bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Nomenklatur der Farn‐ und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands
Authors: Rauschert Stephan
Published: August 2010

Bei der nomenklatorischen Bearbeitung von ROTHMALERS „Exkursionsflora von Deutschland”︁ für die 4. Auflage erwies sich eine größere Zahl von Namensänderungen als notwendig. Einige von diesen werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit kommentiert. Zwei Neukombinationen (Vaccaria hispanica, Agrostis agrostiflora), die in der Exkursionsflora nicht mit vollem Basionymzitat gebracht werden konnten, werden hiermit in gültiger Form veröffentlicht. Die Orthographie der Namen und Epitheta, die nach den Regeln in der originalen Form beizubehalten ist, wurde, soweit die Literatur erreichbar war, überprüft und berichtigt.
Cytological observations and distribution of Striga species in central part of Nigeria With 2 Figures and one Table
Authors: Iwo G. A. , Olaniyan G. O. , Husaini S. W. H.
Published: August 2010

A survey of the central part of Nigeria revealed the existence of five species of Striga of which Striga asiatica, S. spera, S. forbesii and S. hermonthica infest plants in the family Gramineae (Apocea) while S. gesnerioides attacks plants in the family Leguminosae. Two taxa: S. aspera and S. hermonthica are reported cytologically for the first time, while the chromosome numbers of the rest of the taxa agree with the previous reports. Distribution map is provided.
Taxonomische Untersuchungen in der Subtribus Malvinae
Authors: Krebs G.
Published: August 2010

A new taxonomical arrangement of the genera Althaea L., Lavatera L., Malva L. and Malvalthaea ILJIN is given. It is presented a identificational key of the new genera. The genus Althaea with the three species Althaea cannabina L., Althaea officinalis L. and Althaea × taurinensis DC. is presented expansively. The other new genera will follow in new parts.
Biosystematic studies on the genus Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) IV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on restriction site mapping of the chloroplast gene trnK
Authors: Tamura M. N. , Schwarzbach A. E. , Kruse S. , Reski R.
Published: August 2010

Phylogenetic relationships of 14 species and one variety of the genus Polygonatum as well as three species of the genus Disporopsis and Heteropolygonatum roseolum were analyzed based on mapped restriction site variation in a PCR‐amplified chloroplast genome region, trnK. In agreement with earlier taxonomic treatments it was found that Disporopsis and Heteropolygonatum should be distinguished from Polygonatum at generic level, and that P. sect. Polygonatum can be recognized as a monophyletic group. Earlier series concepts in P. sect. Polygonatum based on chromosome number and characteristics of staminal filaments are not supported by the molecular data. The molecular data suggest that satellite chromosome morphology might prove valuable as a diagnostic character in Polygonatum sect. Polygonatum.
Shear‐improved Smagorinsky modeling of turbulent channel flow using generalized Lattice Boltzmann equation
Authors: Jafari Saeed , Rahnama Mohammad
Published: August 2010

Generalized Lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) was used for computation of turbulent channel flow for which large eddy simulation (LES) was employed as a turbulence model. The subgrid‐scale turbulence effects were simulated through a shear‐improved Smagorinsky model (SISM), which is capable of predicting turbulent near wall region accurately without any wall function. Computations were done for a relatively coarse grid with shear Reynolds number of 180 in a parallelized code. Good numerical stability was observed for this computational framework. The results of mean velocity distribution across the channel showed good correspondence with direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. Negligible discrepancies were observed between the present computations and those reported from DNS for the computed turbulent statistics. Three‐dimensional instantaneous vorticity contours showed complex vortical structures that appeared in such flow geometries. It was concluded that such a framework is capable of predicting accurate results for turbulent channel flow without adding significant complications and the computational cost to the standard Smagorinsky model. As this modeling was entirely local in space it was therefore adapted for parallelization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enforcing the non‐negativity constraint and maximum principles for diffusion with decay on general computational grids
Authors: Nagarajan H. , Nakshatrala K. B.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we consider anisotropic diffusion with decay, which takes the form α(x)c(x)−div[𝔻(x)grad[c(x)]]=f(x) with decay coefficient α(x)⩾0, and diffusivity coefficient 𝔻(x) to be a second‐order symmetric and positive‐definite tensor. It is well known that this particular equation is a second‐order elliptic equation, and satisfies a maximum principle under certain regularity assumptions. However, the finite element implementation of the classical Galerkin formulation for both anisotropic and isotropic diffusions with decay does not respect the maximum principle. Put differently, the classical Galerkin formulation violates the discrete maximum principle (DMP) for diffusion with decay even on structured computational meshes.

