bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational hand dermatoses in hospital cleaning personnel
Authors: Singgih Siti Ismarie R. , Lantinga H. , Nater J. P. , Woest T. E. , Kruyt‐Gaspersz J. A.
Published: April 2006

Hospital cleaning personnel were examined for occupational dermatoses. 356 persons were included in the study. The UJJC ranged from 20 to 63 years with a mean of 40.1 years. The period prevalence rate of moderate and severe eczema was 12% (10% in men and 19% in women). In 88%, the eczema was of a duration longer than 2 years. Positive patch tests were found in 10% of men and 53% of women with eczema. The main allergens were nickel, cobalt, chromate and rubber chemicals. Positive tests to cleaning agents were rare. One case of contact allergy to sodium dichloroisocyanurate and one to lysol were, diagnosed. Irritant factors played: a major role in most cases (92%). Fungus infection as a cause or complication in hand eczema should not be left out of consideration: in 2 persons, a mycosis of hands and or fingernails was diagnosed.
Sensitizing capacity of 2‐methylol phenol, 4‐methylol phenol and 2, 4, 6‐trimethylol phenol in the guinea pig
Authors: Bruze Magnus
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing capacities of 2‐methylol phenol (2‐MP), 4‐methylol phenol (4‐MP) and 2,4,6‐inmethylol phenol (2,4,6‐MP) were investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. These compounds are known sensitizers in phenol‐formaldehyde resins. The study was performed in order to assess and compare the degree of the sensitizing capacities of these chemically related substances. The animals were also rechallenged with the sensitizer and 5 chemically related compounds in order to study the cross‐reaction patterns.

2‐MP Was demonstrated to be a strong sensitizer, 4‐MP a moderate sensitizer and 2,4,6‐MP a weak sensitizer. With 2‐MP as the sensitizer, o‐cresol and 2,4‐dimethyl phenol were possible cross‐reacting substances, p‐cresol and 2.4‐dimethylol phenol were possible cross‐reacting compounds for 4‐MP.

The chemical investigation by high pressure liquid chromatography indicated that the compounds tested were pure and separable.
Occupational dermatitis to 2,3‐epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Estlander Tuula , Jolanki Riitta , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

4 workers developed hand dermatitis in an automated starch modification process plant. 2,3‐epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC), a quaternary ammonium compound used as a cationizing chemical, produced allergic reactions in all 4 patients. They had only been in contact with EPTMAC for a shore time before developing dermatitis, which indicates that EPTMAC is a strong sensitizer.

Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy showed the Features or an allergic patch test. An industrial hygiene project was initiated at the factory to prevent new eases. It revealed many risks of skin contact with the process chemicals. Thus an automated process does not guarantee protection.
A simple method of qualitative analysis for musk ambrette, musk ketone and musk xylene in cologne
Authors: Goh C. L. , Kwok S. F.
Published: April 2006

Musk ambrette has become one of the commonest photosensitizers in many countries and is the cause of persistent light reactions in many patients. A simple method is presented for qualitative analysis for musk ambrette and other nitromusks in colognes using thin‐layer chromatography with toluene as carrier solvent and visualization under UVL. It is useful for identifying such colognes so colognes so that proper recommendations can be given to patients sensitive to musk ambrette. 14 of 32 men's colognes, analysed by TLC und confirmed on GCMS, were found to contain musk ambrette, the concentration varying from 0.02 to 0.59% w/v.
Metal sensitivity: positive history but negative test indicates atopy
Authors: Möller Halvor , Svensson ÅKe
Published: April 2006

Among patients with a history of metal sensitivity, 50 were patch‐test‐negative to nickel, cobalt and chromate. 20 of them were further examined epicutaneously and intracutaneously. They were also studied with a clinical diagnostic method for symptoms and signs of atopy. Most patients in this category were found to be atopic.
Contact allergy to the preservative Kathon® CG
Authors: Björkner Bert , Bruze Magnus , Dahlquist Inger , Fregert Sigfred , Gruvberger Birgita , Persson Karin
Published: April 2006

Of 976 patients routinely patch tested with Kathon® CG (Rohm & Haas), 300 ppm. 43 (4.4%) gave a positive reaction. Of 170 patients routinely tested with Kathon® CG 250 ppm, 10 (5.9%) gave a positive reaction. Out of 34 patients tested with serial dilution of Kathon® CG, 17 (50%) reacted to to 100 ppm, 8 to 30 ppm and 2 to 10 ppm. The concentration of 1000 ppm of Rathon® CG was irritant in some cases, but 300 ppm was not irritant.

Of the 976 patients tested with Kathon® CG 300 ppm, 8 (0.8%) showed a “flare‐up” reaction, indicating patch test sensitization. Of the 170 tested with Kathon® CG 250 ppm, 2 (1.2%) were sensitized. When the patch‐test‐sensitized patients were retested with serial dilutions, they showed the same pattern as the other patients

13 sensitized patients were use tested and 7 (54%) gave responses. In the literature, Kathon® CG 100 ppm is recommended as the routine patch test concentration. However, 50% of the sensitive persons may then be overlooked. In our clinics. Kathon® CG has become the second most common contact sensitizer, but the sensitivity cannot be traced in all patients with clinically relevant allergy without an unacceptable risk of patch test sensitization.
Allergic contact dermatitis from falcarinol isolated from Schefflera arboricola
Authors: Hansen Lene , Hammershøy Ole , Boll Per M.
Published: April 2006

