bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“We Do the Social”
Authors: Eguavoen Irit
Published: December 2021

The ethnographic study was conducted in the unplanned settlement of Adjahui, which is located in Port Bouët municipality of the Abidjan metropolis, Côte d’Ivoire, where, after a short period of self-building activities, rental housing was constructed on a massive scale. We asked about the motivations behind these investments into the lowest price segment of rentals in Abidjan and their property management. Findings from interviews with 12 estate agents revealed that small-scale private investors from the middle class and West African migrant background speculated with low-cost housing under extra-legal conditions to accumulate or maintain their wealth. These entrepreneurial landlords delegated construction of courtyard houses and property management to local non-accredited estate agencies. While the deals between investors and estate agents were driven by profit, the occupational history of the estate agents showed how they randomly moved into this business. Their work was also socially motivated, as they expressed responsibility for their customers, who could not afford other rental housing. The paper will discuss how the investments reduced the quantitative deficit in low-cost rental housing.
Speaking Trade, Aiming Beyond: Israel’s Economic Relations with France and Britain before 1956
Authors: Zouplna Jan
Published: December 2021

Israel’s relationship with the West during the first half of the 1950s was not a walk in the park. Economic relations fitted into this general picture. Both Britain and France were sceptical as far as Israel’s potential was concerned. Their early prognoses tended to be quite gloomy. Simultaneously, economic relations provided a convenient communication channel at a time when overt association with the Jewish state was not desirable. The progress in Franco-Israeli economic ties during the years 1953-1955 illustrates this ambivalence in full. While prudence remained, the increase in bilateral trade managed to warrant the military supplies. Britain, constituting a traditional market, surpassed France as a trading partner. Given British political aloofness, the instrument of trade served primarily its immediate economic purpose. Based on archival sources gathered in all of the three countries, the paper traces the interplay of trade and diplomacy in the early years of Israel’s foreign relations.
Florence Nightingale and Responsibility for Healthcare in the Home
Authors: Bates Richard , Memel Jonathan Godshaw
Published: December 2021

The focus for this article is the approach taken by the famous British nurse and public health reformer Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) to responsibility for care, with particular reference to healthcare as practised in the home. It begins by examining Nightingale’s involvement as a young woman in ‘Lady Bountiful’ style upper-class charitable health visiting in the period before 1850. It goes on to consider the district nursing model designed by Nightingale and William Rathbone in the 1860s as an attempt to adapt this localised model of charitable care to the demands of industrial Victorian cities. The final section broadens the lens to examine Nightingale’s views on religious vocations in care work and the state’s expanding role in regulating the nursing profession. Nightingale’s ideal vision of care combined multiple elements: attachment to a local community, a sense of religious vocation, and the scalability and fundraising of national or governmental organizations.
Symbolic and Ritual Practices in the Post-Soviet Urban World: Symbolic Space and Festivity in the Cities of Eastern and Southern Ukraine, 1990s–2010s
Authors: Rachkov Yevhen
Published: December 2021

The article examines symbolic and ritual practices in five cities of southern and eastern Ukraine – Dnipro, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Odesa, and Kharkiv – during the 1990s to 2010s. The author considers the ways in which urban symbolic and ritual practices (primarily expressed in such symbolic forms as municipal ceremonies and festivals) are connected with the cultural and symbolic space of cities. First and foremost, these practices represent a kind of “symbolic mediators” of urban cultural memory and participate in the preservation, broadcasting, and actualization of the cultural semantics of the city. During the 1990s to 2010s, urban symbolic and ritual practices in Ukraine were characterized by efforts to leave behind the most objectionable manifestations of the Soviet culture of festivity and create a fundamentally new festive canon. To an extent, these developments were part of the so-called “decolonization of historical memory,” initiated by the central government and urban communities. Undoubtedly, they were facilitated by the ongoing socio-political transformations, particularly those connected with the Orange Revolution (2004) and Euromaidan Revolution (2013–2014), the Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. At the same time, the transformation of the Soviet complex of symbolic and ritual practices progressed only slowly; the change of political regime did not lead to a large-scale “ceremonial revolution.” Modern Ukrainian festive culture involves a combination, often quite eclectic, of at least several elements: a “new” style of festivity, generally based on borrowed “Western” cultural patterns; “traditional” forms, stressing national aspects and attempting to revive pre-Soviet cultural models; and “Soviet” forms, which preserve the Soviet festive canon, often adapted and rethought within the framework of the new urban tradition. Overall, the process of constructing a new model of urban festivity in Ukraine is far from complete; this emerging cultural complex remains fluid and capable of “turning” towards the festive traditions of different historical periods.
Bilingualism (Multilingualism) in the Balkans: Bulgarian and Macedonian Exemplification
Authors: Sujecka Jolanta
Published: December 2021

