bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible connection of the N‐terminal domain in ClpB modulates substrate binding and the aggregate reactivation efficiency
Authors: Zhang Ting , Ploetz Elizabeth A. , Nagy Maria , Doyle Shannon M. , Wickner Sue , Smith Paul E. , Zolkiewski Michal
Published: April 2013

ClpB reactivates aggregated proteins in cooperation with DnaK/J. The ClpB monomer contains two nucleotide‐binding domains (D1, D2), a coiled‐coil domain, and an N‐terminal domain attached to D1 with a 17‐residue‐long unstructured linker containing a Gly‐Gly motif. The ClpB‐mediated protein disaggregation is linked to translocation of substrates through the central channel in the hexameric ClpB, but the events preceding the translocation are poorly understood. The N‐terminal domains form a ring surrounding the entrance to the channel and contribute to the aggregate binding. It was suggested that the N‐terminal domain's mobility that is maintained by the unstructured linker might control the efficiency of aggregate reactivation. We produced seven variants of ClpB with modified sequence of the N‐terminal linker. To increase the linker's conformational flexibility, we inserted up to four Gly next to the GG motif. To decrease the linker's flexibility, we deleted the GG motif and converted it into GP and PP. We found that none of the linker modifications inhibited the basal ClpB ATPase activity or its capability to form oligomers. However, the modified linker ClpB variants showed lower reactivation rates for aggregated glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and firefly luciferase and a lower aggregate‐binding efficiency than wt ClpB. We conclude that the linker does not merely connect the N‐terminal domain, but it supports the chaperone activity of ClpB by contributing to the efficiency of aggregate binding and disaggregation. Moreover, our results suggest that selective pressure on the linker sequence may be crucial for maintaining the optimal efficiency of aggregate reactivation by ClpB. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐Ulcerative Colitis Activity of Compounds from Euphorbia granuleta Forssk
Authors: Awaad Amani S. , El‐Meligy Reham M. , Al‐Jaber Nabila A. , Al‐Muteeri Hanoof S. , Zain Mohamed E. , Alqasoumi Saleh I. , Alafeefy Ahmed M. , Donia Abd El Raheim M.
Published: April 2013

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti‐ulcerative colitis (UC) activity of the total alcohol extracts of Euphorbia granuleta Forssk. (Euphorpiaceae), isolate and identify the active compounds that could be responsible for the activity, in addition to determination of the possible mechanism of action. Six compounds were isolated and identified from this plant: three phenolic compounds (kampferol, kampferol‐3‐glucoside and kampferol‐3‐galactoside) in addition to three steroidal compounds (1‐ethoxypentacosane, heptacosan‐1‐ol and β‐sitosterol). Three compounds (heptacosan‐1‐ol, β‐sitosterol and kampferol‐3‐galactoside) were found to be responsible for the anti‐UC activity of E. granuleta extract. The anti‐UC activity of these compounds may be explained by reducing the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), in addition to reduction of colonic malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. No side effects were reported on liver and kidney functions. The active compounds reduced both serum TNF‐α and mucosal MDA levels. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive fault‐tolerant backstepping control against actuator gain faults and its applications to an aircraft longitudinal motion dynamics
Authors: Shen Qikun , Jiang Bin , Cocquempot Vincent
Published: April 2013

The problem of fault‐tolerant control (FTC) for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with actuator faults is discussed, and an observer‐based FTC scheme is proposed. Adaptive fuzzy observers are designed to provide a bank of residuals for fault detection and isolation. Using a backstepping approach, we proposed a novel fault diagnosis algorithm, which removes the classical assumption that the time derivative of the output error should be known. Further, an accommodation scheme is proposed to compensate for the effect of the fault, where it is not needed to know the bounds of the time derivative of the fault. The proposed controller guarantees that all signals of the closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded and converge to a small neighborhood of the origin by appropriately choosing designed parameters. In addition, a sufficient condition for the existence of an fault detection and isolation observer is derived using Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, a numerical example and a practical aircraft longitudinal motion dynamics are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTC approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The solution space geometry of random linear equations
Authors: Achlioptas Dimitris , Molloy Michael
Published: April 2013

We consider random systems of linear equations over GF(2) in which every equation binds k variables. We obtain a precise description of the clustering of solutions in such systems. In particular, we prove that with probability that tends to 1 as the number of variables, n, grows: for every pair of solutions σ,τ, either there exists a sequence of solutions starting at σ and ending at τ such that successive solutions have Hamming distance O(log n), or every sequence of solutions starting at σ and ending at τ contains a pair of successive solutions with distance Ω(n). Furthermore, we determine precisely which pairs of solutions are in each category. Key to our results is establishing the following high probability property of cores of random hypergraphs which is of independent interest. Every vertex not in the r‐core of a random k‐uniform hypergraph can be removed by a sequence of O(log n) steps, where each step amounts to removing one vertex of degree strictly less than r at the time of removal. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 197–231, 2015
Refined quicksort asymptotics
Authors: Neininger Ralph
Published: April 2013

