bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia
Authors: Palumbi Giulio
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Chalcolithic of eastern Anatolia. After the end of the sixth millennium BCE and throughout the whole of the fifth, the cultural developments in the region are decidedly more difficult to establish because of a very serious dearth of information. The only site that might possibly document an occupation which could better clarify this phase is Tilkitepe. It appears likely that Tilkitepe Level II is a mixture of materials from lower and upper levels. Level I—the most recent—offers interesting material for the study of what might have been the cultural developments in this part of Anatolia in the fifth millennium BCE.
The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age, wherein it was the homeland of a wide range of states and population groups. The most important and most powerful of these was a group of kingdoms that are attested in Hittite texts as the Arzawa Lands. Most scholars associate the development of these kingdoms with Luwian-speaking populations who had occupied large parts of Anatolia from (at least) the early second millennium BCE. The most enduring link between Anatolia's Late Bronze Age civilizations and their first-millennium-BCE successors is provided by the Lukka people, one of the Luwian-speaking population groups of southwestern Anatolia. They were almost certainly among the most important agents for the continuity and spread of Luwian culture in southern Anatolia throughout the first millennium BCE.
Hittite Anatolia: A Political History
Authors: Beal Richard H.
Published: February 2013

This article narrates the political history of the second millennium, focusing on the Hittite state and its capital at Hattuša. The Hittites struggled with issues of dynastic succession, court intrigue, and constant pressure on their borders. The theme of the Hittites' innovative strategies to deal with such issues is developed, including utilizing international treaties, and some of the most unique texts of Anatolian antiquity are discussed, such as Hattušili III's sophisticated justification for deposing his nephew.
Anatolia: The First Millennium B.C.E. in Historical Context
Authors: Sams G. Kenneth
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the first millennium BCE, drawing on a wide range of sources to put into perspective the sweeping changes of the Iron Age, with invasions by peoples of the steppe, creation and destruction of a native Anatolian empire, the arrival and settling of the Greeks on the Aegean coast, and the first large-scale and long-lived invasion and subjugation of Anatolia by outsiders, the Persians.
A Brief Overview of the Halaf Tradition
Authors: Gessner Gabriela Castro
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of the Neolithic–Chalcolithic Halaf tradition in southeastern Anatolia. It reviews the evolution of scholarship on the nature of Halaf social organization, and lays out the difficulties in accurately defining the Halaf “cultural region” and its associated chronology.
Millennia in the Middle? Reconsidering the Chalcolithic of Asia Minor
Authors: Düring Bleda S.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on how people lived in Asia Minor between about 5500 and 3000 BCE. It argues that the idea of a period dominated by small-scale, largely autarchic farming societies does not stand up to scrutiny. Although farming was of significant importance at many Chalcolithic societies in Asia Minor, the idea that wild food resources were no longer important is clearly mistaken. The Chalcolithic people were expanding their economies in multiple and often ingenious ways, and were increasingly partners in large exchange networks. Apart from farming, the exploitation of marine resources such as mollusks and fish has been documented. The rise of seafaring can be recognized through the distribution of Melos obsidian and the emergence of a cultural horizon in the northern Aegean that included western Asia Minor and the Aegean islands.
Metals and Metallurgy
Authors: Muhly James D.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the impact of metals and metallurgy on Anatolian societies, from the first emergence of metal experimentation in the Neolithic to the full-blown metallurgical societies of the Bronze Age. Evidence suggests that Late Chalcolithic metalworkers thought of tin as a metal to be used for coating the surface of a copper artifact, presumably to imitate the appearance of silver, before they thought of adding tin to molten copper to produce bronze. During the transition from Late Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, ca. 3000 BCE, the main focus of metallurgical development in Anatolia shifted from the eastern part of the country to central and western Anatolia.
The Hittite State and Empire from Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Glatz Claudia
Published: February 2013

