bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Cells Stimulate Neutrophils to Produce Oncostatin M: Potential Implications for Tumor Progression
Authors: Queen Marisa M. , Ryan Randall E. , Holzer Ryan G. , Keller-Peck Cynthia R. , Jorcyk Cheryl L.
Published: October 2005

Tumor-associated and tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TAN) and macrophages (TAM) can account for as much as 50% of the total tumor mass in invasive breast carcinomas. It is thought that tumors secrete factors that elicit a wound-repair response from TAMs and TANs and that this response inadvertently stimulates tumor progression. Oncostatin M is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family that is expressed by several cell types including activated human T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Whereas oncostatin M can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro, recent studies suggest that oncostatin M may promote tumor progression by enhancing angiogenesis and metastasis. In addition, neutrophils can be stimulated to synthesize and rapidly release large quantities of oncostatin M. In this article, we show that human neutrophils secrete oncostatin M when cocultured with MDA-MB-231 and T47D human breast cancer cells. Neutrophils isolated from whole blood or breast cancer cells alone express little oncostatin M by immunocytochemistry and ELISA, but neutrophils express and release high levels of oncostatin M when they are cocultured with breast cancer cells. In addition, we show that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor produced by breast cancer cells and cell-cell contact are both necessary for the release of oncostatin M from neutrophils. Importantly, neutrophil-derived oncostatin M induces vascular endothelial growth factor from breast cancer cells in coculture and increases breast cancer cell detachment and invasive capacity, suggesting that neutrophils and oncostatin M may promote tumor progression in vivo.
Epidermal Growth Factor–Independent Transformation of Ba/F3 Cells with Cancer-Derived Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutants Induces Gefitinib-Sensitive Cell Cycle Progression
Authors: Jiang Jingrui , Greulich Heidi , Jänne Pasi A. , Sellers William R. , Meyerson Matthew , Griffin James D.
Published: October 2005

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays critical roles in many biological processes and in tumorigenesis. Here, we show that two mutated EGFRs found in lung and other malignancies, EGFR-G719S and EGFR-L858R, could transform Ba/F3 cells to interleukin-3 (IL-3)–independent growth, in a ligand-independent manner, an activity associated with the transforming function of other mutated tyrosine kinases. The mutated receptors are autophosphorylated in the absence of IL-3 without EGF stimulation, and their expression led to the constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), ERK5, and AKT. In wild-type EGFR-expressing Ba/F3 cells, the major EGF-mediated signaling pathways were still intact. Gefitinib inhibited the growth of mutant EGFR-transformed Ba/F3 cells. Strikingly, the gefitinib sensitivity of cells expressing the L858R mutant was significantly greater than that of cells expressing the G719S mutant form, suggesting that distinct EGFR mutations may be differentially sensitive to small-molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, our data showed an antiproliferative effect of gefitinib on the EGFR-transformed Ba/F3 cells. Our results provide a model system to study the function of mutated EGFR and the differential effects of pharmacologic EGFR inhibition on the distinct mutant forms of this tyrosine kinase.
A Functional Role for Hemostasis in Early Cancer Development
Authors: Boccaccio Carla , Comoglio Paolo M.
Published: October 2005

Blood coagulation disorders have been known to be associated with cancer for many years. However, the mechanisms responsible for their relationship have not been understood. Recent work indicates that activation of the MET oncogene, which drives invasion and metastasis in cancer, can promote a cancer-associated thrombohemorrhagic syndrome that is mediated by transcriptional up-regulation of the procoagulation factors plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. These findings reveal a long-sought mechanistic link between coagulation and cancer, highlighting a clinically important perspective on malignant invasion and metastasis.
Atypical Protein Kinase Cι Is an Oncogene in Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Regala Roderick P. , Weems Capella , Jamieson Lee , Khoor Andras , Edell Eric S. , Lohse Christine M. , Fields Alan P.
Published: October 2005

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have long been implicated in carcinogenesis. However, little is known about the functional significance of these enzymes in human cancer. We recently showed that the atypical PKC (aPKC) isozyme PKCι is overexpressed in human non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and that PKCι plays a critical role in the transformed growth of the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Here we provide compelling evidence that PKCι is an oncogene in NSCLC based on the following criteria: (a) aPKCι is overexpressed in the vast majority of primary NSCLC tumors; (b) tumor PKCι expression levels predict poor survival in patients with NSCLC; (c) the PKCι gene is frequently amplified in established NSCLC cell lines and primary NSCLC tumors; (d) gene amplification drives PKCι expression in NSCLC cell lines and primary NSCLC tumors; and (e) disruption of PKCι signaling with a dominant negative PKCι allele blocks the transformed growth of human NSCLC cells harboring PKCι gene amplification. Taken together, our data provide conclusive evidence that PKCι is required for the transformed growth of NSCLC cells and that the PKCι gene is a target for tumor-specific genetic alteration by amplification. Interestingly, PKCι expression predicts poor survival in NSCLC patients independent of tumor stage. Therefore, PKCι expression profiling may be useful in identifying early-stage NSCLC patients at elevated risk of relapse. Our functional data indicate that PKCι is an attractive target for development of novel, mechanism-based therapeutics to treat NSCLC.
Future Directions for Professional Educational Psychology
Authors: Norwich Brahm
Published: October 2005