The complexity of the Quicksort algorithm is usually measured by the number of key comparisons used during its execution. When operating on a list of n data, permuted uniformly at random, the appropriately normalized complexity Yn is known to converge almost surely to a non‐degenerate random limit Y. This assumes a natural embedding of all Yn on one probability space, e.g., via random binary search trees. In this note a central limit theorem for the error term in the latter almost sure convergence is shown:

urn:x-wiley:10429832:media:rsa20497:rsa20497-math-0001

where denotes a standard normal random variable. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 346–361, 2015
Bayesian inference for multivariate meta‐analysis Box–Cox transformation models for individual patient data with applications to evaluation of cholesterol‐lowering drugs
Authors: Kim Sungduk , Chen Ming‐Hui , Ibrahim Joseph G. , Shah Arvind K. , Lin Jianxin
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we propose a class of Box–Cox transformation regression models with multidimensional random effects for analyzing multivariate responses for individual patient data in meta‐analysis. Our modeling formulation uses a multivariate normal response meta‐analysis model with multivariate random effects, in which each response is allowed to have its own Box–Cox transformation. Prior distributions are specified for the Box–Cox transformation parameters as well as the regression coefficients in this complex model, and the deviance information criterion is used to select the best transformation model. Because the model is quite complex, we develop a novel Monte Carlo Markov chain sampling scheme to sample from the joint posterior of the parameters. This model is motivated by a very rich dataset comprising 26 clinical trials involving cholesterol‐lowering drugs where the goal is to jointly model the three‐dimensional response consisting of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and triglycerides (TG) (LDL‐C, HDL‐C, TG). Because the joint distribution of (LDL‐C, HDL‐C, TG) is not multivariate normal and in fact quite skewed, a Box–Cox transformation is needed to achieve normality. In the clinical literature, these three variables are usually analyzed univariately; however, a multivariate approach would be more appropriate because these variables are correlated with each other. We carry out a detailed analysis of these data by using the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate social responsibility and access to finance
Authors: Cheng Beiting , Ioannou Ioannis , Serafeim George
Published: April 2013

We investigate whether superior performance on corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies leads to better access to finance. We hypothesize that better access to finance can be attributed to (1) reduced agency costs due to enhanced stakeholder engagement and (2) reduced informational asymmetry due to increased transparency. Using a large cross‐section of firms, we find that firms with better CSR performance face significantly lower capital constraints. We provide evidence that both better stakeholder engagement and transparency around CSR performance are important in reducing capital constraints. The results are further confirmed using several alternative measures of capital constraints, a paired analysis based on a ratings shock to CSR performance, an instrumental variables approach, and a simultaneous equations approach. Finally, we show that the relation is driven by both the social and environmental dimension of CSR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In The Media: Expanding Students' Experience With Academic Vocabulary
Authors: McKeown Margaret G. , Crosson Amy C. , Artz Nancy J. , Sandora Cheryl , Beck Isabel L.
Published: April 2013

How can we supplement the limited time available for vocabulary instruction while motivating students to attend to the words they are learning? As a part of an academic word vocabulary intervention, we challenged sixth‐grade students to find their words in the world around them. This activity, In the Media, garnered responses from 51 of the 61 students involved in the intervention. Analysis of students' reading comprehension achievement showed that it was not just high‐achieving students who responded; rather the full range of achievement was represented. Analysis of pretest and posttest data revealed that students who found more words had the highest gains in the final assessment. Examples of students' encounters and where they found them are discussed. These examples suggest that students developed flexible knowledge of their words, as they were able to find them in uses beyond those taught and in related forms that had not been introduced.
Rapid FT‐NIR Analysis of Edible Oils for Total SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and Trans FA with Comparison to GC
Authors: Mossoba Magdi M. , Azizian Hormoz , Tyburczy Cynthia , Kramer John K. G. , Delmonte Pierluigi , Kia Ali‐Reza Fardin , Rader Jeanne I.
Published: April 2013

Declarations of the total content of trans fatty acids (FA) and saturated FA (SFA) are mandatory on food labels in the US and Canada. Gas chromatography (GC) has been the method of choice for the determination of FA composition. However, GC is time consuming and requires conversion of fats and oils to their FA methyl esters. In the present study, a recently published Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopic procedure was applied to the rapid (<5 min) determination of total SFA, monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and trans FA contents of 30 commercially available edible fats and oils. Good agreement was obtained between the GC and FT‐NIR methods for the determination of total SFA, MUFA, and PUFA contents. Differences between the two methods were apparent for the determination of trans fat at trans fat levels <2 % of total fat. The analytical determinations of total SFA, MUFA, and PUFA contents for many of the oils examined differed from the respective values declared on the product labels. Our findings demonstrate that the FT‐NIR procedure serves as a suitable alternative method for the rapid determination of total SFA, MUFA, PUFA and trans FA contents of neat vegetable oils.
Soziale Brücken und Grenzziehungen in der Stadt: Türkeistämmiger Mittelstand in Migrantenvierteln
Authors: Hanhörster Heike , Barwick Christine
Published: April 2013

