bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Overwintering in Ranid Frogs
Authors: Tattersall Glenn J. , Ultsch Gordon R.
Published: April 2008

In cold‐temperate climates, overwintering aquatic ranid frogs must survive prolonged periods of low temperature, often accompanied by low levels of dissolved oxygen. They must do so with the energy stores acquired prior to the onset of winter. Overwintering mortality is a significant factor in their life history, occasionally reaching 100% due to freezing and/or anoxia. Many species of northern ranid frogs overwinter in the tadpole stage, which increases survival during hypoxic episodes relative to adults, as well as allowing for larger sizes at metamorphosis. At temperatures below 5 °C, submerged ranid frogs are capable of acquiring adequate oxygenviacutaneous gas exchange over a wide range of ambient oxygen partial pressures (PO2), and possess numerous physiological and behavioural mechanisms that allow them to maintain normal rates of oxygen uptake across the skin at a relatively lowPO2. At levels of oxygen near and below the criticalPO2that allows for aerobic metabolism, frogs must adopt biochemical mechanisms that act to minimise oxygen utilisation and assist in maintaining an aerobic state to survive overwintering. These mechanisms include alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and affinity, changes in membrane permeability, alterations in water balance, and reduction in cellular electrochemical gradients, all of which lead to an overall reduction in whole‐animal metabolism. Winter energetic requirements are fueled by the energy stores in liver, muscle, and fat depots, which are likely to be sufficient when the water is cold and well oxygenated. However, under hypoxic conditions fat stores cannot be utilised efficiently and glycogen stores are used up rapidly due to recruitment of anaerobiosis. Since ranid frogs have minimal tolerance to anoxia, it is untenable to suggest that they spend a significant portion of the winter buried in anoxic mud, but instead utilise a suite of behavioural and physiological mechanisms geared to optimal survival in cold, hypoxic conditions.
Three‐dimensional ontogenetic shape changes in the human cranium during the fetal period
Authors: Morimoto Naoki , Ogihara Naomichi , Katayama Kazumichi , Shiota Kohei
Published: April 2008

Knowledge of the pattern of human craniofacial development in the fetal period is important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the emergence of variations in human craniofacial morphology. However, the precise character of the prenatal ontogenetic development of the human cranium has yet to be fully established. This study investigates ontogenetic changes in cranial shape in the fetal period, as exhibited in Japanese fetal specimens housed at Kyoto University. A total of 31 human fetal specimens aged from approximately 8 to 42 weeks of gestation underwent helical computed tomographic scanning, and 68 landmarks were digitized on the internal and external surfaces of the extracted crania. Ontogenetic shape change was then analyzed cross‐sectionally and three‐dimensionally using a geometric morphometric technique. The results of the present study are generally consistent with previously reported findings. It was found that during the prenatal ontogenetic process, the growth rate of the length of the cranium is greater than that of the width and height, and the growth rate of the length of the posterior cranial base is smaller than that of the anterior cranial base. Furthermore, it was observed that the change in shape of the human viscerocranium is smaller than that of the neurocranium during the fetal period, and that concurrently the basicranium extends by approximately 8° due to the relative elevation of the basilar and lateral parts of occipital bone. These specific growth‐related changes are the opposite of those reported for the postnatal period. Our findings therefore indicate that the allometric pattern of the human cranium is not a simple continuous transformation, but changes drastically from before to after birth.
Anatomical, immnunohistochemical and physiological characteristics of the vomeronasal vessels in cows and their possible role in vomeronasal reception
Authors: Salazar Ignacio , Sánchez‐Quinteiro Pablo , Alemañ Nuria , Prieto Dolores
Published: April 2008

The general morphology of the vomeronasal vessels in adult cows was studied following a classic protocol, including optical, confocal and ultrastructural approaches. This anatomical work was completed immunohistochemically. The vomeronasal organ in cows is well developed, and its vessels are considerable in size. This fact allowed some functional properties of the vomeronasal arteries to be evaluated and, for the first time, their isometric tension to be recorded.