We first show that the numerical accuracy of the classical Galerkin formulation deteriorates dramatically with an increase in α for isotropic media and violates the DMP. However, in the case of isotropic media, the extent of violation decreases with the mesh refinement. We then show that, in the case of anisotropic media, the classical Galerkin formulation for anisotropic diffusion with decay violates the DMP even at lower values of decay coefficient and does not vanish with mesh refinement. We then present a methodology for enforcing maximum principles under the classical Galerkin formulation for anisotropic diffusion with decay on general computational grids using optimization techniques. Representative numerical results (which take into account anisotropy and heterogeneity) are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed formulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of silver(I) complexes with N‐thiophosphorylated thiobenzamide or thiourea and phosphines
Authors: Babashkina Maria G. , Safin Damir A. , Klein Axel
Published: August 2010

A reaction of the potassium salts of RC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2 (R = PhNH, HLI; Ph, HLII) with a mixture of AgNO3 and Ph2P(CH2)1 − 3PPh2 or Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2 in aqueous EtOH/CH2Cl2 leads to [Ag2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2LINO3] (1), [Ag{Ph2P (CH2)2PPh2}LI,II] (2, 6), [Ag{Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}LI,II] (3, 7), [Ag{Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2}LI,II] (4, 8), and [Ag2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)LII2] (5) complexes. The structures of these compounds were investigated by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. It was established that the binuclear complexes 1 and 5 are luminescent in the solid state at ambient conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:386–391, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20627
Salivary stress biomarker levels during speech in patients with maxillectomy defect
Authors: Ugawa Yukiko , Nishigawa Goro , Maruo Yukinori , Suwaki Michihiro , Minagi Shogo
Published: August 2010

Background

After resection of maxillofacial tumors, severe functional problems related to mastication, deglutition, and speech are observed in addition to the changes in appearance and psychosocial functioning. Although speech outcome is recovered with prosthetic treatments, patients sometimes complain of continued dissatisfaction with their speech. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential dissatisfaction of patients with maxillectomy defects during speech.

Methods

Sixteen patients with maxillary obturator were compared with a matched control group. Functional improvement by the maxillofacial prosthesis was confirmed using a speech intelligibility test, a chewing function score, and visual analogue scale on subjective satisfaction. Cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) were evaluated after prescribed speech tasks.

Results

CgA in patients with maxillectomy defects was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < .05), even after the functional improvement by maxillofacial prosthesis.

Conclusion

It was revealed that patients with maxillectomy defects have significant psychological stresses during speech, even when their maxillofacial prosthesis resulted in successful functional improvement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Open organ preservation surgery of the larynx: Experience of Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan
Authors: Guzzo Marco , Ferraro Letizia , Rezzonico Silvia , Ibba Tullio , Bianchi Roberto , Fontanella Walter , Scaramellini Gabriele
Published: August 2010

Background

The purpose of the present study was to report the oncological and functional results of our experience in open organ preservation surgery of the larynx.

Methods

Between 1978 and 2006, 140 patients were treated with organ preservation surgery of the larynx. Feeding tube and tracheotomy duration, surgical infection, fistulae, and pneumonia were recorded.

Results

Most patients were treated with supraglottic laryngectomies. Thirteen patients (9%) experienced a faringo‐cutaneous fistula, 23 (16%) presented with a surgical site infection, and 6 (4%) developed pneumonia. Tracheotomy was maintained for a median period of 47 days in patients who did not receive postoperative radiotherapy (RT) and 140 days in patients who did. Eight (6%) total laryngectomies were performed because of oncological and functional reasons. Tube feeding continued for an average period of 34 days. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) had 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) of 83.6%.

Conclusion

Open organ preservation surgery proved oncologically effective with good functional outcome and acceptable complications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Randomized Controlled Trial of Pegylated Interferon-Alfa 2a and Ribavirin in Treatment-Naive Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 6
Authors: Lam Khoa D. , Trinh Huy N. , Do Son T. , Nguyen Thuan T. , Garcia Ruel T. , Nguyen Tuan , Phan Quang Q. , Nguyen Huy A. , Nguyen Khanh K. , Nguyen Long H. , Nguyen Mindie H.
Published: August 2010

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype is an important criteria in determining duration of therapy and predictor of sustained virologic response (SVR) to pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) therapy. Optimal duration of therapy for patients with HCV genotype 6 is not known. We conducted a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial of patients with HCV genotype 6 at five gastroenterology clinics in the western U.S. Patients were stratified by viral load and histologic stage and assigned to receive PEG IFN-α2a 180 μg subcutaneously weekly and weight-based oral RBV 800 to 1,200 mg daily for 24 or 48 weeks. Primary outcome measurement was SVR rate by intention-to-treat analysis. From February 2005 to October 2007 a total of 60 patients (age 51 ± 10 years, 47% male, log HCVRNA 6.3 ± 1.1 IU/mL) were enrolled: 27 patients to 24 weeks and 33 patients to 48 weeks of therapy. In the 24-week and 48-week groups, 96% and 97% achieved early virologic response (

P

= 0.90); 89% versus 94% achieved end of therapy virologic response (

P

= 0.48). SVR was achieved in 70% versus 79% of patients assigned to 24 weeks versus 48 weeks (

P

= 0.45). Rapid virologic response (RVR) was a significant predictor of SVR in the 48-week group and trending towards significance in the 24-week group: 82% and 83% of those with RVR achieved SVR versus 33% and 29% for the 24-week and 48-week groups, respectively (

P

= 0.07 and

P

= 0.02).

