bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note on a Well-Section at Dallinghoo (Suffolk)
Authors: Bullen Robert Ashington
Published: October 2009

The well here described was sunk in the garden of Dallinghoo Post-Office, near Wickham Market (Suffolk). Dallinghoo is about 4 miles north-west of Woodbridge, and about 161 feet above Ordnance datum. The well is one of three bored by a water-finder's advice. His counsels were successfully acted upon in two out of the three cases, and this result will probably help to keep the superstition alive in that district. In this Post-Office well water' was found at a depth of 79 feet.

The section shows:—

Below this the boring was not continued.

Mr. George R. Allen, of Wickham Market, the borer and builder of the well, has carefully collected the fossils from the Boulder-Clay, and has given me the boring measurements.

Besides
Gryphæa incurva
and
Ichthyosaurus
sp. (vertebra) the following fossils were found and were kindly identified for me by Mr. E. T. :Newton, F.R.S. :—

In addition to these there is a concreted mass of indeterminable
Lima
and
Ostrea
, too young for identification, probably assignable to the Lower Lias. There are also large pieces of a dull-green bituminous shale, containing numerous fossils, showing young ammonites and brachiopoda (
Discina
sp.), and black shining objects, possibly fish-scales. This shale burns with a bright yellow flame, and gives off a disagreeable pitch-like odour.

A mass of quartz-grains, cemented by a dull-brown ferruginous material, is thought by Mr. Newton to be most probably Carstone.

The fragment of
Ammonites rarivostatus
is very much worn at the upper (dorsal) surface and striated.
Belemnites abbreviatus
also is
On some Landslips in Boulder-Clay near Scarborough
Authors: Monckton Horace Woollaston
Published: October 2009

In the valleys which have been cut through the tabular Howardian Hills, and on the hills themselves, there is a great scarcity of deposits of Drift, but along the Yorkshire coast we find a remarkable band of Boulder-Clay with an average width of about 2 miles. The consequence is, that whereas inland the solid rock (Corallian, Oxfordian, etc.) is exposed from the top of the hills to the bottom of the valleys, along the coast the old pre-Boulder-Clay surface of the ground is obscured, and only the higher points of solid rock, such, for instance, as Oliver's Mount, project through the Boulder-Clay covering.

The old surface-features of the ground have been to some extent exposed by the action of the sea. Thus the old Corallian-capped hill upon which Scarborough Castle stands has been worn out of the Boulder-Clay in process of denudation, and even now a capping of that clay remains on its top.

South of the castle there was in pre-Boulder-Clay times a deep valley; for the Drift has been penetrated to a depth of over 100 feet below sea-level, and this valley has been to a certain extent re-excavated by the stream which flows from the Mere.

The south side of the valley was formed of sandstones belonging to the Estuarine Series, which at High Wheatcroft are covered by Cornbrash and Kellaway's Rock ; but beyond White Nab we come to another old depression, which is cut through by the sea in Carnelian Bay. The depression sinks very
On the Passage of a Seam of Coal into a Seam of Dolomite
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: October 2009

In the spring of the year 1900 I was informed by Mr. N. R. Griffith that the Seven-Feet Seam of the Wirral Colliery had been found to pass into stone of an unusual character. The matter seeming likely to be of scientific as well as of economic importance I received instructions from Sir Archibald Geikie, then Director-General of the Geological Survey, to visit the colliery and collect the facts. This I did in June, under the guidance of Mr. James Platt, the Manager, to whom I am indebted for the information concerning the working contained in the present paper.

Four workable coal-seams occur in this small Parkgate Coalfield, namely in descending order, the Six-Feet, Five-Feet, Seven-Feet, and Two-Feet. Though they cannot be precisely correlated with the seams either in Flintshire or South Lancashire, they almost certainly belong to the Middle Coal-Measures. The Seven-Feet Seam, with which alone we are now concerned, was reached at a depth of 148 yards in No. 1 Shaft, and the workings in it were carried westward under the estuary of the Dee for more than half a mile, as shewn in the accompanying plan (fig. 2, p. 299). For a distance of about 1600 yards from the shaft the coal was good and about 4 feet thick. A fault with an easterly downthrow of 23 yards was then encountered (fig. 1, p. 298), but the coal was regained by driving upward through the measures, and was found to be still fairly good. A few yards
Fossils in the Oxford University Museum, V: On the Structure and Affinities of the Rhætic Plant
Naiadita
Authors: Sollas Igerna B. J.
Published: October 2009

The Rhætic plant-remains known as
Naiadita
are found in a narrow area stretching down that part of the Severn Valley which lies below the Avon. Phillips mentions their occurrence at Pylle Hill, Bristol, and associated with
Estheria
at Garden Cliff, Westbury-on-Severn, and Wainlode Cliff, Tewkesbury. The exact horizon of these plant-beds is that which Edward Wilson named Bed K.

The vertical thickness of rock, through which the plants are distributed in layers of extreme tenuity, is 7 inches at Tewkesbury and 9 inches at Westbury-on-Severn.

