bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The challenges that social care services face in relation to looked after children with neurodevelopmental disorders: A unique insight from a social worker perspective
Authors: Heady Nicola , Watkins Alan , John Ann , Hutchings Hayley
Published: July 2022

Looked after children (LAC) continue to be one of the most vulnerable groups in society with numbers and rates in care increasing year-on-year. The aim of this study was to explore the unique perspectives, perceptions and opinions of experienced social workers on the little explored subject of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in this population. Using purposeful sampling, 10 social work professionals with extensive experience of working with these children were interviewed using a semi-structured interview. A thematic analysis using NVivo software was utilised to analyse, code and identify themes that contributed to the aims of the study. Four overarching themes and sub-themes emerged from the findings: perceptions of NDDs, perceptions of diagnosis, access to service provision and the impact on care settings. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, dyslexia and dyspraxia were the more prominent conditions discussed. Even though these children are embedded in service provision, the findings raise important questions for both health and social care policy. There is a pressing need for research from a nationwide context to further explore areas of prevalence, training, resources, access to relevant specialist support services and the impacts on the already vulnerable LAC with an NDD.
Longitudinal Study of the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Activity Travel Using Connected Vehicle Data
Authors: Concas Sisinnio , Kourtellis Achilleas , Kummetha Vishal , Kamrani Mohsen , Rabbani Maysam , Dokur Omkar
Published: July 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a once-in-a-century impact on human life on the planet. As of June 30, 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that more than 194 million people have been infected and more than 4 million have succumbed. Our goal is to study and analyze the potential for structural long-term changes in activity travel behavior caused by this global disruption. We rely on a longitudinal panel of 308 drivers who provided high-frequency connected vehicle data (once per second up to 10 times per second) covering more than one year before the onset of the pandemic (January 2019) and one year and three months after the national state of emergency was first declared in the U.S.A. (June 2021). We combine this dataset with land-use data to produce a comprehensive activity travel database for studying the impact on personal vehicle trips made and their spatial dispersion, time spent traveling and on activities, time spent at home, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). We find that the number of trips made to reach work and nonwork activities is reverting to pre-COVID-19 trends. Travel time and VMT in personal vehicles are steadily increasing as well. At this pace, granting the absence of new variants warranting travel restrictions, these activity travel measures are expected to reach pre-COVID-19 levels by the second half of 2021 or early 2022. The spatial dispersion of activities, after increasing during the opening phases, seems to stabilize at levels comparable with those experienced before the state of emergency was declared.
The British brig-sloop Pilot (1807): At war and in whaling
Authors: Papworth Julie , Dence Roger
Published: July 2022

Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, many Royal Navy warships were laid up before being sold into merchant service or for breaking up. Large numbers of sloops, schooners and cutters had been built for war service between 1803 and 1814, mostly in private shipyards. The versatility of these smaller classes of vessels was evident in their diverse and demanding wartime roles and subsequently in mercantile trading or whaling. One such vessel, the Cruizer-class brig-sloop HMS Pilot (1807), was commissioned in 1808, served until 1816 and, after an extended period in reserve, was sold out of naval service in 1828. As a commercial whaling bark, the Pilot made five voyages in the British Southern Whale Fishery between 1830 and the early 1840s before being condemned in 1845. This article provides a case study of one vessel's career in naval and mercantile service, which was typical of the period.
New Culture Wars: Tradwives, Bodybuilders and the Neoliberalism of the Far-Right
Authors: del Campo Felix
Published: July 2022

The renewed interest in unearthing the structural similarities between neoliberalism’s ‘authoritarianism’ and the contemporary far-right has paid little to no attention to another critical overlap between the two: the deep aversion towards the ‘feminisation of society’. This paper aims twofold: first, I theorise the relation between gender and the state under neoliberalism as a fundamental aspect of its de-democratising project, which underscores a structural similarity between the two. Second, I highlight the role of politicising culture in both neoliberalism and the far-right. Drawing on Wilhelm Röpke’s theorisation of the cultural-symbolic and anthropological order as a political practice mystifying seemingly ‘autonomous’ political and economic orders, I show how the far-right ‘anti-gender’ culture wars are thoroughly compatible with neoliberalism. Despite the former’s rhetorical antagonism with the latter, ‘tradwives’ and bodybuilders are prime ‘authoritarian’ neoliberal subjects. I find evidence in the work of the German identitarians organised around the Institut für Staatspolitik.
Service-Learning in Higher Education and Prosocial Identity Formation
Authors: McDougle Lindsey M. , Li Huafang
Published: July 2022

