bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le miracle du Muqaṭṭam à travers les siècles
Authors: Roy Gaétan du , Makhoul Manhal , Pilette Perrine
Published: January 2020

Le miracle du déplacement du Muqaṭṭam circule au sein de la communauté copte depuis un millier d’années. Aujourd’hui encore, il est souvent évoqué par les fidèles de l’Église copte comme un exemple de victoire de la foi chrétienne contre l’islam. Ce récit, même s’il possède des traits structurels fixes, a pourtant connu d’importantes variantes au fil des siècles, au départ de sa première attestation dans le corpus copto-arabe de l’Histoire des Patriarches d’Alexandrie. De manière générale, il a surtout vu se développer ses aspects apologétiques, finissant par inclure la conversion au christianisme du calife al‑Muʿizz, qui fonda la ville du Caire à la fin du xe s. Au xxe s., cette affirmation fit l’objet de débats virulents dans la presse. À partir des années 1970, un jeune prêcheur redonna une nouvelle jeunesse à ce récit en entreprenant de fonder un énorme lieu de culte au Muqaṭṭam, commémorant le miracle. Fruit d’une collaboration entre un historien de l’époque contemporaine et de deux philologues, cet article entend proposer une approche décloisonnée, où l’histoire des textes dialogue avec l’analyse des pratiques contemporaines. Cette recherche montre que, si de nombreuses traditions ont d’anciennes racines, elles n’en sont pas moins toujours réinventées en fonction des contextes successifs au sein desquels elles s’inscrivent.
Aux origines du topos d’Anbā Wannas al‑Aqṣurī et des enjeux identitaires de la communauté chrétienne de Louxor au début du xxe siècle
Authors: Serdiuk Emmanuel
Published: January 2020

L’émergence d’une tradition hagiographique relatant la vie, les qualités spirituelles et l’exécution du néo‑martyr Anbā Wannas al‑Aqṣurī manifeste autant une problématique relative aux enjeux identitaires de la communauté chrétienne de Louxor du début du xxe siècle, qu’un moyen utilisé par le guide de cette communauté, l’évêque Anbā Marquṣ, pour légitimer la fondation d’un lieu saint. Cette nouvelle topographie sacrée (l’espace) et la tradition qui lui sert de fondement (le mythe) sont respectivement considérées à la lumière de deux approches : l’« hagiotographie » et ce que Lambros Couloubaritsis nomme la « pratique du mythe ». La première vise à dégager les raisons historiques et sociologiques qui expliquent pourquoi, au terme d’un processus de déchristianisation de l’espace urbain (Sossie Andézian parle de « rupture »), il y a nécessité de créer une nouvelle figure sainte et de fonder un nouveau topos (S. Andézian parle de « distinction »). La seconde, nous permet d’analyser en profondeur le mythe (la tradition hagiographique), de dégager les mécanismes cognitifs constitutifs de son architectonique, et enfin les raisons qui expliquent son émergence.
The Maghrebi Vizier and the Haughty Copt
Authors: Van Den Bossche Gowaart
Published: January 2020

In a widely cited historical anecdote from the year 700/1301, an unidentified Maghrebi vizier is portrayed as visiting Cairo where he becomes outraged at seeing inappropriate non‑Muslim behavior. He then instigates an important act of sumptuary regulation by appealing to the sultan and his advisors. This study argues that the various iterations of this anecdote found in sources from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries show how historians and other authors integrated polemical anti‑ḏimmī discourse in narrative historical form and participated in diachronic discussions about how an ideal Islamic society should be governed. By applying many discursive elements also found in contemporaneous anti‑ḏimmī texts to their historical narration, historians used the character of a bigoted Maghrebi visitor intervening to challenge perceived social wrongs as a rhetorical node to exemplify that ideal Islamic society in an evocative anecdotal form.
Money and Monetary Issues in Islamic Finance
Authors: Rab Hifzur
Published: January 2020

Most of the countries suspended gold standard around 1914 leading to massive currency depreciation. Thus, money was delinked from gold and Freely Floating Fiat Money (FFFM) came into being. Riba in case of free-floating money is real interest and profit according to Shari'ah is real profit. Free floating money and its use as a unit of account is an important cause of dominance of the system of interest, growing disparity of income and wealth. It is a major cause of most of the economic problems that led to social political and moral degradation. It is an important reason of failure of Islamic financial institutions in adopting financing modes preferred in Shari'ah. These led to massive poverty, deprivation, and marginalization of the Ummah and its institutions. Currency linked to constant quantity of the basket of national product provides the way out.
Islamic Banking and Economic Growth
Authors: Kchouri Bilal , Lehnert Thorsten
Published: January 2020

This chapter measures the effect of growth in Islamic Banking assets on economic performance in a sample of 32 developed and developing countries based on data for the period 2000-2017. The findings show that, although Islamic banks are considered small relative to the total size of the financial sector, these are positively correlated with economic growth even after controlling for financial structure, macroeconomic factors and other variables. The outcome is robust across different econometric specifications like pooling OLS, fixed effects, and panel data with over-identified GMM. The results are confirmed on two different indicators of Islamic banking and hold for different periods. Empirical findings confirm theoretical expectations that although Islamic banking still represents a relatively very small share of the financial system, it is growing and generating an economic boost to ensure a stable banking industry.
PasarMalam and PasarPaghi
Authors: Choudhury Masudul Alam
Published: January 2020