This article considers the future of professional educational psychology by addressing challenges and tensions, while presenting a positive view tempered by realism. It starts by considering recent definitions of the role but asks whether one needs to be a professional psychologist to use psychological knowledge and understanding. It is argued that a more complex model is needed of the relationship between the academic, applied and professional aspects. The international moves to re-construct professional educational psychology in systemic terms and the co-existence of different models of practice are shown to reflect several key dilemmas. One dilemma is about the focus of what is considered to be applied psychology, the other is about a separate identity for professional psychologists. How these issues relate to current professional concerns in England are discussed in terms of what kind of psychologist is an educational psychologist? The article concludes with the case for a model of professional psychologist as a child/youth psychologist. The challenge facing professional educational psychology is one of being innovative in service terms, with one eye on theoretical-linked and evidence- informed developments, and the other on trends in policy, service and inter-professional work.
Workplace Partnership and Employee Voice in the UK: Comparative Case Studies of Union Strategy and Worker Experience
Authors: Danford Andy , Richardson Michael , Stewart Paul , Tailby Stephanie , Upchurch Martin
Published: October 2005

This article addresses the role of ‘employee voice’ in workplace partnership. Drawing on two organizational case studies from the UK’s aerospace sector, it analyses employee experiences of two key dimensions of worker participation in partnership environments: joint consultation and union representation. Specifically, it investigates what consultation and union representation actually mean for employees in the context of different union responses to employer-driven partnership agendas. The article finds predominantly negative patterns of employee experience and attributes this partly to management control strategies and the short-termist dynamic of British manufacturing capital.
Barriers to Medical Nutrition Therapy in Black Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Galasso Pamela , Amend Allison , Melkus Gail D. , Nelson Genice T.
Published: October 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore food purchasing, preparation, and consumption among black women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an urban setting to assess barriers to medical nutrition therapy recommendations.

Methods

A telephone survey was developed to assess shopping habits, the use of community resources for food supplementation, use of restaurant/fast-food establishments, dining habits, food purchasing and consumption, and food preparation methods. This 38-item questionnaire provided both frequencies and trends regarding participants’ dietary habits.

Results

Black women identified ways in which their participation in a culturally competent intervention of diabetes care and education helped them to change dietary behaviors. The most common areas of change included purchasing, preparation, and portion size. Barriers to medical nutrition therapy identified included low income, time constraints, competing demands, and knowledge deficits.

Conclusions

Culturally sensitive diabetes interventions are an effective way to overcome some of the barriers to medical nutrition therapy. Feedback provided by this survey suggests that identification of more affordable healthy food resources in the community is necessary. In addition, access issues such as transportation to grocery stores should be on the agenda for public policy issues. Finally, alternate sites for nutrition education, such as a supermarket forum, warrant further investigation.
‘Testing, testing...’
Authors: Pitts Stephanie E.
Published: October 2005

This article reports on a small-scale study of feedback on music students’ written work, in which staff and students were asked to evaluate existing practice and suggest potential modifications. The value of feedback as a communicative learning tool is illustrated through students’ participation in a range of research tasks, including rating the usefulness of existing feedback comments and attempting to generate their own. The study shows that challenges in developing practice apply even where changes sought are far from radical, and conclusions are drawn which suggest ways forward for practice and research in giving feedback.
Learning about reflection from the student
Authors: Bulpitt Helen , Martin Peter J.
Published: October 2005

Reflection, in a classroom setting, presents educators with a method for narrowing the theory-practice gap. Material from the practice environment can be brought into the classroom and used as the substance of learning from experience. Enabling students to understand and value reflection is an essential part of this process. It is also a process which should be a carefully considered and managed part of the curriculum. This article reports on a small-scale participatory action research project that examines the development of reflection from the perspective of the student.
The zero-reject policy in special education
Authors: Ladenson Robert F.
Published: October 2005

This article analyzes the zero-reject policy at the core of American special education law from the standpoint of morality, by examining the policy in terms of the following three moral theories: utilitarianism, Rawlsian Kantianism (justice as fairness) and neo-Aristotelianism, as developed recently by Martha Nussbaum in her capabilities account of social justice.Although on first impression, none of these theories seems to provide a framework within which to develop a plausible defense of the zero-reject policy, on deeper analysis there are plausible arguments in support of the policy from the perspectives of all three theories. The analysis supporting this conclusion leads to an enhanced appreciation of the conceptual resources that major philosophical theories of morality provide to understand the moral bases of the most important educational rights, under American special education law, of children with severe to profound physical and cognitive disabilities.
Synthesis of N-Aryl Pyridin-2-ones via Ligand Coupling Reactions Using Pentavalent Organobismuth Reagents
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2005