Conclusion:

There was no significant difference in SVR rates in patients with HCV genotype 6 treated with PEG IFN-α2a and RBV for 24 versus 48 weeks. (Hepatology 2010;52:1573-1580)
Adiponectin Antagonizes the Oncogenic Actions of Leptin in Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis
Authors: Sharma Dipali , Wang Jason , Fu Ping P. , Sharma Shvetank , Nagalingam Arumugam , Mells Jamie , Handy Jeffrey , Page Andrew J. , Cohen Cynthia , Anania Frank A. , Saxena Neeraj K.
Published: August 2010

Obesity is rapidly becoming a pandemic and is associated with increased carcinogenesis. Obese populations have higher circulating levels of leptin in contrast to low concentrations of adiponectin. Hence, it is important to evaluate the dynamic role between adiponectin and leptin in obesity-related carcinogenesis. Recently, we reported the oncogenic role of leptin including its potential to increase tumor invasiveness and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In the present study we investigated whether adiponectin could antagonize the oncogenic actions of leptin in HCC. We employed HCC cell lines HepG2 and Huh7, the nude mice-xenograft model of HCC, and immunohistochemistry data from tissue-microarray to demonstrate the antagonistic role of adiponectin on the oncogenic actions of leptin. Adiponectin treatment inhibited leptin-induced cell proliferation of HCC cells. Using scratch-migration and electric cell-substrate impedance-sensing-based migration assays, we found that adiponectin inhibited leptin-induced migration of HCC cells. Adiponectin treatment effectively blocked leptin-induced invasion of HCC cells in Matrigel invasion assays. Although leptin inhibited apoptosis in HCC cells, we found that adiponectin treatment induced apoptosis even in the presence of leptin. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that adiponectin treatment reduced leptin-induced Stat3 and Akt phosphorylation. Adiponectin also increased suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3), a physiologic negative regulator of leptin signal transduction. Importantly, adiponectin significantly reduced leptin-induced tumor burden in nude mice. In HCC samples, leptin expression significantly correlated with HCC proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67, whereas adiponectin expression correlated significantly with increased disease-free survival and inversely with tumor size and local recurrence.

Conclusion:

Collectively, these data demonstrate that adiponectin has the molecular potential to inhibit the oncogenic actions of leptin by blocking downstream effector molecules. (Hepatology 2010
Cytogenetic abnormalities in reactive lymphoid hyperplasia: byproducts of the germinal centre reaction or indicators of lymphoma?
Authors: Sevilla Deborah W. , Murty Vundavalli V. , Sun Xin‐Lai , Nandula Subhadra V. , Mansukhani Mahesh M. , Alobeid Bachir , Bhagat Govind
Published: August 2010

Non‐random karyotypic abnormalities associated with non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) have been described in cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH). However, the frequency and types of cytogenetic aberrations detected and their clinical relevance are unknown. To address these questions, we undertook a retrospective analysis of a large series of RLH diagnosed at our institute over 8 years. Cytogenetic abnormalities were identified in 20 of 116 (17%) cases with informative karyotypes, comprising 14 (70%) structural and 11 (55%) numerical changes. Clonal (n = 14, 70%) and non‐clonal (n = 6, 30%) abnormalities were observed. Aberrations of chromosome 14 were the most frequent (n = 8, 42%, 7 represented IgH translocations), followed by chromosome 3 (n = 4, 3 represented BCL6 translocations), and chromosome 12 (n = 4). Abnormal karyotypes were most often associated with florid follicular hyperplasia. Isolated lymphoid organ (lymph node, tonsil or spleen) enlargement (12/20, 60%) was more common, no specific etiology was identified in 10/20 (50%) cases and only 1 of 18 patients with clinical follow‐up (range 2–107 months, median 60 months) developed lymphoma. In our experience, cytogenetic abnormalities involving loci associated with B‐cell NHL are not infrequently detected in RLH. Their occurrence portends low risk for lymphomagenesis, however longer follow‐up is prudent to further evaluate the natural history of such cases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drifting runoff periodicity during the 20th century due to changing surface water volume
Authors: Wörman Anders , Lindström Göran , Åkesson Anna , Riml Joakim
Published: August 2010