For most nonprofits, their effectiveness, sustainability, and survival all depend on the willingness of individuals to behave in prosocial ways, for example, by giving time, money, and/or resources to various organizations and causes. Scholars have, therefore, long sought to identify predictors of prosocial behaviors; and, one consistently significant variable in this quest has been prosocial role identity. Indeed, the strength of this identity, studies have shown, positively predicts participation in a variety of prosocial activities. Despite this significance, research on service-learning, a widely utilized pedagogical practice intended to prepare prosocially active and engaged citizens, has been largely disconnected from the literature on identity motivated behavior. Yet, this literature provides a strong conceptual foundation for understanding why, when, how, and for whom participation in service-learning will be associated with positive changes in prosocial identities—and, ultimately sustained participation in role-related prosocial behaviors. In this article, we connect these literatures and propose a model.
Relationships of Tobacco Use and Kava Consumption to Sex-Associated Variation in Body Composition and Obesity Risk in Melanesian Adults From Vanuatu
Authors: Olszowy Kathryn M. , Roome Amanda B. , Standard Elisabeth , Tarivonda Len , Taleo George , Dancause Kelsey N.
Published: July 2022

Obesity prevalence has increased in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) over the past several decades, with generally greater occurrence among adult females compared with males. Gendered variation in health behaviors, such as substance use, may play a role in how differences in obesity, body size, and composition manifest in association with sex. This study examines sex-moderated relationships of tobacco smoking and kava consumption with body composition and obesity among 301 Ni-Vanuatu (local self-identification meaning “of Vanuatu”) adults. Data collected included self-reported frequency of substance use as well as anthropometric measurements to assess body mass, composition, and obesity. Tobacco and kava use were associated with reduced measurements of body mass and adiposity in males, and kava use was associated with some elevated measurements of body mass and hip circumference in females. Kava use was also negatively associated with obesity based on waist-to-height ratio among males. These results have implications for evaluation and future research on substance control programs in this population.
Why services cannot be the engine of growth for India
Authors: Talreja Chaitanya , Dasgupta Anirban
Published: July 2022

India’s phenomenal service-led growth in recent decades has generated debate on the role of services vis-à-vis manufacturing as the engine of growth. With the rapidly increasing importance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in global production systems since the 1990s, there have been claims of services having developed a growth dynamism similar to manufacturing. This article examines the role of services in India’s growth process using the concept of inter-sectoral linkages to make comparison with the role of manufacturing. Input-Output linkages and time series analysis reveal that services have been much less integrated in India’s production structure than manufacturing. They were also less important in generating indirect employment spillovers through sectoral linkages, compared with manufacturing. Service sector growth is found to be autonomously driven by final demand and therefore less dependent on its interconnections with the rest of the economy from the production side. The findings also indicate that service sector growth has stimulated manufacturing growth but not vice versa. However, the impact of services on manufacturing from the demand-side is neither sustainable nor desirable going forward. India is in urgent need of strategically developing its manufacturing sector through integrating dynamic services like ICT and internalising productivity gains. At the same time measures to address India’s inequality are critical to broaden the country’s demand base and make the growth process more sustainable and inclusive. In this sense, inequality reduction is a prerequisite for growth and should not be seen as an alternative to it.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Organizational Rewards, Managerial Experience, and Employee Retention in Entrepreneurial New Ventures
Authors: Zhu Fei , Newman Alexander
Published: July 2022

This study integrates human capital theory and research on organizational rewards to examine how one financial reward (i.e., pay level relative to the market average) and three non-financial rewards (i.e., job autonomy, growth opportunities, and team support) jointly influence employee retention in entrepreneurial new ventures. It also examines the moderating role of managerial experience on these contingent relationships. The findings demonstrate that relative pay level strengthens the positive effect of specific non-financial rewards on employee retention, and that employees with managerial experience and those without this experience can be retained using different reward strategies.
Influence of rail weld irregularity on dynamic stress of bogie frame based on vehicle-track rigid-flexible coupled model
Authors: Sun Yi , Wei Lai , Dai Huanyun , Liu Chaotao , Qu Sheng , Qi Yayun
Published: July 2022

To examine the effects of rail weld irregularity on the dynamic stress of the bogie frame, a numerical model which considers the bogie frame flexibility is established. Field measurements were conducted to validate the reliability of the proposed model and the bogie frame’s modal vibration including the bending deformation of cross beams at 50 Hz can be observed. A comparison between the flexible bogie frame model and the traditional multi-body dynamics model is conducted to investigate the influences of the bogie frame’s flexibility on wheel-rail interactions. Then the numerical model of the rail weld joint is proposed to study the P2 resonance performance and the dynamic stress patterns of the bogie frame. A comparison of influences with different rail weld irregularities and parameter studies are conducted. Then the effects of fastener stiffness on P2 resonance frequencies are discussed. The results show that it is necessary to consider the bogie frame’s flexibility in simulations which will aggravate the wheel-rail vibrations. The short wavelengths in combination with a certain speed could induce the bogie frame’s modal vibration and large track supporting stiffness will threaten the running safety of the vehicle which may also contribute to the formation of wheel out-of-roundness. Besides, the limit values of the rail weld irregularities are discussed to provide a reference for rail surface grinding from different aspects.
Surgical removal of submacular choroidal neovessels in children: Outcome and literature review
Authors: Abdelmassih Youssef , EL Khoury Sylvain , Dureau Pascal , Edelson Catherine , Metge Florence , Caputo Georges
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To report on the outcome of surgical submacular choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) removal in children and to perform a comprehensive review of literature concerning this intervention in children.

