bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Dental Caries with Body Mass Index in Patients Attending Dental OPD of Tertiary Care Hospital, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Memon Mahwish , Qureshi Azizullah Muhammad Nawaz , Memon Aosaf Anwar , Ramzan Sheba , Shaikh Abdul Ghani , Shams Salman
Published: November 2021

Background: Dental caries area public health problem. Its prevalence is about 60%  in the Pakistani population.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to correlate the association between decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score and its body mass index in patients visiting the Dental Department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to May 2021 at the Department of Operative Dentistry Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences. Patients with age 16 to 70 years with presence of atleast 15 to 18 permanent teeth were included in te study. Patients having primary teeth were set in exclusion criteria. For Dental caries status, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index was used. Height and weight were measured using digital scales. BMI was calculated according to the formula weight in kilograms/height in centimeters. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics. One Way ANOVA test was used for association. The statistical significance level was evaluated at p<0.05

Results: We were able to obtain the data of a total of 203 patients of which 57% were female.The mean age was 36.7±13.8. ). The mean DMTF score was 5.7±3.7. In association of BMI with DMTF score, females BMI was statistically significant with DMTF score with p=0.039 and in overall was also significant p =0.002

Conclusion: DMFT score was higher in overweight and obese individuals and it was significant statistically. However, large community based studies are required to confirm the association.
Study of Lesions in Bronchial Brush and Wash Cytology
Authors: Kavya S. , Vishali V. M. Shobini , Sridevi M.
Published: November 2021

Aims: The aim of the study is to compare and evaluate the efficacy of bronchial brush and wash cytology in diagnosing neoplastic and non- neoplastic bronchopulmonary lesions and to relate the cytological findings with the clinical diagnoses.

Study Design: Retrospective descriptive study.

Place and Duration of Study: Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, between January 2019 and December 2019.

Methodology: Cases with both Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and Bronchial brush (BB) samples (35) were included in the study. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain, Papanicolaou stain, and were studied under the light microscope. The clinical points of interest were obtained from the case records at the medical records division, and histopathological findings from the histopathology registers at the Department of Pathology.

Results: A total of 35 cases were studied. Follow up with histopathology after a cytological diagnosis revealed that the sensitivity of diagnosing malignancy from BAL specimen and bronchial brush sample was 58% and 92% respectively.

Conclusion: The study confirms that the efficacy in assessing the risk of malignancy by  respiratory cytology using a bronchial brush specimen is higher than the bronchoalveolar lavage specimen.
Ondansetron for Prevention of Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) in General Surgery Patients
Authors: Naeem Muhammad , Tabassum Rafia , Khaskheli Muhammad Saleh , Awan Aijaz Hussain , Meraj Munazzah , Irfan Rao
Published: November 2021

Aim: To determine the efficacy of single dose ondansetron in preventing PONV in patients.

Methodology: In this cross sectional study 49 patients were given Ondansetron.  Every patient was evaluated for PONV at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours post operatively. This study was conducted at General surgery operation theatres and surgical wards I, II, III and Department of Anesthesia and SICU Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for women Nawabshah, District Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh.

Results: A sample of 49 patients with age between 20-60 years (mean age 43.72±5.67 years), 35% male and 65% female was included in this study. In this study ondansetron was given (N=49) 4 mg I/V before induction. Regarding complications there was not significant (p ≤0.05) POVN was observed.

Conclusion: Our study results showed in patients who received ondansetron regarding frequency of post operative complications (PONV) showed insignificant results as no p-value is found to be ≤0.05.It was concluded that a single dose of ondansetron is very effective in preventing PONV in general surgery patients.
Rice Fortification and Distribution: A Need of the Hour in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Babu B. Kishore , Sai Govardhan , Reddy Madhukar
Published: November 2021

Malnutrition among mothers and children in India is extremely high. Every second woman in the nation is anaemic, and every third child is diminutive, according to the Food Ministry. On the Global Hunger Index (GHI), India ranks 94th out of 107 countries, placing it in the ‘serious hunger' category.  In the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, micronutrient deficits are frequent among mothers and children. According to the NFHS-5 survey, In Andhra Pradesh, 59 % percent of non-pregnant women in the age group of 15-49 years are anaemic.  63.2 percent of children in the age group of 6 to 59 months are anaemic. 53.7 percent of pregnant women under the age of 35 are anaemic. Food fortification is consideration to be one of the most valuable ways to put a stop to malnutrition. Food fortification is a low-cost method that has been shown to provide health, economic, and social benefits. Rice is the most effective vehicle for reaching the poorest people and one of only two staples that can contain a spectrum of minerals and vitamins when properly enriched. Rice fortification activities are most successful when collaborations are developed between the civic and private sectors, as well as other parties who can help with sponsorship, management, capacity building, implementation, and regulatory oversight.
Radiographic Assessment of Impacted Mandibular Third Molar- An Ex-vivo study
Authors: B. Kale Ujwala , D. Munde Anita , Mishra Sunil S. , Anjum Ara J. Farooqui , Nayak Pooja B. , S. Samanta Anwesha
Published: November 2021

Background: Mandibular third molars are the most commonly impacted teeth and frequently associated with various pathologies including infection, traumatic, inflammatory and cystic lesions necessitating their surgical removal. To avoid complications, clinical and radiographic evaluation of impacted teeth is essential to provide information about tooth anatomy, position and condition of the surrounding bone.