Fourier and wavelet analyses were used to reveal the dominant trends and coherence of a more than one‐century‐long time series of precipitation and discharge in several watersheds in Sweden, two of which were subjected to hydropower and intensive agriculture. During the 20th century, there was a gradual, significant drift of the dominant discharge periodicity in agricultural watersheds. This study shows that the steepness of the Fourier spectrum of runoff from the May to October period each year increased gradually during the century, which suggests a more predictable intra‐annual runoff pattern (more apart from white‐noise). In the agricultural watershed, the coherence spectrum of precipitation and runoff is generally high with a consistent white‐noise relationship for precipitation during the 20th century, indicating that precipitation is not controlling the drift of the discharge spectrum. In the hydropower regulated watershed, there was a sudden decrease of the discharge spectrum slope when regulation commenced in the 1920s. This study develops a new theory in which the runoff spectrum is related to the hydraulic and hydro‐morphological characteristics of the watershed. Using this theory, we explain the changes in runoff spectra in the two watersheds by the anthropogenic change in surface water volume and, hence, changes in kinematic wave celerity and water transit times. The reduced water volume in the agricultural watershed would also contribute to decreasing evaporation, which could explain a slightly increasing mean discharge during the 20th century despite the fact that precipitation was statistically constant in the area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1, 2 di‐substituted idopyranose from Vitex negundo l. Protects against streptozotocin‐induced diabetes by inhibiting nuclear factor‐kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression
Authors: Manikandan Ramar , Thiagarajan Raman , Beulaja Sivagnanam , Sivakumar Mullaivanam Ramasamy , Meiyalagan Velayutham , Sundaram Ramalingam , Arumugam Munusamy
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of an action of compound isolated from Vitex negundo in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice. Light microscopic examination of liver, kidney and pancreatic sections of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice showed changes like coarsening of acinar cells of endoplasmic reticulum, destruction of β‐cells, and alteration in their secretory function were observed in the pancreas. Changes like dilation of vein, unusual concentric arrangement of hepatocytes, and liver fibrosis were observed in the liver. Thickening of tubules and expansion of glomerulus were observed in kidneys. All these altered parameters were reversed close to normal condition upon treatment using idopyranose. The results show the antidiabetic potential of idopyranose. Interestingly, liver, kidney, and pancreatic sections of diabetic mice fed with the isolated 1, 2 di‐substituted idopyranose showed regeneration of hepatocytes, nephrocytes, as well as β‐cells and acinar region appeared normal with increased numbers of β‐cells. To understand the probable mechanism of action of 1, 2 di‐substituted idopyranose, we analyzed proinflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) expression by immunohistochemistry and the results showed an increased iNOS and NF‐κB levels in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic liver, kidney and pancreas. Such high iNOS and NF‐κB levels were inhibited in 1, 2 di‐substituted idopyranose treated mice. The results suggest that 1, 2 di‐substituted idopyranose helps in the protection of hepatocytes, nephrocytes and pancreatic β‐cells probably by its action against NF‐κB and iNOS mediated inflammation in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Authentication of Chinese Materia Medica decoction dregs, Part 1: Comparison of morphological and microscopic features of four Chinese Materia Medica before and after decoction
Authors: Wong Lailai , Liang Zhitao , Chen Hubiao , Zhao Zhongzhen
Published: August 2010

Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) decoction dregs are the residues of medicinal materials after decoction. Accurate identification of CMM in decoction dregs will be helpful for exploring the causes of poisoning or other medical incidents arising after the ingestion of CMM decoctions. To determine how decoction affects the characteristics used to authenticate specific CMM, a systematic study was carried out. In this study, two pairs of Materia Medica that are commonly confused—namely, Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) and Cangzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma), Baishao (Paeoniae Alba Radix) and Chishao (Paeoniae Rubra Radix)—were chosen for investigation. Each pair of Materia Medica has similar morphology in appearance, but they have different functions in Chinese clinic. After decoction, with regard to gross morphological characters, the results showed that bark and wood could be easily distinguished. The striation of vessels and fibers became more prominent because of the contraction of parenchymatous cells, but the lignified cells did not. As for the microscopic characteristics, the cells with thickened walls, such as stone cells and fibers, were basically stable. Most of the parenchymatous cells were broken. Crystals of calcium oxalate showed no changes as they were insoluble in water. Starch granules were gelatinized and aggregated in parenchymatous cells. Inulins were substantially reduced in number as they dissolved in water during decoction. According to these changes in morphological and microscopic characteristics after decoction, the dregs of two pairs of Materia Medica could be distinguished. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural localization of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in mouse brain
Authors: Velásquez Z.D. , Pérez M. , Morán M.A. , Yanez A.J. , Ávila J. , Slebe J.C. , Gómez‐Ramos P.
Published: August 2010

Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase has been studied in adult mouse brain of different ages using an antibody directed against the liver isoform. The presence of liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus was assayed using Western blot and different immunocytochemical techniques. Immunocytochemistry with peroxidase reaction product was used to locate fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in both neurons and astrocytes in the same areas, as well as in the rest of the brain, at light and electron microscope levels. Double immunofluorescence with neuronal or astrocytic markers confirmed the neuronal and astrocytic location of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in confocal microscope images. At the subcellular level, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was located in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of both neurons and astrocytes, at all ages studied. Ultrastructurally, immunostaining appeared as small patches in the nucleus and the cytosol. In addition, immunostaining was present over the outer mitochondrial membrane, the plasma membrane, and the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope, but not over Golgi membranes. In the neuropil fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase was located in dendritic spines, as well as in abundant astrocytic processes that, in some cases, surrounded immunopositive synapses. The possible role of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase in neurons and astrocytes is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiosynthesis of 7‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethyl‐5‐[11C]methyl‐4‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐pyridazino[4,5‐b]indole‐1‐acetamide, [11C]SSR180575, a novel radioligand for imaging the TSPO (peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) with PET
Authors: Thominiaux Cyrille , Damont Annelaure , Kuhnast Bertrand , Demphel Stéphane , Le Helleix Stéphane , Boisnard Sabine , Rivron Luc , Chauveau Fabien , Boutin Hervé , Van Camp Nadia , Boisgard Raphaël , Roy Sébastien , Allen John , Rooney Thomas , Benavides Jesus , Hantraye Philippe , Tavitian Bertrand , Dollé Frédéric
Published: August 2010

