bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pop Sociobiology Reborn: The Evolutionary Psychology of Sex and Violence (2002)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

Here’s a recipe for winning fame and fortune as an architect of the new-and improved human sciences. First, make a bundle of claims to the effect that certain features are universal among human beings, or among human males, or among human females. Next, couple each claim with a story of how the pertinent features were advantageous for primitive hominids, or males, or females, as they faced what ever challenges you take to have been prevalent in some lightly sketched savannah environment. (Don’t worry that your knowledge of past environments is rather thin-Be creative!) Finally, announce that each feature in the bundle has been shaped by natural selection, and so corresponds to something very deep in human nature (male human nature, female human nature), something that may be over lain with a veneer of culture but that molds our behavior and the forms of our societies. Accompany everything with hymns to the genius of Darwin, broadsides against “blank slate” views of the human mind, and vigorous denunciations of the lack of rigor and clarity that has hitherto reigned in the human sciences.
Narrative and Moral Life
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens
Published: November 2023

The obvious answer to the first question is that people tell lots of stories— stories about themselves and their own experiences; about people they know and their experiences; about people, past and present, whose lives they know of secondhand; and about people whom they imagine. Schematically, intentional agency involves a purpose moving someone to act in order to bring about an outcome.
Win-Win Ecology
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

As humanity presses down inexorably on the natural world, people debate the extent to which we can save the Earth’s millions of different species without sacrificing human economic welfare. But is this argument wise? Must the human and natural worlds be adversaries? In this book, ecologist Michael Rosenzweig finds that ecological science actually rejects such polarization. Instead it suggests that, to be successful, conservation must discover how we can blend a rich natural world into the world of economic activity. This revolutionary, common ground between development and conservation is called reconciliation ecology: creating and maintaining species-friendly habitats in the very places where people live, work, or play. The book offers many inspiring examples of the good results already achieved. The Nature Conservancy, for instance, has a cooperative agreement with the Department of Defense, with more than 200 conservation projects taking place on more than 170 bases in 41 states. In places such as Elgin Air Force Base, the human uses-testing munitions, profitable timbering and recreation--continue, but populations of several threatened species on the base, such as the long-leaf pine and the red-cockaded woodpecker, have been greatly improved. The Safe Harbor strategy of the Fish & Wildlife Service encourages private landowners to improve their property for endangered species, thus overcoming the unintended negative aspects of the Endangered Species Act. And Golden Gate Park, which began as a system of sand dunes, has become, through human effort, a world of ponds and shrubs, waterfowl and trees. Rosenzweig shows that reconciliation ecology is the missing tool of conservation, the practical, scientifically based approach that, when added to the rest, will solve the problem of preserving Earth’s species.
Happy Accidents
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L
Published: November 2023

About 2,100 years ago, Rabbi Simon ben Shetah was in the market for an ass. After some bargaining with its Arab owner-and probably some refreshment-he brought his new beast home, complete with its harness. When he arrived, his students helped him with it. Suddenly, they shouted, “Rabbi,God’s blessing enriches.” Suspended around the animal’s neck, they had discovered a precious gem.
The Clinical Practice Of Critical Care Neurology
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M
Published: November 2023

This book is an invaluable review of neurologic critical care in the intensive care unit. The emphasis is on management in day-to-day practice. Part I is devoted to basic management of critically ill patients with acute neurologic diseases. Part II covers the technology and procedures used in the intensive care unit. Part III discusses the management of specific disorders in critical care neurology. Part IV deals with the management of postoperative neurosurgical complications. Part V covers the management of systemic complications. The final section, Part VI, discusses decisions at the end of life and other responsibilities. An appendix is devoted to the calculation of important variables and provides reference tables for daily practice. For quick reference in the intensive care unit the most useful tables and figures have been extracted by the author and reprinted in an accompanying pocket-sized booklet. For this thoroughly revised second edition, there are five new chapters on the organization of the intensive care unit and code of conduct of the neurointensivist, acute spinal disorders, the management of common postoperative neurosurgical complications (two chapters), ethics and legal problems, and withdrawal of life support. Also new to this edition are algorithms on outcome prediction in the specific disorders. This scholarly and yet accessible and practical book spans the entire field of acute neurology but remains cohesive as it is single-authored. Like the first edition, the second will be widely used by neurologists, specialists in neurologic intensive care, neurologists training in neurologic critical care and stroke fellowships, anesthesiologists, neurosurgeons, critical care specialists of all types, emergency physicians, residents in neurology and neurosurgery, and neuroscience nurses.
Green Solvents in Green Chemistry
Authors: Nelson William M
Published: November 2023