From the plant Seheffera arboricola, which has been reported in cause allergic contact dermatitis. we have isolated and determined the elicitor of allergic contact dermatitis as falcarinol. Heptadeca‐1,9(Z)‐diene‐4,6‐diyne‐3‐ol. Three polyacetylenes closely related in falcarinol, namely falcarindiol, falcarinone and dehydrofalcarinone were tested simultaneously. Falcarinol, but not faicarindiol, falcarinone and dehydrofalcarinone, elicited allergic contact dermatitis in a 38–year‐old female plant‐nursery worker.
Woman allergic to husband's sweat and semen
Authors: Freeman Susanne
Published: April 2006

A woman complained of severe itching and flushing after sexual intercourse or other physical contact with her husband. She developed a weal and flare on intradermal testing with her husband's semen and sweat, pooled donor semen and the sweat from her 2 sans. This is a report of allergy to human semen and the 1st reported case of allergy to human sweat.
Industrial airborne irritant or allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Llachapelle J. M.
Published: April 2006

Industrial airborne irritant or allergic contact dermatitis is commonly observed in many factories. Examples of airborne irritants include fibres (such as fibreglass or rockwool), various kinds of dust particles (such as cement, slag, sludge, insulating foam, wood chips), acids and alkalis, gasses and vapours. Airborne contact allergens are unequivocally numerous. The clinical symptoms of both irritant and allergic airborne contact dermatitis are reviewed.
Patch test sensitivity to Kathon® CG
Authors: Hjorth N. , Roed‐Petersen J.
Published: April 2006

Among 1511 consecutive patients patch tested with Kathon CG at 100 ppm active ingredient. 13 (0.8%) gave a positive reaction. Use test with a lotion containing Kathon CG (8.6 ppm) revealed no reaction in 11 patients with a positive patch test. It is concluded that a positive patch test reaction to 100 ppm does not initiate eczema alter use of products preserved with Kathon CG in the low Concentrations (3–15 ppm) used in final products.
Contact clinic survey of nickel‐sensitive subjects
Authors: Gawkrodger D. J. , Vestey J. P. , Wong W‐K. , Buxton P. K.
Published: April 2006

Data on 134 consecutive nickel‐sensitive subjects attending our contact dermatitis clinic were analysed. The female to male ratio was 8 to 1, with a mean age at presentation of 35 years for women and 53 years for men. Hand dermatitis occurred in 49% of patients and in 70% of men. It was usually proceeded by jewellery or metal contact dermatitis for some months or years. Although office workers made up the largest occupational group, cleaners, housewives, catering staff, nurses and hairdressers were represented among the women. Several of the men had had heavy Occupational exposure to nickel. Cobalt co‐sensitivity occurred in 29% of subjects. Sensitivity to 3 or more allergens was round in 32% of those studied but was seen in 2/3 of the men. The prevalence of a personal history of atopy was not raised. A majority of women had had their ears pierced: in 2/3 the nickel dermatitis followed this procedure but in a third it but occurred before. Female sex, jewellery contact and wetwork occupations all predispose to the development of nickel sensitivity.
Questionnaire survey of pruritus and rash in grain elevator workers
Authors: Hogan Daniel J. , Dosman J. A. , Li K. Y. R. , Graham B. , Johnson D. , Walker Robin , Lane P. R.
Published: April 2006

51.4% of 1,954 grain elevator workers surveyed in 1978 and 1979 complained of pruritus following exposure to grain dusts. 95% of 796 grain elevator workers surveyed in 1985 noted that pruritus following exposure to gram dust was of short duration. Exposure to barley dust and oat dust provoked the greatest number of complaints. Those with a past history of infantile eczema were significantly more likely to complain. Younger workers were more likely to complain than older workers. 13.1% of those surveyed in 1985 complained of a rush following exposure, in 35% of whom it lasted more than 1 day. Nasal congestion, ocular and oropharyngeal irritation were also frequent complaints.
Sensitization to chloramphenicol; a persistent problem
Authors: von Joost Th. , Dikland W. , Stolz E. , Prens E.
Published: April 2006

A surprisingly high incidence of chloramphenicol sensitization is reported in 8 patients with periocular or periauricular dermatitis. In 6 of them, relevance was established to the use of topical chloramphenicol. Concurrent sensitization to polymyxin B sulphate was found in 2. The findings stress the fact that chloramphenicol allergy remains a persistent problem.
Allergic urticarial rash from oral codeine
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Conemans Jean
Published: April 2006

A case of an urticarial rash from delayed‐type allergy to orally administered codeine is presented. The literature on contact allergy to codeine is reviewed, and the rôle of patch testing in drug eruptions discussed.
Softisan – a new vehicle for patch testing
Authors: Väänänen Antti , Hannuksela Matti
Published: April 2006

Petrolatum is a good vehicle for many patch test allergens, because it is stable, unreactive, and allergy to it is rare (1, 2). Some difficulties exist, however, when water‐soluble allergens are tested, because emulsifiers are often needed; these can change the properties of both the test material and the vehicle itself (3, 4). In the present study, we compared petrolatum with a new lanolin substitute based on vegetable fatty acids as a patch test vehicle for nickel sulphate.
Sensitizing capacity of dihydroxydiphenyl methane (bisphenol F) in the guinea pig
Authors: Bruze Magnus
Published: April 2006