SSR180575 (7‐chloro‐N,N,5‐trimethyl‐4‐oxo‐3‐phenyl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐pyridazino[4,5‐b]indole‐1‐acetamide) is the lead compound of an original pyridazinoindole series of potent and highly selective TSPO (peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) ligands. Isotopic labeling of SSR180575 with the short‐lived positron‐emitter carbon‐11 (T1/2: 20.38 min) at its 5‐methylpyridazino[4,5‐b]indole moiety as well as at itsN,N‐dimethylacetamide function by methylation of the correspondingnor‐analogues was investigated. Best results in terms of radiochemical yields and purities were obtained for the preparation of [indole‐N‐methyl‐11C]SSR180575, where routine production batches of 4.5–5.0 GBq of radiochemically pure (>99%)i.v.injectable solutions (specific radioactivities: 50–90 GBq/µmol) could be prepared within a total synthesis time of 25 min (HPLC purification included) starting from a 55 GBq [11C]CO2cyclotron production batch (non‐decay‐corrected overall radiochemical yields: 8–9%). The process comprises (1) trapping at −10°C of [11C]methyl triflate in DMF (300 µl) containing 0.2–0.3 mg of the indole precursor for labeling and 4 mg of K2CO3(excess); (2) heating at 120°C for 3 min; (3) dilution of the residue with 0.5 ml of the HPLC mobile phase and (4) purification using semi‐preparative reversed‐phase HPLC (Zorbax®SB‐C‐18).In vivopharmacological properties of [indole‐N‐methyl‐11C]SSR180575 as a candidate for imaging neuroinflammation with positron emission tomography are currently evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled trantinterol
Authors: Wen Hongliang , Pan Li , Zhang Yingdan , Ma Jiacheng , Qin Liqiong , Cheng Maosheng
Published: August 2010

Trantinterol, a selective β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, is currently in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. The synthesis of deuterium‐labelled trantinterol is described. The labelled trantinterol is used as an internal standard for the analysis and metabolic studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses of the tricyclic cores of clozapine, dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin‐11(10H)‐one, and dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11(10H)‐one in C‐14 labeled form by [14C]carbonylation
Authors: Elmore Charles S. , Dorff Peter N. , Richard Heys J.
Published: August 2010

Clozapine has been demonstrated to bind covalently to proteins as a result of metabolic activation that has been proposed to be a precursor to the serious side effects including death that occur in a small percentage of the population. The covalent modification of proteins by clozapine has been studied by several groups and is well documented; therefore, the department of drug metabolism desired to use [14C]clozapine as a positive control for covalent binding assays. The preparation of [14C]clozapine was first conducted using a previous reported route and then using a new route that utilized [14C]carbonylation as the isotope incorporating step. While this route worked, it was not deemed superior to the previous route. However, this methodology proved quite effective in preparing C‐14 labeled dibenzothiazepine and dibenzoxapine ring systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a tritium‐labeled photo‐affinity probe based on an atypical leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor
Authors: Kumar Nag S. , Braun Matthew P. , Chaudhary Ashok G. , Young Robert N.
Published: August 2010

A radiolabeled photo‐affinity probe containing a diazirine group was designed and synthesized based on an atypical leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis inhibitor to determine whether this type of inhibitor (such as 5) interacts with a novel protein, critical for LT biosynthesis. One of the key transformations was to introduce a tritium label in the thiazole ring. This was eventually achieved by treating the iodinated compound with tritium, Pt/C (sulfided) and triethylamine in anhydrous aprotic solvent, to give the tritiated compound with a specific activity of 303 GBq/mmol. The affinity probe will be used to identify the proteins and protein complexes with which this type of molecules interacts with in inflammatory cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Verlauf der Nährstoffaufnahme aus durchfließender verdünnter Nährlösung durch Mais und Hanf
Authors: Ungerer E.
Published: August 2010

In einer früheren Veröffentlichung (1) wurde mittels des Schlösingschen Sand‐Wasserkulturverfahrens der Verlauf der Nährstoffaufnahme aus sehr verdünnten, ständig sich erneuernden, sowie aus konzentrierten stehenden Lösungen bei gleichem äquivalenten Nährstoffverhältnis verfolgt und gezeigt, daß Nährsalzkonzentrationen, wie sie in “Bodenlösungen” vorkommen (etwa 0,1%), nicht ausreichen, um die Pflanzen zu einer höchstmöglichen Bildung organischer Masse zu befähigen (2). Aus der konzentrierteren Lösung war die Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit von Kalium und Nitratstickstoff (bezogen auf PO4) ungefähr doppelt so groß wie aus der sehr verdünnten, der prozentische Anteil an K2O und N in der Pflanze ein höherer; infolgedessen konnte auch mehr organische Masse gebildet werden. Die höhere organische Leistung der Pflanze in konzentrierterer Nährlösung wurde deren höheren osmotischen Wert zugeschrieben. “Bodenlösungen” haben nach J. Russel (3) einen sehr geringen osmotischen Druck von etwa 0,2 Atmosphären. In diesem Zusammenhang sei an Versuche Prjanischnikows und seiner Schüler erinnert, wobei durch Erhöhung des osmotischen Druckes der Nährlösung durch Zusatz von Neutralsalzen, wie Chlornatrium, sowohl eine Zunahme der Aschenbestandteile als auch eine Vermehrung der organischen Masse (Versuch Tulaikow) herbeigeführt wurde (4).
Soil property changes following conversion of acacia woodland into grazing and farmlands in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia
Authors: Yimer F. , Abdelkadir A.
Published: August 2010