This article shows how the material culture can sometimes be an even clearer lens through which scholars may view the Hittite imperial organization and modes of engagement. The evidence for the selective adoption of north-central Anatolian ceramic traditions in neighboring regions, changes and continuity in local settlement systems, the direction and intensity of Hittite administrative efforts, and the dialogue of territorial hegemony carried out via landscape monuments suggest that empire, rather than a monolithic entity, is best conceptualized as a complex web of interactions. Imperial–local relationships were less clear cut and in favor of all-encompassing central control than one might infer from the Hittite documents. Instead, we gain the impression of an ongoing process or negotiation of empire that is carried out on a range of different cultural, political, and social levels, and which is neither complete nor uncontested in its closest periphery and throughout its existence.
Titriş Höyük: The Nature and Context of Third Millennium B.C.E. Urbanism in the Upper Euphrates Basin
Authors: Algaze Guillermo , Matney Timothy
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Titriş Höyük. At the time of its foundation as an urban center in the Middle Early Bronze Age, Titriş Höyük possessed the combined advantages of locally available timber, multiple perennial water sources and associated year-round cultivable floodplains suited to garden crops, and broad, rain-fed arable tracts suited to grain cultivation. Additionally, the site was surrounded by gentle limestone hills well suited to viticulture and livestock grazing. However, this benign framework provided a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of the site. The sufficient condition was the city's location along the road to the Samsat ford, which made it a natural arbiter of a portion of long-distance east–west trade across the northern fringes of “Greater Mesopotamia” in the third millennium—a fact attested by the number and variety of imports found in excavated mortuary and domestic contexts across the city.
Ayanis: An Iron age Site in the East
Authors: Çilingiroğlu Altan
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Ayanis. The Ayanis fortress lies thirty-five kilometers north of the modern town of Van and near the village of Agartı, on the eastern shore of Lake Van. It was originally built on a rocky hill 150 × 400 m in size; the lower town lies below, covering an area of at least eighty hectares. The fortress offers two occupational levels, the earlier dating to the Iron Age II Period and the later to the Medieval, ca. tenth to eleventh centuries CE.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Tic Disorders and Trichotillomania
Authors: Ricketts Emily J. , Woods Douglas W. , Antinoro Diana , Franklin Martin E.
Published: February 2013

This chapter highlights the diagnostic features and clinical characteristics of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome, trichotillomania, and nailbiting, and their diagnostic distinction from OCD and other conditions. Nonclinical forms of these disorders are described. Information on the prevalence and limitations of epidemiological research is provided. The gender ratio, age of onset, longitudinal course, functional impairment, and healthcare utilization are described for each disorder. The cross-cultural features of the disorders are highlighted, and patterns of psychiatric comorbidity are discussed.
Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Authors: Mataix-Cols David , van den Heuvel Odile A.
Published: February 2013

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shares features and often co-occurs with other anxiety disorders, as well as with other psychiatric conditions classified elsewhere in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), the so-called “OCD spectrum disorders.” Neurobiologically, it is unclear how all these disorders relate to one another. The picture is further complicated by the clinical heterogeneity of OCD. This chapter will review the literature on the common and distinct neural correlates of OCD vis-à-vis other anxiety and “OCD spectrum” disorders. Furthermore, the question of whether partially distinct neural systems subserve the different symptom dimensions of OCD will be examined. Particular attention will be paid to hoarding, which is emerging as a distinct entity from OCD. Finally, new insights from cognitive and affective neuroscience will be reviewed before concluding with a summary and recommendations for future research.
Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Greenberg Jennifer L. , Chosak Anne , Fang Angela , Wilhelm Sabine
Published: February 2013

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance. BDD is a severe and common disorder associated with high levels of functional impairment and high rates of suicidality. Interventions, including cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, are effective for BDD. This chapter outlines the cognitive-behavioral model and therapy of BDD. The chapter reviews pharmacotherapy of BDD, and discusses the role of combination therapy. The chapter also addresses ineffective approaches for the treatment of BDD, including the role of cosmetic procedures. Early recognition and intervention are critical, and limit its chronicity and subsequent morbidity.
Treatment of Tic Disorders and Trichotillomania
Authors: Franklin Martin E. , Antinoro Diana , Ricketts Emily J. , Woods Douglas W.
Published: February 2013

This chapter briefly describes tic disorders and trichotillomania (TTM) and reviews the pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment outcome literature for each of these conditions. In contrast to anxiety or depression, distorted or maladaptive cognitions do not appear to play a central role in the etiology or maintenance of tic disorders and TTM, and therefore cognitive therapy is not emphasized in the psychosocial treatments studied to date. Treatment protocols are best characterized as “behavioral,” although some include ancillary cognitive interventions. Behavioral treatments that include habit reversal training (HRT) appear to hold the greatest promise for each of these conditions, and these are described in some detail. Future directions in treatment research are suggested.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Nancy , Donaghy Kieran , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan
Published: February 2013

This Introduction starts by discussing how this book came to be, namely from a desire to assemble original contributions reflecting a problem-driven but theoretically informed approach to bridging frontier research in urban economics and urban and regional planning. It then goes on to outline the contents of this book. The hope is that the analysis in this book will convey the breadth of topics and analytical tools that are of mutual interest and usefulness, to both economists and planners. The aim is to contribute to the development of a more intentional shared academic literature and research agenda that will improve the well-being of our communities for present and future generations.
Urban Poverty, Economic Segregation, and Urban Policy
Authors: Jargowsky Paul A.
Published: February 2013