Social mixing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is supposed to have various stabilizing effects. Hence, the moving out of middle class households is critically perceived. The question is, however, whether upwardly mobile middle class households “automatically” move out of disadvantaged neighbourhoods. It has been shown that there are different ways of integration for the second-generation immigrants. One difference might be found in the motivation to stay in or leave ethnically segregated neighbourhoods. In the German context, there is hardly any research so far that empirically deals with reasons of the middle class to stay in segregated neighbourhoods which are usually also characterized by social deprivation. In this paper, we argue that the staying of middle class Turkish migrants can be explained by their neighbourhood crossing-networks, as well as small-scale social and spatial boundary drawings within the neighbourhood. With this combination of bridging ties and boundary drawing, households are also able to use the potentials of their neighbourhood and at the same time access resources outside the neighbourhood, without having to relocate. The argumentation is based on qualitative studies in Berlin and Duisburg, which analyze neighbourhood choice of Turkish migrants. The main result is that staying can be explained with locally based family ties that provide everyday support. Moreover, we see that households do have diverse ties across neighbourhood borders, which facilitate their staying put, in spite of their spatial proximity to households of lower social strata. Small scale social and symbolic boundaries, as well as a clear focus on routinely used contexts outside the neighbourhood, point to the ambivalent effect the middle class might have as a stabilizing factor in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.
Hume, Empiricism and the Generality of Thought
Authors: WESTPHAL KENNETH R.
Published: April 2013

Hume sought to analyse our propositionally-structured thought in terms of our ultimate awareness of nothing but objects, sensory impressions or their imagistic copies, “ideas.” The ideas of space and time are often regarded as exceptions to his Copy Theory of impressions and ideas. On grounds strictly internal to Hume’sTreatise, I argue that they are instead typical of Hume’s account of the generality of thought. This ultimately reveals the limits of the Copy Theory and of Concept Empiricism. The key is to recognise how very capacious is our (Humean) imaginative capacity to associate particular perceptions by various fine-grained determinable resemblances.
Penitential Discourse in the Diplomas of King Æthelred ‘the Unready’
Authors: ROACH LEVI
Published: April 2013

This article consists of a detailed study of a series of extraordinary diplomas issued by King Æthelred ‘the Unready’ during the 990s. These diplomas restore lands and rights to churches which had earlier been despoiled by the king and his advisors and their wording indicates that they were intended as a conscious gesture of penitence. As such, the documents were of central political importance and it is argued that they can be fruitfully mined for evidence of Æthelred's own thoughts and feelings in these years; these diplomas might well be considered to preserve Æthelred's own ‘voice’.
Winchester Diocese under John Stratford, 1323–1333
Authors: HAINES ROY MARTIN
Published: April 2013

The intention of this article is to examine the principal features of John Stratford's Winchester episcopal register (Hampshire Record Office, 21M65/A1/5), recently edited for the Surrey Record Society, and hence to consider Stratford's reputation as a diocesan bishop insofar as this is determinable. Frequent absences on royal business, often abroad, are meticulously recorded, necessitating competent ‘central administration’ and a well-qualified and trusted familia. Both of these are in evidence. The impression given is of an efficiently run diocese with a surprising amount of pastoral work, particularly ordinations and visitation of monasteries, being performed by the bishop in person.
Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966
Authors: Evans John , Smith Philip M.
Published: April 2013

The full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.
Characterisation of Frenet–Serret and Bishop motions with applications to needle steering
Authors: Selig J. M.
Published: April 2013

Frenet–Serret and Bishop rigid-body motions have many potential applications in robotics, graphics and computer-aided design. In order to study these motions, new characterisations in terms of their velocity twists are derived. This is extended to general motions based on any moving frame to a space curve. Furthermore, it is shown that any such general moving frame motion is the product of a Frenet–Serret motion with a rotation about the tangent vector.