Continued conversion of woodlands into grazing and farmland is seriously undermining the natural ecosystem of the dry and fragile Rift Valley areas of Ethiopia. This study investigated the effects of land‐use change on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (N), pH, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (per cent) in three adjacent land‐use types: controlled grazing, open‐grazing and farmland. A total of 81 soil samples were collected and analysed. Contents of SOC and total N decreased drastically in open‐grazing and farmland (p < 0·001), and were significantly higher in the top 0·2 m than in the subsurface soil layer. Compared with the controlled grazing, reductions in the contents of SOC and total N in the top 1 m soil layer were 22–30 and 19 per cent, respectively, due possibly to the decrease in plant biomass input into the soil and the fast decomposition of organic materials. Long‐term cultivation had significantly increased the concentration of exchangeable K. Exchangeable Na was high in the lower layers, while Mg was higher in the top surface soil. CEC also varied with soil depth (p = 0·016); it was higher in the topsoil than in the subsurface soil, which may be, among others, due to the differences in soil organic matter distribution with depth. Although these semi‐arid soils are known to have low organic carbon and CEC levels, the values from the current study area are critically low, and may indicate the further impoverishment of the soils under high agricultural and grazing pressures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivessel coronary artery disease predicts mortality, length of stay, and pressor requirements after liver transplantation
Authors: Yong Celina M. , Sharma Madan , Ochoa Victor , Abnousi Freddy , Roberts John , Bass Nathan M. , Niemann Claus U. , Shiboski Stephen , Prasad Megha , Tavakol Mehdi , Ports Thomas A. , Gregoratos Gabriel , Yeghiazarians Yerem , Boyle Andrew J.
Published: August 2010

The optimal preoperative cardiac evaluation strategy for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) undergoing liver transplantation remains unknown. Patients are frequently referred for cardiac catheterization, but the effects of coronary artery disease (CAD) on posttransplant mortality are also unknown. We sought to determine the contribution of CAD and multivessel CAD in particular to posttransplant mortality. We performed a retrospective study of ESLD patients undergoing cardiac catheterization before liver transplant surgery between August 1, 2004 and August 1, 2007 to determine the effects of CAD on outcomes after transplantation. Among 83 patients who underwent left heart catheterization, 47 underwent liver transplantation during the follow-up period. Twenty-one of all ESLD patients who underwent liver transplantation (45%) had CAD. Fifteen of the transplant patients with CAD (71%) had multivessel disease. Among transplant patients, the presence of multivessel CAD (versus no CAD) was predictive of mortality (27% versus 4%, P = 0.046), increased length of stay (22 versus 15 days, P = 0.050), and postoperative pressor requirements (27% versus 4%, P = 0.029). Interestingly, neither the presence of any CAD nor the severity of stenosis in any single coronary artery predicted mortality. Furthermore, none of the traditional clinical predictors (age, gender, diabetes, creatinine, ejection fraction, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score) were predictive of mortality among transplant recipients. In conclusion, multivessel CAD is associated with higher mortality after liver transplantation when it is documented angiographically before transplantation, even in the absence of severe coronary artery stenosis. This study provides preliminary evidence showing that there may be significant prognostic value in coronary angiography as a part of the pretransplant workup. Liver Transpl 16:1242-1248, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Tailored Albumin‐based Copolymers for Receptor‐Mediated Delivery of Perylenediimide Guest Molecules
Authors: Eisele Klaus , Gropeanu Radu , Musante Ashlan , Glasser Gunnar , Li Chen , Muellen Klaus , Weil Tanja
Published: August 2010

The synthesis of a novel and multifunctional copolymer based on a human serum albumin backbone bearing several folic acid as well as PEO groups was presented. In solution, this side‐chain copolymer adopts a globular architecture and about five molecules of the water‐insoluble chromophore PDI were successfully incorporated into these micelles for receptor‐mediated cell uptake investigations. A significant uptake of these bioconjugates via receptor‐mediated endocytosis was detected for cells expressing folic acid receptors in the cell membrane. These novel albumin‐based copolymers could serve as efficient and biocompatible carrier systems facilitating the directed delivery of lipophilic drug molecules into cancer cells and they allow investigating vesicle formation and trafficking even at the single molecule level.