Our functional studies were in agreement with the immunohistochemistry, and both corroborated the morphological data on the similarity between the vomeronasal vessels and those of the typical erectile tissue. In consequence, the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the vomeronasal vessels would facilitate an influx and outflow of fluids in the vomeronasal organ, that is to say, this organ in cows would be able to work as a pump mechanism to send chemical signals to the vomeronasal receptor neurones.
Nitric oxide: an active nitrogen molecule that modulates cellulose synthesis in tomato roots
Authors: Correa‐Aragunde Natalia , Lombardo Cristina , Lamattina Lorenzo
Published: April 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02504.xCommentary p 247
Infantile Hemangiomas: How Common Are They? A Systematic Review of the Medical Literature
Authors: Kilcline Christine , Frieden Ilona J.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  No published prospective studies have been published for several decades examining the incidence of hemangiomas. Older studies were performed before the delineation of “hemangiomas” from other vascular birthmarks was well‐established. The objective of our study is to critically re‐examine the literature reporting the incidence of infantile hemangiomas to determine if the true incidence is actually known. We performed both an electronic database search and hand search of the medical literature on the natural history of hemangiomas in full‐term newborns and infants. A total of seven articles were found comprising two study populations: newborns <2 weeks of age and infants over the age of 2 weeks. All studies included samples sizes >500 patients including both hospital‐based and primary care settings. Study designs ranged from retrospective chart reviews to cross‐sectional cohort studies. Descriptive nomenclature was not uniform between studies, and all had methodologic limitations including problems of definition and study design. Studies estimating the true incidence of infantile hemangiomas are all many decades old and have significant methodologic issues limiting their ability to determine hemangioma incidence. Future studies in primary care settings using the currently accepted classification schema of vascular birthmarks may more accurately define the incidence and potential impact of this common vascular tumor of infancy.
The Effect of Daily Treatment with an Olive Oil/Lanolin Emollient on Skin Integrity in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer Ursula , Berger Cindy , Inzinger Romy
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  To date, appropriate skin therapy for premature infants has not been clearly defined. Emollient creams are often used without solid evidence for a benefit to the neonate. The aim of the current study was to investigate the cutaneous effects of two different topical ointment therapies. Between October 2004 and November 2006 we prospectively enrolled 173 infants between 25 and 36 weeks of gestation admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Infants were randomly assigned to daily topical treatment with water‐in‐oil emollient cream (Bepanthen®), olive oil cream (70% lanoline, 30% olive oil), or to a control group. Each neonate was continuously treated for a maximum of 4 weeks. Skin condition (skin score reflecting degree of dermatitis) in these groups was compared at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4. Neonates treated with olive oil cream showed statistically less dermatitis than did neonates treated with emollient cream, and both had a better outcome than those in the control group (p < 0.001 in weeks 2–4). Treatment effects persisted throughout the study period and applied to infants of all gestational ages. This study demonstrates that topical skin therapy lowers the risk of dermatitis. Olive oil cream was superior to water‐in‐oil emollient cream.
Oral Cephalexin for Acne Vulgaris: Clinical Experience with 93 Patients
Authors: Fenner Julie A. , Wiss Karen , Levin Nikki A.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  For patients who fail traditional acne therapy or experience side effects, other treatments are needed. Cephalexin has been noted to be efficacious in some instances. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of cephalexin for acne. A retrospective chart review of 93 acne patients treated with cephalexin was performed. Data collection included patient demographics, other acne therapies, clinical response, and side effects. Of the 98 courses of cephalexin, 4% of patients cleared, 45% were much improved, 29% were somewhat improved, 16% experienced no change, and 6% worsened at first follow‐up visit. The median treatment length was 6 months. Eighty‐four percent of patients had previously used a systemic antibiotic(s) for acne. Seven percent experienced adverse effects. This is a small retrospective analysis without a comparison group and is limited by the number of patients and nonstandardized treatment lengths and charting procedures. Cephalexin is a promising alternative treatment for acne, with 78% of patients exhibiting at least some clinical improvement.
Cutaneous and Paravertebral Infantile Hemangioma: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Hernández‐Martín Angela , Torrelo Antonio
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We report on two cases of segmental cutaneous infantile hemangioma associated with mediastinal hemangioma and paravertebral extension. Mediastinal involvement is rare in hemangioma and paravertebral and intraspinal extension of hemangioma have seldom reported and may have been overlooked in the past.
Body Piercing Complicated by Atypical Mycobacterial Infections
Authors: Ferringer Tammie , Pride Howard , Tyler William
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Body piercing is a growing trend, especially in young people, but the literature on complications of piercing consists mostly of case reports involving ear piercing. Previous reported complications of piercing include contact dermatitis, keloids, traumatic tearing, viral transmission, and bacterial infections. We report two patients who presented with atypical mycobacterial infections of body piercing sites. It is important to recognize the association of piercing and mycobacterial infections so that tissue can be obtained for histopathologic examination and appropriate culture.
Nail Changes in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Possible Marker of Multisystem Disease
Authors: Mataix Javier , Betlloch Isabel , Lucas‐Costa Ana , Pérez‐Crespo María , Moscardó‐Guilleme Cristina
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We describe a child with a 6‐month history of onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis, and hemorrhages in most of her fingernails and toenails. Nail involvement preceded the identification of osteolytic lesions at the mastoid on a cranial computed tomography scan, which was performed because of repeated episodes of acute otitis media. Some weeks later, a small number of erythematous papules developed over the trunk and face. The diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis was made by histopathologic examination of bone, skin, and bed and matrix nail biopsies. Response to treatment with vinblastine and prednisone was excellent. Nail changes in Langerhans cell histiocytosis are extremely uncommon, particularly as the presenting manifestation of the disease. The role of nail involvement as an unfavorable prognostic sign is unclear.
Neutrophilic Figurate Erythema of Infancy
Authors: PATRIZI ANNALISA , SAVOIA FRANCESCO , VAROTTI ELISA , GASPARI VALERIA , PASSARINI BEATRICE , NERI IRIA
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We report here a new case of neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy in a 1‐year and 9‐month‐old white boy. Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy is a rare inflammatory dermatosis which is part of the figurate inflammatory dermatoses of infancy and is considered a variant of annular erythema of infancy. The disease is clinically characterized by annular erythematous lesions, sometimes with a polycyclic configuration, and histologically by a dermal neutrophilic infiltration with leukocytoclasia. Differential diagnosis mainly includes clear‐cut severe diseases with a well‐known etiology, such as neonatal lupus erythematosus and its variant erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatale, erythema chronicum migrans and erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and diseases of unknown origin and with less clear limits, such as erythema annulare centrifugum and its variant familial annular erythema. Anamnesis, laboratory findings, clinical features, and histology allow the correct diagnosis and therefore, having excluded severe diseases, parents should be reassured as neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy, as the annular erythema of infancy, is a benign disease, in most cases unassociated with other conditions and usually self‐limiting over a few months, even though a chronic course may rarely occur. Our case was characterized by a chronic persistent course and by a complete resolution of the lesions only during febrile episodes.
Clinical and Histopathologic Study of Pilomatricoma in Iran between 1992 and 2005
Authors: ZAMANIAN ABBAS , FARSHCHIAN MAHMOOD , FARSHCHIAN MEHDI
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherb) is a tumor of hair follicle matrix cells and is almost always benign. In this study we reviewed the clinical and histopathological features of 45 cases of pilomatricoma during 13 years (1992‐2005). Although few malignant transformations have been reported in other studies, no evidence of malignancy or aggressiveness is observed in this study.
Suppressive Effects of Topical Mometasone Furoate and Tacrolimus on Skin Prick Testing in Children
Authors: GRADMAN JOSEFINE , WOLTHERS OLE D.
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Skin prick tests were performed in 12 children with atopic eczema before and after 2 weeks of treatment with topical mometasone furoate and tacrolimus. Both treatments significantly suppressed the allergen wheal size. Mometasone furoate reduced the histamine wheal size as well. Skin prick testing in children treated with topical glucocorticoids or tacrolimus is associated with a risk of false‐negative test results.
Lentigines within Nevus Depigmentosus: A Rare Collateral Effect of UVB Therapy?
Authors: BARDAZZI FEDERICO , BALESTRI RICCARDO , ANTONUCCI ANGELA , SPADOLA GIUSEPPE
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  Nevus depigmentosus is an uncommon hypopigmented macule or patch that is congenital and stable in its relative size and distribution throughout life; it occurs sporadically and may be localized, segmental or, less often, systematized. We report the case of a 17‐year‐old girl with a segmental achromic nevus of the left leg and a patch on the lower back with late age of onset who developed lentigines after prolonged intense ultraviolet B exposure as a consequence of an incorrect diagnosis of segmental vitiligo.
Temporary Localized Hypertrichosis after Henna Pseudotattoo
Authors: DEL BOZ JAVIER , MARTÍN TRINIDAD , SAMANIEGO ELIA , VERA ÁNGEL , MORÓN DULCE , CRESPO VICENTE
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  We report the case of a 5‐year‐old boy who had a temporary dragon‐shaped henna pseudotattoo, reinforced 4 days later. Two weeks later, as the pseudotattoo began to disappear, hypertrichosis developed in the area corresponding to the previous psuedotattoo. Skin biopsy showed an increase in vellus hair follicles, with slight peripheral fibrosis. After 4 months, the hypertrichosis resolved spontaneously.
Pediatric Skin Disorders Encountered in a Dermatology Outpatient Clinic in Turkey
Authors: GÜL ÜLKER , ÇAKMAK SERAY KÜLCÜ , GÖNÜL MÜZEYYEN , KILIÇ ARZU , BILGILI SEHER
Published: April 2008