The sensitizing Capacity of 2,21‐ dihydroxydiphenyl methane (2,21 HPM). 4.41– dihydroxydiphenyl methane (4,41‐ HPM) and 2.41‐ dihydroxydiphenyl methane (2,41‐ HPM) was investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. These compounds are known contact sensitizers in phenol‐formaldehyde resins. The study was performed to assess and Compare their sensitizing capacities. A weak sensitizing capacity of 2,21‐ HPM was demonstrated when the results for 2 separate series were added while no sensitizing capacity was demonstrated for 4.41– HPM or 2,41‐HPM, The compounds tested were chromatographically pure.
Contact allergy to safety shoes
Authors: Fousseau J. , Muslmani M. , Cavelier C. , Herve‐Bazin B.
Published: April 2006

During 1972–1984, 13 cases of allergy to safety Shoes were found, It generally affects young men. The allergens are very different from those in other types of shoe. The presence of mercaptochenzothiazole and dibenzothiazyl disulfide detected in some nonwoven materials is worthy of note.
Prevalence of contact allergy by sex, race and age
Authors: Goh C. L
Published: April 2006

Among 1873 patch tested patients, the prevalence of contact allergy was 47.1 % (421/894) in females and 51.2% (501/979) in males (N.S.) It was 46.5% (593/1274) in Chinese, 52.8% (151/286) in Malays, and 48.3% (48.3%) in Indians, there was no significant difference among these 1 races in Singapore. Prevalence among foreigners in Singapore was high (82.3% (65/79)) compared to the 3 major races. This may be due to a higher % of foreigners engaged as construction workers who are considered lo run a greater risk of contact allergy. The prevalence was significantly higher in those above 40, (60.9% (290/476)) compared to those under 40 (45.2% 1632/1397)).
A 6‐month dermal toxicity test with dithranol and butantrone in miniature swine
Authors: Männistö P. T. , Hashuärvi Hannu , Kosma Veli‐Matti , Collan Yrjö
Published: April 2006

Continuous topical administration of dithranol and butantrone for 6 months caused different irritation profiles in miniature swim. In paraffin wax sticks in while petrolatum, bulantrune gave rise to much less initial irritation than dithranol. but alter 2 3 weeks the situation had equalized. In gel formulations, butantrone was initially more irritant than dithranol. The vehicles themselves induced significant irritation, Signs of skin hyperplasia (parakeratosis and acanthosis) and inflammation were frequent histopathological finding at the end of the study. but no malignant changes were found. Ditlranol and butantronc did not produce any chemical hematological or serious histological abnonmalities during list treatment, suggesting a lack of systemic toxicity. No evidence of systemic absorption was Found. This long‐term study did not predict delayed irritation of butantrone observed in about % of the psoriatic patients after treatment for 1–2 months.
Contact dermatitis after transcutaneous electric analgesia
Authors: Castelain P.‐Y. , Chahlu G.
Published: April 2006

Transcutaneous electric analgesia, based on the gate control theory, is used in stump pain, lumbar pain, traumatic pain fallowing nerve damage and sciatic neuralgia, 3 patients using this method, showed contact dermatitis at the sites of contact of the electrodes, Patch tests were positive with the electrolyte gel, and in 2 cases, with propylene glycol. Transcutaneous electric analgesia may cause a certain number of side effects similar Lo those encountered with electrocardiography.
A new method for intraoral patch testing
Authors: Axéll T. , Spiechowicz E. , Glantz P.O. , Andersson G. , Larsson A.
Published: April 2006

Intraoral patch testing was performed in 3 subjects, 2 of whom were contact sensitive to nickel. Maxillary acrylic plates carrying test pieces containing 66% nickel were applied for 48 h, and readings were performed 24 h after removal. Few if any clinical signs were detected, hut biopsies from the mucosal contact sites showed lichenoid reactions. Biopsies from control sites showed no or slight non‐specific inflammatory reactions.
Skin reflectance measurements of patch test responses
Authors: Mendelow Anne Y. , Forsyth Angela , Feathers James W. , Baillie Alan J. , Florence Alexander T.
Published: April 2006

Skin reflectance values were used as an objective measure of skin haemoglobin content at patch test sites to facilitate quantification of the erythematous response to contact allergens in patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Reflectance measurements of patch test responses correlated well with the clinical scoring and provided a numerical measure of reaction severity. Experimental contact allergen formulations were also evaluated by this method.
Discomfort from rubber gloves indicating contact urticaria
Authors: Wrangsjö K. , Mellström G. , Axelsson G.
Published: April 2006

Rubber glove intolerance is a common dermatological problem and hypersensitivity of both delayed and immediate types occur. In order to study immediate skin reactions induced by rubber gloves, 15 patients with discomfort and itch produced by rubber gloves were examined The patients were provoked K wearing rubber gloves, scratch tested with gloves, rubber chemicals and powders, RAST‐tests were performed using an extract from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In 6/15 patients, contact urticaria was confirmed, in 3 of whom IgE antibodies to latex were demonstrated.
Sensitization to epichlorohydrin and epoxy system components
Authors: Prens Errol P. , Jong Geert De , Joost Theodoor Van
Published: April 2006

In an epoxy resin manufacturing plant, 26 of 228 (11.4%) workers hail work‐related eruptions. 19 were patch tested. The test series consisted of chemicals used in the manufacturing process, a standard battery and some other sensitizers. The prevalence of sensitization to epichlorohydrin and or epoxy resins in the whole group was 6.1%. A relatively high prevalence (15%) of epichlorohydrin sensitization was found, 10 cases of sensitization to liquid epoxy resin (MW about 385) were observed, in 7 cases combined with allergy to solid epoxy resin (MW 980). Sensitization to Bisphenol A was not seen.
An analysis of 501 consecutive contact clinic consultations
Authors: Vestey J. P. , Gawkrodger D. J , Wong W.‐K. , Buxton P. K.
Published: April 2006