Aim: To evaluate impacted mandibular third molars (IMTM) with the help of panoramic radiographs for the type of impaction, available third molar space, level of eruption, and relation to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN).

Materials and Methods: Total 600 patients were selected and were divided into three groups; group I (18-27 years), group II (28-37 years), and group III (>38 years). Digital OPG were traced and evaluated for angulations, third molar space, level of eruption, and relation of third molar roots to IAN canal. The observations were subjected to statistical analysis using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 600 samples, 306 (51%) were males and 294 (49%) were females. Out of 1079 third molar sites, mesioangular impaction (40.22%) was the most common. Class II relation (84.24%) for third molar space and level A of eruption (45.69%) were most frequent. In true relation, interruption of the white line of the IAN canal (20.85%) was the most frequent relation of the IMTM roots to the IAN canal and others (false/no relation) was the most common in all relations.

Conclusion: Panoramic radiography is a relatively safe, reliable, inexpensive, and readily accessible technique for preoperative evaluation of IMTM and their relation to IAN canal.
Measuring Prescription Pattern of Nutraceuticals with Special Focus on Protein Supplements in Tier-1 Indian City
Authors: Kulkarni Meenal , Dongre Prerana , Tadas Riya , Ahire Neha
Published: November 2021

Nutraceuticals are playing vital role in today’s time given the recent changes in lifestyle, dietary patterns, and increased stress due to work related pressure. They can be organized in several ways depending upon its ease of understanding and application, i.e. for academic instruction, clinical trial design, functional food development or dietary recommendations. A study was carried out for a period of two months to assess the awareness and prescription pattern of nutraceuticals with reference to protein supplements and to evaluate factors that will drive the future demand. Responses were obtained from Doctors and chemists from a single metro city in India. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and frequency distribution valid percentage was calculated. Chi-Square test was performed to measure the association between the demographic factors to preferences for protein supplements. p- Value was calculated and α- value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. The results show that the maximum protein supplement was prescribed in the age group of 20-40 years. Doctors usually prescribe protein (44%) for convalescent followed by pre and post-operative cases (40%). Haematinics are the drugs, which are co-prescribed 30% of the times with protein. Responses from Chemists showed that self-prescription was prevalent amongst their buyer and many factors were identified which leads to self-prescription, amongst which buyer’s own previous experience was found to be significant (p-value-0.03). The study has helped to reveal the prescription pattern and practise of the doctors and of the factors leading to self-prescription.
Synthesis of Some Quinoxaline Sulfonamides as a Potential Antibacterial Agent
Authors: Taiwo Festus O. , A. Obafemi Craig , A. Akinpelu A. Akinpelu David
Published: November 2021

Aims: This studies aims at the synthesis of new heterocyclic systems and study its biological and pharmacological properties.

Objective: This study was designed to synthesized some quinoxaline-2,3-dione with sulfonamide moiety, characterize the synthesized compounds, and study the antimicrobial properties of the synthesized compounds on some bacterial strains.

Materials and Methods: Six quinoxaline-6-sulfonohydrazone derivatives were synthesized by reacting quinoxaline-6-sulfonohydrazine with some substituted benzaldehydes and ketones. The compounds were tested for their potential antibacterial properties.

Results: All the test compounds possessed promising antibacterial property against a panel of bacterial strains used for this study. The MIC values exhibited by these compounds ranged between 0.0313 and 0.250 mg/mL. Among the compounds tested, compound 2 showed appreciable antibacterial activity.

Discussion and Conclusion: The study concluded that all the compounds exhibited appreciable bactericidal effects towards all the bacterial strains, particularly, compound 2 This is an indication that such compounds possessing broad spectrum activities will be useful in formulating antimicrobial compounds which could be used to treat infections caused by pathogens that are now developing resistance against the available antibiotics.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4-Aminomethyl-1-(2-Phenylethyl)-Piperidin-4-ol: A Key Intermediate in Fenspiride HCl Synthesis
Authors: Panchabhai Prasad , Kaliaperumal Neelakandan , Mannathusamy Gopalakrishnan , Chinnadurai Anbuselvan
Published: November 2021

The article confers a scalable manufacturing process of Fenspiride HCl. 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol is the main building block in Fenspiride HCl synthesis. The reported reagents for 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol synthesis are costly, explosive, highly toxic, produce hazardous waste, and also need to be handled with most care. The paper introduces aqueous ammonia as an alternate reagent in Fenspiride HCl and used in 4-aminomethyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-piperidin-4-ol synthesis. The new green chemistry aspect makes the process environment-friendly and cheaper. It also eliminates toxic, sensitive, and hazardous reagents and makes the process safe on uncomplicated on bulk scale production.