These ideas are applied to a simple model of needle steering. A simple kinematic model of the path of the needle is derived. It is then shown that this leads to Frenet–Serret motions of the needle tip but with constant curvature. Finally, some remarks about curves with constant curvature are made.
Augustinian networks and the Chicago music theory manuscript
Authors: PIERAGOSTINI RENATA
Published: April 2013

The manuscript Chicago, Newberry Library 54.1, copied in Pavia in 1391 by an English friar, has been the object of attention of scholars for some time now. Because of the presence of Senleches's songLa harpe de melodie(famously notated in the shape of a harp), and of the earliest known dated copy of theTractatus figurarum(which reflects late fourteenth-century developments in the notation of complex rhythms), the Chicago manuscript has often been cited in support of the historiographical hypothesis which sees the Visconti court of Pavia–Milan as the main centre of production of Ars subtilior repertory in Italy. In the absence of records on the scribe ‘G de Anglia’ and the context in which he worked, it has been almost inevitable thus far to associate the compilation of the manuscript with the Visconti court and the city university (founded and supported by the Visconti). A recently identified document, however, provides some clues to the identity of the scribe of Chicago 54.1, who can now be identified as an Augustinian Hermit. This is confirmed by various elements in the manuscript that also indicate Augustinian connections, placing the compilation of the manuscript in the context of the Augustinian house of Pavia. These elements help to shift the focus of attention to other cultural contexts that may have played a role in the compilation of the manuscript, and invite a reassessment of the hitherto assumed connections with the Visconti court and secular university.
Maternal and infant infections stimulate a rapid leukocyte response in breastmilk
Authors: Hassiotou Foteini , Hepworth Anna R , Metzger Philipp , Tat Lai Ching , Trengove Naomi , Hartmann Peter E , Filgueira Luis
Published: April 2013

Breastmilk protects infants against infections; however, specific responses of breastmilk immune factors to different infections of either the mother or the infant are not well understood. Here, we examined the baseline range of breastmilk leukocytes and immunomodulatory biomolecules in healthy mother/infant dyads and how they are influenced by infections of the dyad. Consistent with a greater immunological need in the early postpartum period, colostrum contained considerable numbers of leukocytes (13–70% out of total cells) and high levels of immunoglobulins and lactoferrin. Within the first 1–2 weeks postpartum, leukocyte numbers decreased significantly to a low baseline level in mature breastmilk (0–2%) (P<0.001). This baseline level was maintained throughout lactation unless the mother and/or her infant became infected, when leukocyte numbers significantly increased up to 94% leukocytes out of total cells (P<0.001). Upon recovery from the infection, baseline values were restored. The strong leukocyte response to infection was accompanied by a more variable humoral immune response. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a greater baseline level of leukocytes in mature breastmilk. Collectively, our results suggest a strong association between the health status of the mother/infant dyad and breastmilk leukocyte levels. This could be used as a diagnostic tool for assessment of the health status of the lactating breast as well as the breastfeeding mother and infant.
Interleukin‐6: a new therapeutic target in systemic sclerosis?
Authors: O'Reilly Steven , Cant Rachel , Ciechomska Marzena , van Laar Jacob M
Published: April 2013

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a classic pro‐inflammatory cytokine critical in mounting an effective immune response. It is secreted by a wide array of cell types; however, its effector cells are more restricted, owing to the fact that very few cells, except lymphocytes and hepatocytes, express the functional membrane IL‐6 receptor thus reducing the number of IL‐6‐responsive cells. Trans‐signalling, the shedding of the membrane‐bound form of the IL‐6 receptor into the local microenvironment, greatly increases the range of cells that can respond. IL‐6 has been demonstrated to have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease and Crohn's disease exemplified by the use of an anti‐IL‐6 biological therapy. However, IL‐6 is also associated with the autoimmune disease systemic sclerosis (SSc) and has been shown to be directly fibrotic. Elevated levels of IL‐6 are found in SSc patients and this correlates with skin thickness, suggesting a causal effect. This review focuses on the role of IL‐6 in SSc, a chronic autoimmune disease with fibrosis. In particular, we will examine the evidence base of the role of IL‐6 in fibrosis in this condition, especially the downstream effector pathways. We will then argue why molecular targeting of IL‐6 is a promising therapeutic target in this fibrosing disease.
Stem cell stimulation of endogenous myocyte regeneration
Authors: Weil Brian R. , Canty John M.
Published: April 2013

Cell-based therapy has emerged as a promising approach to combat the myocyte loss and cardiac remodelling that characterize the progression of left ventricular dysfunction to heart failure. Several clinical trials conducted over the past decade have shown that a variety of autologous bone-marrow- and peripheral-blood-derived stem and progenitor cell populations can be safely administered to patients with ischaemic heart disease and yield modest improvements in cardiac function. Concurrently, rapid progress has been made at the pre-clinical level to identify novel therapeutic cell populations, delineate the mechanisms underlying cell-mediated cardiac repair and optimize cell-based approaches for clinical use. The following review summarizes the progress that has been made in this rapidly evolving field over the past decade and examines how our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in successful cardiac regeneration should direct future investigation in this area. Particular emphasis is placed on discussion of the general hypothesis that the benefits of cell therapy primarily result from stimulation of endogenous cardiac repair processes that have only recently been identified in the adult mammalian heart, rather than direct differentiation of exogenous cells. Continued scientific investigation in this area will guide the optimization of cell-based approaches for myocardial regeneration, with the ultimate goal of clinical implementation and substantial improvement in our ability to restore cardiac function in ischaemic heart disease patients.
Multi-species dynamical density functional theory
Authors: Goddard B. D. , Nold A. , Kalliadasis S.
Published: April 2013