The paper attempts to find a broader language and identity context for the output of Grigor Prličev (1830/31–1893), out of an obligation created by the first Polish translation of his poem Skanderbeg (1862, Σκενδέρμπεης), by Małgorzata Borowska (Colloquia Humanistica 10, 2021). Prličev’s dramatic language and identity choices had their roots in the multilingualism in the Balkans, and a complete change of civilisational and cultural orientation in Balkan cultures during the nineteenth century. The Bulgarian and Macedonian exemplification is preceded by a Serbian illustration with some references to the Greek.
Heritage and the Post-Socialist City: Social and Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Falski Maciej , Kovářová Linda
Published: December 2021

The paper is a presentation of the latest volume of Colloquia Humanistica. The leading subject of heritage in the post-socialist city is largely commented on with reference to three major questions: the interplay of city planning and identity issues; symbolic practices and semiotic shifts in urban space; social practices and the functioning of local social networks. Concluding remarks draw attention to the intersection of memory studies and politics, as well as the issue of (dis)continuity, which is crucial for the stability and security of societies on the one hand, and for efficient change on the other.
Przełamywanie barier komunikacyjnych (na przykładzie wieloetnicznej i wielojęzycznej sytuacji społecznej Zaolzia)
Authors: Bogoczová Irena , Muryc Jiří
Published: December 2021

Breaking Communication Barriers (on the Example of the Multiethnic and Multilingual Situation of the Society in the Zaolzie Region)The present paper describes the language situation in several parts of Cieszyn Silesia (the Zaolzie region) in the Czech Republic. The research is based on authentic language material from two music (art) schools in Český Těšín and Třinec. The Třinec school has the official status of a bilingual Czech-Polish educational institution. These two establishments share several common features: both students and teachers come from either majority Czech or minority ethnic Polish communities; Polish children study in both institutions, although a larger group of these "foreign" students attends the school in Český Těšín. The authors analyze not only the spoken language itself but also the competence and language awareness of the respondents. They have come to the conclusion that interactions between the users of two (different) languages can be successful regardless of the fact whether each participant uses their own native tongue or that of their interlocutor, although they speak this language only at a basic level. Przełamywanie barier komunikacyjnych (na przykładzie wieloetnicznej i wielojęzycznej sytuacji społecznej Zaolzia)W artykule została opisana sytuacja językowa w czeskiej części Śląska Cieszyńskiego w Republice Czeskiej na podstawie autentycznego materiału językowego pochodzącego z dwóch szkół muzycznych (artystycznych) – jednej z Czeskiego Cieszyna, drugiej – z Trzyńca. Szkoła trzyniecka ma oficjalny status czesko-polskiej szkoły dwujęzycznej. Obie placówki łączy kilka cech wspólnych: zarówno uczniowie, jak i nauczyciele wywodzą się bądź z większościowego środowiska czeskiego, bądź należą do polskiej etnicznej wspólnoty mniejszościowej. W obu placówkach uczą się także dzieci z Polski, choć o wiele więcej takich „zagranicznych” uczniów uczęszcza do szkoły w Czeskim Cieszynie. Autorzy zajmują się nie tylko analizą samego języka mówionego, ale również kompetencją i świadomością językową badanych osób, dochodząc do wniosku, że interakcja między użytkownikami dwu (różnych) języków może przebiegać pomyślnie nawet wtedy, gdy każdy z nich używa własnego języka ojczystego (względnie gwary ojczystej) lub języka partnera komunikacji, chociaż język ten opanował tylko na poziomie podstawowym.
Некоторые контактнообусловленные явления в словенском диалекте долины Натизоне
Authors: Пилипенко [Pilipenko] Глеб [Gleb]
Published: December 2021

Some Contact-related Phenomena in the Slovenian Dialect of the Natisone ValleyThe paper discusses some contact-related phenomena in the phonetics, morphology and syntax of the Slovene dialect that is spoken in the Natisone Valley in Italy, a dialect belonging to the Littoral dialect group. The purpose of the study is to establish the origin of these phenomena and clarify the features of their functioning and areal distribution. The data for the analysis (oral speech of informants) was collected during field research in this region. The following phenomena are revealed: voicing of the voiceless dental alveolar s before sonorants; borrowing of prepositions and conjunctions; postposition of adjectives in noun groups; doubling of pronouns and nouns; temporal constructions are used to express dates. It is revealed that the analyzed constructions and items have a high degree of variability: they function along with their Slovenian counterparts. In some cases, we are dealing with contaminated forms (contaminated prepositions, temporal construction for expressing dates). The doubling of pronouns and nouns forms a broken area, and a similar phenomenon is found in the languages of the Balkan Sprachbund. Rezultaty kontaktów językowych w słoweńskim dialekcie Doliny Natisone, na wybranych przykładachW artykule omówiono niektóre zjawiska językowe jako rezultat kontaktów językowych z zakresu fonetyki, morfologii i składni, w słoweńskim dialekcie doliny Natisone we Włoszech, należącym do grupy dialektów przybrzeżnych. Celem artykułu jest ustalenie genezy tych zjawisk oraz opis sposobu funkcjonowania i obszarów występowania. Dane do analizy (wypowiedzi informatorów) zostały zebrane podczas badań terenowych w tym regionie. Ujawniają one następujące zjawiska: udźwięcznienie bezdźwięcznych spółgłosek zębowo-dziąsłowych przed sonornymi; zapożyczanie przyimków i spójników; postpozycja przymiotników w grupach rzeczownikowych; podwojenie zaimków i rzeczowników; wyrażanie dat przez określone konstrukcje czasowe. Okazuje się, że analizowane konstrukcje i formy charakteryzują się dużym stopniem zmienności, funkcjonują równolegle ze swoimi słoweńskimi odpowiednikami. W niektórych przypadkach mamy do czynienia z formami mieszanymi (mieszanymi konstrukcjami przyimkowymi, konstrukcjami czasowymi do wyrażania dat). Podwojenie zaimków i rzeczowników występuje na obszarze nierównomiernie, podobne zjawisko występuje w językach ligi bałkańskiej.
Nowe zachowania językowe u najstarszego pokolenia mieszkańców wsi
Authors: Ziajka Beata
Published: December 2021