The high pure Fenspiride HCl is obtained by following this process and meets the ICH limits with good yield.
Bromhexine Use in the Outpatient Department in a Public Hospital in Al-Kharj
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , A. Menshawy Menshawy
Published: November 2021

Aim: This study was conducted to demonstrate the prescribing pattern of bromhexine in a public hospital in Alkharj.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study that included evaluating outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from 1st of January/2018 to 30th of June/2018 in a public hospital Al-kharj. The collected data were the personal data of the patients, the prescribing’ departments, the duration of bromhexine use, and the level of the prescribers.

Results: Most of the patients were in the age group of 20-29 (32.35%) followed by 10-19 (20.59%). About 73.53% of the prescriptions were written by the emergency department, followed by the chest department (20.59%). All of the prescriptions were written by residents. Most of the patients used bromhexine for 5 days (76.47%) followed by 1 week (20.59%).

Conclusion: The present study showed that bromhexine use in the outpatient setting was uncommon. More studies are needed to explore the frequency of prescribing other mucolytic agents.
Synthesis of Some Phenylisoindoline-1,3-Diones and their Acetylcholinesterase and Butyryl Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Taiwo F. O. , Obafemi C. A. , Obuotor E. M. , Olawuni I. J.
Published: November 2021

Aims: To synthesize some phthalimides derivatives and evaluate the compounds for their possible biological properties.

Methods: The substituted phenylisoindoline-1,3-dione were synthesized from the reactions of N-phenyl phthalimide with different substituted aromatic aldehyde. The synthesized compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis. The acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitions were determined by Spectro photochemical analysis of acetylthiocholine and butyryl choline chloride.

Results: Compounds 6 (IC50 = 30±3 µg/mL) and 4 (IC50 = 141±60 µg/mL) were found to be the most active inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase, while compounds 4 (IC50 = 102±10 µg/mL), 5 (IC50 = 105 ± 20 µg/mL) and 2 (IC50 = 190 ± 10 µg/mL), were found to be most active inhibitor against butyryl cholinesterase.

Conclusion: The considerable acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds makes them good candidates for the development of selective acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase inhibitors.
Post Anesthesia Care in Intensive Care Unit: A Review
Authors: Kadry Tamer M. , Khamis Ali Adnan Al , Ahmed Khalil Abdrabalnabi M. , Hammad Ahmed Mohammed Al , Mohammad A. Sakabomi, Duoaa , Alnemari Arwa Sultan D. , Aldoughan Shaima Fouad M. , Alshehri Shouq Ali , Alsufi Sarah Abdulfattah , Nasser Abdulrahman Mohammed A. , Aziz Mohamed Abdulhameed , Alromaihi Ahmed Saad , Ali Alnashri Saud , Ibrahim E. Alhazmi, Essa
Published: November 2021

The notion of inpatient treatment is possibly as ancient as medicine itself. It would have been sensible to place patients in such facilities such that those who were sicker were more visible to receive better care from the personnel. The first Intensive Care Units (ICUs) were established in Europe and around the world in the 1950, today intensive care units (ICUs) are a common sight in hospitals throughout the world. The PACU is designed to make some processes easier in order to provide better postoperative care. Invasive and noninvasive breathing, goal-directed hemodynamic control, invasive monitoring, and pain management are just a few of the options that can be provided. PACU helps reducing postoperative morbidity and consequently the duration of stay of patients.The costs of both establishing and operating a PACU are undeniable. however, by reducing postoperative morbidity and consequently the duration of stay of patients, overall expenses should be reduced. But with that being said many developing countries do not have the same luxury as developed ones when it come to having enough ICUs. That with other problems such as the differences in level of training and number of staff operating such units determine the overall result of health care process. In this article we will be discussingthe importance of PACU and various factors that affect it.
Physiotherapy Rehabilitation in Post Operative Tibia- Fibula Fracture with External Fixators
Authors: Ambalkar Gunjan , Jain Deepak , Phansopkar Pratik
Published: November 2021

Introduction: A tibia - fibula fracture occurs when a fall or trauma to the lower extremities puts more tension on the bones than they can tolerate. Diaphyseal tibial fractures are the most common long bone fracture. Lower extremity Tibia and fibula fractures are examples of fractures. Tibial shaft fractures are most typically associated with a history of severe trauma. The tibia is the most commonly fractured bone in the lower extremity. The bone's shaft is in the middle Fibula fractures are usually, but not always, accompanied by tibial shaft fractures.

Case Presentation: At the previous 15 days, a 49-year-old male patient accounted in a hospital with a road traffic accident.

Discussion: The physiotherapy was given to this patient for muscle energy technique resulting in a high degree of range of motion in the lower extremity, reduce pain, and improves flexibility and strength.