These fossils are well-known, from the description published fifty-one years ago by James Buckman; but the first discoverer was P. B. Brodie, who chose for them the name
Naiadita
because Lindley considered them to be monocotyledonous plants resembling the members of the order Naiadaceæ. Mr. J. Starkie Gardner re-examined them, and pointed out that the markings supposed by Lindley to have been left by the rectangular venation of a
Naias
-like leaf, were in reality fossilized cell-walls. Mr. Gardner concluded that the plant was a moss and was probably closely allied to the genus
Fontinalis
. He spoke of a capsule, but of this he gave no description.

A slab from the
Naiadita
-bed of Pylle Hill, Bristol, was recently sent by Mr. W. H. Wickes of that city to my father for examination, because it contains bodies which were thought to be possibly gemmules of a sponge. On this proving not to be the case, the specimen was handed over to me. I have since had the
On the Crush-Conglomerates of Argyllshire
Authors: Hill James Bastian
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory

In a former communication to this Society dealing with the Dalradian schists of Argyllshire, I described a deposit known as the Boulder-bed, which occurs in the Highland Series along a horizon extending from Aberdeenshire to Islay. I pointed out that this abnormal conglomerate owed its origin to aqueous deposition, and supported that contention by showing that, in various localities along its outcrop, it contains boulders of foreign material.

At that time, with the exception of the Isle of Man, where the phenomena of crush-conglomerates had been brought to light by the researches of Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, the occurrence of pseudo-conglomerates had not been recorded in Britain. My subsequent work, however, on the Geological Survey in Cornwall, revealed their existence in that county on a large scale; this was described in the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1899 (pp. 89
et seqq.
), and in a paper read before the Geological Society of Cornwall last November. On continuing my work in the Highlands last summer I was able to show that these structures occur in Scotland among the Dalradian Series, where they bear so marked a resemblance to many portions of the Highland Boulder-bed that they may readily be confounded together, especially as they are both met with on the same horizon.

In my above-mentioned communication to this Society, I sought to demonstrate that the typical crystalline schists of the Central Highlands, when followed into the Loch Awe Basin, pass laterally into sediments which are comparatively
On Intrusive, Tuff-like, Igneous Rocks and Breccias in Ireland
Authors: Kilroe James Robinson , McHenry Alexander
Published: October 2009

For several years past it has been known to us that fragmental igneous rocks exist in different parts of Ireland, which, though they resemble tuffs, and in certain cases have been described as volcanic rocks, cannot be regarded as ejectamenta, on account of their character and mode of occurrence in the field. Of those which have come more especially under our notice, we may at the outset briefly mention a few particulars, to introduce our subject, before describing in detail the sections exposed in the South-east of Ireland which afford the chief evidence upon which our views of such rocks are based.

In the Explanatory Memoir (1888) accompanying Sheet 24 of the Geological Survey Map of Ireland, pp. 34 & 35, certain breccias occurring to the east of Lough Easke, in Donegal, are described as ‘agglomerates,’ though not in the sense of their having been at any time considered volcanic rocks. In parts, these masses might better be described as crush-breccias, as they, in such cases, follow lines of dislocation. In parts, however, they consist of partly-fused, broken-up, felspathic mica-schist or ‘gneiss,’ and they merge with felsite-dykes. Sometimes they occur dispersedly in sporadic masses in the mica-schist; and north-east of Lough Easke the breccia forms a wide band adjoining the granite, suggesting the conclusion that its formation may be attributed to the earth-stresses which immediately preceded, or in a sense accompanied, the intrusion of the Barnesmore granitic mass.

Rocks similar to these occur in the district of Forkhill, in Armagh
On the Geological and Physical Development of Guadeloupe
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

My visit to Guadeloupe in March, 1897, was for the purpose of extending my observations of the later geological features of the Antilles southward from Antigua; especially those bearing upon the changes of level of land and sea since the early Miocene Period, and their necessary variation in adjacent localities.

The features of the Guadeloupe archipelago present some striking contrasts to those of the Antigua-Barbuda plateau. The main island is divided into Guadeloupe and Grande Terre. The former is traversed by high mountains, surmounted by recent volcanoes, which are unrepresented in Antigua; but all these features are reproduced in Dominica and other islands of the western belt of the Lesser Antilles. Grande Terre is a limestone-country comparable with Antigua, and, therefore, forms the principal subject of this paper.

The islands of Désirade, Petite Terre, Marie Galante, and The Saints, belong to the same physical unit as Guadeloupe—the three former having characteristics similar to those of Grande Terre, and the last, a group of seven islands, are remnants of the older volcanic rocks. This archipelago is dissected to much greater depths than the Antigua-Barbuda plateau, and shows modifications in the erosion-features, helping us to further understand the history of the Antillean plateau, most of which is now submerged.

The earliest geological contributions appear to have been those of William Maclure, shortly afterwards followed by the writings of Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès. Maclure's paper, along with the studies of Pierre Duchassaing, constitutes our principal knowledge of the Tertiary formations of
On an Altered Siliceous Sinter from Builth (Brecknockshire)
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: October 2009

In a former paper some tufaceous rhyolites from Dufton Pike were described, which seemed to afford evidence of solfataric action, yet they scarcely gave the convincing proof that could have been desired of the former existence of hot springs and geyser-action among the old volcanic districts of the British Isles.