New Linguistic Behaviors in the Eldest Generation of Village InhabitantsThe objective of the paper is analysis of the eldest village inhabitants’ linguistic behaviors which result from the universalizing influence of general culture on folk language. The contemporary globalizing tendencies which are strongly reflected in rural environments result in the fact that the eldest generation is forced to include new words in their own dialectal vocabulary that refer to modern realities that often do not fall within the scope of the cultural, social and customary sphere of rural communities. The materials, which include verbal behaviors collected in 2015–2020 in the rural commune of Babice in Chrzanów district, indicate the villagers’ lack of linguistic competence in terms of knowledge of the newest layer of general Polish. This is because, in the verbal behaviors of the members of the eldest age group, we can find numerous forms of deviation, and new words are often pronounced using traditional dialectal phonetics. Morphological transformations also occur. The reasons for these transformations include articulation difficulties combined with etymological unclearness. New words are sometimes unclear to elder people, which is why semantic shifts often occur when transferring general Polish units into the dialectal code. Nowe zachowania językowe u najstarszego pokolenia mieszkańców wsiCelem artykułu jest analiza tych zachowań językowych najstarszych mieszkańców wsi, które wynikają z uniwersalizującego oddziaływania na język ludowy kultury ogólnej. Współczesne tendencje globalizacyjne, w sposób szczególny zaznaczające się w środowiskach wiejskich, powodują, że najstarsze pokolenie zmuszone jest włączać do własnego, gwarowego repertuaru językowego nowe słownictwo odnoszące się do współczesnych realiów, częstokroć niemieszczących się w sferze kulturowej, społecznej i obyczajowej wiejskich wspólnot. Egzemplifikacja materiałowa, którą stanowią zachowania werbalne zebrane w latach 2015–2020 na terenie wiejskiej gminy Babice w powiecie chrzanowskim, wskazuje jednakże na brak kompetencji językowej mieszkańców wsi w zakresie znajomości najnowszej warstwy polszczyzny ogólnej. W zachowaniach werbalnych najstarszej grupy wiekowej pojawiają się bowiem liczne formy dewiacyjne, słownictwo nowe często jest wymawiane z zachowaniem tradycyjnej fonetyki gwarowej. Dochodzi także do przekształceń na płaszczyźnie morfologicznej. Przyczyną tych modyfikacji bywają trudności artykulacyjne połączone z brakiem wiedzy o ich etymologii. Nowe wyrazy nie zawsze są w pełni zrozumiałe dla starszego pokolenia, dlatego też przenoszeniu jednostek ogólnopolskich do kodu gwarowego często towarzyszą przesunięcia semantyczne.
Рідна мова vs мова повсякденного спілкування в оцінках українців
Authors: Руда [Ruda] Олена [Olena]
Published: December 2021

Native Language vs the Language of Everyday Communication in Ukrainians’ OpinionsThe Russian language is used every day by a lot of Ukrainians who consider their native language to be Ukrainian and who attribute themselves to the largest ethnic community. Based on a mass survey respondents from different regions of Ukraine, as well as focus group discussions with Ukrainian and Russian-speaking residents of Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa and Kharkiv, how linguistic and ethnic self-identifications of Ukrainians correlate with the actual choice of language for everyday and situational communication is analyzed. Ukrainians’ interpretations of the concept of “native language” and their explanations regarding what language they use and why in different situations and with different speakers is described. Język ojczysty a język komunikacji codziennej w opiniach UkraińcówJęzyk rosyjski jest używany na co dzień przez wielu Ukraińców, którzy uważają język ukraiński za swój język ojczysty i zgłaszają swój akces do najliczniejszej w kraju społeczności etnicznej. Analizę wyboru języka w komunikacji codziennej i sytuacyjnie nacechowanej wykonano zarówno na podstawie wyników uzyskanych z szeroko przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych w różnych regionach Ukrainy, jak również przy wykorzystaniu materiałów zgromadzonych w trakcie dyskusji prowadzonych z celowo dobranymi grupami ukraińsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych mieszkańców Kijowa, Lwowa, Odessy i Charkowa, w których rozmówcom zadawano pytanie, w jaki sposób językowa i etniczna samoidentyfikacja Ukraińców koreluje z faktycznym wyborem języka. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby interpretacji przez Ukraińców pojęcia „język ojczysty” oraz zasady, jakimi się kierują w doborze języka w zależności od sytuacji komunikacyjnej i typu rozmówcy.
Przekraczanie granic dialektu – przypadek śląski. Analiza funkcjonalna
Authors: Greń Zbigniew
Published: December 2021