Conclusion: Physiotherapy has a significant effect on pain, strength, and range of motion. The result of this case report specifies that it may be effective for pain relief, improvement in strength, and functional ability.
Interest, Coping Mechanisms, and Learning Achievements of Single Mothers in the Alternative Learning System
Authors: Bermudo Nieva G. , B. Moleño Roleen
Published: November 2021

This study determined the interests, coping mechanisms and learning achievements of single mothers in Alternative Learning System. The study employed descriptive-correlational research design utilizing four-parts research instrument.  There were 115 ALS learners enumerated as respondents of the study.  Descriptive statistics and Pearson R correlation analysis were utilized.  Many of the single mothers dropped out of school when they were in their grade seven to ten level of education because they experience difficulty in terms of their economic status but they were interested to continue and finish their study in the basic education level. They adjust to stressful events they encounter; struggle with their understanding in the prerequisite and fundamental knowledge and/ or skills in their communication skills in Filipino and English, and in Mathematics and Science. Further, number of siblings is the best predictor common to the achievements of single mothers in Communication Skills in Filipino and English, Expanding One’s World Views, and overall learning achievement but not in the area of Mathematics and Science and Sustainable Use of Resources and Productivity to which the last grade attended by the single mothers is the best predictor. More importantly, the single mothers enrolled in ALS were motivated to continue and finish their study despite the difficulties they experienced. They hurdle all the odd circumstances that distract their academic journey purposive of improving their current well-being. It was recommended mainly that intensive interventions should be implemented to address the factors such as pregnancy and parenthood, boredom, academic challenges, lack of parental support, and money that generally causes the youths to drop from attending school.
The Newton Stones and writing in Pictland, part 1
Authors: Kilpatrick Kelly
Published: November 2021

In the grounds of Newton House near Insch in Aberdeenshire are two Pictish monuments. One is an inscribed stone that also has an incised Pictish mirror symbol, and the other is a Pictish symbol stone with a notched double-disc above a serpent and z-rod symbol. The inscribed stone, commonly referred to as the Newton Stone, has an ogham inscription on one edge that continues onto an added stemline, and on the top front is a unique horizontal, six-line alphabetic inscription. This article examines the documentary record for these two monuments, which were moved from their original location in the 18th and 19th centuries respectively. Through analysis of the documentary evidence, and in comparison with the local geology, the area of the original findspot of the Newton Stone and associated symbol stone is identified. The original landscape of these stones is compared with the topographical features of other Pictish monuments, particularly those in Donside. This comparison reveals that the topographical and liminal features in the original vicinity of the Newton Stone and symbol stone correspond with the wider pattern of the siting of Pictish symbol stones and Pictish cemeteries, and the association between a potentially Pictish-age settlement and these monuments may be suggested through examination of local place-names.
Tracing the lines
Authors: Copper Mike , Hamilton Derek , Gibson Alex
Published: November 2021

This article presents the results of the recent Historic Environment Scotland-funded project Tracing the Lines: Uncovering Grooved Ware Trajectories in Neolithic Scotland addressing the timing and nature of the adoption, development and ultimate demise of Grooved Ware in Scotland beyond Orkney. Following analysis within a Bayesian framework of over a hundred Grooved Ware-associated radiocarbon dates from Scotland beyond Orkney, evidence is presented that Grooved Ware pottery very closely related to Orcadian prototypes began spreading rapidly between key locales across Scotland towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. This was followed by a process of stylistic drift with regional variations. The so-called Durrington Walls sub-style was introduced some 200 years after the earliest Grooved Ware and is an exception to this pattern of gradual change. Our modelling suggests that the latest Scottish Grooved Ware has a currency that overlaps with the earliest Beakers by between 1 and 145 years and probably between 1 and 60 years.
survey of Roman, medieval and post-medieval coin finds from Scotland 2011–15
Authors: Savage Carl E , Freeman Emily A , Paul Ella B
Published: November 2021

Coins from 235 locations across Scotland are listed and discussed.
William David Hamilton Sellar, MVO, BA, LLB, LLD, FRHistS, FSAScot
Authors: MacQueen Hector L
Published: November 2021

This paper is a personal memoir of the late David Sellar (1941-2019), written by his first doctoral student who subsequently became a long-standing colleague, collaborator and friend. It reflects in particular on his academic contribution as a very distinguished legal and Highland historian, antiquarian and genealogist. Those who knew his work in one or other of these capacities did not always realise how much he had contributed in his other fields of interest. The paper surveys David’s published output, highlighting the findings of his pioneering researches in Highland clan and Scottish legal history. His combination of history and law found perfect expression in his 2008 appointment as Lord Lyon King of Arms, the ancient office that he held with great distinction until retirement in 2014. A Vice-President of the Society from 1999 to 2002, David was an antiquarian in the fullest sense of the word, taking a serious interest in the physical as well as the documentary evidence of the past. He will take an honoured place in the annals of the Society.
Dormount Hope
Authors: Dixon Piers , Gilbert John
Published: November 2021