Most of the causes of poverty are relevant to any geographic locale: macroeconomic gyrations, low levels of human capital, discrimination, and factors that limit productivity, such as drug and alcohol addictions. However, urban poverty has additional causes and consequences related to the economic segregation of metropolitan regions. This article begins by examining the fundamental demographic shifts that created the current configuration of urban poverty. It then summarizes the main trends in urban poverty, economic segregation, and the concentration of poverty, as well as the ways in which economic segregation helps to perpetuate urban poverty. It argues that public policies have played and continue to play a role in fostering economic segregation. Finally, it suggests policies and practices that have the potential to address urban poverty by reducing economic segregation.
Urban Education: Location and Opportunity in the United States
Authors: Hanushek Eric A. , Yilmaz Kuzey
Published: February 2013

The study of location and schooling has become a vibrant area of research in recent years. This article identifies the current state in both theoretical and empirical analyses of schools and location. It begins with a description of housing markets and schools in the United States. It then provides an overview of the relevant theoretical arguments on both location and local public good provision. The two primary relevant models involve urban location theory and the Tiebout choice of governmental services. While each has strengths, neither provides a clear picture of the underlying individual choice or of the outcomes of policy interventions. Following this, the article explores several areas of the interaction of policy with locational decisions. Finally, it states that a different set of governmental interventions, those involving increased school choice, can be thought of as methods of reducing the linkage of location and schooling.
Personal Characteristics of Delinquents
Authors: Peskin Melissa , Glenn Andrea L. , Gao Yu , Liu Jianghong , Schug Robert , Yang Yaling , Raine Adrian
Published: February 2013

This article reviews research on the personal characteristics of youth that predispose to crime, focusing on the biosocial origins of antisocial behavior. A significant empirical base suggests that certain biological characteristics interact with environmental risk factors to produce higher rates of delinquency. This theme is explored in reviewing research within the domains of genetics, neuroimaging, neurology, neuropsychology, psychophysiology, endocrinology, and early health risks. Efforts have been made to integrate biosocial findings into prevention programs. Although the juvenile justice system may not be in a position to alter biological risk factors, family courts that hear cases of child abuse and neglect may be able to mitigate psychosocial risk factors by mandating therapies for youth and parenting classes for caretakers. Intervention and prevention efforts that utilize this approach represent promising avenues for the future treatment and prevention of criminal and delinquent behavior.
Delinquency and Comorbid Conditions
Authors: Haegerich Tamara M. , Tolan Patrick H.
Published: February 2013

Youth who engage in delinquent acts are often more troubled than even their most antisocial behavior suggests. Much criminal behavior can be attributed to a child psychiatric disorder. Mental disorders are often seen in delinquent youth, and this relationship is known as comorbidity. Comorbid disorders may be different manifestations of the same disorder. This article reviews the existing evidence of comorbidity of delinquency with common disorders, the delinquent youth suffer from, including substance abuse and substance dependence, depression, etc. Methodological difficulties in assessing the comorbidity of delinquency and other disorders challenge the understanding of the issue and these are highlighted. It then discusses implications and new directions for research. Finally, it describes implications for juvenile justice policy, emphasizing the responsibility of the justice system for identifying and treating delinquent youth with comorbid disorders.
Communities and Delinquency
Authors: Kubrin Charis E.
Published: February 2013

The community or neighborhood in which juvenile lives constitute an important context and it influences juvenile delinquency. This article describes the role of communities in the production of delinquency. It begins by identifying community characteristics of importance and describes why researchers have most frequently been examining these. Following this, it discusses the various theoretical mechanisms proposed to account for the link between community characteristics and rates of delinquency. It then presents two critical weaknesses in the communities and delinquency literature, and explains how they have been addressed to some degree in contextual studies of delinquency. Furthermore, it reviews the main findings from the contextual effects literature. Finally, the article concludes by identifying more general issues that warrant attention in communities and delinquency studies and by charting some promising new directions for research.
Competence and Criminal Responsibility in Adolescent Defendants
Authors: Viljoen Jodi , Penner Erika , Roesch Ronald
Published: February 2013