Abstract:  This study documents the spectrum and frequency of skin disorders in a total of 2370 children encountered in a dermatology outpatient clinic in Turkey. Infectious skin diseases were most frequently observed (27.6%) followed by, eczemas (17.9%), acne (14,5%), papulosquamous diseases (6.9%), hair diseases (4.1%), pigmentation disorders (3.8%), generalized pruritus (2.8%), urticaria (2.7%), and insect bite (2.3%). Epidemiologic data are useful in planning of the health care and taking preventive measures to decrease the prevalence of skin disorders in children.
Effect of CuO on the Sintering Temperature and Piezoelectric Properties of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics
Authors: Park Hwi‐Yeol , Choi Joo‐Young , Choi Min‐Kyu , Cho Kyung‐Hoon , Nahm Sahn , Lee Hyeung‐Gyu , Kang Hyung‐Won
Published: April 2008

When a small amount of CuO was added to (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) ceramics sintered at 960°C for 2 h, a dense microstructure with increased grains was developed, probably due to liquid‐phase sintering. The Curie temperature slightly increased when CuO exceeded 1.5 mol%. The Cu2+ ion was considered to have replaced the Nb5+ ion and acted as a hardener, which increased the Ec and Qm values of the NKN ceramics. High piezoelectric properties of kp=0.37, Qm=844, and ɛ3T/ɛ0=229 were obtained from the specimen containing 1.5 mol% of CuO sintered at 960°C for 2 h.
Rewriting the end of the Early Bronze Age in the United Arab Emirates through the anthropological and artefactual evaluation of two collective Umm an‐Nar graves at Hili (eastern region of Abu Dhabi)
Authors: McSweeney Kathleen , Méry Sophie , Macchiarelli Roberto
Published: April 2008

The Hili archaeological complex in Al Ain (U.A.E.) is important for its wealth of third‐millennium BC Umm an‐Nar burial and settlement sites. Two of the most significant burial sites are Tomb N at Hili and Tomb A Hili North. The latter is a classic circular Umm an‐Nar monumental grave, while Hili N is a pit‐grave, one of only two Umm an‐Nar period pit‐graves discovered so far in the U.A.E. Both of these tombs contained the remains of hundreds of individuals, in the case of Tomb A Hili North, more than 300, while around 600 people had been deposited in Hili N. Both population groups have been the subject of anthropological and artefactual analyses and a comparison of the findings help to shed light on the chronology of the end of the Umm an‐Nar period.
Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam
Authors: Carter R.A.
Published: April 2008