Until recently, deer hunting in medieval Scotland has been poorly researched archaeologically. In Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland Gilbert identified medieval parks at Stirling and Kincardine in Perthshire that William the Lion created, but it is only in recent years that excavations by Hall and Malloy have begun to explore their archaeology. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland recorded another type of hunting feature, a deer trap at Hermitage Castle, in 1996 and then re-recorded the earthwork at Dormount Hope in 2000, originally reported as two separate monuments. Although the earthworks of parks and traps display similarities in the construction of their earthwork boundaries, the individual sites have variations in their topography that beg questions about their function. This paper establishes that the earthwork is indeed a single monument which has an open end allowing deer to be driven into the natural canyon of Dormount Hope. It goes on to discuss its dating in both archaeological and documentary terms and then its function as either a park, trap or hay (haga OE). This last possibility is raised by its apparent mention in a Melrose Abbey charter of the neighbouring estate of Raeshaw dating to the last quarter of the 12th century, made by the lords of Hownam, a family of Anglian origin. This Anglian connection leads to its interpretation as a hay – a kind of deer hunting enclosure or trap known in many parts of England prior to the Norman Conquest, for which ‘hay’ place names, such as Hawick, in the Scottish Borders provide support.
Unusual Roman Iron Age burials on the Links of Pierowall, Westray, Orkney
Authors: Graham-Campbell James , Hunter Fraser
Published: November 2021

Antiquarian accounts and surviving finds allow two Iron Age cist-burials found in the late 18th century on the Links of Pierowall on Westray, Orkney, to be reconstructed, although no details of the bodies survive (but both were most probably inhumations); the unusual finds have not previously received full attention. One burial contained a polished stone disc, used as a palette for grinding some valued substance, probably cosmetic, medical or narcotic. A review of the type emphasises its particular prevalence in northern Scotland, and places it within the wider context of an increase in artefacts linked to personal appearance and behaviour in the Roman Iron Age. The other burial contained a well-known Roman glass cup and a hitherto ignored ‘metal spoon’ which can reasonably be identified as a Roman import as well, plausibly of silver. Such spoons are rare import goods, known from rich burials beyond the frontier on continental Europe in the late 2nd and 3rd century AD. This suggests that the Roman world adopted similar approaches to its varied neighbours in terms of the goods offered in (most likely) political or diplomatic connections.
Shifting perspectives on 1st-millennia Scotland
Authors: Toolis Ronan
Published: November 2021

Underlying much research on Iron Age Scotland is a pervasive regionalism. This has led to the underplaying of cultural traits that are evident across the country. The examination of south-west Scotland, a region that does not have a distinctive later prehistoric character and which is often viewed as somewhat peripheral to understanding Iron Age Scotland, however, reveals underlying patterns of settlement and culture that are embedded across Scotland but markedly different to Iron Age societies to the south. Moreover, cultural traits apparent across Scotland but absent south of the border continued into the early medieval period, suggesting significant cultural divergences between 400 BC and AD 650.
Eliza D’Oyly Traill Burroughs (1849–1908)
Authors: Scholma-Mason Nela M A
Published: November 2021

Eliza D’Oyly Traill Burroughs, or Lady Burroughs, is known for her report on the discovery and excavation of Taversoe Tuick, Rousay, Orkney, in 1898. Apart from this report, however, Eliza is a largely elusive figure about whose personality and private life not much is known. This article draws on archival material, recorded local memories and public documents to reconstruct a portrait of the enigmatic author behind the Taversoe Tuick report.
Material evidence? Re-approaching elite women’s seals and charters in late medieval Scotland
Authors: Davis Rachel Meredith
Published: November 2021

Medieval Scottish women’s seals remain largely unexplored compared to the scholarship on seals and sealing practice elsewhere in medieval Britain. This article has two chief aims. First, it seeks to demonstrate the insufficiencies of the 19th- and 20th-century Scottish seal catalogues as a mediated record of material evidence and the use of them as comprehensive and go-to reference texts within current research on late medieval Scotland. This includes a discussion of the ways in which medieval seals survive as original impressions, casts and illustrations and how these different types of evidence can be used in the construction and reconstruction of the seal’s and charter’s context. Second, this paper will explore the materiality and interconnectedness of seals and the charters to which they are attached. A reading of these two objects together emphasises the legal function of the seal and shows its distinctive purpose as a representational object. While the seal was used in con-texts beyond the basic writ charter, it remained a legally functional and (auto)biographical object, and, as such, the relationship between seal and charter informs meaning in representational identities expressed in both. The article will apply this approach to several examples of seals belonging to 14th- and 15th-century Scottish countesses. Evidence reviewed this way provides new insight into Scottish women’s sealing practice and female use of heraldic device. The deficiencies of assuming women’s design to be formulaic or that their seals can be usefully interpreted in isolation from the charters to which they were attached will be highlighted. The interconnectedness of word and image conveyed personal links and elite ambitions, and promoted noble lineage within the legal context of charter production.
Peelhill Farm
Authors: Mörtz Tobias , Knight Matthew G , Cowie Trevor , Flint Jane
Published: November 2021