Attracted as I was by the resemblance of a small specimen of a brecciated rock from Carneddau, near Builth, to a rock from Rotorua, described in a former paper, it seemed desirable to examine other small chips from the Builth neighbourhood which were given to me many years ago by the late Mr. H. W. Bristow, F.R.S., my former Director on the Geological Survey. Among these specimens was one labelled ‘Rock acted on by heat, Builth,’ which seemed to promise more satisfactory information on the subject of old siliceous sinters than that to be derived from the microscopic examination of the generality of quartzites, the latter often showing incontrovertibly that they are sandstones which have undergone various degrees of alteration.

The rock now to be described shows no trace of original sand-grains. It is unfortunate that the label gives no indication of the precise locality at or near Builth from which the specimen was derived. Apart from this drawback, however, it appears to be of sufficient interest to deserve record. If the deposit be of tolerable thickness and extent, its pale yellowish-white or pinkish-cream colour should render it easy of recognition by future investigators of the geology of the district.
On the Origin of Certain Concretions in the Lower Coal-Measures
Authors: Stocks Herbert Birtwhistle
Published: October 2009

In certain restricted areas of the Lower Coal-Measures at Halifax in Yorkshire and at Oldham in Lancashire, and in a seam of coal called the ‘hard-bed coal,’ peculiar nodules or concretions occur. These concretions, termed locally ‘coal-balls,’ are disseminated throughout the coal, not in particular lines but quite indiscriminately. They are spherical or ovoid, sometimes slightly flattened, and externally—by contact with the coal—they have been blackened; though when broken open they are found to be pale or dark brown internally, and often streaked with veins of iron-pyrites.

Some years ago I made analyses of two of these concretions, and the results are tabulated below :—

From these figures the constitaenta of the coal-balls are calculated to be :—

The nodules or ‘coal-balls’ are of great interest, because they contain extremely well preserved vegetable remains, sections of the concretions revealing the internal structure of Coal-Measure plants in a very remarkable manuer, and it is from such sections that our knowledge of the structure of the Carboniferous flora has been largely increased.

In many cases it is easy to detach large pieces of fossil wood from these concretions. Several samples of this fossil wood have been analysed by me with the following results:—

The constituents of the samples of fossil wood may be calculated as follows :—

From the foregoing analyses it is apparent that the fossil wood and also the concretions themselves are made up very largely of two constituents—calcium—carbonate and iron-pyrites; and that there is great variation in their relative
On the Cambrian Brachiopoda of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Matley Charles Alfred
Published: October 2009

(i) Introductory.

Before entering upon a description of the Malvern Cambrian brachiopoda which I have had the opportunity of examining, it may be well to make a few brief remarks as to our present knowledge of these fossils.

Although the Cambrian rocks of the Malvern district have been patiently hammered over by more than one generation of geologists (among whom, of those now passed away, may be mentioned Prof. Phillips, Dr. Grindrod, Dr. Holl, the Rev. W. S. Symonds, and Mr. Hugh Strickland), the collection of brachiopoda which their labours have made known has been disappointingly meagre, both as regards individuals and species.

In 1871 the full list, according to Phillips, was as follows :—

Diagnoses of some of the above were given in Holl's paper of 1865(but the descriptions were scanty and the figures not very satisfactory; moreover, the species were in some cases admittedly founded on very imperfect material. It is unfurtunate, too, that the present whereabouts of his type-specimens is unknown. Prof. Groom has endeavoured to trace them, but without success. Davidson, in his monograph, rcdescribed the then known species, treating, however, Holl's
Obolella Phillipsii
as a synonym of Billings's
Kutorgina cingulata
; but it is clear that, excepting the
Kutorgina
of the Malvern Quartzite, he had very little material to help him.

Of the species in the above list,
Lingula squamosa
is obscure and of doubtful value : it may have been founded on fragments of
Kutorgina
I have not found any specimen to agree with Davidson's figure
Coal- and Petroleum-Deposits in European Turkey
Authors: English Thomas
Published: October 2009

In the following paper I have attempted to give an account of the general succession, so far as at present known, of the formations which include some recently-discovered coal-seams and naphtha-bearing sands of Tertiary age, in the little-visited stretch of country lying to the north of the Gulf of Xeros in the Mediterranean and of the western portion of the Sea of Marmora.

The absence of any map sufficiently detailed for geological purposes renders it somewhat difficult to interpret various interesting features, and I feel that apology is due beforehand for many errors and omissions arising from this cause.

By far the best map is that compiled by the Russian military staff, on the scale of about half an inch to a mile, and the geological sketch-map which accompanies my paper is reduced from this. The Russian map is furnished with approximate contour-lines, apparently 10 sagenes (=70 feet) apart; but these are only sketched in, and though amply sufficient for military purposes, do not give much geological information in so broken a country. I have therefore only transferred sufficient heights in feet to the sketch-map to give a general idea of the relief.