Methods

In this retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series, we included 8 eyes of 7 consecutive children with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization treated by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and CNV removal. Main outcome measures were visual acuity and complications.

Results

Mean age at surgery was 8.6 ± 5.2 years (range: 2–16). Two out of 8 eyes were idiopathic. Corrected-distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved from 1.01 ± 0.45logMAR (range:0.3–1.5) at presentation to 0.60 ± 0.37 (range:0–1) at last follow-up (p = 0.03). Mean follow-up was 3.9 ± 3.9 years. Six eyes received at least one intravitreal injection of bevacizumab prior to surgery. Recurrence occurred in one eye with Best's disease. Literature review revealed a total of 42 cases with the most frequent etiologies being Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) and idiopathic CNV. Considering all cases together, mean CDVA improved from 1.00 ± 0.37logMAR to 0.52 ± 0.42 (p < 0.01). CNV recurrence occurred in 11 eyes (22.0%), 7 of which had an inflammatory etiology. Other complications included pigment epithelium tear, atrophy and retinal tear.

Conclusion

Surgical removal of CNV is a viable, effective and safe option in children with persistent submacular neovascular membranes.
Music as a Medium of Instruction (MMI): A new pedagogical approach to English language teaching for students with and without music training
Authors: Fernández de Cañete García Claudia , Pineda Inmaculada , Waddell George
Published: July 2022

Recent research shows that musical training improves children’s development of oral and aural skills. This study focuses on developing and testing a methodological framework (Music as a Medium of instruction, MMI) in English language teaching (ELT) by contrasting MMI and gamification methodologies with the participation of 22 Spanish children all born in 2008. The differences in progression between participants with and without previous instrumental training are also discussed. Generalized linear model procedures were used for each outcome variable (listening comprehension and oral production skills) to investigate the effect of independent variables (MMI vs. gamification; students with music training vs. learners without music training). Results revealed that students of the MMI group had significantly higher scores than the gamification group in oral production. Significant improvement was traced in listening comprehension in the MMI group. This study provides promising initial evidence that the MMI approach can be at least as beneficial as gamification-based approaches for young learners in the ELT classroom. However, results need to be established on firmer grounds, for instance by using fully randomized experimental designs and by conducting mediation analyses.
‘I’d rather you worked individually’: An autoethnographic enquiry
Authors: Enferad Roqayeh , Yaqubi Baqer , Ghasem Hassani Seyyed
Published: July 2022

In this enquiry, I (the first author) as a teacher of English as a foreign language (EFL) reflect on my own deep-seated reluctance to use pair/group work activities in my classroom, although I am aware of the benefits of pair/group activities for second language (L2) learning as abundantly documented in empirical studies. Through an autoethnographic enquiry, I reflect on my broader lived experiences to investigate how my dispositional mindset towards pair/group work was formed in the course of my life. Data were primarily my personal experiences that I analysed drawing on the conceptual framework of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (Engeström, 1987). Analyses of my data showed that my teacher subjectivity towards collaborative activities has not derived from experiences in diverse educational settings. On the contrary, our findings illustrated that my mindset had been largely formed in my earlier personal experiences, even before my formal-schooling education, by the invisible norms of my family culture, itself a reflection of the larger ambient culture. The findings of this enquiry may open new windows of opportunities for teachers to draw on the emic approach of autoethnography to reflect on their own subjectivity which mediates their classroom practices.
Flexural behavior of recycled aggregate concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Authors: Mater Yasser M , Elansary Ahmed A , Abdalla Hany A
Published: July 2022