Crossing the Boundaries of Dialect – the Case of Silesia: A Functional Analysis The article presents the results of a functional analysis of Silesian texts used in internet communication. The linguistic corpus consists of texts from portals and websites related to Upper Silesia, Opole Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia (including the Czech part). If the Silesian isolect is used as the main means of communication, all communication functions can be performed. Texts in the Silesian code particularly often fulfill metatextual and representational functions. For some functions, language stylization is used. As stylistic means in Silesian texts, lexical  means from other codes are primarily used, i.e. from standard Polish, Czech, English, and German; lexemes with a clear slang character are included in the output codes. The communicative functions of these stylistic means are primarily poetic and expressive. Przekraczanie granic dialektu – przypadek śląski. Analiza funkcjonalna W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy funkcjonalnej tekstów śląskich, wykorzystywanych w komunikacji internetowej. Korpus materiałowy pochodzi z portali i stron internetowych związanych z terenem Górnego Śląska, Śląska Opolskiego i Śląska Cieszyńskiego (łącznie z czeską częścią). W przypadku wykorzystania kodu śląskiego jako głównego środka komunikacji realizowane są wszystkie funkcje komunikacyjne. Teksty w kodzie śląskim szczególnie często realizują funkcję metatekstową i funkcję przedstawieniową. W wypadku niektórych funkcji sięga się po stylizację językową. W funkcji środków stylistycznych w tekstach śląskich wykorzystywane są przede wszystkim środki leksykalne z innych kodów: ogólnopolskiego, czeskiego, angielskiego, niemieckiego, w tym również leksemy o wyraźnym nacechowaniu slangowym w kodach wyjściowych. Funkcje komunikacyjne tych środków stylistycznych to przede wszystkim funkcja poetycka i funkcja ekspresywna.
Simulation of ENSO Teleconnections to Precipitation Extremes over the United States in the High-Resolution Version of E3SM
Authors: Mahajan Salil , Tang Qi , Keen Noel D. , Golaz Jean-Christophe , van Roekel Luke P.
Published: December 2021

We evaluate the simulated teleconnection of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to winter season precipitation extremes over the United States in a long (98 years) 1950 control high-resolution version (HR; 25-km nominal atmosphere model horizontal resolution) of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1). The model bias and spatial pattern of ENSO teleconnections to mean and extreme precipitation in HR overall are similar to the low-resolution model’s (LR; 110 km) historical simulation (four-member ensemble, 1925–59). However, over the southeastern United States (SE-U.S.), HR produces stronger El Niño–associated extremes, reducing LR’s model bias. Both LR and HR produce weaker than observed increase in storm track activity during El Niño events there, but HR improves the ENSO-associated variability of moisture transport over SE-U.S. During El Niño, stronger vertical velocities in HR produce stronger large-scale precipitation, causing larger latent heating of the troposphere that pulls in more moisture from the Gulf of Mexico into the SE-U.S. This positive feedback also contributes to the stronger mean and extreme precipitation response in HR. Over the Pacific Northwest, LR’s bias of stronger than observed La Niña associated extremes is amplified in HR. Both models simulate stronger than observed moisture transport from the Pacific Ocean into the region during La Niña years. The amplified HR bias there is due to stronger orographically driven vertical updrafts that create stronger large-scale precipitation, despite weaker La Niña–induced storm track activity.

Significance Statement

New high-resolution Earth system models (ESMs) solve mathematical equations of fluid flow at much smaller spatial scales than prevalent ESMs, and thus are prohibitively expensive to compute. However, they can be useful for simulating accurate details of regional climate extremes that are driven by naturally occurring climate oscillations like El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here, we evaluate the simulation of ENSO-driven precipitation extremes over the United States in the high-resolution version of the U.S. Department of Energy’s new Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1. We find that the high-resolution model improves upon its low-resolution counterpart over the southeastern United States by producing a better transport of moisture into the region from the Gulf of Mexico during El Niño. Over the U.S. Pacific Northwest, the high-resolution model simulates the atmospheric flow in more detail over the complex mountainous terrain. However, it also brings in more moisture from the Pacific Ocean just like the low-resolution model. This causes it to produce precipitation extremes during La Niña years there that are stronger than that observed in the real world.
Bullet Embolism into the Common Iliac Artery from a Gunshot Wound to the Heart
Authors: Lovasik Brendan P. , Nauser Christopher L. , Klingensmith Nathan J. , Nguyen Jonathan H.
Published: December 2021