There is but little written description accessible of the geological features of the district. The only original information that I have been able to find is contained in Ami Boue's ‘La Turquie d'Europe,’ 1840, and in Viquesnel's ‘Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe,s’ 1868. The former gives a short general summary of the composition of the
On some of the Proterozoic Gasteropoda which have been referred to Murchisonia and Pleurotomaria, with Descriptions of New Subgenera and Species
Authors: Donald Jane
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

After the creation of the genus
Murchisonia
by A. d'Archiac & E.de Verneuil in 1841, most of the Palæozoic,
Turritella
-like, banded gasteropoda were referred to that genus by later writers. Recently attention has been drawn to the fact that these shells do not all agree with the type, and that there are at least two separate groups, each distinguished by a different form of the outer lip. The typical group is characterized by a slit of greater or less depth in the outer lip, with parallel edges, which is represented by a band on all the whorls. The other group is characterized by having merely a sinus in the outer lip, which in some cases gives rise to a band more or less distinctly limited, while in others it is not defined in any way.

Some of the oldest-known gasteropoda, both elongated and short, have an opening in the outer lip; and as, owing to age and the manner of fossilization, very few have the outer lip well preserved, it is difficult to arrive at a correct conclusion as to its structure, more especially as the form of the lines of growth on the whorls rarely shows the actual depth of the sinus in the outer lip when mature. In the adult the outer lip frequently advances, thus rendering the mature sinus much deeper than the indications of it in the earlier stages of growth. The existence of a true slit in the outer lip, with a break in
On the Geological and Physical Development of Dominica; with Notes on Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.The features of this chain of islandsform a striking repetition, or rather interrupted continuation, of the mountainous portions of Guadeloupe and Antigua—in a word, they are largely made up of old igneous formations, the surfaces of which have been greatly denuded, surmounted by the more recent volcanic accumulations, some of which rise into high mountain-peaks. The general geological and physical history, with local variations, is repeated to such an extent, that these islands can only be regarded as one physical unit.

The only paper that I have seen upon the geology of Dominica is that entitled ‘Notes of a Visit to Dominica’ by Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy.
1
There are also some scattered references to the late volcanic eruptions of the various islands; but this is not the subject of our investigations. Outside of Dominiea, my personal observations were made at only a few points, where the older volcanic foundations alone were seen, modified by atmospheric agents; these showed, however, a repetition of the features of Guadeloupe and Dominica.

II. Situation and Hydrographical Characteristics.

D o m i n i e a is separated from the Guadeloupe archipelago by a depression in the Antillean plateau from 15 to 20 miles wide,: which is submerged to about 2100 feet (see map, P1. X). This depression is indented by an embayment extending within the line connecting the western shores of Guadeloupe and Dominiea, where even the few soundings reach 1200 feet deeper than those on the surface of the ridge. Martinique
On the Geological and Physical Development of Barbados; with Notes on Trinidad
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. As there is an extensive literature on the geology of these islands, the chief object of the present paper is to record some newly observed features, and to extend the studies which have been made by the writer on the other West Indian Islands. The most important contributions as yet made to the geology of Barbados are those of Prof. J. B. Harrison & Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne,
1
supplemented by the studies of the fossil coral-fauna by Prof. J. W. Gregory.
2
In his ‘ Birds of Barbados, ’ Col. H. W. Feilden
3
anticipated some of the conclusions subsequently arrived at by the other writers. In the earlier part of the 19th century some notec by Count Sehomburgk
4
appeared, and earlier still James D. Maycock
5
made the first geological map of the island.

The geological literature of Trinidad is still more voluminous, being especially represented by the numerous papers of Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, and by the earlier Government reports on the ‘Geology of Trinidad’ by G. P. Wall & J. G. Sawkins (1860).

II. Hydrographical Relatiotionships of Barbados

Barbados is an outlying remnant of the dissected and submerged Antillean plateau. It occupies the same relationship to the main chain of islands, although separated from St. Vincent by 100 miles, as Grand’ Terre does to Guadeloupe proper, from which it is divided by a strait only a few hundred feet wide, or as Marie Galante nud The Saints do to Guadeloupe.

Physical Development of Barbados etc.
The Carlisle Earthquakes of July 9th and 11th, 1901
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: October 2009

The chief title to interest possessed by the Carlisle earthquakes of 1901 is the light which they throw upon the structure of the region underlying the Lake District and the North of Cumberland —a structure which must clearly be very different from that manifested by the surface-rocks. The shocks were at least four in number. The first and strongest occurred on July 9th, at 4.23 p.m.; the second about three minutes later; the third on the same day at 4.45 p.m.; and the fourth on July 11th at about 11.10 p.m. In addition, there are records of four other shocks, depending on the authority of single observers. These are as follows:—

July 9th, about 3 p.m.: Loweswater. A slight shock.

July 10th, about 1.30 a.m.: Crosthwaite (near Keswick). A slight shock without sound.

July 12th, about 2 a.m.: Crosthwaite. The same.

July 14th, about 11 p.m.: Crosthwaite. The same.

a. July 9th , 4.23 P.M.

Intensity, 5 centre of isoseismal 5, 1at. 54° 47·8' N., long. 3° 0·4' W. Number of records 267, from 155 places; and negative records fi'om 50 places.

Isoseismallines and disturbed area.—The two continuous curves in the map (p.372) refer to this earthquake. The isoseismal 5 is very nearly a circle, 29 miles in diameter, and 660 square miles in area. Its centre is situated at a point 7 miles south-south-west of Carlisle.