Pasar Malam (Night bazar) and Pasar Paghi (Morning bazar) are grassroots microenterprises in Malaysia and Indonesia. They combine traditional approach with the scope of modernizing to develop beyond restrained bounds. This chapter recognizes the potential for further organized ways of developing the grassroots enterprises through participatory development of enabling social choices. These opportunities are explained to expand from grassroots to institutional levels, technological appropriateness, and cooperative financing. All are taken up within the sustainability of life-fulfillment regimes of wellbeing and dynamic basic-needs regime of development. In Islamic nomenclature the wellbeing criterion is referred to as maslaha. It denotes the conceptual and quantitative measure of degrees of complementarities between the variables representing choices in the formal evaluative function. This study generalizes the resulting empirical model of wellbeing to strategy and policy implications of a generalized example of the grassroots.
Zakat Distribution in the Context of Shari‘ah Corporate Governance
Authors: Ibrahim Adebayo Rafiu , Ashafa Saheed Afolabi
Published: January 2020

History of Zakat in Nigeria is not uniform across various regions of the country. Ever before the invasion of the colonialists to the northern part of the country, its collection and disbursement were largely in the hands of the Emirs. This was not the case in the south-western region where Zakat was not given the desired attention by the Muslims and did not win the support of the rulers for proper administration. In the post-colonial Nigeria, Zakat administration in the northern part of the country received a boost consequent upon the re-introduction of Shari'ah legal system to some states in the region. While state governments support its collection and disbursement through agencies set up for the purpose, this is not the case in the southwestern region where no government is involved. This chapter sought to evaluate Zakat distribution in south-western states of Nigeria with a view to determining how compliant with Shari'ah the entire process is.
Islamic and Conventional Micro-Financing in the MENA Region
Authors: Berguiga Imene , Ben Said Yosra , Adair Philippe
Published: January 2020

The performance of MicroFinance Institutions (MFIs) is analysed for the period 2004-2015. Sample consists of 67 MFIs in the Middle East and North Africa region. It includes a subsample of 18 Islamic MFIs (IMFIs), whereof Solebusiness grants exclusively Islamic financial services and Window provides both Islamic and conventional services. A model of simultaneous equations with interacting variables tests seven hypotheses addressing financial performance, social performance, and the social and financial performance relationship. Conventional MFIs (CMFIs) experience higher financial performance than IMFIs and Window experiences higher financial performance than Solebusiness; IMFIs do not experience higher social performance than CMFIs; whether conventional or Islamic, MFIs face a financial vs. social performance trade-off.
Baitul Maal wat-Tamwil Services for SMEs
Authors: Abduh Muhamad , Jamaludin Nur
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the relationship between service quality of Baitul Maal wat-Tamwil (BMT) and the satisfaction of small and micro-enterprises in Indonesia with perceived benefits as the mediating variable. Primary data is collected from 454 small and micro-enterprises located in the western part of Jawa Island of Indonesia and the CARTER model is adopted to test the satisfaction of small and micro-enterprises upon the services provided by their patronized BMT as Islamic microfinance institutions. By using the structural equation model, the finding confirms that perceived benefits fully mediate the relationship between service quality of BMT and small and micro-enterprises' satisfaction.
Cash Waqf Crowdfunding Model for SMEs
Authors: Hasan Rashedul , Ahmad Abu Umar Faruq
Published: January 2020

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the economic growth. However, the industry has been facing challenges due to lack of access to finance among entrepreneurs. This chapter explores alternative financing platforms for SMEs and proposes specific solutions to the credit risk of SMEs. Authors used a structured literature review approach to analyse relevant publication to provide evidence on the application of cash Waqf as a viable source of Islamic finance for the SME sector. The donation-based cash Waqf model for SME financing is developed under the lens of stakeholder theory and Maqasid al-Shari'ah. The model is expected to provide greater insight to Waqf institutions on their role to operationalise the conceptual model in fostering the growth of SMEs and change the perception of stakeholders about the dynamics and potential of cash Waqf in economic development.
Islamic Good Governance for Waqf Institutions
Authors: Hassan Rusni , Mohamad Noor Fatimah
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the concept of good governance in the context of Waqf institutions as a part of their process of revitalization. The study is qualitative and exploratory in nature, whereby a library research method was used by accumulating, identifying, and reviewing existing literature. Based on this information, further analysis was performed for the purpose of conceptualizing the Islamic Good Governance Framework for Waqf Institutions. However, the discussion is limited to the conceptual discussion of good governance in the context of Waqf institutions. This chapter proposes that the framework of Islamic good governance for Waqf institutions should be based on the principles of Tawhid (oneness of Allah), ‘Adalah (justice), Mas'uliyyah (accountability), Amanah (trust), Shura (mutual consultation), Taqwa (Allah-consciousness), Hisbah (enjoining virtue and avoiding evil), and Maqasid Shari'ah (objectives of Shari'ah).
Risk and Islamic Finance
Authors: Hasan Zubair
Published: January 2020