The hoard of bronze weapons found in 1961 at Peelhill Farm in South Lanarkshire remains one of the most remarkable discoveries of Late Bronze Age metalwork from Scotland, its importance reflected in the detailed account of the find published by John Coles and Jack Scott in 1963. In the present paper, the contents, location and significance of the discovery are reassessed in the light of more recent approaches to research on hoards. In particular, the renewed investigation provided fresh insights into the use and treatment of the artefacts prior to their deposition, while the local topography may have influenced the choice of location to a greater degree than previously assumed. Radiocarbon dates indicate a likely date in the 9th century BC. Taken together, Peelhill Farm and the related find of metalwork from Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh, comprise the northernmost representatives of a group of weapon-dominated hoards mainly recorded in southern Britain. In view of the bias towards martial equipment in their composition, it is argued that the evidence of unrepaired impact marks, and deliberate damage by bending, breaking and burning, all assume greater significance than hitherto recognised. Taken together with what may be assumed to be intentional placement of the artefacts into a boggy setting, the deposition at Peelhill Farm is interpreted as a weapon sacrifice after a warlike event rather than as a ‘scrap hoard’ as once thought.
Reconstructing the childhood diet of individuals buried with the Pictish monastic community at Portmahomack
Authors: Stuart-Lawson Jyoti , Curtis-Summers Shirley
Published: November 2021

This research aims to reconstruct the childhood diets (aged 9–10 years) of the individuals buried during the active years of the Pictish monastic community (hereafter referred to as PMC) from early medieval (7th–11th century) Portmahomack in north-east Scotland, using 13C and 15N isotopes. Dietary reconstructions were achieved by isotope analysis of δ13C and δ15N on the tooth root apex from permanent first molars (M1) of 26 adult male individuals. The results indicate that the indi-viduals in PMC predominantly consumed terrestrial C3 resources during childhood, with a rich terrestrial protein diet and some marine resource consumption. Statistically significant differences were observed between childhood and adulthood diets (the latter derived from previous research), suggesting that when these individuals were children, they consumed more marine protein than in later years as adults. This is true for all individuals, whether or not they spent significant time in Portmahomack during their childhoods. This is the most extensive study of the childhood diet of in-dividuals from the PMC and so makes a significant contribution to augmenting information on diet and lifestyles in Pictish Scotland.
Iron Age construction and Early Medieval reuse of crannogs in Loch Awe, Argyll
Authors: Henderson Jon C , Holley Mark W , Stratigos Michael J
Published: November 2021

Despite its influence on Scottish crannog studies, absolute dating evidence for activity on the crannogs of Loch Awe has been lacking. This paper presents previously unpublished radiocarbon dates from six crannogs in the loch. Of these, five sites have provided dates within the 1st millennium BC, confirming the existence of Iron Age crannogs in the loch – four of which may have been occupied contemporaneously. The dates fit in to the now widely appreciated pattern of occupation in the 1st millennium BC and later reuse in the 1st millennium AD. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, dating of the early medieval phase at Ederline Boathouse crannog was improved, with modelling suggesting occupation could have been limited to just a few decades of the second half of the 6th century AD. No evidence for activity after AD 900 was recovered, though the current number of samples analysed is small and high medieval activity is well attested on a number of islets on the loch through historical references and surviving structural remains. This broad chronological pattern is discussed and ide-as that promise avenues for future research in light of new, high-precision, chronological techniques are highlighted.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Aminooxygenation of Alkenes
Authors: Chemler Sherry R. , Chen Dake , Karyakarte Shuklendu D. , Shikora Jonathan M. , Wdowik Tomasz
Published: November 2021

Alkene aminooxygenation reactions provide vicinal amino alcohol derivatives, moieties that frequently appear in catalysts, drugs, and other valuable molecules. This Chapter reviews transition‐metal‐catalyzed aminooxygenations of alkenes and aims to serve as a guide in the selection of appropriate reagents and procedures for specific substrate classes and desired transformations.

Inter‐ and intramolecular aminooxygenation reactions catalyzed by osmium, palladium, platinum, gold, copper, iron, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, and manganese are presented, as is a discussion of the factors involved in reactivity and selectivity. A brief section on non‐metal catalyzed alkene aminohydroxylation is also included. A complete set of alkene aminooxygenation reactions through mid‐2020 is provided in the Tabular Survey.
The impact of reductants on the catalytic efficiency of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and the special role of dehydroascorbic acid
Authors: Stepnov Anton A. , Christensen Idd A. , Forsberg Zarah , Aachmann Finn L. , Courtade Gaston , Eijsink Vincent G. H.
Published: November 2021