We describe the management of bullet embolism from a penetrating cardiac injury, including the clinical, radiographic, and operative considerations in this challenging trauma scenario. Bullet embolism represents a rare but complex subset of ballistic penetrating trauma, and highlights the importance of radiographic correlation with intraoperative findings.
Spiritual communion as a response to hunger for Christ
Authors: Meyers Ruth A.
Published: December 2021

The health restrictions required by the COVID-19 pandemic made it impossible for many people to receive communion, creating profound spiritual hunger for many who are accustomed to receiving communion regularly. One option is the practice of spiritual communion, which may include a prayer of intent in times when a Christian is unable to receive the sacrament. This article explores theological foundations for this practice and its roots in Christian tradition, and the use of this devotional practice by congregations during the pandemic.
Beyond Beer’s Law: Quasi-Ideal Binary Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Ilchenko Oleksii , Kutsyk Andrii , Popp Jürgen
Published: December 2021

We have recorded attenuated total reflection infrared spectra of binary mixtures in the (quasi-)ideal systems benzene–toluene, benzene–carbon tetrachloride, and benzene–cyclohexane. We used two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, principal component analysis, and multivariate curve resolution to analyze the data. The 2D correlation proves nonlinearities, also in spectral ranges with no obvious deviations from Beer’s approximation. The number of principal components is much higher than two and multivariate curve resolution carried out under the assumption of the presence of a third component, results in spectra which only show bands of the original components. The results negate the presence of third components, since any complex should have lower symmetry than the individual molecules and thus more and/or different infrared-active bands in the spectra. Based on Lorentz–Lorenz theory and literature values of the optical constants, we show that the nonlinearities and additional principal components are consequences of local field effects and the polarization of matter by light. Lorentz–Lorenz theory is, however, not able to explain, for example, the different blueshifts of the strong A2u band of benzene in the three mixtures. Obviously, infrared spectroscopy is sensitive to the short-range order around the molecules, which changes with content, their shapes, and their anisotropy.
Monitoring Australian parents’ shifting receptiveness to digital mental health interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Linardon Jake , Westrupp Elizabeth M , Macdonald Jacqui A , Mikocka-Walus Antonina , Stokes Mark A , Greenwood Christopher J , Youssef George J , Teague Samantha , Hutchinson Delyse , Sciberras Emma , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: December 2021

Background:

Nascent evidence indicates that the mental health of parents and children has markedly declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering disruptions to traditional face-to-face mental health services resultant from stay-at-home orders, the potential value of digital mental health interventions has become extremely apparent. Despite this, uptake of digital interventions remains poor, indicating that a better understanding is needed of factors that determine a willingness to use digital platforms.

Method:

The present multi-wave, longitudinal study of 2365 Australian parents explored between-person and within-person predictors of intentions to use digital interventions during the pandemic.

Results:

More than one-third of parents reported likely use of a self-guided and therapist-guided digital intervention, with the most endorsed reason for use being to support their child’s mental health. Between-person baseline predictors of higher intention ratings were parent’s prior mental illness, not living with a partner and recent environmental stressors. Within-person predictors of higher intention ratings were endorsement of mindful parenting strategies, child access to the Internet, better perceived management of child’s education, lower social support and financial hardship.

Conclusion:

Findings demonstrate that willingness to engage in digital interventions fluctuates in response to changing circumstances. Identifying novel ways to increase acceptance and uptake of digital interventions based on modifiable predictors established here is needed to realize the full potential of these modes of care in times of need.
Socio-demographic development and burden of mental, substance use disorders, and self-harm: An ecological analysis using the Global Burden of Disease study 2019
Authors: Barbalat Guillaume , Liu Sze
Published: December 2021

Objectives:

Whether a country’s level of development is associated with an increased or decreased burden of mental and behavioural problems is an important yet unresolved question. Here, we examined the association between the burden of mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development along temporal and geographical dimensions.

Methods:

We collected data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, which uses robust statistical modelling techniques to calculate disease burden estimates where data are sparse or unavailable. We extracted age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year rates as a measure of disease burden for 204 countries and territories, as well as the Socio-Demographic Index, a measure of development reflecting income per capita, fertility rate and level of education. We tested the association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years for mental and substance use disorders and self-harm, between 1990 and 2019, and across six geographical regions as defined by the World Health Organization.

Results:

The association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years was heterogeneous across world regions for all mental and behavioural conditions. For substance use disorders and self-harm, these regional variations were further moderated by time period. Our findings were robust to down-weighing outlier observations, as well as controlling for other socio-demographic variables, and the number of data sources available in each country.

Conclusion:

Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, we demonstrated that the association between mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development is dependent on geographical regions and temporal periods. This heterogeneity is likely related to geographical and temporal variations in socio-cultural norms, attitudes towards mental problems, as well as health care and social policies. Better knowledge of this spatial and temporal heterogeneity is crucial to ensure that countries do not develop at the expense of a higher burden of mental and behavioural conditions.
Trends in prescription of psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018
Authors: Klau Julie , Bernardo Carla De Oliveira , Gonzalez-Chica David Alejandro , Raven Melissa , Jureidini Jon
Published: December 2021

Objective:

To examine trends in prescribing psychotropic medications to children and adolescents in Australian primary care from 2011 to 2018.