The discussions on risk – its bearing, sharing, or transfer – have recently assumed prominence in Islamic finance literature in the wake of devastations the 2007-2008 financial crises unleashed across nations. Islamic scholars were quick to claim that there was no impact of the crisis on Islamic banks because they worked on a risk-sharing principle. In contrast, mainstream institutions suffered because they worked on a different plank – the transference of risk to other parties. This Chapter argues that neither the current practice of Islamic banking supports risk sharing as its sole principle nor do its future prospects depend on it. The proposition only seeks to put Islamic finance on a non-existent trajectory. It clarifies confusion regarding the proposition and some of its corollaries. Contextually, it deals with measurement of risk, its relationship with return to capital, and its distributional equitability. The focus of the Chapter is rather restricted. It does not deal with various types of risks the banks face in their financing activities or with issues in risk management.
Using Mudarabah for Micro-Enterprises of Refugees
Authors: Kachkar Omar
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the prospects and challenges of using the Mudharabah (profit-sharing partnership) instrument to extend microfinancing to refugees in microenterprise support programs. According to the literature, many Muslim refugees voluntarily exclude themselves from microfinance programs due to the element of interest that is strictly prohibited in Islam. Mudarabah as a Shari'ah-compliant mode of finance represents one potential instrument that complies with the religious teachings of Muslim refugees and could assist in the financial inclusion of many of them. Despite the inherent risks of Mudarabah such as moral hazard and adverse selection, some successful stories are remarkably encouraging. This chapter is proposing a model for a microenterprise support program based on Mudarabah. The chapter concludes that Mudarabah is a viable mode of finance provided that best practices in implementing Mudarabah as well as microfinance programmes are well adopted and observed.
An Analysis of Determinants to Choose Family Takaful
Authors: Shaikh Imran Mehboob , Noordin Kamaruzaman
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the determinants that influence the customer's adoption towards the use of family Takaful scheme by extending the diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory in the context of Pakistan. The published work allied to Takaful studies and DOI was reviewed. Total of 282 respondents who are non-users of family Takaful product were used for the purpose of primary data collection through convenience sampling. The customer's adoption towards Islamic insurance is determined not only by perceived relative advantage and perceived compatibility but also by awareness and religious belief. Perceived complexity, on the contrary, turns not to be a predictor of family Takaful adoption. Further gender, age and education level do not moderate the family Takaful adoption by the customers. This research like others have limitations in terms of sampling method used and only covers one city of Pakistan, namely, Karachi. Further studies need to be conducted in other cities as well with a large population. Diffusion of innovation theory is not used in the context of Pakistan due to scarcity in the literature on empirical studies. Therefore, the author extends the diffusion theory of innovation in the current work. Further, this chapter will be a useful reference guide for the academicians, operators of Takaful business and future researchers.
Takaful in Malaysia
Authors: Eldaia Monther , Hanefah Mustafa Bin Mohd , Binti Marzuki Ainulashikin , Shatnawi Saddam
Published: January 2020

Takaful is an Islamic insurance contract introduced to substitute the conventional insurance which has been precluded by nearly all Muslim scholars as it encompasses the components of gharar (uncertainty), maysir (gambling), and riba (usury). Its feasibility is evidenced after numerous Fatwas were issued by Fiqh academies and Ulama in its support. Takaful is founded on the basis of cooperation and mutual aid as it is broadly used in the commercial sector. The Takaful business operation is regulated by the codes of Shari'ah and by other laws. Many models such as the Wakalah model, Mudharabah model, and the amalgamation of Mudharabah and Wakalah models have been applied in the Takaful corporate operation. This chapter explicates the existing implications and future prospects of the Takaful industry in Malaysia. It offers a review on Takaful industry in Malaysia and emphasizes issues and challenges, opportunities, and recommendations.
Economic and Social Impacts of Sovereign Sukuk
Authors: Abdel Mohsin Magda Ismail , Khattab Ishraga , Alchaar Mhd Osama
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the economic and social impacts of sovereign Sukuk in Sudan and its unique challenges. The first of its kind, this research collected primary data from different groups of investors of Sudanese governmental Sukuk. Adopting a qualitative approach (interview questions and open and closed-ended surveys), four sets of questions were distributed to four groups (individual investors, institutional investors, government officials, and academics). The survey found that despite Sukuk's influence in activating the economy and financial markets, and encouraging savings awareness, the market in Sudan is facing many challenges. Accordingly, it is recommended that Sukuk issuances should appeal to a wider audience including retail investors. The ensuing system, which could likewise be adopted by other countries, would generate more liquidity for development projects and may prove helpful for developed Sukuk markets. Additionally, evolving capital markets would enhance the economic and social impact of governmental Sukuk.
Sukuk as an Alternative Source of Public Debt
Authors: Kalim Rukhsana
Published: January 2020