This article re‐examines the ceramics of SBY‐9, a church and monastery site on the island of Sir Bani Yas, Abu Dhabi emirate, U.A.E. It then explores other archaeological evidence for Christianity in the Arabian Gulf and compares it to the textual data, resulting in a reconsideration of the history and activities of the Church of the East. The pottery of SBY‐9 indicates that the monastery complex was occupied some time between the second half of the seventh century and the mid‐eighth century AD and not, as previously believed, the sixth–seventh centuries AD. Other excavated churches and monasteries in the Gulf region should also be redated to the eighth and ninth centuries AD (al‐Qusur, Kharg). These findings cast a new light on the history of Christianity in the Arabian Gulf after the Muslim conquest.
Nursing caries and buying time: an emerging theory of prolonged bottle feeding
Authors: Freeman Ruth , Stevens Anne
Published: April 2008

Abstract –  Background:  Nursing caries is considered to be problematic by dental health professionals. In their zealousness to solve the nursing caries problem dental health professionals forgot to ask the question: ‘Why do mothers persist in prolonged bottle feeding?’

Aim:  To use grounded theory procedures and techniques to analyse the qualitative data obtained from mothers and to generate an emerging theory of prolonged bottle feeding.

Method:  A series of individual in‐depth interviews were conducted with 34 mothers of children with nursing caries. The children were aged between 3 and 4 years. Data were analysed using the grounded theory procedures and techniques of open and selective coding.

Results:  The core category or the mothers’ main concern that emerged from the data was conceptualized as ‘buying time’. The feeding bottle bought time away from crying children by silencing them but also bought extra time with the child. Therefore, two different behavioural styles or categories of buying time emerged. These were: (i) to buy time away from the demands of their crying toddlers (instant solutions) and (ii) to buy extra time with their ‘toddler‐babies’ (double‐binding). The feeding bottle acted as an ‘instant solution’ as on seeing the bottle the child would instantly ‘stop crying’ and peace would reign. Double‐binding described how the feeding bottle was used to buy extra time for ‘babyhood closeness’ between mother and child while exposing the mothers’ harsh rejecting behaviours.

Discussion:  An understanding of the time concerns that the mothers experienced when caring for their young children and how they resolve them provides an important insight into the reasons for prolonged bottle feeding.
Rab14 Regulates Apical Targeting in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kitt Khameeka N. , Hernández‐Deviez Delia , Ballantyne Sarah D. , Spiliotis Elias T. , Casanova James E. , Wilson Jean M.
Published: April 2008

Epithelial cells display distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains, and maintenance of this asymmetry is essential to the function of epithelial tissues. Polarized delivery of apical and basolateral membrane proteins from the trans Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes to the correct domain requires specific cytoplasmic machinery to control the sorting, budding and fission of vesicles. However, the molecular machinery that regulates polarized delivery of apical proteins remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that the small guanosine triphosphatase Rab14 is involved in the apical targeting pathway. Using yeast two‐hybrid analysis and glutathione S‐transferase pull down, we show that Rab14 interacts with apical membrane proteins and localizes to the TGN and apical endosomes. Overexpression of the GDP mutant form of Rab14 (S25N) induces an enlargement of the TGN and vesicle accumulation around Golgi membranes. Moreover, expression of Rab14‐S25N results in mislocalization of the apical raft‐associated protein vasoactive intestinal peptide/MAL to the basolateral domain but does not disrupt basolateral targeting or recycling. These data suggest that Rab14 specifically regulates delivery of cargo from the TGN to the apical domain.
A Cryosectioning Procedure for the Ultrastructural Analysis and the Immunogold Labelling of Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Griffith Janice , Mari Muriel , De Mazière Ann , Reggiori Fulvio
Published: April 2008

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a crucial model system for the study of a multitude of cellular processes because of its amenability to genetics, molecular biology and biochemical procedures. By contrast, the morphological analysis of this organism by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) has remained in a primordial phase preventing researchers to routinely incorporate this technique into their investigations. Here, in addition to simple but detailed protocols to perform conventional electron microscopy (EM) on plastic embedded sections, we present a new IEM procedure adapted from the Tokuyasu method to prepare cryosections from mildly fixed cells. This novel approach allows an excellent cell preservation and the negatively stained membranes create superb contrast that leads to a unique resolution of the yeast morphology. This, plus the optimal preservation of the epitopes, permits combined localization studies with a fine resolution of protein complexes, vesicular carriers and organelles at an ultrastructural level. Importantly, we also show that this cryo‐immunogold protocol can be combined with high‐pressure freezing and therefore cryofixation can be employed if difficulties are encountered to immobilize a particular structure with chemical fixation. This new IEM technique will be a valuable tool for the large community of scientists using yeast as a model system, in particular for those studying membrane transport and dynamics.
Endosomal Phosphoinositides and Human Diseases
Authors: Nicot Anne‐Sophie , Laporte Jocelyn
Published: April 2008