The law has required that adult defendants cannot be tried unless they have an ability to understand and participate adequately in legal proceedings against them. Another legal protection for mentally ill defendants is insanity defense or criminal responsibility laws. Historically these legal protections were not applied to adolescents tried in juvenile court. The purpose of this article is to examine the application of competence and criminal responsibility laws to adolescents, with a focus on some of the challenges that have arisen. It discusses relevant legal standards and the role of mental illness and developmental immaturity and highlights the implications for courts, attorneys, and mental health clinicians. At the present time, many issues pertaining to potentially incompetent and not guilty by reason of insanity adolescents remain undecided. There is a need for further research on the characteristics and needs of these adolescents and appropriate assessment and treatment approaches.
Examining the Effectiveness of Juvenile Residential Programs
Authors: MacKenzie Doris Layton , Freeland Rachel
Published: February 2013

Much controversy exists about the use of juvenile residential programs for delinquents. They are argued to be inherently detrimental by some, means of rehabilitation by others, and still others argue that they should be employed only when the juvenile is a danger to self or others and that appropriate programming can be successfully employed in such institutions. This article reviews the literature on the effectiveness of juvenile residential programs with an emphasis on the impact on later criminal or delinquent behavior. The research reviewed does not support the perspective that incarceration is successful in deterring juveniles, nor do all facilities have detrimental impacts. But the article does state that programming brings about cognitive transformations and may be the most effective method in reducing recidivism. In general, the impact of programs is similar for different races, ethnicities, genders, or ages. Studies have not demonstrated differences between these groups in terms of the impact on recidivism.
Narratives and Values
Authors: Morris Mitchell
Published: February 2013

This article deals with different aspects of the history of the musical. The histories construct narratives of one sort or another and the events or series of events are linked in speech or writing to form a chain of causal relationships that may be roughly simultaneous (synchronic) and/or spread out over time (diachronic). The fundamentals involved in the construction of a specifically historical narrative are dependent on forms of documentation that include oral histories and folk tales or myths, eyewitness accounts of events, artifacts, and written documents of many types. Such documents may be cited without question, especially in earlier historical accounts, but more often a historian spends considerable time reading the documents critically. Historians characteristically aspire to factual accuracy, and critical assessment is a crucial part of a historian's task. The different approaches defining history include the formist approach that takes on the task of crafting explanations by cataloging the specificities creating the unique characteristics of a particular historical field. Another approach is the organicist approach that also works with such specificities but attempts to interrelate them as parts of an overarching whole. The third approach is the mechanistic strategy that seeks to understand the specificities of a given historical field as the results of some overarching set of causal laws. Lastly, the contextualist strategy that sees the same particulars as best explained by the set of contingent relationships obtained between the very particulars.
Tin Pan Alley Songs on Stage and Screen before World War II
Authors: Knapp Raymond , Morris Mitchell
Published: February 2013

This article provides detailed information on the extensive overlapping before World War II of Tin Pan Alley with Broadway vaudeville, and post-1927 Hollywood. A quick survey of any large list of songs performed in musical plays and revues on the New York stage at the turn of the century reveals an amazing concentration of numbers that project clusters of racial and ethnic stereotypes. “Coon songs”, in particular, owe the majority of their musical and lyrical styles and their customary performance practices to minstrelsy, but over and above their ways of imagining the appearance and habits of African Americans, they also decisively shape the ways that other minorities appear in the popular music of the time. The lavish array of social (stereo) types was perhaps especially important because of the milieu in which they were generated. The ethnic songs that focused on more recent immigrant ethnic groups referred back to minstrelsy for their primary strategies of masquerade. The mature American musical emerged from the interweaving of, and competition between, two separate strands of theatrical music-making that include adapted European operetta traditions and a number of traditions that shared the practice of staging popular song, deriving in part from the English music hall and similar traditions. The vast majority of Tin Pan Alley songs use a verse-chorus structure, in which the “verse” either narrates a story or establishes a dramatic situation, and the “chorus” either acts as a punctuating refrain or represents the song promised by the dramatic setup.
The Politics of Region and Nation in American Musicals
Authors: Bringardner Chase A.
Published: February 2013

The article describes several approaches that are adopted to incorporate regional and national issues in American musicals. A regional approach to musical theater encourages readings that center on space and place and puts specific performances or musical texts in conversation with national and global productions. Regional issues are often present within the text or lyrics of a musical, as with Lil' Abner, Blood Brothers, or Flower Drum Song, in which case the narrative already identifies or implies a specific region for analysis that may be Appalachia, Liverpool, or San Francisco. Musicals provide opportunities to audiences to reflect on regional concerns and identities as they relate to ideas of nation. A regional focus can also address the effects of space and place on a musical once it goes on tour or gets produced in local venues such as colleges, high schools, and community centers. Regionalism provides a vocabulary and context for addressing the experiences of touring productions and for tracing how a show might continue to develop and shift in response to local circumstances such as references and intonations that resonate in one region may not translate effectively to another, as was the case with Parade. Regionalism also provides additional rationale for the openness of musicals' texts. Newspapers and periodicals provide useful documentation of regional responses to particular musicals, offering box-office and production specifies and registering interactions with a given performance.
Orchestration and Arrangement: Creating the Broadway Sound
Authors: Symonds Dominic
Published: February 2013