The criteria for what determines a green solvent will depend upon the use and ultimate fate of the solvent during the chemical process. Likewise, the determination of what constitutes appropriate solvent usage in green chemistry might include any of the following actions. Redesign of the exact chemical nature of the solvent via synthesis; Identification of equally useful but less toxic substitutes of another chemical class for use instead of a “traditional” solvent; or Reduction/elimination of the use of solvents in particular chemical processes. The discussion of green solvents will include chemistry, ecology, and philosophy. The choice of solvents will include new criteria in addition to the traditional considerations of synthesis yield (if we are dealing with reactions), perfect product recovery (separations), or commercial usefulness. What, then, constitutes an appropriate solvent for green chemistry? Fundamentally, it must be a solvent, which allows completion of the task, but in an environmentally conscious manner. Environmental toxicity is a key factor affecting choice of solvents. These chemicals should be minimally toxic to human health and the environment, and should not contribute to pollution (DeVito, 1996a).
Sense, Reference, and Philosophy
Authors: Katz Jerrold J
Published: November 2023

Sense, Reference, and Philosophy develops the far-reaching consequences for philosophy of adopting non-Fregean intensionalism, showing that long-standing problems in the philosophy of language, and indeed other areas, that appeared intractable can now be solved. Katz proceeds to examine some of those problems in this new light, including the problem of names, natural kind terms, the Liar Paradox, the distinction between logical and extra-logical vocabulary, and the Raven paradox. In each case, a non-Fregean intentionalism provides a philosophically more satisfying solution.
Stress Testing Protocol
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

Many of the protocols described in the previous edition of this book are of historical interest only and have been deleted. These include Kaltenbach’s Climbing Step Test; the hypoxemia test; the Harvard Step Test; the catecholamine, ergonovine, and histamine tests; and the test of left-ventricular wall function using the kymocardiograph.

The protocol for stress testing should be structured to include the following:

1. Continuous ECG monitoring.

2. Hard copy ECG recording when desired, preferably several simultaneous leads before, during, and after exercise and at 1-minute intervals during exercise. A minimal recording of muscle potential is essential to an artefact free recording with averaged beats at 1-minute intervals.

3. A type of activity that can be performed by the sedentary, poorly developed, and underconditioned subject as well as by the trained athlete.
ECG Patterns and Their Significance
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

It is truly remarkable that although electrocardiographic (ECG) changes were first recognized as markers for ischemia about 1918, here more than 80 years later we are still discovering that there is more to learn in this area. In the last few years numerous papers point out new ECG markers that have utility and I predict this trend will continue into the future. This chapter has been revised to present the more commonly used (conventional) electrocardiogram exchanges separately from the less commonly recognized changes (unconventional).

Although computers are being used more to evaluate the ECG changes associated with exercise, it is still essential to carefully scrutinize the ECG visually, since computer measures are far from error-free. Also, technical writers of computer programs are always years behind the latest knowledge base. This chapter presents many ways of evaluating the exercise ECG that have not been incorporated into a computer program and may never be. Careful inspection of tracings from appropriate lead systems, using properly applied electrodes and recording systems with a good frequency response, can usually result in accurate evaluation of changes now known to be clinically significant. If you want to be an expert in the evaluation of exercise tests, you will find many concepts mentioned here that will set you apart from those who examine only the ST segment.
Predictive Implications
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

Prediction of disease is one of the primary functions of stress testing. We would like to be able to predict in each patient:

1. The anatomical condition of the coronary arteries

2. The functional status of the heart

3. The ultimate outcome of the patient as influenced by the above two parameters

It is commonly but erroneously assumed that items 2 and 3 are easy to determine when we know item 1. So many factors influence the outcome of any given patient with clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) that knowing the anatomical condition of the coronary arteries as assessed by the angiogram may give very little information about items 2 and 3, especially if we are only examining the coronary angiogram. We should not be too surprised when a patient with a normal maximum exercise test suddenly has an infarction or ventricular fibrillation a few weeks later. Although this occurs infrequently, the dynamic nature of coronary atheroma certainly can result in sudden reductions in perfusion with all the attendant dramatic sequelae. In this chapter, I present some of the concepts necessary to understand how information derived from stress testing can be used to predict the patient’s outcome.
Radionuclide Techniques in Stress Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H
Published: November 2023