Phosphoinositides (PIs) are lipid second messengers implicated in signal transduction and membrane trafficking. Seven distinct PIs can be synthesized by phosphorylation of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), and their metabolism is accurately regulated by PI kinases and phosphatases. Two of the PIs, PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2, are present on intracellular endosomal compartments, and several studies suggest that they have a role in membrane remodeling and trafficking. We refer to them as ‘endosomal PIs’. An increasing number of human genetic diseases including myopathy and neuropathies are associated to mutations in enzymes regulating the turnover of these endosomal PIs. The PtdIns3P and PtdIns(3,5)P2 3‐phosphatase myotubularin gene is mutated in X‐linked centronuclear myopathy, whereas its homologs MTMR2 and MTMR13 and the PtdIns(3,5)P2 5‐phosphatase SAC3/FIG4 are implicated in Charcot–Marie–Tooth peripheral neuropathies. Mutations in the gene encoding the PtdIns3P 5‐kinase PIP5K3/PIKfyve have been found in patients affected with François–Neetens fleck corneal dystrophy. This review presents the roles of the endosomal PIs and their regulators and proposes defects of membrane remodeling as a common pathological mechanism for the corresponding diseases.
Der Liquor des kongenitalen Luetikers.
Authors: TEZNER OTTO
Published: April 2008

1) Bei Zusammenfassung sämtlicher von mir veröffentlichten Befunde ergibt sich, dass unter 84 kongenital luetischen Säuglingen 48 = 57,1 % pathologischen Liquor hatten, unter 103 älteren Kindern 29 = 22,2 %; unter dell letzteren befanden sich 87 nervengesunde mit 13=14,9 % positiven Be funden und 16 nervös geschädigte mit 16=100 % positiven Befunden.

2) Wir können nichts darüber aussagen, wie der Rückgang der positiven Liquores vor sich geht, ob er spontaii erfolgt oder auf Behandlung zurückzuführen ist.

3) Die Liquorveränderungen im Säuglingsalter lassen keinerlei prognostische oder diagnostische Schlüsse zu; auch positive Goldsolreaktion, starke Pleocytose und positiver Liquor‐Wassermann lässt keine sichere Voraussage auf spätere Erkrankung des Zentralnervensystems stellen. Bei Behandlung der kongenitalen Lues des Sänglings ist die Lumbalpunktion entbehrlich.

4) Jenseits des Säuglingsalters gehört die Punktion zur Luesbehandlung. Ein positiver Liquor kommt zwar auch bei nervengesunden Kindern vor, jedoch verhältnismässig selten; noch seltener ist bei solchen Kindern positiver Liquorwasserinann; komplett positiven Befund (positiver Liquorwassermann, positive Globulinreaktion, Pleocytose, positive Goldsolreaktion) habe ich mit einer einzigen Ausnahme überhaupt nur bei nervengeschädigten Kindern gefunden.