The article deals with the main stages involved in orchestration. One of the stages is arranging that involve fitting a song to a dance pattern, the composition of introductions, interludes, modulations, codas, and other special material needed for the dance. The next step is to take a decision on the vocal keys and the type of accompaniment for a voice. Another step is orchestration that involves the translation of this “arrangement” into sound by writing notes on pages of score. The last stage is extraction that involves the copying of the individual parts for the various instruments of the orchestra from the score. The Broadway style developed a compromise between the European and vaudeville sounds. Robert Russell Bennett's work represents the epitome of one characteristic style of Broadway. The vocal line is doubled by a melody instrument, reflecting a tendency toward softer vocals. A countermelody offers a chromatic counterpoint to the diatonic melody. The carefully spaced families of sounds (strings, winds, brass for effect) produce a rich harmonic balance and a combination of bass and offbeat “oom-pahs” provide the rhythm, typically from the harp or piano. Balance had always been a key element of orchestration, and the orchestra had been a brilliant tool for both fortissimo climaxes and sensitive underscoring beneath which dialogue could be heard.
Dance and Choreography
Authors: Dorsey Zachary
Published: February 2013

The article provides information on the methodology for analyzing dance in musical theater performance. Dance is sometimes defined as any patterned, rhythmic movement in space and time. Dance occurs through purposefully selected and controlled rhythmic movements and the resulting phenomenon is recognized as dance both by the performer and the observing members of a given group. Dance analysis intersects with the work of dance reviewers and critics, though it culminates in the formulation of one or more arguments or interpretations, and ultimately stops short of evaluating a dance. Dance analysis requires that the meanings made out of musical theater choreography is not independent from the dance itself but rather, firmly grounded in the specifics of the dance and the context of the musical that it comes from. Dance analysis deepens the understanding of the role of the dancing body within musical theater and can help speak to social ideas and themes prompted by the musical. The dances in musical theater are almost always performed by characters whom the audience has met, and such details become vital to understanding the choreography's relationship to the musical as a whole. The steps of dance analysis involve description, an extensive series of observations made by the viewer about the dance itself and then putting these observations into conversation with one another.
Competitive Balance
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Watanabe Nicholas M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes the uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis and the seminal research of Simon Rottenberg, and then elaborates on the way that competitive balance is measured. Next, the exchange between Zimbalist and Fort and Maxcy about the nature of research on competitive balance and the effect of this exchange on subsequent literature are explored. Finally, the chapter surveys the research on competitive balance in promotion-and-relegation leagues, a common league arrangement outside of North America. Rottenberg's influence on sports economics is as great as that of any other economist to date, and knowledge of this seminal work is essential to understanding research in sports economics. Each of the many measures of competitive balance has relative strengths and weaknesses, and each captures a different element of competitive balance. It is difficult to determine whether one league has better competitive balance than another, because of the sensitivity of many competitive-balance measures to league composition and structure.
Salary Caps and Luxury Taxes
Authors: Coates Dennis , Frick Bernd
Published: February 2013

This chapter investigates the constraints that leagues impose on teams for payrolls and individual compensation, concentrating on those issues which are distinct to salary caps and luxury taxes, especially on how each affects the distribution of playing talent, winning, and profits. Before turning to the empirical evidence of the effects of salary caps and luxury taxes, a careful description of the institutions is given. The National Basketball Association experience after the introduction of the salary cap for the 1984–1985 season seems to be evidence in favor of the arguments developed by its proponents. Despite changes in the basic agreement in 1995, 1999, and 2005, the trend in average salaries is largely unchanged. The cap has virtually no effect on the standard deviation of the winning percentage; that is, the cap seems to have no effect on competitive balance.
International Labor Mobility and the National Basketball Association
Authors: Osborne Evan
Published: February 2013