magnified image
DYT6 dystonia: Mutation screening, phenotype, and response to deep brain stimulation
Authors: Groen Justus L. , Ritz Katja , Contarino Maria Fiorella , van de Warrenburg Bart P. , Aramideh Majid , Foncke Elisabeth M. , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Schuurman P. Richard , Speelman Johannes D. , Koelman Johannes H. , de Bie Rob M.A. , Baas Frank , Tijssen Marina A.
Published: August 2010

Mutations in THAP1, a gene encoding a nuclear pro‐apoptotic protein, have been associated with DYT6 dystonia. First reports on the phenotype of DYT6 dystonia show an early onset dystonia with predominant cranio‐cervical and laryngeal involvement. Here we assessed the frequency and phenotype of THAP1 mutation carriers in a large Dutch cohort of adult‐onset (≥26 years) dystonia (n = 388) and early‐onset dystonia (n = 67) patients. We describe the phenotype of DYT6 dystonia patients and their response on GPi DBS. Overall, 3 nonsynonymous heterozygous mutations were detected in the early‐onset group (4.5%). Two DYT6 families were identified, showing a heterozygous phenotype. All patients had segmental or generalized dystonia, often associated with profound oromandibular and laryngeal involvement. No nonsynonymous mutations were found in patients with adult‐onset focal dystonia. Rare synonymous variants were identified in conserved regions of THAP1, two in the adult‐onset cervical dystonia group and one in the control group. Four DYT6 dystonia patients were treated with GPi DBS with moderate to good response on motor function but marginal benefit on speech. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
A hybrid approach to operating system discovery based on diagnosis
Authors: Gagnon F. , Esfandiari B.
Published: August 2010

The objective of operating system (OS) discovery is to find which OSs are running on computers in a given network. There are two existing strategies for OS discovery—active and passive—each having fundamental limitations. This paper discusses how the theory of diagnosis can be used to address, in a simple and elegant way, the problems associated with OS discovery. The problems are formalized in a logical framework and solutions are obtained through automated reasoning. The result of using such a knowledge‐oriented approach is a natural unification of the active and passive methods of OS discovery in a hybrid approach. This paper also illustrates the benefits of the hybrid approach by comparing its accuracy with other existing OS discovery tools through a large‐scale experiment.
A monolithic strategy for fluid–structure interaction problems
Authors: Jog C. S. , Pal R. K.
Published: August 2010

In this work, we present a new monolithic strategy for solving fluid–structure interaction problems involving incompressible fluids, within the context of the finite element method. This strategy, similar to the continuum dynamics, conserves certain properties, and thus provides a rational basis for the design of the time‐stepping strategy; detailed proofs of the conservation of these properties are provided. The proposed algorithm works with displacement and velocity variables for the structure and fluid, respectively, and introduces no new variables to enforce velocity or traction continuity. Any existing structural dynamics algorithm can be used without change in the proposed method. Use of the exact tangent stiffness matrix ensures that the algorithm converges quadratically within each time step. An analytical solution is presented for one of the benchmark problems used in the literature, namely, the piston problem. A number of benchmark problems including problems involving free surfaces such as sloshing and the breaking dam problem are used to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral stochastic two‐scale convergence method for parabolic PDEs
Authors: Jardak M. , Navon I. M.
Published: August 2010

Following the theory of two‐scale convergence method introduced by Nguetseng (SIAM J. Math. Anal.1989;20:608–623) and further developed by Allaire (SIAM J. Math. Anal.1992;23:1482–1518), we introduce the chaos two‐scale method as a spectral stochastic tool to tackle parabolic partial differential equations where the material properties are stochastic processes σε(t, x, ω) of the form σ(t, x, t/εγ,x/ε, ω), oscillating in both space and time variables with different speeds. Periodicity with respect to the fast or local variables is assumed, and, stationary Gaussian material properties processes are considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite difference analysis of a double‐porosity consolidation model
Authors: Boal N. , Gaspar F. J. , Lisbona F. J. , Vabishchevich P. N.
Published: August 2010

This work deals with the numerical solution of a two‐dimensional double‐porosity consolidation problem using a finite difference scheme. Stabilized discretizations using staggered grids in both space and time are proposed. A priori estimates for displacements and pressures in discrete energy norms are obtained, and the corresponding convergence results are given. Numerical examples illustrate the convergence properties of the proposed numerical scheme. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 138–154, 2012
The Crank‐Nicolson/Adams‐Bashforth scheme for the time‐dependent Navier‐Stokes equations with nonsmooth initial data
Authors: He Yinnian
Published: August 2010

In this article, we study the stability and convergence of the Crank‐Nicolson/Adams‐Bashforth scheme for the two‐dimensional nonstationary Navier‐Stokes equations with a nonsmooth initial data. A finite element method is applied for the spatial approximation of the velocity and pressure. The time discretization is based on the implicit Crank‐Nicolson scheme for the linear terms and the explicit Adams‐Bashforth scheme for the nonlinear term. Moreover, we prove that the scheme is almost unconditionally stable for a nonsmooth initial data u0 with div u0 = 0, i.e., the time step τ satisfies: τ ≤ C0 if u0 ∈ H1 ∩ L∞; τ |log h| ≤ C0 if u0 ∈ H1 for the mesh size h and some positive constant C0. Finally, we obtain some error estimates for the discrete velocity and pressure under the above stability condition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 28: 155‐187, 2012
Numerical analysis of the error in the sound power predicted through the Lighthill acoustic analogy
Authors: Lozovskiy Alexander V.
Published: August 2010