5) Da die Liquorveränderungen durch Malariatherapie zum Verschwinden zu bringen sind, während sich schon bestehende Nervenänderungen nur schwer beeinflussen lassen, wird empfohlen, kongenital‐luetische Kinder jenseits des Säuglingsalters mit positivem Liquor mit Malaria zu behandeln.
DIALYSIS AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION OF CHILDREN IN EUROPE, 1974
Authors: SCHÄRER K. , CHANTLER C. , BRUNNER F. P. , GURLAND H. J. , JACOBS C. , PARSONS F. M. , SEYFFART G. , WING A. J.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. About a third of all children with end‐stage renal failure in Europe were accepted for treatment by regular dialysis or transplantation during 1974. The number of specialised paediatric dialysis centres increased. The number of renal transplants also increased, but fewer living donor grafts and retransplants were performed in 1974. The best survival was again observed on home dialysis. Patient survival after a cadaver graft improved. Children more than ten years old appeared to have a better survival on dialysis and a somewhat better graft function than younger patients. Rehabilitation was similar on home dialysis and after transplantation, but full school activity in ordinary school was reported in only 40% of all children on hospital dialysis. Children on haemodialysis tended to dialyse more frequently in 1974, than before, but for fewer hours per week. Hepatitis was still a problem and only a small reduction in the incidence was noted during 1974. Children on dialysis required more blood transfusions than adults. Body growth on haemodialysis was retarded to a similar degree on boys and in girls; 70 % of the haemodialysed and 63 % of the transplanted children had a growth velocity below the third percentile. Growth rate was noted to fall after the first year on dialysis.
EFFECTIVE PULMONARY CAPILLARY BLOOD FLOW IN INFANTS WITH BIRTH ASPHYXIA
Authors: HUTCHISON ALASTAIR A. , RUSSELL GEORGE
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Effective pulmonary capillary blood flow was measured on the first day of life in twenty term infants with birth asphyxia and twenty‐five normal term infants. The infants studied showed no clinical or laboratory evidence of respiratory distress. The mean effective pulmonary capillary blood flow of 121 ml/kg/min in the birth asphyxia group was significantly lower than the mean of 162 ml/kg/min in the normal group. The possible relationship of birth asphyxia and pulmonary hypoperfusion in the aetiology of the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome is discussed.
SERUM GAMMA‐GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE ACTIVITY AND URINARY D‐GLUCARIC ACID EXCRETION IN NEWBORNS IN THE FIRST WEEK OF LIFE; Effects of phenobarbital and nicethamide combination
Authors: TALAFANT E. , HOŠKOVÁ A. , POJEROVÁ A.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. High serum γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity was found in cord blood of newborn boys. This activity decreased to lower values on the 4th and 7th days. In newborns treated for 3 days following the birth with a combination of Phenobarbital and nicethamide an increase of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase activity occurred from the 4th to the 7th days. The 7th day levels were significantly higher when compared with the controls. Simultaneous determination of urinary glucaric acid excretion confirmed the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in glucuronic acid pathway. This could also be demonstrated by a pronounced decrease of serum bilirubin levels in groups receiving the enzyme inducers whether phenobarbital was administered intramuscularly or orally as sodium salt solution.
AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF A DANISH SCHOOL POPULATION
Authors: STRUNGE P. , TROSTMANN AA. F.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. A study was performed on a Danish school population to obtain reference values of the following serum lipids: total lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol, glycerol and triglyceride. 92 % of 630 children participated, but 23 were excluded following clinical examination. Thus values are given for 301 girls and 274 boys aged 8 to 17 years.
ERYTHROCYTE GLUCOSE 6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY (G6PD TYPE A‐) AND NEONATAL JAUNDICE
Authors: BIENZLE U. , EFFIONG C. , LUZZATTO L.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The association of erythrocyte G6PD deficiency (type A‐) and hyperbilirubinaemia in two groups of Nigerian male newborns has been examined. The results provide evidence that the enzyme deficiency is the single most important factor in the pathogenesis of severe neonatal jaundice in this West African population.
CHANGES IN ERYTHROCYTE LIPID STROMA IN THE PREMATURE INFANT ACCORDING TO DIETARY FAT COMPOSITION
Authors: BALLABRIGA A. , MARTÍNEZ M.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Eighteen premature infants of similar gestational age, divided into three groups, were fed 3 milk formulas containing different amounts of linoleic acid. All the cases received 120 calories per kg of weight and day, of which formula A supplied 6.1 % of the dietary total calories as linoleic acid, formula B 15.9% and formula C only 0.6%. The fatty acids of red cell ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were studied in a first sample obtained during the first hours of life before the infants had received any food, and in a second sample taken at the age of three weeks. In the group fed formula C (0.6% of the total calories) changes similar to those described in EFA‐deficient rats were found, namely, a decrease of linoleic acid, and an increase of oleic acid and of 20: 3 (n‐9), with a consequent rise of the triene to tetraene ratio. When the supply of linoleate was highest (15.9% of the total caloric intake) linoleic acid increased, oleic acid decreased and the 20: 3 (n‐9) practically disappeared. None of the three groups showed any clinical symptoms.
Neonatal congential lactic acidosis with pyruvte carboxylase deficiency in two siblings.
Authors: SAUDUBRAY J. M. , MARSAC C. , CHAPENTIER C. , CHTHELINEAU L. , LEAUD M. BESSON , LEROUX J. P.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The authors report 2 familial cases of neonatal congenital lactic acidosis with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency in the liver. In both cases, disorders started immediately after birth and were characterized by major neurological symptoms, acute metabolic acidosis with hyperketonemia and hyperammonemia. Course was rapidly fatal despite intensive care, bicarbonate therapy and several therapeutic attempts with biotin and thiamine. Hyperlactacidemia was associated with dramatic increase in lactate/pyruvate ratio, without anoxia, in contrast with decreased /3 hydroxybutyrate/ acetoacetate ratio. This unusual metabolic pattern may be assumed to result from decreased oxaloacetate synthesis as a result of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, and impairment of oxaloacetate dependent mitochondria1 redox shuttles. Post mortem enzymatic study of the liver and kidney showed biotin unresponsive total deficiency of pyruvate carboxylase. Other gluconeogenic enzyme activities were normal.