A simple micro‐computer program was used lo analyse the results of testing 501 consecutive patients of tending a patch test clinic. 64% of mules and 71% of females had positive tests; 17% of males and 12% of females had occupational dermatitis: 16% of males and 15% of females had irritant contact dermatitis; and 13% of males and 19% of females had a history of atopic eczema.
Age and sex incidence of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Walton Shernaz , Nayagam A. T. , Keczkes K.
Published: April 2006

A retrospective study of patterns patch tested between 1968 and 1970 was undertaken and case records of 200 patients with unequivocal positive patch tests were studied for age and sex distribution. There was an overall female preponderance (61%). with 2 peaks of incidence in the 10–211 and 40–50 year age groups in females, but only 1 peak of incidence in the 40–50 year ape group in males. There was a steady decline in all sensitivities after the 6th decade of life in both sexes. Nickel sensitivity was more common in females (92%), whereas dichromate sensitivity predominated in males (64%). Of the 200 patients, only 5(2.5%). were atopics, all of whom were females.
Sensitization to sodium hypochlorite causing hand dermatitis
Authors: Habets J. M. W. , Geursen‐Reitsma A. M. , Stolz E. , van Joost Th.
Published: April 2006

2 patterns are reported with chronic hand dermatitis related lo sensitization to sodium hypochlorite, as the active component in a bleaching product. To avoid irritant reactions in patch testing, a sodium hypochlorite concentration of 1.0% appeared to be useful. It is concluded that with regard to the frequent use of bleaching agents, allergy to sodium hypochlorite must be considered in certain cases of unidentified chronic allergic hand dermatitis.
Cobalt and nickel content of Asian cements
Authors: Goh C. L. , Kwok S. F. , Gan S. L.
Published: April 2006

The total cobalt and nickel concentration of 11 brands or Asian cement ranged from 8.1 to 14.2 μg/g and 28.5 μg/g, respectively. These metals exist mainly as insoluble suits; the water‐soluble concentration of cobalt and nickel in the cements ranged from 039 to 0.65 μg/g and from 0–1.2 μg/g. respectively.

1.5% (4/272) of construction workers in a prefabrication construction factory had cobalt sensitivity. All had allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in cement. No worker and isolated cobalt sensitivity and cement dermatitis. It appeared that sensitization to cobalt in cement occurs only Secondarily to an existing cement dermatitis 1.8% (5/272) workers had nickel sensitivity: 2 with allergic contact dermatitis to nickel in their watches. 2 were asymptomatic and I had allergic contact dermatitis to chromate and cobalt in content. The low prevalence of cobalt and nickel sensitivity from cement was probably related to the low concentration of soluble cobalt and nickel salts in the cement. However, these insoluble salts can form soluble completes with body fluids on eczematous skin and sensitize the skin.
Occupational radiodermatitis from Ir192 exposure
Authors: Conudé‐Salazar L. , Guimaraens D. , Romero L. V.
Published: April 2006

3 cases of occupational radiodermatitis from Ir192 exposure in personnel handling a gamma ray projector in industrial radiography arc presented. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The nature and use of the industrial machines me described
Contact sensitivity to unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil
Authors: Kubo Yorjiro , Nonaka Shigeo , Yoshida Hikotaro
Published: April 2006

A case of contact sensitivity to the unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil is reported. An Ointment composed of 60% sesame oil was used for the treatment of a burn on the forearm. 10 days later. Contact dermatitis developed. The allergens were shown to be sesamolin and sesamolin, which are unsaponifiable substances in sesame oil.
Nickel dermatitis in infants
Authors: Ho Vincent C , Johnston M. Margaret M.
Published: April 2006

8 cases of allergic contact dermatitis to nickel in infants arc reported. All showed a papular dermatitis matching die sites of contact. Patch testing was performed on 3 patients. 2 were tested to nickel sulfate in pet. at concentrations or 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 15%. 1 was tested to 2.5% alone. All developed ++ reactions at each concentration toted‐ We observed a strong association of nickel dermatitis with atopy: 7 of 8 patients had a family history of atopy and 5 of 8 had features of coexistent atopic dermatitis. The relationship between atopy and allergic contact dermatitis is briefly reviewed. Nickel dermatitis may aggravate atopic dermatitis; avoidance of metal contact is crucial in the management of these patients.
Triphenyl phosphate allergy from spectacle frames
Authors: Carlsen Lars , Andersen Klaus E. , Elgsgaard Helge
Published: April 2006

A ease of triphenyl phosphate allergy from spectacle frames is reported. Patch tests with analytical grade triphaenyl phosphate. tri‐m‐cresyl phosphate, and tri‐p‐cresyl phosphate in the concentrations 5%, 0.5% and 0.05% pet. showed positive reactions to 0.05% tripheny1 phosphate and 0.5% tri‐m cresyl phosphate, but on reaction to tri‐p‐cresyl phosphate. Gas chromatography of the tricresyl phosphate 5% pet. pitch lest material supplied from Trolab showed that it contained a mixture of a wide range of triaryl phosphates, including 0.08% triphenyl phosphate which is above the threshold for detecting Triphenyl phosphate allergy in our patient.
Contact sensitivity to aluminium
Authors: Böhler‐Sommeregger K. , Lindemayr H.
Published: April 2006

Contact sensitivity to aluminium is extremely rare. Sensitization occurs during continuous application of aluminium containing antiperspirants or by aluminium adjuvants in vaccines and pollen extracts. Two types of reaction patters ate known; persistant granuloma at the injection silt and recurrent. We report a patient with a positive patch lest reaction Lo Al (OH), who hail been sensitized by (aluminium adsorbed triple vaccine. Previous reports are reviewed.
Contact dermatitis to antituberculosis drugs
Authors: Holdiness Mack R.
Published: April 2006