Many factors influence selection of an appropriate stress test for a particular patient. These include the clinical question to be answered, the intended use of the data in decision-making, the patient’s condition and institutional circumstances of expertise and resource availability. This chapter deals with the indications of diagnostic confirmation, assessment of severity, prognosis, risk stratification as well as selection and assessment of therapy in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease, unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction. Radionuclide cardiac stress testing has grown rapidly over the past two to three decades, so that all areas cannot be encompassed. For more detailed overviews, the reader is referred to several available monographs. As currently widely performed, stress single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) gated myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) yields data not only with regard to relative myocardial perfusion for assessment of coronary reserve, but also analyzes wall motion, wall thickening and reliably provides measurement of post stress and resting ejection fractions. The images are acquired at various times after the stress during which the tracer has been injected, but the data reflect perfusion under the stress conditions during which the injection was made. It has largely replaced both stress radionuclide angiography and stress gated blood pool studies. These techniques are more cumbersome to adapt to the exercising patient and degraded by the motion accompanying the exercise state during which the data must be acquired in these techniques.
Stable or Robust? What’s the Difference?
Authors: Jen Erica
Published: November 2023

Exploring the difference between “stable” and “robust” touches on essentially every aspect of what we instinctively find interesting about robustness in natural, engineering, and social systems. It is argued here that robustness is a measure of feature persistence in systems that compels us to focus on perturbations, and often assemblages of perturbations, qualitatively different in nature from those addressed by stability theory. Moreover, to address feature persistence under these sorts of perturbations, we are naturally led to study issues including: the coupling of dynamics with organizational architecture, implicit assumptions of the environment, the role of a system’s evolutionary history in determining its current state and thereby its future state, the sense in which robustness characterizes the fitness of the set of “strategic options” open to the system, the ability of the system to switch among multiple functionalities, and the incorporation of mechanisms for learning, problem solving, and creativity.
Computation in the Wild
Authors: Forrest Stephanie , Balthrop Justin , Glickman Matthew , Ackley David
Published: November 2023

The explosive growth of the Internet has created new opportunities and risks by increasing the number of contacts between separately administered computing resources. Widespread networking and mobility have blurred many traditional computer system distinctions, including those between operating system and application, network and computer, user and administrator, and program and data. An increasing number of executable codes, including applets, agents, viruses, email attachments, and downloadable software, are escaping the confines of their original systems and spreading through communications networks. These programs coexist and coevolve with us in our world, not always to good effect. Our computers are routinely disabled by network-borne infections, our browsers crash due to unforeseen interactions between an applet and a language implementation, and applications are broken by operating system upgrades. We refer to this situation as computation in the wild, by which we mean to convey the fact that software is developed, distributed, stored, and executed in rich and dynamic environments populated by other programs and computers, which collectively form a software ecosystem. The thesis of this chapter is that networked computer systems can be better understood, controlled, and developed when viewed from the perspective of living systems.
Male Reproductive Function
Authors: Griffin James E
Published: November 2023

Like the ovaries, the testes are the source of both germ cells and hormones important for reproductive function. The production of both sperm and steroid hormones is under complex feedback control by the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Fertilization, Implantation, and Endocrinology of Pregnancy
Authors: Carr Bruce R , Rehman Khurram S
Published: November 2023

The complex and coordinated set of events leading to sperm and egg maturation and transport in the female genital tract that culminates in fertilization is one of the most remarkable phenomena in nature. This set of events is followed by the equally important unique processes of implantation, fetal maturation, and parturition. The hormonal changes that regulate these events are dependent on the close interaction of the fetal-placental-maternal unit.
Psychological Adjustment and Family Relationships in Children and Adolescents with Spina Bifida
Authors: Greenley Rachel Neff , Holmbeck Grayson N , zukerman Jill , Buck Colleen F
Published: November 2023

In recent years, researchers and clinicians have been interested in identifying factors associated with psychosocial adjustment among children and adolescents with spina bifida. Spina bifida is a heterogeneous condition characterized by an incomplete development of the spinal column. Subtypes of spina bifida include spina bifida occulta, identified by an abnormal spinal opening without spinal cord or nerve damage, and spina bifida cystica, characterized by the presence of a protruding fluid-filled sac that encloses the meninges (meningocele) or the meninges and spinal column (myelomeningocele). Finally, lipomeningocele is a subtype of spina bifida characterized by the presence of a fatty mass that herniates through the spinal column and attaches to the spinal cord, tethering the cord and often the associated nerve roots (Fletcher et al., 2004).
Banksia goodiiin Western Australia: Interacting Effects of Fire, Reproduction, and Plant Growth on Viability
Authors: Drechsler Martin
Published: November 2023