Using recycled aggregate in the construction of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings has become essential to reduce the waste produced from demolished buildings. In this paper, the influence of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) in strengthening of RC beams with recycled coarse aggregate (RCA), as a partial/full replacement for natural coarse aggregate (NCA), was experimentally investigated. Twelve RC beams with various RCA ratios (0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%) were prepared and tested under four-point loading. Four beams without CFRP were tested till failure while the other eight beams were subjected to service loads then strengthened using CFRP and re-tested till failure. The cracking pattern, deflection, as well as strain in longitudinal and transversal reinforcement were recorded. The failure loads of the tested beams were compared to those predicted from various international design codes. Results showed that the flexural cracks appeared in specimens with 100% RCA earlier than those with NCA. Moreover, the increase in RCA% resulted in resisting tensile stresses by stirrups at a lower load value and achieving a more ductile behavior. Also, the experimental results showed that including RCA in beams slightly decreased the failure load for both strengthened and un-strengthened RC beams. Furthermore, beams with higher amount of RCA experienced more deflections than those with lower amount of RCA. Such behavior was found more prominent in the CFRP strengthened beams.
Good jobs, scam jobs: Detecting, normalizing, and internalizing online job scams during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ravenelle Alexandrea J , Janko Erica , Kowalski Ken Cai
Published: July 2022

Good jobs that allow remote work have enabled white-collar professionals to stay home during COVID-19, but for precarious workers, online advertisements for work-from-home employment are often scams. In this article, based on in-depth interviews conducted between April and July 2020 with nearly 200 precarious workers, we find that precarious workers regularly encountered fraudulent job advertisements via digital media. Drawing on Swidler’s concepts of the cultural tool kit and cultural logic, we find that in this time of uncertainty, workers defaulted to the focus on personal responsibility that is inherent in insecurity culture. Following the cultural logic of personal responsibility, job seekers did not place blame on job search websites for allowing the scams to be posted, but normalized the situation, deploying a scam detection repertoire in response. In addition, the discovery that advertised “good jobs” are often scams affecting workers’ desire to continue job hunting and perceptions of potential future success.
Platform scams: Brazilian workers’ experiences of dishonest and uncertain algorithmic management
Authors: Grohmann Rafael , Pereira Gabriel , Guerra Abel , Abilio Ludmila Costhek , Moreschi Bruno , Jurno Amanda
Published: July 2022

This article discusses how Brazilian platform workers experience and respond to platform scams through three case studies. Drawing from digital ethnographic research, vlogs/interviews of workers, and literature review, we argue for a conceptualization of “platform scam” that focuses on multiple forms of platform dishonesty and uncertainty. We characterize scam as a structuring element of the algorithmic management enacted by platform labor. The first case engages with when platforms scam workers by discussing Uber drivers’ experiences with the illusive surge pricing. The second case discusses when workers (have to) scam platforms by focusing on Amazon Mechanical Turk microworkers’ experiences with faking their identities. The third case presents when platforms lead workers to scam third parties, by engaging with how Brazilian click farm platforms’ workers use bots/fake accounts to engage with social media. Our focus on “platform scams” thus highlights the particular dimensions of faking, fraud, and deception operating in platform labor. This notion of platform scam expands and complexifies the understanding of scam within platform labor studies. Departing from workers’ experiences, we engage with the asymmetries and unequal power relations present in the algorithmic management of labor.
Red flags, sob stories, and scams: The contested meaning of governance on carework labor platforms
Authors: Ticona Julia
Published: July 2022

Labor platform scams are an opportunity to integrate scholarship about governance across social media and labor platforms. Labor platforms have borrowed governance mechanisms from social media to cultivate trust among users and remove problematic content. However, while these platforms may share governance strategies, labor platforms mediate employment relationships between workers and clients with different amounts of power. Based on a multistakeholder ethnography of carework labor platforms, online careworker forums, and interviews, this study describes scams on carework labor platforms. Labor platforms narrate workers into the role of technology consumers, constricting their own obligations to workers. Workers’ explanations of scams vary, with some contesting and others aligning with platform narratives. Some workers seek support in online forums, which remediate the harm of scams for some but also enroll workers in unpaid labor. These scams challenge the assumption of antagonism between the interests of workers and platform companies and highlight the consumerization of work.
Platform drama: “Cancel culture,” celebrity, and the struggle for accountability on YouTube
Authors: Lewis Rebecca , Christin Angèle
Published: July 2022

Recent years have witnessed debates about so-called “cancel culture” and more broadly about online accountability practices. Here we revisit this topic through a study of YouTube “drama,” a hybrid genre where creators provide commentary on the scandals, scams, and feuds between YouTube celebrities. Drawing on cultural studies scholarship, and based on qualitative interviews and content analysis, we argue that YouTube drama embodies a range of cultural and moral negotiations that take place on social media platforms. We conceptualize accountability practices on YouTube as an ongoing “platform drama” in which creators engage in perpetual and highly visible power struggles with celebrities, audiences, legacy media, other creators, and YouTube itself. Within the context of this “platform drama,” structural issues and interpersonal conflicts become blurred, as do accountability practices and monetized spectacles. We analyze “cancelation” on YouTube as a ritualistic practice in which structural tensions are publicly negotiated and performed, even as accountability itself remains largely elusive.
Searching differently? How political attitudes impact search queries about political issues
Authors: van Hoof Marieke , Meppelink Corine S , Moeller Judith , Trilling Damian
Published: July 2022