An efficient method for the synthesis of N-aryl pyridin-2-ones was established by way of ligand coupling reactions using pentavalent organobismuth reagents such as triarylbismuth dichlorides.
Adsorption-induced Self-fusion of Cationic Gold Nanoparticles on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Onoue Shin-ya , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: October 2005

The surface of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is densely coated by quaternary ammonium-modified gold nanoparticles. By dropping gold nanoparticle dispersions onto TMV pre-cast substrates (“after-staining method”), nanoparticles are spontaneously adsorbed on TMVs. The adsorbed nanoparticles were fused to form semi-continuous structures. This observation indicates the possibility of preparing 1-D arrays from wide variety of nanosized materials, by using TMV tubules as templates.
Fifteen years of dancing with vanadium
Authors: Crans Debbie C.
Published: October 2005

The advances in vanadium chemistry over the past 15 years are discussed in the areas of solution chemistry, coordination chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry and will be presented using the perspectives of "What exists in solution?", "What is its structure?", "How does it react?", and "What are its biological effects?". Current and future challenges will be described briefly.
Sustainable vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of styrene: Two-phase system versus ionic liquids
Authors: Conte Valeria , Floris Barbara , Galloni Pierluca , Silvagni Adriano
Published: October 2005

Oxybromination reaction of styrene was performed in a two-phase system of water/ionic liquids (ILs). The aim of the work was to make the mild and efficient two-phase system previously developed for the vanadium(V)-catalyzed oxybromination of alkenes, inspired by the activity of haloperoxidase enzymes, even more interesting from a sustainable point of view. As in that case, a brominating intermediate was formed from the metal catalyst, H2O2, and bromide ion in the acid aqueous phase, but chlorinated solvents were replaced with ILs.

[bmim+][PF6
-], [bm2im+][PF6
-], [bmim+][BF4
-], [bmim+][CF3SO3
-], and [bmim+][(CF3SO2)2N-] were tested. We report on interesting results in terms of reaction rates and selectivities.
The π-π* Electronic Absorption Spectra of p-Dibromobenzenes-D4 and -H4
Authors: Shukla J. V. , Upadhya K. N. , Thakur S. N.
Published: October 2005

The uv absorption spectra of p-dibromobenzenes-H4 and – D4 have been recorded on a Hilger E1 large quartz spectrograph in the regions 35370–39540 cm−1 and 35340–39470 cm−1, respectively. The assignments of vibronic bands have been made using the results from the two isotopic molecules. Some of the previous assignments have been revised in the light of the data from the present investigations.
A Furnace for Molten Salt Raman Spectroscopy to 800°C
Authors: Quist Arvin S.
Published: October 2005

A vacuum tight furnace has been constructed and used for laser-Raman spectroscopic studies of molten salts to 800°C. The sample container is positioned within the furnace by a removable metal block, several designs of which have been used with different types of sample containers. The sample under investigation is easily and rapidly aligned in the laser beam by means of micrometer screws located on the positioning table which supports the furnace. The compactness of the entire unit allows it to be readily moved into and out of the sample chamber of the spectrometer.
The Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Chemical Analysis
Authors: Irish D. E. , Chen H.
Published: October 2005

The development of the laser and its application as a source for the excitation of Raman spectra have resulted in the availability of Raman spectrophotometers at a cost competitive with ir spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis is a natural application. Procedures utilized with the conventional mercury lamp excitation and problems associated with laser excitation are reviewed. A bibliography of analyses is included.
Automated Detection of Acetone, Methyl Ethyl Ketone, and Sulfur Hexafluoride by Direct Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared Interferograms
Authors: Kroutil R. T. , Combs R. J. , Knapp R. B. , Small G. W.
Published: October 2005

The lack of a valid background reference spectrum for many Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometric open-air monitoring applications limits the ability to perform quantitative measurements. Direct interferogram analysis suppresses the broad-band detector envelope and maintains the spectral signature of interest to circumvent this limitation. The background suppression approach uses a combination of interferogram segment selection, digital filtering, and pattern discrimination techniques. The spectral band location, width, and contour of the vapor determine the parameters necessary for background suppression. Interferogram segment selection relies principally on the spectral bandwidth. Digital filter design employs inputs of both spectral band location and width. Pattern discrimination methods consider the variation in the spectral band contour with band intensity. FT-IR spectrometer measurements from both laboratory and open-air trials demonstrate the utility of the background suppression approach with analytes of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Background Correction Device for Enhanced Element-Selective Gas Chromatographic Detection by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Farnsworth Paul B. , Wu Mingin , Tacquard Michael , Lee Milton L.
Published: October 2005