SEPTICAEMIA OF HTE NEWBORN, ASSOCIATED WITH RUPTURED FOERAL MEBBRANES, DISCOLOURED AMNIOTIC FLUID OR MATERNAL FEVER
Authors: KUNDSEN FINN URSIN , STEINRUD JANNE
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The incidence of neonatal septicaemia associated with prolonged rupture of foetal membranes, discoloured amniotic fluid and/or maternal fever was investigated. A total of 807 blood cultures were performed on 329 neonates, the placental end of 239 umbilical cords and on 239 mothers. The study showed that in 97% of the neonates with a complicated delivery there was no evidence of septicaemia. Septicaemia was verified in 3% of the infants, and was intimately associated with low birth weight (p = 0.02), neonatal asphyxia (p < 10‐4) clinical evidence of septicaemia (p < 10‐4) and maternal fever(p = 0.002). The incidence was particularly high in premature infants with neonatal asphyxia (27%) and in neonates born to febrile mothers (20%). None of the mothers showed any evidence of septicaemia, and haematogenous, transplacental spread of infection to the child was not seen. Routine prophylactic antibiotic therapy in neonates with a complicated delivery should therefore be reserved, in our opinion, for those infants at high risk of infection.
TONE AUDIOMERTY CONTROL OF CHILDREN TREATED FOR MENINGITIS WITH LARGR INTRAVENOUS DOSES OF AMPICILLIN
Authors: DAHNSIÖ H. , ANDERSSON H. , HALLANER H. O. , RUDBERG R. D.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty‐seven children treated for bacterial meningitis with ampicillin in high doses were followed up with audiometric control. Defects were recorded in 6 cases. Two of these were ascribed to chronic otosalpingitis. In 4 patients with sensorineural hearing loss, 3 were unilateral, and in only one case was the damage bilateral. Even here there was a previous history of hearing loss. A suggested ototoxicity of ampicillin could not be confirmed.
BASAL AND HORMONE‐INDUCED URINARY CYCLIC AMP IN CHILDREN WITH RENEL DISORDERS
Authors: MoNN E. , OSNES J. B. , ØYE I.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The excretion of cyclic AMP in urine has been examined in normal children and in children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus or moderate renal failure (predominantly defective concentrating ability) under basal conditions and in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In contrast to other reported data, we could not confirm an ADH‐ and PTH‐unresponsiveness in hereditary, congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, but our patients with structural renal disorders characterized by a defective urine concentrating ability did have reduced hormonal responses. It seems necessary to define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus very carefully, and until more data are collected, there appears to be no value in the measurement of urinary cyclic AMP level in the individual patient in the differential diagnosis of disorders due to renal concentrating defects.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CROHN'S DISEASE IN A WEST INDIAN CHILD
Authors: WALLIS SHEILA M. , WALKER‐SMITH J.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Although perianal ulceration is common in Crohn's disease, extensive perineal ulceration particularly in children is rare. The case history is presented of a child who developed progressive hypertrophy of the vulva and ulceration of the groins at the age of 11 years but diagnosis of Crohn's disease was delayed for 21 months. Treatment with steroids and azathioprine has induced a successful remission but difficulty has been experienced in reducing the steroid dosage.
MENETRIER'S SYNDROME IN CHILDREN
Authors: NEWMAN C. L. , McCLURE J. P. , BENTLEY J. F. R.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Since Menetrier's original description in 1888 many cases of hypertrophic gastritis have been recorded in adults. Only recently has a similar syndrome been described in childhood. The case reported demonstrates the characteristic features of the condition (the duration was rather longer than in other reported cases) and diagnosis, clinical course and aetiology are discussed. In contrast to the adult disease this illness is usually short‐lived with full clinical and histological remission occurring within a few months.
TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE DISEASE A Report of Two Affected Children Associated with Neurological Abnormalities
Authors: GALTON D. J. , RECKLESS J. P. D. , TAITZ L. S.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Two children are described with congenital abnormalities (microcephaly, nystagmus, deafness, hepatomegaly) and the anomalous feature of triglyceride deposits in peripheral adipose tissue associated with severe malnutrition. Peripheral adipose tissue of one of these children displayed: (a) reduced sensitivity of adenyl cyclase to stimulation by noradrenaline (b) no response in tissue levels of cyclic AMP when stimulated by isoprenaline and (c) impaired release of glycerol following stimulation with isoprenaline. The other child, with similar clinical features, showed abnormal deposits of glycogen in the liver. It is postulated that a primary metabolic defect occurs in peripheral adipose tissue (and possibly at other sites such as the liver) that interferes with triglyceride (and glycogen) mobilization during prolonged malnutrition.
A HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED EXOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMOUR IN A YOUNG BOY
Authors: WILANDER E. , SUNDSTRÖM C. , MEURLING S. , GROTTE G.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. A primary pancreatic tumour in a 6‐year‐old boy was removed by radical excision. From both light and electron microscopic observations the tumour was considered to be of exocrine origin, with some differentiation towards acinar cells. Although the tumour was highly differentiated, it was regarded as probably malignant because of tumour growth into the surrounding fibrous capsule. The case is discussed in relation to earlier rare reports of pancreatic tumours in infants and children.
Fat Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Infant Formulas
Authors: KOLETZKO BERTHOLD , BREMER HANS JOACHIM
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Fat content and fatty acid composition of 25 commercial infant formulas sold in the Federal Republic of Germany and of 3 home‐made milk formulas were analysed, using gravimetry of extracted lipids and high‐resolution capillary gaschromatography. Results were compared with the composition of human milk. Fat contents of all commercial formulas were similar to human milk values and met current recommendations, but 2 home‐made preparations were at the upper and lower limits of the recommended range. Milk formulas tended to contain higher percentages of saturated and lower ones of cis‐monounsaturated and trans‐isomeric fatty acids than human milk. Linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) content was similar to human milk in most products but deviated clearly from recommended values in 2 home‐made mixtures. Alpha‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3) values were often low in formulas, resulting a high n‐6/n‐3‐ratios. In contrast to human milk, all formulas contained only minor amounts of the physiologically important long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms. Some seasonal variation in the content of palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:ln‐9), linoleic and trans‐fatty acids was found when five arbitrarily selected adapted formulas were analysed repeatedly over one year. The composition of a home‐made formula made from fresh cow's milk was markedly different in winter and in summer, when percentages of saturated and trans‐fatty acids were higher and of linoleic acid were lower. We conclude that the composition of most commercial formulas is better suited to meet the lipid requirements of young infants than the home‐made preparations investigated. However, the essential fatty acid composition of available milk formulas differs from that of human milk.