The literature has been reviewed for contact dermatitis occurring to antituberculosis agents. Of the 12 known drugs. 6 (isoniazid, rilfampicin. Ethamnbutol, para‐aminosalicylic acid. streptomycin and kanamycin) have been documented by punch test to cause this type of dermatitis in certain individuals. Cross sensitization has been observed to contribute significantly to the allergic reactions noted from isoniazid, streptomycin, and kanamycin. Hyposensitization has also been discussed in this review.
The sensitizing capacity of coumarins (II)
Authors: Hausen B.M. , Kallweit M.
Published: April 2006

5 coumarins used in perfumery, cosmetics, therapeutic ointments or occurring naturally were investigated by Freund's complete adjuvant technique (FCAT) in guinea pigs to determine their contact sensitizing potency. 4‐Methylesculetin was also studied. Esculetin. dihydrocoumarin and daphnetin were found to be moderate to strong sensitizers, while fraxetin was nearly and 7‐methylcoumarin completely inactive. The results corroborate the hypothetical view that only those coumarins having a catecholic disubstitution in the benzene ring, e.g., esculetin. 4‐methylesculetin. daphnetin, can become sensitizers on the basis that they are capable of forming ortho‐quinones under oxidizing conditions.
Changing patterns in chromate allergy
Authors: Färm Gunilla
Published: April 2006

To investigate whether the incidence and pattern of contact sensitivity lo chromate have changed in recent years, after a voluntary addition of iron sulphate to Swedish cement (11. the test results from the Department of Occupational Dermatology, Kurolinska Hospital in Stockholm, were analyzed. The figures for S years (1975, 19S0 and 19K5) were selected for further study.
Reactions to Quaternium 15, Bronopol and Germall 115 in a standard series
Authors: Ford G. P. , Beck M. H.
Published: April 2006

The incidence of positive patch test reactions to Quaternium 15 has increased by a factor of 3 within a relatively stable population over 2 years, while the incidence of reactions to Bronopol and Germall 115 has remained static. The problem of interpreting an apparent positive reaction to a formaldehyde‐releasing preservative in a formaldehyde‐sensitive patient is discussed.
Purity of standardized textile dye allergens: a thin layer chromatography study
Authors: Foussereau J. , Dallara J. M.
Published: April 2006

Twelve standard textile IUCS were analyzed using thin layer chromatograpy and studied comparatively with dyes supposed to be chemically Similar, having the same Colour Index number or Registration Code, According to the chromatograms, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange 1, Disperse Orange 3 and Disperse Orange 13 seemed, at least in the solvent system used ID be pure, while all the other dyes, in the same eluent system, seemed impure. All the standard Textile Dye allergens were similar to the dyes used in the clothing industry. Their use in patch tests may prove useful, without overlooking the Tact that a difference from that in a suspected textile may occur.
Contact sensitivity to lichens and compositae in Frullania dermatitis
Authors: Gonçalo Saudade
Published: April 2006

48 patients with allergic contact dermatitis from Frullania were patch tested with a lichen mix, compositae and lichen acids. 27 were sensitive to Frullania and lichens. Parmelia caperata and Parmelia reticulate were positive in all, and in a descending order of positivity: Pseudovernia furfuracea, Evernia prunastri, Usnea spp, Ramalina lusitanic. d‐Usnic acids and atranorin were the main responsible allergens.
The dissolution of metallic nickel in artificial sweat
Authors: Hemingway J. D. , Molokhia M. M.
Published: April 2006

The dissolution of neutron‐irradiated metallic nickel in an artificial sweat formulation has been studied. Variations in dissolution rate were found over a pH range of 3.5 to 6.5, a temperature range of 10 to 40°C and for times up to 6 h. The presence of oxygen increases the dissolution rate markedly. Typical dissolution rates at 30°C vary from 2.10−7 g Ni·cm−2min−1 at a pH of 3.5, to 1.10−9 Ni·cm−2·min−1 at a pH of 6. The relevance of the data to clinical aspects of nickel dermatitis is discussed.
Allergic contact dermatitis from stomadhesive paste
Authors: Heskel Neil S.
Published: April 2006

A woman developed dermatitis from Stomadhesive paste used to secure her colostomy appliance. Patch testing revealed that she was allergic to Gantrez (N‐butylmonoester of polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid in an ethanol solution), a water soluble copolymer with stabilizing properties used in the production of Stomadhesive.
Cobalt content of household cleaning products
Authors: Vilaplana J. , Grimalt F. , Romagdera C. , Mascaro J. M.
Published: April 2006

In our Department, the incidence of sensitization to cobalt has more than doubled in the last 5 years. 28% of cobalt‐sensitive patients showed no other sensitivity. Of isolated cobalt sensitive patients. 68% were housewives. We determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with a graphite camera, the cobalt and nickel content of the 30 most popular Spanish domestic detergents and cleaners sold in 1985. 78.6% of them contain considerable amounts of cobalt.
Quantification of patch test reactions by transcutaneous PO2 measurement
Authors: Prens E. P. , van Joost Th. , Steketee J.
Published: April 2006