A two-channel optical device has been used to enhance the selectivity of sulfur detection based on emission from a radio-frequency helium plasma coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC). A wedge prism was used to split collimated emission from the plasma into two components with an angular separation of nine degrees. The two beams were then transmitted through a narrow-band interference filter at center wavelengths of 918.0 and 921.3 nm. Background radiation at 918.0 nm was scaled and subtracted from the combined signal and background radiation at 921.3 nm to give a net sulfur emission signal that was insensitive to the passage of sulfur-free species through the plasma. The performance of the device was characterized in use with a radio-frequency plasma attached to a comprehensive SFE/GC system as well as to a conventional capillary gas chromatograph. The detection limit and selectivity for the SFE/GC system were 17 pg s−1 and 23,000 respectively. The detection limit and selectivity for the conventional GC were 0.2 pg s−1 and 12,000, respectively.
Determination of Solution Ions by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Agnes George R. , Horlick Gary
Published: October 2005

Spectral results are presented illustrating the capability of electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) for the determination of the composition of solution samples. The solution components that can be determined include the elemental and molecular forms of anions and cations. Three modes of positive-ion ES-MS are described: the ion cluster mode, the metal-ion mode, and an intermediate mode. The modes are established by operating the electrospray source at specific voltages and curtain gas flow rate values, and each mode provides a unique mass spectral picture of the solution components with primary focus on cationic species (i.e., metal ions). Results are also presented for operation of the electrospray source in negative-ion mode. In this mode both elemental anions (i.e., halides) and molecular anions (i.e., oxo-anions) can be determined.
Approach to the Solution of Carbon Content Influence in the X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Ferromanganese
Authors: Coedo A. G. , Dorado M. T.
Published: October 2005

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of carbon on CrKα intensity measurements from ferromanganese test samples. Sample preparation was carried out by melting the ferroalloy, diluted with iron in proportions from 13 + 27 to 17 + 23, in an open induction furnace. Two chemically standardized ferromanganeses, one with a low carbon content (<0.5%) and the other with a high carbon content (<6%), were used to prepare the test samples. Samples for calibration were obtained from different iron dilution proportions of both materials, with two calibration graphs resulting. The influence of carbon was evaluated by measuring samples prepared with a constant manganese content and with variable carbon contents, with suitable mixing of the two aforementioned ferromanganeses. The correlation C% → IMnKα was established and the correction factor was calculated. On application of the carbon correction factor, a single calibration graph is obtained, and the calculated Mn concentrations for all the samples prepared with the same Mn content present an RSD value of 0.34%. The F-test was applied in order to evaluate the effects due to sample preparation, and to the variability throughout the analysis, on the total variance. Accuracy was tested by analyzing four ferromanganese Reference Materials: CRM 583-1; BCS 208/2; BCS 280/2, and IRSID 502-1.
FT-Raman Spectroscopy at 1.339 Micrometers
Authors: Asselin Kelly J. , Chase Bruce
Published: October 2005

The usual laser employed for Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy is a Nd:YAG unit lasing at 1.064 μm. In this work, use of the 1.339-μm lasing emission from Nd:YAG has been demonstrated. The sensitivity of this instrument is comparable to that of conventional FT-Raman instruments, and excellent anti-Stokes spectra can be easily obtained. Operation further into the near-infrared offers additional possibilities for fluorescence minimization. Results are shown for copper phthalocyanine.
Generation of a New Spectral Format, the Lifetime Synchronous Spectrum (LiSS), Using Phase-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Shaver Jeremy M. , McGown Linda B.
Published: October 2005

A new fluorescence spectral format is introduced in which fluorescence lifetime is shown as a function of synchronously scanned wavelength to generate a Lifetime Synchronous Spectrum (LiSS). Lifetimes are determined in the frequency domain with the use of Phase-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy (PRFS) to obtain the phase of the fluorescence signal. Theory and construction of the LiSS are presented and experimental results are shown for solutions of single components and simple binary and ternary mixtures. These results show how the lifetime information in the LiSS augments the steady-state intensity information of a standard synchronous spectrum, providing unique information for identification of components and resolution of overlapping spectral peaks. The LiSS technique takes advantage of noise reduction inherent in the extraction of lifetime from PRFS in addition to standard spectral smoothing techniques. The precision of phase determination through PRFS is found to be comparable to that of direct phase measurements at normal fluorescence intensities and superior for low-intensity signals.
Analysis of Carbon Black-Filled Polymers by Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Parker Stewart F. , Williams Kenneth P. J. , Meehan Peter , Adams Mark A. , Tomkinson John
Published: October 2005