Public debt is a prime source of government revenue to finance budget deficit. Developing countries have been relying on public debt to cater the needs of fiscal expenditure. With the emergence of Islamic banking and finance across the globe, Muslim governments have introduced Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) to generate funds by the governments to meet their expenditure. The present study aims to discuss the possibilities of introducing Sukuk as an alternative way of financing public expenditure in Pakistan by replacing other conventional modes of financing in the future. The study will discuss the viable options available to the Government of Pakistan to offer Sukuk instead of bonds as a means of raising funds from abroad.
Shari'ah-Based Financial Intermediation
Authors: Abozaid Abdulazeem
Published: January 2020

Financial intermediation is the core of the banking business, as its role is to mediate between the owners of surplus funds and those in need of finance, sharing the generated profit with the funds' owners. However, financial intermediation does involve some economic risks in terms of concentration of debt in financial institutions and the possibility of the inability of financed clients to repay their debts. When this happens, financial crises are inevitable, as it occurred in 2008. Islamic finance does not differ in this regard from its traditional counterparts, because the concentration of debts also holds on the concept of Islamic institutional finance, and the possibility of collective default is possible as well. The study treats the issue of financial intermediation and its risks from Maqasidi aspect using home finance as a point of comparison between conventional home finance with Islamic home finance in terms of their economic effects. The study eventually proposes a model for home financing that is free of these cautions.
Financial Reporting of Islamic Financial Institutions
Authors: Ahmed Mezbah Uddin
Published: January 2020

This chapter elucidates the arguments for and against differential approach pertaining to financial reporting amongst Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs). The chapter has identified additional objectives which the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) aims to achieve in comparison to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The chapter has also identified the global adoption status for both AAOIFI Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) and IFRS Standards, as well as the difficulties faced in adopting AAOIFI's FAS. This chapter offers illustrative examples of AAOIFI's FAS and IFRS applications to help in providing a much better understanding in terms of similarities and differences in the application of these two sets of standards.
Improving Health and Efficiency With Strategic Social Media Use in Health Organizations
Authors: Aydin Gokhan
Published: January 2020

The emergence of social networking systems as mainstream applications and an inherent element of daily life is a phenomenon observed throughout the world as the worldwide social media users exceeds 2.7 billion. Similar to other sectors, healthcare organizations have also started benefiting from social media in distinct ways such as collecting feedback, educating, communicating and supporting patients and citizens. Social networks can act as remarkable channels for healthcare providers, governmental institutions, pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and others to educate, communicate to, listen, connect to and engage existing and potential customers, patients, physicians and healthcare professionals. Despite the various benefits offered, health institutions, health professionals and stakeholders are reluctant to utilize social media due to several barriers and lack of expertise. This chapter aims to provide a better understanding on the ways healthcare companies can utilize social networks in detail to overcome use barriers and obtain related benefits.
An Altered Relationship between Soluble TREM2 and Inflammatory Markers in Young Adults with Down Syndrome: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Weber Grace E. , Koenig Katherine A. , Khrestian Maria , Shao Yvonne , Tuason Elizabeth D. , Gramm Marie , Lal Dennis , Leverenz James B. , Bekris Lynn M.
Published: January 2020

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease (AD)–related neuropathology, characterized by amyloid plaques with amyloid β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles with tau accumulation. Peripheral inflammation and the innate immune response are elevated in DS. Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) genetic variants are risk factors for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), a soluble cleavage product of TREM2, is elevated in AD cerebrospinal fluid and positively correlates with cognitive decline. There is relatively little information about TREM2 in DS. Our objective was to examine the relationship between sTREM2 and inflammatory markers in young adults with DS, prior to the development of dementia symptoms. Because TREM2 plays a role in the innate immune response and has been associated with dementia, the hypothesis of this exploratory study was that young adults with DS predementia (n = 15, mean age = 29.5 y) would exhibit a different relationship between sTREM2 and inflammatory markers in plasma, compared with neurotypical, age-matched controls (n = 16, mean age = 29.6 y). Indeed, young adults with DS had significantly elevated plasma sTREM2 and inflammatory markers. Additionally, in young adults with DS, sTREM2 correlated positively with 24 of the measured cytokines, whereas there were no significant correlations in the control group. Hierarchical clustering of sTREM2 and cytokine concentrations also differed between the groups, supporting the hypothesis that its function is altered in people with DS predementia. This preliminary report of human plasma provides a basis for future studies investigating the relationship between TREM2 and the broader immune response predementia.
The Correlation between the Attitude towards Academic Advising and Self Esteem among King Abdulaziz University Student
Authors: Essam Abd Elatef Elakad Essam Abd Elatef Elakad
Published: January 2020