This chapter investigates the unique properties of free mobility in highly selective labor markets as high-level sports leagues, and reviews the relevant theory and empirical findings from the immigration literature. It then examines what is known so far from empirical work on wages in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and whether global basketball is governed by comparative advantage. The empirical literature on wage and employment effects of immigration leans toward the position that immigration has few negative effects on either. NBA teams may essentially treat foreign players as lottery tickets, men whose potential is not well understood at the time of signing, because the estimates of their human capital are not as precise as those for American players, whose development has been observed for a long time. Furthermore, some further investigation of the effects of foreign players on the NBA labor market, and the directions for further research, are reported.
Hockey
Authors: Abrevaya Jason
Published: February 2013

This chapter addresses the rule changes that have been implemented by the National Hockey League (NHL) to change how points are awarded in overtime games, and outlines the existing literature on overtime incentives within hockey, introducing a simple theoretical framework for analyzing the different overtime regimes in the NHL. While the previous literature has considered the 1999 rule change, it provides the first analysis of the shootout rule introduced in 2005. The chapter then presents empirical analysis for a comprehensive sample of NHL games played between the 1991–1992 and 2008–2009 seasons. Trends in tied-regulation outcomes and goal-in-overtime outcomes are also explored, and regression analysis is used to estimate the effects of the new overtime rules on game outcomes. The basic results were in line with the predictions (and previous work) regarding the 1999–2000 rule change: both overtime games and overtime goals became significantly more likely under the new rule.
Field Position and Strategy in American Football
Authors: Quinn Kevin G.
Published: February 2013

This chapter uses economics in the sense of decision making under scarcity and uncertainty to examine several aspects of American football. It then explores the field position and strategy, and describes how it is possible to put a statistical value, say, in terms of expected points, on field position, on the choice of whether to run or pass, and on what to do on fourth down. In addition, the chapter addresses the previous research and results based on the 2007 National Football League season. The search for competitive advantage provides strong incentive for coaches and teams to keep their strategy research secret. Fourth down strategy decisions suggest that endowment effects, anchoring effects, and even denomination effects could cause cognitive biases in decision making. The suboptimality findings challenge the pure win maximization models that are favored in most of the North American sports economics literature.
Network Television Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance in the NFL
Authors: Horowitz Ira , Whittenburg G. E.
Published: February 2013

This chapter explores the role of television in the post-1949 history of the National Football League, with specific respect to the network contracts and more recent media trends. It then addresses the extent to which the revenue-sharing codicil, which commissioner Bert Bell saw as helping the weak, has contributed to achieving competitive balance. Additionally, the chapter discusses how professional football grew from obscurity (at first teams paid to televise games as a promotional tool) to become the most popular team sport in the United States. It is noted that the effect of revenue sharing on competitive balance, although likely modest, could go in either direction. The sharing of television revenues has not contributed to maintaining competitive balance. Competition in the standings has declined in concert with the steady increases in the shared revenues, and games have tended to become somewhat less competitive.
Is March Madness Contagious?
Authors: Depken Craig A.
Published: February 2013

This chapter explores the most prominent National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) event, namely, the annual “March Madness” NCAA Division I men's college basketball tournament. Its central hypothesis is to test whether there are internal and external benefits associated with post-season play in the form of additional future attendance. The effect of post-season basketball tournaments on basketball attendance is described. When more conference members play in the NCAA tournament, there are positive spillovers to attendance for other teams in the conference. If the NCAA selection process is biased against smaller and mid-major conferences, the selection process reduces future attendance to smaller conference teams through two avenues. It is shown that participating in more NCAA tournament games increases attendance up to six years into the future.
The Economics of the World Cup
Authors: Simmons Rob , Deutscher Christian
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the method by which host countries are selected by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) for the rights to organize the World Cup finals, and also investigates the benefits to host countries from organizing this event. The benefits to soccer fans in a host country from new stadium infrastructure and other legacies of hosting the World Cup finals are explained. The chapter then pays attention to the players participating in the World Cup finals. FIFA operates two key restrictions on stadium development for World Cup finals. Recent appearances in World Cup finals matches do appear to have shop-window effects, both in raising player salaries paid by clubs and by helping players secure transitions to more highly ranked teams. The FIFA World Cup finals are, no doubt, here to stay as a vital component of the sporting calendar.
Age and Performance Under Pressure
Authors: Fried Harold O. , Tauer Loren W.
Published: February 2013

This article explores how well an individual manages his or her own talent to achieve high performance in an individual sport. Its setting is the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). The order-m approach is explained. Additionally, the data and the empirical findings are presented. The inputs measure fundamental golfing athletic ability. The output measures success on the LPGA tour. The correlation coefficient between earnings per event and the ability to perform under pressure is 0.48. The careers of golfers occur on the front end of the age distribution. There is a classic trade-off between the inevitable deterioration in the mental ability to handle the pressure and experience gained with time. The ability to perform under pressure peaks at age 37.
Salary Dispersion and Team Production
Authors: Kahane Leo H.
Published: February 2013