Carbon black-filled polymers are among the most challenging samples that an analyst may be called upon to identify. In this paper three novel methods of obtaining vibrational spectra from four different carbon black-filled polymers are evaluated: transmission infrared spectroscopy using a diamond anvil cell, Raman spectroscopy using 780-nm excitation, and inelastic neutron scattering. Overall, none of the three methods used in this work was totally satisfactory, but for most purposes infrared spectroscopy provides the best results in terms of spectrometer accessibility and the availability of suitable reference collections. Raman spectroscopy was successful only with one of the four polymers. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) was successful in obtaining a spectrum with all four materials, but this success occurred only with respect to the hydrogenic part of the polymer, and, for many materials, it is the heteroelements, O, S, and halogens, that determine the important physical properties of the compound. For both Raman spectroscopy and INS, a major disadvantage is the lack of a suitable data base for identification of the materials.
Fast-Clearing Spray Chamber for ICP-AES
Authors: Légère Guy , Salin Eric D.
Published: October 2005

The rapid-clearing spray chamber design utilizes two critical features for a rapid-clearing system—a nebulizer wash and a high-volume gas flush. The combination of these two features with supporting design features provides a system which can clear out a signal of Fe or Zn from 500 ppm to undetectable levels (below 10 ppb) in about 20 s. A tubular injector is used in the ICP torch to minimize plasma disturbance during the gas flush cycle. Several modifications to the spray chamber were necessary to handle the nebulizer wash efficiently.
Disorder-Induced Low-Frequency Raman Band Observed in Deposited MoS2 Films
Authors: McDevitt N. T. , Zabinski J. S. , Donley M. S. , Bultman J. E.
Published: October 2005

Crystalline disorder in thin films plays an important role in determining their properties. Disorder in the crystal structure of MoS2 films prepared by magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition was evaluated with the use of Raman spectroscopy. The peak positions and bandwidths of the first-order Raman bands, in the region 100 to 500 cm−1, were used as a measure of crystalline order. In addition, a low-frequency feature was observed at 223 cm−1 that is not part of the normal first-order spectrum of a fully crystalline specimen. Data presented here demonstrate that this band is characteristic of crystalline disorder, and its intensity depends on the annealing history of the film. This behavior seems to be analogous to the disorder found in graphite thin films.
Neutron physics in the early 1930s
Authors: DE GREGORIO ALBERTO G.
Published: October 2005

Dawning neutron physics was more complex than one might expect. The chance that the neutron comprised a proton and an electron was diffusely taken into account after the discovery of the neutron. Moreover, uncertainties persisted about the composition of beryllium radiation until it was realized that the latter comprised both neutrons and γ-rays. The interaction of neutrons with matter and nuclei was soon investigated. Both a spatial symmetry, a symmetry of charge, and a symmetry in the nuclear reactions soon emerged. The relation of negative β-decay to the neutron abundance in nuclei was moreover reviewed. Positive β-radioactivity induced by α-particles was eventually announced, having been foreseen some weeks before. Accelerated deutons and protons shortly afterwards revealed to be efficient in inducing radioactivity. The physics institute in Rome got ready to start research on neutrons, but apparently it only planned to go through α-induced radioactivity, at first. If so, it is then plausible that some new results achieved by foreign laboratories eventually bent Fermi to neutrons. Fermi's discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity is reviewed with regard to investigations then current, once more showing simplicity as a distinctive trait of Fermi's way of doing physics.
After the famine: Plant pathology, Phytophthora infestans, and the late blight of potatoes, 1845–1960
Authors: TURNER R. STEVEN
Published: October 2005

The late blight disease of potatoes, which triggered the great Irish famine of 1845-1849, remains one of the most feared and intractable plant diseases today. Decades of dispute about the cause of the disease followed the outbreak of 1845, and the scientifi c controversy illustrates the uneasy historical relationship among farmers, scientifi c agronomists, and plant pathologists. Consensus fi nally emerged that the fungus Phytophthora infestans was the true cause of the disease, but that organism's full life cycle remained obscure. Its sexual oospores could not be readily obtained by mycologists, despite sporadic reports that had been observed. The 20th century opened with great optimism that resistant varieties could be developed using dominant R-genes obtainable from some wild species, and this optimism led to a proliferation of public breeding programs between 1925 and 1935. But these hopes had foundered by the early 1950s with the inexplicable appearance of new fungal races that could overwhelm the most blight-resistant germplasm. The Rockefeller Foundation's postwar agricultural initiative in Mexico led during the 1950s to dramatic and unexpected solutions to some of the late blight puzzles. But even then the fungus remained obscure, and effective, non-chemical control methods have never been forthcoming. This article examines the historical frustrations of late-blight science and advances that history as a case study illustrating the rise and fall of an “heroic age” of resistance breeding and plant pathology in the first half of the 20th century.
Del déficit a la insolvencia. Finanzas y real hacienda en Yucatán, 1760 –1816
Authors: Quezada Sergio , Acevedo Elda Moreno
Published: October 2005

A lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII la provincia de Yucatán enfrentó un permanente déficit hacendario como resultado de su creciente gasto militar. La sangría de recursos por parte de la Metrópoli y la desarticulación del sistema fiscal colonial, resultado de la guerra de Independencia, llevaron a Yucatán en 1814 a una crisis financiera. Este artículo analiza, desde la perspectiva de las finanzas coloniales, el déficit fiscal y los mecanismos para solventarlo. El estudio se sustenta en la organización de los ramos hacendarios bajo los principios fiscales coloniales.