For many, search engines are crucial gateways to (political) information. While extant research is concerned with algorithmic bias, user choices had been largely neglected. Yet, search queries are the key way in which searchers explicate their information need. Building on framing theory and selective exposure, we argue that queries are ingrained with (political) predispositions: issue frames in mind of searchers manifest themselves in search terms and queries. Using Dutch survey data ( N = 1994), and manual coding and latent class analysis, we explore how types of people formulate search queries about immigration and climate change ( RQ1). A regression analysis shows how these searcher types relate to political attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics ( RQ2). Notably, searchers formulate queries in ways that are related to their political positions, but this differs for different issues. These findings imply systematic differences in user choices which future research needs to consider when auditing search engines.
The embodiment of fear: Reproductive health and migrant women’s choices, in Verona, Italy
Authors: Sanò Giuliana , Pasian Pamela , Puppa Francesco Della
Published: July 2022

This article discusses the results of ethnographic research conducted in the municipality of Verona (Veneto Region, Northeast Italy), during 2018, aimed at analysing the reproductive health needs of migrant women, and their access to such services in the territory. The research highlighted that, in addition to many critical structural-organizational issues, there was an emotional obstacle to the use of services – that is, the feeling of fear. In this paper, therefore, we will try to reflect on the role exercised by fear in the relationship between migrant women and reproductive health services. We interpret this emotion not as the expression of an individual experience and feeling, but rather as an example of “embedded thinking”; the result of a social construction that reflects dynamics and power relationships, capable of transforming feelings into practices.
Trust violation at work: Lived experiences of American, Indian, and Chinese employees
Authors: Wildman Jessica L. , Warren Catherine , Deepak Pratibha , Fry Trevor N. , Nyein Kyi Phyu , Pagan Allyson D.
Published: July 2022

Despite decades of research establishing that trust is critical to successful collaboration, the experience of trust violation is poorly understood independent of trust repair. Furthermore, despite increasing globalization, most organizational research on trust violation is heavily Westernized. This semi-structured interview study explored subjective experiences of trust violation at work across 23 individuals from the United States, India, and China to better understand similarities and differences in the unfolding reactions to trust violations across cultures. Our inductive thematic analysis identifies some trust violation triggers common to all three nationalities (i.e., psychological contract breach, professional attack, lack of work ethic) and some triggers unique to certain nationalities (i.e., lack of acknowledgment for Indian workers; excessive monitoring and injustice perceptions for Chinese workers). Regarding reactions to trust violations, American workers emphasized a central reaction of anger, Indian workers described more varied emotional and behavioral reactions possibly reflecting cultural complexity, and Chinese workers described reactions of emotion suppression and behavioral avoidance that align with theories of face. For American and Indian workers, violations damaged both interpersonal relationships and attitudes towards one’s job, whereas for Chinese workers, violations damaged only the focal interpersonal relationship. We discuss the implications of our descriptive, nationality-specific unfolding models of trust violation for advancing cross-cultural research on trust violations at work.
The experiences and perceptions of young people and older people living with dementia of participating in intergenerational programmes: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Houghton Catherine , Hennessy Marita , Smyth Siobhán , Hennelly Niamh , Smalle Michael , Jordan Fionnuala , Jones Catrin H. , Quinn Michelle , Casey Dympna , Teahan Áine
Published: July 2022

Background

Intergenerational programmes are formal activities bringing different generations together and have been identified as a way to help people living with dementia to stay socially connected. While there is some evidence from individual studies as to their benefits, there is no overall coherent account as to the perceptions and experiences of participants who engage in such programmes. This review synthesises qualitative evidence of the experiences and perceptions of young people and older people living with dementia of participating in such programmes.

Methods

We searched EBSCO CINAHL, OVID Medline, Embase, Ovid PsycINFO, the Web of Science, Epistemonikos and grey literature sources. We used thematic synthesis to analyse and synthesise the evidence in to four themes, with 11 key findings. We assessed our confidence in each of these findings using the GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) approach.

Findings

Our review highlights the potential enjoyment for young people and older people living with dementia when participating in Intergenerational programmes, despite some initial trepidation. These programmes provide an opportunity to establish and develop relationships and for young people to learn about dementia, ageing and how to interact with older people living with dementia. However, it is important to have staff facilitators present to provide reassurance to both groups. It is also important to take the personal preferences of participants into account and to be considerate of noise levels and other aspects of programme delivery that may inhibit engagement.