This article explores the issue of salary dispersion and its effect on productivity. It uses salary and performance data from the National Hockey League (NHL) to distinguish between the theoretical alternatives, thus weighing in on an important issue in labor economics and industrial relations. In addition, it describes the intuition behind the two competing hypotheses. It follows with a discussion of the empirical model and the data used to test the “tournament” versus “fairness” hypotheses. The empirical results are elaborated. The relatively larger payrolls lead to greater team performance. The empirical results clearly and strongly support the “fairness” model when using conditional salary dispersion measures.
Event Analysis
Authors: Leeds Eva Marikova , Leeds Michael A.
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the theory and application of event studies in sports. It briefly explains what event analysis is, when it is appropriate, and what it does. It also presents a brief history of event analysis in the finance literature. It then discusses how to perform an event analysis. It presents both the standard methodology from the finance literature and an approach that sports economists are likely to find more intuitively appealing. Many papers that have applied event analysis to the realm of sports are summarized. An event analysis requires a clearly identified incident that takes place at a well-identified moment in time. It has illustrated that event analysis is a potentially valuable econometric tool. However, it has not been extensively employed in sports settings and, when used, it has often been imperfectly applied.
Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Trichotillomania
Authors: Chamberlain Samuel R.
Published: February 2013

Trichotillomania is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent hair pulling, leading to hair loss and functional impairment. This chapter reviews the phenomenology and epidemiology of trichotillomania, and considers its relationship with putative obsessive-compulsive spectrum conditions and other body-focused repetitive behaviors. Salient animal models of the disorder, along with findings in human patients using neuroimaging and cognitive probes, are summarized. A brain-based model of trichotillomania is formulated, focusing on affect dysregulation, addiction, and impulse dyscontrol. Finally, the chapter flags cardinal questions for the attention of future clinical and research scrutiny.
Data and Directions for Research in the Economics of Religion
Authors: Finke Roger , Bader Christopher D.
Published: February 2013

Over the past twenty years, there has been a surge in the use of economic theory to understand religion. The earliest work was developed both by economists and sociologists, and interest in applying economic theory to religion remains strong in several disciplines. A welcome by-product of this interdisciplinary interest has been the collection of data addressing questions posed by economic theory. This article reviews various sources of data, including surveys of religious congregations, religion censuses, and the growing number of cross-national collections. Much of the discussion focuses on the free and readily accessible data collections available from the online Association of Religion Data Archives. After reviewing the data sources, the article considers issues related to the use and refinement of the data, focusing in particular on measurement issues, such as the construction of indexes. Finally, it highlights a few online research tools that are readily available for researchers and discusses the potential for developing additional online options for data generation, data refinement, and theory testing.
Time and Space Boundaries
Authors: Evans Susan Toby
Published: February 2013

This article describes in general terms the characteristics of major time periods in Mesoamerica, tracking the regions that directed or dominated events in each period. It covers the Late Archaic period (4000–2000 bc), Initial Formative (Preclassic) period (2000–1200 bce), Early Formative period (ca. 1200–ca 900 bc), Middle Formative period (ca. 900– ca. 600 bc), Middle to Late Formative period (ca. 600–300 bc), Late Formative period (ca. 300 bc–1 ad), Terminal Formative period (ca. 1–250 ad), Early Classic period (ca. 250–600 ad), Late Classic period (ca. 600–900 ad), Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods (ca. 750–1200 ad), Middle Postclassic period (ca. 1200–1400), and Late Postclassic period (ca. 1400–1521 ad).
Not Carved in Stone
Authors: Arnold Philip J.
Published: February 2013

This article examines two concepts at the core of Gulf Olmec archaeology: where the people of the region lived and how they developed. It begins with a Gulf Olmec précis that covers the space/time essentials. It then considers available data from the Gulf lowlands and argues for a more extensive “heartland” than is currently fashionable. Finally, it suggests that we reconsider the process of politico-economic development that has become the received wisdom of Gulf Olmec studies. Throughout, the article emphasizes the value of allowing the data to take the lead, rather than shaping the information toward some pre-envisioned result.
Searching for Tollan
Authors: Blomster Jeffrey P.
Published: February 2013