We study the dynamics of a multi-species colloidal fluid in the full position-momentum phase space. We include both inertia and hydrodynamic interactions, which strongly influence the non-equilibrium properties of the system. Under minimal assumptions, we derive a dynamical density functional theory (DDFT), and, using an efficient numerical scheme based on spectral methods for integro-differential equations, demonstrate its excellent agreement with the full underlying Langevin equations. We utilise the DDFT formalism to elucidate the crucial effects of hydrodynamic interactions in multi-species systems.
Electronic and magnetic properties of double perovskite slab-rocksalt layer rare earth strontium aluminates natural superlattice structure
Authors: Feng J. , Xiao B. , Zhou R. , Pan W.
Published: April 2013

By using the LSDA and LSDA + U method, the electronic and magnetic properties of Ln2SrAl2O7 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Dy) compounds have been investigated in this paper. While comparing the density of states calculated by two methods, the main difference between LSDA and LSDA + U calculations is only obvious for 4f states. The Ln2SrAl2O7 compounds are more like the charge transfer type insulators. The ferromagnetic and possible anti-ferromagnetic states of these compounds are calculated and discussed by Rudeman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) model.
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Cu-implanted 6H-SiC single crystal
Authors: Zheng H. W. , Yan Y. L. , Lv Z. C. , Yang S. W. , Li X. G. , Liu J. D. , Ye B. J. , Peng C. X. , Diao C. L. , Zhang W. F.
Published: April 2013

200 keV Cu+ ions were implanted into 6H-SiC single crystal at room temperature with fluence of 8 × 1015 cm−2. No ferromagnetism (FM)-related secondary phase was found by the results of high-resolution x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy results indicated that the main defect type was silicon vacancy and the concentration of it increased after Cu implantation. The room-temperature ferromagnetism was detected by superconducting quantum interference device. First-principles calculations revealed that the magnetic moments mainly come from the 2p orbitals of C atoms and 3d orbitals of Cu dopant. The origin of the FM has been discussed in detail.
Time-dependent magnetization reversal in amorphous CoSiB/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Yoon Jungbum , Jung Sol , Choi Youngha , Cho Jaehun , You Chun-Yeol , Jung Myung-Hwa , Yim H. I.
Published: April 2013

We investigated the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of amorphous CoSiB/Pd multilayer systems. We replaced the crystalline Co layer with an amorphous CoSiB layer in a Co/Pd multilayer system in order to reduce the domain wall pinning sites, which are mainly located at the grain boundaries and interfaces. We also found the correlation between the coercivity and the thermal activation volume of the magnetization reversal in the amorphous CoSiB/Pd multilayers. The time-dependent magnetization reversal was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect image and the magnetic field sweep-rate-dependent coercivity.
Development of superconducting wind turbine generators
Authors: Jensen Bogi B. , Mijatovic Nenad , Abrahamsen Asger B.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, the commercial activities in the field of superconducting machines, particularly superconducting wind turbine generators, are reviewed and presented. Superconducting generators have the potential to provide a compact and light weight drive train at high torques and slow rotational speeds, because high magnetic fields can be produced by coils with very little loss. Three different superconducting wind turbine generator topologies have been proposed by three different companies. One is based on low temperature superconductors; one is based on high temperature superconductors; and one is a fully superconducting generator based on MgB2. It is concluded that there is large commercial interest in superconducting machines, with an increasing patenting activity. Such generators are, however, not without their challenges. The superconductors have to be cooled down to somewhere between 4 K and 50 K, depending on what type of superconductor is employed, which poses a significant challenge both from a construction and operation point of view. The high temperature superconductors can facilitate a higher operation temperature and simplified cooling, but the current price and production volumes prohibit a large scale impact on the wind sector. The low temperature superconductors are readily available, but will need more sophisticated cooling. Eventually the Cost of Energy from superconducting wind turbines, with particular emphasis on reliability, will determine if they become feasible or not and for such investigations large-scale demonstrations will be needed.
Feedback and harmonic locking of slot-type optomechanical oscillators to external low-noise reference clocks
Authors: Zheng Jiangjun , Li Ying , Goldberg Noam , McDonald Mickey , Luan Xingsheng , Hati Archita , Lu Ming , Strauf Stefan , Zelevinsky Tanya , Howe David A. , Wei Wong Chee
Published: April 2013