This study demonstrates the use of RAMAS Metapop to simulate the very slow dynamics of Banksia goodii, a species of shrub with almost negligibly small vital rates, which strongly depend on disturbance, namely fire. A special feature of the model is the interaction of several processes: the random occurrence of fires, the development of fecundity after a fire, the aging of plants, and the growth of the population. All these processes can be considered explicitly in the software. B. gooddii is a rare rhizomatous shrub that is endemic to southwestern Australia (Lamont and Markey 1995). Despite frequent fires and summer drought, adult mortality is very low and the main mortality factor is the loss of adults through land clearing (Witkowski and Lamont 1997, Lamont et al. 1993). Reproduction in the species is also very low. There is a significant Allee effect (Allee 1949), such that plants in populations below eight individuals do not produce any seeds at all. Seeds are only produced by adults (plants above 20 years age) and only between 3 and 30 years after a fire. Seeds die after 10 years (Witkowski and Lamont 1997). They are stored on the canopies of the adults and are released only after a fire. Only few of the seeds germinate, and the mortality of seedlings and young plants, especially in a fire, is very high.
Erodium paularense in Spain: Relevance of Microhabitats in Population Dynamics
Authors: Albert Mariía J , Draper David , Iriondo José M
Published: November 2023

Erodium paularense Fern. Gonz. and Izco (Geraniaceae) is a woody rosulate chamaephyte that is endemic to central Spain. It is confined to a single locality in the Lozoya Valley (Madrid), where there are three small populations that grow on isolated dolomitic outcrops in a widely extended siliceous landscape. This species occupies two different microhabitats: the crevices and cavities of rocks, and the shallow soils (lithosols) of the nearby grassy communities (González-Benito et al. 1995, Albert et al. 2001a). New populations recently discovered in the province of Guadalajara (200 km from the Lozoya Valley), growing on andesite outcrops, have been ascribed to this species, although comparative genetic studies show great differences between the populations at the two locations (Martín et al. 1999). This species has been classified as endangered (EN) (VV.AA. [Various Authors] 2000) according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria. In addition to its narrow distribution and the small size of the populations, plants have very low reproductive success (González-Benito et al. 1995, Albert et al. 2001b). Fruit set is about 16%, and mean number of viable seeds per fruit is only 0.31 (out of five possible seeds per fruit). Adult plants produce, on average, four seeds per plant in one reproductive season (Albert et al. 2001b), and there is not a permanent soil seed bank. Available data also show evidence of seed predation by ants and low seedling recruitment (M. J. Albert, J. M. Iriondo, and A. Escudero, unpublished data). Furthermore, populations are also subject to human impact, such as cattle herbivory (Albert et al., in press) and the effects of recreational activities and plant collection.
Puritan Tiger Beetle (Cicindela puritana)on the Connecticut River: Habitat Management and Translocation Alternatives
Authors: Omland Kristian Shawn
Published: November 2023

Puritan tiger beetles (Cicindela puritana) dwell on sandy beaches along large bodies of slow-moving water. As adults, they are fast and furious diurnal hunters of other arthropods, which makes them exciting insects to watch and popular (as are all tiger beetles) among entomologists; as larvae, they are treacherous sit-and-wait predators, and they also prey on other arthropods (Knisley and Schultz 1997, Leonard and Bell 1999). The species is endemic to the Connecticut River and Chesapeake Bay of eastern North America (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993); furthermore, molecular research has shown that populations in those two areas are diagnosably distinct, and therefore each is an evolutionarily significant unit in its own right (Vogler et al. 1993). The number of populations of Puritan tiger beetles on the Connecticut River declined precipitously from no fewer than 12 around the turn of the twentieth century to exactly 2 by the late 1980s (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). As a result, the species was listed as threatened by the U. S. federal government (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1990).
Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)in Puget Sound : Effects of Spatially Correlated Catastrophes on Persistence
Authors: Ruckelshaus Mary , mcelhany Paul , Mcclure Michelle , Heppell Selina
Published: November 2023

Recovery efforts for endangered species typically are focused at the level of the species. However, many species of conservation concern are composed of multiple populations, and these populations often exhibit a metapopulation-like structure that has a large effect on species viability (reviewed by Hanski and Gilpin 1997). Contributing to a species’ metapopulation structure is the geographic distribution of catastrophic events; such catastrophes can have a large effect on population and, therefore, species, persistence. In practice, the effects of catastrophic population loss on species viability are difficult to estimate, in part because of the dearth of information on rates and magnitudes of catastrophic events (Hanski and Gilpin 1997). Nevertheless, it is important to consider the combined effects of the spatial distribution and connectivity among populations and their likely rates of catastrophic loss and recolonization (i.e., population turnover) in estimating species persistence. Incorporating such potential effects on species viability can lead to very different strategies for recovering species (e.g., Ralls et al. 1996). In this chapter, we develop a simple model to explore the effects of both metapopulation structure and the spatial distribution of catastrophic risks on the probability of persistence of a wide-ranging species. Our focal species for the spatial model we developed is chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus  tshawytscha), an anadromous fish whose geographic range extends throughout the north Pacific from Japan to southern California (Healey 1991, Myers et al. 1998). Salmonin general are characterized by a strong metapopulation-like structure because of the spatial distribution of streams they inhabit during their freshwater phase and their unique life history attributes. One of the most important of salmon life history features in their effect on population structure is their strong homing tendencies (Groot and Margolis 1991).
Yellowtail Flounder (Limanda ferruginea) off the Northeastern United States: Implications of Movement among Stocks
Authors: Hart Deborah R , Cadrin Steven X
Published: November 2023