Monocopper lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyse oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in a reductant‐dependent reaction. Recent studies indicate that LPMOs, rather than being O2‐dependent monooxygenases, are H2O2‐dependent peroxygenases. Here, we describe SscLPMO10B, a novel LPMO from the phytopathogenic bacterium Streptomyces scabies and address links between this enzyme’s catalytic rate and in situ hydrogen peroxide production in the presence of ascorbic acid, gallic acid and l‐cysteine. Studies of Avicel degradation showed a clear correlation between the catalytic rate of SscLPMO10B and the rate of H2O2 generation in the reaction mixture. We also assessed the impact of oxidised ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), on LPMO activity, since DHA, which is not considered a reductant, was recently reported to drive LPMO reactions. Kinetic studies, combined with NMR analysis, showed that DHA is unstable and converts into multiple derivatives, some of which are redox active and can fuel the LPMO reaction by reducing the active site copper and promoting H2O2 production. These results show that the apparent monooxygenase activity observed in SscLPMO10B reactions without exogenously added H2O2 reflects a peroxygenase reaction.
The measurement of entrance surface dose using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters for determining average glandular dose in digital breast tomosynthesis: Measurement and simulation study
Authors: Chusin Thunyarat , Yabsantia Sumalee , Matsubara Kosuke
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs), nanoDots, for the determination of an average glandular dose (AGD) with a specific digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system, whereas the X‐ray tube was fixed (2D mode) and moved (3D mode). The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) was measured by placing the nanoDots on the surface of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom with 25, 28, and 34 kV W/Rh techniques. The experimental setup of the ESAK measurement was simulated using a Monte Carlo simulation code to determine the ESAK and the backscatter factor (BSF). The AGD was calculated by dividing the ESAK values over the corresponding BSF factors for each PMMA phantom thickness and multiplying the AGD conversion factors. The AGD determination by the nanoDots variated within ±5% for both 2D and 3D modes, compared to those determined using an ionization chamber. The results were similarly observed for the simulation, except for the 25 kV on the 3D mode. Regarding the International Atomic Energy Agency technical reports series number 457, the nanoDots can be used for the AGD determination with realistic 2D and 3D image acquisitions based on ±10% uncertainty.
Effect of Overlapping Remelting on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser‐Melted Ti‐6Al‐4V Alloy
Authors: Wang Qipeng , Kong Jian , Liu Xiangkui , Song Xinxiang , Dong Kewei , Yang Yang
Published: November 2021

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a common technology of additive manufacturing in which the factors determining the final performance are laser power, scanning speed, powder thickness, energy density, to name a few. Herein, the mechanical properties and microstructures of Ti‐6Al‐4 V alloy prints, prepared by SLM technology under different overlapping remelting areas and energy densities, are systematically investigated. The results indicate that with the overlapping remelting area and energy densities increasing, the maximum pore diameter and the number of relatively large pore decrease, and the thickness of the prior‐β lamellae and the number of the nano‐β phase precipitated increase, which plays a significant role in the mechanical properties. Concretely, the mechanical performances of the as‐built Ti‐6Al‐4 V alloys are enhanced due to the decrease of large pores. Moreover, the β phase precipitated and the thick β lamellae can dramatically improve the strength and plasticity, respectively. When the overlapping ratio and volume energy density reach up to 20% and 44.05 J mm−3, respectively, the comprehensive mechanical properties under the synergistic effect of pores and microstructures stand out.
Study on the Quasistatic Compression Performance of Arch Microstrut Lattice Structure by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Yao Jun , Zhao Lu , Ding Ruochen , Du Baorui , Yuan Yixiang , Li Kailun
Published: November 2021

ARCH lattice structure is composed of arch microstrut units arranged in order, which has excellent energy absorption performance, good designability, and good predictability of failure mode. ARCH lattice structure is expected to be applied to a variety of energy absorption and anti‐impact components or devices. Herein, the quasistatic compression experiment is conducted on the ARCH lattice structure samples. The mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of ARCH lattice structures with different unit sizes and different relative densities are experimentally researched. The results show that, compared with other lattice structures, ARCH lattice structures have superior energy absorption capability. The relative density has a great influence on the mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of ARCH lattice structures. The Gibson−Ashby equation is established to estimate the mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of the lattice structures with different relative densities.
Silicon Channeled Spectropolarimeter for On‐Chip Single‐Detector Stokes Spectroscopy
Authors: Lin Zhongjin , Wang Huijie , Bélanger-de Villers Simon , Li Qifeng , Shi Wei
Published: November 2021

Compact and low‐cost spectropolarimeters are desirable in many fields for probing the wavelength‐dependent polarization state of light. Conventional spectropolarimetry systems use bulky, free‐space optical components or require at least four spectrometers. Herein, a chip‐scale spectropolarimeter capable of reconstructing input Stokes spectrum with a single spectrometer is demonstrated. All the components, including a surface polarization splitter, a channeled spectrum generator, and a Vernier spectrometer, are monolithically integrated on a footprint of 0.3 mm × 1.5 mm. The device is implemented using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible fabrication process and achieves a resolution of 0.1 nm across a wavelength range of 56 nm near 1550 nm. This work provides a path toward on‐chip, low‐cost Stokes spectroscopy.
A Lamellar Yolk–Shell Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Cathode Displaying Ultralong Cycling Life, High Rate Performance, and Temperature Tolerance
Authors: Liu Jinyun , Ding Yingyi , Shen Zihan , Zhang Huigang , Han Tianli , Guan Yong , Tian Yangchao , Braun Paul V.
Published: November 2021