We demonstrate feedback and harmonic locking of chip-scale slot-type optomechanical oscillators to external low-noise reference clocks, with suppressed timing jitter by three orders of magnitude. The feedback and compensation techniques significantly reduce the close-to-carrier phase noise, especially within the locking bandwidth for the integral root-mean-square timing jitter. Harmonic locking via high-order carrier signals is also demonstrated with similar phase noise and integrated root-mean-square timing jitter reduction. The chip-scale optomechanical oscillators are tunable over an 80-kHz range by tracking the reference clock, with potential applications in tunable radio-frequency photonics platforms.
Effect of La substitution on structure and magnetic properties of sol-gel prepared BiFeO3
Authors: Suresh Pittala , Srinath S.
Published: April 2013

Detailed Rietveld analysis of the room temperature (RT) x-ray diffraction data of LaxBi1−xFeO3 (LBFO) ceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) prepared by sol-gel route revealed that the system retains distorted rhombohedral R3c structure of parent compound BiFeO3 (BFO) for x ≤ 0.2 but transforms to orthorhombic Pbnm structure for x > 0.2. The fundamental 12 Raman modes of pure BFO (x = 0.0) are reduced to 10 modes for x = 0.2 and further reduced to 7 modes for x = 0.4, which is a clear indication of structural modification and symmetry changes brought about by La doping. The coercive field, HC, increases remarkably with an increase in La doping and x = 0.4 exhibits the highest HC (19.5 kOe at RT) reported so far in any rare earth doped BFO, which will have a great potential for practical application in non-volatile memory devices. Moreover, high-field magnetization and remanence, Mr, increase linearly with La doping content due to the gradual change in spin cycloid structure. M(T) curve shows an anomaly at 50 K, similar to that expected in a spin glass system. The Néel temperature (TN) of the LBFO increases with x, approaching that of the LaFeO3.
Transversal magneto-optical Kerr effect in two-dimensional nickel magnetoplasmonic crystals
Authors: Chetvertukhin A. V. , Grunin A. A. , Dolgova T. V. , Inoue M. , Fedyanin A. A.
Published: April 2013

Resonant transversal magneto-optical Kerr effect (TKE) is experimentally studied in 2D nickel magnetoplasmonic crystal. Gradual transition between collinear and bi-directional types of surface plasmon-polariton phase matching and its influence on TKE resonances are observed by measuring and analyzing dependence of reflectance and TKE spectra on the azimuthal angle.
Implicit measurement of the latent heat in a magnetocaloric NiMnIn Heusler alloy
Authors: Ghahremani Mohammadreza , ElBidweihy Hatem , Bennett Lawrence H. , Della Torre Edward , Zou Min , Johnson Francis
Published: April 2013

The latent heat linked with the first-order transformation of a NiMnIn Heusler alloy has been studied through direct measurements of the adiabatic temperature change, ΔTad, during magnetization process. The experimental procedure used guarantees independent data points and negates any contribution of hysteretic losses to the magnetocaloric effect. Thus, the differences between the magnitudes of ΔTad measurements during the magnetization with the initial temperature change directions from low-to-high and high-to-low are solely attributed to the latent heat exchange, which accompanies the irreversible structural first-order transformation. An estimate of the latent heat inducing such differences is about 0.292 J/g.
Compact cold atom gravimeter for field applications
Authors: Bidel Yannick , Carraz Olivier , Charrière Renée , Cadoret Malo , Zahzam Nassim , Bresson Alexandre
Published: April 2013

We present a cold atom gravimeter dedicated to field applications. Despite the compactness of our gravimeter, we obtain performances (sensitivity 42 μGal/Hz1/2, accuracy 25 μGal) close to the best gravimeters. We report gravity measurements in an elevator which led us to the determination of the Earth's gravity gradient with a precision of 4E. These measurements in a non-laboratory environment demonstrate that our technology of gravimeter is enough compact, reliable, and robust for field applications. Finally, we report gravity measurements in a moving elevator which open the way to absolute gravity measurements in an aircraft or a boat.
Temperature dependence of negative bias under illumination stress and recovery in amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistors
Authors: Hossain Chowdhury Md Delwar , Migliorato Piero , Jang Jin
Published: April 2013

We have investigated the temperature dependence of negative bias under illumination stress and recovery. The transfer characteristics exhibits a non-rigid shift towards negative gate voltages. For both stress and recovery, the voltage shift in deep depletion is twice that in accumulation. The results support the mechanism we previously proposed, which is creation and annealing of a double donor, likely to be an oxygen vacancy. The time dependence of stress and recovery can be fitted to stretched exponentials. Both processes are thermally activated with activation energies 1.06 eV and 1.25 eV for stress and recovery, respectively. A potential energy diagram is proposed to explain the results.
Selective magnetization switching with microwave assistance for three-dimensional magnetic recording
Authors: Tanaka T. , Otsuka Y. , Furomoto Y. , Matsuyama K. , Nozaki Y.
Published: April 2013