This article gives rigorous numerical analysis of the error in prediction of aeroacoustic noise via Lighthill analogy. The first fundamental and intractable problem considered herein is to predict the sound power generated by aerodynamic noise on surfaces. We give a full analysis of three methods of prediction. The second fundamental difficulty in the numerical analysis of aeroacoustics is the limited regularity of the underlying turbulent flow. This is treated herein by giving a negative norm error analysis which reduces the required regularity. We also give a comprehensive analysis of a fully discrete scheme including effects of the error coming into acoustic equation from the turbulent flow simulation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 204–234,2012
Solitary wave solutions of the MRLW equation using radial basis functions
Authors: Dereli Yilmaz
Published: August 2010

In this study, traveling wave solutions of the modified regularized long wave (MRLW) equation are simulated by using the meshless method based on collocation with well‐known radial basis functions. The method is tested for three test problems which are single solitary wave motion, interaction of two solitary waves and interaction of three solitary waves. Invariant values for all test problems are calculated, also L2, L∞ norms and values of the absolute error for single solitary wave motion are calculated. Numerical results by using the meshless method with different radial basis functions are presented. Figures of wave motions for all test problems are shown. Altogether, meshless methods with radial basis functions solve the MRLW equation very satisfactorily.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 235–247, 2012
A new stabilized finite element method for optimal control for a Ladyzhenskaya model for unsteady flows
Authors: Gao Zhiming , Kong Fande , Ma Yichen
Published: August 2010

This article considers the time‐dependent optimal control problem of tracking the velocity for the viscous incompressible flows which is governed by a Ladyzhenskaya equations with distributed control. The existence of the optimal solution is shown and the first‐order optimality condition is established. The semidiscrete‐in‐time approximation of the optimal control problem is also given. The spatial discretization of the optimal control problem is accomplished by using a new stabilized finite element method which does not need a stabilization parameter or calculation of high order derivatives. Finally a gradient algorithm for the fully discrete optimal control problem is effectively proposed and implemented with some numerical examples. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 263–287, 2012
Fully discrete interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin methods for nonlinear parabolic equations
Authors: Song Lunji
Published: August 2010

In this article, we investigate interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (IPDG) methods for solving a class of two‐dimensional nonlinear parabolic equations. For semi‐discrete IPDG schemes on a quasi‐uniform family of meshes, we obtain a priori bounds on solutions measured in the L2 norm and in the broken Sobolev norm. The fully discrete IPDG schemes considered are based on the approximation by forward Euler difference in time and broken Sobolev space. Under a restriction related to the mesh size and time step, an hp ‐version of an a priori l∞(L2) and l2(H1) error estimate is derived and numerical experiments are presented.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 288–311, 2012
Osteoarthritis and activity—an analysis of the relationship between eburnation, Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM) and age in two Neolithic hunter–gatherer populations from Gotland, Sweden
Authors: Molnar Petra , Ahlstrom Torbjorn P. , Leden Ido
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA) as an indicator of physical activity was explored in two Middle Neolithic samples from Gotland (c. 3400–2300 BC) in the Baltic Sea: Ajvide (n = 46) and Västerbjers (n = 32). The difficulty in diagnosing OA is recognised and only eburnation was used as a definite criterion for OA. The relationship between eburnation lesions and Musculoskeletal Stress Markers (MSM) was investigated particularly in relation to age, but also with reference to patterns of sex, body side and site. Results show that increasing prevalence of eburnation as well as increased MSM scores was highly correlated with age. In the combined sample, females exhibited higher frequencies of eburnation, while total MSM mean scores were higher in males. Significantly higher MSM mean scores were also found in those individuals with eburnation lesions. Västerbjers exhibited higher frequencies of eburnation as well as higher mean MSM scores, which in part may be explained by the difference in age distribution at the two sites. However, the differences in both eburnation and MSM patterns between the sexes, and between age groups as well as between the two sites indicate that other factors also have to be considered. These may include genetic predisposition and possibly activity, although, a direct link (other than age) between eburnation and MSM was difficult to discern. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A µ‐dependent approach toH∞control of uncertain switched linear systems with average dwell time
Authors: Zhang Lixian , Boukas El‐Kebir , Shi Peng , Chen Zhaobo
Published: August 2010

This paper concernsH∞control problem for a class of discrete‐time uncertain switched linear systems with average dwell time. The stability result for general discrete‐time switched systems is first explored, and a µ‐dependent approach is then introduced for the considered systems to theH∞controller solution. A mode‐dependent state‐feedback controller is designed such that the resulting closed‐loop system is robust exponentially stable and has a prescribed exponentialH∞performance index. The µ‐dependent existence conditions of desired controller and admissible switching signals are derived and formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). A numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.