperplasia After Mechanical Vascular Injuries
Authors: Tanaka Kimie , Sata Masataka , Hirata Yasunobu , Nagai Ryozo
Published: September 2003

We and others have suggested that bone marrow-derived progenitor cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. On the other hand, it was reported that bone marrow cells do not participate substantially in vascular remodeling in other experimental systems. In this study, three distinct types of mechanical vascular injuries were induced in the same mouse whose bone marrow had been reconstituted with that of GFP or LacZ mice. All injuries are known to cause smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia. At 4 weeks after wire-mediated endovascular injury, a significant number of the neointimal and medial cells derived from bone marrow. In contrast, marker-positive cells were seldom detected in the lesion induced by perivascular cuff replacement. There were only a few bone marrow-derived cells in the neointima after ligation of the common carotid artery. These results indicate that the origin of intimal cells is diverse and that contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to neointimal hyperplasia depends on the type of model.
CRITICAL NOTES ON PLATO'S POLITEIA, IX
Authors:   Slings
Published: September 2003

This paper is the ninth instalment of a series of notes intended as a companion to the new Oxford Classical Text of the

Politeia

(

Platonis Rempvblicam

recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit S.R. Slings, Oxonii 2003). The following passages are treated: 571c2, 573d1, 573d3, 575c3, 576c3, 576d3, 578e5, 579d10-1, 583c10, 585a8, 586e1, 589a2, 590d3.
Alternative Media in Suburban Plantation Culture
Authors: Caldwell John T.
Published: September 2003

This article reconsiders the concept of `alternative media', and describes a set of alternative media projects produced over six years in and around migrant farm worker camps in southern California. The media projects described here (small-format videos within marginalized labor communities), challenge assumptions about `alternative media' on three levels - as a theoretical concept, as media practice and as a political project. The article argues the need to attend to the complex spatial and institutional contexts that inflect and complicate any local alternative media project. This examination of how the lived spaces of the migrant camps are both avowed and effaced by local residents and contractors underscores the tortured logic of the region. The study reveals not just how the landed status quo organizes workers lives as parts of its `scenic' landscape. It also describes how indigenous `Mixteco' labor organizers simultaneously work to exploit and resist the same conditions. Occupying semi-public contact-zones and no-man's lands (legally ambiguous spaces), provides migrants with a material beach-head from which to claim other rights that have more legal teeth (including fair labor, health and safety, and civil rights laws). Compared to the conventional video forms the producers/researchers set out to produce, these practices suggested that migrants' unauthorized occupation of space is a consequential form of `alternative media' in its own right; a transnational community response to policies of globalization and `free-trade'.
Anthropological Studies of National Reconciliation Processes
Authors: Wilson Richard Ashby
Published: September 2003

This article examines how social researchers have evaluated the rise of institutions to create `national reconciliation' in countries emerging from authoritarianism and state repression. Reconciliation has been counter-posed to retributive justice by new political and religious elites, who have instead sought to construct a new notion of the national self and psyche, and in so doing used organic models of state and society and metaphors of illness and health in the body politic. Intellectuals such as the legal scholar Minow have applauded these efforts as attempts to transcend the limitations of law and legal discourse in order to construct a different kind of public space and collective memory, and to engage in emotional and psychological healing. Anthropologists have taken a more mixed and critical view. Some such as Buur and Ross have asserted that truth commissions are not free of the positivism which characterizes the legal process and which excludes certain types of voice and subjectivity and creates silences of its own. Others such as Borneman and Wilson have criticized reconciliation strategies for undermining the rule of law and they have asserted that democratizing regimes must instead attempt to rebuild accountability, and thereby state legitimacy, through retributive justice.
Protein Inhibitor of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Interacts with the N-Terminal Domain of Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Represses Its Transcriptional Activity: Implication of Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier 1 Modification
Authors: Pascual-Le Tallec Laurent , Kirsh Olivier , Lecomte Marie-Christine , Viengchareun Say , Zennaro Maria-Christina , Dejean Anne , Lombès Marc
Published: September 2003

Molecular mechanisms underlying mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated gene expression are not fully understood but seem to largely depend upon interactions with specific coregulators. To identify novel human MR (hMR) molecular partners, yeast two-hybrid screenings performed using the N-terminal domain as bait, allowed us to isolate protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription (PIAS)1 and PIASxβ, described as SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3-ligases. Specific interaction between PIAS1 and hMR was confirmed by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments and N-terminal subdomains responsible for physical contacts were delineated. Transient transfections demonstrated that PIAS1 is a corepressor of aldosterone-activated MR transactivation but has no significant effect on human glucocorticoid receptor transactivation. The agonist or antagonist nature of the bound ligand also determines PIAS1 corepressive action. We provided evidence that PIAS1 conjugated SUMO-1 to hMR both in vitro and in vivo. Deciphering the unique sumoylation pattern of hMR, which possesses five consensus SUMO-1 binding sites, by combinatorial lysine substitutions, revealed a major impact of sumoylation on hMR properties. Using a murine mammary tumor virus promoter, PIAS1 action was independent of sumoylation whereas with glucocorticoid response element promoter, PIAS1 corepressive action depended on hMR sumoylation status. Taken together, our results identify a novel function for PIAS1 which interacts with the N-terminal domain of hMR and represses its ligand-dependent transcriptional activity, at least in part, through SUMO modifications.
The association of the tetraspanin D6.1A with the α6β4 integrin supports cell motility and liver metastasis formation
Authors: Herlevsen Mikael , Schmidt Dirk-Steffen , Miyazaki Kaoru , Zöller Margot
Published: September 2003