Method:

A retrospective cohort study examined prescriptions written by general practitioners using MedicineInsight, a large Australian primary care database, covering approximately 9% of all general practitioner practices. Numbers of patients receiving prescriptions for five main classes of psychotropics (antipsychotics, antidepressants, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications, anxiolytics, and hypnotics/sedatives [including benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, but excluding melatonin]) were examined annually by age-group (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–18 years). Melatonin was analysed separately.

Results:

The number of patients prescribed any psychotropic increased from 25.6 to 36.2 per 1000 individuals from 2011 to 2018 (average annual increase +4.5%, 95% confidence interval [4.1%, 4.9%]; overall +41.4%). Among the five main classes, the largest annual increase was for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications (+9.6%, 95% confidence interval [8.8%, 10.5%]; overall +95.8%), followed by antipsychotics (+6.2%, 95% confidence interval [5.0%, 7.3%]; overall +62.8%) and antidepressants (+4.5%, 95% confidence interval [4.0%, 5.0%]; overall +42.8%). Hypnotic/sedative prescribing decreased on average 6.5% per year (95% confidence interval [–8.0%, –5.0%]; overall −40.2%). Anxiolytic prescribing remained steady. Melatonin prescriptions showed the highest increase of all (+24.7%, 95% confidence interval [23.7%, 25.8%]; overall +606.7%). The largest annual increase in antipsychotic, antidepressant or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication prescribing occurred in 10- to 14-year-olds (+7.5%, +6.5% and +10.4%, respectively). The largest point prevalence occurred in 2018 among 15- to 18-year-olds, with 98.5 per 1000 prescribed antidepressants. Antidepressants were more frequently prescribed to females; antipsychotics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications and melatonin more often to males. The most prescribed antipsychotics were risperidone (<15 years) and quetiapine (15- to 18-year-olds). Fluoxetine was the most prescribed antidepressant in those aged 5+ years and amitriptyline in 0- to 4-year-olds.

Conclusion:

General practitioner prescribing of melatonin, antipsychotics, antidepressants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications to under-19-year-olds increased markedly from 2011 to 2018. Although benzodiazepine and Z-drug prescriptions declined, this was offset by a substantial increase in melatonin prescribing.
Including animals in sociology
Authors: Koop-Monteiro Yasmin
Published: December 2021

How do we include animals in sociology? Although sociology’s initial avoidance of the nonhuman world may have been necessary to the field’s development, recent scholarship – within mainstream sociology, environmental sociology and animal-centred research – is helping expand the field’s horizons. With a focus on variety, this article reviews four key paths that researchers are taking to include animals in their research: (1) studying interspecies relations, (2) theorizing animals as an oppressed group, (3) investigating the social and ecological impacts of animal agriculture and (4) analysing social-ecological networks. This review shows how applying – and innovating – existing social theories and research methods allows researchers to include animals in their analyses and will be relevant to a variety of scholars, including mainstream and environmental sociologists, animal-focused researchers and social network analysts, to name a few.
Who Leads Turnaround Schools? Characteristics of Principals in Tennessee's Achievement School District and Innovation Zones
Authors: Dixon LaTanya L. , Pham Lam D. , Henry Gary T. , Corcoran Sean P. , Zimmer Ron
Published: December 2021

Purpose: While previous research has examined the impact of school turnaround models, less is known about the principals who lead these turnaround schools. This study examines the personal demographics, experience, educational background, prior school performance, salaries, and turnover of principals who led two turnaround models in Tennessee's lowest performing schools: a state-run Achievement School District (ASD) that has not yielded positive nor negative effects and local Innovation Zones (iZones) that averaged positive effects on student achievement over six years. Methods: We analyze longitudinal, administrative data from the Tennessee Department of Education from 2006–2007 to 2017–2018 to compare pre- and post-reform means and trends in principal characteristics between ASD, iZone, and similarly low-performing comparison schools. Results: ASD schools had higher principal turnover rates and lost principals whose schools performed higher while iZone schools retained more principals and lost principals whose schools performed lower. Moreover, iZone schools employed more experienced principals, more Black principals, and principals with higher graduate degree attainment and paid their principals more than ASD schools. Salary differences between ASD and iZone schools were not explained by principals’ characteristics, such as years of experience. Implications: Our findings reveal differences in leadership characteristics between iZone and ASD schools that were consistent with differences in the effectiveness of the two turnaround approaches.
Grab Bar Use Influences Fall Hazard During Bathtub Exit
Authors: Levine Iris C. , Montgomery Roger E. , Novak Alison C.
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study evaluated the hazard (risk of unrecovered balance loss and hazardous fall) and strategies associated with grab bar use, compared to no grab bar use, during unexpected balance loss initiated whilst exiting a bathtub.