The possibility of selective magnetization switching in a three-layered stacked magnetic pillar was discussed using micromagnetic simulation that considers three-dimensional magnetic recording. Selective magnetization switching is possible with the assistance of a circularly polarized microwave field with an adequate corresponding frequency. This study demonstrates that the value of the saturation magnetization of the magnetic layers is critical in suppressing selective magnetization switching errors caused by magnetostatic fields. A relatively large saturation magnetization of up to 600 emu/cm3 in the second layer also allows successful selective magnetization switching, thus enabling three-dimensional magnetic recording. However, damping constants smaller than 0.1 for the magnetic layers are crucial in the model calculations because of the limited strength of the microwave fields applied to the stacked magnetic pillar. The leakage flux is also estimated considering a multi-bit reproducing process, where eight-digit signals are obtained depending on the magnetization states of the stacked magnetic pillar.
Threshold of terahertz population inversion and negative dynamic conductivity in graphene under pulse photoexcitation
Authors: Satou A. , Ryzhii V. , Kurita Y. , Otsuji T.
Published: April 2013

We present a theoretical study of population inversion and negative dynamic conductivity in intrinsic graphene in the terahertz (THz) frequency range upon pulse photoexcitation at near-/mid-infrared wavelengths. The threshold pulse fluence required for population inversion and negative dynamic conductivity can be orders of magnitude lower when the pulse photon energy is lower, because of the inverse proportionality of the photoexcited carrier concentration to the pulse photon energy and because of the weaker carrier heating. We also investigate the dependence of dynamic conductivity on momentum relaxation time. Negative dynamic conductivity takes place either in high- or low-quality graphene, where Drude absorption by carriers in the THz frequency is weak.
Visualization and manipulation of meta-stable polarization variants in multiferroic materials
Authors: Park Moonkyu , No Kwangsoo , Hong Seungbum
Published: April 2013

Here we demonstrate the role of meta-stable polarization variants in out-of-plane polarization switching behavior in epitaxially grownBiFeO3thin films using angle-resolved piezoresponse force microscopy (AR-PFM). The out-of-plane polarization switching mainly occurred at the boundary between meta-stable and stable polarization domains, and was accompanied by a significant change in in-plane domain configuration from complicated structure with 12 polarization variants to simple stripe structure with 4 polarization variants. These results imply that the biased tip rearranges the delicately balanced domain configuration, which is determined by the competition between electrostatic and strain energies, into simple interweaving one that is more thermodynamically stable.
Nursery production of plants.
Authors: Dolan A.
Published: April 2013

Raspberries are a perennial crop that requires a large initial investment, and so it is essential for them to be pest and pathogen free when planted to give a longer productive life. Establishing a plantation based on healthy plants limits the introduction or addition and build-up of diseases in the existing or neighboring soft fruit crops. The certification schemes, in vitro propagation, field propagation, plant health testing, trueness to type testing, viruses, root diseases, cane diseases, leaf diseases of raspberries are discussed.
Propagation.
Authors: Weber C.
Published: April 2013

The perennial crown and suckering nature of the red raspberry provides the basis for traditional commercial propagation of bare root plants and bulk root pieces. New canes (suckers) are produced from crown buds or from adventitious root buds, especially in the spring after winter chilling. The tissue culture, dormant plants, storage and handling, shipping, receiving the plants of raspberries are discussed.
Pruning and training.
Authors: Funt R. C.
Published: April 2013

In this chapter pruning is broadly defined as removing canes that are no longer producing raspberries, are small in diameter and potentially unproductive; heading of the top of the floricane to cause branching; the removal of broken, diseased or dead parts of the plant; and narrowing of the row for disease control. The pruning and training, training-support systems, mechanical harvest, high tunnels and greenhouses are discussed.
Pest and disease management.
Authors: Funt R. C.
Published: April 2013

In this chapter, the effects and control of insects and other pests, diseases and weeds in raspberry production are discussed. The primary eff ect of weeds in raspberries is the competition for water, nutrients and sunlight. However, weeds can harbour disease, nematodes and insects, and their management and control is vital for successful production and marketing of raspberries. The diseases of roots, diseases caused by viruses, leaf, cane and fruit diseases, fruit and plant disorders, insects, weed control in raspberries, spray equipment selection, and spray coverage and worker safety are discussed.
Marketing of raspberries.
Authors: Nonnecke G. , Duffy M. , Funt R. C.
Published: April 2013