This study aimed at finding the relationship between the attitude toward academic advising and self esteem among King Abdulaziz University students. In order to achieve this goal, the research team used a combination of two scales; one scale which they developed to measure the KAU students’ perception of academic advising services at their respective colleges, and the other is the Rosenberg’s Self Esteem scale. The research team believes that students’ perception of academic advising services could indicate their attitude towards such services. Both instruments were applied to a randomly selected sample totaling N=519 students (N=256 Males & N= 364 Females) who represented several faculties, varying GPAs and academic levels. Results indicated that students showed positively high on both areas; the Self-Esteem and the attitude toward academic advising services. The results also revealed that there are significant effects of gender and faculty type on the attitude towards academic advising while the GPA did not. The results also revealed that there are significant positive linear relationships among the constructs of the academic advising services and the Self-Esteem Scale. At the end of the report, the researchers provide the conclusion for the study and present recommendations for both research and practice in order to enhance the effectiveness of the academic advising services and self esteem among university students in Saudi Arabia in particular, in the Gulf region and in the Arab world in general.
Cognitive Strategies for learning foreign languages and their impact on the academic achievement A statistical study conducted on the students of the French language Department at the Faculty of Arts, King Abdulaziz University
Authors: Nada Mohammad Jameel Brengy Nada Mohammad Jameel Brengy
Published: January 2020

The aim of this research is to introduce cognitive strategies of learning foreign languages, especially French as a foreign language. It highlights the direct relationship between the extent to which these strategies are applied and the cumulative achievement of French language students in the sixth, seventh and eighth levels. It also focuses on knowing the attitudes of female students towards the application of these strategies, and the detection of individual differences between the top, intermediate and average students according to the application of these strategies. In this study, a questionnaire is used to measure the extent to which these strategies were applied, and to link the percentage of their application to the academic achievement level of the students. The target is to identify the main reasons for the failure of a large number of students in mastering the French language and getting low grades. Moreover, it measures several factors that reflect the attitudes of the students in the application of cognitive strategies. These are the interaction of the direct learner with the content of the cruccila of the courses, the mental and actual use of the material, the application of the techniques to solve a problem and the implementation of a learning task. These strategies are often concrete and easy to observe. It lies at the heart of the learning process. These strategies stimulate teachers to encourage learners to apply these rules when they summarize their goals, review what has been explained, and seek to rephrase the objectives, meanings and linguistic uses of communicative activity through language exercises; in accordance with the analysis of the results of the questionnaire used in the research.
Ammonia recovery from human urine as liquid fertilizers in hollow fiber membrane contactor: Effects of permeate chemistry
Authors: Damtie Mekdimu Mezemir , Volpin Federico , Yao Minwei , Tijing Leonard Demegilio , Hailemariam Ruth Habte , Bao Teng , Park Kwang-Duck , Shon Ho Kyong , Choi June-Seok
Published: January 2020

The production of the existing nitrogen fertilizer is costly and less environmental-friendly. Various green technologies are currently emerging toward providing alternative options. In this study, a liquid/liquid hydrophobic hollow-fiber membrane contactor was employed at ambient temperature and natural urine pH ~ 9.7 to recover ammonium fertilizers from human urine. Results showed that permeate side chemistry was one of the major factors affecting the ammonia mass transfer. The study on the ammonia capturing performance of diluted sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, and DI water confirmed that acid type, acid concentration, and permeate side operating pH were the most important parameters affecting the ammonia capturing tendency. Sulfuric acid was slightly better in capturing more ammonia than other acid types. The study also identified increasing acid concentration didn’t necessarily increase ammonia mining tendency because there was always one optimum concentration value at which maximum ammonia extraction was possible. The best permeate side operating pH to extract ammonia for fertilizer purposes was selected based on the dissociation equilibrium of different types of acids. Accordingly, the analysis showed that the membrane process has to be operated at pH > 3 for sulfuric acid, between 3.5 to 11.5 for phosphoric acid, and above 0.5 for nitric acid so as to produce their respective high-quality liquid ammonium sulfate, ammonium monophosphate/diphosphate, and ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Therefore, permeate side acid concentration, pH, and acid type has to always be critically optimized before starting the ammonia mining experiment.
Falling behind, forging ahead e catching up: uma modelagem do gap tecnológico a partir da Teoria dos Regimes de Crescimento a luz da Teoria do Crescimento Unificado
Authors: Lima Sergiany Da Silva , Ruiz Ana Urraca
Published: January 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é construir um modelo econômico capaz de explicar a dinâmica de crescimento econômico no longo prazo confrontando hipóteses restritivas de múltiplos regimes de crescimento, a luz da teoria do crescimento unificado. Fatos históricos como o catching up dos Estados Unidos, Japão, Coreia e China desafiam a robustez dos equilíbrios múltiplos. Assim, baseado na limitação da hipótese de múltiplos equilíbrios para explicar o catching up, foi construído um modelo dinâmico cuja análise abrange o efeito da dotação de fatores econômicos sobre o gap de produtividade entre economias avançadas e atrasadas, e o efeito da difusão e choques tecnológicos na dinâmica Falling behind, Forging ahead e Catching up.
Re-examining inequality persistence
Authors: Ghoshray Atanu , Monfort Mercedes , Ordóñez Javier
Published: January 2020