Models and assessments of fishery resources typically assume that fish stocks are closed populations (i.e., that there is neither immigration nor emigration). In reality, some exchange among stocks often occurs, yet the implications of such exchanges have rarely been investigated. Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, is an example of a fish species for which such movement has been documented (Royce et al. 1959, Lux 1963). The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the use of the RAMAS Metapop model (v. 4.0) as an exploratory tool to investigate the consequences of exchanges among stocks for the population dynamics of yellowtail flounder. Yellowtail flounder is one of the most important commercially exploited groundfish off the northeastern United States. It inhabits relatively shallow waters (20–100 m) in the northwest Atlantic from Labrador to the Chesapeake Bay. Spawning occurs in spring and early summer. The pelagic egg and larval stages last about 2 months, during which time they can be transported considerable distances by currents. Postlarval juveniles and adults are benthic and feed primarily on small arthropods and polychaete worms (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953, Collette and Klein-MacPhee 2002).
Great Crested Newts (Triturus cristatus) in Europe: Effects of Metapopulation Structure and Juvenile Dispersal on Population Persistence
Authors: Griffiths Richard A
Published: November 2023

Despite a resurgence of interest in amphibian declines that has resulted in a proliferation of population case studies in recent years (e.g., Richards et al. 1993, Kuzmin 1994, Drost and Fellers 1996, Green 1997, Lips 1998), population viability analysis has not been widely used as a management tool for these species. Although a diverse group, which encompasses species that are entirely aquatic as well as entirely terrestrial, amphibians are frequently small, cryptic animals that are inconspicuous for a large part of their life cycle. This makes many amphibian population studies problematic, and the determination of reliable demographic parameters is difficult. The vast majority of amphibian population studies have therefore consisted of assessments of adults at breeding foci, as this phase of the life cycle is the one in which animals are most conspicuous. Such breeding foci—usually at ponds, streams, or lakes—are spatially distinct units that are convenient for testing hypotheses about subdivided populations. As Marsh and Trenham (2000) point out, however, adopting a “ponds-as-patches” approach to amphibian spatial dynamics may be oversimplistic, as apparent population turnovers may occur for reasons other than stochastic processes. Indeed, such turnovers may be ultimately related to wider landscape-level factors. Population viability analysis can be used as a tool to explore the interaction between deterministic (e.g., pond desiccation, habitat change, fish introductions) and stochastic processes in amphibian population dynamics. Equally, it can also be used to cautiously explore some of the lacunae that exist in amphibian life history data, through sensitivity analyses of some of the more elusive demographic and environmental parameters.
J. Robert Oppenheimer A Life
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

The late Abraham Pais wrote the definitive biography of Albert Einstein, "Subtle is the Lord" which won an American Book Award. As a distinguished physicist and Einstein's colleague, Pais combined a sophisticated understanding of physics with first-hand knowledge of this notoriously private individual, offering rare insights into both. It is his unique double perspective that makes his work so valuable. Now Abraham Pais offers an illuminating portrait of another eminent colleague, J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the most charismatic and enigmatic figures of modern physics. Pais introduces us to a precocious youth who sped through Harvard in three years, made signal contributions to quantum mechanics while in his twenties, and was instrumental in the growth of American physics in the decade before the Second World War, almost single-handedly putting American physics on the map. Pais paints a revealing portrait of Oppenheimer's life in Los Alamos, where in twenty remarkable, feverish months, under his inspired leadership, the first atomic bomb was designed and built, a success that made Oppenheimer America's most famous scientist. Pais, who was his next-door neighbor for many years, describes Oppenheimer's long tenure as Director of the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton, but also shows how Oppenheimer's intensity and arrogance won him powerful enemies, who would ultimately make him one of the principal victims of the Red Scare of the 1950s. Told with compassion and deep insight, J. Robert Oppenheimer is the most comprehensive biography of the great physicist available. It is Abraham Pais's final work, completed after his death by Robert P. Crease, an acclaimed historian of science in his own right.
Author’s Introduction: Language and Womans Place Revisited
Authors: Lakoff Robin Tolmach
Published: November 2023

It is hard to remember just how different the world was when Language and Womans Place (LWP) was first published in 1975 and harder still to return (even in imagination) to that world. Rereading the book, I am struck equally by how much has changed and how much remains essentially the same. While the knowledge available to me (as a linguist and a feminist) back then was much sparser than what we have at our disposal today, work done then still has bearing on the ways we think now.
Positioning Ideas and Gendered Subjects: “Women’s Language” Revisited
Authors: Mcconnell-Ginet Sally
Published: November 2023