The usefulness of transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc‐PO2) measurement for quantification of positive patch test reactions was studied. A significant correlation was found between the visual grading and the quantitative tc‐PO2 values. Tc‐PO2 discriminated between visual grade 0 to 1 +, 1+ to 2 +, and 2 + to 3 + reactions. The results obtained by this method were compared with those obtained by other quantitative methods. Tc‐PO2 measurement can be regarded as complementary to the laser Doppler technique, since it lacks the sensitivity of the laser Doppler technique in the range in negative to 1 + patch reactions, but it does discriminate between 2+ and stronger reactions.
Sensitivity to wild vegetation
Authors: Menz Jennifer , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

74 patients suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis to wild vegetation were patch tested with ether extracts of 13 plants of the family Compositae and 7 other weeds or trees. Anthemis cotula (dog fennel) and Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) gave the most frequent positive results, demonstrating a change of frequency in sensitivity compared to the 1950s, when Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed) was recognized as the most frequently sensitizing weed. The reasons for these changes of incidence and clinical patterns are examined.
Contact allergy to the active ingredients of Kathon® CG
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Dahlquist Inger , Fregert Sigfrid , Gruvberger Birgitta , Persson Karin
Published: April 2006

The preservative Kathon1 CG is a commercial preparation, consisting of 2 active ingredients and other components. 28 patients with contact allergy to Kathon CG participated in a study in which patch testing was performed with serial dilutions, and with 5 chromatographically separated fractions. All reacted to fraction IV, and 2 patients also to fraction II. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry identified fraction II and IV lo be the active ingredients; 2‐melhyl‐4‐isothia‐zolin‐3‐one and 5‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one.
Contact dermatitis from Primula obconica Hance
Authors: Fernandez de Corres L. , Leanizbarrutia I. , Muñoz D.
Published: April 2006

15 cases of contact dermatitis to Primula obconica Hance are reported, 14 female and 1 male. None were of occupational origin. The incidence among our patients increased from 0.45 to 3.4% when we included an ether extract of primula in our standard series. A doubtful patch test reaction was found in 19.6% of the patients tested. Active sensitization was observed in 5 of 20 patients retested 1–16 months later.
Human safety study of body lotion containing Kathon® CG
Authors: Schwartz Stephen R. , Weiss Steven , Stern Elaine , Morici Isadore J. , Moss Jack N. , Goodman J. John , Scarborough Nelson L.
Published: April 2006

The safety of Kathon® CG biocide as a preservative in leave‐on body lotions was assessed by 2 double‐blind studies, using similar protocols. A total of 209 healthy male and female subjects aged 18 to 65 years, 100 in California (72 test subjects, 28 controls) and 109 in Florida (88 test subjects, 21 controls) completed the studies which included pre‐ and post‐use phase diagnostic patch testing with Kathon CG 100 ppm active ingredient, and 13 weeks daily applications of either a test lotion containing Kathon CG 15 ppm active ingredient or a control lotion without Kathon CG. No evidence of irritation or sensitization attributable to use of the biocide was found during regular dermatological examinations during the use phase. Post‐use phase patch testing produced negative results in all subjects with the exception of 1 control subject in Florida who had positive readings at the 2‐ and 4‐week post‐use phase patch testing. Overall, these studies show there is minimal, if any, risk of adverse effects associated with the use of Kathon CG 15 ppm active ingredient in a leave‐on application.
Sequential immunophenotypic study of lymphoid infiltrate in allergic and irritant reactions
Authors: Avnstorp C. , Ralfkiaer E. , Jørgensen J. , Wantzin G. Lange
Published: April 2006

Sequential biopsies (4–72 h) of early allergic and irritant patch test reactions have been examined immunohistologically for reactivity with 19 monoclonal antibodies against antigens on lymphoid cells in order to investigate the nature/origin of the infiltrating lymphoid cells and assess their state of activation/proliferation. The composition of the infiltrates was similar in allergic and irritant reactions and consisted of T‐lymphocytes of helper/inducer types in association with T‐cell accessory cells, i.e., Langerhans cells and HLA‐DR‐positive macrophages. No differences in expression of T‐cell or macrophage associated antigens were seen in early as opposed to late biopsies. In contrast, the proportion of cells positive for markers associated with activation (interleukin‐2 receptor) or proliferation (transferrin receptor, the Ki‐67 nuclear antigen) of lymphoid cells was found to increase with time in both types of reaction. These data substantiate the view that T‐cell immune reactions are implicated in both allergic and toxic patch test lesions, and indicate that the lymphocytes in the infiltrates are activated and proliferate.
Sensitization to methylenedianiline and para‐structures
Authors: van Joost Th. , Helle F. , de Boer J.
Published: April 2006

A toxic‐allergic skin reaction of the face, neck and arms due to accidental contact with methylenedianiline (syn: 4‐4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane) is reported in a cleaner at a chemical plant. Patch tests revealed sensitization to chemicals of the para‐group.

Earlier exposure to it was unlikely. Previous sensitization to related chemicals and possible cross‐sensitization was considered to be the primary cause of the allergy and the clinical manifestations.
Dodecyl gallate, permitted in food, is a strong sensitizer
Authors: van der Meeren H. L. M.
Published: April 2006

Additives are now an established part of our packaged food. Some, like colouring agents and flavouring compounds are hardly necessary or even redundant. Others, mainly antimicrobials and antioxidants, are very important. Antioxidants are not only added to food, but also to cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and industrial products. Dodecyl gallate belongs with propyl‐ and octyl‐gallate to the synthetic esters of gallic acid. These lipid‐soluble phenols are very effective antioxidants. We found contact allergy in 4 of 10 workers having only limited contact with dodecyl gallate in the very low concentration of 0.05%. It is important to recognize its strong sensitizing capacity. Workers working with dodecyl gallate should avoid direct skin contact.
Depigmented contact dermatitis due to incense
Authors: Hayakawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Arima Yaeno
Published: April 2006