Thymosin α1 in Milk Specimens from Guatemalan Women
Authors: CRUZ J. R. , NAYLOR P. H. , GOLDSTEIN A. L.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Thymosin α1 was determined in milk samples obtained from 67 Guatemalan women 5 days, and 1–3 and 6–18 months postpartum. All the specimens collected 5 days after delivery contained measurable levels (583 ± 304 pg/ml) of thymosin α, but only 33 % of those obtained 1–3 months postpartum and none collected thereafter did. Since thymosin α1 has been shown to increase T‐cell mediated immunity, and to enhance host resistance to infection, it may play an important role in the maturation of mucosal immunity and host resistance in general in the neonate. This study is the first to document the presence of a thymic hormone in early postpartum milk.
Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Calcium and Phosphorus Balance and Renal Net Acid Excretion in Preterm Infants Fed a Standard Formula
Authors: MANZ F. , DIEKMANN L. , STOCK G. J.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. In 19 preterm infants fed a standard formula for prematures (calcium (Ca) 13.5 mmol/l; phosphorus (P) 12.9 mmol/l), biochemical parameters of blood, serum and urine were determined before and during supplementation with Ca‐L‐lactate (final Ca concentration 20 mmol/l). In 8 preterm boys Ca and P balance were evaluated in addition. During Ca supplementation, the serum Ca levels, urine pH (without supplement 6.31, with supplement 6.73), and calciuria (46 μmol/kg/d vs. 98 μmol/kg/d) were increased, and urinary P (1.05 mmol/kg/d vs. 0.65 mmol/kg/d) and net acid excretion (1.70 mEq/kg/d vs. 0.89 mEq/kg/d) were decreased. Balance studies showed increased net intestinal Ca absorption during supplementation (37 % vs. 56 %) as well as improved Ca (0.8 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.85 mmol/kg/d) and P retention (0.97 mmol/kg/d vs. 1.45 mmol/kg/d). These data show that increased Ca intake given to optimize the Ca:P ratio improves mineral retention in preterm infants fed a standard formula. Ca and P intake should be thoroughly balanced to avoid side‐effects like hypercalciuria or high renal net acid excretion.
The Relationship between Decreased Iron Stores, Serum Iron and Neonatal Hypoglycemia in Large‐for‐Date Newborn Infants
Authors: AMARNATH UMA M. , OPHOVEN JANICE J. , MILLS MARLA M. , MURPHY EDRIE L. , GEORGIEFF MICHAEL K.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. We assessed the relationship between neonatal hypoglycemia and newborn iron status in 15 hypoglycemic, large‐for‐date newborn infants, 12 of whom were infants of diabetic mothers. These infants had significantly lower mean serum iron concentrations, ferritin concentrations, percent iron‐binding saturation and calculated iron stores, and significantly higher mean transferrin concentrations, total iron‐binding capacity concentrations and mid‐arm circumference: head circumference ratios when compared with either 15 euglycemic large‐for‐date or 15 euglycemic appropriate‐for‐date control infants (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). All hypoglycemic infants had ferritin concentrations below the 5th percentile as compared to 3 % of controls (p < 0.001), and 67 % had transferrin concentrations above the 95th percentile (controls: 0 %; p < 0.001). Only the hypoglycemic infants demonstrated a significant negative linear correlation between ferritin and transferrin concentrations (r=−0.83; p < 0.001). Decreased serum iron concentrations were associated with size at birth (r=−0.60; p= 0.01) and with increased red cell iron (r=−0.60; p= 0.01), implying a redistribution of iron dependent on the degree of fetal hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Infants with increased red cell iron had more profound neonatal hypoglycemia. These results show a significant association between decreased iron stores and neonatal hypoglycemia in macrosomic newborn infants associated with a significant shift of iron into red blood cells.
Peak Flow in Children Aged 4–16 Years
Authors: WILLE S. , SVENSSON K.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. Peak expiratory flow rate was measured in 318 Swedish children aged 4–16 years on Wright peak flow meter, Mini Wright peak flow meter and Vitalograph peak flow monitor. We found that height, age and sex had a significant effect on the regression equation. Weight and body surface area did not add any significant information. The curves for the Wright and Mini Wright peakflow meters are presented and may be used as normal references in the clinic. Mini Wright peakflow meter and Vitalograph peak flow monitor are cheap and handy but results on different instruments should not be directly compared.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Histological Relapse after Gluten‐Challenge in Coeliac Disease
Authors: MAGAUDDA L. , ANASTASI G. , ARCO A. , SANTORO G. , TEDESCHI A. , SACCA M. G. , MAGAZZÙ G.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. The steps of the morphological relapse occurring during gluten‐challenge in coeliac children were for the first time investigated by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the morphological changes observed in untreated and treated coeliac patients, in pathological and normal controls. Some peculiar morphological changes, not reported up to now, were observed in treated and relapsed coeliac patients. No relationship was found among the degrees of mucosal atrophy observed by SEM and the duration of the challenge performed by an uncontrolled ingestion of gluten.
Further Evidence of an Association between Psychosocial Problems and Increase in Relative Weight between 7 and 10 Years of Age
Authors: MELLBIN T. , VUILLE J.‐C.
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT. A sample of 5399 Swedish schoolchildren was subdivided into five groups according to the change in relative weight between the ages of 7 and 10 years and the relative weight attained at 10 years. Information on indicators of psychosocial problems was obtained by teacher interviews. There was a significant variation between groups with regard to the prevalence of behavioral and learning problems, and in girls also concerning social problems. The highest prevalence of problems was consistently found in the group with a rapid gain in relative weight. The association was stronger for serious than for mild problems. A causal mechanism is assumed to be the most probable explanation. The implications with respect to research and clinical practice are discussed.