Background

While independent bathing is critical for maintaining self-sufficiency, injurious falls during bathing transfer tasks are common. Grab bars are recommended to support bathing tasks, but no evidence exists regarding fall prevention efficacy.

Method

Sixty-three adults completed a hazardous bathtub transfer task, experiencing an unpredictable external balance perturbation while stepping from a slippery bathtub to a dry surface. Thirty-two were provided a grab bar, while 31 had no grab bar available. Slips and grab bar use were recorded via four video cameras. Slip occurrence and strategy were identified by two independent video coders.

Results

Participants who had a grab bar were 75.8% more likely to recover their balance during the task than those who did not have a grab bar. Successful grab bar grasp was associated with balance recovery in all cases. Attempts to stabilize using other environmental elements, or using internal strategies only, were less successful balance recovery strategies. Grab bar presence appeared to cue use of the environment for stability. Proactive grasp and other strategies modified grasping success.

Conclusion

Grab bars appear to provide effective support for recovery from unexpected balance loss. Grab bar presence may instigate development of fall prevention strategies prior to loss of balance.

Application

Bathroom designs with grab bars may reduce frequency of fall-related injuries during bathing transfer tasks.
Care and rehabilitation institutions for people with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic: Polish experiences
Authors: Parchomiuk Monika
Published: December 2021

People with intellectual disabilities benefit from many forms of institutional support, which include residential, rehabilitation, and educational services. Changes caused by the pandemic, especially the introduction of new rules relating to various aspects of life, raised several challenges and problems in the functioning of these institutions and for the people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research concerned facilities providing services for people with intellectual disabilities in Poland during the pandemic. The research goal was to determine what changes took place in the rehabilitation and care institutions during the pandemic in terms of their organization and the functioning of their clients and personnel. An online questionnaire was used. The respondents were institution employees. Data showed a number of preventive, educational, and supportive activities carried out by the institutions. Adverse changes in the psychosocial functioning of people with intellectual disabilities and other problems during the pandemic were reported.
Transnational Seasonal Land Grabbing in Pakistan: Power Positions and Resistance
Authors: Ata Salman , Shahbaz Babar , Arif Watto Muhammad , Hussain Nisar
Published: December 2021

Each year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), Pakistan issues a special 10-day hunting permit to royal family members of Gulf countries for seasonal hunting of Asian Houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis macqueen). This paper attempts to systematically present the understandings on seasonal land grabbing and its political economy in Pakistan. The role of local elites and government institutions and the response of local people, as well as their resistance, is discussed in detail.
Cryogenic thermal insulating and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foams blown with hydrofluoroolefin: Effect of perfluoroalkane
Authors: Kim Tae Seok , Lee Yeongbeom , Hwang Chul Hyun , Song Kwang Ho , Kim Woo Nyon
Published: December 2021

The effect of perfluoroalkane (PFA) on the morphology, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties and thermal stability of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams was investigated under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The PU foams were blown with hydrofluorolefin. Morphological results showed that the minimum cell size (153 μm) was observed when the PFA content was 1.0 part per hundred polyols by weight (php). This was due to the lower surface tension of the mixed polyol solution when the PFA content was 1.0 php. The thermal conductivity of PU foams measured under ambient (0.0215 W/mK) and cryogenic (0.0179 W/mK at −100°C) conditions reached a minimum when the PFA content was 1.0 php. The low value of thermal conductivity was a result of the small cell size of the foams. The above results suggest that PFA acted as a nucleating agent to enhanced the thermal insulation properties of PU foams. The compressive and shear strengths of the PU foams did not appreciably change with PFA content at either −170°C or 20°C. However, it shows that the mechanical strengths at −170°C and 20°C for the PU foams meet the specification. Coefficient of thermal expansion, and thermal shock tests of the PU foams showed enough thermal stability for the LNG carrier’s operation temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that the PU foams blown by HFO with the PFA addition can be used as a thermal insulation material for a conventional LNG carrier.
The Nexus of Physical and Psychological Pain: Consequences for Mortality and Implications for Medical Sociology
Authors: Peele Morgan , Schnittker Jason
Published: December 2021

Although physical pain lies at the intersection of biology and social conditions, a sociology of pain is still in its infancy. We seek to show how physical and psychological pain are jointly parts of a common expression of despair, particularly in relation to mortality. Using the 2002–2014 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality Files (N = 228,098), we explore sociodemographic differences in the intersection of physical and psychological pain (referred to as the “pain–distress nexus”) and its relationship to mortality among adults ages 25 to 64. Results from regression and event history models reveal that differences are large for the combination of the two, pointing to an overlooked aspect of health disparities. The combination of both high distress and high pain is most prevalent and most strongly predictive of mortality among socioeconomically disadvantaged, non-Hispanic whites. These patterns have several implications that medical sociology is well positioned to address.
Impacts of organisational role and environmental factors on moral injury and trauma amongst police investigators in Internet Child Abuse Teams
Authors: Doyle Mark , Tapson Kit , Karagiannopoulos Vasileios , Lee Peter
Published: December 2021