In 1973, as I was planning my first course on language and gender (“Language and the Sexes”‘), I read Robin Lakoff’s “Language and Woman’s Place” (1973). I was infuriated.
The Anguish of Nonnative Gender Sociolinguistic Studies among U.S. Latinas
Authors: Mendoza-Denton Norma
Published: November 2023

An enduring puzzle for the study of language and gender among minority populations is the extent to which the gendered behavior observed in majority populations (on which theory is usually based) is generalizable to minority groups.
Adieu the Simple Life
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

The Cushings were taking their lives and Harvey’s career to a new level by moving to Boston. He would have major new professional responsibilities at an important new hospital and at one of America’s greatest medical schools. Boston was an intellectual and cultural center in ways that Baltimore would never be. Harvey and Kate would have a place near the upper rung of one of the more exclusive social ladders in America. His surgical prominence would attract patients to his clinic from across the continent. The Cushings would live in a much grander house and own a grand automobile.
The Materiality of Middlemarch
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: November 2023

Readin g is a physical activity. More than the response to the words on the page, more than the firing of the imagination” whether to produce pictures in the mind”s eye, to assimilate and argue with points of view, or to engage with imaginary characters” it entails a particular individual”s engagement with a particular object in a specific space or sequence of spaces.
Dorothea”s Lost Dog
Authors: Auerbach Nina
Published: November 2023

Dorothea Brooke has always irritated me; in fact, she makes my flesh creep. My allergy to this saintly, statuesque heroine, whom everyone else seems to adore, should disqualify me as a lover of Middlemarch, but I hope it won” t: when I first read the novel as a junior in college, its greatness made me shiver, but I shivered at, and with, poor Casaubon, struggling with an intractable book and a hectoring wife, and I do still. After all, Casaubon alone among the novel”s characters is doing something he doesn” t have to do. He has money, land, and a respectable position. Working on the shapeless Key to All Mythologies is a labor of sheer love. He flays himself on with the grotesque obsession that is another face of faith, while Dorothea glorifies herself by flailing about crying “What can I do?” I admit to a quirky bias against this floridly self-mortifying girl. She begins the novel by highhandedly rejecting two things I cherish: her dead mother”s jewels and Sir James Chettam”s offering of “a tiny Maltese puppy” (ch. 3, 28).
Exotropic Deviations
Authors: wilson M Edward
Published: November 2023

Divergent strabismus is known as exotropia. Because the exodeviation may be controlled by fusion mechanisms, it is most accurate to label these deviations exophoria, intermittent exotropia, or constant exotropia, according to whether fusion mechanisms contain the deviation in a latent form for all, part, or none of the waking hours, respectively. Exodeviations are said to occur less frequently than esodeviations. However, many patients with exophoria and wellcontrolled intermittent exotropia never seek ophthalmologic care and are most likely underrepresented when incidence calculations are based on the frequency of diagnosis in a strabismus practice. While the exact cause of most exodeviations is unknown, proposed causes include anatomic and mechanical factors within the orbit, as well as innervational abnormalities such as excessive tonic divergence. A hereditary basis for exodeviation is apparent in some families.
The Neuropathology of Trauma
Authors: Graham David I , Saatman Kathryn E , Marklund Niklas , Conte Valeria , Morales Diego , Royo, Nicolas , Mcintosh Tracy K
Published: November 2023

The epidemiology of head injury has been detailed in Chapter 1, where it can be readily seen that trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) is a major cause of death and persisting disability throughout the world. For example, in the United Kingdom, as in most industrialized countries, about 1800 per 100,000 persons present to accident and emergency departments with head injury, and between 200 and 300 per 100,000 are admitted for observation. Fortunately, the majority of the injuries are mild, but head injuries account for between 25% and 35% of all deaths from trauma.280 A survey of head injuries by the European Brain Injury Consortium found that 3% of patients with head injury remained vegetative and 10% were severely disabled, 20% were moderately disabled, and 37% made a good recovery 6 months after their injury. The cost to families and society is particularly high when it is remembered that trauma to the CNS is especially common in young adult males, many of whom have dependents.
Assessment of vitamin C status
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

For centuries, the consumption of citrus fruit has been associated with the prevention of the vitamin C deficiency disease scurvy, but it was not until 1932 that the active compound was isolated (King and Waugh, 1932; Svirbely and Szent-Gyo¨rgyi, 1932). A year later, ascorbic acid was characterized and synthesized. The term “ascorbic acid” is now used to embrace both L-ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid; both have approximately equal vitamin C activity. Ascorbic acid is the enolic form of an α-ketolactone (2,3-didehydro-Lthreo-hexano-1,4-lactone), which in solution is then easily oxidized to the diketo form — dehydro-L-ascorbic acid; their structures are shown in Figure 19.1.
Assessment of the status of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