The Late Classic period ended in 800 ad with the demise of the largest state, Monte Albán, in prehispanic Oaxaca, Mexico. What collapsed was not society but the political systems and elite classes that mismanaged factional competition and they were no longer supported by commoners as they engaged in increasingly exclusionary strategies. In the wake of the collapse of many forms of their power, elites searched for new strategies and initiated a new covenant with commoners, which reemphasized elites' roles in providing Earth and Rain with sacrifices as their ancestors were present at the First Sunrise—the creation of the current era. Individuals who figure as powerful ancestors in the heroic histories of Postclassic dynasties come from distant places, such as the idealized center encapsulated by the concept of “Tollan.” Important Postclassic Tollans include Cholula, Tula, Chichén Itzá, and Tenochtitlan; Classic Teotihuacan may have been the first Tollan.
The Southern Pacific Coastal Region of Mesoamerica
Authors: Rosenswig Robert M.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews archaeological evidence of the Olmec, Teotihuacan, and Aztec horizons in the Southern Pacific Coastal Region (SPCR). It also presents what is known of a system of emergent urban centers and “Izapan-style” iconography that unite the SPCR as a discrete region in its own right during the Late Formative period. It adopts macro-temporal and macro-spatial frameworks consistent with a world-systems perspective, which allows for synthetic treatment of geographically dispersed peoples sharing elements of symbolic culture and exchanging goods.
Networks, Cores, and Peripheries
Authors: Schortman Edward , Urban Patricia
Published: February 2013

The terms “core,” “periphery,” and “frontier” conjure up spatial distinctions correlated with divisions among societies based on size, economic organization, and power. Leaders of core states are generally presumed to dominate developments within the smaller, poorer, less powerful societies arrayed around them. Territorial distinctions thus have important behavioral consequences. How those outcomes are understood depends heavily on the theoretical framework in which cores, frontiers, and peripheries are modeled. This article reviews the most prominent of these conceptual structures and the mechanisms of intersocietal interaction that they highlight (diffusion, trade, exploitation, and hybridity). It calls for a new approach to the study of cores, peripheries, and frontiers that does not presuppose the existence of these entities and the nature of interregional interactions generally.
The Southeastern Fringe of Mesoamerica
Authors: Henderson John S. , Hudson Kathryn M.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews archaeological evidence from the southeastern fringe of Mesoamerica. Communities in all regions of the southeast fringe interacted—in different ways and with different degrees of intensity through time—with contemporaries to the west in Mesoamerica. The classificatory status of southeast fringe societies as part of the Maya world and Mesoamerica is much less the issue than the fact that they form an essential part of the context for understanding those areas. What is of greatest interest is the story that material remains have to tell about the societies of their makers and their relationships with communities to the north and west in Mesoamerica and with Central American societies to the south and east.
Markets, Merchants, and Systems of Exchange
Authors: Hirth Kenneth
Published: February 2013

The production and exchange of goods and services is a fundamental feature of all human societies, and this certainly was the case in ancient Mesoamerica. Complex forms of exchange linked every level of Pre-Columbian society from simple households to the king's palace. Trade was important for two reasons: meeting the needs that people had for specific goods and reducing subsistence risk and resource shortages. This article examines systems of exchange within Mesoamerica's dual economy. It discusses the structure of the economy along with the role of the marketplace in Mesoamerican exchange systems and how resources were exchanged through both professional and nonprofessional commercial networks.
Scribal Traditions from Highland Mesoamerica (300–1000 ad)
Authors: Urcid Javier
Published: February 2013

This article assesses what we presently know of scribal practices between 300 and 1000 ad in “highland Mesoamerica.” Specifically, the focus is on reckonings of time, writing at Teotihuacan, scripts and historicity, and scribal emulations in the context of interregional interaction.
Capitalism as A Mixed Economic System
Authors: Nelson Richard R.
Published: February 2013

This article argues that the conception and norms of capitalism, in particular the faith that market organization is the best way to govern economic activity, are much more unified and coherent than the actual organization of economic activity in countries that consider themselves capitalist. The latter is marked by great variation in the way different activities and sectors are governed. Although in countries regarded as capitalist market organization plays a powerful role in the governance of many economic activities, there also are many activities that are governed largely through nonmarket mechanisms. It is also argued that few activities or sectors are pure market or nonmarket. Most involve a mix of market and nonmarket elements.
Syndicate Partner Selection: who Syndicates with Whom?
Authors: Roosenboom Peter , van den Bosch Bram W.
Published: February 2013

This article addresses the question of “who syndicates with whom?” It presents a literature review on private equity syndication and an empirical analysis of the collaboration of syndicate partners. It notes the implications of such collaborations and studies the syndicate partner selection process. This article also discusses hybrid syndication between corporate acquirers and private equity investors.