Conclusion

This is the first qualitative evidence synthesis specifically exploring Intergenerational programmes aimed at older people living with dementia. We provide insights into the perspectives of those who have participated in Intergenerational programmes. It is important to consider these views, together with other evidence of effectiveness, when planning Intergenerational programmes. While our review is limited by a small number of studies from only a few countries, we have moderate to high confidence in our findings. Further research into the development of Intergenerational programmes specifically tailored for people living with dementia is needed. The findings also provide guidance for people planning to deliver or design future Intergenerational programmes.
Is there a strategic organization in the behavioral theory of the firm? Looking back and looking forward
Authors: Greve Henrich R , Zhang Cyndi Man
Published: July 2022

In the 20 years of Strategic Organization, how well has knowledge drawn from the behavioral theory of the firm contributed to the field of strategy? We see progress both in the pages of SO! and elsewhere in the field of strategy, but this progress has been held back by divisions between strategy and organization theory in what theories should predict, what mechanisms are preferable predictors, and what outcomes are of interest. Despite these divisions, the last few years have seen particularly rapid progress, turning the behavioral theory of the firm into one of multiple organization theory sources of strategy knowledge. It is time to reassess and consider the best future direction, and we propose a framework organized around how strategy is shaped by the (1) organizational structure, (2) organizational decision makers, (3) organizational history, and (4) organizational environment. This subdivision captures the decision-making units in the theory (1–2), the importance of experience (3), and the role of context (4). We outline fruitful research topics based on this framework.
Spanish-Language Television and Diaspora in Detroit and Los Angeles: Toward Latinx Media Enfranchisement
Authors: Benamou Catherine L.
Published: July 2022

Spanish-language media have often been portrayed as catering to a “niche” market, because of presumed ethnic specificity and issues of linguistic proficiency and preference. Constructed as such, these media are seldom considered in the mainstream as having an impact on social incorporation, and media and opinions in the larger U.S. public sphere. Based on field research conducted in Detroit and Los Angeles, this article challenges such notions, showing how Spanish-language television, when utilized as a place-making tool as well as a source of local and national information, can contribute to viewers’ resilience, sense of self, and sociopolitical expression through media enfranchisement. In contrast to other studies that emphasize textual analysis or media enterprises in the aggregate, this article takes a meso-level approach, focusing on the differences made for Latinx communities by innovation in media access, reception strategies, and outreach by media professionals, along with the qualitative improvement of audiovisual representation.
Gender-Responsive Needs and Vulnerabilities Among Incarcerated Mothers in Japan: Comparisons With Non-Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Sasaki Ayako , Mochizuki Akemi , Yoshihara Daiki
Published: July 2022

This study examined the gender-responsive needs and vulnerabilities associated with motherhood among the incarcerated population in Japan. Upon analyzing data of a national survey of the incarcerated population (338 women and 364 men), the results indicated that, compared with non-mothers and fathers, incarcerated mothers had greater needs and vulnerabilities in such areas as socioeconomic status, drug addiction and childhood adversities, which may be affected by their dual status as being a woman and being a mother. Implications are discussed, including the need for comprehensive gender-responsive treatment with a rehabilitative and trauma-informed approach in the context of parenting in prison settings.
Conduit/Wrap Repairs to Digital Nerves Provide Residual Strength After Peak Loading
Authors: Tavitas Grace E. , Schimoler Patrick J. , Kharlamov Alexander , Tang Peter , Miller Mark Carl
Published: July 2022

Background:

Many techniques are used for digital nerve repair, most commonly coaptation by sutures. Nerve repairs must be strong while offering an environment for nerve regeneration. Sutures can damage the nerve and thereby limit growth and regeneration. Sutures can rip and cause sudden catastrophic failure. Fibrin glue and conduit-wraps allow a good environment for growth, but neither provides much strength. A benefit to conduit repair would arise if the repair maintained integrity after the peak load so that the path for regrowth stayed in place. The goal for this study was to determine whether conduit with glue provides continued strength after a maximum load is reached.

Methods:

Digital cadaveric nerves were harvested and repaired with 2 epineurial sutures, conduit, and fibrin glue in all combinations. Tests to failure were performed, gap displacement between nerve ends recorded, and the postpeak load energy to dissociation of the nerve and conduit was calculated.

Results:

Conduit with glue and 2 sutures at the end had the greatest energy and displacement after the peak load but was not significantly different than conduit with glue and 1 suture. Conduit with glue alone obtained statistically the same displacement as conduit with glue and 2 sutures. Conduit, with or without glue, and 2 sutures was statistically the same as suture only repair for peak load.