The metastatic subline of a rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma differs from the non-metastasizing subline by overexpression of 5 membrane molecules: CD44 variant isoforms, EpCAM, the tetraspanin D6.1A, an uPAR-related molecule and, as described here, the α6β4 integrin. An antibody-defined molecule was identified by mass spectrometry and cloning as α6β4 integrin. Transfection-induced expression of α6β4 in the non-metastasizing subline did not support migration on laminin 5 or tumor progression. However, when the non-metastasizing subline was doubly transfected to express α6β4 and the D6.1A tetraspanin, intraperitoneally injected tumor cells frequently formed liver metastasis. For the following reasons we assume that metastasis formation is supported by an interaction between α6β4 and D6.1A. (i) The 2 molecules can associate and co-localize. (ii) Co-localization is strengthened by PKC stimulation. (iii) PKC stimulation, which induces a migratory phenotype, leads to a redistribution of α6β4/D6.1A complexes. In resting cells, the molecules co-localize at the trail of the cell; during PKC stimulation they become transiently internalized and are (re-)expressed in the leading lamella. Thus, in the appropriate milieu, i.e. intraperitoneally, α6β4 changes from an adhesion-supporting towards a migration-supporting molecule by its association with a tetraspanin. The findings provide a convincing experimental explanation for the repeatedly described involvement of α6β4 in tumor progression.
Joint homeostasis
Authors: Saris D. B. F. , Dhert W. J. A. , Verbout A. J.
Published: September 2003

The discrepancy between successful experimental studies of cartilage repair and the clinical results is unexplained. We have evaluated the effect of metabolic alterations in joint homeostasis owing to an articular defect on the outcome of cartilage repair using tissue engineering methods. We used 21 adolescent Dutch goats divided into three groups. The control knees were left untreated while the contralateral knee was randomised to receive either no treatment (N), early treatment (E) or late treatment (L). The metabolism of proteoglycans in the surrounding joint surface was determined and correlated with the O’Driscoll score used to quantify the histological aspect of the repair of the defect.

Synthesis of proteoglycan (PG) was increased in all groups. The release of glucosaminoglycan (GAG) was significantly higher in the untreated but not after early transplantation (1.3 v 1.8 NS). The cartilage repair scores in the early treatment group were not as good as those of the normal control group, but were significantly better when compared with both the untreated defects and the late treated defects. Defects which had been treated late showed a significantly decreased score when compared with those which had had early treatment or the normal control group and did not differ (p = 0.12) from those with no treatment. The histological and biochemical scores closely resembled the macroscopic and functional parameters which showed a significant deterioration for the late treated group and those without treatment compared with animals treated early. Thus, tissue-engineered cartilage repair is negatively influenced by altered matrix metabolism. Early treatment showed significantly better results for repair of cartilage than late or no treatment, with a concurrent decrease in the detrimental disturbance of cartilage metabolism which constituted a protective effect on the articulation.
Influence of pre-operative bone mineral content of the proximal tibia on revision rate after uncemented knee arthroplasty
Authors: Therbo M. , Petersen M. M. , Varmarken J.-E. , Olsen C. A. , Lund B.
Published: September 2003

Between 1986 and 1991, 106 patients (127 knees) underwent uncemented knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. There were 106 total knee arthroplasties and 21 medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasties. The arthroplasties were evaluated for aseptic loosening during the year 2000. For total arthroplasty we used 77 porous-coated anatomic prostheses and 29 press-fit condylar prostheses. The mean bone mineral content of the proximal tibia, measured the day before surgery using dual-photon absorptiometry was 5.48 g/cm for the porous-coated anatomic prostheses which were revised for aseptic loosening (n = 9). This was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than the mean of 4.33 g/cm for those which were not revised. Values for the two revised press-fit condylar knees (4.78 and 4.93 g/cm) were above the mean value (4.23 g/cm) for those which were not revised. We found no statistically significant (p = 0.38) difference between the bone mineral content of the 12 revised and nine unrevised unicompartmental arthroplasties. Low trabecular bone quality, measured as the pre-operative bone mineral content of the proximal tibia, was not a predictor for later revision surgery following uncemented total knee or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.
Mechanical and dynamic mechanical studies of resol/vinyl acetate‐2‐ethylhexylacrylate/ hexamethoxymethylmelamine interpenetrating network systems
Authors: Datta Chandan , Basu Diya , Banerjee Amaranth
Published: September 2003

Resol was solution blended with vinyl acetate–2‐ethylhexylacrylate (VAc–EHA) resin in aqueous medium, in varying weight fractions, with hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) as crosslinker, and data was compared with a control. The present work was aimed at getting an optimum combination of tensile strength, dynamic mechanical strength, impact strength, and toughness by synthesis of an interpenetrating network (IPN) of the resins. The control gave a semi‐IPN system, in which the resol crosslinked, while the acrylic did not, whereas the blend, where HMMM was the crosslinker, gave a full IPN system. Full IPNs of the resol/VAc–EHA system had higher moduli and ultimate tensile strength than the semi‐IPNs. Dynamic mechanical study showed that full IPN systems have higher Tg values than semi‐IPN systems. The impact strength increases with increasing proportions of VAc–EHA copolymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1765–1771, 2003