The B vitamins — thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin — participate as coenzymes or prosthetic groups in a variety of reactions involved in the catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All three vitamins are stored in the body for a relatively short time, have no major tissue storage pool, are water soluble and rapidly excreted in the urine, and have a fast rate of catabolism. Consequently, deficiencies develop more quickly than for the fat-soluble vitamins or vitamin B12.
Nutritional assessment of hospital patients
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S
Published: November 2023

Hospital nutritional assessment aims to precisely define the nutritional status of patients, characterize any clinically relevant malnutrition, and monitor any changes in nutritional status during nutritional support (Bozzetti, 1987). Clinically relevant malnutrition has been defined as “the state of altered nutritional status that is associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical events such as complications or death” (Dempsey and Mullen, 1987).
A Framework for Measuring Professionalism
Authors: Stern David Thomas
Published: November 2023

Doctors are human. We make mistakes of knowledge, technique, and judgment. What characterizes physicians is not infallibility, but a personal and professional obligation to strive for excellence, humanism, accountability, and altruism. For medical educators, these principles of professionalism have special meaning. Excellence implies not only excellent knowledge and skills, but also a commitment to exceed ordinary standards. Humanism represents the principles of respect, compassion, empathy, honor, and integrity. Accountability reflects the action of doctors responding to the needs of patients, health care systems, communities, and the profession itself. Altruism demands that the best interests of patients, not self-interest, guide physicians (see chapter 2 for a full description of these and related terms) . This book is about how to measure these principles of professionalism.
What Is Medical Professionalism?
Authors: Arnold Louise , Stern David Thomas
Published: November 2023

With the rising interest in professionalism in medicine has come a plethora of definitions for the concept of professionalism. They range from the simplest straightforward statement to treatises covering several pages (ABIM et al. 2002; Cruess et al. 2000a; Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 1999; Medical School Objectives Project Writing Group 1999). Medical educators, teachers, and students struggle with the meaning of the concept. Not infrequently, they paraphrase Justice Potter Stewart’s definition of obscenity (Jacobellis v. Ohio 1964) and claim they may not be able to define professionalism intelligibly but “know it when they see it.” Although individual observers may have the luxury of such a stance, when groups must agree on acceptable professional behaviors, they must all refer to the same overall concept and component dimensions. This chapter seeks to articulate a definition of professionalism.
Ethics, Law, and Professionalism: What Physicians Need to Know
Authors: Kao Audiey
Published: November 2023

A governor and state legislature intervene and order reinsertion of a feeding tube of a woman in a persistent vegetative state A physician informs his patient that a medical error has occurred, despite having serious concerns about the malpractice implications of such a disclosure A federal law setting national standards designed to protect the privacy of personal health care information is passed by the U.S. Congress A patient is asked if she has any further questions about the risks of the surgery before signing the consent form The practice of medicine requires physicians to properly balance ethical principles with legal requirements and liabilities. In some cases, a physician’s ethical duty and legal responsibility are concordant, and thus, the appropriate course of action is relatively clear and straight-forward. For example, a physician needs to provide a patient with all relevant information before soliciting consent for treatment. Thedoctrine of informed consent is supported by the ethical principle of patient autonomy as well as by the legal concept of bodily integrity.
The Assessment of Moral Reasoning and Professionalism in Medical Education and Practice
Authors: Baldwin DeWitt C , Self Donnie I
Published: November 2023

The recent interest in professionalism has been fueled by at least two major concerns. The first is an effort on the part of organized medicine to reclaim its traditional autonomy, in the face of the increasing incursions of market forces and commercialism. The second, and more relevant to the theme of this book, is to reaffirm the traditional goal of medical education-to educate and train physicians with high levels of competence, compassion, and moral integrity, who will be worthy of the ideals of the profession and the trust of society. It is in ensuring and assessing these qualities that the study of moral development and moral judgment in medical students and residents has become relevant to the assessment of professionalism.
Assessing Professionalism for Accreditation
Authors: Lynch Deirdre C , Leach David C , Surdyk Patricia M
Published: November 2023

If medicine and education are moral enterprises (Eisner 2003), it follows that medical education has a substantial responsibility to help learners and teachers do the right thing (Leach 2001). Accrediting organizations play an important role in determining what the “right things” are. Assessing professionalism for accreditation means that educational programs are judged on their ability to foster profes-sionalism. Implementation of this initiative, however, is still relatively new. Thus, this chapter addresses an important initial consideration: how to organize professionalism assessments to meet educational program goals.
The Amnesias
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