The isoseismal 4 is an
A System of Glacier-Lakes in the Cleveland Hills
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry
Published: October 2009

It is now 8 years since I commenced observations upon the Glacial phenomena of the Cleveland area—using the term in its broadest sense as including the whole of the Jurassic mass of North-eastern Yorkshire, but no results were attained in the first 5 years. The investigation, however, of a tract of country on the western edge of the Yale of York familiarized me with many of the more patent signs of old glacier-lakes, especially the phenomena of abandoned overflows, and this experience enabled me to recognize the great Newton-Dale valley as belonging to this category. Following this clue backward, I discovered the great system of lakes and related phenomena now to be described.

The progress of the investigation of the area west of the Ouse has been briefly recorded in papers submitted to the British Association, and on various occasions has been communicated to the Yorkshire Geological & Polytechnic Society. A new stimulus to these studies was given by Prof. W. M. Davis, who accompanied me in the examination of a tract of country round Knaresborough, where an extra-morainic diversion of the River Nidd and some other lake-overflows are well displayed. Prof. Davis on that occasion mentioned some work of a like nature which was engaging the attention of Prof. G. K. Gilbert; and I am impelled to mention the fact, as this statement of Prof. Gilbert's views undoubtedly aided me, to how great an extent I am unable to say.

II. Modern Extra-Morainic Lakes

Whenever a glacier or ice-sheet
The Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic Rocks under the Glacial Drift in the North of the Isle of Man
Authors: Dawkins William Boyd
Published: October 2009

The whole of the Isle of Man, north of a line drawn due west from Ramsey, is covered with a thick mantle of Glacial Drift, forming a plateau rising, in some places, to a height of more than 100 feet above the sea. South of this, obviously a shore-line, the iceworn Ordovician massif of the island rises in u series of precipitous hills, culminating in Snaefell. The contrast, between the northern plain and the southern hills, is so marked, that it raises the question as to whether the Ordovician rocks are continued in the shape of a seaworn plateau, covered by Drift; or whether, in this concealed area, other and newer rocks occur, similar to those surrounding the Ordovician massif of the Lake District, of Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic age. It was not improbable that the Coal-Measures of Whitehaven might extend beneath the sea in this direction. The question has been solved by a series of six borings, carried on under my advice from 1891 to 1898 by Messrs. Craine, and under the able direction of Mr. John Todd, to whom I am indebted ibr the journals from which the sections have been prepared. Of the specimens, from which the strata have been identified, some are in the Manchester Museum, Owens College, some in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London, and some in the possession of the engineer at Ramsey. The borings are all close to the coast-line, starting from a plateau of sand and gravel, at about
The Fossil Flora of the Cumberland Coalfield, and the Palæobotanical Evidence with regard to the Age of the Beds
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: October 2009

I. Inroduction

The most important area of the Cumberland Coalfield is situated on, or near, the western coast-line, extending from the neighbourhood of Whitehaven on the south to that of Mary port on the north. The geology of this district was first studied by Sedgwick, and has since formed the subject of numerous memoirs, to many of which reference will here be made. In this paper, however, we are only concerned with the physical and stratigraphical geology of the Cumberland Coalfield, in regard to the horizons from which plant-remains have been obtained, and the evidence which these plants present as to the age of the different beds.

The succession of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the region in question is apparently twofold: an essentially arenaceous series, overlying argillaceous and carbonaceous deposits.

The arenaceous series, of at present unknown vertical extent, but which is at least 600 feet thick, consists of yellowish-grey, red, or purple, massive sandstones, alternating with beds of shale and fireclay of secondary importance. Thin bands of coal and hæmatite also often occur. This series is typically developed in the immediate neighbourhood of Whitehaven, as well as in other parts of the district, and is commonly known as the Whitehaven Sandstone. The term ‘Whitehaven Sandstone’ has, however, been applied, on grounds which are not entirely satisfactory, to rocks of somewhat similar lithological composition in other districts. I propose, therefore, to speak of this series, as developed in this area of the Cumberland Coalfield, as the Sandstone Series.

The carbonaceous
Remarks upon Mr. E. A. Newell Arber's Communication: On the Clarke Collection of Fossil Plants from New South Wales
Authors: Kurtz F.
Published: October 2009

The perusal of Mr. Arber's above-cited paper has suggested to me the following observations.