The shuttling behavior and slow conversion kinetics of the intermediate lithium polysulfides are the severe obstacles for the application of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries over a wide temperature range. Here, an engineered lamellar yolk–shell structure of In2O3@void@carbon for the Li‐S battery cathode is developed for the first time to construct a powerful barrier that effectively inhibits the shuttling of polysulfides. On the basis of the unique nanochannel‐containing morphology, the continuous kinetic transformation of sulfur and polysulfides is confined in a stable framework, which is demonstrated by using X‐ray nanotomography. The constructed Li‐S battery exhibits a high cycling capability over 1000 cycles at 1.0 C with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.038% per cycle, good rate performance, and temperature tolerance at −10, 25, and 50 °C. A nondestructive in situ monitoring method of the interfacial reaction resistance in different cycling stages is proposed, which provides a new analysis perspective for the development of emerging electrochemical energy‐storage systems.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrrolidine Derivatives via the Crystallization‐induced Diastereomer Transformation
Authors: Smolobochkin Andrey V. , Gazizov Almir S. , Voronina Julia K. , Burilov Alexander R. , Pudovik Michail A.
Published: November 2021

Herein we report a diastereoselective method for the synthesis of bis(pyrrolidine‐1‐carboxamides) via the acid‐catalyzed reaction of 1‐(4,4‐diethoxybutyl)‐3‐arylureas with resorcinol and its derivatives. The proposed method is operationally simple, does not require metal catalysts or chiral promoters and provides target compounds with high diastereoselectivity.
Stereoselective O‐Glycosylations by Pyrylium Salt Organocatalysis**
Authors: Nielsen Michael Martin , Holmstrøm Thomas , Pedersen Christian Marcus
Published: November 2021

Despite many years of invention, the field of carbohydrate chemistry remains rather inaccessible to non‐specialists, which limits the scientific impact and reach of the discoveries made in the field. Aiming to increase the availability of stereoselective glycosylation chemistry for non‐specialists, we have discovered that several commercially available pyrylium salts catalyze stereoselective O‐glycosylations of a wide range of phenols and alkyl alcohols. This catalytic reaction utilizes trichloroacetimidates, an easily accessible and synthetically proven electrophile, takes place under air and only initiates when all three reagents are mixed, which should provide better reproducibility by non‐specialists. The reaction exhibits varying degrees of stereospecificity, resulting in β‐selective glycosylations from α‐trichloroacetimidates, whilst an α‐selective glycosylation proceeds from β‐trichloroacetimidates. A mechanistic study revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via an SN2‐like substitution on the protonated electrophile.
Public System for Family Counselling Service in South Korea
Authors: Chun Young‐Ju
Published: November 2021

Over the last three decades, family therapy/counselling in South Korea has expanded significantly in both public and private sectors and this paper overviews its development and the status of public infrastructure. Since the establishment of the Korean Association of Family Therapy in 1988, family counselling has developed as a distinct professional area but was mainly carried out in the private sector until the mid‐2000s. In 2005, the Healthy Family Act was legislated, the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family was established, and approximately 250 public family support centers (FSCs) are currently in operation with a key responsibility for family counselling. FSCs provide diverse services such as couple and family counselling, family group counselling, family helpline, and divorce counselling with an estimated 73,392 users in 2018 (KIHF, 2019). Furthermore, 63 FSCs are accredited as institutes for divorce counselling where various forms of service for divorcing families are provided. Although South Korea has one of the most advanced public systems for a family counselling service in Asia, some issues need to be resolved for its sustainable development including counsellor qualifications, appropriate fees, and the balance between public and private services.
Management and Mitigation of Temperature and Humidity Events in the Perioperative Setting
Authors: Curless Melanie S. , Bow Lindsay , Lentz Tom , Trexler Polly , Maragakis Lisa L.
Published: November 2021

Temperature or relative humidity variations that fall outside the recommended parameters for the perioperative environment can have serious implications for patient safety and satisfaction as well as business continuity. Some pathogenic microbes can thrive in prolonged elevated humidity. Supplies and equipment in perioperative environments exposed to variations in temperature and humidity may become sources of infection or undergo alterations in function, putting patients at increased risk of harm. Other negative effects include increased costs, legal liability, and decreased patient satisfaction stemming from delays or rescheduled procedures. This article includes two hypothetical scenarios in which facility personnel respond to a condensation event and a fluid leak to avoid substantial negative effects in perioperative services. Also discussed is the role perioperative staff members play in preventing adverse consequences through rapid identification of temperature and humidity variations and early intervention. Finally, the existing guidelines on perioperative temperature and humidity and multidisciplinary risk assessments and recommendations for education, prevention, and risk mitigation are explored.