Conclusion:

Conduit/wrap maintains a load capacity and a path for nerve regeneration after the peak. Suture at the ends of conduit, not at the coaptation site, reduces damage at the point of injury.
Proximal Row Carpectomy Does Not Alter Contact Pressures of the Lunate Fossa: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Huddleston Hailey P. , Connors Katherine , Levy Kenneth H. , Kurtzman Joey S. , Hayes Westley T. , Koehler Steven M.
Published: July 2022

Background:

Previous studies have suggested that proximal row carpectomy (PRC) results in increased contact pressures and decreased contact areas in the radiocarpal joint. Such experiments, however, used older technologies that may be associated with considerable measurement errors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference in contact pressure and contact area before and after PRC using Tekscan, a newer pressure sensing technology.

Methods:

Ten nonpaired cadaveric specimens were dissected proximal to the carpal row and potted. An ultra-thin Tekscan sensor was secured in the lunate fossa of the radius. The wrists were loaded with 200 N of force for 60 seconds to simulate clenched-fist grip; contact pressure and area was assessed before and after PRC.

Results:

Performing a PRC did not significantly increase mean contact pressure at the lunate fossa compared to the native state (mean increase of 17.4 ± 43.2 N/cm2, P = .184). Similarly, the PRC did not significantly alter peak contact pressures at the lunate fossa (intact: 617.2 ± 233.46 N/cm2, median = 637.5 N/cm2; PRC: 707.8 ± 156.6 N/cm2, median = 728.5 N/cm2; P = .169). In addition, the PRC (0.46 ± 0.15 cm2, median = 0.48 cm2) and intact states (0.49 ± 0.25 cm2, median = 0.44 cm2) demonstrated similar contact areas ( P = .681).

Conclusions:

In contrast to prior studies that demonstrated significant increases in contact pressure and decreases in contact area after PRC, our findings propose that performing a PRC does not significantly alter the contact pressures or area of the lunate fossa of the radiocarpal joint.
Primary Repair of Chronic Distal Biceps Tendon Tears
Authors: Schmidt Gregory J. , Dmochowski Jakub M. , Gudeman Andrew S. , Cage Emily S. , Greenberg Jeffrey A. , Hoyer Reed W.
Published: July 2022

Background:

This study reports the clinical results following primary repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures more 6 weeks after injury.

Methods:

A retrospective review of distal biceps tendon repairs performed by 8 different hand surgeons from January 1, 2015 to October 15, 2020 was performed. Patients with complete tears surgically treated ≥6 weeks after injury without tendon graft were included. Thirty patients qualified and underwent chart review for complication and range of motion (ROM) data. They were contacted for final patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) using Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) and Patient Reported Elbow Evaluation (PREE) scores. Final PROMs were obtained from 21 patients with an average follow-up of 31.3 months (range: 4-71 months).

Results:

Average time from injury to repair was 71 days (range: 42-204). The average QuickDASH score was 6.6 (±6.2) and PREE score was 7.8 (±8.0). The amount of elbow flexion necessary to complete the repair was documented in 21 patients and averaged 64º (±10º). Postoperatively, patients achieved an average extension/flexion of 1º (±1º) to 138º (±2º) and pronation/supination of 76º (±4º) to 77º (±3º). Complications were reported in 14 patients (47%) and included 2 re-ruptures, 1 adhesive scar formation, 1 superficial infection, 1 intraoperative lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve laceration, 12 neuropraxias, and 1 case of heterotopic ossification (HO).

Conclusions:

Primary repair of chronic distal biceps tendon tears greater than 6 weeks from injury demonstrated excellent PROMs and elbow ROM. However, the complication rate may be higher than early repair.
Outcomes of Darrach and Sauvé-Kapandji Procedures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lamont Sarah , Debkowska Monika , Johnsen Parker , Froehle Andrew , Cotterell Ilvy H. , Isaacs Jonathan
Published: July 2022

Background:

To review the available literature on Darrach and Sauvé-Kapandji (SK) procedures and perform a systematic review to identify differences in clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that SK would have a higher complication rate without significant clinical benefit.

Methods:

A literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS (from inception to January 2020) to identify studies evaluating outcomes of Darrach and SK procedures. Primary outcome measures included the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) score, range of motion, grip strength, complications, and overall satisfaction.

Results:

A total of 103 articles were identified and screened, and of these, 44 full-text articles were used for data extraction and qualitative analysis. Outcomes were similar for QuickDASH scores, grip strength, and range of motion, as was overall satisfaction. Specifically, satisfaction rates for stabilized SK and Darrach procedures in patients without rheumatoid arthritis were comparable at 70.2% and 72.6%, respectively. Average QuickDASH scores were similar (21 for Darrach and 29 for SK). Mechanical symptoms due to stump instability occur with either procedure but were higher with the Darrach procedure (12.5% compared with 6.8%). The SK had more surgery-related complications such as nonunions (2.3%), symptomatic hardware, and reoperations (6.8% compared with 3.2%).