I quite agree with Mr. Arber's identification of the specimens figured in his pl. i, figs. 1 & 2, with
Rhiptozamites Gœpperti
, Schmalh., which I take to be a synonym of
Nœggerathiopsis Hislopi
(Bunb.) Feistm., as I already stated in 1894 (1).
Podozamites elongatus
(Morr.), Feistm., however, I regard as quite different from
Nœggerathiopsis Hislopi
. In the first place, we have Morris's specimens from the Jerusalem Beds, Tasmania (which I know only from Feistmantel's figures): these represent an oblong-lanceolate, nearly ribbon-shaped leaf, tapering towards the base, where it is constricted in quite a Cycadean fashion—a feature never observed in our very numerous specimens of
Nœggerathiopsis
—and traversed by a rather restricted number of basally bifurcating nerves (about ten nerves are to be seen at the base, and eighteen to twenty-two in the middle of the leaflets), which occur as parallel and not as spreading veins, and unite a short distance below the apex. With this plant (
Zeugophyllites elongatus
, Morris), Szajnocha (2) identified a fossil from Cacheuta, Mendoza; and Feistmantel (3) afterwards instituted
Podozamites elongatus
(from Cape specimens), a fact overlooked by Mr. R. Etheridge. Jun. (4), as well as by Mr. Arber. Mr. Etheridge distinguished very well the Mulubimba plant, and gave a rather good description of
Nœggerathiopsis Hislopi
, Fstm. We possess quite a series of leaves from Cacheuta, which prove, first, Szajnocha's determination to be correct, and, secondly, that
P. elongatus
, Fstm., is quite a different
The Magnetite-Mines near Cogne (Graian Alps)
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

Though the magnetite-mines of Cogne in the Graian Alps are frequently mentioned, I have not succeeded in finding any detailed description of the relation of the ore to the adjacent rocks; so, as this seems to me interesting, I venture to publish a few notes made during the past summer when, in company with my friend the Rev. Edwin Hill, F.G.S., I spent some little time at the Hôtel de la Grivola in that village, where I had already twice halted for a night or two in my climbing days about forty years ago. These mines are said to have supplied ore to the Romans, and have certainly been worked since the beginning of the fourteenth century—though for many years past little or nothing has been done, not because of any failure in the ore, which is practically inexhaustible, but owing to the cost of placing it on the market; for though Aosta is now accessible by railway, it is between five and six hours' walk from that town to Cogne, and the road after the first 5 miles is only fitted for charrettes (country-carts). The mines, also, are not at Cogne, but high up on La Ruine Blanche, a spur of the Pointe de la Creia: three workings (according to my sheet of the Quadro di Unione, 1852) being on its southern face above the main valley, and one on its western flank above the Vallon de Grauson. After visiting the last-named and the most important of the others,
Geological Notes on the North-West Provinces (Himalayan) of India
Authors: Stephens Francis J.
Published: October 2009

‘The country examined extends in a north-westerly direction across the line of strike, from ... South-eastern Kumaon to north of the Alaknunda River.’ The foothills consist of Tertiary clays and sandstones, the snowy ranges of gneissose, granitic, and metamorphic rocks of various descriptions. ‘Between the snowy ranges, or rather the more southerly range of the Himalaya chain, a band of hills extends, for nearly 50 miles on an average, to the foothills. The whole area is rich in minerals.’ The Author refers to the occurrence of various rocks, met with mainly in this third belt. They include slates with vein-quartz; mica- and graphitc-schists; dykes of dolerite; granites; clay-slates, sandstones, and schists, with copper, lead, and tin; limestones, serpentines, and hornblendic rocks, with tale, steatite, etc.; various schists, quartzites, and limestones. The summary of the Author's observations leads him to ‘suppose that there are at least three distinct limestone or calcareous series in Kumaon and Garhwal, and that schists and quartzites, with several isolated patches of granitic rock, form a large part of the remaining formations.’
The Semna Cataract or Rapid of the Nile: a Study in River-Erosion
Authors: Ball John
Published: October 2009

Introductory.

Of the numerous ancient inscriptions discovered in Egypt by Lepsius during his expedition of 1842–1845, few were of a higher degree of interest than those on the rocks at Semna, between the Second and Third Cataracts of the Nile, which record the levels of high Nile in various years under the 12th and 13th dynasties. For, apart from their purely historical value as indicating the importance attached, even at that early age, to precise records of the river which has always been the life-stream of Egypt, these marks serve as a means of gauging the local changes which have taken place through the geological agency of river-erosion during a period of about 4200 years.

Lepsius spent 12 days at Semna and the neighbouring village of Kumna, and besides copying a large number of the inscriptions and making detailed plans of the two temples situated one on each side of the river, he made a sketch-plan of the rapid, and determined the fact that the high-Nile level indicated by the sculptured marks on the rocks is about 24 feet higher than the high Nile of our own day. The data published by Lepsius in his great work were the subject of a careful consideration from the geological standpoint by a former president of the Geological Society, Horner, in 1850. Horner, who does not appear to have himself visited the place, came to the conclusion that

‘the only hypotheses that could meet the requirements of the facts observed, would be either
The Elk (
Alces machlis
, Ogilby) in the Thames Valley
Authors: Newton Edwin Tulley
Published: October 2009