Little is known about how the effects of moral injury and trauma manifest amongst police Internet Child Abuse Teams. This article reports on the impacts of organisational role and environmental factors on moral injury and trauma amongst this population. Six participants were recruited from two police constabularies in the United Kingdom. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings indicated that the participants’ moral injury and trauma were predominantly attributable to excessive workloads and stigma in relation to mental health within policing. Generic psychological interventions were insufficiently responsive to the complex needs of the police investigators.
Examination of Student–Teacher Interpersonal Relationships Circumplex Model in the Greek Educational Context
Authors: Tsigilis Nikolaos , Karamane Efthimia , Gregoriadis Athanasios
Published: December 2021

Student–teacher interpersonal relationships contribute significantly to the academic trajectory and achievement of children and adolescents. The Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction (QTI) is one of the most widely applied measures for assessing students' perceptions about the teachers’ interpersonal behaviour. QTI comprises eight subscales that are assumed to follow a circumplex model. Prior studies on QTI’s psychometric properties are inconclusive and report mixed findings. The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of QTI in the Greek cultural context, by testing its circumplex structure and levels of reliability. QTI was administered to 1669 secondary education students, from 85 different classrooms. A cross-validation approach and a variety of statistical techniques were employed. Subscales’ internal consistency and their ability to discriminate among classes were satisfactory. Exploratory statistical techniques provided initial support of the circular pattern. Application of a specifically designed package for testing the circumplex structure of an instrument, showed that a model in which the eight QTI subscales are placed on the circumference of a circle with equal distances form the centre was tenable. However, the assumption of equal distances was not confirmed. Deviation from the theoretical position of the subscales was mainly due to students’ difficulty to discriminate teachers’ proximity behaviour, a finding reported in various studies and across different cultural contexts. Suggestions for improving the psychometric properties of the QTI are discussed.
Institutionalising city networking: Discursive and rational choice institutional perspectives on membership of transnational municipal networks
Authors: Grønnestad Solveig , Bach Nielsen Anne
Published: December 2021

This article analyses participants’ reasoning for their city’s membership in transnational municipal networks and the extent to which this changes over time. Theoretically, we build on new-institutional theory and conclude that although parts of the members’ reasoning have rational components, a discursive institutional perspective improves the understanding of cities’ membership of transnational municipal networks. This perspective uncovers how important aspects of transnational municipal network participation are motivated by a different logic than that of measurable output. Cities use transnational municipal networks as sources of internal and external legitimacy, to legitimatise their position in domestic politics and their international position among other ‘global’ cities.
Social Norms of Pregnancy and Pregnancy Attitudes Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Begun Stephanie , Barman-Adhikari Anamika , Greenblatt Andrea , Sahajpal Priyanka , Campbell Delaney , Cooke Krysta , Rice Eric
Published: December 2021

Building upon literature that considers social network influences on health attitudes and behaviors among youth experiencing homelessness, this study assessed associations regarding social norms of pregnancy, perceived by youth experiencing homelessness (ages 13–25; N = 304) as endorsed by their network members, and youths’ pregnancy attitudes. Multivariate results revealed that youth who perceived their street peers as more objecting to (versus encouraging of) them becoming involved in a pregnancy were 51% less likely to endorse pro-pregnancy attitudes ( OR = 0.49, p < .01). Youth who perceived their serious partners as more objecting to their pregnancy involvement were 74% less likely to endorse pro-pregnancy attitudes ( OR = 0.26, p < .01). Results suggest utility in exploring peer-based and dyadic approaches to prevention efforts with this group.
Resilience to crisis and resistance to change: a comparative analysis of the determinants of crisis outcomes in Latin American regional organisations
Authors: Agostinis Giovanni , Nolte Detlef
Published: December 2021

Latin American regionalism displays a long history of crises, which have affected almost all regional organisations (ROs) across different waves of regionalism. The article conducts the first comparative analysis of the outcomes of crises in Latin American ROs across time, tackling the following questions: What have been the outcomes of the crises faced by Latin American ROs? Under what conditions does a crisis result in the survival or breakdown of the affected RO in Latin America? We adopt a multi-method approach that combines QCA with process tracing to identify the causal pathways to the survival or breakdown of ROs across a universe of eight crises. The findings show that Latin American ROs have been resilient to crises, which resulted in RO survival in seven cases out of eight. The QCA reveals how the distributive nature of interstate conflicts and the availability of majority voting are both sufficient conditions for Latin American ROs to survive a crisis. Analysis of the outlier case of UNASUR shows that normative conflicts that take place in the absence of majority voting constitute a ‘perfect storm’ configuration that can lead to RO breakdown. The findings also show that Latin America ROs’ tendency to survive crises is associated with the preservation of the status quo in terms of institutional design, which in some cases is achieved through the temporary flexibilisation of existing rules. Differently from the case of the EU, then, the crises of Latin American ROs have not led to the deepening of regional integration, but rather to institutional inertia.