Although it is not a new phenomenon, in recent years inequality has moved to the top of the political agenda given the concern that will result in political instability and social resentment. Persistence in inequality can further undermine economic growth and development by hindering educational opportunities, human capital formation, and intergenerational mobility. The persistent nature of inequality stands as one of the most serious challenges for the global economy. This paper analyses inequality persistence for a sample of 60 countries from 1984 to 2015. The authors conclude that inequality is persistent and government redistribution polices through taxes and transfers did not significantly reduce inequality persistence.
Experimental investigation into the volatilities of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs)
Authors: Peräkylä Otso , Riva Matthieu , Heikkinen Liine , Quéléver Lauriane , Roldin Pontus , Ehn Mikael
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) forms a major part of the tropospheric submicron
aerosol. Still, the exact formation mechanisms of SOA have remained elusive.
Recently, a newly discovered group of oxidation products of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), have been
proposed to be responsible for a large fraction of SOA formation. To assess
the potential of HOMs to form SOA and to even take part in new particle
formation, knowledge of their exact volatilities is essential. However, due
to their exotic, and partially unknown, structures, estimating their
volatility is challenging. In this study, we performed a set of continuous
flow chamber experiments, supported by box modelling, to study the
volatilities of HOMs, along with some less oxygenated compounds, formed in the
ozonolysis of α-pinene, an abundant VOC emitted by boreal forests.
Along with gaseous precursors, we periodically injected inorganic seed
aerosol into the chamber to vary the condensation sink (CS) of low-volatility
vapours. We monitored the decrease of oxidation products in the gas phase in
response to increasing CS, and were able to relate the responses to the
volatilities of the compounds. We found that HOM monomers are mainly of low
volatility, with a small fraction being semi-volatile. HOM dimers were all at
least low volatility, but probably extremely low volatility; however, our
method is not directly able to distinguish between the two. We were able to
model the volatility of the oxidation products in terms of their carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen numbers. We found that increasing levels of
oxygenation correspond to lower volatilities, as expected, but that the
decrease is less steep than would be expected based on many existing models
for volatility, such as SIMPOL. The hydrogen number of a compound also
predicted its volatility, independently of the carbon number, with higher
hydrogen numbers corresponding to lower volatilities. This can be explained
in terms of the functional groups making up a molecule: high hydrogen numbers
are associated with, e.g. hydroxy groups, which lower volatility more than,
e.g. carbonyls, which are associated with a lower hydrogen number. The method
presented should be applicable to systems other than α-pinene
ozonolysis, and with different organic loadings, in order to study different
volatility ranges.
Resonance-Enhanced Detection of Metals in Aerosols using Single Particle Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Passig Johannes , Schade Julian , Rosewig Ellen Iva , Irsig Robert , Kröger-Badge Thomas , Czech Hendryk , Sklorz Martin , Streibel Thorsten , Li Lei , Li Xue , Zhou Zhen , Fallgren Henrik , Moldanova Jana , Zimmermann Ralf
Published: January 2020