This chapter focuses on the value chain of raspberries from production through sales and marketing. The major components of marketing, such as placing the product into a bulk or retail container and labelling and delivering to local, retail or wholesale markets, are discussed and recommendations that indicate the importance of marketing are presented. The importance of determining and developing appropriate markets for sales of highly perishable raspberries are also pointed out.
Raspberry farm management and economics.
Authors: Funt R. C.
Published: April 2013

This chapter is written to emphasize decisions that are necessary for a successful raspberry growing business. Sections discuss: farm management; whole farm planning; the enterprise budget; risk management; machines and equipment; labour; the pre-plant to marketing years; establishment and harvest labour; net present value and internal rate of return; cost of machine harvest; and productivity.
Assessing and influencing personality for improvement of animal welfare: a review of equine studies.
Authors: König v. Borstel U.
Published: April 2013

Personality and its various sub-traits such as temperament can be defined as behavioural attitudes that remain relatively stable across time and situations. However, various personality models exist. Contrasting their strengths and weaknesses leads to the conclusion that there is presently no model that is truly superior to others in depicting animal personality. Furthermore, the present review highlights aspects in which animal, and in particular equine personality potentially relate to animal welfare. Three approaches are examined which may be taken to improve welfare: (1) genetically selecting for personality traits that make the horses better adapted to their designated work and/or husbandry conditions, (2) assessing personality in individual horses to optimize matching with owners and type of work and (3) influencing the ontogeny of personality traits, e.g. by specific training and husbandry regimes. Each of these strategies has its merit, but as a prerequisite, valid personality assessment methods are required. Although publication bias is likely present, most testing procedures yield acceptable inter-observer reliabilities and repeatabilities across time, even if repeatability across situations tends to be comparably low. Heritability estimates ranging mostly between
h
2
=0.15 and
h
2
=0.40 for traits assessed in personality tests are likewise promising. Research has paid less attention to intra-observer reliability, construct validity or discriminant ability, but based on pleiotropy it is argued that the latter is not essential for a trait to be valid. Therefore, some valid methods are available for use in assessment and subsequent selection of horses or personality-influencing strategies, ultimate resulting in reduction of stress in horses' everyday life.
Intra-patch clustering in mysid swarms revealed through multifrequency acoustics
Authors: Kaltenberg Amanda M. , Benoit-Bird Kelly J.
Published: April 2013

Kaltenberg, A. M., and Benoit-Bird, K. J. 2013. Intra-patch clustering in mysid swarms revealed through multifrequency acoustics. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 883–891. Simultaneous multifrequency acoustic echosounders (70, 120, 200, 333, and 710 kHz), net tows, and video sampling were conducted on dense mysid aggregations in coastal waters off OR, USA, to study intra-patch dynamics in mysid swarms. Multifrequency differencing techniques demonstrated submetre, intra-patch clustering of individual mysids of different frequency response characteristics in all 33 samples collected. For samples that contained multiple sizes of mysids, frequency response curves showed a consistent peak 200 kHz. Samples dominated by only a single size class of small (5 mm long mysids) had a peak in scattering at 710 kHz. Intra-patch clustering of heterogeneous individuals shown here demonstrates patchiness at the scales of interactions among individual mysids; however, this patchiness is likely averaged out at the scale of large predator–mysid swarm interactions or the scale typical of most scientific surveys.
The Efficiency of Arabidopsis thaliana Floral Dip Transformation Is Determined Not Only by the Agrobacterium Strain Used but Also by the Physiology and the Ecotype of the Dipped Plant
Authors: Ghedira Rim , De Buck Sylvie , Nolf Jonah , Depicker Ann
Published: April 2013

To evaluate the chromosomal background of different Agrobacterium strains on floral dip transformation frequency, eight wild-type Agrobacterium strains, provided by Laboratorium voor Microbiologie Gent (LMG) and classified in different genomic groups, were compared with the commonly used Agrobacterium strains C58C1 Rifr (pMP90) and LBA4404 in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col-0) and C24 ecotypes. The C58C1 Rifr chromosomal background in combination with the pMP90 virulence plasmid showed high Col-0 floral dip transformation frequencies (0.76 to 1.57%). LMG201, which is genetically close to the Agrobacterium C58 strain, with the same virulence plasmid showed comparable or even higher transformation frequencies (1.22 to 2.28%), whereas the LBA4404 strain displayed reproducibly lower transformation frequencies (<0.2%). All other tested LMG Agrobacterium chromosomal backgrounds had transformation frequencies between those of the C58C1 Rifr (pMP90) and LBA4404 reference strains. None of the strains could transform the C24 ecotype with a frequency higher than 0.1%. Strikingly, all Arabidopsis Col-0 floral dip transformation experiments showed a high transformation variability from plant to plant (even more than 50-fold) within and across the performed biological repeats for all analyzed Agrobacterium strains. Therefore, the physiology of the plant and, probably, the availability of competent flowers to be transformed determine, to a large extent, floral dip transformation frequencies.