During the second half of the eighteenth-century the province of Yucatan faced a permanent fiscal deficit as a result of the increasing military expenses. The continuos draining from Spain and the disarticulation of the colonial fiscal system as well as the effects of the independence war lead Yucatan into a financial crisis. This article analizes the fiscal deficit and the strategies to solve it from the colonial finances perspective. In order to accomplish this, the organization of the fields of the royal treasury, under the colonial fiscal principles was necessary.
Sistema financiero, banca privada y crédito agrícola en México, 1897–1913: ¿Un desencuentro anunciado?
Authors: Riguzzi Paolo
Published: October 2005

El artículo abordalas relaciones entre el sistema financiero y la agricultura, desde la ley bancaria de 1897 hasta 1913, último año en que los bancos mantuvieron operaciones regulares. Se pretende medir el acceso de las unidades productivas al crédito de largo plazo y reconstruir los canales de financiamiento. La pregunta central es si y en qué condiciones los bancos u otros intermediarios financieros encauzaban una oferta de crédito hacia el sector agrícola y en qué términos. O si, por otro lado, la banca privada manifestaba una incapacidad estructural para acomodar en sus actividades el crédito agrícola; en este caso se pretende conocer qué caminos alternativos estaban disponibles y qué consecuencias derivaron de ello.

The article deals with the relationships between the financial system and agriculture, from the first Banking Law in 1897 until the last year of bank operations before the Revolution, 1913. It aims at reconstructing the credit channels and measuring the access of rural estates to long-term credit. The central question is whether banks or other financial intermediaries supplied funds to Mexican agriculture, and in what terms. Was private banking structurally incapable of providing agricultural credit? And if so, were alternative means available? What consequences this situation had on the rural economy?
Pito Pérez: Mexican Middleman
Authors: Stone Robert S.
Published: October 2005

This article situates the popular picaresque novel La vida inútil de Pito Pérez (1938) in its context of literary and social history. As a comic text, the novel engages readers of all kinds in an attempt to foment change, despite the shortcomings of the protagonist and the revolution through which he lives. The work ensures the survival of the pícaro in Mexico as a sardonic hero who, nonetheless, will not wholly abandon revolutionary ideals and, indeed, wishes to pass these on to the growing middle class that spawned both Pito Pérez and his more fortunate author, J. Rubén Romero.

Este artículo sitúa la conocida novela picaresca La vida inútil de Pito Pérez (1938) en su contexto de historia literaria y social. Como texto cómico, la novela atrae a toda clase de lectores en su intento de fomentar el cambio, a pesar de las fallas del protagonista y del contexto revolucionario en el que vive. La obra asegura la supervivencia del pícaro mexicano como un héroe sarcástico que, no obstante, no abandonará los ideales revolucionarios y, de hecho, desea transmitirlos a la creciente clase media que dio luz a ambos Pito Pérez y su autor más afortunado, J. Rubén Romero.
Immigrant Voting in Home-Country Elections: Potential Consequences of Extending the Franchise to Expatriate Mexicans Residing in the United States
Authors: Marcelli Enrico A. , Cornelius Wayne A.
Published: October 2005

Despite widespread interest in the effects of expanding expatriate Mexicans' ability to vote in the 2006 Mexican presidential election, no systematic estimates of potential participation currently exist. Applying logistic regression techniques to 2001 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey data and 2002 Current Population Survey data, we find that 125,000 to 360,000 (1.5–4.2 percent of ) expatriate Mexican migrants residing in the United States may vote in 2006. Migrants who are less well integrated in the United States, have a Mexican political party affiliation, or attend religious meetings more frequently are estimated to be more likely to vote. And although a minority of expatriates is likely to vote for the PAN candidate in 2006, the expatriate vote is not likely to exceed one percent of the total Mexican vote; state and local, rather than national, electoral outcomes are more likely to be influenced. Still, instituting an absentee ballot and facilitating cross-border mobility could significantly expand expatriate participation in future Mexican elections.