That the elk,
Alces machlis
, was an inhabitant of Great Britain in prehistoric times is now an established fact. Sir Richard Owen, in 1846, did not obtain satisfactory evidence of the elk as a British fossil, and consequently the genus is not included among his ‘British Fossil Mammals’ published at that date: writing, however, in 1869, he accepted the recorded discovery of elk-remains in a peaty bed in Northumberland, and himself described certain bones of the same species from a similar peaty deposit at Walthamstow, Essex. In the light of more recent discoveries, it seems likely that some of the earlier accounts of the discovery of elk-remains, which had been discredited, were really founded on bones or antlers of
Alces machlis
, and were not, as had been thought possible, due to a wrong determination of the specimens, or to the misuse of the name ‘elk.’ However that may be, numerous reliable accounts have since been published, which have established the occurrence of the true elk (
Alces machlis
) in a semifossil state at numerous localities in both England and Scotland. Two specimens referable to
Alces machlis
are said to have been found in Ireland. One is a skull with antlers, preserved in the Belfast Museum; but Leith Adams, having specially examined this skull, came to the conclusion that it was of recent origin and had been imported into Ireland. The second specimen was mentioned by Hermann von Meyer in 1832. He gave a figure of an undoubted elk-antler, said to be
On the Discovery of an Ossiferous Cavern of Pliocene Age at Doveholes, Buxton (Derbyshire)
Authors: Dawkins William Boyd
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

The Carboniferous Limestone, riddled with fissures and potholes in the neighbourhood of Doveholes, and largely occupied by extensive quarries, has from time to time yielded remains of the extinct mammalia. A tusk of mammoth, from a fissure in one or other of these quarries, has been preserved in the Owens College Museum for the last half-century. The latest discovery of a group of mammals of far higher antiquity than the mammoth, which I propose to bring before the Society in this communication, was primarily due to Master Hick (who happened to pick up some teeth of
Mastodon
while rambling over the quarry with other boys) and to Mr. Salt, the well-known Buxton antiquary, who showed me the specimens, along with others which he found at a later time. I am indebted to him for placing the specimens in my hands and giving me all the information at his command, and to the Committee of the Free Library & Museum of Buxton for the loan of specimens. I have also to thank the owner of the quarry, Mr. S. Bibbington, for allowing me to obtain, for the Owens College Museum, the specimens which have from time to time been discovered, as the cave in which they rested was opened out by the work in the quarry. I have further to acknowledge the services of the foreman of the quarry, Mr. Gregory, and of Mr. Hall, assistant-keeper of the Geological Department in the Manchester Museum, Owens College, who visited the
The Amounts of Nitrogen and Organic Carbon in some Clays and Marls
Authors: Miller N. H. J.
Published: October 2009

Before discussing the results obtained from the different deposits which form the subject of this note, it will be useful to consider some of the changes which we know the organic matter of soils is liable to undergo. The nature of these changes will depend mainly on the conditions of aëration, on the climate, and on the character of the mineral substances with which the vegetable matter is associated; and the chemical properties of the predominating constituents of the decaying plants, which may be proteids, carbohydrates, or resins, etc., may, according to circumstances, have an important influence on the character of the products.

Without going into the complicated questions involved in the breaking-down of the different plant-constituents, or the question of the production of complex organic substances from elementary nitrogen, it may be stated that the general, but not invariable, tendency of decaying vegetable matter is to become more nitrogenous, owing to the relatively greater ease with which, under most conditions, gaseous compounds of carbon are liberated as compared with nitrogen. An example of a change of this kind is afforded by some analyses made in 1865, 1881, and 1893, of the soil of the continuously unmanured plot of the Rothamsted wheat-field. The results (see Table I, below) show a decrease in the amount both of total nitrogen and of organic carbon, the loss of carbon being relatively greater than that of nitrogen. An example of a change of this kind is afforded by some analyses made in 1865, 1881
The Overthrust Torridonian Rocks of the Isle of Rum, and the Associated Gneisses
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction :
The Relatively-Unmoved Tract
.

The geological literature of the Isle of Rum is not extensive. The earliest important contribution is found in Macculloch’s ‘Western Islands of Scotland,’ and illustrates the close observation and acute reasoning which characterize that remarkable work. In his small sketch-map Macculloch shows the northern part of the island and a strip along the eastern coast occupied by red sandstone, which he correctly identifies with that of Skye [Torridonian]. The rest of the island he divides among the igneous rocks, of which he distinguishes syenite [granite and granophyre], ‘augit-rock’ [peridotite, gabbro, etc.], and basalt and amygdaloid. In spite of the extremely crude topography of the map, the distribution of these rocks is roughly indicated, and some of the leading facts concerning their relations are set forth in the text. Since Macculloch’s time no systematic account of the geology of Rum has been published. The igneous rocks, now recognized as of Tertiary age, have received some notice, and a valuable description of the peridotites in particular has been given by Prof. Judd. Numerous references to Rum appear in the writings of Sir Archibald Geikie; and in ‘The ’Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain’ he has given an account not only of the igneous rocks, but also of some of the highly disturbed strata, with associated gneisses, to be described below. The present communication is the outcome of the detailed mapping of the island carried out by the writer for the Geological Survey of Scotland.

The Isle of
On the Occurrence of
Dictyozamites
in England, with Remarks on European and Eastern Mesozoic Floras
Authors: Seward Albert Charles
Published: October 2009

Among several species of Inferior-Oolite plants recently collected by the Rev. John Hawell, M.A., F.G.S., and sent to me for examination, I found a few fragments of
Dictyozamites
, a genus of especial interest from the point of view of the geographical distribution of Mesozoic plants. Mr. Hawell obtained the plants from a bed of ironstone on the northern face of the Upleatham outlier, near Marske-by-the-Sea, in Yorkshire; most of the material was dug out from an old heap of refuse thrown aside during boring operations, but the plant-bed was also investigated
in situ
.