This concise but comprehensive text provides a systematic account of the memory disorders, whether they result from psychological stress, traumatic injury, stroke, or degenerative disease of the brain. The major amnesia syndromes are covered in consistently organized chapters that give a clear description of the clinical signs and symptoms, predisposing factors, prevalence and prognosis, pathophysiology to the extent that it is known, diagnostic approaches including tests used to evaluate the disorders, and therapeutic efforts. The book's emphasis is on facts rather than theory, and readers from a variety of disciplines will appreciate its clear, jargon-free, well-organized assessment of the state of knowledge about the memory disorders. These disciplines include neurobiology, neuropsychology, psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, rehabilitation medicine, and gerontology. Even theorists will find the book useful since any theory of memory and its neuropsychological mechanisms must be constrained by the facts of amnesia if it is to be considered complete. The book's clearcut scheme of organization will enhance its value and user-friendliness. It divides the amnesias into three types: progressive, permanent, and transient. The first type includes amnesias associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and with vascular dementias, contrasting them with memory decline resulting from normal aging. The second type consists of classis amnesic syndromes associated with limbic lesions of various etiologies such as Korsakoff's encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries. The third type includes transient global, transient epileptic, and ECT-induced amnesias as well as the reversible psychogenic amnesias associated with dissociative and fugue states. These discussions are preceded by two introductory chapters that define the mnemonic and amnesic phenomena, classify the various memory systems and functions, and describe the putative brain circuitry underlying these functions, including molecular mechanisms, neurotransmitter systems, and the effects of stress-related hormones and drugs, with the aid of magnetic resonance images and anatomical drawings.
Amnesias Associated with the Dementias
Authors: Economou Alexandra , Papageorgiou, Sokratis G , Papanicolaou Andrew C
Published: November 2023

The family of disorders known as dementias derive their name from the most conspicuous set of symptoms with which they are associated; that is, deficits in mentation. Such deficits are secondary to a number of pathophysiological processes like infections, metabolic deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, toxic encephalopathies, hypothyroidism, trauma, and hydrocephalus, among others. However, these secondary deficits are either reversible or, generally, not progressive. In the case of the dementias, on the other hand, the same deficits are not just irreversible but, with the exception of vascular dementia, worsen and progress over time, following the rhythm of the underlying pathophysiology.
The Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Prokaryotic Genomes
Authors: Myers Garry , Paulsen Ian , Fraser Claire
Published: November 2023

Prokaryotic organisms are notoriously changeable—they adapt to new environmental niches quickly, adroitly exploiting opportunities as they arise. The acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance by numerous bacteria is the classic example of this adaptability. Such phenotypic fluidity derives from the plastic and dynamic nature of the prokaryotic genome. Prokaryotes have evolved a repertoire of genomic shuffling processes, including mechanisms of gene rearrangements, acquisition, and deletion within and between organisms that can rapidly and dramatically alter the nature and behavior of the organism. Mobile DNA exemplifies the well-established concept that gene products encoded by an organism can directly effect genetic change in that organism. The information that encodes a subset of these reshuffling events subsequently survives by improving fitness, and thus become fixed in descendants, enabling future generations to capture additional information through this advantageous mechanism, opening a doorway to novel pathways of evolution. The “modern synthesis” in evolutionary theory describes selection as acting on randomly generated variation. However, as genome-shuffling events provide a rapid route to the acquisition of important traits, such as resistance to antibiotics, selection has favored the evolution of many types of genomic shuffling events for which outcomes that are favorable to the organism become more probable than random.1
Somatic Evolution of Antibody Genes
Authors: Beale Rupert , Iber Dagmar
Published: November 2023

Proteins evolve by the iterative alternation of mutation and selection over evolutionary time. Yet in a matter of days, the vertebrate immune system generates novel antibodies with high affinity for cognate antigens. This is accomplished by somatic mutation of the diverse pool of antibody genes generated from gene fragments as described in chapter 9, and clonal selection of high-affinity antibody producing B cells—a process of somatic rather than the familiar germline evolution. A spontaneously occurring process in DNA—deamination of deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine (C→U)—is catalyzed to produce mutations in antibody genes. A competitive environment is generated within the organism to select for mutations conferring high affinity—and to guard against self-reactivity. Thus the capability to produce high-affinity antibodies is an implicit property of the vertebrate genome.
For the Love of Reason
Authors: Antony Louise M
Published: November 2023

I always had trouble with Limbo. Limbo, I was taught, is a place where good but unbaptized people go when they die. We are all born carrying the stain of original sin on our souls, and unless the stain is washed away through baptism, we are unfit to be in the presence of God.