Abstract. We describe resonance effects in laser desorption/ionization (LDI) of particles that substantially increase the sensitivity and selectivity to metals in single particle mass spectrometry (SPMS). Within the proposed scenario, resonant light absorption by ablated metal atoms increases their ionization rate within a single laser pulse. By choosing the appropriate laser wavelength, the key micronutrients Fe, Zn and Mn can be detected on individual aerosol particles with considerably improved efficiency. These ionization enhancements for metals apply to natural dust and anthropogenic aerosols, both important sources of bioavailable metals to marine environments. Transferring the results into applications, we show that the spectrum of our KrF-excimer laser is in resonance with a major absorption line of iron atoms. To estimate the impact of resonant LDI on the metal detection efficiency in SPMS applications, we performed a field experiment on ambient air with two alternately firing excimer lasers of different wavelengths. Herein, resonant LDI with the KrF-excimer laser (248.3 nm) revealed Fe signatures for many more aerosol particles compared to the more common ArF-excimer laser line of 193.3 nm. Moreover, resonant ionization of iron appeared to be less dependent on the particle matrix than conventional non-resonant LDI, allowing a more universal and secure detection of Fe. Our findings show a way to improve the detection and source attribution capabilities of SPMS for particle-bound metals, a health-relevant aerosol component and an important source of micronutrients to the surface oceans affecting marine primary productivity.
Low sensitivity of gross primary production to elevated CO2 in a mature eucalypt woodland
Authors: Yang Jinyan , Medlyn Belinda E. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Duursma Remko A. , Jiang Mingkai , Kumarathunge Dushan , Crous Kristine Y. , Gimeno Teresa E. , Wujeska-Klause Agnieszka , Ellsworth David S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The response of mature forest ecosystems to a rising atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentration (Ca) is a major uncertainty in projecting the
future trajectory of the Earth's climate. Although leaf-level net
photosynthesis is typically stimulated by exposure to elevated Ca
(eCa), it is unclear how this stimulation translates into carbon cycle
responses at the ecosystem scale. Here we estimate a key component of the
carbon cycle, the gross primary productivity (GPP), of a mature native
eucalypt forest exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (the EucFACE
experiment). In this experiment, light-saturated leaf photosynthesis
increased by 19 % in response to a 38 % increase in Ca. We used the
process-based forest canopy model, MAESPA, to upscale these leaf-level
measurements of photosynthesis with canopy structure to estimate the GPP and its
response to eCa. We assessed the direct impact of eCa, as well as
the indirect effect of photosynthetic acclimation to eCa and variability
among treatment plots using different model scenarios. At the canopy scale, MAESPA estimated a GPP of 1574 g C m−2 yr−1
under ambient conditions across 4 years and a direct increase in the GPP of
+11 % in response to eCa. The smaller canopy-scale response
simulated by the model, as compared with the leaf-level response, could be
attributed to the prevalence of RuBP regeneration limitation of leaf
photosynthesis within the canopy. Photosynthetic acclimation reduced this
estimated response to 10 %. After taking the baseline
variability in the leaf area index across plots in account, we estimated a field GPP
response to eCa of 6 % with a 95 % confidence interval (−2 %, 14 %).
These findings highlight that the GPP response of mature forests to
eCa is likely to be considerably lower than the response of
light-saturated leaf photosynthesis. Our results provide an important
context for interpreting the eCa responses of other components of the
ecosystem carbon cycle.
Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the zero emission commitment from CO2
Authors: MacDougall Andrew H. , Frölicher Thomas L. , Jones Chris D. , Rogelj Joeri , Matthews H. Damon , Zickfeld Kirsten , Arora Vivek K. , Barrett Noah J. , Brovkin Victor , Burger Friedrich A. , Eby Micheal , Eliseev Alexey V. , Hajima Tomohiro , Holden Philip B. , Jeltsch-Thömmes Aurich , Koven Charles , Menviel Laurie , Michou Martine , Mokhov Igor I. , Oka Akira , Schwinger Jörg , Séférian Roland , Shaffer Gary , Sokolov Andrei , Tachiiri Kaoru , Tjiputra Jerry , Wiltshire Andrew , Ziehn Tilo
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is the change in global mean temperature expected to occur following the cessation of net CO2 emissions, and as such is a critical parameter for calculating the remaining carbon budget. The Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP) was established to gain a better understanding of the potential magnitude and sign of ZEC, in addition to the processes that underlie this metric. Eighteen Earth system models of both full and intermediate complexity participated in ZECMIP. All models conducted an experiment where atmospheric CO2 concentration increases exponentially until 1000 PgC has been emitted. Thereafter emissions are set to zero and models are configured to allow free evolution of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Many models conducted additional second priority simulations with different cumulative emissions totals and an alternative idealized emissions pathway with a gradual transition to zero emissions. The inter-model range of ZEC 50 years after emissions cease for the 1000 PgC experiment is − 0.36 to 0.29 ºC with a model ensemble mean of −0.06 ºC, median of −0.05 ºC and standard deviation of 0.19 ºC. Models exhibit a wide variety of behaviours after emissions cease, with some models continuing to warm for decades to millennia and others cooling substantially. Analysis shows that both ocean carbon uptake and carbon uptake by the terrestrial biosphere are important for counteracting the warming effect from reduction in ocean heat uptake in the decades after emissions cease. Overall, the most likely value of ZEC on multi-decadal timescales is close to zero, consistent with previous model experiments.
Contribution to the Physico-Chemical Characterization of the Wastewater of Four Industrial Units of Preserve and Semi Fish Preserve of the City of Anza (North of Agadir)
Authors: Noureddine Slimani , Sara Hajji , Naima Hafid , Abdellatif Moukrim , Mohamed Zerbet , Aicha Ait Alla
Published: January 2020

The main objective of this study is to characterize the industrial wastewater of the city of Anza located north of Agadir in southwestern Morocco in order to recommend an adequate treatment allowing their reuse, thus reducing the nuisances that undergo the receiving environment (Anza Beach). This study concerns four industrial canned and semi-preserved fish plants that directly discharge their wastewater into the Anza beach. The physicochemical characterization of raw wastewater throughout 2017 revealed that these liquid discharges are heavily loaded with organic matter in terms of COD (Avg = 10557 mg O2 / L) and BOD5 (Avg = 4877 mg O2 / L). ), in TSS (Avg = 3537 mg / L) in mineral matter expressed in terms of chlorides (Avg = 25749 mg / L), and in electrical conductivity (Avg = 68957 μs / cm) with a mean pH close to neutrality. The average levels of total nitrogen and total phosphorus are respectively of the order of 631 mg / L and 84 mg / L. Although these wastewaters have a high organic load (ratio BOD5 / COD = 0.46 and TSS / BOD5 = 0.72), they have a satisfactory biodegradability. Examination of the COD / BOD5 ratio of about 2.16 clearly underlines the biodegradability of the industrial wastewater studied. Biological treatment seems quite suitable.
The Yeoman's “Pecok Arwes”
Authors: Thompson Kenneth J.
Published: January 2020