The locality is mentioned on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey-maps as Marske Quarry; it is situated 1 mile directly south of Marske, and about 500 feet above sea-level. This plant-bed occurs low down in the Estuarine Series, and is probably of Lower Estuarine age; but in the neighbourhood of Marske, Mr. Hawell informs me, there is apparently no distinct line of division between the Lower and the Middle Estuarine Series.

The generic name
Dictyozamites
was proposed by Oldham in 1862 for some pinnate fronds discovered in strata of laminated clay, converted by igneous agency into a porcellanous rock, at the eastern end of the Puchwara Pass in the Rajmahal Hills. The fragments represented in figs. 5–8 (Pl. XV) were drawn from a piece of this rock in the British Museum (Natural History) Collection. Morris, as joint author with Oldham of the first volume of the ‘Fossil Flora of India,’ referred the specimens to Guthier's genus
Dictyopteris
, a term
On a Fossiliferous Band at the Top of the Lower Greensand near Leighton Buzzard (Bedfordshire)
Authors: Lamplugh George William , Walker John Francis
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

During an examination of the Lower Cretaceous outcrop in Bedfordshire by one of the writers in June 1902, he was delighted to find in the sands immediately below the base of the Gault-Clay, in the large sand-pits at
Shenley Hill, 1½ miles north-east of Leighton Buzzard, a richly-fossiliferous horizon which does not appear to have been hitherto noticed. Four separate visits were afterwards made by him to the locality, for the purpose of studying the section and collecting the fossils; but as these did not serve to exhaust the possibilities of the bed, the second author undertook to carry on the investigation, and for this purpose spent ten days on the ground in August. On the material thus jointly collected, along with further supplies since received from the quarrymen, the palæontological results given in this paper are based, while for the stratigraphical details of the sections, and for opinions expressed thereon, the first-named author is mainly responsible.

The nearest locality from which fossils have been previously recorded in the Lower Greensand of this part of England, lies between Great and Little Brickhill, 4 miles to the northward of Shenley Hill, where they were found abundantly in working a ‘coprolite-bed’ at the base of the Lower Greensand. The only other recorded occurrence of marine Lower Cretaceous fossils in Bedfordshire is at Potion, 19 miles to the north-eastward of Shenley Hill, where, in the workings of a pebbly ‘coprolite-bed’ which forms a band in the Greensands
The Sedimentary Deposits of Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Molyneux Arthur J. C.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Southern Rhodesia lies between the Rivers Zambesi and Limpopo where they approach nearest to each other, a distance of 400 miles. Its greatest breadth is from the Victoria Falls on the west to the 33rd degree of longitude on the east, a distance of 450 miles, and it has an area of 192,000 square miles. The major portion of this extent is occupied by grey granite and gneiss, and by the metamorphic schists and slates that contain the numerous quartz-veins extensively worked by an ancient people, and now being again opened up for the extraction of gold and copper. The area over which these rocks occur measures 140,000 square miles, the remaining portion being taken up by sandstones and volcanic rocks.

Whatever may have been the original condition of the slates and schists of the gold-belts, igneous or sedimentary, they are now so indurated and cleaved by lateral pressure that their present state only is recognized in this paper, and they are referred to as schists or metamorphic rocks, or when associated with the granites and gneisses, are included in the term Archæan rocks. The slates lie at an almost vertical angle, and the lapse of time and vast amount of erosion that took place before they were covered by the deposition of the sedimentary beds now to be described (which, in striking contrast, lie at low angles or horizontally) give rise to the ‘great unconformity’ of Rhodesian geology.

The Archæan rocks of Rhodesia have frequently formed the
Notes on some Lamellibranchiate Mollusca obtained by Mr. Molyneux from the Sengwe Coalfield
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: October 2009

Four small slabs of sandstone obtained by Mr. Molyneux are covered with imperfectly-preserved bivalve shells, which seem to represent two species.

Three of these slabs, numbered 7, exhibit numerous specimens of a small oval shell, the largest measuring about 9 millimetres in antero-posterior length. Some examples show the surface-markings or casts left by an impression of the surface, while a few bear traces of the anterior adductor muscle-scar. They all have a markedly Unioniform aspect; but none appear to exhibit the hinge-plate, which is a very important factor in determining the genus to which they belong.

Prof. Amalitsky has shown that in the Permian beds of the Oka-Volga Basin there occur several genera of Unioniform shells, for the generic determination of which the hinge-characters are essential. The same author has studied the collection of lamellibranchs from the Karoo Formation of South Africa in the possession of the Geological Society, and has recognized several species identical with those from the Permian near Nizhni Novgorod. I have had the privilege of examining Prof. Amalitsky's type-specimens in St. Petersburg, and, in his company, the beds in which they were discovered near Nizhni Novgorod. I have also studied the Bain Collections from South Africa, in the Geological Society's Museum, used by Sharpe. On the whole, my biological results agree with those of Prof. Amalitsky, and I only differ from him on mere questions of nomenclature. I think that the small oval gibbose bivalves discovered by Mr. Molyneux in the Sengwe Coalfield should most probably