A 63‐year‐old male school teacher with itchy depigmented macules on his left dorsum manus, left shoulder and abdomen presented at our clinic on 8 July 1986. He had practiced the incense ceremony for about 15 years, and had burnt several incenses and sandalwood. 48 h closed patch testing revealed perfume in the incenses was the cause. We assumed that perfume in the incense was volatized in air when incense was burnt; skin surface contact occurred with airborne particle, which dissolved in sebum; thus allergic contact dermatitis accompanied by depigmentation might arise.
Incidence of immediate allergy to latex gloves in hospital personnel
Authors: Turjanmaa Kristiina
Published: April 2006

Latex surgical gloves may cause contact urticaria and serious allergic reactions in sensitized persons, but the frequency of this allergy is not known. In the present study, 512 hospital employees were screened with a latex‐glove scratch‐chamber test: 23 (4.5%) were suspected and 15 (2.9%) were proven allergic with latex prick and use tests. All of them were doctors and nurses, and 12 had had contact urticaria but no special symptoms. They could continue their routine work using cotton or vinyl undergloves or special latex surgical gloves. Atopy, hand eczema and surgical work seemed to be predisposing factors. In operating units, 7.4% of the doctors and 5.6% of the nurses were allergic; the frequency was lower in non‐operating units and among laboratory personnel. The high frequency of latex glove allergy, especially in operating units, focuses attention on the quality of surgical latex gloves
Measurement of risk of sensitisation and its application to Kathon
Authors: Shuster Sam , Spiro Jon
Published: April 2006

The prevalences of patch test reactions to 27 common allergens including Kathon 100ppm, were calculated in a standard test battery applied to 2 consecutive cohorts of 656 and 653 patients seen in 1985/6 and 1986/7. The overall prevalence of Kathon Sensitivity was 0.9% for 1985–87. The prevalence for 1985/6 and 1986/7 was 0.8% and 1.1% (difference not significant). The rate of sensitisation to Kathon was measured in 212 patients with negative patch tests by retesting after 6‐15 months (mean 10.8 months±0.2SE), and gave a mean rate of sensitisation of 1/2280 patients months or 0.5% patient population. Retesting 45 negative reactors after 4 weeks gave no new reactors, showing that the rate of sensitisation by patch testing with 100 ppm Kathon is low. It is concluded that the low and stable prevalence of Kathon sensitivity and the low rate of new sensitisation is in keeping with a low potential for sensitisation. Used on a larger scale, the present method would rapidly define from potential new allergens.
Sensitivity to ramin wood
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , Haan Peter de
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatits from tropical woods is not uncommon Reviews on the subject by Woods & Calnan (1) and Hausen (2) indicate the importance of and interest in “wood‐dermatitis”. On some species, the reports are sparse und no more than case reports, as efforts to isolate and identify the allergen(s) were in vain. This applies to ramin wood; it was the cause of contact dermatitis in our patient
Experimental induction of rough dermatitic skin in humans
Authors: Van Neste D. , Mahmoud G. , Masmoudi M.
Published: April 2006

The response after application of various concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on human skin is reported. The induced changes associated variable degrees of roughness and erythema characterizing rough dermatitic skin (RD'S). These clinical changes were almost invariably (less than 5% experimental error) associated with increased values of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increased cutaneous blood flow values (CBFV). A significant positive correlation was found between TEWL and CBFV at all concentrations of SLS. However, values of TEWL higher than those found in 84% of the controls (mean + SD: 8.127 + 2.89 gr/m2/h) were usually significantly correlated with clearcut clinical changes (total clinical score>2 or erythema >1) at all concentrations of SLS. while CBFV (mean + SD of controls: 2.717 + 2.165) which had a wider dispersion, were significantly associated only with erythema after 10% and 1% SLS. This reflects the distinction that is being made between a primary chemical insult, which we identify clinically as roughness and functionally as increased TEWL associated with alterations of barrier function of the skin, and a secundary, delayed inflammatory response, which is clinically recognized as erythema and functionally objectivated by increased CBFV. These results provide a rational basis supporting the use of this experimental model of RDS for testing of preventive, and therapeutic efficacy as well as refining the evaluation of tolerance of cosmetics especially designed for use on sensitive skin.
Dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory
Authors: Zina A. M. , Bedello P. G. , Cane D. , Bundino S. , Benedetio A.
Published: April 2006

An outbreak of occupational dermatitis in a rubber tyre factory is reported. An unusual clinical picture was recognized. Patch tests revealed a high sensitization rate to the MBT derivative used: 2‐(2′‐4′dinitrophenylthio) benzothiazole. Since tests with MBT mix and dinitrophenol were negative, sensitization to a contaminant was suspected. DNCB was traced as the substance responsible.
Itching from wool fibres in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Bendsöe Niels , Björnberg Alf , Asnes Harald
Published: April 2006

In 24 girls with atopic dermatitis and a history of irritation to wool, more intense itching was provoked on normal skin on the abdomen by a material with coarse wool fibres (36μm) than with thinner fibres (20 μm). The probability of the materials causing itching could be predicted by the girls by handling the materials.
Selection of patch test materials for gold allergy
Authors: Fowler Joseph F.
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis to gold is very rarely reported. The occurrence of 2 recent cases in our department prompted a review of the literature, especially regarding the optimal reagents for patch testing. Gold chloride is most commonly used but may cause persistent dermatitis at the test site. Gold sodium thiosulfate is commercially available in petrolatum and is a reliable. non‐irritant preparation for patch testing.
Patch test results with standard allergens over a decade
Authors: Young E. , Houwing R. H.
Published: April 2006