While attention to the Knight's Yeoman in Chaucer's General Prologue typically focuses on his weapons, fundamental misunderstandings regarding those weapons persist in the critical commentary. The character's peacock-fletched arrows are perhaps the most frequently misinterpreted component of his arms. This article contextualizes the peacock fletching of the Yeoman's arrows by explicating birdwing anatomy, the appearance of various peacock feathers, medieval fletching practices, and historical references to peacock-fletched arrows. Rather than being ostentatious, peacock fletching was mundane—unless enhanced by decorative embellishments. Based on reported uses of peacock-fletched arrows, it appears likely that esteem for such arrows was based more on performance than appearance, and a subsequent analysis of how the Yeoman's fletching is likely trimmed supports the tactical utility of his arrows. In this light, the Yeoman's “pecok arwes” suggest that he is a consummate bowman and a lethally effective companion to the Knight.
Resumption as a sluicing source in Saudi Arabic: Evidence from sluicing with prepositional phrases
Authors: Alshaalan Yara , Abels Klaus
Published: January 2020

This paper reports the results of three acceptability judgment experiments on Saudi Arabic elliptical questions (sluicing) with prepositional phrases. We show that in standard cases of merger type sluicing and contrastive sluicing there is no penalty for leaving out the preposition. Under an analysis of sluicing with syntactic identity between antecedent and ellipsis site, such examples require preposition stranding in the ellipsis site. We call this pattern OPUS, which the reader is invited to interpret as an abbreviation, depending on their theoretical predilections, as Ostensible P-stranding Under Sluicing or as Omission of Preposition Under Sluicing. Our findings show that Saudi Arabic violates Merchant’s (2001) second form identity generalization. Further experiments reveal that the status of the examples depends on the status of the most acceptable synonymous source within the ellipsis site; in particular, when neither a cleft structure nor a resumptive structure are grammatically available in the ellipsis site, the acceptability of OPUS decays. We interpret this as evidence that there is syntactic structure at the ellipsis site and that the wh-remnant in these elliptical questions can – and sometimes must – relate to a resumptive pronoun in the ellipsis site.
Key Elements of Sports Marketing Activities for Sports Events
Authors: Silva Edson Coutinho da , Las Casas Alexandre Luzzi
Published: January 2020

Sports marketing activities comprise people, activities, business and organisation in producing, facilitating, promoting or organising any product (as goods, services and events) for a demand of sports supporters. This theoretical paper aims to introduce and discuss the sports scheme, sports marketing mix, and sports supporters as three key elements which the sports teams need to focus on to implement sports marketing activities in sports events. By and large, sports teams have been implemented marketing principles as well as sponsorships to qualify a sports events as experience and entertainment focus on the supporters (as customers). Sports scheme refers to actors’ network, marketing tools represents the tools to plan and perform marketing activities and supporters are those who support and purchase club goods. Thus, all of them are key relevant elements to organise a sports event (as a game or match). The professionalism of the sports events has required use the sports and non-sports stakeholders' skill to help sports teams to design and provide a sports experience and amusement by means sports marketing tools to format a suitable product and service to a supporter’s audience.
Empatia com equipes multidisciplinares na fase de Ideação do processo de design Thinking
Authors: Ferro Gláucia De Salles , Heemann Adriano
Published: January 2020

Este artigo enfoca a empatia na fase de ideação do processo de design thinking. A revisão bibliográfica dos temas empatia, design thinking e equipes multidisciplinares embasam experimentos desenvolvidos para atender as demandas de um negócio social. Os resultados corroboram para a percepção de que a empatia pode ser conquistada com equipes multidisciplinares colaborativas para a construção de um escopo. Finalmente, a lacuna teórica é descrita e as oportunidades para pesquisas futuras são apresentadas.
Barrelled Linearly Topologized Modules Over a Discrete Valuation Ring
Authors: Pombo Jr Dinamérico P. , Couto G. Mauro Patricia
Published: January 2020

In this paper barrelled linearly topologized modules over an arbitrary discrete valuation ring are introduced. A general form of the Banach-Steinhaus theorem for continuous linear mappings on barrelled linearly topologized modules is established and some consequences of it are derived.
PRZESŁANKI ZATRZYMANIA OSOBY STOSOWANE
PRZEZ ORGANY PROCESOWE — ZMIANY W KODEKSIE
POSTĘPOWANIA KARNEGO
Authors: Kobus Ireneusz , Januszczyk Piotr
Published: January 2020

Obowiązujący kodeks
postępowania karnego wszedł w życie 1 stycznia 1998 r. Od tego czasu
był on wielokrotnie nowelizowany,
m.in. w zakresie przesłanek uprawniających organy procesowe do pozbawienia osoby wolności, czyli jej faktycznego zatrzymania. Tej tematyce został
poświęcony artykuł: Przesłanki zatrzymania osoby stosowane przez organy
procesowe — zmiany w kodeksie postępowania karnego. Udziela on odpowiedzi na dwa zasadnicze pytania, tj.:
1. Kiedy i w jakim zakresie zmieniały
się zawarte w kodeksie postępowania
karnego przesłanki zatrzymania osoby? 2. Czy wskutek tych zmian uprawnienia organów procesowych wzrosły,
czy zmalały? Problematyka ta została
przedstawiona w powiązaniu ze wskazanymi w tym kodeksie podmiotami,
które — w różnym zakresie — są i były
uprawnione do stosowania poszczególnych przesłanek zatrzymania osoby.
Jako punkt wyjściowy przyjęto aktualne przesłanki zatrzymania osoby, które powiązano z uprzednio obowiązującymi ich odpowiednikami.