Conclusions:

Both Darrach and SK procedures provide comparable satisfaction rates regardless of the underlying pathology. Improvement in range of motion, strength, and overall function is similar for both procedures; however, the reoperation rate is higher with SK.
Patient-Provider Communication on Concerns Related to Sexuality Following Upper Extremity Surgery
Authors: Krebill Cicely , Crozier Joseph , Kalliainen Loree K.
Published: July 2022

Background:

Sexuality and sexual health are important components of overall quality of life that can be affected by injuries, operations, and disease processes. Much of the research into health-related sexuality has been devoted to patients with spinal cord injuries and urogenital disease processes. There is very little research on the relationship of upper extremity injuries and their impact on a patient’s sex life. The purposes of this study are to assess the proportion of patients who experience sexual limitation following upper extremity surgery and to assess the frequency of discussions regarding their sexual function with their surgeons.

Methods:

This was a prospective study of a cohort of patients who had hand, shoulder, or arm surgery more than 6 weeks prior to study recruitment. Patients were approached during a follow-up visit with their hand surgeon and were provided with an deidentified survey that focused on upper extremity function, impact of upper extremity injury or surgery on sexual satisfaction, and patient-physician communication surrounding the topic.

Results:

Of the patients surveyed, 11 (39%) reported that their upper extremity injury frequently negatively affected their sexual satisfaction. In addition, 9 patients (35%) reported that they wanted their surgeon to initiate discussion about recovery from surgery and its impact on sexual activity.

Conclusions:

Upper extremity injuries may negatively affect sexual well-being. Many people want their physician to discuss this with them. Additional research is necessary to qualitatively assess what interventions may be useful for this population as well as how to integrate these discussions into hand surgery clinic visits.
The Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) project: Validation of an online behavioural task battery
Authors: Tang Rongxiang , Bugg Julie M , Snijder Jean-Paul , Conway Andrew RA , Braver Todd S
Published: July 2022

Cognitive control serves a crucial role in human higher mental functions. The Dual Mechanisms of Control theoretical framework provides a unifying account that decomposes cognitive control into two qualitatively distinct mechanisms—proactive control and reactive control. Here, we describe the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) task battery, which was developed to probe cognitive control modes in a theoretically targeted manner, along with detailed descriptions of the experimental manipulations used to encourage shifts to proactive or reactive mode in each of four prototypical domains of cognition: selective attention, context processing, multitasking, and working memory. We present results from this task battery, conducted from a large ( N > 100), online sample that rigorously evaluates the group effects of these manipulations in primary indices of proactive and reactive control, establishing the validity of the battery in providing dissociable yet convergent measures of the two cognitive control modes. The DMCC battery may be a useful tool for the research community to examine cognitive control in a theoretically targeted manner across different individuals and groups.
Predictive modeling of COPD exacerbation rates using baseline risk factors
Authors: Singh Dave , Hurst John R. , Martinez Fernando J. , Rabe Klaus F. , Bafadhel Mona , Jenkins Martin , Salazar Domingo , Dorinsky Paul , Darken Patrick
Published: July 2022

Background:

Demographic and disease characteristics have been associated with the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Using previously collected multinational clinical trial data, we developed models that use baseline risk factors to predict an individual’s rate of moderate/severe exacerbations in the next year on various pharmacological treatments for COPD.

Methods:

Exacerbation data from 20,054 patients in the ETHOS, KRONOS, TELOS, SOPHOS, and PINNACLE-1, PINNACLE-2, and PINNACLE-4 studies were pooled. Machine learning was used to identify predictors of moderate/severe exacerbation rates. Important factors were selected for generalized linear modeling, further informed by backward variable selection. An independent test set was held back for validation.

Results:

Prior exacerbations, eosinophil count, forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted, prior maintenance treatments, reliever medication use, sex, COPD Assessment Test score, smoking status, and region were significant predictors of exacerbation risk, with response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) increasing with higher eosinophil counts, more prior exacerbations, or additional prior treatments. Model fit was similar in the training and test set. Prediction metrics were ~10% better in the full model than in a simplified model based only on eosinophil count, prior exacerbations, and ICS use.

Conclusion:

These models predicting rates of moderate/severe exacerbations can be applied to a broad range of patients with COPD in terms of airway obstruction, eosinophil counts, exacerbation history, symptoms, and treatment history. Understanding the relative and absolute risks related to these factors may be useful for clinicians in evaluating the benefit: risk ratio of various treatment decisions for individual patients. Clinical trials registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02465567, NCT02497001, NCT02766608, NCT02727660, NCT01854645, NCT01854658, NCT02343458, NCT03262012, NCT02536508, and NCT01970878)