Pese al gran interés en torno a los efectos que tendría la capacidad de los expatriados mexicanos para votar en la elección presidencial de 2006, no existen estimaciones sistemáticas de una participación potencial. Al aplicar técnicas de regresión logística a los datos que arroja el estudio del estatus de migratorio de los mexicanos en el Condado de los Ángeles, así como al Censo de Población, encontramos que entre 125,000 y 360,000 (1.5 a 4.2 por ciento) de los expatriados mexicanos que viven en Estados Unidos, podrían votar en 2006. Los migrantes que no se hallan del todo integrados en Estados Unidos, que tienen una filiación política, o bien, que asisten a congregaciones religiosas son más propensos a votar. Y, aunque resulta plausible que una minoría de expatriados vote por el candidato del PAN en 2006, el voto no excederá un punto porcentual del voto mexicano total; los resultados estatales y locales, más que nacionales, son los que se revelarán susceptibles de influencia. Aún así, la instauración de una boleta para votar a distancia, o bien, de facilidades para el cruce de la frontera podría extender la participación de los migrantes de forma significativa en las futuras elecciones mexicanas.
Depression and Law Violation: Gendered Responses to Gendered Stresses
Authors: De Coster Stacy
Published: October 2005

This article unites arguments from the sociology of mental health, criminology, and the sociology of gender to explore the role of gender in the stress process. The author proposes that gender acts upon the stress process in three ways. First, males and females may report exposure to different types of stresses. Second, males and females may be vulnerable to different types of stresses. Third, males and females may respond to stress in different ways—law violation versus depression. Arguments are tested about the relative importance of differential exposure versus differential vulnerability to various stresses for understanding the gender gaps in law violation and depression using the National Youth Survey, OLS regression, and Kessler's method for decomposing differences in exposure and vulnerability to stress. The results provide limited support for these arguments, suggesting that females report more exposure than do males to some communal stresses, whereas males report more exposure than do females to the agentic stresses included in this study. Vulnerability to these stresses also varies across gender, with females generally expressing greater vulnerability to communal stresses in the form of depression and males expressing greater vulnerability to agentic stresses in the form of law violation. Some deviations from this general pattern are discussed, and recommendations for future research follow.
Low-Quality Employment Concentration and Crime: An Examination of Metropolitan Labor Markets
Authors: Weiss Harald E. , Reid Lesley Williams
Published: October 2005

Over the past two decades, numerous studies have investigated the effects of employment quality on crime. Many of these studies have investigated employment quality with regard to its effect on individual criminality. However, the quality of employment available in a labor market also affects crime at an aggregate level of analysis. Consequently, while the determinants of individual behavior are important, this article seeks to place these behaviors into a larger structural framework. This study contributes to the growing research on the work–crime link by relating differences in the quality of employment, on an aggregate level, to crime rates in metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas with few quality jobs for less-educated workers have significantly higher rates of both violent and property crime.
A Model of Sexual Constraint and Sexual Emancipation
Authors: Schneider Andreas
Published: October 2005

In the United States, public concern in sexual matters and stigmatization of sexual identities make people retreat into privacy. This sexual constraint makes people experience shame and guilt. According to Scheff, shaming is a cause of violence. In contrast, German society shows less public concern and social opposition in the sexual-erotic domain. This sexuality allows privatization as independence and creates sexual emancipation. Consequently, Germans associate less shame with their sexual identities and will be less likely to introduce violence into the sexual-erotic domain. This article develops a recursive cultural/structural model to investigate and explain cultural, subcultural, and historical differences in sexual constraint and emancipation.
Associations and Their Journals: The Search for an “Official” Voice
Authors: Hudson James R. , Hudson Patricia A.
Published: October 2005

The shift from an occupation to a profession has been analyzed as a series of steps or stages. Among those frequently identified are the founding of a professional association and the existence of professional journals. In a review of the histories of forty professional associations, it was discovered that professional journals existed before any of these organizations were established. Yet they all gained ownership and control of one or more “official” journals as they grew and developed. The analysis was guided by two research questions: Why did these organizations decide to own and control an official journal and what were the means by which they acquired them? Vignettes from eight associations provide the data necessary to answer these questions. It was discovered that those involved in these organizations recognized early on that owning and controlling a publication was an effective means of establishing a legitimate and effective voice for the profession. Further, these associations were able to obtain their own official journal by four different routes: Start a competing publication, receive one as a gift, inherit one, or buy one outright. The similarity among the patterns discovered in this process suggests that associations were a population of organizations that responded to their environments in ways that produced organizational isomorphism.
Effect of release® herbicide on mortality, avoidance response, and growth of amphibian larvae in two forest wetlands
Authors: Wojtaszek Barbara F. , Buscarini Teresa M. , Chartrand Derek T. , Stephenson Gerald R. , Thompson Dean G.
Published: October 2005