The results of 10 years of patch testing with standard allergens are reported. An increase of sensitivity was found to nickel. Sensitivity to chromate had decreased, Sex and age differences in the incidence of allergy to metals were analysed Nickel allergy appeared to he more common among women and was of most importance in the younger age groups.
Contact dermatitis in Nigeria
Authors: Olumide Yetunde
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis of the feet is common in Nigeria. 136 patient with dermatitis of [he feel were investigated; 83 had positive patch tests, 59 to chemicals in shoes 22 reacted us rubber chemicals and 16 to chromate, 53 had negative patch tests. The causal mechanisms and treatment methods are described.
Hospital employees and skin problems
Authors: Kavli G. , Angell E. , Moseng D.
Published: April 2006

A total of 1481 hospital employees answered a questionnaire on atopy, hand eczema, and dry chapped hands. Out of 864 (58.7%) responders. 17% claimed to suffer from hand eczema. There was not significantly more hand eczema among women (17.6%) than men (15.7%). Atopic disposition was present in 17.5% of responders, of whom a significantly higher number (36.4%) claimed to have hand eczema.

Dry chapped hands seemed to he a problem in 33.1%, mainly among nurses, assistant nurses and laboratory assistants. Technicians and X‐ray assistants (38%) and kitchen workers (35.7%) claimed to suffer significantly more from hand eczema than others. Their working conditions were inspected. Following examination by a dermatologist, irritant contact eczema was diagnosed in 11 of 17, and occupational eczema in 3. None of the janitors or technical workers (all men) had hand eczema.
Skin absorption from patch test systems
Authors: Kim Hyung Ok , Wester Ronald C. , McMaster James A. , Bucks Daniel A. W. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

The development of topical drug products requires testing for skin toxicology reactions. A variety of patch test systems are available with which chemicals are applied to skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the skin absorption of paraphenylenediamine (PPDA) from a variety of such systems. (14C)‐PPDA (1% pet., USP) was placed in a variety of patch lest systems at a concentration normalized to equal surface area (2 mg/mm2. Skin absorption was determined in the guinea pig by urinary excretion of 14C. There was a six‐fold difference in the range of skin absorption (p<0.02). In decreasing order, % skin absorption from the systems were Hill Top Chamber (53.4 ± 20.6)>Teflon Control Patch (29.8 ± 9.0)>Large Small Finn Chamber with paper disc insert (34.1 ± 19.8)>Small Finn Chamber (29.8 ± 9.0)> Large Finn Chamber (23.1 ± 7.3)> AL‐Test Chamber (8.0 ± 0.8). Thus, the choice of patch system could produce a false negative error if the system inhibits skin absorption, with a subsequent skin toxicology reaction.
Contact sensitivity induced in mice by methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate
Authors: Tanaka Ken‐Ichi , Takeoka Akemi , Nihimura Fumiko , Hanada Satoshi
Published: April 2006

An experimental model of contact sensitivity has been developed in C57BL/6 mice using methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), a raw material of polyurethane resins. Sensitization through a single epidermal application of 1% MDI solution in ethyl acetate of the backs of the mice resulted in marked ear swelling. The time course of the swelling was characteristic of delayed‐type hypersensivity and the increment of the ear thickness was compatible with that induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) Passive transfer of the MDI‐induced contact sensitivity was successfully achieved using lymphocytes from the lymph nudes of MDI‐sensitized syngeneie mice, and the effector cells were found to be T cells. Cross reaction between MDI and TDI has shown that MDI is not only a potent contact sensitizer but also can form a contact sensitizer group together with TDI.
Skin reactions to irritants assessed by polysulfide rubber replica
Authors: Agner Tove , Serup Jørgen
Published: April 2006

Skin damage after application of experimental irritants was evaluated under blind conditions and by the use of polysulfide rubber replica. Closed pateh tests with 7 different irritants, solvents and empty chambers were applied to 16 volunteers, and the skin damage was evaluated visually and by a replica technique after 24, 48 and 96 h. We found that 3 of the irritants (sodium lauryl sulphate, hydrochloric acid and croton oil) were capable of causing specific and significantly different patterns of skin damage. The patterns could he divided into papular (hydrochloric acid, croton oil) and non‐papular (sodium lauryl sulphate, sapo kalinus, sodium hydroxide) types. Nonanoik acid caused a non‐paular pattern, but propanol, used as a solvent by itself also produced a non‐papular pattern. The time between application of the irritant and appearance of the characteristic alteration in the skin surface differed, depending on the irritant applied.
Dietary restrictions in the treatment of adult patients with eczema
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nøkholm A.
Published: April 2006

Improvement was seen in the dermatitis of 262 of 675 patients who followed a restrictive diet for approximately I month. Patients included in the study were sensitive to metal salts, balsams or classical food allergens or reacted to oral challenge with fond additives. Also included were patients who did not react to diagnostic tests but who experienced improvement of their dermatitis while maintaining an elimination diet. A follow‐up study was carried out 1–3 years after diet treatment was instituted. Each of the 262 patients was asked to complete a questionnaire to describe the long‐term course of the dermatitis. 262 responded to the questionnaire, and for 144 of them (70%: 95% confidence limits 64–76%). there was long‐term improvement of the dermatitis. Long‐term improvement was more common among a topic patients than among non‐atopics. Symptoms of contact urticaria were more common among patients with hand eczema than those with other types of eczema.