Effects of Release® herbicide (triclopyr butoxyethyl ester, [TBEE]) on mortality, avoidance response, and growth of larval amphibians (Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens) were investigated using in situ enclosures deployed in two forest wetlands in northern Ontario, Canada. Release was applied at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 7.68 mg TBEE acid equivalents (AE)/L. No significant deleterious effects of this herbicide on larval growth were detected. However, concentration-dependent mortality and abnormal avoidance response were observed. Most mortality occurred within 96 h following treatment. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for each species and experimental site ranged from 2.79 to 3.29 mg AE/L, while median effective concentration (EC50) values (abnormal avoidance response) ranged from 1.67 to 3.84 mg AE/L. The LC10 and EC10 endpoints approximated aqueous concentrations (0.59 mg AE/L) expected under direct aerial overspray scenarios, indicating a potential risk of impacts for a small proportion of native amphibian larvae. However, given the low frequency and limited use of this herbicide formulation in Canadian forestry, these risks are considered negligible. Changes in usage patterns would require concurrent chemical and biological monitoring of operational spray programs to accurately quantify the probability and magnitude of real-world exposures and to relate these exposure levels to concentration-response relationships including those described in this study.
Prediction and experimental validation of acute toxicity of β-blockers in Ceriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Fraysse Benoit , Garric Jeanne
Published: October 2005

Acute toxicity of β-adrenoceptor blockers (β-blockers) was studied with β-blockers as single compounds or in mixture using the standardized acute 2-d Ceriodaphnia dubia immobility test. The tested compounds were selected according to their selectivity for the β1-adrenoceptor, with three β1-selective blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, and metoprolol) and three non-β1-selective blockers (nadolol, oxprenolol, and propranolol). The acute toxicity (median effective concentration) of the six single compounds ranged from 1.4 mg/L for propranolol to 163 mg/L for nadolol. According to European Union directive 93/67EEC, these values range from toxic for aquatic organisms to nonclassified. The more toxic compounds, propranolol and oxprenolol, are both characterized by a membrane-stabilizing activity, a strong affinity for the β1-adrenoceptor, and a high octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow). The property of β-receptor selectivity seems not to be involved in the observed acute toxicity of the single compounds for C. dubia. Nevertheless, the toxicity of the selected compounds in mixture can be defined according to the β1-selectivity. Two main joint effects have been detected: An independent action for the β1-selective blockers, and an additive effect when either the nonselective β1-selective blockers or the six compounds are tested together. The concentration addition model seems to be appropriate, providing a reasonable worst-case estimation of β-blocker mixture toxicity for regulatory purposes.
Effects of hydrogen sulfide to Vibrio fischeri, Scenedesmus vacuolatus, and Daphnia magna
Authors: Küster Eberhard , Dorusch Falk , Altenburger Rolf
Published: October 2005

The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were tested in three ecotoxicological tests in order to evaluate its confounding potential in assessment of pore water and groundwater toxicity. The luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the water flea Daphnia magna, and the microalgae Scenedesmus vacuolatus often are part of a biotest battery. A new technique for the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide solutions of defined concentrations using an electrochemical generator instead of sodium sulfide solutions was used. Because hydrogen sulfide is volatile, the loss rate of H2S was studied over time to enable estimation of the mean test concentrations over the whole test duration. Loss rates were calculated to be 13 ± 6% after 30 min, and 39 ± 11% and 43 ± 16% after a 24- and 48-h exposure time, respectively. Sensitivities of the test organisms in terms of median effective concentration (EC50), corrected for the above loss rates, varied from 0.28 to 0.0036 and 0.055 mM for the luminescent bacteria, the crustacea, and the algae, respectively. A species-sensitivity distribution using EC and mean lethal concentration literature data for marine and freshwater crustaceans and phytoplankton showed a medium sensitivity of the water flea D. magna, though the bacteria V. fischeri and the algae S. vacuolatus were among the least-sensitive group of organisms. This demonstrates that only the algae and the bacteria are easy to use in the assessment of toxicity of matrices with H2S concentrations above 0.06 mM.
Functional and structural impact of linuron on a freshwater community of primary producers: The use of immobilized algae
Authors: Slijkerman Diana M.E. , Moreira-Santos Matilde , Jak Robbert G. , Ribeiro Rui , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , van Straalen Nico M.
Published: October 2005

An approach in determining ecosystem integrity and stress on ecosystem level is to assess processes within ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of an in situ assay with immobilized Chlorella vulgaris as an indicator of effects on ecosystem functioning with regard to primary production. The herbicide linuron, applied in concentrations of 20, 60, and 180 μg linuron/L, was used to induce direct effects on primary producers. Direct and indirect changes in structure and function within outdoor model ecosystems of 3 m3 were monitored. The intermediate and highest concentration of linuron caused a decline in growth of the macrophyte Elodea sp., resulting in a significant increase of concentrations of nutrients. The increase in concentrations of nutrients caused an indirectly stimulated growth of immobilized C. vulgaris at the intermediate concentration, whereas similar concentrations of nutrients, at the highest treatment, did not stimulate Chlorella growth. It appeared that the direct effect of linuron on C. vulgaris growth was masked by nutrient availability at the intermediate but not at the highest linuron concentration. The observed immobilized algal growth was an accumulated effect of toxic and trophic pressures within the ecosystem, resulting in an integrative endpoint to detect actual impairment of ecosystem function.